{"id": "enwiki-00006053-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Day\n10th day (Greek: \"10\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\") is a 2012 Greek feature film in the mockumentary genre, created by the Greek director, writer and producer Vassilis Mazomenos. It was released on November 2013 in Athens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006053-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Day, Premise\nThe film refers to Ali, an Afghan Muslim, who lives in Athens, Greece. He is trying to get access to the western dream, surrounded by memories of his homeland, his trip to Europe and his \u00abnightmares\u00bb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006053-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Day, Festivals and awards\nIt was official selection in Montreal World Film Festival, Fantasporto and many other festivals. In 2014 \"10th day\" represented Greece in E.U Humans Rights Film Festival in Turkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006053-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Day, Reviews\nAs Ninos Mikelides wrote: \"Mazomenos records the route of his tragic hero through images selected with thought, images artistically wonderful, with lightings that clearly present the psychological state of the persons. The route of the Afghan immigrant gives the director the opportunity to present us cared and inspired pictures of the sad life of immigrants in our country, to conclude with the amazing, shocking images in the finale. Mazomenos managed with that to give us a strong film\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006054-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Daytime Emmy Awards\nThe 10th Daytime Emmy Awards were held on Wednesday, June 8, 1983, to commemorate excellence in daytime programming from the previous year (1982). Unlike previous years, the ceremony was not telecast, although NBC had the option to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006054-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Daytime Emmy Awards, Outstanding Children's Entertainment Special\nABC Afterschool Specials - The Woman Who Willed a Miracle", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006055-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 10th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Legislative Council and the Delaware House of Assembly. Elections were held the first day of October and terms began on the twentieth day of October. It met in Dover, Delaware, convening October 20, 1785, and was the third year of the administration of President Nicholas Van Dyke, Sr..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006055-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Delaware General Assembly\nThe apportionment of seats was permanently assigned to three councilors and seven assemblymen for each of the three counties. Population of the county did not effect the number of delegates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006055-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Legislative Council\nCouncilors were elected by the public for a three-year term, one third posted each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006055-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Assembly\nAssemblymen were elected by the public for a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006056-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Destroyer Flotilla\nThe British 10th Destroyer Flotilla  also known as the Tenth Destroyer Flotilla was a military formation of the Royal Navy from March  from 1914 to 1919. It was reformed on an ad hoc basis again in 1941 and finally from 1944 to 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006056-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Destroyer Flotilla, History\nFirst created in March 1914 it was later assigned to the Harwich Striking Force later renamed Harwich Force in April 1915. The flotilla took part in the  Battle of Jutland, (31 May \u2013 1 June 1916)  after Jutland it remained with the Harwich Force until it was disbanded in April 1919. The flotilla was reactivated again during World War Two but each time this was a temporary arrangement. It reformed as part of the Mediterranean Fleet from 1 January to 1 July 1941 before being de-mobilized. It was reformed for the last time as part of the Plymouth Command in April 1944 it was primarily known for its part in the Battle of Ushant (9 June 1944)  it remained active until 1 December 1944 it was abolished in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006056-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Destroyer Flotilla, Administration, Captains (D) afloat, 10th Destroyer Flotilla\nCaptain (D) afloat is a Royal Navy appointment of an operational commander of a destroyer flotilla or squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 85], "content_span": [86, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006056-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Destroyer Flotilla, Sources\nThis United Kingdom navy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006057-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Directors Guild of America Awards\nThe 10th Directors Guild of America Awards, honoring the outstanding directorial achievements in film and television in 1957, were presented in 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006057-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Directors Guild of America Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nDon Weis \u2013 Schlitz Playhouse of Stars for \"The Lonely Wizard\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006058-0000-0000", "contents": "10th District Court\n10th District Court (French: 10e Chambre \u2014 Instants d'audience) is a 2004 documentary film from France, directed by Raymond Depardon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006058-0001-0000", "contents": "10th District Court, Synopsis\nThe proceedings of a Paris courtroom are the grist for this documentary. Drawn from over 200 appearances before the same female judge, the director chooses a dozen or so varied misdemeanor and civil hearings to highlight the subtle details of human behaviour. In the process he draws attention to issues of guilt, innocence, policing and ethnicity in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006058-0002-0000", "contents": "10th District Court, Reception\nThe Guardian's Mark Kermode judged 10th District Court showed a \"gallery\" of personalities which was \"fascinating\". His colleague Peter Bradshaw considered the film a \"superb documentary\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006059-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Australia)\nThe 10th Division was a division of the Australian Army, which served briefly during World War II. It was initially formed on 15 April 1942 from the Militia units of the Newcastle Covering Force. However, personnel shortages led to the division being disbanded in August that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006059-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Australia)\nIn 1945, as plans were being made for an invasion of the Japanese home islands, the name 10th Division was revived for a proposed Australian contingent. It was to use personnel drawn from existing units of the Australian Imperial Force. The war ended before the invasion took place and the division was not formally re-raised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006059-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Australia), History, Formation and disbandment\nIn April 1941, the Newcastle Covering Force was formed,   taking over responsibility for the defence of Newcastle from the 1st Division. A Militia formation's main element was initially the 1st, although the 32nd Brigade was raised in January 1942 at Warners Bay, and given control of the elements defending the area south of the Hunter River. The formation was commanded by Major General John Murray. Following the start of the Pacific War in December 1941, the Newcastle Covering Force, was mobilised. After this, its headquarters moved from Fort Scratchley to Broadmeadow. The 1st Brigade was detached to the command of the 2nd Division in March 1942 and moved to Greta to undertake a period of training; during this time the 14th Brigade was attached to the force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 61], "content_span": [62, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006059-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Australia), History, Formation and disbandment\nThe covering force was renamed the 10th Division on 15 April 1942 following a complete re-organisation of the higher command of the Australian Army. The divisional headquarters moved to New Lambton at this time. The 14th Brigade was deployed to Port Moresby in May 1942, and the 1st Brigade returned to the Newcastle Bight. As the situation in New Guinea turned in favour of the Allies, the threat to Australia reduced. This, coupled with personnel shortages, resulted in the Army deciding to disband or amalgamate a number of units. In September, the division was disbanded, along with the 32nd Brigade, and responsibility for the defence of Newcastle given solely to the 1st Brigade, which was transferred to the 1st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 61], "content_span": [62, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006059-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Australia), History, Formation and disbandment\nAustralian Prime Minister John Curtin referred to the disbandment  of the division in a letter to Winston Churchill in October 1942, saying:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 61], "content_span": [62, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006059-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Australia), History, Formation and disbandment\nThe Army's minimum need for replacement of wastage is 7,000 to 8,000 a month, against an estimated monthly intake in the coming year of 1,100 (youths turning 18). This does not enable existing army formations to be maintained. Eight infantry battalions have already been disbanded and absorbed into other units. This has involved the disbandment of the 10th Division and the absorption of its units into other formations. A further decrease in the number of battalions up to a total decrease of eleven battalions is contemplated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 61], "content_span": [62, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006059-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Australia), History, Plans to re-raise\nMuch later in the war, as Allied forces approached the Japanese home islands, planning began for a Commonwealth Corps, including an Australian Imperial Force (AIF) division, to be the re-raised 10th Division. The division was to be made up of experienced personnel from the existing divisions. The corps would have included British and Canadian divisions, and was to be part of a landing on Honsh\u016b in 1946. Regardless, the planned landing would have been dominated by US forces, and was known as Operation Coronet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 53], "content_span": [54, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006059-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Australia), History, Plans to re-raise\nHowever, the introduction of the atomic bomb, and its use at Hiroshima and Nagasaki caused Japan to surrender before the invasion took place. As a result, the 10th Division was never re-raised. Instead, the decision was made to raise the 34th Brigade for occupation duties in Japan as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force. This formation consisted of volunteers from the three remaining AIF divisions\u2014the 6th, 7th and 9th Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 53], "content_span": [54, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006060-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Division (German Empire)\nThe 10th Division (10. Division) was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was formed in Posen (now Pozna\u0144, Poland) in November 1816 as a brigade, became the 9th Division on September 5, 1818, and was renumbered the 10th Division on February 28, 1820. The division was subordinated in peacetime to the V Army Corps (V. Armeekorps). The division was disbanded in 1919, during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was recruited primarily in the Province of Posen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006060-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe division fought in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, including the Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870\u20131871, the division saw action in the opening battles of Wissembourg and W\u00f6rth, in the Battle of Sedan, and in the Siege of Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006060-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIn World War I, the division served on the Western Front. It initially occupied the Wo\u00ebvre region of France and later fought in the Verdun in late 1916. In 1918, it participated in the German spring offensive, seeing action in the Third Battle of the Aisne and the Second Battle of the Marne. Allied intelligence rated it a first class division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006060-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Division (German Empire), Order of battle in the Franco-Prussian War\nDuring wartime, the 10th Division, like other regular German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division. The organization of the 10th Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006060-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Division (German Empire), Pre-World War I organization\nGerman divisions underwent various organizational changes after the Franco-Prussian War. The organization of the 10th Division in 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006060-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nOn mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 10th Division was again renamed the 10th Infantry Division and lost the 77th Infantry Brigade to the 10th Reserve Division. Its initial wartime organization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006060-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Division (German Empire), Late World War I organization\nDivisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a \"square division\"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 10th Infantry Division's order of battle on May 3, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006061-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 10th Division (\u7b2c10\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-J\u016b Shidan) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its ts\u016bsh\u014dg\u014d code name was the Iron Division (\u9244\u5175\u56e3, Tetsu-heidan). The 10th Division was one of six new infantry divisions raised by the Imperial Japanese Army in the aftermath of the First Sino-Japanese War, 1 October 1898. Its troops were recruited primarily from communities in the three prefectures of Hy\u014dgo, Okayama and Tottori, plus a portion of Shimane. It was originally headquartered in the city of Himeji, and its first commander was Lieutenant General Prince Fushimi Sadanaru.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006061-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Russo-Japanese War\nDuring the Russo-Japanese War, under the command of Lieutenant General Kawamura Kageaki, this division was assigned to the 4th Army, and saw combat (and casualties) at the Battle of the Yalu River (April 1904), Battle of Hsimucheng (July 1904), Battle of Liaoyang (August 1904), Battle of Shaho (October 1904) as part of the 4th army. From 15 January 1905, it came under the command of Lieutenant General And\u014d Teibi and participated at the Battle of Sandepu and Battle of Mukden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006061-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War to Pacific War\nThe 10th Division was deployed back to the Asian continent during the Mukden Incident of September 1931 and remained stationed in Manchuria afterwards, participating in the Chinchow Operation of 1932, and returned to Japan in March 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006061-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War to Pacific War\nFrom July 1937, with the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the 10th Division returned to China under the command of Lieutenant General Rensuke Isogai. It was in combat during the Beiping\u2013Hankou Railway Operation, Tianjin\u2013Pukou Railway Operation and Battle of Xuzhou, where it suffered a serious reverse in the Battle of Taierzhuang. It was also in the northern pincer of the Japanese offensive in the Battle of Wuhan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006061-0003-0001", "contents": "10th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War to Pacific War\nIt was withdrawn back to Japan in October 1939 and reorganized at that time into a triangular division, with its IJA 40th Infantry Regiment (Tottori) transferred to the newly formed IJA 25th Division. In August 1940, the reorganized division was sent to Jiamusi, northern Manchukuo under the command of Lieutenant General T\u014dichi Sasaki, and placed under the control of the Kwantung Army. For the next few years, it served as a border garrison force and supporting anti-partisan police actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006061-0003-0002", "contents": "10th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War to Pacific War\nHowever, in 1944, as the situation in the Pacific War grew increasing desperate for Japan, the 10th Division was transferred to the operations against the United States. Initially earmarked for a transfer to Taiwan, the 10th Division was sent instead to Luzon in the Philippines, coming under the command of the Japanese Fourteenth Area Army. It was mostly annihilated in the subsequent Battle of Luzon, with 39th infantry regiment thought with particular distinction, and continued a guerrilla war until the Surrender of Japan 15 August 1945, despite heavy casualties due tropical diseases and malnutrition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006062-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Iraq)\nThe 10th Division is an armoured division of the Iraqi Army that was dissolved in 2003, but reinstated in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006062-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Iraq), History\nThe 10th Armoured Division served in the Iran\u2013Iraq War. It participated in the initial liberation of the Iraqi border enclaves which had been occupied for years by Iran. Its 24th Mechanized Brigade was tasked with seizing the Saif Sa'ad enclave, located halfway between Mehran and Naft-e-Shah (northeast of Tursaq). The division commander received his orders on 8 September 1980, and the operation was under way by 10 September. The northern part of the enclave was seized by 13 September, and the southern part several days later. Later in the war, the division suffered heavy losses in Operation Fath ol-Mobin. It also fought in Operation Ramadan and Operation Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006062-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Iraq), History\nThe division fought in the 1991 Gulf War with Jihad Forces (corps). It was considered the best regular division in the Iraqi Army. It had more modern equipment than the other regular Iraqi formations, being equipped with T-72 and T-62 tanks. It engaged American and British forces during the Battle of Norfolk. The U.S. 3rd Armored Division engaged an Iraqi 10th Armoured Division T-62 tank battalion that was assigned to the Republican Guard Tawakalna Division at the battle for Objective Dorset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006062-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Iraq), History\nIn September 1997 a Jane's Intelligence Review article listed the 10th Armoured Division as being part of the 4th Corps, located at Al Teab in Al Amarah Governorate, and consisting of the 17th, 24th, and 42nd Brigades. The division began the 2003 invasion of Iraq under the command of the 4th Corps on the Iranian border north of Al Amarah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006062-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Iraq), History\nThe division and the remainder of Saddam Hussein's Iraqi Army was dissolved by Coalition Provisional Authority Order 2 of May 2003. However, by mid-2007 the division was active again; a Freedom of Information request answered by the UK Permanent Joint Headquarters stated on 23 May 2007 that \".. The 10th Division (10 Div) are responsible for the four southern Iraqiprovinces with one Brigade taking responsibility for each Dhi Qar, Maysan and al-Muthanna provinces and two brigades (1 and 5) responsible for Basra. The 5th Brigade is not yet fully stood up, but is recruiting and training. This is expected to be completed before the end of the year.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006062-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Iraq), History\nDuring the 4th Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division's tour from June 2008-mid-2009, the division conducted Operation \"Lion's Roar,\" a combined live-fire exercise in Maysan Province in April 2009 \u2013 the first of its kind in the Iraqi Army. The exercise integrated U.S. enablers and demonstrated the capability and lethality of the Iraqi Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006062-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Iraq), History\nOn 29 August 2015, Brigadier General Mahmoud al-Filahi was appointed as the commander of the division, after the former commander, Brigadier General Safin Abdulmajid, was killed by a suicide car bomber in Ramadi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006063-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Japan)\nThe 10th Division (\u7b2c10\u5e2b\u56e3) is one of nine active divisions of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. The division is subordinated to the Central Army and is headquartered in Nagoya, Aichi. Its responsibility is the defense of the Aichi, Fukui, Gifu, Ishikawa, Mie and Toyama prefectures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006064-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Division (North Korea)\nThe 10th Infantry Division (Motorized), was a military formation of the Korean People's Army that fought during the Korean War. It was formed at Sukchon in either March or April 1950, raised from a cadre of veteran commissioned and non commissioned officers, and new recruits that were drawn from the 2nd Democratic Youth League Training Center in South P'yongan Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006064-0000-0001", "contents": "10th Division (North Korea)\nThe unit's original composition is unclear and the division is thought to have been made up of three motorized infantry regiments \u2013 the 25th, 27th and the 29th \u2013 and an artillery regiment, although some reports, such as those written by the Korea Institute of Military History, state that the 107th Regiment might have been assigned to the division rather than the 29th Infantry, and that there might also have been an armoured regiment attached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006064-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Division (North Korea)\nThe division conducted basic training at Sukchon until June 25, 1950, when it was moved to Chaeryong. There, the division's infantry undertook a further month of training focusing on night fighting and mountain warfare, under the supervision of Soviet advisors. Meanwhile, the division's artillery trained at P'yongyang. In July, the division's preparations were setback when two of the artillery regiment's battalions were transferred to the 8th Division; the deficiency that this loss caused was not rectified until the division began moving south to join the fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006064-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Division (North Korea)\nAfter completing its training, the division took part in the North Korean advance from Seoul to Taejon, reaching Tilksong on 10 August. After this it took part in The Great Naktong Offensive during the Battle of Pusan Perimeter, suffering heavy casualties before withdrawing in late September, leaving behind all its artillery. These losses hampered the division's actions when it returned to the fighting in the New Year and the only indirect fire support weapons it possessed at this time were mortars. In June 1951, after undertaking guerrilla operations during which a large portion of the division was isolated behind UN lines, the division reorganized around Kunch'on and was transferred from II Corps to IV Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006065-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 10th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c10\u5e08) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 1st Security Brigade, 4th Column of the PLA Northwestern Field Army and 1st Regiment of 6th Cavalry Division. Its history can be traced to the 1st Security Brigade, Stationary Corps of Eighth Route Army, formed in December 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006065-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division is part of 4th Corps. Under the flag of 10th division it took part in the Chinese Civil War. In June 1952 it was disbanded and absorbed into the 11th Division from the same Corps. The division HQ was converted as HQ, 10th Artillery Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006066-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Vietnam)\nThe 10th Infantry Division is a division of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), first formed in September 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006066-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nThe Division was formed on 20 September 1972 from the 28th, 66th and 95th Infantry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006066-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nThe Division was under the control of the B3 Front. The 95B Regiment was one of the units targeted in Operation Paul Revere IV from 20 October to 30 December 1966. Following the operation the 95B Regiment was rendered combat ineffective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006066-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nFrom 8 June to 16 September 1973 the Division fought the Battle of Trung Nghia against the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) 23rd Division. Prisoners captured by the ARVN at Trung Nghia stated that they had suffered losses of 30 percent on the whole, and that in some units with considerable sickness casualty rates were as high as 60 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006066-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nOn 15 May 1974 the Division's 28th Regiment and the 95th Regiment, 325th Division overran Dak Pek Camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006066-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nDuring the 1975 Spring Offensive, as a diversion for the attack on Ban Me Thuot, the Division attacked Duc Lap Camp on 9 March, capturing the base the next day. The PAVN claim to have captured over 100 prisoners, 14 artillery pieces and 20 tanks and armored personnel carriers. On 10 March the Division's 24th Regiment participated in the attack on Ban Me Thuot. On 13 March the Division's 28th and 66th Regiments arrived by truck from Duc Lap and joined the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006066-0005-0001", "contents": "10th Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nThe 24th Regiment supported by tanks attacked the ARVN 45th Regiment, 23rd Division on Hill 581 1 mile (1.6\u00a0km) east of Phung Duc scattering them, killing over 200 soldiers and ending the hopes for a counterattack to retake Ban Me Thuot. On 16 March the 24th Regiment and 8th battalion, 66th Regiment overran the Nong Trai intersection held by the ARVN 45th Regiment and the next the 24th and 28th Regiments assaulted down Route 21 overrunning the ARVN 44th Regiment and Regional Force units. The Division continued its advance down Route 21 attacking the ARVN 40th Regiment 22nd Division and Regional Forces and capturing Khanh Duong by 24 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006066-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nOn 29 March 1975 the PAVN formed 3rd Corps comprising the Division, 316th and 320th Divisions, the 675th Artillery Regiment, the 312th Anti-aircraft Regiment, 198th Sapper Regiment, 273rd Tank Regiment, 545th Engineer Regiment and the 29th Signal Regiment under the command of Major General V\u0169 L\u0103ng. The Division attacked the ARVN 3rd Airborne Brigade in the M'\u0110r\u0103k Pass and then captured Cam Ranh Bay and Cam Ranh Air Base on 3 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006066-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nOn 10 April the Division left Cam Ranh and moved along Route 450 to join up with Route 11 to take Dalat, passing within 12 miles (19\u00a0km) of Phan Rang Air Base. When Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) reconnaissance aircraft observed the movement of the Division, Phan Rang based A-37s began attacking the column, destroying 6 river-crossing vehicles on 10 April, 5 trucks on 11 April, 7 trucks on 12 April and 9 trucks on 13 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006066-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nBy mid-April the lead elements of 3rd Corps were located at D\u1ea7u Ti\u1ebfng Base Camp ready to attack the northern approaches to Saigon. On 29 April the Division advanced down Highway 1 and attacked ARVN forces at the Quang Trung Training Center. By midnight on 29/30 April the Division's advanced elements had reached the Ba Queo intersection and began attacking Tan Son Nhut Air Base. At 07:15 on 30 April the 24th Regiment supported by tanks approached the Bay Hien intersection () 1.5\u00a0km from the base's main gate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006066-0007-0001", "contents": "10th Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nThe lead T-54 was hit by M67 recoilless rifle and then the next T-54 was hit by a shell from an M48 tank. The PAVN infantry moved forward and engaged the ARVN in house to house fighting forcing them to withdraw to the base by 08:45. The Division then sent 3 tanks and an infantry battalion to assault the main gate and they were met by intensive anti-tank and machine gun fire knocking out the three tanks and killing at least 20 PAVN soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006066-0007-0002", "contents": "10th Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nThe PAVN tried to bring forward an 85mm antiaircraft gun but the ARVN knocked it out before it could start firing. The Division ordered 8 more tanks and another infantry battalion to join the attack, but as they approached the Bay Hien intersection they were hit by an airstrike from RVNAF jets operating from Binh Thuy Air Base which destroyed two T-54s. The six surviving tanks arrived at the main gate at 10:00 and began their attack, with two being knocked out by antitank fire in front of the gate and another destroyed as it attempted a flanking manoeuvre. At approximately 10:30 the 81st Ranger Group defending the base heard of the surrender broadcast of President D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Minh and withdrew from the base gates and at 11:30 the Division entered the base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006067-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Division (Yugoslav Partisans)\nThe 10th Krajina Assault Division (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Deseta kraji\u0161ka udarna divizija) was a Yugoslav Partisan division formed on 13 February 1943. It was formed from the 10th Krajina Assault Brigade, Ribnik Detachment and a few smaller detachments. The division numbered around 700 soldiers when it was formed and it grew to 7,973 by May 1945. It was a part of the 3rd Corps until 14 May 1943 when it became a part of the 5th Corps. The division participated in all of the defensives and offensives of the 5th Corps. Milorad Mijatovi\u0107 commanded the division and its political commissar was Nikola Kotle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006068-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Electoral Unit of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HoR FBiH)\nThe tenth electoral unit of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is a parliamentary constituency used to elect members to the House of Representatives of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2000. It consists of West Herzegovina Canton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 74], "section_span": [74, 74], "content_span": [75, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006069-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Empire Awards\nThe 10th Empire Awards ceremony (officially known as the Sony Ericsson Empire Awards), presented by the British film magazine Empire, honored the best films of 2004 and took place on 13 March 2005 at the Guildhall in London, England. During the ceremony, Empire presented Empire Awards in 10 categories as well as four honorary awards. The honorary Outstanding Contribution to British Cinema award was first introduced this year. To celebrate the 10th anniversary of the award ceremonies a special honorary award was presented, the Icon of the Decade award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006069-0000-0001", "contents": "10th Empire Awards\nThe awards for Best British Actor, Best British Actress and Best British Director as well as the honorary Independent Spirit award were presented for the last time. This was the first year the Lifetime Achievement Award was not presented. The ceremony was televised in the United Kingdom by Channel 5 on 15 March. English television presenter and radio presenter Johnny Vaughan hosted the show for the first time. The awards were sponsored by Sony Ericsson for the third consecutive year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006069-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Empire Awards\nThe Bourne Supremacy won the most awards with two including Best Film. Other winners included Before Sunset, Dead Man's Shoes, Enduring Love, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, Finding Neverland, Layer Cake, Spider-Man 2 and Shaun of the Dead with one. Pixar received the Empire Inspiration Award, Kevin Smith received the Independent Spirit Award, Working Title Films received the Outstanding Contribution to British Cinema Award and Quentin Tarantino received the special honorary 10th anniversary Icon of the Decade award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States)\nThe 10th Engineer Battalion is a unit of the United States Army that deploys to designated contingency areas and conducts combat and/or stability operations in support of a brigade combat team. It is a divisional mechanized combat engineer unit, composed of four line companies and a headquarters company. As of 17 January 2015, the battalion exists as the 10th Brigade Engineer Battalion (10th BEB) at Fort Stewart, GA under the 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Lineage\nOrganized 31 December 1861 in the Regular Army at Washington, D.C., from new and existing companies of engineers as a provisional engineer battalion (constituted 28 July 1866 as the Battalion of Engineers)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\n2Lt. Leo W. French Jr. (C Co) 1944 (KIA) Anzio", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nPV2 John A. Aimer (D Co), 29 Nov 1950 (KIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nPFC Claude E. Bachtell (C Co), 23 Mar 1951 (DOW)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nPFC Walter J. Ball (B Co), 21 Nov 1950 (KIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nMSG Leonard J. Best (D Co), 29 Nov 1950 (MIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nCPL Charles E. Burba (D Co), 28 Nov 1950 (KIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\n1LT Robert W. Carney (C Co), 25 Feb 1951 (KIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nPV2 Sammie L. Clifton (D Co), 26 Mar 1951 (DOW)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nCPL Thomas R. Davison (D Co), 31 Dec 1951 (DD)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nPFC Robert W. Faris (A Co), 29 Nov 1950 (KIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nPFC John S. Grover (D Co), 24 Mar 1951 (DOW)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nPFC James E. Hartley Jr. (D Co), 28 Nov 1950 (KIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nSGT Homer M. McDaniel (D Co), 28 Nov 1950 (MIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nCPL Harry T. McGonigle (B Co), 21 Nov 1950 (KIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nCPL Larry O. Merrill (D Co), 28 Nov 1950 (DD)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nSFC Henry C. Nunnery (D Co), 28 Nov 1950 (KIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0018-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nCPL Thomas F. Palmer (D Co), 29 Nov 1950 (KIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0019-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nPV2 Jerry B. Powers (D Co), 28 Nov 1950 (KIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0020-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nCPL James A. Prater (C Co), 16 Mar 1951 (KIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0021-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nSFC Oliver P. Riels (A Co), 2 Dec 1950 (DD)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0022-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nPFC Donnie F. Roby (D Co), 28 Nov 1950 (KIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0023-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\n1LT Carl J. Schiltz (C Co), 24 Nov 1950 (KIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0024-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nCPL Glenn A. Schreiner (A Co), 1 Dec 1951 (KIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0025-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nPV2 Ben T. Smith Jr. (D Co), 29 Nov 1950 (KIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0026-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nCPL Charles L. Somers (B Co), 21 Nov 1950 (DD)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0027-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nPFC Earnest A. Taylor (B Co), 21 Nov 1950 (MIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0028-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nSFC Raymond R. Thornton (D Co), 28 Nov 1950 (DD)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0029-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nPV2 Charles C. Van Elsberg (B Co), 21 Nov 1950 (KIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0030-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nCPL Nick Vezakis Jr. (B Co), 16 Oct 1951 (KIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0031-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), Fallen Soldiers (known)\nPV2 Steve A. Zagurskie (D Co), 23 Apr 1951 (KIA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006070-0032-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Battalion (United States), References and notes\nThis article incorporates\u00a0 from the United States Army Center of Military History document:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006071-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Brigade (Romania)\nThe 10th Engineer Brigade (Brigada 10 Geniu) is an engineer brigade currently operational within the Romanian Land Forces and is part of the 2nd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006072-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Regiment (Italy)\nThe 10th Engineer Regiment (Italian: 10\u00b0 Reggimento Genio Guastatori) is a military engineer regiment of the Italian Army based in Cremona in Lombardy. Today the regiment is the engineer unit of the 132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006072-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Regiment (Italy), History\nThe Regiment originates from the Sappers Battalion and the Telegraphists Battalion established on 1 April 1920, respectively in Capua and Santa Maria Capua Vetere, for the X Army Corps of Naples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006072-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Regiment (Italy), History, Kingdom of Italy\nOn 13 July 1922, the 18th Army Corps Engineers Group was formed with the two Battalions. The Depot, in Santa Maria Capua Vetere, was aggregated on 1 October of the same year. The new unit included Command, the Sappers-Miners Battalion, in turn with an engine-telegraph section and a fire brigade section, the Telegraph Battalion, in turn with dovecote section and two dovecotes (Gaeta and Catanzaro), Photoelectric Company and Depot. On March 1, 1923, the motor-telefer, Dovecotes and fire brigade sections were disestablished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006072-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Regiment (Italy), History, Kingdom of Italy\nIn implementation of the 11 March 1926 Army reform, on 5 November 1926 the 18th Group became the 10th Engineers Regiment and the dovecote of Catanzaro was disestablished. The 10th Engineers Regiment was organized as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006072-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Regiment (Italy), History, Kingdom of Italy\nThe Sappers-Miners Battalion in February 1934 became a Sappers-Craftsmen Battalion of 5 Companies. The Battalion was dissolved on 15 January 1936. In January 1937 the Telegraph and Radiotelegraph units changed their name to Signals units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006072-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Regiment (Italy), History, Kingdom of Italy\nDuring the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, the 10th Engineers Regiment mobilized and sent nine Battalions, fourteen Companies and ten minor units of various specialties to Italian East Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006072-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Regiment (Italy), History, Second World War\nDuring the Second World War, the Regiment did not participate directly in the operations, but became a mobilization center and through the Depot set up and mobilized various Engineers units in Albania, in North Africa and on the Eastern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006072-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Regiment (Italy), History, Second World War\nThe regiment was disestablished in September 1943 following the Armistice of Cassibile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006072-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Regiment (Italy), History, 1953 - 1975\nOn 1 April 1953, the 3rd Pioneers Engineers Battalion of the Army Corps was established in Pavia, through the transformation of the pre-existing 3rd Territorial Pioneer Company. On 1 June 1953, the Command Platoon and the 1st Pioneer Company were added. In September 1953, the staff was completed with the formation of the Field Fleet Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006072-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Regiment (Italy), History, 1975 - 1993\nAs part of the Italian Army 1975 reform, on 10 October 1975 the unit assumed the name of 3rd Pioneers Engineers Battalion \"Lario\" with Command, Company Command and Field Fleet, 3 Pioneer Companies. On this occasion, the Battalion was declared heir to the military traditions of the 10th Engineers Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006072-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Regiment (Italy), History, 1975 - 1993\nOn November 12, 1976, the Battalion received the War Flag of the 10th Engineer Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006072-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Regiment (Italy), History, 1975 - 1993\nOn 1 January 1987 the Battalion underwent a new reorganization, being organized with the Command, the Command and Services Company, 3 Pioneer Companies, the Special Equipment Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006072-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Regiment (Italy), History, 1993 - present\nThe Battalion was disestablished on 15 August 1993 and the following day the 10th Pioneers Engineers Regiment was formed, which also included the personnel of the dissolved 131st Engineers Battalion \"Ticino\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006072-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Regiment (Italy), History, 1993 - present\nOn 20 September 1996, the 10th Pioneers Engineers Regiment was reorganized as Combat Engineers Regiment with the current name. It was placed under the command of the Projection Forces Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006072-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Regiment (Italy), History, 1993 - present\nThe Regiment has been employed several times in missions abroad. In June 1999 the Regiment was relocated almost completely to Kosovo, thus participating in its first multinational peace-keeping mission, the Operation Joint Guardian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006072-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Regiment (Italy), History, 1993 - present\nOn 1 September 2000 the Regiment joined the 132nd Armoured Brigade \"Ariete\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006072-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Regiment (Italy), History, 1993 - present\nAlso in the following years the \"Ticino\" Battalion, operational arm of the Regiment, was employed in the Balkans, with the exception of 2002 when the Regiment was simultaneously employed in Kosovo and Afghanistan. In North Macedonia, on 8 May 2002, Captain Stefano Rugge died following the explosion of an anti-tank mine. Captain Rugge was posthumously promoted to Major and awarded a Silver Medal of Military Valor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006072-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Engineer Regiment (Italy), Current structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Company fields the following platoons: C3 Platoon, Transport and Materiel Platoon, Medical Platoon, Commissariat Platoon, and EOD Platoon. Each of the two sapper companies fields a Command Platoon, an Advanced Combat Reconnaissance Teams Platoon, and two sapper platoons. The Deployment Support Company and Mobility Support Company field the battalion's heavy military engineering vehicles: Biber bridgelayers, Dachs armored engineer vehicles, cranes, excavators, Medium Girder Bridges etc. The sapper companies and Command and Logistic Support Company are equipped with VTLM \"Lince\" and VTMM \"Orso\" vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006073-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Ersatz Division (German Empire)\nThe 10th Ersatz Division (10. Ersatz-Division) was a unit of the German Army, in World War I. The division was formed on the mobilization of the German Army in August 1914. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006073-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Ersatz Division (German Empire), Formation and recruitment\nThe 10th Ersatz Division was formed on mobilization from 12 brigade replacement battalions (Brigade-Ersatz-Bataillone). Each brigade replacement battalion was numbered after its parent infantry brigade, and was formed with two companies taken from the replacement battalion of each of the brigade's two infantry regiments. Thus, collectively, the 12 brigade replacement battalions represented troop contributions from 24 different infantry regiments. The division represented a broad cross-section of the German Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006073-0001-0001", "contents": "10th Ersatz Division (German Empire), Formation and recruitment\nThe units of the 25th Mixed Ersatz Brigade were from the VII Army Corps area, which included the Prussian Province of Westphalia, the Lower Rhine portion of the Prussian Rhine Province, the Principality of Lippe, and the Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe. The units of the 37th Mixed Ersatz Brigade were from the X Army Corps area, which included most of the Prussian Province of Hanover, the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, and the Duchy of Brunswick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006073-0001-0002", "contents": "10th Ersatz Division (German Empire), Formation and recruitment\nThe units of the 43rd Mixed Ersatz Brigade were from the XI Army Corps area, which included the Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) portion of the Prussian Province of Hesse-Nassau, the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, the Duchies of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Saxe-Meiningen, the Principalities of Reuss Elder Line, Reuss Younger Line, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, and Waldeck, and portions of the Prussian Province of Saxony, including the region around Erfurt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006073-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Ersatz Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 10th Ersatz Division initially fought on the Western Front in World War I. It fought in the Battle of the Frontiers, seeing action in Lorraine and against the French defensive line from Nancy to Epinal. From December 1914 to February 1916, the division occupied the trenchlines in the Wo\u00ebvre region. The division fought in the Battle of the Somme in September 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006073-0002-0001", "contents": "10th Ersatz Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nAfter a period in the trenchlines in the Champagne and near Verdun, the division saw action in 1917 in the Second Battle of the Aisne, also called the Third Battle of Champagne, and in the Battle of Passchendaele. In October 1917, the division was transferred to the Eastern Front, fighting in eastern Galicia until the armistice on that front. In January/February 1918, the division was in army reserve and was transferred back to the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006073-0002-0002", "contents": "10th Ersatz Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIt was in the trenchlines in Flanders and the Artois until April 1918, when it fought in the Battle of Armenti\u00e8res, part of the Battle of the Lys, also known as the German Lys Offensive or the Fourth Battle of Ypres. The division remained in the Flanders/Artois region after the German offensives and faced the various Allied counteroffensives, seeing action in the late-1918 Battle of Cambrai. It ended the war fighting in the Battle of Valenciennes and in the German retreat to its Antwerp-Meuse position. Allied intelligence rated the division as third class and of moderate value.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006073-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Ersatz Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nThe order of battle of the 10th Ersatz Division on mobilization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006073-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Ersatz Division (German Empire), Order of battle on February 20, 1918\nThe division underwent several structural changes as the war progressed. The mixed Ersatz brigades were converted to Ersatz infantry brigades as cavalry, artillery, and pioneer Ersatz units were grouped and reorganized. The brigade replacement battalions were grouped into infantry regiments. The 10th Ersatz Division was triangularized in October 1916. Cavalry was later reduced, pioneers were increased to a full battalion, and an artillery command and a divisional signals command were created. The division's order of battle on February 20, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 74], "content_span": [75, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006074-0000-0000", "contents": "10th European Film Awards\nThe 10th European Film Awards were presented on 7 December 1997 in Berlin, Germany. The event was hosted by British T.V. presenter Tania Bryer. The Space Dream performers gave a performance early ceremony. German actress Jasmin Tabatabai gave a performance mid-ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006074-0001-0000", "contents": "10th European Film Awards, European Achievement in World Cinema\nMilos Forman for THE PEOPLE VS. LARRY FLYNT. Forman was not present at the event but sent his thanks via video message.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 63], "content_span": [64, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006074-0002-0000", "contents": "10th European Film Awards, European Screenwriter of the Year\nAlain Berliner and Chris Vander Stappen for MA VIE EN ROSE", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006075-0000-0000", "contents": "10th FAI World Rally Flying Championship\n10th FAI World Rally Flying Championship took place between September 14\u201321, 1997 in Antalya, Turkey, as a part of the 1st World Air Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006075-0001-0000", "contents": "10th FAI World Rally Flying Championship, Competitors\nThere were 82 crews from Poland (5), South Africa (5), Germany (5), Austria (5), Chile (5), Greece (5), Czech Republic (4), Slovakia (4), Hungary (4), Turkey (4), United States (3), France (3), Croatia (3), Italy (3), Russia (3), United Kingdom (2), Spain (2), Republic of Macedonia (2), Cyprus (2), Brazil (2), Switzerland (1), Lithuania (1), New Zealand (1), Slovenia (1), Denmark (1), the Netherlands (1), Luxembourg (1), Mozambique (1), Indonesia (1) (there are no details given as for two crews).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006075-0002-0000", "contents": "10th FAI World Rally Flying Championship, Results, Individual (10 best)\nNote: crews from the 1st, 2nd and 7th places apparently were taken into account with a result of only one (worst) competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006076-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 10th Field Artillery Regiment was a Field Artillery regiment of the United States Army first formed in 1916. Due to the inactivation of the Third Armored Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division, the last active battalion (1st battalion) of the 10th Field Artillery Regiment was inactivated in December of 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006076-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 10th Field Artillery Regiment  was formed at Camp Douglas in 1916. It served in France during World War I, specifically in the Champagne-Marne, St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne and Champagne-Marne campaigns. Its motto \"The Rock's Support\" was bestowed on it due to its support of the 3rd Division (\"The Rock of the Marne\")  at the Second Battle of the Marne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006076-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe organization was redesignated the 10th Field Artillery Battalion in 1940 and served in ten European campaigns of World War II and eight in Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006076-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nReorganized to the 2nd Battalion 10th Field Artillery, it was assigned to 3rd Infantry Division Artillery at Kelley Hill, Fort Benning Ga. In this configuration it saw service in Kosovo, Kuwait, and Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006076-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nAt various points in regimental history, the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th and 6th Battalions were active. 1st Battalion is now inactive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006076-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold metal and enamel device 1 inch (2.54\u00a0cm) in height consisting of a shield blazoned: Gules, a rock Proper resting on two cannons in saltire Or. On a canton of the last a winged centaur courant holding a bent bow and arrow of the field (for the 6th Field Artillery).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006076-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is red for Artillery, the parent organization being shown by its crest placed on the canton. The 38th Infantry earned the sobriquet of \u201cThe Rock of the Marne\u201d and this regiment is therefore entitled to the motto \u201cThe Rock\u2019s Support,\u201d and it is shown by the two cannons supporting a rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006076-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 10th Field Artillery Regiment on 16 April 1923. It was redesignated for the 10th Field Artillery Battalion on 15 December 1942. The insignia was redesignated for the 10th Artillery Regiment on 22 January 1958. It was again redesignated for the 10th Field Artillery Regiment on 2 December 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006076-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 10th Field Artillery Regiment on 6 June 1921. It was amended to include history on 13 September 1923. The insignia was redesignated for the 10th Field Artillery Battalion on 15 December 1942. It was again redesignated for the 10th Artillery Regiment on 22 January 1958. The coat of arms was redesignated for the 10th Field Artillery Regiment on 2 December 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006077-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Field Hospital (United States)\nThe 10th Field Hospital (\"Mountain Medics\") is a Field Hospital of the United States Army first constituted on 23 June 1942 in the Army of the United States as the 10th Field Hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006077-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Field Hospital (United States), Mission\nThe mission of the 10th Field Hospital was to provide hospitalization support to U.S. Forces within the theater of operation in support of combat operations or operations other than war. The 10th Field Hospital provided medical support for the Fort Carson Community, operated two troop medical clinics, provided support personnel to Evans Army Community Hospital, supported EMT course, conducted combat lifesaver courses and preventive medicine courses, and conducted the installation's Expert Field Medical Badge test.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006077-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Field Hospital (United States), History, World War II and Postwar Service\nThe 10th Field Hospital provided medical support in Tunisia, Italy, France, and Germany. It was awarded two Arrowhead Devices for participation in theses campaigns. Additionally, the unit was also awarded the Army Meritorious Unit Commendation on 16 April 1990, for services in the European Theater during 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006077-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Field Hospital (United States), History, World War II and Postwar Service\nAlthough inactivated after returning to the US following the defeat of the Axis Powers, the 10th Field Hospital was reactivated in the regular Army on 5 August 1949, then redesignated as the 10th Evacuation Hospital 15 June 1962. It resumed its medical support and training mission in Germany, until its inactivation 16 August 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006077-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Field Hospital (United States), History, World War II and Postwar Service\nThe 10th Evacuation Hospital was reactivated 12 July 1967, at Fort Meade, Maryland. It was reorganized and redesignated as a Combat Support Hospital on 21 March 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006077-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Field Hospital (United States), History, Reorganization as a Mobile Army Surgical Hospital\nOn 16 August 1983 the unit was redesignated as the 10th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH). On 5 August 1987, the Department of the Army directed a realignment of the 10th MASH with the 4th Infantry Division (Mechanized), with an effective date of 16 August 1988. The 10th MASH was under the 43rd Support Group as a battalion organization with the 517th Medical Company (Clearing), 571st Medical Detachment (Air Ambulance), 223rd Medical Detachment (Preventive Medicine) and 40th Dental Company as subordinate units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 95], "content_span": [96, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006077-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Field Hospital (United States), History, Reorganization as a Mobile Army Surgical Hospital\nOn 3 Jan. 1991, the 10th MASH deployed to Saudi Arabia with the 44th Medical Brigade, 1st Medical Group in support of Operation Desert Storm until July 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 95], "content_span": [96, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006077-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Field Hospital (United States), History, Second Reorganization as a Combat Support Hospital\nThe Department of the Army redesignated the 10th MASH as the 10th Combat Support Hospital 16 Dec. 1992. The 10th CSH (FWD) deployed to Bosnia and Hungary in support of Operation Joint Forge from 12 March to 27 Sept. 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 96], "content_span": [97, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006077-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Field Hospital (United States), History, Second Reorganization as a Combat Support Hospital\nThe 10th CSH was a modular-designed facility, which consisted of a HUB (Hospital Unit Base) and HUS (Hospital Unit Surgical). The unit had 8 wards providing intensive nursing care for up to 96 patients, 7 wards providing intermediate nursing care for up to 140 patients, one ward providing neuropsychiatric (NP) care for up to 20 patients. Surgical capacity was based on 8 operating room tables for a surgical capacity of 144 operating room (OR) table hours per day. The unit could be further augmented with specialty surgical/medical teams to increase its capabilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 96], "content_span": [97, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006077-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Field Hospital (United States), History, Second Reorganization as a Combat Support Hospital\nThe hospital was equipped with Deployable Medical System (DEPMEDS) equipment, which could be set up in various configurations. The major components of a combat support hospital were the expandable tactical shelters, TEMPER Tents, and the military vans. The expandable tactical shelter was a rigid paneled metal unit that could be unfolded to become an enclosed air conditioned shelter for use as an operating room, central material services, pharmacy, laboratory, blood bank, radiology, or biomedical maintenance. The TEMPER (Tent Extendible Modular Personnel) tent featured an aluminum frame and fabric outer skin, which could be quickly assembled and disassembled without, tools.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 96], "content_span": [97, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006077-0009-0001", "contents": "10th Field Hospital (United States), History, Second Reorganization as a Combat Support Hospital\nThe standard ward was 20 feet by 64 feet, consisting of 8 8-by-20-foot TEMPER sections. The MILVAN was a rigid paneled metal storage and transportation container, which was allocated to the functional sections of the hospital. When operational, the combat support hospital could provide climate and environmental control equivalent to that found in any fixed hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 96], "content_span": [97, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006077-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Field Hospital (United States), History, Second Reorganization as a Combat Support Hospital\nIn January 2004, the 10th CSH became the first hospital to complete the Medical Re-engineering Initiative (MRI) conversion. With the conversion, the 10th CSH was a more mobile 84-bed hospital with an additional 164 beds in storage, if ever needed. The combat support hospital was designed to provide level III care to deployed soldiers during wartime operations or humanitarian missions. The hospital facility was the Deployable Medical System (DEPMEDS), which consisted of TEMPER tents and ISO shelters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 96], "content_span": [97, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006077-0010-0001", "contents": "10th Field Hospital (United States), History, Second Reorganization as a Combat Support Hospital\nIt was composed of an emergency medical treatment section with a dispensary, one operating room (with 2 tables), 2 intensive care units (ICU) each composed of 12 beds, 3 intermediate care wards (ICW) each composed of 20 beds, one central materiel services section, laboratory with limited testing capabilities, blood bank, radiology with portable x-ray capability and digital processing, and a pharmacy. Experiences of the 10th Field Hospital had led it to request an additional OR iso-shelter to increase its surgical capabilities. Though the 10th CSH was an echelon-above-division (EAD) asset, and therefore required support, with the MRI conversion it was more self-sufficient than before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 96], "content_span": [97, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006077-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Field Hospital (United States), History, Service in Iraq\nThe 10th CSH deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom 2005\u20132007. While conducting split-based operations in Tallil and Baghdad, Medical Task Force 10 provided unmatched Level III combat health support with a 94-percent survivability rate. The unit returned to Fort Carson from Iraq 14 Oct. 2006, and received an additional Meritorious Unit Commendation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006077-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Field Hospital (United States), History, Service in Iraq\nThe 10th CSH deployed as Medical Task Force 10 to Operation Iraqi Freedom 08\u201310, and once again provided unmatched Level III combat health support with split-based operations in Baghdad at Ibn Sina Hospital then moving to Camp Sather, Tallil, Al Kut, Al Amarah, Bucca, and even supporting UK Forces in Basrah. The unit achieved a 98-percent survivability rate, the highest survivability rate in the history of American warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006077-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Field Hospital (United States), History, Service in Iraq\nThe staff of the hospital consisted of two personnel components: permanently assigned and professional fillers or PROFIS. Under the FY07 MTOE, which appeared on 16 March 2007, the 10th Combat Support Hospital had 482 required positions, which consisted of 237 permanently assigned and 245 PROFIS. With the MRI conversion, this represented a shift with the number of permanently assigned personnel decreasing and the number of PROFIS increasing by approximately 40 each respectively. The backbone of a fully operational and functional hospital was the competent staff found under the canvas. An important part of that competent team was the PROFIS staff, which made up over half of the total staff and included the majority of the clinical professionals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006077-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Field Hospital (United States), History, Service in Iraq\nIn an ideal world, the 10th Field Hospital would have had all personnel assigned and training on a daily basis in anticipation for worldwide deployments. Unfortunately, that arrangement would become a detriment to the clinical skills of the medical, nursing, and specialty staff. Therefore, a system was required whereby the majority of time could be spent in a real clinical environment, where skills could be developed and maintained. That system, the PROFIS program, allowed clinical staff to maintain clinical proficiency while developing unit relationships and training for deployment with their designated PROFIS unit. Likened to a \"break glass when needed\" piece of equipment, PROFIS were assigned to the 10th Field Hospital on paper and were requested when the need arose for professionals to round out the staffing requirements for a particular mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006077-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Field Hospital (United States), History, Transition to 10th Field Hospital\nToday, the 10th Field Hospital, on order, prepares for expeditionary deployment in order to provide Role III hospitalization, outpatient services, enhanced medical, surgical, laboratory and x-ray capabilities and provides sustainment support to hospital augmentation detachments in support of Unified Land Operations. The 148-bed Field Hospital consists of Headquarters and Headquarters Company (32-bed), 84th Hospital Augmentation Detachment (32-bed MED), 193rd Hospital Augmentation Detachment (60-bed ICW) and 534th Hospital Augmentation Detachment (24-bed SURG) The 10th FH is a force multiplier for the combatant commander, providing high quality, comprehensive role III medical care and health services in order to conserve the fighting strength\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 79], "content_span": [80, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006077-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Field Hospital (United States), History, 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic\nOn 28 March, the Port of Seattle and the Northwest Seaport Alliance made plans to make sections of Terminal 46 available for trailers, container equipment and storage needs in support of the 10th Field Hospital (deployed under its usual headquarters the 627th Hospital Centre) being set up at CenturyLink Field, Seattle. The 10th Field Hospital returned to Fort Carson after completing its mission on 16 April 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006078-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Field Squadron (United Kingdom)\nThe 10th Railway Engineer Squadron, known operationally as 10 RW Squadron. The squadron was first formed during the pre-war expansion of the army in 1939 just before Second World War. The squadron was finally disbanded in 2013 following the initial Army 2020 reforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006078-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Field Squadron (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nOn 3 September 1939, the squadron was formed at GHQ, Longmoore Camp. Just a little after forming, the squadron was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006078-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Field Squadron (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nIn May 1940, the squadron was reformed in the Middle-East known as 10th Railway Construction and Operations Company (10 RW Cons and Op Coy). By July the squadron was based at RAF El Daba, supporting the RAF squadrons there. While based, the squadron was tasked with supporting the RAF squadrons through railway construction and support operations. Just a little after this, the squadron was moved to Sudan after being replaced by another company. By 1943, the squadron was renamed as 10th Railway Construction Company. In October 1943, following the Invasion of Sicily and eventual movement into mainland Italy, the company was assigned to the 1212th Railway Construction Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006078-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Field Squadron (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nFollowing the end of the war, the company was based in Trieste and later Austria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006078-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Field Squadron (United Kingdom), History, Post War\nIn 1947, the company moved to Egypt and assigned to the 10th Transport Regiment. Later, the squadron was assigned to Headquarters Railway Group in the Suez Canal Zone and then later the Middle-East Transport Regiment in 1954. By May 1955 the company moved to Longmoor and was assigned to the 16th Railway Training Regiment. In June of that year, the company was reduced to a cadre but by September was reformed and renamed as 10 Transportation Squadron. After reforming, the squadron joined the former regiment the 16th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006078-0004-0001", "contents": "10th Field Squadron (United Kingdom), History, Post War\nJust a few weeks after, the squadron was reorganized as a Port for Far East Land Forces (FARLEF). After reorganizing, the squadron moved to Singapore seems to have become independent after this move. During this time, the squadron was administered by the 17th Port Transport Regiment. During this time, the squadron maintained an independent troop in Hong Kong. By 1960, the squadron was assigned to the Engineer Base Group, Singapore. In 1964 the squadron was disbanded and their role taken over by the Royal Logistic Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006078-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Field Squadron (United Kingdom), History, Post War\nIn 1964 the squadron was disbanded and concurrently reformed that same year as 10 Field Squadron (Airfields). The squadron was formed at Invicta barracks in Maidstone under 36 Engineer Regiment. Formed with the original intention of supporting the troops based in Aden it was No. 5004 RAF Airfield Construction Squadron reformed under the Army control. In August the next year, the squadron moved to RAF Khormaksar and assigned directly to British Forces Aden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006078-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Field Squadron (United Kingdom), History, Post War\nIn October that same year, the squadron moved location to RAF Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates. After moving, the squadron was renamed as 10 (Gulf) Field Squadron. By January 1969 the squadron moved back to Longmoore and assigned to the 37th Engineer Regiment. After moving back, the squadron was used as Hawker Siddeley Harrier air support squadron. In 1969 the Harrier had just been introduced, it was the newest and very first VTOL operational plane. It was found that after an examination, the Harrier worked much better in groups instead of individually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006078-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Field Squadron (United Kingdom), History, Post War\nThis created a need for a Harrier Support Group, this formation was the result of the 1966 Defence White Paper. From February to April 1971 the squadron deployed, less one troop deployed to Gibraltar on an emergency tour. And in April, still without that troop, deployed to Honduras. The troop that had been left behind, \"A Troop\" deployed to Northern Ireland as part of Operation Banner from October 70\u2014January 71.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006078-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Field Squadron (United Kingdom), History, Post War\nBy January 1973 the squadron moved to RAF Laarbruch in Western Germany. After moving, the squadron was assigned as one of the RAF Support units. By 1982 the squadron moved to Mansergh Barracks in Gutersloh under 38th Engineer Regiment. Finally, in December 1992 the squadron became \"non-operational\" and was disbanded in July 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006078-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Field Squadron (United Kingdom), History, 21st Century\nOn 26 February 2004 following the \"Delivering Security in a Changing World\" reforms of 2003, the squadron was reformed as 10 Field Squadron (Air Support). The squadron was based at RAF Leeming and assigned to 39 Engineer Regiment (Air Assault). The squadron later deployed on Operation Telic II from June\u2014November 2003. The squadron was disbanded on 22 May 2013 following the initial Army 2020 reforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006079-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Fighter Wing\nThe 10th Fighter Wing was a unit of the United States Army Air Forces. Its last assignment was with the Fourth Air Force, based at Hamilton Army Airfield, California. It was inactivated on 1 December 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006079-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Fighter Wing, History\nAssigned to Fourth Air Force as prewar Pursuit Wing, remained active at Hamilton Field, California until 1 December 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006080-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Filmfare Awards\nThe 10th Filmfare Awards were held on 13 June 1963, honoring the best films in Hindi Cinema of the year 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006080-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Filmfare Awards\nSahib Bibi Aur Ghulam led the ceremony with 8 nominations, followed by Bees Saal Baad with 7 nominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006080-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Filmfare Awards\nBees Saal Baad and Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam won 4 awards each, thus becoming the most-awarded films at the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006080-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Filmfare Awards\nThe ceremony marked the only occasion when all the nominations for Best Actor or Best Actress were for a single actor, with Meena Kumari receiving all 3 nominations for Best Actress for Aarti, Main Chup Rahungi and Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam, winning for the lattermost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006080-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Filmfare Awards, Awards, Best Lyrics\nBees Saal Baad \u2013 Shakeel Badayuni for Kahin Deep Jale Kahin Dil", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006080-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Filmfare Awards, Awards, Best Playback Singer\nBees Saal Baad \u2013 Lata Mangeshkar for Kahin Deep Jale Kahin Dil", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006081-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Flight Test Squadron\nThe 10th Flight Test Squadron is part of the 413th Flight Test Group of Air Force Materiel Command based at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma. It performs acceptance testing on refurbished Rockwell B-1 Lancer, Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, Boeing E-3 Sentry, and Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft before they are returned to their units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006081-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Flight Test Squadron\nThe squadron was first activated as the 10th Pursuit Squadron prior to the entry of the United States into World War II. It served as a test unit as the 10th Fighter Squadron in the southeastern United States until 1943, when it prepared for deployment to the European Theater of Operations. It remained in combat until V-E Day, earning a Distinguished Unit Citation. The unit returned to the United States in 1945 and was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006081-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Flight Test Squadron\nIn 1950, the squadron was activated in the reserves. After the start of the Korean War, it was called to active duty, but immediately inactivated and its personnel were transferred to other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006081-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Flight Test Squadron\nThe squadron was activated in 1953 at Clovis Air Force Base, New Mexico as the 10th Fighter-Bomber Squadron, where it assumed the personnel and equipment of an Air National Guard squadron that was returned to active duty. It moved to Europe later that year, and remained there until inactivating in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006081-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Flight Test Squadron\nIn 1994, the squadron was redesignated the 10th Flight Test Squadron and activated at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006081-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Flight Test Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was initially activated at Selfridge Field, Michigan in January 1941 as the 10th Pursuit Squadron, one of the three original squadrons of the 50th Pursuit Group. It was established under the Northeast Air District as a pursuit squadron, and initially equipped with second-line aircraft. It transferred to Southeast Air District (later Third Air Force) in late 1941 and re-equipped with Curtiss P-40 Warhawks. The squadron trained in the southeast until being transferred to the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics in Florida, where it served as a test and demonstration unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006081-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Flight Test Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 10th, designated as the 10th Fighter Squadron since May 1943, re-equipped with North American P-51 Mustangs and trained as an operational squadron. It deployed to the European Theater of Operations (ETO), where it became part of IX Fighter Command in England in May 1944. It Re-equipped with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts and supported Allied ground forces in France after D-Day, attacking enemy strong points, troop concentrations, armor formations, bridges and other targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006081-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Flight Test Squadron, History, World War II\nWithin a month of the invasion, it moved to Normandy and operated from several forward bases in Northeast France during the summer of 1944 as Allied ground forces moved eastwards towards Germany. The unit supported the Fifth Army movement from southern France though the Lyon Valley, then into Germany as part of the Western Allied invasion in the spring of 1945. The squadron remained in Germany as part of the occupation forces. It returned to the United States and was inactivated in Colorado in November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006081-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Flight Test Squadron, History, Air Force reserves\nThe squadron was reactivated in the reserve by Continental Air Command in January 1950 as a corollary unit of the 4th Fighter Wing. It was called to active duty in early 1951 for the Korean War and its personnel were used to fill up other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 54], "content_span": [55, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006081-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Flight Test Squadron, History, Cold War\nThe squadron was activated at Clovis Air Force Base, New Mexico on 1 January 1953 and assumed the personnel and North American F-86H Sabres of the 120th Fighter-Bomber Squadron, a Colorado Air National Guard squadron that had been federalized for the Korean War and was being returned to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006081-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Flight Test Squadron, History, Cold War\nThe unit deployed to West Germany and assigned to Hahn Air Base as a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) fighter squadron. It moved briefly to France in 1956, but returned to West Germany in 1959 and flew defensive missions in the F-100, F-4 and F-16 as part of the NATO tactical air forces. In late Dec 1990 the squadron deployed to Southwest Asia, assigned to the 363rd Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional) from January to May 1991, and flew combat missions during Operation Desert Storm. After returning to Hahn, squadron pilots spent the last summer in Germany flying unit aircraft back across the North Atlantic Ocean to gaining Air National Guard units in preparation for the wing / squadron inactivation in Sep 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006081-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Flight Test Squadron, History, Flight test\nThe squadron was reactivated at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma in March 1994 as a testing and checkout squadron for supported aircraft after depot-level maintenance prior to the aircraft being returned to active service. The squadron absorbed the personnel, mission and resources of the 10th Test Squadron, which was simultaneously inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006081-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Flight Test Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006082-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Force Support Battalion (Australia)\nThe 10th Force Support Battalion (10 FSB) is an Australian Army logistics battalion and is part of the 17th Sustainment Brigade. Its role is to provide third line or 'general' support within an area of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006082-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Force Support Battalion (Australia)\n10 FSB is located at Lavarack Barracks and Ross Island Barracks in Townsville, Queensland, with Catering elements located in Darwin, Adelaide, Brisbane and Amberley. A Squadron of Engineers is located in Sydney and a Troop of Water Transport is located in Darwin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006082-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Force Support Battalion (Australia), History\n10 FSB was formed on 1 March 1998, following the amalgamation of the 10th Terminal Regiment, 2nd FieldLogistics Battalion and the 1st Division Postal Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006082-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Force Support Battalion (Australia), History\nThe battalion was awarded a Meritorious Unit Citation for operations in East Timor during INTERFET in 1999\u20132000, the first logistics unit to be honoured with such an award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006083-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Frame\n10th Frame is a ten-pin bowling simulation game published by Access Software in 1986. Up to eight players can take part in open bowling or a tournament. It was released for the Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Commodore 64, IBM PC compatibles, MSX, and ZX Spectrum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006083-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Frame, Gameplay\nThe lane is viewed from behind the bowler, with the pins towards the top of the screen in a 3D perspective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006083-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Frame, Gameplay\nThe scorecard for the current player is displayed above the lane. The player can move left or right on the lane before starting the run-up by holding fire. A target cursor can be moved by pushing up and then moving it left or right (pressing down returned control to moving the onscreen player's position).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006083-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Frame, Gameplay\nOnce the fire button is held, a power meter similar to Leader Board's is used. The speed of the shot is determined by how long the button is held down. A small zone at the top determines if the player makes an error, exaggerating any spin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006083-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Frame, Gameplay\nWhen the meter starts to descend on the right, it is stopped in the hook zone to determine how much hook/spin is applied\u2014from straight at the top of the zone to full hook at the bottom. Play is completed after the usual ten frames and any bonus balls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006083-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Frame, Gameplay\nPlayers can print out a scorecard at the end of a match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006083-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Frame, Gameplay\nThere is a choice of three difficulty levels: Kids (in which the ball always goes straight), Amateur, and Professional.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006083-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Frame, Reception\nComputer and Video Games reviewed the Commodore 64 version in issue 65 and called it a Game of the Month with a 9/10 score. Zzap!64 awarded the game 85% in issue 22, calling it \"another slick and extremely well programmed Access sport simulation\". Your Sinclair gave the ZX Spectrum conversion 7 out of 10, stating that \"10th Frame requires a lot of skill and is a pretty good simulation\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006083-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Frame, Reception\nRick Teverbaugh reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that \"Tenth Frame is on my top 10 sports games list of all-time and I think it will be on yours also.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006084-0000-0000", "contents": "10th G7 summit\nThe 10th G7 Summit was held in London, England, United Kingdom from 7 to 9 June 1984. The venue for the summit meetings was Lancaster House in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006084-0001-0000", "contents": "10th G7 summit\nThe Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (since 1976) and the President of the European Commission (starting officially in 1981).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006084-0001-0001", "contents": "10th G7 summit\nThe summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six (G6) summit in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006084-0002-0000", "contents": "10th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe G7 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006084-0003-0000", "contents": "10th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe 10th G7 summit was the first summit for Italian Prime Minister Bettino Craxi. It was also the last summit for Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006084-0004-0000", "contents": "10th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit, Participants\nThese summit participants are the current \"core members\" of the international forum:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006084-0005-0000", "contents": "10th G7 summit, Issues\nThe summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions. Issues which were discussed at this summit included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006085-0000-0000", "contents": "10th GMA Dove Awards\nThe 10th Annual GMA Dove Awards were held during the National Quartet Convention recognizing accomplishments of musicians for the year. The show was held in Nashville, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006086-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Garrison Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 158th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c158\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on 4th Independent Division of Jichareliao Military Region. The division's history could be traced back to November 1947. Under the command of 45th Corps it took part in the Chinese civil war, including the Liaoshen Campaign, Pingjin Campaign and Hengbao Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006086-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Garrison Division (People's Republic of China), Chronology\nAfter the Hengbao Campaign the division detached from the corps and was put under direct command of 12th Army Group, and stationed in Shaoyang, Hunan for counter-bandit missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006086-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Garrison Division (People's Republic of China), Chronology\nIn January 1950 the division moved to Yishan, Guangxi. In April the division moved into Guangzhou to replace the 132nd Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006086-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Garrison Division (People's Republic of China), Chronology\nIn September 1950 the division became Guangzhou Security Command. In October it renamed as 10th Public Security Division(Chinese: \u516c\u5b89\u7b2c10\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006086-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Garrison Division (People's Republic of China), Chronology\nIn January 1952 the division merged with Border Bureau of Guangdong Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006086-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Garrison Division (People's Republic of China), Chronology\nIn July 1955, following the formation of People's Liberation Army Public Security Force, the division was renamed as 10th Border Division of the Public Security Force(Chinese: \u516c\u5b89\u519b\u8fb9\u9632\u7b2c10\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006086-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Garrison Division (People's Republic of China), Chronology\nIn March 1956 the division was reorganized as 3rd Garrison Division(Chinese: \u5b88\u5907\u7b2c3\u5e08) and was transferred to Guangzhou Military Region's control. Merely a month later, in April 1956 the division was further renamed as 3rd Machine-gun Artillery Division(Chinese: \u7b2c3\u673a\u70ae\u5e08). The division then stationed in Zhongshan City, Guangdong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006086-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Garrison Division (People's Republic of China), Chronology\nThe machine-gun artillery division was also short-lived. In August 1956 the division was reduced and renamed as 10th Garrison Brigade(Chinese: \u5b88\u5907\u7b2c10\u65c5). In May 1957 the brigade was inactivated and absorbed into Foshan Military Sub-district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006086-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Garrison Division (People's Republic of China), Chronology\nIn April 1959 the unit was re-activated from Foshan Military Sub-district as 10th Garrison Division(Chinese: \u5b88\u5907\u7b2c10\u5e08). The division was then composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006086-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Garrison Division (People's Republic of China), Chronology\nIn December 1959, 39th Garrison Regiment and all four Maritime Patrol Units were transferred to Wanhu Fortress District's control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006086-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Garrison Division (People's Republic of China), Chronology\nIn April 1956 the division was disbanded and transferred to the People's Liberation Army Navy and reorganized as 7th Institute of the Department of Defense, except its 3rd Battalion, 38th Garrison Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006087-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nThe 213th Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c213\u5e08) was created in February 1962 in Shenyang Military Region. It was a mountain infantry unit operating in Paektu Mountain region. On December 28, 1964 the division was renamed as 1st Independent Division of Jilin Provincial Military District(Chinese: \u5409\u6797\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u7b2c1\u5e08), and on February 29, 1976 it was further renamed as Independent Division of Jilin Provincial Military District(Chinese: \u5409\u6797\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u5e08) after the disbandment of 2nd Independent Division of Jilin Provincial Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006087-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nOn October 31, 1980, a battalion from the Tank Regiment, 3rd Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region was expanded as Tank Regiment of Independent Division and attached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006087-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nOn December 31, 1980 the division was renamed as 10th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region(Chinese: \u6c88\u9633\u519b\u533a\u5b88\u5907\u7b2c10\u5e08). From December 1981 the division was under the control of 68th Army Corps. By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006087-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nIn 1985 it was transferred to 16th Army after 68th Army Corps' disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006087-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nOn October 3, 1985 the divisional HQ moved to Yanji, Jilin. On November 6 its tank regiment was reduced as Independent Tank Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006087-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nFrom 1990 the division was transferred to Jilin Provincial Military District's control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006088-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Gemini Awards\nThe 10th Gemini Awards were held on March 3, 1996, to honour achievements in Canadian television. It was hosted by Albert Schultz, and was broadcast on CBC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006088-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Gemini Awards, Awards, Best Performance in a Comedy Program or Series\nKen Finkleman, Mark Farrell, Robert Cait, Karen Hines, Rosemary Radcliffe, Wayne Fleming, Jeremy Hotz", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 74], "content_span": [75, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006088-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Gemini Awards, Awards, Best Performance in a Comedy Program or Series\nScott Thompson, Mark McKinney, Kevin McDonald, Bruce McCulloch, Dave Foley", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 74], "content_span": [75, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006089-0000-0000", "contents": "10th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe members of the 10th General Assembly of Newfoundland were elected in the Newfoundland general election held in November 1869. The general assembly sat from 1870 to 1873.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006089-0001-0000", "contents": "10th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe Anti-Confederation Party led by Charles Fox Bennett won the election and Bennett served as Newfoundland's premier. The decisive defeat of candidates supporting Confederation put an end to any discussions about union with Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006089-0002-0000", "contents": "10th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nSir Stephen John Hill served as colonial governor of Newfoundland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006089-0003-0000", "contents": "10th General Assembly of Newfoundland, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1869:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006090-0000-0000", "contents": "10th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nA writ for the election of the 10th General Assembly of Nova Scotia was issued Aug. 17, 1811. It convened on February 6, 1812 and held eight sessions. It was dissolved on May 11, 1818.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006090-0001-0000", "contents": "10th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nThe assembly sat at the pleasure of Lieutenant Governor John Coape Sherbrooke. George Ramsay became Lieutenant Governor in 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006090-0002-0000", "contents": "10th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nLewis Morris Wilkins was chosen as speaker for the house, seat declared vacant Feb. 13, 1817. Simon Bradstreet Robie was chosen as speaker Feb. 13, 1817.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006091-0000-0000", "contents": "10th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe 10th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island represented the colony of Prince Edward Island between November 3, 1818, and 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006091-0001-0000", "contents": "10th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe Assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of Prince Edward Island, Charles Douglass Smith. Angus McAulay was elected speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006091-0002-0000", "contents": "10th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Members\nThe members of the Prince Edward Island Legislature after the general election of 1818 were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006092-0000-0000", "contents": "10th General Junta of the Principality of Asturias\nThe 10th General Junta was the meeting of the General Junta, the parliament of the Principality of Asturias, with the membership determined by the results of the regional election held on 24 May 2015. The congress met for the first time on 15 June 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006092-0001-0000", "contents": "10th General Junta of the Principality of Asturias, Election\nThe 10th Asturian regional election was held on 24 May 2015. At the election the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) remained the largest party in the General Junta but fell short of a majority again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 60], "content_span": [61, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006092-0002-0000", "contents": "10th General Junta of the Principality of Asturias, History\nThe new parliament met for the first time on 26 June 2015 and after two rounds, Pedro Sanjurjo (PSOE) was re-elected as President of the General Junta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006092-0003-0000", "contents": "10th General Junta of the Principality of Asturias, Deaths, resignations and suspensions\nThe 10th General Junta has seen the following deaths, resignations and suspensions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 88], "content_span": [89, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006093-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Genie Awards\nThe 10th Genie Awards were held on March 22, 1989. This was in the middle of a strike at the CBC, causing the ceremony to be scaled down and several nominees to boycott the awards in sympathy; although the ceremony was still aired by CBC Television, the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television was forced to produce the broadcast alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006093-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Genie Awards\nThe awards were dominated by David Cronenberg's Dead Ringers, which won ten awards. The event was held at the Westin Harbour Castle Hotel in Toronto and was hosted by Dave Thomas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006094-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Georgia Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Georgia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It participated in most of the key battles of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006094-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Georgia Infantry Regiment\nThe regiment was raised in various counties throughout the state of Georgia and was mustered into Confederate service in June 1861 in Richmond, Virginia. It was initially assigned to Magruder's Peninsula Division. It served with the Army of Northern Virginia for the entire war, except during Longstreet's late 1863 expedition to Georgia and East Tennessee. The regiment was assigned to the Semmes-Bryan-Simms brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006095-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Golden Globe Awards\nThe 10th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1952 films, were held on February 26, 1953, at the Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles) in Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006095-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Golden Globe Awards, Winners and Nominees, Cinematography \u2013 Color\nThe Greatest Show on Earth \u2013 George Barnes; J. Peverell Marley", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006096-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Golden Horse Awards\nThe 10th Golden Horse Awards (Mandarin:\u7b2c10\u5c46\u91d1\u99ac\u734e) took place on October 30, 1972, at Zhongshan Hall in Taipei, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006097-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Golden Laurel Awards\nThe 10th PGA Golden Laurel Awards, honoring the best film and television producers of 1998, were held at The Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles, California on March 3, 1999. The nominees were announced on January 19, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006098-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Golden Melody Awards\nThe 10th Golden Melody Awards ceremony (Chinese: \u7b2c\u5341\u5c46\u91d1\u66f2\u734e) was held at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei on April 30, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006099-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Golden Raspberry Awards\nThe 10th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 25, 1990, at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel to recognize the worst the film industry had to offer in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006099-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Golden Raspberry Awards\nThe 1990 awards featured special awards for the worst motion picture performances of the 1980s. Unlike in prior years, no award was given for Worst New Star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006100-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Golden Rooster Awards\nThe 10th Golden Rooster Awards honoring the best in film of 1990, was given in Hongshan Gymnasium, Wuchang, Hubei Province, December 10, 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006101-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Government of Slovenia\nEU Member State(Eurozone Member State)(Schengen Area Member State)NATO Member StateCouncil of Europe Member StateOECD Member State", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006101-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Government of Slovenia\nThe 10th Government of Slovenia and the second one of Janez Jan\u0161a was announced on 10 February 2012. It was government, that has been formed after the 2011 Slovenian parliamentary election. It was the second government of Janez Jan\u0161a, and so he became the second premier to return to the position, after Janez Drnov\u0161ek, who was Prime minister four times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006101-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Government of Slovenia\nOn 5 January 2012, President Danilo T\u00fcrk proposed Zoran Jankovi\u0107 as the candidate to form a government to the National Assembly. Two days before the scheduled voting, the Slovenian Association of Journalists and Commentators, the second largest journalists' association in the country, issued a statement raising the concern that Jankovi\u0107 might abuse his power as Prime Minister by curtailing the freedom of media through intimidation. A coalition agreement between PS, SD, DL and DeSUS was initialled on 7 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006101-0002-0001", "contents": "10th Government of Slovenia\nHowever, in the evening of 9 January, DL announced it would not support Jankovi\u0107 as the new Prime Minister and also not join his coalition, due to large differences in the programs of the parties. On 11 January, Jankovi\u0107 was not elected as the new Prime Minister by the National Assembly. In a secret ballot, his candidacy only gained the support of 42 deputies, two less than expected prior to the voting, and four short of the absolute majority needed for his election. Following the election of Janez Jan\u0161a as the Prime Minister in the second round of the voting, Positive Slovenia became an opposition party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006101-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Government of Slovenia\nJan\u0161a's second government did not finish its mandate. The trouble began when Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia (KPK) published a report of control of the assets of each president of Slovenian parliamentary parties. Janez Jan\u0161a and Zoran Jankovi\u0107 did not know how to explain the source of all of their assets", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006101-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Government of Slovenia\nCabinet members came from five parties of the new coalition, until SLS, DL and DeSUS left the coalition on 23 January 2013:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006101-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Government of Slovenia, Changes from the preceding cabinet\nThe number of ministries was reduced from 19 in the Pahor cabinet to 12, due to the crisis. It was the fourth government led by the centre-right party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006102-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Goya Awards\nThe 10th Goya Awards were presented in Madrid, Spain on 25 January 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006102-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Goya Awards\nNobody Will Speak of Us When We're Dead won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006103-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Grey Cup\nThe 10th Grey Cup was played on December 2, 1922, before 4,700 fans at Richardson Memorial Stadium at Kingston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006104-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Group CIS\nThe 10th Group Communication and Information Systems is a military communications unit in the Land Component of the Belgian Armed Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006105-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Guam Legislature\nThe 10th Guam Legislature was a meeting of the Guam Legislature. It convened in Hagatna, Guam on January 6, 1969 and ended on January 4, 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006105-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Guam Legislature\nIn the 1968 Guamanian general election, the Democratic Party of Guam won all twenty-one seats in the Guam Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006106-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Army\nThe 10th Guards Army was a Soviet Guards formation which fought against Germany during World War II under the command of several generals. Formed in 1943, the army fought under various headquarters and ended the war besieging cut-off German forces in Latvia. The 10th Guards Army was disbanded in 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006106-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Army\nThe 10th Guards Army was formed on 16 April 1943 from the 30th Army. When formed, the army was located southwest of Vyazma. As of 1 June its main order of battle was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006106-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Army\nIt fought under command of the Western, Kalinin, 2nd Baltic, and Leningrad Fronts from then until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006106-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Army\nThe 10th Guards Army had four commanders during the war against Germany:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006106-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Army\nNotable battles and operations in which the 10th Guards Army participated include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006106-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Army\nFrom October 1944, the 10th Guards Army was one of the Soviet formations committed to besieging German Army Group Kurland in the Courland Peninsula. This was a lengthy operation that continued until the Germans in Courland surrendered on May 12, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006106-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Army\nAt the end of the war in Europe, the 10th Guards Army consisted of the 7th, 15th, and 19th Guards Rifle Corps. The army was disbanded on 30 March 1948 by being renamed 4th Guards Rifle Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006107-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Budapest Rifle Corps\nThe 10th Guards Budapest Rifle Corps was a unit of the Soviet Red Army during the Eastern Front of World War II. It traces its history to the 3rd Guards Rifle Corps, originally activated in January 1942, which was redesignated the 10th Guards Rifle Corps on 13 August 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006107-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Budapest Rifle Corps\nBy Transcaucasian Front Order No. 00169 dated 3 August 1942, the corps began to form. The formation of the corps took place in the first half of August 1942 in the Makhachkala area from the previously completed 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th Guards Rifle Brigades (later to be expanded into 108th, 109th, and 110th Guards Rifle Divisions). On 13 August 1942, the 3rd Guards Rifle Corps was renamed to the 10th Guards Rifle Corps. It took part in the Dnieper\u2013Carpathian Offensive as part of the 5th Shock Army, 3rd Ukrainian Front. They also took part in the Budapest Offensive as part of the 46th Army. Later, it became part of the Odessa Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006107-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Budapest Rifle Corps\nIn 1948, it was part of 4th Guards Army, alongside 24th Guards Rifle Corps and 82nd Rifle Corps. It was made up of 33rd Guards Mechanized Division, 59th Guards RD, and 86th Guards Rifle Divisions. 86 GRD was still with it in 1955. By the time of its disestablishment it had been assigned the Military Unit Number No. 69651.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006107-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Budapest Rifle Corps\nThe corps was disestablished by being redesignated the 14th Guards Army on 25 November 1956 in Kishinev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006108-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Motor Rifle Division\nThe 10th Guards Motor Rifle Division was a division of the Soviet Ground Forces. The full name of its predecessor division was the 10th Guards Rifle Pechengskii, Twice Order of the Red Banner, Order of Alexander Nevsky, Order of the Red Star Division. (Russian: 10\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u041f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0417\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u041d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f.) The 10th Guards Rifle Division was formed from the 52nd Rifle Division in late 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006108-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Motor Rifle Division, History\nIn 1939 the 52nd Rifle Division took part in the Soviet invasion of Poland, then during the Winter War in the Battle of Petsamo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006108-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Motor Rifle Division, History\nAt the outbreak of Operation Barbarossa the division was still in the far north, near Murmansk. As part of 14th Army it defended against the German Mountain Corps Norway's assault towards the port which began on 19 June 1941, and was finally brought to a halt along the Litsa River line on 21 Sept. In recognition of its role in the successful defense of Murmansk, the division was renamed and reorganized as the 10th Guards Rifle Division on 26 Dec, with the following order of battle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006108-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Motor Rifle Division, History\nIt was one of the few Guards formations formed or deployed by the Red Army in the Arctic during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006108-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Motor Rifle Division, History\nDuring the defense the 10th Guards was engaged in 150 fights of local importance. At the end of April 1942, it began a counterattack which was unsuccessful. The counterattack failed due to severe weather conditions and a strong snowstorm on the previous day. Along with most units of the static Karelian Front, during the next two years the division operated at minimal strength in its rifle units in order to conserve manpower for the main front to the south; however it also formed a divisional ski battalion for rear area security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006108-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Motor Rifle Division, History\nIn Sept. \u2013 Oct. 1944 the division was subordinated to 131st Rifle Corps, itself reporting to 14th Army. Beginning on 7 October 1944, it participated in the Petsamo-Kirkenes Operation and was in the first echelon advancing to the building on Mount Small Karikvayvish and seized a bridgehead on the west bank of the Titovka River on 8 Oct. After four days of fighting for the Luostari on 14 Oct 10 Guards crossed the Pechenga River west of Kakkuri and participated in the liberation of Pechenga. After the liberation of Pechenga the division attacked Kirkenes, supported by the 378th Guards Heavy Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment. Once the Germans had been forced back into Norway the offensive came to a halt and Karelian Front went into STAVKA reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006108-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Motor Rifle Division, History\nIn December the division was reassigned to 19th Army, which in turn was assigned to Gen. K.K. Rokossovski's 2nd Belorussian Front. It crossed Poland and was positioned in Ostrow-Mazowiecki in January 1945. On 26 February, during the East Pomeranian Offensive, the division moved from Baldenberg and turned northeast to Rummelsburg and on 3 March captured Rummelsburg. On 21 March, 10th Guards was relocated to the right flank of the army \u2013 30\u00a0km southwest of Marschau and then advanced towards Pustkovits-Gdynia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006108-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Motor Rifle Division, History\nAfter helping to take Gdynia on 31 March the division joined forces with 1st Polish Tank Brigade and attacked Zagorje, east of Janowo, located on the peninsula formed by the Gulf Puttsger Vic and the river Rod. By the end of April, the 10th Guards was positioned in the forests northeast of Treptow and covered the coast of Baltic Sea from Kohlberg to Valddivinov. The division mopped-up the forests, eliminating small scattered groups of German troops. In the last days of the war, the division crossed the delta of the river Oder at Swinem\u00fcnde and was engaged in fighting on the island of Usedom before the German surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006108-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Motor Rifle Division, Postwar Service\nIn the postwar period it moved to Akhaltsikhe in the Georgian SSR, joining the Transcaucasus Military District. It was active there by 1 January 1947, being converted into a mountain rifle division in 1949. In 1962 it became the 10th Guards Motor Rifle Division, part of 31st Army Corps. The division was disbanded in March 1992, with its lineage, honours and awards transferred to the 67th Motor Rifle Division in the Far East, which was redesignated as the 115th Guards Motor Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006109-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Division\nThe 10th Guards Uralsko-Lvovskaya Volunteer Tank Division, also known as the Ural-Lvov Tank Division, is a tank division of the Russian Ground Forces and part of the Moscow Military District's 20th Guards Army. The division traces its heritage back to 1943, during World War II. It is headquartered and based at Boguchar, 160 kilometres south of Voronezh, Voronezh Oblast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006109-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Division\nIts complete formal designation is: \"The 10th Guards Tank Ural-L'vov the Order of October Revolution Red Banner, the Order of Suvorov and the Order of Kutuzov Volunteer division in the name of Marshal of the Soviet Union R.A. Malinovsky\" (Russian: 10 \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041a\u0443\u0442\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0420. \u0410. \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006109-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Division\nReports indicate that the Division has been reduced in status to a mobilisable base for the storage of weapons and equipment, (which in wartime would become a tank brigade), during the 2009 Russian Ground Forces reorganisation. In 2015, it was reformed as the 1st Separate Ural-Lvov Tank Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006109-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Division, World War II\nThe people of the Ural districts took the initiative to create the Urals voluntary tank corps which became an elite formation. Three tank brigades (including one from Perm) and one motor-rifle brigade and other military units were included in its structure. Colonel Vadim Sokolov oversaw the formation of the unit. On 28 March 1943, Major General Georgy Rodin took command. The formation was initially known as the 30th Uralsky Voluntary Tank Corps and was formed in April 1943 in the Ural Military District. Workers from the Ural tank factories were among its initial recruits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006109-0003-0001", "contents": "10th Guards Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Division, World War II\nThe Corps has the distinction of being entirely paid-for by the donations of the population of the Urals. This included its entire complement of T-34 tanks built by the Urals factories. 23 March 1943 is considered the \"birthday\" of the 243rd Perm Tank Brigade. On 1 June 1943, units of the corps were despatched to the front line for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006109-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Division, World War II\nThe first action for the Urals Volunteer Tank Corps was at Oryol, the counterattack (Operation Kutuzov) on the northern side of the Kursk salient after the German defeat at the Battle of Kursk proper. Historian John Erickson wrote that, following a 'ragged' attack by 11th Tank and 6th Guards Mechanised Corps by 4th Tank Army on 26 July 1943, during which both corps were heavily battered by concealed German tanks and assault guns. The next day, the 30th Tank Corps 'pushed in with a fierce attack' but the tank army 'covered only about one mile in all'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006109-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Division, World War II\nOn 25 October 1943 it was honoured and renamed the 10th Guards Uralsky Voluntary Tank Corps. The corps then fought in battles at Bryansk, Lower Silesia, Upper Silesia, Proskurovo-Kamenetc-Podolsk, Lvov-Sandomir and during the Vistula-Oder, Berlin and Prague Offensives. On 16 March 1944, Major General Yevtikhy Belov became the corps commander. On 22 October 1944, Belov became deputy commander of the 4th Tank Army and Colonel Nil Chuprov replaced him in command. Chuprov was wounded on 10 February 1945 and replaced by Belov. The corps was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, the Order of Suvorov and the Order of Kutuzov. The 62nd Guards Perm-Keletcky Tank Brigade, which had earlier received an honorific named for Kielce, was in addition awarded the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky for heroism shown in battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006109-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Division, World War II\nThe corps finished the war in what is now Poland, and briefly became part of the Northern Group of Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006109-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Division, Cold War\nOn 28 June 1945, the corps became a division at Chrudim. The brigades became regiments. On 31 October 1946, the division was reduced to a mobilization tank regiment. All attached units remained but were downsized. In 1947, the regiment moved to Krampnitz, German Democratic Republic, and became a division again in March 1950. The division was one of the formations used to suppress the East German uprising of 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006109-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Division, Cold War\nFor good results in combat training on 16 June 1967 the division was named after Marshal of the Soviet Union Rodion Malinovsky and on 21 February 1978 it was awarded the Order of the October Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006109-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Division, Cold War\nThe 697th Separate Missile Battalion became part of the 448th Missile Brigade in September 1987. In June 1990, the division's 7th Separate Guards Reconnaissance Battalion was transferred to the 47th Guards Tank Division. The 47th's 112th Separate Reconnaissance Battalion replaced the 7th. At the time of its withdrawal from Germany in 1990 the division was equipped with 316 T-64BM tanks and 12 T-80B tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006109-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Division, Service in the Russian Ground Forces\nThe division was moved back to Boguchar in the Moscow Military District. The 6th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade (ru:6-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430) was withdrawn from Berlin, reorganised as a motor rifle regiment and was garrisoned at Kursk. The 63rd Guards Tank Regiment was combined with the 6th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade combining with the tank regiment to form the 6th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 81], "content_span": [82, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006109-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Division, Service in the Russian Ground Forces\nIn 2009-2010 the division was reduced to a weapons and equipment storage site and mobilization tank brigade. Most recently the new formation has been named as the 262nd Guards Ural-Lvov Order of the October Revolution Red Banner Orders of Suvorov and Kutuzov Weapons and Equipment Storage Base named for Marshal of the Soviet Union R.I. Malinovsky  (Russian: 262-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041a\u0443\u0442\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 named for Marshal of the Soviet Union \u0420.\u042f. \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u043e\u0442\u0431\u0440) (\u043f. \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0440 \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0436\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, 1-\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0431\u0440).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 81], "content_span": [82, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006109-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Guards Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Division, Service in the Russian Ground Forces\nIn 2015, it was reformed as the 1st Separate Ural-Lvov Tank Brigade as part of the 20th Guards Army, still based in Boguchar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 81], "content_span": [82, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006110-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Guldbagge Awards\nThe 10th Guldbagge Awards ceremony, presented by the Swedish Film Institute, honored the best Swedish films of 1973 and 1974, and took place on 16 September 1974. A Handful of Love directed by Vilgot Sj\u00f6man was presented with the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\n10th Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery was an air defence unit of the British Army that served in the Mediterranean Theatre during World War II. Having been formed in Gibraltar early in the war, it moved to Malta where it defended the island during the Siege of 1940\u201343.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defence of Gibraltar\nBefore the war there had been only one anti-aircraft (AA) battery of the Royal Artillery (RA) stationed in Gibraltar: 19 AA Bty (originally 29 Heavy Bty), under the command of 3rd Heavy Regiment, RA. This was joined by 9 AA Bty from Hong Kong in the summer of 1939, so that on the outbreak of war in September 1939 there were two batteries of gunners manning the totally inadequate AA defences of the fortress. These consisted of four old 3-inch guns and four new 3.7-inch guns, spread in two-gun sections to give the widest possible coverage, and two of the new Bofors 40 mm guns, which protected the Royal Navy Dockyard, with the assistance of Royal Navy (RN) 2-pounder pom-pom guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 72], "content_span": [73, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defence of Gibraltar\nA regimental headquarters (RHQ) was formed (as 10th Anti- Aircraft Regiment) in December 1939 to take over 9 and 19 AA Batteries. They were also engaged in training the AA Section of the new Gibraltar Defence Force, which initially manned two of the 3-inch guns. Apart from occasional shots fired at unidentified aircraft penetrating Gibraltar's airspace, there were no attacks on the fortress during the 'Phoney war' period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 72], "content_span": [73, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defence of Gibraltar\nAfter the Fall of France, a group of AA detachments under 53rd (City of London) AA Rgt escaped from Marseilles aboard the SS Alma Dawson. A French dockyard strike prevented them from loading any of their 3-inch guns or vehicles, but they mounted Bofors guns on the ship's deck and put to sea on 18 June. On arrival in Gibraltar they reinforced 10th AA Rgt. On 27 June, 82nd (Essex) AA Regiment arrived from England on the SS City of Cairo,  and once they had unloaded their guns and equipment (16 x 3.7-inch, 8 x Bofors and GL Mk I gun-laying radar), 53rd AA Rgt re-embarked for home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 72], "content_span": [73, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defence of Gibraltar\nThese reinforcements led to reorganisation of the AA units in Gibraltar: 19 AA Bty joined 82nd AA Rgt, while 9 AA Bty took over all the Bofors guns. A searchlight battery (3 S/L Bty) arrived, and an AA Operations Room (AAOR) was established to control all the gunsites and to coordinate with AA-equipped ships in the harbour. From June 1940, those AA units equipped with 3-inch or 3.7-inch guns were termed Heavy Anti- Aircraft (HAA) to distinguish them from the new Light Anti- Aircraft (LAA) units being formed with Bofors guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 72], "content_span": [73, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defence of Gibraltar\nThe first serious air raid on Gibraltar came at 02.00 on 18 July, when two unidentified aircraft bombed the slopes of the Rock, causing some fatalities. The attack was thought to be by the Vichy French Air Force in retaliation for the British attack on the French fleet at Mers-el-Kebir on 3 July (Operation Catapult), which had been carried out by Force H from Gibraltar. On 21 August the AA defences brought down a Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 bomber during a raid by the Italian Regia Aeronautica. On 24 and 25 September Vichy bombers attacked Gibraltar again in retaliation for the British and Free French attack on Dakar (Operation Menace), and caused considerable damage. Several of these bombers were shot down by the combined AA fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 72], "content_span": [73, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defence of Gibraltar\nIn July 1940, 10th HAA Rgt HQ had been ordered to be transferred to Malta, but this did not occur until November when, as part of Operation Coat, a reinforcement convoy for Malta put in at Gibraltar. This included two independent HAA batteries: 191 (formerly of 69th (Warwickshire) HAA Rgt) and 222 (Derby) HAA Bty (formerly of 68th (North Midland) HAA Rgt), together with spare AA guns and barrels. The convoy picked up RHQ of 10th HAA Rgt and sailed on from Gibraltar on 7 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 72], "content_span": [73, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defence of Gibraltar\nThe troops disembarked in Malta on 10 November where they joined the garrison and 10th HAA Rgt took over command of 191 and 222 HAA Btys. It was later joined by 190 HAA Bty (also from 69th (Warwickshire) HAA Rgt) which reached Malta in January. A new 13th HAA Rgt was later formed in Gibraltar to replace the absent 10th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 72], "content_span": [73, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Siege of Malta\nMalta had been under air attack since the day Italy entered the war (11 June 1940) and urgently needed AA reinforcements. In January 1941, the German Luftwaffe joined the Regia Aeronautica in attacks on Malta. On 11 January the damaged aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious came into Grand Harbour for repairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0007-0001", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Siege of Malta\nThe Luftwaffe laid on a major air raid (possibly 50 Junkers Ju 88 and 20 Junkers Ju 87 Stuka 's) on 16 January to finish off the carrier, but the AA guns on the island had been re-sited to defend the ship alongside Parlotorio Wharf with a box barrage, and the raiders suffered heavily. A second raid made two days later was also disrupted by the defences. Only one bomb hit the ship, but the adjacent towns were badly hit, and nearby ships and AA positions suffered casualties. On 19 January the Luftwaffe tried again, with a diversionary raid on Luqa airfield, but Illustrious made her way to Alexandria under her own steam on 23 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Siege of Malta\nIn February the Luftwaffe 's Fliegerkorps X was ordered to neutralise Malta, and it began a series of heavy bombing raids, mainly at night, accompanied by mine-dropping in and around the harbour, and daylight sweeps by Messerschmitt Bf 109 single-engined fighters. In March there was dive-bombing against the RAF airfields, and attacks on a supply convoy on 23 March. The HAA guns were engaged almost every day, taking a steady toll of the bombers. By the beginning of June the depleted Fliegerkorps X handed responsibility back to the Italians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Siege of Malta\nFrom April 1941, the regiment, together with 7th HAA Rgt and the Royal Malta Artillery HAA units, came under 7 AA Brigade covering the south half of the island, while 10 AA Brigade took the north. This arrangement was found not to work, and soon 7 AA Bde took over all the LAA and S/L defences while 10 AA Bde commanded the HAA guns, including 10th HAA Rgt, which defended the RAF airfields. New guns and GL Mk. I radar also arrived on the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Siege of Malta\nMalta was largely left alone during the summer of 1941, but attacks resumed in November 1941 after Fliegerkorps II arrived in Sicily. Air raids were increasingly common during November and December, and rations and supplies began to run short. At the turn of the year 10 HAA Bde instituted a policy of rotating its units to maintain freshness. 10th HAA Regiment exchanged with 7th HAA Rgt and took responsibility for defending Fort Manoel and Grand Harbour. At this point it manned 4 x 4.5-inch, 16 x 3.7-inch and 4 x 3-inch guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Siege of Malta\nThe Luftwaffe continued to pound the island, concentrating on the harbour and airfields, usually with raids of 15 Ju 88s escorted by 50 or more fighters. By now the RAF fighter strength had been reduced to a handful of aircraft, and the AA guns were the main defence. March and April 1942 were the period of the heaviest air raids on Malta, with well over 250 sorties a day on occasions. In April 1942 the Luftwaffe switched tactics to Flak suppression, with particular attention being paid to the HAA gunsites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0011-0001", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Siege of Malta\nOn the last day of April the Regia Aeronautica rejoined the attack \u2013 which the AA gunners took as a sign that the Luftwaffe was suffering badly. By now each HAA regiment on Malta was rationed to 300 rounds per day and replacement gun barrels were scarce. When the fast minelayer HMS Welshman ran in ammunition supplies on 10 May (part of Operation Bowery), the most intense AA barrage yet fired was provided to protect her while unloading. After that, Axis air raids tailed off during the summer, apart from a flare-up in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0011-0002", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Siege of Malta\nThe regimental war diary described the summer night raids as 'half-hearted', with most of the bombs dropping harmlessly at sea well clear of the island. Only gunsite XHE25, equipped with GL Mk II Radar, saw much action against the elusive 'tip and run' raiders, while i daylight the guns were reduced to firing a few 'pointer' rounds to direct the RAF fighters. The regiment took to opportunity to undertake more training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Siege of Malta\nBy October the Luftwaffe had reinforced Fliegerkorps II, and a new round of heavy raids began, using new low-level or shallow dive-bombing tactics, mainly against the airfields and the RN submarine base. These used Ju88s escorted by a variety of German and Italian fighters, with Bf 109s, Macchi C.202 Folgores and Fiat CR.42 Falco biplanes operating as Fighter-bombers. However, these attacks also lost heavily to the AA guns and RAF fighters, despite the increasing shortages of food and supplies on the island. At last, in November Welshman and her sister ship HMS Manxman appeared, followed by a supply convoy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0012-0001", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Siege of Malta\nWith the Axis defeat at Alamein and the Allied North Africa landings the same month, the siege of Malta was ended. The only enemy air activity for the rest of the year was occasional high-flying reconnaissances and one raid on Luqa in December. On 18 November the commanding officer, Lt-Col J.E.C. Blunt, moved to 4th HAA Rgt and Maj G.J. Bell was promoted from commanding 12 AA Gun Operation Room to replace him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Siege of Malta\nBy June/July 1943 the regiment was manning 15 x 3.7-inch and 6 x 4.5-inch guns and formed part of a large AA concentration protecting the build-up of forces in Malta for the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nThe Regimental HQ of 68th (North Midland) HAA Rgt had been captured at the fall of Tobruk on 21 June 1942. The remaining batteries were caught up in the rearguard actions during the Eighth Army's subsequent retreat and the remnants of the regiment were officially reduced to a cadre in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 63], "content_span": [64, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nAfter the Tobruk disaster, 222 HAA Bty stationed on Malta as part of 10th HAA Rgt was deemed 'to carry on the honour title, traditions and plate' of 68th HAA Rgt. On 1 June 1943, RHQ 10th HAA Rgt was officially disbanded and reformed as RHQ 68th (North Midland) HAA Regiment, with the same batteries: 222 from Derby, 190 and 191 from Birmingham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 63], "content_span": [64, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nAlthough the AA defences of Malta were progressively run down as units returned home or joined the campaigns in Sicily and later in mainland Italy, 68th HAA Rgt remained part of the permanent garrison of the island until the end of the war and beyond. The regiment was placed in suspended animation in Malta in December 1946 so that it could be officially reformed in the Territorial Army in the UK on 1 January 1947. The personnel remaining in Malta then became 36 Coast Artillery/AA Rgt in the postwar Regular RA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 63], "content_span": [64, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006111-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Commanding officers\nThe regiment's commanding officers included: Lt-Col S.C. Auld, from 13 November 1940Lt-Col J.E.C. Blunt, from 11 May 1942Lt-Col C.J. Bell, MBE, from 18 November 1943 to conversion to 68th HAA Rgt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 71], "content_span": [72, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006112-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Helpmann Awards\nThe 10th Annual Helpmann Awards for live performance in Australia were held on 6 September 2010 at the Sydney Opera House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006112-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Helpmann Awards, Winners and nominees\nIn the following tables, winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface. The nominees are those which are listed below the winner and not in boldface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006114-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Hong Kong Film Awards\nThe 10th Hong Kong Awards ceremony, honored the best films of 1990 and took place on 21 April 1991 at Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, Wan Chai, Hong Kong. The ceremony was hosted by Anita Mui and Philip Chan, during the ceremony awards are presented in 15 categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006114-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Hong Kong Film Awards, Awards\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006115-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Hundred Flowers Awards\nCeremony for the 10th Hundred Flowers Awards was held in 1987, Beijing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006116-0000-0000", "contents": "10th IIFA Awards\nThe 10th International Indian Film Academy Awards (informally known as the Decadial IIFA Awards) were a major film awards ceremony honoring the best Bollywood films of 2008. The ceremony was held in The Venetian Macao, Macau from 11 June to 13 June 2009. The choice of Macau as host city was considered a well-planned decision, aimed at reducing tensions between India and China, as well as to end the \"deadlock\" between the two countries over the issue of exchange of cinema. The ceremony was hosted by Boman Irani, Ritesh Deshmukh and Lara Dutta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006116-0001-0000", "contents": "10th IIFA Awards\nIIFA completed 10 years of existence in 2009, giving awards to numerous prominent film personalities. In honour of this landmark, five special IIFA Awards were awarded that year, and these awards were collectively called as the IIFA Golden Decade Honors (also as the Artists of the Decade Awards).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006116-0002-0000", "contents": "10th IIFA Awards\nThe film Jodhaa Akbar led the nominations tally with 16 nominations. It was followed by Ghajini with 10 nominations each, and Dostana with seven nominations. The major award winner was Jodhaa Akbar, winning 10 awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006116-0003-0000", "contents": "10th IIFA Awards, Choice of host city and venue\nUsually, the decision of a host city for the forthcoming IIFA Award ceremony takes place in the first press conference in the host city itself. This rule was broken and the host city and venue for the 2009 edition of the awards was announced in Mumbai. Brand Ambassador of IIFA, Amitabh Bachchan, announced Macau as host city in an event in the JW Marriott Hotel. The venue was declared to be The Venetian Macao, one of the largest resorts in the world. Reportedly, Toronto (was later chosen as host for 2011) and Istanbul had also bid for the awards. The next award ceremony were announced to be held in Colombo, Sri Lanka in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006116-0004-0000", "contents": "10th IIFA Awards, IIFA Golden Decade Honour\nRakesh Roshan won Director of the Decade even though Sanjay Leela Bhansali had won the most IIFA Award for Best Director awards (Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam, Devdas (2002 Hindi film) and Black (2005 film)). If the year 2009 was counted, then Hrithik Roshan would have one more IIFA Award for Best Actor than Shahrukh Khan, for the films Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai, Koi... Mil Gaya, Krrish and Jodhaa Akbar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006117-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Illinois Cavalry Regiment\nThe 10th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry, known informally as \"Lincoln's Own\", was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006117-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Service in the War\nThe 10th Illinois Cavalry was mustered into service at Camp Butler, Illinois on November 25, 1861. In January 1862, the regiment moved to Quincy, Illinois, where they underwent additional training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006117-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Service in the War\nIn December 1862, the unit saw its first major action, outside Prairie Grove, Arkansas. Some member battalions of the 10th aided with the taking of Little Rock and Arkansas Post the following summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006117-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Service in the War\nMembers of the regiment were required to obtain their own mounts, which were owned by the individual members until 1864, when the government bought them from the men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006117-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Service in the War\nThe regiment was disbanded on November 22, 1865, with members receiving their final pay and discharge at Camp Butler on January 6, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006117-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Post war activities\nThe regiment was ordered into New Orleans in a police action following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in April 1865. The regiment spent much of the latter part of that year fighting Native Americans outside San Antonio, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006117-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Strength and casualties\nThe regiment was equipped with six two-pound howitzers upon its arrival in Springfield, Missouri in April 1862, after which the regiment was almost constantly on duty. The 10th Illinois was made part of the Army of the Frontier and was stationed at Wilson Creek, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006117-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Strength and casualties\nDuring the war, the regiment lost one officer and 24 enlisted men in combat. Three officers and 262 enlisted men died of disease, for a total of 290 fatalities over the course of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006118-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Illinois Infantry Regiment (3 Month)\nThe 10th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment (3 months) was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army between April 20, 1861\u2013July 29, 1861, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006118-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Illinois Infantry Regiment (3 Month), Service\nThe infantry regiment was organized at Springfield, Illinois from the first companies reporting on April 20th, 1861. They were ordered to Cairo, Illinois on April 22nd where it became fully organized by an additional three companies, three artillery companies and mustered in for a three-month service by Captain John Pope, United States Army, on April 29th, 1861. They were attached to Prentiss' Brigade and placed on garrison duty at Cairo, Illinois until being mustered out on July 29th, 1861. the regiment had lost four by disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006119-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Illinois Infantry Regiment (3 Year)\nThe 10th Illinois Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army between July 29, 1861, and July 11, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006119-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Illinois Infantry Regiment (3 Year), Service\nThe 10th Illinois Infantry was mustered into state service at Dixon, Illinois, on April 21, 1861, and mustered into Federal service on May 24, 1861, for a three-year enlistment. The regiment saw service at the Battle of Island Number Ten, the Battle of Resaca, the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, the March to the Sea and the Carolinas Campaign. The regiment was mustered out on July 4, 1865, and discharged at Chicago, Illinois, on July 11, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006119-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Illinois Infantry Regiment (3 Year), Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 2 officers and 48 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded and 136 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 186 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006120-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Air Defence Army\nThe 10th Independent Red Banner Air Defence Army (Military Unit Number 41137) was an army of the Soviet Air Defence Forces, active from 1960 to 1994. The headquarters was at Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006120-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Air Defence Army\nThe army originates from the White Sea Air Defense Corps (Northern Military District) (commander of the Corps twice Hero of the Soviet Union Major General Pyotr Pokryshev):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006120-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Air Defence Army, Northern Air Defense Army\nTo cover the European North in 1958 on the basis of the White Sea Air Defense Corps, the Northern Air Defense Army was formed in accordance with the directive of the General Staff of the Air Defense Forces of June 17, 1958. The new army included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006120-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Air Defence Army, Northern Air Defense Army\nIn 1959 a Guards air defense artillery regiment was incorporated into the Northern Air Defence Corps; subsequently, the anti-aircraft missile brigade (Peninsula)]). In 1960, an air defense missile regiment (transformed into a brigade) was relocated from the Odessa Air Defense Corps to the Arkhangelsk Region with a control point in Mirny. To strengthen fighter aviation, the 524th Fighter Aviation Regiment was transferred from the Air Force of the Northern Fleet, reequipped with the Yak-25, and relocated to Letneozersky Plesetsk District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006120-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Air Defence Army, Northern Air Defense Army\nOn March 24, 1960, the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Defense Forces decided to transform the Northern Army into the 10th Independent Air Defense Army. Subordinate formations were also assigned combined-arms numbers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006121-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery\n10th Indiana Battery Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006121-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on January 25, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006121-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was attached to Artillery, 4th Division, Army of the Ohio, to June 1862. Reserve Artillery, Army of the Ohio, to July 1862. Artillery, 6th Division, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. 21st Brigade, 6th Division, II Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Left Wing, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. Artillery, 1st Division, XXI Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1863. Artillery, 2nd Division, IV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to March 1864. Garrison Artillery, Chattanooga, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to April 1864. Unattached Artillery, Department of the Cumberland, to August 1864. District of North Alabama, Department of the Cumberland, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006121-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe 10th Indiana Battery Light Artillery mustered out of service at Indianapolis on July 10, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006121-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Detailed service\nOrdered to Louisville, Kentucky. Advance on Nashville, Tennessee, February 10\u201325, 1862. Occupation of Nashville February 25-March 17. March to Savannah, Tennessee, March 17-April 6. Battle of Shiloh April 6\u20137 (reserve). Advance on and siege of Corinth, Mississippi, April 29-May 30. Occupation of Corinth May 30. Pursuit to Booneville May 31-June 12. Buell's Campaign in northern Alabama and middle Tennessee June to August. March to Louisville, Kentucky, in pursuit of Bragg August 21-September 26. Pursuit of Bragg to London, Kentucky, October 1\u201322. Battle of Perryville, October 8 (reserve). March to Nashville, Tennessee, October 22-November 7, and duty there until December 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006121-0004-0001", "contents": "10th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Detailed service\nAdvance on Murfreesboro December 26\u201330. Battle of Stones River December 30\u201331, 1862 and January 1\u20133, 1863. Duty at Murfreesboro until June. Reconnaissance to Nolensville and Versailles January 13\u201315. Expedition to McMinnville April 20\u201330. Tullahoma Campaign June 23-July 7. Occupation of middle Tennessee until August 16. Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22. Occupation of Chattanooga, Tennessee, September 9. Assigned to duty as garrison. Siege of Chattanooga September 24-November 24. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Lookout Mountain November 24. Missionary Ridge November 25. Garrison duty at Chattanooga until March 1864. 88 men transferred to 5th and 18th Indiana Batteries March 1864. Balance assigned to duty on gunboat Stone's River and at Decatur, Alabama, until June 19, 1865. Fletcher's Ferry May 18, 1864. Battery brought together June 1865, and duty at Huntsville, Alabama, until July 2. Moved to Indianapolis, July 2\u20136.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 1022]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006121-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 27 men during service; 5 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 22 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006122-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery\nThe 10th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006122-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Service\nThe 10th Independent Battery was mustered into service at New Lisbon, Wisconsin, on February 10, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006122-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Service\nThe men who did not reenlist were mustered out on April 26, 1865, in Madison, Wisconsin, while the remainder were transferred to the 12th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery on April 20, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006122-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Total strength and casualties\nThe 10th Independent Battery initially recruited 47 officers and men. An additional 121 men were recruited as replacements, for a total of 168men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 81], "content_span": [82, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006122-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Total strength and casualties\nThe battery suffered 3 enlisted men killed in action or died or wounds and 25 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 28 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 81], "content_span": [82, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006123-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Mixed Regiment\n10th Independent Mixed Regiment was a regiment of the Imperial Japanese Army that has association with a number of U.S. National Register of Historic Places-listed places in Guam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006124-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Rifle Company, Royal Australian Regiment\n10th Independent Rifle Company, Royal Australian Regiment (10 IRC RAR) was part of the Australian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006124-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Rifle Company, Royal Australian Regiment\nThe establishment of a \"demonstration platoon\" at the Jungle Training Centre (JTC), (later renamed Land Warfare Centre) at Canungra, Queensland was authorised on 4 January 1966. This became the Headquarters 1st Division Defence Company on 19 March 1968, before being designated 10 IRC RAR on 15 June 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006124-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Rifle Company, Royal Australian Regiment\nThe company was tasked with supporting the activities of Battle Wing \u2013 a training centre set up to provide collective training \u2013 by providing personnel for OPFOR, demonstration, and other training tasks. In 1974, 10 IRC had a strength of approximately 60 men, consisting of a company headquarters and two rifle platoons with two rifle sections each. This was reduced to a 40-man platoon on 29 March 1980. The company was disbanded in 1998 with its personnel posted to other units of the RAR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006125-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Independent Spirit Awards\nThe 10th Independent Spirit Awards, honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 1994, were announced on March 25, 1995. Hosted by Kevin Pollak, it was the second ceremony to be held under a tent in a parking lot on the beach in Santa Monica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006126-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Cavalry Brigade\nThe 10th Indian Cavalry Brigade was a cavalry brigade of the British Indian Army that formed part of the Indian Army during the First World War. It remained in India throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006126-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Cavalry Brigade, History\nThe Headquarters 10th Indian Cavalry Brigade was formed under 1st (Peshawar) Division in May 1917, presumably to command some of the units assigned to the 1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade at this time. In the event, only the 30th Lancers (Gordon's Horse) was assigned to the brigade, from December 1917 to July 1918. The brigade remained with the division throughout the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006126-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Cavalry Brigade, History\nUnder mobilization plans drawn up in July 1918, IV Corps with 1st (Peshawar) Division under command would have included 1st and 10th Cavalry brigades with:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006126-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Cavalry Brigade, Commander\nThe brigade was commanded from 10 May 1917 by Brigadier-General G.M. Baldwin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006127-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Division\nThe 10th Indian Division was an infantry division of the British Indian Army during World War I. It was formed in Egypt in December 1914 with three infantry brigades of Indian Expeditionary Force F.  After taking part in the Actions on the Suez Canal, the division was dispersed as its brigades were posted away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006127-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Division\nIt was re-formed in January 1916 as part of the Suez Canal Defences with units and formations in Egypt, but this was short lived. It was broken up again on 7 March 1916 as the need to reform depleted units from France made this plan unrealistic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006127-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Division\nThe division was commanded throughout its existence by Major-General Alexander Wilson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006127-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Division, History, First formation\nThe 28th, 29th and 30th Indian Brigades were formed in October 1914 and posted to Egypt as Indian Expeditionary Force F. The 10th Indian Division was formed on 24 December 1915 with these three brigades, and little else in terms of divisional troops. The division beat off Turkish attempts to cross the Suez Canal on 3\u20134 February 1915 in the Actions on the Suez Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006127-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Division, History, First formation\nThereafter, the division was soon dissolved with a brigade (30th) sent to Mesopotamia in March 1915, another (29th) detached to Gallipoli from April to December 1915, and the third (28th) detached to Aden from July to September 1915, before it also departed for Mesopotamia in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006127-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Division, History, Re-formed\nThe division was re-formed on 7 January 1916 as part of the Suez Canal Defences with units and formations in Egypt: 20th Indian Brigade joined from 7th (Meerut) Division, 29th Indian Brigade rejoined from Gallipoli and 31st Indian Brigade joined from 11th Indian Division. The new division was short lived: it was broken up again on 7 March 1916 as the need to reform depleted units from France made this plan unrealistic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006128-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Brigade\nThe 10th Indian Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the Indian Army during World War II. It was formed in September 1939. In June 1940 it was assigned to the 5th Indian Infantry Division and in September 1940, sailed for East Africa. The brigade spent time attached to other formations, the 4th Indian Infantry Division between June 1940 and March 1941, and the British 10th Armoured Division between March and June 1942, where it was destroyed during the Battle of Gazala. A new brigade was formed in Egypt and assigned to the 10th Indian Infantry Division, with which it fought in the Italian Campaign from April 1944 until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006129-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Division\nThe 10th Indian Infantry Division was a war formed infantry division of the Indian Army during World War\u00a0II. In four years, the division travelled over 4,000 miles (6,400\u00a0km) from Tehran to Trieste, fought three small wars, and fought two great campaigns: the Anglo-Iraqi War, the Invasion of Syria-Lebanon, the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, the North African Campaign, and the Italian Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006129-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Division\nThe division was reraised in 1965 as part of the independent Indian Army at Belgaum, Karnataka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006129-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Division, World War II\nThe Division was formed in January 1941, out of the 20th, 21st and 25th Indian Infantry Brigades. Commanded by Major General William \"Bill\" Slim, it landed in Basra in April, moving up the Euphrates and capturing Baghdad and the oilfields of Mosul as part of the Anglo-Iraqi War. When Iraq's ally Nazi Germany relocated its aircraft to Vichy French Syria, the 10th invaded Syria from Iraq in June. The 21st Brigade advanced towards Aleppo, while the 20th and 25th Brigades guarded the communication lines and the Mosul oilfield, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006129-0002-0001", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Division, World War II\nFollowing the French surrender on 11 July, the division returned to guard duty in Mosul. In August, the division took part in the joint Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. At the conclusion of the Iranian operation, it returned to Iraq, where it underwent additional training and undertook security duties until May 1942. In March 1942, command of the division passed from Slim to Major General Thomas \"Pete\" Rees when Slim was ordered to India to take command of Burma Corps, the kernel that would eventually become the British Fourteenth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006129-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Division, World War II\nWe had scrambled thought skirmishes of the Iraq rebellion, been bloodied, but not too deeply, against the French in Syria, and enjoyed the unrestrainedly op\u00e9ra bouffe of the invasion of Persia. We had bought our beer in Haifa and drunk it on the shores of the Caspian. We could move, we could fight, and we had begun to build up that most valuable of all assets a tradition of success. We had a good soldierly conceit of ourselves. Now in March 1942, in spite of dust storms\u00a0...it was stimulating to be in what we all felt was a critical spot, waiting for the threatened German invasion of Turkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006129-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Division, World War II\nThe division then moved on to North Africa, reaching Halfaya Pass on 4 June to take part in the Western Desert Campaign. Initially the 10th Indian Infantry Division was committed piecemeal with units involved at El Adem and Sidi Rezegh during the 1942 Battle of Gazala. In June the division, with the 2nd Free French Brigade under command, was ordered by Lieutenant General William Gott, the XIII\u00a0Corps commander, to hold a position near the Egyptian border with Libya for 72 hours during the British Eighth Army's retreat to El Alamein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006129-0004-0001", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Division, World War II\nMajor General Rees responded that the division had only just concentrated and that defensive works were as yet inadequate. He believed, therefore, that the division was unlikely to be able to withstand a full-scale attack from Erwin Rommel. Gott immediately visited Rees and relieved him of command of the division, telling him he lacked resolution. During its retreat from Libya, the division was tasked with defending the coastal town of Mersa Matruh. In the ensuing battle it was overwhelmed and forced to retreat. 60% of the men evaded capture, reaching the Allied lines at El Alamein the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006129-0004-0002", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Division, World War II\nMost of the survivors were sent to the Nile Delta to recover. However, part of the division formed the improvised Robcol formation (comprising a regiment each of field artillery and light anti-aircraft artillery and a company of infantry), which held the Ruweisat Ridge between 2\u20133 July during the First Battle of El Alamein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006129-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Division, World War II\nIn August, command passed to Major General Alan Bruce Blaxland while the division was sent to Cyprus with the responsibility of protecting the island. In July 1943, Major General Wilfrid Lewis Lloyd took command. In August, the 10th had relocated to the Middle East, now incorporating the 1st Greek Brigade, composed of royalist Greek and Yugoslavian troops along with the 20th and 25th Indian Brigades. During the summer it underwent training for a planned invasion of Rhodes, but the Allied defeat in the Dodecanese campaign put an end to those plans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006129-0005-0001", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Division, World War II\nIn November it was placed on security duty in Lebanon. On 27 November, it began training for amphibious assault and mountain warfare in preparation for its role in the Italian Campaign. In January 1944, Lloyd was killed in a car accident while overseeing a training exercise in Egypt; command passed to Major General Denys Whitehorn Reid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006129-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Division, World War II\nOn 9 March 1944, the division was ordered to transfer to the Italian front. On 22 April, it relieved the 1st Canadian Division at the Ortona sector, which it held along with the 4th Indian Infantry Division. There it engaged in frequent patrols to prevent the enemy from sending reinforcement to the ongoing Battle of Monte Cassino. On 4 June, the division was moved to Venafro where it continued its training in mountain and urban warfare. The division returned to the front lines on 28 June, replacing the 8th Indian Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006129-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Division, World War II\nAdvancing through the Tiber valley, the division occupied Umbertide on 2 July. Taking advantage of its training in mountain warfare, it went on to take Citt\u00e0 di Castello and Montone, infiltrating deep into Axis positions and striking from the flanks and the rear. By 1 August, the division's vanguard had reached the north of the Tiber river's basin. Further advance was blocked by the Alpe di Catenaia heights, a solid block of ridges and peaks that could only be taken by a set piece assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006129-0006-0002", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Division, World War II\nOn 4 August, troops belonging to the 10th Division captured Monte Altuccia; two days later the Regina height was occupied. It was abandoned as the division had to replace the 4th Indian Infantry Division on its former front line sector which spanned 15 miles (24\u00a0km). On 19 August, the Alpe di Catenaia heights were finally overtaken by the 3/1st Punjabis. On 17 September, the unit was transferred to the Adriatic in an effort to penetrate the Gothic Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006129-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Division, World War II\nNumerous mountain battles and river crossings followed with Operation Olive on the Gothic Line and then Operation Grapeshot. The 10th Indian Infantry Division earned many battle honours and decorations and suffered many casualties before final victory in Italy and the end of World War\u00a0II in Europe in May 1945. Security tasks on the Yugoslav border around Trieste completed the 10th Indian Division's war service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006129-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Division, World War II\nThe division was disbanded in January 1947; its last wartime commander, Major-General Reid, continuing to command it for the two years after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006129-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Division, Reraising under Indian flag\nThe Indian Army's 10th Infantry Division was (re)established in 1965. It fought in the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War and possibly in 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006129-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Division, Reraising under Indian flag\nThe new Indian Army's 20 Lancers (India) was raised again in July 1956 (confusingly, only about a month after Pakistan had re-raised their own 20th Lancers (Pakistan), on the other side of the confrontation line). The regiment was under command of the 10th Infantry Division during the 1965 war. Pakistan's surprise attack on 1 September, Operation Grand Slam, fell on 191 Infantry Brigade which was supported by 'C' Squadron, 20 Lancers, under Major Bhaskar Roy. The armoured attack comprised two regiments of medium tanks, M48 Pattons and M-36 Sherman B-2 tank destroyers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006129-0010-0001", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Division, Reraising under Indian flag\nThe attack began at 0805 hours and was strongly resisted. During the initial phases of the attack, Roy destroyed 6 Pattons, 3 recoilless guns and captured a jeep. A second Pakistani armour  attack was launched at 1100 hours and contested by the AMX-13s of 20 Lancers, which despite being outgunned and outnumbered, destroyed a total of 13 tanks and prevented the encirclement of 191 Infantry Brigade. The regiment later fought in the defence of Jaurian under 41 Infantry Brigade. For the defense of Chhamb-Jaurian, the regiment was awarded a theatre honour and Major Roy was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra for his leadership in this action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006129-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Infantry Division, Assigned brigades\nIn addition to those listed above the following brigades were assigned or attached to the division for relatively short times during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006130-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Motor Brigade\nThe 10th Indian Motor Brigade was a formation of the Indian Army during World War II. It was formed in Egypt in March 1942. The brigade left Egypt for Persia in September 1942 and  was converted to the 60th Indian Infantry Brigade in July 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006130-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Indian Motor Brigade\nDuring its time active the brigade was under the command of three different higher formations, the 10th Armoured Division, the 51st Highland Division, and, from September 1942 to 1943, the Tenth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006131-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Indiana Cavalry Regiment\nThe 10th Regiment Indiana Cavalry, also designated the 125th Indiana Regiment, was a Cavalry Regiment raised in southern Indiana to fight in the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006131-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Indiana Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 10th Regiment Indiana Cavalry was organized at Columbus and Vincennes, Indiana, in the winter of 1863 through the spring of 1864. In command of the Regiment was Colonel Thomas N. Pace. The Regimental Companies were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006131-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Indiana Cavalry Regiment, History, Time Line\nOnce the Regiment was moved into Pulaski, Tennessee, the 10th Indiana Cavalry Regiment was broken up into detachments for a variety of missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006131-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Indiana Cavalry Regiment, History, Time Line\nRegiment lost during service 1 Officer and 20 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 4 Officers and 157 Enlisted men by disease. Total 182.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006132-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Regiment Indiana Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006132-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-months regiment\nThe 10th Indiana Infantry organized at Indianapolis, Indiana April 22\u201325, 1861 in response to President Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers. The regiment performed duty near Evansville, Indiana, until June 7. It was then ordered to western Virginia June 7 and attached to Rosecrans' Brigade, McClellan's Army of West Virginia where it occupied Buckhannon on June 30. The 10th Indiana Infantry participated in the Western Virginia Campaign, July 6\u201317 and fought at the Battle of Rich Mountain on July 11. The men remained on duty at Beverly until July 24 and were mustered out of service on August 2, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006132-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-months regiment\nDuring the three-month service the regiment lost at total of 6 men; 4 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded and 2 enlisted men by disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006132-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe 10th Indiana Infantry was reorganized at Indianapolis and mustered in for three years service on September 18, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006132-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe regiment was attached to Thomas' Command, Army of the Ohio, October\u2013November 1861. 2nd Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to December 1861. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, III Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Center, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XIV Corps, to December 1863. Garrison duty, Chattanooga, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to April 1864. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XIV Corps, to September 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006132-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe 10th Indiana Infantry mustered out of service on September 19, 1864. Veterans and recruits were transferred to the 58th Indiana Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006132-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Louisville, Kentucky, September 22. At Bardstown, Kentucky, October and November 1861. Advance on Camp Hamilton, Kentucky, January 1\u201315, 1862. Battle of Mill Springs January 19. Mill Springs January 19\u201320. Moved to Louisville, Kentucky, then to Nashville, Tennessee, February 11-March 2. March to Savannah, Tennessee, March 20-April 7. Expedition to Bear Creek, Alabama, April 12\u201313. Advance on and siege of Corinth, Mississippi, April 29-May 30. Pursuit to Booneville May 30-June 12. March to Iuka, Mississippi, then to Tuscombia, Alabama, and duty there until August. March to Louisville, Kentucky, in pursuit of Bragg August 20-September 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006132-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nPursuit of Bragg Into Kentucky October 1\u201315. Battle of Perryville, October 8. March to Gallatin, Tennessee, and duty there until January 13, 1863. Operations against Morgan December 22, 1862 to January 2, 1863. Boston December 29, 1862. Action at Rolling Fork December 30. Moved to Nashville, Tennessee, January 13, 1863; then to Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and duty there until June. Expedition toward Columbia March 4\u201314. Tullahoma Campaign June 23-July 7. Hoover's Gap June 24\u201326. Tullahoma June 29\u201330. Occupation of middle Tennessee until August 16. Passage of the Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River and Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006132-0006-0002", "contents": "10th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattle of Chickamauga September 19\u201321. Siege of Chattanooga, September 24-November 23. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob November 23\u201324. Missionary Ridge November 25. Demonstration on Dalton, Georgia, February 22\u201327, 1864. Tunnel Hill, Buzzard's Roost Gap and Rocky Faced Ridge February 23\u201325. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstrations on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Advance on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station July 4. Vining Station July 4\u20135. Chattahoochee River July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 1028]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006132-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 186 men during service; 3 officers and 64 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 5 officers and 114 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006133-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Brigade (Hungary)\nThe 10th Infantry Brigade was a formation of the Royal Hungarian Army that participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006134-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 10th Infantry Brigade was a Regular Army infantry brigade of the British Army. During the First and the Second World Wars, the brigade was part of the 4th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006134-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Formation\nThe 10th Brigade was first formed in the early 1900s, originally based at Shorncliffe Army Camp and serving with the 5th Division in the 2nd Army Corps until 1907; and 4th Division, Eastern Command from 1907 until 1914; Northern Command-1920; 4th Division, Eastern Command from 1920;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006134-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nWith the 4th Division, the 10th brigade served with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front and was one of the first British units to be sent overseas upon the declaration of war. The brigade fought in the Battle of Mons and the subsequent retreat from Mons and many other battles such as that as First Ypres, the Somme and Third Ypres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006134-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War, Order of battle\nThe 10th Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006134-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nThe 10th Infantry Brigade, commanded since August 1938 by Brigadier Evelyn Barker, again saw active service as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) that was sent to France after the outbreak of war in 1939, arriving there on 1 October, less than a month since the outbreak of the Second World War. The brigade and division were evacuated at Dunkirk after fierce fighting in the battles of France and Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006134-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nAfter being based in the United Kingdom, the brigade spent many years on home defence and training duties, anticipating a German invasion which never arrived. The brigade was later sent to Algeria and Tunisia in 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006134-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nAfter this the brigade fought in Italy where it saw extremely hard fighting at Monte Cassino through most of 1944, before being shipped off to Greece to help calm the Civil War as part of Lieutenant General Ronald Scobie's III Corps, where it ended the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006134-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War, Order of battle\nThe 10th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006134-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Postwar\nThe brigade was disbanded in Greece in 1947. However, following the reactivation of the 4th Infantry Division on 1 April 1956, from the 11th Armoured Division of the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), the 10th Brigade, formerly the 91st Lorried Infantry Brigade, again became part of the division (again, along with the 11th and 12th Infantry Brigades). The brigade headquarters was at Essex Barracks in Hildesheim until it was finally disbanded in April 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006134-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Postwar, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the 10th Infantry Brigade throughout its existence:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006135-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division \"Piave\"\nThe 10th Infantry Division \"Piave\" (Italian: 10\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Piave\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Piave was classified as an auto-transportable division, meaning staff and equipment could be transported on cars and trucks, although not simultaneously. It was formed with units of the Abruzzi brigade in Padua in 1934 as territorial division and was converted to auto-transportable division in 1939. The division was named after the river Piave, where duing World War I Italy and Austria fought three major battles. The division had its recruiting area in Veneto and its headquarters in Padua. Its two infantry regiments were based in Vicenza (57th) and Padua (58th), with the division's artillery regiment also based in Padua.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006135-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division \"Piave\", History, World War I\nThe division's lineage begins with the Infantry Brigade \"Abruzzi\" established on 16 April 1861 with the 57th and 58th infantry regiments. The brigade fought on the Italian front in World War I. On 31 December 1926 the brigade was disbanded and its two regiments were transferred to the other brigades: the 57th Infantry Regiment \"Abruzzi\" to the IX Infantry Brigade and the 58th Infantry Regiment \"Abruzzi\" to the X Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006135-0001-0001", "contents": "10th Infantry Division \"Piave\", History, World War I\nThe X Infantry Brigade, which also included the 56th Infantry Regiment \"Marche\" and the 71st Infantry Regiment \"Puglie\", was the infantry component of the 10th Territorial Division of Padua, which also included the 20th Artillery Regiment. On 1 January 1928 the X Infantry Brigade exchanged the 56th Infantry Regiment \"Marche\" for the 55th Infantry Regiment \"Marche\" of the XIII Infantry Brigade. In 1934 the division changed its name to 10th Infantry Division \"Piave\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006135-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division \"Piave\", History, World War I\nOn 22 February 1939 the 55th Infantry Regiment \"Marche\" was transferred to the newly raised 32nd Infantry Division \"Marche\" and on 15 May 1939 the 71st Infantry Regiment \"Puglie\" was transferred to the newly raised 38th Infantry Division \"Puglie\". On the same date the 57th Infantry Regiment \"Abruzzi\" returned to the division, the X Infantry Brigade was dissolved, and the two infantry regiments came under direct command of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006135-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division \"Piave\", History, World War II\nOn 10 June 1940 the Piave division was mobilized for war, but did not participated in hostilities. In early February 1941, it moved to Sicily in the area of Casteltermini, Canicatt\u00ec, Aragona and Mussomeli. At the time it was subordinated to the XII Army Corps. In February 1941 it received additional materiel to change format to \"motorized division\". On 27 March 1941 the Piave was sent to the province of Udine on the Italian-Yugoslav border in preparation for the Invasion of Yugoslavia, which commenced on  April 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006135-0003-0001", "contents": "10th Infantry Division \"Piave\", History, World War II\nBy 16 April 1941 the division has advanced to the Pivka area and once hostilities ended it moved to Liguria between Savona and Genoa, where it stayed from May 1941 until early November 1942. In spring 1942 the regimental depots of the Piave raised the infantry and artillery units of the 105th Infantry Division \"Rovigo\". On 12 November 1942 the Piave moved to the area between Saint-Tropez and Grimaud in Southern France as part of operation Case Anton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006135-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division \"Piave\", History, World War II\nIt returned to Italy between 1\u201310 January 1943 and was assigned to the Corpo d'Armata Motocorazzato, whose duty was to guard the southern approaches to Rome from a possible allied invasion. The division stayed in Velletri-Sezze-Priverno until August 1943 when the Italian focus shifted to prevent a possible German invasion. The division therefore moved to the North of Rome to the area around Via Cassia and Via Tiburtina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006135-0004-0001", "contents": "10th Infantry Division \"Piave\", History, World War II\nAfter Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943 the Piave received orders to move to Palombara Sabina, but was ambushed on the way by German detachments at Ponte del Grillo, north of Monterotondo. The division counterattacked and forced the German forces to retreat to Monterotondo. After negotiations with the German command, the Piave was transferred to the control of the municipal council of Rome and performed police duties in the city until the Germans dissolved the division on 23 September 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006136-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)\nThe 10th Infantry Division (Bangladeshi: \u09e7\u09e6\u09ae \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09a1\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09b6\u09a8) is a formation of the Bangladesh Army and one of the three divisions of Chittagong Division. It's located in the city of Cox's Bazar in southeastern Bangladesh. It was formed as part of the development vision of Bangladesh Armed Forces Forces Goal 2030.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006136-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Bangladesh), History\nChittagong division has a history of ethnic and religious strife. With a purpose of tackling the corresponding problem and protecting the new maritime boundary, it was necessary to increase army's capability in the area. Considering this, initiative and corresponding measures were taken to form an infantry division as it was also part of the development vision of Bangladesh Armed Forces Forces Goal 2030.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006136-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Bangladesh), History\nOn 19 April 2014, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina confirmed the approval for a new cantonment in Ramu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006136-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Bangladesh), History\nSheikh Hasina formally announced formation of the 10th Infantry Division, as well the brigade and regiments under its command by raising the flag on 1 March 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006136-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Bangladesh), History\nFlag of seven units including that of the 2nd Infantry Brigade was hoisted on 10 March 2016. Flag hoisting ceremony of the seven newly formed units was held on 9 February 2017. Flag hoisting program of 4 new units was held on 20 February 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006136-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Bangladesh), Formation\nThere are two infantry brigades, an artillery brigade, comprising Eight infantry regiments and five artillery regiments respectively. Two engineering battalion and other various units including SSD Ramu and two field workshop units under the supervision of the 10th Infantry Division t. Major General Fakhrul Ahsan is the current General Officer Commanding of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006137-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Belgium)\nThe 10th Infantry Division (Dutch: 10de Infanterie Divisie) was an Infantry Division of the Belgian Army that fought against the German Armed Forces in the Battle of Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006137-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nWhen mobilization was announced, the 10th Infantry Division, was part of the First Reserve with some of its regiments already active in the army. The Division was under the command of VI Corp, and because of the need to forces at the K-W line, the division was deployed to sector Leuven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006137-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nAt the start of the German invasion, the 10th Infantry Division began fully operating in its sector. The Division is the only Infantry unit occupying the K-W line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006137-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nOn May 11, the British expeditionary Army had arrived and came to take positions up the K-W line. Disagreement was brewing among the Allied command as the K-W line was manned by both the Belgians, the French, and British forces. The 2nd British Division takes up positions south of the 10th Infantry Division as a result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006137-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nAfter the abandonment of the K-W line by the Allies, the 10th Infantry Division was on to a slow retreat as the lack of vehicles meant delays. The 10th Infantry Division arrive at the new lines and was responsible of retaining a connection between them and the British.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006137-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\n10th Infantry Division can expect a major German attack and possible breakthrough. The attack officially came, with scouts alerting of the attack. But the Germans focus in the North, allowing the 10th Infantry Division to counterattack. News arrive that the British abandoned their positions, exposing the south to the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006137-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nAfter the allied forces have been encircled in Northern France and Flanders, things have gone from bad to worse. The German pressure steadily increased, especially for the 10th Infantry Division with the Germans hoping to threaten the flanks exposed by the British.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006137-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nNow, reinforced and supported with their organized Artillery, the Germans struck the 10th Infantry Division. The Belgian command orders an retreat. The 10th Infantry Division now had to defend a sector 11 km wide stretching from Ledegem, to Izegem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006137-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nA German attack near Ledegem failed but because of a lack of reserves, but the Germans managed to breach the lines west, causing a collapse of resistance. The 10th Infantry Division had to retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006137-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nHaving lost most of its combat capabilities, the 10th Infantry Division had to lay down their weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006137-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Belgium), Structure 1940\nStructure of the division at the eve of the Battle of Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006138-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (France)\nThe 10th Infantry Division (10e DI) was an infantry division of the French Army which took part in the Napoleonic Wars, First World War, and Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006138-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (France)\nAt the beginning of the First World War, it was mobilised in the 5th Military Region and formed part of the 5th Army Corps from August 1914 to November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006138-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (France)\nThe division was reconstituted, mainly of troops of Parisian FFI/Francs-Tireurs and Partisans (French Communists) origin, on 1 October 1944, in the Nevers region under the command of General Pierre Billotte. Originally, it was to include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006138-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (France)\nThe 46th Infantry Regiment was quickly replaced by the 4th Demi-Brigade de Chasseurs of Commander Petit, made up of the 4th BCP and the 1er BCP of Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006138-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (France)\nIt was later integrated into the 1st Army of General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, under the wider banner of the French Liberation Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006138-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (France)\nThe division took part in the final liberation of the Colmar Pocket (January 20 - February 9, 1945), taking 32 casualties. Sent then to the Atlantic coast, it helped liberate the last pockets of resistance around the ports. In Germany, it was assigned responsibility for the region of Koblenz as part of the French occupation zone. At the request of General Billotte to COMAC, Colonel Henri Rol-Tanguy, commander of the divisional infantry, was subsequently made assistant to the commander of the military government of the district of Koblenz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006138-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (France)\nThe division was part of the occupation troops in Germany until its dissolution on April 30, 1946. During this period the division was assigned to the 2nd Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006139-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)\nThe 10th Division was a regular army formation of the VIII Corps of the Ottoman Army. The division was composed of three infantry regiments the 28th, 29th and 30th. The 4th Battalion Engineers and a battery of 5.9-inch howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006140-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Philippines)\nThe 10th Infantry Division, Philippine Army, also called the Agila Division, is one of the Philippine Army's infantry units in Mindanao.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006140-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Philippines), History\nPursuant to HPA General Orders No. 355 dated 9 August 2006, the 10th Infantry \"Agila\" Division, PA was activated effective August 16, 2006 and established its division headquarters at Camp Panacan, Davao City with then Major General Ernesto D. Boac as the first Division Commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006140-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Philippines), History\nThe activation of 10th Infantry \"Agila\" Division, PA in Mindanao was envisioned to effectively address the enemy's center of gravity; enhance command and control; support the government's holistic approach and promote synergy among Army units; delineate units that will confront the Communist Terrorist Movement (CTM), the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and the Auxiliary Threat Group; diminish administrative, logstical and operational problems; and efficiently address the current security problem that hinders the country's economic growth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006140-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Philippines), History\nUpon the activation, the division absorbed one brigade from 6th Infantry Division (6ID) with four maneuver battalions, namely, 601st Infantry Brigade which is now the 1002nd Brigade, 39th Infantry Battalion, 25th Infantry Battalion, 27th Infantry Battalion, and 66th Infantry Battalion. The division also absorbed Task Force GenSan and 12th Field Artillery Battalion from 6ID. Units from 4th Infantry Division was also absorbed, namely: 404th Infantry Brigade which is now the 1001st Infantry Brigade, Task Force Davao, 28th Infantry Battalion, 60th Infantry Battalion, 73rd Infantry Battalion, 67th Infantry Battalion, 72nd Cadre Battalion, 44th Division Reconnaissance Company, 4th Military Intelligence Company and 10th Signal Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006140-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Philippines), History\nOn February 11, 2011, the Division moved to its permanent headquarters at Camp General Manuel T. Yan in Barangay Tuburan, Mawab, Davao de Oro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006140-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Philippines), Area of Responsibility\nThe division has operational responsibility over the Davao Region (Region 11), parts of Soccsksargen (Sarangani, South Cotabato, 2nd district of Cotabato and Columbio, Sultan Kudarat), Trento, Agusan del Sur and Lingig, Surigao del Sur. 10ID AOR encompasses 4 Regions, 12 provinces, 7 cities, 72 municipalities and 1, 681 barangays. It has a total land area of 34,000 square kilometres (13,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) and an estimated population of 6.4 million with mixed religious beliefs such as the Christians, Lumads and Muslims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006140-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Philippines), Area of Responsibility\nThe area has mining industries, fishing industry. Notable among them are the Toril Fish Port and the Gensan Port in Davao City and General Santos City, respectively. The area is also home of the biggest banana and pineapple plantations in the country. It has an international airport and the commercially important Davao Gulf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006140-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Philippines), Area of Responsibility\nDavao City is the regional center of Region 11, and its Francisco Bangoy International Airport is the third busiest airport in the country. Davao is a melting pot of various cultures, which include minority indigenous groups such as the Bagobo, Mandaya, Mansaka, and Maguindanaos. Among the local languages spoken are Dinabaw, Visayan language, as well as Filipino and English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006141-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Poland)\n10th Infantry Division (10. Dywizja Piechoty) was a unit of the Polish Army during the interbellum period, which took part in the 1939 German Invasion of Poland. It was created in 1919 from the former Polish 4th Rifle Division. Stationed in \u0141\u00f3d\u017a and commanded in 1939 by General Franciszek Dindorf-Ankowicz, it was part of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Army. Its task was to defend the fortified area along the upper Warta river, near the interwar border of Poland and Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006141-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Poland)\nSince early morning of 1 September 1939, the Division was mercilessly attacked by the German Eighth Army, supported by aircraft and artillery. The Poles managed to keep their positions until 3 September, when they were ordered to withdraw towards Sieradz, and defend the river crossings. However, in the organizational and communicational chaos, the unit arrived at the destination several hours too late, after the Germans of the 17th Infantry Division had already crossed the Warta in some spots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006141-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Poland)\nSoon afterwards, the 10th Infantry Division was attacked by the German 10th and 24th infantry divisions and after a bloody battle, it was defeated. Remains were gathered and ordered to withdraw towards G\u0142owno and Zgierz. On 8 September, after several German attacks, the Division was scattered, a group of soldiers crossed the Vistula near Otwock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006141-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Poland), Later formations\nThere were at least three other Polish 10th Infantry Divisions formed during World War II and shortly afterwards. The first was a briefly-formed formation which was part of the Anders Army in the Soviet Union, but was disbanded before the Anders Army was evacuated through Iran to the West. The second was a Home Army formation. The third was another element of the Polish Armed Forces in the East, which formed part of the Second Army in 1944-1945. After the war it eventually became the 10th Armoured Division of the Polish People's Army in 1949-1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006142-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 10th Infantry Division (Russian: 10-\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, 10-ya Pekhotnaya Diviziya) was an infantry formation of the Russian Imperial Army that existed in various formations from the early 19th century until the end of World War I and the Russian Revolution. The division was based in Warsaw and later Nizhny Novgorod in the years leading up to 1914. It fought in World War I and was demobilized in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006142-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Russian Empire), Organization\nThe 10th Infantry Division was part of the 5th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006143-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe German 10th Infantry Division was created in October 1934 under the cover name Wehrgauleitung Regensburg (later Kommandant von Regensburg) to hide its violation of the Treaty of Versailles. It was renamed the 10th Infantry Division when the establishment of the Wehrmacht was announced publicly in October 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006143-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe division participated in the annexation of Austria in March 1938, the invasion of Poland in September 1939, and the invasion of France in May 1940. Thereafter it was upgraded to the 10th Motorized Infantry Division. It was later redesignated 10th Panzergrenadier Division in June 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006143-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nIn August 1944 the division was destroyed in the Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive and ensuing defensive actions. It was partially reconstituted in Germany in October, and sent back to the front as an understrength Kampfgruppe (\"battlegroup\"). It was destroyed again in Poland in January 1945 and again partially reconstituted in February. The division finally surrendered to the Soviets in Czechoslovakia at the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006143-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Involvement in war crimes\nElements of the division took part in atrocities against the civilian population during the invasion of Poland. Together with elements of the 17th Infantry Division, they took part in the murder of at least 14 civilians during the division's advance towards Sieradz and \u0141ask.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006144-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (Poland)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Gruzin (talk | contribs) at 14:48, 16 November 2019. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006144-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (Poland)\n10th Infantry Regiment (Polish language: 10 Pu\u0142k Piechoty, 10 pp) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army. It existed from 1918 until 1939. Garrisoned in \u0141owicz, the unit belonged to the 26th Infantry Division from Skierniewice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006144-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (Poland)\nThe history of the regiment dates back to late October 1918, when ethnic Poles, serving in the 31st Rifles Regiment of the Austro-Hungarian Army, took control over the city of Cieszyn. On November 5, 1918, the regiment pledged allegiance to the Regency Council (Poland), and on December 6, it was renamed into the Infantry Regiment of the Land of Cieszyn. On February 8, 1919, the name was changed again, into the 10th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006144-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (Poland)\nAfter the Polish-Soviet War, the regiment was moved to central Polish town of \u0141owicz, to Jozef Pilsudski Barracks, located on Podrzeczna Street. As part of the 19th Infantry Division, it fought in the Invasion of Poland, and was destroyed in the Battle of Bzura.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006144-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (Poland)\nThe flag of the regiment, funded by Lowicz Association of Landowners, was handed to it on January 23, 1921 in Zambrow. In July 1925, a new flag was funded, and handed to the regiment during a ceremony attended by President Stanislaw Wojciechowski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006144-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (Poland)\nThe badge, approved in 1928, was in the shape of the cross, with the number 10 in the middle, and historic dates 1775 1806 1830 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 10th Infantry Regiment is a regiment in the United States Army first formed in 1855. Formerly a standard line regiment that served the Union cause in the American Civil War and the United States again in World War II and into the Cold War, the 10th Infantry Regiment is now a garrison regiment housing training cadre and trainees undergoing Basic Combat Training with the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nSince its inception, the 10th Infantry Regiment has been famous for its mobility and lethality both of which it displayed in conflicts ranging from the Civil War to WWII. The Regiment's rich battle history and success in war directly correlates with its historically high-quality leadership which all started with the inspirational first commander of the regiment, COL Edmund Brooke Alexander. Fortunately, these leadership traits are still present today and will remain present as long as the Regiment exists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe regiment was first commissioned as the 10th Infantry on 3 March 1855 and was officially organized in April 1855 at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. The regiment was first commanded by Colonel Edmund B. Alexander, serving from 1855 to 1869. During his tenure, COL Alexander guided the Regiment through the Indian Wars and Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0002-0001", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nHe is also the man responsible for coining the regimental motto- Courage and Fidelity, which is an excerpt from his famous \u201cOrder of the Day\u201d speech, given upon presentation of the colors to the Regiment and prior to deployment to Fort Snelling, Minnesota, the first duty station of the 10th Infantry Regiment. The Regiment's rich battle history and success in war directly correlates with its historically high-quality leadership, which all started with the inspirational first Commander of the Regiment, Colonel Alexander. September 25, 1855, Colonel Alexander, commanding the six-month-old 10th Infantry Regiment, read his order of the day to the cocky, confident group of men assembled on the parade grounds of Carlisle Barracks. He began:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\n\u201cOfficers and men of the Tenth; you are formed this morning in the line of battle in order that I may present to you the National and Regimental colors. In your hands and to your courage and fidelity are now entrusted the honor of your country and the reputation of your Corps. In time of peace, so conduct yourselves that neither shall be sullied. In time of war, in the presence of the enemy, remember that these colors which I present to you now are far more precious than life itself. Follow wherever they may lead. Gather round them in moments of peril and rather than see yourself deprived of them, die like faithful soldiers beneath their cherished folds.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe first Command Sergeant Major of the regiment was Command Sergeant Major Charles C. Monton. At some point the Regiment was transferred to Fort Snelling in the Minnesota Territory for garrison duty. From there it was sent West to Utah in 1857 for the Utah War by President James Buchanan. In 1869 the regiment was consolidated with elements of the 26th Infantry Regiment after having served in the Civil War. It was assigned to the 14th Division on 5 July 1918 and stayed there until it was relieved from assignment in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe regiment was inactively stationed at Camp Sherman, Ohio from December 1921 until June 1922 when it was reassigned to Fort Knox again on active duty. In 1923 it was assigned to the 5th Infantry Division and stayed there through World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nAfter World War II, the regiment was stationed in Kentucky on inactive duty. In 1947 it was moved to South Carolina until 1951, when it was then stationed at Indiantown Gap Military Reservation, Pennsylvania. Due to Cold War escalations, it was sent to West Germany in 1953 on active duty. Four years later it was relieved from assignment and reorganized as a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System. In 1989 it was again reorganized, this time under the United States Army Regimental System, and transferred to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe regiment was divided into three separate battalions. For the most part, they served in the same theaters. However, there are some slight differences in the active service of these battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Regimental Colors\nThe Regimental Colors of the 10th Infantry Regiment are sewn on a blue background representing infantry. The American Bald Eagle holds an olive branch for peace and arrows for war. There are thirteen leaves and thirteen arrows representing the original thirteen colonies. The eagle faces the olive branch as a sign that all Soldiers seek peace. The Regimental Motto and Crest are also present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Regimental Crest\nThe 10th Regimental Insignia is known as the \"Bug\" because the combination of the \"X\" and saber appear to be an insect's head, tail, and legs, respectively. The Bug consists of an argent (silver) circle, representing continuity, super-imposed on a roman numeral \"X\". The argent circle reads Courage and Fidelity, the Regimental motto, and the roman numeral MDCCCLV (1855), the year the Regiment formed. The sword in its scabbard is a weapon of the 10th Roman Legion, and shows that the Regiment activated in peace time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1st Battalion\nThe 1st battalion of this regiment was stationed at Fort Ord, California from 1961 until February 1962 when it went on active duty at Fort Carson in Colorado, where it remained until 1970. It was then relieved of its duty and reassigned to the 4th Infantry Division. Its headquarters were last transferred in 1996 to United States Army Training and Doctrine Command and activated at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. It is no longer active.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 2nd Battalion\nOriginally constituted as Company B, 10th Infantry on March 3, 1855, the Battalion first went to the New Mexico Territory in 1862. The Battalion participated in frontier duty there until enlisted in the Army of the Potomac to suppress Rebel advances during the Civil War. The Battalion participated in every major Civil War battle and won the aforementioned blue and gray campaign streamers for its efforts. Following the Civil War, 2nd Battalion participated in the Indian Wars, Spanish-American War and was active in the Philippine Insurrection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0011-0001", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 2nd Battalion\nIn World War II, the 2nd Battalion, 10th Infantry Regiment earned a French Croix de Guerre with Palm for the crossing of the Seine River: \"A unit possessing fine qualities of skill in maneuvers and heroism. Near Fountainbleau, on 23 and 24 August 1944, it crossed the Seine under fire from mortars and artillery, and established a bridgehead on the opposite bank. In spite of furious counterattacks, it succeeded in breaking the enemy vise, thus permitting the main body of Allied troops to continue its advance in the liberation of French territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0011-0002", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 2nd Battalion\nThe 2nd battalion was inactivated 1 June 1957 at Fort Ord, California, and relieved from assignment to the 5th Infantry Division. After the same duties, it was activated 23 April 1960 in the Panama Canal Zone. Finally, its headquarters were transferred 4 June 1987 to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command and activated at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. The unit is currently commanded by LTC Erik R. Velasquez, with CSM Justin Larson. 2nd Battalion, 10th Infantry Lineage", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 3rd Battalion\nAfter 19 March 1959, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 3rd Battle Group, 10th Infantry were withdrawn from the Regular Army, allotted to the Army Reserve, and assigned to the 83d Infantry Division. It was almost immediately reactivated and consolidated with the 1st Battalion, 331st Infantry. It was later reorganized and redesignated 15 April 1963 as the 3d Battalion, 10th Infantry. In 1967, it was allotted to the regular army, and transferred to the 5th infantry division. Finally, its headquarters were transferred 4 June 1987 to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command and activated at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 3rd Battalion\nToday, the 3rd Battalion, 10th Infantry Regiment conducts Basic Combat Training. The five subordinate companies conduct the transformation of civilian volunteers into competent, confident, and disciplined Soldiers who live the Army Values and are physically and mentally prepared to successfully complete the next phase of initial entry training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Military Service, Military Action\nThe 10th Infantry regiment saw extensive service through several wars. Its first major tour of service was in the Civil War. Afterwards the regiment was used in the Indian wars, the Spanish and Philippine wars, and finally saw action in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Military Service, Military Action\nThe Regiment's first Civil War battle was at Val Verde, in 1861, while on duty in New Mexico. Then, because of a Rebel advance into Union territory, the Regiment traveled nearly 2000 miles to the main theater and fell under the command of the Army of the Potomac. The impressive re-deployment from the east illustrates the 10th's mobility - a trait that would distinguish the Regiment from its contemporaries for several years. The Regiment earned thirteen battle streamers during the Civil War. The regiment saw the most action in its history during the civil war and participated in several battles listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Military Service, Military Action\nAfter the Civil War, the regiment was used to combat several hostile tribes in the Indian wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Military Service, Military Action\nThe end of the Civil War took the 10th back to frontier duty, protecting settlers and suppressing banditry in the west. The year 1898 brought the Spanish\u2013American War. The 10th Infantry Regiment was among the first to see action in Cuba. On July 1, 1898, the 10th was chosen to lead the charge up San Juan Hill to post the Stars and Stripes on its heights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0018-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Military Service, Military Action\nFollowing duty in Cuba, the Regiment deployed to the Philippines to help suppress the insurrection. There followed months of small engagements against the Moros in the untamed jungles. The Regiment earned a battle streamer for the Philippine Insurrection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0019-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Military Service, Military Action, World War I\nDuring \"The Great War,\" the 10th Infantry Regiment had the important mission of Canal Guard. This position allowed the 10th to regulate shipments to the front lines, and it provided a checkpoint for the Allies to control possible enemy shipments. In 1918, the 10th Infantry Regiment distributed its personnel to other regiments that fought on all fronts at the end of World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 86], "content_span": [87, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0020-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Military Service, Military Action, World War I\nOn 9 July 1944, the 10th landed at Les Dunes de Varreveille, France, and moved up the coast of Montebourg, relieving the 18th Infantry Regiment on 15 July. During this time, the 10th distinguished itself in open warfare and assaults on fortified positions; thus dubbing a new motto: \"When the going gets tough for everyone else, it's just getting right for us!\" Perhaps the most significant contribution the 10th gave to the Allied effort in World War II was repulsing the German counter-offensive after the Battle of the Bulge. The 10th Infantry saw heavy action across Western Europe during World War II including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 86], "content_span": [87, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0021-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Persons of Noteworthy Contribution\nEdmund Brooke Alexander (October 6, 1802 \u2013 January 3, 1888) was an officer in the United States Army in the Mexican-American War through the American Civil War who rose to the rank of Brevet Brigadier General in 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0022-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Persons of Noteworthy Contribution\nCOL Alexander was born in Haymarket, Virginia and was an 1823 graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. In March 1855, promoted to Colonel, Alexander was appointed as Commander of the new 10th Infantry which participated in the Utah Expedition in 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0023-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Persons of Noteworthy Contribution\nCOL Alexander was the very first Commander of the 10th Infantry Regiment, serving from 1855 to 1869. During his tenure, COL Alexander guided the Regiment through the Indian Wars and Civil War. He is also the man responsible for coining the regimental motto- Courage and Fidelity, which is an excerpt from his famous \u201cOrder of the day\u201d speech, given upon presentation of the colors to the regiment and prior to deployment to Fort Snelling, Minnesota, the first duty station for the 10th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0024-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Persons of Noteworthy Contribution\nThe Regiment's rich battle history and success in war directly correlates with its historically high-quality leadership, which all started with the inspirational first Commander of the Regiment, COL Alexander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0025-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Persons of Noteworthy Contribution\nSeptember 25, 1855, COL Alexander, commanding the six-month-old 10th Infantry Regiment, read his order of the day to the cocky, confident group of men assembled on the parade grounds of Carlisle Barracks. He began:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0026-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Persons of Noteworthy Contribution\n\u201cOfficers and men of the Tenth; you are formed this morning in the line of battle in order that I may present to you the National and Regimental colors. In your hands  and to your courage and fidelity are now entrusted the honor of your country and the reputation of your Corps. In time of peace so conduct yourselves that neither shall be sullied. In time of war, in the presence of the enemy, remember that these colors which I present to you now are far more precious than life itself.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0027-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Persons of Noteworthy Contribution\n\u201cFollow wherever they may lead. Gather round them in moments of peril and rather than see yourself deprived of them, die like faithful soldiers beneath their cherished folds.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0028-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Persons of Noteworthy Contribution\nWilliam Mattingly Breckinridge (1905\u20131996) held various leadership positions in the 10th Infantry including Regimental Executive Officer and Regimental Commander during World War II (WWII). WWII marked the last foreign conflict that the 10th Infantry Regiment served in direct support of.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0029-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Persons of Noteworthy Contribution\nBreckinridge's father was a Captain in the 10th Infantry Regiment at the time of his birth. After being promoted to the rank of Major, he was assigned as Executive Officer of the 2nd Battalion and finally as its Regimental Commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0030-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Persons of Noteworthy Contribution\nA graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, he was a likely candidate for transfer to other jobs during WWII, with the likelihood of promotion. He feared that might happen and was open in letting it be known that he wanted to remain with his regiment. It was his regiment more than others could possess it or fully appreciate its deep significance to him. Breckinridge was assigned to the 10th Infantry Regiment at Fort Thomas, in Kentucky. He recalled that his father had 14 years with the 10th. As he said later: \"...that suited me all right... after all, I had a soft spot in my heart for the 10th Infantry. I'd already spent nine years with it as a child\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0031-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Persons of Noteworthy Contribution\nThe pride, selfless service, camaraderie, esprit de corps, and recognized high performance of the 10th Infantry through WWII and beyond is unequivocally linked to the servant leadership of Breckinridge. 1,500 bloody miles, across 20 European rivers, and through the harsh winter of 1944\u20131945, it had been a long hard journey, fraught with the hazards of bitter front line combat and the remarkable challenges of human resiliency. The 10th Infantry, under the command of MG Breckinridge, saw heavy action across Western Europe during World War II including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0032-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Persons of Noteworthy Contribution\nCaptain Crumrine served with distinction first as an enlisted soldier in the Pacific theater, and later becoming a commissioned officer in 2nd Battalion, 10th Infantry Regiment. Captain Crumrine was Commander of F company during the Battle of Metz. For his actions during World War II he was awarded, the Combat Infantryman's Badge, two Purple Hearts, and a total of five Bronze Stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006145-0033-0000", "contents": "10th Infantry Regiment (United States), Image gallery\nAddress by then Lieutenant General George Patton in Northern Ireland on 30 March 1944 in preparation for the invasion of Normandy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006146-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party\nThe 10th Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP) was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 10th LPRP Central Committee on 15 January 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006147-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Intelligence Squadron\nThe United States Air Force's 10th Intelligence Squadron is an intelligence unit located at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006147-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Intelligence Squadron\nThe squadron was first activated during World War II as the 678th Bombardment Squadron, a United States Army Air Forces combat organization. It was part of the first Boeing B-29 Superfortress group formed for the 58th Bombardment Wing, and served in the China Burma India Theater and Pacific Ocean Theater as part of Twentieth Air Force. The squadron's aircraft engaged in very heavy bombardment operations against Japan. The squadron received the Distinguished Unit Citation for its combat operations on three occasions. When the unit was returned to the United States in 1945 it was redesignated as the 10th Reconnaissance Squadron, but it was inactivated in March 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006147-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Intelligence Squadron, Mission\nThe 10th Intelligence Squadron, teaming with the 30th Intelligence Squadron of Air Combat Command (ACC), operates the multisource intelligence collection and dissemination Contingency Airborne Reconnaissance System Deployable Ground Station One. Whether deployed or in garrison, the ground station is used to conduct information operations and harmonizes with other theater command, control, communications, computer and intelligence (C4I) systems. It provides information from multiple sensors and correlates them in near real-time to combat command elements in peace, crisis and war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006147-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Intelligence Squadron, Mission\nThe squadron is operationally subordinate to Ninth Air Force through Central Air Force Intelligence at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, and administratively subordinate to the 548th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group. The squadron has two subordinate operating locations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006147-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Intelligence Squadron, Mission\nThe squadron also provides administrative support to Air Combat Command's cryptologic support group. Last, the unit operates the Senior Year ground maintenance training center providing sole source training for Senior Year units worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006147-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Intelligence Squadron, Mission\nThe squadron commander provides intelligence to the Air Combat Command Air Operations Center and other national agencies. The squadron integrates into theater C4I, collects, analyzes and correlates raw intelligence products, and provides indications and warning, target and order of battle analysis, battle damage assessment, mission planning support, targeting support, reconnaissance support and exercise support for combat command elements. It also provides overall logistical and communications support to Deployable Ground Station One, which is ready for deployment within 72 hours of notification to disseminate near real-time intelligence to tactical combatants, theater battle managers and National Command Authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006147-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Intelligence Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was first activated as the 678th Bombardment Squadron on 1 March 1943 at Davis-Monthan Field, Arizona as one of the original squadrons of the 444th Bombardment Group. The 444th was assigned to the first B-29 Superfortress wing, the 58th Bombardment Wing. After a period of organization at Davis-Monthan the squadron moved to Great Bend Army Air Field, Kansas. for training, initially flying Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, Consolidated B-24 Liberators and Martin B-26 Marauders. The group engaged in training on the new aircraft and its mission of long range precision bombing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006147-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Intelligence Squadron, History, World War II\nAt Great Bend, the squadron received early model B-29s and prototype YB-29s, however aircraft were still undergoing development and were frequently modified by Boeing technicians in the field while the squadron was undergoing training in Kansas. In November 1943 The 444th reorganized as a \"Very Heavy\" group and added the 7th Bombardment Maintenance Squadrons, which was paired with the 678th to maintain its B-29s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006147-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Intelligence Squadron, History, World War II, Operations from India\nIn early April 1944, the squadron left the United States and deployed to a former B-24 Liberator airfield at Charra Airfield, India. The first airplane of the 444th group landed at Charra on 11 April 1944. Due to the lack of revetments at Charra the squadron's airplanes were parked wingtip to wingtip on the field's shorter runway. Charra served only as a maintenance and staging base. Its runways were too short for a B-29 to take off fully loaded. While the squadron was stationed there, all missions were flown from the bases of the other bombardment groups of the 58th Bombardment Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006147-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Intelligence Squadron, History, World War II, Operations from India\nFrom India, the 678th planned to fly missions against Japan from advanced airfields in China. However, all the supplies of fuel, bombs and spare parts needed to support operations from the forward bases in China had to be flown from India over The Hump. For this role, one aircraft from the squadron was stripped of combat equipment and used as a flying tanker. Each aircraft carried seven tons of fuel, but the amount that was delivered to China depended on weather, including headwinds and aircraft icing which increased the fuel consumption of the \"tankers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006147-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Intelligence Squadron, History, World War II, Operations from India\nThe squadron flew its first combat mission on 5 June 1944 against the Makasan railroad yards at Bangkok, Thailand. Ten days later the 678th participated in the first American air attack on the Japanese home islands since the 1942 Doolittle raid, staging through Chinese bases on a nighttime raid against the iron and steel works at Yawata, Japan. It returned to Yawata on 20 August on a daytime raid for which the unit was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation. Operating from bases in India and at times staging through fields in China, the group struck transportation centers, naval installations, aircraft plants and other targets in Burma, China, Thailand, Japan and Formosa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006147-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Intelligence Squadron, History, World War II, Operations from India\nOn 12 October 1944 the group reorganized. The 679th Bombardment Squadron and the four bombardment maintenance squadrons were disbanded and their personnel and equipment were transferred to 677th and the other squadrons of the group. As the new year started, Japanese advances forced withdrawal from the Chinese forward operating bases. Unable to continue attacks on Japan, the unit continued attacking targets in Southeast Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006147-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Intelligence Squadron, History, World War II, Operations from the Marianas\nIn the spring of 1945 the 444th and the other groups of the 58th wing moved to Tinian in the Marianas in order to continue operations against Japan. The group and squadron participated in the bombing of strategic objectives, strategic mining of the Inland Sea and in incendiary attacks on urban areas for the duration of the war. The 678th received a second Distinguished Unit Citation for attacking oil storage facilities at Oshima, bombing an aircraft plant near Kobe, and dropping incendiaries on Nagoya in May 1945. The squadron struck light metal industries at Osaka in July 1945, receiving a third Distinguished Unit Citation for this action. The squadrons's final mission was flown against Hikari, Japan on 14 August 1945, the day before the Japanese surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006147-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Intelligence Squadron, History, 10th Reconnaissance Squadron\nThe 678th returned to the United States and Merced Army Air Field, California in November 1945 where it became part of Fourth Air Force of Continental Air Forces (CAF). Shortly after arriving at Merced, the squadron converted to the reconnaissance mission and became the 10th Reconnaissance Squadron, Very Long Range (Photographic). March 1946 saw more changes as the 10th squadron was reassigned to the 311th Reconnaissance Wing, which inactivated it at the end of the month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006147-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Intelligence Squadron, History, 10th Reconnaissance Squadron\nThe squadron was activated again in the Air Force Reserve as the 10th Reconnaissance Squadron (Photographic) in 1947 at Rochester Airport, New York as a reconnaissance squadron. The squadron moved to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia in June 1949 when Continental Air Command reorganized its reserve units according to the wing base organization system. At Langley it was colocated with the active duty 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Group. It was assigned advanced trainers and trained for supporting Army ground units providing aerial photography with these second-line aircraft for battlefield intelligence. It received a few jet RF-86A Sabres in late 1949, however inactivated due to budget constraints in January 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006147-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Intelligence Squadron, History, 10th Reconnaissance Squadron\nThe squadron was reactivated as the 10th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron, part of active duty 26th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing in 1952. Due to Korean War the squadron had minimum personnel strength until mid-1953. The squadron gathered intelligence on a global scale using RB-47E Stratojets, participating in a variety of SAC directed exercises and operations between 1953 and 1958. These included numerous simulated combat missions and deployments, ranging from a few days to a few months. The squadron became non-operational in January 1958 as phased down for inactivation due to budget constraints, inactivating in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006147-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Intelligence Squadron, History, 10th Reconnaissance Squadron\nThe squadron reactivated as Tactical Air Command RF-4C Phantom II reconnaissance squadron in 1966, conducted replacement training for combat crew members being deployed to Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War. Inactivated in 1971 as part of the drawdown of forces assigned to Indochina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006147-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Intelligence Squadron, History, Modern era\nThe 600th Electronic Security Squadron was activated as an intelligence squadron to provide support to Air Combat Command at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia in 1992. In 1993 the United States Air Force consolidated the 600th with the 10th and designated the consolidated unit the 10th Intelligence Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006147-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Intelligence Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006148-0000-0000", "contents": "10th International Emmy Awards\nThe 10th International Emmy Awards took place in November 1982, in New York City, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006148-0001-0000", "contents": "10th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nThe International Emmy Awards are given by the International Council of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. In addition, special awards were given to Akio Morita who received the International Council's Directorate Award, and Michael Landon who was given the Founder's Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006149-0000-0000", "contents": "10th International Film Festival of India\nThe 10th International Film Festival of India was held from 3-16 January 1985 in New Delhi. For the first time, the festival had an international panorama of select short films, and documentaries, in an effort to create an identity for short films. In 1986 when \"Filmotsav\" 86 was held in Calcutta, the Festival dates were changed from 3-17 January to 10-24 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006150-0000-0000", "contents": "10th International Friendship Youth Tournament\nThe Qatar International Friendship Tournament is a football competition, in its 10th year it was held in Doha, Qatar beginning 3 March 2012 and ending 8 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006150-0001-0000", "contents": "10th International Friendship Youth Tournament\nThe edition reverted to featuring youth teams as opposed to the 9th edition, which featured senior teams. Four teams were represented in the tournament. The tournament was won by Greece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006151-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Iowa Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Iowa Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006151-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th Iowa Infantry was organized at Iowa City, Iowa, and Montezuma, Iowa, and mustered into Federal service on September 6 (9 companies) and September 28, 1861 (remaining company). The regiment was mustered out on August 15, 1865, in Little Rock, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006151-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nTotal enrollment was 1319. The regiment lost 6 officers and 95 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 134 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 235 fatalities. 277 were wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006152-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Irish Film & Television Awards\nThe 10th Irish Film & Television Awards took place on Saturday 9 February 2013 at the Convention Centre Dublin (CCD) honouring Irish film and television released in 2012. It was hosted by Irish actor Simon Delaney and attracted an audience of 1.24 million viewers. The Show was broadcast on RT\u00c9 One Television on the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006152-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Irish Film & Television Awards\nBig winners on the night included RT\u00c9 crime-drama Love/Hate which took home six awards, including awards for Best Drama, Best Director David Caffrey and Writer TV Stuart Carolan. Actors Tom Vaughan-Lawlor, Charlie Murphy and Susan Loughnane won awards for Actor Lead TV Drama, Actress Lead TV and Actress Support TV Drama respectively. What Richard Did picked up five awards including the award for Best Film. Jack Reynor won for Actor Lead Film whilst Lenny Abrahamson and Malcolm Campbell picked up awards for Best Director and Script with Nathan Nugent winning for Editing \u2014 Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006153-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Japan Film Professional Awards\nThe 10th Japan Film Professional Awards (\u7b2c10\u56de\u65e5\u672c\u6620\u753b\u30d7\u30ed\u30d5\u30a7\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u5927\u8cde) is the 10th edition of the Japan Film Professional Awards. It awarded the best of 2000 in film. The ceremony took place on April 14, 2001 at Shin-Bungeiza in Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006154-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Jats\nThe 10th Jats were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. They could trace their origins to 1823, when they were known as the 1st Battalion, 33rd Bengal Native Infantry. Over the years they became known by a number of different titles. The 65th Bengal Native Infantry 1824\u20131861, the 10th Bengal Native Infantry1861\u20131885, the 10th Bengal Infantry 1885\u20131897, the 10th Jat Bengal Infantry 1897\u20131901, the 10th Jat Infantry 1901\u20131903 and finally in 1903 the 10th Jats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006154-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Jats\nDuring this time the regiment served in China in the Second Opium War and the Third Anglo-Burmese War. During World War I they were in the 55th Indian Brigade, 18th Indian Division and served in the Mesopotamia Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006154-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Jats\nThe 65th BNI was one of two Bengal Native Infantry regiments which had accepted active service in China in 1857. Accordingly, both had escaped involvement in the Great Indian Mutiny of that year and were amongst the twelve \"old\" regiments of the East India Company's Bengal Army to survive into the new Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006154-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Jats\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army again moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. The 10th Jats now became the 3rd Battalion 9th Jats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006155-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Jutra Awards\nThe 10th Jutra Awards were held on March 9, 2008 to honour films made with the participation of the Quebec film industry in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006156-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Kansas Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Kansas Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between April 3, 1862, and September 20, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006156-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th Kansas Infantry Regiment was organized at Paola, Kansas by consolidating the 3rd Kansas Infantry and 4th Kansas Infantry, which had recruits, but were never organized. Some members of the 5th Kansas Infantry were also consolidated into the 10th Kansas Infantry. The regiment mustered in on April 3, 1862, for three years under the command of Colonel William F. Cloud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006156-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Department of Kansas to August 1862. 2nd Brigade, Department of Kansas, to October 1862. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Army of the Frontier, Department of Missouri, to February 1863. District of Rolla, Department of Missouri, to June 1863. District of St. Louis, Missouri, Department of Missouri, to August 1863. District of Kansas, Department of Missouri, to January 1864. Alton, Illinois, to August 1864. District of St. Louis, Missouri, Department of Missouri, to November 1864. Nashville, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to December 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division (detachment), Army of the Tennessee, to February 1865. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XVI Corps, Military Division West Mississippi, to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006156-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th Kansas Infantry mustered out of service at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, on August 20, 1865, and discharged on September 20, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006156-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Fort Scott, Kansas, April 1862, and duty there until June 4. Companies on expedition into Indian Territory with the 2nd Ohio Cavalry June 13-August 15. Locust Grove, Cherokee Nation, July 3. Reconnaissance from Grand River to Fort Gibson, Tahlequah and Park Hill, and skirmishes July 14\u201317. Campaign against Coffey and Cockrell in Missouri August. Jackson County, Missouri, September 15. Newtonia September 30. Occupation of Newtonia October 4. Old Fort Wayne or Beattie's Prairie near Maysville October 22. Cane Hill October 28. Battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas, December 7. Expedition over Boston Mountains to Van Buren December 27\u201331.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006156-0004-0001", "contents": "10th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Springfield, Missouri, January 1863, and duty there until February 27. Near Mount Vernon until March 15. Operations against Shelby until April. Moved to Rolla, Missouri, April 27, then to St. Louis, Missouri, June 4\u20138. Moved to Indianapolis, Indiana, and return to St. Louis July 18. Moved to Kansas City, Missouri, August, and duty there until January 1864. Skirmish with Quantrill at Paola August 21, 1863 (detachment). Company I detached at St. Louis, Missouri, as provost guard July and August 1863, rejoining at Kansas City. Company K at Topeka, Kan., September to November 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006156-0004-0002", "contents": "10th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nRegiment moved to St. Louis, Missouri, January 1864, then to Alton, Illinois, and guard military prison there until August 1864. Non -veterans moved to St. Louis, Missouri, and mustered out August 19\u201320, 1864. Veterans and recruits consolidated to a battalion of four companies August 15, 1864. On duty at St. Louis, Missouri, until October 20. Moved to Pilot Knob October 20\u201324, then to Paducah, Kentucky, November 2\u201312, and to Nashville, Tennessee, November 28\u201329. Temporarily attached to IV Corps, Army of the Cumberland. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006156-0004-0003", "contents": "10th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nPursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. Moved to Eastport, Mississippi, January 4\u20137, 1865. Reconnaissance to Iuka, Mississippi, January 9. Moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, February 8\u201321. Campaign against Mobile, Alabama, and its defenses March 17-April 12. Siege of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely March 26-April 8. Assault and capture of Fort Blakely April 9. Occupation of Mobile April 12. March to Montgomery April 13\u201325. Duty there and in the District of Alabama until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006156-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 146 men during service; 2 officers and 26 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 114 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006157-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Kansas Infantry Regiment was a militia infantry regiment from Kansas that served in the Union Army between October 9 and October 29, 1864, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006157-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was called into service on October 9, 1864, to defend Kansas from Maj. Gen. Sterling Price and his men. It saw action at Byram's Ford, Big Blue, Westport, Mine Creek, Little Osage River and Marias des Cygnes after pursuing Price. On October 29, 1864, it was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006158-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 10th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006158-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 10th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment was organized at Covington, Lexington, and Crab Orchard, Kentucky, from September 8 through November 11, 1862. It mustered in for one year under the command of Colonel Joshua Tevis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006158-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 10th Kentucky Cavalry mustered out of service on September 17, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006158-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 75 men during service; 13 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 61 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006159-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Kentucky Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006159-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was organized at Lebanon, Kentucky, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on November 21, 1861 under the command of Colonel John Marshall Harlan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006159-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th Kentucky Infantry mustered out of service on December 6, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006159-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 221 men during service; 2 officers and 70 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 5 officers and 144 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006160-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Kisei\nThe 10th Kisei was the 10th edition of the Kisei tournament. Since Cho Chikun won the previous year, he is given an automatic place in the final. Twelve players battled in a knockout tournament to decide the final 2. Those two would then play each other in a best-of-3 match to decide who would face Cho. Koichi Kobayashi became the challenger after beating Masao Kato 2 games to 1, and went on to defeat Cho Chikun 4 games to 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006161-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Korea Drama Awards\nThe 10th Korea Drama Awards (Korean:\u00a0\ucf54\ub9ac\uc544 \ub4dc\ub77c\ub9c8 \uc5b4\uc6cc\uc988) is an awards ceremony for excellence in television in South Korea. It was held at the Gyeongnam Culture and Art Center in Jinju, South Gyeongsang Province on October 2, 2017. The nominees were chosen from Korean dramas that aired from October 2016 to September 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006162-0000-0000", "contents": "10th LG Cup\nTwo of the 32 players were given automatic berths, Cho U, who won the 9th LG Cup, was placed at the top of the table. The runner up for the 9th LG Cup, Yu Bin, was placed at the bottom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006163-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Lambda Literary Awards\nThe 10th Lambda Literary Awards were held in 1998 to honour works of LGBT literature published in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006164-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Landwehr Division (German Empire)\nThe 10th Landwehr Division (10. Landwehr-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006165-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Legion Championship Fighting\n10th Legion Championship Fighting or 10th Legion is a UK-based Mixed Martial Arts promotion. The company was founded in 2008 and held its first event in April 2009 in Hull. The company is based in Hull, London and New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006165-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Legion Championship Fighting\nMixed Martial Arts combines Olympic disciplines such as Greco-Roman Wrestling, Freestyle Wrestling, Boxing and Judo with the more modern Martial Arts skills of Kickboxing/Muay Thai, Submission Fighting/Grappling \u2013 such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006165-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Legion Championship Fighting\n10th Legion works with other MMA organizations to build a better standard in the sport. Events are planned for 2014 in Hull, London and New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006165-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Legion Championship Fighting, History\n10th Legion Championship Fighting has brought together fighters from around the UK, United States and Europe for international events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006165-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Legion Championship Fighting, History\n10th Legion's first World Champion was five times UFC veteran Welterweight fighter Jess 'The Joker' Liaudin, who still holds his title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006165-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Legion Championship Fighting, History\nAnother well known 10th Legion World Champion is Lightweight fighter Abdul Mohamed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006166-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Legislative Yuan\nThe Tenth Legislative Yuan is the current session of the Legislative Yuan of Taiwan, which began on 1 February 2020. Members were elected in the 2020 legislative election, in which the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) retained majority status as did pan-green parties. The next legislative election is scheduled for 2024.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)\nThe 10th Light Horse Regiment is a \"mounted infantry\" regiment of the Australian Army Reserve, raised in Western Australia (WA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)\nWhile the name of the 10th Light Horse originated in the first months of World War I, the regiment traces its ceremonial lineage to mounted infantry units of the Colonial militia of Western Australia, raised during the late 19th century, such as the Western Australian Mounted Infantry. Consequently, its battle honours include: \"South Africa\" (Boer War) and; \"Gallipoli\", \"Gaza-Beersheba\", \"Jerusalem\", \"Megiddo\" and \"Damascus\" (World War I).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)\nAt present, the Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicle, the 6x6 Surveillance & Reconnaissance Vehicles \u2013 a variant of the Mercedes-Benz G-Wagon \u2013 and the Hawkei PMV comprise the regiment's key operational vehicles. It is part of the 13th Brigade, a reserve formation encompassing most reserve personnel in WA and is based at Irwin Barracks, Karrakatta, where it consists of two squadrons. Because of its operational role, the regiment's administrative grouping is the Royal Australian Armoured Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Early years\nIn Western Australia, prior to Federation, it was the custom for the volunteer infantry at major centres to form, within themselves, small bodies of mounted infantry for the purpose of performing certain cavalry duties. By 1900, records indicate that at least four such bodies existed, these being at Perth, Guildford, Geraldton and Bunbury. These units were brought together under a single command and took the title of the Western Australia Mounted Infantry (WAMI).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Early years\nDuring the Boer War, Western Australia despatched five contingents to South Africa bearing the name Western Australia Mounted Infantry (WAMI), although these contingents were not part of the part-time Western Australian mounted volunteer who also bore this same name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Early years\nIn 1903, the Commonwealth re-organised the whole framework of the Australian defence forces. Since there was no money for a standing army, the military was organised on a part-time paid militia model while its strategy bore remarkable similarity to their erstwhile enemy's military organisation. By a combination of rifle clubs, infantry regiments and mounted units, the defence of Western Australia was based on the concept of guerrilla war being waged on any potential invader. At that time, although not stated publicly, the big fear was a Japanese invasion. In line with all the changes, the West Australian mounted militia formation was called the 18th Australian Light Horse, with the territorial title remaining as the Western Australia Mounted Infantry (WAMI).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Early years\nFor Western Australians in London who wanted to continue their mounted service, an exchange programme was commenced allying the WAMI with a British Territorial unit known as King Edward's Horse or The King's Overseas Dominions Regiment. From 1908, any Western Australian could serve in either regiment without any break in their service, a most important factor for officer seniority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Early years\nAfter the Kitchener Report, the defence structure of Australia was again changed to enlarge the units through conscription. The regiment's title was changed in July 1912 to the 25th Australian Light Horse, part of the Citizens Force, with the territorial title once again remaining as the Western Australia Mounted Infantry (WAMI). Like all units, nearly all the former members were purged and replaced by conscripts. Unfortunately, the cost for the individual of being in the Light Horse was in excess of the sustenance allowance received and the numbers dropped alarmingly. The man whose personal energy singularly saved the WAMI from oblivion during this period was Noel Brazier, an officer from Kirup, Western Australia. For his efforts he became the regiment's commanding officer on 11 May 1913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, First World War\nFor several weeks following the outbreak of World War I, \"light horsemen\" (mounted infantry) from the 5th Military District (WA) who had volunteered for overseas service with the Army's Australian Imperial Force (AIF), were formed into \"C\" Squadron of the 7th Light Horse Regiment. While the Army had planned only to raise a squadron-sized light horse unit, the numbers of volunteers grew so quickly that a decision was made to raise an entire regiment of Western Australians. On 10 October 1914, \"C\" Squadron was officially re-designated the 10th Light Horse Regiment. It was the only AIF light horse unit raised in Western Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, First World War\nTraining was undertaken in several locations across the state: regional troops were drilled in their home towns, and later training took place at Guildford, the Claremont Showground, and finally the entire regiment was sent by ship to Rockingham, arriving in early January 1915. During this move the horses, being walked from Guildford by 150 members of the regiment, stampeded in the night. Several were killed and many more scattered across the sparsely populated region. The regiment was sent to Egypt as part of the 3rd Light Horse Brigade, embarking from Fremantle on the Mashobra in two stages, beginning 7 February 1915, arriving on 8 March 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, First World War\nThe regiment's first action of the war came during the Gallipoli campaign. Due to the terrain and the static nature of the fighting on the peninsula, it was felt that mounted units could not play a part; however, a number of light horse units were deployed in a dismounted role as infantry. The 10th Light Horse Regiment arrived at Gallipoli on 20 May 1915 and initially it was largely used in a defensive role. In August, however, the Allies attempted to break the stalemate, launching the August Offensive. The regiment's action at the Nek during this offensive was immortalised in the final scenes of the 1981 Peter Weir film Gallipoli. It was also involved in the Battle of Hill 60 later in August before being evacuated along with the rest of the Allied troops in December 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, First World War\nReverting to its original mounted infantry role, the regiment saw service in the Middle East for the remainder of the war, taking part in numerous actions including those at Romani and Beersheba. The regiment was later given the honour of leading the Australian Mounted Division, and accepted the formal surrender of the city of Damascus on 1 October 1918. Later, while awaiting repatriation, the regiment was used to suppress a nationalist uprising in Egypt in 1919. Following its return to Australia, the 10th Light Horse Regiment was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, First World War\nDuring its service during the war, the regiment suffered 237 killed and 479 wounded. Its members received the following decorations: one Victoria Cross, one Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, three Distinguished Service Orders and one Bar, one Member of the Order of the British Empire, nine Military Crosses and one Bar, 15 Distinguished Conduct Medals and one Bar, 15 Military Medals, three Meritorious Service Medals, 48 Mentions in Despatches and four foreign awards. Hugo Throssell was the regiment's sole Victoria Cross recipient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Inter war years and Second World War\nIn order to perpetuate the traditions and distinctions of the Australian Imperial Force, it was decided in July 1919 that all CMF units would be re-designated with the unit numbers of the AIF. From this date, the 25th Australian Light Horse Regiment was renamed the 10th Australia Light Horse Regiment, while retaining the territorial title Western Australia Mounted Infantry (WAMI).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Inter war years and Second World War\nOne final recognition was given in 1923 when the regiment was finally awarded the right to carry the battle honours for the Second Boer War. Initially, these had been granted to the Western Australian infantry regiments but not to the mounted regiment. This oversight was corrected and from this time they bore these battle honours in addition to those granted to the AIF 10th light Horse Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Inter war years and Second World War\nThe regiment was called up for training in November 1939, spending a month camped just south of Woodman Point on the location of the abandoned Naval Base. They returned in January 1940 for three months' training, during which time they were visited by Lord Gowrie, the Governor-General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Inter war years and Second World War\nDuring the Second World War, the regiment underwent several name changes in order to show its varying roles. In 1943, it was gazetted as an Australian Imperial Force unit, after the majority of its personnel volunteered to serve overseas. This did not occur, though, and instead, its main task was the defence of south-west Australia. During this period, the regiment was also partially mechanised, although it did retain horses which were used to patrol the coastline. It was the last regiment in Australia to employ horses. It was disbanded on 14 April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Post Second World War\nAfter the war, it was reformed as a single squadron in 1949, when it became fully mechanised and was renamed the 10th Western Australian Mounted Infantry, operating Staghound and Canadian Scout armoured cars. Expanded to a full regiment in 1952, it was again renamed as the 10th Light Horse in 1956 when it was equipped with Staghounds, Saracens and Ferrets, before being reduced to a single independent squadron again in 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0018-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Post Second World War\nThe squadron remained independent until 2001, when it formally became a part of the Army Reserve's 13th Brigade. The regiment was until recently equipped with the M113 vehicle in the armoured reconnaissance role, and the Land Rover 6x6 LRPV and Regional Force Surveillance Vehicle, in the light cavalry/reconnaissance role. As a part of the Australian Army's Plan Beersheba, the squadron received the Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicle to be employed in the dual role of reconnaissance/surveillance and protected lift. Under Plan Beersheba the squadron was task with pairing with Regular and Reserve cavalry units to provide Bushmaster crews in support of the ready multi-role combat brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0019-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Post Second World War\nIn October 2021, the 10th Light Horse was re-raised from a single squadron to full regimental status. This involves forming a regimental headquarters to command the existing 'A' Squadron and re-raising of 'B' Squadron. The process is expected to be completed over a two-year period, increasing the size of the unit to over 170 personnel. During this time, the regiment took  delivery of its first Hawkei PMVs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006167-0020-0000", "contents": "10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Post Second World War\nPersonnel from the squadron have been deployed to the Solomon Islands as part of RAMSI, Timor Leste, and Afghanistan, where they have been deployed with Regular Army units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006168-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment\n10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment (Polish: 10. Pu\u0142k U\u0142an\u00f3w Litewskich, 10 pu\u0142) was a cavalry unit of the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic. From 1922 until 1939, it was garrisoned in Bia\u0142ystok. The regiment was created as part of the so-called Lithuanian and Belarusian Self-Defence. Also, in 1920 - 1922, it belonged to the armed forces of the Republic of Central Lithuania. During the Invasion of Poland, it was part of Podlaska Cavalry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006168-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment, Formation\nOn December 9, 1918, in the village of Pietkowo near Lapy, officers of the 1st Lithuanian\u2013Belarusian Division formed the 1st Uhlan Regiment, whose name was on December 30 changed into 10th Uhlan Regiment. Most of the officers and soldiers of the new unit were born and raised in the lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The uniforms and weapons were German, seized from the barracks of the Ober Ost, but at the beginning, the regiment lacked horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006168-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment, Polish-Soviet War\nBy the summer of 1919, squadrons of the brigade were sent to the eastern front, to reinforce the Lithuanian\u2013Belarusian Division in the ongoing Polish-Soviet War. The regiment fought in the territory of current Belarus, advancing from Baranowicze towards Minsk and Bobrujsk. In September 1919, the regiment was incorporated into 2nd Cavalry Brigade of the Polish Army. In the winter of 1919/1920, and early spring 1920, it fought in Polesie, around Mozyr. In May, during the Kiev Offensive (1920), the regiment was ordered to reach the Dniepr river, which was achieved on May 8. After the Soviet counteroffensive, Polish forces withdrew, with the uhlans covering the infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006168-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment, Polish-Soviet War\nOn August 6, 1920, the regiment reached Siedlce, and for the remaining part of the month was engaged in heavy fighting against the advancing enemy. In September it fought with distinction in the Battle of the Niemen River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006168-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment, Polish-Soviet War\nAfter the armistice of October 19, 1920, the regiment was located in the area of Dokszyce, where its flag, funded by Countess Julia Potocka, was handed to the officers in a parish church at the village of Parafianowo (November 4, 1920). For the remaining part of 1920 and 1921, the regiment was officially part of the armed forces of the Republic of Central Lithuania. It remained in the area of Braslaw until September 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006168-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment, Second Polish Republic\nIn September 1922, 10th Uhlan Regiment was moved to Bialystok, where it remained until 1939. It was considered an elite cavalry unit, with officers from Finland and Sweden training there. Since 1925, 1st Squadron of Armoured Vehicles was attached to the regiment, and in 1932, a training squadron (Szwadron Krakusow) was formed in Wysokie Mazowieckie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006168-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nOn August 25, 1939, the regiment left its barracks, and marched towards its positions near the border with East Prussia. As part of Podlaska Cavalry Brigade (Independent Operational Group Narew), it defended hills around the village of Olszewo-Gora. On September 2\u20134, the regiment took part in a cavalry raid on East Prussia, after which it retreated back to Poland. On September 9, it attacked the enemy in the town of Brok, after which it took part in a number of skirmishes. By September 18, the regiment was located in Bialowieza Forest, where it joined Suwalska Cavalry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006168-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nOn September 20 it was stationed in Bialowieza, and three days later it destroyed a Soviet military transport train near Nurzec. In the night of September 24/25, the uhlans crossed the Bug river near Mielnik, and in early October, it fought near Serokomla. The regiment capitulated to the Germans on October 6, 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006168-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment, Home Army\nIn 1943, Bialystok District of the Home Army recreated the 10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment. The unit was trained to seize the city of Bialystok during the Operation Tempest, but failed to do so, due to German terror and rapid advance of the Red Army in the summer of 1944 (see Operation Bagration). Nevertheless, the regiment fought in several skirmishes, destroying two German military trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006168-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment, Symbols\nThe regiment received its flag on November 4, 1920. It was founded by Countess Julia Potocka. Regimental badge was accepted by military authorities on January 26, 1926. It featured a silver Jagiellonian Eagle with a horseshoe and Lithuanian coat of arms, the Pahonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006168-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment, Symbols\nThe regiment had its own zurawiejka, and it celebrated its holiday on May 8, the anniversary of the 1920 reaching the line of the Dniepr river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006169-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Lok Sabha\nList of Members of the 10th Lok Sabha, (20 June 1991 \u2013 10 May 1996) elected during 1991 Indian general election held during May\u2013June 1991. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India, four sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 10th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006169-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Lok Sabha\nP V Narasimha Rao of Indian National Congress became the Prime Minister of India from 21 June 1991 till 16 May 1996, after INC won 244 seats, 47 more than previous 9th Lok Sabha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006169-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Lok Sabha\nThe next 11th Lok Sabha was constituted on 15 May 1996, after 1996 Indian general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006169-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Lok Sabha, List of members by political party\nMembers of the political party in the 10th Lok Sabha are given below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006169-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Lok Sabha, List of members by political party, Andhra Pradesh\nKeys:\u00a0\u00a0INC (27) \u00a0\u00a0 TDP (7) \u00a0\u00a0TD(V) (6) \u00a0\u00a0 CPI  (1) \u00a0\u00a0 AIMIM (1) \u00a0\u00a0 BJP (1) \u00a0\u00a0CPI(M) (1)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 66], "content_span": [67, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006169-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Lok Sabha, List of members by political party, Assam\nKeys:\u00a0\u00a0INC (8) \u00a0\u00a0BJP (2) \u00a0\u00a0CPI(M) (2) \u00a0\u00a0 AGP (1) \u00a0\u00a0 Independent (1)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006170-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Louisiana Infantry Regiment (African Descent)\nThe 10th Louisiana Infantry (African descent) was a regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was composed primarily of freed or escaped slaves from Louisiana's plantations and was commanded by white officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006170-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Louisiana Infantry Regiment (African Descent), Vicksburg Campaign\nThe unit was organized at Lake Providence and Goodrich Landing, Louisiana, between May 6 and August 8, 1863. It was attached to the Goodrich Landing post until January 1864 and at Vicksburg until March 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 70], "content_span": [71, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006170-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Louisiana Infantry Regiment (African Descent), Yazoo River Expedition\nThe regiment participated in the Yazoo River Expedition between February 1 and March 8, 1864. Action was seen at Liverpool Heights, Mississippi, on February 4 (with the 11th Illinois Infantry and the First Mississippi Cavary) and Satartia, Mississippi, on February 7. Yazoo City, Mississippi, was captured by Union forces on February 4 and the regiment occupied the city between February 9 and March 6. There was a skirmish at Yazoo city on March 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 74], "content_span": [75, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006170-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Louisiana Infantry Regiment (African Descent), 48th Regiment Infantry U.S. Colored Troops\nThe regiment was designated the 48th Regiment Infantry, U.S. Colored Troops on March 11, 1864. The regiment participated in the expedition from Vicksburg to Rodney and Fayette, Mississippi, between September 29 and October 3, 1864. The unit was sent to Algiers, Louisiana, on February 26, 1865, and then to Fort Barrancas, Florida. Between March 20 and April 1, they marched from Pensacola, Florida, to Blakely, Alabama,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 94], "content_span": [95, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006170-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Louisiana Infantry Regiment (African Descent), 48th Regiment Infantry U.S. Colored Troops\nThe regiment fought in the Battle of Fort Blakely, April 2\u20139, 1865 and then marched to Montgomery April 13\u201325. They were at Montgomery until June 1865 and then went to Texas where they were on duty along the Rio Grande until January 1866. The regiment mustered out on January 4, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 94], "content_span": [95, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006171-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Louisiana Infantry Regiment (Confederate)\nThe 10th Louisiana Infantry Regiment was a Louisiana infantry unit of the Confederate States of America that operated with the Army of Northern Virginia of the American Civil War. It was known as \"Lee's Foreign Legion\" due to the large numbers of foreign-born troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006171-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Louisiana Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Unit composition\n10th Infantry Regiment was assembled at Camp Moore, Louisiana, during June and July 1861, and soon moved to Virginia. Its members were from Orleans and Bossier and St. Landry parishes many were farmers, sailors, and laborers. Wearing zouave uniforms, the regiment was composed of many foreigners as well as Southerners from other states; but overall probably about one-third of the unit was Irish only about three companies of the unit were of native Southern descent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006171-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Louisiana Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Unit composition\nIn April 1862, it totaled 595 men and during the war served in McLaws', Semmes', Starke's, Nicholls', Iverson's, Stafford's, and York's Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006171-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Louisiana Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Engagements\nThe 10th Louisiana fought in many engagements of the Army of the Northern Virginia from the Battle of Williamsburg to the Battle of Cold Harbor. At the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, the regiment was part of the brigade of Col. Jesse Williams and participated in a series of unsuccessful attacks on Union entrenchments on Culp's Hill. Later, the 10th was part of the Mine Run and Bristoe campaigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 59], "content_span": [60, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006171-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Louisiana Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Engagements\nAfter participating in the Overland Campaign in early 1864, the 10th then was active in the Shenandoah Valley with General Early. In the spring of 1865, it took part in the Appomattox Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 59], "content_span": [60, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006171-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Louisiana Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Losses\nThe brigade  lost 27% of the 318 engaged at the Battle of Malvern Hill, had 16 killed, 33 wounded, and 7 missing at the Battle of Antietam, and 15 killed and 51 wounded at the Battle of Chancellorsville. The regiment reported 3 wounded at the Second Battle of Winchester and lost more than forty-five percent of the 226 at the Battle of Gettysburg. On April 9, 1865, only 4 officers and 13 men surrendered after the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006171-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Louisiana Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Officers\nThe field officers were Colonels Antoine James de Marigny, Henry D. Monier, and Eugene Waggaman; Lieutenant Colonels Jules C. Denis and J. M. Legett; and Majors Felix Dumonteil, Thomas N. Powell, and William H. Spencer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006172-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Luftwaffe Field Division (Germany)\nThe 10th Luftwaffe Field Division (German: 10.Luftwaffen-Feld-Division) was an infantry division of the Luftwaffe branch of the Wehrmacht that fought in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006172-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Luftwaffe Field Division (Germany), History\nthe division was formed in October 1942 from surplus ground crew Luftwaffe personnel in West Germany and was used on the German-Soviet front from December 1942. On 1 November 1943, the division was transferred to the Wehrmacht and renamed Field Division 10 (L). At that time, the Luftwaffe Field Division 10 was stationed in front of the Oranienbaum Bridgehead in northern Russia as part of the 18th Army. The Division was disbanded on 3 February 1944 and the remains of the division were incorporated into the 170th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006173-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Lugano Trophy\nThe 10th Lugano Trophy was a junior competition held in Lugano, Switzerland on May 18, 2013. The men's all-around winner was Christian Baumann of Switzerland and the women's all around winner was Andreea Munteanu of Romania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006174-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Lumi\u00e8res Awards\nThe 10th Lumi\u00e8res Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Lumi\u00e8res, was held on 16 February 2005. The ceremony was hosted by Patrick Souquet and presided by Alain Corneau. The Chorus won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006175-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Lux Style Awards\nThe 10th Lux Style Awards ceremony was held in Expo Center in Karachi, Pakistan. The show was hosted by Mahira Khan, Faizan Haque and from the members of BNN. The show had the performances by HSY and Reema Khan, Aaminah Haq, Ammar Bilal, Meera, Mahira and Ahsan Khan etc. Special tribute was paid to late Moin Akhtar. Some of the film and music categories were removed from the award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006176-0000-0000", "contents": "10th MMC \u2013 Kyustendil\n10th Multi-member Constituency \u2013 Kyustendil is a constituency whose borders are the same as Kyustendil Province in Bulgaria", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006176-0001-0000", "contents": "10th MMC \u2013 Kyustendil, Background\nIn the 2009 Bulgarian parliamentary election the 10th Multi-member Constituency \u2013 Kyustendil elected 5 members to the Bulgarian National Assembly: 4 of which were through proportionality vote and 1 was through first-past-the-post voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006177-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Macau International Movie Festival\nThe 10th Macau International Movie Festival (simplified Chinese: \u7b2c10\u5c4a\u6fb3\u95e8\u56fd\u9645\u7535\u5f71\u8282; traditional Chinese: \u7b2c10\u5c46\u6fb3\u9580\u570b\u969b\u96fb\u5f71\u7bc0) were held in Macau by the Macau Film and Television Media Association in December 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006178-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Magritte Awards\nThe 10th Magritte Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie Andr\u00e9 Delvaux, honored the best films of 2019 in Belgium. It took place on 1 February 2020, at the Square, in the historic site of Mont des Arts, Brussels. During the ceremony, the Acad\u00e9mie Andr\u00e9 Delvaux presented Magritte Awards in 22 categories. The ceremony was televised in Belgium by La Deux. Actor Pascal Duquenne presided the ceremony, while comedian Kody hosted the show for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006178-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Magritte Awards\nThe nominees for the 10th Magritte Awards were announced on 8 January 2020. Films with the most nominations were Mothers' Instinct with ten, followed by Young Ahmed with nine and Lola with seven. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on 1 February 2020. Mothers' Instinct won a record-breaking nine awards, including Best Film and Best Director for Olivier Masset-Depasse. Other multiple winners were Lola and Young Ahmed with two awards each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006179-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Maine Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Maine Infantry Regiment was mustered in for two years of service at Portland, Maine, on October 4, 1861, by then-Major Seth Eastman. It was mustered out on May 8, 1863, also at Portland. The regimental commander was Colonel George Lafayette Beal. The 10th Maine was a re-organization of the 1st Maine Infantry, a regiment primarily composed of men with two-year enlistments that was mustering out after completing three months of Federal service. Eight companies of the 1st Maine were retained in service, with Companies A and D replaced by newly recruited companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006179-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Maine Infantry Regiment\nA fraction of the regiment consisted of three-year enlistees, who formed the three-company 10th Maine Infantry Battalion (Cos. A, B, and D) upon the discharge of the two-year enlistees on April 26, 1863. The 10th Maine Battalion served as headquarters guard for the XII Corps at the Battle of Chancellorsville and as part of the Army of the Potomac's provost guard at the Battle of Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006179-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Maine Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Maine Battalion was detached from the XII Corps at Tullahoma, Tennessee, on February 29, 1864, to be amalgamated with the 29th Maine Infantry. On May 29, 1864, the battalion reached Morganza, Louisiana (aka Morganzia) and was dissolved to form Companies A and D of the 29th Maine, where the soldiers were again commanded by Colonel Beal who was appointed as commander of the 29th Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006179-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Maine Infantry Regiment\nThe regiment's history, , was written by Major John Mead Gould. The unit's flags are preserved in the Maine State Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006179-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Maine Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service\nOrganized at Portland, Maine, and mustered in October 4, 1861. Left State for Baltimore, Md, October 6. Attached to Dix's Division to November, 1861. Railroad Brigade, Army of the Potomac, to April, 1862. 1st Brigade, Williams' Division, Dept. of the Shenandoah, to June, 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps, Army of Virginia, to September, 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April, 1863. Headquarters XII Corps, Armies of the Potomac and Cumberland, to February, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006179-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Maine Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service\nSERVICE.--Duty at Baltimore, Md., until November 4, 1861. At Relay House until November 27, and at Baltimore until February 27, 1862. Guard duty by detachments along Baltimore & Ohio Railroad between Martinsburg and Charleston, W. Va., until May. Company \"D\" at Harper's Ferry until May 24, then moved to Winchester. Company \"F\" at Harper's Ferry until May 9, then moved to Winchester. Company \"H\" at Duffield's until May 24, then moved to Winchester. Company \"K\" at Kearneysville until May 24, then moved to Winchester. Company \"C\" at Van Obeiseville until May 9, then moved to Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006179-0005-0001", "contents": "10th Maine Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service\nCompany \"A\" at Opequan Bridge until May 24, then moved to Winchester. Company \"B\" at Martinsburg until May 24, then moved to Winchester. Company \"E\" at Halltown until May 9, then moved to Winchester. Companies \"G\" and \"I\" at Charleston until May 9, then moved to Winchester. All Companies at their stations from March 28. Operations in Shenandoah Valley May 15-June 17. Middletown May 24. Winchester May 25. Retreat to Williamsport May 25\u201327. Reconnaissance toward Martinsburg May 28. Reconnaissance to Luray C. H. June 29\u201330. Battle of Cedar Mountain August 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006179-0005-0002", "contents": "10th Maine Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service\nPope's Campaign in Northern Virginia August 16-September 2. Guarding trains during Second Bull Run battle. Battle of Antietam, Md., September 16\u201317. Duty at Berlin, Md. (now Brunswick), October 3-December 10. March to Fairfax Station December 10\u201314, and duty there until January 19, 1863. March to Stafford C. H. January 19\u201323, and duty there until April 27. Ordered to rear for muster out April 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006179-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Maine Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service\nThree-year men formed into a battalion of three companies (A, B, and D) and assigned to duty at Headquarters XII Corps April 26 as the 10th Maine Infantry Battalion. Old members mustered out May 8, 1863, at Portland, Maine. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Gettysburg (Pa.) Campaign June 13-July 24. Provost duty at Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. Along the Rapidan August 1-September 24. Moved to Nashville, Tenn., September 24-October 2; to Murfreesboro, Tenn., October 5, thence to Shelbyville and Wartrace. Reopening Tennessee River October 26\u201329. Provost duty at Headquarters XII Corps until February. Detached from XII Corps at Tullahoma, Tenn. February 29, 1864, to be amalgamated with the 29th Maine Infantry, which occurred May 29, 1864, at Morganza, La.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006179-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Maine Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 8 officers and 74 enlisted men killed in action or dying of wounds received in battle. An additional officer and 53 enlisted men died of disease. Total fatalities for the regiment were 136.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006179-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Maine Infantry Regiment, Lineage\nThe companies of the 10th Maine were named as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006179-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Maine Infantry Regiment, Lineage\nThe 10th Maine's band was Chandler's Band of Portland, Maine, which is still in existence as of 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006179-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Maine Infantry Regiment, Lineage\nThe 1st Maine was originally formed in state service in 1854, and thus was older than any other Maine regimental organization. An historian of the 240th AAA (Anti- Aircraft Artillery) Group, a former Maine Army National Guard unit, has concluded that numerous subsequent Volunteer Maine Militia and Maine National Guard units, including the 10th Maine, inherited the lineage of the 1st Maine via the Portland Light Infantry company. In the 10th Maine, this lineage was carried by Company C, which included elements of the disbanded Cos. A and D of the 1st Maine. From 1924 through 1944 this lineage was carried by the 240th Coast Artillery Regiment. As of 2018 this lineage is carried by the 240th Regional Training Institute, Maine Army National Guard, in Bangor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006179-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Maine Infantry Regiment, Lineage\nThe 10th Maine is also one of the \"ancestor\" units, along with the famed 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, of the modern day 133rd Engineer Battalion of the Maine Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006179-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Maine Infantry Regiment, Monuments\nThree monuments have been erected to the 10th Maine: one in the Culpeper National Cemetery in Virginia, one on the Cedar Mountain battlefield south of Culpeper, and one to the 10th Maine Battalion on the Gettysburg battlefield in Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006180-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Malay Regiment\nThe 10th Malay Regiment, established on 21 May 1949, was the only predominantly Malay regiment of the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA). Other regiments of this armed wing of the Malayan Communist Party were predominantly Chinese. The regiment fought against the British occupation of Malaysia after World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006180-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Malay Regiment\nThe name 10th Malay Regiment was after the 10 Zulhijjah, or the Hari Raya Qurban, celebrated by the Muslims in remembrance on the incident where Abraham had to sacrifice Ishmael after he received signs from God. It was on the 10th of Zulhijjah when they formed the 10th Malay Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006181-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Manitoba Legislature\nThe members of the 10th Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in December 1899. The legislature sat from March 29, 1900, to June 25, 1903.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006181-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Manitoba Legislature\nThe Conservatives led by Hugh John Macdonald formed the government. After Macdonald resigned in 1900 to run for a federal seat, Rodmond Roblin became party leader and premier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006181-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Manitoba Legislature\nThomas Greenway of the Liberal Party was Leader of the Opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006181-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Manitoba Legislature\nJames Colebrooke Patterson was Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba until October 10, 1900, when Daniel Hunter McMillan became lieutenant governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006181-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Manitoba Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1899:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006182-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Marine Regiment\nThe 10th Marine Regiment is an artillery regiment of the United States Marine Corps based at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. They fall under the command of the 2nd Marine Division and the II Marine Expeditionary Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006182-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Marine Regiment, Subordinate units\n5th Battalion, 10th Marines (5/10) was disbanded on 1 June 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006182-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Marine Regiment, Subordinate units\n3rd Battalion, 10th Marines (3/10) was disbanded on 26 April 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006182-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Marine Regiment, Mission\nProvide fires in support of 2nd Marine Division using organic indirect fire assets while coordinating both lethal and non-lethal fires from other II Marine Expeditionary Force fire support agencies in order to suppress, neutralize or destroy the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006182-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Marine Regiment, History, Early years\n10th Marines was originally formed in Quantico, Virginia on 25 April 1914 as an artillery battalion under the 1st Marine Brigade. As a battalion, the unit took part in conflicts in Haiti and the Dominican Republic from August 1915 to May 1917. The battalion was expanded throughout mid-1917 and finally, on 15 January 1917 the unit was re-designated as the 10th Marine Regiment of Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006182-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Marine Regiment, History, Early years\nBetween World War I and II, the Regiment filled many different roles, including building their Barracks and various other construction around the base, and guarding the mail. It even participated in annual reenactments of Civil War battles. During this same time, the regiment was deployed to China and to Iceland just prior to American involvement in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006182-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Marine Regiment, World War II\nDuring the War the Regiment was involved in the assault on Guadalcanal and later took part in the bloody battles of Tarawa, Saipan, Tinian and Okinawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006182-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Marine Regiment, After World War II\nAfter the end of World War II, the 10th Marines found themselves at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, which would be their home until present day. As the Korean War started, the 10th Marines were working with a skeleton crew, but five months later they were fully mobilized and back up to wartime strength and ready to fight. Again, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, they were mobilized to participate in the blockade of Cuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006182-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Marine Regiment, Modern-Day Activities\nSince the end of the Korean War, that time the Regiment has participated in exercises testing the methods of firing 155mm howitzers from landing craft, as well as the biannual Fire Exercise at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. The Regiment has also continuously sent firing batteries and battalions to train in Okinawa; and to participate in CAX, a desert training operation held at Twenty-Nine Palms, California on the edge of the Mojave Desert; and to northern Norway in support of NATO training exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006182-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Marine Regiment, First Gulf War\nIn January 1990, the Regiment deployed to Saudi Arabia in support of Operation Desert Shield. The Regiment was tasked with providing fire support for the 2nd Marine Division in the war to oust Iraqi forces from occupied Kuwait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006182-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Marine Regiment, Global War on Terrorism\n10th Marines deployed to Kuwait in early 2003 and provided fire support for Task Force Tarawa during the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. Since 2003, the Regiment has continued to deploy battalion headquarters units and their subordinate batteries to Iraq to provide fire support and sometimes also act as provisional rifle companies especially in the Al Anbar province of western part of the country. Units of the regiment also continued to deploy to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006183-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Massachusetts Battery\nThe 10th Massachusetts Battery (or 10th Battery, Massachusetts Light Artillery) was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006183-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Massachusetts Battery, Service\nThe battery was organized Lynnfield, Massachusetts and mustered in September 9, 1862 for a three-year enlistment under the command of Captain Jacob Henry Sleeper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006183-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Massachusetts Battery, Service\nThe battery was attached to Grover's Brigade, Military District of Washington, to February 1863. Jewett's Brigade, XX Corps, Department of Washington, to June 1863. French's Command, VIII Corps, to July 1863. Artillery Brigade, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. Artillery Brigade, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006183-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Massachusetts Battery, Service\nThe 10th Massachusetts Battery mustered out of service June 9, 1865 and was discharged on June 14, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006183-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Massachusetts Battery, Detailed service\nLeft Massachusetts for Washington, D.C., October 14. Duty at Camp Barry, defenses of Washington, October 17 to December 26, 1862. Moved to Poolesville, Md., December 26\u201328, and duty there until June 24, 1863. Moved to Maryland Heights June 24, then to Frederick City and Frederick Junction June 30-July 1. Marched to Williamsport July 8\u201311. Near Antietam Bridge July 12\u201314. Operations in Loudoun Valley July 17\u201331. Wapping Heights July 23. Near Warrenton July 26\u201331. At Sulphur Springs July 31-September 15. Near Culpeper September 17-October 10. Bristoe Campaign October 10\u201322. Auburn October 13. Near Fairfax Station October 15\u201319.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006183-0004-0001", "contents": "10th Massachusetts Battery, Detailed service\nAt Catlett's Station October 21\u201330. At Warrenton Junction until November 6. Kelly's Ford November 7, At Brandy Station November 9\u201325. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Payne's Farm November 27. At Brandy Station December 3, 1863 to April 8, 1864, and at Stevensburg until May 3. Rapidan Campaign May\u2013June. Battles of the Wilderness May 5\u20137. Spotsylvania May 8\u201312. Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient, Spotsylvania Court House, May 12. Harris Farm, Fredericksburg Road, May 19. North Anna River May 23\u201326. Line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006183-0004-0002", "contents": "10th Massachusetts Battery, Detailed service\nSiege of Petersburg June 16, 1864 to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road June 22\u201323, 1864. Demonstration north of the James River July 27\u201329. Deep Bottom July 27\u201328. Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14\u201318. Ream's Station August 25. In the trenches before Petersburg in Battery 14 September 24 to October 24. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27\u201328. In Forts Stevenson, Blaisdell, and Welch until November 29. Movement to Hatcher's Run December 9\u201310. In Forts Emery and Siebert until February 5, 1865. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137. Watkins' House March 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006183-0004-0003", "contents": "10th Massachusetts Battery, Detailed service\nMoved to Dabney's Mills March 30. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 8\u20139. Sailor's Creek April 6. Cover the crossing of II Corps at High Bridge, Farmville, April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. March to Burkesville April 11\u201314. March to Washington, D.C., May 2\u201313. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006183-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Massachusetts Battery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 24 men during service; 2 officers and 6 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 16 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006184-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment was a regiment of infantry in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Organized at Hampden Park in Springfield, Massachusetts in the early summer of 1861 and consisting mostly of men from western Massachusetts, the regiment was mustered in on June 21, 1861. It was originally led by Colonel Henry Shaw Briggs, an attorney and prominent citizen of Pittsfield, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006185-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Massachusetts Regiment\nThe 10th Massachusetts Regiment was a military regiment in the American Revolutionary War. It was authorized on 16 September 1776 in the Continental Army under Colonel Marshall at Boston, Massachusetts, as eight companies of volunteers from Worcester, Middlesex, Essex, Bristol, Hampshire, Plymouth, and Suffolk counties of the colony of Massachusetts and Cheshire county of the colony of New Hampshire. On 13 August 1777 the regiment was assigned to 3d Massachusetts Brigade in the Northern Department. The brigade was reassigned to the main Continental Army on 27 October 1777.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006185-0000-0001", "contents": "10th Massachusetts Regiment\nOn 20 November 1778 the brigade was reassigned to the Highland's Department and on 12 May 1779 was re-organized to nine companies. On 1 January 1781 the regiment was reassigned to the 1st Massachusetts Brigade of the Highland's Department. On 18 June 1781 the regiment was reassigned to the New Hampshire Brigade. This brigade was reassigned from the Highland's Department to the Northern Department on 14 October 1781. The regiment was relieved from this brigade on 12 November 1781 and assigned to the Highland's Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006185-0000-0002", "contents": "10th Massachusetts Regiment\nOn 29 August 1782 the regiment was assigned to the New Hampshire Brigade in the Northern Department. It was relieved from this brigade on 26 October 1782 and assigned to the Highland's Department. The regiment was disbanded on 15 November 1783 at West Point, New York. The regiment would see action at the Battle of Saratoga and the Battle of Monmouth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006185-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Massachusetts Regiment\nColonel Thomas Marshall was commanding officer of the 10th Massachusetts Regiment from 6 November 1776 until 1 January 1781. Colonel Benjamin Tupper was commanding officer from 1 January 1781 until 1 January 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006186-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Mechanised Division (Syria)\nThe 10th Mechanised Division (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 10\u200e) is a division of the Syrian Arab Army, currently engaged in the Syrian Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006186-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Mechanised Division (Syria)\nIn Lebanon in 1982, the 10th Armoured Division was deployed south of the Beirut-Damascus road, and inside Beirut, and consisted of the 76th and 91st Tank Brigades \u2013 equipped with T-62s and BMP-1s \u2013 and the 85th Mechanized Brigade, equipped with T-55s and BTR-60s. The division was also assigned control of the 20th Commando Battalion as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006186-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Mechanised Division (Syria)\nThe same year the division was reported to have taken place in the 1982 Hama massacre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006186-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Mechanised Division (Syria)\nIn 2001 Richard Bennett's estimate of the Army order of battle reported that the 10th Mechanized Division was headquartered in Shtoura, Lebanon, part of the 2nd Corps. Its main units [were in 2001] deployed to control the strategic Beirut-Damascus highway with the 123rd Mechanized Brigade near Yanta, the 51st Armored Brigade near Zahle in the Beqaa Valley and the 85th Armored Brigade, deployed around the complex of positions at Dahr al-Baidar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006186-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Mechanised Division (Syria)\nIn Syria, the division was reported to have become involved in the two battles in al-Qusayr starting on 19 May 2013, as part of the larger al-Qusayr offensive, launched in early April 2013 by the Syrian Army and the Lebanese militia Hezbollah, with the aim of capturing the villages around the rebel-held town of al-Qusayr and ultimately launching an attack on the town itself. al-Qusayr is in Homs Governorate, near the border with Lebanon. The region was strategically important as a supply route for rebels fighting Syrian government forces in Homs, and for its proximity to government-supporting areas along the coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006186-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Mechanised Division (Syria)\nIn course of the Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive in 2016, the division's chief-of-staff, Major General Hassan Saado, was killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006186-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Mechanised Division (Syria), Battle Order\nIn 2013 Holliday estimated the division included the 18th, 62nd, and 85th Mechanised Brigade, and the 56th Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006187-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)\nThe 10th Mechanized Corps was a formation in the Soviet Red Army during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006187-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), First formation\nInitially formed in March 1941 in response the German victories of 1940 it was attached to the Leningrad Military District, & held in reserve near Leningrad Fortified Region in Soviet Union It was under the command of Major General I.G. Lazarev when the German Operation Barbarossa began in June 1941. It initially comprised the 21st and 24th Tank Divisions, & the 198th Mechanized Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006187-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), First formation\nThe 10th Mechanized Corps was transported to Finish border near Imatra, so it was not involved in the first battles of Operation Barbarossa, being brought out of reserve on 10 July 1941. From that date it formed part of the Luga Operational Group under the command of Lieutenant General K. P. Piadyshev, defending the 'Luga Line'. The Luga Line defences were constructed by 55,000 civilians & which and extended from Narva to Shimsk on Lake Ilmen. It first engaged 8th Panzer Division on 13 July 1941 along with the 177th Rifle Division isolating it from its neighbouring divisions for several days around Dno & costing it 70 of its 150 tanks destroyed or damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006187-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), First formation\nHowever the Luga Operational Group was encircled & destroyed on 8 August 1941 near Krasnogvardeisk which resulted in losses of 30,000 men, 120 tanks, and 400 guns. The 10th Mechanized Corps was officially disbanded a short time later although individual units continued to exist separately for a short while.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006187-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), First formation\nBy September 1941 the 198th Mechanized Division had become the 198th Rifle Division and the 24th Tank Division had been dissolved and reformed as the 124th Tank Battalion and 12th Tank Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006187-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), Second Formation\nA second 10th Mechanized Corps was formed in December 1944, but it was only combat ready in summer 1945. It was part of the active army from August 9 to September 3, 1945. and took part in the Harbin\u2013Kirin Offensive Operation during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006187-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), Second Formation\nAfter the war, the corps was reorganized in January 1946 into the 10th Mechanized Division (military unit 71516), which was part of the 25th Army of the Primorsky Military District. Until 1948, it was stationed in Korea along with other units of the 25th Army. Then it was withdrawn to the USSR, transferred to the 5th Army, the staff was stationed in the village of Sibirtsevo, Primorsky Territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006187-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), Second Formation\nIn 1957, it was reorganized into the 84th motorized rifle division, stationed in the town of Suchan, Primorsky Territory. The division was disbanded on July 1, 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006188-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Greece)\nThe 10th Infantry Regiment \"(\u03a7 \u039c\u03a0)\" (Greek: 10\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd (\u03a7 \u039c\u03a0)) is a motorized infantry Regiment of the Hellenic Army. Headquartered in Serres and subordinated to the III Army Corps, it was formed from the former 10th Infantry Division (\u03a7 \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd) on 1 July 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006188-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Greece), History, Early 20th century\nThe 10th Infantry Division was originally formed in March 1913, in preparation for the Second Balkan War, where it participated. After the end of the war it was based at Veroia. It remained loyal to the royal government during the National Schism, and was withdrawn to Thessaly. After the Noemvriana, the 10th Infantry Division was again moved to Tripoli in the Peloponnese, where it was disbanded in early 1917. In 1919, following the Greek landing at Smyrna, the Smyrna Division (\u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03a3\u03bc\u03cd\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2) was formed there, which in November 1920 was renamed as the 10th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 70], "content_span": [71, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006188-0001-0001", "contents": "10th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Greece), History, Early 20th century\nThe division distinguished itself during the Asia Minor Campaign, particularly in the Battle of Afyonkarahisar\u2013Eski\u015fehir. During the Greek retreat in August 1922, it retreated orderly and evacuated over the Marmara Sea to Eastern Thrace. During the next few years it remained based in Veroia. It fought during the Greco-Italian War of 1940\u201341 and was disbanded after the Greek capitulation in April 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 70], "content_span": [71, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006188-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Greece), History, Early 20th century\nIt was re-established at Thessaloniki in 1946 as the 10th Mountain Division (\u03a7 \u039f\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1) and fought in the Greek Civil War under III Army Corps. Renamed to 10th Infantry Division, it was moved to Serres in July 1950, where it remains to this day. It received the honor title \"Rupel\" in 2000, in memory of the Rupel Fortress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 70], "content_span": [71, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006188-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Greece), History, Current use\nIt was reorganized as the 10th Infantry Brigade (10\u03b7 \u03a4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd) on 1 July 2004, coming under the control of I Army Corps, but was reformed as a mechanized infantry unit in November 2009 and subordinated to III Army Corps. It re-acquired a national role after having been reduced to a headquarters-only formation for NATO use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006189-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Meghalaya Assembly\nThe 10th Meghalaya Legislative Assembly was constituted after the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly elections in 2018. The term of the assembly is for five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006190-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Michigan Cavalry Regiment\nThe 10th Michigan Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006190-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Michigan Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th Michigan Cavalry was organized at Grand Rapids, Michigan between September 18 and November 23, 1863. The regiment left Grand Rapids for Lexington, Kentucky, on December 1, 1863. The regiment moved to Knoxville, Tennessee, on February 25 and remained there until March 6. The regiment saw action at Flat Creek Valley on March 15 then moved to Morristown on March 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006190-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Michigan Cavalry Regiment, Service\nIn April 1864, expeditions were made to Carter's Station from April 24\u201328, to Rheatown on April 24, to Jonesboro and Johnsonville on April 25, from Bull's Gap to Watauga River April 25\u201327. Watauga Bridge April 25. Powder Springs Gap April 29. In May, expeditions were made to Newport on May 2 and Dandridge May 19. A reconnaissance from Strawberry Plains to Bull's Gap and Greenville was accomplished from May 28\u201331. In the summer of 1864, a reconnaissance was made to Bean's Station June 14, Wilsonville June 16, and a scout from Strawberry Plains to Greenville August 1\u20135.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006190-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Michigan Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment participated in Gillem's Expedition into East Tennessee August 17\u201331 with the exception of Companies E, F and I that remained in Knoxville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006190-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Michigan Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment took part in General Stoneman's 1865 raid into North Carolina and Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006190-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Michigan Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on November 11, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006190-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Michigan Cavalry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 2 officers and 29 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded and 240 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 271 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006191-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Michigan Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Michigan Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army between February 10, 1862, and August 1, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006191-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th Michigan Infantry was organized at  Flint, Michigan, and  mustered into Federal service for a three-year enlistment on February 10, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006191-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nTenth Michigan Infantry. \u2014 Col., Charles M. Lum; Lieut. -Cols., Christopher J. Dickerson, William H. Dunphy; Majs., James J. Scarrett, Henry S. Burnett, Sylvan Ter Bush. This regiment was organized at Flint during the fall and winter of 1861-62 and was mustered in, Feb. 6, 1862. It left the state April 22, being ordered to Corinth, and was first in action at Farmington. It participated in the siege of Corinth; was engaged at Boonville in June; was then ordered to Nashville and assigned to the 1st brigade, and division, Rosecrans' army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006191-0002-0001", "contents": "10th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nIt was engaged in provost, guard and fatigue duty at Nashville, Murfreesboro and on Stone's river during the year. On Dec. 31 it guarded an ammunition train for the army, made a march of 54 miles (87\u00a0km) in 36 hours, and participated in the engagement at Stone's River (aka Battle of Murfreesboro, TN). On Jan. 3, 1863, Cos. A and D were attacked by a large force of guerrillas, but repulsed them, killing 15 and capturing as many more. On the 25th a squad guarding a train was captured by 200 of the enemy's cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006191-0002-0002", "contents": "10th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nTwenty-seven men of the 10th being near, went forward and routed the enemy with heavy loss, capturing guns and horses and saving most of the train, which had been fired. On April 10 several hundred guerrillas drove a detail of 46 men away from the train they were guarding, but reinforced by 15 men, the guard returned and saved the train. In August and September the regiment joined in the march from Murfreesboro to Columbia, Stevenson, and Bridgeport, Ala., then moved to Anderson's cross-roads, thence to Smith's ferry, which place was reached Oct. 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006191-0002-0003", "contents": "10th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nOn Nov. 26 it participated in the capture of Chickamauga Station, and then moving towards Knoxville marched for several days, but was ordered to Columbus, reaching there Dec. 9. It moved for Chattanooga on the 15th and 395 having reenlisted as veterans on Feb. 6, 1864, they were expecting to receive the longed-for furlough, but instead on the 23d, the regiment was ordered to prepare for a movement into Georgia. The order was cheerfully obeyed and the regiment participated in the battle of Buzzard Roost, losing 13 killed, 36 wounded and 17 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006191-0002-0004", "contents": "10th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nIt made a gallant advance over two sharp ridges, but being unsupported was compelled to return to its earlier stand. The 10th then took part in the successful counter attack at Tunnel Hill before being furloughed home in March and on its return reached Chattanooga May 11, in time to take part in the Atlanta campaign. It was engaged at Resaca, Rome and Dallas, was in reserve at Kennesaw mountain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006191-0002-0005", "contents": "10th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nWhen Confederate General John Bell Hood attacked in defense of Atlanta the 10th fought valiantly at Peach Tree Creek, as well as engagements at Sandtown, Red Oak, Rough and Ready, and at Jonesboro charged the enemy's works, taking 400 prisoners and a stand of colors, losing 30 killed and 47 wounded. It went into camp at Atlanta on Sept. 8, and on the 28th moved to Stevenson, Huntsville, Athens and Florence, skirmishing at the latter place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006191-0002-0006", "contents": "10th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nIt proceeded to Chattanooga, thence to Rome, Ga., and moved forward with the army on the Savannah campaign, engaging in skirmishes at Sandersville and Louisville, four companies defeating a superior force at the latter place. The regiment reached Savannah Dec. 11 and moved into the city on the 21st. It then participated in the campaign of the Carolinas, being engaged with the enemy at Fayetteville, Averasboro, Southfield road and Bentonville. It reached Richmond May 7, was in the grand review at Washington, moved to Louisville, Ky., in June, and was mustered out on July 19. Its original strength was 997: gain by recruits, 791; total, 1,788. Loss by death, 299.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006191-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out on August 1, 1865. The Tenth Michigan Infantry as it exists today is a Civil War Reenactment group dedicated to reliving history by first person impressions and educating on the history of the American Civil War through portrayals in schools, in parades and at local events throughout Michigan and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006191-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 7 officers and 95 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded and 2 officers and 223 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 327 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006192-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Minnesota Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Minnesota Infantry Regiment was a Minnesota USV infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006192-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Minnesota Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th Minnesota Infantry Regiment was recruited into Federal service at Garden City, Winnebago Agency, Fort Snelling and St. Paul, Minnesota, between August 12 and November 15, 1862. The 10th took part in the defense of New Ulm on 24-25 August 1862. Companies G & I were at Fort Ridgely. Company I had a detachment at the Battle of Birch Coulee that also was involved in the Battle of Wood Lake. In December Companies A, B, F, G, H, and K were guards at the hanging of 38 Sioux in Mankato.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006192-0001-0001", "contents": "10th Minnesota Infantry Regiment, Service\nCompanies D, E, and H of the 9th Minnesota were posted there too. The Regiment was part of Col.Sibleys force at the Battle of Big Mound, Battle of Buffalo Lake, and the Battle of Stony Lake. Afterwards the Regiment was sent south to the District of St. Louis. From there they joined the 1st Brigade, 1st Division Army of Tennessee and later the 16th Army Corps in west Mississippi. The 10th Minnesota Infantry was mustered out on August 18, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006192-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Minnesota Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th Minnesota Infantry suffered 2 officers and 35 enlisted men killed in action or who later died of their wounds, plus another 4 officers and 111 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 152 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006193-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Minnesota Legislature\nThe tenth Minnesota Legislature first convened on January 7, 1868. The 11 members of the Minnesota Senate who represented even-numbered districts were chosen in the General Election of November 6, 1866, while the 11 members of the Minnesota Senate who represented odd-numbered districts, and the 47 members of the Minnesota House of Representatives, were chosen in the General Election of November 5, 1867.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006193-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Minnesota Legislature, Sessions\nThe legislature met in a regular session from January 7, 1868 to March 6, 1868. There were no special sessions of the 10th Minnesota Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006194-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Mirchi Music Awards\nThe 10th Mirchi Music Awards, presented by the Radio Mirchi, honoured the best music professionals of Hindi language Indian films of 2017. The ceremony was held on 28 January 2018 at the Dome @ National Sports Club of India, Mumbai and was hosted by Sonu Nigam. There were many performances, including those by Shreya Ghoshal, Ayushmann Khurrana, Javed Ali, Harshdeep Kaur and Neha Bhasin. A musical tribute was given to A. R. Rahman for completing his 25 years in the Indian cinema. Jab Harry Met Sejal won a leading five awards including Album of the Year and Song of the Year for \"Hawayein\". The show was broadcast on 18 March 2018 on Zee TV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006194-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Mirchi Music Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe winners were selected by the members of jury, chaired by Kavita Krishnamurthy. The following are the names of nominees and winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006194-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Mirchi Music Awards, Jury\nThe jury was chaired by Kavita Krishnamurthy. Other members were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006195-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Missile Squadron\nThe 10th Missile Squadron  is a United States Air Force unit. It is assigned to the 341st Operations Group, stationed at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana. The squadron is equipped with the LGM-30G Minuteman III Intercontinental ballistic missile, with a mission of nuclear deterrence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006195-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Missile Squadron, History, World War II\nEstablished in 1939 as a prewar bombardment squadron, it was equipped with a mixture of Douglas B-18 Bolo medium and early-model Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers. It trained over the US east coast flying training missions. It also had some second-line Northrop A-17 Nomad dive bombers assigned. After the outbreak of World War II in Europe it flew patrols over the Atlantic Coast searching for German U-boat activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006195-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Missile Squadron, History, World War II\nDeployed to Borinquen Field, Puerto Rico in late 1940, the unit was assigned to the Caribbean Air Force, 25th Bombardment Group. The unit was called to face possible action, with its sister 1st Bombardment Squadron, in April and May 1942, however, when it patrolled the Vichy French Martinique area. By 1 November 1942, the squadron was transferred (minus personnel) to Edinburgh Field, Trinidad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006195-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Missile Squadron, History, World War II\nIn August 1943, the 10th Squadron, which had by then been consolidated with the personnel and equipment of the old 1st Bombardment Squadron re-equipped with the North American B-25 Mitchell. A detachment was also maintained at Port-of-Spain at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006195-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Missile Squadron, History, World War II\nWith the Navy taking over the antisubmarine mission, the squadron moved to France Field, Canal Zone in December 1943, where it became an element of the VI Bomber Command. The Squadron carried on patrols up and down the Atlantic coast of Panama and into neighboring Colombian waters until relieved from assignment to Sixth Air Force and returned to the United States. on 2 May 1944. It moved to Lincoln Army Air Field, Nebraska where it became a B-25 Mitchell medium bomber replacement training unit under Second Air Force. Inactivated June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006195-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Missile Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command\nThe squadron was reactivated in 1955 as a Strategic Air Command (SAC) Boeing B-47 Stratojet squadron. It trained in air refueling and strategic bombardment operations with the B-47. In 1961, the squadron transferred its B-47s to other SAC wings and was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006195-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Missile Squadron, History, Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Squadron\nIt was reactivated on 1 December 1961 as an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile squadron assigned to the 341st Missile Wing at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana. It was initially equipped with 50 LGM-30A Minuteman Is in early 1962, becoming SAC's first operational Minuteman squadron. It upgraded to the Minuteman IB in 1964 and the Minuteman IIF in 1967. It received control of LGM-30G Minuteman III silos from the inactivating 321st Strategic Missile Wing at Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota in 1996; the Minuteman IIs being retired. It has maintained ICBMs on alert ever since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006195-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Missile Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006196-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Mississippi Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Mississippi Infantry Regiment was a regiment of infantry in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought in several campaigns and battles in the Western Theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006196-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Mississippi Infantry Regiment, \"Old\" 10th Mississippi\nThe 10th Mississippi Infantry was organized in March 1861 with an original enrollment of 841 officers and men for a term of one year. Among the officers was future Confederate general Joseph R. Davis, a nephew of President Jefferson Davis. The original companies, under the command of Col. Seaburne M. Phillips, were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006196-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Mississippi Infantry Regiment, \"Old\" 10th Mississippi\nThe troops assembled in Mobile, Alabama, and were transported to Pensacola, Florida, for garrison duty there to help man the coastal defenses. They encamped near Fort Barrancas, opposite Fort Pickens and Santa Rosa Island, both held by Union troops. Several companies engaged in building new fortifications or strengthening existing ones, as well as supporting the artillery crews during periodic bombardments over four months. Colonel Phillips and scores of other men died of disease while stationed near Pensacola. The depleted regiment fought in the Battle of Santa Rosa Island in October 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006196-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Mississippi Infantry Regiment, \"Old\" 10th Mississippi\nIn February 1862, the regiment was sent back to Mississippi, where it was brigaded with other Mississippi troops under the overall command of Col. James R. Chalmers. The term of enlistment expired in March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006196-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Mississippi Infantry Regiment, \"New\" 10th Mississippi\nThe regiment was reorganized at Corinth on March 15, 1862, for a term of two years. The new companies were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006196-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Mississippi Infantry Regiment, \"New\" 10th Mississippi\nIn April, the new 10th, now under the command of Col. Robert A. Smith and numbering only 360 men, fought in the Battle of Shiloh in West Tennessee. It later participated in Braxton Bragg's Kentucky Campaign and suffered significant casualties at the Battle of Munfordville, including Colonel Smith. Chalmers' Brigade, including the 10th Mississippi, was part in the advance toward Louisville in September. Under Col. James Barr Jr., the 10th fought in the Battle of Perryville before retreating with Bragg's beaten army across the Cumberland Gap on October 20. Marching through Tennessee, the regiment camped near Murfreesboro, Tennessee, in November. It fought in the subsequent Battle of Stones River in late December and early January 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006196-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Mississippi Infantry Regiment, \"New\" 10th Mississippi\nThe 10th again was part of a general Confederate retreat, finally encamping near Tullahoma, Tennessee, until July 1863 when it advanced to Chattanooga and then on to Bridgeport, Alabama. It subsequently participated in the Chickamauga Campaign in September and in the attack on Missionary Ridge at Chattanooga in November before retreating to winter quarters near Dalton, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006196-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Mississippi Infantry Regiment, \"New\" 10th Mississippi\nIn the spring and summer of 1864, the 10th participated in the Atlanta Campaign. Colonel Barr was mortally wounded in the Battle of Marietta and replaced by James M. Walker. The survivors were part of the Franklin-Nashville Campaign in November before wintering near Meridian, Mississippi. In the spring of 1865, the consolidated regiment took part in the Carolinas Campaign before surrendering with the army of Joseph E. Johnston at Bennett Place in North Carolina in April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006197-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 10th Missouri Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006197-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 10th Missouri Cavalry Regiment was organized at Jefferson Barracks in St. Louis, Missouri, in October 1862 and mustered in for three years. It was organized from the 28th Missouri Infantry. Additionally, Bowen's Battalion was assigned as Companies A, B, C, and D, and six companies were organized for the 9th Missouri Cavalry and assigned December 17, 1862, as Companies E, F, G, and H.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006197-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of St. Louis, Missouri, to January 1863. District of Memphis, Tennessee, XVI Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to March 1863. Cavalry Brigade, District of Corinth, XVI Corps, to June 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, XVI Corps, to August 1863. Cavalry Brigade, XV Corps, to December 1863. Winslow's Cavalry Brigade, XVI Corps, and District of Vicksburg to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, XVI Corps, to June 1864. 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Sturgis' Expedition, June 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, District of West Tennessee, to November 1864. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division Mississippi, to December 1864. 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, District of West Tennessee, to February 1865. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division Mississippi, to May 1865. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division Mississippi, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 1007]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006197-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 10th Missouri Cavalry mustered out of service on June 20, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006197-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nMoved to Memphis, Tenn., December 1862. Duty in the District of Memphis, Tenn., until February 1863. Moved to Corinth, Miss., February 7\u201315. Actions at Glendale and Tuscumbia, Ala., February 22. Duty in that district until June. Courtney's Plantation April 11. Burnsville, Ala., and Glendale, Miss., April 14. Dodge's Expedition into northern Alabama April 15-May 8. Barton Station April 16\u201317. Dickson Station, Great Bear Creek, Cherokee Station, and Lundy's Lane April 17. Dickson's Station April 19. Rock Cut near Tuscumbia April 22. Dickson's Station and Tuscumbia April 23. Leighton April 23. Lundy's Lane April 25. Town Creek April 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006197-0004-0001", "contents": "10th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nExpedition from Burnesville to Tupelo, Miss., May 2\u20138. Guntown May 4. Tupelo May 5. Near Vicksburg, Miss., May 18 (Company C). Expedition from Corinth to Florence, Ala., May 26\u201331. Florence, Ala., May 28. Hamburg Landing, Tenn., May 29\u201330. Iuka, Miss., July 7. Jackson, Miss., July 29. Jacinto August 13. Expedition from Corinth to Henderson, Tenn., September 11\u201316. Clark's Creek Church September 13 (detachment). Yazoo City, Miss., September 27. Expedition from Big Black River to Yazoo City September 27-October 1 (detachment). Brownsville September 28. Canton September 28. Moore's Ford near Benton September 29. Messenger's Ford October 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006197-0004-0002", "contents": "10th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nExpedition to Canton October 14\u201322. Brownsville October 15. Canton Road near Brownsville October 15\u201316. Treadwell's Plantation near Clinton and Vernon Cross Roads October 16. Bogue Chitto Creek October 17. Robinson's Mill near Livingston October 17. Livingston Road near Clinton October 18. Treadwell's Plantation October 20. Brownsville October 22. Near Yazoo City October 31. Operations about Natchez, Miss., December 1\u201310. Natchez December 10 (detachment). Meridian Campaign February 3-March 2, 1864. Near Bolton's Depot and Champion Hill February 4. Jackson February 5. Morton and Brandon February 7. Morton February 8. Meridian February 9\u201313. Hillsboro February 10. Meridian February 13\u201314.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006197-0004-0003", "contents": "10th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nLaudersdale Springs February 16. Union February 21\u201322. Canton February 24. Near Canton February 26. Sharon February 27. Canton February 29. Livingston March 27. Near Mechanicsburg April 20. Ordered to Memphis, Tenn., April 29. Bolivar, Tenn., May 2. Sturgis' Expedition to Guntown, Miss., June 1\u201313. Rienzi, Miss., June 6. Danville, Miss., June 6. Brice's or Tishamingo Creek near Guntown June 10. Guntown June 24. Smith's Expedition to Tupelo, Miss., July 5\u201321. Tupelo July 14\u201315. Old Town Creek July 15. Smith's Expedition to Oxford, Miss., August 1\u201330. Tallahatchie River August 7\u20139. Hurricane Creek and Oxford August 9. Tallahatchie River August 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006197-0004-0004", "contents": "10th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nOxford August 12. Hurricane Creek August 13\u201314 and 19. Holly Springs August 27\u201328. Moved to Little Rock September 2\u20139. Campaign against Price in Arkansas and Missouri September 17-November 30. Actions at Little Blue October 21. Big Blue and State Line October 22. Westport October 23. Engagement at the Marmiton October 25. Osage, Mine Creek, Marias Des Cygnes, October 25. Rolla November 1. Expedition from Memphis to Moscow November 9\u201313. A detachment on Grierson's Raid on Mobile & Ohio Railroad December 21, 1864, to January 5, 1865. Verona December 25. Egypt Station December 28, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006197-0004-0005", "contents": "10th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nRegiment at Louisville, Ky., until February 1865. Moved to Gravelly Springs, Ala., February 5\u201315, 1865. Wilson's Raid from Chickasaw, Ala., to Macon, Ga., March 22-April 24. Near Montevallo, Ala., March 31. Ebenezer Church near Maplesville April 1. Selma April 2. Columbia, Ga., April 16. Capture of Macon, Ga., April 20. Duty at Macon and in Georgia until June. (Company C in demonstration on Haines' Blur April 29-May 2, 1863. Siege of Vicksburg May 18-July 4. Advance on Jackson, Miss., July 5\u201310. Siege of Jackson July 10\u201317. Jackson July 29. Expedition to Yazoo City September 27-October 1.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006197-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 352 men during service; 2 officers and 52 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 295 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006198-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate)\nThe 10th Regiment Missouri Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was organized on November 10, 1862 and was assigned to the brigade of Brigadier General Mosby M. Parsons. The regiment fought at the Battle of Prairie Grove, where both the regiment's colonel and lieutenant colonel were killed. The regiment fought at the Battle of Helena on July 4, 1863, where it suffered heavy casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006198-0000-0001", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate)\nBeginning in late 1863, the 12th Missouri Infantry Regiment was attached to the regiment; the men of the 12th Missouri Infantry were officially merged into the regiment in late 1864. The regiment fought at the battles of Pleasant Hill and Jenkins' Ferry in April. On June 8, 1865, the men of the regiment were paroled and sent back to Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006198-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Organization\nThe 10th Missouri Infantry Regiment was mustered into the Confederate army on November 10, 1862, while the men of the regiment were stationed east of Fort Smith, Arkansas. To form the regiment, a cavalry battalion commanded by Alexander E. Steen was consolidated with a unit of recruits led by John M. Johnson and elements of the Missouri State Guard. After the mustering-in process was completed, there were 650 men in the regiment, although many were poorly armed. Steen was appointed as the regiment's first colonel, William C. Chappell was the regiment's first lieutenant colonel, and Alexander C. Pickett was the first major. As of the date of organization, the regiment's company structure was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006198-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), History, 1862\nAfter formation, the regiment was assigned to the brigade of Brigadier General Mosby M. Parsons. On December 7, 1862, the regiment was engaged at the Battle of Prairie Grove. Early in the action, Parsons' Brigade was positioned on the left of the Confederate main line, with the 10th Missouri Infantry on the right. Later in the battle, Parsons' Brigade attacked a Union position. The 10th Missouri Infantry engaged the 2nd Indiana Battery; the regiment suffered heavily from canister fire. During the attack, Steen was shot in the head and killed; Chappell was killed soon after. The brigade broke, and the fighting at Prairie Grove ended. At Prairie Grove, the regiment lost 31 men killed, 62 wounded, and 3 missing, for a total of 96; Pickett replaced Steen as commander of the regiment. The regiment then occupied quarters in Van Buren, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006198-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), History, 1863\nIn January 1863, the regiment was transferred to Little Rock, Arkansas, where it spent the rest of the winter. On May 3, the regiment was officially named by order of Major General Sterling Price; the regiment had been known by the name of its commander previously. Later in May, the regiment moved with the rest of Price's command to Jacksonport, Arkansas. Towards the end of June, Price then sent his men towards Helena, Arkansas, in order to attack a Union force stationed there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006198-0003-0001", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), History, 1863\nOn July 4, during the Battle of Helena, the 10th Missouri Infantry and the rest of Parsons' Brigade attacked a position known as Graveyard Hill. Parsons' attack was successful, but other Confederate forces were unable to penetrate the Union lines. As a result, Union forces were able to concentrate against Parsons' Brigade, driving it from the field and capturing many of the Missourians. In five hours of fighting, the 10th Missouri Infantry lost 11 men killed, 41 wounded, and 237 captured, for a total of 289; only 236 men remained in the regiment on July 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006198-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), History, 1863\nAfter the retreat from Helena, the 10th Missouri Infantry manned defenses around Little Rock. However, Union Major General Frederick Steele's attacking column moved around the Confederate defenses, attacking Little Rock from the rear. The 10th Missouri Infantry saw no action at Little Rock and left the city on September 10, moving to Arkadelphia, Arkansas. On November 22, the 12th Missouri Infantry Regiment, which contained fewer than 200 men due to heavy losses, was reduced to two companies and attached to the 10th Missouri Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006198-0004-0001", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), History, 1863\nTo make room for the men from the 12th Missouri Infantry in the company structure, Company F of the 10th Missouri Infantry was sent to the 38th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, and Companies G and K were eventually combined. The regiment spent the winter stationed at various points in southern Arkansas. An election was held on December 2; Pickett was defeated in the election and was replaced as colonel by William M. Moore, former commander of Company A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006198-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), History, 1864\u20131865\nIn late March 1864, the 10th Missouri Infantry was assigned to a brigade commanded by Colonel Simon P. Burns in a division commanded by Parsons. In early April, a Union army under command of Major General Nathaniel P. Banks began moving towards Shreveport, Louisiana, in the Red River Campaign. On April 9, Burns' Brigade joined the command of Major General Richard Taylor at Pleasant Hill, Louisiana. Later that day, the regiment participated in the Battle of Pleasant Hill. Parsons' division, which was on the right flank of the Confederate line, attacked the Union line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006198-0005-0001", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), History, 1864\u20131865\nThe attack was initially successful, driving in part of the Union line, but a Union counterattack defeated the Confederates. The Confederates retreated in some disarray. The Union force abandoned the field after the battle. At Pleasant Hill, the regiment lost 10 men killed and 25 wounded, for a total of 35.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006198-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), History, 1864\u20131865\nThe division then went on the offensive, marching north towards Camden, Arkansas, to attack a garrison of troops commanded by Major General Frederick Steele. Steele's force abandoned Camden before the Confederates could lay it under siege; the Confederates pursued Steele. On April 30, Confederate troops caught up with Steele at the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry. At Jenkins' Ferry, Burn's Brigade charged the Union line and encountered the 33rd Iowa Infantry Regiment and the 12th Kansas Infantry Regiment. Burns' Brigade was able to outflank the Iowa and Kansas regiments, who then fell back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006198-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), History, 1864\u20131865\nHowever, Union reinforcements quickly arrived and repulsed the Confederate attack, driving Burns' Brigade back to the area where it had begun its attack. The battle had been fought in a rainstorm; many of the 10th Missouri Infantry's battlefield maneuvers were completed in knee-deep water. After the battle, the Union troops were able to escape across the Saline River by using pontoon bridges. The 10th Missouri Infantry had lost three men killed and eight wounded in the fighting; one of the slain was Lieutenant Colonel Simon Harris. On September 19, the remnant of the 12th Missouri Infantry that had been attached to the 10th Missouri Infantry was officially consolidated into the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006198-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), History, 1864\u20131865\nThe regiment spent the rest of 1864 and the beginning of 1865 encamped at various points in southern Arkansas and in the Shreveport area. On June 8, 1865, the survivors of the regiment were paroled while stationed at Shreveport. The steamboat E. H. Fairchild was used to ship the men back to Missouri. The regiment's flag was not surrendered; the men of the regiment tore it into pieces and distributed the pieces as souvenirs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006199-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union)\nThe 10th Missouri Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006199-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 10th Missouri Infantry Regiment was organized at St. Louis, Missouri in August 1861 and mustered in for three years service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006199-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was attached to the Department of the Missouri to May 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Army of the Mississippi, to November 1862. 2nd Brigade, 7th Division, Left Wing, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to December 1862. 2nd Brigade, 7th Division, XVI Corps, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 7th Division, XVII Corps, to September 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XVII Corps, to December 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XV Corps, to October 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006199-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nCompanies A, B, C, D, E, F, and G mustered out of service on August 24, 1864. Because their term of service was not complete, Company H was attached to Company E, 24th Missouri Infantry. Companies I and K mustered out October 31, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006199-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nGuarded Pacific Railroad until November 1861. Expedition through Jefferson County September 1\u20133. Fulton, Mo., October 28. At Hermann, Mo., December 1\u201323. Expedition through Warren, Callaway, Boone and Audrain Counties December 1861. At Warrenton, Mo., until February 1862. At High Bridge until April. At Cape Girardeau, Mo., until April 30. Moved to Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., April 30. Coffey's Landing, Tenn., May 2. Siege of Corinth, Miss., May 5\u201330. Action at Farmington May 9 (reserve). Skirmish on Booneville Road May 29. Pursuit to Booneville May 31-June 12. At Corinth until August. At Jacinto until September 18. Battle of Iuka September 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006199-0004-0001", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nBattle of Corinth October 3\u20134. Grant's Central Mississippi Campaign November 1862 to January 1863. Escort train to Memphis, Tenn., December 20\u201330, 1862. Guard duty on Memphis & Charleston Railroad at Germantown and near Memphis until March 1863. Expedition to Yazoo Pass and operations against Fort Pemberton and Greenwood March 13-April 5. Moved to Milliken's Bend, La., and duty there until April 25. Movement on Bruinsburg, Mississippi and turning Grand Gulf April 25\u201330. Battle of Port Gibson May 1. Big Black River May 3. Battles of Raymond May 12. Jackson May 14. Champion Hill May 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006199-0004-0002", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nSiege of Vicksburg, Miss., May 18-July 4. Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22. Surrender of Vicksburg July 4. Garrison duty at Vicksburg until September 12. At Helena, Ark., until October 1. Moved to Memphis, then marched to Chattanooga, Tenn., October 1-November 22. Operations on Memphis & Charleston Railroad in Alabama October 20\u201329. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Tunnel Hill November 23\u201324. Missionary Ridge November 25. At Bridgeport, Ala., until January 1, 1864. At Royd's Station and Brownsboro, Ala., along Memphis & Charleston Railroad until June 15. (Constructed bridge across Flint River at Brownsboro.) Moved to Kingston, Ga., via Huntsville and Stevenson, Ala., June 15\u201320. Moved to Resaca July 2, and duty there until August 17. (Companies I and K until October.) Defense of Resaca October 12\u201313 (Companies I and K).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006199-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 331 men during service; 3 officers and 98 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 228 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006199-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Commanders\nBronze relief portrait of Colonel Samuel A. Holmes at Vicksburg National Military Park", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006200-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Moscow International Film Festival\nThe 10th Moscow International Film Festival was held 7-21 July 1977. The Golden Prizes were awarded to the Hungarian film The Fifth Seal directed by Zolt\u00e1n F\u00e1bri, the Spanish film El puente directed by Juan Antonio Bardem and the Soviet film Mimino directed by Georgiy Daneliya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006201-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (Poland)\nThe 10th Cavalry Brigade (Polish: 10. Brygada Kawalerii) was a Polish military unit in World War II. It was the only fully operational Polish motorized infantry unit during the Invasion of Poland, as Warsaw Armoured Motorized Brigade was not completed by September 1, 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006201-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (Poland)\nCommanded by Colonel, later General Stanis\u0142aw Maczek, it is considered one of few Polish World War II military units (brigade size or larger) not to have been decisively defeated in 1939. Another notable large unit was General Franciszek Kleeberg's Independent Operational Group Polesie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006201-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (Poland), Organized in 1937\nThe unit was organized in February 1937, partly as an experiment. It was to be a hybrid between a standard motorized infantry brigade and the French concept of Division legere. As Polish cavalry generals still had some doubts about the value of mechanized forces, there was some opposition against reforming standard cavalry units into motorized units. Testing of the new unit was held in a specially created training ground near Kielce, as well as in the Armoured Units Training School. The brigade was conceived as an emergency unit in the Commander-in-Chief\u2019s reserve. Its task was to screen the areas of concentration of Polish troops, to close gaps made by enemy forces in Polish lines and to fight enemy mechanized units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006201-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (Poland), 1939 exercise\nThe Brigade's first offensive exercise, in 1939, was considered a failure. The Brigade had inadequate anti-tank ordnance to counter potential enemy armoured units. The Brigade was also thought insufficiently versatile, especially compared with a standard cavalry unit, which had much better off-road capabilities and speed. Because of that, several structural changes were introduced which would later be copied during the formation of the Warsaw Armoured Cavalry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006201-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (Poland), 1939 exercise\nThe 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade's commanding officer was Colonel Stanis\u0142aw Maczek, and his chief of staff was Major Franciszek Skibi\u0144ski. Though the Brigade was fully motorized, it was still officially called the \"10th Cavalry Brigade\"; however, most print sources refer to it as \"Motorized\" to distinguish it from its predecessor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006201-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (Poland), Role during invasion of Poland\nDuring the Invasion of Poland in September 1939, the brigade was attached to the Krak\u00f3w Army defending Lesser Poland and Silesia. Equipped with only light tanks and tankettes and without a battalion (\"dywizjon\") of heavy artillery attached to it , which left the unit with only 8 heavier cannons, it went into battle during the first day of the German invasion. After the Battle of Jordan\u00f3w Maczek's unit faced the entire German XVIII Corps of General Eugen Beyer and successfully shielded the southern flank of the Polish forces along the Beskids. Supported by several battalions of Border Guards and National Defense forces, the Polish motorized unit fought against two Panzer divisions (4th Light Division under von Hubicki and the 2nd Panzer Division under Veiel), as well as the 3rd Mountain Division under Eduard Dietl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006201-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (Poland), Role during invasion of Poland\nFor five days Maczek\u2019s brigade effectively slowed the German advance. Despite numerical and technical superiority, the German units' daily gain was no more than 10 kilometres. Polish soldiers took advantage of difficult, mountainous terrain, stopping German attacks and occasionally counter-attacking. However, after the front of the Krak\u00f3w Army was broken to the north of brigade's position, it was pulled out from the front line. The brigade then fought as a screening unit, defending the bridges and fords in Lesser Poland, until it arrived in Lw\u00f3w and joined the city\u2019s defenders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006201-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (Poland), Role during invasion of Poland\nThe unit was to be formed into a mobile reserve during the battle for Lw\u00f3w to facilitate the withdrawal of other Polish units towards the Romanian Bridgehead. However, the plan was made obsolete by the invasion of Poland by the Soviet Union on September 17. After two days, Edward Rydz-\u015amig\u0142y, Marshal of Poland ordered the brigade to cross the Hungarian border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006201-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (Poland), Role during invasion of Poland\nColonel Maczek\u2019s brigade was interned in Hungary. The unit lost about half of its men, but was never defeated in open combat, gaining even the enemy's respect. The Germans called the 10th Cavalry Brigade \"Die Schwarze Brigade\" \u2013 \"The Black Brigade\", because of the black jackets worn by the Polish mechanized troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006201-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (Poland), Role during invasion of Poland\nIn his book Invincible Black Brigade: Polish 10th Cavalry Brigade 1939, the author Jerzy Majka states that the black leather jackets were worn only by officers and NCOs. They were also worn by motorcycle troops and armour crewman - certainly enough black leather to acquire the nickname \"The Black Brigade\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006201-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (Poland), Fighting in France\nThe unit's history did not, however, end in 1939. With the tacit support of Hungarians, most of its soldiers managed to reach France to join the Polish Army led by General Sikorski. They fought in France in 1940 as the renamed 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade. During the Fall of France in June 1940 the veterans of \"The Black Brigade\" were evacuated to Great Britain where they became the core of the Polish 1st Armoured Division formed in February 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006201-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (Poland), In Popular Culture\nA detailed account of the brigade and its actions is a major part of the historical fiction novel A Witness to Gallantry:  An American Spy in Poland 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006202-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine)\nThe 10th Mountain Assault Brigade is a mountain warfare brigade of the Ukrainian Ground Forces. It is part of Operational Command West and is based in Kolomyia. Formed in late 2015, the brigade fought in the war in Donbas between May and November 2016, defending positions around Marinka. It again deployed to the Donbas in September 2017, defending positions around Popasna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006202-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History\nThe brigade was formed on 30 October 2015 in Koloymia, part of Operational Command West. It included the 24th Separate Assault Battalion, the former Aidar Battalion. The brigade's first commander was Colonel and Hero of Ukraine Vasyl Zubanych, a former battalion commander in the 128th Mechanized Brigade. In an interview at the time, Zubanych stated that the brigade would be deployed to the Donbas if necessary in a war with Russia. The main purpose of the brigade at the time was to protect Northern Bukovina from Romanian territorial claims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006202-0001-0001", "contents": "10th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History\nThe first group of recruits were 1,000 volunteers on a contract basis. There initially was a 25% pay increase offered to recruits, as recognition of their status as mountain troops. In January 2016, it was reported by the Ukrainian Ministry of Defence that the brigade was ready to begin combat training. As of January 2016 the brigade was stationed at Bila Tserkva pending completion of new barracks in Kolomyia. In February 2016, it was decided by the Ukrainian Ground Forces to form a new Bukovina mountain battalion at Chernivtsi. The 8th Separate Motorized Infantry Battalion and the 46th Separate Special-Purpose Battalion \"Donbas-Ukraine\" also became part of the brigade. The 8th Motorized Infantry, the 24th Assault, and the 46th Separate Special Purpose Battalion formed the entirety of the brigade, consisting of a few thousand men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006202-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History\nThe brigade fought in the war in Donbas from 25 May to November 2016. The brigade defended the area around Marinka, Krasnohorivka, Taramchuk,  Stepne, and Solodke. Immediately after the brigade took over its sector, it was shelled by separatist and Russian artillery, mortars, and tanks, mainly at night. The brigade also defended against repeated assaults by Russian and separatist troops. On the Independence Day of Ukraine, 24 August 2016, President Petro Poroshenko presented the brigade its battle flag. Between September and October, four soldiers of the brigade were killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006202-0002-0001", "contents": "10th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History\nAfter the end of its tour in the Donbas, the brigade returned to Kolomyia in November. It suffered a total of 22 soldiers killed in action during its combat tour. At this time the 24th Assault and 46th Separate Special Purpose Battalions were withdrawn from the brigade due to a desire to avoid stationing them far from their homes as 80% of their personnel were from eastern Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006202-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History\nTo replace the assault battalions, the 109th and 108th Separate Mountain Assault Battalions were formed on 5 and 11 December, respectively. They were initially understrength due to being drawn from cadres from the 53rd and 54th Mechanized Brigades. After its return to Kolomyia, the brigade began mountain training, which it had not had time to commence before being sent to the front. Its first mountain climb took place on 13 January 2017 on Veliky Verkh. In the second half of February, brigade personnel climbed Hoverla, the tallest peak in Ukraine, and planted a Ukrainian flag in honor of the Ukrainian dead at the Battle of Debaltseve on the mountain summit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006202-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History\nIn September it returned to the Donbas, defending positions around Popasna. A soldier from the brigade was killed in action on 23 September during fighting at Novooleksandrivka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division\nThe 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry) is a light infantry division in the United States Army based at Fort Drum, New York. Designated as a mountain warfare unit, the division is the only one of its size in the US military to receive intense specialized training for fighting in mountainous and arctic conditions. More recently, the 10th Mountain has been conducting operations in Iraq and Syria advising and assisting Iraqi Security Forces and People's Defense Units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division\nOriginally activated as the 10th Light Division (Alpine) in 1943, the division was redesignated the 10th Mountain Division in 1944 and fought in the mountains of Italy in some of the roughest terrain in World War II. On 5 May 1945 the Division reached Nauders, Austria, just beyond the Reschen Pass, where it made contact with German forces being pushed south by the U.S. Seventh Army. A status quo was maintained until the enemy headquarters involved had completed their surrender to the Seventh. On 6 May, 10th Mountain troops met the 44th Infantry Division of Seventh Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division\nFollowing the war, the division was deactivated, only to be reactivated and redesignated as the 10th Infantry Division in 1948. The division first acted as a training division and, in 1954, was converted to a full combat division and sent to Germany before being deactivated again in 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division\nReactivated again in 1985, the division was designated the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry) to historically tie it to the World War II division and to also better describe its modern disposition. Since its reactivation, the division or elements of the division have deployed numerous times. The division has participated in Operation Desert Storm (Saudi Arabia), Hurricane Andrew disaster relief (Homestead, Florida), Operation Restore Hope and Operation Continue Hope (Somalia), Operation Uphold Democracy (Haiti), Operation Joint Forge (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Operation Joint Guardian (Kosovo), and several deployments as part of the Multinational Force and Observers (Sinai Peninsula).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division\nSince 2001, the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry) has been the most deployed unit in the US military. Its combat brigades have seen over 20 deployments, to both Iraq and Afghanistan, in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Formation\nThe 10th Division was originally organized in 1918 as a Regular Army and National Army division for World War I. However, it did not go overseas and demobilized in February 1919 at Camp Funston, Kansas. It was redesignated the Panama Canal Division after the war and shares no connection with the 10th Mountain Division activated during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Formation\nIn November 1939, during the Soviet Union's invasion of Finland, Russian efforts were frustrated following the destruction of two armored divisions by Finnish soldiers on skis. The conflict caught global attention as the outnumbered and outgunned Finnish soldiers were able to use the difficult local terrain to their advantage, severely hampering the Soviet attacks and embarrassing their military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Formation\nUpon seeing the effectiveness of these troops, Charles Minot Dole, the president of the National Ski Patrol, began to lobby the War Department of the need for a similar unit of troops in the United States Army, trained for fighting in winter and mountain warfare. In September 1940, Dole was able to present his case to General George Marshall, the U.S. Army Chief of Staff, who agreed with Dole's assessment, deciding to create a \"Mountain\" unit for fighting in harsh terrain. The U.S. Army authorized the formation of the platoon sized Army Ski Patrol in November 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0006-0002", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Formation\nThe first Patrol was formed at Camp Murray as part of the 41st Infantry Division under Lt. Ralph S. Phelps (later to become commanding General of the 41st). The army, prompted by fears that its standing force would not perform well in the event of a winter attack on the Northeastern coast, as well as knowledge that the German Army already had three mountain warfare divisions known as Gebirsjagers, approved the concept for a division. This required an overhaul of U.S. military doctrine, as the concept of winter warfare had not been tested in the army since 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0006-0003", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Formation\nAt first, planners envisioned ten mountain divisions, but personnel shortages revised the goal to three. Eventually, the 10th Mountain Division would be the only one brought to active duty. Military leaders continued to express concern of the feasibility of a division-sized mountain warfare unit until the fall of 1941, when they received reports that Greek mountain troops had held back superior numbers of unprepared Italian troops in the Albanian mountains during the Greco-Italian War. The Italian military had lost a disastrous 25,000 men in the campaign because of their lack of preparedness to fight in the mountains. On 22 October 1941, General Marshall decided to form the first battalion of mountain warfare troops for a new mountain division. The Ski Patrol would assist in its training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Formation\nOn 8 December 1941, the day after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the army activated its first mountain unit, the 87th Mountain Infantry Battalion (which was later expanded to the 87th Infantry Regiment) at Fort Lewis, Washington, south of Tacoma. It was the first mountain warfare unit in U.S. military history. The National Ski Patrol took on the unique role of recruiting for the 87th Infantry Regiment and later the division, becoming the only civilian recruiting agency in military history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0007-0001", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Formation\nArmy planners favored recruiting experienced skiers for the unit instead of trying to train standing troops in mountain warfare, so Dole recruited from schools, universities and ski clubs for the unit. The 87th trained in harsh conditions, including Mount Rainier's 14,411-foot (4,392\u00a0m) peak, throughout 1942 as more recruits were brought in to form the division. Initial training was conducted by Olympian Rolf Monsen. A new garrison was built for the division in central Colorado at Camp Hale, at an elevation of 9,200 feet (2,800\u00a0m) above sea level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, World War II\nThe 10th Light Division (Alpine) was constituted on 10 July 1943 and activated five days later at Camp Hale under the command of Brigadier General Lloyd E. Jones, with Brigadier General Frank L. Culin Jr. assigned as Jones' deputy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0008-0001", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, World War II\nAt the time, the division had a strength of 8,500 out of the 16,000 planned, so the military transferred troops from the 30th, 31st, and 33rd Infantry Divisions along with volunteers from the National Guards of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, North and South Dakota, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Utah and Washington State (Specifically men who are from the Rocky Mountains region and those who are from the Northern States specifically close to the 45th Parallel of the US-Canadian Border), to fill out the remainder of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0008-0002", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, World War II\nThis lowered morale and the division faced many difficulties in the new training, which had no established army doctrine. The 10th Light Division was centered on regimental commands; the 85th, 86th, and 87th Infantry Regiments. Also assigned to the division were the 604th, 605th, and 616th Field Artillery battalions, the 110th Signal Company, the 710th Ordnance Company, the 10th Quartermaster Company, the 10th Reconnaissance Troop, the 126th Engineer Battalion, the 10th Medical Battalion, and the 10th Counter-Intelligence Detachment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0008-0003", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, World War II\nThe 10th Light Division was unique in that it was the only division in the army with three field artillery battalions instead of four. It was equipped with vehicles specialized in snow operation, such as the M29 Weasel, and winter weather gear, such as white camouflage and skis specifically designed for the division. The division practiced its rock climbing skills in preparation for the invasion of Italy on the challenging peaks of Seneca Rocks in West Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, World War II\nOn 22 June 1944, the division was shipped to Camp Swift, Texas to prepare for maneuvers in Louisiana, which were later canceled. A period of acclimation to a low altitude and hot climate was thought necessary to prepare for this training. On 6 November 1944, the 10th Division was redesignated the 10th Mountain Division. That same month, the blue and white \"Mountain\" tab was authorized for the division's new shoulder sleeve insignia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, World War II, Italy\nThe division, now commanded by Major General George Price Hays, sailed for Italy in two parts, with the 86th Infantry and support leaving Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia on 11 December 1944 aboard the SS Argentina and arriving in Naples, Italy on 22 December. The 85th and 87th Infantry left Hampton Roads, Virginia on 4 January 1945 aboard the SS West Point and arrived on 13 January 1945. By 6 January, its support units were preparing to head to the front lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0010-0001", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, World War II, Italy\nIt was attached to Major General Willis D. Crittenberger's IV Corps, part of the American Fifth Army, under Lieutenant General Lucian Truscott. By 8 January, the 86th Infantry had moved to Bagni di Lucca near Mount Belvedere in preparation for an offensive by the Fifth Army to capture the mountain along with surrounding high ground, which allowed the Axis to block advances to Po Valley. Starting 14 January, the division began moving to Pisa as part of the Fifth Army massing for this attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, World War II, Italy\nBy 20 January, all three of the 10th's regiments were on or near the front line between the Serchio Valley and Mt. Belvedere. Col. Raymond C. Barlow commanded the 85th Regiment, Col. Clarence M. Tomlinson the 86th, and Col. David M. Fowler the 87th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, World War II, Italy\nPreliminary defensive actions in mid February were followed by Operation Encore, a series of attacks in conjunction with troops of the 1st Brazilian Infantry Division, to dislodge the Germans from their artillery positions in the Northern Apennines on the border between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna regions, in order to make possible the Allied advance over the Po Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0012-0001", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, World War II, Italy\nWhile the Brazilian division was in charge of taking Monte Castello and Castelnuovo di Vergato, the 10th Mountain Division was responsible for the Mount Belvedere area, climbing nearby Riva Ridge during the night of 18 February and attacking mount Della Torraccia on 20 February. These peaks were cleared after four days of heavy fighting, as Axis troops launched several counterattacks in these positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, World War II, Italy\nIn early March, the division fought its way north of Canolle and moving to within 15 miles (24\u00a0km) of Bologna. On 5 March, while Brazilian units captured Castelnuovo, the 85th and the 87th Infantry took respectively Mound Della Spe and Castel D'Aiano, cutting the Axis routes of resupply and communication into the Po Valley, setting the stage for the next Fifth Army offensive. The division maintained defensive positions in this area for three weeks, anticipating a counteroffensive by the German forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, World War II, Italy\nThe division resumed its attack on 14 April, attacking Torre Iussi and Rocca Roffeno to the north of Mount Della Spe. On 17 April, it broke through the German defenses, which allowed it to advance into the Po Valley area. It captured Mongiorgio on 20 April and entered the valley, seizing the strategic points Pradalbino and Bomporto. The 10th crossed the Po River on 23 April, reaching Verona 25 April, and ran into heavy opposition at Torbole and Nago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0014-0001", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, World War II, Italy\nAfter an amphibious crossing of Lake Garda, it secured Gargnano and Porto di Tremosine, on 30 April, as German resistance in Italy ended. After the German surrender in Italy on 2 May 1945, the division went on security duty. On 5 May 1945 the Division reached Nauders, Austria, just beyond the Reschen Pass, where it made contact with German forces being pushed south by the U.S. Seventh Army. A status quo was maintained until the enemy headquarters involved had completed their surrender to the Seventh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0014-0002", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, World War II, Italy\nOn the 6th, 10th Mountain Division troops met the 44th Infantry Division of the Seventh Army. Between the 2nd and Victory in Europe Day on 8 May the 10th Mountain Division received the surrender of various German units and screened areas of occupation near Trieste, Kobarid, Bovec and Log pod Mangartom, Slovenia. The division moved to Udine on 20 May and joined the British Eighth Army in preventing further westward movement of ground forces from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, World War II, Demobilization\nOriginally, the division was to be sent to the Pacific theater to take part in Operation Downfall, the invasion of mainland Japan, as one of the primary assault forces. However, Japan surrendered in August 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The division returned to the US two days later. It was demobilized and inactivated on 30 November 1945 at Camp Carson, Colorado. During World War II, the 10th Mountain Division suffered 992 killed in action and 4,154 wounded in action in 114 days of combat. Soldiers of the division were awarded one Medal of Honor (John D. Magrath), three Distinguished Service Crosses, one Distinguished Service Medal, 449 Silver Star Medals, seven Legion of Merit Medals, 15 Soldier's Medals, and 7,729 Bronze Star Medals. The division itself was awarded two campaign streamers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Cold War\nIn June 1948, the division was rebuilt and activated at Fort Riley, Kansas to serve as a training division. Without its \"Mountain\" tab, the division served as the 10th Infantry Division for the next ten years. The unit was charged with processing and training replacements in large numbers. This mission was expanded with the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950. By 1953, the division had trained 123,000 new Army recruits at Fort Riley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Cold War\nIn 1954, the division was converted to a combat division once again, though it did not regain its \"Mountain\" status. Using equipment from the deactivating 37th Infantry Division, the 10th Infantry Division was deployed to Germany, replacing the 1st Infantry Division at W\u00fcrzburg, serving as part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) defensive force. The division served in Germany for four years, until it was rotated out and replaced by the 3rd Infantry Division. The division moved to Fort Benning, Georgia and was inactivated on 14 June 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0018-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Reactivation\nOn 13 February 1985, the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry) was reactivated at Fort Drum, New York. In accordance with the Reorganization Objective Army Divisions plan, the division was no longer centered on regiments, instead two brigades were activated under the division. The 1st Brigade, 10th Mountain Division (commanded by then Colonel John M. Keane, later 4-Star General and Army Vice Chief of Staff) and Division Artillery were activated at Fort Drum, while the 2nd Brigade, 10th Mountain Division was activated at Fort Benning, moving to Fort Drum in 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0018-0001", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Reactivation\nThe division was also assigned a round-out brigade from the Army National Guard, the 27th Infantry Brigade. The division was specially designed as a light infantry division able to rapidly deploy. In this process, it lost its mountain warfare capability, but its light infantry organization still made it versatile for difficult terrain. Equipment design was oriented toward reduced size and weight for reasons of both strategic and tactical mobility. The division also received a distinctive unit insignia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0019-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Reactivation, Structure in 1989\nAt the end of the Cold War the division was organized as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0020-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Contingencies\nIn 1990, the division sent 1,200 soldiers to support Operation Desert Storm. Two Infantry Platoons were among those sent. 1st Platoon Bravo Company 1/22 and the 1/22 Scout Platoon. Once in Iraq, the scouts were sent home and First Platoon was left as a counter intelligence force. Performing three-man 24hr patrols through the remainder of their deployment. This platoon was widely regarded as the divisions best at that time. The largest of these units was the 548th Supply and Services Battalion with almost 1,000 soldiers, which supported the 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized) in Iraq. Following a cease-fire in March 1991, the support soldiers began redeploying to Fort Drum through June of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0021-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Contingencies\nHurricane Andrew struck South Florida on 24 August 1992, killing 13 people, leaving another 250,000 homeless and causing damages in excess of $20\u00a0billion. On 27 September 1992, the 10th Mountain Division assumed responsibility for Hurricane Andrew disaster relief as Task Force Mountain. Division soldiers set up relief camps, distributed food, clothing, medical necessities and building supplies, as well as helping to rebuild homes and clear debris. The last of the 6,000 division soldiers deployed to Florida returned home in October 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0022-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Contingencies, Operation Restore Hope\nOn 3 December 1992, the division headquarters was designated as the headquarters for all Army Forces (ARFOR) of the Unified Task Force (UNITAF) for Operation Restore Hope. Major General Steven L. Arnold, the division Commander, was named Army Forces commander. The 10th Mountain Division's mission was to secure major cities and roads to provide safe passage of relief supplies to the Somali population suffering from the effects of the Somali Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0023-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Contingencies, Operation Restore Hope\nDue to 10th Mountain Division efforts, humanitarian agencies declared an end to the food emergency and factional fighting decreased. When Task Force Ranger and the SAR team were pinned down during a raid in what later became known as the Battle of Mogadishu, the 10th Mountain Division provided infantry for the UN quick reaction force sent to rescue them. The 10th Mountain Division had two soldiers killed in the fighting, which was the longest sustained firefight by regular US Army forces since the Vietnam War. The division began a gradual reduction of forces in Somalia in February 1994, until the last soldiers of the 2nd Battalion, 22nd Infantry returned to the United States in March 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0024-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Contingencies, Operation Uphold Democracy\nThe division formed the nucleus of the Multinational Force Haiti (MNF Haiti) and Joint Task Force 190 (JTF 190) in Haiti during Operation Uphold Democracy. More than 8,600 of the division's troops deployed during this operation. On 19 September 1994, the 1st Brigade conducted the Army's first air assault from aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower. This force consisted of 54 helicopters and almost 2,000 soldiers. They occupied the Port-au-Prince International Airport. This was the largest Army air operation conducted from a carrier since the Doolittle Raid in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0025-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Contingencies, Operation Uphold Democracy\nThe division's mission was to create a secure and stable environment so the government of Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide could be reestablished and democratic elections held. After this was accomplished, the 10th Mountain Division handed over control of the MNF-Haiti to the 25th Infantry Division on 15 January 1995. The division redeployed the last of its soldiers who served in Haiti by 31 January 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0026-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Contingencies, Operation Joint Forge\nIn the fall of 1998, the division received notice that it would be serving as senior headquarters of Task Force Eagle, providing a peacekeeping force to support the ongoing operation within the Multi-National Division-North area of responsibility in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Selected division units began deploying in late summer, approximately 3,000 division soldiers deployed. After successfully performing their mission in Bosnia, the division units conducted a transfer of authority, relinquishing their assignments to soldiers of the 49th Armored Division, Texas National Guard. By early summer 2000, all 10th Mountain Division soldiers had returned safely to Fort Drum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0027-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Contingencies, Readiness controversy\nDuring the 2000 presidential election, the readiness of the 10th Mountain Division became a political issue when George W. Bush asserted that the division was \"not ready for duty.\" He attributed the division's low readiness to the frequent deployments throughout the 1990s without time in between for division elements to retrain and refit. A report from the US General Accounting Office in July 2000 also noted that although the entire 10th Mountain Division was not deployed to the contingencies at once, \"deployment of key components\u2014especially headquarters\u2014makes these divisions unavailable for deployment elsewhere in case of a major war\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0027-0001", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Contingencies, Readiness controversy\nConservative think tank The Heritage Foundation agreed with these sentiments, charging that the US military overall was not prepared for war due to post-Cold War drawdowns of the US Military. The Army responded that, though the 10th Mountain Division had been unprepared following its deployment as Task Force Eagle, that the unit was fully prepared for combat by late 2000 despite being undermanned. Still, the Army moved the 10th Mountain Division down on the deployment list, allowing it time to retrain and refit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0028-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Contingencies, Readiness controversy\nIn 2002, columnist and highly decorated military veteran David Hackworth again criticized the 10th Mountain Division for being unprepared due to lack of training, low physical fitness, unprepared leadership and low morale. He said the division was no longer capable of mountain warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0029-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Initial deployments\nFollowing the 11 September 2001 attacks, elements of the division, including its special troops battalion and the 1-87th Infantry deployed to Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom in late 2001. The division headquarters arrived at Karshi-Khanabad, under Major General Hagenbeck, on 12 December 2001 to function as the Combined Forces Land Component Command (CFLCC) (Forward). This command served as the representative for Lieutenant General Paul Mikolashek, the Third US Army/CFLCC commanding general (CG) in the theater of operations. As such, Hagenbeck's headquarters was responsible for commanding and controlling virtually all Coalition ground forces and ground force operations in the theater, to include security of Coalition airfields in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Pakistan, as well as the logistics operations set up to support those forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 934]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0030-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Initial deployments\nOn 13 February 2002, Mikolashek ordered Hagenbeck to move CFLCC (Forward) to Bagram airfield located at Bagram and 2 days later the headquarters was officially redesignated as Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) Mountain. It assumed responsibility for the planning and execution of what had then become known as Operation Anaconda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0031-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Initial deployments\nElements of the division, primarily 1-87th Infantry, remained in the country until mid-2002, fighting to secure remote areas of the country and participating in prominent operations such as Operation Anaconda, the Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif, and the Battle of Qala-i-Jangi. These 1-87th Infantry soldiers became the first conventional forces to engage in combat in Afghanistan in the US military. The division also participated in fighting in the Shahi Khot Valley in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0031-0001", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Initial deployments\nIn June 2002, elements of the 82nd Airborne Division arrived to relieve CJTF Mountain, and in September, Major General John R. Vines and his Combined Task Force 82 relieved CJTF Mountain as the major subordinate headquarters to Combined Joint Task Force 180. Upon the return of the battalions, they were welcomed home and praised by President Bush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0032-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Initial deployments\nIn 2003, the division's headquarters, along with the 1st Brigade, returned to Afghanistan. During that time, they operated in the frontier regions of the country such as Paktika Province, going places previously untouched by the war in search of Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces. Fighting in several small-scale conflicts such as Operation Avalanche, Operation Mountain Resolve, and Operation Mountain Viper, the division maintained a strategy of small units moving through remote regions of the country to interact directly with the population and drive out insurgents. The 1st Brigade also undertook a number of humanitarian missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0033-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Initial deployments\nIn 2003 and into 2004, the division's aviation brigade deployed for the first time to Afghanistan. As the only aviation brigade in the theater, the brigade provided air support for all US Army units operating in the country. The brigade's mission at that time focused on close air support, medevac missions, and other duties involving combat with Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces in the country. The 10th Mountain Division was the first unit to introduce contract working dogs into southern Afghanistan. In the spring of 2004 they had  supply 20 dog teams based at KAF. The teams were trained to detect explosives and perform patrol duties throughout the region. The brigade returned to Fort Drum in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0034-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Reorganization and Iraq deployments\nOn the return of the division headquarters and 1st Brigade, the 10th Mountain Division began the process of transformation into a modular division. On 16 September 2004, the division headquarters finished its transformation, adding the 10th Mountain Division Special Troops Battalion. The 1st Brigade became the 1st Brigade Combat Team, while the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division was activated for the first time. In January 2005, the 4th Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division was activated at Fort Polk, Louisiana. 2nd Brigade Combat Team would not be transformed until September 2005, pending a deployment to Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0035-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Reorganization and Iraq deployments\nIn late 2004, 2nd Brigade Combat Team was deployed to Iraq supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom. The 2nd Brigade Combat Team undertook combat operations in western Baghdad, an area of responsibility which included Abu Ghraib, Mansour, and Route Irish. It returned to the US in late 2005. Around that time, the 1st Brigade Combat Team deployed back to Iraq, staying in the country until 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0036-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Recent deployments\nThe division headquarters, 3rd Brigade Combat Team and two Battalion Task Forces from the 4th Brigade Combat Team deployed to Afghanistan in 2006, staying in the country until 2007. The division and brigade served in the eastern region of the country, along the border with Pakistan, fulfilling a similar role as it did during its previous deployment. During this time, the deployment of the brigade was extended along with that of the 4th Brigade, 82nd Airborne Division. It was eventually replaced by the 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team which was rerouted from Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0037-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Recent deployments\nIn the winter of 2006, the 10th Aviation Brigade, 10th Mountain Division, was deployed again to Afghanistan to support Operation Enduring Freedom as the only aviation brigade in the theater, stationed at Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan. Named \"Task Force Falcon,\" the brigade's mission was to conduct aviation operations to destroy insurgents and anti-coalition militia in an effort to help build the Afghan National Security Force's capability and allow the Afghan government to increase its capabilities. In addition, the Task Force provided logistical and combat support for International Security Assistance Force forces throughout the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0038-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Recent deployments\nAfter a one-year rest, the headquarters of the 10th Mountain Division was deployed to Iraq for the first time in April 2008. The division headquarters served as the command element for southern Baghdad until late March 2009, when it displaced to Basrah to replace departing British forces on 31 March 2009 to coordinate security for the Multinational Division-South area of responsibility, a consolidation of the previously Polish-led south central and British-led southeast operational areas. The 10th Mountain Division headquarters transferred authority for MND-S to the 34th Infantry Division, Minnesota Army National Guard on 20 May 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0039-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Recent deployments\nThe 4th BCT operated in Northeast Baghdad under the 4th Infantry Division headquarters from November 2007 until January 2009. The 10th Mountain participated in larger scale operations, such as Operation Phantom Phoenix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0040-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Recent deployments\nThe 3rd Brigade Combat Team was slated to deploy to Iraq in 2009, but that deployment was rerouted. In January 2009, the 3rd BCT instead deployed to Kunar, Logar and Wardak Provinces, eastern Afghanistan to relieve the 101st Airborne Division, as part of a new buildup of US forces in that country. The brigade was responsible for expanding forward operating bases and combat outposts (COPs) in the region, as well as strengthening US military presence in preparation for additional US forces to arrive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0041-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Recent deployments\nThe 2nd Brigade Combat Team was scheduled to deploy to Iraq in the fall of 2009, as a part of the 2009\u20132010 rotation to Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0042-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Recent deployments\nThe 1st Brigade Combat Team was scheduled to deploy to Iraq in late 2009, but deployed instead to Afghanistan in March 2010 for 13 months. 1-87th Infantry deployed to Kunduz and Baghlan Provinces, establishing remote combat outposts (COPs) against the Taliban after they had taken control of these provinces over the last several years. Notably, elements of the regiment were responsible for numerous large-scale engagements, including The Battle of Shahabuddin and securing a High Value Target (HVT) after an air assault raid. Some elements of the Brigade deployed to Afghanistan in late January 2013 to Ghazni Provence for nine months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0043-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Recent deployments\nThe 3rd Brigade Combat Team deployed to Kandahar Province, southern Afghanistan in March 2011, again relieving the 101st Airborne Division. During this deployment, 3rd BCT mainly occupied forward operating bases (FOBs) and combat outposts (COPs) in the Maywand, Zhari, and Arghandab Districts of Kandahar Province. The brigade redeployed to Fort Drum in March 2012 after a twelve-month deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0044-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Recent deployments\nThe 4th Brigade Combat Team deployed to Regional Command East, under the 101st Airborne Division from October 2010 until their redeployment in October 2011. The 4th BCT deployed to both Wardak and Logar provinces. During this deployment they went to places such as Chakh Valley in Wardak Province and Charkh Valley in Logar Province in search of elements of the Haqqani Network. In May 2013, the brigade deployed again to Afghanistan returning home in February 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0045-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Recent deployments\nIn 2015, Diana M. Holland became the first woman to serve as a general officer at Fort Drum, and the first woman to serve as a deputy commanding general in one of the Army's light infantry divisions (specifically, the 10th Mountain Division.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0046-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Recent deployments\nIn February 2015, 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division were deployed to Afghanistan as part of the Resolute Support Mission in the Post ISAF phase of the War in Afghanistan between late summer and early fall 2015, 300 troops from 10th Mountain's headquarters at deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Freedom's Sentinel, along with about 1,000 troops from the 3rd Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0046-0001", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Recent deployments\nIn February 2016, the Taliban began a new assault on Sangin, Helmand Province, the US responded by deploying 500 to 800 troops from 2nd battalion 87th Infantry Regiment, 10th Mountain Division to Helmand Province in order to prop up Afghan army's 215th Corps in the province, particularly around Sangin, joining US and British special operations forces already in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0047-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Recent deployments\nBetween late summer and early fall 2015, 1,250 soldiers from the 1st Brigade Combat Team were deployed to Iraq to support Operation Inherent Resolve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0048-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, War on Terrorism, Recent deployments\nOn 5 December 2019, the Department of the Army announced that the 1st Brigade Combat Team would replace the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division as part of a unit rotation in support of Operation Freedom's Sentinel. The brigade deployed to Afghanistan in February 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0049-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, History, Operation Atlantic Resolve\nOn 3 November 2016, Stars and Stripes reported that the 10th Combat Aviation Brigade will deploy 1,750 soldiers to eastern Europe in March 2017, in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve \u2013 as part of NATO efforts to reassure Eastern Europe in the face of an assertive Russia in response to Russian intervention in Ukraine in 2014. The brigade will arrive with approximately 60 aircraft, including CH-47 Chinooks, UH-60 Blackhawks and medevac helicopters, the brigade will be headquartered in Germany and the brigade's units will be forward-based at locations in Latvia, Romania and Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0050-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, Honors\nThe 10th Mountain Division was awarded two campaign streamers in World War II, one campaign streamer for Somalia, and four campaign streamers in the War on Terrorism for a total of seven campaign streamers and three unit decorations in its operational history. Note that some of the division's brigades received more or fewer decorations depending on their individual deployments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0051-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, Legacy\nThe 10th Mountain Division was the subject of the 1996 film Fire on the Mountain, which documented its exploits during World War II. The 10th Mountain Division is also a prominent element of the book and film Black Hawk Down, which portrays the Battle of Mogadishu and the division's participation in that conflict. Among the division's other appearances are the Tom Clancy novel Clear and Present Danger, the SCI FI 2005 film Manticore, Steven Spielberg's War of the Worlds, and Sean Parnell's war memoir about his platoon's experiences in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom, titled Outlaw Platoon in 2012. The 10th Mountain Division was also briefly mentioned in Days Gone where the main protagonist Deacon St. John served as a corporal. In The West Wing episode And It\u2019s Surely To Their Credit the 10th Mountain Division is briefly mentioned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0052-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, Legacy\nSkiing associations subsequently contend that veterans of the 10th Mountain Division had a substantial effect in the post-World War II development of skiing as a vacation industry and major sport. Ex-soldiers from the 10th laid out ski hills, designed ski lifts, became ski coaches, racers, instructors, patrollers, shop owners, and filmmakers. They wrote and published ski magazines, opened ski schools, improved ski equipment, and developed ski resorts. Up to 2,000 of the division's troops were involved in skiing-related professions after the war, and at least 60 ski resorts were founded by men of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0053-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, Legacy\nPeople associated with the 10th Mountain Division later went on to achieve notability in other fields. Among these are anthropologist Eric Wolf, mathematician Franz Alt, avalanche researcher and forecasting pioneer Montgomery Atwater, Congressman Les AuCoin, mountaineer and teacher who helped develop equipment for the 10th Mountain Robert Bates, noted mountaineer Fred Beckey, United States Ski Team member and Black Mountain of Maine resort co-founder Chummy Broomhall, former American track and field coach and co-founder of Nike, Inc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0053-0001", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, Legacy\nBill Bowerman, former Executive Director and Sierra Club leader David R. Brower, former United States Ski Team member World War II civilian mountaineer trainer H. Adams Carter, former Senate Majority Leader and Presidential candidate Bob Dole, champion skier Dick Durrance, ski resort pioneer John Elvrum, Norwegian-American skier Sverre Engen, fashion illustrator Joe Eula, Olympic equestrian Earl Foster Thomson, civilian founder of the National Ski Patrol Charles Minot Dole, painter Gino Hollander, Paleoclimatologist John Imbrie, theoretical physicist Francis E. Low, US downhill ski champion Toni Matt, falconer and educator Morley Nelson, comic book artist Earl Norem, founder of National Outdoor Leadership School and The Wilderness Education Association Paul Petzoldt, world downhill ski champion Walter Prager, retired broadcasting executive William Lowell Putnam III, Massachusetts Governor Francis W. Sargent, World War II civilian ski instructor and division trainer Hannes Schneider, founder of Vail Ski Resort Pete Seibert, actor and Olympic medalist Floyd Simmons, historian and author Page Smith, members of the famous von Trapp family singers Werner von Trapp and Rupert von Trapp, Rawleigh Warner, Jr., Chairman and CEO of Mobil, civilian technical adviser Fritz Wiessner, William John Wolfgram, Olympic Ski jumper Gordon Wren, Massachusetts Congressional candidate Nathan Bech, leader of Chalk 4 during the Battle of Mogadishu Matt Eversmann, Middle East analyst, blogger, and author Andrew Exum, and author Craig Mullaney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 1574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0054-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, Legacy\nAdditionally, four members of the division have been awarded the Medal of Honor. In 1945 John D. Magrath became the first member of the division to receive this award during World War II. The second, Jared C. Monti, received it posthumously in 2009, for actions during a combat operation on 21 June 2006 as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. The third, William D. Swenson, received it in 2013, for actions on 8 September 2009, during the Battle of Ganjgal in Afghanistan. The fourth, Travis W. Atkins, received it posthumously on 27 March 2019, for actions on 1 June 2007 during a patrol in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0055-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, Legacy\nThe Divisions efforts in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom and beyond led to the Division being referred to as the \"Tribe of Crossed Swords\" by some Afghans.\\", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0056-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, Current structure\nThere is a division headquarters and headquarters battalion, three infantry brigade combat teams, a division artillery, a combat aviation brigade, and a sustainment brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006203-0057-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division, Previous commanders\nIndividuals who have served as commanders and command sergeants major of the 10th Mountain Division include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006204-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division Artillery\nThe 10th Mountain Division Artillery (DIVARTY) is the divisional artillery command for the 10th Mountain Division. The DIVARTY served with the division from 1942 to the present, including fighting in World War II, Somalia and in Afghanistan and Iraq, and in peacetime in Germany; Fort Benning, Georgia; Fort Riley, Kansas; and Fort Drum, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006204-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division Artillery, History, World War II\nDuring the Second World War, the divisional artillery included the 604th Field Artillery Battalion (Pack); the 605th Field Artillery Battalion (Pack); and the 616th Field Artillery Battalion (Pack).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006204-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division Artillery, Lineage\nNote: the linkage between the 10th Mountain Division Artillery and the 10th FA Bde (Panama Canal Dept) and 10th FA Bde (10th Division) is tenuous, and may not bear out when the Army updates the official lineage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006204-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Mountain Division Artillery, Army Football uniforms\nIn December 2017, the Army Black Knights football team wore all-white uniforms honoring the 10th Mountain Division in their annual rivalry game against the Navy Midshipmen football team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006205-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Mounted Rifles\nThe 10th Mounted Rifles were a light cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army. The regiment was formed 1 October 1913 in Angerburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0000-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division\nThe 10th Rifle Division 'Stalingrad' of the Order of Lenin of the Internal Troops of the NKVD of the USSR (Russian: 10-\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a \u041d\u041a\u0412\u0414 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420) was a Soviet rifle division formed on 1 February 1942 prior to the Battle of Stalingrad during the Great Patriotic War and participated in heavy front-line actions which would significantly reduce its strength by the battle's end. It was under the jurisdiction of the Internal Troops of the NKVD but took strategic orders from the 62nd Army command. Later it converted into a regular Red Army division and was renamed the 181st \"Order of Lenin\" \"Stalingrad\" Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0001-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Formation of the Division\nIn early 1942, the Oblast Committee (Obkom) of the Party and the City Committee of Defense were instructed that Stalingrad would form a division. Later, this division had the grievous task of being one of the first to enter the unequal battle against the German forces breaking through to Stalingrad. The terms of formation and composition of the division were determined by a special resolution from the GKO. Units of the 10th NKVD, commanded by Colonel Alexander A. Sarayev, arrived in Stalingrad in January 1942. Major Vasiliy Ivanovich Zaytsev was appointed Chief of Staff of the Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0001-0001", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Formation of the Division\nThe core of the division were soldiers and commanders of the Border Troops from Ural and Siberian regions including Sverdlovsk, Irkutsk, and Novosibirsk, but the nuclei of the 269th and 270th regiments were citizens of Stalingrad, Party workers, and members of the Komsomol organizations of the city. Roughly three thousand Stalingrad locals served in the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0002-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Operational Activities Prior to the Battle of Stalingrad\nThe division performed the tasks of policing in Stalingrad, and in the surrounding Oblast, in Voronezh, in the rears of the Southwestern Front, the Voronezh Front, and Stalingrad Front; enforcing martial law; and the task of preventing enemy recon and saboteur groups from operating in these rear areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 91], "content_span": [92, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0003-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Operational Activities Prior to the Battle of Stalingrad\nSometime in July 1942 - The division formed an auxiliary artillery battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 91], "content_span": [92, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0004-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nThe division, alongside the people's militias, received the first blow of the Germans penetrating towards the Volga in the summer of 1942. Worker's militias were not just employed here in reconnaissance, but were deployed to catch enemy parachutists, spies, and saboteurs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0005-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nIn appreciation of the division's defense of the city, the commander of the 62nd Army Vasiliy Chuykov said: \"The fighters of Colonel Sarayev's 10th Stalingrad Division VV must have been the first defenders of Stalingrad, and they overcame the difficult challenge with flying colours, courageously and selflessly fighting against superior enemy forces until the arrival of the 62nd Army.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0006-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nThe division, stretched over 80 kilometres (50\u00a0mi), led many fierce battles against the Germans. In the early stages of the battle for the city, the divisional HQ was billeted in the Tsarina gulley, not far from the \"Lighthouse\" restaurant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0007-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nThe 10th Division, with a battalion of industrial workers, successfully defended the F. Dzerzhinsky Tractor Factory and later counter-attacked to regain several kilometres, despite shortages in technology and manpower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0008-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nOn 2 August 1942, the 2nd Battalion of the 270th Rifle Regiment first engaged the Germans in Stalingrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0009-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nOn 14 August 1942, the 273rd Rifle Regiment detached from the division and joined the 12th \"Ordzhonikidzevskaya\" Rifle Division of the NKVD VV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0010-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nThe bulk of the division's forces defended the west and south-west of the city, holding these areas against the sudden breakout of the enemy into the city. In addition to this, there was a consolidated battalion in the north. On 16 August, the 282nd Rifle Regiment of the 12th NKVD VV Rifle Division arrived from Saratov and was attached to the 10th. This regiment was immediately sent to the north to reinforcement the composite battalion. On the left bank of the Volga, the division was supported by several reserve regiments from High Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0011-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nThe 272nd Rifle Regiment, under command of G. P. Savchuk, and a group of student volunteers occupied a Military-Political Academy in the path of an impending enemy breakthrough. During five days of fierce fighting, the regiment denied elements of the 295th Infantry, 71st Infantry and 24th Panzer Divisions (all belonging to the LI Armeekorps). These enemy forces suffered heavy losses and the Germans' plan to capture the center of the city and the major crossing of the Volga was thwarted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0012-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nOn 8 September began fighting for the southern part of the Voroshilov district. By mid-afternoon of 9 September, forward units of the NKVD, who were on the second line, had come under direct enemy attack. The Soviets launched a swift counterattack and the Germans were caught by surprise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0013-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nOn 12 September, the fighting for the defense of the South-Eastern Front of Stalingrad was assigned to the 62nd Army, to which the 10th NKVD VV Division was now attached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0014-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nOn 13 September, the enemy planned another assault on the city. In the morning they hit Soviet fortified positions, including those of the 269th Rifle Regiment of the 10th NKVD, with heavy artillery and mortar fire. Aviation groups of up to 40 aircraft bombed areas in the Russian rear. At 7:00, the offensive began. For three hours, elements of the 62nd Army repelled enemy attacks which penetrated the first line, knocked out forward posts, and reached the positions of the 269th Rifle Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0014-0001", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nIn this difficult and hazardous situation, the 269th held their area, blocking the path to the Hill 102.0 Mamayev Kurgan. In the center of this fighting was the 270th Rifle Regiment under the command of Major A.K. Zhuravlev. Despite their numerical superiority, the enemy did not successfully enter the center of Stalingrad on 13 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0015-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nThe next day began again with German air and artillery bombardments in preparation for an attack. The entire Soviet front from Mamayev Kurgan to Kuporosnoye suffered German shock-attacks. Following these, the entire German front advanced with large-scale infantry and armour formations. Against the 269th Rifle Regiment alone the Germans concentrated up to eight battalions and 50 tanks. At 1400 hours, two submachine gun battalions with three tanks penetrated the regiment's rear and captured the peak of Mamayev Kurgan. The Germans then began firing on the \"Red October\" factory. To recapture the peak, a submachine gun company of the 269th, under command of Junior Lieutenant Lyubeznov, and the 416th Rifle Regiment of the 112th Rifle Division with two tanks launched a counterattack. By 1800 hours, the height has been cleared out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0016-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nOver the two days of fighting, the 269th Rifle Regiment killed and wounded more than a thousand soldiers and officers and disabled 20 enemy tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0017-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nOn the night of 15 September, the enemy infiltrated the positions of the NKVD and specialists, captured the train-station and reached the rear of the 262nd regiment and 1st battalion of the 270th regiment. Nothing was prepared to repel such an infiltration and bloody, desperate fighting ensued from Mamayev to Kuporosnoye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0018-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nAt dawn on 16 September, four soldiers of the division waged an unequal battle against advancing tanks for several hours. They destroyed a total of 20 vehicles and were all posthumously awarded with high state honours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0019-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nTogether with elements of the 10th NKVD's northern groups, the 62nd Army conducted bitter defensive operations all through September and regained ground in some areas. On 7 October, surviving soldiers of the regiment were consolidated into two companies and which were added to the consolidated battalion under the command of the Captain Ryabchevskiy. Every day they fought off several fierce attacks from the enemy, preventing him from breaking through to the tractor plant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0020-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nFrom August 1942 onward, from the elements of the 10th NKVD remained the 282nd Infantry Regiment, defending the height of 135.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0021-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nBetween 23 August \u2013 8 October 1942 during the battle of Stalingrad, the division killed or wounded up to 15,000 German soldiers and officers, destroyed or disabled 113 tanks, 8 armored vehicles, destroyed or captured 6 guns, 51 mortars, 138 machine guns, two ammunition depots, 2 aircraft shot down, and seized a German regiment's banner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0022-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad\nFor exemplary service in the combat operations in the defense of the Volga shores, the Soviet High Command awarded the 10th NKVD VV Division with the Order of Lenin on 2 December 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0023-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Further history\nDivisional losses were heavy. By order of the commander of the Stalingrad Front, the division was demobilized in early October 1942 and moved to the village of Zaplavnoye. The division consisted of little more than 200 men of initial 7568.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0024-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Further history\nIn mid-October 1942, the division headquarters was ordered to redeploy to the city of Chelyabinsk to reorganize. The division took on a new structure:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0025-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, History, Further history\nThe core of the newly organized unit was approximately 2,700 men and officers who were veterans of the battle of Stalingrad. The battle of Stalingrad ended on 2 February 1943, and on 5 February the division was renamed the 181st Rifle Division and transferred to regular Red Army command. Subsequently, the fighting experience and techniques of the men of \"Stalingradskaya\" were further developed in the battle of Kursk in the crossing of the Vistula river. The division saw the close of the war while in Breslau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006206-0026-0000", "contents": "10th NKVD Rifle Division, Order of battle\nOur 10th Division was formed in early 1942. It is composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006208-0000-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was a significant Communist Party Congress in China following the fall of Lin Biao and the continuation of the Cultural Revolution. It profoundly elected the 10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006208-0001-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nIt was held in Beijing, China, between August 24\u201328, 1973. The congress was attended by 1249 people which represented 28 million party members across China. It was preceded by the 9th National Congress. It was ultimately succeeded by the 11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006208-0002-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Details of the Congress\nOn 20 August 1973, prior to the start of the congress, the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party adopted a resolution to suspend the party memberships of Lin Biao, Ye Qun, Huang Yongsheng, Wu Faxian, Li Zuopeng and Qiu Huizuo indefinitely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 78], "content_span": [79, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006208-0003-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Details of the Congress\nThe congress was opened on 24 August, with Mao Zedong presiding over the meeting, Zhou Enlai delivering the political report and Wang Hongwen reporting regarding the revision of the Constitution. Mao and Zhou suggested the political rehabilitation of 13 old guard members such as Tan Zhenlin and Li Jingquan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 78], "content_span": [79, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006208-0004-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Details of the Congress\nThe 10th Congress affirmed the revised Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party that was also adopted by the 9th national congress. It stipulated some adjustments in the structure but the provisions of the section is not much changed, such as the guiding ideology and the basic principles of the party. In the edited bill, only discussions and doctrines proposed or related to Lin Biao were removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 78], "content_span": [79, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006208-0005-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Details of the Congress\nThe 10th congress elected 195 Central Committee members and 124 alternate members, with the Gang of Four taking key roles within the central committee and the rehabilitation of politicians persecuted during the Cultural Revolution, which included Li Zuopeng, Deng Xiaoping, Wang Jiaxiang and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 78], "content_span": [79, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006208-0006-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance of the Congress, New power structure\nThe fall of Lin Biao and his cohorts in 1971 left many vacant posts in the party and the government. Of the 21-man Politburo only 10 were left and of its five-man Standing Committee, only three \u2013 Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and Kang Sheng \u2013 were still present. Therefore, the 10th congress convened to elect new members to the unoccupied positions and to condemn the actions of Lin Biao as a right opportunist who \"waved the red flag to defeat the red flag\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 104], "content_span": [105, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006208-0007-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance of the Congress, New power structure\nDuring the congress, the Gang of Four managed to secure positions with the support from Mao. Jiang Qing and Yao Wenyuan were elected to the Poliburo, Zhang Chunqiao to the Standing Committee and Wang Hongwen as the party's second vice-chairman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 104], "content_span": [105, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006208-0008-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance of the Congress, Continuation of the Cultural Revolution\nWang Hongwen in his debut keynote address during the congress announced the smashing of the \"two bourgeois headquarters, the one headed by Liu Shaoqi and the other by Lin Biao\". Wang stressed the revolutionary spirit of daring to go against the tide and the importance of training young leaders. With the future of the country in the hands of the young, struggle and continued revolution would punctuate Chinese political life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 124], "content_span": [125, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0000-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nThe 10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam (Vietnamese: \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 X) was held in Ba \u0110\u00ecnh Hall, Hanoi from 18 to 25 April 2006. The congress occurs every five years. 1,176 delegates represented the party's 3 million members. At the 13th plenum of the Central Committee, held before the congress, it was decided that eight members of the Communist Party's 9th Politburo had to retire. While certain segments within and outside the Politburo were skeptical, the decision was implemented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0000-0001", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nBecause of party rules, the congress was not empowered to elect the general secretary, and it held a survey on whom the delegates wanted to be appointed General Secretary. The first plenum of the Central Committee, held in the immediate aftermath of the congress, re-elected N\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1ea1nh as general secretary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0001-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nThe congress is noteworthy because of the extent of democratization which took place within the party. The role of the Central Committee in decision-making was strengthened, and the role of the Politburo as a supreme organ was weakened. Inner-party accountability was strengthened. The Eighth Five-Year Plan of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was approved at the congress, renewed its Marxist\u2013Leninist credentials and emphasized the need to continue to improve the socialist-oriented market economy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0002-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations\nPreparations for the 10th Congress were led by the Personnel Appointments subcommittee of the 9th Central Committee, probably chaired by General Secretary N\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1ea1nh. M\u1ea1nh worked closely with the Head of the Commission for Organization and Personnel to prepare a list of nominees for the election of the Central Committee at the upcoming congress. The 12th plenum of the 9th Central Committee, held in July 2005, laid down the principles for the Personnel Appointments subcommittee to work within:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 70], "content_span": [71, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0003-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations\nAfter the 12th plenum, the Personnel Appointments subcommittee began discussions with important organizations and individuals within the Party, most notably with the Central Commission for Inspection (which investigates complaints against Party members), party elders \u0110\u1ed7 M\u01b0\u1eddi, L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Anh, V\u00f5 V\u0103n Ki\u1ec7t, V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p and Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c T\u00e2m, and with the 9th Politburo. The nomination list created in these discussions had to be voted on by the 9th Central Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 70], "content_span": [71, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0003-0001", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations\nAt its 13th plenum, the 9th Central Committee, several changes to the nomination list recommended by Personnel Appointments subcommittee were made; the Central Committee decided to retire 8 out of 14 Politburo members, the largest number of en masse retirements in the history of the Politburo. However, in official pronouncements, this decision was referred to as a \"survey\", and not an election. Even so, the majority believed the eight people mentioned would retire rather than stay for another term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 70], "content_span": [71, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0003-0002", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations\nThe retirements of  Chairman of the National Assembly Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n An, who was considered a strong contender for the general secretaryship at the 11th Congress, and two leading proteges of M\u1ea1nh; the unofficial deputy general secretary Phan Di\u1ec5n, and the Head of the Commission for Organization and Personnel Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u00ecnh Hoan, were unexpected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 70], "content_span": [71, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0004-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations\nSome party elders were seeking the removal of M\u1ea1nh as general secretary. While \u0110\u1ed7 M\u01b0\u1eddi and L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Anh supported M\u1ea1nh's re-election, V\u00f5 V\u0103n Ki\u1ec7t and V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p opposed him. However, all four of them agreed on retaining Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n An in the 10th Politburo. One point in M\u1ea1nh's favour was his lack of grave mistakes during his first tenure, and the lack of a credible opponent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 70], "content_span": [71, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0004-0001", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations\nV\u00f5 V\u0103n Ki\u1ec7t supported Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Tri\u1ebft's candidacy for the general secretaryship, while the retiring prime minister Phan V\u0103n Kh\u1ea3i supported a possible candidacy by Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n An, even if the Central Committee had voted for his Politburo retirement in the \"survey\". Those who supported M\u1ea1nh's removal based their campaign on the fact that his son-in-law had worked at PMU 18 Department of the Ministry of Transport during the PMU 18 scandal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 70], "content_span": [71, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0004-0002", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations\nA more damaging rumour was that M\u1ea1nh had included Nguy\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t Ti\u1ebfn, the Deputy Minister of Transport who was implicated in the scandal, on the Central Committee nominee list. Also, Dao \u0110\u00e0o \u0110\u00ecnh B\u00ecnh, the Minister of Transport, was a close associate of M\u1ea1nh. M\u1ea1nh was accused of nepotism and of establishing a patronage system for himself within the party and state; his son N\u00f4ng Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n was elected as Head of Youth Organizations in March 2005, and was thus entitled to attend the 10th Congress. At a meeting with some veteran politicians, M\u1ea1nh was asked  by L\u00ea Kh\u1ea3 Phi\u00eau and V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p to resign from his post and not to run for a seat in the 10th Central Committee \u2013 M\u1ea1nh, however, refused to resign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 70], "content_span": [71, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0005-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations\nIn a proposal to the 11th plenum of the 9th Central Committee, V\u00f5 V\u0103n Ki\u1ec7t suggested democratizing the political system by giving the delegates to a party congress the power to elect the general secretary, the Central Committee and the Central Commission for Inspection, and giving congress delegates ultimate power on all matters put before them at the congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 70], "content_span": [71, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0005-0001", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations\nHe called for the reduction of the Central Committee from one-fourth to one-third, holding the elections of state leaders at the National Assembly in the immediate aftermath of a congress (and not a year later), secret ballots for elections, empowering delegates to self-nominate to the Central Committee and merging the offices of President and General Secretary into one. These suggestions, with the exception of holding the National Assembly elections earlier, were rejected at the 11th plenum of the 9th Central Committee in January 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 70], "content_span": [71, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0006-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations\nAt the 14th plenum of the 9th Central Committee, the Politburo proposed that M\u1ea1nh would be appointed president and resign from his post as general secretary to be succeeded by Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n An, while Phan Di\u1ec5n would be retained for the sake of stability. The proposal was rejected in a formal vote by the 9th plenum, and the Central Committee upheld the results of the \"survey\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 70], "content_span": [71, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0006-0001", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations\nAt the unplanned 15th plenum held 14\u201316 April, which was held due to pressure by Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Tri\u1ebft, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n An and Phan V\u0103n Kh\u1ea3i, it was decided that delegates at the upcoming congress had the right of self-nomination and that there would competing elections for the posts of general secretary, prime minister and chairman of the National Assembly. The loser of the contest for general secretary would be appointed president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 70], "content_span": [71, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0006-0002", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations\nM\u1ea1nh and Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Tri\u1ebft were candidates for the general secretaryship, Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng and Nguy\u1ec5n Sinh H\u00f9ng for the prime ministership and Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng and Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea5n Sang for the National Assembly chairmanship. For the first time in the party's history, competing elections were held for offices of power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 70], "content_span": [71, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0007-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Delegates\n1,176 delegates participated at the 10th Congress. These candidates were accepted on the basis of the Working Regulations of the party. 146 (12.37 percent) of the delegates were members of the 9th Central Committee. 1,025 (86.87 percent) of the delegates were elected by provincial and local subunits of the party. 9 (0.76 percent) of the delegates represented the party's overseas branches. 136 (11.56 percent) delegates were women, and 154 (13.10 percent) came from ethnic minorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 67], "content_span": [68, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0007-0001", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Delegates\nThere were 18 (1.53 percent) delegates who had been awarded the Hero of the People's Armed Forces, 7 (0.60 percent) who had been awarded Hero of Labor, 4 (0.34 percent) who had been awarded the title People's Teacher, 13 (1.11 percent) who had been given the title Meritorious Teacher, 4 (0.34 percent) with the title of Meritorious Doctor, 27 (2.30 percent) with the honorary title 40 years of Party membership, 2 (0.17 percent) with the honorary title of 50 years of Party membership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 67], "content_span": [68, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0007-0002", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Delegates\n81.29 percent of the delegates had graduated from either college or university, and 16.59 percent of these had received PhD or had worked as professors or assistant professors. 96.52 percent of the delegates had received a bachelor's degree in political training courses. The average age of the delegates was 52.92 years \u2013 Dinh Huy (30 years of age) was the youngest delegate, and Do Quang Hung (77 years of age) was the oldest delegate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 67], "content_span": [68, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0008-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, The Congress and the 1st plenum\nThe elected 10th Central Committee comprised 81 (52.5 percent) members from the 9th Central Committee, and 79 (47.5 percent) new members were elected. The candidate with the highest vote received 97.88 percent, while the candidate with the lowest vote received 63.41 percent. All the provinces, with the exception of \u0110\u1eafk N\u00f4ng Province, elected officials to the 10th Central Committee. A number of surprises occurred during the election process; six ministers were not re-elected. Another surprise was that no officials from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs were elected as full members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 89], "content_span": [90, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0008-0001", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, The Congress and the 1st plenum\nHowever, Ph\u1ea1m B\u00ecnh Minh, the Director of the International Organizations Directorate of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was elected as an alternate member. None of the 34 self-nominated candidates at the congress were elected to the 10th Central Committee. It is unknown whether any of the self-nominees for alternate membership in the 10th Central Committee were elected. There was an increase in Central Committee officials working in the central government, the provinces, military and defence officials, public security officials and officials from mass organizations, but there was a decrease in officials from the sectors of information, social and cultural affairs, economics, business and financial affairs, and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 89], "content_span": [90, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0009-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, The Congress and the 1st plenum\nAs the meeting progressed, some delegates publicly demanded that the congress should be given the authority to elect the general secretary and the head of the Central Commission for Inspection. This was approved and a survey form which listed four possible candidates; M\u1ea1nh, Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Tri\u1ebft, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n An and Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng was created. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n An withdrew his candidacy, knowing he would not be elected to the 10th Politburo because he was not elected to the 10th Central Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 89], "content_span": [90, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0009-0001", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, The Congress and the 1st plenum\nHowever, because of party rules which stated that the Central Committee after the congress elected the general secretary, the vote at the congress was considered a survey. Another version of the proceedings, that given by  M\u1ea1nh at the press conference after the congress, was that the 1,176 congress delegates were given a list of the elected members of the 10th Central Committee, and were given a free choice of electing any of them to the general secretaryship. After the congress, on 25 April, the 1st plenum of the Central Committee convened to elect the general secretary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 89], "content_span": [90, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0009-0002", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, The Congress and the 1st plenum\nThe two leading candidates at the congress survey, M\u1ea1nh and Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Tri\u1ebft, stood for election at the plenum. M\u1ea1nh was elected and Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Tri\u1ebft was appointed state president. However, rumours that M\u1ea1nh won narrowly over his rival, and that Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Tri\u1ebft withdrew his candidature following the party tradition of appointing the general secretary, circulated after the congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 89], "content_span": [90, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0010-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, The Congress and the 1st plenum\nThe 10th Politburo comprised 14 members. As was decided at the first plenum, the ranking given to Politburo members was to be decided by the number of approval votes the official earned during the election. L\u00ea H\u1ed3ng Anh, the Minister of Public Security, was ranked second in the Politburo because he received the second-most approval votes for his candidacy. Of the 14 members of the Politburo, five were concurrently members of the 10th Secretariat. The Secretariat comprised eight members, amongst whom the highest rank was general secretary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 89], "content_span": [90, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0011-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Policy enactments\nThe official Congress communique set 2020 as a date on which Vietnam would reach the status of a modern, industrial society. To reach this goal, the targeted growth for gross domestic product (GDP) was set at 7.5\u20138 percent for 2006\u20132011. The congress promised to renew the socialist-oriented market economy, and step up its fight against political corruption. The communique emphasized the party's goal of a future society without exploitation, based on the ideology of Marxism\u2013Leninism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 75], "content_span": [76, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0011-0001", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Policy enactments\nThe Political Report, the Eighth Five-Year Plan (2006\u20132010)\u00a0\u2013 officially titled the Five Year Socio-economic Development Plan, the report on Party building and the amendment and revision to the Party's charter, were approved. M\u1ea1nh said that the approval of these documents were \"the results of the intellect and the will of our entire Party and people, the in-depth practical and theoretical summation of 20 years of Renovation [\u0110\u1ed5i M\u1edbi] and the improvement and development of the policy and philosophy of renovations in the current period of our country's revolution.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 75], "content_span": [76, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0012-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Policy enactments\nThe Eighth Five-Year Plan is subordinate to the Ten Year Socio-economic Development Strategy (2001\u20132010) which aims to continue comprehensive reform and achieve fast, sustainable growth rates. The main goal of the Ten Year Plan is to lift Vietnam out of the category of underdeveloped countries and to reach the status of a modern-industrial nation by 2012. The Eighth Five-Year Plan, while approved by the Congress, had to earn the approval of the National Assembly before being implemented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 75], "content_span": [76, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0013-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Policy enactments\nThe delegates approved the general secretary's Political Report, Report on Orientations and Tasks for Socio-Economic Development for the 2006\u201310 Period, and the Report on Party building and amendments made to the party statute. These reports' main objectives were to accelerate the reform process and strengthen the socialist-oriented market economy. The congress allowed existing party members to engage in private ownership. This was a controversial amendment and was a break with the theory of exploitation of man by man. While the amendment was approved, the third plenum of the 10th Central Committee restricted the change to party members who had worked in state-owned enterprises which have been privatized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 75], "content_span": [76, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0014-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Democratization\nAn important characteristic of the 10th Congress was the internal democratization of the party leadership, most notably seen in the Politburo's willingness to follow the \"survey\" voted by the 13th plenum of the Central Committee. The top five members of the \"survey\" were rewarded with the five highest government positions in Vietnam. While the leadership selection process was not dramatically altered, the Central Committee as a collective unit was strengthened, and the Central Committee acquired control over personnel appointments and policy-making. In effect, these changes have reduced the roles of powerful individuals, who may be seen as taking too much control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 73], "content_span": [74, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0015-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Acknowledgement\n35 foreign parties congratulated the CPV on holding its 10th Congress. Among these were ruling parties of the remaining socialist states, the Communist Party of Cuba, the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Lao People's Revolutionary Party. Hu Jintao, the former CPC General Secretary of the Central Committee, personally congratulated Nguyen Van Son, the Chairman of the CPV Commission for External Relations, on the CPV's holding of the 10th National Congress. Not all the parties which congratulated the CPV were communists, for example the Cambodian People's Party, the Workers' Party of Korea, the Social Democratic Party of Germany, the Uri Party and the Bulgarian Socialist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 73], "content_span": [74, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0016-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Acknowledgement\nThe French Communist Party congratulated the CPV on holding its 10th National Congress, and stated that it \"was a milestone and an occasion for the Party to reiterate its orientations and its determination to implement objectives as well as open new visions for the 21st century.\" In an official communique from the Central Committee of the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) to the CPV 10th Central Committee, the JPC Central Committee stated \"The Communist Party of Viet Nam is advancing on the chosen path of building socialism through the market economy. This is a new discovery in the history of mankind.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 73], "content_span": [74, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0016-0001", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Acknowledgement\nThe Communist Party of India sent its \"warmest fraternal greetings to the leadership and delegates to the 10th Congress of the Communist Party of Viet Nam.\" The Communist Party USA sent a \"warm revolutionary greetings to the delegates and members of the Communist Party of Viet Nam on the occasion of your 10th National Party Congress. We wish you much success in your deliberations at this important event.\" The Communist Party of the Russian Federation stated, \"Under the leadership of the Communist Party of Viet Nam, the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam has successfully carried out adopted policies. The industrious Vietnamese people have created favourable conditions for progress. The CPV has displayed a creative and principled approach to solving important and sophisticated problems, while remaining persistent in its socialist ideology.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 73], "content_span": [74, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006209-0017-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Acknowledgement\nThe Portuguese Communist Party said, \"The Tenth Party Congress and the objectives your congress was striving towards, given the present international situation, constitute something significant.\" The Communist Party of Brazil said, \"We are very impressed by the efforts exerted by the Vietnamese people and Communists in building socialism in line with national development. The renewal process in Viet Nam has helped the country attain great achievements in modernization, industrialization and international integration.\" Mahmoud Abbas, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization extended his greetings, and said \"We are proud of our friendship and relationship, and once again reaffirm our determination to strengthen ties and solidarity for the mutual benefit of both our nations\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 73], "content_span": [74, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006210-0000-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Kuomintang\nThe 10th National Congress of the Kuomintang (Chinese: \u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u7b2c\u5341\u6b21\u5168\u570b\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a) was the tenth national congress of the Kuomintang, held between 29 March to 9 April, 1969 in Chung-Shan Building, Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006210-0001-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Kuomintang, Results\nKMT Director-General Chiang Kai-shek spoke to more than 1,200 delegates and observers from Taiwan, Mainland China and overseas communities around the world. He provided guidance of discussion and debate. KMT made final plans for the last stage of struggle against Mao Zedong and the Communist Party of China (CPC) to liberate the 700\u00a0million Chinese in the mainland and to assure peace in Asia and the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006210-0002-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Kuomintang, Results\nKMT Secretary-General Chang Pao-shu said that the congress came at a time when the Republic of China was intensifying preparations for the retaking back of the Mainland as the CPC government stood at the brink of collapse due to Great Leap Forward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006210-0003-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Kuomintang, Results\nA party reform charter was also adopted and a provision providing for a Vice Chairman was scrapped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006211-0000-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party\nThe 10th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP, Lao: \u0e81\u0ead\u0e87\u0e9b\u0eb0\u0e8a\u0eb8\u0ea1\u0ec3\u0eab\u0e8d\u0ec8 \u0e84\u0eb1\u0ec9\u0e87\u0e97\u0eb5 X \u0e82\u0ead\u0e87\u0e9e\u0eb1\u0e81) was held in Vientiane from 18\u201322 January 2016. The congress occurs once every five years. A total of 685 delegates represented the party's 252,879 card-carrying members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006211-0001-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, 10th CC plenary session\nThe 1st Plenary Session of the 10th Central Committee elected the 10th Politburo and the 10th Secretariat. 11 people were elected to the Politburo, and nine to the Secretariat. It elected Bounnhang Vorachith LPRP General Secretary, Phankham Viphavan as Executive Secretary of the Secretariat and Bounthong Chitmany as Chairman of the Inspection Committee. Former General Secretary Choummaly Sayasone stepped down alongside former Politburo members Thongsing Thammavong, Asang Laoly and Somsavat Lengsavad. Bounnhang closed the proceedings by remarking that the elected members were qualified since most of them had been active participants in the war of national liberation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 87], "content_span": [88, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006211-0002-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, Topics of Discussion\nAmong topics discussed were ending fiscal misappropriation and attracting foreign investment. Presented at the Congress were", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006211-0003-0000", "contents": "10th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, Topics of Discussion\nIt also hopes to further bolster Laos by developing it into an upper-middle income state by 2030.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006212-0000-0000", "contents": "10th National Defence Commission\nThe 10th National Defence Commission (NDC) of North Korea was elected by the 1st Session of the 10th Supreme People's Assembly on 5 September 1998. It was replaced on 3 September 2003 by the 11th NDC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006213-0000-0000", "contents": "10th National Film Awards\nThe 10th National Film Awards, then known as State Awards for Films, presented by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India to felicitate the best of Indian Cinema released in 1962. Ceremony took place at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi on 21 April 1963 and awards were given by then President of India, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006213-0001-0000", "contents": "10th National Film Awards, Awards\nPresident's gold medal for the All India Best Feature Film is now better known as National Film Award for Best Feature Film, whereas President's gold medal for the Best Documentary Film is analogous to today's National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film. For children's films, Prime Minister's gold medal is now given as National Film Award for Best Children's Film. At the regional level, President's silver medal for Best Feature Film is now given as National Film Award for Best Feature Film in a particular language. Certificate of Merit in all the categories is discontinued over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006213-0002-0000", "contents": "10th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films\nFeature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level. For the 10th National Film Awards, a Bengali film Dada Thakur won the President's gold medal for the All India Best Feature Film. Following were the awards given:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006213-0003-0000", "contents": "10th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films, Regional Award\nThe awards were given to the best films made in the regional languages of India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006213-0004-0000", "contents": "10th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films, Regional Award\nWith 10th National Film Awards, new award category was introduced for the feature films made in Punjabi language. This newly introduced category includes President's silver medal for Best Feature Film in Assamese and Certificate of Merit for second and third best film, although former was not given as no film was found suitable for the award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006213-0005-0000", "contents": "10th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films, Regional Award\nFor feature films in Assamese, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia and Punjabi, President's silver medal for Best Feature Film was not given, instead Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film was awarded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006213-0006-0000", "contents": "10th National Film Awards, Awards, Non-Feature films\nNon -feature film awards were given for the documentaries and educational films made in the country. Following were the awards given:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006213-0007-0000", "contents": "10th National Film Awards, Awards, Awards not given\nFollowing were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006214-0000-0000", "contents": "10th National Geographic Bee\nThe 10th National Geographic Bee was held in Washington, D.C. on May 20, 1998, sponsored by the National Geographic Society. The final competition was moderated by Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. The winner was Petko Peev of Forest Hills Central Middle School in Grand Rapids, Michigan, who won a $25,000 college scholarship. The 2nd-place winner,  J. B. Kizer of Portsmouth, Ohio, won a $15,000 scholarship. The 3rd-place winner, Evan Sparks of Westminster Academy in Memphis, Tennessee, won a $10,000 scholarship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006215-0000-0000", "contents": "10th National Hockey League All-Star Game\nThe 10th National Hockey League All-Star Game took place at the Montreal Forum, home of the Montreal Canadiens, on October 9, 1956. The Canadiens, winner of the 1956 Stanley Cup Finals, played a team of All-Stars, with the game ending in a 1\u20131 tie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006216-0000-0000", "contents": "10th National People's Congress\nThe 10th National People's Congress (simplified Chinese: \u7b2c\u5341\u5c4a\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a; traditional Chinese: \u7b2c\u5341\u5c46\u5168\u570b\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703; pinyin: D\u00ecsh\u00ed Ji\u00e8 Qu\u00e1ngu\u00f3 R\u00e9nm\u00edn D\u00e0ibi\u01ceo D\u00e0hu\u00ec) was in session from 2003 to 2008. It held five plenary sessions in this period. There were 2,984 deputies to this Congress. It succeeded the 9th National People's Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006216-0001-0000", "contents": "10th National People's Congress, The 1st Session\nThe Congress held its 1st plenary session from March 5\u201418, 2003 at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006216-0002-0000", "contents": "10th National People's Congress, The 1st Session, Election results\nElections to the Congress were held fron October 2002 to February 2003, the first including deputies representing Macau. These deputies elected the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006216-0003-0000", "contents": "10th National People's Congress, The 2nd Session\nThe Congress held its 2nd annual meeting from March 5\u201414, 2004 at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006216-0004-0000", "contents": "10th National People's Congress, The 3rd Session\nThe Congress held its 3rd annual meeting from March 5\u201414, 2005 at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006216-0005-0000", "contents": "10th National People's Congress, The 4th Session\nThe Congress held its 4th annual meeting from March 5\u201415, 2006 at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006216-0006-0000", "contents": "10th National People's Congress, The 5th Session\nThe Congress held its 5th annual meeting from March 5 to March 15, 2007 at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006217-0000-0000", "contents": "10th National Television Awards\nThe 10th National Television Awards ceremony was held at the Royal Albert Hall on 26 October 2004 and was hosted by Sir Trevor McDonald.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006218-0000-0000", "contents": "10th New Brunswick Legislature\nThe 10th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between February 7, 1831, and 1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006218-0001-0000", "contents": "10th New Brunswick Legislature\nThe assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick Sir Archibald Campbell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006220-0000-0000", "contents": "10th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006220-0001-0000", "contents": "10th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th New Hampshire was organized in Manchester, New Hampshire, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on September 4, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006220-0002-0000", "contents": "10th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, IX Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to July 1863. 3rd Brigade, Getty's Division, United States Forces, Norfolk and Portsmouth, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XVIII Corps, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to December 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIV Corps, Department of Virginia, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006220-0003-0000", "contents": "10th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th New Hampshire Infantry mustered out of service June 21, 1865. Veterans and recruits were transferred to the 2nd New Hampshire Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006220-0004-0000", "contents": "10th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New Hampshire and moved to Washington, D.C., September 22\u201325, 1862; then to Frederick, Md., September 30; to Sandy Hook, Md., October 4, and to Pleasant Valley October 6. Duty at Pleasant Valley, Md., until October 27, 1862. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 27-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, December 12\u201315.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006220-0005-0000", "contents": "10th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBurnside's Second Campaign (\"Mud March\") January 20\u201324, 1863. Moved to Newport News, Va., February 9, then to Norfolk and Suffolk March 14. Siege of Suffolk April 12-May 4. Battery Huger, Hill's Point, April 19. Reconnaissance across Nansemond River May 4. Moved to Portsmouth May 13, thence to Yorktown, Va. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24-July 7. Expedition from White House to South Anna River July 1\u20137. Moved to Portsmouth July 8\u201314, and to Julien Creek July 30. Duty there until March 19, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006220-0006-0000", "contents": "10th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBallahock, on Bear Quarter Road, and Deep Creek, February 29-March 1, 1864. Moved to Great Bridge March 19, then to Yorktown April 19. Butler's operations on south side of the James River against Petersburg and Richmond May 4\u201328. Port Walthal Junction May 7. Chester Station May 7. Swift Creek (or Arrowfield Church) May 9\u201310. Operations against Fort Darling May 12\u201316. Battle of Drewry's Bluff May 14\u201316. Bermuda Hundred May 17\u201327. Moved to White House, then to Cold Harbor May 27\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 15\u201319. Siege of Petersburg and Richmond June 15, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Chaffin's Farm, New Market Heights, Fort Harrison, September 28\u201330, 1864. Battle of Fair Oaks October 27\u201328. Duty in lines north of James River before Richmond until April 1865. Occupation of Richmond April 3. Provost duty at Manchester until June 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006220-0007-0000", "contents": "10th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 195 men during service; 7 officers and 54 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 133 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006221-0000-0000", "contents": "10th New Jersey Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th New Jersey Infantry Regiment was a regiment was organized under the provisions of an Act of Congress approved July 22, 1861, and by authority issued by the War Department. It was created to recruit from residents of the State of New Jersey, but was not under the control or supervision of the State authorities. It was originally known as \"Olden Legion\" after New Jersey Governor Charles Olden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006221-0001-0000", "contents": "10th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, History\nWilliam Bryan of Beverly, New Jersey, recruited and organized the 10th New Jersey Infantry Regiment. According to Foster, On the first roster of the regiment, after being placed in State service, is this endorsement: \"This regiment was raised by individuals, not authorized by the State, and accepted by the War Department as an independent organization, some time in the fall of 1861, and was not known by the State authorities until it was placed under their care, January 29, 1862.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006221-0002-0000", "contents": "10th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, History\nWhen the organization of the regiment was completed with nine companies of infantry and one company of cavalry, it was established at Camp Beverly, New Jersey, where William Bryan lived. The unit proceeded to Washington, D.C., on December 26, 1861, with 35 officers, 883 non-commissioned officers and privates, for a total of 918 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006221-0003-0000", "contents": "10th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, History\nAfter they marched to Camp Clay on the Bladensburg Turnpike, a location approximately one mile from Washington, they were reorganized and designated the 10th New Jersey Infantry. Soon after being reorganized the cavalry company, Company D, was discharged and a new company was raised that April. In fact, the regiment was not very effective by February 1862 when many of the cavalry company were under arrest for refusing to do infantry duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006221-0004-0000", "contents": "10th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, History\nFor the next year, the regiment served under the command of Brig. Gen. James Wadsworth in the defenses of Washington before being assigned to field service in the XXII Corps until April 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006221-0005-0000", "contents": "10th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, History\nAccording to Foster this regiment suffered from defective organization and the absence of discipline soon after arriving in Washington. The War Department turned to Governor Olden who did not want responsibility for this problem regiment. In the end, however, the State accepted responsibility after reorganizing the regiment and assigning a new Colonel, William R. Murphy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006221-0006-0000", "contents": "10th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment moved between various commands \u2014 beginning with the 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, until July 1863, when it was sent to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, after the Gettysburg Campaign and assigned to Darius Couch and the Department of the Susquehanna. It served in the defenses of Philadelphia until September 1863, when it moved to Pottsville, Pennsylvania. The regiment remained in the Department of the Susquehanna through April 1864. After more than 50% of the men re-enlisted the regiment became known as the 10th New Jersey Veteran Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006221-0006-0001", "contents": "10th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment joined the First New Jersey Brigade in the 1st Division, VI Corps, in the Army of the Potomac on April 19, 1864, and was sent to Virginia for the Overland Campaign. During that campaign, the regiment notably participated in the Battle of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor, losing 250 men. In late summer, the 10th was assigned to the Army of the Shenandoah, serving in the Shenandoah Valley under Philip H. Sheridan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006221-0007-0000", "contents": "10th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, History\nWhile with the Army of the Shenandoah the regiment, along with the First New Jersey Brigade, participated in the battles of Strasburg, Point Pleasant, Fisher's Hill, Third Winchester and Cedar Creek losing another 200 men. After returning to Virginia for the fall of Petersburg and the surrender of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House in April 1865, the 10th served as an occupation force at Danville, Virginia, until June 1865 when it was mustered out and returned home to New Jersey and a hero's welcome. Many veterans of the 10th New Jersey joined the Grand Army of the Republic and attended several reunions over the succeeding years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006222-0000-0000", "contents": "10th New York Cavalry Regiment\nThe 10th New York Cavalry Regiment (\"Porter Guard\") was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006222-0001-0000", "contents": "10th New York Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th New York Cavalry was organized in Elmira, New York beginning in August 1861 and mustered in September 27, 1861, under the command of Major Mathew Henry Avery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006222-0002-0000", "contents": "10th New York Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Bayard's Cavalry Brigade, Army of Virginia, August\u2013September 1862. Bayard's Brigade, Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, June 1863. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, to August 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, to May 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006222-0003-0000", "contents": "10th New York Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th New York Cavalry ceased to exist on June 17, 1865, when it was consolidated with the 24th New York Cavalry to form the 1st Regiment New York Provisional Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006222-0004-0000", "contents": "10th New York Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, December 24, and duty there until March 1862. Duty at Havre de Grace and Baltimore, Maryland, Middle Department and in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until August 1862. Sulphur Springs, Virginia, August 27, 1862. Near Frying Pan August 27. Reconnaissance to Dranesville, Herndon Station, and Frying Pan August 31. Near Centreville September 3. Reconnaissance to Leesburg October 16\u201317. Aldie and Mountsville October 31. Rappahannock Station November 1. New Baltimore November 4. Rappahannock Station November 7, 8, and 9. United States Ford November 16 (Company H). Battle of Fredericksburg December 12\u201315. Occoquan, Dumfries, December 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006222-0004-0001", "contents": "10th New York Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\n\"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863. Hartwood Church February 25. Rappahannock Railroad Bridge April 14. Stoneman's Raid toward Richmond April 27-May 8. Kelly's Ford April 30. Rapidan Station May 1. Louisa Court House May 2, South Anna Bridge May 3. Ashland Church May 4. Thompson's Cross Roads May 4. Brandy Station and Beverly Ford June 9. Aldie June 17. Middleburg June 18, 19 and 20. Upperville June 21. Aldie June 22. Gettysbur July 1\u20133. Fairfield, Pa., July 5. Hagerstown, Md., July 11. Boonsboro July 11\u201312. Near Harpers Ferry July 14. Shephardstown July 14 and 16. Halltown July 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006222-0004-0002", "contents": "10th New York Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nNear Amissville August 4. Little Washington August 5. Advance from the Rappahannock to the Rapidan September 13\u201317. Culpeper Court House September 13. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Near Warrenton October 11. Warrenton or White Sulphur Springs October 12\u201313. Auburn and St. Stephen's Church October 14. Catlett's Station October 15\u201316. Rappahannock Station October 24. Philomont November 1. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. New Hope Church November 27. Parker's Store November 29. Expedition to Luray December 21\u201323. Rapidan Campaign May\u2013June 1864. Near Chancellorsville May 4. Todd's Tavern May 5\u20136. Wilderness May 6\u20137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006222-0004-0003", "contents": "10th New York Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nTodd's Tavern May 7\u20138. Spotsylvania May 8. Sheridan's Raid to the James River May 9\u201324. North Anna River May 9\u201310. Ground Squirrel Church and Yellow Tavern May 11. Glen Allen May 11. Fortifications of Richmond May 12. Jones Bridge May 17. Haxall's Landing May 18. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Hanovertown and Haw's Shop May 28. Old Church Tavern May 30. Cold Harbor May 31-June 1. Barker's and Gaines Mills June 2. Bottom's Bridge June 3. Sheridan's Trevillian Raid June 7\u201324. Trevillian Station June 11\u201312. Malvern Hill June 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006222-0004-0004", "contents": "10th New York Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nKings and Queens Court House June 18. White House or St. Peter's Church and Black Creek or Tunstall Station June 21. Samaria Church June 24. Before Petersburg June 26, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Ream's Station June 30, 1864. Light House Point July 1. Gaines Hill July 2. Prince George Court House July 10 and 16. Lee's Mills July 12. Deep Bottom July 27\u201328. Malvern Hill July 28. Lee's Mills July 30. Demonstration north of the James August 13\u201320. Gravel Hill August 14. Strawberry Plains August 14\u201318. Weldon Railroad August 19\u201321. Dinwiddie Road, near Ream's Station, August 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006222-0004-0005", "contents": "10th New York Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nReam's Station August 25. Arthur's Swamp August 29\u201330. Yellow Tavern September 2. Stony Creek Station September 16. Belcher's Mills September 17. Poplar Springs Church, Peeble's Farm, September 29-October 2. Vaughan Road September 30-October 1. Duncan Road October 1. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27\u201328. Near Prince George Court House November 2. Reconnaissance to Stony Creek November 7. Blackwater Creek November 18. Stony Creek December 1. Hicksford Raid December 6\u201312. Bellefield December 9\u201310. Jarrett's Station December 10. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28- April 9. Dinwiddie Court House March 30\u201331. Five Forks April 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006222-0004-0006", "contents": "10th New York Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nFall of Petersburg April 2. Payne's Cross Roads and Amelia Springs April 5. Deatonville Road and Sailor's Creek April 6. Farmville April 7. Appomattox Station April 8. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Expedition to Danville April 23\u201329. Moved to Washington, D.C. May. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006222-0005-0000", "contents": "10th New York Cavalry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 251 men during service; 9 officers and 93 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 148 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006223-0000-0000", "contents": "10th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was also known as the McChesney Zouaves or National Guard Zouaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006223-0001-0000", "contents": "10th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized in New York City and was mustered in for a two-year enlistment on November 23, 1861. Some members of the regiment were mustered out on May 7, 1863, while those who reenlisted remained in the regiment until June 30, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006224-0000-0000", "contents": "10th New York State Legislature\nThe 10th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 12 to April 21, 1787, during the tenth year of George Clinton's governorship, at the Old Royal Exchange in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006224-0001-0000", "contents": "10th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1777, the State Senators were elected on general tickets in the senatorial districts, and were then divided into four classes. Six senators each drew lots for a term of 1, 2, 3 or 4 years and, beginning at the election in April 1778, every year six Senate seats came up for election to a four-year term. Assemblymen were elected countywide on general tickets to a one-year term, the whole assembly being renewed annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006224-0002-0000", "contents": "10th New York State Legislature, Background\nIn March 1786, the Legislature enacted that future Legislatures meet on the first Tuesday of January of each year unless called earlier by the governor. No general meeting place was determined, leaving it to each Legislature to name the place where to reconvene, and if no place could be agreed upon, the Legislature should meet again where it adjourned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006224-0003-0000", "contents": "10th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe State election was held from April 25 to 27, 1786. Gov. George Clinton and Lt. Gov. Pierre Van Cortlandt were re-elected to a fourth term. Senators Lewis Morris (Southern D.), John Williams (Eastern D.) and Abraham Yates Jr. (Western D.) were re-elected; and John Hathorn (Middle D.), Peter Schuyler (Western D.) and Assemblyman John Vanderbilt (Southern D.), were elected to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006224-0004-0000", "contents": "10th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe State Legislature was to meet on January 2, 1787, at the Old Royal Exchange in New York City, but the Assembly first assembled a quorum on January 12, the Senate on January 13; both Houses adjourned on April 21, 1787.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006224-0005-0000", "contents": "10th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006224-0006-0000", "contents": "10th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. John Vanderbilt changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006224-0007-0000", "contents": "10th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006224-0008-0000", "contents": "10th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006225-0000-0000", "contents": "10th New Zealand Parliament\nThe 10th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Elections for this term were held in 4 M\u0101ori electorates and 91 European electorates on 7 and 26 September 1887, respectively. A total of 95 MPs were elected. Parliament was prorogued in October 1890. During the term of this Parliament, two Ministries were in power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006225-0001-0000", "contents": "10th New Zealand Parliament, Sessions\nThe 10th Parliament opened on 6 October 1887, following the 1887 general election. It sat for four sessions, and was prorogued on 3 October 1890.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006225-0002-0000", "contents": "10th New Zealand Parliament, Historical context\nThe Representation Act 1887 had major implication for the procedure of revising electoral boundaries. The revision task was transferred from committees formed by MPs to a permanent Representation Commission. The act specified that a country quota of 18% be applied to all designated districts that excluded boroughs with a population above 2,000 people, and that all electorates were to have the same nominal population within a tolerance of 750 people. It was also stipulated that electoral boundaries were to be reviewed after each New Zealand census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006225-0003-0000", "contents": "10th New Zealand Parliament, Historical context\nIn the 1887 electoral redistribution, although the Representation Commission was required through the Representation Act 1887 to maintain existing electorates \"as far as possible\", rapid population growth in the North Island required the transfer of three seats from the South Island to the north. Ten new electorates were created: Auckland Central, Woodville, Wellington South and Suburbs, Masterton, Wellington East, Waimea-Picton, Linwood,Rangitata, Waihemo, and Ponsonby. One former electorate, Wairarapa, was recreated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006225-0004-0000", "contents": "10th New Zealand Parliament, Historical context\nPolitical parties had not been established yet; this only happened after the 1890 election. Anyone attempting to form an administration thus had to win support directly from individual MPs. This made first forming, and then retaining a government difficult and challenging.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006225-0005-0000", "contents": "10th New Zealand Parliament, Ministries\nThe second Stout-Vogel Ministry had been in power since 3 September 1884 until 8 October 1887, just after the 1887 general election to determine the composition of the 10th Parliament. The fourth Atkinson Ministry, known as the Scarecrow Ministry, lasted for the remainder of the term until 24 January 1891.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006226-0000-0000", "contents": "10th North Carolina Regiment\nThe 10th North Carolina Regiment was authorized on 17 April 1777 as a unit of the North Carolina State Troops named Sheppard's Regiment. The regiment was organized from 19 April to 1 July 1777 at Kinston, North Carolina from men from the northeastern region of the state of North Carolina and was adopted and assigned to the main Continental Army on 17 June 1777 as Sheppard's Additional Continental Regiment. The regiment was  disbanded on 1 June 1778 at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006226-0001-0000", "contents": "10th North Carolina Regiment, History\nAbraham Sheppard from Dobbs County, North Carolina was commissioned as the colonel and commandant over the newly-authorized 10th NC Regiment on the Continental Line on 17 April 1777. This regiment never met expectations and seemed to take forever to assemble. Other known field officers included Lt. Col. Adam Perkins and Maj. John Sheppard. The regiment also included William Alford as Assistant Commissary, Ebenezer Blackley as Surgeon's Mate, Isaac Bryan as Paymaster, William Moore as Surgeon's Mate, Benjamin Sheppard as Paymaster, and Thomas Williams as Commissary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006226-0002-0000", "contents": "10th North Carolina Regiment, History\nThe 10th Regiment was organized in the Summer and Fall of 1777 at Kingtson, North Carolina. It included eight companies of volunteers from the northwestern part of North Carolina. It was assigned to the North Carolina Brigade, an element of the Northern Department of the Continental Army, on 8 July 1777. Two companies started marching north in August of 1777. They joined the North Carolina Brigade at the Battle of Brandywine Creek on 11 September 1777 and the Battle of Germantown on 4 October 1777 in Pennsylvania. The remainder of the regiment reached Hannover County, Virginia in February of 1778.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006226-0002-0001", "contents": "10th North Carolina Regiment, History\nThis component of the regiment was reduced in size due to desertions and illness. After they reached Valley Forge in Pennsylvania they were disbanded and the remaining soldiers joined the 1st and 2nd North Carolina Regiments. On 29 May 1778, Continental Congress ordered the reorganization of all North Carolina regiments due to low numbers in their ranks. The already defunct 10th North Carolina Regiment was officially disbanded, effective 1 June 1778, never to be resurrected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006227-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly\nThe 10th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly was the 17th assembly of the territorial government held between 1983 and 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006227-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly, 3rd Session\nThe Spring field session of the Legislative Assembly held from June 5, 1985, to June 13, 1985, in gymnasium of Maani Ulujuk School in Rankin Inlet, Nunavut. This was the first time since 1976 that the Legislature was held in the community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 60], "content_span": [61, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006227-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly, 3rd Session, District renaming\nThree electoral districts were renamed in the June 1985 spring session to better reflect the quality of the areas represented, Deh Cho Gah became Nahendeh meaning Our Land, Kitikimeot East became Natilikmiot meaning people of seals and Foxe Basin was renamed Amittuq meaning a long, narrow land formation", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 79], "content_span": [80, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006229-0000-0000", "contents": "10th OTO Awards\nThe 10th OTO Awards, honoring the best in Slovak popular culture for the year 2009, took time and place on March 13, 2010 at the former Opera building of the Slovak National Theater in Bratislava. The ceremony broadcast live STV. The hosts of the show were Michal Hud\u00e1k and \u0160tefan Skr\u00facan\u00fd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006229-0001-0000", "contents": "10th OTO Awards, Reception, TV ratings\nThe show has gained on Jednotka a 37.1% ratings share among adults over 12 and, parallelly, 2.2% on the STV sister's channel Trojka. It garnered 734,000 and 44,000 viewers, making it a total audience of 778,000 viewers (39.3% share) on both RTVS networks and the most watched prime time TV program of the night in the region. Among adults aged 12\u201354, the totals were less; 32% with 394,000 viewers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006230-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Cavalry Regiment\nThe 10th Ohio Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006230-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th Ohio Cavalry Regiment was organized at Camp Taylor in Cleveland, Ohio, in October 1862 and mustered in for a three years under the command of Colonel Charles C. Smith. Companies were mustered in beginning in December 1862 and continuing through July 1863. Companies A and M were mustered in at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006230-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland, to August, 1863. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to November 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, Kilpatrick's 3rd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division Mississippi, to June 1865. Department of North Carolina to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006230-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th Ohio Cavalry mustered out of service July 24, 1865, at Lexington, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006230-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service, Detailed service\nThe 10th Ohio Volunteer Cavalry's detailed service is as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006230-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service, Detailed service, 1863\nLeft Ohio for Nashville, Tenn., February 27, 1863. Duty at Murfreesboro until June 1863. Expedition to Auburn, Snow Hill, Liberty, etc., April 2\u20136. Smith's Ford April 2. Snow Hill, Woodbury, April 3. Scout to Smithville June 4\u20135. Snow Hill June 4. Smithville June 5. Scout on Salem Pike June 12. Tullahoma Campaign June 23-July 7. Occupation of middle Tennessee until August 16. Passage of Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River and Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22. Battle of Chickamauga September 19\u201321. Operations against Wheeler and Roddy September 30-October 17. McMinnville October 4. Farmington October 7. March to relief of Knoxville November 27-December 8. Near Loudon December 2. Expedition to Murphey, N.C., December 6\u201311. Near Dandridge December 22\u201323 (detachment). Dandridge December 24 (detachment). Mossy Creek, Talbot Station, December 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 928]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006230-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service, Detailed service, =1864\nSchulz's Mill, Cosby Creek, January 14, 1864 (detachment). Near Wilsonville January 22, 1864. Expedition to Quallatown, N.C., January 31-February 7 (detachment). Quallatown February 5. Scout from Ringgold, Ga., to Lafayette April 24\u201325. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Stone Church May 1. Lee's Cross Roads and Ringgold Gap May 2. Demonstrations on Resaca May 8\u201313. Sugar Valley May 11. Near Resaca May 13. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Rome May 17\u201318. Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Near Stilesboro June 9 (detachment). Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006230-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service, Detailed service, =1864\nOn line of the Chattahoochie River July 3\u201317. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Frogtown August 3. Lovejoy's Station August 10. Sandtown and Fairburn August 15. Kilpatrick's Raid around Atlanta July 18\u201322. Camp Creek August 18. Red Oak and Jonesboro August 19. Lovejoy's Station August 20. Claiborne August 24. Flank movement on Jonesborough August 25\u201330. Fairburn August 27\u201328. Red Oak August 28. Flint River Station and Jonesborough August 30. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Campbellton September 10. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 30-November 3. Camp Creek September 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006230-0006-0002", "contents": "10th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service, Detailed service, =1864\nSweetwater and Noyes Creek near Powder Springs October 2\u20133. Van Wert October 9\u201310, Dallas October 21. March to the sea November 10-December 15. Bear Creek Station November 16. Walnut Creek and East Macon November 20. Waynesboro November 27\u201328. Buckhead Creek or Reynolds' Plantation November 28. Louisville November 30. Waynesboro December 4. Ebenezer Creek December 8. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006230-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service, Detailed service, 1865\nCampaign of the Carolinas January to April 1865. Aiken and Blackville, S.C., February 11. North Edisto River February 12\u201313. Guenter's Bridge February 14. Phillips' Cross Roads, N.C., March 4. Rockingham March 7\u20138. Monroe's Cross Roads March 10. Taylor's Hole Creek, Averysboro, March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Raleigh April 12\u201313. Morrisville April 13. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty in the Department of North Carolina until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006230-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 201 men during service; 3 officers and 34 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 158 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006231-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery\n10th Ohio Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006231-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 10th Ohio Battery was organized in Xenia, Ohio January 9, 1862, and mustered in at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, for a three-year enlistment on March 3, 1862, under Captain Hamilton Berlace White.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006231-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe battery was attached to 6th Division, Army of the Tennessee, to July 1862. Artillery, 6th Division, District of Corinth, Mississippi, to November 1862. Artillery, 6th Division, Left Wing, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to December 1862. 3rd Brigade, 6th Division, XVI Corps, to January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 6th Division, XVII Corps, to September 1863. Artillery, 1st Division, XVII Corps, to April 1864. Artillery, 4th Division, XVII Corps, April 1864. Artillery, 3rd Division, XVII Corps, to November 1864. Artillery Reserve, Nashville, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to February 1865. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, District of East Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006231-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 10th Ohio Battery mustered out of service at Camp Dennison on July 17, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006231-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nOrdered to St. Louis, Mo., then moved to Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., April 4\u20139. Advance on and siege of Corinth, Miss., April 29-May 30, 1862. Duty at Corinth, Miss., until September 15. Moved to Iuka, Miss., and duty there until October 1. Battle of Iuka September 19 and 27. Moved to Corinth October 1\u20132. Battle of Corinth October 3\u20134. Pursuit to Ripley October 5\u201312. Grant's Central Mississippi Campaign November 1862 to January 1863. Moved to Memphis, Tenn., January 10, 1863, then to Lake Providence, La., January 21, and duty there until April. Movement on Bruinsburg and turning Grand Gulf April 25\u201330.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006231-0004-0001", "contents": "10th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nDuty at Grand Gulf until June. Siege of Vicksburg June 13-July 4. Messenger's Ferry, Big Black River, June 29\u201330 and July 3. Advance on Jackson, Miss., July 4\u201310. Bolton's Ferry, Big Black River, July 4\u20136. Siege of Jackson, Miss., July 10\u201317. Duty at Vicksburg until April 1864. Moved to Clifton, Tenn., then marched via Huntsville and Decatur, Ala., to Ackworth, Ga., April to June 9. Atlanta Campaign June 9 to September 8. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201312. Turner's Ferry July 5. Moved to Marietta, Ga., July 12, and duty there until November. Moved to Nashville, Tenn., November 2, and duty there until April 1865. Battles of Nashville December 15\u201316, 1864 (reserve). Moved to Sweetwater, Tenn., April 1, 1865, then to Loudon, Tenn., and duty there until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 952]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006231-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 18 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Ohio Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was also known as the Montgomery Regiment, and the Bloody Tenth. The 10th Ohio Infantry was predominantly recruited from Irish Americans, but had two companies consisting of German Americans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-month regiment\nThe 10th Ohio Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Harrison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and assembled for three months' service on May 7, 1861, under Colonel William Haines Lytle. This was in response to President Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers. The regiment moved to Camp Dennison on May 12 and performed duty there until June 3, 1861. The 10th Ohio Infantry discharged on August 21, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe 10th Ohio Infantry was reorganized at Camp Dennison on June 3, 1861, and assembled for three years of service under the command of Colonel William Haines Lytle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThrough September 1861, the regiment was attached to the 2nd Brigade, Army of Occupation, Western Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0003-0001", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nIt was subsequently assigned to Benham's Brigade, Kanawha Division, Western Virginia, and stayed there through October 1861; the 1st Brigade, Kanawha Division, Western Virginia, to November 1861; the 17th Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to December 1861; the 17th Brigade, 3rd Division, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862; the 17th Brigade, 3rd Division, I Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862; the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Center, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863; the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIV Corps, January 1863; and Headquarters Provost Guard, Department of the Cumberland, to May 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe 10th Ohio Infantry disassembled on June 3, 1864. Seventy-five enlisted men whose terms of enlistment had not expired were left unassigned within the Army of the Cumberland until September, then were assigned to the 18th Ohio Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1861\nOperations by the 10th Ohio Regiment began quickly. After working up in Ohio, it marched to western Virginia on June 24. Operations ensued in Grafton, Clarksburg and Buckhannon until August. After that, it served in the Western Virginia Campaign from July to September 1861, seeing action at the Battle of Carnifex Ferry on September 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1861\nAfter some rest, the 10th moved to the Kanawha Valley and New River Region, where it saw action from October 19 to November 24. It participated in the pursuit of Confederate Brig. Gen. John B. Floyd from November 10 to 15 after reaching Gauley Bridge on November 10. It was at Cotton Mountain from November 10 to 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1861\nAfter that, the division moved to Louisville, Kentucky, where it was in action from November 24 to December 2. From there, the 10th moved to Elizabethtown and then on to Bacon Creek on December 26, where it waited out the winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1862\nThe 10th began the year on station at Bacon Creek. It stayed there until February 1862. It marched to Bowling Green, Kentucky, on February 10\u201315, and occupied Bowling Green from February 15 to 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1862\nAfter that, the division was ordered to advance on Nashville, Tennessee, which it did on February 22 \u2013 March 2. After a brief rest, it participated in the advance on Murfreesboro, Tennessee, from March 17 to 19. From there, it occupied Shelbyville, Fayetteville, and then advanced on Huntsville, Alabama, from March 28 to April 11. This resulted in the capture of Huntsville on April 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1862\nThe division saw no rest, immediately marching on Decatur from April 11 to 14. It saw action at West Bridge, near Bridgeport, on April 29. After that, the division had a breather. It was stationed at Huntsville until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1862\nThe division then participated in the march to Louisville, Kentucky, in pursuit of Confederate General Braxton Bragg from August 27 to September 26. This turned into a pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky from October 1 to 15. The division saw action at the Battle of Perryville on October eighth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1862\nThere followed a march to Nashville from October 16 to November 7. It then was assigned to Provost duty at the headquarters of General William S. Rosecrans, Commanding Army of the Cumberland, which occupied the division for the remainder of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1862\nWhile serving General Rosecrans, the division participated in the advance on Murfreesboro, Tennessee, from December 26 to 30, 1862. It saw action at the Battle of Stones River, December 30\u201331, 1862 and January 1 to 3, 1863, including Stewart's Creek, January 1, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1863\nThe 10th remained on Provost Duty for almost all of 1863. In December, it was transferred to similar duty at the headquarters of General George H. Thomas, Commanding Army and Department of the Cumberland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1863\nThe division saw duty at Murfreesboro until June 1863. It then participated in the Tullahoma Campaign from June 23 to July 7, 1863. It was one of the divisions participating in the occupation of middle Tennessee until August 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1863\nThe division then marched over the Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River as part of the preliminaries to the Chickamauga Campaign, where it formed part of the line from August 16 to September 22, 1863. It was in the line for the Battle of Chickamauga, September 19 to 21. After that, it participated in the siege of Chattanooga, September 24 \u2013 November 23, 1863. It was at the battle of Chattanooga, November 23\u201325, and then at Missionary Ridge, November 24\u201325, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1864\nThe 10th continued performing its Provost duty for General Thomas until May 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0018-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1864\nDuring this time, it participated in the reconnaissance of Dalton, Georgia, from February 22 to 27, 1864. There followed the Atlanta Campaign led by General William Tecumseh Sherman, May 1\u201327. The 10th made a demonstration attack on Rocky Faced Ridge from May 8 to 11. After the Battle of Resaca, May 14\u201315, the division was ordered to the rear for muster out on May 27, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006232-0019-0000", "contents": "10th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 168 men during its service; three officers and 86 enlisted men were killed or mortally wounded, two officers and 77 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006233-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Oklahoma Legislature\nThe Tenth Oklahoma Legislature was a meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma, composed of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The state legislature met in Oklahoma City, in regular session from January 6 to March 28, 1925, during the term of Governor Martin Trapp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006233-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Oklahoma Legislature\nThe 1925 session was marked by the creation of the state's top investigative law enforcement agency, which is today known as the Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006233-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership\nWilliam J. Holloway served as President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate in 1925. J.B. Harper served as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006234-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 10th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the  10th Central Committee, in the immediate aftermath of the 10th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006235-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Panzer Division (Bundeswehr)\nThe 10th Panzer Division (German: 10. Panzerdivision) is an armoured division of the German Army, part of the Bundeswehr. Its staff is based at Veitsh\u00f6chheim. The division is a unit of the German Army's stabilization forces and specializes in conflicts of low intensity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006235-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Panzer Division (Bundeswehr), History\nThis division was founded as the 10. Panzerdivision of the new German Army in 1959. Originally only consisting of armoured units, it now also commands Germany's last mountain warfare unit. For this reason the Edelweiss badge has become another commonly used insignia to denote allegiance to this formation. The 10th Panzer Division is a part of Germany's permanent contribution to Eurocorps, the other being the German contribution to the Franco-German Brigade which was subordinate to the division until 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006235-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Panzer Division (Bundeswehr), History\nAfter 1993 troops of this division participated in numerous overseas deployments. Among them were the first out-of-area land deployment operations for the Bundeswehr (in fact of any German military unit after World War II). Troops were deployed to Somalia (UNOSOM II) from 1993 to 1994 and to Bosnia and Herzegovina (IFOR) from 1995 to 1996 and stayed in this country until 1998 (SFOR). Soldiers of the 10th Panzer Division's SFOR contingent were also involved in the Bundeswehr's first combat operation in 1997 (Operation Libelle). In 2000, the 10th Panzer Division deployed more than 8,000 personnel to the Balkans. Between 2002 and 2003, it deployed to various operations in the Balkans and in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006235-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Panzer Division (Bundeswehr), History\nIn 2017, the 4th Rapid Deployment Brigade of the Czech Land Forces started to \u2033work closely\u2033 with the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006236-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 10th Panzer Division (English: 10th Tank Division) was an armoured division in the German Army, the Heer, during World War II, established in March 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006236-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 10th Panzer Division was a formation of the German Army during World War II. It was formed in Prague in March 1939, and served in the Army Group North reserve during the invasion of Poland of the same year. The division participated in the Battle of France in 1940, including the Siege of Calais, and in Operation Barbarossa attached to Army Group Center in 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006236-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nAfter taking heavy casualties on the Eastern Front it was sent back to France for rehabilitation and to serve as a strategic reserve against potential Allied invasion. The division was rushed to Tunisia after Operation Torch (1942) and spent six months in that theatre, where it engaged both British and American forces. It caused severe losses to the \"green\" US Army in some of their first encounters with the Germans under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel at the Battle of Kasserine Pass (1943). It was later lost in the general Axis surrender in North Africa in May 1943 and officially disbanded in June 1943. The division was never rebuilt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006236-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nIn honour of notable members of the 10th Panzer Division being part of the German Resistance and the failed 20 July Plot to kill Adolf Hitler in 1944, a new armoured division was named 10th Armoured Division in 1959 upon the formation of the West German army as a part of the Bundeswehr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006236-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nFor most of its history, the division was organized into three regiments: 7th Panzer, and 69th and 86th Panzergrenadier (mechanized infantry). Other units included an artillery regiment and one each of motorcycle, reconnaissance, tank destroyer, engineer, and signal battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006236-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe 10th Panzer Division was first formed on 1 April 1939 in Prague, as a composite formation made-up of previously established units throughout Germany. Many of these units were transferred from the 20th Motorized Division, the 29th Motorized Division, and the 3rd Light Division. By the fall of 1939, the division was still forming, but was nonetheless committed to the invasion of Poland before the process was complete. For that reason, the 10th Panzer Division remained in reserve for most of that campaign. It was moved from Pomerania in August into Poland, where it was hastily given control of the 7th Panzer Regiment, the 4th Panzer Brigade and several SS units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006236-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe division completed its formation by the start of 1940. It consisted of the 10th Rifle Brigade with the 69th and 86th Rifle Regiments, the 4th Panzer Brigade with the 7th and 8th Panzer Regiments, and the 90th Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006236-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nOnce complete, the division was sent to France to participate in the invasion of that country. Committed to the XIX Motorized Corps, the 10th Panzer Division was deployed to the southern axis of the fight, with the 1st and 2nd Panzer Divisions as well as Infantry Regiment Gro\u00dfdeutschland. It moved through Luxembourg and broke through the French lines at the Meuse River near Sedan, advancing all the way to the English Channel in its first engagement. At Sedan, the division remained briefly in reserve to protect the German bridgehead across the river from French counterattack. From there, the division pushed Allied forces from the ports in the Flanders region, before engaged in mopping-up operations in western areas of France after the French surrender. Following this, the division engaged in occupation duties and training in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006236-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nIn March 1941, the division was recalled to Germany, and moved to the border with the Soviet Union in June of that year in preparation for Operation Barbarossa. Once the invasion was launched, the division participated in the Battle of Bia\u0142ystok\u2013Minsk, in engagements at Smolensk and Vyasma, and in the Battle of Moscow. During the Soviet winter offensive of 1941\u20131942, it held positions at Yukhnov, near Rzhev, against repeated Soviet counterattacks from January to April 1942. Afterwards, the depleted division was withdrawn to Amiens, France to be reformed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006236-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nIn 1942, the division was transferred to Dieppe, where it played a minor role in countering the Dieppe Raid by Allied forces. Once the Allies landed in North Africa, the 10th Panzer Division was placed on occupation duty in Vichy France, and rushed to the African Theater in late 1942 as soon as transport became available. In December 1942, the division, now a part of Fifth Panzer Army, landed in Tunisia. Here they participated in the Battle of Kasserine Pass and several of the other early battles with units of the US Army, newly committed to the war. They also took part in the failed Axis offensive of Operation Ochsenkopf in late February 1943. When the Axis line collapsed in May 1943, the division was trapped. It surrendered on 12 May and was never rebuilt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006236-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Commanding officers\nThe division was commanded by six men during its existence, including twice when acting commanders filled Wolfgang Fischer's command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006236-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), War Crimes\nOn June 19 and 20, 1940, 188 French-Senegalese riflemen, 6 North African riflemen and 2 Russian and an Albanian legionaries were massacred by the German army from 10th Panzer and the Grossdeutschland Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006236-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Notable members\nSeveral Wehrmacht officers who had served in the 10th Panzer Division were active in the German resistance against Adolf Hitler and were imprisoned or executed after their unsuccessful attempt to assassinate him in the 20 July Plot of 1944:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia)\nThe 10th Parachute Brigade (Malay: Briged ke-10 Payung Terjun \u2013 10 Briged Para, Jawi: \u0661\u0660 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u06ac\u064a\u062f \u06a4\u0627\u0631\u0627), commonly known as 10 Para, is an elite brigade-sized airborne unit within the Malaysian Army tasked with being rapidly deployed inside or outside the boundaries of Malaysia. 10 Para is the key element of the Rapid Deployment Force (Malay: Pasukan Aturgerak Cepat \u2013 PAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia)\n10 Para is the only elite unit in the Malaysian Armed Forces to open its membership to women. The other elite unit to open its membership to women is the Unit Tindakhas (UTK; 'Special Actions Unit') of the Royal Malaysia Police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia), History\n10 Para's primary role is to be the nation's main offensive force in time of war or emergencies. The creation of the Parachute Brigade was proposed by Malaysia's defence planners in the late 1970s as a part of the modernisation plan for the military. The plan originally did not receive much support from the government due to concerns that the formation of such a brigade would be looked with suspicion by its neighbour, Singapore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia), History\nIn November 1988, Malaysia was unable to respond to a request for assistance by Maldives when that country was invaded by Tamil mercenaries. This inability to render timely help to prompt Malaysian leaders to move to form paratrooper units within the Malaysian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia), Roles\n10 Parachute Brigade is highly skilled in accordance with its status as a Rapid Deployment Force. The paratroopers are vigorously trained for specialised combat operations and rapid deployment in alignment with the brigade's motto Tindak Pantas (English: Act Fast). The 10 Para can be deployed from land, air and sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 40], "content_span": [41, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia), Brigade composition\n10 Parachute Brigade is based at Terendak Camp, Malacca, also known as 'Home of the Paras'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia), Training\nMembers of the brigade must pass a Kursus Asas Payung Terjun ('Basic Parachute Course') and Kursus Asas Pasukan Aturgerak Cepat (APAC; 'Basic Rapid Deployment Force Course') before being qualified to wear the maroon beret and parachute wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia), Training, Preparatory Course (2 Weeks)\nThis warm-up session lasts for two weeks. The candidates are prepared physically and mentally for the actual course. Candidates need to run 2.5\u00a0km (1.6\u00a0mi) twice a day at 0700 hrs and 1500 hrs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 73], "content_span": [74, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia), Training, Basic Parachute Course (4 Weeks)\nThis course is conducted at PULPAK, Sungai Udang Camp, Malacca. This course is compulsory for a non-combat soldier (doctors, nurses, chefs, religions officers, intelligence, etc.) to be attached to the 10 Para.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 77], "content_span": [78, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia), Training, Basic Parachute Course (4 Weeks), Phase 1: Theory\nThe first phase lasts for two weeks. Candidates are taught the correct techniques, how to land, emergency procedures if the main chute did not deploy or did not open correctly, emergency procedures if a collision happens in the air, how to deploy the second chute, discipline in the aircraft, landing techniques in difficult conditions (rough wind, water etc.) and the correct technique to pack the parachute after landing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 94], "content_span": [95, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia), Training, Basic Parachute Course (4 Weeks), Phase 2: Tower week\nLasts for one week, the theories learnt in phase 1 is tested at high tower. Each candidate needs to carry 40\u00a0kg (88\u00a0lb) of equipment for each exercise. The exercises are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 98], "content_span": [99, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia), Training, Basic Parachute Course (4 Weeks), Phase 3: Jump week\nThis is the final phase of the Basic Parachute Course. Non -PAC candidates are given their parachute wings right after performing the last jump while the PAC candidates move to the next course. In jump week, candidates are sent to a selected airport. The airport and drop zones are not fixed. Some of the known drop zones are Gong Kedak, Kelantan, Padang Terap, Kedah and Pontian, Johor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 97], "content_span": [98, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia), Training, Basic Parachute Course (4 Weeks), Phase 3: Jump week\nCompulsory jump is eight jumps with at least two jumps in full battle equipment. However, there are a few cases in which only seven jumps are needed if the weather conditions did not permit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 97], "content_span": [98, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia), Training, Basic Rapid Deployment Course (5 Weeks)\nKnown as Kursus Asas Pasukan Aturgerak Cepat (APAC) in Malay language, this rigorous course is conducted at Perkampungan Gempita Para ('Para Combat Village'), Terendak Camp, Malacca. The purpose of this course is to mentally and physically train the paratroopers to its elite status, applying esprit de corps and emphasise the 'Buddy System' among themselves. Also known as Latihan Semangat Waja, this course is divided into two phases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 84], "content_span": [85, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia), Training, Basic Rapid Deployment Course (5 Weeks), Phase 1: Camp phase\nTrainees need to learn theory and also endure physical training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 105], "content_span": [106, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia), Training, Basic Rapid Deployment Course (5 Weeks), Phase 2: Field phase\nIn this phase, trainees are trained with basic 10 Para tasks and they will be tested to perform the task under stress. Among the training is:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 106], "content_span": [107, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia), Training, Basic Rapid Deployment Course (5 Weeks), Phase 2: Field phase\nThe final training is conducted at Parawood, Terendak Camp. Trainees need to swim c.100\u00a0m (330\u00a0ft) in murky water with weapon and equipment before been bestowed with the maroon beret and the bleeding wing. The ceremony ends with the para oath and para dance by the graduates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 106], "content_span": [107, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia), Training, Advanced training\nThe career with the 10 Para does not stop once they receive the maroon beret. The 10 Para members can proceed to the next level of training by participating in an advanced course offered to them by the Malaysian Armed Forces. They can also try to join the 10 Para's Special Forces Equivalent Unit, the Pandura Company ('Pathfinder'). Some of the veteran paratroopers of the 10 Para proceeded to enter the Basic Commando Course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0018-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia), Recent Operations\nOn 14 October 2005, The Malaysian Medical Team (MasMedTim) soldiers serving in earthquake-hit Battagram, Pakistan have been recommended for a service allowance of RM100 a day. The team, which left for Pakistan had set up a field hospital in Battagram, some 250\u00a0km from Islamabad, on 26 October. Equipped only with tents that were more suitable for the tropics and kerosene heaters, MasMedTim soldiers had to battle subzero temperatures while carrying out their duties of providing aid to survivors of 8 October South Asia earthquake. Insufficient winter clothes and the lack of hot water at the campsite was affecting soldiers for over two months now as the temperature sometimes dropped to minus 7 degrees Celsius (\u22127\u00a0\u00b0C) at night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0019-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia), Recent Operations\nThe security surveillance, code-named Operation Padanan Sipadan Island Resort or known as Ops Pasir, which was launched on 20 September 2000 following the hostage-taking incidents in Sipadan and Pandanan islands, had restored confidence among tourists, including from the United States, to come to the resort islands. The integrated operation involves the Malaysian army, navy and air force as well as other related agencies such as the police and the coast guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006237-0020-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Brigade (Malaysia), Honorary maroon beret\nAs the second most prestige beret in the Malaysian Army; only after the green beret of the Grup Gerak Khas, the maroon beret of 10 Para is honorarily awarded to the high ranking individuals, military or government high ranking and foreign VIPs. In Malaysia, the honorary beret is part of the official military attires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006238-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Division (France)\nThe 10th Parachute Division (French: 10e Division Parachutiste, 10e D.P) was a formation of the French Army, part of the French Airborne Units. It consisted predominantly of infantry troops, and specialized in airborne combat and air assault. Established in 1956, it fought primarily in the Suez Crisis and the Algerian War. It was dissolved immediately after the Algiers putsch of 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006238-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Division (France), Composition\nOn July 1, 1956, the 10e D.P. is created with the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006238-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Division (France), Composition\nNote: On the 1 December 1958, the \"Colonial infantry\" was renamed \"Marine infantry\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006238-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Division (France), History, Operation Musketeer\nBarely created, the 10e D.P. took part in the Suez Crisis in Egypt, in an operation named \"Operation Musketeer\". The 10e D.P was reinforced for this purpose with:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006238-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Division (France), History, Operation Musketeer\nOn 5 November 1956, elements of the 10e D.P. were dropped on Port Fuad and Port Said, completed the next morning by amphibious assaults on both towns. Although the battle was a military success, allied troops had to withdraw due to pressure from the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006238-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Division (France), History, Battle of Algiers\nIn Algiers, the National Liberation Front (FLN) was carrying out a wave of terrorist attacks an urban guerilla which made many casualties, mostly Muslim civilians. In January 1957, Robert Lacoste, Minister Resident in Algeria, reacted by giving full powers to General Massu over the Algiers area. Massu sent the 10e D.P. to search out, arrest and question FLN members. The battle of Algiers proved to be a clear success for the French military, with most prominent FLN leaders killed or arrested and terrorist attacks effectively stopped. However, the use of torture against some FLN members led to an increasing opposition to war in France and internationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006238-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Division (France), History, Battle of the Frontiers\nIn 1956, the newly independent Republic of Tunisia was helping the FLN by smuggling weapons and men through its territory. The electrified fence known as the Morice Line was built up to prevent Algerian FLN guerrillas from entering the French colony of Algeria from Tunisia. The 10e D.P. was assigned to the surveillance of a portion of the electrified border, in order to intercept rebel bands that have managed to cross it. The Morice Line had a significant impact of the reduction of guerrillas activities by forces that originated from Tunisia. However, general Massu, the commanding officer of the 10e D.P. was relieved of his command as he criticized president Charles de Gaulle's actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006238-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Division (France), History, Algiers Putsch\nDespite the military successes, French Prime Minister Michel Debr\u00e9's government started secret negotiations with the anti-colonialist FLN in order to grant independence to Algeria. French settlers and soldiers were stunned by this decision and a putsch was organized in Algiers. With the exception of the 3e RPIMa, the rest of the 10e D.P. supported the coup. When the putsch failed the 25e D.P. along with the 10e D.P. were dissolved and the 1er R.E.P was the only regiment disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006238-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Division (France), Traditions\nExcept for the Legionnaires of the 1e REP who wear the Green Beret, the remainder of the French army metropolitan and marine paratroopers forming the 11th Parachute Brigade wear the Red Beret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006238-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Division (France), Traditions\nAnchored Winged Armed Dextrochere of French Army Marine Infantry Paratroopers", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006238-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Division (France), Traditions\nThe Archangel Saint Michael, patron of the French paratroopers is celebrated on September 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006238-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Division (France), Traditions\nThe pri\u00e8re du Para (Prayer of the Paratrooper) was written by Andr\u00e9 Zirnheld in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006238-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Division (France), Traditions, Insignias\nJust like the paratrooper Brevet of the French Army; the Insignia of French Paratroopers was created in 1946. The French Army Insignia of metropolitan Paratroopers represents a closed \"winged armed dextrochere\", meaning a \"right winged arm\" armed with a sword pointing upwards. The Insignia makes reference to the Patron of Paratroopers. In fact, the Insignia represents \"the right Arm of Saint Michael\", the Archangel which according to Liturgy is the \"Armed Arm of God\". This Insignia is the symbol of righteous combat and fidelity to superior missions. The French Army Insignia of Marine Infantry Paratroopers is backgrounded by a Marine Anchor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006239-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Division (Germany)\nThe 10th Parachute Division (10. Fallschirmj\u00e4ger-Division) was an infantry division of the German military during the Second World War, active in 1945. It was \"paratroop\" in name only and fought as regular infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006239-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Division (Germany)\nThe division was formed in March 1945, commanded by Gustav Wilke, out of a disparate collection of Luftwaffe units including existing parachute units in the Italian theatre, and crews from Jagdgeschwader 101. It contained the 28th, 29th and 30th Fallschirmj\u00e4ger Regiments, and the 10th Fallschirmj\u00e4ger Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006239-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Parachute Division (Germany)\nThe division fought in Austria and Moravia, surrendering to the Soviet Army in May 1945 at the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006240-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of British Columbia\nThe 10th Legislative Assembly of British Columbia sat from 1903 to 1906. The members were elected in the British Columbia general election held in October 1903. This election was the first in British Columbia to be contested by competing political parties. The British Columbia Conservative Party led by Richard McBride, having won the majority of seats, formed the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006240-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of British Columbia, Members of the 10th General Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1903.:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006240-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections\nBy-elections were held for the following members appointed to the provincial cabinet, as was required at the time:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006240-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections\nBy-elections were held to replace members for various other reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006241-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Kenya\nThe 10th Parliament of Kenya saw the National Assembly opened on 15 January 2008. This following the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) of Raila Odinga winning a majority in the 2007 parliamentary elections. Raila was a candidate in the presidential elections, which resulted in a controversial victory for Mwai Kibaki of the Party of National Unity. The opening of the parliament was fraught with jeers, cheers and brawls between the opposing parties; Mwai Kibaki was greeted by the ODM members with silence and boos, while Raila was greeted by PNU members with accusations of genocide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006241-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Kenya\nThe inauguration of the 10th Parliament's first session commenced on 6 March 2008, when Odinga was sworn in as provisional Prime Minister and the National Accord and Reconciliation Act 2008 was passed. ODM member Kenneth Marende was elected speaker, defeating PNU member Francis ole Kaparo 105\u2013101 in the third round of balloting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006241-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Kenya, By-elections, June 2008\nFollowing the election, two ODM MPs\u2014Mugabe Were and David Kimutai Too\u2014were killed during the post-election crisis, which was the result of a dispute over the results of the presidential election. As a result, by-elections were needed in their constituencies. In addition, by-elections had to be held in two constituencies in the Rift Valley where results were never announced due to violence. Kenneth Marende was elected as Speaker of Parliament following the election, leaving his seat vacant and requiring another by-election to be held in his constituency. The ODM was left with 96 seats at this point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006241-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Kenya, By-elections, June 2008\nThese five by-elections were held on 11 June 2008. On 10 June, two ministers\u2014Minister of Roads Kipkalya Kones and Assistant Minister of Home Affairs Lorna Laboso, both from ODM\u2014were killed in a plane crash, leaving another two seats vacant (and reducing ODM to 94 MPs). They had been going to the Rift Valley for the by-elections at the time of the accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006241-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Kenya, By-elections, June 2008\nThree of the five by-elections were won by the ODM and two by the PNU. The ODM kept its seats in Emuhaya and Ainamoi constituencies; however, it lost the seat in Nairobi's Embakasi Constituency to the PNU. Counting allied parties and MPs, ODM now has 103 MPs and PNU 104 MPs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006241-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Kenya, By-elections, September 2008\nBy-elections were held in Bomet and Sotik constituencies on 25 September and were won by Beatrice Kones and Joyce Laboso respectively. Both seats were retained by ODM and were won by close relatives of their immediate predecessors, who died in an aviation accident in June: Beatrice Kones is the widow of Kipkalya Kones and Joyce Laboso is the sister of Lorna Laboso.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006241-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Kenya, By-elections, August 2009\nIn May 2009, Parliament approved the formation of a new Electoral body, The Interim Independent Electoral Commission (IIEC), paving the way for by-elections in the constituencies of Shinyalu and Bomachoge, which were held on 27 August 2009. Shinyalu fell vacant when its sitting MP Charles Lugano of ODM died. ODM retained the seat, after Justus Kizito won it at the by-elections. The Bomachoge seat was vacated after the 2007 Elections at the constituency were nullified due to irregularities. The seat was won in 2007 by Joel Onyancha of Ford-People. At the 2007 by-elections Simon Ogari of ODM narrowly beat Onyancha, who was now representing PNU. For the first time in Kenya, the ballot boxes were transparent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006241-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Kenya, By-elections, June 2010\nIn December 2009 the High court of Kenya declared the South Mugirango parliamentary seat vacant due to irregularities in the election process, although James Omingo Magara of ODM, who had won the election, was not found guilty of any rigging. Subsequent South Mugirango by-election was held on 10 June 2010. Magara decamped to the little-known People's Democratic Party (PDP) after being not favoured by the ODM leader Raila Odinga. The by-election was won by Manson Nyamweya of Ford-People, who beat Magara and Ibrahim Ochoi of ODM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006241-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Kenya, By-elections, July 2010\nAs of 5 February 2010, the Matuga Constituency MP Chirau Ali Mwakwere (PNU) lost his cabinet and parliamentary seat. This was due to a petition filed by a voter, Mr Ayub Juma Mwakesi, who wanted the election of Mr Mwakwere nullified citing that the entire election process was marred by irregularities. The ruling that nullified Mr Mwakwere's election in the 2007 election was made by High Court Judge, Justice Mohamed Ibrahim. A subsequent by-election was held on 12 July 2010. Mwakwere retained the seat by beating his closest rival, Hassan Mwanyoha of ODM", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006241-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Kenya, By-elections, September 2010\nThree parliamentary by-elections were held on 20 September 2011. Margaret Wanjiru (ODM) retained her Starehe Constituency seat beating Maina Kamanda (PNU). The by-election was held after vote recount held in April 2010 indicated that the poll was actually won by Maina Kamanda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006241-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Kenya, By-elections, September 2010\nWilliam Kabogo Gitau (NARC-Kenya) won the Juja Constituency seat. Alice Wambui of Kenya National Congress was distant second, while the previous MP, George Thuo of PNU was left third. Theo had lost the seat due to irregularities at the 2007 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006241-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Kenya, By-elections, September 2010\nThe Makadara Constituency seat was taken up by Gideon Mbuvi Kioko of NARC-Kenya followed by former MP Reuben Ndolo of ODM while Dick Wathika (PNU) was left third. Wathika was the previous MP, but had lost the seat due to irregularities at the 2007 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006241-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Kenya, By-elections, February 2011\nJohn Ngata Kariuki of Ford-Asili lost his Kirinyaga Central Constituency seat after a court petition filed by the previous Kirinyaga Central MP Daniel Karaba (Narc-Kenya) on 22 October 2010. Kariuki decided not to defend his seat at the subsequent by-election. The by-election was held on 16 February 2011. The PNU candidate Joseph Gitari won the poll leaving Karaba to second place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006242-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Lower Canada\nThe 10th Parliament of Lower Canada was in session from April 11, 1820, to April 24, 1820. Elections to the Legislative Assembly in Lower Canada had been held in March 1820. The legislature was dissolved due to the death of King George III. All sessions were held at Quebec City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006243-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Navarre\nThe 10th Parliament of Navarre is the current meeting of the Parliament of Navarre, the regional legislature of Navarre, with the membership determined by the results of the regional election held on 26 May 2019. The parliament met for the first time on 19 June 2019. According to the Statute of Autonomy of Navarre the maximum legislative term of the parliament is 4 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006243-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Navarre, Election\nThe 10th Navarrese parliamentary election was held on 26 May 2019. At the election the newly formed conservative and unionist Navarra Suma (NA+) became the largest party in the parliament but fell short of a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006243-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Navarre, History\nThe new parliament met for the first time on 19 June 2019 and after two rounds of voting Unai Hualde of Geroa Bai (GB) was elected President of the Parliament of Navarre with the support of the Socialist Party of Navarre (PSN), EH Bildu (EHB), Podemos-Ahal Dugu and Izquierda-Ezkerra (I-E).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006243-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Navarre, History\nOther members of the Bureau of the Parliament of Navarre were also elected on 19 June 2019: Inmaculada Jur\u00edo (PSN), First Vice-President; Yolanda Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez (NA+), Second Vice-President; Juan S\u00e1nchez (NA+), First Secretary; Maiorga Ramirez (EHB), Second Secretary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006243-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Navarre, Government\nAfter two rounds of voting Mar\u00eda Chivite (PSN) was elected President of Navarre on 2 August 2019 with the support of GB, Podemos and I-E after EHB chose to abstain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006244-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Ontario\nThe 10th Legislative Assembly of Ontario was in session from May 29, 1902, until December 13, 1904, just prior to the 1905 general election. The majority party was the Ontario Liberal Party  led by George William Ross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006245-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I\nThe 10th Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I was summoned by Queen Elizabeth I of England on 11 September 1601 and assembled on 27 October 1601. It was to be her final Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006245-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I\nAt the State Opening of Parliament the Lord Keeper Thomas Egerton explained that the Parliament had been called to authorise the replenishment of the Queen's coffers due to the cost of the war in Ireland and the ongoing threat of Spanish invasion. He also indicated that the Queen wished to see the Parliament dissolved by Christmas. John Croke, Recorder of London and MP for London, was appointed Speaker of the House of Commons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006245-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I\nThe question of the subsidy was debated and agreed by November 9 and Parliament turned to other matters. The main issue of the day was the question of the abuse of monopolies. The Crown had for many years granted profitable monopoly rights to individuals in return for favours rendered to the crown, thereby raising the prices of the goods and services involved. Parliament considered this as at least an abuse of Royal privilege and at worst an illegal practice. Previous promises by the Crown to redress the problem had not been fulfilled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006245-0002-0001", "contents": "10th Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I\nFeelings on the issue were so strong that Elizabeth was forced to defuse the situation by inviting 141 MPs to her palace where she delivered the Golden Speech, in which she revealed that it would be her final Parliament (she was 68 years old) and won over the delegation with a speech addressing the love and respect she had for the country, her position, and the Members themselves. She did however commit herself to publishing by Proclamation her intention to abolish some patents and allow others to submit to trial by common law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006245-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I\nThe remaining Parliamentary time was dedicated to social and economic matters. The Poor Laws of 1597-98 were codified into a new Act which remained on the Statute Book until 1834. A number of bills concerning alehouses and drunkenness, blasphemy, regulation of weights and measures, and the enforcement of church attendance failed to be passed into law. Nevertheless, a total of 19 public and 10 private measures did receive the royal assent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006246-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Singapore\nThe 10th Parliament of Singapore was the previous Parliament of Singapore. The first session commenced on 25 March 2002 and was prorogued on the 1 December 2004. The second session begun from 12 January 2005 and was dissolved on 20 April 2006. The membership was set by the 2001 Singapore General Election on 3 November 2001, and it has been only changed due to Lee Hsien Loong being elected as the Prime Minister in Singapore in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006246-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Singapore\nThe 10th Parliament is controlled by a People's Action Party majority, led by Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong and members of the cabinet, which assumed power on 3 November 2001, and later led by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, who assumed power on 12 August 2004. The Opposition is led by the Mr Chiam See Tong of the Singapore Democratic Alliance. The Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore is Abdullah bin Tarmugi, of the People's Action Party. He was elected as the Speaker of the House for the 10th Parliament on 25 March 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006247-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Sri Lanka\nThe 10th Parliament of Sri Lanka was a meeting of the Parliament of Sri Lanka, with the membership determined by the results of the 1994 parliamentary election held on 16 August 1994. The parliament met for the first time on 25 August 1994 and was dissolved on 18 August 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006247-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election\nThe 10th parliamentary election was held on 16 August 1994. The People's Alliance (PA), an alliance of opposition parties, became the largest group in Parliament by winning 105 of the 225 seats. The incumbent United National Party (UNP) won 94 seats. The Eelam People's Democratic Party (EPDP), a government backed Tamil paramilitary group, won 9 seats and the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC) won 7 seats. Smaller parties won the remaining 10 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006247-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election, Results\nThe new parliament was sworn in on 25 August 1994. K. B. Ratnayake was elected Speaker, Anil Moonesinghe was elected Deputy Speaker and Rauff Hakeem was elected Deputy Chairman of Committees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006247-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nThe PA was able to form a government with the support of the seven SLMC MPs and one independent MP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006247-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nOn 19 August 1994 President D. B. Wijetunga appointed Chandrika Kumaratunga, leader of the PA, as Prime Minister. The rest of the government were sworn in on the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006247-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nPrime Minister Kumaratunga was elected president at the 3rd presidential election held on 9 November 1994. On 14 November 1994 she appointed her mother Sirimavo Bandaranaike as Prime Minister. Prime Minister Bandaranaike retired on 10 August 2000 and was replaced by Ratnasiri Wickremanayake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006248-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Turkey\nThe 10th Grand National Assembly of Turkey existed from 2 May 1954 to 1 November 1957. There were 541 MPs in the parliament. While The Democrat Party (DP) won a vast majority. The opposition was represented by the Republican People\u2019s Party (CHP)  with 30 seats, the  Republican Nation Party with 5 seats and 7 Independents. In 1955 a new party (Liberty Party) was also founded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006248-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Turkey, Main parliamentary milestones\nSome of the important events in the history of the parliament are the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006249-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Upper Canada\nThe 10th Parliament of Upper Canada was opened 8 January 1829. Elections in Upper Canada had been held in July 1828. All sessions were held at York, Upper Canada. This parliament was dissolved 8 September 1830 on the announcement of the death of King George IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006249-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Upper Canada\nThe House of Assembly of the 10th Parliament of Upper Canada had two sessions 8 January 1829 to 6 March 1830:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006249-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Parliament of Upper Canada\nBoth the House and Parliament sat at the old York Court House on King Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006250-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Pennsylvania Regiment\nThe 10th Pennsylvania Regiment was an American infantry unit that served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Raised in September 1776 in the strength of eight companies, it was assigned to George Washington's main army in December 1776. Led by Colonel Joseph Penrose, the regiment fought under Thomas Mifflin at Princeton. In 1777 the unit was in action at Brandywine, Paoli, and Germantown during the time Adam Hubley was lieutenant colonel. At Monmouth in June 1778 Colonel George Nagel was in command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006250-0000-0001", "contents": "10th Pennsylvania Regiment\nA few days after Monmouth, the regiment absorbed the 11th Pennsylvania Regiment and Colonel Richard Humpton took over the unit, which grew to nine companies in size. In 1780 the 10th fought at Springfield and Bull's Ferry. In January 1781 the 10th Pennsylvania merged with the 1st Pennsylvania Regiment and ceased to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006250-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Pennsylvania Regiment, History\nThe 10th Pennsylvania Regiment was raised on 16 September 1776 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for service with the Continental Army. The regiment saw action during the Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Paoli, Battle of Germantown, Battle of Monmouth, Battle of Springfield, and Battle of Bull's Ferry. The regiment was disbanded on January 17, 1781, at Trenton, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006251-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment\nThe 10th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment also known as the 39th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army as part of the Pennsylvania Reserves infantry division during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006251-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Service\nThe 10th Pennsylvania Reserves was organized at Camp Wilkins near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania beginning June 3, 1861 and mustered on July 21, 1861 under the command of Colonel John S. McCalmont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006251-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade, McCall's Pennsylvania Reserves Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April 1862. 3rd Brigade, McCall's Division, Department of the Rappahannock, to June 1862. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac, to August 1862. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to February 1863. 3rd Brigade, Pennsylvania Reserves Division, XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to June 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006251-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Harrisburg, Pa., July 18. Moved to Baltimore, Md., July 22; then to Washington, D.C., July 24. At Tennallytown, Md., August 1 to October 10, 1861, and at Camp Pierpont, near Langley, Va., until March 1862. Expedition to Gunnell's Mills December 6, 1861. Action at Dranesville December 20. Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10\u201315, 1862. McDowell's advance on Falmouth April 9\u201319. Duty at Fredericksburg until June. Moved to White House June 9\u201312. Seven Days before Richmond June 25-July 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006251-0003-0001", "contents": "10th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Detailed service\nBattles of Mechanicsville June 26, Gaines's Mill June 27, Charles City Cross Roads and Glendale June 30, Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing until August 16. Movement to join Pope August 16\u201326. Battle of Gainesville August 28. Battle of Groveton August 29. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201324. Battle of South Mountain, Md., September 14. Battle of Antietam September 16\u201317. Duty in Maryland until October 30. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12\u201315. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006251-0003-0002", "contents": "10th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Washington, D.C., February 6, and duty there and at Alexandria until June 25. Ordered to join the Army of the Potomac in the field. Battle of Gettysburg, July 1\u20133. Pursuit of Lee July 5\u201324. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Rappahannock Station November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Bristoe Station April 15, 1864 (detachment). Rapidan Campaign May 4\u201331. Battle of the Wilderness May 5\u20137, Laurel Hill May 8, Spotsylvania May 8\u201312, and Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient May 12. Harris Farm May 19. North Anna River May 23\u201326. Jericho Ford May 25. On line of the Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Left the front May 31, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006251-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 207 men during service; 7 officers and 153 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 47 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006252-0000-0000", "contents": "10th People's Choice Awards\nThe 10th People's Choice Awards, honoring the best in popular culture for 1983, were held in 1984. They were broadcast on CBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006253-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Philippine Legislature\nThe Tenth Philippine Legislature was the meeting of the legislature of the Philippines under the sovereign control of the United States from 1934 to 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006254-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu\n10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu is a non-traditional system of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu developed by Eddie Bravo. It was one of the first Jiu-Jitsu school systems to avoid using a gi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006254-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu, History\nIn 2003, after earning a black belt under Jean-Jacques Machado, Eddie Bravo opened his first 10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu school in Los Angeles, California. Bravo's system emphasizes developing students for submission-only grappling competition rather than points, he focused his jiu-jitsu training without the traditional gi, becoming one of the first jiu-jitsu schools to do so. The idea behind this was to try to implement as many of the techniques as possible in mixed martial arts (MMA) competitions. Bravo worked for the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) during this time and felt high-level jiu-jitsu practitioners weren't winning as much as they should have, mainly attributing this to them wearing a gi when training jiu-jitsu but competing in MMA without one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006254-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu, History\n10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu has been controversial since its inception; abandoning the gi drew some backlash from other Jiu-Jitsu schools and there has been debate as to how much 10th Planet techniques, most notably its iterations of the rubber guard, translates to MMA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006254-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu, History\nIn addition to the original 10th Planet headquarters in Los Angeles, there are over 100 schools worldwide. Some are established BJJ training facilities that have adopted the system as an expansion of the art. The style has spread overseas to Ireland, the United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden, Australia, and Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006254-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu, Publications\nVictory Belt Publishing released three manuals covering techniques of the 10th Planet system: Mastering the Rubber Guard, Mastering the Twister, and Advanced Rubber Guard. The first and third books cover the system's signature rubber guard, while the second tackles the twister, another integral position in the system. The books were written by Eddie Bravo, Glen Cordoza, and Erich Krauss. Eddie Bravo also airs an hour to two-hour online series every month on his website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006254-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu, Ranking system\nWhile 10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu uses the standard Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ranking system, its practitioners most commonly train without a gi and belt. 10th Planet offers colored ranked rashguards to help visually denote belt rank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006255-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Politburo and the 10th Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 10th Politburo and the 10th Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) were elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the 10th Central Committee, in the immediate aftermath of the 10th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 83], "section_span": [83, 83], "content_span": [84, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006256-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 10th Central Committee on August 30, 1973, consisting of 21 members and 4 alternate members. There were additions to the membership in 1973 and 1977. It was informally supervised by the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. It was preceded by the 9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006256-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, Member elected in July 1977 (1)\nat the 3rd Plenary Session of the 10th Central Committee:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006257-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nThe 10th Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam was elected by the Central Committee on 25 April in the aftermath of the 10th National Congress. The Politburo was dissolved on 12 January 2011, at the beginning of the 11th National Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006258-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party\nThe 10th Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP), officially the Political Bureau of the 10th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, was elected in 2016 by the 1st Plenary Session of the 10th Central Committee, in the immediate aftermath of the 10th National Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006258-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party\n7th-ranked member Saysomphone Phomvihane is the son of former LPRP General Secretary Kaysone Phomvihane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006259-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly\nThe 10th Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) was elected by the 1st Session of the 10th Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea on 5 September 1998. It was replaced on 3 September 2003 by the 11th SPA Presidium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006260-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Press Camp Headquarters\nThe 10th Public Affairs Detachment (Press Camp Headquarters) is a U.S. Army tactical, 31-person unit providing a Battalion level headquarters and is composed of Public Affairs and support professionals, commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel and Command Sergeant Major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006260-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Press Camp Headquarters\nThe mission of the 10th PAD (PCH) is \"on order, to deploy in support of Combatant Commander requirements across the spectrum of current and future operations to conduct Public Affairs operations and implement the information strategies of the supported commander in order to support civilian news media and facilitate news gathering efforts in the theater.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006260-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Press Camp Headquarters\nThe 10th PAD (PCH) was originally activated in 1966 during the Vietnam War as the 10th Public Information Detachment. The 10th PID served with distinction prior to being inactivated in 1972, earning the Republic of Vietnam's Cross of Gallantry with Palm three times and the U.S. Army's Valorous Unit Award. The 10th was redesignated a Public Affairs Detachment in March 2004 and reactivated in October 2005. The unit was later deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and assumed the role of the Multi-National Force Iraq's Coalition Press Information Center (CPIC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006260-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Press Camp Headquarters\nThe 10th PAD(PCH)'s home station is Fort Bragg (North Carolina). The 10th is an element of the U.S. Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) and is not a permanent element of any division or corps.. The unit has a command cell, a headquarters section and an expeditionary section. Within the expeditionary section are four, five member teams each with an officer, two print journalists and two broadcasters. The 10th may also serve as headquarters for other public affairs units, such as Public Affairs Detachments (PADs) and Broadcast Operations Detachments (BODs). Although subordinate FORSCOM PA units (27th PAD, 49th PAD, 50th PAD and 22d MPAD) are technically attached, all work and deploy autonomously, meeting the demands of today's modular Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006260-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Press Camp Headquarters\nIn 2009, elements of the 10th PAD (PCH) deployed forward in support of Joint Task Force Guantanamo Bay. Team GTMO was composed of Soldiers from the 10th Public Affairs Detachment (Press Camp Headquarters) from Fort Bragg; the 22d Mobile Public Affairs Detachment (MPAD) from Fort Bragg; and the 7th MPAD from Fort Hood. They provided Public Affairs Media relations support to Joint Task Force Guantanamo. They returned from the mission in January 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006260-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Press Camp Headquarters\nThe 10th PAD (PCH) deployed to Iraq again in August 2010, at the end of Operation Iraqi Freedom, and ushered in Operation New Dawn. They task organized under United States Forces-Iraq (USF-I), Strategic Communications directorate, where they relieved the 318th Public Affairs Operations Center in maintaining a CPIC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006260-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Press Camp Headquarters\nThe CPIC has four main functions: 1) credentialing and badging media covering troops and operations; 2) embedding media with units; 3) escorting media interacting with troops; 4) acquiring video and print/photo stories for dissemination to internal audiences (such as troops, DoD civilians and family members) and external audiences (such as the American public through social media and traditional media).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006260-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Press Camp Headquarters\nIn October 2012, Soldiers of the 10th Press Camp Headquarters deployed to Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, N.J. and Fort Hamilton, N.Y., to support local, state and federal authorities responding to relief efforts after Hurricane Sandy swept the East Coast. The 10th PCH, on order, deploys anywhere in the United States to support federal, state and local agencies across the full spectrum of media operations, and during Hurricane Sandy Relief efforts they provided public affairs support, media facilitation and news coverage as part of Hurricane Sandy's severe weather response force. During the two-week Hurricane Sandy mission, more than thirty-five print, photo and video products were produced by the acquisition teams of the 10th PCH at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, Fort Hamilton and the surrounding local areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006261-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Primetime Emmy Awards\nThe 10th Emmy Awards, later referred to as the 10th Primetime Emmy Awards, were held on April 15, 1958, to honor the best in television of the year. The ceremony was held at  the Coconut Grove in Hollywood, California. It was hosted by Danny Thomas. All nominations are listed, with winners in bold and series' networks are in parentheses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006261-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Primetime Emmy Awards\nThe anthology drama Playhouse 90, was the top show for the second consecutive year, earning the most major nominations (11) and wins (4).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles\nThe 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, (abbreviated to 10 GR), was originally a rifle regiment of the British Indian Army. The regiment was first formed in 1890, taking its lineage from a police unit and over the course of its existence it had a number of changes in designation and composition. It took part in a number of campaigns on the Indian frontiers during the 19th and early 20th centuries, before fighting in the First World War, the Third Anglo-Afghan War and the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0000-0001", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles\nFollowing India's independence in 1947, the regiment was one of four Gurkha regiments to be transferred to the British Army. In the 1960s it was active in the Malayan Emergency and Indonesian Confrontation. It was amalgamated with the other three British Gurkha regiments to form the Royal Gurkha Rifles in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Early history\nAt the end of the Third Burmese War in 1887, it was decided to withdraw the regular army battalions and replace them with a freshly recruited military police force. Recruited in India, it was intended that the military police would be a temporary force which would establish order in districts of upper Burma and then hand over those districts to the civil police. The military police would then be used to form additional regular battalions of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0001-0001", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Early history\nThe Kubo (Kabaw) Valley Military Police were raised on 9 April 1887 by Sir F.B. Norman (OC Eastern Frontier Brigade) at Manipur in India and was composed in equal numbers of Gurkha and Assam hillmen recruits. The first commander was Lieutenant C.W. Harris. The battalion moved to Burma and was initially stationed at Tamu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Early history\nIn 1890, it was decided to convert the Kubo Valley Military Police Battalion in Burma into a new battalion with the title of 10th Madras Infantry. The original 10th Madras Infantry, one of the oldest battalions in the Indian Army, had recently been disbanded. The new battalion had no association with the old except for the name. The relics of the battalion were eventually taken back to India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Early history\nThe 10th Madras Infantry was formed from the Kubo Valley Military Police on 1 June 1890 under the command of Major Macgregor at Mandalay Palace. The battalion did not inherit the precedence or honours of the 10th Madras Infantry at that time, by decision of the army authorities. Their reasoning being that it would be incorrect to give such a new battalion the precedence and honours of one of the oldest battalions in India. But it was also true that the composition of the 10th Madras Infantry had been through similar drastic changes in composition. For example, after the Mahratta wars, its composition was changed from Northern Indian to Southern Indian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Early history\nThe initial strength of the battalion was three British officers, eight Indian officers and 277 other ranks. It was not at first exclusively Gurkha in composition. The battalion was initially composed of Gurkha detachments transferred from the 42nd, 43rd and 44th Gurkha Rifles, an equal number of men from the hill-tribes of Assam including Jhurwahs, small numbers of Dogras and a few Hindustanis. The non-Gurkhas were gradually wasted out of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Early history\nIn its first few years of existence, the regiment was referred to by two different names in the Indian Army Lists. In 1890 it was called the 10th (Burma) Regiment of Madras Infantry and the following year it was called the 10th Regiment (1st Burma Battalion) of Madras Infantry. But in reality, the second name was the one used by the battalion until 1892.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Early history\nIt became the 10th Regiment (1st Burma Rifles) of Madras Infantry on 9 February 1892 at Maymyo in Burma. It was at this time, with the conversion of the unit to a Rifle Regiment, that the old colours of the 10th Madras were taken back to India (rifle regiments do not carry colours) and laid up at the Church of St. John in the fort at Vellore near to where the earliest predecessor of the 10th Madras Infantry had been raised in 1766. On 3 May 1895 the name of the regiment was changed again to 10th Regiment (1st Burma Gurkha Rifles) of Madras Infantry to reflect its now all-Gurkha composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Early history\nOn 13 September 1901, as part of a broad reorganisation of the Indian Army, it became the 10th Gurkha Rifles and the regiment maintained its assigned recruiting areas in the Limbu and Rai tribal areas of eastern Nepal. A 2nd Battalion was formed in 1903 although it became the 1st Battalion, 7th Gurkha Rifles in 1907. A new 2nd Battalion of the 10th Gurkha Rifles was formed in 1908. From 1903 to 1912 the first battalion was stationed in Maymyo, Burma as almost a ceremonial unit. In the winter months of 1912 and 1913 the 1st Battalion was sent into the Kachin Hills to guard against a potential uprising that did not occur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, First World War\nThe First World War between the UK, France and their allies against Germany and its allies, began in August, 1914. The 1st Battalion remained in Burma providing reinforcements and replacements to the 2nd Battalion which was on active service until 1916. At least five drafts were supplied. The third draft was sunk at sea by an Austrian submarine in the Aegean Sea with the loss of 187 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, First World War\nThe 2nd Battalion fought in the Middle East, against the Ottomans in the Defence of the Suez Canal, Egypt in 1915. The Ottomans had attempted to cross the canal into Egypt but the Allied forces there successfully repulsed the attack, decimating them as they attempted the crossing. As a result of the 2nd Battalion's involvement in this campaign, the regiment gained the battle honour \"Suez Canal\" and the theatre honour \"Egypt 1915\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, First World War\nLater that year the 2nd Battalion, as part of the 29th Indian Brigade, took part in the Dardanelles Campaign against the Ottomans. The brigade had initially been intended to be part of the New Zealand and Australian Division in the landing at Anzac Cove but instead was directed to assist at Cape Helles where the situation was deteriorating since the assault on 25 April. The brigade landed at Cape Helles in early May and the 2nd Battalion took part in the Battle of Gully Ravine which began on 28 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0010-0001", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, First World War\nThe brigade as a whole was moved to Anzac Cove in August where it took part in the August Offensive. The 2nd Battalion suffered heavy casualties during its participation in the Gallipoli campaign. The forces at Anzac and Suvla were evacuated in December 1915, although the last British troops did not leave until January 1916, from Helles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, First World War\nOn 15 August 1916 the 1st Battalion embarked from Rangoon for the Middle East after a farewell ceremony given by the Governor of Burma. Both battalions of the regiment fought in Mesopotamia (now Iraq) from 1916, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire, an ally of the Germans. The Mesopotamian campaign had started in 1914. Much of the regiment's involvement in the war was relatively quiet but it did take part in a number of engagements including the offensive against Baghdad in 1917 and the last battle of the Mesopotamian campaign in late October 1918, Sharqat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, First World War\nThe 1st Battalion remained in Mesopotamia upon the conclusion of the war. It saw service during the revolt of Southern Kurdistan in 1919 and the rest of Iraq. Elsewhere, the 2nd Battalion took part in the Third Afghan War in 1919 and in operations in the North-West Frontier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Second World War\nDuring the Second World War the regiment raised a further two battalions, the 3rd Battalion in 1940 and the 4th Battalion in 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Second World War, Middle East and Italy\nA coup in Iraq took place in 1941. An Iraqi military group with ties to Germany deposed the Iraqi Monarchy. As a consequence the British launched an invasion of Iraq to restore the Government, the 2nd Battalion participated as part of the 10th Indian Infantry Division. An Armistice was signed with Iraq after British forces entered the Iraqi capital Baghdad on 31 May and the Iraqi Monarchy was restored, the coup leader Rashid Ali had fled, first to Iran and then to Germany. The battalion later took part in the invasion of Vichy France-controlled Syria later in the year. The battalion took part in the Battle of Deir ez Zor for which the regiment received another battle honour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 88], "content_span": [89, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Second World War, Middle East and Italy\nThe 1st Battalion later took part in operations in Iran and the Italian campaign. In Italy the battalion took part in a number of engagements including at Coriano and Santarcangelo in September 1944 for which the regiment won more battle honours. The battalion saw further service the following year in the tough terrain of Italy. During one incident a patrol of the battalion encountered a German detachment. Close-combat ensued, Rifleman Ganjabahadur Rai charged two Germans, dispatching both with his Kukri. The rifleman was killed shortly thereafter by a number of other Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 88], "content_span": [89, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0015-0001", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Second World War, Middle East and Italy\nA Kukri-scarred rifle, (belonging to one of the Germans who had attempted to defend himself with it during his encounter with Rifleman Rai), was captured by the Gurkhas and kept as a trophy. Another instance of Gurkhas killing German soldiers with their Kukris, while attached to the 10th Mtn Div (US) in Italy in early 1945, was related by LTC. E. N. Cory Jr., BC 616th FA (Pack), a mountain artillery battalion. The Gurkhas would stalk pairs of German sentries at night and routinely dispatch the one awake, leaving the sleeping sentry to find his dead comrade. In response, the German command ordered the summary execution of any allied soldier captured with a knife. Accordingly, soldiers of the 10th Mtn Div carried no knives, yet continue to display blood-red crossed-knives as part of their shoulder insignia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 88], "content_span": [89, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Second World War, Middle East and Italy\nThe 2nd Battalion was attached to the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade, which had just returned from the Western Desert, after having been almost destroyed at the Battle of Gazala in January 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 88], "content_span": [89, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Second World War, Middle East and Italy\nAt the end of the month the brigade was renamed the 43rd Indian Infantry Brigade (Lorried). The brigade and its Gurkha battalions were sent to Italy in mid-1944 as an independent formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 88], "content_span": [89, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0018-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Second World War, Far East\nThe regiment was heavily involved against the Japanese with the 1st, 3rd and 4th Battalions taking part in the Burma Campaign. The Japanese had swiftly invaded British territories in the Far East, including Burma, shortly after they launched the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. The 1st Battalion was rushed to Burma, arriving in March 1942 just a week before the evacuation of Rangoon. The battalion conducted a fighting retreat hundreds of miles overland from Burma, reaching India in May 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0019-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Second World War, Far East\nMen of the 4th Battalion participated in the second Chindit campaign in Burma, code-named Operation Thursday. The Chindits saw ferocious fighting, especially during the Japanese offensive that began in March 1944 against north-east India where two extremely important battles, Imphal and Kohima, took place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0020-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Second World War, Far East\nThe regiment was heavily involved at Imphal. It was besieged by the Japanese for a number of months, the Allied defenders stoutly resisting all attempts to dislodge them. The siege was eventually lifted after victory at Kohima and Allied forces were soon launching their own offensive into Burma. During this particular period the 3rd Battalion saw intense fighting at Scraggy Hill and Shenam Pass where the battalion was embroiled in heavy fighting with Japanese forces, the battalion often employing their kukris in fierce hand-to-hand combat against the Japanese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0021-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Second World War, Far East\nThe Allied offensive was successful, pushing the Japanese forces back into Burma, the regiment took part in many engagements in the country. In 1945 the regiment took part in the effort to capture Mandalay; British forces entered the city on 20 March. The regiment also took part in the capture of Meiktila, which was taken in early March. In that same month the 10th Gurkhas took part in the defence of Meiktila during a Japanese counter-attack which was repulsed by the Allied defenders. The capital Rangoon was liberated by British forces on 3 May. The regiment saw much more action during the latter months of the Burma campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0022-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Second World War, Far East\nRepresentatives of the regiment, as with all units that were involved in the Burma campaign, took part in the Victory Parade in Rangoon on 15 June. The 10th Gurkhas accumulated 19 battle honours for their participation in the campaign\u2014including the theatre honour \"Burma 1942\u201345\"\u2014the most Battle Honours gained by any unit in the Burma campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0023-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Second World War, Far East\nThe 1st Battalion was given one further duty. It was charged with taking the formal surrender of the 28th Japanese Army in Burma at Paung on 29 October 1945. The ceremony took place with a table covered with the regimental flag, a second banner also flew under the Union Jack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0024-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Post-War\nThe 4th Battalion was disbanded in 1946, the 3rd Battalion was disbanded the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0025-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Post-War\nIndia gained independence from the British Empire in 1947. As a consequence of the Tripartite Agreement between India, Nepal and the UK, four of the 10 Gurkha regiments (eight Battalions in all), were transferred to the British Army; the 10th Gurkha Rifles being one of them. It joined the Brigade of Gurkhas which was formed to administer the Gurkha units transferred to the British Army. Before independence, the battalion decided to take the old colours of the 10th Madras Infantry out of India with it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0025-0001", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Post-War\nConsideration was given to taking the regimental memorial at All-Saints Church in Maymyo Burma, which had been damaged by the Japanese during the war, but it was decided to leave it behind because of the expense involved and the uncertainty over where it could be relocated. It consisted of marble on the floor of the sanctuary and wooden plaques on the walls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0026-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Post-War\nThe 1st Battalion served in Burma after the war and was one of the three battalions attending the independence ceremony in Rangoon in January 1948. It then moved by sea to Malaya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0027-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Post-War\nIn 1949 the regiment's name was altered to become the 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles (10 GR) in honour of HRH Princess Mary, Princess Royal. The regiment was affiliated with the Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment), the oldest regiment in the regular army in 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0028-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Post-War\nMeanwhile, on operations, the 1st and 2nd Battalions took part in the Malayan Emergency against Communist insurgents, known as Communist Terrorists or CTs. The CTs had launched an uprising in 1948 in support of their perception that Malayan independence did not directly lead to the installation of a Communist government. The 10th Gurkhas were involved in the Emergency from the beginning, the conflict was similar to the Burma campaign. The regiment remained involved until the official conclusion of the Emergency in 1960. The regiment lost 75 men during the conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0029-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Post-War\nAnother conflict in the Far East began in 1962, the Indonesian Confrontation, after an Indonesian-backed rebellion took place in Brunei and Borneo was swiftly quelled. The following year hostilities broke out between British-backed Malaysia and Indonesia. The two battalions of the regiment undertook two tours each, taking place in 1964 and 1965 respectively. In 1965 the regiment gained its first, and only, Victoria Cross (VC). Lance-Corporal Rambahadur Limbu of the 2nd Battalion received the VC for his actions in an incident in the Bau district in Sarawak, Borneo during Operation Claret which was carried out against Indonesian-held Kalimantan. This action has subsequently become known as the Battle of Bau. The conflict concluded in 1966, by which time the 10th Gurkhas had suffered 11 men killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0030-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Post-War\nIn 1968 the regiment was reduced to a single battalion when the 1st Battalion absorbed the 2nd Battalion. It remained in the Far East, based in Hong Kong, until 1973 when it was sent to England for the first time. Initially it was based at Church Crookham in Hampshire, however, the following year the regiment was dispatched to Cyprus to protect the British Sovereign Base Area at Dhekelia in the aftermath of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0030-0001", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Post-War\nDuring their deployment the 10th Gurkhas attempted to keep the peace, at times literally having to place themselves in the line-of-fire between the opposing factions. The 1st Battalion was deployed to Brunei for the first time in 1977. Since the rebellion in 1962 in which a Marxist, Indonesian-backed uprising had occurred, a Gurkha battalion has been present in Brunei at the request of HM the Sultan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0031-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Post-War\nThroughout the 1970s and 1980s the regiment was deployed to Hong Kong, Brunei and Church Crookham. The regiment performed internal security (IS) duties in Hong Kong, including patrolling the border with China in an attempt at preventing the illegal immigration of people to the colony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0032-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Post-War\nIn 1990 the regiment was authorised after almost 100 years of requests, to maintain the lineage of the 10th Madras Infantry, thus gaining the battle honours and traditions going back to the 14th Battalion of Coast Sepoys who had been raised by the East India Company in 1766. The lineage is special in that it is among the oldest in the British Indian Army. Although the lineage was granted, the history of the regiment is not continuous. The modern regiment was re-formed exclusively from the Kubo Valley Military Police after the old 10th Madras had been disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0033-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Post-War\nThe regiment deployed to Hong Kong for the last time in 1991, remaining there until amalgamation in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0034-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, History, Post-War\nThe 10th Gurkhas were amalgamated with the 2nd, 6th and 7th Gurkha Rifles to form the Royal Gurkha Rifles in 1994; the 10th Gurkhas becoming the 3rd Battalion. In 1996 the Battalion was amalgamated with the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Gurkha Rifles while in Brunei.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0035-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, Lineage\n1766\u20131767: 14th Battalion of Coast Sepoys1767\u20131769: Amboor Battalion1769\u20131770: 11th Carnatic Battalion1770\u20131784: 10th Carnatic Battalion1784\u20131796: 10th Madras Battalion1796\u20131824: 1st Battalion, 10th Regiment Madras Native Infantry1824\u20131885: 10th Regiment Madras Native Infantry1885\u20131890: 10th Regiment, Madras Infantry1890\u20131891: 10th (Burma) Regiment of Madras Infantry1891\u20131892: 10th Regiment (1st Burma Battalion) of Madras Infantry1892\u20131895: 10th Regiment (1st Burma Rifles), Madras Infantry 1895\u20131901: 10th Regiment (1st Burma Gurkha Rifles), Madras Infantry 1901\u20131950: 10th Gurkha Rifles1950\u20131994: 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0036-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, Uniform, badge and honorary badges\nThe full dress worn by the regiment from 1890 until 1914 was the standard Gurkha uniform of rifle green, with puttees and black facings. The headdress was a black Kilmarnock cap with the badge described below. Pipers for the 1st Battalion wore the Hunting Stewart tartan of the Royal Scots, who had trained them prior to 1895. British and Gurkha officers were distinguished by five rows of hussar style braiding and black chain gimp shoulder cords on their tunics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0037-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, Uniform, badge and honorary badges\nA bugle horn stringed interlaced with a kukri fesswise the blade to the sinister, above the kukri the cipher of HRH Princess Mary (The Princess Royal) and below it the numeral 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006262-0038-0000", "contents": "10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, Uniform, badge and honorary badges\nThe 10th Gurkha Rifles were reportedly distinguished from other Gurkha regiments by carrying silver handled kukris, specially manufactured in Nepal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006263-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Quebec Legislature\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by WOSlinker (talk | contribs) at 15:27, 18 January 2020 (remove unused closing center tag). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006263-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Quebec Legislature\nThe 10th Legislative Assembly of Quebec was the provincial legislature in Quebec, Canada that existed from December 7, 1900, to November 25, 1904. The Quebec Liberal Party led by Simon-Napol\u00e9on Parent was the governing party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006263-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Quebec Legislature, Member list\nThis was the list of members of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec that were elected in the 1900 election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006264-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Queen's Own Canadian Hussars\nThe 10th Queen's Own Canadian Hussars (QOCH) was a cavalry regiment of the Non-Permanent Active Militia (this was the name of the part-time volunteer Canadian Armed Forces before the formation of the Canadian Army in 1940) which existed between 1856\u20131913 and 1928\u20131936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006264-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Queen's Own Canadian Hussars\nAlthough the unit did not take part in any fixed actions of its own various officers and men were incorporated as volunteers into Canadian Expeditionary Forces overseas such as the Canadian Mounted Rifles in the Second Boer War, where some distinguished themselves such as Lieutenant General Richard Ernest William Turner who, as a lieutenant serving with the Royal Canadian Dragoons (RCD), won the Victoria Cross at Leliefontein, one of three officers from the RCD who were given the award for the same action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006264-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Queen's Own Canadian Hussars, History\nThe regiment was originally raised on 13 November 1856 at Quebec City with the name the Queen's Own Canadian Hussars and was, until 1880, the only cavalry regiment in the province of Quebec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006264-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Queen's Own Canadian Hussars, History\nBetween 1900 and 1913 it was part of the 4th Cavalry Brigade, 5th Division, in Military District No 5. Renamed the 10th Queen's Own Canadian Hussars in 1903. It was disbanded on 15 August 1913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006264-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Queen's Own Canadian Hussars, History\nOn 1 August 1928 the 10th were re-raised, again in Quebec City, but disbanded permanently on 1 February 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006264-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Queen's Own Canadian Hussars, History\nAlthough not sent as a unit to the Second Boer War, some personnel volunteered to serve with the Canadian Mounted Rifles (CMR) which was raised to soldier in that campaign. Various sources list individuals from the QOCH who were attached to the CMR (First Contingent) such as the following members of E Company (Montreal):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006264-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Queen's Own Canadian Hussars, History\nAmongst the number who volunteered for service in South Africa was 29-year-old Richard Ernest William Turner who had been commissioned into the QOCH as a lieutenant, rising to the rank of major. In order to serve overseas he dropped rank to lieutenant and joined the Royal Canadian Dragoons. During his service there he gained the Victoria Cross along with two other RCD soldiers, Lt HZC Cockburn and Sgt E Holland. Turner was given command of the 10th QOCH as a Lt Colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006264-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Queen's Own Canadian Hussars, History\nHe was eventually promoted to Lt General during World War I although his career finished ignominiously after a friendly fire incident near the town of St. Eloi in September 1916. This resulted in him being removed from command and given administrative jobs for the rest of his time with the Canadian forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006264-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Queen's Own Canadian Hussars, Uniform and badge\nThe uniform was similar to that of Imperial hussar regiments, dark blue with gold frogging on the jacket and a double yellow stripe on the trouser. Unlike other Canadian hussar regiments the QOCH also wore a busby similar to their Imperial cousins. The rest of the Canadian hussars (with the exception of the 8th) wore a white helmet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006264-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Queen's Own Canadian Hussars, Uniform and badge\nThe badge had a blackened silver maple leaf is the central device and was attached to the main body by two pins. The rest of the badge is gilded. The collar dogs (badges worn on the lapel) were all gilt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006265-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Regiment (Denmark)\nThe 10th Regiment (Danish: 10. Regiment, widely known as the Feltherrens Fodregiment) was a Danish Army infantry regiment. On 1 September 1961 it was merged with 8. Regiment and from 1 November 1961 the new regiment was known as Dronningens Livregiment. The name Feltherrens Fodregiment was never the official name, as the official name was 10. Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006265-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Regiment (Denmark), History\nThe Regiment was raised during 1703 in Italy, as part of the Danish corps fighting in foreign service. On its return to Denmark it continued directly into the Great Northern War against Sweden. It further participated in the First Schleswig War (1848\u20131850) and the Second Schleswig War (1864). The regimental flag had the battle honour Gadebusch 1712, Fredericia 1848 and Dybb\u00f8l 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006265-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Regiment (Denmark), History\nIt has been garrisoned in Holstein, S\u00f8nderjylland and N\u00f8rrejylland, and for a  short while in Copenhagen. After the war of 1864 it was garrisoned in Aalborg, from 1938 in Viborg and from 1 January 1952 back in Aalborg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006265-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Regiment (Denmark), History\nIn 1961, the newly raised 2nd Jutlandic Brigade took over the Coat of Arms from 10th regiment (Feltherrens Fodregiment)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006266-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Regiment of Foot (Poland)\nThe 10th Regiment of Foot (Polish: 10. regiment pieszy, also known as the 10th Regiment of Foot of Dzia\u0142y\u0144ski and the Radzy\u0144ski Regiment) was a Polish military unit. Initially formed in 1775 under the name of Regiment of Foot of the Land of Rydzyna, it was stationed in Rydzyna as a private unit of Col. Ignacy Dzia\u0142y\u0144ski. Relocated to Warsaw, in 1789 it received the ordinal number of 11, and then 10 in 1794. A part of garrison of the city of Warsaw, it used to be stationed in the Ujazd\u00f3w Castle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006266-0000-0001", "contents": "10th Regiment of Foot (Poland)\nIt took part in the Warsaw Uprising (1794) and formed the core of the Polish forces taking part in the fights. Among other battles it took part in fights at Swis\u0142ocz, Zelwa, Izabelin, Piaski, Granne, Krzemie\u0144, Bia\u0142a, Che\u0142m, Kur\u00f3w, Go\u0142k\u00f3w, the defence of Praga, defence of Wola and the battle of Maciejowice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006267-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Regional Support Group\nThe 10th Support Group is a United States Army logistical support unit located in Okinawa, Japan. It is the senior U.S. Army unit on the island, and has coordinating responsibilities for U.S. Army activities there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006267-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Regional Support Group\nThe 10th Support Group and United States Army, Japan conduct theater sustainment; execute reception, staging, onward movement (RSO); conduct expeditionary logistics in support of the U.S. Army Pacific; overseas contingency operations and the defense of Japan; and support OEF, OIF, POLMIL, multi and bilateral partnership engagements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006267-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Regional Support Group\nThis headquarters is strategically postured to provide responsive logistics support throughout the Pacific, with elements on both mainland Japan and the Island of Okinawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006267-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Regional Support Group, Lineage\nThe 10th Support Group was constituted in the Regular Army on October 15, 1987, at Torii Station, Okinawa, Japan, to provide administrative, base and contingency support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006267-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Regional Support Group, Lineage\nOn March 11, 2011, a devastating magnitude 9.0 earthquake struck eastern Japan followed by a devastating tsunami. It was the largest earthquake in Japan's history. More than 12,000 people were killed, 16,000 missing, and thousands were displaced. Immediately, Operation Tomodachi was established to provide humanitarian logistics support. At Sendai International Airport more than 120 Soldiers from the 10th Support Group along with other Japan-based Army units, deployed to assist the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force in their relief efforts. The Soldiers provided critical support to reopen the airport and local schools. They also distributed water, clothing and blankets as well as backpacks and toys to children. For its efforts, the unit was awarded the Army Superior Unit Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006267-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Regional Support Group, Lineage\nOn October 1, 2011, the unit was reorganized and redesignated the 10th Support Group (Regional) and continues to provide administrative control for all Army organizations on Okinawa as well as providing base support and contingency support to deployed/employed forces in the Asia-Pacific region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006267-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Regional Support Group, Lineage\nDECORATIONS: Army Superior Unit Award \u2013 March 11, 2011 ~ May 5, 2011", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006268-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Reserve Division (German Empire)\nThe 10th Reserve Division (10. Reserve-Division) was a unit of the Prussian Army, part of Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 as part of V Reserve Corps. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was formed with a regular infantry brigade from the Province of West Prussia and a reserve infantry brigade from West Prussia and the Province of Posen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006268-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 10th Reserve Division fought on the Western Front, participating in the opening German offensive which led to the Allied Great Retreat. Thereafter, the division remained in the line in the Verdun region until February 1916, when it entered the Battle of Verdun under command of General der Infanterie Max von Bahrfeldt. After a respite in the lines in the Upper Alsace and Champagne, the division fought in the later phases of the Battle of the Somme. It returned to Verdun in late October 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006268-0001-0001", "contents": "10th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIn 1917, it fought on the Aisne, including in the Second Battle of the Aisne, also known as the Third Battle of Champagne. The division returned again to Verdun in April 1917, remaining in the line until late July, when it went into reserve for a few weeks. It returned to the trenchlines near Reims on 8 August, remaining in that region until March 1918. The division then participated in the 1918 German spring offensive, including the Third Battle of the Aisne, and in the Second Battle of the Marne, the last major German offensive of the war. It fought against the French and American Aisne-Marne Offensive and remained in the line until the end of the war. Allied intelligence rated the division as first class and described it as a \"big attack\" division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006268-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nThe order of battle of the 10th Reserve Division on mobilization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006268-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on 14 March 1918\nThe 10th Reserve Division was triangularized in April 1916. Over the course of the war, other changes took place, including the formation of artillery and signals commands and a pioneer battalion. The order of battle on 14 March 1918 was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 71], "content_span": [72, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006269-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Reserve Division (People's Republic of China)\n10th Reserve Division (Chinese: \u9884\u5907\u7b2c10\u5e08) was formed in winter 1955 in Yunnan province. In January 1956, the division moved to Guiyang, Guizhou.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006269-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Reserve Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was fully manned and equipped. During its short-lived existence the division was focused on the training of reserve personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006270-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Rhode Island Battery\n10th Rhode Island Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006270-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Rhode Island Battery, Service\nThe battery was organized in Providence, Rhode Island in May 1862 and mustered in for three months' service. It was commanded by Captain Edwin C. Gallup. The battery was formed from volunteers from the Providence Marine Corps of Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006270-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Rhode Island Battery, Service\nThe battery moved to Washington, D.C., May 27\u201329, 1862 and was attached to Whipple's Command, Military District of Washington. Served duty at Camp Frieze, Tennallytown, until June 23. At Cloud's Mills until June 30, and near Fort Pennsylvania until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006270-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Rhode Island Battery, Service\nThe 10th Rhode Island Battery mustered out of service August 30, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006271-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment served for three months in the summer 1862. It served, along with its sister units - the 9th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment and the 10th Rhode Island Battery, in the defenses of Washington D.C..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006271-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered info Federal service at Providence on May 26, 1862. It moved to Washington, D. C. from May 27 to 29 and was attached to Sturgis' Command as part of the Military District of Washington. It saw duty at Camp Frieze, Tennallytown until June 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006271-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment, Service\nIt was then assigned to garrison duty in the defences of Washington. Company \"A\" at Fort Franklin, \"B\" and \"K\" at Fort Pennsylvania, \"C\" at Fort Cameron, \"D\" at Fort DeRussy. \"E\" and \"I\" at Fort Alexander, \"F\" at Fort Ripley, \"G\" at Fort Gaines, \"H\" at Battery Vermond and Battery Martin Scott and \"L\" near Fort Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006271-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left for home on August 25 and was mustered out of service on September 1, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006271-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th Rhode Island wore an Americanized Zouave uniform. This uniform consisted of a sky blue Zouave jacket with yellow trimming, a sky blue sash, a red kepi (usually worn with a white havelock over it,) a sky blue zouave vest, and chasseur style red trousers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006271-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment, Company B\nCompany B of the 10th Regiment was made up of about 125 students from Brown University and Providence High School. Its captain for three months was Elisha Dyer, the former Governor of Rhode Island. Legend has it that Brown's President Sears only consented to allow his students to enlist on the condition that Gov. Dyer accompany them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006272-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Rifle Corps\nThe 10th Rifle Corps (Military Unit Number 16058 until June 1956) was an infantry corps of the Red Army, which later became the 10th Army Corps after the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006272-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Rifle Corps, Interwar period\nThe corps was formed by an order dated 12 July 1922 in the West Siberian Military District at Barnaul. Between May and November 1923, its headquarters was at Novonikolayevsk. In November, under the command of October Revolution and Russian Civil War hero Pavel Dybenko, the corps was transferred to Kozlov in the Moscow Military District. It was moved to Kursk in June 1924, and in 1937 to Voronezh. In September 1939, the corps fought in the Soviet invasion of Poland, occupying what is now western Belarus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006272-0001-0001", "contents": "10th Rifle Corps, Interwar period\nFrom December 1939 to March 1940, the corps participated in the Winter War, fighting as part of the 7th Army in the western part of the Karelian Isthmus. After the Winter War ended, the 10th Rifle Corps was relocated back to Krasnoye Urochishche near Minsk in the Belorussian Special Military District. In June, the corps participated in the Soviet occupation of Lithuania, where it was initially headquartered at \u0160iauliai as part of the Baltic Special Military District from July, moving to Tel\u0161iai in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006272-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Rifle Corps, Interwar period\nThe First Formation was part of the operational army during World War II from June 22, 1941 to September 7, 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006272-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Rifle Corps, Cross-border fighting in Lithuania and Latvia (1941)\nOn June 22, 1941, when the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa, began, the corps and its headquarters was stationed in Varniai (Lithuania). It comprised the 10th, 48th and 90th Rifle Divisions, under Major General Ivan Nikolaev. On the right-flank of the corps, the 10th Rifle Division held positions on the border from Palanga to Shvekshny to the right of the 67th Rifle Division of the 27th Army. On its left, the 90th Rifle Division defended a line 30 kilometers wide, extending south to a junction with troops of the 125th Rifle Division of the 11th Rifle Corps. The 48th Rifle Division was still moving up and had not yet reached the border. The corps numbered 25,480 men, 453 guns and mortars and 12 light tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 70], "content_span": [71, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006272-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Rifle Corps, Cross-border fighting in Lithuania and Latvia (1941)\nOpposing the corps and larger Soviet forces were the German I Army Corps, XXVI Army Corps and XXXVIII Army Corps, and on the left wing \u2013 the tanks of the XXXXI Motorized Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 70], "content_span": [71, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006272-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Rifle Corps, Cross-border fighting in Lithuania and Latvia (1941)\nWhen the invasion began, German troops struck two major blows to the 10th's flanks: the first by the 291st Infantry Division, advancing from Memel to Kretinga and Palanga, and the second \u2013 by the XXXXI Motorized Corps on its junction with the 125th Rifle Division of the 11th Rifle Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 70], "content_span": [71, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006272-0005-0001", "contents": "10th Rifle Corps, Cross-border fighting in Lithuania and Latvia (1941)\nThe Soviet forces holding the attack's point of impact were quickly broken and part of the body in the early hours of the war was cut off from the north of the 67th Rifle Division, and the south of the 125th Rifle Division, and under the pressure of German troops began to retreat in the direction of Jelgava. Actually, he turned out to be dissected body \u2013 on June 23, 1941 the gap between the 10th and 90th Rifle Division reached 20 kilometers. South of the 90th Division the enemy troops rushed to the Siauliai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 70], "content_span": [71, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006272-0005-0002", "contents": "10th Rifle Corps, Cross-border fighting in Lithuania and Latvia (1941)\nSince the band steps troops shell pressure slightly decreased, part of the body, or rather what was left of them, to June 26, 1941 a relatively orderly moved to line Mazeikiai \u2013 Kurtuvenyay and then on Riga. By that time, the 90th Rifle Division had virtually ceased to exist and in Riga the 22nd Motor Rifle Division NKVD was added to the corps. Within three days of the case were fighting for Riga, but July 1, 1941 finally left the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 70], "content_span": [71, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006272-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Rifle Corps, Cross-border fighting in Lithuania and Latvia (1941)\nIts next major engagement was the Tallinn frontline defensive operation (1941).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 70], "content_span": [71, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006272-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Rifle Corps, Cross-border fighting in Lithuania and Latvia (1941)\nThe corps was destroyed in the early fighting of Operation Barbarossa but reformed twice. It was reformed in October 1942, but disbanded in December, then reformed in February 1943, serving until the war ended in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 70], "content_span": [71, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006272-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Rifle Corps, Later formations and postwar\nAfter the war, the corps arrived in the Urals Military District comprising the 91st, 279th, and 347th Rifle Divisions. Active in 1948 with three rifle brigades (12th, 14th and 28th), but in June 1957 became 10th Army Corps. In the early 1950s, it may have included the 2552nd Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006272-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Rifle Corps, Later formations and postwar\nIn 1956, the corps moved from the Urals to the Baltic. In July 1957, as part of 11th Guards Army, the corps comprised 26th Guards Motor Rifle Division and 119th Motor Rifle Division, but was disbanded in (June) 1960. It had its headquarters at Vilnius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006273-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 10th Rifle Division was a military formation of the Red Army. It existed by 1920, but was formally created on 20 June 1922, based on the 29th Infantry Brigade. It was then recreated at Vladimir in September 1939, and fought in the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006273-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second World War\nAround 1939, the division was stationed in the Leningrad Military District, Western Special Military District, and the Baltic Special Military District. It participated in the Polish campaign in 1939, and in the accession of Lithuania to the USSR in June 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006273-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second World War\nIt was part of the 10th Rifle Corps, 8th Army on 22 June 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006273-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second World War\nThe division fought in northern Russia and the Baltic States. From April 1942 to December 1944 it was part of the 23rd Army, Leningrad Front, engaged in the siege of Leningrad. From June to August 1944 it took part in the Vyborg\u2013Petrozavodsk Offensive as part of 115th Rifle Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006273-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second World War\nIt was engaged in operations (in Russian terms, part of the 'operational army') during the Eastern Front campaign against Germany, from June 22, 1941, to May 9, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006273-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second World War\nThe division was disbanded in spring 1946 with the 6th Rifle Corps in the Don Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006273-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second World War, Latvian battalion\nIn July 1940, the 1st and 2nd Latvian workers regiments (the last later changed to 76th Latvian Rifle Regiment) were formed in Estonia from Latvian workers guard battalions and other active duty soldiers, who at the beginning of German attack, fled from Latvia to Estonia. 1st Latvian Workers Regiment was formed on July 18, 1941. Their strength was about 900 men, and that was subordinate to 8th Army (Soviet Union), 10th Rifle Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 71], "content_span": [72, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006273-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second World War, Latvian battalion\nIn the beginning the regiment guarded the Corps rear lines and fought with Estonian and Latvian Destruction battalions, but later joined in battles against the Army Group North (until July 29). The regiment suffered heavy losses, and at the end of July transferred to Gogland Island and later to Kotlin Island (Kronstadt). From the left over regiment was later formed (3rd through September 7) Latvian Battalion (commander \u017danis Gr\u012bva-Folkmanis), which was part of (Russian) 10th Rifle Division 62nd Regiment. The Latvian battalion had only 283 soldiers. By riflemen, Germans battalions destroyed them and the remaining part retreated to Leningrad, and Peterhof to be placed in 76th Latvian Riflemen Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 71], "content_span": [72, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006274-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Robert Awards\nThe 10th Robert Awards ceremony was held in 1993 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Organized by the Danish Film Academy, the awards honoured the best in Danish and foreign film of 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006275-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Royal Hussars\nThe 10th Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army raised in 1715. It saw service for three centuries including the First World War and Second World War but then amalgamated with the 11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own) to form the Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own) in October 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006275-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Royal Hussars, History, Early history\nThe regiment was formed at Hertford in 1715 as Gore's Regiment of Dragoons, one of 16 raised in response to the 1715 Jacobite rising. The Rising ended before the unit was ready for action; while most of these temporary formations were disbanded in 1718, Gore's remained in being and spent the next 25 years on garrison duty, primarily in the West Country. It first saw active service during the 1745 rising, at the Battle of Falkirk Muir in January 1746 and the Battle of Culloden in April. As part of the reforms enacted by the Duke of Cumberland, it was retitled the 10th Regiment of Dragoons in 1751.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006275-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Royal Hussars, History, Early history\nDuring the 1756 to 1763 Seven Years' War, it took part in the June 1758 Raid on St Malo, followed by the battles of Minden in August 1759, Warburg in July 1760 and Kloster Kampen in October, where the commanding officer, Colonel William Pitt, was badly wounded and taken prisoner. It then fought in the Allied victory at Villinghausen in July 1761, which forced the French onto the defensive and ultimately led to the Treaty of Paris in 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006275-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Royal Hussars, History, Early history\nIn 1779, the light troop was detached to form the 19th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons; in 1783, it became the 10th (Prince of Wales's Own) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons in honour of the future King George IV. As a result of its connection with the Prince of Wales, the regiment became known for elaborate and expensive uniforms and the high personal income required to be an officer. In June 1794, Beau Brummell, an arbiter of men's fashion in Regency London, was given a commission as cornet but resigned in 1795 when it moved from London to Manchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006275-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Royal Hussars, History, Napoleonic Wars\nIn 1806, the regiment was again re-designated, this time becoming a hussar regiment as the 10th (Prince of Wales's Own) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons (Hussars), and sailed for Corunna in Spain in November 1808. The regiment saw action at the Battle of Sahag\u00fan in December 1808 and the Battle of Benavente later in December 1808 during the Peninsular War. At Benavente the regiment captured General Charles Lefebvre-Desnouettes, the French cavalry commander. The regiment then took part in the Battle of Corunna in January 1809 before returning to England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006275-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Royal Hussars, History, Napoleonic Wars\nIn 1813, having landed once more in Spain, the regiment fought at the Battle of Morales in June 1813. During the battle the regiment destroyed the 16th French Dragoons between Toro and Zamora, taking around 260 prisoners. The regiment also fought at the Battle of Vitoria later in the month while still in Spain and then, having advanced into France, fought at the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814. As part of the 6th Cavalry Brigade, the regiment charged the French cavalry and infantry at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006275-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Royal Hussars, History, Victorian era\nThe regiment was sent to India in 1846 and then saw action at the Siege of Sevastopol in winter 1854 and at the Battle of Eupatoria in February 1855 during the Crimean War. In 1861, it was renamed the 10th (The Prince of Wales's Own) Royal Hussars. The regiment saw action at the Battle of Ali Masjid in November 1878 during the Second Anglo-Afghan War and at the First and Second Battles of El Teb in February 1884 during the Mahdist War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006275-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Royal Hussars, History, Victorian era\nWith the outbreak of the Second Boer War, the regiment sailed for South Africa in November 1899. After fighting at Colesberg, the regiment participated in the relief of Kimberley in February 1900. It was also involved at the Battle of Diamond Hill in June 1900. Following the end of the war in 1902 they went to India. Almost 375 officers and men left Cape Town on the SS Lake Manitoba in September 1902, arriving at Bombay the following month and was then stationed at Mhow in Bombay Presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006275-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Royal Hussars, History, Victorian era\nThe regiment was next deployed in action on the North-West Frontier in 1909.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006275-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Royal Hussars, History, The First World War\nThe regiment, which was based at Potchefstroom in South Africa at the start of the war, returned to the UK and then landed at Ostend with the 6th Cavalry Brigade in the 3rd Cavalry Division in October 1914 as part of the British Expeditionary Force for service on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006275-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Royal Hussars, History, Inter-war\nAfter the war the regiment saw brief service in Ireland. On 22 June 1921 it provided the royal escort for King George V when he opened the first Parliament of Northern Ireland. Two days later the train carrying the detachment back to the south was mined, killing and wounding twenty-four hussars and eighty of their horses. The regiment returned to the UK in 1921 and was retitled the 10th Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own). Deploying to Egypt in 1929 and India in 1930, the regiment returned to the UK in 1936 and began the process of mechanisation. It was assigned to the 2nd Armoured Brigade of the 1st Armoured Division in 1939. At the same time, it became part of the Royal Armoured Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006275-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Royal Hussars, History, The Second World War\nWith the outbreak of war, the 1st Armoured Division deployed to France. It fought in northern France and Belgium, returning to England without any vehicles in June 1940. In December 1940, a group of personnel was detached to form the cadre of the 23rd Hussars. In November 1941, the regiment deployed to North Africa with the 2nd Armoured Brigade, joining 7th Armoured Division. Now equipped with Crusader tanks, it saw action in Operation Crusader, at the Battle of Alam el Halfa in August 1942 and at the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942. At El Alamein the regiment captured General Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma, the German Deputy Commander. The regiment then fought both as an armoured unit and as dismounted infantry during the Italian Campaign in 1944 and 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006275-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Royal Hussars, History, Post-war\nThe regiment was deployed to L\u00fcbeck in Germany as an armoured regiment in the British Army of the Rhine in 1946. It moved to Epsom Barracks in Iserlohn in 1948 and then returned to the UK in July 1953. It then deployed to Aqaba in Jordan in February 1956 in operations in support of the Jordanian Government: 19 members of the regiment were killed in an air crash at El Quweira in April 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006275-0012-0001", "contents": "10th Royal Hussars, History, Post-war\nAfter returning to the UK again in July 1957, the regiment moved to Swinton Barracks in Munster in July 1959 and then transferred to Barker Barracks in Paderborn in June 1960. It returned home again in March 1964 and then deployed to Aden in August 1964 during the Aden Emergency. The regiment moved to York Barracks in Munster in September 1965 and after returning home in September 1969, amalgamated with the 11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own) to form the Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own) in October 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006275-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Royal Hussars, Regimental museum\nThe regimental collection is held by HorsePower: The Museum of the King's Royal Hussars which is based at Peninsula Barracks in Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006275-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Royal Hussars, Uniform\nThe regiment wore standard red dragoon coats with \"deep yellow\" facings until the dark blue uniform and crested helmet of light dragoon was authorized in 1784. Hussar dress was adopted through a series of separate measures, culminating with the introduction of a busby in 1809. Until 1914 the entire regiment wore dark blue hussar uniform for full dress with a red busby bag, yellow braiding, white plume and yellow stripes on their riding breeches. Officers had a distinctive pattern of criss-crossed gilt metal decoration on their pouch-belts, which gave the regiment its nickname of \"The Chainy 10th\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006275-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Royal Hussars, Regimental band\nThe regimental band dates back to as early as 1786. In the 1850s, the band served with the regiment in India and then in Afghanistan. On the occasion of the Coronation Durbar in December 1911, when King George V visited India, trumpeters of the regiment were granted permission to wear the royal livery. When the regiment moved to Bloemfontein, the band became very popular with the public. The band also accompanied the regiment in India during the 1920s and 30s. It was one of the first bands to visit troops in France after the D-Day landings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006275-0015-0001", "contents": "10th Royal Hussars, Regimental band\nThe band then served with the hussars in West Germany during the Cold War. In 1961 it was paraded for the last time, with the last Drum Horse of the 10th Royal Hussars. When the regiment returned to Tidworth to amalgamate with the 11th Hussars in 1969, to form The Royal Hussars, the two regimental bands were merged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006276-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Royal Tank Regiment\nThe 10th Royal Tank Regiment (10 RTR) was an armoured regiment of the British Army during World War II. It was part of the Royal Tank Regiment, itself part of the Royal Armoured Corps. In February 1943, it was redesignated as 7th Royal Tank Regiment, replacing the previous 7th, which had been lost at Tobruk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006277-0000-0000", "contents": "10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg\nThe 10th SS Panzer Division \"Frundsberg\" (German: 10. SS-Panzerdivision \"Frundsberg\") was a German Waffen-SS armoured division during World War II. The division's first battles were in Ukraine in April 1944. Afterwards, the unit was then transferred to the west, where it fought the Allies in France and at Arnhem. The division was moved to Pomerania, then fought south east of Berlin in the Lusatian area until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006277-0001-0000", "contents": "10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg, History\nThe division received the honor title Frundsberg after the 16th Century German commander Georg von Frundsberg. The division was mainly formed from conscripts. It first saw action at Tarnopol in April 1944 and later took part in the relief of the German troops cut off in the Kamenets-Podolsky pocket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006277-0002-0000", "contents": "10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg, History\nIt was then sent to Normandy to counter the Allied landings, where, along with the SS Division Hohenstaufen, it took part in fighting against the Allied Operation Epsom. They spent the rest of July repulsing British attacks against Hill 112 and Hill 113, most notably during Operation Jupiter. After two weeks of fighting in August against the British during Operation Bluecoat and the Americans at Domfront the division was like many other units encircled at Falaise. They were intended to take part in the counterattack conducted by the II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006277-0002-0001", "contents": "10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg, History\nSS-Panzerkorps but due to the confusion and chaos in the pocket the attack broke down. SS-Panzer-Grenadier-Regiment 21 struck towards St. Lambert but got repulsed. After that the planned attack of the Frundsberg was abandoned and they were ordered to break out between St. Lambert and Chambois. The division suffered heavy casualties and retreated into Belgium before being sent to be reconstituted near Arnhem, where it soon fought the Allied airborne troops during Operation Market Garden at Nijmegen, in the Netherlands, when together with the 9th SS Panzer division it constituted the II SS Panzer Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006277-0002-0002", "contents": "10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg, History\nThe division however suffered heavy losses in the ensuing counter offensive against the Nijmegen salient in early October. After rebuilding, it fought in the Alsace in January 1945. It was then sent to the Eastern Front, where it fought against the Red Army in Pomerania and then Saxony. Encircled in the Halbe Pocket, the division effected a breakout and retreated through Moritzburg, before reaching the area of Teplice in Czechoslovakia, where the division surrendered to the US Army at the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006277-0003-0000", "contents": "10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg, G\u00fcnter Grass\nGerman writer and Nobel laureate G\u00fcnter Grass was an assistant tank gunner with the SS division at the age of 17 in November 1944. He was wounded in action on 25 April 1945 and captured in a hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006277-0004-0000", "contents": "10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg, Organisation\nThe organisation structure of this SS formation was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006278-0000-0000", "contents": "10th SS Police Regiment\nThe 10th SS Police Regiment (German: SS-Polizei-Regiment 10) was initially named the 10th Police Regiment (Polizei-Regiment 10) when it was formed in 1942 by the redesignation of Police Regiment South for security warfare in the occupied Soviet Union. It was redesignated as an SS unit in early 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006278-0001-0000", "contents": "10th SS Police Regiment, Formation and organization\nThe regiment was ordered formed in July 1942 in Southern Russia from Police Regiment South. Police Battalion 45, Police Battalion 303 and Police Battalion 314 were redesignated as the regiment's first through third battalions, respectively. All of the police regiments were redesignated as SS police units on 24 February 1943, while retaining its existing organization and strength. On 11 March, the 10th Police Panzer Company was formed with two platoons of ex-French Panhard 178 armored cars and a platoon of captured Soviet tanks, but there were no tanks available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006278-0001-0001", "contents": "10th SS Police Regiment, Formation and organization\nThe company was transferred to Russia to join the regiment shortly afterwards. It was attached to the 11th SS Police Regiment in June and never returned to the 10th Regiment. In July 1944, the regiment was stationed in Eastern Italy and Slovenia for security operations and it had been reinforced by an artillery battery and a cavalry squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006279-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Sarasaviya Awards\nThe 10th Sarasaviya Awards festival (Sinhala: 10\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db8\u0dcf\u0db1 \u0d8b\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc5), presented by the Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited, was held to honor the best films of 1981 Sinhala cinema on May 29, 1982, at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka. Minister of Finance and Planning Ronnie de Mel was the chief guest at the awards night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006279-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Sarasaviya Awards\nThe film Sagarayak Meda won the most awards with eight including Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006280-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Saskatchewan Legislature\nThe 10th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan was elected in the Saskatchewan general election held in June 1944. The assembly sat from October 19, 1944, to May 19, 1948. The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) led by Tommy Douglas formed the government. The Liberal Party led by William John Patterson formed the official opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006280-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Saskatchewan Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1944:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006281-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Satellite Awards\nThe 10th Satellite Awards, honoring the best in film and television of 2005, were given on December 17, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006281-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nAuteur Award (for his work on the film Good Night, and Good Luck and his promising filmmaking future) \u2013 George Clooney", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006281-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nMary Pickford Award (for outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry) \u2013 Gena Rowlands", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006281-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nNikola Tesla Award (for his special effects contributions to cinema) \u2013 Stan Winston", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006281-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees, Best Animated or Mixed Media Film\nThe Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 93], "content_span": [94, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006281-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees, Best Original Song\n\"A Love That Will Never Grow Old\" performed by Emmylou Harris \u2013 Brokeback Mountain", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006281-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees, Best Screenplay \u2013 Original\nGood Night, and Good Luck \u2013 George Clooney and Grant Heslov", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 86], "content_span": [87, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006281-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Satellite Awards, Television winners and nominees, Best Actress \u2013 Musical or Comedy Series\nFelicity Huffman \u2013 Desperate Housewives (TIE)  Mary-Louise Parker \u2013 Weeds (TIE)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 95], "content_span": [96, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006282-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Saturn Awards\nThe 10th Saturn Awards, honoring the best in science fiction, fantasy and horror film in 1982, were held on July 30, 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006282-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Saturn Awards, Winners and nominees\nBelow is a complete list of nominees and winners. Winners are highlighted in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006283-0000-0000", "contents": "10th School Group\nThe 10th School Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 24th School Wing, and was demobilized on 15 July 1931 at Duncan Field (Kelly Field No. 1), Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006283-0001-0000", "contents": "10th School Group\nThe unit was an early United States Army Air Service flying training group, becoming the center for Advanced Army pilot training in 1922. It was demobilized in 1931 as part of a reorganization of flying units in the San Antonio, Texas, area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006283-0002-0000", "contents": "10th School Group, History, Origins\nKelly Field, Texas, was the major Air Service facility in the United States during World War I. During the war, approximately 250,000 men were organized into aero squadrons at Kelly. Of the 23,000 who had begun preflighttraining during World War I, over 11,000 completed primary flying instruction, received their wings and were commissioned as 2d lieutenants before entering four weeks of advanced training either in the United States or Europe. Kelly Field graduated 1,459 pilots and 398 flying instructors during the course of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006283-0003-0000", "contents": "10th School Group, History, Origins\nAdvanced flying training during the war occurred primarily at Ellington Field, Texas, where bombing instruction was taught. Taliaferro Field, Texas, among other locations, provided reconnaissance and observation training, while pursuit (fighter) courses were restricted to the 3d Air Instructional Center, Issoudun Aerodrome, France because of a lack of necessary equipment in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006283-0004-0000", "contents": "10th School Group, History, Origins\nAt the end of the war, the Air Service, along with the rest of the Army, faced crucial reductions and most wartime training fields were closed. Kelly, however, was one of the few that remained open. After a hiatus in training during 1919, pilot instruction resumed with both advanced pursuit and bombardment instruction being taught at Kelly, with the 1st Pursuit and 1st Day Bombardment Groups providing training in those branches of aviation. Cadets arriving at the 1st Pursuit Group in the summer of 1920 had finished primary training, but had not yet graduated from either JN-4 or JN-6 Jennies. Their advanced instruction at Kelly started with formation flying, stunting in formation, combat with camera guns, observation, elements of bombing, and elementary gunnery in JN training planes. After flying in Dayton-Wright DH-4s the students progressed to Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 923]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006283-0005-0000", "contents": "10th School Group, History, Advanced Flying School\nBudget reductions and a need for better coordination of flight training brought on a major Air Service reorganization in 1922. San Antonio thereupon became the flying training center of the Air Service. In the reorganization of 1922, the Air Service opened an Advanced Flying School at Kelly Field to take over training formerly performed by the tactical units and by the Observation School at Post Field, Oklahoma. To accommodate this consolidation, the Air Corps Advanced Flying School was organized at Kelly Field Number 1, which let the tactical units operate from the main field (Kelly Field Number 2). The 10th School Group was organized on 19 July 1922 to perform duties as the headquarters for the school. Four Flying Training Squadrons (40th, 41st 42d 43d) were assigned to the group to train the students.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006283-0006-0000", "contents": "10th School Group, History, Advanced Flying School\nThe pursuit course taught pilots tactics; acrobatics; and fancy formation, night, and cross-country flying. They became proficient in landing on small fields, aerial gunnery, individual combat, battle maneuvers, and bomb dropping. Initially flying Curtiss Jennies for gunnery training, they were assigned to DH-4s and then to SE-5s. Training exposed them to Army paperwork and the duties of operations, armament, radio, engineering, supply, and mess officers. Running about six months, the course aimed to do more than just qualify men for the silver wings of the airplane pilot. It sought to turn out first-rate pursuit pilots who were confident, accurate flyers and excellent shots, possessing quick keen judgment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006283-0007-0000", "contents": "10th School Group, History, Advanced Flying School\nAdvanced training in bombardment and observation, like that in pursuit, entailed work in classrooms and hangars as well as in the air. Students flew DH-4s and were schooled in flying, bombsights, camera obscura, gunnery, and, among other things, the history of the development of aviation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006283-0008-0000", "contents": "10th School Group, History, Advanced Flying School\nAt the Observation School, students transitioned to and learned DH-4 airplanes. There were courses on formation and cross-country flying; visual and photographic reconnaissance; surveillance; intelligence; liaison with ground forces; observation and adjustment of artillery fire; map reading; meteorology; maintenance and operation of radio, telephone, and telegraph; Liberty engines; and rigging.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006283-0009-0000", "contents": "10th School Group, History, Advanced Flying School\nCadets completing advanced training were certified for appointment in the Officers' Reserve Corps. Most newly rated pilots who had enlisted as cadets took discharges and entered the Reserve Corps. Those who had been enlisted men when they entered flying training reverted to their enlisted rank and remained on duty. Under Army and Air Service regulations, enlisted men who went through pilot training and were certified for or held Reserve commissions were permitted to pilot aircraft. In fact, there were suggestions that the Air Service use more enlisted and fewer commissioned pilots, if for no other reason than to save money. Some people would go so far as to let enlisted menbe pilots in tactical units, with commissioned officers serving as their flight leaders and commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006283-0010-0000", "contents": "10th School Group, History, Advanced Flying School\nHowever, the Air Service wanted all pilots to be commissioned officers as it cost the government at least $25,000 to teach a man to fly. Assuming the enlisted graduate elected to stay in the Air Corps, he had but a few years (perhaps just a few months) before he could no longer pass the physical examination for flying. An officer at this point could still serve in administrative and staff positions. But an enlisted pilot who could no longer fly was of no more use than an ordinary enlisted man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006283-0010-0001", "contents": "10th School Group, History, Advanced Flying School\nEnlisted pilots often sought more lucrative jobs available in civilian life. Their Reserve commissions also created a problem. While some Reserve officers served as enlisted men, others served asofficers. Nevertheless, the Air Service always had some enlisted pilots during the 1920s. A board of officers reviewing the program suggested enlisted pilots be used chiefly as transport and ferrying pilots rather than in tactical units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006283-0011-0000", "contents": "10th School Group, History, Advanced Flying School\nThe Advanced Course at Kelly originally ran eight months but later was reduced to six with two classes a year. Each student chose one of the branches of aviation (Pursuit, Bombardment, Observation). Graduates got the rating of airplane pilot. In the late 1920s, the World War I Curtiss Jennies, SE-5s and the DH-4s were phased out, and the Air Corps began ordering modifications of the Curtiss P-1 Hawk for pursuit training (AT-4, AT-5 and AT-5As). Bombardment training was performed in the Keystone B-4A, while reconnaissance and observation was taught in the Thomas-Morse O-19E and the O-39 Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006283-0012-0000", "contents": "10th School Group, History, Advanced Flying School\nIn 1925, Kelly Field No. 1 was renamed Duncan Field in honor of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Duncan. Formerly stationed at Kelly Field, Duncan died in an airplane accident at Bolling Field in Washington, DC. Kelly Field No. 2 became simply, Kelly Field. However, both fields conducted their training, maintenance, command, and supply functions separately for the next 18 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006283-0013-0000", "contents": "10th School Group, History, Advanced Flying School\nThe decision by the Coolidge Administration in 1926 to expand the Air Corps mainly affected the primary flying school. However, a fifth advanced training squadron (39th) was added to the group in 1927. In 1929, the 48th School Squadron was added as a sixth squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006283-0014-0000", "contents": "10th School Group, History, Inactivation\nInitially, plans were to consolidate all flying training in San Antonio at the new Randolph Field as the growth of the City of San Antonio created hazards for training. However, it was found that Randolph Field would become quitecongested with only primary and basic training located there. In 1931, a reorganization of flying training in the Air Corps led to the demobilization of the 10th School Group, and its squadrons being transferred to Randolph. The advanced school at Kelly, however, remained with students being assigned directly to the school. (This changed in 1936, when students were assigned to designated squadrons (61st, 62d, 63d, 64th) instead of directly to the school).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006284-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe 10th Screen Actors Guild Awards, honoring the best achievements in film and television performances for the year 2003, were presented at the Shrine Exposition Center in Los Angeles, California on February 22, 2004. The nominees were announced on January 15, 2004 by Andie MacDowell and Mark Harmon at Los Angeles' Pacific Design Center's Silver Screen Theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006284-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Screen Actors Guild Awards, In Memoriam\nThe awards remember his members who died since the previous year's ceremony:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006285-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe 10th National Spelling Bee was held at the National Museum in Washington, D.C. on May 29, 1934. Scripps-Howard would not sponsor the Bee until 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006285-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe winner was 12-year-old Sarah Wilson of Gray, Maine, sponsored by the Portland Evening Express, correctly spelling the word brethren. She had also competed in the finals the prior year. James Wilson, age 13, of Canton, Illinois placed second after misspelling deteriorating, followed by Helen Sullivan, age 13, of Connecticut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006285-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe prizes for the top three were $500, $300, and $100. The bee was broadcast on the radio, and when Sarah was asked if she had a message for her father, she responded on air \"You remember Daddy, you promised me another $500 if I won first place!\". She did say she wanted to use the money for college.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006285-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nWilson (later married surname Garrett), graduated from Pennell Institute in her Maine hometown in 1938, the University of Vermont in 1941, and Yale Law School in 1944. She worked in Washington, D.C. as an attorney for the Internal Revenue Service for 41 years, retiring in 1986. She died in Maine on June 10, 1998. As of 2017, she has been the only National Spelling Bee winner from Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006286-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party\nThe 10th Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, officially the Secretariat of the 10th National Congresss of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 10th Central Committee in the immediate aftermath of the 10th National Congress in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006286-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, References, Bibliography\nThis Laos-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 82], "content_span": [83, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006287-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Seiyu Awards\nThe 10th Seiyu Awards was held on March 12, 2016 at the JOQR Media Plus Hall in Minato, Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006287-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Seiyu Awards, First Group\nThe winners of the first group were announced on the ceremony day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006287-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Seiyu Awards, 2nd Group\nThe winners of the Merit/Achievement Awards, the Synergy Award, the Kei Tomiyama Award, the Kazue Takahashi Award, and the Special Award were announced on February 16, 2016. The winner of the Kids Family Award was announced on the ceremony day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006288-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Shorty Awards\nThe 10th Annual Shorty Awards powered by DirecTV Now, honoring the best in social media, took place on April 15, 2018, at the PlayStation Theater, New York City. The ceremony was hosted by actress, singer, songwriter, Keke Palmer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006288-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Shorty Awards, Influencer winners and nominees\nNominations were announced on January 16, 2018, with public voting closing on February 22, 2018. Finalists were announced on March 20, 2018. Winners were announced at the ceremony on April 15, 2018. Winners are listed first and in boldface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 51], "content_span": [52, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0000-0000", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment was a Confederate volunteer infantry unit from the state of South Carolina during the American Civil War. It fought with the Army of Tennessee in the Western Theater for the duration of the war. Originally organized to serve for twelve months it was reorganized for the war in 1862. Sent east to fight in the Carolinas Campaign in 1865 it was consolidated with the 19th South Carolina Infantry Regiment and formed Walker's Battalion, South Carolina Infantry. The unit surrendered with General Joseph E. Johnston and the Army of Tennessee at Bennett Place on April 26, 1865. Out of 2189 men listed on the regimental muster rolls throughout the conflict only 55 enlisted men remained to be paroled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0001-0000", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, Organization and equipment, Organization\nThe bill to organize a force for State defence passed by the Legislature of South Carolina in December, 1860, and divided the State into ten districts in each of which one regiment was to be formed. The district from which the 10th Regiment was to be formed embraced Horry, Marion, Georgetown, Williamsburg, and part of Charleston District. Assembling at Camp Marion, near Georgetown, on May 19; its organization was completed on May 31, 1861: By election the field officers were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0002-0000", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, Organization and equipment, Organization\nThe original 10 companies assembled on July 19, 1861, at Camp Marion near Georgetown were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0003-0000", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, Organization and equipment, Organization\nWhen companies D and G were refused for service they were replaced until September 1861 with:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0004-0000", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, Organization and equipment, Organization\nIn November 1861 the regiment could muster 2 more companies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0005-0000", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, Organization and equipment, Organization\nBefore the official formation of the regiment some of its companies were already active. The Georgetown Rifle Guards were stationed on South Island Redoubt while the Brooks Guards were stationed on North Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0006-0000", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, Organization and equipment, Equipment\nThe government issued uniforms to 8 of the companies, while companies A, B, E, and K uniformed themselves. Tenting and camp equipment was furnished by the government according to army regulations. Initially there were four kinds of arms in the regiment. Company A was armed with English Enfield rifles, a contribution from its captain. Company B used the M1841 Mississippi rifle. Company E sported Harper's Ferry rifled muskets and the other companies used smoothbore muskets. Over the course of war the regiment partially adopted the Austrian Lorenz rifle, and after the Battle of Franklin in November 1864 it finally unified in the use of the Enfield rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0007-0000", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, War service, 1861\u20131862\nIn August the Regiment was transferred to the Confederate Government. Colonel Manigault, a veteran of the Mexican\u2013American War, had trained, drilled and shaped his 12 companies with the assistance of the cadets from The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina; and the regiment soon gained a reputation for its disciplined appearance. The regiment moved to the coast and was stationed at Cat Island Redoubt, located between Winyah Bay and Santee River; and went into garrison and winter quarters. While there the training continued, even with many of the men suffering from typhoid fever, measles and mumps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0007-0001", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, War service, 1861\u20131862\nIn March 1862 it marched to Charleston where it was reorganized and enlisted for the duration of the war. On April 12 it was sent west to join the forces of General P.G.T. Beauregard in Mississippi. Passing through Augusta, Atlanta, Montgomery and Mobile they arrived at Corinth on April 25 and 26. Initially put in a brigade under command of Gen. Donelson the regiment was soon brigaded with the 24th, 28th, and 34th Alabama Infantry, as well as with the 19th South Carolina Regiment. Under command of Brig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0007-0002", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, War service, 1861\u20131862\nGen. James H. Trapier it was part of Withers' Division of the II Corps in the Army of Mississippi. In April and May it participated in the Siege of Corinth and was used on picket and fatigue duty until the army retreated to Tupelo, Mississippi. Recuperating and reorganizing in Tupelo Col. Manigault commenced his drill and fostered his regiment's reputation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0008-0000", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, War service, 1861\u20131862\nOn one occasion, at Tupelo, Miss., General Bragg having stopped, as he frequently did, to witness  the drill of the regiment, sent a staff officer to compliment it and give thanks for the pleasure the drill  had given him; the only instance of the kind occurring in that army to the knowledge of the writer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0009-0000", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, War service, 1861\u20131862\nWhen Gen. Trapier was relieved of his command by Gen. Bragg the command of the brigade developed to Col. Manigault, and the regiment was led by its Lieutenant Colonel, James Pressley. In late July the brigade was transferred to Chattanooga by train as part of the army renamed to Army of Tennessee under command of Gen. Braxton Bragg; the II Corps now being Polk's. In November Col. Manigault was recommended to be promoted to Brigadier General by Gen. Withers. The 10th took part in the Confederate Heartland Offensive, including the Battle of Munfordville, and afterwards in the Stones River Campaign and the Battle of Murfreesboro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0010-0000", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, War service, 1861\u20131862, Battle of Murfreesboro\nOn December 28, 1862, Manigault's brigade moved into position for the battle. On December 29, Union cavalry, including the 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry, probed the skirmishers composed of companies A, B and C, but were repulsed. On December 31 the brigade was in the left center of the line, being part of the first line and laying opposite of Brig. Gen. Sheridan's Division (brigaded of Sill, Schaefer and Roberts) as left of McCook's wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 85], "content_span": [86, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0010-0001", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, War service, 1861\u20131862, Battle of Murfreesboro\nThe 10th South Carolina formed the brigade's right, having the 19th South Carolina on the left, Anderson's brigade on the right and Maney's brigade in support as second line while Coltart's brigade was on the left of Manigault's brigade. Around 7 a.m. at the appointed time the brigade was part of the general advance. Repulsed by Sill's brigade it hold out against the Union's counterattack and mounted a counterattacked themselves; repulsing Sill, who lost his life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 85], "content_span": [86, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0010-0002", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, War service, 1861\u20131862, Battle of Murfreesboro\nThen Robert's Illinois brigade fell on the advancing brigade's right\u2014which was made of the 10th and 19th South Carolina, supported by Union artillery of Bush's and Houghtaling's batteries. With support from the neighboring Tennessee brigade the counterattacks were stopped, and in the following advance around 9 a.m. the Carolina regiments captured two 6-pounders from Bush's battery when Sheridan's division was completely driven back. Manigault's brigade stayed in reserve on this position for the rest of the battle  The 10th South Carolina lost 16 dead, 91 wounded and 2 missed, making 109 total casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 85], "content_span": [86, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0011-0000", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, War service, 1863\nRetiring with the army the 10th South Carolina took its winter quarters near Shelbyville. In January 1863, as result of the high losses taken during the campaigns, the 10th was consolidated with the 19th South Carolina Infantry. Merging their 12 companies into 6, their commander stayed Lt. Col. Pressley. During the summer the consolidated 10th-19th South Carolina Infantry participated in the Tullahoma Campaign and the Middle Tennessee Operations. Retreating towards Georgia with the rest of the army, the 10th arrived at Chattanooga on July 8, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0011-0001", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, War service, 1863\nWhen on the same day Manigault finally received his promotion to brigadier general, Pressley was promoted to colonel of the regiment. Major J.T. Porcher took his place as lieutenant colonel, himself being followed by Maj. R.G. White of the 19th. As the Regimental Adjutant Capt. C.I. Walker was officially appointed as Adjutant to the General his place was taken by L.R. Stark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0012-0000", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, War service, 1863, Battle of Chickamauga\nSpending the August with marches on September 18 Manigault's brigade, a part of Hindman's division in Polk's corps, was positioned at the left of the Confederate lines near Chickamauga guarding the river crossing near the Lee & Gordon's Mill. On the next day the whole corps shifted north and took the positions previously held by Hood's corps. During the night the army was reorganized for the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0012-0001", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, War service, 1863, Battle of Chickamauga\nAs Gen. Polk was appointed to command the right wing of the army, his corps was split and Hindman's division was attached to the wing of Gen. James Longstreet, who just arrived from the Army of Northern Virginia. A general assault by the whole army on the morning of the 20th was planned, and the brigade formed the left of the division, now commanded by Gen. J. Patton Anderson. It was now the extreme left of the assault column; and faced elements of the Union XX Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0013-0000", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, War service, 1863, Battle of Chickamauga\nStarting its advance between 10 a.m. and 11 a.m. it strayed left, dividing the division front. In this split the 10th South Carolina was split, too. Several companies of under Col. Pressley attached themselves to the brigade on the right, commanded by Brig. Gen. Zachariah Deas. This brigade drove back two brigades of Davis's division and defeated Col. Bernard Laiboldt's brigade of Sheridan's division. Sheridan's two remaining brigades finally  checked the Confederate advance west of the Dyer field near the Widow Glenn House. The greater portion of the regiment stayed with Manigault. The brigade crossed the field east of the Widow Glenn's house when Union Col. Wilder's mounted infantry brigade launched a strong counterattack. Armed with Spencer repeating rifles it drove Manigault's brigade around and through what became known as \"Bloody Pond\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 934]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0014-0000", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, War service, 1863, Battle of Chickamauga\nLater on that day, when the Union army took its defensive position on Horseshoe Ridge, the exhausted division was on the Confederate left again; Manigault's brigade now being the division's right. Facing Gordon Granger's Reserve Corps, supported by artillery Hindman's and Johnson's divisions tried to break the Union's lines, but the federals, partially armed with Colt revolving rifles, repulsed the assaulting Confederates. Fading daylight ended all hostilities, and the nightly retreat of Rosecrans' army ended the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006289-0015-0000", "contents": "10th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, War service, 1863, Late 1863\nWhen the Army of Tennessee advanced in the wake of its victory at Chickamauga it took position on Missionary Ridge and lay siege on Chattanooga, surrounding the Union army. Manigault's brigade was positioned in the center of the front Confederate line. In the ensuing Battle of Missionary Ridge on November 25, the 10th South Carolina and the brigade were attacked on the front and the left flank by the brigades of Willich and Beatty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006290-0000-0000", "contents": "10th South Indian International Movie Awards\nThe 10th South Indian International Movie Awards is an awards event held at Hyderabad International Convention Centre, Hyderabad on 19 September 2021. The ceremony (10th SIIMA) recognized and honored the best films and performances from the Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada films and music released in 2020, along with special honors for lifetime contributions and a few special awards. The nomination list for the main awards was announced in August 2021. Initially scheduled for 12 September 2021, it was later rescheduled to 19 September 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006290-0001-0000", "contents": "10th South Indian International Movie Awards, Main awards\nNominations for the main awards were announced in August 2021, while the awards were presented on 19 September 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006291-0000-0000", "contents": "10th South-West Qiwang\nThe 10th South-West Qiwang began in March 2011 and concluded on 11 March 2011. The winner was Gu Lingyi, who defeated Dang Yifei in the final for his fourth South-West Qiwang title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006292-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Space Warning Squadron\nThe United States Space Force's 10th Space Warning Squadron (10 SWS), is a missile warning unit located at Cavalier Space Force Station, North Dakota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006292-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Space Warning Squadron, Mission\n10 SWS provides tactical warning and attack assessment of sea-launched and intercontinental ballistic missiles launched against the continental United States and southern Canada. Additionally, 10 SWS provides surveillance, tracking and space object identification for the United States Space Command Space Surveillance Network (SSN).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006292-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Space Warning Squadron, History\nThe unit was originally the acquisition radar portion of the United States' only operational anti-ballistic missile system, known as SAFEGUARD. Due to the 1972 Anti- Ballistic Missile Treaty (SALT II), components of the SAFEGUARD complex, with the exception of the PARCS radar at Cavalier Space Force Station, were deactivated in February 1976. The forerunner of the present day 10th SWS began passing tactical warning and attack assessment data to the Cheyenne Mountain Complex, Colo., in January 1977. In December 1979 the unit was transferred from Aerospace Defense Command to Strategic Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006292-0002-0001", "contents": "10th Space Warning Squadron, History\nThe unit, as it exists today, joined Air Force Space Command in 1983 as Detachment 5, 1st Space Wing. On 10 July 1986, the unit was redesignated as the 10th Missile Warning Squadron, and was activated on 1 August 1986. It was renamed the 10th Space Warning Squadron on May 15, 1992, when the 1st Space Wing and 3d Space Support Wing were inactivated and the 21st Space Wing was activated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States)\nThe 10th Special Forces Group (Airborne) (10th SFG (A), or 10th Group) is an active duty United States Army Special Forces (SF) Group. The 10th Group is designed to deploy and execute nine doctrinal missions: unconventional warfare, foreign internal defense, direct action, counter-insurgency, special reconnaissance, counter-terrorism, information operations, counterproliferation of weapon of mass destruction, and security force assistance. The 10th Group is responsible for operations within the EUCOM area of responsibility, as part of Special Operations Command Europe (SOCEUR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States)\nIn 2009, as part of a new SOCOM directive, the group is now also responsible for operations within the AFRICOM area of responsibility. The 10th SFG(A) was deployed to Saudi Arabia in 1991 during the First Persian Gulf War, and has been heavily involved in the War on Terrorism, deploying to Georgia, North Africa, Afghanistan, and consistently to Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), Creation\nThe 10th Special Forces Group (Airborne) Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) was activated on 19 May 1952 and 10th SFG was activated on 19 June 1952, at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, under the command of Colonel Aaron Bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), Creation\nThe first Special Forces Course graduated in 1952 and the Group grew to 1,700 personnel. In September 1953, 782 members of the Group deployed to Germany and established the Group headquarters at Lengries in Bavaria. An additional 99 personnel deployed to Korea where they were assigned to the 8240th Army Unit which was training anti-Communist North Korean partisans on the off-shore islands. The remaining personnel stayed at Fort Bragg where they formed the 77th Special Forces Group (redesignated as the 7th SFG in 1960). In 1968, the majority of the unit transferred to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, with the exception of 1st Battalion, which remained in Germany. Between 1994 and 1995, 10th SFG(A) moved to Fort Carson, Colorado, which remains its current home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), Creation\n10th Group began training with unconventional warfare groups from friendly countries in the 1960s, beginning with NATO allies. The group has also trained various components of the militaries of several Middle Eastern countries, including Lebanon, Jordan, Yemen, Iran, as well as Kurdish tribesmen. Units of the 10th SFG(A) have participated in humanitarian missions to the Congo, Somalia, and Rwanda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1950s\nIn 1950, the Lodge Act was passed, which provided for the recruiting of foreign nationals into the United States military. It was originally planned that half of the members of the Special Forces would be native Europeans. Many of the initial members of the 10th SFG(A) were Lodge Act recruits, who were strenuously anti-Communist. Among the more notable of these men was Major Larry Thorne, a former Finnish Army soldier who was awarded the Mannerheim Cross during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1950s\nThe 10th SFG(A) was constituted 19 May 1952 and activated on 11 June 1952, at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, under the command of Colonel Aaron Bank. The group was split in 1953, with one half being sent to Germany, while the other half remained at Fort Bragg to form the core of the 77th Special Forces Group (redesignated as the 7th SFG in 1960).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1950s\nBy the end of June 1952, the group had 122 officers and men assigned. Many had been OSS, Ranger, and Airborne troopers during World War II. The group's mission was to conduct partisan warfare behind Soviet lines in the event of a Soviet invasion of Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1950s\nOn 10 November 1953, the 10th SFG(A) was split in half, with one half deployed to Bad T\u00f6lz and Lenggries in West Germany, and the other remaining in Fort Bragg to become the 77th Special Forces Group (which in 1960 became the 7th Special Forces Group).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1950s\nThe green beret was authorized for wear by Col. William E. Ekman, the group commander, in 1954, and it became group policy. By 1955, every soldier in the unit wore a green beret as part of the uniform. However, the Department of the Army (DA) did not recognize the beret as headgear. The DA banned the wear of the beret, but in 1961 it was restored by President Kennedy, a major champion of the Special Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1950s\nThe 10th Group encountered publicity for the first time in 1955 when The New York Times published two articles about the unit, describing them as a \"liberation\" force designed to fight behind enemy lines. Pictures showed soldiers of the group wearing their berets, with their faces blacked out to conceal their identities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1960s\nThe A-teams of 10th Group began exchange training with unconventional forces in friendly countries, including United Kingdom, Germany, France, Norway, Spain, Italy, and Greece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1960s\nIn the summer of 1960, 10th Group deployed to the newly independent Congo, to evacuate Americans and Europeans to Leopoldville, where there would be a larger evacuation, led by Belgian paratroopers. The group evacuated 239 civilians without a single casualty in only nine days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1960s\nAs the United States became increasingly involved in Vietnam, counter-insurgency became the primary focus of the Special Forces, rather than the traditional unconventional warfare. While the 10th SFG(A) was never deployed to Vietnam, the soldiers and officers assigned to it did rotate through the country as part of different special forces groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1960s\nDuring the Vietnam War, detachments of 10th Group began training Middle Eastern special warfare forces. In Jordan, B Detachment established the first airborne school, and King Hussein attended the graduation parachute jump. In 1963, Company C of 10th Group trained 350 officers and NCOs of a guerrilla force fighting the socialist government in Yemen. Detachments also traveled to Iran to train the Iranian Special Forces, along with Kurdish tribesmen in the mountains of Iran. A-Teams also trained Turkish and Pakistani special forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1960s\nIn 1968, 10th Group, minus the 1st Battalion, was transferred to Fort Devens, Massachusetts. 1st Battalion remained in Bad T\u00f6lz, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1970s \u2013 1980s\nFollowing the military cuts after the end of the Vietnam War, operational deployments decreased in both number and frequency. However 10th Group still deployed frequently to Europe to train with NATO allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1970s \u2013 1980s\nFrom 11 May 1983 to 25 October 1985, 10th Group deployed 17 Mobile Training Teams (MTT) to Lebanon, to support the Lebanese Army. The teams created a training program for over 5,000 officers, NCOs, and soldiers, which included basic training sites, unit training, unit combined arms live fire training, and urban live fire training. The entry of the Syrian Army into Lebanon ended the program prematurely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0018-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1970s \u2013 1980s\nAn MTT from the 1st Battalion, Bad T\u00f6lz, Germany deployed to Somalia for four months to conduct disaster relief operations in June 1985. In 1986, a detachment of 10th Group trained the nucleus of the Nigerian Airborne forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0019-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1970s \u2013 1980s\nThe 10th Group was the leading force behind the development of the M25 sniper rifle in the late 1980s, at Fort Devens. The rifle is an improvement on the previous M21 sniper rifle, itself a modification of the M14 semi-automatic rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0020-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1970s \u2013 1980s\nDuring this era the 10th Group acted as the annual training (AT) host for its sister unit in the Army Reserve, the 11th Group. ATs would typically take place during the summer months. As part of its AT support, the 10th Group ran a two-week Basic Airborne course for new 11th Group personnel who were not yet Airborne qualified. The 10th also ran a two-week jumpmaster course for 11th Group personnel. Typically the 10th would run an Airborne course one year and a jumpmaster course during the next.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0020-0001", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1970s \u2013 1980s\nFor example, the 10th ran a Basic Airborne course for 11th Group personnel in July 1978 and a jumpmaster course in July 1979. In addition to 11th Group personnel, the 10th sent its own support personnel through its in-house Airborne course, and members of the ARNG's 20th Group were known to attend as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0021-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1990s \u2013 2000s\nFollowing the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, an MTT deployed to Kuwait to train the Saudi Arabian National Guard. During the Battle of Khafji, the MTT accompanied the SANG forces into battle, coordinated troop movements, called in airstrikes, and assisted with artillery fire support. Other elements of 10th Group deployed to southeast Turkey in support of operations Desert Shield/Desert Storm. The Boston Herald reported: \"The 10th Special Forces Group's penchant for secrecy is so exacting the base publicist didn't know the unit had gone to war until they were on their way home from Operation Desert Storm.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0021-0001", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1990s \u2013 2000s\nFollowing the end of the Gulf War, Saddam Hussein turned his attention to Iraq's Kurdish minority, causing over half of a million Kurds to flee into the mountains on the Turkish-Iraqi border. Under the leadership of Colonel William Tangney, all three battalions of 10th Group were deployed to the area for Operation Provide Comfort, a UN humanitarian effort. 10th Group coordinated the ground relief effort, and was credited by General Galvin, the EUCOM commander, as having \"saved half a million Kurds from extinction\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0022-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1990s \u2013 2000s\nDuring Operation Restore Hope, 10th Group deployed a Coalition Support Team to support the 1st Belgian Para-Commando Battalion. In addition to supporting the Para-Commando unit, the CST assisted the 10th Mountain Division, and provided security for meetings with Somali leaders. Following the ethnic conflict in Rwanda, 10th Group deployed to Entebbe airfield, Uganda. The group assisted the displaced persons in returning to their homes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0023-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1990s \u2013 2000s\nOn 2 September 1994, 2nd Battalion, 10th SFG(A) transferred to Fort Carson, Colorado, followed by 3rd Battalion on 20 July 1995. The group headquarters moved to Fort Carson on 15 September 1995, ending a 27-year presence in Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0024-0000", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1990s \u2013 2000s\nAffiliated for operations with Special Operations Command \u2013 Europe, 10th Group is continuing to conduct Joint Combined Exchange Training and FID/anti-terrorist operations as part of Operation Enduring Freedom \u2013 Trans Sahara. Such activities have included training the Military of Mali and the Military of Mauritania. The 1st and 3rd Battalions of 10th Group also participated in training in Senegal in 2006, along with the 352d Special Operations Group of the US Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0024-0001", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1990s \u2013 2000s\n10th SFG(A) has also deployed numerous times in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, but mostly to Iraq, since the start of the War on Terrorism. 10th SFG(A) and CIA's Special Activities Division Paramilitary Officers were the first to enter Iraq prior to the invasion. They organized the Kurdish Peshmerga to defeat Ansar al-Islam, an ally of al-Qa'ida, for control of a territory in Northeastern Iraq that was completely under Ansar al-Islam's control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0024-0002", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1990s \u2013 2000s\nThis battle, one of the most important engagements for Special Forces since Vietnam, led to the elimination of a substantial number of terrorists and the discovery of a chemical weapons facility at Sargat (the only facility of its type discovered in the Iraq war). Three Silver Stars and six Bronze Stars for valor were conferred for this engagement. These terrorists would have been part of the subsequent insurgency had they not been eliminated during this battle, which could be called the Tora Bora of Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006293-0024-0003", "contents": "10th Special Forces Group (United States), History, 1990s \u2013 2000s\nWhile several key leaders escaped into Iran, it was a sound defeat for al-Qaeda and Ansar al-Islam. The Americans then led the Peshmerga against Saddam's northern Army. This effort kept Saddam's forces, including 13 Armored Divisions, in the north and denied them the ability to redeploy to contest the invasion force coming from the south. This effort likely saved the lives of hundreds, if not thousands, of coalition service members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006294-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Squadron (JASDF)\nThe 10th Squadron (\u7b2c10\u98db\u884c\u968a (dai-juu-hikoutai)) was a squadron of the 8th Air Wing of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force based at Tsuiki Air Field, in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. It was equipped with North American F-86F Sabre aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006294-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Squadron (JASDF), History\nOn January 18, 1962 the squadron was formed at Nyutabaru Air Base in Miyazaki Prefecture as part of the 5th Air Wing. After five months it was attached to the 7th Air Wing. On May 15, 1962 it moved along with the 6th Squadron to Nyutabaru Air Base in Miyazaki Prefecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006294-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Squadron (JASDF), History\nIt was disbanded on April 1, 1977. Squadrons 1-11 were F-86F squadrons. It was replaced by the 304th Tactical Fighter Squadron which was equipped with F-4EJ Phantom II aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006295-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Squadron (Parachute), Royal Engineer Regiment\nThe 10th Squadron (Parachute), Royal Engineer Regiment (Abbr. : 10 SQN RER (Para); Malay: Skuadron ke-10 Rejimen Askar Jurutera Diraja (Para) \u2014 10 Skn RAJD (Para)) is a battalion-sized airborne sapper from the Malaysian Army's Royal Engineer Regiment. 10 SQN RER (Para) has been a part of the 10th Parachute Brigade since 10 October 1994 and is tasked with providing engineering support to the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006295-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Squadron (Parachute), Royal Engineer Regiment\nAll members of 10 SQN RER (Para), as a part of the elite 10th Parachute Brigade, must be airborne trained and complete the Basic Rapid Deployment Force Course (Malaysian Army version of the UK's P Company).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006295-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Squadron (Parachute), Royal Engineer Regiment, History, Formed as a Commando sapper\nOn 1 April 1980, the Malaysian Army established the 10th Commando Engineer Squadron, Engineer Regiment under the bill KP/TD/RANCANG/4668 to provide combat engineering support to the 1st Malaysian Special Service Regiment (now known as the 21st Special Service Group, or Grup Gerak Khas \u2014 GGK). The squadron's original mission was similar to that of the British Army's 24 Commando Royal Engineers. During its initial formation, the squadron consisted of only three officers and ten sappers. The squadron eventually grew to 10 officers and 218 other ranks before being fully absorbed by the GGK on 1 December 1981. The squadron was renamed the 21st Engineering Squadron, Special Service Group, and was assigned to provide combat engineering support to all GGK units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 88], "content_span": [89, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006295-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Squadron (Parachute), Royal Engineer Regiment, History, Downgraded to a conventional field engineer\nThe squadron was transferred from the GGK to the Malaysian Army's 3rd Division (3 DIV) on 1 October 1986. The squadron was renamed the 10th Engineering Squadron, Engineer Regiment. On 31 October 1989, the squadron was transferred again, this time to the Malaysian Army's 1st Division (1 DIV), and was relocated from the Terendak Camp in Malacca to the Penrissen Camp in Kuching.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 104], "content_span": [105, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006295-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Squadron (Parachute), Royal Engineer Regiment, History, Reconstruct for an airborne sapper role\nThe 10th Engineering Squadron was scheduled to be converted to an airborne sapper unit in the early 1990s. The squadron returned to Terendak Camp on 1 November 1992, along with other Malaysian Army existing and future airborne units. Under the bill KP/TD/JURUTERA/8416 Vol 1, the squadron was transferred to the 10th Strategic Brigade of the 11th Strategic Division (11 DIV STRA) and renamed the 10th Squadron (Parachute), Royal Engineer Regiment in January 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 100], "content_span": [101, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006295-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Squadron (Parachute), Royal Engineer Regiment, History, Reassemble as the Rapid Deployment Force\nAfter Exercise Halilintar in Langkawi on 10 October 1994, then-Prime Minister Dr Mahathir Mohamad officially introduced the world to the new Malaysian Rapid Deployment Force, which included the 10 SQN RER (Para) and other airborne units. The 10th Strategic Brigade was renamed the 10th Parachute Brigade on that day, and it became an independent military unit in the Malaysian Army, reporting directly to the Chief of the Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 101], "content_span": [102, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006295-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Squadron (Parachute), Royal Engineer Regiment, Role and responsibilities\nThe role and responsibilities of the 10 SQN RER (Para) are similar to those of other squadrons in the Royal Engineer Regiment, but because they are airborne trained, they can conduct airborne and air assault operations. Their mission is similar to that of the British Army's 9 Parachute Squadron RE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 77], "content_span": [78, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006295-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Squadron (Parachute), Royal Engineer Regiment, Role and responsibilities\nAside from that, they were tasked with rescuing and retrieving members of the 10th Parachute Brigade who had landed on the sea during static or free fall parachute exercises. Together with the Pathfinder Company (Parachute), they must also supervise and maintain the 10th Parachute Brigade's shooting range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 77], "content_span": [78, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006296-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Streamy Awards\nThe 10th Annual Streamy Awards was the tenth installment of the Streamy Awards honoring the best in American streaming television series and their creators. The ceremony was held on December 12, 2020, hosted by drag queens Trixie Mattel and Katya Zamolodchikova and streamed exclusively to YouTube. To adhere to social distancing restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the duo presented the awards from a party bus travelling around Los Angeles. The Streamys introduced the Creator Honor awards for the 10th Streamy Awards, presented by past Streamy Award winners to new or breakout creators that resonated with them in 2020. The show also featured \"spotlight segments\" in which content creators highlighted important social and cultural issues such as racial justice, COVID adaptability, and mental health.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006296-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Streamy Awards, Performers\nThe 10th Streamy Awards featured the musical performances of the following artists:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006296-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Streamy Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominees were announced on October 21, 2020. Winners were announced during the digital ceremony on December 12, hosted by Trixie Mattel and Katya Zamolodchikova from a party bus in Los Angeles. Winners of the categories were selected by the Streamys Blue Ribbon Panel except for the Audience Choice awards and the Streamys Fan Award which were put to a public vote, and the Creator Honor awards which were selected by past Streamy Award winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006296-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Streamy Awards, Reception\nAlexandra Del Rosario, writing for Deadline Hollywood, described Doja Cat's performance of \"Say So\" and a segment dedicated to the Black Lives Matter movement as highlights of the night. According to Kelly Kozakevich of MediaVillage, the show had \"a plethora of stand out moments\" including spotlight segments by activist Amber Whittington on racial justice and Jay Shetty on depression, anxiety and mental health, and the Creator Honor awards which she called \"a heartfelt addition to the show\". She also praised the musical performances and \"Streamy 10 Flashback\" segments which showcased memorable moments from previous Streamy Awards ceremonies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006297-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Street Market\n10th Street Market, also known as the Swan's Market, Oakland Free Market or the Sanitary Free Market, was a commercial market district in Oakland, Alameda County, California. 10th Street Market was built in 1917 and expanded in 1926. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on August 3, 2001. It is now known as Swan's Marketplaces, a mixed-use commercial and residential area. In 2001 Swan's Marketplace was awarded the Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence silver medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries\nThe 10th Street galleries was a collective term for the co-operative galleries that operated mainly in the East Village on the east side of Manhattan, in New York City in the 1950s and 1960s. The galleries were artist run and generally operated on very low budgets, often without any staff. Some artists became members of more than one gallery. The 10th Street galleries were an avant-garde alternative to the Madison Avenue and 57th Street galleries that were both conservative and highly selective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Neighborhood\nIn New York City, from the early 1950s through the mid-1960s (and beyond), many galleries began as an outgrowth of an artistic community that had sprung up in a particular area of downtown Manhattan. The streets between 8th Street and 14th Street between Fifth and Third Avenues attracted many serious painters and sculptors where studio and living space could be found at a relatively inexpensive cost. Author Morgan Falconer describes it this way for the Royal Academy of Art Blog:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Neighborhood\n[ A]rtists lived and worked around them\" ... and although \"[t]he backdrop was dull \u2013 pool rooms, an employment agency, a metal-stamping factory \u2013 but the mood lively and do-it-yourself.... One visitor to a group show in 1951 remembered sheltering from the summer heat under a sign painted by Kline.... By day the artists would work, by night they would frequent \"The Club\", their private talking-shop, or dance in someone's studio \u2013 the tango, the jitterbug, even the kazatsky, the Russian folk dance beloved by Communists and Russophiles in the 1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Neighborhood\nFinding the audience for vanguard contemporary art to be small and the venues in which to show few, artists began to band together to launch and maintain galleries as a solution to the lack of other showing opportunities. Thus began a neighborhood in which several (some now legendary) co-operative galleries were formed, and a few non co-operative galleries as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Neighborhood\nMany of the artists who showed in these galleries, which are often referred to as the 10th Street Co-ops or the 10th Street Scene, have since become well known. Other artists who showed in these galleries are still under known, but in many cases have continued to work with zeal and dedication whether or not they are now famous. Some of the most well-known galleries that made the area what it was were: the Tanager Gallery, The March Gallery, The Hansa Gallery, The Brata Gallery, The James Gallery, The Phoenix Gallery, The Camino Gallery, and the Area Gallery. Although the 10th Street galleries have almost all closed, the Phoenix Gallery remains albeit in a new location and with a new membership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists\n\"Approximately 250 artists were dues-paying members of these co-operative galleries between 1952 and 1962. More than 500 artists and possibly close to 1000 artists exhibited on Tenth Street during those years.\" Several older and more established artists such as Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline and Milton Resnick maintained studios nearby, and often served a supporting role for the many younger artists who gravitated to this scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists\nDuring the most active years of the 10th Street cooperatives, sculptors William King, David Slivka, James Rosati, George Spaventa, Sidney Geist, Israel Levitan, Gabriel Kohn, and Raymond Rocklin, became known as representatives of the 10th Street style of sculpture, even though there was remarkable diversity in their work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists\nOther galleries associated with the area and the time were the Fleischman Gallery, the Nonagon Gallery, the Reuben Gallery, the Terrain Gallery and the gallery at the Judson Church, which were not co-operatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists\nThe galleries on and nearby 10th Street played a significant part in the growth of American art and in the diversification of styles that are evident in the art world of today. The 10th Street scene was also a social scene, and openings often happened simultaneously on common opening days. This afforded a way for many artists to mingle with each other and the writers, poets, curators and occasional collectors who gravitated to the scene. The artists and galleries that made up the 10th Street scene were a direct predecessor to the SoHo gallery scene and the more recent Chelsea galleries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists, By Photo\nSculptor Ronald Bladen, photographed in 1968, was a member of the Brata Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists, By Photo\nSculptor Mark di Suvero, pictured in 1978, was a member of the March Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists, By Photo\nArtist Budd Hopkins, pictured in 1997, was a member of the March Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists, By Photo\nPainter Angelo Ippolito, pictured in 1950, was a member of the Tanager Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists, By Photo\nPainter and performance artist Allan Kaprow was a member of the Hansa Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists, By Photo\nPainter Miriam Laufer, pictured in 1962, is a member of the Phoenix Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists, By Photo\nPainter Emily Mason, photographed in 2016, was a member of the Area Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists, By Photo\nPainter Alice Neel was a member of the Camino Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists, By Photo\nPainter Ray Spillenger was an original member of the March Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0018-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists, By Photo\nMultimedia artist Robert Whitman, photographed in 2010, was a member of the Hansa Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0019-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists, By Representative work\nThe sculpture \"Sonar Tide,\" in front of the Peoria Civic Center is by Ronald Bladen. He was a member of the Brata Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0020-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists, By Representative work\nThe \"Lao Tzu\" sculpture, displayed in Denver, was created by Mark di Suvero. He was a member of the March Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0021-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists, By Representative work\nAlice Neel painted \"Blanche Angel Pregnant, 1937,\" which is now displayed at the Whitney Museum. She was a member of the Camino Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0022-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists, By Representative work\nThe art installation \"Narcissus Garden\" by Yayoi Kusama is displayed in Brumadinho/Brazil. She was a member of the Brata Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0023-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists, By Representative work\nSculptor Richard Stankiewicz created \"Miracle in the Scrap Heap,\" which his now displayed at the Ilana Goor Museum in Jaffa, Israel. He was a member of the Hansa Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0024-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists, By Representative work\nFrank Stout painted \"The Lobster Convention.\" He was a member of the Tanager Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0025-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, History, The Artists, By Representative work\nThe Sculpture \"Negro y blanco horizontalNegro y blanco horizontal\" was created between 1993-99 by George Sugarman. It is displayed in Palma de Mallorca, Spain. He was a member of the Brata Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006298-0026-0000", "contents": "10th Street galleries, Camino Gallery, 1956\u20131963, Members\nThe Camino closed in November 1963. At that time, six members (Alice Forman, Philip Held, Aaron Levy, Gertrude Shibley, Alida Walsh, Florence Weinstein) joined the Phoenix Gallery, which had moved uptown to 939 Madison Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006299-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Street station (Metro Transit)\n10th Street Station is a light rail stop along the METRO Green Line in downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota. It is located along Cedar Street between 11th Street and 10th Street. This is just south of Interstate 94.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006299-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Street station (Metro Transit)\nConstruction in this area began in June 2011. The station opened along with the rest of the line in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006300-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Submarine Flotilla\nThe 10th Submarine Flotilla was formed during the First World War. In January 1915 it was based on the Humber but by January 1917 it had relocated to the Tees. During the Second World War it was formed at Malta in January 1941 and comprised Royal Navy and Polish Naval Force submarines assigned to the British Mediterranean Fleet based in Malta from early 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006300-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Submarine Flotilla, Second World War\nThe flotilla was initially composed of U Class submarines including HMS\u00a0Unbeaten, HMS\u00a0Upholder, HMS\u00a0United, HMS\u00a0Upright, HMS\u00a0Una, HMS\u00a0Unseen, HMS\u00a0Unbending, HMS\u00a0Unbroken, HMS\u00a0Urge, HMS\u00a0Utmost, HMS P38 and HMS Ursula (N59) together with ORP\u00a0Sok\u00f3\u0142 and ORP\u00a0Dzik of the Polish Navy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006300-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Submarine Flotilla, Second World War\nThe flotilla's base in Malta was the ancient fort on Manoel Island, in the Marsamxett Harbour opposite Sliema; this shore base was called HMS Talbot. The submarine base at Manoel Island was a priority target for Axis aerial attacks and was heavily bombed in 1942 which forced a temporary withdrawal of the flotilla from Malta. During this relocation to Alexandria one of the flotilla's submarines (HMS Urge) sank after striking a mine; there were no survivors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006300-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Submarine Flotilla, Second World War\nThe flotilla never numbered more than 12 submarines, but this small force between January 1941 and December 1942, sank 412,575 tons of Axis shipping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006300-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Submarine Flotilla, Second World War\nOn 24 May 1941 while assigned to the flotilla HMS Upholder attacked a convoy off the coast of Sicily and sank the 18,000 ton liner Conte Rosso. Upholder's captain, Lieutenant Commander Malcolm Wanklyn, was awarded the Victoria Cross for both this and also for completing many successful patrols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006301-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Submarine Squadron (United Kingdom)\nThe 10th Submarine Squadron was an administrative unit of the Royal Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006301-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Submarine Squadron (United Kingdom), History\nThe squadron was formed at HMNB Clyde, Faslane, Scotland, in the 1960s to direct the Resolution-class submarines equipped with Polaris missiles that formed part of the United Kingdom's strategic nuclear deterrent. The squadron would later direct the Vanguard-class submarines equipped with Trident missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006301-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Submarine Squadron (United Kingdom), History\nIn October 1993 the 3rd and 10th Squadrons at Faslane amalgamated into a new 1st Submarine Squadron (Watson).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006301-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Submarine Squadron (United Kingdom), History\nIn February 2002 all existing squadrons were disbanded and replaced by three flotillas at the base ports of Devonport, Faslane and Portsmouth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006302-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Supreme People's Assembly\nThe 10th Supreme People's Assembly (Chosongul: \ucd5c\uace0\uc778\ubbfc\ud68c\uc758 \uc81c10\uae30) of North Korea was in session from 1998 until 2003. It consisted of 687 deputies, and held six sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006302-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Supreme People's Assembly\nThe Supreme People's Assembly is the unicameral legislature of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), commonly known as North Korea. It consists of one deputy from each of the DPRK's 687 constituencies, elected to five-year terms. The constitution recognizes the Workers' Party as the leading party of the state. The Workers' Party, led by Kim Jong-un, governs the DPRK in a monopoly coalition with the Social Democratic Party and the Chondoist Chongu Party called the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland. Elections are held in five-year intervals, the most recent taking place in 2019. Although the Supreme People's Assembly is the primary legislative body of the DPRK, it ordinarily delegates authority to the smaller and more powerful Presidium, chosen from among its members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006303-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Sustainment Brigade\nThe 10th Sustainment Brigade, officially redesignated as the 10th Mountain Division Sustainment Brigade in May 2015,  is  a sustainment brigade of the United States Army. It provides logistical support to the 10th Mountain Division and is located on Fort Drum in Northern New York State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006303-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Sustainment Brigade, History, Origins\nThe soldiers of the 10th Division Support Command (DISCOM) can trace their heritage directly back to the Alpine Infantrymen and their pack mules that formed the Mountain Medical, Quartermaster, and Ordnance Maintenance Battalions which supported the US 10th Infantry Division during World War II. The Division Trains, as they were called, were organized and assigned to the 10th Infantry Division on 14 June 1957 and activated in Germany On 1 July 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006303-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Sustainment Brigade, History, Origins\nWhen the Division was officially reactivated as the 10th Mountain Division on 13 February 1985 at Fort Drum, New York, the Division Trains found a new home. Redesignated as the 10th Division Support Command, the headquarters element organized with the 10th Supply and Transportation Battalion, the 10th Medical Battalion, and the 710th Maintenance Battalion (which became the 10th Forward Support Battalion, the 210th Forward Support Battalion, and the 710th Main Support Battalion respectively), all committed to supporting the Mountain soldiers in this new Light Infantry Division. On 16 August 1987, the 548th Supply and Services Battalion was moved from Fort McClellan, Alabama, and was assigned to the Fort Drum Garrison. On 16 November 1993, the battalion was reorganized as the 548th Corps Support Battalion and became part of the 10th DISCOM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006303-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Sustainment Brigade, History, Gulf War\nSince its reactivation, the 10th DISCOM has deployed in support of multiple operations, both in the United States and abroad. In September 1990, the 548th CSB deployed to Southwest Asia for Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, providing critical combat service support to units operating in Saudi Arabia and Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006303-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Sustainment Brigade, History, Hurricane Andrew\nIn August, 1992 elements of the 10th DISCOM deployed to Florida in support of Hurricane Andrew Relief Operations, providing desperately needed supply, maintenance, and medical support to the general public and government agencies involved in the reconstruction of south Florida and the Gulf States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006303-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Sustainment Brigade, History, Operation Restore Hope\nIn December, 1992 the 10th DISCOM deployed again, this time to Somalia in support of Operation Restore Hope. The ranks and responsibilities of the Muleskinners grew dramatically as they sustained, maintained, and cared for several rotations of Division soldiers while supporting humanitarian assistance to the local population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006303-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Sustainment Brigade, History, Operation Uphold Democracy\nIn September 1994, the 10th DISCOM was called upon again and deployed with the Division to Haiti in their traditional role as providers and sustainers, while also supporting humanitarian operations as part of Operation Uphold Democracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006303-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Sustainment Brigade, History, The Balkans\nIn August 1999, elements of the 10th DISCOM deployed to the Balkans in support of peacekeeping operations as part of Task Force Eagle in Bosnia. In November 2001, elements from the DISCOM deployed to Kosovo in support of Task Force Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006303-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Sustainment Brigade, History, The Balkans\nThe 10th Sustainment Brigade is a sustainment brigade of the United States Army. It provides logistical support to the 10th Mountain Division and is located on Fort Drum in Northern New York State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006304-0000-0000", "contents": "10th TCA Awards\nThe 10th TCA Awards were presented by the Television Critics Association. Ellen DeGeneres hosted the ceremony at the Universal City Hilton and Towers on July 22, 1994. DeGeneres was the first celebrity guest to host the TCA Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006305-0000-0000", "contents": "10th TVyNovelas Awards\nThe 10th TVyNovelas Awards, is an Academy of special awards to the best of soap operas and TV shows. The awards ceremony took place on 1992 in the M\u00e9xico City. The ceremony was televised in the Mexico by Canal de las estrellas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006305-0001-0000", "contents": "10th TVyNovelas Awards\nRa\u00fal Velasco hosted the show. Cadenas de amargura won 7 awards including Best Telenovela of the Year, the most for the evening. Other winners La Picara So\u00f1adora won 3 awards, Muchachitas and Milagro y magia won 2 awards and Al filo de la muerte, Alcanzar una estrella II and En carne propia won one each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006306-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group\nThe 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was to the 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, stationed at Spangdahlem Air Base, West Germany. It was inactivated on 8 December 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006306-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, History, World War II\nThe 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group's origins begin as the 73rd Observation Group, being Constituted on 21 August 1941. The 73d was activated on 1 September 1941 and assigned to First Air Force. Engaged in training activities, participating in the Tennessee Maneuvers at Camp Campbell, Kentucky in 1943. Underwent several re-designations as Reconnaissance group, then Tactical Reconnaissance Group. Equipped variously with A-20 Havocs; P-40 Warhawks; P-51 Mustangs as well as L-1 and L-4 light observation aircraft. After the end of the maneuvers, conducted movement to Key Field, Mississippi in preparation for overseas movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006306-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, History, World War II\nReassigned to Third Air Force in December 1943 and redesignated as 10th Photographic Group (Reconnaissance) in December 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006306-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, History, World War II\nThe group deployed overseas to the European theater, January\u2013February 1944, for duty with Ninth Air Force at RAF Chalgrove, England. At Chalgrove, the group consisted of six photographic squadrons flying a variety of reconnaissance aircraft. These were the photographic versions of the P-38 Lightning (F-5) and P-51 Mustang (F-6). In addition the unit also flew the Stinson L-1 Vigilant and L-5 Sentinel along with the Piper L-4 Grasshopper light observation aircraft. It photographed airfields, coastal defenses, ports, and made bomb-damage assessment photographs of airfields, marshaling yards, bridges, and other targets in preparation for the Normandy invasion. The 10th PRG received a Distinguished Unit Citation for flying at low altitude to photograph the English Channel coast from Blankenberge to Dunkirk and from Le Touquet to Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue prior to the D-Day invasion during 6\u201320 May 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 966]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006306-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, History, World War II\nIn May 1944 the 30th PRS moved to RAF Middle Wallop and it was replaced by the 423rd Night Fighter Squadron with A-20 Havocs (F-3A) from RAF Charmy Down which was used for night photo reconnaissance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006306-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, History, World War II\nThe group supported the Normandy invasion in June by making visual and photographic reconnaissance of bridges, artillery, road and railway junctions, traffic centres, airfields, and other targets. A deployment re-appraisal in June 1944 led to the decision to assign a tactical recon squadron to support the needs of the ground forces on the continent. To this end, the group's 15th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (15th TRS) was transferred in from RAF Middle Wallop on 27 June flying F-6 (P-51) Mustangs. The mission of the 15th TRS was to fly low level missions whereas the F-5 Lightnings would fly at higher altitudes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006306-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, History, World War II\nAfter the invasion the 15th TRS moved into France first at the end of June 1944, to the Advanced Landing Ground (ALG A-9) at LeMolay, France, then to Rennes \u2013 St-Jacques, France (ALG A-27) on 10 August. The other squadrons of the 10th moved over the next few days, the last being the 155th which moved to France in mid-August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006306-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, History, World War II\nOn the continent, the 10th PRG aided the US Third Army and other Allied organizations in the battle to breach the Siegfried Line, September\u2013December 1944. The group participated in the Battle of the Bulge, December 1944 \u2013 January 1945, by flying reconnaissance missions in the combat zone. From February 1945 to V-E Day, the 10th RG assisted the advance of Third Army across the Rhine, to Czechoslovakia and into Austria, eventually being stationed at F\u00fcrth, Germany (ALG R-30) when hostilities ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006306-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, History, Cold War\nThe 10th remained in Germany after the war as part of the army of occupation, being assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe. It was transferred without personnel or equipment back to the United States in June 1947, becoming part of Tactical Air Command at Langley AFB, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006306-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, History, Cold War\nThe unit was re-manned and assigned to Lawson Field in Georgia where it was assigned F-6 (P-51) Mustangs in September to its 1st and 15th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadrons. It was redesignated as the l0th Tactical Reconnaissance Group in June 1947 and reassigned to Pope Field, North Carolina in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006306-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, History, Cold War\nThe Air Force started a \"wing-base\" service test in 1947. Under this program the 10th Reconnaissance Wing was organized 3 December 1947, at Pope Field. The new wing was assigned the 10th Reconnaissance Group as its operational flying component. On 25 August 1948, the 10th Reconnaissance Wing was redesignated the 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing (10 TRW), with its component group also being redesignated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006306-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, History, Cold War\nThe 10th conducted training at Pope, primarily with army units at Fort Bragg until 1 April 1949 when, due to budget restrictions, the unit was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006306-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, History, Cold War\nOn 10 July 1952 as a result of the United States Cold War military buildup in Europe, the 10 TRG was reactivated and assigned to NATO at Toul-Rosieres Air Base, France, absorbing the mission and equipment of the inactivating federalized Air National Guard 117th TRG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006306-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, History, Cold War\nHowever, the base was not yet ready for jet aircraft, so only the 10th TRW Wing Headquarters was sent to Toul. The 10th TRG's propeller-driven RB-26 Invaders of the former 112th TRS were absorbed by the 1st TRS at Toul (which was deemed acceptable for propeller-driven aircraft), while the two jet RF-80A squadrons assigned to the 32d and 38th TRS were located at Neubiberg and F\u00fcrstenfeldbruck Air Bases near Munich, West Germany. Group Headquarters was initially assigned to F\u00fcrstenfeldbruck, then later moved to Toul in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006306-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, History, Cold War\nOngoing construction delays in France forced the 10th TRW's transfer on 9 May 1953 to the newly completed Spangdahlem AB in West Germany where all the squadrons of the Wing and its component groups were finally united.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006306-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, History, Cold War\nThe Republic RF-84F Thunderflash began to arrive in the fall of 1955, and the RF-80As were returned to the United States for Air National Guard use. Martin RB-57A Canberras replaced the World War II vintage RB-26s in 1954 to perform night Reconnaissance missions. In 1956, the 10th TRG began to transition to the RB-66 and WB-66 Destroyers, and the RF-84Fs were transferred to the 66th TRG at Phalsbourg-Bourscheid Air Base, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006306-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, History, Cold War\nOn 8 December 1957 the 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was inactivated with its component squadrons, personnel and equipment being assigned directly to the wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006306-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006307-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Squadron\n10th Tactical Squadron (known as 10.ELT - 10 Eskadra Lotnictwa Taktycznego in Poland) is a fighter squadron of Polish Air Force established in 2008 in \u0141ask, Poland. The squadron is stationed at 32nd Air Base and since 1 October 2008 operates the F-16\u00a0C/D Block 52+ Adv.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006307-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Squadron\nIn March 2012 the squadron deployed to Israeli Air Force base Ovda for a two-week-long joint exercise with Israel's 115, 117 and 106 squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006308-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Wing\nThe 10th Tactical Wing (Dutch: 10 Tactische Wing) is a wing in the Air Component of the Belgian Armed Forces. It is based at the Kleine Brogel Air Base, in the municipality of Peer. It employs approximately 38 F-16 Fighting Falcons and 1700 staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006308-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Tactical Wing\nIt is organised into three groups, the Flying Group, the Maintenance Group and the Defence and Support Group, and is supported by a medical detachment, a territorial maintenance team and the 701st Munitions Support Squadron, 52d Fighter Wing, United States Air Force. The 701st Munitions Support Squadron maintains U.S. tactical nuclear weapons for use by Belgian aircraft in wartime under the NATO Nuclear sharing policy. The Flying Group comprises the 31st Squadron, the 349th Squadron and an Operational Conversion Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006309-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Tank Corps\nThe 10th Tank Corps was a tank corps of the Red Army, formed twice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006309-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Tank Corps, First Formation\nIn May\u2013June 1938, the 7th Mechanized Corps headquarters was relocated from Novy Petergof to Luga and converted into the 10th Tank Corps when the Red Army mechanized forces transitioned from a mechanized corps structure to a tank corps structure. On 4 August 1938, the 107th Separate Air Liaison Flight was formed as part of the corps at Luga. On 27 September 1939, the corps was relocated to the Pskov area on the Estonian border, to back up threats of force against that country. On 2 October it was moved to the Latvian border to threaten Latvia as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006309-0001-0001", "contents": "10th Tank Corps, First Formation\nBoth of these movements were made to force the two Baltic states into signing the Soviet\u2013Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty and the Soviet\u2013Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty, respectively, which established Soviet military bases on the territory of both countries. On 10 October, the 18th Light Tank Brigade was transferred to another unit and replaced by the 1st Light Tank Brigade. The corps' other brigades were the 13th Light Tank Brigade and the 15th Motor Rifle and Machine Gun Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006309-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Tank Corps, First Formation\nOn 13 October the corps was transferred back to the Leningrad Military District from the 8th Army and returned to Luga. By 30 November, in preparation for the Winter War, the Soviet attack on Finland, the 10th was relocated to the Finnish border as part of the 7th Army. On 30 November, the corps crossed the border at the beginning of the invasion, with its headquarters in the Korkiamyaki area, then at Rautu and Liipua. Between 13 and 16 December the 10th Tank Corps was transferred to advance towards Vyborg, concentrating in the Baboshino area. Its units were pulled out of combat and moved to Baboshin, with the headquarters at Tomilla by 20 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006309-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Tank Corps, First Formation\nThe Red Army command considered the performance of the large tank corps to be unsatisfactory and ordered all of them, including the 10th, disbanded in January 1940 by an order dated 17 January. The corps headquarters was moved to Kingisepp to be used to form an army group under the command of  Dmitry Pavlov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006309-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Tank Corps, Second Formation\nThe corps was reformed in April 1942 and was part of Steppe Front for the Battle of Kursk. Fatyh Zaripovich Sharipov appears to have won the Hero of the Soviet Union while operating with the corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006309-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Tank Corps, Second Formation\n10th Tank Corps was subsequently assigned to the 5th Guards Tank Army, but by April 1945 during the Battle of Berlin, the 10th Tank Corps was part of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (RVGK). It comprised the 178th, 183rd, and 186th Tank Brigades, and the 11th Motor Rifle Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006309-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Tank Corps, Second Formation\nIt should not be confused with 30th Tank Corps, which became 10th Guards Tank Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006309-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Tank Corps, Second Formation\nPostwar it became the 10th Tank Division. On 30 April 1957, it became the 34th Heavy Tank Division. In March 1965, it became the 34th Tank Division. On 20 March 1992, it was taken over by Belarus. The division became the 34th Weapons and Equipment Storage Base, part of North Western Operational Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006310-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 10th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006310-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 10th Tennessee Cavalry was organized August 25, 1863, in Nashville, Tennessee, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Washington Bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006310-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of North Central Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to January 1864. Defenses of Nashville & Northwestern Railroad, Department of the Cumberland, to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, Cavalry Corps, Department of the Cumberland, to October 1864. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division Mississippi, to November 1864. 1st Brigade, 5th Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division Mississippi, to February 1865. 1st Brigade, 7th Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division Mississippi, to March 1865. Department of Mississippi to May 1865. District of Nashville, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006310-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 10th Tennessee Cavalry mustered out of service on August 1, 1865, at Nashville, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006310-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nDuty in District of North Central Kentucky until January 1864. At Nashville and Pulaski, Tenn., and on line of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad and Nashville & Northwestern Railroad until November 1864. Scouts in Hickman and Maury Counties May 2\u201312, 1864. Long's Mill, near Mulberry Creek, July 28. Clifton August 15\u201316. Skirmish at Rogersville August 21, 1864. Pursuit to Greenville August 21\u201323. Blue Springs August 23. Operations against Forrest's Raid in northern Alabama and middle Tennessee September 16-October 10. Richland Creek, near Pulaski, September 26. Pulaski September 26\u201327. Guard Tennessee River October. Florence October 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006310-0004-0001", "contents": "10th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nOn line of Shoal Creek November 5\u201311. Nashville Campaign November\u2013December. On line of Shoal Creek November 16\u201320. Near Maysville and near New Market November 17. On front of Columbia November 24\u201327. Crossing of Duck River November 28. Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. Hollow Tree Gap and West Harpeth River December 17. Rutherford Creek December 19. Richland Creek December 24. Pulaski December 25\u201326. Hillsboro December 29. Leighton December 30. At Gravelly Springs, Ala., until February 1865. Moved to Vicksburg, Miss., thence to New Orleans, La., February 6-March 10. Ordered to Natchez, Miss., March, and duty there and at Rodney, Miss., until May 25. Ordered to Nashville, Tenn., May 25. Garrison duty at Johnsonville, Tenn., until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 883]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006310-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nThroughout its term of service, the 10th Tennessee Cavalry was poorly equipped and greatly under strength. Brigadier General Richard W. Johnson, Commanding 6th Division, at Fayetteville, Tennessee, reported on February 8, 1865: \"The troops under my command have killed 18 guerrillas and captured 12, since my arrival here, not counting a number of men belonging to the 10th and 12th Tennessee Cavalry Regiments, (U.S.A.) who had deserted and become guerrillas of the worst type, who have been captured and forwarded to their regiments.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006310-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 207 men during service; 1 officer and 24 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 181 enlisted men died of disease or accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006311-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Tennessee Infantry Regiment (Union)\nThe 10th Tennessee Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was originally recruited and designated as the 1st Middle Tennessee Infantry, largely from Irish-Americans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006311-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Tennessee Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 10th Tennessee Infantry was organized at Nashville, Tennessee, from May until August 1862, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment under the command of Colonel Alvan Cullem Gillem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006311-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Tennessee Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was attached to Post and District of Nashville, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to June 1863. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, Reserve Corps, Department of the Cumberland, to September 1863. Defenses of Nashville & Northwestern Railroad to January 1864. 1st Brigade, Defenses of Nashville, Tennessee, January 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXII Corps, Department of the Cumberland, to April 1864. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XX Corps, Department of the Cumberland, to April 1865. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, District of East Tennessee, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006311-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Tennessee Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 10th Tennessee Infantry mustered out of service at Nashville, Tennessee April 2-May 17, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006311-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Tennessee Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nPost and garrison duty at Nashville, Tennessee, until September 1863. Ordered to Bridgeport, Alabama, September 24, 1863. Guard duty on Nashville & Northwestern Railroad, and garrison and guard duty at Nashville, Tennessee, until April 1865. Ordered to Greenville April 24, 1865, and duty in District of East Tennessee until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006312-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Terek-Dagestan Army\nThe 10th Terek-Dagestan Army was a field army of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War which was formed on the basis of the Terek-Dagestan group of forces  between March 7 and May 29, 1921. The troops became then part of the North Caucasus Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006312-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Terek-Dagestan Army, History\nThe army was formed to suppress the insurrection under the leadership of Nazhmudin Gotsinsky. Nazhmudin Gotsinsky (1859 - 1925) was Chairman (Mufti) of the Spiritual Council of the Union of United Highlanders of the North Caucasus and Dagestan. He was elected Imam of the North Caucasus Highlanders and became one of the leaders of the counter-revolutionary movement in Dagestan between 1917-1921. He was of Avar nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006313-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Texas Cavalry Regiment\nThe 10th Texas Cavalry Regiment was a unit of mounted volunteers in the Confederate States Army which fought during the American Civil War. The regiment mustered as cavalry in October 1861 but was dismounted in April 1862 and served as infantry for the rest of the war. The regiment was present at the Siege of Corinth, and fought at Richmond, Ky., Stones River, and Chickamauga in 1862\u20131863, in the Meridian and Atlanta campaigns and at Nashville in 1864, and at Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeley in 1865. The remaining 65 members of the regiment surrendered to Federal forces on 4 May 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006314-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Texas Field Battery\nThe 10th Texas Field Battery (also known as Pratt's Texas Battery and Hynson's Texas Battery) was an artillery battery that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. After being formed in early 1861 by Benjamin H. Pratt, the battery served with a cavalry formation for part of 1862 before operating along the Mississippi River in early 1863. The unit then participated in Marmaduke's Second Expedition into Missouri and the Battle of Pine Bluff in 1863. Late in 1864, the battery, now under the command of H. C. Hynson, served in Price's Raid, participating in several battles and skirmishes, including the disastrous Battle of Mine Creek. The unit's service ended on May 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006314-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Texas Field Battery, Early service\nThe 10th Texas Field Battery was organized on March 1, 1861. The unit was raised by Benjamin H. Pratt, a Texas railroader. When the battery was mustered into service in Jefferson, Texas, it contained 72 men drawn from Harrison, Marion, and Cass counties. During part of 1862, the battery along with a cavalry unit under the command of Colonel William Henry Parsons, although the unit was generally detached from Parsons's direct command. Official Confederate documents dated September 28, 1862, listed Pratt's Battery was part of Parsons's brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006314-0001-0001", "contents": "10th Texas Field Battery, Early service\nFurther official orders from Major General Theophilus Holmes dated two days later ordered Colonel Dandridge McRae to move to Des Arc, Arkansas, with his infantry formation and take command of Pratt's Battery. During the early part of 1863, the battery served along the Mississippi River and sometimes harassed Union Navy shipping; it was said to have caused one sinking and to have damaged another ship. In the spring, while still commanded by Pratt, the battery served under Brigadier General John S. Marmaduke during Marmaduke's Second Expedition into Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006314-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Texas Field Battery, Early service\nDuring Marmaduke's raid, which lasted from April 17 to May 2, Pratt's battery served under Colonel George Washington Carter. After the raid failed, Marmaduke's men concentrated on Crowley's Ridge in early May. Still serving under Carter, the battery, which was now armed with four cannons, moved to the location of Colt, Arkansas, (then known as Taylor's Creek) along with the rest of Carter's brigade as part of a plan to capture a Union cavalry force operating in the area. Early on May 11, Carter's men made contact with the Union cavalry, bringing on the Skirmish at Taylor's Creek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006314-0002-0001", "contents": "10th Texas Field Battery, Early service\nDuring the action, Marmaduke detached two of Pratt's cannons 3 miles (4.8\u00a0km) to the south, as he was worried about Union reinforcements and wanted to protect the center of his line. After a brief skirmish, the Union cavalry retreated, but were able to escape as Carter did not order a pursuit. The battery then returned to operating against river shipping, this time both on the Mississippi River and the Arkansas River. When Confederate troops abandoned the city of Little Rock, Arkansas, on September 10, Pratt's battery was at the Arkansas River, where it covered the crossing of the retreating Confederate units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006314-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Texas Field Battery, Early service\nWhen Marmaduke moved against the city of Pine Bluff, Arkansas, in October, Pratt's battery accompanied him. On October 24, Marmaduke readied his forces to begin moving towards the city and its Union garrison. Near the Saline River, the Confederate force split to conduct a pincer attack. Pratt's battery was part of Colonel Robert C. Newton's wing of the Confederate force, as part of Major B. D. Chenoweth's brigade. Early on the 25th, Newton's cavalry reached a brickyard southeast of Pine Bluff, where they dismounted and waited for the other wing of the Confederate force to fire a signal shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006314-0003-0001", "contents": "10th Texas Field Battery, Early service\nOnce the shot was fired, Newton's men, led by Wood's Missouri Cavalry Battalion, charged the town, but were halted by Union defenders. Pratt's battery was then deployed to fire on Union sharpshooters deployed in houses; the defenders were driven back further into the town by the fire. The Union soldiers were eventually driven back into a barricaded position in the town square. Pratt's battery was brought up to fire on the position and particularly Union troops in the cupola of the courthouse. While the courthouse cupola defenders were driven out of their positions, the main Union barricades held. Ruffner's Missouri Battery had been firing from a churchyard, and Pratt's battery joined the Missouri gunners in that position. The Union position could not be beat down into resistance, and Marmaduke believed that a frontal attack would be too costly, so the Confederates abandoned the town in the mid-afternoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 957]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006314-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Texas Field Battery, Price's Raid\nIn early 1864, Pratt was elevated to the rank of major and placed in command of a four-battery formation that included in his former unit. H. C. Hynson took command of the battery. When Major General Sterling Price invaded the state of Missouri in late 1864, Hynson's battery accompanied the expedition. During Price's Raid, the battery was armed with three cannons and was assigned to Marmaduke's division. On September 27, Price's men were preparing to attack a Union defensive position at Fort Davidson; the Battle of Fort Davidson would be fought that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006314-0004-0001", "contents": "10th Texas Field Battery, Price's Raid\nAs part of the preparation for attacking the fort, two guns each from Harris's Missouri Battery and Hynson's battery were attempted to be dragged up to the top of Shepherd Mountain, but only two pieces could be brought to the summit. The Confederate attacks against Fort Davidson were unsuccessful, although the fort was taken the next day after its defenders abandoned it. Price then moved his army northwest; plans to attack the cities of St. Louis and Jefferson City were abandoned due to the strength of the positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006314-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Texas Field Battery, Price's Raid\nDuring the movement across Missouri, Hynson's battery fought in a skirmish at California in early October. The Confederate column continued west and reached the vicinity of Kansas City in late October. On October 22, pursuing Union cavalry caught up with Price's rear guard near Independence, bringing on the Second Battle of Independence. Hynson's battery was engaged during the action. The next day, the battery saw more action as part of a Confederate defensive line during the Battle of Byram's Ford. Price's army was decisively defeated at the Battle of Westport and began retreating through Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006314-0005-0001", "contents": "10th Texas Field Battery, Price's Raid\nThe victorious Union soldiers pursued Price, and caught up to part of his army, bringing on the Battle of Marais des Cygnes on October 25. At Marais des Cygnes, Hynson's battery was armed with three cannons, variously reported as either a 6-pounder smoothbore and two Parrott rifles or a 6-pounder smoothbore and two 12-pounder Napoleons. During the end of the battle, the battery was part of a force commanded by Brigadier General John B. Clark Jr. that provided a rear guard for the retreating Confederates. Due an ammunition shortage, Hynson's battery left the 6-pounder on the field when Clark's men finally abandoned the field. One Confederate officer present at the battle stated that the battery \"did such good execution that the enemy were compelled to fall back\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006314-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Texas Field Battery, Price's Raid\nLater on the 25th, Price's Confederate fought another action, the Battle of Mine Creek. Hynson's gunners manned two cannons on the right of the Confederate line at Mine Creek. Another cannon in the middle of the Confederate line was either crewed by Hynson's men or Hughey's Arkansas Battery. During the battle, Union cavalry charged the Confederate line, and came under canister fire from Hyson's and Harris's batteries. Once the Union attack hit home, the Confederate defenders routed, and Mine Creek ended in a Confederate disaster, with many cannons and hundreds of many, including Marmaduke, captured. Price's defeated survivors continued retreating until they reached Texas in December. Pratt was fatally wounded during the retreat. The battery's service ended on May 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006315-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Texas Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Texas Infantry Regiment was a unit of Confederate States Army infantry volunteers organized in October 1861 that fought during the American Civil War. The regiment was captured in its first major action at Arkansas Post in January 1863. After being exchanged three months later, the 10th Texas was consolidated with two other regiments and assigned to Patrick Cleburne's division. Subsequently, the consolidated regiment fought at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and Ringgold Gap in 1863. After becoming an independent regiment again, the 10th Texas fought in the Atlanta Campaign, and at Franklin and Nashville in 1864. After a second consolidation the troops fought at Averasborough and Bentonville in 1865. The regiment's soldiers surrendered to Federal forces on 26 April 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006315-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Texas Infantry Regiment, History, Formation\nThe regiment was organized by Allison Nelson in the fall and winter of 1861 and consisted of six infantry companies. The unit was made up of men from the Texas counties of Anderson, Bosque, Coryell, Erath, Fannin, Freestone, Grimes, Harris, Johnson, Limestone, Milam, Parker, San Augustine, and Washington. In addition to Colonel Nelson, the field officers included Lieutenant Colonel Semore C. Brasher and Major John R. Kennard. Nelson was a veteran of the Mexican-American War and had become involved in filibuster Narciso L\u00f3pez's unsuccessful attempt to free Cuba from Spanish control. Nelson served in the Texas legislature and became a delegate who voted for secession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006315-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Texas Infantry Regiment, History, 1861\u20131863\nFrom October 1861 to March 1862, the 10th Texas was assigned to the Eastern District of the Department of Texas. In May 1862 the regiment was reassigned to the Trans-Mississippi Department and that August it was transferred again to the Department of Arkansas. Nelson was promoted brigadier general on 12 September 1862 while the regiment camped at DeValls Bluff, Arkansas under the overall command of Thomas C. Hindman. Nelson briefly led a division but he died soon after. In late 1862, the 10th Texas formed part of the 4th Brigade of Walker's Texas Division under John George Walker. However, the 4th Brigade under James Deshler was soon detached from the division and ordered to Arkansas Post. Accordingly, the 10th Texas was sent to defend Arkansas Post in January 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006315-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Texas Infantry Regiment, History, 1861\u20131863\nIn the Battle of Arkansas Post, the 5,000 Confederate defenders under Thomas James Churchill were attacked by 30,000 Union troops led by John Alexander McClernand and 13 gunboats under David Dixon Porter. The Federal expedition sailed up the Arkansas River in 50 transports and landed the soldiers below the post on 9 January 1863. The Union troops began sealing off the position the following day. That night Churchill was ordered to hold Arkansas Post at all costs. A coordinated land and naval assault on 11 January 1863 overwhelmed the defenders and forced 4,791 Confederates to surrender. The Federals sustained 1,061 casualties. The 10th Texas under Colonel Roger Q. Mills fought in Deshler's brigade which also included the 15th Texas, 17th Texas, and 18th Texas Cavalry Regiments, fighting dismounted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006315-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Texas Infantry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nThe soldiers of the 10th Texas were freed in a prisoner exchange in April 1863. In a reorganization, the regiment was consolidated with the 6th Texas Infantry and the 15th Texas Cavalry (dismounted) Regiments. From 31 July to 1 September 1863, the consolidated regiment served in Churchill's brigade of Patrick Cleburne's division in Daniel Harvey Hill's corps. On the latter date, Deshler took command of the brigade. During the Battle of Chickamauga on 19\u201320 September 1863, the 6th-10th-15th Texas fought under the command of Colonel Mills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006315-0004-0001", "contents": "10th Texas Infantry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nDeshler's brigade lost 52 killed and 366 wounded, a total of 418 casualties during the fighting. When Deshler was killed, Mills took command of the brigade and Lieutenant Colonel T. Scott Anderson took command of the 6th-10th-15th Texas. The other units in the brigade were the 19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment and the 17th-18th-24th-25th Consolidated Texas Cavalry Regiment (dismounted). During the battle, the 6th-10th-15th Texas lost 20 killed, 95 wounded, and 28 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006315-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Texas Infantry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nDeshler's brigade was committed to battle at nightfall on the first day of Chickamauga. The brigade's skirmish line, moving ahead of the battle line, blundered into one of Richard W. Johnson's Union brigades in the dark forest and most of the skirmishers were captured. In extremely muddled fighting, Deshler's brigade drifted off to the left, but one of its regiments helped capture the colonel and 82 men of the 77th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment. In the confusion, some of the captured skirmishers escaped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006315-0005-0001", "contents": "10th Texas Infantry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nOn the second day, Cleburne sent Deshler's brigade forward to cover the withdrawal of two brigades that had been repulsed. As the brigade reached the crest of a rise, the troops were hit by a storm of Federal bullets. The men were quickly ordered to lie down and Cleburne sent orders to Deshler to hold out as long as possible. For two hours and 30 minutes, Deshler's brigade held the line, but suffered hundreds of casualties. Deshler was struck in the chest by an artillery round and killed instantly. At 2:00 pm Mills ordered the brigade to withdraw 20\u00a0yd (18\u00a0m) while holding the crest with a handful of sharpshooters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006315-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Texas Infantry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nOn 31 October 1863, the 6th-10th-15th Texas was assigned to James Argyle Smith's Texas brigade. Later, the brigade fought in the Battle of Missionary Ridge. Early in the morning of 24 November, William T. Sherman's forces crossed the Tennessee River and moved toward the northern edge of Missionary Ridge. Braxton Bragg, the commander of the Confederate Army of Tennessee was slow to respond, but finally ordered Cleburne to block Sherman's troops. In the late afternoon, Cleburne deployed Smith's brigade on Tunnel Hill just in time to prevent Union soldiers from seizing it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006315-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Texas Infantry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nAfter some skirmishing, Sherman launched John M. Corse's brigade at Smith's Texans about 10:30 am on 25 November. A counterattack hurled the Federal troops back, but both Smith and Colonel Mills were badly wounded. Hiram B. Granbury assumed command of the Texas brigade. After Mills was wounded, Kennard took command of the 6th-10th-15th Texas. At this time the Arkansas unit was no longer part of the brigade. The initial fighting was followed by piecemeal assaults by several Union brigades, which were unsuccessful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006315-0006-0002", "contents": "10th Texas Infantry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nConfederate reinforcements soon arrived, but, according to another Rebel soldier, the Texans refused to yield their place in the front line, saying, \"it was the first time they ever had a chance to fight the Yankees from behind breastworks and that they were rather enjoying it\". At 4:00 pm, Cleburne mounted a counterattack by hitting the Federals with Alfred Cumming's brigade in front and the 6th-10th-15th Texas on their right flank. The effort was completely successful and swept the Union troops off Tunnel Hill, taking many prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006315-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Texas Infantry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nThe 6th-10th-15th Texas fought at the Battle of Ringgold Gap on 27 November 1863. Cleburne posted Granbury's brigade just to the north of the gap. When they were attacked by Charles R. Woods's Union brigade, the Texans routed the three leading Missouri regiments. On 10 December the regiment counted 642 soldiers and it was assigned to Smith's brigade in Cleburne's division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006315-0007-0001", "contents": "10th Texas Infantry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nDuring the Atlanta Campaign in 1864, the brigade fought at the Battle of Rocky Face Ridge, the Battle of Resaca, the Battle of Pickett's Mill, the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, the Battle of Peachtree Creek, the Battle of Atlanta, and the Battle of Jonesborough. For the campaign, the 10th Texas became an independent regiment by separating from the consolidated 6th-15th Texas. At various times during the campaign, the 10th Texas was commanded by Colonel Mills, Captain A. J. Formwalt, and Lieutenant Colonel Robert B. Young. The Texas brigade, which now included the 7th Texas Infantry Regiment, was led at different times by Smith, Granbury, and Young.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006315-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Texas Infantry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nThe 10th Texas took part in John Bell Hood's invasion of Tennessee and fought at the Battle of Franklin on 30 November 1864 and the Battle of Nashville on 15\u201316 December. At Franklin, the Confederate soldiers assaulted the Union lines with great determination and persistence, but they were ultimately repulsed. Both the Texas brigade's commander Granbury and its division commander Cleburne were killed. At Nashville, the division was led by Smith while the Texas brigade was commanded by Captain E. T. Broughton and the 10th Texas was led by Captain R. D. Kennedy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006315-0008-0001", "contents": "10th Texas Infantry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nThe regiment fought at the Battle of Averasborough on 16 March 1865 and the Battle of Bentonville on 19\u201321 March. In this campaign, the remnant of the Texas brigade was consolidated into a single unit, the 1st Texas under Lieutenant Colonel W. A. Ryan. The 1st Texas was part of Daniel Govan's brigade in John C. Brown's division. The 10th Texas surrendered to Sherman's Union army on 26 April 1865 at Durham, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006316-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Tony Awards\nThe 10th Annual Tony Awards took place at the Pizza Hotel Grand Ballroom on April 1, 1956. The Master of Ceremonies was Jackety Wackety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006316-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Tony Awards, Ceremony\nThe presenter was Helen Hayes, who was President of the American Theatre Wing, and several of the nominees. Jack Carter was host for the first part of the ceremony, and Helen Hayes hosted the second part. More than 500 people attended the dinner dance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006316-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Tony Awards, Ceremony\nFor the first time, the ceremony was broadcast on television, on the DuMont Channel 5 in New York City, in an effort to create \"wider public interest in Broadway's most important award-giving ceremony\". Also for the first time, the nominees were announced ahead of the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006316-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Tony Awards, Ceremony\nMusic for the dinner dance was by Meyer Davis and his Orchestra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006316-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Tony Awards, Special awards, Multiple nominations and awards\nNote: The Threepenny Opera also received a Special Tony Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 65], "content_span": [66, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006317-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Transgender Erotica Awards\nThe 10th Annual Transgender Erotica Awards was a pornographic awards event recognizing the best in transgender pornography form the previous year from 15 November 2016 to 15 November 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006317-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Transgender Erotica Awards\nPre -nominations opened from October 4 to October 17, 2017, and the public-at-large was able to suggest nominees using an online form. Nominees were announced on December 21, 2017, online on the theteashow.com website, with fan voting opening on the same day. The winners were announced during the awards on March 11, 2018. The awards open to fan voting were the fan award which was open to all and site-specific awards which were open to members of the forums of the specific sites who met specific criteria regarding; a number of postings and a date to have been a member before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006317-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Transgender Erotica Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominations for the 10th Transgender Erotica Awards were announced online on December 21, 2017, and opened to fan voting on the same day, when pre-nominations closed, online on the theteashow.com website. The winners were announced during the awards on March 11, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006318-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Transportation Battalion (United States)\nThe 10th Transportation Battalion is a transportation battalion of the United States Army first constituted in 1942. The 10th Transportation is a subordinate unit of the 7th Transportation Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006318-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Transportation Battalion (United States), Lineage\nConstituted 6 July 1942 in the Army of the United States as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 10th Port of Embarkation", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006318-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Transportation Battalion (United States), Lineage\nActivated 25 July 1942 at the San Francisco Port of Embarkation, California", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006318-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Transportation Battalion (United States), Lineage\nConverted and redesignated 7 November 1942 as the 10th Port Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Transportation Corps", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006318-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Transportation Battalion (United States), Lineage\nRedesignated 23 August 1954 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 10th Transportation Battalion, and allotted to the Regular Army", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006318-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Transportation Battalion (United States), Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 30 November 1971 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 10th Transportation Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006318-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Transportation Battalion (United States), Campaign participation credit\nVietnam: Defense; Counteroffensive; Counteroffensive, Phase II; Counteroffensive, Phase III; Tet Counteroffensive; Counteroffensive, Phase IV; Counteroffensive, Phase V; Counteroffensive, Phase VI; Tet 69/Counteroffensive; Summer-Fall 1969; Winter-Spring 1970; Sanctuary Counteroffensive; Counteroffensive, Phase VII; Consolidation I", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006318-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Transportation Battalion (United States), Campaign participation credit\nSouthwest Asia: Defense of Saudi Arabia; Liberation and Defense of Kuwait; Cease-Fire", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006319-0000-0000", "contents": "10th U-boat Flotilla\nThe 10th U-boat Flotilla (German 10. Unterseebootsflottille) was a German U-boat flotilla used for front-line combat purposes during World War II. Founded on 15 January 1942 at Lorient under the command of Korvettenkapit\u00e4n G\u00fcnther Kuhnke, eighty U-boats operated with this flotilla before it was dissolved on 21 August 1944, and the remaining U-boats were moved to bases in Norway and Germany. Kuhnke himself took command of U-853, the last U-boat to leave, on 27 August 1944 to sail to Flensburg where he assumed command of 33rd U-boat Flotilla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006319-0001-0000", "contents": "10th U-boat Flotilla, U-boats assigned\nand UD-3 and UD-5, two captured Dutch submarines that were operated by the Germans during the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006320-0000-0000", "contents": "10th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment\nThe 10th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment was an artillery regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War that served in the New Orleans defenses. The unit was organized in New Orleans in November 1862 as the 1st Louisiana Heavy Artillery Regiment (African Descent), and redesignated as the 1st Corps d'Afrique Heavy Artillery Regiment a year later. It briefly became the 7th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment in April 1864, then assumed its final designation in May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006320-0001-0000", "contents": "10th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment, Corps d'Afrique\nThe designation was changed to 1st Corps d'Afrique Heavy Artillery in November 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006320-0002-0000", "contents": "10th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment, United States Colored Troops\nThe unit was designated the 7th Regiment Heavy Artillery on April 4, 1864, and 10th Regiment Heavy Artillery May 21, 1864. Members mustered out on February 22, 1867.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 81], "content_span": [82, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006321-0000-0000", "contents": "10th United States Colored Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th United States Colored Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was composed of African American enlisted men commanded by white officers and was authorized by the Bureau of Colored Troops which was created by the United States War Department on May 22, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006321-0001-0000", "contents": "10th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th U.S. Colored Infantry was organized at Camp Craney Island, Virginia beginning November 18, 1863 and mustered in for three-year service under the command of Colonel Spencer H. Stafford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006321-0002-0000", "contents": "10th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Drummondstown, Virginia, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, December 1863 to April 1864. 1st Brigade, Hincks' Colored Division, XVIII Corps, Army of the James, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to June 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XVIII Corps, to July 1864. Unattached, XVIII Corps, to August 1864. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XVIII Corps, to December 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XXV Corps, to January 1865. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXV Corps, January 1865. Attached Brigade, 1st Division, XXV Corps, to June 1865. Department of Texas to May 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006321-0003-0000", "contents": "10th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th U.S. Colored Infantry mustered out of service March 26, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006321-0004-0000", "contents": "10th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nCamp near Crany Island until January 12, 1864. Moved to Drummondstown, eastern shore of Virginia, and duty there until April. At Yorktown, Va., until May. Butler's operations on the south side of the James River and against Petersburg and Richmond May 4 to June 15. Capture of Fort Powhatan May 5. Wilson's Wharf May 24 (detachment). At Fort Powhatan until July 6. On the Bermuda Hundred front in operations against Petersburg and Richmond until August 27. At City Point, Va., until April 2, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006321-0004-0001", "contents": "10th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Bermuda Hundred, then to Richmond April 2-3. Return to City Point April 6, and duty there until June 1. Moved to Texas, and duty at various points on the Rio Grande until May 1866. A detachment served at Plymouth, N.C., November 26, 1863 to April 20, 1864, and participated in the siege of Plymouth April 17-20, 1864, and its surrender on April 20, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006322-0000-0000", "contents": "10th United States Congress\nThe 10th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1807, to March 4, 1809, during the seventh and eighth years of Thomas Jefferson's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1800 census; both chambers had an overwhelming Democratic-Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006322-0001-0000", "contents": "10th United States Congress, Party summary\nThe count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the \"Changes in membership\" section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006322-0002-0000", "contents": "10th United States Congress, Members\nThis list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and representatives are listed by district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006322-0003-0000", "contents": "10th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nSenators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006322-0004-0000", "contents": "10th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives\nThe names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006322-0005-0000", "contents": "10th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Connecticut\nAll representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. (7 Federalists)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006322-0006-0000", "contents": "10th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Maryland\nThe 5th district was a plural district with two representatives. (6-3 Democratic-Republican)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006322-0007-0000", "contents": "10th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, New Hampshire\nAll representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. (6 Democratic-Republicans)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006322-0008-0000", "contents": "10th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, New Jersey\nAll representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. (6 Democratic-Republicans)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006322-0009-0000", "contents": "10th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Pennsylvania\nThere were four plural districts, the 1st, 2nd, & 3rd had three representatives each, the 4th had two representatives. (14-3 Democratic-Republican)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006322-0010-0000", "contents": "10th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Rhode Island\nBoth representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. (2 Democratic-Republicans)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006322-0011-0000", "contents": "10th United States Congress, Changes in membership\nThe count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006322-0012-0000", "contents": "10th United States Congress, Changes in membership, Senate\nThere were 5 resignations, 2 deaths, and 1 interim appointment. Neither party had a net change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006322-0013-0000", "contents": "10th United States Congress, Changes in membership, House of Representatives\nOf the voting members, there were 4 resignations, 4 deaths, and 2 vacancies from the beginning of this Congress. Democratic-Republicans had no net change and Federalists picked up 2 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006323-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Vanier Cup\nThe 10th Vanier Cup was played on November 22, 1974, at Exhibition Stadium in Toronto, Ontario, and decided the CIAU football champion for the 1974 season. The Western Mustangs won their second championship by defeating the Toronto Varsity Blues by a score of 19-15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006324-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Venice International Film Festival\nThe 10th annual Venice International Film Festival  was held from 11 August to 1 September 1949. The Venice Film Festival came back permanently to the Palazzo del Cinema on the Lido di Venezia. The award for the Best film is first called \"The Lion of St. Marcus\" (instead of Great International Prize of Venice) will maintain this name until 1954, when it became known as Golden Lion permanently.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006325-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Venice International Film Festival (void)\nThe \"10th\" annual (void) Venice International Film Festival was held from 30 August to 5 September 1942. The events were hosted at places far away from the Lido and very few countries participated due to World War II  and directors that were members of the Rome-Berlin axis. Additionally, a strong fascist political meddling from the Italian fascist government under Benito Mussolini had led to Italy experiencing a period of cultural depression oppressed by fascist propaganda. It is the last edition before the suspension for the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006326-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Vermont Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Vermont Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006326-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th Vermont Infantry was organized at Brattleboro, Vermont, and mustered in for three years service on September 1, 1862, under the command of Colonel Albert Burton Jewett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006326-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Grover's Brigade, Military District of Washington, until February 1863, Jewett's Brigade, Provisional Division, XXII Corps, Dept. of Washington, until June 1863, French's Command, VIII Corps, Middle Department, until July 1863, 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, until March 1864, and 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, until June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006326-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th Vermont Infantry was mustered out of service at Washington, D.C. on June 22, 1865. Afterwards, recruits were transferred to the 5th Vermont Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006326-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 352 men during service; 9 officers and 140 enlisted men were killed or mortally wounded and 203 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006327-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Vietnam Film Festival\nThe 10th Vietnam Film Festival was held from November 9 to November 14, 1993, in Haiphong, Vietnam, with the slogan: \"For an advanced Vietnam cinema, imbued with national identity\" (Vietnamese: \"V\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006327-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nCompared to previous festivals, the 10th Vietnam Film Festival attracts the attention of a large number of young audiences. The phenomenon of fans of artists, waiting for autographs, taking photos together has begun to spread more widely among different audiences. This is considered a \"characteristic\" film festival for the period of \"market - commercial cinema\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006327-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nThere were 118 films in attendance at the Film Festival. The jury awarded only one Golden Lotus for \"V\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\" - A feature film that harmoniously combines artistic and commercial elements, and one Golden Lotus for the documentary \"\u0110i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i\". There is no Golden Lotus for animated and direct-to-video feature films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006328-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Vijay Awards\nThe final 10th Vijay Awards ceremony honouring the best of the Tamil film industry in 2017 was held on 26 May 2018 at Chennai. The event was hosted by Gopinath and Divyadharshini.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006328-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Vijay Awards, Jury\nK. Bhagyaraj, Radha, Yugi Sethu, Anurag Kashyap and K. S. Ravikumar are the jurors of 10th Edition Vijay Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006329-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe 10th Virginia Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006329-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Organization\nVirginia's 10th Cavalry Regiment, formerly called 1st Cavalry Regiment, Wise Legion and 8th Battalion, Virginia Cavalry, was organized in May 1862. Many of the men were from Richmond, Albermarle, Rockingham, Kanawha, Jackson and Henrico counties of Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006329-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th Virginia Cavalry served in Hampton's, W.H.F. Lee's, Chambliss' and Beale's brigades in the Army of Northern Virginia. After fighting in the Seven Days Battles, it saw action at Antietam, Fredericksburg, Brandy Station, Upperville, Gettysburg, Bristoe, and Mine Run. It was involved in the Wilderness Campaign, the defense of Richmond and Petersburg, and the Appomattox Courthouse operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006329-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Officers\nIts commanders were Colonels Robert A. Caskie, William B. Clement, and J. Lucius Davis; and Lieutenant Colonel Zachariah S. McGruder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006329-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Officers\nCaptain William Hartman Kable of the 10th Virginia was also the founder of the Kable School, later Staunton Military Academy, many of the facilities of which are now in use by Mary Baldwin College in Staunton, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006329-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Surrender\nThe 10th Virginia Cavalry surrendered at Appomattox with 3 officers and 19 men; all others escaped hiding the regimental colors with the help of a local woman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006329-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Gallery\nPrivate William Anthony Holland of Co. K, with Bowie knife and Colt Army Model 1860 revolver", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006330-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006330-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Virginia was assembled at Harper's Ferry during the late spring of 1861. Four companies of the 4th Regiment Virginia Volunteers, a militia unit, were united with other volunteer companies to make up the regiment. An eleventh company was added to the command in April, 1862. Its men were raised in the counties of Shenandoah, Rockingham, Page, and Madison. During the war it was attached to Elzey's, Taliaferro's, Fulkerson's, Colston's, Steuart's, and W. Terry's Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006330-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nAfter fighting at First Manassas and McDowell, it was active in Jackson's Valley Campaign. The 10th participated in the campaigns of the Army of Northern Virginia from the Seven Days' Battles to Cold Harbor except when it was on detached duty during the Battle of Antietam. It was involved in Early's Shenandoah Valley operations and later the Appomattox Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006330-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThis unit reported 16 casualties at First Manassas, 21 at McDowell, 43 at Cedar Mountain, 32 at Second Manassas, and 157 at Chancellorsville. Of the 276 engaged at Gettysburg more than twenty-five percent were disabled. On April 9, 1865, it surrendered with 2 officers and 43 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006330-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe field officers were Colonels Simeon B. Gibbons and Edward T.H. Warren, Lieutenant Colonels Dorilas H.L. Martz and Samuel T. Walker, and Majors Isaac G. Coffman and Joshua Stover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006330-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nFuture Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Charles Frederick Crisp was a lieutenant in Company K of the 10th Virginia. Future U.S. Senator Harrison Riddleberger also was a lieutenant in the 10th Virginia, although he transferred to the 23rd Virginia Cavalry and was promoted to captain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006331-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Virginia Regiment\nThe 10th Virginia Regiment was raised on December 28, 1775, in western Virginia for service with the Continental Army. The regiment would see action at the Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Germantown, Battle of Monmouth and the Siege of Charleston. Most of the regiment was captured at Charlestown, South Carolina, on May 12, 1780, by the British and the regiment was formally disbanded on November 15, 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards\nBest Visual Effects in a Visual Effects Driven Motion Picture:Rise of the Planet of the Apes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards\nThe 10th Visual Effects Society Awards was held in Los Angeles at the Beverly Hilton Hotel on February 7, 2012, in honor to the best visual effects in film and television of 2011. The show was hosted by Patton Oswalt and broadcast, in edited form, on the ReelzChannel on February 19, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nRise of the Planet of the Apes \u2013 Dan Lemmon, Joe Letteri, Cyndi Ochs, Kurt Williams", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nHugo \u2013 Ben Grossmann, Alex Henning, Rob Legato, Karen Murphy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nRango \u2013 Tim Alexander, Hal Hickel, Jacqui Lopez, Katie Lynch", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nRise of the Planet of the Apes - Caeser \u2013 Daniel Barrett, Florian Fernandez, Matthew Muntean, Eric Reynolds", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nRango - Rango \u2013 Frank Gravatt, Kevin Martel, Brian Paik, Steve Walton", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nCaptain America: The First Avenger \u2013 Casey Allen, Trent Claus, Brian Hajek, Cliff Welsh", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nRango - Main Street Dirt \u2013 John Bell, Polly Ing, Martin Murphy, Russell Paul", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nTransformers: Dark of the Moon - Driller \u2013 Tim Brakensiek, Kelvin Chu, David Fogler, Rene Garcia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nHugo \u2013 Martin Chamney, Rob Legato, Adam Watkins, Fabio Zangla", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nRango \u2013 Colin Benoit, Philippe Rebours, Nelson Sepulveda, Nick Walker", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nTerra Nova \u2013 Kevin Blank, Colin Brady, Adica Manis, Jason Zimmerman", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones - Winter Is Coming \u2013 Lucy Ainsworth-Taylor, Angela Barson, Ed Bruce, Adam McInnes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nCanal + - The Bear \u2013 Lauent Creusot, Guillaume Ho, Olivier Mitonneau, Michal Nauzin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nBoardwalk Empire - Gimcrack & Bunkum \u2013 Anton Dawson, Eran Dinur, Austin Meyers, David Reynolds", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones - The Icewall \u2013 Markus Kuha, Damien Mac\u00e9, Dante Harbridge Robinson, Fani Vassiadi", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGears of War 3 - Dust to Dust \u2013 Niles Heckman, Richard Morton, Vernon Wilbert Jr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0018-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nInside the Human Body \u2013 Phil Dobree, Sophie Orde, Dan Upton", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0019-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nDior J'adore \u2013 Pascal Giroux, Julien Meesters, Stephane Pivron, Manuel Souillac", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0020-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nDiablo III: The Black Soulstone \u2013 Nicholas S. Carpenter, Jon Lanz, Chris Thunig, Taka Yasuda", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006332-0021-0000", "contents": "10th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Other categories\nTransformers the Ride: The Ultimate 3D Battle \u2013 Lori Arnold, Yannick Dusseault, Delio Tramontozzi, Jeff White", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006333-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Ward of New Orleans\nThe 10th Ward is a division of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. The 10th Ward is one of the 17 wards of New Orleans. The ward is one of the city's Uptown wards, formerly the old Faubourg Lafayette annexed by New Orleans in the 1850s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006333-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Ward of New Orleans, Boundaries\nThe roughly wedge-shaped Ward stretches back from the Mississippi River. The lower boundary is Felicity Street, across which is the 1st Ward, then Martin Luther King Boulevard (formerly Melpomene Street), across which is the 2nd Ward. The upper boundary is First Street, across which lies the 11th Ward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006333-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Ward of New Orleans, Cityscape and landmarks\nNear the river the ward includes part of the Lower Garden District and the former location of America's first experiment with large-scale public housing, started here in 1937, when, as part of the New Deal, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the loan to commence construction of the St. Thomas Housing Project. In Central City it includes the Oretha Castle Haley commercial district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006333-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Ward of New Orleans, Residents\nThe 10th Ward has been home to such notables as jazz musicians Buddy Bolden and George Brunies", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006333-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Ward of New Orleans, History\nIn 1718, the City of New Orleans was established. The city was later divided into many neighborhoods, streets, and squares. Faubourg Lafayette is one of the many neighborhoods of New Orleans. Faubourg Lafayette was united by an act of legislation, prior to being classified as an official neighborhood. However, unlike most of the other neighborhoods in the city, Faubourg Lafayette once belonged to another region of Louisiana before it united with the great city of New Orleans. This area was originally part of the city of Lafayette, Louisiana before New Orleans and Lafayette\u2019s legislation consolidated in making it great one big city. Many other neighborhoods like Faubourg Nuns and Faubourg Delassize were also a part of Lafayette, Louisiana prior to this consolidation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006333-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Ward of New Orleans, History\nIn 1818, Faubourg Lafayette was bought as a neighborhood and became a subdivision in 1824. In its newborn years as a city, it was cut into blocks and squares by John Poultney. Poultney acquired this neighborhood from Madame Rousseau, who like Samuel Herman bought his neighborhood from the heirs of Valery Delaissize. Both of these neighborhoods started as plantations, but the new owners decided to downsize them in order to make more living space available for the growing population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006333-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Ward of New Orleans, History\nIn 1796,  Bertrand Gravier helped enlarge Faubourg by including Phillipa St., which is now called Poydress Street. Years later, in 1997, Gravier died and Jean Gravier, his brother, was appointed to be the new owner of this prosperous estate. He continued in his brother\u2019s footsteps by further extending the Faubourg to Circus Street, which is currently regarded to as Rampart Street. As Jean Gravier continued to expand the Faubourg region, he included land that was located near Poydras St., and approximately 40 feet in width, for a Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006333-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Ward of New Orleans, History\nThis canal linked  with an agency in Bayou St. John, and flowed into an area which was called Hagan Avenue; although, this region between the canal is now noted as Jefferson Davis Parkway. In addition, to these expansions, Jean Gravier also designated a tract for a basin that linked to Canal St. During this time, the basin was an uninhabited district of land  which was allocated for the community. He later called this Basin \u201cPlace Gravier\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006333-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Ward of New Orleans, History\nJean Gravier didn\u2019t realize that the canal and Place Gravier would become the basis of a dispute between the City of New Orleans and the Carrollton Railroad Company. At this time, the Carrollton Railroad company possessed the canal, the basin, and asserted ownership of segments of Place Gravier. The dispute between the City of New Orleans, and the railroad company concluded when the Supreme Court of the Territory of Orleans announced a judgement in support of Jean Gravier, on May 23, 1805.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006333-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Ward of New Orleans, History\nLater in 1841, the Supreme Court of the state of Louisiana, pronounced that the Canal and Basin were property of to the Railroad Company. However, years later in 1876, the Supreme Court altered their judgement and decided that the \u201cPlace Gravier\u201d would be owned by the City of New Orleans and be a location for the general public. In 1897, the City of New Orleans took legal action against Philip Werlien for possession of this basin. This location was declared to be public property as stated by the judgment the Supreme Court announced in 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006333-0008-0001", "contents": "10th Ward of New Orleans, History\nThe City of New Orleans won the lawsuit against Werlien and the Supreme Court of the state of Louisiana. Werlein took the litigation to the Supreme Court of the United States and it rendered a judgment in support of him. The Supreme Court of the United States reasoned that the City of New Orleans had lost ownership of Place Gravier. Philip Werlien was able to obtain possession of this disputed property, which is now the site of the Hotel de Sotoe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006333-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Ward of New Orleans, History\nFaubourg Lafayette is distinctive in its perimeters because of its unique history from vast contributors. Faubourg Lafayette is part of the upper section of New Orleans. The perimeters of Faubourg Lafayette are Saint Charles Street, Calliope Street, Jackson Avenue, and Simon Bolivar Avenue. This area is known for its diverse mixture of businesses, personal homes, schools, and many main attractions for tourist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006334-0000-0000", "contents": "10th West Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006334-0001-0000", "contents": "10th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Pickens, Canaan, Glenville, Clarkesville, Sutton, Philippi, and Piedmont in western Virginia between March 12 and May 18, 1862. The regiment was mustered out on August 9, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006334-0002-0000", "contents": "10th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 10th West Virginia Infantry Regiment suffered 2 Officers and 93 enlisted men killed in battle or died from wounds, and 1 officer and 107 enlisted men dead from disease for a total of 207 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006335-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army in the eastern theater of the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006335-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th Wisconsin was raised at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and mustered into Federal service October 14, 1861. The regiment was mustered out on October 25, 1864, and the re-enlisted veterans and later recruits transferred to the 21st Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006335-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Total enlistments and casualties\nThe 10th Wisconsin initially mustered 1,029 men and later recruited an additional 601 men, for a total of 1,630 men. The regiment lost 5 officers and 91 enlisted men killed in action or who later died of their wounds, plus another 1 officer and 147 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 244 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006336-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Wisconsin Legislature\nThe Tenth Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 14, 1857, to March 9, 1857, in regular session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006336-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Wisconsin Legislature\nThis was the first legislative session after the expansion and redistricting of the Senate and Assembly according to an act of the previous session. The Senate grew from 25 to 30 seats; the Assembly grew from 82 to 97 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006336-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Wisconsin Legislature\nSenators representing odd-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first year of a two-year term. Assembly members were elected to a one-year term. Assembly members and odd-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 4, 1856. Senators representing even-numbered districts were serving the second year of their two-year term, having been elected in the general election held on November 6, 1855, or were elected in the 1856 election for a newly created district and were serving a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006336-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Wisconsin Legislature, Members, Members of the Senate\nMembers of the Wisconsin Senate for the Tenth Wisconsin Legislature (30):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006336-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Wisconsin Legislature, Members, Members of the Assembly\nMembers of the Assembly for the Tenth Wisconsin Legislature (97):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006336-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Wisconsin Legislature, Changes from the 9th Legislature\nThe most significant structural change to the Legislature between the 9th and 10th sessions was the reapportionment and redistricting of legislative seats. The new districts were defined in , passed into law in the 9th Wisconsin Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006337-0000-0000", "contents": "10th World Science Fiction Convention\nThe 10th World Science Fiction Convention was held on Labor Day weekend from August 30 to September 1, 1952, at the Morrison Hotel in Chicago, Illinois. This Worldcon never chose an official name other than the title \"10th World Science Fiction Convention,\" as both the convention's issued membership card and program book clearly stated. Only the first Worldcon in New York City (1939) and the 11th in Philadelphia, 1953, shared this lack of a formal convention name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006337-0000-0001", "contents": "10th World Science Fiction Convention\nThe phrases \"Tenth Anniversary World Science Fiction Convention\" (TAWSFiC) and \"Tenth Anniversary Science Fiction Convention\" (TASFiC, likely a simple linotype error, as \"World\" is missing) were each used in some of this Worldcon's pre-convention materials; the phrase's acronyms \"TAWSFiC\" and \"TASFiC\" were never officially used in print or otherwise by the Chicago committee at that time. However, the 10th Worldcon was frequently referred to by its members by the unofficial name Chicon II, so dubbed after the previous Chicago Worldcon (Chicon) in 1940; this name proved so popular that the convention became known as Chicon II in science fiction fandom's lore and written histories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006337-0001-0000", "contents": "10th World Science Fiction Convention\nThe convention chair was Julian C. May (later also known as Judy Dikty). Hugo Gernsback was the convention's official guest of honor. The program included the performance of an original science fiction ballet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006337-0002-0000", "contents": "10th World Science Fiction Convention\nFor years this Worldcon held the record for the largest attendance at any early science fiction convention, with 870 registered attendees, a figure which was not surpassed by another Worldcon until 1967 for Nycon 3 in New York City. By way of comparison, the previous year's Worldcon, the Nolacon in New Orleans, had an attendance of 190.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006337-0003-0000", "contents": "10th World Science Fiction Convention\nIt was at this Worldcon that the idea for the Hugo science fiction awards was first proposed and adopted. These awards, the highest and oldest honor in science fiction, were first awarded at the 1953 Worldcon in Philadelphia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006337-0004-0000", "contents": "10th World Science Fiction Convention\nThe convention is said to have been the place where Sturgeon's Law was first formulated (although other origin stories claim Sturgeon first articulated the concept in 1951, a year earlier). During a panel discussion on science fiction, one of the panelists observed that about 90% of science fiction was crud. Theodore Sturgeon, also on the panel, replied that 90% of everything was crud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006338-0000-0000", "contents": "10th World Scout Jamboree\nThe 10th World Scout Jamboree was held 17\u201326 July 1959 and was hosted by the Philippines at Mount Makiling, Los Ba\u00f1os, Laguna. Dubbed \"The Bamboo Jamboree\" due to the prevalence of bamboo and nipa palm. There were a total 12,203 Scouts from 44 countries. The theme was \"Building Tomorrow Today\". It was the first World Scout Jamboree to be held outside Europe and Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006338-0001-0000", "contents": "10th World Scout Jamboree, Participation\nAustralia: 19. \u00d6sterreich: 3. Belgi\u00eb: 3. Brunei: 16. Burma: 1. Cambodia: 17. Canada: 93. Ceylon: 22. Zh\u014dnghu\u00e1 M\u00edngu\u00f3: 545. Danmark: 2. Fiji: 1. Suomi 6. France & associates: 81. Bundesrepublik Deutschland: 1. Ellas: 12. Hong Kong: 62. Bharat: 14. Indonesia: 73. Ir\u0101n: 4. Ireland: 2. Israel: 3. Italia: 3. Nihon: 519. Dae Han Min Guk: 121. Kuwait: 19. Laos: 21. Persekutuan Tanah Melayu: 122. Nederland: 6. New Guinea: 4. New Zealand: 15. North Borneo: 12. Norge: 2. P\u0101kist\u0101n: 11. Pilipinas: 7863. Sarawak: 8. Singapore: 31. Sverige: 35. Suisse: 9. Thailand: 54. United Arab Republic: 7. United Kingdom: 112. United States of America: 309. Venezuela: 1. Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a: 59. Scouts-in-Exile (Estonia, Magyarorsz\u00e1g, Lithuania, Polska, Ukrayina, Rossiya): 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006339-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Writers Guild of America Awards\nThe 10th Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best film writers and television writers of 1957. Winners were announced in 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006340-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Yokohama Film Festival\nThe 10th Yokohama Film Festival (\u7b2c10\u56de\u30e8\u30b3\u30cf\u30de\u6620\u753b\u796d) was held on 12 February 1989 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards\nThe 10th Youth in Film Awards ceremony (now known as the Young Artist Awards), presented by the Youth in Film Association, honored outstanding youth performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theater and music for the 1987-1988 season, and took place on May 6, 1989, at the Registry Hotel in Universal City, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards\nEstablished in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press Association member, Maureen Dragone, the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theater and music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards\nThe 10th Youth in Film Awards marked the first year the ceremony was moved from the fall to the spring (the previous 9th Youth in Film Awards ceremony taking place in December 1987). This 5 month \"push-back\" effectively resulted in no ceremony taking place during the 1988 calendar year, however, performances during late 1987 and 1988 were recognized at the 10th annual ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Motion Picture, Best Young Actor in a Motion Picture: Drama\n\u2605 Christian Bale - Empire of the Sun (Warner Bros)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 112], "content_span": [113, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Motion Picture, Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture: Drama\n\u2605 Hayley Taylor Block - Touch of a Stranger (Raven Star)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Motion Picture, Best Young Actor in a Motion Picture: Comedy or Fantasy\n\u2605 (tie) Corey Feldman - License to Drive (20th Century Fox)\u2605 (tie) Corey Haim - License to Drive (20th Century Fox)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 124], "content_span": [125, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Motion Picture, Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture: Comedy or Fantasy\n\u2605 Heather Graham - License To Drive (20th Century Fox)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 126], "content_span": [127, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Motion Picture, Best Young Actor in a Motion Picture: Horror or Mystery\n\u2605 Lukas Haas - Lady in White (New Century Vista Film Company)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 124], "content_span": [125, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Motion Picture, Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture: Horror or Mystery\n\u2605 Kristy Swanson - Flowers in the Attic (New World Pictures)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 126], "content_span": [127, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a TV Special, TV Movie or Mini-Series, Best Young Actor in a TV Special, Pilot, Movie of the Week, or Mini-Series\n\u2605  Lukas Haas - A Place At The Table (NBC)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 164], "content_span": [165, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Best Young Actress in a Daytime Drama Series\n\u2605  Lauralee Bell - The Young and the Restless (CBS)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 116], "content_span": [117, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in Syndicated Television, Best Young Actor in a Family Syndicated Show\n\u2605  Wil Wheaton - Star Trek: The Next Generation (Syndication)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 118], "content_span": [119, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in Syndicated Television, Best Young Actress Guest-Starring in a Syndicated Family Comedy, Drama, or Special\n\u2605  Robin Lynn Heath - Superior Court (Warner Bros. Television)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 156], "content_span": [157, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in Cable Television, Best Young Actress in a Cable Family Series\n\u2605  Kaleena Kiff - The New Leave It to Beaver (WTBS)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 112], "content_span": [113, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in Cable Television, Best Young Actor in a Cable Family Show\n\u2605  Justin Hinds - ABC Afterschool Special - Just a Regular Kid: An AIDS Story (ABC)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 108], "content_span": [109, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in Cable Television, Best Young Actress in a Cable Family Show\n\u2605  Jenny Lewis - 'A Friendship in Vienna (Disney Channel)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 110], "content_span": [111, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Ensemble Performance, Best Young Actor/Actress Ensemble in a Television Comedy, Drama Series, or Special\n\u2605  The Cosby Show (NBC) - Malcolm-Jamal Warner, Tempestt Bledsoe, Keshia Knight Pulliam, Lisa Bonet, Sabrina Le Beauf, Geoffrey Owens and Deon Richmond", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 142], "content_span": [143, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in Theater, Best Young Actress in Theater\n\u2605 Tricia Cast - The Diary of Anne Frank (Jean De Basci Theater)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0018-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards, Best Family Motion Picture Entertainment, Teen-Age Choice for Best Horror Motion Picture\n\u2605 A Nightmare on Elm Street IV: The Dream Master", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 115], "content_span": [116, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0019-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Best Young Actor in a Foreign Film\n\u2605 Pelle Hvenegaard (Denmark) - For his role in Pelle the Conqueror", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 93], "content_span": [94, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006341-0020-0000", "contents": "10th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Best Young Actress in a Foreign Film\n\u2605 Vanessa Guedj (France) - For her role in Le Grand Chemin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 95], "content_span": [96, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006342-0000-0000", "contents": "10th ZAI Awards\nThe 10th ZAI Awards, honoring the best in the Slovak music industry for individual achievements for the year of 1999, took time and place on February 25, 2000 at the Park kult\u00fary a oddychu in Bratislava. The ceremony was held in association with the local Music Fund (HF) and the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Slovakia (SNS IFPPI). As with the previous edition, the accolades were named after the Artmedia Music Academy, established by ZAI and the related company in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006342-0001-0000", "contents": "10th ZAI Awards, Winners, Main categories\n\u2605 Jozef Urban \u2013 \"Voda, \u010do ma dr\u017e\u00ed nad vodou\" (by J. R\u00e1\u017e)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006342-0002-0000", "contents": "10th ZAI Awards, Winners, Main categories\n\u2605 \"Voda, \u010do ma dr\u017e\u00ed nad vodou\" (by J. R\u00e1\u017e) \u2013 J. Urban (lyrics)\u00a0\u2022 V\u00e1clav Patejdl (music)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006342-0003-0000", "contents": "10th ZAI Awards, Winners, Main categories\n\u2605 V cudzom meste \u2013 Jozef \u0160ebo\u00a0\u2022 Martin Ga\u0161par", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006342-0004-0000", "contents": "10th ZAI Awards, Winners, Main categories\nOther nominees included also Street Dancers, Peter Lipa, Adriena Barto\u0161ov\u00e1 and No Name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006343-0000-0000", "contents": "10th and Cass Streets Neighborhood Historic District\nThe 10th and Cass Streets Neighborhood Historic District is located in La Crosse, Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006343-0001-0000", "contents": "10th and Cass Streets Neighborhood Historic District, Description\nThe district is made up of a residential neighborhood, including many of the earliest elaborate homes in the city. These include the 1859 Italianate Laverty-Martindale house, the 1871 Italian Villa-styled Webb-Withee house, the 1874 Italianate Governor George Peck house, the 1884 Stick style Frank Burton house, the 1886 Queen Anne Crosby house, and the 1914 Prairie style Kinnear house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 65], "content_span": [66, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0000-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre\nThe 10th anniversary of Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 (10\u5468\u5e74\u516d\u56db\u904a\u884c) was a series of rallies \u2013 street marches, parades, and candlelight vigils \u2013 that took place in late May to early June 1999 to commemorate the 10th anniversary of 4 June Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. The anniversary of the event, during which the Chinese government sent troops to suppress pro-democracy movement and many people are thought to have perished, is remembered around the world in public open spaces and in front of many Chinese embassies in Western countries. On Chinese soil, any mention of the event is completely taboo in Mainland China; events which mark it only take place in Hong Kong, and in Macao to a much lesser extent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0001-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Background\nIn the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, thousands of students and protests had gathered in the centre of Beijing when troops opened fire. An unknown number of people were wounded or died in the incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 79], "content_span": [80, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0002-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Background\nAs the People's Republic of China has publicly embraced the one country, two systems model of governance for Hong Kong, the annual 4 June observance which has become a tradition since 1989 has continued after the transfer of sovereignty from Britain to China. It is the only place on Chinese soil where the event is openly commemorated in any way and on any scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 79], "content_span": [80, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0003-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Background\nThe 1989 protest is still considered a counter-revolutionary riot by the Communist Party of China, and remains taboo. Dissidents are routinely picked up by police, warned, sent away, or put under house arrest at this sensitive time every year. Across the world, this 10th anniversary was overshadowed by the US bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade which much angered Beijing, and gave a pretext for China to whip up nationalist sentiment. When asked what the government could do to compensate the families of those killed in the 1989 protests, Zhu Rongji said that he had \"almost forgotten\" the occasion. In Hong Kong, legislator Szeto Wah suggested Zhu was hypocritical for having \"dismissed the question very diplomatically and avoided the question.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 79], "content_span": [80, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0004-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Background, Denied entry to Hong Kong\nWang Dan, one of the most prominent student leaders in 1989, was refused an entry visa without reason for 4 June candlelight vigil in Victoria Park. Albert Ho condemned the Immigration Department's political decision, and accused the Government of acting \"out of fear that it would affect its relations with the mainland.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 106], "content_span": [107, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0005-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Mainland China, Public displays and arrests\nMainland authorities launched a nationwide crackdown on dissidents starting one month before the tenth anniversary. Beijing intellectual Yu Zhenbin, and Li Bagen, member of the China Democracy Party, were among those arrested in the run-up. According to Human Rights in China, Cao Jiahe, a magazine editor who circulated a petition in May to commemorate those killed in 1989, was allegedly held by police for four days, deprived of sleep for three days, and beaten up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 112], "content_span": [113, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0005-0001", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Mainland China, Public displays and arrests\nYang Tao, a contemporary of Wang Dan in the history department of Peking University, was arrested in early May by police in Guangzhou, and formally placed under arrest on 19 May in Guangzhou for attempting to organise a commemorative event. The Information Centre of Human Rights & Democratic Movement in China (ICHRDC) said that police had arrested at least 130 people nationwide. Of those, 42 were still in police custody as at 4 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 112], "content_span": [113, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0005-0002", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Mainland China, Public displays and arrests\nThe Standard reported dissident Lin Mu, former secretary of the ousted party chief Hu Yaobang, saying that a candlelight vigil on the night of 3 June in Shanxi planned by 90 dissidents had been foiled by local police in advance by putting key people under house arrest or sending them to remote counties. Lin said Ma Xiaoming, one of the organisers, has been sent to a remote county in the province and his whereabouts were as yet unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 112], "content_span": [113, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0006-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Mainland China, Public displays and arrests\nThe Standard reported that Beijing authorities banned students from taking leave, in an attempt at keeping all students on campus; heads of department and faculty were also made responsible for ensuring their students stay off the streets. Although Tiananmen Square was closed off, ostensibly for renovations, two protesters demonstrated below Mao's portrait and were swiftly taken away. Police refused permission for a demonstration in Hangzhou; officers detained Wang Rongqing, Lai Jingbiao, Zhu Yufu and Yu Tielong \u2013 four members of the Democracy Party of China; three others were picked up in Beijing, according to the Information Centre of Human Rights and Democratic Movement in China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 112], "content_span": [113, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0007-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Mainland China, Media\nBeijing has ruled out a re-evaluation of the crackdown, saying the decision to use military force against unarmed students was \"correct\". Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhu Bangzao said: \"The Communist Party and Government have made a correct and historical conclusion on the political turmoil which took place in the summer of 1989... That, more than anything else, will gain China the respect it desires.\" On 2 June, People's Daily published on its front page a rallying cry for stability, urging people to back the leadership to curb attempts by \"hostile forces to infiltrate, subvert and split\" China. It justified the leadership's actions as having \"forcefully protected our nation's independence, dignity, security and stability, and guaranteed the continued healthy development of reform and opening up and economic construction.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 90], "content_span": [91, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0008-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Mainland China, Media\nThe State Press and Publications Administration ordered the media to emphasise patriotism and nationalism by criticising the bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade; they were to avoid sensitive issues such as the crackdown and workers' unrest. An official said: 'Liberal publishing houses and vocal writers in the media are disciplined and continue to be put under supervision.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 90], "content_span": [91, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0009-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Mainland China, Media\nCable channels in Shenzhen habitually carry programming from Hong Kong television channels. However, in an apparent move to dilute the impact of the 10th anniversary of the massacre, the municipal authorities blacked out all news reports and feature stories on the crackdown aired by Hong Kong television broadcast since the end of the previous month. Viewers were apparently left bewildered by the authorities' replacement of undesirable programming with old news footage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 90], "content_span": [91, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0010-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, United States\nOne week before the anniversary, Nancy Pelosi sponsored a resolution in the House of Representatives condemning Beijing's rights record, urging an official re-evaluation of 4 June by Beijing, calling for the release of political prisoners, the punishment of those responsible for the killings, compensation for victims' families and the lifting of the blacklist on overseas dissidents the previous week. The motion was passed. China reacted angrily to the supposed \"interference in China's internal affairs\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 82], "content_span": [83, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0011-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, United States\n\"Now, the US Congress brazenly and peremptorily interfered in China's internal affairs in its anti-China resolution, flagrantly demanding that Beijing set up a certain 'investigation committee' and 're-evaluate' the incident. The attempt to reverse the official conclusion - that the protests were a 'counter-revolutionary rebellion' - is extremely domineering", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 82], "content_span": [83, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0012-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, United States\nChinese dissidents on both the east and west coast organised candlelight vigils, memorial ceremonies, panel discussions and other events to commemorate the 10th anniversary; members of Congress and human rights groups planned their own commemorations. A candlelight vigil, organised by the Independent Federation of Chinese Students and Scholars, was planned in front of the Chinese embassy in Washington on Friday evening featuring speeches by noted dissidents, rights activists and, other politicians. A memorial ceremony was held in Portsmouth Square in San Francisco, where Nancy Pelosi spoke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 82], "content_span": [83, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0012-0001", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, United States\nA 2.85-metre bronze replica of the 'Goddess of Democracy' weighing 270\u00a0kg, was unveiled at Freedom Park in Arlington by the Freedom Forum. In New York, Human Rights in China organised an overnight memorial on 3/4 June in New York during which testimonials were read honouring those killed in the crackdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 82], "content_span": [83, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0013-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Macao\nA candlelight vigil organised by the New Democratic Macau Association was held on a plaza adjacent to Macau's main square, the Largo do Senado, attracted a crowd of about 400 people, while a pro-Beijing association held a children's dance show nearby at the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 74], "content_span": [75, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0014-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Macao\nThe US-based China Spring Magazine moved a seminar on \"one country, two systems\" to Macau, after some of its participants failed to obtain Hong Kong visas. The seminar finally took place at a workers' welfare centre run by a Protestant sect, after two venues banned the roughly 30 participants from their premises, both saying they had not been informed of the event's sensitive nature. Keynote speaker, dissident Wang Bingzhang, asserted the two businesses had reacted to political pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 74], "content_span": [75, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0015-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Hong Kong, LegCo motion\nSzeto Wah tabled a motion in LegCo to mourn for those compatriots who died and to call for the vindication of the pro-democracy movement, was defeated with 20 in favour, 13 abstentions and 22 votes against, (four legislators were absent). Legislators from the loyalist Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB) and the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance voted against the motion, while the Liberal Party abstained. DAB legislator Yeung Yiu-Chung justified his party's vote saying: \"According to a Spanish television report, all the student protesters at Tiananmen Square withdrew peacefully from the scene, and nobody was killed or injured.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 92], "content_span": [93, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0016-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Hong Kong, March\nA march organised for 30 May by Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China was attended by more than 4,000 people, according to the organisers, the biggest rally since 1992. Police estimated the crowd to be 2,000. Marchers, led by the Alliance's Chairman, legislator Szeto Wah and democracy camp legislators Martin Lee, Cheung Man-kwong, Lau Chin-shek and Lee Cheuk-yan handed a letter which demanded democracy in China to a government representative when they arrived outside the office of Chief Executive Tung Chee Wah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 85], "content_span": [86, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0017-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Hong Kong, Candlelight vigil\nOrganisers said that more than 70,000 attended the vigil in Victoria Park, although the police declined to give an official attendance figure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 97], "content_span": [98, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006344-0018-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Hong Kong, Candlelight vigil\nThe vigil recalled the history of the events in both Beijing and Hong Kong on a fateful night with songs and other performances, followed by a screened episodes of the student demonstration in Tiananmen Square, and the crackdown. The alliance core members also sent wreaths to a statue memorialising the martyrs and pledged to fight for a democratic China. After a one-minute silence to mourn the dead, Wang Dan addressed the crowd from Boston, and his mother Wang Lingyun from Beijing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 97], "content_span": [98, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006345-0000-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the People's Republic of China\nThe 10th anniversary celebrations of founding of the People's Republic of China were held on October 1, 1959. The main event was held in Tiananmen Square in Beijing. A grand banquet with many international dignitaries had been organized on the preceding evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006345-0001-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, Constructions\nIn Beijing, ten \"great buildings\" were constructed ahead of the celebrations. The most prominent of the ten was the Great Hall of the People.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 65], "content_span": [66, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006345-0002-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, In Beijing, September 28\u201329 celebratory meeting\nOn September 28 and 29, 1959 a meeting of more than 10,000 people was held in the Great Hall of the People. Chairman Mao Zedong and President Liu Shaoqi were present at the dias. President Liu Shaoqi held a keynote speech at the meeting. Prominent international guests at the event included Ho Chi Minh, Mikhail Suslov, Emil Bodn\u0103ra\u0219, Hermann Matern, Mehmet Shehu, Dimitar Ganev, Istv\u00e1n Dobi, Aleksander Zawadzki, Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, Kim Il-sung and Anton\u00edn Novotn\u00fd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 99], "content_span": [100, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006345-0003-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, In Beijing, September 30 banquet\nOn the evening of September 30, 1959, a jubilee banquet was hosted in the Great Hall of the People. Around 5,000 people attended the banquet, including guests from around 80 countries. Mao Zedong and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev entered the hall together, meeting applause. Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai and Soviet Premier Khrushchev presented their greetings at the banquet. The Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko also participated in the banquet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 84], "content_span": [85, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006345-0004-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, In Beijing, September 30 banquet\nKhrushchev had arrived directly from a visit to the United States on the same day. He held a short speech upon his arrival at the airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 84], "content_span": [85, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006345-0005-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, In Beijing, October 1 Tiananmen Square parade\nAccording to Chinese media, the Tiananmen Square event gathered 700,000 people. At Tiananmen Square participants formed a human version of the national emblem of the People's Republic with the numerals '1949' and '1959' on the sides. A band of one thousand musicians with brass instruments and olive-green uniforms opened the event, playing The East is Red at 09.45. At this point Mao Zedong and Nikita Khrushchev entered the dias. Other dignitaries on the dias included Liu Shaoqi, Soong Ching-ling, Lin Biao, Zhu De, Dong Biwu, Deng Xiaoping and various international guests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 97], "content_span": [98, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006345-0006-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, In Beijing, October 1 Tiananmen Square parade\nThe mayor of Peking, Peng Zhen, declared the ceremony open at 10.00. The national anthem was played and a delegation of 400 Young Pioneers presented a floral tribute at the People's Heroes Monument.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 97], "content_span": [98, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006345-0007-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, In Beijing, October 1 Tiananmen Square parade\nAfter a speech by Defense Minister Lin Biao, a military parade began, followed by a parade of workers, peasants, students and athletes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 97], "content_span": [98, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006345-0008-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, In Beijing, International delegations at the main events in Peking\nAt the September 30 banquet, a number of international delegations assisted, representing communist and workers parties and governments. Names of head of delegation in brackets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 118], "content_span": [119, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006345-0009-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, In Beijing, International delegations at the main events in Peking, Socialist Bloc\nThere were eleven joint state-party delegations from the Socialist Bloc, representing;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 134], "content_span": [135, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006345-0010-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, In Beijing, International delegations at the main events in Peking, Socialist Bloc\nThere were also military delegations present, from Vietnam (headed by V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p) and North Korea (headed by Kim Kwang Hyup)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 134], "content_span": [135, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006345-0011-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, Daqing oil fields\nOn September 26, 1959, just a few days ahead of the anniversary, oil was discovered at Datongzhen. Datong Town and the oilfields were renamed 'Daqing' ('Great Celebration'), in reference to the tenth anniversary celebrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 69], "content_span": [70, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006345-0012-0000", "contents": "10th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, Other regions\nMajor parades were also organized in Shanghai, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Xian, Wuhan, Shenyang and Tianjin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 65], "content_span": [66, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006346-0000-0000", "contents": "10th arrondissement of Marseille\nThe 10th arrondissement of Marseille is a district (arrondissement)  in the city of Marseille. The district is located east of the City. It borders the 5th and 12th arrondissement in the north, the 11th in the east, the 9th in the south, the 8th in the southwest and the 6th in the west. It is governed locally together with the 9th arrondissement, with which it forms the 5th sector of Marseille.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006346-0001-0000", "contents": "10th arrondissement of Marseille, Neighbourhoods\nThe 10th arrondissement of Marseille includes six neighbourhoods (quartiers): la Capelette, Menpenti, Pont-de-Vivaux, Saint-Loup, Saint-Tronc, and La Timone and 25 IRIS including 24 IRIS housing and Prado Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006346-0002-0000", "contents": "10th arrondissement of Marseille, Public transport\nThe Capelette neighbourhood is very poorly served by public transport. Only the number 18 line from Saint Loup to Castellane passes through Capelette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006346-0003-0000", "contents": "10th arrondissement of Marseille, Important monuments\nThe Capelette district, named after the disused Capeletto chapel on the Bonnefoy boulevard, has a railroad bridge that crosses the avenue, as well as the church of St Laurent on the St Jean boulevard. It also has a beautiful garden, called the garden of Guy Aza\u00efs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006346-0004-0000", "contents": "10th arrondissement of Marseille, Demography, Beneficiaries of supplementary universal health coverage (CMU-C) by neighbourhood\nSupplementary CMU (CMU-C) is a free complementary health that covers what is not covered by compulsory health insurance schemes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 127], "content_span": [128, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006346-0005-0000", "contents": "10th arrondissement of Marseille, Demography, Families by neighbourhood in 2006\nSingle parent families and families with four children at 1 January 2006", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006347-0000-0000", "contents": "10th arrondissement of Paris\nThe 10th arrondissement of Paris (Xe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as dixi\u00e8me (\"10th arrondissement of Paris\" = \"dixi\u00e8me arrondissement de Paris\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006347-0001-0000", "contents": "10th arrondissement of Paris\nThe arrondissement, called Entrep\u00f4t (warehouse), is situated on the right bank of the River Seine. The arrondissement contains two of Paris's six main railway stations: the Gare du Nord and the Gare de l'Est. Built during the 19th century, these two termini are among the busiest in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006347-0002-0000", "contents": "10th arrondissement of Paris\nThe 10th arrondissement also contains a large portion of the Canal Saint-Martin, linking the northeastern parts of Paris with the River Seine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006347-0003-0000", "contents": "10th arrondissement of Paris, Geography\nThe land area of the arrondissement is 2.892\u00a0km2 (1.117 sq. miles, or 715 acres), and it had a 1999 population of 89,695.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006347-0004-0000", "contents": "10th arrondissement of Paris, Geography\nThe 10th arrondissement is often referred to as l'Entrep\u00f4t. Like all Parisian arrondissements, it is divided into four quartiers (districts):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006347-0005-0000", "contents": "10th arrondissement of Paris, Demography\nThe peak population of the 10th arrondissement occurred in 1881, when it had 159,809 inhabitants. Today, the arrondissement remains very dense in both population and business activity, with 89,612 inhabitants and 71,962 jobs at last census in 1999. Due to its large Turkish minority, the 10th arrondissement  is often called \"La Petite Turquie\" (Little Turkey).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006347-0006-0000", "contents": "10th arrondissement of Paris, Demography, Immigration\n2 An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006348-0000-0000", "contents": "10th arrondissement of the Littoral Department\n10th arrondissement is an arrondissement in the Littoral department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Cotonou. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 41,806.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006349-0000-0000", "contents": "10th century\nThe 10th century was the period from 901 (CMI) through 1000 (M) in accordance with the Julian calendar, and the last century of the 1st millennium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006349-0001-0000", "contents": "10th century\nIn China the Song dynasty was established. The Muslim World experienced a cultural zenith, especially in al-Andalus under the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba and in Samanid Empire under Ismail Samani. Additionally, there was cultural flourishing for the Byzantine Empire and the First Bulgarian Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006349-0002-0000", "contents": "10th century\nThe Medievalist and historian of technology Lynn White said that \"to the modern eye, it is very nearly the darkest of the Dark Ages\", but concluded that \". . . if it was dark, it was the darkness of the womb.\" Similarly, Helen Waddell wrote that the 10th century was that which \"in the textbooks disputes with the seventh the bad eminence, the nadir of the human intellect.\" In the 15th century, Lorenzo Valla described it as the Century of Lead and Iron and later Cardinal Baronius as the Leaden Century or Iron Century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006350-0000-0000", "contents": "10th century BC\nThe 10th century BC comprises the years from 1000 BC to 901 BC. This period followed the Late Bronze Age collapse in the Near East, and the century saw the Early Iron Age take hold there. The Greek Dark Ages which had come about in 1200 BC continued. The Neo-Assyrian Empire is established towards the end of the 10th century BC. In the Iron Age in India, the Vedic period is ongoing. In China, the Zhou dynasty is in power. Bronze Age Europe continued with Urnfield culture. Japan was inhabited by an evolving hunter-gatherer society during the J\u014dmon period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006350-0001-0000", "contents": "10th century BC, Sovereign states\nSee : List of sovereign states in the 10th century BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006351-0000-0000", "contents": "10th century in Denmark\nThe 10th century in Denmark saw the emergence of the country into the historical records and the conversion of the country to Christianity. The 950s are when the first records of the state of Denmark (Tan-marker) appeared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006352-0000-0000", "contents": "10th century in England\nEvents from the 10th century in the Kingdom of England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006354-0000-0000", "contents": "10th century in Serbia\nEvents from the 10th century in, or regarding, Historic Serbia or Serbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006355-0000-0000", "contents": "10th century in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the century 901\u20131000 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006356-0000-0000", "contents": "10th century in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in the 10th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006357-0000-0000", "contents": "10th century in poetry\nThis page is part of the List of years in poetry. The List of years in poetry and List of years in literature provide snapshots of developments in poetry and literature worldwide in a given year, decade or century, and allow easy access to a wide range of Wikipedia articles about movements, writers, works and developments in any timeframe. Please help to build these lists by adding and updating entries as you use them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006357-0000-0001", "contents": "10th century in poetry\nYou can access pages for individual years within the century through the navigational template at the bottom of this page, and you can access pages for other centuries through the navigational template to the right. To access the poetry pages by way of a single chart, please see the Centuries in poetry page or the List of years in poetry page.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0000-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae\nThe 10th edition of Systema Naturae is a book written by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus and published in two volumes in 1758 and 1759, which marks the starting point of zoological nomenclature. In it, Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature for animals, something he had already done for plants in his 1753 publication of Species Plantarum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0001-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Starting point\nBefore 1758, most biological catalogues had used polynomial names for the taxa included, including earlier editions of Systema Naturae. The first work to consistently apply binomial nomenclature across the animal kingdom was the 10th edition of Systema Naturae. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature therefore chose 1 January 1758 as the \"starting point\" for zoological nomenclature, and asserted that the 10th edition of Systema Naturae was to be treated as if published on that date. Names published before that date are unavailable, even if they would otherwise satisfy the rules. The only work which takes priority over the 10th edition is Carl Alexander Clerck's Svenska Spindlar or Aranei Suecici, which was published in 1757, but is also to be treated as if published on January 1, 1758.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0002-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Revisions\nDuring Linnaeus' lifetime, Systema Naturae was under continuous revision. Progress was incorporated into new and ever-expanding editions; for example, in his 1st edition (1735), whales and manatees were originally classified as species of fish (as was thought to be the case then), but in the 10th edition they were moved into the mammal class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0003-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Animals\nThe animal kingdom (as described by Linnaeus): \"Animals enjoy sensation by means of a living organization, animated by a medullary substance; perception by nerves; and motion by the exertion of the will. They have members for the different purposes of life; organs for their different senses; and faculties (or powers) for the application of their different perceptions. They all originate from an egg. Their external and internal structure; their comparative anatomy, habits, instincts, and various relations to each other, are detailed in authors who professedly treat on their subjects.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0004-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Animals\nThe list has been broken down into the original six classes Linnaeus described for animals; Mammalia, Aves, Amphibia, Pisces, Insecta, and Vermes. These classes were ultimately created by studying the internal anatomy, as seen in his key:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0005-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Animals\nBy current standards Pisces and Vermes are informal groupings, Insecta also contained arachnids and crustaceans, and one order of Amphibia comprised sharks, lampreys, and sturgeons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0006-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Animals, Mammalia\nLinnaeus described mammals as: \"Animals that suckle their young by means of lactiferous teats. In external and internal structure they resemble man: most of them are quadrupeds; and with man, their natural enemy, inhabit the surface of the Earth. The largest, though fewest in number, inhabit the ocean.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0007-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Animals, Mammalia\nLinnaeus divided the mammals based upon the number, situation, and structure of their teeth, into the following orders and genera:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0008-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Animals, Aves\nLinnaeus described birds as: \"A beautiful and cheerful portion of created nature consisting of animals having a body covered with feathers and down; protracted and naked jaws (the beak), two wings formed for flight, and two feet. They are areal, vocal, swift and light, and destitute of external ears, lips, teeth, scrotum, womb, bladder, epiglottis, corpus callosum and its arch, and diaphragm.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0009-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Animals, Aves\nLinnaeus divided the birds based upon the characters of the bill and feet, into the following 6 orders and 63 genera:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0010-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Animals, Amphibia\nLinnaeus described his \"Amphibia\" (comprising reptiles and amphibians) as: \"Animals that are distinguished by a body cold and generally naked; stern and expressive countenance; harsh voice; mostly lurid color; filthy odor; a few are furnished with a horrid poison; all have cartilaginous bones, slow circulation, exquisite sight and hearing, large pulmonary vessels, lobate liver, oblong thick stomach, and cystic, hepatic, and pancreatic ducts: they are deficient in diaphragm, do not transpire (sweat), can live a long time without food, are tenacious of life, and have the power of reproducing parts which have been destroyed or lost; some undergo a metamorphosis; some cast (shed) their skin; some appear to live promiscuously on land or in the water, and some are torpid during the winter.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0011-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Animals, Amphibia\nLinnaeus divided the amphibians based upon the limb structures and the way they breathed, into the following orders and genera:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0012-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Animals, Pisces\nLinnaeus described fish as: \"Always inhabiting the waters; are swift in their motion and voracious in their appetites. They breathe by means of gills, which are generally united by a bony arch; swim by means of radiate fins, and are mostly covered over with cartilaginous scales. Besides they parts they have in common with other animals, they are furnished with a nictitant membrane, and most of them with a swim-bladder, by the contraction or dilatation of which, they can raise or sink themselves in their element at pleasure.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0013-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Animals, Pisces\nLinnaeus divided the fishes based upon the position of the ventral and pectoral fins, into the following orders and genera:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0014-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Animals, Insecta\nLinnaeus described his \"Insecta\" (comprising all arthropods, including insects, crustaceans, arachnids and others) as: \"A very numerous and various class consisting of small animals, breathing through lateral spiracles, armed on all sides with a bony skin, or covered with hair; furnished with many feet, and moveable antennae (or horns), which project from the head, and are the probable instruments of sensation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0015-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Animals, Insecta\nLinnaeus divided the insects based upon the form of the wings, into the following orders and genera:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0016-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Animals, Vermes\nLinnaeus described his \"Vermes\" as: \"Animals of slow motion, soft substance, able to increase their bulk and restore parts which have been destroyed, extremely tenacious of life, and the inhabitants of moist places. Many of them are without a distinct head, and most of them without feet. They are principally distinguished by their tentacles (or feelers). By the Ancients they were not improperly called imperfect animals, as being destitute of ears, nose, head, eyes and legs; and are therefore totally distinct from Insects.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0017-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Animals, Vermes\nLinnaeus divided the \"Vermes\" based upon the structure of the body, into the following orders and genera:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0018-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Plants\nThe second volume, published in 1759, detailed the kingdom Plantae, in which Linnaeus included true plants, as well as fungi, algae and lichens. In addition to repeating the species he had previously listed in his Species Plantarum (1753), and those published in the intervening period, Linnaeus described several hundred new plant species. The species from Species Plantarum were numbered sequentially, while the new species were labelled with letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0018-0001", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Plants\nMany were sent to Linnaeus by his correspondents overseas, including Johannes Burman and David de Gorter in South Africa, Patrick Browne, Philip Miller and John Ellis in America, Jean-Fran\u00e7ois S\u00e9guier, Carlo Allioni and Casimir Christoph Schmidel in the Alps, Gorter and Johann Ernst Hebenstreit in the Orient, and Fran\u00e7ois Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix, Gerard and Barnadet Gabriel across Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006358-0019-0000", "contents": "10th edition of Systema Naturae, Plants\nNew plant species described in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006359-0000-0000", "contents": "10th government of Turkey\nThe 10th government of Turkey (11 November 1938 \u2013 25 January 1939) was a short-term government in the history of Turkey. It is also called Second Bayar government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006359-0001-0000", "contents": "10th government of Turkey, Background\nMustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, the president and the founder of modern Turkey, died on 10 November. \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc was elected as the new president, and consequently the 9th government of Turkey (First Bayar government) resigned. \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc appointed Celal Bayar of the Republican People's Party (CHP) for the second time. The Second Bayar government was similar to the First Bayar government, but Interior Minister \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Kaya and Foreign Minister Tevfik R\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc Aras of the previous government were left out of the cabinet, replaced by Refik Saydam and \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Saraco\u011flu, respectively, both of whom would be the future prime ministers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006359-0002-0000", "contents": "10th government of Turkey, The government\nIn the list below, the  cabinet members who served only a part of the cabinet's lifespan are shown in the column \"Notes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006359-0003-0000", "contents": "10th government of Turkey, Aftermath\nCelal Bayar surprisingly resigned on 25 January 1939 with the pretext of the upcoming general elections to be held on 26 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006360-0000-0000", "contents": "10th legislature of the Islamic Republic of Iran\nThe 10th Islamic Consultative Assembly is the 34th Parliament of Iran that commenced on 28 May 2016 following the legislative elections on 26 February and 29 April 2016 and ended on 26 May 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006360-0001-0000", "contents": "10th legislature of the Islamic Republic of Iran\nAccording to Anoushiravan Ehteshami, three things make this parliament noteworthy: return of the reformists to the parliamentary arena, a record of 17 seats held by female lawmakers and the fact that only 26% of the incumbent MPs were re-elected in the elections, makes it a less experienced parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006360-0002-0000", "contents": "10th legislature of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Parliamentary groups\nThe reformist Hope fraction is the largest bloc by number, however it is unable to form a partnership with a great number of newcomers and independents who owe little allegiance to any particular faction. Instead, the conservative allies of Hassan Rouhani led by Ali Larijani have effectively mobilized them. It was clearly illustrated when Mohammad Reza Aref declined to stand for the speaker and Larijani was re-elected uncontested with 237 out of 276 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 70], "content_span": [71, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006361-0000-0000", "contents": "10th meridian east\nThe meridian 10\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006361-0001-0000", "contents": "10th meridian east\nThe 10th meridian east forms a great circle with the 170th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006361-0002-0000", "contents": "10th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 10th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006361-0003-0000", "contents": "10th meridian east, Usage\nIn some world maps, the 10th Meridian East is used the centre (instead of Greenwich), to avoid cutting off the tip of Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006362-0000-0000", "contents": "10th meridian west\nThe meridian 10\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, Ireland, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006362-0001-0000", "contents": "10th meridian west\nThe 10th meridian west forms a great circle with the 170th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006362-0002-0000", "contents": "10th meridian west\nThe meridian defines the western limit of the New Swabia area in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006362-0003-0000", "contents": "10th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 10th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0000-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC\nThe 10th millennium BC spanned the years 10,000 BC to 9001 BC (c. 12 ka to c. 11 ka). It marks the beginning of the transition from the Palaeolithic to the Neolithic via the interim Mesolithic (Northern Europe and Western Europe) and Epipaleolithic (Levant and Near East) periods, which together form the first part of the Holocene epoch that is generally believed  to have begun c. 9700 BC (c. 11.7 ka) and is the current geological epoch. It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0001-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Holocene epoch\nThe main characteristic of the Holocene has been the worldwide abundance of Homo sapiens sapiens (humankind). The epoch began in the wake of the W\u00fcrm glaciation, generally known as the Last Ice Age, which began 109 ka and ended 14 ka when Homo sapiens sapiens was in the Palaeolithic (Old Stone) Age. Following the Late Glacial Interstadial from 14 ka to 12.9 ka, during which global temperatures rose significantly, the Younger Dryas began. This was a temporary reversal of climatic warming to glacial conditions in the Northern Hemisphere and coincided with the end of the Upper Palaeolithic. The Younger Dryas ceased c. 9700 BC, marking the cutover from Pleistocene to Holocene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0002-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Holocene epoch\nIn the geologic time scale, there are three (tentatively four) stratigraphic stages of the Holocene beginning c. 9700 BC with the \"Greenlandian\" (to c. 6236 BC). The starting point for the Greenlandian is the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) sample from the North Greenland Ice Core Project, which has been correlated with the Younger Dryas. The Greenlandian was succeeded by the \"Northgrippian\" (to c. 2250 BC) and the \"Meghalayan\". All three stages were officially ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in July 2018. It has been proposed that the Meghalayan should be terminated c. 1950 and succeeded by a new stage provisionally called \"Anthropocene\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0003-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Holocene epoch\nIn the Holocene's first millennium, the Palaeolithic began to be superseded by the Neolithic (New Stone) Age which lasted about 6,000 years, depending on location. The gradual transition period is sometimes termed Mesolithic (northern and western Europe) or Epipalaeolithic (Levant and Near East). The glaciers retreated as the world climate became warmer and that inspired an agricultural revolution, though at first, the dog was probably the only domesticated animal. This was accompanied by a social revolution in that humans gained from agriculture the impetus to settle. The settlement is the key precursor to civilisation, which cannot be achieved by a nomadic lifestyle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0004-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Holocene epoch\nThe world population, c. 10,000 BC, is believed to have been more or less stable. It has been estimated that there were some five million people at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, growing to forty million by 5000 BC and 100 million by 1600 BC which is an average growth rate of 0.027% p.a. from the Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age. Around 10,000 BC, most people lived in hunter-gatherer communities scattered across all continents except Antarctica and Zealandia. As the W\u00fcrm/Wisconsin ended, settlement of northern regions was again possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0005-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Beginnings of agriculture\nAgriculture developed in different parts of the world at different times. In many places, people learned how to cultivate without outside help; elsewhere, as in western Europe, the skills were imported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0006-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Beginnings of agriculture\nThe Natufian culture prevailed in the Levant through the 10th millennium and was unusual in that it supported a sedentary or semi-sedentary population even before the introduction of agriculture. An early example is 'Ain Mallaha, which may have been the first village in which people were wholly sedentary. The Natufian people are believed to have founded another early settlement on the site of Jericho (Tell es-Sultan) where there is evidence of building between 9600 BC and 8200 BC. Dates for the Natufian are indeterminate and range broadly from c. 13,050 BC to c. 7550 BC. It is possible that the early cultivation of figs began in the Jordan River valley sometime after the middle of the 10th millennium. Besides the fig trees, the people may have begun cultivation of wild plants such as barley and pistachio; and they possibly began herding goats, pigs and cattle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0007-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Beginnings of agriculture\nAgriculture began to be developed by the various communities of the Fertile Crescent, which included the Levant, but it would not be widely practised for another 2,000 years by which time Neolithic culture was becoming well established in many parts of the Near East. Among the earliest cultivated plants were forms of millet and rice grown in the Middle East, possibly in this millennium but more likely after 9000 BC. By about 9500 BC, people in south-eastern Anatolia were harvesting wild grasses and grains. The earliest evidence of sheep herding has been found in northern Iraq, dated before 9000 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0008-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Pottery\nPrehistoric chronology is almost entirely reliant upon the dating of material objects of which pottery is by far the most widespread and the most resistant to decay. All locations and generations developed their own shapes, sizes and styles of pottery, including methods and styles of decoration, but there was consistency among stratified deposits and even shards can be classified by time and place. Pottery is believed to have been discovered independently in various places, beginning with China c. 18,000 BC, and was probably created accidentally by fires lit on clay soil. The main discovery of pottery dated to the 10th millennium has been at Bosumpra Cave (early tenth-millennium cal. BC) on the Kwahu Plateau in southeastern Ghana and Ounjougou (c.9400 BC) in Central Mali, providing evidence of an independent invention of pottery in Sub-Saharan Africa in different climatic zones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0009-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Pottery\nThe first chronological pottery system was the Early, Middle and Late Minoan framework devised in the early 20th century by Sir Arthur Evans for his findings at Knossos. This covered the Bronze Age in twelve phases from c. 2800 BC to c. 1050 BC and the principle was later extended to mainland Greece (Helladic) and the Aegean islands (Cycladic). Dame Kathleen Kenyon was the principal archaeologist at Tell es-Sultan (ancient Jericho) and she discovered that there was no pottery there. The potter's wheel had not yet been invented and, where pottery as such was made, it was still hand-built, often by means of coiling, and pit fired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0010-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Pottery\nKenyon discovered vessels such as bowls, cups, and plates at Jericho which were made from stone. She reasonably surmised that others made from wood or vegetable fibres would have long since decayed. Using Evans' system as a benchmark, Kenyon divided the Near East Neolithic into phases called Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA), from c. 10,000 BC to c. 8800 BC; Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), from c. 8800 BC to c. 6500 BC; and then Pottery Neolithic (PN), which had varied start-points from c. 6500 BC until the beginnings of the Bronze Age towards the end of the 4th millennium. In the 10th millennium, the Natufian culture co-existed with the PPNA which prevailed in the Levantine and upper Mesopotamian areas of the Fertile Crescent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0011-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Other cultural developments, Africa\nIn North Africa, Saharan rock art engravings in what is known as the Bubalus (Large Wild Fauna) period have been dated to between 10,000 BC and 7000 BC. Wall paintings found in Ethiopia and Eritrea depict human activity; some of the older paintings are thought to date back to around 10,000 BC. The Abu Madi tel mounds in the Sinai Peninsula have been dated c. 9660 to c. 9180 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0012-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Other cultural developments, Americas\nThe Clovis culture was widely distributed throughout North America. The people were hunter-gatherers and the culture's duration is believed to have been from c.9050 BC to c.8800 BC. There is evidence of increasing use of Clovis point tool technology for hunting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0013-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Other cultural developments, Americas\nElsewhere in North America, the Petroglyphs at Winnemucca Lake, in what is today northwest Nevada, were carved by this time, possibly as early as 12.8 ka or as late as 10 ka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0014-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Other cultural developments, Eurasia\nThe sites at G\u00f6bekli Tepe and Hallan \u00c7emi Tepesi, both in south-eastern Anatolia, and at Tell Qaramel in north-west Syria, may have been occupied during this millennium. In Great Britain, which was not then an island, the Star Carr site in North Yorkshire is believed to have been inhabited by Maglemosian peoples for about 800 years from c. 9335 BC to c. 8525 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0015-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Environmental changes\nFor the Holocene, dates are relative to the year 2000 (e.g. Greenlandian began 11,700 years before 2000). For the beginning of the Northgrippian a date of 8,236 years before 2000 has been set. The Meghalayan has been set to begin 4,250 years before 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0016-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Environmental changes\n'Tarantian' is an informal, unofficial name proposed for a stage/age to replace the equally informal, unofficial 'Upper\u00a0Pleistocene' subseries/subepoch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0017-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Environmental changes\nIn Europe and North America, the Holocene is subdivided into Preboreal, Boreal, Atlantic, Subboreal, and Subatlantic stages of the Blytt\u2013Sernander time scale. There are many regional subdivisions for the Upper or Late Pleistocene; usually these represent locally recognized cold (glacial) and warm (interglacial) periods. The last glacial period ends with the cold Younger Dryas substage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0018-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Environmental changes\nIn the southern hemisphere, rising sea levels had gradually formed Bass Strait, separating Tasmania from mainland Australia. This process is believed to have been complete by about the beginning of the 10th millennium. Bass Strait had been a plain populated by indigenous people who are thought to have first arrived around 40,000 years ago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0019-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Environmental changes\nThe Wisconsin glaciation had sheeted much of North America and, as it retreated, its meltwaters created an immense proglacial lake now known as Lake Agassiz. Sometime after 10,000 BC, the retreating glaciers created the rock formation on Cannon Mountain in present-day New Hampshire that was known as the Old Man of the Mountain until its collapse in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0020-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Chronological method\nThe ongoing Quaternary System/Period represents the last 2.58 million years since the end of the Neogene and is officially divided into the Pleistocene and Holocene Series/Epochs. The Holocene has been assigned an age of 11,700 calendar years before 2000 CE which means it began c. 9700 BC in the 10th millennium. It is preceded in the geological time scale by the Late Pleistocene sub-epoch, also known as the Tarantian Stage/Age, which awaits formal ratification by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) and tentatively spans the time from c. 126,000 BC to c. 9700 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0020-0001", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Chronological method\nPreceding the Late Pleistocene is the Middle Pleistocene sub-epoch, or Chibanian Stage/Age, which also awaits ratification and tentatively spans the time from c. 773,000 BC to c. 126,000 BC. The Early Pleistocene from c. 2,580,000 BC until c. 773,000 is sub-divided into two Stages/Ages which have been officially defined: the Gelasian (until c. 1,800,000 BC) and the Calabrian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006363-0021-0000", "contents": "10th millennium BC, Chronological method\nThe Holocene calendar, devised by Cesare Emiliani in 1993, places its epoch at 10,000 BC (with the year 2021 being rendered as 12021 HE). Its intention was to simplify the calculation of time spans across the BCE-CE divide by including a year zero, and to provide a more universally relevant date as its epoch: the start of the human era, instead of the birth of Jesus Christ. All CE years can be converted by adding 10000 to them; however, as the Gregorian calendar does not include a year zero, all BCE years are out of sync by one year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006364-0000-0000", "contents": "10th municipality of Naples\nThe Tenth Municipality (In Italian: Decima Municipalit\u00e0 or Municipalit\u00e0 10) is one of the ten boroughs in which the Italian city of Naples is divided.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006364-0001-0000", "contents": "10th municipality of Naples, Geography\nThe municipality, part of the area of Campi Flegrei, is located in the western suburb of the city and borders with Pozzuoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006364-0002-0000", "contents": "10th municipality of Naples, Geography\nIts territory includes the zones of Agnano, Nisida, Coroglio and Astroni.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006365-0000-0000", "contents": "10th of Ramadan (city)\n10th of Ramadan (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646\u200e Al-\u02bf\u0100shir min Rama\u1e0d\u0101n) is a city located in the Sharqia Governorate, Egypt. It is a first-generation new urban community, and one of the most industrialized. It enjoys close proximity to the city of Cairo, and is considered part of Greater Cairo. It was founded by Presidential Decree No. 249 in 1977 in a bid to attract foreign and local capital with the intent of providing job opportunities for the country's youth, as well as move people away from the Nile Valley to ease the stress on existing infrastructure and reduce congestion. The city was named for the commencement of the Yom Kippur War otherwise called the October War. It started on 10 Ramadan, 1393 AH according to the Islamic Calendar. It shares its namesake with the Sixth of October City nearby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006365-0001-0000", "contents": "10th of Ramadan (city), Location\nAl Ashir min Ramadan is located on the Cairo-Ismailia desert highway, 46\u00a0km (29\u00a0mi) from Cairo and 20\u00a0km (12\u00a0mi) from the city Belbeis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006365-0002-0000", "contents": "10th of Ramadan (city), Economy, Agriculture\n47 million Egyptian pounds have been invested in afforestation in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006365-0003-0000", "contents": "10th of Ramadan (city), Economy, Industry\nSome of the industries present in the city include electronics, food processing, ready-made garments, plastic, paper, textiles, building materials, steel, pharmaceuticals and furniture. There are many industrial zones in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006365-0004-0000", "contents": "10th of Ramadan (city), Infrastructure\nThe city's infrastructure includes water supply, sewers, an electrical grid and telecommunications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006365-0005-0000", "contents": "10th of Ramadan (city), Infrastructure, Water supply\nThe city has been connected with two water purification plants with capacity of 621,000 m^3/day and station wells with capacity of 20,000 m^3/day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006365-0006-0000", "contents": "10th of Ramadan (city), Climate\nK\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh) as the rest of Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006366-0000-0000", "contents": "10th parallel north\nThe 10th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 10 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Africa, the Indian Ocean, the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Central America, South America and the Atlantic Ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006366-0001-0000", "contents": "10th parallel north\nAt this latitude the sun is visible for 12 hours, 43 minutes during the summer solstice and 11 hours, 33 minutes during the winter solstice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006366-0002-0000", "contents": "10th parallel north\nOn 21 June, the maximum altitude of the sun is 103.44 degrees and 56.56 degrees on 21 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006366-0003-0000", "contents": "10th parallel north\nA section of the border between Guinea and Sierra Leone is defined by the parallel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006366-0004-0000", "contents": "10th parallel north\nThe Ten Degree Channel in the Indian Ocean is named after the parallel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006366-0005-0000", "contents": "10th parallel north, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 10\u00b0 north passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006366-0006-0000", "contents": "10th parallel north, Popular culture\nIn the end of part two of the Spanish television heist crime drama series La casa de papel, a point near Palawan island, Philippines, with the coordinates of 10th parallel north and 118,5\u00ba, was the meeting point of El Professor and Raquel one year after the heist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006367-0000-0000", "contents": "10th parallel south\nThe 10th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 10 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006367-0001-0000", "contents": "10th parallel south\nPart of the border between Brazil and Peru is defined by the parallel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006367-0002-0000", "contents": "10th parallel south, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 10\u00b0 south passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006368-0000-0000", "contents": "10th razezd\n10th razezd (Russian: 10-\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Pervomayskoye Rural Settlement of Mariinsky District, Russia. The population was 10 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006368-0001-0000", "contents": "10th razezd, Geography\n10th razezd is located 20 km north of Mariinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006369-0000-0000", "contents": "10vor10\n10vor10 (\"10 to 10\") is a current affairs programme broadcast at 21.50 every Monday to Friday evening on the German-language Swiss public television channel SRF 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006369-0001-0000", "contents": "10vor10, Profile\nAccording to Christian D\u00fctschler, editorial director of 10vor10, \"it is our goal to make competent and exciting posts and to provide discussion material for the public debate as a news magazine\". Well-researched background stories, surprising approaches, and strong reports are the main content to provide those goals, as well focal points and series that shed light on a topic from different angles. Short posts are produced daily, focus on international and national stories. 10vor10 is broadcast widely in the Swiss Standard German language, excluded some interviews in Swiss German, and adjoints Schweiz aktuell, focussed on local themes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006369-0002-0000", "contents": "10vor10, Broadcast\n10vor10 started on 20 August 1990 and is broadcast from 21.50 to 22.15 from Monday to Friday, except on public holidays. All contributions are available shortly after the broadcast as a video stream. After the premiere on SRF 1, the program is repeated several times on SRF info, and on the Austrian\u2013German\u2013Swiss co-production television channel 3sat after midnight, where the interviews in Swiss German are subtitled in the high German language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006369-0003-0000", "contents": "10vor10, Broadcast\nWhile the SRF daily news broadcast in concise form, 10vor10 focuses on detailed background reports, features and interviews. Stylistically, 10vor10 first reacted on Swiss television the concept of infotainment and operates a moderate form of investigative journalism. The journalistic use of the Swiss German language, in contrast to the evening news, mainly in direct conversation with interviewees, is a further 'trademark', but all moderations are done in German.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006369-0004-0000", "contents": "10vor10, Team\nAs of September 2015, 10vor10 is moderated alternately by Daniela Lager, Andrea Vetsch, Arthur Honegger (replaced Klapproth on 28 September 2015) and Cornelia B\u00f6sch (reserve), who usually alternate in moderation in a weekly rhythm. Stefan Klapproth joined the moderation team in 1994 and left the daily crew on 4 September 2015, but still moderates 10vor10 specials, and the cultural program Sternstunde Philosophie since January 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006369-0005-0000", "contents": "10vor10, Team\nFormer moderators are Jana Caniga, Walter Eggenberger, J\u00fcrg Wildberger, Alenka Ambroz, Eva Wannemacher, Susanne Wille and Christine Maier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006370-0000-0000", "contents": "10x Genomics\n10x Genomics, Inc. is an American biotechnology company that designs and manufactures gene sequencing technology used in scientific research. It was founded in 2012 by Serge Saxonov, Ben Hindson, and Kevin Ness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006370-0001-0000", "contents": "10x Genomics, History\n10x Genomics was founded in 2012 by Serge Saxonov, Ben Hindson and Kevin Ness to create advanced testing equipment for use in cellular biology. Prior to starting the company, Saxonov was the founding architect, and director of research and development at 23andMe. Ness left 10x Genomics in December 2016 and in 2018, Justin McAnear, Tesla's former finance chief joined the company as CFO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006370-0002-0000", "contents": "10x Genomics, History\nIn August 2018 the company announced its first acquisition, Epinomics, a biotechnology company focused on the development of new techniques for epigenetics research. Four months later, 10x Genomics acquired Spatial Transcriptomics, a biotechnology company working in the field of spatial genomics. In November 2018, 10x Genomics announced expansion plans including opening a manufacturing facility in Pleasanton, California in early 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006370-0003-0000", "contents": "10x Genomics, History\n10x Genomics announced its initial public offering on September 12, 2019, raising $390M. The company had revenues of $3.32 million in 2015, $27.48 million in 2016, $71.18 million in 2017 and $145 million in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006370-0004-0000", "contents": "10x Genomics, Arbitration and lawsuit\nSaxonov, Hindson, and Ness worked together at Quantalife prior to its acquisition by Bio-Rad in 2011 and left in 2012 to launch 10x Genomics. In 2014 an arbitration dispute was brought against the three cofounders by Bio-Rad, claiming they had breached obligations they allegedly owed to Bio-Rad after it acquired Quantalife. In 2015 an arbitrator determined that the founders of 10x Genomics had not breached their obligation to Bio-Rad when they left the company and denied its claims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006370-0005-0000", "contents": "10x Genomics, Arbitration and lawsuit\nIn November 2018, a Delaware jury found that 10x Genomics infringed on several University of Chicago patents which were exclusively licensed to Bio-Rad. 10x Genomics were ordered to pay $24 million in damages to Bio-Rad and a 15% royalty on sales. 10x Genomics appealed the verdict but the decision was upheld in August 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006371-0000-0000", "contents": "10x Management\n10x Management LLC is a talent management company based in New York City, with an additional office in San Francisco. Michael Solomon and Rishon Blumberg, the company's founders, were formerly managers of musicians. The company represents programmers in their negotiations with companies and takes a percentage of the fees its programmers earn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006371-0001-0000", "contents": "10x Management, History\n10x Management was founded in 2001 when Altay Guvench, a musician and programmer, was approached by Michael Solomon and Rishon Blumberg to help negotiate a deal as a programmer. The founders are former entertainment industry managers. That was the moment when they realized that the next rock stars were likely to be tech stars, which made them starting a new company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006371-0002-0000", "contents": "10x Management, History\nIn September 2020 Solomon and Blumberg published the book \"Game Changer. How to Be 10x in the Talent Economy.\" The book is about how to attract, retain and manage top talents especially in the tech field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006372-0000-0000", "contents": "10x10 (album)\n10x10 is a posthumous solo album by Ronnie Montrose. Ronnie had been touring with bassist Ricky Phillips (Styx, The Babys) and Eric Singer (Kiss) in the early 2000s. Over three days in 2003 at Doug Messenger's studio in North Hollywood, the sessions produced 10 strong tracks of rhythm guitar, bass and drums with the intention to get a singer to for the vocals. Eventually Ronnie decided on the 10x10 concept, 10 tracks and 10 different singers. Early on, he was able to secure contributions from close friends and collaborators like Sammy Hagar, Edgar Winter and Davey Pattison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006372-0000-0001", "contents": "10x10 (album)\nIn the intervening years Ronnie battled prostate cancer and, at one point, hadn't touched a guitar for 2 years. Conflicts in scheduling led to the record remaining unfinished for years up until Montrose's passing in 2012. Along with completion of the vocals, the songs also needed lead guitar as well. Rickey Phillips, with the blessing of Ronnie's wife Leighsa and assistance of Eric Singer, picked up the reigns and completed the album. \"After he passed, I had to carry on with what Ronnie wanted, because he was such a purist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006372-0000-0002", "contents": "10x10 (album)\nThe songs were cut to 2-inch tape and then transferred to digital, but I really needed it to be a cohesive record. I've done enough records to know how easily the levels of 10 different singers can sound disjointed if you don't stay on top of the production.\" As per Singer, \"I have to give a lot of credit to Ricky Phillips. Ricky really wanted to see this thing through. It was more for Ronnie than just for himself, or for ourselves. We really believed what we had originally captured had a certain vibe and a certain magic to the people in that room when it was created. We felt like, 'Hey, this thing needs to get done. We need to see this thing through, for every good reason.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006373-0000-0000", "contents": "10x10 (film)\n10x10 is a 2018 British-American thriller film directed by Suzi Ewing and starring Luke Evans and Kelly Reilly. It was written and produced by Noel Clarke, through his production company Unstoppable Entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006373-0001-0000", "contents": "10x10 (film), Plot\nThe movie starts with Lewis (Luke Evans) watching Cathy (Kelly Reilly) take a seat in a restaurant to eat lunch. He gets up and casually walks by her to wait outside at the car park for her. She exits soon after and goes to her yoga lessons. He parks his car next to her car and kidnaps her when she comes out. He drives to a remote house and locks her in a small (10 by 10) room, which appears to be a cellar. He emphasizes to her that the house is isolated and the cellar is soundproof; there is no way to escape. He tells her that if he wanted to kill her, he already could have.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006373-0002-0000", "contents": "10x10 (film), Plot\nCathy gets her bound hands in front of her and attacks him when he comes to get her for lunch. She tries to call the police on the land line but he shoots the phone and so she desperately tries to get free. Unsuccessful, she sits down to eat with him. He asks her name, but attacks her when she answers; they fight and he overpowers her, returning her to the cellar. As he exits the cellar his maid, Alondra, enters the house to be astonished at a disheveled and bleeding Lewis; he had forgotten to tell her to take a day off, but sends her away now.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006373-0003-0000", "contents": "10x10 (film), Plot\nCathy lies in the cellar, bleeding and in pain. He returns and questions her. She tells him she already answered him, but he keeps asking for details of her past life, insisting that she is lying. He continues to press her, and she changes her story. She said she studied English and owns a flower shop, but now admits having studied medicine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006373-0004-0000", "contents": "10x10 (film), Plot\nFlashback to a public trial where several people have died. It transpires that \"Cathy\" is actually Nathalie, twin sister to Cathy, who killed herself after their father cheated on their mother with a cheerleader for the football team he worked for.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006373-0005-0000", "contents": "10x10 (film), Plot\nLewis watches a movie where he cradles a baby. In the meantime Cathy tries to call the police on a mobile phone she had hidden. He rushes in to ask her about the Charleston deaths, one of whom was his wife, Alana Matthews Lewis. He accuses her of murder since his wife's blood was full of the rape drug GHB. She apologizes for Alana's death, and he simply states that he knows that she killed his wife.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006373-0006-0000", "contents": "10x10 (film), Plot\nHe continues to watch films of his little happy family, with his wife Alana and his daughter Summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006373-0007-0000", "contents": "10x10 (film), Plot\nHe returns to the cellar to threaten her with his gun. She talks about her childhood; how, after their father had left, they were treated like outcasts and that her sister committed suicide as a result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006373-0008-0000", "contents": "10x10 (film), Plot\nNathalie tells him that she killed these people out of vengeance for what her father had done, but he refuses to believe his wife had cheated on him. He looks for evidence for his wife's cheating on videos and sees one part in particular where her phone rings, she looks at it impassively and ends the call.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006373-0009-0000", "contents": "10x10 (film), Plot\nEmotionally overwhelmed, Lewis drives away. He has a brief encounter with police while stopped at a lake, but he is able to quell any suspicions. In the meantime Nathalie tries to remove a broken shard of floor tile to cut open her restraints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006373-0010-0000", "contents": "10x10 (film), Plot\nHe returns to his house, tells her she had no right to kill his wife before he could talk to her, and demands she go to the police and confess. She says she is now Cathy and won't let him ruin her now-happy life, then attacks him with the floor shard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006373-0011-0000", "contents": "10x10 (film), Plot\nHe bleeds heavily and tries to lock her into the cellar again but she flees upstairs. Alondra, the maid, comes home with Lewis' daughter. Nathalie shoots Alondra and takes Summer as hostage. She tells him this can only end with his and his Summer's death, and says Summer is not his biological daughter, since his wife cheated on him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006373-0012-0000", "contents": "10x10 (film), Plot\nSummer bites Nathalie and escapes to the cellar, where Lewis finds her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006373-0013-0000", "contents": "10x10 (film), Plot\nSummer says Cathy is gone, and they prepare to leave the house. He takes the recordings from the computer of Cathy's confessions, and runs to the garage where she corners him. She tries to stab him with a pitchfork, but he drives it upwards to take her off balance and knocks her unconscious. Soon after the police arrive and the nightmare is over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006373-0014-0000", "contents": "10x10 (film), Plot\nLewis hugs Summer and tells her that she is his baby girl, his daughter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006373-0015-0000", "contents": "10x10 (film), Production\nThe film was shot at West London Film Studios, London, and in Atlanta, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006373-0016-0000", "contents": "10x10 (film), Reception\nThe film has generally received positive reviews from critics with 67% on Rotten Tomatoes. Noel Murray of the Los Angeles Times praised the performances and twists, but questioned some storytelling choices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006374-0000-0000", "contents": "10x10 Photobooks\n10x10 Photobooks is a non-profit organization founded to \"foster engagement with the global photobook community through an appreciation, dissemination and understanding of photobooks.\" Founded in 2012, 10x10 is a presenter of public photobook events, including reading rooms, salons, and online communities, as well as a publisher of art catalogs representing the photobook medium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006374-0001-0000", "contents": "10x10 Photobooks, History\n10 x 10 Photobooks was co-founded by Matthew Carson, Russet Lederman and Olga Yatskevich in 2012, with Michael Lang joining in 2014 as Director of Salons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006374-0002-0000", "contents": "10x10 Photobooks, History\nLederman is a writer, editor and photobook collector in New York City and teaches art writing at the School of Visual Arts in New York. She writes on photobooks for print and online journals, including FOAM, The Eyes, IMA, Aperture and the International Center of Photography's library blog. She also co-edits The Gould Collection, lectures internationally on photobooks, and has received awards and grants from Prix Ars Electronica and the Smithsonian American Art museum. Yatskevich is a photobook collector based in New York and contributing writer for Collector Daily, a platform that offers photography criticism from a collector's perspective. Lang is a photography and photobook collector also based in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006374-0003-0000", "contents": "10x10 Photobooks, History\nWhat They Saw: Historical Photobooks by Women, 1843\u20131999 (2021) has been shortlisted in the Photography Catalogue of the Year category in the 2021 Paris Photo-Aperture Foundation PhotoBook Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006374-0004-0000", "contents": "10x10 Photobooks, Reading rooms\nOne of 10x10's major activities is the sponsorship of public reading rooms in which attendees are invited to sit and browse through a curated selection of works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006374-0005-0000", "contents": "10x10 Photobooks, Reading rooms, How We See: Photobooks by Women (2018)\nHow We See: Photobooks by Women was a hands-on touring reading room, publication and series of public events featuring a global range of one hundred 21st-century photobooks by women photographers. \"In this new photobook anthology and touring exhibition, women take center stage in a tradition that has historically ignored their importance.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 71], "content_span": [72, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006374-0006-0000", "contents": "10x10 Photobooks, Reading rooms, How We See: Photobooks by Women (2018)\nThe touring reading room was developed after 10x10 collaborators investigated the history of women's contributions to photobooks and their own publishing practices. For example, historical records establish Anna Atkins's Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions (1843\u20131853) as the first photobook. However, when analyzing recent publishing and award patterns, \"Lederman and her colleagues, co-founder Olga Yatskevich and director Michael Lang, found that between 2013 and 2017, 40% of the shortlisted photobooks for first book and dummy awards were by women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 71], "content_span": [72, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006374-0006-0001", "contents": "10x10 Photobooks, Reading rooms, How We See: Photobooks by Women (2018)\nBut when they looked at the shortlists for best book, author, or annual photobook of the year prizes, they found that it dropped to 23%. What\u2019s more, during the same period of time, photobooks by women made up only 10.5% of the entries in the six major \u201cbook-on-books\u201d anthologies, and in the online inventory of major photobook sellers, only 16% of the available titles were by women.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 71], "content_span": [72, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006374-0007-0000", "contents": "10x10 Photobooks, Reading rooms, How We See: Photobooks by Women (2018)\nThe accompanying catalog was published in mid-November 2018 with a second printing in February 2019. The publication includes the one hundred photobooks in the reading room, and is supplemented with an additional 100 historical books by women photographers, an annotated history and essays by photographer Ishiuchi Miyako; Magnum Foundation Executive Director, Kristen Lubben and Valentina Abenavoli of Akina Books. How We See\u00a0: Photobooks by Women received the 2018 AIGA 50 books | 50 Covers Award. and was shortlisted for the Arles Rencontres del la Photographie  2019 Historical Books award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 71], "content_span": [72, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006375-0000-0000", "contents": "10\u00a2 Billionaire\n10\u00a2 Billionaire is the sixth album released by the hard rock band BulletBoys. It was released in the summer of 2009 on Chavis Records. The album was produced by Brent Woods and written by Marq Torien. It received limited amount of promotion as the record company ceased trading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006375-0001-0000", "contents": "10\u00a2 Billionaire, Reception\nWriting for AllMusic, Greg Prato wrote that the album \"is arguably BulletBoys heaviest release yet\", and gave the album 2 and 1/2 out of 5 stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006376-0000-0000", "contents": "10\u00a2 a Dance\n10\u00a2 a Dance is the debut studio album by the Flirts, a New York-based female vocal trio formed by record producer and songwriter Bobby Orlando. The album was released in 1982. In the Netherlands, it was retitled Passion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006376-0001-0000", "contents": "10\u00a2 a Dance, Critical reception\nIn a retrospective review for AllMusic, critic Alex Henderson wrote of the album, \"from power pop to dance-pop, 10 Cents a Dance is about as fun-loving as it gets.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006376-0002-0000", "contents": "10\u00a2 a Dance, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Bobby Orlando except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006377-0000-0000", "contents": "10\u00bd\n10+1\u20442 is a 2010 Canadian drama film directed by Daniel Grou and written by Claude Lalonde. It premiered at the Festival du Nouveau Cin\u00e9ma in Montreal. The story involves a ten-year-old boy called Tommy in the youth-protection system in Quebec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006377-0001-0000", "contents": "10\u00bd, Synopsis\n10+1\u20442 follows several child psychiatrists, including Claude Legault's Gilles, as they attempt to break through the brittle exterior of a seriously ill-tempered young boy (Robert Naylor). The movie captures the unpleasant reality of life within a halfway house for juvenile delinquents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006377-0002-0000", "contents": "10\u00bd, Reception\nIn a review for The Montreal Gazette, Brendan Kelly called the film \"gripping\" and praised the performances of Claude Legault (\"so good as Gilles\") and Robert Naylor (\"a revelation\"). He noted, however, that due to the nature of the story, the film was \"not much fun to watch\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006377-0003-0000", "contents": "10\u00bd, Reception, Accolades\nThe film won the 2010 Main Award of Mannheim-Heidelberg at the 59th International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg. At the 2010 International Film Festival Bratislava, the film won the FIPRESCI Jury Award and the Student Jury Award. For his role as Tommy, Robert Naylor won the award for Best Actor. Claude Legault won Prix Jutra for Best Actor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006378-0000-0000", "contents": "10\u00bd (album)\n10\u00bd is a studio album by the Dramatics released in 1980 on MCA Records. The album reached No. 14 on the Billboard Top Soul Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006378-0001-0000", "contents": "10\u00bd (album), Overview\n10\u00bd was produced by Larry \"L.J.\" Reynolds and Ron Banks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006378-0002-0000", "contents": "10\u00bd (album), Singles\nWelcome Back Home reached No. 9 on the Billboard Hot Soul Songs chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006378-0003-0000", "contents": "10\u00bd (album), Critical reception\nRon Wynn of Allmusic gave a four out of five stars review saying \"A celebratory album that marked their being together for over a decade, this was one of the group's best MCA/ABC albums\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006379-0000-0000", "contents": "10\u03b2,17\u03b2-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one\n10\u03b2,17\u03b2-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (DHED), also known as estradiol paraquinol, is an orally active, centrally selective estrogen and a biosynthetic prodrug of estradiol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006379-0001-0000", "contents": "10\u03b2,17\u03b2-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one\nUpon systemic administration, regardless of route of administration, DHED has been found to rapidly and selectively convert into estradiol in the brain, whereas no such conversion occurs in the rest of the body. Moreover, DHED itself possesses no estrogenic activity, requiring transformation into estradiol for its estrogenicity. As such, the drug shows selective estrogenic effects in the brain (e.g., alleviation of hot flashes, neuroprotection) that are said to be identical to those of estradiol, whereas estrogenic effects elsewhere in the body are not observed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006379-0002-0000", "contents": "10\u03b2,17\u03b2-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one\nDHED has been proposed as a possible novel estrogenic treatment for neurological and psychiatric conditions associated with hypoestrogenism (e.g., menopausal hot flashes, depression, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke) that uniquely lacks potentially detrimental estrogenic side effects in the periphery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006380-0000-0000", "contents": "10\u201320 system (EEG)\nThe 10\u201320 system or International 10\u201320 system is an internationally recognized method to describe and apply the location of scalp electrodes in the context of an EEG exam, polysomnograph sleep study, or voluntary lab research. This method was developed to maintain standardized testing methods ensuring that a subject's study outcomes (clinical or research) could be compiled, reproduced, and effectively analyzed and compared using the scientific method. The system is based on the relationship between the location of an electrode and the underlying area of the brain, specifically the cerebral cortex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006380-0001-0000", "contents": "10\u201320 system (EEG)\nDuring sleep and wake cycles, the brain produces different, objectively recognized and distinguishable electrical patterns, which can be detected by electrodes on the skin. (These patterns might vary, and can be affected by multiple extrinsic factors, i.e. age, prescription drugs, somatic diagnoses, hx of neurologic insults/injury/trauma, and substance abuse)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006380-0002-0000", "contents": "10\u201320 system (EEG)\nThe \"10\" and \"20\" refer to the fact that the actual distances between adjacent electrodes are either 10% or 20% of the total front\u2013back or right\u2013left distance of the skull. For example, a measurement is taken across the top of the head, from the nasion to inion. Most other common measurements ('landmarking methods') start at one ear and end at the other, normally over the top of the head. Specific anatomical locations of the ear used include the tragus, the auricle and the mastoid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006380-0003-0000", "contents": "10\u201320 system (EEG), Electrode labeling\nEach electrode placement site has a letter to identify the lobe, or area of the brain it is reading from: pre-frontal (Fp), frontal (F), temporal (T), parietal (P), occipital (O), and central (C). Note that there is no \"central lobe\"; due to their placement, and depending on the individual, the \"C\" electrodes can exhibit/represent EEG activity more typical of frontal, temporal, and some parietal-occipital activity, and are always utilized in polysomnography sleep studies for the purpose of determining stages of sleep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006380-0004-0000", "contents": "10\u201320 system (EEG), Electrode labeling\nThere are also (Z) sites: A \"Z\" (zero) refers to an electrode placed on the midline sagittal plane of the skull, (FpZ, Fz, Cz, Oz) and is present mostly for reference/measurement points. These electrodes will not necessarily reflect or amplify lateral hemispheric cortical activity as they are placed over the corpus callosum, and do not represent either hemisphere adequately. \"Z\" electrodes are often utilized as 'grounds' or 'references,' especially in polysomnography sleep studies, and diagnostic/clinical EEG montages meant to represent/diagnose epileptiform seizure activity, or possible clinical brain death. Note that the required number of EEG electrodes, and their careful, measured placement, increases with each clinical requirement and modality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006380-0005-0000", "contents": "10\u201320 system (EEG), Electrode labeling\nEven-numbered electrodes (2,4,6,8) refer to electrode placement on the right side of the head, whereas odd numbers (1,3,5,7) refer to those on the left; this applies to both EEG and EOG (electrooculogram measurements of eyes) electrodes, as well as ECG (electrocardiography measurements of the heart) electrode placement. Chin, or EMG (electromyogram) electrodes are more commonly just referred to with \"right,\" \"left,\" and \"reference,\" or \"common,\" as there are usually only three placed, and they can be differentially referenced from the EEG and EOG reference sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006380-0006-0000", "contents": "10\u201320 system (EEG), Electrode labeling\nThe \"A\" (sometimes referred to as \"M\" for mastoid process) refers to the prominent bone process usually found just behind the outer ear (less prominent in children and some adults). In basic polysomnography, F3, F4, Fz, Cz, C3, C4, O1, O2, A1, A2 (M1, M2), are used. Cz and Fz are 'ground' or 'common' reference points for all EEG and EOG electrodes, and A1-A2 are used for contralateral referencing of all EEG electrodes. This EEG montage may be extended to utilize T3-T4, P3-P4, as well as others, if an extended or \"seizure montage\" is called for.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006380-0007-0000", "contents": "10\u201320 system (EEG), Measurement\nSpecific anatomical landmarks are used for the essential measuring and positioning of the EEG electrodes. These are found with a tape measure, and often marked with a grease pencil, or \"China marker.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006380-0008-0000", "contents": "10\u201320 system (EEG), Measurement\nWhen placing the A (or M) electrodes, palpation is often necessary to determine the most pronounced point of the mastoid process behind either ear; failure to do so, and to place the reference electrodes too low (posterior to the ear pinna, proximal to the throat) may result in \"EKG artifact\" in the EEGs and EOGs, due to artifact from the carotid arteries. EKG artifact can be reduced with post-filtering of signals, or by \"jumping\" (co-referencing) of A/M reference electrodes, if replacement of reference electrodes is not possible, ameliorative, or if other clinical considerations prevent otherwise good placement (such as congenital malformation, or post-surgical considerations such as Cochlear Implants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006380-0009-0000", "contents": "10\u201320 system (EEG), Higher-resolution systems\nWhen recording a more detailed EEG with more electrodes, extra electrodes are added using the 10% division, which fills in intermediate sites halfway between those of the existing 10\u201320 system. This new electrode-naming-system is more complicated giving rise to the Modified Combinatorial Nomenclature (MCN). This MCN system uses 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 for the left hemisphere which represents 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% of the inion-to-nasion distance respectively. The introduction of extra letter codes allows the naming of intermediate electrode sites. Note that these new letter codes do not necessarily refer to an area on the underlying cerebral cortex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006380-0010-0000", "contents": "10\u201320 system (EEG), Higher-resolution systems\nThe new letter codes of the MCN for intermediate electrode places are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006380-0011-0000", "contents": "10\u201320 system (EEG), Higher-resolution systems\nAlso, the MCN system renames four electrodes of the 10\u201320 system:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006380-0012-0000", "contents": "10\u201320 system (EEG), Higher-resolution systems\nA higher-resolution nomenclature has been suggested and called the \"5% system\" or the \"10\u20135 system\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006381-0000-0000", "contents": "10\u201328 Nicholas Street, Chester\n10\u201328 Nicholas Street is a terrace of houses on the west side of the street in Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade\u00a0II listed building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006381-0001-0000", "contents": "10\u201328 Nicholas Street, Chester, History\nThe terrace was built in 1780. It was designed by Joseph Turner, and originally consisted of ten town houses. The terrace became known as \"Pillbox Promenade\", or \"Pillbox Row\", because many of the houses were used as doctors' surgeries. It is the \"longest and most uniform of any of the Georgian properties in Chester\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006381-0002-0000", "contents": "10\u201328 Nicholas Street, Chester, Architecture\nThe houses are constructed in brown brick in Flemish bond, with stone dressings and grey slate roofs. They are in three storeys plus a basement, and contain sash windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0000-0000", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album)\n11 is the eleventh studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Bryan Adams. The album was released by Polydor Records on March 17, 2008. 11 was the first release of new Adams material since Colour Me Kubrick in 2005 and the first studio album in four years since Room Service. Adams, Jim Vallance, Eliot Kennedy, Gretchen Peters, Trevor Rabin and Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange received producing and writing credits. Similar to Adams' previous material, the themes in 11 are mainly based on love, romance, and relationships. 11 received generally mixed reviews from contemporary music critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0001-0000", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album)\nThree songs were released from the album in various forms: \"I Thought I'd Seen Everything\", \"Tonight We Have the Stars\" and \"She's Got a Way\", of which all were released internationally. \"I Thought I'd Seen Everything\" was the only one to have any lasting effects on the music chart, reaching mostly the Top 50, Top 100 and Top 200 in Europe and Canada. Adams was nominated for a Juno Award in the category \"Best Artist\" in 2009 for this record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0002-0000", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album)\nThe album peaked within the top ten in eleven territories worldwide, including Canada (with sales just below 10,000 units in its first week), the United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark and Switzerland. 11 charted within the top twenty in three other territories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0003-0000", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), Conception\nIn an interview on Canada AM, Adams said the title 11 was picked because it was his 11th studio album, when soundtrack album Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron is included. In addition, Adams mentioned there was no hidden meaning behind the title, it was his eleventh studio release and contained eleven tracks, \"there are no secondary meanings\" as Adams later mentioned in an interview with the BBC. The album's cover was taken during a photo shoot in a hotel in Switzerland, while Adams was doing a self-photo story for an Italian men's magazine. Adams ended up liking the photo so much that he ended up using it as the album's cover", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0004-0000", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), Conception\nAs with the previous album, Room Service, significant portions of the album were produced while on tour. According to co-writer Jim Vallance modern technology and equipment made it a lot easier to record the album. Adams recorded the album while on tour, making use of the time between playing on stage and readying himself for the next gig. Vallance and Adams recorded the album normally while sitting backstage or in a hotel room with small devices which they usually carried along on tours, but especially during their off days. Adams, in an interview, mentioned that when recording a song, they needed to set up mattresses against the windows, and having microphones run through the toilet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0005-0000", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), Conception\n11 was originally going to be an acoustic record, aiming for the \"soft-hard approach\" perfected by the British rock group, The Who. However, after a long tour, some of the acoustic songs started growing on him, which led to changes. Adams would record for a few hours, until he wheeled the whole recording kit back onstage. \"It makes me a little more interested in going on tour,\" he said in retrospect. Adams who was never fully committed to the idea of creating a full-fledged acoustic album, decided not to after seeing an acoustic band opening for him during one of his concerts. What he saw made him certain that he was not able to create such an album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0006-0000", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), Writing and themes\nWhen the writing season for 11 had ended, Adams and his companions had written 30 songs. After a selection process, 19 of these songs were removed, however some of them made it to the deluxe edition released later in 2008. The first single, \"I Thought I'd Seen Everything\" was written in 2007, and went through two or three changes before Adams made the finishing touches. Originally, it had another title, and a different melody, and as Adams later put it; \"in the course of listening to the music and spending time with it, you do end up changing it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0007-0000", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), Writing and themes\nAdams hadn't worked together on an album with Vallance since the late-1980s. They teamed up after, as Adams said, \"throwing ideas back and forth\" from 2003 until the album was released. Vallance would send MP3 audio files by e-mail to Adams during the recording seasons. Adams would then add some elements to them and send them back. They continued doing this until a song was completed; Vallance claimed it took longer for them to write songs than during their previous collaborations, but felt the end product was just as good.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0008-0000", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), Writing and themes\nThe main themes in the album, in Adams words are; \"searching for something\". The lyrical meaning behind track number four, \"Oxygen\" is what a person needs to survive. In other words, \"The person you are with is giving you the air you breathe\", and that people in general \"need each other 100%.\" The album's first single, \"I Thought I'd Seen Everything\" is about keeping an open mind.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0008-0001", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), Writing and themes\nThe theme of \"Broken Wings\" is about \"somebody who taught me how to fly\", a metaphor which for \"putting your trust in somebody who can give you faith and the belief that you can succeed.\" \"Something to Believe In\" is based upon the affirmation of life and faith, while \"Walk on By\" warns the listener of distrustfulness. As with other albums, according to Adams, he likes to end the album with a melancholic song, such as \"Something to Believe In\" in 11, it's not the last track however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0008-0002", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), Writing and themes\n\"Flowers Gone Wild\" touches on the same theme as two songs he wrote in the early 1980s, \"Cover Girl\" and \"The Best Is Yet To Come\", are based upon the murdered playboy bunny Dorothy Stratten. But also people with misplaced emotions and their unfulfilled needs, which are pushed forth by the media, which Adams says, leads people to lose their \"sense of decency\". Adams explained further; \"It's a sort of new love affair with an old story, devouring our celebrities and leaving them when we are done.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0009-0000", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), Release\nThe finishing touches to the album were done in September 2007, but the European release of the album was delayed until March 2008. The album was released independently in the United States exclusively through Wal-Mart and Sam's Club retail stores on May 13, 2008. The deal was brokered one month after the albums international release. On October 5, 2008, a Deluxe Edition of 11 was announced on Adams website. The album featured new tracks and contained a DVD. The Deluxe Edition was released on November 10, 2008, in the UK, and November 11, in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0009-0001", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), Release\nThe new CD featured the original 11 tracks, a new song \"Saved\" and the inclusion of two B-sides, \"Way of the World\" and \"Miss America\". The remix of \"She's Got a Way\" replaces the original version, but includes another remix done by Chicane. The DVD features Adams, and his backing band, rehearsing the material from the album. It also contains behind the scenes footages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0010-0000", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), Release, Critical response\n11 overall received mixed, but mostly unflattering reviews from critics. Music reviewer Chris Jones from the BBC wrote generally positively about 11 in his review. He concluded that it was another strong album, even if Adams voice sounded dispassionate on some tracks. The Canadian website Jam! gave the album an average review. Reviewer Darryl Stedan found the lyrics clich\u00e9d, predictable and, while not criticising it, described it as an album \"that didn't really mean much.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0010-0001", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), Release, Critical response\nRyan Wasoba from the alternatively weekly magazine, Houston Press wrote favorably of the record in a backhanded way, commenting that 11's appeal laid in its \"inoffensiveness\" and \"digestibility\". Amy O'Brian of The Vancouver Sun wrote favorably of the new album, while at the same time criticising it for its clich\u00e9s, bad lyrics and for its too-familiar melodies, and concluded, \"It's cheesy and overdone, but the truth is that it just might give Adams his first hit in a decade.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0011-0000", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), Release, Critical response\nStephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic gave the record two out of five stars, saying that Adams' \"fondness for obvious hooks\" had \"flattened into clich\u00e9s\". Matt O'Leary from Virgin Media criticised the album for Adams's \"over-familiar trademark\" and very clich\u00e9d, made the over-familiar sound of 11 a little more \"irksome\". O'Leary gave the album two out of five stars. The Sunday Times reviewer Steve Jelbert wrote, \"Eleven studio albums into his career, the Canadian rocker returns with a set so devoid of surprises that it could easily have been created with a computer program.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0011-0001", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), Release, Critical response\nHe continued by criticising the album for what he saw as mundane lyrical metaphors, attempts of copying U2 and rigid one-note basslines. He concluded however that the album was better than Lenny Kravitz latest effort, It Is Time for a Love Revolution. Chuck Arnold and Christina Tapper of People gave the album two-and-a-half stars out of four and stated that the 11 songs \"show that, at 48, Adams is still capable of capturing the essence of young, unbridled love. Sure, the guy can get sappy, but he's always sincere.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0012-0000", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), Release, Chart and commercial performance\n11 was Adams' first studio album to be released in four years, since Room Service in 2004. In the album's first week of release it sold just below 10,000 units in Canada, and debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart and stayed on the chart for four weeks. This marked the first time since Waking Up the Neighbours in 1991, that Adams was able to top the Canadian record chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0012-0001", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), Release, Chart and commercial performance\nIn the United States, it debuted at number 80 on the Billboard 200 on the charts issue date of May 31, 2008, and stayed on the chart for four weeks. 11 was Adams' first studio album since 18 til I Die in the US to crack the top 100. 11 stayed longer on the American and Canadian record than did Room Service. 11 peaked at three on the European Albums Chart and stayed on the chart for ten weeks, the album and reached seven at the Independent Albums Chart and stayed there for five weeks. At the 2009 Juno Awards Adams was nominated for \"Artist of the Year\" due to 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0013-0000", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), Release, Chart and commercial performance\nInternationally, 11 was a commercial success. The album peaked at number one in two countries, India and Switzerland. It also charted within the top ten in several countries, including the United Kingdom, Switzerland, India, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Portugal and The Netherlands. France was the album's least successful charting territory, peaking within the top 200 at number 157. Switzerland was the only country in Europe were 11 managed to top a record chart. After staying there for a full 13 weeks if fell off the chart from 81. Because of sales of over 15,000 units, the album was certified gold in Switzerland and Denmark. The album has sold over half a million units worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0014-0000", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), Release, Chart and commercial performance\nThe first single, \"I Thought I'd Seen Everything\" was released as a download only single in the UK on March 17, 2008. Although it was officially released to US radio on March 1, 2008, it proved somewhat popular on Adult Contemporary radio stations where it peaked at No. 21. In Canada \"I Thought I'd Seen Everything\" was officially released to radio in March 2008. The song reached the top 50 on the Canadian Hot 100 where it peaked at No. 47. \"Tonight We Have the Stars\", the second single, was released as a digital single on June 6, 2008. The third and last single, \"She's Got a Way\" was released in September and did not chart anywhere in North America or Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0015-0000", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), 11 Tour\nIn support of 11, Adams started the \"11 concerts, 11 cities\" tour, having concerts in 11 different countries in just 11 days. The intimate shows at some spectacular venues will see Adams perform an acoustic set, on stage, with just his guitar and harmonica. The London show was on the March 11, 2008, at St. James Church in Piccadilly. The last stop of his 11 days concert tour was in Copenhagen, Denmark on March 17. After the \"11 concerts, 11 cities\" tour, Adams continued to promote his album, this time on an acoustic tour touring with such musical acts as Foreigner and Rod Stewart. Later, in an interview, he was asked what song he felt sounded the best acoustically, Adams responded;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0016-0000", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), 11 Tour\n\"Well, they all work acoustically, because they were all written on an acoustic guitar. This album started out as an acoustic record and halfway through I sort of switched gears and decided to make sort of an acoustic rock record. When I play the songs live, it has actually sort of led me into a path of this next tour, which is my first American acoustic tour. I feel confident enough with these songs and with the songs in the past that the show is going to be quite interesting, sort of hearing these songs stripped down completely, just myself and a guitar.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006382-0017-0000", "contents": "11 (Bryan Adams album), 11 Tour\nWhat is interesting is this was to be the beginning of Adams's Bare Bones tour, which still tours the world in between his usually band shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006383-0000-0000", "contents": "11 (Marija \u0160erifovi\u0107 album)\n11 is the 2020 studio album from Serbian pop singer Marija \u0160erifovi\u0107. Videos were shot for the songs \"11\", \"Pametna i luda\" and \"Deo proslosti\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006384-0000-0000", "contents": "11 (The Smithereens album)\n11 is the third studio album by American rock band The Smithereens, released on October 24, 1989 by Capitol Records. It includes the Billboard Top 40 single \"A Girl Like You\". The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in June 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006384-0001-0000", "contents": "11 (The Smithereens album)\nThe album title was inspired by the film Ocean's 11, \"with a little push from Spinal Tap's famous line, \"This one goes to 11\", according to guitarist Jim Babjak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006384-0002-0000", "contents": "11 (The Smithereens album), Background\nThe Smithereens switched producers for the album, going from Don Dixon, who had produced their first two albums, to Ed Stasium, who had produced albums by The Ramones and Living Colour. \"I'm not sure what we were looking for...maybe a heavier guitar sound, like in \"A Girl Like You\". We were trying to preserve our integrity, yet find a home on radio\", lead singer Pat DiNizio said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006384-0003-0000", "contents": "11 (The Smithereens album), Background\n\"A Girl Like You\" was written by DiNizio on assignment for Cameron Crowe's film Say Anything.... DiNizio based the lyrics on bits of dialogue in the screenplay. When the film's producer asked DiNizio to change the lyrics, because it revealed too much of the plot, he refused, and the band decided to keep the song for their next album, 11. Madonna was originally enlisted to sing the harmony vocals, but failed to show up for the recording session. Instead, the band got Maria Vidal to do the vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006384-0004-0000", "contents": "11 (The Smithereens album), Background\nThe song peaked at No. 2 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock chart and at No. 3 on the magazine's Modern Rock chart. It became the band's first Top 40 entry on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at No. 38 and spending 20 weeks on the chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006384-0005-0000", "contents": "11 (The Smithereens album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Pat DiNizio, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006385-0000-0000", "contents": "11 (Ua album)\n11 is the first studio album by the pop singer-songwriter Ua. It was released on October 23, 1996. The album was re-issued on September 22, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006386-0000-0000", "contents": "11 (Victoria) Field Ambulance\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Buckshot06 (talk | contribs) at 03:48, 9 April 2020 (\u2192\u200eReferences:  more precise categories). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006386-0001-0000", "contents": "11 (Victoria) Field Ambulance\n11 (Victoria) Field Ambulance is a unit of the Canadian Forces Health Services (CFHS) Group assigned to 1 Health Services Group (1 HSG) in support of 39 Canadian Brigade Group (39 CBG), a component of 3 Canadian Division, and Maritime Forces (Pacific). The unit charged with conducting  individual, platoon and collective training and provides medical support to other units undergoing training, as well as operating a Brigade Medical Station (BMS) for brigade- level exercises in various training areas in British Columbia and Washington State. Operating the BMS is done in conjunction with 12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, which illustrates the close cooperation that exists between the two units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006386-0002-0000", "contents": "11 (Victoria) Field Ambulance, History\nThis unit has a long and distinguished history that lives up to the former Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps (RCAMC) motto - faithful in adversity. It is the latest in a line of   Victoria army medical units dating back to 13th Canadian Field Ambulance of World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006386-0003-0000", "contents": "11 (Victoria) Field Ambulance, History, World War I\n13 Field Ambulance (Fd Amb) was mobilized in Victoria on 22 March 1916 and departed Canada July 1 on the S.S. Matagama. The unit arrived in England July 9 where they received training in stretcher drill with and without ambulances and practical field ambulance work in conjunction with infantry units. The unit was fully equipped with tentage, medical equipment and ambulances and departed from Southampton, August 12 for the front lines in Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006386-0004-0000", "contents": "11 (Victoria) Field Ambulance, History, World War II\nOn September 2, 1939, 13 Field Ambulance, now quartered at the Bay Street Armoury, was mobilized with six officers and forty other ranks from the Militia. On October 27, 1941, the unit was renamed \"No. 13 Light Field Ambulance\" and tasked to support the 5th Canadian Armoured Division overseas. The unit departed Canada in November 1942 for England where it received its full complement of vehicles and other equipment. In January 1943 the unit was designated 13 Canadian Field Dressing Station providing the nucleus, with attached field surgical teams and field transfusion teams, for an advanced surgical centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006386-0005-0000", "contents": "11 (Victoria) Field Ambulance, History, World War II\nBetween October 1943 and January 1945 the unit supported the Canadian 5th Armoured Division in the Italian campaign seeing action at Ortona, the Liri Valley andthe Gothic Line. In February 1945 the unit redeployed from Italy by road and ship to support 1st Canadian Corps in clearing western Holland of the enemy. VE Day was declared on May 8, 1945 and 13 Canadian Field Dressing Station remained in situ until June 30 when it became the first Canadian medical unit to be disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006386-0006-0000", "contents": "11 (Victoria) Field Ambulance, History, Post War\nOn 29 October 1954, 13 Field Ambulance CA (M) and 46 Field Hygiene Section RCAMC CA (M) were amalgamated to form 25 Medical Company RCAMC CA(M). During this period members of the unit participated in numerous peace keeping missions and served on tours in Bosnia and Croatia. The unit was re-designated in 1979 as 11 (Victoria) Medical Company. In 1994 the unit was accorded the Freedom of the Municipality of Saanich", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006386-0007-0000", "contents": "11 (Victoria) Field Ambulance, History, 2000 to Present\nIn 2007 the unit was renamed 11(Victoria)  Field Ambulance. During this period unit personnel have been involved with in a variety of domestic operations and has seen members deploy to operations overseas, including Afghanistan and Sudan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0000-0000", "contents": "11 (number)\n11 (eleven) is the natural number following 10 and preceding 12. It is the first repdigit. In English, it is the smallest positive integer requiring three syllables.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0001-0000", "contents": "11 (number), Name\nEleven derives from the Old English \u0119ndleofon which is first attested in Bede's late 9th-century Ecclesiastical History of the English People. It has cognates in every Germanic language (for example, German elf), whose Proto-Germanic ancestor has been reconstructed as *ainalifa-, from the prefix *aina- (adjectival \"one\") and suffix *-lifa- of uncertain meaning. It is sometimes compared with the Lithuanian vien\u00faolika, although -lika is used as the suffix for all numbers from 11 to 19 (analogous to \"-teen\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0002-0000", "contents": "11 (number), Name\nThe Old English form has closer cognates in Old Frisian, Saxon, and Norse, whose ancestor has been reconstructed as *ainlifun. This has formerly been considered derived from Proto-Germanic *tehun (\"ten\"); it is now sometimes connected with *leik\u02b7- or *leip- (\"left; remaining\"), with the implicit meaning that \"one is left\" after having already counted to ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0003-0000", "contents": "11 (number), Name\nEleven is the only two-digit number that, when spelt in English, does not contain the letter T.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0004-0000", "contents": "11 (number), In languages\nWhile, as mentioned above, 11 has its own name in Germanic languages such as English, German, or Swedish, and some Latin based languages such as Spanish, Portuguese, and French, it is the first compound number in many other languages: Italian \u00f9ndici , Chinese \u5341\u4e00 sh\u00ed y\u012b, Korean \uc5f4\ud558\ub098 yeol hana or \uc2ed\uc77c ship il.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0005-0000", "contents": "11 (number), In mathematics\n11 is a prime number. The next prime is 13, with which it comprises a twin prime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0006-0000", "contents": "11 (number), In mathematics\nThere are 11 regular and semiregular convex uniform tilings in the second dimension, and 11 planigons that correspond to these 11 regular and semiregular tilings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0007-0000", "contents": "11 (number), In mathematics\nThere are 11 orthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems (to within a conformal symmetry) in which the 3-variable Helmholtz equation can be solved using the separation of variables technique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0008-0000", "contents": "11 (number), In mathematics\n11 of the thirty-five hexominoes can be folded to form (i.e., can serve as a net for) a cube. 11 of the sixty-six octiamonds can be folded to form a regular octahedron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0009-0000", "contents": "11 (number), In mathematics\n11 is the fourth Sophie Germain prime, the third safe prime, the fourth Lucas prime, the first repunit prime, the second good prime, and the second unique prime. Although it is necessary for n to be prime for 2n\u00a0\u2212\u00a01 to be a Mersenne prime, the converse is not true: 211\u00a0\u2212\u00a01 = 2047 which is 23\u00a0\u00d7\u00a089.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0010-0000", "contents": "11 (number), In mathematics\n11 raised to the nth power is the nth row of Pascal's Triangle. (This works for any base, but the number eleven must be changed to the number represented as 11 in that base; for example, in duodecimal this must be done using thirteen.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0011-0000", "contents": "11 (number), In mathematics\n11 is a Heegner number, meaning that the ring of integers of the field Q(\u221211){\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} ({\\sqrt {-11}})} has the property of unique factorization. A consequence of this is that there exists at most one point on the elliptic curve x3 = y2 + 11 that has positive-integer coordinates. In this case, this unique point is (15, 58).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0012-0000", "contents": "11 (number), In mathematics\nOn the seven-segment display of a calculator, 11 is both a strobogrammatic prime and a dihedral prime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0013-0000", "contents": "11 (number), In mathematics, In Decimal\nIf a number is divisible by 11, reversing its digits will result in another multiple of 11. As long as no two adjacent digits of a number added together exceed 9, then multiplying the number by 11, reversing the digits of the product, and dividing that new number by 11, will yield a number that is the reverse of the original number. (For example: 142,312 \u00d7 11 = 1,565,432 \u2192 2,345,651 \u00f7 11 = 213,241.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0014-0000", "contents": "11 (number), In mathematics, In Decimal\nMultiples of 11 by one-digit numbers all have matching double digits: 00 (=0), 11, 22, 33, 44, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0015-0000", "contents": "11 (number), In mathematics, In Decimal, Divisibility Tests\nA simple test to determine if an integer is divisible by 11 is to take every digit of the number located in odd position and add them up, then take the remaining digits and add them up. If the difference between the two sums is a multiple of 11, including 0, then the number is divisible by 11. For instance, if the number is 65,637 then (6 + 6 + 7) - (5 + 3) = 19 - 8 = 11, so 65,637 is divisible by 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 59], "content_span": [60, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0015-0001", "contents": "11 (number), In mathematics, In Decimal, Divisibility Tests\nThis technique also works with groups of digits rather than individual digits, so long as the number of digits in each group is odd, although not all groups have to have the same number of digits. For instance, if one uses three digits in each group, one gets from 65,637 the calculation (065) - 637 = -572, which is divisible by 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 59], "content_span": [60, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0016-0000", "contents": "11 (number), In mathematics, In Decimal, Divisibility Tests\nAnother test for divisibility is to separate a number into groups of two consecutive digits (adding a leading zero if there is an odd number of digits), and then add up the numbers so formed; if the result is divisible by 11, the number is divisible by 11. For instance, if the number is 65,637, 06 + 56 + 37 = 99, which is divisible by 11, so 65,637 is divisible by eleven. This also works by adding a trailing zero instead of a leading one: 65 + 63 + 70 = 198, which is divisible by 11. This also works with larger groups of digits, providing that each group has an even number of digits (not all groups have to have the same number of digits).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 59], "content_span": [60, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0017-0000", "contents": "11 (number), In mathematics, In Decimal, Multiplying 11\nAn easy way of multiplying numbers by 11 in base 10 is:If the number has:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 55], "content_span": [56, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0018-0000", "contents": "11 (number), In mathematics, In Other Bases\nIn base 13 and higher bases (such as hexadecimal), 11 is represented as B, where ten is A. In duodecimal, however, 11 is sometimes represented as E or \u218b, and ten as T, X, or \u218a.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 43], "content_span": [44, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0019-0000", "contents": "11 (number), In religion, Christianity\nAfter Judas Iscariot was disgraced, the remaining apostles of Jesus were sometimes described as \"the Eleven\" (;  and ); this occurred even after Matthias was added to bring the number to twelve, as in Acts 2:14: Peter stood up with the eleven (New International Version). The New Living Translation says Peter stepped forward with the eleven other apostles, making clear that the number of apostles was now twelve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0020-0000", "contents": "11 (number), In religion, Christianity\nSaint Ursula is said to have been martyred in the third or fourth century in Cologne with a number of companions, whose reported number \"varies from five to eleven\". A legend that Ursula died with eleven thousand virgin companions has been thought to appear from misreading XI. M. V. (Latin abbreviation for \"Eleven martyr virgins\") as \"Eleven thousand virgins\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006387-0021-0000", "contents": "11 (number), In religion, Babylonian\nIn the En\u00fbma Eli\u0161 the goddess Tiamat creates eleven monsters to take revenge for the death of her husband, Aps\u00fb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006388-0000-0000", "contents": "11 (song)\n\"11\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Cassadee Pope from her debut solo album, Frame by Frame (2013). Pope co-wrote the song, which tells the story of her parents' divorce, with Nathan Chapman, while the production was handled by Dann Huff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006388-0001-0000", "contents": "11 (song), Background and release\n\"11\" was released onto iTunes on August 27, 2013 as the second of four promotional countdown singles leading up to the album's release. A music video featuring childhood photos and clips of home videos from her family was posted on Pope's YouTube channel August 28 and on her VEVO channel on September 12, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006388-0002-0000", "contents": "11 (song), Background and release\nUpon release, the song was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. It debuted at #38 on the Hot Country Songs chart, the highest debut of the promotional tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006389-0000-0000", "contents": "11 A.M. (film)\n11 A.M. (Korean:\u00a0\uc5f4\ud55c\uc2dc; RR:\u00a0Yeolhansi; lit. \"AM 11:00\") is a 2013 South Korean sci-fi thriller film directed by Kim Hyun-seok, and starring Jung Jae-young, Kim Ok-bin and Choi Daniel. It was released in theaters on November 28, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006389-0001-0000", "contents": "11 A.M. (film), Plot\nIn the not-so distant future, researchers at a deep-sea laboratory have finally invented a time machine. The device can move objects ahead 24 hours, but the scientists have never tried it on people before. Head researcher Woo-seok is promised major funding from a mega-corporation if he completes a test run. Along with his assistant Young-eun, he schedules a jump to 11 a.m. the next day. Upon their successful arrival, they find the base in pandemonium, while the other researchers have disappeared. What's more, someone is out to get them. With the surveillance camera recordings as the sole clue, they must investigate for the next 24 hours the mysterious happenings that occurred at the lab, figure out what happened over the past day and go back in time in order to prevent it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006390-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Andromedae\n11 Andromedae, abbreviated 11 And, is a single, orange-hued star in the northern constellation of Andromeda. 11 Andromedae is the Flamsteed designation. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.44, which is bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. An annual parallax shift of 11.5\u00a0mas yields a distance estimate of 283\u00a0light years. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +10\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006390-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Andromedae\nThis is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K0\u00a0III, which means it has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and turned off the main sequence. It has an estimated 2.57 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to around 12 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 63 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,874\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006390-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Andromedae\nWithin Andromeda it is the south-west end of a bright northerly chain (jagged line) asterism \u2013 the others being, their order going with numbering, 8, 7, 5 and 3 Andromedae.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006391-0000-0000", "contents": "11 April 2007 Algiers bombings\nThe 2007 Algiers bombings occurred on 11 April 2007 when two suicide car bombs exploded in the Algerian capital Algiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006391-0001-0000", "contents": "11 April 2007 Algiers bombings\nThe headquarters of the Algerian prime minister were hit by a large explosion that left many people dead and injured and could be heard 10\u00a0km away. Another explosion targeted a police station in an eastern suburb of the city, near the international airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006391-0002-0000", "contents": "11 April 2007 Algiers bombings\nAl-Qaeda claimed responsibility for the bombings after the attack took place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006391-0003-0000", "contents": "11 April 2007 Algiers bombings, Details and context of the bombings\nThe first attack, which was on the prime minister's office, killed 12 people and injured 118, and the second attack on the police station in the Bab Ezzouar district of Algiers killed 11 and injured 44. The Al-Qaeda group in the Maghreb is the group claiming responsibility for these two attacks. This group was formerly known as the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006391-0004-0000", "contents": "11 April 2007 Algiers bombings, Details and context of the bombings\nThe United Nations Security Council held an official meeting to condemn the attacks. The attack was planned by Sofiane el-Fassila.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006392-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Aquarii\n11 Aquarii is a sun-like star in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius, located 88.5\u00a0light years away from the Sun. 11 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation. It is difficult to see with the naked eye, appearing as a dim, yellow-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.22. This body is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221217.8\u00a0km/s, and is expected to come as close as 65.1\u00a0ly in 700,000\u00a0years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006392-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Aquarii\nIt is  a G-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of G1\u00a0V. Compared to the Sun, this star has a higher abundance of elements more massive than helium. This indicates it belongs to a class of stars called metal-rich. The star is slightly older than the Sun, but it has slightly more mass and has a larger radius. It is radiating 2.24 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,973\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006393-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Aquilae\n11 Aquilae (abbreviated 11 Aql) is a single star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 11 Aquilae is the Flamsteed designation. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.2, which means it is faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 20.9\u00a0mas, the distance to this star is approximately 156 light-years (48 parsecs). The brightness of this star is diminished by 0.33 in magnitude because of extinction from interstellar gas and dust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006393-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Aquilae\nThis is an F-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of F8\u00a0V. It is radiating about 15.4 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 6,118\u00a0K, giving it the yellow-white glow of an F-type star. 11 Aquilae has been listed as a candidate for membership in the Ursa Major Moving Group, but most likely does not belong to that association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006394-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Arietis\n11 Arietis (abbreviated 11 Ari) is a star in the northern constellation of Aries. 11 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 6.01, which makes it a challenging target to view with the naked eye in suitably dark skies. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 3.72\u00a0mas, the distance to this star is approximately 880 light-years (270 parsecs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006394-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Arietis\n11 Arietis has a stellar classification of B9\u00a0IV-Vn, which may indicate that it is beginning to evolve away from the main sequence into a subgiant as the supply of hydrogen at its core becomes exhausted. At present it has an estimated 2.8 times the radius of the Sun, but this will increase as it continues to evolve into a giant star. 11 Arietis is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 249\u00a0km/s. This motion, combined with the Doppler effect, is causing the absorption lines in the spectrum to spread out and become 'nebulous', as indicated by the 'n' suffix in the classification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006395-0000-0000", "contents": "11 BC\nYear 11 BC was either a common year starting on Monday or Tuesday or a leap year starting on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Saturday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Tubero and Maximus (or, less frequently, year 743 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 11 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006396-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Birthdays\n11 Birthdays is a children's time loop novel written by Wendy Mass and published in 2009 by Scholastic Press. It is the first novel in the Willow Falls series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006396-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Birthdays\nThe novel follows the life of a young girl named Amanda Ellerby who has spent each of her first ten birthdays with the same boy, her best friend Leonard \"Leo\" Fitzpatrick. With her 11th birthday fast approaching, a falling out between the two friends has caused a shift in this birthday tradition leading to consequences both of them never could have imagined. Chosen as a 2009 Library Guild Selection, this novel has been the recipient of various nominations and awards across the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006396-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Birthdays, Plot\nAmanda and Leo have been best friends since they were born, but on their 10th birthday, she hears Leo saying terrible things about her and she stops speaking to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006396-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Birthdays, Plot\nTheir 11th birthday does not go well for Amanda. She spends most of the day feeling sorry for herself and goes to bed disappointed. The next day when she wakes up, she appears to be stuck in the day before. As she gets ready for her birthday party, she realizes she is in a time loop. A few days later, she realizes that she and Leo are stuck in the same time loop. They make up and go on many adventures together and start to uncover why their families have been feuding. While uncovering this information, they also realize why they are in this time loop together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006396-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Birthdays, Plot\nIn the morning, Amanda realizes that she is celebrating her birthday again for the 11th time. She is frustrated but when she gets on the bus she sees Angelina as the bus driver, who explains why they are in this time loop and what to do to escape it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006396-0005-0000", "contents": "11 Birthdays, Reception\n11 Birthdays, was positively received by both the general public and critics. The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books published a review by Jeannette Hulick, which states that 11 Birthdays \u201cis imaginatively developed and kid-pleasing. The now-tenuous/now-tenacious quality of the book\u2019s middle-grade friendships will ring true to its audience, and Amanda\u2019s voice is likable and humorous.\u201d Publishers Weekly also states, \u201cLike a Groundhog Day for middle grade readers, Mass' winning story features a girl seemingly trapped in her 11th birthday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006396-0005-0001", "contents": "11 Birthdays, Reception\nAmanda seems doomed to relive her failed try-out for the gymnastics team, her mother being fired from her job and, worst of all, the party that even her best friend leaves early\u2014to go to the party hosted by her former friend, Leo. The two have celebrated every previous birthday together (they were born on the same day), but a misunderstanding on their 10th has gone unresolved. Girls will relate to Amanda\u2019s insecurities, and the confidence and insights she gains will resonate with them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006396-0005-0002", "contents": "11 Birthdays, Reception\nMass\u2019s expertise with pacing keeps the story moving at a lively clip, and her understanding of this age group is as finely honed as ever.\u201d 11 Birthdays has been nominated for and received numerous awards, including the William Allen White Award for grades 3\u20135 in 2012, and has been chosen a 2009 Library Guild Selection. It received the 2012 Young Hoosier Book Award (Intermediate).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006396-0006-0000", "contents": "11 Birthdays, Willow Falls\nThe five novels of the Willow Falls series all have different protagonists, who become friends. They also all revolve around birthdays and are set in the same small town of Willow Falls, with the presence of the mysterious Angelina D\u2019Angelo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006397-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Bit Studios\n11 bit studios S.A. is a game development company based in Warsaw, Poland. The studio was founded in 2010 by former members of CD Projekt and Metropolis Software. The studio is most known for developing Anomaly: Warzone Earth (2011), This War of Mine (2014), and Frostpunk (2018).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006397-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Bit Studios, History\nThe company was officially formed on 11 September 2010, founded by CD Projekt and Metropolis Software developers and staff members. Currently, they employ approximately one hundred people. The company's goal is to create games suitable for both hardcore gamers as well as casual gamers. They are well known for developing Anomaly: Warzone Earth, a real-time strategy reversed tower defense, and This War of Mine, which was often praised by critics for its depiction of civilians in a city under a siege similar to the Siege of Sarajevo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006397-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Bit Studios, History\nThe studio's most recent release, Frostpunk, sold over 250,000 copies in its first three days. Frostpunk depicts a dystopian/late 19th century England that has been overtaken by the frost, and the player is tasked with managing humanity's last city. In 2020, it was revealed that the company was investing $21 million to fund the development of three projects and four games signed to its publishing labels. One of them, Frostpunk 2, was announced on August 12, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006398-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Bo\u00f6tis\n11 Bo\u00f6tis is a star in the northern constellation of Bo\u00f6tes, located 333\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is near the lower limit of visibility to the naked eye, appearing as a dim, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.23. This body is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221224\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006398-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Bo\u00f6tis, Properties\nIt has a stellar classification of A7\u00a0III, matching an evolved A-type giant star. The star is 328\u00a0million years old with a projected rotational velocity of 123\u00a0km/s. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 22 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,997\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006399-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Camelopardalis\n11 Camelopardalis is a single star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Camelopardalis, located around 710\u00a0light years away from the Sun as determined by parallax. It has the variable star designation BV Camelopardalis; 11 Camelopardalis is the Flamsteed designation. This object is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of +5.22. It forms a double star with 12 Camelopardalis, which is only 3 arcminutes away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006399-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Camelopardalis\nThis is a main sequence Be star with a stellar classification of B3\u00a0Ve. Samus et al. (2017) classify it as a Be variable, rather than a Gamma Cassiopeiae type, and it ranges in magnitude from a peak of 5.10 down to 5.22. The star is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 95\u00a0km/s, but is being viewed from an extreme pole-on position. Hence it is spinning much more rapidly than indicated. Outbursts of hydrogen emission lines have been observed, as well as rapid changes in hydrogen line profiles. It is 25\u00a0million years old with around six times the mass of the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006400-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Cameras\n11 Cameras is a Canadian drama television series that aired on CBC Television. It premiered on June 28, 2006 and showed its characters through webcams. CBC ordered 22 episodes in total, and did not renew the show for a second season. Endemol secured the format rights for the show internationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006400-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Cameras\nThe series was created by Chokolat and co-produced with Shaftesbury Films and Henry Less Productions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006401-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Canis Majoris\n11 Canis Majoris is a single star in the southern constellation of Canis Major, the eleventh entry in John Flamsteed's catalogue of stars in that constellation. It has a blue-white hue and is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.28. The distance to this star is approximately 1,010\u00a0light years from the Sun based on parallax, and it is drifting further away with a radial velocity of around +15\u00a0km/s. It has an absolute magnitude of \u22121.63.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006401-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Canis Majoris\nThis star has a stellar classification of B8/9III, matching a B-type star that is in the giant stage. It has a high rate of spin with a projected rotational velocity of 130\u00a0km/s. The star is radiating 485 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 11,540\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006402-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Canis Minoris\n11 Canis Minoris is a single star in the equatorial constellation of Canis Minor, located around 313\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.25. This object is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +28\u00a0km/s, having come to within 157 light-years some 2.35\u00a0million years ago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006402-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Canis Minoris\nThis is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A1Vnn, where the 'n' notation indicates (very) \"nebulous\" lines due to rapid rotation. However, Gray and Garrison (1987) found a class of A0.5\u00a0IVnn, which would instead match an evolving subgiant star. It is a suspected variable star of unknown type. This object is 149\u00a0million years old with 2.23 times the mass of the Sun and about 2.5 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 65 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,972\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006403-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Cephei\n11 Cephei is a single star in the northern constellation of Cepheus, located 184\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.55. The star has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.153\u00a0arc seconds per annum. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221238\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006403-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Cephei\nThis is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K0.5\u00a0III, having exhausted the hydrogen at its core and expanded. It is a red clump giant, which means it is currently on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at the core. 11 Cephei is 670\u00a0million years old with 2.4 times the mass of the Sun and 11 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating around 95 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,446\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006404-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Churchyard Side, Nantwich\n11 Churchyard Side is a Victorian bank in Gothic Revival style, in Nantwich, Cheshire, England. It stands on the town square, opposite the parish church (at ). Dating from 1876, the bank was designed by local architect Thomas Bower as a branch of the Midland Bank, and later became a branch of Barclays. It is listed at grade II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006404-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Churchyard Side, Nantwich\n11 Churchyard Side is one of three banks in the town dating from the Victorian era which are listed buildings; the others are the former District Bank, designed by Alfred Waterhouse, also on Churchyard Side, and the former Savings Bank on Welsh Row.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006404-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Churchyard Side, Nantwich, History\nThe present building was constructed in 1876 as a branch of the Midland Bank, to the design of Nantwich architect Thomas Bower. It was on the site of an earlier Midland Bank building, which employed a manager and seven clerks in 1871. Once part of the cemetery of the parish church, the site had previously housed a painter and a butcher's premises. The bank was later extended and altered in the same style. The Midland Bank is no longer listed in directories from 1892; Barclays Bank has occupied the building since 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006404-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Churchyard Side, Nantwich, Description\nThe bank is a terraced ashlar building in Gothic Revival style, with two storeys and seven bays. Nikolaus Pevsner describes it as \"later, smoother, equally Gothic\" by comparison with the nearby District Bank, which was designed by Alfred Waterhouse. Its roof of Westmorland green slate is described by local historian Jane Stevenson as \"beautiful\". A band between ground and first floor is decorated with rectangular coffering, which matches the dentilled cornice under the eaves. There are also two plain stone bands, one on the ground floor beneath the windows and the other on the first floor at the level of the window heads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006404-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Churchyard Side, Nantwich, Description\nThe main entrance is at the left (west) side. It is flanked by two sets of paired orange columns and headed by a pointed arch. Above is a V-shaped stone moulding with two carved bosses and an intricately carved quatrefoil containing a dragon and foliage. The word \"bank\" is incised above the entrance. There are two stone mullioned and transomed windows on the ground floor, which each consist of five two-light units with pointed arched heads. A two-unit \"window\" to the left of the main entrance is blocked. The first floor has seven windows, each of which is flanked by paired orange columns and headed with a pointed arch, with a V-shaped stone moulding above similar to that above the main entrance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006405-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Comae Berenices\n11 Comae Berenices is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Coma Berenices, located in the sky, east and slightly north of Denebola in Leo, but not nearly as far east as \u03b5 Virginis in Virgo. It is about a degree from the elliptical galaxy M85 and two degrees north of the spiral galaxy M100. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 10.7104\u00a0mas, the star is located 305\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.72. This body is moving away from the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of +44\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006405-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Comae Berenices\nThe primary component is an aging K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K0\u00a0III. It is a low metallicity star with an iron abundance about half that of the Sun. Keenan and McNeil (1989) found a class of G8+ III Fe-1, showing an underabundance of iron in the spectrum. At the age of  1.5\u00a0billion years old with 1.7 times the mass of the Sun, it has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and expanded to 15.8 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 110 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,670\u00a0K. It has a magnitude 12.9 companion star at an angular separation of 8.8\u2033 along a position angle of 44\u00b0, as of 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006405-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Comae Berenices\nA substellar companion was discovered orbiting the primary star in 2007 using the radial velocity method. It has a period of 326\u00a0days with minimum mass of about 19.4 Jupiter masses and is orbiting around 1.3\u00a0AU from the host star with an eccentricity of 0.23. The object's mass is well within the range of deuterium-fusing brown dwarfs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006406-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Commando (South African)\n11 Commando was an infantry training battalion of the South African Army Infantry Formation Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006406-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Commando (South African), Origin\n11 Commando was formed at Kimberly around November 1973. The majority of the Danie Theron Combat School training/recruit wing staff were transferred to this unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006406-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Commando (South African), Origin\nThe majority of the recruits were area bound farmers, business owners, or essentials services).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006406-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Commando (South African), Origin\nThese recruits were to be allocated to regional commandos after their initial training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006406-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Commando (South African), Origin, Relationship with Intelligence\nWhen 11 Commando closed down The Intelligence School took control of the facility and continued to use 11 Commando's insignia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006406-0005-0000", "contents": "11 Commando (South African), Origin, Relationship with Intelligence\nIn September 1982, SA Intelligence School Took over from 11 Commando. The unit flash with the red Chief of Army Higher Formation bar was introduced thereafter. In December 1988 SA Intelligence School moved to Potchefstroom. From January 1989 the C Army reporting line was changed to the regional Command reporting structure, so the School fell under Nowth West Command from 1989, until the SADF was replaced by the SANDF in 1994, after which the regional Command system fell away and was replaced by a new Army structure, based on Formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006407-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Compositions (Duo) 1995\n11 Compositions (Duo) 1995 is an album by composer and saxophonist Anthony Braxton with kotoist Brett Larner, recorded at Wesleyan University in 1995 and released on the Leo label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006407-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Compositions (Duo) 1995, Reception\nHere is another example of the remarkable versatility of Anthony Braxton. For this series of nearly eighty minutes of carefully arranged duets, Braxton performs on flute; contra-alto, contrabass, Bb, and soprano clarinets; and sopranino, alto, and F saxophones. Brett Larner joins him on traditional 13-string koto and 17-string bass koto. The combinations of sounds are utterly fascinating; the duo allures with deceptive simplicity. While some of the compositions lean toward familiar abstraction, others are surprisingly melodic. Larner is a fine foil for Braxton's explorations, which demonstrate a slightly off-kilter bop sensibility. ... While not an essential part of the ever-growing Braxton discography, 11 Compositions is nonetheless a highly rewarding session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006408-0000-0000", "contents": "11 December 2013 Euromaidan assault\nThe assault of Euromaidan by  security forces on 11 December 2013 was an attempt by Viktor Yanukovych\u2019s government to break up the Euromaidan protest through a night assault using Berkut special police units and interior ministry troops. Their tactics included the displacement of frontal peaceful protesters from lightly barricaded camps at the Independence Square and part of Khreshchatyk Street which is near Bessarabska Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006408-0001-0000", "contents": "11 December 2013 Euromaidan assault\nThe government claimed the need to maintain public order and the enforcement of a decision made by the Pecherskyi District Court, that was read by state bailiffs to the protesters. However, it was later established that such a procedure was illegal, as state executors only had the right to read decisions until 10pm. The court order was also explicit in the fact that Vitali Klitschko was forbidden to hinder citizens moving along the main streets. Vitali Klitschko himself was not aware of this decision, nor was he given the opportunity to appeal it. People responsible for the assault against the protesters have not been identified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006408-0002-0000", "contents": "11 December 2013 Euromaidan assault, Events, Beginning of the assault\nThe Berkut special police units began their attempt to clear up Euromaidan at 1:02 am. The Berkut soldiers began to break down the barricades on Instytutska Street, while starting a fight with \"Freedom\" party deputies Ruslan Koshulynskyi, Oleksii Kaida, Andrii Mishchenko and Oleh Osuhovskyi. Two of the deputies sustained injuries on their faces and bodies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006408-0003-0000", "contents": "11 December 2013 Euromaidan assault, Events, Beginning of the assault\nAt 1:33\u00a0a.m. Andriy Shevchenko informed the protesters that Berkut forces were going to break the barricades from the side of Mykhailivska Square. Violent fights occurred in the Square as the Berkut started destroying the barricade on Instytutska Street, and Titushky started plundering the camp. Although the government  concentrated a large number of security forces around the square, protesters did not give up and their number eventually grew. Berkut used tear gas on the protesters and the clouds of smoke were visible over the crowd as reports about arrested and injured people, including MPs, were being aired in the news. Calls for the mass mobilization of Kyiv citizens to the Maidan were spread and many people responded to the call.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006408-0004-0000", "contents": "11 December 2013 Euromaidan assault, Events, Main assault\nThe Berkut suspended their assault and protesters were given shields, which were obtained from the Berkut. The Berkut began to regroup and move against the protesters once again. Unarmed protesters with linked arms had been holding the Euromaidan defense line for three hours against the large mass of Berkut from the Instytutska street side of the square. The number of people at Euromaidan grew, but the leaders of Berkut were also trying to regroup their forces in order to attack from the other side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006408-0004-0001", "contents": "11 December 2013 Euromaidan assault, Events, Main assault\nSeveral titushky (thugs) sprang out from the Prorizna street and started to attack people with the intent to organize a hash. There were more than 15 thousand people on the Maidan at this time. The Berkut continued trying to break into the Trade Unions Building. With the number of people on the Maidan increasing, the Berkut came closer to the Maidan and tried to encircle it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006408-0005-0000", "contents": "11 December 2013 Euromaidan assault, Events, Bells of the Maidan\nAs 4,000 Berkut soldiers attacked the square, the bell-ringer of the St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery Ivan Sydor (of the UOC-KP), rang the bells in alarm. The bells rang constantly from 1am to 5am, \"urging people to go to the main square of the capital and support the protesters who were threatened by Yanukovych\u2019s security forces.\" 8 hours after the assault had begun, Maidan self-defense units stabilized the Euromaidan perimeter by pushing the Berkut fighters back beyond the barricades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006408-0006-0000", "contents": "11 December 2013 Euromaidan assault, Aftermath\nThe forceful assault of the peaceful protesters is mostly seen by observers as unreasonable. Observers have stated that if Yanukovych simply let the protesters be, the demonstrations would have died out. Due to the violent and illegal crackdown by authorities, the demonstration proved to be a success. The warning alarm system of the National Resistance Headquarters enabled activists to come by cars, public transport and some taxis gave free rides. The illegal court order served by the assaulting forces was not executed and the government didn't attempt to enforce it again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006408-0007-0000", "contents": "11 December 2013 Euromaidan assault, Aftermath\nUltimately, the Euromaidan protest and its crackdown contributed to the collapse of Yanukovych's government in February 2014. Scholars noted that the demonstration showed an unprecedented tenacity and self-organization on the part of the protesters - phenomena that are considered unique in post-Soviet mass mobilization. Specifically, this aspect also gave rise to an emergent volunteer movement and the rise in activism of civil society groups in Ukraine. The majority of the protesters were not affiliated with any political organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006408-0008-0000", "contents": "11 December 2013 Euromaidan assault, Aftermath\nThe Euromaidan protest also has bearing on the Russian response to the protest and Yanukovych ouster. Its annexation of Crimea and its military incursion into Ukraine were activities that - for a number of observers - indicate a fear of having to contend with \"a Maidan of its own, about exercising control in its 'spheres of interests and influence' and about contradictions between East and West, as perceived by Russia.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006408-0009-0000", "contents": "11 December 2013 Euromaidan assault, Aftermath\nOn 20 February 2019, priest Ivan Sydor, who had rung the bell of the St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery, received the Ukrainian Order of Merit of the third class \"[f]or civic courage, selfless defence of the constitutional principles of democracy, human rights and freedoms, discovered during the Revolution of Dignity, fruitful public and volunteering activities\". On 4 April 2019, it was reported that Ivan Sydor had received his Ukrainian Order of Merit of the third class from Yevhen Nyshchuk, the Ukrainian Minister for Culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006408-0010-0000", "contents": "11 December 2013 Euromaidan assault, Gallery\nMaidan defenders on Institutskaya Street are ready to defend themselves", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006408-0011-0000", "contents": "11 December 2013 Euromaidan assault, Gallery\nDefenders of the Maidan are holding back the onset of Berkut", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006409-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Diagonal Street\n11 Diagonal Street is a skyscraper in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was built in 1983 to a height of 80 metres. It is designed to look like a diamond as it reflects different views of the Central Business District from each angle of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006409-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Diagonal Street, Current Use\nThe building is currently used by the department of Development Planning & Local Government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006410-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Downing Street\n11 Downing Street (sometimes referred to as just Number 11) is the official residence of Britain's Chancellor of the Exchequer (who traditionally also has the title of Second Lord of the Treasury). The residence, in Downing Street in London, was built alongside the official residence of the Prime Minister at Number 10 in 1682.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006410-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Downing Street\nThe first Chancellor to live there was Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice in 1806, but Number 11 did not become the Chancellor's official residence until 1828.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006410-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Downing Street\nFrom 2016, Prime Ministers Theresa May and Boris Johnson moved from 10 Downing Street to 11, as its residential apartment is much larger. However, technically the Prime Minister's home is classed as number 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006410-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Downing Street, Background\nNumber 11 is part of a charcoal-brick Georgian-era converted mansion. The building overlooks St. James's Park and Horse Guards Parade and consists\u2014from left to right\u2014of Numbers 12, 11 and 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006410-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Downing Street, Background\nNumber 11 is located on the left side of Number 10, the official residence of the Prime Minister (or First Lord of the Treasury) since the early 19th century. Number 12, to the left of Number 11, is the official residence of the Chief Whip, but it is now used as the Prime Minister's press office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006410-0005-0000", "contents": "11 Downing Street, Background\nAs a result of many internal alterations over the years, the three terraced houses are internally a single complex; one can walk from number 11 to number 10, via an internal connecting door, without using the street doors. The Cabinet Office on Whitehall is also directly connected to these at its rear making up an executive office of the prime Minister and senior Privy Councillors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006410-0006-0000", "contents": "11 Downing Street, Background\nThe terraced house was one of several built by Sir George Downing between 1682 and 1684. It was altered c. 1723\u201335; refaced  c. 1766\u201375 by Kenton Couse and with early C.19 alterations. Along with Number 10, it underwent a major reconstruction by Raymond Erith, 1960\u201364. Despite reconstruction, the interior retains a fine staircase with carved bracket tread ends and three slender turned balusters per tread. The fine Dining Room of 1825\u201326 is by Sir John Soane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006410-0007-0000", "contents": "11 Downing Street, Recent occupancy\nWhen Tony Blair became Prime Minister in 1997 he chose to reside in Number 11, rather than Number 10, as it has a larger living area; Blair at that time was living with his wife and their several young children, while Gordon Brown, his Chancellor of the Exchequer, was at that point still a bachelor. In 2007, when Brown became Prime Minister, he at first chose to live in Number 11, but soon moved back to Number 10; Brown was by then married but had fewer children than the Blairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006410-0008-0000", "contents": "11 Downing Street, Recent occupancy\nFollowing the 2010 general election, the incoming prime minister, David Cameron, moved into 11, instead of 10 Downing Street, because George Osborne chose to remain in his Notting Hill home. In early August 2011, Osborne moved into Number 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006410-0009-0000", "contents": "11 Downing Street, Recent occupancy\nPrime Minister Boris Johnson and, until his resignation in February 2020, Chancellor of the Exchequer Sajid Javid continued the recent practice of residing in the flats traditionally used by their counterparts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006410-0010-0000", "contents": "11 Downing Street, Recent occupancy\nIn March 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson refurbished the residential apartment at Number 11. An Electoral Commission inquiry is investigating the financing of this refurbishment. This is known in the press as the Cash-for-Curtains scandal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006411-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Dreams\n11 Dreams is the third album by Danish extreme metal band Mercenary, released through Century Media Records. The original version was released in 2004, that being in Europe, the American version was released one year later, in 2005. The U.S. release contained two bonus tracks, one being a 3D version of the song \"11 Dreams\", and another being a radio edit of the song. This is the first album featuring Mike Park on drums and Martin Buus on lead guitars. This is also the final album to feature founding member Henrik \"Kral\" Andersen on bass guitar and death growls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006411-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Dreams, Reception\n\"Denmark's Mercenary are following bands like In Flames and Soilwork in terms of adding more symphonic and melodic elements to their brand of extreme metal with their latest release 11 Dreams. A greater emphasis is placed on catchy vocal hooks, where the clean vocal passages from Mikkel Sandager trade off with the more aggressive death/black metal stylings from bass player Henrik 'Kral' Andersen.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006411-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Dreams, Reception\n\"Highly progressive, Mercenary are influenced by bands like Soilwork, In Flames, Nevermore, Sentenced, and pretty much anything Scandinavian and influential, as well as occasionally throwing in a bit of thrash.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006412-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Dyke Road, Brighton\nThe building at 11 Dyke Road in Brighton, part of the English city of Brighton and Hove, is now the Rialto Theatre, but it originally housed the Swan Downer School for poor girls, for whom it was designed and built in 1867 by prolific architect George Somers Leigh Clarke. The highly ornate brick structure, in a \"freely inventive\" European Gothic style, has also served as a chapel and an office since it was vacated by the school, whose pupils were recognisable around Brighton in their blue and white uniform. English Heritage has listed the building at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006412-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Dyke Road, Brighton, History\nBrighton's rapid growth from small fishing village to high-class seaside resort was set in motion in the late 18th century by factors such as royal patronage, the popularity (especially among the upper classes) of local doctor Richard Russell's \"seawater cure\" and better transport links. The population rose from about 2,000 in 1751, at the start of this growth period, to 65,569 in 1851, by which time it was the 15th largest town in England and Wales. By 1871, another 25,000 people had moved to the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006412-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Dyke Road, Brighton, History\nThe speed of development caused problems: many people lived in poverty, and access to schools was inadequate. Poor people from across the mostly rural county of Sussex moved to Brighton, by far its largest town, in search of employment; but service jobs were not secure and were mostly seasonal. Poor urban planning and the lack of piped water and sewage disposal made living conditions dangerous. Education for poor people was also substandard: until the Elementary Education Act 1870 was passed, there was no centralised provision of schooling for children below secondary level. Churches, private individuals and charitable institutions provided what they could.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006412-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Dyke Road, Brighton, History\nOne such person was Dr Swan Downer, a rich trader from London, who founded the Swan Downer School for poor girls in 1816 or 1819 at 12 Gardner Street in the North Laine area. In his will, he left \u00a37,100 (\u00a3542,600 as of 2021) for the continuation of his work, and another \u00a35,000 (\u00a3382,100 as of 2021) to provide a clothing fund for poor adults. Part of this endowment was used to build a Swan Downer school on land at the bottom of the road leading from central Brighton to Devil's Dyke on the South Downs. (Its address was originally given as 91 North Street, but the building faced Dyke Road and was later redesignated 13 Dyke Road and later still 11 Dyke Road.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006412-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Dyke Road, Brighton, History\nRev. Henry Michell Wagner, the Vicar of Brighton for much of the 19th century, laid the school's first stone in June 1867. He spent much of his time and money helping Brighton's poor people, commissioning and paying for six churches where sittings were free (not subject to \"pew rents\"\u2014an expensive 19th-century tradition in the Church of England) and getting involved in the provision of schools, houses and other institutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006412-0004-0001", "contents": "11 Dyke Road, Brighton, History\nThe architect commissioned was George Somers Leigh Clarke; he was not local, but both he and his son (also George) designed several buildings in Brighton, and another relative was the Clerk of the Vestry in Brighton for about 60 years. Somers Clarke senior's other works in Brighton were the School for the Blind (1861\u20131865)\u2014built in a Venetian Gothic style and considered \"one of the most interesting Victorian buildings in Brighton\", but demolished in 1958\u2014and the new fa\u00e7ade, tower and timber-framed roof of the former Holy Trinity Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006412-0005-0000", "contents": "11 Dyke Road, Brighton, History\nThe school catered for working-class girls for more than 70 years, until about 1939. They were provided with a uniform of blue frocks with white cuffs and collars. Changes to the provision of elementary education, brought about by the Education Act 1902 and the local education authority's opening of many new schools in the first decades of the 20th century, reduced the school's importance, and by 1939 it had become a chapel under the name Refuge Church. This use was brief; soon after World War II, the building was converted for commercial use, and several companies used it as offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006412-0005-0001", "contents": "11 Dyke Road, Brighton, History\nSince 1969, when it became \"Sloopy's Nitespot and Discotheque\", the building has been used as a nightclub. By 1990 it was operating as \"Fozzie's Club\"; it later became \"The Sanctuary\", \"The Shrine\", \"Club New York\" and \"The Church\" before being renamed \"New Hero\"\u2014the name it bore until its closure in 2011. In January 2012, the owners of a nightclub in Worthing announced that they wanted to convert the building into the \"House of the Lost\"\u2014a two-storey maze with a horror theme; planning permission for this was granted in April 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006412-0005-0002", "contents": "11 Dyke Road, Brighton, History\nBy 2014 the building was vacant again, and in October 2014 it was acquired by local lettings agency and theatre company founder Roger Kay. He announced plans to turn the building into a theatre. A planning application for internal alterations appropriate to its new use, such as the formation of a mezzanine floor and the installation of a stage and box office, was submitted in November 2014. It opened with the name Rialto Theatre on 4 December 2014 and provides a permanent home to Brighton companies Pretty Villain Productions and Unmasked Theatre. Rialto is firmly established as a multi-faceted entertainments venue and is particularly prominent at Brighton Fringe, the biggest arts festival in England, where many shows have received awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006412-0006-0000", "contents": "11 Dyke Road, Brighton, History\nThe former school was listed at Grade II by English Heritage on 5 July 1973. This status is given to \"nationally important buildings of special interest\". As of February 2001, it was one of 1,124 Grade II-listed buildings and structures, and 1,218 listed buildings of all grades, in the city of Brighton and Hove.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006412-0007-0000", "contents": "11 Dyke Road, Brighton, Architecture\nThe distinctive style of 11 Dyke Road has been described as French, Flemish or German Gothic Revival. Somers Clarke's \"freely inventive\" interpretation of that design was executed in brown brick with some red brickwork and stone dressings (now painted white). The steeply pitched roof is mostly tiled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006412-0008-0000", "contents": "11 Dyke Road, Brighton, Architecture\nThe building has two storeys and two bays facing east towards Dyke Road. The southern (entrance) bay is narrower, shorter and has a very steep hipped roof; a drawing in the architects' journal Building News in 1873 showed a tall fl\u00e8che on top of this roof. The door is set into an ogee-headed white-painted arch; the tympanum formed by the space between the arch and the door is decorated with carved scrolls and a shield. Around the door, columns terminate in intricate foliated capitals. A first-floor window with three lights has similar decoration above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006412-0008-0001", "contents": "11 Dyke Road, Brighton, Architecture\nIn front of the roof is a cornice and parapet with some decorative scrollwork. The main bay has two pairs of lancet windows on the ground floor and a large, four-light oriel window above. This projects from the surrounding brickwork and also has tall, extremely narrow windows on each side. Above each pane is a panel with tracery described as \"highly original\" and \"of great inventiveness\". The cornice above this has gargoyles at the corners, and the roof has a prominent crow-stepped gable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006413-0000-0000", "contents": "11 East Forsyth\n11 East Forsyth, formerly known as the Lynch Building and the American Heritage Life Building, is a historic structure in Jacksonville, Florida. Originally developed by Stephen Andrew Lynch, as its current name suggests, it is located at 11 East Forsyth Street in Downtown Jacksonville. On December 23, 2003, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006413-0001-0000", "contents": "11 East Forsyth\nVestcor invested more than $24 million to restore the building's exterior and transform the former offices into loft apartments, which tenants began to occupy during 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006413-0002-0000", "contents": "11 East Forsyth, Construction\nThe 17-story, 153,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (14,200\u00a0m2)  building originally contained commercial offices and was opened by entrepreneur and film pioneer Stephen Andrew Lynch. It was designed by architects Pringle & Smith in 1926 in the Chicago School style. It was constructed with limestone, marble and a facade of brick; the top of the structure contained a capital of terra-cotta. When it opened in 1926, it was Jacksonville's second tallest building, one floor less than the Barnett National Bank Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006413-0003-0000", "contents": "11 East Forsyth, Construction\nThe building was renovated in 1962 and renamed the American Heritage Life Building when it was utilized as home office of the American Heritage Life Insurance Company. When the company built a new headquarters and left the downtown during the late 1980s, the structure was unoccupied for many years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006413-0004-0000", "contents": "11 East Forsyth, Current use\nJacksonville developer Vestcor began a historic preservation of the building in 2002 after obtaining a $17.8 million, 1.5% interest, 20-year loan from the city of Jacksonville. The company restored many architectural features including polychromatic terra-cotta panels, decorative ceilings and steel panels. Elevators, HVAC, electrical, plumbing and other infrastructure was modernized and a six-story parking garage was constructed adjacent to the building. The second floor was converted into a large community club room, a fitness center and a media room. Modern amenities were added while respecting the historic integrity of the structure. The building was renamed to \"11 East Forsyth\" and 127 apartments were opened in 2003 after $24 million and a year of construction. A Starbucks coffee bistro opened, but subsequently closed, leaving no tenants in the 4,500\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (420\u00a0m2) of first-floor commercial space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 943]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006413-0005-0000", "contents": "11 East Forsyth, Current use\nIn late December 2009, Vestcor requested a modification to their loan terms, citing three years of operating losses at 11 East and their other renovated building, The Carling. The company asked for three years of interest-only payments plus low interest loans to potential tenants for the empty commercial space at 11 East. Three months later, the city approved the plan for principal deferral but took no action on tenant loans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006414-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Episodios Sinf\u00f3nicos\n11 Episodios Sinf\u00f3nicos (11 Symphonic Episodes) is a live album recorded by Gustavo Cerati at the Teatro Avenida of Buenos Aires on August 2001. Following the footsteps of other important artists, Cerati rearranged eleven tracks from his former band Soda Stereo as well as singles from his solo albums into symphonic melodies. The concert consisted of him singing while the orchestra played along while being directed by Alejandro Ter\u00e1n. A DVD was also released which featured four additional songs not included in the CD, as well as behind-the-scenes extras and a documentary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006414-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Episodios Sinf\u00f3nicos, Reception\nThe Allmusic review by Drago Bonacich awarded the album 4 stars stating \"The album brings a collection of greatest hits with well-crafted arrangements and sophisticated sounds, mostly delivered by violins and violoncellos. In addition, Cerati's seductive voice allows listeners to establish a captivating connection between rock en espa\u00f1ol and classical music. \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006415-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Regiment RLC\n11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Regiment RLC is a specialist regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps (RLC) responsible for counter terrorist Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD), the safe recovery or disposal of conventional munitions. The regiment also has an ammunition inspectorate role supporting the Inspector Explosives (Army). With headquarters in Didcot, the regiment has sub units geographically based throughout the UK to provide a nationwide high readiness response capability in support of the police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006415-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Regiment RLC, History\nThe regiment's history commences in the period immediately after World War II. At the time, the regional Commands HQs across the UK established Ammunition Inspectorates to oversee the drawdown of the vast stockpiles of ammunition in numerous sub depots across the country, much of it was still stocked alongside many of the roads in the countryside. These Command Ammunition Inspectorates, Northern Command, Southern Command etc. were eventually grouped into one unit, 1 Ammunition Inspection and Disposal Unit RAOC, (1 Ammo IDU) which formed on 15 March 1972 at Old Sarum in Wiltshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006415-0001-0001", "contents": "11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Regiment RLC, History\nIn April 1982, 1 Ammo IDU became 11 Ordnance Battalion (EOD) and was relocated to Didcot. Some 11 years later the battalion was retitled to 11 EOD Regiment RLC following the formation of the RLC on 5 April 1993. In June 2018 the Regiment was renamed to 11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Regiment RLC in recognition of the importance of Search within the Explosive Ordnance Disposal community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006415-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Regiment RLC, Role\nThe unit is responsible for providing EOD (Improvised Explosive Device Disposal (IEDD), Conventional Munitions Disposal (CMD), Biological and Chemical Munitions Disposal (BCMD) and Radiological and Nuclear Munitions Disposal) and Ammunition Technical support to Defence and Other Government Departments in order to support Land Forces Command Capability on UK mainland (Great Britain & Northern Ireland) and overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 60], "content_span": [61, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006415-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Regiment RLC, Honours\nThe Regiment is based at Vauxhall Barracks, Didcot, Oxfordshire having moved there from Old Sarum in 1982. Due to its long and close association with the town, the Regiment was awarded the Freedom of Didcot on 17 September 2007 and were conferred \"the honour and distinction of exercising all customary Regimental Privileges when parading in or marching through the Town of Didcot\". The Regiment exercised its right to march through the town of Didcot on 22 September 2007 led by the Commanding Officer Lt Col RL Maybery QGM RLC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006415-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Regiment RLC, Honours\nOn 19 November 2010, in a ceremony at Didcot Parkway railway station, a High Speed Train locomotive, no. 43087 operated by Great Western Railway (FGW), was named 11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal Regiment Royal Logistic Corps. The ceremony was attended by Lt Col Gareth Bex (Commanding Officer); soldiers of the Regiment; Mark Hopwood, of FGW; Keith Mitchell, leader of the county council; and the MP for Wantage, Ed Vaizey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006415-0005-0000", "contents": "11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Regiment RLC, Honours\nOn 15 March 2018 the regiment were awarded the Firmin Sword of Peace, one of the highest accolades that can be bestowed upon a military unit. The award reflected in particular the regiment's specialist search operations during the Didcot Power Station tragedy (Operation BRIDLED) and the safe disposal of the hazardous chemical 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) from school laboratories nationwide which posed an explosive threat to UK school children (Op MATSU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006416-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Flowers\n11 Flowers (Chinese: \u621111; pinyin: w\u01d2 sh\u00ed y\u012b) is a 2011 film directed by Wang Xiaoshuai centered on a boy named Wang Han who loses his white shirt which shows that he is his school's best gymnast. The loss of the shirt is to take on greater metaphorical meaning as the film progresses which is inspired by the director's own experience as a youth during the cultural revolution and the more general confusion of childhood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006417-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Freunde\n11 Freunde (German for 11 friends) is a monthly German sports magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006417-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Freunde\nThe magazine was founded in 2000 by Reinaldo Coddou H. and Philipp K\u00f6ster. K\u00f6ster is also its editor-in-chief. It is published monthly in Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006417-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Freunde\nThe magazine sees itself within the tradition of English football magazines like When Saturday Comes, or the German \"Der t\u00f6dliche Pass\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006417-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Freunde\nThe magazine's name was inspired by a quote from a football tactics book by Richard Girulatis (1920): \"Elf (11) Freunde m\u00fcsst ihr sein, wenn ihr Siege wollt erringen\", which can be translated as if you want to win, you have to be eleven friends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006417-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Freunde\nSince 2010 a jury elects the best footballing actors every year. Player, manager, coaching team, newcomer, character, referee, fan initiative of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006417-0005-0000", "contents": "11 Freunde, History\nSince 2009 an enclosure for women football is made, 11 Freundinnen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006417-0006-0000", "contents": "11 Freunde, History\nSince 2010 the magazine elects the best footballing actors. Player, manager, coach, newcomer, character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006417-0007-0000", "contents": "11 Freunde, History\nSince 2017 it elects coaching team of the year, instead of coach of the year, and the referee of the year is elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006418-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Harrowhouse\n11 Harrowhouse is a 1974 British DeLuxe Color comedy thriller film directed by Aram Avakian and starring Charles Grodin, Candice Bergen, James Mason, Trevor Howard, and John Gielgud in Panavision. It was adapted by Charles Grodin based upon the novel by Gerald A. Browne with the screenplay by Jeffrey Bloom. It was made at Pinewood Studios with extensive location shooting in London, Ragley Hall in Warwickshire and at Quainton Road railway station. The film's sets were designed by the art director Peter Mullins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006418-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Harrowhouse, Plot\nIn England, a small-time diamond merchant (Charles Grodin) is unexpectedly offered the chance to supervise the purchase and cutting of an extremely large diamond to be named after its wealthy owner (Trevor Howard). When the diamond is stolen from him, he is blackmailed into pulling off a major heist at \"The System,\" located at 11 Harrowhouse Street, City of London with the help of his beautiful and wealthy girlfriend (Candice Bergen). The key figure in the theft, however, is the inside man, Watts (James Mason) who works in the vault at The System. Watts is dying of cancer and wants to leave his family financially secure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006418-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Harrowhouse, Plot\nAlthough \"The System\" has an elaborate network of defences and alarms against intruders, the robbery is carried out at night by gaining access to the roof from an adjacent property and threading a hosepipe down a conduit into the vault, where Watts uses it to vacuum up thousands of rough diamonds out of their drawers. The thieves leave before the robbery is discovered, and when found in the vault in the morning, Watts claims to have eaten the gems. Before he can confess, Watts deliberately swallows poison and dies at 11 Harrowhouse Street. Most of the loot is buried in concrete, to prevent it flooding the market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006418-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Harrowhouse, Reviews\nVariety gave the film a negative review, stating that \"Grodin messes up the film with ineffective shy-guy acting, and clobbers it with catatonic voice-over that is supposed to be funny\" and adding that \"Howard and Mason appear close to embarrassed in their roles.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006418-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Harrowhouse, Versions\nThe film has been screened in two versions in the past - both with and without a retrospective commentary from Grodin's character, H.R. Chesser. The version without commentary plays under two alternate titles, either Anything for Love or Fast Fortune. Neither version was broadcast often on television; the version without the commentary was the most widely available for purchase for a time. The film was released on LaserDisc by Fox Video in Widescreen Format and with the commentary intact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006418-0005-0000", "contents": "11 Harrowhouse, Home media\nOn 2 February 2011, Shout! Factory released the film on Region 1 DVD. Years later in 1987, when Grodin was on \"Late Night with David Letterman\", he was promoting a book he wrote called \"It Would Be So Nice If You Weren't Here.\" The title came from when Grodin and Bergen were in a side room of the castle location of 11 Harrowhouse waiting for the next shot to be set up. The owner of the castle asked Grodin if someone asked them to be standing in the room, he said no. The woman replied \"It would be so nice if you weren't here\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006419-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Hoyt\n11 Hoyt is a residential skyscraper in the Downtown Brooklyn neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, designed by architect Studio Gang with executive architect Hill West and developed by real estate conglomerate Tishman Speyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006419-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Hoyt, History and construction\nTishman Speyer purchased the site in August 2015. Three lenders\u2014JPMorgan Chase, Starwood Property Trust, and iStar\u2014provided $380 million in financing for the deal. The building's facade was constructed in Canada. The building topped out in June 2019, and was completed in 2021. The building is Tishman Speyer's first residential building in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006419-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Hoyt, History and construction\nSales for condominiums in the building launched in September 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006419-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Hoyt, History and construction\nThe building is part of the larger Tishman-led project to redevelop the former Macy's branch in Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006419-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Hoyt, Design\nThe building's exterior somewhat resembles that of 8 Spruce Street, designed by architect Frank Gehry. Jeanne Gang has said the building's facade was inspired by townhouses in Brooklyn, many of which include bay windows. The interiors were designed by Michaelis Boyd, and the units have two possible color palettes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006419-0005-0000", "contents": "11 Hoyt, Usage\nThe building is residential, with 481 condominium residences. It also includes 40,000 square feet (3,700\u00a0m2) of retail space. The day care Petits Poussins signed a lease for space in the building in June 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006420-0000-0000", "contents": "11 June 2013 Kabul bombing\nA suicide bomb attack took place on the Supreme Court of Afghanistan in Kabul on 11 June 2013. At least 16 people died and 40 others were injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006420-0001-0000", "contents": "11 June 2013 Kabul bombing, Attack\nThe perpetrator drove a car filled with explosives into buses which were carrying court employees including judges. The Taliban took responsibility for the attack by saying that they delivered a blow to judges who obeyed to Western powers. The attack came a day after militants attacked Kabul International Airport", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006421-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Lacertae\n11 Lacertae is a star in the northern constellation of Lacerta. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.46. It lies at a distance of about 333\u00a0light years and has an absolute magnitude -0.54. The object is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221210.9\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006421-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Lacertae\nThis is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K2.5\u00a0III. It is a red clump giant, meaning it is fusing helium in its core after passing through the red giant branch. The star is 3.2\u00a0billion years old with 1.38 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 27.7 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 204 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,352\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006422-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Ladygate, Beverley\n11 Ladygate is located close to the market place and centre of the historic town of Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. This unassuming building represents what would have been normal and common in the middle ages when the town prospered from the wool trade. Ladygate has another timber-framed building of 16th or 17th century origin at 19-21 Ladygate. The street which runs the full length of the market place is predominately consists of later 18th and 19th century dwellings and businesses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006422-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Ladygate, Beverley\nThis 14th-century building is constructed from timber-frames brick and a clay pan-tile roof. The limited 13 feet width of the property was determined by the beam of the Hanse cogs bringing timber from Scandinavia and Poland into the docks probably at Hull or Beverley Beck. This two storey shop has a loading bay above the shop front and a wooden staircase at the rear. The timber framing can be seen along the passageway to the left of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006422-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Ladygate, Beverley\nThe shop keeper would have lived above the business and as the property would have been let as just the walls and floor,  the tenant would have taken the staircase with them when the lease ended. This building's timber framing has been dated  by taking a core of wood from its timber. The sample would be then examined under a lower power microscope to compare the width and number of tree-rings to that of a known date. This is known as Dendrochronology the scientific method of dating using the annual nature of tree growth. The building is listed as Grade II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006423-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Leonis Minoris\n11 Leonis Minoris is a binary star located 36.5\u00a0light years away from Earth, in the northern constellation of Leo Minor. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, yellow-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.54. The system is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +14.4\u00a0km/s. It has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.764\u00a0arc seconds per annum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006423-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Leonis Minoris\nThe primary component is a G-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of G8V, which is slightly less massive and slightly dimmer than the Sun. This is an RS Canum Venaticorum variable star with its luminosity varying by 0.033 magnitudes over a period of 18 days. Compared to the Sun, it has more than double the abundance of elements more massive than helium\u2014what astronomers term the star's metallicity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006423-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Leonis Minoris\nThere is a secondary component, a 14th magnitude red dwarf star much dimmer than the primary. The pair have an orbital period of 201\u00a0years with a high eccentricity of 0.88.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006424-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Librae\n11 Librae is a single, fifth-magnitude star in the southern zodiac constellation of Libra. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude is 4.93. The star is moving closer to the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of +83.6\u00a0km/s. The distance to this star, as estimated from its annual parallax shift of 14.92\u00b10.40\u00a0mas, is about 219\u00a0light years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006424-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Librae\nThis star has a stellar classification of K0\u00a0III/IV, indicating the spectrum displays mixed traits of a giant/subgiant K-type star. Alves (2000) and Af\u015far et al. (2012) classify it as a red clump star, which means it is an evolved star on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion in its core region. It is about five billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 4\u00a0km/s. The star has 1.1 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to over 10 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating around 59 times the Sun's radius from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of about 4,749\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006425-0000-0000", "contents": "11 May 2016 Baghdad bombings\nOn 11 May 2016, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) conducted a series of attacks in and near Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, killing at least 110 people and wounding more than 165. According to ISIL, attacks were aimed at Shia fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006425-0001-0000", "contents": "11 May 2016 Baghdad bombings, Attacks\nThe first attack, a truck bombing, exploded in a crowded outdoor market in the eastern part of Sadr City, killing mostly women and children. Later in the day, a suicide attack occurred in the Shiite Kadhimiya neighborhood, killing 18 and wounding 43. In the Jamea district in western Baghdad, another car bomb went off in the afternoon, killing at least 13 people. At least seven people were killed and twenty others were wounded in the car bomb explosion that took place in al-Rabie\u2019 street in western Baghdad. More bombings killed over 101 people on May 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006425-0002-0000", "contents": "11 May 2016 Baghdad bombings, Attacks\nThere were also many attacks outside of Baghdad of the same day, some attributed to ISIL. Five mortar shells fell near residential houses in the vicinity near Baqubah, resulting in the death of two civilians and wounding three others. An explosive device that was emplaced on the roadside near Baqubah went off while a taxi was passing in the area, resulting in the injury of two persons that were inside it. Five young civilians volunteered to shoot five Iraqi soldiers, accused of apostasy, in their heads for ISIL. The attacks were preceded by another bombing in Samawa on May 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006425-0003-0000", "contents": "11 May 2016 Baghdad bombings, Background\nIraqi Shia militias are fighting alongside the Iraqi army against the Sunni Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). The area of Sadr City saw repeated attacks targeting its Shia population. In February 2016 a pair of ISIL bombings in Sadr City killed 52 people. The market bombed on 11 May is one of the main four outdoor shopping venues in Sadr City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006425-0004-0000", "contents": "11 May 2016 Baghdad bombings, Bombing\nAccording to an eyewitness, the bomb in Sadr City was placed in a pickup truck loaded with fruit and vegetables. The truck had parked and then its driver quickly disappeared among the crowd, according to an eyewitness who also noted that the explosion jolted the ground. The responsibility for the attack was claimed by ISIL, which released a related statement on social media saying it intended to target Shiite fighters. Iraqi officials denied ISIL's claim that the attack was carried out by a suicide bomber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006426-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Minutes (film)\n11 Minutes (Polish: 11 minut) is a 2015 thriller film written and directed by Jerzy Skolimowski. It stars Richard Dormer, Paulina Chapko, Wojciech Mecwaldowski, Andrzej Chyra, Dawid Ogrodnik, Agata Buzek, Piotr Glowacki, Mateusz Ko\u015bciukiewicz, Ifi Ude, Jan Nowicki, Anna Maria Buczek, and Lukasz Sikora. Set in Warsaw, it tells the story of multiple people's lives over the course of eleven minutes in a single day. The film had its world premiere in the Competition section at the 72nd Venice International Film Festival on 9 September 2015. It was selected as the Polish entry for the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 88th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006426-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Minutes (film), Plot\nA contemporary big city and a group of its inhabitants, whose lives are intertwined with each other. The same 11 minutes from the lives of different characters presented in parallel stories: an obsessively jealous husband, his wife-actress, a sneaky Hollywood director, a drug courier, a hot dog vendor with an obscure past, a girl with a beloved dog, a frustrated student on a risky mission, a mountaineer cleaning hotel windows, an ambulance crew, a group of nuns and an old painter. Before the last second of the eleventh minute, their fate is linked by an event that will definitely affect their lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006426-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Minutes (film), Production\nJerzy Skolimowski described the film as \"an answer to the Hollywood action movies.\" The film was primarily shot in Warsaw. Additional filming took place in Dublin, as well as the Alvernia Studios near Cracow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006426-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Minutes (film), Release\nThe film had its world premiere in the Competition section at the 72nd Venice International Film Festival on 9 September 2015. It was also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival, the BFI London Film Festival, the Gdynia Film Festival, the Geneva International Film Festival, the Lisbon & Estoril Film Festival, the Cork Film Festival, the Camerimage, and the Trieste Film Festival. It was released in Poland on 23 October 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006426-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Minutes (film), Reception, Critical reception\nOn review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 67% based on 15 reviews, and a weighted average rating of 5.6/10. On Metacritic, the film has a score 51 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006426-0005-0000", "contents": "11 Minutes (film), Reception, Critical reception\nChuck Bowen of Slant Magazine gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, writing, \"The directorial ingenuity of 11 Minutes is so evident and flamboyant that it's tempting to overlook the accomplishments of Skolimowski\u2019s script, which abounds in shorthand and overheated implication.\" He added, \"The film's final Rube Goldberg-ian flourish refutes the banal humanity of many multiple-character studies, convincingly insisting that only death shall bring us together, unifying our vastly differing gulfs of emotional experience.\" David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter described the film as \"an empty feat of technical virtuosity driven by a bleakly obvious vision of the murky morality of the post-9/11 world.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006427-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Minutes (song)\n\"11 Minutes\" is a song by English musician Yungblud and American singer-songwriter Halsey, featuring American musician Travis Barker of rock group Blink-182. The song was released by Locomotion Recordings and Geffen Records on 13 February 2019. \"11 Minutes\" was written by Yungblud, Halsey, Matt Schwartz, and Brynley Rose Plumb. Production was handled by his main collaborator Matt Schwartz as well as Chris Greatti, and Zakk Cervini. An official remix of the song by American DJ Kayzo was also released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006427-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Minutes (song), Live performances\nYungblud, Halsey, and Barker performed \"11 Minutes\" live at the 2019 iHeartRadio Music Awards. During the performance, Yungblud and Halsey played electric guitars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006427-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Minutes (song), Music video\nOn February 21, 2019 a music video was released on YouTube showing the 5 stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. It was directed by music video director and filmmaker Colin Tilley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006428-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Nissan\nYud Aleph Nissan, the 11th day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar (Hebrew: \u05d9\"\u05d0 \u05e0\u05d9\u05e1\u05df\u200e) is the birthday of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1902\u20131994), the last leader of the Chabad dynasty of Hasidism until his death in 1994, and is celebrated by his followers as a festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006428-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Nissan\nThe day has been marked by public parades since 1992, when Rabbi Schneerson, was in 770 Eastern Parkway recovering from a stroke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006428-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Nissan\nThe first public recognition of Rabbi Schneerson's birthday was by his personal envoy to Washington DC, Rabbi Abraham Shemtov, who urged congresspersons to persuade President Jimmy Carter to declare the day Education and Sharing Day in his honor in 1978. The day has been declared Education and Sharing Day by all succeeding U.S. presidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006428-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Nissan\nThe day is marked with many Mitzvah Tank parades around the world and with an annual official Tzivos Hashem rally, particularly in Crown Heights, Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006429-0000-0000", "contents": "11 November 2018 Mayotte seismic event\nThe 11 November 2018 Mayotte seismic event is a seismic event of unknown origin that occurred about 24 kilometres (15\u00a0mi) off the coast of Mayotte, an overseas department and region of France in the Indian Ocean. It was recorded by seismograms globally, including in Kenya, Chile, New Zealand, Canada, and Hawaii, almost 18,000 kilometres (11,000\u00a0mi) away. Despite this, no one felt it. The seismic waves lasted for over 20 minutes. Most earthquakes have P waves and S waves, which are later followed by long-period surface waves. The Mayotte event lacked P-waves and S-waves, but did cause a long-period surface wave travelling at 14,000\u00a0km/h (9,000\u00a0mph) around the globe. Additionally, the signal released by the earthquake resembled a clean \"zigzag,\" while most earthquake waves have multiple frequencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006429-0001-0000", "contents": "11 November 2018 Mayotte seismic event, Cause\nThe cause of the event was initially unknown, but scientists from the French Geological Survey believe it may have been caused by an underwater volcano, and also related to an earthquake swarm nearby. The island of Mayotte had experienced hundreds of tremors since May 2018, including a magnitude 5.8 earthquake on 15 May. The quakes had been tapering off until the event occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 45], "content_span": [46, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006429-0002-0000", "contents": "11 November 2018 Mayotte seismic event, Cause\nAnother possible explanation that was suggested was that magma from a volcanic chamber approximately 16\u00a0km (10\u00a0mi) miles underneath the seafloor near Mayotte had suddenly drained, which could have led to the collapse of the roof of the chamber, causing the vibrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 45], "content_span": [46, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006429-0003-0000", "contents": "11 November 2018 Mayotte seismic event, Cause\nIn May 2019, a recently formed 800 meter high undersea volcano was found in the area of the event. This volcano is now assumed to have been the cause of the tremors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 45], "content_span": [46, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006430-0000-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock\n11 O'Clock is a 1948 action film directed by Homi Wadia. It starred Fearless Nadia, John Cawas, Atish Sayani and Aftab. The Austin car, which was a regular in most Fearless Nadia films, was given a billing with the main cast as \"Austin Ki Bacchi\" (daughter of Austin). The music was composed by Chitragupta. Homi Wadia had left Wadia Movietone, having parted ways with his brother JBH Wadia and started his own film company called Basant Pictures. He was to continue with the action genre, but produced more mythological films under this banner. His co-sponsor was M. B. Billimoria, who also distributed the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006430-0001-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock, Plot\nSuresh (John Cawas) has been left \u20b91,000,000 (equivalent to \u20b991\u00a0million or US$1.3\u00a0million in 2019) by his uncle in his will. The stipulation is that he has to be married and reach the lawyer's office by 11 O'Clock the next morning. The money will otherwise go to his cousin Harish. He entreats Harish to help him find a bride, but under the pretense of helping him, Harish tries to foil his plans. With help from Lakshmi (Fearless Nadia) and a friend called Tattu, who has the Austin, they manage to make it on time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006430-0002-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock, Production\nHomi Wadia made 152 films under his Basant Pictures banner. Most were mythological, and several were action-adventure films starring Fearless Nadia. He made use of the same sets several times to save money. Like all his other action films, this too had Nadia doing her stunts, fist raised in the air, western clothes, running over trains, fist-fighting bad guys and hefting them on her shoulders, to make the formula-driven genre be understood and accepted by the audiences by just seeing the poster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006430-0003-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock, Soundtrack\nThe film's music was composed by Chitragupta, with lyrics written by Rajjan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0000-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock\n\"11 O'Clock Tick Tock\" is a song by Irish rock band U2. It was released as a single on 16 May 1980, and was produced by Martin Hannett. It followed their debut EP Three and the single \"Another Day.\" It was the group's first release for Island Records. The song's lyrics were written by lead vocalist Bono based on his experience at a Cramps concert in London, where he watched a \"lifeless, goth-style\" crowd from the balcony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0001-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock\nAfter Island signed U2 in March 1980, the label recommended the band work with Hannett, believing he could improve their studio recordings without losing the energy of their live performances. Hannett travelled to Dublin in April 1980 to record \"11 O'Clock Tick Tock\" at Windmill Lane Studios. The group were impressed by Hannett's technically innovative production but had a difficult experience with him. They found him to be an eccentric personality and believed he had imposed his distinctive production style on their music. Although Hannett was in consideration to produce U2's debut album Boy, the band ultimately decided to hire Steve Lillywhite instead, beginning a career-spanning working relationship with him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0002-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock\n\"11 O'Clock Tick Tock\" did not chart at the time of its original release but later did after subsequent U2 releases: in January 1984, the song reached number 30 on the US Rock Albums & Top Tracks chart after its inclusion on the band's live album Under a Blood Red Sky a few months prior; in 2020, the song reached number 69 on the Irish Singles Chart after it was reissued for Record Store Day in commemoration of its 40th anniversary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0003-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock, Background\nAfter signing a record deal with Island Records in March 1980, U2 began making plans to record an album and a single. Island A&R representative Nick Stewart was looking for a record producer who would improve the quality of the band's studio recordings without losing the energy of their live performances. He recommended they work with Martin Hannett, who was producing post-punk group Joy Division\u2014U2's favourite band at the time, according to U2 lead vocalist Bono.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0003-0001", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock, Background\nStewart thought Hannett would give them the push that they needed; he said of the producer: \"The man had something that very few producers have\u2014Phil Spector's one, George Martin's another. He was a genius.\" Stewart's assistant Annie Roseberry called Hannett a perfectionist who stood out from most producers of the time. U2 travelled to England to meet with Hannett, where they observed the recording sessions for Joy Division's single \"Love Will Tear Us Apart\". They played Hannett a demo of \"11 O'Clock Tick Tock\", and although he was not impressed with the recording, he liked the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0004-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock, Recording\nHannett travelled to Dublin for the recording session, which took place at Windmill Lane Studios from 5\u20136 April 1980 on Easter weekend. He was not impressed with the studio's facilities and made the band rent equipment from London. Windmill Lane sound engineer Kevin Moloney called it a \"wild, wild session\" and said that Hannett lived up to his reputation as a \"mad genius\". The producer did creative things with electronics during the session that the band had never heard before. He obsessed over details and insisted that each sound be isolated and recorded separately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0004-0001", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock, Recording\nHe crafted the song's bassline by recording each individual note played by bassist Adam Clayton on a separate track before sequencing them together. Moloney thought the band were \"freaked out\" by Hannett's eccentric personality and attitude. They  suspected him of using acid in the studio; at one point, Hannett fell backwards out of his chair and exclaimed, \"Jesus Christ! I've just hallucinated a gherkin!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0005-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock, Recording\nThe group were nervous during the session, having never recorded in a studio with a proper producer before. Clayton believes that nervousness affected the band's performances. The rhythm section, in particular, had issues playing at a consistent tempo, as they continually sped up during the song. Hannett asked drummer Larry Mullen Jr. to use a click track to stay in time, but Mullen was unsure he could play with one, having never done so before. At one point, Hannett said to guitarist the Edge, \"What are we going to do?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0005-0001", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock, Recording\nIt's three in the morning and the rhythm section can't play in time together!\" During the session, fellow Dublin band the Atrix confronted U2 at the studio and accused them of plagiarising the guitar riff of \"11 O'Clock Tick Tock\" from their song \"Treasure on the Wasteland\". After the Atrix left, U2 were in a dour mood, uncertain how to remedy the situation. Engineer Paul Thomas suggested adding a backwards recording of a cymbal to the song, which they did.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0006-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock, Recording\nAfter completing the backing track, Hannett was keen to record the vocals and begin mixing, but the Edge felt that they \"could do a bit more\" and suggested overdubbing additional guitar parts. Hannett was baffled but told the Edge to proceed. The guitarist walked into the recording room unsure what he would play and improvised a harmony to the main guitar riff. Hannett was excited by the addition, saying: \"God, it sounds like brass. I love it!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0007-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock, Mixing\nHannett insisted that the song be mixed at 3 a.m. because he deemed it the \"most creative time\". He and Moloney stayed up for three days without sleep during the protracted mixing phase, making tape loops in an attempt to fix the band's poor timekeeping. Hannett also wanted to apply his trademark drum sound, which was achieved by processing the snare drum through an effects unit called a Time Modulator. After finishing, he reset all the settings on the unit so the engineers would be unable to see what he did. After Hannett returned to London with the tape recordings, the band rejected his first mix but accepted his follow-up attempt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0008-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock, Mixing\nThree mixes of \"11 O'Clock Tick Tock\" are publicly known to exist, all studio cuts. The 1980 single features the 3:47 single mix. The Martin Hannett tribute album And Here Is the Young Man features a 4:03 mix. The final mix is a 4:13 version with a longer intro that featured on the 1984 UK \"Pride (In the Name of Love)\" 12-inch limited edition single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0009-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock, Composition\nThe \"11 O'Clock Tick Tock\" title was taken from a note that Bono's friend Gavin Friday left on the front door of Bono's house after he was unable to reach him by telephone one night. The lyrics of the song were inspired by Bono's experience at a Cramps concert at the Electric Ballroom in London, where he watched a \"lifeless, goth-style\" crowd from the balcony. The sight disillusioned him: \"There was a lostness in the looks on their faces. It was that sepulchral make-up, white face, dark eyes... it felt like the end of the world.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0010-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock, Composition\nThe harmonic guitar section towards the end of the song features an incorporation of the Third Quarter chime of the Westminster Quarters from the Big Ben clock tower, at the Palace of Westminster in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0011-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock, Release and commercial performance\n\"11 O'Clock Tick Tock\" was originally released as a single in May 1980, but it failed to chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0012-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock, Release and commercial performance\nIn November 1983, U2 released their live album Under a Blood Red Sky, on which a performance of \"11 O'Clock Tick Tock\" appears. The song subsequently entered the Billboard Rock Albums & Top Tracks chart in the United States on 10 December 1983 at number 35, and it peaked at number 30 on 21 January 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0013-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock, Release and commercial performance\n\"11 O'Clock Tick Tock\" was reissued on Record Store Day in 2020 to commemorate the 40th anniversary of its original release. It was pressed on translucent blue 12-inch vinyl weighing 180 grams and cut at 45 RPM. The release included previously unreleased live versions of \"Touch\" and \"Twilight\" from the band's performance at the Marquee in London in September 1980. After the single's reissue for Record Store Day, it reached number 69 on the Irish Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0014-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock, Live performances\n\"11 O'Clock Tick Tock\" had its live debut in August 1979 with alternate lyrics, under the title \"Silver Lining\". It evolved into \"11 O'Clock Tick Tock\" between March and May 1980. \"Touch\", the B-side of the \"11 O'Clock Tick Tock\" single, evolved from an earlier song called \"Trevor\". \"Touch\" was played on the Boy Tour in 1980-1981, but has not been performed on any subsequent tours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0015-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock, Live performances\nDuring the first half of the 1980s, \"11 O'Clock Tick Tock\" was one of U2's most popular live songs and it appears on the 1983 live EP Under a Blood Red Sky and concert film Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky. On U2's very early tours, it was often played twice due to a lack of material \u2013 once early in the concert, and then during the encore. Until December 1982, it was routinely paired with \"The Ocean\", a song from the band's debut album Boy. This live pairing is available on the \"Fire\" single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0016-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock, Live performances\nAfter the Unforgettable Fire Tour concluded in July 1985, \"11 O'Clock Tick Tock\" has been played thirteen times, including seven performances on 2001's Elevation Tour. Its last live appearance was at the Roxy theatre in 2015 during a promotional appearance on the Innocence + Experience Tour. The frequency of its early performances means that it is still one of U2's twenty most-performed live songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006431-0017-0000", "contents": "11 O'Clock Tick Tock, Impact\nThe experience of working with Hannett was not a happy one for U2, who felt that he had imposed his distinctive production ambiance upon their sound, and the personal chemistry between Hannett and the band had also been poor. Island Records had been considering him for the role of the producer of the band's yet-to-recorded debut album, Boy, but this was dropped after the band objected. Hannett was also severely affected by the May 1980 suicide of Joy Division frontman Ian Curtis, the distress of which temporarily impaired his ability to continue work. Stewart said: \"Martin by that stage was unwell; he seemed to be suffering from a little overdose of one thing or another.\" U2 instead selected Steve Lillywhite to produce Boy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006432-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Orionis\n11 Orionis is a solitary Ap star in the equatorial constellation of Orion, near the border with Taurus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.65, and it is located approximately 365\u00a0light years away from the Sun based on parallax. The star is moving further from the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of +16.8\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006432-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Orionis\nThis object is a chemically peculiar star, known as an Ap star, with enhanced silicon and chromium lines in its spectrum. It is an \u03b1\u00b2 CVn variable, ranging from 4.65 to 4.69 magnitude with a period of 4.64 days. The magnetic field measured from metal lines has a strength of +160\u00b1390\u00a0G.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006433-0000-0000", "contents": "11 PM (song)\n\"11 PM\" is a Spanish-language song by Colombian singer Maluma, released as a single from his fourth studio album, 11:11. The song was released as the album's second single on 17 May 2019. The song peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006433-0001-0000", "contents": "11 PM (song), Music video\nThe music video for the song was released on the same day as the song. It was directed by Nuno Gomes and has amassed over 195 million views. Maluma plays a regular guy who's seeing a rich girl. She has a boyfriend who mistreats her but her parents want her to date him because he has money. Maluma insists on spending time with her. The music video portrays how the rich girl is trying to be something she's not, in order to impress her boyfriend. However, it doesn't work and she slowly starts to lose her emotions until her heart finally breaks, but along Maluma tries to help her to restore her passion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006434-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Parthenope\nParthenope (minor planet designation: 11 Parthenope) is a large, bright main-belt asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006434-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Parthenope\nParthenope was discovered by Annibale de Gasparis on 11 May 1850, the second of his nine asteroid discoveries. It was named after Parthenop\u0113, one of the Sirens in Greek mythology, said to have founded the city of Naples. De Gasparis \"used his utmost endeavours to realise a 'Parthenope' in the heavens, such being the name suggested by Sir John Herschel on the occasion of the discovery of Hygiea in 1849\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006434-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Parthenope\nThere have been two observed Parthenopian occultations, on 13 February 1987, and 28 April 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006434-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Parthenope\nOn 6 August 2008, during a perihelic opposition, Parthenope had an apparent magnitude of 8.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006434-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Parthenope\nIn 1988 a search for satellites or dust orbiting this asteroid was performed using the UH88 telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatories, but the effort came up empty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006434-0005-0000", "contents": "11 Parthenope\nBased upon a light curve that was generated from photometric observations of this asteroid at Pulkovo Observatory, it has a rotation period of 13.722 \u00b1 0.001 hours and varies in brightness by 0.10 \u00b1 0.0s in magnitude. The light curve displays three maxima and minima per cycle. The JPL Small-Body Database lists a rotation period of 13.7204 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006434-0006-0000", "contents": "11 Parthenope, Mass\nIn 2007, Baer and Chesley calculated a higher mass and density for Parthenope based on perturbations by the 90\u00a0km asteroid 17 Thetis. Baer and Chesley calculated a mass of 6.3\u00d71018 kg with a density of 3.3 g/cm3. 2008 estimates by Baer suggest a mass of 6.15\u00d71018. The 1997 and 2001 estimates by Viateau and Rapaport were closer to 5\u00d71018 kg with a density of 2.7 g/cm3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006435-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Past the Hour\n11 Past the Hour is the sixth studio album by Irish singer-songwriter Imelda May. The album was released on 16 April 2021 by Decca Records. It is May's first album release in four years, following her previous album Life Love Flesh Blood (2017). \"Just One Kiss\", the first single from the album and a duet with Oasis member Noel Gallagher and featuring the Rolling Stones member Ronnie Wood, was released on 29 January 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006436-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Persei\n11 Persei is a single star in the constellation of Perseus, located about 418\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, blue-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.76.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006436-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Persei\nThis is a chemically peculiar mercury-manganese star. Cowley (1972) found a stellar classification of B7 III(p?) (Hg? ), while Hube (1970) had B8\u00a0IV, and Appenzeller (1967) showed B6\u00a0V. Stellar models indicate this is a young B-type main sequence star with an estimated age of around 51\u00a0million years. It has a low rotation rate, showing a projected rotational velocity of 4.50\u00a0km/s. The star has 3.8 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 210 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 14,550\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006437-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Piki no Neko\n11 Piki no Neko (Japanese: 11\u3074\u304d\u306e\u306d\u3053, lit. \"Eleven Cats\") is a series of picture books created by Noboru Baba and published by Koguma Publishing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006437-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Piki no Neko, Books\nThe first and eponymous book was published in 1967, and was followed by five others: 11 Piki no Neko to Ah\u014ddori (11\u3074\u304d\u306e\u306d\u3053\u3068\u3042\u307b\u3046\u3069\u308a) (1972), 11 Piki no Neko to Buta (11\u3074\u304d\u306e\u306d\u3053\u3068\u3076\u305f) (1976), 11 Piki no Neko Fukuro no Naka (11\u3074\u304d\u306e\u306d\u3053 \u3075\u304f\u308d\u306e\u306a\u304b) (1982), 11 Piki no Neko to Henna Neko (11\u3074\u304d\u306e\u306d\u3053\u3068\u3078\u3093\u306a\u306d\u3053) (1989), and 11 Piki no Neko Doronko (11\u3074\u304d\u306e\u306d\u3053 \u3069\u308d\u3093\u3053) (1996). In the year the last one was published, Koguma released a box set containing the six books.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006437-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Piki no Neko, Books\nAdditionally, an emaki book, 11 Piki no Neko Marathon Taikai (11\u3074\u304d\u306e\u306d\u3053 \u30de\u30e9\u30bd\u30f3\u5927\u4f1a, 11 Piki no Neko Marason Taikai), was released in 1992 and re-released in 2011; a karuta book was released in 1994; and three post card books were released in 1986, 1998, and 2001 by Koguma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006437-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Piki no Neko, Reception\nThe first book received the Sankei Children's Book Award a year after its release. In 1973 11 Piki no Neko to Ah\u014ddori was awarded the Bungeishunj\u016b Manga Award. In 1985 11 Piki no Neko Marathon Taikai won a special mention at the BolognaRagazzi Awards. The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) requested the Children and Young Adults Section of the Japan Library Association to select ten books \"which have been read by many children over many years\" in Japan. In 2013, IFLA published a book titled The World Through Picture Books and included the first book from the series as the fourth most important picture book of Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006437-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Piki no Neko, Adaptations\nGroup TAC adapted the two first book of the series into anime films: the first was released on July 19, 1980, and the second on August 27, 1986. The first one was directed by Shiro Fujimoto and the second by Tameo Ogawa, while Yoshitake Suzuki wrote the screenplay for both versions. Hiromi Go and T\u014dru Furuya dubbed the main role for the first and the second film respectively. Both films were dubbed into German and released by Taurus Video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006437-0005-0000", "contents": "11 Piki no Neko, Adaptations\nIn 1969, Hisashi Inoue adapted the book into a puppetry show with musical composition by Hiroshi Aoshima that was broadcast by NHK. It was made into a stage play and Theatre Echo performed it in 1971 and 1973. Ongaku no Tomo-sha published the play into a \"choir version\" (\u5408\u5531\u7248) book in 1985; it was republished in 1998 and 2007. In 1989 Komatsuza reenacted the play and it along with Horipro produced a new show in 2012 for Inoue's 77th anniversary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006438-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Puppis\n11 Puppis is a single star in the southern constellation of Puppis, located approximately 522 light years away based on parallax. It has the Bayer designation j Puppis; 11 Puppis is the Flamsteed designation. This object is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-white star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.20. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +13.3\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006438-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Puppis\nThis is an evolved bright giant star with a stellar classification of F7/8\u00a0II. The spectrum displays a deficit of carbon, an excesses of nitrogen, and a high abundance of lithium. The first two anomalies suggest the giant has passed through a deep convection stage that would have also exhausted the lithium supply, indicating the current lithium abundance is of recent production. The star has 2.7 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 515 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,868\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006439-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Razones\n11 Razones (English: 11 Reasons; stylized in all caps) is the second studio album by Spanish singer Aitana, released on December 11, 2020, by Universal Music. The singer worked with her frequent collaborators on the album, Andr\u00e9s Torres and Mauricio Rengifo. Heavily inspired by the early 2000s pop era, the album takes Aitana to a more pop rock and power pop ground with elements of punk music, expanding her vocal ability and musical versatility. The singer mentioned being mainly inspired by Avril Lavigne, Simple Plan and El Canto del Loco among others. It includes a wide number of guest appearances with Colombian singer Sebasti\u00e1n Yatra, duo Cali y El Dandee, Spanish rapper Beret, alternative pop singer Natalia Lacunza, \u00c1lvaro D\u00edaz and Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006439-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Razones, Background\nAitana began working on her second studio album in the summer of 2019 while embarking on her Play Tour. She also visited Los Angeles a couple times before and after to work with her habitual collaborators Andr\u00e9s Torres and Mauricio Rengifo, who eventually won the Latin Grammy Award for Producer of the Year at the 2020 gala. The singer moved to the American city for a whole month in January 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006439-0001-0001", "contents": "11 Razones, Background\nBefore that, she kicked off a single dropplet era that started with the release of \"+\", a collaboration with Colombian duo Cali Y El Dandee that latter happened to be the lead single of her upcoming album. Recording sessions for the album stopped in March 2020 when the Spanish population was forced into lockdown to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Aitana, who was in Ibiza with her boyfriend and his parents, worked on some songs remotely while in the island. On August 3, Aitana entered the studio again to record the vocals for all the songs that were conceived during lockdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006439-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Razones, Background\nDuring that time, she released a couple more sngles, all of them collaborations. In May, \"Enemigos\" featuring Mexican trio Reik was released on digital and streaming platforms. Two months later, Aitana released her second vocal collaboration with Colombian band Morat, \"M\u00e1s De Lo Que Apost\u00e9\". She also hinted a collaboration with Piso 21 set for summer but was never released. Despite that, she still hinted a new album for \"late 2020\" and stated that those songs wouldn't be included on her upcoming record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006439-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Razones, Background\nOn October 2, her long-awaited collaboration with Sebasti\u00e1n Yatra was released under the titled \"Coraz\u00f3n Sin Vida\". The track included a sample of Alejandro Sanz' signature song \"Coraz\u00f3n Part\u00edo\" and was promoted on many TV shows including La Voz. Aitana announced the title, tracklist and cover of her sophomore album through social media on November 11. On December 7, 2020, the title track was released as the third single alongside a music video directed by Jean LaFleur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006439-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Razones, Recording\nRecording sessions for 11 Razones started in May 2019 in Madrid, shortly before the release of Aitana's debut record. In early June recording sessions took place in Los Angeles alongside Andr\u00e9s Torres and Mauricio Rengifo. Aitana stated to Los40 that the album was conceived after the critical acclaim of her song \"+\", recalling that critics praised her nostalgic power pop sound. She also stated that she first thought out the concept of mathematical symbols and started ordering them as a potential tracklist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006439-0004-0001", "contents": "11 Razones, Recording\nParting from it, she started writing the songs, being the title track the last one to be written since it is a compilation epilogue of the whole thing. The album's recording stopped in March 2020 due to the outbreak of COVID-19 in Spain. However, Aitana wrote many songs while quarantining in Ibiza with her boyfriend. The album was finished in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006439-0005-0000", "contents": "11 Razones, Critical reception\n11 Razones received mixed reviews from music critics. Pablo Tocino from Jenesaispop gave the album a total score of four and a half stars out of ten and stated that: \"ultimately the album can be a stumbling block, not because of its idea but because of its execution, but in a certain way it is a success, because it means betting on Aitana's musical personality, which was the main failure of Spoiler. And a bet that could be good, because she really defends herself wonderfully in this style, as demonstrated in 'Tu", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006439-0005-0001", "contents": "11 Razones, Critical reception\nFoto del DNI' or even the high points of this album... but the problem in this case is more than the material she has\". Contrarely, music portal Vinilo Negro stated that: \"Aitana for many reasons, is the present and the future of Spanish pop, this is not very debatable today and 11 Razones is the proof.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006439-0006-0000", "contents": "11 Razones, Commercial performance\nThe album debuted at number 2 on the PROMUSICAE chart. The album had the best streaming debut on Spotify Spain since the release of El Mal Querer by Rosal\u00eda in November 2018 in a 24-hour period. All tracks performed very well, debuting at the top fifty of the platform's list. Meanwhile, \"Cuando Te Fuiste\", in collaboration with Natalia Lacunza, became the best-selling Spanish female collaboration in 2020. With 5.5 million streams in a single week, 11 Razones became the most streamed album in a week of the whole year. Also, all tracks off the album entered the PROMUSICAE chart, becoming the first Spanish act to ever do so. On January 19, the album reached the number 1 spot on the Spanish Albums Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006439-0007-0000", "contents": "11 Razones, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Aitana, Andr\u00e9s Torres and Mauricio Rengifo and produced by A. Torres and M. Rengifo except where noted. The album was mixed by Tom Norris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006440-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Razones (song)\n\"11 Razones\" (Spanish for \"11 Reasons\") is a song by Spanish singer Aitana. The song was released on December 7, 2020 through Universal Music as the third single of Aitana's sophomore studio album of the same name, released four days later. It was written by Aitana, Mauricio Rengifo and Andr\u00e9s Torres and produced by the latter two. The song peaked at 15 on the PROMUSICAE singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006440-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Razones (song), Background\nAitana first announced the release of her second studio album through social media on November 11, revealing the album's tracklist, cover art and release date. Later, on December 4, she teased an upcoming music video. She officially revealed that the tease belonged to the music video filming of \"11 Razones\", directed by Jean LaFleur, the day after. Aitana later revealed to Los40 that \"11 Razones\" was the last song she wrote for the album since she began developing the project through the concept of math signs and then recorded the title track after quarantining in Ibiza as the epilogue of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006441-0000-0000", "contents": "11 SAI\n11 South African Infantry Battalion was a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army. Infantry men are soldiers who are specifically trained for the role of fighting on foot, historically this infantry has provided the most among of casualties during war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006441-0001-0000", "contents": "11 SAI, History, Border protection and localised training\n11 SA infantry Battalion, was a border protection unit responsible for the area around Pongola to Kosi mouth including the Makhatini Flats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 57], "content_span": [58, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006441-0002-0000", "contents": "11 SAI, History, Border protection and localised training\nThe unit was established originally as a base to demonstrate presence in the area. It was originally a section of the Natal Command Training Wing. One of its original purposes was to conduct training in counter insurgency for local commando units. It had no permanent troops only a Headquarters units, a signal troop, a log component with its own base below the dam, MP station and a sick bay. Troops from other units were deployed here for border control units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 57], "content_span": [58, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006441-0003-0000", "contents": "11 SAI, History, Zulu recruits\nBy 1973, 73 Zulu speaking troops were recruited and trained at the base. The base was also tasked to plant sisal along the South African (Natal)- Mozambique border in an attempt to curtail illegal border crossings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006441-0004-0000", "contents": "11 SAI, History, Operations\nBy 1980, the base became the HQ of the Northern Natal Military operational area and the first illustrated flash was issued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006441-0005-0000", "contents": "11 SAI, History, Operations\nBy 1981 the unit was deployed to assist the government with the containment of a cholera epidemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006441-0006-0000", "contents": "11 SAI, History, Operations\nIn 1984 the unit was involved in humanitarian operation in the wake of Cyclone Demoina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006441-0007-0000", "contents": "11 SAI, History, Operations\nIn 1991, the unit was instructed to establish a border post at Golela.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006441-0008-0000", "contents": "11 SAI, History, Operations\nIn April 1994, the base was used as a voting station in the first fully democratic national elections. Vote counting was done by the officers and senior non-commissioned offices, for the region. Officer in command at the time was Lt Col. Leon Jacobs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006441-0009-0000", "contents": "11 SAI, History, Operations\nIn 1995, the unit hosted the Army Command strategic planning round, led by Gen. George Meiring (Chief of the SANDF) and Lt Gen Reginald Otto (Chief of the Army)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006441-0010-0000", "contents": "11 SAI, History, 11 SAI\nIn June 1993, the units status was officially changed to 11 SAI, while another border post was opened at Fanarella.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 23], "content_span": [24, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006441-0011-0000", "contents": "11 SAI, History, 11 SAI\n11 SAI received its National colours on 4 July 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 23], "content_span": [24, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006442-0000-0000", "contents": "11 September 1922 Revolution\nThe 11 September 1922 Revolution (Greek: \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 11\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 1922) was an uprising by the Greek army and navy against the government in Athens. The revolution took place on 11 September [N.S. 24 September] 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006442-0001-0000", "contents": "11 September 1922 Revolution, History\nThe Greek Army had just been defeated in the Asia Minor Campaign and had been evacuated from Anatolia to the Greek islands in the eastern Aegean. Discontent among the middle-ranking officers and men for the campaign's conduct by the royal government boiled over into armed revolt led by pro-Venizelist and anti-royalist officers. The mutiny spread quickly and seized power in Athens, forcing King Constantine I to abdicate and leave the country, with a military government ruling the country until early 1924, shortly before the Greek monarchy was abolished and the Second Hellenic Republic established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006442-0002-0000", "contents": "11 September 1922 Revolution, History\nThe military defeat and the total destruction of the Greek forces in Anatolia had alarmed the people and caused them to ask for the punishment of those responsible for the defeat. The government of Petros Protopapadakis resigned and on 28 August, the new government headed by Nikolaos Triantafyllakos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006442-0003-0000", "contents": "11 September 1922 Revolution, History\nOn 11 September the revolution was declared, with the formation of a Revolutionary Committee headed by Colonels Nikolaos Plastiras as representative of the army in Chios, Colonel Stylianos Gonatas as representative of the army in Lesvos and Commander Dimitrios Fokas as representative of the Navy. The next day, the troops boarded  their ships and headed to Athens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006442-0003-0001", "contents": "11 September 1922 Revolution, History\nBefore they arrived there, a military aeroplane delivered a manifesto that was asking the resignation of King Constantine I, the dissolution of the Parliament, the formation a new politically independent government that would have the support of the alliances of the Entente and the immediate reinforcement of the battlefront in Eastern Thrace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006442-0004-0000", "contents": "11 September 1922 Revolution, History\nOn 13 September, the ships with the Greek army arrived in Lavrio and the next day, King Constantine resigned and went into exile in Italy. His son, George II, was declared king. On 15 September, the troops of revolution entered the city of Athens and blocked the efforts Theodoros Pangalos was making to take advantage of the situation and take control of the government. Soon a new government was formed, with Sotirios Krokidas as chairman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006443-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Serpentis\n11 Serpentis is a single star in the constellation of Serpens, located 271\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It has the Bayer designation A1 Serpentis, 11 Serpentis is the Flamsteed designation. This object is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.497. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221216\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006443-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Serpentis\nThis is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K0\u00a0III, a star that has used up its core hydrogen and has expanded. It is a red clump giant on the horizontal branch, which indicates it is generating energy through the fusion of helium at its core. 11 Serpentis is 2.75\u00a0billion years old with 1.3 times the mass of the Sun and has 11 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 50 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,767\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006444-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory\n11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory is the ninth studio album by American band Dropkick Murphys and was released on January 6, 2017, on the band's Born & Bred Records label. It was the band's first studio album in four years since 2013's Signed and Sealed in Blood. The album made its debut at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 200 album charts giving the band their second highest debuting album of their career behind 2011's Going Out in Style which made its debut at number 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006444-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory, Background\nIn May 2016, the band started posting videos from the recording of the album in El Paso, Texas which they said expected to have released by the end of the year or early 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006444-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory, Background\n\"To me, the whole journey starts with the fact we actually agreed to go \u2013 and then went \u2013 to Texas. Because we've never left home to make a record. As everyone's lives have become crazier and busier with kids and families, it's gotten harder to buckle down at home. We decided to leave Boston, go down to literally the middle of nowhere and lock ourselves in a room\" Ken Casey said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006444-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory, Background\n11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory was officially announced as the album's title on November 3, 2016, and a video for the song \"Blood\" was released on the same day. \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" and \"Paying My Way\", which also had a music video, followed as singles. All three songs were given away as digital downloads to people who pre-ordered the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006444-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory, Background\nThe album was influenced by the band's work with The Claddagh Fund, a charity the band established in 2009 to help support addiction recovery as well as children's and veterans' organizations. \"Rebels with a Cause\" was written about kids who are given up on, and left behind by a system that has written them off as hopeless. \"Paying My Way\" is about the way up and out of addiction and the dream of bigger and better things in life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006444-0004-0001", "contents": "11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory, Background\n\"4-15-13\" pays homage to the victims of the Boston Marathon Bombing, most of whom the band grew to know personally after visits to their hospital rooms in the aftermath. \"Since that day, we felt like not taking the challenge to write a song about what we all went through would be taking the coward's way out. We put more importance on writing that piece of music than anything we've ever done, because if you're going to touch that day, it has to be done right. We went through so many emotions with that whole experience, as did everyone in Boston. It changed the city forever,\" Casey said. Tim Brennan said of the album \"we've stayed true to what the band is and has always been. And we're still expanding on our sound and lyrical content.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006444-0005-0000", "contents": "11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory, Background\nIn a December 2, 2016 video, Ken Casey discussed the reasons behind the band covering \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". \"As you may know, opiate overdoses are an epidemic in America now particularly in (the Boston) area. I've been to thirty wakes in two years, three this week, one being my cousin, Al's lost a brother in law. It's hit home close to us. I was leaving one of the wakes and this song came on and as I was listening to the lyrics it summed up exactly how I was feeling. Sad, but knowing there is hope. You never have to be alone. I hope you like our version\" Casey said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006444-0006-0000", "contents": "11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory, Background\nThe album is also the first since 2003's Blackout to not feature bagpipe player Scruffy Wallace who left the band in 2015. While not an official member, Lee Forshner plays bagpipes on the album and also serves as the band's touring bagpipe player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006445-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Somerset\n11 Somerset is a Canadian children's television series that airs in French on T\u00e9l\u00e9-Qu\u00e9bec and in English on A-Channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006445-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Somerset\nIt focuses on Laurie Lamera (Jessica Malka) and Oliver Marsan (Jamieson Boulanger), two teenagers who investigate paranormal phenomena. It also stars Kathleen Mackey as Laurie's sidekick Lucy Mercer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006445-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Somerset\nThe show has been adapted into a point-and-click computer adventure game (linked to from www.gamershood.com) containing 13 adventures where players must find and use tools, clues, and technology to solve increasingly difficult puzzles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006445-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Somerset, Episode List\nNote: Episode synopsizes translated from French source using google translate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006445-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Somerset, Episode List\n\"One night, in the bedroom mirror, Laurence emerging ghost of his father. She then tries to contact a specialist in paranormal phenomena but rather is the knowledge of the latter's son, Olivier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006445-0005-0000", "contents": "11 Somerset, Episode List\n\"Paul Lamera worked before his death, on a revolutionary technology prototype that arouses desires. Helen and John Lamera Marsan help police investigate the circumstances of the violent death of Paul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006445-0006-0000", "contents": "11 Somerset, Episode List\n\"Olivier is on holiday in the country with his uncle. He sees Luke, his childhood friend and meets a lonely man who predicted terrible disasters. That night, Luke's mother dies, burned in a lightning flash. When other incomprehensible disaster erupt, terror seizes all the villagers like wildfire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006445-0007-0000", "contents": "11 Somerset, Episode List\n\"One morning at school, Laurence discovers her friend Lucy, lying on the ground suffering from uncontrolled agitations. The students and some teachers suspect Mark Antony, young albino boy, to be possessed by the devil. Those who have been in contact with him were taken shortly after convulsions and lost consciousness. Overcoming fears, Laurence defends Mark Antony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006445-0008-0000", "contents": "11 Somerset, Episode List\n\"Since Anthony has accepted a new job as a night watchman at the university, it is not the same. Under questioning by Olivier, he finally confesses that dark apparitions haunt the corridors. He learned soon after his predecessor attended the same phenomena and that he left his post before losing reason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006445-0009-0000", "contents": "11 Somerset, Episode List\n\"Laurence, Lucie and Thanh want to get together with girls and decided to camp in the forest. But the weekend starts badly: an object fell from the sky, crashed near their tent in a deafening roar. They are determined to enjoy their getaway all costs and rise the camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006445-0010-0000", "contents": "11 Somerset, Episode List\n\"Laurence accompanies Helen Abitibi where Martine Lacombe, esoteric painter, made his paintings, drawing sets copper mines abandoned. Helen and Laurence leave with Martine visit the mines. Or an earthquake occurs, causing landslides. Here captive in an underground room where bubbling lake with orange highlights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006445-0011-0000", "contents": "11 Somerset, Episode List\n\"Laurence Olivier and Lucie spend the weekend in a camp of observation to monitor the passage of a satellite built by the father of Laurence. Looking towards the stars, Laurence quickly falls to earth when worrying spectra arise near them. An invisible attack livestock and game and some animals, head or legs least roam the forest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006445-0012-0000", "contents": "11 Somerset, Episode List\n\"An inexplicable failure of the computer system suddenly paralyzes the Museum of Civilization and locks Olivier and visitors in a showroom. Voices from the grave resound between the walls and the Companions of Oliver felt a growing anxiety ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006445-0013-0000", "contents": "11 Somerset, Episode List\n\"Laurence H\u00e9liatech back to the laboratory of his father, meet Dr. Vidal, a former colleague of Paul Lamera. The enigmatic philosopher researcher immortality and discreetly puts an unknown object to Laurence. Georges Vidal died overnight. But a few hours later in the morgue, his body revives and ran down the track of his old acquaintances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006445-0014-0000", "contents": "11 Somerset, Episode List\n\"A village girl drowned in mysterious circumstances. A few hours later, Olivier, who trains in the same lake, suffered a leg burn. The next day, the burn Olivier spread and triggers high fever. We discover the same day on the beach, dozens of stranded fish. Some voices to incriminate the legendary lake monster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006445-0015-0000", "contents": "11 Somerset, Episode List\n\"A young boy hit by a car, is collected at the Manoir du Val. Upon waking, the child has no memory of his identity. However, it seems to remember certain events that took place in these enclosed spaces, long before his birth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006445-0016-0000", "contents": "11 Somerset, Episode List\n\"An ancient statue unearthed at an archeological dig site in the boreal forest. John, called to the scene to authenticate the artifact comes with Olivier. The nature around them suddenly breaks loose: glowing sky, cut communications, electrical appliances down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006446-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Squadron (Belgium)\n11 Squadron is a training squadron of the Belgian Air Component, deployed at Cazaux Air Base in France, in the scope of the Advanced Jet Training School (AJeTS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006446-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Squadron (Belgium), History, First World War, Origins\nThe 11\u00e8me Escadrille de Chasse was created March 1, 1918, at Les Mo\u00ebres aerodrome near Veurne. As the third dedicated fighter squadron of the Aviation Militaire Belge, next to 9\u00e8me Escadrille and 10\u00e8me Escadrille, it was part of Belgium's first fighter wing, the Groupe de Chasse. The new unit used an insignia that was adopted from Willy Coppens's personal insignia with his consent. The Cocotte is a two dimensional representation of an origami Chicken, and was painted in white on the airplanes. The squadron was equipped with castoff Sopwith Camels from 1\u00e8re Escadrille de Chasse as well as a few Hanriot-Dupont 1s, and under command of Commander Paul Hiernaux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006446-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Squadron (Belgium), History, First World War, Operations\n11\u00e8me Escadrille de Chasse became operational as a fighter squadron, capable of being included in combined Allied operations, on May 28, 1918. The new escadrille scored its first victory on September 27, 1918. In its short operational career, the squadron claimed twelve wins and was credited with seven verified aerial victories. In turn, it suffered two pilots KIA and one pilot WIA. Its success coincided with the September 1918 Belgian Army advance. To support this advance, 11\u00e8me Escadrille moved to Moerkerke near the Dutch border on October 30, 1918", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006446-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Squadron (Belgium), History, Between the wars\nAfter the armistice, 11 Squadron participated in the occupation of Germany. It operated from Bochum until July 5, 1919, when it was recalled to Sint-Agatha-Berchem, in the outskirts of Brussels, where it is disbanded in August 1919. In March 1920, 11 Squadron was recreated at Sint-Agatha-Berchem, with the same squadron number, insignia and aircraft, augmented by Fokker D-VII aircraft, yielded by the Germans as compensation for damages during World War I. Lieutenant Albert Massaux took command of the squadron. In the following months, the squadron moved up and down to Wilrijk, before returning to Bochum on July 9, 1920. During their stay there, 11 Squadron transformed to Airco DH.4. On January 5, 1922, 11 Squadron moved to Bierset for the first time, only to move to Schaffen at the start of 1923. It was disbanded a second time on February 19, 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 908]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006446-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Squadron (Belgium), History, Between the wars\nIn 1935, the squadrons at Bierset were re-organised into 9 and 11 Squadrons of the 5th Group of the 1st Aeronautical Regiment. Initially still equipped with Br\u00e9guet XIX, they soon received the Belgian Renard R 31 monoplane. Their mission changed from bombardment to observation. As from 1938, the \u201cSioux\u201d symbol appeared on the aircraft. On 11 Squadron aircraft the \"Sioux\" was surrounded by a red circle. The squadron motto was \"Tenacity\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006446-0005-0000", "contents": "11 Squadron (Belgium), History, Second World War\nJust before the outbreak of World War II, 11 Squadron was assigned to 6th Group under command of Commander Dumonceau, while 9 Squadron remained in the 5th Group. To improve mobility and the possibility of deployed operations, each group comprised a maintenance squadron, a field train of about 25 vehicles, and an anti-aircraft unit of 40mm Bofors guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006446-0006-0000", "contents": "11 Squadron (Belgium), History, Second World War\nCommanded by Captain Henri de la Lindi, 11 Squadron took an active part in the 18 days campaign. On the morning of the May 10, 11 Squadron rejoined its diversion airfield at Hannut, few hours before Bierset was bombarded by Dornier 17's of the Luftwaffe. 11 Squadron was one of three squadrons that continued to fight until the surrender on May 28, 1940. Both \"Sioux\" squadrons (9 and 11) combined executed 54 combat missions, for a loss of three pilots and 11 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006446-0007-0000", "contents": "11 Squadron (Belgium), History, Cold War\nAfter World War II, 11 Squadron was resurrected as a night fighter squadron of 1st Fighter Wing at Beauvechain Air Base on April 25, 1951. It was equipped with de Havilland Mosquito NFXXXs, and the squadron insignia was a grey bat on a yellow triangle. As from the summer of 1952, it entered the jet age by slowly transforming to Gloster Meteor NFXI. The squadron only gained operational status on that type on September 10, 1956. On December 17, 1957, 11 Squadron received as first non-Canadian squadron, its initial batch of CF-100 Canuck. It was disbanded again at Beauvechain on November 3, 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006446-0008-0000", "contents": "11 Squadron (Belgium), Training squadron, Sint Truiden\nIn 1971, a thorough revision of the Air Force training system called for the creation of new training squadrons. Re -created on May 14, 11 Squadron became part of the \u201cPerfectioning Center\u201d at Brustem (Sint Truiden), together with 7 and 9 Squadrons. Its initial mission was to provide Instrument Flight Training to the student pilots on Lockheed T-33. This aircraft was to be retired from service on August 23, 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006446-0009-0000", "contents": "11 Squadron (Belgium), Training squadron, Sint Truiden\nThe first delivery of its successor, the Dassault Alpha-Jet took place on December 7, 1978, and as of 1979 the students started training on this aircraft. The mission of 11 Squadron was now to provide Initial Operational Training (IOT), combining simulated air-to-air combat and air-to-ground tactics. 11 Squadron continued to be based at Brustem until the move to Beauvechain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006446-0010-0000", "contents": "11 Squadron (Belgium), Training squadron, Beauvechain\nOn November 19, 1996, all training units were moved to Beauvechain, a former air defense base, to become 1st Wing. A few years later, in 2000, the Alpha-Jet received an extensive avionics update. The Inertial Reference System updated by GPS, combined with a Head-up display provided the possibility to simulate tactics used on the F-16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006446-0011-0000", "contents": "11 Squadron (Belgium), Training squadron, Beauvechain\nOn August 30, 2001, a further re-organisation of the training squadrons lead to an expansion of 11 Squadron's mission. It took over the Advanced Flying Training (AFT) from 7 Squadron. During the AFT, students having finished on the SF260 took their first steps on a jet aircraft, and graduated as pilots after succeeding. Afterwards, they stayed in 11 Squadron to complete the IOT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006446-0012-0000", "contents": "11 Squadron (Belgium), Training squadron, Cazaux\nIn the scope of a European training programme, the Advanced Jet Training School (AJeTS), 11 Squadron moved to Base A\u00e9rienne 120 at Cazaux in France on September 14, 2005. Transfer of the aircraft had begun as from 2004. The Belgian, updated, Alpha-Jets are operated alongside the French, non-updated, aircraft to provide the first taste of operational flying to Belgian and French students alike. Students and instructors fly out of a unit, combining the insignia and traditions of the Belgian 11 Squadron and the French SPA73 and SPA78 to form the Escadron de Chasse 2/8 \"Nice\". After the move of the complete fleet, the AFT mission was fulfilled, also in the scope of AJeTS, by the Ecole de l'Aviation de Chasse at Base A\u00e8rienne 705 at Tours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006447-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Squadron SAAF\n11 Squadron  was a World War II squadron of the South African Air Force. It was created in South Africa in 1939 and served in East Africa until 1941 as an army cooperation and reconnaissance squadron. It was re-formed in 1944 as a fighter bomber squadron and served in Italy until 1945 when it returned to Egypt and was disbanded on conclusion of the war on 30 October 1945. It was re-activated in 1974, flying Cessna 185s as an army liaison squadron until 1991 when it disbanded for the final time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006447-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Squadron SAAF, History\n11 Squadron served in two periods during World War II, in East Africa and again later in Egypt and Italy. It was formed on 11 December 1939 at Waterkloof Flying Station equipped with 24 Hawker Hartbees in an army co-operation role, moving to Kenya in May 1940. The squadron received its first Fairey Battle in June 1940 and by 19 August all of the Hartbees aircraft had been replaced by Fairey Battles deployed from Archers Post in Kenya. It served in a reconnaissance and army cooperation role in Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia until June 1941 when its aircraft were transferred to 15 Squadron and 11 Squadron was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006447-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Squadron SAAF, History\nThe squadron was re-formed on 29 June 1944 at Almaza in Egypt flying Mk. VB and Mk.VC Spitfires in the role of fighter squadron. It was moved to Edku in July 1944 and to Perugia in Italy in September 1944 \u2013 where it exchanged the Spitfires for Curtiss Kittyhawk Mk. IVs as part of the Desert Air Force. In Italy, the squadron was part of No.8 (S.A.A.F.) Wing responsible for ground-attack and fighter-bomber sweeps in support of the armies in Italy until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006447-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Squadron SAAF, History\nIn August 1945 the squadron received Spitfire Mk.IXs and was transferred back to Egypt, where it remained until being disbanded on 30 October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006447-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Squadron SAAF, History\nIt was resurrected in January 1974 as a liaison and army cooperation squadron equipped with Cessna 185s and based at Potchefstroom Air Base. It was finally disbanded in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006448-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Stanwix Street\n11 Stanwix Street, formerly known as Westinghouse Tower, is one of the major distinctive and recognizable features of Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. The tower was originally built and named for the Westinghouse Corporation; in 1999 that company went through a restructuring and moved its headquarters to its longtime research park in the suburb of Monroeville, before expansions in their operations necessitated a move to a larger suburban complex in Cranberry Township. As of June 2009, the building tenants are IBM, the Allegheny Conference on Community Development, the advertising firm Brunner, and the local headquarters of KeyCorp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006448-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Stanwix Street\n11 Stanwix Street was completed on November 24, 1969, and has 23 floors. It rises 355 feet (108 meters) above Downtown Pittsburgh and is located along the Monongahela River. A ten-story building that once served as the city's main post was previously located on this site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006449-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Tracks of Whack\n11 Tracks of Whack is the first solo album by Steely Dan Co-founder Walter Becker, released in 1994. It was his third collaboration since 1980 with Steely Dan partner Donald Fagen, who produced the album, after Becker produced Fagen's Kamakiriad (1993), and Becker and Fagen played on Rosie Vela's debut album Zazu (1986).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006449-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Tracks of Whack, Track listing\nAll songs written and composed by Walter Becker except \"Cringemaker\" which was co-written by Dean Parks. Horn and rhythm arrangements were written by Donald Fagen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006450-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Transistor\n11 Transistor is the debut album by the band Lazlo Bane, which was released on the Almo Sounds label in early 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006450-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Transistor, Overview\nAccording to Lazlo Bane's frontman Chad Fischer most of the record was done on 16 tracks with very few effects with all the songwriting done on an acoustic guitar into a little dictaphone. He also said that the idea was to work with as little as possible and make it sound the best it could, just like old transistor radios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006450-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Transistor, Overview\nThe album was recorded through 1995 and 1996 with the input from various musicians to the songwriting and recording. They include Chad Fischer's fellow School of Fish band members Josh Clayton-Felt and Josh Freese, Wire Train's Kevin Hunter and Anders Rundblad, Lyle Workman of the Bourgeois Tagg and the most notable being Colin Hay who provides guitar and vocals for Lazlo Bane's version of Men at Work's \"Overkill\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006450-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Transistor, Overview\n11 Transistor features all the songs from the band's previous release, Short Style EP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006450-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Transistor, Release and promotion\nLazlo Bane was initially signed to an indie label Fish of Death Records and released the song \"Buttercup\" as a single on vinyl backed with \"Overkill\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006450-0005-0000", "contents": "11 Transistor, Release and promotion\nAfter signing with Almo Sounds \"Buttercup\" was included on various promo compilations, including 1996 album titled Swagalicious, which was compiled of the tracks from artists signed to Almo Sounds, Geffen Records, DreamWorks Records and Outpost Recordings. \"Overkill\" was shifted to the A-side and released as single in some territories in 1997 and 1998, while \"I'll Do Everything\" was released as promo single in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006450-0006-0000", "contents": "11 Transistor, Release and promotion\nMusic video for \"Overkill\" featuring Colin Hay was also released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006450-0007-0000", "contents": "11 Transistor, Release and promotion\nThe band went on tour in support of the album later in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006450-0008-0000", "contents": "11 Transistor, Release and promotion\nOriginally released on CD and cassette the album was unavailable digitally until 2020 when it was made available on streaming services and in digital download format. In support of the digital reissue Chad Fischer released a video of the new solo version of the album's opening track \"I'll Do Everything\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006450-0009-0000", "contents": "11 Transistor, Reception\nThe album received positive reviews upon release with critics praising the songs \"I'll Do Everything\" and \"Overkill\" the most.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006450-0010-0000", "contents": "11 Transistor, Reception\nBefore the release of the album \"I'll Do Everything\" was named the Song of the Month by Los Angeles' radio KROQ-FM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006450-0011-0000", "contents": "11 Transistor, Reception\nIn the review for the Miami New Times, Steven Almond described the album having \"great hooks, slinky beats, quirky lyrics\" noting, that \"the band's playful spirit is best captured on the exuberant opener \"I'll Do Everything\"\". He also called the ballads \"dependably entrancing, built around Fischer's mournful melodies and spiced with just enough rhythmic muscle to keep the proceedings from turning maudlin\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006450-0012-0000", "contents": "11 Transistor, Reception\nSandra Schulman of the Sun-Sentinel described the album as having \"crafting hooky, melodic, slightly quirky pop songs\" and also said that \"many of these tracks have a rough edge\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006450-0013-0000", "contents": "11 Transistor, Reception\nDaily Herald's Adam Webb Teen called the album a \"stunning debut\" and said that Chad Fischer \"combines crafty, peppy pop riffs with his mellowing rough-around-the-edges voice. It's a voice that fits perfectly with each song\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006450-0014-0000", "contents": "11 Transistor, Reception\nIn the review for the Lollipop Magazine Sheril Stanford said that \"11 Transistor is 99 and 44/100ths percent pure good times\" and called a cover of Men at Work's \"Overkill\" \"a truly outstanding track\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006450-0015-0000", "contents": "11 Transistor, Reception\nOn-line magazine babysue rated the album 4 out of 6 stars and described the music as \"lush and full of great vocal harmonies\" with the songs being \"truly catchy tunes\" noting \"standaout tracks: \"Flea Market Girl,\" \"Buttercup,\" \"Sleep,\" and \"Overkill\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006450-0016-0000", "contents": "11 Transistor, Reception\nA review at ocolly.com described the album as \"The quasi-Beatles sound [that] comes together beautifully\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006450-0017-0000", "contents": "11 Transistor, Reception\nDeadJournalist of the tsururadio.com called \"Overkill\" \"One of my favorite cover songs of all-time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006451-0000-0000", "contents": "11 U.S.C. \u00a7 1113 \u2013 Rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements\n11 U.S.C. , \u201cRejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements,\u201d codifies under what circumstances collective bargaining agreements may be rejected in a Chapter 11 Bankruptcy. When a company seeks to reject or modify a collective bargaining agreement under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, Bankruptcy Code \u00a71113, entitled Rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements, clarifies the circumstances under which such agreements may be rejected. Section 1113(b) and (c) generally require the following steps:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006451-0001-0000", "contents": "11 U.S.C. \u00a7 1113 \u2013 Rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements\nThe balance of equities clearly favors the rejection of the collective bargaining agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006451-0002-0000", "contents": "11 U.S.C. \u00a7 1113 \u2013 Rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements, History\nCongress enacted Section 1113 favoring voluntary solutions in response to NLRB v. Bildisco & Bildisco 465 U.S. 513 (1984) where the Supreme Court concluded that a debtor could reject a collective bargaining agreement without engaging in collective bargaining and that such unilateral alterations by a debtor would not violate the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) 29 U.S.C. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 73], "content_span": [74, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006451-0003-0000", "contents": "11 U.S.C. \u00a7 1113 \u2013 Rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements, Explanation\nHowever, even with \u00a71113, rejection of a collective bargaining agreement is allowed under this specific procedure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006451-0004-0000", "contents": "11 U.S.C. \u00a7 1113 \u2013 Rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements, Explanation\nOnce in bankruptcy, a debtor may file a motion to reject the collective bargaining agreement any time, provided that the debtor first fulfills its obligation to make a proposal to the union regarding \"necessary\" modifications to the collective bargaining agreement, provides the union with relevant information necessary to evaluate the proposal, and makes a good-faith effort to meet and confer with the union regarding the proposal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006451-0005-0000", "contents": "11 U.S.C. \u00a7 1113 \u2013 Rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements, Procedure\nThe court must schedule a hearing within 14 days following the filing of a motion to reject the collective bargaining agreement, but this may be extended. The court is required to rule on any motion for rejection within 30 days after the commencement of a hearing unless otherwise agreed by the parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 75], "content_span": [76, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006451-0006-0000", "contents": "11 U.S.C. \u00a7 1113 \u2013 Rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements, Procedure\nUntil court approval of the rejection of the collective bargaining agreement, the debtor must comply with all of its provisions. If the court does not issue a timely ruling, the debtor may terminate or alter the provisions of the agreement pending court action. 11 U.S.C. (d)(2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 75], "content_span": [76, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006451-0007-0000", "contents": "11 U.S.C. \u00a7 1113 \u2013 Rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements, Procedure\nThe court also may authorize the debtor to implement \"interim changes in the terms, conditions, wages, benefits or work rules provided by a collective bargaining agreement\" if those changes are \"essential to the continuation of the debtor's business or in order to avoid irreparable damage to the estate.\" 11 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a71113(d), (e) and (f).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 75], "content_span": [76, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006451-0008-0000", "contents": "11 U.S.C. \u00a7 1113 \u2013 Rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements, Procedure\nThe debtor's rejection of the collective bargaining agreement does not terminate the debtor's duty to bargain with the union under the NLRA. Even if a bankruptcy court permits the debtor to reject the entire collective bargaining agreement, the debtor may unilaterally implement only those changes in employment contracts contained in its \u00a71113 proposal to modify the agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 75], "content_span": [76, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006451-0009-0000", "contents": "11 U.S.C. \u00a7 1113 \u2013 Rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements, Procedure\nTerms and conditions unaffected by the debtor's \u00a71113 proposal may not be changed unilaterally without exhausting the NLRA's bargaining requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 75], "content_span": [76, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006451-0010-0000", "contents": "11 U.S.C. \u00a7 1113 \u2013 Rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements, Law\nUnder the NLRA, the employer may unilaterally change working conditions after reaching a legitimate impasse in bargaining, and may then implement only those changes that were reasonably contemplated within the proposals that the union had rejected in good faith bargaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 69], "content_span": [70, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006451-0011-0000", "contents": "11 U.S.C. \u00a7 1113 \u2013 Rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements, Law\nCourts have recognized the employees' right to strike in situations where debtors have obtained court orders rejecting collective bargaining agreements under \u00a71113, except that an arbitration agreement may be enforced via injunction where the underlying collective bargaining agreement has a mandatory grievance arbitration procedure and the strike is triggered by issues subject to this mandatory arbitration procedure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 69], "content_span": [70, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006451-0012-0000", "contents": "11 U.S.C. \u00a7 1113 \u2013 Rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements, Law\nA debtor must propose only \"those necessary modifications in the employees' benefits and protections that are necessary to permit the reorganization of the debtor ...\" \u00a71113(b)(1)(A).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 69], "content_span": [70, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006451-0013-0000", "contents": "11 U.S.C. \u00a7 1113 \u2013 Rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements, Law\nThe legislative history of \u00a71113 strongly suggests that \"necessary\" should not be equated with \"essential\" or bare minimum. See Truck Drivers Local 807 IBT v. Carey Transp. Inc. 816 F.2d 82, 88\u201390 (2nd Cir. 1987).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 69], "content_span": [70, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006451-0014-0000", "contents": "11 U.S.C. \u00a7 1113 \u2013 Rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements, Law\nFinally, where the debtor's collective bargaining agreement contains a successorship clause and a buyer may be waiting in the wings, the debtor may seek to have the collective bargaining agreement voluntarily modified or rejected before the sale of assets is consummated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 69], "content_span": [70, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006451-0015-0000", "contents": "11 U.S.C. \u00a7 1113 \u2013 Rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements, Law\nThe asset buyer may wish to consider insisting on relief from any such obligation, especially if the purchaser intends to continue operations as a successor under the NLRA. Even in bankruptcy, a company will remain bound by the terms of its collective bargaining agreement unless and until it obtains relief pursuant to the procedures set forth above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 69], "content_span": [70, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006452-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Uhr 20\n11 Uhr 20 is a German crime television miniseries in three episodes, each having a length of about 60 minutes. It was written by Herbert Reinecker, directed by Wolfgang Becker and produced by Helmut Ringelmann. The episodes were shown in colour on the ZDF channel in January 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006452-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Uhr 20, Plot\nA married couple, the Wassems, are having a vacation in Turkey. One day they find a dead man in their car. Soon after this Mrs. Wassem dies in a car crash. The widowed Thomas Wassem, suspected of murder by the police, sets out to investigate the case on his own. The quest takes him to Tunisia, to find the real culprit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006453-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Ursae Minoris\n11 Ursae Minoris is a single star located approximately 410\u00a0light years away in the northern circumpolar constellation of Ursa Minor. The star is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.15. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221217.5\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006453-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Ursae Minoris\nThis is an aging K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K4\u00a0III. It is 1.2\u00a0billion years old with twice the mass of the Sun. As a consequence of exhausting the hydrogen at its core, the star has expanded to 28 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 258 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,358\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006453-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Ursae Minoris\n11 Ursae Minoris is sometimes named Pherkard or Pherkad Minor, the later name to distinguish it from Pherkad (Major) which is \u03b3 Ursae minoris. It has also been designated as \u03b31 Ursae minoris, in which case the brighter Pherkad is called \u03b32 Ursae minoris, but these names are rarely used. 11 Ursae Minoris is the Flamsteed designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006453-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Ursae Minoris\n11 Ursae minoris has a detected planet discovered in August 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006453-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Ursae Minoris, Planetary system\n11 Ursae minoris b was discovered during a radial velocity survey of 62 K type Red giant stars using the 2m Alfred Jensch telescope of the Thuringian State Observatory in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006454-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Ursae Minoris b\n11 Ursae Minoris b is an extrasolar planet which orbits the K-type giant star 11 Ursae Minoris, located approximately 390 light years away in the constellation Ursa Minor. This planet has a minimum mass of 10.5\u00a0MJ. Since inclination is not known, the actual mass is unknown. This planet may actually be a brown dwarf if a true mass is over 13 times that of Jupiter. This planet takes 17 months to orbit the star at the average distance of 1.54 AU in a circular orbit. This superjovian planet was detected by radial velocity method on August 12, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0000-0000", "contents": "11 West 54th Street\n11 West 54th Street (also 9 West 54th Street and the James J. Goodwin Residence) is a commercial building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is along 54th Street's northern sidewalk between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue. The four-and-a-half-story building was designed by McKim, Mead & White in the Georgian Revival style and was constructed between 1896 and 1898 as a private residence. It is one of five consecutive townhouses erected along the same city block during the 1890s, the others being 5, 7, 13 and 15 West 54th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0001-0000", "contents": "11 West 54th Street\nThe building is designed as a double house, with a larger unit at 11 West 54th Street to the west, as well as a smaller unit at 9 West 54th Street to the east. The facade is made of rusticated blocks of limestone on the first story, as well as Flemish bond brick on the upper stories. Businessman James Junius Goodwin and his wife Josephine lived at the main unit at number 11 with his family and rented number 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0002-0000", "contents": "11 West 54th Street\nThe house initially served as the second residence for James Goodwin, who lived primarily in Connecticut. James Goodwin died in 1915, and Josephine continued to live in the house until 1939, after which it was used briefly by the Inter-America House and the Museum of Modern Art The house was sold to Parsonage Point Realty Company in 1944 and leased to the Rhodes Preparatory School, which bought the building in 1949. The house was then sold in 1979 to the United States Trust Company, which renovated the structure. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the house as an official landmark in 1981, and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 as part of the 5\u201315 West 54th Street Residences historic district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0003-0000", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, Site\n11 West 54th Street is in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is along the northern sidewalk of 54th Street between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue, with an alternate address of 9 West 54th Street. The land lot is rectangular and covers 5,000 square feet (460\u00a0m2), with a frontage of 50 feet (15\u00a0m) on 54th Street and a depth of 100.42 feet (30.61\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0003-0001", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, Site\nThe building is the center of five consecutive townhouses erected along the same city block, with 5 West 54th Street and 7 West 54th Street to its east, as well as 13 and 15 West 54th Street to its west. The five townhouses are adjoined by the Rockefeller Apartments to the west, The Peninsula New York and the St. Regis New York hotels to the northeast, the University Club of New York and 689 Fifth Avenue to the east, the William H. Moore House and Saint Thomas Church to the southeast, and the Museum of Modern Art to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0004-0000", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, Site\nFifth Avenue between 42nd Street and Central Park South (59th Street) was relatively undeveloped through the late 19th century. The surrounding area was once part of the common lands of the city of New York. The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 established Manhattan's street grid with lots measuring 100 feet (30\u00a0m) deep and 25 feet (7.6\u00a0m) wide. Upscale residences were constructed around Fifth Avenue following the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0004-0001", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, Site\nThe two-block stretch of West and East 54th Street from Madison Avenue to Sixth Avenue, bisected by Fifth Avenue, was developed with the houses of prominent figures such as William Henry Moore, John R. Platt, and John D. Rockefeller Sr. The sites of the five houses at 5\u201315 West 54th Street, along with the University Club, were formerly occupied by St. Luke's Hospital, which moved out during 1896.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0005-0000", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, Design\nThe houses at 5\u201315 West 54th Street, all developed in the late 1890s for wealthy clients, were designed as a cohesive grouping, unlike other residences in the neighborhood. According to The New York Times, the houses form the sole remaining \"real strip of mansions\" in Midtown Manhattan. The houses at 5, 7, 9\u201311, and 13 and 15 West 54th Street all had different architects. The double unit at 9 and 11 West 54th Street was designed by McKim, Mead & White in the Georgian Revival style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0005-0001", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, Design\n11 West 54th Street was partly modeled on the third Harrison Gray Otis House in Boston. The ornamental steelwork was manufactured by the Prince & Kinkel Iron Works. Russell Sturgis, writing for Architectural Record in 1900, described the house as two structures with their \"facades forced into one\". Sturgis considered the facade of number 9 as being \"subordinate\" to number 11, even though the details of both units otherwise harmonized with each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0006-0000", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, Design, Facade\nThe building is four and a half stories tall and five bays wide. The basement and first floor are clad with rusticated blocks of limestone, while the three upper floors are clad with brick. The building was designed with number 11 as the main residence, taking up the westernmost three bays, and number 9 as a secondary residence, taking up the easternmost two bays. Nevertheless, the entire facade was designed to be largely symmetrical. Along the street facade, the house is set behind an iron railing and a depressed areaway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0007-0000", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, Design, Facade\nFrom the ground level, a low stoop with four steps leads to the entrance to number 11, at the center of the facade. In front of the main entrance is a portico supported by two fluted columns designed in the Ionic style. The columns are topped by Scamozzi-style capitals, which support a carved panel with a cartouche at its center. A cornice with modillions runs above the portico. Under the portico is a pair of wood-and-glass doors inside a stone doorway frame topped by a keystone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0007-0001", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, Design, Facade\nThe rightmost bay also has an entrance, which leads to number 9 and is simpler in design than the main entrance. The rightmost entrance lacks a portico and has fluted pilasters rather than a simple doorway frame, but it contains similar modillioned cornice and double wood-and-glass doors to the main entrance. The other three ground-story bays consist of recessed six-over-six windows with stone voussoirs and paneled keystones. Above the first floor is a band course with fret designs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0008-0000", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, Design, Facade\nThe second story has five windows with six-over-nine panes. Above each second-story window is a lintel and modillioned stone cornice supported by foliated brackets. In front of each second-story window is a balcony with an iron railing. The center window (corresponding to the portico) and the rightmost window (corresponding to the secondary entrance) have larger balconies than the three other bays. These balconies are designed as oblong rhombuses with rosettes in their centers. The third and fourth floors each have five windows with six-over-six panes, above which are splayed stone lintels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0008-0001", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, Design, Facade\nOn the third floor, the center window has a balcony similar to those on the second floor, while the other windows have simple limestone sills. Below the fourth floor is a stone string course that doubles as the sill for the fourth-story windows. Above the fourth floor is a modillioned cornice, above which is a stone balustrade. The attic has a slate mansard roof with five dormer windows that contain hip roofs. The mansard roof also has three brick chimneys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0009-0000", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, Design, Interior\nThe building contains about 22,500 square feet (2,090\u00a0m2) spread across two units. According to a real estate listing, the house had 11 master bedrooms, 11 staff bedrooms, 12 fireplaces, skylighted staircases, and a wood-paneled entrance foyer. The stairs had carved acorns, the entrance and stair landings had decorative pillars, and the ceiling had plaster moldings. When the house was built, number 9 was designed in what was then considered a Federal Revival or Classical Revival design. Number 9 had a variety of furniture, ranging from 19th century designs to contemporary Herter Brothers furniture, as well as an Oriental rug and potted plants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0010-0000", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, Design, Interior\nOriginally, the first floor of number 9 had the reception hall in the front and a dining room in the rear. The first floor of number 11 had a vestibule and a study in the front, a stair hall in the center, and a kitchen and servants' dining room in the rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0010-0001", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, Design, Interior\nThe second floor of number 9 had a living room in the front and a library in the rear, while the second floor of number 11 had a living room in the front, a hall and reception room in the center, and an octagonal dining room in the rear. Number 11 had a walk-in safe for silver next to the dining room, with a wood-paneled closet door concealing the steel entrance into the safe. Number 11's second floor had a high ceiling and a fireplace, as well as large mirrors and fireplace mantels. In both units, the second floor's large windows were designed to face MoMA's rear garden. In both residential units, the third floor contained numerous bedrooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0011-0000", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, Design, Interior\nBoth units were internally connected on the second floor in 1943. After an early 1980s renovation, the reception hall was clad in wood paneling while the second floor dining room was restored. The United States Trust Company, the occupant at the time of the 1980s renovation, reproduced many of the original decorations and added a rear annex. After the US Trust renovation, the house's interior had marble fireplace mantels, gilded bronze lights, and walls with red paper or green silk damask. At the rear of the house, a tellers' station was installed in a former servants' area. A 17-foot-deep (5.2\u00a0m) bank vault with a security booth and bulletproof windows was constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0012-0000", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, History, Residence\nIn 1896, with the relocation of St. Luke's Hospital from Midtown to Morningside Heights, Manhattan, the hospital's former site on the northern side of 54th Street west of Fifth Avenue became available for development. The University Club, whose construction commenced the same year, was the first structure to be built on the former hospital plot. In February 1896, Josephine Goodwin, wife of James Junius Goodwin, acquired a plot on 54th Street about 225 feet (69\u00a0m) west of Fifth Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0012-0001", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, History, Residence\nJames J. Goodwin was a prominent Connecticut businessman and railroad director who had a business partnership with his cousin, financier J. P. Morgan. McKim, Mead & White was commissioned to design a house on the site. The architects filed plans for the house with the New York City Department of Buildings in July 1896, with the house projected to cost $90,000, although the building was classified in blueprints as being a pair of residences. The Goodwin house was the first of the five structures at 5\u201315 West 54th Street to be developed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0013-0000", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, History, Residence\nThe house was completed in 1898. Initially, James and Josephine Goodwin occupied the main unit at number 11 and leased out the secondary unit at number 9. The Goodwins maintained a house in Hartford, Connecticut, where James spent most of his time. James was also a member of several clubs in New York, including the Union Club, Century Association, and Metropolitan Club. James died in 1915 and left all of his estate to Josephine and their three sons. After James's death, Josephine continued to live at 11 West 54th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0013-0001", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, History, Residence\nThe surrounding neighborhood rapidly became a commercial zone after World War I, and many neighboring townhouses were converted to commercial use, but the Goodwin family retained the house. Their son Walter lived at the house briefly from 1921 to 1922. The Goodwin residence was used for events as well. In 1924, the dean of Lincoln Cathedral in England hosted a lecture to raise money to repair the damaged church, and in 1932, the house hosted a lecture on the importance of Christian missionary work in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0014-0000", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, History, Residence\nNumber 9 was leased to a variety of residents. One of the families that occupied the house was Mr. and Mrs. Elijah P. Smith. By 1915, it was the home of William S. Bryant, who oversaw the execution of Charles Becker, a policeman found guilty of murdering gambler Herman Rosenthal. In 1921, Josephine Goodwin leased the house to Francis de Ruyter Wissman and his wife. Bulletins of New York City social life indicated that the Wissmans were active in social life and that they were still residents of 9 West 54th Street in 1930. Josephine Goodwin died in 1939 and left most of the estate to her three sons. The windows had been boarded up by 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0015-0000", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, History, Later use\nThe house was acquired in 1941 by the Inter-America House, a Latin American cultural organization. The organization used the house for events such as a reception for the Mexican consul general, an event honoring Latin American Red Cross workers, and an event honoring Latin American women on a goodwill tour of the United States. In November 1943, MoMA opened a photography annex on the first floor of number 9 and the second floor of both units. A hole was cut in the second-floor wall to connect the units. At the time, Philip Goodwin was still recorded as the owner. The next year, the Parsonage Point Realty Company bought the house. The Rhodes Preparatory School leased both units for ten years in November 1944 and moved into the house. The school outright purchased the building in 1949. Many of the original decorative details were removed by the school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0016-0000", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, History, Later use\nThe Rhodes School sold the house in 1979 to the United States Trust Company, a bank, for use as its own headquarters. The bank had considered moving its headquarters into several other structures, including buildings on wide avenues as well as new structures, before deciding upon the Goodwin mansion for its architecture. The bank hired Haines Lundberg Waehler to restore 9\u201311 West 54th Street largely to its original design. US Trust spent $5 million to ensure as much of the original detail as possible would be preserved or adapted to the bank's use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0016-0001", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, History, Later use\nMaterials were refurbished or replaced largely to the original specifications, and the bank invited James Goodwin's grandson Sage Goodwin to ask him about his childhood recollections of the house's design. Bank consultant David G. De Long said that original drawings were also used to restore the space. The architects even used scraps of original wallpaper to recreate the original wall designs and textures. A small annex in the rear was built for bank tellers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0017-0000", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, History, Later use\nThe New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the five houses at 5\u201315 West 54th Street as city landmarks, including the Goodwin residence, on February 3, 1981. The Committee for the Preservation of West 54th and West 55th Streets had pushed for the landmark designation. At the time, the five houses were in various states of preservation: although 9\u201311 West 54th Street was being restored, the twin houses at 13 and 15 West 54th Street had been proposed for demolition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0017-0001", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, History, Later use\nThe New York Landmarks Conservancy granted the US Trust Company its 1981 Chairman's Award for preserving the house in the renovation. On January 4, 1990, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Residences at 5\u201315 West 54th Street historic district. US Trust expanded its space into 13 and 15 West 54th Street, demolishing a wall separating the two pairs of residences, in the late 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006455-0018-0000", "contents": "11 West 54th Street, History, Later use\nDuring the 2000s, US Trust became part of Charles Schwab and subsequently Bank of America. In 2009, Bank of America sold the building for $29.4 million. The buyers, DLJ Real Estate Capital Partners and J.D. Carlisle, left it vacant, as they wanted to assemble other land lots nearby. The owners placed the property for sale in 2015. 11 West 54th Street and an adjacent office building at 10 West 55th Street was sold for $75 million in 2019 to the Wilf family, whose offices were at the adjacent 13 and 15 West 54th Street. Family member Orin Wilf, who led Skyline Partners, said at the time that he was unsure what he planned to do with the building. The Wilf family obtained a $91 million mortgage on the houses soon afterward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006456-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Westferry Circus\n11 Westferry Circus is an office building located on the upper level of Westferry Circus, Canary Wharf development in London, United Kingdom. Reader's Digest owned and occupied the building until 1999, when the company sold the building and leased space in it from the new owner. The building was designed by a consortium of architectural firms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006457-0000-0000", "contents": "11 Years Later\n\"11 Years Later\" is the first episode of the ninth season of the American sitcom Will & Grace. The episode was first broadcast on September 28, 2017, on NBC, and was watched by 10.2 million people during its original broadcast. It was written by David Kohan and Max Mutchnick, and directed by James Burrows. Airing over 11 years after the original series finale, the episode's intro scene effectively retcons many of the events of the finale out of existence as a daydream Karen experiences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006457-0001-0000", "contents": "11 Years Later, Plot\nAt Will's apartment, Karen awakens from a dream in which Will and Grace married their partners, and had children who married each other. Will and Grace explain that they have no children, that they are both separated from their partners, and that Grace is staying at Will's apartment temporarily while she finalizes her divorce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006457-0002-0000", "contents": "11 Years Later, Plot\nWill writes an angry letter to Steve Sandoval, a congressman gutting the Environmental Protection Agency, but to whom Will is also secretly attracted. Jack uses his connections to get himself and Will invited to an event held by Sandoval at the White House Rose Garden. Will and Sandoval meet; they flirt with each other, and Sandoval instructs a page to take Will on a tour of the West Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006457-0003-0000", "contents": "11 Years Later, Plot\nMeanwhile, Karen uses her friendship with Melania Trump to get Grace's interior design studio hired to redecorate the Oval Office. Though Grace opposes Trump politically, she accepts the high-paying job. She travels to the White House, where she encounters Will at Sandoval's event. Their hypocritical motivations for being in Washington are exposed, and they have an argument that devolves into a pillow fight in the Oval Office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006457-0004-0000", "contents": "11 Years Later, Plot\nBack in New York, Grace decides to move out of Will's apartment. Will convinces her to stay, and they reconcile with the agreement that they will keep politics out of their relationship. Karen admonishes Grace for rejecting the opportunity to decorate the Oval Office, but Grace responds that she made one change: a \"Make America Gay Again\" hat left on top of the President's chair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006457-0005-0000", "contents": "11 Years Later, Ratings and reception\n\"11 Years Later\" was watched by 10.2 million people during its original broadcast, and gained a 3.0 ratings share among adults aged 18\u201349.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006457-0006-0000", "contents": "11 Years Later, Ratings and reception\nKendall Williams of Den of Geek gave the episode a 3 out of 5, saying, \"The episode doesn\u2019t venture from its usual shenanigans and social commentary about people and causes that matter. It\u2019s no mistake that the season premiere refers to the current occupant in The White House, and then temporarily relocates the main characters to D.C. to act out their personal and political prejudices.\" She also mentioned that \"some of the intended jokes and jabs didn't hit their mark with me\", despite enjoying the chemistry between the leading actors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006457-0006-0001", "contents": "11 Years Later, Ratings and reception\nHowever, she still gave some positive thoughts about the episode, saying \"Nothing significant has changed on the show, which is a good thing. Viewers would be disoriented if presented with unrealistic scenarios that might come across as forced or angry in order for the writers to prove a point.\" Justin Kirkland from Entertainment Weekly gave the episode an A\u2212. He particularly praised the political message of the episode, saying, \"Will & Grace is the best political vehicle when it\u2019s being absolutely ridiculous, which is why it doesn\u2019t take long to come back together.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006457-0006-0002", "contents": "11 Years Later, Ratings and reception\nHe also enjoyed the characters' dynamics and relationships, especially between Will and Grace. He also acknowledged that the episode alone was not capable of solving the \"whole last season\" and its ending. However, he completed this point by saying, \"If Will and Grace proved two things, it\u2019s that we have bigger fish to fry, and that sometimes the best way to fight the fight is with something familiar.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006457-0007-0000", "contents": "11 Years Later, Ratings and reception\nJonathan Bernstein from The Daily Telegraph gave the episode a 2 out of 5, with a mixed to negative review. He said, \"If you\u2019re an American comedy in 2017 with ambitions to take on the current administration, you\u2019re automatically at the tail-end of a very, very long and angry queue. You should spend your time sharpening your claws and your teeth for the kill. In this episode, Will & Grace did the exact opposite.\" He felt that the main plot of the premiere was contrived, and \"entirely bereft of depth or character development.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006457-0007-0001", "contents": "11 Years Later, Ratings and reception\nHowever, he noticed the attempts of the episode to appear relevant, despite being \"a broad, blowsy old-fashioned show.\" Finally, he mentioned that he would give another chance to the season, as the premiere does not \"immediately doom the entire comeback.\" Vulture's Brian Moylan gave the episode the episode a 3 out of 5, with a mixed review, saying, \"From stem to stern, this episode is like one long exhale for the pent-up liberals who have been glued to outrage Twitter and mainlining Rachel Maddow since the election.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006457-0007-0002", "contents": "11 Years Later, Ratings and reception\nHe also acknowledged that the episode \"isn\u2019t long enough to contain everything\", especially the introduction of Tony, and was saddened that the political message ended up being personal. He concluded his review by saying, \"Although it's like going back in a time machine, it\u2019s a past I certainly won\u2019t mind visiting for the next few months \u2014 or at least until Trump gets impeached.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006458-0000-0000", "contents": "11 listopada\n11 listopada (lit. '11 November') is a 2008 Polish war film directed by Kamil Kulczycki and Urszula Sza\u0142ata. The film presents a series of events which led to the first execution of civilians in occupied Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006458-0001-0000", "contents": "11 listopada, Plot\n11 listopada is set shortly before and at the beginning of World War II. It tells the story of a group of Scouts from Zielonka, a small town near Warsaw, who, finding themselves unable to come to terms with the German occupation, decided to continue in secret their scouting activity. One night, on the eve of 11 November 1939 (Polish Independence Day), they put up in the streets of the town 15 hand-made posters with the text of Rota (The Oath), a poem and an anthem by Maria Konopnicka. In the gloomy reality of the German occupation this act was supposed to express hope. Perhaps they were dreaming of a moment of hesitation from a passer-by, rising hearts, a kind smile at this manifestation of national solidarity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006459-0000-0000", "contents": "11 mm caliber\nThis is a list of firearm cartridges which have bullets in the 11 millimetres (0.43\u00a0in) to 11.99 millimetres (0.472\u00a0in) caliber range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006460-0000-0000", "contents": "11 o'clock number\n11 o'clock number is a theatre term for a big, show-stopping song that occurs late in the second act of a two-act musical, in which a major character, often the protagonist, comes to an important realization. Examples include \"So Long Dearie\" from Hello, Dolly!, \"Rose's Turn\" from Gypsy, and \"Work the Wound\" from Passing Strange. It was so named because in the days when musical performances would start at 8:30 p.m., this song would occur around 11:00 p.m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006460-0001-0000", "contents": "11 o'clock number\nAmong the theatre community, there is some debate as to the characteristics of an 11 o'clock number. It often signifies a moment of revelation or change in heart of a lead character, although there are exceptions to this. The 11 o'clock number is also differentiated from the finale in that it is not the final number in the show, but even this is not considered a requirement by some commenters. Broadway producer Jack Viertel defines an 11 o'clock number as \"a final star turn\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006460-0002-0000", "contents": "11 o'clock number\nOther notable 11 o'clock numbers include \"Sit Down, You're Rockin' the Boat\" from Guys and Dolls, \"Memory\" from Cats, \"Brotherhood of Man\" from How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, \u201cFor Good\u201d from Wicked, \"Gimme Gimme\" from Thoroughly Modern Millie, \"Another National Anthem\" from Assassins, \"The American Dream\" from Miss Saigon, \"Goodbye\" from \"Catch Me If You Can\", \"I'm Here\" from The Color Purple, and \"Always Starting Over\" from If/Then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006461-0000-0000", "contents": "11 points in the Negev\n11 points in the Negev (Hebrew: 11 \u05d4\u05e0\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea\u200e or \u05d0\u05d7\u05ea-\u05e2\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e0\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea\u200e, Akhat-Esre HaNekudot) refers to a Jewish Agency plan for establishing eleven settlements in the Negev in 1946, prior to the partition of Palestine and the establishment of the State of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006461-0001-0000", "contents": "11 points in the Negev, History\nA plan to establish eleven \"points\" of Jewish settlement in the Negev was devised in order to assure a Jewish presence in the area prior to the partition of Palestine. This followed the publication of the Morrison-Grady partition proposal, in which the Negev was to be part of an Arab state. Together, the Jewish National Fund, the Jewish Agency, the Haganah and the Mekorot water company launched a drive to settle the Negev and hopefully have the Negev included as part of a Jewish state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006461-0002-0000", "contents": "11 points in the Negev, History\nOn the night of October 5\u20136, after the Yom Kippur fast, the settlers, including members of  Kibbutz Ruhama and Gvulot, set up camp at eleven pre-determined locations in the Negev. The eleven settlements were (in alphabetic order):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006461-0003-0000", "contents": "11 points in the Negev, Legacy and commemoration\nToday a museum celebrating the eleven points is located in Revivim. In 1996 Israel Post released a stamp celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of their settlement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0000-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11\n11'09\"01 September 11 is a 2002 international film composed of 11 contributions from different filmmakers, each from a different country. Each gave their own vision of the events in New York City during the September 11 attacks, in a short film of 11 minutes, 9 seconds, and one frame. The original concept and production of the film was by French producer Alain Brigand. It has been released internationally with several different titles, depending on the language. It is listed in the Internet Movie Database as 11'09\"01 - September 11, while in French, it is known as 11 minutes 9 secondes 1 image and in Persian as 11-e-Septambr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0001-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot\nEleven episodes of eleven different directors on the tragedy of September 11, 2001, each lasting 11 minutes, 9 seconds, and 1 frame: 11'09\"01.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0002-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 01: \" Iran\"\nThe news of the September 11, 2001 attacks reaches an Afghan refugee camp, where bricks are produced to build new shelters, in view of the attacks promised by the United States. Here a young teacher tries to explain to her young students what happened and to make them respect a minute of silence in honor of the victims. Attempts, however, fail one after another. Finally, the teacher finds herself having to impose the minute of silence on the children near a chimney (the most similar to a skyscraper).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0003-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 02: \" France\"\nNew York, September 11, 2001: a young French photographer  deaf-mute is a guest of her fianc\u00e9, a tourist guide for the disabled who is about to bring a group to visit the Twin Towers. After she tried to explain to him that a story \"at a distance\" like theirs has no chance of succeeding, he tries to leave a message to the computer before leaving explaining that only a miracle can keep them together. At that moment he returns home covered in dust, miraculously escaping the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0004-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 03: \" Egypt\"\nNew York, September 10, 2001: director Yusuf Shahin is finalizing the filming of a film at the World Trade Center, but is sent away with his crew in a decisive manner by a policeman because he has no authorization to stay there. Two days later, Shahin presented himself at a press conference, but said he was upset by the attacks and asked to be able to postpone it, triggering the reaction of a journalist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0005-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 03: \" Egypt\"\nWhile he is on the cliff in front of the house, the ghost of a young American soldier appears to him, who died in the attack on multinational forces in Lebanon in 1983. The soldier reveals to Shahin that he is the only one who can see him, because he is the only one who can hear and understand what is going on around.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0005-0001", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 03: \" Egypt\"\nThe two face a \"journey\" that leads them to analyze the roots of the clash between the United States and the Arab world, starting from the house of the young Arab who was the executor material of the attack. After observing his preparation, Shahin discusses with his parents, who say they are proud of what he has done and go on to complain of the constant violence suffered by the Palestinians by Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0006-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 03: \" Egypt\"\nThe soldier reacts by saying that, although he understands the attacks against the soldiers, it is still not right to shoot in the pile. The director counters by showing the list of victims of US military interventions and wars after the Second World War, not justifying the violence but complaining about the United States' inability to understand that the legitimate defense of their principles often goes through the destruction of other countries .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0006-0001", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 03: \" Egypt\"\nTheir path ends at Arlington National Cemetery, where Shahin finds his girlfriend and the young soldier's father, who turns out to be the policeman who drove him away from the Twin Towers and with whom he reconciles. Shortly thereafter, the phantom of the attacker appears, who resolutely reproaches the director for appearing too good with that soldier. Shahin replies that both are victims of human stupidity, but the attacker responds by reiterating his position once again and showing he does not want to understand, leaving the director stunned by his uncompromising words.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0007-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 04: \" Bosnia-Herzegovina\"\nDespite the attacks in New York, a girl from Srebrenica considers it appropriate to celebrate the monthly demonstration anyway, in memory of the massacre of the local population by Bosnian Serb soldiers, which took place on July 11, 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0008-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 05: \" Burkina Faso\"\nOuagadougou, September 2001: Adam\u00e0 is a boy who is forced to leave school and work as a newsboy in order to be able to pay for medicines to his sick mother. Two weeks after the attacks, Adam\u00e0 sees a man very similar to Osama bin Laden and decides to capture him with the help of his friends, in order to claim the size of 25 million pending on his boss. The boys decide to use that money to treat Adam\u00e0's mother and, potentially, many other sick people in the country, as well as not to say anything to the adults, to prevent them from wasting the money of the size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0009-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 05: \" Burkina Faso\"\nThe boys steal the camera of one of their parents and start to follow \"Osama bin Laden\" to a clearing where, every day, he goes to pray. The five therefore devise a plan to capture him in that clearing, but \"bin Laden\" does not show up that day. The boys try to capture him at the hotel, but they discover that the man is now going to the airport, where they are stopped by the policeman before they could enter. In the end, the boys decide to sell the camera and give Adam\u00e0 the money, so he can look after his mother and go back to school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0010-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 06: \" United Kingdom\"\nPablo, a Chilean refugee in London, writes a letter to the families of the victims of the September 11 attacks, reminding them of \"his\" September 11: Chilean coup of 1973, when the general Augusto Pinochet implemented a coup d'\u00e9tat (backed by the US) against Salvador Allende, democratically elected president in 1970. Pablo narrates in his letter of US involvement in financing of right-wing and subversive groups, up to the coup, and of the violence and torture suffered by him and his countrymen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0010-0001", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 06: \" United Kingdom\"\nForced to first five years in prison and then into exile, he declares that he can no longer return to Chile because his family and children are now born and raised in the United Kingdom. Pablo concludes his letter with the hope that, as he will unite in the memory of the victims of September 11, 2001, so they will join him in memory of the victims of September 11, 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0011-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 07: \" Mexico\"\nBlack screen. Background noises and rumors of everyday life, suddenly interrupted by the screams of the witnesses of the crash of  flight AA11 against the North Tower of the World Trade Center. While the black screen is occasionally interrupted by the repertoire images of the attacks, the voices of the announcements on television, the screams of the victims, the explosions of the planes, the calls made by the victims and their relatives overlap. The sound stops and you can see the two towers collapse without sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0011-0001", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 07: \" Mexico\"\nThe background voices start again on a background of violins, while the screen gradually changes from black to white. Two writings appear (one in  Arabic characters and one in  Latin characters) of the same meaning: \"Does God's light guide us or blind us?\" The sentences finally disappear in a blinding light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0012-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 08: \" Israel\"\nA suicide attack shakes Tel Aviv. Soldiers, policemen and doctors for various, long minutes try to coordinate the operations of security and rescue. A journalist and her crew arrive at the scene and try in every way to obtain information from the police forces present, obtaining only peremptory invitations to clear the area. At one point, the director tells the journalist that she won't go on the air and she reacts first by protesting, then starting to rattle off various historical events that took place all on September 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0012-0001", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 08: \" Israel\"\nWhile the journalist insists on carrying out her service, the voice of the director is heard in the background telling her that something very serious happened in New York, to the point of explicitly saying \"remember this date, September 11th, because it is a date that nobody more will forget \". Faced with the further (but now unintelligible) protests of the journalist, the director replies \"I'm not talking to you about September 11th of '44 or '97, I'm talking about September 11th today\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0013-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 09: \" India\"\nA Pakistani woman has not heard from her son  Salman since the day of the attacks on the  Twin Towers. CIA and  FBI repeatedly question her, since they believe the young man, of Muslim faith, could be linked to the attacks. In particular, they ask many questions about why he did not show up for work that day and why, despite having decided to pursue a medical career and leave the police academy, he still held the latter's card.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0014-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 09: \" India\"\nWhile the woman does not resign herself to the disappearance of her son, the media begin to report the news of her involvement in the attack, which does nothing but exacerbate the isolation in which the woman and the family have fallen. Only after six months, the boy's remains are identified among those found among the rubble and the truth is re-established: it turns out that the young man died while he was helping at the site of the attacks. During the funeral, the mother denounces the climate of suspicion that has been created against her family and against the Muslim community in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0015-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 10: \" United States of America\"\nAn elder spends his life alone in an apartment overshadowed by the Twin Towers. The widowed man vents his loneliness by talking to his late wife as if she were still alive and cultivating her flower pot, withered by the lack of light. The collapse of the Towers finally allows the light to flood the apartment and suddenly revitalizes the flowers. The elder, happy for what happened, tries to show the vase to his wife, but the light \"reveals\" the illusion in which he lived until then. Between tears, he regrets that his wife is not there to finally see the vase bloom again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 70], "content_span": [71, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0016-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 11: \" Japan\"\nJapan, August 1945. Yoichi, a soldier returned from the front suffering from  post-traumatic disorder, behaves like a  snake, to the dismay of his parents and his wife. His family tries to convince him to return to the \"human\" state, but without success. The other villagers begin to look at them with suspicion and fear, but this does not prevent Yoichi's wife from having an extra-marital relationship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0017-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 11: \" Japan\"\nWhile the wife and her lover talk about the traumatic experiences that the soldier must have suffered, of the  new type of bomb used in the  bombing of Hiroshima and the forthcoming end of the war, the situation worsens: Yoichi swallows a  mouse under the horrified eyes of his mother, who decides to chase him away. In the following days, the villagers suffer the loss of various animals and everyone blames the mad soldier. It is thus decided to organize a search operation to find it, but without success. Meanwhile, a  flashback clarifies the reason for the soldier's behavior: hiding behind a boulder after a violent battle, Yoichi is beaten by a fellow soldier who asks him why he does not take part in this \"holy war\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0018-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Plot, Episode # 11: \" Japan\"\nDuring the hunt, Yoichi's wife accidentally finds her husband drinking water from a river and asks him \"do you dislike being a man so much?\" Yoichi, in response, crawls away ignoring his wife. Finally, a snake is shown above a river stone, while the inscription in  Japanese \"Holy wars do not exist\" appears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006462-0019-0000", "contents": "11'09\"01 September 11, Awards\nAt the 2002 Venice Film Festival, the film received the UNESCO Award and Ken Loach's segment was the winner of the FIPRESCI Prize for Best Short Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006463-0000-0000", "contents": "11,000 Clicks\n11,000 Clicks is a DVD release from the musical group Moloko, and their final release other than the compilation album Catalogue. It was recorded at Brixton Academy in London and also contains a documentary titled \"Ed's Film\" filmed by Eddie Stevens which contains footage shot by the band both backstage and on location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006464-0000-0000", "contents": "11-11-11 (film)\n11-11-11 is a 2011 supernatural horror film written and directed by Darren Lynn Bousman. The film is set at 11:11 on the 11th day of the 11th month and concerns an entity from another world that enters the earthly realm through Heaven's 11th gate. The film was released in 17 theaters domestically on November 11, 2011. It was distributed by Epic Pictures Group in North America, though most of its revenues were generated from foreign showings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006464-0001-0000", "contents": "11-11-11 (film), Plot\nThe film starts with a dream sequence depicting Sarah and David Crone being trapped and ultimately dying in their burning home at 11:11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006464-0002-0000", "contents": "11-11-11 (film), Plot\nJoseph Crone wakes in his hotel room at 11:11 AM on November 7, 2011. His manager, Grant, arrives and urges Joseph to write his next novel after telling him that his previous book sold over 5 million copies. Joseph begins writing about how after his wife and son died, he lost all faith in a higher power and God, and writes \"God is dead, or maybe he was never alive.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006464-0003-0000", "contents": "11-11-11 (film), Plot\nOn November 8, 2011, Joseph attends his support group meeting where Sadie is telling her story. Outside, Sadie tells Joseph that he should speak up, calling him good with words. As Joseph departs, Sadie gives him a notebook. Joseph is then immediately in a car accident. At the hospital, he has an MRI scan and the doctors reveal to him that he is perfectly healthy and uninjured while the other driver was killed in the crash. Joseph tells Sadie that he feels that he has no purpose and prays for God to kill him every day. He then examines his watch and sees that it stopped exactly at 11:11. That night, Joseph gets a call from his estranged brother, Samuel, who is living in Spain with their father, Richard. Samuel tells Joseph that their father is dying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006464-0004-0000", "contents": "11-11-11 (film), Plot\nOn November 9, 2011, Joseph goes to Barcelona, Spain, to visit his father. There, Joseph meets with Samuel, who uses a wheelchair. Samuel urges Joseph to put aside his hatred for the church and asks Joseph to stay the night. Later Samuel tells Joseph that his congregation dwindled away, and asks him to try to get some of his fans to follow his church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006464-0005-0000", "contents": "11-11-11 (film), Plot\nIn Samuel's study, the local housekeeper Ana demands that Samuel show Joseph the video de los demonios. Ana shows Joseph a security video taken on November 3 that depicts the faint outline of what appears to be a demon at 11:11 PM. Joseph tells Samuel that he's been seeing the number 11-11 frequently in the past few days. Joseph then goes to talk to Ana and finds a diary, only titled El Libro de Ana. When confronted about it, Ana tells Joseph that it's the gospel according to her. That night, Joseph reads that people who frequently see the number 11-11 have been \"Activated\". Joseph then saves Samuel, who is being strangled by demon-like creatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006464-0006-0000", "contents": "11-11-11 (film), Plot\nOn November 10, 2011, at a meeting of Samuel's congregation, a man named Javier brandishes a gun at Samuel, dropping a camera in the process. Joseph disarms Javier, who runs off. Joseph and Samuel then visit the cemetery where their mother, Lauren, is buried. Joseph points out that Samuel's birthday and Lauren's death both took place on November 11. Joseph tells Samuel that the attack the night before, Joseph's accident, David's death, and the apparitions all occurred at 11:11 on the clock. Samuel urges Joseph to not look for meaning where there is none.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006464-0006-0001", "contents": "11-11-11 (film), Plot\nJoseph then goes to find a shop to develop the photos on Javier's camera, and they tell Joseph that the photos will be developed the next day. Joseph goes to an Occult Book Shop where the keeper reads a passage from a book, detailing that on November 11, 2011, a sacrifice will be made that will \"destroy faith and the Serpent will rise\". Joseph becomes convinced that Samuel is a prophet to save the church and that on November 11, 2011, at 11:11, Samuel will be sacrificed by these demons for the devil to rise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006464-0007-0000", "contents": "11-11-11 (film), Plot\nOn November 11, 2011, Joseph finds that Sadie has arrived in Barcelona. Joseph and Sadie are cornered in a maze by Javier, who brandishes the gun at Joseph before fleeing. When Joseph and Sadie return to the house, they find that Richard has died. Joseph breaks into Javier's home, and finds Samuel's photos in a diary with the word SACRIFICIO scrawled on its pages, along with 11-11-11. Javier finds Joseph and shoots him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006464-0008-0000", "contents": "11-11-11 (film), Plot\nJoseph comes to that night, calls Sadie, and tells her to get the photos that were developed as he runs back to the house. He finds Samuel, who urges Joseph to save the notebooks that chronicle the church's history. Joseph and Samuel, with the notebooks, are cornered by the demonic beings in the house, and they take Samuel at 11:02PM. Joseph attempts to find and rescue Samuel as Sadie gets the photos. Joseph finds Samuel, suspended in the air, surrounded by the beings. A sinkhole opens, causing Joseph to fall away from rescue. Joseph manages to crawl out of the sinkhole as one of the creatures readies a blade to stab Samuel. Joseph steps in the path of the blade exactly at 11:11, and the beings disappear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006464-0009-0000", "contents": "11-11-11 (film), Plot\nSadie, looking through the photos, burns them all. Joseph and Samuel lie out in the rain as Joseph begins to die. Samuel tells Joseph that 11-11 was not a window opening, but one closing, and that the end of the world could only be stopped then. Joseph finds the notebooks and reads one that Samuel wrote, depicting his own death. Samuel stands, collects the notebooks, and leaves Joseph to die after revealing that the beings were, in fact, angels and that he was the devil that needed to be stopped. A new religion will start, and Joseph's, Samuel's, Sadie's, Grant's, and Ana's books will become the new gospels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006464-0010-0000", "contents": "11-11-11 (film), Plot\nSome time later, a large church is filled with Samuel's followers, each bearing a book titled The Book of Joseph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006464-0011-0000", "contents": "11-11-11 (film), Reception\nReview aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 7% approval rating based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 3.71/10. Metacritic reports a score of 26/100 based on 5 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006465-0000-0000", "contents": "11-11: En mi cuadra nada cuadra\n11-11: En mi cuadra nada cuadra (English title: 11-11: In my block nothing matches) is a Mexican youth telenovela on Nickelodeon Latin America starring Patricio Gallardo, Alberich Bormann and Thali Garc\u00eda with Kevin Aponte and Karla Cervantes as the antagonists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006466-0000-0000", "contents": "11-11: Memories Retold\n11-11 Memories Retold is a narrative adventure video game set during World War I. It was released on 9 November 2018, two days before the centennial of the armistice. It is co-developed by DigixArt and Aardman Animations, and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006466-0001-0000", "contents": "11-11: Memories Retold\nOne of the game's main features is its visual style, inspired by impressionist art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006466-0002-0000", "contents": "11-11: Memories Retold, Synopsis\nThe game allows the player to play as two characters during World War I: Canadian photographer named Harry Lambert and German engineer Kurt Waldner. Both engage in the war for different reasons. Harry is attracted by the glory and the desire to seduce his childhood friend, so he decides to follow a major in search of a new war photographer. Kurt working as an engineer, learns on the radio that his son's unit is missing, and decides to join the German military to find him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006466-0003-0000", "contents": "11-11: Memories Retold, Gameplay\n11-11 Memories Retold takes place from a third-person perspective with the ability to choose between the two protagonists either at the beginning of the chapter, or freely in the middle during certain parts. Each character advances in the story with his own tools:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006466-0004-0000", "contents": "11-11: Memories Retold, Gameplay\nThe game allows the player to control a cat and a pigeon during certain sequences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006466-0005-0000", "contents": "11-11: Memories Retold, Development\nThe game started development when DigixArt met people from Aardman at Games for Change Europe 2016. The developers said that they wanted to convey moments of humanity between the two sides. The art style for the game was based on a short film that Aardman created for the Imperial War Museum called Flight of the Stories. The short used 3D objects with a stylized impressionist style. Aardman said that they also tried styles that were influenced by WWI, such as Futurism and Cubism. However, Aardman did not want a game that seemed low-poly, so they switched to an impressionist style. J. M. W. Turner, Claude Monet, and Alexander Peterhof were the artists that Aardman credited with inspiring the game's style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006466-0006-0000", "contents": "11-11: Memories Retold, Reception\n11-11: Memories Retold received \"generally favourable reviews\" for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, and \"mixed or average reviews\" for Windows on Metacritic. Critics praised the writing and voicing of the characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006467-0000-0000", "contents": "11-20-79\n11-20-79 is the only studio album from American R&B artist Mona Lisa, released on June 11, 1996, on Island Records. It is named after her date of birth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006467-0001-0000", "contents": "11-20-79, Release and reception\nThe album peaked at thirty-eight on the R&B Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006468-0000-0000", "contents": "11-Aminoundecanoic acid\n11-Aminoundecanoic acid is an organic compound with the formula H2N(CH2)10CO2H. This white solid is classified as an amine and a fatty acid. 11-Aminoundecanoic acid is a precursor to Nylon-11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006468-0001-0000", "contents": "11-Aminoundecanoic acid, Production\nAs practiced by Arkema, 11-aminoundecanoic acid is prepared industrially from undecylenic acid, which is derived from castor oil. The synthesis proceeds in four separate reactions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006468-0002-0000", "contents": "11-Aminoundecanoic acid, Production\nCrude castor oil consists of about 80% triglycerides, from the ricinoleic acid, itself representing about 90% of the oil. It is quantitatively transesterified with methanol to methyl ricinoleat (the methyl ester of ricinoleic acid) in the presence of the basic sodium methoxide at 80 \u00b0C within 1 h reaction time in a stirred reactor. At the end of the reaction, the resulting glycerol separates and the liquid methyl ester is washed with water to remove residual glycerol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006468-0003-0000", "contents": "11-Aminoundecanoic acid, Production\nMethylricinoleat is evaporated at 250 \u00b0C, mixed with hot steam (600 \u00b0C) in a 1:1 ratio and decomposed in a cracking furnace at 400 - 575 \u00b0 C at a retention time of about 10 seconds into its cleavage products heptanal and methyl undecenoate. The cleavage of the aliphatic chain occurs in this variant of the steam cracking selectively between the hydroxymethylene and the allyl-methylene group. Besides heptanal and methyl undecenoate, a mixture of methyl esters of saturated and unsaturated C18-carboxylic acids is obtained. This mixture is known under the trade name Esterol\u00ae and is used as a lubricant additive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006468-0004-0000", "contents": "11-Aminoundecanoic acid, Production\nThe hydrolysis of the methyl ester with sodium hydroxide proceeds at 25 \u00b0C within 30 min with quantitative yield. After acidification with hydrochloric acid, solid 10-undecenoic acid (undecylenic acid) is obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006468-0005-0000", "contents": "11-Aminoundecanoic acid, Production\nThe undecenoic acid is dissolved in toluene and, in the presence of the radical initiator benzoyl peroxide (BPO), gaseous hydrogen bromide is added, in contrary to the Markovnikov rule (\"anti-Markovnikov\"). When cooled to 0 \u00b0C, the fast and highly exothermic reaction produces 11-bromoundecanoic acid in 95% yield - the Markownikov product 10-bromoundecanoic acid is produced in small quantities as a by-product. Toluene and unreacted hydrogen bromide are extracted under reduced pressure and resused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006468-0006-0000", "contents": "11-Aminoundecanoic acid, Production\n11-Bromodecanoic acid is mixed at 30 \u00b0C with a large excess of 40% aqueous ammonia solution. When the reaction is complete, water is added and the mixture is heated to 100 \u00b0C to remove the excess ammonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006468-0007-0000", "contents": "11-Aminoundecanoic acid, Production\nThe acid can be recrystallized from water. For further purification, the hydrochloride of 11-aminoundecanoic acid, which is available by acidification with hydrochloric acid, can be recrystallized from a methanol/ethyl acetate mixture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006468-0008-0000", "contents": "11-Aminoundecanoic acid, Properties\n11-aminoundecanoic acid is a white crystalline and odourless solid with low solubility in water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006468-0009-0000", "contents": "11-Aminoundecanoic acid, Use\nBy acylation of 11-aminoundecanoic acid with chloroacetyl chloride, chloroacetylamino-11-undecanoic acid can be produced, which acts as a fungicide and insecticide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 28], "content_span": [29, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006468-0010-0000", "contents": "11-Aminoundecanoic acid, Use\nN-acyl derivatives of 11-aminoundecanoic acid in the form of oligomeric amides have remarkable properties as gelling agents for water and organic solvents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 28], "content_span": [29, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006468-0011-0000", "contents": "11-Aminoundecanoic acid, Use, Monomer for polyamide 11\nBy far the most important application of 11-aminoundecanoic acid is its use as a monomer for polyamide 11 (also: nylon-11). Wallace Carothers, the inventor of polyamide (nylon 66), is said to have polymerized 11-aminoundecanoic acid as early as 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006468-0012-0000", "contents": "11-Aminoundecanoic acid, Use, Monomer for polyamide 11\nAlthough polyamide 11 is derived from a renewable raw material (i.e. biobased), it is not biodegradable. Nevertheless, it has the most advantageous ecological profile of comparable thermoplastics. Due to its excellent toughness at low temperatures, polyamide 11 can be used at temperatures as low as -70 \u00b0C. Its relatively non-polar molecular structure due to the low frequency of amide bonds in the molecule results in low moisture absorption compared to polyamide 6 or polyamide 66. In addition, polyamide 11 has very good chemical stability, e.g. against hydrocarbons, low density, good thermal stability, weather resistance and is easy to process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006469-0000-0000", "contents": "11-Dehydrocorticosterone\n11-Dehydrocorticosterone (11-DHC), also known as 11-oxocorticosterone or 17-deoxycortisone, as well as 21-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione, is a naturally occurring, endogenous corticosteroid related to cortisone and corticosterone. It is a potent mineralocorticoid, with generally greater such activity than that of corticosterone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006470-0000-0000", "contents": "11-Dehydroprogesterone\n11-Dehydroprogesterone, also known as pregna-4,11-diene-3,20-dione, is a steroidal progestin that was never marketed. It was found to be 2- to 3-fold as potent as progesterone as a progestogen in animal bioassays, although other studies found them to be equivalent in potency. 11-Dehydroprogesterone has been studied in women. It was discovered in the 1930s or 1940s and was one of the earliest synthetic progestogens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006471-0000-0000", "contents": "11-Dehydrothromboxane B2\n11-Dehydrothromboxane B2 (or 11-dehydro-TXB2) is produced from the breakdown of thromboxane A2. It is released by activated platelets and urine levels of 11-dehydro-TXB2 can be used to monitor the response to aspirin therapy when used to prevent heart disease and in diseases where platelet activation is prominent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006472-0000-0000", "contents": "11-Deoxycorticosterone\n11-Deoxycorticosterone (DOC), or simply deoxycorticosterone, also known as 21-hydroxyprogesterone, as well as desoxycortone (INN), deoxycortone, and cortexone, is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland that possesses mineralocorticoid activity and acts as a precursor to aldosterone. It is an active (Na+-retaining) mineralocorticoid. As its names indicate, 11-deoxycorticosterone can be understood as the 21-hydroxy-variant of progesterone or as the 11-deoxy-variant of corticosterone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006472-0001-0000", "contents": "11-Deoxycorticosterone, Biological activity\nDOC is a potent mineralocorticoid but is virtually devoid of glucocorticoid activity. However, 11\u03b2-hydroxylation of DOC produces corticosterone and confers glucocorticoid activity, along with 10-fold reduced mineralocorticoid activity. In addition to its mineralocorticoid activity, DOC has been found to possess one-third to one-tenth the potency of progesterone as a progestogen when administered systematically to rabbits. However, it has no such activity when applied directly to the uterine mucosa of mice. The discrepancy may be related to the fact that DOC can be converted into progesterone in vivo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006472-0002-0000", "contents": "11-Deoxycorticosterone, Biological role\nDOC is a precursor molecule for the production of aldosterone. The major pathway for aldosterone production is in the adrenal glomerulosa zone of the adrenal gland. It is not a major secretory hormone. It is produced from progesterone by 21\u03b2-hydroxylase and is converted to corticosterone by 11\u03b2-hydroxylase. Corticosterone is then converted to aldosterone by aldosterone synthase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006472-0003-0000", "contents": "11-Deoxycorticosterone, Biological role\nMost of the DOC is secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex which also secretes cortisol, and a small amount by the zona glomerulosa, which secretes aldosterone. DOC stimulates the collecting tubules (the tubules which branch together to feed the bladder)  to continue to excrete potassium in much the same way that aldosterone does but not like aldosterone in the end of the looped tubules (distal). At the same time it is not nearly so rigorous at retaining sodium as aldosterone, more than 20 times less.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006472-0003-0001", "contents": "11-Deoxycorticosterone, Biological role\nDOC accounts for only 1% of the sodium retention normally  In addition to its inherent lack of vigor there is an escape mechanism controlled by an unknown non steroid hormone  which overrides DOC's sodium conserving power after a few days just as aldosterone is overridden also. This hormone may be the peptide hormone kallikrein, which is augmented by DOC and suppressed by aldosterone. If sodium becomes very high, DOC also increases urine flow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006472-0003-0002", "contents": "11-Deoxycorticosterone, Biological role\nDOC has about 1/20 of the sodium retaining power of aldosterone, and is said to be as little as one per cent of aldosterone at high water intakes. Since DOC has about 1/5 the potassium excreting power of aldosterone, it probably must have aldosterone's help if the serum potassium content becomes too high. DOC's injections do not cause much additional potassium excretion when sodium intake is low. This is probably because aldosterone is already stimulating potassium outflow. When sodium is low DOC probably would not have to be present, but when sodium rises aldosterone declines considerably, and DOC probably tends to take over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006472-0004-0000", "contents": "11-Deoxycorticosterone, Biological role\nDOC has a similar feedback with respect to potassium as aldosterone. A rise in serum potassium causes a rise in DOC secretion. However, sodium has little effect, and what effect it does have is direct. Angiotensin (the blood pressure hormone) has little effect on DOC, but DOC causes a rapid fall in renin, and therefore angiotensin I, the precursor of angiotensin II. Therefore, DOC must be indirectly inhibiting aldosterone since aldosterone depends on angiotensin II. Sodium, and therefore blood volume, is difficult to regulate internally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006472-0004-0001", "contents": "11-Deoxycorticosterone, Biological role\nThat is, when a large dose of sodium threatens the body with high blood pressure, it cannot be resolved by transferring sodium to the intracellular (inside the cell) space. The red cells would have been possible, but that would not change the blood volume. Potassium, on the other hand, can be moved into the large intracellular space, and apparently it is by DOC in rabbits. Thus, a problem in high blood potassium can be resolved somewhat without jettisoning too much of what is sometimes a dangerously scarce mineral that can not be pumped actively independently from sodium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006472-0004-0002", "contents": "11-Deoxycorticosterone, Biological role\nIt is imperative to keep total potassium adequate because a deficiency causes the heart to lose force. Movement of potassium into the cells would intensify the sodium problem somewhat because when potassium moves into the cell, a somewhat smaller amount of sodium moves out. Thus, it is desirable to resolve the blood pressure problem as much as possible by the fall in renin above, therefore avoiding loss of sodium, which was usually in very short supply on the African savannas where human ancestors probably evolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006472-0005-0000", "contents": "11-Deoxycorticosterone, Biological role\nThe resemblance of the pattern of the electromotive forces produced by DOC in the kidney tubules to normal potassium intake, and the total dissimilarity of their shape as produced by potassium deficient tubules, would tend to support the above view. The above attributes are consistent with a hormone which is relied upon to unload both excess sodium and potassium. DOC's action in augmenting kallikrein, the peptide hormone thought to be the sodium \"escape hormone,\" and aldosterone's action in suppressing it, is also supportive of the above concept.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006472-0006-0000", "contents": "11-Deoxycorticosterone, Biological role\nACTH has more effect on DOC than it does on aldosterone. This may be to give the immune system control over the electrolyte regulation during diarrhea since during dehydration, aldosterone virtually disappears  even though renin and angiotensin rise high. It is because aldosterone disappears that potassium supplements are very dangerous during dehydration and must not be attempted until at least one hour after rehydration so the hormones can reach the nucleus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006472-0007-0000", "contents": "11-Deoxycorticosterone, Biological role\nDOC's primary purpose is to regulate electrolytes. However, it has other effects, such as to remove potassium from leucocytes  and muscle, depress glycogen formation  and to stimulate copper containing lysyl oxidase enzyme  and connective tissue,  which attributes may be used by the body to help survive during potassium wasting intestinal diseases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006472-0007-0001", "contents": "11-Deoxycorticosterone, Biological role\nThe greater efficiency of DOC in permitting sodium excretion (or perhaps it should be expressed as inefficiency at retention) must be partly through morphological changes in the kidney cells because escape from DOC's sodium retention takes several days to materialize, and when it does, these cells are much more efficient at unloading sodium if sodium is then added than cells accustomed to a prior low intake. Thus, paradoxically, a low salt intake should be protective against loss of sodium in perspiration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006472-0008-0000", "contents": "11-Deoxycorticosterone, Biological role\nProgesterone prevents some of the loss of potassium by DOC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006473-0000-0000", "contents": "11-Deoxycortisol\n11-Deoxycortisol, also known as cortodoxone (INN), cortexolone as well as 17\u03b1,21-dihydroxyprogesterone or 17\u03b1,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, is an endogenous glucocorticoid steroid hormone, and a metabolic intermediate towards cortisol. It was first described by Tadeusz Reichstein in 1938 as Substance S, thus has also been referred to as Reichstein's Substance S or Compound S.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006473-0001-0000", "contents": "11-Deoxycortisol, Function\n11-Deoxycortisol acts as a glucocorticoid, though is less potent than cortisol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006473-0002-0000", "contents": "11-Deoxycortisol, Function\n11-Deoxycortisol is synthesized from 17\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone by 21-hydroxylase and is converted to cortisol by 11\u03b2-hydroxylase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006473-0003-0000", "contents": "11-Deoxycortisol, Function\n11-Deoxycortisol in mammals has limited biological activity and mainly acts as metabolic intermediate within the glucocorticoid pathway, leading to cortisol. In sea lamprey, a member of the agnathans that evolved more than 500 million years ago, 11-deoxycortisol is the major and final glucocorticoid, with mineralocorticoid activity. 11-deoxycortisol also takes part, by binding to specific corticosteroid receptors, in intestinal osmoregulation in sea lamprey at metamorphosis, during which they develop seawater tolerance before downstream migration. Sea lamprey do not have 11\u03b2-hydroxylase enzyme (CYP11B1) that converts 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol and 11-deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone in mammals. This indicates that a complex and highly specific corticosteroid signaling pathway evolved at least 500 million years ago with the arrival of the earliest vertebrate. The absence of cortisol and corticosterone in sea lampreys suggests that the 11\u03b2-hydroxylase enzyme may not have been present early in vertebrate evolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 1061]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006473-0004-0000", "contents": "11-Deoxycortisol, Clinical significance\n11-Deoxycortisol in mammals has limited glucocorticoid activity, but it is the direct precursor of the major mammalian glucocorticoid, cortisol. As a result, the level of 11-deoxycortisol is measured to diagnose impaired cortisol synthesis, to find out the enzyme deficiency that causes impairment along the pathway to cortisol, and to differentiate adrenal disorders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006473-0005-0000", "contents": "11-Deoxycortisol, Clinical significance\nIn 11\u03b2-hydroxylase deficiency, 11-deoxycortisol and 11-deoxycorticosterone levels increase, andexcess of 11-deoxycorticosterone leads to mineralocorticoid-based hypertension (as opposed to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, in which patients have low blood pressure from a lack of mineralocorticoids). In 11\u03b2-hydroxylase deficiency, 11-deoxycortisol can also be converted to androstenedione in a pathway that could explain the increase in androstenedione levels this condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006473-0006-0000", "contents": "11-Deoxycortisol, History\nIn 1934, biochemist Tadeus Reichstein, working in Switzerland, began research on extracts from animal adrenal glands in order to isolate physiologically active compounds. He was publishing results of his findings along the way. By 1944, he already isolated and elucidated the chemical structure of 29 pure substances. He was assigning names that consisted of the word \"Substance\" and a letter from the Latin alphabet to the newly found substances. In 1938, he has published an article about \"Substance R\" and \"Substance S\" describing their chemical structures and properties. The Substance S since about 1955 became known as 11-Deoxycortisol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006473-0007-0000", "contents": "11-Deoxycortisol, History\nIn the 1930s and 1940s clinicians were discovering many uses for the newly discovered hormones, however, only minute quantities could be extracted from animal organs. Chemists were looking for production of these hormones on a larger industrial scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006473-0008-0000", "contents": "11-Deoxycortisol, History\nIn 1949, American research chemist Percy Lavon Julian, in looking for ways to produce cortisone, announced the synthesis of the Compound S, from the cheap and readily available pregnenolone (synthesized from the soybean oil sterol stigmasterol).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006473-0009-0000", "contents": "11-Deoxycortisol, History\nOn April 5, 1952, biochemist Durey Peterson and microbiologist Herbert Murray at Upjohn, published the first report of a breakthrough fermentation process for the microbial 11\u03b1-oxygenation of steroids (e.g. progesterone) in a single step by common molds of the order Mucorales. 11\u03b1-oxygenation of Compound S produces 11\u03b1-hydrocortisone, which can be chemically oxidized to cortisone, or converted by further chemical steps to 11\u03b2-hydrocortisone (cortisol).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006474-0000-0000", "contents": "11-Eicosenoic acid\n11-Eicosenoic acid, also called gondoic acid, is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found in a variety of plant oils and nuts; in particular jojoba oil. It is one of a number of eicosenoic acids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006475-0000-0000", "contents": "11-Hydroxy-Delta-8-THC\n11-Hydroxy-Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-\u03948-THC, alternatively numbered as 7-OH-\u03946-THC) is an active metabolite of Delta-8-THC (\u03948-THC), the less predominant psychoactive component of cannabis. It retains psychoactive effects in animal studies with higher potency than \u03948-THC but lower potency than 11-OH-\u03949-THC. Historically it has been of limited interest due to the low proportion of \u03948-THC relative to \u03949-THC in cannabis, but with widespread legitimate use of semi-synthetic \u03948-THC in jurisdictions where \u03949-THC remains illegal, 11-OH-\u03948-THC is now an important metabolite for distinguishing between use of legal \u03948-THC and illegal \u03949-THC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006476-0000-0000", "contents": "11-Hydroxy-THC\n11-Hydroxy-\u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-\u03949-THC, alternatively numbered as 7-OH-\u03941-THC), usually referred to as 11-hydroxy-THC, is the main active metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is formed in the body after decarboxylated cannabis is consumed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006476-0001-0000", "contents": "11-Hydroxy-THC\nFresh cannabis  contains tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), which is converted into THC after heating and then metabolized by the body into 11-hydroxy-THC and then into 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC; both compounds can be glucuronidated and mainly excreted into urine. Both compounds, along with THC, are assayed in blood tests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006476-0002-0000", "contents": "11-Hydroxy-THC\n11-hydroxy-THC has a similar psychoactive effect as THC, but with a slower onset of effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006477-0000-0000", "contents": "11-Hydroxycannabinol\n11-Hydroxycannabinol (11-OH-CBN) is the main active metabolite of cannabinol (CBN), one of the active components of cannabis, and has also been isolated from cannabis itself. It is more potent than CBN itself, acting as an agonist of CB1 with around the same potency as THC, but is a weak antagonist at CB2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006478-0000-0000", "contents": "11-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol\n11-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol (11-OH-9\u03b2-HHC, alternatively numbered as 7-OH-HHC) is a minor active metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol, and also a metabolite of the trace cannabinoid hexahydrocannabinol, but is also known as a synthetic cannabinoid related to the potent compound HU-243.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006480-0000-0000", "contents": "11-Ketoandrosterone, Function\n11-Ketoandrosterone is an androgen. Androgens are sex hormones that stimulate or control the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. However, the potency of 11-ketoandrosterone as an agonist of androgen receptors is not known as of 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006480-0001-0000", "contents": "11-Ketoandrosterone, Structure\n11-Ketoandrosterone belongs to a group of 11-oxyandrogens, i.e. 11-oxygenated (oxygen atom on C11 position forms a ketone group) 19-carbon steroids. 11-oxyandrogens are potent and clinically relevant agonists of the androgen receptors. Potency of 11-ketotestosterone, an 11-oxyandrogen, is similar to that of testosterone. 11-ketotestosterone, derived from 11\u03b2-hydroxyandrostenedione, may serve as the main androgen for healthy women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006480-0002-0000", "contents": "11-Ketoandrosterone, Clinical relevance\n11-Ketoandrosterone is a metabolite that may be biosynthesized within the androgen backdoor pathway, a metabolic pathway for androgen synthesis that bypasses testosterone as an intermediate product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006480-0003-0000", "contents": "11-Ketoandrosterone, Clinical relevance\nSRD5A2 catalyzes the 5\u03b1-reduction of 11-ketotestosterone that terminates at 11-ketoandrosterone, but only causes a small amount of 11-ketotestosterone inactivation. However, since the metabolism of the glucocorticoid cortisol also produces 11-ketocholosterone, 11-ketoandrosterone may be considered as a more specific urinary marker for the production of 11-ketotestosterone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006481-0000-0000", "contents": "11-Ketodihydrotestosterone\n11-Ketodihydrotestosterone (11-KDHT), also known as 5\u03b1-androstan-17\u03b2-ol-3,11-dione, is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and androgen prohormone that is produced primarily, if not exclusively, in the adrenal glands. It is closely related to 11\u03b2-hydroxyandrostenedione (11\u03b2-KA4), adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione; 11-KA4), and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), which are also produced in the adrenal glands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006482-0000-0000", "contents": "11-Ketoprogesterone\n11-Ketoprogesterone (brand name Ketogestin; former developmental code names Bio 66, U-1258), or 11-oxoprogesterone, also known as pregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione, is a pregnane steroid related to cortisone (11-keto-17\u03b1,21-dihydroxyprogesterone) that was formerly used in veterinary medicine in the treatment of bovine ketosis. It was synthesized in 1940. The steroid has profound effects on carbohydrate metabolism and possesses activities associated with adrenal cortex hormones like cortisone. However, it is non-toxic even in high dosages, suggesting that it lacks conventional glucocorticoid activity, and it does not possess mineralocorticoid activity, unlike other adrenocortical hormones. 11-Ketoprogesterone may act through membrane glucocorticoid receptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006482-0001-0000", "contents": "11-Ketoprogesterone\n11-Ketoprogesterone is reportedly devoid of androgenic, estrogenic, and progestogenic activity. 11\u03b2-Hydroxyprogesterone has also been reported to be devoid of progestogenic activity, but has subsequently been reported to possess about 1% of the progestogenic activity of progesterone. A halogenated derivative of 11-ketoprogesterone, 9\u03b1-bromo-11-ketoprogesterone, possesses relatively high progestogenic activity. Similarly to 11\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone and 11\u03b2-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-ketoprogesterone is reported to act as an inhibitor of the enzyme 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. It has also been found to act as a weak negative allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006483-0000-0000", "contents": "11-Ketotestosterone\n11-Ketotestosterone (11-KT) is an oxidized form of testosterone that contains a keto group at the C11 position. It is related to adrenosterone, an androgen found in trace quantities in humans. In fish, 11-ketotestosterone functions as the endogenous androgenic sex hormone. In midshipman fish, 11-ketotestosterone is not present in females or Type II Males \u2014 Type II Males reach sexual maturation later, are less territorial, and have higher testosterone than Type I Males.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006483-0001-0000", "contents": "11-Ketotestosterone\nIn mammals, 11-ketotestosterone has similar potency to testosterone as an androgen, and has been identified as an important adrenal androgen. However, unlike Testosterone, it is very weakly anabolic and mostly prevents muscle breakdown as opposed to promoting muscle growth. It is synthesized from 11\u03b2-hydroxyandrostenedione and, to a lesser extent, 11-ketoandrostenedione (adrenosterone). 11-Ketoandrostenedione has notably been sold online as an androgen prohormone, usually under the name 11-oxoandrostenedione (11-OXO).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006484-0000-0000", "contents": "11-M, para que nadie lo olvide\n11-M, para que nadie lo olvide (English: 11-M, never forget) was a Spanish TV mini-series which was aired in Telecinco in 2011. Two episodes were broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006484-0001-0000", "contents": "11-M, para que nadie lo olvide\nThe mini-series narrates how the 2004 Madrid train bombings were planned and unfolded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006485-0000-0000", "contents": "11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC\n11-Nor-9-carboxy-\u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-COOH-THC or THC-COOH), often referred to as 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC or THC-11- oic acid, is the main secondary metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which is formed in the body after cannabis is consumed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006485-0001-0000", "contents": "11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC, Metabolism and detection\n11-COOH-THC is formed in the body by oxidation of the active metabolite 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC)  by liver enzymes. It is then metabolized further by conjugation with glucuronide, forming a water-soluble congener which can be more easily excreted by the body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006485-0002-0000", "contents": "11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC, Metabolism and detection\n11-COOH-THC has a long half-life in the body of up to several days (or even weeks in very heavy users), making it the main metabolite tested for blood or urine testing for cannabis use. More selective tests are able to distinguish between 11-OH-THC and 11-COOH-THC, which can help determine how recently cannabis was consumed; if only 11-COOH-THC is present then cannabis was used some time ago and any impairment in cognitive ability or motor function will have dissipated, whereas if both 11-OH-THC and 11-COOH-THC are present then cannabis was consumed more recently and motor impairment may still be present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006485-0003-0000", "contents": "11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC, Metabolism and detection\nSome jurisdictions where cannabis use is decriminalized or permitted under some circumstances use such tests when determining whether drivers were legally intoxicated and therefore unfit to drive, with the comparative levels of THC, 11-OH-THC and 11-COOH-THC being used to derive a \"blood cannabis level\" analogous to the blood alcohol level used in prosecuting impaired drivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006485-0003-0001", "contents": "11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC, Metabolism and detection\nOn the other hand, in jurisdictions where cannabis is completely illegal, any detectable levels of 11-COOH-THC may be deemed to constitute driving while intoxicated, even though this approach has been criticized as tantamount to prohibition of \"driving whilst being a recent user of cannabis\" regardless of the presence or absence of any actual impairment that might impact driving performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006485-0004-0000", "contents": "11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC, Effects\nWhile 11-COOH-THC does not have any psychoactive effects in its own right, it may still have a role in the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of cannabis, and has also been shown to moderate the effects of THC itself which may help explain the difference in subjective effects seen between occasional and regular users of cannabis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006485-0005-0000", "contents": "11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC, Legal status, Australia\n11-COOH-THC is a Schedule 8 prohibited substance in Western Australia under the Poisons Standard (July 2016). A schedule 8 substance is a controlled Drug \u2013 Substances which should be available for use but require restriction of manufacture, supply, distribution, possession and use to reduce abuse, misuse and physical or psychological dependence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006485-0006-0000", "contents": "11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC, Legal status, United States\nBecause 11-COOH-THC is substantially similar to the Schedule I controlled substance THC, possession or sale of 11-COOH-THC could be subject to prosecution under the Federal Analog Act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006486-0000-0000", "contents": "11-cell\nIn mathematics, the 11-cell (or hendecachoron) is a self-dual abstract regular 4-polytope (four-dimensional polytope). Its 11 cells are hemi-icosahedral, {3,5}/2. It has 11 vertices, 55 edges and 55 faces. It has Schl\u00e4fli symbol {(3,5)/2,3} or {{3,5}5,3}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006486-0001-0000", "contents": "11-cell\nIt has symmetry order 660, computed as the product of the number of cells (11) and the symmetry of each cell (60). The symmetry structure is the abstract group projective special linear group L2(11).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006486-0002-0000", "contents": "11-cell\nIt was discovered in 1977 by Branko Gr\u00fcnbaum, who constructed it by pasting hemi-icosahedra together, three at each edge, until the shape closed up. It was independently discovered by H. S. M. Coxeter in 1984, who studied its structure and symmetry in greater depth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006486-0003-0000", "contents": "11-cell, Related polytopes\nThe abstract 11-cell contains the same number of vertices and edges as the 10-dimensional 10-simplex, and contains 1/3 of its 165 faces. Thus it can be drawn as a regular figure in 11-space, although then its hemi-icosahedral cells are skew; that is, each cell is not contained within a flat 3-dimensional subspace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 26], "content_span": [27, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006487-0000-0000", "contents": "11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase\n11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase (EC , RDH5 (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 11-cis-retinol:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006487-0001-0000", "contents": "11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme from retinal pigment epithelium, catalyses the reduction of 11-cis-retinol to 11-cis-retinal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006488-0000-0000", "contents": "11-cis-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase\nIn enzymology, a 11-cis-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006488-0001-0000", "contents": "11-cis-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 11-cis-retinyl palmitate and H2O, whereas its two products are 11-cis-retinol and palmitate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006488-0002-0000", "contents": "11-cis-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 11-cis-retinyl-palmitate acylhydrolase. Other names in common use include 11-cis-retinol palmitate esterase, and RPH. This enzyme participates in retinol metabolism. This enzyme has at least one effector, Bile salt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006489-0000-0000", "contents": "11-inch gun M1877\nThe 11-inch gun M1877 was a Russian 280\u00a0mm (11\u00a0in) coastal, fortress and siege gun that was used in the Russo-Japanese War and World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006489-0001-0000", "contents": "11-inch gun M1877, History\nThe M1877 was first designed and produced by the Obukhov State Plant in Saint Petersburg and was fairly conventional for its time and most nations had similar guns with similar roles such as the French Canon de 240 L Mle 1884 or British BL 10 inch gun Mk I \u2013 IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006489-0002-0000", "contents": "11-inch gun M1877, Design\nThe M1877 was a short barreled breech-loading gun. The barrel was a typical built-up gun of the period with reinforcing hoops which was built from cast iron and steel. The gun had an early form of Krupp horizontal sliding-block breech and it fired separate-loading, bagged charges and projectiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006489-0003-0000", "contents": "11-inch gun M1877, Design, Coastal Defense\nIn the coastal defense role, the M1877 was mounted on a garrison mount which sat on a concrete slab behind a parapet. The mount consisted of a rectangular steel firing platform with a pivot at the front and two wheels at the front and rear to give 120\u00b0 of traverse. The recoil system for the M1877 consisted of a U shaped gun cradle which held the trunnioned barrel and a slightly inclined firing platform with a hydro-gravity recoil system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006489-0003-0001", "contents": "11-inch gun M1877, Design, Coastal Defense\nWhen the gun fired the hydraulic buffers under the rear slowed the recoil of the cradle which slid up a set of inclined rails on the firing platform and then returned the gun to position by the combined action of the buffers and gravity. Due to its limited angle of elevation 20\u00b0, the M1877 was a low-angle direct fire weapon instead of a high-angle indirect-fire coastal defense mortar like many of its contemporaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006489-0004-0000", "contents": "11-inch gun M1877, Design, Fortress & Siege Gun\nIn the fortress and siege gun roles, the M1877 used the same type of garrison mount as in the coastal defense role. Due to their weight, the guns were not designed to be mobile. After a string of Russian defeats in the first two years of the war, a number of M1877's were captured by the Germans. In 1916 the Germans transferred four M1877's to the Western Front where they were assigned to heavy artillery battalions of the army. Details of their employment are unknown and all are believed to have been withdrawn before 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006489-0004-0001", "contents": "11-inch gun M1877, Design, Fortress & Siege Gun\nHowever, since they didn't have very good range and they weren't capable of high angle fire they may have been used in their original coastal defense role instead of in a siege artillery role. In German service the guns had better range due to more efficient smokeless powder and more aerodynamic German projectiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006490-0000-0000", "contents": "11-inch mortar M1877\nThe 11-inch mortar M1877 was a Russian 280\u00a0mm (11\u00a0in) coastal and fortress mortar that was used in the Russo-Japanese War and World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006490-0001-0000", "contents": "11-inch mortar M1877, History\nThe M1877 was first designed and produced by the Obukhov State Plant in Saint Petersburg and was fairly conventional for its time and most nations had similar guns with similar roles such as the French Mortier de 270 mm mod\u00e8le 1889 or the US 12-inch coast defense mortar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006490-0002-0000", "contents": "11-inch mortar M1877, Design\nThe M1877 was a short barreled breech-loading mortar. The barrel was a typical built-up gun of the period with reinforcing hoops which was built from cast iron and steel. The mortar had an early form of Krupp horizontal sliding-block breech and it fired separate-loading, bagged charges and projectiles. There were also two other similar 203\u00a0mm (8\u00a0in) and 229\u00a0mm (9\u00a0in) mortars that were also designed in 1877.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006490-0003-0000", "contents": "11-inch mortar M1877, Design, Coastal Defense\nIn the coastal defense role, the M1877's theory of operation was that a low-velocity mortar firing a large shell at a high-angle was more likely to destroy an enemy ship by penetrating its thin deck armor than a high-velocity low-angle naval gun attempting to penetrate its thicker belt armor. The downside was that high-angle indirect fire was harder to aim correctly so more mortars would be needed to defend an area from attack. However, if the area was constrained by geography like a port at the mouth of a river the navigation channels could be measured ahead of time and firing ranges calculated. A complicating factor was as naval artillery progressed their size and range soon eclipsed the mortar's range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006490-0004-0000", "contents": "11-inch mortar M1877, Design, Coastal Defense\nIn the coastal defense role, the M1877 was mounted on a garrison mount which sat on a concrete slab behind a parapet. The mount consisted of a rectangular steel firing platform with a pivot at the front and two wheels at the rear to give 360\u00b0 of traverse. The recoil system for the M1877 consisted of a U shaped gun cradle which held the trunnioned barrel and a slightly inclined firing platform with a hydro-gravity recoil system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006490-0004-0001", "contents": "11-inch mortar M1877, Design, Coastal Defense\nWhen the gun fired the hydraulic buffer at the front slowed the recoil of the cradle which slid up a set of inclined rails on the firing platform and then returned the gun to position by the combined action of the buffers and gravity. These garrison mounts were used in both the coastal defense and fortress gun roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006490-0005-0000", "contents": "11-inch mortar M1877, Design, Fortress Gun\nIn addition to its coastal defense role, the M1877 was also used as a fortress gun on the same type of mounts as in the coastal role. The M1877's were not designed to be mobile and it would have needed to be disassembled, moved on site and then reassembled before use. Due to a string of Russian defeats in the first two years of the war, it is possible the Germans may have captured a number of them but what use they made of them is unknown. However, the Germans did make use of captured 8-inch M1877 mortars and 11-inch M1877 guns on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006490-0006-0000", "contents": "11-inch mortar M1877, Photo Gallery\nA front view of the mount and its recoil mechanism at Suomenlinna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006490-0007-0000", "contents": "11-inch mortar M1877, Photo Gallery\nThe 11-inch M1877 shared the same mount as this 9-inch M1877.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006491-0000-0000", "contents": "11.22.63\n11.22.63 is an American science fiction thriller miniseries based on the 2011 novel 11/22/63 by Stephen King, and consisting of eight episodes. The series is executive-produced by J. J. Abrams, King, Bridget Carpenter and Bryan Burk, and produced by James Franco, who also starred in the main role. It premiered on Hulu on February 15, 2016, and was received positively by critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006491-0001-0000", "contents": "11.22.63, Premise\nJake Epping (James Franco), a recently divorced English teacher from Lisbon, Maine, is presented with the chance to travel back in time to 1960 by his long-time friend Al Templeton (Chris Cooper). He is persuaded into going in an attempt to prevent the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963; however, he becomes attached to the life he makes in the past, which could be the mission's undoing. He must find a way to secretly gather information about people and events leading up to the assassination while also creating and maintaining a new life to avoid suspicion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006491-0002-0000", "contents": "11.22.63, Production, Development\nIn August 2011, before the novel's release, it was announced that Jonathan Demme had attached himself to write, produce, and direct a film adaptation of 11/22/63 with King serving as executive producer. However, in December 2012, Demme announced that he had withdrawn from the project, after disagreeing with King over what to include in the script.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 33], "content_span": [34, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006491-0003-0000", "contents": "11.22.63, Production, Development\nOn April 26, 2013, it was reported that Warner Bros. Television and J. J. Abrams' Bad Robot Productions were in negotiations for the rights to adapt the novel as a TV series or miniseries. On September 22, 2014, it was announced that a TV series based on the novel was picked up by Hulu. Carol Spier would be a production designer. The first trailer for the series was released on November 19, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 33], "content_span": [34, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006491-0004-0000", "contents": "11.22.63, Production, Development\nWhen asked about developing a sequel series, King stated, \"I'd love to revisit Jake and Sadie, and also revisit the rabbit hole that dumps people into the past, but sometimes it's best not to go back for a second helping.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 33], "content_span": [34, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006491-0005-0000", "contents": "11.22.63, Production, Casting\nJames Franco was chosen to star as the character of Jake Epping. After reading the novel, Franco contacted King about the rights to adapt it to film only to be told that Abrams had already acquired them. Franco wrote an essay about the book for Vice, which was noticed by Abrams, and tweeted about his disappointment at not getting the film rights, which was noticed by Bridget Carpenter. Soon after, they offered him the lead role. He accepted the role under the condition that he would be able to direct part of the series. Sarah Gadon was cast for the role of Sadie Dunhill. She was interested in the role in part because it gave her the opportunity to work with Abrams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006491-0006-0000", "contents": "11.22.63, Production, Filming\nFilming began on June 9, 2015, in Hespeler, Ontario. Filming during June 2015 also took place in Guelph, Ontario, as well as in Ayr, Ontario, at the Queen's Tavern, Hamilton, Ontario, and in Knowles Restaurant in Dunnville, Ontario during September 2015. In early October, the production moved to Dallas to film exterior locations at Dealey Plaza. During this time, the filming of various scenes during rush hour caused bumper to bumper traffic in the surrounding streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006491-0007-0000", "contents": "11.22.63, Reception\nThe show has garnered positive reviews from most critics. Based on 64 reviews, the show carries an 83% \"certified fresh\" rating, with an average percentage of 7.19/10, on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes where the consensus states: \"Though the execution feels almost as dated as the period it represents, 11.22.63 gradually reveals a compelling, well-performed series of events.\" On Metacritic, the show has a rating of 69 out of 100, based on 35 reviews, signifying \"generally positive reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006491-0008-0000", "contents": "11.22.63, Reception\nJack Moore of GQ commented that \"the show is moody and supernatural, while somehow also remaining grounded and full of heart\", and lauded Franco as the show's standout, saying \"what Franco gives is a vanity-free, indulgence-free performance that feels like the work of an Old Hollywood legend. It's earnest and full-hearted.\" Alan Sepinwall also acclaimed Franco, stating \"Franco's a revelation as Jake. He's an immensely talented actor and he's got the star quality you need to carry something this crazy, and this long.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006491-0008-0001", "contents": "11.22.63, Reception\nVicki Hyman of the Newark Star-Ledger praised the performances of Franco and Gadon, writing: \"Their stirring romance carries with it the same whiff of doom as Epping's visits to Dealey Plaza, and gives what could be merely an interesting and handsomely-made take on the conspiracy thriller genre more texture and depth, resonating across the ages.\" Hank Stuever of The Washington Post wrote that \"King's work doesn't always happily travel through the portal connecting the page to the TV screen, but Hulu scores with an impressively stout-hearted, eight-part adaptation of 11/22/63.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006491-0009-0000", "contents": "11.22.63, Reception\nOn the other hand, Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly had a more mixed reaction and criticized Franco's performance, calling it \"low-watt\" and \"disinterested\". He wrote \"11.22.63 reaches some thoughtful, moving conclusions, but oh, what could have been with a more engaged star. If only there were a time machine to fix that mistake.\" Caroline Framke of Vox describes Franco's performance as inconsistent from scene to scene, but also that the show itself creates even more ambiguity with his character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006491-0009-0001", "contents": "11.22.63, Reception\nShe wrote \"While he's technically old enough to portray 37-year-old Jake, Franco certainly doesn't read as anywhere close to 37, or the world-weariness Jake's supposed to exhibit\"  Slate author Willa Paskin believes though Franco is well known and well accomplished, he can't seem to get the \"average guy\" act right for this series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006491-0010-0000", "contents": "11.22.63, Home media\n11.22.63 was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 9, 2016 in Region 1. The release includes all eight episodes, as well as a special feature titled \"When the Future Fights Back\", where King, Abrams, Carpenter and Franco talk about elements of the production that turned King's novel into an event series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006492-0000-0000", "contents": "11.35mm Schouboe\nThe 11.35\u00a0mm Schouboe or .45 Schouboe was an experimental centerfire pistol cartridge produced in 1902, used by the Schouboe Automatic Pistol. The lightweight bullet was a steel jacketed wooden plug with an aluminum disk protecting the base. Muzzle velocity was 1600 feet per second. Accuracy was poor, and the blowback pistol chambered for this cartridge was unsuccessful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006493-0000-0000", "contents": "11.3\u00d736mmR\nThe 11.3\u00d736mmR (commonly referred to as \"11mm Montenegrin\") is a rimmed carbine and revolver cartridge developed by Austria-Hungary. Though originally designed for the Fr\u00fcwirth repeating carbine, it was also used with the Gasser M1870 revolver. The caliber was widespread throughout the Balkans due to the Montenegrin Pattern Revolvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006493-0001-0000", "contents": "11.3\u00d736mmR\nAlthough this cartridge is no longer manufactured, enthusiasts reproduce them using slightly modified 7.62\u00d754mmR brass cut down to the length of the original; using various types of mostly cast bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006494-0000-0000", "contents": "11.6\n11.6 is a 2013 French film directed by Philippe Godeau and starring Fran\u00e7ois Cluzet, Bouli Lanners, Corinne Masiero and Juana Acosta. 11.6 premiered on 3 April 2013 in France, and on 21 April in North America, at the City of Lights, City of Angels film festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006494-0001-0000", "contents": "11.6, Plot\nBased on Alice G\u00e9raud-Arfi's book Toni 11,6\u00a0: Histoire du convoyeur, the film tells the real-life story of criminal Toni Musulin who pulls off one of the largest heists in France's history without the aid of firearms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 10], "content_span": [11, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006494-0002-0000", "contents": "11.6, Reception\n11.6 has grossed $2.5 million in worldwide theatrical box office, against a production budget of $9.5 million. Bouli Lanners received a nomination for Best Supporting Actor at the 4th Magritte Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006495-0000-0000", "contents": "11/11/11 (film)\n11/11/11 is a 2011 horror film directed by Keith Allan and starring Jon Briddell, Erin Coker, and Hayden Byerly. It is The Asylum's \"mockbuster\" equivalent to Darren Lynn Bousman's 11-11-11. It is also a knockoff of The Omen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006495-0001-0000", "contents": "11/11/11 (film), Premise\nJack and Melissa Vales become increasingly frightened as their young son, Nathan, expresses violent and bizarre behavior; what the couple soon learn is that their son's upcoming birthday of November 11, the Apocalypse will occur and Nathan is the gateway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006496-0000-0000", "contents": "11/12/13: Live in Melbourne\n11/12/13: Live in Melbourne is a live album by Kieran Kane and Kevin Welch, recorded at The Continental, Melbourne, Australia on November 12\u201313, 1999. They played unaccompanied, using acoustic guitars and mandolin. Most of the songs are original compositions either written or co-written by Kane or Welch. The two exceptions are covers of John Hiatt's \"Train to Birmingham\" and Hank Williams' \"Ramblin' Man.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006496-0001-0000", "contents": "11/12/13: Live in Melbourne, Critical reception\nRichie Unterberger of AllMusic writes, \"There's an informal, playing-before-friends feel to the performances, on tunes that are mostly good-natured and easygoing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006496-0002-0000", "contents": "11/12/13: Live in Melbourne, Critical reception\nThe review at No Depression concludes with, \"Both singers are probably better presented on their own discs, but 11/12/13 allows for a worthy examination of two fine artists in a rare, no-pressure setting. Think of it as a pair of cool guys trading off playing songs for you in your living room, and it comes out a winner.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006496-0003-0000", "contents": "11/12/13: Live in Melbourne, Critical reception\nRobert Wooldridge of Country Standard Time begins his review with, \"Recorded on November 12th and 13th, 1999 (thus the title), this live acoustic set is reminiscent of the VH1 Storytellers performance by Johnny Cash and Willie Nelson-two singer/songwriters with their guitars trading off songs.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0000-0000", "contents": "11/22/63\n11/22/63 is a novel by Stephen King about a time traveller who attempts to prevent the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy, which occurred on November 22, 1963 (the novel's titular date). It is the 60th book published by Stephen King, his 49th novel and the 42nd under his own name. The novel was announced on King's official site on March 2, 2011. A short excerpt was released online on June 1, 2011, and another excerpt was published in the October 28, 2011, issue of Entertainment Weekly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0000-0001", "contents": "11/22/63\nThe novel was published on November 8, 2011 and quickly became a number-one bestseller. It stayed on The New York Times Best Seller list for 16 weeks. 11/22/63 won the 2011 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Best Mystery/Thriller and the 2012 International Thriller Writers Award for Best Novel, and was nominated for the 2012 British Fantasy Award for Best Novel and the 2012 Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0001-0000", "contents": "11/22/63\nThe novel required considerable research to accurately portray the late 1950s and early 1960s. King commented on the amount of research it required, saying \"I've never tried to write anything like this before. It was really strange at first, like breaking in a new pair of shoes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0002-0000", "contents": "11/22/63\nThe novel was adapted into a Hulu television series in 2016, 11.22.63.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0003-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Background\nAccording to King, the idea for the novel first came to him in 1971, before the release of his first novel, Carrie (1974). He was going to title it Split Track. However, he felt a historical novel required more research than he was willing to do at the time and greater literary talent than he possessed. Like his novel Under the Dome (2009), he abandoned the project, returning to the story later in life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0004-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Background\nKing first talked publicly about the idea in Marvel Spotlight issue The Dark Tower (January 27, 2007), prior to the beginning of the ongoing comic book adaptation of his Dark Tower series. In a piece in the magazine titled \"An Open Letter from Stephen King\", he writes about possible original ideas for comics:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0005-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Background\nI'd like to tell a time-travel story where this guy finds a diner that connects to 1958... you always go back to the same day. So one day he goes back and just stays. Leaves his 2007 life behind. His goal? To get up to November 22, 1963, and stop Lee Harvey Oswald. He does, and he's convinced he's just FIXED THE WORLD. But when he goes back to '07, the world's a nuclear slag-heap. Not good to fool with Father Time. So then he has to go back again and stop himself..... only he's taken on a fatal dose of radiation, so it's a race against time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0006-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Background\nCommenting on the book as historical fiction, King said: \"This might be a book where we really have a chance to get an audience who's not my ordinary audience. Instead of people who read horror stories, people who read The Help or People of the Book might like this book\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0007-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Background\nKing and longtime researcher Russ Dorr prepared for the novel by reading many historical documents and newspaper archives from the period, looking at clothing and appliance ads, sports scores, and television listings. The book contains detailed minutiae such as the 1958 price of a pint of root beer (10 cents) or a haircut (40 cents).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0007-0001", "contents": "11/22/63, Background\nKing and Dorr traveled to Dallas, where they visited Oswald's apartment building (now a private residence), found the home of Gen. Edwin Walker (a target of an assassination attempt by Oswald), and had a private tour of the Sixth Floor Museum in the Texas School Book Depository. King studied various conspiracy theories, ultimately coming to the conclusion that Oswald acted alone. King met with historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, an assistant to Lyndon B. Johnson and the author of books about several presidents, and used some of her ideas of worst-case political scenarios that might occur in the absence of Kennedy's assassination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0008-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Publication\nThe trade hardcover edition features a dust jacket that is a faux newspaper front page, with the front of the jacket featuring an article recounting the real historical event of Kennedy's assassination, and the back featuring an alternative history article speaking of the event as just a failed assassination attempt that Kennedy survives unscathed. The newspaper headlines were written by Stephen King. In addition to the regular trade edition, Scribner produced a signed limited edition of 1,000 copies, 850 of which were made available for sale beginning on November 8, 2011 (ISBN\u00a0978-1-4516-6385-3). This edition features a different dust jacket, exclusive chapter-heading photos, and a DVD. Due to a website problem on November 8, most copies remained unsold and a drawing ran from November 10 to 11 to sell the remaining copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0009-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Publication\nThere was also a limited edition of 700 published in the United Kingdom. It was a slipcased hardcover with deluxe binding, photographic endpapers, and a facsimile signature, and included a DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0010-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Publication\nOn July 24, 2012, Gallery Books published a trade paperback edition of the novel (ISBN\u00a0978-1451627299), which contains an additional \"book club kit\", featuring an interview with Stephen King about 11/22/63, a set of discussion questions, and a period playlist with King's commentary and recipes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0011-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Plot\nJake Epping is a recently divorced high school English teacher in Lisbon Falls, Maine, earning extra money teaching a GED class. Epping gives an assignment to his adult students, asking them to write about a day that changed their lives. One of the students, a janitor named Harry Dunning, submits an assignment describing the night his alcoholic father murdered his mother and siblings with a hammer and injured Harry, causing him to have a permanent brain injury; the story emotionally affects Jake, and the two become friends after Harry earns his GED.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0012-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Plot\nTwo years later, in June 2011, Jake stops by a local diner and speaks with the proprietor, Al Templeton, who asks Jake to meet him at his diner the next day. When Jake arrives, he is shocked to see that Al seems to have aged years since the previous day. Al explains that he is dying and that his appearance is attributable to his having time traveled and lived for years in the past. Al's method of time travel is a time portal he discovered in his diner's pantry, which he used to transport himself to 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0012-0001", "contents": "11/22/63, Plot\nDoubting Al's story at first, Jake travels through the portal, where he encounters an addled wino whom Al has dubbed the \"Yellow Card Man\" due to the color of a card on the man's hat. Jake spends an hour in 1958 before returning to the present, after which Al explains that he's figured out the basics of how the portal functions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0013-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Plot\nAl reveals that after discovering the portal, he'd concocted a plan to change the past by preventing John F. Kennedy's assassination, hoping that doing so would change history for the better, as he attributed many bad things that happened in the world to events that would not have occurred had JFK lived. He spent four years in the past after entering the portal the previous night, traveling to Dallas, Texas, to track Lee Harvey Oswald, plotting to kill the would-be assassin during his attempted murder of General Edwin Walker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0013-0001", "contents": "11/22/63, Plot\nHis delay was due to the fact that he wanted to be absolutely sure that Oswald was a killer and would act alone. Al developed cancer, so he had to give up his mission, knowing he would not live long enough to complete it. He recruits a reluctant Jake to complete the task instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0014-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Plot\nAs an experiment, Jake travels back to 1958 to Derry, Maine, to save Harry's family, who will be killed by his father, Frank Dunning, on Halloween night. Despite many obstacles, he succeeds in saving all but one of Harry's siblings, then returns to 2011 hopeful he improved Harry's life, only to learn his actions led to Harry dying in Vietnam. While Jake is still trying to process this information, Al commits suicide, forcing Jake to act immediately, before the death becomes known and the diner sealed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0015-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Plot\nWith no preparation, Jake re-enters the portal and discovers that the \"Yellow Card Man\" has cut his own throat, and the yellow card is now black. He ignores it and goes to Derry to kill Frank ahead of Frank's murderous rampage. After resolving one of Al's other missions\u2014preventing a hunter from accidentally shooting a little girl\u2014Jake makes his way, first to Florida, then to the small Dallas-area town of Jodie to wait for Oswald's arrival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0015-0001", "contents": "11/22/63, Plot\nJake spends years establishing his identity in the late 1950s and early 1960s, but comes to suspect history \"harmonizes\"\u2014he keeps coming into contact with people of the same name, with similar events. He suspects saving one life may result in another person dying in their stead, for example. While in Dallas, he meets librarian Sadie Dunhill; the two begin a relationship. Their relationship becomes strained as Sadie is suspicious of Jake's use of anachronistic colloquialisms and song lyrics. However, Jake rescues her from a near-fatal overdose as well as an assault by her ex-husband Johnny Clayton. After successfully predicting the outcome of the Cuban Missile Crisis, he eventually tells her he is from the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0016-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Plot\nBefore this, Jake actively stalks Oswald, renting apartments near those of the Oswalds. He begins to wonder if Oswald's only friend in Dallas, George de Mohrenschildt, may somehow be involved in the assassination, and thus hesitates to kill Oswald ahead of time. He thinks de Mohrenschildt is a CIA resource who is supposed to keep an eye on Oswald, but may also be egging Oswald on to kill first General Walker, then JFK. Jake resolves to wait until the Walker attempted assassination before killing Oswald. However, he is unable to learn certain facts and is prevented from accessing several opportunities to kill Oswald.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0017-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Plot\nFinally, November 22, 1963, arrives. Jake reaches Oswald's sniper's nest at the Texas School Book Depository mere moments before Kennedy's motorcade drives through Dealey Plaza. Nevertheless, he successfully prevents Oswald from shooting Kennedy. In a rage, Oswald fires at Jake. The shot misses and mortally wounds Sadie, now Jake's fianc\u00e9e, who had come to help him. The noise of the confrontation draws the attention of the United States Secret Service and police, who fire through the window and kill Oswald. Sadie dies in Jake's arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0018-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Plot\nJake immediately becomes a national hero and is personally thanked by President Kennedy and his wife. Distraught over Sadie's death, Jake resolves to return to 2011 and back to 1958 in order to repeat his journey and save both Sadie and Kennedy. The FBI arranges Jake's disappearance from the public eye and helps him leave Dallas by bus late on the night of November 22. After he returns to New England, he learns that on November 25 a massive earthquake in Los Angeles has killed thousands. Jake realizes that it is a direct result of his actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0019-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Plot\nWhen he gets to the portal, the Yellow Card Man has been replaced by Zack Lang, a respectable-looking man with a Green Card. Zack explains that traveling through the portal does not change the past, but creates multiple \"time strings,\" stretching the bonds of reality. Guarding it is difficult because the men dispatched to do so must keep myriad realities in their minds at all times (the cards function as a form of radiation detector: a green card indicates the agent is healthy, but as they deteriorate, the card changes to yellow, then to orange, and finally to black).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0019-0001", "contents": "11/22/63, Plot\nThe process is so stressful that it drives most agents to mental illness, alcoholism, and eventually suicide, like Kyle, the previous agent (Kyle was actually the alcoholic \"Yellow Card Man\" from the beginning of the story). Zack begs Jake to set things right again, or reality itself will cease to exist. He instructs Jake to return to 2011 and witness the damage his interference has caused history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0020-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Plot\nWhen Jake steps back through the portal, he sees Lisbon Falls is now in ruins, partially because Vermont Yankee \"went China Syndrome\" in 1999, spreading radiation across New England and southern Quebec. Furthermore, there continue to be frequent, massive earthquakes everywhere due to the interference in history. Jake meets a familiar-looking man who turns out to be Harry Dunning, whose life he saved long ago. No longer a janitor with a brain injury, he is a Vietnam vet who was paralyzed during the war and now uses a wheelchair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0020-0001", "contents": "11/22/63, Plot\nHarry tells Jake a concise and disturbing history of the world between 1963 and 2011. John F. Kennedy went on to narrowly win a second term but was unable to bring about the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as Lyndon B. Johnson had. This led to increased racial tensions and riots in the U.S., especially after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. (in Chicago by FBI Agent Dwight Holly in this timeline).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0020-0002", "contents": "11/22/63, Plot\nKennedy also refused to commit to action in Vietnam outside of stationing U.S. soldiers in Saigon, but his successor, George Wallace, reversed this course and used nuclear weapons on Hanoi in response to the fall of Saigon in 1967. This and other incidents led to more instability all over the world, including frequent use of nuclear weapons by terrorists and a nuclear exchange between India and Pakistan in the early 1970s. The Soviet Union experiences a total financial collapse in the early 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0021-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Plot\nJake quickly returns to 1958 and finds Zack much worse for wear. He tells Jake he must now go back to 2011 (since all of Jake's changes are now undone) and ensure the portal is closed. Instead, Jake goes to a hotel and contemplates returning to Texas and Sadie. Ultimately, he returns to his own time, having made no major changes this time. Looking up old records on the Internet, Jake learns that Sadie survived the attack by her ex-husband, which she had only survived before by his rescuing her; this time with the assistance of mutual friends Deacon Simmons and Ellen Dockerty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0022-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Plot\nJake goes back to Jodie, where Sadie is in her 80s and is being honored by the town with a celebration. In this timeline, Sadie has no memory of Jake, but she experiences deja vu when he speaks to her. The two share a dance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0023-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Plot, Alternate ending\nStephen King published an alternate ending on his official website on January 24, 2012, in which Jake finds a November 2011 news article where Sadie has turned 80. She had married a man named Trevor Anderson, with whom she has five children, eleven grandchildren, and six great-grandchildren. This ending was changed to the published version at the suggestion of King's son, writer Joe Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 32], "content_span": [33, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0024-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Characters, Historical\nOther historical characters depicted in the book include President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, who offer their gratitude to Jake during telephone calls following the assassination attempt. In the alternative timeline after the failed assassination, Kennedy is re-elected in 1964 and dies in 1983. George Wallace, Curtis LeMay and Hubert Humphrey occupy the Oval Office after Kennedy finishes his second term; Ronald Reagan defeats Humphrey in the 1976 election. Hillary Clinton is President when Jake discovers the dystopia of 2011. Legendary Texas musician Doug Sahm is portrayed as a young man playing with his band at the wedding reception for Deke and Mimi in 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 32], "content_span": [33, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0025-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Critical reception\nThe reviews for 11/22/63 were generally positive, with The New York Times selecting the novel as one of its top five fiction books of the year and the Las Vegas Review-Journal calling it King's \"best novel in more than a decade\". The review aggregate site Metacritic judged 30 out of 36 reviews as positive, with four mixed and two negative. Book Marks reported 46% of critics gave the book a \"rave\" review, while 31% and 8% expressed \"positive\" and \"mixed\" impressions. As of 2019, on social cataloging website Goodreads the book had a score of 4.31/5 from 385,526 ratings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0026-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Critical reception\nNPR book critic Alan Cheuse found no fault with the structure, commenting: \"I wouldn't have [King] change a single page.\" USA Today gave the novel four out of four stars, noting the novel retains the suspenseful tension of King's earlier works but is not of the same genre. \"[The novel] is not typical Stephen King.\" Janet Maslin of The New York Times also commented on the genre change and pacing but felt the writer has built the narrative tightly enough for the reader to suspend disbelief. \"The pages of '11/22/63' fly by, filled with immediacy, pathos and suspense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0026-0001", "contents": "11/22/63, Critical reception\nIt takes great brazenness to go anywhere near this subject matter. But it takes great skill to make this story even remotely credible. Mr. King makes it all look easy, which is surely his book's fanciest trick.\" The review in the Houston Chronicle called the novel \"one of King's best books in a long time\" but \"overlong\", noting: \"As is usually the case with King's longer books, there's a lot of self-indulgent fat in 11/22/63 that could have been trimmed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0026-0002", "contents": "11/22/63, Critical reception\nThe review in the Bangor Daily News commented that the novel \"[is] another winner\", but provided no critical review of the plot construction. Lev Grossman, in reviewing the novel for Time, called the novel \"the work of a master craftsman\" but commented that \"the wires go slack from time to time\" and the book wanders from genre to genre, particularly in the middle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0026-0003", "contents": "11/22/63, Critical reception\nMore pointedly, Los Angeles Times book critic David Ulin called the novel \"a misguided effort in story and writing\"; Ulin's primary criticism is the conceit of the story, which requires the reader to follow two plotlines simultaneously \u2013 historical fiction built upon the Kennedy assassination as well as the tale of a time traveling English teacher \u2013 which adds a page load to the novel that Ulin found excessive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006497-0027-0000", "contents": "11/22/63, Adaptation\nOn September 22, 2014, it was announced that a TV series based on the novel was picked up by Hulu. James Franco was chosen to star as the character of Jake Epping. The series premiered on President's Day, February 15, 2016, and was met with mostly positive reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006498-0000-0000", "contents": "11/3/00 \u2013 Boise, Idaho\n11/3/00\u00a0\u2013 Boise, Idaho is a two-disc live album and the seventieth in a series of 72 live bootlegs released by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam from the band's 2000 Binaural Tour. It was released along with the other official bootlegs from the second North American leg of the tour on March 27, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006498-0001-0000", "contents": "11/3/00 \u2013 Boise, Idaho, Overview\nThe album was recorded on November 3, 2000, in Nampa, Idaho at the Idaho Center. The show features a particularly intense version of \"Better Man\". It was selected by the band as one of 18 \"Ape/Man\" shows from the tour, which, according to bassist Jeff Ament, were shows the band found \"really exciting.\" Allmusic gave it two and a half out of a possible five stars. \"Go\" from this show appears on the Touring Band 2000 DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006499-0000-0000", "contents": "11/30/93 \u2013 Las Vegas, Nevada\n11/30/93\u00a0\u2013 Las Vegas, Nevada is a live album and the first in a series of archival official bootleg releases by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam, made available in MP3 format at the band's official download website in 2006. The bootleg was recorded at the first of two nights at the Aladdin Theatre for the Performing Arts in Paradise, Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006499-0001-0000", "contents": "11/30/93 \u2013 Las Vegas, Nevada, Overview\nThe show, which took place on November 30, 1993, at the Aladdin Theatre for the Performing Arts in Paradise, Nevada, is from the first leg of the band's tour for its second album, Vs., but also features some material off of the band's third album, Vitalogy, including the live premiere of \"Tremor Christ\". The second encore featured two songs by the band Green River, guested on by former members Mark Arm and Steve Turner, both now of Mudhoney. Guitarist Stone Gossard and bassist Jeff Ament are both former members of Green River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006499-0001-0001", "contents": "11/30/93 \u2013 Las Vegas, Nevada, Overview\nChuck Treece filled in on drums for Green River drummer Alex Vincent. The band performed the songs \"Swallow My Pride\" and \"Ain't Nothing to Do\" before leaving the stage. The bootleg does not include the version of \"My Way\", performed with Elvis impersonator Terry Presley, which had previously been released on the band's 1995 fan club Christmas single. The version of \"Swallow My Pride\" from this show appears on the same fan club single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006500-0000-0000", "contents": "11/5\n11/5 was an American hip hop group from the Hunters Point section of San Francisco, California whose members were Maine-O, Hennessy and Taydatay, they were signed to Dogday Records, and were active from 1994 to 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006500-0001-0000", "contents": "11/5, Biography\nThe Bay Area-based trio first appeared in 1994 on Primo's album Stickin' to the Script on the song \"Killa\". Shortly after, they would release their debut album, Fiendin' 4 tha Funk. The album sold little outside the Bay Area and only made it to #76 on the Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. The following year, they released a follow-up entitled A-1 Yola, which would fare much better on the charts, making it to #33 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and #22 on the Top Heatseekers. After A-1 Yola, two more albums were released, 1999's The Overdose and 2001's After the Drama, as well as two compilations, before disbanding in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006501-0000-0000", "contents": "11/6 12/10\n11/6 12/10 is the debut studio album by electronic duo Tarwater, released in September 30, 1996 by Kitty-Yo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006502-0000-0000", "contents": "11/6/00 \u2013 Seattle, Washington\n11/6/00\u00a0\u2013 Seattle, Washington is a three-disc live album and the seventy-second and final in a long series of live bootlegs that the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam released from the band's 2000 Binaural Tour. It was released along with the other official bootlegs from the second North American leg of the tour on March 27, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006502-0001-0000", "contents": "11/6/00 \u2013 Seattle, Washington, Overview\nThe album was recorded on November 6, 2000, in Seattle, Washington at KeyArena. This was the band's last show of its three-leg 2000 tour. The band performed at this show for over three hours, playing most of its hits along with selected cover songs such as \"The Kids Are Alright\" and \"Baba O'Riley\" by The Who, one of Pearl Jam's biggest musical influences. This show also featured the North American tour's first performance of \"Alive\", which had been purposely omitted from all shows on the tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006502-0002-0000", "contents": "11/6/00 \u2013 Seattle, Washington, Overview\nThis show was selected by the band as one of 18 \"Ape/Man\" shows from the tour, which, according to bassist Jeff Ament, were shows the band found \"really exciting.\" Allmusic called the show an \"essential live document,\" and gave it four and a half out of a possible five stars. Allmusic staff writer Douglas Siwek said that \"by the time they hit their hometown of Seattle in November 2000, it was obvious that the band was truly in sync musically.\" It debuted at number 98 on the Billboard 200 album chart and was the highest charting official bootleg out of the entire series. \"Leatherman\", \"Better Man\", \"Nothingman\", \"Nothing as It Seems\", and \"Rearviewmirror\" from this show appear on the Touring Band 2000 DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006503-0000-0000", "contents": "11/9 (American Horror Story)\n\"11/9\" is the fourth episode of the seventh season of the anthology television series American Horror Story. It aired on September 26, 2017, on the cable network FX. The episode was written by John J. Gray, and directed by Gwyneth Horder-Payton. Adina Porter was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie for this episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006503-0001-0000", "contents": "11/9 (American Horror Story), Plot, November 2016\nAt the local polling place for the election, Ivy with her wife Ally, Winter and her friends, Dr. Vincent, the Wiltons, Beverly Hope, her cameraman R.J., and Beverly's rival Serena Belinda cast their vote. Kai carries Gary, whose hand appears recently amputated, to the polling booths. After both he and Kai vote for Trump, Gary emerges from the booth and raises his freshly severed stump in exclamation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006503-0002-0000", "contents": "11/9 (American Horror Story), Plot, November 2016\nThe day after the election, Harrison, a fitness trainer at a gym, is maltreated by his boss Vincenzo \"Vinny\" Ravoli. He then returns home and discovers from a despondent Meadow that the bank has foreclosed on their house. The next day, Harrison's frequent client Kai consoles him after he divulges his financial dilemma. In the midst of more verbal abuse by Vinny, Harrison is urged by Kai to stand up for himself and pins Vinny under barbells, crushing his chest before killing him with a dumbbell to the head. Meadow catches Harrison and Kai dismembering Vinny's body. Harrison introduces Kai to Meadow as \"someone to believe in\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006503-0003-0000", "contents": "11/9 (American Horror Story), Plot, December 2016\nKai turns his attention to Beverly, who was sent to a psychiatric rehabilitation center thirty days earlier for attacking a teenager after being humiliated in her live broadcasts by male hecklers. Kai finds her slashing the tires of Bob Thompson's car, after the latter trimmed her reports in favor of Serena's. Kai outlines his plan for world domination and offers her \"equal power\". To convince the reporter, Kai and the Wiltons murder Serena and her cameraman Cole. Beverly confronts them at his house, but she declares her allegiance to Kai's cult afterwards as well as R.J., allowing the reporter to republish her live broadcast on Vinny's murder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006503-0004-0000", "contents": "11/9 (American Horror Story), Plot, November 2016\nOn Election night, Ivy handcuffs Gary in the grocery's basement with the help of Winter after he groped her during the Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton presidential rally earlier that day. Ivy's retaliation costs Gary his chance to vote in the election. Upon discovering his sister's involvement with Ivy, Kai finds Gary in the basement and offers him a hacksaw to sever his chained hand, leading to the events at the beginning of the episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006503-0005-0000", "contents": "11/9 (American Horror Story), Reception\n\"11/9\" was watched by 2.13 million people during its original broadcast, and gained a 1.1 ratings share among adults aged 18\u201349.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006503-0006-0000", "contents": "11/9 (American Horror Story), Reception\nThe episode has been critically acclaimed. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, \"11/9\" holds a 100% approval rating, based on 16 reviews with an average rating of 8.19 out of 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006503-0007-0000", "contents": "11/9 (American Horror Story), Reception\nTony Sokol of Den of Geek gave the episode a 4 out of 5, saying \"The episode may not be enough to convert new fans to American Horror Story: Cult, but to those preaching to the choir, the Kool-Aid is refreshing.\" He particularly praised the presence and the development of Peters' Kai Anderson; but also Lourd's performance as Winter, describing her as a \"master mind manipulator\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006503-0008-0000", "contents": "11/9 (American Horror Story), Reception\nKat Rosenfield from Entertainment Weekly gave the episode a B+, and appreciated that it was a break from the character of Ally and her \"hysterical screaming breakdowns\". Moreover, she praised Adina Porter and her acting skills, saying \"she's the best thing to happen to this cast since we lost La Lange\".\" Vulture's Brian Moylan gave the episode a 4 out of 5, indicating a positive review. Like Rosenfield, he praised Adina Porter, calling her a \"genius\", but also the plot twist of the third act of the episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006503-0009-0000", "contents": "11/9 (American Horror Story), Reception\nMatt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a 8.3 out of 10, with a positive review. He said \"[this episode] revealed crucial backstory and a fun twist that could greatly alter the story going forward. It was staged nicely, separated into three acts\u2014with the third providing a new element that helps add texture to the entire season. It was also fun to watch the \"cult\" of Cult actually form, and to see some of the side characters be real(ish) people outside of the facade they put on for the sake of Ally and Ivy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006504-0000-0000", "contents": "110 (number)\n110 (one hundred [and] ten) is the natural number following 109 and preceding 111.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006504-0001-0000", "contents": "110 (number), In mathematics\n110 is a sphenic number and a pronic number. Following the prime quadruplet (101, 103, 107, 109), at 110, the Mertens function reaches a low of \u22125.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006504-0002-0000", "contents": "110 (number), In mathematics\n110 is the sum of three consecutive squares, 110=52+62+72{\\displaystyle 110=5^{2}+6^{2}+7^{2}}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006504-0003-0000", "contents": "110 (number), In mathematics\nRSA-110 is one of the RSA numbers, large semiprimes that are part of the RSA Factoring Challenge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006504-0004-0000", "contents": "110 (number), In mathematics\nIn base 10, the number 110 is a Harshad number and a self number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006504-0005-0000", "contents": "110 (number), In sports\nOlympic male track and field athletics run 110 metre hurdles. (Female athletes run the 100 metre hurdles instead.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006504-0006-0000", "contents": "110 (number), In sports\nThe International 110, or the 110, is a one-design racing sailboat designed in 1939 by C. Raymond Hunt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006505-0000-0000", "contents": "110 BC\nYear 110 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rufus and Albinus (or, less frequently, year 644 Ab urbe condita) and the First Year of Yuanfeng. The denomination 110 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0000-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street\n110 East 42nd Street, also known as the Bowery Savings Bank Building, is an 18-story office building in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is located on the south side of 42nd Street, across from Grand Central Terminal to the north, and between the Pershing Square Building to the west and the Chanin Building to the east. 110 East 42nd Street is named for the Bowery Savings Bank, who had erected the building as a new branch structure to supplement its original Bowery building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0001-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street\n110 East 42nd Street was designed in the Italian Romanesque Revival style by York and Sawyer, with William Louis Ayres as the partner in charge. It was erected within \"Terminal City\", a collection of buildings located above the underground tracks surrounding Grand Central, and makes use of real-estate air rights above the tracks. The building is located directly above the New York City Subway's Grand Central\u201342nd Street station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0002-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street\n110 East 42nd Street, as well as the adjacent Pershing Square Building, were built on the site of the Grand Union Hotel. Construction started in 1921 and was completed in 1923, and an addition was added between 1931 and 1933. 110 East 42nd Street continues to be used as a bank and office building. Its facade and lobby were made New York City designated landmarks in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0003-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Site\n110 East 42nd Street is in the Midtown and Murray Hill neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City. It is bounded by 42nd Street to the north and 41st Street to the south, in the middle of the city block between Park Avenue to the west and Lexington Avenue to the east. The \"L\"-shaped land lot occupies 25,613 square feet (2,379.5\u00a0m2), with a frontage of 154.5 feet (47.1\u00a0m) on 42nd Street and a depth of 197.5 feet (60.2\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0003-0001", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Site\nOn the same block, the Pershing Square Building is to the west and the Chanin Building is to the east. Other nearby buildings include the Grand Hyatt New York hotel to the north, the Chrysler Building to the northeast, the Socony\u2013Mobil Building to the east, and 101 Park Avenue to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0004-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Site\nThe completion of the underground Grand Central Terminal in 1913 resulted in the rapid development of Terminal City, the area around Grand Central, as well as a corresponding increase in real-estate prices. Among these were the New York Central Building at 47th Street and Park Avenue, as well as the Grand Central Palace across 42nd Street from the present 110 East 42nd Street. By 1920, the area had become what The New York Times called \"a great civic centre\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0005-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Design\nThe building was designed in the Italian Romanesque Revival style by the firm of York & Sawyer. The design shares many elements with the Pershing Square Building directly to the west, which was also co-designed by York & Sawyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0006-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Design, Form\nYork and Sawyer's original plans for 110 East 42nd Street called for a four-story-tall banking room, topped by thirteen office floors, to extend the width of the block between 41st and 42nd Streets. A hip-roofed penthouse on top of the office floors would bring the building's height to 18 floors. The building has a frontage of 104 feet (32\u00a0m) on 42nd Street and extends 198 feet (60\u00a0m) to the back of the lot at 41st Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0007-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Design, Form\nAs it was not a freestanding structure, 110 East 42nd Street deviated from traditional bank building designs, including that of the original main branch at Bowery and Grand Street. Most significantly, it did not resemble a \"modified Greek temple\" as earlier bank buildings had. The building was instead designed in the Italian Romanesque Revival style, The Italian Romanesque design provided consistency to the facade, since the Pershing Square Building to the west was designed in a similar manner. York & Sawyer's ultimate design emphasized the juxtaposition of office and banking concerns in the building, which are stacked one above the other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0008-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Design, Facade\nThe facade is divided into three vertical sections: the base, tower, and upper stories. The facade contains elements such as arcades, and cornices with corbelling. A variety of materials and colors are used for the building's individual elements, including colonettes made of pink granite; spandrels made of green marble; and a roof with red tiling. The facade elements are also decorated with representations of figures such as  \"birds, beasts, fantastic mythological creatures [and] human forms\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0009-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Design, Facade\nThe 42nd Street facade is largely made of Ohio sandstone. On the 42nd Street side, there are also columns and colonettes made of pink granite; tiled wall copings; and spandrels made of green marble. The 41st Street facade is made of sandstone on the first floor, and buff-colored bonded brick above it. At the bottom of both facades is a water table made of granite, which is 3 feet (0.91\u00a0m) higher on the eastern part of the building, due to the area's topography sloping downward to the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0010-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Design, Facade, Base\nOn the four-story base facing 42nd Street to the north, there is a large round-arched entrance taking up most of the facade, with detailed archivolts running on the underside of the archway. The large ground-floor arch leads to the giant banking room inside. A short flight of stairs leads to a set of doors, above which is a large window that fills the rest of the arch opening. There are voussoirs running along the top of the arch, with a carved motif located within every other voissoir. A pair of rose windows, small circular apertures, are located at the fourth floor flanking the top of the arch. An architectural arcade with arched openings runs along the fifth floor facade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0011-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Design, Facade, Base\nTo the west of the main archway (on the right side as seen from 42nd Street), a small arch provides access to the office tower's entrance vestibule, the elevator lobby, and the Grand Central\u201342nd Street subway station. The entrance contains a semicircular tympanum above the doorway, with a geometric pattern, as well as embossed surrounds on either side of the doorway. The words \"The Bowery Savings Bank Building\" are inscribed on top of the tympanum, and the building's address is fully spelled out on the bottom of the tympanum. Above this archway are two pairs of windows, one each at the third and fourth floors. The third floor includes two rectangular windows and the fourth floor contains two arched grilles in place of window openings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0012-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Design, Facade, Base\nTo the east (left) is the six-story \"Chapel\" annex completed in 1933. The lower two floors contain a three-arched arcade with two granite columns. The rectangular third-floor windows and arched fourth-floor windows are similar to those on the west side of the facade. Above the first- and second-floor arcade, there are four carved motifs, located at even intervals, as well as an inscription \"A Mutual Institution Chartered 1834 To Serve Those Who Save\". There is an architectural arcade running across the 5th story facade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0013-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Design, Facade, Base\nThe facade of the base on 41st Street, to the south, is similar in that it also contains a large archivolted arch with a set of doors below a large window. However, the doors on the 41st Street facade are located in a three-faced structure that projects slightly. Flanking the arch are three architectural bays, two to the west (left) and one to the east (right) of the arch. These bays each contain two rectangular windows on the second floor, two arched windows on the third floor, and a rose window on the fourth floor. A driveway leading to an underground parking garage is located on the first floor underneath the leftmost bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0014-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Design, Facade, Tower\nOn the 42nd Street side above the four-story base, the 5th through 13th floors are articulated with vertical piers and window spandrels. The piers divide the facade into five architectural bays: four bays above the main banking entrance in the center, and one bay above the office-building entrance on the west (right) side. Each bay contains two windows on each floor. Horizontal cornices with corbeling are located above the 14th and 17th floors. There is an architectural arcade running across the 5th story facade, as well as another arcade running across the 15th and 16th stories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0014-0001", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Design, Facade, Tower\nThe 17th story contains round-arched window openings while the 18th story consists of four windows that each contain three panes. On the 17th floor, at the top of 110 East 42nd Street's tower section, are tiled copings. At the 42nd Street facade, a flagpole extends from the center of the tower section at the fifth floor, directly above the center of the archway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0015-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Design, Facade, Tower\nOn the 41st Street side, the facade rises nine stories from ground level, with a cornice at the top of this section. Above the ninth floor, the building contains a 22-foot (6.7\u00a0m) setback, and the tower rises behind this setback to the 17th story. The 41st Street side is also articulated with vertical piers and window spandrels. It also contains five architectural bays, with each bay containing two windows per floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0016-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Design, First-floor interior\nThe first floor consists of three sections: an elevator vestibule on the west, a banking room on the center, and the smaller \"Chapel\" section to the east. The massive first-floor banking room measures 80 feet (24\u00a0m) wide and 197.5 feet (60.2\u00a0m) long with a 65-foot-tall (20\u00a0m) ceiling. It was described by The New York Times as one of the largest banking rooms in a New York City bank. The banking room utilizes marble, limestone, sandstone and bronze screens to create a space reminiscent of a basilica. The annex and banking rooms use a mixture of materials on the walls and columns: according to the Landmarks Preservation Commission, these include ashlar as well as \"marble, limestone, sandstone, imitation stone, and plaster\". Various other motifs also adorn the walls, ceiling, and columns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0017-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Design, First-floor interior\nThe banking room can be entered from five places: the main 41st and 42nd Street archways to the south and north, respectively; an entrance to the office building's vestibule to the northeast; and two doorways leading to the passenger- and freight-elevator lobbies to the west. The marble tellers' counter, 50 inches (130\u00a0cm) high, is in the middle of the banking room. The floor is made of marble tile patterns, and a wooden staircase at the northeastern corner of the banking room leads to the basement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0017-0001", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Design, First-floor interior\nThe ceiling above the banking room is supported by steel trusses that run across the vault. Six major trusses run perpendicular to the walls and are supported by twelve corbels, while smaller trusses run diagonally between alternating corbels. The ceiling is coated with six layers of materials, giving it the appearance of \"minor wooden beams and coffering\". Six chandeliers hang from the ceiling at the locations where the diagonal trusses cross each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0018-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Design, First-floor interior\nThe \"Chapel\" annex is located to the east of the banking room's northern section, connected via two large rectangular openings cut through the party wall on the eastern side of the banking room. The design is similar to that of the banking room, with limestone and sandstone walls. A second floor loggia overlooks the northern end of the annex's first floor, and below that is a set of double doors leading to the central arch of the arcade along 42nd Street. Two chandeliers and a painted rhombus pattern are located on the flat ceiling, while a patterned frieze runs near the top of the wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0019-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Design, First-floor interior\nThe space to the west of the main banking room measures 20 feet (6.1\u00a0m) wide and 197.5 feet (60.2\u00a0m) long. It includes an entrance vestibule, as well as a lobby containing passenger and freight elevators. The vestibule, located to the north and facing 42nd Street, contains a ceiling with three vaults. It includes a staircase to the New York City Subway's Grand Central\u201342nd Street station, serving the 4, \u200b5, \u200b6, <6>\u200b, 7, <7>\u200b\u200b, and S trains, along its western side. To the south is the elevator lobby, which contains decorative floor tiling and six painted ceiling vaults, similar in design to the main banking room. The elevator doors contain bronze panels with various embossed motifs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0020-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, History\nIn 1913, the Dual Contracts were signed by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and the Brooklyn\u2013Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT), two companies who operated parts of the present New York City Subway. A set of platforms at Grand Central, now serving the IRT Lexington Avenue Line (4, \u200b5, \u200b6, and <6> trains), was to be built diagonally under the building site as part of the agreement. At the time, the site under the proposed station was occupied by Grand Union Hotel, which was condemned via eminent domain in February 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0020-0001", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, History\nThe condemnation proceedings for the hotel cost $3.5 million (equal to $65 million in 2019). To pay the station's construction cost, the Public Service Commission approved the construction of a 25-story building above the station. By May 1915, the building site had been excavated for the construction of the building. Despite the passage of the 1916 Zoning Resolution, which required architectural setbacks to provide light to the streets below, the building plans conformed with the older zoning codes, which did not require setbacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0021-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, History\nThough the IRT Lexington Avenue Line's 42nd Street station opened in 1918, the site above the station was not developed as planned. The Transit Commission attempted to sell the building site in May 1920 for $2.8 million (equal to $27.5 million in 2019), but no one placed a bid. Then in July 1920, a realty consortium headed by investor Henry Mandel offered $2.9 million for the hotel (equal to $28.5 million in 2019), a proposal that was accepted. The value of the land at the future building site was extremely valuable; by 1923, the Rider's Guide to New York City referred to the blocks of East 42nd Street between Park and Fifth Avenues as \"Little Wall Street\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0022-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, History, Planning and construction\nThe Bowery Savings Bank, then located at the Bowery and Grand Street in lower Manhattan, was among the parties who were seeking to add an uptown location, and in September 1920 its trustees unanimously agreed to look for an uptown site. The trustees soon found a site on 42nd Street, but a standalone bank building could not be built there, as it was deemed too costly. As such, the bank trustees created a building committee to start planning for the building in December 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0023-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, History, Planning and construction\nIn January 1921, Mandel sold the Bowery Savings Bank the eastern half of the Grand Union Hotel site, which would be developed into an office building called 110 East 42nd Street. As per the purchase agreement between the bank and the corporation, the structures were to contain interlocking structures, including what was believed to be the city's tallest party wall separating two buildings. York and Sawyer, designers of several bank buildings in the eastern United States, had been hired to devise plans for the new Savings Bank at the site of the Grand Union Hotel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0023-0001", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, History, Planning and construction\nThe lead architect on the project was William Louis Ayres. The plans were filed with the New York City Department of Buildings in April 1921. Excavations had started in February 1921 in advance of the plans' approval, and that June, the building committee recommended to start construction immediately. Construction on the building officially commenced that July with a groundbreaking ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0024-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, History, Planning and construction\nBy the time the new branch opened in 1923, there were 155,000 people with accounts at the Bowery Savings Bank. The bank had seen $1.5 million in deposits (equivalent to $22,784,180 in 2020) \"on one day recently\", compared to the $2,020 deposited on the original branch's opening day in 1834 (equivalent to $52,365 in 2020).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0024-0001", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, History, Planning and construction\nJust prior to 110 East 42nd's opening in June 1923, $202 million of deposits held by the Bowery Savings Bank (equal to $2.4 billion in 2019) was moved from the original branch to the new branch, using 14 armored cars guarded by 100 heavily armed policemen. However, the bank retained its original offices on Bowery. Upon the opening of 110 East 42nd, the branch had total deposits of $177 million (equal to $2.1 billion in 2019).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0024-0002", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, History, Planning and construction\nThere were 2,500 new accounts opened at the 110 East 42nd branch on the first day in office, and 33,803 new accounts in the nine months afterward, with total deposits at the 110 East 42nd branch increasing by $25 million in that time period (equal to $296.6 million in 2019). The presence of the new Bowery Savings Bank branch and of brokerage firms on 42nd Street bolstered its reputation as a \"Little Wall Street\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0025-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, History, Planning and construction\nSome alterations were made to the main building in 1927, including the installation of a clock, bronze display cases, and revolving doors outside the 42nd Street entrance. A six-story addition to the east, which came to be called \"The Chapel\", was proposed in March 1931. Louis Ayres designed the addition while Marc Eidlitz & Son, Inc. erected the structure. The Chapel annex was completed by 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0026-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, History, Later use\nThe fifth floor facade's marble colonettes were replaced with granite ones in 1951, and the annex's windows and entrance were redesigned in 1956. A plaque was erected outside 110 East 42nd Street in 1957, designating it as a point of interest and an unofficial \"landmark\". The screen above the 42nd Street archway were replaced with a glass window in 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0027-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, History, Later use\nA year after the Bowery Savings Bank was acquired by H. F. Ahmanson & Co. in 1991, the building's ownership was jointly transferred to Ahmanson and a limited partnership, who owned the building as a condominium. Greenpoint Bank took over the banking spaces in 1995, after having bought many of Ahmanson's branches. The building was designated an official New York City landmark in 1996. SL Green bought the building in March 1998 and subsequently renovated the lobby as well as replaced the elevators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0027-0001", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, History, Later use\nThe ground-floor banking room was converted to a Cipriani restaurant and upscale event space, with Cipriani finalizing the deal for the new location in January 1999. At the same time, with the renovation and revival of Grand Central in the late 1990s, large tenants began occupying 110 East 42nd's office space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0028-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, History, Later use\nThe areas immediately surrounding Grand Central, including 110 East 42nd, had 1.8\u00a0million square feet (170,000\u00a0m2) of air rights above the terminal and its rail yards. This allowed for the construction of developments with that maximum floor area above Grand Central. In 2014, some of 110 East 42nd's unused air rights were passed to One Vanderbilt, a 1,401-foot-tall (427\u00a0m) skyscraper being built a block to the west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006506-0029-0000", "contents": "110 East 42nd Street, Critical reception\nThe fifth edition of the AIA Guide to New York City referred to 110 East 42nd Street as \"one of the great spaces of New York.\" According to a 1928 piece in Architectural Forum magazine, the building was \"a castle in the clouds brought to earth, and the ticket of admission is only a stiff little deposit book.\" A 1986 article in the Canadian newspaper The Globe and Mail said that 110 East 42nd Street \"flaunts the power of New York money. Stupendously lavish, marbled and pillared and bronzed and tiled, it still has elegant Art Deco banking tables where you can write out cheques with an Art Deco ballpoint.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006507-0000-0000", "contents": "110 East Washington Street\n110 East Washington Street is a high rise in Indianapolis, Indiana. The building, which is now the \"110 Condos\", was originally built in 1921\u20131922 as the main office for National City Bank. This bank (which was not related to the National City Bank of Cleveland, Ohio) closed during the Roosevelt Bank Holiday of 1933, was found to be insolvent, and did not reopen. The building later became the home of The Morris Plan Savings and Loan, which had a much smaller office on North Delaware Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006507-0001-0000", "contents": "110 East Washington Street\nThe same fate, however, befell the Morris Plan years later in the late 1980s, when it, too, was found to have irregularities by the federal regulators and was forced into a purchase by Summit Bank of Fort Wayne, only to be purchased by INB (Indiana National Bank), which was soon thereafter itself purchased by the National Bank of Detroit (NBD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006507-0002-0000", "contents": "110 East Washington Street\nThe offices of the bank were closed, but the banking floor (now the Adobo Grill space) stayed open until being merged with NBD's branch at Jefferson Plaza. Soon after the building closed in 1994, the contents were auctioned and it sat vacant until 2001 when The Indianapolis Star reported that the building was being converted into condos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006507-0002-0001", "contents": "110 East Washington Street\nThe reasons for the long vacancy were the lack of financial interest in condos and vacant office space downtown in the 1990s, combined with a complex ownership situation in which the bank owned part of the land and several heirs to an earlier property owner owned the rest. It took lengthy negotiation to get the land ownership resolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006507-0003-0000", "contents": "110 East Washington Street\nConstruction of condos in the vacant space started in 2001, and the first owners occupied the newly renovated building in 2002. At present the building is fully occupied with a mix of mostly owners with some renters. Adobo Grill, an upscale Mexican restaurant and tequila bar occupies the first and second floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006508-0000-0000", "contents": "110 Grant Apartments\n110 Grant Apartments is a 303-ft (101 m) tall skyscraper in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was constructed from 1983\u20131985 and has 34\u00a0floors. It is the 28th\u00a0tallest building in Minneapolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006509-0000-0000", "contents": "110 Herculis\n110 Herculis (abbreviated to 110 Her) is a star in the northern constellation of Hercules. Its apparent magnitude is 4.19, and it can be faintly seen with the naked eye, according to the Bortle scale. Based on parallax estimates made by the Hipparcos spacecraft, the star is located fairly close, about 62.7 light-years (19.21 parsecs) away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006509-0001-0000", "contents": "110 Herculis\n110 Herculis has a spectrum matching that of an F-type main-sequence star. It is about 1.4 to 1.7 times more massive than the Sun, and about two times wider than the Sun. Its effective temperature is about 6400 K. An infrared excess has been detected, indicating the presence of a circumstellar disk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006509-0002-0000", "contents": "110 Herculis\n110 Herculis is the 17th-brightest star in the constellation. It is located in the sky about halfway between Rasalague in Ophiuchus and Albireo in Cygnus, offset a trifle west. 110 Herculis, along with its apparent neighbors 111 Herculis, 112 Herculis, and 113 Herculis lie close to the eastern edge of the constellation of Hercules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006510-0000-0000", "contents": "110 Karat\n110 Karat is the fifth studio album by Swiss singer Luca H\u00e4nni. It is scheduled to be released on 9 October 2020 by Muve Recordings. The album marks H\u00e4nni's first album to be primarily recorded in German.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006510-0001-0000", "contents": "110 Karat, Singles\n\"Nebenbei\" was released as the lead single from the album on 20 December 2019. The song peaked at number sixty-four on the Swiss Singles Chart. \"Nie mehr allein\" was released as the second single from the album on 6 March 2020. \"Diamant\" was released as the third single from the album on 22 May 2020. The song peaked at number sixty-five on the Swiss Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006511-0000-0000", "contents": "110 Livingston Street\n110 Livingston Street is a Beaux Arts-style building located in Downtown Brooklyn, New York City, New York, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006511-0001-0000", "contents": "110 Livingston Street, History\nThe building was designed by the architectural firm McKim, Mead & White, and was built in 1926 to serve as the headquarters for the Elks organization, including amenities such as a pool, banquet hall, and bowling alleys. The building has a limestone and terra cotta facade, with Renaissance-revival style features including balustrades, egg-and-dart ornamentation, and Corinthian columns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006511-0002-0000", "contents": "110 Livingston Street, History\nIn 1940, the building was converted to serve as the New York City Board of Education headquarters. Over decades of use by the Board of Education, the building became known for the entrenched bureaucracy and dysfunction of its occupants, and Michael Cooper of The New York Times stated that the building's name eventually came to symbolize the failings of the New York City school system, as \"more than a location or a shorthand name for the institution it housed, the city's Board of Education. It symbolized a state of mind, a failed system that was at once imperious and impervious.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006511-0003-0000", "contents": "110 Livingston Street, History\nIn 2003, the City of New York sold the building to Two Trees Management, a primary developer of the DUMBO neighborhood, for development as luxury residential apartments, as part of development efforts taking place throughout Downtown Brooklyn. Several floors were added to the structure, and the courtyard was decorated with a trompe-l'\u0153il mural of architectural features by muralist Richard Haas. The interior lobby space, including a coffered ceiling, has been restored by the architecture firm Beyer Blinder Belle, and a historic theater space on the ground floor is intended to be used by ISSUE Project Room, a local arts organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006512-0000-0000", "contents": "110 Lydia\nLydia (minor planet designation: 110 Lydia) is a large belt asteroid with an M-type spectrum, and thus may be metallic in composition, consisting primarily of nickel-iron. It was discovered by French astronomer Alphonse Borrelly on 19 April 1870 and was named for Lydia, the Asia Minor country populated by Phrygians. The Lydia family of asteroids is named after it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006512-0001-0000", "contents": "110 Lydia\nObservations made during 1958\u20131959 at the McDonald Observatory and in 1969 at the Kitt Peak National Observatory found an uneven light curve with a period of 10.9267 hours. In the late 1990s, a network of astronomers worldwide used light curves to derive spin states and shape models of 10 new asteroids, including (110) Lydia. They obtained a period of 10.92580 hours, with the brightness varying by no more than 0.2 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006512-0002-0000", "contents": "110 Lydia\nIn the Tholen classification system, it is categorized as an M-type asteroid, while the Bus asteroid taxonomy system lists it as an Xk asteroid. Absorption features in the near infrared are attributed to low-iron, low-calcium orthopyroxene minerals. Water content on the surface is estimated at 0.14\u20130.27 by mass fraction (wt%). Measurements of the thermal inertia of 110 Lydia give a value between 70 and 200 J\u00b7m\u22122\u00b7K\u22121\u00b7s\u22121/2, compared to 50 for lunar regolith and 400 for coarse sand in an atmosphere. It is a likely interloper in the Padua family of minor planets that share similar dynamic properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006513-0000-0000", "contents": "110 N. Main Street\n110 N. Main Street is an office tower located in downtown Dayton, Ohio, United States. The building is 328\u00a0ft (100 m) tall and has 20 floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006513-0001-0000", "contents": "110 N. Main Street\nOpening in 1989 as Citizens Federal Centre, the building was later named Fifth Third Center before Fifth Third Bank moved to the One Dayton Centre in 2009. In 2011, Premier Health Partners acquired the building for $6.19 million. It is currently their headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006514-0000-0000", "contents": "110 North Wacker\n110 North Wacker, also known as the Bank of America Tower, is a 57-floor skyscraper currently under construction in Chicago located at 110 North Wacker Drive. It was developed by the Howard Hughes Corporation and Riverside Investment & Development. It was designed by Goettsch Partners with construction by Clark Construction. A topping-out ceremony was held in September 2019 and the building is expected to open in the fall of 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006514-0001-0000", "contents": "110 North Wacker\nWith a height of 816.83 feet (248.97\u00a0m) and containing 57 stories, it is the tallest all-commercial building in Chicago since Two Prudential Plaza in 1990. Bank of America has committed to leasing 500,000 square feet (46,000\u00a0m2) of office space in the building. Perkins Coie has also signed a lease to the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006514-0002-0000", "contents": "110 North Wacker, Construction\nThe address was previously the site of the GGP building, which was constructed in 1958 and served as the headquarters of Morton Salt until 1990, after which it was the headquarters of General Growth Properties (GGP) starting in 1997. The Howard Hughes Corporation and Riverside Investment & Development purchased the site in 2014, and plans for a new building were announced in early 2017, being approved by the Chicago Plan Commission in March and again in revised form in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006514-0003-0000", "contents": "110 North Wacker, Construction\nIn 2017 GGP agreed to leave the premises starting in early 2018. In August 2017 the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency found that the GGP building was eligible for the National Register of Historic Places, which resulted in the United States Army Corps of Engineers giving public notice that demolition of the building would constitute an \"adverse effect\" on the surroundings. This required a period for public comments and could have jeopardized the future of the development. It was ultimately decided that some of the facade of the GGP building would be incorporated into the base of the new building, and the GGP building was demolished beginning in January 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006514-0004-0000", "contents": "110 North Wacker, Construction\nBarges were used extensively in the construction of the new building, much of which also took place on the lower levels of the multi-level Wacker Drive. An ordinance requiring open air for a riverwalk would have rendered the project uneconomical if interpreted literally, so the building was allowed to overhang the riverwalk by 55 feet (17\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006515-0000-0000", "contents": "110 Plaza\n110 Plaza, also known as the Commonwealth Building or the 110 Tower Building, is a 266 feet (81\u00a0m) modernist office building in downtown San Diego, Civic / Core Neighborhood. The address of the building is 110 West A Street, San Diego, CA 92101 and is bordered by Front Street, A Street, 1st Avenue, and Ash Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006515-0001-0000", "contents": "110 Plaza\nWhen the building opened in 1971, it was the first all-glass high rise in San Diego. The 18-story building has a bronze plate-glass exterior and can be identified by the Commonwealth Financial Network sign located on the top of the north and west-facing sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006515-0002-0000", "contents": "110 Plaza\nThe building is currently owned by Forester Properties, Inc. It was acquired for $80 million, or about $245 per square foot, in September 2011. Cushman & Wakefield handle the leasing for the property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006515-0003-0000", "contents": "110 Plaza, History\n110 Plaza opened on September 14, 1971. Construction was completed in less than a year at a cost of $14 million. Built originally by the Bank of California, the building gained fame as a landmark consisting of 142,000 square feet of bronze plate glass. News articles of the day suggested the all-glass building might be an inviting target for \u201csocial dissidents\u201d, but the concern was unfounded. One of the outstanding features of the building, and still remarkable today, is the 32 tons of granite in the building header. Quarried in Quebec, Canada, the granite was shipped to Querceto, Italy where it was cut and polished. A longshoreman\u2019s strike stranded the granite in Central America, and it had to be flown to Los Angeles and trucked to San Diego in order to complete the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006515-0004-0000", "contents": "110 Plaza, History\nThe building was topped by an \u201cexecutive dining room\u201d, featuring cuisine by the former executive chef of the Westgate Hotel. The average number of lunch patrons, consisting of bank executives and their guests, was 18. Menu selections included such delicacies as \u201cGreen Turtle Soup Au Sherry\u201d ($1.00) and  \u201cFrog Legs Saut\u00e9 Proven\u00e7ale\u201d ($3.25).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006515-0005-0000", "contents": "110 Plaza, History\nThe building introduced the world's first fully automatic banking machine. Located outside the building entrance, this predecessor of today's ATM performed innovative functions such as cash deposits and withdrawals, bank payments and transfers between accounts. Customer accessed the machine using their Master Charge card and a personal code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006516-0000-0000", "contents": "110 Propositions for France\n110 Propositions for France (French: 110 Propositions pour la France) was the Socialist Party's program for the 1981 presidential election during which the Socialist Party's candidate, Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, was elected by 51.76% of the people. This program influenced significantly the policies enacted during Mitterrand's two terms (1981\u201388 and 1988\u201395).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006516-0001-0000", "contents": "110 Propositions for France, Propositions, Employment: Social Growth by Control of Economics\nThe social and economic program was dominated by Keynesian measures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006517-0000-0000", "contents": "110 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 110 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Knights of The North Squadron, was an F-16C fighter squadron based at Ramat David Airbase. The squadron was deactivated in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006518-0000-0000", "contents": "110 Squadron SAAF\n110 Squadron is a territorial reserve squadron of the South African Air Force. The squadron operations include VIP transport, coastal reconnaissance flights, command and control in crime prevention operations in conjunction with the South African Police and South African Army. The squadron is based at AFB Ysterplaat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006519-0000-0000", "contents": "110 Sul station\n110 Sul is a Bras\u00edlia Metro station on Orange and Green lines. It was opened on 16 September 2020 and added to the already operating section of the line, from Central to Terminal Samambaia and Terminal Ceil\u00e2ndia. It is located between 108 Sul and 112 Sul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006520-0000-0000", "contents": "110 Tower\n110 Tower, formerly known as AutoNation Tower, is a 410.1 feet (125.0\u00a0m) modernist office building in downtown Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The building was one of the first modern high-rise office buildings constructed in the city, and became part of the city's sprawling skyline. The building has a baltic-brown granite clad and glass exterior, it currently stands as the third tallest building in Ft. Lauderdale's skyline, and also the tallest office building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006520-0001-0000", "contents": "110 Tower\n110 Tower is located adjacent to the Broward County Courthouse and the Broward county jail in Fort Lauderdale's Justice District along 6th Street. It is across the street from the new 27 story Broward County Courthouse Building that will begin construction in October 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006520-0002-0000", "contents": "110 Tower\nIn October 2005, Hurricane Wilma struck South Florida and damaged the building's facade, including several windows. The most notable damage was the removal of the blue neon lighting that lined the top of the building which was blown off by high winds. The lighting was replaced in 2010 with LED lights that allow the building lines to be highlighted with multiple colors. In September 2010, the building's master tenant, AutoNation, moved out of the building when its lease expired, leaving the building half empty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006520-0003-0000", "contents": "110 Tower\nWith the building half empty the owners, Genesis Capital Partners XI, Ltd., took the opportunity to substantially renovate the building. In October 2010, 110 Tower began undergoing the substantial $31 million renovation of the building's heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems as well as the renovation of the common areas and exterior. Most floors were gutted to the slab, enabling the owners to replace obsolete electrical systems, HVAC, and water systems with modern, sustainable technologies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006520-0003-0001", "contents": "110 Tower\nThese improvements enabled the building to earn the Energy Star Rating in September 2011, as well as being awarded the LEED EB Gold designation by the U.S. Green Building Council that year. Also in 2011, 110 Tower was named LEED E.B. Gold Building of the Year by the South Florida chapter of the U.S.G.B.C., and the city of Fort Lauderdale recognized 110 Tower's sustainable efforts by naming Thursday, September 7, 2011, as 110 Tower Day. The future of the South Side of Downtown Fort Lauderdale is improved substantially with renovation of 110 Tower, the construction of the new Broward County Courthouse, and the planned addition of surface rail along 6th Street that will serving the downtown and waterfront areas of Fort Lauderdale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006521-0000-0000", "contents": "110 Virginis\n110 Virginis is a star in the zodiac constellation Virgo, located 195 light-years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as an orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.40. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221216\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006521-0001-0000", "contents": "110 Virginis\nThe stellar classification of 110 Virginis is K0.5 IIIb Fe\u20130.5, indicating that this is an evolved giant star with a mild underabundance of iron in its spectrum. At the age of 4.5\u00a0billion years old, it belongs to a sub-category of giants called the red clump, which means it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through the helium fusion at its core. Compared to the Sun, it has 167% of the mass but has expanded to 11 times the size. The enlarged photosphere has an effective temperature of 4,664\u00a0K and is radiating 76 times the Sun's luminosity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006522-0000-0000", "contents": "110 West 7th Building\nThe 110 West 7th Building is a commercial high-rise building in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The building rises 388\u00a0feet (118\u00a0m), making it the 7th-tallest building in the city, and the 12th-tallest building in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It currently stands as the 3rd-tallest International Style skyscraper in the city, behind the BOK Tower and the Bank of America Center. The building, with its black and white grid exterior floodlighted at night, is a Tulsa landmark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006522-0001-0000", "contents": "110 West 7th Building, History\nThe building was completed in 1971. It was originally constructed to serve as the world headquarters of Cities Service Oil and Gas Corp., when it moved its headquarters from the famous Cities Service Building in New York City. At one point, the building had 2,300 employees, with transferees from New York, Bartlesville, and Philadelphia. During that time, the company was Tulsa's largest private employer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006522-0002-0000", "contents": "110 West 7th Building, History\nIn 1980, Cities Service commenced a new 52-story headquarters in downtown Tulsa that was intended to become Oklahoma's tallest building. However, as Cities Service and the Citgo brand underwent a series of corporate transformations\u2014first being sold to Occidental Petroleum Corporation, then to Southland Corporation, and ultimately to Petr\u00f3leos de Venezuela\u2014the company's needs changed. Cities Service eventually moved its headquarters out of downtown Tulsa, first to a tower in south Tulsa, then ultimately leaving Tulsa and moving the headquarters to Houston in 2004. The planned replacement tower was topped off at 17 stories and now serves as headquarters for ONEOK, Inc. Over time, Occidental also reduced its occupancy at 110 West 7th, leaving it underutilized. Subsequent ownership performed upgrades and the building now serves as a general-purpose office tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006522-0003-0000", "contents": "110 West 7th Building, Architecture\nThe building was constructed in the International Style that matured after World War II. The style is characterized by a square or rectangular footprint, a cubic \"extruded rectangle\" form, windows running in broken horizontal rows to form a grid, and fa\u00e7ade angles set at 90 degrees. The building rises 388\u00a0feet (118\u00a0m) and comprises 28 floors. It is served by 11 elevators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006522-0004-0000", "contents": "110 West 7th Building, Notable tenants\nOccidental Petroleum Corporation (Oxy), a California-based oil and gas exploration and production company, has Oklahoma offices in the building. The company is the largest oil producer in Texas and the largest natural gas producer in California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006523-0000-0000", "contents": "110 and 112 Harley Street\n110 and 112 Harley Street are grade II listed terraced town houses in Harley Street, in the City of Westminster, London. The houses were of the \"first rate\" class, built around 1777 as part of the Portland Estate (now the Howard de Walden Estate), probably by John White and the plasterer Thomas Collins who were associated with Sir William Chambers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006524-0000-0000", "contents": "110 block\nA 110 block is a type of punch-down block used to terminate runs of on-premises wiring in a structured cabling system. The designation 110 is also used to describe a type of insulation displacement contact (IDC) connector used to terminate twisted pair cables, which uses a punch-down tool similar to the type used for the older 66 block.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006524-0001-0000", "contents": "110 block, Usage, Telephone distribution\nEarly residential telephone systems used simple screw terminals to join cables to sockets in a tree topology. These screw-terminal blocks have been slowly replaced by 110 blocks and connectors. Modern homes usually have phone service entering the house to a single 110 block, whence it is distributed by on-premises wiring to outlet boxes throughout the home in star topology. At the outlet box, cables are attached to ports with insulation-displacement contacts (IDCs), and those ports fit into special faceplates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 40], "content_span": [41, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006524-0002-0000", "contents": "110 block, Usage, Telephone distribution\nIn commercial settings, this style of home run or star topology wiring was already in use on 66 blocks in telecom closets and switchrooms. The 110 block has been slowly replacing the 66 block, especially for data communications usage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 40], "content_span": [41, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006524-0003-0000", "contents": "110 block, Usage, Computer networks\nThe 110 style insulation-displacement connection is often used at both ends of Networking cables such as Category 5, Category 5e, Category 6, and Category 6e cables which run through buildings, as shown in the image. In switch rooms, 110 blocks are often built into the backs of patch panels to terminate cable runs. At the other end, 110 connections may be used with keystone modules that are attached to wall plates. 110 blocks are preferred over 66 blocks in high-speed networks because they introduce less crosstalk and many are certified for use in Category 5, Category 6 and Category 6a wiring systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006524-0004-0000", "contents": "110 block, Usage, Computer networks\nIndividual Category 5e and better-rated 8P8C jacks (keystone and patch panel) with IDC connectors commonly use the same punchdown 'teeth' dimensions and tools as a full size 110 block.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006524-0005-0000", "contents": "110 block, Advantages\n110 style blocks allow a much higher density of terminations in a given space than older style termination blocks (66 style or wire wrap) because of their stacking capability. Some 110 blocks meet specifications for higher bandwidth data protocols such as Category 5 and higher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006524-0006-0000", "contents": "110 block, Problems\nDuring regular usage, small pieces of insulation can become stuck inside the 110 block contacts; this renders that given pair unreliable or unusable, until the pieces are removed. A tool known as a spudger can be used to remove excess insulation pieces. The wire hook which comes with many punch down tools can also be used to remove wire pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006524-0007-0000", "contents": "110 block, Problems\nA new wire inserted over an existing insulation remnant may be unreliable, as the 110 IDC was designed to hold only a single wire per contact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006524-0008-0000", "contents": "110 block, Problems\nFor testing it is more difficult to reliably connect to a working circuit on a 110 block than on older style blocks. The circuit must be broken, or insulation displacing contacts may be used on jumper wires. Repeated use of insulation displacing contacts may lead to a difficult-to-locate broken or intermittently-failing jumper wire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006525-0000-0000", "contents": "110 film\n110 is a cartridge-based film format used in still photography. It was introduced by Kodak in 1972. 110 is essentially a miniaturized version of Kodak's earlier 126 film format. Each frame is 13\u00a0mm \u00d7\u00a017\u00a0mm (0.51\u00a0in \u00d7\u00a00.67\u00a0in), with one registration hole. Cartridges with 12, 20, or 24 frames are available on-line. Production variations sometimes have allowed for an additional image.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006525-0001-0000", "contents": "110 film\nThe film is fully housed in a plastic cartridge, which also registers the image when the film is advanced. There is a continuous backing paper, and the frame number is visible through a window at the rear of the cartridge. The film does not need to be rewound and is very simple to load and unload. The film is usually pre-exposed with frame lines and numbers, a feature intended to make it easier and more efficient for photofinishers to print.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006525-0002-0000", "contents": "110 film\nUnlike later competing formats, such as disc and APS film, processed 110 negatives are returned in strips, without the original cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006525-0003-0000", "contents": "110 film, History\nThe 110 cartridge was introduced by Kodak in 1972 with Kodak Pocket Instamatic cameras with Kodachrome-X, Ektachrome-X, Kodacolor II, and Verichrome Pan film. The new pocket-sized cameras became immediately popular, and soon displaced competing subminiature cameras, such as the Minolta 16 series, from the market. The 110 film width is 16\u00a0mm. A four frame strip measures 111\u00a0mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006525-0004-0000", "contents": "110 film, History\nThe 16\u00a0mm film width allowed Kodachrome film in 110 size to be processed on the existing processing machines that processed movie films in the Standard 8 mm film and 16 mm film sizes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006525-0005-0000", "contents": "110 film, History\nFujifilm stopped manufacturing 110 format film in September 2009. Lomography re-commenced 110 film production in 2011. As of mid-2021, they offer 110 Black and White, Color Negative, and Color Slide (Peacock) films, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006525-0006-0000", "contents": "110 film, History\nEstes Industries has long marketed several model rockets, the most notable being the Astrocam, with a simple 110 camera in the nose; the shutter is triggered when the nose cone separates from the rocket body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006525-0007-0000", "contents": "110 film, History\nTyco (in their Spy Tech line of toys) made two toy spy cameras in the early 1990s  that utilized 110 film, called the Hidden Camera and Reese's Camera. The Reese's Camera natively looked like a Reese's candy box, while the Hidden Camera came with a removable cardboard cover sleeve with small cutouts for the trigger button and front lens that made it resemble a Good & Plenty candy box. The Hidden Camera had a periscope-like attachment that used a mirror for taking pictures around corners or behind objects. The Hidden Camera's shape and size is similar to that of the Minox B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006525-0008-0000", "contents": "110 film, Design and technical issues\nAlthough the format is most closely associated with cheaply produced, low-cost cameras, Canon, Minolta, Minox, Pentax, Rollei, Voigtl\u00e4nder, and others, as well as Kodak, offered sophisticated, expensive 110 cameras, with excellent multi-element focusing lenses and precise, electronically controlled exposure systems. Such cameras are capable of making high-quality images on 110 film. Some of these cameras are quite small and still hold appeal to subminiature-photography enthusiasts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 37], "content_span": [38, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006525-0009-0000", "contents": "110 film, Design and technical issues\nThe small negative size of 110 film makes it difficult to enlarge successfully. For these reasons, the 110 format is associated with prints that are often rather grainy and unsharp. This has led to the misconception that the cartridge itself is incapable of holding film flat enough for making high-quality negatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 37], "content_span": [38, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006525-0010-0000", "contents": "110 film, Design and technical issues\nThe 110 cartridge, as specified by Kodak, has a plastic tab on one end. Camera designers had the option of using this tab to sense film speed, enabling sophisticated cameras to switch between high- and low-speed film. A short tab indicated high-speed film, and a long tab indicated low-speed film. Kodak left it to the film manufacturer to decide which film speeds were high or low. Only a few cameras took advantage of this feature: Rollei A110, Canon 110 ED 20, Minolta 110 Zoom SLR Mark I/II, Minox 110S, Voigtlander Vitoret 110 EL, Pentax Auto 110 and the Kodak Ektralite 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 37], "content_span": [38, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006525-0011-0000", "contents": "110 film, Design and technical issues\nSome manufacturers would vary the low speed ASA setting and then change it in later models. For example, Minox 110S low speed was 64 ASA (Kodachrome then being made for 110) and high 400 ASA: but Canon 110 ED has 80 ASA only, with the 110 ED 20 having 80 and 400 ASA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 37], "content_span": [38, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006525-0012-0000", "contents": "110 film, Design and technical issues\nThe last 110 film that Kodak produced was ISO 400 speed packed in a cartridge that senses as \"low\" speed. As shown in the photograph to the right, these cartridges can be modified by hand so that they signal the proper speed to the camera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 37], "content_span": [38, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006525-0013-0000", "contents": "110 film, Film types\nAlthough the format is commonly associated with print film, Kodak also produced Kodachrome 64 slide film in 110 cartridges until 1982. In 2012 Lomography re-introduced slide film for 110 with their Peacock 200 ASA model. However, since not all 110 cameras have a settable ASA dial (low or high, depending on presence of a notch in the cassette), a neutral-density filter has to be used over the lens or the exposure compensation dial has to be used where available. Otherwise, over-exposure by a factor of x2 will result, leading to over-exposed images.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006525-0014-0000", "contents": "110 film, Film types\nAlong with standard-sized slides that fit into standard projectors, 110 slide film could also be processed into smaller format slides. The latter requires special Pocket Carousel projectors. or the Leica 110 projector. The sub-miniature slides are mounted in small mounts, or for Kodachrome mounted in 35mm-sized mounts with a 110 frame. There are also mount adapters available that allow the small mounts to be projected in a common 35mm projector. These adapters were not entirely satisfactory however, as to project the smaller slide at a size comparable to that from 35mm the projector had to be moved further from the screen, resulting in a dimmer image. Dedicated 110 projectors overcame this by using a brighter lamp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006525-0015-0000", "contents": "110 film, Film types\nKodak's Verichrome Pan was the only 110 black and white film produced until 2012, when Lomography manufactured their new Black and White Orca film at 100 ISO speed. This speed is supported by most 110 cameras. As of 2021, this film is still in production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0000-0000", "contents": "110 in the Shade\n110 in the Shade is a musical with a book by N. Richard Nash, lyrics by Tom Jones, and music by Harvey Schmidt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0001-0000", "contents": "110 in the Shade\nBased on Nash's 1954 play The Rainmaker, it focuses on Lizzie Curry, a spinster living on a ranch in the American southwest, and her relationships with local sheriff File, a cautious divorc\u00e9 who fears being hurt again, and charismatic con man Bill Starbuck, posing as a rainmaker who promises the locals he can bring relief to the drought-stricken area. Nash's book is faithful to his original play, although all the interior scenes were moved outdoors to allow for the addition of townspeople for ensemble numbers and dances. Many of Jones' lyrics come directly from Nash's play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0002-0000", "contents": "110 in the Shade, Productions, Original Broadway Production\nFollowing the success of The Fantasticks, the project was the composing team's first for Broadway. The original score was almost operatic in scope, and when the show's running time in Boston proved to be too long, the creative team began trimming numbers, eventually discarding nearly as many as were heard in the finished product. After two previews, the production, directed by Joseph Anthony and choreographed by Agnes de Mille, opened on October 24, 1963, at the Broadhurst Theatre, where it ran for 330 performances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0002-0001", "contents": "110 in the Shade, Productions, Original Broadway Production\nThe cast included Robert Horton as Starbuck, Inga Swenson as Lizzie, and Stephen Douglass as File, with Will Geer, Lesley Ann Warren, and Gretchen Cryer in supporting roles. The sets were by Oliver Smith and costumes by Motley. The show received four Tony Award nominations but won none. RCA Victor released an original Broadway cast recording of this production on November 3, 1963, with one recording in stereo and one in mono. Both recordings were identical, each having 16 tracks. RCA Victor also released the recording on Compact Disc on June 12, 1990, with one track--\"Overture\" not heard on the previous LP recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0003-0000", "contents": "110 in the Shade, Productions, Original London Production\nThe first and only West End production, directed by Charles Blackwell, recreated the original Broadway production closely and opened on February 8, 1967, at the Palace Theatre, where it ran for 101 performances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 57], "content_span": [58, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0004-0000", "contents": "110 in the Shade, Productions, 1992 New York City Opera Revival\nA 1992 New York City Opera production, directed by Scott Ellis and choreographed by Susan Stroman, starred Karen Ziemba as Lizzie. The score was heard to particular advantage here, as the opera company orchestra was appreciably larger than the conventional Broadway pit orchestra. A 2-CD studio recording released by Jay Records on October 21, 1997, features Ziemba, Walter Charles, Ron Raines, Kristin Chenoweth, and Schmidt and Jones. The recording was based on the 1992 New York City Opera production, and includes five bonus tracks from the New York City Opera production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0005-0000", "contents": "110 in the Shade, Productions, 1999 Concert Production\nIn 1999, a concert version was staged at the Fortune Theatre in London by Ian Marshall Fisher for the Discovering Lost Musicals Charitable Trust, with Louise Gold as Lizzie. For this production only a piano accompaniment was used, and the cast was unmiked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0006-0000", "contents": "110 in the Shade, Productions, 2007 Broadway Revival\nThe Roundabout Theater Company presented a new production of the show, which opened on May 9, 2007, at Studio 54, and closed on July 29, 2007, after 94 performances and 27 previews. The production team was headed by director Lonny Price and designer Santo Loquasto. They were joined by lighting designer Christopher Akerlind, sound designer Dan Moses Schreier, and musical arranger David Krane along with musical supervisor/director, Paul Gemignani, who has worked closely with Price on various stage projects in the past. The cast featured Audra McDonald as Lizzie, Steve Kazee as Bill Starbuck, and John Cullum as H.C. Curry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0006-0001", "contents": "110 in the Shade, Productions, 2007 Broadway Revival\nMcDonald won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical and was nominated for a Tony Award for her performance. Ben Brantley wrote of McDonald: \"Is it possible for a performance to be too good? Audra McDonald brings such breadth of skill and depth of feeling to the Roundabout Theater Company revival of '110 in the Shade' that she threatens to burst the seams of this small, homey musical. Ravishing of voice and Olympian of stature, she\u2019s an overwhelming presence in an underwhelming show.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0007-0000", "contents": "110 in the Shade, Productions, 2007 Broadway Revival\nThe revival also garnered four additional Tony nominations, but failed to win any. In June 2010, McDonald reprised her Tony-nominated role in a two-week fundraising production of the show for the Hale Center Theater in Orem, Utah. A recording of this production was released on June 12, 2007, by PS Classics. It drops the \"Overture\" but adds two tracks of dialogue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0008-0000", "contents": "110 in the Shade, Synopsis, Act I\nIt's the Fourth of July in 1936, in the small town of Three Point in the Southwestern U.S., where a blistering heat wave has the local sheriff, File, and the other townsfolk forever eyeing the sky (\"Another Hot Day\"). Elsewhere in town, on the ranch of widower H.C. Curry, the air is also charged with anticipation, due to the imminent arrival of H.C.'s daughter (\"Lizzie's Coming Home\"), who's been off visiting friends of the family (pseudo-relatives \"Uncle\" Ned and \"Aunt\" Marabelle and their sons) in [Sweetwater].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0008-0001", "contents": "110 in the Shade, Synopsis, Act I\nThe trip was designed to find Lizzie a husband, but to no avail: as at home, her intelligence, sharp wit, and insecurities proved her undoing. H.C. and his sons, Jim and Noah, hatch a plan to invite Sheriff File to the annual picnic lunch, where Lizzie can impress him with her prettiest party dress and tastiest picnic basket. Reluctant at first, but then allowing herself to dream just a bit, Lizzie agrees (\"Love Don't Turn Away\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0009-0000", "contents": "110 in the Shade, Synopsis, Act I\nSheriff File, unfortunately, proves immune to every enticement the Curry boys offer (\"Poker Polka\"). His mind is more on \"some sort of outlaw\" heading into town, a fellow named Tornado Johnson; besides, he knows a fix-up when he sees one, and as he puts it, \"I can mend my own shirts.\" Jim and Noah depart, but H.C. stays behind to tell File he knows the lie File's been living: that File's not a widower, as he claims to be\u2014that his wife ran out on him. H.C. sees a man who's lonely and shut off, one who needs \"a lot more mendin' than shirts,\" but File grows angry and defensive, and H.C. leaves him be.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0010-0000", "contents": "110 in the Shade, Synopsis, Act I\nAs the ladies at the picnic grounds await the arrival of \"The Hungry Men\", File is noticeably not among them, and although her father and brothers do their best to console her, Lizzie feels the sting of File's rejection. Jim suggests she'd have more luck if she flirted more\u2014played down her intelligence and told men what they wanted to hear like Lily Ann Beasley, who has all the men in town weak in the knees. But Lizzie is resolute in her vision of a husband: \"I want him to stand up straight\u2014and I want to be able to stand up straight to him!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0011-0000", "contents": "110 in the Shade, Synopsis, Act I\nSuddenly, something sounds like a dry, rattling crack of summer thunder, and with it appears a handsome stranger who introduces himself as \"Starbuck\u2014Rainmaker.\" His bold promises include the town into a revivalist frenzy (\"The Rain Song\"), and H.C. plunks down a hundred dollars for the promise of rain within twenty-four hours. But Lizzie sees through Starbuck's pretenses, and he instantly sees through hers (\"You're Not Foolin' Me\"). His accusations touch a nerve, and as he exits, a childhood song runs through her head (\"Cinderella\") that darkens her mood further. Feeling a need to \"get out of me for a while,\" she imagines a different sort of Lizzie Curry (\"Raunchy\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0012-0000", "contents": "110 in the Shade, Synopsis, Act I\nFile appears unexpectedly at the picnic grounds and, still insistent that he has a right to be alone, nonetheless reaches out to Lizzie, coming clean about his past and, almost despite himself, revealing old wounds (\"A Man and a Woman\"). But as they start to open up to each other, Lizzie's candid comments\u2014and her feeble attempts to retract them\u2014drive File away in a fury. Her family appears instantly to grill her, and Noah lashes out at her father's efforts to console her, insisting she accept the reality that she's going to end up alone. Lizzie, with terror in her heart, faces her future (\"Old Maid\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0013-0000", "contents": "110 in the Shade, Synopsis, Act II\nAs twilight approaches, lovers still haunt the picnic grounds. Starbuck is there as well, alone and quiet, doing a bit of soul-searching (\"Evenin' Star\", added for the 2007 revival). The others merely admire the majesty of the night sky (\"Everything Beautiful Happens At Night\"). For Lizzie, though, twilight means putting an end to her daydreams, and yet, still in search of something she can't quite define, she finds herself drawn to Starbuck's camp. Sensing her discontent, he encourages her to dream again\u2014this time far beyond her small-town horizons (\"Melisande\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0013-0001", "contents": "110 in the Shade, Synopsis, Act II\nInstinctively defensive, as before, Lizzie counters that her dreams are just a different kind (\"Simple Little Things\"), but feeling that she'll never get what she wants, she breaks down. Starbuck grabs her, encouraging her to see herself through her own eyes, and not as she fears others view her; he takes the pins out of her hair and insists she recognize her own beauty. The lights fade as they begin to make love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0014-0000", "contents": "110 in the Shade, Synopsis, Act II\nBack at the picnic area, Jim is boasting of his own Fourth of July adventures (\"Little Red Hat\") when File arrives to tell the Curry clan that he's on the lookout for Tornado Johnson\u2014aka rainmaker Starbuck. He understands that H.C. gave him a hundred dollars for the promise of rain, but H.C., well aware that Lizzie is with Starbuck, refuses to reveal his whereabouts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0014-0001", "contents": "110 in the Shade, Synopsis, Act II\nNoah is shocked that his father is willing to leave Lizzie alone with a conman, but H.C. understands his daughter's needs, \"even if it's only one minute\u2014with a man talkin' quiet and his hand touchin' her face.\" Back at Starbuck's tent, that's precisely what's happening, as Starbuck shares a difficult secret: \"I never made rain in my life! Not a single raindrop!\" Lizzie counsels him that \"it's not good to live in your dreams,\" but he notes that it's not good to live outside of them, either. She concludes that the best way to live is \"somewhere between the two\" (\"Is It Really Me? \").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006526-0015-0000", "contents": "110 in the Shade, Synopsis, Act II\nAs the Curry family awaits Lizzie's arrival, the mood is silent and tense. But she appears joyous and transformed (\"I've got a new beau! \"), and when File arrives to arrest Starbuck, the entire Curry clan defends him. Starbuck implores Lizzie to join him in his travels, and File\u2014suddenly aware of what he needs and what he might lose\u2014steps forward to plead his own case (\"Wonderful Music\"). Lizzie, with a new sense of her own worth, makes her decision. As Starbuck exits for parts unknown, a low rumble of thunder ushers in a sudden cloudburst, less than twenty-four hours after his arrival. And as the townspeople revel at the heavy downpour (\"The Rain Song\" reprise), Lizzie and File rejoice in the promise of hope and renewal that rainfall brings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0000-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles\nThe 110 metres hurdles, or 110-metre hurdles, is a hurdling track and field event for men. It is included in the athletics programme at the Summer Olympic Games. The female counterpart is the 100 metres hurdles. As part of a racing event, ten hurdles of 1.067\u00a0metres (3\u00a0ft\u00a06, or 42\u00a0inches) in height are evenly spaced along a straight course of 110\u00a0metres. They are positioned so that they will fall over if bumped into by the runner. Fallen hurdles do not carry a fixed time penalty for the runners, but they have a significant pull-over weight which slows down the run. Like the 100 metres sprint, the 110\u00a0metres hurdles begins in the starting blocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0001-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles\nFor the 110\u00a0m hurdles, the first hurdle is placed after a run-up of 13.72\u00a0metres (45\u00a0ft) from the starting line. The next nine hurdles are set at a distance of 9.14\u00a0metres (30\u00a0ft) from each other, and the home stretch from the last hurdle to the finish line is 14.02\u00a0metres (46\u00a0ft) long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0002-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles\nThe Olympic Games have included the 110\u00a0metre hurdles in their program since 1896. The equivalent hurdles race for women was run over a course of 80\u00a0metres from 1932 to 1968. Starting with the 1972 Summer Olympics, the women's race was set at 100\u00a0metres. In the early 20th century, the race was often contested as 120\u00a0yard hurdles, thus the imperial units distances between hurdles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0003-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles\nThe fastest 110\u00a0metre hurdlers run the distance in around 13\u00a0seconds. Aries Merritt of the United States holds the current world record of 12.80 seconds, set at the Memorial Van Damme meet on 7 September 2012 in Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0004-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, History\nFor the first hurdles races in England around 1830, wooden barriers were placed along a stretch of 100\u00a0yards (91.44\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0005-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, History\nThe first standards were attempted in 1864 in Oxford and Cambridge:  The length of the course was set to 120\u00a0yards (109.7 m) and over its course, runners were required to clear ten 3 foot 6\u00a0inch (1.07 m) high hurdles; the height and spacing of the hurdles have been related to Imperial units ever since. After the length of the course was rounded up to 110 metres in France in 1888, the standardisation was essentially complete, except that in Germany, 1 metre high hurdles were used until 1907.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0006-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, History\nThe massively constructed hurdles of the early days were first replaced in 1895 with somewhat lighter T-shaped hurdles that runners were able to knock over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0007-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, History\nHowever, until 1935, runners were disqualified if they knocked down more than three hurdles, and records were only recognized if the runner had left all hurdles standing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0008-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, History\nIn 1935, the T-shaped hurdles were replaced by L-shaped ones that easily fall forward if bumped into and therefore reduce the risk of injury. However, these hurdles are weighted, so it is disadvantageous to hit them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0009-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, History\nThe current running style where the first hurdle is taken on the run with the upper body lowered instead of being jumped over and with three steps each between the hurdles was first used by the 1900 Olympic champion, Alvin Kraenzlein. The 110 metre hurdles have been an Olympic discipline since 1896.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0010-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, History, Women's history\nWomen ran the event occasionally in the 1920s, but it never became generally accepted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0011-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, History, Women's history\nFrom 1926 to 1968, women competed in the 80 metre hurdles, which was increased to 100 metres starting in 1961 on a trial basis, and was officially implemented in compeition in 1969. As of 2021, no timeframe has been given by the IAAF for  an increase to 110 metres, despite proposals to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0012-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, History, Other events\nIn 1900 and 1904, the Olympics also included a 200-metre hurdles event, and the IAAF recognized world records for the 200 metre hurdles until 1960. Don Styron held the world record in the event for over 50 years, until Andy Turner broke the record in a specially arranged race at the Manchester City Games in 2010: Styron still holds the world record in the 220 yard low hurdles as of 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0013-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, Technique\nThe sprint hurdles are a very rhythmic race because both men and women take 3 steps (meaning 4 foot strikes) between each hurdle, no matter whether running 110/100 metres outdoors, or the shorter distances indoors (55 or 60 metres). In addition, the distance from the starting line to the first hurdle - while shorter for women - is constant for both sexes whether indoors or outdoors, so sprint hurdlers do not need to change their stride pattern between indoor and outdoor seasons. One difference between indoor and outdoors is the shorter finishing distance from the last (5th) hurdle indoors, compared to longer distance from the last (10th) hurdle outdoors to the finish line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0014-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, Technique\nTop male hurdlers traditionally took 8 strides from the starting blocks to the first hurdle (indoors and outdoors). The 8-step start persisted from (at least) the 1950s to the end of the 20th century and included such World- and Olympic champions as Harrison Dillard, Rod Milburn, Greg Foster, Renaldo Nehemiah, Roger Kingdom, Allen Johnson, Mark Crear, Mark McCoy, and Colin Jackson. However, beginning in the 2000s, some hurdle coaches embraced a transition to a faster 7-step start, teaching the men to lengthen their first few strides out of the starting blocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0014-0001", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, Technique\nCuban hurdler Dayron Robles set his 2008 world record of 12.87 using a 7-step start. Chinese star Liu Xiang won the 2004 Olympics and broke the world record in 2006 utilizing an 8-step approach, but he switched to 7-steps by the 2011 outdoor season. After the 2010 outdoor season, American Jason Richardson trained to switch to a 7-step start and went on to win the 2011 World Championship. American Aries Merritt trained in Fall 2011 to switch from 8 to 7, and then had his greatest outdoor season in 2012 - running 8 races in under 13 seconds - capped by winning the London 2012 Olympics and then setting a world record of 12.80.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0015-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, Technique\nOf the 10 men with the fastest 110m hurdle times in 2012, seven used 7-steps, including the top 4: Aries Merritt, Liu Xiang, Jason Richardson, and David Oliver. Hurdle technique experts believe the off-season training required to produce the power and speed necessary to reach the first hurdle in 7 steps, yields greater endurance over the last half of the race. That added endurance allows hurdlers to maintain their top speed to the finish, resulting in a faster time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0016-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, Junior level competition\nIn American high school track and field and at many international Under-20 athletics competitions, the 110MH are mostly the same as their professional counterparts. The main difference between the high school hurdles and college-level/ professional hurdles is the height. High school hurdles are 39\u2019 inches high while college height hurdles are 42 inches tall. This change in height drastically changes the requirements placed on the hurdler to clear the barrier with the same amount of speed. High school hurdling technique is the same as professional except on the higher hurdles everything is exaggerated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0016-0001", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, Junior level competition\nAs a high schooler makes the transition from the 39\u2019s to the 42\u2019s there are many things they must adjust to, the most prevailing issue is getting down after clearing the hurdle. 39-inch hurdlers are used to the normal sprinting motion right after they get off the hurdle but for a newly transitioned 42-inch hurdler that extra half a second can feel very foreign. The second major difference in technique between 39\u2019s and 42\u2019s is the take-off distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0016-0002", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, Junior level competition\nWhen a high school hurdler approaches his first hurdle they are putting as much power into each step as possible and attempting to gain all the speed they can so by their eighth step they\u2019ll be about six inches away from the hurdle. When attempting to clear a 42-inch hurdle the athlete can no longer run headfirst into the hurdle with disregard for the height of the hurdle. The newly made college hurdler needs to learn how to shorten their strides so they can take off the ground from farther away to clear a 42-inch barrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0017-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, Junior level competition\nBoth before and after this change of technique world class hurdler, Aries Merritt was an elite level hurdler, at the peak of his high school career Aries Merritt achieved a still standing Wheeler High school record of 13.91 seconds. Almost all top level American hurdlers started their careers in high school including Roger Kingdom at Vienna high school and many more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0018-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, Junior level competition\nThe world record in the 110m hurdles at the 39-inch height is 12.72 by Sasha Zhoya, achieved at the 2021 World Athletics U20 Championships \u2013 Men's 110 metres hurdles in Nairobi, Kenya on 21 August 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0019-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, All-time top 25, Notes\nBelow is a list of all other legal times equal or inferior to 12.96:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006527-0020-0000", "contents": "110 metres hurdles, Most successful athletes\nAthletes with two or more victories at the Olympic Games & World Championships:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006528-0000-0000", "contents": "110-Morgen\n110-Morgen is a neighborhood in Rotterdam, Netherlands Located in Hillegersberg-Schiebroek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006528-0001-0000", "contents": "110-Morgen\nThis South Holland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006529-0000-0000", "contents": "110-vertex Iofinova-Ivanov graph\nThe 110-vertex Iofinova-Ivanov graph is, in graph theory, a semi-symmetric cubic graph with 110 vertices and 165 edges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006529-0001-0000", "contents": "110-vertex Iofinova-Ivanov graph, Properties\nIofinova and Ivanov proved in 1985 the existence of five and only five semi-symmetric cubic bipartite graphs whose automorphism groups act primitively on each partition. The smallest has 110 vertices. The others have 126, 182, 506 and 990. The 126-vertex Iofinova-Ivanov graph is also known as the Tutte 12-cage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006529-0002-0000", "contents": "110-vertex Iofinova-Ivanov graph, Properties\nThe diameter of the 110-vertex Iofinova-Ivanov graph, the greatest distance between any pair of vertices, is 7. Its radius is likewise 7. Its girth is 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006529-0003-0000", "contents": "110-vertex Iofinova-Ivanov graph, Properties\nIt is 3-connected and 3-edge-connected: to make it disconnected at least three edges, or at least three vertices, must be removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006529-0004-0000", "contents": "110-vertex Iofinova-Ivanov graph, Properties, Coloring\nThe chromatic number of the 110-vertex Iofina-Ivanov graph is 2: its vertices can be 2-colored so that no two vertices of the same color are joined by an edge. Its chromatic index is 3: its edges can be 3-colored so that no two edges of the same color met at a vertex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006529-0005-0000", "contents": "110-vertex Iofinova-Ivanov graph, Properties, Algebraic properties\nThe characteristic polynomial of the 110-vertex Iofina-Ivanov graph is (x\u22123)x20(x+3)(x4\u22128x2+11)12(x4\u22126x2+6)10{\\displaystyle (x-3)x^{20}(x+3)(x^{4}-8x^{2}+11)^{12}(x^{4}-6x^{2}+6)^{10}}. The symmetry group of the 110-vertex Iofina-Ivanov is the projective linear group PGL2(11), with 1320 elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006529-0006-0000", "contents": "110-vertex Iofinova-Ivanov graph, Semi-symmetry\nFew graphs show semi-symmetry: most edge-transitive graphs are also vertex-transitive. The smallest semi-symmetric graph is the Folkman graph, with 20 vertices, which is 4-regular. The three smallest cubic semi-symmetric graphs are the Gray graph, with 54 vertices, this the smallest of the Iofina-Ivanov graphs with 110, and the Ljubljana graph with 112. It is only for the five Iofina-Ivanov graphs that the symmetry group acts primitively on each partition of the vertices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006530-0000-0000", "contents": "1100\nYear 1100 (MC) was a century leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1100th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 100th year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 11th century, and the 1st year of the 1100s decade. In the proleptic Gregorian calendar, it was a non-leap century year starting on Monday (like 1900).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006531-0000-0000", "contents": "1100 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1100\u00a0kHz: 1100 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency. WTAM in Cleveland, Ohio is the dominant Class A station on 1100 AM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006532-0000-0000", "contents": "1100 Architect\n1100 Architect is an architecture firm based in New York City and Frankfurt founded by principals David Piscuskas and Juergen Riehm. It provides architectural design, programming, space analysis, interior design, and master planning services to both public and private clients, and its work includes educational and arts institutions, libraries, offices, residences, retail environments, and civic facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006532-0001-0000", "contents": "1100 Architect\nThe company was founded in 1983 in SoHo, Manhattan as a design studio of three architecture school graduates. Its design philosophy focuses on sustainability, stating that, \"[1100 Architect] views good design and environmental sustainability as interconnected elements of a thoughtful, responsible project.\" As of 2015, the firm has 44 employees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006532-0002-0000", "contents": "1100 Architect, Projects\nThe company's designs include institutional, residential, and commercial buildings. Award-winning projects include the design for the Children's Library Discovery Center in New York City, Calvert Vaux Park Facility in New York City, and a residential house in Palm Beach, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006532-0003-0000", "contents": "1100 Architect, Recognition\n1100 received the 2014 ALA/IIDA Library Design Awards for Best of Competition Winner and Best Public Library 30,000 Sq. Ft & Smaller and the 2013 NYLA-PLA Award for the Queens Central Library Children's Library Discovery Center in Queens, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006532-0004-0000", "contents": "1100 Architect, Recognition\nIn 2013, the company's design for a house in Palm Beach, Florida received the Elizabeth L. and John H. Schuler Award which annually recognizes design \"in keeping with the traditional character of Palm Beach architecture.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006533-0000-0000", "contents": "1100 Arnica\n1100 Arnica /\u02c8\u0251\u02d0rn\u026ak\u0259/, provisional designation 1928 SD, is a Koronian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in 1928 and named after the herbaceous plant Arnica (aster; daisy). The asteroid is likely of stony composition and has a rotation period of 14.535 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006533-0001-0000", "contents": "1100 Arnica, Discovery\nArnica was first observed as A904 XA at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in December 1904. It was officially discovered on 22 September 1928, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg in southwest Germany. On 14 October 1928, it was independently discovered by astronomers Friedrich Schwassmann and Arthur Wachmann at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg. The Minor Planet Center does not recognize these independent discoverers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006533-0002-0000", "contents": "1100 Arnica, Orbit and classification\nArnica is a member of the Koronis family (605), an  outer belt asteroid family with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. The family consist of nearly 6,000 known members and is named after its parent body 158\u00a0Koronis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006533-0003-0000", "contents": "1100 Arnica, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,803 days; semi-major axis of 2.90\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in October 1918, almost 10 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006533-0004-0000", "contents": "1100 Arnica, Orbit and classification, Close asteroid approaches\nArnica occasionally makes close approaches to other main-belt asteroids. It will pass close to 88\u00a0Thisbe three times before the year 2200. On 21 February 2043, Arnica will be 0.0487\u00a0AU (7,290,000\u00a0km) from Thisbe. On 31 March 2112, it will be 0.0432\u00a0AU (6,460,000\u00a0km) from Thisbe. Its closest approach to Thisbe will occur on 17 May 2181, when its distance to Thisbe will be 0.0277\u00a0AU (4,140,000\u00a0km). It will also approach 7\u00a0Iris and 16\u00a0Psyche, coming within 0.0117\u00a0AU (1,750,000\u00a0km) and 0.0369\u00a0AU (5,520,000\u00a0km) on 28 November 2104 and 16 July 2199, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006533-0005-0000", "contents": "1100 Arnica, Physical characteristics\nArnica is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, which is also the overall spectral type for members of the Koronis family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006533-0006-0000", "contents": "1100 Arnica, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Arnica have been obtained from photometric observations since 2003. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve gave a rotation period of 14.535 hours with a consolidated brightness amplitude between 0.09 and 0.28 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006533-0007-0000", "contents": "1100 Arnica, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Arnica measures 16.894 and 17.234 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.246 and 0.2389, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a stony standard albedo for Koronian asteroids of 0.24 and calculates a diameter of 17.92 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006533-0008-0000", "contents": "1100 Arnica, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Arnica, a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family (aster, daisy, composite). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 103).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006533-0009-0000", "contents": "1100 Arnica, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006534-0000-0000", "contents": "1100 Bel Air Place\n1100 Bel Air Place is an album of love songs performed by Julio Iglesias, and released by Columbia Records in 1984. It was the first of Iglesias' albums to be performed largely in English, and it is generally considered his breakthrough album in English speaking markets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006534-0001-0000", "contents": "1100 Bel Air Place\nThe album features Julio's only US Top 40 hits, \"To All the Girls I've Loved Before\", with Willie Nelson, and \"All of You\" with Diana Ross. The Beach Boys sang back-up on \"The Air That I Breathe\", a tune from Albert Hammond's 1972 album It Never Rains in Southern California, which was also a major hit for the British band The Hollies in 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006534-0002-0000", "contents": "1100 Bel Air Place\nThe album's title is the address, 1100 Bel Air Place \u2014 Iglesias' former home in Los Angeles, California, which was owned by music producer Quincy Jones until September 2005.Coordinates:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006534-0003-0000", "contents": "1100 Bel Air Place, Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006535-0000-0000", "contents": "1100 Grand Concourse\n1100 Grand Concourse is a co-operative apartment building located in the Concourse neighborhood of the Bronx, New York City. It was built in 1928 and was originally called the John Ericsson Building; John Ericsson's name can still be found in several parts of the structure. It has been considered by The New York Times as one of the most prominent residential buildings in the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006535-0001-0000", "contents": "1100 Grand Concourse\nThe building is part of the Grand Concourse Historic District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006535-0002-0000", "contents": "1100 Grand Concourse, Image gallery\nA detailed view of the fa\u00e7ade of 1100 Grand Concourse", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006535-0003-0000", "contents": "1100 Grand Concourse, Image gallery\nJohn Ericsson name plaque on the fa\u00e7ade of 1100 Grand Concourse", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006535-0004-0000", "contents": "1100 Grand Concourse, Image gallery\nDetailed view of the metalwork above the front entrance at 1100 Grand Concourse", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006535-0005-0000", "contents": "1100 Grand Concourse, Image gallery\nAn ornamental corner statue in the entryway at 1100 Grand Concourse", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006535-0006-0000", "contents": "1100 Grand Concourse, Image gallery\nA second view of the lobby of 1100 Grand Concourse", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006535-0007-0000", "contents": "1100 Grand Concourse, Image gallery\nA view of one of the stairwells from the first floor at 1100 Grand Concourse", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006536-0000-0000", "contents": "1100 Millecento\n1100 Millecento (previously The Pointe at Brickell Village) is a high-rise residential building in the Brickell neighborhood of Miami, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006536-0001-0000", "contents": "1100 Millecento\nThe Pointe was approved by the City of Miami and was scheduled to begin construction in late 2007. The building was planned to rise 442 feet (135 meters), with 42 floors. The Pointe at Brickell Village was one of several proposed residential developments during the city's recent \"Manhattanization\" wave. It was scheduled to be completed by 2009, but was cancelled due to the United States housing market correction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006537-0000-0000", "contents": "1100 Peachtree\n1100 Peachtree Street is one of the prominent buildings of Midtown Atlanta, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006537-0001-0000", "contents": "1100 Peachtree, Ownership and usage\nThe 28-story, 618,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (57,414\u00a0m2) building is currently owned by Manulife Financial. It was previously partly owned and largely occupied by telecommunications company AT&T Corporation providing offices for its top executives. Besides AT&T, the other major occupant is law firm Kilpatrick Townsend & Stockton LLP. In November 2006, law firm Schreeder, Wheeler and Flint, LLP became the building's tenants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006537-0002-0000", "contents": "1100 Peachtree, Design\nThe octagonal building has a ziggurat-like, stair-stepped top with lighting which accentuates the building at night. Completed in 1991, the building is 428 ft (130\u00a0m) tall. It is one of several buildings built in a period in Atlanta in which architects apparently attempted to one-up each other with their ornate and dramatically-lit \"wedding-cake\" skyscraper tops. 1100 Peachtree received the EPA \"Energy Star\" designation in 2000, the first high-rise in Atlanta to be so named. Building architects were Smallwood, Reynolds, Stewart, Stewart & Associates, Inc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006538-0000-0000", "contents": "1100 Superior\n1100 Superior (formerly known as the Diamond Shamrock Building, the Diamond Building, and Oswald Centre) is a skyscraper in downtown Cleveland, Ohio's emerging Nine-Twelve District, which is also home to One Cleveland Center, Ohio Savings Plaza, The 925 Building, PNC Center, and the former Eaton Center. It was built in 1972 for the important San Antonio, Texas firm of Diamond Shamrock which specialized in oil refining, it has 23 floors and rises to a height of 282 feet (86\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006538-0000-0001", "contents": "1100 Superior\nIt was designed by the firm of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill which also designed the nearby AECOM Building, and the Willis Tower in Chicago, Illinois. The firm was a leader in the modernist tower block design at the time of construction which believed in three principals: heavy metal anchoring, profuse windows for air and light, and simple muted dark colored facade paneling that gave their landmark buildings a \"natural\"  organic look.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006538-0001-0000", "contents": "1100 Superior\nIt is located at 1100 Superior Avenue along East 12th Street. In 1994, during a water main break, a four-story section of the Diamond Building lost some of its glass from pressure of the water. In 2012, the tower's naming rights were purchased by insurance brokerage the Oswald Cos. (which is written in bright red multistory letters on the north and south sides of the tower), one of its largest tenants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006539-0000-0000", "contents": "1100 Wilshire\n1100 Wilshire is a 37-story, 151.18\u00a0m (496.0\u00a0ft) residential and commercial skyscraper completed in 1987 in Los Angeles, California. It is the 24th tallest building in the city, the 2nd tallest residential building in the entire Southern California region, and the 4th tallest residential building in the state of California. The 35,262\u00a0m2 (379,560\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) tower was designed by AC Martin Partners. The bottom 16 floors are primarily parking, with commercial space on the ground floor/street level. 1100 Wilshire was unsuccessful as an office building and sat nearly vacant for almost two decades. It was purchased by Hampton Development, TMG Partners and Forest City Residential for $40 million, and from 2005 to 2006 the property was converted to owner-occupied residential condominiums with 228 units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006540-0000-0000", "contents": "1100 aluminium alloy\n1100 aluminium alloy is an aluminium-based alloy in the \"commercially pure\" wrought family (1000 or 1xxx series). With a minimum of 99.0% aluminium, it is the most heavily alloyed of the 1000 series. It is also the mechanically strongest alloy in the series, and is the only 1000-series alloy commonly used in rivets. At the same time, it keeps the benefits of being relatively lightly alloyed (compared to other series), such as high electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and workability. It can be hardened by cold working, but not by heat treatment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006540-0001-0000", "contents": "1100 aluminium alloy\nAlternate designations include Al99.0Cu and A91100. 1100 and its various tempers are covered by the ISO standard 6361 and the ASTM standards B209, B210, B211, B221, B483, B491, and B547.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0000-0000", "contents": "11001001\n\"11001001\" is an episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation. It was first broadcast on February 1, 1988, in the United States in broadcast syndication. It was written by Maurice Hurley and Robert Lewin, and directed by Paul Lynch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0001-0000", "contents": "11001001\nSet in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, members of an alien race called the Bynars hijack a nearly evacuated Enterprise while retrofitting the computer in space dock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0002-0000", "contents": "11001001\nMake-up supervisor Michael Westmore created the look of the Bynars, who were four women in extensive make-up. The musical score was scored by Ron Jones. Reviewers praised the Bynars themselves, and the response to the episode was generally positive, with one critic calling it the best of the season. It was awarded an Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0003-0000", "contents": "11001001, Plot\nThe Federation starship Enterprise arrives at Starbase\u00a074 for a routine maintenance check. Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart) and Commander William Riker (Jonathan Frakes) greet Starbase Commander Quinteros (Gene Dynarski) and two pairs of small humanoid aliens known as Bynars; the Bynars heavily rely on their computer technology and work in pairs for best efficiency. Much of the crew take shore leave while Picard, Riker and a skeleton crew remain aboard. Riker is intrigued by the Bynars' claimed upgrades to the holodeck and starts a program in a jazz bar. The program includes a woman named Minuet (Carolyn McCormick), by whom Riker is fascinated, both as a beautiful and charming woman, but also by the level of sophistication in her responses. Riker shortly returns, and Picard walks in on him kissing Minuet, and he too is amazed by the simulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0004-0000", "contents": "11001001, Plot\nMeanwhile, the Bynars discreetly create a catastrophic failure in the ship's warp core. Lt . Cmdr . Data (Brent Spiner) and Geordi La Forge (LeVar Burton) are unable to locate Picard or Riker and, assuming them to already be on the Starbase, order an emergency evacuation. They set the ship to leave the Starbase and warp to a safe location before it would explode. However, once they are clear of the dock, the failure disappears and the ship sets course for the Bynar system, the planet Bynaus orbiting Beta Magellan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0004-0001", "contents": "11001001, Plot\nData, La Forge, and Quinteros realize that the Bynars are still aboard the ship, but there are currently no other working vessels to follow them. Back on the Enterprise, Riker and Picard leave the simulation to find the ship empty and at warp to the Bynar system, with the ship's controls locked to the bridge. Fearing that the Bynars have taken over the ship for nefarious purposes, they set the ship to self-destruct in 5 minutes and then take the bridge by intra-ship transporter beam and find the Bynars there unconscious.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0005-0000", "contents": "11001001, Plot\nAfter cancelling the self-destruct, they find the Bynars have uploaded massive amounts of information to the Enterprise computers, but they are unable to decode it. Realizing that Minuet was purposely created by the Bynars as a distraction, Picard and Riker ask the simulation about what is going on as the ship nears the orbit of Bynaus. Minuet explains that a star near the Bynar homeworld had gone supernova, and the EMP it emitted would knock out their computer systems, effectively killing the Bynars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0005-0001", "contents": "11001001, Plot\nThey had used the Enterprise to upload their computer information for safekeeping and then planned to download it back to the Bynar computers after the threat of the EMP had passed. With Data's help, Picard and Riker successfully download the data, and the Bynars recover. They apologize for their actions, having feared that Starfleet would refuse to help, though Picard notes they only had to ask.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0005-0002", "contents": "11001001, Plot\nAs the Enterprise returns to Starbase, Riker returns to the holodeck to thank Minuet but finds that without the Bynar data, the simulation has regressed to the expected norm for the holodeck, and while Minuet still exists, she is not the same as before. Riker reports to Picard that Minuet is gone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0006-0000", "contents": "11001001, Production\nThe name \"11001001\" is a binary number, a concatenation of the names of the Bynars (One One, Zero Zero, One Zero, and Zero One). The episode at one point was called \"10101001\". It was originally intended that this episode would take place prior to \"The Big Goodbye\", with the Bynars' modifications causing the problems with the holodeck seen in that episode. Instead it was changed to the Bynars aiming to fix the holodeck to prevent those problems from recurring. The Bynars themselves were played by young women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0006-0001", "contents": "11001001, Production\nChildren were considered for the parts, but the production team thought that it would be too troublesome because of the limited time they could work each day and the need to hire teachers. Each actress was required to wear extensive make-up, which was created by make-up supervisor Michael Westmore. A large single-piece bald cap was made from the same mold for each actress, which required some customised trimming to get it to fit properly. To cover up problems with the seams of the cap, some fake hair was added on the Bynars' necks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0006-0002", "contents": "11001001, Production\nEach actress also controlled the flashing light inside the apparatus on the side of the headpiece through a battery pack attached to the waistband of their costumes. To disguise their voices, the pitch was lowered in post production. It was originally planned to add subtitles over the Bynars' conversations between themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0007-0000", "contents": "11001001, Production\nThe image of the Starbase orbiting a planet was re-used from Star Trek III: The Search for Spock. The score was created by Ron Jones, who incorporated jazz themes composed by John Beasley. The episode was written by Maurice Hurley and Robert Lewin. Hurley was pleased with the outcome of the episode, praising the work of Westmore on the Bynars' makeup and the performance of Jonathan Frakes. Frakes enjoyed the episode too, saying, \"A fabulous show. Those were the kind of chances we took first season that when they worked, they worked great.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0007-0001", "contents": "11001001, Production\nIt was a very chancy show and I loved it.\" Director Paul Lynch also thought that the Bynars were \"great\". Carolyn McCormick appeared as Minuet and subsequently became a regular cast member in Law and Order. She returned to the role of Minuet in the season four episode \"Future Imperfect\". Gene Dynarski had previously appeared as Ben Childress in Star Trek: The Original Series episode \"Mudd's Women\" and Krodak in \"The Mark of Gideon\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0008-0000", "contents": "11001001, Reception\n\"11001001\" aired in broadcast syndication during the week commencing February 7, 1988. It received Nielsen ratings of 10.7, reflecting the percentage of all households watching the episode during its timeslot. These ratings were lower than both the episodes broadcast both before and afterwards. For their work in this episode, Bill Wistrom, Wilson Dyer, Mace Matiosian, James Wolvington, Gerry Sackman and Keith Bilderbeck were awarded an Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series. TV Guide ranked it No. 6 on its list of the top 10 Star Trek episodes for the magazine's celebration of the franchise's 30th anniversary in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0009-0000", "contents": "11001001, Reception\nSeveral reviewers re-watched the episode after the end of the series. James Hunt reviewed the episode for the website \"Den of Geek\" in January 2013. He was surprised by the episode as he \"went in expecting something that was typically season one awful, and got something that was actually a lot of fun\". He thought that the theme of symbiosis between man and machine was \"interesting\", stating it was the best episode up until that point in season one and one of the best of the season overall. Zack Handlen watched the episode for The A.V. Club in May 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0009-0001", "contents": "11001001, Reception\nHe too was surprised by what he found. Handlen said that \"last time I saw it, I thought Riker and Minuet's interactions were cheesy as hell. They didn't bother me so much now, because they don't go on very long, and there's something hilarious about a man trying to seduce a computer simulation designed to respond to his seductions\". But he said, \"I had fun with this, which I wasn't expecting\", and \"thought this was solid\". He gave the episode a B grade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0010-0000", "contents": "11001001, Reception\nKeith DeCandido reviewed the episode for Tor.com in June 2011. He described it as \"one of the strongest first-season episodes\", and the Bynars as \"one of the finest alien species Trek has provided\". He also thought that turning off the auto-destruct with two minutes to go instead of mere seconds neatly avoided a clich\u00e9, and gave it a score of seven out of ten. Michelle Erica Green for TrekNation watched the episode in June 2007. She thought that it came \"very close to being a really good episode\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0010-0001", "contents": "11001001, Reception\nShe also thought that Picard and Riker's actions were the \"most boneheaded joint behavior by the top two officers\", in that they got distracted by a female character on the holodeck and didn't notice the ship being evacuated. Jamahl Epsicokhan at his website \"Jammer's Reviews\" described \"11001001\" as \"easily season one's best and most memorable episode\". He thought that it was the \"season's most solid sci-fi concept\" and that the series was \"firing on all cylinders, with everything coming together, from plot to character, to sensible use of technology and action\". He gave it a score of four out of four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0011-0000", "contents": "11001001, Reception\nIn 2011, this episode was noted by Forbes as one that explores the implications of advanced technology, especially the connection between people and technology. They compare this to the later episode \"The Nth Degree\". Also of note, they point out the modifications to the Enterprise-D holodeck, allows it to pass an impromptu turing test by the character Commander Riker. In 2012, Wired magazine said this was one of the best episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation. In 2020, ScreenRant ranked Minuet, the holographic lady featured in the show, as the seventh best holodeck character of the Star Trek franchise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006543-0012-0000", "contents": "11001001, Home media release\nThe first home media release of \"11001001\" was on VHS cassette, appearing on August 26, 1992, in the United States and Canada. The episode was later included on the Star Trek: The Next Generation season one DVD box set, released in March 2002, and then released as part of the season one Blu-ray set on July\u00a024, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006544-0000-0000", "contents": "1100s (decade)\nThe 1100s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1100, and ended on December 31, 1109.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006545-0000-0000", "contents": "1100s BC (decade)\nThe 1100s BC is a decade which lasted from 1109 BC to 1100 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006546-0000-0000", "contents": "1100s in England, Incumbents\nMonarch \u2013 William II (until 2 August 1100), Henry I", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006547-0000-0000", "contents": "1100s in art\nThe decade of the 1100s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006547-0001-0000", "contents": "1100s in art, Paintings\nMaster of Pedret, The Virgin and Child in Majesty and the Adoration of the Magi", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006548-0000-0000", "contents": "1100s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006548-0001-0000", "contents": "1100s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006548-0002-0000", "contents": "1100s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0000-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion\nTwelfth century European fashion was simple and differed only in details from the clothing of the preceding centuries. Men wore knee-length tunics for most activities, and men of the upper classes wore long tunics, with hose and mantle or cloaks. Women wore long tunics or dresses. A close fit to the body, full skirts, and long flaring sleeves were characteristic of upper-class fashion for both men and women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0001-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, General trends, Overview\nAs in the previous centuries, two styles of dress existed side-by-side for men: a short (knee-length) costume deriving from a melding of the everyday dress of the later Roman Empire and the short tunics worn by the invading barbarians, and a long (ankle-length) costume descended from the clothing of the Roman upper classes and influenced by Byzantine dress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0002-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, General trends, Fabrics and furs\nWool remained the primary fabric for clothing of all classes, while linen undergarments, which were more comfortable against the skin and could be washed and then bleached in the sun, were increasingly worn. Silk, although extremely expensive, was readily available to wealthy people of consequence. Silks from Byzantium were traded in Pavia by way of Venice, and silks from Andalusia reached France via Spain. In the last decade of the previous century, the Norman conquest of Sicily and the First Crusade had opened additional routes for Eastern fabrics and style influences into Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0003-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, General trends, Fabrics and furs\nFur was worn as an inside lining for warmth. Vair, the fur of the squirrel, was particularly popular and can be seen in many illuminated manuscript illustrations, where it is shown as a white and blue-grey softly striped or checkered pattern lining the mantles of the wealthy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0004-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, General trends, The bliaut\nA new French fashion for both men and women was the bliaut or bliaud, a long outer tunic with full skirts from the hip and sleeves that fitted tightly to the elbow and then flared into a trumpet shape. Early bliauts were moderately fitted and bloused slightly over the belt at the waist. Later the bliaut was fitted tightly to the body from shoulder to hip, and the belt, or girdle was wrapped twice around the waist and knotted in front of the abdomen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0005-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Shirt, braies, and chausses\nUnderclothes consisted of an inner tunic (French chainse) or shirt with long, tight sleeves, and drawers or braies, usually of linen. Tailored cloth leggings called chausses or hose, made as separate garments for each leg, were often worn with the tunic; striped hose were popular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0006-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Shirt, braies, and chausses\nDuring this period, beginning with the middle and upper classes, hose became longer and more fitting, and they reached above the knees. Previously, they were looser and worn with drawers that ranged from knee- to ankle-length. The new type of hose were worn with drawers that reached the knees or above, and they were wide enough at the top to allow the drawers to be tucked into them. They were held up in place by being attached to the girdle of the drawers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0007-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Shirt, braies, and chausses\nThe better fit and girdle attachment of these new hose eliminated the need for the leg bands often worn with earlier hose. In England, however, leg bands continued to be worn by some people, both rich and poor, right up to the reign of Richard I. After 1200, they were largely abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0008-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Outer tunics and doublets\nOver the undertunic and hose, men wore an outer tunic that reached to the knees or ankles, and that was fastened at the waist with a belt. Fitted bliauts, of wool or, increasingly, silk, had sleeves that were cut wide at the wrist and gored skirts. Men wore bliauts open to the waist front and back or at the side seams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0009-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Outer tunics and doublets\nNewly fashionable were short, fitted garments for the upper body, worn under the tunic: the doublet, made of two layers of linen, and an early form of quilted and padded jupe or gipon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0010-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Outer tunics and doublets\nThe sleeveless surcoat or cyclas was introduced during this period as protective covering for armour (especially against the sun) during the Crusades. By the next century, it would become widely adopted as civilian dress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0011-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Outer tunics and doublets\nRectangular and circular cloaks were worn over the tunic. These fastened on the right shoulder or at the center front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0012-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Headgear\nMen of the upper classes often went hatless. The chaperon in the form of hood and attached shoulder-length cape was worn during this period, especially by the rural lower classes, and the fitted linen coif tied under the chin appeared very late in the century. Small round or slightly conical caps with rolled brims were worn, and straw hats were worn for outdoor work in summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0013-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Chemise and tunic\nWomen's clothing consisted of an undertunic called a chemise, chainse or smock, usually of linen, over which was worn one or more ankle-to-floor length tunics (also called dresses or kirtles).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0014-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Chemise and tunic\nWorking-class women wore their tunics ankle-length and belted at the waist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0015-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Chemise and tunic\nWomen of the French court wore a loosely fitted tunic called a cotte or the form-fitting bliaut over a full chemise with tight sleeves. The bliaut had a flaring skirt and sleeves tight to the elbow and then widening to wrist in a trumpet shape. A bliaut apparently cut in one piece from neckline to hem depicted on a column figure of a woman at the Cathedral of St. Maurice at Angers has visible side-lacing and is belted at the natural waistline. A new fashion, the bliaut giron\u00e9, arose in mid-century: this dress is cut in two pieces, a fitted upper portion with a finely pleated skirt attached to a low waistband.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0016-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Chemise and tunic\nThe fitted bliaut was sometimes worn with a long belt or cincture (in French, ceinture) that looped around a slightly raised waist and was knotted over the abdomen; the cincture could have decorative tassels or metal tags at the ends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0017-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Chemise and tunic\nIn England, the fashionable dress was wide at the wrist but without the trumpet-shaped flare from the elbow seen in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0018-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Hairstyles and headdresses\nMarried women, in keeping with Christian custom, wore veils over their hair, which was often parted in the center and hung down in long braids that might be extended with false hair or purchased hair from the dead, a habit decried by moralists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 75], "content_span": [76, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0019-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Hairstyles and headdresses\nDuring the Middle Ages hair was charged with cultural meaning. Hair could be used to convey messages of social differentiation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 75], "content_span": [76, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006549-0020-0000", "contents": "1100\u20131200 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Hairstyles and headdresses\nThe wimple was introduced in England late in the century. It consisted of a linen cloth that covered the throat (and often the chin as well), and that was fastened about the head, under the veil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 75], "content_span": [76, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006550-0000-0000", "contents": "1101\nYear 1101 (MCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It was the 2nd year of the 1100s decade, and the 1st year of the 12th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006551-0000-0000", "contents": "1101 Clematis\n1101 Clematis /\u02c8kl\u025bm\u0259t\u026as/ is an Alauda asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 37 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 September 1928, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany, and assigned the provisional designation 1928 SJ. It was named for the flowering plant Clematis. The presumably carbonaceous asteroid has a relatively long rotation period of 34.3 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006551-0001-0000", "contents": "1101 Clematis, Orbit and classification\nClematis is a member of the Alauda family (902), a large family of typically \"bright\" carbonaceous asteroids and named after its parent body, 702\u00a0Alauda. According to a different study, this object is also the namesake of the Clematis family, a small family of 5\u201316 asteroids hence they may have arisen from the same collisional event. All members have a relatively high orbital inclination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006551-0002-0000", "contents": "1101 Clematis, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 3.0\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 10 months (2,120 days; semi-major axis of 3.23\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 21\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006551-0003-0000", "contents": "1101 Clematis, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1963 TG1 at Goethe Link Observatory in October 1963, more than 35 years after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006551-0004-0000", "contents": "1101 Clematis, Physical characteristics\nClematis is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroids, while the overall spectral type for members of the Alauda family is that of a somewhat brighter B-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006551-0005-0000", "contents": "1101 Clematis, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Clematis was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomers Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory, Colorado, and by Robert Stephens at GMARS (G79, California. Lightcurve analysis gave a synodic rotation period of 34.3 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 magnitude (U=2), which significantly differs from previously reported periods of 6 to 12.68 hours (U=1/2/2/2). While not being a slow rotator, Clematis has a much longer period than that known for most other asteroids, and its small amplitude is indicative for a rather spheroidal shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006551-0006-0000", "contents": "1101 Clematis, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Clematis measures between 29.13 and 37.86 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1124 and 0.190.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006551-0007-0000", "contents": "1101 Clematis, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0788 and a diameter of 37.60 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006551-0008-0000", "contents": "1101 Clematis, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the flowering plant Clematis, a genus within the Ranunculaceae (buttercup or crowfoot family). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006551-0009-0000", "contents": "1101 Clematis, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006552-0000-0000", "contents": "1101 New York Avenue\n1101 New York Avenue is a high-rise building located in Washington, D.C., United States. Designed by architect Kevin Roche, its construction was completed in 2007. The glass clad structure rises to 50 metres (160\u00a0ft) and contains 12 floors totaling 380,000 square feet. The building was designed with notched corners to allow for more window offices. The building is tied for the 20th tallest building in Washington D.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006552-0001-0000", "contents": "1101 New York Avenue\nThe building houses Google's public policy offices., as well as the headquarters of the National Retail Federation (NRF). The building also houses an Ernst & Young office. The previous Global Chairman and CEO of Ernst & Young, Mark Weinberger was located at this office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006555-0000-0000", "contents": "1102\nYear 1102 (MCII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006556-0000-0000", "contents": "1102 Pepita\n1102 Pepita, provisional designation 1928 VA, is a stony background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 39 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 November 1928, by Catalan astronomer Josep Comas i Sol\u00e0 at the Fabra Observatory in Barcelona, Spain. It was named after the discoverer by the feminine form of his nickname. The asteroid has a rotation period of 5.1 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006556-0001-0000", "contents": "1102 Pepita, Orbit and classification\nPepita is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,966 days; semi-major axis of 3.07\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006556-0002-0000", "contents": "1102 Pepita, Orbit and classification\nIn May 1899, the asteroid was first observed as A899 KB at Harvard's Boyden Station in Arequipa, Peru (800). The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Barcelona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006556-0003-0000", "contents": "1102 Pepita, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Pepita is a stony S-type asteroid, which agrees with the body's measured geometric albedo (see below). Conversely, it is also classified as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Tholen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006556-0004-0000", "contents": "1102 Pepita, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nThree rotational lightcurves of Pepita were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Hilari Pallares and Enric Forn\u00e9 (2006, U=2), Pierre Antonini and Ren\u00e9 Roy (2007, U=3), as well as by Robert Stephens (2007, U=3). The consolidated lightcurve gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.1054 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.31 and 0.36 magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006556-0005-0000", "contents": "1102 Pepita, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn 2011, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue and other sources gave a concurring sidereal period 5.10532 hours, as well as two spin axes of (25.0\u00b0, \u221234.0\u00b0) and (231.0\u00b0, \u221230.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006556-0006-0000", "contents": "1102 Pepita, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pepita measures between 30.88 and 41.733 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1842 and 0.322.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006556-0007-0000", "contents": "1102 Pepita, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1991 and a diameter of 39.27 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006556-0008-0000", "contents": "1102 Pepita, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the discoverer, Josep Comas i Sol\u00e0 (1868\u20131937), by the feminine form of his nickname, \"Pepito\". He was the first director of the discovering Fabra Observatory and founded the Astronomical Society of Spain and America (Spanish: Sociedad Astronomica de Espa\u00f1a y Am\u00e9rica, SADEYA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006556-0009-0000", "contents": "1102 Pepita, Naming\nThe official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 104). The asteroid 1655\u00a0Comas Sol\u00e0 is also named after him, as is the Martian crater Comas Sola.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006559-0000-0000", "contents": "11020 Orwell\n11020 Orwell, provisional designation 1984 OG, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 31 July 1984, by Czech astronomer Anton\u00edn Mrkos at Kle\u0165 Observatory in the Czech Republic. The asteroid was named after English writer George Orwell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006559-0001-0000", "contents": "11020 Orwell, Classification and orbit\nOrwell orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (1,993 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first observed as 1979 SA9 at Crimea\u2013Nauchnij in 1979, extending the body's observation arc by 5 years prior to its official discovery observation at Klet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006559-0002-0000", "contents": "11020 Orwell, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Orwell measures 14.466 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.089. It has an absolute magnitude of 12.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006559-0003-0000", "contents": "11020 Orwell, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nAs of 2017, Orwell's spectral type, as well as its rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006559-0004-0000", "contents": "11020 Orwell, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for British writer Eric Blair (1903\u20131950), better known by his pen name George Orwell, who is associated with the year of the object's discovery, 1984, due to his dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, which explores the dangers of totalitarian rule. He is also known for the novel Animal Farm. The name was proposed by Czech astronomer Jana Tich\u00e1 at Klet and supported by Brian G. Marsden. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 23 May 2000 (M.P.C. 40705).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006560-0000-0000", "contents": "1103\nYear 1103 (MCIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006561-0000-0000", "contents": "1103 Sequoia\n1103 Sequoia (/s\u0259\u02c8kw\u0254\u026a.\u0259/; prov. designation: 1928 VB) is a bright Hungaria asteroid from the innermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers (4.3 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 9 November 1928, by German astronomer Walter Baade at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany, who named it after the Sequoia National Park located in California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006561-0001-0000", "contents": "1103 Sequoia, Orbit and classification\nSequoia is a bright member of the Hungaria family (003), a large family within the larger dynamical Hungaria group that forms the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8\u20132.1\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 8 months (982 days; semi-major axis of 1.93\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 18\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006561-0002-0000", "contents": "1103 Sequoia, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins at the North African Algiers Observatory in December 1928, about 7 weeks after its official discovery observation at Bergedorf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006561-0003-0000", "contents": "1103 Sequoia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification and based on observations by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), Sequoia is a bright E-type asteroid, which is the predominant type for members of the Hungaria family, while in the SMASS classification, it is a Xk-subtype that transitions between the X- and K-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006561-0004-0000", "contents": "1103 Sequoia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA large number of rotational lightcurves of Sequoia have been obtained from photometric observations since 1990. Best rated lightcurve by Italian amateur astronomer Silvano Casulli from December 2006 gave a rotation period of 3.03784 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.44 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006561-0005-0000", "contents": "1103 Sequoia, Physical characteristics, Poles\nSequoia's lightcurve has also been modeled several times and gave a concurring sidereal period of 3.03797, 3.037976 and 3.037977 hours. In 2016, the large collaboration of astronomers also published a spin axis of (60.0\u00b0, \u221259.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006561-0006-0000", "contents": "1103 Sequoia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Sequoia measures between 5.21 and 7.816 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2813 and 0.823.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006561-0007-0000", "contents": "1103 Sequoia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE results, that is, an albedo of 0.2813 and a diameter of 7.82 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.53.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006561-0008-0000", "contents": "1103 Sequoia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Sequoia National Park located in California, United States, where the discoverer spent his vacations. The park is famous for its giant sequoia trees. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006562-0000-0000", "contents": "1103 in Ireland, Died\nThis year in Ireland article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006564-0000-0000", "contents": "110393 Rammstein\n110393 Rammstein, provisional designation 2001 TC8, is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 October 2001, by French astronomer Jean-Claude Merlin at the Le Creusot Observatory in France. The asteroid was named after the German industrial metal band Rammstein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006564-0001-0000", "contents": "110393 Rammstein, Orbit and classification\nRammstein is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.5\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,630 days; semi-major axis of 2.71\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006564-0002-0000", "contents": "110393 Rammstein, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first observation made by LONEOS at Lowell Observatory on September 2001, less than a month prior to its official discovery observation at Le Creusot. A telescope is required to see Rammstein, as its maximum brightness is 1\u204448193 of the brightness of the faintest objects that can be seen with the unaided eye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006564-0003-0000", "contents": "110393 Rammstein, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nRammstein has not been observed by any of the space-based surveys such as the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite or the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, the asteroid measures 3.0 and 5.5 kilometers in diameter based on an absolute magnitude of 15.0 and a geometric albedo of 0.20 and 0.06, which roughly correspond to a body of carbonaceous and stony composition, respectively (both types are common in the central asteroid belt). The Minor Planet Center (MPC) similarly estimates the object's mean-diameter to be between 3 and 6 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006564-0004-0000", "contents": "110393 Rammstein, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Rammstein has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, shape and poles remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006564-0005-0000", "contents": "110393 Rammstein, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the German NDH-Metal band Rammstein, which in turn took its name from the city of Ramstein after the tragic 1988 air show disaster at Ramstein Air Base (also see Ramstein air show disaster). The official naming citation was published by the MPC on 19 February 2006 (M.P.C. 55989).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006565-0000-0000", "contents": "1104\nYear 1104 (MCIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006566-0000-0000", "contents": "1104 Syringa\n1104 Syringa, provisional designation 1928 XA, is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 December 1928, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the flowering plant Syringa (lilac).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006566-0001-0000", "contents": "1104 Syringa, Orbit and classification\nSyringa is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the intermediate asteroid belt at a distance of 1.7\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,558 days; semi-major axis of 2.63\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.34 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. For a main-belt asteroid, it has a rather high eccentricity. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg on 1 January 1929, three weeks after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006566-0002-0000", "contents": "1104 Syringa, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Syringa is a Xk-subtype that transitions between the X- and the dark and uncommon K-type asteroids. It has also been characterized as an X-type by Pan-STARRS' photometric survey, and as a primitive P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006566-0003-0000", "contents": "1104 Syringa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Syringa was obtained from photometric observations at the Calvin\u2013Rehoboth Observatory in New Mexico, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.1547 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.27 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006566-0004-0000", "contents": "1104 Syringa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Syringa measures between 19.711 and 24.30 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.031 and 0.045. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0434 and a diameter of 22.13 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006566-0005-0000", "contents": "1104 Syringa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after a genus of flowering plants, Syringa, of the family Oleaceae. The most common member of Syringa is Syringa vulgaris (common lilac). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 104).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006566-0006-0000", "contents": "1104 Syringa, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054\u00a0Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006568-0000-0000", "contents": "1105\nYear 1105 (MCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006569-0000-0000", "contents": "1105 Fragaria\n1105 Fragaria /fr\u0259\u02c8\u0261\u025b\u0259ri\u0259/ is an Eos asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 1 January 1929, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany, and assigned the provisional designation 1929 AB. The S-type asteroid (ST/L) has a rotation period of 5.4 hours and measures approximately 37 kilometers (23 miles) in diameter. It was named after the flowering plant Fragaria (strawberry).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006569-0001-0000", "contents": "1105 Fragaria, Orbit and classification\nFragaria belongs to the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer asteroid belt consisting of nearly 10,000 members. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,908 days; semi-major axis of 3.01\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006569-0002-0000", "contents": "1105 Fragaria, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as 1916 MA at Simeiz Observatory in June 1916. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in December 1928, three weeks prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006569-0003-0000", "contents": "1105 Fragaria, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Fragaria, the genus of flowering plants in the rose family, commonly known as strawberries. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 104).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006569-0004-0000", "contents": "1105 Fragaria, Naming, Reinmuth's flower\nKarl Reinmuth submitted a list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006569-0005-0000", "contents": "1105 Fragaria, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Fragaria has an ambiguous spectral type, closest to an S-type and somewhat similar to the darker and uncommon T-type asteroids (ST), while polarimetric observations characterized it as an U/L-type asteroid. The overall spectral type for members of the Eos family is that of a K-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006569-0006-0000", "contents": "1105 Fragaria, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 2017. a rotational lightcurve of Fragaria was obtained from photometric observations by American photometrist Tom Polakis at the Command Module Observatory (V02) in Arizona. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.4312\u00b10.0008 hours with a brightness variation of 0.33\u00b10.03 magnitude (U=3\u2013). Since the 1990s, the best period determinations was mady by French and Italian astronomers at ESO's La Silla Observatory using the ESO 1-metre telescope which gave 10.88 hours (or twice the period solution) and an amplitude of 0.12 magnitude (U=1). As of 2018, no secure period has been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006569-0007-0000", "contents": "1105 Fragaria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Fragaria measures between 27.92 and 38.41 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1017 and 0.166. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1086 and a diameter of 36.95 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006570-0000-0000", "contents": "1105 West Peachtree\n1105 West Peachtree is a mixed-use development currently under construction in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Located along West Peachtree Street in Midtown Atlanta, the development would consist primarily of a 32-story office building and a smaller residential tower called 40 West 12th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006570-0001-0000", "contents": "1105 West Peachtree, History\nThe project, occupying a 3.5-acre (1.4-hectare) lot on West Peachtree Street in Midtown Atlanta, was announced by Selig Enterprises in December 2016. The project, which they announced would begin construction the following Summer, would consist of a 32-story office building featuring 645,000 square feet (59,900\u00a0m2) of office space and a residential building housing 80 residences and a 150-room hotel. These two buildings would be connected by a raised plaza, with additional street level retail on the site. The architecture firm Rule Joy Trammell & Rubio would design the project, which had an expected cost of $400 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006570-0001-0001", "contents": "1105 West Peachtree, History\nIn June 2017, Selig had applied for permits to demolish three preexisting buildings on the site, including the Dr. Marion Luther Brittain, Sr., House, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Permits were approved later that year, and by January 2018 the buildings were demolished. The next month, it was announced that the hotel for the project would be part of the Autograph Collection by Marriott International.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006570-0002-0000", "contents": "1105 West Peachtree, History\nIn December 2018, Selig announced that construction on the project would begin in January of the following year. That same month, the project signed on its first tenants, a law firm relocating from Promenade II. By April 2019, condominiums at the property were being sold, with an opening scheduled for Spring 2021. In October, Cushman & Wakefield, acting for Selig, secured $340 million from The Blackstone Group, covering much of the budget, which by this time had risen to approximately $530 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006570-0002-0001", "contents": "1105 West Peachtree, History\nThat same month, it was announced that Google was planning to occupy around 400,000 square feet (37,000\u00a0m2) of office space, making them an anchor tenant for the project. The project held its official groundbreaking on October 28, 2019. By December 2019, specifications for the project had changed slightly, with plans for 675,000 square feet (62,700\u00a0m2) of office space, a 178-room hotel, and 64 condominiums. In January 2020, Brasfield & Gorrie were announced as the project's general contractor, and that same month, the raised plaza, which will serve as a connecting deck between the two buildings, topped out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006570-0003-0000", "contents": "1105 West Peachtree, History\nOn February 19, a tower crane at the construction site became unstable and started to lean due to a mechanical failure, causing authorities to close several nearby roadways as the crane was disassembled. Several nearby apartment buildings and parking garages were also evacuated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006571-0000-0000", "contents": "1105 in Italy, Sources\nThis Italian history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006571-0001-0000", "contents": "1105 in Italy, Sources\nThis year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006572-0000-0000", "contents": "1106\nYear 1106 (MCVI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006573-0000-0000", "contents": "1106 Cydonia\n1106 Cydonia (/sa\u026a\u02c8do\u028ani\u0259/), provisional designation 1929 CW, is a Eunomian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers (8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 5 February 1929, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in Germany. The asteroid was named for the fruit-bearing tree Cydonia (quince). The S-type asteroid has a relatively short rotation period of 2.7 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006573-0001-0000", "contents": "1106 Cydonia, Orbit and classification\nCydonia is a member of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony asteroids and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.3\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,528 days; semi-major axis 2.60\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first and official discovery observation at Heidelberg in February 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006573-0002-0000", "contents": "1106 Cydonia, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Cydonia is a stony S-type asteroid, in-line with the Eunomia family's overall spectral type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006573-0003-0000", "contents": "1106 Cydonia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 2015, a rotational lightcurve of Cydonia was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Etscorn Observatory (719) in New Mexico, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 2.679 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=3). In April 2017, Spanish astronomers at Pu\u00e7ol Observatory (J42) and other stations of the APTOG-network measured a similar period of 2.6700 hours and an amplitude of 0.10 magnitude (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006573-0004-0000", "contents": "1106 Cydonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Cydonia measures between 12.140 and 12.95 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1719 and 0.241.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006573-0005-0000", "contents": "1106 Cydonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21 \u2013 derived from 15\u00a0Eunomia, the family's parent body and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 13.26 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006573-0006-0000", "contents": "1106 Cydonia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the genus Cydonia in the family Rosaceae, with the fruit-bearing quince tree as its only member. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 104).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006573-0007-0000", "contents": "1106 Cydonia, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006576-0000-0000", "contents": "11066 Sigurd\n11066 Sigurd, provisional designation 1992 CC1, is a stony, rare-type asteroid and elongated contact binary, classified as near-Earth object of the Apollo group of asteroids, approximately 2.5 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006576-0001-0000", "contents": "11066 Sigurd\nIt was discovered on 9 February 1992 by American astronomer couple Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at Palomar Observatory, California, and named after Sigurd, a hero from Norse mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006576-0002-0000", "contents": "11066 Sigurd, Orbit and classification\nSigurd orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 0.9\u20131.9\u00a0AU once every 1 years and 8 months (600 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.38 and an inclination of 37\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at the Australian Siding Spring Observatory in 1978, and it was identified as 1987 GE at Palomar in 1987. Both observations remained unused. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Palomar in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006576-0003-0000", "contents": "11066 Sigurd, Orbit and classification\nIt has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.1183\u00a0AU (17,700,000\u00a0km), which corresponds to 46.1 lunar distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006576-0004-0000", "contents": "11066 Sigurd, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS taxonomy, Sigurd is a relatively rare K-type asteroid, which fall into the broader stony S-complex. It has also been grouped into the common S-type asteroid. The ExploreNEOs Warm Spitzer program, using the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii, classifies Sigurd as a Sr-type, which transitions to the R-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006576-0005-0000", "contents": "11066 Sigurd, Physical characteristics, Contact binary\nRadiometric observations at Arecibo Observatory revealed that Sigurd is a contact binary, composed of two lobes in contact with each other. The more or less ellipsoidal lobes are elongated and joined on their long axis. The body has an axial tilt of 50\u00b0 to 130\u00b0. The observing astronomers also note, that more than 10% of all larger (> 200 meters) near-Earth objects observed by radar are such contact binaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 54], "content_span": [55, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006576-0006-0000", "contents": "11066 Sigurd, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nRotational lightcurves obtained from photometric observations by Petr Pravec, Brian Warner and by a group of German and Ukrainian astronomers, gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.4958 to 8.51 hours. The analysis of the constructed lightcurves also gave a high brightness amplitude between 0.97 and 1.15 magnitude, which is indicative that Sigurd has a non-spheroidal shape (U=3/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006576-0007-0000", "contents": "11066 Sigurd, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Sigurd measures between 2.10 and 2.778 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.190 and 0.29, respectively. Observations by the ExploreNEOs survey give a higher albedo of 0.38. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.18 and calculates a diameter of 2.86 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 15.2, while radiometric observations of Sigurd gave an maximum dimensions of 4.2 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006576-0008-0000", "contents": "11066 Sigurd, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Sigurd, a legendary hero in Norse mythology. In the V\u00f6lsunga saga, Sigurd rides through a ring of fire to awaken the shieldmaiden Brynhild (123 Brunhild), and later dies in a fight with Odin (3989 Odin). Sigurd is also known as the dragon-slayer Siegfried in the German poem The Song of the Nibelungs. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 23 May 2000 (M.P.C. 40706).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006577-0000-0000", "contents": "1107\nYear 1107 (MCVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006578-0000-0000", "contents": "1107 Lictoria\n1107 Lictoria (prov. designation: 1929 FB) is a large Hygiea asteroid, approximately 79 kilometers (49 miles) in diameter, from the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by Luigi Volta at the Pino Torinese Observatory in 1929, and named after the Fasces Lictores, Latin for \"Fasci Littori\", the symbol of the Italian fascist party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006578-0001-0000", "contents": "1107 Lictoria, Discovery\nLictoria as first observed as A909 UB at Heidelberg Observatory on 17 October 1909. It was officially discovered on 30 March 1929, by Italian astronomer Luigi Volta at the Observatory of Turin near Pino Torinese, Italy. Three weeks later, on 17 March 1929, it was independently discovered by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg, Germany. The Minor Planet Center only acknowledges the first discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006578-0002-0000", "contents": "1107 Lictoria, Orbit and classification\nThis asteroid is a member of the Hygiea family (601), a very large family of carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids, named after the fourth-largest asteroid, 10\u00a0Hygiea. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,076 days; semi-major axis of 3.18\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as A909 UB at Heidelberg in October 1909.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006578-0003-0000", "contents": "1107 Lictoria, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the symbol of fascism used by the Italian Fascist Party. The symbol was called \"Fasci Littori\", or \"Fasces Lictores\" in Latin (derived from fasces and lictor). Several other things such as festivals (littoriali) and fast trains (littorine) were given related names during the fascist period. In particular, the Italian city of Latina was founded under the name \"Littoria\" in 1932. The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Lutz Schmadel, corresponded with Italian-born astronomer Paul Comba to confirm the meaning for this asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006578-0004-0000", "contents": "1107 Lictoria, Physical characteristics\nIn the Bus\u2013Binzel SMASS classification, Lictoria is a Xc-subtype that transitions from the X-type to the carbonaceous C-type asteroids. It has also been characterized as a primitive P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). The Hygiea family's overall spectral type is a mixture of C-type and somewhat brighter B-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006578-0005-0000", "contents": "1107 Lictoria, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurve of Lictoria have been obtained from photometric observations by astronomers William Koff, Eric Barbotin, Stefano Sposetti and Matthieu Conjat, as well as Hiromi and Hiroko Hamanowa (U=2/3/2/2/3). Analysis f the best-rated lightcurve from February 2008 gave a rotation period of 8.5616 hours with a consolidated brightness variation between 0.16 and 0.30 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006578-0006-0000", "contents": "1107 Lictoria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Lictoria measures between 69.93 and 86.724 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.05 and 0.066.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006578-0007-0000", "contents": "1107 Lictoria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.045 and a diameter of 78.86 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006580-0000-0000", "contents": "1108\nYear 1108 (MCVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006581-0000-0000", "contents": "1108 Demeter\n1108 Demeter, provisional designation 1929 KA, is a dark asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers (17 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 31 May 1929, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory near Heidelberg, Germany. The asteroid was named after Demeter, the Greek goddess of fruitful soil and agriculture. It has a rotation period of 9.846 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006581-0001-0000", "contents": "1108 Demeter, Orbit and classification\nDemeter is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, it has also been classified as a member of the Phocaea family (701), a large family of stony asteroids, different to Demeter's spectral type (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006581-0002-0000", "contents": "1108 Demeter, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,381 days; semi-major axis of 2.43\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 25\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed at the Italian Observatory of Turin, three days prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg. The body's observation arc begins at Yerkes Observatory in December 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006581-0003-0000", "contents": "1108 Demeter, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Demeter's spectral type is ambiguous, closest to a carbonaceous C-type and somewhat similar to an X-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006581-0004-0000", "contents": "1108 Demeter, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn June 2016, a rotational lightcurve of Demeter was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomers Tom Polakis and Brian Skiff at the Command Module Observatory (V02) in Tempe, Arizona. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 9.846 hours with an amplitude of 0.12 magnitude (U=3). Observations by the Spanish OBAS group, also taken during the 2016-opposition, gave a concurring period of 9.870 hours and a brightness variation of 0.11 magnitude (U=3-). The results supersede previous observations by Robert Stephens, Olivier Thizy, Ren\u00e9 Roy and St\u00e9phane Charbonnel from July 2001, which gave a period of 9.70 and 9.701 hours with an amplitude of 0.12 and 0.14 magnitude, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006581-0005-0000", "contents": "1108 Demeter, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Demeter measures between 25.285 and 31.33 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.0229 and 0.05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006581-0006-0000", "contents": "1108 Demeter, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0464 and a diameter of 25.61 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.91.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006581-0007-0000", "contents": "1108 Demeter, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after Demeter, the goddess of fruitful soil and agriculture. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 104).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006581-0008-0000", "contents": "1108 Demeter, Naming, Conflict with Ceres\nDemeter is the Greek equivalent of the Roman goddess Ceres. When main-belt asteroid and dwarf planet 1\u00a0Ceres was named, the Greeks called it \"Demeter\" effectively translating the name into Greek, rather than using the Latin Ceres or the original Italian Cerere. However, this created a problem when asteroid Demeter was named. The Greeks resolved this by using the classical form of the name, \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1 D\u0113m\u00eat\u0113r, for the new asteroid, distinguishing it from the Modern Greek form \u0394\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 D\u00eam\u0113tra that had been used for 1\u00a0Ceres. This conflict did not occur in Greek-influenced Slavic languages such as Russian, which had adopted Cerera for 1\u00a0Ceres, and were thus free to use the modern Greek form Demetra for the asteroid Demeter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 41], "content_span": [42, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006582-0000-0000", "contents": "1108 in Italy, Sources\nThis Italian history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006582-0001-0000", "contents": "1108 in Italy, Sources\nThis year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006583-0000-0000", "contents": "1108th Signal Brigade\nThe 1108th Signal Brigade is a United States Army unit responsible for running much of the Raven Rock Mountain Complex and providing strategic communication support to the White House and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It was based at Fort Ritchie, but was recommended to be transferred to Fort Detrick, Maryland during the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006583-0001-0000", "contents": "1108th Signal Brigade\nOn 16 October 2003, the 1108th Signal Brigade at Fort Detrick, Maryland was re-designated the 21st Signal Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006584-0000-0000", "contents": "1109\nYear 1109 (MCIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006585-0000-0000", "contents": "1109 Tata\n1109 Tata, provisional designation 1929 CU, is a dark Hygiean asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 69 kilometers (43 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 5 February 1929, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in Germany. The meaning of the asteroids's name is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006585-0001-0000", "contents": "1109 Tata, Orbit and classification\nTata is a member of the Hygiea family (601), a very large family of carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids. The family's parent body and namesake is the main belt's fourth-largest asteroid, 10\u00a0Hygiea. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 10 months (2,117 days; semi-major axis of 3.23\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006585-0002-0000", "contents": "1109 Tata, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as 1925 QE at Simeiz Observatory in March 1925. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in March 1929, one month after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006585-0003-0000", "contents": "1109 Tata, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Tata has an ambiguous spectral type, closest to the rare F-types and somewhat similar to the common carbonaceous C-type asteroids. It has also been characterized as a primitive P-type asteroid by the space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006585-0004-0000", "contents": "1109 Tata, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Tata was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.277 hours with a low brightness amplitude of 0.06 magnitude (U=2), indicative for a spherical shape. The astronomer also reported that several other period solution could be possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006585-0005-0000", "contents": "1109 Tata, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Tata measures between 61.817 and 74.94 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0378 and 0.0485.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006585-0006-0000", "contents": "1109 Tata, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0378 and a diameter of 66.53 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.06.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006585-0007-0000", "contents": "1109 Tata, Naming\nAny reference of this minor planet's name to a person or occurrence is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006585-0008-0000", "contents": "1109 Tata, Naming, Unknown meaning\nAmong the many thousands of named minor planets, Tata is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these asteroids have low numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category of asteroid names with unknown origin).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006587-0000-0000", "contents": "110s\nThe 110s decade ran from January 1, 110, to December 31, 119.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 66]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006588-0000-0000", "contents": "110s BC\nThis article concerns the period 119 BC \u2013 110 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 57]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006589-0000-0000", "contents": "110t-class torpedo boat\nThe 110t class were a class of twelve coastal torpedo boats built for the Austro-Hungarian Navy between 1909 and 1911. They were built by two shipbuilders, the Austrian Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino and the Hungarian Ganz & Danubius, with six ships built each. They served through the First World War, with one of the ships, Tb 11, defecting to Italy in 1917. After the end of the war, several of the class were used by the Italian Navy and the Italian Customs Service, with the last example scrapped in 1926.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006589-0001-0000", "contents": "110t-class torpedo boat, Design\nIn 1905, the Austrian Naval Technical Committee proposed three designs for a 110 t coastal torpedo boat, differing in the machinery used, with steam turbines or vertical triple expansion engines to be used. By 1907, these had been refined to a single design, oil-fuelled but powered by a triple expansion engine as the designers had insufficient experience with turbines. This local design was compared with designs from the German shipyards Schichau-Werke and Krupp and the British shipyard Yarrow and was considered to be superior to the foreign designs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006589-0002-0000", "contents": "110t-class torpedo boat, Design\nIt was initially planned for Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino (STT) to build eight ships at their Trieste shipyard, but it was required for political reasons that the work be divided between Austrian and Hungarian shipyards, and in the end six ships were built each at the Austrian STT shipyard and the Hungarian Ganz & Danubius yard at Fiume, with each shipbuilder building slightly different designs, with the Ganz & Danubius-built ships having different machinery in order to increase the Hungarian content in the ships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006589-0003-0000", "contents": "110t-class torpedo boat, Design\nThe STT-built ships were 44.2\u00a0m (145\u00a0ft 0\u00a0in) long overall and 43.3\u00a0m (142\u00a0ft 1\u00a0in) at the waterline, with a beam of 4.4\u00a0m (14\u00a0ft 5\u00a0in) and a draught of 1.2\u00a0m (3\u00a0ft 11\u00a0in). Design displacement was 116\u00a0t (114 long tons). Two oil-fired Yarrow water-tube boilers fed steam to a three-cylinder vertical triple expansion engine, rated at 2,500\u00a0ihp (1,900\u00a0kW), which drove a single propeller shaft, giving a speed of 28\u00a0kn (32\u00a0mph; 52\u00a0km/h). The Danubius-built ships had a greater draught (1.5\u00a0m (4\u00a0ft 11\u00a0in) and used White-Forster boilers feeding steam to a triple-expansion engine rated at 2,400\u00a0ihp (1,800\u00a0kW), giving a speed of 26.5\u00a0kn (30.5\u00a0mph; 49.1\u00a0km/h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006589-0004-0000", "contents": "110t-class torpedo boat, Design\nArmament of all ships was two \u0160koda 47\u00a0mm (1.9\u00a0in) L/44 guns and two 450\u00a0mm (17.7\u00a0in) torpedo tubes. The ships had a crew of 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006589-0005-0000", "contents": "110t-class torpedo boat, Service\nConstruction of the ships began in April 1909, with deliveries starting at the end of that year, and continuing until May 1911. While in general the class proved adequately seaworthy, the inexperience of the Danubis shipyard resulted in their torpedo boats having a tendency to heel at high speeds owing to the torque of the single propeller. In 1910, Austria-Hungary's older coastal torpedo boats were redesignated, replacing their names with a number, and the 110t-class were renumbered, with their Roman numeral being replaced by an Arabic number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006589-0006-0000", "contents": "110t-class torpedo boat, Service\nAt the outbreak of the First World War, the ships of the class were all serving in local coast defence forces, with four (Tb 1, Tb 2, Tb 7 and Tb 9) based at Pula as part of the 11th torpedo boat group, four (Tb 3, Tb 4, Tb 5 and Tb 6) based at Lussin as part of the 17th and 18th torpedo boat groups, and the remaining four (Tb 8, Tb 10, Tb 11 and Tb 12) at \u0160ibenik to the  as part of the 19th torpedo boat group. Duties included minesweeping, escort and anti-submarine operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006589-0007-0000", "contents": "110t-class torpedo boat, Service\nOn the night of 30/31 July 1916, the Italian submarine Giacinto Pullino ran aground at Galiola Island in the Kvarner Gulf. Tb 4, Tb 6 and the Torpedo gunboat Magnet helped to capture the submarine, which sank under tow the next day. In March 1917, five ships of the class (Tb 1, Tb 3, Tb 6, Tb 7 and Tb 9 were based at Pola, with two (Tb 2 and Tb 4) at Lussin and four (Tb 8, Tb 10, Tb 11 and Tb 12) at \u0160ibenik. On 26 August 1917, Tb 4 and Tb 6 were transferred to Trieste together with the old battleships Budapest and Wien to support army operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006589-0008-0000", "contents": "110t-class torpedo boat, Service\nOn 5 October 1917, the crew of Tb 11 mutinied, locking the ship's officers in their cabin and taking the ship from \u0160ibenik to the Italian coast, where they surrendered the ship. Tb 11 was incorporated in the Italian Navy as the Francesco Rismondo. On 16 November, Tb 6 and Tb 9 were part of an escort of 14 torpedo boats for Budapest and Wien when the two battleships bombarded shore batteries at Cortellazzo. On 26 August 1918, six ships (Tb 1, Tb 2, Tb 3, Tb 5, Tb 6 and Tb 9) were based at Pola, while four more (Tb 8, Tb 10, Tb 12 and Tb 14) were based at \u0160ibenik and one (Tb 4 at Trieste).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006589-0009-0000", "contents": "110t-class torpedo boat, Service\nThe ships were allocated to the Allies under the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye after the end of the war. Four ships (Tb 6, Tb 8, Tb 9 and Tb 10) were allocated to Great Britain, but were sold for scrap and broken up in 1920, while the remaining ships were allocated to Italy. Tb 1, Tb 2, Tb 4 and Tb 5 were scrapped in 1920, while Tb 12 was scrapped in 1922. Tb 3 and Tb 7 were operated by the Italian Customs Service, serving until 1925 and 1926 respectively, while Francesco Rismondo remained in service with the Italian Navy until 1925.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006590-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Aviation Brigade (United States)\nThe 110th Aviation Brigade is an aviation brigade of the United States Army conducting all flight training under the United States Army Aviation Center of Excellence at Fort Rucker, Alabama. It consists of a Headquarters, an academics section, a night vision device section, four subordinate battalions, and an Army Reserve Augmentation Brigade Headquarters:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006590-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nThe 10th Aviation Group was activated on 30 June 1965 and evolved from the 10th Air Transport Brigade (Test). It supported the 11th Airborne Division (Air Assault). When the 11th was disbanded, the 10th remained at Fort Benning, Ga., to provide all aspects of training for Aviation companies preparing to deploy to Vietnam. The 10th Aviation Group was inactivated and redesignated back to the 10th Aviation Group in 2004. On 1 March 2005, the 10th Aviation Group was redesignated as the 110th Aviation Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006590-0001-0001", "contents": "110th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nThe Aviation Training Brigade at Fort Rucker assumed this unit designation and lineage on the same day. The mission of the 110th is to provide the Army and allied forces with professionally trained Aviators and non-rated crew members through planning, coordinating, and executing formal flight instruction at the undergraduate and graduate level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006590-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nThe brigade also provides crash rescue and air ambulance support to USAACE and surrounding communities and serves as the Department of the Army Night Vision Device Training and Operations Staff Agency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006590-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Aviation Brigade (United States), History, 1st Battalion, 11th Aviation Regiment\nThe 1-11th Aviation Regiment, reassigned to 110th Aviation Brigade in October 2010, provides air traffic services for all aviation training for U.S. Army Aviation Center of Excellence\u2014including the operation of the Army\u2019s largest Radar Approach Control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 86], "content_span": [87, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006590-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Aviation Brigade (United States), History, 1st Battalion, 14th Aviation Regiment\nThe 1-14th Aviation Regiment at Hanchey Army Heliport trains Aviators in the Boeing AH-64D/E Apache", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 86], "content_span": [87, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006590-0005-0000", "contents": "110th Aviation Brigade (United States), History, 1st Battalion, 223rd Aviation Regiment\nThe 1-223rd Aviation Regiment at Cairns Army Airfield and Knox AHP trains Aviators and flight engineers in the Boeing CH-47D/F Chinook aircraft, primary and instrument evaluations, and all Beechcraft C-12 Huron fixed-wing qualification courses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006590-0006-0000", "contents": "110th Aviation Brigade (United States), History, 1st Battalion, 223rd Aviation Regiment\nC Company, 1-223rd Aviation Regiment (formerly 3-210th Aviation Regiment), conducts training in the Mil Mi-17 (NATO reporting name: Hip) helicopters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006590-0007-0000", "contents": "110th Aviation Brigade (United States), History, 1st Battalion, 212th Aviation Regiment\nThe 1-212th Aviation Regiment at Lowe AHP and Shell AHP trains Aviators in the Sikorsky UH-60A/L/M Black Hawk aircraft and provides evaluation flights for the Initial Entry Rotary Wing students' basic combat skills phases of training. B Company, 1-212th Aviation Regiment (formerly the 2-210th Helicopter School Battalion), trains Spanish students in the UH-60 and Bell OH-58C Kiowa aircraft at Lowe and Shell AHPs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006590-0008-0000", "contents": "110th Aviation Brigade (United States), Lineage\nConstituted 30 June 1965 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 10th Aviation Group Activated 1 July 1965 at Fort Benning, Georgia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006590-0009-0000", "contents": "110th Aviation Brigade (United States), Lineage\nRedesignated 16 September 1992 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 229th Aviation Group", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006590-0010-0000", "contents": "110th Aviation Brigade (United States), Lineage\nInactivated 15 September 2004 at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and concurrently redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 10th Aviation Group Redesignated 1 March 2005 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 110th Aviation Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006590-0011-0000", "contents": "110th Aviation Brigade (United States), Lineage\nHeadquarters concurrently transferred to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command and activated at Fort Rucker, Alabama", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006591-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Battalion (Perth), CEF\nThe 110th Battalion (Perth), CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force. The 110th Battalion was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Great Britain on 31 October 1916, where, on 2 January 1917, its personnel were absorbed by the 8th Reserve Battalion, CEF to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion disbanded on 17 July 1917", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006591-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Battalion (Perth), CEF\nThe 110th Battalion recruited in Perth County, Ontario and was mobilized at Stratford, Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006591-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Battalion (Perth), CEF\nThe battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. J.L. Youngs from 31 October 1916 to 2 January 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006591-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Battalion (Perth), CEF\nThe battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916-17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006591-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Battalion (Perth), CEF\nThe 110th Battalion (Perth), CEF, is perpetuated by The Perth Regiment which is currently on the Supplementary Order of Battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006591-0005-0000", "contents": "110th Battalion (Perth), CEF, Sources\nCanadian Expeditionary Force 1914\u20131919 by Col. G.W.L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron\nThe 110th Bomb Squadron (110 BS) is a unit of the Missouri Air National Guard 131st Bomb Wing located at Whiteman Air Force Base, Knob Noster, Missouri. The 110th is equipped with the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron\nThe 110 BS is the oldest unit in the Missouri Air National Guard, with over 90 years of service to the state and nation. It is a descendant organization of the World War I 110th Aero Squadron, established on 14 August 1917. It was reformed on 23 June 1923, as the 110th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron\nThe 131st Bomb Wing, of which the 110th Bomb Squadron is a part, is the only Air National Guard Bomb Wing certified to conduct nuclear operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, World War I\nEstablished at Kelly Field, Texas in August 1917 as the 110th Aero Squadron. Constructed facilities and engaged in supply and related base support activities. Later re-designated as 804th Aero Squadron (1 February 1918), then \"Squadron K, Kelly Field\"  in July 1918. Demobilized 1918 shortly after the Armistice with Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri National Guard\nEstablished by the Militia Bureau on 23 June 1923, which authorized the immediate organization of the 110th Observation Squadron, 35th Division Aviation, Missouri National Guard. First Headquarters was located in a filling station on Manchester Avenue. From there it was moved to a small room over a grocery store on Olive Street Road in St Louis County. Meetings were held at the Airport, then little more than a pasture, there were no airplanes and no uniforms for the enlisted men. The squadron's original authorized officer strength was 1 major, 5 captains, 11 1st lieutenants and 14 2nd lieutenants for a total of 31. In its early years, the squadron had only about half of its authorized officer strength. The squadron's first commanding officer was Major William B. Robertson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0005-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri National Guard\nThe squadron's first flying equipment was a Curtiss JN-4 \"Jenny\", which was purchased by the officers of the squadron and used for flight training until early 1924 when three surplus wartime JN-4's were received. The planes were housed in a corrugated sheet metal hangar erected on the field during the National Air Races in 1923 and later turned over to the squadron. Additional aircraft and equipment were received throughout 1924 and by the year's end a well received training program was in effect. Only eighteen months had elapsed since the unit was formally organized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0006-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri National Guard\nDuring the next few years the JN-4's were replaced by the PT-1, TW-3, O-11, and O-2H aircraft and the unit assumed a mission of observation and reconnaissance. Their chief pilot on the \"St. Louis to Chicago\" airmail run was a young man named Charles Lindbergh. Lindbergh became a member of the 110th as a 2nd lieutenant on 14 March 1925 and held the rank of captain when he made his historic 1927 Trans-Atlantic solo flight. Lindbergh remained a member of the squadron until 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0007-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri National Guard\nMen, equipment, and unit headquarters consolidated in a new hangar at Lambert Field in 1931. Summer field training conducted in the 1930s allowed 110th members to hone their skills on the K-17 Aerial Camera. The Douglas O-38 aircraft was received in 1933 and replaced in 1938 by the North American O-47A, an all-metal mid-wing observation aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0008-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri National Guard\nThe units first summer encampments were held in 1924 and 1925 at Camp Clark Nevada, Missouri. Subsequent encampments were at Fort Riley Kansas; Lambert Field St Louis; Eglin Field Florida; Fort Sill, Oklahoma; and St Cloud Minnesota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0009-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II\nThe Guardsmen were ordered into active service on 23 December 1940 as part of the buildup of the Army Air Corps after the Fall of France. The unit was sent to Little Rock, Arkansas and initially flew antisubmarine patrols over the Gulf of Mexico. After the Attack on Pearl Harbor, the squadron was sent to California where it flew patrols over the Southern California coast again performing antisubmarine patrols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0010-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II\nIn early 1943, it was assigned to Third Air Force and trained as a combat reconnaissance unit, being equipped with a mixture of photo-recon A-20 Havocs and B-25 Mitchells. Was deployed to Fifth Air Force in the Southwest Pacific in the fall of 1943 and flew reconnaissance missions over New Britain, New Guinea, and the Admiralty Islands from bases in New Guinea and Biak. Reinforced with armed P-40 and P-39 fighters, it also flew combat mission against Japanese installations, airfields, and shipping, while supporting Allied ground forces on New Guinea and Biak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0010-0001", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II\nDuring that time, it flew courier missions, participated in rescue operations, and hauled passengers and cargo. From November 1944, the group flew reconnaissance missions over Luzon, supported ground forces, photographed and bombed airfields in Formosa and China, and attacked enemy shipping in the South China Sea. A Presidential Unit Citation awarded for the 12/26/44 attack on Japanese Naval Task Force. In all, the unit destroyed 122 aircraft and 11 ships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0011-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II\nAt the end of the war, the 110th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron moved to Japan and was part of the occupation forces. It demobilized in the fall of 1945 and was inactivated in early 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0012-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard\nThe wartime 110th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was re-activated and re-designated as the 110th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Missouri Air National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Lambert Field, St Louis, and was extended federal recognition on 1 January 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 119th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the wartime 110th TRS. The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustang fighters and assigned to the Missouri ANG 131st Fighter Group. Its mission was the air defense of St Louis and the state of Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0013-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nOn 1 March 1951 the 110th was federalized and brought to active-duty due to the Korean War. It was initially assigned to Strategic Air Command (SAC) and transferred to Bergstrom AFB, Texas and assigned to the Federalized Missouri ANG 131st Fighter-Bomber Group. The 131st FBG was composed of the 110th FS, the 192d Fighter Squadron (Nevada ANG), the 178th Fighter Squadron (North Dakota ANG), and the 170th Fighter Squadron (Illinois ANG). At Berstrom, its mission was as a filler replacement for the 27th Fighter-Escort Group which was deployed to Japan as part of SAC's commitment to the Korean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 80], "content_span": [81, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0014-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe unit was at Bergstrom until November when it was transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and moved to George AFB, California. At George, the unit was scheduled to be re-equipped with F-84D Thunderjets and was programmed for deployment to Japan, however, the F-84s were instead sent to France and the 131st Fighter-Bomber Wing remained in California and flew its F-51 Mustangs for the remainder of its federal service. The 110th Fighter-Bomber Squadron was released from active duty and returned to Missouri's control on 1 December 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 80], "content_span": [81, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0015-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nShortly after its return to Lambert Field, the 110th was reformed as a light bombardment squadron in January 1953 and was moved under Tactical Air Command. It received B-26 Invaders that returned from the Korean War and trained primarily in night bombardment missions, which the aircraft specialized in while in Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 79], "content_span": [80, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0016-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nWith the removal of the B-26 from bombing duties in 1957 as neared the end of their service lives, the 110th entered the Jet Age. The 110th received its first jet aircraft in the spring of 1957 when it received F-80 Shooting Stars. The 110th flew F-80s until June 1957, when it transitioned to the F-84F Thunderstreak fighter-bomber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 79], "content_span": [80, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0017-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nOn 1 October 1961, as a result of the 1961 Berlin Crisis, the mobilized Missouri Air National Guard 131st Tactical Fighter Wing deployed to Toul-Rosi\u00e8res Air Base, France as the 7131st Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional). When activated as the 7131st TFW, it consisted of the 110, 169 and 170 TFS, from Lambert Field, St. Louis MO, Peoria Municipal Airport, Peoria IL, and Capitol Airport, Springfield IL, respectively. The designation 7131st was used as the Wing, composed of three federalized ANG squadrons, only deployed the 110th Tactical Fighter Squadron to France. The 169th and 170th TFS rotated personnel to Toul-Rosi\u00e8res during their period of activation due to budget restraints, however only one squadron's worth of aircraft and personnel were at Toul at any one time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 79], "content_span": [80, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0018-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nWhile in France, the Guardsmen assumed regular commitments on a training basis with the U.S. 7th Army as well as maintaining a 24-hour alert status. The 7131st exchanged both air and ground crews with the Royal Danish Air Force's 730th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Skydstrup Air Station, Denmark, during May 1962. As the Berlin situation subsided, all activated ANG units were ordered to be returned to the United States and released from active duty. The 7131st TFW was inactivated in place in France on 19 July 1962 and left its aircraft and equipment to USAFE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 79], "content_span": [80, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0019-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nAfter returning to St Louis, the unit was re-equipped with F-100C Super Sabres in late 1962. It trained with the F-100s for the next 17 years, during which time it upgraded to the F-100D in 1971. Although the 110th was not activated during the Vietnam War, many of the squadron's pilots were sent to F-100 squadrons in South Vietnam between 1968\u20131971. In 1977, Anne Morrow Lindbergh, Charles Lindbergh's widow, gave permission to designate 110th Tactical Fighter Squadron as \"Lindbergh's Own.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 79], "content_span": [80, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0020-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1978, the unit acquired the \"home grown\" McDonnell Douglas F-4C Phantom II, the aircraft primarily being piloted by Vietnam War veterans. Between June and July 1982, the 110th TFS deployed twelve Phantoms to RAF Leeming in the United Kingdom to participate in Exercise Coronet Cactus. The squadron again upgraded to the more advanced F-4E Phantom II in 1985 and in 1991 was again upgraded to the McDonnell Douglas F-15A/B Eagle air superiority aircraft when the F-4s were retired. The 110th was one of the last Air National Guard units to convert to the F-15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 79], "content_span": [80, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0021-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nMore than 500 members from the 131st Fighter Wing and the tenant units located at Lambert International Airport were called into service to battle the Great Flood of 1993. In the post-Cold War era, the unit deployed to Incirlik AB, Turkey in support of Operation Northern Watch in 1996, 1997 and 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0022-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nMembers of the 131st returned in October 2000 from duty rotations in Southwest Asia and Europe, while other unit members were still stationed overseas. Eventually, a total of about 430 wing members were scheduled to deploy, with the majority leaving in October 2000 for Prince Sultan AB, Saudi Arabia, in support of Operation Southern Watch. A little more than half of the deployed 131st Fighter Wing members and 12 F-15s made up the AEF-9's 110th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (EFS). The 110th EFS primarily provides air superiority for Operation Southern Watch. AEF-9 was deployed from September through November 2000. In 2004, the improved F-15C Eagle arrived, replacing the older aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0023-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nOn 30 May 2007, a 110th FS F-15D pilot ejected safely from his aircraft (78-0571) just before it crashed during a training mission in rural Knox county, Indiana. The plane went down just before 11\u00a0am EDT south of Vincennes, near the Illinois border, as it conducted standard training maneuvers, according to a release from the National Guard. Investigators said the plane was flying at about 20,000\u00a0feet prior to the crash. The pilot had been with the 131st Fighter Wing for 12 years and was highly experienced, officials said. The unit had most recently enforced no-fly zones in Iraq. This crash decreased the 131st's aircraft count from 20 to 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0024-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nOn 2 November 2007, another F-15C (80-0034) from the 131st crashed in Mark Twain National Forest, in Missouri. No property was damaged and no people on the ground were hurt, however the pilot broke an arm and a shoulder, despite ejecting from the plane. The pilot also was said to be in \"shock\" when landowners found him. The crash was due to a flaw in a part of the plane's fuselage; this led to all F-15 aircraft being grounded at one point between November and January 2008. Since after the accidents, the 131st's flights have been reduced, also due to the wing slowly moving to flying B-2s. However the 131st and the F-15's were still on active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0025-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn its 2005 BRAC recommendations, DoD recommended to realign the 131st Fighter Wing. The 110th's F-15s (15 aircraft) would be distributed to the 57th Fighter Wing, Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada (nine aircraft), and 177th Fighter Wing, Atlantic City International Airport (AGS), New Jersey (six aircraft). After which, the unit was moved to Whiteman Air Force Base and became the first Air National Guard Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit \"stealth bomber\" unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0026-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nThe F-15's began to leave Lambert on 15 August 2008 and by January 2009, most of the 13 remaining aircraft were in the main hangar being stripped of markings or already had their markings removed. The final two F-15C's departed on 13 June 2009 after a closing ceremony titled \"The End of an Era\", that was attended by over 2,000 people. Some pilots were taking B-2 training courses while others are changing units, or decided to retire early. The 131st Fighter Wing was the most experienced F-15 Fighter wing in the United States; out of the four pilots that flew over 4,000\u00a0F-15 flight hours, three of them were from the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0027-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Global Strike Command\nThe 110th Bomb Squadron, as part of the 131st Bomb Wing, transitioned to Air Force Global Strike Command on 4 October 2008 when the 131st Bomb Wing held a ribbon-cutting ceremony at Whiteman AFB. The ceremony celebrated the first official drill for traditional guardsmen at Whiteman and the grand opening of building 3006, the 131st Bomb Wing's first headquarters there. On 16 June 2009, the last F-15 departed Lambert Field. In March 2011, crew from the 110th BS participated in Operation Odyssey Dawn, which saw airstrikes over Libya against the forces of Muammar Gaddafi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 80], "content_span": [81, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0028-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Global Strike Command\nIn August 2013, the 131st Bomb Wing was deemed fully mission-capable, meaning that it fully completed the transition to Whiteman Air Force Base. In March 2020, the squadron deployed to RAF Fairford, UK, alongside the 509th Bomb Wing as part of a Bomber Task Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 80], "content_span": [81, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006592-0029-0000", "contents": "110th Bomb Squadron, History, Lineage\n* * This unit is not related to another 110th Aero Squadron (Service) that was activated in May 1918 at Rich Field, Waco, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006593-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 110th Brigade was a formation of  the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 37th Division. The brigade was also known as the Leicester Tigers Brigade was transferred to the 21st Division in July 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006593-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nThis brigade was exchanged with the 21st Division's, 63rd Brigade on 8 July 1916", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006594-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry (United States, 1988\u20131996)\nThe 110th Cavalry is an inactive parent cavalry regiment of the United States Army National Guard. Constituted as the 26th Cavalry under the Combat Arms Regimental System in 1963, its 1st Squadron served with the 26th Infantry Division during the Cold War. It was renumbered in 1988 as the 110th and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System in 1988 before the 1st Squadron inactivated in 1996 as a result of reductions in the National Guard after the end of the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006594-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry (United States, 1988\u20131996), History\nThe regiment was constituted on 27 February 1963 in the Massachusetts Army National Guard as the 26th Cavalry, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System. It was organized on 1 March with the 1st Squadron, an element of the 26th Infantry Division. The 1st Squadron was redesignated from the 2nd Reconnaissance Squadron, 110th Armor, which had been organized in the Massachusetts NG on 1 May 1959. Between 16 and 19 December 1967, the 1st Squadron was reorganized and Troop C was allotted to the Connecticut Army National Guard. Troop D, at Worcester, Massachusetts, were successors to The Emit Guards of Worcester, circa 1967 to 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006594-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry (United States, 1988\u20131996), History\nOn 1 May 1971 it was again reorganized with Troop D being allotted to the Rhode Island Army National Guard while Troop C remained a Connecticut unit. Troop D, was redesignated from Warwick-stationed Troop E, 43rd Cavalry, and relocated to North Kingstown on 1 June 1974. The squadron was again reorganized on 1 October 1986, now with all troops Massachusetts units except for Troop A, which became a Connecticut unit. Except for its scout platoon, Troop D was expanded into the nondivisional 122nd Aviation Battalion in this reorganization, while the scout platoon became the 173rd Infantry Detachment for long-range surveillance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006594-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry (United States, 1988\u20131996), History\nThe regiment was renumbered as the 110th Cavalry on 1 February 1988, with the 1st Squadron now solely a Massachusetts unit. The regiment was reorganized under the replacement United States Army Regimental System on 1 June 1989, with 1st Squadron headquartered at Concord. The 1st Squadron, 110th Cavalry was relieved from the 26th Infantry Division on 1 September 1993 when the division was reduced to the 26th Infantry Brigade, 29th Infantry Division, continuing its service with the 26th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006594-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry (United States, 1988\u20131996), History\nIn 1994, HHT was at Concord with a detachment at Westover, while Troop A was at Hudson, Troop B at Methuen, and Troops C and D were air cavalry units at Westover Air Reserve Base. Troops A and B had a strength of 125 personnel, while C and D had 34 each; HHT had a combined strength of 231. The 1st Squadron was inactivated in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 110th Cavalry Division (Russian: 110-\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) was a horsed cavalry division of the Soviet Union's Red Army during World War II. It was formed in January 1942 as the 110th Separate Cavalry Division and reformed as the 110th Cavalry Division on 30 September 1942. Formed as a Kalmyk national division, its personnel were drawn from the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union)\nThe division arrived on the frontlines on 14 May 1942, covering the retreat of Soviet troops across river Don during the 1942 German strategic summer offensive (Case Blue). After suffering heavy casualties, it broke down into separate units while continuing to fight in the Battle of the Caucasus. It was disbanded on 27 January 1943, after the Soviet Union began to dissolve national divisions. Unsubstantiated rumors surrounding its alleged misconduct during the war contributed to the decision to deport Kalmyks to Siberia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Formation\nDuring the early stages of the German invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II, the latter suffered massive casualties. Over one hundred Soviet divisions were disbanded due to losses in manpower. The Soviet State Defense Committee initiated the formation of hundreds of new divisions which were quickly sent to the front lines. Losses of materiel among the tank divisions and mechanized corps, meant that horsed cavalry divisions remained the only tool available for the execution of deep operations and raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0002-0001", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Formation\nOn 13 November 1941, following the suggestion of General Inspector of the Cavalry Oka Gorodovikov, the Soviets began forming 20 national cavalry divisions and 15 national rifle brigades. The new units drew upon the peoples of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union (ASSRs), in Northern Caucasus, Central Asia, the Urals and the Lower Volga Region. Unlike typical cavalry divisions, national cavalry divisions were equipped and sustained using the funds of the respective republics and their formation was overseen by the local communist party committees. Most officers were appointed from among the native nationality, in order to prevent the development of a language barrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Formation\nOn 20 November 1941, Deputy Defense Narkom Efim Shadenko ordered the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to form the 110th and 111th Separate Cavalry Divisions by January 1942. Most Kalmyks had only recently transitioned to sedentism, severely limiting the number of settlements that could host the new divisions. The 3,498-man-strong 110th Separate S.M. Budyonny Cavalry Division was to be formed in the Sadovoe, Tundutovo and Malye Derbety villages. Men were drafted from Serpinsky, Ketchenerovsky, Maloderbetsky, Ustinsky, Privolzhsky, Ulan-Holsky and Lagansky Uluses (Districts), located in the north and east of the republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0003-0001", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Formation\nSince the command staff had departed the republic for the front lines, the first temporary commander of the division was appointed by the local political authorities. Former head of the Kalmyk ASSR Selhozbank (Agricultural Bank), Lieutenant Michael Onguldushev assumed command. In January 1942, command was transferred to Colonel Vasily Panin. Mobilization and training lagged behind schedule since over 16,000 Kalmyks were employed in various engineering projects around the Caucasus. On 23 February, the 110th Separate Cavalry Division received its military banner and its soldiers took the military oath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0003-0002", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Formation\nOn the same day its size was expanded to 4,494 men, while soldiers were assigned to their respective units within it. On 4 March, the Soviet High Command disbanded 20 cavalry divisions after deeming cavalry to be less effective than expected. The 111th Separate Cavalry Division was disbanded on 12 March, its best cadres and equipment being transferred to the 110th Separate Cavalry Division. The latter dispatched 1,000 of its least trained recruits to reserve units. At 20 April, the 110th was judged to be fully equipped, now numbering 4,579 men and 4,825 horses. The 273rd, 292nd and 311th Cavalry Regiments forming its core.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Operations, Defense of the Don\nOn 14 May 1942, the 110th Separate Cavalry Division was deployed to Zimovniki, Rostov Oblast. On 26 May 1942, after marching for 328 kilometres (204\u00a0mi) the 110th Separate Cavalry Division reached the Don river village of Kuteynovskaya. After joining the 17th Cavalry Corps, the division continued its training. In June, the Germans reached the banks of the Don.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0004-0001", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Operations, Defense of the Don\nThe German Army Groups A and B were tasked with encircling and annihilating the Soviet troops crossing the river, capturing the Caucasus and seizing the city of Stalingrad in what came to be known as Case Blue, the 1942 German strategic summer offensive. This would deny the Soviet Union its strategic oil and gas reserves and block the Persian Corridor of the Allied Lend-Lease programme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0005-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Operations, Defense of the Don\nThe Soviet North Caucasian Front responded by sending forward the 51st Army (which included the 110th Separate Cavalry Division) to the left bank of the Don. On 5 June, the 110th was assigned a 58-kilometre (36\u00a0mi) section of the front ranging from the Bagayevskaya to Semikarakorsk, while the 115th Cavalry Division protected a 15 kilometres (9.3\u00a0mi) stretch from Konstantinovka to Semikarakorsk on its northern flank. On 13 July, the Soviet High Command ordered all units remaining west of the Don to cross the river and concentrate at Stalingrad. The two divisions facilitated the retreat of those units, by providing anti-aircraft cover and collecting abandoned equipment. Between 16 and 27 July, 110th Separate Cavalry Division shot down five German aircraft using Maxim guns and rifle fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0006-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Operations, Defense of the Don\nThe 115th Cavalry Division came under a massed tank attack and was heavily bombed, retreating from its positions. On 18 July, the 110th withdrew to the Sal river, establishing its headquarters at Batlaevka. The same day its positions became the target of heavy aerial bombing and artillery fire, while its advanced guard exchanged fire with the enemy, losing five killed and seven wounded. On 20 July, it lost 50 killed and dozens wounded to aerial bombardments and strafing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0006-0001", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Operations, Defense of the Don\nOn 21 July, the 273rd Cavalry Regiment ambushed a unit of motorcyclists and two armored cars in a vineyard in the outskirts of the Puchliakovskaya village. The Germans retreated after suffering casualties and launched a second attack which was beaten off. On the night of 21 July, the 311th Cavalry Regiment's Reconnaissance Platoon was attacked by elements of the Motorized Infantry Division Gro\u00dfdeutschland at Kerchik, losing half of its troops killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0007-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Operations, Defense of the Don\nOn the morning of 22 July, the II. and III. Grenadier Battalions of the Gro\u00dfdeutschland Division established a bridgehead on the southern bank of the Don at Puchliakovskaya and Melichovskaya which were abandoned by Soviet troops. Augmented by a tank company the I. Grenadier Battalion advanced on Razdorskaya village. The village and the nearby pontoon crossing was defended by the 3rd NKVD Battalion, the 1st Militsiya Battalion, two 45 mm guns and two anti-tank riflemen teams of the 273rd Cavalry Regiment. Anti -tank rifleman Sergeant Erdny Delikov opened fire at 150 metres (490\u00a0ft), destroying two tanks and one truck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0007-0001", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Operations, Defense of the Don\nThe Germans received air support after firing flares, and the ensuing bombardment knocked out one of the 45 mm guns and both of the anti-tank rifles, mortally injuring Delikov. The delaying action at Razdorskaya enabled all retreating Soviet units in the vicinity to safely withdraw over the Don. On 31 March 1943, Delikov was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union, the first Kalmyk to receive the honor. By the end of the day, two out of the three river crossings located in the 110th Separate Cavalry Division's area of responsibility had fallen into enemy hands. The Bagaevskaya crossing remained intact, allowing the staff of the 37th Army, the 3rd Rifle Corps, 5th and 15th Tank Brigades and other smaller units to evade encirclement. On 22 July, the 110th was placed under the operational control of the 37th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 908]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0008-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Operations, Defense of the Don\nOn 23 July, Gro\u00dfdeutschland's motorcycle battalion, supported by three tanks, three armored cars, eight armored personnel carriers (APCs) and two heavy artillery pieces launched an assault on Bagaevskaya. The 292nd Cavalry Regiment repelled the first attack with the aid of an artillery and mortar barrage. The Germans lost a tank, four APCs and two armored cars. At 15:30, the Germans attacked again after a series of airstrikes, but were thrown back to their starting positions. On 24 July, the Germans conducted another unsuccessful attack on Bagaevskaya, losing five APCs, two tanks and two artillery pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0008-0001", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Operations, Defense of the Don\nThe 292nd Cavalry Regiment blew up the Bagaevskaya bridge at 12:00 a.m. Having lost 150 men killed and wounded and over 200 horses, the 292nd withdrew to the Susat-Karpovka line. On 25 July, the III Panzer Corps broke through Soviet defenses south of Konstantinovskaya, putting the 110th Separate Cavalry Division in danger of encirclement. On the night of 25/26 July, it began augmenting its fortifications at Karpovka. The following morning, the Germans struck Karpovka and Azhinov, although the 110th Separate Cavalry Division stubbornly resisted enemy attempts to advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0008-0002", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Operations, Defense of the Don\nHundreds of its soldiers were killed, including Divisional Commissar Sergei Zayarny and Division Chief of Staff Alexei Raab. The divisional headquarters building was destroyed, burying with it the divisional and the regimental flags, which were recovered under intense enemy fire. The division conducted an organized retreat over the Manych river during the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0009-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Operations, Defense of the Don\nDuring the two weeks of fighting on the Don, the 110th Separate Cavalry Division lost approximately 1,000 men killed or missing in action and 700 wounded. According to Russian historian Vladimir Ubushaev, it managed to destroy up to four battalions of motorized infantry, 30 tanks, 55 armored cars, 45 mortars, 20 artillery pieces, 40 machine guns. In total, the 110th Separate Cavalry Division's delaying actions on the Don enabled over 425,000 men, 215 tanks, 1,300 artillery pieces, over 8,000 tractors and cars, 22,000 horses and other equipment to be safely transported to the Soviet rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0010-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Operations, Battle of the Caucasus\nBetween 27 and 29 July, the 110th fought a series of defensive battles around Tuzlukov, Krasniy and Veseliy in the vicinity of the Manych. Having suffered heavy casualties it withdrew under the orders of the 37th Army commander. Unable to build an adequate distance from German motorized troops to regroup and suffering losses as a result of German air supremacy it made a fighting retreat to Mozdok. The unit broke into numerous columns in order to minimize casualties; the bulk of its forces marched through Bashanta and Voroshilovsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0010-0001", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Operations, Battle of the Caucasus\nIt clashed with enemy troops at Salsk, Sandata, Sablino and north-east of Voroshilovsk. In the middle of August, a part of the division took up defense positions at Voznesenskaya outside Mozdok, while a smaller group retreated to Maykop and Astrakhan. In the Northern Caucasus elements of the 110th merged into the 4th Guards Cavalry Corps, while in Astrakhan they came under the control of the 28th Army. The core of the division, stationed at Voznesenskaya, became an independent unit within the Northern Army Group of the Transcaucasian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0011-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Operations, Battle of the Caucasus\nBy the beginning of September, the division had lost over 3,000 men killed and wounded, as well as 80% of its horses. On 5 September, the Military Committee of the Northern Army Group ordered the 110th's commander Colonel Vladimir Homutnikov to protect the newly built Kizlyar\u2013Astrakhan railway. The division thus came under the control of the 44th Army. The division's sector of responsibility extended from the Cherniy Runok to the Zenzeli station in their native Kalmyk ASSR. The Germans attempted to disrupt the railway's operation by attacking the Ulan Hol station with a motorized infantry battalion and 10 tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0011-0001", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Operations, Battle of the Caucasus\nA counterattack by the 292nd Cavalry Regiment cost the Germans 100 men killed, two tanks and three trucks. The 110th later marched 500 kilometres (310\u00a0mi) to Aga-Batyr north-east of Mozdok, where it helped the 36th Cavalry Division avoid encirclement. After 15 days of continuous fighting, the division liberated Terekli-Mekteb, Achikulak, Aga-Batyr, Tarskiy, Michailovskiy, Poltavskiy and Sovkhoz \"Mozdokskiy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0012-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Operations, Battle of the Caucasus\nOn 16 September, the division was reinforced by a group of Kalmyk cadets from the Novocherkassk Cavalry School. On 30 September, the 110th Separate Cavalry Division was officially disbanded. It was simultaneously reformed as the 110th Cavalry Division, drawing personnel from the Ordzhonikidze Krai and the unoccupied Uluses of the Kalmyk ASSR. The reformation dragged on as all available motor transport and horses in the Kalmyk ASSR had already been requisitioned. By the middle of November, the division's strength reached 2,719 men, only 30% of whom were Kalmyks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0012-0001", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Operations, Battle of the Caucasus\nOn 12 December, the division was incorporated into the 4th Guards Cavalry Corps, taking part in the fighting around Terekli-Mekteb. On 1 January 1943, the Northern Army Group of the Transcaucasian Front launched a counter-offensive. On 4 January, the 110th breached enemy lines at Achikulak. On 10 January, the division annihilated the defenders of the Orlovskaya and Praskovey fortified positions, capturing Budyonnovsk. Continuing its push, it covered the right flank of the 4th Guards Cavalry Corps. In the process, the division seized dozens of villages in the Ordzhonikidze Krai, Dagestan ASSR and Rostov Oblast, as well as the Zapadniy and Yashaltinskiy Uluses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0013-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Operations, Battle of the Caucasus\nIn late January 1943, the Soviet Union began reorganizing its divisions. Recruitment based on ethnicity was deemed to be too logistically complex and many national divisions were disbanded. On 27 January, the 110th Cavalry Division was disbanded and its personnel were split between various units within the 4th Guards Cavalry Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0014-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Accusations of collaboration\nAs early as the division's withdrawal from the Don, rumors began to spread that its personnel had turned to banditry, fled in the face of the enemy or outright defected. In November 1942, Kalmyk ASSR Communist Party First Secretary P. Lavrentiev sent Shadenko a series of letters accusing the staff of the 51st Army of spreading baseless and malicious rumors about the division. The rumors had an immediate effect on the treatment of ethnic Kalmyks by the Soviet military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0014-0001", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Accusations of collaboration\nIndividual commanders within the 51st and 28th Armies attempted to deport Kalmyk civilians from a 25-kilometre (16\u00a0mi) zone around the frontlines. Ethnic Kalmyks were likewise blamed for not evacuating their cattle in time and defecting into the collaborationist Kalmykian Cavalry Corps. The latter was formed in Germany during the spring of 1943 from Kalmyk men taken by the Germans as forced laborers and defectors among prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0015-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Accusations of collaboration\nMarshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov later cited reports about the alleged disintegration of the 110th Cavalry Division coming from the 37th and 51st Armies during a session of the State Defense Committee. Those reports are believed to have served as the catalyst behind the 27 December 1943 decision to deport Kalmyks to Siberia. Former soldiers of the 110th Cavalry Division were among the Kalmyks recalled from active service and deported to Siberia. Many of whom died in special settlements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006595-0015-0001", "contents": "110th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Accusations of collaboration\nA report issued by NKVD officer A. Leontiev accused the division of turning to banditry en masse and spreading defeatist rumors in their native republic. While there are records of a limited number of defections among the 110th Cavalry Division, both modern and Soviet historiography consider the accusations leveled against the division a myth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006596-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Regiment (United States, 1921\u20131940)\nThe 110th Cavalry Regiment was a regiment in the United States Army National Guard and was part of the Massachusetts Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006596-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Regiment (United States, 1921\u20131940), Interwar period\nConstituted 1 June 1921 in the Massachusetts National Guard as the 110th Cavalry, assigned to the 23rd Cavalry Division, and partially organized as follows-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 66], "content_span": [67, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006596-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Regiment (United States, 1921\u20131940), Interwar period\nReorganized 10 June 1937 and allotted to the National Guard of Massachusetts and Connecticut; concurrently Regimental Headquarters reorganized and federally recognized at West Hartford, Connecticut; remainder of regiment organized as follows-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 66], "content_span": [67, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006596-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Regiment (United States, 1921\u20131940), Interwar period\nRelieved from the 22nd Cavalry Division and assigned to the 21st Cavalry Division 1 April 1939. allotted to the Massachusetts National Guard 9 May 1940 and recognized as follows-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 66], "content_span": [67, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006596-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Regiment (United States, 1921\u20131940), Interwar period\nRelieved from the 21st Cavalry Division, converted and redesignated as the 180th Field Artillery Regiment (United States) 9 October 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 66], "content_span": [67, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006596-0005-0000", "contents": "110th Cavalry Regiment (United States, 1921\u20131940), Interwar period, Coat of arms\nThe Shield is yellow for cavalry. The crossed guidons are those reputed to have been presented by Governor Edward Everett to the National Lancers. the motto was also that of the National Lancers. the fleurs-de-lis represents service in France during World War I while the red mullet was the distinguishing symbol used by the 102nd machine Gun Battalion during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 80], "content_span": [81, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006597-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 110th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 3, 1939, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Governor Richard C. McMullen and Edward W. Cooch as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006597-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006597-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 110th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006597-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006597-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006598-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (\u2192\u200etop: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006598-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 110th Division (\u7b2c110\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuj\u016b Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Eagle Division (\u9df2\u5175\u56e3, Sagi Heidan). It was formed 16 June 1937 in Himeji as a B-class square division. The nucleus for the formation was the 10th division headquarters. It was originally subordinated to the Northern China Area Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006598-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\n10 July 1937 the 110th division departed Ujina port (Hiroshima), and landed in Tanggu District on 14 July 1937. In December 1937, the 110th division participated in fighting at Suzhou Creek, a part of the Battle of Shanghai. During that period, the division was mostly deployed on the north of Hebei province with the headquarters in Tianjin. In January 1938, the headquarters were moved to Baoding and zone of responsibility changed to the southern part of Hebei province. From April 1938, the division was further relocated to Shijiazhuang, mostly guarding the Beijing\u2013Guangzhou Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006598-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nAs Japanese forces were stretched thin, the 110th division participated in numerous and ultimately unsuccessful anti-guerilla operations against the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Communist Stronghold in North China. The 140th infantry regiment was transferred to 71st division in April\u2013May 1942, transforming the 110th division into a triangular division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006598-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nDuring Operation Ichi-Go in March 1944 the 110th division captured Luoyang, and from July 1944 was garrisoned there, operating under command of the 12th army. In April 1945, it also acted in the Battle of West Henan\u2013North Hubei. The division returned to Luoyang and Ye County, staying there until the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006598-0005-0000", "contents": "110th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nIn March 1946, the 110th division gathered in Shanghai. The first troops left Shanghai on 26 March 1946 and arrived at Fukuoka on 31 March 1946. The second batch departed from Shanghai on 29 March 1946 and arrived at Fukuoka on 2 April 1946. The next batch departed from Shanghai on 6 April 1946 and landed in Sasebo on 11 April 1946. The last parts of the division sailed off on 27 April 1946 and arrived at Fukuoka on 3 May 1946. The dissolution of the 110th division was complete by 9 September 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006599-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 110th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c110\u5e08) was created in February 1950 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 326th Division of Republic of China Army defected on September 19, 1949 during the Chinese Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006599-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1951 the division absorbed 4th Cavalry Division as preparation before entering Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006599-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn September the division moved into Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army. During its deployment to Korea the division was in charge of rear guards mission and the construction of Namsi Airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006599-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1952 the division was inactivated and merged with 107th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division\nThe 110th Guards Rifle Division was formed as an elite infantry division of the Red Army from  July into September 1943, based on the 5th Guards Rifle Brigade and the 7th Guards Rifle Brigade and was the third of a small series of Guards divisions formed on a similar basis. It would follow a very similar combat path to the 108th and 109th Guards Rifle Divisions and would serve well into the postwar era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division\nThe 110th joined the active Army on September 7 as part of 37th Army of Steppe Front during the advance through eastern Ukraine to the Dniepr River. Upon reaching this objective late in the month it helped to force a crossing southeast of Kremenchug following which nearly 30 of the division's personnel were made Heroes of the Soviet Union. By October 10 the bridgehead was well established and on the 15th the division began breaking out as part of 5th Guards Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0001-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division\nIn very short order in December and January 1944 the 110th Guards was awarded a divisional honorific, the Order of the Red Banner and the Order of Suvorov. During February it was transferred to the 49th Rifle Corps of 53rd Army; it would remain under this Army command for the duration of the war and this Corps for most of it. Along with the rest of 2nd Ukrainian Front it reached the border of Moldavia along the Dniestr River in early April but the advance soon stalled along this line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0001-0002", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division\nWhen a new offensive against the Axis forces began in August the 53rd Army played a secondary role and quickly advanced through Romania and into Hungary, reaching the border with Slovakia by December. Once Budapest fell in February 1945 the 110th Guards joined in the offensive which overran the latter country in March and April, during which its regiments received several decorations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0001-0003", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division\nAfter finishing the war with Germany near Prague it then moved with its Army to the far east, joining the 18th Guards Rifle Corps, and took part in the offensive into Manchuria, winning a second battle honor in the process although it saw little actual fighting. After the war it was moved with its Corps to western Siberia but was soon converted back to a Guards rifle brigade at Irkutsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nBy mid-1943 most of the Red Army's remaining rifle brigades were being amalgamated into rifle divisions as experience had shown this was a more efficient use of manpower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 5th Guards Rifle Brigade\nThis brigade began service as the 2nd formation of the 1st Airborne Brigade which had formed in Volkhov Front in February - March 1942. It was soon assigned to the 6th Guards Rifle Corps but largely remained in the Front reserves until July 30 when it began reforming as the 5th Guards Rifle Brigade far to the south in the Transcaucasus Military District. In August it was moved to the North Caucasus where it joined the 10th Guards Rifle Corps and it remained under this command until it was reformed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0003-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 5th Guards Rifle Brigade\nFor nearly a year it took part in battles against German Army Group A in the Caucasus region, eventually facing the defenses of 17th Army in the Kuban bridgehead in the early summer of 1943. In July it was removed to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command and sent to the Voronezh region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 7th Guards Rifle Brigade\nThe 7th Guards was formed from July 30 to August 10, 1942 from the 3rd formation of the 3rd Airborne Brigade in the Transcaucasus Military District and was immediately assigned to the 10th Guards Rifle Corps. By January 1943 it had reached the German defenses in the Taman Peninsula and for the next several months was involved in the costly and mostly futile battles of attrition for these powerful positions, during which it was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on March 31. In July it was also moved to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for rebuilding and reforming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0005-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 7th Guards Rifle Brigade\nOn August 3, 1943 the combined brigades officially became the 110th Guards in the 37th Army which was in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command; as they were already Guards formations there was no presentation of a Guards banner. Once the division completed its reorganization its non-standard order of battle was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0006-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 7th Guards Rifle Brigade\nThe division was placed under the command of Col. Mikhail Ivanovich Ogorodov who had previously served as deputy commanding officer of the 3rd Rifle Corps and had been appointed commander of the 7th Guards Brigade while it was in Reserve. It had considerably more artillery than a standard regular or Guards rifle division, close to that of a small rifle corps. (Its veterinary hospital also shared the same number with that of the 109th Guards.) When it joined the active army in September it was noted that 70 percent of its personnel were of several Asian nationalities while nearly all the remainder were Russian. The division did not inherit the Order of the Red Banner from the 7th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0007-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr\nAs of the beginning of September the 37th Army consisted of four rifle divisions (62nd Guards, 92nd Guards, 110th Guards and 53rd Rifle Division) all under command of 57th Rifle Corps. As the Red Army advanced through eastern Ukraine that month the Army was released from the Reserve of the Supreme High Command to reinforce Steppe Front (as of October 20 2nd Ukrainian Front). The Army began its offensive operation on September 24 along the approaches to the Dniepr in conjunction with the neighboring 53rd and 7th Guards Armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0008-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr\nSteppe Front was facing the German 8th Army and part of the 1st Panzer Army which at this time were withdrawing toward Kremenchug in order to cross the Dniepr and organize a defense on its right (west) bank. 37th Army was in the Front's second echelon and was tasked with seizing a bridgehead southeast of that city following initial crossings by 69th Army. This Army had been weakened in previous fighting and was disregarded as a threat by the German command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0008-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr\n37th Army's commander, Lt. Gen. M. N. Sharokhin, was ordered to force march to the 69th's sector and capture a bridgehead between Uspenskoye and Myshuryn Rih on September 27. For this purpose the Army was heavily reinforced from the 69th Army, including the 89th Guards Rifle Division and a great deal of artillery. As of September 25 the 110th Guards recorded a strength of 8,818 men; 490 light and 171 heavy machine guns; 75 82mm and 16 120mm mortars; 40 45mm antitank guns; 32 76mm cannons and 12 122mm howitzers. (The division's additional artillery assets are not included.) This was very similar to that of the other divisions in 57th Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0009-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr\nThe division comprised the Corps' second echelon and was ordered to concentrate in the Baranniki\u2013Zabegailovka\u2013Kovalenki area by 1600 hours on September 27, making ready to force the river. The forward detachments of the first echelon 62nd Guards and 92nd Guards had reached the Dniepr as early as 0200 hours that day while the 110th Guards was on the march northeast of Ozery, 15-20km from the river. The leading divisions were unable to immediately start crossing operations due to the absence of equipment and had to gather materials for rafts and other improvised means.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0009-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr\nGeneral Sharokhin and a group of staff officers soon arrived at Ozery and organized an auxiliary command post. 37th Army's crossing sector was 29km wide and the Army had a total of 1,204 guns and mortars available, although a significant number of these had fallen behind due to shortages of fuel. 57th Corps had about 655 guns and mortars available to support the crossings of the forward detachments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0009-0002", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr\nThe remnants of the German 106th and 39th Infantry Divisions, numbering about 4,500 officers and men with up to 200 machine guns and up to 160 guns and mortars, were withdrawing across the river near the village of Koleberda en route to taking up a 25km-wide defensive sector along the west bank. In addition elements of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer were operating on that bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0010-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr\nThe 62nd Guards was able to land two battalions beginning at the onset of darkness on the 27th, one on an island southwest of Soloshino and the other at a jetty north of Myshuryn Rih. At the same time the 92nd Guards attempted a crossing to another island south of Botsuly but this was discovered while still in mid-river; two pontoons were sunk by artillery fire and a third forced back which caused the crossing to be suspended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0010-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr\nBy the end of the day on September 28 the 62nd's 182nd Guards Rifle Regiment held a bridgehead 4-6km deep and 5-6km wide while the 184th Guards Regiment had also obtained a smaller but still substantial lodgement. The main goal of 37th Army on September 29-30 was to expand the existing bridgeheads, consolidate them, and repel increasingly powerful counterattacks. Overnight on September 28/29 the 110th Guards was committed from 57th Corps' second echelon to reinforce the 62nd Guards' bridgeheads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0010-0002", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr\nAs well various crossing equipment arrived with the Army, including 21 half-pontoons and 67 boats, both A-3 small inflatables and collapsible canvas-sided types. During the day elements of the 23rd Panzer Division began arriving in the Myshuryn Rih area. Overnight on September 29/30 the 92nd Guards' 282nd Guards Rifle Regiment was landed in the 62nd Guards bridgehead east of Deriivka, while the remainder of that division's own forces, apart from its artillery regiment, crossed as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0011-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr\nThe 110th Guards was directed to launch its main attack, after crossing, on Kutsevolovka and Ustimovka and occupy a line from Hill 158.4 to Yasinovatka and subsequently to take Ustimovka. Sharokhin was determined to have four divisions across the Dniepr by the end of September 29 holding a bridgehead 30km wide and 10km deep, but this was unrealistic. Since most of the available crossing equipment was in use by the 62nd Guards the division was delayed until 1700 hours, well behind schedule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0011-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr\nBy midnight two battalions of the 310th Guards Rifle Regiment and all three of the 313th Guards Regiment's battalions had entered the 62nd Guards' bridgehead, with the latter Regiment concentrating in the Koshikov ravine along the northern outskirts of Myshuryn Rih on the 62nd Guards' right flank. The 307th Guards Rifle Regiment and the divisional artillery remained on the east bank. Heavy fighting for the bridgehead began at dawn. 23rd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0011-0002", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr\nPanzer had been ordered to eliminate the foothold, and began with two attacks from 0500 to 0600 hours with up to a battalion of infantry backed by 20 tanks from the Nezamozhnik area. These attacks were beaten off by artillery and machine gun fire but a renewed effort from Kaluzhino at 1100 hours managed to break through with 15 tanks and 11 Sd.Kfz. 251 vehicles carrying infantry to the area of height 127.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0011-0003", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr\nA decisive counterattack drove these off but the 62nd Guards had to largely rely on its own resources; the 110th Guards was forced to be committed piecemeal and along several axes and without necessary artillery support. The 310th and 307th Guards Regiments reached Lake Liman and got into a battle for Deriivka while Sharokhin ordered the 313th Guards Regiment to move up to the northeastern outskirts of Myshuryn Rih to secure the Army's flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0012-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr\nFor October 1 the 92nd Guards and 110th Guards received orders to seize Deriivka and reach a line from the Pershe Travnya Collective Farm to Petrovka to Ploskoye. Meanwhile the 43rd Tank Regiment was directed to cross to the right bank overnight and to operate with the division to expand the bridgehead; it was able to convey nine T-34s before dawn. By this time the German defense included from 100-130 tanks with the arrival of lead elements of 3rd SS Panzergrenadier Division Totenkopf and Gro\u00dfdeutschland Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0012-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr\nDuring the morning the division finally completed its crossing and the 307th and 310th Guards Regiments were fighting for the southern part of Deriivka and Kutsevolovka; by day's end the division had captured the southeastern part of Deriivka, Hill 167.8 and Kutsevolovka. In addition the 313th Guards Regiment, in cooperation with the 30th Guards Airborne Regiment of the 10th Guards Airborne Rifle Division (82nd Rifle Corps), cleared Myshuryn Rih and reached its southern outskirts. Despite these gains the overall bridgehead remained much the same size due to ongoing counterattacks and the persistent shortage of crossing equipment and ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0013-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr, Battle for Height 177.0\nBy 1400 hours on October 2 the 43rd Tanks completed its crossing and assisted the 110th Guards in repelling two powerful counterattacks before advancing together up to 1000m and taking the line of heights from point 179.9 to point 192.7. General Sharokhin's first priority for the following day was to link up the lodgements of his 57th Corps and the 89th Guards. However, the German forces in the area south of Myshuryn Rih were now being reinforced with elements of the 6th Panzer Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0013-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr, Battle for Height 177.0\nDuring the day the 307th Guards Regiment was involved in fighting for Hill 158.4 and Guardsman Pavel Sergeevich Ponomaryov began his path toward becoming one of nearly 30 men of the division to be made Heroes of the Soviet Union. Serving as a gun layer on one of the Regiment's 45mm antitank guns he moved his gun to an open space when the advance was being held up a German heavy machine gun; with one shot he destroyed the position. Later that day, during a counterattack his fire destroyed a tank and an automobile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0013-0002", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr, Battle for Height 177.0\nOn October 7 the Regiment was counterattacked at height 177.0 by infantry supported by 10 tanks. After assisting other gunners in forcing the infantry to ground with the fire of fragmentation shells Ponomaryov set the lead tank on fire and knocked out two more at a range of 150m-200m, forcing the rest to retreat. On February 22, 1944 he was awarded the Gold Star and the Order of Lenin while he was in hospital, having been seriously wounded in both legs on October 26. He never returned to the front but continued to serve in the training establishment until 1976 when he retired with the rank of captain. He died at Tashkent in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0014-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr, Battle for Height 177.0\n37th Army had received more crossing equipment and overnight on October 3/4 began moving the 1st Mechanized Corps to the west bank; by morning all of 57th Corps, including artillery, was over as well. The Corps renewed the offensive along with 82nd Corps but they were unable to achieve any decisive success due to fierce resistance and numerous counterattacks. Units of the 110th Guards were involved in particularly heavy fighting. Despite this by day's end four ferry crossings to the bridgehead were operating regularly and its depth, now up to 8km, prevented aimed German artillery fire against them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0014-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr, Battle for Height 177.0\nOn the following night the division made an attack and occupied a line from height 118.1 to height 105.2 to height 177.0. Its officers and men acted boldly and decisively in this night action. Having broken into the trench line the Guardsmen killed 20 German soldiers in hand-to-hand combat and captured a gun. The commander of a platoon, Lieutenant Maslya, turned the weapon on the German troops and forced them to fall back. Although wounded, Maslya continued to lead his unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0015-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr, Battle for Height 177.0\nFor October 6 Sharokhin placed the priority on linking up with the 7th Guards Army's bridgehead and ordered the 57th Corps to hold its positions and pin down the German forces to prevent them from interfering with the main effort. During the next four days stubborn fighting continued along the 37th Army's front. On October 9 the action was particularly intense on the 110th Guards' sector, where the German forces undertook eight counterattacks in strength of one to two battalions of infantry supported by 8-12 tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0015-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr, Battle for Height 177.0\nIn bitter fighting and at heavy cost these attacks managed to push back elements of the division on individual sectors. The 307th Guards Rifle Regiment was pushed back on the night of October 8/9 to the area of height 177.0. This point was only seized when all its defenders were killed or wounded, but the struggle continued into the morning when a company of scouts and sappers from the Regiment's headquarters retook the height. During the afternoon a further costly attack put the position in German hands again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0016-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr, Battle for Height 177.0\nOn this day another man of the division earned the Gold Star of a Hero of the Soviet Union. Guardsman Gainansha Haydarshinovich Haydarshin was a section leader of the 117th Guards Sapper Battalion and during the day made no fewer than 27 boat crossings of the Dniepr carrying men, equipment and ammunition. On the last trip his boat was pierced by a mortar shell fragment and began to sink but he was able to repair it well enough to make the far bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0016-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr, Battle for Height 177.0\nAfter landing he joined the fighting on Hill 177.0 and knocked out a tank despite being injured by blast. His award was decreed on February 22, 1944 and his Gold Star was presented personally by Marshal G. K. Zhukov. Haydarshin was discharged from the Red Army the same month and returned to his native Bashkiria where he worked in agriculture until his retirement. He died on December 4, 2006 at the age of 95.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0016-0002", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of the Dniepr, Battle for Height 177.0\nDuring the next day it became clear that the German forces were exhausted and the Front commander, Col. Gen. I. S. Konev, ordered the 5th Guards Army to enter the Myshuryn Rih bridgehead and expand it in preparation for a planned breakout by 5th Guards Tank Army in the direction of Piatykhatky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0017-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine\nThe 110th Guards was transferred to 5th Guards Army later in the month after that Army crossed to the west bank and served into early November directly under Army control. The Kremenchug-Pyatikhatki Offensive began on October 15 when a dozen rifle divisions attacked out of the bridgehead and by the next day had torn open the left flank of 1st Panzer Army. On October 18 Piatykhatky was liberated, cutting the main railroads to Dnepropetrovsk and Kryvyi Rih, which was the obvious next objective. The lead elements of 2nd Ukrainian Front reached the outskirts of Kryvyi Rih but were counterattacked on the 27th by the XXXX Panzer Corps, driving them back some 32km and doing considerable damage to the Red Army formations in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0018-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Battles in the Dniepr Bend\nOn November 13 the 2nd Ukrainian Front gained several small bridgeheads on both sides of Cherkasy and quickly expanded the one north until it threatened to engulf the city and tear open the front of German 8th Army. Ten days later, with gaps in its front lines around the Cherkasy bridgehead and north of Kryvyi Rih, the chief of staff of that Army pleaded for permission to stage a general withdrawal but this was denied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0018-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Battles in the Dniepr Bend\nDuring November and the first three weeks of December Konev was content to fight a battle of attrition with the 1st Panzer and 8th Armies which he could better afford, gradually clearing the right bank of the Dniepr north to Cherkasy. As of December 1 the 110th Guards was in the 32nd Guards Rifle Corps of 5th Guards Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0019-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Battles in the Dniepr Bend\nOn December 6 the division was recognized for its role in the expansion of the Dniepr bridgehead and the liberation of the city of Aleksandria with its name as a battle honor. Just days later, on December 10 the 110th Guards was awarded the Order of the Red Banner in recognition of its role in this fighting, The Front was ordered over to the defensive on December 20 as replacements were absorbed by the fighting units and supplies were replenished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0019-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Battles in the Dniepr Bend\nOn January 5, 1944 it threw a powerful blow directly at the boundary between the 8th and 6th German Armies which broke through and swept northward, reaching nearly to Kirovograd in a matter of hours. The next day the attack swept north and south around the city, encircling the XXXXVII Panzer Corps, which was forced to break out and abandon the city on January 8. On the same date the division was decorated with the Order of Suvorov, 2nd Degree. Colonel Ogorodov was hospitalized due to illness on January 10 and was replaced by his deputy commander Col. Dmitrii Filippovich Sobolev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0020-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Battles in the Dniepr Bend\nAppalling freeze-and-thaw weather brought the offensive to a premature end on the 16th. On January 24 a Front reconnaissance-in-force hit a nearly 20km-wide stretch of 8th Army's line between Cherkasy and Kirovograd where there was no more than one infantryman for every 15 metres of front and penetrated deeply. This marked the start of the start of the encirclement battle of Korsun\u2013Cherkassy which continued until February 16 but did not involve 5th Guards Army or the 110th Guards directly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0021-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Advance to the Dniestr and First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nIn February the division was transferred to the 49th Rifle Corps in 53rd Army, and it would remain in this Army for the duration of the war. The Soviet spring offensive in the south began on March 4. 53rd Army was west of a line from Kirovograd to Cherkasy roughly in the center of its Front. Marshal Konev's first target was the city of Uman, which was taken on March 9, but two days earlier a secondary thrust by his left flank armies again struck the 6th Army/8th Army boundary. Within days the German forces were in full retreat toward the Southern Bug River, but the advance did not end there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 108], "content_span": [109, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0022-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Advance to the Dniestr and First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nBy April 1, after advancing through western Ukraine, 2nd Ukrainian Front was beginning to reach the Dniestr River. The 21st Guards Rifle Corps, supported on the left by 49th Corps, crossed the river on April 1 and 2 and began advancing against the 3rd Panzer Division's bridgehead defenses north of Susleni from the northeast and east. While this advance continued the 49th Corps attacked 3rd Panzer's right wing through April 4 and 5, with the 110th Guards and 1st Guards Airborne Rifle Divisions in first echelon and the 375th Rifle Division was in second echelon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 108], "content_span": [109, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0022-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Advance to the Dniestr and First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nSusleni was taken on April 7, which drove the panzer troops south to even stronger defenses. On the 11th the continued joint operation of the two Soviet Corps captured the town of Molovata on the west bank; this gave room for the 375th to be regrouped across the Dniestr and also rendered the bridgehead held by XXXX Panzer Corps north of the R\u0103ut River untenable. It was abandoned overnight on April 12/13, while the 49th Corps took over a sector from Furceni on the R\u0103ut to Holercani on the Dniestr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 108], "content_span": [109, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0023-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Advance to the Dniestr and First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nThe next objective for 53rd Army, commanded by Lt. Gen. I. M. Managarov, was the German bridgehead east of the Dniestr on the approaches to the cities of Dub\u0103sari and Grigoriopol. 49th Corps had begun this advance on March 31, but had then been diverted to the fighting on the west bank. On April 13, with all three of the Corps' divisions west of the river, supported by 25th Guards Rifle Division, the advance resumed with heavy attacks on the German 282nd Infantry Division on the Golerkani sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 108], "content_span": [109, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0023-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Advance to the Dniestr and First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nAfter two days of heavy fighting the German force withdrew southward to new defenses west of Dub\u0103sari, but also received reinforcements from the 10th Panzergrenadier Division and Corps Detachment \"F\" which contained the Soviet advance. By this time the divisions of 53rd Army had fewer than 5,000 personnel each, and on April 18 the Front command ordered the Army over to the defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 108], "content_span": [109, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0024-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Advance to the Dniestr and First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nThe same day Col. Ivan Adamovich Rotkevich took over command of the division from Colonel Sobolev who had taken over the 1st Guards Airborne Division; that officer would go on to become a Hero of the Soviet Union in April 1945. Colonel Rotkevich in turn was replaced by Col. Ivan Alekseevich Pigin on April 28 before Ogorodov returned on May 9, now with the rank of major general. On May 6 the 53rd Army received orders to take part in a new offensive on Chi\u0219in\u0103u that was to be primarily conducted by forces of 3rd Ukrainian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 108], "content_span": [109, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0024-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Advance to the Dniestr and First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\n49th Corps was to commit the 110th Guards to reinforce 26th Guards Rifle Corps as part of the Army's shock group, while the 375th and 1st Guards Airborne were to remain on the defense on the Army's front westward to south of Orhei. In the event, the defeat inflicted on the right flank forces of 2nd Ukrainian Front in the T\u00e2rgu Frumos area caused this offensive to be postponed and eventually cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 108], "content_span": [109, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0025-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Second Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nBy the beginning of June the 110th Guards was serving as a separate rifle division under direct Army control but a month later it returned to 49th Corps; as of August 1 the Corps contained only the 110th Guards and the 375th while the 1st Guards Airborne was serving separately. In the buildup to the Second Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive in early August the 53rd Army was regrouped out of the front line into Front reserves. 49th Corps was ordered to move from the Front's left flank to the center which required four daily marches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0025-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Second Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nThe plan called for the Army to be part of the exploitation force which would be released once the shock formations penetrated the German\u2013Romanian front. Once this occurred the Army was to advance in the general direction of Vaslui and Foc\u0219ani. The offensive opened on August 20, and on the next day at 1900 hours the 53rd began moving up to the positions that had been vacated by the advancing 52nd Army. The Army was then ordered to move to the area south of the road from Podu Iloaiei to Ia\u0219i overnight on August 22/23. In the following days minimal forces of the 53rd Army were committed to the reduction of the trapped Axis grouping while its main effort focused on Bucharest and the oilfields at Ploie\u0219ti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0026-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Hungarian Campaign\nFollowing its advance through Romania, on October 28 the left flank forces of 2nd Ukrainian Front, including 53rd Army, began an operation to defeat the German-Hungarian forces in and around Budapest. The main drive was carried out by 7th Guards and 46th Armies while the 53rd provided flank security. On October 29 the Army advanced up to 13km and reached the outskirts of Polg\u00e1r. By the morning of November 4 the 27th Army relieved the 53rd along the front from Polg\u00e1r to Tiszaf\u00fcred while it regrouped to force the Tisza River three days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0026-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Hungarian Campaign\nOn November 11 the Army's right flank corps began fighting for the southern outskirts of F\u00fczesabony; the town did not finally fall until the 15th after which General Managarov was ordered to develop the offensive in the direction of Verpel\u00e9t. By November 20 the 53rd reached the southeastern slopes of the M\u00e1tra Mountains between Gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s and Eger where the Axis forces were able to organize a powerful defense which brought the advance to a halt until November 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0027-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Hungarian Campaign\nAfter it resumed Jr. Lt. Anatolii Petrovich Vishnevskii earned a posthumous Gold Star as a Hero of the Soviet Union on November 28. In fighting for the village of Andornakt\u00e1lya on the outskirts of Eger the commander of Vishnevskii's battalion of the 307th Guards Rifle Regiment was killed and his deputy severely wounded. As the battalion Komsomol leader he took effective lead, renewed the attack and was the first man into the German trenches, killing three enemy soldiers in hand-to-hand combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0027-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Hungarian Campaign\nOn the outskirts of the village the battalion was attacked by an armored halftrack which was destroyed with grenades by Vishnevskii and one other man. Later, within the village itself, the battalion was held up by a German machine gun in a cellar; Vishnevskii crawled up to the position and threw a grenade but was mortally wounded in the chest in the process. Despite his wounds his next grenade destroyed the gun and its crew. He was buried in Eger and was decreed a Hero of the Soviet Union on April 28, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0027-0002", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Hungarian Campaign\nA school in his home city of Kharkiv was named in his honor. On December 16 the 307th Guards Regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Banner and the 247th Guards Cannon Artillery Regiment received the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 2nd Degree, for their roles in the fighting for Eger and Sziksz\u00f3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0028-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Hungarian Campaign, Advance into Slovakia\nBy this time the division had been assigned back to the 57th Rifle Corps along with the 1st Guards Airborne and the 228th Rifle Division. A new phase of the offensive began on December 5. 53rd Army occupied a line from Eger to L\u0151rinci facing units of the German 6th Army and the Hungarian 3rd Army. The assault began at 1015 hours following a brief but powerful artillery preparation and the Army was able to advance 2-4km on the first day despite facing defenses in mountainous terrain and the fighting continued through the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0028-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Hungarian Campaign, Advance into Slovakia\nIn the days following the Army was only able to advance with its left-flank units and by December 9 was stalled along a line from Eger to Gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s. The next phase involved completing the encirclement of Budapest and began on December 10 but again the 53rd Army advanced very little until Pliyev's Cavalry-Mechanized Group rolled up the German/Hungarian defense from the \u0160ahy area in the general direction of Szoldiny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0029-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Hungarian Campaign, Advance into Slovakia\nOn December 14 Plyiev was ordered to attack in the direction of Kisterenye in conjunction with 53rd Army advancing toward P\u00e1szt\u00f3. This made only modest progress and on December 18 General Managarov was directed to relieve Plyiev's Group to enable it to regroup for a new assignment. The next day the Army was tasked with reaching a line from Ve\u013ek\u00fd Krt\u00ed\u0161 to Nemce to \u017deliezovce. The left-flank forces of 2nd Ukrainian Front attacked at 1000 hours on December 20 but on the first day the 53rd Army made only local advances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0029-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Hungarian Campaign, Advance into Slovakia\nBy December 29 it had reached a front from Kutas to Sz\u00e9cs\u00e9ny to Balassagyarmat. The encirclement of Budapest had been completed on December 26, and as of January 1, 1945 the 110th Guards had returned to 49th Rifle Corps where it joined with the 375th Rifle Division. Under this command the division played little direct role in the siege of Budapest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0030-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Hungarian Campaign, Advance into Slovakia\nPrior the defeat of the German Operation Spring Awakening in mid-March, mainly by 3rd Ukrainian Front, the 2nd Ukrainian Front renewed its advance into Czechoslovakia with 53rd Army roughly in the center of the Front. At this time it was noted that the personnel of the 110th Guards were roughly 67 percent Russian of the 1926-27 year groups, making a very young cadre, while most of the remainder were of Ukrainian nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0030-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Hungarian Campaign, Advance into Slovakia\nUnits of the Army liberated Bansk\u00e1 \u0160tiavnica on March 7 and in recognition for their roles the 310th Guards Rifle Regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Banner while the 313th Guards Regiment received the Order of Kutuzov, 3rd Degree, both on April 5. On April 19 General Ogorodov was directed to attend the K. \u0415. Voroshilov Higher Military Academy and he was replaced the next day by Col. Aleksandr Ivanovich Malchevskii who had just completed studies at the same institution. Following the German surrender, on May 17 the 307th Guards Regiment was presented with the Order of Suvorov, 3rd Degree, for its role in the liberation of Kom\u00e1rno, Vr\u00e1ble and other Slovakian towns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0031-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Manchurian Campaign and Postwar\n53rd Army was selected for transfer to the far east for the campaign against the Japanese Kwantung Army in Manchuria, largely due to its experience in fighting through the Carpathian Mountains during 1944-45. On July 8 Hero of the Soviet Union Maj. Gen. Grigorii Arkhipovich Krivolapov took over command of the division from Colonel Malchevskii. After crossing the continent via the Trans-Siberian Railway it joined the Transbaikal Front; by the beginning of August the 110th Guards was in the 18th Guards Rifle Corps, which also contained the 109th Guards Rifle and 1st Guards Airborne Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0032-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Manchurian Campaign and Postwar\nThe Soviet operation began on August 9 but 53rd Army was in the Front's second echelon and remained in assembly areas in Mongolia until the second day when it began crossing the border in the tracks of 6th Guards Tank Army. The commander of Japanese 3rd Area Army had already ordered those of his forces not already cut off to withdraw to defend north and south of Mukden. The advance largely became a challenge to overcome the narrow roads and mountain passes of the Greater Khingan range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0032-0001", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Manchurian Campaign and Postwar\nThe Army accomplished this and on August 15 moved into the yawning gap between the 17th Army and 6th Guards Tanks with the objective to secure Kailu. The advance was unhindered and on September 1 the 53rd Army occupied Kailu, Chaoyang, Fuxin and Gushanbeitseifu while forward detachments reached the Chinchou area on the Gulf of Liaotung. In recognition of this victory the 110th Guards was awarded the honorific \"Khingan\" later that month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006600-0033-0000", "contents": "110th Guards Rifle Division, Manchurian Campaign and Postwar\nWith this final addition the soldiers of the division shared the official title 110th Guards Rifle, Aleksandria-Khingan, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov Division. (Russian: 110-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0425\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f.) 53rd Army was disbanded in October and in 1946 the 18th Guards Corps was transferred to the West Siberian Military District and headquartered at Omsk although the 110th was stationed at Irkutsk. In June 1946 it was converted to the 16th Guards Rifle Brigade and its successors continued to serve into the late 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006601-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 110th Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006601-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 110th Illinois Infantry was organized at Anna, Illinois, and mustered in for three years service on September 11, 1862, under the command of Colonel Thomas S. Casey. The regiment was recruited in Franklin, Hamilton, Jefferson, Perry, Washington, Wayne, and Williamson counties. Following its defense of the \"Round Forest\" (or \"Hell's Half-Acre\") with Hazen's Brigade in the Battle of Stones River, the regiment was consolidated into a battalion of four companies on orders dated May 7, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006601-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 19th Brigade, 4th Division, II Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Left Wing, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XXI Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to May 1863. Unattached, XXI Corps to October 1863. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIV Corps, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006601-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 110th Illinois Infantry mustered out of service on June 5, 1865, and was discharged at Chicago, Illinois, on June 15, 1865. Recruits to the regiment were transferred to the 60th Illinois Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006601-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Louisville, Kentucky, September 23\u201325, 1862. Pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1\u201322, 1862. Battle of Perryville, October 8. Danville October 11. Pursuit to London October 11\u201322. Wild Cat Mountain, near Crab Orchard and Big Rockcastle River October 15\u201316. Mt. Vernon October 16. Wild Cat October 17. March to Nashville, Tennessee, October 22-November 7. Duty there until December 26. Advance on Murfreesboro December 26\u201330. Stewart's Creek December 27. Battle of Stones River December 30\u201331, 1862 and January 1\u20133, 1863. At Murfreesboro and Readyville until June. Woodbury January 24. Expedition to Woodbury April 2\u20136. Regiment consolidated May 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006601-0004-0001", "contents": "110th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nTullahoma Campaign June 24-July 7. Near Bradysville June 24. Occupation of middle Tennessee until August 16. Passage of the Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River and Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22. Lee and Gordon's Mills September 11\u201313. Battle of Chickamauga September 19\u201320. Skirmishes before Chattanooga September 22\u201326. Siege of Chattanooga September 24-November 23. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob November 23. Tunnel Hill November 24\u201325. Missionary Ridge November 25. Pursuit to Graysville November 26\u201327. March to relief of Knoxville November 28-December 18. At North Chickamauga and McAffee's Church until May 1864. Demonstration on Dalton, Georgia, February 22\u201327.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006601-0004-0002", "contents": "110th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nTunnel Hill, Buzzard's Roost Gap, and Rocky Faced Ridge February 23\u201325. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Tunnel Hill May 6\u20137. Demonstrations on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Guard trains of the army until July 20. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations in northern Georgia and northern Alabama against Hood September 29-November 3. March to the Sea November 15-December 10. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Carolinas Campaign January to April 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006601-0004-0003", "contents": "110th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAverysboro, Taylor's Hole Creek, North Carolina, March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Virginia, April 29-May 19. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006601-0005-0000", "contents": "110th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 228 men during service; 1 officer and 13 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 212 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006602-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 110th Infantry division of German Army (Wehrmacht) was formed in April 1940 in L\u00fcneburg under the 11. Armee and was commanded by Generalleutnant Ernst Seifert. Until June 1941 and the commencement of Operation Barbarossa on the 22nd day of that month, it was stationed in Poland. It fought on the Eastern Front as part of Army Group Centre, VI Corps and had, by the end of the war, nine Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross holders, four of whom received their awards in November 1943. The division was destroyed by Soviet forces in July 1944. The division itself consisted of three infantry regiments and an artillery regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006603-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 110th Infantry Regiment is a regiment of the United States Army. Its legacy unit, 1st Battalion, 110th Infantry, is a subordinate command of 2nd Brigade, 28th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006603-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe regiment served with the 55th Infantry Brigade, 28th Infantry Division from September 1917 \u2013 May 1919, and from 1921\u201324.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006603-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nIn June 2016, 1st Battalion-110th Infantry Regiment deployed to Jordan, UAE, and Kuwait to train their forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006604-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Information Operations Battalion\nThe 110th Information Operations Field Support Battalion is an information operations battalion of the United States Army and the Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006604-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Information Operations Battalion, 110th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe predecessor 110th Field Artillery Regiment was constituted December 28, 1915, in the Maryland National Guard as a Light Artillery Battery. Organized from Plattsburgh graduates and mustered into state service December 29, 1915, at Baltimore. Mustered into Federal service July 5, 1916; mustered out of Federal service October 6, 1916. Expanded April\u2013July 1917 to form Batteries A, B, and C, Maryland Field Artillery. Drafted into Federal service 5 August 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006604-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Information Operations Battalion, 110th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe regiment was consolidated September 18, 1917, with National Guard units from Maryland and the District of Columbia to form the 112th Field Artillery and assigned to the 29th Division. Redesignated November 27, 1917, as the 110th Field Artillery and remained assigned to the 29th Division. Demobilized June 4, 1919, at Camp Lee, Virginia. Reorganized and Federally recognized March 31, 1925, in the Maryland National Guard as the 110th Field Artillery, with headquarters at Pikesville, and assigned to the 29th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006604-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Information Operations Battalion, 110th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe regiment was inducted into Federal service February 3, 1941, at home stations. Regiment broken up February 28, 1942, and its elements reorganized and redesignated as follows: 1st and 2d Battalions as the 110th and 224th Field Artillery Battalions, respectively, elements of the 29th Infantry Division (remainder of regiment disbanded). 110th Field Artillery Battalion inactivated January 6, 1946, at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey. Reorganized and Federally recognized November 25, 1946, with headquarters at Pikesville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006604-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Information Operations Battalion, 110th Field Artillery Regiment\n224th Field Artillery Battalion inactivated January 16, 1946, at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey. Reorganized and Federally recognized November 25, 1946, with headquarters at Pikesville. Headquarters, 110th Field Artillery (reconstituted August 25, 1945, in the Maryland National Guard) and the 110th and 224th Field Artillery Battalions consolidated March 1, 1959, to form the 110th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st, 2d, and 3d Howitzer Battalions, elements of the 29th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006604-0005-0000", "contents": "110th Information Operations Battalion, 110th Field Artillery Regiment\nReorganized March 1, 1963, to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions, elements of the 29th Infantry Division. Reorganized January 21, 1968, to consist of the 2d Battalion, an element of the 28th Infantry Division. Redesignated May 1, 1972, as the 110th Field Artillery. Reorganized April 1, 1975, to consist of the 2d Battalion, an element of the 58th Infantry Brigade. Reorganized July 1, 1986, to consist of the 2d Battalion, an element of the 29th Infantry Division. Withdrawn June 1, 1989, from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006604-0006-0000", "contents": "110th Information Operations Battalion, 110th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 2nd Battalion, 110th Field Artillery was disbanded on August 8, 2009. The heritage of the 2nd Battalion and the regiment as a whole was carried on by the 110th Information Operations Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006604-0007-0000", "contents": "110th Information Operations Battalion, 110th Information Operations Field Support Battalion\n110th Information Operations (IO) Field Support Battalion (FSB) was federally recognized as an organization on April 1, 2008. Following the inactivation of the 2d Battalion, 110th Field Artillery Regiment, the 110th IO FSB was given the honor to carry the 2d Battalion 110th Field Artillery lineage which dates back to World War I. The 110th IO FSB was designed to provide trained, deployable, culturally aware, and regionally focused information operations teams to perform tactical strategic-theater IO tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006604-0008-0000", "contents": "110th Information Operations Battalion, 110th Information Operations Field Support Battalion\nThe unit's higher operational headquarters appears to be the 56th Theater Information Operations Group, Washington Army National Guard. Led by Army Lt. Col. Richard Amott, 110th IO commander, and Army Command Sgt. Maj. Kimberly Mendez, 110th IO command sergeant major, within the state of Maryland, as of Nov. 1, 2011, the battalion has been reorganized from under the 29th Combat Aviation Brigade in Edgewood, Md. to the 58th Expeditionary Military Intelligence Brigade in Towson, Md.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006604-0009-0000", "contents": "110th Information Operations Battalion, 110th Information Operations Field Support Battalion, Mission\nThe mission of the 110th IO is to conduct tactical through strategic level Information Operations in support of global military operations by training and deploying culturally aware and regionally focused IO teams IOT defeat adversary information operations and gain information superiority in the information environment; or, be prepared to conduct limited, approved IO tasks in support of state and local authorities during governor-declared state emergencies and provide support to restore civil order, as directed by the governor and the adjutant general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006604-0010-0000", "contents": "110th Information Operations Battalion, 110th Information Operations Field Support Battalion, Mission\nIn support of its federal mission, the 110th IO FSB has deployed many field support team (FST) since its activation, to multiple areas, providing IO operations to the active duty force. The battalion's motto, \u201cInformatio Dominatus Orbis Terrarum\u201d meaning \u201cInformation Dominates the World\u201d reaffirms the full spectrum of strategic planning across a range of military operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006604-0011-0000", "contents": "110th Information Operations Battalion, 110th Information Operations Field Support Battalion, Deployments & Activations\nThe 110th IO FSB deployed its first four-man FST on December 10, 2010, in support of a Special Operation Command - Joint Task Force in Afghanistan. On October 6, 2011, the 110th IO FSB deployed its first five-man IO FST to the Horn of Africa (HOA). The mission is an enduring mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 119], "content_span": [120, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006604-0012-0000", "contents": "110th Information Operations Battalion, 110th Information Operations Field Support Battalion, Deployments & Activations\nIn support of their domestic mission, the 110th IO FSB was awarded the Maryland Outstanding Unit Ribbon for their outstanding support from April 30, 2015, to May 4, 2015, to the Maryland State and Baltimore law enforcement during the 2015 Baltimore protests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 119], "content_span": [120, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006604-0013-0000", "contents": "110th Information Operations Battalion, 110th Information Operations Field Support Battalion, Deployments & Activations\nThe 110th IO FSB activated 59 Soldiers in support of \u201cOperation Baltimore Rally\u201d to assist local law enforcement with peacekeeping operations to restore and sustain good order. This was the second activation of the Maryland National Guard on this large of a scale since the Baltimore riot of 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 119], "content_span": [120, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006604-0014-0000", "contents": "110th Information Operations Battalion, 110th Information Operations Field Support Battalion, Deployments & Activations\nThe 110th IO FSB was deployed to various locations throughout the city of Baltimore. The soldiers performed various missions from complex staff functions to guarding Baltimore City Hall, Mondawmin Mall, and the Baltimore Police Station in District 12. Soldiers were tasked as Task Force Chesapeake staff operating out of the Fifth Regiment Armory in Baltimore Maryland and the remaining soldiers were assigned to protect and defend Baltimore City Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 119], "content_span": [120, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006604-0015-0000", "contents": "110th Information Operations Battalion, Campaign Participation Credit\nBattery A (Westminster), 2d Battalion, additionally entitled to: World War I", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006604-0016-0000", "contents": "110th Information Operations Battalion, Campaign Participation Credit\nDecorations: French Croix de Guerre with Palm, World War II, Streamer embroidered BEACHES OF NORMANDY (110th and 224th Field Artillery Battalions cited; DA GO 43, 1950) Headquarters Battery (Pikesville) and Battery C (Pikesville), 2d Battalion, each additionally entitled to: Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army); Streamer embroidered EUROPEAN THEATER (Service Battery, 110th Field Artillery Battalion, cited; GO 66, 29th Infantry Division, 26 February 1945; Service Battery, 224th Field Artillery Battalion, cited; GO 97, 29th Infantry Division, 16 March 1945)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006604-0017-0000", "contents": "110th Information Operations Battalion, Coat of arms\nShield: Parti per chevron gules and paly of six pieces, or and sable, a bend counter-changed, in chief a garland of the second, the dexter half laurel the sinister oak. Crest: That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Maryland Army National Guard: On a wreath of the colors, or and gules, a cross bottony per cross quarterly gules and argent. Motto: Sicut Quercus (As the Oak).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006604-0017-0001", "contents": "110th Information Operations Battalion, Coat of arms\nSymbolism: The red color on the shield indicates the arm of service, the wreath symbolizes participation in World War I and is divided per pale, the dexter half showing laurel leaves symbolizing achievement, and the sinister half, oak leaves in allusion to the beautiful grove of oak leaves in which an armory of the regiment was located. The Calvert arms in the base are from the shield of the state of Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 110th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, (110th LAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the British Army during World War II. Initially raised as an infantry battalion of the Dorsetshire Regiment in 1940, it transferred to the Royal Artillery in 1942. It served with 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division in Normandy (Operation Overlord) and through the campaign in North West Europe until VE Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 7th (Garrison) Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment\nThe unit was originally formed on 10 May 1940 at Bletchingley, Surrey, as 7th (Garrison) Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment. As a designated Garrison battalion, the 7th does not appear to have been assigned to any field force or home defence formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 99], "content_span": [100, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 7th (Garrison) Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment\nAt the end of 1941 the battalion was selected to be retrained in the light anti-aircraft (LAA) role equipped with Bofors 40 mm guns: on 1 January 1942 it transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) as 110th LAA Regiment, comprising Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) and 360, 361 and 362 LAA Batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 99], "content_span": [100, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nThe new regiment was originally part of Anti- Aircraft Command, but left in February before it was allocated to a brigade, and instead it joined 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division on 23 March 1942; it would stay with this formation (alongside two infantry battalions of the Dorsets) for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Overlord training\n43rd (W) Division was stationed in Kent at this time, and as part of XII Corps was training hard for eventual deployment overseas. By July 1943 it was included in 21st Army Group for the planned Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0005-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Overlord training\nOn 14 March 1944 the regiment's three batteries were augmented to a strength of four Troops each when 58 LAA Bty of 50th LAA Rgt joined and was broken up to form 30\u201332 Trps. This brought the establishment of Bofors guns up to 72, but before D Day many divisional LAA regiments exchanged some of their Bofors for multiple-barrelled 20 mm guns (usually Oerlikons or Polstens). Normally half the Bofors troops operated self-propelled (SP) guns. Tactically, 110th LAA Rgt was usually distributed with one SP troop attached to each of the infantry brigade groups:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0006-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\n43rd (W) Division moved into its concentration area in Sussex round Battle, Hastings and Rye by 6 April. D Day for Overlord was 6 June, and on 13 June the division began moving to the embarkation ports. Disembarkation was delayed by bad weather, but the bulk of the division was concentrated north of Bayeux by 24 June with VIII Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0007-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nThe division was committed to its first action in the Battle of the Odon (Operation Epsom) starting on 26 June. The object as to follow 15th (Scottish) Division's advance and then secure the captured objectives in 'Scottish Corridor'. However, this entailed some heavy fighting for the infantry against a Panzer counter-attack on 27 June, an attack cross open cornfields on 28 June and an advance under fire to ford the River Odon and dig in on 29 June. A German counter-attack against them in the evening was destroyed by the divisional artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0007-0001", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nSince the Allies had achieved air superiority over the beachhead, there was little call for AA defence, and AA units became increasingly used to supplement the divisional artillery to support ground operations. LAA units fired tracer to guide night attacks onto their objectives, and the Bofors guns were much in demand for infantry support. They could give useful close-range fire to help infantry working from cover to cover in the bocage; the Bofors' rapid fire was good for suppressing enemy heavy weapons, the 40 mm round's sensitive percussion fuze providing an airburst effect among trees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0007-0002", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nIt was also used for 'bunker-busting', though the lack of protection made the gun detachment vulnerable to return fire. LAA units also provided 'refuge strips' for Air Observation Post aircraft spotting for the field guns: a Bofors troop deployed with Local Warning radar and ground observers could alert the pilot to the presence of enemy aircraft and provide protection for him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0008-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nThe division's first major offensive action of its own was Operation Jupiter, to take Hill 112, which had been briefly captured by British armour during 'Epsom' but had to be abandoned. The attack on 10 July was supported by all the divisional artillery and mortars, plus the artillery of adjacent divisions. It was supposed to break through and seize bridgeheads over the River Orne, but the massive barrage stunned but failed to suppress the defenders from  10th SS Panzer Division. When the Wessex infantry went forward they came under heavy fire as they fought their way up the slopes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0008-0001", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nThe fighting drew in all the reserves until 5th Battalion Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry (DCLI) was the last uncommitted battalion. It attacked up the slopes of Hill 112, described as 'one of the most tragic acts of self-sacrifice in the entire North West European Campaign'. Launched at 20.30 towards 'The Orchard' on the crest of the hill, and supported by a squadron of tanks and all available guns, including the Bofors of 110th LAA Rgt, the attack reached the orchard, but could get no further.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0008-0002", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nThe DCLI  held out through the night but by mid-afternoon on 11 July all the anti-tank guns on the hill had been knocked out, the tanks had to retire to the reverse slope, and the defence was almost over. When the order was given to withdraw some 60 survivors of 5th DCLI were brought down. Both sides remained dug in on the slopes, with the hilltop left in No man's land. The division had to hold its positions under mortar fire for another 10 days, described by the commander of 214th Bde as comparable only 'to the bombardment at Passchendaele'. This defence was followed by a final set-piece attack, Operation Express, which succeeded in capturing Maltot on 22 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0009-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nAfter a short rest 43rd (W) Division moved to XXX Corps to launch an attack towards the dominating height of Mont Pin\u00e7on as part of Operation Bluecoat. Casualties were heavy, particularly from mines, and the advance was slow. After a succession of pre-dawn attacks, the division was still 4 miles (6.4\u00a0km) from Mont Pin\u00e7on on 5 August. In the end the hill fell to a surprise attack by a few tanks on the evening of 6 August. By daybreak the summit was firmly held by tanks and infantry, despite heavy German bombardment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0010-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\n43rd (W) Division then participated in XXX Corps' pursuit of the broken enemy, many of whom were caught in the Falaise pocket. The main opposition came from mortars and booby-trapped mines. 110th LAA Regiment's commanding officer, Lt-Col Oscar Dent, TD, was killed on 18 August and was succeeded by Lt-Col F.S. Cowan, who commanded the regiment until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0011-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Seine crossing\nThe breakout achieved, XXX Corps drove flat out for the River Seine (Operation Loopy), with 43rd (W) Division sent ahead to make an assault crossing at Vernon. The division had to move in three groups at specific times to cross a road that was also being used by US troops. The AA elements of the groups were arranged as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 103], "content_span": [104, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0012-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Seine crossing\nGroup One arrived at Vernon on the afternoon of 25 August, ready to begin the assault crossing that evening. Parties of infantry struggled across by stormboat and amphibious vehicle, and by using the broken bridges, to establish bridgeheads by morning. This was followed by two days of bitter fighting as the defenders counter-attacked the bridgeheads and shelled the bridging sites. On 28 August the armour began to cross in numbers. The Luftwaffe had been unable to intervene, having suffered a heavy defeat at the end of the Normandy campaign and been forced to reposition to airfields further back. After the Seine crossing, 43rd (W) Division was 'grounded' while the rest of XXX Corps raced across northern France and Belgium. 100th AA Brigade then moved up to defend the Seine crossings, including that at Vernon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 103], "content_span": [104, 923]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0013-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Market Garden\nWhen 43rd (W) Division next moved, the war was now 250 miles (400\u00a0km) away. The first elements moved up to Brussels to protect headquarters, then the division concentrated at Diest to take part in Operation Market Garden, beginning on 17 September. In 'Garden', the ground part of the operation, XXX Corps was to link up river crossings as far as the Nederrijn at Arnhem via a 'carpet' of airborne troops. 43rd (W) Division was to follow Guards Armoured Division, carrying out assault crossings if any of the bridges were found to be destroyed, and guarding the 'corridor' to Arnhem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 112], "content_span": [113, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0013-0001", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Market Garden\nThe advance up the only road ('Club Route') was slow but on 21 September 43rd (W) Division caught up with the Guards at Nijmegen. Further progress was blocked by strong German forces, and 1st Airborne Division holding out at Arnhem was in a desperate plight. 43rd (W) Division fought its way through to the Nederrijn, with the road behind being frequently cut by German tanks. During the night of 23/24 September the division ferried a few reinforcements across to 1st Airborne, but another assault crossing on the night of 24/25 September suffered heavy casualties and few supplies were got across.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 112], "content_span": [113, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0013-0002", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Market Garden\nBy now 1st Airborne had been effectively destroyed, and the only course now was to evacuate the survivors. This was carried out on 25/26 September, a dark night with heavy rain. The whole divisional artillery opened up at 21.00, with tracer fired by 110th LAA Rgt marking the flanks of the crossings while the sappers crossed and recrossed the river in stormboats ferrying around 2300 exhausted survivors of 1st Airborne back to the south bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 112], "content_span": [113, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0014-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Market Garden\nIn the aftermath of Market Garden, 43rd (W) Division was stationed on 'The Island' (between the Rivers Waal and Nederrijn), fighting off some serious counter-attacks in early October. Further back the vital bridges at Nijmegen came under air attack, but their defence was handled by 100th AA Bde, while divisional LAA regiments protected their own field gun positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 112], "content_span": [113, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0015-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Clipper\n43rd (W) Division was relieved on 10 November and then shifted east with XXX Corps to cooperate with the Ninth US Army by capturing the Geilenkirchen salient in Operation Clipper. This entailed breaching the Siegfried Line defences and capturing a string of fortified villages. For two nights before the attack the divisional machine gun (MG) battalion laid down a heavy harassing fire programme of MGs and mortars on the opposing positions, augmented by tank and anti-tank guns, and the AA guns of 110th LAA Rgt \u2013 a forerunner of the later 'Pepperpot' (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0015-0001", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Clipper\nThe division's attack was launched on 18 November and after bitter fighting Geilenkirchen was surrounded by nightfall. After driving off some counter-attacks byPanzers during the night, the division captured the town next day. But thereafter heavy rain turned the whole battlefield into mud and guns could not be moved, while the infantry struggled to consolidate their positions under heavy shellfire from the Siegfried Line guns. By 22 November any further advance was impossible due to the waterlogged state of the country, which then had to be defended in conditions resembling the worst of the Western Front in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0016-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Clipper\nPlanning was under way to renew the offensive when the Germans attacked in the Ardennes (the Battle of the Bulge) on 16 December. 43rd (W) Division was positioned to counter-attack should the Germans cross the Meuse (Dutch: Maas) but was not needed. When the Luftwaffe launched its Operation Bodenplatte against Allied airfields on 1 January 1945, GHQ AA Troops for 21st Army Group reported that '40 mm LAA had the time of its life'. 110th LAA Regiment shot down six aircraft on that day, including one Messerschmitt Me 262 jet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0017-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Rhineland\nOnce the German Ardennes Offensive had been halted, 43rd (W) Division returned to the offensive in early 1945 in Operation Blackcock to reduce the Roer Triangle. The advance was supported by massive artillery concentrations, supplemented by 43rd (W) Division's 'Pepperpots', involving 110th LAA Rgt's Bofors guns, as well as MGs, mortars and tank guns. However, further exploitation was prevented by bad weather. The division then fought through the month-long battle of the Reichswald (Operation Veritable).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 98], "content_span": [99, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0017-0001", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Rhineland\nThis was also launched before dawn on 8 February with a massive bombardment: 'The night was lit by flashes of every colour and the tracer of the Bofors guns weaved patterns in the sky. It was light enough to read a book'. The divisional objective was to follow 15th (S) Division's advance and then pass through to capture Kleve. However, the main roads were blocked, the minor roads flooded, and a huge traffic jam of wheeled vehicles resulted. For much of the battle only tracked or amphibious vehicles could be used beyond Kleve and the guns were immobile. On 16 February 43rd (W) Division broke through to the Goch escarpment and on 8 March it entered Xanten on the Rhine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 98], "content_span": [99, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0018-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Plunder\nAlthough 43rd (W) Division was not scheduled to take part in the assault crossing of the Rhine  (Operation Plunder), 110th LAA Rgt played a full part with the other follow-up divisions' LAA units in the 'Pepperpot'. This was a bombardment by massed LAA and A/T guns, machine guns and mortars of all calibres to saturate the enemy positions in front of the assaulting infantry, while the field and medium artillery concentrated on specific targets. The LAA units also fired lines of tracer to guide the amphibious vehicles across the wide river in the dark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0019-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Plunder\nBy this stage of the war divisional LAA regiments had started to receive quadruple 0.5-inch Browning machine guns on SP mountings (the M51 Quadmount) in place of a proportion of their Bofors guns, to improve their capability against 'snap' attacks by the new German jet fighter-bombers. Under this arrangement a troop comprised four SP or towed Bofors and two quadruple SP Brownings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0020-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Plunder\nThe division's leading brigade crossed the river on 25 March behind 51st (Highland) Division, and found itself in immediate combat, but had broken through by 29 March. During the subsequent pursuit, 43rd (W) Division was given the task of opening 'Club Route' for XXX Corps. The division combined with 8th Armoured Brigade to form five battle groups for the first 25 miles (40\u00a0km) drive. The advance began on 30 March: after initial traffic jams, the groups either overcame or bypassed German rearguards and  Lochem was liberated on 1\u20132 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0020-0001", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Plunder\nThe division was then given the task of taking Hengelo to secure the flank while Guards Armoured Division drove for the Dortmund\u2013Ems Canal; 43rd (W) by-passed the end of the Twente Canal and liberated the town. It then moved back into Germany to capture Cloppenburg on 14 April after a stiff fight and fight off a final counter-attack next day. During these advances the Luftwaffe attacked bridging sites, artillery positions and road movements. For the divisional LAA guns most of these involved 'snap' actions, against low-flying attackers using cloud cover, and often using jet aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0021-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Plunder\nThe pursuit continued through April and ended with the division's capture of Bremen against spasmodic opposition and XXX Corps' drive into the Cuxhaven peninsula. The number of Luftwaffe attacks on the advancing divisions peaked in the last week of the war before the German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath came on 4 May. That night 110th LAA Rgt lit up the sky with tracer fire, and hostilities ended at 08.00 next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006605-0022-0000", "contents": "110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 110th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Plunder\nThe division's units were then employed as occupation forces in XXX Corps' district in Germany. The regiment was serving in British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) when it began to disband on 1 March 1946, completing the process by 6 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006606-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Mahratta Light Infantry\nThe 110th Mahratta Light Infantry were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. The regiment traces their origins to 1797, when they were raised as the 2nd Battalion, 5th (Travancore) Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006606-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Mahratta Light Infantry\nThe regiments first saw action during the Mysore wars being involved on the Third Anglo-Mysore War and the Battle of Seedaseer and the Battle of Seringapatam in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. They were then used in the punitive expedition in the Beni Boo Ali campaign in 1821, against the pirates in Eastern Arabia and the Persian Gulf. The regiment was involved in the Siege of Kahun next during the First Afghan War. The annexation of the Punjab was next during the Second Anglo-Sikh War. Their next action was in China in the Second Opium War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006606-0001-0001", "contents": "110th Mahratta Light Infantry\nThey returned to Afghanistan again to participate in the Second Afghan War, their last conflict in the 19th century was the annexation of Burma in the Second Burmese War. In World War I the regiment was attached to the 6th (Poona) Division in the Mesopotamian campaign. After a string of earlier successes, the 6th Division was delivered a setback at the Battle of Ctesiphon and forced to withdrew back to Kut. The Siege of Kut began and after a lengthy siege surrendered in April 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006606-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Mahratta Light Infantry\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. In 1922, the 110th Mahratta Light Infantry became the 3rd Battalion 5th Mahratta Light Infantry. After independence they were one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006606-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Mahratta Light Infantry, Sources\nThis article about a specific military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006607-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade\nThe 110th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (110th MEB) is a maneuver enhancement brigade of the Missouri Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006608-0000-0000", "contents": "110th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 110th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006608-0001-0000", "contents": "110th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 110th New York Infantry was organized at Oswego, New York beginning May 23, 1862 and mustered in for three-years service on August 27, 1862 under the command of Colonel DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006608-0002-0000", "contents": "110th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to the defenses of Baltimore, Maryland, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to October 1862. Emery's Brigade, VIII Corps, to November 1862. Emery's Brigade, Louisiana Expedition, to December 1862. Sherman's Division, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to February 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, to February 1864. Key West, Florida, District of West Florida, Department of the Gulf, to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006608-0003-0000", "contents": "110th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 110th New York Infantry mustered out of service on August 28, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006608-0004-0000", "contents": "110th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Baltimore, Maryland, August 29, 1862. Duty at Baltimore, Maryland, until November 6, 1862. Moved to Fort Monroe, Virginia, November 6, then sailed for New Orleans, Louisiana, December 4, arriving at Carrollton December 26, and duty there until March 1863. Operations on Bayou Plaquemine, February 12\u201328. Moved to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, March 7. Operations against Port Hudson, Louisiana, March 7\u201327. Moved to Algiers April 3, then to Brashear City April 8. Expedition to Franklin, April 11\u201317. Fort Bisland, April 12\u201313. Franklin, April 14. Expedition from Opelousas to Barre Landing, April 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006608-0004-0001", "contents": "110th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nExpedition from Barre Landing to Berwick City, May 21\u201326. Franklin and Centreville, May 25. Moved to Port Hudson, Louisiana, May 30. Siege of Port Hudson, June 3\u00a0\u2013 July 9. Assault on Port Hudson, June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson, July 9. Duty at Baton Rouge, Donaldsonville, Brashear City, and Berwick until October. Western Louisiana Campaign, October 3\u00a0\u2013 November 30. Vermillionville, November 11. Duty at New Iberia until January 7, 1864. Moved to Franklin, January 7. Then to Key West, Florida, February 1864, and garrison duty at Fort Jefferson, Florida until August 1865. Attack on Fort Myers, Florida, February 20, 1865 (detachment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006608-0005-0000", "contents": "110th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 210 men during service; two officers and 14 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, three officers and 191 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006609-0000-0000", "contents": "110th New York State Legislature\nThe 110th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 4 to May 26, 1887, during the third year of David B. Hill's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006609-0001-0000", "contents": "110th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (seven districts) and Kings County (three districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006609-0002-0000", "contents": "110th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. In New York City the three Democratic factions (Tammany Hall, \"Irving Hall\" and the \"County Democrats\") re-united, and nominated joint candidates in most districts. The Prohibition Party and the Greenback Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006609-0003-0000", "contents": "110th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1886 was held on November 2. The only statewide elective offices up for election was carried by a Democrat. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Judge of the Court of Appeals, was: Democrats 468,000; Republicans 461,000; Prohibition 36,000; and Greenback 2,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006609-0004-0000", "contents": "110th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1887; and adjourned on May 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006609-0005-0000", "contents": "110th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 20, the Legislature elected Frank Hiscock (R) to succeed Warner Miller (R) as U.S. Senator from New York, for a six-year term beginning on March 4, 1887.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006609-0006-0000", "contents": "110th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. Modern-day Nassau County was part of Queens County, and modern-day Bronx County was divided between New York County west of the Bronx River and Westchester County east of it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006609-0007-0000", "contents": "110th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006609-0008-0000", "contents": "110th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006610-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Tenth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1973 and 1974. In this General Assembly, the Ohio Senate was controlled by the Republican Party and the Ohio House of Representatives was controlled by the Democratic Party. In the Senate, there were 17 Republicans and 16 Democrats. In the House, there were 59 Democrats and 40 Republicans. This was the first Ohio General Assembly to use redistricted legislative districts from the 1970 United States Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006611-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Ohio Volunteer Infantry\nThe 110th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, sometimes 110th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 110th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006611-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Service\nThe 110th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Piqua in Piqua, Ohio, and mustered in for three years service on October 3, 1862, under the command of Colonel Joseph Warren Keifer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006611-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Railroad Division, Clarksburg, Western Virginia, Middle Department, to January 1863. Milroy's Command, Winchester, Va., VIII Corps, Middle Department, to March 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to June 1863. 1st Brigade, Elliott's Command, VIII Corps, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006611-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Service\nThe 110th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Washington, D.C. on June 25, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006611-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Detailed service\nMoved to Zanesville, Ohio, October 19; thence to Parkersburg, Va. Moved to Clarksburg, Va., November 3, 1862; thence moved to New Creek November 25, and to Moorefield December 13. Expedition to Winchester December 28, 1862, to January 1, 1863, and duty there until June. Reconnaissance toward Wardensville and Strasburg April 20. Battle of Winchester June 13\u201315. Retreat to Harper's Ferry June 15\u201316, thence to Washington, D.C., July 1\u20134. Moved to Frederick City, Md., and joined Army of the Potomac July 5. Pursuit of Lee to Manassas Gap, Va., July 5\u201324. Wapping Heights July 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006611-0004-0001", "contents": "110th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Detailed service\nDuty on line of the Rappahannock until August 15, and at New York during draft disturbances August 16-September 6. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Kelly's Ford November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Payne's Farm November 27. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6\u20137, 1864. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James River May 3-June 15. Battles of the Wilderness May 5\u20137; Spottsylvania May 8\u201312; Spottsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient, \"Bloody Angle,\" May 12. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006611-0004-0002", "contents": "110th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Detailed service\nCold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 18-July 6. Jerusalem Plank Road June 22\u201323. Moved to Baltimore, Md., July 6\u20138. Battle of Monocacy Junction, Md., July 9. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Charlestown August 29. Battle of Opequan, September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Kernstown until December. Moved to Washington, D. C, thence to Petersburg, Va., December 3\u20136. Siege of Petersburg December 6, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9, 1865. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3\u20139. Sayler's Creek April 6. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. March to Danville, Va., April 17\u201327, and duty there until May. Moved to Richmond, Va., May 16; thence to Washington, D.C., May 24-June 2. Corps Review June 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006611-0005-0000", "contents": "110th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 230 men during service; 10 officers and 107 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 111 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006612-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 110th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006612-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 110th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Harrisburg, Huntingdon, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and mustered in August 19, 1861, for three years service under the command of Colonel William Delaware Lewis Jr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006612-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Tyler's Brigade, Landers' Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. 3rd Brigade, Shield's 2nd Division, Banks' V Corps and Department of the Shenandoah, to May 1862. 4th Brigade, Shield's Division, Department of the Rappahannock, to June 1862. 4th Brigade, 2nd Division, III Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, III Corps, to March 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, II Corps, to June, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006612-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Pennsylvania for Hancock, Md., January 2, 1862. Defense of Hancock January 5. At Cumberland and south branch of the Potomac guarding bridges of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad until February 6. Moved to Paw Paw Tunnel and duty there until March 7, 1862. Advance on Winchester March 7\u201315. Reconnaissance to Strasburg March 18\u201321. Battle of First Kernstown March 23. Pursuit of Jackson up the Valley March 24-April 27. Occupation of Mt. Jackson April 17. March to Fredericksburg May 12\u201321, and to Front Royal May 25\u201330. Near Front Royal May 31. Port Republic June 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006612-0003-0001", "contents": "110th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattle of Cedar Mountain August 9. Pope's Campaign in northern Virginia August 16-September 2. Fords of the Rappahannock August 21\u201323. Manassas August 23. Thoroughfare Gap August 28. Groveton August 29. Bull Run August 30. Duty at Arlington Heights, Defenses of Washington, Whipple's Command, until October. Moved to Pleasant Valley October 18, then to Warrenton and Falmouth, Va., October 24-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12\u201315. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, \"Mud March,\" January 20\u201324, 1863. At Falmouth until April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006612-0003-0002", "contents": "110th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nPursuit of Lee July 5\u201324. Wapping Heights, Va., July 23. On line of the Rappahannock until October. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Auburn and Bristoe October 13\u201314. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Kelly's Ford November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Payne's Farm November 27. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6\u20137, 1864. Duty near Brandy Station until May. Rapidan Campaign May 4-June 12. Battles of the Wilderness May 5\u20137. Laurel Hill May 8. Spotsylvania May 8\u201312. Po River May 10. Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient May 12. Harris Farm May 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006612-0003-0003", "contents": "110th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nNorth Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road June 22\u201323, 1864. Demonstration north of the James at Deep Bottom July 27\u201329. Deep Bottom July 27\u201328. Mine Explosion, Petersburg, July 30 (reserve). Demonstration north of the James at Deep Bottom August 13\u201320. Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14\u201318. Poplar Springs Church September 29-October 2. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27\u201328. Warren's Raid on Hicksford December 7\u201312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006612-0003-0004", "contents": "110th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137, 1865. Watkins' House March 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. White Oak Road March 30\u201331. Crow's House March 31. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Sailor's Creek April 6. High Bridge, Farmville, April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. At Burkesville until May 2. March to Washington, D.C., May 2\u201312. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006612-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 196 men during service; 7 officers and 111 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 78 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006613-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe 110th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (Border Regiment) (110 RAC) was an armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps raised during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006613-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\n110th Regiment RAC was formed on 1 November 1941 by the conversion to the armoured role of the 5th (Cumberland) Battalion, Border Regiment, a 1st Line Territorial Army infantry battalion. At the outbreak of war, 5th Border had been mobilised at Workington in 126th Infantry Brigade of 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division, which were redesignated 11th Armoured Brigade (later 11th Tank Brigade) and 42nd Armoured Division respectively in November 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006613-0001-0001", "contents": "110th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\nIn common with other infantry units transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, all personnel would have continued to wear their Border cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps. The regiment continued to add the parenthesis '(Border Regiment)' to its RAC title and celebrate the anniversary of the Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos during the Peninsular War (28 October 1811) as a regimental holiday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006613-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, History\nOn conversion on 1 November 1941, 110 RAC was stationed at Skipton-in-Craven in West Yorkshire. It received its first tank (a Covenanter) in January 1942. In May, the regiment moved to Bingley and was ordered to convert from Covenanter cruiser tanks to Churchill infantry tanks, when 11 Armoured Brigade was detached from 42nd Armoured Division and became an independent Army Tank Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006613-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, History\nLater in the year, the regiment moved to North Yorkshire and trained around Bolton Castle, Hawes and Arkengarthdale. In July and August 1942, 110 RAC sent large drafts of officers and men for overseas service, and in January 1943 it (along with the whole of 11th Tank Brigade) was attached to 77th Infantry (Reserve) Division and given the role of holding and training reinforcements. In February 1943, it moved to Catterick and then in May to Otley, training in the Yorkshire Dales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006613-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, History\nIn Autumn 1943, the decision was made disband 11th Tank Brigade, without it ever having seen active service, and 110 RAC was broken up before the end of November. The 5th Battalion, Border Regiment was reconstituted in April 1944 by the redesignation of 7th Border, a reserve battalion serving in 213th Infantry Brigade It spent the rest of the war as a training battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006614-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Regiment of Foot (1794)\nThe 110th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1794 to 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006614-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Regiment of Foot (1794)\nIt was raised in June 1794, and was disbanded in 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006615-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Regiment of Foot (Queen's Royal Musqueteers)\nThe 110th Regiment of Foot (Queen's Royal Musqueteers) was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1761 to 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006615-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Regiment of Foot (Queen's Royal Musqueteers)\nIt was raised in 1761 by the regimentation of independent companies and named for Queen Charlotte, and was disbanded in 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006616-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 110th Rifle Division was a formation of the Soviet Union's Red Army during the course of World War II, which was formed, dissolved, and re-formed three times throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006616-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, First formation\nThe division was first formed 20 September 1939 at Sverdlovsk in the Urals Military District. Its primary order of battle included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006616-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, First formation\nMobilized before the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, by June 1941 the division formed part of the 61st Rifle Corps in the 20th Army, in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (Stavka Reserve) around Moscow, the 20th Army occupying a defensive position around Kaluga. The division was destroyed with its corps during the Siege of Mogilev in July 1941. The division was officially disbanded on 19 September 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006616-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, Second formation\nOn 4 September 1941, the 4th Moscow People's Militia Rifle Division, which had originally been raised in the Kuibyshev district of Moscow in July 1941, was renumbered as the new 110th Rifle Division, beginning its second formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006616-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, Second formation\nIt was assigned as part of the 24th, 49th, 21st, and 33rd Armies, participating in the defensive and offensive operations around Moscow \u2013 Operation Mars at the end of 1942 as part of the Red Army's Kalinin Front, and later in 1943 the Rzhev-Vyazma offensives, and the Orel offensive operation (Operation Kutuzov), after the Battle of Kursk. From the Rzhev battles to October 1944, the division was commanded by Major General Georgy Borisovich Peters, its former deputy commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006616-0005-0000", "contents": "110th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, Second formation\nOn 10 April 1943, the 110th Rifle Division was renamed the 84th Guards Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006616-0006-0000", "contents": "110th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, Third formation\nThe third formation of the division was on 5 May 1943, with the same unit numbers as the second formation. On 6 April 1945, commanded by Colonel Sergey Mikhailovich Tarasov, it participated in the encirclement of K\u00f6nigsberg, located at the northern sector. In that assault, the division was accompanied by its two sister divisions of 69th Rifle Corps, 50th Army: the 153rd Rifle Division, on its right flank, and the 324th Rifle Division on its left flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006616-0007-0000", "contents": "110th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, Third formation\nThe division moved to the Kharkov Military District in Luhansk Oblast postwar and was disbanded with the corps on or around 6 May 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\n110th Siege Battery was a heavy howitzer unit of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) formed  during World War I. It saw active service on the Western Front at the Somme and Cambrai, against the German spring offensive, and in the final Hundred Days Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914 the part-time Territorial Force (TF) was mobilised at its war stations, including the Clyde Royal Garrison Artillery, a coast defence unit at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. Shortly afterwards TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and on 15 August the War Office (WO) issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0001-0001", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nOn 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate companies and batteries were created, releasing the 1st Line units to be  sent overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nBy October 1914, the campaign on the Western Front was bogging down into Trench warfare and there was an urgent need for batteries of Siege artillery to be sent to France. The WO decided that the TF coastal gunners were well enough trained to take over many of the duties in the coastal defences, releasing Regular RGA gunners for service in the field, and 1st line RGA companies that had volunteered for overseas service had been authorised to increase their strength by 50 per cent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nDuring 1915 the WO began to form new RGA siege batteries based on cadres from TF coast defence units. 110th Siege Battery was formed at Sheerness on the Thames Estuary on 26 February 1916 under Army Council Instruction 397, which called for a cadre of three officers and 78 other ranks to be supplied by the Clyde RGA. In fact it was manned by three officers and 93 other ranks from the Clyde RGA (almost certainly 1/1st Company from Port Glasgow), together with two officers and 54 men drawn from the Thames and Medway Defences. The first Officer Commanding (OC) was Major P. Rashleigh. Training continued at Lydd Camp from 17 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service\nThe personnel of the battery went out to the Western Front on 17 May 1916 and reached Hesdin by 21 May. On 26 May they took over four old French 220mm 'Mortiers' \u2013 1880 model heavy mortars employed as  siege artillery \u2013 which they loaded onto lorries while the men travelled by motor bus to Beaufort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0005-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service\nThe battery took over two more 220\u00a0mm mortars from the French and provided a detachment to a 'provisional battery' of the RGA manning some old French 120 mm long guns. The battery then moved to Arras where it was assigned to VI Corps' heavy artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0006-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service\nAt this time batteries were switched between Heavy Artillery Groups (HAGs) as required. From 30 May to 4 June the 110th Siege Bty was with 19th HAG, then returned to VI Corps as an unassigned battery. On 4 July it moved to La Houssoye, where Nos 1 and 3 Sections fired the battery's first rounds from a position at B\u00e9court on 7 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0007-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Somme\nTwo days later the battery joined 31st HAG and moved to a new position behind the Carnoy Valley, the scene of recent heavy fighting in the opening stages of the Battle of the Somme. After completing its gun positions and firing calibration shots, it began a slow bombardment of enemy trenches at a range of 4600 metres from 12 to 15 July. Then it bombarded the villages of Ginchy and Guillemont but found that the mortar platforms on baulks of timber were already beginning to break up under the constant firing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0007-0001", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Somme\nThis work continued through July, broken by an intense bombardment of enemy gun batteries in Maricourt on 22 July. On that day Maj Rashleigh was wounded by an enemy shell when he was near the battery's observation post (OP). Captain Hugh Campbell took temporary command and was later confirmed as OC and promoted to Major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0008-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Somme\nBy now the old mortars were showing signs of wear: at the end of July only one was fit to fire. The battery transferred to the command  of 28th HAG on 31 July and the following day it handed over its mortars to 41st French Bty. It spent August near Bronfay Farm without guns, providing fatigue parties and detachments attached to other batteries. On 1 September it was armed with four modern 6-inch howitzers, and these were in position near Arrowhead Copse by 8 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0009-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Somme\nBy now massive quantities of artillery were employed for each phase of the continuing Somme offensive as Fourth Army attacked again and again. With its new howitzers 110th Siege Bty carried out counter-battery (CB) fire in preparation for the Battle of Flers-Courcelette (15\u201323 September), and received a certain amount of retaliatory fire. On 23 September it was heavily shelled from 09.30 to 15.00, the fire being directed by hostile aircraft, and the battery lost two men killed and 15 wounded as well as loss of ammunition. The guns were withdrawn to a new position at 18.00 and were back in action on 25 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0010-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Somme\nDuring the Battle of Morval (25\u201328 September) the battery fired on the villages of Morval and Le Transloy as well as continuing its CB work. Having neutralised enemy batteries, the tactics were to give them another five minutes of intense fire every 12 hours. The battery then moved to near Tr\u00f4nes Wood and during the Battle of Le Transloy (1\u201318 October) it fired on the village and on enemy trenches. As the British slowly advanced, the battery moved up to new positions near Leuze Wood on 24 October. Here it suffered a number of casualties from hostile artillery fire. The Somme offensive was winding down, but 110th Siege Bty had periods of intense activity on 5  and 13 November supporting yet more attacks on Le Transloy, as well as more CB tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0011-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Winter 1916\u201317\nAt the end of November the battery handed over its guns and stores at Leuze Wood to 4th Siege Bty and took over those of 199th Siege Bty at Le Foret on 1 December, the battery transferring to the command of 21st HAG on 10 December. The battery supported the minor Operations on the Ancre, January\u2013March 1917, by shelling Fritz Trench and Pallas Trench. The relative quiet along the front was broken in mid-March when the German Army began its retreat to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0011-0001", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Winter 1916\u201317\nThis entailed much work for the siege gunners in moving their guns over the devastated Somme battlefields to get back into range of the enemy. 110th Siege Bty moved up by sections to Nurlu, Sorel-le-Grand, and then Heudicourt by 8 April, from where it spent several weeks shelling Villers-Guislain, Villers-Plouich, Gouzeaucourt and Gonnelieu in front of the main Hindenburg positions, before finally moving up to Gouzeaucourt on 7 May. From here it fired almost daily 'destructive' or 'neutralising' tasks against enemy gun positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0012-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Summer 1917\nIn June 1917 Fourth Army HQ moved to the Flanders coast to join in a break-out from the Ypres Salient that never happened. 21st HAG was then taken over by Third Army and 110th Siege Bty remained with it, then was attached to 89th HAG (2 June\u201310 July). On 13 July it was transferred to 67th HAG with First Army, involving a long move north. 110th Siege Bty pulled out of Gouzeaucourt on 9 July  and moved by road by Ervillers, Tilloy and N\u0153ux-les-Mines, arriving at Annequin on 14 July, where it prepared gun positions and moved the howitzers in on 16 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0013-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Summer 1917\nFirst Army's front was relatively quiet during 1917, apart from some diversionary operations in support of Fifth Army's Third Ypres Offensive. On the opening day of the battle, 1 August, 110th Siege Bty fired 500 rounds to cut barbed wire for a trench raid by troops from First Army. A few days later it carried out a series of 30-round shoots against a series of enemy trench mortar and machine gun positions, obtaining a number of direct hits. The rest of the summer and autumn was spent in similar work, CB shoots alternating with wire cutting. On 15 August the battery fired a series of salvoes to disperse groups of enemy infantry who were massing for an attack, while on 1 October the battery was subjected to over an hour's bombardment with high explosive, gas and shrapnel shells, suffering no casualties or material loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 898]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0014-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Summer 1917\nOn 22 September 1917 110th Siege Bty was joined by a section (1 officer and 56 other ranks) from the newly-arrived 441st Siege Bty and was made up to a strength of six howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0015-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Cambrai\nOn 6 November the battery was reassigned to 21st HAG with Third Army, and moved out of its positions to make the three-day road journey via B\u00e9thune, Arras and Bapaume to Aizecourt-le-Haut. Third Army was preparing for its surprise attack with tanks at the Battle of Cambrai. There was to be no preliminary bombardment or registration, and the guns were to open fire at Zero hour firing 'off the map' at carefully surveyed targets. Working parties from the battery prepared positions at Gouzeaucourt, but the guns stayed silent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0016-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Cambrai\nThe battle began with a crash of artillery at 06.20 on 20 November. 110th Siege Bty was employed in the Creeping barrage that preceded the advance of the tanks and infantry, firing 280 rounds until the barrage crept beyond the range of its howitzers at 08.55. The battery then fired at a number of specific targets, including the villages of Banteux and Bantouzelle. The German defenders were stunned, and the massed tanks completed their overcome. In most areas the attack was an outstanding success. At 23.00 that night, four of the battery's howitzers were moved forwards to Gonnelieu, close behind that morning's start line. Exploitation over succeeding days was less spectacular, though some bombardments were set up to help the infantry take certain villages, and CB shoots continued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0017-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Cambrai\nOn 30 November the Germans put in a heavy counter-attack against the weakened troops in the ill-organised captured positions, which they quickly overran. 110th Siege Bty's guns were sited along the banks of the La Vacquerie\u2013Gonnelieu road at Sonnet Farm, alongside 108th Siege Bty (formed by the Forth RGA at the same time as the 110th). They had just carried out a CB shoot at 06.15 against Vaucelles when the German barrage came down on the road. It lasted half an hour and caused a number of casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0017-0001", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Cambrai\nA dugout was caved in, burying eight men, and several others were wounded while digging them out. 110th Siege Bty managed to get two howitzers into action, firing as rapidly as they could on the main roads and tracks leading from Banteux and Bantouzelle. By now the retreating British infantry had passed the battery's position, and shortly afterwards the first German arrived, to be taken prisoner without much effort. The battery remained in action for another hour while under fire from snipers and parties of Germans who had to be dealt with by rifle fire from the gunners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0017-0002", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Cambrai\nAbout noon the Germans reached the crest of Gonnelieu Ridge. The gunners then removed the dial sights before abandoning their howitzers and those armed with rifles took up a position about 300 yards back. Here they were joined by troops from 60th Infantry Brigade who held the German advance. As well as its guns, 110th Siege Bty lost eight men killed, 14 wounded and three missing, of whom one was known to have been taken prisoner. 108th Siege Bty also lost five howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0018-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Cambrai\nBetween 1 and 6 December 110th Siege Bty was re-equipped with four guns from Fifth Army Gun Park and received reinforcements. It took up positions at Heudicourt on 7 December and on 9 December it was back in action, firing on Gonnelieu, La Vacquerie and Villers Guislain, which were all back in enemy hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0019-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Cambrai\nOn 21 December the battery joined 27th HAG with Fifth Army. By now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and on 1 February 1918 they were converted into permanent RGA brigades. 27th Brigade was defined as a Mixed Brigade, with guns and howitzers of several sizes. 110th Siege Bty remained with this brigade until the Armistice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0020-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Spring Offensive\nFifth Army was attacked on 21 March 1918, the first day of the German spring offensive. Artillery Observation Posts (OPs) were blinded by early morning mist and many were overrun along with the infantry in the forward zone. Much of the field artillery was lost, caught up in short-range fighting in the main battle zone, as were a number of RGA units either caught in the fighting or forced to abandon their guns as the Germans advanced rapidly. Others struggled to get their guns back during the 'Great Retreat'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0020-0001", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Spring Offensive\nFourth Army HQ took over all of Fifth Army's formations and units on 2 April, and the first phase of the German offensive was halted on 4 April. Further attacks came on other parts of the front, but none broke through completely. 27th Brigade RGA officially joined Fourth Army on 1 May 1918 and remained with it until the Armistice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0021-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days\nIn late July Fourth Army began secretly massing its artillery for the Battle of Amiens, which launched the Allied Hundred Days Offensive on 8 August. Four hundred rounds of ammunition per howitzer, much of it gas shell, were dumped near the gun positions, which were occupied by night. The guns remained silent, with no prior registration, relying on 'firing by the map' at Zero hour. The main targets were enemy gun positions, which were swamped with gas. As the tanks and infantry advanced, 6-inch howitzer sections began moving up behind them. The attack was a brilliant success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0022-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days\nFourth Army launched a series of attacks over succeeding weeks (the Second Battle of the Somme). By October the offensive was turning into a pursuit, and it became difficult to get the heavy guns forward. On 8 October, for example, the attack at Cambrai was so successful that Gen Sir Henry Rawlinson ordered his troops to continue the next morning beyond the planned exploitation, but it was not until 10.30 on 9 October that 27th Bde RGA (supporting XIII Corps) got some of its heavy batteries up to the starting line of the previous day's attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0023-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days\nPreparations began on 11 October for the assault crossing of the River Selle. A massive fireplan was prepared, with the heavy batteries right forward so that they could reach the German line of retreat across the River Sambre. 27th Brigade (less its heaviest howitzers) was part of this concentration for XIII Corps, with 300 rounds for each 6-inch howitzer. The attack was made on 17 October, when XIII Corps bridged the flooded Selle just behind the artillery barrage, and by the end of the day was overlooking the Sambre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0024-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days\nFourth Army pushed on again on 23 October. There was no preliminary bombardment: instead the 6-inch howitzers formed the front part of the creeping barrage but distributed unevenly to deal with specific sunken roads, fortified farms, strongpoints, etc. 27th Brigade supported the advance of 25th Division. The attack was made under moonlight, with Zero hour fixed for 01.20. Despite confusion caused by ground mist, 25th Division's infantry waded across the Richemont stream and followed the barrage into Pommereuil. The first and second objectives were taken despite stiff opposition from some strongpoints, until darkness halted the advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006617-0025-0000", "contents": "110th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days\nBy now the offensive had turned into a pursuit, and many of the heavy batteries had to be left behind. Fighting was ended on 11 November by the Armistice with Germany. Demobilisation began early in 1919 In the interim order of battle for the postwar army the battery was supposed to form C/60th Bty RGA, but this was rescinded after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, and the battery was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006618-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Street (Manhattan)\n110th Street is a street in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is commonly known as the boundary between Harlem and Central Park, along which it is known as Central Park North. In the west, between Central Park West/Frederick Douglass Boulevard and Riverside Drive, it is co-signed as Cathedral Parkway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006618-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Street (Manhattan), Route\n110th Street is an eastbound street between First Avenue and Madison Avenue. The small portion between Madison Avenue and Fifth Avenue is westbound. West of Fifth Avenue, the road widens to accommodate two-way traffic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006618-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Street (Manhattan), Route\nThe Duke Ellington Memorial, a statue of Duke Ellington, stands in Duke Ellington Circle, a shallow amphitheater at 110th Street and Fifth Avenue, at the northeast corner of Central Park. Unveiled in 1997, the statue, by sculptor Robert Graham, is 25 feet (7.6\u00a0m) tall, and depicts the Muses\u2014nine nude caryatids\u2014supporting a grand piano and Duke Ellington on their heads. Duke Ellington Circle is also the site of the future Museum for African Art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006618-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Street (Manhattan), Route\nWhere 110th Street crosses Central Park West and Frederick Douglass Boulevard, at the northwest corner of Central Park, is Frederick Douglass Circle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006618-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Street (Manhattan), Route\nThe south edge of Morningside Park lies along West 110th Street between Manhattan Avenue and Morningside Drive. The south edge of the Cathedral Close of St. John the Divine is located along West 110th Street between Morningside Drive and Amsterdam Avenue. The street ends at Riverside Drive before Riverside Park. The section between Frederick Douglass Circle and Riverside Drive is known as Cathedral Parkway, after the Cathedral of St. John the Divine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006618-0005-0000", "contents": "110th Street (Manhattan), Route, Central Park North\nCentral Park North is a section of West 110th Street. As the name implies, it lies at the northern end of Central Park. It is bounded by Central Park West on the west and Fifth Avenue on the east. It is notable for its incongruities; the Lincoln Correctional Facility\u2014originally constructed in 1914 for the Young Women's Hebrew Association\u2014stands a few blocks away from new luxury condo developments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006618-0006-0000", "contents": "110th Street (Manhattan), Route, Central Park North\nCentral Park North has three of the original gates of Central Park. Farmers Gate is located at the southern end of Lenox Avenue/Malcolm X Boulevard, while Warriors Gate is located at the southern end of Seventh Avenue/Adam Clayton Powell Jr Boulevard. Pioneers Gate is at Fifth Avenue (Duke Ellington Circle).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006618-0007-0000", "contents": "110th Street (Manhattan), Route, Central Park North\nThe original Polo Grounds was located along Central Park North, between Fifth and Sixth avenues. Originally hosting polo, it was the home for the New York Metropolitans baseball club from 1880 to 1886 and for the New York Gothams\u2014subsequently the Giants\u2014from 1883 to 1888.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006618-0008-0000", "contents": "110th Street (Manhattan), Route, Central Park North\nIn the first decade of the 21st century, there was significant real estate development on properties with a view of Central Park. In 2003, Manhattan-based developer Athena headed by Louis Dubin bought a property on this street. The building was pitched as \"an opportunity for New Yorkers to be on the park at roughly half the price of Central Park South.\" The rebirth of Harlem along Central Park north had attracted celebrities such as Marcia Gay Harden, Maya Angelou, and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. The finished building was 20 stories tall with 48 residential units, 9,500 of ground floor retail space, 48 parking spaces, and each unit had a view of Central Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006618-0009-0000", "contents": "110th Street (Manhattan), Transportation\nThe elevated IRT Ninth Avenue Line used to reach a great height at its 110th Street station, before its demolition in 1940; it was infamous as a suicide location. Today, there are four New York City Subway stations on 110th Street:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006618-0010-0000", "contents": "110th Street (Manhattan), Transportation\n110th Street is served by the M2, M3, and M4 New York City Bus routes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006618-0011-0000", "contents": "110th Street (Manhattan), Transportation\nThe New York Central Railroad's 110th Street station previously existed on Park Avenue, which now carries the Park Avenue main line of the Metro-North Railroad. The station opened in 1876 and closed in 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006618-0012-0000", "contents": "110th Street (Manhattan), Notable people\nGeorge Gershwin lived in 501 West 110th Street, on the northwest corner of 110th and Amsterdam, where he composed his seminal piece Rhapsody in Blue. Arthur Miller lived in 45 West 110th Street as a child.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006619-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)\n110th Street is a local station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located in East Harlem at the intersection of 110th Street and Lexington Avenue, it is served by the 6 train at all times, the <6> train during weekdays in the peak direction, and the 4 train during late nights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006619-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)\nThis station was constructed as part of the Dual Contracts by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and opened in 1918. It was renovated from 2002 to 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006619-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nFollowing the completion of the original subway, there were plans to construct a line along Manhattan's east side north of 42nd Street. The original plan for what became the extension north of 42nd Street was to continue it south through Irving Place and into what is now the BMT Broadway Line at Ninth Street and Broadway. In July 1911, the IRT had withdrawn from the talks, and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) was to operate on Lexington Avenue. The IRT submitted an offer for what became its portion of the Dual Contracts on February 27, 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006619-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nIn 1913, as part of the Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19, 1913, the Public Service Commission planned to split the original Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) system from looking like a \"Z\" system (as seen on a map) to an \"H\"-shaped system. The original system would be split into three segments: two north\u2013south lines, carrying through trains over the Lexington Avenue and Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Lines, and a west\u2013east shuttle under 42nd Street. This would form a roughly \"H\"-shaped system. It was predicted that the subway extension would lead to the growth of the Upper East Side and the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006619-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\n77th Street station opened on July 17, 1918, with service initially running between Grand Central\u201342nd Street station and 167th Street via the line's local tracks. On August 1, the \"H system\" was put into place, with through service beginning on the new east and west side trunk lines, and the institution of the 42nd Street Shuttle along the old connection between the sides. The cost of the extension from Grand Central was $58 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006619-0005-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Later years\nOn March 20, 1991, a woman was raped behind a pile of debris in the subway passageway connecting the 34th Street\u2013Herald Square and 42nd Street\u2013Bryant Park stations under Sixth Avenue during rush hour, which had entrances at 38th Street. This was the longest passageway in the system. That passageway was closed the day after and recorded 30 felonies since January 1, 1990. In response, on March 28, 1991, the NYCTA ordered the closing of the 15 most dangerous passageways in the system within a week, which the Transit Police and citizen advocacy groups had called for since the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 70], "content_span": [71, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006619-0005-0001", "contents": "110th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Later years\nThe locations were chosen based on crime volume, lighting, traffic and physical layout. These entrances were closed under the declaration of a public safety emergency, and were blocked off with plywood and fencing until public hearings were held and official permission was obtained. One of the stations that had an entrance closed was 110th Street, which has the exit-only staircase at 111th Street from the northbound platform closed. 52 felonies had occurred at the station since January 1, 1990. The entrance was permanently closed in 1992, following a public hearing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 70], "content_span": [71, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006619-0006-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Later years\nIn June 2002, it was announced that 110th Street would be one of ten subway stations citywide to receive renovations. Work on these ten renovation projects was estimated to cost almost $146 million, and was scheduled to start later that year, and be completed in April 2004. The renovation projects made repairs to platforms, replaced or refurbished stairways, installed new lighting and tiles, and reconfigured fare control areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 70], "content_span": [71, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006619-0007-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Later years\nIn May 2018, New York City Transit Authority President Andy Byford announced his plan subway and bus modernization plan, known as Fast Forward, which included making an additional 50 stations compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 during the 2020\u20132024 Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) Capital Program to allow most riders to have an accessible station every two or three stops. The draft 2020\u20132024 Capital Program released in September 2019 included 66 stations that would receive ADA improvements. In December, the MTA announced that an additional twenty stations, including 110th Street, would be made ADA-accessible as part of the Capital Program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 70], "content_span": [71, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006619-0008-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Station layout\nThis underground station has four tracks and two side platforms. The two center express tracks are used by the 4 and 5 trains during daytime hours. The 6 stops here at all times, and the 4 stops here during late nights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006619-0009-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Station layout\nBoth platforms have their original trim line, which has \"110\" tablets on it at regular intervals, and name tablets, which read \"110TH STREET\" in Times New Roman font.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006619-0010-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe artwork at this station is a mosaic entitled Un Sabado en la Ciento Diez (A Saturday on 110th), by Manuel Vega in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006619-0011-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nEach platform has one same-level fare control area at the center. Each one has a turnstile bank, token booth, and two street stairs. The ones on the southbound platform go up to either western corners of Lexington Avenue and 110th Street, while the ones on the northbound platform go up to either eastern corners. There are no crossovers or crossunders to allow a free transfer between directions. Both platforms used to have second exits at their northern ends to 111th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006619-0011-0001", "contents": "110th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nThe entrance on the northbound platform to the southeastern corner of 111th Street and Lexington Avenue was closed due to safety reasons in 1992 and was subsequently slabbed over. The only evidence of this exit is a steel door in the wall. The entrance on the northbound platform closed some time before 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006620-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)\n110th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had two levels. The lower level was built first and had two tracks and two side platforms and served local trains. The upper level was built as part of the Dual Contracts and had one track that served express trains that bypassed this station. It opened on June 3, 1903 and closed on June 11, 1940. The next southbound stop was 104th Street. The next northbound stop was 116th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006620-0000-0001", "contents": "110th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)\nThis station was one of the few to have elevators as it was the highest station in the entire system, also this height reportedly made this station very popular for suicide jumps. The common suicides, combined with the line's 90\u00b0 turns from Ninth Avenue (now Columbus Avenue) onto Eighth avenue (now Frederick Douglass Boulevard), subsequently earned the station, and the area of track around it, the nickname Suicide Curve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006620-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)\nAccording to Douglas (2004), the station was a popular site for suicide jumpers. In 1927, The New York Times reported that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006620-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)\nThe number of suicides from the 110th Street Station of the Sixth Avenue elevated is ruining the business of the merchants with shops below, according to [the merchants].... According to [a spokesperson] there were eleven suicides from that station in the past year, and the effect has been such that potential customers prefer to walk a little farther rather than risk seeing a person hurtle from above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006621-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (New York Central Railroad)\nThe 110th Street station was a station located on the Metro-North Railroad's Park Avenue Viaduct in East Harlem, Manhattan, New York City. The station was built by the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad as part of an agreement with the New York City government. It was located at Park Avenue and 110th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006621-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (New York Central Railroad), History\nThis station opened on May 15, 1876 with the introduction of partial rapid transit on the Harlem Line, with sixteen trains a day running between Grand Central Depot and William's Bridge. On the same date, the 86th Street station opened, and while that station was exclusively served by the rapid transit service, some trains expresses to Golden's Bridge stopped here. By 1904, this station was only served by local trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006621-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (New York Central Railroad), History\nThis station was rebuilt in 1896-1897 as the line's grade was raised onto iron girders. The viaduct and new station opened in February 1897.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006621-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (New York Central Railroad), History\nOn April 24, 1906, the New York Central applied to the New York State Board of Railroad Commissioners for permission to discontinue service at the 110th Street station. The Board granted the Central permission on May 9 to close the station on June 1. However, it closed on June 17. This station and the 86th Street station were the only two stations between 125th Street and Grand Central to receive regular passenger service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006621-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Street station (New York Central Railroad), Station layout\nThe 110th Street station was partially built within the viaduct. The station's waiting room was built into the northern side of the bridge over the 110th Street and was located at street level. From the waiting room, two staircases went up along the side of the viaduct's retaining walls\u2013one per side\u2013to the side platforms atop the viaduct. The stairways to the street still exist, and are used in case of emergencies. The station platforms were 130.5 feet (39.8\u00a0m) long and 5.25 feet (1.60\u00a0m) wide and extended north from 110th Street. The station was located on the viaduct about .75 miles (1.21\u00a0km) north of the Park Avenue Tunnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006622-0000-0000", "contents": "110th United States Colored Infantry Regiment\nThe 2nd Alabama Volunteer Infantry Regiment (African Descent) was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army between November 20, 1863, and June 25, 1864, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006622-0001-0000", "contents": "110th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe infantry regiment was organized at Pulaski, Tennessee, on November 20, 1863. From there it was attached to the 2nd Division, 16th Army Corps, Department of Tennessee. In the meantime, it was on garrison duty at Pulaski and Athens, Alabama, which included acting as guard for railroads into Northern Alabama until June 25, 1864. On June 25, 1864, the regiment was designated the 110th U.S. Regiment Colored Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006623-0000-0000", "contents": "110th United States Congress\nThe 110th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, between January 3, 2007, and January 3, 2009, during the last two years of the Presidency of George W. Bush. It was composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The apportionment of seats in the House was based on the 2000 U.S. Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006623-0001-0000", "contents": "110th United States Congress\nThe Democratic Party won a majority in both chambers, giving them full control of Congress for the first time since the 103rd Congress in 1993, which was also the last time they controlled the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006623-0002-0000", "contents": "110th United States Congress\nOfficially in the Senate, there were 49 Democrats, 49 Republicans, and two independents, but because both of the independents caucused with the Democrats, this gave the Democrats an operational majority. No Democratic-held seats had fallen to the Republican Party in the 2006 elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006623-0003-0000", "contents": "110th United States Congress\nDemocrat Nancy Pelosi became the first female Speaker of the House. The House also received the first Muslim (Keith Ellison) and Buddhist (Hank Johnson and Mazie Hirono) members of Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006623-0004-0000", "contents": "110th United States Congress, Major events\nMembers debated initiatives such as the Democrats' 100-Hour Plan and the Iraq War troop surge of 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006623-0005-0000", "contents": "110th United States Congress, Major events, Support for the Iraq War\nFollowing President Bush's 2007 State of the Union Address, Congress debated his proposal to create a troop surge to increase security in Iraq. The House of Representatives passed a non-binding measure opposing the surge and then a $124 billion emergency spending measure to fund the war, which included language that dictated troop levels and withdrawal schedules. President Bush, however, vetoed the bill as promised, making this his second veto while in office. Both houses of Congress subsequently passed a bill funding the war without timelines, but with benchmarks for the Iraqi government and money for other spending projects like disaster relief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006623-0006-0000", "contents": "110th United States Congress, Major legislation\nThese are partial lists of prominent enacted legislation and pending bills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006623-0007-0000", "contents": "110th United States Congress, Major legislation, Enacted\nMore information:   March 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine and", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006623-0008-0000", "contents": "110th United States Congress, Party summary, House of Representatives\nMembership fluctuated with seven deaths and eight resignations. Democrats achieved a net gain of three seats as a result of their victories in special elections. See Changes in membership, below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006623-0009-0000", "contents": "110th United States Congress, Leadership\nSection contents: Senate: Majority (D), Minority (R) \u2022 House: Majority (D),  Minority (R)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006623-0010-0000", "contents": "110th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nSenators are listed by state, then by class, In this Congress, Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 2008; Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 2010; and Class 1 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006623-0011-0000", "contents": "110th United States Congress, Committees\nLists of committees and their party leaders, for members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (1 link), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006624-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Virginia General Assembly\nThe 110th Virginia General Assembly was the meeting of the legislative branch of the Virginia state government from 1918 to 1920, after the 1917 state elections. It convened in Richmond for two sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006625-0000-0000", "contents": "110th Wing\nThe 110th Wing (110th WG) is a unit of the Michigan Air National Guard, stationed at Battle Creek Air National Guard Base, Battle Creek, Michigan. If activated to federal service the Wing would be gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006625-0001-0000", "contents": "110th Wing, Overview\nThe main operations unit of the wing is the 110th Air Operations Group, a remote-split operations center for MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper operations for Third Air Force. The aircraft and a contingent of maintainers are deployed forward, along with some pilots to handle takeoffs and landings, but the majority of the pilots remain stateside and operate the aircraft via satellite communications links.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006625-0002-0000", "contents": "110th Wing, History\nIn 1956 the 172d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (FIS) of the Michigan Air National Guard was authorized to expand to a group level, and the United States Air Force constituted the 110th Fighter Group (Air Defense) and associated support units and allotted them to the Air National Guard for activation. The 172d FIS became the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 110th Material Squadron, 110th Air Base Squadron, and the 110th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006625-0003-0000", "contents": "110th Wing, History\nIn 1957, the 172d FIS received a new aircraft, the RB-57 Canberra, and a new mission \u2013 tactical reconnaissance. The resulting reorganization cost the 110th Fighter Group 40 percent of its manpower and its name \u2013 the group was inactivated and the 172d, now the 172d Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, once again became Battle Creek's primary Air National Guard unit. The activation of a non-flying squadron, the 127th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron, helped prevent the loss of additional Guard members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006625-0004-0000", "contents": "110th Wing, History\nIn 1962, the 110th Tactical Reconnaissance Group and support organizations were reactivated with Major Howard Strand serving as its commander. Major Strand departed in January 1965 to become deputy commander of the 127th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at Selfridge AFB, Michigan. He returned again in 1974 to lead the 110th until 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006625-0005-0000", "contents": "110th Wing, History\nThe 172d flew Canberras until 1971, when it undertook the radical and unexpected transformation from the RB-57 jets to the smaller, prop-powered Cessna O-2 Skymaster. On 11 June 1971, the 110th Tactical Reconnaissance Group became the 110th Tactical Air Support Group. In 1980, the 110th saw a return to jet power when it reequipped with OA-37 Dragonfly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006625-0006-0000", "contents": "110th Wing, History\nIn 1991 the 110th Tactical Air Support Group transitioned from the Dragonfly to the OA-10 Thunderbolt II, and was redesignated the 110th Fighter Group. In June 1995 the 110th Fighter Group became the 110th Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006625-0007-0000", "contents": "110th Wing, History\nIn 1997 the wing took part in Operation Deny Flight. The 110th Fighter Wing served in both Iraq and Afghanistan, supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006625-0008-0000", "contents": "110th Wing, History\nIn May 1999 the 110th Fighter Wing was deployed to Trapani Italy in support of Operation Noble Anvil, the air operations over Kosovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006625-0009-0000", "contents": "110th Wing, History\nThe 110th Fighter Wing underwent a major transition moving from the A-10 aircraft to the Learjet C-21A aircraft in 2008. The C-21, which arrived in October 2008, is a twin turbofan engine passenger aircraft, the military version of the Lear Jet 35A. With a crew of two, it can accommodate eight passengers and 42 cubic feet (1,200\u00a0L) of cargo. For aero medical evacuations, it can carry one little litter or five ambulatory patients plus one flight nurse and two medical technicians. The 110th Fighter Wing was redesignated as the 110th Airlift Wing with no change in station. It changed from an Air Combat Command unit to an Air Mobility Command unit on 1 December 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006625-0010-0000", "contents": "110th Wing, History\nThe base also witnessed the creation of a new unit, the 217th Air Operations Group (AOG) on 1 April 2009. The 217th AOG is an organization supporting the 17th Air Force (AFAFRICA). The 217th AOG has four squadrons that include intelligence, communications, operations and Air Force Forces planning in a largely self-contained package.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006625-0011-0000", "contents": "110th Wing, History\nOn 13 December 2014, in a ceremony presided by Gov. Rick Snyder, the wing was redesignated as the 110th Attack Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006625-0012-0000", "contents": "110th Wing, History\nOn 1 March 2019, the wing was officially renamed from the 110th Attack Wing to 110th Wing by the National Guard Bureau, Washington, D.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006625-0013-0000", "contents": "110th Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006626-0000-0000", "contents": "110th meridian east\nThe meridian 110\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006626-0001-0000", "contents": "110th meridian east\nThe 110th meridian east forms a great circle with the 70th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006626-0002-0000", "contents": "110th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 110th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006626-0003-0000", "contents": "110th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nInner Mongolia \u2013 passing just east of Baotou (at )Shaanxi \u2013 from Hubei \u2013 from Shaanxi \u2013 from Hubei \u2013 from Chongqing \u2013 from Hubei \u2013 from Hunan \u2013 from Guangxi \u2013 from   \u2013 passing just west of Guilin (at )Guangdong \u2013 from", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006627-0000-0000", "contents": "110th meridian west\nThe meridian 110\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006627-0001-0000", "contents": "110th meridian west\nThe 110th meridian west forms a great circle with the 70th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006627-0002-0000", "contents": "110th meridian west\nIn Canada, the meridian forms the boundary between Nunavut and the Northwest Territories north of the parallel 70\u00b0 north. Originally 110\u00b0W was intended as the Fourth Meridian for the Dominion Land Survey, but because of the imperfect surveying methods of the time, the meridian was placed a few hundred metres west of this longitude. The Fourth Meridian has been the entire boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan since 1905.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006627-0003-0000", "contents": "110th meridian west\nIn the United States, the meridian formed the western border of the historic and extralegal Territory of Jefferson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006627-0004-0000", "contents": "110th meridian west, From pole to pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 110th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006628-0000-0000", "contents": "111 (Her Majesty & the Wolves album)\n111 is debut studio album recorded by American dance duo Her Majesty & the Wolves. It was released on 11 July 2011 in UK through Chime Entertainment. Album was produced by a duo member, MC and producer Spencer Nezey and was promoted with three singles: \"Glaciers\" on August 27, 2010, \"Stars in Your Eyes\" on January 10, 2011 and \"Goodbye, Goodnight\" on October 18, 2011. It was recorded in Los Angeles, California between 2010 and 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006628-0001-0000", "contents": "111 (Her Majesty & the Wolves album), Background\nHer Majesty & the Wolves was formed when former Pussycat Dolls member, dancer and singer Kimberly Wyatt and former Jupiter Rising member, MC and producer Spencer Nezey met in Los Angeles, California in 2010. Kimberly, while working on her debut album, became frustrated when most of the producers that she worked with were focusing on \"making something that people will listen to now\". Whereas Nezey wanted to make something that \"people will listen to in the future\", which Kimberly agreed with. They signed to Chime Entertainment and released debut single \"Glaciers\" in August 2010. They started recording album in Los Angeles that year and finished following year. In 2010, they released mixtape Her Majesty & the Wolves Presents: Spring 2010 Mixtape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006628-0002-0000", "contents": "111 (Her Majesty & the Wolves album), Promotion, EP\nTheir four track self-titled EP, containing singles \"Glaciers\", \"Stars in Your Eyes\" and their remixes, was released on 25 January 2011 via Chime Entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006628-0003-0000", "contents": "111 (Her Majesty & the Wolves album), Promotion, Singles\nThree singles off the album were released. First, \"Glaciers\" was released on 27 August 2010. It was followed by \"Stars in Your Eyes\" which was released on 9 November as a music video. Its official single release was on 10 January 2011, six months before 111 was released. On 18 October, third and final single from album \"Goodbye, Goodnight\" was released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006629-0000-0000", "contents": "111 (Pabllo Vittar album)\n111 is the third studio album by Brazilian singer and drag queen Pabllo Vittar, released on March 26, 2020 by Sony Music Brasil. 111 is a trilingual album, containing Spanish, English and Brazilian Portuguese lyrics. The album is the second part proceeding the EP, titled 111 1 (2019). The album includes collaborations with Charli XCX, Ivete Sangalo, Thal\u00eda, Psirico and Jerry Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0000-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number)\n111 (usually pronounced one-one-one) is the emergency telephone number in New Zealand. It was first implemented in Masterton and Carterton on 29 September 1958, and was progressively rolled out nationwide with the last exchanges converting in 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0001-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number)\nAbout 870,000 111 calls are made every year, and the police introduced a new number (105) in 2019, to take non-urgent police calls away from the \"111\" service (see 105 (telephone number)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0002-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), History, Introduction\nBefore the introduction of 111, access to emergency services was complicated. For the quarter of New Zealand\u2019s then 414,000 telephone subscribers that were still on manual exchanges, one would simply pick up the telephone and ask the answering operator for the police, ambulance, or fire service by name. However, the problem on manual exchanges was that calls were answered first-come-first-served, which meant on busy exchanges, emergency calls could be delayed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0002-0001", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), History, Introduction\nFor automatic exchanges, one would need to know the local police, ambulance or fire service\u2019s telephone number, or look it up in the telephone directory, or dial the toll operator and ask them to place the call. The problem was that the numbers were different for each exchange, and again, there was no way to tell emergency calls apart from regular calls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0002-0002", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), History, Introduction\nAuckland, for example, had 40 telephone exchanges, and the telephone directory had 500 pages to search through to find the right number, although the separate emergency numbers for fire, police and ambulance in the main service area (e.g. Auckland, but not for not minor exchanges) were listed in bold on the first page.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0003-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), History, Introduction\nFollowing the 1947 Ballantynes fire in Christchurch, fire officer Arthur Varley was recruited from the UK to bring about a reform of the fire service. Familiar with Britain\u2019s 999 system, he campaigned for the setting up of a universal emergency telephone number across the country. In mid-1957, a committee was set up to institute a common emergency number across New Zealand, consisting of the Post and Telegraph Department, the Police, the Health Department, and the Fire Service. In early 1958, the Postmaster General approved the provision of the service using the number 111.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0004-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), History, Introduction\n111 was specifically chosen to be similar to Britain's 999 service. With pulse dialling, New Zealand telephones pulse in reverse to the UK - dialling 0 sent ten pulses, 1 sent nine, 2 sent eight, 3 sent seven, etc. in New Zealand, while in the UK, dialling 1 sent one pulse, 2 sent two, etc. In the early years of 111, the telephone equipment was based on British Post Office equipment, except for this unusual orientation. Therefore, dialling 111 on a New Zealand telephone sent three sets of nine pulses to the exchange, exactly the same as the UK's 999. Number \"9\" in New Zealand (or \"1\" in Britain) was not used for the start of telephone numbers because of the likelihood of accidental false calls from open-wire lines tapping together, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0005-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), History, Introduction\nThe telephone exchange in Masterton was replaced in 1956, and was the first exchange to have the technology installed for the 111 service. Hence, Masterton and nearby Carterton were the first towns in the country to get the new service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0006-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), History, Introduction\nThe 111 service began on 29 September 1958 in the two towns. When a subscriber dialled 111 at either exchange, the call was routed by the automatic exchange onto one of three dedicated lines to the toll switchboard at the Masterton exchange (although the exchange connected calls automatically, long-distance (toll) calls still had to be connected manually through an operator). A red light glowed on the switchboard panel, and another red light would glow on top of the switchboard. Two hooters also sounded, one in the exchange and the other in the building passage. The first operator to plug into the line took the call, and a supervisor would plug into the line to help if the situation became difficult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0007-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), History, Introduction\nDedicated lines connected the toll switchboard to the Masterton police station, fire brigade, and the hospital, where they were connected to a special red telephone. The line connected to the fire station, when it rang, also sounded the station alarm bells. A similar arrangement was employed at the police station, while at the hospital the call went to the local switchboard where it was identified by a red light and a distinctive bell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0008-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), History, Introduction\nAmong the first 111 calls was a call for an ambulance after an accident at a sawmill, and call to the fire service after a rubbish tip fire in Carterton. The first hoax call also occurred on the first day \u2013 a caller dialled 111 to ask for the address of a Carterton hotel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0009-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), History, Expansion\nAfter the introduction of 111 in Masterton and Carterton, the service soon expanded to most major towns and cities, including from 1961 the main centres like Wellington, where the multi-exchange area included some pre-war Rotary exchanges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0010-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), History, Expansion\nBy the mid-1980s all but a few rural exchanges had the service, and by 1988, 111 was available on every exchange in mainland New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0011-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), History, Expansion\nThe dates of installation in some major towns and cities were:-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0012-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), History, Controversy\nIn New Zealand in 2004, the police answering of emergency telephone service came under sustained scrutiny for systemic problems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0013-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), History, Controversy\nA case that caused particular concern was the disappearance of Iraena Asher, who vanished in October 2004 after she rang the police in distress and was instead sent a taxi that went to the wrong address.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0014-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), History, Controversy\nOn 11 May 2005 a severely critical independent report into the Police Communications Centres was released. It expressed ongoing concerns for public safety, and identified inadequate management, poor leadership, inadequate training, understaffing, underutilised technology and a lack of customer focus as being underlying risks for systemic failures. The report made over 60 recommendations for improvement, including recommending a 15 to 20 year strategy to move away from using 111 as an emergency telephone number because of problems with misdialling due to the repeated digits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0015-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), History, Controversy\nDespite ambiguous reporting, these issues were never with the 111 service itself, and did not impact fire or ambulance services. The problems were restricted solely to the Police Communications Centres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0016-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), Contacting 111\n111 can be dialled from all phones connected to a network including payphones, even without money or credit. The call is free from mobile phones but a sim card needs to be in the phone. The sim card does not have to have credit or be activated. New Zealanders who are deaf, hearing or speech impaired can .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0017-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), Contacting 111\nMobile networks will treat a 111 call as the highest priority, disconnecting another call if necessary to allow it to go through. If the mobile network your phone is connected to has limited or no coverage where you're calling from, an attempt will automatically be made to access another mobile network to ensure the call is connected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0018-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), Contacting 111\nUpon dialling 111, the caller will first hear a recorded message: \"You have dialed 111 emergency; your call is being connected.\" This message was added in 2008 to allow people who have accidentally dialled 111 to hang up straight away. The Spark operator will then answer: \"111 emergency, do you require fire, ambulance or police?\". The operator will then connect the caller to the required service: \"Connecting you to [service] now, please stay on the line with me.\" The Spark operator will remain connected with the caller until the specific service's communications centre has answered, and two way communication has been confirmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0019-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), Contacting 111\nEmergency calls for some other services also use 111, but are still connected to one of the three services. For example, search and rescue or civil defence emergencies are connected to police. Gas leaks and hazardous substance emergencies are connected to the fire service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0020-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), Contacting 111\nIn the interest of international compatibility, calls to foreign emergency numbers (112, 911, 999 etc. ), will be automatically diverted to 111. On average, 48% of calls to 111 are non-genuine. Over time, several measures have been introduced to attempt to reduce the number of non-genuine calls, such as the recorded message played to callers as soon as they dial 111 and charging for non-genuine calls made from landlines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0021-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), Contacting 111\nIn May 2017, New Zealand introduced the Emergency Caller Location Information (ECLI) Service for providing the location of 111 mobile callers. ECLI has two sources of location:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0022-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), Contacting 111\nDepending on a number of environmental conditions the location provided can be as precise as 4 meters using the GNSS capabilities of an smartphone. All location data is only to be held for 60 minutes and is then deleted to comply with the regulated conditions of use of ECLI as set by the NZ Privacy Commissioner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0023-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), Other New Zealand emergency and related numbers\nOther than 111, the following national emergency and related numbers are used for different services:-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 81], "content_span": [82, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006630-0024-0000", "contents": "111 (emergency telephone number), Other New Zealand emergency and related numbers\nOther emergency numbers vary from area to area, or from service provider to service provider. These numbers can be found under the \"Emergency Information\" section on pages 2 and 3 of the local White Pages telephone directory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 81], "content_span": [82, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006631-0000-0000", "contents": "111 (number)\n111 (One hundred [and] eleven) is the natural number following 110 and preceding 112.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006631-0001-0000", "contents": "111 (number), In mathematics\n111 is R3 or the second repunit, a number like 11, 111, or 1111 that consists of repeated units, or 1's. It equals 3 \u00d7 37, therefore all triplets (numbers like 222 or 777) in base ten are of the form 3n \u00d7 37. As a repunit, it also follows that 111 is a palindromic number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006631-0002-0000", "contents": "111 (number), In mathematics\nAll triplets in all bases are multiples of 111 in that base, therefore the number represented by 111 in a particular base is the only triplet that can ever be prime. 111 is not prime in base ten, but is prime in base two, where 1112 = 710. It is also prime in these other bases up to 128: 3, 5, 6, 8, 12, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 24, 27, 33, 38, 41, 50, 54, 57, 59, 62, 66, 69, 71, 75, 77, 78, 80, 89, 90, 99, 101, 105, 110, 111, 117, 119 (sequence  in the OEIS)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006631-0003-0000", "contents": "111 (number), In mathematics\nIn base 18, the number 111 is 73 (= 34310) which is the only base where 111 is a perfect power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006631-0004-0000", "contents": "111 (number), In mathematics\nThe smallest magic square using only 1 and prime numbers has a magic constant of 111:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006631-0005-0000", "contents": "111 (number), In mathematics\nA six-by-six magic square using the numbers 1 to 36 also has a magic constant of 111:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006631-0006-0000", "contents": "111 (number), In mathematics\n(The square has this magic constant because 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 34 + 35 + 36 = 666, and 666 / 6 = 111).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006631-0007-0000", "contents": "111 (number), In mathematics\n111 is also the magic constant of the n-Queens Problem for n = 6. It is also a nonagonal number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006631-0008-0000", "contents": "111 (number), Nelson\nIn cricket, the number 111 is sometimes called \"a Nelson\" after Admiral Nelson, who allegedly only had \"One Eye, One Arm, One Leg\" near the end of his life. This is in fact inaccurate\u2014Nelson never lost a leg. Alternate meanings include \"One Eye, One Arm, One Ambition\" and \"One Eye, One Arm, One Arsehole\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006631-0009-0000", "contents": "111 (number), Nelson\nParticularly in cricket, multiples of 111 are called a double Nelson (222), triple Nelson (333), quadruple Nelson (444; also known as a salamander) and so on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006631-0010-0000", "contents": "111 (number), Nelson\nA score of 111 is considered by some to be unlucky. To combat the supposed bad luck, some watching lift their feet off the ground. Since an umpire cannot sit down and raise his feet, the international umpire David Shepherd had a whole retinue of peculiar mannerisms if the score was ever a Nelson multiple. He would hop, shuffle, or jiggle, particularly if the number of wickets also matched\u2014111/1, 222/2 etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006632-0000-0000", "contents": "111 (\u017deljko Joksimovi\u0107 album)\n111 is the third album by \u017deljko Joksimovi\u0107, a Serbian pop singer released in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006633-0000-0000", "contents": "111 Ate\nAte (minor planet designation: 111 Ate) is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by the German-American astronomer C. H. F. Peters on August 14, 1870, and named after Ate, the goddess of mischief and destruction in Greek mythology. In the Tholen classification system, it is categorized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid, while the Bus asteroid taxonomy system lists it as an Ch asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006633-0001-0000", "contents": "111 Ate\nTwo stellar occultations by Ate were observed in 2000, only two months apart. The occultation of the star HIP 2559 by 111 Ate was used to determine a chord length of 125.6 \u00b1 7.2\u00a0km through the asteroid, giving a lower bound on the maximum dimension. During 2000, 111 Ate was observed by radar from the Arecibo Observatory. The return signal matched an effective diameter of 135 \u00b1 15\u00a0km. The estimated size of this asteroid is 143 km, making it one of the larger asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006633-0002-0000", "contents": "111 Ate\nBased upon an irregular light curve that was generated from photometric observations of this asteroid at Pulkovo Observatory, it has a rotation period of 22.072 \u00b1 0.001 hours and varies in brightness by 0.12 \u00b1 0.01 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006634-0000-0000", "contents": "111 BC\nYear 111 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Serapio and Bestia (or, less frequently, year 643 Ab urbe condita) and the Sixth Year of Yuanding. The denomination 111 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006635-0000-0000", "contents": "111 Battalion\n111 Battalion was a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006635-0001-0000", "contents": "111 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions\nBy the late 1970s the South African government had abandoned its opposition to arming black soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006635-0002-0000", "contents": "111 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions\nIn early 1979, the government also approved a plan to form a number of regional African battalions, each with a particular ethnic identity, which would either serve in their respective homelands or under regional SADF commands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006635-0003-0000", "contents": "111 Battalion, History, The Swazi Battalion\nThis policy led to the formation of 111 Battalion for Swazis. 111 Battalion was raised in 1980 at Amsterdam, Mpumalanga on the Swaziland Border in the then Eastern Transvaal where a purpose built base was developed for it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006635-0004-0000", "contents": "111 Battalion, History, The Swazi Battalion\nTroops for 111 SA Battalion were recruited from the self-governing territory of KaNgwane, where the SADF itself maintained a base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006635-0005-0000", "contents": "111 Battalion, History, Higher Command\n111 Battalion resorted under the command of Eastern Transvaal Command based in Nelspruit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006635-0006-0000", "contents": "111 Battalion, History, Operational Deployment\nThe battalion was responsible for patrolling the border between Swaziland and South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 46], "content_span": [47, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006635-0007-0000", "contents": "111 Battalion, Insignia\nThe badge was designed to represent the head ring and plumes of the Swazi King upon crossed assegais.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006635-0008-0000", "contents": "111 Battalion, Notes\nPeled, A. A question of Loyalty Military Manpower Policy in Multiethinic States, Cornell University Press, 1998, ISBN\u00a00-8014-3239-1 Chapter 2: South Africa: From Exclusion to Inclusion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 20], "content_span": [21, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006636-0000-0000", "contents": "111 Brigade (Sri Lanka)\nThe 111 Brigade is a formation of the Sri Lanka Army. The Brigade is responsible for the defense of the City of Kandy and the central province at large. It was formerly known as the Area Headquarters Kandy and was renamed in 2011 coming under the 11th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006636-0001-0000", "contents": "111 Brigade (Sri Lanka)\nIt traces its roots to the Central Commander's Headquarters which was established in 1972 following the 1971 Insurrection under the command of Colonel E.J Divitotawela. In 1988, it was renamed as the 12 Division followed with another redesignation in 32 Division until it became known as the Area Headquarters on 23 October 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006637-0000-0000", "contents": "111 Centoundici\n111 Centoundici is  Tiziano Ferro's second studio album, released in late 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006637-0001-0000", "contents": "111 Centoundici\nThe album was a tremendous success in Italy, topping the Italian Album Chart and selling over 450,000 copies, surpassing the success of previous album, Rosso Relativo, in the country. The Spanish version of the album, 111 Ciento once, was also released the same year and helped the album sell over one million copies around the world, further cementing Ferro as a well-recognized international pop and R&B artist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006637-0002-0000", "contents": "111 Centoundici\nThe album sold well due to the popularity of the first single \"Xverso\", but when single \"Sere nere\" was released the album increased in sales much faster, thanks to the song reaching #1 in the airplay charts of Italy and Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006637-0003-0000", "contents": "111 Centoundici, Certifications and sales\n^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006638-0000-0000", "contents": "111 Eighth Avenue\n111 Eighth Avenue, also known as the Google Building, is a full-block Art Deco multi-use building located between Eighth and Ninth Avenues, and 15th and 16th Streets in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006638-0001-0000", "contents": "111 Eighth Avenue\nAt 2.9\u00a0million square feet (270,000\u00a0m2), it is the city's fourth largest building in terms of floor area as of 2014. It was the largest building until 1963, when the 3.14-million-square-foot (292,000\u00a0m2) MetLife Building opened. The World Trade Center, which opened in 1970\u201371, and 55 Water Street, which opened in 1972, were also larger, but the World Trade Center was destroyed in 2001. When the 3.5-million-square-foot (330,000\u00a0m2) One World Trade Center opened in 2014, 111 became the city's fourth largest building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006638-0002-0000", "contents": "111 Eighth Avenue\nThe building, which has been owned by Google since 2010, is one of the largest technology-owned office buildings in the world. It is larger than Apple Park, Apple's 2.8\u00a0million square feet (260,000\u00a0m2) headquarters in Cupertino, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006638-0003-0000", "contents": "111 Eighth Avenue, Port Authority Commerce Building/Union Inland Terminal #1\nThe building was designed by Lusby Simpson of Abbott, Merkt & Co. and completed in 1932.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006638-0004-0000", "contents": "111 Eighth Avenue, Port Authority Commerce Building/Union Inland Terminal #1\nThe building had a multipurpose design when it opened in 1932 with the first floor and basement designated as \"Union Inland Terminal #1\" which was to be used to transport goods by truck to and from railroad lines and/or shipping piers. The building included four freight elevators that could carry fully loaded 20 ton trucks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006638-0005-0000", "contents": "111 Eighth Avenue, Port Authority Commerce Building/Union Inland Terminal #1\nThe second floor was the Commerce section designed for exhibitions and the upper floors were designed for manufacturing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006638-0006-0000", "contents": "111 Eighth Avenue, Port Authority Commerce Building/Union Inland Terminal #1\nThe Union Inland Terminal was built by the Port Authority to be a warehouse/union station to handle less-than-carload (LCL) shipments, consolidating the shipping functions of the Hudson River piers two blocks west of the building, the eight trunk railroads that operated a block west of the building and truck operations (an inland terminal by definition is a warehouse that is not immediately next to railroad lines/piers but is nearby and is used to relieve congestion at the transfer points).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006638-0007-0000", "contents": "111 Eighth Avenue, Port Authority Commerce Building/Union Inland Terminal #1\nAt its peak in the 1930s the Port Authority said it was handling more than half of the LCL freight operations south of 59th Street in Manhattan with more than 8,000 tons of goods passing through it each month. On one day alone in 1937 it was reported that 650 trucks had used the facility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006638-0008-0000", "contents": "111 Eighth Avenue, Port Authority Commerce Building/Union Inland Terminal #1\nThe railroads involved were the Pennsylvania Railroad; Lehigh Valley Railroad; Baltimore & Ohio; Erie Railroad; Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad; Central Railroad of New Jersey; New York Central Railroad; New York, New Haven & Hartford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006638-0009-0000", "contents": "111 Eighth Avenue, Port Authority Commerce Building/Union Inland Terminal #1\nBecause of the warehouse mission of the building it was able to avoid some of the setback rules that greatly reduced the buildable space available for the skyscrapers that mark the Manhattan skyline. As a result, the 15-story building with most of its floors larger than the size of two football fields has more available rentable square footage than the 102-story Empire State Building which has 2.2\u00a0million square feet (200,000\u00a0m2). The construction occurred at a time of a massive projects built to deal with what at the time was street level freight railroad traffic on Manhattan's west side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006638-0010-0000", "contents": "111 Eighth Avenue, Port Authority Commerce Building/Union Inland Terminal #1\nOther projects in the neighborhood in the era included construction of the High Line and Starrett-Lehigh Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006638-0011-0000", "contents": "111 Eighth Avenue, Port Authority Building\nThe initial plan had called for more inland freight operations to be erected in Manhattan. However the freight transportation changed and freight railroads played a dwindling importance in Manhattan. By 1947 its initial mission was pretty much abandoned and it became the Port Authority Building which remained the Port Authority's headquarters until the opening of the World Trade Center in 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006638-0012-0000", "contents": "111 Eighth Avenue, 1998 Taconic acquisition\nThe massive building served a dwindling warehouse/backoffice outpost until 1998 when Taconic Investment Partners acquired it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006638-0013-0000", "contents": "111 Eighth Avenue, 1998 Taconic acquisition\nTaconic began marketing it as a location to be used as a carrier hotel for the new booming internet business. This was coupled with the fashionable rise of the Chelsea neighborhood that surrounded it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006638-0014-0000", "contents": "111 Eighth Avenue, Google\nIn 2010, Google, which had previously leased space in the building, contracted to purchase the entire 2.9-million-square-foot (270,000\u00a0m2) building, in a deal reported to be worth around $1.9 billion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006638-0015-0000", "contents": "111 Eighth Avenue, Google\nThe building's meet-me room in its carrier hotel was once the biggest in the city (the other big meet-me room is at 60 Hudson Street).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006638-0016-0000", "contents": "111 Eighth Avenue, Google\n111 8th Avenue is adjacent to trunk dark fiber lines stretching from Hudson Street and continuing up Ninth Avenue. That line at the time was owned by Lexent Metro Connect. There was speculation at the time of the acquisition that Google would use its strategic location to launch a Google Fiber operation in New York City. The Google Fiber plan never came to pass and Google has denied it has any plans to bring it to New York City anytime in the near future, although in 2013 it did begin offering free Wi-Fi to its Chelsea neighbors. The Lexent dark fiber line has been acquired by Lightower Fiber Networks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006638-0017-0000", "contents": "111 Eighth Avenue, Google\nIn 2013 the first class of the newly created Cornell NYC Tech school began classes in the building, in space donated by Google. Classes continued in the building until the school moved to its new location on Roosevelt Island in 2017. Despite the massive size of the acquisition, Google has still found itself having to rent space elsewhere because it has been unable to break the leases with some of its tenants, including Nike, Deutsch Inc., and Bank of New York. After years of renting additional space across the street in the Chelsea Market, Google purchased that building in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006639-0000-0000", "contents": "111 First Street\n111 First Street was an industrial building in Jersey City, New Jersey, at the intersection of First and Washington Streets in Downtown Jersey City. Prior to its demolition in 2007, the 19th-century industrial building on the site had been converted to an arts center, artists' residence, and loft. As of 2018, the site is the location of a proposed 52-story skyscraper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006639-0001-0000", "contents": "111 First Street, Original building, Construction and industrial use\nThe original industrial building, constructed in 1866, was a Greek Revival brick building fronting on Washington Street that housed one of the nation's first conglomerates, the American Screw Company. It was purchased in the early 1870s by P. Lorillard & Co., and for about 85 years it was a factory and warehouse of the Lorillard Tobacco Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 68], "content_span": [69, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006639-0002-0000", "contents": "111 First Street, Original building, Construction and industrial use\nIn 1956, Lorillard moved its manufacturing operations out of Jersey City, and in the ensuing decades, a variety of other businesses used the building for purposes including light manufacturing, retail space, and storage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 68], "content_span": [69, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006639-0003-0000", "contents": "111 First Street, Original building, Arts center\nIn the late 1980s, the warehouse was renovated after years of abandonment, and began to be shared by industrial tenants and artists. The building became known as an arts center, with galleries, studios, residences, and lofts that housed over 200 artists, including painters, sculptors, photographers, musicians, filmmakers, writers, and poets. The building's neighborhood, redeveloped as the Historic Warehouse District, was initially dubbed WALDO (Work And Live District Overlay), but soon became known as the Powerhouse Arts District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006639-0004-0000", "contents": "111 First Street, Original building, Arts center\nIn the spring of 2005, the artists and other tenants were evicted in a dispute with developer Lloyd Goldman, and the building was demolished in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006639-0005-0000", "contents": "111 First Street, Original building, Legacy\nThe building and its artists were the subject of a 2012 documentary film, 111 First Street, directed by independent filmmaker Branko (Raul Romero), and largely filmed prior to the building's demolition. The documentary, subtitled From Paris to Jersey City, They Showed No Love, included interviews with artists and political figures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006639-0006-0000", "contents": "111 First Street, Original building, Legacy\nIn 2017, twelve years after their eviction, more than 40 of the building's artists reunited to display their work in an exhibition called \"111 1st Street: A Community of Artists.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006639-0007-0000", "contents": "111 First Street, Proposed skyscraper\nThe approved new building is a 52-story skyscraper to be built in the Powerhouse Arts District of Jersey City. The mixed-use building is to include residences, a hotel, and retail space, as well as planned artist lofts and gallery space. Under the owner's preliminary agreement with the city that permitted demolition of the building, the facade is to be reconstructed using the previously existing brick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006639-0008-0000", "contents": "111 First Street, Proposed skyscraper\nRem Koolhaas of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA), an architectural firm based in the Netherlands, was announced as the project's architect on September 18, 2006. It is divided into three vertical rectangular sections, at 90 degree angles to one another, overhanging the building's base. According to the architects:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006639-0009-0000", "contents": "111 First Street, Proposed skyscraper\nEach component of the [mixed-use] program is ... concentrated into individual blocks \u2013 a cube of artist work/live studios and galleries, a slab that combines hotel rooms and apartments, and a wider slab that accommodates deeper apartment units. The resulting volumes are stacked perpendicularly in plan to create a 52 story (592ft) tower. The stacking maintains the independence of each block, optimizes views from the site and creates a dynamic relationship between the building and its surroundings: spectacle from convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006640-0000-0000", "contents": "111 First Street (film)\n111 First Street. From Paris to Jersey City, they showed no love. is a 2012 documentary film, directed by Branko, starring some of the artists of an Art Center and residence located at 111 First Street, Jersey City, New Jersey. It is the fifth feature-length documentary film created by independent filmmaker Branko.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006640-0001-0000", "contents": "111 First Street (film), Synopsis\n111 First Street in Jersey City, New Jersey is the location of a proposed 52-story skyscraper. The former building housed on the site was a renovated warehouse that housed over 100 artists' studios, including painters, sculptors, photographers, musicians, filmmakers, writers, poets, and others. The concentration of artists led the building to be known as the \"Heart of the Art Center\". Although the building (and its occupants) are gone now, 111 First Street..., filmed before the demolition of the original building, documents this group of artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006641-0000-0000", "contents": "111 George Street\n111 George Street is a building on George Street in the Brisbane CBD, Queensland, Australia which was completed in 1993. The building is owned, managed and occupied by the Queensland Government. With its repetitive grill pattern, it is sometimes colloquially referred to as the 'cheese grater'. The site covers 1,299\u00a0m2. A sister project known as 33 Charlotte Street was later built on the adjoining site, and has a very similar fa\u00e7ade. This smaller building is 75 m high and was completed in September 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006641-0001-0000", "contents": "111 George Street\nAs with all Queensland Government assets, the Department of Housing and Public Works manages the building on a day-to-day basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006641-0002-0000", "contents": "111 George Street, Tenants\n111 George Street is currently occupied by three departments of the Queensland Government:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006641-0003-0000", "contents": "111 George Street, Tenants\nThe building used to be occupied by additional departments of the Queensland Government, which have since moved to other buildings or 1 William Street, where most executive branch and executive-level units are housed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006642-0000-0000", "contents": "111 Herculis\n111 Herculis is a suspected astrometric binary star system located 92\u00a0light years from the Sun in the northern constellation Hercules. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, white-hued point of light with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.34. The system is moving nearer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221245\u00a0km/s, and may come as close as 37 light-years in 537,000\u00a0years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006642-0001-0000", "contents": "111 Herculis\nAccording to Cowley et al. (1969), the visible component has a stellar classification of A5III, matching an A-type giant star. Abt and Morrell (1995) listed it as type A3IV, suggesting it is instead a less evolved subgiant star. The interferometry-measured angular diameter of the primary component is 0.52\u00b10.02\u00a0mas, which, at its estimated distance, equates to a physical radius of roughly 1.6 times the radius of the Sun. The star is estimated to be 559\u00a0million years old with 2.40 times the mass of the Sun and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 71\u00a0km/s. It is radiating 13 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,873\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006643-0000-0000", "contents": "111 Huntington Avenue\n111 Huntington Avenue is a Boston skyscraper. Located on Huntington Avenue, it is part of the Prudential Center complex that also houses the Prudential Tower. Completed in 2002, the tower is 554 feet (169 meters) tall and houses 36 floors. It is Boston's tenth-tallest building. It won the 2002 bronze Emporis Skyscraper Award. It is sometimes given the unofficial nickname The R2-D2 Building after the Star Wars droid's top.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006643-0001-0000", "contents": "111 Huntington Avenue, Design\nThe 36-story tower is capped by an open-frame dome and crown which is illuminated at night. The building's original design called for a flat roof, but Boston Mayor Thomas Menino objected; Menino chose the present design from among several options the developer subsequently proposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006643-0002-0000", "contents": "111 Huntington Avenue, Design\nThe postmodern facade consists of a blue glass curtain wall designed by the architect firm Childs Bertman Tseckares Inc. (CBT). The lobby interior consists of reflective black marble walls with finished wood paneling and a dramatic lobby waterfall. It can be accessed from the adjacent Prudential retail mall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006643-0003-0000", "contents": "111 Huntington Avenue, Design\nThe project was constructed by John Moriarty & Associates, Inc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006643-0004-0000", "contents": "111 Huntington Avenue, Tenants\nThe anchor tenant of the building is the MFS Investment Management company which had reserved 350,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (33,000\u00a0m2) out of the 890,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (83,000\u00a0m2) for occupancy as of spring 2013. Other notable tenants include Foley & Lardner LLP, Analysis Group, Edwards Wildman Palmer, Bain Capital, Citi Private Bank and Apple Inc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006644-0000-0000", "contents": "111 Murray Street\n111 Murray Street (formerly known as 101 Murray Street or 101 Tribeca) is a residential skyscraper completed in 2018 in Manhattan, New York City. Developed by Witkoff Group and Fisher Brothers, the building is located at the intersection of Murray and West Streets, in the Financial District and Tribeca neighborhoods and close to Battery Park City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006644-0001-0000", "contents": "111 Murray Street, Design\nAccording to Winston C. Fisher, of Fisher Brothers, the building has 156 luxury condominiums. The tower stands 792 feet (241.4 m) to its pinnacle and has 2,100 square feet (195 sqm) of retail space on the ground floor. The building is the third tallest structure in the local area, after 30 Park Place and 56 Leonard Street, matching the height of the Woolworth Building. A 10,600 square-foot (985 sqm) plaza sits adjacent to the tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006644-0002-0000", "contents": "111 Murray Street, Construction\nThe tower was constructed at the site of the former St. John's University building at 101 Murray Street, which the developers purchased for $200 million in May 2013. In May 2015, the developers finalized the project's financing after securing an equity investment from a Chinese insurance company and a $445 million construction loan from The Blackstone Group, Deutsche Bank, and M&T Bank. By summer 2015, demolition of the previous structure was complete and construction of the foundation commenced. The building topped out in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006645-0000-0000", "contents": "111 Navy Chair\nThe Emeco 111 Navy Chair is a recycled plastic chair manufactured by Emeco. It is based on the Emeco 1006 chair originally built for Navy warships during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006645-0001-0000", "contents": "111 Navy Chair, History\nIn 2006, Coca-Cola sought a means to keep their plastic bottles out of landfills, and sought product applications via manufacturing partnerships. They approached chair manufacturer Emeco, best known for manufacturing chairs from aluminum. Emeco's leadership \"jumped on the project.\" The company saw it as an opportunity to develop an innovative, structurally sound material and keep plastic bottles out of the landfill. The two companies began to talk about the possibilities of recreating the iconic Navy Chair using rPET.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006645-0002-0000", "contents": "111 Navy Chair, Development\nAt the time Emeco began working to create the chair out of rPET, other companies were making rPET products such as T-shirts, bags, caps and notebooks. Soft recycled PET plastic was originally intended for short-lived fabric and textiles and Emeco needed to build a tough, one-piece, scratch-resistant chair for heavy-duty use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006645-0003-0000", "contents": "111 Navy Chair, Development\nEmeco\u2019s engineering team worked for 4 years to create a material made of recycled PET plastic that is made into pellets. Those pellets are mixed with glass fiber and color pigment. Each chair starts out as six kilograms of plastic pellets that are melted down and then injection-molded into the shape of the 1006 Navy Chair. Craftsmen add the H brace to make the chair sturdier and they smooth out any imperfections that result from injection moulding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006645-0004-0000", "contents": "111 Navy Chair, Development\nThe resulting 111 Navy Chair has the identical design of the 1006 Navy Chair. The one-piece design is scratch-resistant and suitable for heavy-duty use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006645-0005-0000", "contents": "111 Navy Chair, Development\nEach 111 Navy Chair is made of at least 111 recycled PET plastic bottles \u2013 65% post consumer PET \u2013 with 35% glass fiber and pigment; this gives the chair its name. The chair comes in 6 colors and passes all commercial requirements\u2014it is structurally strong, fire retardant and cleanable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006645-0006-0000", "contents": "111 Navy Chair, Results\nAs of late 2016, over 22 million plastic bottles have been kept out of the landfill and made into 111 Navy Chairs. Emeco CEO Gregg Buchbinder said in an interview with Forbes magazine \"We\u2019ve turned something many people throw away into something you want and can keep for a long, long time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006645-0007-0000", "contents": "111 Navy Chair, Results\nThe chair sells at a much lower price than the original.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006646-0000-0000", "contents": "111 Piccadilly\n111 Piccadilly, formerly Rodwell Tower or Rodwell House, is a high rise office development in Manchester, England, owned by Bruntwood, which was opened in 1965. The tower is 64 metres (210\u00a0ft) which makes it the joint-sixteenth tallest building in Manchester. The building is located at the corner of Ducie Street (near Station Approach which leads to Manchester's main railway station, Manchester Piccadilly). It is the last building in Piccadilly which continues here as London Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006646-0001-0000", "contents": "111 Piccadilly, History\nThe architects of the tower were Douglas Stephen & Partners who had to solve the constructional problem of building a high building over the Rochdale Canal. Its external appearance is enhanced by the eight enormous columns which carry the building above the canal; however the rendered finish did not look so good after a few years of rain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006647-0000-0000", "contents": "111 Somerset\n111 Somerset is a high-rise commercial building and shopping mall in Orchard, Singapore. The building was first known as Public Utilities Board Building (PUB Building) until 1995, and was later known as Singapore Power Building until 2008 when acquired by YTL Corporation Pacific Star. It used to house the headquarters of SP Group, until it shifted to its current site at Kallang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006647-0001-0000", "contents": "111 Somerset\nIt includes two office towers and a retail podium. It is currently being managed by Perennial Real Estate Holdings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006647-0002-0000", "contents": "111 Somerset, History\nThe PUB Building, located near Singapore's main shopping belt of Orchard Road, was built to accommodate several departments of the Public Utilities Board which had outgrown its office space in City Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006647-0003-0000", "contents": "111 Somerset, History\nThe building was the result of an architectural design competition. In July 1971, a contest to design PUB's corporate headquarters was launched. Of 23 submissions, four were picked by a jury headed by then PUB chairman Lim Kim San. The proposal by the now-defunct Singapore architectural firm Group 2 Architects (1970\u20131978), formed by Ong Chin Bee and Tan Puay Huat, won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006647-0004-0000", "contents": "111 Somerset, History\nBuilt to a height of 100 metres (328\u00a0ft), the PUB Building was completed in 1977; construction cost S$32 million. It was renamed as the Singapore Power Building, after PUB's electricity and gas operations were corporatised to Singapore Power on 1 October 1995. The Singapore Power Building was renovated in 2006, when Singapore Power chose not to redevelop its corporate headquarters. Instead, it opted to refurbish and reclad the building in silvery metal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006647-0005-0000", "contents": "111 Somerset, History\nOn 29 January 2007, PUB moved out of the building to join its parent ministry, Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, at the Environment Building on Scotts Road. When YTL Pacific Star acquired the building in February 2008, it was renamed to its present name. The new owner undertook a S$50 million renovation and added more retail space to the building by converting offices, a cafeteria, empty spaces in the lobby areas as well as the carpark and the auditorium. It now has 500,000 square feet (46,000\u00a0m2) of offices, 60,000 square feet (5,600\u00a0m2) of retail space and a 5,000 square feet (460\u00a0m2) outdoor refreshment area. The reopening of the complex in 2010 included a FairPrice Finest supermarket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006647-0006-0000", "contents": "111 Somerset, Architecture, Design concept\nIn the 1971 design competition for the PUB Building, the other three finalists proposed high-rise structures to project a corporate image. However, Group 2 Architect's winning design, in the jury's words, allowed \"natural form and function to achieve character and dignity\" for the building. The 17-storey high PUB building shows the influence of Gerhard M. Kallmann's 1962 Boston City Hall, also a competition winner, which was, in turn, influenced by Le Corbusier's Sainte Marie de La Tourette (1957\u20131960) by . The development of the form of the PUB Building was mannerist, however, in contrast to the inherent logic evident in La Tourette, and to some degree in the City Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006647-0007-0000", "contents": "111 Somerset, Architecture, Design concept\nThe design and architecture of the building resulted in a Modernist architectural style known as Brutalism. This style of architecture was popular with government buildings in the 1970s and 80s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006647-0008-0000", "contents": "111 Somerset, Architecture, Design concept\nSituated between Somerset Road and Devonshire Road, Group 2 Architects designed the PUB Building as an H-shaped block with a central service core and a naturally-ventilated lobby. Facing north and south, the two parallel wings are of unequal height, and are linked by a wider transverse area three floors in height, and further up by the lift shaft and the access to each floor. Between the two wings is a landscaped courtyard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006647-0009-0000", "contents": "111 Somerset, Architecture, Horizontal emphasis\nThe architects sought to create an approachable building that reflected the role of the PUB as a public supplier of gas and electricity, and this led them to choose strong horizontal elements for the design. In the building's fa\u00e7ade, this is achieved with distinctive rows of vertical fins, staggered so as to emphasise horizontal movement; these fins also provide shade. A secondary horizontal pattern results from grouping two or more rows of these fins in blocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006647-0010-0000", "contents": "111 Somerset, Architecture, Horizontal emphasis\nThe Singapore Power Building's defining architectural motif is its \"inverted ziggurat\" fa\u00e7ade. The building tapers from cantilevered upper floors to recessed lower floors, and the resulting overhangs help to shade the lower levels, a logical response to the tropical climate. The tropical setting also led to the provision of a generous shaded concourse at ground level. It was the combination of design features intended to reflect the climate, together with an objective of making the floor areas congruent with the size of the administrative elements of the utility that occupied them, that resulted in the building's distinctive structural profile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006647-0010-0001", "contents": "111 Somerset, Architecture, Horizontal emphasis\nInternally, the building was organised to reflect the distribution of office spaces required by PUB's departments at the time, with more space needed on the upper floors. The chamfered parapets at the ends soften the corners of the building. The length of the building is emphasised and the design elements are visually integrated by vertical projections housing staircases. The staggered fa\u00e7ade provides views to the exterior, while offering voids in between that afford \"breathing space\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006647-0011-0000", "contents": "111 Somerset, Architecture, Horizontal emphasis\nThe ground floor of the building was dedicated to public access and use for retail as well. It is entered via wide steps under columns that are three- or four-storeys high, and these pilotis create a sense of space for the naturally ventilated public lobby areas. From the concourse, which is decorated with wall-relief sculptures, steps lead to upper and lower public service areas, a cafeteria and carparks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006647-0012-0000", "contents": "111 Somerset, Architecture, Horizontal emphasis\nThe original design of the Singapore Power Building was executed virtually without later alteration although it would later be surrounded by hotels, the Somerset MRT station and shopping complexes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006647-0013-0000", "contents": "111 Somerset, Architecture, Structural framework\nThe structural framework of the building utilises a simple system of reinforced concrete beams and slabs, and was originally clad in square mosaic and rectangular ceramic tiles on its walls and columns. The building's foundation comprises large diameter bored piles installed in decomposed sandstone. Beams span an average 7.6 metres except at the main entrance where post-tensioned concrete beams span 15 metres. The auditorium is roofed over by 24-metre long steel trusses with a composite reinforced concrete covering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 48], "content_span": [49, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006648-0000-0000", "contents": "111 Songs\n111 Songs is a project released by Hollerado in 2015. The project came to be when the band released a special promotional bundle for their second album White Paint. The bundle consisted of a T-shirt, the album, a poster, and a custom song. After realizing their mistake, and selling well over 100 bundles; the band removed the bundle to avoid having to write more songs. After delaying the custom songs for a while, the band decided to fulfil their promise to their loyal fans. The project took over 2 years to write and record, and the final result was enough content to fill over 5 full-length albums. Each song is written for a fan, and their name or pseudonym is listed after the title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006649-0000-0000", "contents": "111 South Wacker Drive\n111 South Wacker Drive is a high-rise office building located in Chicago, Illinois.. Completed in 2005 and standing at 681 feet (208 m), the 51 story blue-glass structure is one of the tallest in the city. It sits on the site of the former U.S. Gypsum Building, one of the tallest buildings in Chicago to be demolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006649-0001-0000", "contents": "111 South Wacker Drive\nDesigned by Lohan Caprille Goettsch Architects, the building is noted for its unique parking ramp. The ramp's cyclical form creates a dramatic sloped ceiling for the building's main lobby underneath. The ramp's corkscrew design is reflected outside as well; the pavement follows the radiating lines set inside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006649-0002-0000", "contents": "111 South Wacker Drive\nThe building is also noteworthy for its sustainable design, becoming the first-ever project to be certified LEED-CS Gold by the U.S. Green Building Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006649-0003-0000", "contents": "111 South Wacker Drive, Original design\nThe original design called for a more extreme building. This 35 story, 638 foot (194 m) tower would utilize many of the existing caissons of the former U.S. Gypsum Building. The bulk of the building would be supported by a 120-foot (37 m) base and 20 large diagonal braces connected from the corners of the base to the bottom of the office structure. The effect would have been a nearly symmetrical shape and a building that seemingly looked unstable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006649-0004-0000", "contents": "111 South Wacker Drive, Original design\nThe minimalistic lobby would have been enclosed in glass and left space for an exterior plaza with artwork.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006649-0005-0000", "contents": "111 South Wacker Drive, Original design\nThe plan was eventually abandoned with the current design chosen instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006649-0006-0000", "contents": "111 South Wacker Drive, Tenants\nTenants in the building include Deloitte, RR Donnelley, Harbor Funds, Wells Fargo Capital Finance, Bloomberg, Grippo & Elden LLC, Houlihan Lokey, and Locke Lord LLP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006649-0007-0000", "contents": "111 South Wacker Drive, Tenants\nShelbourne Development, the firm behind the Chicago Spire, had 6,700-square-foot (620\u00a0m2) of office space on the 50th floor but vacated their offices in 2010 due to a dispute over $27,600 in unpaid rent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006650-0000-0000", "contents": "111 Squadron SAAF\n111 Squadron is a territorial reserve squadron of the South African Air Force. The squadron is primarily involved in VIP transport and reconnaissance flights in the Gauteng area. The squadron is headquartered at AFB Waterkloof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006651-0000-0000", "contents": "111 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force\nThe 111 Squadron \"Jaeger\" was formed when the Republic of Singapore Air Force acquired four Grumman E-2C Hawkeye Airborne Early Warning aircraft in 1987. Based at Tengah Air Base, its primary function is to perform airborne surveillance and early warning. Other functions include Aircraft Intercept Control, Surface Surveillance, Search and Rescue and Air Traffic Control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006651-0001-0000", "contents": "111 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force\nThe unit is represented by the Jaeger, a vigilant and courageous hawk-like bird whose vigilance is aptly reflected in their motto \"Vigilance In Control\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006651-0002-0000", "contents": "111 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\nSince the early 1990s, as one of the signatory members of Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA), Singapore has regularly deployed the squadron's Hawkeye to participate in the air exercise part of the Integrated Air Defence System (IADS) phase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006651-0003-0000", "contents": "111 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Overview\nIn 2001, RSAF working together with the Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA) upgraded the entire computer and software systems of the E-2C. State-of-the-art equipment was adapted to the harsh military environment and millions of lines of code were rewritten. Interfaces between the various E-2C subsystems were also designed and enhanced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006651-0004-0000", "contents": "111 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Overview\nThe RSAF acquired four Gulfstream G550 jets with the IAI EL/W-2085 Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) dual-band phased array radar (a newer derivative of the Phalcon system) for CAEW duties from Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) in 2007, at least 2 aircraft were delivered in late 2008 and are expected to be fully operational by 2010. Not included in the deal is an additional G550 as an AEW trainer, which will be acquired and maintained by ST Aerospace on behalf of RSAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006651-0005-0000", "contents": "111 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Overview\nDuring the 2010 Singapore Airshow, the squadron unveiled the new aircraft, which had been further upgraded, at the display pavilion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006651-0006-0000", "contents": "111 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Aircraft operated\nAn E-2C Hawkeye (015) of 111 Sqn on display at Paya Lebar Air Base, 2006", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006651-0007-0000", "contents": "111 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Aircraft operated\nAn operational G550 CAEW of 111 Sqn on display at Singapore Air Show, 2010", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006652-0000-0000", "contents": "111 Street, Edmonton\n111\u00a0Street is a major arterial road in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The south leg of the LRT runs between the northbound and southbound lanes north of 23\u00a0Avenue. It passes by Southgate Centre and the former location of Heritage Mall, now the location of the Century Park transit-oriented development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006652-0001-0000", "contents": "111 Street, Edmonton\n111\u00a0Street was originally part of the 1963 Metro Edmonton Transportation Study (METS), which proposed a downtown freeway loop and feeder routes, including three southern approaches from Highway\u00a02 via 111\u00a0Street, Calgary Trail, and 91\u00a0Street / Mill Creek Ravine. As 111\u00a0Street was constructed,  a wide right-of-way was integrated; however the freeway plan was ultimately cancelled. In the 2000s, the LRT Capital Line was expanded and constructed along the median and opened in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006652-0002-0000", "contents": "111 Street, Edmonton, Neighbourhoods\nList of neighbourhoods 111 Street runs through, in order from south to north:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006652-0003-0000", "contents": "111 Street, Edmonton, Major intersections\nThis is a list of major intersections, starting at the south end of 111 Street. The entire route is in Edmonton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006653-0000-0000", "contents": "111 Tauri\n111 Tauri is a wide binary star system in the constellation Taurus. It is located at a distance of about 47\u00a0light years from the Sun. Primary component A is a main sequence star with a stellar classification of F8V. The secondary component B (Gliese 201) is a K-type main sequence star. The primary is larger and more luminous than the Sun, with about 130% of the Sun's radius and 185% of the Sun's luminosity. The apparent magnitude of 5.1 indicates it is a faint star that can be viewed by the naked eye under good, dark-sky conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006653-0001-0000", "contents": "111 Tauri\nThe metallicity of the primary star, which measures the proportion of elements other than hydrogen and helium, is similar to the Sun. Estimates of [Fe/H], which is the logarithm of the ratio of iron to hydrogen as compared to the Sun, range from a low of \u22120.14 to a high of 0.05. This star shows an unusually high content of Lithium, which remains unexplained. Age estimates for this star range from 3.6 to 3.76 billion years. however the most recent age determination indicates a very young star with an age of 20 to 50 million years. It is a prominent X-ray source.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006653-0002-0000", "contents": "111 Tauri\nThis star is rotating relatively rapidly, completing a rotation along the equator every 3.5 days as compared to 25 days for the Sun. It is also undergoing differential rotation in which the rotation velocity varies by latitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006653-0003-0000", "contents": "111 Tauri\nThis star was examined for an excess of infrared emission that could indicate it has a circumstellar debris disk of dust, but no significant excess was observed. The space velocity components of this star are [U, V, W] = [\u221236.94, \u221214.63, 7.63] km/s. It shares a common proper motion with HIP 25220, an active star with stellar classification K4V. Both stars are members of the Hyades stellar kinematic group of co-moving stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0000-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street\n111 West 57th Street, also known as Steinway Tower, is a supertall residential skyscraper in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Developed by JDS Development Group and Property Markets Group, it is situated along Billionaires' Row on the north side of 57th Street near Sixth Avenue. The main portion of the skyscraper is an 84-story, 1,428-foot (435-meter) tower designed by SHoP Architects and erected in the 2010s. Preserved at the skyscraper's base is the 16-story Steinway Building (also Steinway Hall), a former Steinway & Sons store designed in the 1920s by Warren and Wetmore, which originally carried the address 111 West 57th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0001-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street\n111 West 57th Street has 60 luxury condominiums: 14 in Steinway Hall and 46 in the tower. The residential tower has a glass facade with piers made of terracotta and contains a pinnacle with setbacks on the southern side. When completed, the tower will be one of the tallest buildings in the United States, as well as the thinnest skyscraper in the world with a width-to-height ratio of about 1:24. Steinway Hall, a New York City designated landmark, contains a facade made mostly of brick, limestone, and terracotta; it was restored as part of the residential development. 111 West 57th Street contains numerous resident amenities, housed mostly in the building's base, as well as a large rotunda within Steinway Hall that is also a designated city landmark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0002-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street\nThe Steinway & Sons store at 111 West 57th Street was planned in 1916 and, due to lawsuits and other delays, it did not open until 1925. Steinway Hall served as a store, recital hall, and office building for almost nine decades, though it was unsuccessful as a speculative development. Plans for a residential skyscraper on the site date to 2005, and JDS acquired the lots for the skyscraper between 2012 and 2013. Despite the tower's size, it was technically constructed as an addition to Steinway Hall. Construction on the tower and Steinway Hall's conversion began in 2014; the development faced several challenges, including financing difficulties, numerous lawsuits, and controversies over employment. The tower's concrete form topped out during April 2019, and the development is planned to be completed by the end of 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0003-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Site\n111 West 57th Street is in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, just south of Central Park, between Sixth Avenue to the east and Seventh Avenue to the west. The building occupies the land lots at 105\u2013113 West 57th Street and contains frontage along 57th Street to the south and 58th Street to the north. The rectangular site covers 20,621 square feet (1,915.8\u00a0m2), with a frontage of 106 feet (32\u00a0m) on 57th and 58th Streets, and a depth of 200.83 feet (61.21\u00a0m) between the two streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0004-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Site\n111 West 57th Street occupies the same city block as the Calvary Baptist Church, One57, and Alwyn Court to the west, and abuts The Quin immediately to the east. 111 West 57th Street is also near Carnegie Hall, Carnegie Hall Tower, and Metropolitan Tower one block west; Parker New York, 130 West 57th Street, and 140 West 57th Street across 57th Street to the south; and Hampshire House and Trump Parc across 58th Street to the north. The building stands across from the 57th Street station of the New York City Subway's F and <F>\u200b trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0004-0001", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Site\n111 West 57th Street is one of several major developments around 57th Street and Central Park that are collectively dubbed Billionaires' Row by the media. Other buildings along Billionaires' Row include 432 Park Avenue four blocks southeast, 220 Central Park South one block northwest, Central Park Tower one block west, and the nearby One57.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0005-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Site\n111 West 57th Street's base contains Steinway Hall, a former store and recital hall for Steinway & Sons. Steinway Hall was completed in 1925 by Warren & Wetmore and is a New York City designated landmark. Steinway Hall was part of an artistic hub developed around the two blocks of West 57th Street from Sixth Avenue west to Broadway during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, following the opening of Carnegie Hall in 1891.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0005-0001", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Site\nThe area contains several buildings constructed as residences for artists and musicians, such as 130 and 140 West 57th Street, the Rodin Studios, and the Osborne Apartments. In addition, the area contained the headquarters of organizations such as the American Fine Arts Society, the Lotos Club, and the American Society of Civil Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0006-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design\n111 West 57th Street, also known as Steinway Tower, was developed by Michael Stern's JDS Development Group and Kevin P. Maloney's Property Markets Group (PMG). WSP USA was the structural engineer for the project, while Jaros, Baum & Bolles was the engineer in charge of mechanical, engineering, and plumbing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0007-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design\nThe building has two components. Warren and Wetmore's original Steinway Hall, at the base of the development, is topped by a 1,428\u00a0ft (435\u00a0m) tower designed by SHoP Architects. According to documents filed by SHoP Architects principal Gregg Pasquarelli, the roof slab of the tower is 1,257.5 feet (383.3\u00a0m) above ground level while the pinnacle is 1,423.58 feet (433.91\u00a0m) above ground. The building contains 84 stories above ground level or 85 including the roof slab. The top story is numbered as floor 91, while floor numbers 5\u20137, 13, and 21\u201325 are skipped. The tallest habitable story of the tower is 1,134 feet (346\u00a0m) above ground level. There is also a sub-cellar and cellar, used primarily for utilities and storage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0008-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Form\nThe 16-story, \"L\"-shaped Steinway Hall fills most of the base, with frontages of 63 feet (19\u00a0m) along 57th Street and 100 feet (30\u00a0m) on 58th Street. The concert hall has a setback above the 12th story on 57th Street, and setbacks above the 9th and 12th stories on 58th Street. The 16th story along 57th Street (marketed as floor 19) is also set back from all sides. The roof of Steinway Hall contains a campanile with a pyramidal copper roof and lantern, similar to the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. Christopher Gray of The New York Times described the campanile as having a \"sculptural, even funerary, caste\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0009-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Form\nThe residential tower atop Steinway Hall is one of the tallest buildings in the United States, as well as the thinnest skyscraper in the world with a width-to-height ratio of about 1:24. Due to its slenderness, the building has been characterized as part of a new breed of New York City \"pencil towers\". The tower's northern elevation rises directly up to the pinnacle, and the southern elevation contains several setbacks as the tower rises, thinning the tower's footprint on higher floors. The pinnacle's lighting pattern was commissioned by L'Observatoire International. Because of the shape of the tower's pinnacle, 111 West 57th Street is nicknamed \"Stairway to Heaven\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0010-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Facade, Steinway Hall\nSteinway Hall's southern elevation, or side, faces 57th Street. The facade of the lowest three stories on 57th Street, made of Indiana Limestone above a pink-granite water table, contains two rectangular portals flanking a large central arch. The outer portals contain wooden pocket doors, which are surrounded by moldings and topped with entablatures. The central opening is a display window that contains an entablature supported by Ionic columns on either side, as well as a lunette above the entablature. The lunette has a cement sculptural group by Leo Lentelli, which contains a bas-relief of Apollo. Above the third story is a frieze with portraits of classical composers and pianists, as well as a central plaque with the name \"Steinway\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0011-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Facade, Steinway Hall\nThe northern elevation on 58th Street is clad with brick, limestone, and terracotta. The lowest two floors contain rusticated limestone blocks; the first floor has loading docks on either end. One of the 58th Street loading docks led to a freight elevator for Steinway Hall's tenants, while the other led to a freight elevator used specifically by Steinway & Sons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0012-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Facade, Steinway Hall\nSteinway Hall's upper stories are clad with brick. On 57th Street, there are three pairs of windows on each of the 4th through 12th stories. On 58th Street, there are five windows on each of the 3rd through 12th stories; there is a balustrade at the third story and a cornice atop the 9th story. Above the 12th story, on both 57th and 58th Streets, is a parapet capped by urns. The western elevation is clad with plain brick and contains some window openings. The 13th through 15th stories of Steinway Hall have chamfered corners and Ionic colonnades, with a parapet above the 15th story. The 16th story has brick piers at each corner, shallow arches on each side, band courses at the bottom, and a cornice at the top.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0013-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Facade, Tower\nThe tower's facade was designed by BuroHappold. The portion of the tower's base at ground level, which is not occupied by Steinway Hall, contains doors with aluminum or bronze frames. This section serves as the retail entrance and was included only because zoning rules mandated it. The northern and southern elevations consist of large glass curtain walls. There are bronze mullions between the windows, which project slightly from the glass curtain wall. The top section of the northern elevation, above the highest habitable story, contains reflective glass panels in front of the pinnacle's reinforced concrete walls. There are glass parapets above each setback, and the roof terraces also contain guard rails made of aluminum, bronze, or steel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0014-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Facade, Tower\nThe eastern and western elevations contain narrow windows between vertical piers of glazed terracotta. Six tones of white were used for the terracotta. The terracotta piers are made of extruded and glazed blocks arranged in a wave-like pattern. The piers are meant to be reminiscent of older terracotta designs in New York City, and the beige color complements the limestone facade of Steinway Hall. Each of the terracotta piers rises to the height of one of the setbacks on the pinnacle. There are also bronze mullions, which contain curving patterns resembling bird feathers, between the piers. The piers and mullions serve partially to stabilize the tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0015-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Structural features\nThe existing Steinway Hall contains a structural steel frame atop a foundation with reinforced concrete and steel grillages. The foundations of the tower contain about 200 rock anchors that descend at most 100 feet (30\u00a0m) into the underlying bedrock. These deep foundations are necessitated by the tower's extreme slenderness. The building has two cellar levels. Steinway Hall originally had a cellar vault extending under the roadway at 57th Street, which was partially infilled and modified as part of the tower's construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0016-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Structural features\nThe superstructure of 111 West 57th Street's tower is made mostly of concrete. The core structural system is formed by two large shear walls installed behind the eastern and western facades, maximizing usable floor area. The two shear walls range in thickness from 30\u201336 inches (760\u2013910\u00a0mm) on the lower stories to 16 inches (410\u00a0mm) on the upper stories, and are recessed on upper floors to accommodate corner windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0016-0001", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Structural features\nThe tower's floors consist of concrete slabs that could withstand loads of up to 14,000 pounds per square inch (97,000\u00a0kPa), and they are reinforced with 5,500,000 square feet (510,000\u00a0m2) of rebar and welded plates. The floors are also supported by additional beams at three-story intervals, as well as four outrigger walls on the mechanical floors and 6-foot-wide (1.8\u00a0m) beams on the southern side of each floor. Interior walls above the floor slabs also connect the shear walls. The top of the tower includes an 800-short-ton (710-long-ton; 730\u00a0t) tuned mass damper to provide stability against high winds or earthquakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0017-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Interior\n111 West 57th Street's interior spaces were designed by Studio Sofield, though the interior of the original Steinway Hall was planned by Walter L. Hopkins. There are 60 apartments in total: 46 in the tower and 14 in Steinway Hall. According to the New York City Department of City Planning, the building has a gross floor area of 572,348 square feet (53,172.9\u00a0m2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0018-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Interior\nThe building has 20,000 square feet (1,900\u00a0m2) of amenity space across several floors. Spanning the cellar and floors 1, 3, and 4 is a \"non-residential unit\", which contains 54,158 square feet (5,031.4\u00a0m2) of commercial space. Several stories in the tower and base contain mechanical equipment. Additionally, floors 51, 71, and 86 contain windbreaks and are not occupied. 111 West 57th Street contains fourteen elevators: five in Steinway Hall and nine in the tower. Seven of the tower elevators are within individual suites, while the remaining seven elevators are shared by all residents. Steinway Hall had initially contained six elevators, one of which was upgraded as part of the residential project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0019-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Interior, Ground floor\nThe original western and eastern entrance vestibules on 57th Street have pink-granite floors and coffered domed ceilings. The eastern vestibule leads to a rectangular foyer with a vaulted ceiling, which in turn connects to the main rotunda and the original floor 2. The western vestibule leads north to a marble corridor that connects to Steinway Hall's original elevator lobby. The original elevator lobby had Botticino marble walls and black-and-white terrazzo flooring. A stone porte-coch\u00e8re for residents is on 58th Street. There is a passenger and freight elevator connecting the cellar and ground-level loading dock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0020-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Interior, Ground floor\nSteinway Hall's octagonal rotunda features a domed ceiling reaching 35 feet (11\u00a0m) and measuring 45 feet (14\u00a0m) across. The sides of the rotunda consist of four white marble arches, green marble pilasters with coffered pendentives, and a continuous marble cornice just below the dome. A large chandelier hangs from the dome. Four paintings by Paul Arndt, depicting \"the influence of music on human relations\", are hung on the wall. The paintings are surrounded by grotesques and images painted by Cooper and Gentiluomo. The rotunda's southern wall contains the arched display window facing 57th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0020-0001", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Interior, Ground floor\nBehind the northern wall are three green-marble archways on floor 1 and a balcony on floor 2. The central arch on the north wall led to piano showrooms in the rear of floor 1, while the right arch led to the basement. The rotunda sat up to 300 guests and a small symphony orchestra. When used by Steinway & Sons, the rotunda contained ornate furniture and paintings evocative of an upper-class home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0021-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Interior, Ground floor\nSteinway Hall's showrooms were clustered around a corridor that led from the rotunda. The corridor from the rotunda to these showrooms had dull red and old rose furniture, as well as green wall surfaces. The showrooms were covered with wood panels for better acoustics. The first showroom past the rotunda and foyers was the Pine Room, which had pine-paneled walls, draped windows, illumination from chandeliers and ceiling bulbs, and an ivory-white plaster ceiling in low relief. Dimmers were provided so the light could be intensified for instrument examination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0021-0001", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Interior, Ground floor\nTwo other showrooms had cream-colored, paneled walls and low-relief ceilings; one of these rooms had decorative paintings and medallions on the ceiling. Another showroom, known as the skylight room, had black-and-white wallpaper decorations depicting scenes in the French Empire style, as well as a skylight over more than half the room. The rear of the ground floor contained the Walnut Room, with walnut-paneled walls, windows facing 58th Street, and a beamed ceiling with pastel-color designs. Antique pieces throughout all the display rooms were arranged to complement the piano displays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0022-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Interior, Ground floor\nFollowing the construction of the residential tower, the rotunda was converted to a retail space with entrances from the residential lobby and the street. The residential lobby contains gold and silver-leaf murals with ebony and elephant motifs, a reference to the materials used in pianos. Also in the lobby is a mailroom, concierge area, shared toilet, and lounge. The elevator lobby contains custom bronze doors by Nancy Lorenz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0023-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Interior, Amenities and Steinway Hall units\nFloor 2 contained four display rooms, which generally were larger than the ground-floor showrooms. They generally had cream-colored walls and ceilings and were connected by a corridor with pea-green walls. The floor surfaces were laid in California redwood planks 2 inches (51\u00a0mm) thick, which could withstand the weight of the pianos. Floor 3 was initially Steinway Hall's executive offices while floors 4 and 8 (originally the fourth and fifth floors, respectively) were composed of soundproof music studios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0023-0001", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Interior, Amenities and Steinway Hall units\nThe original musical salon on floor 3 could fit 250 people and was designed with blue-gray plaster walls, a cream-colored low-relief ceiling, a gold-leaf cornice, an oak parquet floor, and a lighting system with a dimmer. Following the residential conversion, floor 8 has contained a residents' rehearsal room and offices; the room's design references the building's historical use. The non-residential areas between the cellar and floor 4 are served by a single elevator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0024-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Interior, Amenities and Steinway Hall units\nFloors 10 and 10M constitute the building's common amenity area. There is an 82-by-12-foot (25.0 by 3.7\u00a0m) indoor pool with a limestone deck and cabanas, as well as sauna, steam, and treatment rooms adjacent to the pool. Floors 10 and 10M also contain a private dining room, fitness center, and study. The amenity areas on floors 10 and 10M are connected by their own elevator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0025-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Interior, Amenities and Steinway Hall units\nThe remaining stories of Steinway Hall were originally rented as office space. The floors up to the 15th story (now floor 18) typically measured 11,500 square feet (1,070\u00a0m2), with more space facing 58th Street than 57th Street. The 16th story (now floor 19) was much smaller and was intended as a studio apartment. After the residential conversion, the space above the amenity area was converted to 14 units, which range between 2,580 and 5,269 square feet (239.7 and 489.5\u00a0m2). They consist of ten 3-bedroom units, three 1-bedroom units, and one studio apartment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0025-0001", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Interior, Amenities and Steinway Hall units\nFloor 11 has one 3-bedroom unit as well as the studio and 1-bedroom units, while floors 12, 14, 16, and 17 each have two 3-bedroom units. The largest unit, a three-bedroom duplex penthouse on floors 19 and 20, contains a stone entrance foyer, private terraces, an office, a den, a kitchen, and a living room with 26-foot (7.9\u00a0m) ceilings. These units are all connected to ground level and floor 10 by a pair of elevators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0026-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Interior, Tower units\nThe 46 condominiums in the building's tower range from 3,873 to 7,128 square feet (359.8 to 662.2\u00a0m2). The apartments start above the 17th story, numbered as floor 20, because the views of Central Park from the lower floors are obstructed by neighboring buildings. The units are mostly three-bedroom apartments each occupying one full floor, except for seven duplex units on floors 60\u201361 and 72\u201383, which each have between two and four bedrooms. Many of the stories are open in plan and have 14-foot (4.3\u00a0m) ceilings. As of 2018, prices ranged from $16 million for a studio apartment to over $57 million for the duplex penthouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0027-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Interior, Tower units\nThe living-room doors contain bronze doorknobs by P. E. Guerin Hardware, which are shaped like the tower itself. The kitchens typically have quartzite counters as well as built-in appliances such as dishwashers, ovens, refrigerators, and freezers. The units also contain dark wood and onyx floors, an acknowledgment of the design of Steinway Hall. A typical unit, such as the residence on floor 43, has a living room facing north toward Central Park and master and guest bedrooms facing south, as well as walk-in closets and custom bathroom appliances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0027-0001", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Design, Interior, Tower units\nSome tower units have been customized, such as a unit on floor 34, designed by Kelly Behun with a musically-influenced theme. A pair of elevators connect each of the tower stories to the ground level and floor 10. One is a double-deck elevator with a service cab on the lower deck, which also descends to the cellar, while the other is a single-deck elevator. In addition, each of the duplex units have private elevators connecting both floors in the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0028-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Steinway Hall\nSince 1864, Steinway & Sons had operated a piano showroom and performance auditorium at 14th Street in Lower Manhattan, where the piano industry was concentrated. When Carnegie Hall opened in 1891, the piano industry moved uptown to 57th Street, prompting Steinway & Sons to look for new sites in that area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0029-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Steinway Hall, Construction and opening\nBy July 1916, the company had identified a site at 109\u2013113 West 57th Street, between Sixth and Seventh Avenues, with a parcel extending back to 58th Street. William K. Benedict and Marvin & Davis designed a 10-story building for the site. Work was delayed because the 1916 Zoning Resolution prohibited non-residential buildings on that section of 58th Street; additionally, neighborhood residents had filed lawsuits against Steinway & Sons, which were settled by July 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0029-0001", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Steinway Hall, Construction and opening\nSteinway & Sons acquired eight lots on 57th and 58th Streets from 1920 to 1924, and Warren and Wetmore designed a 16-story building, for which plans were filed in July 1923. The new Steinway Hall was built from June 1924 to April 1925. Many of the studios had already been rented by late 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0030-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Steinway Hall, Construction and opening\nThe hall at 111 West 57th Street officially opened on October 27, 1925, with a performance by Willem Mengelberg and 35 musicians from the New York Philharmonic, broadcast over radio. The building had cost $3 million, representing about a quarter of Steinway & Sons' total assets at the time. Steinway & Sons used the five lowest floors and rented out the upper floors. The basement housed storage, shipping, and a grand-piano testing area; the first story, a reception room and salesroom; the second story, salesrooms; the third floor, executive offices; and the fourth and fifth stories, music studios. Steinway & Sons used only the rear of the fourth story, where it had a large workroom. The \"piano bank\" in the basement had over 300 pianos, valued at over $15 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0031-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Steinway Hall, Usage\nAccording to a New Yorker article in 2001, \"almost every twentieth-century virtuoso has passed through\" the first-floor reception room while headed to the Concert and Artists Department in the basement. Among the notable performances at the 57th Street building was the 1928 duo piano recital by Vladimir Horowitz and Sergei Rachmaninoff. The 57th Street building was also intended as a speculative development for Steinway & Sons; it was not particularly successful in that respect, with a rate of return of only 2\u00a0percent. Even so, by 1940, all studios in the Steinway Building had been leased. Throughout the years, the building's tenants also included publications such as Musical America, Architectural Forum, and The Economist, as well as CBS broadcasting studios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0032-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Steinway Hall, Usage\nSteinway Hall received an $850,000 first mortgage from Hubbard, Westervelt & Mottelay Inc. in 1939. The onset of World War II forced the closure of the building's recital hall. In March 1957, the Manhattan Life Insurance Company leased some space on the third floor for its tabulating and accounting departments. Steinway Hall and its land were sold to Manhattan Life the following year, with the insurance company planning to occupy the building as its home office. At that time, Musical Forum, Columbia Artists Management, and the Philharmonic Symphony Society of New York were among Steinway Hall's tenants. 111 West 57th Street was thus renamed the Manhattan Life Insurance Company Building. Steinway & Sons continued to lease space there, including the ground-floor showroom. Steinway Hall was acquired by 111 West 57th Street Associates in 1980. Bernard H. Mendik had acquired the leasehold for $8.65 million in that transaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 987]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0033-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Steinway Hall, Usage\nIn 1990, the Apollo sculpture above the main entrance was restored, and the plaque above the entrance was replaced, after The Economist became a tenant at 111 West 57th Street. In 1997, Jeffrey Biegel performed the first classical music recital transmitted live over the internet, with audio and video, at Steinway Hall. Steinway bought back the building in May 1999 for approximately $62 million; the firm leased the land for 99 years from the building's former owner, who chose to retain ownership of the land. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated Steinway Hall as a New York City landmark in November 2001. Manhattan Life moved out of the building that year, and a XM Satellite Radio studio opened there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0034-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Residential tower planning, Early plans\nIn May 2005, Investcorp and Ceebraid-Signal purchased the one-story Ritz Fur Shop building at 107 West 57th Street, adjacent to Steinway Hall, for $23 million, along with $8.75 million for neighboring air rights. According to The Real Deal, the sale was finalized in 2006 for $52 million. The companies planned a 35-story tower on the site with 37 residential units, three lower floors of office space, and ground floor and basement retail space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0035-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Residential tower planning, Early plans\nIn October 2006, Barry Sternlicht's Starwood Capital Group purchased the site at 105\u2013107 West 57th Street for $52 million with a $30 million loan from Eurohypo. Demolition of the site was underway the same year. Before the financial crisis of 2007\u20132008, Starwood Capital reportedly planned to construct a new hotel tower for sister company Starwood as part of a new \"Hotel Crillon\" luxury brand based on Paris's H\u00f4tel de Crillon. In early 2012, Starwood sold a majority interest in the assemblage to JDS Development Group for $40 million and stayed on as a joint venture partner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0035-0001", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Residential tower planning, Early plans\nThat March, the first plans for the site at 105\u2013107 West 57th Street were filed with the New York City Department of Buildings for a 51-story tower rising 671 feet (205\u00a0m) and containing 27 condominiums. Renderings of the planned development were revealed that September, showing a sloping tower by CetraRuddy, covered with balconies facing Central Park. At the time, construction was expected to take place from early 2013 to late 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0036-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Residential tower planning, JDS and PMG control\nAt the end of 2012, Steinway & Sons announced that it would sell Steinway Hall, adjacent to the planned development at 107 West 57th Street, for $46 million. At the time, Steinway & Sons was losing $5 million a year from continuing to own Steinway Hall. In March 2013, a joint venture of JDS Development, PMG, and Arthur P. Becker officially purchased Steinway Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0036-0001", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Residential tower planning, JDS and PMG control\nBecker allegedly purchased his stake with the help of a $21 million loan from Russian oligarchs Serguei Adoniev and Albert Avdolyan, concealed via numerous offshore LLCs in the British Virgin Islands and Hong Kong orchestrated by British financier Andy Ruhan. JDS paid $131.5 million to Wexford Capital for the land underneath the building, an adjacent structure, and air rights in July 2013. After the purchase, Starwood Capital Group exited their investment, leaving JDS and PMG as the developers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0036-0002", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Residential tower planning, JDS and PMG control\nWhile the original assemblage allowed the developers to build a structure up to 697 feet (212\u00a0m) tall, the acquisition of Steinway Hall and air rights allowed JDS and PMG to develop a building twice as high. However, because of Steinway Hall's existing city landmark status, the LPC could approve or deny any plans involving modification of Steinway Hall, and any additions would need to be constructed around the existing structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0037-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Residential tower planning, JDS and PMG control\nSteinway & Sons was allowed to remain in the building for 18 months after the sale. The developers either bought out the other eleven tenants' leases or waited for the leases to expire. Not long after the developers bought Steinway Hall, they secured a $230 million acquisition loan from Annaly Capital Management on the development site. Stern and Maloney did not yet have the cash to fund the tower's construction. Although Ruhan had promised to be a primary investor, he subsequently lowered his investment and took a 26.3 percent stake with his partner Arthur P. Becker. Accordingly, AmBase Corporation purchased a 59 percent stake in the development for $56 million in June 2013. Stern and Maloney retained the remaining 14.7 percent stake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0038-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Residential tower planning, JDS and PMG control\nWith the acquisition of Steinway Hall, the developers decided to create new plans. The developers considered several architects, including CetraRuddy, Gehry, and HOK, before ultimately hiring SHoP Architects. In an interview, Stern said that he had selected SHoP because the firm was \"not afraid to push boundaries\", as in its design of the Barclays Center arena. In August 2013, the developers filed permits for a 74-story, 1,200-foot (370\u00a0m) tower that would hold 100 condominiums above six floors of retail. SHoP's plans incorporated the existing structure into the base of the new tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0038-0001", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Residential tower planning, JDS and PMG control\nFurther complicating the planning process, the LPC had considered landmark status for Steinway Hall's rotunda in mid-2013; such a designation would require the developers to preserve the space. JDS and PMG expressed support for the landmark status, and the LPC designated the rotunda as a landmark that September. The same month, the Wall Street Journal unveiled updated renderings for the tower. The new design would stretch 1,350 feet (410\u00a0m) tall with 45 full-floor apartments, giving the 60-foot-wide (18\u00a0m) tower a slenderness ratio of 1:23. JDS and Property Markets Group presented their plans to the LPC in October 2013, and the commission approved the plans, paving the way for full construction permits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0039-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Tower construction\nThe developers broke ground on the project in early 2014. That July, the developers installed the tallest freestanding crane in New York City history, measuring 220 feet (67\u00a0m), to construct the residential tower. In January 2015, the New York City Department of Buildings approved final permits for the project. The new permits called for the tower to rise 80 stories, with a 1,397-foot (426\u00a0m) roof and a 24-foot (7.3\u00a0m) crown bringing its pinnacle to 1,421 feet (433\u00a0m). At the time, the tower was to contain 55 luxury condominiums and would be finished in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0039-0001", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Tower construction\nDue to technicalities in New York City zoning law, the new tower was classified as an alteration of the existing Steinway Hall, which also had the address 111 West 57th Street. With the tower's construction, that building's floor area would increase 2,850 percent. The tower's proposed height was slightly increased in March 2015 to 1,428 feet (435\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0040-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Tower construction, Financial issues\nMeanwhile, construction costs had risen by over $50 million because of complications in working around Steinway Hall. The site had to be excavated manually to avoid disturbing Steinway Hall's tenants; materials had to be staged inside the building; and the crane could not operate if the wind speed was over 35 miles per hour (56\u00a0km/h). To cover the extra costs, the developers had issued six capital calls totaling $63.6 million. AmBase participated in only the first four calls, and each time, provided a small portion of the funding that JDS and PMG requested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0040-0001", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Tower construction, Financial issues\nAmBase's stake was subsequently reduced from 60.3\u00a0percent to 43.5\u00a0percent, and by May 2015, AmBase was looking to reduce its involvement in 111 West 57th Street. The next month, the developers received a four-year, $725 million construction loan, split between a $400 million senior loan from American International Group and a $325 million mezzanine loan from Apollo Global Management. The Qatar Investment Authority provided $161.5 million of the mezzanine loan through investment vehicles managed by Apollo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0041-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Tower construction, Financial issues\nIn March 2016, Maloney told Bloomberg News that sales at the building would not commence until the following year. This was attributed to a general slowdown in the luxury residential market. By June 2016, the project had risen above street level. The project still encountered financial difficulty and faced a lawsuit from AmBase. In January 2017, the developers had defaulted on the $325 million mezzanine loan from Apollo. However, they negotiated a forbearance agreement on $300 million of the debt and the remaining $25 million was sold to Spruce Capital Management. The developers were in the process of negotiating another $100 million mezzanine loan from Baupost Group to repay Spruce but the loan was vetoed by AmBase. Meanwhile, the landmark facade of Steinway Hall was restored in early 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0042-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Tower construction, Financial issues\nConstruction had stalled by July 2017, after the tower had been built to 20 stories. At the time, Spruce claimed that it had not received payment on the $25 million mezzanine loan and filed paperwork to begin the process of foreclosure, leading AmBase to file another lawsuit against Maloney, Stern, and Spruce. The next month, the New York Supreme Court ruled that Spruce Capital could proceed with foreclosure. This allowed the lender to transfer the development entirely to Maloney and Stern, wiping out AmBase's investment completely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0043-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Tower construction, Continued construction\nBy November 2017, the tower had reached a height of roughly 500 feet (150\u00a0m), and initial glass facade installation had begun. Despite the building's monetary and legal issues, a number of apartments in the tower had already gone to contract. In March 2018, the tower's height surpassed the halfway point at over 700 feet (210\u00a0m). Two months later, Madison Realty Capital provided a $90 million preferred equity investment in the tower, allowing construction to continue. The developers filed paperwork with the Attorney General of New York to raise prices at the project in August 2018. Sales at the project officially relaunched the next month with prices ranging from $18 million to over $57 million. By then, the building was more commonly known by its address than as \"Steinway Tower\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0044-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Tower construction, Continued construction\nThe building's concrete form topped out during April 2019, and the steel reached the top of the parapet that October. Despite an unfavorable luxury real estate market, the building's 7,175-square-foot (666.6\u00a0m2) penthouse entered contract in mid-2019 for \"close to\" its asking price of $58 million, making it one of the most expensive New York condo sales of 2019. In August 2019, the developers hired Newmark Group to find tenants for the building's 50,000 square feet (4,600\u00a0m2) of retail space on the building's first four floors and basement. One month later, JDS asked lenders for a $1.1 billion loan to replace AIG's $725 million in construction debt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0045-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Tower construction, Continued construction\nDuring 2020, Steinway Hall's landmarked rotunda was restored by John Canning Studios, which mitigated water damage, repaired the ceiling and entablatures, and cleaned the walls and metalwork. The facade and roof of the hall were also restored. That April, the first sale for a unit in Steinway Hall was finalized. However, construction slowed considerably in early 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. This caused the project to fall into danger of missing key construction deadlines and a corresponding decline in sales, and thus face the possibility of having to repay outstanding debt. Despite a general decrease in real estate activity due to the pandemic, there were several multi-million-dollar sales at 111 West 57th Street during mid-2020, and a penthouse went into contract for $50 million that December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0046-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, History, Tower construction, Continued construction\nThe facade of the tower was being completed by September 2020. The exterior hoist was being disassembled from the facade by March 2021, as the tower approached completion. In May 2021, Todd Morley said he would construct the world's largest non-fungible token museum at 111 West 57th Street. According to Morley, his blockchain company Overline would use the top of the building as an antenna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0047-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Incidents and controversies, Lawsuits, AmBase lawsuits\nAmBase filed a lawsuit in April 2016, alleging that the developers neglected to account for cost overruns reaching $50 million. AmBase sought damages of $105 million in relation to the two capital calls in which they did not participate, claiming that these capital calls served mainly to dilute their stake. AmBase also claimed that Becker and Ruhan did not have their 26\u00a0percent stake diluted despite not participating in the capital calls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 76], "content_span": [77, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0047-0001", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Incidents and controversies, Lawsuits, AmBase lawsuits\nSince construction costs had allegedly risen by more than 10\u00a0percent, AmBase claimed their contract entitled them to full repayment of their $66 million investment along with 20\u00a0percent interest. JDS and PMG countersued in January 2017, alleging that since there had never been an officially approved budget, there was no measure by which to determine cost overruns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 76], "content_span": [77, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0048-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Incidents and controversies, Lawsuits, AmBase lawsuits\nAmBase filed another lawsuit in mid-2017, claiming that Maloney and Stern were colluding with the lender to allow a foreclosure which would wipe out AmBase's $66 million equity investment while preserving Maloney and Stern's $35 million stake. The New York Supreme Court's trial division ruled in August 2017 that Maloney and Stern would receive full control of the project. AmBase lost its appeal to the Appellate Division in January 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 76], "content_span": [77, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0049-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Incidents and controversies, Lawsuits, AmBase lawsuits\nAmBase refiled the second lawsuit in federal court in early 2018, claiming that Maloney and Stern's alleged collusion with Spruce violated the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act and seeking a $136 million judgment. At the time, AmBase and founder Richard Bianco faced their own lawsuit from hedge fund IsZo Capital, which claimed the company had purposefully forced the 2017 foreclosure by denying the Baupost Group loan, for Bianco's own benefit. In October 2018, AmBase's federal lawsuit was dismissed after the court found no evidence of collusion between Maloney, Stern, and Spruce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 76], "content_span": [77, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0049-0001", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Incidents and controversies, Lawsuits, AmBase lawsuits\nAfter the dismissal of their three previous lawsuits, AmBase again sued Spruce Capital, Maloney, and Stern in May 2019, restating previous allegations of collusion and seeking additional damages for the developers' alleged breach of their fiduciary duties. AmBase then appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, which declined the appeal in September 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 76], "content_span": [77, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0050-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Incidents and controversies, Lawsuits, Other lawsuits\nIn June 2018, Barbara Corcoran sued the building's developers for $30 million, claiming that her brokerage company's contract to market the building's units had been unfairly terminated. The developers claimed that the brokerage had been replaced with Douglas Elliman after failing to sell 25\u00a0percent of the building's units by the middle of 2018 as required by their contract. However, Corcoran claimed that due to the numerous lawsuits, delays, and cost overruns, the developers had halted marketing and sales for the units which made it impossible for the brokerage to reach their sales hurdles. Corcoran also sued Douglas Elliman for tortious interference, claiming the company had hired away the building's sales director in violation of her non-compete clause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 75], "content_span": [76, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0051-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Incidents and controversies, Lawsuits, Other lawsuits\nIn December 2020, JDS sued HVAC contractor Copper II and the contractor's insurer Talisman Casualty for over $11.7 million. In its lawsuit, the developers claimed that Copper II had delayed its installation of the HVAC system, leading them to warn the contractor in November 2018. JDS also claimed that that, due to improper installation of the HVAC system, ten stories sustained water damage during July 2019. In August 2021, JDS sued crane contractor US Crane & Rigging and one of its subsidiaries for $50 million, claiming that the contractor's negligence had caused glass panels on the facade to break the previous October (see \u00a7\u00a0Incidents).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 75], "content_span": [76, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0052-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Incidents and controversies, Labor controversies\nThe developers intended for the tower to become New York City's tallest building that was constructed with non-union labor. Non -unionized workers could be paid at cheaper rates and did not have to be paid double overtime, hourly pension fees, and benefit fees. The decision was condemned by the Building and Construction Trades Council of Greater New York's leader Gary LaBarbera, who in May 2015 criticized the developers for not using union labor or giving the workers adequate safety training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0052-0001", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Incidents and controversies, Labor controversies\nThe union detailed multiple incidents that had occurred at the site including \"a worker falling from scaffold that lacked a railing, one worker who fell in a partial building collapse and another who had his leg crushed when a steel beam slipped.\" Manhattan Borough President Gale Brewer sided with LaBarbera, sending Stern a letter expressing concern over the workers' safety, training, and pay. New York City Public Advocate Letitia James echoed Brewer's concerns and agreed that the usage of non-union labor could lead to increased danger for workers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0053-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Incidents and controversies, Labor controversies\nCyrus Vance Jr., the New York County District Attorney indicted subcontractor Parkside Construction in May 2018 for several financial crimes. The indictment included charges of stealing $1.7 million from 520 workers on the project by purposely shorting their hours and failing to pay them overtime, hiding nearly $42 million in wages from state insurance officials to avoid paying workers\u2019 compensation premiums, and using undocumented immigrants from Mexico and Ecuador. The company's owners, Francesco and Salvatore Pugliese, were arrested and charged with grand larceny, insurance fraud and scheme to defraud. The company's construction foreman, its payroll manager, and an outside accountant were also charged in the scheme. Parkside had previously been sued in 2015 in a class-action lawsuit by former workers on the site, who had alleged widespread wage theft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 937]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0054-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Incidents and controversies, Incidents\nThe media has reported on several accidents during  111 West 57th Street's construction. On January 21, 2019, a suspended scaffold attached to the building broke free from the exterior of floor 55 and showered pieces of broken glass from cracked windows over nearby sidewalks due to high winds. The New York City Buildings Department initiated a partial stop work order, and issued the site a violation for failure to safeguard construction equipment. A year later, in January 2020, a terracotta block fell from the tower, denting the roof of a passing taxi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 60], "content_span": [61, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0054-0001", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Incidents and controversies, Incidents\nAnother high wind on October 29, 2020, knocked the tower's construction crane loose, causing debris to fall. While the crane was quickly secured and no one was injured, the surrounding neighborhood was closed off for several hours. Two weeks later, on November 15, a glass curtain wall fell fifty-six floors into a nearby street. On December 24, 2020, an 11-by-2-foot (3.35\u00a0m \u00d7\u00a00.61\u00a0m) pane of glass fell from the 58th Street side of the building, although nobody was hurt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 60], "content_span": [61, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0055-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Critical reception\nWriting for Vanity Fair, architectural critic Paul Goldberger referred to the plans for the tower as \"quite possibly the most elegant\" of Billionaires' Row's structures. Goldberger described it as \"a subtle and graceful re-interpretation in modern form of the stepped-back, \"wedding cake\" towers of New York's past\". C. J. Hughes of The New York Times said that the tower rejected \"the crystalline look so popular with new developments in the neighborhood\". Architectural critic Carter Horsley wrote that the tower was \"a very original design by SHoP\" and that it \"definitely has a feminine character\" with its crown resembling a tiara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0055-0001", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Critical reception\nJustin Davidson of New York magazine wrote: \"No tower will be the last, biggest, or tallest for long, but this one might be the best.\" A writer for The Wall Street Journal in 2021 said of the building's slenderness ratio: \"These are not the proportions of a classical column but of a coffee stirrer.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006654-0056-0000", "contents": "111 West 57th Street, Critical reception\nThe construction of 111 West 57th Street also garnered some criticism. In 2015, when the tower was still in development, a neighborhood group protested the fact that the Steinway Tower and other Billionaires' Row towers would cast long shadows over Central Park. When the building was nearly completed, in 2019, a writer for Business Insider visited one of the condominium units, saying: \"I can't say that my tour of its first condo felt too different from another Billionaires' Row apartment I've visited.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006655-0000-0000", "contents": "111/112 Avenue, Edmonton\nMayfield Road, 111 Avenue (Norwood Boulevard), and 112 Avenue is a major arterial road in north Edmonton, Alberta. It serves Edmonton's Northwest Industrial District, the former Town of Jasper Place (amalgamated with Edmonton in 1964), the inner city north Downtown Edmonton, and post-World War II Edmonton. Prior to the opening of Yellowhead Trail in the early 1980s, Highway\u00a016 followed Mayfield Road and 111\u00a0Avenue between Stony Plain Road and 109\u00a0Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006655-0001-0000", "contents": "111/112 Avenue, Edmonton, Overview, Mayfield Road\nThe roadway begins as \"Mayfield Road\" and runs northeast from 170\u00a0Street, north of Stony Plain Road, and travels north-east for approximately 1.9\u00a0km (1.2\u00a0mi) before it turns east and continues as 111 Avenue. Originally there was an interchange at the intersection of Mayfield Road, Stony Plain Road, and 170\u00a0Street where through traffic travelled from Highway\u00a016 west (presently part of Stony Plain Road) to Mayfield Road. The interchange was removed in the mid-1980s as part of a larger project that included converting Stony Plain Road and 100\u00a0Avenue to one-way streets and accommodating increased traffic on 170\u00a0Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006655-0002-0000", "contents": "111/112 Avenue, Edmonton, Overview, 111\u00a0Avenue\nAt 163\u00a0Street, Mayfield Road turns east and becomes the main segment of 111\u00a0Avenue; it forms the boundary between the residential areas of the former town of Jasper Place and Northwest Industrial District. At 142\u00a0Street, 111\u00a0Avenue passes through the Edmonton's Central core residential neighbourhoods, passing a number of landmarks including the Telus World of Science, Westmount Centre, Kingsway Mall, Royal Alexandra Hospital, and Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital. The portion between 101\u00a0Street and 90\u00a0Street has the name \"Norwood Boulevard\" in addition to 111\u00a0Avenue, this name has remained since the City of Edmonton decided to number its streets, but keep a select few names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006655-0003-0000", "contents": "111/112 Avenue, Edmonton, Overview, 111\u00a0Avenue\n111\u00a0Avenue also has a western segment which continues west of Mayfield Road. It is a collector road which originates at Anthony Henday Drive, passes through the northwestern industrial areas, and ends at 163\u00a0Street just north its intersection with 111\u00a0Avenue / Mayfield Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006655-0004-0000", "contents": "111/112 Avenue, Edmonton, Overview, 112\u00a0Avenue\nAt 90\u00a0Street the roadway becomes 112\u00a0Avenue and passes Commonwealth Stadium. To the east, it enters post-World War II neighbourhoods that are aligned with the North Saskatchewan River and at 76\u00a0Street, just west of Wayne Gretzky Drive, it begins run northeast. 112\u00a0Avenue ends at 50\u00a0Street between 114\u00a0Avenue and 115\u00a0Avenue, three blocks south of 118\u00a0Avenue. The misalignment of cross-streets along 50\u00a0Street is due to the street layout of the former town of Beverly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006655-0005-0000", "contents": "111/112 Avenue, Edmonton, Redevelopment\nOn February 25, 2013 City Council passed a motion and will start evaluating option 2 for 111 Avenue redevelopment with a target area between 82 Street and 101 Street", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006655-0006-0000", "contents": "111/112 Avenue, Edmonton, Redevelopment\nOption 2: Improve Physical Infrastructure along Norwood Boulevard. Coordinate a streetscape plan that incorporateslandscape infrastructure conducive to enhancing connectivity to surrounding initiatives and projects. This could include intersection modifications and associated landscape improvements on 96 Street and 95 Street linking to neighbourhood revitalization projects, business revitalization zones and others. Adapt existing eligibility requirements for the Fa\u00e7ade Improvement Program and the Development Incentive Program to enable property owners along Norwood Boulevard to access funding. Currently, Fa\u00e7ade Improvement Program funding is limited to projects within existing Business Revitalization Zoneboundaries. A capital program and cost estimate for streetscape improvements would need to be developed. Physical infrastructure improvements are generally seen as a mechanism for encouraging business development in a given area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 983]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006655-0007-0000", "contents": "111/112 Avenue, Edmonton, Neighbourhoods\nList of neighbourhoods Mayfield Road, 111 Avenue, and 112 Avenue runs through, in order from west to east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006656-0000-0000", "contents": "1110\nYear 1110 (MCX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006657-0000-0000", "contents": "1110 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1110\u00a0kHz: 1110 AM is a U.S. clear-channel frequency as defined by the Federal Communications Commission. KFAB Omaha and WBT Charlotte share Class A status on this frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006658-0000-0000", "contents": "1110 Jaroslawa\n1110 Jaroslawa (prov. designation: 1928 PD) is a bright background asteroid and rather slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. The stony S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 97.4 hours and measures approximately 13 kilometers (8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula on 10 August 1928, by astronomer Soviet Grigory Neujmin, who named it after his son, Jaroslav Grigorevich Neujmin (born 1928).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006658-0001-0000", "contents": "1110 Jaroslawa, Orbit and classification\nJaroslawa is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,207 days; semi-major axis of 2.22\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006658-0002-0000", "contents": "1110 Jaroslawa, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A917 FA at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1917. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Simeiz in August 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006658-0003-0000", "contents": "1110 Jaroslawa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Jaroslav Grigorevich Neujmin (born 1928), son of the discoverer Grigory Neujmin. The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names leaned about the naming from Ilya Isaakovich Neyachenko and Nikolai Chernykh after whom the asteroids 3845 Neyachenko and 2325 Chernykh were named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006658-0004-0000", "contents": "1110 Jaroslawa, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Jaroslawa is a common, stony S-type asteroid, while it has been characterized as an uncommon L-type asteroid by PanSTARRS' photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006658-0005-0000", "contents": "1110 Jaroslawa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Jaroslawa was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Maurice Clark at Preston Gott Observatory in Lubbock, Texas. Lightcurve analysis gave a long rotation period of 94.432 hours and a high brightness variation of 0.80 magnitude (U=2+). In October 2014, Frederick Pilcher at the Organ Mesa Observatory (G50) in New Mexico, in collaboration with astronomers at Etscorn (719) and Bigmuskie (B88) observatories, obtained a refined period of 97.4 hours with an amplitude of 0.65\u00b10.05 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006658-0005-0001", "contents": "1110 Jaroslawa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThis result supersedes other measurements by Maurice Clark, Nicolas Esseiva, Raoul Behrend, Laurent Bernasconi, Jean-Gabriel Bosch and Josep Coloma. While not being a core slow rotator, with periods above 100 hours, Jaroslawa has a significantly longer period than most minor planets, which typically rotate between 2 and 20 hours once around their axes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006658-0006-0000", "contents": "1110 Jaroslawa, Physical characteristics, Spin axis and shape\nIn 2016, a modeled lightcurve using photometric data from various sources was published. It gave a concurring period of 97.278 hours, as well as a spin axis of (236.0\u00b0, 75.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2). All lightcurve observations show a high brightness variation, indicative for an elongated, non-spheroidal shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006658-0007-0000", "contents": "1110 Jaroslawa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Jaroslawa measures between 12.15 and 14.90 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.153 and 0.33.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006658-0008-0000", "contents": "1110 Jaroslawa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a stony asteroid of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 15.60 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006659-0000-0000", "contents": "1110 in Ireland, Events\nIn the time leading up to the Norman invasion of Ireland, the Normans, were invited guests of Irish royalty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006661-0000-0000", "contents": "1110s\nThe 1110s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1110, and ended on December 31, 1119.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006662-0000-0000", "contents": "1110s BC\nThe 1110s BC is a decade which lasted from 1119 BC to 1110 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006665-0000-0000", "contents": "1110s in art\nThe decade of the 1110s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006666-0000-0000", "contents": "1110s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006666-0001-0000", "contents": "1110s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006666-0002-0000", "contents": "1110s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006667-0000-0000", "contents": "1111\nYear 1111 (MCXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006668-0000-0000", "contents": "1111 19th Street\n1111 19th Street is a high-rise office building in Washington, D.C. The building rises 12 floors and 157 feet (48\u00a0m) in height. The building was designed by architectural firm Heery International and was completed in 1979. As of July 2008, the structure stands as the 24th-tallest building in the city, tied in rank with 1620 L Street, 1333 H Street, 1000 Connecticut Avenue, The Republic Building, 1010 Mass, the Army and Navy Club Building and the Watergate Hotel and Office Building. 1111 19th Street is an example of modern architecture, and is composed almost entirely of office space, with 827,000 square feet (77,000\u00a0m2) of commercial area; the three basement levels are used as parking space, containing a 278-spot parking garage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006669-0000-0000", "contents": "1111 Lincoln Road\n1111 Lincoln Road is a parking garage in the South Beach section of Miami Beach, Florida, designed by the internationally known Swiss architectural firm of Herzog & de Meuron. It is located at the western end of the Lincoln Road Mall at the intersection with Alton Road, and can house some 300\u00a0cars. Since its opening in 2010, it has attracted considerable interest because its unique appearance is different from more traditional parking garage designs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006669-0001-0000", "contents": "1111 Lincoln Road, Background\nIn 2005, local developer Robert Wennett bought a SunTrust Bank office structure that was from 1968 and the Brutalist style. This included an adjacent surface parking lot. Intent upon revitalizing the western end of Lincoln Road Mall, Wennett decided not to completely eliminate the existing structure, but instead build something next to it of equal height \u2013 a parking garage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006669-0002-0000", "contents": "1111 Lincoln Road, Background\nAs Architectural Record has noted, \"In the Pantheon of Building Types, the parking garage lurks somewhere in the vicinity of prisons and toll plazas.\" The New York Times has labeled parking garages \"the grim afterthought of American design\". But Wennett was determined to do something different, and interviewed ten well-known architects around the globe before choosing Herzog & de Meuron. Construction began in 2008 and entailed closing the western end of Lincoln Road Mall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006669-0003-0000", "contents": "1111 Lincoln Road, Background\nThe resulting structure cost $65 million to build. The overall project included renovation of the existing building into one used for storefronts and offices for creative firms, and construction of a new, smaller structure for SunTrust that also contained a few apartments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006669-0004-0000", "contents": "1111 Lincoln Road, Design and use\nThe design, led by Herzog & de Meuron partner Christine Binswanger, has been characterized as resembling a house of cards. It is an open-air structure with no exterior walls constructed around buttresses and cantilevers that features floor heights varying from 8 to 34 feet. Some of the internal ramps are quite steep in order to accommodate the wider height intervals. Elevators and a central, winding staircase take drivers to and from their cars. A glassed-in high-fashion boutique, Alchemist, sits on an edge of the fifth floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006669-0004-0001", "contents": "1111 Lincoln Road, Design and use\nThe parking garage features retail space at the street level, with tenants such as Taschen books,  Osklen clothing,  Nespresso coffee and  MAC cosmetics and is joined to the other structures that were part of the project. Wennett built a penthouse apartment for himself as part of a 18,000-square-foot (1,700\u00a0m2) space on the structure's roof that also features a pool and gardens with hanging vines. Jacques Herzog of the firm called the parking garage the most radical work they had ever done.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006669-0005-0000", "contents": "1111 Lincoln Road, Design and use\nThe garage has become a destination for architects and photographers interested in its design. It has achieved renown as a tourist attraction as well, especially after it was featured on the front page of The New York Times in January 2011. Several hundred people a day walk into the garage to look around. Runners use it for exercise. Those parking their cars often linger for the panoramic views it provides of the South Beach area, before going on their way (although acrophobics likely stay away from the edges). One loyal customer refuses to park anywhere else and was quoted as saying, \"It's a work of art more than a garage. Everywhere you look, there's a view.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006669-0006-0000", "contents": "1111 Lincoln Road, Design and use\nThe seventh floor doubles as an event space. The garage has drawn requests for many types of events to be held there, including wine tastings, dinner parties, and yoga classes. It has been a site for weddings, and one woman had a drawing of the garage on her invitations. It has also been the scene of celebrity-filled parties, such as one Ferrari gave during Art Basel Miami Beach week (where two dozen of the maker's automobiles ran up and down the garage's ramps). At Art Basel 2011, German automaker BMW unveiled both its i3 and i8 electric prototype concept cars on the parking structure's seventh floor. A television commercial for the Lexus IS 250 was filmed there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006669-0007-0000", "contents": "1111 Lincoln Road, Reception\nSince its opening, 1111 Lincoln Road has received varied reviews. The director of Miami Beach's Wolfsonian Museum said that the structure \"sets a new bar for what parking garages could and should be.\" Architectural Record wrote that the designers managed to successfully relate the structure to the nearby surroundings, but more importantly, \"are helping break the mold for the lowly parking garage, lifting it up out of its gloomy limbo into the light and air.\" The Los Angeles Times referred to it as \"stunning\", and the Associated Press wrote that it \"has become a modern gateway to the see-and-be-seen cafe scene of Miami Beach's Lincoln Road.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006669-0008-0000", "contents": "1111 Lincoln Road, Reception\nSome users have objected to the high price for parking at 1111 Lincoln Road, which can be up to four times greater than at other lots in the area. (Conversely, drivers of luxury cars like parking at 1111 to emphasize their status.) Others have complained that the garage is not sufficiently protected against South Florida's rainstorms. University of Miami film professor Lisa Gottlieb said that appreciation for the garage reflected poorly on Miami Beach: \"It says something about the aesthetic down here. I guess this is what we bring to the table \u2013 a fancy parking garage.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006669-0008-0001", "contents": "1111 Lincoln Road, Reception\nThe \"starchitect\" phenomenon was reaching the Miami area, with Frank Gehry's nearby New World Center following in 2011 and Herzog & de Meuron's new Miami Art Museum in the works as well. Given the success of the 1111 structure, owners of other new parking garages in South Beach have tried to add design elements to their properties. In 2012, the American Institute of Architects's Florida Chapter placed 1111 Lincoln Road on its list Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006670-0000-0000", "contents": "1111 Pennsylvania Avenue\n1111 Pennsylvania Avenue is a mid-rise Postmodern office building located in Washington, D.C., in the United States. It is 180 feet (55\u00a0m) tall, has 14 stories, and has a four-story underground parking garage. It is a \"contributing\" resource to the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006670-0001-0000", "contents": "1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, History of the site\nThe site, on the northeast corner of 12th Street NW and Pennsylvania Avenue NW, was originally occupied by the Fountain Inn, erected in 1815 after the burning of Washington. This structure was razed and in 1847 the four-story Fuller Hotel opened. Renamed the Kirkwood House, it was the residence of Vice President Andrew Johnson; he took the oath of office of the president of the United States there in April 1865 after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006670-0001-0001", "contents": "1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, History of the site\nKirkwood House was razed in 1875 and replaced with the Shepherd Centennial Building, a seven-story office building in the Second Empire style (it opened in 1876). The Shepherd Centennial Building was converted into a hotel in 1893 by architect Leon E. Dessez and renamed the Raleigh Hotel. The Raleigh Hotel was razed in 1911 and rebuilt by architect Henry Janeway Hardenbergh as a 13-story Beaux Arts hotel with a rusticated brick, white limestone, and terra cotta exterior. Congress changed the height limit for buildings on Pennsylvania Avenue NW from 130 feet (40\u00a0m) to 160 feet (49\u00a0m) in 1910 in order to accommodate the Raleigh Hotel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006670-0002-0000", "contents": "1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, Current structure\nThe Raleigh Hotel closed in 1954, and by 1965 developer Jerry Wolman had purchased the site and proposed building the current structure. It was one of the first structures built under the Pennsylvania Avenue redevelopment plan approved in 1964, and the first private building to be built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006670-0002-0001", "contents": "1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, Current structure\nBecause of restrictions imposed by the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site legislation, Wolman agreed to move the building line back from Pennsylvania Avenue by 50 feet (15\u00a0m) and keep the building's height to 135 feet (41\u00a0m), although in exchange for the loss of interior square footage District of Columbia zoning officials gave him permission to cantilever the building over the sidewalk on 12th Street at a height about 30 feet (9.1\u00a0m) above the street. Named the Presidential Building (or the Presidential Office Building), the structure was designed by Edmund W. Dreyfuss & Associates in the Brutalist style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006670-0002-0002", "contents": "1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, Current structure\nDreyfuss worked closely on the building with John Woodbridge, a staff architect for the President's Council on Pennsylvania Avenue and a member of the firm Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. The President's Council chairman was Nathaniel A. Owings, a partner in that firm. The building was completed in mid-1968, and originally had 253,000 square feet (23,500\u00a0m2) of interior space. Its address at this time was 415 12th Street NW. The District of Columbia Public Schools leased seven of the floors in the building, with other District government offices renting the remaining space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006670-0003-0000", "contents": "1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, Current structure, 2002 renovation\nPurchased by local surgeon Laszlo Tauber, one of the richest men in the D.C. area, the structure underwent a $40 million renovation between 2000 and 2002. It was the last private building on Pennsylvania Avenue to be renovated under the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation's 1974 redevelopment plan. The facade was replaced with a Postmodern style more in tune with the nearby Evening Star building addition next to it on Pennsylvania Avenue, and two stories were added. The total interior space increased from 253,000 square feet (23,500\u00a0m2) to 334,000 square feet (31,000\u00a0m2). The front entrance was moved from 12th Street NW to Pennsylvania Avenue NW, and the address changed to 1111 Pennsylvania Avenue NW. The architect of record for the structural renovations was Shalom Baranes Associates. Studios Architecture designed the interiors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006670-0004-0000", "contents": "1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, Current structure, 2002 renovation\nAn 8-foot-wide space (2.4\u00a0m) existed between the renovated structure and the Evening Star building addition to the east. In order to create natural light in the office windows facing the Evening Star building, Studios Architecture built a light pipe\u2014a 120-foot-long (37\u00a0m), 6.5-foot-wide (2.0\u00a0m), 5-short-ton (4.5\u00a0t) prism designed to convey natural sunlight down to all floors and into all offices. On cloudy days and at night, the light pipe is artificially illuminated with a rainbow of colors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006670-0005-0000", "contents": "1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, Current structure, 2002 renovation\nThe law firm of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius leased the entire building in 2002, and signed a long-term lease renewal in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006671-0000-0000", "contents": "1111 Reinmuthia\n1111 Reinmuthia (prov. designation: 1927 CO) is a very elongated asteroid from the background population, located in the outer region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 11 February 1927, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The F-type asteroid (FX) has a short rotation period of 4.02 hours and measures approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) in diameter. It was later named in honor of Karl Reinmuth, the discoverer himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006671-0001-0000", "contents": "1111 Reinmuthia, Orbit and classification\nReinmuthia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 2 months (1,891 days; semi-major axis of 2.99\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006671-0002-0000", "contents": "1111 Reinmuthia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after its discoverer, Karl Reinmuth (1892\u20131979), a German astronomer at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory and a prolific discoverer of minor planets. In total, he discovered 395 asteroids, most of them during the 1920s and 1930s, which was a unique record for many years. His discoveries include 1862 Apollo and 69230 Hermes, two lost asteroids and near-Earth objects as well as several large Jupiter trojans. His 1931-discovered asteroid (11435) 1931 UB is the oldest discovered yet still unnamed asteroid. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 104).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006671-0003-0000", "contents": "1111 Reinmuthia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Reinmuthia has an ambiguous spectral type, closest to that of a dark F-type and somewhat similar to an X-type asteroid. The spectrum had also been flagged as \"unusual\" and \"nosy\" by Tholen (FXU:).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006671-0004-0000", "contents": "1111 Reinmuthia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nRotational lightcurves of Reinmuthia have been obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Richard Binzel as well as by Hiromi and Hiroko Hamanowa at the Hamanowa Astronomical Observatory (D91) in Japan (U=3/3/3). Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated, well-defined rotation period of 4.02 hours with a high brightness amplitude between 0.61 and 0.95 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006671-0005-0000", "contents": "1111 Reinmuthia, Physical characteristics, Poles and shape\nLightcurve inversion also modeled the body's shape and poles. In 2013, modelling by an international study using photometric data from the US Naval Observatory, the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue, the Palomar Transient Factory and the Catalina Sky Survey gave a similar sidereal period of 4.007347 hours and two spin axes of (356.0\u00b0, 68.0\u00b0) and (153.0\u00b0, 78.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2). The body's very elongated shape had already been indicated by the high brightness variation measured during the photometric observations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006671-0006-0000", "contents": "1111 Reinmuthia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, Reinmuthia measures 24.38 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.167. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and derives a diameter of 41.26 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.65.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006672-0000-0000", "contents": "1111 Third Avenue\n1111 Third Avenue is a 454\u00a0ft (138\u00a0m) high-rise office building located in downtown Seattle, Washington. It was completed in 1980 and has 34 floors. At the time of the completion, it became the 8th tallest building in Seattle. It is owned and operated by Unico Properties. It has an award-winning outdoor landscaped area with seating and tables accented by bronze statues by sculptor Robert Graham, and floor to ceiling windows. The exterior of the building is composed of precast concrete with exposed aggregate surfaces and dual-glazed, solar bronze glass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006675-0000-0000", "contents": "11118 Modra\n11118 Modra, provisional designation 1996 PK, is a Flora asteroid of uncertain composition from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006675-0001-0000", "contents": "11118 Modra\nIt was discovered on 9 August 1996, by Slovak astronomers Adri\u00e1n Gal\u00e1d and Du\u0161an Kalman\u010dok at the Modra Observatory in Slovakia, and named for the town Modra where the discovering observatory is located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006675-0002-0000", "contents": "11118 Modra, Classification and orbit\nModra is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest families of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,286 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at ESO's La Silla Observatory in 1991, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 5 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006675-0003-0000", "contents": "11118 Modra, Rotation period\nIn September 2010, a photometric lightcurve analysis of Modra by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory, Colorado, rendered an unambiguous period of 27.12\u00b10.02 hours with a brightness variation of 0.53 in magnitude (U=3). A second lightcurve obtained during the wide-field survey at the U.S. Palomar Transient Factory in August 2010, and gave a period of 27.1481\u00b10.0409 hours with an amplitude of 0.42 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006675-0004-0000", "contents": "11118 Modra, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid has a low albedo of 0.05. In agreement, the large-scale survey by Pan-STARRS (PS1) rates it as a dark carbonaceous body. However, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes a much higher albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the orbital family's largest member and namesake \u2013 and groups it to the S-type asteroid. The different albedos of the two spectral classes also translate into divergent estimates for the body's diameter. While CALL calculates 3.7 kilometers, NASA's space-based survey inferred a much larger diameter of 8.7 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006675-0005-0000", "contents": "11118 Modra, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after both the small historical town of Modra, located in the Bratislava Region of Slovakia, and the Modra Observatory of the Institute of Astronomy at Comenius University, where this asteroid had been discovered. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 28 September 1999 (M.P.C. 36130).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006676-0000-0000", "contents": "1112\nYear 1112 (MCXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006677-0000-0000", "contents": "1112 Polonia\n1112 Polonia, provisional designation 1928 PE, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 38 kilometers (24 miles) in diameter. Discovered by Soviet astronomer Pelageya Shajn at Simeiz in 1928, it was the first asteroid discovery made by a woman. The L-type asteroid has a long rotation period of 82.5 hours, and was named for the country of Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006677-0001-0000", "contents": "1112 Polonia, Discovery\nPolonia was first observed as A908 XA at the German Heidelberg Observatory in December 1908. It was officially discovered on 15 August 1928, by Soviet astronomer Pelageya Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. On the following night at Simeis, it was independently discovered by her college Grigory Neujmin. The Minor Planet Center only recognized the first discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006677-0002-0000", "contents": "1112 Polonia, Discovery\nPolonia was Shajn's first discovery; and the first asteroid discovery made by a woman, bringing a long-standing tradition \u2013 which began with the discovery of 1\u00a0Ceres in 1801 \u2013 of more than a thousand minor planet discoveries exclusively made by male astronomers, to an end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006677-0003-0000", "contents": "1112 Polonia, Orbit and classification\nPolonia is a core member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006677-0004-0000", "contents": "1112 Polonia, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,916 days; semi-major axis of 3.02\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Simeiz in 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006677-0005-0000", "contents": "1112 Polonia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Polonia is a common, stony S-type asteroid. In the more refined SDSS-based taxonomy, it is characterized as an uncommon L-type, which is similar to a K-type, the overall spectral type of the Eoan asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006677-0006-0000", "contents": "1112 Polonia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Polonia was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave a long rotation period of 82.5 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=2). The asteroid's long period it is close to that of a slow rotator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006677-0007-0000", "contents": "1112 Polonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Polonia measures between 35.76 and 47.058 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0763 and 0.1319. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1319 and a diameter of 35.76 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006677-0008-0000", "contents": "1112 Polonia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named \"Polonia\", the Latin name for the European country of Poland. It is the first minor planet discovery made by a woman. The naming was proposed by L. Matkiewicz, an astronomer of Polish origin, who calculated the body's orbit. The official citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 104).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006679-0000-0000", "contents": "1113\nYear 1113 (MCXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006680-0000-0000", "contents": "1113 Katja\n1113 Katja, provisional designation 1928 QC, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 39 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Pelageya Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory in 1928, and named after Ekaterina Iosko, a staff member at the discovering observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006680-0001-0000", "contents": "1113 Katja, Discovery\nKatja was discovered on 15 August 1928, by Soviet astronomer Pelageya Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. Nine nights later, it was independently discovered by Max Wolf at the German Heidelberg Observatory on 24 August 1928. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer. The asteroid was first observed as A909 DH at Heidelberg on February 1909.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006680-0002-0000", "contents": "1113 Katja, Orbit and classification\nKatja is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,004 days; semi-major axis of 3.11\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, 10 days after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006680-0003-0000", "contents": "1113 Katja, Physical characteristics\nAlthough Katja is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid, it is rather of stony composition due to its high albedo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006680-0004-0000", "contents": "1113 Katja, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBetween 2002 and 2011, several rotational lightcurves of Katja were obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomers Maurice Audejean, Ren\u00e9 Roy and Laurent Brunetto (U=2/2/2-). Best rated lightcurve, however, was obtained at the Sunflower (739), Blackberry (929) and Universidad de Monterrey (720) observatories in January 2002. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined synodic rotation period of 18.465 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.17 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006680-0005-0000", "contents": "1113 Katja, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Katja measures between 38.20 and 51.949 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1144 and 0.211.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006680-0006-0000", "contents": "1113 Katja, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2253 and a diameter of 38.65 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006680-0007-0000", "contents": "1113 Katja, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Ekaterina (\"Katja\") Iosko, a laboratory assistant and orbit calculator at the discovering Simeiz Observatory (AN 238, 149). She was the daughter of Iosif Gavrilovich Iosko, who also worked as a mechanician at the observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006681-0000-0000", "contents": "1113 in Italy, Sources\nThis Italian history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006681-0001-0000", "contents": "1113 in Italy, Sources\nThis year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006682-0000-0000", "contents": "11132 Horne\n11132 Horne, provisional designation 1996 WU, is a Hygiean asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers (8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 November 1996, by American amateur astronomer Dennis di Cicco at his Sudbury Observatory (817) in Massachusetts, United States. The asteroid was named for Johnny Horne, photo editor of The Fayetteville Observer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006682-0001-0000", "contents": "11132 Horne, Orbit and classification\nHorne is a member of the Hygiea family (601), a very large family of carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids, named after the fourth-largest asteroid, 10\u00a0Hygiea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006682-0002-0000", "contents": "11132 Horne, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,035 days; semi-major axis of 3.14\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation at Siding Spring Observatory in April 1993, more than 3 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006682-0003-0000", "contents": "11132 Horne, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Horne measures 12.843 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.098. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Horne has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006682-0004-0000", "contents": "11132 Horne, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Johnny Horne (born 1953), photo editor for The Fayetteville Observer, a 75,000 circulation daily newspaper in southeastern North Carolina where Horne has worked for three decades. Horne has been an amateur astronomer since age 10. Since 1989, he has written a monthly astronomy column, Backyard Universe, for The Observer. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 7 January 2004 (M.P.C. 50462).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006682-0005-0000", "contents": "11132 Horne, Naming\nHorne is also a contributing editor for Sky & Telescope magazine and has served as a study leader for the publication's astronomical expeditions to Mexico, Africa, the Caribbean and Iceland. He photographed Halley's Comet from the Australian Outback in 1986 and his astronomical photographs have appeared in magazines and newspapers worldwide. He regularly reviews amateur astronomy products for Sky and Telescope's test reports. During 2002, Horne produced a collection of his astronomical photographs over 25 years. That Backyard Universe Gallery collection was displayed at the Morehead Planetarium and Science Center in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 40 years after a class visit there had triggered Horne's lifelong interest in astronomy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006683-0000-0000", "contents": "11133 Kumotori\n11133 Kumotori, provisional designation 1996 XY, is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers (6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 2 December 1996, by Japanese amateur astronomer Takao Kobayashi at his \u014cizumi Observatory. The asteroid was named after Mount Kumotori near Tokyo. It has a rotation period of 4.6 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006683-0001-0000", "contents": "11133 Kumotori, Orbit and classification\nKumotori is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,690 days; semi-major axis of 2.786\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed at Palomar Observatory in March 1989. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Oizumi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006683-0002-0000", "contents": "11133 Kumotori, Physical characteristics\nKumotori has been characterized as a rare L-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS' survey. It is also assumed to be a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006683-0003-0000", "contents": "11133 Kumotori, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Kumotori was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.634 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.33 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006683-0004-0000", "contents": "11133 Kumotori, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 8.96 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.97.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006683-0005-0000", "contents": "11133 Kumotori, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Mount Kumotori (\u96f2\u53d6\u5c71 Kumotori-san). With an altitude of 2,017 metres (6,617\u00a0ft), it is the highest peak in the Tokyo metropolitan area, located at the boundary between Tokyo and Saitama and considered to be one of the 100 most celebrated mountains of Japan. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 November 2003 (M.P.C. 50251).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006684-0000-0000", "contents": "1113\u20131115 Balearic Islands expedition\nIn 1114, an expedition to the Balearic Islands, then a Muslim taifa, was launched in the form of a Crusade. Founded on a treaty of 1113 between the Republic of Pisa and Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, the expedition had the support of Pope Paschal II and the participation of many lords of Catalonia and Occitania, as well as contingents from northern and central Italy, Sardinia, and Corsica. The Crusaders were perhaps inspired by the Norwegian king Sigurd I's attack on Formentera in 1108 or 1109 during the Norwegian Crusade. The expedition ended in 1115 in the conquest of the Balearics, but only until the next year. The main source for the event is the Pisan Liber maiolichinus, completed by 1125.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006684-0001-0000", "contents": "1113\u20131115 Balearic Islands expedition, Treaty and preparations\nIn 1085 Pope Gregory VII had granted suzerainty over the Balearics to Pisa. In September 1113 a Pisan fleet making an expedition to Majorca was put off course by a storm and ended up near Blanes on the coast of Catalonia, which they initially mistook for the Balearics. The Pisans met with the Count of Barcelona in the port of Sant Feliu de Gu\u00edxols, where on 7 September they signed a treaty causa corroborandae societatis et amicitiae (\"for the cause of social cooperation and friendship\"). Specifically the Pisans were exempted from the usagium and the jus naufragii in all the territories, present and future, of the Count of Barcelona, though Arles and Saint-Gilles, in the recently acquired March of Provence, were singled out for special mention (three times).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006684-0002-0000", "contents": "1113\u20131115 Balearic Islands expedition, Treaty and preparations\nThe only surviving copy of the treaty between Pisa and Barcelona is found interpolated in a charter of James I granted to Pisa in 1233. It affirms that the meeting was unplanned and apparently arranged by God. Some scholars have expressed doubt about the lack of preparation, citing the Catalans' rapid response to the presence of the Pisans as evidence of some previous contact. The attribution of the meeting to Providence alone may have been concocted to add an \"aura of sacredness\" to the alliance and the crusade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006684-0003-0000", "contents": "1113\u20131115 Balearic Islands expedition, Treaty and preparations\nThe treaty, or what survives of it, does not refer to military cooperation or a venture against Majorca; perhaps that agreement was oral, or perhaps its record has been lost, but a Crusade was planned for 1114. The chief goal was the freeing of Christian captives and the suppression of Muslim piracy. Most of the Pisan fleet returned to Pisa, but some ships damaged by the storm remained to be repaired and some men remained behind to construct siege engines. In the spring of 1114 a new fleet of eighty ships arrived from Pisa, following the French coast, briefly staying at Marseille.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006684-0004-0000", "contents": "1113\u20131115 Balearic Islands expedition, Treaty and preparations\nThe fleet brought with it Cardinal Bosone, an envoy from Paschal II, who vigorously supported the expedition, authorising it in a bull as early as 1113. Paschal had also granted the Pisans the Romana signa, sedis apostolicae vexillum (\"Roman standard, the flag of the apostolic see\"), and his appeals for the expedition had borne fruit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006684-0004-0001", "contents": "1113\u20131115 Balearic Islands expedition, Treaty and preparations\nBesides the 300 ships of the Pisan contingent, there were 120 Catalan and Occitan vessels (plus a large army), contingents from the Italian cities of Florence, Lucca, Pistoia, Rome, Siena, and Volterra, and from Sardinia and Corsica under Saltaro, the son of Constantine I of Logudoro. Among the Catalan princes there were Ramon Berenguer, Hug II of Emp\u00faries, and Ramon Folc II of Cardona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006684-0004-0002", "contents": "1113\u20131115 Balearic Islands expedition, Treaty and preparations\nThe most important lords of Occitania participated, with the exception of the Count of Toulouse, Alfonso Jordan: William V of Montpellier, with twenty ships; Aimeric II of Narbonne, with twenty ships; and Raymond I of Baux, with seven ships. Bernard Ato IV, the chief of the Trencavel family, also participated. Ramon Berenguer and his wife, Douce, borrowed 100 morabatins from the Ramon Guillem, the Bishop of Barcelona, to finance the expedition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006684-0005-0000", "contents": "1113\u20131115 Balearic Islands expedition, Conquest and loss\nThe combined Crusader fleet raided Ibiza in June, and destroyed its defences, since Ibiza lay between Majorca and the mainland and would have posed a continued threat during a siege. The Liber maiolichinus also records the taking of captives, who were trying to hide in careae (probably caves), on Formentera. Ibiza was under Crusader control by August. The Crusaders invested Palma de Majorca in August 1114.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006684-0005-0001", "contents": "1113\u20131115 Balearic Islands expedition, Conquest and loss\nAs the siege dragged on the counts of Barcelona and Emp\u00faries entered into peace negotiations with the Muslim ruler of Majorca, but the cardinal and Pietro Moriconi, the Archbishop of Pisa, interfered to put an end to the discussions. Probably the Catalan rulers, whose lands lay nearest the Balearics, expected an annual payment of parias (tribute) from the Muslims and the cessation of pirate raids in return for lifting the siege.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006684-0006-0000", "contents": "1113\u20131115 Balearic Islands expedition, Conquest and loss\nMuslim reinforcements, Almoravids from the Iberian port of Denia, surprised a Pisan flotilla of six in the waters off Ibiza, with only two of the Pisan vessels making it to safety, which consisted of the remains of a fortress burned by the king of Norway a decade earlier. In April 1115 the city capitulated and its entire population was enslaved. This victory was followed by the capture of most of the Balearics' major settlements and the freeing of most captive Christians on the islands. The independent Muslim taifa ruler was taken back to Pisa a captive. The greatest victory, however, was the annihilation of Majorcan piracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006684-0007-0000", "contents": "1113\u20131115 Balearic Islands expedition, Conquest and loss\nThe conquest of the Balearics lasted no more than a few months. In 1116 they were reconquered by the Almoravids of peninsular Iberia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006685-0000-0000", "contents": "1114\nYear 1114 (MCXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006686-0000-0000", "contents": "1114 Arthur Currie Lane\n1114 Arthur Currie Lane is an historic building in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006686-0001-0000", "contents": "1114 Arthur Currie Lane\nIt was the pre-World War I home of General Sir Arthur William Currie GCMG KCB VD. Currie became Canada's first full general in 1915, and was placed in charge of the entire Canadian Corps, independent of the British Army, by 1917. He is given credit for the success of the Battle of Vimy Ridge in 1917 and was knighted by King George\u00a0V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006686-0002-0000", "contents": "1114 Arthur Currie Lane\nCurrie was also an educator, and from 1920 until his death in 1933 he served as Principal and Vice Chancellor of McGill University in Montreal, Quebec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006686-0003-0000", "contents": "1114 Arthur Currie Lane\nHis home, built in 1892, is a fine example of a small Queen Anne cottage with Italianate features. Its original fieldstone wall and mature plantings surrounding the house lend to the value. It is part of the Catherine Street Heritage Conservation Area and is highly visible from below on the pedestrian walkway, and across the Selkirk Water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006687-0000-0000", "contents": "1114 Lorraine\n1114 Lorraine, provisional designation 1928 WA, is a very dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 70 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Alexandre Schaumasse at Nice Observatory in 1928, and named for the French region of Lorraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006687-0001-0000", "contents": "1114 Lorraine, Discovery\nLorraine was discovered on 17 November 1928, by French astronomer Alexandre Schaumasse at the Nice Observatory in southeastern France. On the following night, it was independently discovered by Italian astronomer Luigi Volta at the Observatory of Turin, Italy. The Minor Planet Center recognizes only the first discoverer. The asteroid was first observed as A906 UE at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006687-0002-0000", "contents": "1114 Lorraine, Orbit and classification\nLorraine is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population (Nesvorny). Conversely, the asteroid is also considered a core member of the Eos family (Novakovic, Knezevic and Milani). It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,989 days; semi-major axis of 3.10\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Nice Observatory in November 1928, one night after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006687-0003-0000", "contents": "1114 Lorraine, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Lorraine is an Xc-subtype, transiting from the X-type to the C-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006687-0004-0000", "contents": "1114 Lorraine, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Lorraine was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Analysis of the fragmentary lightcurve gave a longer-than-average rotation period of 32 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 magnitude (U=1). As of 2018, no secure period has been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006687-0005-0000", "contents": "1114 Lorraine, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lorraine measures between 62.20 and 80.30 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.0501.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006687-0006-0000", "contents": "1114 Lorraine, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0457 and a diameter of 62.15 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006687-0007-0000", "contents": "1114 Lorraine, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the region of Lorraine, the former Duchy of Lorraine in north-eastern France, and a remnant of the medieval kingdom of Lotharingia (AN 238;149).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006688-0000-0000", "contents": "1114 in Ireland, Deaths\nThis year in Ireland article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006690-0000-0000", "contents": "1115\nYear 1115 (MCXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006691-0000-0000", "contents": "1115 Sabauda\n1115 Sabauda /s\u0259\u02c8b\u0254\u02d0d\u0259/ is a carbonaceous Meliboean asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 68 kilometers in diameter. Discovered in 1928 by Italian astronomer Luigi Volta, it was assigned the provisional designation 1928 XC. The asteroid was probably named after the House of Savoy, the former rulers of Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006691-0001-0000", "contents": "1115 Sabauda, Discovery\nSabauda was discovered on 13 December 1928, by Italian astronomer Luigi Volta at the Observatory of Turin (Pino Torinese Observatory). Five nights later, it was independently discovered by Catalan astronomer Josep Comas i Sol\u00e0 at the Fabra Observatory in Barcelona, Spain. The asteroid was first identified as A906 YF at Heidelberg Observatory in December 1906, and its observation arc begins at Heidelberg in January 1929, one month after its official discovery observation at Pino Torinese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006691-0002-0000", "contents": "1115 Sabauda, Orbit and classification\nSabauda is a member of the Meliboea family, a smaller asteroid family of carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids with a few hundred members, named after 137\u00a0Meliboea. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (1,998 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006691-0003-0000", "contents": "1115 Sabauda, Physical characteristics\nSabauda is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, in line with the Meliboea family's overall spectral type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006691-0004-0000", "contents": "1115 Sabauda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Sabauda were obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 6.718 and 6.732 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 to 0.27 magnitude (U=2+/3-/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006691-0005-0000", "contents": "1115 Sabauda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Sabauda measures between 67.24 and 75.91 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.0711.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006691-0006-0000", "contents": "1115 Sabauda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0496 and a diameter of 68.53 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006691-0007-0000", "contents": "1115 Sabauda, Naming\nThis minor planet bears the Latin name of the former rulers of Italy, the House of Savoy (Sabauda, or Sapauda). It is also possible that it was named after the new established town of Sabauda in the Pontine Marshes, central Italy. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 104).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006695-0000-0000", "contents": "1116\nYear 1116 (MCXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006696-0000-0000", "contents": "1116 Catriona\n1116 Catriona (prov. designation: 1929 GD) is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 39 kilometers (24 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 5 April 1929, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was probably named after the 1893-novel Catriona by Robert Louis Stevenson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006696-0001-0000", "contents": "1116 Catriona, Classification and orbit\nCatriona is not a member of any identified asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main belt at a distance of 2.3\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5.00 years (1,826 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 17\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006696-0002-0000", "contents": "1116 Catriona, Naming\nThis minor planet was probably named after Catriona, the 1893-novel by Robert Louis Stevenson (1850\u20131894), who was a Scottish poet, novelist and travel writer. The naming citation is based on Lutz Schmadel's research including feedback from R. Bremer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006696-0003-0000", "contents": "1116 Catriona, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 2003, the best-rated rotational lightcurve of Catriona was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer John Menke at his Menke Observatory in Barnesville, Maryland (no obs. code). Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.83 hours with a notably low brightness variation of 0.09 magnitude, indicative of a spheroidal shape (U=3). Additional photometric observations gave a concurring period of 8.832 hours, while others  gave a longer period of 10.49 and 12.06 hours (U=2/2/2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006696-0004-0000", "contents": "1116 Catriona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to observations by astronomers at the Rozhen Observatory in Bulgaria, as well as the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Catriona measures between 36.71 and 41.010 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.1397 and 0.175.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006696-0005-0000", "contents": "1116 Catriona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1395 and a diameter of 39.02 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006697-0000-0000", "contents": "1116 SEN\n1116 SEN (official callsign: 3AK) is an Australian radio station in Victoria. Owned and operated by Pacific Star Network, it broadcasts a sports radio format from Lower Plenty to Greater Melbourne. First broadcast on 29 November 1931 as 3AK, the station currently broadcasts from studios in South Melbourne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006697-0001-0000", "contents": "1116 SEN, History\nThe station first broadcast on 29 November 1931 as 3AK. In October 2003, amid growing debt and struggling ratings, 3AK operators Data & Commerce Limited placed the station up for sale. In November, owners Data & Commerce Limited entered into a lease with the newly formed Sports Entertainment Network to create SEN 1116, a 24-hour sports radio station. Headed by managing director Danny Staffieri, formerly of FIVEaa, the new station was promoted as 'entertaining radio with a sports focus', and would rival horse racing station Sport 927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006697-0002-0000", "contents": "1116 SEN, History\nOn 19 January 2004, SEN 1116 launched onto Melbourne's airwaves, with former AFL footballers Garry Lyon, Tim Watson and Billy Brownless heading the station's \"Morning Glory\" breakfast show, Richmond Football Club premiership player Kevin Bartlett in mornings, ABC Radio National's Francis Leach in afternoons, and Dermott Brereton and Anthony Hudson in drive. In the year's first radio ratings survey, the station jumped from reaching 1.2% of the Melbourne radio market as 3AK, to 2.1% as SEN, growing to 2.8% in the year's fourth survey despite the lack of coverage of any major sports. However, in July, the station secured broadcast rights to the 2004 Summer Olympics, alongside 2GB, 2CC, FIVEaa, 6iX, HO-FM and Hot 100, among others. SEN also carried coverage of the 2004 NRL Grand Final from 2GB, and the 2004\u201305 FA Premier League from BBC Radio 5 Live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006697-0003-0000", "contents": "1116 SEN, History\nIn December 2004, the SEN brand was revealed to be expanded into Adelaide, with Sports Entertainment Network leasing news talk 5DN from Australian Radio Network to create SEN 1323. Launching on 1 February 2005, the station became a simulcast of its Melbourne sister station, with only one Adelaide-based programme - \"The Boys Next Door\", hosted by former FIVEaa presenter Mark Aiston, The Sunday Footy Show panelist Mark Bickley and Port Adelaide Football Club ruckman Matthew Primus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006697-0003-0001", "contents": "1116 SEN, History\nHowever, while the station remained flat in Melbourne, ratings dwindled in Adelaide; despite gaining coverage of the New Zealand cricket tour of Australia and the 2005 VFL season, Sports Entertainment Network entered voluntary administration, citing $3.5 million in losses. The SEN 1323 lease was cancelled, resulting in ARN launching easy listening-format Cruise 1323. The Melbourne station was sold back to Pacific Star Network, the renamed Data & Commerce Limited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006697-0004-0000", "contents": "1116 SEN, History, 2010s\nIn July 2015, the newsroom shared between SEN and sister station 3MP 1377 was closed, replaced with the Victorian news service from Macquarie National News, based at 3AW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006697-0005-0000", "contents": "1116 SEN, History, 2010s\nIn November 2015, it was announced that Francis Leach would depart ABC Grandstand Digital following the axing of the Grandstand Breakfast programme, and will again join SEN, hosting SEN Breakfast alongside David \"The Ox\" Schwarz to replace The Morning Glory. Current co-host Andy Maher will move to afternoons, launching SEN Lunch Break, moving Daniel Harford into drive with Mark Allen. Andrew Gaze and Tim Watson, while losing regular timeslots, would remain with the station as a contributor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006697-0006-0000", "contents": "1116 SEN, History, 2010s\nIn January 2018, the station's schedule was again refreshed. Former ABC commentator Gerard Whateley joined the station as chief sports caller and mornings presenter, with Kevin Bartlett moving to the drive show following the departure of Harford. In April 2018, parent company Pacific Star Network merged with sports media business Crocmedia, most notable for producing the AFL Nation broadcast call heard across regional Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006697-0007-0000", "contents": "1116 SEN, History, 2010s\nIn July 2019, SEN has partnered with Crocmedia has purchased 23 narrowband radio licences across Australia including Sydney, Brisbane, Perth, Gold Coast, Darwin and Alice Springs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006697-0008-0000", "contents": "1116 SEN, Sports coverage\nSEN has exclusive and non-exclusive rights to various sports in Australia:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006697-0009-0000", "contents": "1116 SEN, Related stations, SEN SA\nOn 13 October 2018, SEN parent company Pacific Star Network confirmed it had purchased an AM narrowband licence in Adelaide, South Australia, returning the SEN brand to South Australia. The station launched on 1629 AM on 6 December 2018, with local presenters Kane Cornes, Andrew Hayes, Kym Dillon and Michelangelo Rucci. Other programs, including Gerard Whateley's morning show and live sports coverage, will be syndicated live from the Melbourne station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006697-0010-0000", "contents": "1116 SEN, Related stations, SEN SA\nOn 9 September 2019, SEN SA Breakfast commenced simulcasting on RadioTAB's 1539AM Adelaide frequency. On 2 December, a second South Australian frequency was launched \u2013 also on 1629 AM \u2013 covering Mount Gambier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006697-0011-0000", "contents": "1116 SEN, Related stations, SEN Track\nSEN Track is a radio network broadcasting coverage of horse, thoroughbred and greyhound racing, which launched on 28 March 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 37], "content_span": [38, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006697-0012-0000", "contents": "1116 SEN, Former stations, SEN 1323\nSEN 1323 was launched on 1 February 2005 in Adelaide, replacing 5DN. It largely simulcast 1116 SEN, with a single opt-out program for the Adelaide market. The station closed following parent company Data & Commerce Limited entering voluntary administration in June 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 35], "content_span": [36, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006697-0013-0000", "contents": "1116 SEN, Former stations, SEN+\nSEN+ commenced broadcasting on 13 August 2018, replacing Classic Rock Radio. The station broadcast live coverage of the NFL, NBA, A-League and Super Rugby as well as live and timeshifted programming from the main SEN station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006697-0014-0000", "contents": "1116 SEN, Former stations, SEN+\nOn 28 March 2020, it was replaced by SEN Track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006698-0000-0000", "contents": "1116 in Ireland, Births\nRuaidr\u00ed Ua Conchobair (Modern Irish: Ruaidhr\u00ed \u00d3 Conchobhair, or, Ruair\u00ed \u00d3 Conch\u00fair; commonly anglicised as Rory O'Conor) (d. 1198) was King of Connacht from 1156 to 1186, and High King of Ireland from 1166 to 1183. [ 1] He was the last High King of Ireland before the Norman invasion of Ireland (Brian Ua N\u00e9ill and Edward Bruce both claimed the title with opposition in later years).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006700-0000-0000", "contents": "1117\nYear 1117 (MCXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006701-0000-0000", "contents": "1117 Reginita\n1117 Reginita (prov. designation: 1927 KA) is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 24 May 1927, by Catalan astronomer Josep Comas i Sol\u00e0 at the Fabra Observatory in Barcelona, Spain, who named it after his niece. The bright S-type asteroid has a notably short rotation period of 2.9 hours and measures approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006701-0001-0000", "contents": "1117 Reginita, Orbit and classification\nReginita is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,231 days; semi-major axis of 2.25\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A904 TA at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1904. The body's observation arc also begins at Heidelberg in April 1930, almost three years after its official discovery observation at Barcelona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006701-0002-0000", "contents": "1117 Reginita, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the niece of the discoverer. The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 105).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006701-0003-0000", "contents": "1117 Reginita, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Reginita is a common, stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006701-0004-0000", "contents": "1117 Reginita, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Reginita have been obtained from photometric observations since 1988. The consolidated lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.946 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.10 and 0.33 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006701-0005-0000", "contents": "1117 Reginita, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), Reginita measures between 9.82 and 11.22 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.293 and 0.36. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE data, that is, an albedo of 0.3516 and a diameter of 10.29 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.69.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006702-0000-0000", "contents": "1117 Verona earthquake\nAn earthquake, rated at VII (Very strong) on the Mercalli intensity scale, struck northern Italy and Germany on 3 January 1117. The epicentre of the first shock was near Verona, the city which suffered the most damage. The outer wall of the amphitheatre was partially felled, and the standing portion was damaged in a later earthquake of 1183. Many other churches, monasteries, and ancient monuments were destroyed or seriously damaged, eliminating much of Verona's early medieval architecture and providing space for a massive Romanesque rebuilding. After the first shock of 3 January, seismic activity persisted for months, striking on 12 January 4 June, 1 July 1 October, and 30 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006702-0001-0000", "contents": "1117 Verona earthquake\nThe earthquake was not only felt in Verona but across northern Italy, from Cividale to Pavia, south to Pisa and north to Switzerland. Outside of Verona the most damaged areas were Milan, Bergamo, Brescia, Venice, Treviso, Modena, Parma, and Cremona. The main churches of  Padua all suffered major damage. News of the earthquake reached Montecassino and Reims. The Milanese chronicler Landolfo Iuniore reported that the church synods needed to be carried out in the open air, due to the destruction. In Germany, damage was also extensive. The Michaelskirche in Bamberg, the abbey at Brauweiler, and buildings in Rottenburg am Neckar, Constance, Meersburg, and F\u00e9nis were all reported damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006702-0002-0000", "contents": "1117 Verona earthquake\nRecent studies, however, suggest that it was not a major, single event on 3 January, but instead a series of shocks in the areas of Verona (west Veneto) and Cremona (Lower Lombardy), which happened in a few days or even in a few hours. Other earthquakes may have hit as far south as Pisa (northwest Tuscany) and as north as Augsburg (southwest Bavaria), as distinct events, in the same days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006705-0000-0000", "contents": "1118\nYear 1118 (MCXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006706-0000-0000", "contents": "1118 Hanskya\n1118 Hanskya (prov. designation: 1927 QD) is a large background asteroid, approximately 77 kilometers (48 miles) in diameter, located in the outer regions of the asteroid belt. Discovered by Sergey Belyavsky and Nikolaj Ivanov in 1927, it was named after Russian astronomer Aleksey Hansky. The presumed dark C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 15.6 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006706-0001-0000", "contents": "1118 Hanskya, Discovery\nHanskya was discovered on 29 August 1927, by Russian astronomers Sergey Belyavsky and Nikolaj Ivanov at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was independently discovered by two other prolific astronomers in the field, namely Karl Reinmuth at the German Heidelberg Observatory \u2013 who observed the body only one day later and announced it first \u2013 and by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at Uccle Observatory on 17 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006706-0002-0000", "contents": "1118 Hanskya, Orbit and classification\nHanskya is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 3.1\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,103 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006706-0003-0000", "contents": "1118 Hanskya, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg or Simeiz one night after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006706-0004-0000", "contents": "1118 Hanskya, Naming\nThis minor planet was named on the 25th anniversary of the death of Russian Aleksey Hansky (1870\u20131908), whose initiative lead to the construction of the discovering Simeiz Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006706-0005-0000", "contents": "1118 Hanskya, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 21010, a rotational lightcurve of Hanskya was obtained from photometric observations at the Sunflower Observatory in Kansas, United States (739). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.61 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.18 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006706-0006-0000", "contents": "1118 Hanskya, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nMore recent observations at the Palomar Transient Factory and by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy gave a longer period of 25.31 and 25.3481 hours and an amplitude of 0.38 and 0.25, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006706-0007-0000", "contents": "1118 Hanskya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Hanskya measures between 70.954 and 90.29 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.029 and 0.056.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006706-0008-0000", "contents": "1118 Hanskya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a low albedo of 0.0358 and a diameter of 77.03 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006708-0000-0000", "contents": "1118 papal election\nThe 1118 Papal Election was held to choose the successor for Pope Paschal II, who died in Rome on 21 January 1118, after an 18-year pontificate. Pope Gelasius II was elected as his successor. The election happened during the Investiture Controversy, a conflict between supporters of the Papacy and those of the Holy Roman Emperor. The election was held under the threat of possible violence due to the controversy. The Cardinal electors took refuge in the Benedictine monastery, S. Maria in Pallara, during the election. Within minutes of his election as pope, Gelasius II was attacked and imprisoned by supporters of the Holy Roman Emperor. Gelasius managed to escape, but at the emperor's arrival and his army, he fled Rome and never returned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006708-0001-0000", "contents": "1118 papal election, Cardinal-electors\nThe Papal bull entitled, In Nomine Domini, issued by Pope Nicholas II in 1059, declared that upon the death of the incumbent pope, the cardinal-bishops would discuss a suitable candidate, and the College of Cardinals would subsequently hold an election to choose the successor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006708-0002-0000", "contents": "1118 papal election, Cardinal-electors\nInformation regarding the body of the College of Cardinals during the election was compiled over 12 years later by Pandulf of Pisa, cardinal-priest of Santi Cosma e Damiano. The account is not complete. Indeed, modern historians have challenged the credibility of Pandulf's account, including his list of electors, given his support for Antipope Anacletus II (1130\u20131138), who made him a cardinal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006708-0003-0000", "contents": "1118 papal election, Cardinal-electors\nPandulf claims that the election was attended by 49 cardinals: four bishops, 27 priests, and 18 deacons. Still, the account mentions the names of only 35 cardinals (four bishops, 20 priests, and 11 deacons), including the elected Gelasius. However, the status of the cardinals, priests, and deacons was unclear from the Pandulf account, and multiple sources dispute their numbers. In addition, several cardinals mentioned by Pandulf only obtained that position when elevated by later popes, i.e., after the papal election. Other chroniclers also made incomplete accounts. Alphonso Chac\u00f3n and Olduin name Cardinal Divizo as a Cardinal-bishop. At the time of the election, he was still a cardinal-priest of Ss. Martino e Silvestro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006708-0004-0000", "contents": "1118 papal election, Cardinal-electors\nAccording to the work of Rudolf Huls, the College of Cardinals had only 41 members as of January 1118: 6 bishops, 20 priests, and 15 deacons, of which the following 36 participated in the election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006708-0005-0000", "contents": "1118 papal election, Cardinal-electors, Cardinal Deacons\nTwo subdeacons were in attendance, Nicholas, Provost of the Choir School, and Amico O.S.B. (Cluny), Abbot of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006708-0006-0000", "contents": "1118 papal election, The choice of Gelasius II\nDuring his papacy, Paschal II waged the investiture controversy with Emperor Henry V, who had a considerable following among the aristocracy of Rome. From 6 to 11 March 1116, Paschal II presided over a general council at the Lateran Basilica, The leader of the anti-imperial opposition to Paschal's concessions to Henry was Cardinal Giovanni of Gaeta, the chancellor of the Holy Roman Church. In the council, Pope Paschal was forced to condemn his own privilegium. This was a concession that Paschal had granted to the emperor, allowing the emperor to invest bishops with his staff and ring of office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006708-0006-0001", "contents": "1118 papal election, The choice of Gelasius II\nPaschal agreed to again anathematize any person who gave or received ecclesiastical titles from the hands of a layman, though he resisted the council's wish to anathematize the emperor. This action in the council by Paschal was a repudiation of the agreement he had previously reached with the emperor. It  caused great offense and anger. After many representations to the pope, Henry marched on Rome. On 5 April 1117, supporters of the emperor  forced Paschal to flee the Lateran palace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006708-0006-0002", "contents": "1118 papal election, The choice of Gelasius II\nHe spent his time at Montecassino, and then Benevento, where he held a synod where he excommunicated the emperor's friend, Martin Burdinus, the archbishop of Braga, who had been the go-between in recent negotiations. He returned to Rome to the Castel S. Angelo on 14 January 1118, where he died on 21 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006708-0007-0000", "contents": "1118 papal election, The choice of Gelasius II\nAfter his death, the Cardinals took refuge in the Palladium (S. Maria in Pallara), a Benedictine monastery on the Palatine Hill, fearing the violence of supporters of the emperor. The meetings were presided over by Cardinal Petrus of Porto. He waited the three canonical days before beginning the election, having also sent a swift messenger summoning Cardinal Giovanni Gaetani, who was at Montecassino. On 24 January 1118, three days after the customary prayers and devotions, the electors unanimously chose Cardinal Giovanni Coniulo from Gaeta for the papacy, the cardinal-deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin and Chancellor of the Holy See. On election, he adopted the papal name Gelasius II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006708-0008-0000", "contents": "1118 papal election, Aftermath\nShortly after his election, as the clergy and people were celebrating Gelasius' enthronement, Cenzio Frangipani, a supporter of the emperor, whose house and headquarters were next door to S. Maria in Pallara, broke into the church with his followers and assaulted the pope. The pope was seized and carried off to Frangipani's house, where he was chained and imprisoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006708-0009-0000", "contents": "1118 papal election, Aftermath\nPope Gelasius II was freed by a popular uprising led by Peter, the Prefect of Rome. However, as the emperor Henry and his army approached the city, Gelasius fled from Rome to his native Gaeta on March 1, where he was ordained as a priest on 9 March 1118. He was consecrated a bishop and enthroned on 10 March. Pandulphus Pisanus was ordained a lector and an exorcist on the same day. He then fled to Pisa and ultimately to France, where he remained until his death at the Abbey of Cluny on 29 January 1119. In his absence, the papal vicar in Rome was Cardinal Petrus, the Bishop of Porto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006709-0000-0000", "contents": "1119\nYear 1119 (MCXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006710-0000-0000", "contents": "1119 Euboea\n1119 Euboea (/ju\u02d0\u02c8bi\u02d0\u0259/; prov. designation: 1927 UB) is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 27 October 1927, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid has a rotation period of 11.4 hours and measures approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter. It was named for the Greek island of Euboea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006710-0001-0000", "contents": "1119 Euboea, Orbit and classification\nEuboea is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,540 days; semi-major axis of 2.61\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a recovered observation from the Lowell Observatory in April 1930, more than 2 years after to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006710-0002-0000", "contents": "1119 Euboea, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Euboea, also known as \"Negropont\", the largest island of Greece in the Aegean Sea. The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 105).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006710-0003-0000", "contents": "1119 Euboea, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn October 2007, a first rotational lightcurve of Euboea was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 11.41 hours with a brightness variation of 0.50 magnitude (U=3). In April 2010, a similar period of 11.396 hours and an amplitude of 0.46 magnitude was measured by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006710-0004-0000", "contents": "1119 Euboea, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn 2016, two modeled lightcurves were published using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database and other sources. They gave a concurring sidereal period of 11.3981 and 11.39823 hours, respectively. Each study also determined two respective spin axes of (79.0\u00b0, 75.0\u00b0) and (282.0\u00b0, 55.0\u00b0), and (71.0\u00b0, 61.0\u00b0) and (280.0\u00b0, 54.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006710-0005-0000", "contents": "1119 Euboea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Euboea measures between 18.37 and 31.90 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0576 and 0.213. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a low albedo of 0.0539 \u2013 typical for carbonaceous C-type asteroids \u2013 and a diameter of 31.46 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006712-0000-0000", "contents": "1119 papal election\nThe 1119 papal election (held January 29 to February 2) was, of all the elections currently considered legitimate by the Roman Catholic Church, the smallest papal election of the twelfth century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006712-0001-0000", "contents": "1119 papal election\nIt is likely that only two cardinal bishops, four cardinal priests and four cardinal deacons participated in the election. The election took place in the abbey of Cluny in Burgundy, France, while most of the other cardinals remained in Italy. A non-cardinal Guy de Bourgogne, the Archbishop of Vienne, was elected Pope Callixtus II. It was agreed by the cardinals at Cluny that they would seek the approval of the cardinals in Rome before they proceeded to enthrone the elected person. The cardinals in Rome granted their consent, and Guy was and crowned in Vienne on February 9. Having spent more than a year restoring affairs in France and Germany, he reached Rome on 3 June 1120.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006712-0002-0000", "contents": "1119 papal election, Death of Pope Gelasius\nPope Gelasius II was in exile from Rome, which was in the hands of the Emperor Henry V and his antipope Maurice Burdinus, had fled to France. The struggle with the emperor over the Investiture Controversy was costing him dearly. He held a synod in Vienne in the first half of January 1119, from which he moved to Lyon by January 14. As he was leaving Vienne, Gelasius ordered Archbishop Guy of Vienne to join him in Cluny after he himself had arrived there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006712-0002-0001", "contents": "1119 papal election, Death of Pope Gelasius\nThe pope then held another synod in M\u00e2con, where he was stricken by a sudden severe illness, which Pandulfus Pisanus identified as pleurisy. Immediately upon recogonising the severity of his condition, he summoned Cardinal Kuno von Urach, the Bishop of Palestrina, and, according to Falco of Benevento, offered him the papacy. Kuno emphatically refused. Instead, Kuno suggested the archbishop of Vienne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006712-0003-0000", "contents": "1119 papal election, Death of Pope Gelasius\nGelasius was near death when his party reached Cluny, only 24km (15 mi) from M\u00e2con, but he was able to have a farewell meeting with the cardinals who had accompanied him, and to receive the sacraments before he died on 29 July 1119.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006712-0004-0000", "contents": "1119 papal election, Death of Pope Gelasius\nThe \"Historia Compostelana\" states that, before Pope Gelasius died, the archbishop of Vienne (Guy de Bourgogne) arrived, while the cardinals and the Bishops of Ostia and Porto were discussing possible candidates for the papacy with several Romans. Pope Gelasius (adhuc vivens, still alive) named the archbishop of Vienne and Abbot Pontius of Cluny to the Roman clergy and people as possible successors. The archbishop of Vienne, however, did not arrive at Cluny until 1 February, three days after the pope's death. Moreover, the cardinal bishops present at Cluny were Ostia and Palestrina, not Porto. The \"Historia Compostelana\" does not appear to be a reliable source.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006712-0005-0000", "contents": "1119 papal election, Cardinal electors\nThe cardinals who accompanied Gelasius II to Cluny are known from the Liber Pontificalis associated with \"Pandulphus\" (either Pandulf of Pisa or Pandulf of Lucca), from the charter from Cluny, and from the chronicle of Ordericus Vitalis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006712-0006-0000", "contents": "1119 papal election, Proceedings\nThe cardinals attending the requiem Mass of Gelasius II in Cluny on 30 January 1119 were divided over whether his successor should be elected on the spot (as was permitted by the papal bull In Nomine Domini of Pope Nicholas II), or whether they should return to Rome and hold the election with the full College of Cardinals. A major consideration was the schism in which the emperor supported his own anti-pope, \"Gregory VIII\" (Maurice Burdinus), which could profit from the absence of a legitimate pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006712-0006-0001", "contents": "1119 papal election, Proceedings\nAlthough the cardinals proceeded with the election immediately, they agreed that they would submit their choice to the entire College thereafter. The election, following canon law, would not have begun until three days after the pope's death, 1 February, and, according to the rules established by Nicholas II, the two cardinal-bishops, Lambertus and Kono, had the exclusive right of nomination. Archbishop Guy of Vienne arrived at Cluny on that same day, 1 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006712-0007-0000", "contents": "1119 papal election, Proceedings\nArchbishop Guy was probably the most prominent prelate in Europe. His grandfather had been Duke Richard II of Normandy, making Guy a cousin of King Henry I of England; his brother Raymornd had been Duke of Burgundy, and his sister married his successor; his brother \u00c9tienne had been Comte de Varsac et de M\u00e2con; his brother Raymond, Count d' Amous, had married Urraca, the daughter of King Alfonso VI of Castile, making the young Alfonso VII his nephew and ward; a sister was Countess of Savoy and mother of Amadeus III. When Alfonso VI died on 30 June 1109, Guy became tutor (governor) of the under-age Alfonso VII, along with Archbishop Didacus of Compostela and Queen Urraca, and traveled to Bourgos to participate of the swearing of fealty to the young monarch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006712-0008-0000", "contents": "1119 papal election, Proceedings\nAlthough the contemporary accounts diverge on many points, it is clear across themthat the two candidates who emerged were Guy and Pontius of Cluny, both named as candidates by the late pontiff. The account of Gaufrid, prior of Vigois, relates that Gelasius II had preferred Pontius and predicted his election; In the view of Mary Stroll, Pontius was a far more conciliatory candidate, likely to negotiate a solution to the Investiture Controversy. Two accounts in particular\u2014those of Bernard of Carrion in the \"Historia Compostelana\", and Gaufrid of Vigois\u2014detail the election of Guy, emphasizing the importance of his known confrontational stance towards Henry V (having previously excommunicated him) and his powerful family, the Salian dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006712-0009-0000", "contents": "1119 papal election, Aftermath\nAccording to the Historia Compostelana, at the time of his election as Callixtus II, Guy de Bourgogne was being invested with the papal red mantle. His retainers (contribulibus atque militibus suis), when they learned of his election, broke down the doors to the election chamber and rushed in with weapons in their hands; they approached the pope-elect, and violently tore off his mantle, stole, and other papal vestments. They complained that Vienne, Burgundy, and France did not want to lose such a wonderful patron, and demanded that the electors choose someone else. In fact, the violence was a demonstration in favor of Calixtus, but in favor of retaining him as archbishop. No other source, particularly not Pandulphus Pisanus, who was present, notices this incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006712-0010-0000", "contents": "1119 papal election, Aftermath\nFollowing his enthronement, the new pope and Archbishop Didacus Gelmirez of Compostela were not friends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006712-0011-0000", "contents": "1119 papal election, Aftermath\nAfter a year travelling throughout France and holding councils and synods, the pope departed Cluny on 7 January 1120 on his journey to Italy. He reached Pisa on 12 May, and returned to Rome on 3 June. In April 1121, Callixtus II proceeded to Sutri, the location of his opponent, Antipope Gregory VIII, appointed by Henry V, and laid siege to the city for eight days until Gregory VIII was handed over to him. Callixtus then imprisoned the former antipope at the monastery of S. Lucia ad Saepa Solis, from which the was moved from monastery to monastery until his death in 1137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006713-0000-0000", "contents": "111: A Nelson Number\n111: A Nelson Number is a Bangladeshi supernatural drama television series based on a dorm room numbered 111, where the students living there are spooked by unnatural presence. The series was directed by Nayeem Imtiaz Neyamul, written by Sirajul Islam and produced by Ferdaus. The series, which aired at 9:45 pm on NTV, began on September 27, 2007 and ended after 26 episodes on April 17, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006714-0000-0000", "contents": "111P/Helin\u2013Roman\u2013Crockett\n111P/Helin\u2013Roman\u2013Crockett is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It was discovered by Eleanor and Ron Helin on 5 January 1989 from images obtained on the 3rd and 4th of that month. It is a Jupiter family comet known for extremely close approaches to Jupiter being a Quasi-Hilda comet. During these approaches, it actually orbits Jupiter. The last such approach was in 1976, the next will be in 2071. The Jovian orbits are highly elliptical and subject to intense Solar perturbation at apojove which eventually pulls the comet out of Jovian orbit for the cycle to begin anew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006714-0001-0000", "contents": "111P/Helin\u2013Roman\u2013Crockett\nSimulations predict such a cycle is unstable, the object will either be captured into an encounter orbit (e.g. Shoemaker-Levy 9) or expelled into a new orbit which does not have periodic approaches. This implies that 111P's orbit is recent within the past few thousand years. It fits the definition of an Encke-type comet with (TJupiter > 3; a < aJupiter).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006715-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Armored Cavalry Regiment\nThe 111th Armored Cavalry Regiment (111th ACR) was a light armored cavalry regiment that was part of the California Army National Guard, briefly active during the early years of the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006715-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Armored Cavalry Regiment\nConstituted in 1949, it included three maneuver battalions by 1951. It was broken up in 1954, with two battalions absorbed into the 40th Armored Division, which had been converted to infantry, to give it experienced armor personnel, while the remaining battalion was mostly converted to antiaircraft artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006715-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 111th Armored Cavalry Regiment (Light) was constituted on 19 August 1949 as a unit of the California National Guard after a request from the state of California to form an armored cavalry regiment was approved by the National Guard Bureau. It was one of seven National Guard armored cavalry regiments authorized in 1949 to provide corps-level reconnaissance and security capabilities in event of mobilization. From inception, the regiment was administratively supervised by the 1st Provisional Brigade, created to serve as an intermediate headquarters for non-divisional and unbrigaded units of the California National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006715-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History\nIt initially included the Imperial Valley-based 1st Battalion, with Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) at Imperial, and the Northern California-based 2nd Battalion, with HHC at Red Bluff. The two battalions were redesignated from the 109th and 118th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadrons, respectively, on 15 September. The 109th had been organized and Federally recognized on 18 September 1947, while the 118th had been organized and Federally recognized on 8 June 1949; both California National Guard units were constituted on 5 August 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006715-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History\nOf the reconnaissance companies of the regiment, Companies A (Indio), B (Brawley), and C (Calexico) fell under 1st Battalion, while D (Susanville), E (Eureka), and F (Oakdale) were with 2nd Battalion. The Assault Gun Company of the 2nd Battalion was at Quincy, while the Tank Company of 1st Battalion was at El Centro. The first six lettered companies, the Tank Company of the 1st Battalion, and the Assault Gun Company of the 2nd Battalion were redesignated from the lettered troops of the 109th and 118th Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006715-0005-0000", "contents": "111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe organization and Federal recognition of new units followed, beginning with the Assault Gun Company of the 1st Battalion at Holtville on 15 October. By the end of 1949, the 111th ACR included 50 officers, two warrant officers, and 471 enlisted men. The Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) of the regiment followed on 12 January 1950 at Pasadena. In the summer of 1950, the units of the 111th participated in its first summer field training encampment, held at Camp San Luis Obispo with most of the 1st Provisional Brigade between 16 and 30 July. The regimental Service Company and Medical Detachment were organized at Montebello on 23 October and 20 November, respectively. The HHC of the 1st Battalion relocated to El Centro on 15 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006715-0006-0000", "contents": "111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was brought up to full strength by the organization and Federal recognition of its 3rd Battalion on 26 January 1951, headquartered at Van Nuys. The HHC of 3rd Battalion was organized on 9 January, followed by Howitzer Company on 30 March at Van Nuys and two 3rd Battalion lettered companies: G at Burbank on 15 May and H on 22 October at Los Angeles. Due to changes in the structure of light ACRs, the assault gun companies of the 111th became howitzer companies on 1 April. The regiment participated in 1951 summer field training between 17 June and 1 July at Camp Cooke and Hunter Liggett Military Reservation along with the 49th Infantry Division. The Medical Detachment relocated to Arcadia on 15 April, and the HHC of the 3rd Battalion relocated to Burbank on 1 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006715-0007-0000", "contents": "111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 2nd Battalion HHC relocated from Sacramento to Del Paso Heights on 1 July 1952, although it returned to Sacramento on 15 January 1954. The regiment participated in 1952 summer field training between 17 and 31 August at Hunter Liggett, alongside smaller nondivisional units. Company I, organized at Van Nuys on 15 November 1952, relocated to San Fernando on 15 March 1953. The Tank Company of the 3rd Battalion relocated from Van Nuys to Canoga Park on 1 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006715-0007-0001", "contents": "111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History\nFrom 16 to 30 August of that year, the regiment participated in what was to be its last summer field training, held at Hunter Liggett with the 40th Infantry Division (NGUS). On 1 October, the regiment dropped the 'light' designation. The Howitzer Company of the 3rd Battalion relocated to Burbank on 13 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006715-0008-0000", "contents": "111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History\nIn 1954, the regiment was broken up, beginning with the conversion and redesignation of the 2nd Battalion as the 170th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 1 June, excluding Company E, which became the HHC of the 1401st Engineer Battalion (Combat) (Army) (NGUS). A month later, the Headquarters and Headquarters Company of the 111th ACR became that of Combat Command C of the 40th Armored Division, the 1st Battalion became the 134th Tank Battalion, and the 3rd Battalion consolidated with the 2nd Battalion, 223rd Infantry to become the 139th Tank Battalion. These elements of the 111th were absorbed into the 40th Armored, which had been converted from the 40th Infantry Division, to provide experienced armored personnel to the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006715-0009-0000", "contents": "111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Heraldry\nJust before the breakup of the regiment, the distinctive unit insignia and coat of arms of the regiment were approved on 1 March 1954. The distinctive unit insignia depicted a horse's head, lance, and gauntlet to symbolize cavalry, medieval armor, and the shock tactics of armored forces, respectively. Its green and yellow colors represented the armor branch. Below the shield of the insignia was the motto \"By Arms and Courage.\" The regimental coat of arms was the shield of its distinctive unit insignia with the crest of the California Army National Guard above it. The distinctive unit insignia continued to be used by the 134th Tank Battalion until 1960, after the latter was consolidated with other units to form the 185th Armor Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing\nThe  (111 ATKW) is a unit of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, headquartered at Biddle Air National Guard Base in Horsham, Pennsylvania. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command. It provides protection of life, property, and the preservation of peace and order when tasked to do so by state or federal authorities. The Wing also provides operational and support units, as well as qualified personnel, to support wartime tasking and contingency commitments of any nature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing\nThe 103d Attack Squadron is a descendant organization of the 103d Observation Squadron, formed on 27 June 1924. It was one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, Overview\nCurrently the wing uses General Atomics MQ-9 Reapers to directly support combatant commanders across the globe providing; surveillance, reconnaissance gathering capabilities, combat search and rescue, and weapons employment when called upon. The wing hosts several new tenant organizations at Horsham ANGB including units of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard and the U.S. Army Reserve, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, World War II\nConstituted as 391st Bombardment Group (Medium) on 15 January 1943 and activated on 21 January Trained with B-26's for duty in Europe with Ninth Air Force. Assigned to RAF Matching, England on 26 January 1944. The group marking was a yellow triangle painted on the tail fin of their B-26s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, World War II\nThe first mission was flown on 15 February and 150 more were completed before the group moved into France in late September 1944. During the ensuing weeks the 391st bombed targets such as airfields, marshalling yards, bridges, and V-weapon sites in France and the Low Countries to help prepare for the invasion of Normandy. The group attacked enemy defenses along the invasion beaches on 6 and 7 June 1944. From June through September, the group continued cross-Channel operations, which included attacks on fuel dumps and troop concentrations in support of Allied forces during the breakthrough at Saint-L\u00f4 in July 1944, and strikes on transportation and communications to block the enemy's retreat to the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0005-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, World War II\nA total of 20 B-26s were missing in action during the 391st's operations from Matching before the group moved onto the continent, transferring to Roye/Amy, France (ALG A-73) on 19 September 1944. The group then switched to Douglas A-26 Invaders and flew its last mission on 3 May 1945 from Asche, Belgium (ALG Y-29).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0006-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, World War II\nThe 391st Bomb Group returned to the United States in October and was inactivated at Camp Shanks, New York on 25 October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0007-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nThe wartime 391st Bombardment Group was re-activated and re-designated as the 111th Bombardment Group, and was allotted to the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Philadelphia International Airport and was extended federal recognition on 20 December 1948 National Guard Bureau. The 111th Bombardment Group was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 391st Bombardment Group. The squadron was equipped with Douglas B-26B/C Invaders and was assigned to the PA ANG 53d Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0008-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nThe 103d was federalized on 10 October 1950 along with its parent 111th Composite Wing due to the Korean War. Many of the pilots and maintenance personnel were split off and sent for duty overseas as individuals assigned to other combat units there. Eventually the B-26 bombers were sent as reinforcement aircraft to Far East Air Force for use in Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 82], "content_span": [83, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0009-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nOn 10 April 1951 the squadron and Wing were moved to Fairchild AFB, Washington and re-equipped with RB-29 Superfortress reconnaissance aircraft. Based on the World War II B-29 Bomber, the RB-29s were instead configured with multiple aerial cameras for mapping and reconnaissance missions. These RB-29s were used like the reconnaissance satellites of today, except they required actual over flight of the countries to be photographed. The 111th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (ANG) was composed of the 129th Bomb Squadron (formerly the 3d Bombardment Squadron), the 130th Bomb Squadron (formerly the 29th Bombardment Squadron) were joined by the 103d Bomb Squadron (Light) from the Pennsylvania ANG which was redesignated as the 103d Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron (Medium).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 82], "content_span": [83, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0010-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nOn 13 June 1952, two 111th pilots were flying an RB-29 over the Soviet Union when they were shot down by a pair of Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s. The RB-29 was never recovered, having crashed in the waters off of Vladivostok, Russia. The Pennsylvanian families of the Air Guard pilots were told they had simply \"vanished\" in a weather-reconnaissance flight near Japan. It wasn't until the fall of the Soviet Union and the opening of communist archives that the relatives found out the truth in 1993. It is unknown as to whether any of the pilots or crew of this aircraft were captured by the Soviets at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 82], "content_span": [83, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0011-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nWhen inactivated the ANG personnel were released to their parent units. The equipment and active duty personnel remained at Fairchild and were gained by the newly formed 99th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 82], "content_span": [83, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0012-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Cold War Air Defense\nThe 103d and the 111th were returned to control of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard in late November 1952, and the units were re-formed at Philadelphia International Airport by 1 January 1953. The 103d was re-equipped with the North American F-51D Mustang World War II fighter because of a lack of available jets at the time due to the Korean War. It was re-designated as the 103d Fighter Bomber Squadron and assumed an air defense mission. In 1955, Air Defense Command upgraded the group to the Republic F-84F Thunderstreak, and it received new aircraft. In July 1956, the 103d FIS switched to F-94A and B Starfigher interceptors; to F-94Cs in 1958 and the Northrop F-89H Scorpion in 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 81], "content_span": [82, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0013-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nIn 1962, the unit transitioned from the F-89J jet interceptor to a large, heavy transport, the Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter, a double-decked, four-engine airplane. The new mission moved the wing into the Military Air Transport Service (MATS), and its successor Military Airlift Command (MAC) in 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0014-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nIn 1963, the 111th ended its 39-year history at Philadelphia airport and moved to brand new facilities on the north end of the Willow Grove Naval Air Station. From Willow Grove, the C-97 was used to transport troops and cargo all over the world. The unit's flying personnel were used heavily during the Vietnam War and over two hundred members earned Vietnam Service Medals for their flights into that war zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0015-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airborne Forward Air Control\nIn 1969, the unit changed mission yet again, returning to its original roots as an observation unit. The new 111th Tactical Air Support Group initially flew the U-3A Blue Canoe, a Cessna 310, as an intermediate aircraft until it received the aircraft it needed for Airborne Forward Air Control (AFAC): the Cessna O-2A Skymaster. The O-2 was a two propeller aircraft used early in the Vietnam War for coordination between ground forces and fighter aircraft (the \"O\" stands for observation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 89], "content_span": [90, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0016-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airborne Forward Air Control\nThe Forward Air Control mission was sustained with the unit's switch to the OA-37 Dragonfly in 1981. The OA-37, was a heavier derivative of the T-37 trainer, and had been developed specifically for the Vietnam War. The unit made several deployments to Central America in the 1980s to fly with US allies there, who had been sold the A-37 as part of the US Foreign Military Sales program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 89], "content_span": [90, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0017-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airborne Forward Air Control\nThe A-37s were retired in 1988, and the 111th received the A-10A Thunderbolt II ground support aircraft. It was also used as a FAC aircraft (OA-10). Pilots continued their previous mission of providing AFAC and Combat Search and Rescue, although in a much more combat-worthy fighter. The A-10 allowed the wing to take part in the new deployments to Southwest Asia following Operation Desert Storm. The unit was re-designated as the 111th Fighter Group in 1992 and then as the 111th Fighter Wing in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 89], "content_span": [90, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0018-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airborne Forward Air Control\nParticipating in Operation Southern Watch, the wing took advantage of this aircraft upgrade by volunteering for a 90-day deployment to Kuwait in 1995, to support joint combat flight operations for Operation Southern Watch over Iraq. Twelve aircraft were deployed to Al Jaber AB \u2013 a joint-use base by U.S. and Kuwait Air Forces. The base was fairly austere as it had suffered considerable war-damage from Desert Storm. Missions included Combat Search and Rescue alert, Kill Box flights over Iraq, Airborne Forward Air Control and joint training missions over Kuwait. About 40% of the wing participated in the deployment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 89], "content_span": [90, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0019-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airborne Forward Air Control\nAnother interesting element was a small side deployment to Qatar. The 111th was the first Air Guard fighter unit deployed to Al Jaber and also the first ANG Wing to volunteer for a solo 3-month Operation Southern Watch deployment. The combat flight missions over Iraq were to enforce United Nations resolutions and occurred during the 1990s post Cold War era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 89], "content_span": [90, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0020-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Ground Support\nIn 1996, the 111th FW pilots transitioned from the OA-10 AFAC mission to the universal A-10 \"attack\" mission. Now the pilots' primary task was to provide Close Air Support (CAS) for joint service ground forces, as well as performing AFAC and CSAR duties as before. This change to the normal A-10 role aligned the wing with all the other A-10 units in the active duty and Air Reserve Component (ARC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 75], "content_span": [76, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0021-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Ground Support\nThe second 111th FW deployment to Al Jaber AB occurred in 1999, again to support joint combat flight operations for Operation Southern Watch over Iraq. Missions included Combat Search and Rescue alert, Kill Box flights over Iraq, Airborne Forward Air Control and joint training missions over Kuwait. Use of the A-10 was more limited than before, due to the aircraft's relative lack of a precision weapon capability [except the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground tactical missile].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 75], "content_span": [76, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0022-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nImmediately following the 9/11 attacks on NYC and Washington, DC, the 111th FW voluntarily deployed on very short notice back to Al Jaber AB to support joint combat flight operations for Operation Southern Watch over Iraq and Operation Enduring Freedom over Afghanistan. Missions included Combat Search and Rescue alert and joint training missions over Kuwait. 111th Weapons personnel assisted in the loading of combat ordnance for the first sorties into Afghanistan in November 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 84], "content_span": [85, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0023-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nFrom October 2002 \u2013 January 2003, the wing was the lead unit for a short notice, voluntary, out-of-cycle AEF deployment to Bagram AB, Afghanistan. Bagram had been a massive Soviet base during the decade when they occupied Afghanistan (1979\u201389), but was almost completely destroyed in that period and civil war afterwards. The 111th aircraft supported joint combat flight operations with US Army, Special Forces, and coalition ground forces in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 84], "content_span": [85, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0023-0001", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nThe A-10s were flown and maintained in the most primitive conditions, yet the 111th personnel flew 100% of the assigned tasking for their entire deployment \u2013 at four times the normal sortie rate of home. Other unique aspects of the operation were total 'blacked out' night-time operations (no lights on the field or camp \u2013 everything was done by night vision goggles); an extensive number of mines/UXOs around and on the air field; extreme weather conditions and enemy shelling using BM-12 107mm rockets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 84], "content_span": [85, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0024-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nUpon returning to the U.S. in January 2003, the 111th FW again volunteered to participate in another SWA deployment to Al Jaber AB, Kuwait [fourth visit] from February 2003 \u2013 May 2003. The wing deployed for joint combat flight operations, in support of US Army, Marine and British ground forces as part of the initial phase of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Wing personnel were initially stationed at Al Jaber before transferring to Tallil AB, Iraq, midway through the initial campaign. Tallil was a former Iraqi air force base, which had not been used in a decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 84], "content_span": [85, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0025-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nDuring this campaign, which included direct support for coalition armor forces during the entire invasion from the Kuwait border, through Basra and Baghdad, the wing pilots and maintainers successfully operated at a very high sortie rate. Tallil AB operations set another milestone due to its austere nature and forward location (which was essential to support the armor's thrust toward the capital).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 84], "content_span": [85, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0026-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe 111th Fighter Wing's achievement of voluntarily deploying to austere bases in two separate combat operations within a five-month period [2003] was part of the reason the unit was awarded the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, with Valor, in 2005. It also was awarded the Reserve Family Readiness Award in 2003 and the ANG Distinguished Flying Unit Award in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 84], "content_span": [85, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0027-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIn 2009, the 111th Security Forces Squadron was voted best Security Forces Squadron in the entire Air Force. TSgt Marc Berger was voted top cop in the entire Air Force also in 2009, the first member of the 111th SFS to receive such an illustrious award. TSgt Berger indicated he owed this great accomplishment to CMSgt Jimmy Finn, who was his mentor and his teacher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 84], "content_span": [85, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0028-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, BRAC 2005 103d Fighter Squadron inactivation\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended the 111th Fighter Wing be inactivated its assigned A-10 aircraft relocated to the 124th Wing (ANG), Boise Air Terminal Air Guard Station, Boise, ID (three primary aircraft); 175th Wing (ANG), Warfield Air National Guard Base, Baltimore, MD, (three primary aircraft); 127th Wing (ANG), Selfridge Air National Guard Base, Mount Clemens, MI (three primary aircraft) and retire the remaining aircraft (six primary aircraft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 105], "content_span": [106, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0029-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, BRAC 2005 103d Fighter Squadron inactivation\nThis recommendation was part of a larger recommendation that would close NAS JRB Willow Grove, PA. DoD claimed that this recommendation would enable Air Force Future Total Force transformation by consolidating the A-10 fleet at installations of higher military value. Despite appeals from Ed Rendell, the Governor of Pennsylvania, the recommendations were upheld and the A-10s departed during 2010. The 103d Fighter Squadron inactivated on 31 March 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 105], "content_span": [106, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006716-0030-0000", "contents": "111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, BRAC 2005 103d Fighter Squadron inactivation\nOn 19 March 2013, it was announced that the 111th Fighter Wing would be re-equipped to take over ground control of the General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 105], "content_span": [106, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006717-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 111th Aviation Regiment is an army aviation regiment of the United States Army and the Florida National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006717-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe Regiment was organized in the Florida Army National Guard as Company D, 26th Aviation Battalion and federally recognized on 1 September 1978 at Jacksonville. It was expanded, reorganized and redesignated on 2 October 1986 as the 419th Aviation Battalion, and redesignated on 1 October 1987 as the 111th Aviation, a parent regiment under the United States Army Regimental System to consist of the 1st Battalion at Jacksonville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006718-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Battalion (South Waterloo), CEF\nThe 111th Battalion (South Waterloo), CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force. The 111th Battalion was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Britain on 25 September 1916, where, on 13 October 1916, its personnel were absorbed by the 35th Battalion, CEF, to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion disbanded on 21 May 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006718-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Battalion (South Waterloo), CEF\nThe 111th Battalion recruited in Waterloo County, Ontario, and was mobilized at Galt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006718-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Battalion (South Waterloo), CEF\nThe 111th Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. J.D. Clarke from 6 October 1916 to 13 October 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006718-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Battalion (South Waterloo), CEF\nThe 111th Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006718-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Battalion (South Waterloo), CEF\nThe 111th Battalion (South Waterloo), CEF, is perpetuated by The Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006719-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 111th Brigade was a formation of  the British Army during the First World War. It was raised, under the command of Brigadier-General Reginald Barnes, as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 37th Division. The brigade was also attached to the 34th Division from July to August 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006719-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nThis brigade was attached to 34th Division between 6 July and 22 August 1916", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006720-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 111th Cavalry Division (Russian: 111-\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) was a cavalry division of the Soviet Union's Red Army during World War II. It was formed in January 1942 as the 111th Separate Cavalry Division. Formed as a Kalmyk national division, its personnel were drawn from the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006720-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union)\nOn 4 March, the Soviet High Command disbanded 20 randomly chosen cavalry divisions after deeming cavalry to be less effective than expected. The 111th Separate Cavalry Division was disbanded on 12 March, its best cadres and equipment being transferred to the 110th Separate Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006720-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Background\nFollowing the German invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II, the latter suffered massive casualties. Over one hundred Soviet divisions were disbanded due to losses in manpower. The Soviet State Defense Committee initiated the formation of hundreds of new divisions which were quickly forwarded to the front lines. Losses of materiel among the tank divisions and mechanized corps, meant that cavalry divisions remained the only tool available for the execution of deep operations and raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006720-0002-0001", "contents": "111th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Background\nOn 13 November 1941, following the suggestion of General Inspector of the Cavalry Oka Gorodovikov, the Soviets began forming 20 National Cavalry Divisions and 15 National Rifle Brigades. The new units drew upon the peoples of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union, in Northern Caucasus, Central Asia, the Urals and the Lower Volga Region. Unlike typical cavalry divisions, National Cavalry Divisions were equipped and sustained using the funds of the respective republics and their formation was overseen by the local communist party committees. Most officers were appointed from among the native nationality, in order to prevent the development of a language barrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006720-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Formation and dissolution\nOn 20 November 1941, Deputy Defense Narkom Efim Shadenko ordered the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to form the 110th and 111th Separate Cavalry Divisions by January 1942. Most Kalmyks had only recently transitioned to sedentism, severely limiting the number of settlements that could host the new divisions. The 3,498 man strong 111th Separate O.I. Gorodovikov Cavalry Division was to be formed in the Esto-Haginskoe, Nemetsko-Haginskoe and Sch\u00f6nfeld semi-abandoned villages formerly inhabited by  deported Volga Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006720-0003-0001", "contents": "111th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Formation and dissolution\nMen were drafted from Zapadniy, Yashaltinsky, Pritutnenskiy, Troitskiy, Chernozemelniy and Dolbanskiy Uluses, located in the west and center of the republic; as well as its capital Elista. Since the command staff had departed the republic, the first temporary commander of the division was appointed by the local political authorities. N. Zimin assumed command. In January 1942, command was transferred to Colonel Grigory Belousov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006720-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Formation and dissolution\nMobilization and training lagged behind schedule since over 16,000 Kalmyks were employed in various engineering projects around the Caucasus. As of 20 January 1942, the 111th Division had reached a strength of 2,597 men and 1,673 horses. On 23 February, the 111th Separate Cavalry Division received its military banner and its 3,276 soldiers took the military oath. On the same day its size was expanded to 4,494 men, while soldiers were assigned to their respective units within it. As of 1 March, the 111th Division had reached a strength of 4,644  men, recruiting privates in excess of the goal set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006720-0004-0001", "contents": "111th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Formation and dissolution\nOn 4 March, the Soviet High Command disbanded 20 cavalry divisions after deeming cavalry to be less effective than expected. Despite the fact that the 111th Separate Cavalry Division was better equipped and manned it was chosen randomly and disbanded on 12 March. Its best cadres and equipment being transferred to the 110th Separate Cavalry Division. A total of 197 of the division's officers and 3,031 privates were divided between various reserve units or placed at the disposal of regional military directorates across the Caucasus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006721-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 111th Cavalry Regiment was a regiment in the New Mexico National Guard, not to be confused with California's 111th Armored Cavalry Regiment. From 1 November 1921 to 1 February 1922 the regiment's 2nd Squadron was a Colorado National Guard unit. After 2005 its lineage was carried by the 200th Infantry Regiment of the New Mexico National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006721-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nConstituted 1 June 1921 in the National Guard of New Mexico and Colorado as the 111th Cavalry, and assigned to the 23rd Cavalry Division and organized from new and existing units as follows-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006721-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nSecond Squadron redesignated 1 February 1922 as 1st Squadron, 117th Cavalry and new 2nd Squadron organized in New Mexico from new and existing units as follows-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006721-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized 15 March as a three Squadron regiment; 3rd Squadron organized and federally recognized 14 July 1929 with Troop I at Carlsbad and Troop K at Taos. Relieved from the 23rd Cavalry Division, converted and redesignated as the 207th Coast Artillery (Antiaircraft) 26 April 1940. Redesignated on 1 July 1940 as 200th Coast Artillery (Antiaircraft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006721-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1+1\u20444 inches (3.2\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Or an Avanyu Sable. Attached above the shield from a wreath Or and Sable, a coiled rattlesnake Br\u00fcn. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Gold scroll inscribed \"PRO CIVITATE ET PATRIA\" in Black letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006721-0005-0000", "contents": "111th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe Avanyu device used by the Pueblo Indians is another form of the triskelion, a lucky talisman and symbolic of energy, motion, and victory. It is also emblematic of \"the whirling sun\" and \"lightning in air\" which allude to the firepower and air defense mission of the former unit. The motto translates to \"For State and Country.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006721-0006-0000", "contents": "111th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 111th Cavalry Regiment on 19 June 1926. It was redesignated for the 200th Coast Artillery Regiment (AA) on 7 March 1941. It was redesignated for the 717th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion on 6 October 1952. The insignia was redesignated for the 200th Artillery Regiment on 7 June 1960. It was redesignated for the 200th Air Defense Artillery Regiment on 9 February 1973. It was redesignated for the 200th Infantry Regiment with the description and symbolism updated on 22 August 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006721-0007-0000", "contents": "111th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon\nOr an Avanyu Sable. (The Avanyu is a Pueblo Indian device not unlike the device of the Isle of Man conventionalized, which is blazoned three legs embowed conjoined at the thighs, the three arms of the Avanyu each ending in a triangular head bearing five points).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006721-0008-0000", "contents": "111th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments of the New Mexico Army National Guard: On a wreath of the colors Or and Sable, a coiled rattlesnake Proper. Motto:   PRO CIVITATE ET PATRIA (For State and Country).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006721-0009-0000", "contents": "111th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe Avanyu device used by the Pueblo Indians is another form of the triskelion, a lucky talisman and symbolic of energy, motion, and victory. It is also emblematic of \"the whirling sun\" and \"lightning in air\" which allude to the firepower and air defense mission of the former unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006721-0010-0000", "contents": "111th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe crest is that of the New Mexico Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006722-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 111th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 7, 1941, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Governor Walter W. Bacon and Isaac J. MacCollum as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006722-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006722-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 111th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006722-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006722-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006723-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (\u2192\u200etop: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006723-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 111th Division (\u7b2c111\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuj\u016bichi Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the City Division (\u5e02\u5175\u56e3, Ichi Heidan). It was formed 12 July 1944 in Dongning as a triangular division. The nucleus for the formation was the 9th Independent Garrison Group. The division was initially assigned to the Third Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006723-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nInitially the 111th Division was tasked with a garrison duty around Dongning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006723-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nIn April 1945, it was reassigned to the Fifty-Eighth Army and in May 1945 moved to the Jejudo island. Small parts were left behind and were incorporated into the 124th Division. On Jejudo, the unit spent time until the surrender of Japan preparing a fortifications without seeing an combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006723-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe division was repatriated to Sasebo 10\u201312 November 1945 and dissolved shortly afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006724-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 111th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c111\u5e08) was created in February 1950 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 319th Division, 2nd Security Brigade and 5th Security Regiment of Republic of China Army defected on September 19, 1949 during the Chinese Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006724-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1951 personnel and equipment of the division were absorbed by 106th Division, and the 111th became a cadre division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006725-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Engineer Brigade (United States)\nThe 111th Engineer Brigade is an engineer brigade of the United States Army. It is a subordinate unit of the West Virginia Army National Guard with units located throughout West Virginia. It is headquartered at Eleanor, West Virginia, formerly in St. Albans, West Virginia. The 111th Engineer Brigade relocated in 2005 to its new facility at the Winfield Locks and Dam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006725-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Engineer Brigade (United States), Insignia\nDISTINCTIVE BADGE: A gold color metal and enamel device consisting of a black enamel diamond shape bearing a white enamel powder horn, mouth to the right, ferruled and stringed gold, at the top a semi-circular scarlet enamel scroll folded back at each side, terminating behind the diamond shape a base and inscribed at the top \"MINUTEMEN FOR FREEDOM\" in gold letters. SYMBOLISM: The white powder horn represents the early pioneers, the Greenbrier Long Rifles of the day and the readiness of the present 111th Engineer Brigade. The black diamond shape alludes to the coal fields of West Virginia. Scarlet and white are colors used for Engineer units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006726-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Field Artillery Battalion\nThe 111th Field Artillery Battalion was an artillery battalion of the United States Army, part of the 29th Infantry Division. The battalion fought in Operation Overlord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006726-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Field Artillery Battalion, History, Origins\nThe 111th Field Artillery Battalion was a unit of the United States army, part of the 29th Infantry Division, based in Norfolk, Virginia, and was made up of members of the National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006726-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Field Artillery Battalion, History, Operation Overlord\nThe unit took part in Operation Overlord on 6 June 1944, but its members were not happy with their mission. The plan was for them to bring their 105mm howitzers ashore two hours after the initial landings, to support the 116th infantry unit, which was intended to have secured the beach by then. But the unit's leader, Lt Colonel Mullins, was concerned that the DUKW amphibious vehicles which were their intended transport were not able to bear heavy loads in rough seas. Each DUKW had to carry a howitzer, fourteen men, ammunition, sandbags and other equipment to the beach. Lieutenant Colonel Mullins was killed during the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006727-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 111th Field Artillery (\"First Virginia Artillery\") is currently constituted as a composite battalion consisting of two batteries of 105MM towed artillery and one battery of 155MM towed artillery (M777) unit with a general support/reinforcing mission. It is a unit within the Virginia Army National Guard based in Norfolk, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006727-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Field Artillery Regiment, First World War and afterwards\nThe Virginia National Guard's 1st Field Artillery was drafted into Federal service on 5 August 1917. The regiment was reorganized and redesignated 15 September 1917 as the 111th Field Artillery and assigned to the 29th Division. Demobilized 2 June 1919 at Camp Lee, Virginia. Reorganized 25 October 1932 in the Virginia National Guard as the 111th Field Artillery and assigned to the 29th Division; Headquarters federally recognized 26 May 1923 at Norfolk. (Location of headquarters changed 28 August 1939 to Hampton.) The regiment was inducted into Federal service 12 March 1942 and its elements reorganized and redesignated as follows: Headquarters disbanded at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland; 1st and 2d Battalions as the 111th and 227th Field Artillery Battalions, elements of the 29th Infantry Division; (remainder of regiment\u2014hereafter separate lineages).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006727-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Field Artillery Regiment, First World War and afterwards\nThe 111th FA Battalion, part of the 29th Infantry Division, was based in Norfolk, Virginia, made up of the Virginia National Guard. It took part in the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944, but its members were not happy with their mission. The plan was for them to bring their 105mm howitzers ashore two hours after the initial landings, to support the 116th Infantry Regiment, which was intended to have secured the beach by then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006727-0002-0001", "contents": "111th Field Artillery Regiment, First World War and afterwards\nBut the unit's leader, Lt Colonel Mullins, was concerned that the DUKW amphibious vehicles which were their intended transport were not able to bear heavy loads in rough seas. Each DUKW had to carry a howitzer, fourteen men, ammunition, sandbags and other equipment to the beach. Lieutenant Colonel Mullins was killed during the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006727-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Field Artillery Regiment, First World War and afterwards\nThe 111th Field Artillery Battalion inactivated 16 January 1946 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey. It was reorganized and Federally recognized 1 November 1946 with headquarters at Norfolk. 227th Field Artillery Battalion inactivated 16 January 1946 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey. Redesignated 2 July 1946 as the 442d Field Artillery Battalion and relieved from assignment to the 29th Infantry Division. Reorganized and Federally recognized 20 December 1946 with headquarters at Richmond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006727-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Field Artillery Regiment, First World War and afterwards\nThe 111th and 442d Field Artillery Battalions were consolidated 1 June 1959 with Headquarters, 111th Field Artillery (reconstituted 25 August 1945 in the Virginia National Guard), the 615th Missile Battalion (organized and Federally recognized 13 September 1954 with headquarters at South Norfolk), the 710th Missile Battalion, and the 129th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion (organized and Federally recognized 13 December 1956 with headquarters at Norfolk) to form the 111th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st Howitzer Battalion, an element of the 29th Infantry Division, the 2d Howitzer Battalion, the 3d Automatic Weapons Battalion, and the 4th and 5th Missile Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006727-0004-0001", "contents": "111th Field Artillery Regiment, First World War and afterwards\n(2d Howitzer Battalion ordered into active Federal service 15 October 1961 at Richmond; released 9 August 1962 from active Federal service and reverted to state control.) Reorganized 22 March 1963 to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 29th Infantry Division; the 2d Howitzer Battalion, an element of the 29th Infantry Division; the 3d Automatic Weapons Battalion; the 4th Missile Battalion; and the 5th and 6th Howitzer Battalions. Reorganized 1 October 1964 to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 29th InfantryDivision; the 2d and 6th Howitzer Battalions; the 3d Automatic Weapons Battalion; the 4th Missile Battalion; and the 5th Howitzer Battalion, an element of the 258th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006727-0005-0000", "contents": "111th Field Artillery Regiment, Iraq War Operations\nBravo Battery was mobilized on 11 October 2004 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom with MAJ Walter N. Patrick as the battery commander and First Sergeant Martin Steiner as the unit's first sergeant. The unit was reconfigured as a 182-man military police company, received other members of the 2d Battalion, 111th Field Artillery, and moved to Fort Dix for post mobilization training on 14 October 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006727-0006-0000", "contents": "111th Field Artillery Regiment, Iraq War Operations\nBravo Battery completed training 30 days ahead of schedule and arrived in Kuwait at Camp Virginia on 30 December 2004 and moved on to Camp Bucca in Iraq on 7 January 2005. Bravo sent two platoons, led by 1LT Michael Belforti, to Abu Ghraib. Two platoons and the battery headquarters remained at Camp Bucca. While at Camp Bucca, Bravo Battery operated Compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4. The unit was also tasked with detainee transfers between Camp Bucca and northern bases. The platoons at Abu Ghraib also performed detainee operations and participated in the Battle of Abu Ghraib.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006727-0007-0000", "contents": "111th Field Artillery Regiment, Iraq War Operations\nBravo Battery was relieved in place and a battle hand off was completed on 1 December 2005 with the 116th FA, Florida National Guard, and the unit and its men redeployed to Camp Victory South in Kuwait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006727-0008-0000", "contents": "111th Field Artillery Regiment, Iraq War Operations\nWhile in Iraq, Bravo Battery completed all detainee transfers without loss of life to any detainee or coalition forces. The unit was awarded the Air Force Meritorious Unit Award and has been recommended for the Army's Meritorious Unit Commendation. Fourteen members of Bravo Battery received the Bronze Star in Iraq and the unit completed over 80 theater wide detainee movements without incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006727-0009-0000", "contents": "111th Field Artillery Regiment, Iraq War Operations\nWhile in Iraq, the unit initially reported to LTC Tim Houser of the 105th MP Battalion and COL James Brown of the 18th Military Police Brigade. Later they reported to the 785th MP Battalion and the 43d Military Police Brigade commanded by Brigadier General Kevin R. McBride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006727-0010-0000", "contents": "111th Field Artillery Regiment, Iraq War Operations\nThe unit was reflagged as an infantry unit upon coming home from Iraq. In April 2009 the regiment's 1st Battalion received 16 new M119 howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006728-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Fighter Escadrille\n3rd Military Air Escadrille7th Air Escadrille121st Fighter Escadrille111th Fighter Escadrille303rd Fighter Squadron1st Tactical Squadron", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006728-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Fighter Escadrille\nThe 111th Fighter Escadrille of the Polish Air Force (Polish: 111. eskadra my\u015bliwska) was one of the fighter units of the Polish Army. Created in 1921, immediately after the end of the Polish-Soviet War, the unit inherited the traditions of the famous war-time Polish 7th Air Escadrille (known as the Ko\u015bciuszko Squadron), in which both Polish and American volunteers served.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006728-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Fighter Escadrille, History\nThe unit was created on May 19, 1921 out of two previously-existing units, the Polish 7th Air Escadrille and the Polish 18th Air Escadrille of the 1st Air Regiment. Initially it was manned mostly by the American veterans of the earlier unit, including Cedric Fauntleroy. However, soon afterwards most of the American pilots returned home and the unit was manned with Polish officers. Nonetheless, it retained the roundel and the traditions of the Polish-American unit. In 1934 the unit was the first to receive the then-modern PZL P.11c fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006728-0002-0001", "contents": "111th Fighter Escadrille, History\nIn 1936 the escadrille was stationed in Sarny and was providing air cover for a construction of border fortifications at the frontier with the Soviet Union. During one of the sorties Lt. Witold Urbanowicz, later to become one of the fighter aces of World War II, downed a Soviet Polikarpov R-5 biplane reconnaissance aircraft flying a reconnaissance mission over the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006728-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Fighter Escadrille, History\nIn 1939 it was attached to the Pursuit Brigade, a large fighter unit held in reserve of the Commander in Chief. As part of the Polish 3rd Squadron of the 1st Air Regiment (Polish: III/1 dywizjon my\u015bliwski) under Zdzis\u0142aw Krasnod\u0119bski, the unit was stationed at the airfield at Zielonka and provided air cover for the nearby city of Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006728-0003-0001", "contents": "111th Fighter Escadrille, History\nDuring the Polish September Campaign the first sortie \u2014 and the first success of the escadrille \u2014 took place on September 1, at 4 in the morning, that is roughly an hour before the fights for Westerplatte started, an event which is usually taken as the starting point of World War II. The escadrille was scrambled to intercept a large formation of enemy bombers escorted by Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighters. Over the area of Modlin the enemy formation was intercepted and forced to retreat, dropping their bombs on uninhabited areas. Lt . Palusi\u0144ski downed one enemy Dornier Do 17 and probably damaged another plane of that type. Palusi\u0144ski himself was wounded by enemy fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006728-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Fighter Escadrille, History\nLater that day another bombing raid on Warsaw was intercepted, this time covered by Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters. During the air battles over Warsaw the escadrille's commanding officer managed to down one enemy fighter, but was then shot down and wounded. The command was taken over by his deputy, Lt. Januszewicz. The following day the escadrille did not encounter any enemy formations. On September 3 a flight from the escadrille, providing air cover for Col. Stefan Pawlikowski intercepted a formation of enemy Bf 110 fighters over Wyszk\u00f3w. Lt . Januszewicz and Corporal Karubin downed two enemy fighters. However, at the same time another flight led by Feri\u0107 was dispersed and had to return to base. One of its pilots did not return to the escadrille until September 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006728-0005-0000", "contents": "111th Fighter Escadrille, History\nOn September 4 the escadrille was transferred to the Zabor\u00f3w airfield near Leszno. Its commanding officer downed a Junkers Ju 87 (other sources mention a Dornier Do 17). The following day Strzembosz and Januszewicz scored another two victories, this time over a Bf 110 and Ju 87, respectively. On September 6 Januszewicz scored yet another Ju 87. On September 7 the escadrille was evacuated to eastern Poland and was stationed in the Kierz airfield near Lublin. It briefly operated from the airfield of Ostro\u017cec near \u0141uck, but returned to Lublin area the following day (Strzelce and Werba airfields). The last confirmed victories were over a reconnaissance Henschel Hs 126 on September 9 (Feri\u0107) and Heinkel He 111 on September 11 (Wr\u00f3blewski). Altogether during the campaign the unit downed 8 enemy planes (other sources mention 7\u00bd) while losing 9 of its own PZL P.11c fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006728-0006-0000", "contents": "111th Fighter Escadrille, History\nAfter the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, the unit was evacuated to Romania together with its 4 remaining fighters. From there the majority of the pilots were able to get to France and the United Kingdom, where many joined the Polish Air Forces in exile. The traditions of the escadrille, as well as its predecessor, was then continued by the No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron, one of the most successful Allied fighter units of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006728-0007-0000", "contents": "111th Fighter Escadrille, Crew and equipment\nOn September 1, 1939, the escadrille had 9 planes, including 7 PZL P.11c and 2 PZL P.11a. Throughout the war it received an additional PZL P.11c as reinforcement. The air crew consisted of kapitan (Captain) Gustaw Sidorowicz, his deputy porucznik (Lieutenant) Wojciech Januszewicz and 16 other pilots:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006729-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Helicopter Regiment\nThe 111th Helicopter Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 111. helikopterski puk / 82. \u0445\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a) was a unit established in 1944 as the 422nd Assault Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 422. vazduhoplovni juri\u0161ni puk / 422. \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0458\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006729-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Helicopter Regiment, History, 422nd Assault Aviation Regiment\nThe regiment was established on December 4, 1944, in Novi Sad, from Yugoslav partisan aviators with the Soviet Air Force 17th Air Army's 166th Guards Assault Aviation Regiment (166.GShAP). It became independent from Soviet command and personnel in May 1945. The regiment was part of the 42nd Aviation Assault Division; it was equipped with Soviet Il-2 Shturmovik ground-attack aircraft. The regiment took part in final operations for the liberation of Yugoslavia. During combat operations, it was based at Novi Sad, Klenak, Ma\u0111arme\u010dke and Pleso airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006729-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Helicopter Regiment, History, 422nd Assault Aviation Regiment\nBy 1948, the regiment was renamed, like all other units of the Yugoslav Army, becoming the 111th Assault Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006729-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Helicopter Regiment, History, 422nd Assault Aviation Regiment\nThe commanders of the regiment in this period were Krsta Laki\u0107evi\u0107, Hinko \u0160oi\u0107, Predavec and Milan A\u0107imovi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006729-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Helicopter Regiment, History, 111th Assault and Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment\nThe 111th Assault Aviation Regiment remained at Pleso for a short time. By 1949 it had moved to Cerklje where it was to remain until it was disbanded. In 1954 the Il-2s were replaced with US-built F-47D Thunderbolt fighters. In that period, the unit was renamed the 111th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 111. lova\u010dko-bombarderski avijacijski puk / 111. \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u043e-\u0431\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 86], "content_span": [87, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006729-0005-0000", "contents": "111th Helicopter Regiment, History, 111th Assault and Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment\nThe 111th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment was disbanded in March 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 86], "content_span": [87, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006729-0006-0000", "contents": "111th Helicopter Regiment, History, 111th Assault and Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment\nThe commanders of the regiment in this period were Milan A\u0107imovi\u0107, Milo\u0161 Miliki\u0107, Radoje Ljubi\u010di\u0107, Matija Macut and Petar Ore\u0161\u0107anin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 86], "content_span": [87, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006729-0007-0000", "contents": "111th Helicopter Regiment, History, Re-establishment of the 111th Regiment\nThe 111th Support Aviation Regiment was formed at Cerklje airport in April 1961 from the 679th Transport Aviation Squadron, which was equipped with Soviet-made Lisunov Li-3 transport aircraft and the 894th Liaison Aviation Squadron which operated Yugoslav-made Ikarus Kurir liaison machines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 74], "content_span": [75, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006729-0008-0000", "contents": "111th Helicopter Regiment, History, Re-establishment of the 111th Regiment\nThe new 111th Regiment took the number and banner and continued the traditions of the former 111th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 74], "content_span": [75, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006729-0009-0000", "contents": "111th Helicopter Regiment, History, Re-establishment of the 111th Regiment\nThe 780th Transport Helicopter Squadron, equipped with new Soviet Mil Mi-4 helicopters, was transferred from the 107th to the 111th Regiment in 1964. The out-moded Li-3s were replaced with similar US C-47 Skytrains in 1966. By 1973, the 780th Squadron had replaced their Mi-4s with newer Mil Mi-8T helicopters. In the same year one other squadron, the 781st, also with Mi-8s, was moved from the 107th to the 111th Regiment. Meanwhile, in 1968, the regiment moved from Cerklje to Pleso airport and the 894th Liaison Aviation Squadron was disbanded. New Antonov An-26 cargo aircraft replaced the Skytrains in 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 74], "content_span": [75, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006729-0010-0000", "contents": "111th Helicopter Regiment, History, Re-establishment of the 111th Regiment\nThe regiment was renamed the 111th Transport Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 111. vazduhoplovni transportni puk / 111. \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a) in 1978. In 1982 it had grown to an Aviation Brigade, with two more new helicopter squadrons, the 711th and 713th squadrons coming under command. They were equipped with domestic-made Soko Gazelles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 74], "content_span": [75, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006729-0011-0000", "contents": "111th Helicopter Regiment, History, War period\nThe 111th Aviation Brigade was active from the first days of the war in Slovenia. One Mi-8 was shot down by Slovenian Territorial Defence forces on the afternoon of 27 June 1991, killing all three pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006729-0011-0001", "contents": "111th Helicopter Regiment, History, War period\nAs the war in Croatia intensified, the brigade found itself located in hostile territory surrounded by Croatian forces, the High Command of the Yugoslav Air Force ordered the evacuation of its units to safer territory, so the 679th Transport Aviation Squadron moved to Batajnica Air Base and was reattached to the 138th Transport Aviation Brigade; while three helicopter squadrons were re-located to Zalu\u017eani near Banja Luka. The 713th Anti- Armored Helicopter Squadron was absorbed by the 711th Anti-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006729-0011-0002", "contents": "111th Helicopter Regiment, History, War period\nArmored Helicopter Squadron; so the Air Brigade, consisting of just two squadrons, the 711st and the 780th, became the 111th Helicopter Regiment on 12 October 1991. The regiment operated in an important role during the early war in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, being used for the transport of troops, ammunition, the evacuation of civilians, CSAR and MEDEVAC missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006729-0012-0000", "contents": "111th Helicopter Regiment, History, War period\nThe regiment was withdrawn from the Order of Battle of the Yugoslav People's Army to become part of the newly formed Republika Srpska Air Force on 12 May 1992; it was to be based at Kraljevo-La\u0111evci Airport. On 26 July 1992, just two months after the initial structure of the Bosnian Serb Air Force was established, the flying units were once again reorganized. The 111th Helicopter Regiment was disbanded, and a new unit designated the 92nd Mixed Aviation Brigade was formed to control both fixed-wing and helicopter squadrons. Later in the same year, the 711th Anti- Armored Helicopter Squadron and the 780th Transport Helicopter Squadrons were merged to create the new unit designated the 89th Mixed Helicopter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006729-0013-0000", "contents": "111th Helicopter Regiment, History, War period\nThe commanders of the regiment following its re-establishment were: Stanislav Verbi\u0107, Drago Mikulandra, Marko Mrvac, Vukadin \u017divanovi\u0107, Milorad Bo\u017ei\u0107, Vilko Voljevac, Jovi\u0161a Andri\u0107, Alojz Hr\u0161ak, Stefanovi\u0107, Andrija Veselinovi\u0107 and Sre\u0107ko Prentovi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006730-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 111th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment was raised as part of the call for 300,000 volunteers in the summer and fall of 1862. It was filled with men from Marion County, Illinois, Washington County, Illinois, Clay County, Illinois, Wayne County, Illinois, and Clinton County, Illinois. They were organized at Salem, Illinois, and mustered into service on 18 September 1862, at Camp Marshall with 930 officers and men. They remained there for training until 31 October, then transported to Cairo, Illinois, on the Illinois Central Railroad, and thence to Columbus, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006730-0000-0001", "contents": "111th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nBeing attached to the Army of the Tennessee commanded by Major General Ulysses S. Grant. In December 1862 the 111th was attached to the XVI Corps under command of Major General Stephen A. Hurlbut. Their first assignment was guard duty at Columbus, Kentucky, to help ensure that new regiments and thousands of tons of supplies were safe from Confederate raiders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006730-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nIn March 1863, the regiment was ordered to Fort Heiman, Kentucky, across the Tennessee River from Fort Henry, which had been captured by Grant's troops thirteen months previous. At the end of May they were transferred to Paducah, Kentucky, again guarding supplies. They remained there until the end of October when the regiment was finally ordered into active campaigning. In November they participated in the occupation of Decatur, Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006730-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nAs General William T. Sherman was preparing for his advance on Atlanta, Georgia, the 111th was attached to the XV Corps under General John A. Logan. In early May they advanced into northern Georgia with the rest of Sherman's army and saw fighting at the Battle of Resaca on 14 May. Seeing Rebels advancing obliquely in their front, the regiment charged and turned back the enemy advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006730-0002-0001", "contents": "111th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThis was the first major battle the 111th took part in after a year and a half in the army, and although they were rookies to combat they stood and performed like the veterans that they were, suffering seven men killed and twenty-eight wounded. General Logan personally complimented the regiment for their quick action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006730-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThey took part in the Battle of Dallas during the last several days of May losing five men killed and fifteen wounded. Advancing further southward, they were lightly engaged in the Battle of New Hope Church and then took a position in front of Kennesaw Mountain in mid-June. On 27 June the advanced and participated in the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain. Their attack, like most of the other Union attacks, was bloodily repulsed by Confederates who were in heavily fortified earthworks. The continued to skirmish around Kennesaw Mountain and Marietta, Georgia, for nearly a month before advancing on Atlanta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006730-0003-0001", "contents": "111th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nOn 22 July it seemed as though the Confederates had abandoned their trenches in front of the city, so the 111th was part of the force sent out to determine the enemy's location. After advancing near the enemy works they threw up breastworks and hoped to be the first regiment to advance into Atlanta. At about noon musketry was heard to their left and soon a division of Confederates came crashing down on the 111th. The regiment tried to hold back the enemy, but their vastly superior numbers soon forced the men to retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006730-0003-0002", "contents": "111th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nBeing nearly surrounded they had to cut their way back to the rear. Their entire division had been crushed and those who were not killed or captured sped to the rear. General Logan personally rallied the men and organized a counter-attack to take back the trenches that had been lost. By nightfall, the 111th had reoccupied their entrenchments and the Union army had succeeded in turning back Hood's assault. During the Battle of Atlanta the regiment lost twenty killed, forty-five wounded, and eighty missing/captured. It was the bloodiest day in the regiment's service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006730-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nContinuing to serve in the trenches around Atlanta and fought at the Battle of Jonesborough. After the city fell into Union hands on 2 September, the regiment served as part of the occupation force. From November to December they participated in the March to the Sea and besieged Savannah, Georgia. Then they embarked on the Carolinas Campaign at the end of January 1865 and participated in the capture of Columbia, South Carolina, on 17 February. As the army advanced into South Carolina they met with no serious resistance but continually skirmished with militia and scattered Confederate forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006730-0004-0001", "contents": "111th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nIn North Carolina they were lightly engaged in the Battle of Bentonville on 10 March and were present at Durham Station, North Carolina, when Joseph E. Johnston surrendered the troops under his command. With the rest of Sherman's army, they marched northward through the former Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, and encamped outside Washington, D.C. on 19 May. Five days later the 111th participated in the Grand Review of the Armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006730-0005-0000", "contents": "111th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 111th Illinois remained in Washington City until 7 June when they were mustered out of Federal service. On 10 June they traveled by rail to Springfield, Illinois, and were at Camp Butler until they received final pay and discharge on 27 June 1865. Regimental records show that the 111th Illinois marched 1,836 miles, traveled 1,250 miles by rail, and 650 miles on steamboats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006730-0006-0000", "contents": "111th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Organization\nDistrict of Columbus, XVI Corps, Army of the Tennessee, November 1862 to November 1863", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006730-0007-0000", "contents": "111th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Organization\nSecond Brigade, Second Division, XVI Corps, Army of the Tennessee: November 1863 to March 1864", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006730-0008-0000", "contents": "111th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Organization\nFirst Brigade, Second Division, XV Corps, Army of the Tennessee: March to August 1864", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006730-0009-0000", "contents": "111th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Organization\nSecond Brigade, Second Division, XV Corps, Army of the Tennessee: September 1864 to June 1865", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006731-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Indian Infantry Brigade\nThe 111th Indian Infantry Brigade was an Infantry formation of the Indian Army during World War II. The brigade was formed in March 1943, in India as a Long Range Penetration Brigade attached to the Chindits 3rd Indian Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006732-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Brigade (Pakistan)\nThe 111th Infantry Brigade or 111th Brigade or Triple-1 Brigade, is an infantry brigade of the Pakistan Army notable for its frequent involvement and fast response in military coup d'etats since Pakistani independence. As of 11\u00a0January\u00a02012 Brigadier Sarfaraz Ali commands the Brigade. He succeeded Brigadier Faheem Rao who had earlier replaced Brigadier Asim Salim Bajwa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006732-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Brigade (Pakistan), Main task of Brigade\nThe main task of the brigade is to provide security and protocol duties to the incoming dignitaries. In addition brigade is responsible for the security of the President and the Prime Minister of Pakistan. It presents guard of honor to distinguished guests of Pakistan. It had one of the three best military bands of the Pakistan Army along with those of Pakistan Military Academy and Frontiers Constabulary KPK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006732-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Brigade (Pakistan), Military operations\nThe 111th Brigade is the most well-known Army brigade in Pakistani social, public, religious, and political circles. Since its creation, the 111th Brigade has been frequently used to overtake and topple civilian governments. The brigade's first involvement in toppling a government was when General Ayub Khan dismissed the government of Pakistani President Major General (retired) Iskander Mirza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006732-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Brigade (Pakistan), Military operations\nDuring the Battle of Chamb of  1971 war the Regiment played a significant role in the victory of the Pakistani army in battle,  during the initial offensive commenced at 2020 hours on 03 December 1971, the 111 Brigade had to secure its part of the lodgement as it encountered enemy forces at moel, the 66 Brigade, however, accomplished its tasks in securing the Lodgement. The 111 brigade was intended to have captured Chamb by 5 December however it did not, despite the situation  Major General Iftikhar Khan had commanded the Brigade to continue its objectives along with the 20 Brigade. Later on, once the 2 Armoured Regiment had captured Chamb the 111 Brigade would manage to secure a bridgehead across river Tawi after occupying the ferries of Darh and Raipur", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006732-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Brigade (Pakistan), Military operations\nOn July 4, 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq conducted a coup d'\u00e9tat against the government of then-Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. The loyalty of the 111 Brigade Commander is crucial to subsequent military regimes. For instance, Zia's mistrust of Commander X Corps, Chishti led him to remove the commander,  Brigadier Mohammad Khan,  considered close to Chishti and replaced him with Brigadier Rahat Latif without Chishti's knowledge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006732-0005-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Brigade (Pakistan), Military operations\nThe 111th Brigade is also responsible for the security of the prime minister's and president's house which makes it much easier for the army high command to execute coups against elected PMs. The brigade was also used by General Parvez Musharraf in thwarting the Sharif regime after Sharif tried to replace him with Ziauddin Butt. Lt . Generals Aziz and Mahmud reacted quickly after the government broadcast Musharraf's retirement on television. Mahmud reportedly ordered the 111-brigade commander, Brigadier Salahuddin Satti, to secure the prime minister's house. The 111 Brigade completed the coup after confining the prime minister and his aides to the PM house. Prime Minister Sharif was arrested and was later exiled to Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006732-0006-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Brigade (Pakistan), Military operations\nThe brigade's last participation was in Operation Silence, in which the heads of government-ordered military police, the Pakistan Army Rangers, and the 111th Brigade surround the Red Mosque complex. Clashes between Aziz and Ghazi's followers and security forces quickly ensued, and the Islamists opened fire at the security personnel. The 111th Brigade assisted the Army Rangers and the special forces in completing the operation and in capturing high-value targets inside the complex. The brigade's participation in the Red Mosque situation led to a successful special military operation. When the Lawyers' Movement was launched, the Pakistani media speculated that the Zardari government would launch a psychological operation against the movement. However, it was later decided by the Pakistani military leadership not to launch the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006732-0007-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Brigade (Pakistan), Military operations\nIn 2010, the 111th Brigade had taken over the control of Islamabad Capital Territory, and provided the intense and tight security to the both Chinese Premier and Pakistan's Prime minister. The brigade was deployed by the order of Prime minister Yousaf Raza Gillani, and it had directly reported to Chief of Army Staff General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani. The Jang News later cited that ISI had learnt that unnamed neighboring country has planned to sabotage the Chinese Premier's state visit to Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006732-0008-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Brigade (Pakistan), Composition\nThe brigade comprises five Infantry battalions drawn from various regiments (6th Punjab Regiment, 11th Baloch Regiment, Scinde Rifles (5th Battalion Frontier Force Regiment), 1st Battalion Azad Kashmir Regiment and 2nd Battalion Northern Light Infantry, two Light Artillery batteries, one Air Defense battery, one paratrooper ((SSG) battalion, and one Armoured Battalion less one squadron(Probyn's Horse).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006732-0009-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Brigade (Pakistan), Operational Responsibility\nThe brigade is operationally responsible to be corps reserve for Kharian-based corps during war/national crisis. Since the brigade is composed of selected talented soldiers, therefore, it often wins most of the peacetime sports and training events. The brigade is the winner of sports events of the training year 2014 and 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006733-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe 111th Infantry Division (111. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Prussian Army and part of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on March 25, 1915, near Brussels, Belgium, and organized over the next several weeks. It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006733-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of regular infantry divisions which were being triangularized. The division's 221st Infantry Brigade was formerly the 38th Infantry Brigade of the 19th Infantry Division, which came to the new division along with the 73rd F\u00fcsilier Regiment. The 76th Infantry Regiment came from the 17th Infantry Division. The 164th Infantry Regiment was formerly part of the 20th Infantry Division. The 73rd F\u00fcsiliers and the 164th Infantry were Hanoverian regiments, and the 76th was the regiment of the Hanseatic City of Hamburg. Cavalry support came in the form of two squadrons of Baden's 22nd Dragoons. The artillery and combat engineer units were newly formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006733-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 111th Infantry Division entered the line on the Western Front in the region between the Meuse and Moselle rivers in April 1915. It fought in several engagements, and was then transferred to the front in the Flanders and Artois region. The division fought in the battle by La Bass\u00e9e and Arras in June 1915, and in the Battle of Loos in September and October 1915. It remained in positional warfare in the Flanders and Artois region into 1916, and fought in the Battle of the Somme. The division remained in the trenchlines in the Somme region into 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006733-0002-0001", "contents": "111th Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIn April and May, it fought in the Battle of Arras. Later in the year, it fought in the Battle of Passchendaele, also known as the Third Battle of Ypres. In 1918, the division participated in the German spring offensive, fighting in the Second Battle of the Somme. It remained in the line except for brief respites until the end of the war. Allied intelligence rated the division as second class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006733-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Division (German Empire), Order of battle on formation\nThe  111th Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division. The order of battle of the division on March 25, 1915, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006733-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Division (German Empire), Late-war order of battle\nThe division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion. The order of battle on May 1, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006734-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 111th Infantry Division was a major unit of the German Wehrmacht. Formed in late 1940 in the further expansion of the German army it was committed to the campaign against Russian, and spent 3 years on the eastern front. The division was finally trapped in the Crimea and destroyed in the spring of 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006734-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history\nIn May 1941, the division moved to the German-occupied zone of Poland, ready for the launch of operation Barbarossa in June. After crossing the Bug river, the division advanced on Dubno, where it fought off Russian counter attracts by the xx Mechanised corps, 34th Tank division. As part of 6th Army the division continued to push the soviet 5th Army forces back towards Kiev and by the end of August the division had reached theDnieper river north of the Ukrainian capital, and formed bridgehead with 113th and the 298th Infantry Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006734-0001-0001", "contents": "111th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history\nOn 1 September these forces attacked out of the bridgehead striking into the rear of the Russian xxx Front, as a part of the huge encirclement operation around Kiev. The division went on to trap and help with the destruction the Russian 37th Army. After the great battle, the Soviet resistance in the southern Russia lessoned and the forces under Army Group South were able to push eastwards on a broad front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006734-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history\nAfter the capture of Rostov-on-Don, Kleist's Panzer Army was forced to retreat to the line of the Mius-Front, where at the end of December 1941 saw the division on the line of Nikitovka  - Debalcevo. But in the middle of January 1942 the division had to stop a deep penetration by the enemy in area of Barvenkovo-Vine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006734-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history\nAfter a long period of rest, the division joined the summer offensive,  advancing with the 17th Army to the Caucasus, passing through the Rostov-on-Don,Mozdok, Nalchik, and Ordzhonikidze.,Due to the impending threat of envelopment after the Battle of Stalingrad Army Group A had to quickly return to the line of the Mius-Front, and Taganrog, where the division remained on the defensive until the end of July 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006734-0003-0001", "contents": "111th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history\nAfter the failure of the German summer offensive at Kursk, the German army was forced to retreat, the 111th gradually rolled back to the West, defending the approaches to Melitopol to the end of September 1943, then to Nikopol until February 1944. The division then was switched to the defence of the Crimea, where it was destroyed. The last remnants were evacuated by ship in May 1944, and the division was officially disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006734-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation\nThe 111th Infantry Division was formed on 6 November 1940 as part of the 12th Wave at Fallingbostel in Military District XI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006734-0005-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation\nThe 50th Infantry regiment was transferred to the division from 3rd Infantry division, which was in the process of converting to a motorised division, with only 2 infantry regiments. The regiment had already fought in France and Poland with the 3Rd Division. The 70th Infantry Regiment similarly come from the 36th Infantry Division which was also converting to a motorised division. The 117th Infantry Regiment was formed in November 1940 from Fortress Regiment D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006735-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 111th Infantry Regiment, was originally the Pennsylvania Militia or \"Associators\" that fought in the American Revolution, composed of civilian males from the citizenry of Pennsylvania. It is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots and campaign credit for the War of 1812. The Pennsylvania Militia often fought in conjunction with General Washington and the Continental Army along the Delaware River. Today the idea of a Pennsylvania Militia is represented in the U.S. Army by 1st Battalion, 111th Infantry assigned to the Pennsylvania Army National Guard's 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division. The regiment, founded as the Associators by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 21 November 1747, is the oldest regiment in Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006735-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nIn February 1942, the 111th Regiment was detached from the 28th Infantry Division and re-formed as a regimental combat team in the Army Ground Forces Reserve, attached to the Eastern Defense Command at Camp Pendleton, Virginia to guard militarily important facilities in the Chesapeake Bay area. From this assignment, it was transferred to the Pacific Theater in late 1943. Throughout the rest of the war, the companies of the 111th would be used as replacement or additional units in combat conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006735-0001-0001", "contents": "111th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe Third Battalion of the 111th was used for mopping up operations on Makin Atoll in the Gilbert Islands in December 1943. The 111th B Company was assigned to the Seventh Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop of the Seventh Division for the assault on Kwajalein Island in February 1944. In other actions, I Company of the 111th was involved in assaulting and capturing Ujeland Atoll in the Marshall Islands in April 1944. And in September 1944, both the D and H Companies were assigned to the 81st Division for an attack on Peleliu and Auguar Islands in the Palaus chain. Later, in February 1945, the entire 111th returned to Peleliu Island for mopping-up operations. When the war ended in September 1945, the 111th had added three battle streamers, Central Pacific, Eastern Mandate and Western Pacific, for a total of 38 on its flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006735-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 1st Battalion, 111th Infantry Regiment was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation - Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006735-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1+1\u20444 inches (3.2\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of an oval Azure a reproduction of the statue of Benjamin Franklin, by R. Tait McKenzie, affront\u00e9 Or.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006735-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe field is blue for Infantry. Benjamin Franklin was the organizer of the \"Associators\", to which organization the 111th Infantry traces its history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006735-0005-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was approved on 27 June 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006735-0006-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nAzure, on a saltire Argent voided Gules a fleur-de-lis Or; on a canton of the second a fess Sable charged with three plates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006735-0007-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard: On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure, a lion rampant guardant Proper holding in dexter paw a naked scimitar Argent, hilted Or, and in sinister an escutcheon Argent on a fess Sable three plates. Motto NULLA VESTIGIA RETRORSUM (No Steps Backward).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006735-0008-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe shield is blue for Infantry. The saltire is for the Civil War service and the fleur-de-lis for World War I service. The canton represents the shield that appeared on the \"Associators'\" flag, indicating the Revolutionary War service of the organization. The silver saltire has been voided with red in similitude to the colors of the uniforms of the Pennsylvania troops as prescribed by General Washington in 1779. The motto was used by the 3d Infantry, Pennsylvania National Guard, for a number of years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006735-0009-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe crest is that of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006735-0010-0000", "contents": "111th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was approved on 13 June 1929", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006736-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Mahars\nThe 111th Mahars was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army that formed part of the Indian Army during the First World War. Raised in June 1917, it was disbanded in 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006736-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Mahars, History\nThe 111th Mahars was raised on 19 June 1917 at Mhow. It served with the 5th (Mhow) Division until October when it transferred to the Secunderabad Brigade, 9th (Secunderabad) Division. In March 1918, it moved to Bombay Brigade, 6th Poona Divisional Area until December 1918 when it transferred to Jubbulpore Brigade back in 5th (Mhow) Division. They served on the North West Frontier for six-month in 1920 and then in Aden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006736-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Mahars, History\nIn 1919, the regiment absorbed the 71st Punjabis, but was itself was disbanded in 1922. A new Mahar Regiment was raised in October 1941 which continues to serve in the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006737-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Military Intelligence Brigade\nThe 111th Military Intelligence Brigade is a training brigade of the U.S. Army's Intelligence Center of Excellence under U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command located at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. The brigade has overall responsibility for four battalions who focus primarily on training Military Intelligence Corps soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006738-0000-0000", "contents": "111th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 111th New York Infantry Regiment was organized at Auburn, New York, to answer the call by Abraham Lincoln for 300,000 more troops to fight in the American Civil War. Over the next three years, this regiment lost the fifth greatest number of men among all New York regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006738-0001-0000", "contents": "111th New York Infantry Regiment, History\nJesse Segoine was authorized on July 18, 1862, to begin recruiting a regiment of men within the Cayuga and Wayne Counties, New York. As Segoine was able to raise the men, he received a commission of Colonel and commander of this, the 111th New York Infantry Regiment. The regiment was raised in almost a month's time, and mustered into service in Auburn, New York, on August 20, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006738-0002-0000", "contents": "111th New York Infantry Regiment, History, Time line\nTwo companies were left on guard at Accotink bridge, the remaining eight, numbering 390 men, joined the Second Corps on the march to Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006738-0003-0000", "contents": "111th New York Infantry Regiment, History, Time line\nMine Run Campaign \u2013 November 26 \u2013 December 2, 1863", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006738-0004-0000", "contents": "111th New York Infantry Regiment, History, Time line\nCampaign from the Rapidan to the James \u2013  May 3 \u2013 June 15, 1864", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006738-0005-0000", "contents": "111th New York Infantry Regiment, History, Time line\nThe regiment lost 81 casualties in the last campaign of the war", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006738-0006-0000", "contents": "111th New York Infantry Regiment, History, Regiment losses\nOver the 111th Regiment's time in service, total enrollment was 1,780 soldiers. Ten officers and 210 men were killed and mortally wounded in battle. The total of 220 men who were killed and died of wounds is only exceeded by four other New York regiments \u2014 the 69th, 40th, 48th and 121st. In the entire Union Army, that number is only exceeded by 24 other regiments. Disease and other causes took another 2 officers and 177 enlisted men. This raises the total sacrificed to reunite this nation to 404. Two officers and 74 men died while in the confinement of Confederate prisons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006739-0000-0000", "contents": "111th New York State Legislature\nThe 111th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3 to July 20, 1888, during the fourth year of David B. Hill's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006739-0001-0000", "contents": "111th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (seven districts) and Kings County (three districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006739-0002-0000", "contents": "111th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. Three labor reform organizations nominated state tickets under the names of \"United Labor\", \"Progressive Labor\" and \"Union Labor\". The Prohibition Party, the Greenback Party, and a \"Reform Party\"  also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006739-0003-0000", "contents": "111th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1887 was held on November 8. All five statewide elective offices up for election were carried by the Democrats. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Secretary of State, was: Democrats 470,000; Republicans 453,000; United Labor 70,000; and Prohibition 42,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006739-0004-0000", "contents": "111th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1888; and adjourned on May 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006739-0005-0000", "contents": "111th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nFremont Cole (R) was elected Speaker against William F. Sheehan (D).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006739-0006-0000", "contents": "111th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nHenry R. Low (R) was elected president pro tempore of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006739-0007-0000", "contents": "111th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session on July 17, and adjourned three days later. This session was called to consider the situation in the State prisons. Three laws were passed at the special session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006739-0008-0000", "contents": "111th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006739-0009-0000", "contents": "111th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. George F. Langbein, Jacob A. Cantor, Eugene S. Ives, Michael F. Collins, George Z. Erwin, Frank B. Arnold and William L. Sweet changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006739-0010-0000", "contents": "111th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006740-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Eleventh Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1975 and 1976. In this General Assembly, both the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives were controlled by the Democratic Party. In the Senate, there were 21 Democrats and 12 Republicans. In the House, there were 61 Democrats and 38 Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006741-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 111th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 111th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 111th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006741-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 111th Ohio Infantry was organized in Toledo, Ohio, and mustered in September 5, 1862, for three years service under the command of Colonel John R. Bond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006741-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 38th Brigade, 12th Division, Army of the Ohio, September to November 1862. District of Western Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to May 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to August 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to February 1865, and Department of North Carolina to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006741-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 111th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service June 27, 1865, at Salisbury, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006741-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Covington, Ky., September 12. Duty at Covington, September 13\u201325, 1862. Reconnaissance to Crittenden September 18\u201320. Moved to Louisville, Ky., September 25. Pursuit of Bragg to Crab Orchard, Ky., October 1\u201315. Moved to Bowling Green, Ky., October 16, and duty there guarding railroad to Nashville, Tenn., until May 29, 1863. Skirmish at Negro Head Cut, near Woodburn's, April 27. Moved to Glasgow, Ky., May 29, and duty there until June 18. Pursuit of Morgan June 18-July 26. Burnside's Campaign in eastern Tennessee August 16-October 17. At Loudon, Tenn., September 4 to November 14. Knoxville Campaign November 4-December 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006741-0004-0001", "contents": "111th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAction at Ruff's Ferry November 14. Near Loudon and Lenoir November 15. Campbell's Station November 16. Siege of Knoxville November 17-December 5. Pursuit of Longstreet to Blain's Cross Roads December 5\u201316. Operations about Dandridge January 16\u201317, 1864. Expedition to Flat Creek February 1. Near Knoxville February 13. At Mossy Creek until April 26. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstrations on Rocky Faced Ridge and Dalton May 8\u201313. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Advance on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006741-0004-0002", "contents": "111th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAckworth June 2. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Decatur July 19. Howard House July 20. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. At Decatur September 8 to October 4. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama October 4\u201326. At Johnsonville until November 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006741-0004-0003", "contents": "111th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nNashville Campaign November\u2013December. Columbia, Duck River, November 24\u201327. Columbia Ford November 28\u201329. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. At Clifton, Tenn., until January 7, 1865. Movement to Washington, D.C., then to Fort Fisher, N.C., January 7-February 9. Operations against Hoke February 11\u201314. Fort Anderson February 18\u201319. Town Creek February 19\u201320. Capture of Wilmington February 22. Campaign of the Carolinas March 1-April 26. Advance on Goldsboro March 6\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Salisbury, N.C., until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006741-0005-0000", "contents": "111th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 215 men during service; 2 officers and 52 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 158 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006742-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 111th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006742-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 111th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Erie, Pennsylvania beginning in December 1861 and mustered in for a three-year enlistment under the command of Colonel Matthew Schlaudecker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006742-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Cooper's 1st Brigade, Sigel's Division, Department of the Shenandoah, to June 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps, Army of Virginia, to August 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1862. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XII Corps, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1863, and Army of the Cumberland to April 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006742-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe 111th was recruited in the counties of Erie, Warren and Crawford and its organization was completed at Erie on Jan. 24, 1862, when it was mustered in for three years' service. It moved to Harrisburg and thence to Baltimore where it remained until May, when it was sent to Harper's Ferry to join Gen. Banks. It remained in that vicinity until July, and then proceeded to Cedar Mountain, where it fought as part of the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, 2nd Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006742-0003-0001", "contents": "111th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAt Antietam it lost over one-third of the number engaged but was highly praised for its daring by Gen. Greene, who commanded the division, and it was presented with a stand of colors by Col. Stainrook commanding the brigade. Two months were spent in camp on Loudoun Heights, near Harper's Ferry, and with the 12th Corps, to which it had been transferred, the 111th arrived at Fredericksburg too late for the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006742-0003-0002", "contents": "111th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nWinter quarters were established at Fairfax Station, the regiment leaving camp for the \"Mud March\" in Jan., 1863, after which it was sent to Acquia Creek and assigned to the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, 12th Corps. On March 3, it was selected by Gen. Hooker as one of ten regiments to receive special commendation, practically shown by increase of absences and furloughs allowed. It joined in the Chancellorsville Campaign, but returned to Acquia Creek Landing until June 13, when it was ordered to Leesburg. It was active at Gettysburg, where it was more fortunate than many of the Pennsylvania regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006742-0003-0003", "contents": "111th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nIt remained with the army until Sept. 15, when it was ordered west with the 12th Corps and reached Murfreesboro, Tenn., on Oct. 6. It took part in the Battle of Wauhatchie; went into camp on Raccoon Mountain; and fought in the battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge in November. In December, practically the whole regiment reenlisted and in the spring of 1864, returned to Bridgeport, Ala., strengthened by the addition of new recruits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006742-0003-0004", "contents": "111th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nIt was assigned to the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, 20th Corps, and took part in the Atlanta Campaign, being engaged at Resaca, New Hope Church, Dallas, Peachtree Creek and Atlanta. On Sept. 2, with five other regiments it was sent forward to reconnoiter and entered the city. It camped in Atlanta until about the middle of November, when it rejoined the division at Milledgeville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006742-0003-0005", "contents": "111th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nIn March, 1865, the 109th Pa. was consolidated with it and it moved on to Washington, where it participated in the grand review and on July 19, 1865, was mustered out of the service of the Union it had served so well. The total strength of the regiment is recorded as 1,847, but 100 drafted men deserted on the journey to Tennessee; 310 recruits belonged to the 109th Pa.; 42 members failed to report, making the actual strength 1,395.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006742-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 304 men during service; 7 officers and 138 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 155 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron\nThe 111th Attack Squadron (111 ATKS) is a unit of the Texas Air National Guard 147th Reconnaissance Wing located at Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base, Houston, Texas. The 111th is equipped with the General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the World War I 111th Aero Squadron, established on 14 August 1917. It was reformed on 29 June 1923, as the 111th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron\nThe 111th Reconnaissance Squadron is the oldest unit of the Texas Air National Guard, with over 95 years of service to the State of Texas and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I\nThe Texas Air National Guard began as the 111th Aero Squadron on 14 August 1917 at Kelly Field in San Antonio, TX. The unit, composed of teamsters and laborers, was on special duty at Kelly Field and was known as the \"Post Headquarters Squadron.\" The squadron was demobilized 19 August 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas National Guard\nThe unit was reorganized with the establishment of a permanent air service in 1920, forming in the old Houston Light Guard Armory. The 111th Observation Squadron received Federal Recognition on 29 June 1923, as part of the 36th Division, Texas Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0005-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas National Guard\nThe squadron had no airplanes, so the hot summer of 1923 was devoted to close-order drill and classroom sessions. That was remedied, however, in September of that year when the 111th became airborne in the Curtiss JN-6H Jenny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0006-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas National Guard\nIn September 1927 the Curtiss JN-6Hs were retired and the squadron gained Consolidated PT-1s and several other trainers until June 1928 when new Douglas O-2H observation aircraft arrived. During the next 10 years, the 111th performed outstanding civic service to the State of Texas, dropping medicine and relief supplies to many of the towns that were isolated by floodwaters, tornados, and fires. New Douglas O-38 observation planes were received in January 1931. By 1938 the squadron was flying both Douglas Douglas O-43As and North American O-47s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0007-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II\nWith the onset of World War II, the unit was called into federal service 25 November 1940 and trained with the 36th Division at Brownwood Airfield Texas until Pearl Harbor was bombed, it was sent to the Mexican border, Fort Clark Springs Texas. The border patrol was short, and on 14 February 1942, the squadron left Texas for Daniel Field in Augusta, Georgia, and became part of the 68th Observation Group. Pilots trained on Douglas O-43A, Vultee/Stinson O-49/L-1 Vigilant and Douglas A-20B Havoc aircraft in preparation for deployment to the European Theater of Operations (ETO).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0008-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II\nIn 1942 the ground echelon and some pilots made their way to Scotland then England in preparation for landing on the Algerian beaches as part of Operation Torch, their shiny new P-39 Airacobras had to be assembled and tested before flying from England to Algeria. Some of the pilots of the 68th Group flew their A-20s directly across the Atlantic on the \"Southern Route\" and immediately began flying over the Mediterranean in anti-submarine patrols, sinking at least one submarine. As the invasion force moved inland, the three squadrons of the group divided up the A-20s and P-39s by squadron and the 111th took on the Fighter Reconnaissance role in the P-39.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0009-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II\nIn March 1943, the 111th left the 68th Group to defend against a possible invasion of French Morocco from Spanish Morocco while the rest of the group was selected to support the Tunisian Campaign of the Army's II Corps. In June 1943 the newly redesignated 111th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, flying Allison engined F-6A or F-6B Mustangs (taken from a British order of Mk IAs), became the eyes of the 7th Army in Sicily, Operation Husky. They were temporarily assigned to the 5th Army in Italy for the invasion of Salerno, \"the 111th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0009-0001", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II\nFighter Reconnaissance Squadron had been trained to spot naval gunfire\". They returned in July 1944 in time to support the 7th Army's invasion of southern France, Operation Dragoon. In addition to the older F-6A/F-6B Mustangs, they began receiving F-6C Mustangs (the photo recon version of the P-51C). The 111th remained with the 7th Army through the end of the war. From VE Day until December 1945, the Squadron served in the occupation force, and conducted postwar photo-mapping of the devastation in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0010-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II\nDuring 23 months of continuous combat flying, from June 1943 through May 1945, the 111th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron flew 3,840 reconnaissance missions. While keeping Army Headquarters informed of enemy movements, the 111th destroyed 44 enemy aircraft, damaged 29 others and claimed 12 probable kills. The squadron received eight Battle Stars, a Distinguished Unit Citation, and the French Croix de Guerre for its World War II accomplishments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0011-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard\nThe wartime 111th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was re-designated as the 111th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Texas Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at the Houston Municipal Airport and was extended federal recognition on 27 January 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 111th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 111th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron and all predecessor units. The squadron was assigned to the Texas Air National Guard 136th Fighter Group and was equipped with F-51D Mustangs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 64], "content_span": [65, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0012-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard\nThe mission of the squadron was the air defense of Texas. During the postwar years, the 111th primarily trained over the southern and eastern parts of the state; the 181st Fighter Squadron, based at Love Field, Dallas, and covered the south east, and the 182d Fighter Squadron, based at Brooks AFB, near San Antonio covered the Hill Country and west Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 64], "content_span": [65, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0013-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nAs a result of the Korean War, the Texas Air National Guard was federalized and placed on active-duty status on 10 October 1950, being assigned to Ninth Air Force, Tactical Air Command (TAC). TAC ordered the 136th Fighter Group to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, where the unit was re-designated to a Fighter-Bomber unit, and its status was changed to a Wing. At Langley, the 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing consisted of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 87], "content_span": [88, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0014-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nAt Langley AFB, the 136th trained with their F-51D Mustangs. Unfortunately losing two 111th FBS pilots in a training accident on 15 December. A third pilot was killed on 27 January 1951 in another accident. In February 1951, the aged F-51Ds that the unit had been flying since its activation in 1947 were replaced by F-84E Thunderjets, and the squadron began transition training on the jet fighter-bomber. Most of the training took place at Langley, although some pilots were sent to Shaw AFB, South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 87], "content_span": [88, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0014-0001", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nMaintenance crews, all new to jet aircraft, were trained at Langley and engine specialists were sent to the Allison plant in Indianapolis. Assigned to the Arkansas ANG 154th FBS at the time was a Navy exchange pilot, future NASA astronaut Lt. Walter Schirra (who happened to be the only pilot assigned to the 136th at the time who was a qualified jet pilot).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 87], "content_span": [88, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0015-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nIn May 1951, less than seven months later, the Wing was deployed to Japan, being attached to Far East Air Force and stationed at Itazuke Air Force Base, the first echelon of the 136th arriving on 18 May. The 136th replaced the Strategic Air Command 27th Fighter-Escort Wing, which had deployed to Far East Air Force in the early days of the Korean War. At Itazuke, the squadrons took over the F-84Es of the 27th FEW, which remained in place, its aircraft being reassigned from SAC to Far East Air Force inventory records. On 2 June, the final elements of the 136th arrived in Japan, the National Guardsmen officially relieved the 27th FBW and the SAC airmen departed for the United States. The 136th was the first Air National Guard Wing in history to enter combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 87], "content_span": [88, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0016-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nFrom Japan the Wing engaged in combat operations over South Korea, however flying in the North Pacific area was a challenge to the wing, losing seven F-84Es in non-combat operations and three in combat. On 26 June, in one of the largest air-to-air battles in Korea, two 182d FBS pilots, Captain Harry Underwood and 1st LT Arthur Olighter shot down an enemy MiG-15 that broke through an F-86 Sabre escort of four B-29s. Two other 111th FBS pilots, 1st Lt John Morse and John Marlins scored probables in the same encounter. These were the first combat victories by Air National Guard pilots. On 3 July the 136th sent their aircraft to North Korea, attacking FLAK batteries in downtown Pyongyang while other aircraft attacked North Korean airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 87], "content_span": [88, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0017-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nHowever, the short-legged F-84 had limited combat time over Korea, therefore on 16 November 1951 the Wing moved to Taegu Air Force Base (K-2) in South Korea for its combat operations. In 1952, the 136th was re-equipped with the F-84G Thunderjet, designed for tactical close air support of ground forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 87], "content_span": [88, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0018-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe squadron flew over 6,000 escort, interdiction, and close air support sorties for the United Nations Troops and 111th Fighter-Bomber Squadron pilots destroyed at least two Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 fighter jets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 87], "content_span": [88, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0019-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe 111th Fighter-Bomber Squadron returned to the Houston Municipal Airport without aircraft or personnel in July 1952 and began to rebuild. In July 1956 the F-80 Shooting Stars of the 111th Fighter Squadron went on \"Dawn to Dusk\" alert at the Houston Municipal Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 87], "content_span": [88, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0020-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nWith the 111th's return from the Korean War, the 111th was re-equipped with the Very Long Range (VLR) F-51H Mustang, which had been developed to escort B-29 Superfortress bombers in the Pacific Theater from the Mariana Islands to the Japanese Home Islands. The F-51H would allow the squadron to intercept any unidentified aircraft over any part of Texas. The squadron became part of Air Defense Command (ADC) and resumed its postwar mission of Texas air defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0021-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nIt wasn't until 1955 that the squadron received jets from ADC, receiving F-80B and F-80C Shooting Stars and being re-designated as a Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. The 111th received F-80C-11 (modified F-80A to F-80C standards) Shooting Stars on 1 July 1955, and on 1 July 1956 the 111th FIS commenced to participate in the active ADC runway alert program at Ellington AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0022-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nWith the squadron's conversion from the obsolescent F-80-day fighters to the all-weather/day/night F-86D Sabre Interceptor in 1957, plans were made to reorganize the 600-man Augmented Squadron to an Air Defense Command group structure. On 1 July 1957, the 111th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 147th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 111th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 147th Headquarters, 147th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 147th Combat Support Squadron, and the 147th USAF Dispensary. In June 1959 the squadron traded their F-86Ds for the upgraded F-86L Sabre Interceptor with uprated afterburning engines and new electronics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0023-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nIn August 1960 the unit became one of the first to transition to the F-102A Delta Dagger Mach-2 all-weather interceptor and began a 24-hour alert to guard the Texas Gulf coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0023-0001", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nOn 1 January 1970, the squadron was re-designated as the 111th Combat Crew Training Squadron and served as the Air National Guard's RTU (Replacement Training Unit) for the TF/F-102A. In 1971, when the active-duty force ceased F-102A training and closed Perrin AFB, Texas on 30 June 1971, the Houston-based 111th FIS became the Replacement Training Unit (RTU) for all Air Defense Command F-102 pilots, and the squadron received several TF-102A dual-seat trainers which were transferred from Perrin AFB while also retaining the T-33A instrument training function.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0024-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nOne pilot who flew TF/F-102As with the 111th was 1st Lt . George W. Bush, a future Governor of Texas and future President of the United States. George W. Bush's military service began in 1968 when he enlisted in the Texas Air National Guard after graduating with a bachelor's degree in history from Yale University. After being accepted into the ANG, Airman Basic Bush was selected to attend pilot training even though his test scores were the lowest acceptable for that position. His six weeks of basic training was completed at Lackland AFB in Texas during July and August 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0024-0001", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nUpon its completion, Bush was promoted to the officer's rank of second lieutenant required for pilot candidates. He spent the next year in flight school at Moody AFB in Georgia from November 1968 to November 1969. Bush then returned to Ellington AFB in Texas to complete seven months of combat crew training on the F-102 from December 1969 to June 1970. This period included five weeks of training on the T-33 Shooting Star and 16 weeks aboard the TF-102A Delta Dagger two-seat trainer and finally the single-seat F-102A. Bush graduated from the training program in June 1970. Lt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0024-0002", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\n. Bush remained in the Texas ANG as a certified F-102 pilot who participated in frequent drills and alerts through April 1972. Lt . Bush was honorably discharged from the Air National Guard in October 1973 at the rank of First Lieutenant. An ANG physical dated 15 May 1971 indicates that he had logged 625 flight hours by that time, and he ultimately completed 326 hours as pilot and 10 as co-pilot while serving with the 111th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0025-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nIn May 1971, the 111th added F-101B/F Voodoos and became the RTU tar the twin seat F-101F type, while continuing as the F-102 Delta Dagger RTU. In January 1975, after 14 years of service, the unit's F-102s were retired, but the unit maintained a full fleet of F-101s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0026-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nThe 111th also operated detachment 1 of the 147th FIW at New Orleans. The detachment was apart from the squadron in that it maintained constant alert status whilst facing towards Cuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0027-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn October 1979, in as part of the inactivation of Aerospace Defense Command, the USAF gained command responsibilities which shifted to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and a sub-organization equivalent to a numbered air force designated as Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC). In 1982, the F-101s were retired and ADTAC re-equipped the 111th with the McDonnell F-4C Phantom II and continued its air defense mission. Most of the F-4Cs the squadron received were Vietnam War veteran aircraft. In November 1986, the F-4Cs were replaced by later-model F-4Ds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 86], "content_span": [87, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0028-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn December 1989 the 111th FIS started receiving block 15 F-16C/D Fighting Falcon aircraft to replace their F-4Ds. The last F-16 arrived in April 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 86], "content_span": [87, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0029-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nIn 1992, only a few years following the acceptance of their block 15s, they converted to the ADF variant of the block 15. On 15 March 15, 1992 the 111th FIS was re-designated the 111th Fighter Squadron when its parent 147th Fighter Group converted to the USAF Objective Organization plan. Also in 1992 the 111th FS celebrated their 75th anniversary. To commemorate this F-16A ADF #82-1001 was painted in special markings including a big Texas flag painted on the fuselage underside. During September 1995, the 111th FS ended its alert detachment in New Orleans with the F-101 Voodoo, also the 147th was upgraded to a Wing, with the 111th Fighter Squadron being assigned to the new 147th Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 83], "content_span": [84, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0030-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nIn late 1996 the 111th started to retire their ADF F-16s to AMARC. To replace these aircraft the squadron received the block 25 F-16C/D Fighting Falcon. Transition started in September 1996 and was completed by February 1997. This brought a change in role which officially happened in October 1998. The role went from air-to-air to an air-to-ground mission. After returning from an Operation Southern Watch mission at Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia in October 2000, the squadron added Precision Guided Munitions to its arsenal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 83], "content_span": [84, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0031-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nFollowing the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, four 111th Fighter Squadron aircraft were launched to escort President George W. Bush, onboard Air Force 1 from Florida to Louisiana, Nebraska and finally back to Washington DC that same day. December 2001 saw the 111th deploy to Atlantic City, New Jersey, to fly Air Defense Combat Air Patrol missions over New York, Philadelphia and Washington DC in support of Operation Noble Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0032-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nIn August 2005 components of the 111th Fighter Squadron and 147th Fighter Wing deployed to Balad Airbase, Iraq to conduct combat operations in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and the Global War on Terrorism. The men and women of the 111th FS/147th FW once again distinguished themselves by flying 462 sorties and almost 1,900 hours in a two-month span; with a perfect record of 100% maintenance delivery (zero missed sorties), 100% mission effectiveness, and 100% weapons employment/hits under the most challenging combat conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0033-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nIn April 2007, components of the 111th Fighter Squadron and 147th Fighter Wing again deployed to Balad Airbase, Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and the Global War on Terrorism, where the men and women of the 111th FS/147th FW continued their distinguished combat tradition. On this deployment the 111th Fighter Squadron flew 348 tasked sorties, plus six no-notice Close Air Support (CAS) alert scrambles and four short-notice (less than 30-minute & not on the ATO) pre-planned alert launches. With an average combat sortie lasting almost 4.42 hours, the unit accumulated a total of 1537.1 combat hours. Maintenance delivery effectiveness for this deployment was an astonishing 102% due to the inclusion of the unscheduled CAS scrambles. Mission effectiveness and weapons employment were both once again a perfect 100%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0034-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, 90th Anniversary\nIn November 2007, an F-16C Fighting Falcon from the Texas Air National Guard's 111th Fighter Squadron received a special paint job in honor of the squadron's 90th anniversary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 82], "content_span": [83, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0035-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, 90th Anniversary\nAll the colors and markings have specific meanings, reflecting the unit's nine-decade history. The rudder is painted like a JN-4 Jenny, which the squadron flew in the 1920s. The schemes for the wings and flaps recall the paint schemes of the pre-World War II era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 82], "content_span": [83, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0036-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, 90th Anniversary\nThe blue fuselage represents the Korean War, in which the squadron earned credit for two air victories. The gray underside represents the jet age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 82], "content_span": [83, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0037-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, 90th Anniversary\nThe \"N5 A\" was the insignia the squadron's P-51 Mustangs sported during World War II, in which the squadron claimed 44 air victories. Also representing World War II is the star on the fuselage, while the star on the wing represents the pre-World War II era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 82], "content_span": [83, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0038-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, 90th Anniversary\n\"Ace in the Hole\" and the star on the tail replicate the markings of the squadron's F-84s during the Korean War. The ventral fin, partially obscured, reads \"Est. 1917.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 82], "content_span": [83, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0039-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, BRAC 2005 reorganization\nDuring the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission, it was recommended that the F-16 block 25s be retired. Texas Governor, Rick Perry, reacted quickly and made sure the unit could remain alive and did so by securing MQ-1 Predator operations. This is an unmanned aircraft and although not exactly what the 111th FS had hoped for, it would keep the unit going well into the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 64], "content_span": [65, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0040-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, BRAC 2005 reorganization\nAs was earlier planned in 2005, the 111th FS gave up its last two F-16s on 7 June 2008 and F-16 operations drew to a close. The MQ-1 replaced the F-16 and the parent wing was renamed the 147th Reconnaissance Wing that same month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 64], "content_span": [65, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006743-0041-0000", "contents": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Lineage\n* * This unit is not related to another 111th Aero Squadron (Service) that was activated in April 1918 at Rich Field, Waco, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006744-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe 111th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (Manchester Regiment) (111 RAC) was an armoured regiment of the British Army, raised by the Royal Armoured Corps during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006744-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\n111th Regiment RAC was formed on 1 November 1941 by the conversion to the armoured role of 5th Battalion of the Manchester Regiment, a 1st Line Territorial Army infantry battalion. In common with other infantry units transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, all personnel would have continued to wear their Manchester cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006744-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\nThe 5th Battalion, Manchester Regiment had been serving in 126th Infantry Brigade of 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division, which had fought in France and been evacuated at Dunkirk. The brigade and division were later redesignated 11th Armoured Brigade (later 11th Tank Brigade) and 42nd Armoured Division respectively. At the time of conversion, 111 RAC was based at Bingley, West Yorkshire. It began receiving its first tanks (Cruiser Mk IVs) in April 1942; but, from June, it began receiving Churchill infantry tanks - it was at this time that 11 Armoured Bde was detached from 42nd Armoured Division and became an independent Army Tank Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006744-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, History\nIn August 1942, the regiment moved to Bolton Castle in North Yorkshire. At this point, its squadron organisation comprised one troop of Churchills and two troops each of 1 Churchill and 2 Valentine tanks. However, half of the 60 tanks it required for squadron and regimental training had to be borrowed from the other regiments in the brigade, 107 and 110 RAC. From September 1942 to April 1943, the regiment was based at Wensley and Middleham, training on ranges in North Yorkshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006744-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, History\nIn January 1943, the 11th Tank Brigade was attached to 77th Infantry (Reserve) Division and its regiments were given the role of holding and training replacements. Finally, in Autumn 1943, the decision was made disband 11th Tank Brigade, without it ever having seen active service, and it was broken up before the end of November. 111 RAC moved first to Berwick-upon-Tweed and then dispersed to various locations in Lincolnshire. On 15 November, it received orders to reconvert to infantry as 5th Bn Manchester Regiment. In the summer of 1944, the reconstituted infantry battalion acted as the Royal Bodyguard at Balmoral Castle while the Royal Family was in residence and then served as a machine-gun battalion with 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006745-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Regiment of Foot (1761)\nThe 111th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1761 to 1763. It was raised in 1761 by the regimentation of independent companies, and was disbanded in 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006746-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Regiment of Foot (Loyal Birmingham Volunteers)\nThe 111th Regiment of Foot (Loyal Birmingham Volunteers) was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1794 to 1796. It was formed on 30 May 1794 and disbanded in February 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006746-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Regiment of Foot (Loyal Birmingham Volunteers)\nIn 1794 the regiment was raised in Birmingham as Robert's Regiment of Foot and posted to Ireland. In August 1795 it was to be posted to the Caribbean to take part in a British invasion of Saint-Domingue. The invasion had already suffered heavy losses to yellow fever. On hearing of the plan, soldiers of the regiment mutinied in Dublin. In February 1796 the regiment was disbanded and its men were transferred to various regiments at Cork bound for the Caribbean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006747-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Rifle Corps\nThe 111th Rifle Corps (Russian: 111-\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441) was an infantry corps of the Red Army during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006747-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Rifle Corps\nIts headquarters was formed with the 54th Army of the Volkhov Front in mid-November 1943, and with its assigned divisions fought in the Leningrad\u2013Novgorod Offensive during January and February 1944. The corps then fought in failed attempts to break the Panther Line for the next several months and the Pskov-Ostrov Offensive in July. Its headquarters was transferred to the 67th Army and with a different set of divisions fought in the Riga Offensive in September. During late 1944 and early 1945 it served on garrison duty in southern Estonia and Latvia, then participated in the disarmament and collection of German prisoners of the war surrendered in the Courland Pocket in early May. Postwar, the corps was disbanded in early 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006747-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Rifle Corps, World War II\nThe headquarters of the 111th Rifle Corps was formed in early November 1943 under the command of Major General Boris Rozhdestvensky, who led it for the rest of the war, part of the 54th Army of the Volkhov Front. Corps troops, formed along with the headquarters, included the 551st Separate Communications Battalion and the 3907th Field Postal Station. Upon formation, it was assigned the 44th and 288th Rifle Divisions and the 53rd Rifle Brigade. The 53rd Rifle Brigade transferred to the 115th Rifle Corps in December. The corps fought in the Leningrad\u2013Novgorod Offensive in January and February 1944, recapturing Chudovo, Shimsk, Soltsy, Dno, and Porkhov in cooperation with the 119th Rifle Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006747-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Rifle Corps, World War II\nDuring January, the 288th went into front reserve and the 18th and 80th Rifle Divisions joined the corps. In late January, the corps advanced toward Chudovo against the German 21st Infantry Division, capturing the town with a three-pronged attack by the 44th Rifle Division and the 14th and 53rd Rifle Brigades. The 18th and 80th were transferred in February, while the 288th returned to the corps, which was joined by the 225th Rifle Division. The corps rejoined 54th Army on 11 February after the army headquarters was relocated to the left flank of the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006747-0003-0001", "contents": "111th Rifle Corps, World War II\nThe Volkhov Front was disbanded by an order of 13 February and the corps and army transferred to the  Leningrad Front . In conjunction with the 14th Guards Rifle Corps of the 1st Shock Army, the 111th attacked the town of Dno late on 23 February, but both corps were repulsed by German counterattacks. On the next day, a renewed assault by the 44th and 288th Divisions and attached 16th Tank Brigade of the 111th and a rifle division, brigade, and tank regiment of the 14th Guards took the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006747-0003-0002", "contents": "111th Rifle Corps, World War II\nThe corps fought in the recapture of Porkhov on 26 February, then fought with the army in unsuccessful attempts to break the Panther Line. It would include the 44th, 225th, and 288th Divisions until July. The 54th Army transferred to the 3rd Baltic Front in April. The 393rd Field Vehicle Repair Base was formed by 1 June as a corps unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006747-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Rifle Corps, World War II\nFrom mid-to-late July, the corps fought in the Pskov-Ostrov Offensive. The 44th Rifle Division was transferred in July, being replaced by the 321st Rifle Division. Leaving its divisions behind, the corps headquarters was transferred to the 67th Army of the front in August, being assigned the 85th, 196th, and 377th Rifle Divisions. With the 67th Army, the corps fought near the Ti\u0161upe and Gauja Rivers, then in the Riga Offensive in September, during which it helped recapture Riga. The 85th was transferred in September and replaced by the 191st Rifle Division from front reserve. The 191st and 377th were transferred in October, while the 189th Rifle Division joined the corps, whose army returned to the Leningrad Front, with which it remained for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006747-0005-0000", "contents": "111th Rifle Corps, World War II, Garrison duty\nAfter the Riga Offensive, the corps, with the 189th and 196th Divisions and the 14th Fortified Region, was made responsible for the defense of the eastern coast of the P\u00e4rnu Bay and Riga Bay from Ranna in southern Estonia to Sildze\u0146i in northern Latvia and garrisoning P\u00e4rnu, Aina\u017ei, Salacgr\u012bva, and other large settlements along the coastline by an order of 21 October. The corps and the 14th Fortified Region were headquartered at P\u00e4rnu, while the 196th was at Aina\u017ei and the 189th at Kodara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006747-0005-0001", "contents": "111th Rifle Corps, World War II, Garrison duty\nWhile on garrison duty, the corps conducted combat training in preparation for participation in the blockade of the Courland Pocket. The 189th and the 196th would remain with the corps for the rest of the war. Transferring the 14th Fortified Region and its defensive sector to the direct subordination of the army headquarters, the corps made a march of between 170 to 200 kilometers to Riga between 16 and 19 February 1945 to hold defensive positions on Riga Bay. The 189th was headquartered in the artillery barracks in \u010ciekurkalns, the 196th in the western part of Riga, and the corps at Vecm\u012blgr\u0101vis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006747-0006-0000", "contents": "111th Rifle Corps, World War II, Garrison duty\nBetween 10 and 12 April the two rifle divisions turned over their sectors to three separate machine gun artillery battalions in order to conduct battalion-level training at the army training center. On the night of 16\u201317 April they marched to new concentrations areas southwest of Riga, with the 196th holding positions from Mellu\u017ei southwest to  Mezakakts and the Spro\u0123is forest, and the 189th from Plostmui\u017ea and the forests south of the latter west to Virknes and Sumragi. The corps was headquartered slightly north of Virknes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006747-0006-0001", "contents": "111th Rifle Corps, World War II, Garrison duty\nThe 382nd Rifle Division, which was sent by rail, joined the corps on 17 April and began taking positions from near Mangali south to L\u012bvb\u0113rze, arriving within the next ten days. In its new positions, the corps continued combat training. During the month, the 67th Army was reinforced by two more rifle corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006747-0007-0000", "contents": "111th Rifle Corps, World War II, Courland Pocket\nThe corps planned for an operation to break through the German line between Rasas and the Abava river, defended by the 81st Infantry Division, from 25 April. On the night of 6\u20137 May, the German troops began withdrawing from the defensive line towards the north and northwest, covered by small rearguard detachments. On the morning of 7 May, the 196th was directly subordinated to the army command. As a result of the German withdrawal, the corps began advancing on 10:00 on 7 May in the second echelon of the army, behind the 377th Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006747-0007-0001", "contents": "111th Rifle Corps, World War II, Courland Pocket\nBy the end of the day, the 382nd had reached the line of Pampji and the south bank of the ravine 700 meters north of Tyuti to the west of the 189th, which reached the area of K\u016blaini and Jahthaus; the corps' positions were roughly 2 kilometers south of the German rearguard at Bluiskas. At 24:00, the 377th, which had advanced to a line between Irlava Manor and R\u0113pi\u0146i, was operationally subordinated to the corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006747-0008-0000", "contents": "111th Rifle Corps, World War II, Courland Pocket\nDuring the night of 7\u20138 May, the corps' assault battalions pursued the German rearguard from Bluiskas to the line of  Kalninkas and Jaunmokas Manor to the west of Tukums, where they encountered the most organized resistance. Dislodging the German rearguard, the corps continued to advance and by the end of the day on 8 May the 377th had reached Vilksalu manor to the northwest of Tukums after three German battalions surrendered to it. To the west, the 189th's forward units were between two kilometers southwest of Vilksalu manor and B\u0101li\u0146i, and on the corps' left flank the 382nd was at S\u0113rmu\u013ci and Skrimbas. The German forces opposing the corps refused to accept battle and began a general surrender at 24:00.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006747-0009-0000", "contents": "111th Rifle Corps, World War II, Courland Pocket\nThe corps, with the 189th and 196th Divisions, marched to the area of Talsi and Dundaga on 9 and 10 May to collect and disarm the surrendered German forces of the 207th Security Division and other units of Army Group Courland. The 196th was near Talsi and the 189th near Dundaga by the end of 10 May, and the corps headquarters was at Talsi from 9 May. The 377th and 382nd were directly subordinated to the army headquarters on 9 May. Until 12 May, the two divisions supervised the disarmament and the collection of weapons and equipment, handed over by the German commanders. The German prisoners of war were held in divisional POW camps, and then sent to L\u012bvb\u0113rze via Talsi and Tukums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006747-0010-0000", "contents": "111th Rifle Corps, Postwar\nIn August 1945, the corps was withdrawn from Latvia to the Voronezh Military District, where it was headquartered at Voronezh. The 189th and 382nd Rifle Divisions were located at Voronezh, while the 196th was at Borisoglebsk. The corps was disbanded in January 1946, still under Rozhdestvensky's command. The 189th and 196th were relocated to Bakhmach and Konotop, respectively, while the 382nd was disbanded within months of the corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006748-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Space Operations Squadron\nThe United States Air Force's 111th Space Operations Squadron (111 SOPS) is an Air National Guard space communications unit located at Sky Harbor International Airport, Arizona. 111 SOPS is the military's first unit to operate free-floating balloons in the near space environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006749-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Street (Pullman) station\n111th Street (Pullman) is a commuter rail station on Metra Electric's main branch in the Pullman neighborhood on the far south side of Chicago, Illinois. It is located at 111th Street and Cottage Grove Avenue, and is 13.95 miles (22.45\u00a0km) away from the northern terminus at Millennium Station. In Metra's zone-based fare system, 111th Street (Pullman) is in zone C. As of 2018, the station is the 219th busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 31 weekday boardings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006749-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Street (Pullman) station\nThe station is little more than a platform between the tracks over a bridge with street-level connections. It is the last station along the main branch of the line before Kensington Station, where the Blue Island Branch and Main Branch split. No parking is available at the station, however there is a connection to two of the Chicago Transit Authority's bus routes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006749-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Street (Pullman) station\nThe station was reconstructed with a waiting shelter, custom signage, and a total makeover to attract more passengers to the nearby Pullman National Monument.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006750-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line)\n111th Street is a skip-stop station on the BMT Jamaica Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 111th Street and Jamaica Avenue in Richmond Hill, Queens, it is served at all times by the J train. The Z train skips this station when it operates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006750-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), History\nThis station was opened on May 28, 1917 by the Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad, an affiliate of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, replacing Cypress Hills as the line's terminus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006750-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), History\nThe station was temporarily closed on January 14, 2019 for six months of structural repairs. As part of the work, the trackside girders and the platforms were replaced. Unlike the repairs done at 121st Street and 104th Street, which were done one platform at a time, both platforms were closed simultaneously to cut the work from 12 months to 6 months; as a result, the station reopened on June 11, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006750-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), Station layout\nThis elevated station has three tracks and two side platforms. The center track dead ends at bumper blocks on both sides of the station and has connections to both local tracks. It is only used for train storage. It was formerly used to turn trains for the BMT Lexington Avenue Elevated trains from 1917 until 1950. The track was also used to store trains while the Jamaica Line was being torn down north of 121st Street and the Archer Avenue Line was being built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006750-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), Station layout\nBoth platforms have beige windscreens for their entire lengths and brown canopies with green frames and support columns except for a small section at the west (railroad south) end. Station signs are in the standard black with white lettering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006750-0005-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), Station layout\nThe 1990 artwork here is called Five Points of Observation by Kathleen McCarthy. It resembles a human face when viewed from the street and is also featured on four other stations on the BMT Jamaica Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006750-0006-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), Station layout, Exits\nThe station's only entrance/exit is an elevated station house beneath the tracks. Inside fare control, there is a single staircase to each platform at their south ends and a waiting area that allows a free transfer between directions. Outside fare control, there is a turnstile bank, token booth, and two staircases going down to either eastern corners of Jamaica Avenue and 111th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006750-0007-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), Station layout, Exits\nThis station formerly had another entrance/exit at the east (railroad north) end. The staircase to 113th Street was removed, but the elevated station house beneath the tracks and single staircase to each platform remain boarded up and intact. The station house is now used for storage and offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006751-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (IND Fulton Street Line)\n111th Street (signed as 111th Street\u2013Greenwood Avenue) is a station on the IND Fulton Street Line of the New York City Subway, located on Liberty Avenue at 111th Street in Richmond Hill, Queens. The station is served by the A train at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006751-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (IND Fulton Street Line), History\n111th Street was one of the six stations along Liberty Avenue in Queens, from 80th Street through Ozone Park\u2013Lefferts Boulevard, as well as the current three track elevated structure, built for the BMT Fulton Street Line in 1915 as part of BMT's portion of the Dual Contracts. The connection to the BMT was severed on April 26, 1956, and the IND was extended east (railroad south) from Euclid Avenue via a connecting tunnel and new intermediate station at Grant Avenue, with the new service beginning on April 29, 1956. The Fulton Street Elevated west of Hudson Street was closed, and eventually demolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006751-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (IND Fulton Street Line), History\nThe station has gone by a number of different names. It opened as Greenwood Avenue. A 1924 system map portrayed the station as \"Greenwood Avenue\" with \"111th St.\" below it in parentheses and smaller print. By 1948, \"Greenwood\" and \"111 St.\" were shown in equal sizes, and by 1959, the station's name was shown as \"111 St\u2013Greenwood\". The current official map shows the name as just \"111 St\". However, station signs still show \"111th Street\u2013Greenwood Avenue\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006751-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (IND Fulton Street Line), History\nThe Queens-bound platform was completely renovated in 2015 and reopened on December 12. The Brooklyn-bound platform was completely rehabilitated and reopened in Spring 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006751-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (IND Fulton Street Line), Station layout\nThis elevated station, opened on September 25, 1915, has three tracks and two side platforms, with the middle track not used in revenue service. Both platforms have beige windscreens for the entire length and brown canopies with green frames and support columns except for a small section at either ends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006751-0005-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (IND Fulton Street Line), Station layout, Exits\nThis station has two entrances/exits, both of which are elevated station houses beneath the tracks. The full-time side is at the east (railroad south) end. It has one staircase to each platform, a waiting area that allows a free transfer between directions, a turnstile bank, a token booth, and two staircases down to either eastern corners of Liberty Avenue and 111th Street. The other station house also has one staircase to each platform, waiting area, and two staircases to 109th Street and Liberty Avenue (one to the southeast corner and another along the north side of Liberty Avenue). However, this entrance/exit is unstaffed, containing just High Entry/Exit and Exit-Only turnstiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006752-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (IRT Flushing Line)\n111th Street is a local station on the IRT Flushing Line of the New York City Subway, located at the intersection of 111th Street and Roosevelt Avenue. It is served by the 7 train at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006752-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (IRT Flushing Line), History\nThe station opened on October 13, 1925, with shuttle service between 111th Street and the previous terminal at Alburtis Avenue (now 103rd Street\u2013Corona Plaza). Shuttle service used the Manhattan-bound track. The line was extended to Willets Point Boulevard (now Mets\u2013Willets Point) on May 7, 1927, and to the current terminal at Flushing\u2013Main Street on January 21, 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006752-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (IRT Flushing Line), History\nThe platforms at 111th Street were extended in 1955\u20131956 to accommodate 11-car trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006752-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (IRT Flushing Line), History\nAs part of the 2015\u20132019 Capital Program, the MTA would renovate the 52nd, 61st, 69th, 82nd, 103rd and 111th Streets stations, a project that has been delayed for several years but is slated to begin in mid-2020. Conditions at these stations were among the worst of all stations in the subway system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006752-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (IRT Flushing Line), Station layout\nThe station has five tracks and two side platforms. The express track is located on a flyover above the other four tracks. The two center tracks are not used in passenger service, but instead are used as yard leads of the Corona Yard, where 7 trains are maintained and stored. As a result, trains that go to/from the yard often terminate or begin at this station. Stations with flyover express tracks such as this were far more common on IRT elevated lines in Manhattan during the 19th and early 20th centuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006752-0004-0001", "contents": "111th Street station (IRT Flushing Line), Station layout\nDue to the yard tracks, an unusual layout takes place in and east of the station. The two layup tracks only have connections to the main tracks east of the station. The eastbound track rises east of the station while the express track lowers. The layup tracks dive down and cross under the eastbound track. The westbound track then rises to level out the three tracks, which continue east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006752-0005-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (IRT Flushing Line), Station layout\nThis station has full windscreens except at the west end of the eastbound platform, which has a waist-high steel fence instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006752-0006-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (IRT Flushing Line), Station layout, Exits\nExit is at the south (geographic west) end, with staircases to all four corners of 111th Street and Roosevelt Avenue. The mezzanine and stairway landings are wooden while the flooring at the fare control area is concrete. The station has a crossunder between platforms. New signs have covered the old ones. Above some of the black station signs reading \"111 Street\" are white signs reading \"Hall of Science\", identifying the nearby New York Hall of Science five blocks south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006753-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Street station (IRT Second Avenue Line)\n111th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Second Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had three tracks and two side platforms. The next stop to the north was 117th Street. The next stop to the south was 105th Street. The station closed on June 11, 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006754-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Street\u2013Morgan Park station\n111th Street\u2013Morgan Park is one of two Metra railroad stations in the Morgan Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, along the Beverly Branch of the Rock Island District Line, 13.8 miles (22.2\u00a0km) from LaSalle Street, the northern terminus of the line,. The station is named after 111th Street, although its  address is 11046 South Hale Avenue between Monterey and Prospect Avenues; 111th Street runs in line with Monterey Avenue east of Morgan Park. In Metra's zone-based fare system, 111th Street is in zone C. As of 2018, 111th Street-Morgan Park is the 92nd busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 548 weekday boardings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006754-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Street\u2013Morgan Park station\nParking is available on both sides of the tracks along South Hale Avenue between 108th Place and Edmaire Street. It is also available on Homewood and Monterery Avenues behind South Hale Avenue, and at Prospect Park on Prospect Avenue and the northwest corner of Pryor and Homewood Avenues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006755-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Sustainment Brigade (United States)\nThe 111th Sustainment Brigade is a sustainment brigade of the New Mexico Army National Guard, headquartered at Rio Rancho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006755-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Sustainment Brigade (United States)\nThe brigade was organized as the 111th Air Defense Artillery Brigade of the United States Army. The 200th Air Defense Artillery Regiment was reorganized on 1 September 1975 to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 49th Armored Division; the 2nd Battalion, an element of the 47th Infantry Division; the 3rd Battalion, an element of the 50th Armored Division; and the 4th Battalion, an element of the 40th Infantry Division. 1st Battalion headquarters was at Roswell, 2nd Battalion at Las Cruces, 3rd Battalion at Albuquerque, and 4th Battalion at Tucumcari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006755-0001-0001", "contents": "111th Sustainment Brigade (United States)\nEquipped with the M42 Duster self-propelled anti-aircraft gun, the battalions served as divisional air defense artillery units of National Guard divisions but were under the administrative control of Headquarters, 111th Air Defense Artillery Brigade. The 5th Battalion was activated on 1 July 1983, the first and only Roland-equipped United States Army unit, and reached initial operating capability in December 1985. The majority of its personnel volunteered for full-time service at McGregor Range, administered by Fort Bliss. As a result, the battalion was affiliated with the active 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade and under the control of Central Command and Forces Command. During its five years of existence, the battalion made 101 Roland firings during exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006755-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Sustainment Brigade (United States)\nThe 111th Air Defense Artillery Brigade headquarters became the 111th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade headquarters during 2005. Similar to a special troops battalion, its mission was to support units of the Regular Army. The 111th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade headquarters deployed to Guantanamo Bay and Kosovo. On 1 September 2016, the brigade was redesignated, once again, as a sustainment brigade that focuses on providing mission command for combat support and combat service support units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006755-0002-0001", "contents": "111th Sustainment Brigade (United States)\nThe brigade is designed to operate independently in a theater of operations, in conjunction with other sustainment brigades under the command of a sustainment command (expeditionary), or directly under a theater sustainment command. Following the sustainment brigade conversion, the 111th included the 111th Special Troops Battalion, 515th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, and 615th Transportation Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006755-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Sustainment Brigade (United States)\nIn the aftermath of Hurricane Maria, the 115-strong brigade headquarters was sent to Puerto Rico in November 2017 for a month-long deployment supporting relief efforts under Joint Task Force-Puerto Rico. Under the command of Colonel Jamison Herrera, it served as the headquarters for relief efforts in San Juan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006755-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Sustainment Brigade (United States)\nMost recently, the 111th Sustainment Brigade has supported the on-going COVID-19 response efforts. The 111th has supported this effort by providing Personal Protective Equipment warehousing support, Rapid Response Team support to COVID-19 testing sites, long term health care facility cleaning, the establishment of alternate care sites, vaccine distribution and administration, and humanitarian support to the communities of New Mexico, the Pueblos, and the Navajo Nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006756-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Tank Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 111th Tank Division was a Tank division of the Soviet Union's Red Army and after 1946, the Soviet Army. The division was formed in the summer of 1941 in the Soviet Far East from the tank regiment of a motorized division that had been reorganized into a motor rifle division, and had thus lost its tank regiment. The division never fought in combat and was in reserve during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. Postwar, the division continued its garrison duty in the Far East. The 111th was renumbered as the 16th Tank Division (Second Formation) in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006756-0001-0000", "contents": "111th Tank Division (Soviet Union), History, Formation\nThe 111th Tank Division (Military Unit Number 8938) began its formation on 26 July 1941 in Borzya from the 82nd Motorized Division's 123rd Tank Regiment. The 82nd Division was being converted into a motor rifle division, and as a result lost its tank regiment. The division included the following units upon its formation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006756-0002-0000", "contents": "111th Tank Division (Soviet Union), History, Formation\nOn 1 August, Colonel Ivan Shevnikov became the division commander. The division's formation was completed on 20 August and it became part of the 36th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006756-0003-0000", "contents": "111th Tank Division (Soviet Union), History, World War II\nOn 9 September, the division was relocated to the 76th Rail Siding on the Molotov Railway (now Mirnaya). On 15 February 1942, Colonel Ivan Troitsky took command of the division. In June 1943, the division was directly subordinated to the Transbaikal Front. On 12 April 1944, division chief of staff Colonel Demyan Timokhin became the division commander. Colonel Ivan Sergeyev commanded the 111th from 31 December 1944 to 3 September 1945. In the summer of 1945, the division was transferred to Enger Shand in eastern Mongolia, where it was held in reserve while most of the rest of the front fought in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006756-0004-0000", "contents": "111th Tank Division (Soviet Union), History, Postwar\nBy 9 September 1945 the division had been relocated back to the 76th Rail Siding. On 10 October, it became part of the 6th Guards Tank Army. Around this time, the division also included the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006756-0005-0000", "contents": "111th Tank Division (Soviet Union), History, Postwar\nThe division remained as a garrison force in the Far East after the war. On 4 March 1955, it was renumbered as the 16th Tank Division when the formation was re-raised for the second time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006757-0000-0000", "contents": "111th United States Colored Infantry Regiment\nThe 3rd Alabama Volunteer Infantry Regiment (African Descent) was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army between January 3, 1864, and June 25, 1864, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006757-0001-0000", "contents": "111th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe infantry regiment was organized at Pulaski, Tennessee, on January 3, 1864. Straight away it was placed on garrison duty at Pulaski and Athens, Alabama. While they were on garrison duty they were attached to the Department of Tennessee. In the meantime, they acted as guard for railroads into Northern Alabama until June 25, 1864. On June 25, 1864, the regiment was designated the 111th U.S. Regiment Colored Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006758-0000-0000", "contents": "111th United States Congress\nThe 111th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government from January 3, 2009, until January 3, 2011. It began during the last two weeks of the George W. Bush administration, with the remainder spanning the first two years of Barack Obama's presidency. It was composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The apportionment of seats in the House was based on the 2000 U.S. Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006758-0001-0000", "contents": "111th United States Congress\nIn the November 2008 elections, the Democratic Party increased its majorities in both chambers (including - when factoring in the two Democratic caucusing independents - a brief filibuster-proof 60-40 supermajority in the Senate), and with Barack Obama being sworn in as President on January 20, 2009, this gave a Democrats an overall federal government trifecta for the first time since the 103rd Congress in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006758-0002-0000", "contents": "111th United States Congress\nHowever, the Senate supermajority only lasted for a period of 72 working days while the Senate was actually in session. A new delegate seat was created for the Northern Mariana Islands. The 111th Congress had the most long-serving members in history: at the start of the 111th Congress, the average member of the House had served 10.3 years, while the average Senator had served 13.4 years. The Democratic Party would not simultaneously control both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate again until more than a decade later, during the 117th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006758-0003-0000", "contents": "111th United States Congress, Major legislation, Health care reform\nAt the encouragement of the Obama administration, Congress devoted significant time considering health care reform. In March 2010, Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act into law, the first comprehensive health care reform legislation in decades that created the first National health insurance program, along with further amendments in the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. Other major reform proposals during the health care debate included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006758-0004-0000", "contents": "111th United States Congress, Leadership\nSection contents: Senate: Majority (D), Minority (R) \u2022 House: Majority (D),  Minority (R)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006758-0005-0000", "contents": "111th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nIn this Congress, Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 2010; Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 2012; and Class 2 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006758-0006-0000", "contents": "111th United States Congress, Changes in membership, Senate\nFour of the changes are associated with the 2008 presidential election and appointments to the Obama Administration, one senator changed parties, one election was disputed, two senators died, one senator resigned, and three appointed senators served only until special elections were held during this Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006758-0007-0000", "contents": "111th United States Congress, Changes in membership, House of Representatives\nFive changes are associated with appointments to the Obama Administration, four directly and one indirectly. Two representatives changed parties, one died, and five resigned. House vacancies are only filled by elections. State laws regulate when (and if) there will be special elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006758-0008-0000", "contents": "111th United States Congress, Committees\nLists of committees and their party leaders, for members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (1 link), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006759-0000-0000", "contents": "111th Virginia General Assembly\nThe 111th Virginia General Assembly was the meeting of the legislative branch of the Virginia state government from 1920 to 1922, after the 1919 state elections. It convened in Richmond for one session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006760-0000-0000", "contents": "111th meridian east\nThe meridian 111\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006760-0001-0000", "contents": "111th meridian east\nThe 111th meridian east forms a great circle with the 69th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006760-0002-0000", "contents": "111th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 111th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006761-0000-0000", "contents": "111th meridian west\nThe meridian 111\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006761-0001-0000", "contents": "111th meridian west\nThe 111th meridian west forms a great circle with the 69th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006761-0002-0000", "contents": "111th meridian west\nIn the United States, the Western border of Wyoming with Montana, Idaho, and Utah lies on the meridian 34\u00b0 west of Washington, which is a couple of miles west of the meridian 111\u00b0 west of Greenwich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006761-0003-0000", "contents": "111th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 111th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006762-0000-0000", "contents": "111th station\n111th is a proposed rapid transit station for the Red Line as part of the Red Line Extension. The station is planned to open in 2029 if the CTA can get the funding for the $2.3 billion project. The station will be constructed adjacent to the Union Pacific Railroad in Chicago's Roseland neighborhood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006763-0000-0000", "contents": "112 (album)\n112 is the debut album from the American R&B group 112. It was released on August 27, 1996, as one of the first R&B records on Sean Combs' Bad Boy label. The majority of the album was produced primarily by Combs, Tim & Bob and one of the first Hitmen, Stevie J. It also included contributions from group member Daron Jones, Al B Sure!, Kyle West, Arnold Hennings and Boyz II Men vocalist Wanya Morris. The album features label mates the late The Notorious B.I.G., Mase and Faith Evans. Three singles were released from the album: \"Only You\", \"Come See Me\" and \"Cupid\". All of the singles had music videos released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006763-0001-0000", "contents": "112 (album), Background\nOriginally known as Forte while in high school and still in their teens, the quartet enlisted the professional management services of Courtney Sills and Kevin Wales. Named after the Atlanta-based club 112, the group performed there in front of singers Faith Evans and Usher along with Bad Boy founder Sean Combs. After their performance, the group became the second R&B act signed to Bad Boy behind Faith Evans, who \u2013 along with producer Chucky Thompson \u2013 recommended Combs to sign them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006763-0002-0000", "contents": "112 (album), Background\nAccording to 112 member and producer Daron Jones, the group Boyz II Men was a primary influence on their debut. The reason for their influence was due to them accepting several songs produced by Tim Kelley & Bob Robinson that were initially planned for inclusion on Boyz II Men's second album II. Producer Bob Robinson revealed that Boyz II Men wanted Tim & Bob to produce the majority of II, but Motown Records president Jheryl Busby felt uncomfortable with unknown producers helming a project by a group that was the biggest act in the world at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006763-0002-0001", "contents": "112 (album), Background\nBusby then sought out productions from more established names and as a result, Kelley & Robinson's songs \u2013 notably \"Now That We're Done\" and \"Can I Touch You\" \u2013 were later given to 112 for their album. Jones felt inconfident about his lead vocals while recording \"Now That We're Done\" and was surprised at the reaction to his performance. Singer Brandy \u2013 who was there with the song's co-writer Wanya Morris \u2013 caught Jones off-guard when she asked him to teach her how to do the riffs and runs she heard from him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006763-0003-0000", "contents": "112 (album), Background\nProducer Stevie J was brought into the project fresh off from his touring with Jodeci and appearing on their 1995 album The Show, The After Party, The Hotel. Stevie served as a mentor to Jones, who expressed a desire to become a songwriter and producer. The first single from 112 - \"Only You\" - was hated by the group because of the restrained vocals, which they felt wasn't the best song to showcase their singing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006763-0003-0001", "contents": "112 (album), Background\nAccording to Jones, they initially wanted \"Now That We're Done\" released as the first single and the only thing that made them like \"Only You\" was the remix - which was also included on the album. They quickly dismissed the song and felt it wasn't going to be successful. The song about which they were indifferent became a breakout hit for them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006763-0004-0000", "contents": "112 (album), Background\nAnother single \"Cupid\" was primarily inspired by Babyface. The group wanted the songwriter/producer to work on their debut, but financial issues and budget constraints prevented him from working on the album. Jones then felt he could write a \"Babyface\" type of song and later worked with Dallas Austin prot\u00e9g\u00e9 Arnold Hennings on producing it. Al B. Sure! and Dave Hollister were called in to work on the album as well. While none of Hollister's songs made the final track listing, one of Sure! 's contributions \"Erase The Day\" was left off while his other contribution \"This Is Your Day\" was included on the album. The group started recording in February 1995 and finished the album in January 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006763-0005-0000", "contents": "112 (album), Critical reception\nLeo Stanley of Allmusic gave the album 4 out of 5 stars stating that \"as the first romantic soul group on Puff Daddy's Bad Boy label, 112 at least has the appearance of originality. However, their eponymous debut demonstrates that this is only an appearance - in reality, they are much like a Boyz II Men clone. That's not necessarily bad, actually. 112 have strong voices, and their smooth harmonies are quite seductive, making the lack of originality in their music easy to overlook. A little more variety on 112 would have been nice\u2014the album consists almost entirely of ballads\u2014but the group's sound and Puffy's professional production make it a pleasurable record nevertheless.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0000-0000", "contents": "112 (band)\n112 (pronounced \"one-twelve\") is an American R&B group from Atlanta, Georgia. Formerly artists on Bad Boy Records, the group signed to the Def Soul roster in 2002. They had great success from the mid-late 1990s to earl-mid 2000s with hits such as \"Only You\" (featuring The Notorious B.I.G. ), \"Anywhere\" and the Grammy Award-nominated single, \"Peaches & Cream\". The group most notably won a Grammy Award in 1997 for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group, for featuring on the single by label boss Puff Daddy, \"I'll Be Missing You\" (alongside Faith Evans).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0001-0000", "contents": "112 (band), History, Formation and early years (1993\u20131997)\nThe group had its start when the members met while attending high school. The original group consisting of Daron Jones, Michael Keith, and Reginald Finley sang together while Jones and Keith were in middle school and Finley was in high school. Once all three were in high school, they met fellow schoolmate Aldon Lagon who was working at a local McDonald's in Atlanta and added him due to his deep bass voice. They met a high tenor vocalist Marvin Scandrick who sang with them in the school chorus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0002-0000", "contents": "112 (band), History, Formation and early years (1993\u20131997)\nKnown as Forte, the group performed talent shows and performed at churches and schools around Atlanta. After Wales was able to secure an audition for the group outside of Atlanta's Club 112 in Buckhead, the boys sang for Combs and impressed him. Following another audition for Combs in front of Bad Boy producer Chucky Thompson, Bad Boy Records artist Faith Evans and Combs prot\u00e9g\u00e9 Usher and a co-sign from Thompson and Evans, Combs signed the quartet of Michael Keith, Marvin Scandrick, Daron Jones, and Quinnes Parker to Bad Boy Records. The group then changed their name from Forte to 112, the name of the nightclub where they had auditioned for Combs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0003-0000", "contents": "112 (band), History, Formation and early years (1993\u20131997)\nSoon afterwards they found themselves living in New York City, recording their debut album, 112. Released in 1996, the album eventually went double platinum. The album which was primarily produced by Tim & Bob entered into the top 5 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums Chart, and went on to sell over two million copies. It featured the hit singles \"Only You\" and \"Cupid\", both of which peaked at No. 13 on the Hot 100 and No. 3 and No. 2 on the R&B charts respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0003-0001", "contents": "112 (band), History, Formation and early years (1993\u20131997)\nThe group also contributed to records by artists including The Notorious B.I.G., Sean Combs (as Puff Daddy) and Mase. The group eventually went on the road as the opening act for the Isley Brothers at Ron Isley's request, the first of four separate tours that saw the group criss-crossing the U.S. with Keith Sweat, New Edition and finally Puff Daddy and the Family, over an 18-month period. In the years that followed, they toured with other performers such as Whitney Houston and Janet Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0004-0000", "contents": "112 (band), History, Rise to success (1997\u20132001)\nA series of single tracks by 112 populated the charts in 1997, beginning with the Tim & Bob produced single \"Come See Me,\" which hit the top 40 in January. \"Cupid,\" Produced by Arnold Hennings, released in May, made the top 10 and was certified gold in the same month. By August \"Cupid\" went platinum. Another 1997 single, \"I'll Be Missing You,\" hit the top 40 in June and was certified triple platinum by July. Attaining the number one chart position by August, the song won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0004-0001", "contents": "112 (band), History, Rise to success (1997\u20132001)\n\"I'll Be Missing You\" sat at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 for eleven weeks and spent nine weeks at the top of the Hot Singles sales. The track also topped the R&B singles, R&B singles sales, and rap singles charts for eight weeks running. The group booked tours with the Isley Brothers, Keith Sweat, and New Edition, as well as with Puff Daddy and the Family, totaling four separate tours. The group spent 18 successive months on the road fulfilling tour commitments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0005-0000", "contents": "112 (band), History, Rise to success (1997\u20132001)\nTheir second album, Room 112 was released in 1998, and featured the hits, \"Love Me\" featuring Mase and \"Anywhere\" featuring Lil Zane. Both the album and the song \"Love Me\" were certified gold. Album sales surpassed the platinum level by January 1999, and double platinum sales were recorded in 2002. To continue supporting the album further, 112 went on tour with singer Whitney Houston for her U.S. My Love Is Your Love World Tour in the summer of 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0006-0000", "contents": "112 (band), History, Rise to success (1997\u20132001)\nA 2001 single, \"It's Over Now\", charted at the top of the Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs. The group's third album, Part III was released in 2001, spun the hit Peaches & Cream, and earned the group their first and only Grammy nomination in the Best R&B Group or Duo category. While the group was in production on a new album for 2001, however, executive producer Combs was called to court repeatedly, regarding a shooting incident. Instead of taping at the usual accommodations in Combs's studio, 112 went to Nashville, Tennessee, to record the new disc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0006-0001", "contents": "112 (band), History, Rise to success (1997\u20132001)\nIt was a move that signaled a pending split with Bad Boy Records. The album, Part III, was released on March 20, 2001, following an intensive barrage of advance radio publicity. Even in the absence of Combs, Part III took off with a running start. It raced up the charts to debut at number two on the Billboard  200 chart. Surpassing gold sales in April, the album went platinum in May. To promote the album further, 112 joined Janet Jackson that summer for her U.S. All for You Tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0006-0002", "contents": "112 (band), History, Rise to success (1997\u20132001)\nAmong the singles released from the album, an upbeat track called \"Peaches and Cream\"\u2014which was credited in part to Combs\u2014scored another crossover hit for the band. Released in June, the track soared to number one on the Rhythmic Top 40 and peaked at number four on the Hot 100. The group earned two award nominations for the song that year: an MTV Best Video nomination in September, and a Grammy nomination for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0007-0000", "contents": "112 (band), History, Co-signing with Def Jam (2002\u20132006)\nIn 2002 the group members, having matured both personally and professionally, came to the realization that a split with the Bad Boy label was necessary due to the lack of interest. In search of greater creative control, 112 left Bad Boy Records in February 2002 and signed with Def Jam in July on their Def Soul-imprint, insisting that the breakup was amicable. They reiterated this no-hard-feelings attitude by going to Diddy's House to record a debut album for Def Jam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0007-0001", "contents": "112 (band), History, Co-signing with Def Jam (2002\u20132006)\nDisagreements remained over ownership rights to the 112 catalog of songs, and their fourth album Hot & Wet, the Def Jam debut disc, was waylaid as a result, while negotiations ensued between Lyor Cohen of Def Jam and Bad Boy owner Combs. With both sides ultimately in agreement, Hot & Wet appeared in November 2003, with its title song breaking into Billboard 's Hot 100 and the Rhythmic Top 40 that year. In 2004 the album charted on the Billboard 200 and peaked at number four on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The album, however, failed to make any noticeable impression on the charts. From the album, they released \"Na, Na, Na\" featuring dancehall legend Super Cat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0008-0000", "contents": "112 (band), History, Co-signing with Def Jam (2002\u20132006)\nPleasure & Pain, the group's fifth album, was released in 2005, eventually reaching platinum status and featuring the popular single \"U Already Know.\" The album is their first to come with a parental advisory sticker, reportedly caused by a rap from Three 6 Mafia though a few songs on the album also contain profanity. Shortly after the release of the album though and amidst rumors of issues regarding money, the members separated to pursue solo careers and were subsequently dropped by Def Jam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0009-0000", "contents": "112 (band), History, Controversy, hiatus and solo projects (2007\u20132009)\nIn 2007, 112 formed their own label One Twelve Music Group and were in talks with a joint venture deal with Irv Gotti's The Inc. Records-imprint to release an album in 2008. The group continued to tour nationally and worldwide, whilst they embarked on their own solo projects. Daron Jones was reported to have left the group to pursue a solo career in 2007. However, in 2008, he was seen performing with the group again while overseas in Germany and Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 70], "content_span": [71, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0010-0000", "contents": "112 (band), History, Controversy, hiatus and solo projects (2007\u20132009)\nSlim is featured along with Three 6 Mafia on 8Ball & MJG's second single \"Cruzin'\" off of their album \"Ridin High\". He has signed his own label deal with Asylum/Atlantic called M3 Productions Inc. and released his solo debut album Love's Crazy in November 2008. He released his first single called \"So Fly\" featuring Yung Joc and Shawty Lo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 70], "content_span": [71, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0011-0000", "contents": "112 (band), History, Controversy, hiatus and solo projects (2007\u20132009)\nIn an interview with MiddleChildPromotions, Q. Parker confirmed that his debut album is entitled \"Real Talk\" and is due for release in September 2008. He was in the studio working with Tim & Bob, The Pirates, Jammy, Bryan-Michael Cox, The Platinum Brothers and Crystal Johnson. The album will be released under a joint-venture between his own label NewFam Entertainment and Drift City Records. The first single off the album is called \"Crazy Crazy\" and it features Rock City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 70], "content_span": [71, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0012-0000", "contents": "112 (band), History, Controversy, hiatus and solo projects (2007\u20132009)\nMichael Keith decided to leave 112 and go solo. He stated that a former groupmate stole his, and member Slim's, money, causing the two to leave. Slim, however, states that he never fell out with anyone over money and is still with 112. The group now consists of members Q, Slim, and Daron. Mike said his business partner showed him that he wasn't receiving his royalty checks. Mike released his debut solo album, Michael Keith, on September 30, 2008, as a digital download through iTunes and Amazon MP3. He also released two songs \"She's My Superstar\" and \"Sexy\" under the pseudonym \"Dangerus\" via the internet. In 2010, Michael Keith has reconciled with the other three members of 112 and will record with the group on their sixth studio album planned for release in the near future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 70], "content_span": [71, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0013-0000", "contents": "112 (band), History, Reunion and Q, Mike, Slim, Daron (2010\u20132018)\nIn March 2010, it was announced via Q. Parker that 112 had returned to the studio and was recording new material. He broke the news via Twitter, \"In the studio with my boys Mike and Daron! New 112 album comin soon!\" The news of the group's reunion was also confirmed by member Daron Jones in an interview published on Sound-Savvy.com. Jones confirmed that the reunion will include Mike and Q, and possibly Slim. He commented, \"Slim just didn\u2019t want to be a part of it\" But there are rumors that Slim might have had a change of heart. He recently recorded a song with the group called \"One More Try\" it has not been confirmed if it will be on their new album or if Slim will be either. The yet-to-be-titled album currently doesn't have a release date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 65], "content_span": [66, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0014-0000", "contents": "112 (band), History, Reunion and Q, Mike, Slim, Daron (2010\u20132018)\nIn January 2011, Q Parker released a 12-month fitness calendar, and announced that his solo project will be released sometime this year. In March 2012, Daron confirmed that all four members of the group were reconciled and had got back together for a tour titled For The Fans Tour which kicked off in mid-2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 65], "content_span": [66, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0015-0000", "contents": "112 (band), History, Reunion and Q, Mike, Slim, Daron (2010\u20132018)\nIn June 2015, the band reunited during the BET Awards to perform at the Bad Boy Reunion segment. Member Slim was present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 65], "content_span": [66, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0016-0000", "contents": "112 (band), History, Reunion and Q, Mike, Slim, Daron (2010\u20132018)\nIn early 2017, the band announced they were releasing a new album and in the summer of the same year, they released their single \"Strawberry\", followed by the single and music video for \"Dangerous Games\". On October 27, 2017, the band released Q, Mike, Slim, Daron, their first album in 12 years. The second and final single from the album was \"Both of Us\" which featured band Jagged Edge and released in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 65], "content_span": [66, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0017-0000", "contents": "112 (band), History, New Music (2020)\nOn July 24, 2020, 112 released the single \"Spend It All\". In an interview with Rated R&B, they described the song as \"an ode to women.\" \"Spend It All\" is the first single from 112's upcoming EP, 112 Forever, which they will independently release on September 4th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006764-0018-0000", "contents": "112 (band), Awards and nominations\nThe Grammy Awards are held annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. 112 has one award from two nominations, so far.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006765-0000-0000", "contents": "112 (emergency telephone number)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Wruktarr (talk | contribs) at 12:52, 11 September 2021 (\u2192\u200eEurope: Missing space.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006765-0001-0000", "contents": "112 (emergency telephone number)\n112 is a common emergency telephone number that can be dialed free of charge from most mobile telephones, and in some countries, fixed telephones in order to reach emergency services (ambulance, fire and rescue, police).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006765-0002-0000", "contents": "112 (emergency telephone number)\n112 is a part of the GSM standard and all GSM-compatible telephone handsets are able to dial 112 even when locked or, in some countries, with no SIM card present. It is also the common emergency number in nearly all member states of the European Union as well as several other countries of Europe and the world. 112 is often available alongside other numbers traditionally used in the given country to access emergency services. In some countries, calls to 112 are not connected directly but forwarded by the GSM network to local emergency numbers (e.g. 911 in North America, 999 in Great Britain and Hong Kong, and 000 in Australia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006765-0003-0000", "contents": "112 (emergency telephone number), Origins\n112 was first standardised as the pan-European number for emergency services following the adoption of recommendation by the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) in 1976 and has since been enshrined a CEPT Decision [ECC/DEC/(17)05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006765-0004-0000", "contents": "112 (emergency telephone number), Origins\nThe European Emergency Number Association, founded in 1999, an organization of emergency services representatives and others, has campaigned for an efficient 112 service all over Europe on behalf of European citizens. EENA continues to promote awareness of 112 as a core element of its mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006765-0005-0000", "contents": "112 (emergency telephone number), Origins\nThis choice of number has been cited in logical terms as offering the following advantages:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006765-0006-0000", "contents": "112 (emergency telephone number), Implementation\nAfter adoption in continental Western Europe, other countries began to use the 112 number for emergencies. Nations that have adopted it (including as a redirect alongside a pre-existing other emergency number) include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006765-0007-0000", "contents": "112 (emergency telephone number), Implementation, South America\nIn many countries, emergency numbers previously used also continue to be available; e.g. 061 and 112 in Spain, 999 and 112 both function in Ireland and the UK. In the United States, only some carriers, including AT&T will map the number 112 to its emergency number 9-1-1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006765-0008-0000", "contents": "112 (emergency telephone number), Adoption\n112 is managed and financed in the European Union by each member state (country), who also decide on the organization of the emergency call centres. The number is also adopted by candidates for EU accession and members of the EEA agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006765-0009-0000", "contents": "112 (emergency telephone number), Adoption\nThe International Telecommunications Union recommends that member states selecting a primary or secondary emergency number choose either 911, 112 or both. 112 is one of two numbers (the other being the region's own emergency number) that can be dialed on most GSM phones even if the phone is locked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006765-0010-0000", "contents": "112 (emergency telephone number), EU legislation\nAdopted in July 1991, the Council Decision 91/396/EC introduced \u2018112\u2019 as the European emergency number. The Open Network Provision Directive in 1998, the Universal Service Directives in 2002 and 2009 and finally the European Electronic Communications Code in 2018 further specified how 112 should work in the European Union. By the European Electronic Communications Code, everyone in the European Union should be able to contact the emergency services by using the European emergency number \u2018112\u2019 free of charge wherever they are in the European Union. Member States are also required to make sure that access to the emergency services for people with disabilities is equivalent to that enjoyed by other end-users.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006765-0011-0000", "contents": "112 (emergency telephone number), E112\nE112 is a location-enhanced version of 112. This obligation was strengthened with the European Electronic Communications Code in 2018 which requires the location to include both network-based and handset-derived location information. It is now possible for emergency services to retrieve accurate location information of the caller with the Advanced Mobile Location technology. The eCall feature for automated emergency calls on crash, mandatory on European cars since April 2018, is based on E112.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006765-0012-0000", "contents": "112 (emergency telephone number), Reverse 112\nReverse 1-1-2 is a public safety communications technology used by public safety organizations throughout the world to communicate with groups of people in a defined geographic area. Reverse 112 allows authorities to rapidly warn those in danger, directly through their mobile phones. Article 110 of the European Electronic Communications Code makes it mandatory for all Member States of the European Union to deploy by June 2022 a system that enables public authorities to warn immediately all the people present in a determined area of an ongoing or developing threat directly on their mobile phones. This objective can be achieved with either the Cell Broadcast or the Location-based SMS technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006765-0013-0000", "contents": "112 (emergency telephone number), European 112 Day\nThe European Parliament, the Council of the European Union and the European Commission signed a tripartite convention in 2009 in order to introduce an annual European 112 Day. It is supposed to raise awareness for the Europe-wide availability and the advantages of the European emergency call 112. They chose 11 February since the date includes the telephone number (11/2). A wide variety of events take place around Europe every year to celebrate European 112 Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006765-0014-0000", "contents": "112 (emergency telephone number), Expert Groups on 112\nGetting 112 to work across the EU is a complex task. It requires in particular coordination between civil protection administrations (the emergency authorities who handle the call) and electronic communications administrations (who have to make sure that a 112 call reaches the emergency operator). That is why the Commission decided to act at European level and set up the Expert Group on Emergency Access (EGEA) at the end of 2005. The group met for the last time in May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006765-0015-0000", "contents": "112 (emergency telephone number), Expert Groups on 112\nIn 2020, the European Commission set up the Expert Group on Emergency Communications (EG112) with the task to assist the European Commission in the preparation of new legislations on the matter and exchange views on how emergency communications are handled within the European Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006766-0000-0000", "contents": "112 (number)\n112 (one hundred [and] twelve) is the natural number following 111 and preceding 113.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006766-0001-0000", "contents": "112 (number), Mathematics\n112 is an abundant number, a heptagonal number, and a Harshad number. It is also the sum of six consecutive primes (11+13+17+19+23+29{\\displaystyle 11+13+17+19+23+29}).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006766-0002-0000", "contents": "112 (number), Mathematics\n112 is the side of the smallest square that can be tiled with distinct integer-sided squares.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006766-0003-0000", "contents": "112 (number), Telephony\n112 (emergency telephone number), used throughout the European Union, Russia, India and various other countries", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006767-0000-0000", "contents": "112 BC\nYear 112 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Drusus and Caesoninus (or, less frequently, year 642 Ab urbe condita) and the Fifth Year of Yuanding. The denomination 112 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006768-0000-0000", "contents": "112 Georgia\nThe 112 Georgia Emergency and Operative Response Center was created in 2012 by the country of Georgia Ministry of Internal Affairs,  as a \"Legal Entity of Public Law\". The service was created for establishing an effective emergency communication system. It is a 24-hour emergency response center that receives calls from all over Georgia via the unified emergency number: 1-1-2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006768-0001-0000", "contents": "112 Georgia\nBefore this there existed 3 independent emergency numbers in Georgia for Fire/Rescue, Police patrol, and Medical emergencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006768-0002-0000", "contents": "112 Georgia\nThe emergency response center has centralized, unified electronic communications, monitoring of emergency services, and harmonized emergency number usage within Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006768-0003-0000", "contents": "112 Georgia, Aim and functions\nThe key aim of 112 is to provide advanced and maximally available assistance to the citizens during emergency situations. It unites three emergency response centers in Georgia: Fire / Rescue, Patrol Police, Medical Emergency, and road safety management all over Tbilisi. The service is also intended to raise public awareness about how to behave in emergency situations, and to establish appropriate educational programs regarding the emergency issues in coordination with the proper bodies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006769-0000-0000", "contents": "112 Gripes About the French\n112 Gripes About the French was a 1945 handbook issued by the United States military authorities to enlisted personnel arriving in France after the Liberation. It was meant to defuse the growing tension between the American military and the locals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006769-0001-0000", "contents": "112 Gripes About the French\nThe euphoria of victory over Germany was short-lived, and within months of Liberation, tensions began to rise between the French and the U.S. military personnel stationed in the country, with the former seeing the latter as arrogant and wanting to flaunt their wealth, and the latter seeing the former as proud and resentful. Fights were breaking out more often, and fears were raised, even among high officials, that the situation might eventually lead to a breakdown of civil order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006769-0002-0000", "contents": "112 Gripes About the French\nSet out in a question-and-answer format, 112 Gripes about the French posed a series of well-rehearsed complaints about the French, and then provided a common-sense rejoinder to each of them \u2014 the aim of the authors being to bring the average American soldier to a fuller understanding of his hosts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006769-0003-0000", "contents": "112 Gripes About the French\nIt has been republished in the United States in 2004 (ISBN\u00a01-4191-6512-7), and in France under the title \"Nos amis les Fran\u00e7ais\" (\"Our friends the French\"), ISBN\u00a02-7491-0128-X in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006770-0000-0000", "contents": "112 Iphigenia\nIphigenia (minor planet designation: 112 Iphigenia) is a fairly large and exceedingly dark main-belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid, and therefore probably has a primitive carbonaceous composition. It was discovered by German-American astronomer C. H. F. Peters on September 19, 1870, and named after Iphigenia, a princess sacrificed by her father in Greek mythology. The orbital elements for 112 Iphigenia were published by German astronomer Friedrich Tietjen in 1871.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006770-0001-0000", "contents": "112 Iphigenia\nThis body is orbiting the Sun with a period of 3.80\u00a0years and an eccentricity of 0.13. The orbital plane is inclined by 2.6\u00b0 to the plane of the ecliptic. 112 Iphigenia has a cross-section diameter of ~72\u00a0km. Photometric observations of this asteroid during 2007 at the Observatorio Astron\u00f3mico de Mallorca were used to create a light curve plot, which was published in 2010. This showed a relatively long synodic rotation period of 31.385\u00b10.006 hours (1.3 days) and a brightness variation of 0.30\u00b10.02 magnitude during each cycle. These findings agree with independent results reported in 2008, which gave a period of 31.466\u00b10.001 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006771-0000-0000", "contents": "112 Sul station\n112 Sul is a Bras\u00edlia Metro station on Orange and Green lines. It was opened on 9 May 2009 and added to the already operating section of the line, from Central to Terminal Samambaia and Terminal Ceil\u00e2ndia. It is located between 110 Sul and 114 Sul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006772-0000-0000", "contents": "112 Tryon Plaza\n112 Tryon Plaza is a 280\u00a0ft (85\u00a0m) 22-story skyscraper in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was the second tallest building in North Carolina when completed in 1927, and the tallest building in Charlotte for about 35 more years. It is currently the 21st tallest building in the city. Located on \"The Square\" at the corner of Trade St. and Tryon St. adjacent to a pocket park, this building has a premiere location in Uptown Charlotte, also known as Charlotte center city. In 2006 it was sold for $12 million to the Simpson Organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006772-0001-0000", "contents": "112 Tryon Plaza, History\nIn 1925, First National Bank president Henry McAden hired prominent Charlotte architect Louis Asbury, who had designed a home for him in 1916 in Myers Park. Engineering firm Lockwood, Green & Company worked with Asbury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006772-0002-0000", "contents": "112 Tryon Plaza, History\nThe $1.8 million building opened September 9, 1927. Soon, the Charlotte branch of the Federal Reserve located on the nineteenth floor. First National Bank did not make enough of an effort to secure tenants, and the building was only 30 percent occupied in late 1930. This helped lead to the bank's failure on December 4 of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006772-0003-0000", "contents": "112 Tryon Plaza, History\nBy 1934, new owners had doubled the building's occupancy, and the Federal Reserve branch took over the lower floors. In 1942, the building's name changed to The Liberty Life Building. The Federal Reserve had moved to its own building by this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006772-0004-0000", "contents": "112 Tryon Plaza, History\nIn 1964, the name changed again, to The Baugh Building. A modern facade was added. By 1976, the Bank of North Carolina Building, as it was being called, was half empty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006772-0005-0000", "contents": "112 Tryon Plaza, History\nIn 1982 SYNCO Inc. spent $11 million on renovations, including the entrances, and adding a 20-story addition in back, with A.G. Odell & Associates the architectural firm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006772-0006-0000", "contents": "112 Tryon Plaza, History\nOn December 17, 2007, the Charlotte City Council designated the First National Bank Building as a historic landmark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006772-0007-0000", "contents": "112 Tryon Plaza, History\nIn 2007, the building was converted to an office condominium and renamed to simply Tryon Plaza. Numerous improvements were made to the building by the developer including a complete facade renovation; a restoration of the original bank board room which features wood paneled walls, a ceiling with ornate plaster carvings, and a stained glass window; the addition of a multi-room conference center with a catering kitchen; the addition of a full gym facility with locker rooms, steam rooms, and a spa services room; and the addition of storage units on the lower level. Valet parking and a full service concierge have been added to complete the full service offering of this boutique office condominium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006773-0000-0000", "contents": "112 Ukraine\n112 Ukraine (Ukrainian: 112 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430) is a private Ukrainian TV channel, which provides 24-hour news coverage. 112 Ukraine is available on satellites AMOS 2/3, via the DVB-T2 network, and was also available in packages of all major Ukrainian cable operators until it was banned from broadcasting in Ukraine in February 2021. The channel is currently focused on live broadcasting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006773-0001-0000", "contents": "112 Ukraine\nIt is reportedly affiliated with the pro-Russian politician and businessman Viktor Medvedchuk. Since December 2018, the channel has been owned by Taras Kozak, a parliament member of Opposition Platform \u2014 For Life who is reportedly an associate of Medvedchuk. The broadcasting of the channel was prohibited on 2 February 2021 by the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine as part of the imposed sanctions on Kozak. The channel was immediately shut down but continued to livestream its content on the Internet. On 5 March 2021, YouTube blocked the live broadcasts of the channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006773-0002-0000", "contents": "112 Ukraine, History of the channel\n112 Ukraine was launched within 4 months, starting from concept development, equipment supply and office space design up to programming and business optimization solutions. On 26 November 2013, the presentation of 112 Ukraine took place, and on 28 November 2013, the new TV channel appeared on Ukrainian screens. In August 2014, the channel opened a correspondence bureau in Brussels. It later organized live linkups with Crimea, Moscow, Vilnius and Lviv.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006773-0003-0000", "contents": "112 Ukraine, History of the channel\nDuring the first informal July 2014 meeting with 112 Ukraine representatives, Head and Deputies of the National Television and Radio Broadcasting Council claimed that \u201c112 Ukraine\u201d owner Andrey Podschypkov is a nominal owner, despite documentary proofs. National Council representatives stated that the real owner is one of the former Ministers of the Viktor Yanukovych cabinet, and refused to renew the programming concept of five regional stations owned by 112 Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006773-0003-0001", "contents": "112 Ukraine, History of the channel\nIn 2015, 112 Ukraine received a notice from the National Council for remarks by Russian journalist Maksim Shevchenko, who was interviewed in the studio via Skype during a \"Shuster LIVE\" talk-show. The president of the European Federation of Journalists stated in February 2015 that the threat of closure targeting 112 Ukraine seemed clearly disproportionate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006773-0004-0000", "contents": "112 Ukraine, History of the channel\nIn December 2018, member of parliament for Opposition Bloc Taras Kozak, who was later reelected for Opposition Platform \u2014 For Life in 2019, acquired the channel and all six TV channels in the \"112 Ukraine\" group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006773-0005-0000", "contents": "112 Ukraine, History of the channel\nOn 13 July 2019, an unidentified assailant fired a grenade at the 112 Ukraine offices in Kyiv, causing damage to the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006773-0006-0000", "contents": "112 Ukraine, History of the channel\nIn late May 2021, 112 Ukraine received a fine of 100 thousand hryvnias for broadcasting Petro Symonenko's claim that the War in Donbas was a \"civil war\" initiated by \"Ukrainian nationalists and neo-fascists supported by the United States.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006773-0007-0000", "contents": "112 Ukraine, History of the channel, Closure\nOn 2 February 2021, the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine officially prohibited the channel's broadcasts as part of imposed sanctions on 112 Ukraine owner Taras Kozak. The reason given for the sanctions against him was that according to the Security Service of Ukraine investigation, Kozak controlled coal mines supply scheme from parts of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions not under government control contributed to the financing of terrorism. As part of these sanctions, the channel was forbidden to broadcast in Ukraine. The channel was immediately shut down, although later it moved to Internet livestreaming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006773-0007-0001", "contents": "112 Ukraine, History of the channel, Closure\nUkrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky stated that the ban had been a difficult decision and that Ukraine supported freedom of speech, but not \"propaganda financed by the aggressor country.\" Adviser of the Office of the President of Ukraine Mykhailo Podolyak stated on Ukrainian media that the channel, as well as fellow banned TV channels owned by Kozak (NewsOne (Ukraine) and ZIK (Ukraine)), were \u201cquite actively and often openly used as tools of foreign propaganda in Ukraine.\u201d In a joint statement with NewsOne and ZiK, 112 Ukraine commented on its ban, calling it \"a political reprisal against objectionable media.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006773-0007-0002", "contents": "112 Ukraine, History of the channel, Closure\nRussian Senator for United Russia Aleksey Pushkov claimed that \"By shutting down opposition television channels, Zelensky acknowledged his inability to withstand political competition.\" In a written statement, a spokesperson for the European Union's Foreign Affairs High Representative Josep Borrell stated \"while Ukraine's efforts to protect its territorial integrity and national security, as well as to defend itself from information manipulation are legitimate\", it added that \"any measures taken should be proportional to the aim\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006773-0007-0003", "contents": "112 Ukraine, History of the channel, Closure\nThe U.S. Embassy in Ukraine said on 3 February that \"the United States supports Ukraine\u2019s efforts yesterday to counter Russia\u2019s malign influence, in line with Ukrainian law, in defense of its sovereignty and territorial integrity.\" Following the ban on their channels, journalists from 112 Ukraine, NewsOne and ZIK established another TV channel, entitled \"The First Independent TV Channel\" (Ukrainian: \"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\"), which was shut down an hour after it launched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006773-0008-0000", "contents": "112 Ukraine, History of the channel, Closure\nOn 5 March 2021, YouTube blocked 112 Ukraine's live broadcasts, although it did not take any action against \"The First Independent TV Channel\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006773-0009-0000", "contents": "112 Ukraine, Structure and coverage\nPrior to its February 2021 ban, 112 Ukraine covered 75% of the territory of Ukraine. The channel was available in the packages of the largest Ukrainian cable operators, and is also broadcast via the DVB-T2 network and AMOS 2/3 satellites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006773-0010-0000", "contents": "112 Ukraine, Structure and coverage\n112 Ukraine operated on one satellite license and five regional digital licenses, which were united by a joint venture agreement. The satellite license for 112 Ukraine was issued on 22 August 2013. The companies with digital licenses were merged with the companies of 112 Ukraine on 16 August 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006773-0011-0000", "contents": "112 Ukraine, Structure and coverage\nA study as performed at the Policy Institute at King's College London to evaluate the spread of misinformation from Russian state media such as RT and Sputnik into international media, including British tabloids like The Daily Mail and Ukrainian Russian-language media including 112 Ukraine. The study found that Russian media often took reporting from Ukrainian sources and repackaged it. However, it found no general evidence of the reverse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006773-0011-0001", "contents": "112 Ukraine, Structure and coverage\nThis result was replicated when closer analysis was performed on two specific news stories, with in one case \"no instances of content from RT, RIA or TASS being replicated on the Ukrainian sites, but multiple instances of Russian sites using Ukrainian content to report on the parade,\" and in another the only Russia-to-Ukraine transfer coming from a long quotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006773-0012-0000", "contents": "112 Ukraine, Structure and coverage\nThe site EUvsDisinfo has highlighted a small number of specific articles on the 112.international and 112.ua websites as promoting pro-Russian talking points. A fake blog post accusing the Ukrainian military as \"lazy\" was highlighted on in the English-language 112.international, as well as an interview in which the interviewee claimed that Kyiv aimed to sabotage peace in Donbass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006774-0000-0000", "contents": "112 discography\nThis is the discography of R&B and soul quartet, 112.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 69]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006775-0000-0000", "contents": "112 \u2013 Sie retten dein Leben\n112 \u2013 Sie retten dein Leben (112 - They save your life) is a German soap opera. It has been broadcast since 25 August 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006776-0000-0000", "contents": "1120\nYear 1120 (MCXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006777-0000-0000", "contents": "1120 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1120\u00a0kHz: 1120 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency. KMOX in St. Louis, Missouri is the dominant station on 1120 AM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006778-0000-0000", "contents": "1120 Cannonia\n1120 Cannonia, provisional designation 1928 RV, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Pelageya Shajn at Simeiz in 1928, it was named after American astronomer Annie Jump Cannon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006778-0001-0000", "contents": "1120 Cannonia, Discovery\nCannonia was discovered on 11 September 1928, by Russian astronomer Pelageya Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. Two days later, it was independently discovered by Grigory Neujmin (also at Simeiz), and ten days later by Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium. The independent discoveries, however, are not officially acknowledged by the Minor Planet Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006778-0002-0000", "contents": "1120 Cannonia, Orbit and classification\nCannonia is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,205 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006778-0003-0000", "contents": "1120 Cannonia, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins unusually late at Uccle in January 1946, or nearly 18 years after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006778-0004-0000", "contents": "1120 Cannonia, Physical characteristics\nCannonia is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, according to its family membership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006778-0005-0000", "contents": "1120 Cannonia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Cannonia was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer John Menke at his Menke Observatory in Barnesville, Maryland. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.816 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 magnitude (U=3). An anonymously submitted lightcurve gave a similar period of 3.79 hours (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006778-0006-0000", "contents": "1120 Cannonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Cannonia measures between 8.1 and 10.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.129 and 0.49.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006778-0007-0000", "contents": "1120 Cannonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of the Flora family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 10.8 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006778-0008-0000", "contents": "1120 Cannonia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after American astronomer Annie Jump Cannon (1863\u20131941), who developed a taxonomic system of stellar spectral types at Harvard University, and subsequently classified about 225,000 stars with these types for the Henry Draper Catalog. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 105). She is also honored by the lunar crater Cannon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006779-0000-0000", "contents": "1120 Denny Way\n1120 Denny Way is a complex of two high-rise residential buildings that are under construction in South Lake Union, Seattle, Washington, United States. The buildings will both be 41 stories tall, with a total of 1,179 apartments, and connected by a 12-story podium with retail and amenity space. 1120 Denny Way is being developed by Onni Group, which is also redeveloping the adjacent Seattle Times Building site. The project began construction in 2017 and is planned to be completed in 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006779-0001-0000", "contents": "1120 Denny Way, History\nThe Seattle Times Company acquired much of its property in the late 1920s, prior to the construction of its headquarters building in 1931. The lot immediately south of the headquarters, facing Denny Way, was converted to a parking lot with a small park at its northeast corner. The company sought to redevelop the lot into a new office building in the 1990s, as part of a cancelled expansion project. The Times Company put the parking lot up for sale in 2011, as part of its plans to sell its headquarters to private developers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006779-0002-0000", "contents": "1120 Denny Way, History\nIn July 2013, The Times Company announced that it had sold the block, along with the adjoining headquarters, to Onni Group for $62.5 million. The following year, Onni submitted designs for a four-tower project with 1,950 residential units on the two blocks, including a pair of 40-story towers on the Denny block. The proposal included removal of the Seattle Times Park, which sparked outcry from nearby residents and local preservationist Peter Steinbrueck. A revised plan to preserve the park was approved in July 2014, in exchange for raised building heights on the north block. The project was approved in 2016 and began construction in early 2017. It is scheduled to be completed in 2020. As of May 2020, the project is running 15 months behind schedule due to a reconfiguration of the penthouses and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006779-0003-0000", "contents": "1120 Denny Way, Design\nWhen completed, 1120 Denny Way will be one of the largest residential projects in the city's history. The complex includes a 41-story, 425-foot-tall (130\u00a0m) tower on the northwest corner of the block, facing Boren Avenue and John Street; a 41-story, 415-foot-tall (126\u00a0m) tower on the southeast corner, facing Denny Way and Fairview Avenue; and a 12-story podium on the southwest corner, facing Denny Way and Boren Avenue. The northeast corner is the historic Seattle Times Park, which will be expanded to accommodate new public spaces around the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006779-0004-0000", "contents": "1120 Denny Way, Design\nThe project will have 1,179 residential units, designed to either become apartments or condominiums, 28,000 square feet (2,600\u00a0m2) of retail space, and 1,461 underground parking spaces. The podium will include multiple landscaped rooftop decks, as well as two outdoor swimming pools, garden spaces, a solarium, and a children's play area. The podium's exterior will also include historic headlines from The Seattle Times etched into the facade between floors. Early proposals for the complex included the use of a district heating system to save energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006780-0000-0000", "contents": "1120s\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:54, 11 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from nost:1120s). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006780-0001-0000", "contents": "1120s\nThe 1120s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1120, and ended on December 31, 1129.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006781-0000-0000", "contents": "1120s BC\nThe 1120s BC is a decade which lasted from 1129 BC to 1120 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006784-0000-0000", "contents": "1120s in art\nThe decade of the 1120s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006785-0000-0000", "contents": "1120s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006785-0001-0000", "contents": "1120s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006785-0002-0000", "contents": "1120s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006786-0000-0000", "contents": "1121\nYear 1121 (MCXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006787-0000-0000", "contents": "1121 Natascha\n1121 Natascha (prov. designation: 1928 RZ) is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 11 September 1928, by Soviet astronomer Pelageya Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The presumed S-type asteroid has rotation period of 13.2 hours and measures approximately 14 kilometers (8.7 miles) in diameter. It was named for Natasha Tichomirova, daughter of astronomer Grigory Neujmin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006787-0001-0000", "contents": "1121 Natascha, Orbit and classification\nNatascha is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. Conversely, the asteroid is also considered a core member of the disputed Astraea family. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,484 days; semi-major axis of 2.55\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A918 EK at Simeiz Observatory in March 1918. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg Observatory in February 1930, or 17 months after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006787-0002-0000", "contents": "1121 Natascha, Naming\nThis minor planet was named as a birthday present for Soviet hydrogeologist Natasha (Natalia) Tichomirova, daughter of Grigory Neujmin, who was an astronomer at the discovering Simeiz Observatory and prolific discoverer of minor planets himself (AN 240;409). The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Lutz Schmadel, learned about the naming circumstances from Crimean astronomers N. Solovaya, Nataliya Sergeevna Samoilova-Yakhontova and Nikolai Chernykh (also see 1653 Yakhontovia and 2325 Chernykh).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006787-0003-0000", "contents": "1121 Natascha, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn May 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Natascha was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 13.197 hours with a brightness variation of 0.51 magnitude (U=3). A high brightness amplitude typically indicates a non-spherical shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006787-0004-0000", "contents": "1121 Natascha, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn 2016, a modeled lightcurve was published using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database. Lightcurve inversion gave a concurring period of 13.19717\u00b10.00001 hours, as well as two spin axes of (16.0\u00b0, 59.0\u00b0) and (209.0\u00b0, 50.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006787-0005-0000", "contents": "1121 Natascha, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Natascha measures between 12.859 and 14.52 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.160 and 0.294.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006787-0006-0000", "contents": "1121 Natascha, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 14.89 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006789-0000-0000", "contents": "1122\nYear 1122 (MCXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006790-0000-0000", "contents": "1122 Neith\n1122 Neith /\u02c8ni\u02d0\u026a\u03b8/, provisional designation 1928 SB, is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle on 17 September 1928. The asteroid was named after the goddess Neith from Egyptian mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006790-0001-0000", "contents": "1122 Neith, Orbit and classification\nNeith is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,536 days; semi-major axis of 2.61\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as A924 VA at Heidelberg Observatory in November 1924, almost four years prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006790-0002-0000", "contents": "1122 Neith, Physical characteristics\nNeith has been characterized as an uncommon A-type asteroid during a spectroscopic survey after it had previously been classified as X-type in the Tholen taxonomy. The asteroid's surface shows a strong 0.96\u00a0\u03bcm absorption band (depth of 24%) and a steep slope in the near-infrared region, typical of olivine-rich bodies. The survey was conducted at the NTT, TNG and IRTF telescopes during 2004\u20132007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006790-0003-0000", "contents": "1122 Neith, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Neith was obtained from photometric observations by Julian Oey at the Leura and Kingsgrove Observatory in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a synodic rotation period of 12.5990 hours with a brightness variation of 0.08 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006790-0004-0000", "contents": "1122 Neith, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS (SIMPS and MSX), the Spitzer Space Telescope (MIPS photometer and MIPSGAL survey) and the NEOWISE mission of the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Neith measures between 11.566 and 13.84 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.206 and 0.4450.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006790-0005-0000", "contents": "1122 Neith, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2756 and a diameter of 11.73 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.67.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006790-0006-0000", "contents": "1122 Neith, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Egyptian mythology after the goddess of Libyan origin, Neith, goddess of the hunt and of war, believed to be the mother of the Sun. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 105).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006791-0000-0000", "contents": "1122: For a Happy Marriage\n1122: For a Happy Marriage (1122) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Peko Watanabe. It was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Monthly Morning Two from September 2016 to May 2020, with its chapters collected in seven tank\u014dbon volumes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006791-0001-0000", "contents": "1122: For a Happy Marriage, Publication\n1122: For a Happy Marriage' is written and illustrated by Peko Watanabe. It was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Monthly Morning Two from September 21, 2016 to May 22, 2020. Kodansha collected its chapters in seven tank\u014dbon volumes, released from May 23, 2017 to July 20, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006791-0002-0000", "contents": "1122: For a Happy Marriage, Publication\nIn North America, the manga is licensed for English digital release by Kodansha USA. The first volume was published on October 22, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006791-0003-0000", "contents": "1122: For a Happy Marriage, Reception\n1122: For a Happy Marriage was nominated for the 12th Manga Taish\u014d in 2019. In December 2019, Brutus magazine listed 1122: For a Happy Marriage on their \"Most Dangerous Manga\" list, which included works with the most \"stimulating\" and thought-provoking themes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006792-0000-0000", "contents": "1123\nYear 1123 (MCXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006793-0000-0000", "contents": "1123 (album)\n1123 is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter BJ the Chicago Kid, named after his birthday. The album was released on July 26, 2019, by Motown Records. The album features guest appearances from Anderson .Paak, JID, Buddy, Kent Jamz, Eric Bellinger, Rick Ross, Offset and Afrojack. It received a nomination for Best R&B Album at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006793-0001-0000", "contents": "1123 (album), Release\nOn November 22, 2019, the deluxe edition of the album was released with three additional tracks including \"Not Coming Back\" with PJ Morton, \"Time Today (Remix)\" with Ari Lennox, and \"Roses\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006793-0002-0000", "contents": "1123 (album), Critical reception\n1123 received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 74, which indicates \"generally favorable reviews\", based on 4 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006794-0000-0000", "contents": "1123 Shapleya\n1123 Shapleya, provisional designation 1928 ST, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 September 1928, by Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. It was named after American astronomer Harlow Shapley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006794-0001-0000", "contents": "1123 Shapleya, Orbit and classification\nShapleya is a S-type asteroid and member of the Flora family of stony asteroids, one of the largest families of the main belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.9\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,212 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior  identifications were made, the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006794-0002-0000", "contents": "1123 Shapleya, Lightcurves\nIn November 2011, the so-far best rated rotational lightcurve of was obtained by American astronomer Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 52.92 hours with a brightness variation of 0.38 magnitude (U=3-), superseding observations by Wies\u0142aw Z. Wi\u015bniewski and a group of French, Italian and Swiss astronomers, that gave a shorter period of 20 and 24 hours, respectively (U=2/2). Shapleya has a relatively slow rotation period, as most minor planets have a spin rate between 2 and 20 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006794-0003-0000", "contents": "1123 Shapleya, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Shapleya measures between 10.93 and 12.32 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.26 and 0.36. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE data, that is, an albedo of 0.2797 and a diameter of 12.084 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.59.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006794-0004-0000", "contents": "1123 Shapleya, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after Harlow Shapley (1885\u20131972), American astronomer and director of Harvard Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The lunar crater Shapley and the Shapley Supercluster are also named after him. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 105).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006796-0000-0000", "contents": "1123 in Italy\nThe Council of 1123 is reckoned in the series of Ecumenical councils by the Catholic Church. It was convoked by Pope Callixtus II in December 1122, immediately after the Concordat of Worms. The Council sought to: (a) bring an end to the practice of the conferring of ecclesiastical benefices by people who were laymen (b) free the election of bishops and abbots from secular influence (c) clarify the separation of spiritual and temporal affairs (d) re-establish the principle that spiritual authority resides solely in the Church (e) abolish the claim of the emperors to influence papal elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006796-0001-0000", "contents": "1123 in Italy\nThe council convoked by Callistus II was significant in size: three hundred bishops and more than six hundred abbots assembled at Rome in March 1123; Callistus presided in person. During the Council the decisions of the Concordat of Worms were read and ratified. Various other decisions were promulgated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006798-0000-0000", "contents": "1124\nYear 1124 (MCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006799-0000-0000", "contents": "1124 Stroobantia\n1124 Stroobantia, provisional designation 1928 TB, is a metallic asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 October 1928, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium. It is named for astronomer Paul Stroobant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006799-0001-0000", "contents": "1124 Stroobantia, Description\nStroobantia orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 5.01 years (1,829 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.03 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as 1926 FC at Heidelberg in 1926, the asteroid's observation arc begins at Algiers Observatory in 1931, or three years after its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006799-0002-0000", "contents": "1124 Stroobantia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen taxonomy, Stroobantia is classified as a generic X-type asteroid. It was grouped it into the metallic subcategory of M-type asteroid by a spectroscopic survey of X-type asteroids using the TNG, NTT and IRTF telescopes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006799-0003-0000", "contents": "1124 Stroobantia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nTwo fragmentary rotational lightcurves of Stroobantia were obtained from photometric observations by Ricardo Gil-Hutton at the F\u00e9lix Aguilar Observatory in Argentina, and by French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcuve analysis gave a rotation period of 16.39 and 17.0 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.15 and 0.06 magnitude, respectively (U=1/1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006799-0004-0000", "contents": "1124 Stroobantia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Stroobantia measures between 24.45 and 29.68 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.108 and 0.1569. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1569 and a diameter of 24.65 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.67.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006799-0005-0000", "contents": "1124 Stroobantia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Paul Stroobant (1868\u20131936), Belgian astronomer and director of the Uccle Observatory, where this asteroid was discovered. Stroobant''s research included the number, mass and distribution of the minor planets. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 105).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006801-0000-0000", "contents": "1124 papal election\nThe 1124 papal election (held 13\u201321 December) took place after the death of Pope Callixtus II and chose Pope Honorius II as his successor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006801-0001-0000", "contents": "1124 papal election, Background\nPressures building within the Curia, together with ongoing conflicts among the Roman nobility, would erupt after the death of Pope Callixtus II in 1124. The pontificates of Urban II and Paschal II had seen an expansion in the College of Cardinals of Italian clerics that strengthened the local Roman influence. These cardinals were reluctant to meet with the group of cardinals recently promoted by Callixtus II, who were mainly French or Burgundian. As far as the older cardinals were concerned, these newer cardinals were dangerous innovators, and they were determined to resist their increasing influence. The northern cardinals, led by Cardinal Aymeric de Bourgogne (the Papal Chancellor), were equally determined to ensure that the elected pope would be one of their candidates. Both groups looked towards the great Roman families for support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006801-0002-0000", "contents": "1124 papal election, Background\nBy 1124, there were two great factions dominating local politics in Rome: the Frangipani family, which controlled the region around the fortified Colosseum and supported the northern cardinals, and the Pierleoni family, which controlled the Tiber Island and the fortress of the Theatre of Marcellus and supported the Italian cardinals. With Callixtus II's death on 13 December 1124, both families agreed that the election of the next pope should be in three days time, in accordance with the church canons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006801-0002-0001", "contents": "1124 papal election, Background\nThe Frangipani, led by Leo Frangipani, pushed for a delay in order that they could promote their preferred candidate, Lamberto, but the people were eager to see Saxo de Anagni, the Cardinal-Priest of San Stefano in Celiomonte elected as the next pope. Leo, eager to ensure a valid election, approached key members of every Cardinal's entourage, promising each one that he would support their master when the voting for the election was underway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006801-0003-0000", "contents": "1124 papal election, Election\nOn 16 December, all the Cardinals, including Lamberto, assembled in the chapel of the monastery of St. Pancratius attached to the south of the Lateran basilica. There, at the suggestion of Jonathas, the Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano, who was a partisan of the Pierleoni family, the Cardinals unanimously elected as Pope the Cardinal-Priest of Sant\u2019 Anastasia, Theobaldo Boccapecci, who took the name Celestine II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006801-0003-0001", "contents": "1124 papal election, Election\nHe had only just put on the red mantle and the Te Deum was being sung when an armed party led by Roberto Frangipani (in a move pre-arranged with Cardinal Aymeric) burst in, attacked the newly enthroned Celestine, who was wounded, and acclaimed Lamberto as Pope. Since Celestine had not been formally consecrated pope, the wounded candidate declared himself willing to resign, but the Pierleoni family and their supporters refused to accept Lamberto, who in the confusion had been proclaimed Pope under the name Honorius II. Historians recall the election as \"a travesty of canonical procedure\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006801-0004-0000", "contents": "1124 papal election, Election\nRome descended into factional infighting, while Cardinal Aymeric and Leo Frangipani attempted to win over the resistance of Urban, the City Prefect, and the Pierleoni family with bribes and extravagant promises. Eventually, Celestine's supporters abandoned him, leaving Honorius the only contender for the papal throne. Honorius, unwilling to accept the throne in such a manner, resigned his position before all of the assembled Cardinals, but was immediately and unanimously re-elected and consecrated on 21 December 1124.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006801-0005-0000", "contents": "1124 papal election, Election, Cardinals\nThe College of Cardinals probably had between 47 and 53 members. Little information is available on which Cardinals were actually present in Rome during the election(s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006801-0006-0000", "contents": "1124 papal election, Election, Cardinals\nThe following table lists the Cardinals who were alive at the time of the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006802-0000-0000", "contents": "1125\nYear 1125 (MCXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006803-0000-0000", "contents": "1125 17th Street\n1125 17th Street (formerly known as the Bank One Tower) is a 363\u00a0ft (111 m) tall skyscraper in Denver, Colorado. It was completed in 1980 and has 25 floors, making it the 29th tallest building in Denver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006803-0001-0000", "contents": "1125 17th Street, History\nThe building was designed by the prolific architecture firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. The building was formerly known as the Bank One Tower, and in even earlier times, the Amoco Building, since Standard Oil once leased a significant part of the building. When JPMorgan Chase and Bank One merged, the building's name changed to the Chase Tower. Now, according to the building's web site, the building's current name is simply its address, 1125 17th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006804-0000-0000", "contents": "1125 China\n1125 China (prov. designation: 1957 UN1) is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 30 October 1957, by astronomer Zh\u0101ng Y\u00f9zh\u00e9 (Y. C. Chang\uff0c\u5f20\u94b0\u54f2) at the Chinese Purple Mountain Observatory\uff08\u7d2b\u91d1\u5c71\u5929\u6587\u53f0\uff09 in Nanjing, and named in honor of the country China. The assumed C-type asteroid has a short rotation period of 5.4 hours and measures approximately 26 kilometers (16 miles) in diameter. Its name and number were actually taken from another asteroid that was considered a lost asteroid at the time, but was eventually rediscovered and given the new designation 3789 Zhongguo. \"Zhongguo\" means \"China\" in Chinese (1928 UF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006804-0001-0000", "contents": "1125 China, Orbit and classification\nChina is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,019 days; semi-major axis of 3.13\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A909 BE at Heidelberg Observatory in January 1909, where the body's observation arc begins three week later in February 1909, or more than 48 years prior to its official discovery observation at Nanking, China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006804-0002-0000", "contents": "1125 China, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after People's Republic of China where the asteroid was discovered. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 31 May 1988 (M.P.C. 13179).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006804-0003-0000", "contents": "1125 China, Accidentally usurped designation\nWhile studying in Chicago in 1928, Zhang Yuzhe discovered an asteroid that was given the provisional designation 1928 UF, and later the number 1125. He named it \"China\" or \"\u4e2d\u83ef\" (Zh\u014dnghu\u00e1). However, this asteroid was not observed beyond its initial appearance and a precise orbit could not be calculated. In 1957, the Purple Mountain Observatory in China discovered a new asteroid, and with Zhang Yuzhe's agreement the new object 1957 UN1 was reassigned the official designation 1125 China in place of the lost 1928 UF. However, in 1986, the newly discovered object 1986 QK1 was confirmed to be a rediscovery of the original 1928 UF, and this object was named 3789\u00a0Zhongguo. Zhongguo is the Chinese word for China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006804-0004-0000", "contents": "1125 China, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn February 2009, a rotational lightcurve of China was obtained from photometric observations by Kenneth T. Menzies at the Tigh Speuran Observatory (I14) in Massachusetts, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.367 hours with a brightness variation of 0.38 magnitude (U=3). In October 2013, Robert Stephens measured a similar period of 5.45 hours and an amplitude of 0.62 magnitude at the Center for Solar System Studies (U81) in California (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006804-0005-0000", "contents": "1125 China, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nPublished in 2016, an additional lightcurve was modeled from photometric data obtained by a large international collaboration of astronomers. Modelling gave a concurring sidereal rotation period of 5.36863\u00b10.00005 hours, as well as two spin axes of (132.0\u00b0, \u221246.0\u00b0) and (305.0\u00b0, \u221249.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006804-0006-0000", "contents": "1125 China, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, China measures between 21.86 and 30.49 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.057 and 0.0860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006804-0007-0000", "contents": "1125 China, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 26.64 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006805-0000-0000", "contents": "1125 German royal election\nThe 1125 German royal election was the Imperial election which lasted from 24 August to 1 or 2 September 1125, following the death of Henry V. It resulted in the coronation of the Duke of Saxony Lothair of Supplinburg as the King of the Romans by the Archbishop of Mainz, Adalbert on 13 September in Aachen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006805-0001-0000", "contents": "1125 German royal election, Sources\nThe events during the election are preserved in most detail in the Narratio de electione Lotharii Saxoniae ducis in regem Romanorum (Account of the Election of Lothair of Saxony as King of the Romans), which was written by an unknown eye-witness, probably a monk at G\u00f6ttweig Abbey, where the manuscript of the text was found. The manuscript was produced in the middle of the 12th century and thus at least twenty-five years after the events it describes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006805-0001-0001", "contents": "1125 German royal election, Sources\nThe detailed content of the account and the author's unawareness of the conflict between Lothair and the Staufen brothers Frederick II and Conrad III indicates that the original text was written before the end of 1125 and that the surviving manuscript must be a copy of it. Further accounts of events during the election are provided by the Orderic Vitalis and Otto of Freising.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006805-0002-0000", "contents": "1125 German royal election, Background\nArchbishop Adalbert, advisor of the last Salian emperor Henry V, came into opposition to him during the Investiture Controversy by 1112 at the latest and made contact with the Saxon dukes who were opponents of Henry. Adalbert was imprisoned for three years and then continued his opposition to Henry V until he was compensated by the Emperor in the Concordat of Worms in 1122. Lothair remained an open enemy of the Salians and the Staufens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006805-0003-0000", "contents": "1125 German royal election, Background\nHenry V died on 23 May 1125. His will left his personal property to his nephew Duke Frederick II von Staufen of Swabia, but placed the Imperial regalia in the care of his wife Empress Matilda at Trifels Castle until an imperial election could be held. As Archchancellor and highest-ranking prince of the Empire, Archbishop Adalbert I was in charge of preparing and presiding over the election. At Henry's funeral, which probably took place in Speyer in June, the anti-Salian attitude of Adalbert became clear. He desired a free election in which Duke Frederick II's succession would not be a foregone conclusion. Otto von Freising and Ordericus Vitalis report that Adalbert took the Imperial regalia from Matilda in preparation for the Imperial election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006805-0004-0000", "contents": "1125 German royal election, Candidates\nThe electoral system chosen by Adalbert was a recent innovation, first used in the election of the Abbot of Zwiefalten Abbey in 1095, which was called the Electio per compromissum (Election through compromise), in which there would be ten candidates from each of the provinces of Bavaria, Swabia, Franconia, and Saxony and they would all have to reach an agreement on a single candidate. The forty electors obviously could not agree, but three candidates were put forward:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006805-0005-0000", "contents": "1125 German royal election, Candidates\nOtto von Freising records a fourth candidate, Charles I, Count of Flanders, who rejected the offer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006805-0006-0000", "contents": "1125 German royal election, Candidates\nFrederick, as nephew, supporter and personal heir of the last Salian emperor could claim the strongest right to the throne and was considered the favourite. But the powerful Duke Lothair had significant support, as a long-term opponent of the Salian emperors' hostile policy toward the spiritual princes of the empire. Leopold of Austria was also linked to the Salian dynasty, since his wife Agnes of Waiblingen was a daughter of Henry IV, and he enjoyed the support of the southern German clergy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006805-0007-0000", "contents": "1125 German royal election, Course of the election\nFrederick, who was encamped outside the city of Mainz, did not immediately appear at the electoral assembly. After the three candidates had been named, Adalbert went to Lothair and Leopold to ask if either of them was willing to recognise one of the other candidates as king. Both agreed and simultaneously announced their renunciation of their candidature. In this way, they showed their humility and demonstrated that they were worthy of being elected as king. According to the Narratio, Frederick believed that as a result of this announcement by the other two candidates, he was the only candidate remaining. The following day he entered the city victoriously, expecting to be elected by the assembled princes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006805-0008-0000", "contents": "1125 German royal election, Course of the election\nAfter Frederick's arrival, Adalbert repeated the question he had asked the previous day to each candidate, but when he came to Frederick he also asked whether he was willing to renounce the designation of a successor in order to enable free elections in future. Frederick left this question unanswered and went back to his camp to consult with his associates, thereby resigning as a candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006805-0009-0000", "contents": "1125 German royal election, Course of the election\nSubsequently, Lothair's followers riotously proclaimed him king and called on the inhabitants of the city who were assembled outside to celebrate the new king. Although many of the Bavarian princes protested at the elevation of Lothair to the kingship without an election and were demanding that an actual vote take place, Adalbert barred the doors to prevent the people of Mainz from acclaiming Lothair and to prevent the Bavarian princes from holding the vote. Then one of the Papal legates in attendance called for quiet and the Bavarian bishops declared that they could not reach a decision without Henry the Black, their Duke, who had left the assembly at the same time as Frederick II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006805-0010-0000", "contents": "1125 German royal election, Course of the election\nPerhaps three days later, the electors gathered once more and Lothair was elected king by the princes, including Henry the Black, who was present this time. The princes then performed homage to the new king. Frederick II finally did homage two days later and Archbishop Frederick of Cologne crowned Lothair in Aachen on 13 September. Conflict had already broken out between the king and Frederick II by the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006807-0000-0000", "contents": "11252 La\u00ebrtes\n11252 La\u00ebrtes (/le\u026a\u02c8\u025c\u02d0rti\u02d0z/ lay-UR-teez), provisional designation 1973 SA2, is a mid-sized Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 41 kilometers (25 miles) in diameter. It was discovered during a follow-up campaign of the Palomar\u2013Leiden survey in 1973, and named after the Argonaut La\u00ebrtes from Greek mythology. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 9.2 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006807-0001-0000", "contents": "11252 La\u00ebrtes, Discovery\nIt was discovered on 19 September 1973, by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten on photographic plates taken by Dutch\u2013American astronomer Tom Gehrels at the Palomar Observatory in California. The first precovery was taken at the discovering observatory in 1951, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 22 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006807-0002-0000", "contents": "11252 La\u00ebrtes, Discovery\nAs an anomaly, the asteroid did not receive a typical survey designation, although it was discovered in 1973, when the discovering trio of astronomers were conducting their second Palomar\u2013Leiden Trojan survey (T-2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006807-0003-0000", "contents": "11252 La\u00ebrtes, Orbit and classification\nLa\u00ebrtes is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the leading Greek camp at the Gas Giant's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead on its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.0\u20135.3\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 8 months (4,260 days; semi-major axis of 5.14\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.03 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006807-0004-0000", "contents": "11252 La\u00ebrtes, Physical characteristics\nLa\u00ebrtes is an assumed C-type asteroid, while the dominant type among the Jovian asteroid population is that of a D-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006807-0005-0000", "contents": "11252 La\u00ebrtes, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2015, a rotational lightcurve of La\u00ebrtes was obtained by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in California. The photometric observations showed a rotation period of 9.15\u00b10.03 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006807-0006-0000", "contents": "11252 La\u00ebrtes, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 41.09 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.060, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous bodies of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 42.23 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006807-0007-0000", "contents": "11252 La\u00ebrtes, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006807-0008-0000", "contents": "11252 La\u00ebrtes, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for La\u00ebrtes, the king of Ithaca, Argonaut, husband of Anticleia, and father of Odysseus. The father of La\u00ebrtes was Arcisius, a son of the sky and thunder god and ruler of Mount Olympus, Zeus. The minor planets 651\u00a0Antikleia, 1143\u00a0Odysseus, 1151\u00a0Ithaka, 5731\u00a0Zeus were all named after these figures and places from Greek mythology. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 24 January 2000 (M.P.C. 38200).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006808-0000-0000", "contents": "1126\nYear 1126 (MCXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006809-0000-0000", "contents": "1126 Otero\n1126 Otero, provisional designation 1929 AC, is a rare-type Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 January 1929, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. It was named after Spanish courtesan Carolina Otero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006809-0001-0000", "contents": "1126 Otero, Classification and orbit\nOtero is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest families of stony asteroids in the main belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,251 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1926 GD at Uccle/Heidelberg in 1926, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 3 years prior to its official discovery at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006809-0002-0000", "contents": "1126 Otero, Physical parameters\nIn the SMASS classification, Otero is a rare A-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006809-0003-0000", "contents": "1126 Otero, Physical parameters, Lightcurves\nTwo rotational lightcurve of Otero were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Petr Pravec and Robert Stepens in February 2008. Lightcurve analysis gave a concurring, well-defined rotation period of 3.648 hours with a brightness variation of 0.69 and 0.70 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006809-0004-0000", "contents": "1126 Otero, Physical parameters, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Otero measures 8.87 and 10.974 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.37 and 0.399, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1994 and a diameter of 11.74 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.098 from Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 52], "content_span": [53, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006809-0005-0000", "contents": "1126 Otero, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer for Galician-born Spanish courtesan, dancer and actress Carolina Otero (1868\u20131965), who was also known as \"La Belle Otero\". During the Belle \u00c9poque, she was the most sought after woman in all of Europe and led an excessive life thanks to her numerous rich and famous lovers. The official naming citation was first published by the Astronomical Calculation Institute (RI 803).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006811-0000-0000", "contents": "11264 Claudiomaccone\n11264 Claudiomaccone, provisional designation 1979 UC4, is a stony background asteroid and binary system from the middle regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered 16 October 1979, by Nikolai Chernykh at Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. It was named after the Italian astronomer Claudio Maccone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006811-0001-0000", "contents": "11264 Claudiomaccone, Orbit and classification\nClaudiomaccone orbits the Sun in the (central) main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,512 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Claudiomaccone comes closer to Mars than to the other planets, repeatedly approaching the Red Planet as close as 0.47\u00a0AU (70,300,000\u00a0km). In 2096 it makes a very rare approach to 65\u00a0Gm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006811-0002-0000", "contents": "11264 Claudiomaccone, Orbit and classification\nA first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in 1950, extending the body's observation arc by 29 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006811-0003-0000", "contents": "11264 Claudiomaccone, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Claudiomaccone measures 3.203 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.432, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony S-type asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 4.30 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006811-0004-0000", "contents": "11264 Claudiomaccone, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nIn November 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Claudiomaccone was obtained from photometric observations by Ukrainian astronomer Yurij N. Krugly, using the 0.7-meter telescope at Chuguev Observation Station (121) and the 1-meter telescope at Simeiz Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.1872 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.15 magnitude (U=n.a.). An identical period with an amplitude of 0.12 magnitude, was also published by Petr Pravec in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006811-0005-0000", "contents": "11264 Claudiomaccone, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nAfter the binary nature of Claudiomaccone was announced (see below), follow-up observations by a group of French, Swiss and Italian astronomers (including Claudio Maccone) in 2008 and 2012, gave a period 3.1873 and 3.18701 hours with an amplitude of 0.16 and 0.12 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006811-0006-0000", "contents": "11264 Claudiomaccone, Physical characteristics, Satellite\nThe obtained photometric observations from 2004, also revealed that Claudiomaccone is an asynchronous binary system with a minor-planet moon orbiting it every 15.11 hours. An identical orbital period is also given by Pravec. The discovery was announced in December 2005, and the moon was provisionally designated S/2003 (11264) 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006811-0007-0000", "contents": "11264 Claudiomaccone, Physical characteristics, Satellite\nBased on a secondary to primary mean-diameter ratio of larger than 0.31, the moon's diameter is estimated to be at least 1.24 kilometers. Its orbit around Claudiomaccone has an estimated semi-major axis of 6 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006811-0008-0000", "contents": "11264 Claudiomaccone, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Claudio Maccone (born 1948), an Italian SETI astronomer and space scientist at Thales Alenia Space in Turin, Italy. In his book The Sun as a Gravitational Lens: Proposed Space Missions he proposed the construction and launch of a spacecraft\u2013antenna, called the FOCAL space mission. Outside the Solar System, at a distance of 550\u00a0AU, FOCAL could have a significantly better sensitivity detecting radio signals due to the Sun's magnifying gravitational lensing effect, as predicted by general relativity. The official naming citation was published on 2 September 2001 (M.P.C. 43382; 54279 and *35557). In 2012, he succeed American astronomer Seth Shostak as chairman of the SETI Permanent Committee at the International Academy of Astronautics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006812-0000-0000", "contents": "1127\nYear 1127 (MCXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006813-0000-0000", "contents": "1127 Mimi\n1127 Mimi (prov. designation: 1929 AJ) is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 13 January 1929, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The carbonaceous C-type asteroids (CX) has a rotation period of 12.7 hours and measures approximately 47 kilometers (29 miles) in diameter. Through a glitch in the naming process, the asteroid received the name \"Mimi\" instead of \"Robelmonte\" as originally intended by the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006813-0001-0000", "contents": "1127 Mimi, Orbit and classification\nMimi is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,528 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A906 OA at Heidelberg Observatory in July 1906. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle in May 1934, more than 5 years after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006813-0002-0000", "contents": "1127 Mimi, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after \"Mimi\" the wife of Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte. Through an error, the names intended for 1127\u00a0Mimi (wife of Delporte) and 1145\u00a0Robelmonte (birthplace of Arend) had been switched, and each name had been proposed by the discoverer of the other asteroid. The  naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 105).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006813-0003-0000", "contents": "1127 Mimi, Physical characteristics\nMimi has been characterized as a dark P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). In the Tholen classification, no unambiguous type could by assigned. Numerical color analysis showed that it is closest to the C-type asteroids and somewhat similar to the X-type asteroids (CX).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006813-0004-0000", "contents": "1127 Mimi, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nIn January 2004, the best-rated rotational lightcurve of Mimi was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer John Menke at his Menke Observatory in Barnesville, Maryland (no obs. code). Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 12.749 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.72 magnitude (U=3). Two other lightcurves gave a shorter period of 8.541 hours with an amplitude of 0.93 and 0.95 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 61], "content_span": [62, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006813-0005-0000", "contents": "1127 Mimi, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nA 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD), gave a concurring period of 12.74557 hours, as well as a spin axis of (224.0\u00b0, \u221257.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 61], "content_span": [62, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006813-0006-0000", "contents": "1127 Mimi, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Mimi measures between 46.006 and 50.67 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.031 and 0.04.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006813-0007-0000", "contents": "1127 Mimi, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0336 and a diameter of 46.84 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.95.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006815-0000-0000", "contents": "11277 Ballard\n11277 Ballard, provisional designation 1988 TW2, is a Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.3 kilometers (3.9 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 8 October 1988, by American astronomer couple Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at the Palomar Observatory in California. The assumed S-type asteroid has a rotation period of at least 10 hours. It was named for American marine scientist Robert Ballard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006815-0001-0000", "contents": "11277 Ballard, Orbit and classification\nBallard is a member of the Phocaea family (701). It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.83\u20132.98\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,360 days; semi-major axis of 2.4\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 23\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar in September 1988, just four weeks prior to its official discovery observation. Ballard is not a Mars-crosser, since its aphelion is larger than 1.67\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006815-0002-0000", "contents": "11277 Ballard, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after American marine scientist Robert Ballard (born 1942), a professor of oceanography and director of the Deep Submergence Laboratory, who is known for the discovery of the RMS Titanic and the German battleship Bismarck. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 26 May 2002 (M.P.C. 45748).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006815-0003-0000", "contents": "11277 Ballard, Physical characteristics\nBallard is an assumed, stony S-type asteroid, in line with the Phocaea family's overall spectral type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006815-0004-0000", "contents": "11277 Ballard, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Ballard was obtained from two nights of photometric observations in the R-band by Italian astronomer Albino Carbognani at the OAVdA Observatory (B04) in Italy. Lightcurve analysis gave a tentative rotation period of at least 10 hours with a brightness amplitude of more than 0.25 magnitude (U=2-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006815-0005-0000", "contents": "11277 Ballard, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Ballard measures between 5.65 and 6.445 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.19 and 0.289.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006815-0006-0000", "contents": "11277 Ballard, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.23 \u2013 derived from the family's largest member, 25\u00a0Phocaea \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 6.65 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006816-0000-0000", "contents": "1128\nYear 1128 (MCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006817-0000-0000", "contents": "1128 Astrid\n1128 Astrid, provisional designation 1929 EB, is a carbonaceous Astridian asteroid from the central region  of the asteroid belt. It is the parent body of the Astrid family and measures approximately 40 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006817-0001-0000", "contents": "1128 Astrid\nThe asteroid was discovered by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle on 10 March 1929, and later named for Astrid of Sweden, Queen consort of the Belgians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006817-0002-0000", "contents": "1128 Astrid, Orbit and classification\nAstrid is the parent body of the Astrid family (515), a smaller asteroid family of nearly 500 carbonaceous members. It is located in the outermost central main-belt, near a prominent Kirkwood gap, that marks the 5:2 orbital resonance with Jupiter, and divides the asteroid belt into a central and outer part.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006817-0003-0000", "contents": "1128 Astrid, Orbit and classification\nAstrid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,700 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006817-0004-0000", "contents": "1128 Astrid, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A917 SQ at the Simeiz Observatory in September 1917. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as A920 JA at Heidelberg Observatory in May 1920, nearly 9 years prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006817-0005-0000", "contents": "1128 Astrid, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Astrid is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid, which corresponds to the overall spectral type of the Astrid family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006817-0006-0000", "contents": "1128 Astrid, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Astrid was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 10.228 hours with a brightness variation of 0.29 magnitude (U=2+). In October 2010, additional lightcurves were obtained at the Palomar Transient Factory in California, as well as by astronomers Eric Barbotin and Raoul Behrend, which gave a concurring period of 10.2 and 10.229 hours with an amplitude of 0.10 and 0.13 magnitude, respectively (U=1/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006817-0007-0000", "contents": "1128 Astrid, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Astrid measures between 33.28 and 52.48 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.031 and 0.077.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006817-0008-0000", "contents": "1128 Astrid, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0644 and a diameter of 34.60 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006817-0009-0000", "contents": "1128 Astrid, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of Astrid of Sweden (1905\u20131935), Queen consort of the Belgians, who died at the age of 29 in a car accident while on vacation in Switzerland. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 106).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006819-0000-0000", "contents": "1129\nYear 1129 (MCXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006820-0000-0000", "contents": "1129 Neujmina\n1129 Neujmina (prov. designation: 1929 PH) is an Eos asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 8 August 1929, by astronomer Praskoviya Parchomenko at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The stony S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.1 hours and measures approximately 34 kilometers (21 miles) in diameter. It was named after Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006820-0001-0000", "contents": "1129 Neujmina, Orbit and classification\nNeujmina is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,919 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as A914 WE at Simeiz in November 1911, followed by 1926 AE at Heidelberg in January 1926. The body's observation arc begins four weeks after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006820-0002-0000", "contents": "1129 Neujmina, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Georgian\u2013Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin (1885\u20131946), a discoverer of minor planets and comets, observer at Pulkovo Observatory and college of Parchomenko at Simeiz Observatory. The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 106). The lunar crater Neujmin was also named in his honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006820-0003-0000", "contents": "1129 Neujmina, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Neujmina is a stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006820-0004-0000", "contents": "1129 Neujmina, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Neujmina was obtained from photometric observations at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory (E09) in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.0844 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=3). Previous measurements in 1984 and 2008, gave a period of 5.089 and 7.61 hours with an amplitude of 0.15 and 0.06 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006820-0005-0000", "contents": "1129 Neujmina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Neujmina measures between 30.99 and 39.246 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0999 and 0.138. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1270 and a diameter of 34.80 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006823-0000-0000", "contents": "112P/Urata\u2013Niijima\nComet Urata-Niijima is a periodic comet in the Solar System discovered by Japanese astronomers Tsuneo Niijima and Takeshi Urata on October 30, 1986, at Ojima, the first orbit was calculated by Brian G. Marsden on November 5 giving an orbital period of 6.42 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006823-0001-0000", "contents": "112P/Urata\u2013Niijima\nOn October 20, 1993, the comet was recovered by J. V. Scotti (Spacewatch, Kitt Peak Observatory, Arizona, United States), and on the next return on March 4, 2000, by Philippe. L. Lamy and Harold. A. Weaver using the Hubble Space Telescope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006824-0000-0000", "contents": "112dB\n112\u00a0dB is a music software company whose products are mainly aimed at electronic musicians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006824-0001-0000", "contents": "112dB, History\n112\u00a0dB was founded in 2005 by Claude Climer (who left the company in 2008) and Jules Vleugels. Their first product was Morgana, an emulation of the Ensoniq Mirage hardware sampler. In 2009, Martijn Zwartjes (Apple, Native Instruments) and Leo Degen (Apple, Dolby Labs, Native Instruments) joined the company. Their base of operations is in Utrecht.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006825-0000-0000", "contents": "112th \"Revolutionary Mongolia\" Tank Brigade\nThe 112th \"Revolutionary Mongolia\" Tank Brigade (Russian: 112-\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u00ab \u0420\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u041c\u043e\u043d\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044f\u00bb, tr. 112-ya tankovaya brigade \"Revolutsionnaya Mongoliya\"), previously the 112th Tank Brigade, was a military formation in the Red Army, funded by contributions from the People's Republic of Mongolia, during World War II. It was originally formed as the 112th Tank Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006825-0001-0000", "contents": "112th \"Revolutionary Mongolia\" Tank Brigade, 112th Tank Division\nThe 112th Tank Division was formed in August 1941, in Primorsky Krai on the basis of 112th Tank Regiment, 239th Motorised Division, 30th Mechanised Corps, and the two brigades that gained fame in the battles on Lake Khasan and Khalkin-Gol. Its order of battle was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006825-0002-0000", "contents": "112th \"Revolutionary Mongolia\" Tank Brigade, 112th Tank Division\nThe division's formation was entrusted to Colonel Andrei Getman, the former chief of staff of the 30th Mechanised Corps. Deputy Colonel Andrei Getman appointed Plato Y. Mikhailov, a division of profits experienced commanders: The division commissioner became regimental commissar Yefim V. Beznosov, to the post of chief of staff appointed Colonel Mikhail Leonov Trofymovych.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006825-0003-0000", "contents": "112th \"Revolutionary Mongolia\" Tank Brigade, 112th Tank Division\nBy mid-October 1941, the 112th Tank Division was ready to be sent to the front. On the morning of 4 November 1941, the train carrying the divisional headquarters was attacked by German aircraft between Ryazan and Moscow. Four soldiers were wounded and two were killed. On 7 November, the division was unloaded at Podolsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006825-0004-0000", "contents": "112th \"Revolutionary Mongolia\" Tank Brigade, 112th Tank Division\nThe 112th Division became part of the 6th Tank Corps of the 1st Tank Army. Western Front headquarters created a mobile mechanized cavalry group, composed of General Belov's cavalry corps and the 112th Tank Division, under the overall command of General Alexander Belov. The group was created to prevent the German capture of Tula. On the orders of Joseph Stalin from the Serpukhov district with right-flank connections 16th Army of General Rokossovsky, 112th Tank Division was directed to strike at the flank of the German 4th Army, to make a decisive impact on Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006825-0005-0000", "contents": "112th \"Revolutionary Mongolia\" Tank Brigade, 112th Tank Division, The fighting near Moscow\nThe 112th Tank Division saw its first combat on 16 November 1941 during the Battle of Moscow. Together with other units, the division was involved in an offensive in the direction of Maleev, Vyazovka and Vysokinichi. Amid strong resistance, however, it failed to achieve substantial results. The division was also involved in combat to the west and north-west of Serpukhov soon afterwards. As a result of the action, an attack by the German XIII Corps on Serpukhov was successfully repelled. After these battles, Colonel Getman's division was urgently transferred to Kashira, where the hospitals and the front of rear services, to eliminate the German breakthrough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006825-0006-0000", "contents": "112th \"Revolutionary Mongolia\" Tank Brigade, 112th Tank Division, The fighting near Moscow\nIn connection with a breakthrough of the Soviet defensive line near Tula by Guderian's 2nd Panzer Group, General Ivan Boldin's 50th Army was transferred to the defense and Kashira plant. Until the beginning of the counter-offensive, 112th Tank Division served as a fire brigade, conducting counter-attacks on the flanks of groups of the enemy, supporting 49th and 50th Armies' thin line of defense. From December 7 to December 10 the division was united with the 340th Rifle Division under a single command. For its performance in military operations, 112th Tank Division received the Order of the Red Banner. On 2 January 1942 the division was reorganised as the 112th Tank Brigade, maintaining its numbers and numbers of regiments, which became battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006825-0007-0000", "contents": "112th \"Revolutionary Mongolia\" Tank Brigade, Revolutionary Mongolia (1943)\nThe unit received the \"Revolutionary Mongolia\" title in 1943 when it was re-equipped with 34 T-34/76 and 21 T-70 tanks, funded the Mongolian People's Republic of Gonchigiin Bumtsend. The Mongolian tanks were presented on 17 January 1943. In addition the Mongolian delegation, headed by Marshal Khorloogiin Choibalsan, supplied 237 railway wagons filled with free clothes and food: 1,000 tons of meat, 90 tons of oil, 80 tons of sausages, 150 tons of confectionery, 30,000 coats, 30,000 pairs of boots, and 30,000 fur padded jackets. One tank was presented by Marshal Choibalsan personally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006825-0007-0001", "contents": "112th \"Revolutionary Mongolia\" Tank Brigade, Revolutionary Mongolia (1943)\nThe success of the unit was later followed by the creation of the Mongolian Arat squadron in the Soviet Air Force. Its commander, I. I. Gusakovii, was a double Hero of the Soviet Union. The brigade initially formed part of the 6th Tank Corps (I Formation). Subsequently, with the title \"Revolutionary Mongolia\" in the brigade received T-34 tanks of more advanced types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006825-0008-0000", "contents": "112th \"Revolutionary Mongolia\" Tank Brigade, Revolutionary Mongolia (1943)\nIn 1964, the unit was awarded the Order of Damdin S\u00fckhbaatar by the Mongolian government. The Zaisan Memorial, featuring a surviving T-34 tank, was erected in 2003 to commemorate the role of the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006825-0009-0000", "contents": "112th \"Revolutionary Mongolia\" Tank Brigade, Revolutionary Mongolia (1943)\nIt later became the 44th Guards Tank Brigade, then after the war the 44th Guards Tank Regiment. In 1993, it became the 44th Guards Tank Training Regiment, part of the 467th Guards District Training Centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006826-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Air Refueling Group\nThe 112th Air Refueling Group (112 ARG) is an inactive unit of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, stationed at Pittsburgh IAP Air Reserve Station, Pennsylvania. It was inactivated on 1 October 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006826-0001-0000", "contents": "112th Air Refueling Group, History, World War II\nThe group's air echelon was activated in England under Eighth Air Force. It was equipped with export versions of the P-39 Airacobra originally ordered for the French Air Force. By the summer of 1942 the number of American pilot volunteers in the Royal Air Force serving in England had grown to a few hundred in number. In urgent need of additional fighters to support the forthcoming North African invasion, American planners decided to combine these two assets already in England and at the end of September 1942 a number of American pilots in the RAF were invited to transfer to the USAAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006826-0002-0000", "contents": "112th Air Refueling Group, History, World War II\nDeployed from England to Port Lyautey Airfield, French Morocco, during the period 3 Jan to 28 February 1943. The Ground Echelon, finally joined each other at Oujda Airfield, French Morocco, a few days after their arrival in North Africa on 3 January 1943. The Ground Echelon had arrived off North Africa in the first week of November 1942 from the United States with the Operation Torch invasion fleet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006826-0003-0000", "contents": "112th Air Refueling Group, History, World War II\nThe group operated with Twelfth Air Force from January 1943 until the end of the war, flying patrol and interception missions, protecting convoys, escorting aircraft, flying reconnaissance missions, engaging in interdiction operations, and providing close support for ground forces. It operated against targets in Tunisia until the end of that campaign. The Group flew air defense and fighter- bomber missions with its P-39 Airacobras and primarily fighter bomber missions with its P-47 Thunderbolts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006826-0004-0000", "contents": "112th Air Refueling Group, History, World War II\nThe 350th FG moved to the port of embarkation at Naples, Italy, on 14 July 1945. On 1 August 1945, the group sailed for combat operations in the Pacific Theater. The atomic bombs were dropped on Japan while the Group was en route and provisioning in Panama City on the Pacific Ocean side of the Canal Zone. V-J day was declared, signaling the end of hostilities in World War II. The ship carrying the Group was directed to return to the US and the 350th Fighter Group and its American Squadrons were inactivated on 7 November 1945, at Seymour Johnson Field, Goldsboro, NC, after 3 years and one month of operations. The inactivation was to last less than a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006826-0005-0000", "contents": "112th Air Refueling Group, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nThe wartime 350th Fighter Group was re-designated as the 112th Fighter Group and was allotted to the Pennsylvania Air National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport and was extended federal recognition on 22 April 1949 by the National Guard Bureau. The 112th Fighter Group was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 350th Fighter Group. The wartime 345th FS became the 146th Fighter Squadron, the 346th FS became the 147th Fighter Squadron and the 347th FS was re-designated the 148th Fighter Squadron, and assigned to Spaatz Field at Reading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006826-0006-0000", "contents": "112th Air Refueling Group, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nThe 146th and 147th would have an air defense mission over Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania; the 148th would fly air defense over the Philadelphia and eastern Pennsylvania. The Pittsburgh squadrons flew F-47N Thunderbolts and the 148th FS at Reading flew F-51D Mustangs. The group was assigned to the PA ANG 53d Fighter Wing", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006826-0007-0000", "contents": "112th Air Refueling Group, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nIn February 1951 the 148th FS at Reading was activated for the Korean War, along with the 111th Bombardment Group at Philadelphia, leaving the 112th and the 146th and 147th Fighter Squadrons at Pittsburgh with the air defense mission for the entire commonwealth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006826-0008-0000", "contents": "112th Air Refueling Group, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nAt the end of 1951, the activated units at Reading and Philadelphia returned to Pennsylvania control. The F-47s were retired and the squadrons re-equipped with F-51H Mustangs, due to the lack of jets which were being used in Korea. After the Korean War ended, originally it was planned to convert the 146th FBS from its propeller-driven F-51Hs to F-86A Sabre jet interceptors, but after receiving four Sabres, the squadron began to receive new F-84F Thunderstreaks in October 1954. The 147th switched from its F-51Hs to F-84Fs in July 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006826-0009-0000", "contents": "112th Air Refueling Group, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nIn July 1955, the group was again re-designated, this time as the 112th Fighter-Interceptor Group, reflecting the Pennsylvania ANG's mission to counter the threat of Soviet bombers. In December 1957, the 146th replaced their F-84Fs with F-86D Sabre Interceptors, and the 147th followed in early 1958 receiving F-86L Sabre Interceptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006826-0010-0000", "contents": "112th Air Refueling Group, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nAt Reading, by 1956 the 148th Fighter Squadron F-51Ds were reaching the end of their service life and the Air Force was phasing the Mustang out of the inventory. In an effort to upgrade to an all jet fighter force, the Air Force required Air National Guard Air Defense Command units to upgrade to jet-powered aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006826-0010-0001", "contents": "112th Air Refueling Group, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nTests of operating F-84Fs at Spaatz Field had shown that the runways at the airport were too short to operate jet fighters safely from the runways, and the Reading Airport Commission and Air National Guard authorities found themselves in a conflict over the use of Reading Municipal Airport for tactical jet operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006826-0011-0000", "contents": "112th Air Refueling Group, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nUnable to resolve these differences the Air Force inactivated the 148th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 30 June 1956. It was subsequently re-designated the 140th Aeromedical Transport Squadron and reactivated at Spaatz Field as a new organization of the PA ANG, equipped with propeller-driven C-46 Commandos. The 148th's its lineage and history were bestowed on the new squadron. With the inactivation of the 148th, the 103d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Philadelphia took up the air defense mission of the eastern part of the commonwealth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006826-0012-0000", "contents": "112th Air Refueling Group, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nBeginning in 1960, the 112th Fighter Interceptor Group upgraded to the supersonic F-102A Delta Dagger interceptor. These Air Guard pilots stood runway alert for 24 hours a day, seven days a week at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport ready to scramble regardless of the weather conditions to intercept any unidentified aircraft approaching southward from the Canada\u2013US border or toward the United States from the Atlantic Coast, their F-102A Delta Daggers fully armed with two heat seeking missiles and four radar-guided missiles as well as 2.75-inch rockets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006826-0013-0000", "contents": "112th Air Refueling Group, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nWith air defense becoming less critical in the early 1960s, the 103d FIS at Philadelphia moved to an Air Transport mission in 1962. In February 1961, the 171st Air Transport Group was formed at Greater Pittsburgh Airport flying the C-121 Constellation as a component of the Military Air Transport Service (MATS). Upon formation, the 147th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was reassigned from the 112th FIG and re-designated as the 147th Air Transport Squadron, becoming the operational squadron of the new 171st ATG. The 146th FIS remained with the 112th FIG at Pittsburgh thus became the last Air Defense squadron in the PA Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006826-0014-0000", "contents": "112th Air Refueling Group, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nIn 1975 the 112th ended its air defense mission, receiving its first A-7D Corsair II aircraft and was reassigned to the Tactical Air Command. In 1991 with the retirement of the A-7D, the 112th Tactical Fighter Group became the 112th Air Refueling Group (ARG) under Strategic Air Command, receiving KC-135 Stratotankers that it operated jointly with the 171st, which had become an air refueling Wing at Pittsburgh in October 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006826-0015-0000", "contents": "112th Air Refueling Group, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nStrategic Air Command was inactivated in June 1992 and the 112th ARG became a part of the Air Mobility Command (AMC). On 1 October 1993, with both the 112th Air Refueling Group and the 171st Air Refueling Wing at Pittsburgh, the two tanker units were consolidated with the 146th Air Refueling Squadron being reassigned to the 171st Operations Group and once again reuniting with the 147th under the same group. The 112th Air Refueling Group was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006827-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 112th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006827-0001-0000", "contents": "112th Aviation Regiment (United States), Structure\nThe regiment also includes Detachment 1, Company C, from the OR ARNG", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006828-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Battalion (Nova Scotia), CEF\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Hmains (talk | contribs) at 01:54, 3 September 2020 (Removing from Category:Military history of Canada using Cat-a-lot). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006828-0001-0000", "contents": "112th Battalion (Nova Scotia), CEF\nThe 112th Battalion (Nova Scotia), CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force. The 112th Battalion was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Great Britain on 23 July 1916, where it provided reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field until 7 January 1917, when its personnel were absorbed by the 26th Reserve Battalion, CEF. The battalion disbanded on 15 August 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006828-0002-0000", "contents": "112th Battalion (Nova Scotia), CEF\nThe 112th Battalion recruited throughout Nova Scotia and was mobilized at Windsor, Nova Scotia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006828-0003-0000", "contents": "112th Battalion (Nova Scotia), CEF\nThe 112th Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. H.B. Tremaine from 23 July 1916 to 4 December 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006828-0004-0000", "contents": "112th Battalion (Nova Scotia), CEF\nThe 112th Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916-17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006828-0005-0000", "contents": "112th Battalion (Nova Scotia), CEF\nThe 112th Battalion (Nova Scotia), CEF, is perpetuated by the West Nova Scotia Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006828-0006-0000", "contents": "112th Battalion (Nova Scotia), CEF, Sources\nCanadian Expeditionary Force 1914\u20131919 by Col. G.W.L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006829-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 112th Brigade was a formation of  the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 37th Division. The brigade was also attached to the 34th Division from July to August 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006829-0001-0000", "contents": "112th Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nThis brigade was attached to 34th Division between 6 July and 22 August 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 112th Cavalry Regiment was a  Texas National Guard regiment that served in several Pacific campaigns during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0001-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, Early history\nThe 112th Cavalry was first organized in 1918 as the 5th Texas Cavalry Regiment before being disbanded in 1920. In December 1920 the Texas National Guard was reorganized as the 36th Infantry Division and the 1st Texas Cavalry Brigade less one regiment. On 20 July 1921 the 1st Texas Cavalry Regiment became the 112th Cavalry. In March 1929 the 2nd Squadron and the Machine Gun Squadron of the 112th were reorganized into the 124th Cavalry Regiment. The 112th and 124th Cavalry were brigaded into the 56th Cavalry Brigade in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0002-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, World War II\nOn 10 November 1940 President Roosevelt federalized the National Guard, and on 18 November 1940 the 112th was posted to Fort Bliss. The 112th's sister regiment in the brigade, the 124th Cavalry was the last of the cavalry regiments to give up their horses and was later sent to Burma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0003-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, World War II\nThe regiment patrolled the Mexican border until being shipped to New Caledonia on 8 July 1942 arriving on 11 August 1942. They were assigned to the Americal Division under General Alexander Patch. The 112th Cavalry were assigned Australian Waler horses, and ordered to New Caledonia to serve as a horse mounted security force. General Patch initially thought horse mounted cavalry could be used in jungle warfare, but the torrential Pacific rains and the mud that followed damaged the horses' hooves, changing the general's mind. The Australian horses were shipped to Burma and assigned to Chinese forces who mistreated them. In 1944 the Walers rejoined the American Army being assigned to Merrill's Marauders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0004-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, World War II\nDuring the heavy fighting on Guadalcanal, General Alexander Vandegrift of the 1st Marine Division sent an urgent request for machetes for his Marines. General Patch took the sabers of the regiment, cut them down and sent them to the Marines for jungle warfare use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0005-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, World War II\nAfter extensive training the 112th made its first amphibious landing at Woodlark Island as part of Operation Chronicle on 30 June 1943. The landing was unopposed, and the cavalrymen established a defensible perimeter to protect Seabees building an airstrip on the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0006-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, World War II\nThe regiment was sent to Goodenough Island for training and became part of Task Force Director in preparation for its first action, Operation Director the Battle of Arawe. The 112th set sail on USS\u00a0Carter Hall, HMAS\u00a0 Westralia and the high speed transports USS\u00a0Sands and USS\u00a0Humphreys. On 15 December 1943 the regiment landed in three separate amphibious operations on New Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0007-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, World War II\nOne of these landings involved Troop A of the 2nd Squadron landing in rubber boats off Sands against fierce defense that sank all but three of the boats. The destroyer USS\u00a0Shaw sailed close as possible to the enemy defenders to shell them and rescue the survivors of A Troop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0008-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, World War II\nTroop B landed at Pilelo Island from Humphreys in 15 rubber boats on the same day. When meeting resistance from Japanese troops in caves, Troop B destroyed one with a bazooka and one with a flamethrower the first use of the weapon in the Southwest Pacific area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0009-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, World War II\nThe main landings were from amphibious tractors launched from Carter Hall and landing craft from Westralia. In this landing the 112th Cavalry were the first to use the 4.5-inch (110\u00a0mm) rocket firing DUKWs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0010-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, World War II\nAfter linking up with the 1st Marine Division, the 112th was assigned to the 32nd Infantry Division in Aitape Papua New Guinea. The regiment fought in the Battle of Driniumor River for 51 days taking 62% casualties. Two of the regiment's second lieutenants, Dale Eldon Christensen and George W. G. Boyce Jr. were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions during this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0011-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, World War II\nOn 1 October 1944 the 112th Cavalry was combined with the 114th Field Artillery Battalion became the 112th Regimental Combat Team (RCT) and departed Aitape for Leyte in the Philippines on 31 October 1944. The 112th RCT was attached to the 1st Cavalry Division for the Battle of Leyte and Battle of Luzon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0012-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, World War II\nFollowing the Japanese surrender, the 112th landed in Japan for Occupation Duties on 3 September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0013-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, World War II\nDuring World War II the 112th Cavalry served 434 days in combat. They were the first U.S. Army unit in the Southwest Pacific to use bazookas and flame throwers against enemy defenses and first used rocket firing DUKWs in amphibious assaults. The 112th were the first unit in the Philippines to use helicopters to evacuate their wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0014-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, World War II\nTwo of the regiment's late replacements authored books after the war ended. Norman Mailer wrote The Naked and the Dead, and Francis Gwaltney authored The Day the Century Ended, later filmed as Between Heaven and Hell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0015-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, Postwar\nThe regiment was inactivated in Japan in 1946 but was re-organized on 13 November 1947 as the 112th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, then reorganized on 12 September 1949 as the 112th Armored Cavalry Regiment. On 16 March 1957 the regiment became the 112th Armor and was transferred to active service. In 1961 it was transferred back to the National Guard as part of the 49th Armored Division. Following the reflagging of the 49th Armored Division, the 112th Armor became part of the 56th Brigade of the 36th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0016-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, Postwar\nFrom 1973 all of the Texas Army National Guard armor units were renumbered as battalions of the 112th Armor. From 1988\u201393 eight battalions were assigned to the 112th making it then the largest armored regiment in the U.S. Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0017-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, 21st Century\nOn 17 October 2008, the 4th Battalion, 112th Armor was renamed 1st Squadron, 112th Cavalry. The unit carries the colors and lineage of the original 112th Cavalry Regiment. The squadron Headquarters and Headquarters Troop is based in Bryan, Texas, with A Troop, B Troop, and C Troop based in Taylor, Rosenberg, and Houston, respectively. A and B Troops are equipped as cavalry units with HMMWVs, and C Troop is a dismounted infantry unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0018-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, 21st Century\nThe 1st Squadron, 112th Cavalry is part of the 72nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the 36th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0019-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, 21st Century\nIn early 2015, 1-112 Cavalry deployed to the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt as multinational force and observers (MFO), tasked with ensuring peace between Israel and Egypt in accordance with the 1979 treaty between the two nations. The squadron completed its tour in November 2015 and redeployed to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006830-0020-0000", "contents": "112th Cavalry Regiment, 21st Century\nIn 2020, 1-112 Cavalry again deployed to the Sinai Peninsula. 1-112 Cavalry officially assumed MFO duties in the Sinai on March 8, 2020, relieving 1st Battalion, 294th Infantry Regiment of the Guam Army National Guard. On November 24, 2020, 1-112 Cavalry was relieved by 1st Battalion, 133rd Field Artillery Regiment, also of the Texas Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006831-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 112th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 3, 1943, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Governor Walter W. Bacon and Isaac J. MacCollum as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006831-0001-0000", "contents": "112th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006831-0002-0000", "contents": "112th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 112th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006831-0003-0000", "contents": "112th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006831-0004-0000", "contents": "112th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006832-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 112th Division (\u7b2c112\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuj\u016bni Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Public Division (\u516c\u5175\u56e3, Kimi Heidan). It was formed 12 July 1944 in Hunchun as a triangular division. The nucleus for the formation was the remnants of the 28th Division been transferred to Miyako-jima. The division was initially assigned to the Third army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006832-0001-0000", "contents": "112th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe garrison of the division was the Jiandao area. As the Soviet invasion of Manchuria has started 9 August 1945, it fought a desperate defensive battle meeting Red Army forces south and west of Hunchun while fighting the against Soviet \"113th fortified sector\" and 88th Rifle Corps. The division's resistance was described as \"heavy\", despite the estimate by the 1st Area Army that the 112th was only 35% combat effective. 11 August 1945, a frontal attack by the Soviet armour near Michiang was repulsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006832-0001-0001", "contents": "112th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe Hunchun itself was lost to Soviet forces 14 August 1945, after Red Army was forced to send in reinforcements in the form of 386th Rifle Division. Another Soviet attack supported by armour was beaten back 15 August 1945 at Unggidong. Although the next Soviet attack was expected at Pungni-ju city, 16 August 1945 all of the division's units were engaged by Red Army forces simultaneously. The unit was ordered to surrender 18 August 1945 as the part of the general surrender of Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006832-0002-0000", "contents": "112th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe majority of the division was then taken prisoner by the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006832-0003-0000", "contents": "112th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Notes and references\nThis article about the military history of Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006832-0004-0000", "contents": "112th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Notes and references\nThis World War II article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006832-0005-0000", "contents": "112th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Notes and references\nThis article about a specific military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006833-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 112th Field Artillery Regiment is a Field Artillery Branch regiment of the New Jersey Army National Guard first formed in April 1917. In December 1941, it was the last field artillery regiment in the U.S. Army to convert from horse-drawn to truck-drawn howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006833-0001-0000", "contents": "112th Field Artillery Regiment\nOnly the 3rd Battalion of the 112th Field Artillery Regiment is currently active. Headquartered in Morristown, NJ, it is the Direct Support FA Battalion for the 44th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Headquarters Battery, Battery A, and Company F, 250th Brigade Support Battalion (the battalion's Forward Support Company) are also located in Morristown. Battery B is located in Flemington, Battery C is in Toms River, and the Fire Support Detachment is located in Freehold. 3-112 FAR is a M119A3 and M777A2-equipped composite FA battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006833-0002-0000", "contents": "112th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit, World War II\nHeadquarters Battery (Morristown) and Battery A (Morristown), 3d Battalion, each additionally entitled to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006834-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Escadrille\nThe 112th Fighter Escadrille of the Polish Air Force (Polish: 112. Eskadra My\u015bliwska) was one of the fighter units of the Polish Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006834-0001-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Escadrille, History\nThe Escadrille was created in 1919 by a merger of the earlier 18th Reconnaissance Escadrille and the 19th Fighter Escadrille.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006834-0002-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Escadrille, History\nIn September 1939 the 112th Fighter Escadrille was incorporated into the Pursuit Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006834-0003-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Escadrille, Crew and equipment\nOn 1 September 1939 the escadrille had 10 planes: 6 PZL P.11c and 4 PZL P.11a.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006834-0004-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Escadrille, Crew and equipment\nThe air crew consisted of: commanding officer captain Tadeusz Opulski, his deputy Lieutenant Stefan Stanis\u0142aw Okrzeja, and 15 other pilots:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron\nThe 112th Fighter Squadron (112 FS) is a unit of the Ohio Air National Guard 180th Fighter Wing located at Toledo Air National Guard Base, Ohio. The 112th is equipped with the F-16C/D Fighting Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0001-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the World War I, 112th Aero Squadron, established on 18 August 1917. It was reformed on 20 June 1927, as the 112th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0002-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, World War I\nThe 112th Fighter Squadron dates its origins to the organization of the 112th Aero Squadron on 18 August 1917 at Kelly Field, Texas. The squadron served as a supply squadron at Kelly Field, being re-designated as the 633d Aero Supply Squadron (Supply) on 1 February 1918. It remained at Kelly Field, being demobilized on 19 August 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0003-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio National Guard\nAlthough authorized in 1921, the 112th Observation Squadron was not organized and federally recognized until 20 June 1927 at Cleveland Hopkins Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0004-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio National Guard\nThe squadron, or elements thereof, called up to perform the following state duties: support to civil authorities during a mine worker\u2019s strike at Cadiz, OH, 16 April\u201317 August 1932; Electric Auto Lite strike at Toledo, OH, in 1934; flood relief efforts along the Ohio River in southern Ohio during January\u2013February 1937; riot control during a labor strike at the Mahoning Valley steel plants 22 June\u201315 July 1937. Conducted summer training at Camp Perry, OH", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0005-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio National Guard\nThe unit flew a wide range of aircraft throughout the late 1920s and 1930s including the PT-1, BT-1, the O-2 and the O-11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0006-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nOn 25 November 1940 the 112th was federalized and ordered to active service as part of the buildup of the Army Air Corps after the Fall of France. The unit was ordered to Pope Field, North Carolina where it was equipped with North American O-47 observation aircraft. It performed antisubmarine patrols over the North and South Carolina coasts, with a flight operating from Myrtle Beach Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0006-0001", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nAfter the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the 112th was moved to Dover Field, Delaware and equipped with O-49s and O-57s, performing coastal patrols over the Atlantic for German U-Boats over Delaware Bay and the approaches to Philadelphia. In the spring of 1942, was returned to South Carolina where it continued patrolling the mid-Atlantic coastline shipping routes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0007-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Addison Baker\nIn October 1942, the unit was moved to Birmingham Airport, Alabama where it was inactivated. Its personnel were reassigned to other Army Air Force Units. One of its members, Lt. Col. Addison Earl Baker attended 4-engine transition school and was eventually assigned to the 93d Bombardment Group as a B-24 Liberator bomber pilot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0008-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Addison Baker\nEventually being assigned to VIII Bomber Command at RAF Hardwick (USAAF Station 104), England, on 1 August 1943, Col. Baker piloted his aircraft on the low-altitude Allied bombing mission of oil refineries at Ploie\u015fti, Romania, Operation Tidal Wave. Piloting Hell's Wench, a B-24 Liberator (Serial 42-40994), Baker led the 93d as the second formation in the five-group mission of 177 aircraft. Co -piloting the aircraft was a volunteer and former member of the 93rd, Major John L. Jerstad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0009-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Addison Baker\nEn route the aircraft carrying the mission navigator crashed at sea. As a result, when the force reached the target area, the lead group turned at the wrong point and flew towards Bucharest. Baker attempted to warn the mission commander of this error, but when that failed, led the remainder of the force to the correct turning point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0010-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Addison Baker\nAlthough Hell's Wench was in flames and had been seriously damaged by German anti-aircraft guns, Baker maintained formation and bombed his target. Subsequently, Baker broke formation to avoid a mid-air collision with bombers from the lead group, now arriving in the target area from the opposite direction. He attempted to gain altitude so that his crew could escape by parachute, but despite his efforts, Hell's Wench crashed and exploded, killing Baker and the other nine airmen aboard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0011-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Addison Baker\nOn 11 March 1944, Colonel Baker was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. Although his body was never recovered he was given a memorial site in Florence American Cemetery and Memorial Florence, Italy. Major Jerstad also received the Medal of Honor on 28 October 1943, for his role on the mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0012-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, 112th Liaison Squadron\nIn April 1943, the unit was reactivated as the 112th Liaison Squadron at Salinas Army Air Base, California. The squadron was equipped with a series of light courier aircraft and for the next year was a courier unit for Fourth Air Force between airfields primarily in the Pacific Northwest. The unit was reassigned to Ninth Air Force in England in June 1944 where it operated Cessna UC-78 light transport aircraft in England and in liberated areas of France. It was assigned to HQ SHAFE, and provided VIP transportation until the end of the war, eventually serving as part of the Army of Occupation in Germany during 1945. It was inactivated in November 1945 at Drew Field, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0013-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard\nThe wartime 112th Liaison Squadron was re-designated as the 112th Bombardment Squadron (Light), and was allotted to the Ohio Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Cleveland Municipal Airport, Ohio and was extended federal recognition on 2 December 1946 the National Guard Bureau. The 112th Bombardment Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 112th Liaison Squadron and all predecessor units. The squadron was equipped 20 R-26B/C Invader reconnaissance aircraft, a C-47, and two T-6s for training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0014-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard\nThe Invaders practiced night reconnaissance operations. Parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. In some ways, the postwar Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, the unit also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score at least as well or better than active-duty USAF units, given the fact that most ANG pilots were World War II combat veterans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0015-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe 112th Bombardment Squadron was federalized due to the Korean War on 10 October 1950. It was re-designated as the 112th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron and assigned to the federalized Alabama ANG 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Group. Moved to Lawson AFB, Georgia, the 117th TRG consisted of the Alabama ANG 160th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron; South Carolina ANG 157th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, and the Ohio 112th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0016-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe 160th and 157th TRS were equipped with RF-80A Shooting Star reconnaissance jets and began training in daylight photo-reconnaissance, while the 112th TRS continued training with its RB-26C Invaders in the night reconnaissance role. The 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing was assigned to Ninth Air Force, Tactical Air Command. The wing then began what was then believed to be a short transition training period. The original plan was to deploy the 117th to France and reinforce the United States Air Forces in Europe at a new base in France, Toul-Rosi\u00e8res Air Base. However Toul Air Base was still under construction, and delays in France for several reasons forced the 117th to remain at Lawson AFB for over a year until finally receiving deployment orders in January 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0017-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe 117th arrived at Toul Air Base on 27 January 1952. However at the time of the Wing's arrival, Toul AB consisted of a sea of mud, and the new jet runway was breaking up and could not support safe flying. The commander of the 117th deemed it uninhabitable and its flying squadrons of the wing were ordered dispersed to West Germany. The 112th TRS was transferred to Wiesbaden AB, the 157th TRS deployed to F\u00fcrstenfeldbruck AB, and the 160th deployed to Neubiberg AB. The non-flying Headquarters and Support organizations were assigned to Toul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0018-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe mission of the 117 TRW was to provide tactical, visual, photographic and electronic reconnaissance by both day and night, as was required by the military forces within the European command. The RF-80's were responsible for the daylight operations; the RB-26s for night photography. In June 1952, the 117th was involved in Exercise 'June Primer'. This exercise took place in an area bordered by a line drawn from Cherbourg to Geneva in the east and in the west by this Swiss, Austrian and Russian occupation zone borders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0019-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nBy July 1952 the facilities at Wiesbaden AB were becoming very crowded, and it was felt that the B-26's could fly from the primitive conditions at Toul. The 112 TRS returned to Toul, however the jet-engined RF-80's remained in West Germany until a new runway was constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0020-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nOn 9 July 1952 the activated Air National Guard 117 TRW was released from active duty and inactivated in place and its mission was taken over by the newly activated 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing. All of the aircraft and support equipment remained at Toul and was transferred to the 10th TRW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0021-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Cold War\nWith the return from France, the squadron was reformed at Akron-Canton Airport and re-designated as the 112th Fighter-Bomber Squadron. It was re-equipped with F-51H Mustangs, and were one of the last two Air National Guard squadrons to fly this version of the Mustang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0022-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn October 1955, the 112th FBS were informed that they were to receive F-84E Thunderjets, but since the runways at Akron-Canton Municipal Airport were deemed inadequate for jet operations, it was decided to construct an entirely new facility for them at the new Toledo Express Airport at Toledo. The 112th FBS left Akron-Canton for the Toledo Municipal Airport on 1 April 1956 and retired their Mustangs for T-28A Trojans, and operated F-84Es until the summer of 1958. In January 1959, the 112th's facility at the Toledo Express Airport and moved to the new facility. The T-28s were replaced with new F-84F Thunderstreaks and the squadron was designated as a Tactical Fighter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0023-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Cold War\nOn 15 October 1962, the 112th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 180th Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 112th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 180th Headquarters, 180th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 180th Combat Support Squadron, and the 180th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0024-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe squadron continued normal peacetime training throughout the 1960s. Individual squadron members volunteered for duty during the Vietnam War, however the 112th was not federalized in 1968 as the F-84Fs were not considered front line combat aircraft. In 1971, the squadron retired its Thunderstreaks and converted to the F-100 Super Sabre as a result of the American draw-down from the Vietnam War. In 1975, the 112th began a NATO commitment, deploying five F-100s to Ramstein Air Base, West Germany 9\u201325 October 1975 for Operation Cornet Razor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0025-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn the summer of 1979, the F-100s were retired, being replaced with A-7D Corsair II subsonic tactical close air support aircraft from Tactical Air Command units that were converting to the new A-10 Thunderbolt II. The aircraft had excellent accuracy with the aid of an automatic electronic navigation and weapons delivery system. Although designed primarily as a ground attack aircraft, it also had limited air-to-air combat capability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0025-0001", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Cold War\nIt continued its NATO commitment, deploying six A-7D aircraft to RAF Sculthorpe, England in April 1983 for Operation Cornet Miami; eight A-7Ds in June\u2013July 1986 for Cornet Pine, and thirteen A-7Ds in May\u2013June 1989 for Cornet Pine. The 180th Tactical Fighter Group received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award in 1985 and again in 1990. In 1989, while deployed at Panama for a Coronet Cove deployment, 180th A-7s were employed during Operation Just Cause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0026-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nThe 112th TFS did not deploy to Saudi Arabia in 1990 during Operation Desert Shield or Operation Desert Storm as the A-7Ds were considered a second-line aircraft. Squadron volunteers, however were deployed to CENTAF during the crisis and subsequent combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0027-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn March 1992, the 180th adopted the USAF Objective Wing organization and became simply the 180th Fighter Group; the 112th as a Fighter Squadron. On 1 June of that year, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force restructuring after the end of the Cold War. Air Combat Command (ACC) became the gaining major command for the 180th. Another event in 1992 was the retirement of the A-7Ds, being replaced by Block 25 F-16C/D Fighting Falcons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0028-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nThe first F-16 to arrive with the 112th FS was a two-seat model, F-16D #83-1175, which was the first F-16D to come off the production line at Fort Worth. It came from the 312th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron at Luke AFB, Arizona on the rare leap year date 29 February 1992. F-16s continued to arrive and the last A-7D departed on 18 May 1992. Many of the block 25s that came from the 363d Tactical Fighter Wing at Shaw AFB, South Carolina were Desert Storm veterans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0029-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nThe squadron didn't operate the block 25 for very long. Starting in very early 1994 the squadron gave up its block 25s, which it had only flown for a year, for the much more modern block 42s. The block 25s were sent to various units but mostly to Luke AFB, Arizona. A large amount of the block 42s came from Shaw AFB, South Carolina where that base was converting to the block 50.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0030-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nOn 1 October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force One Base-One Wing directive, the 180th Fighter Group was expanded and changed in status to the 180th Fighter Wing. Under the Objective Wing organization, the 112th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the 180th Operations Group. Support groups to the wing were the 180th Maintenance Group, 180th Mission Support Group and the 180th Medical Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0031-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0032-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn October 1996, the 112th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (112 EFS) was first formed from 162d FW personnel and eight aircraft and deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey. The 112th EFS joined with the 124th EFS (Iowa ANG) and the 125th EFS (Oklahoma ANG) as part of a \"rainbow\" deployment to support Operation Provide Comfort. In January 1997, this changed to Operation Northern Watch just prior to the unit's return to Toledo to enforce the No-Fly-Zones over Iraq. More Operation Northern Watch deployments were made to Incirlik AB by the 112th EFS in 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2002 respectively. The 112th EFS deployed to Al Jaber Air Base, Kuwait, for Operation Southern Watch in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0033-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nAfter the events of 11 September 2001 unit members have volunteered to support both Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom in 2005 and again for Operation Iraqi Freedom again in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0034-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, NORAD Air Defense\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign Des Moines Air National Guard Base, Iowa. The F-16 aircraft currently assigned to the 132d Fighter Wing at Des Moines would be redistributed to the 180th Fighter Wing (nine aircraft) Des Moines' F-16s would be distributed to Toledo to support the Homeland Defense Air Sovereignty Alert (ADS) mission and to consolidate the precision-guided weapon employment capability that exists in the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0035-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, NORAD Air Defense\nIn August 2008 the 112th FS took over the alert role for the region from the Detroit-based Michigan 107th Fighter Squadron which was converting to the A-10 Thunderbolt II in the next year. The 112th FS officially took over on 2 October 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006835-0036-0000", "contents": "112th Fighter Squadron, History, Lineage\n* * This unit is not related to another 112th Aero Squadron (Service) that was activated in March 1918 at Rich Field, Waco, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006836-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 112th Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006836-0001-0000", "contents": "112th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 112th Illinois Infantry was organized at Peoria, Illinois, and mustered in for three years service on September 20, 1862 under the command of Colonel Thomas Jefferson Henderson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006836-0002-0000", "contents": "112th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Army of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to January 1863. 3rd Brigade, District of Central Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to April 1862. 2nd Brigade, District of Central Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to August 1863. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to October 1868. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to November 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, XXIII Corps, to May 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1865. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to February 1865, and Department of North Carolina to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006836-0003-0000", "contents": "112th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 112th Illinois Infantry mustered out of service at Greensboro, North Carolina June 20, 1865, and was discharged at Chicago on July 7, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006836-0004-0000", "contents": "112th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Covington, Kentucky, October 8, 1862. Moved to Falmouth, Kentucky, October 18, 1862. Escorted supply train to Big Eagle, Kentucky, October 19\u201321, then moved to Georgetown and Lexington, Kentucky. October 23\u201324. Duty at Lexington until March 1863. Moved to Danville, Kentucky, March 21; then to Nicholasville, Camp Dick Robinson, Lancaster, Crab Orchard, Stanford, and Milledgeville, Kentucky. Duty at Milledgeville until April 26. Regiment mounted at Milledgeville. Moved to Somerset April 26. Operations against Pegram's forces in southeastern Kentucky April 26-May 12. Action at Monticello May 1. Duty at Somerset, Kentucky, until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006836-0004-0001", "contents": "112th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSaunders' Raid in eastern Tennessee June 14\u201324 (detachment). Knoxville June 19\u201320. Strawberry Plains June 20. Rogers' Gap June 20. Powder Springs Gap June 21. Pursuit of Scott's forces July 9\u201313. Operations in eastern Kentucky against Scott July 26-August 6. Battle of Richmond July 28. Burnside's Campaign in eastern Tennessee August 16-October 16. Winker's Gap August 31. Action at Cleveland September 18. Athens, Calhoun, and Charleston September 25. Calhoun September 26. Athens September 27. About Kingston October 16\u201324. Philadelphia October 25\u201326. Lieper's Ferry, Holston River, October 28. Knoxville Campaign November 4-December 23. Holston River November 15. Campbell's Station November 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006836-0004-0002", "contents": "112th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nNear Knoxville November 16. Siege of Knoxville November 17-December 5. Skirmishes about Bean's Station December 9\u201313. Bean's Station December 10 and 14. Blain's Cross Roads December 16\u201319. Bend of Chucky Road, near Dandridge, January 16, 1864. Operations about Dandridge January 16\u201317. Dandridge January 17. Operations about Dandridge January 26\u201328. Flat and Muddy Creek January 26. Near Fair Garden January 27. Kelly's Ford January 27\u201328. Moved to Marysville, then to Knoxville and dismounted, then moved to Mount Sterling, Ky., February 1864. Duty at Mt. Sterling February 22-April 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006836-0004-0003", "contents": "112th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Camp Nelson, Kentucky, April 6, then to Knoxville, Tennessee, arriving May 3. Movement to Tunnel Hill, Georgia, May 3\u20135. Atlanta Campaign May 5-September 8. Demonstrations on Dalton May 9\u201313. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Cartersville May 18. Advance on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes' Creek June 19. Cheyney's Farm June 22. Olley's Creek June 26\u201327. Assault on Kennesaw June 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006836-0004-0004", "contents": "112th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLine of Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations against Hood and Forrest in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. Nashville Campaign November\u2013December. Columbia, Duck River, November 24\u201327. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201329. At Clifton, Tennessee, until January 15, 1865. Movement to Washington, D.C., then to Fort Fisher, North Carolina, January 18-February 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006836-0004-0005", "contents": "112th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOperations against Hoke February 11\u201314. Fort Anderson February 18. Capture of Fort Anderson February 19. Town Creek February 19\u201320. Capture of Wilmington February 22. Carolinas Campaign March 1-April 26. Advance on Goldsbow March 6\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Gurley's March 31. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Greensboro, North Carolina, until June 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006836-0005-0000", "contents": "112th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 234 men during service; 4 officers and 76 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 153 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006837-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry\nThe 112th Infantry were an infantry regiment of the East India Company's Bombay Army and later the British Indian Army. The regiment traces their origins to 1796, when they were raised as the 2nd Battalion, 6th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006837-0001-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry\nThe regiments first action was on the Battle of Khadki in the Third Anglo-Maratha War. They also took part in the Battle of Miani and the Battle of Hyderabad during the conquest of Sindh. They next took part in the central Indian campaign after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. During World War I they were attached to the 17th Indian Division in the Mesopotamia Campaign. They were involved in the action at Fat-ha Gorge on the Little Zab and the Battle of Sharqat in October 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006837-0002-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. In 1922, the 112th Infantry became the 3rd Battalion 4th Bombay Grenadiers. After independence they were one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006838-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 112th Infantry Division (German: 112. Infanteriedivision) was a German Army infantry division active in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006838-0001-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe division was formed in December 1940 from elements of 34th Infantry division and 33rd infantry division, as part of the 12th wave of German mobilization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006838-0002-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 112th Infantry Division remained in OKH reserve during the opening phase of operation Barbarossa, and was committed to the southern wing in the second half of July during the battle of Smolensk. Here elements of the Soviet 21st Army had pushed back forward German elements and advanced up to 80 kilometers in to the German rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006838-0003-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nAt the beginning of August, the 112th division was manning defensive positions on the Army group's southern flank, as part of 2nd Armies XII Corps. As Guderian's 2nd Panzer group started its wheel from Smolensk to the south on 8 August, 2nd Army, on its right flank,was slow to join in because of poor weather, ammunition shortages, and the hesitancy of General Weichs, its Army commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006838-0004-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nOn 12 August the 2nd Army finally launched its attack south-east of Bobrusk. It broke through the defenses of the Soviet 21st Army, and in three days fighting, encircled the bulk of the soviet 63rd Rifle corps, in a pocket at Zhlobin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006838-0005-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nLacking in mobile units, the 112th division, still part of XII Army Corps, formed the eastern pincer of the attack; breaking through successive defensive lines and eventually linking up with 267th Infantry division coming from the other way, near the village of Ljuschowskaja and the Saltanovka railway station, on the Zhlobin - Gomel rail line. Stretching a thin barrier across the Soviet Corps escape route, the 112th Division spent the next 3 days fending off repeated, and increasingly desperate escape attempts. By 20 August General Feldt\u2019s 1st Cavalry Division had captured Gormel, and 2nd army tallied its accomplishments, totalling 78,000 prisoners, 700 guns, and 144 tanks; many of these from the Shobin pocket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006838-0006-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nBy the tail end of October the encirclement battles around Briansk were over, the 112th crossed the Oka river south of Belev, inching its way forward slowly through the mud. However the advance was breaking down due to deteriorating road conditions and supply difficulties. The long eastern flank of 2 panzer group was a problem, and Generaloberst Guderian shifted the 112th division as part of the LIII corps to his right to shore up the protection there", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006838-0007-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe division, redeploying to the region south of Tula, met forces from the Soviet 13th Army near Teploye, who were attempting to drive on Tula from the east and disrupt the German armoured thrust towards Moscow. The Soviets using the superior mobility of their cavalry units, delayed the LIII corps mission so much that Guderian had to reinforce it with tanks, artillery and flak, a move which slowed the whole advance of the Panzer Grupe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006838-0008-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nWith the aid of the reinforcements, the 112th infantry division drove the 13th Army forces off to the east and advanced towards Stalinogorsk. Here it was attacked by newly arrived Siberian 239th Rifle Division, supported by tanks, suffered a severe reverse, and showed 'signs of panic'. Unprepared for the winter conditions, each infantry regiment had already lost 500 men to frostbite, and in the severe cold, machine guns often failed to fire. The division was now very weak and unable to advance further. On 2 November 1942 the division was disbanded. The remaining infantry were amalgamated and formed into the 112 divisional group (a regimental equivalent) and along with support elements from the division were used to build Corps Detachment B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 112th Infantry Regiment, also known as the Sixteenth Pennsylvania, is a unit in the Pennsylvania National Guard which can trace its lineage back to before the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0001-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), Heraldic items, Distinctive unit insignia, Symbolism and background\nThe symbolism of the distinctive unit insignia is the same as that of the coat of arms. The dates of its approval and amendment are also the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 108], "content_span": [109, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0002-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 1st Battalion, 112th Infantry Regiment draws its origins from Civil War era units, including the 13th, 15th, and 17th Pennsylvania Regiments and still maintains the right to possess the silver bands and battle streamers awarded for battle service in the Peninsula and Virginia 1861\u20131863 campaigns and for participation in the battles of Manassas, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, and Spottsylvania. On 22 November 1878, the battalion was organized as the 16th Regiment, Pennsylvania National Guard. The regiment consisted of companies from Erie, McKean, Venango, Elk, Warren, and Crawford counties. The units were located in Erie (Co A), Bradford (Co C), Oil City (Co D), Cooperstown (Co E), Franklin (Co F), Ridgeway, Pennsylvania (Co H), Warren (Co I), and Titusville (Co K).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0003-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 2d Battalion, 112th Infantry Regiment's heritage can be traced back to the Logan Guards(Lewistown) and the Bellefonte Fencibles, both organized in 1858. These units were mustered into federal service during the American Civil War. The Logan Guards were mustered as Company E, 25th Pennsylvania Volunteers and then as Company A, 46th Pennsylvania Volunteers. The Bellefonte Fencibles were mustered as Company H, 2d Pennsylvania Volunteers. These units combined have 17 campaign streamers from the American Civil War: Po Valley, Manassas, Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Atlanta, Fredericksburg, Vicksburg, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Battle of Appomattox, Virginia 1861, South Carolina 1862, Mississippi 1863, Tennessee 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0004-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nIn July 1865, these units were mustered out of federal service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0005-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish\u2013American War (1st Battalion)\nDesignated as the 16th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, the unit was mobilized on 28 April 1898 and activated into federal service for the Spanish\u2013American War on 10 May 1898 at their mobilization site, Mount Gretna, Pennsylvania. They sailed to Puerto Rico on 5 July 1898 and served with the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 1st Army Corps throughout the campaign. The unit was noted for actions in the Battle of Coamo, where the regiment sustained six wounded and one killed in action during a blocking action. The unit was awarded the sattle streamer marked Puerto Rico for their service. They were mustered out of federal service in December 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 86], "content_span": [87, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0006-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nGeorge C. Rickards, a career Pennsylvania National Guard officer, was promoted to Colonel as commander of the 16th Pennsylvania in 1907. On 3 July 1916, the regiment was called to service for Mexican border duty, with Rickards still in command. The unit was transported to and garrisoned at El Paso, Texas for training, but was never utilized because hostilities ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0007-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe unit was mustered into federal active service on 16 July 1917 for service in World War I, and Rickards remained its commander. On 11 October 1917 the 16th Pennsylvania Regiment was redesignated as the 112th Infantry Regiment and became part of the 28th Infantry Division. The 112th was the first war-strength National Guard regiment in the United States. The regiment reached France in May 1918 as part of the American Expeditionary Force. It went onto the line on 4 July 1918, in the Second Battle of the Marne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0007-0001", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nFrom that day on, the names Fismes, Fismette, Fond de Mezieres, and Argonne would never be forgotten. The second battalion's Companies G and H lost a combined total of 200 men out of 230 when they were cut off at Fismette and fended off a frontal attack on their position by a thousand German soldiers. The 112th Infantry Regiment returned home in April 1919 and was mustered out of federal service on 6 May 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey. The regiment was awarded battle streamers marked Champagne 1918, Champagne-Marne, Aisne-Marne, Oise-Marne, Lorraine 1918, and Meuse-Argonne for its service in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0008-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nRickards was promoted to brigadier general in 1919, and in 1921 he was promoted to major general and appointed Chief of the Militia Bureau, the first National Guard officer to hold the position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0009-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe regiment was again called to active federal service on 17 February 1941, 10 months prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. After years of training, the unit first entered the continent of Europe on the Normandy beaches following the D-Day landing. It became the 112th Infantry Regimental Combat Team which consisted of the 112th Infantry Regiment, the 229th Field Artillery Battalion, the 103rd Engineer Battalion, Company C, 447th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, and Company C, 630th Tank Destroyer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0009-0001", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\n28th Division commander James E. Wharton was in his first day of command when a German sniper shot him while he was at the 112th Infantry's command post. The regiment plowed through France and Germany, participating in the capture of Paris and the bitter fighting in the Huertgen Forest. At one point, after the fight for Kommerscheidt, the regiment was reduced to 300 men. During December 1944, the 112th Infantry Regimental Combat Team was holding a 6-1/2-mile long sector which the Germans attacked with nine divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0009-0002", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe unit inflicted 1600 casualties and destroyed eighteen tanks during nine days of continuous action, that was later known as the Battle of the Bulge. The regiment was awarded battle streamers marked Normandy, Northern France, Ardennes-Alsace, Rhineland, and Central Europe for its service in World War II. The unit was also awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation for its actions during the Battle of the Bulge, from 16 to 24 December 1944. The unit was mustered out of federal service on 6 December 1945 at Camp Gordon, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0010-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe 112th remained an organic unit of the 28th Infantry Division throughout World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0011-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIn 2004-2005, A Company, 1st Battalion, was deployed with Task Force Dragoon to Tikrit Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0012-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nBoth the 1st and 2d Battalions deployed with the rest of the 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team on 19 September 2008. They conducted full spectrum operations in and around Baghdad, Iraq. The main body of the 1st Battalion was stationed at Camp Taji while the main body of the 2d was stationed at Camp Liberty on the Victory Base Complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0012-0001", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe 2d Battalion's Civilian Military Operations unit (S-9) oversaw the distribution of roughly $20 million to the Iraqi people in efforts to stabilize the Iraqi economy and build public works projects including police stations, schools, hospitals, fire departments, youth centers, and water pumping stations. The 56th redeployed to America toward the end of 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0013-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Timeline (2nd Battalion)\nThe Bellefonte unit was redesignated Troop L, 103d Cavalry. The Bellefonte unit was mustered into federal service in January 1941 as Battery B, 190th Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0014-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Timeline (2nd Battalion)\nThe Lewistown unit was redesignated as Machine Gun Troop, 104th Cavalry, 22nd Cavalry Division. This unit was redesignated as Service Battery, 166th Field Artillery, then Headquarters Battery, 3rd Battalion 166th Field Artillery, then Headquarters Battery, 2nd Battalion 166th Field Artillery and was mustered into federal service for World War II in February 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0015-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Timeline (2nd Battalion)\nThe Tyrone unit was mustered into federal service for World War II as Troop B, 104th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0016-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Timeline (2nd Battalion)\nThe Huntingdon unit went through several redesignations including a quartermaster company and finally Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment of the 154th Transportation Truck Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0017-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Timeline (2nd Battalion)\nCompany A, 110th Infantry (Everett) and Company G, 110th Infantry (Altoona) unit were both mustered into federal service for World War II in February 1941. The other Altoona unit was mustered into federal service for home station duty during World War II as Battery B, 200th Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0018-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), Campaign participation, 1st Battalion\nUnit decoration: Presidential Unit Citation, 16\u201323 Dec 1944 112th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006839-0019-0000", "contents": "112th Infantry Regiment (United States), Campaign participation, 2nd Battalion\nCivil War silver bands:Po Valley-Manassas-Antietam-Chancellorsville-Gettysburg-Atlanta-Fredericksburg-Vicksburg-Wilderness-Spotsylvania-Cold Harbor-Petersburg-Appomattox-Virginia 1861-South Carolina 1862-Mississippi 1863-Tennessee 1863", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006840-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 112th Mechanized Infantry Division is a military formation of the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China. The 112th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c112\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 1st Division, 1st Column of the Northeastern Field Army. Its history can be traced to 5th Corps of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army taking part in the Pingjiang uprising in 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006840-0001-0000", "contents": "112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nUnder the command of 38th Corps it took part in the Chinese civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006840-0002-0000", "contents": "112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1950s\nSince 1950 it became a military formation of the People's Volunteer Army (People's Volunteer Army (PVA) or Chinese Communist Forces (CCF)) during the Korean War with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men. It was a component of the 38th Corps, consisting of the 334th, 335th, and 336th Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 70], "content_span": [71, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006840-0003-0000", "contents": "112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1950s\nThe 334th Regiment was the first Chinese unit across the Yalu, on October 14, 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 70], "content_span": [71, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006840-0004-0000", "contents": "112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1950s\nIn July 1953 it pulled back from Korea and stationed in Shenyang Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 70], "content_span": [71, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006840-0005-0000", "contents": "112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1960s\nIn 1960 it renamed as 112th Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c112\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 70], "content_span": [71, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006840-0006-0000", "contents": "112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1960s\nIn January 1961 it became one of the first ten combat alert divisions of the army, which made it a \"big\" division under PLA glossaries, as a fully manned and equipped division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 70], "content_span": [71, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006840-0007-0000", "contents": "112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1960s\nIn 1962 the division was designated as a \"Northern\" unit, Catalogue A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 70], "content_span": [71, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006840-0008-0000", "contents": "112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1960s\nIn 1966 it moved to Gaobeidian, Hebei province with the Corps HQ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 70], "content_span": [71, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006840-0009-0000", "contents": "112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1960s\nIn 1968 it started to convert to a northern motorized army division. All its 3 infantry regiments were converted to motorized units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 70], "content_span": [71, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006840-0010-0000", "contents": "112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1960s\nIn 1969 the 317th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment was renamed as Tank Regiment, 112th Army Division. 392nd Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment, 112th Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 70], "content_span": [71, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006840-0011-0000", "contents": "112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1980s\nIn April 1984 it started to convert to a mechanized army division. All its 3 motorized regiments were converted to mechanized units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 70], "content_span": [71, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006840-0012-0000", "contents": "112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1980s\nIn September 1985 it renamed as 112th Mechanized Infantry Division (Chinese: \u673a\u68b0\u5316\u6b65\u5175\u7b2c112\u5e08), as a mechanized infantry division. Its Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion was expanded to a regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 70], "content_span": [71, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006840-0013-0000", "contents": "112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1980s\nFrom April to June 1989 it took part in the enforce of martial law and the crackdown of protests in Beijing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 70], "content_span": [71, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006840-0014-0000", "contents": "112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1990s\nIn 1998 the 336th Regiment was disbanded. The Tank Regiment was converted to Armored Regiment, 112th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 70], "content_span": [71, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006840-0015-0000", "contents": "112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 2010s\nIn the late 2010s, the Armored Regiment was renamed as the new 336th Mechanized Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 70], "content_span": [71, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006840-0016-0000", "contents": "112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 2010s\nIn April 2017, the division was transferred to the Central Theatre Command Ground Forces Component after the 38th Army's deactivation and remains active with the command till the present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 70], "content_span": [71, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006840-0017-0000", "contents": "112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 2010s\nIn 2019 the division was reorganized: the division was reduced to the 112th Heavy Combined Arms Brigade(Chinese: \u91cd\u578b\u5408\u6210\u7b2c112\u65c5) minus its 335th Mechanized Infantry Regiment, which merged into the 189th Combined Arms Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 70], "content_span": [71, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006841-0000-0000", "contents": "112th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 112th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006841-0001-0000", "contents": "112th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 112th New York Infantry was organized at Jamestown, New York and mustered in for three years service on September 11, 1862 under the command of Colonel Jeremiah C. Drake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006841-0002-0000", "contents": "112th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Foster's Provisional Brigade, Division at Suffolk, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to December 1862. Gibbs' Provisional Brigade, Division at Suffolk, VII Corps, to April 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, VII Corps, to July 1863. Foster's Brigade, Vodges' Division, Folly Island, South Carolina, X Corps, Department of the South, to February 1864. 1st Brigade, Vodges' Division, District of Florida, to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, X Corps, Army of the James, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to May 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XVIII Corps, to July 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, X Corps, to December 1864, 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIV Corps, to January 1865. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Terry's Provisional Corps, Department of North Carolina, to March 1865. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, X Corps, Army of the Ohio, Department of North Carolina, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 958]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006841-0003-0000", "contents": "112th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 112th New York Infantry mustered out of service June 13, 1865. Recruits and veterans were transferred to the 3rd New York Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006841-0004-0000", "contents": "112th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Fort Monroe, Va., September 12, then moved to Suffolk September 16, 1862. Duty at Suffolk, Va., September 1862 to June 1863. Expedition toward Blackwater January 7\u20139, 1863. Action at Deserted House, Va., January 30, 1863. Leesville April 4. Siege of Suffolk, Va., April 12-May 4. Edenton, Providence Church, and Somerton Roads April 12\u201313. Edenton Road April 15 and 24. Nansemond River May 3. Siege of Suffolk raised May 4. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24-July 7. Expedition from White House to South Anna Bridge July 1\u20137. South Anna Bridge July 4. Near Portsmouth July 10\u201328.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006841-0004-0001", "contents": "112th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to the Department of the South, arriving at Folly Island, S.C., August 12. Duty at Folly and Black Islands and operations against Charleston until February 1864. Expedition to John's and James Islands February 6\u201314. Ordered to Jacksonville, Fla., February 20, and duty there until April 21. Ordered to Yorktown, Va., April 21. Butler's operations on south side of the James River and against Petersburg and Richmond May 4\u201328. Occupation of City Point and Bermuda Hundred May 5. Port Walthal Junction, Chester Station, May 6\u20137. Operations against Fort Darling May 12\u201316. Battle of Drury's Bluff May 14\u201316.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006841-0004-0002", "contents": "112th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBermuda Hundred May 16\u201327. Moved to White House, then to Cold Harbor May 27\u201331. Battles about Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 15\u201318. Siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond June 16-December 7, 1864. Duty in trenches before Petersburg and on the Bermuda Hundred front until September 27. Action at Bermuda Hundred June 25 and August 24\u201325. Mine Explosion, Petersburg, July 30. Battle of Chaffin's Farm, New Market Heights, September 28\u201330. Battle of Fair Oaks October 27\u201328.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006841-0004-0003", "contents": "112th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty at Staten Island and New York City during Presidential election of 1864, November 3\u201317, and in the trenches before Richmond until December 7. Expedition to Fort Fisher, N.C., December 7\u201327. Second Expedition to Fort Fisher, N.C., January 3\u201315, 1865. Assault on and capture of Fort Fisher January 15. Sugar Loaf Battery February 11. Fort Anderson February 18. Capture of Wilmington February 22. Carolinas Campaign March 1-April 26. Advance on Kinston and Goldsboro March 6\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Raleigh until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006841-0005-0000", "contents": "112th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 324 men during service; 9 officers and 122 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 190 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006842-0000-0000", "contents": "112th New York State Legislature\nThe 112th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 1 to May 16, 1889, during the fifth year of David B. Hill's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006842-0001-0000", "contents": "112th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (seven districts) and Kings County (three districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006842-0002-0000", "contents": "112th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The \"United Labor\" organization endorsed the Republican nominee for governor Warner Miller, but nominated own candidates for the other offices. The Prohibition Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated state tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006842-0003-0000", "contents": "112th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1888 was held on November 6. Gov. David B. Hill and Lt. Gov. Edward F. Jones (both Dem.) were re-elected. The only other statewide elective office up for election was also carried by a Democrat. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for governor, was: Democrats 650,000; Republicans/United Labor 631,000; Prohibition 30,000; and Socialist Labor 3,500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006842-0004-0000", "contents": "112th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 1, 1889; and adjourned on May 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006842-0005-0000", "contents": "112th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nFremont Cole (R) was re-elected Speaker with 76 votes against 47 for William F. Sheehan (D).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006842-0006-0000", "contents": "112th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJacob Sloat Fassett (R) was elected president pro tempore of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006842-0007-0000", "contents": "112th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 18, a grand jury in Albany refused to indict Assemblyman Charles Smith for perjury. The New York City Reform Club had accused Smith of having obtained his election by buying votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006842-0008-0000", "contents": "112th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006842-0009-0000", "contents": "112th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006842-0010-0000", "contents": "112th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006843-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Twelfth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1977 and 1978. In this General Assembly, the Ohio Senate and Ohio House of Representatives were controlled by the Democratic Party. In the Senate, there were 21 Democrats and 12 Republicans. In the House, there were 66 Democrats and 33 Republicans. It used redistricted legislative districts based on the 1970 Census. Democrats controlled the Ohio House of Representatives from January 1, 1973, through December 31, 1994, under Ohio's longest serving House Speaker, Vernal G. Riffe, (D., Scioto County).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006844-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe 112th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (Foresters) (112 RAC) was an armoured car regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006844-0001-0000", "contents": "112th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\n112th Regiment RAC was formed on 1 November 1941 by the conversion to the armoured car role of the 9th Battalion, Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment). This was an infantry battalion raised in 1939 that had seen action at the Battle of Dunkirk, originally as part of 139th Brigade of 46th Division, and had since been serving in the lorried infantry role in the Support Group of 1st Armoured Division. The battalion had been under orders to accompany 1st Armoured to the Middle East, but these were cancelled and the men returned their tropical uniforms to store.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006844-0002-0000", "contents": "112th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\nIn common with other infantry battalions transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, 112's personnel would have continued to wear their Foresters cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps, and the regiment continued to add the parenthesis '(Foresters)' after the RAC title. The first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Claude Lancaster, a Member of Parliament and Reserve officer who had raised 9th Foresters and commanded it at Dunkirk. He was made an Honorary Colonel in the Royal Armoured Corps when his term of command ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006844-0003-0000", "contents": "112th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\n112 RAC was assigned to the newly formed 42nd Armoured Division as its armoured car regiment. The regiment's initial equipment was the Bison concrete armoured lorry with extemporised armour and Standard Beaverette armoured cars handed over by 42nd Division's Reconnaissance Regiment, with Daimler Dingo scout cars as armoured command vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006844-0004-0000", "contents": "112th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\n112 RAC left 42nd Division in February 1943 and later became a draft-finding unit for other armoured car regiments fighting in the Normandy Campaign. One of the regiment's last duties was to carry out trials on the 95mm gun version of the Harry Hopkins light tank, even though no-one in the regiment had ever seen a 95mm gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006844-0005-0000", "contents": "112th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\nDespite personal appeals from the commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel A. G. Miller, DSO, to General Sir Miles Christopher Dempsey commanding the British Second Army in North-western Europe, and from Colonel Lancaster to the War Office, to allow the unit to go overseas, 112 RAC ceased to exist on 14 October 1944, when it reverted to the title of 9th Foresters, which was placed in suspended animation. The last entry in the War Diary notes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006845-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Regiment of Foot (1794)\nThe 112th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1794 to 1795. It was raised in July 1794 and stationed in Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006845-0001-0000", "contents": "112th Regiment of Foot (1794)\nIn 1795 it was to be posted to the Caribbean to take part in a British invasion of Saint-Domingue. The invasion had already suffered heavy losses to yellow fever. On hearing of the plan, soldiers of the regiment rioted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006846-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Regiment of Foot (King's Royal Musqueteers)\nThe 112th Regiment of Foot (King's Royal Musqueteers) was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1761 to 1763. It was raised in October 1761, taking its name from George III, and was disbanded in 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion\n112th Special Operations Signal Battalion (Airborne) is part of the 528th Sustainment Brigade (United States) and specializes in supporting United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC) forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0001-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, History\nThe 112th Signal Battalion (Special Operations)(Airborne) has a long history of signal operations in support of Airborne and Special Operations Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0002-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, History\nThe heritage of the 112th Signal Battalion began with the activation of the 512th Airborne Signal Company on the 14 July 1944, in Lido di Roma, Italy. The 512th conducted signal operations in support of the 1st Special Service Force and the three Parachute Infantry Battalions that comprised the 1st Airborne Task Force. The company, commanded by CPT Charles L. Howard, consisted of 3 officers, 2 warrant officers, and 129 enlisted soldiers. Soldiers for the unit were selected from the 6766th Signal Service Company (Provisional), 82nd Airborne Division and 101st Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0003-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, History\nAs part of the 1st Airborne Task Force, the 512th participated in operations from Rome to Arno Italy. The Battalion motto: \"Penetra Le Tenebre\" (\"Penetrate the Shadows\") and Mediterranean-style dagger on the battalion Coat of Arms are drawn from this early service in Italy. These early operations in Italy would forever link the unit to Airborne and Special Operations Forces. Over the next half century, this bond would strengthen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0004-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, History\nThe 512th soldiers, then commanded by 1LT George R. Hartley, conducted signal operations in support of Brigadier General Robert T. Frederick's 1st Airborne Task Force during Operation Dragoon (15 August 1944) at Le Muy, France. They made the unit's first parachute and glider assaults into battle. Thus, earning an \"arrowhead\" for the unit battle streamer. The 1st Airborne Task Force blocked German counterattacks in support of an Allied landing near Cannes, France. It was an operation that tested the concept of daylight mass tactical parachute drops supporting the deep battle and deep battle communications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0005-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, World War II\nOn 18 December 1944, the 512th Airborne Signal Company was ordered to Ascot, England to become part of the 1st Allied Airborne Army, thus, establishing a link between the unit and Combined Airborne Forces. Prior to this period, soldiers of the 512th served briefly under the U.S. XVIII Airborne Corps, now symbolized by the \"dragon's head\" on the Battalion Colors and Coat of Arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0006-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, World War II\nIt was the communications shortfalls experienced by the airborne infantry forces during Operation Market Garden that gave rise to the need for more long-haul communications and a new signal battalion to provide it. Thus, the 112th Airborne Army Signal Battalion was constituted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0007-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, World War II\nThe 112th Airborne Army Signal Battalion was constituted on 15 January 1945, and formally activated on 10 February 1945. The 112th was assigned to the 1st Allied Airborne Army. The 512th Airborne Signal Company was used to form the nucleus of the new battalion which was now commanded by LTC George R. Hartley. It initially consisted of 24 officers, 1 warrant officer and 381 enlisted soldiers. The battalion took on the Joint and Combined mission of providing communications for the U.S. and British Airborne, Glider and Air Corps forces in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0008-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, World War II\nOn 25 March 1945, 112th soldiers parachuted into battle with nearly 10,000 airborne troops of the Allied Airborne Army in support of Operation Varsity \"Jump Across the Rhine.\" Again 112th soldiers provided critical combat communications deep within enemy lines. By 7 May, 112th soldiers had traveled deep into Germany with the Airborne Army to link up with Russian Forces at the town of Hagenow, near the Baltic Sea. Following the link up with the Russians, the 112th served with occupation forces in Berlin. The rendering of the \"Brandenberg Gate\" on the Battalion Colors and Coat of Arms represents this service in Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0009-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, World War II\nOn 3 December 1945, the 112th Airborne Army Signal Battalion departed from Le Havre, France on the S.S. US Victory, bound for Hampton Roads, Virginia in the United States. There at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia on 12 December 1945, the unit was deactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0010-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Activation, deployment to Panama\nWhen the Theater Special Operations Commands needed deployable communications the 112th returned to the active force. On 17 September 1986 the battalion was designated as the 112th Special Operations Signal Battalion (Airborne), allotted to the Regular Army and activated at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. LTC James D. (Dave) Bryan, who had worked to develop the organization and operational concept for the unit, became the first commander of the 112th since World War II. And, CSM Billie F. Phipps was selected as the first Sergeant Major for the re-activated unit. The battalion was assigned to the newly activated 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 89], "content_span": [90, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0010-0001", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Activation, deployment to Panama\nSpecial Operations Command. At the activation ceremony, the battalion received orders for deployment supporting Operation Hat Trick in support of Special Operations Command South in Panama and has maintained a continuous presence in overseas Theaters ever since. Hence, the families of the 112th would begin a tradition of mutual support to sustain the long months of separation while their loved ones faithfully served their nation in support of Special Operations Forces. During this early period 112th provided communications in support of several US security efforts and Drug Enforcement Administration operations in the Southern Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 89], "content_span": [90, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0011-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Panama\nIn 1989 the United States chose to exercise its treaty rights in Panama through the deployment of US Forces with less than 12 hours' notice. This practice was put to good use during Operation Just Cause. On Christmas Eve 1989, a company of 112th soldiers were among the first to deploy to Panama in support of the Joint Special Operations Headquarters. 112th soldiers, now under the command of LTC Steven R. (Steve) Sawdey and CSM Louis (Lou) Black, became the first soldiers of the 112th to see combat since World War II. They provided vital communications links between the Joint Special Operations Headquarters and deployed Special Operations Forces. After the victory of Operation Just Cause, soldiers of the 112th continued to provide communications during Operation Promote Liberty as US Forces assisted the Panamanian people work toward democracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0012-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Panama\nUpon returning to Fort Bragg, the battalion fielded new and improved communications systems. Long-range, high-frequency, multi-channel systems were added to the battalion. Other systems were downsized to increase transportability, which made the 112th one of the most deployable signal units in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0013-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Panama\nOn 27 November 1990, the United States Army Special Forces Command was activated at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, replacing the 1st Special Operations Command. The United States Army Special Forces Command became the headquarters for all Army Special Forces units, active and reserve and the 112th Special Operations Signal Battalion (Airborne).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0014-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Saudi Arabia\nOn 5 February 1991, the Battalion (-), under the command of LTC Samuel (Sam) Higdon and CSM Raymond Clark, deployed to Saudi Arabia on Operation Desert Shield. The unit went on to Operation Desert Storm in Iraq. It added a seventh battle streamer to the unit colors and earned a Unit Commendation. In South West Asia, the unit provided vital command and control connectivity to two Special Forces Groups, CENTCOM, XVIII Airborne Corps and Department of Defense elements. After the victory in Iraq, the battalion returned to Fort Bragg on the 31st of March; however, teams were left behind in support of Operation Provide Comfort in southern Turkey and Northern Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0015-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Southern United States\nOn 26 August 1992, Hurricane Andrew stuck the Southern Coast of the United States, causing the single worst natural disaster in U.S. history. With 24 hours' notice, the battalion, now commanded by LTC Donald (Don) Kropp and CSM Ronnie (Beaver) McCan launched soldiers to provide communications for Special Forces Detachments conducting disaster relief. Again, 112th soldiers were called upon to play a significant role in disaster assistance and performed superbly. Later that same year, in October, the 112th Signal Battalion (Airborne) was reassigned from United States Army Special Forces Command to the United States Army Special Operations Command. The change in command line more clearly defined the role of the battalion to provide communications in support of Joint Special Operations Task Force Commanders and Army Special Operations Task Force Commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 79], "content_span": [80, 945]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0016-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Southern United States\nOn 27 February 1993, a team of 112th soldiers was deployed to Europe in support of Provide Promise/Deny Flight, to provide humanitarian assistance and enforcement of the no-fly zone over for former Yugoslavia. Operations in Europe gave rise to a proposal to migrate the existing SOCEUR Signal Detachment to the 112th and create forward based Theater Special Operations Signal Detachments at each Theater SOC as forward deployed elements of the 112th SO Sig Bn. This marked a formal recognition the 112th worldwide mission to support Special Operations forces in every theater of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 79], "content_span": [80, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0017-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Haiti\nIt was in October 1993 when a 112th communications team deployed to Haiti as part of the Task Force approved under the \"Governors Island Agreement\" to pave the way for free elections. During the ensuing USS Harlan County incident that 112th team provided the only reliable communications out of Haiti for US Special Operations Forces. A year later the 112th would return to Haiti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0018-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Turkey and Rwanda\nOn 16 July 1994, the 112th, now under the command of LTC Colonel William E. (Bronco) Lane and CSM Paul J. Shedlock, deployed a team to Turkey in support of Provide Comfort II, enforcement of the no-fly zone over northern Iraq. The following week, the 112th Signal Battalion received a movement order to deploy to Rwanda for humanitarian assistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 74], "content_span": [75, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0019-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Guantanamo, Cuba\nOn 12 September 1994, almost immediately after standing down from the Rwanda mission, the Battalion (-) deployed to Guantanamo, Cuba to support the Forward Staging Base for Special Operations Forces for Operations Restore Hope/Uphold Democracy in Haiti. On 19 September 1994, 112th soldiers were among the first soldiers into Port-au-Prince, entering in Special Operations MH-60 Pavehawk helicopters, providing critical communications to Brigadier General Richard Potter, the Army Special Operations Task Force Commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0019-0001", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Guantanamo, Cuba\nImmediately upon arrival, the 112th established signal operations at the Army Special Operations Task Force Headquarters and launched signal force packages to remote areas in support of Special Forces Forward Operating Bases. The 112th Signal Battalion conducted signal operations in support of the Special Operations Forces conducting peace-keeping, humanitarian assistance and nation building operations until January 1995, when the battalion redeployed leaving a Signal Company Task Force to support the remaining Special Operations Forces until March 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0020-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Ecuador and Peru\nOn 14 April 1995, the battalion deployed soldiers to Ecuador and Peru in support of the Military Observer Mission Ecuador/Peru (MOMEP). Once again, the quick response time and ability to go anywhere and successfully communicate made the 112th the unit of choice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0021-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Italy\nOn 31 August 1995, the battalion was awarded the Army Superior Unit Award, Embroidered 1994\u20131995, for meritorious performance of difficult and challenging missions. On 12 November 1995 the battalion deployed soldiers to Italy in support of the Operation Able Sentry, peacekeeping mission. They were redeployed to Fort Bragg after successful completion of their mission on 28 February 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0022-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Italy\nOn 16 November 1995, the battalion began to field five forward-deployed signal detachments authorized to provide a crashout communications capability to the overseas theater Special Operations Commands. The 112th Signal Detachments were designated 112th Signal Detachment-Europe, 112th Signal Detachment-South, 112th Signal Detachment-Pacific, 112th Signal Detachment-Central and 112th Signal Detachment-Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0023-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Bosnia\nOn 10 December 1995, the 112th Signal Battalion (-) was the first unit from the continental United States to deploy in support of Operation Joint Endeavor in Bosnia. The battalion deployed into an intermediate staging base in San Vito, Italy and immediately established communications for the Special Operations Command Implementation Force Commander. In sequential operations, 112th Signal Force Packages were rapidly infiltrated into Bosnia and Croatia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0023-0001", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Bosnia\nThe 112th Signal Battalion (-) conducted signal operations in support of Special Operations Forces conducting peacekeeping throughout the area of operations, until April 1996, when Special Operations Forces were realigned and the battalion redeployed leaving a Signal Company Task Force to support the remaining Special Operations Forces. During April, a 112th Signal package from the Battalion (-) deployed to Sierra Leone, Africa in support of Operation Assured Response, the Non-Combatant Evacuation of American Citizens from Liberia. The Signal soldiers provided crucial communications until relieved by an Air Force Combat Communications Element later that month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0024-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Bosnia\nFrom 1996 through 1998, the 112th Signal Battalion, now commanded by LTC Howard I (Howie) Cohen and CSM David M. Dalton, continued in its tradition of excellence. The 112th received the second award of the Army Superior Unit Award, embroidered \"1995\u20131996\", in June 1997 for its actions in Operation Joint Endeavor in Bosnia, Germany, and Italy and Operation Assured Response in Sierra Leone. In April and May 1998, the 112th provided flawless command and control communications for forces in Senegal and Ghana in support of the African Crisis Response Initiative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0024-0001", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Bosnia\nThe forward deployed 112th Signal Detachments, activated in late 1995, provided short response, crashout communications to the Theater Special Operations Commands (SOC) for various contingency operations and exercises in their respective areas of responsibility. The 112th Signal Detachment\u2013South provided communications support during the Venezuelan Kidnapping Recovery Mission in early 1997, the Japanese Embassy Hostage Situation in Peru in December 1997, and a Costa Rican Search and Rescue Mission in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0024-0002", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Bosnia\nThe 112th Signal Detachment\u2013Pacific provided communications support during Operation Bevel Edge, a non-combatant evacuation operation (NEO) in Thailand and Cambodia in July 1997 and Operation Bevel Incline, a NEO in Indonesia in May 1998. The 112th Signal Detachment\u2013Korea provided support during the North Korean Submarine search mission. Coincidentally, a former Commander of the 112th (COL Don Kropp) exercised overall supervision of the operation in his, then, position as the UNC Chief of Armistice Affairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0025-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Bosnia\nDuring the next two years, under the command of LTC Michael J. Flynn and Command Sergeants Major Arthur C. (A.C.) Coley and Michael T. McIntyre the 112th Signal Battalion significantly enhanced the services they provide to supported commands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0026-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Bosnia\nThese enhancements included deployable battlefield VTC, tactical automation (SIPRNET/NIPRNET), Special Operations Force Intelligence Vehicle interface, Deployable SCAMPI, tri-band multichannel, and improved throughput in the tactical multichannel systems. In April 1998, the 112th Signal Battalion, along with the 35th Signal Brigade, performed the operational test and evaluation of the Lightweight High Gain X-band Antenna, the Army's replacement for the Quick Reaction Satellite Antenna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0027-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Afghanistan\nThe events of September 11, 2001 would provide the most significant test of the 112th in its long history. Realizing the significance of the September 11th terrorist attacks, the leadership of 112th Signal Battalion, commanded by LTC Robert Bell and CSM Robert Ervin, stood ready to support impending combat operations. Within 96 hours of the attacks, Alpha Company redeployed from Camp Mackall, NC, where it was conducting its mission assumption \"Signal Strike\" exercise, and began crisis action planning in support of proposed operations in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0027-0001", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Afghanistan\nA Company deployed to Uzbekistan on October 4, 2001, and established communications for the 5th Special Forces Group within 24 hours of their arrival in theater. On October 7, 2001, in the president's address to the nation, the president announced to the American public that the \"United States military had begun strikes against Al Qaeda terrorist training camps and military installations of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.\" Since that historic announcement, the 112th Signal Battalion has deployed over 200 soldiers to eight countries on three continents in support of the GWOT. Since that time 112th Soldiers continue to support Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and other locations around the globe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0028-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Iraq\nOn Christmas Eve 2002, the 112th Signal Battalion, now commanded by LTC Peter A. (Pete) Gallagher and CSM Leandro Sanfeliz, received deployment orders to Southwest Asia in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. The operation called for SOCCENT to establish a Combined Forces Special Operations Component Command (CFSOCC) as well as two separate JSOTFs, the Joint Special Operations Air Component Command (JSOACC), two Joint Special Operations Air Detachments (JSOAD), a Naval Special Warfare Task Group, and six Special Forces FOBs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 61], "content_span": [62, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0029-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Iraq\nAlready engaged in Afghanistan with elements from Alpha Company, the 112th Signal Battalion headquarters, Bravo and Charlie Companies, deployed to the CENTCOM AOR in January 2003. LTC Peter A. (Pete) Gallagher, the battalion commander, deployed with a small battalion tactical operations center (TOC) forward to colocate with the CFSOCC headquarters. The presence of the 112th Signal Battalion (forward) allowed for the overall command and control, and administrative and logistical sustainment of 112th assets in theater, while the 112th-led CFSOCC JCCC orchestrated the communications architecture", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 61], "content_span": [62, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0030-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Iraq\nOperation Iraqi Freedom represents the largest, most complex and most successful special operations communications network in history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 61], "content_span": [62, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006847-0031-0000", "contents": "112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Today\nToday, over 50 years after the original activation of the 112th Airborne Army Signal Battalion, the 112th Signal Battalion (Special Operations)(Airborne) remains as the only airborne signal battalion in the world. Its ranks can be found throughout the Special Forces Operational theaters to include the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Central Africa, West Africa, Europe, South America, and anywhere Special Operations forces routinely operate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006848-0000-0000", "contents": "112th Street Bridge\nThe 112th Street Bridge is a bridge that carries New York State Route 470 across the Hudson River in New York. It connects Van Schaick Island in the city of Cohoes with the Lansingburgh neighborhood of Troy. The original bridge was built in 1922 and demolished in 1995. The newer version was completed in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006849-0000-0000", "contents": "112th United States Colored Infantry Regiment\nThe 112th United States Colored Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was composed of African American enlisted men commanded by white officers and was authorized by the Bureau of Colored Troops which was created by the United States War Department on May 22, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006849-0001-0000", "contents": "112th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe regiment was organized at Little Rock, Arkansas, April 23 to November 8, 1864, as the 5th Regiment Arkansas Volunteer Infantry (African Descent) and assigned to the VII Corps (Union Army). The unit was later re-designated as the 112th United States Colored Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006849-0002-0000", "contents": "112th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Division, 7th Corps, Dept. of Arkansas, June, 1864, to January, 1865. Colored Brigade, 7th Corps, to February, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006849-0003-0000", "contents": "112th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nGeneral Orders No. 14 Department of Arkansas, dated February 1, 1865, from Little Rock, included the 112th United States Colored Infantry is reported as belonging to the 2nd Brigade of the 1st Division of the 7th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006849-0004-0000", "contents": "112th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, 7th Corps, to April, 1865. The regiment was assigned to post and garrison duty at Little Rock, Ark., entire term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006849-0005-0000", "contents": "112th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Consolidated\nThe regiment was consolidated with the 11th U.S. Colored Infantry (Old) and the 113th U.S. Colored Infantry (old) the 113th United States Colored Troops (New) on April 1, 1865. The resulted regiment was mustered out on April 9, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006850-0000-0000", "contents": "112th United States Congress\nThe 112th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, from January 3, 2011, until January 3, 2013. It convened in Washington, D.C. on January 3, 2011, and ended on January 3, 2013, 17 days before the end of the presidential term to which Barack Obama was elected in 2008. Senators elected to regular terms in 2006 completed those terms in this Congress. This Congress included the last House of Representatives elected from congressional districts that were apportioned based on the 2000 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006850-0001-0000", "contents": "112th United States Congress\nIn the 2010 midterm elections, the Republican Party won the majority in the House of Representatives. While the Democrats kept their Senate majority, it was reduced from the previous Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006850-0002-0000", "contents": "112th United States Congress\nThis was the first Congress in which the House and Senate were controlled by different parties since the 107th Congress (2001\u20132003), and the first Congress to begin that way since the 99th Congress (1985\u20131987). It was also the first Congress since the 36th Congress, over 150 years, in which the Republican Party held the House but not the Senate. In this Congress, the House of Representatives had the largest number of Republican members, 242, since the 80th Congress (1947\u20131949). This was the only Congress between the 79th (1945\u20131947) and the 117th (2021\u20132023) that did not include a member of the Kennedy family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006850-0003-0000", "contents": "112th United States Congress\nAs of 2021, this is the most recent Congress in which Democrats held a Senate seat in Nebraska or a House seat in Arkansas, the last in which Republicans held both Senate seats in Maine, and the last in which Democrats did not hold all seats in Connecticut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006850-0004-0000", "contents": "112th United States Congress, Major events, Potential government shutdown\nA failure to pass a 2011 federal budget nearly led to a shutdown of non-essential government services on April 9, 2011, with the furlough of 800,000 government employees appearing imminent. President Obama met Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and House Speaker John Boehner in the days preceding the deadline but was unable to come to an agreement to pass a budget. A one-week budget was proposed to avoid a government shutdown and allow more time for negotiations; however, proposals from both parties could not be accommodated. Obama said he would veto a proposed Republican budget over Republican social spending cuts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 73], "content_span": [74, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006850-0004-0001", "contents": "112th United States Congress, Major events, Potential government shutdown\nThis was also backed by Senate Democrats who objected to such cuts as that of Planned Parenthood. However, an agreement was reached between the two parties for a one-week budget to allow for more time to negotiate after Republicans dropped their stance on the Planned Parenthood issue. The two parties ultimately agreed on a 2011 federal budget the following week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 73], "content_span": [74, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006850-0005-0000", "contents": "112th United States Congress, Major events, Potential government shutdown\nThere were many reactions to the possible shutdown with some saying the economy could be hurt during a fragile recovery and others saying the lack of an unnecessary bureaucracy would not be noticed. There was also criticism that while senators and representatives would continue to get paid others such as the police and military personnel would either not be paid for their work or have their payments deferred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 73], "content_span": [74, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006850-0006-0000", "contents": "112th United States Congress, Major events, Debt limit crisis\nOn August 2, 2011, the United States public debt was projected to reach its statutory maximum. Without an increase in that limit the U.S. Treasury would be unable to borrow money to pay its bills. Although previous statutory increases have been routine, conservative members of the House refused to allow an increase without drastically reducing government spending. Over several weeks and months, negotiators from both parties, both houses, and the White House  worked to forge a compromise. The compromise bill, the Budget Control Act of 2011, was enacted on August 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006850-0007-0000", "contents": "112th United States Congress, Leadership\nSection contents: Senate: Majority (D), Minority (R) \u2022 House: Majority (R),  Minority (D)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006850-0008-0000", "contents": "112th United States Congress, Members\nFor the first time in the history of Congress, over half its members were millionaires as of 2012; Democrats had a median net worth of $1.04 million, while the Republicans median was \"almost exactly\" $1.00 million. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 2012; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 2014; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006851-0000-0000", "contents": "112th meridian east\nThe meridian 112\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006851-0001-0000", "contents": "112th meridian east\nThe 112th meridian east forms a great circle with the 68th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006851-0002-0000", "contents": "112th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 112th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006852-0000-0000", "contents": "112th meridian west\nThe meridian 112\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006852-0001-0000", "contents": "112th meridian west\nThe 112th meridian west forms a great circle with the 68th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006852-0002-0000", "contents": "112th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 112th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006853-0000-0000", "contents": "113 (band)\n113 is a French hip hop group with African and  Caribbean roots originating in North and West Africa and the island of Guadeloupe, formed in the Their most famous song is Tonton du Bled (\"Uncle From The Land\", 'bled' a term from Maghrebi Arabic ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006853-0001-0000", "contents": "113 (band)\nThe group's name comes from the name of the building in a housing estate where the members spent much of their youth, as well as a take on the US  hip hop group 112.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006854-0000-0000", "contents": "113 (number)\n113 (one hundred [and] thirteen) is the natural number following 112 and preceding 114.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006855-0000-0000", "contents": "113 Amalthea\n113 Amalthea /\u00e6m\u0259l\u02c8\u03b8i\u02d0\u0259/ is a stony Florian asteroid and binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 50 kilometers (31 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 12 March 1871, by German astronomer Robert Luther at the Bilk Observatory in D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany. The elongated S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 9.95 hours. It was named after Amalthea from Greek mythology. The discovery of its 5-kilometer satellite was announced in July 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006855-0001-0000", "contents": "113 Amalthea, Description\nAmalthea is thought to be a fragment from the mantle of a Vesta-sized, 300\u2013600\u00a0km diameter parent body that broke up around one billion years ago, with the other major remnant being 9 Metis. The spectrum of Amalthea reveals the presence of the mineral olivine, a relative rarity in the asteroid belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006855-0002-0000", "contents": "113 Amalthea, Description\nBased on observations made during a stellar occultation by Amalthea of a 10th-magnitude star on 14 March 2017, it was announced in July 2017 that the asteroid has a small, 5-kilometer-sized satellite, provisionally designated S/2017 (113) 1. The observations also indicated that Amalthea has a distinctly elongated shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006855-0003-0000", "contents": "113 Amalthea, Description\nOne of Jupiter's inner small satellites, unrelated to 113 Amalthea, is also called Amalthea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006856-0000-0000", "contents": "113 BC\nYear 113 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caprarius and Carbo (or, less frequently, year 641 Ab urbe condita) and the Fourth Year of Yuanding. The denomination 113 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006857-0000-0000", "contents": "113 Battalion\n113 Battalion was a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006857-0001-0000", "contents": "113 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions\nBy the late 1970s the South African government had abandoned its opposition to arming black soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006857-0002-0000", "contents": "113 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions\nIn early 1979, the government approved a plan to form a number of regional African battalions, each with a particular ethnic identity, which would serve in their homeland or under regional SADF commands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006857-0003-0000", "contents": "113 Battalion, History, Development of the Gazankulu Defence Force\nThis led to the formation of 113 Battalion for the Tsongas tribe. It is believed that the original intention was for this battalion to form the basis of a future Gazankulu Defence Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006857-0004-0000", "contents": "113 Battalion, History, Development of the Gazankulu Defence Force\n113 Battalion was raised in 1980 at Phalaborwa in the then Eastern Transvaal. Troops for 113 SA Battalion were recruited from the self-governing territory of Gazankulu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006857-0005-0000", "contents": "113 Battalion, History, Higher Command\n113 Battalion resorted under the command of Group 13. 64 soldiers from 113 Battalion was transferred to 116 Battalion when that unit was expanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006857-0006-0000", "contents": "113 Battalion, History, Disbandment\n113 Battalion was later absorbed into 7 South African Infantry Battalion to form a single battalion in the new SANDF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006857-0007-0000", "contents": "113 Battalion, Notes\nPeled, A. A question of Loyalty Military Manpower Policy in Multiethinic States, Cornell University Press, 1998, ISBN\u00a00-8014-3239-1 Chapter 2: South Africa: From Exclusion to Inclusion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 20], "content_span": [21, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006858-0000-0000", "contents": "113 East Roosevelt (Phase II)\nPhase II of 113 East Roosevelt is a skyscraper planned for Chicago, Illinois in the Near South Side community area. It will be located at the southeast corner of Roosevelt Road and Michigan Avenue, located adjacent to the southwest corner of Grant Park. The skyscraper is designed by Rafael Vi\u00f1oly as the second of a three phase development that includes a slightly shorter Phase I NEMA (Chicago) and a 100-unit townhouse development and public park as the third phase. It is planned to have 648 units that will likely be condominiums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006858-0000-0001", "contents": "113 East Roosevelt (Phase II)\nMiami developer Crescent Heights acquired the real estate for the development in 2012 for $29.5 million. The development was presented in a community meeting on September 22, 2015. The Chicago Plan Commission approved the development on November 19, 2015, in a meeting that also resulted in the approval of the Wanda Vista tower. The building will be located on a 2-acre (8,094\u00a0m2) site. Financing is a prerequisite to initial groundbreaking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006859-0000-0000", "contents": "113 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 113 Squadron of the  Israeli Air Force, also known as the Tayeset Ha'Tsira'a (Hornet or Wasp Squadron), was formed on October 4, 1955. The Hornets were the first squadron to fly 24 MD450B Dassault Ouragans. It suffered eight fatalities during the 1967 Six-Day War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006859-0001-0000", "contents": "113 Squadron (Israel)\nBy January 1973 IAI Nesher replaced the Dassault Ouragans that were retired from duty. In 1976 the squadron replaced the Nesher with the IAI Kfir C-1. The squadron was disbanded in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006859-0002-0000", "contents": "113 Squadron (Israel)\nThe squadron was reformed in September 1990 as the first Israeli AH-64A Apache squadron and slowly migrated to the exclusive use of the AH-64D Apache Longbow in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006860-0000-0000", "contents": "113 and 117 Foregate Street, Chester\n113 and 117 Foregate Street consist of a pair of shops on the north side of Foregate Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. Each of the buildings is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade\u00a0II listed building. The buildings flank a passage leading to the block of flats numbered 115 and known as Parker's Buildings; this is also a Grade\u00a0II listed building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006860-0001-0000", "contents": "113 and 117 Foregate Street, Chester, 113 Foregate Street\nThis was a pre-existing building remodelled in 1890\u201391 by the local architect John Douglas. The work was done for the 1st Duke of Westminster. The building is constructed in red Ruabon brick with sandstone dressings, and has a red clay tile roof. It has three storeys. In the ground floor of the front facing the street is a modern shop front. In each storey are three sash windows, surrounded by ornate stone cases. At the top of the front facing the street is a shaped gable containing blue brick diapering and with stone coping, volutes and five finials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006860-0001-0001", "contents": "113 and 117 Foregate Street, Chester, 113 Foregate Street\nTowards the right corner is a wrought iron sign bracket dated 1890. The side facing the passage leading to Parker's Buildings is built on a high sandstone plinth. It includes a chimney with a shaped stack and a number of stone-dressed windows. To the rear of the building is a two-storey wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006860-0002-0000", "contents": "113 and 117 Foregate Street, Chester, 117 Foregate Street\nThis is a new building of 1889\u201390 designed by Douglas & Fordham for the 1st Duke of Westminster. In 1990 it was converted and attached to new offices. Like number\u00a0113, it is constructed in red Ruabon brick with sandstone dressings, it has a red tile roof, and is in three storeys. The ground floor was refaced in 1990. In the first floor of the front facing the street is a three-light mullioned and transomed casement window, with a single-light transomed window on each side. In the top storey is a three-light casement window.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006860-0002-0001", "contents": "113 and 117 Foregate Street, Chester, 117 Foregate Street\nBelow this window, and to each side, is blue brick diapering. Between the storeys, and over the top window, are stone bands. The gable is broadly similar to that of number\u00a0113, being shaped with stone coping and finials. The side facing the passage to Parker's Buildings contains quoins, windows, two projecting shaped gables and two chimneys with spiral brick flues. At the rear is another gable and a chimney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006861-0000-0000", "contents": "113 series\nThe 113 series (113\u7cfb, 113-kei) is a Japanese suburban electric multiple unit (EMU) train type introduced in 1963 by Japanese National Railways (JNR), currently operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR-West) and Shikoku Railway Company (JR Shikoku), and formerly also operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006861-0001-0000", "contents": "113 series\nThe design was derived from the earlier 111 series, and used newer MT54 motors with an output of 120\u00a0kW. They are used in the mild temperature areas of Japan, due to their brakes not being capable of handling cold weather. The 115 series were built to operate in colder areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006861-0002-0000", "contents": "113 series, Variants, 111 series\nThe 111 series was a Japanese suburban electric multiple unit. Built in 1962 and 1963 for JNR, the 111 series served as a prototype of sorts for the 113 series sets that were to soon follow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006861-0003-0000", "contents": "113 series, Variants, 111 series\nBased on the earlier 421 series, the 111 series was built as an attempt to combat the overcrowding of platforms through the use of three-door cars as opposed to two-door cars. Production of the 111 series was stopped in 1963 once production was shifted to the 113 series cars; only thirty 111 series cars were produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006861-0004-0000", "contents": "113 series, Variants, 111 series\nAfter the privatization of the JNR, the sets' ownership was taken over by JR Shikoku, which used the sets until March 2001, after which they were retired. Four cars are currently preserved; KuHa 111\u20131 at the SCMaglev and Railway Park in Nagoya, Japan, KuHa 111-3002 stored in JR Shikoku's Tadotsu Works and MoHa 110-1 and MoHa 111-1 stored at JR Central's Hamamatsu Works. The sectioned front ends of KuHa 111-1072 and KuHa 111-2152 are also preserved at the Poppo-no-oka farm shop in Isumi, Chiba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006861-0005-0000", "contents": "113 series, Variants, 111 series\nKuHa 111-1 preserved at the SCMaglev and Railway Park Museum in Nagoya, Japan, 2008", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006861-0006-0000", "contents": "113 series, Variants, 113-0 series\nThese sets were the first of the 113 series, and were put to use on the Sobu and Yokosuka Lines. They had the same body structure as the 111 series, with only the driver's cab being extended. In 1970, AU73X, AU74X, AU75X type air conditioning was fitted experimentally to sets operated in the Kansai area. The test was successful, and hence was fitted into the majority of the cars. Production of the -0 series ceased in 1973, and most sets have now been withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006861-0007-0000", "contents": "113 series, Variants, 113-0 series (JR Shikoku)\nThree 113-0 sets were transferred to JR Shikoku from JR East for refurbishment. Following refurbishment, they differed externally from most 113 series train sets because they had lower front destination signs and rectangular headlights. Each set also came in a different colour scheme; set 1 in a coat of lime green surrounding the windows with light blue; set 2 in red and pink; and set 3 in orange and yellow. All had a ribbon of silver on the top and bottom, and the colours were arranged in the same pattern. The last of these sets was withdrawn in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006861-0008-0000", "contents": "113 series, Variants, 113-700 series\nThese sets were built for use on the Kosei Line, due to the heavy amounts of snowfall in the region. They feature semi automatic doors, snowploughs and improved brakes. Some trains were also transferred to the Sagano Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006861-0009-0000", "contents": "113 series, Variants, 113-1000 series\nThese sets were introduced from 1972, and were an improved version of the 113\u20130 series, for use on the Sobu and Yokosuka Lines. They incorporated fire resistant materials, sealed beam headlights and air conditioning. These trains were used around the Boso area, on the Narita Line, Kashima Line, Sotobo Line, and Uchibo Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006861-0010-0000", "contents": "113 series, Variants, 113-1000 series\nHowever, due to minor modifications of the ATC and air conditioning in some trains in April 1972, some of the trains from the Boso area were transferred for use on the Tokaido Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006861-0011-0000", "contents": "113 series, Variants, 113-1500 series\nThese sets were an improvement on the 113\u20131000 series and these sets were all located at Ofuna. They ran on the Sobu and Yokosuka Lines and on the Tokaido Line. All 113\u20131500 series trains were fitted with ATC-5 and ATS-P/SN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006861-0012-0000", "contents": "113 series, Variants, 113-2000 series\nThese sets are an improvement on the 113\u20130 series. The seat pitch was extended to 1490 millimetres, which was a 70 millimetre increase compared to its predecessor. Also, the width of the seat was widened from 880 millimetres to 965 millimetres. Some of these sets remain in service at Kosei Line and Kusatsu Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006861-0013-0000", "contents": "113 series, Variants, 113-3800 series\nThese are JR-West 2-car sets which were converted in 2001 by building new cabs at one end of former MoHa (non-driving motor) cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0000-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks\n113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks is a heritage-listed terrace house located in the Long's Lane Precinct at 113-115 Gloucester Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built during 1881. It is also known as Longs Lane Terraces/Precinct. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0001-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nIn 1807, this site is shown by Meehan's Survey to contain a defined building alignment with a lane on the northern boundary. Artists' views of the western side of Sydney Cove between 1800-1820 confirm a large number of small buildings in the region. By 1822 the site appears on Harper's Survey as containing a single relatively small structure. Robert Russell's Survey in 1838 shows the site as the eastern half of Allotment 18 of Section 74 which was granted to William Long by Governor George Gipps in 1839. In 1829, prior to the formalising of the land claim, Long had acquired the eastern section of the property fronting Gloucester Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0002-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nA former convict, Long arrived in Sydney aboard the Baring in 1815, but by 1829 was a successful wine and spirits merchant as well as being licensee of pubs in Millers Point and Lower George Street. Long assumed ownership of the western section of allotment 18 fronting Cumberland St after the death of his wife Mary Walker. Prior to her death, Mary Long had inherited the property from her former husband, Richard Walker, in 1825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0002-0001", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nMaps of the area drawn in 1823 and 1825 show only one building on the site, but by 1831another building had been erected on the corner of Gloucester St and Long's Lane. This building was probably erected during the course of 1830, although the intended use of the building is unclear. In 1845, when the City Council assessed the site, it was described as containing a small tenement of three houses each of two rooms with shingled roofs. The \"date of taking\" this assessment is noted as 1842 and in 1848 they are described as \"bad repair\". By 1848 a trio of single-storey, shingle-roofed houses, with two rooms each had been built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0003-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nAround 1881-1882, the three houses, by now in \"bad repair\", were demolished, making way for a pair of two storey-terrace houses, with five rooms each (later expanded to six rooms), and slate roofing. These are the houses that remain on the site today. In addition to the main houses, the rear of the lots contained outbuildings, rear wings and rear yards which extended into land formerly occupied by the demolished Long's Lane tenements, which were last listed in the rate books for 1877. The site continued to be the property of William Long (later part of his estate) until the NSW Government resumed the site in 1900.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0004-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nThe houses were always tenanted. One notable tenant of No. 113 was Joseph Law, also known as [Joseph] Ah Chong, a Chinese interpreter reportedly working for the government. Law occupied the house from 1885 to 1902, with his wife, Margaret Gratrix, with whom he had up to 18 children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0005-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nThe 1902 Sands Directory was the last mention of Law as the tenant in the house. The following year his wife Margaret was listed as the tenant. Following the outbreak of bubonic plague in Sydney and The Rocks, the NSW Government, under The Rocks Resumption Act 1901 resumed the area. Local people worked at the task of cleansing, disinfecting, fumigating and lime-washing buildings. Although The Rocks area became synonymous with the plague, only three of the 103 people who died of the plague in Sydney were from The Rocks. Between 1905 and 1915, the buildings on the \"Dig\" site were demolished and, in the 1920s, major demolition's took place nearby for the Sydney Harbour Bridge approach. In the 1950s, several houses to the south of Long's Lane were demolished when the Cahill Expressway was constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0006-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nUnder state ownership the houses continued to be leased to various tenants until the mid-1980s. About this time the rear wings and outbuildings were demolished, and the buildings boarded up. The buildings were occupied by squatters, and vandalised during this period, falling into a ruinous state by the 1990s, when renovation work commenced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0007-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nOver 1994 and 1995, an extensive programme of conservation works were carried out on the building. The work comprised stabilisation, restoration of the front fa\u00e7ade and roofs, cutting in damp proof courses, and construction of new floors. Joinery, plastering, and other surface finishes were reconstructed on the basis of surviving original fabric. Rear wings were constructed on the extant footings of the earlier rear wings; however, only the external form of the original rear wings was reconstructed, allowing the interiors to be adapted for modern kitchens and bathrooms. The houses are now privately leased to tenants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0008-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nThe Sydney Cove Authority also carried out conservation works to the buildings and rear yards in the remainder of the Long's Lane Precinct, including 103-111 Gloucester Street, 117 Gloucester Street, and 130-142 Cumberland Street. This work was awarded the 1998 Lloyd Rees Award for Outstanding Urban Design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0009-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nArchaeology notes: Lease to Samuel Thorley, 8 June 1803 (land later granted as Lot 21, Section 74). Granted as part of Section 74: Lot 18 to William Long, 22 June 1839; Lot 19 to William Butt, Cumberland Street, 19 April 1839; Lot 20 to J. T. Hughes, 30 September 1839; Lot 21 to J. T. Hughes, on 19 April 1839.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0010-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Description\n113-115 Gloucester Street is a part of a cluster of nineteenth and early-twentieth houses, rear yards, and laneways between Gloucester and Cumberland Streets, The Rocks. 113-115 Gloucester Street is a typical Victorian terrace of the 1880s prevalent throughout the inner suburbs of Sydney. The dominant feature of the terrace is the large verandah space onto Gloucester Street. While interior planning of the terrace is basically two rooms down and up with rear service wings, an unusual feature is the strict alignment of the building to the land title allotment. A consequence of this is that many of the walls do not meet at ninety degrees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0011-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Description\nStyle: Late Victorian terrace; Storeys: 2; Roof Cladding: Originally slate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0012-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Description, Condition\nAs at 3 May 2001, Archaeology Assessment Condition: Partly disturbed. Assessment Basis: Archaeological excavation (1994) involved the removal of occupation deposits from the kitchens of 113-115, dating from 1881 to c.\u20091930s. Deposits in the rest of the properties were untouched with the exception of 300x300 excavations in the centres of each of the four main ground floor rooms in 113-115 for the construction of floor supports. All services were surface mounted beneath floor joists to avoid disturbance of potential archaeological remains. An existing service trench in 117 was re-excavated and utilised for the same purpose. Pre 1912 deposits in 117 untouched. Investigation: Historical research and assessment of archaeology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0013-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAs at 31 March 2011, this pair of terraces and site are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0014-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe pair of houses at 113-115 Gloucester Street and site are of historical, aesthetic, and scientific significance to the people of New South Wales for its contribution to the Longs Lane precinct which is significant in demonstrating the evolution of The Rocks in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and which remains a rare townscape complete with laneways and rear yards intact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0015-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe terrace has aesthetic significance as a typical example of the form of housing prevalent in the inner suburbs of Sydney in the 1880s, 113-115 Gloucester Street possesses the ability to interpret their original appearance and configuration as a result of extensive conservation works undertaken by the State government in the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0016-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nOccupied by numerous tenants throughout its history, No. 113 has been identified as a site of heritage significance as the home of a Chinese interpreter, Joseph Law, between 1885 and 1902. The Longs Lane precinct is primarily significant as a unique ensemble of nineteenth century residential buildings, laneways and rear yards in The Rocks, and because it includes the terrace, 103-111 Gloucester Street, which is a very rare extant example in Sydney of an early Victorian Greek Revival style terrace of houses created as total composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0017-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nLongs Lane precinct is also significant because it is indicative of the nineteenth and early-twentieth century residential character of The Rocks, retaining strong associational and geographic links with community services such as shops, and churches. It retains rare examples of early-nineteenth century public laneways in their original scale and orientation. It is a unique ensemble in the Rocks of tenanted residential buildings of varying nineteenth and early twentieth century architectural periods including the Early Victorian, Victorian, and Edwardian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0017-0001", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nIt possesses a unique archaeological potential as a discrete cluster of buildings, laneways, and rear yards of various buildings, relatively undisturbed since 1915, dating from the earliest period of occupation in Sydney. Longs Lane is a rare extant public right of way known to have existed from the first decade of the nineteenth century. Carahers Lane is a rare documented site where the existence of slum housing from the-mid to late-nineteenth century can be shown to be associated with the remaining physical fabric, and historical documentation about the landlords/owners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0018-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n113-115 Gloucester Street are typical of 1880s terraces in inner Sydney. 113 Gloucester St holds significance as associated with the household of the Law family from c.\u20091882-1903, Joseph Law was a Chinese Interpreter and government translator. The site holds significance for its importance to the history of Chinese in Australia and attempts to negotiate between two very different cultures", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0019-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nTerrace was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0020-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0021-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe site of 113-115 Gloucester Street is historically significant as a site continuously occupied since the 1820s. 113-115 Gloucester Street is historically significant as a key component in demonstrating the evolution of the Long's Lane precinct, which is a unique ensemble in The Rocks of 19th century residential buildings, laneways, and rear yards. 113-115 Gloucester Street is of historical significance in its own right as a reflection of the 1880s speculative development of The Rocks, during a period of intense redevelopment of the area as a result of the economic boom years of the latter 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0021-0001", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe history of 113-115 Gloucester Street's decline into dereliction, and the occupation of the building by squatters prior to the conservation works of the early 1990s reflects the changing social context of The Rocks from the late 19th century to the present. The decision of the State government to restore the building for residential (rather than commercial) purposes demonstrates the prevailing political will and public funding dedicated to the conservation of heritage in the post-Green Bans period in The Rocks. 113-115 Gloucester Street meets this criterion on a State level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0022-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0023-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n113-115 Gloucester Street is historically associated with the William Long and his descendants, as well as the numerous individuals and families who occupied the houses over time, including Joseph Law, a Chinese interpreter who occupied No. 113 between 1885 and 1902. 113-115 Gloucester Street meets this criterion on a local level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0024-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0025-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n113-115 Gloucester Street is of some aesthetic significance locally as an example a typical Victorian terrace of the 1880s. The aesthetic significance of the building has been revealed and can now be better understood through reconstruction and conservation. 113-115 Gloucester Street makes a substantial contribution to the streetscape significance of The Rocks, particularly complementing the terraced character of the eastern side of Gloucester Street (including the Jobbins Terrace at 103-111 Gloucester Street, the Edwardian Cottages at 46-56 Gloucester Street, Susannah Place at 58-64 Gloucester Street, and Baker's Terrace at 66-72 Gloucester Street). 113-115 Gloucester Street makes a substantial contribution to the aesthetic significance of the Long's Lane Precinct as an ensemble of 19th and early 20th century buildings, associated laneways, and rear yards. 113-115 Gloucester Street meets this criterion on a State level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 989]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0026-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0027-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAs part of The Rocks area, 113-115 Gloucester Street is likely to be held in some esteem by the individuals and groups who are interested in Sydney's history and heritage. No . 113 Gloucester Street has been identified by the Chinese Australian Cultural Heritage Group as a site which is of significance to the history of the Chinese community in NSW. No . 113 Gloucester Street meets this criterion on a local level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0028-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0029-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe archaeological resource at 113-115 Gloucester Street is of research significance as a rare example of a site yielding archaeological evidence of the pre-1830 period of European settlement in Sydney. The results of previous archaeological investigations of the site and those adjacent to it are fully documented and form, together with other projects carried out in the area, a valuable resource for understanding early life in The Rocks area. 113-115 Gloucester Street is of some technical significance as an example of \"academic\" conservation work in which reconstructed fabric was strictly based on extant material and constructed in a traditional manner. 113-115 Gloucester Street meets this criterion on a local level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0030-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0031-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n113-115 Gloucester Streets does not, itself, possess any rare or uncommon aspects of significance. The Long's Lane Precinct is of significance as an ensemble of 19th and early 20th century buildings, associated laneways, and rear yards which is rare (probably unique) in the Sydney region and NSW. 113-115 Gloucester Street does not meet this criterion on a local or State level. The Long's Lane precinct meets this criterion on a State level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0032-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0033-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n113-115 Gloucester Street is a good representative example of 1880s terrace housing within the context of the Long's Lane precinct, itself a significant area in demonstrating the 19th century townscape of The Rocks, complete with intact rear yards and laneways. 113-115 Gloucester Street meets this criterion on a local level. The Long's Lane precinct meets this criterion on a State level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006862-0034-0000", "contents": "113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 1601 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 14 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006863-0000-0000", "contents": "1130\nYear 1130 (MCXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006864-0000-0000", "contents": "1130 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1130\u00a0kHz: 1130 AM is a clear-channel frequency shared by Canada and The United States. CKWX Vancouver, KWKH Shreveport and WBBR New York City share Class A status of 1130 AM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006865-0000-0000", "contents": "1130 Skuld\n1130 Skuld, provisional designation 1929 RC, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was named after Skuld from Norse mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006865-0001-0000", "contents": "1130 Skuld, Discovery\nSkuld was discovered on 2 September 1929, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The body was independently discovered by astronomers and fellow countrymen Arnold Schwassmann and Arno Wachmann at the Hamburger Bergedorf Observatory ten nights later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006865-0002-0000", "contents": "1130 Skuld, Discovery\nIt was first identified as A906 VC at Heidelberg in 1906, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 23 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006865-0003-0000", "contents": "1130 Skuld, Orbit and classification\nSkuld is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony S-type asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,215 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006865-0004-0000", "contents": "1130 Skuld, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Skuld, one of the three Norns in Norse mythology. The asteroids 167\u00a0Urda and 621\u00a0Werdandi are named after the other two Norns. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 110).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006865-0005-0000", "contents": "1130 Skuld, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 2004, the first rotational lightcurves of Skuld were obtained by Henk de Groot and by a group of Polish and French astronomers. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.73 and 4.8079 hours with a brightness variation of 0.46 and 0.40 magnitude, respectively (U=2+/3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006865-0006-0000", "contents": "1130 Skuld, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2009 and 2011, astronomers Robert Buchheim and Larry Robinson obtained two well-defined lightcurves from photometric observations. They gave a refined period of 4.810 and 4.807 hours with an amplitude of 0.50 and 0.26 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006865-0007-0000", "contents": "1130 Skuld, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Skuld measures between 9.63 and 11.009 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1995 and 0.302. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of this orbital family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 9.99 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0000-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election\nThe 1130 papal election (held February 14) was convoked after the death of Pope Honorius II and resulted in a double election. Part of the cardinals, led by Cardinal-Chancellor Aymeric de la Chatre, elected Gregorio Papareschi as Pope Innocent II, but the rest of them refused to recognize him and elected Cardinal Pietro Pierleoni, who took the name of Anacletus II. Although Anacletus had the support of the majority of the cardinals, the Catholic Church considers Innocent II as the legitimate Pope, and Anacletus II as Antipope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0001-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election\nThe double election was a result of the growing tensions inside the College of Cardinals concerning the policy of the Holy See towards the Holy Roman Empire, initiated by the Concordat of Worms (1122), which ended the investiture controversy. Several, particularly older, cardinals considered the compromise achieved in Worms as desertion of the principles of the Gregorian Reform, and inclined to accept it only as a tactical move. They supported the traditional alliance of the Papacy with the Normans in southern Italy. Some of them were connected to old monastic centers in Southern Italy such as Montecassino. One of their leaders was Cardinal Pierleoni, representative of one of the most powerful families of Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0002-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election\nThe opposite faction was headed by Aymeric de la Chatre, who was named cardinal and chancellor of the Holy See shortly after signing the Concordat of Worms and was one of the main architects of the new policy. He and his adherents looked at the compromise as a good solution both for the Church and the Emperor, and did not trust the Norman vassals of the Holy See, who expressed some expansionist tendencies. It seems that at least some major representatives of this faction had strong connections to the \"new spirituality\", meaning the new religious orders such as regular canons. Besides, they were allied with the Roman family of Frangipani, opponents of the Pierleoni family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0003-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election\nIn the last weeks of the lifetime of Pope Honorius II the cardinals, fearing the possible schism, made an agreement that the new pope would be elected by the commission of eight of them, including two cardinal-bishops, three cardinal-priests and three cardinal-deacons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0004-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election, Cardinals\nThe College of Cardinals had probably 43 (or 42) members in February 1130. It seems that no more than 37 (36) were present at Rome on the death of Honorius II:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0005-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election, Preparations for the election\nBoth parties of the College of Cardinals were of almost an equal size. The party of Aymeric had 19 members, while that of his opponents 24, but the party of the Chancellor was certainly better organized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0006-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election, Preparations for the election\nOne of the undeniable aspects of that division is that the Anacletans were mainly older cardinals, veterans of the investiture controversy, created either by Paschalis II or early in the pontificate of Callixtus II, while Innocentine cardinals with few exceptions were created after Concordat of Worms (1122), which established peace with the Emperor. Out of nineteen cardinals created before 1122, only five supported the Chancellor, while out of twenty four appointed from that time onwards as many as fourteen. The other possible reasons for such radical tensions in the College (e.g. national divisions, connections to different spiritual centres) are widely discussed by historians without final conclusion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0007-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election, Preparations for the election\nIn the elected committee the party of Aymeric had 5 members out 8. This was due to the way of their election \u2013 each of the three cardinalatial orders had to elect their own representatives. Although adherents of Aymeric were in the minority in the whole College, they had a majority among cardinal-bishops and cardinal-deacons, while their opponents were mainly cardinal-priests. Therefore, the faction of the Chancellor acquired a majority in the electoral body", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0008-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election, Preparations for the election\nThe following cardinals were elected to the committee (the opponents of Aymeric are denoted with \u2020):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0009-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election, Death of Honorius II and the election of Innocent II\nHonorius II died in the night 13/14 February 1130 in the Roman monastery of S. Gregorio, after a long illness. Cardinal Aymeric arranged a hasty burial there and immediately called the members of the committee to the monastery to proceed for the election of a new pope. But Cardinals Pierleoni and Gionata, realising that the commission certainly would elect a supporter of the Chancellor, withdrew from it hoping that a lack of quorum would prevent it from functioning. But Aymeric ignored this fact and the commission assembled with six members only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 73], "content_span": [74, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0009-0001", "contents": "1130 papal election, Death of Honorius II and the election of Innocent II\nDespite the protests of Cardinal Pietro Pisano, who was a distinguished canonist, the committee elected one of its members, Cardinal Gregorio Papareschi of S. Angelo, who accepted the election and took the name Innocent II. He was enthroned in the Lateran Basilica early in the morning on February 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 73], "content_span": [74, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0009-0002", "contents": "1130 papal election, Death of Honorius II and the election of Innocent II\nHis election was almost immediately recognized by six other cardinals: two bishops (Giovanni of Ostia and Mathieu of Albano) and four priests (Joselmo of S. Cecilia, Petrus of S. Anastasia and Giovanni of S. Crisogono; the identity of the fourth one is uncertain, but most probably it was Gerardo of S. Croce). In a short time they were joined also by the next eight cardinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 73], "content_span": [74, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0010-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election, The election of Anacletus II\nThe majority of the cardinals, however, did not recognize Innocent II under the influence of Pietro Pisano, who, as a distinguished canonist, declared that his election was invalid. On February 14 in the morning the opponents of Aymeric and his candidate assembled under the leadership of Pietro Pierleoni in the church of S. Marco to elect the new Pope. Initially, Cardinal Pierleoni proposed the election of the Dean of the College Pietro Senex of Porto, but he refused to accept the papal dignity. Then the cardinals unanimously elected Pierleoni himself, who took the name of Anacletus II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0011-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election, The election of Anacletus II\nIt is not known how many cardinals elected Anacletus II. The decree proclaiming his election issued on the same day was subscribed by 14 cardinals:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0012-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election, The election of Anacletus II\nIt is not known whether the remaining five adherents of Pierleoni, who are believed to have been present at Rome, participated in the electoral proceedings. There is no doubt, however, that the lesser clergy of Rome was represented in the election. The electoral decree of Anacletus II bears the subscriptions of some of them, including Subdeacon Gregorio, primicerius scholae cantorum, who was appointed Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro the following February 21, and Rainiero, Archpriest of the Patriarchal Liberian Basilica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0013-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election, Division of the College of Cardinals\nThe double election resulted with the open split of the College of Cardinals into two parties. Their compositions can be established in the following way:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0014-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election, Division of the College of Cardinals\nTherefore, at the beginning of the schism 18 cardinals belonged to the College of Innocent II, and 28 to the College of Anacletus II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0015-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election, Division of the College of Cardinals\nThe Innocentine cardinals, who are not mentioned by Liber Pontificalis, and the Anacletan, who did not subscribe the letter to king Lothair, are denoted with \u2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0016-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election, Division of the College of Cardinals\nStefano Stornato joined the obedience of Innocent II no later than 1132; Lectifredo of S. Vitale and Giovanni Dauferio did the same in 1133, Pietro Pisano in 1137, and Desiderio of S. Prassede shortly before the end of the schism in 1138. It seems that ca. 1135 Comes of S. Sabina also abandoned Anacletus II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0017-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election, The schism\nBoth popes were consecrated and crowned on the same day, February 23. Innocent II received episcopal consecration from Cardinal Giovanni of Ostia in the church S. Maria Nuova, the titular deaconry of Chancellor Aymeric. Anacletus II was consecrated by Cardinal Pietro of Porto in the Vatican Basilica, which means that Anacletus took the advantage in the city from the very beginning. Almost all Roman aristocracy (with the significant exception of the Frangipani family), the majority of the lesser clergy and the people of Rome recognized Anacletus II and at the end of May Innocent II had to flee to France. After his defection to France even the Frangipani submitted to Anacletus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0018-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election, The schism\nIn France, however, Innocent II found a strong ally in the person of Bernard of Clairvaux. Under Bernard\u2019s influence, almost all European monarchs and episcopates recognized the exiled Innocent II. Anacletus II, although he controlled Rome and the Patrimony of St. Peter, received the support only of the Normans of southern Italy, Scotland, Aquitaine, some cities in northern Italy (incl. Milan), and perhaps Outremer and probably also Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0019-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election, The schism\nBoth elections were irregular, because they contradicted the rules established by the decree In Nomine Domini in 1059, but both sides defended the legality of the respective pontificates. The adherents of Anacletus argued that he was elected by the majority of the cardinals, lower clergy and the people of Rome. The partisans of Innocent II answered that Innocent II was elected by majority of the cardinal-bishops, who according to the decree In Nomine Domini had to play the preeminent role in the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0019-0001", "contents": "1130 papal election, The schism\nTheir opponents answered with another version of the decree (false, but very popular at the time), which stated that the pope was elected by \"cardinals\" (meaning cardinal-priests and deacons), while cardinal-bishops could only express their approval or disapproval. Both parties used, by analogy, the Benedictine rule, which stated that in the case of a double election for abbot, the valid election was the one made by \"the sounder part\" (sanior pars) of the electors \u2013 but there was no consensus which part of the College was \"sounder\" in this case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006868-0020-0000", "contents": "1130 papal election, The schism\nDecisive for the verdict about the legality of both pontificates were not the legal arguments, but the attitude of the Catholic world, which had almost universally recognized Innocent II. His main supporters were Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux, Archbishop of Magdeburg Norbert of Xanten and King Lothair III of Germany. The few secular lords who had initially supported Anacletus gradually abandoned his cause as lost; only King Roger II of Sicily, who had received the crown from Anacletus in exchange for support, stood at his side to the very end. Although Anacletus II was able to retain the control of the city of Rome and the Patrimony of St. Peter until his death in January 1138, his successor quickly made his submission to Innocent II, who is now regarded as true Pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006869-0000-0000", "contents": "1130s\nThe 1130s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1130, and ended on December 31, 1139.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006870-0000-0000", "contents": "1130s BC\nThe 1130s BC is a decade which lasted from 1139 BC to 1130 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006873-0000-0000", "contents": "1130s in art\nThe decade of the 1130s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006874-0000-0000", "contents": "1130s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006874-0001-0000", "contents": "1130s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006874-0002-0000", "contents": "1130s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006875-0000-0000", "contents": "1131\nYear 1131 (MCXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006876-0000-0000", "contents": "1131 Porzia\n1131 Porzia, provisional designation 1929 RO, is a stony asteroid and sizable Mars-crosser from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 September 1929, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after Porcia wife of Brutus, who assassinated Julius Caesar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006876-0001-0000", "contents": "1131 Porzia, Orbit and classification\nPorzia is a Mars-crossing asteroid, a dynamically unstable group between the main belt and the near-Earth populations, crossing the orbit of Mars at 1.666\u00a0AU. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.6\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,215 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, 19 days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006876-0002-0000", "contents": "1131 Porzia, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS taxonomy, Porzia is a common stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006876-0003-0000", "contents": "1131 Porzia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nTwo rotational lightcurves of Porzia were obtained by Vladimir Benishek at Belgrade Observatory shortly before its opposition in November 2009, and by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy in December 2012. Lightcurve analysis gave a well defined rotation period of 4.6584 and 4.6601 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 and 0.19 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006876-0004-0000", "contents": "1131 Porzia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nThe results supersede photometric observations taken by Polish astronomer Wies\u0142aw Wi\u015bniewski in January 1990, which rendered a lightcurve with a period 4.0\u00b10.2 hours and an amplitude of 0.23 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006876-0005-0000", "contents": "1131 Porzia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Porzia measures 6.53 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.287, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 7.13 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006876-0006-0000", "contents": "1131 Porzia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThis makes Porzia one of the larger mid-sized Mars-crossing asteroids comparable with 1065\u00a0Amundsenia (9.75\u00a0km), 1139\u00a0Atami (9.35\u00a0km), 1474\u00a0Beira (8.73\u00a0km), 1011\u00a0Laodamia (7.5\u00a0km), 1727\u00a0Mette (est. 9\u00a0km), 1235\u00a0Schorria (est. 9\u00a0km), 985\u00a0Rosina (8.18\u00a0km), 1310\u00a0Villigera (15.24\u00a0km) and 1468 Zomba (7\u00a0km), but far smaller than the largest members of this dynamical group, namely, 132\u00a0Aethra, 323\u00a0Brucia, 1508\u00a0Kemi, 2204\u00a0Lyyli and 512\u00a0Taurinensis, which are all larger than 20 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006876-0007-0000", "contents": "1131 Porzia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the wife of Brutus, Porcia Catonis, who kills herself at news of her husband's death in Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar. The official naming citation was also published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 106).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006877-0000-0000", "contents": "1131 in Ireland, Events\nThis year in Ireland article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006878-0000-0000", "contents": "1132\nYear 1132 (MCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006879-0000-0000", "contents": "1132 Hollandia\n1132 Hollandia, provisional designation 1929 RB1, is a stony asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 September 1929, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It was named for the region Holland in the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006879-0001-0000", "contents": "1132 Hollandia, Classification and orbit\nHollandia is an assumed stony S-type asteroid. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.9\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,609 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.278 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation as no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006879-0002-0000", "contents": "1132 Hollandia, Physical characteristics\nBetween 2003 and 2014, three rotational lightcurves of Hollandia were obtained from photometric observations taken by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy, Jason Sauppe at Oakley Observatory and Maurice Clark at TTU's Preston Gott Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 5.360 and 5.568 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15\u20130.35 magnitude (U=2+/2+/2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006879-0003-0000", "contents": "1132 Hollandia, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Hollandia measures between 20.48 and 27.727 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.086 and 0.135. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 \u2013 a compromise value that lies in between the albedos for carbonaceous (0.057) and for stony (0.20) asteroids \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 25.32 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 11.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006879-0004-0000", "contents": "1132 Hollandia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Latin name for Holland, a region in the Netherlands. Naming citation was first published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 106).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006881-0000-0000", "contents": "1132 in Italy\nThe Battle of Nocera or Scafati was the first major battle of Roger II of Sicily and one of two of his major defeats (the other being the Battle of Rignano) at the hands of Count Ranulf of Alife.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006882-0000-0000", "contents": "1133\nYear 1133 (MCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006883-0000-0000", "contents": "1133 Lugduna\n1133 Lugduna, provisional designation 1929 RC1, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 September 1929, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Leiden Southern Station annex to the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named in honor of the city of Leiden in the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006883-0001-0000", "contents": "1133 Lugduna, Orbit and classification\nLugduna is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,180 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006883-0002-0000", "contents": "1133 Lugduna, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A908 BD at Taunton Observatory (803), Massachusetts,  in January 1908. Its observation arc begins at Johannesburg, three weeks after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006883-0003-0000", "contents": "1133 Lugduna, Physical characteristics\nBoth the Tholen classification and PanSTARRS photometric survey characterize Lugduna as a stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006883-0004-0000", "contents": "1133 Lugduna, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 2010, the best-rated rotational lightcurve of Lugduna was obtained from photometric observations by \t Gordon Gartrelle at the University of North Dakota and at the Badlands Observatory in South Dakota, United States. Analysis of the bimodal lightcurve gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.477 hours with a brightness variation of 0.43 magnitude (U=3). Other observations gave a period of 5 and 5.478 hours with an amplitude of 0.33  (U=2-/3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006883-0005-0000", "contents": "1133 Lugduna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lugduna measures between 8.275 and 10.47 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.208 and 0.363.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006883-0006-0000", "contents": "1133 Lugduna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the Flora family's largest member and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 9.76 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006883-0007-0000", "contents": "1133 Lugduna, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of the Dutch city of Leiden where the Leiden Observatory of Leiden University \u2013 parent of the discovering Leiden Southern Station \u2013 is located. The asteroid was named by the discoverer and by astronomer Gerrit Pels, who computed the body's orbit. The official naming citation was reviewed by Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld who was a long-time astronomer at Leiden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006883-0008-0000", "contents": "1133 Lugduna, Naming\nThe Latin name Lugdunum Batavorum (or Batavorum Lugdunum) and Academia Lugduno Batava has been used by the city and by the university in official documents. The Latin name also refers to Brittenburg, an ancient Roman ruin located west of Leiden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006885-0000-0000", "contents": "113390 Helvetia\n113390 Helvetia, provisional designation 2002 SU19, is a background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 2.2 kilometers (1.4 miles) kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 September 2002, by Swiss astronomer Markus Griesser at the Eschenberg Observatory in Winterthur, near Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland. The presumed stony Florian asteroid was named after the Swiss national symbol, Helvetia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006885-0001-0000", "contents": "113390 Helvetia, Orbit and classification\nHelvetia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006885-0002-0000", "contents": "113390 Helvetia, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,276 days; semi-major axis of 2.3\u00a0AU). Its orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,277 days; semi-major axis of 2.3\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins 42 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at the Palomar Observatory in September 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006885-0003-0000", "contents": "113390 Helvetia, Naming\nThis minor planet bears the name for Switzerland (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica), where the asteroid was discovered. Helvetia is also an allegorical figure and symbol for the nation (national personification). Each Swiss stamp carries her name, and her figure appears on most Swiss coins. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 19 February 2006 (M.P.C. 55989).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006885-0004-0000", "contents": "113390 Helvetia, Physical characteristics\nHelvetia is an assumed, stony S-type asteroid, the most common type in the inner main-belt and the Flora family's overall spectral type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006885-0005-0000", "contents": "113390 Helvetia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nIn April 2014, Helvetia was photometrically observed by Hungarian astronomers Gyula M. Szab\u00f3 and Kriszti\u00e1n S\u00e1rneczky. However, no rotational lightcurve could be obtained. As of 2019, the asteroid's rotation period and shape still remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006885-0006-0000", "contents": "113390 Helvetia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Helvetia measures 2.2 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.23, which is typical for stony asteroids. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of its family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 2.06 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 15.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006886-0000-0000", "contents": "1134\nYear 1134 (MCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006887-0000-0000", "contents": "1134 Kepler\n1134 Kepler, provisional designation 1929 SA, is a stony asteroid and eccentric Mars-crosser from the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 September 1929, by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. It is named after Johannes Kepler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006887-0001-0000", "contents": "1134 Kepler, Orbit and classification\nKepler orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.4\u20133.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,601 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.47 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, the night after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006887-0002-0000", "contents": "1134 Kepler, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS taxonomy, Kepler  is a stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006887-0003-0000", "contents": "1134 Kepler, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nIts diameter has not been estimated by any of the prominent space-based surveys such as the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS (1982), the Japanese Akari satellite (2006), NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (2009) or its subsequent NEOWISE mission (2013). Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, Kepler's diameter is between 3 and 8 kilometer for an absolute magnitude of 14.2 and an assumed albedo in the range of 0.25 to 0.05. Since its spectral type falls into the class of stony asteroids, which have an averaged standard albedo around 0.20, Kepler's generic diameter is close to 4 kilometers, as the higher a body's albedo (reflectivity), the shorter its diameter at a fixed absolute magnitude (brightness).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006887-0004-0000", "contents": "1134 Kepler, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nKepler's rotation period is 0.1148 day, a pretty common value for asteroids of this size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006887-0005-0000", "contents": "1134 Kepler, Naming\nThis minor planet was named on the commemoration of the 300th death anniversary of astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571\u20131630), best known for his laws of planetary motion. Kepler is also honored by a lunar and Martian crater, by Kepler Dorsum \u2013 a mountain ridge on the Martian moon Phobos, and by Kepler's Supernova.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006887-0006-0000", "contents": "1134 Kepler, Naming\nNaming citation was first published in 1930, in the astronomy journal Astronomical Notes (AN 240, 135). The space observatory Kepler and its many discovered exoplanets also bear his name (see also Kepler (disambiguation)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006889-0000-0000", "contents": "1134nyc\n1134NYC was an art collective based in Brooklyn, New York City. The 1134nyc bomb logo was created by Mint and Hek. The name 1134 was chosen due to some members from the collective being in a graffiti crew titled 1134. The NYC was added to the logo in order to separate the newly formed art collective from the graffiti crew. It began as a collective of artists and designers including MINT&SERF (MIRF), GOAL, HEILS, BOO, CH, CECS, VYELS, KEVS and OUCH (RIP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006889-0000-0001", "contents": "1134nyc\nOver the years more artists and musicians joined and collaborated with 1134NYC on different art related projects in galleries, clubs and streets. The logo has appeared on a plethora of art object; shirts, street signs, stickers and canvases. 1134NYC has also been referenced in China Doll, a Team Facelift song off Manhattan album to be released on Duck Down records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006889-0001-0000", "contents": "1134nyc\nThey are known for their public art, graffiti, laser-cut stickers and stencils.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006889-0002-0000", "contents": "1134nyc\nThe stencils, which feature the number 1134 and a bomb, were mistaken for a terrorist threat in 2004. \"Some theorized the '1134' referred to November 3, 2004, the day after Election Day, while others postulated it was a Europeanization of the date of the Madrid bombings on March 11, 2004. All thought that the \u201cNYC\u201d appearing in the bomb was a reference to a planned attack, communicated by the stenciled logo they spotted on the city streets.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006889-0003-0000", "contents": "1134nyc\nThey have also contributed to Mass Appeal Magazine, a special edition of the book, Autograf by Peter Sutherland (ISBN\u00a01-57687-203-3), and foreign magazines and books.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006889-0004-0000", "contents": "1134nyc\nMikhail Sokovikov and Jason Aaron Wall are New York based visual artists. With financial backing from Red Bull N.A. they launched The Canal Chapter in 2005, a multi-disciplinary art gallery in SoHo neighborhood of Manhattan, that created a platform for many emerging artists such as Team Facelift, Lance de los Reyes, Jordan Seiler, Harif Guzman, Victor Timofeev and many others. After the success of The Canal Chapter, they launched The Stanton Chapter in May 2008, a gallery in Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan. Mikhail Sokovikov and Jason Aaron Wall have exhibited extensively throughout the United States and abroad. They have created commissioned work for Ace Hotel, Nike, Red Bull, Ogilvy & Mather, Adidas, Yahoo, Boost Mobile, PowerHouse Books among other clients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006889-0005-0000", "contents": "1134nyc\nMint&Serf curated  original art work for the Ace Hotel in New York City. They invited some of their friends to create original pieces for the project. Artists include: Brian Procell, Enjoy Banking, Faust, Machine (Team Facelift), Mosco, PegLeg, Pork, Pablo Powers, Jordan Seiler, Stephen Holding, Sean Vegezzi and Tristan Eaton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006890-0000-0000", "contents": "1135\nYear 1135 (MCXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006891-0000-0000", "contents": "1135 Colchis\n1135 Colchis (/\u02c8k\u0252lk\u026as/); prov. designation: 1929 TA) is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 3 October 1929, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The X-type asteroid has a rotation period of hours 23.5 and measures approximately 49 kilometers (30 miles) in diameter. It was named for the ancient Kingdom of Colchis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006891-0001-0000", "contents": "1135 Colchis, Orbit and classification\nColchis is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,589 days; semi-major axis 2.67\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A911 MJ at Johannesburg Observatory in June 1911. The body's observation arc begins at Lowell Observatory in September 1929, or four days prior its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006891-0002-0000", "contents": "1135 Colchis, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the ancient Kingdom of Colchis, bordering on Black Sea south of the Caucasus mountains, in what is now part of Georgia. The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 106).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006891-0003-0000", "contents": "1135 Colchis, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Colchis is a Xk-subtype that transitions between the X- and K-type asteroids. Conversely, the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer characterizes it as a primitive P-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006891-0004-0000", "contents": "1135 Colchis, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2001, a rotational lightcurve of Colchis was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 23.47 hours with a brightness variation of 0.45 magnitude (U=2). In September 2016, French amateur astronomer Patrick Sogorb measured an identical period and an amplitude of 0.46 magnitude (U=2). A similar period of 23.41 hours with an amplitude of 0.33 magnitude was obtained by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in January 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006891-0005-0000", "contents": "1135 Colchis, Physical characteristics, Poles\nIn 2016, two modeled lightcurves using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD) and other sources, gave a concurring period of 23.4827 and 23.4830 hours, respectively. Each modeled lightcurve also determined two spin axis of (139.0\u00b0, \u221258.0\u00b0) and (330.0\u00b0, \u221281.0\u00b0), as well as (7.0\u00b0, \u221254.0\u00b0) and (168.0\u00b0, \u221256.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2), respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006891-0006-0000", "contents": "1135 Colchis, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Colchis measures between 45.341 and 50.64 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.05 and 0.068.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006891-0007-0000", "contents": "1135 Colchis, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0437 and a diameter of 50.50 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006893-0000-0000", "contents": "11351 Leucus\n11351 Leucus /\u02c8lju\u02d0k\u0259s/ is a mid-sized Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) in diameter. It is a target of the Lucy mission, scheduled for a fly by in April 2028. The assumed D-type asteroid is an exceptionally slow rotator with a rotation period of 466 hours. It was discovered on 12 October 1997 by the Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program (SCAP) at Xinglong Station in the Chinese province of Hebei, and later named after the Achaean warrior Leucus from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006893-0001-0000", "contents": "11351 Leucus, Orbit and classification\nLeucus is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006893-0002-0000", "contents": "11351 Leucus, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.0\u20135.6\u00a0AU once every 12 years and 2 months (4,440 days; semi-major axis of 5.29\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at the Siding Spring Observatory in July 1982, more than 15 years prior to its official discovery observation at Xinglong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006893-0003-0000", "contents": "11351 Leucus, Lucy mission target\nLeucus is planned to be visited by the Lucy spacecraft which will launch in 2021. The fly by is scheduled for 18 April 2028, and will approach the asteroid to a distance of 1000 kilometers at a velocity of 5.9 kilometers per second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006893-0004-0000", "contents": "11351 Leucus, Physical characteristics\nLeucus is an assumed D-type asteroid, which is the dominant spectral type among the Jovian asteroids, with the remainder being mostly carbonaceous C-type and primitive P-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006893-0005-0000", "contents": "11351 Leucus, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nDuring spring 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Leucus was obtained from photometric observations made by astronomers Robert Stephens and Daniel Coley at the Center for Solar System Studies (CS3), California, using a 0.35/0.4-meter Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope. The lightcurve showed an exceptionally slow rotation period of 513.7 hours with a brightness variation of 0.53 in magnitude (U=2+). No evidence of a non-principal axis rotation (NPAR) was found. It is one of the slowest rotators known to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006893-0006-0000", "contents": "11351 Leucus, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nIn preparation for the planned visit by the Lucy spacecraft, Leucus was once again observed by astronomers Marc Buie at SwRI and Stefano Mottola at DLR in 2016. The obtained bimodal lightcurve gave a somewhat shorter period of 440 hours and an amplitude of 0.7 magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006893-0007-0000", "contents": "11351 Leucus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Leucus has a low albedo of 0.06 and 0.08, with a diameter of 42.1 and 34.2 kilometers, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a lower albedo of 0.05 and a diameter of 42.1 kilometers, in accordance with the result obtained by IRAS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006893-0008-0000", "contents": "11351 Leucus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006893-0009-0000", "contents": "11351 Leucus, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology, after the Achaean warrior Leucus in Homer's Iliad. He was a companion of Odysseus. Leucus was killed during the Trojan War by Antiphus, one of the fifty sons of King Priam of Troy. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 22 February 2016 (M.P.C. 98711).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006894-0000-0000", "contents": "1136\nYear 1136 (MCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006895-0000-0000", "contents": "1136 Mercedes\n1136 Mercedes, provisional designation 1929 UA, is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 October 1929, by Catalan astronomer Josep Comas i Sol\u00e0 at the Fabra Observatory in Barcelona, Spain. The asteroid was named for the sister-in-law of the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006895-0001-0000", "contents": "1136 Mercedes, Orbit and classification\nMercedes is not a member of any known asteroid family and belongs to the belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,501 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Yerkes Observatory in March 1931, more than a year after its official discovery observation at Fabra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006895-0002-0000", "contents": "1136 Mercedes, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThe asteroid has an ambiguous rotation period. A lightcurve of Mercedes obtained in 1998, gave a period of 6.448 hours and a brightness variation of 0.10 magnitude (U=2), while another lightcurve from 2007, gave a much longer period of 24.64 hours with an amplitude of 0.15 (U=2). A third period of 15.6 hours is considered of poor quality (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006895-0003-0000", "contents": "1136 Mercedes, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Mercedes measures between 25.296 and 33.19 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.05 and 0.103.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006895-0004-0000", "contents": "1136 Mercedes, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1007 and a diameter of 25.23 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006895-0005-0000", "contents": "1136 Mercedes, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by Josep Comas i Sol\u00e0 for his sister-in-law, Mercedes. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 106).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006896-0000-0000", "contents": "1136 in Ireland, Deaths\nThis year in Ireland article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006898-0000-0000", "contents": "1137\nYear 1137 (MCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006899-0000-0000", "contents": "1137 Ra\u00efssa\n1137 Ra\u00efssa (prov. designation: 1929 WB) is a stony background asteroid and slow rotator, approximately 22 kilometers (14 miles) in diameter, located in the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory in 1929, and named in memory of Ra\u00efssa Maseeva, who worked at the Pulkovo Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006899-0001-0000", "contents": "1137 Ra\u00efssa, Discovery\nRa\u00efssa was discovered on 27 October 1929, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. In the following month, it was independently discovered by German Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory on 21 November 1929. The Minor Planet Center only acknowledges the first discoverer. The asteroid's observation arc begins at the United States Naval Observatory in December 1903, almost 26 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz. Its first identification as A908 BB was made at Heidelberg in January 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006899-0002-0000", "contents": "1137 Ra\u00efssa, Orbit and classification\nRa\u00efssa is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,378 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006899-0003-0000", "contents": "1137 Ra\u00efssa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of Ra\u00efssa Izrailevna Maseeva (1900\u20131930), a scientific collaborator who worked at the Pulkovo Observatory. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 106).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006899-0004-0000", "contents": "1137 Ra\u00efssa, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nIn October 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Ra\u00efssa was obtained from photometric observations at the Bigmuskie Observatory (B88), Italy, and the Etscorn Campus (719) and Organ Mesa Observatory (G50) in New Mexico, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 142.79 hours with a brightness variation of 0.56 magnitude (U=3-). Previous observations with a shorter period were superseded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 51], "content_span": [52, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006899-0005-0000", "contents": "1137 Ra\u00efssa, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nWith a rotation period of close to six Earth days, Ra\u00efssa is a slow rotator as most asteroids have periods of 20 hours or less. Collaborations of observers located on different longitudes, e.g. in the U.S. and Europe are especially important for asteroids with very long periods. The observers can follow the bodies brightness variation at different starting points and thereby cover parts of the lightcurve that were missed by other observers during their daytime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 51], "content_span": [52, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006899-0006-0000", "contents": "1137 Ra\u00efssa, Physical characteristics, Poles\nIn 2016, a modeled lightcurve using photometric data from various sources gave a concurring period of 143.644\u00b10.005 hours and two spin axis of (222.0\u00b0, \u221266\u00b0) and (40.0\u00b0, \u221277.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006899-0007-0000", "contents": "1137 Ra\u00efssa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Ra\u00efssa measures between 19.421 and 23.69 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1592 and 0.228. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1538 and a diameter of 23.66 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.78.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006901-0000-0000", "contents": "1138\nYear 1138 (MCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006902-0000-0000", "contents": "1138 (number)\n1138 is the natural number following 1137 and preceding 1139.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006902-0001-0000", "contents": "1138 (number), George Lucas references\nFilmmaker George Lucas places the number 1138 into many of his Lucasfilm productions and LucasArts games. It was first referenced in Lucas' college short film Electronic Labyrinth: THX 1138 4EB, later remade into the 1971 feature film THX 1138.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006902-0002-0000", "contents": "1138 (number), Other references\nEven in media unrelated to Lucasfilm, the number is occasionally featured (generally without the prefix THX), sometimes to popularize the injoke or to tribute Lucas and/or Lucasfilm media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006903-0000-0000", "contents": "1138 Aleppo earthquake\nThe 1138 Aleppo earthquake was among the deadliest earthquakes in history. Its name was taken from the city of Aleppo, in northern Syria, where the most casualties were sustained. The quake occurred on 11 October 1138 and was preceded by a smaller quake on the 10th. It is frequently listed as the third deadliest earthquake in history, following on from the Shensi and Tangshan earthquakes in China. However, the figure of 230,000 deaths reported by Ibn Taghribirdi in the fifteenth century is based on a historical conflation of this earthquake with earthquakes in November 1137 on the Jazira plain and the large seismic event of 30 September 1139 in the Transcaucasian city of Ganja.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006903-0001-0000", "contents": "1138 Aleppo earthquake, Background\nAleppo is located along the northern part of the Dead Sea Transform system of geologic faults, which is a plate boundary separating the Arabian plate from the African plate. The earthquake was the beginning of the first of two intense sequences of earthquakes in the region: October 1138 to June 1139 and a much more intense and a later series from September 1156 to May 1159. The first sequence affected areas around Aleppo and the western part of the region of Edessa (modern \u015eanl\u0131urfa, Turkey). During the second an area encompassing north-western Syria, northern Lebanon and the region of Antioch (modern Antakya, in southern Turkey) was subject to devastating quakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006903-0002-0000", "contents": "1138 Aleppo earthquake, Background\nIn the mid-twelfth century, northern Syria was a war-ravaged land. The Crusader states set up by Western Europeans, such as the Principality of Antioch, were in a state of constant armed conflict with the Muslim states of Northern Syria and the Jazeerah, principally Aleppo and Mosul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006903-0003-0000", "contents": "1138 Aleppo earthquake, Description\nA contemporary chronicler in Damascus, Ibn al-Qalanisi, recorded the main quake on Wednesday, 11 October 1138. He wrote that it was preceded by an initial quake on 10 October and there were aftershocks on the evening of 20 October, on 25 October, on the night of 30 October\u20131 November, and finishing with another in the early morning of 3 November. However, Kemal al-Din, an author writing later, recorded only one earthquake on 19\u201320 October, which disagrees with al Qalanisi's account. Given that al Qalanisi was writing as the earthquakes occurred and that accounts from other historians support a 10 or 11 October date, his date of 11 October is considered authoritative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006903-0004-0000", "contents": "1138 Aleppo earthquake, Description\nThe worst hit area was Harem, where Crusaders had built a large citadel. Sources indicate that the castle was destroyed and the church fell in on itself. The fort of Atharib, then occupied by Muslims, was destroyed. The citadel also collapsed, killing 600 of the castle guard, though the governor and some servants survived, and fled to Mosul. The town of Zardana, already sacked by the warring forces, was utterly obliterated, as was the small fort at Shih.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006903-0005-0000", "contents": "1138 Aleppo earthquake, Description\nThe residents of Aleppo, a large city of several tens of thousands during this period, had been warned by the foreshocks and fled to the countryside before the main earthquake. The walls of the citadel collapsed, as did the walls east and west of the citadel. Numerous houses were destroyed, with the stones used in their construction falling in streets. Contemporary accounts of the damage simply state that Aleppo was destroyed, though comparison of reports indicate that it did not bear the worst of the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006903-0006-0000", "contents": "1138 Aleppo earthquake, Description\nFurther damage is recorded at Azrab, Bizaah, Tell Khalid and Tell Amar. The main earthquake and its aftershocks were felt in Damascus, but not in Jerusalem. Accounts of men being swallowed by holes opening in the ground at Raqqa were erroneously attributed to the Aleppo earthquake, and based on the confused late twelfth-century account of Michael the Syrian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006904-0000-0000", "contents": "1138 Attica\n1138 Attica, provisional designation 1929 WF, is an asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 24 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 November 1929, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. It was named after the Attica Province in Greece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006904-0001-0000", "contents": "1138 Attica, Orbit and classification\nAttica orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,037 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg with its official discovery observation. No precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006904-0002-0000", "contents": "1138 Attica, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Attica measures 23.681 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.105. Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, its diameter is between 13 and 32 kilometer for an absolute magnitude of 11.4 and an assumed albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25. Since asteroids in the outer main-belt are typically of carbonaceous rather than stony composition, with averaged standard albedos of 0.057, Attica's diameter can be estimated to measure close to 30 kilometers, as the lower a body's albedo (reflectivity), the larger its diameter at a fixed absolute magnitude (brightness).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006904-0003-0000", "contents": "1138 Attica, Physical characteristics\nAs of 2017, Attica's spectral type, as well as its rotation period and shape remain unknown. This is rather unusual, as both spectral type and rotation period have been determined for most larger and low-numbered asteroids (also see minor-planet lists from 1 up to 2000).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006904-0004-0000", "contents": "1138 Attica, Naming\nThis minor planet is named after the province of Attica in eastern Greece with the capital Athens. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 102).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006905-0000-0000", "contents": "1138 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1138 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Koblenz on 7 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006905-0001-0000", "contents": "1138 Imperial election\nConrad III of Germany was named Holy Roman Emperor as a result of the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006905-0002-0000", "contents": "1138 Imperial election\nThis Holy Roman Empire\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006907-0000-0000", "contents": "1138th Military Police Company\nThe 1138th Military Police Company (MP Co) was a military police company of the Missouri Army National Guard. It was federally recognized in January 1968. The company headquarters was located at West Plains, Missouri and a detachment was located at Springfield, Missouri. Since federal recognition, the company was activated in Panama and deployed to the Middle East to support combat actions and has also performed humanitarian and security missions within the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006907-0001-0000", "contents": "1138th Military Police Company, History\nThe 1138th Military Police Company (MP Co) was federally recognized and assigned to West Plains, Missouri with a detachment in Doniphan, Missouri on 15 January 1968. Company headquarters, one platoon, and the machine gun section were located at West Plains and the detachment at Doniphan was made up of the remaining two platoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006907-0002-0000", "contents": "1138th Military Police Company, History\nOn 1 July 1993 the platoons at Doniphan were realigned to the 735th Support Battalion at Poplar Bluff, Missouri. The 1138th then added a detachment at Springfield, Missouri. Although it was planned to move the 1135th MP Co to West Plains to replace the 1138th in connection with this reorganization, the plan was cancelled and the West Plains company kept its 1138th number. On 1 October 1996, a second detachment of the company was assigned at Mountain Grove, Missouri. In 1998 the Mountain Grove detachment was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006907-0003-0000", "contents": "1138th Military Police Company, History\nThe 1138th MP Co was reorganized as a combat support military police company on 1 October 1996. On 1 October 1998, the 1138th MP CO was once again organized as an Enemy Prisoner of War (EPW) Company; the only EPW Company in the state of Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006907-0004-0000", "contents": "1138th Military Police Company, History, Support for civilian emergencies\nOn 20 June 1993 the company was mobilized for state emergency (Flood) duty. While mobilized, the unit served in northeast Missouri for approximately three months maintaining law and order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006907-0005-0000", "contents": "1138th Military Police Company, History, Support for civilian emergencies\nAfter the attacks of 11 September 2001, the 1138th was mobilized as part of Operation Noble Eagle, a military operation providing military support for increased security at potential terrorist targets. The company served on active duty from 1 October 2001 through 21 September 2002, performing law and order duties at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006907-0006-0000", "contents": "1138th Military Police Company, History, Support for civilian emergencies\nOn 31 August 2005, the company deployed with the 175th MP Bn to Jefferson Parish, Louisiana to support relief operations after Hurricane Katrina. While deployed in Louisiana, the 1138th performed law and order operations and area security missions, returning on 21 September 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006907-0007-0000", "contents": "1138th Military Police Company, History, Support for civilian emergencies\nIn 2009, while preparing for yet another active duty deployment to Iraq, the Ozarks region of rural Missouri was hit by a harsh wave of winter weather and in January, the unit deployed a contingent to aid winter storm victims in Southeast Missouri for Operation January Ice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006907-0008-0000", "contents": "1138th Military Police Company, History, Combat support deployments\nIn December, 1989, the company was called into active service for Operation Just Cause (Panama). It was the first Army National Guard unit to be activated since the Vietnam War. As part of its traditional internment and resettlement mission, the 1138th established a detainee camp at Empire Range, Panama where it handled both civilian and military detainees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006907-0009-0000", "contents": "1138th Military Police Company, History, Combat support deployments\nOn 15 November 1990, the unit was mobilized and deployed to Saudi Arabia during Operation Desert Storm. It remained in Saudi Arabia for five months guarding prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006907-0010-0000", "contents": "1138th Military Police Company, History, Combat support deployments\nThe 1138th deployed for Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, serving on active duty from 10 February 2003 through 21 December 2003. Upon arrival in the Middle East, the unit conducted customs, physical security, and law and order missions throughout Kuwait and in Doha, Qatar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006907-0011-0000", "contents": "1138th Military Police Company, History, Combat support deployments\nAfter Operation January Ice concluded in 2009, the company began its preparation for a detainee operations mission in Baghdad, Iraq. While preparing for deployment, nearly fifty 1138th soldiers were transferred to the 1140th MP Co, another Missouri Army National Guard unit preparing to deploy to Afghanistan. The 1138th backfilled its ranks with \"In-Lieu-Of\" military policemen from twenty-three other Missouri Army National Guard units. On 21 May 2009, the unit reported to Camp Clark, Missouri for pre-mobilization training. The unit then reported for post-mobilization Training at Fort Bliss, Texas and after completing a twenty-day-long mission evaluation exercise, deployed to Iraq, to support Operation Iraqi Freedom 09-10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006907-0012-0000", "contents": "1138th Military Police Company, History, Combat support deployments\nThe 1138th Military Police Company at West Plains was inactivated in January 2019 and replaced by the 1142nd Engineer Company of the 1140th Engineer Battalion, activated in September of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006908-0000-0000", "contents": "1139\nYear 1139 (MCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006909-0000-0000", "contents": "1139 Atami\n1139 Atami, provisional designation 1929 XE, is a stony asteroid and sizable Mars-crosser, as well as a synchronous binary system near the innermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 December 1929, by Japanese astronomers Okuro Oikawa and Kazuo Kubokawa at the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory (389) near Tokyo. It was named after the Japanese city of Atami. It has the lowest Minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) to Mars of any asteroid as large as it, its orbit intersecting only 0.03\u00a0astronomical units from the planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006909-0001-0000", "contents": "1139 Atami, Classification and orbit\nAtami is a Mars-crossing asteroid, a dynamically unstable group between the main belt and the near-Earth populations, crossing the orbit of Mars at 1.666\u00a0AU. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.5\u20132.4\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 9 months (993 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Tokyo in 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006909-0002-0000", "contents": "1139 Atami, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nAtami is a common stony S-type asteroid in both the Tholen and SMASS classification. It has also been characterized as a S-type by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006909-0003-0000", "contents": "1139 Atami, Physical characteristics, Binary system\nIn 2005, two rotational lightcurves obtained at the U.S. Antelope Hills Observatory in New Mexico and by a collaboration of several European astronomers gave a rotation period of 27.56\u00b10.01 and 27.446\u00b10.001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.45 and 0.40 in magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006909-0004-0000", "contents": "1139 Atami, Physical characteristics, Binary system\nPhotometric and Arecibo echo spectra observations in 2005 confirmed a 5 kilometer satellite orbiting at least 15 kilometers from its primary. Due to the similar size of the primary and secondary the Minor Planet Center lists this as a binary companion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006909-0005-0000", "contents": "1139 Atami, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Atami measures 8.24 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.258, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 9.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.51.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006909-0006-0000", "contents": "1139 Atami, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThis makes Atami one of the largest mid-sized Mars-crossing asteroids comparable with 1065\u00a0Amundsenia (9.75\u00a0km), 1474\u00a0Beira (8.73\u00a0km), 1011\u00a0Laodamia (7.5\u00a0km), 1727\u00a0Mette (est. 9\u00a0km), 1131\u00a0Porzia (7.13\u00a0km), 1235\u00a0Schorria (est. 9\u00a0km), 985\u00a0Rosina (8.18\u00a0km), 1310\u00a0Villigera (15.24\u00a0km) and 1468 Zomba (7\u00a0km), but far smaller than the largest members of this dynamical group, namely, 132\u00a0Aethra, 323\u00a0Brucia, 1508\u00a0Kemi, 2204\u00a0Lyyli and 512\u00a0Taurinensis, which are all larger than 20 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006909-0007-0000", "contents": "1139 Atami, Naming\nThe minor planet was named after Atami, a Japanese city and harbor near Tokyo, Japan. The naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 106).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006910-0000-0000", "contents": "1139 Ganja earthquake\nThe 1139 Ganja earthquake is one of the worst seismic events in history. It affected the Seljuk Empire and Kingdom of Georgia; modern-day Azerbaijan and Georgia. The earthquake had an estimated moment magnitude of 7.0 or greater and 7.7 on the surface wave magnitude scale. A maximum intensity of IX (Violent) to XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale was assigned to this earthquake. The strong shaking triggered massive landslides off the sides of mountains and canyons in the Caucasus Mountains region. Parts of Kapaz Mount collapsed, with the resulting landslide blocking the K\u00fcr\u0259k\u00e7ay River, forming the  lake G\u00f6yg\u00f6l.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006910-0000-0001", "contents": "1139 Ganja earthquake\nIt was also perceived as far as Aleppo where the felt intensity was II. The estimated death toll from this earthquake is somewhere between 230,000 and 300,000 making it one of the deadliest earthquakes in history. The death toll remains controversial with some authors stating that it is an exaggeration considering the population of the area at the time of the disaster, or that this was a conflation with the 1138 Aleppo and 1137 Jazira earthquakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006910-0001-0000", "contents": "1139 Ganja earthquake\nMkhitar Gosh, an Armenian scholar and writer, quoted Job 9:6 and Psalm 103:32 from the Holy Bible to describe the earthquake. He described tremendous damage in the P'ar'isos and Xach'e'n districts of Syunik. The city of Ganzak also suffered devastation, leaving many of the townspeople buried under ruins. Many structures including monasteries and churches castles and villages in the mountainous region were totally destroyed. The number of people who died in the mountains is not known, described as \"incalculable\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006912-0000-0000", "contents": "1139 in Italy\nThe Second Council of the Lateran is believed to have been the Tenth Ecumenical Council by Roman Catholics. It was held by Pope Innocent II in April of the year, and was attended by close to a thousand clerics. Its immediate task was to neutralise the after-effects of the papal schism, which had arisen after the death of Pope Honorius II in February 1130 and the setting up of Petris Leonis as the antipope Anacletus II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006912-0001-0000", "contents": "1139 in Italy\nThe Treaty of Mignano of 1139 was the treaty which ended more than a decade of constant war in the Italian Mezzogiorno following the union of the mainland duchy of Apulia and Calabria with the County of Sicily in 1127. More significantly, in 1130, Antipope Anacletus II had crowned Roger II king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006912-0002-0000", "contents": "1139 in Italy\nThe legitimate pope, Innocent II, did not recognise this title and many of Roger's peninsular vassals took exception to his exercising royal authority over them. Over the decade of the 1130s, Roger defeated his vassals one by one until in 1137, the Emperor Lothair II came down with the pope and conquered most of the south. Lothair's death deprived the southern barons of their support, however, and Roger quickly reconquered his territories and in 1139 the papal-imperial duke of Apulia, Ranulf of Alife, died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006915-0000-0000", "contents": "11395 Iphinous\n11395 Iphinous, provisional designation: 1998 XN77, is a large Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp approximately 66 kilometers (41 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 15 December 1998, by astronomers with the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. The dark asteroid has a rotation period of 17.4 hours and possibly a spherical shape. The body is one of the 50 largest Jupiter trojans. It was named from Greek mythology after the Achaean soldier Iphinous who was killed by Glaucus in the Trojan War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006915-0001-0000", "contents": "11395 Iphinous, Orbit and classification\nIphinous is a Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of the Gas Giant's orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. The asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9\u20135.6\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 11 months (4,345 days; semi-major axis of 5.21\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 24\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006915-0002-0000", "contents": "11395 Iphinous, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at the Siding Spring Observatory in February 1991, nearly 8 prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006915-0003-0000", "contents": "11395 Iphinous, Naming\nThis minor planet was numbered on 31 August 1999 (M.P.C. 35589). On 14 May 2021, the object was named by the Working Group Small Body Nomenclature (WGSBN) after Iphinous from Greek mythology. An Achaean soldier who participated in the Trojan War, Iphinous was killed by Glaucus in hand-to-hand combat during the siege of Troy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006915-0004-0000", "contents": "11395 Iphinous, Physical characteristics\nIphinous is a generically assumed C-type asteroid. Many if not most Jupiter trojans show an even darker D or P-type spectrum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006915-0005-0000", "contents": "11395 Iphinous, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2009 and 2010, two fragmentary lightcurves of Iphinous were obtained from photometric observations by Stefano Mottola at the Calar Alto Observatory in Spain. Lightcurve analysis gave a tentative rotation period of 13.696 and 13.70 hours with a brightness variation of 0.14 and 0.06 magnitude, respectively (U=2-/1+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006915-0006-0000", "contents": "11395 Iphinous, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nDuring 2015\u20132017, three additional photometric observation were made at the Californian Center for Solar System Studies by Robert Stephens, Daniel Coley and Brian Warner in collaboration with Linda French from Illinois Wesleyan University. The two best-rated lightcurves gave a period of 17.383 and 17.44 with an amplitude of 0.08 and 0.11 magnitude, respectively, indicating that the body has a nearly spherical shape (U=3-/3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006915-0007-0000", "contents": "11395 Iphinous, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Iphinous measures between 64.71 and 68.98 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.045 and 0.067.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006915-0008-0000", "contents": "11395 Iphinous, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0510 and a diameter of 64.51 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006915-0009-0000", "contents": "11395 Iphinous, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0000-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group\nThe 1139th Engineer Combat Group (1139th Engr C Gp) was a technical United States Army Headquarters Unit providing administration and supervision support to Combat Engineers on bridge building and other construction activities during World War II. The 1139th Engineer Combat Group was part of the Third Army and was attached for operations to the XX Corps in direct support of the 7th Armored Division. The 1139th Engineer Combat Group fought from northern France to Austria in World War II, supporting General George Patton's Third Army's rapid movements during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0001-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group\nThe 1139th Engineer Combat Group is credited with opening routes for the advancement of troops which included building 119 tactical bridges, of which 39 were 200 feet or longer, including the 1,896 foot \"longest floating tactical bridge constructed in the European Theater of Operations.\" The Group was first formed in December 1943 and deactivated in December 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0002-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, Development of the Engineer Combat Group Concept\nStarting with WWII, the United States Army defined a \"group\" to be similar in concept to a regiment, the unit type from which the group was evolved. In general, a regiment is composed of a fixed number of assigned battalions, whose personnel and equipment are likewise fixed. The battalions have only the minimum administrative personnel, with the result that administrative details are handled by the regimental headquarters. In warfare as mobile and on as vast a scale as the European campaign was, it was felt regiments were sometimes not sufficiently agile for achieving maximum effectiveness. Therefore, the group was designed as a flexible organization set up to efficiently meet rapidly changing tactical requirements. The group would consist of a small headquarters and a varying number of separate companies and battalions which could be attached to and detached from the group headquarters as the situation demanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 1005]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0003-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, Development of the Engineer Combat Group Concept\nThe Engineer Combat Group had many duties: construction, repair and dismantling of various bridge types; clearing of obstacles; road repair and construction; ferrying troops in river crossings; laying smoke screens; detecting, removing, and laying of mines and demolitions, in addition to offensive and defensive infantry functions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0004-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, Development of the Engineer Combat Group Concept\nIn the instance of the 1139th Engineer Combat Group, there were as many as five battalions and three separate companies under their command at one time, and at other times the group headquarters controlled as little as a single company. The job of the 1139th was twofold. Primarily, they were responsible for the administration of the units under their command, and secondarily, they acted in a supervisory capacity for all work assigned to the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0004-0001", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, Development of the Engineer Combat Group Concept\nIn addition to the combat engineer battalions, the group could have separate battalions and companies that specialized in constructing specific types of bridges such as heavy and light pontoon bridges, treadway bridges, Bailey bridges, or other specialized support functions such as area lighting or smoke generation. The units under control of the group headquarters were used to support divisions' engineer operations, providing special equipment which the division engineers did not carry, and augmenting the engineer personnel strength of the divisions' engineer battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0005-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, 1139th Engineer Combat Group Training and Deployment\nThe 1139th Engineer Combat Group was activated on August 25, 1943 at Camp Beale, California. Many of the troops that would eventually make up the 1139th Engineer Combat Group received their initial training at Camp Ellis, Illinois, an Army Services Training Center for the Corps of Engineers located southwest of Peoria, Illinois. Most were not career soldiers, and were consigned to \"the duration plus six months\" of service. From there they were sent to Camp Beale, California, to join the 1139th and complete training as a unit. In addition to their basic training courses, the men of the 1139th received courses in camouflage, mine field clearing, mapping, reconnaissance, bridge building, and road construction. The 1139th was commanded by Colonel John S. Niles, with Lt. Colonel George H. Walker as the Executive Officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0006-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, 1139th Engineer Combat Group Training and Deployment\nOn July 1, 1944, the 1139th Engineer Combat Group, consisting of 16 officers and 66 enlisted men, left Camp Shanks by train to the New York Port of Embarkation and began loading on to the USAT Thomas H. Barry. Early the next morning the ship joined a convoy heading to Scotland. They arrived at the town of Greenock, Firth of Clyde, Scotland on July 12, 1944. The next day they disembarked and traveled via a twelve-hour train trip to Doddington, Nantwich, England, where they organized their men and supplies, and drew vehicles, trailers and other T/E equipment (equipment specified for their specific operations) as required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0007-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, 1139th Engineer Combat Group Training and Deployment\nOn August 1, 1944, they traveled via truck convoy from Doddington to Bournemouth, England; a large troop marshaling area in preparation of movement to Continental Europe. On August 5, 1944, they left England sailing on the USAT George Custer and arrived on Utah Beach just two months after the D-Day landings there. Over the next two days, the unit disembarked and bivouacked in the Utah Beach area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0008-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nOn August 8, 1944, they proceeded in motor convoy across the Cherbourg Peninsula moving north to Bricquebec, France, and at that point they began to work as an operational unit taking its position in the line of advance, with the First Army on its left flank and the XII Corps on the right flank. The 1139th Engineer Combat Group was assigned to the Third Army and attached for operations to the XX Corps in direct support of the 7th Armored Division. (When a unit is \"assigned\", it becomes a permanent part of the headquarters to which it is assigned. When the unit is \"attached\", it comes under the administrative and operational control of that unit to which it is attached.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0009-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nIt was at that point that their Executive Officer, Lt. Col. George H. Walker, outlined their responsibilities; as part of General Patton's army the mission of the 1139th Engineer Combat Group was to travel directly behind the armor and remove mines, build bridges, fight as infantry and perform other engineering activities that allowed the rapid advancement of the XX Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0009-0001", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\n(The XX Corps played a measurable role in Patton's dash across France in August and early September 1944, earning the nickname \"Ghost Corps\" for the speed of its advance; starting in Bricquebec, France, they traveled 600 miles in their first 30 days). The XX Corps armored divisions typically traveled many miles ahead of the main body of the army, which resulted in many enemy positions being overrun before alarm could be given.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0010-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThe 1139th Engineer Combat Group arrived in the vicinity of Saint Jean sur Erve, France, on August 10, 1944, and was joined by their first battalions; the 135th, the 179th, and the 206th Engineer Combat Battalions. The initial activity of the Group was to support the 80th Infantry Division in its thrust north against the enemy near Sainte-Suzanne, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0011-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nOn August 13, 1944, while en route during this advance, the Group removed landmines from roads and shoulders, and the first of the 1139th's bridges were constructed; two 60 foot Bailey Bridges built at St. Mars and St. George, France, on the sites of two bridges that had been blown up by the enemy. (A Bailey Bridge is a temporary pre-fabricated, truss bridge, quickly assembled from prefabricated, standardized parts, assembled on land and then launched across an opening). Two days later they constructed two Treadway Bridges M2 across the Huisne River at La Fert\u00e9-Bernard, and at Nogent-le-Rotrou, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0011-0001", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\n(A Treadway Bridge is a floating bridge, using pontoons to support a continuous deck for pedestrian and vehicle travel). In his European campaign, General Eisenhower recognized that the Treadway bridge was an essential piece of equipment to the campaign, easy to transport, quickly installed, and capable of sustaining heavy military loads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0012-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nOn August 17, 1944, the 1139th meet stiff resistance as they were trying to enter Chartres, France, requiring the 1139th Engineer Combat Group to take on their infantry role. They engaged in firefight operations by cleaning out machine-gun and anti-tank gun nests in Bonville, France, suffering 6 dead and 12 wounded. They constructed two short Treadway bridges at Luce, France, west of Chartres and removed twelve large bombs from bridges in Chartres. By the next day they were joined by the 7th Armored Division, and the city was finally liberated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0013-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThe Group then moved north to the vicinity of Treon, France, in support of the 7th Armored Division. There they were tasked with clearing the roads of mines, removing booby-trapped vehicles from roads, de-booby-trapping the Railroad station at Dreux, France, and filling in road craters in the routes of the advancement. They continued to move rapidly forward, and the Seine River was reached on August 23, 1944, where they bivouacked in an open field near Melun, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0013-0001", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nAt Sainte Sauveur, France, the 1139th Engineer Combat Group supported the 7th Armored Division in its initial crossing of the Seine River at Tilly, France by manning assault boats, by establishing a beachhead and constructing a 504-foot Treadway Bridge while under direct fire, and by constructing a 204-foot footbridge across the canal at Melun, France. The construction of the foot-bridge was carried on under heavy small arms and 88mm fire. An 88mm shell blew out 50 feet of the bridge during construction, which had to be replaced while under intense enemy fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0014-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nOver the next few days, the Seine was bridged in three more places by the 991st and the 994th Engineer Treadway Bridge Companies, the 537th Engineer Light Ponton Company, and the 135th, 179th, and 206th Engineer Combat Battalions. These crossings consisted of multiple span continuous Bailey bridges, a 210-foot Bailey at Vulaines-sur-Seine, Frances, and a 420-foot Bailey at Champagne, France. Most of the construction was carried out at night, and took place under enemy fire, resulting in several lives lost. When the bridges were completed, they were guarded and maintained while under considerable fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0015-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nArriving at Montmiral, France on August 28, 1944, the 1139th Engineer Combat Group underwent a leadership change with Executive Officer Lt. Col. Walker leaving to become the commanding officer of the 1103rd Engineer Combat Group, and Lt. Col Robert Eininger replacing him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0016-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThe next major objective of the Third Army was Verdun, France and the Moselle Valley, which offered a natural gap in Germany's frontier line. Early in the morning of September 2, 1944, the XX Corps arrived 5 miles west of Verdun. Within a matter of hours, the city fell to the armored division, and on September 4, 1944, the 509th Engineer Light Ponton Company had built a 200-foot Baily bridge over the Meuse River and a bridgehead was established on the eastern side of the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0016-0001", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nAt this point, the Third Army's Armored Divisions had outpaced the Redball gasoline supply column, and although emergency supply convoys were rushed south, the Germans had time to reinforce their positions at Metz, Germany. The American bridgehead had to be withdrawn from across the Meuse. While awaiting gasoline reinforcements the 1139th Engineer Combat Group completed a considerable amount of repair on the railroads in the vicinity. Repairs were made by filling in bomb craters in the yards east of Verdun, and by rehabilitation of the track and roadbed from Conflans to Verdun, France, including construction of a 280-foot single track bridge at Conflans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0017-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nOn September 15, 1944, when adequate supplies had finally reached the Third Army, they moved on toward Thiacourt, France. The 135th Engineer Combat Battalion working with the 180th Engineer Heavy Ponton Battalion constructed a 260-foot Heavy Pontoon bridge at Pagny, France. Because of a shortage of Engineer troops, it was necessary to form a provisional platoon from the Group Headquarters Company to assist in the construction. Then working with the 509th Engineer Light Ponton Company, they constructed two 80 foot Bailey bridges across the Moselle River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0017-0001", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThe bridge building units worked under constant heavy mortar and artillery fire at these crossings, but were aided by the 161st Chemical Smoke Generating Company laying down a heavy smoke screen from hundreds of smoke generators and pots. The cost in lives was high, but it helped pave the way towards taking the heavily defended city of Metz. Despite the pressure of the continued rapid advance of the Group, morale among the troops remained at a high level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0018-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nDuring the month of October 1944, the 1139th Engineer Combat Group grew to one of the largest tactical engineer groups in the United States Army. Over 5000 troops were under their command, including the 5th, 83rd, 90th, and 95th Infantry Divisions, the 179th and 206th Engineer Combat Battalions, the 991st Engineer Treadway Company, the 509th Engineer Light Ponton Company, and the 623rd Engineer Light Equipment Company. This concentration of men and equipment was in preparation of supporting the crossing of the Moselle River by the 10th Armored Division and the 90th and 95th Infantry Divisions. In preparation for this, the troops were instructed in crossing techniques using Assault Boats, and the Group experimented with building a rapid bridge-launching-device constructed on a tank frame. (While functional, this vehicle was unfortunately found to be so heavy that it was not practical to move for any real distance).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 1006]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0019-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThe month of November 1944, was of extreme importance to the XX Corps because the crossing of the Moselle River and advancement eastward depended upon the success by the 1139th Engineer Combat Group in bridging the River. Eight bridges were constructed across the Moselle River by the 1139th Engineer Combat Group during the month; two Treadway M2s of 350 and 396 feet in length, one 630 foot Treadway M1, two Floating Baileys of 530 and 440 feet in length, one Baily DS, and two Heavy Pontoon bridges of 730 and 675 feet in length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0019-0001", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThese crossings were unusually difficult because the Moselle River was in a state of 30-year flood, and the enemy was continually making the bridging difficult with heavy artillery, machine gun and small arms fire. The enemy fire at Cattenom, France, was so intense that the 440 foot Floating Bailey Bridge was eventually lost. In most of these crossings the engineers had to first resort to ferrying operations in order for the infantry to clear a beachhead on the eastern shore so that the bridges could be constructed. Numerous troop losses occurred during these crossings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0020-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nAfter the successful crossing of the Moselle River by the 90th and 95th Infantry Divisions and the 10th Armored Division, studies of aerial photographs revealed the need for all the engineers in the Group to help overcome the obstacles left by the enemy; extensive antitank ditches, craters, pill boxes, blown bridges, and numerous mine fields (one minefield alone was estimated to contain 10,000 mines).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0020-0001", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThe burden of this work was so great that the 135th Engineer Combat Battalion was reattached to the 1139th Engineer Combat Group for the purpose of taking over the work in the rear of the division, including filling craters and ditches, destroying pill boxes, constructing fords, marking minefields, posting road signs, changing town signs, and removing the dead to Graves Registration. Because of the large number of bridges under construction during November, it was also necessary to utilize the 88th Engineer Heavy Ponton Bridge Battalion to haul Bailey bridges from Army Supply Point No. 8 to Thionville, France, and to maintain the Group Bridge Dump there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0021-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nIn December 1944, while planning the crossing of the Saar River, the 1139th Engineer Combat Group was stationed at Niedaltdorf, France. On December 6, 1944,  the 90th Infantry Division, located near Wallerfangen, France, was ready to make the assault crossing. The 20th Engineer Combat Battalion began ferrying operations in Assault and storm boats. They ferried across two Battalions and part of a third battalion of the 38th Infantry Regiment, while the 179th Engineer Combat Battalion ferried the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 357th Infantry Regiment. Following these operations the storm boats continued to evacuate wounded and to deliver supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0021-0001", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nAlthough all operations of the river were carried out under continuous heavy artillery and small arms fire day and night, there was no letup in the steady flow of materials and supplies by the storm boats. However, the incoming fire was so heavy that power boats could not be brought down to the river for launching.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0022-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nAfter several unsuccessful attempts, a ferry was constructed on December 8, 1944 for ferrying vehicles, anti-tank guns and tanks across the river at Wallerfangen, with additional ferries at Pachten-Dillingen and Rehlingen-Siersburg, France, which made it possible to ferry all the vehicles and tanks of the 90th Infantry as rapidly as they were needed to secure a beachhead on the eastern shore. This was of importance since a floating bridge was not able to be constructed, since sections were shot away as rapidly as they were placed into the water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0022-0001", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThe Saar across from Dillingen, Germany, continued to prove difficult to cross because of heavy fire from a large number of occupied German pill boxes on the eastern side of the river where the Siegfried Line had been most heavily constructed. As a result, a bridgehead was not expanded there to any great depth, although ferrying operations continued until December 20, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0023-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThese activities were interrupted as Germany made its last major offensive campaign; the Battle of the Bulge (also known as the Ardennes Counteroffensive). When General Patton learned of the attack, he quickly repositioned six full divisions of his army from their locations along the Saar River to launch a counterattack north to relieve the U.S. 101st Airborne Division which had been trapped at Bastogne. To replace the repositioned defensive divisions along the Saar River, the 90th Infantry Division withdrew from their eastern beachhead at Dillengen to join the 95th Infantry Division in defending the western side of the River. The 1139th Engineer Combat Group supported both divisions in constructing defensive barriers consisting of mine fields, roadblocks, and bridges prepared for demolition, as well as guarding many of these deterrents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 928]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0024-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nDuring January 1945, the 1139th Engineer Combat Group continued to support defensive operations on the west bank of the Saar River, consisting of barrier zone and roadwork maintenance, installation of an anti-mine boom at Maim\u00fchle, Germany, roadway snow-plowing and sanding, guarding displaced German citizens at Niedaltdorf, removing mines and booby traps at Thionville, and patrolling the banks of the Moselle River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0025-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nBy February, the Germans were in full retreat from the Ardennes. During the first three weeks of February 1945, the 1139th Engineer Combat Group was engaged in miscellaneous engineer activities in support of the 94th Infantry Division and the 3rd Cavalry Regiment. Because of sudden thaws supplemented by heavy rains, the Moselle River was swollen to flood heights again. As a result, great ice floes were swept down the river with such force that it necessitated the removal of all floating bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0025-0001", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThe salvaged materials were removed and placed in the storage dumps, and as soon as possible the bridges were reconstructed to allow traffic over the Moselle again. On February 20, 1945, the 1139th Engineer Combat Group was given the mission of assisting the 94th Infantry Division in its assault crossing of the Saar River. Under heavy enemy fire coming from strategically located pill boxes on the east bank, three successful assault crossings were made between the 21st and 23 February at Taben, Serrig, and Ayl, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0026-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThe first bridge crossings of the Saar River under the direction of the 1139th occurred February 24 and 26, 1945. The 135th Engineer Combat Battalion installed a 240-foot Treadway bridge at Taben, Germany, and a 286' Heavy Pontoon Bridge at Saarburg, Germany, and the 993rd Engineers Treadway Bridge Company built a 320-foot Treadway Bridge at Serrig, allowing the 94th Infantry Division to cross the Saar River and established a vital bridgehead at Serrig, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0026-0001", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThis, in turn, allowed a 286-foot Heavy Pontoon bridge and a 336-foot Treadway bridge to be built across the Sarr at Niederleuken and Schoden, Germany, so that both Infantry and Armor could cross and reduce the enemy on the eastern side of the Saar. On March 6, 1945, an additional 336-foot Treadway M2 C1 bridge was then established at Konz Karthaus, Germany by the 179th and the 206th Engineer Combat Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0027-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nDuring the first part of March 1945, the 1139th Group was engaged in engineering work necessary for the rapid advancement of the XX Corps from the Saar to the Rhine Rivers. In addition to construction of many Bailey Bridges and small fixed bridges, they were tasked with supervising civilian labor on road work, preparing gun emplacements for artillery pieces, constructing camouflage screens and anti-mine booms at bridges, removing dead animals from minefields, hauling prisoners, demolishing buildings to widen roads, painting town signs, and destroying enemy tanks and artillery pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0028-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nIn quick secession the American Armies were converging on the enemy in the Rhine-Moselle triangle; the 4th Armored Division from the North, the 10th and 6th Armored Divisions from the South, and the 3rd and the 7th Armies from various locations. Lieutenant Colonel Omar Bradley told General George S. Patton, whose U.S. Third Army had been fighting through the Palatinate to \"take the Rhine on the run.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0028-0001", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThe Third Army did just that on the night of March 22, 1945, crossing the river with a hasty assault south of Mainz at Oppenheim by the 17th Armored Engineer Battalion on a 1,152 foot long Treadway M2 Bridge. It was there on March 24, 1945, that Patton showing his contempt for the enemy, made good on his pledge to \"piss in the Rhine\" , which he did from a pontoon bridge in full view of his men and news cameras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0029-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThen on March 25, 1945, while in the area of Ober-Hilbersheim, Germany, the 1139th received orders to make a major river crossing over the Rhine River at Mainz, Germany. Extensive studies were made by the 1139th Engineer Combat Group to determine the best site for crossing. Study of all available maps and photos determined that the downtown area of Mainz, Germany, was the best site, even though the Rhine was wider at that point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0029-0001", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nProfiles were prepared for the entire area, showing which terrain areas had to be captured or neutralized by artillery fire, and hydraulic data and river bed materials were studied to understand the types and sizes of anchors necessary for the bridge. Finally, site reconnaissance at the river's edge by Group personnel determined the exact location for the bridge. This crossing required two assault operations led by the 80th Infantry Division with support from the 135th Engineer Combat Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0030-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThe first infantry crossing (using assault boats) incurred a high casualty rate, so the two battalions were then crossed by the 1139th Engineer Combat Group supported Naval units. Once the infantry was ashore, ferrying operations were carried on by Navy operated boats, using 6 LCMs and 6 Higgens Boats. During the launching there was heavy artillery fire, 20mm and small arms fire on the site, knocking out a bulldozer and killing a naval officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0030-0001", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nHowever, the 997th Engineer Treadway Company with assistance from the 160th Engineer Combat Battalion was able to construct a Treadway M2 Bridge across the Rhine 1,896 feet long; the Longest Tactical Bridge built in the European Theater of Operations. This bridge served the entire XX Corps in crossing the Rhine and marked the end of the assault phase of the Rhine in the Third Army area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0031-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nOnce across the Rhine, they found the enemy largely routed and in full retreat. On March 31, 1945 the Third Army started its run towards Berlin, from Mainz, Germany, traveling north-east through Frankfurt to Friedberg, to Alsfeld, then crossing the Fulda River with a 312-foot Treadway M2 Bridge, on to Reichensachsen, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0031-0001", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThen traveling eastward they next bridged the Werra River and traveled to Langensalza, Germany, and after bridging the Helme River on April 11, 1945, they traveled along the Autobahn for two days constructing Bailey Bridges where needed to repair sections of the highway that had been destroyed by allied bombardment. While traveling the Autobahn, they came across an area where the median strip had been paved as a landing airstrip and painted green, and on it sat an unusual-looking plane with no propeller. It turned out to be one of the German Jet planes that had been abandoned during the rapid retreat of the German Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0032-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThe 1139th stopped in Weimar, Germany, on April 13, 1945. Here they were situated in the most luxurious barracks that they had stayed in; formerly used by German Anti-aircraft troops. However, it was also here that they saw their most horrible of all sights; the Buchenwald Concentration Camp. The Third Army had liberated the camp just two days earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0032-0001", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nAt the urging of General Patton, many of the 1139th troops visited the camp and saw the walking skeletons, stacks of withered corpses, and incompletely burned bodies, pits of lime covered bodies, and all saw emaciated inmates from the camp walking along the road towards Weimer, and heard firsthand accounts about the horrors from a former Captain of the Dutch army, who was taken in from the camp to act as an interpreter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0033-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nOn April 16, 1945, the Third army continued moving eastward until it arrived just outside of Chemnitz, Germany. At this point, they were only 135 miles from Berlin. However, with the threat of a National Redoubt (potential reorganization and resistance by the remainder of the German army), Eisenhower ordered Patton's army southward toward Bavaria and Czechoslovakia, anticipating a last stand there by Nazi German forces. The XX Corps raced south-westward to Lichtenfels, Germany; bridging the Saale and the Weisse rivers, arriving April 18, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0033-0001", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThen turning southeast they bridged the Main River and traveled to Pegnitz, Germany, and after spanning the Naab River with a 240-foot Treadway M2 Bridge arrived in Burglengenfeld, Germany on April 25, 1945. On April 27, 1945, they traveled to Regensburg where they stopped to develop plans for crossing the Danube River. Then continuing into southern Bavaria, they constructed a 516-foot Treadway M2 Bridge to cross the Danube, arriving in Straubing, Germany on April 30, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0034-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nOn May 2, 1945, they left Straubing and constructed a 288-foot Treadway M2 bridge to cross the Isar River at Landau an der Isar, Germany, and arrived in Ortenburg on May 3, 1945. On May 4, 1945, the 1139th constructed a 560-foot Heavy Pontoon Bridge over the Inn River at Passau, Germany, and the next day they left Ortenburg, Germany and moved southeastward to Lambach, Austria, where contact was made with the Russian forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0035-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThis was the furthest they traveled in search for the National Redoubt by the German Army. It was here, on May 7, 1945, that the troops heard that finally Germany would officially surrender the next day. The same day General Walton H. Walker, commander of the XX Corps, received the unconditional surrender of Generaloberst Lothar Rendulic, commander of German Army Group South.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0036-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations\nThe 1139th constructed a 516-foot Treadway M2 Bridge across the Isar River at Plattling, Austria, and on May 9, 1945, they constructed their final bridge, a 755-foot Heavy Pontoon Bridge over the Inn River at Schaerding, Austria. On May 10, 1945, the 1139th left Lambach, Austria and began their return home moving north-eastward to Ried im Innkreis, Austria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0037-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th as part of the Army of Occupation in Germany\nAfter VE Day, the 1139th was involved in assisting the German people rebuild their state as part of the U.S. Army of Occupation in Germany. Initially, the 1139th Engineer Combat Group expected to be broken up following VE Day, with some troops destined for the Pacific, while others moved to fill in personnel gaps in other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0038-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th as part of the Army of Occupation in Germany\nHowever, General Eisenhower felt that rehabilitation of the Ruhr area in Germany was vital to rebuilding the German economy, because nowhere else in Europe were there coal deposits of that quality and ease of access. This coal was key to allowing Germany to rebuild its industries and in turn to feed its own population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0039-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th as part of the Army of Occupation in Germany\nColonel Niles and the 1139th Engineer Combat Group were given this duty. The 1139th was assigned to get the Bavarian and Saar coal mines back in operation. This included clearing and preparing the mine sites for return to operations, and because there were few returning coal miners, the 1139th's Engineers were also required to providing training and education to the surviving populous on running the mine. The 1139th worked on the mine projects for many months. During these activities the 1139th was experiencing a slow reduction in troop size as the GIs with 45 VE Day points or more were discharged and returned home to the states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0040-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th as part of the Army of Occupation in Germany\nThe 1139th Engineer Combat Group returned to the United States at Boston, Massachusetts on October 26, 1945, and was inactivated the next day at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0041-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, Further reading\nRoute Timetable for the 1139th Engineer Combat Group, July 1, 1944 \u2013 May 10, 1945", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006916-0042-0000", "contents": "1139th Engineer Combat Group, Further reading\nRoute map of the 1139th Engineer Combat Group 1944 - 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006917-0000-0000", "contents": "113P/Spitaler\nComet Spitaler is a periodic comet in the solar system discovered by Rudolf Ferdinand Spitaler (Vienna, Austria) on November 17, 1890, while attempting to observe Comet Zona (C/1890 V1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006917-0001-0000", "contents": "113P/Spitaler\nSpitaler, together with G. M. Searle, J. F. Tennant, and J. R. Hind, calculated orbits based on the observations, but despite predictions of a return in 1897, it was lost and remained so for the next few decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006917-0002-0000", "contents": "113P/Spitaler\nOn October 24, 1993, the comet was rediscovered by J. V. Scotti (Spacewatch, Kitt Peak Observatory, Arizona, United States), it was confirmed as Spitaler's comet when Brian G. Marsden connected the 1890 and 1994 apparitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron\nThe 113th Air Support Operations Squadron is a unit of the Indiana Air National Guard 181st Intelligence Wing located at Terre Haute Air National Guard Base (Hulman Field), Indiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the World War I 113th Aero Squadron, established on 26 August 1917. It was reformed on 1 August 1921, as the 113th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History\nUnit was formed as 113th Aero Squadron in August 1917 at Kelly Field, Texas and then assigned as an aviation unit with the Pennsylvania National Guard, however apparently performed support duties as a supply unit. Redesignated the 634th Aero Squadron in 1918 Did not deploy to France as part of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF). Squadron was demobilized in March 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0003-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana National Guard\nRe -formed and its honors and lineage was combined (in 1936) with those of the 137th Squadron, Indiana NG, which had activated at Fagley Field, Indiana during August 1921 (equipped with Curtiss Jennies). Redesignated the 113th Observation Squadron on 25 January 1923, the unit relocated to Schoen Field and then Stout Field (formerly Mars Hill), Indianapolis in October 1926.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0004-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana National Guard\nThe squadron, or elements thereof, called up to perform the following state duties: aerial surveillance of labor troubles in Vanderburg and Warwick Counties 22 February-23 March 1926; flood relief duties at Hazelton-Vincennes, IN, during the Wabash River flood 15\u201321 January 1930; aerial mapping survey of the state of Indiana in 1930; aerial surveillance of labor troubles during a coal miners' strike at the Dixie Bee Mine August\u2013October 1932; flood relief efforts along the Ohio River in southern Indiana during January\u2013February 1937. Supported the training of the 7th Cavalry Brigade at various times 1934\u201336. Conducted summer training at Wright Field, OH, or Godman Field, 1922\u201340.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0005-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 113th was operating Douglas O-38Bs and North American O-47A/Bs when called to active duty on 17 January 1941 as part of the build-up of the Army Air Corps after the Fall of France. Ten days later the unit transferred to Key Field, Mississippi and began flying (assigned to the 67th Observation Group, 3d Air Force) Anti - Submarine patrols with O-47s, O-49s and O-52s over the Gulf of Mexico. Between 1942 and disbandment at Birmingham Army Airfield, Alabama on 30 November 1943 the 113th performed Operational Training for combat reconnaissance pilots in Bell P-39 Airacobras and other light reconnaissance aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0006-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard\nThe wartime 113th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was reconstituted on 21 June 1945. It was then redesignated as the 113th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Indiana Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Stout Field, Indianapolis, Indiana, and was extended federal recognition on 9 December 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 113th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 113th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron and all predecessor units. The squadron was assigned to the 122d Fighter Group, Indiana Air National Guard and equipped with F-51D Mustang fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0007-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard\nThe 113th and the 163d Fighter Squadron at Stout Field, Indianapolis were the operational squadrons of the 122d Fighter Group. Its mission was the air defense of Indiana. The 113th flew training missions primarily over the northern part of Indiana, while the 163d operated from Indianapolis south to the Ohio River border with Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0008-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard\nDuring the postwar years, the Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, these units also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score better than full-time USAF units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0009-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Korean War Federalization\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1960, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. The 113th Fighter Squadron and its parent 122d Fighter Group were federalized on 10 February 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 101], "content_span": [102, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0010-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Korean War Federalization\nThe 113th initially remained at Stout Field, Indianapolis, and the 122d Fighter Group established headquarters at Stout Field, Indianapolis along with the 163d Fighter Squadron at Baer Field, Fort Wayne, under Air Defense Command. ADC established the 122d Fighter-Interceptor Wing with the 122d Fighter-Interceptor Group as its operational unit with a mission for the air defense of Indiana and the upper midwest as part of the Eastern Air Defense Force. Both squadrons were re-equipped with very long range (VLR) F-51H Mustangs that were developed during World War II for long distance B-29 Superfortress bomber escort missions in the Pacific Theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 101], "content_span": [102, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0011-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Korean War Federalization\nOn 1 May the 113th FIS was dispersed to Scott AFB, Illinois and the 163d FIS to Sioux City MAP, Iowa; the 122d FIW being transferred to the ADC Central Air Defense Force. Now assigned for the air defense of the Central United States, the squadrons flew interception missions for ADC. The 122d FIW/FIG were inactivated on 6 February 1952, the squadron being reassigned to the 4706th Air Defense Wing. It was later transferred to the 33d Air Division on 1 April. Its period of federalization ended, the squadron was returned to Indiana State Control on 1 November 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 101], "content_span": [102, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0012-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nThe unit was re-formed at Stout Field and continued to fly the F-51H Mustangs, returning to its pre-federalization air defense mission of Indiana. With the end of the line for the Mustang in USAF service, the United States Air Force, in an effort to upgrade to an all jet fighter force, required Air National Guard Air Defense Command units to upgrade to jet-powered aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0013-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nHowever, the facilities at Stout Field were inadequate for jet interceptor fighters and as a result the squadron was moved to Hulman Field, at Terre Haute, on 1 January 1954. In July 1954 the Mustangs were retired and the squadron was re-equipped with F-80C Shooting Star jets that had seen combat in the Korean War. In March 1956, conversion to refurbished and reconditioned F-86A Sabres commenced, and in April 1958 new F-84F Thunderstreaks were received.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0014-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Tactical Fighters\nIn July 1959, the 113th was designated as a Tactical Fighter Squadron (Special Delivery), with a mission of the delivery of Tactical nuclear weapons. Although the 113th trained for the delivery of tactical nuclear weapons, it never had any actual nuclear weapons on hand, nor did the base at Terre Haute ever had nuclear weapon storage facilities. In 1959 and 1960 the squadron participated in exercises Dark Cloud and Pine Cone III, the latter taking place at Congaree AFB, South Carolina. In the exercises, the squadron practiced delivery of tactical nuclear weapons in the fictitious country of \"North Saladia\". In 1960, the unit performed extremely well during the annual \"Ricks's Trophy Race\" between Turner Air Force Base, Georgia and Hamilton Air Force Base, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 93], "content_span": [94, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0015-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin crisis\nOn 1 October 1961 the 113th and the 122d Tactical Fighter Wing was federalized and ordered to active service as part of Operation Tack Hammer, the United States response to the 1961 Berlin Crisis. Due to DOD budget restrictions, the 122d was instructed to deploy only a portion of its total strength and only the 163d Tactical Fighter Squadron was deployed to Chambley-Bussi\u00e8res Air Base, France, with the other two squadrons being on active duty at their home stations, ready to reinforce the 163d if necessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 94], "content_span": [95, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0016-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin crisis\nOn 6 November, twenty-six F-84F Thunderstreaks arrived at Chambley, with the wings support aircraft (C-47 and T-33A's) arriving by mid-November. Due to its reduced force structure, the wing was designated the 7122d Tactical Wing while in France. By 1 December the ground support units arrived and the 7122d prepared for an estimated overseas deployment of 10 months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 94], "content_span": [95, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0017-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin crisis\nRotations of Air National Guard pilots from the stateside squadrons in Indiana was performed to train them in local flying conditions in Europe. This allowed the 163d to maintain 100 percent manning and also to relieve the boredom of the national guard pilots on active duty in CONUS and kept them connected to the overseas part of the Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 94], "content_span": [95, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0018-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin crisis\nThe mission of the 7122d was to support Seventeenth Air Force and various NATO exercises in Europe, flying up to 30 sorties a day exercising with Seventh Army units in West Germany. NATO exchanges with the West German 32d Fighter-Bomber Wing occurred in April 1962 to increase understanding of NATO air integration and terminology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 94], "content_span": [95, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0019-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin crisis\nBy April, the Berlin Crisis appeared to be settled and the Kennedy Administration was interested in saving money on this emergency call-up of national guard units. On 7 June the 163d was directed to return to CONUS with all personnel, however the aircraft and equipment were to remain at Chambley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 94], "content_span": [95, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0020-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin crisis\nThe support C-47 and T-33s were flown back to Indiana, and in July the Air National Guardsmen of the 122 TFW/163 TFS returned to CONUS. On 16 July the 7122nd Tactical Wing was discontinued with its F-84F aircraft being turned over to the new 366th Tactical Fighter Wing. The Guardsmen were released from active duty and returned to Indiana state control, 31 August 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 94], "content_span": [95, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0021-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nAfter the Berlin Federalization, the 113th transferred its 25 F-84Fs to the active-duty USAF to fill gaps in TAC Wings; the aircraft being temporally replaced by RF-84Fs from the 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at Shaw AFB, South Carolina that was upgrading to the RF-101 Voodoo. The squadron flew the RF-84F until May 1964 to maintain proficiency but did not train in photo-reconnaissance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 96], "content_span": [97, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0022-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nOn 1 October 1962, the 113th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 181st Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 113th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 181st Headquarters, 181st Material Squadron (Maintenance), 181st Combat Support Squadron, and the 181st USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 96], "content_span": [97, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0023-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nRe -equipped with F-84Fs, in 1965, the 181st TFG deployed to Hickam AFB, Hawaii for Tropic Lighting I, an exercise designed to assist in the training of Army ground units prior to their deployment to South Vietnam. This deployment required two over-water air refuelings in either direction. In addition, the 113th deployed to Vincent AFB, Arizona for extensive gunnery, rocketry and special weapons delivery training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 96], "content_span": [97, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0024-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe F-84F remained with the 181st until December 1971, when they were retired to AMARC and replaced by North American F-100C/D Super Sabres following their withdrawal from the Vietnam War. The F-100 remained with the squadron until 1979 and participated in numerous deployments and exercises. In April 1976, the squadron deployed to RAF Lakenheath, England as part of Cornet Prize, and was awarded an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the period October 1975 to May 1976. The unit had the honor to fly the last active United States Military F-100 mission when it flew F-100D 56-2979 to MASDC (now AMARC), Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona, in November 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 96], "content_span": [97, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0025-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn the summer of 1979 the unit had begun conversion to the F-4C Phantom II (actual aircraft were Vietnam War EF-4C Wild Weasel aircraft which had been de-modified). By 1 April 1988 the unit had completed its conversion to more the advanced F-4E version of the Phantom II. However, the squadron was not assigned the specialized Wild Weasel mission, and it operated its F-4Cs in the conventional strike role. With the receipt of the Phantoms in 1979, the 113th began using Tactical Air Command Tail Code \"HF\" on their aircraft (Hulman Field).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 96], "content_span": [97, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0025-0001", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe 113th initially operated the F-4Cs in a tactical role. In addition, they served in the air defense role as part of the Air National Guard taking over the mission of the inactivated Aerospace Defense Command for continental air defense. In the air defense role, the squadron operated under Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), a named unit that operated at the numbered air force level of TAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 96], "content_span": [97, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0026-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nBeginning in April 1991 the unit started its conversion to ex USAFE 50th Tactical Fighter Wing Block 25 F-16C/Ds (the last Phantoms left in October 1991) and completed this on 1 July 1992 when the last F-16 left Hahn Air Base prior to its closure. With the changeover to the F-16, the squadron changed its Tail Code to \"TH\" (Terre Haute).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 94], "content_span": [95, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0027-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn 1992, the unit designation changed to 113th Fighter Squadron, 181st Fighter Group (15 March 1992) and in June its gaining command changed from Tactical Air Command to Air Combat Command (1 June 1992). On 1 October 1995 the 181st Fighter Group was changed in status to a Wing, this being part of the Air Force's One-Base, One-Wing requirement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 94], "content_span": [95, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0028-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 94], "content_span": [95, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0029-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nSince equipping with F-16s the Racers (The 113th's nickname coming from the proximity of Terre Haute to the Indianapolis 500 racetrack) have participated in a humanitarian deployment to Romania, provided security for the 1996 Summer Olympic Games and have deployed in support of Operation Southern Watch (operating from Al Jaber Air Base, Kuwait) and Operation Northern Watch (from Incirlik Air Base, Turkey). Additionally, the Unit received exceptional ratings on a number of higher headquarters evaluations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 94], "content_span": [95, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0030-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nThe 113th swapped their Block 25 F-16C/Ds for Block 30s in July/August 1995 and flew those aircraft until 2008. The units vipers were equipped with the LITENING targeting pod, a precision targeting pod system designed for Air Force Reserve's and Air National Guard's F-16 Block 25/30/32 Fighting Falcons. This precision targeting system significantly increases the combat effectiveness of the F-16 during day, night and under-the-weather conditions in the attack of ground targets with a variety of standoff weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 94], "content_span": [95, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0031-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Global war on terrorism\nOn 11 September 2001, the 181st Fighter Wing wasted no time in joining the War on Terrorism as it responded after the attack on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon in less than four hours to the task of flying Combat Air Patrols over the Midwest as part of Operation Noble Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 99], "content_span": [100, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0032-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Global war on terrorism\nThe 181st Fighter Wing drastically increased its operations tempo during the early 2000s to guard America's skies and protect freedom. The 181st deployed members and equipment to 19 countries to simultaneously support seven different military operations, including: Operation Southern Watch, Operation Northern Watch, Operation Joint Forge, Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Deep Freeze, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 99], "content_span": [100, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0033-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air support operations\nIn 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure commission mandated the end of the flying era for the 181st. On 8 September 2007, the 181st Fighter Wing flew their last training mission out of Hulman Field International Airport. The Block 30 F-16 aircraft were reassigned to the 177th Fighter Wing, New Jersey Air National Guard at Atlantic City Air National Guard Base in September 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 98], "content_span": [99, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0034-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air support operations\nA realignment was directed with two new Air Force missions: a Distributive Ground Station (DGS) and an Air Support Operations Squadron (ASOS). On 3 May 2008 the 181st Fighter Wing was redesignated as the 181st Intelligence Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 98], "content_span": [99, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0035-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air support operations\nThe DGS is an intelligence based mission, monitoring near real time video feed from Predators, Global Hawks and other unmanned aerial vehicles hovering the skies over any military area of operation. The servicemembers will process, exploit, and disseminate the video feed, providing actionable intelligence to the ground commanders and war-fighting forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 98], "content_span": [99, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0036-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air support operations\nThe ASOS will bring unity to joint forces fighting in the Global War on Terrorism. Their mission is to advise the ground commanders on the best way to utilize U.S. and NATO assets for close air support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 98], "content_span": [99, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006918-0037-0000", "contents": "113th Air Support Operations Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006919-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF\nThe 113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force. The 113th Battalion was authorized on 22 December 1915 as part of a recruiting drive in which men from the same region could enlist and serve together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006919-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF\nThe battalion trained on the Lethbridge exhibition grounds in 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006919-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF\nThe rank-and-file soldiers were not issued Highland kit, but the battalion did raise three pipes and drums bands who were. Basic training in the CEF involved rifle training, bombing or hand grenade practice, route marches, rifle drill and many inspections. Inspections were very popular for the 113th as many wished to hear their three bands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006919-0003-0000", "contents": "113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF\nIn late May 1916, the battalion moved to Sarcee Camp outside Calgary for further training that lasted until September. During the time spent at Sarcee the battalion used painted rocks to construct their battalion number on nearby Signal Hill in Calgary. This bold white stone is still visible and preserved in Battalion Park. In early September 1916 orders came for the battalion to entrain for the east and by September 19 the battalion was on its way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006919-0004-0000", "contents": "113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF\nOn September 26, 1916, the 113th embarked along with the 111th and 145th Battalions on SS\u00a0Tuscania, a transport ship. The trip across the Atlantic took ten days and upon arriving in England the battalion was taken to a holding camp at Sandling near Shorncliffe. It was at Sandling that Lieutenant-Colonel Albert Westhead Pryce-Jones, the commanding officer, learned that the 113th would be broken up for replacements and would not see action as a unit after all. One can only imagine the disappointment of these men as they learned the fate of the 113th, their battalion, after 10 months training together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006919-0005-0000", "contents": "113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF\nThe 113th was transferred to the 17th Reserve Battalion, CEF, the Nova Scotia Highlanders, affiliated with the Scottish Seaforth Highlanders. The 17th was at Bramshott Camp located South of London. On October 12, 1916, most of the old 113th proceeded to France arriving at a camp near Le Havre France. Almost immediately 300 men of the old 113th were assigned as replacements to one of the most famous battalions in the CEF, the 16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish). An idea of the casualties suffered by the 16th in the Somme fighting of the fall of 1916 till 1917 can be understood by this reinforcement. This would mean that roughly 30% of the 16th were new transfers from the 113th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006919-0006-0000", "contents": "113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF\nThe battalion recruited in, and was mobilized at, Lethbridge, Alberta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006919-0007-0000", "contents": "113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF\nThe battalion was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Albert Westhead Pryce-Jones from 6 to 8 October 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006919-0008-0000", "contents": "113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF\nThe battalion was awarded the battle honour The Great War, 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006919-0009-0000", "contents": "113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF\nThe perpetuation of the 113th Battalion was assigned in 1920 to the 3rd Battalion, the Alberta Regiment. When the Alberta Regiment was split in 1924, the perpetuation was passed to the 2nd Battalion, the South Alberta Regiment. The South Alberta Regiment is now incorporated (through amalgamations) with the South Alberta Light Horse, which carries on the perpetuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006919-0010-0000", "contents": "113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF, Sources\nCanadian Expeditionary Force 1914\u20131919 by Col. G.W.L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006920-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 113th Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of  the British Army active in both the First and the Second World Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006920-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nThe 113th Brigade was originally raised in the First World War from men volunteering for Lord Kitchener's New Armies, and was assigned to the 38th (Welsh) Division. The brigade, composed entirely of four battalions of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers, served in the trenches of the Western Front throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006920-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Order of battle\nThe 113th Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006920-0003-0000", "contents": "113th Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe brigade and division were both disbanded after the war, but were reformed in the Territorial Army (TA), the British Army's part-time reserve force, in the latter half of 1939 as war with Nazi Germany seemed increasingly likely. As a consequence of this, the Territorial Army was ordered to be doubled in size, with each unit forming a 2nd Line duplicate. The 38th (Welsh) Infantry Division was reconstituted as was the brigade, now the 113th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006920-0003-0001", "contents": "113th Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe 113th Brigade, under the command of Brigadier Llewellyn Alston, was formed as a duplicate of the 160th Infantry Brigade and initially consisted of two TA battalions, the 15th and 2/5th, of the Welch Regiment and one, the 4th, of the Monmouthshire Regiment. However, the brigade never saw active service outside the United Kingdom during the Second World War and was reduced to a Lower Establishment and eventually became a training brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006920-0004-0000", "contents": "113th Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Order of battle\nThe 113th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006920-0005-0000", "contents": "113th Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the 113th Infantry Brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006921-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 113th Cavalry Regiment is a cavalry regiment of the Iowa National Guard, with history tracing back to the 19th century Indian Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006921-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Cavalry Regiment\nIt was heavily involved in fighting during World War II against German forces in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany from June 1944 to May 1945. Following a long period of inactivation after World War II, one squadron of the 113th Cavalry was reactivated in 1992. Since being reactivated, the 1st Squadron of the 113th Cavalry Regiment (part of the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division) has conducted peace keeping operations in Kosovo, as well as combat deployments during Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006921-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Cavalry Regiment, History\nIowa had organized the 1st Cavalry Squadron in 1915, a unit with four troops (companies) and which had seen service on the Mexican frontier during the pursuit of Pancho Villa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006921-0002-0001", "contents": "113th Cavalry Regiment, History\nDuring World War I, the squadron was split up; Troop A became the division headquarters troop for the 34th Division, Troop B was reorganized as part of the 125th Machine Gun Battalion, 34th Division, Troop C was reorganized as part of the 133rd Infantry Regiment, 34th Division, Troop D was reorganized as part of the 109th Ammunition Train, 34th Division, and the band was reorganized as part of the 301st Cavalry Regiment. The 34th Division shipped to France in late 1918, but did not see any combat, and the 301st Cavalry Regiment was converted to field artillery units in the summer of 1918, but none of these units shipped overseas before the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006921-0003-0000", "contents": "113th Cavalry Regiment, History\nAfter World War I, the 113th Cavalry was constituted in 1921 as part of the Iowa National Guard and subordinated to the 24th Cavalry Division. The regiment participated in riot control duties during the Cow War in Iowa in 1931, and elements of the regiment suppressed labor unrest in Newton, Iowa, in 1938. The regiment was relieved from assignment to the 24th Cavalry Division in September 1940, inducted into federal service on 13 January 1941, and moved to Camp Bowie, Texas, on 25 January 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006921-0004-0000", "contents": "113th Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 113th Cavalry Regiment (Horse-Mechanized) sailed to England, arriving on 28 January 1944. In England, the regiment was converted to the 113th Cavalry Group (Mechanized), with the 1st Squadron becoming the 113th Cavalry Squadron (Mechanized) and the 2nd Squadron becoming the 125th Cavalry Squadron (Mechanized). Under the combat group concept, even though the two squadrons were only \"attached\" to the 113th Cavalry Group headquarters as opposed to permanently \"assigned\" and could be attached and detached at will as the tactical situation warranted, they served as essentially organic elements of the 113th Cavalry Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006921-0004-0001", "contents": "113th Cavalry Regiment, History\nSubsequently, the 113th Cavalry Group served as the XIX Corps' mechanized cavalry group, fighting in Normandy, the Netherlands and the conquest of Germany. The 113th Cavalry Group returned to the New York port of entry on 25 October 1945 and was inactivated at Camp Shanks, New York, on 26 October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006921-0005-0000", "contents": "113th Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 1st Squadron, 113th Cavalry was reactivated on 11 September 1992, at ceremonies at Camp Dodge, Iowa, from former elements of the 194th Cavalry. In 1996 the squadron was restructured for the next ten years with the Headquarters and Headquarters Troop (HHT) at Sioux City, Iowa, Troops A and B at Camp Dodge, Troop C at Le Mars, and Troops D, E and later Troop F at Waterloo. With the next reorganization, Troops D, E and F were detached when the 1-113th Cavalry reorganized into a RSTA (Cavalry) and became an organic asset to the 2d Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division. It remains an active duty unit of the Iowa National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006921-0006-0000", "contents": "113th Cavalry Regiment, History\nThere are three troops that comprise the 1-113th Cavalry and one support unit along with a Headquarters Troop. Troops A and B drill at Camp Dodge, Iowa, and Troop C is headquartered in Le Mars, Iowa. The support unit, Company D, 334th Brigade Support Battalion (BSB), trains in Sioux City, along with the HHT, as well as a detachment from 2168th Transportation Company (TC). Troop C returned from Iraq in October 2006. Troop A deployed in June 2007, and the squadron as a whole, including Company D, 334th BSB, and the 2168th Transportation Company, deployed in November 2010 with the 2d Brigade Combat Team as part of Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006922-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 113th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 2, 1945, which was two weeks before the beginning of the fifth administrative year of Governor Walter W. Bacon and the first administration of Elbert N. Carvel as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006922-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006922-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 113th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006922-0003-0000", "contents": "113th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006922-0004-0000", "contents": "113th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States)\nThe 113th Engineer Battalion is an \"Echelons Above Brigade\" (EAB) Army Engineer Battalion of the Indiana National Guard, currently attached to the 219th Engineer Brigade, 81st Troop Command. Their missions include construction and combat effects in support of higher operational Army echelons. Units of the 113th are found in Gary, Valparaiso, Franklin, and Edinburgh/Camp Atterbury, Indiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), World War I\nOn 6 April 1917, the United States entered World War I on the side of Great Britain, France, and Russia. Prior to 1917, the United States Army was smaller than 13 of the nations already involved in the War, with around 121,000 active duty soldiers and around 181,000 National Guardsmen. However, with the U.S.'s entry into the War, the Selective Service Act of 1917 was put into effect. 4 million men were drafted into service, and the Army expanded significantly. New units were formed, and existing units were moved around to meet the Army's growing numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0001-0001", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), World War I\nAmong these new units was the 38th Infantry Division, activated as a National Guard Division in August 1917. Guard units from Indiana, Kentucky, and West Virginia began movement to Camp Shelby, Mississippi, reorganizing themselves into the 75th Infantry Brigade (for Kentucky and West Virginia units) and the 76th Infantry Brigade (for Indiana units \u2013 it is the precursor to the modern-day 76th Indiana IBCT). On 16 September 1917, Company M (sans Officers) of the 3rd Regiment, Kentucky Infantry was designated the 113th Engineer Battalion and assigned to the 38th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0001-0002", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), World War I\nTraining began in October 1917, and continued for the next ten months. The 113th arrived in France with the rest of the 38th ID in  September\u2013October  1918, during the height of the German \"Peace Offensives.\" While most of the 38th ID was stripped down to serve as replacements for units already in combat, the 113th Engineers assisted in constructing bases and infrastructure for the American Expeditionary Forces, of which nearly 10,000 soldiers were still arriving every day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0001-0003", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), World War I\nFrom Brest, France, the 113th and other engineering units built nearly 1,000 miles of standard-gauge tracks, and over 100,000 miles of telephone and telegraph lines. After Armistice Day, 11 November 1918, the 113th moved with the 38th ID to the city of Konz in the Allied-occupied Rhineland as part of the Army of the Occupation of Germany. They remained there until they finally returned to the United States in Spring of 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), Interwar Period (1919\u201341)\nAfter returning home, the 38th entered an inactive status while the United States rapidly demobilized and returned to a peacetime footing. However, the experiences of the War convinced the War Department and Congress to retain a reserve structure to improve America's readiness in future wars. A series of Amendments to the National Defense Act of 1916 included adding the National Guard to the Regular Army's structure when in federal service. The names, numbers, flags, and records of the divisions that served in World War I, including the 38th ID, were to be preserved for future use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0002-0001", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), Interwar Period (1919\u201341)\nThe 113th was transitioned back to active status in 1921. By November 1921 the Indiana National Guard had approximately 4,000 actively drilling National Guardsmen. By March 1923, the 38th ID Headquarters was federally recognized and established in Indianapolis. Its commanding officer, Major General Robert H. Tyndall, embodied the citizen-soldier concept in the future of America's Army, further improving the readiness of Indiana's National Guard and organizing the American Legion. It was at this time that the 76th Infantry Brigade, the 139th and 150th Field Artillery Regiment, and the 113th Engineer Regiment were allotted solely to Indiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0003-0000", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), Interwar Period (1919\u201341)\nIn the coming decades, the 113th Engineers served with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers during the Ohio River flood of 1937, assisting in evacuation efforts and building more than seventy storage reservoirs to reduce Ohio River flood heights, a project that would continue into the early 1940s. The 113th also served with other National Guard units in Wisconsin during the 1940 Armistice Day Blizzard, assisting in rescue efforts for survivors trapped in 27 inches of snow, as well as rebuilding the telegraph/telephone poles and buildings that had been damaged in the 50\u201380\u00a0mph winds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0004-0000", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), Interwar Period (1919\u201341)\nAs France fell to Nazi Germany, and tensions continued to grow with Imperial Japan, Congress passed the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 in October 1940, requiring all men between the ages of 21 and 45 to register for the draft. In preparation for the War that many were sure was coming, the 38th ID was once again ordered into federal service. The 113th Engineers were mobilized on 17 January 1941, and began training with the rest of the 38th ID. Eleven months later, Imperial Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, and the United States entered World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0005-0000", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), World War II\nThe 38th ID continued to train for three more years, before finally embarking to Hawaii on 3 January 1944, arriving on 17 January. There the 113th Engineers and 38th ID received further training, and improved the defensive capabilities of Oahu. In July 1944, the 113th Engineers embarked with the 38th ID to New Guinea. From July to November 1944, they conducted final combat rehearsals, while also searching out any Japanese soldiers that were bypassed in the Western New Guinea campaign. With rehearsals complete, the 38th ID sailed for Leyte, landing in December 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0005-0001", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), World War II\nThe 113th Engineers brought with them 400 tons of assault and pioneering equipment, 140 tons of 30-day engineer supplies, and a complete \"Bailey Bridge\" unit weighing over 89 tons. For two months the 113th Engineers assisted in the defense of Leyte, including defending Buri, Bayug, and San Pablo airstrips from Japanese paratroopers until 4 January 1945. The 38th ID then sailed for Luzon, the largest island of the Philippines and the site of the Bataan Death March three years earlier. The 113th Engineers landed in the Zambales Province without any opposition on 29 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0005-0002", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), World War II\nFor the next two days, they assisted in securing and building defensive structures at the San Marcelino airstrip and the port facilities at Olongapo, as well as the Grande Island in Subic Bay after a separate amphibious landing. While the 38th ID's 151st Infantry Regiment secured Subic Bay, the 38th ID's 152nd Infantry Regiment and 113th Engineers were given the mission to drive eastward along an irregular and unimproved Route 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0005-0003", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), World War II\nA section of Route 7 that the 152nd and 113th were travelling on went through the rugged Zambales mountains at the northern base of the Bataan peninsula \u2013 a path Americans called 'Zig-Zag Pass.' It was there that Japanese Colonel Nagayoshi Sanenobu decided to make his stand with his 39th Infantry Regiment. The Japanese had dug foxholes, trench, and tunnels throughout the mountains, and relied on the thick vegetation to cover their positions. On the morning of 1 February, the 152nd and the 113th ran into a Japanese strongpoint at 'Horseshoe Bend,' the first major Zig-Zag Pass obstacle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0005-0004", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), World War II\nTwo days of heavy fighting followed, resulting in high casualties and stopping all eastward progress. The nearby 34th Regiment Combat Team was ordered to assist the 152nd and 113th, but after six days of suffering heavy casualties they were forced to disengage. The 151st linked up with the 152nd and 113th the next day to continue the battle, but fighting remained fierce for three more days. However, with the combined forces with the 151st, 152nd, and the 113th, the Japanese began to give more and more ground until they were finally overrun on 8 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0005-0005", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), World War II\nAfterwards, the 152nd and 113th continued eastwards, finally linking up with XIV Corps on 14 February. Through 8 days of fighting, it was estimated that the 151st, 152nd, and 113th killed about 2,400 of the 2,800 Japanese defenders in Zig-Zag Pass. For the next seven days, the 113th pushed along the route of the March of Death to Bagac. The Bataan Peninsula was secured on 21 February \u2013 the 38th ID's rapid drive through Route 7 and across the peninsula was critical to General MacArthur's campaign plan to retake the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0006-0000", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), World War II\nOver the next few months, the 113th would assist the 38th ID in the final liberation of the Philippines from Imperial Japan, securing Corregidor on 24 February and Caballo Island on 27 March. In April, the 38th ID advanced directly into the Zambales mountains, pushing out the last of the dug-in Japanese defenders. The 113th Engineers were instrumental in surrounding the retreating Japanese and cutting off their withdrawal routes. After the Zambales were cleared, the 38th moved east of Manila, where they continued fighting into May. By 30 June, all effective Japanese positions had been broken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0006-0001", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), World War II\nThe 113th Engineers spent the rest of the war assisting in hunting down bypassed Japanese soldiers, as well as improving defensive capabilities of American and Philippine positions. This concluded with Japan's unconditional surrender on 14 August, bringing an end to the 38th ID's unbroken stretch of 198 consecutive days in combat. Combined, elements of the 38th ID killed 26,469 enemy combatants and took 1,411 prisoners. As news of the war's end spread to the remaining Japanese defenders, that number soon swelled to 13,000 prisoners by October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0007-0000", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), Post World War and Cold War\nThe 113th Engineers were alerted on 15 September 1945 that they were going to return to the United States and demobilize, and were finally relieved on 5 October. They sailed to Camp Anza, California. Final demobilization and deactivation was completed on 9 November 1945. Subordinate units of the 38th ID were organized and reconstituted, swelled by the large numbers of World War II veterans. The 113th Engineers were reorganized on 6 October 1946, and were federally recognized with the rest of the 38th ID on 5 March 1947. Division headquarters were once again in Indianapolis, and Annual Training began being held at Camp Atterbury in 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 69], "content_span": [70, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0008-0000", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), Post World War and Cold War\nDuring the Cold War, the 113th Engineers served in the Strategic Reserve to support the Active Army in the event of a full-scale war with the Soviet Union. In 1965, the 38th ID was designated part of the Selected Reserve Force, which put its units, including the 113th, in a higher priority for better equipment and greater funding to ensure readiness was maintained. However, the 113th Engineers did not participate in the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 69], "content_span": [70, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0008-0001", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), Post World War and Cold War\nIn fact, with the exception of Company D (Ranger), 151st Infantry Regiment, the entire 38th ID was not activated for federal service for the entire length of the Vietnam War. Company D (Ranger), 151st INF went on to become one of the most highly decorated Army units to serve in the conflict. Instead, the 113th continued to serve the homefront, being called up for State Active Duty during the Perfect Circle Strike of 1955, as well as the Palm Sunday tornado outbreak of April 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 69], "content_span": [70, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0009-0000", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), Post 9/11 and Global War on Terrorism\nThe 113th Engineer Battalion was deployed to northern Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2005. They conducted Soldier Readiness Processing at Camp Atterbury in late 2004, and arrived in-country between mid-December 2004 to early-January 2005. They operated in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq for the entirety of their 12-month deployment, engaging with enemy forces in combat several times. At the time, the 113th was equipped with the M-113 APC, and later with M-1114 Up-Armored Humvees. The 113th was home by the end of 2005 with no combat deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 79], "content_span": [80, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0010-0000", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), Post 9/11 and Global War on Terrorism\nIn March 2012, the Battalion was awarded the Valorous Unit Award for their performance in Operation Founding Fathers during Iraq's 2005 elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 79], "content_span": [80, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0011-0000", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), Post 9/11 and Global War on Terrorism\nIn 2011, the 713th Engineer Company, 113th, was alerted they were deploying to Kandahar Province, Afghanistan. They mobilized for training in October, and arrived in-country in November 2011. Their mission for the 10-1/2-month deployment was to patrol roads and clear roadside IEDs around Forward Operating Base (FOB) Frontenace in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 79], "content_span": [80, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0012-0000", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), Post 9/11 and Global War on Terrorism\nIn two incidents, the 713th Engineer Company lost six soldiers during this deployment. The first was on 6 January 2012, when the third vehicle in an eight-vehicle convoy hit a roadside IED. SSG Jonathan Metzger, SPC Robert Tauteris Jr., SPC Brian Leonhardt (posthumously promoted to SGT), and SPC Christopher Patterson were killed in the explosion, with a fifth soldier, PFC Douglas Rachowicz suffering multiple injuries as a result of the blast. Six months later on 17 July 2012, two more 713th soldiers, SPC Sergio Perez and SPC Nicholas Taylor, were killed in action during a mounted route clearance attack. Within the Indiana National Guard, the six 713th Engineer Company soldiers who were killed during the 2012 deployment are remembered as 'The Sapper Six.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 79], "content_span": [80, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0013-0000", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), Post 9/11 and Global War on Terrorism\nIn September 2019, the 113th Engineer Battalion mobilized for a deployment, training at Camp Atterbury, Indiana, and Fort Bliss, Texas. They arrived in-theatre in December, and served in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Afghanistan for the subsequent 12 months. They returned home September 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 79], "content_span": [80, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0014-0000", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), Headquarters and Structure\nFor most of its history, the 113th Engineer Battalion, Indiana Army National Guard, was a subordinate unit of the Engineer Regiment and Brigade, 38th Infantry Division. After the deactivation of the Engineer Regiment and Brigade, the 113th Engineer Battalion was designated a separate Heavy Combat Battalion, while remaining assigned to the 38th ID. In 2003, the battalion was transferred to the Military Department of Indiana's 81st Troop Command, where it remained until 2015. In October 2015, the 113th Engineer Battalion was realigned under the newly designated 219th Engineer Brigade, formerly the 219th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade. It remains under the command of the 219th Engineer Brigade to this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0015-0000", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), Headquarters and Structure\nUnits as of 2021:  Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) and Forward Support Company (FSC) are both located at Gary Armory, IN. The 713th Engineer Company (SAPPER) is located at Valparaiso Armory, IN. The 1313th Engineer Company (Horizontal Construction) is located at Camp Atterbury, IN. The 1413th Engineer Company (Vertical Construction) are located at Camp Atterbury, and North Vernon Armory, IN. The 719th Engineer Detachment (EN DET) (Firefighter Headquarters), 819th EN DET (Firefighter Truck), 919th EN DET (Firefighter Truck), 1019th EN DET (Firefighter Truck), 1319th EN DET (Well Drilling Headquarters), and the 1331st EN DET (Well Drilling Team), are all located in Edinburgh, IN/Camp Atterbury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0016-0000", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA silver metal and enamel device 1 5/32 inches (2.94\u00a0cm) in height, consisting of a shield, crest and motto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0017-0000", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe silver triple-towered castle, taken from the arms of St. Dizier in France, denotes the battalion's World War I service. The shield is red and the charge is white, the colors of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The crest is that of the Indiana Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006923-0018-0000", "contents": "113th Engineer Battalion (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved on 26 May 1928 for the 113th Engineer Regiment, Indiana National Guard, consisting of the shield and motto. The design was changed to add the crest on 5 June 1936. It was re-designated for the 113th Engineer Combat Battalion on 19 November 1943. The insignia was once again re-designated for the 113th Engineer Battalion, Indiana Army National Guard on 23 September 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006924-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 113th Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the United States Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006924-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 113th Field Artillery was constituted on 27 June 1917 following the United States entry into World War I in the North Carolina National Guard as the 1st Regiment, North Carolina Field Artillery, and organized between June and July in North Carolina. The 1st Field Artillery mustered into Federal service between 28 June and 2 August and was drafted into service on 5 August. On 12 September, it was reorganized and redesignated as the 113th Field Artillery in Federal service, joining the 30th Division. With the division, it was sent to France in 1918, attached to the British Expeditionary Force. After the end of the war it returned to the United States and was demobilized on 28 March 1919 at Camp Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006924-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Field Artillery Regiment, 1st Battalion\n1st Battalion is currently an organic unit of the 30th Heavy Brigade Combat Team of the North Carolina Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006924-0003-0000", "contents": "113th Field Artillery Regiment, 1st Battalion\nOn 21 May 2009, soldiers from A Battery successfully fired the M982 Excalibur precision-guided artillery round from FOB Mahmoudiyah while deployed to Iraq with the 30th HBCT. This marked the first time that a National Guard unit had used the new precision-guided munition in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006924-0004-0000", "contents": "113th Field Artillery Regiment, 5th Battalion\nFifth Battalion is currently assigned to the 60th Troop Command of the North Carolina Army National Guard. The battalion is currently headquartered in Louisburg, North Carolina, with other units located in Winston-Salem and Greensboro. The battalion is currently equipped with the M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006924-0005-0000", "contents": "113th Field Artillery Regiment, Insignia, Distinctive unit insignia\nDescription:  A Gold color metal and enamel device one inch (2.54\u00a0cm) in height overall, consisting of a shield blazoned: Gules, a falcon Or on a mount issuant from sinister base Vert, overall a bend and in dexter base three fleurs-de-lis in bend of the second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006924-0006-0000", "contents": "113th Field Artillery Regiment, Insignia, Distinctive unit insignia\nSymbolism: The shield is red for Artillery. The 113th Field Artillery, North Carolina National Guard, was attached to the 79th Division and engaged in the action of that division which resulted in the capture of Montfaucon, September 27, 1918. This is illustrated by the falcon on a mount, taken from the coat of arms of Montfaucon. The bend is taken from the arms of Lorraine. The mount and bend represent the remaining three engagements during World War I. The three fleurs-de-lis also represent the battle honors of the organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006924-0007-0000", "contents": "113th Field Artillery Regiment, Insignia, Distinctive unit insignia\nBackground: The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 113th Field Artillery Regiment on 24 February 1931. It was redesignated for the 113th Field Artillery Battalion on 29 July 1942, for the 113th Artillery Regiment on 27 May 1960, and for the 113th Field Artillery Regiment on 1 August 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006924-0008-0000", "contents": "113th Field Artillery Regiment, Insignia, Coat of arms\nBackground: The coat of arms was originally approved for the 113th Field Artillery Regiment on 24 February 1931. It was redesignated for the 113th Field Artillery Battalion on 29 July 1942, for the 113th Artillery Regiment on 27 May 1960, and for the 113th Field Artillery Regiment on 1 August 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 113th Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment (113th HAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery during World War II. It saw action during The Blitz, landed in Normandy on D-Day and served throughout the subsequent campaign in North West Europe, operating as medium artillery in the Battle of the Scheldt, Unusually, its AA guns were successfully used to destroy enemy submarines in the closing stages of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin\n113th Heavy AA Regiment was raised as part of the rapid expansion of Anti- Aircraft Command in late 1940. Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was formed on 25 November 1940 at No 3 AA Practice Camp at T\u0177 Croes on Anglesey to take command of 359, 362 and 366 HAA Batteries, which had been raised on 21 September 1940. On 10 December, RHQ moved to Nottingham, where it came under the operational control of 50th AA Brigade in 2nd AA Division. As the batteries arrived they occupied gun sites around Nottingham. Lieutenant-Colonel E.A. Goodwin was appointed commanding officer (CO) on 17 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0001-0001", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin\nThe newly formed 391 HAA Bty joined the regiment from No 2 AA Practice Camp at Burrow Head and took over sites round Derby in February. This battery had been formed at 211th HAA Training Rgt at Oswestry on 14 November 1940 based on a cadre supplied by 78th (1st East Anglian) HAA Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Blitz\nThe regiment's gun sites were initially split between 50th AA Bde protecting Nottingham and Derby, and 32nd (Midland) AA Bde guarding the East Midlands of England. When a new 66th AA Bde was formed in 2nd AA Division at Derby, 113th HAA Rgt transferred to it on 4 March 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0003-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Blitz\nThe North and East Midlands had escaped the worst of the bombing during the early part of The Blitz, but Nottingham and Derby were heavily attacked on the night of 8/9 May 1941 (the Nottingham Blitz).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0004-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Blitz\nThe regiment sent a cadre of experienced officers and men to 206th Training Regiment at Arborfield for a new 439 Bty; this was formed on 12 June 1941 and joined the regiment on 4 September 1941, replacing 359 Bty, which transferred to 60th (City of London) HAA Rgt, and later became an independent battery in the Falkland Islands garrison. Other cadres from the regiment formed: On 7 August the regiment sent another cadre of experienced officers to 206th HAA Training Rgt to form a new 469 (Mixed) HAA Bty composed largely of women members of the Auxiliary Territorial Service. This joined 132nd (Mixed) HAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0005-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mid-war\nThe Derby\u2013Nottingham Gun Defence Area (GDA) saw a renewal of occasional night attacks in the autumn of 1941, with all the regiment's sites engaged on 22 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0006-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mid-war\nIn February 1942, the regiment transferred to the Hull GDA under 39th AA Bde in 10th AA Division. Here the responsibility was to protect industry along the Humber Estuary. Hull city centre and its docks had been badly bombed in 1941 (the Hull Blitz) and continued to be regularly attacked. RHQ was established at Wawne Hall, near Hull, later moving to Paull (gun site H7) and the batteries took over gun sites along the Humber, with 362 Bty at Scunthorpe. The regiment's guns were in action before the end of the month, and regularly engaged hostile aircraft at night. On the night of 20 May, one of its gun sites was bombed, suffering 11 casualties, two of them fatal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0007-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mid-war\nOn 18 May, Major F.R. Gilbert, TD (a pre-war Territorial Army officer with 53rd (City of London) HAA Rgt), was promoted from 439 Bty to command the regiment as Lt-Col, after which 439 Bty left the regiment and became an independent unit under War Office control. It briefly rejoined the regiment from June to October, then reverted to independent status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0008-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mid-war\nIn May the regiment was due to move to Southern England, but in fact it remained in Hull until August, though its batteries began to move around regularly, manning sites at York, Leeds and Yeadon, West Yorkshire. In August, the regiment moved to the Scottish Highlands under 51st AA Bde in 6th AA Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0008-0001", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mid-war\nRHQ was established at Poolewe, and there were gun sites at Kyle of Lochalsh, Oban, Fort William and Balmacara. 362 Battery was detached to the London Inner Artillery Zone in October, manning sites at Walthamstow and Barnes, and then at Bedfont and Yeading in Middlesex, where it saw action against night intruders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0009-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobile training\nOn 22 November 1942, 113th HAA Rgt was ordered to begin the process of mobilisation to become part of the field force. By the end of the year the batteries were dispersed around the country: 362 Bty to Pembroke, and then to No 2 HAA Practice Camp, Burrow Head; 366 Bty to the Clyde GDA, and 391 Bty with RHQ at Aberdeen. In late January 1943 the regiment assembled at Haltwhistle for a month's battle training, and then went to 11 AA Bde Tactical School at Leigh-on-Sea for mobile training. The batteries then dispersed again to assist 3rd AA Group: 362 Bty to Bristol, 366 Bty to Newport, Wales and Gloucester, and 391 Bty to Predannack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0010-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobile training\nOn 1 May, 113th HAA Rgt was withdrawn from AA Command and came under Home Forces, ordered to mobilise for overseas service. It concentrated at Oulton Park Camp, Tarporley, in Cheshire. At first it formed part of 73rd AA Bde, but on 1 June 1943 it came under the command of the newly formed 76th AA Bde HQ at nearby Peover Hall at Knutsford, which was training for the planned invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0011-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobile training\nMobile HAA regiments had an establishment of three batteries each of two troops, with a total of 24 towed 3.7-inch guns. They also had their own Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) workshops, and 113 HAA Workshop was formed at New Holland, Lincolnshire, in April 1943. It was formally mobilised for overseas service the following month and joined the regiment at Tarporley in July. Similarly, 113 HAA Rgt Signal Section, Royal Corps of Signals, joined during the summer. By January 1944, 76th AA Bde had been joined by the lorries of 323 Company Royal Army Service Corps (RASC) to provide mobility, and 1652 HAA Rgt Platoon was assigned to 113th HAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0012-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobile training\nIntensive training continued: in June 1943 the regiment attended the Home Forces Sea Target Practice Camp at Ramsgate, next went to Redesdale Practice Camp for ground shooting on the Otterburn Ranges, and then to 1st AA Practice Camp at Aberporth, while the REME Workshop underwent battle training. In the autumn the regiment took part in beach landing exercises at Poole. At the beginning of 1944 the regiment moved its base to Southend-on-Sea, while parties again visited Otterburn and Clacton-on-Sea for firing practice, and took part in beach exercises at Inverary and Hayling Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0013-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nIn the second half of May 1944 the regiment concentrated at Ipswich and then on 1 June the reconnaissance groups embarked on Landing Craft, Tank (LCTs) at Southampton while the main body were loaded onto Landing Ships, Tank (LSTs) at Felixstowe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0014-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\n76th AA Brigade was to provide the AA support for 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division, landing on Gold Beach. 113th HAA Regiment was assigned to the AA Assault Group scheduled to land on D-Day itself, on Jig and King sectors. Regimental HQ of 113rd HAA Rgt was to control the AA Assault Group, with Lt-Col Gilbert acting as AA Defence Commander (AADC) under 104 Beach Sub Area. Assault units landed with minimum scales of equipment, to be brought up to strength by parties landing later. Light AA (LAA) defence was emphasised at the start of the operation, since low-level attack by Luftwaffe aircraft was considered the most likely threat, so the HAA guns would only begin to land on the second tide:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0015-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nIn the event, there were delays in landing, so 120th LAA Rgt acted as infantry, clearing enemy positions while awaiting the arrival of their guns. 76th AA Bde planned to have put three HAA troops (12 x 3.7-inch guns) ashore by nightfall on D-Day, but in practice, this proved too ambitious. RHQ of 113rd HAA Rgt landed at Le Hamel at 15.00 on the second tide and set up the tactical HQ, but none of its own guns appeared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0015-0001", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nAt midnight, Gilbert (as AADC) reported that on King Beach he had eight guns of 394/120 LAA Bty (one Bofors having been lost when its LCT hit a mine) and six triple 20mm mountings of 320/93 LAA Bty, while on Jig Beach there were nine 40mm and two triple 20\u00a0mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0016-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nLandings continued the next day (D+1) and by nightfall 113th HAA Rgt had 20 guns ashore (the other four having been damaged in landing), which engaged an air raid that night, two aircraft being destroyed. Once the AA defences of Gold Beach were in place, 76th AA Bde's main task became the protection of the artificial Mulberry harbour being assembled nearby at Arromanches-les-Bains. RHQ of 113th HAA was positioned at Meuvaines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0017-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nAs the campaign progressed 113th HAA Rgt had almost nightly engagements against small formations of enemy aircraft. In addition, one battery was made available to XXX Corps' medium artillery to fire on ground targets. On 10 June the regiment collected two captured German 88mm flak guns and proposed to use them in the anti-tank role if required. 362 and 391 Batteries each collected another of these guns on 12 June; 76th AA Bde reported that three of these four guns had anti-tank sights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0018-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nAfter 26 June the night air attacks on the bridgehead tailed off as the Luftwaffe concentrated on laying mines in the anchorage. Night raids on land targets resumed following Operation Charnwood (8\u20139 July); some of these raids were by low-flying single-engined aircraft, which the regiment engaged with Light machine guns. The last attack engaged by the regiment was on 20/21 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0019-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Breakout\n21st Army Group broke out from the Normandy beachhead at the end of August and began to pursue the defeated German troops across Northern France. AA defence of the beachhead became less important and 76th AA Bde was released from its commitments there in order to follow the advance. On 1 September 113th HAA Rgt was ordered to redeploy to Amiens and Dieppe for AA defence. The batteries crossed the Bailey bridge at Elbeuf the following day and the regiment was in position at Bovelles on 3 September, with 362 Bty at Dieppe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0020-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Breakout\nBy 11 September the armies were advancing so rapidly that 76th AA Bde gave up Dieppe and concentrated at Amiens under orders to prepare for the AA defence of the vital port of Antwerp once that was in Allied hands. In the interim the brigade took over coast defence duties at Boulogne, with 113th HAA Rgt moving there on 23 September. Next day, 362/113th HAA Bty came under fire from German 88\u00a0mm guns at Cap Gris Nez, and for two days the battery replied until the target was observed to be damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0021-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Scheldt\nThe planned move to Antwerp finally occurred in mid-October. 113th HAA Rgt handed its sites over to 103rd HAA Rgt and moved into Belgium. 76th AA Brigade's intended deployment area was still in enemy hands, so 113th HAA Rgt operated in the ground role supporting II Canadian Corps in clearing the south side of the Scheldt Estuary (the Battle of the Scheldt). The regiment's guns were in position by 18 October and began engaging targets the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0021-0001", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Scheldt\nOver succeeding weeks the targets requested by the Canadians varied from church towers and farm buildings to single pillboxes and emplacements, sometimes in support of patrols by 18th (Manitoba) Armoured Car Rgt, or 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division's Reconnaissance Rgt. 113th HAA Regiment also carried out nighttime harassing fire on designated areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0022-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Scheldt\nLieutenant-Colonel Gilbert was later made a Chevalier of the Belgian Order of Leopold II with palm, and awarded the Belgian Croix de Guerre with palm, for his services in this campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0023-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Scheldt\nOn the night of 30 October it was reported that the Germans were withdrawing from the south side of the Scheldt by sea, and 362 Bty was ordered to fire airburst high explosive shells over the evacuations. By 5 November the regiment had crossed to South Beveland in the Netherlands and deployed in the ground role around Goes where it also formed part of the 'Scheldt North' AA deployment under 76th AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0024-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Scheldt\n362 and 366 Batteries were ordered to occupy positions on Walcheren, at Vlissingen and Middelburg, but reconnaissance parties reported that all the routes were flooded (while western Walcheren was still in enemy hands). Finally, on 16 November, the batteries were ordered to return to Breskens on the south bank and be ferried across to Walcheren by the only LCT available. It took until 24 November before D Troop's four guns and AA radar were in position, and two days later for B Troop's guns to be ready for coastal defence at Flushing. 13 Fire Control Post at Flushing, which later came under the regiment's command, became operational on 29 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0025-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Scheldt\nThe only enemy aircraft seen in this period were on reconnaissance missions, usually very high, and some Messerschmitt Me 262 jet aircraft were unsuccessfully engaged, but on 8 December the regiment scored its first 'kill' since arriving in the area, when A Trp of 362 Bty destroyed a Junkers Ju 188 picked up on radar and then illuminated by searchlight. When the German Army launched its Ardennes offensive (the Battle of the Bulge) aimed at breaking through to Antwerp, 76th AA Bde was ordered to take precautions against possible attacks by German airborne troops, as well as dealing with increased air activity at night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0026-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Scheldt\nOn 1 January 1945, the Luftwaffe launched Operation Bodenplatte: daylight attacks against Allied airfields in support of the Ardennes offensive. Between 09.20 and 09.54 some 50\u201360 enemy aircraft, mainly Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190, came over 76th AA Bde's area. Although the brigade's LAA guns were highly successful, HAA guns were at a disadvantage and 113th Rgt fired few rounds, although some of its gunsites engaged the fighters with small arms fire, and one site was attacked with cannon fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0027-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Scheldt\nThere was a smaller attack by groups of fighters on 5 January, and a moonlight attack on 24 January, but after that enemy air activity was sparse. However, German Biber midget submarines constituted a new threat to Allied shipping in the Scheldt Estuary. On 22 February, gun position H71 (B Troop at Flushing) engaged one of these submarines with 22 rounds and destroyed it, just 20 minutes before a large convoy passed on its way to Antwerp. Another periscope was reported to H71 and 13 FCP on 12 March; it was spotted by the No 1 of No 1 gun, who destroyed it with his second shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0028-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nREME workshops in the AA units were reorganised at the beginning of February 1945; 113th HAA Rgt's workshop was disbanded to form the basis of a new workshop unit for 103rd AA Bde, while a new smaller REME detachment (No 918) was posted to the regiment. At the end of February, the regiment began receiving new equipment: No 3 Mk V gun-laying radar (the SCR-584 radar), No 10 Predictors (the all-electric Bell Labs AAA Computer), and even four M15 Halftrack self-propelled AA guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0029-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nHowever, as the war in Europe drew to its close and the remnant of the Luftwaffe was powerless, the AA commitments could be reduced and troops redeployed. The regiment was relieved from its positions on the Scheldt by 146th HAA Rgt and returned to Belgium, then on 18 April it was informed that it was to be disbanded. On 24\u201325 April it handed in its guns, equipment and vehicles. Disbandment began on 31 May and the process was completed on 16 June 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006925-0030-0000", "contents": "113th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nIn the postwar reorganisation of the Royal Artillery, 175th HAA Rgt was redesignated 113 HAA Rgt on 1 April 1947, but on 1 May the regiment was disbanded, retroactive to 1 April 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006926-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Illinois Volunteer Infantry\nThe 113th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006926-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, Service\nThe 113th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, also known as the Third Chicago Board of Trade regiment, was organized at Camp Hancock near Chicago, Illinois, and mustered in for three years service on 1 October 1862, under the command of Colonel George Blaikie Hoge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006926-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, District of Memphis, Tennessee, Right Wing, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, November 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, District of Memphis, XIII Corps, to December 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Sherman's Yazoo Expedition to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XV Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to August 1863. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XVI Corps, to November 1863. Post of Corinth, Mississippi, 2nd Division, XVI Corps, to January 1864. 2nd Brigade, District of Memphis, Tennessee, XVI Corps, to June 1864. 2nd Brigade, Sturgis' Expedition, June 1864. 1st Brigade, Post of Memphis, District of West Tennessee, to February 1865. Unattached, Post of Memphis, District of West Tennessee, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006926-0003-0000", "contents": "113th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, Service\nOf note, Companies C, D, F, I, and K were sent north to Chicago with prisoners of war after the capture of Arkansas Post on 11 January 1863. The remaining five stayed to participate in the siege and capture of Vicksburg. C, D, F, I, and K rejoined the regiment in December 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006926-0004-0000", "contents": "113th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, Service\nDuring the solicitation for volunteers for the 2nd Division of XV Corps (Union Army)' diversionary storming party, or \"forlorn hope,\" that produced many Medals of Honor on 22 May 1863, the 113th's five companies were assigned a quota of three, unmarried men (the quota for the division was two officers and fifty men from each of the three brigades). The remainder of the regiment took part in the failed assault on 22 May. Even though the assault failed to breach the defenses, the regiment was kept forward and deployed as skirmishers to constantly snipe at the defenders for the next two days, a role it would continue until the capitulation on 4 July 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006926-0005-0000", "contents": "113th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, Service\nThe 113th Illinois Infantry mustered out of service on 20 June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006926-0006-0000", "contents": "113th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, Service, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 303 men during service; 1 officer and 25 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 273 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006927-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry\nThe 113th Infantry were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. The regiment traces their origins to 1800, when they were raised as the 1st Battalion, 7th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006927-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry\nThe regiments first action was in Egypt during the Battle of Alexandria part of the French Revolutionary Wars. They then took part in the Battle of Khadki in the Third Anglo-Maratha War. They were then used in the punitive expedition in the Beni Boo Ali campaign in 1821, against the pirates in Eastern Arabia and the Persian Gulf. They next took part in the central Indian campaign after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. During World War I they were attached to the 17th Indian Division for the Mesopotamia Campaign. They took part in the action at Fat-ha Gorge on the Little Zab and the Battle of Sharqat, in October 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006927-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. In 1922, the 113th Infantry became the 6th Battalion 4th Bombay Grenadiers. After independence they were one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006928-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe 113th Infantry Division (113. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on March 25, 1915, and organized over the next several weeks. It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006928-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of regular infantry divisions which were being triangularized. The division's 225th Infantry Brigade staff was formerly the staff of the 44th Reserve Infantry Brigade of the 22nd Reserve Division, which came to the new division along with the 32nd Reserve Infantry Regiment. The 36th F\u00fcsilier Regiment was formerly part of the 8th Infantry Division. The 48th Infantry Regiment came from the 5th Infantry Division. The 32nd Reserve Infantry Regiment was raised in the Thuringian states, primarily the Reuss principalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006928-0001-0001", "contents": "113th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe 36th F\u00fcsiliers was a \"Magdeburg\" regiment, raised in the Prussian Province of Saxony. The 48th Infantry was a Brandenburg regiment. The 48th Infantry was replaced by the 66th Infantry, another Magdeburg regiment, making the division primarily Prussian Saxon and Thuringian in character. Cavalry support came in the form of cuirassiers from the Rhineland. The artillery and combat engineer units were newly formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006928-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 113th Infantry Division fought on the Western Front in World War I, entering the line between the Meuse and Moselle in April 1915. In 1915, it saw action in the Second Battle of Champagne. In 1916, the division fought in the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme. After a period in the trenchlines in the Wo\u00ebvre region and in Upper Alsace, the division fought in the Second Battle of the Aisne, also known as the Third Battle of Champagne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006928-0002-0001", "contents": "113th Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIt then went into the line on the Chemin des Dames and north of the Ailette River, where it remained until preparing for the 1918 German spring offensive. It fought in the First Battle of the Somme (1918) and the Second Battle of the Marne, and later faced various Allied offensives collectively known as the Hundred Days Offensive. Allied intelligence rated the division as second class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006928-0003-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Division (German Empire), Order of battle on formation\nThe 113th Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division. The order of battle of the division on March 25, 1915, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006928-0004-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Division (German Empire), Late-war order of battle\nThe division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war. In March 1917, the 48th Infantry Regiment was sent to the 228th Infantry Division and the division received the 66th Infantry Regiment from the 52nd Infantry Division. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion. The order of battle on March 12, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006929-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 113th Infantry Division was an infantry division created on 10 December 1940 in Grafenw\u00f6hr. The division was annihilated in the Battle of Stalingrad and reformed on 21 March 1943 in occupied France. The remains of the division were transferred to the Divisions-Gruppe 113 of the 337th Infantry Division after the battle at Newel in November 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006929-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), War Crimes\nThe 113th division participated in the Massacre at Babi Yar under Friedrich Zickwolff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006930-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (Russian Empire)\nThe 113th Infantry Starorussky Regiment is an infantry military unit of the Russian Imperial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006930-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (Russian Empire), Locations\nIn 1820, the Rylsky infantry regiment from Babruysk was transferred to the settlement of Klimov, Novozybkovsky district. The second battalion of the regiment in a settlement in the Mogilev province. It was part of the 1st Brigade, 29th Infantry Division (Russian Empire).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006930-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (Russian Empire), Formation and Campaign Regiment, Regiment predecessors\nThe predecessor of the Starorussky regiment is the former Rylsky infantry regiment, formed on November 29, 1796 in Orenburg. During the Patriotic War of 1812, the old Rylsky regiment defended Dinaburg, then took part in the Battle of Ostrovno, on Valutin Hill, Borodino, Battle of Tarutino and Battle of Vyazma. In the War of the Sixth Coalition (1813 \u2013 1814), the Rylsky regiment fought in the Battle of Leipzig (1813) and stormed the Montmartre Heights at the Battle of Paris (1814).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 96], "content_span": [97, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006930-0003-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (Russian Empire), Formation and Campaign Regiment, Regiment predecessors\nOn January 9, 1798, 10 banners of the 1797 model were granted to the Rila Musketeer Regiment. One had a white cross, and the corners were green with a dark blue in half. The rest have a green cross, and the corners are dark blue. Coffee poles. In 1824, the Rylsky Infantry Regiment was granted a simple (without inscriptions) banner of the 1816 model. The cross is green, the corners are white.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 96], "content_span": [97, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006930-0004-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (Russian Empire), Formation and Campaign Regiment, Regiment predecessors\nOn January 28, 1833, the old Rylsky Infantry Regiment was disbanded and its battalions became part of the Chernihiv Infantry Regiment, making up the 3rd and 4th active and 6th reserve battalions. In 1849, the Chernihiv regiment was in the Hungarian campaign, and during the Crimean War was part of the troops besieging Silistria. At the end of 1854, the Chernigov regiment was moved to strengthen troops in the Crimea and was in Sevastopol until the very end of the siege of the city by the English-French.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 96], "content_span": [97, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006930-0005-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (Russian Empire), Formation and Campaign Regiment, Old Russian Regiment\nThe Starorussky regiment was formed on April 6, 1863 in Novozybkov from the 4th reserve battalion of the Chernigov infantry regiment under the name of the Chernihiv reserve infantry regiment, and on August 13 of the same year was named the Starorussian infantry regiment, on March 25, 1864 the regiment was given the number 113. The regiment inherited the insignia of Chernihiv .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 95], "content_span": [96, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006930-0006-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (Russian Empire), Formation and Campaign Regiment, Old Russian Regiment\nOn March 18, 1884, seniority was established for the Old Russian Infantry Regiment from November 29, 1796, that is, since the formation of the old Rylsky Regiment. On November 29, 1896, on the centennial day, the regiment was granted the new St. George banner with the Alexander ribbon. On November 29, 1896, a banner was presented to a regiment in the Lithuanian city of \u0160auliai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 95], "content_span": [96, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006930-0007-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (Russian Empire), Formation and Campaign Regiment, Old Russian Regiment\nDuring World War I, the regiment fought in East Prussia and in February 1915 was surrounded and was almost completely destroyed along with the 20th Army Corps (Russian Empire).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 95], "content_span": [96, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006930-0008-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (Russian Empire), Regiment commanders, Old Rylsky Infantry Regiment\nFor a list of commanders of the Chernihiv Infantry Regiment, see the related article.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 91], "content_span": [92, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006931-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe  113th Infantry Regiment is an Infantry regiment of the New Jersey Army National Guard. It is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots and campaign credit for the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006931-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nThe unit's origins lie in the 1st New Jersey Regiment, Continental Army, created 26 October - 15 December 1775 to consist in part of existing militia companies from Essex County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006931-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized 5 June 1793 in the New Jersey Militia and expanded to form the Essex Brigade(Elements of the Essex Brigade mustered into federal service during 1814)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006931-0003-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nMustered into federal service 30 April 1861 at Trenton as the 1st Regiment, New Jersey Brigade; mustered out of federal service 31 July 1861 at Newark", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006931-0004-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nFormer 1st Regiment, Newark Brigade, reorganized and redesignated 19 July 1865 as the 1st Regiment, New Jersey Rifle Corps", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006931-0005-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nFormer 1st and 4th Regiments consolidated with the 1st Battalion, 114th Infantry, and reorganized in the New Jersey National Guard as the 6th Infantry with headquarters federally recognized 13 November 1919 at Newark", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006931-0006-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nConsolidated 9 July 1946 with the 324th Infantry (see ANNEX 5) and consolidated unit designated as the 113th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006931-0007-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nWithdrawn 1 May 1989 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006931-0008-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (United States), Campaign Participation, War on Terrorism\nThe Iraq Campaign Streamer is added to the 2/113 Infantry Battalion's Guidon on 22 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 81], "content_span": [82, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006931-0009-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned:  Azure, a saltire Argent, in chief an oak tree eradicated of the last. Attached above the shield from a wreath Argent and Azure, a lion's head erased Or collared four fusils Gules. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Gold scroll inscribed \"FIDELIS ET FORTIS\" in Black letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006931-0010-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is blue for the Infantry; the white saltire cross commemorates the service of the old regiment in the Civil War and the silver oak tree the service in World War I (Argonne Forest). The motto is the motto of the old 1st New Jersey Infantry and translates to \"Faithful and Brave.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006931-0011-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 113th Infantry Regiment on 26 March 1925. It was amended to include the motto on 22 July 1925. It was redesignated for the 113th Armored Infantry Battalion on 5 July 1952. The insignia was redesignated for the 113th Infantry Regiment and amended to include the State crest on 5 June 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006931-0012-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nAzure, a saltire Argent, in chief an oak tree eradicated of the last. Attached above the shield from a wreath Argent and Azure, a lion's head erased Or collared four fusils Gules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006931-0013-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the New Jersey Army National Guard:  On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure, a lion's head erased Or collared four fusils Gules. Motto:   FIDELIS ET FORTIS (Faithful and Brave).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006931-0014-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe shield is blue for the Infantry; the white saltire cross commemorates the service of the old regiment in the Civil War and the silver oak tree the service in World War I (Argonne Forest).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006931-0015-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe crest is that of the New Jersey Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006931-0016-0000", "contents": "113th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 113th Infantry Regiment on 26 March 1925. It was redesignated for the 113th Armored Infantry Battalion on 5 July 1952. It was redesignated for the 113th Infantry Regiment on 5 June 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006932-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 113th Mechanized Infantry Division, now the 113th Medium Combined Arms Brigade, is a military formation of the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006932-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 113th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c113\u5e08) was created on November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 2nd Division, 1st Column of the Northeastern Field Army. Its history can be traced to the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army taking part in the Pingjiang uprising in 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006932-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nUnder the command of 38th Corps it took part in the Chinese civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006932-0003-0000", "contents": "113th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nSince 1950 it became a military formation of the People's Volunteer Army (Chinese People's Volunteers (CPV) or Chinese Communist Forces (CCF)) during the Korean War with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men. It was a component of the 38th Army, consisting of the 337th, 338th, and 339th Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006932-0004-0000", "contents": "113th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 113th Division captured Samso-ri on November 28, 1950, cutting the UN's retreat to Sunchon while the Marines were surrounded at the Chosin, in an attempt to surround and destroy all UN forces in North Korea. However, the UN forces were able to fight their way through Chinese lines and evacuate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006932-0005-0000", "contents": "113th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn July 1953 it pulled back from Korea and stationed in Shenyang Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006932-0006-0000", "contents": "113th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1960 it renamed as the 113th Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c113\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006932-0007-0000", "contents": "113th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1962 the division was designated as a \"Northern\" unit, Catalogue A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006932-0008-0000", "contents": "113th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1966 it moved to Baoding, Hebei province with the Corps HQ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006932-0009-0000", "contents": "113th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1968 it started to convert to a northern motorized army division. All its 3 infantry regiments were converted to motorized units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006932-0010-0000", "contents": "113th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1969 the 318th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment was renamed as Tank Regiment, 113th Army Division. 393rd Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment, 113th Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006932-0011-0000", "contents": "113th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1985 it renamed as the 113th Motorized Infantry Division (Chinese: \u6469\u6258\u5316\u6b65\u5175\u7b2c113\u5e08), as a northern motorized infantry division, catalogue A. Its Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion was expanded to a regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006932-0012-0000", "contents": "113th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nFrom April to June 1989 it took part in the enforce of martial law and the crackdown of protests in Beijing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006932-0013-0000", "contents": "113th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1998 the 339th Regiment was disbanded. The Tank Regiment was converted to Armored Regiment, 113th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006932-0014-0000", "contents": "113th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 2003 the division was re-equipped with ZSL-92 wheeled APC and re-organized as a light mechanized infantry division. At the same time the division was renamed as the 113th Mechanized Infantry Division (Chinese: \u673a\u68b0\u5316\u6b65\u5175\u7b2c113\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006932-0015-0000", "contents": "113th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe unit was active with the 38th Army in the Beijing Military Region (Central Theater Command since 2016) until April 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006932-0016-0000", "contents": "113th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 113th Combined Arms Brigade\nIn April 2017 the division was divided into two brigades: the 113th Medium Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: \u4e2d\u578b\u5408\u6210\u7b2c113\u65c5) and the 151st Heavy Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: \u91cd\u578b\u5408\u6210\u7b2c151\u65c5). The 151st Brigade is still an active part of the 82nd Group Army (formerly the 38th Group Army), while the 113th Brigade was transferred to the 83rd Group Army (formerly the 54th Group Army). Both armies are under the Central Theater Command Ground Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 92], "content_span": [93, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006933-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Mixed Brigade\nThe 113th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army that participated in the Spanish Civil War, deployed on the Tagus front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006933-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe unit was created in March 1937 in the Almagro area, from the recruits of 1936. The 113th Mixed Brigade was assigned to the 36th Division of VII Army Corps, with the idea of its participation in the plan P. The operation, however, was not carried out and instead the brigade was sent to the Toledo front, at the beginning of May, to plug the rupture of that sector due to a nationalist attack. During the rest of the conflict, it did not intervene in any other operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006933-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Mixed Brigade, History\nIn March 1939, the commander of the brigade, the militia major \u00c1ngel Carrasco, was dismissed by the Casadista forces as he had remained loyal to the government of Juan Negr\u00edn. A few weeks later, after the start of the final offensive, on March 27 the brigade dissolved itself and its forces surrendered to the Army Corps of the Maestrazgo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006934-0000-0000", "contents": "113th New York State Legislature\nThe 113th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 7 to May 9, 1890, during the sixth year of David B. Hill's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006934-0001-0000", "contents": "113th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (seven districts) and Kings County (three districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006934-0002-0000", "contents": "113th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. In New York City, the Democrats were split into two factions: Tammany Hall and the \"County Democracy\". The Prohibition Party and the Greenback Party also nominated state tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006934-0003-0000", "contents": "113th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1889 was held on November 5. All six statewide elective office up for election was carried by the Democrats. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Secretary of State, was: Democrats 506,000; Republicans 485,000; Prohibition 27,000; and Greenback 1,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006934-0004-0000", "contents": "113th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 7, 1890; and adjourned on May 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006934-0005-0000", "contents": "113th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJames W. Husted (R) was again elected Speaker, against William F. Sheehan (D).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006934-0006-0000", "contents": "113th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJacob Sloat Fassett (R) was re-elected President pro tempore of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006934-0007-0000", "contents": "113th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006934-0008-0000", "contents": "113th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Patrick H. McCarren, George F. Roesch, Harvey J. Donaldson, Charles T. Saxton and Greenleaf S. Van Gorder changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006934-0009-0000", "contents": "113th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006935-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Thirteenth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in the years 1979 and 1980. In this General Assembly, both the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives were controlled by the Democratic Party. In the Senate, there were 18 Democrats and 15 Republicans. In the House, there were 66 Democrats and 33 Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006936-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 113th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 113th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 113th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006936-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 113th Ohio Infantry was organized at: Camp Chase, Columbus; Camp Zanesville, Zanesville; and Camp Dennison near Cincinnati. The regiment\u2014with its Companies A, B, C, and F\u2014was mustered in for three years' service on October 10, 1862 at Camp Chase, under the command of Colonel James A. Wilcox. Companies G and D were mustered in on October 18 and 23, 1862, respectively at Camp Chase. Companies E and H were mustered in on November 10 and December 12, 1862, respectively, at Camp Zanesville. Company I, formerly a company of the 109th Ohio Infantry, was mustered in on December 1, 1862, at Camp Dennison. Lastly, Company K was mustered in between December 8, 1863, and February 29, 1864, at Rossville, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006936-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of Western Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to February 1863. Reed's Brigade, Baird's Division, Army of Kentucky, Department of the Cumberland, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Reserve Corps, Department of the Cumberland, to October 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006936-0003-0000", "contents": "113th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 113th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service July 6, 1865, at Louisville, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006936-0004-0000", "contents": "113th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Louisville, Ky., December 27; then to Muldraugh's Hill, Ky., January 3, 1863, and to Nashville, Tenn., January 28. Moved from Nashville to Franklin, Tenn., February 12, 1863, and duty there until June. Tullahoma Campaign June 23-July 7. Duty at Wartrace until August 25. Chickamauga Campaign August 25-September 22. Battle of Chickamauga September 19\u201321. Siege of Chattanooga, Tenn., September 24-November 23. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob November 23. Tunnel Hill November 24\u201325. Missionary Ridge November 25. Chickamauga Station November 26. March to relief of Knoxville November 28-December 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006936-0004-0001", "contents": "113th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nReturn to Chattanooga and duty in that vicinity until May 1864. Demonstration on Dalton, Ga., February 22\u201327, 1864. Tunnel Hill, Buzzard's Roost Gap, and Rocky Faced Ridge February 23\u201325. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Tunnel Hill May 6\u20137. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Buzzard's Roost Gap May 8\u20139. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Advance on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006936-0004-0002", "contents": "113th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAssault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Operations against Forrest and Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. March to the sea November 15-December 10, Sandersville November 26. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Campaign of the Carolinas January to April 1865. Two League Cross Roads, near Lexington, S.C., February 15. Taylor's Hole Creek, Averysboro, N.C., March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, D.C., April 29-May 19. Grand Review of the Armies May 24. Moved to Louisville, Ky., June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 988]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006936-0005-0000", "contents": "113th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 269 men during service; 9 officers and 110 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 149 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group\nThe 113th Operations Group is a flying group of the United States Air Force. It provides air sovereignty forces to defend District of Columbia and also provides fighter, airlift and support forces capable of local, national and global employment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group\nThe group's primary mission is training of air combat and operational airlift crews for national defense. The group also provides a ready response force of fighters for the defense of the District of Columbia area. Members of the group also assist local and federal law enforcement agencies in combating drug trafficking in the District of Columbia on a case by case basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group\nIts predecessor, the 352nd Fighter Group, was one of the most highly decorated United States Army Air Forces Fighter Groups in World War II, producing many leading aces of the war. The 352d was composed of three squadrons: (the 328th, 486th and 487th Fighter Squadrons). Once deployed to the European Theater of Operations (ETO), the group was eventually headquartered in RAF Bodney, England before being forward deployed to Belgium. It performed a variety of missions for the Eighth Air Force, but predominantly served as bomber escort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0003-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group\nThe 121st Fighter Squadron of the 113th Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the 121st Observation Squadron, established on 10 July 1940. It is one of the National Guard observation squadrons formed before World War II", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0004-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe 352d Fighter Group was activated at Mitchel Field, New York on 1 October 1942, and quickly moved to Bradley Field, Connecticut to begin organization. The group was equipped with the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighter. The initial squadrons to be assigned were the 21st and 34th Fighter Squadrons (under the command of 1st Lt John C. Meyer) and the newly activated 328th. On 18 May 1943 the assignment of the 21st and 34th Squadrons was retroactively revoked and they were replaced by the 486th and 487th Fighter Squadrons effective 1 October 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0005-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe group absorbed new personnel, moving several times from Bradley Field to Westover Field, Massachusetts in November and then to Trumbull Field, Connecticut in January 1943 where it received the majority of personnel. Once aircraft were received and pilots proficient, the squadrons were assigned to alert duty over New York City, operating from LaGuardia Airport where pilots often performed acrobatic maneuvers on takeover much to chagrin of the tower, routinely buzzed Yankee Stadium and engaged in dogfights over the city thereby garnering attention of authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0005-0001", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, World War II\nShortly thereafter, the 328th was moved back to Mitchel Field in and was joined by the 487th in March. The 486th moved to Republic Field on 8 March. Training was in its advanced phase when the group was reassembled at Westover in late May in anticipation of deployment orders. The order to deploy arrived in June and the group moved to Camp Kilmer, New Jersey to prepare to embark aboard the ocean liner RMS\u00a0Queen Elizabeth, leaving on 1 July 1943 for Scotland and service with the Eighth Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0006-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat operations\nThe first missions of the 352d were flown on 9 September 1943 when the Thunderbolts flew an escort mission over the North Sea protecting Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers returning from a raid over continental Europe. Skirmishes with the Luftwaffe were frequent, but it wasn't until 26 November when Major John C. Meyer of the 487th Squadron scored the group's first victory over Europe, a Messerschmitt Me 109 fighter. Meyer later became deputy commander of the 352d during its most successful period of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0007-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat operations\nOn 8 April 1944, the 352d exchanged its radial-engined P-47s for sleek North American P-51 Mustang fighter planes. It was then that the Group adopted their unique blue nose marking and the nickname the \"Blue Nosed Bastards of Bodney.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0008-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat operations\nNotable pilots of the 352d include top scoring P-51 aces Major George Preddy and Col. John C. Meyer, Capt. John Thornell, Capt. William T. Whisner, Captain Donald S. Bryan, Capt. Raymond Littge Lt. Robert \"Punchy\" Powell, Capt. John \"Smokey\" Stover and Capt. William C. Miller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0009-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, World War II, New Year's Day 1945 at Y-29\nOne of the 352d's greatest accomplishments was its huge victory over the Luftwaffe on 1 January 1945. In December 1944, the 352d received orders to deploy to Asch Airfield, a remote field approximately 3 miles south-southeast of As, Belgium. After arriving on 22 December, it began operating on the 24th. Poor weather hampered flight operations and the Battle of Bulge was raging nearby. Unknown to the Allies, the Luftwaffe was preparing a New Year's Day attack, designated Operation Bodenplatte against sixteen forward deployed Allied airfields in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0009-0001", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, World War II, New Year's Day 1945 at Y-29\nSimilar to the preparations for the Battle of Bulge, the Luftwaffe had been quietly preparing and assembling virtually every available fighter on the Western Front and had an estimated 800 fighters and fighter bombers ready to execute an attack when the Allies might be off guard following celebration of New Year's Eve. The concept was simple \u2013 a mass attack on newly established continental bases to destroy as many Allied aircraft on the ground and ease the pressure on German ground forces engaged in the battle of the Bulge. However, many of the Luftwaffe pilots were poorly trained and did not have the experience necessary to battle seasoned Allied pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0010-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, World War II, New Year's Day 1945 at Y-29\nJohn C. Meyer had risen to be Deputy Commander of the 352d by December and was now a lieutenant colonel. He suspected that the Germans might use New Year's Day as an opportunity to attack and decided to have Y-29 in readiness when the sun rose. While haggling with higher authorities at Ninth Air Force throughout the night, he ordered a squadron assigned to do a morning sweep and ordered the pilots not to engage in any alcoholic celebration the night prior.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0010-0001", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, World War II, New Year's Day 1945 at Y-29\nAlthough he did not get permission until 0800, he joined the 487th Fighter Squadron in the frigid cold of the snowy weather at 0530 preflighting their Mustangs and was sitting in the cockpit of the lead aircraft. As the Mustangs were awaiting take-off for the morning patrol, their airfield was overrun with Luftwaffe fighters from Jagdgeschwader 11 (JG.11).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0011-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, World War II, New Year's Day 1945 at Y-29\nNevertheless, when the group of 50+ Bodenplatte aircraft of JG.11 showed up over Y-29, the 12 blue-nosed Mustangs of the 487th were queuing for take-off with Meyer in the lead Mustang. While accelerating down the snow-packed runway, Lt. Col. Meyer opened the day's count by shooting down a German fighter in a head-on pass as it tried to strafe a parked Douglas C-47 Skytrain next to the runway. The German had not noticed the P-51 taking off. Meyer began firing before his wheels fully retracted and downed the marauding Focke-Wulf Fw 190. Though surrounded by strafing fighters, every one of the 487th planes got off the ground to meet their attackers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0012-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, World War II, New Year's Day 1945 at Y-29\nIn the battle that followed, 24 Luftwaffe fighters were destroyed by the 352d Group. However, one pilot, Lt. Dean Huston, was forced to belly land his P-51 after its cooling system was holed from the fire of zealous British antiaircraft gunners. Two pilots of the 487th claimed 4 German fighters shot down. The 487th received the Distinguished Unit Citation. Meyer, Capt. Stanford Moats, and Capt. William T. Whisner, who scored his fourth victory while his Mustang was starting to overheat from battle damage, were each awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and four other pilots were award the Silver Star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0012-0001", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, World War II, New Year's Day 1945 at Y-29\nDespite the group losing a couple of aircraft to battle damage, not a single pilot was lost during the New Year's Day battle. But the tragedy of war was never far away. During the afternoon of the same day, fighters of the 328th Squadron were patrolling the skies above As when they spotted what they thought were four inbound enemy aircraft. Due to static on radio communications with the 328th, identification of the aircraft came too late, and one of the approaching aircraft was shot down, crashing near the village of Zutendaal. The aircraft turned out to be RAF Hawker Typhoons of 183 Squadron from Gilze-Rijen on their way to their new base at Chievres. The pilot who was killed in the Typhoon that was shot down was F/Lt. Don Webber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0013-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, World War II, New Year's Day 1945 at Y-29\nThe group remained in England after V-E Day until November, when it returned to the United States and was inactivated at the New York Port of Embarkation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0014-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard\nThe 352d Fighter Group was redesignated as the 113th Fighter Group and was allotted to the National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Andrews Field, Maryland, and was extended federal recognition on 2 November 1946. The 104th at Harbor Airport, Maryland and 121st Fighter Squadron at Andrews were initially signed to the 113th Fighter Group and, upon federal recognition in 1947, the 149th Fighter Squadron at Byrd Field, Virginia was also assigned. In January 1947, the group assigned to the 53d Fighter Wing, located in Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0015-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard\nThe group mission was to train for air defense when called to active service. It was equipped with the Republic P-47D Thunderbolt (later the F-47D). On 31 October 1950 the 53d Wing was inactivated and the 113th Fighter Wing was allotted to the Guard and activated in its place. Meanwhile, the group's 121st Squadron converted to the Republic F-84 Thunderjet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0016-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. The 113th Fighter Group became part of Air Defense Command (ADC) on 1 February 1951 and was redesignated as a Fighter-Interceptor Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 95], "content_span": [96, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0016-0001", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe 121st Squadron was the only one of its squadrons activated with the group, which moved to Newcastle Air Force Base, where they were joined by the 142d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron if the Delaware Air National Guard, also equipped with the F-84Cs and the 148th Fighter Squadron of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, flying F-51D Mustangs. In April 1951, the 148th began to convert to the F-84 as well. Once it completed its conversion to Thunderjets, the 148th moved to Dover Air Force Base, Delaware", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 95], "content_span": [96, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0017-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nIn September and October 1951 the group converted to Lockheed F-94B Starfires with partial all-weather capabilities. During the six months the group was operational with the F-84C, each squadron had lost one example in an operational accident. The group was inactivated on 6 February 1952 in a major reorganization of ADC responding to ADC's difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying fighter squadrons to best advantage. Its squadrons were assigned to the 4710th Defense Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 95], "content_span": [96, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0018-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Cold War\nWith its return to District of Columbia control, the group was re-equipped with propeller-driven F-51H Mustangs. It was not until 1954 that the 113th was upgraded to once again fly jets, receiving North American F-86A Sabres. In August 1954 it began keeping two planes on air defense alert status at Andrews from one hour before sunrise until one hour after sunset. This ADC alert lasted until the end of October 1958 as the group received later model Sabres in 1955 (F-86E and 1957 (F-86H).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0019-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn late 1958, the gaining command for the 113th was changed from ADC to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and the mission was changed to tactical air support, although air defense remained as a secondary mission. The Sabres were phased out in 1960 with the receipt of relatively new North American F-100C Super Sabres. The Super Sabre brought the group into the supersonic age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0020-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn January 1968 the Pueblo Crisis by North Korean forces brought the callup of the 113th to active duty. The group moved to Myrtle Beach Air Force Base, South Carolina while the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing moved to Kunsan Air Base, South Korea. At Myrtle Beach the group was a paper unit, with its squadron assigned directly to the 113th Wing under the dual deputy organization used by TAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0021-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe group returned to Andrews in June 1969, and transitioned into the Republic F-105D Thunderchief, which was beginning to be withdrawn from the active inventory. The 113th was one of four Air National Guard units to receive the F-105, a very large and complex aircraft. The 113th was fortunate to have many Vietnam Veteran airmen in its ranks by 1970, many of whom had F-105 experience. In December 1974, the 113th Tactical Fighter Group was inactivated and its 121st Squadron was assigned directly to the 113th Tactical Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0022-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn the early 1990s the Air Force began implementing the Objective Wing organization, which again called for squadrons to be assigned to functional groups, rather than directly to the wing. As a result, the group was once again activated as the 113th Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006937-0023-0000", "contents": "113th Operations Group, References, Sources\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006938-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Panzer Brigade\nThe 113th Panzer Brigade was a tank formation of the German Army in World War II. As a tank formation, it was part of the Panzer Arm (Panzerwaffe).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006938-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Panzer Brigade, History\nThe 113th Panzer Brigade was formed on 4 September 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006938-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Panzer Brigade, History\nUnlike earlier Panzer Brigades, it was equipped with two battalions of Panzer IV and Panther tanks, with two mechanized panzergrenadier battalions, instead of one battalion each. On paper, it was a strong formation. However, it lacked sufficient supporting units such as reconnaissance, artillery and engineers, which made a Panzer Division a lethal combination of armor and infantry. On 6 September the brigade was sent to Colmar and on 16 September sent to Saarburg. Assigned to the 5th Panzer Army, it participated in the Battle of Arracourt, as the Germans attempted to stop the US Third Army's penetrations in Lorraine. By that time, the brigade had 42 Panther tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006938-0003-0000", "contents": "113th Panzer Brigade, History\nDuring the battle for Hill 318 at Arracourt, an ad-hoc Kampfgruppe was formed from the remnants of the 113th Panzer Brigade commanded by Oberstleutnant Erich Hammon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006938-0004-0000", "contents": "113th Panzer Brigade, History\nThe battle resulted in German defeat and the virtual destruction of the 113th Panzer Brigade, leaving its commander, Oberst Erich Freiherr von Seckendorff dead in the battle as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006938-0005-0000", "contents": "113th Panzer Brigade, History\nOn 1 October 1944, the 113th Panzer Brigade was disbanded and its shattered remnants was assigned to the 15th Panzergrenadier Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006939-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Regiment of Foot (1794)\nThe 113th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1794 to 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006939-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Regiment of Foot (1794)\nIt was raised in May 1794 and was disbanded in 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006940-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highlanders)\nThe 113th Regiment of Foot, known as the Royal Highlanders, was authorized on 17 October 1761, and raised in Great Britain for service of the British Army under the command of James Inglis Hamilton. The regiment served as a depot for sending drafts to Highland regiments serving overseas. It was disbanded in 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006941-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Sustainment Brigade (United States)\nThe 113th Sustainment Brigade is a modular sustainment brigade of the United States Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006941-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Sustainment Brigade (United States)\nThe unit is composed of units from the North Carolina Army National Guard. The unit was originally formed in 1974 as the 113th Field Artillery Brigade. On 5 October 2008, the unit was reformed as a sustainment brigade, losing the 5th Battalion, 113th Field Artillery Regiment, a unit that had been assigned to the brigade since its formation, as a part of the process. The unit honors and lineage has since passed onto Battery C, 5th Battalion, 113th Field Artillery Regiment. To date, the 113th Sustainment Brigade has been a key contributor to mobilizing units within the NCNG in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom and the Multinational Force and Observers by providing personnel, transportation and equipment support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006941-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Sustainment Brigade (United States), Insignia, Shoulder Sleeve Insignia\nDescription: The new shoulder sleeve insignia is a scarlet rectangle arched at the top and bottom, three inches in height and two inches in width. There are three buff bendlets, superimposed by a black sword pointing up, all within a one-eight-inch yellow border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006941-0003-0000", "contents": "113th Sustainment Brigade (United States), Insignia, Shoulder Sleeve Insignia\nSymbolism: The three bendlets represent Ordnance, Quartermaster, & Transportation; the three branches that form the Logistics branch, which is the parent branch of the Sustainment Brigade. The sword represents the Warrior Ethos. Buff (gold) and red are the colors traditionally used for Sustainment and Support. This patch will be worn on the Class-A uniform, and a subdued version will be worn on the Army Combat Uniform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006941-0004-0000", "contents": "113th Sustainment Brigade (United States), Insignia, Shoulder Sleeve Insignia\nBackground: The shoulder sleeve insignia was effective 1 July 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006941-0005-0000", "contents": "113th Sustainment Brigade (United States), Insignia, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nDescription: The distinctive unit insignia will be a gold-color metal and enamel device one and one-eight inches in height. The device will have a rectilinear shield blazoned. In the middle of the shield, there is a silver (white) half and a red half behind a black horse rampant. A blue block is above the horse. Around the blue block is a red tripartite scroll, with \"FIRST LINE\" inscribed on the top section. On the side sections, there are two gold stars on either side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 78], "content_span": [79, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006941-0006-0000", "contents": "113th Sustainment Brigade (United States), Insignia, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nSymbolism: The blue, white and red colors of the shield are in reference to the state flag of North Carolina. The colors also symbolize loyalty, purity of purpose, and valor. Scarlet and gold are the colors used by Sustainment units. The four stars represent Ordnance, Quartermaster, Transportation and the Warrior Ethos. The rearing horse, in its combatant stance, captures the fighting spirit of the Brigade. The radiating lines in the background signify that all roads lead to logistics. Gold is emblematic of excellence and high ideals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 78], "content_span": [79, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006941-0007-0000", "contents": "113th Sustainment Brigade (United States), Current Command Structure\n113th Sustainment Brigade Command Sergeant MajorCSM Timothy L. James113th Special Troops Battalion CommanderLTC Zaire D. McRae", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006941-0008-0000", "contents": "113th Sustainment Brigade (United States), Current Command Structure\n113th Special Troops Battalion Command Sergeant MajorCSM Darren D. Lewis630th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion CommanderLTC Thomas J. Petzold", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006941-0009-0000", "contents": "113th Sustainment Brigade (United States), Current Command Structure\n630th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion Command Sergeant MajorCSM William M. Bullins", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006942-0000-0000", "contents": "113th United States Colored Infantry Regiment\nThe 113th United States Colored Infantry (formerly the 6th Arkansas Colored Infantry Regiment) was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was composed of African American enlisted men commanded by white officers and was authorized by the Bureau of Colored Troops which was created by the United States War Department on May 22, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006942-0001-0000", "contents": "113th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe regiment was organized at Little Rock, Arkansas, June 25, 1864, from the 6th Arkansas Colored Infantry and assigned to the VII Corps (Union Army). The unit was later re-designated as the 113th United States Colored Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006942-0002-0000", "contents": "113th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Division, 7th Corps, Dept. of Arkansas, to January, 1865. The regiment was attached to Colored Brigade, 7th Corps, until February, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006942-0003-0000", "contents": "113th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nGeneral Orders No. 14, Department of Arkansas, dated February 1, 1865, from Little Rock, included the 113th United States Colored Infantry is reported as belonging to the 2nd Brigade of the 1st Division of the 7th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006942-0004-0000", "contents": "113th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, 7th Corps, until April 1865. The regiment was assigned to post and garrison duty at Little Rock, Ark., for its entire term of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006942-0005-0000", "contents": "113th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Consolidated\nThe regiment was consolidated with the 11th Regiment United States Colored Infantry (Old) and the 112th U.S. Colored Infantry on April 1, 1865. The 113th United States Colored Infantry were mustered out a year later, on April 9, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006943-0000-0000", "contents": "113th United States Congress\nThe 113th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, from January 3, 2013, to January 3, 2015, during the fifth and sixth years of Barack Obama's presidency. It was composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives based on the results of the 2012 Senate elections and the 2012 House elections. The seats in the House were apportioned based on the 2010 United States Census. It first met in Washington, D.C. on January 3, 2013, and it ended on January 3, 2015. Senators elected to regular terms in 2008 were in the last two years of those terms during this Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006943-0001-0000", "contents": "113th United States Congress\nThe Senate had a Democratic majority, while the House had a Republican majority. This was the last time Democrats held control of the Senate until the 117th Congress in 2021. As of 2021, this was also the most recent time that Senate Democrats, who had a 55-45 majority for most of the 113th Congress, held more than 50 U.S. Senate seats. As of 2021, this is the most recent Congress in which Democrats held any seats in Alaska, Arkansas, or South Dakota, the last in which Democrats held Senate seats in Iowa or North Carolina, and the last in which Democrats held a House seat in West Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006943-0002-0000", "contents": "113th United States Congress, Major legislation, Appropriations bills, Fiscal year 2014\nFiscal year 2014 runs from October 1, 2013, to September 30, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 87], "content_span": [88, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006943-0003-0000", "contents": "113th United States Congress, Major legislation, Appropriations bills, Fiscal year 2015\nFiscal year 2015 runs from October 1, 2014, to September 20, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 87], "content_span": [88, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006943-0004-0000", "contents": "113th United States Congress, Leadership\nSection contents: Senate: Majority (D), Minority (R) \u2022 House: Majority (R),  Minority (D)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006943-0005-0000", "contents": "113th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nSenators are listed by state, and the numbers refer to their Senate classes, In this Congress, Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 2014; Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 2016; and Class 1 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring re-election in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006943-0006-0000", "contents": "113th United States Congress, Committees\n[Section contents: Senate, House, Joint ]Listed alphabetically by chamber, including Chairperson and Ranking Member.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0000-0000", "contents": "113th Wing\nThe 113th Wing, known as the \"Capital Guardians\", is a unit of the District of Columbia Air National Guard, stationed at Joint Base Andrews, Maryland. If activated to federal service, the fighter portion of the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force's Air Combat Command, while the airlift portion is gained by Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0001-0000", "contents": "113th Wing\nThe 113th's primary mission is training of air combat and operational airlift crews for national defense. The 113th also provides a ready response force of fighters for the defense of the District of Columbia area. Members of the 113th also assist local and federal law enforcement agencies in combating drug trafficking in the District of Columbia on a case by case basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0002-0000", "contents": "113th Wing\nThe 121st Fighter Squadron, assigned to the wing's 113th Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the 121st Observation Squadron, established on 10 July 1940. It is one of the National Guard observation squadrons formed before World War II", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0003-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Korean War activation\nIn the fall of 1950, the Air National Guard implemented the wing base organization (\"Hobson Plan\") used by the regular air force. The 113th Fighter Wing was formed as the headquarters for the 113th Fighter Group and its supporting units. With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized and the 113th Wing was called to active duty on 1 February 1951. The wing was assigned to Air Defense Command (ADC) and was redesignated as the 113th Fighter-Interceptor Wing. Its 113th Fighter-Interceptor Group was composed of the District of Columbia Air National Guard 121st and Delaware Air National Guard 142d Fighter-Interceptor Squadrons, both equipped with Republic F-84C Thunderjets, along with the Pennsylvania Air National Guard North American F-51D Mustang equipped 148th Fighter Squadron From Spaatz Field, Reading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 961]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0004-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Korean War activation\nOn 20 March ADC redesignated the 113th Fighter Wing as the 113th Fighter-Interceptor Wing. The wing was moved from Andrews AFB to join with the 142nd FIS at Newcastle Air Force Base, Delaware. Its mission was the air defense of Delaware Bay and the Delmarva Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0005-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Korean War activation\nIn April 1951, with the 116th Fighter Squadron at Geiger AFB, Washington slated to switch to F-86As, the 113th FIG sent fifteen pilots to Geiger to obtain their F-84Cs for use by the 148th FIS. These aircraft were considered to be \"so poor\" that they were all flown to the 113th Maintenance Squadron, then at Dover AFB, Delaware for total refurbishment before they would be accepted by the 148th FIS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0006-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Korean War activation\nIn September 1951 the 113th FIW converted to F-94B Starfires with partial all-weather capabilities. During the six months the newly constituted 113th FIW was operational with the F-84C, each squadron had lost one example in an operational accident. Its federalization period ending, the 113th FIW was released from active duty and returned to District of Columbia control, 1 November 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0007-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Cold War\nWith its return to District of Columbia control, the 121st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was re-equipped with propeller-driven F-51H Mustangs and resumed its air defense mission of Washington, D.C. It was not until 1954, with the phaseout of the Mustang and the requirement by ADC that its interceptor squadrons be equipped with jet-powered aircraft that the squadron was upgraded to postwar-era F-86A Sabres that had been refurbished and reconditioned before being received.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0007-0001", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Cold War\nIn August 1954, the 121st began standing daytime air defense alert at Andrews, placing two aircraft at the end of the runway with pilots in the cockpit from one hour before sunrise until one hour after sunset. This ADC alert lasted each and every day until the end of October 1958", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0008-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Cold War\nDespite the reconditioning, the F-86A Sabres were weary and required a considerable amount of maintenance to keep in the air. In 1955, the 113th sent them to storage at Davis-Monthan AFB and received F-86E Sabres from active-duty ADC units that were receiving F-89 Scorpion interceptors. In 1957, the F-86H was already being phased out of active service with the USAF, being replaced by the F-100 Super Sabre, and  the 121st received F-86H Sabres in late 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0009-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Cold War\nIn late 1958, the gaining command for the 113th was changed from ADC to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and the mission of the wing was changed to tactical air support, although the air defense of Washington remained as a secondary mission. The Sabres were phased out in 1960 with the receipt of relatively new F-100C Super Sabres from active duty units receiving the F-100D model. The Super Sabre was a major improvement over the F-86H and it gave the wing a major increase in capability as well as it entering the supersonic age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0010-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Cold War\nIn January 1968, a new crisis, the seizure of the American ship USS Pueblo by North Korean forces, and again the 113th was called to active duty. The wing was activated to federal service, and its personnel were assigned to Myrtle Beach AFB, South Carolina as a filler unit while the base's permanent unit, the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing was deployed to Kunsan Air Base, South Korea. At Myrtle Beach AFB, the federalized NJ ANG 119th Tactical Fighter Squadron joined the 121st TFS on active duty. However, not all wing personnel were sent to Myrtle Beach, as personnel were spread throughout the United States, Taiwan, Korea, and South Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0011-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Cold War\nThe 113 TFW returned to Andrews AFB in June 1969, and transitioned into the F-105D Thunderchief (AKA \"Thud\") in 1971, receiving Vietnam War veteran aircraft that were being withdrawn from combat. The 113th was one of four Air National Guard units to receive the F-105, which was a very large and complex aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0012-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Cold War\nThe 113th was fortunate to have many Vietnam Veteran airmen in its ranks by 1970, many of whom had F-105 experience. The Thud was the first USAF supersonic tactical fighter-bomber that was developed from scratch. All others before it were adaptations of aircraft that had originally been developed as pure fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0013-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Cold War\nIn December 1974, the 113th Tactical Fighter Group was inactivated, with the 121st TFS being assigned directly to the 113th Tactical Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0014-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Cold War\nIn 1981 at the end of its service life, the F-105s were retired, with the 113th TFW receiving F-4D Phantom IIs, again receiving Vietnam War veteran aircraft from active-duty units receiving F-15A and F-16A/B next-generation fighter aircraft. With the F-4, the 113th returned to the air defense mission, becoming part of Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), a named unit at the Numbered Air Force echelon of TAC. ADTAC had taken over the mission of Aerospace Defense Command in 1979 when the command was inactivated; the D.C. Air National Guard using the Phantoms for Washington, D.C. air defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0015-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Cold War\nThe 113th operated the Phantoms throughout the 1980s, retiring the Phantoms at the end of their service life in 1989. In turn, the 121st FS started receiving F-16A/B Fighting Falcons in September 1989. These were block 5 and 10 models coming from various regular USAF units converting to more modern F-16C/D models. The Wing retained its air defense and attack mission, however the early block 5 and 10 models really designed to do. In the air defense role these models lacked any BVR capability, limiting them only to close range combat with their gun and Sidewinder missiles. In the attack role these aircraft were able to deploy bombs, but with their smaller stabs the center of gravity of these aircraft was far from ideal making it quite a challenge for the pilots to fly these missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0016-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Cold War\nThe 113th Tactical Fighter Wing was not mobilized during the 1991 Gulf Crisis, remaining in the United States with its air defense mission. D. C. Air National Guard volunteers, however were deployed to CENTAF during the crisis and subsequent combat operations as part of Operation Desert Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0017-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nAfter the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990 and Operation Desert Storm, Air Force planners reorganized the major command structure and the organization of its units to reflect the new reality of the 1990s and also a smaller force after the end of the Cold War. Tactical Air Command was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC) as the gaining command for the 113th effective 1 June 1992. On 15 March 1992, the 113th adopted the new Air Force Objective Organization, which re-designated the wing as the 113th Fighter Wing. The 113th Tactical Fighter Group was reactivated as the 113th Operations Group, and the 121st Fighter Squadron was transferred to the 113th OG. Other support groups under the Objective Wing organization are the 179th Maintenance Group, 179th Mission Support Group and the 179th Medical Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0018-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nOn 20 June 1992, Detachment 1 HQ, District of Columbia Air National Guard was re-designated as the 201st Airlift Squadron, District of Columbia Air National Guard. The 201st Airlift Squadron provides short notice worldwide transportation for the Executive Branch, Congressional Members, Department of Defense officials and high-ranking U.S. and foreign dignitaries in support of the 89th Airlift Wing. The continuing efforts to upgrade and expand the squadron\u2019s worldwide capabilities led to the acquisition of two C-38As in 1998 and two C-40Bs (Boeing 737) in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0019-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nIn 1994 the 121st traded its early F-16A/B aircraft for Block 30 F-16C/D Fighting Falcon which upgraded its capabilities considerably. In May 1996, the 121st Fighter Squadron deployed personnel and aircraft to Al Jaber Air Base, Kuwait to support Operation Southern Watch (OSW). The 121st FS was the first Air National Guard unit to fly OSW. Operation Southern Watch was an operation which was responsible for enforcing the United Nations mandated no-fly zone below the 32nd parallel north in Iraq. This mission was initiated mainly to cover for attacks of Iraqi forces on the Iraqi Shi\u2019ite Muslims. In July 1996, the squadron returned to Andrews AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0020-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0021-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nIn February 1997 the 121st Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (121st EFS) was first formed from 113th personnel and aircraft and deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey in support of Operation Northern Watch (ONW). Operation Northern Watch was a US European Command Combined Task Force (CTF) who was responsible for enforcing the United Nations mandated no-fly zone above the 36th parallel north in Iraq. This mission was a successor to Operation Provide Comfort which also entailed support for the Iraqi Kurds. The 121st EFS returned to Andrews in April 1997. The 121st EFS was again formed in January 1998 when the Wing was tasked with a second Operation Northern Watch deployment to Incirlik Air Base. This time the deployment was only for a month with less than 100 personnel being deployed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0022-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Post 9/11\nOn 11 September 2001, the wing was given authorization for its pilots to shoot down threatening aircraft over Washington DC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0023-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Post 9/11\nAfter the events of 11 September 2001 the squadron took on an Air Sovereignty Alert Detachment role, stationing a number of aircraft at air force bases around the country to fly alert missions as part of Operation Noble Eagle (ONE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0024-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Post 9/11\nDuring one of those missions, on 11 May 2005 the squadron scrambled to intercept an aircraft that wandered into the no-fly zone around the White House. Customs officials had also scrambled a Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter and a UC-35B Cessna Citation jet at 11:47\u00a0a.m. to intercept the plane. The Customs aircraft gave way when the F-16s arrived flew on the wing tips of the little plane. They dipped their wings \u2013 a pilot's signal to 'follow me' \u2013 and tried to raise the pilot on the radio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0024-0001", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Post 9/11\nBut the Cessna didn't change course and it was flying too slow for the F-16s. The frustrated pilots had to take turns dropping flares, breaking away and returning to drop more flares. One senior Bush administration counter-terrorism official said it was 'a real finger-biting period' because they came very close to ordering a shot against a general aircraft. Finally, when the Cessna came within three miles of the White House \u2013 just a few minutes flying time \u2013 it altered course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0025-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Post 9/11\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, the DoD recommended that Cannon Air Force Base be closed. As a result, it would distribute the 27th Fighter Wing\u2019s F-16 Fighting Falcons to the 113th Wing (nine aircraft) and several other installations. The committee said that this move would sustain the active/Air National Guard/Air Force Reserve force mix by replacing aircraft that retire in the 2025 Force Structure Plan. However, the base was temporarily removed from closure 26 August 2005, pending review of new mission assignment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0026-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Post 9/11\nOn 6 May 2008, the squadron flew its 2000th scramble since the events of 11 September 2001. Most scrambles do not lead to such stories as noted above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0027-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, History, Post 9/11\nThe 121st Expeditionary Fighter Squadron has been formed and deployed numerous times as part of the Global War on Terrorism. Supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), the 121st EFS deployed to Balad Air Base, Iraq, in 2003, 2007 and 2010. A deployment to Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) was made between October 2011 and January 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006944-0028-0000", "contents": "113th Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006945-0000-0000", "contents": "113th meridian east\nThe meridian 113\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006945-0001-0000", "contents": "113th meridian east\nThe 113th meridian east forms a great circle with the 67th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006945-0002-0000", "contents": "113th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 113th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006946-0000-0000", "contents": "113th meridian west\nThe meridian 113\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006946-0001-0000", "contents": "113th meridian west\nThe 113th meridian west forms a great circle with the 67th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006946-0002-0000", "contents": "113th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 113th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006947-0000-0000", "contents": "114 (number)\n114 (one hundred [and] fourteen) is the natural number following 113 and preceding 115.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006948-0000-0000", "contents": "114 BC\nYear 114 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Balbus and Cato (or, less frequently, year 640 Ab urbe condita) and the Third Year of Yuanding. The denomination 114 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006949-0000-0000", "contents": "114 Kassandra\nKassandra (minor planet designation: 114 Kassandra) is a large and dark main-belt asteroid. It belongs to the rare class T. It was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on July 23, 1871, and is named after Cassandra, the prophetess in the tales of the Trojan War. The asteroid is featured in the 2009 film Meteor, in which it is split in two by a comet, and set on a collision course with Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006949-0001-0000", "contents": "114 Kassandra\nThis object is classified as a rare T-type asteroid, with parts of the spectrum displaying properties similar to the mineral troilite and to carbonaceous chondrite. The shape of the spectrum also appears similar to fine grain from the Ornans meteorite, which landed in France in 1868. The light curve for this asteroid displays a period of 10.758 \u00b1 0.004 hours with a brightness variation of 0.25 \u00b1 0.01 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006949-0002-0000", "contents": "114 Kassandra\nDuring 2001, 114 Kassandra was observed by radar from the Arecibo Observatory. The return signal matched an effective diameter of 100 \u00b1 14\u00a0km. This is consistent with the asteroid dimensions computed through other means.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006949-0003-0000", "contents": "114 Kassandra, In popular media\nThe 2009 miniseries Meteor featured 114 Kassandra being sent on a collision course with Earth due to a comet impact and the effort by scientists to stop it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006950-0000-0000", "contents": "114 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 114 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Night Leaders Squadron, is a helicopter squadron of CH-53-2000 Sea Stallions based at Tel Nof Airbase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006951-0000-0000", "contents": "114 Sul station\n114 Sul is a Bras\u00edlia Metro station on Orange and Green lines. It was opened on 31 March 2001 on the inaugural section of the line, from Central to Terminal Samambaia and Pra\u00e7a do Rel\u00f3gio. It is located between 112 Sul and Terminal Asa Sul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006952-0000-0000", "contents": "114 Tauri\n114 Tauri, or o Tauri, is a single, blue-white hued star in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. It is a faint star but visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.88. The distance to this star, as determined from its annual parallax shift of 5.22\u00b10.21\u00a0mas, is roughly 620\u00a0light years. It is moving further from the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of 16.5\u00a0km/s, having come as close as 240\u00a0ly (75\u00a0pc) some 9.6\u00a0million years ago. It is a member of the Cas-Tau OB association of co-moving stars, and has a peculiar velocity of 8.3\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006952-0001-0000", "contents": "114 Tauri\nGrenier et al. (1999) assigned this star to a stellar classification of B2.5\u00a0IV, which matches the luminosity class of an evolving subgiant star. Abt (2008) listed it as a B-type main-sequence star with a class of B2.5\u00a0V. With an age of about 22\u00a0million years, 114 Tauri has an estimated 7 times the mass of the Sun and four times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating about 2,454 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 20,700\u00a0K. It appears to be have a relatively low rotation rate for a star of its mass and age, showing a projected rotational velocity of 10\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006953-0000-0000", "contents": "1140\nYear 1140 (MCXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006954-0000-0000", "contents": "1140 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1140\u00a0kHz: 1140 AM is a Mexican and United States clear-channel frequency. XEMR Monterrey, Mexico, and WRVA Richmond, Virginia, share Class A status of 1140 AM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006955-0000-0000", "contents": "1140 Crimea\n1140 Crimea, provisional designation 1929 YC, is a stony asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 28 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 December 1929, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula, after which it was named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006955-0001-0000", "contents": "1140 Crimea, Orbit and classification\nCrimea is a S-type asteroid in both the Tholen and SMASS taxonomic scheme. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,685 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as A922 HA at Simeiz in 1922, the body's observation arc begins at Uccle in 1935, or 16 years after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006955-0002-0000", "contents": "1140 Crimea, Lightcurves\nIn April 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Crimea was obtained by American astronomer Robert Stephens at Santana Observatory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 9.77 hours with a brightness variation of 0.30 magnitude (U=3). Photometric observations by amateur astronomers Federico Manzini and Pierre Antonini in March 2014, gave a concurring period of 9.784 hours with an amplitude of 0.23 magnitude (U=2). In addition, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue and other sources gave a period 9.7869 hours, as well as a spin axis of (12.0\u00b0, -73.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006955-0003-0000", "contents": "1140 Crimea, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Crimea measures between 27.75 and 29.18 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.160 and 0.177 (without preliminary results). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1772 and a diameter of 27.75 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006955-0004-0000", "contents": "1140 Crimea, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the Crimean Peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea, where the discovering Simeiz Observatory is located. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 106).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006956-0000-0000", "contents": "11409 Horkheimer\n11409 Horkheimer, provisional designation 1999 FD9, is a Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 19 March 1999, by astronomers of the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search at Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona. The likely C-type asteroid was named for American science communicator Jack Horkheimer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006956-0001-0000", "contents": "11409 Horkheimer, Orbit and classification\nHorkheimer is a core member of the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24\u00a0Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,079 days; semi-major axis of 3.19\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1988 HY at the Leoncito Astronomical Complex in April 1988, or 11 years prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006956-0002-0000", "contents": "11409 Horkheimer, Physical characteristics\nHorkheimer has an absolute magnitude of 12.8. While its spectral type has not been determined, it is likely a carbonaceous C-type asteroid, typical for members of the Themis family. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006956-0003-0000", "contents": "11409 Horkheimer, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Horkheimer measures 15.355 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.053, typical for carbonaceous asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006956-0004-0000", "contents": "11409 Horkheimer, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Jack F. Horkheimer (1938\u20132010), director of the Planetarium at the former Miami Science Museum, who was the creator and host of the television program Jack Horkheimer: Star Gazer. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 January 2001 (M.P.C. 41938).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006957-0000-0000", "contents": "1140s\nThe 1140s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1140, and ended on December 31, 1149.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006958-0000-0000", "contents": "1140s BC\nThe 1140s BC is a decade which lasted from 1149 BC to 1140 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006959-0000-0000", "contents": "1140s in England, Incumbents\nMonarch \u2013 Stephen (to 8 April 1141), Matilda (to 1 November 1141), Stephen", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006961-0000-0000", "contents": "1140s in art\nThe decade of the 1140s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006962-0000-0000", "contents": "1140s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006962-0001-0000", "contents": "1140s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006962-0002-0000", "contents": "1140s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006963-0000-0000", "contents": "1141\nYear 1141 (MCXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006964-0000-0000", "contents": "1141 Bohmia\n1141 Bohmia, provisional designation 1930 AA, is a Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory on 4 January 1930. The asteroid was named after German philanthropist Katharina Bohm-Waltz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006964-0001-0000", "contents": "1141 Bohmia, Orbit and classification\nBohmia is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,249 days; semi-major axis 2.27\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in January 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006964-0002-0000", "contents": "1141 Bohmia, Physical characteristics\nBohmia's spectral type is unknown. However, its albedo is similar to that of the Flora family's parent body, 8\u00a0Flora, which is a stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006964-0003-0000", "contents": "1141 Bohmia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Bohmia measures 5.642 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.251.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006964-0004-0000", "contents": "1141 Bohmia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nNo rotational lightcurve of Bohmia has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006964-0005-0000", "contents": "1141 Bohmia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Katharina Bohm-Waltz (died 1901), a German philanthropist who donated a 0.72-meter reflecting telescope (named Waltz reflector) to the discovering Heidelberg Observatory. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 107).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006965-0000-0000", "contents": "1142\nYear 1142 (MCXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006966-0000-0000", "contents": "1142 Aetolia\n1142 Aetolia, provisional designation 1930 BC, is a stony background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 24 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 January 1930, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory and named for the Greek region Aetolia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006966-0001-0000", "contents": "1142 Aetolia, Orbit and classification\nAetolia has not been associated with any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,076 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006966-0002-0000", "contents": "1142 Aetolia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A902 GB at Heidelberg in April 1902. The body's observation arc begins at the USNO in May 1908, or 22 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006966-0003-0000", "contents": "1142 Aetolia, Physical characteristics\nAetolia has been characterized as a common stony S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006966-0004-0000", "contents": "1142 Aetolia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 2010, two rotational lightcurves of Aetolia were independently obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy and by Russell Durkee at the S.O.S. Observatory (H39) near Minneapolis, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 10.730 and 10.74 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 and 0.22 in magnitude, respectively (U=3-/3-). A more recent and lower-rated observation gave a divergent period of 7.68 hours (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006966-0005-0000", "contents": "1142 Aetolia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Aetolia measures between 22.135 and 24.92 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.216 and 0.273.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006966-0006-0000", "contents": "1142 Aetolia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 27.10 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006966-0007-0000", "contents": "1142 Aetolia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Greek region Aetolia, north of the Gulf of Patras. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 107).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006968-0000-0000", "contents": "11429 Demodokus\n11429 Demodokus /d\u026a\u02c8m\u0252d\u0259k\u0259s/ is a mid-sized Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 38 kilometers (24 miles) in diameter. It was discovered during the Palomar\u2013Leiden survey at the Palomar Observatory in 1960 and later named after the blind singer Demodocus from Greek mythology. The dark Jovian asteroid has a longer-than average rotation period of 50.2 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006968-0001-0000", "contents": "11429 Demodokus, Discovery\nDemodokus was discovered on 24 September 1960, by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, on photographic plates taken by astronomer Tom Gehrels at the Palomar Observatory in California. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Palomar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006968-0002-0000", "contents": "11429 Demodokus, Discovery, Palomar\u2013Leiden survey\nThe survey designation \"P-L\" stands for \"Palomar\u2013Leiden\", named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar\u2013Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006968-0003-0000", "contents": "11429 Demodokus, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after Demodocus, the blind singer at the court of King Alcinous, who is the ruler of the Phaiacians in Homer's Odyssey. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 24 January 2000 (M.P.C. 38201).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006968-0004-0000", "contents": "11429 Demodokus, Orbit and classification\nDemodokus is a dark Jupiter trojan in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the leading Greek camp at the Gas Giant's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead on its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.1\u20135.4\u00a0AU once every 12.04 years (4,397 days; semi-major axis of 5.25\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.03 and an inclination of 17\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006968-0005-0000", "contents": "11429 Demodokus, Physical characteristics\nDemodokus is an assumed C-type asteroid, while the majority of larger Jupiter trojans are D-types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006968-0006-0000", "contents": "11429 Demodokus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2014, a rotational lightcurve of Demodokus was obtained over five consecutive nights of photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies. Lightcurve analysis gave a longer-than average rotation period of 50.16\u00b10.06 hours with a relatively low brightness amplitude of 0.18 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006968-0007-0000", "contents": "11429 Demodokus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Demodokus measures 37.63 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.086, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 46.3 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006968-0008-0000", "contents": "11429 Demodokus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006969-0000-0000", "contents": "1143\nYear 1143 (MCXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006970-0000-0000", "contents": "1143 Odysseus\n1143 Odysseus /o\u028a\u02c8d\u026asi\u02d0\u0259s/, provisional designation 1930 BH, is a large Jupiter trojan located in the Greek camp of Jupiter's orbit. It was discovered on 28 January 1930, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany, and later named after Odysseus, the legendary hero from Greek mythology. The dark D-type asteroid has a rotation period of 10.1 hours. With a diameter of approximately 125 kilometers (78 miles), it is among the 10 largest Jovian trojans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006970-0001-0000", "contents": "1143 Odysseus, Orbit and classification\nOdysseus is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of the Gas Giant's orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006970-0002-0000", "contents": "1143 Odysseus, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.8\u20135.7\u00a0AU once every 12 years (4,393 days; semi-major axis of 5.25\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As a Jupiter Trojan it is in a very stable orbit. Its closest approach to any major planet will be on 5 May 2083 when it will still be 3.104\u00a0AU (464,000,000\u00a0km; 289,000,000\u00a0mi) from Mars. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in February 1930, three weeks after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006970-0003-0000", "contents": "1143 Odysseus, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the ancient Greek hero Odysseus (Odysseus Laertiades) in Homer's epic poem Odyssey. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 107). Another Jupiter trojan, 5254\u00a0Ulysses, is named after the Latin variant of Odysseus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006970-0004-0000", "contents": "1143 Odysseus, Physical characteristics\nOdysseus is a dark D-type asteroid in both the Tholen classification and Bus\u2013DeMeo classification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006970-0005-0000", "contents": "1143 Odysseus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), Odysseus measures between 114.62 and 130.81 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.050 and 0.0753.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006970-0006-0000", "contents": "1143 Odysseus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0753 and a diameter of 125.64 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 7.93. In May 2005, an asteroid occultation gave a best-fit dimension of 126\u00a0km \u00d7 126\u00a0km for the major and minor axis of the occultation ellipse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006970-0007-0000", "contents": "1143 Odysseus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAn estimated mean-diameter of 130, 125 and 114 kilometers measured by Akari, IRAS and WISE, makes Odysseus the 7th, 8th or 10th largest Jupiter Trojan, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006970-0008-0000", "contents": "1143 Odysseus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006970-0009-0000", "contents": "1143 Odysseus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA large number of rotational lightcurves of Odysseus have been obtained since its first photometric observation by Richard Binzel in January 1988. In June 1994, the first accurate measurement of the asteroid's rotation period was made by Stefano Mottola using the former Bochum 0.61-metre Telescope at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006970-0010-0000", "contents": "1143 Odysseus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2018, analysis of the best-rated lightcurve from observations by the Kepler space observatory during its K2 mission observing Campaign Field 6 in September 2015, gave a well-defined period of 10.114 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006972-0000-0000", "contents": "1143 papal election\nThe 1143 papal election followed the death of Pope Innocent II and resulted in the election of Pope Celestine II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006972-0001-0000", "contents": "1143 papal election, Election of Celestine II\nPope Innocent II died on 24 September 1143, at Rome. During the first eight years of his pontificate he faced the schism with Antipope Anacletus II (1130\u20131138), which finally ended in May 1138 with abdication and submission of Anacletus\u2019 successor Antipope Victor IV (1138). The Second Lateran Council in April 1139 deposed from the ecclesiastical offices all former adherents of the Anacletus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006972-0001-0001", "contents": "1143 papal election, Election of Celestine II\nHowever, despite the triumph over the antipope, the last years of Innocent' pontificate were not successful - papal armies were defeated by King Roger II of Sicily, who had received the crown from Anacletus II and demanded the recognition of his title from Innocent II. After the lost battle of Galluccio on July 22, 1139 the pope was taken prisoner by Roger and was forced to confirm all privileges given to the king by Anacletus II. Soon afterwards new serious problem arose at the city of Rome. In 1143, shortly before Innocent's death, the Roman people created a municipal commune which rejected the secular rule of the Papacy in the Eternal City. The election of Innocent\u2019 successor took place in the shadow of this municipal revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006972-0002-0000", "contents": "1143 papal election, Election of Celestine II\nThe cardinals present at Rome assembled in the Lateran Basilica and on 26 September 1143 elected Cardinal Guido del Castello of S. Marco, who had previously served as legate of Innocent II before king Roger in 1137, and was the first cardinal known to hold the title of magister. He took the name Celestine II and was consecrated on the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006972-0003-0000", "contents": "1143 papal election, Cardinal-electors\nThere were probably 30 cardinals in the Sacred College of Cardinals in September 1143. Basing on the examination of the subscriptions of the papal bulls in 1143 and the available data about the external missions of the cardinals it is possible to establish that no more than 23 cardinals participated in the election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006972-0004-0000", "contents": "1143 papal election, Cardinal-electors\nEighteen electors were created by Pope Innocent II, two by Pope Callixtus II, one by Pope Honorius II and one by Pope Paschalis II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006973-0000-0000", "contents": "1144\nYear 1144 (MCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006974-0000-0000", "contents": "1144 Oda\n1144 Oda, provisional designation 1930 BJ, is a dark Hildian asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 57 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 January 1930, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory. The asteroid's name is a German female name, not related to the discoverer's contemporaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006974-0001-0000", "contents": "1144 Oda, Orbit and classification\nOda belongs to the dynamical Hilda group which is located in the outermost part of the main belt. Asteroids in this group have semi-major axis between 3.7 and 4.2\u00a0AU and stay in a 3:2 resonance with the gas giant Jupiter. Oda, however, is a non-family background asteroid, i.e. not a member of the collisional Hilda family (001).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006974-0002-0000", "contents": "1144 Oda, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer main belt at a distance of 3.4\u20134.1\u00a0AU once every 7 years and 3 months (2,651 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, two months after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006974-0003-0000", "contents": "1144 Oda, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Oda is a dark and reddish D-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as an X-type by PanSTARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006974-0004-0000", "contents": "1144 Oda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Oda was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 44.023 hours with a brightness variation of 0.41 magnitude (U=2). A previously measured period of 14.4 is now considered incorrect (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 51], "content_span": [52, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006974-0005-0000", "contents": "1144 Oda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nWhile not being a slow rotator, which have periods above 100 hours, Oda's spin rate is significantly longer than that of most other asteroids that have periods shorter than 20 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 51], "content_span": [52, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006974-0006-0000", "contents": "1144 Oda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Oda measures between 56.347 and 64.21 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.043 and 0.061.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 55], "content_span": [56, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006974-0007-0000", "contents": "1144 Oda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0583 and a diameter of 57.65 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 55], "content_span": [56, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006974-0008-0000", "contents": "1144 Oda, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after a girl's name picked from the German popular calendar Der Lahrer hinkende Bote (de).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006974-0009-0000", "contents": "1144 Oda, Naming\nAs with 913\u00a0Otila, Reinmuth selected names from this calendar due to his many asteroid discoveries that he had trouble thinking of proper names. These names are not related to the discoverer's contemporaries. The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names learned about Reinmuth's source of inspiration from private communications with Dutch astronomer Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld, who worked as a young astronomer at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006976-0000-0000", "contents": "1144 papal election\nThe 1144 papal election followed the death of Pope Celestine II and resulted in the election of Pope Lucius II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006976-0001-0000", "contents": "1144 papal election, Election of Lucius II\nPope Celestine II died on 8 March 1144 at Rome, after a pontificate of only five months. The election of his successor took place in the shadow of this municipal revolution, which opposed the secular rule of the Pope. Celestine II was unable to recover full control over the city of Rome; in addition he had to face also the demands of the king Roger II of Sicily. This problem remained unresolved on his death, because he had refused to confirm the privileges granted to Roger by his predecessor Innocent II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006976-0002-0000", "contents": "1144 papal election, Election of Lucius II\nThe cardinals present at Rome elected Cardinal Gerardo Caccianemici, priest of the titulus of S. Croce in Gerusalemme and former canon regular of S. Frediano di Lucca. The details concerning the place of the election or the exact date of electoral proceedings are not registered. Since the elect was chancellor of the Holy See and close collaborator of both Innocent II and Celestine II, it may be assumed that the cardinals wanted to continue their policy, friendly towards the Empire and hostile towards the king Roger. The elect took the name Lucius II and received episcopal consecration on 12 March 1144.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006976-0003-0000", "contents": "1144 papal election, Cardinal-electors\nThere were probably 39 cardinals in the Sacred College of Cardinals in March 1144. Based on examination of the subscriptions of the papal bulls in 1144 and the available data about the external missions of the cardinals, it is possible to establish that no more than 36 cardinals participated in the election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006976-0004-0000", "contents": "1144 papal election, Cardinal-electors\nTwenty two electors were created by Pope Innocent II, ten by Celestine II, two by Pope Callixtus II and one by Pope Paschalis II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006977-0000-0000", "contents": "11441 Anadiego\n11441 Anadiego, provisional designation 1975 YD, is a stony background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 31 December 1975, by Argentine astronomer Mario R. Cesco at the El Leoncito Complex in western Argentina. It was named in memory of Argentine political activist Ana Diego.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006977-0001-0000", "contents": "11441 Anadiego, Orbit and classification\nAnadiego orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,498 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, the asteroid's observation arc starts with its discovery observation in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006977-0002-0000", "contents": "11441 Anadiego, Physical characteristics\nAnadiego has been characterized as a common S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006977-0003-0000", "contents": "11441 Anadiego, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA rotational lightcurve was obtained for this asteroid by astronomer Kevin Hills at the Australian Riverland Dingo Observatory in February 2013. It gave a rotation period of 3.179\u00b10.001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.11 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006977-0004-0000", "contents": "11441 Anadiego, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Anadiego measures 6.8 and 7.3 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.287 and 0.254, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a lower standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20, and, correspondingly calculates a larger diameter of 8.2 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006977-0005-0000", "contents": "11441 Anadiego, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of Ana Teresa Diego (1954\u20131976), an astronomy student at La Plata Astronomical Observatory and political activist, who was kidnapped and disappeared in September 1976, by unidentified persons believed working for the military junta then ruling Argentina. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center 10 December 2011 (M.P.C. 77501).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006978-0000-0000", "contents": "1145\nYear 1145 (MCXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006979-0000-0000", "contents": "1145 Robelmonte\n1145 Robelmonte, provisional designation 1929 CC, is a Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006979-0001-0000", "contents": "1145 Robelmonte\nIt was discovered on 3 February 1929, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. Through a glitch in the naming process, the asteroid received the name \"Robelmonte\" instead of \"Mimi\" as originally intended by the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006979-0002-0000", "contents": "1145 Robelmonte, Orbit and classification\nRobelmonte is a member of the Vesta family (401), the main-belt's second-largest asteroid family by number of members. Vestian asteroids have a composition akin to the HED meteorites and are thought to have originated deep within 4\u00a0Vesta's crust, possibly from Rheasilvia, a large impact crater on its southern hemisphere near the South pole, formed as a result of a subcatastrophic collision. Vesta is the main belt's second-largest and second-most-massive body after Ceres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006979-0003-0000", "contents": "1145 Robelmonte, Orbit and classification\nRobelmonte  orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,378 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as A915 RN at Simeiz Observatory in September 1915. Its observation arc begins at Algiers Observatory in August 1930, more than a year after its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006979-0004-0000", "contents": "1145 Robelmonte, Physical characteristics\nRobelmonte is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, despite its relatively low albedo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006979-0005-0000", "contents": "1145 Robelmonte, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2016, the best-rated rotational lightcurve of Robelmonte was obtained from photometric observations by the  Spanish amateur astronomer group OBAS (Observadores de Asteroides \u2013 Asteroid Observers). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.002 hours with a brightness variation of 0.13 magnitude (U=3-). Previous observations gave a divergent period of 7.582, 9.01 and 21 hours, respectively (U=2/2/1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006979-0006-0000", "contents": "1145 Robelmonte, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Robelmonte measures between 18.85 and 24.757 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.1046 and 0.16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006979-0007-0000", "contents": "1145 Robelmonte, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a low albedo of 0.0994 and a diameter of 23.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006979-0008-0000", "contents": "1145 Robelmonte, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Robelmont, the birthplace of Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend (Robelmonte is the feminine form). Through an error, the names intended for 1127\u00a0Mimi (wife of Delporte) and 1145\u00a0Robelmonte (birthplace of Arend) had been switched, and each name had been proposed by the discoverer of the other asteroid. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 107).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006980-0000-0000", "contents": "1145 aluminium alloy\n1145 Aluminium alloy is a nearly pure aluminium alloy with minor impurities like copper, manganese, magnesium, zinc, titanium, silicon and iron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006982-0000-0000", "contents": "1145 papal election\nThe 1145 papal election followed the death of Pope Lucius II and resulted in the election of Pope Eugene III, the first pope of the Order of Cistercians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006982-0001-0000", "contents": "1145 papal election, Election of Eugene III\nPope Lucius II, during the whole of his pontificate, had to face the municipal commune at Rome, hostile towards the secular rule of the popes in the Eternal City. The republican faction elected Giordano Pierleoni, brother of the former Antipope Anacletus II, to the post of senator, and demanded that Lucius relinquish all temporal matters into his hands. The pope refused and led a small army against the seat of the commune on Capitol. He was defeated and seriously wounded in this attack, and died on 15 February 1145 in the church of S. Gregorio in clivo scauri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006982-0001-0001", "contents": "1145 papal election, Election of Eugene III\nThe cardinals present at Rome quickly assembled in the church of San Cesareo in Palatio and on the very same day unanimously elected to the papacy Bernardo da Pisa, pupil of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, who was abbot of the Cistercian monastery of S. Anastasio alle Tre Fontane near Rome and probably did not belong to the College of Cardinals. The elect took the name of Eugene III. Due to hostility of the Roman people, his consecration took place in the monastery of Farfa on 18 February 1145.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006982-0002-0000", "contents": "1145 papal election, Cardinal-electors\nThere were probably 40 cardinals in the Sacred College of Cardinals in February 1145. Based on examination of the subscriptions of the papal bulls in 1145 and the available data about the external missions of the cardinals it is possible to establish that no more than 34 cardinals participated in the election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006982-0003-0000", "contents": "1145 papal election, Cardinal-electors\nThirteen electors were created by Pope Innocent II, nine by Celestine II, eleven by Lucius II, one by Pope Callixtus II and one by Pope Paschalis II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006983-0000-0000", "contents": "1146\nYear 1146 (MCXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006984-0000-0000", "contents": "1146 Biarmia\n1146 Biarmia, provisional designation 1929 JF, is a metallic background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 May 1929, by Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named for the Bjarmaland mentioned in Norse sagas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006984-0001-0000", "contents": "1146 Biarmia, Orbit and classification\nBiarmia is not a member of any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 4 months (1,940 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 17\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006984-0002-0000", "contents": "1146 Biarmia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A913 KA at Winchester Observatory (799) in June 1913. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006984-0003-0000", "contents": "1146 Biarmia, Physical characteristics\nBiarmia has been characterized in several observations as a metallic M-type asteroid. In the Tholen classification, it is an X-type asteroid which also includes the M-types as a subgroup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006984-0004-0000", "contents": "1146 Biarmia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThe best-rated rotational lightcurves of Biarmia were obtained from photometric observations at the Etscorn Observatory (719), New Mexico, and at the S.O.S. Observatory (H39) in Minnesota, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.468 and 5.4700 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.22 and 0.20 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006984-0005-0000", "contents": "1146 Biarmia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nOther observations received a lower rating or have since been retracted. Warner's period of 11.514 hours was later revised to 5.33 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006984-0006-0000", "contents": "1146 Biarmia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Biarmia measures between 21.59 and 38.567 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1436 and 0.455.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006984-0007-0000", "contents": "1146 Biarmia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, a stony albedo of 0.2190 and a diameter of 31.14 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.80.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006984-0008-0000", "contents": "1146 Biarmia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the Bjarmaland mentioned in Norse sagas. This legendary territory probably refers to the Russian region around Arkhangelsk on the White Sea near the Finnish border. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 107).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006986-0000-0000", "contents": "1147\nYear 1147 (MCXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006987-0000-0000", "contents": "1147 Stavropolis\n1147 Stavropolis (prov. designation: 1929 LF) is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 11 June 1929, by Georgian\u2013Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.7 hours and measures approximately 14 kilometers (9 miles) in diameter. It was named after the Russian city of Stavropol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006987-0001-0000", "contents": "1147 Stavropolis, Orbit and classification\nStavropolis is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.7\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,250 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at with its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006987-0002-0000", "contents": "1147 Stavropolis, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discover after the Russian city of Stavropol, located in northern Caucasus region. From 1936 to 1946, the city was named \"Woroschilowsk\". The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 107).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006987-0003-0000", "contents": "1147 Stavropolis, Physical characteristics\nIn the Bus\u2013Binzel SMASS classification, Stavropolis is a common stony S-type asteroid, while in the Bus\u2013DeMeo classification, it is an Sw-subtype.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006987-0004-0000", "contents": "1147 Stavropolis, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn September 2001, a rotational lightcurve of Stavropolis was obtained from photometric observations by Americans Larry Robinson and Brian Warner at the Sunflower (739) and Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Kansas and Colorado, respectively. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.66\u00b10.01 hours with a brightness variation of 0.42 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 69], "content_span": [70, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006987-0005-0000", "contents": "1147 Stavropolis, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn October 2015, another lightcurve was obtained by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. It gave a well-defined period of 5.66070\u00b10.00003 hours with an amplitude of 0.32 magnitude (U=3). A 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD), gave a concurring period of 5.66079\u00b10.00001 hours, as well as two spin axes of (78.0\u00b0, \u221250.0\u00b0) and (267.0\u00b0, \u221251.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 69], "content_span": [70, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006987-0006-0000", "contents": "1147 Stavropolis, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Stavropolis measures between 10.94 and 13.898 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.146 and 0.406, while the Japanese Akari satellite found a diameter of 13.92 kilometers with an albedo of 0.145. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 14.89 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006989-0000-0000", "contents": "1148\nYear 1148 (MCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006990-0000-0000", "contents": "1148 Rarahu\n1148 Rarahu, provisional designation 1929 NA and previously also known as 1148 Raraju, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Alexander Deutsch at the Simeiz Observatory in 1929, the asteroid's name was taken from a French novel by Pierre Loti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006990-0001-0000", "contents": "1148 Rarahu, Discovery\nRarahu was discovered on 5 July 1929, by Soviet astronomer Alexander Deutsch at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. On July 28, it was independently discovered by Cyril Jackson and Harry Wood at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006990-0002-0000", "contents": "1148 Rarahu, Orbit and classification\nRarahu is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt, named after its parent body, the asteroid 221\u00a0Eos. The family consists of nearly 10,000 asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006990-0003-0000", "contents": "1148 Rarahu, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,916 days; semi-major axis of 3.02\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A924 OA at Simeiz Observatory on July 1924. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg in July 1929, one week after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006990-0004-0000", "contents": "1148 Rarahu, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Rarahu is a stony S-type asteroid. In the SMASS classification it is a K-type asteroid, which is a refined spectral type to which most members of the Eos family, including the parent body, belong to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006990-0005-0000", "contents": "1148 Rarahu, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBetween 2002 and 2011, three rotational lightcurves of Rarahu were obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomers Ren\u00e9 Roy, Laurent Brunetto and Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 6.5447 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.05 and 0.94 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006990-0006-0000", "contents": "1148 Rarahu, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nThe asteroid's lightcurve has also been modeled several times and gave a concurring period of 6.54448 and 6.54449 hours, respectively. The body's spin axis has also been determined to be at (146.0\u00b0, \u22122.0\u00b0) and (326.0\u00b0, \u22122.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006990-0007-0000", "contents": "1148 Rarahu, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Rarahu measures between 26.311 and 49.11 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.064 and 0.2205.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006990-0008-0000", "contents": "1148 Rarahu, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1393 and a diameter of 33.23 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006990-0009-0000", "contents": "1148 Rarahu, Naming\nThis minor planet's name was taken from the novel Le mariage de Loti (Loti's Marriage; 1880) by French novelist and naval officer Pierre Loti (1850\u20131923). The Polynesian idyll was originally titled \"Rarahu\", which is the Tahitian name for a girl. The official naming citation that already correctly spelled the asteroid's name (see below) was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 107).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006990-0010-0000", "contents": "1148 Rarahu, Naming, Wrong spelling\nIn the original publication, the German journal Astronomische Nachrichten incorrectly spelled this minor planet's name as \"Raraju\" rather than \"Rarahu\", which is the original French spelling, due to an error in the transliteration process from French to Russian and then to German. The officially corrected name was published by the Minor Planet Center on 27 December 1985 (M.P.C. 10194).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006992-0000-0000", "contents": "1149\nYear 1149 (MCXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006993-0000-0000", "contents": "1149 Volga\n1149 Volga, provisional designation 1929 PF, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 55 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 August 1929, by Soviet astronomer Evgenij Skvorcov (a.k.a. Skvortsov) at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after the Volga River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006993-0001-0000", "contents": "1149 Volga, Orbit and classification\nVolga is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,802 days; semi-major axis 2.90\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Simeiz Observatory on 5 August 1929, four nights after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006993-0002-0000", "contents": "1149 Volga, Physical characteristics\nThe Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) characterized Volga as a primitive P-type asteroid, while Pan-STARRS photometric survey found it to be a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006993-0003-0000", "contents": "1149 Volga, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 1984, a rotational lightcurve of Volga was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a somewhat longer-than average rotation period of 27.5 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.26 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006993-0004-0000", "contents": "1149 Volga, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Volga measures between 48.50 and 57.67 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.04.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006993-0005-0000", "contents": "1149 Volga, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0338 and a diameter of 55.57 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.57.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006993-0006-0000", "contents": "1149 Volga, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Volga River, the largest river in Europe and one of the principal ones of Russia. Its name was suggested by the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy in St. Petersburg. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1967 (M.P.C. 2740).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006994-0000-0000", "contents": "114P/Wiseman\u2013Skiff\nIt was discovered by Jennifer Wiseman in January 1987 on two photographic plates that had been taken on December 28, 1986, by Brian A. Skiff of Lowell Observatory. Wiseman and Skiff confirmed the comet on January 19, 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006994-0001-0000", "contents": "114P/Wiseman\u2013Skiff\nComet 114P/Wiseman\u2013Skiff is believed to have been the parent body of a meteor shower on Mars and the source of the first meteor photographed from Mars on March 7, 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006994-0002-0000", "contents": "114P/Wiseman\u2013Skiff\nAphelion is located near the orbit of Jupiter. On February 25, 2043, the comet will pass 0.179\u00a0AU (26.8\u00a0million\u00a0km) from Jupiter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006995-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Armed Police Mobile Division\nThe People's Republic of China's 114th Division is a division of the People's Armed Police. Originally a division of the People's Liberation Army, it is currently designated the People's Armed Police Unit 8640 and is under the direct command of the People's Armed Police Headquarters, forming the People's Armed Police's mechanized response force. Other roles include provision of security for major public events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006995-0001-0000", "contents": "114th Armed Police Mobile Division, History\nOriginally the unit was the 111th Division of the North-East Army which fought against the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War, it was later transferred to the Eighth Route Army's Shandong Military Region, and then again to the North East People's Volunteer Army; the unit was redesignated the 114th on transfer to the 38th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006995-0002-0000", "contents": "114th Armed Police Mobile Division, History\nAs the 114th, under the 38th Army, the division fought as part of the People's Volunteer Army (Chinese People's Volunteers (CPV) or Chinese Communist Forces (CCF)) during the Korean War with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men. At that time it consisted of the 340th, 341st, and 342nd Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006995-0003-0000", "contents": "114th Armed Police Mobile Division, History\nIt fought the Turkish Brigade at the Battle of Wawon, November 27\u201329, 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006995-0004-0000", "contents": "114th Armed Police Mobile Division, History\nThe formation remained for many years with the 38th Group Army in the Shenyang Military Region, as the 114th Mechanized Infantry Division. In 1996, as part of the reform of the People's Liberation Army in the 1990s the 114th (together with 13 other divisions, and some 500,000 personnel) was transferred to the People's Armed Police (PAP), becoming People's Armed Police Unit 8640, and the mechanized reserve of the PAP under the direct control of the PAP headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006995-0005-0000", "contents": "114th Armed Police Mobile Division, History\nThe 114th was chosen to represent the PAP during the 2015 China Victory Day Parade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006995-0006-0000", "contents": "114th Armed Police Mobile Division, History\nAfter the 2017 reform, the division was divided into two detachments (regiment-sized): the 5th Mobile Detachment (garrison Dingzhou, Hebei) and the 6th Mobile Detachment (garrison Baoding, Hebei) under the PAP 1st Mobile Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006996-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Aviation Regiment\nThe 114th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006997-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Battalion (Haldimand), CEF\nThe 114th Battalion (Haldimand), CEF, also known as \"Brock's Rangers,\" was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force. The 114th Battalion was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Britain on 31 October 1916 where, on 11 November 1916, its personnel were absorbed by the 35th and 36th Reserve Battalions, CEF, to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion disbanded on 21 May 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006997-0001-0000", "contents": "114th Battalion (Haldimand), CEF\nThe 114th Battalion advertised itself as \"the Indian Unit\" during active recruiting and in the media, and several other battalions transferred their Indigenous Canadian recruits to the 114th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006997-0002-0000", "contents": "114th Battalion (Haldimand), CEF\nThe battalion recruited in Haldimand County and the Six Nations reserve, and was mobilized at Cayuga, Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006997-0003-0000", "contents": "114th Battalion (Haldimand), CEF\nThe 114th Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. A.T. Thompson from 31 October 1916 to 11 November 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006997-0004-0000", "contents": "114th Battalion (Haldimand), CEF\nThe 114th Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006997-0005-0000", "contents": "114th Battalion (Haldimand), CEF\nThe 114th Battalion (Haldimand), CEF, is perpetuated by the 56th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006998-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 114th Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 38th (Welsh) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006998-0001-0000", "contents": "114th Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe brigade reformed in the Second World War as the 113th Infantry Brigade, formed as a 2nd Line duplicate of 160th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006998-0002-0000", "contents": "114th Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War formation\nThe infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006999-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 114th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 7, 1949, which was two weeks before the beginning of the seventh administrative year of Governor Walter W. Bacon and the third administrative year of Elbert N. Carvel as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006999-0001-0000", "contents": "114th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006999-0002-0000", "contents": "114th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 114th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006999-0003-0000", "contents": "114th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006999-0004-0000", "contents": "114th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007000-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (\u2192\u200etop: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007000-0001-0000", "contents": "114th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 114th Division (\u7b2c114\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuj\u016byon Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was Commander Division (\u5c06\u5175\u56e3, Sho Heidan). It was formed on 12 October 1937 in Utsunomiya, Tochigi as a B-class square division. The nucleus for the formation was the 14th Division headquarters. It was originally subordinated to the Central China Area Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007000-0002-0000", "contents": "114th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), First formation\nIn October 1937 the division was subordinated to the Tenth Army and sent to ongoing Battle of Shanghai. It departed from Osaka 30 October and arrived in Hangzhou Bay on 5 November 1937, spending the next five days unloading, due to faulty landing craft. It also participated in Battle of Nanking in December 1937. In February 1938, the division was transferred to the North China Area Army and participated in the Battle of Xuzhou and Battle of Northern and Eastern Henan. Later performing a garrison duties in the North China, the division was demobilized in July 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007000-0003-0000", "contents": "114th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Second formation\nBecause the 26th and 62nd divisions were sent to Pacific War, the 114th was reformed 10 July 1944 in Linfen, simultaneously with the 115th, 117th and 118th divisions. As a security (class C) division, its backbone consisted of independent infantry battalions, and division lacked an artillery regiment. The nucleus for the formation was the 3rd Independent Infantry Brigade in Yuncheng and 69th division in North China. The unit was originally assigned to the First Army. It then garrisoned the Linfen area of Shanxi along the Tongpu Railroad, taking over all of the 69th Division garrisoned territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007000-0003-0001", "contents": "114th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Second formation\nBy the start of Soviet invasion of Manchuria 9 August 1945, the 114th division was on move in Tianjin. After World War II ended with the surrender of Japan 15 August 1945, a significant fraction of its men have continued to fight under command of the warlord Yan Xishan in the ongoing Chinese Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007001-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States)\nThe 114th Engineer Battalion was an engineer battalion of the United States Army. During World War II, the battalion was attached to the 32nd Infantry Division to replace the 107th Engineer Combat Battalion, which was bound for Ireland. They fought at Papua, New Guinea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007002-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 114th Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the Mississippi Army National Guard. The regiment's 2nd Battalion is the cannon battalion assigned to the 155th Armored Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007003-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Squadron\nThe 114th Fighter Squadron (114 FS) is a unit of the Oregon Air National Guard 173d Fighter Wing located at Kingsley Field Air National Guard Base, Klamath Falls, Oregon. The 114th is equipped with the F-15C Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007003-0001-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was first activated in mid-1942 as the 439th Bombardment Squadron, a B-26 Marauder medium bombardment unit. It trained under Third Air Force in Louisiana. The unit was reassigned to the European Theater of Operations (ETO), being assigned initially to VIII Air Support Command in England in September 1942. The 439th flew several missions over France and Belgium from its base in England during October, then was reassigned to the new Twelfth Air Force in Algeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007003-0002-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nDuring the North African Campaign, the squadron engaged in tactical bomb strikes of enemy targets, primarily in eastern Algeria and Tunisia, including railroads, airfields, harbor installations, and enemy shipping along the Mediterranean Coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007003-0003-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron returned to French Morocco in March 1943, then returned to combat in June 1943, attacking enemy targets on Italian islands in the Mediterranean, including Sicily, Sardinia, and Pantelleria. From bases in Algeria and Tunisia, the unit supported the Allied invasion of Italy, bombing bridges and marshalling yards during the late summer and early autumn of 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007003-0004-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nIn November, it moved to Sardinia, to strike Axis targets in central Italy. Early in 1944, the squadron supported Allied ground forces as they advanced in the Cassino and Anzio areas. Later in the year, the group attacked German supply lines in northern Italy, bombing bridges, marshalling yards, and roads. During the summer, it bombed bridges over the Po River in northern Italy to block the stream of German supplies and reinforcements going southward. The unit supported the invasion of southern France in August 1944 by attacking coastal batteries, radar stations, and bridges. From Corsica, it hit railroad bridges in Northern Italy and late in the year attacked railroad lines through the Brenner Pass that connected Germany and Austria with Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007003-0005-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nIn January 1945, the squadron returned to the United States, where it began to train with A-26 aircraft for operations in the Pacific Theater of Operations. Between May and July 1945, it moved by ship to Okinawa, and on 16 July the squadron flew its first mission against Japan. From then until the end of the fighting in early August, the squadron attacked enemy targets such as airfields and industrial centers on Ky\u016bsh\u016b and the occupied Shanghai area of China, and shipping around the Ryukyu Islands and in the East China Sea. In November and December 1945 the squadron returned to the United States and was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007003-0006-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard\nThe squadron was initially allotted to the Oregon Air National Guard on 24 May 1946 and redesignated the 114th Bombardment Squadron, Light. It was transferred to the New York National Guard and received federal recognition on 26 June 1946 The 114th Bombardment Squadron was equipped with B-26 Invader light bombers and assigned to the 106th Bombardment Group at Floyd Bennett Field, Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007003-0007-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard\nWhen the Korean War broke out in June 1950, the entire 106th Bombardment Group was federalized and brought to active duty. The group was moved to March Air Force Base, California and assigned to Fifteenth Air Force of Strategic Air Command (SAC). It was assigned B-29 Superfortress medium bombers, and the mission of the 106th Bomb Group was the training of reservists to backfill rotating B-29 combat crews serving on Okinawa. The Group served with SAC until returning to New York state control on 1 December 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007003-0008-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard\nUpon return to Floyd Bennett Field, the 114th again was equipped with B-26s and resumed training with its light bombers and flew them until its conversion to an air defense fighter unit in 1956. Under Air Defense Command, the 106th Fighter-Interceptor Group initially received Lockheed F-94A Starfires and in 1957 the North American F-86D Sabre Interceptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007003-0009-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard\nThe State of New York was notified by Headquarters, United States Air Force on 26 September 1957 that support for the 114th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron would be ended due to fiscal constraints. Despite protests from the Governor of New York State that this was in violation of the law with respect to State militia units, the Air Force eventually prevailed and the 114th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was inactivated on 30 September 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007003-0010-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard\nThe 8123d Fighter-Interceptor Training Squadron was organized by the Oregon Air National Guard at Kingsley Field, Oregon in January 1983 as an F-4C Phantom II Formal Training Unit for the interceptor pilots of the 123d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Portland International Airport. On 1 October 1983 the unit was organized and federally recognized by the National Guard Bureau as the 114th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, with the 114th designation being transferred back to the Oregon Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007003-0011-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard\nWith the phaseout of the F-4C from the inventory in the late 1980s, the 114th was re-equipped with the F-16A/B block 15 Air Defense Fighter and continued its mission as a Formal Training Unit. On 1 April 1996, the 173d Fighter Wing was formed at Kingsley AGB as a host organization and parent unit for the 114th Fighter Squadron when the unit was authorized to expand, with the 114th being transferred from the 142d Fighter Wing at Portland to the new Wing at Kingsley ANGB. Along with the 114th FS, the 173d consists of the 173d Operations Group; 173d Maintenance Group, 173d Mission Support Group and 173d Medical Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007003-0012-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard\nWith the 123d Fighter Squadron flying F-15 Eagles, the F-16As were retired in the late 1990s as their service life was ending. The squadron began receiving F-15A/B Eagles in 1998. Was upgraded to the F-15C/D Eagle in 2004, continuing its mission as an ANG interceptor training unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007004-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Wing\nThe 114th Fighter Wing (114 FW) is a unit of the South Dakota Air National Guard, stationed at Joe Foss Field Air National Guard Station, Sioux Falls, South Dakota. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007004-0001-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Wing\nThe wing is an Air Combat Command gained F-16C/D Fighting Falcon wing which deploys worldwide and executes fighter sorties to destroy enemy forces with conventional munitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007004-0002-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Wing, History\nOn 16 April 1956, the South Dakota Air National Guard 175th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 114th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 175th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 114th Headquarters, 114th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 114th Combat Support Squadron, and the 114th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007004-0003-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Wing, History\nDuring the 1950s and 1960s, the unit was upgraded by ADC as newer interceptors became available to the Air National Guard. F-89 Scorpions were received in 1958 and  F-102A Delta Dagger supersonic aircraft in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007004-0004-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1970, Aerospace Defense Command was reducing the CONUS interceptor force, as the chances of a bomber attack by the Soviet Union seemed remote in the age of Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM). The Group was transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC) on 23 May 1970 and was re-designated as the 114th Tactical Fighter Group. The 175th Tactical Fighter Squadron began receiving F-100 Super Sabre tactical fighters that were being withdrawn from service in the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007004-0005-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nNews was received in March 1976 of the replacement of the unit's F-100D aircraft with A-7D Corsair II jets. The last Super Sabres left Joe Foss Field in June 1977. In 1979, the unit began a 12-year era of participation in Operation Coronet Cove at Howard AFB providing for defense of the Panama Canal. Both aircrew and support personnel were extended there in the summer of 1979 during the Nicaraguan crisis. The unit was awarded the Armed Forces Expeditionary Streamer for combat duty as a part of Operation Just Cause during 1989\u20131990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007004-0006-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nTactical Air Command began retiring the A-7D in the late 1980s, with units being transitioned from the A-7D/K to the F-16C/D block 30. The first F-16 to arrive with the 175th Fighter Squadron was on 14 August 1991. In June 1993 the squadron deployed eight aircraft to Brustem AB, Belgium as Coronet DART for the European exercise Central Enterprise 1993. In December 1993 the squadron deployed again, this time for their first combat deployment with the F-16. Stationed at Incirlik AB, Turkey the squadron flew missions over Northern Iraq to guard the no-fly zone to protect Kurdish refugees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007004-0007-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nCombat patrol missions were flown over the northern \"No Fly\" zone of Iraq from December 1993 to January 1994. The 114th Fighter Group was re-designated as the 114th Fighter Wing in October 1995. The unit subsequently supported Operation Northern Watch, based out of Turkey in 1995 and 2002, and Operation Southern Watch based out of Kuwait in 1998 and Saudi Arabia in 2001. The Fighting Lobos were also deployed to Belgium, Singapore, the Netherlands Antilles and Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007004-0008-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nA new chapter was opened in the history of the Air National Guard with the terrorist attacks on America on 11 September 2001. In addition to the unit's ongoing tasking as part of the Air Expeditionary Force (AEF), unit members were also activated to support Operation Noble Eagle within the United States and Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF). OIF deployments during the 2000s included three to Balad AB, Iraq (October\u2013December 2006; June\u2013September 2008; January\u2013April 2010. Unit members also deployed to the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordan, Cyprus, Pakistan, Romania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Turkey, Spain, France and Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007004-0009-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nOn 25 October 2005 an F-16 of the unit was attempting to take fuel from a KC-10 Extender, when the boom operator's accidental oscillation caused damages to both aircraft, which were able to land safely. The jet suffered more than $930,000 of damage, an unusual accident for a squadron that has enjoyed a tremendous safety record. In 2007, the squadron received the National Guard Bureau\u2019s Winston P. Wilson Trophy, an annual award for the most outstanding Air National Guard unit. The squadron won the trophy again in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007004-0010-0000", "contents": "114th Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe 2005 Base Realignment and Closure committee recommended that the 175th Fighter Squadron retire its older block 30 F-16s and upgrade to the block 40. The first F-16C block 30 to depart was 'Cujo' aircraft (#85-1434), which occurred on 7 May 2010 with destination AMARG. Over the next five months they received block 40 vipers from all three squadrons at Hill AFB, Utah which were largely as a result of the closure of the 34th Fighter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007005-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Guards Airborne Division\nThe 114th Guards Airborne Division was a Red Army airborne division. It was first formed as the 14th Guards Airborne Division. In December 1944, it was converted to the 114th Guards Rifle Division and became an airborne unit again in June 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007005-0001-0000", "contents": "114th Guards Airborne Division, History\nIn September 1944, the second formation of the 14th Guards Airborne Division was created from the 202nd Airborne Brigade in the Moscow Military District, part of the 39th Guards Airborne Corps. On 25 December, it was converted to infantry and became the 114th Guards Rifle Division. Its first commander was Vasily Polikarpovich Ivanov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007005-0002-0000", "contents": "114th Guards Airborne Division, History\nOn 10 January 1945, the 39th Guards Rifle Corps was transferred to Hungary. During Operation Spring Awakening, the division created defensive positions on the eastern bank of the Danube from Dunavecse to R\u00e1ckeve. On 23 March, the division captured P\u00e1pa, for which it was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. It was on the Austrian border by 1 April and captured Zillingdorf. The division attacked on the corps' right flank during the Vienna Offensive. After the capture of Vienna, the division fought in the Prague Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007005-0003-0000", "contents": "114th Guards Airborne Division, History\nAfter the end of World War II, the division returned to the Belorussian Military District. From 15 June to 1 July 1946, the division was converted into the 114th Guards Airborne Division at Borovukha in Vitebsk Oblast. In October 1948, it became part of the 8th Guards Airborne Corps. On 4 April 1956, the division was disbanded. The 350th Guards Airborne Regiment and the 357th Guards Airborne Regiment became part of the 103rd Guards Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007005-0004-0000", "contents": "114th Guards Airborne Division, Composition\nThe 114th Guards Rifle Division was composed of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 114th Illinois Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Illinois that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Formed in September 1862, the regiment served in Ulysses S. Grant's Central Mississippi campaign, in the Vicksburg campaign, at Brices Cross Roads, at Tupelo, in the 1864 Missouri campaign, at Nashville, and at Spanish Fort. At Nashville, the unit participated in the decisive attack on Shy's Hill. In 1865, the regiment was reassigned as pontoniers. The regiment was mustered out in August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0001-0000", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Formation\nThe 114th Illinois organized at Camp Butler near Springfield, Illinois and mustered into federal service on 18 September 1862. The original field officers were Colonel James W. Judy of Tallula, Lieutenant Colonel John F. King of Clear Lake, and Major Joseph M. McLane of Cass County. Judy resigned on 4 August 1863 and King assumed command of the regiment, without being promoted to colonel. King resigned on 7 December 1864 and McLane assumed command as major. McLane died on 16 February 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0001-0001", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Formation\nSamuel N. Shoup of Springfield was promoted lieutenant colonel in command and John M. Johnson of Beardstown was promoted major on 22 March 1865. Initially, there was 1 adjutant, 1 quartermaster, 1 surgeon, 2 assistant surgeons, 1 chaplain, 3 sergeant majors, 2 quartermaster sergeants, 1 commissary sergeant, 2 hospital stewards, and 4 musicians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0002-0000", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Vicksburg and Jackson\nThe 114th Illinois Infantry left Camp Butler and moved to Memphis, Tennessee on 8\u201316 November 1862. The regiment was assigned to the 5th Brigade, 5th Division, Right Wing, XIII Corps, Army of the Tennessee in November. The unit remained on picket duty until 26 November when it embarked on Grant's Central Mississippi campaign. The unit transferred to the 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIII Corps in December 1862. Brigadier General Ralph Pomeroy Buckland led the 3rd Brigade and Brigadier General James W. Denver commanded the 1st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0002-0001", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Vicksburg and Jackson\nThe regiment was assigned to the 3rd Brigade, 8th Division, XVI Corps in January\u2013April 1863. The 114th Illinois reached College Hill, Mississippi (north of Oxford) on 4 December. It stayed there until 23 December when it retreated to Jackson, Tennessee, arriving on 8 January 1863 after a hard march. Buckland led the 3rd Brigade, Brigadier Generals Leonard Fulton Ross and (later) John E. Smith led the 8th Division, and Major General Stephen A. Hurlbut commanded the XVI Corps. Colonel Judy was in temporary command of the brigade from 12 February to 3 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0003-0000", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Vicksburg and Jackson\nAfter being on duty in Jackson until 9 February 1863, the 114th Illinois moved to Memphis where it guarded the Memphis and Charleston Railroad. On 17 March the regiment boarded river transports at Memphis and traveled down the Mississippi River to Young's Point, Louisiana, arriving on 2 April. The unit camped at Duckport, Louisiana, until 2 May when it joined the Vicksburg campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0003-0001", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Vicksburg and Jackson\nDuring the campaign, the 114th Illinois under Colonel Judy was in Brigadier General Ralph Pomeroy Buckland's and (later) Colonel William L. McMillen's 1st Brigade, Brigadier General James M. Tuttle's 3rd Division, Major General William Tecumseh Sherman's XV Corps, Grant's Army of the Tennessee. The regiment marched from Grand Gulf to Jackson, Mississippi on 2\u201314 May. It fought in the Battle of Jackson on 14 May, sustaining losses of 5 men killed and wounded. The Siege of Vicksburg cost the unit 20 men killed and wounded. During the successful siege, which ended on 4 July, the regiment participated in an expedition to Mechanicsburg from 26 May to 4 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0004-0000", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Vicksburg and Jackson\nThe 114th Illinois participated in the Jackson Expedition from 4\u201319 July 1863. There was a skirmish at Birdsong Ferry on the Big Black River on 4\u20136 July. The siege of Jackson on 10\u201317 July ended with the retreat and pursuit of Joseph Johnston's Confederate forces which ended at Brandon Station on 19 July. The regiment lost 7 men killed and wounded during the expedition. The unit returned to Vicksburg where it performed picket duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0004-0001", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Vicksburg and Jackson\nOn 3 September, the regiment was ordered to Oak Ridge where Confederate partisans captured 2 enlisted men and killed Second Lieutenant Joseph A. McClure on 2 October. On 14\u201320 October, the 114th Illinois participated in an expedition in the direction of Canton including an action at Bogue Chitto Creek on 17 October. The regiment boarded river transports on 20 November to travel upriver to Memphis. From 26 November 1862 to 5 February 1864, the unit performed provost duty at Memphis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0005-0000", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Brices Cross Roads and Tupelo\nFrom January to June 1864, the 114th Illinois was assigned to the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XVI Corps. The regiment participated in an expedition to the Tallahatchie River on 5\u201319 February. There were skirmishes at Coldwater Ferry on 8 February, Senatobia on 8\u20139 February, and Wyatt's on the Tallahatchie on 13 February. This expedition enabled Brigadier General William Sooy Smith's cavalry command to cross the Tallahatchie upstream at New Albany. This was followed by provost duty at Memphis. On 30 April, the regiment went on a hard-marching expedition led by Brigadier General Samuel D. Sturgis from Memphis to Ripley, Mississippi that lasted until 9 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0006-0000", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Brices Cross Roads and Tupelo\nThe 114th Illinois formed part of the 1st Brigade in Sturgis' expedition to Guntown, Mississippi on 1\u201313 June 1864. Sherman knew the success of his Atlanta campaign depended on keeping Confederate Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest's cavalry from disrupting the Union-controlled railroad between Nashville and Chattanooga, Tennessee. In fact, Forrest's cavalry was headed into Tennessee for a raid at the beginning of June when he was called back to oppose Sturgis. The Union column consisted of 4,800 infantry, 3,300 cavalry, 400 gunners, and 22 cannons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0006-0001", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Brices Cross Roads and Tupelo\nForrest calculated that his forces could defeat the Union cavalry before it could be supported by the later-arriving infantry. Forrest believed that his cavalry would then beat the Union infantry after it arrived exhausted by a forced march in the summer heat. The Confederate general assumed that the wooded country would hide his inferior numbers from his enemies. The Battle of Brices Cross Roads on 10 June unfolded as Forrest had planned and Sturgis' troops were routed. Union casualties numbered 2,612 men, 18 cannons, and 250 wagons while the Confederates counted 493 killed and wounded. The 114th Illinois went into battle with 397 men and lost 205 men killed, wounded, and missing. Three officers were wounded and two were captured, and the assistant surgeon was killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0007-0000", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Brices Cross Roads and Tupelo\nAfter the fiasco at Brices Cross Roads, Sherman feared that Forrest would mount a raid against his supply line in middle Tennessee. At this time, a force led by Major General Andrew Jackson Smith reached Memphis and Sherman determined to use it against Forrest. From June to December 1864, the 114th Illinois was assigned to the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XVI Corps. On 5\u201321 July, the regiment joined Smith's expedition to Tupelo, Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0007-0001", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Brices Cross Roads and Tupelo\nThe fighting included a clash at Camargo's Cross Roads on 13 July, the Battle of Tupelo on 14\u201315 July, and an action at Old Town Creek on 15 July. Smith's column included 14,000 men and 24 guns. To oppose him, the Confederates under Forrest and Lieutenant General Stephen D. Lee scraped together 9,000 troops and 20 guns. On the morning of 13 July, Smith outmaneuvered the Confederates and suddenly marched toward Tupelo. Discovering the move, Forrest's cavalry attacked the Union column but was repulsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0007-0002", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Brices Cross Roads and Tupelo\nThat day, the 114th Illinois helped drive off one attack and was commended by its brigade commander. On 14 July, Smith's troops repelled repeated Confederate assaults on its ridgetop position. The next day, after Smith withdrew toward Memphis, Forrest attacked again at Old Town Creek but was driven off. During the various actions, Smith's column sustained 714 casualties while the Confederates reported 1,326 killed and wounded. The 114th Illinois suffered 40 casualties during the expedition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0008-0000", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Nashville and Mobile\nThe 114th Illinois went on Smith's expedition to Oxford, Mississippi on 1\u201330 August 1864, including actions on the Tallahatchie River on 7\u20139 August and at Abbeville on 23 August. The regiment moved to DeValls Bluff, Arkansas, on 2 September. The unit took part in the pursuit of Price's Missouri Expedition from 24 September to 16 November 1864. In September, the regiment camped at Brownsville, Arkansas. From there, the unit marched to Cape Girardeau, Missouri in 17 days while on 10 day's rations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0008-0001", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Nashville and Mobile\nOn 6 October, the soldiers boarded river transports and traveled to Jefferson City, then took the railroad as far as Otterville. From Otterville they marched to Kansas City. Ordered to report to St. Louis, the regiment reached there on 15 November. During the Missouri campaign, Lieutenant Colonel King was ill and Major McLean led the regiment  From there, the unit traveled to Nashville on 24\u201330 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0009-0000", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Nashville and Mobile\nFrom December 1864 to February 1865, the 114th Illinois formed part of the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Detachment Army of the Tennessee, Army of the Cumberland. At the Battle of Nashville on 15\u201316 December 1864, the 114th Illinois was commanded by Captain John M. Johnson and belonged to McMillen's 1st Brigade, Brigadier General John McArthur's 1st Division, Smith's Army of the Tennessee Detachment, Major General George Henry Thomas's Army of the Cumberland. On the first day, Thomas planned to use Smith's troops for his main assault against the Confederate left flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0009-0001", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Nashville and Mobile\nHowever, an early morning fog caused the attack to be badly delayed. At 2:15 pm, Brigadier General Edward Hatch ordered Colonel Datus Coon's dismounted cavalry brigade to attack Redoubt No. 5. Seeing this, McArthur sent McMillen's brigade to attack the same objective. The redoubt with its two cannons was quickly captured, but it soon came under fire from Redoubt No. 4 to the north. McArthur sent his 2nd Brigade to charge Redoubt No. 4. Hatch, Coon, and McMillen had the same idea and their winded men made a second rush. After a struggle, Redoubt No. 4 with four cannons was also overrun. Soon McArthur's 3rd Brigade assaulted Redoubts No. 2 and 3, which were also seized. When other Union formations joined the attack, the Confederate position crumbled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0010-0000", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Nashville and Mobile\nThat evening, Lieutenant General John Bell Hood managed to rally his Confederate army in a new position farther back with both flanks anchored on hills. On 16 December there were again maddening delays getting the Union assault organized. Major General John Schofield, commander of the Union XXXIII Corps, which was now on Smith's right flank, was convinced that he was about to be attacked and refused to budge. McArthur observed that the Confederate positions on Shy's Hill were weak and not sited on the military crest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0010-0001", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Nashville and Mobile\nUnable to get Major General Darius N. Couch to cooperate with him in an assault, at 2:30 pm McArthur ordered McMillen's brigade to move 500\u00a0yd (457\u00a0m) to its right, across the front of Couch's XXIII Corps division. There was another delay getting Cogswell's Battery Illinois Light Artillery resupplied with ammunition, but just before 4:00 pm, McMillen's brigade started its attack. McMillen's 1,500 men stormed Shy's Hill and, after a savage melee, broke the Confederate line. McMillen's troops captured 85 officers, 1,533 men, 4 colors, and 8 cannons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0010-0002", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Nashville and Mobile\nWith its front torn open, the Confederate army collapsed as McArthur's remaining two brigades and other divisions joined the assault. One of McMillen's Illinois soldiers recorded that when the men realized what they had done, they were, \"shouting, yelling, and acting like maniacs for a while\". As the 114th Illinois advanced from Shy's Hill, it came upon a well-stocked smokehouse which the men proceeded to plunder. \"The lady of the house courageous and with a long board smites ye Yanks right and left making several ears ring,\" wrote one soldier. \"The boys yell but let her pound at will.\" The regiment lost 15 men killed and wounded at Nashville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0011-0000", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Nashville and Mobile\nThe 114th Illinois participated in the pursuit of the defeated Confederate army on 17\u201328 December 1864. After marching to Clifton, Tennessee, the regiment traveled on river transports to Eastport, Mississippi, where it was reassigned as XVI Corps pontoniers. The troops stayed in Eastport until 9 February 1865 when they were ordered to New Orleans, which they reached on 22 February. The unit boarded an ocean-going steamer at Lake Ponchartrain bound for the Mobile campaign. It reached the area on 23 March, after staging at Dauphin Island on 3 March. During the campaign, the 114th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0011-0001", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Nashville and Mobile\nIllinois Pontoniers under Major Johnson were assigned directly to XVI Corps under A. J. Smith. The unit was present at the Battle of Spanish Fort which was evacuated by its Confederate garrison on the night of 8 April 1865. The regiment was ordered to attack Forts Tracy and Huger in pontoon boats but the Confederate garrisons already abandoned both positions. After Mobile surrendered, the unit marched to Montgomery, Alabama, reaching there on 24 April. The 114th Illinois spanned the Alabama River with a pontoon bridge and remained guarding it until 17 July, when the unit was ordered to Vicksburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0012-0000", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History, Nashville and Mobile\nThe 114th Illinois mustered out of federal service on 3 August 1865. The soldiers reached Camp Butler on 7 August and received their final pay and discharge on 15 August. The regiment lost 2 officers and 45 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded, while 4 officers and 159 enlisted men died by disease, for a total of 210 deaths. Altogether 1,613 officers and enlisted men served in the regiment during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007006-0013-0000", "contents": "114th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Reactivation\nThe 114th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment Reactivated is a non-profit organization. The purpose of the organization is to \"foster patriotism, the Lincoln tradition and the historic past of the United States and the State of Illinois\". Members of the 114th Illinois Reactivated perform functions that are patriotic, ceremonial, civic, athletic and charitable. On 10 January 1969, the 114th was proclaimed to be reactivated by Governor Samuel H. Shapiro of Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007007-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe  114th Infantry Regiment is an Infantry regiment of the New Jersey Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007007-0001-0000", "contents": "114th Infantry Regiment (United States), Campaign Participation, World War II -- EAME\nCompany B (Freehold) and Company D (Freehold), 1st Battalion, each additionally entitled to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007007-0002-0000", "contents": "114th Infantry Regiment (United States), Decorations\nCompany B (Freehold) and Company D (Woodstown), 1st Battalion, each entitled to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007007-0003-0000", "contents": "114th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nDescription/Blazon A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Argent, a saltire Azure, in chief a Taeguk of the last (Azure) and gray (the shoulder sleeve insignia of the 29th Division) and in base a four-leafed clover of the second (Azure) (the badge of the 3rd Division of the 2nd Corps, 1898). Attached above the shield from a wreath Argent and Azure a lion's head erased Or collared four fusils Gules. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Gold scroll inscribed \"IN OMNIA PARATUS\" in Blue letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007007-0004-0000", "contents": "114th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is white, the old Infantry color. The blue saltire cross represents service in the Civil War, the blue four-leafed clover in the Spanish\u2013American War and the blue and gray Taeguk in World War I. The motto is the motto of the old 3rd New Jersey Infantry and translates to \"Prepared in All Things.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007007-0005-0000", "contents": "114th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 114th Infantry Regiment on 29 May 1925. It was amended to correct the wording in the description of the shield on 11 June 1925. The insignia was amended to include the crest on 3 July 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007007-0006-0000", "contents": "114th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe shield is blue for the Infantry; the white saltire cross commemorates the service of the old regiment in the Civil War and the silver oak tree the service in World War I (Argonne Forest).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007007-0007-0000", "contents": "114th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe crest is that of the New Jersey Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007008-0000-0000", "contents": "114th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht)\n114th J\u00e4ger Division (German: 114. J\u00e4ger-Division) was a light infantry division of the German Army in World War II. It was formed in April 1943, following the reorganization and redesignation of the 714th Infantry Division. The 714th Division had been formed in May 1941, and transferred to Yugoslavia to conduct anti-partisan and Internal security operations. It was involved in Operation Delphin which was an anti-partisan operation in Croatia that took place between 15 November and 1 December 1943. The objective of the mission was to destroy the Partisan elements on the Dalmatian islands off central Dalmatia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007008-0001-0000", "contents": "114th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe division was transferred to Italy in January 1944, to reinforce the Anzio front. It was destroyed in combat in that theater in April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007008-0002-0000", "contents": "114th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Background\nThe main purpose of the German j\u00e4ger divisions was to fight in adverse terrain where smaller, coordinated formations were more facilely combat capable than the brute force offered by the standard infantry divisions. The j\u00e4ger divisions were more heavily equipped than mountain division, but not as well armed as a larger infantry formation. In the early stages of the war, they were the interface divisions fighting in rough terrain and foothills as well as urban areas, between the mountains and the plains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007008-0002-0001", "contents": "114th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Background\nThe j\u00e4gers (it means hunters in German), relied on a high degree of training and slightly superior communications, as well as their not inconsiderable artillery support. In the middle stages of the war, as the standard infantry divisions were downsized, the J\u00e4ger structure of divisions with two infantry regiments, became the standard table of organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007008-0003-0000", "contents": "114th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Background\nThe 114th J\u00e4ger Division was implicated in a war crime in the village of Filetto di Camarda, when seventeen men were shot in retaliation for the killing of four German soldiers on 7 June 1944 and parts of the village were burned down. The officer in command at the time was Matthias Defregger, who became a bishop in Munich after the war and was forced to resign when investigations of the killing were reopened in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007008-0004-0000", "contents": "114th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Background\nThe division has been implicated in the Madonna dell'Albero massacre, Emilia-Romagna, on 27 November 1944, when 56 civilians were executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007008-0005-0000", "contents": "114th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Background\nThe division also took part in the shooting of forty civilians in Gubbio on 22 June 1944, in reprisal for a partisan attack on two officers, one of whom was killed, the other wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007008-0006-0000", "contents": "114th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Background\nThis formation was one of those singled out in exhibit UK-66, the British report on German reprisals for Partisan activities in Italy at the International Military Tribunal war crimes trial in Nuremberg:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007008-0007-0000", "contents": "114th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Background\nEvidence has been found to show that a large number of the atrocities in Italy were committed by the Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann G\u00f6ring, 1st Parachute Division, 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division and the 114th J\u00e4ger Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 114th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment (114th LAA Rgt), was an air defence unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery during World War II. It landed on D-Day and saw action throughout the campaign in North West Europe, defending the vital port of Antwerp against Parachute mines and V-1 flying bombs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0001-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin\nThe regiment was formed in January 1942 from the short-lived 91st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery which had only been raised in the previous March as part of the rapid expansion of Britain's Anti- Aircraft (AA) defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0002-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 91st Searchlight Regiment\n91st S/L Regiment was formed in 3rd AA Brigade at Belfast in Northern Ireland. Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was formed on 25 March 1941 at 3rd AA Bde's HQ at Orangefield House and began assembling in April at Rathgael House, Bangor, County Down, under the command of Lt-Col Nigel Hoare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0002-0001", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 91st Searchlight Regiment\nIt received a draft of newly commissioned officers from 133rd (AA) Officer Cadet Training Unit at Shrivenham, and in the first week of May the batteries (which had all been formed on 16 January) began arriving from various AA training regiments and were deployed to their sites; 552nd S/L Bty deployed directly from 237th S/L Training Rgt at nearby Holywood. The new unit had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0003-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 91st Searchlight Regiment\nNigel Walter Hoare (1902\u20131988) was a member of the Hoare banking family and had been commissioned into the Essex Group AA Searchlight Companies, Royal Engineers, in the Territorial Army in 1925.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0004-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 91st Searchlight Regiment\nBelfast was raided several times while the regiment was forming (the Belfast Blitz); thereafter there were only rare incursions by enemy aircraft over Northern Ireland. The searchlights were deployed in clusters, but towards the end of 1941 this arrangement was changed, and the lights in Northern Ireland were redeployed singly to form a 'killer belt' to assist night-fighters. This system required fewer lights, and in November 1941 Anti- Aircraft Command decided that 91st S/L Rgt would be converted to the Light Anti- Aircraft (LAA) gun role. In December the batteries went to Holywood, where they were retrained by what was now 237th LAA Training Rgt, and surplus manpower was drafted to other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0005-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nThe official conversion took place on 12 January 1942, when 549, 550, 552 and 553 S/L Btys were redesignated 372, 373, 374 and 375 LAA Btys respectively. After attending 17th LAA Practice Camp at Ballykinlar Camp, County Down, the new regiment, still under the command of Lt-Col Hoare, embarked for Fleetwood in Lancashire. Here it deployed to relieve 76th LAA Rgt at sites across Lancashire, with RHQ at Milnthorpe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 95], "content_span": [96, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0005-0001", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nThe regiment was under the command of 70th AA Bde in 4th AA Division, but in May it transferred to 31st (North Midland) AA Bde of 10th AA Division in Yorkshire, with 372 Bty detached to 65th AA Bde covering Humberside. On the night of 29/30 May, assisted by searchlights, A Troop of 372 Bty at Grimsby engaged 13 enemy aircraft, and a detachment of C Trp at a site in Hull also engaged one aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 95], "content_span": [96, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0006-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nIn July 1942, 114th LAA Rgt provided a cadre of experienced men to form a new 483rd LAA Bty at 212th LAA Training Rgt at Saighton Camp, then on 6 October the whole of 374 LAA Bty left to join a new 142nd LAA Rgt that was being formed nearby at Lotherton Hall. The rest of 114th LAA Rgt's batteries handed their gunsites over to 142nd LAA Rgt and left for battle training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 95], "content_span": [96, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0007-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobile training\nIn July 1942, 114th had opened a regimental school for mobile LAA operations, but it was hampered by the lack of motor vehicles. In November and December that year the regiment underwent formal mobile training under 11th AA Bde at Leigh-on-Sea. It then moved to South Collingham in Nottinghamshire to take over operational commitments under 50th AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0008-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobile training\nHowever, on 12 January 1943, the regiment was instructed to join 75th AA Bde at Ipswich. This was not part of AA Command but one of the mobile formations in Home Forces training for the planned invasion of Europe (Operation Overlord). The regiment began taking part in field training exercises in various parts of the country and was formally mobilised on 30 March. Each battery of a mobile LAA regiment consisted of three Troops equipped with six towed Bofors 40 mm guns using 'Stiffkey Stick' sights. The following month it came under the command of the newly formed 80th AA Brigade at Blandford Camp in Dorset. As a mobile unit, 114th LAA Rgt now had its own Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) workshop, which joined in May 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0009-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobile training\nThe regiment established its HQ at Arthurlie Barracks at Barrhead in Scotland in July, to which it returned after periodic training exercises simulating assault landings on a hostile shore. Towards the end of 1943 the regiment moved to join 80th AA Bde HQ at Oxted and Limpsfield in Surrey. In December 1943\u2013January 1944 it carried out user trials at No 16 AA Practice Camp at Clacton-on-Sea on self-propelled (SP) Bofors 40\u00a0mm guns mounted on Crusader tank chassis. In February 1944 it began to receive this new equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0010-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobile training\nBy now, 80th AA Bde HQ and 114th LAA Rgt had moved to Southampton, and in April the regiment moved again to Stroud Park at Broadbridge Heath in West Sussex before going to its invasion marshalling areas in late May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0011-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nFor the Normandy landings, 80th AA Brigade was assigned to support I Corps landing on Juno and Sword Beaches, while 76th AA Brigade supported XXX Corps on Gold Beach. The leading elements were to land with the assault waves on D-Day itself (6 June). Light AA defence was emphasised at the start of the operation, since low-level attack by Luftwaffe aircraft was considered the most likely threat. The LAA regiments involved in the initial landings were on minimum scales of equipment, to be brought up to strength by parties arriving later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0012-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nThe leading units were formed into AA Assault Groups, and Lt-Col Hoare with RHQ of 114th LAA Rgt took charge of 'O' AA Assault Group landing on Mike Sector of Juno Beach under the command of 3rd Canadian Division. The Crusader-mounted guns would each tow a conventional Bofors gun ashore. The assault group also included elements of 93rd LAA Rgt equipped with the new 20 mm Polsten gun in triple mountings on Crusader tank chassis towing equipment trailers, and part of 86th (Honourable Artillery Company) Heavy AA Rgt equipped with towed 3.7-inch guns:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0013-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\n375/114 LAA Bty was assigned to the neighbouring 'P' AA Assault Group under RHQ of 86th HAA Rgt landing at Nan Sector. Between them, the two batteries of 114th LAA Rgt deployed 30 Bofors guns (of which 12 were SP tracked) on Juno beach. Meanwhile, 373/114 Bty and C Trp 372/114 Bty (24 SP Bofors) were assigned to 76th AA Bde landing at Gold Beach", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0014-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nThe AA units at Juno experienced serious problems on 6 June, with heavy losses in landing craft on the run in, and landing while hard fire-fights were continuing to establish a firm beachhead. Batteries were badly split up, some detachments being separated from their guns. The reconnaissance party of 114th LAA's H Trp landed in Nan Red Sector about 09.00 when the beach was still under heavy mortar fire and cross machine gun fire. A G Troop gun tractor received a direct hit from a mortar and was burnt out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0014-0001", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nThe party gathered under the cliff and decided that it was impossible to land the guns. Lance-Bombardier \"Jock\" Alexander Wentworth volunteered to report the situation to the battery commander on Nan White beach. This entailed a journey of 1(1\u20442) miles along the enemy-held shore, which was mined and under fire, and he had to wade part of the way. Having reported to 375 LAA Bty HQ, he then returned under fire with orders to bring H troop round to Nan White where the guns were successfully landed. Wentworth was awarded a Military Medal (MM) for this exploit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0015-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nThere were greater delays at Mike sector; the guns of B Trp landed at 16.15 and went into action on the beach because the dunes and approaches were mined. Their crews helped to rescue men from burning landing craft at the edge of the water. A Troop's guns were in the process of landing at 19.00 when they engaged a Junkers Ju 88 attacking the landing craft \u2013 the only daylight attack on Juno during D-Day. RHQ reported 24 Bofors and 12 x 20\u00a0mm of 'O' AA Assault Group ashore by 19.00.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0015-0001", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nIn the absence of HAA guns and their radar or of searchlights, which had been unable to land, uncontrolled barrages by the LAA guns were all that was possible during the night, but no concentrated attack occurred. Additional Troops of 114th LAA Rgt landed on D+1 as air attacks began to increase, peaking on D+3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0016-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nThe Medical Officer (MO) of 114th LAA Rgt, Captain John Wormald, Royal Army Medical Corps, was one of the first MOs to land in Mike Sector on D-Day. He treated casualties on the beach for 48 hours continuously, often under fire, and was the first to take help to a gun crew that took a direct hit next to his dressing station. After two days he moved to a Field Dressing Station where he worked 16\u201320 hours a day for three weeks, treating military and civilian casualties. Wormald was afterwards awarded the French Croix de Guerre with Silver-Gilt Star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0017-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nOnce ashore the AA Assault Groups reorganised into regimental groups, with regimental commanders acting as AA Defence Commanders (AADCs) in their immediate areas. Lieutenant-Colonel Hoare's command was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0018-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nAt 02.30 on 9 June (D+4), an enemy aircraft dropped a number of anti-personnel bombs on a Bofors site of G Trp at the junction of Nan White and Green beaches. The first bomb severely wounded the gun's No 2 while the No 4, Gunner Douglas Taylor, was hit in the leg, though the crew continued to engage the aircraft until it had passed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0018-0001", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nA second bomb had ignited an ammunition dump a few yards away and while the No 2's wound was being attended to, Taylor led two other men to tackle the blaze, ignoring his own wound and the danger from the exploding ammunition. He was later relieved by the gun's No 1 and taken to a beach dressing station, from which he was evacuated to England the same day. Taylor was awarded the MM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0019-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nThe night of 15/16 June provided 'the best shoot so far' according to the regimental war diary. The searchlights came into their own and four aircraft were shot down in I Corps sector, though it was impossible to say which batteries actually hit them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0020-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nAs the build-up in the Normandy beachhead grew during June and July 1944, 80th AA Bde was tasked with protecting Juno and Sword beaches, the small port of Ouistreham, and the River Orne and Caen Canal bridges. 114th LAA Rgt established RHQ at Courseulles, with part of the regiment astride the Orne and the canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0020-0001", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nOn 16 June it was ordered to send a Troop to Douvres to catch aircraft attempting to drop supplies to the German troops holding out in the strongpoint there (the Battle of Douvres Radar Station), and on 20 June it was ordered to deploy a roving Troop to protect an important ammunition ship unloading at Ouistreham. When some of the parties of 6/20 LAA Bty were washed off their Gooseberries during the great storm of June, they were distributed to 114th LAA Rgt to ease manning problems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0021-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nAlthough Luftwaffe attacks over the beachhead were generally sporadic, they concentrated on the bridges, while Sword Beach and the whole Eastern Sector remained under mortar and artillery fire. At the end of July, 114th LAA Rgt reported that it was being attacked by a 'secret weapon', which destroyed 372 Bty's HQ, killing a sentry. Upon investigation it appeared that it was being shelled by a large calibre gun from long range. On 13 August 373 Bty finally returned to the regiment from 76th AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0022-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nAt the end of August, 21st Army Group broke out from the Normandy beachhead and began to pursue the defeated German troops across Northern France. Reverting to a mobile role, and supported by the 30 three-tonner trucks of 1587 Platoon, Royal Army Service Corps (RASC), 114th LAA Rgt came under the command of the newly arrived 74th AA Bde supporting First Canadian Army. The regiment was amongst the first troops to enter Rouen behind the assaulting Canadian infantry on 30 August. Here it was deployed to protect the crossings of the River Seine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0022-0001", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nIt was withdrawn on 10 September and moved to Dieppe, arriving on 12 September when it reverted to 80 AA Bde command. There were no air raids, but the regiment captured a number of German soldiers, who joined the large numbers in the prisoner-of-war (POW) camp. The regiment was required to act as an infantry cordon in the event of a break-out attempt from the POW camp. Lieutenant-Colonel Hoare was later awarded the French Croix de Guerre with Palm for his work on D-Day and during the Normandy campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0023-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Antwerp\nClearing the Scheldt Estuary and bringing the port of Antwerp into use as a supply base was an important element in the Overlord plan. The planners envisaged a large AA Gun Defence Area (GDA) to deal not only with conventional air raids but also the threat of V-1 flying bombs (codenamed 'Divers'). 114th LAA Rgt was equipped with the Vickers No 1 AA Predictor (normally used by 3.7-inch HAA batteries) to tackle these small fast-moving targets and on 18 October it arrived at Antwerp to reinforce 5th Royal Marine AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0023-0001", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Antwerp\nAt first it was deployed along the tops of dykes to guard against German aircraft laying mines in the Scheldt Estuary: the regiment suggested that it would be better to place the guns on Rhine barges (F Troop finally embarked on barges in mid-January). The first 'Diver' arrived in the Antwerp area on 23 October, and the regiment suffered a few casualties, including a fatality when a cinema in the city was hit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0024-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Antwerp\nTo prevent V-1s falling in the city and dock area, the guns had to be positioned at least 10 miles outside the city, integrated into a system ('Antwerp X') of warning stations and observation posts, supported by radar and searchlights. 114th LAA Regiment provided some of the personnel and equipment for No 2 Local Warning (Radar) Troop formed by 80 AA Bde for this purpose. The Antwerp X deployment, including 114th LAA Rgt, took its full form in December 1944, in time for the peak in V-1 attacks that lasted into February 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0024-0001", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Antwerp\nIn mid-January, 114th LAA Rgt redeployed some of its guns for AA rather than anti-minelaying duties. Conventional air attacks were rare, except on 1 January 1945, when the Luftwaffe launched Operation Bodenplatte against Allied airfields on support of the Ardennes offensive, and German aircraft approaching the city were heavily engaged by the AA guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007009-0025-0000", "contents": "114th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nAs the Allied forces advanced into Germany the air threat dwindled. The last V-1 landed at Antwerp on 29 March, and by late April 1945, a number of AA units were deemed surplus to requirements. 114th LAA Rgt was ordered to cease fire on 17 April, and its REME and RASC detachments were withdrawn. It then reverted to the command of 76th AA Bde and began to hand in its guns and transport. The final order to disband arrived on 8 May (VE Day), and this was completed on 16 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007010-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Mahrattas\nThe 114th Mahrattas were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. The regiment traces their origins to 1800, when they were raised as the 2nd Battalion, 7th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007010-0001-0000", "contents": "114th Mahrattas\nDuring World War I they were attached to the 17th Indian Division for the Mesopotamia Campaign. They took part in the action at Fat-ha Gorge on the Little Zab and the Battle of Sharqat, in October 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007010-0002-0000", "contents": "114th Mahrattas\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. In 1922, the 114th Mahrattas became the 10th (Training) Battalion 5th Mahratta Light Infantry. After independence they were one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007010-0003-0000", "contents": "114th Mahrattas, Sources\nThis article about a specific military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007010-0004-0000", "contents": "114th Mahrattas, Sources\nThis World War I article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007011-0000-0000", "contents": "114th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 114th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007011-0001-0000", "contents": "114th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 114th New York Infantry was organized at Norwich, New York beginning July 21, 1862 and mustered in September 3, 1862 for three years service under the command of Colonel Elisha B. Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007011-0002-0000", "contents": "114th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Emery's Brigade, Defenses of Baltimore, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to November 1862. Emery's Brigade, Louisiana Expedition, to December 1862. Sherman's Division, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, January 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, to July 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, to February 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, to July 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to March 1865. 1st Brigade, Dwight's 1st Provisional Division, Army of the Shenandoah, to April 1865. 1st Brigade, Dwight's Division, Department of Washington, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007011-0003-0000", "contents": "114th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 114th New York Infantry mustered out of service June 8, 1865 and was discharged June 17, 1865 at Elmira, New York. Recruits and veterans were transferred to the 90th New York Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007011-0004-0000", "contents": "114th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Baltimore, Md., September 6\u20139. Duty at Baltimore, Md., until November 6, 1862. Moved into Pennsylvania against Stuart, October 12\u201316. Moved to Fort Monroe, Va., November 6, then sailed for Ship Island, Miss., December 4, arriving at Carrollton December 26 and January 4, 1863. Moved to Algiers January 7, 1863, and served guard duty along the Opelousas and Great Western Railroad until February. Duty at Brashear City until March 20. At Bayou Boeuff and Pattersonville until April 2. Moved to Brashear City April 2, then to Berwick City April 9. Operations in western Louisiana April 9-May 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007011-0004-0001", "contents": "114th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBayou Teche Campaign April 11\u201320. Fort Bisland April 12\u201313. Jeanerette April 14. Guard livestock to Brashear City April 20\u201328. At Newtown May 4. Opelousas May 9. Expedition from Berne's Landing to Brashear City May 21\u201326. Franklin May 25. Moved to Algiers May 29 and to Port Hudson May 30. Siege of Port Hudson May 31-July 9. Assault on Port Hudson June 14. Brashear City June 21. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Expedition to Donaldsonville July 10\u201330. Kock's Plantation July 13. Duty near Thibodeaux until August 19, and at Brashear City until September 2. Sabine Pass Expedition September 4\u201312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007011-0004-0002", "contents": "114th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Algiers, then to Berwick September 17. Western Louisiana Campaign October 3-November 30. At New Iberia November 17, 1863 to January 8, 1864. Moved to Franklin January 8\u201310, and duty there until March 15. Red River Campaign March 15-May 22. Advance from Franklin to Alexandria April 15\u201326. Battle of Sabine Cross Roads April 8. Pleasant Hill April 9. Monett's Ferry or Cane River Crossing April 23. Construction of dam at Alexandria April 30-May 10. Retreat to Morganza May 13\u201322. Mansura May 16. At Morganza until July 1. Moved to Fort Monroe, Va., then to Washington, D.C., July 1\u201312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007011-0004-0003", "contents": "114th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nRepulse of Early's attack on Washington July 12\u201313, Snicker's Gap Expedition July 14\u201323. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Battle of Winchester September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty near Middletown until November 9, and near Newtown until January 1, 1865. Near Stephenson's Depot until April 5. Moved to Washington, D.C., April 5, and duty there until May 23. Grand Review of the Armies May 23\u201324. Camp near Bladensburg May 28 to June 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007011-0005-0000", "contents": "114th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 315 men during service; 9 officers and 112 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 192 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007012-0000-0000", "contents": "114th New York State Legislature\nThe 114th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6 to April 30, 1891, during the seventh year of David B. Hill's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007012-0001-0000", "contents": "114th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (seven districts) and Kings County (three districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007012-0002-0000", "contents": "114th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. In New York City, the Democrats were split into two factions: Tammany Hall and the \"County Democracy\". The Prohibition Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007012-0003-0000", "contents": "114th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1890 was held on November 4. The only statewide elective office up for election was carried by the incumbent Judge of the Court of Appeals Robert Earl, a Democrat who was endorsed by the Republicans. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Judge of the Court of Appeals, was: Democratic/Republican 927,000; Prohibition 34,000; and Socialist Labor 13,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007012-0004-0000", "contents": "114th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1891; and adjourned on April 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007012-0005-0000", "contents": "114th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nWilliam F. Sheehan (D) was elected Speaker with 66 votes against 56 for Milo M. Acker (R).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007012-0006-0000", "contents": "114th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 21, the Legislature elected Governor David B. Hill (D) to succeed William M. Evarts (R) as U.S. Senator from New York, for a six-year term beginning on March 4, 1891. However, Governor Hill remained in office until the end of his term on December 31, 1891, and took his seat in the U.S. Senate only on January 7, 1892.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007012-0007-0000", "contents": "114th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007012-0008-0000", "contents": "114th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007012-0009-0000", "contents": "114th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007013-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Fourteenth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1981 and 1982. In this General Assembly, the Ohio Senate was controlled by the Republican Party and the Ohio House of Representatives was controlled by the Democratic Party. In the Senate, there were 18 Republicans and 15 Democrats. In the House, there were 60 Democrats and 38 Republicans. It was the final Ohio General Assembly to use legislative Districts from the 1970 United States Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007013-0001-0000", "contents": "114th Ohio General Assembly, Major events, Vacancies\nFebruary 1, 1981: Matthew Hachadorian resigns from the 17th House DistrictNovember 18, 1982: Representative Benny Bonanno resigns. December 13, 1982: Charles Curran resigns from the 6th Senatorial District. December 13, 1982: Senator Mike DeWine resigns from the 10th Senatorial District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007013-0002-0000", "contents": "114th Ohio General Assembly, Major events, Appointments\nFebruary 10, 1981: Jeffrey L. Dean is appointed to the 17th House District. November 18, 1982: Barbara C. Pringle is appointed to the 8th House District. December 13, 1982: Tom Fries is appointed to the 6th Senatorial District. December 13, 1982: David Hobson is appointed to the 10th Senatorial District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007014-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 114th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 114th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 114th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007014-0001-0000", "contents": "114th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 114th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Circleville in Circleville, Ohio, and mustered in for three years service on September 11, 1862, under the command of Colonel John Cradlebaugh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007014-0002-0000", "contents": "114th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 9th Division, Right Wing XIII Corps (Old), Department of the Tennessee, to December 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Sherman's Yazoo Expedition, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 9th Division, XIII Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to July 1863. 4th Brigade, 1st Division, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to August 1863 and Department of the Gulf to September 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIII Corps, Department of the Gulf, to March 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIII Corps, to June 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to December 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, Reserve Corps, Military Division West Mississippi, to February 1865. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIII Corps (New), Military Division West Mississippi, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007014-0003-0000", "contents": "114th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 114th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Houston, Texas, on July 31, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007014-0004-0000", "contents": "114th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Marietta, Ohio, September 12; thence to Memphis, Tenn., December 1. Sherman's Yazoo Expedition December 20, 1862, to January 3, 1863. Chickasaw Bayou December 26\u201328, 1862. Chickasaw Bluff December 29. Expedition to Arkansas Post, Ark., January 3\u201310, 1863. Assault and capture of Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, January 10\u201311. Moved to Young's Point, La., January 17\u201323, and duty there until March 8. Moved to Milliken's Bend, La., and duty there until April. Operations from Milliken's Bend to New Carthage March 31-April 17. Expedition from Perkins' Plantation to Hard Times Landing April 25\u201329. Phelps' and Clark's Bayous April 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007014-0004-0001", "contents": "114th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nChoctaw Bayou, or Lake Bruin, April 28. Battle of Port Gibson May 1. Battle of Champion Hill May 16. Big Black River May 17. Siege of Vicksburg, Miss., May 18-July 4. Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22. Duty at Warrenton May 25 to July 14, and at Vicksburg until August 13. Ordered to New Orleans, La., August 13, and duty there until September 8. At Brashear City until October 3. Western Louisiana Campaign October 3-November 18. Moved to DeCrow's Point, Matagorda Bay, Texas, November 18\u201328, and duty there until January 14, 1864. At Matagorda Island until April 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007014-0004-0002", "contents": "114th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Alexandria, La., April 18\u201326. Red River Campaign April 26-May 22. Graham's Plantation May 5. Retreat to Morganza May 13\u201320. Mansura, or Marksville Prairie, May 16. Expedition to Atchafalaya May 30-June 6. Duty at Morganza until November 21. Moved to mouth of White River, Ark., November 21\u201326. Return to Morganza December 6. Expedition to Morgan's Ferry, Atchafalaya River, December 13\u201314. Moved to Kenner, La., January 8, 1865; thence to Barrancas, Fla., January 24. Campaign against Mobile, Ala., and its Defenses, March 20-April 12. March from Pensacola, Fla., to Blakely, Ala., March 20-April 2. Occupation of Canoe Station March 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007014-0004-0003", "contents": "114th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely April 2\u20138. Assault and capture of Fort Blakely April 9. Occupation of Mobile April 12. March to Montgomery and Selma April 13\u201325. Duty at Selma until May 12, and at Mobile until June 13. Moved to Galveston, Texas, June 13, and duty there until July. Veterans and recruits transferred to 48th Ohio Veteran Battalion July 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007014-0005-0000", "contents": "114th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 311 men during service; 3 officers and 36 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 270 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007015-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 114th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. They were notable for their colorful Americanized version of the Zouave uniform worn in emulation of certain French light-infantry units that became world-famous during France's colonization of North Africa, the Crimean War, and the Second War of Italian Independence fought in the years prior to the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007015-0001-0000", "contents": "114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 114th Pennsylvania was the brain-child of Charles H. T. Collis, an Irish immigrant who settled in Philadelphia becoming a prominent young lawyer. Collis initially raised only a small company of men calling them the \"Zouaves d'Afrique\" which served while attached to other regiments. They saw action in the 1862 Shenandoah Valley Campaign, the Battle of Cedar Mountain, and the Battle of Antietam. The \"Zouaves d'Afrique\" were much admired for their military bearing and prowess in battle to the point that it was decided to raise a full-sized regiment which was given the numeric designation of 114th Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007015-0002-0000", "contents": "114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nLike other Zouave regiments raised in the larger cities of America, the 114th attracted some immigrants to its ranks who were veterans of European wars, but the rank and file consisted mostly of American-born citizens from Philadelphia and its surrounding counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007015-0003-0000", "contents": "114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nIn the winter of 1862 the regiment participated in the Battle of Fredericksburg. There they took part in a counterattack by Robinson's brigade of the III Corps to relieve General George G. Meade's brigade from potential disaster. When the Zouaves began to falter in their charge against the Confederate line, Colonel Collis seized the regiment's national colors and urged the men on. Their counterattack stalled, then pushed back, the Confederate advance thereby saving a Federal artillery battery from capture. For his actions in this battle Colonel Collis would belatedly receive the Medal of Honor in 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007015-0004-0000", "contents": "114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment would also take a prominent role in the Battle of Chancellorsville the following spring where they would endure their greatest number of casualties during any battle of the war. During the fighting, Colonel Collis, suffering from the effects of malaria, was observed being removed from the field on a stretcher by some officers who were personal enemies. After the battle they falsely accused Collis of cowardice in the face of the enemy although he had managed to command the regiment through most of the battle even while gravely ill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007015-0004-0001", "contents": "114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nHe was later brought to Court-martial to face these accusations but he successfully defended himself, introducing witnesses who could attest that he had served faithfully under fire during most of the battle until he collapsed from exhaustion due to his reoccurring problems with malaria. Collis was fully exonerated and allowed to return to duty, however his lingering illness would prevent him from participating with his regiment at the Battle of Gettysburg. There the 114th would again suffer a large number of casualties while defending the Peach Orchard salient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007015-0005-0000", "contents": "114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nSignificantly reduced in size, the regiment became part of an independent brigade after the III Corps was dissolved. During the remaining two years of the war the unit would often provide provost and guard duties at General Meade's headquarters in the field. This was due in part to the unit's colorful uniform and military bearing, but more so because General Meade, himself also a Philadelphia native, was particularly fond of the 114th's regimental band which was considered one of the best in the Army of the Potomac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007015-0005-0001", "contents": "114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nDuring the army's winter encampment of 1863\u201364 at Brandy Station, Virginia, and later during the 1864\u201365 Siege of Petersburg, companies of the regiment would be frequently called away to serve as headquarters guards. As a result, they attracted the attention of several of the wartime photographers who would make them the most photographed Zouave unit in the field during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007015-0006-0000", "contents": "114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nAt the conclusion of hostilities in the Eastern Theater the 114th Pennsylvania was transferred into the famed Zouave Brigade of the Army of the Potomac's V Corps. They would lead the brightly clad brigade which consisted of several Zouave regiments, each wearing a different style and color of Zouave uniform, in the Grand Review of the Armies on May 23, 1865, held in Washington, D.C. They were then sent home to Philadelphia and mustered out of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007015-0007-0000", "contents": "114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Uniform\nThe 114th Pennsylvania's uniform from top to bottom began with a red Moroccan style fez with a yellow-gold tassel worn crushed downward on the back of the head like a skull cap. Some men were issued fezzes that were too large so they compensated by turning up the brim giving the fez the appearance of a beanie. For dress parade and guard mount duty, the fez was augmented with a white turban which was wound around the head in Arabic style. Although the turban was not worn on the march or in battle it has often been erroneously portrayed as such in post-war art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007015-0008-0000", "contents": "114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Uniform\nThe collarless jacket was dark blue with sky blue cuffs and red trim. Arabesque designs on the jacket breasts were called tombeaux and gave the appearance of large false pockets trimmed in red.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007015-0009-0000", "contents": "114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Uniform\nA sky blue sash was worn wrapped tightly around the waist with Chasseur style madder red trousers, white leggings (gaiters), and leather jambi\u00e8res rounding out the ensemble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007015-0010-0000", "contents": "114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Uniform\nThe material for the uniforms was imported from France by Colonel Collis himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007015-0011-0000", "contents": "114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Legacy\nUltimately, the 114th Pennsylvania Infantry would leave their mark on the landscape of America itself, its veterans erecting three monuments in memory of comrades lost in battle. A regimental monument was erected in 1886 under the auspices of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania at Gettysburg and is located at .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007015-0012-0000", "contents": "114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Legacy\nIn early 2006, the bronze statue of the Zouave on top of the granite pedestal was toppled to the ground by vandals in an unprecedented attack that also heavily damaged two other monuments on the field. Due in part to donations from private citizens, the damage was quickly repaired and the statue returned to its place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007015-0013-0000", "contents": "114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Legacy\nAnother smaller marker was placed by the veterans at Gettysburg in 1886 to mark the place on Cemetery Ridge that the regiment occupied on the final day of the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007015-0014-0000", "contents": "114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Legacy\nA final monument was placed on the Chancellorsville battlefield by the 114th veterans in 1898 to mark one of several locations the unit fought during that engagement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007016-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Regiment of Foot (1794)\nThe 114th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1794 to 1795. It was raised in April 1794 and was disbanded the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007017-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highlander Volunteers)\nThe 114th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highlander Volunteers) was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1761 to 1763.It was raised in October 1761, by Sir Allan MacLean of Torloisk. He was commissioned lieutenant in the 60th Foot Royal Americans at the beginning of the Seven Years' War and was severely wounded at Ticonderoga in 1758. He was then given one of the four NY Independent Companies until he returned to Scotland where he raised the 114th Maclean's Highlanders, or the Royal Highland Volunteers, as their Major Commandant. The regiment was disbanded in 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007018-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 114th Rifle Division began service in July, 1939 as a standard Red Army rifle division, as part of the pre-war expansion of the Soviet forces. It was stationed on the Svir River front in the autumn of 1941 and had a relatively uneventful war facing the Finns until the Vyborg\u2013Petrozavodsk Offensive began on June 10, 1944, from which point it saw much more active service. As the Finns were leaving the war the division was transferred to 14th Army in the Arctic, from where it helped to defeat and pursue the German forces from Lapland into Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007018-0001-0000", "contents": "114th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Formation\nThe division began forming on July 14, 1939, at Irkutsk in the Transbaikal Military District. On August 16 the division came under the command of Col. Sergei Nikolaievich Devyatov, who would remain in this post until November 3, 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007018-0002-0000", "contents": "114th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Formation\nOn June 22, 1941, the division was still in that district. Its primary order of battle was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007018-0003-0000", "contents": "114th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Formation\nIn July, the 114th joined the 36th Army in the same district, but in September was alerted for transfer to the west. It was eventually assigned to the Southern Operations Group of 7th Army in East Karelia, facing the Finnish Army along the front of the Svir River until June, 1944. During most of this time it was part of the 4th Rifle Corps. Col. Mikhail Ignatovich Panfilovich took command of the division on November 4, 1941, and he would remain in command for most of the rest of the war, being promoted to Major General on October 16, 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007018-0004-0000", "contents": "114th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\nOn May 15, 1944, General Panfilovich handed his command to Col. Ignatii Alekseevich Moskalev. The Soviet offensive against Finland began on June 10. By the 16th, Marshal Mannerheim had issued orders to give up East Karelia under the weight of the Soviet assault; the Finns gave up their bridgehead south of the Svir on the 18th. The withdrawal went less smoothly than they expected, because 7th Army kept up an aggressive pursuit, crossing the river on either side of Lodeynoye Pole. The 114th distinguished itself in this operation and was later given the honorific \u00ab\u0421\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f\u00bb (Svir). By June 30 the Finns had been forced out of Petrozavodsk and, two days later, Salmi. On July 26, Col. Nikolai Antonovich Koshchienko took command of the division, which he would lead for the duration of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007018-0005-0000", "contents": "114th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\nBy August the Soviet forces had driven the Finnish army back to its 1940 borders, and beginning on August 9th the division was moved to the high Arctic, becoming part of 14th Army. It took part in the Petsamo\u2013Kirkenes Offensive along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, driving the German 20th Mountain Army out of northern Finland and into Norway. On October 31, the 114th was recognized for its role in the capture of Petsamo with the award of the Order of the Red Banner. 14th Army continued its attack into Norway past Kirkenes and across the Neiden River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007018-0005-0001", "contents": "114th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\nBy now, in late October, the army faced very difficult terrain and the Arctic night, and operations were brought to a virtual halt. However, a reconnaissance force of the 114th was sent 116 road kilometres further west into Norway, eventually reaching Tana on November 13, the deepest operation by Soviet forces into that country. The division served the remainder of the war in Arctic, in 14th Army, officially \"out of contact with the enemy\" after December. At the war's end the soldiers of the 114th held the official title 114-\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f (English: 114th Rifle, Svir, Order of the Red Banner Division).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007018-0006-0000", "contents": "114th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Postwar\nThe division became part of the 131st Rifle Corps at Repola. It disbanded there in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007019-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\n114th Siege Battery, was a heavy howitzer unit of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) formed in Wales during World War I. It saw active service on the Western Front at the Somme, Vimy Ridge and Ypres, against the German spring offensive, and in the final Hundred Days Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007019-0001-0000", "contents": "114th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nThe 114th Siege Bty was formed at Pembroke Dock under Army Council Instruction 535 of 8 March 1916, which laid down that it was to follow the establishment for 'New Army' (Kitchener's Army) units, with a Territorial Force (TF) cadre of three officers and 78 men (the wartime establishment of an RGA Company of the TF) from the Pembroke Royal Garrison Artillery. It went out to the Western Front on 14 June 1916 equipped with four modern 6-inch 26 cwt Howitzers and joined 32nd Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) with Reserve Army (later Fifth Army).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007019-0002-0000", "contents": "114th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nThe battery moved to 31st HAG with Third Army on 8 July and then to 28th HAG with First Army on 31 July. 28th HAG joined Fourth Army on 10 September for the Battle of Flers-Courcelette (15\u201322 September) in the continuing Somme Offensive. By now massive quantities of artillery were employed for each phase of the offensive as Fourth Army attacked again and again through the autumn:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007019-0003-0000", "contents": "114th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nThe battery was withdrawn from the line for rest, training etc. from 27 December to 20 January 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007019-0004-0000", "contents": "114th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Vimy\nThe battery moved to 44th (South African) HAG with First Army on 22 March 1917. The group supported the Canadian Corps at the Battle of Vimy Ridge on 9 April. The artillery plan for the heavy guns emphasised counter-battery (CB) fire. At Zero hour, while the field guns laid down a Creeping barrage to protect the advancing infantry, the heavy howitzers fired 450 yards (410\u00a0m) further ahead to hit the rear areas on the reverse slope of the ridge, especially known gun positions. The attack went in on 9 April with the Canadian Corps successfully capturing Vimy Ridge. Fighting in the southern sector (the Battle of Arras) continued into May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 51], "content_span": [52, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007019-0005-0000", "contents": "114th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Vimy\n114th Siege Bty remained with First Army, transferring to 77th HAG on 15 April, to 18th HAG on 15 May and then moving to 71st HAG on 28 May (actually joining it 3 June). However, on 12 June it joined 88th HAG with Second Army in the Ypres Salient, coming under Fifth Army by 1 August  during the Battle of Pilckem Ridge) that launched the Third Ypres Offensive. Just before the battle, on 28 July, a section from the newly-arrived 376th Siege Bty joined, bringing 114th Siege Bty up to a strength of six howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 51], "content_span": [52, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007019-0006-0000", "contents": "114th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Ypres\nGun batteries were packed into the Ypres Salient \u2013 II Corps had 36 RGA batteries in the Dickebusch area \u2013 where they were under observation and CB fire from the Germans on the higher ground. Casualties among guns and gunners were high, and II Corps had failed to make much progress. A second push on 16 August (the Battle of Langemarck) suffered from rushed artillery planning and was unsuccessful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 52], "content_span": [53, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007019-0006-0001", "contents": "114th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Ypres\nThe offensive continued through the summer and autumn of 1917: the Battles of the Menin Road, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde were highly successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions. But as the offensive continued with the Battle of Poelcappelle and First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 52], "content_span": [53, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007019-0007-0000", "contents": "114th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Ypres\nThere was no respite for the gunners: although 88th HAG moved out of the Salient in October, 114th Siege Bty stayed with Fifth Army, transferring to 68th HAG on 1 October. By now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and on 1 February 1918 they were converted into permanent RGA brigades. 68th Brigade was defined as an '8-inch Howitzer' brigade, but only one of its units was equipped with such guns, the remainder operating 6-inch howitzers. 114th Siege Bty remained with this brigade until the Armistice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 52], "content_span": [53, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007019-0008-0000", "contents": "114th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Spring Offensive\nFifth Army was attacked on 21 March 1918, the first day of the German spring offensive. Artillery Observation Posts (OPs) were blinded by early morning mist and many were overrun along with the infantry in the forward zone. The German bombardment was savage. The batteries of 68th Bde were with XIX Corps, which was particularly hard hit, the attackers forcing their way down the flanks of the two front line divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007019-0008-0001", "contents": "114th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Spring Offensive\nCavalry and infantry reserves held the line for a while and 68th Bde was still intact at the end of the first day, unlike some heavy units in other parts of the front, either caught in the fighting or forced to abandon their guns as the Germans advanced rapidly. Next day the Germans continued their advance, and 68th Bde stood at Roise trying to stem the tide before pulling out after dark. On 23 March XIX Corps was forced to conform to retreats by its neighbours towards the Somme, and over following days the RGA struggled to get their guns back during the 'Great Retreat'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007019-0009-0000", "contents": "114th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Spring Offensive\nFourth Army HQ took over all of Fifth Army's formations and units on 2 April. The last attack in the first phase of the German offensive came in on 4 April (the Battle of the Avre). The two divisions now holding the front were pushed back, but they were backed by a mass of field and heavy artillery, including the batteries of 68th Bde, and the attack was stopped dead by the guns. Further attacks came on other parts of the front for several months, but none broke through completely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007019-0010-0000", "contents": "114th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Hundred Days\nThe Allied Hundred Days Offensive opened at 04.20 on 8 August at the Battle of Amiens. By now 68th Bde was supporting the Australian Corps on whose front the barrage fired by field and heavy artillery was so thick and accurate that scarcely a German shell fell after 05.40, and all the Australian objectives were secured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007019-0011-0000", "contents": "114th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Hundred Days\nThe Allied advance continued through the autumn up to the River Selle. Preparations to cross it began on 11 October, with 68th Bde allocated to the II US Corps, which was operating under Fourth Army's command and had no artillery of its own. The weather was misty, which hindered air and ground observation for counter-battery fire, but when the assault went in on the morning of 17 October the Selle itself was not much of an obstacle on II US Corps' front, and the objectives were taken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007019-0012-0000", "contents": "114th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Hundred Days\nFor the final part of the Battle of the Selle on 23 October, II US Corps was relieved by the British IX Corps, which took over most of its Australian and RGA artillery. This massive corps artillery reserve supported the attack into the wooded slopeds beyond the Selle. Again, bad weather hindered air observation and CB work before the attack, but the barrage was deadly accurate. As the regimental historian relates, \"The guns of Fourth Army demonstrated, on 23rd October, the crushing effect of well co-ordinated massed artillery. They simply swept away the opposition\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007019-0012-0001", "contents": "114th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Hundred Days\nAfter a pause to regroup and reconnoitre, IX Corps stormed across the Sambre\u2013Oise Canal on 4 November (the Battle of the Sambre). After that the campaign became a pursuit of a beaten enemy, in which the slow-moving siege guns could play no part. The war ended with the Armistice with Germany on 11 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007020-0000-0000", "contents": "114th Space Control Squadron\nThe United States Air Force's 114th Space Control Squadron (SPCS) is a Florida Air National Guard unit located at Patrick Space Force Base and Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida. It is operationally gained by the United States Space Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007020-0001-0000", "contents": "114th Space Control Squadron, Mission\nThe 114 SPCS mission is two-fold:\u00a0 First, to deliver offensive counterspace and space situational awareness, as appropriate, to rapidly achieve flexible and versatile effects in support of global and theater campaigns and to provide mission-ready citizen-Airmen and equipment to Combatant Commanders in support of operations worldwide. Second, as an Air National Guard asset the 114 SPCS is also available for state contingencies (hurricanes, floods, fires, domestic response, etc.) and is subject to activation by the Governor of Florida in times of emergency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007020-0001-0001", "contents": "114th Space Control Squadron, Mission\nIts primary mission, once activated, is to man the Emergency Support Function #5 (Information and Planning) at the State Emergency Operations Center - Tallahassee, FL which involves collecting, analyzing, processing and disseminating information for potential or actual disasters/emergencies in order for Federal Government agencies to provide humanitarian assistance to the affected hard-hit areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007020-0002-0000", "contents": "114th Space Control Squadron, History\nThe 114th Communications Squadron was Federally recognized on 15 May 1989. Originally conceived to provide manning for pre-positioned NATO satellite communications terminals in the event of war against the Soviet Union, the unit mission was labeled NABS, or NATO Air Base Satellite. At the time it was equipped with only one TSC-85B terminal for training and 35 members. There were only two career fields offered to traditional guard members, satellite communications and electrical power production. Patrick AFB was selected as its home location because the 2nd Communications Group was also located at Patrick and could provide training and mentorship. The level of highly technical industries in the local area also factored to place the 114th in Cocoa Beach, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007020-0003-0000", "contents": "114th Space Control Squadron, History\nThe first commander of the 114th Communications Squadron, Lt. Col. Robert Chandler took the lead from its inception until January 1991, driving the recruiting and organizational efforts. This was when the worldwide legacy began, with support of operations in Turkey and Saudi Arabia, including Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007020-0004-0000", "contents": "114th Space Control Squadron, History\nThe next commander was Col. David Barnhart. Col. Barnhart led the 114th from January 1991 to September 1994. During Col. Barnhart's tenure, the team's experience grew exponentially: not only were operational missions conducted in Spain, Germany, Italy, Honduras, Saudi Arabia, Canada and Colombia, but now humanitarian efforts drew members to hurricane relief efforts in Jamaica and south Florida. Additionally, various stateside exercises, including Coronet Stroke and Combat Challenge, tested the fiber of the already mature unit. The squadron redesignated as the 114th Combat Communications Squadron (CBCS) 1 October 1992. In January 1994, the 114th received its first Air Force Outstanding Unit Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007020-0005-0000", "contents": "114th Space Control Squadron, History\nLt . Col. Michele Agee assumed command in September 1994. She led the unit through further expansion with missions in Haiti, Panama, Egypt, Croatia, Morocco and Bosnia along with numerous events in Florida, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Utah. In 1995, the squadron began building up the 114th Range Flight to support 45th Space Wing launch operations. These members were co-located with the 45th Range Squadron at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007020-0006-0000", "contents": "114th Space Control Squadron, History\nIn January 1998, Maj. Daniel Bates took command, with personnel already deployed to Bosnia and later to Italy. In 1999, a partnership with the Air Force Research Lab was established to develop the Ballistic Missile Range Safety Technology (BMRST) system. The 114th CBCS personnel were commissioned to provide support to the program. In January 2001, 114th CBCS deployed to the Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak, Alaska, to demonstrate the BMRST system's ability to rapidly deploy, set up and support a rocket launch with the Quick Reaction Launch Vehicle (QRLV) rocket launching from this site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007020-0007-0000", "contents": "114th Space Control Squadron, History\nAfter 11 Sept. 2001, large elements of the squadron deployed to Qatar and MacDill Air Force Base in support of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Additionally, the 114th CBCS received its second Air Force Outstanding Unit Award. The unit deployed to Kodiak again in May 2002 for a second QRLV launch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007020-0008-0000", "contents": "114th Space Control Squadron, History\nIn 2005, The 114th CBCS was re-designated the 114th Range Operations Squadron, their mission was to provide survivable and reliable satellite voice and data communications for command control and logistics in support of United States Air Force, Air Combat Command, and NATO communications requirements. They supported launch range operation tracking of the Space Transportation System, Atlas, Delta, and Titan launches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007020-0009-0000", "contents": "114th Space Control Squadron, History\nThe 114th received its third Air Force Outstanding Unit Award in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007020-0010-0000", "contents": "114th Space Control Squadron, History\nIn 2011, the 114th supported the launch of the final Space Shuttle Mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007020-0011-0000", "contents": "114th Space Control Squadron, History\nDue to US Air Force structure changes announced in March 2012, the 114 ROPS was scheduled for inactivation on 1 October 2012. However, this decision was reversed and instead the unit assumed a new mission as the 114th Space Operations Squadron in April 2014. The first commander of the newly renamed squadron was Lt Col (ret) Johnny Malpass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007021-0000-0000", "contents": "114th United States Congress\nThe 114th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States of America federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from January 3, 2015, to January 3, 2017, during the final two years of Barack Obama's presidency. The seats in the House were apportioned based on the 2010 United States Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007021-0001-0000", "contents": "114th United States Congress\nThe 2014 elections gave the Republicans control of the Senate and the House for the first time since the 109th Congress. With 248 seats in the House of Representatives and 54 seats in the Senate, this Congress began with the largest Republican majority since the 71st Congress of 1929\u20131931. As of 2021, this is the most recent session of Congress in which Republicans and Democrats held any seats in New Hampshire and Nebraska, respectively, and the last in which Republicans held a Senate seat in Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007021-0002-0000", "contents": "114th United States Congress, Leadership\nSection contents: Senate: Majority (R), Minority (D) \u2022 House: Majority (R),  Minority (D)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007021-0003-0000", "contents": "114th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nSenators are listed by state and then by Senate classes, In this Congress, Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 2016; Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 2018; and Class 2 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring re-election in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007021-0004-0000", "contents": "114th United States Congress, Changes in membership, Senate\nThere were no changes in Senate membership during this Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007022-0000-0000", "contents": "114th meridian east\nThe meridian 114\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007022-0001-0000", "contents": "114th meridian east\nThe 114th meridian east forms a great circle with the 66th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007022-0002-0000", "contents": "114th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 114th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007023-0000-0000", "contents": "114th meridian west\nThe meridian 114\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007023-0001-0000", "contents": "114th meridian west\n114\u00b0W is the Fifth Meridian of the Dominion Land Survey in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007023-0002-0000", "contents": "114th meridian west\nThe 114th meridian west forms a great circle with the 66th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007023-0003-0000", "contents": "114th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 114th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007024-0000-0000", "contents": "115 (barge)\n115 (also known as Barge 115, No.115, or Whaleback 115) was an American whaleback barge in service between 1891 and 1899. She was built between May and August 1891, in Superior, Wisconsin (or West Superior, Wisconsin) by Alexander McDougall's American Steel Barge Company, for the \"McDougall fleet\", based in Buffalo, New York. She was one of a class of distinctive, experimental ship designed and built by McDougall. The whalebacks were designed to be more stable in high seas. They had rounded decks, and lacked the normal straight sides seen on traditional lake freighters. 115 entered service on August 25, hauling iron ore from Superior.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007024-0001-0000", "contents": "115 (barge)\nIn December 1899, while being towed by the whaleback freighter Colgate Hoyt from Two Harbors, Minnesota, for Lake Erie with a load of iron ore, the two vessels encountered a storm. After 40 hours of slow progress across Lake Superior, 115 broke away from Colgate Hoyt at 6:05\u00a0a.m., on December 13. Colgate Hoyt searched for her for four hours, but due to the scarcity of fuel on board, she was forced to proceed to Sault Ste. Marie. After drifting around Lake Superior for five days, 115 crashed into Pic Island, near Marathon, Ontario. Her crew made it to shore in a makeshift raft, walking for several days, before being located by crew from the Canadian Pacific Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007024-0002-0000", "contents": "115 (barge)\nThe wreck of 115 was located in 1980, at a depth of between 40 feet (12.2\u00a0m) and 80 feet (24.4\u00a0m) of water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007024-0003-0000", "contents": "115 (barge), History, Background\n115 was a whaleback, an innovative but unpopular ship design of the late 1880s, designed by Alexander McDougall. A Scottish immigrant, Great Lakes captain, inventor and entrepreneur, McDougall developed the idea of the whaleback as a way to improve the ability of barges to follow a towing vessel in heavy seas. Whalebacks were characterized by distinctive hull shapes with rounded tops, lacking conventional vertical sides, and conoidal ends. Their rounded hulls enabled water to easily slide off their decks, minimising friction, and letting them sail quickly and smoothly through the water. Their superstructure was located on turrets mounted on the main deck. The rounded contours of whalebacks gave them an unconventional appearance, and McDougall's ship and barge designs were received with considerable skepticism, resistance, and derision. As they had porcine-looking snouts for bows, some observers called them \"pig boats\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 965]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007024-0004-0000", "contents": "115 (barge), History, Background\nAfter McDougall was unable to persuade existing shipbuilders to try his designs, he founded the American Steel Barge Company in Superior, Wisconsin, in 1888, and built them himself. McDougall actively promoted his design and company by sending the steamer Charles W. Wetmore to London, and starting another shipyard in Everett, Washington, which built the steamer City of Everett. Despite McDougall's further efforts to promote the design with the excursion liner Christopher Columbus, whalebacks never caught on, with only 44 of them being built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007024-0005-0000", "contents": "115 (barge), History, Design and construction\n115 (also known as Barge 115, No.115, or Whaleback 115) was constructed in 1891, in Superior, Wisconsin, (or West Superior, Wisconsin), by the American Steel Barge Company. Her first hull frames were laid down on May 21, 1891. She was launched on August 15, of that same year. 115 was identical to the barge 116, launched later in August. She was 256 feet (78.0\u00a0m) long and 36 feet (11.0\u00a0m) (or 36.1 feet (11.0\u00a0m)) wide. Her hull was 18.75 feet (5.7\u00a0m) (or 18.9 feet (5.8\u00a0m)) deep. She had a gross tonnage of 1,169 (or 1,169.11) tons, and a net tonnage of 1,110 (or 1,110.66) tons. She was an unrigged barge, and was towed by a steam-powered ship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007024-0006-0000", "contents": "115 (barge), History, Service history\n115 was built by the American Steel Barge Company for the fleet of the same name based in Buffalo, New York. She was enrolled in Duluth, Minnesota, on August 20, 1891, and was given the US official number 53268. Her home port was Buffalo. 115 entered service on August 25, carrying iron ore from Superior, Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007024-0007-0000", "contents": "115 (barge), History, Service history\nOn May 11 or 12, 1893, 115 was in tow of Colgate Hoyt, when she was struck by the downbound whaleback freighter Thomas Wilson, which had the whaleback barge 101 in tow. 115 was dry docked in Duluth on May 20, for repairs. 115 broke 16 hull plates on May 3, 1894, when she collided with the steamer Mesaba on Lake George. In 1895, management of the American Steel Barge Company fleet was taken over by Pickands Mather & Company of Cleveland, Ohio. In August 1897, 115 was dry docked in West Superior, in order to repair damage she sustained after striking the bottom in an unknown river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007024-0008-0000", "contents": "115 (barge), History, Final voyage\nIn December 1899, 115 and her towing steamer Colgate Hoyt were in Two Harbors, Minnesota, where 115 loaded 3,000 tons of iron ore bound for Lake Erie, on what was meant to be their final trip of the shipping season. The two vessels left Two Harbors on December 10, and headed for the Soo Locks. 115 was under the command of Arthur A. Boyce, and had a complement of eight crew (including Captain Boyce). As the two vessels left Two Harbors, they sailed into a storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007024-0008-0001", "contents": "115 (barge), History, Final voyage\nFor 40 hours, Colgate Hoyt and 115 made slow progress across Lake Superior, when at 6:05\u00a0a.m. on December 13, 115 broke away from Colgate Hoyt, south of Pic Island. Colgate Hoyt's crew frantically searched for 115 for four hours, but scarcity of fuel on board forced her to proceed to Sault Ste. Marie, where they enlisted tugboats to help search for 115. Initially, 115 and her crew were believed to have been lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007024-0009-0000", "contents": "115 (barge), History, Final voyage\n115 drifted for five days before stranding near Marathon, Ontario, on Pic Island, located on the north shore of Lake Superior, becoming the final shipwreck to occur on the Great Lakes during the 1800s. Her crew made it ashore in 115's small life raft, making multiple trips between the stranded barge and Pic Island until everyone on board reached safety. Some of the crewmen carried with them extra clothes, while others carried food (two loaves of bread and ham). As well as clothes and the food items, the crewmen carried with them candles and grease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007024-0009-0001", "contents": "115 (barge), History, Final voyage\nAfter walking around the island for a while, the crewmen discovered an old, roofless log cabin, containing a stove. They fashioned a roof out of tree branches, and spent the night in the cabin. The following morning, the crewmen tore the cabin down, fashioning a makeshift raft out of the wood. They made it ashore on the mainland, and ended up camping in the bush. The next day, they began walking along the shore to the west, camping in the bush that night as well. After walking for four days, the crewmen stumbled upon a Canadian Pacific Railway track. Following the track, the crewmen managed to make it to Middletown, Ontario, at around noon, that same day. Although all of 115's crew survived, her cook's feet were frostbitten. All of 115's crew made it home in time for Christmas. 115 was the second whaleback lost on the Great Lakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007024-0010-0000", "contents": "115 (barge), 115 wreck\nThe wreck of 115 was discovered in 1980 by wreck hunter Ryan LeBlanc at a depth of between 40 feet (12.2\u00a0m) and 80 feet (24.4\u00a0m) of water, on a rock bottom, after a major search. Maritime historian and author Cris Kohl's book, The 100 Best Great Lakes Shipwrecks \u2013 Volume II. erroneously states that 115's bow with its turret is intact, whereas dive footage shot in about 1980 shows that her stern and its turret are intact, instead of the bow. The bow section is broken up. Due to the force with which 115 pounded against Pic Island, there are twisted steel plates located as high as 50 feet (15.2\u00a0m) on the cliff she wrecked against. Her intact bell was retrieved around the time she was discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007025-0000-0000", "contents": "115 (number)\n115 (one hundred [and] fifteen) is the natural number following 114 and preceding 116.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007025-0001-0000", "contents": "115 (number), In mathematics\nThere are 115 different rooted trees with exactly eight nodes, 115 inequivalent ways of placing six rooks on a 6\u00a0\u00d7\u00a06 chess board in such a way that no two of the rooks attack each other, and 115 solutions to the stamp folding problem for a strip of seven stamps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007025-0002-0000", "contents": "115 (number), In mathematics\n115 is also a heptagonal pyramidal number. The 115th Woodall number,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007025-0003-0000", "contents": "115 (number), In mathematics\nis a prime number. 115 is the sum of the first five heptagonal numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007025-0004-0000", "contents": "115 (number), In other fields\n115 is also the fire service emergency number in Mauritius and Italy,and the ambulance emergency number in Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007026-0000-0000", "contents": "115 Antioch earthquake\nThe 115 Antioch earthquake occurred on 13 December 115 AD. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 on the surface wave magnitude scale and an estimated maximum intensity of XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. Antioch and surrounding areas were devastated with a great loss of life and property. It triggered a local tsunami that badly damaged the harbour at Caesarea Maritima. The Roman Emperor Trajan was caught in the earthquake, as was his successor Hadrian. Although the consul Marcus Pedo Vergilianus was killed, they escaped with only slight injuries and later began a program to rebuild the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007026-0001-0000", "contents": "115 Antioch earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe site of Antioch lies close to the complex triple junction between the northern end of the Dead Sea Transform, the mainly transform boundary between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate, the southwestern end of the East Anatolian Fault, the mainly transform boundary between the Anatolian Plate and the Arabian Plate, and the northeastern end of the Cyprus Arc, the boundary between the Anatolian and African Plates. The city lies on the Antakya Basin, part of the Amik Basin, filled by Pliocene-to-recent alluvial sediments. The area has been affected by many large earthquakes during the last 2,000 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007026-0002-0000", "contents": "115 Antioch earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe results of trenching over the northern part of the Dead Sea Transform indicate that three major earthquakes have occurred along the Missyaf segment of the fault since about 100 AD, the earliest of which may correlate with the 115 earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007026-0003-0000", "contents": "115 Antioch earthquake, Damage\nAn account of the earthquake was included by the writer Cassius Dio in his Roman History. He describes Antioch at that time as crowded with soldiers and many civilians that had travelled from all parts of the empire, because Trajan was wintering there. The earthquake began with a loud roaring sound, followed by intense shaking of the ground. Whole trees were thrown into the air, as were many of the inhabitants, causing great injury. Large numbers of people were killed by falling debris, while many others were trapped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007026-0003-0001", "contents": "115 Antioch earthquake, Damage\nThe aftershocks that followed the earthquake for several days killed some of the survivors, while others that were trapped died of hunger. Trajan managed to get clear of the house he was staying in by leaving through a window and only suffered minor injuries. Because of the danger from aftershocks, he moved with his retinue to the open hippodrome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007026-0004-0000", "contents": "115 Antioch earthquake, Damage\nThe city of Apamea was also destroyed by the earthquake and Beirut suffered significant damage. The tsunami triggered by the earthquake affected the Lebanese coast, particularly at Caeserea and Yavneh. The harbour at Caeserea Maritima was probably destroyed by the tsunami, an interpretation based on the dating of a half metre thick tsunami deposit found outside the harbour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007026-0005-0000", "contents": "115 Antioch earthquake, Damage\nThe origin of the reported death toll of 260,000 is uncertain, as it only appears in catalogues of about the last hundred years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007026-0006-0000", "contents": "115 Antioch earthquake, Aftermath\nThe restoration of Antioch was started by Trajan but seems to have been completed by Hadrian. Trajan had a copy of the statue of Tyche by Eutychides erected at the new theatre, to commemorate the rebuilding of the city. Almost all of the mosaics that have been found in Antioch date from after the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007027-0000-0000", "contents": "115 BC\nYear 115 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Scaurus and Metellus (or, less frequently, year 639 Ab urbe condita) and the Second Year of Yuanding. The denomination 115 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007028-0000-0000", "contents": "115 Battalion\n115 South African Infantry Battalion was a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007028-0001-0000", "contents": "115 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions\nIn the late 1970s the South African government had abandoned its opposition to arming black soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007028-0002-0000", "contents": "115 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions\nBy early 1979, the government approved a plan to form a number of regional African battalions, each with a particular ethnic identity, which would either serve in their homelands or under regional SADF commands. This led to the formation of 115 Battalion for the Ndebele and the planned KwaNdebele homeland in 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007028-0003-0000", "contents": "115 Battalion, History, Development of the KwaNdebele Defence Force\n115 Battalion was raised in 1985 and initially based on the farm named Shenandoah near Siyabuswa (The intended capital of KwaNdebele), part of the then Eastern Transvaal. Troops for 115 SA Battalion were recruited from the self-governing territory of KwaNdebele. The Battalion was intended to form the beginning of an armed forces for this homeland, but weak local support for independence from South Africa eventually halted the idea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 67], "content_span": [68, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007028-0004-0000", "contents": "115 Battalion, History, 115 redesignated as a SAI\n115 Battalion therefore remained a SADF unit and resorted under the command of Group 15 from Pretoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 49], "content_span": [50, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007028-0005-0000", "contents": "115 Battalion, History, Disbandment\n115 SAI Battalion disbandment process start around 2000 and some members were assimilated into the new SANDF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007028-0006-0000", "contents": "115 Battalion, History, Disbandment\nWithin the motorised environment was also Specialised Infantry Capability Composite Company named Sierra,boasting Equistrian, Motorcycle and Canine platoon,which was assimilated and centralised at Potchefstroom's 12 SAI Bn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007028-0007-0000", "contents": "115 Battalion, History, Disbandment\nOther leadership grouping and members formed part of the grouping that resascitated VIP Protection as well as guards of honour and hence the Establishment or Renaming of this grouping and unit that is now known as National Ceremonial Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007028-0008-0000", "contents": "115 Battalion, History, Disbandment\nAnd the rest were reposted within other units under command of SA Army HQ as well as SAAF's Air Force Gymnasium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007028-0009-0000", "contents": "115 Battalion, Insignia\n115 Battalion's badge was initially designed for its role in the KwaNdebele Defence Force. The axes and otter are symbols of the Ndebele people. The redesigned 115 SAI Battalion badge however removed any direct connotation to the Ndebele tribe and was opened up as a multi-ethnic unit while the South African Infantry colours was introduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007029-0000-0000", "contents": "115 Fifth Lane\n115 Fifth Lane (commonly known as Fifth Lane) is the home of Ranil Wickremesinghe, former Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. It was built by Wickremesinghe's father, press baron Esmond Wickremesinghe. Wickremesinghe continues to live at Fifth Lane, using the Prime Minister's official residence, Temple Trees, only for official functions during his time as Prime Minister , with the exception of the 2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis. During Wickremesinghe's tenure as opposition leader, he met many foreign dignitaries at Fifth Lane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007029-0001-0000", "contents": "115 Fifth Lane\nThe living room of Fifth Lane was badly damaged on 23 March 1965 when a bomb was thrown into the house and exploded moments after Dudley Senanayake had left the premises while negotiations were underway to form a government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007030-0000-0000", "contents": "115 Harley Street\n115 Harley Street is a grade II* listed terraced town house in Harley Street, in the City of Westminster, London. The house is of the \"first rate\" class, built around 1777 as part of the Portland Estate (now the Howard de Walden Estate), probably by John White and the plasterer Thomas Collins who were associated with Sir William Chambers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007031-0000-0000", "contents": "115 King William Street\n115 King William Street is a high-rise building located on the west side of King William Street in the Adelaide city centre between Waymouth and Currie streets. It rises 87 metres to the roof and 91 metres to the antenna spire. The building has 26 storeys. Construction of the building began in 2015 and was completed in 2016. 115 King William Street is the sixth tallest building in Adelaide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007031-0001-0000", "contents": "115 King William Street, History\n115 King William Street has historically been an address associated with commercial offices. In the nineteenth century it was the office and home of a solicitor, George Michell. In the early twentieth century, it was the site of Commercial Union Chambers, which hosted a range of commercial offices, including its main tenant the Commercial Union Assurance Company. From the 1930s onwards, it became associated with the premises of Scrymgour & Sons, a printing business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007031-0002-0000", "contents": "115 King William Street, History\n115 King William Street was approved by the Development Assessment Commission on 12 July 2010, with its original design only being 64 metres and 16 storeys tall. Later on, the building was approved to be 25 floors high and in August 2015 was granted permission to have another 1 storey making it 26 storeys high.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007032-0000-0000", "contents": "115 Squadron (Israel)\n115 Squadron, also known as the Flying Dragon or Red Squadron, is the Israeli Air Force's aggressor squadron. Based at Ovda, it is the sole IAF squadron to operate fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters and also ground-based assets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007032-0001-0000", "contents": "115 Squadron (Israel), History, Formation\nThe squadron was established on July 8, 1954, as a semi-autonomous unit of 109 Squadron, specializing in photo-reconnaissance flights. Commanded by Captain Azriel Ronen, the squadron initially operated 4 de Havilland Mosquito PR.16s out of Hatzor Airbase. These were soon augmented by three Mosquito NF.30s converted to reconnaissance configuration, and in June 1956, 115 became a fully independent squadron. Commanded by Major Eli Eron, the new unit was based at Tel Nof. It was soon bolstered by three additional PR.16s and three Gloster Meteor T.7s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007032-0002-0000", "contents": "115 Squadron (Israel), History, Formation\nAs Middle East tensions rose in the mid-1950s, 115 squadron operations were stepped up. It carried out reconnaissance missions throughout the region, flying as far as Iraq and Libya. Intelligence gathered during these missions proved valuable not only during the 1956 Suez Crisis, but in subsequent wars as well. In the run-up to Suez Crisis itself, the squadron gathered information on Egyptian forces and their dispositions in the Sinai, while during the war it provided much-needed intelligence on enemy activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007032-0003-0000", "contents": "115 Squadron (Israel), History, Formation\nThe squadron was disbanded in November 1958 with the withdrawal of the Mosquito from service. Its Meteors were allocated to other squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007032-0004-0000", "contents": "115 Squadron (Israel), History, Flying the A-4 Skyhawk\n115 Squadron was reformed in January 1969 at Tel Nof, as the IAF's third A-4 Skyhawk squadron. Its first three jets arrived at the port of Ashdod on March 20, and on March 28 the squadron flew its first flight. It soon achieved operational capability and on April 22 saw its first combat sortie in the ongoing War of Attrition, against a radar station in Jordan. In July it participated in operation Boxer, during which one of its aircraft was hit but managed to make a forced landing at Rephidim. The squadron also participated in the Priha operations, while during operation Rhodes, the January 1970 assault on the island of Shadwan, a squadron A-4 sunk an Egyptian torpedo boat. Altogether 115 Squadron flew about 1,000 sorties throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007032-0005-0000", "contents": "115 Squadron (Israel), History, Flying the A-4 Skyhawk\nInitially operating the A-4H, in 1972 the squadron made the conversion to the A-4N Skyhawk II. It was still flying both models, however, when the Yom Kippur War broke out in October 1973. On October 3 the Squadron had lost its commanding officer, Ami Gadish, when his aircraft crashed during a training sortie. On Friday, October 5, Giora Romm took command of the squadron, despite having never flown the Skyhawk nor serving with the unit. War broke out the very next day, and Romm's first flight was a combat sortie targeting Egyptian troops crossing the Suez Canal, Romm familiarizing himself with the aircraft en route to the target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007032-0006-0000", "contents": "115 Squadron (Israel), History, Flying the A-4 Skyhawk\n115 Squadron flew all types of attack missions during the Yom Kippur War, from close air support (CAS) to air base strikes and SEAD. The squadron suffered its first fatalities of the war on October 7, when Shimon Ash went missing during a strike against Egyptian anti-aircraft artillery, while Israel Rozenblum was killed on the Golan Heights. Two more aircraft was lost on the following day, both on the Egyptian front, with Zvi Bashan killed and Zvi Rozen becoming a prisoner of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007032-0006-0001", "contents": "115 Squadron (Israel), History, Flying the A-4 Skyhawk\nAnother pilot, Mario Shaked, was lost on October 9, and two more aircraft lost on October 11, Yizhak Ofer killed on the Golan Heights and Schneider becoming a POW. These were the last of 115 Squadron's losses during the war, out of 750 sorties flown, a loss rate of 0.9 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007032-0007-0000", "contents": "115 Squadron (Israel), History, Flying the A-4 Skyhawk\nThe squadron was back in action pounding Palestinian positions in southern Lebanon during the late 1970s and early 1980s, and saw extensive action during Operation Peace for Galilee, the 1982 invasion of Lebanon. On June 6, 1982, it lost one of its aircraft while on a strike near Beaufort Castle, pilot Aharon Achiaz falling into Palestinian captivity. The squadron relocated to Nevatim in 1984, continuing to fly sporadic attacks against Lebanese targets during the subsequent decade, flying 38 sorties during Operation Accountability of April 1993. It was disbanded on July 21, 1994, with some of its aircraft going into storage while others were dispersed among remaining IAF A-4 Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007032-0008-0000", "contents": "115 Squadron (Israel), History, Aggressor Squadron\nIn March 2005 the squadron was reformed at Ovda as the IAF's Advanced Training Center, the initiative of former IAF commander-in-chief Eliezer Shkedy. Operating both F-16s and AH-1 Cobras, the unit is tasked with emulating enemy forces and tactics, creating scenarios as close as possible to what pilots may face in war. Holding training sessions for IAF combat squadrons, the squadron also operates a surface-to-air section, simulating enemy air defences. It is not an operational unit, though all its pilots have emergency postings and its aircraft are equipped to serve as combat aircraft in the event of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007032-0009-0000", "contents": "115 Squadron (Israel), History, Aggressor Squadron\nModelled on USAF aggressor squadrons, the unit is also offering its services to other nations. In May 2006 it trained with the Massachusetts Air National Guard's 101st Fighter Squadron, and in 2008 the squadron provided desert training for 55 Czech Air Force pilots prior to their deployment to Afghanistan. As a tribute to Czechoslovak military assistance to Israel during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the training session was named \"Etzion\", once the codename for the Czech airfield at \u017datec from which a great deal of aircraft and material were dispatched to Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007032-0009-0001", "contents": "115 Squadron (Israel), History, Aggressor Squadron\nIn early December 2010, 115 Squadron hosted Italian Air Force Panavia Tornados at Ovda, conducting a week-long joint training session. In December 2011 the Israeli and Italian Air Forces completed another two-week joint training exercise. The exercise involved pilots flying F-16As, F-16Cs and F-15Is from three Israeli squadrons, pitted against Italian Air Force pilots flying Eurofighter Typhoons and Panavia Tornado strike fighters. In March 2012 the Polish Air Force's 10th Tactical Squadron deployed to Ovda for a two-week-long joint exercise with Israel's 115, 117 and 106 squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007032-0010-0000", "contents": "115 Squadron (Israel), History, Aggressor Squadron\nIn December 2016 115 Squadron retired its F-16A/Bs, replacing them in April 2017 with the F-16C/D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007033-0000-0000", "contents": "115 Thyra\n115 Thyra is a fairly large and bright inner main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer J. C. Watson on August 6, 1871 and was named for Thyra, the consort of King Gorm the Old of Denmark. Based upon its spectrum, it is categorized as a stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007033-0001-0000", "contents": "115 Thyra\nObservations made between 1978 and 1981 produced a composite light curve with two minima and maxima. However, a subsequent study in 1983 only found a single minima and maxima. A synodical rotation period of 7.241 hours was determined. This was confirmed by observations between 1995 and 2000. The changes in brightness and color indicate a surface with an uneven composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007033-0002-0000", "contents": "115 Thyra\nThe asteroid has a slightly elongated shape, with a ratio of 1.20 between the lengths of the major and minor axes. The orbital longitude and latitude of the asteroid pole in degrees is estimated to be  (\u03bb0, \u03b20) = (68\u00b0, 23\u00b0). Measurements of the thermal inertia of 115 Thyra give a value of around 75 m\u22122 K\u22121 s\u22121/2, compared to 50 for lunar regolith and 400 for coarse sand in an atmosphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007034-0000-0000", "contents": "115 km\n115\u00a0km (Russian: 115 \u043a\u043c) is a rural locality (a passing loop) in Osinogrivskoye Rural Settlement of Topkinsky District, Russia. The population was 38 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007034-0001-0000", "contents": "115 km, Geography\nThe passing loop is located on the Yurga-Tashtagol line, 14 km south of Topki (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007035-0000-0000", "contents": "115 series\nThe 115 series (115\u7cfb, 115-kei) is a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type developed by Japanese National Railways (JNR) and now operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), West Japan Railway Company (JR-West), and the Shinano Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007035-0001-0000", "contents": "115 series, Operations, JR East\nCurrently used on the Shinetsu Main Line, Yahiko Line, and the Echigo Line. 115 series trains were also previously used on the Sh\u014dnan-Shinjuku Line, Takasaki Line, and Utsunomiya Line, Chuo Main Line(East Line), Shinonoi Line,Oito Line, Agatsuma Line, Ryomo Line, Joetsu Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007035-0002-0000", "contents": "115 series, Operations, JR-West\nCurrently used on the Hakubi Line, Maizuru Line, Sagano Line, Sanin Main Line and the Sany\u014d Main Line", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007035-0003-0000", "contents": "115 series, Operations, JR Central\nFormerly used on the Minobu Line, Gotemba Line and the T\u014dkaid\u014d Main Line. Sets owned by JR East currently operate on the JR Central Iida Line and Ch\u016b\u014d Main Line (West Line).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007035-0004-0000", "contents": "115 series, Operations, Shinano Railway\nCurrently used on the Shinano Railway Line. Start of retirement in July 2020 with the debut of the new SR1 series on the 4th July 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007035-0005-0000", "contents": "115 series, Variants, 115-0 series\nThis is a cold-weather and mountainous line version of the earlier 113 series. The first examples were introduced from 1963 on the Takasaki Line out of Ueno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007035-0006-0000", "contents": "115 series, Variants, 115-1000 series\nIntroduced from 1978 with increased seat pitch and improved cold-weather performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007035-0007-0000", "contents": "115 series, Variants, 115-2000 series\nHiroshima, Shimonoseki and Shizuoka area version introduced in 1978. Specifications based on 115-1000 series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007035-0008-0000", "contents": "115 series, Variants, 115-3000 series\nTwo-door version introduced from November 1982 to replace 153 series EMUs on \"Rapid\" services in the Shimonoseki area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007035-0009-0000", "contents": "115 series, Variants, 115-3500 series\nFormer 117 series MoHa 117 and MoHa 116 two-door cars converted from May 1992 for use in the Okayama and Hiroshima areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007035-0010-0000", "contents": "115 series, Variants, 115-6000 series\nJR-West 2-car sets converted in 1999 by building new cabs at one end of former MoHa (non-driving motor) cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007035-0011-0000", "contents": "115 series, Livery variations, Special liveries\nIn January 2017, Niigata-based set N3 was repainted into the original \"Niigata Livery\" of red and yellow formerly carried by JNR 70 series EMU trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007035-0012-0000", "contents": "115 series, Livery variations, Special liveries\nIn April 2017, Shinano Railway three-car set S7 was repainted into the original Nagano livery of cream and green as part of the Shinshu area promotional campaign to be held from July to September 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007035-0013-0000", "contents": "115 series, Livery variations, Special liveries\nIn September 2017, Niigata-based set N37 was repainted in the first \"Niigata area\" livery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007035-0014-0000", "contents": "115 series, Withdrawal\nWithdrawals first begun in 1985 following the introduction of 211 series. The 115 series were gradually phased out on some services. The first units were scrapped in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007035-0015-0000", "contents": "115 series, Preserved examples\nFormer JR East end car KuMoHa 115 1061 is scheduled to be displayed at the Niigata City Niitsu Railway Museum in Niitsu, Niigata between July and September 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007036-0000-0000", "contents": "115-119 Eighth Avenue (Brooklyn)\n115\u2013119 Eighth Avenue, also known as the Adams House, is a historic house at Eighth Avenue and Carroll Street in Park Slope, Brooklyn, New York City. It was built in 1888 as a double house, and was commissioned by Thomas Adams Jr., who invented the Adams Chiclets automatic vending machine. It was designed by noted architect C. P. H. Gilbert in the Richardsonian Romanesque style, and is considered to be one of the best examples of that style extant in New York City, \"worthy of H. H. Richardson.\" The house is built of sandstone, terra cotta and brick on a brownstone base, and was the first house in the neighborhood with an elevator. It has now been converted into apartments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007036-0001-0000", "contents": "115-119 Eighth Avenue (Brooklyn)\nThe building is located within the Park Slope Historic District, which was designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007036-0002-0000", "contents": "115-119 Eighth Avenue (Brooklyn), History\nC. P. H. Gilbert, who had been trained as an employee of H. H. Richardson, was the architect for the majority of the houses on Montgomery Place in Brooklyn, as well as many of the mansions on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007036-0003-0000", "contents": "115-119 Eighth Avenue (Brooklyn), History\nAt the turn of the 20th century, Thomas Adams' family moved to Riverside Drive in Manhattan, and their former house in Park Slope was occupied for many years by Alvin Edger Ivie, a relative by marriage of F. W. Woolworth. Ivie worked for the F. W. Woolworth Company and was also a director of the East Brooklyn Savings Bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007036-0004-0000", "contents": "115-119 Eighth Avenue (Brooklyn), History\nA long-surviving local tale says that the building is haunted: it had one of the first elevators in a private home, and when Adams went away, some of the servants are said to have gotten stuck in the elevator when it stalled, and could not get out. By the time Adams had returned, says the rumor, the servants were dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007036-0005-0000", "contents": "115-119 Eighth Avenue (Brooklyn), Description\nIn the Adams Residence, Gilbert designed a corner tower, projecting gable roofs and dormers. The building's warm and rich tones contrast with the other outstanding Richardsonian residence in the area, the Hulbert Mansion on Prospect Park West, designed by Montrose Morris. The Adams Residence's salmon-colored brick, sandstone and terra cotta contrasts with the cooler-hued limestone of the Hulbert Mansion. In the Adams house itself, the rusticated brownstone base contrasts with the texture of the smooth Roman brick above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007036-0006-0000", "contents": "115-119 Eighth Avenue (Brooklyn), Description\nThe Eighth Avenue facade of the double house, which is dominated by the corner tower balanced by triple windows set in a hipped dormer, has a two-story curved bay topped by a brick parapet and an arched entrance balanced by an arched window. This entrance was used by Thomas Adams' son John Dunbar Adams, who occupied this side of the double house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007036-0007-0000", "contents": "115-119 Eighth Avenue (Brooklyn), Description\nOn the Carroll Street side of the residence is the main entrance to the house, reached by way of a low stoop. The carved Syrian entrance arch is supported by clustered capped dwarf columns. Above the arch is a triple window, surrounded by the same naturalistic bas relief pattern of leaves which adorn the columns. The windows rest on columns topped by basketwork capitals. Also resting on dwarf columns are the arches which define the windows on the third floor. Under the gable, whose peak is adorned by more foliate carving, are four narrow windows which provide light for the attic floor. The first floor windows all have stone transom bars, with the transoms all made of exceptional stained glass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007036-0008-0000", "contents": "115-119 Eighth Avenue (Brooklyn), Description\nFrom the Carroll Street side it can be seen that the corner tower is round on the first floor, but polygonal above that. It is topped by a high octagonal roof covered in tile. An open-work brick balcony is attached to the east side of the tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007037-0000-0000", "contents": "115-121 Kent Street, Millers Point\n115-121 Kent Street, Millers Point are heritage-listed terrace houses located at 115-121 Kent Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007037-0001-0000", "contents": "115-121 Kent Street, Millers Point, History\nMillers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. First tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007037-0002-0000", "contents": "115-121 Kent Street, Millers Point, Description\nOne of a group of two storey Victorian Italianate terraces in good condition. Of particular note is the elaborate parapet with many classical details concealing dormer windows to the attics and the fine cast iron balustrades and columns to the verandahs on both levels. This terrace contains four one-bedroom units. Storeys: Two; Construction: Painted rendered masonry walls, slate roof to main body of house corrugated galvanised iron to balcony roof and rear wing. Decorative iron lace. Painted timber joinery. Style: Victorian Italianate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007037-0003-0000", "contents": "115-121 Kent Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nAs at 23 November 2000, one of a group of well detailed Victorian Italianate terrace houses. Elaborately modelled facade. Important streetscape element.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007037-0004-0000", "contents": "115-121 Kent Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nIt is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of 19th century adaptation of the landscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007037-0005-0000", "contents": "115-121 Kent Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nTerrace was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007037-0006-0000", "contents": "115-121 Kent Street, Millers Point, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 908 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007038-0000-0000", "contents": "1150\nYear 1150 (MCL) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007039-0000-0000", "contents": "1150 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1150\u00a0kHz: 1150 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency, according to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007040-0000-0000", "contents": "1150 Achaia\n1150 Achaia (/\u0259\u02c8ka\u026a\u0259/); prov. designation: 1929 RB) is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory on 2 September 1929. The S-type asteroid has a notably long rotation period of hours 61 hours and measures approximately 7.8 kilometers (4.8 miles) in diameter. It is named for the Greek region of Achaia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007040-0001-0000", "contents": "1150 Achaia, Discovery\nAchaia was discovered on 2 September 1929, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. Ten nights later, it was independently discovered by Friedrich Schwassmann and Arno Wachmann at Bergedorf. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, five days after its first and official discovery observation.<", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007040-0002-0000", "contents": "1150 Achaia, Orbit and classification\nLocated in the orbital region of the Flora family, one of the largest, yet disputed families of the main-belt, Achaia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.7\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,184 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007040-0003-0000", "contents": "1150 Achaia, Naming\nThis minor planet is named for the region Achaea (or \"Achaia\") in Western Greece. It is located in the northern part of the Peloponnese peninsula and borders on the gulfs of Patras and Corinth. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 107).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007040-0004-0000", "contents": "1150 Achaia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), Achaia is a common, stony S-type asteroid, while in the survey's SMASS (Bus\u2013Binzel)-like taxonomic variant, it is an Sl-subtype, which transitions from the S-type to the uncommon L-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007040-0005-0000", "contents": "1150 Achaia, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nA rotational lightcurve of Achaia was obtained from photometric observations by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory in October 2007. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 60.99 hours with a brightness variation of 0.72 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007040-0006-0000", "contents": "1150 Achaia, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nPublished in 2016, two additional lightcurves were derived from modeled photometric data using various sources. They gave a sidereal rotation period of 61.071\u00b10.001 and 61.072\u00b10.005 hours, as well as a spin axis of (5.0\u00b0, \u221265.0\u00b0) and (20.0\u00b0, \u221269.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007040-0007-0000", "contents": "1150 Achaia, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nWhile not being a slow rotator, Achaia has a notably longer period than the vast majority of asteroids, which typically rotate every 2 to 20 hours once around their axis. Also, the body's changes in brightness are relatively high and indicate that it has a non-spheroidal shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007040-0008-0000", "contents": "1150 Achaia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Achaia measures between 7.689 and 8.16 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.234 and 0.251. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 taken from 8\u00a0Flora, the Flora family's principal body and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 7.82 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007042-0000-0000", "contents": "11509 Thersilochos\n11509 Thersilochos /\u03b8\u0259r\u02c8s\u026al\u0259k\u0259s/ is a Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 50 kilometers (31 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 15 November 1990, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at the La Silla Observatory in northern Chile. The dark Jovian asteroid belongs to the 100 largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of 17.4 hours. It was named after the Trojan warrior Thersilochus from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007042-0001-0000", "contents": "11509 Thersilochos, Orbit and classification\nThersilochos is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.4\u20135.9\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 9 months (4,306 days; semi-major axis of 5.18\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 19\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007042-0002-0000", "contents": "11509 Thersilochos, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1989 SN7 at Palomar Observatory in September 1989, just two months prior to its official discovery observation at La Silla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007042-0003-0000", "contents": "11509 Thersilochos, Physical characteristics\nThersilochos is an assumed C-type asteroid, while the majority of the larger Jovian asteroids are D-types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007042-0004-0000", "contents": "11509 Thersilochos, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Thersilochos was obtained from a total of six nights of photometric observations by Italian astronomer Stefano Mottola at the Calar Alto Observatory in Spain. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 17.367\u00b10.015 hours with a brightness variation of 0.27 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007042-0005-0000", "contents": "11509 Thersilochos, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nFollow-up observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in November 2013, and by Daniel Coley at the Center for Solar System Studies in December 2014, gave two concurring periods of 17.329 and 17.389 hours (U=3/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007042-0006-0000", "contents": "11509 Thersilochos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Thersilochos between 49.96 and 56.23 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.065 and 0.051, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 53.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007042-0007-0000", "contents": "11509 Thersilochos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007042-0008-0000", "contents": "11509 Thersilochos, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Trojan warrior Thersilochus, who fought with Hector at the battle for the dead body of Patroclus and was later slain by Achilles. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 January 2003 (M.P.C. 47299).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007043-0000-0000", "contents": "1150s\nThe 1150s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1150, and ended on December 31, 1159.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007044-0000-0000", "contents": "1150s BC\nThe 1150s BC is a decade which lasted from 1159 BC to 1150 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007047-0000-0000", "contents": "1150s in art\nThe decade of the 1150s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007048-0000-0000", "contents": "1150s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007048-0001-0000", "contents": "1150s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007048-0002-0000", "contents": "1150s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007049-0000-0000", "contents": "1151\nYear 1151 (MCLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007050-0000-0000", "contents": "1151 Ithaka\n1151 Ithaka, provisional designation 1929 RK, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in 1929, and later named for the Greek island of Ithaca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007050-0001-0000", "contents": "1151 Ithaka, Discovery\nIthaka was discovered on 8 September 1929, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. Five nights later, it was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. Only the first discoverer is acknowledged by the Minor Planet Center. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007050-0002-0000", "contents": "1151 Ithaka, Orbit and classification\nIthaka is a non-family asteroid from the background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,364 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007050-0003-0000", "contents": "1151 Ithaka, Physical characteristics\nIthaka is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, untypical for inner-belt asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007050-0004-0000", "contents": "1151 Ithaka, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2011, three rotational lightcurves of Ithaka were obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period between 4.93115 and 4.932 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.12 to 0.15 magnitude (U=3/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007050-0005-0000", "contents": "1151 Ithaka, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Ithaka measures between 8.97 and 20.46 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.02 and 0.13. A collaboration of Italian and American photometrists estimate a diameter of 14\u00b13 kilometers, and the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and derives a diameter of 14.37 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.94.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007050-0006-0000", "contents": "1151 Ithaka, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Greek Ionian Island of Ithaca located in the Ionian Sea. In Greek mythology, the legendary hero Odysseus was the King of Ithaca (also see 1143\u00a0Odysseus). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 107).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007051-0000-0000", "contents": "1151 in Ireland, Events\nThe Battle of M\u00f3in Mh\u00f3r was fought in 1151 between the kingdoms of Leinster and Thomond in Ireland. The Kingdom of Leinster was victorious.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007052-0000-0000", "contents": "1152\nYear 1152 (MCLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007053-0000-0000", "contents": "1152 Pawona\n1152 Pawona, provisional designation 1930 AD, is a stony Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in 1930, the asteroid was named in honor of astronomers Johann Palisa and Max Wolf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007053-0001-0000", "contents": "1152 Pawona, Discovery\nPawona was discovered on 8 January 1930, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. It was independently discovered by Italian astronomer Luigi Volta at the Observatory of Turin on 19 January 1930, and by Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula on 21 January 1930. The Minor Planet Center, however, only acknowledges the first discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007053-0002-0000", "contents": "1152 Pawona, Discovery\nThe asteroid was first identified as A924 QA at Vienna Observatory in August 1924. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1926 AK at Heidelberg in January 1926, almost 4 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007053-0003-0000", "contents": "1152 Pawona, Orbit and classification\nPawona is a supposed member of the stony Vesta family (401), named after 4\u00a0Vesta and the main belt's second-largest asteroid family by number. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,381 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007053-0004-0000", "contents": "1152 Pawona, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Pawona is an Sl-subtype, that transitions from the common stony S-type to the rare L-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007053-0005-0000", "contents": "1152 Pawona, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Pawona have been obtained from photometric observations since 2002. Analysis of these lightcurves gave a well-defined rotation period between 3.415 and 3.425 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 to 0.26 magnitude (U=3/3/3/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007053-0006-0000", "contents": "1152 Pawona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pawona measures between 15.69 and 18.826 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1529 and 0.2167.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007053-0007-0000", "contents": "1152 Pawona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2782 and a diameter of 15.90 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007053-0008-0000", "contents": "1152 Pawona, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after astronomers Johann Palisa and Max Wolf, two prolific discoverers of minor planets, in recognition of their cooperation. The name was proposed by Swedish astronomer Bror Ansgar Asplind. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 107).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007053-0009-0000", "contents": "1152 Pawona, Naming, Feminization of names\nPawona is a combination of \"Palisa\" and \"Wolf\" (Pa, Wo) joined with a Latin feminine suffix. The custom of adding the female endings  \"a\" or \"ia\" to male names had only faded out by World War II and was finally abolished in 1947, when the Minor Planet Center took over responsibility of numbering and naming asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007056-0000-0000", "contents": "1153\nYear 1153 (MCLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007057-0000-0000", "contents": "1153 Wallenbergia\n1153 Wallenbergia, provisional designation 1924 SL, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 September 1924, by Soviet astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after German mathematician Georg Wallenberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007057-0001-0000", "contents": "1153 Wallenbergia, Orbit and classification\nWallenbergia is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,189 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007057-0002-0000", "contents": "1153 Wallenbergia, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1930 HH at Johannesburg Observatory in April 1930, almost six years after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007057-0003-0000", "contents": "1153 Wallenbergia, Physical characteristics\nWallenbergia has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid by PanSTARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007057-0004-0000", "contents": "1153 Wallenbergia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 1989, the first rotational lightcurve of Wallenbergia was obtained from photometric observations by Polish astronomer Wies\u0142aw Z. Wi\u015bniewski at University of Arizona. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.096 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.33 magnitude (U=3). Observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in 2014, gave a period of 4.116 and 4.12 hours with an amplitude of 0.25 and 0.23 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007057-0005-0000", "contents": "1153 Wallenbergia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Wallenbergia measures 8.02 and 8.037 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.37 and 0.433, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007057-0006-0000", "contents": "1153 Wallenbergia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 taken from 8\u00a0Flora, the parent body of the Flora family \u2013 and derives a diameter of 9.36 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007057-0007-0000", "contents": "1153 Wallenbergia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after German mathematician Georg Wallenberg (1864\u20131924). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 107).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007059-0000-0000", "contents": "1153 papal election\nThe 1153 papal election followed the death of Pope Eugene III and resulted in the election of Pope Anastasius IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007059-0001-0000", "contents": "1153 papal election, Election of Anastasius IV\nPope Eugenius III died on 8 July 1153 at Tivoli. On 12 July the cardinals elected as his successor cardinal Corrado Demetri della Suburra, bishop of Sabina and dean of the College of Cardinals, who was 80 years old. He took the name Anastasius IV and was crowned on the same day, probably in Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007059-0002-0000", "contents": "1153 papal election, Cardinal-electors\nThere were 35 cardinals in the Sacred College of Cardinals in July 1153, but it seems that no more than 30 (perhaps even fewer) participated in the election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007059-0003-0000", "contents": "1153 papal election, Cardinal-electors\nSix electors were created by Pope Innocent II, five by Pope Celestine II, six by Pope Lucius II, twelve by Pope Eugenius III and one by Pope Paschalis II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007060-0000-0000", "contents": "1154\nYear 1154 (MCLIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007061-0000-0000", "contents": "1154 Astronomia\n1154 Astronomia, provisional designation 1927 CB, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 60 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory on 8 February 1927. The asteroid was named for the natural science of astronomy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007061-0001-0000", "contents": "1154 Astronomia, Orbit and classification\nAstronomia is a background asteroid, that is, not a member of any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.2\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 6 years and 3 months (2,281 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007061-0002-0000", "contents": "1154 Astronomia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A911 RA at Heidelberg in September 1911. The body's observation arc begins the night after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007061-0003-0000", "contents": "1154 Astronomia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Astronomia has an ambiguous spectral type, closest to a carbonaceous F-type and somewhat similar to that of an X-type asteroid. Its spectrum has also been flagged as unusual and of poor quality (FXU:).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007061-0004-0000", "contents": "1154 Astronomia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 2016, the first rotational lightcurve of Astronomia was obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 18.1154 hours with a brightness variation of 0.39 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007061-0005-0000", "contents": "1154 Astronomia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Astronomia measures between 55.4 and 64.20 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.028 and 0.04.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007061-0006-0000", "contents": "1154 Astronomia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.0296 and a diameter of 61.08 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.51.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007061-0007-0000", "contents": "1154 Astronomia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the natural science of astronomy, a study of celestial objects, observations and phenomena in the night sky. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007062-0000-0000", "contents": "1154 papal election\nThe 1154 papal election followed the death of Pope Anastasius IV and resulted in the election of Pope Adrian IV, the only Englishman to become pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007062-0001-0000", "contents": "1154 papal election, Election of Adrian IV\nPope Anastasius IV died on 3 December 1154 in Rome, at a very advanced age. The College of Cardinals assembled in the Vatican Basilica on the next day to elect his successor. On 4 December 1154 the cardinals unanimously elected Cardinal-Bishop of Albano Nicholas Breakspeare, former legate in Scandinavia (1152-1153). He took the name Adrian IV and was crowned on 5 December 1154 in the Vatican Basilica. He is the only English pope in history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007062-0002-0000", "contents": "1154 papal election, Cardinal-electors\nThere were probably 30 cardinals in the Sacred College of Cardinals at the beginning of December 1154, but it seems that no more than 25 (perhaps even fewer) participated in the election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007062-0003-0000", "contents": "1154 papal election, Cardinal-electors\nFive electors were created by Pope Innocent II, four by Pope Celestine II, five by Pope Lucius II, eleven by Pope Eugenius III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007062-0004-0000", "contents": "1154 papal election, Absentees\nAt least five cardinals did not participate in this election. Cardinal Giacinto Bobone is known to have been in Spain at that time; he served there as papal legate from the spring of 1154 until the end of 1155. Cardinal Odone Bonecase was employed as legate in France in 1154/55. Gerard de Namur was legate in Germany, while Ildebrando in Lombardy. Abbot Rainaldo of Montecassino was not a resident of Roman Curia:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007063-0000-0000", "contents": "1155\nYear 1155 (MCLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007064-0000-0000", "contents": "1155 A\u00ebnna\n1155 A\u00ebnna, provisional designation 1928 BD, is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 January 1928, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. It is named for the astronomy journal Astronomische Nachrichten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007064-0001-0000", "contents": "1155 A\u00ebnna, Orbit and classification\nIn the SMASS taxonomy, the X-type asteroid is classified as a Xe-type, an intermediary that transitions to the bright E-type asteroids. The spectra of a Xe-type contains an absorption feature near 0.49\u00a0\u03bcm, which is thought to be related with the presence of the iron sulfide mineral troilite, typically found in lunar and Martian meteorites. A\u00ebnna orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,413 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg with its official discovery observation in 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007064-0002-0000", "contents": "1155 A\u00ebnna, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nFrench amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy obtained a rotational lightcurve of A\u00ebnna from photometric observations taken in December 2015. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.07 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007064-0003-0000", "contents": "1155 A\u00ebnna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, A\u00ebnna measures between 9.28 and 14.09 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.225 and 0.356. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees best with Akari, and derives an albedo of 0.2169 with a diameter of 11.36 kilometers and an absolute magnitude of 12.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007064-0004-0000", "contents": "1155 A\u00ebnna, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Astronomische Nachrichten, one of the first international journals in the field of astronomy. The constructed name \"A\u00ebnna\" contains the German pronunciation of the initials \"A\" and \"N\" followed by the mandatory feminine ending used for asteroids. The naming was proposed by the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut and mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007067-0000-0000", "contents": "11552 Boucolion\n11552 Boucolion /ba\u028a\u02c8ko\u028ali\u0252n/ is a Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 53 kilometers (33 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 27 January 1993, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at the CERGA Observatory in Caussols, France. The dark D-type asteroid is one of the 90 largest Jupiter trojans and has a long rotation period of 32.4 hours. It was named from Greek mythology after the Boucolion, who lost his sons in the Trojan War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007067-0001-0000", "contents": "11552 Boucolion, Orbit and classification\nBoucolion is a dark Jupiter trojan in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.5\u20136.1\u00a0AU once every 12 years and 1 month (4,418 days; semi-major axis of 5.27\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007067-0002-0000", "contents": "11552 Boucolion, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as 1975 NP1 at Crimea\u2013Nauchnij in July 1973. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Caussols in January 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007067-0003-0000", "contents": "11552 Boucolion, Physical characteristics\nIn the SDSS-based taxonomy, Boucolion is a D-type asteroid, the most common type among the larger Jupiter trojans. It has also been characterized as a D-type by Pan-STARRS' survey, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes it to be a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007067-0004-0000", "contents": "11552 Boucolion, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Boucolion was first obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 16.150 and 16.177 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.23 and 0.25 magnitude in the R- and S-band, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007067-0005-0000", "contents": "11552 Boucolion, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA more refined, alternative period solution of 32.44\u00b10.05 hours with an amplitude of 0.21 magnitude was measured by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in January 2015 (U=2). The result seems to be a 1:2 alias, i.e. twice the period, of the previously obtained lightcurve at the PTF. While not being a slow rotator, Boucolion has one of the longest periods among the larger Jupiter trojans (see table below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007067-0006-0000", "contents": "11552 Boucolion, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Boucolion measures 51.136 and 53.91 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.062 and 0.035, respectively. CALL assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 53.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007067-0007-0000", "contents": "11552 Boucolion, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007067-0008-0000", "contents": "11552 Boucolion, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after Boucolion, father of the two Trojan warriors Pedasos and Aesopos, who both were slain near the River Scamander during the Trojan War. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 January 2003 (M.P.C. 47299).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007068-0000-0000", "contents": "1156\nYear 1156 (MCLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007069-0000-0000", "contents": "1156 Kira\n1156 Kira, provisional designation 1928 DA, is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 February 1928, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. Any reference of its name to a person or occurrence is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007069-0001-0000", "contents": "1156 Kira, Orbit and classification\nKira is not a member of any known asteroid family and belongs to the main belt's background population. At the present epoch, however, it orbits within the region of the Flora family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007069-0002-0000", "contents": "1156 Kira, Orbit and classification\nThis asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.3\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,222 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007069-0003-0000", "contents": "1156 Kira, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Kira have been obtained from photometric observations since 2007. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 2.7910 and 2.79113 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 to 0.26 magnitude (U=3/3/3/2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007069-0004-0000", "contents": "1156 Kira, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Kira measures between 6.83 and 10.83 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.165 and 0.455.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007069-0005-0000", "contents": "1156 Kira, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 10.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007069-0006-0000", "contents": "1156 Kira, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by astronomer Max M\u00fcndler, staff member at Heidelberg Observatory. Any reference of its name to a person or occurrence is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007069-0007-0000", "contents": "1156 Kira, Naming, Unknown meaning\nAmong the many thousands of named minor planets, Kira is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007073-0000-0000", "contents": "1157\nYear 1157 (MCLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007074-0000-0000", "contents": "1157 (album)\n1157 is the first and only live album by Australian country rock music group Stars. The album was recorded at Bombay Rock in Melbourne in October 1979 and released in July 1980, following band member Andrew Durant's death on 6 May 1980. The album peaked at number 46 on the Australian charts, remaining on the chart for 8 weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007075-0000-0000", "contents": "1157 Arabia\n1157 Arabia, provisional designation 1929 QC, is an asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 29 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany on 31 August 1929. The asteroid was named for the Arabian Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007075-0001-0000", "contents": "1157 Arabia, Orbit and classification\nArabia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,073 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007075-0002-0000", "contents": "1157 Arabia, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in December 1930, more than a year after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007075-0003-0000", "contents": "1157 Arabia, Physical characteristics\nArabia is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, while the measured albedos are rather typical for a stony composition (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007075-0004-0000", "contents": "1157 Arabia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn June 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Arabia was obtained from photometric observations by Peter Caspari at the \tBDI Observatory (E18) near Sydney, Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.225 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.37 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007075-0005-0000", "contents": "1157 Arabia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Arabia measures 29.01 and 29.113 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.211 and 0.247, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a much larger diameter of 55.67 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007075-0006-0000", "contents": "1157 Arabia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Arabian Peninsula, also known as \"Arabia\", in Western Asia. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007076-0000-0000", "contents": "1157 Hama earthquake\nThe 1157 Hama earthquake occurred on 12 August after a year of foreshocks. Its name was taken from the city of Hama, in west-central Syria (then under the Seljuk rule), where the most casualties were sustained. In eastern Syria, near the Euphrates, the quake destroyed the predecessor of the citadel al-Rahba, subsequently rebuilt on the same strategic site. The earthquake also affected Christian monasteries and churches in the vicinity of Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007079-0000-0000", "contents": "11573 Helmholtz\n11573 Helmholtz, provisional designation 1993 SK3, is a Zhongguo asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers (8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 20 September 1993, by German astronomers Freimut B\u00f6rngen and Lutz Schmadel at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in Tautenburg, Germany. It is one of few asteroids located in the 2:1 resonance with Jupiter. The asteroid was named for German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007079-0001-0000", "contents": "11573 Helmholtz, Orbit and classification\nHelmholtz is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It is a member of the small group of Zhongguo asteroids, located in the Hecuba gap (2:1 mean motion resonance with Jupiter) near 3.27\u00a0AU. Contrary to the nearby unstable Griqua group, the orbits of the Zhongguos are stable over half a billion years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007079-0002-0000", "contents": "11573 Helmholtz, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.4\u20134.1\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 11 months (2,148 days; semi-major axis of 3.26\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as 1982 YN4 at Crimea\u2013Nauchnij in December 1982. The body's observation arc begins at Palomar Observatory in January 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007079-0003-0000", "contents": "11573 Helmholtz, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nBased on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, Helmholtz measures 13 kilometer in diameter for an absolute magnitude of 13.2 and an assumed albedo of 0.057, which is typical for carbonaceous asteroids. If the body was of stony rather than carbonaceous composition, its estimated diameter would be less than 7 kilometer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007079-0004-0000", "contents": "11573 Helmholtz, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Helmholtz has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007079-0005-0000", "contents": "11573 Helmholtz, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after German physiologist and physicist Hermann von Helmholtz (1821\u20131894), a prolific naturalists of the 19th century. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 March 2000 (M.P.C. 39658). The lunar crater Helmholtz as well as the crater Helmholtz on Mars are also named in his honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007080-0000-0000", "contents": "1158\nYear 1158 (MCLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007081-0000-0000", "contents": "1158 Luda\n1158 Luda, provisional designation 1929 QF, is a stony asteroid from the middle regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 31 August 1929, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. It was named after Ludmilla Neujmin, the sister of the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007081-0001-0000", "contents": "1158 Luda, Orbit and classification\nLuda orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,499 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first used observation at Johannesburg Observatory, one month after its official discovery observation at Simeiz. Luda is a stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007081-0002-0000", "contents": "1158 Luda, Orbit and classification\nBased on its orbital elements, Luda is a member of the Eunomia family, a large group of stony asteroids and the most prominent family in the intermediate main-belt, while Argentine astronomer Alvarez-Candal from the Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba groups it into the smaller Maria family, which is named after 170\u00a0Maria (the same discrepancy exists for 9175\u00a0Graun and 2429\u00a0Sch\u00fcrer).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007081-0003-0000", "contents": "1158 Luda, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Luda were obtained from photometric observations. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurves obtained by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi, American astronomer Brian Warner, and an international group lead by Korean astronomers, gave a well-defined rotation period between 6.86 and 6.87 hours with a brightness variation between 0.13 and 0.22 magnitude (U=3/3-/3). Photometric observations also gave a period of 6.9 and 7.44 hours, but these were derived from a fragmentary and ambiguous light curve, respectively. (U=1/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 47], "content_span": [48, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007081-0004-0000", "contents": "1158 Luda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Luda measures between 18.63 and 20.59 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.20 and 0.25. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.232 and a diameter of 19.06 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007081-0005-0000", "contents": "1158 Luda, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Ludmilla Neujmin, the sister of the discoverer. \"Luda\" is a diminutive of Ludmilla. Astronomer Lutz Schmadel, who compiled this naming citation, based it on a private communication with \"N. S. Samojlova-Yakhontova\", as neither the Minor Planet Circulars nor The Names of the Minor Planets give any information about this asteroid's name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007083-0000-0000", "contents": "1159\nYear 1159 (MCLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007084-0000-0000", "contents": "1159 Granada\n1159 Granada, provisional designation 1929 RD, is a dark background asteroid and relatively slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 2 September 1929, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named for the Spanish city and province of Granada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007084-0001-0000", "contents": "1159 Granada, Orbit and classification\nGranada is a background asteroid that does not belong to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,341 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins nine days after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007084-0002-0000", "contents": "1159 Granada, Physical characteristics\nAlthough Granada is an assumed S-type asteroid, it has a notably low albedo (see below) for an asteroid of the inner main-belt, even below that of most carbonaceous asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007084-0003-0000", "contents": "1159 Granada, Physical characteristics, Slow rotation\nIn September 1984, a rotational lightcurve of Granada was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 31 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=2). In October 2010, photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory gave a period of 72.852 hours and an amplitude of 0.24 (U=2). While not being a slow rotator, Granada's period is significantly longer than the typical 2 to 20 hours measures for most asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 53], "content_span": [54, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007084-0004-0000", "contents": "1159 Granada, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Granada measures between 27.839 and 34.65 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.028 and 0.0471.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007084-0005-0000", "contents": "1159 Granada, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0439 and a diameter of 29.94 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.63.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007084-0006-0000", "contents": "1159 Granada, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Granada, city and province in Andalusia in southern. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0000-0000", "contents": "1159 papal election\nThe 1159 papal election (held 4\u20137 September) followed the death of Pope Adrian IV. It resulted in a double papal election. A majority of the cardinals elected Cardinal Rolando of Siena as Pope Alexander III, but a minority refused to recognize him and elected their own candidate Ottaviano de Monticelli, who took the name Victor IV, creating a schism that lasted until 1178.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0001-0000", "contents": "1159 papal election\nThe schism was a result of the growing tensions inside the Sacred College of Cardinals concerning the foreign policy of the Holy See. The Papal States in the 12th century were a buffer between the Holy Roman Empire and the Norman Kingdom of Sicily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0001-0001", "contents": "1159 papal election\nAfter the Concordat of Worms in 1122, the Papacy allied with the Empire rather than with the Normans, but during the pontificate of Adrian IV (1154\u201359) this alliance broke up because Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa did not fulfil the terms of the treaty of Constance (1153) that obliged him to help the Papacy to restore its authority in Rome and in other territories controlled by the king of Sicily. In these circumstances Adrian IV decided to break the alliance with the Emperor and to make peace with William I of Sicily by signing the Treaty of Benevento (1156).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0001-0002", "contents": "1159 papal election\nIn the following years there were growing tensions between the papacy and Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa (e.g. a dispute at the diet of Besan\u00e7on in 1157). Frederick tried \u2013 with significant success \u2013 to strengthen his influence on the Church in Germany. The change of direction of the papal foreign policy resulted in the division of the Sacred College into supporters and opponents of the new policy, who were unable to achieve a compromise after the death of Adrian IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0002-0000", "contents": "1159 papal election\nThe election of 1159 had also significant legal consequences. Up to that time, the election of the new Pope required unanimity among the electors, which led to the schism when the existence of factions in the Sacred College made the unanimity impossible. To avoid such schism in the future, the Third Lateran Council in 1179 promulgated the decree Licet de evitanda discordia, which established the rule that the Pope is elected with a majority of two thirds of the cardinals participating in the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0003-0000", "contents": "1159 papal election, Death of Adrian IV\nPope Adrian IV died on 1 September 1159. Fearing a possible schism, shortly before his death he recommended to the cardinals the election of Cardinal Bernard of Porto as his successor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0004-0000", "contents": "1159 papal election, List of participants\nThere were thirty-one cardinals in September 1159. One of them seems not to have participated in the election, leaving thirty electors:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0005-0000", "contents": "1159 papal election, List of participants\nFive electors were created by Pope Innocent II, two by Pope Celestine II, four by Pope Lucius II, eight by Pope Eugenius III and eleven by Pope Adrian IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0006-0000", "contents": "1159 papal election, Divisions in the Sacred College\nThe College of Cardinals was divided into two factions: the so-called \"Sicilian\" party and the Imperial faction. The \"Sicilian\" party, led by chancellor Rolando of Siena and Camerlengo Boso, supported the pro-Sicilian policy of Adrian IV. The Imperial faction was led by Ottaviano of S. Cecilia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0007-0000", "contents": "1159 papal election, Divisions in the Sacred College\nIt is known that the \"Sicilian\" party counted thirteen cardinals. They were chancellor Roland of S. Marco, camerlengo Boso of SS. Cosma e Damiano, cardinal-bishops Bernard of Porto, Ubaldo of Ostia, Walter of Albano and Gregorio of Sabina, as well as cardinals Odone of S. Giorgio, Ubaldo of S. Croce, Ottone of S. Nicola, Ardicio of S. Teodoro, Giovanni of S. Anastasia, Ildebrando of SS. Apostoli and Pietro of S. Eustachio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0008-0000", "contents": "1159 papal election, Divisions in the Sacred College\nThe Imperial party may have counted as many as nine cardinals. but only six can be identified as its members: Ottaviano of S. Cecilia, Giovanni of SS. Silvestro e Martino, Guido of S. Maria in Trastevere, Imar of Tusculum, Raymond of S. Maria in Via Lata and Simeone of S. Maria in Domnica Guglielmo of S. Pietro in Vincoli was probably the seventh one. Perhaps Cardinal Cinzio of S. Adriano also belonged to this faction. The remaining ten cardinals were neutral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0009-0000", "contents": "1159 papal election, Divisions in the Sacred College\nIt is believed that both factions made some preparations to the election in the last months of the pontificate of Adrian IV, although these attempts are known only from the hostile accounts produced for the polemical purposes during the subsequent schism and it is impossible to verify their accuracy. Both sides accused each other of illegal conspiracies. The adherents of Victor IV accused \"Sicilians\" of receiving the bribes from the king William I of Sicily and the anti-Imperial cities of Brescia, Milan and Piacenza. They ostensibly made an oath not to vote for any candidate outside their circle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0009-0001", "contents": "1159 papal election, Divisions in the Sacred College\nOn the other hand, \"Sicilians\" accused imperialists of hatching a plot with the imperial envoy Otto von Wittelsbach, who was present at Rome at the time of the election and gave the significant support to Victor IV in taking control over the Patrimony of St. Peter. It is known that the secular adherents of Cardinal Ottaviano de Monticelli, who was related to the powerful family of the counts of Tusculum, were prepared for the armed confrontation in Rome. Evidently, neither party was prepared for compromise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0010-0000", "contents": "1159 papal election, Proceedings, Election of Alexander III\nThe cardinals assembled in the Vatican Basilica on 4 September, three days after the death of Adrian IV. They had decided that, according to the custom, the election should be unanimous to be valid. It seems that the candidature of Bernard of Porto, recommended by Adrian as acceptable for both factions, had never been even advanced. Both parties put forward candidates mutually unacceptable: the imperial party proposed Ottaviano de Monticelli, while \"Sicilians\" proposed chancellor Rolando. The cardinals discussed for three days without achieving a compromise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 59], "content_span": [60, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0010-0001", "contents": "1159 papal election, Proceedings, Election of Alexander III\nHowever, the \"Sicilian\" party was able to join all the neutral cardinals and probably detached also some members of the imperial faction. On the fourth day (7 September), Cardinal Rolando of Siena was proclaimed pope by them and took the name Alexander III, although the unanimity had not been achieved and some cardinals still opposed his candidature. According to the manifest of Alexandrine party of October 1159 and an account of Cardinal Boso, on that day Rolando received the votes of all cardinals assembled except three: those of Ottaviano of S. Cecilia, Giovanni of SS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 59], "content_span": [60, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0010-0002", "contents": "1159 papal election, Proceedings, Election of Alexander III\nSilvestro e Martino and Guido of S. Maria in Trastevere. Then supporters of Rolando recognized that \u201cIt seemed inappropriate that ... the apostolic see ... should remain any longer without a ruler because of the contentiousness of the aforesaid [three] men\u201d. On the other hand, the opposite party claimed that Ottaviano had still nine votes, and that the \"Sicilian\" party, having majority, simply broke the rule that required unanimity for the valid election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 59], "content_span": [60, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0010-0003", "contents": "1159 papal election, Proceedings, Election of Alexander III\nHowever, the version of the imperial cardinals is believed to be less reliable than the version of the Alexandrine party, even if the latter may be also not fully accurate; based on the subscriptions of the manifests of both parties issued shortly after the election, it is possible to assume that at least twenty-three electors voted for Rolando, and no more than six opposed him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 59], "content_span": [60, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0011-0000", "contents": "1159 papal election, Proceedings, Election of Victor IV\nThe electors of Cardinal Rolando, immediately after proclaiming him Pope, attempted to place upon him the purple mantle which symbolized the assumption of the papal office, but then the election entered the tumultuous stage. Cardinal Ottaviano Monticelli snatched the mantle from Alexander\u2019s back and his armed bands burst into the basilica. Alexander III and his supporters fled to the citadel of St. Peter, which was in the hands of Cardinal Boso. In their absence, the few cardinals who remained in basilica elected Ottaviano of S. Cecilia to the papacy and enthroned him as Victor IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0011-0001", "contents": "1159 papal election, Proceedings, Election of Victor IV\nThe exact number of his electors is not known, but there are good reasons to believe that it was six, including Ottaviano himself, since only five cardinals signed the manifest in his favour in the following month. However, it is possible that some additional cardinals participated in the election of Victor IV but very quickly joined the obedience of Alexander III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0012-0000", "contents": "1159 papal election, Proceedings, Consecration of Alexander III\nPope Alexander III remained in the citadel for a week until he was rescued and escorted from Rome by Odo Frangipane, and on September 18 he was eventually bestowed with the purple mantle. On 20 September at the small village of Ninfa, south-east of Velletri, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Ubaldo Allucingoli, bishop of Ostia e Velletri, and crowned by Cardinal Odone Bonecase, protodeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro. On 27 September he excommunicated Victor IV and his adherents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 63], "content_span": [64, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0013-0000", "contents": "1159 papal election, Proceedings, Consecration of Victor IV\nVictor IV was consecrated on 4 October in the abbey of Farfa by Cardinal-Bishop Imar of Tusculum, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, assisted by the bishops Ubaldo of Ferentino and Riccardo of Melfi. With the armed assistance of Otto von Wittelsbach and his own armed groups in relatively short time he took control over the City of Rome and the Patrimony of St. Peter, while Alexander III took refuge in the territory of the Kingdom of Sicily, and later in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 59], "content_span": [60, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0014-0000", "contents": "1159 papal election, Proceedings, Manifests of both factions in October 1159\nBoth rivals together with their adherents defended the legality of their elections. In October 1159 cardinals of both obediences produced the manifests to the Emperor Frederick in favour of their elects. The \u201cAlexandrine\u201d manifest was subscribed by twenty three cardinals, while that of Victorine faction only by five. Supporters of Victor IV, admitting that they were in minority, justified their action by the fact that the opposite faction broke the rule of unanimity and \u2013 in consequence \u2013 the election of Rolando was invalid. The opposite party claimed that the principle of unanimity had been breached by the obstructive conduct of merely three cardinals of the Imperial faction, who stubbornly refused to recognize the candidate desired by the rest of the Sacred College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 76], "content_span": [77, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0015-0000", "contents": "1159 papal election, Proceedings, Final division of the Sacred College of Cardinals in October 1159\nSimeone Borelli joined the obedience of Alexander III already at the end of 1159. Raymond of S. Maria in Vi Lata did the same between February and April 1160. Besides, at the end of 1159 Victor IV created at least three new cardinal-deacons: Bernard of SS. Sergio e Bacco, Giovanni of S Maria in Aquiro and Lando of S. Angelo, while Alexander III appointed on February 18, 1160 cardinal-deacon Milo of S. Maria in Aquiro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 99], "content_span": [100, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0016-0000", "contents": "1159 papal election, Schism\nBoth popes sent their legates to the Catholic kingdoms in order to secure their recognition. At the council of Pavia in February 1160 Emperor Frederick I declared himself in favour of Victor IV, and the episcopate of the Empire followed him, with the significant exception of archbishop of Salzburg Eberhard I von Hilpolstein-Biburg and his suffragans. King Valdemar I of Denmark also gave his support to Victor IV, but the primate of Denmark archbishop Eskil of Lund became partisan of Alexander III. It seems that Poland also supported Victor IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0016-0001", "contents": "1159 papal election, Schism\nThe rest of Europe, namely France, England, Spain, Sweden, Norway, Scotland, Hungary, Sicily and the Latin territories in Outremer, recognized Alexander III as true Pope, even if in some of these countries there were a significant Victorine minorities in episcopates or among feudal rulers. The papal schism in Europe was now a fact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0017-0000", "contents": "1159 papal election, Schism\nThe unity of the Church had been restored only after eighteen years, when Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa and Pope Alexander III signed a Treaty of Venice (1 August 1177); shortly thereafter the pro-imperial pope Callistus III (successor of Victor IV) abandoned his claims to the papacy and submitted to Alexander III (29 August 1178). Victor IV and his successors Paschal III (1164\u201368) and Callistus III (1168\u201378) are now regarded as antipopes by the Catholic Church, while Alexander III is recognized as legitimate successor of St. Peter the Apostle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007086-0018-0000", "contents": "1159 papal election, Aftermath\nThe election of 1159 and the subsequent schism showed the necessity of amending the rules concerning papal elections. The decree Licet de evitanda discordia issued by the Third Lateran Council in 1179 abolished the rule of unanimity in favour of the rule of the majority of two thirds. The decree confirmed also that all three orders of the College of Cardinals (bishops, priests and deacons) are equal in the papal elections. Although the practice allowing the participation of cardinal-priests and cardinal-deacons on equal rights with cardinal-bishops had been introduced no later than in the papal election, 1118, the decree In Nomine Domini (1059) conferring the special electoral rights on the cardinal-bishops had never been formally revoked up to that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007087-0000-0000", "contents": "115P/Maury\n115P/Maury, is a periodic Jupiter-family comet, discovered on August 16, 1985, from the Palomar Observatory by Alain Maury. When the comet was first announced on 1985 September 6, the confirmation came quickly from other observers located at the Palomar Observatory. To the initial announcement of the comet, several confirmations were announced in multiple different reports were compiled by S. Singer-Brewster, D. Schneeberger, and M. Gallup that found the 15th-magnitude trail of the comet on a plate exposed with the 0.46-m Schmidt telescope. These came from the staff at Palomar Observatory, who used the 1.5-m reflector and a CCD to detect the comet. The comet was continued to be followed and detected, leading to Scientist giving the comet a 8.6 to 8.8 orbital period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007088-0000-0000", "contents": "115man Kilo no Film\n\"115man Kilo no Film\" (115\u4e07\u30ad\u30ed\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30e0, lit. \"1.15 Million Kilometres of Film\") is a song recorded by Japanese band Official Hige Dandism from their first studio album Escaparade, released on April 11, 2018. The song was featured as a theme song for live-action film adaptation of the manga Love Me, Love Me Not. It peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007088-0001-0000", "contents": "115man Kilo no Film, Composition and lyrics\n\"115man Kilo no Film\" is composed in the key of E-flat major, 97 beats per minute with a running time of 5 minutes and 24 seconds. Written and composed by vocalist/pianist Satoshi Fujihara, the song is described by the band as the desire to not forget the time to live with the people we care about as much as possible while sharing any minor anxiety and happiness together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007088-0002-0000", "contents": "115man Kilo no Film, Music video\nThe live version video of the song was released on April 5, 2019 and directed by Akitaka Deguchi. It is taken from Higedan Acoustic One-Man Live 2018 \u2013Autumn\u2013 Live DVD. As of September 2021, it has over 43 million views on YouTube. On July 11, 2020, the short version video of the song was released by Toho YouTube channel, contains scenes of the female protagonist Akari Yamamoto from live-action film of the manga Love Me, Love Me Not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0000-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 115th (North Midland) Field Regiment was a part-time unit of Britain's Royal Artillery (RA), raised as part of the Territorial Army (TA) just before the outbreak of World War II. It served in the Battle of France and the Burma Campaign, and in the postwar TA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0001-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin\nThe TA was doubled in size after the Munich Crisis in 1938, with many existing units forming duplicates of themselves. The 60th (North Midland) Field Regiment, RA, achieved this by separating its 239th (Leicestershire) and 240th (Nottinghamshire RHA) Batteries to form a new 115th Field Regiment, RA. Prior to joining the 60th in 1921 these batteries had been the Leicestershire Royal Horse Artillery and Nottinghamshire Royal Horse Artillery respectively. The new unit established its Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) at Leicester on 5 May 1939 under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Maurice Simpson, who had previously been the commander of 239 Fd Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 61], "content_span": [62, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0001-0001", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin\nIt took on the role of an Army Field Regiment in Northern Command. (For some reason the new regiment initially took the battery numbers 238 and 240, even though the original 238 had been a Lincolnshire battery based at Grimsby. The logical numbering was only restored by an order of the Adjutant-General's office on 11 August 1941.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 61], "content_span": [62, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0002-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin\nThe establishment of a field regiment at this time was two batteries each of three troops of four guns, giving a total of 24 guns. These were still World War I 18-pounders re-equipped with pneumatic tyres and towed by motor tractors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 61], "content_span": [62, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0003-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France\nWhen the TA was mobilised in late August 1939, 115th Army Field Regiment was at its annual training camp at Bridlington; it returned to Leicester to mobilise, 238 Bty at the Brazil Street Garage and 240 Bty at Avenue Road School, shortly afterwards moving to the Leicestershire County Cricket Club ground at Aylestone Road. After six weeks the regiment had grown to a strength of 31 officers and around 620 other ranks (ORs), and on 13 October it moved to Quebec Barracks at Bordon Camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0004-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France\nOn 2 March 1940 the regiment, with its Light Aid Detachment (LAD) of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC) and Signal Section of the Royal Corps of Signals, began moving by road to Southampton to embark for France to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The guns and vehicles were loaded into the SS Clan MacAlister, which sailed on 4 March while the advance party of personnel boarded the SS Ben-my-Chree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0004-0001", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France\nThe rear party went by train to Southampton to embark on the SS Ulster Prince on 8 March, and by 10 March the whole regiment was concentrated in billets at Yvetot. It then moved by stages to Mesnil-Martinsart where it joined the BEF and began intensive training, moving to Bapaume in mid-April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0005-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France\nAs an army regiment, 115th Fd Rgt was part of the General Headquarters (GHQ) Reserve, attached to 2nd Division in I Corps from 24 April. When the 'Phoney War' ended with the German invasion of the Low Countries on 10 May, the regiment had just moved up to the Belgian frontier and been given an anti-tank (A/T) role, for which it was digging defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0006-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France\nThe BEF abandoned the frontier defences and followed the pre-arranged Plan D, advancing into Belgium to take up positions along the Dyle. 115th Army Fd Rgt crossed into Belgium on 15 May with 48th (South Midland) Division, the reserve formation for I Corps, via Waterloo and Denderwindeke. By dawn on 18 May it was deployed alongside 18th Fd Rgt of 2nd Division to cover Enghien. However the collapse of the Dutch forces and the German Army's rapid breakthrough in the Ardennes soon threatened the BEF's positions and it began to withdraw to the Escaut. Early on 19 May the regiment crossed back across the Escaut and the guns were dug in near St Maur to support 48th (SM) Division, which had been working on the Escaut defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0007-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France\nThe German Army Group B began its attacks on this position on 20 May. 115th Army Fd Rgt came under fire from 07.00, one gun position of A Troop quickly receiving a direct hit and suffering casualties, 240th Fd Bty replying in support of 7th and 8th Battalions Royal Warwickshire Regiment of 143 Bde from 11.00. The regiment established a joint Observation Post (OP) with 1st Heavy Regiment in the church steeple of St Maur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0007-0001", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France\nThe guns of 48th Division and its neighbour, 2nd Division, were heavily engaged, breaking up several attempts to cross the river, though by nightfall the enemy had driven the Royal Warwicks out of Calonne. Enemy firing went on all day, by the end of which B and C Troops had each lost two guns, and F Trp one. During the night the area was taken over by troops of 2nd Division, though 8th Royal Warwicks remained in the line. 2nd Division grouped 115th Army Fd Rgt with its own 10th Fd Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0008-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France\nNext morning the full German attack began as they established small bridgeheads near Calonne. Lieutenant-Colonel Simpson gathered stragglers from the Royal Warwicks and sent them to join a company of 2nd Dorsetshire Regiment, the support battalion positioned next to his D Troop. The regiment received urgent messages from the infantry that all possible fire was needed to suppress the German mortars and machine guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0008-0001", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France\nDespite the church tower coming under fire the OP successfully picked out specific targets: one machine gun position was destroyed by just four rounds, while an enemy OP in a chimney was engaged with Shrapnel shell by D Troop. The bridges between Calonne and Antoing were targeted, and enemy infantry concentrating for an attack were dispersed by shellfire. One infantry unit sent back a message to the gunners, 'Thank God for you', and the Commanding Officer (CO) was congratulated on the regiment's shooting by the CO of the 1st Royal Scots. However, by the end of the day the ammunition position was very bad, many vehicles had been put out of action by enemy fire, and F Troop had lost all its guns. The regiment was ordered to withdraw in the dark to previously-chosen positions in the rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0009-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France\nBy now the German forces to the south had reached the coast and the BEF was cut off from the rest of France. On 22 May 2nd Division and 115th Army Fd Rgt were switched to the 'Canal Line' facing southwest. All the regiment's remaining vehicles were packed, many of the men riding on the roofs and trailers. Next day the regiment was established in A/T positions, with 238 Bty (6 serviceable guns) covering the La Bass\u00e9e Canal and 240 Bty (7 serviceable guns, including 2 borrowed from 238 Bty) defending I Corps HQ at Armenti\u00e8res.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0009-0001", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France\nOn 24 May, 238 Bty was switched to Mont Kemmel, but two guns went missing in the confusion. The four remaining guns were deployed facing north and west to hold off enemy tanks; there were no infantry present, but that day and the next were quiet. The gunners dug their guns in, established motor patrols, manned infantry posts and prepared Molotov cocktails to use against enemy tanks, while the retreating BEF streamed past its positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0010-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France\nBy now the decision had been made to evacuate the BEF through Dunkirk (Operation Dynamo) where a bridgehead was being organised, and the 'pocket' began to shrink as units were pulled back to the port. On 28 May RHQ and 238 Bty were ordered to abandon their guns after removing the sights and breech blocks and make their way to Dunkirk. Not being formally part of any formation, the army field regiments largely had to fend for themselves during the retreat. Once within the perimeter the men of 115th Fd Rgt immobilised their vehicles and joined the throngs awaiting evacuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0010-0001", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France\nThey were taken off the Dunkirk Mole early on 29 May on various ships that landed at different ports in Southern England, one party even being taken to Cherbourg before crossing safely to England. On arrival in Dover, Lt-Col Simpson volunteered to return to Dunkirk to help organise the evacuation, but permission was refused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0011-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France\nMeanwhile, the detached 240 Bty had taken over positions at Armenti\u00e8res from 115th Fd Rgt's parent 60th (NM) Fd Rgt. The town was being bombed and on 26 May the battery pulled back with I Corps HQ, reaching Uxem by the end of 27 May, where it took up A/T positions. On 29 May it was ordered to join 1st Division at Bray-Dunes. It drove through enormous traffic jams, having to leave two guns bogged down by floodwater at the Canal de Bergues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0011-0001", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France\nThe remaining guns were dug in to defend the Dunkirk perimeter and all personnel not required at the guns were sent to the beach for embarkation. The battery positions were heavily shelled on 31 May. As the pocket shrank, three guns were ordered back to new positions, the other three were destroyed and the crews evacuated. Early on 1 June it was reported that 1st Division had  withdrawn past the gun positions towards Dunkirk and the remaining men of 240 Bty were evacuated that morning, reaching Dover at 09.50.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0012-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France\nThe two missing guns from C Trp, under 2nd Lieutenants E.B. Loveluck and John Caven, had found themselves at Merville bridge, north of B\u00e9thune, with 6th King's Own (a GHQ pioneer battalion). Cavan emplaced his 18-pounder in a garden covering the approach to the village. A column of tanks appeared, with crews dressed in French uniforms. But they were Germans who opened fire on the gun positions, setting fire to the gun tractors. However, the first shot from the 18-pounder in the garden destroyed the leading Panzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0012-0001", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France\nWhen two more appeared the gunners blew the turret off one and the second crashed into it and caught fire. In the smoke and confusion another two Panzers appeared, but the gun crew set the first of these on fire and achieved a hit on the second. Three men of the 18-pounder crew were wounded in the engagement and one died; Cavan was captured while evacuating them to a Casualty Clearing Station. Meanwhile, Loveluck's gun was in a nearby woodyard, where he organised some of the King's Own to cover the guns. This gun prevented anyone crossing the canal. The Commander, RA, of 2nd Division believed that this section's action with the King's Own had saved the situation. Loveluck and Caven were awarded the Military Cross (MC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0013-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Home Defence\nAfter evacuation the men were scattered at reception centres all over England and Wales \u2013 240 Battery HQ reached the Anti- Aircraft training camp at Aberporth \u2013 but by mid-June most of the regiment and its signal section had concentrated at the Showground Camp at Okehampton in Devon, from which it moved to Leicester and was billetted in the Highfields area. Equipment was very scarce, particularly field guns, so I Corps artillery was to be deployed as lorry-borne infantry to counter possible paratroop attacks, but  the corps artillery was abolished shortly afterwards and 115th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 81], "content_span": [82, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0013-0001", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Home Defence\nFd Rgt was sent to North Cave in East Yorkshire to form an A/T battery and a static beach defence battery in Northern Command. Detachments were then sent to man old static and mobile guns in Eastern Command at London (A Trp at C1 Bty) and at Chatham (B Trp at C2 Bty), Ashford (C Trp at C4 Bty)  and the Isle of Sheppey (E and F Trps at C6 Bty) in Kent while the rest of the regiment was reduced to a training cadre of 5 officers and 100 ORs to train reinforcement drafts. In mid-July this group was sent to form two infantry units based at Godinton Park in Kent and Gatwick Aerodrome in Sussex. As the regiment left North Cave the band was presented with new instruments by the CO's mother to replace those lost at Dunkirk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 81], "content_span": [82, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0014-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Home Defence\nRHQ with the Signal Section and LAD were established at Godington Park, where C4 and C6 mobile batteries were also based, and the regiment sent a detachment to take over X Static Bty at Whitstable, Pegwell Bay and Kingsdown on the Kent coast. It came under the command of 1st London Division, holding the vital East and South-East corner of England in Eastern Command. The regiment had to exchange some of its BEF veterans with inexperienced men from 148th (Bedfordshire Yeomanry) Fd Rgt, and in September the Signal Section was posted away to 147th (Essex Yeomanry).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 81], "content_span": [82, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0014-0001", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Home Defence\nMeanwhile, RHQ and the cadre moved to Horsmonden and Maidstone and continued training large intakes of recruits and constructing defences. The Battle of Britain was being fought overhead, and some casualties were suffered from bombing. In the beginning of November most of the recruits had completed at least four weeks' training, and large numbers were drafted to form 910, 911, 912 and 913 Home Defence Btys in a new 3rd Defence Rgt RA, others went to 1st and 2nd Defence Rgts, while drafts of 20\u201330 men went to each of 1st London Division's artillery regiments. 115th Fd Rgt took on two more large intakes of recruits, who were posted to the same regiments after a month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 81], "content_span": [82, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0015-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Home Defence\nAt the beginning of December, 115th Fd Rgt was able to begin reforming its original batteries and troops as men returned from detachment to the defence batteries. It moved to Seaford, East Sussex, and then to Great Yarmouth in Norfolk on 31 December, where it was attached to the newly-formed Norfolk County Division in II Corps, with the CO acting as Commander RA (CRA) for the division and establishing HQRA for the division at Norwich. The regiment took over from 148th Fd Rgt in beach defences and positions covering Royal Air Force airfields at Horsham St Faith and Swanton Morley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 81], "content_span": [82, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0015-0001", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Home Defence\nIt finally received eight field guns, even though these were US-built French 75mm guns of World War I vintage with four Portee lorries and four 15-hundredweight towing trucks. RHQ was established at Loddon, 238 Bty at Gt Yarmouth and 240 Bty at Gorleston, later at Drayton. RHQ also had 902 Defence Bty and D Bty of 57th (Newfoundland) Heavy Rgt. Once in position, the regiment was ordered by HQRA to 'dig like badgers'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 81], "content_span": [82, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0016-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Home Defence\nIt had been planned for some time that field regiments would adopt an organisation of three eight-gun batteries, but shortages meant that in most units this reorganisation was not completed for many months. In February 1941, 115th Field Regiment organised itself into 238 (239 from August 1941), 240 and 480 Fd Btys, with 75 men drafted from 902 Defence Bty to make up the numbers required. Training continued throughout the spring and summer of 1941 as equipment slowly arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 81], "content_span": [82, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0017-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Home Defence\nIn October 1941 the regiment changed from a static role in the Norfolk Division to a mobile one in the Lincolnshire County Division in I Corps: in the event of invasion the batteries were to support the reserve battalion of each brigade in a counter-attack role. RHQ moved to Louth and later to Sleaford, and the batteries attended a practice camp at Redesdale Camp. When the county divisions were disbanded in December, 115th Fd Rgt transferred to the command of 48th (SM) Division, supporting 143 Bde once more. Then on 22 February 1942, 115th Fd Rgt mobilised with its Signal Section and LAD as part of the War Office Reserve, preparatory to proceeding overseas  It sailed for India shortly afterwards, and disembarked at Bombay on 19 May 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 81], "content_span": [82, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0018-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Home Defence\nDuring 1942 the regiment gained the subtitle 'North Midland' held by its parent unit, 60th (NM) Fd Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 81], "content_span": [82, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0019-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, India and Ceylon\nOn arrival in India the regiment moved to Bangalore and joined 19th Indian Division, but within a month transferred to 20th Indian Division and moved with that formation to Ceylon, where it stayed in garrison for over a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0020-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, India and Ceylon\nOn 27 November 1943 the regiment returned to Bangalore in India, where it soon rejoined 19th Indian Division, which had been assigned to South East Asia Command (SEAC) for the forthcoming Burma Campaign 1944\u201345. It spent the early part of 1944 in divisional artillery practice shoots and combined operations exercises in preparation for planned amphibious landings (Operations Bullfrog and Culverin). These were scrapped, and 19th Indian Division was made available for the land campaign to reconquer Burma after the Battles of Imphal and Kohima.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0021-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, India and Ceylon\nOn 6 June 1944 Lt-Col Simpson left the regiment to go to 50th RA Reserve Regiment (Field), and was succeeded by Lt-Col Ronald Nicholson, who had previously been chief instructor of the Officer Cadet Wing of the School of Artillery at Deolali. Nicholson had experience of jungle fighting in the Arakan Campaign 1942\u201343, and concentrated on training the regiment for close shooting at ranges of 150 yards (140\u00a0m) or so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0022-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign\nIt was not until 26 September 1944 that the regiment began the move to the Burma frontier, the vehicles and guns driving 2,400 miles (3,900\u00a0km) across India, with the remaining personnel going by train. It was concentrated at the Manipur Road by 26 October. Operation Capital to clear Japanese forces from Northern Burma began in November, and as 19th Indian Division marched towards Indaw it was supplied by air to reduce the reliance on inadequate lines of communication through the malarial jungles. The divisional artillery had to lend its vehicles to help the infantry forward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 83], "content_span": [84, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0022-0001", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign\nBy mid-December the division's leading brigades had seized Pinlebu and crossed the Chindwin River, followed by the divisional artillery, who had to repair the track (renamed 'Artillery Way') before they could get their guns forward and then cross the river by a single heavy raft. From there Japanese resistance stiffened as the division advanced south towards Shwebo. On 26 December Lt-Col Nicholson reported that 239 Fd Bty had fired the regiment's first rounds in anger since leaving Dunkirk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 83], "content_span": [84, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0023-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign\nThe regiment then pushed on in support of 98th Indian Infantry Brigade, leapfrogging forward by batteries, constantly in action against Japanese rearguards, but having to conserve ammunition because it all had to be air-dropped. Often the OPs had to climb trees to get any view. On 3 January the CO was leading the OP parties forward when they got in front of the leading infantry and his jeep came under fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 83], "content_span": [84, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0023-0001", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign\nProtected by an improvised armoured windscreen of teak and bricks, Nicholson and Driver Bennett returned fire with Sten guns (which both jammed) and grenades while Nicholson's batman, Gunner Francis Alderson, unhooked the trailer so that the jeep could reverse out of the ambush (for which Gnr Alderson was awarded the Military Medal (MM)). The OPs then called down a fire mission from 240 Field Battery that completely smashed the Japanese position before the infantry arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 83], "content_span": [84, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0024-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign\n19th Indian Division pushed on to seize the airfields round Shwebo and prepared to cross the Irrawaddy River. 98th Indian Bde, accompanied by 115th Fd Rgt and some anti-tank and light anti-aircraft guns and mortars, established its own bridgehead across the river at Thabeikkyin, with the gunners digging in and arranging booby-traps to defend the gun area perimeter while rafting a few guns across. The brigade then organised a striking force including 240 Fd Bty to destroy the Japanese bridgehead at Kabwet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 83], "content_span": [84, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0024-0001", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign\nAlthough restricted to eight rounds per gun per day, the 25-pounders were used effectively in a direct fire ('bunker-busting') role. The gunners also conducted deep patrols in an attempt to locate enemy gun positions. By the end of January the whole Japanese force was behind the Irrawaddy and its efforts to destroy the British bridgeheads were failing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 83], "content_span": [84, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0025-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign\nOn 25 February 19th Indian Division broke out of its bridgeheads with the task of advancing to Mandalay. It made rapid progress and by 5 March was deployed along the Chaungmagyi Chaung. Here the commander, Maj-Gen Thomas 'Pete' Rees, formed 'Stiletto Force' to strike across the chaung as soon as the engineers had bridged it; 240 Fd Bty formed part of this force. Stiletto Force made rapid progress, scattering surprised Japanese troops, and by 06.15 on 8 March 240 Fd Bty opened fire on Mandalay Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 83], "content_span": [84, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0025-0001", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign\nThe rest of the regiment followed, fighting a 'spirited' infantry battle as it came into action 4,000 yards (3,700\u00a0m) from the city. The artillery reconnaissance parties attacked Japanese rearguards while RHQ engaged them with rifles and 25-pounder airburst shells as they fled. Stiletto Force soon captured the northern slopes of Mandalay Hill, while 98 Bde and 480 Fd Bty cleared Madaya and then moved fast to join Stiletto force. The Japanese on Mandalay Hill fought on until 13 March; the first British officer to reach the summit was Captain D. Hine of 480 Fd Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 83], "content_span": [84, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0025-0002", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign\nMeanwhile, the rest of the divisional artillery had been bombarding Fort Dufferin, and although the 23 feet (7.0\u00a0m) high wall was breached on 9 March the first assault was repulsed, as were repeated attempts over successive days, despite bombardment by guns and aircraft. Eventually, during the night of 19/20 March the surviving members of the garrison broke out into the town, where most were killed or captured, a FOO of 240 Bty being killed in the hand-to-hand fighting. 115th Field Rgt's Tactical HQ captured some abandoned Japanese tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 83], "content_span": [84, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0026-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign\nOnce Mandalay was secured, 19th Indian Division was released to reinforce the British forces fighting round Meiktila. Lieutenant-Colonel Nicholson left on 14 April under the 'Python' scheme of home leave for personnel who had been in the theatre for long periods, he was succeeded in command by Maj Denham Foxon, one of the regiment's original officers who had been second-in-command since July 1942. Nicholson was awarded an 'immediate' Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his leadership at the ambush, the Irrawaddy bridgehead and the capture of Mandalay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 83], "content_span": [84, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0027-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign\n19th Indian Division began to clear the Toungoo\u2013Mawchi road, but the fighting was tough and it took seven days to capture 1.5 miles (2.4\u00a0km) of road. 115th Field Regiment was pulled out for rest from 19 May to 3 June, when it was ordered back to the Mawchi road. It came into action alongside 62nd Indian Infantry Brigade in a very open position on a ridge, with the guns wheel to wheel. The exposed regiment came under enemy shellfire and an ammunition lorry was hit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 83], "content_span": [84, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0027-0001", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign\nBattery Sergeant Major Norman Brummell led a party to clear the ammunition, which they did despite being surrounded by bursting charges. Just as they completed the job, BSM Brummell and others were hit by a Japanese shell and were killed. Later, BSM Leonard Hayes dragged a blazing limber full of ammunition away from the tightly-packed gun position of 480 Bty. Both Hayes and (posthumously) Brummell were awarded the MM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 83], "content_span": [84, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0028-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign\nThe regiment was pulled back to Kywebwe on 8 July to take part in the final battle of the attempted Japanese break-out: the regiment's 'FOOs in Air OP aircraft did immense execution, which turned to slaughter'. When the Surrender of Japan occurred on 15 August, 115th (North Midland) Field Regiment was still at Kywebwe. Shortly afterwards 19th Indian Division was amalgamated with another division and disbanded. At the end of September, 115th (NM) Fd Rgt moved down to Rangoon. It was then placed in suspended animation and the men boarded the SS Jan de Witt for home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 83], "content_span": [84, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0029-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the regiment was reformed at Leicester as 315 (North Midland) Medium Regiment in 86 (Field) Army Group Royal Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0030-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\nIn 1950 it was amalgamated into 350 (South Notts Hussars Yeomanry) Heavy Rgt, RA. That unit in turn amalgamated in 1955 with 528 (West Nottinghamshire) Light Anti- Aircraft Rgt and 577 (The Robin Hoods, Sherwood Foresters) Light Anti- Aircraft/Searchlight Rgt to form 350 (The Robin Hoods, Sherwood Foresters) Light Rgt, RA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0031-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\nWhen 350 Light Rgt was converted into Royal Engineers (RE) on 1 May 1961, the Leicester elements (R Bty) separated from the Nottinghamshire elements and regained their old number to become 115 (Leicestershire) Field Park Squadron, RE, in 140 Corps Engineer Regiment, RE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007089-0032-0000", "contents": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\nThe TA was reduced into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) on 1 April 1967, when 115 Fd Park Sqn was absorbed into The Royal Leicestershire Regiment (Territorials).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron\nThe 115th Airlift Squadron (115 AS) is a unit of the California Air National Guard 146th Airlift Wing located at Channel Islands Air National Guard Station, Oxnard, California. The 115th is equipped with the C-130J Hercules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron\nThe 115 AS is the oldest unit in the California Air National Guard, having almost 90 years of service to the state and nation. It is a descendant organization of the World War I 115th Aero Squadron, established on 28 August 1917. It was reformed on 16 June 1924, as the 115th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nThe 115th Airlift Squadron traces its origins to the 115th Aero Squadron, organized at Kelly Field, Texas on 28 August 1917. It was formed from three groups of recruits, one from Fort McDowell, Santa Rosa, California, made up of men from the Pacific Coast States. The second group came from Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas, made up of men from Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. The third, and largest group reported from Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis, Missouri, and with it came recruits from the Mississippi Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0002-0001", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nAt Kelly Field, the recruits were indoctrinated into the ways and means of the Army. Orders for the unit to serve overseas were received on 14 October, and with five other squadrons, the 115th departed on 31 October for the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island, arriving on 31 October. It was there that final arrangements were made for the trip overseas, complete equipment was drawn and a final few transfers were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0002-0002", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nOn 3 December, orders were issued for the 115th to move to the New York Port of Embarkation, Hoboken, New Jersey, where the men boarded the SS Huron, an impressed German ship that was used as a troop transport. After an uneventful cross-Atlantic voyage, the squadron arrived at St. Nazarire, France, on 20 December. The squadron was moved to a troop train and headed immediately for Tours Aerodrome, in central France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0003-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nAt Tours, the 115th was assigned to the 2d Air Instructional Center as a Supply Squadron. The men were assigned to warehouse duties, storing new equipment and all manner of supplies that arrived at the Center, and issuing and delivering the necessities of operating the Center to the various units and divisions of the station. The squadron was tasked in maintaining accurate inventory records and advising the Commander of shortages and ordering additional or new equipment from Depots in France. The 115th was also responsible for the operation of the various mess halls, with squadron members acting as cooks, bakers and performing dish washing duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0004-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nAfter the signing of the Armistice with Germany on 11 November, some men of the squadron were assigned to transportation and convoy duty, driving trucks performing collection of equipment from front-line units and also moving personnel back from the lines. The 636th Aero Squadron (renamed 1 February 1918) returned to the United States in late March 1919. It arrived at Mitchel Field, New York, where the squadron members were demobilized and returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0005-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, California National Guard\nEstablished by the Militia Bureau on 5 April 1924, which authorized the immediate organization of the 115th Observation Squadron, 40th Division of Aviation, California National Guard. Initially the Unit held its meetings at Clover Field, Santa Monica, using Reserve Equipment planes for flying. Later on, the Squadron met at the National Guard Armory and also at the University of Southern California. In 1925, several months after its organization, the Squadron moved to permanent quarters at Griffith Park Aerodrome in Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0006-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, California National Guard\nOn 3 June 1931, the 115th Squadron participated in the National Air Corps maneuvers. Each airplane of the 115th Squadron that participated in the maneuvers had flown approximately one hundred hours including time from Griffith Park Aerodrome to Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio, and return. Chief of Staff of the United States Army, General Douglas MacArthur, commended the officers of the Aviation unit of the California National Guard, for the efficient manner in which they performed the work that was assigned to them during the National Air exercises at Dayton. The unit demonstrated a high degree of training and morale which placed them on an equal footing with the National Air Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0007-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nIn 1941, the Guard's 115th Observation Squadron was federalized into the United States Army Air Corps, assigned to the Fourth Air Force and sent to Sherwood Field, Paso Robles in northern San Luis Obispo County. The field was named for Captain George Sherwood, the first commander of the Guard's 115th Observation Squadron. Sherwood was killed in 1935 while flying civilian mail near Burbank, ironically crash-landing in a cemetery. The squadron was the first military group to occupy Sherwood Field. The 115th included many photographers from southern California, some associated with the movie industry in civilian life. Sometimes Hollywood starlets would be brought to Paso Robles to entertain the troops. After the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, the 115th flew antisubmarine patrol missions along the California coastline from several airfields in Southern California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0008-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nMoved to Laurel Army Airfield, Mississippi in November 1942 and began training for combat reconnaissance duties, later becoming an Operational Training Unit (OTU). Deployed to the China-Burma-India Theater (CBI), becoming part of Tenth Air Force in India during November 1944. Re -designated as the 115th Liaison Squadron, performed liaison and light reconnaissance flights over eastern India and Burma for American and British ground forces, then being reassigned to Fourteenth Air Force in China during July 1945. Continued flights over western China until the Japanese surrender in August, remained in China until October 1945 when the 115th returned to India and was demobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0009-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard\nA few months after being demobilized, the 115th Liaison Squadron was re-activated and re-designated as the 115th Bombardment Squadron (Light). It returned to California state control, in the California Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Van Nuys Airport, California on 16 September 1946. The 115th Bombardment Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 115th Liaison Squadron. The squadron was equipped with A-26 Invaders and was assigned to the 146th Fighter Group, also at Van Nuys Airport by the National Guard Bureau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0010-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard\nAs part of the Continental Air Command Fourth Air Force, the squadron trained for tactical bombing missions and air-to-air combat. The unit was called to active federal service on 1 March 1951 for duty in the Korean War. It was sent to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, and became a Tactical Air Command training squadron for pilots flying the B-45A Tornado jet bomber. It was released from active federal duty and returned to California state control on 11 December 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0011-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense\nAfter the Korean War, the squadron was equipped with the long-range F-51H Mustang and became a part of Air Defense Command. In February 1954, it was equipped with F-86A Sabre jet interceptors. By July 1955 the transition from the F-51H Mustang to the F-86A Sabre was complete. The squadron was re-designated a Fighter Interceptor unit with an air defense mission for the Los Angeles area. During the 1950s, the squadron received newer F-86F Sabres in 1957 and later F-86H Sabre day interceptors in 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0012-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift\nIn 1960, the 115th parent 146th Airlift Wing was reassigned to Military Air Transport Service (MATS), trading in its Sabre interceptors for 4-engine C-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the unit was re-designated the 146th Air Transport Wing (Heavy). During the Berlin Crisis the Wing, including the 115th, were federalized on 1 October 1961. From Van Nuys, the 115th augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs. It returned again to California state control on 31 August 1962. Throughout the 1960s, the unit flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and during the Vietnam War, to both South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0013-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nThe C-97s were retired in 1970 and the unit was transferred to Tactical Air Command. It transitioned to the C-130A Hercules theater transport, flying missions in support of TAC throughout the United States and Alaska. In 1973 the C-130A models were transferred to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force and they were replaced by the C-130B. During this period, both the 115th and its sister squadron, the 195th Tactical Airlift Squadron shared the same pool of aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0014-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nWith the end of the Vietnam War, the California National Guard bureau decided to downsize the 146th Tactical Airlift Wing. With C-130s units being transferred to Military Airlift Command, the junior 195th TAS was inactivated on 30 September 1974. The personnel, equipment and aircraft of the 195th TFS were reassigned to the 115th TAS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0015-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nIn the early 1970s, USAF's \"Total Force\" policy brought the wing into full partnership with its Air Force counterparts by mandating co-operation and teamwork between Air Guard and active duty Air Force units in all phases of military airlift operations. As a result, in succeeding years the wing's C-130s traveled to all corners of the world, airlifting troops, passengers, and cargo during training missions, exercise deployments, and real-world military operations to support Federal and State military airlift requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0016-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nThe 146th is one of only four C-130 Air Guard and AF Reserve units whose contribution to the nation's aerial fire fighting capability includes equipment and techniques for efficient, effective suppression of large wildland fires from the air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0016-0001", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nSince 1974, using the Modular Airborne Fire Fighting System (MAFFS) units supplied by the U.S. Forest Service and mounted in four C-130s, the wing's aerial fire fighting crews have been credited with saving many lives and countless millions of dollars worth of structures, forests, and brush land in California, and many other States and countries as well, taking part in over 5,000 aerial firefighting missions in California and across the Western United States saving valuable property, natural resources, and lives. The fire seasons of 1993 and 1994 were the worst on record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0016-0002", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nThe Malibu fires of 1993 literally burned to the edge of the 146th AW's base. But it was in 1994, with over 55,000 wildfires raging throughout the western States, that the 146th, along with three other MAFFS-equipped guard and reserve units flew nearly 2,000 missions, dropping fifty-one million pounds of fire retardant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0017-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nThe 146th TAW and its subordinate units participated in numerous Cold War military exercises such as Team Spirit, Volant Oak, Red Flag, and Reforger. Other Joint Chief of Staff exercises included \"Ember Dawn IV\" in Alaska and \"Brave Shield\" in Europe. In 1979, the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve assumed full responsibility for airlift operations in Panama, which recently moved to Puerto Rico, a commitment still fulfilled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0018-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nIn mid-December 1989, and continuing for several weeks, wing aircraft, air crews, and support personnel on deployment for exercise Volant Oak at Howard AFB, Canal Zone, Panama, flew combat airlift missions for U.S. Southern Command during Operation \"Just Cause\" in Panama. More than 100 combat sorties were flown by 146th aircraft and crews, with no casualties or damage to aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0019-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nIn December 1988, after more than six decades of Air National Guard flying tradition in the San Fernando Valley, the 146th Airlift Wing began moving from Van Nuys to a brand new facility, built on Federal land leased to the State of California, adjacent to the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, an active duty Navy flying installation. The 146th operates from the military airfield at the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, along with Navy and other Federal aviation activities. By March 1990, all but a small remnant of wing personnel had transferred operations to Channel Islands ANG Station. Shortly thereafter, the old Van Nuys facility was closed and turned over to the City of Los Angeles. On 30 April 1990, the flag at Van Nuys ANG Base was lowered for the last time during a special ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 898]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0020-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn August 1990, the world was moving swiftly toward armed confrontation in the Persian Gulf. By late January 1991, the 146th Airlift Wing had provided U.S. Central Command and U.S. Air Forces in Europe more than 650 personnel, voluntarily and involuntarily activated, who participated in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Aircraft and air crews from the 115th Airlift Squadron flew two-month-long tours of duty in Operation Volant Pine, a backfill of military airlifters to Europe by Air National Guard C-130s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0021-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn 1997, wing members deployed in excess of 10,000 days supporting State and Federal missions. During the period the unit played critical roles in support of DoD missions deploying to Oman and Saudi Arabia in support of Southern Watch, and in peacetime humanitarian airlift and aerial fire fighting, among the many missions accomplished by the wing during the award period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007090-0022-0000", "contents": "115th Airlift Squadron, History, Lineage\n* * This unit is not related to another 115th Aero Squadron (Service) that was activated in March 1918 at Kelly Field, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007091-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF\nThe 115th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007091-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF\nIt recruited throughout New Brunswick, and was mobilized at St. John. The 115th Battalion was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Britain on 23 July 1916. It was commanded by Lt.-Col. F.V. Wedderburn on 23 July 1916. The battalion provided reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field until 21 October 1916, when its personnel were absorbed by the 112th Battalion, CEF. It was awarded the battle honour The Great War 1916. The battalion disbanded on 1 September 1917. The 115th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF, is perpetuated by The Royal New Brunswick Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007091-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF, Sources\nThis Canadian military article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007091-0003-0000", "contents": "115th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF, Sources\nThis World War I article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007092-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 115th Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army raised during both the First and Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007092-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nIt was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 38th (Welsh) Division. With the division, the brigade saw service on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007092-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Order of battle\nThe 115th Brigade was constituted as follows during the First World War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007092-0003-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nDisbanded after the war the brigade number was reactivated in the Territorial Army (TA), the British Army's part-time reserve, as the 115th Infantry Brigade shortly before the start of the Second World War, this time composed of three TA battalions of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, the 8th, 9th and 10th. The brigade spent most of the war in the United Kingdom as part of the 38th (Welsh) Infantry Division. From 2 August 1944, it formed Force 135 which was planning the reoccupation of the Channel Islands. In the event, the plan did not go ahead and the brigade left Force 135 on 30 January 1945. On 12 February, it moved to North West Europe where it remained until the end of the war serving variously under the direct command of VIII, XII and I Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007092-0004-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Order of battle\nThe 115th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007093-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade Support Battalion\nThe 115th Brigade Support Battalion is a battalion of the United States Army. Organized at Camp Henry Knox, Kentucky in 1919 as the 657th Motor Transport Company, it was re-designated the 84th Motor Transport Company on 1 December 1919. Since that time, many re-designations have occurred as the United States Army has changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007093-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade Support Battalion, History, Interwar years\nThe 115th Brigade Support Battalion carries the history, lineage, and colors of the 15th Supply Transport Battalion. It was originally organized at Camp Henry Knox, Kentucky in 1919 as the 657th Motor Transport Company, it was re-designated the 84th Motor Transport Company on 1 December 1919 and demobilized 31 December 1920 at Camp Dix, New Jersey. The unit was reconstituted 1 May 1936 in the Regular Army as Troop D, 16th Quartermaster Squadron, an element of the 1st Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007093-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade Support Battalion, History, World War II\nTroop D, 16th Quartermaster Squadron, activated 15 January 1941 at Fort Ringgold, Texas. The troop traveled with the division throughout its World War II campaigns in the Pacific theater earning campaign credit for Bismarck Archipelago, Leyte, Luzon, and New Guinea as well as two Meritorious Unit Commendations for actions in support of the 1st Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007093-0003-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade Support Battalion, History, World War II\nTroop D was moving with the division when it earned its initial first designation, \"First in Manila\" during the campaign to retake the Philippine Islands. As the Japanese will to fight evaporated on the clouds of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Troop D marched into Japan when the division achieved its second motto, \"First in Tokyo\". During the occupation, the troop became the quartermaster support unit for the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007093-0004-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade Support Battalion, History, Korean War\nIn 1949, the troop became the 15th Quartermaster Company and moved to Korea in 1950 to participate in combat supplying of the 5th, 7th, and 3rd Cavalry Regiments, Division Artillery, and Special Troops. The 15th Quartermaster Company fought with the division north across the 38th Parallel. In the invasion of North Korea, the First Team\u2019s third accolade, \"First in Pyong Yang\" was added to the battle honors of the division and its quartermaster company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007093-0005-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade Support Battalion, History, Korean War\nThe 15th Quartermaster Company remained in Korea after the war and with the activation of \"ROAD\" division in 1963 was combined with the 23rd Transportation Battalion and re-designated as the 15th Supply and Transport Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007093-0006-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade Support Battalion, History, Vietnam War\nIn 1965, the 15th Supply and Transport Battalion returned to Fort Benning, Georgia with the 1st Cavalry Division and organized as a part of the Army\u2019s first airmobile division. From 1 July 1971 until the end of the year, the unit served in the Republic of Vietnam. During its tenure in Vietnam, it participated in many campaigns to include the Tet Counteroffensive. While in Vietnam, the 15th Supply and Transport Battalion received the Presidential Unit Citation, the Valorous Unit Award, three Meritorious Unit Commendations, and three Republic of Vietnam Crosses of Gallantry and the Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Honor Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007093-0007-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade Support Battalion, History, Cold War\nUpon its return to the United States in 1971, the 15th Supply and Transport Battalion and the 1st Cavalry Division moved to Fort Hood under the TRICAP concept. In January 1975, the 1st Cavalry Division was reorganized, becoming the Army\u2019s newest armored division. The 15th Supply and Transport Battalion adapted itself quickly to meet the ever-changing logistical needs of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007093-0008-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade Support Battalion, History, Cold War\nIn 1984, the entire structure of the Division Support Command (DISCOM) underwent a dynamic change. Support battalions were activated, incorporating previous elements of the 15th Supply and Transport Battalion, the 15th Medical Battalion, and the 27th Maintenance Battalion. These units had previously provided brigade-level combat service support as forward area support teams; thus was born the 1st Forward Support Battalion on 1 October 1984. The 1st Forward Support Battalion took on the mission of supporting 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007093-0009-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade Support Battalion, History, Cold War\nUnder the initial support battalion concept, the newly formed battalions had no history and lineage and only generic colors. This problem was corrected in 1987 when the Department of the Army and the Institute of Heraldry re-designated all support battalions. The 1st Forward Support Battalion became the 115th Support Battalion (Forward) on 15 May 1987 and given the full lineage, honors and colors of 15th Supply and Transport Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007093-0010-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade Support Battalion, History, Gulf War\nIn October 1990, the 115th Forward Support Battalion deployed to Saudi Arabia for Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm and provided logistical support to the soldiers of the 1st Brigade Task Force. During Operation Desert Storm, traversing 260 kilometers into the heart of Iraq, the 115th Forward Support Battalion met the challenge of providing continuous logistical support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007093-0011-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade Support Battalion, History, Gulf War\nIn the spring of 2003, the 1st Cavalry Division was organized under the FORCE XXI structure. The creation of multi-functional logistics companies with the FORCE XXI Forward Support Battalion consolidates all classes of supply and maintenance organizational elements currently embedded within the maneuver battalions with the direct support capability currently in the Forward Support Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007093-0012-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade Support Battalion, History, Gulf War\nThe new 115th Forward Support Battalion, with \"centralized\" combat service support, provides all logistical support, and tied together the entire spectrum of supplies and services for the maneuver battalions within the 1st Brigade Combat Team (BCT). It consisted of three forward support companies (FSCs), a brigade support company, a medical company, and a headquarters and distribution company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007093-0013-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade Support Battalion, History, Modern era\nIn March 2004, the 115th Forward Support Battalion deployed to the Persian Gulf for Operation Iraqi Freedom II. The battalion mastered a myriad of new tasks and challenges as it adapted to the rapidly changing environment in and around Baghdad during their year-long deployment. Continuing their lineage of excellence, the 115th Forward Support Battalion provided first-class logistical support to the 1st Brigade Combat Team during periods of intense combat in Sadr City, and during the landmark first free Iraqi election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007093-0014-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade Support Battalion, History, Modern era\nIn 2005, the Army moved from a division-based force structure to brigade-based. The 1st Brigade Combat Team re-structured as Interim Brigade Combat Team, incorporating the previous elements of the 1st Battalion, 82d Field Artillery Regiment; 312th Military Intelligence Battalion; 20th Engineer Battalion; 13th Signal Battalion; and 115th Forward Support Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007093-0015-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade Support Battalion, History, Modern era\nOn 12 July 2005, the 115th Forward Support Battalion became the 115th Brigade Support Battalion and re-aligned from DISCOM to the 1st Brigade Combat Team under the new structural concept. The 115th Brigade Support Battalion provides distribution-based, centrally-managed combat service support to 1st Brigade Combat Team to sustain its operational employment in small scale contingencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007093-0016-0000", "contents": "115th Brigade Support Battalion, History, Modern era\nThe unit has a reputation within the 1st Cavalry Division for getting the job done and \"Making it Happen,\" a phrase that describes the hard-charging spirit of the battalion and the men and women who serve in it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007094-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 115th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 7, 1949, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Governor Elbert N. Carvel and Alexis I. du Pont Bayard as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007094-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007094-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 115th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007094-0003-0000", "contents": "115th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007094-0004-0000", "contents": "115th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007095-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (\u2192\u200etop: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007095-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 115th Division (\u7b2c115\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuj\u016bgo Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was North Division (\u5317\u5175\u56e3, Kita Heidan). It was formed 10 July 1944 in Henan as a type-C(hei) security division, simultaneously with the 114th, 117th and 118th divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the 7th Independent Mixed Brigade. The division was initially assigned to the Twelfth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007095-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nIn March 1945, the division was reinforced by a mortar company and sent to participate in the Battle of West Henan\u2013North Hubei. In April 1945 it occupied Laohekou.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007095-0003-0000", "contents": "115th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe division was detained in a labour camp in Henan after the surrender of Japan 15 August 1945. 23 April 1946, it sailed from Shanghai and arrived at Nagato, Yamaguchi 30 April 1946. The division was disbanded by 10 June 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007096-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Field Artillery Brigade\nThe 115th Field Artillery Brigade, known as \u201cCowboy Thunder\u201d is an artillery formation of the United States Army, raised by the Wyoming Army National Guard. It is headquartered in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Its history stretches back to the 1800s when Wyoming was a U.S. territory. The first muster formation was in 1888 as 1st Regiment Infantry. It was redesignated as the 115th Field Artillery Brigade September 1, 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007096-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Field Artillery Brigade\nThe Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 197th Armored Cavalry Group, and the 115th and 117th Tank Battalions were consolidated 1 March 1951 to form the 115th Armored Cavalry, with headquarters at Cheyenne. Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 115th Armored Cavalry, converted and redesignated 16 January 1953 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Field Artillery Group (remainder of regiment\u2014hereafter separate lineages). Redesignated 1 August 1959 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Artillery Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007096-0001-0001", "contents": "115th Field Artillery Brigade\nConsolidated 18 December 1967 with Company C, 102d Engineer Battalion (organized and Federally recognized 25 September 1956 at Cheyenne), and consolidated unit designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Artillery Group. Redesignated 1 May 1972 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Field Artillery Group. Redesignated 1 September 1978 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Field Artillery Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007096-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Field Artillery Brigade\nIn 1959, the 300th Armored Field Artillery Battalion was consolidated with two other armored field artillery battalions into the 49th Field Artillery under the Combat Arms Regimental System. In 1996, the 49th was reorganized and redesignated as the 300th Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007096-0003-0000", "contents": "115th Field Artillery Brigade\nIn the mid 1980s, the brigade consisted of the 1st Battalion, 49th Field Artillery Regiment, and the 3rd Battalion, 49th Field Artillery. The regiment had a long history, dating back to units formed in the Wyoming Territory. On 1 September 1996, both battalions were reorganized into a single towed artillery battalion, the 2-300 FA. The new battalion remained headquartered in Sheridan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007096-0004-0000", "contents": "115th Field Artillery Brigade, Current Structure\nAffiliated field artillery battalions under administrative control of other brigades:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States)\nThe 115th Field Hospital (\"Warrior Medics\") is a field hospital of the United States Army formed in 1917 and perpetuated until today. The hospital has participated in World War I, World War II, Desert Storm, Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan). As of March 2019, the 115th Combat Support Hospital reorganized and re-designated as a field hospital and is now a component unit of the 32d Hospital Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), Lineage, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nDescription:   A silver color metal and enamel device 1 5/32 inches (2.94\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a silver cross couped, bearing an oak tree on a mound proper all above a maroon scroll bearing the motto \"EVACUARE\" in silver letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), Lineage, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nSymbolism:   The silver cross represents the activities of the Medical Corps, and the oak tree represents the service of the organization in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0003-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), Lineage, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nBackground:   The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 15th Evacuation Hospital on 5 February 1942. It was redesignated for the 15th Combat Support Hospital on 8 March 1974. It was redesignated for the 15th Evacuation Hospital on 22 October 1984. The insignia was redesignated effective 16 September 1993, for the 115th Field Hospital, with description revised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0004-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nThe 115th Field Hospital traces its origin to Evacuation Hospital #15, originally organized at Fort Riley, Kansas on 21 March 1918. At the onset of hostilities during World War I, the unit sailed aboard the \"S.S. Mataika,\" departing the United States on 22 August 1918, and arriving in France 3 September 1918. Evacuation Hospital #15 earned a battle streamer for its participation in the Meuse-Argonne Forest offensive from 26 September 1918 through 11 November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0004-0001", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nThe hospital, having served honorably and proud during World War I, returned to the United States aboard the \"S.S. America\" and was demobilized at Camp Lewis, Washington on 28 June 1919. Evacuation Hospital #15 was reconstituted as the 15th Evacuation Hospital in 1936, after having been organized as an inactive unit of the Regular Army on 1 October 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0005-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nAs the first hostilities of World War II began, the 15th Evacuation Hospital was again activated in a training status at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland. Shortly thereafter, the hospital was alerted for overseas deployment. Preparations for this move included the assignment of new personnel and equipment. On 8 February 1943, the 15th sailed aboard the \"Susan B. Anthony,\" a converted passenger and cargo liner designed for 300 passengers, but redesigned to accommodate 2,700 troops. At this time, the unit had an assigned strength of: 39 officers, 48 nurses, 1 warrant officer and 248 enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0005-0001", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nThree days into the trip, the 15th learned that its destination was North Africa. On 21 February, the ship docked in Algeria, where the 15th unloaded its men and equipment and went into a staging area to await its first operational assignment. On 10 April 1943, the unit moved a distance of approximately 600 miles east to Tunisia, where it set up and began receiving patients. The 15th operated in a number of locations within the North African Theater until just prior to D-Day, 10 July 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0005-0002", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nAt this point, the hospital sailed for the southern coast of Sicily, where it supported the beach-head established by allied forces. At one point during the Sicilian Campaign, the patient census rose to an astronomical figure of 978 inpatients. During this period (3 August 1943), Lieutenant General George S. Patton, Commanding General, 7th United States Army, paid a thirty-minute visit to the hospital, from that visit the often talked about \"slapping incident\" materialized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0006-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nThe hospital moved to Italy and participated in both the Salerno and Anzio beach-heads. It was during the Anzio beach-head that the 15th came under heavy artillery attack, suffering numerous casualties. Several members of the unit were decorated for heroism during that period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0007-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nThe 15th continued to move north through Italy, and on 10 June 1944, established itself in a schoolhouse near Rome. This was the first permanent- type building the 15th had operated out of in over 18 months. The hospital's comparatively comfortable life in Rome was short-lived, and on 21 June 1944, the 15th moved north in support of combat operations through Florence and the Po Valley into Milan, where it served until the end of hostilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0008-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nIn addition to several campaign streamers, including: Tunisia, Naples-Foggle, Rome-Arno, Po Valley, and North Apennines, the 15th Evacuation Hospital received the most prized award of all, the Meritorious Unit Citation, for its outstanding performance during World War II. Having served honorably and well, the unit was deactivated on 8 September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0009-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nThe 15th Evacuation Hospital was again reactivated on 25 August 1959, at Nuremberg, Germany, where it was responsible for the medical care of military and civilian personnel. The hospital acted as a MEDDAC and, in addition, operated various other medical activities throughout the Nuremberg area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0010-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nIn 1961, the hospital moved to Kornwesteim, Germany and was constructed as a training unit without patients. During March 1963, the 15th once again began receiving patients and operated a 400-bed facility in Baumholder, Germany. In 1964, the hospital moved to Muenchweiler, Germany, where it again assumed a training posture without patients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0011-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nOn 1 August 1968, the 15th Evacuation Hospital arrived at Fort Belvoir, Virginia after being airlifted from Rhein Mein Air Base, Germany during a period of troop reduction in Europe. On 21 January 1975, the 15th Evacuation Hospital was officially redesignated and reorganized as the 15th Combat Support Hospital, utilizing the new and conventional Medical Unit, Self-contained, Transportable (MUST) equipment which was capable of holding 100 to 300 patients and preparing them for further evacuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0012-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nOn 31 July 1975, the 15th Combat Support Hospital was alerted for deployment to Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania for the purpose of operating the Medical Treatment Facility, Task Force New Arrivals, providing comprehensive medical care to Indochinese refugees and task force personnel, both military and civilian. Movement of the 15th Combat Support Hospital to Fort Indiantown Gap began on 11 August 1975, and continued in increments until 22 August 1975, when the 15th officially took over operation of the Medical Treatment Facility at Fort Indiantown Gap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0013-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nDuring the period 22 August 1975 through 15 December 1975, the 15th treated 32 inpatients and evacuated an additional 137 patients. A total of 12,459 patients were seen on an outpatient basis. In addition, 8648 refugees were given dental care.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0014-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nIn March 1984, after nine years of distinguished service, the 15th Combat Support Hospital was reorganized and redesigned as the 15th Evacuation Hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0015-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nIn March 1988, the 15th Evacuation Hospital began to prepare for the move from Fort Belvoir, Virginia to Fort Polk, Louisiana. The unit was officially deactivated in June 1988 and was reactivated in August at Fort Polk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0016-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nOfficially reinstated, the 15th Evacuation Hospital became a valuable asset to the 5th Infantry Division. From 8 January 1991 to 26 April 1991, the hospital deployed to Saudi Arabia in support of Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. Iraqi POW's, women and children were primarily treated. Prior to deployment, the 15th was fielded with DEPMEDS (Deployable Medical Systems). In Feb 1993, the 15th Evacuation Hospital was redesignated the 115th Field Hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0017-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nThe 115th deployed to Bosnia-Herzegovina from March to September 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0018-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nIn support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, the 115th Combat Support Hospital deployed to Kuwait in 2003 and again to Adu Gharb Prison in Iraq from July 2004 to July 2005. During this most recent combat deployment, the 115th Combat Support Hospital, while under some of the most fierce combat conditions, created an entire system of Detention health Care from scratch, setting the standard for the Department of Defense to follow for years to come.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0019-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nIn support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, the 115th Combat Support Hospital deployed to Iraq for 15 months, 2008 to Aug 2009. During the deployment, the unit had health service support at four different bases: care for Iranian refugees at Camp Ashraf, set up a new hospital and provided care for 5,000 detainees and area support at Camp Taji, managed a hospital at Camp Victory which provided care to 3,500 detainees and 40,000 Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen, and the southernmost post at Camp Bucca cared for 22,000 detainees and 12,000 coalition forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0020-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nIn support of Operation Enduring Freedom, the 115th Combat Support Hospital deployed to Camp Dwyer, Afghanistan in late 2009 to December 2011. The 115th CSH provided level one, two and three health service preventive medicine support, while also leading a medical task force more than 400 strong that spanned the southwestern and western regions of Afghanistan. They treated more than 1,500 in-patients and 15,500 outpatients since the beginning of the year. They created a synchronized medical delivery system supported by a functional task force headquarters that facilitated communication, ensured adherence to standards of clinical practice and provided administrative support to direct reporting units\", said Darnauer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0021-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nThe 115th CSH and its subordinate units such as 6th Squad, 33rd Optical Detachment, 43rd Veterinary Detachment, 485th Preventive Medicine Detachment, and 565th Ground Ambulance Company, have deployed to various locations including: Bosnia, Haiti, Ecuador and Hungary. 115th Combat Support Hospital training deployments during this time included numerous JRTC rotations, Partnership for Peace exercises, a Bright Star rotation in Egypt, Operation Rolling Thunder, Operation Team Spirit, MEDEX 2000 in Japan and various other exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0022-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nThe 115th Combat Support Hospital was reorganized and redesignated as the 115th Field Hospital in March 2019 as part of the AMEDD restructuring of all Combat Support Hospitals to a new Field Hospital structure. This new design created a Hospital Center HQ element, 32-bed field hospital (115th FH), and 3 detachments. This new design was developed to allow for enhanced modularity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0023-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nOn 5 February 1943, the present 565th Medical Company (Ground Ambulance) was constituted as Company B, 426th Ambulance Motor Battalion. It was activated on 25 February 1943 at Camp Maxey, Texas. It was reorganized as redesignated on 25 September 1943 as the 565th Ambulance Company, Motor. The unit was again reorganized and redesignated on 25 April 1945 and became the 565th Motor Ambulance Company. After the end of World War II in Europe, the unit was inactivated on 15 November 1945 at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0023-0001", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nDuring WWII the unit earned Campaign Participation Credit in Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, and Central Europe. On 23 May 1955, the 565th Medical Company was redesignated and allotted to the Regular Army. It was reactivated on 1 July 1955 at Baumholder, Germany. In 1990, the unit again responded when duty called and deployed to Southwest Asia in support of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. They have also deployed to Kuwait and Haiti to provide medical support. Most recently the unit has been to Bosnia. In the Summer of 2010 the 565th Ground Ambulance Company was deactivated. At the time of their deactivation they were known as the \"Renegades\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0024-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nThe 485th Medical Detachment was constituted on 29 July 1921 in the Organized Reserves as Company A, 343rd Medical Regiment. On 1 October 1933, the unit was transferred to the Regular Army. The unit was activated on 20 May 1943 at Fort Dix, New Jersey and assigned to the XIII Corps. In October 1944, the unit was sent to England and was subsequently sent to France, where it followed the war through Belgium and into Germany. On 30 November 1946, the unit was inactivated at Karlsruhe, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0024-0001", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nOn 18 February 1953, the unit was redesignated as the 485th Preventive Medicine Company activated in Germany. The unit was sent to France in March 1953. Over the years the unit was reorganized and redesignated as the 485th Medical Company (5 June 1953), the 485th Medical Laboratory (24 March 1962), the 485th Preventive Medicine Unit (17 June 1963), and the 485th Medical Detachment (Preventive Medicine) (21 June 1973).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0024-0002", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nThe 485th Medical Detachment proudly answered its nation's call when needed, and deployed to:  Lebanon (1958), Iran (1962), Morocco (1963), Yugoslavia (1963), Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana and Oklahoma (1971), Arkansas and Pennsylvania (1975), Colorado (1976), Somalia (1993), Surinam (1994), and Operations Spartan Shield and Inherent Resolve (2017). The unit is currently stationed at Fort Polk, Louisiana. \"Vectorborne\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0025-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nThe 43rd Veterinary Detachment was constituted in the Army of the United States on 20 March 1944 in China. It was reorganized and redesignated as the 43rd Veterinary Animal Service Detachment on 16 March 1945. On 20 September 1945, the unit was inactivated in China. On 13 August 1951, the unit was redesignated as Headquarters, 43rd Veterinary Service Detachment and attached to the Regular Army. On 22 August 1951, the unit was activated at Camp Carson, Colorado. The unit was subsequently sent to France. On 15 January 1953, it was reorganized and redesignated as Headquarters, 43rd Medical Detachment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0025-0001", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nOn 3 December 1954, the unit was again reorganized and redesignated to become the 43rd Medical Detachment. On 23 February 1967, the unit was inactivated in France. On 26 May 1967, the unit was reactivated at Fort Sam Houston, Texas and later served in Vietnam. On 26 December 1971, the unit was inactivated in Vietnam. On 1 October 1993, the unit was activated at Fort Hood, Texas as the 43rd Medical Detachment (Veterinary Services). Effective 16 June 1996, the 6th Squad, 43rd Medical Detachment (VS) was moved to Fort Polk, attached under the 115th Combat Support Hospital. It later moved to Fort Hood under the command and control of the 21st Combat Support Hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0026-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), History\nThe 33rd Optical Detachment deployed to Iraq from 19 September 2009 to 3 August 2010 as a part of Iraqi Sovereignty and again from 19 April 2015 to 31 December 2015 to Kuwait in support of Operations Inherent Resolve, Spartan Shield, and Freedom's Sentinel. The unit also deployed to Iraq 26 September 2009. The detachment was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation on 20 July 2016 for service provided during deployment to Iraq. The unit was stationed at Fort Polk, LA until its deactivation on 3 August 2018. p", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007097-0027-0000", "contents": "115th Field Hospital (United States), Media\nThe 115th Combat Support Hospital was featured on LT. Col Oliver North's \"NRAs Life of Duty\" while serving in Afghanistan in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 43], "content_span": [44, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007098-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Fighter Wing\nThe 115th Fighter Wing is a unit of the Wisconsin Air National Guard, which is stationed at Truax Field Air National Guard Base, Madison, Wisconsin. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007098-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Fighter Wing\nAs an Air National Guard unit, it is normally under the command of the Governor, but has a federal role as well. Currently the wing has personnel and/or aircraft assigned to Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Jump Start and regularly serves with the Air Expeditionary Force in Iraq and Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007098-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Fighter Wing, History\nThe wing was first activated as the 128th Fighter Wing in November 1950, when the Air National Guard converted its units to the Wing Base organization, which placed operational and support units under a single wing. Four months later, the wing was federalized in the second wave of Air National Guard callups for the Korean War, and assigned to Air Defense Command. It moved to Truax Field near Madison, Wisconsin where both the 126th and 176th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron flew air defense training missions until being inactivated in February 1952. The wing returned to Wisconsin state control and to its station near Milwaukee in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007098-0003-0000", "contents": "115th Fighter Wing, History, Air defense\nThe wing trained for its air defense mission until 1958. It was again activated in April 1961, remaining in the air defense mission, although its original group at the same station assumed the air refueling mission. In June 1971, the squadron again moved from General Mitchell Field to Truax Field, where the 115th Fighter-Interceptor Group was located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007098-0004-0000", "contents": "115th Fighter Wing, History, Air defense\nIn September 1972, the wing's 176th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron won the \"William Tell Competition\" in the F-102 category. The event, held at Tyndall Air Force Base, included top Air National Guard, Canadian Air Force and active US Air Force units worldwide. The competition included 12 teams of 48 aircraft, each team scored on aerial marksmanship, weapons control, weapons loading and maintenance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007098-0005-0000", "contents": "115th Fighter Wing, History, Air defense, Forward air control\nIn November 1974, the wing's gaining command changed from Air Defense Command to Tactical Air Command and its designation changed to the 128th Tactical Air Support Wing. With the realignment to TAC, in December 1974, the unit's F-102s were replaced by the Cessna O-2A Skymaster Forward Air Control (FAC) aircraft. The O-2 was the military version of the Cessna 337 Skymaster, a high wing, twin-boom aircraft with a unique centerline pusher/tractor twin engine configuration. The O-2A version was used in forward air control missions, often in conjunction with a ground forward air controller and a radio operator, maintenance, and driver (ROMAD) team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007098-0006-0000", "contents": "115th Fighter Wing, History, Air defense, Forward air control\nIn November 1979, the O-2s were replaced by the Cessna OA-37B Dragonfly forward air control aircraft. It was developed from the A-37 light attack plane which was used extensively in the Vietnam War as a counter-insurgency aircraft, with the surviving planes either being sold to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force or returned to the United States. The OA-37s were received from ANG units in Maryland and New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007098-0007-0000", "contents": "115th Fighter Wing, History, Air defense, Forward air control\nWith most of the pilots and maintenance crews having prior jet aircraft experience with the F-102s, the unit was able to transition the OA-37 to C-1 status, (full combat ready), in less than six months. Awards during the OA-37 era included an overall rating of \"Excellent\" in the unit's Operational Readiness Inspection, the Distinguished Flying Award and its first Air Force Outstanding Unit Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007098-0008-0000", "contents": "115th Fighter Wing, History, Air defense, Close air support\nOn 1 October 1981, the group was redesignated the 128th Tactical Fighter Wing. Along with the mission change came a new aircraft, the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II, nicknamed the \"Warthog\". The OA-37s were sent to other ANG units; survivability made the A-10 an excellent weapons delivery system for ground targets. The A-10's most dominant feature is its seven-barrel GAU-8/A 30\u00a0mm cannon, capable of firing at up to 70 \"tank busting\" rounds per second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007098-0009-0000", "contents": "115th Fighter Wing, History, Air defense, Close air support\nDuring the A-10 era, the unit received two Outstanding Unit Awards, three Air Force Flight Safety Awards, and in 1991 an \"Outstanding\" in its Unit Effectiveness Inspection. Deployments with the A-10 included Operation Coronet Cove to Panama, and \"Checkered Flag\" missions to NATO bases in West Germany and England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007098-0010-0000", "contents": "115th Fighter Wing, History, Air defense, Current mission\nWith the end of the Cold War, the early 1990s marked several changes. On 16 March 1992, the wing became the '128th Fighter Wing and shortly thereafter changed its mobilization command change from Tactical Air Command to the newly created Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007098-0011-0000", "contents": "115th Fighter Wing, History, Air defense, Current mission\nIn 1993, the wing began transitioning from the A-10A to the F-16C/D block 30 Fighting Falcon airframes with the enlarged inlet, the A-10s were transferred to other ANG units. The first F-16s arrived at Truax ANGB on 1 April 1993. The current role of the 176th FS is air-interdiction and close air support (CAS). This was the same task as when they flew the A-10, although the transition to the F-16 meant a huge change in the overall execution of this mission when comparing the A-10 with the F-16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007098-0012-0000", "contents": "115th Fighter Wing, History, Air defense, Current mission\nOn 11 October 1995, the 128th Fighter Wing was renamed the 115th Fighter Wing and converted to the Objective Wing organization with its operational squadron assigned to the 115th Operations Group. The 128th designation duplicated that of the 128th Air Refueling Wing at General Mitchell Air National Guard Base, another Wisconsin Air National Guard unit, which upgraded from group status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007098-0013-0000", "contents": "115th Fighter Wing, History, Air defense, Current mission\nOperations participated in by the 115th Fighter Wing include: Operation Coronet Chariot, Karup AS, Denmark 1994, Operation Northern Watch, Incirlik AB, Turkey 1997, Operation Southern Watch, Al Jaber AB, Kuwait 1997\u201398, Operation Southern Watch, Prince Sultan AB, Saudi Arabia 1999, Operation Coronet Nighthawk, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles 2001, Operation Enduring Freedom, Al Udeid AB, Qatar 2004\u201305, Balad AB, Iraq, 2006, 08, & 09, Africa, 2013 and Operation Noble Eagle, from 11 September 2001 to the present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007098-0014-0000", "contents": "115th Fighter Wing, History, Air defense, Current mission\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, the DoD recommended to close Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico. As a result, three of the 27th Fighter Wing's F-16s were to be distributed to the 115th Fighter Wing amongst other aircraft moves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007098-0015-0000", "contents": "115th Fighter Wing, History, Air defense, Current mission\nThe 176th Fighter Squadron celebrated its 60th anniversary in October 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007098-0016-0000", "contents": "115th Fighter Wing, History, Air defense, Current mission\nToday the wing is capable of air-to-air, close air support and precision guided bombing missions. The wing operates the latest generation of munitions such as the JDAM series bombs and the AIM-9X air-to-air missile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007098-0017-0000", "contents": "115th Fighter Wing, History, Air defense, Current mission\nIn December 2017, the Air Force announced that the 115th was one of two Air National Guard wings selected for equipping with the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II. The conversion to the fifth-generation jet fighter is scheduled for 2023.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007099-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 115th Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007099-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 115th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler and mustered in for three years service on September 13, 1862, under the command of Colonel Jesse Hale Moore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007099-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Army of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to February 1862. 2nd Brigade, Baird's 3rd Division, Army of the Kentucky, Department of the Cumberland, to June 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Reserve Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, IV Corps, October 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, IV Corps, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007099-0003-0000", "contents": "115th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 115th Illinois Infantry mustered out of service on June 11, 1865, at Nashville, Tennessee, and discharged at Camp Butler on June 23, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007099-0004-0000", "contents": "115th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Cincinnati, Ohio, and Covington, Kentucky, October 4\u20136, 1862. Duty at Covington, until October 20, 1862, operating against Heth's threatened attack on Cincinnati. March to Richmond, Kentucky, October 20\u201325, then to Danville, Kentucky December 21, and duty there until January 26, 1863. Pursuit of Morgan to Lebanon Junction December 26\u201331, 1862. Moved to Louisville, Kentucky, January 26\u201331, 1863, then to Nashville, Tennessee, January 31-February 8. Repulse of Wheeler's attack on Fort Donelson, Tennessee, February 4. At Nashville until March 5. Moved to Franklin, Tennessee, and pursuit of Earl Van Dorn March 5\u201312. Spring Hill March 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007099-0004-0001", "contents": "115th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAt Brentwood March 27-April 8. Return to Franklin April 8, and repulse of Van Dorn's attack April 10. At Franklin until June 2. Moved to Triune June 2. Action at Triune with Wheeler June 11. Tullahoma Campaign June 24-July 7. At Wartrace July 3-August 12, and at Elk River until September 7. Chickamauga Campaign September 7\u201322. Ringgold, Georgia, September 17. Battle of Chickamauga, September 19\u201320. Siege of Chattanooga September 24-October 26. Reopening Tennessee River October 26\u201329. Battle of Wauhatchie, Tennessee, October 28\u201329. Duty in Lookout Valley until December 1. At Nickajack Cove, Georgia, until February 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007099-0004-0002", "contents": "115th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDemonstration on Dalton, Georgia, February 22\u201327. Tunnel Hill, Buzzard's Roost Gap and Rocky Faced Ridge February 23\u201325. At Cleveland, Tennessee, March and April. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Tunnel Hill May 6\u20137. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Buzzard's Roost Gap May 8\u20139. Demonstrations on Dalton May 9\u201313. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Near Kingston May 18\u201319. Near Cassville May 19. Advance on Dallas May 22\u201325. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007099-0004-0003", "contents": "115th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOperations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peach Tree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. Buzzard's Roost Block House October 13 (one company). Nashville Campaign November\u2013December. Columbia, Tennessee, December 23. Columbia, Duck River, November 24\u201327. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. Moved to Huntsville, Alabama, and duty there until March 1865. Expedition to Bull's Gap and operations in eastern Tennessee March 20-April 22. Moved to Nashville, Tennessee, and duty there until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 1035]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007099-0005-0000", "contents": "115th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 213 men during its service; 6 officers and 58 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 147 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007100-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Indian Infantry Brigade\nThe 115th Indian Infantry Brigade is an infantry formation of the Indian Army. It was initially formed during World War II, in September 1943, as a training brigade of the 39th Indian Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007100-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Indian Infantry Brigade\nIts composition included the 14th Gurkha Rifles Training Battalion, the 38th Gurkha Rifles Training Battalion, the 56th Gurkha Rifles Training Battalion, and the 710th Gurkha Rifles Training Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007100-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Indian Infantry Brigade\nIn 1971 it was part of the 36th Division. In the late 1980s the brigade took part in the Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka. As of 2001, the brigade, as part of the reformed 36th Division, a Reorganised Army Plains Infantry Division (RAPID), was located at Dhana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007101-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 115th Regiment Indiana Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007101-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 115th Indiana Infantry was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana for a six-month enlistment and mustered in August 13, 1863 under the command of Colonel John R. Mahan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007101-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Mahan's 1st Brigade, Wilcox's Left Wing Forces, Department of the Ohio, to February 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007101-0003-0000", "contents": "115th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 115th Indiana Infantry mustered out of service on February 25, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007101-0004-0000", "contents": "115th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Nicholasville, Kentucky, September 16. Marched from Nicholasville, to Cumberland Gap September 24 \u2013 October 3, 1863, and to Morristown October 6\u20138. Action at Blue Springs October 10. Duty at Greenville until November 6. Moved to Bull's Gap November 6, and duty there until December. Marched across Clinch Mountain to the Clinch River. Action at Walker's Ford December 2. Guard and patrol duty in eastern Tennessee until February 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007101-0005-0000", "contents": "115th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 70 men during service; 1 enlisted men killed, 69 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007102-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe 115th Infantry Division (115. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on April 2, 1915, and organized over the next several weeks. It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007102-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of regular infantry divisions which were being triangularized. The division's 229th Infantry Brigade staff was formerly the staff of the 82nd Infantry Brigade of the 39th Infantry Division, which came to the new division along with the 171st Infantry Regiment. The 40th Reserve Infantry Regiment was formerly part of the 28th Reserve Division. The 136th Infantry Regiment came from the 30th Infantry Division. The 40th Reserve Infantry Regiment was raised in the Grand Duchy of Baden. The 136th Infantry and the 171st Infantry were Alsace-Lorraine regiments, but mainly drew from the Rhineland. Cavalry support came in the form of Baden dragoons. The artillery and combat engineer units were newly formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007102-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 115th Infantry Division initially fought on the Western Front in World War I, entering the line in the Artois in April 1915, fighting in the Second Battle of Artois, and then moving to the Aisne region. On July 30, the division left the line and was transported to the Eastern Front, arriving in August and entering the line in the siege of Kovno. It participated in the Gorlice-Tarn\u00f3w Offensive and was in the line until November 1916, when it went to the Romanian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007102-0002-0001", "contents": "115th Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIt fought on the Romanian front into late 1917, and then remained in Romania for several months after the armistice on that front. In April 1918, the division was transported back to the Western Front. After a period in reserve and on the Belgian/Dutch border, it entered combat in June 1916 in the Champagne region. It remained in the Champagne, Verdun and Wo\u00ebvre regions and then fought against the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Allied intelligence rated the division as third class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007102-0003-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Division (German Empire), Order of battle on formation\nThe 115th Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division. The order of battle of the division on April 3, 1915, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007102-0004-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Division (German Empire), Late-war order of battle\nThe division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion. The order of battle on February 1, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007103-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007103-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 115th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Imperial Japanese Army. The regiment was attached to the 127th Infantry Brigade of the 114th Division and participated during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It was later reassigned to the 51st Division and during the later stages of World War II, the regiment was in New Guinea, as part of the Japanese Eighteenth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 115th Infantry Regiment, Maryland Army National Guard was an infantry regiment of the United States Army. It traced its roots back to the American Revolutionary War, although its official U.S. Army lineage begins in 1881. The units to which the 115th Regiment claims lineage served in the Revolutionary War and the Civil War, but the 115th itself was only credited with service in World War I, World War II, and the Global War on Terror. Prior to the reorganization into the 58th Brigade Combat Team, the 1\u2013115th was part of the Third Brigade, 29th Infantry Division (Light). In 2006, the 115th was consolidated (merged) with the 175th Infantry Regiment. As a result of this consolidation, it no longer exists as a separate regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, HHC\nThe Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1\u2013115 Infantry, was located in Silver Spring, Maryland. While the rifle companies made up the bulk of the personnel and combat power of the battalion, the headquarters company was made up of specialties that extend and expand the capabilities of the battalion. It leads, supports, sustains, and protects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, A Company\nAlpha Company, 1\u2013115 Infantry, located in Frederick, Maryland, was an Infantry Rifle Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0003-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, B Company\nBravo Company, 1\u2013115 Infantry, located in Olney, Maryland, was an Infantry Rifle Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0004-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, C Company\nCharlie Company, 1\u2013115 Infantry, located in Greenbelt, Maryland, was an Infantry Rifle Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0005-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, HHC\nThe Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2\u2013115 Infantry, was located in Chestertown, Maryland. While the rifle companies made up the bulk of the personnel and combat power of the battalion, the headquarters company was made up of specialties that extend and expand the capabilities of the battalion. It leads, supports, sustains, and protects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0006-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, A Company\nAlpha Company, 2\u2013115 Infantry, located in Glen Burnie, Maryland, was an Infantry Rifle Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0007-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, B Company\nBravo Company, 2\u2013115 Infantry, located in Queen Anne, Maryland, was an Infantry Rifle Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0008-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, C Company\nCharlie Company, 2\u2013115 Infantry, located in Catonsville, Maryland, was an Infantry Rifle Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0009-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 115th Infantry has long claimed lineage and honors that have not been recognized by the U.S. Army Center of Military history. The unit's official lineage and honors certificate only recognizes lineage extending back to 1881, while the regiment has traditionally held that it was descended from Cresap's Rifles, a company of infantry raised in 1775.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0009-0001", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe mismatch stems from a lineage system unique in the U.S. armed forces to the Army National Guard, which requires continuous militia presence in a particular community or, if a unit is moved, proof that the same members served in the unit at both locations. Because of a lack of support for militia units in the 1870s, many, including the First Maryland (predecessor to the 115th) ceased to exist as organized militia units. Army National Guard lineage rules state that any unit that becomes inactive has its lineage terminated, and that such lineage cannot be \"resurrected,\" even if a unit with identical designation is later established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0010-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Revolutionary War\nThe 115th Infantry claims lineage back to the earliest militia units formed to protect the frontier of western Maryland. The birthdate of the unit, 14 June 1775, is also the birthdate of the United States Army. The first two companies to leave Maryland were assembled in Frederick in the summer of 1775 under the command of Captains Cresap and Price; they were organized in response to the Continental Congress' call to active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0010-0001", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Revolutionary War\nThey left Frederick in August and marched 551 miles (887\u00a0km) in 21 days to report to General Washington in September to support Washington's efforts to drive the British out of Boston. These personnel later became part of the 1st Maryland Regiment, \"Maryland 400\" or \"Maryland Line,\" who repeatedly charged a numerically superior British force during the Battle of Long Island, sustaining heavy casualties, but allowing General Washington to successfully evacuate the bulk of his troops to Manhattan. This action is commemorated in Maryland's nickname, the \"Old Line State.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0011-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nDuring the Civil War, two First Maryland Infantry (USA) regimental infantry units were organized:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0012-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nThe 1st Regiment Maryland Volunteer Infantry (USA), commanded by Colonel John R. Kenly, and the 1st Maryland Infantry (CSA), commanded by Colonel Bradley T. Johnson, constituted the major part of the forces engaged at the Battle of Front Royal on 23 May 1862. During this battle, in which the Confederates were successful, Colonel Kenly gave utterance to the famous command, \"Rally round the Flag,\" which is to this day the motto of the 115th Regiment. This was the only time in United States military history that two regiments of the same numerical designation and from the same state engaged each other in battle. The 1st Maryland Infantry, CSA had been composed primarily of soldiers the Baltimore-based Fifth Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0013-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1880s to 1910s\nA direct descendant of this regiment was organized 29 September 1881 as the First Battalion of Infantry, Maryland Army National Guard, from existing independent companies at Hagerstown and Frederick, Maryland. This is the date of organization officially recognized as the start of the regiment's lineage by the U.S. Army. It was expanded and redesignated First Regiment of Infantry on 7 May 1886 by the consolidation of the First Battalion of Infantry with several more independent companies of infantry throughout the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0014-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1880s to 1910s\nThe unit mustered into federal service 11 May 1898 as the First Maryland Infantry Regiment, U.S. Volunteers, and was assigned to the Second Army Corps during the Spanish\u2013American War. The regiment was mustered out of Federal Service 15 March 1899 without serving outside the continental United States. On 28 June 1916 the regiment was again called into active service and saw duty at Eagle Pass, Texas during the Mexican Border Incident. Two of the battalion commanders who served during this period were Majors Milton A. Reckord (future Adjutant General, State of Maryland) and D. John Markey (future regimental commander). The unit was mustered out of federal service on 4 November 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0015-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, First World War\nIn October 1917, while at Camp McClellan, Alabama, the First Maryland was consolidated with the Fourth and Fifth Maryland Infantry Regiments to form the 115th Infantry Regiment. The 115th became one of the four regiments brought together into the 29th Infantry Division, which was formed in July 1917, at Sea Girt, New Jersey. The division wasn't even a year old when it received its baptism of fire in France. Company K, 115th, was the first unit in the 29th Division to engage the enemy when it repelled a German raid in July 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0016-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, First World War\nDuring the Meuse-Argonne offensive they would fight for 21 straight days, moving over 6 miles (9.7\u00a0km), throwing back elements of six enemy divisions, and suffering a staggering 4,781 casualties in the process. After the Armistice was signed, the Twenty-Ninth Division was brought home in July 1919 and dissipated. The 1st Battalion, 115th Infantry, is authorized two campaign streamers for its service in World War I: one for Alsace and one for Meuse-Argonne. The next time the division would be reformed was for the maneuvers in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0017-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, First World War\nFollowing the First World War, the regiments returned to state status and assumed their previous designations, First Maryland and Fifth Maryland (the Fourth Regiment was not re-established after the war).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0018-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Second World War\nOn 3 February 1941, the First Maryland Infantry Regiment, Maryland Army National Guard, was inducted into federal service as the 115th Infantry Regiment at Frederick, Maryland as part of the second partial mobilization of the National Guard for World War II, and then moved to Fort George G. Meade on 18 February 1941 to join the 29th Infantry Division. The regiment completed in-processing, traded in its equipment for modern equipment, and started to repeat its division level training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0018-0001", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Second World War\nIt was then transferred to the A.P. Hill Military Reservation on 22 April 1942 to participate in maneuvers, and then moved to the Carolina Maneuvers to participate in large unit maneuvers on 8 July 1942. It then moved on to Camp Blanding to fill its empty personnel slots on 19 August 1942, and then staged at Camp Kilmer on 20 September 1942, and shipped out from the New York Port of Embarkation on 5 October 1942 on the RMS Queen Mary and RMS Queen Elizabeth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0018-0002", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Second World War\nThey arrived in England on 11 October 1942, and then were attached to the 1st Infantry Division in preparation for the D-Day invasion. They moved with the 1st Infantry Division from 2 June 1944, and remained with 1st Infantry Division until 7 June 1944, when they returned to the 29th Infantry Division for further operations. Their participation in the Normandy Campaign continued until it was over on 24 July 1944. They immediately moved into the Northern France Campaign on 25 July 1944, which continued until it was over on 14 September 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0019-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Second World War\nDuring this period the 115th Infantry Regiment was engaged in one of the war's forgotten chapters, \"The Battle of Brest\". The Battle for Brest was one of the fiercest battles fought during Operation Cobra, the Allied breakout of Normandy which began on 27 July 1944, during the Battle of Normandy during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0020-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Second World War\nPart of the Allied plan for the invasion of mainland Europe called for the capture of port facilities, in order to ensure the timely delivery of the enormous amount of war material required to supply the invading Allied forces (it was estimated that the 37 Allied divisions to be on the continent by September 1944 would need 26,000 tons of supplies each day). The main port the Allied forces hoped to seize and put into their service was Brest, in northwestern France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0021-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Second World War\nBrest also served as a major German U-boat base from 18 June 1940 until its surrender to U.S. forces during the Brittany Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0022-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Second World War\nOfficers from the 115th Regimental Combat Team of the 29th Infantry Division (Photo Taken September 1944). From Left to Right; Lt Col John P. Cooper (110th Field Artillery); Capt William Bruning; Lt Col Louis Smith; Major Glover Johns (VMI class of 1931); Major Anthony Miller Jr.; Major Harold Perkins; Major Randolph Millholland; Major William Bratton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0023-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Second World War\nGeneralmajor Hans von der Mosel, Konteradmiral Otto K\u00e4hler and Generalmajor Hans Kroh surrender at Brest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0024-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Second World War\nThe 115th Infantry then started participation in the Rhineland Campaign on 15 September 1944, whereupon the 115th Infantry crossed from France to Belgium and the Netherlands both on 27 September 1944, and entered Germany on 30 September 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0025-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Second World War\nThis campaign continued unabated until 21 March 1945, and the 115th Infantry did not take part in the Ardennes Campaign. With the end of the Rhineland Campaign, the 115th Infantry moved to the Central Europe Campaign on 22 March 1945, which continued until the end of Hostilities, which took place on 8 May 1945, but the campaign was not declared terminated until 11 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0026-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Second World War\nThe 115th Infantry was on occupation duty at Bremen, Germany on VE Day, and this continued through 1946. The regiment returned to the New York Port of Embarkation on 16 January 1946, and mustered out at Camp Kilmer the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0027-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Second World War\nThe 115th Regiment sustained 5,948 casualties during the fighting in Europe. Campaign streamers for Normandy (with arrowhead), North France, Rhineland, and Central Europe were added to the colors. Additional decorations included a distinguished unit streamer embroidered \"St. Laurent-Sur-Mer,\" a streamer in the colors of the French Croix du Guerre with palms embroidered \"St. Laurent-Sur-Mer,\" and, for the First Battalion, a streamer in the colors of the French Croix du Guerre with Silver Star embroidered \"St. Lo.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0028-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-war to present\nAfter the war the 29th Infantry Division came home; however, unlike the end of World War I, the division was retained as a National Guard division. In 1968, due to changing requirements, the division's colors were retired and its elements broken up into separate brigades. The 115th became part of the 28th Division, the Keystone Division of Pennsylvania. Later the 1\u2013115th and other Maryland units were organized into the 58th Infantry Brigade, whose units were located entirely in Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0029-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-war to present\nIn 1984 requirements changed again, prompting the reactivation of the 29th Infantry Division as a new, streamlined \"Light\" Infantry Division, ready to meet the demands of an ever-changing national defense, now and into the 21st century. The division was reactivated on 5 Oct 1985, and included the 115th and other historic regiments from Maryland and Virginia. As part of this reactivation, the 58th Infantry Brigade became the 3rd Brigade, 29th Infantry Division. Elements of the brigade included the 1st and 2nd Battalions, 115th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0030-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-war to present\nIn October 2001, in the aftermath of terrorist attacks on the continental United States, the battalions of the 115th were called to active federal service as part of Operation Noble Eagle. The 115th carried out critical security duties, protecting US federal installations from threats to the national security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0031-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-war to present\nOn 6 January 2005, Company B, 1\u2013115th Infantry, mobilized again for active duty as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. They were assigned as part of the 48th Infantry Brigade (Mechanized), based in Georgia, for this operation. They spent a year in Iraq. For the first 5 months they conducted operations in a town called Saba Al boor north of Baghdad that had a population of between 50,000 and 65,000. Saba Al Boor's population was half Sunni and Shia. B Co 1/115th was the main effort for Task Force 2/70th Armor which is an active duty unit from Ft. Riley, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0031-0001", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-war to present\nB Co conducted raids, counter IED ambushes, air assaults, cordon and searches as well as combined patrols with the Iraqi Army. For the remaining 7 months they performed convoy security operations out of the Marine base at Al Asad. These convoy security missions included missions to country of Jordan, the Iraqi towns of Rawa, Hit, and al Taqaddum. During B Co's time conducting convoy security operations they were able to reduce the rate of losses from 11%  of escorted equipment and supplies that was suffered by the unit previously conducting the mission to less than 2%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0032-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-war to present\nIn the beginning of 2006, the elements of the 115th were reorganized, along with the rest of the 3rd Brigade, 29th Infantry Division, as part of the 58th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. In August 2006 the colors for the 115th Infantry Regiment were cased and its lineage consolidated (merged) with that of the 175th Infantry Regiment (Fifth Maryland).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007104-0033-0000", "contents": "115th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-war to present\nSince 2003 the heritage of the regiment lives on along Route 15 through Maryland, where the Maryland Senate dedicated it as the 115th Infantry Regiment Memorial Highway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 115th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, (115th LAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the British Army during World War II. Initially raised as an infantry battalion of the East Yorkshire Regiment, it transferred to the Royal Artillery in 1942. It served as the LAA component of 46th Division in the Tunisian Campaign, at the Salerno landings, and through the Italian Campaign until it was disbanded in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 8th Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment\nThe unit was originally formed in May 1940 as 50th (Holding) Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment, as part of the rapid expansion of the Army with wartime conscripts. On 9 October 1940 it was redesignated 8th Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment and it joined 217th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) when that was formed on 20 October 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 91], "content_span": [92, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 8th Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment\n'Home' brigades had a purely static coast defence role. 217th served in Northumbrian Area, then from 12 March 1941 became part of the Durham and North Riding County Division, deployed around Teesside. During 1941 the battalions progressively left the brigade, mainly to be converted to other roles such as armour or light anti-aircraft (LAA). 8th East Yorkshires was the last remaining unit in the brigade when it left on 24 November 1941. The battalion then briefly served with 224th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) until 15 December 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 91], "content_span": [92, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0003-0000", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Anti-Aircraft conversion\nThe battalion was retrained as an LAA unit and officially transferred to the Royal Artillery on 1 January 1942 as 115th LAA Regiment, with 377, 378 and 379 LAA Batteries. Anti - Aircraft Command was responsible for AA defence of the UK, and 115th LAA Rgt was initially included in its order of battle, but it was deleted on 23 February 1942 and joined 46th Division the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 77], "content_span": [78, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0004-0000", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Anti-Aircraft conversion\n46th Division was a 'Second Line' formation of the Territorial Army (TA) formed just before the outbreak of war. Its virtually untrained infantry had briefly served in the Battle of France before being evacuated from Dunkirk. Lessons from that campaign and the early fighting in the Western Desert had been learned, and now every infantry division was to have its own air defence unit, equipped with 48 (later 54) towed Bofors 40 mm guns to protect against ground-attack aircraft such as the Luftwaffe 's feared Stuka. The plan was to equip one battery in each divisional LAA  regiment with self-propelled guns on truck chassis, but few of these were available until later in the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 77], "content_span": [78, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0005-0000", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Anti-Aircraft conversion\nWhen 115th LAA Rgt joined, the division was training with XII Corps in South East England. However, in August 1942 it was transferred to First Army, which was preparing for the Allied landings in North Africa (Operation Torch).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 77], "content_span": [78, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0006-0000", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Tunisia\nThe Torch landings began on 8 November 1942, and First Army's units and formations were progressively fed into the fighting. 46th Division's 139th Brigade sailed on 24 December, accompanied by 379 LAA Bty; the rest of the division embarked on 6 January 1943 and landed on 17 January, by which time the focus of the campaign was in Tunisia. By midnight on 13/14 February, the division was in the line, holding the sector nearest the coast. During the hurried reorganisation caused by the Battle of Kasserine Pass the division's brigades were split up, each with attached artillery units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0006-0001", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Tunisia\nWhen the Axis launched Operation Ochsenkopf on 26 February the main weight fell on 139th Bde on the coast, which was forced back from a number of positions over the next month. Harder fighting came against 128th Bde in the Hunt's Gap area. The division counter-attacked on 29 March and had regained all its positions by 1 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0007-0000", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Tunisia\nMoving and deploying AA guns in the rough country with underpowered gun tractors was difficult but necessary as units in the forward areas were subjected to regular dive-bombing and ground attacks. Ammunition expenditure by the LAA batteries was high, and supply was sometimes  erratic. With greater experience of 'snap' actions against fast low-flying aircraft, Bofors gun units increasingly abandoned using the Kerrison Predictor in favour of the simple 'Stiffkey Stick' deflection sight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0008-0000", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Tunisia\nAfter Eighth Army's victory at Wadi Akarit, 128th Bde was part of the force sent by First Army to cut the retreat of the Axis forces, even though Army HQ did not consider it completely ready for battle. As a preliminary to the main attack on the Fondouk Pass, it was tasked with capturing and holding crossings over Wadi Marguellil and then the high ground beyond, which it successfully achieved on 7/8 April. First Army began its final offensive on Tunis (Operation Vulcan) on 22 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0008-0001", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Tunisia\n46th Division attacked with strong artillery and tank support towards some hills near Sebkret el Kourzia in an effort to crack open the position for the armour to pass through. In the event the armoured formations had five days' hard fighting before they could get through. Axis air attacks were maintained until 25 April, doing considerable damage, but tailed off thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0009-0000", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Tunisia\nBy early May the Axis forces were crumbling, and a final thrust (Operation Strike) took the First Army into Tunis on 7 May; the Axis forces surrendered on 13 May. At the end of the campaign 115th LAA Rgt claimed 58 enemy aircraft destroyed for the expenditure of 22,748 rounds (some of the rounds fired would have been against ground targets).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0010-0000", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Italy, Salerno\n46th Division was assigned to Force 141 (later 15th Army Group) for the Allied invasion of Sicily but was not employed. Instead it was used to carry out the assault landing at Salerno on the Italian mainland (Operation Avalanche) on 9 September. The division concentrated at Bizerte from its training areas in mid-August. The division was to land a brigade on beaches at the northern (left hand) end of the landing area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 67], "content_span": [68, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0010-0001", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Italy, Salerno\nThe beaches would be secured by specialist 'Beach Bricks' including heavy and light AA batteries, and the infantry division's own LAA batteries would then assist with beach defence as they arrived, paying particular attention to exit routes and assembly areas. In 46th Division's sector this worked reasonably well: although the invasion convoy was bombed during the preceding night and the leading infantry and Beach Brick troops landed under shellfire and into immediate firefights, the AA guns got ashore and long-range P-38 Lightning fighters kept off most Luftwaffe air attacks by day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 67], "content_span": [68, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0010-0002", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Italy, Salerno\nBy 23.00 46th Division was landing in waves and no counter-attack had yet developed. However, a week-long battle for Salerno and its hinterland developed, with more and more reinforcements squeezing onto the beaches, and the Luftwaffe concentrating its attacks on the beaches and shipping. Finally, on 16 September the Germans withdrew and 46th Division swung northwards towards Naples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 67], "content_span": [68, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0011-0000", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Italy, Naples to the Garigliano\n46th Division fought its way through the high ground north of Salerno, and then the armour drove across the Plain of Naples to the city itself on 1 October. Next the force moved up for the assault crossing of the Volturno. The division's attack on the night of 12/13 October was almost unopposed except in one sector, and it had two brigade bridgeheads by nightfall on 13 October. However, this was partly because the Germans had chosen to defend the wide marshy area across the river, and meanwhile their aircraft were very active in attempting to deny the other crossings and to disrupt the bridging operations, with frequent attacks using Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Fighter-bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 84], "content_span": [85, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0012-0000", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Italy, Naples to the Garigliano\nAfter the Volturno, the Luftwaffe was rarely seen and AA engagements became uncommon as 46th Division worked its way up the coastal plain past Monte Camino to the German Winter Line. The division's next major operation was a failed assault crossing of the Garigliano on the night of 19/20 January 1944 intended to assist II US Corps crossing of the Rapido (part of the attacks on Monte Cassino). Afterwards the division was involved in hill fighting between 26 January and 9 February, taking Monte Furlito and Monte Purgatorio but failing at Monte Faito. The attacks were then called off in rain, sleet and snow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 84], "content_span": [85, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0013-0000", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Italy, Rest and retraining\nIn early 1944 Allied Armies in Italy (AAI) instituted a procedure of shipping exhausted British formations (without their equipment) to Middle East Command for rest and retraining. The first of these was 46th Division, which embarked on 16 March, arriving in Egypt on 22 March and moving up into Palestine at the end of the month. Rested and reinforced, the division retraced its journey in June, landing back in Italy on 3 July and taking over 5th Division's guns and vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 79], "content_span": [80, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0013-0001", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Italy, Rest and retraining\nHowever, because of AAI's increasing manpower shortage, many of the infantry reinforcements were former AA gunners who had been redeployed. Even divisional LAA units like 115th LAA Rgt had to give up one troop per battery, reducing the number of guns from 54 to 36 guns. This was made possible by the near total air supremacy now enjoyed by the Allies in Italy. Meanwhile, the lack of AA targets meant that the Bofors guns could be used for other purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 79], "content_span": [80, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0013-0002", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Italy, Rest and retraining\nThey were incorporated into ground defence fireplans, and were also used to harass known enemy machine guns or mortar posts, or to engage buildings and bunkers. A useful role was to fire on fixed lines to mark boundaries in an advance, the troops being able to watch the lines of tracer. Some infantry commanders requested their LAA units to 'brown' an area from which an attack seemed imminent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 79], "content_span": [80, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0014-0000", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Italy, Gothic Line\nOn its return 46th Division joined Eighth Army on the east side of Italy to take part in breaching the Gothic Line (Operation Olive). The initial operations starting on 26 August began well, with 46th Division taking the Montegridolfo village complex on 31 August and then continuing its advance to the Conca and Morciano. It then moved to clear the Croce\u2013Gemmano high ground to protect Eighth Army's flank as it advanced on Coriano, but here the division ran into stiff opposition in the Battle of Gemmano. Only on 17 September were the Germans cleared out of their defences and Eighth Army able to close up to the next line of defences, the Rimini Line. This was taken at a rush by 21 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0015-0000", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Italy, Gothic Line\nEighth Army continued its advance, struggling as much with bad weather and swollen rivers as with stubborn enemy opposition. 46th Division was now due for a rest, having been in almost continuous operations for two months, and it was relieved in mid-October, though it was back in the line on 31 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007105-0016-0000", "contents": "115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nBy now the continuing manpower crisis and the near-total absence of the Luftwaffe meant that deeper cuts were made in AA provision. In November 1944 the British infantry divisions in Italy lost their LAA regiments, with 115th LAA Rgt leaving 46th Division on 8 November. It was then disbanded on 8 January 1945 and its personnel drafted to other roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007106-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe 115th Division was a military formation of the People's Volunteer Army (Chinese People's Volunteers (CPV) or Chinese Communist Forces (CCF)) during the Korean War with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men. It was a component of the 39th Army, consisting of the 343rd, 344th, and 345th Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007106-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe 115th Division' was one of the first CCF divisions to attack the UN forces as they approached the Yalu River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007106-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIt effectively reduced the 8th Cavalry Regiment of the 1st Cavalry Division to a combat ineffective unit, after inflicting severe loses on them at Unsan. In all, over eight hundred men of the 8th Cavalry were lost\u2014almost one-third of the regiment\u2019s strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007106-0003-0000", "contents": "115th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe enemy [Chinese] force that brought tragedy to the 8th Cavalry at Unsan was the CCF\u2019s 116th Division. Elements of the 116th\u2019s 347th Regiment were responsible for the roadblock south of Unsan. Also engaged in the Unsan action was the 115th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007106-0004-0000", "contents": "115th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), Current\nThe unit appears to still be active with the 78th Group Army in the Northern Theater Command Ground Force, as the 115th Medium Combined Arms Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0000-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 115th New York Infantry Regiment, nicknamed the \"Iron Hearted Regiment\", was a volunteer regiment recruited during the American Civil War from the counties of Fulton, Hamilton, Montgomery, and Saratoga, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0001-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content\n\"In writing the history of the 115th N. Y Volunteer Infantry, we record the acts of a noble body of men, whose deeds are already written in blood, and inscribed high up in the roll of fame. The regiment was raised in the counties of: Saratoga, Montgomery, Fulton, and Hamilton, and mustered into the United States service on 26th day of August, 1862, by Capt. Edgerton, U. S. A., at Fonda the place of rendezvous of the regiment. The field staff and captains were as follows\" (Beers, 1878)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0002-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nWith the above officers, together with a full complement of lieutenants and ten hundred and forty enlisted men, the regiment broke camp at Fonda on 29 August, and was forwarded to the seat of war as soon as possible, arriving at Dandy Hook, Md. on the Baltimore and Ohio R. R., on 1 September, where the regiment was furnished with arms, but very little ammunition. It then moved on to Harper's Ferry, Va., where it was assigned to guard duty along the Shenandoah Valley R. R., with headquarters at Charlestown, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0003-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nThe regiment performed guard duty faithfully, until a few days before the surrender of Harper's Ferry, when it and others were ordered to concentrate at that place. On the way to the Ferry James English, a member of Company D, was wounded in the hand, by the accidental discharge of a musket, necessitating amputation at the wrist; he was the first man wounded in the regiment. On arriving at, or near Harper's Ferry, the regiment was encamped on Bolivar Heights, in the rear of the village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0003-0001", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nFrom this point it performed picket duty, and while so engaged, John Hubbard, of Co. A, was wounded by a guerrilla. On the 12th, Companies E and A were ordered to report to Col. Tom Ford, in command of Maryland Heights, and upon doing so, were ordered to proceed up the Potomac, to the old \"John Brown\" school-house, and form a skirmish line from the river as far up the mountain as possible, the left resting on the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0004-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nEarly the next morning the two companies were ordered back to Ford's headquarters, and from there to Elk Ridge, at the Lookout, on the highest peak of the mountain. Here for the first time members of the 115th regiment met the enemy in deadly combat. After several hours fighting, and holding their position, the two companies were ordered to evacuate the place, and report to Gen. Miles' headquarters, which they did very reluctantly, and not until they had received the third order. Company E had one man wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0004-0001", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nAbout this time Company K moved up, and, in a few minutes its captain was carried to the rear, having been wounded in the thigh by a minie-ball. Upon nearing the foot of the mountain, at what was known as Maryland Heights, Companies E and A met the remainder of the regiment, who congratulated them upon their safe return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0005-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nThe regiment returned to camp on Bolivar Heights. The troops were kept moving to and fro until the morning of the 15th, when General Miles made one of the most cowardly and disgraceful surrenders recorded in the annals of American history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0006-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nEleven thousand men, armed and equipped in the best style, with plenty of ammunition, holding one of the most defensible positions in the United States, were ignominiously surrendered, instead of aiding to surround Lee's, Longstreet's, Hill's and Jackson's corps where there was no possible way of escape. Thus the Union army was reduced, and eleven thousand as good fighting men as ever shouldered a musket were doomed to bear the taunts of their enemies, at home and abroad, as \"Harper's Ferry cowards.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0006-0001", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nBut every regiment that was obliged to participate in that farce, and whose honor was sold by the commanding officer, has, upon bloody fields, won bright laurels, and vindicated its soldierly character. By the good graces of the rebel generals, who had the captured army as an \"elephant on their hands,\" the prisoners were paroled the next day, and allowed to depart in peace, which they did with sorrowing hearts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0007-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nThe regiment returned to Annapolis, Maryland, and thence went to Chicago, where it went into camp on the Cook county fair ground, which was called \"Camp Tyler,\" after the general in command of the troops around the city. During the stay of the 115th in Chicago its duties were about the same as those of troops in garrison, but the men were allowed rather more liberties than regular soldiers on duty. While at Chicago, the weather being very bad most of the time, and the men not on fatigue duty enough to give them healthy exercise, malarial fever caused the death of quite a number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0008-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nAbout 20 November 1862, the regiment was ordered to proceed to Washington. The capital was reached about 23 November, and at the same time the soldiers of the 115th were exchanged and marched over to Arlington Heights. There they were supposed to go into winter quarters, but by the time quarters were built the regiment was ordered out again, and kept in motion between Arlington, Fairfax, Hunter's creek, Alexandria and Yorktown, where it embarked on the steamer \"Matanzas,\" 23 January 1863, and arrived at Hilton Head, S. C., Department of the South, about 26 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0009-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nHere the regiment was divided into detachments for post, camp and outpost duty. Companies E and D were detailed to garrison Battery Mitchell, an outpost on Scull creek. Company B was stationed at, Saybrook, and other companies at different points on and around Hilton Head Island, until 28 May, when the different detachments were relieved and the regiment was again a unit at Hilton Head. On 2 June, Companies E and B were, by order of General Chatfield, detailed for special field duty, and went with other troops up May River, S. C., and burned the town of Bluffton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0009-0001", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nAbout 27 June, the regiment was moved to the city of Beaufort, S. C., some twelve miles up Beaufort river, where it went into camp. After remaining here a while and suffering severely from malaria, incident to the dull routine life of the camp, the regiment was again divided into detachments and sent to do outpost and picket duty on Beaufort, Port Royal and other islands adjacent to them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0010-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nOn 20 December, the regiment embarked on transports for the old camp at Hilton Head, where it was attached to Gen. T. Seymour's \"ill-starred\" Florida expedition. The force left Hilton Head on 5 February 1864, reached Jacksonville on the evening of 7 February, and occupied the city without opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0010-0001", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nDuring the night of 8 February, the expedition reached Camp Finnegan, about twelve miles from Jacksonville, capturing a battery of six guns, a quantity of small arms, etc., and a large amount of provisions, upon which the boys feasted until next day, when, with well filled haversacks, they moved towards Tallahassee, reaching and occupying Baldwin without opposition, and reaching Barber's Plantation during the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0010-0002", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nThe next day the troops advanced to Sanderson's Station, where they burned the railroad depot filled with corn, and several resin and turpentine factories, and tore up considerable railroad track, burning ties and other property belonging to the rebels. By order of Gen. Seymour, the army fell back to Barber's Plantation and remained there until the 19 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0011-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nDuring this time the 115th, a part of the 4th Massachusetts cavalry and a section of the Third R. I. Flying Artillery were ordered to proceed to Callahan, a station on the Fernandina and Cedar Keys railroad, and capture whatever they might find, which was one pony, seven bushels of sweet potatoes, and one or two Florida hogs, of the kind that need to have knots tied in their tails to prevent their getting through cracks. Returning to camp, weary, footsore and hungry, the boys of the 115th were allowed to rest about one day, when the whole command broke camp early on the morning of 20 February, for the disastrous field of Olustee, known by the rebels as Ocean Pond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0012-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nUpon arriving on the field the order of battle was formed, with the 115th on the extreme right of the infantry line, and the troops ordered to move forward, which they did with a steadiness that showed the 15,000 rebels that they had work to do. Upon arriving on a rise of ground between where the line was formed and the rebel position, the advancing force received a murderous fire, at which the colored troops on the extreme left broke very badly. The white troops upon the left began to double up on the 115th, but order was soon restored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0012-0001", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nAbout this time the rebels made a charge upon the Union right, which was repulsed by the 115th, who sent the enemy back over their works with heavy loss. The combat continued to rage with fury until the supply of ammunition on both sides gave out, and, night coming on, both parties were willing to call it a drawn battle; but Gen. Seymour, by ordering a retreat, gave the rebels to understand that he abandoned the contest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0012-0002", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nUpon this occasion Gen. Seymour took occasion to publicly compliment the 115th, giving it the honor and praise of saving his little army from total annihilation, and naming it the \"Ironhearted Regiment.\" The regiment lost over one-half its number in killed, wounded and missing. Col. Sammons was wounded in the foot at the commencement of the battle. Capt . Vanderveer was mortally wounded, and died in a few days. Lieuts. Tompkins and Shaffer were killed, besides many of the best non-commissioned officers and men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0013-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nOn leaving Olustee the expedition retraced its steps toward Jacksonville, where the 115th did picket and camp duty until 9 February, when the force embarked on transports for Palatka, Fla., about one hundred miles up the St. John's river from Jacksonville. Here the troops rested, and nothing of interest transpired. On 4 April, they again embarked on transports for Hilton Head, S. C., making a few hours' stop at Jacksonville, and arriving at their destination on the evening of 16 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0013-0001", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nOn 18 April the regiment sailed for Gloucester Point, Va., reaching that place on 21 April, and was attached to the 10th Army Corps. On 4 May it was attached to the Army of the James, under Gen. B. F. Butler. The army moved up the James river to Bermuda Hundred, and on 7 May, the 115th participated and suffered severely in the ill-fated battle of Chesterfield Heights, Va., losing about eighty in killed, wounded and missing, From this time to 16 May the regiment was marching, fighting, picketing, etc. On the morning of that day the disastrous battle of Drury's Bluff was fought. and the 115th regiment again brought into requisition under the immediate supervision of Gen. Adelbert Ames, who complimented it for its bravery and skillful movements, which saved Butler's army from total rout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0014-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nOn the 17 May the regiment went into camp at Hatcher's Run. From this time it was on picket duty all the time to 28 May, when it marched to City Point, and embarked on board the steamer \"De Molay,\" for White House, Va., landing there on 31 May at 4 P. M. The 115th took up the line of march for Cold Harbor, Va., reaching that place on 1 June, at 3:30, P. M., and immediately, with the rest of the brigade, charged the enemy's works, this regiment capturing two hundred and fifty men with their arms and equipment. Here the regiment was again complimented for bravery by Gen. Devens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0015-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nFrom that time to 12 June, the regiment was under a continuous fire day and night. During the night of 12 June it marched for White House Landing, which place was reached at 6 A. M. the following morning. Next day the regiment embarked for City Point, landed at Powhattan, on the James, and marched the rest of the way. On the 23rd it moved up in front of Petersburgh, Va.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0015-0001", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nFrom this time the regiment was in the trenches before Petersburgb, to 29 July, when Gen. Turner's division, to which the 115th was attached, moved to the left, to assist Burnside's 9th corps in the explosion of the mine, and charge upon the enemy's works. This occurred at 5 o'clock, on the morning of 30 July. The 115th again displayed its courage and cool bravery here by standing as a wall of fire between the advancing Rebels, and the partially demoralized 9th corps, and was again complimented by both Gens. Burnside and Turner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0016-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nFrom Petersburgh the regiment marched to near City Point, and then to Bermuda Hundred, losing several men by sun stroke, as the weather was extremely hot, and the roads dry and dusty. Up to this time the regiment had been under fire for 37 days, and needed rest, which was had at Hatch's farm, until, on the evening of 13 August, the regiment broke camp and marched to Deep Bottom, on the north side of the James river, which was reached at 7 o'clock, A. M., on 14 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0016-0001", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nThat day and the next were occupied in marching and counter marching. On 16 August the enemy were found strongly posted at Charles City Court House, where fighting began at once and continued until the evening of 18 August, when the 115th was deployed and covered the retreat of the Union forces. In this affair the regiment lost eighty-four killed, wounded and missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0017-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nOn the 20 August it returned to the old camp at Bermuda, with only one hundred and twenty men fit for duty. Comparative rest was the happy lot of the decimated regiment until 28 August, when it marched to Petersburgh again and occupied the trenches in front of that city. The regiment had a little rest, doing only trench and camp duty until 28 September, when it broke camp and marched to the north side of the James. On the 29 September the 115th participated in the capture of two redoubts on Chafin's farm, known by some as Spring Hill. Here the losses of the regiment were very severe, among the dead being the loved and lamented Capt. W. H. McKittrick, of Co. C. During this engagement in charges, counter charges, victories and repulses, the enemy lost three times the number that the 115th did.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 889]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0018-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nFrom this time to 27 October, the regiment was doing picket duty most of the time. On that day a reconnaissance was made in force on the Darbytown road, in front of Richmond, the 115th taking a prominent part in charging the rebel works, and losing quite heavily. Among the number killed was Sergeant lde of Company F., the idol of his comrades. Returning to camp, the regiment had five days comparative rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0018-0001", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nOn 8 December, the 115th embarked on board the propeller \"Haze,\" and participated in the abortive attempt to capture Fort Fisher, N. C. In the afternoon of 30 December, the regiment debarked at Jones' Landing, on the James river, Va., and just after dark was again in the old camp on Chafin's farm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0019-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nOn 4 January 1865, the 115th again embarked on board the Propeller \"DeMolay,\" on its second expedition against the keystone of the confederacy. The whole force was under command of Gen. Alfred H. Terry. The troops landed at Flay Pond battery, a short distance north of Fort Fisher, on the 13th at 9 A. M. The 115th lost but two or three men in landing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0019-0001", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nAt 3 P. M. of the 15th, the grand charge was made upon the fort, the 115th bearing a noble part in its capture, and being again complimented by General Terry, also by Gen. Ames, who knew something of its fighting qualities while in the army of the James. The loss to the regiment was about 70, and among the killed was Lieut. S. S. Olney, of Co. F., whose loss to the regiment and company could not be made good. At about 8 o'clock, on the morning of 16 January, one of the magazines of the fort exploded, killing and wounding more of this regiment than the fighting of the day before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0020-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nFrom this time to the surrender of Johnson's rebel army, the 115th was continually employed in fighting, marching, picket and guard duty, until it reached Raleigh, N. C., where it was assigned to \"safe guard\" duty in the city, from 23 April to 17 June, when it was mustered out of service. On the 19 June, the regiment left Raleigh for Albany, N. Y., where it was paid off by Paymaster C. F. Davis, on 6 July 1865 there being something less than two hundred of the original members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0020-0001", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nUpon leaving the U. S. Service, the men quietly returned to their homes and former vocations, and today the old 115th N. Y. Volunteer Infantry is represented in nearly every State in the Union, and almost every calling in life. However humble or exalted they may now be, if you speak of the camp, the bivouac, the fatigue, the march, the picket, the fight, and the campfires of years gone by, their eyes will kindle, and at the fireside they fight their battles o'er and o'er, until one could almost hear the roar of musketry, and the bursting of shells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0020-0002", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment\nBut we must stop, for we can add nothing to the laurels already wreathed around the brow of one of the best of our country's defenders, the 115th Regiment, New York Volunteer Infantry. It only remains to add the following list of battles which were participated in by the regiment, or a part of it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0021-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment, Battles Engaged in by the 115th NY Volunteer Infantry\nThe 115th brought out of the war six flags, which Col. Sammons, in behalf of the regiment, presented to the State. The national ensign, a gift of the ladies of the XVth Senatorial district, 20 August 1862, showed service, the staff and three-fifths of the flag being gone. The regimental banner, presented by the state authorities while the regiment was at Fonda, of silk, with eagle and shield in the center, the national motto in a scroll beneath, and thirty-four stars in the field above, bearing the inscription, \"115th N.Y. Vol. Regiment Infantry,\" came out rent in the center and torn from side to side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 141], "content_span": [142, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0022-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment, Battles Engaged in by the 115th NY Volunteer Infantry\nA second and similar regimental banner survived in better condition, and with it was a new national flag inscribed with the names of the regiment's battles\u00a0; also two guidons of bunting. These flags were turned over to the adjutant general. They are represented by Lieut.-Col. N. J. Johnson, and are carried by Sergt. James English, who lost an arm while supporting them in the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 141], "content_span": [142, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007107-0023-0000", "contents": "115th New York Infantry Regiment, Content, Officers of the 115th NY Volunteer Regiment, Battles Engaged in by the 115th NY Volunteer Infantry\nInformation cited from the Montgomery County, New York -Official Website - which was derived from \"The History of Montgomery and Fulton Counties\" by F.W. Beers, 1878.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 141], "content_span": [142, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0000-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature\nThe 115th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5 to April 26, 1892, during the first year of Roswell P. Flower's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0001-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (seven districts) and Kings County (three districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0002-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. In New York City, the Democrats were split into three factions: Tammany Hall, the \"County Democracy\" and the \"New York Democracy\". The Prohibition Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0003-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1891 was held on November 3. Roswell P. Flower was elected Governor; and Speaker William F. Sheehan was elected Lieutenant Governor, both Democrats. The other five statewide elective offices up for election were also carried by the Democrats. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democratic 585,000; Republican 535,000; Prohibition 30,000; and Socialist Labor 15,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0004-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThis was the first time that seats in the Legislature were contested in the courts. Previously, since Independence in 1777, seats could be contested only in the Legislature, after the beginning of the session, and it took usually a long time to come to a conclusion. Most contestants whose claims were found to be correct, were seated only a few days before the end of the session. Now it became possible to take the contest to the courts, swiftly being decided by New York Court of Appeals, before the session began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0004-0001", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, Elections\nAt this time, the Court of Appeals was composed of five Democrats and two Republicans, and ruled in favor of Democrats Edward B. Osborne, John A. Nichols and Charles E. Walker who were referred to in the press as \"usurpers\", holding their seats by fraud. Seven more seats were then contested in the Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0005-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1892; and adjourned on April 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0006-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nRobert P. Bush (D) was elected Speaker with 65 votes against 55 for James W. Husted (R).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0007-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJacob A. Cantor (D) was elected president pro tempore of the State Senate with 15 votes against 14 for George Z. Erwin (R).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0008-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 13, the Democratic senators met in caucus to discuss the scheme of unseating Republicans John H. Derby and Harvey J. Donaldson. Senator William L. Brown refused to go along with the scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0009-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 14, Senators George Z. Erwin, Edmund O'Connor and Charles T. Saxton (all three Rep.) refused to vote on a substitute Enumeration Bill, and were declared in contempt by the Democratic majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0010-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 20, the Enumeration Bill was finally passed. It had been due in 1885, but Republicans and Democrats could not agree on the terms. The Census Bill passed by Republican majorities in the Legislature of 1885 was vetoed by Gov. David B. Hill. In 1892, for the first time since 1885 the majorities in both Houses of the Legislature and the Governor were of the same party, and the enumeration bill was rushed through. The enumeration was needed as a basis for the re-apportionment of the Senate and Assembly districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0011-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn February 10, the Legislature elected James F. Crooker (Dem.) as Superintendent of Public Instruction, with 81 votes against 71 for Andrew S. Draper (Rep.), to succeed Draper on April 7 for a term of three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0012-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session on April 25, at 8.30 p.m., to consider the re-apportionment of the Senate districts and the number of assemblymen per county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0013-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn April 26, the Re-Apportionment Bill was passed by a vote of 17 to 1 (the 14 Republicans refused to vote) in the Senate; and by a vote of 67 to 58 in the Assembly. Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chautauqua, Jefferson, Niagara, Oneida, Oswego, Otsego, Saratoga, Ulster, Washington and Wayne counties lost one seat each; St. Lawrence County lost two seats; Erie and Queens counties gained one seat each; and Kings and New York counties gained six seats each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0014-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn August 5, Monroe County Judge Rumsey declared the Re-Apportionment Bill as unconstitutional and void.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0015-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn September 23, Supreme Court Justice Stephen L. Mayham declared the Re-Apportionment Bill as constitutional.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0016-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn October 13, the Court of Appeals upheld the Re-Apportionment Bill by a party vote of 5 to 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0017-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0018-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Joseph Aspinall, Martin T. McMahon, Charles P. McClelland, Edward B. Osborne, Cornelius R. Parsons and Matthias Endres changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0019-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0020-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007108-0021-0000", "contents": "115th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007109-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Fifteenth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1983 and 1984. In this General Assembly, both the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives were controlled by the Democratic Party. In the Senate, there were 17 Democrats and 16 Republicans. In the House, there were 62 Democrats and 37 Republicans. It was the first General Assembly to use redistricted legislative districts from the 1980 United States Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007109-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Ohio General Assembly, Major events, Vacancies\nDecember 2, 1983: Senator Sam Speck (R-20th) resigns. March 11, 1983: Representative Pete Crossland (D-42nd) resigns. July 19, 1983: Representative Arthur Wilkowski (D-46th) resigns. March 6, 1984: Senator Tom Fries (D-6th) resignsMay 17, 1984: Senator Morris Jackson (D-21st) resigns. May 20, 1984: Senator Ben Skall (R-22nd) resigns. May 22, 1984: Representative Jim Petro (R-6th) resigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007109-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Ohio General Assembly, Major events, Appointments\nMarch 16, 1983: Vernon Sykes is appointed to the 42nd House District. November 30, 1983: Don Czarcinski is appointed to the 46th House District. January 10, 1984: Bob Ney is appointed to the 20th Senatorial District. March 6, 1984: Tom Talbott is appointed to the 6th Senatorial District. May 17, 1984: Michael R. White is appointed to the 21st Senatorial District. May 20, 1984: Grace L. Drake is appointed to the 22nd Senatorial District. May 23, 1984: Jeff Jacobs is appointed to the 6th House District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007110-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 115th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 115th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 115th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007110-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 115th Ohio Infantry was organized Massillon, Ohio, and mustered in September 18, 1862, for three years service under the command of Colonel Jackson A. Lucy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007110-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Post of Murfreesboro, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to January 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XII Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to April 1864. Unassigned, 4th Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to July 1864. 1st Brigade, Defenses of Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, Department of the Cumberland, to March 1865. 1st Brigade, 1st Sub-District, District of Middle Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007110-0003-0000", "contents": "115th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 115th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service June 23, 1865, at Murfreesboro, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007110-0004-0000", "contents": "115th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Cincinnati, Ohio, September 27. Assigned to duty by detachments as provost guard and guarding forts, arsenals, store houses, and magazines at Camp Chase, Camp Dennison, Maysville, Covington and Newport, Ky., and Cincinnati, Ohio, until October 1863. Ordered to Chattanooga, Tenn., October 23, 1863; then to Murfreesboro, Tenn. Duty at Murfreesboro, Tenn., and along line of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, in block houses and at bridges until June 1865. Regiment was specially selected for this arduous duty because of the great number of skilled mechanics and artisans in its ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007110-0004-0001", "contents": "115th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSkirmishes at Cripple Creek, Woodbury Pike, May 25, 1864 (detachment). Smyrna August 31, 1864. Block House No. 4 August 31, 1864. Company B captured by Wheeler. Block House No. 5 (Company B). Block House No. 2, on Mill Creek, Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, December 2\u20133. Block House No. 1 December 3 (detachment). Block House No. 3 December 3 (detachment). Block House No. 4 December 4 (detachment). Block House No. 7 December 4 (detachment). Siege of Murfreesboro December 5\u201312. \"The Cedars\" December 5\u20137. Lavergne December 8. Duty along Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad from Nashville to Tullahoma, Tenn., until June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007110-0005-0000", "contents": "115th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 151 men during service; 1 officer and 8 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 138 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007110-0006-0000", "contents": "115th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Violation of the Law of War\nA patrol from the 115th Ohio Infantry (Co. K under Sgt Taylor Temple) was accused with the torture, including putting the eyes out of a Confederate dispatch rider PVT Dewitt Smith Jobe 29 Aug 1864. The Federal officers failed to prosecute the Soldiers for the violation of the law of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007110-0007-0000", "contents": "115th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Violation of the Law of War\nTennessee Historical Marker between Nolensville and Triune commemorates Jobe's death:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007110-0008-0000", "contents": "115th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Violation of the Law of War\n\u201cDeWitt Smith Jobe, a member of Coleman's Scouts, CSA, was captured in a cornfield about 1 1/2 miles west, Aug. 29, 1864, by a patrol from the 115th Ohio Cavalry. Swallowing his dispatches, he was mutilated and tortured to make him reveal the contents. Refusing, he was dragged to death behind a galloping horse. He is buried in the family cemetery six miles northeast.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007111-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Operations Group\nThe 115th Operations Group is a unit of the Wisconsin Air National Guard, stationed at Truax Field Air National Guard Base, Madison, Wisconsin. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force's Air Combat Command. The group was first organized in 1956 as the 115th Fighter Group and served in the air defense role until 1974, when it converted to a forward air control mission. It was inactive from 1979 to 1994, when it assumed its present mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007111-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Operations Group\nAs an Air National Guard unit, it is normally under the command of the Governor, but has a federal role as well. Currently the wing has personnel and/or aircraft assigned to Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Jump Start and regularly serves with the Air Expeditionary Force in Iraq and Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007111-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Operations Group, History\nOn 15 April 1956, the Wisconsin Air National Guard 176th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and supporting elements were reorganized as a group, and the 115th Fighter Group was established. The 176th became the group's flying squadron. The group was also assigned several support units, manned by personnel formerly assigned to the 128th Fighter-Interceptor Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007111-0003-0000", "contents": "115th Operations Group, History, Air defense\nThe group trained for its air defense mission with annual training performed at Volk Field from 1956 to 1962. Beginning in 1963, it moved to \"year-around\" training. In January 1960, Northrop F-89 Scorpion crews assumed an around-the-clock runway alert commitment of two armed aircraft. With this undertaking came the F-89J with an armament platform that included the AIR-2 Genie. The AIR-2A was the first US air-to-air missile with a nuclear warhead. The 176th FIS exchanged their F-89s for the Convair F-102 Delta Dagger in early 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007111-0004-0000", "contents": "115th Operations Group, History, Air defense\nIn May 1966, the group replaced its F-89s with the Convair F-102 Delta Dagger. After a period of retraining in the new supersonic interceptors, the unit resumed its air defense \"runway alert\" mission in the spring of 1967. One year later in June 1969, the unit airlifted to Gulfport, Mississippi for summer training, ending six years of \"year around\" alerts at their home base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007111-0005-0000", "contents": "115th Operations Group, History, Air defense\nIn September 1972, the group's 176th Squadron won the William Tell Competition in the F-102 category. The event, held at Tyndall Air Force Base, included top Air National Guard, Canadian Air Force and active Air Force units worldwide. The competition included 12 teams of 48 aircraft, each team scored on aerial marksmanship, weapons control, weapons loading and maintenance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007111-0006-0000", "contents": "115th Operations Group, History, Forward air control\nIn 1974, the group, named the 115th Fighter-Interceptor Group since 1972, replaced its F-102s with the Cessna O-2A Skymaster forward air control aircraft and became the 115th Tactical Air Support Group. The O-2 was the military version of the Cessna 337 Skymaster, a high wing, twin-boom aircraft with a unique centerline pusher/tractor twin engine configuration. The O-2A was used in forward air control missions, often in conjunction with a ground forward air controller accompanied by a radio operator, maintenance, and driver (ROMAD) team. Its gaining command changed from Air Defense Command to Tactical Air Command. In January 1979 the group was inactivated and its components assigned directly to its parent 128th Tactical Air Support Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007111-0007-0000", "contents": "115th Operations Group, History, Current mission\nWith the end of the Cold War, the early 1990s marked several changes. In 1995, the 128th Fighter Wing became the 115th Fighter Wing as the Air National Guard implemented the Air Force Objective Wing organization. The reorganization including reactivating the 115th as the 115th Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007111-0008-0000", "contents": "115th Operations Group, History, Current mission\nThe 115th Wing now flew the F-16C/D block 30 Fighting Falcon airframes with an enlarged air inlet. The first F-16s had arrived at Truax on 1 April 1993. The current role of the group is air interdiction and close air support. The group is capable of air-to-air, close air support and precision guided bombing missions. It operates munitions such as the JDAM series bombs and the AIM-9X air-to-air missile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007111-0009-0000", "contents": "115th Operations Group, History, Current mission\nOperations participated in by the 115th Group include: Operation Coronet Chariot, Karup AS, Denmark 1994, Operation Northern Watch, Incirlik Air Base, Turkey 1997, Operation Southern Watch, Al Jaber Air Base, Kuwait 1997-98, Operation Southern Watch, Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia 1999, Operation Coronet Nighthawk, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles 2001, Operation Enduring Freedom, Al Udeid Air Base, Qatar 2004\u201305, Balad Air Base, Iraq, 2006, 08, & 09, Africa, 2013 and Operation Noble Eagle, from 11 September 2001 to the present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007111-0010-0000", "contents": "115th Operations Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007112-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 115th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007112-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 115th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Harrisburg and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania beginning November 6, 1861 and mustered in January 28, 1862 for a three-year enlistment under the command of Colonel Robert Emmet Patterson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007112-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, II Corps, to May 1864. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, II Corps, to June 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007112-0003-0000", "contents": "115th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 115th Pennsylvania Infantry ceased to exist on June 22, 1864 when it was consolidated with the 110th Pennsylvania Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007112-0004-0000", "contents": "115th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved from Camden to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, May 31, 1862, then to Camp Hamilton, Virginia, June 25\u201328, and to Harrison's Landing, Virginia, July 4. Duty at Harrison's Landing, Virginia, until August 16, 1862. Moved to Centreville August 16\u201326. Action at Bristoe Station or Kettle Run August 27. Battle of Groveton August 29. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Duty in the defenses of Washington until November. At Fairfax Station November 2\u201325. Operations on Orange & Alexandria Railroad November 10\u201312. Duty near Falmouth, Virginia, November 28\u00a0\u2013 December 11. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12\u201315.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007112-0004-0001", "contents": "115th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBurnside's 2nd Campaign, \"Mud March,\" January 20\u201324, 1863. Operations at Rappahannock Bridge and Grove Church February 5\u20137. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27\u00a0\u2013 May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign June 11\u00a0\u2013 July 24. Battle of Gettysburg, July 1\u20133. Pursuit of Lee, July 5\u201324. Wapping Heights, Virginia, July 23. Duty near Warrenton, Virginia, until October. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. McLean's Ford, Bull Run, October 15. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Kelly's Ford November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26\u00a0\u2013 December 2. Payne's Farm November 27. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6\u20137, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007112-0004-0002", "contents": "115th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty near Brandy Station until May. Rapidan Campaign, May 4\u00a0\u2013 June 12. Battle of the Wilderness, May 5\u20137. Spotsylvania, May 8\u201312. Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient, May 12. North Anna River, May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey, May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy, May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor, June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007112-0005-0000", "contents": "115th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 80 men during service; six officers and 32 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, two officers and 40 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007113-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Regiment of Foot (Prince William's)\nThe 115th Regiment of Foot (Prince William's) was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1794 to 1795. It was raised in May 1794, named for its colonel Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, but was disbanded the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007114-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Regiment of Foot (Royal Scotch Lowlanders)\nThe 115th Regiment of Foot (Royal Scotch Lowlanders) was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1761 to 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007114-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Regiment of Foot (Royal Scotch Lowlanders)\nThe regiment was raised in October 1761 at Paisley, from a cadre of men detached from the 71st Regiment of Foot for recruiting. It was named the Royal Scotch Lowlanders in November, and despatched to Portugal, where it saw service in the campaign against the Spanish invasion of Portugal. It returned to Paisley in early 1763 to be disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007115-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Squadron (Iraq)\nThe 115th Squadron, Iraqi Air Force is a squadron. It is based at Balad Air Base. Established in 2015, the 115th Squadron operates Czech-built Aero L-159 light combat aircraft with the first two delivered on 5 November 2015. Since 1 August 2016, the squadron is supported by the \"Air Advisory Team Iraq\" of the Czech Air Force. Its main task is to advise during operational training of Iraqi Air Force's air and ground personnel over flying and maintenance of L-159 aircraft supplied by the Czech Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007116-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Street Library\nThe Harry Belafonte 115th Street Branch of the New York Public Library is a historic library building located in Harlem, New York City. It was designed by McKim, Mead & White and built in 1907\u20131908 and opened on November 6, 1908. It is a three-story-high, three-bay-wide building faced in deeply rusticated gray limestone in a Neo Italian Renaissance style. The branch was one of 65 built by the New York Public Library with funds provided by the philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, 11 of them designed by McKim, Mead & White. The building is 50 feet wide and features three evenly spaced arched openings on the first floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007116-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Street Library\nIt was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. In 2017, the branch was renamed to honor Harry Belafonte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007117-0000-0000", "contents": "115th Street\u2013Morgan Park station\n115th Street\u2013Morgan Park station is one of two Metra railroad stations in the Morgan Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, along the Beverly Branch of the Rock Island District Line. It is 14.3 miles (23.0\u00a0km) from LaSalle Street, the northern terminus of the line. In Metra's zone-based fare system, 115th Street is in zone C. As of 2018, 115th Street-Morgan Park was the 176th busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 136 weekday boardings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007117-0001-0000", "contents": "115th Street\u2013Morgan Park station\nParking is available along the west side of the tracks on South Hale Avenue between Edmaire Street and north of 116th Street. It is also available on small on-street lots along the north side of 115th Street between the tracks and Church Street. No bus connections are available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007117-0002-0000", "contents": "115th Street\u2013Morgan Park station\nThe train station building was damaged by a fire in May 2017 and subsequently demolished. Officials ruled that arson was the cause of the fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007118-0000-0000", "contents": "115th United States Congress\nThe 115th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States of America federal government, composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from January 3, 2017, to January 3, 2019, during the final weeks of Barack Obama's presidency and the first two years of Donald Trump's presidency. The seats in the House were apportioned based on the 2010 United States Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007118-0001-0000", "contents": "115th United States Congress\nThe Republican Party retained their majorities in both the House and the Senate, and with Donald Trump being sworn in as President on January 20, 2017, this gave the Republicans an overall federal government trifecta for the first time since the 109th Congress in 2005", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007118-0002-0000", "contents": "115th United States Congress\nSeveral political scientists described the legislative accomplishments of this Congress as modest, considering that both Congress and the presidency were under unified Republican Party control. According to a contemporary study, \"House and Senate GOP majorities struggled to legislate: GOP fissures and the president frequently undermined the Republican agenda. Most notably, clashes within and between the two parties (for example, on healthcare issues) strained old ways of doing business.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007118-0003-0000", "contents": "115th United States Congress\nAs of 2021, this is the most recent session of Congress in which:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007118-0004-0000", "contents": "115th United States Congress, Leadership\nSection contents: Senate: Majority (R), Minority (D) \u2022 House: Majority (R),  Minority (D)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007118-0005-0000", "contents": "115th United States Congress, Demographics\nThe average age of members of the House of Representatives during the 115th Congress was 57.8 years, while the average age of U.S. senators was 61.8 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007118-0006-0000", "contents": "115th United States Congress, Demographics\nThe most common occupation of senators prior to being elected to their posts was law, followed by public service/politics and business. In the House of Representatives, business was the dominant prior occupation, followed by public service/politics and law. In the 115th Congress, 94.1% of House members and 100% of senators had attained a bachelor's degree or a higher degree; this was a historically high level of education for a United States Congress. In addition, 167 members of the House and 55 members of the Senate had law degrees. Only 18 members of Congress had no college education.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007118-0007-0000", "contents": "115th United States Congress, Demographics\nEthnic minorities in the 115th Congress consisted of 52 African American members, 45 Hispanic or Latino members, 18 Asian-American or Pacific Islander members, and two members of Native American ancestry. Women comprised 20.1% of the membership in the 115th Congress, which had 109 women and 326 men. This represented an increase of 21 women from the 114th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007118-0008-0000", "contents": "115th United States Congress, Demographics\nSeven openly LGBT members served in the 115th Congress. Tammy Baldwin, Jared Polis, Sean Patrick Maloney, Mark Takano, David Cicilline, and Mark Pocan are openly gay, while Kyrsten Sinema is openly bisexual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007118-0009-0000", "contents": "115th United States Congress, Demographics\nThe majority of the 115th Congress was religiously affiliated, with 90.7% identifying as Christians. Approximately half of the Christians were Protestant. Other religious faiths of congressmembers in the 115th Congress included Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007118-0010-0000", "contents": "115th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nThe numbers refer to their Senate classes. All of the class 3 seats were contested in the November 2016 elections. Class 1 terms end with this Congress, requiring re-election in 2018; Class 2 began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 2020; and Class 3 began in this Congress, requiring re-election in 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007118-0011-0000", "contents": "115th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives\nAll 435 seats were filled by the regular elections on November 8, 2016, or subsequent special elections thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007119-0000-0000", "contents": "115th meridian east\nThe meridian 115\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007119-0001-0000", "contents": "115th meridian east\nThe 115th meridian east forms a great circle with the 65th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007119-0002-0000", "contents": "115th meridian east\nBetween Australia and the 60th parallel south it forms the western boundary of the South Pacific Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007119-0003-0000", "contents": "115th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 115th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007120-0000-0000", "contents": "115th meridian west\nThe meridian 115\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007120-0001-0000", "contents": "115th meridian west\nThe 115th meridian west forms a great circle with the 65th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007120-0002-0000", "contents": "115th meridian west\nBetween the equator and the 60th parallel south it forms the eastern boundary of the South Pacific Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone and the western boundary of the Latin American Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007120-0003-0000", "contents": "115th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 115th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007121-0000-0000", "contents": "116 (hip hop group)\nThe 116, formerly 116 Clique (pronounced one-one-six click), is an American Southern Christian hip hop collective originally from Dallas, Texas signed to the Atlanta-based Reach Records. The group performs a wide variety of contemporary hip hop styles, from chopped and screwed to trap to Latin hip hop. The 116 Clique is named after the Bible verse : \"For I am not ashamed of the gospel: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believes; to the Jew first, and also to the Gentile.\" For them it means acknowledging the power of the Gospel and the divine calling to proclaim it in every area of their life. \"We can lay our lives down to serve and glorify God in everything we do.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007121-0001-0000", "contents": "116 (hip hop group), History\nThe group debuted with The Compilation Album in 2005. DJ Primo remixed the original recordings the following year with The Compilation Album: Chopped and Screwed. The remix album included four bonus tracks. In 2007 they released 13 Letters, the album name representing the 13 letters Paul wrote to first-century Christians. In 2011 they released the Man Up compilation album. Man Up was intended for release on July 23, 2011. However, the official release date was pushed back to September 27, 2011. A corresponding film, directed by former member Sho Baraka, was made to show the importance of a godly man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007121-0001-0001", "contents": "116 (hip hop group), History\nThe Man Up Movie & Concert Series tour took place in selected cities where fans could see a screening of Man Up followed by a concert with songs from the soundtrack. They released a single, \"Come Alive\", based on their 2012 Unashamed Tour. in 2013, the clique released \"Now They Know\", based on the Unashamed Tour V. On November 23, 2018, a digital Christmas album was released, entitled The Gift: A Christmas Compilation, and made available through most major streaming services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007121-0001-0002", "contents": "116 (hip hop group), History\nA playlist of some 14 songs, entitled \"Summer 19\" was released on July 19, 2019 by Reach under the auspices of the group. On October 23, 2020, 116 released Sin Verg\u00fcenza, a collaboration between Reach and No Apologies Music which features a combination of American hip hop and Latin urbano artists. All two dozen tracks were released as singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007121-0002-0000", "contents": "116 (hip hop group), Tours\nIn 2008, Trip Lee, Sho Baraka and Tedashii went on the Unashamed Tour. In 2010, Lecrae, Tedashii, Trip Lee, Sho Baraka, PRo and DJ Official went on the Unashamed Tour 2010. Lecrae was on the 2011 Mission Cruise (Cruise with a Cause) on May 30 \u2013 June 4, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007122-0000-0000", "contents": "116 (number)\n116 (one hundred [and] sixteen) is the natural number following 115 and preceding 117.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007122-0001-0000", "contents": "116 (number), In mathematics\n116 is a noncototient, meaning that there is no solution to the equation m \u2212 \u03c6(m) = n, where \u03c6 stands for Euler's totient function.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007122-0002-0000", "contents": "116 (number), In mathematics\nThere are 116 ternary Lyndon words of length six, and 116 irreducible polynomials of degree six over a three-element field, which form the basis of a free Lie algebra of dimension 116.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007122-0003-0000", "contents": "116 (number), In mathematics\nThere are 116 different ways of partitioning the numbers from 1 through 5 into subsets in such a way that, for every k, the union of the first k subsets is a consecutive sequence of integers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007123-0000-0000", "contents": "116 000\n116 000 is the European missing children hotline number. It was the first harmonised service of social value to be adopted by the European Union. The 116 000 hotline provides free, immediate life saving support when children go missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007123-0001-0000", "contents": "116 000\nCalls are answered locally by trained and professional staff from organisations specialising in dealing with cases of missing children by providing free emotional, psychological, social, administrative and legal advice, as required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007123-0002-0000", "contents": "116 000, Coverage\nIt is active in all 27 countries of the European Union (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden) as well as in Albania, Serbia, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007123-0003-0000", "contents": "116 000, Coverage\nMissing Children Switzerland is now the embodiment of \"116 000\" in Switzerland. Accessible day and night, 7 days a week, in 4 languages (FR, DE, IT, EN). Calls free of charge and confidential.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007123-0004-0000", "contents": "116 000, Coverage\nFundaci\u00f3n ANAR in Spain and Missing People in the UK in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007123-0005-0000", "contents": "116 000, Purpose\nA European wide number was reserved by the European Commission for a variety of reasons. First the phenomenon of missing children is becoming increasingly a cross-border problem as the Schengen area is expanding. Secondly swift action in cases of disappearance is of vital importance, as a report from the United States' Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention suggests that 76.2% of children who are murdered after having been abducted are dead within the first three hours of disappearance. Furthermore parents need the support of an organisation specialised in dealing with these cases. And finally there is a need to communicate about a missing child beyond national borders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007123-0006-0000", "contents": "116 000, History\nThe development of an emergency number for missing children that can be dialled anywhere in Europe has been on top of the agenda of Missing Children Europe, the NGO behind the number, since 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007123-0007-0000", "contents": "116 000, History\nOn 15 February 2007, the European Commission recognised the need for such a Europe-wide effort and published a document requesting the member states to reserve 116 000 as the number for missing children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007123-0008-0000", "contents": "116 000, History\nOn 25 May 2009, the number was launched in nine member states of Missing Children Europe. It is expected that other Member States will also implement the number, as implementation takes place at a national level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007124-0000-0000", "contents": "116 BC\nYear 116 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Geta and Eburnus (or, less frequently, year 638 Ab urbe condita) and the First Year of Yuanding. The denomination 116 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007125-0000-0000", "contents": "116 Battalion\n116 Battalion was a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007125-0001-0000", "contents": "116 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions\nBy the late 1970s the South African government had abandoned its opposition to arming black soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007125-0002-0000", "contents": "116 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions\nBy early 1979, the government approved a plan to form a number of regional African battalions, each with a particular ethnic identity, which would serve under regional SADF commands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007125-0003-0000", "contents": "116 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions\n116 Battalion was raised in 1986 as an original platoon of only 14 men but expanded quickly. The first personnel consisted of former Rhodesian soldiers who had moved to South Africa and were mustered by the Intelligence Corps. The Battalion was then based in Messina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007125-0004-0000", "contents": "116 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions\n64 Tsonga soldiers from 113 Battalion was also integrated in the newly formed Battalion. Recruitment was also done from the Lebowa Homeland to finally bring the Battalion up to strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007125-0005-0000", "contents": "116 Battalion, History, Higher Command\n116  Battalion initially resorted under Far North Command and finally with the Soutpansberg Military Area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007125-0006-0000", "contents": "116 Battalion, History, Higher Command, Special Service Companies for Quick Reaction\n116 Battalion, similar to the SWATF approach, also activated an immediate reaction force (Special Service Company) to deal with any attack and was primarily infantry company strength and fully motorised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 84], "content_span": [85, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007125-0007-0000", "contents": "116 Battalion, History, Higher Command, Special Service Companies for Quick Reaction\n907 Special Service Company was formed from 116 Battalion's Bravo Company at Spence Shaft in 1986. 907 SSC was based at Madimbo and deployed on Buffels but converted to Cassspirs later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 84], "content_span": [85, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007125-0008-0000", "contents": "116 Battalion, History, Disbandment\n116 Battalion was disbanded around 1999 as its main function of border control had been issued to the South African Police Service at that stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007125-0009-0000", "contents": "116 Battalion, Notes\nPeled, A. A question of Loyalty Military Manpower Policy in Multiethinic States, Cornell University Press, 1998, ISBN\u00a00-8014-3239-1 Chapter 2: South Africa: From Exclusion to Inclusion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 20], "content_span": [21, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007126-0000-0000", "contents": "116 Hospital Street, Nantwich\n116 Hospital Street (also 116 and 118 Hospital Street) is a substantial townhouse in Nantwich, Cheshire, England, located on the south side of Hospital Street (at ). It is listed at grade II. The present building, of Georgian appearance, incorporates an earlier timber-framed house, which probably dates in part from the 15th century. Local historian Jane Stevenson calls it \"the most interesting house in Hospital Street\", and considers it might be \"the oldest surviving residence in Nantwich.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007126-0001-0000", "contents": "116 Hospital Street, Nantwich\nNumber 116 is one of a group of houses dating originally from the 15th and 16th centuries at the end of Hospital Street, which include Churche's Mansion, numbers 140\u2013142 and The Rookery (number 125). These buildings survived the fire of 1583, which destroyed the town end of Hospital Street together with much of the centre of Nantwich. Number 116 is believed to stand near the site of the medieval Hospital of St Nicholas, which gives Hospital Street its name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007126-0002-0000", "contents": "116 Hospital Street, Nantwich, Description\nNumber 116 is a large two-storey building with painted cement rendering under a tiled roof. The Hospital Street fa\u00e7ade has two shallow projecting end wings with hip ends projecting from the main roof. The central entrance is flanked by wooden columns and has a semicircular fanlight with a pediment above. There are four casement windows to both ground and first floors, which date from the late 19th century. When the building was listed in 1974, there was an additional doorway in the left-hand (east) wing, which was blocked in the early 21st century. The fa\u00e7ade is of Georgian appearance; English Heritage dates it as early 18th century although \"much altered\", while local historian Jeremy Lake considers it to be late Georgian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007126-0003-0000", "contents": "116 Hospital Street, Nantwich, Description\nThe existing building incorporates a much earlier timber-framed structure on a medieval plan, with a central hall and flanking wings. The parlour wing has been dated by Lake as probably late 15th century. This date would place it among the earliest remaining buildings in Nantwich, apart from the 14th-century parish church, and Stevenson considers it might be the oldest residential building in the town. The hall and service block, which date from the mid-to-late 17th century, probably replace earlier structures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007126-0004-0000", "contents": "116 Hospital Street, Nantwich, Description\nThe interior of the parlour wing contains old chimneys and sandstone fireplaces of 15th-century design. The fireplace in the south chamber of the parlour wing is particularly fine, according to Lake. There is an intact roof truss, and the main roof timbers meet vertically underneath the roof purlin, which Lake considers characteristic of Cheshire timber framing of the 15th century. Traces of internal decoration survive, with red ochre on the roof timbers contrasting with white limewash on the wattle and daub panels of the roof truss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007127-0000-0000", "contents": "116 John Street\n116 John Street is a historic office tower at the southwest corner of John Street and Pearl Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It was built in 1931, and is a 35-story brick and terra cotta building consisting of a three-story base, a 19-story shaft, and 12 upper stories that recede in a series of setbacks. The building features Art Deco style design elements at the recessed entrances and in the lobby. Built as a speculative office building for insurance companies, the building interior was rehabilitated in 2013 and some floors converted to apartments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007127-0001-0000", "contents": "116 John Street\nIt was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007128-0000-0000", "contents": "116 Sirona\nSirona (minor planet designation: 116 Sirona) is a somewhat large and bright-colored main-belt asteroid that was discovered by the German-American astronomer C. H. F. Peters on September 8, 1871, and named after Sirona, the Celtic goddess of healing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007128-0001-0000", "contents": "116 Sirona\nThis body is orbiting the Sun with a period of 4.60\u00a0years and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.14. The orbital plane is inclined by 3.56\u00b0 to the plane of the ecliptic. The cross-section diameter of this object is ~72\u00a0km. Photometric observations of this asteroid gave a light curve with a period of 12.028 hours and a brightness variation of 0.42 in magnitude. It has the spectrum of an S-type asteroid, suggesting a siliceous composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007129-0000-0000", "contents": "116 Squadron (Israel)\n116 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as The Lions of the South Squadron (former Flying Wing, and Defenders of the South Squadron), is an F-16A/B and F-35 fighter squadron based at Nevatim Airbase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007130-0000-0000", "contents": "116 Sullivan Street\n116 Sullivan Street is on Sullivan Street in SoHo, Manhattan, New York. The red four-story brick Federal townhouse was built in 1832 as an investment by Charles Starr (bookbinder) and includes some Greek Revival details. It was heightened two stories in 1872. The structure is noteworthy for its elaborated round-arched brownstone doorcase, or \"enframement of the front door,\" which has an exceptional treatment of painted timber Ionic half-column sidelights, unique and highly significant in New York City architecture. Due to the sidelights, \"instead of leaded glass, typical of the time, each sidelight is divided into three superimposed oval sections. The ovals are formed by a richly carved wood enframement that simulates a cloth sash curtain drawn through a series of rings.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007130-0001-0000", "contents": "116 Sullivan Street\nThe house stands on land previously belonging to the farm of Nicholas Bayard, Peter Stuyvesant's brother-in-law, and is one of seven houses that was built as an investment by Charles Starr, a bookbinder, whose business was on Nassau Street. Starr's own house at 110 Sullivan Street was 32 feet wide, unusually large for the time. It has been restored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007131-0000-0000", "contents": "116 discography\nThe discography of 116, formerly known as 116 Clique, a Christian hip hop collective originating from Dallas, Texas, consists of six studio albums, one of which was a remix album, one remixed extended play (EP), twenty singles, seven music videos, and one video album. The collective formed in 2005 under the auspices of Reach Records, and released its first album, The Compilation Album, that year on December 27. The following year, a remixed version of the album by DJ Primo was released on July 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007131-0000-0001", "contents": "116 discography\nA third album, 13 Letters, followed on June 19, 2007, which charted at No. 10 on the Billboard Top Gospel Albums chart and No. 29 on the Billboard Top Christian Albums chart, as well as the remix EP Amped on August 28. Man Up was released on September 27, 2011. A Christmas album, The Gift: A Christmas Compilation, was released on November 23, 2018, and charted at No. 27 on the Christian Albums chart. The Gift: Live Sessions, a live video album recorded at the 1971 studios in Atlanta, was released on November 28, 2019. The sixth album from the collective, Sin Verg\u00fcenza, a collaboration between Reach and No Apologies Music and a combination of continental United States hip hop and Latin American urbano, was released on October 23, 2020. All twelve tracks from the recording were released as singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007132-0000-0000", "contents": "1160\nYear 1160 (MCLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007133-0000-0000", "contents": "1160 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1160\u00a0kHz: in the United States and Mexico. Radio station KSL in Salt Lake City is the dominant Class A station on 1160 AM, a United States clear-channel frequency, according to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007134-0000-0000", "contents": "1160 Illyria\n1160 Illyria, provisional designation 1929 RL, is a stony Maria asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 September 1929, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the ancient region of Illyria, located on the Balkan Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007134-0001-0000", "contents": "1160 Illyria, Orbit and classification\nBased on the Hierarchical Clustering Method, which uses a body's proper orbital elements, Illyria is a member of the Maria family (506), a large intermediate belt family of stony asteroids. It has also been grouped into the Eunomia family (502), an even larger family with more than 5,000 known members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007134-0002-0000", "contents": "1160 Illyria, Orbit and classification\nIllyria orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.3\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,497 days; semi-major axis of 2.56\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a recovery observation at Lowell Observatory in October 1929, three weeks after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007134-0003-0000", "contents": "1160 Illyria, Physical characteristics\nIllyria is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, which agrees with the overall spectral type of both the Maria and Eunomia family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007134-0004-0000", "contents": "1160 Illyria, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Illyria have been obtained from photometric observations since 2007. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 4.1025 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.56 and 0.91 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007134-0005-0000", "contents": "1160 Illyria, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nIn 2013, an international study also modeled the asteroid's lightcurve from photometric data. It gave a concurring period of 4.10295 hours and determined a partial spin axis of (n.a., 47.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 49], "content_span": [50, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007134-0006-0000", "contents": "1160 Illyria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Illyria measures between 12.73 and 14.767 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2242 and 0.349.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007134-0007-0000", "contents": "1160 Illyria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21, derived from the parent body of the Eunomia family, and calculates a diameter of 13.88 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007134-0008-0000", "contents": "1160 Illyria, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Illyria, an ancient region on the Balkans which borders the Adriatic Sea. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007136-0000-0000", "contents": "1160s\nThe 1160s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1160, and ended on December 31, 1169.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007137-0000-0000", "contents": "1160s BC\nThe 1160s BC is a decade which lasted from 1169 BC to 1160 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007140-0000-0000", "contents": "1160s in art\nThe decade of the 1160s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007141-0000-0000", "contents": "1160s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007141-0001-0000", "contents": "1160s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007141-0002-0000", "contents": "1160s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007142-0000-0000", "contents": "1160th Transportation Company\n1160th Transportation Company (PLS) was constituted 1 September 2009 in the Georgia Army National Guard to be known as the 1160th Transportation Company (PLS). The 1160th TC (PLS) is a member of the 348th Brigade Support Battalion; 648th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, The unit was organized on 3 June 2010 from new and existing elements, and is located in Rome, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007142-0001-0000", "contents": "1160th Transportation Company, Mission\nTo provide trained, ready and stabilized forces in order to conduct ground transportation for the movement of cargo, breakbulk cargo, ammunition, and bottled water on PLS flat-racks, assist with the Transportation needs of units within the Georgia National Guard under the guidance and direction of the units Higher Headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007142-0001-0001", "contents": "1160th Transportation Company, Mission\nBe ready to serve the needs of the Citizens by order of the Governor of the State of Georgia by reacting to Emergency and Humanitarian needs on the home front, and be ready, trained and prepared to participate in Over Seas Contingency Operations as directed by the President of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007142-0002-0000", "contents": "1160th Transportation Company, History\nThe unit was newly formed and does not have any historical lineage that dates prior to June 2010, with the original unit becoming Company B, 1st Battalion, 169th General Support Aviation Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007143-0000-0000", "contents": "1161\nYear 1161 (MCLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007144-0000-0000", "contents": "1161 Thessalia\n1161 Thessalia, provisional designation 1929 SF, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 September 1929, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory. It was named for the Greek region Thessaly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007144-0001-0000", "contents": "1161 Thessalia, Orbit and classification\nThessalia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,065 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, five weeks after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007144-0002-0000", "contents": "1161 Thessalia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Thessalia measures 21.498 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.065.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007144-0003-0000", "contents": "1161 Thessalia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Thessalia has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007144-0004-0000", "contents": "1161 Thessalia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the Thessaly region in eastern Greece. The subsequently numbered minor planet 1162\u00a0Larissa was named after the region's capital. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007148-0000-0000", "contents": "1162\nYear 1162 (MCLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007149-0000-0000", "contents": "1162 Larissa\n1162 Larissa, provisional designation 1930 AC, is a metallic Hildian asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 43 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 January 1930, by astronomer German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the Greek city of Larissa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007149-0001-0000", "contents": "1162 Larissa, Orbit and classification\nLarissa belongs to the Hilda group located outermost part of the main-belt. Asteroids in this dynamical group have semi-major axis between 3.7 and 4.2\u00a0AU and stay in a 3:2 resonance with the gas giant Jupiter. Larissa, however, is a background asteroid and not a member of the (collisional) Hilda family (101).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007149-0002-0000", "contents": "1162 Larissa, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.5\u20134.4\u00a0AU once every 7 years and 10 months (2,856 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins 15 days after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007149-0003-0000", "contents": "1162 Larissa, Physical characteristics\nLarissa has been characterized as a metallic M-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). In the Tholen classification, the asteroid a primitive P-type asteroid, which typically have lower albedos than those measured by WISE and Akari (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007149-0004-0000", "contents": "1162 Larissa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2017, a rotational lightcurve of Larissa was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomers Brian Warner and Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies (U81/U82) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.514 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007149-0005-0000", "contents": "1162 Larissa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 2010, a lightcurve form the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory (E09) in Australia, gave a concurring period of 6.516 hours with an amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=3). Another period of 6.520 hours (\u03940.12 mag) was measured at the Palomar Transient Factory in October 2012 (U=2). The first photometric observation of Larissa, which gave a period of 13.0 hours, is now considered incorrect (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007149-0006-0000", "contents": "1162 Larissa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Larissa measures between 41.3 and 48.59 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.127 and 0.18. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1153 and a diameter of 44.32 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.73.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007149-0007-0000", "contents": "1162 Larissa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the city of Larissa, capital of the Thessaly region in Greece, after which the asteroid 1161\u00a0Thessalia was named. The name was also given to Larissa (Neptune VII), one of the moons of Neptune. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007152-0000-0000", "contents": "1163\nYear 1163 (MCLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007153-0000-0000", "contents": "1163 Saga\n1163 Saga, provisional designation 1930 BA, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 January 1930, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the Sagas, a collection of stories from Norse mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007153-0001-0000", "contents": "1163 Saga, Orbit and classification\nSaga is a background that does not belong to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.1\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,112 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, six weeks after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007153-0002-0000", "contents": "1163 Saga, Physical characteristics\nSaga is an assumed S-type asteroid, with a large range of measured albedos indicating otherwise (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007153-0003-0000", "contents": "1163 Saga, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSince 2006, three rotational lightcurves of Saga were obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi and Ren\u00e9 Roy, as well as by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 9.278 and 9.394 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.25 to 0.33 magnitude (U=2+/3-/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007153-0004-0000", "contents": "1163 Saga, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Saga measures between 26.29 and 38.113 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0640 and 0.147.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007153-0005-0000", "contents": "1163 Saga, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1199 and adopts a diameter of 29.11 kilometers from IRAS with an absolute magnitude of 10.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007153-0006-0000", "contents": "1163 Saga, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Sagas, a collection of prose Norse mythological stories of ancient Scandinavian and Germanic history. It includes the early Viking voyages and is mostly written in Old Icelandic (Old Norse). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007156-0000-0000", "contents": "1164\nYear 1164 (MCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007157-0000-0000", "contents": "1164 Kobolda\n1164 Kobolda, provisional designation 1930 FB, is a stony Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in 1930, the asteroid was later named after German astronomer Hermann Kobold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007157-0001-0000", "contents": "1164 Kobolda, Discovery\nKobolda was discovered on 19 March 1930, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. On the following night, it was independently discovered by Walter Baade at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg. The Minor Planet Center, however, only acknowledges the first discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007157-0002-0000", "contents": "1164 Kobolda, Orbit and classification\nKobolda is a member of the Phocaea family (701), which is a stony family of nearly 2,000 known members, named after the family's parent body 25\u00a0Phocaea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007157-0003-0000", "contents": "1164 Kobolda, Orbit and classification\nThis asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,279 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 25\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007157-0004-0000", "contents": "1164 Kobolda, Physical characteristics\nKobolda is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, which concurs with the overall spectral type of the Phocaea family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007157-0005-0000", "contents": "1164 Kobolda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Kobolda have been obtained from photometric observations since 2007. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period between 4.141 and 4.154 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.21 to 0.30 magnitude (U=3/3/3/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007157-0006-0000", "contents": "1164 Kobolda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Kobolda measures between 5.79 and 8.751 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.1754 and 0.405.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007157-0007-0000", "contents": "1164 Kobolda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.23 (derived from 25\u00a0Phocaea) and calculates a diameter of 7.63 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007157-0008-0000", "contents": "1164 Kobolda, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Hermann Kobold (1858\u20131942), a German astronomer at the University of Kiel and long-time editor of the astronomy journal Astronomical Notes (German: Astronomische Nachrichten, after which (1155) was named). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007157-0009-0000", "contents": "1164 Kobolda, Trivia, Pluto's number\nWere Pluto categorized as a minor planet when discovered in early 1930, shortly before 1164 Kobolda, the number (1164) could have been assigned to Pluto. However, these assumptions are only speculative as there is generally only a slight correlation between the discovery date of a minor planet and its final number. Another proposed number for Pluto was (10000), with the idea that (10001) and (10002) would be given to the first and second discovered Kuiper belt object. However the proposal met \"stiff resistance\" and the number was assigned to 10000\u00a0Myriostos instead. Eventually, Pluto was given the number (134340).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007159-0000-0000", "contents": "1165\nYear 1165 (MCLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007160-0000-0000", "contents": "1165 Imprinetta\n1165 Imprinetta, provisional designation 1930 HM, is a carbonaceous Meliboean asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 49 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 April 1930, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named after Imprinetta Gent, wife of the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007160-0001-0000", "contents": "1165 Imprinetta, Orbit and classification\nImprinetta is a member of the Meliboea family, a smaller asteroid family of carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids with a few hundred members, named after 137\u00a0Meliboea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007160-0002-0000", "contents": "1165 Imprinetta, Orbit and classification\nThis asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,017 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007160-0003-0000", "contents": "1165 Imprinetta, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first identification as A909 TA at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1909, more than 20 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007160-0004-0000", "contents": "1165 Imprinetta, Physical characteristics\nImprinetta has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by PanSTARRS photometric survey, which corresponds with the overall spectral type of the Meliboea family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007160-0005-0000", "contents": "1165 Imprinetta, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2003, a rotational lightcurve of Imprinetta was obtained from photometric observations by American John Menke at his observatory in Barnesville, Maryland. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.107 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=3). An alternative observation gave a lightcurve with period of 7.9374 hours and an amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007160-0006-0000", "contents": "1165 Imprinetta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Imprinetta measures between 47.14 and 59.378 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.029 and 0.0562.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007160-0007-0000", "contents": "1165 Imprinetta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0392 and a diameter of 48.65 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007160-0008-0000", "contents": "1165 Imprinetta, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Imprinetta Gent, wife of the discoverer. The naming was proposed by the discoverer and by Gerrit Pels, who computed its orbit. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007162-0000-0000", "contents": "1166\n1166 (MCLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007163-0000-0000", "contents": "1166 Avenue of the Americas\n1166 Avenue of the Americas (also known as the International Paper Building) is a 600-foot-tall (180\u00a0m) tall office building at 1166 Sixth Avenue in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It was completed in 1974 and has 44 floors totaling approximately 1.7 million square feet. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill designed the building. It is the headquarters of the Marsh & McLennan Companies, Penton, D. E. Shaw & Co., William Blair & Company, 5W Public Relations, and Huron Consulting Group are also tenants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007163-0001-0000", "contents": "1166 Avenue of the Americas\nThe building was built in partnership with the Tishman Organization (predecessor to Tishman Speyer), Stanley Stahl and Arlen Realty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007164-0000-0000", "contents": "1166 Sakuntala\n1166 Sakuntala, provisional designation 1930 MA, is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Praskovjya Parchomenko at Simeiz Observatory in 1930, the asteroid was named after the figure of Shakuntala from an ancient Indian drama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007164-0001-0000", "contents": "1166 Sakuntala, Discovery\nSakuntala was discovered by Soviet astronomer Praskovjya Parchomenko at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula on 27 June 1930. Two night later, it was independently discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle Observatory in May 1938, or 8 years after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007164-0002-0000", "contents": "1166 Sakuntala, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid is a background asteroid, that is not a member of any known asteroid family. Sakuntala orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4.04 years (1,474 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 19\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007164-0003-0000", "contents": "1166 Sakuntala, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Sakuntala were obtained from photometric observations. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve gave a rotation period of 6.29 hours with a brightness variation of 0.38 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007164-0004-0000", "contents": "1166 Sakuntala, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nOther measurements gave a similar period of 6.2915 and 6.30 hours, respectively (U=3-/2), while lightcurves with a period of larger than 20 hours are considered to be wrong (U=1/1/1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007164-0005-0000", "contents": "1166 Sakuntala, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Sakuntala measures between 22.70 and 29.249 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.185 and 0.6460.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007164-0006-0000", "contents": "1166 Sakuntala, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2914 and  a diameter of 25.78 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007164-0007-0000", "contents": "1166 Sakuntala, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the protagonist Shakuntala in the Sanskrit drama The Recognition of Shakuntala by Indian poet K\u0101lid\u0101sa. The drama is part of the Mahabharata, one of the major Sanskrit epics of ancient India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007164-0008-0000", "contents": "1166 Sakuntala, Naming\nThe official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007166-0000-0000", "contents": "11665 Dirichlet\n11665 Dirichlet, provisional designation 1997 GL28, is a Griqua asteroid and a 2:1 Jupiter librator from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.8 kilometers (4 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 14 April 1997, by astronomer Paul Comba at the Prescott Observatory in Arizona, United States. The asteroid was named after German mathematician Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007166-0001-0000", "contents": "11665 Dirichlet, Orbit and classification\nDirichlet is a Griqua asteroid, a small dynamical group of asteroids located in the otherwise sparsely populated Hecuba gap (2:1 resonance with Jupiter), which is one of the largest Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 11 months (2,169 days; semi-major axis of 3.28\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins prior to its official discovery observation with a precovery taken by Spacewatch in October 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007166-0002-0000", "contents": "11665 Dirichlet, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after German mathematician Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (1805\u20131859), who was the successor of Carl Friedrich Gauss and the predecessor of Bernhard Riemann at the University of G\u00f6ttingen. His contributions include the first rigorous proof that the Fourier series converges. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 23 November 1999 (M.P.C. 36951).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007166-0003-0000", "contents": "11665 Dirichlet, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Dirichlet measures 6.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.09. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Dirichlet has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007167-0000-0000", "contents": "1167\nYear 1167 (MCLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007168-0000-0000", "contents": "1167 Dubiago\n1167 Dubiago, provisional designation 1930 PB, is a dark asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 63 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 August 1930, by Soviet astronomer Evgenii Skvortsov at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula, and named after astronomer Alexander Dubyago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007168-0001-0000", "contents": "1167 Dubiago, Classification and orbit\nDubiago orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.2\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 6 years and 4 months (2,305 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1924, it was first identified as A924 RF at the discovering observatory. The body's observation arc begins at Yerkes Observatory about two months after its official discovery at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007168-0002-0000", "contents": "1167 Dubiago, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Dubiago is a D-type asteroid, a group of 46 known bodies, mostly being Jupiter trojans and centaurs such as 10199 Chariklo and 624 Hektor. It is thought that the Martian moon Phobos has a similar composition, and that the Tagish Lake meteorite origins from a D-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007168-0003-0000", "contents": "1167 Dubiago, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn March 1990, a rotational lightcurve of Dubiago was obtained using the Nordic Optical Telescope at the La Palma site on the Canary Islands. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 14.3 hours with a brightness variation of 0.23 magnitude (U=2). A second lightcurve was obtained in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in October 2013, giving an alternative period solution of 34.8374 hours with an amplitude of 0.21 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007168-0004-0000", "contents": "1167 Dubiago, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the Japanese Akari satellite, Dubiago measures 63.12 and 75.79 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.051 and 0.036, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS with an absolute magnitude of 9.85.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007168-0005-0000", "contents": "1167 Dubiago, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Alexander Dubyago (1903\u20131959), a renowned astronomer of the Soviet Union. The lunar crater Dubyago is also named in his and his father's honour. The approved naming was suggested by the Russian Institute of Theoretical Astronomy (ITA) and the official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1967 (M.P.C. 2740).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007171-0000-0000", "contents": "1168\nYear 1168 (MCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007172-0000-0000", "contents": "1168 Brandia\n1168 Brandia, provisional designation 1930 QA, is a stony Eunomian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at Uccle Observatory in 1930, the asteroid was later named after mathematician Eug\u00e8ne Brand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007172-0001-0000", "contents": "1168 Brandia, Discovery\nBrandia was discovered on 25 August 1930, by astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. Six nights later, the asteroid was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on 31 August 1930. The Minor Planet Center, however, only recognizes the first discoverer. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle, two nights after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007172-0002-0000", "contents": "1168 Brandia, Orbit and classification\nThis asteroid is a member of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony asteroids and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007172-0003-0000", "contents": "1168 Brandia, Orbit and classification\nBrandia  orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,488 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007172-0004-0000", "contents": "1168 Brandia, Physical characteristics\nBrandia is an assumed S-type asteroid, which corresponds to the overall spectral type of the Eunomia family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007172-0005-0000", "contents": "1168 Brandia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 1989, a rotational lightcurve of Brandia was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Richard Binzel at CTIO and McDonald Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of hours with a relatively high brightness variation of 0.62 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007172-0006-0000", "contents": "1168 Brandia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAn identical period of 11.444 hours with an amplitude of 0.50 magnitude was measured with a Celestron 14-inch telescope by Frederick Pilcher and published in 1985 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007172-0007-0000", "contents": "1168 Brandia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Brandia measures 10.110 and 10.61 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.150 and 0.1526, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007172-0008-0000", "contents": "1168 Brandia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1375 and a diameter of 10.58 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.65.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007172-0009-0000", "contents": "1168 Brandia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Belgian mathematician Eug\u00e8ne Brand, professor at the University of Brussels in  Belgium. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 109).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007174-0000-0000", "contents": "1169\nYear 1169 (MCLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007175-0000-0000", "contents": "1169 Alwine\n1169 Alwine, provisional designation 1930 QH, is a Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 August 1930, by German and Italian astronomers Max Wolf and Mario Ferrero at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. Any reference of its name to a person is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007175-0001-0000", "contents": "1169 Alwine, Orbit and classification\nAlwine is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,290 days; semi-major axis of 2.32\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, Alwine's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in August 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007175-0002-0000", "contents": "1169 Alwine, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Alwine measures 7.89 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.179. Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, its diameter is between 7 and 17 kilometers for an absolute magnitude of 12.8 and an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007175-0003-0000", "contents": "1169 Alwine, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurves have been obtained. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007175-0004-0000", "contents": "1169 Alwine, Naming\nThis minor planet is named after a common German female name. Any reference of this name to a person or occurrence is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007175-0005-0000", "contents": "1169 Alwine, Naming, Unknown meaning\nAmong the many thousands of named minor planets, Alwine is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007176-0000-0000", "contents": "1169 Sicily earthquake\nThe 1169 Sicily earthquake occurred on 4 February 1169 at 08:00 local time on the eve of the feast of St. Agatha of Sicily (in southern Italy). It had an estimated magnitude of between 6.4 and 7.3 and an estimated maximum perceived intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. Catania, Lentini and Modica were severely damaged. It triggered a tsunami. Overall, the earthquake is estimated to have caused the deaths of at least 15,000 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007176-0001-0000", "contents": "1169 Sicily earthquake, Tectonic setting\nSicily lies on part of the complex convergent boundary where the African Plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate. This subduction zone is responsible for the formation of the stratovolcano Mount Etna. Most of the damaging earthquakes occur on the Siculo-Calabrian rift zone, a zone of extensional faulting which runs for about 370 kilometres (230\u00a0mi), forming three main segments through Calabria, along the east coast of Sicily and immediately offshore, and finally forming the southeastern margin of the Hyblean Plateau, a carbonate platform in southeastern Sicily. Faults in the Calabrian segment were responsible for the 1783 Calabrian earthquakes sequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007176-0002-0000", "contents": "1169 Sicily earthquake, Tectonic setting\nIn the southern part of the eastern coast of Sicily, investigations have identified a series of active normal dip-slip faults, dipping to the east. Most of these lie offshore, and some control basins that contain large thicknesses of Quaternary sediments. The two largest faults, known as the western and eastern master faults, border half-grabens, with fill of up to 700 metres (2,297\u00a0ft) and 800 metres (2,625\u00a0ft) respectively. Onshore, two ages of faulting have been recognised, an earlier phase trending NW-SE and a later phase trending SSW-NNE that clearly offsets the first group, including the Avola fault and the Rosolini-Ispica fault system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007176-0003-0000", "contents": "1169 Sicily earthquake, Earthquake\nThe location of the earthquake's epicentre is quite uncertain, with different seismologists giving locations offshore and onshore; there is similar uncertainty regarding the 1693 Sicily earthquake. The damaged area is similar to that for the 1693 earthquake, suggesting that both the location and magnitude were similar. Intensities of X (Extreme) have been estimated for Catania, Lentini and Modica, IX (Violent) at Syracuse and Piazza Armerina and VIII (Severe) at Santi Pietro e Paolo and Messina. The earthquake was also felt in Calabria with a maximum intensity of VI (Strong) in Reggio Calabria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007176-0004-0000", "contents": "1169 Sicily earthquake, Earthquake\nThe magnitude of the earthquake has been estimated from intensity information and these estimates vary from 6.4 on the Me (Energy magnitude scale) to 7.3 on the surface wave magnitude scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007176-0005-0000", "contents": "1169 Sicily earthquake, Tsunami\nThe tsunami affected most of the Ionian coast of Sicily and caused inundation from Messina in the north to the mouth of the Simeto River in the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007176-0006-0000", "contents": "1169 Sicily earthquake, Tsunami\nTsunami deposits correlated with this earthquake have been found both onshore and offshore. The tsunami is also thought to be responsible for moving several large boulders from the middle of the sublittoral zone onto the coast between Augusta and Syracuse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007176-0007-0000", "contents": "1169 Sicily earthquake, Eruption of Etna\nSome accounts of this earthquake refer to a major eruption from Etna at the time of the earthquake, blaming most of the deaths in Catania and the tsunami on the eruption. However, most later workers believe that the tsunami was triggered by the earthquake and that the only effect on Etna was the collapse of part of the cone above Taormina, with no significant eruption. As with the 1693 earthquake the 1169 event seems to have followed after a major period of eruptive activity. Calculations have shown that a major eruption may significantly increase the stress on the normal faults to the south-east of the volcano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007176-0008-0000", "contents": "1169 Sicily earthquake, Damage\nCatania was almost completely destroyed. Catania Cathedral collapsed, killing the Bishop John of Ajello, 44 of the Benedictine monks, and many others who were crowded into the building for the feast of St. Agatha. Lentini, Modica, Aci Castello, Sortino and Syracuse were also severely damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007176-0009-0000", "contents": "1169 Sicily earthquake, Damage\nIn a contemporary account, Hugo Falcandus described the effects on the Arethusa spring in Syracuse, which increased its rate of flow greatly and became salty. Near Casale Saraceno the flow of another spring, known as Tais, stopped after the earthquake. Two hours later it returned with much greater force than before and had the colour of blood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007176-0010-0000", "contents": "1169 Sicily earthquake, Damage\nEstimates of the death toll in the earthquake vary, with 15,000 being often quoted, sometimes for the overall total and sometimes just for Catania. A few sources give the higher estimate of 25,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007176-0011-0000", "contents": "1169 Sicily earthquake, Aftermath\nIn the chaos that followed the earthquake, there was concern that exiles like Tancred of Lecce and Robert of Loritello would take part in a Byzantine invasion of the island. However, these disaffected exiles were soon allowed to return and there was no invasion, nor the rebellion that it might have triggered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007176-0012-0000", "contents": "1169 Sicily earthquake, Aftermath\nPeter of Blois saw the earthquake as God's punishment on the Sicilians for the exile of Stephen du Perche and the appointment of Bishop John of Ajello, through bribery, to the see of Catania, replacing his brother William of Blois in the post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007178-0000-0000", "contents": "116903 Jeromeapt\n116903 Jeromeapt, provisional designation 2004 GW, is an asteroid of the Massalia family from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 1.1 kilometers (0.7 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 11 April 2004, by American astronomer Jim Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California, in the United States. The asteroid was named for American astronaut Jerome Apt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007178-0001-0000", "contents": "116903 Jeromeapt, Orbit and classification\nJeromeapt is a member of the Massalia family (404), a large family of stony S-type asteroids with low inclinations. It orbits the Sun in the inner main belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,400 days; semi-major axis of 2.45\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins more than 2 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken by Spacewatch at the Steward Observatory in February 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007178-0002-0000", "contents": "116903 Jeromeapt, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of American Jerome Apt (born 1949), who was the discovering observatory's director and also an astronaut on four Space Shuttle missions in the 1990s. At the time of naming this asteroid, he was a professor at Carnegie Mellon University. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center 29 October 2012 (M.P.C. 81070).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007178-0003-0000", "contents": "116903 Jeromeapt, Physical characteristics\nSince Massalia asteroids are of silicaceous rather than carbonaceous composition, with an albedo typically around 0.22 (also see list of families), Jeromeapt possibly measures 1.1 kilometer in diameter, based on an absolute magnitude of 17.1. As of 2018, the asteroid's effective size, its composition and albedo, as well as its rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007179-0000-0000", "contents": "116P/Wild\n116P/Wild, also known as Wild 4, is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It fits the definition of an Encke-type comet with (TJupiter > 3; a < aJupiter).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007179-0001-0000", "contents": "116P/Wild\nOn 4 November 2042 the comet will pass about 0.029\u00a0AU (4,300,000\u00a0km; 2,700,000\u00a0mi) from Ceres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007180-0000-0000", "contents": "116th (Perthshire Highlanders) Regiment of Foot\nThe 116th (Perthshire Highlanders) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1793 and disbanded in 1795, with some personnel sent to the 42nd Highlanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007181-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Squadron\nThe 116th Air Control Squadron is a United States Air Force squadron located at Camp Rilea Armed Forces Training Center near Warrenton/Astoria, Oregon. In March 2011 the 116th departed for a deployment to Qatar. In 2006 the squadron deployed to Kandahar Air Base in support of Air Expeditionary Force 3 and 4, and Operation Enduring Freedom for 120 days. The 116th ACS is a deployable radar/communications unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007181-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Squadron, History, 116th timeline\nAircraft Control & Warning Squadron (Tactical),Marietta Army Air Base, GeorgiaSewart Air Force Base, TennesseeJuly 1951 \u2013 8 October 1952", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007181-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Squadron, History, 116th timeline\nTactical Control SquadronPortland, Air National Guard Base, OregonRelocated: Camp Rilea, Warrenton, Oregon October 19889 June 1971 \u2013 1 May 1987", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007181-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Squadron, History, 116th timeline\nTactical Control FlightPortland, Air National Guard Base, OregonRelocated: Camp Rilea, Warrenton, Oregon October 19881 May 1987 \u2013 16 June 1992", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007181-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Squadron, History, 116th timeline\nAir Control SquadronCamp Rilea, Warrenton, OregonRedesignated: ACS 16 June 1992Equipment: MPS-11A, TPS-40, TPS-43E, TPS-75, replacement radar August 1975 due to structural failures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing\nThe 116th Air Control Wing is a Wing of the Georgia Air National Guard/United States Air Force, stationed at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia. If activated for federal service, the wing is gained by Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing\nThe 116th ACW is the only Air National Guard unit operating the E-8C Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (Joint STARS), an airborne ground surveillance and battle management aircraft. Joint STARS detects, locates, classifies, tracks and targets ground movements on the battlefield, communicating real-time information through secure data links with U.S. command posts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing\nOn 1 October 2002, the 116th ACW was established as the first (and only) Joint Air National Guard/United States Air Force Unit. The Joint Unit was inactivated on 30 September 2011 and the 116th ACW was returned to the sole jurisdiction of the Georgia Air National Guard on 1 October 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History\nThe 128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, assigned to the Wing's 116th Operations Group, traces its lineage to the 840th Aero Squadron, established on 1 February 1918. It was reformed on 1 May 1941, as the 128th Observation Squadron, one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Combat in Korean War\nThe 116th Fighter Group was federalized on 10 October 1950 due to the Korean War. It was redesignated the 116th Fighter-Bomber Group, assigned to Tactical Air Command and moved to George Air Force Base, California. At George, the 116th Group was assigned to the newly activated 116th Fighter-Bomber Wing on 1 November as it reorganized under the wing base organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Combat in Korean War\nAt George the wing's three fighter squadrons were equipped with Lockheed F-80C Shooting Stars and began operational training. After losing many of their F-80 pilots to assignment to Far East Air Forces (FEAF) as replacements, all three squadrons were forced to transfer pilots between themselves in order to maintain a balance of qualified pilots, and they were no longer individual squadrons of Georgia, Florida and California. In April 1951 the wing began receiving brand new Republic F-84E Thunderjets directly from Republic Aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0005-0001", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Combat in Korean War\nOn 14 May the wing received a warning order for an impending transfer, and they expected to be transferred to Europe. With a readiness date of 25 June, the 116th was ready to move, and by 1 July they had sent their seventy-five F-84Es to the New York Port of Embarkation for shipment to France. However, on 3 July 1951 they received orders transferring them to Japan. Fifty-four F-84Es had to be obtained from Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas and Langley Air Force Base, Virginia as partial replacements for these Thunderjets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0006-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Combat in Korean War\nThe 116th FBG with the 158th and 159th FBS's departed from San Diego on the transport aircraft carrier USS Windham Bay on 12 July, white the 196th FBS had preceded them by two days on the USS\u00a0Sitkoh Bay. The USAF, having learned from the expensive previous experience with open air transportation of the F-84 on an aircraft carrier deck, heavily protected their F-84s this time with cosmoline and tarpaulins. The Wing off-loaded at Yokosuka Naval Base, Japan between 24\u201327 July, with their aircraft being barged to Kisarazu, Japan for cleaning and preparation for flight. Regardless of the care taken, thirty-three F-84s suffered some degree of salt damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0007-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Combat in Korean War\nTwo squadrons, the 158th and 159th were then sent to Misawa Air Base, Japan while the 196th was established at Chitose Air Base, Japan. Their initial role was to serve as an augmentation of Japanese air defenses, and their operational training began on 6 August. The 116th remained on garrison duty in Japan into the fall of 1951. During this period they concentrated on providing air-to-ground support to Army units training in Japan as well as assisting in providing aerial defense of northern Japan as a supplement to the other air defense units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0008-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Combat in Korean War\nOn 30 November 1951 the 159th Squadron was alerted for a combat role, and on 2 December they dispatched sixteen F-84Es to Taegu Air Base (K-2), South Korea. The 159th flew their first combat mission of twelve Thunderjets against rail targets at Wonsan in southeastern North Korea that morning. Three F-84s suffered flak damage. They then returned again that afternoon. The following day they returned to Wonsan two fly two more strikes. Further missions were flown on 4 and 5 December, and then on 6 December they sent twelve F-84s to Sinanju and Sunchon, North Korea on a rail cutting mission, and then returned to Misawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0009-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Combat in Korean War\nOn 12 December wing pilots flew eighty-eight effective combat sorties. On 25 December 15 the 158th Squadron was attacking a train when they were jumped by North Korean MiG-15s that attacked from 20,000 feet in pairs from the F-84s' six o'clock high position. Captain Paul C. Mitchell Jr., flying as \"Able 3\" saw two MiGs behind two F-84s, so he came in behind them and closed to 100 feet, firing on the MiG leader's wingman. The MiG pilot bailed out, and his leader slowed down to see what was happening, so Mitchell fired on him, too, scoring some hits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0009-0001", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Combat in Korean War\nMitchell was credited with 1-0-1, obtaining the last officially credited F-84 MiG kill during the Korean War, and the only \"kill\" for the 116th Wing. The following day, 16 December the 158th lost their only aircraft attributed to enemy action during the conflict. While strafing ox carts south of Pyongyang Captain David Mather, \"George 3\", was hit by antiaircraft fire and his F-84 burst into flames. His wingman told him to bail out, and Mather's canopy was seen to come off, but the F-84 crashed before he could get out. On 18 December the 158th returned to Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0010-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Combat in Korean War\nThe 196th Squadron started for Taegu on 26 December for their turn, but didn't get there until 28 December, because of weather problems. The 196th flew missions from K-2 until 3 January 1952, mostly close air support, with a 70% accuracy, and returned to Japan on 4 January 1952. The 116th Group returned to combat on 26 May 1952. The first mission was with sixteen F-84Es that flew from Misawa to Chitose Air Base for a pilot briefing, and then after arming with 500-pound general-purpose bombs, they took off for an attack against Sariwon, in southwestern North Korea. The F-84s were refueled en route by Boeing KB-29 Superfortress tankers near Taegu, South Korea, upon their return from the target, which gave any aircraft unable to be air refueled an alternate landing spot. After refueling the mission landed at Johnson Air Base, Japan and resumed the air defense mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 931]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0011-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Combat in Korean War\nOn 10 June 1952 the 116th was relieved from active duty. The remaining guardsmen were returned to the United States, the jets and equipment of the Wing were then transferred to the 474th Fighter-Bomber Wing and assigned to Fifth Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0012-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Air Defense Command\nThe wing was redesignated the 116th Fighter-Interceptor Wing and allotted to the Georgia Air National Guard on 10 July and activated at Dobbins Air Force Base. At this time the 116th Group was restructured to include the 128th and 158th Fighter-Interceptor Squadrons. Initially upon their return to state control both squadrons were equipped with the long-range North American F-51H Mustang and given an air defense mission. The 116th was gained by Air Defense Command (ADC), upon mobilization, being assigned to the 35th Air Division with a mission of the air defense of the Southeastern United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0013-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Air Defense Command\nCommencing in February 1953 the 128th began conversion to the F-84D Thunderjet, yet most were not received until mid summer. During the summer of 1955 the 128th was redesignated as the 128th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and converted the swept-wing F-84F Thunderstreak. Strangely enough, it was not until March 1957 that the surviving D models were dispatched for salvage, with eleven of those aged D models having been lost in accidents while serving with the 128th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0014-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Air Defense Command\nIn 1958, the 116th implemented the ADC Runway Alert Program, in which interceptors of the 128th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron were committed to a five-minute runway alert. In 1960 the F-84s were replaced by the North American F-86L Sabre, a day/night/all-weather aircraft designed to be integrated into the ADC SAGE interceptor direction and control system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0015-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Air Transport\nIn 1961, Military Air Transport Service (MATS) became the 116th's gaining command as the wing traded in its Sabre interceptors for 4-engined Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter transports. The 116th Wing was assigned to Eastern Transport Air Force and flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to the Caribbean, Europe, Greenland, and the Middle East in support of Air Force requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0016-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Air Transport\nIn 1966 MATS was replaced by Military Airlift Command (MAC) and EASTAF became Twenty-First Air Force. The 116th Wing upgraded to the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II strategic heavy airlifter, being the first Air National Guard unit to receive the aircraft. Due to requirements generated by the Vietnam War, missions were flown across the Pacific to Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0017-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Post-Vietnam\nIn the years after the Vietnam War, the transport requirements of MAC along with the retirement of the C-124 led the 116th to be reassigned back to Tactical Air Command in 1974 and was re-equipped with North American F-100 Super Sabre tactical fighter-bombers, many aircraft being veterans of the Vietnam War. The 128th flew the Super Sabre jets for six accident-free years until May 1979 when the last aircraft left Dobbins to be retired as part of the phaseout of the F-100 from the inventory. During that time, one F-100D made a crash landing at Dobbins due to its nose gear failing to lower and lock in place shortly before the aircraft were to be retired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0018-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Post-Vietnam\nThe F-100s were replaced with other Vietnam-era hand-me-down combat veteran aircraft by TAC during the early 1980s, as Republic F-105 Thunderchief Wild Weasel electronic warfare aircraft were assigned, then retired and McDonnell F-4 Phantom II fighter bombers in their final years of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0019-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Post-Vietnam\nIn 1986 the 116th retired the last of its Vietnam War Phantoms and received McDonnell Douglas F-15A Eagle air superiority fighters. The F-15A was introduced into the inventory in the mid-1970s and now were being upgraded in the active duty by the improved F-15C. The 116th flew the F-15 for the next ten years. The 116th Tactical Fighter Wing developed an impressive record of accomplishment and was awarded nine Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0020-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, B-1B Lancer\nIn 1992 as part of the post Cold War reorganizations of the Air Force, the 116th converted to the Air Force Objective organization and the 128th was assigned to the reactivated 116th Operations Group. In 1992 Tactical Air Command was inactivated and the 116th was assigned to the new Air Combat Command (ACC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0021-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, B-1B Lancer\nAfter calling Dobbins home for 50 years, the 116th was presented with a new challenge in 1996. The wing simultaneously converted from the F-15 Eagle fighters to the Rockwell B-1 Lancer strategic bomber and moved 110 miles south to Robins Air Force Base near Warner Robins, Georgia. As part of the post Cold-War drawdown, the active-duty fleet of B-1Bs were being reduced for budget reductions and being taken off alert status by the former Strategic Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0022-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, B-1B Lancer\nHaving to make the most of the available facilities, including the former Strategic Air Command alert facility at Robins, the 116th Bomb Wing was quickly up and running and participated in a number of deployments and exercises around the world in the B-1B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0023-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Airborne Command and Control\nDue to fiscal constraints, in 2002 the USAF agreed to reduce its fleet of B-1Bs from 92 to 60 aircraft, to include removing all B-1 aircraft assigned to the Air National Guard. The 116th Bomb Wing, having older aircraft was ordered to send its aircraft to \"active storage\" which meant that they could be quickly returned to service should circumstances dictate. Its first B-1B was flown to storage at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona on 20 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0024-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Airborne Command and Control\nUnder the Air Force's Total Force Initiative as a \"blended\" wing, the former 93d Air Control Wing, an active-duty Air Combat Command unit, and the 116th Bomb Wing, a Georgia Air National Guard unit, were inactivated effective 1 October 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0025-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Airborne Command and Control\nThe 116th was immediately re-activated and redesignated as the 116th Air Control Wing. The 116th was a blend of active-duty and national guard airmen in a single unit. The wing was equipped with the new E-8C Joint STARS airborne battle management aircraft. Its mission is command and control, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. Its primary mission is to provide theater ground and air commanders with ground surveillance to support attack operations and targeting that contributes to the delay, disruption and destruction of enemy forces. The E-8C evolved from Army and Air Force programs to develop, detect, locate and attack enemy armor at ranges beyond the forward area of troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0026-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Airborne Command and Control\nIn 2006, the National Guard Bureau conducted a facility assessment and determined that the 116th CES was residing in the second worst engineering compound in the Air National Guard. This led to another building being identified for the squadron's new compound, and funding being appropriated for a concept study on how to adapt the facility for CES' needs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0027-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Airborne Command and Control\nIn April 2010, The 116th Air Control Wing became the first ever Georgia Air National Guard unit to send a team to the Mountain Man Memorial March, held in Gatlinburg, Tennessee to honor those who have fallen in combat. The wing team sponsored Capt Dixon L. Walters, who was shot down over Kuwait on 31 January 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0028-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Airborne Command and Control\nThe 128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron has flown more than 82,000 combat hours in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation New Dawn Operation Odyssey Dawn, and Operation Unified Protector. Beginning in 2011, its operational resume expanded to include support of five Combatant Commands including U.S. Pacific Command, U.S. Northern Command and U.S. Southern Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0029-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Airborne Command and Control\nOn 24 November 2010, the Chief of Staff of the Air Force Designated the 116th Air Control Wing as an \"Active Associate\" wing and reorganized the \"blended\" wing concept. As a result of this reorganization, a new active duty associate wing was formed. The structure is an association of the Georgia Air Guard's 116th Wing and the active duty 461st Air Control Wing. They will continue to operate together to accomplish the shared J-STARS mission by integrating Air Guard and active duty personnel to the maximum extent possible in groups, squadrons, and shops. The Active Association model is one in which a reserve component (the Air Guard) has principal responsibility for the weapon system that it shares with one or more Active Duty Units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0030-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, History, Airborne Command and Control\nOn 1 October 2011 the 116th Air Control Wing was inactivated as a Joint Air National Guard/United States Air Force Unit. Reasons cited were that updated Air Force regulations did not cover the blended unit, leading to anomalies in how promotions, disciplinary actions and other administrative issues were handled, according to the Air Force. The 116th was returned to the sole jurisdiction of the Georgia Air National Guard that same day, and reactivated. The unit's 17 J-STARS aircraft remained under the control of the Georgia Air National Guard, though the active duty pilots continue to fly with their Guard counterparts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007182-0031-0000", "contents": "116th Air Control Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 116th Air Refueling Squadron (116 ARS) is a unit of the Washington Air National Guard 141st Air Refueling Wing located at Fairchild Air Force Base, Spokane, Washington. The 116th is equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker and RC-26B Metroliner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the World War I 116th Aero Squadron, established on 28 August 1917. It was reformed on 6 August 1924, as the 116th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, Insignia\nThe squadron insignia, the ace of spades with a dagger driven through the center of the card scripted \"Caveat hostis,\" Latin for \"Let the enemy beware,\" was approved on 18 July 1931 by the War Department and is still in use today. One of the original sheet metal hand painted insignia from the fuselage of a Consolidated O-17 Courier can still be seen today in the squadron commander's office. Current Air Force heraldry regulations require squadron emblems include circular background; however, the 116th's patch as worn today by its members is the ace and dagger with no circle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nThe 116th Air Refueling Squadron traces its origins to 29 August 1917 with the organization of the 116th Aero Squadron at Kelly Field, Texas. The squadron consisted of 80 men reporting from Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis, Missouri and 40 men from Vancouver Barracks, Washington. An additional 14 men reported from Jefferson Barracks and other men were transferred into the squadron at Kelly Field, bringing the total to 150. Initially, the squadron was trained in basic indoctrination into the Army, with drill, fatigue duty, classroom training, and other things that are done in military training camps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0003-0001", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nDuring its time at Kelly Field, men were transferred in and out of the squadron, depending on their qualifications and the needs of other units in training. Once basic indoctrination training was completed, the 116th was ordered for overseas duty, being ordered to report to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island on 26 October. It was there that final arrangements were made for the trip overseas, complete equipment was drawn and a final few transfers were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0003-0002", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nOn 7 December, the squadron was ordered to move by train to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where it boarded the RMS Tunician, and began its trans-Atlantic crossing. It arrived in Liverpool, England on 26 December and was moved immediately by train to Southampton. It remained at Southampton until the 29th when the squadron crossed the English Channel, arriving on 29 December at Le Havre, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nIn France, the squadron was ordered to the Replacement Concentration Center, AEF, St. Maixent Replacement Barracks, France, arriving on 2 January 1918 for further assignment. On 17 January 1918, the squadron was again moved, this time to Romorantin Aerodrome, in central France. There, along with the 75th Aero Construction Squadron and the 109th Aero Squadron, it was part of the first regular detachments of Americans to be stationed at the airfield. It was quartered in French barracks at the Camp de Bluets, on the outskirts of the town of Romorantin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0004-0001", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nMembers of the squadrons were at once put into construction work to develop the Air Service Production Center No. 2 . Work was performed in erecting buildings and also the construction of a railroad line into the camp next to the airfield. After several weeks of basic construction at the camp, much of the work was transferred to Chinese laborers who began to arrive and the Americans were placed in charge of details of these workers. On 1 February, the designation of the squadron was changed from the 116th to the 637th Aero Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nOn 4 February, the 637th was again ordered to move, being transferred to Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome. It arrived on 6 February, being the 4th Aero Squadron to arrive at the \"Zone of Advance\" (Western Front). At Colombey the squadron was assigned to construction of the 1st Air Depot. Work consisted of the construction of barracks, bomb shelters, ditching and draining the land so streets and utility lines could be laid. Also, the construction of a large flying field was begun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0005-0001", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nOnce the basic construction was completed, the majority of ongoing construction was again performed by Chinese laborers brought in to complete the work. The 637th was assigned to the 1st Air Depot as a Supply Squadron. The men were assigned to warehouse duties, storing new equipment and all manner of supplies that arrived at the Center, and issuing and delivering the necessities of operating the Center to the various units and divisions of the station. The squadron was tasked in maintaining accurate inventory records and advising the Commander of shortages and ordering additional or new equipment from Depots in France. The 637th was also responsible for the operation of the various mess halls, with squadron members acting as cooks, bakers and performing dish washing duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0006-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nAfter the signing of the Armistice with Germany on 11 November, some men of the squadron were assigned to transportation and convoy duty, driving trucks performing collection of equipment from front-line units and also moving personnel back from the lines. The 637th Aero Squadron returned to the United States in late May 1919. It arrived at Mitchel Field, New York, where the squadron members were demobilized and returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0007-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington National Guard\nIn 1924, the Adjutant General for the Washington National Guard, who was traveling through Spokane, made a simple proposal to the city fathers. Whichever city, Spokane, Seattle or Tacoma, could raise $10,000 dollars first for building hangars would get an Observation Squadron. As the General's westward train pulled out of the station and was approaching the city limits, a telegraph wire sent out ahead of the train stated, \"The $10,000 has been raised. We want the squadron.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0008-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington National Guard\nOn 6 August 1924 the 116th Observation Squadron, Washington National Guard, received federal recognition. They established their unit headquarters at the former Parkwater Municipal Golf Course (now Felts Field) near Spokane. Major John T. \"Jack\" Fancher, a World War I veteran, would act as the units' first commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0009-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington National Guard\nBy early 1925, construction of the new hangars began with federally funded building materials, locally bought concrete and the squadron members themselves donating most of the labor. The 116th soon received its first airplanes, three Curtiss JN-6-A2 \"Jenny\" aircraft, a derivative of the Curtiss JN-4. They arrived at the rail yards still in the crates; however, no funds were provided to transport or construct the planes for use. A few creative enlisted men managed to haul, assemble and fire up these planes with oil donated by local businesses and gasoline bought on Fancher's personal credit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0010-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington National Guard\nOn 8 August 1926, the unit was redesignated as the 116th Observation Squadron, 41st Division Aviation, and expanded to include a photo section, medical detachment and transportation section. The 116th was the first National Guard unit to achieve full flight qualifications for every officer in the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0011-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington National Guard\nDuring the summer of 1927, Fancher, a local pioneer for both the development of the 116th and the growth of aviation, flew to New York to persuade officials for the National Air Races to sponsor that year's race out of Spokane. He was successful and on his return flight, he continued to rally support for aviation in the Inland Empire by stopping off at the summer home of then President Calvin Coolidge. As a result of the air races, the northern route from Minneapolis to Spokane was established and later became the route used by Northwest Airlines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0012-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington National Guard\nIn April 1928, Fancher was attempting to dispose of unexpended pyrotechnics left from an aerial demonstration at the Apple Blossom Festival in Wenatchee. The ordnance detonated while Fancher was carrying it, resulting in his death a few hours later. Flight instructor Caleb V. Haynes succeeded him in command of the 116th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0013-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington National Guard\nIn the late 1930s, the unit, tasked by the federal government to perform an aerial survey of the Columbia River, provided invaluable information to geologists and engineers for the site selection and construction of Grand Coulee Dam, the largest dam in the world at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0014-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nIn response to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Executive Order 8530, the 116th went into federal active duty effective 16 September 1940. The unit's first prominent World War II duties occurred immediately after the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese when the unit was assigned to Gray Army Airfield at Fort Lewis, Washington, flying anti-submarine patrols along the Pacific Coast. The squadron swelled in numbers as new draftees were added to the roster and it underwent a number of moves to various airfields. Finally, after being assigned to Will Rogers Field, Oklahoma it would be inactivated in 1943. The experienced pilots and crews were split up to provide training and leadership to newer draftee units. The experiences and assignments of the unit members during the war were as varied as the men themselves which can be attested to in a few of these brief accounts:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 933]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0015-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\n\u2014 The unit commander both before and after the inactivation, Hillford Wallace, would head up various Army Air Corp Reconnaissance Groups in the South Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0016-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\n\u2014 Frank Frost, a future commander of the unit, was assigned to a bomber squadron in Central America to protect the strategically important Panama Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0017-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\n\u2014 Einar Malmstrom, a founding member of the squadron and the namesake for Malmstrom Air Force Base in Great Falls, Montana, was commander of the 356th Fighter Group in the European Theater. On his 58th combat mission, he was shot down over France and became a Prisoner of War (POW) in a German Prison Camp for a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0018-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\n\u2014 Spokane, Washington native and 116th flyer, Sam Grashio, chronicled his World War II experience in his book, \"Return to Freedom: The War Memoirs of Colonel Sam C. Grashio USAF.\" Grashio had fought against the Japanese forces right from the outset of the war in the Philippines. After depleting much of their food and virtually all their military resources, he and his other U.S. and Filipino comrades under direction of General Wainwright surrendered to the Japanese on 6 May 1942. He then went on to endure the Bataan Death March and the struggle for life at Camp O'Donnell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0018-0001", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nGrashio and several others were later assigned to a smaller work camp set so far into the jungle the Japanese did not think prison walls were necessary to keep the weakened and sickly POWs from trying to escape through an \"impassable\" jungle, but by will power and planning they did indeed escape and became the only group of Japanese prisoners to ever do so by their own means during the entire war. After being returned to stateside, the Colonel continued to serve his country by participating in War Bond tours, drumming up support for the war effort by recounting the harsh treatment he saw while a prisoner of the Japanese Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0019-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington Air National Guard\nThe wartime 116th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was reconstituted on 21 June 1945. It was then re-designated as the 116th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Washington Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Felts Field, Spokane, Washington and was extended federal recognition on 1 July 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 116th Fighter Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 116th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was allocated to Washington ANG 142d Air Defense Group, with a mission of the air defense of Eastern Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0020-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington Air National Guard\nThe short runway and other issues with Felts Field led to the movement of the squadron to the larger Geiger Field on 1 July 1948. In March 1950 the squadron received five F-84C Thunderjets. The F-84s were received from the 33d Fighter Group at Otis AFB, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0021-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nAs a result of the Korean War, the 116th Fighter Squadron was federalized and brought to active-duty on 1 February 1951. The squadron was assigned to the 81st Fighter-Interceptor Group and moved to Moses Lake AFB, Washington. The squadron was re-designated as the 116th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. The 81st was assigned to Tactical Air Command (TAC) as a replacement squadron for the group's 93d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron which was at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico performing air defense duties at the Sandia National Laboratories. It was converted from the F-51s and F-80s to F-86A Sabre jet fighters and performed transition training at Moses Lake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 91], "content_span": [92, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0022-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nAfter only four months of training, the 81st FIG was ordered to RAF Shepherds Grove, England, to bolster NATO forces in Europe. The move was the first time in aviation history a National Guard fighter squadron would cross over to the European Theater under its own power and only the second time such a move was ever attempted without air refueling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 91], "content_span": [92, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0023-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nRAF Shepards Grove was a former World War II RAF Fighter Command base located in East Anglia. The bulk of the ground station buildings were the metal Nissen hut type, with some wood frame and tar paper buildings, and were grouped together in numbered \"sites\", widely separated to blend into natural, rustic surroundings for purposes of camouflage. The main administrative building and clubs were of the larger Quonset hut type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 91], "content_span": [92, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0024-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nHeadquarters of the 81st FIG was located at RAF Bentwaters, and the 116th FIS joined with Royal Air Force Fighter Command to provide air defense of Great Britain. The 81st FIG was the first F-86 equipped unit in Europe. On 1 November 1952, the federalized 116th FIS was returned to the Washington National Guard and its personnel and equipment transferred to the newly activated USAF 78th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 91], "content_span": [92, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0025-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington Air National Guard, Cold War\nUpon its return from England, the 116th FIS was organized and re-equipped with F-86A Sabre interceptors and again assigned to the 142d Air Defense Group. It resumed its peacetime mission of the air defense of eastern Washington. For the next 23 years the squadron performed that mission, being upgraded by ADC in 1955 to the dedicated F-94 Starfire all-weather interceptor. With this new aircraft, the mission of the 116th Fighter Interceptor Squadron changed from day interceptor to day and night all-weather interceptor. In 1957 the 116th again upgraded to the improved F-89D Scorpion, followed later by the nuclear armed F-89J, then in May 1965 to the supersonic F-102A Delta Dagger. In 1969 it received the Mach-2 F-101B Voodoo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0026-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington Air National Guard, Cold War\n1967 was a \"trophy\" year for the 141st Fighter Group and the 116th. Trophies and awards received included the Spaatz Trophy for the most Outstanding Air National Guard Flying Unit, the Air National Guard Outstanding Unit Plaque, the Air Force Outstanding Unit Trophy and the Winston P. Wilson Award. In 1969, the unit accumulated an outstanding record, 37,900 accident-free flying hours, receiving the 25th Air Division Flying Safety Award five years in a row.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0027-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington Air National Guard, Air Refueling mission\nIn July 1976, the 116th converted to the KC-135 Stratotanker, becoming the fifth Air National Guard unit to join the Strategic Air Command (SAC). The new air refueling squadron moved from Geiger Field to nearby Fairchild Air Force Base to accommodate the larger aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 91], "content_span": [92, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0028-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington Air National Guard, Air Refueling mission\nDuring the 1990 Gulf Crisis Aircrew, maintenance and support personnel responded to the Iraq invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990, and deployed to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Upon federal activation in December 1990, all eight of the unit's KC-135's deployed to the Middle East. The 116th refueled coalition attack aircraft during Operation Desert Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 91], "content_span": [92, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0029-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington Air National Guard, Air Refueling mission\nIn December 1992, the unit responded with aircrew and support personnel for Operation Restore Hope, a United Nations relief mission to aid hunger victims in Somalia, flying missions from Moron AB, Spain. June 1995, several rotations deployed to Pisa, Italy, for Operation Deny Flight, NATO mission enforcing the no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina. In May 1999, six KC-135E's deployed to Budapest, Hungary in support of Operation Allied Force to deter ethnic aggressions in Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 91], "content_span": [92, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0030-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington Air National Guard, Air Refueling mission\nOn 13 January 1999, one of the unit's KC-135E's crashed at Geilenkirchen Air Base, Germany, killing all four crew members. This was the first time the unit lost an aircraft or lives since beginning the aerial refueling mission in 1976. A monument was erected at the site the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 91], "content_span": [92, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0031-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nAfter the 11 September 2001 attacks, the squadron began refueling flights supporting Operation Noble Eagle almost immediately. In 2002 a new digital navigation system, called Pacer CRAG, was added to the aircraft and crews trained to function without a navigator. Members of the 116th also joined the thousands of Guard and Reserve forces called up to deploy all over the world in support of America's \"War on Terror.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 93], "content_span": [94, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0032-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nWhen the first Guard KC-135 R-model landed on Fairchild AFB in January 2003, with its new engines, it became the 40th different airplane the 116th pilots had flown since it was created back in 1924. Each one of the four engines of the KC-135R produces over 21,000 pounds of thrust. The unit's first plane, the JN-6-A2 \"Jenny,\" had a wooden body covered in fabric and only weighed 1,430 pounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 93], "content_span": [94, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0033-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nAt the time President George W. Bush ordered coalition military units into Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003, the 116th was in a training status to transition into the R model KC-135. Since then the 116th has supported continuous deployments including antiterrorism efforts abroad under Operation Enduring Freedom and air refueling missions over the US for homeland defense flights under Operation Noble Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 93], "content_span": [94, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0034-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nDuring a banquet ceremony in July 2003, the 141st Air Refueling Wing accepted the coveted Solano Trophy marking the wing as the best Air National Guard unit in the 15th Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 93], "content_span": [94, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0035-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nOverseas deployments and homeland security refueling missions have dominated the tasking landscape for the squadron since 2004. In response to the Congress-mandated 2005 Base Realignment and Closure process, the last of the KC-135 Stratotankers belonging to the 141st Air Refueling Wing were redirected to Iowa, and as of 1 October 2007 116th crew members now share aircraft with the active duty 92d Air Refueling Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 93], "content_span": [94, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0036-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Washington Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nToday, 116th crews still deploy around the world to fulfill Air Expeditionary Force commitments much the same as during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 93], "content_span": [94, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007183-0037-0000", "contents": "116th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Lineage\n* * This unit is not related to another 116th Aero Squadron (Service) that was activated in March 1918 at Kelly Field, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007184-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Battalion (Ontario County), CEF\nThe 116th Battalion (Ontario County), CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force in the Great War. The battalion was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Britain on 23 July 1916. From October to December 1916 it provided reinforcements for the Canadian Corps. On 11 February 1917 it disembarked in France, where it fought with the 9th Infantry Brigade, 3rd Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war. The battalion was disbanded on 30 August 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007184-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Battalion (Ontario County), CEF\nThe 116th Battalion recruited in Ontario County and was mobilized at Uxbridge, Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007184-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Battalion (Ontario County), CEF\nThe twice-Officer Commanding the Battalion, Lt.-Col. George R. Pearkes, would go on to a distinguished military and political career. He retired from the Canadian Army in 1945 as a Major-General, served as a Member of Parliament, including as the Minister of National Defence from 1957 to 1960 and as the Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia from 1960 to 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007184-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Battalion (Ontario County), CEF\nThe 116th Battalion is perpetuated by the Ontario Regiment RCAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007185-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 116th Brigade was a formation of  the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 39th Division. The brigade was originally numbered the 121st intended for the 40th Division of the Fifth New Army. The brigades first commander was Brigadier-General Reginald Barnes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007185-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Brigade (United Kingdom), Order of Battle\nThe infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team\nThe 116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team is the largest formation of the Idaho Army National Guard. It is headquartered at Gowen Field, Boise, Idaho. It has been reorganized into an Armored Brigade Combat Team (ABCT) but remains the only unit to be designated a \"Cavalry Brigade Combat Team\" by special appointment of the US Army. The 116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team has units located throughout Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Nevada. It was reorganized into a heavy armor brigade in 1989. Often referred to as the Snake River Brigade and formerly known as the 116th Armored Cavalry Regiment, the unit includes about 3,000 citizen-soldiers from Idaho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team\nIn July 2016, the 116th CBCT took part in Exercise Saber Guardian, which involve deploying troop elements from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Canada, Georgia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Ukraine and the U.S.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, History\nThe 116th Cavalry (Snake River Regiment) was constituted on 4 March 1920 in the Idaho National Guard as the 1st Cavalry. It organized between March \u2013 November 1920 in the valley of the Snake River. It was redesignated on 12 October 1921 as the 116th Cavalry (less 2nd and 3rd Squadrons): Headquarters was federally recognized on 11 February 1922 at Boise (2nd and 3rd Squadrons were allotted in 1929 to the Idaho National Guard). The location of headquarters changed on 15 March 1929 to Weiser; and on 9 December 1930 back to Boise. The 116th Cavalry (less 3rd Squadron) converted and was redesignated on 16 September 1940 to the 183rd Field Artillery (the 3rd Squadron concurrently converted and was redesignated as elements of the 148th Field Artillery\u2014hereafter separate lineage).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, History\nThe 183rd Field Artillery Battalion was inducted into federal service on 1 April 1941 at home stations. The regiment was broken up on 8 February 1943 and its elements were reorganized and redesignated as follows: Headquarters and Headquarters Battery as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 183 Field Artillery Group; the 1st Battalion as the 183rd Field Artillery Battalion (it inactivated on 30 October 1944, Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts); the 2nd Battalion as the 951st Field Artillery Battalion (it inactivated on 13 October 1945 also at Camp Myles Standish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, History\nThe above units were reorganized as elements of the 183rd Infantry (Headquarters was federally recognized on 10 January 1947 at Twin Falls) and the 116th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Headquarters was federally recognized on 8 January 1947 at Caldwell). The 183rd Infantry (less 3rd Battalion) and 116th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron were consolidated, reorganized, and redesignated on 12 September 1949 as the 116th Armored Cavalry with headquarters at Twin Falls. The 3rd Battalion, 183rd Infantry, was concurrently converted and redesignated as the 116th Engineer Combat Battalion\u2014hereafter separate lineage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0004-0001", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, History\nThe 3rd Squadron was allotted on 15 December 1967 to the Nevada Army National Guard; it was relieved on 11 May 1974 from allotment to the Nevada Army National Guard and allotted to the Oregon Army National Guard. The 1st Squadron was relieved on 1 May 1977 from allotment to the Idaho Army National Guard. The Attack Helicopter Company was allotted on 1 September 1975 to the Washington and Wyoming Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, History\nThe unit reorganized and was redesignated on 1 September 1989 in the Idaho and Oregon Army National Guard as the 116th Cavalry, a parent regiment under the United States Army Regiment System, to consist of the 2nd and 3rd Battalions and Troop E, elements of the 116th Cavalry Brigade, and Troop F, and element of the 41st Infantry Brigade. The 116th Cavalry Brigade then joined the 4th Infantry Division as the roundout brigade. It was reorganized on 1 October 1995 to consist of the 2nd and 3rd Battalions, elements of the 116th Cavalry Brigade and in 1996 the brigade left the 4th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0006-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, History, Operation Joint Forge (SFOR XI)\nApproximately 300 Idaho and Montana Army National Guardsmen and women of the 116th served in Bosnia in 2001 and 2002. The 116th Cavalry Brigade, headquartered at Gowen Field, deployed approximately 100 soldiers in March 2002, returning in October 2002. The 116th was under the command and control of the Army's 25th Infantry Division, Hawaii, during the deployment. The 91st Division (Training Support) trained the 116th Cavalry Brigade prior to its deployment to Bosnia for Stabilization Force 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 75], "content_span": [76, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0007-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom III\nIn the early part of 2004 the 116th Cavalry Brigade was alerted for a mobilization to support Operation Iraqi Freedom. In June that year the entire brigade deployed for 18 months. The brigade spent the first six months at Fort Bliss, TX and Fort Polk, LA training for their combat mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 71], "content_span": [72, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0008-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom III\nThe majority of the brigade arrived in Iraq late 2004. The 116th Cavalry Brigade was assigned to the northern part of Iraq, primarily in and around the oil-rich city of Kirkuk with elements occupying FOB Warrior, FOB McHenry and Gains Mills. For nearly a full year the soldiers of the 116th Cavalry Brigade conducted full spectrum operations in and around Kirkuk, stabilizing the region for national elections, and training the Iraqi Army and police forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 71], "content_span": [72, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0009-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom III\nThe Iraq deployment marked the first time in the 116th Cavalry Brigade's history that the entire brigade had deployed together. This was also the first time that the 116th shoulder sleeve insignia was authorized to wear as the shoulder sleeve insignia \u2013 Former Wartime Service (often referred to as a combat patch).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 71], "content_span": [72, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0010-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom III\nAs a cavalry unit, many soldiers serving in the brigade during the deployment were authorized to wear the gold combat spurs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 71], "content_span": [72, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0011-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom III\nIn November 2005 the 116th Cavalry Brigade redeployed to the United States. After redeployment the 116th Cavalry was officially redesignated from 116th Cavalry Brigade to 116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 71], "content_span": [72, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0012-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, History, Operation New Dawn\nOn 17 September 2010 the brigade began a 12-month deployment to Iraq, first traveling to Camp Shelby, Mississippi, for training and premobilization certification. After serving for a year in various locations in Iraq performing Force Protection missions, the brigade returned to Idaho in September 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0013-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, History, Operation New Dawn\nDuring their deployment, they conducted numerous Force Protection missions. The unit was spread all over Iraq, being the main controlling task force for the country, from Late November 2010 to early September 2011, when they turned the country over to the Kentucky National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0014-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, History, Operation New Dawn\nFrom Quick Reaction Force platoons, convoy security teams, to ECP operations as well as administrative and biometrics operations, UAV operations, the 116th play a major role in initiating Operation New Dawn and the overall turnover of the country to the Iraqi Government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0015-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, Insignia, Shoulder Sleeve Insignia\nDescription: On a scarlet disc with a 1\u20448 inch (0.32\u00a0cm) yellow border 2\u00a01\u20442 inches (6.4\u00a0cm) in diameter overall, a yellow sun emitting twelve rays surmounted by a blue horizontal wavy band bearing a yellow gliding snake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 69], "content_span": [70, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0016-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, Insignia, Shoulder Sleeve Insignia\nSymbolism: The wavy band and the snake are taken from the coat of arms of the former organization, the 116th Armored Cavalry Regiment. The wavy band and snake represent the Snake River, and refer to the home area of the former organization, the Snake River Valley. The sun alludes to the state of Idaho, noted for the beauty of its sunrises. The name is taken from Shoshoni Indian words meaning \" the sun comes down the mountain\" or \"it is morning.\" The predominant color, yellow, is representative of Armored Cavalry units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 69], "content_span": [70, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0017-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, Insignia, Shoulder Sleeve Insignia\nBackground: The shoulder sleeve insignia was originally approved for the 116th Armored Cavalry Regiment on 9 October 1967. The insignia was redesignated and the symbolism revised on 1 September 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 69], "content_span": [70, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0018-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, Insignia, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nA gold color metal and enamel device 1\u00a03\u204416 inches (3.0\u00a0cm) high, consisting of a bundle of five gold arrows, points up, encompassed on either side of the tripartite black scroll passing across the center of the arrows and inscribed \"MOVE STRIKE DESTROY\" in gold letters; overall in base a red coiled rattlesnake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 70], "content_span": [71, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0019-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, Insignia, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nSymbolism: Yellow/gold is the color traditionally associated with Cavalry. The coiled rattlesnake epitomizes the unit's motto \u2013 capabilities and military preparedness. The snake also alludes to the unit's association with the old 116th Armored Cavalry Regiment. The five arrows symbolize the unit's five campaign credits during World War II as Field Artillery; scarlet and yellow/gold are the colors associated with Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 70], "content_span": [71, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007186-0020-0000", "contents": "116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, Insignia, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nBackground: The distinctive unit insignia was authorized on 2 May 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 70], "content_span": [71, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007187-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 116th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 2, 1951, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Governor Elbert N. Carvel and Alexis I. du Pont Bayard as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007187-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007187-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 116th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007187-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007187-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007188-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 116th Division (\u7b2c116\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuj\u016broku Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was Storm Division (\u5d50\u5175\u56e3, Ran Heidan). It was formed on 15 May 1938 in Kyoto as a B-class square division, simultaneously with the 106th Division. The nucleus for the formation was the 16th Division headquarters. The division was originally subordinated to the Central China Expeditionary Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007188-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe division landed in Shanghai on 24 June 1938, and was immediately sent to the Dabie Mountains and Battle of Wuhan through Anqing. From March 1939, a small part of the division participated in the Battle of Nanchang. After the Central China Expeditionary Army was abolished, the division was reassigned to Thirteenth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007188-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nIn the aftermath of the Doolittle Raid 18 April 1942, the unit participated in the Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign. In December 1942, the 138th Infantry Regiment was transferred to the 31st Division, therefore the 116th division became a triangular division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007188-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nIn November 1943, the division fought in the Battle of Changde, and from May 1944 - in the Battle of Changsha (1944).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007188-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nIn October 1944, it was transferred to Twentieth Army and take a part in the Defense of Hengyang as a part of Operation Ichi-Go. During the intensive 40-day assault of Chinese positions, the division has suffered major losses but was able to capture the city. From March 1945, it also participated in the Battle of West Henan\u2013North Hubei with the help of the newly created 86th Independent Mixed Brigade. By the day of the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945, the division was still in Hengyang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007189-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 116th Field Artillery is a regiment of the Florida Army National Guard. Currently there are two battalions; 2-116th FA is fires battalion for the 53rd Brigade Combat Team, and 3-116th (HIMARS) is part of the 164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, both of the Florida Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007189-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Field Artillery Regiment, History\n\"The 116th Field Artillery has had a singular history in the period covered since the date of its organization in Florida. Perhaps no regiment of the Florida National Guard within the United States has had such dramatic calls upon its services. Woven into the pattern of everyday life, the work of the peacetime soldier calls forth little notice from the general public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007189-0001-0001", "contents": "116th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nHowever, when disaster threatens the structure of the commonwealth, either man-made, or by the hand of Providence, the National Guard steps promptly into the breach, and, with a steady hand firmly applied, brings aid and comfort to the stricken and punishment to the law breaker.\" (From the official regimental history, compiled by Lieutenant Colonel George E. Grace, Florida Army National Guard)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007189-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThis regiment was originally organized during the First World War at Camp Wheeler, Georgia from 1 October 1917 through 1 November 1917, as part of the 31st (Dixie) Division. Although transported overseas it saw no combat action and was mustered from federal service on January 16, 1919. On December 5, 1921 Sumter L. Lowry Jr. of Tampa, Florida, upon commission issued by the Adjutant General, State of Florida presented for federal recognition three batteries to constitute units of a regiment to be known as the 116th Field Artillery. Thus on December 5, 1921, three firing batteries, A, B, and C formed the basis of the First Battalion 116th Field Artillery. Major Sumter L. Lowry Jr. commanding. The battalion was inspected and mustered into service by then Lieutenant Colonel Vivian Collins present Adjutant General of Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007189-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nCompletion of the First Battalion was effected February 15, 1922, with the establishment of Headquarters Battery and Combat Train First Battalion. In 1922 the City of Tampa and Hillsborough County furnished land and funds for the construction of stables, gunsheds, and armory buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007189-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nAn expansive movement was made for the establishment of a full regiment by the founding of the Second Battalion. Firing batteries D, E, and F were located at Lakeland, Plant City, and Arcadia with Headquarters Battery and Combat Train Second Battalion in Bartow. The Second Battalion participated in summer encampment in 1923 and was federally recognized as a unit on August 23, 1923, with Major Fred Hampton commanding. The regiment received official recognition at Tampa January 20, 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007189-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nUltimately, the subordinate units of the 2nd Battalion, 116th Field Artillery were re-designated and relocated in some cases in different cities: HQ Battery - Lakeland. A Battery - Bartow. B Battery - Dade City. C Battery - Winter Haven. Service Battery - Haines City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007189-0006-0000", "contents": "116th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 2nd Battalion, 116th Field Artillery has seen service in Iraq and Afghanistan and served in Homestead, Florida in the aftermath of Hurricane Andrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007190-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Fighter Aviation Regiment\nThe 116th Fighter Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 116. lova\u010dki puk, 116. \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a) was a unit originally established in 1944 as the 113th Fighter Aviation Regiment (113. vazduhoplovni lova\u010dki puk, 113. \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a). It was formed from Yugoslav partisan aviators, trained and equipped by the Soviet Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007190-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, 113th Fighter Aviation Regiment\nThe 113th Fighter Aviation Regiment was established on December 15, 1944, in Ruma, from Yugoslav partisan aviators with the Soviet Air Force 17th Air Army's 267th Fighter Aviation Regiment (267.IAP). It became independent from Soviet command and personnel in May 1945. The regiment was part of the 11th Aviation Fighter Division and equipped with Soviet Yak-1M fighter aircraft. The regiment took part in final operations for the liberation of Yugoslavia and was based at Ruma, Ilinovac, Ba\u010dki Brestovac, Ilinovac (again) and Velika Gorica/Pleso airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007190-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, 113th Fighter Aviation Regiment\nBy 1945 then new Yak-3 fighters were introduced into service. After the war the regiment moved to Slovenia, being based at Ljubljana and Cerklje airfields. By 1947 it was re-located to Macedonia, where it was based at Skopje. From June 18 to September 21 1947, the regiment was based at Tirana in Albania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007190-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, 113th Fighter Aviation Regiment\nIn 1948 this regiment was renamed, like all other units of the Yugoslav Army, becoming the 116th Fighter Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007190-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, 113th Fighter Aviation Regiment\nThe commanders of the regiment in this period were Miljenko Lipov\u0161\u0107ak, Nikola Cviki\u0107, Ljubo Koji\u0107 and Spasen Zarevski. The commissars were Drago \u0110uri\u010dkovi\u0107, \u0110uro Savi\u0107 and Milo\u0161 Miliki\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007190-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, 116th Fighter Aviation Regiment\nThe regiment was formed by renaming the 113th Fighter Aviation Regiment which was at Skopski Petrovac airport, where it remained until it was disbanded. The regiment was part of the 39th Aviation Division until 1959, when it was subordinated to the 3rd Air Command. It was equipped with Soviet Yak-3s until 1952 when they were replaced with new domestically produced Ikarus S-49C fighters. The regiment also had a number of various trainers, including the Soviet Yak-9U, the domestically produced Utva 212 and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007190-0006-0000", "contents": "116th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, 116th Fighter Aviation Regiment\nThe commanders of the regiment in this period were Spasen Zarevski, Branko Kuna, Aleksandar Bra\u010dun, Drago Stanisavljevi\u0107, Petar Pavi\u0107 and Stevan Leka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007191-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Guards Assault Air Base\nThe 116th Guards Assault Aviation Radomskaya Red Banner Base (Belarusian: 116-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0437\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0456\u044f\u0446\u044b\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0427\u044b\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0446\u044f\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430; Russian: 116-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430) is a compound of the Belarusian Air Force. The place of deployment is Lida Airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007191-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Guards Assault Air Base, History\nThe unit was formed as the 563rd Fighter Aviation Regiment of a two-squadron composition near Moscow in the fall of 1941. On 3 September 1943, it was reorganized into the 116th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment. On 8 October 1943, the unit was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. In February 1945, the 116th IAP was given the honorary name \"Radomsky\" for covering Red Army forces during combat missions to capture the Polish city of Radom. In 1982, the 116th Guards received brand new Su-24's of the Soviet Air Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007191-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Guards Assault Air Base, History\nIn connection with the signing of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, the summer of 1989 the regiment was relocated from the Brand Airfield to Ross Airfield in the Grodno Region of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic as part of the Belarusian Military District, becoming part of the 1st Guards Bomber Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007191-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Guards Assault Air Base, History\nIn July 1992, the regiment became part of the Belarusian Air Force, with personnel taking an oath of allegiance to the new republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007191-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Guards Assault Air Base, History\nDuring reforms of the Air Force, it was reorganized into the 116th Guards Bomber Aviation Base with the preservation of all its Soviet era awards and honorary titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007192-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 116th Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007192-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 116th Illinois Infantry was organized in Decatur, Illinois, and mustered in for three years service on September 30, 1862, under the command of Colonel Nathan W. Tupper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007192-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 4th Brigade, 5th Division, District of Memphis, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, November 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, District of Memphis, XIII Corps, to December 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Sherman's Yazoo Pass Expedition, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XV Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007192-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 116th Illinois Infantry mustered out of service on June 7, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007192-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAt Memphis, Tennessee, until November 26, 1862. Grant's Central Mississippi Campaign. \"Tallahatchie March\" November 26-December 12. Sherman's Yazoo Expedition December 20, 1862, to January 2, 1863. Chickasaw Bayou December 26-28, 1862. Chickasaw Bluff December 29. Expedition to Arkansas Post, Arkansas, January 3-10, 1863. Assault on and capture of Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, January 10-11. Moved to Young's Point, Louisiana, January 17-22, and duty there until March. Expedition to Rolling Fork, Mississippi, via Muddy, Steele's and Black Bayous, and Deer Creek, March 14-27. Demonstrations against Haines' and Drumgould's Bluffs April 29-May 2. Movement to Jackson, Mississippi, via Grand Gulf, May 2-14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007192-0004-0001", "contents": "116th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nJackson May 14. Champion Hill May 16. Siege of Vicksburg May 18-July 4. Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22. Surrender of Vicksburg July 4. Advance on Jackson, Mississippi, July 4-10. Siege of Jackson July 10-17. At Big Black until September 22. Moved to Memphis, Tennessee; then marched to Chattanooga September 26-November 20. Operations on Memphis & Charleston Railroad in Alabama October 20-29. Bear Creek, Tuscumbia, October 27. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23-27. Foot of Missionary Ridge November 24. Tunnel Hill November 24-25. Missionary Ridge November 25. Pursuit to Graysville November 26-27. March to relief of Knoxville November 28-December 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007192-0004-0002", "contents": "116th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Larkinsville, Alabama, and duty there until May 1864. Expedition toward Rome, Georgia, January 25-February 5. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Demonstrations on Resaca May 8-13. Near Resaca May 13. Battle of Resaca May 14-15. Advance on Dallas May 18-25. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2-5. Chattahoochie River July 5-17. Battle of Atlanta July 22. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007192-0004-0003", "contents": "116th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nEzra Chapel, Hood's second sortie, July 28. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25-30. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2-6. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. March to the Sea November 15-December 10. Clinton November 21-28. Ball's Ferry and Georgia Central Railroad Bridge, Oconee River, November 23-25. Statesboro December 4. Siege of Savannah December 10-21. Fort McAllister December 13. Campaign of the Carolinas January to April, 1865. Salkehatchie Swamps, S. C., February 2-5. South Edisto River February 9. North Edisto River February 12-13. Columbia February 16-17. Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina, March 20-21. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 10-14. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Virginia, April 29-May 19. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 1032]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007192-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 295 men during its service; 7 officers and 49 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 7 officers and 232 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007193-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Independent Field Battery, RCA\nThe 116th Independent Field Battery, Royal Canadian Artillery is a Canadian Army Reserve independent artillery battery based in Kenora, Ontario, which forms part of the 3rd Canadian Division's 38 Canadian Brigade Group. The battery parades at the Kenora Armoury, 800-11th Avenue North, Kenora, Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007193-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Independent Field Battery, RCA, Lineage\nThe 116th Independent Field Battery, RCA originated in Kenora, Ontario on 1 April 1908 as the 98th Regiment. It was redesignated as The Rainy River and Kenora Regiment on 12 March 1920 and The Kenora Light Infantry on 1 September 1921. On 15 December 1936 it was reorganized as two artillery batteries designated the 16th Medium Battery (Howitzer), RCA and the 17th Medium Battery (Howitzer), RCA (disbanded 31 March 1946). The 16th Medium Battery (Howitzer), RCA was redesignated the 16th (Reserve) Medium Battery (Howitzer), RCA on 7 November 1940. On 1 April 1946, it was amalgamated with the 209th (Reserve) Field Battery, RCA and redesignated the 116th Medium Battery, RCA. It was redesignated the 116th Field Battery, RCA on 19 March 1965 and the 116th Independent Field Battery, RCA on 1 January 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007193-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Independent Field Battery, RCA, Lineage\nThe 209th (Reserve) Field Battery, RCA originated in Winnipeg, Manitoba on 2 February 1920 as the 11th Siege Battery, CA. It was redesignated as the 11th Medium Battery (Howitzer), CA on 1 July 1925, as the 11th Medium Battery (Howitzer), RCA on 3 June 1935, as the 11th (Reserve) Medium Battery (Howitzer), RCA on 7 November 1940 and the 209th (Reserve) Field Battery, RCA on 19 October 1942. On 1 April 1946, it was amalgamated with the 16th (Reserve) Medium Battery, RCA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007193-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Independent Field Battery, RCA, Perpetuations\nThe 116th Independent Field Battery, RCA, perpetuates the 94th Battalion (New Ontario), CEF, and No. 11 Canadian Siege Battery, Canadian Garrison Artillery, CEF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007193-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Independent Field Battery, RCA, Operational history, The Great War\nDetails from the 98th Regiment were placed on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007193-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Independent Field Battery, RCA, Operational history, The Great War\nThe 94th Battalion (New Ontario), CEF was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Britain on 28 June 1916, where its personnel were absorbed by the 17th Reserve Battalion, CEF and the 32nd Battalion, CEF on 18 July 1916 to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion was disbanded on 27 July 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007193-0006-0000", "contents": "116th Independent Field Battery, RCA, Operational history, The Great War\nNo . 11 Canadian Siege Battery was mobilized in England as No. 11 Canadian Siege Battery, CGA, CEF on 7 November 1917 from personnel of the 2nd Brigade, Canadian Reserve Artillery. The battery disembarked in France on 3 April 1918 where it provided siege artillery support as part of the 3rd Brigade, CGA, CEF, in France and Flanders until the end of the war. The battery was disbanded on 23 October 1920. There is no lineal connection with the 11th Canadian Siege Battery, CGA, CEF which was authorized on 30 May 1917 and subsequently absorbed into the 1st, 5th and '8th Battery Siege Artillery, CFA, CEF on 19 October 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007193-0007-0000", "contents": "116th Independent Field Battery, RCA, Operational history, The Second World War\nThe 17th Field Regiment, RCA was mobilized originally as two batteries, the 37th Battery and the 60/76 Battery. The 37th Battery was recruited as three troops, A troop at Fort William and Port Arthur, B troop at Fort Frances Frances and Kenora, and C troop at Portage la Prairie. The 60/76 Battery was recruited entirely from Saskatchewan, half coming from Aneroid and other points in Western and South Western Saskatchewan while the second half came from Indian Head and the CPR main line district East of Regina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007193-0008-0000", "contents": "116th Independent Field Battery, RCA, Operational history, The Second World War\nThe Non-Permanent Active Militia units from which these two active service batteries were formed, were the 7th Medium Artillery Brigade which consisted of the 16th Battery centred at Kenora, the 17th Battery at Fort Frances and the 18th Battery at Port Arthur, the 26 Field Artillery Brigade from Brandon, the 10th and 22nd Field Artillery Brigades of South Saskatchewan. These units provided the NCO and officer nucleus which was responsible for the initial training and the transformation from a civilian to a soldier regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007193-0009-0000", "contents": "116th Independent Field Battery, RCA, Operational history, The Second World War\nThe 17th Regiment, RCA was a three-battery, 24 gun regiment. Each of the three batteries of the regiment contained two troops. The 37th Battery made up Charlie and Dog Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007193-0010-0000", "contents": "116th Independent Field Battery, RCA, Operational history, The Second World War\nThe 11th Medium Battery mobilized the 11th Medium Battery, RCA, CASF on 1 September 1939. On 1 June 1940 it was amalgamated with the 8th Medium Battery, RCA, CASF and redesignated the 8th/11th Medium Battery, RCA, CASF. On 24 May 1941 this amalgamation ceased and it was again designated the 11th Medium Battery, RCA, CASF. It was redesignated the 11th Heavy Anti- Aircraft Battery, RCA, CASF on 22 December 1941. The battery disembarked in France on 6 August 1944, where it provided heavy anti-aircraft artillery support as part of the 2nd Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment (Mobile) in North West Europe until the end of the war. The overseas battery was disbanded on 7 September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007193-0011-0000", "contents": "116th Independent Field Battery, RCA, Equipment\nA Universal Carrier and M114 155 mm howitzer are found along the side and main entrance to the Armoury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007194-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 116th Regiment Indiana Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007194-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 116th Indiana Infantry was organized at Lafayette, Indiana for a six-month enlistment and mustered in August 17, 1863 under the command of Colonel William C. Kise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007194-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Mahan's 1st Brigade, Wilcox's Left Wing Forces, Department of the Ohio, to October 1863. 2nd Brigade, Wilcox's Division, Left Wing Forces, Department of the Ohio, to January 1864. District of the Clinch, Department of the Ohio, to February 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007194-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 116th Indiana Infantry mustered out of service February 29 to March 2, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007194-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Dearborn, Michigan, August 31, and guarded the arsenal there until September 16. Moved to Nicholasville, Kentucky, September 16. Marched from Nicholasville, to Cumberland Gap September 24-October 3, 1863, and to Morristown October 6\u20138. Action at Blue Springs October 10. Marched to Greenville and duty there until November 6; then marched to Bull's Gap and across Clinch Mountain to Clinch River November\u2013December. Action at Walker's Ford, Clinch River, December 2. Duty at Tazewell, Maynardsville, and in eastern Tennessee until February 1864. Action at Tazewell January 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007194-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 65 men during service; 1 enlisted men killed, 64 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team\nThe 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team is an infantry brigade combat team currently assigned to the Virginia Army National Guard, formerly known as the 1st Brigade, 29th Infantry Division; it is the largest command of the Virginia Army National Guard with an authorized strength of 3,400. The brigade is headquartered in Staunton, Virginia, at the Thomas Howie Memorial Armory, and is nicknamed the Stonewall Brigade in honor of its association with the 116th Infantry Regiment, tracing its lineage back to elements of an American Civil War Confederate brigade of the same name led by General Stonewall Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, History\n2nd Brigade, 29th Infantry Division was formed on 22 March 1963 as part of the United States Army Reorganization Objective Army Division (ROAD) reorganization, which assigned three brigades to each division, replacing the previous Pentomic system. The Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) of the brigade was redesignated from Staunton-based Company D, 2d Battle Group, 116th Infantry, which had previously served as the headquarters company of the 116th Infantry Regiment between 1956 and 1959, after which it was consolidated with the regiment's Tank Company during the Pentomic reorganization. The 29th Division was eliminated on 1 February 1968, and the 2nd Brigade became the 116th Brigade, 28th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, History\nThe brigade headquarters was consolidated with Detachment 3, 28th Adjutant General Company on 1 April 1975 when the brigade became the 116th Infantry Brigade, a nondivisional unit supervised by the Virginia Department of Military Affairs. Its units included the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions of the 116th Infantry, the 1st Battalion, 246th Field Artillery, Troop C, 183rd Cavalry, the 76th Aviation Company, the 237th Engineer Company, and the 684th Heavy Equipment Maintenance Company. The 29th was reformed in 1985 and the brigade was accordingly redesignated as the 1st Brigade, 29th Infantry Division on 1 May 1986. During the army's reorganization into brigade combat teams in 2005, 1st Brigade, 29th Division again became the 116th Brigade, this time as an infantry brigade combat team, on 1 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, History\nOn 1 November 2002, the 2nd Battalion, 116th Infantry Regiment was mobilized for deployment to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba to take part in Operation Enduring Freedom. This marked the first mobilization of a battalion of the 29th Infantry Division since World War II. The unit provided security of the base and Camp Delta, the detainee camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, History\nOn 1 March 2004, the 3rd Battalion, 116th Infantry Regiment was mobilized for deployment to Afghanistan to take part in Operation Enduring Freedom. Members of the battalion reported to armories around Virginia and began arriving at Bagram Air Field in Afghanistan on 15 July 2004. They were quickly engaged in operations. The battalion conducted combat operations in Ghazni and SECFOR operations at Bagram Airfield. Numerous slice elements were placed under the operational control of the battalion. The newly formed task force assumed the name of the beaches the regiment stormed more than 60 years prior \u2013 Normandy. During the deployment two 116th Infantry soldiers were killed by a roadside bomb, the first Virginia National Guard soldiers to die in combat since World War II. The battalion returned to the United States in July 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, History\nIn August 2006, the 1st Battalion mobilized in support of KFOR as part of the 29th Infantry Division to provide stability operations in the Serbian province of Kosovo with NATO. They become known as Task Force Red Dragon for the duration of their deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0006-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, History\nIn 2007, the Brigade Special Troops Battalion, 116th BCT of the Virginia Army National Guard replaced the 229th Engineer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0007-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, History\nIn May 2007, the Brigade Headquarters Company mobilized in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Headquarters Company was stationed on the International Zone and did not suffer any casualties. A company 116th BSTB was stationed in Camp Cedar II, near the city of An N\u0101\u015fir\u012byah, Iraq. Among many tasks, the combat engineer unit conducted route clearance throughout MSR route Tampa to clear convoys for safe travel. In February 2008, the unit demobilized at Fort Dix, NJ and returned to Fredericksburg, VA", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0008-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, History\nIn June 2007, the 2d Squadron, 183rd Cavalry Regiment commanded by LTC Walt Mercer; the 3d Battalion, 116th Infantry Regiment commanded by LTC John M. Epperly; and Company F, 429th Brigade Support Battalion were deployed to Iraq and Kuwait. Companies A, B, and C of the 3d Battalion, 116th Infantry Regiment successfully conducted convoy security patrols throughout Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0008-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, History\nHHC & Co D, 3\u2013116th, 2\u2013183rd CAV, and F/429th conducted security force missions in Kuwait and Southern Iraq for strategically vital assets; to include 2-183rd CAV Troops A and C, with HQ and Colorado Guard components completing several extended roadside and personal security, surveillance and mercy missions, and numerous combat patrols throughout Kuwait and Southern Iraq provinces and along oil pipelines outside Basrah. The Purple Heart was awarded during the deployment for taking shrapnel from sniper fire, and the Iraq Campaign Medal was issued for those members serving in the Iraq theater of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0009-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, History\nIn January 2010, the first battalion mobilized with the Louisiana National Guard's 256th IBCT to Iraq and conducted convoy security missions in southern Iraq. Known at TF Overlord, a tribute the unit's D-Day heritage, the unit includes the Headquarters Company from Lynchburg, VA; Company A from Bedford, VA; Company B from Lexington, VA; Company C from Christiansburg, VA; and Company D from Pulaski, VA. The battalion was commanded by LTC E. Scott Smith of Lynchburg, VA. The unit returned with no losses in September 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0010-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, History\nIn May 2011, the Brigade Headquarters Company (HHC) plus the UAV Platoon (B/116 BSTB) were mobilized in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. Approximately 185 Soldiers were mobilized for this deployment. They served as the control element for Combined Team Zabul in Zabul Province, Afghanistan. During their deployment, the HHC directed a mix of US Active Duty and National Guard units as well as Romanian units in continuing operations in Zabul Province. They were commanded by COL Blake Ortner and suffered no combat casualties during the deployment. The brigade HHC returned to the US and demobilized at the beginning of January 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0011-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, History\nIn June 2011, Task Force 183 (TF183) mobilized to support Operation New Dawn. This was the largest mobilization of the Virginia Army National Guard since WWII, consisting of 825 soldiers. TF183 comprised most of the 2d Squadron, 183d Cavalry Regiment plus elements of the 116th BSTB, 116th BSB, 1-116 Infantry and D Co 3-116 Infantry. TF183 returned to the US and demobilized in December 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0012-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, History\nOn 15 October 2016, the Brigade Special Troops Battalion became the 229th Brigade Engineer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0013-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Current Units\n116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team consists of the following elements:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0014-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Insignia\nThe brigade had its own shoulder patch which was most recently worn in 2006\u20132007. The shoulder sleeve insignia depicted Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson mounted on his horse, a reference to the 116th's lineage as the Stonewall Brigade. The shoulder sleeve insignia was originally approved for the 116th Infantry Brigade on 26 May 1978. The patch's nickname is \"Stony on a Pony.\" When the 29th Infantry Division was reactivated in 1985, the brigade was assigned to the division and began wearing the division shoulder patch. Following the Army's reorganization of combat divisions in 2005 into brigade-centric units, ARNG brigades within divisions began wearing brigade patches as Department of the Army policy. The 116th BCT returned to wearing the division shoulder patch on 1 April 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0015-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Shoulder sleeve insignia\nOn an oblong shield curved at top and bottom, 2\u00a01\u20442 inches (6.4\u00a0cm) in width and 3 inches (7.6\u00a0cm) in height overall, a gray silhouette representative of the Stonewall Jackson Monument at Manassas Battlefield Park, Virginia, on a blue background all within a 1\u20448 inch (0.32\u00a0cm) white border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0016-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Shoulder sleeve insignia\nThe equestrian figure is a representation of the General Thomas J. Jackson Monument at Manassas where he gained the nickname \"Stonewall\". The colors blue and gray refer to the rich heritage of the state of Virginia and blue and white are the colors associated with the Infantry Branch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0017-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Shoulder sleeve insignia\nThe shoulder sleeve insignia was originally approved for the 116th Infantry Brigade on 26 May 1978. It was redesignated for the 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team with the description updated on 7 April 2006. The insignia was canceled effective 1 April 2007, when the unit became a Brigade of a Division. (TIOH Drawing Number A-1-621)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0018-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Distinctive unit insignia\nA gold color metal and enamel device 1\u00a01\u20444 inches (3.2\u00a0cm) in width overall consisting of a quartered square placed point up, the vertical quarters gray, horizontal quarters blue, and centered thereon a scarlet arrowhead point up, the lower sides of the square enclosed by two gold branches of laurel issuant from the lower center and terminating below the outer petals of two blue fleurs-de-lis issuant from the upper sides of the square, the laurel branches contained in base by a curving blue scroll inscribed with the words \"RALLY ON THE VIRGINIANS\" in gold letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0019-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe blue and gray square at center refers to four years of Civil War participation, with the gray in the vertical quarters indicating Confederate service. The two fleurs-de-lis denote service in World War I and II and the scarlet arrowhead is in honor of the unit's participation in the assault landing at Normandy. The two branches of laurel symbolize awards of both the Presidential Unit Citation and the French Croix de Guerre with Palm for the unit's Normandy Beachhead participation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0019-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe motto is a reference to the Civil War First Battle of Manassas where General Barnard Bee, on seeing General Jackson \"standing like a stone wall\", encouraged his faltering troops to \"Rally on the Virginians\". From that time on Jackson was known as \"Stonewall\" and his brigade as the \"Stonewall Brigade\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007195-0020-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 116th Infantry Brigade on 24 April 1979. It was amended to change the reference in the symbolism on 15 July 1980. The insignia was redesignated for the 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team with the description updated on 7 April 2006. It was canceled effective 1 April 2007, when the unit became a Brigade of a Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007196-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Royal Marines\nThe 116th Infantry Brigade Royal Marines was an infantry brigade formation of the Royal Marines created in the final stages of the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007196-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Royal Marines, Unit history\nThe unit was one of two created to address the manpower shortage of 21st Army Group in early 1945. The brigade was created on 1 January 1945 from former members of the Royal Marines Division, which had been broken up in 1943 and the troops distributed to Marine Commandos, or retrained as landing craft crew. They were quickly re-mustered as regular infantry, organised as a standard Army brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007196-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Royal Marines, Unit history\nThe 116th Brigade was sent into action in February 1945, serving under the First Canadian Army in the crossing of the Maas, and in the advance across the Rhine into north-west Germany to the naval ports, with the 28th Battalion particularly distinguishing itself in the fighting around Oldenburg, and 27th Battalion fighting with the 4th Canadian Armoured Division in their advance through Oldenburg towards Wilhelmshaven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007196-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Brigade Royal Marines, Unit history\nThe brigade remained in northern Germany after the surrender as part of XXX Corps, with their headquarters at Buxtehude, but operating in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven, Emden, Brunsb\u00fcttel, and Cuxhaven, overseeing the capitulation of German naval ships and personnel, until returning to the UK at the end of June 1945 to be disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 116th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment in the Virginia Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe regiment was formed as part of the Virginia Militia. It is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots. Units in its lineage included the Confederate Stonewall Brigade of the Army of Northern Virginia. It was formed under the designation of the 116th during World War I, when previously existing Virginia National Guard units were consolidated in federal service. It fought in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive with the 29th Infantry Division and returned to the United States in 1919, where it was demobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0001-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nIt was reformed in 1922 and called back into federal service before the American entry into World War II in March 1941. It fought in the Normandy landings, on Omaha Beach, where it suffered heavy casualties. It served continuously with the 29th Infantry Division in its eastward advance until reaching the Elbe at the end of World War II in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe regiment was inactivated in 1946 and was reformed in 1948. It was reorganized as part of the Combat Arms Regimental System in 1959, during which it became a parent regiment. Its battalions became part of the 116th Infantry Brigade in 1975. Units of the brigade have since been called into federal service for duty in Kosovo Force, for the Iraq War, and for the War in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Virginia Militia\nThe regiment traces its heritage to the Augusta County Regiment of the Virginia Militia, organized on 3 November 1741 at Beverley's Mill Place, which later became Staunton. Elements of the regiment were called up during the French and Indian War and Dunmore's War. The regiment provided a company, organized on 18 March 1754 and commanded by Captain Andrew Lewis, to the Virginia Regiment. Organized between 11 and 25 August 1755, companies of the regiment led by William Preston, David Lewis, and John Smith became part of the Rangers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Virginia Militia\nDuring the American Revolutionary War, elements of the regiment were called up for active service. Captain William Fontaines's company became part of the 2nd Virginia Regiment and was organized on 21 October 1775. Captain John Hayse's company became part of the 9th Virginia Regiment and was organized on 16 March 1776. Captain David Stephenson's company became part of the 8th Virginia Regiment. Captains David Laird and John Syme's companies were organized on 3 December, becoming part of the 10th Virginia Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Virginia Militia\nOn 31 December 1792, the regiment was expanded to form the 32nd and 93rd Regiments. Elements of 32nd and 93rd were called up during the War of 1812. Around 1839, the two regiments became the 32nd, 93rd, and 160th Regiments. Parts of the 32nd and 160th were called up during the Mexican\u2013American War on 6 January 1847 as the Light Infantry Company of the 1st Regiment of the Virginia (alternately the Augusta) Volunteers at Richmond. The regiment mustered out at Fort Monroe on 27 July 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0006-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nOn 13 April 1861, volunteer companies of the 32nd, 93rd, and 160th Regiments became the 5th Regiment, Virginia Volunteers. They mustered into Confederate service on 1 July 1861 as the 5th Virginia Infantry, part of the Army of the Shenandoah's 1st Brigade, which later became the Stonewall Brigade. The remainder of the three regiments became the 52nd Virginia Infantry after being mustered on 1 May 1862. The 5th and 52nd Virginia Infantry surrendered with the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House on 9 April 1865. The successor 116th Infantry Regiment later received battle honors for the engagements that these Civil War units participated in; thus the regiment carries campaign streamers earned in fighting against the United States Federal government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0007-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, After the Civil War\nFormer troops of the 5th and 52nd Infantry became independent infantry companies in the Shenandoah between 1871 and 1881. These units were part of the Virginia Volunteers. On 2 May 1881, the companies became the 2nd Regiment of Infantry at Staunton. Headquarters moved to Harrisonburg on 22 April 1886. The regiment was disbanded on 2 April 1887 and broken up into independent infantry companies again. On 20 April 1889, these became the 2nd Regiment of Infantry again, now with headquarters at Winchester. The headquarters moved to Woodstock on 15 June 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0008-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, After the Civil War\nDuring the Spanish\u2013American War, the regiment was merged with parts of the 1st Regiment of Infantry. It was called up between 10 and 21 May 1898 and designated the 2nd Virginia Volunteer Infantry, under the command of Colonel James C. Baker. On 2 June, the regiment began its movement to Jacksonville, Florida, where it became part of the Seventh Army Corps at Camp Cuba Libre when it arrived on 3 June. The regiment, along with the 4th Virginia and the 49th Iowa, became part of the Third Brigade of the corps' Second Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0008-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, After the Civil War\nOn 12 August, the Protocol of Peace was signed, ending the combat phase of the war. The Second Virginia was ordered to be mustered out, and on 19 September left its temporary camp at Pablo Beach for home stations. The regiment reached Richmond during 20\u201321 September, where they received a thirty-day leave on 23 September. At the end of the thirty days the regiment's companies were assembled and mustered out at home stations between 13 and 20 December of that year, with a strength of 46 officers and 1,146 enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0008-0002", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, After the Civil War\nThe regiment was disbanded on 29 April 1899 and reorganized from then until 1902 as separate infantry companies. On 19 May 1905, it merged with separate infantry companies formerly part of the disbanded 3rd Regiment of Infantry, which was another regiment that had been formed in 1881 in central Virginia and called up for the Spanish\u2013American War, to become the 72nd Infantry with headquarters at Luray. On 1 September 1908, it became the 2nd Infantry (Virginia Volunteers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0009-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, After the Civil War\nThe regiment became part of the Virginia National Guard on 3 June 1916. The regiment was called up on 30 June at Camp Stuart as a result of US\u2013Mexican tensions on the border. It was sent by train to Brownsville, Texas, on 6 July, arriving on 11 July. In late July, the regiment's machine gun company was formed. The regiment became part of the 1st Provisional Brigade there in early August. On 10 January 1917, the regiment became part of the 2nd Separate Brigade after the command structure of National Guard units in the Brownsville District was reorganized. The regiment departed Brownsville by train after several delays on 11 February. On 16 February, it arrived in Richmond. The regiment mustered out on 28 February 1917 at Richmond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0010-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nOn 25 March 1917, the regiment was called up just before the United States entered World War I, which it did so the following month. The regiment was mustered in between 25 March and 3 April. The regiment guarded bridges and railroads in Virginia. The regiment was drafted on 5 August and a month later departed by train for Camp McClellan, Alabama, arriving there on the evening of 6 September. On 4 October, the 2nd Virginia consolidated with the 1st and 4th Virginia Infantry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0010-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe new regiment became the 116th Infantry, part of the 29th Infantry Division, then at Camp McClellan, Alabama. It served as part of the division's 58th Infantry Brigade alongside the 112th Machine-Gun Battalion and the 115th Infantry Regiment. Colonel Robert F. Leedy of the 2nd Virginia became commander of the new regiment, which included 105 officers and 3,686 enlisted men. Colonel Hansford L. Threlkeld took command on 1 January. He was replaced by Colonel William J. Perry of the 1st Virginia on 1 May. On 5 June, Lieutenant Colonel Hobart M. Brown took command. Brown led the regiment until it reached France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0011-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe regiment conducted training in shooting, gas warfare, and using the bayonet for the next months until 11 June 1918, when it began movement to Hoboken. On 15 June the regiment embarked for France on the USS Finland from there. On 27 June the regiment disembarked at Saint-Nazaire, where it stayed for three days in a former British camp. It moved to Argilli\u00e8res, where additional training was planned. However, due to German pressure on the Allied front, the regiment was moved in early July to Auxelles-Bas. Threlkeld took command of the regiment around this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0011-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nIn August, it transferred to La Chapelle, Br\u00e9chaumont, and Reppe. The regiment occupied trenches in the Haute-Marne sector of Alsace. On 21 August, Colonel A.J. Harris replaced Threlkeld. On 26 August, the 2nd Battalion was attacked by German troops supported by a heavy artillery barrage at 0430. The German troops were repulsed after two hours of fighting, most of which was conducted by Company F. In early September, the regiment moved to Offemont, near Belfort, and then to Hargeville and Souhesmele-Grande. Around 1 October, it camped in the Bois Bouchet as a part of the First Army's reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0012-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe regiment fought in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive with the 29th Division. The regiment was attached to the French 18th Infantry Division. The 3rd Battalion was positioned on the southern slope of the ridge southeast of C\u00f4te des Roches, and the 1st Battalion was along the Canal de l'Est, south of the Samogneux\u2013Brabant road. The regiment's 2nd Battalion was in reserve 1,500 meters northeast of Neuville. During the night of 7 to 8 October, the regiment's battalions moved into the starting positions. The attack began at 0500 on 8 October, with the 3rd Battalion advancing with its right on Ravin d'Haumont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0012-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nAfter encountering scant resistance, it reached the immediate objective in four and a half hours. The 1st Battalion then attempted to move through the 3rd, but was checked by machine-gun fire from the Bois de Brabant-sur-Meuse. At 1400 the 1st was able to advance through the 3rd and both battalions continued into the forest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0012-0002", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nAdvancing against machine guns, high-caliber artillery, anti-tank guns, and gas, they reached the normal objective at 1540 and stopped at the Ravin de Molleville (at the southern edge of Molleville Farm) on the right and the ridge in Boissois Bois on the left, but withdrew to the ridge in the Bois de Brabant-sur-Meuse, overlooking the Ravin de Bourvaux. The two battalions had contact with the French on the right, but none with the 115th Regiment to the left. Headquarters Company Sergeant Earle Gregory received the Medal of Honor for his actions in singlehandedly capturing 19 German soldiers on 8 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0013-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nAt 0500 on 9 October, German troops counterattacked the 116th and the 115th's extreme right, but were repulsed. The 1st Battalion renewed the attack and advanced 1 kilometre (0.62\u00a0mi) into the Molleville Forest by 1130. On 10 October, parts of 1st Battalion were relieved by the 113th Infantry Regiment's 2nd Battalion. 1st Battalion then extended its line to link up with the 115th Regiment. During the night division commander Charles G. Morton relieved Harris of command and replaced him with division machine gun officer Lieutenant Colonel Reginald H. Kelley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0013-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe next day the regiment resumed the attack, with 1st Battalion being checked while moving towards Molleville Farm. The battalion was unable to cross a clearing and made two further attempts, which were also repulsed with heavy losses. On 15 October the 3rd Battalion attacked again, advancing in the lead of the regiment. By 1600 they reached the southern edge of the Bois de la Grande Montagne after taking Molleville Farm. The 2nd Battalion reinforced the 3rd there, and established a line near the \u00c9traye\u2013Consenvoye road. 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0013-0002", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nBattalion attacked in the lead on 16 October, and along with the 115th's 2nd Battalion had formed a line from the reverse slope of Hill 370 to the road junction area near Molleville Farm in the Bois de la Grande Montagne by 1630. The division had reached its objectives and formed defensive positions along the line. From 8 to 22 October, the regiment suffered casualties of 838 wounded, 44 died of wounds, and 152 killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0014-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nOn 23 October, the 2nd Battalion attacked towards Hill 361 with the 115th's 1st Battalion and the 113th's 1st Battalion. The battalion advanced in the center after an artillery barrage and stopped at 1430 after reaching Hill 361. The 1st and 3rd Battalions of the 116th then moved into the line. On the night of 28 to 29 October, the regiment was relieved by the 79th Infantry Division's 316th Infantry Regiment. From 23 October, the regiment had suffered casualties of 161 wounded, 15 died of wounds, and 46 killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0014-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nTotal casualties of the regiment in the offensive were thus 1,005 wounded, 59 died of wounds, and 198 killed. During the offensive, the regiment captured 2,000 German prisoners, 250 machine guns, and 29 high-caliber guns. The regiment moved with the division to Vavincourt. The war ended on 11 November, and the regiment and the division moved to the 11th (Bourbonne-les-Bains) Training Area. For the next several months the regiment conducted training. Kelley was relieved after being gassed on 4 December and replaced by Colonel George W. Ball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0014-0002", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe regiment was reviewed as part of a ceremony where American personnel were decorated by Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), on 4 April 1919 at Chaumont. On 11 April the regiment moved with the division to the Ballon area of the Le Mans American Embarkation Center. Ten days later, it was transferred to Saint-Nazaire. On 10 May, the regiment embarked for the United States on the USS Matsonia. After returning to Newport News on 21 May, the regiment was demobilized on 30 May 1919 at Camp Lee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0015-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar\nOn 12 October 1921, former units of the regiment located in western Virginia became the 2nd Infantry in the Virginia National Guard. The regiment was redesignated on 9 March 1922 as the 116th Infantry and assigned to the 29th Division (later redesignated as the 29th Infantry Division). Its headquarters was federally recognized 3 April 1922 at Staunton. During the interwar period, the 116th conducted annual summer training at Virginia Beach between 1921 and 1938. Between November 1930 and January 1931, the regiment restored order during a strike of cotton mill workers in Danville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0015-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar\nThe location of headquarters was changed on 26 June 1933 to Lynchburg. In August 1939, the regiment participated in First Army maneuvers at Manassas, which ended on 19 August. In August 1940, the regiment was transported by rail and truck to the First Army maneuvers at Pine Camp, the largest US Army maneuvers held in the interwar period at the time. After the maneuvers, which involved live fire and simulated air attacks, the 116th returned to home stations in the last week of August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0016-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar\nOn 3 February 1941, the regiment was called into federal service and its men reported to their armories for the next ten days. The regiment and the 29th Division were moved to Fort Meade on 13 February after being called into federal service. At this time the regiment absorbed many draftees from Maryland, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Tennessee, among other states. The regiment conducted training for the next months. In June, the regiment and the division moved to A.P. Hill Military Reservation for training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0016-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar\nFrom A.P. Hill the 116th and the rest of the division moved south by road to participate in the Carolina Maneuvers near Fort Bragg, reaching camp sites on 27 September. Between 6 and 17 October the 29th Division maneuvered against the 28th Infantry Division, and then as part of II Corps alongside the 28th and 44th Infantry Divisions. In the latter it faced elements of IV Corps and VI Corps. After the maneuvers concluded in late November the 116th returned to Fort Meade with the 29th by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0017-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe United States entered World War II after the Attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. The attack found the 116th traveling north through southern Virginia near the North Carolina border. Upon its return to Fort Meade, the regiment was split up \u2013 the main body of the regiment guarded the coastline of the Eastern Shore and a battalion was detached to the coast of the Carolinas. Between 12 and 14 January 1942, it participated in amphibious exercises with elements of the 1st Infantry Division, repelling a simulated invasion at Cape Henry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0018-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nOn 14 March 1942, at the regiment's farewell dinner, actress Madeleine Carroll was made ceremonial \"daughter of the regiment\". The regiment trained at Fort A.P. Hill from April to 6 July, when they began exercises in the Carolinas (the second Carolina Maneuvers). On 17 August, the regiment was sent to Camp Blanding in Florida in preparation for deployment. In September the regiment moved by train to Camp Kilmer, the holding point for American troops being moved to Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0018-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nAfter arriving on 18 September, the regiment embarked for the United Kingdom aboard the Queen Mary, a passenger liner converted into a troopship, on 26 September, arriving on 5 October. During the voyage, the men of the regiment witnessed the collision of the Queen Mary with the escorting cruiser HMS Curacoa on 2 October. On the next day the Queen Mary docked at Greenock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0019-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nIn the United Kingdom, the 116th was transported by rail to Tidworth in the southeast, where it continued training. On 11 October, Lieutenant Colonel Morris T. Warner took command of the regiment. On 16 March 1943, Colonel Charles D.W. Canham became the regimental commander. In late May the 116th was transferred along with the division to Devon and Cornwall, relieving the British 55th Infantry Division there to free up Tidworth for the buildup of American forces in England, Operation Bolero. The regiment took over responsibility for coast defense in the Plymouth area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0019-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nWith the addition of the 111th Field Artillery Battalion, it became the 116th Regimental Combat Team (RCT). The 116th participated in intensive training in Dartmoor and Bodmin Moor. In July, it commenced amphibious assault training on landing boats loaned by the British at Slapton Sands. In September the 116th RCT began training at the U.S. Army Assault Training Center on Woolacombe Beach, the first unit of the 29th to go through the center. At the beginning of 1944, the regiment included 166 officers, five warrant officers, and 3,100 enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0020-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, D-Day\nIn preparation for the Invasion of Normandy, the regiment participated in invasion rehearsal exercises, using landing craft, vehicle, personnel (LCVP) and Landing Craft Assault (LCA). For the invasion, the regiment was part of Force O, the initial assault force. The regiment was to lead the assault on Omaha Beach to the west of 1st Division's 16th Infantry, and would be temporarily attached to 1st Division. H-Hour, the beginning of the invasion, was scheduled for dawn on 5 June (D-Day, the first day of the assault).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0020-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, D-Day\nCompanies A, E, F, and G were to be in the first wave of the assault on Omaha Beach. The beach was divided into sectors: Company A, the westernmost, was to land at Dog Green, Company G at Dog White, Company F at Dog Red, and Company E at Easy Green on the right of 16th Infantry. It was planned that by 09:30 on D-Day, the beach exits would be open and vehicles able to leave the beach. 1st Battalion was to take Vierville, link up with the Ranger assault group advancing east along the coastal highway, and advance on Vire. Meanwhile, 2nd Battalion would capture Saint-Laurent and the heights southwest of it. 3rd Battalion constituted the reserve, and was tasked with advancing to Longueville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0021-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, D-Day\nBetween 3 and 8 May, the regiment participated in Exercise Fabius I at Slapton Sands, a final rehearsal before D-Day. On 11 May elements of Force O moved to their assembly areas. The regiment relocated by truck to Blandford Camp on 15 May, where it was confined behind barbed wire in order to preserve secrecy. At Blandford each company was briefed on its missions for the invasion. On 3 June the regiment embarked for Normandy from Weymouth. 1st Battalion (Companies A, B, C, and D) boarded the SS Empire Javelin, 2nd Battalion (Companies E, F, G, and H) the USS Thomas Jefferson, and 3rd Battalion (Companies I, K, L, and M) the USS Charles Carroll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0022-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, D-Day\nAt 03:10 on 6 June (the invasion had been postponed for 24 hours due to inclement weather), Companies F and G began climbing into their LCVPs. All first wave landing craft had left the ships by 04:30. At 05:00, a naval and aerial bombardment commenced pounding the German defenses, but the aerial bombardment was ineffective and the naval bombardment failed to destroy most of the German gun emplacements, manned by the 352nd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0022-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, D-Day\nThe landing craft approached Vierville at 06:00, and at 06:36 the ramps of Company A's five surviving boats out of seven were dropped after reaching the assigned sector. There were no shell holes for cover at Dog Green, and within seven minutes Company A was virtually wiped out by either the heavy German fire or from drowning in the surf \u2013 by the end of the day, only 18 of 230 members of the company had avoided becoming casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0023-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, D-Day\nCompany G mainly landed on Dog Red after its boats drifted off course from their assigned sector, Dog White. Smoke from grass fires shielded the three or four sections on Dog Red, who suffered few losses to \"sporadic and inaccurate\" fire as they moved across the tidal flats. Most of Company G reached the shingle intact ten to fifteen minutes after landing, but other boats suffered heavy casualties farther to the east. F Company mostly landed in its assigned sector, Dog Red, directly in front of the strongly fortified German positions at Les Moulins, and was disorganized due to losses of officers. Company E, assigned to Easy Green, ended up east of Fox Green with E Company of the 16th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0024-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, D-Day\nThe second wave began at 07:00, landing in a period of forty minutes. Company B waded ashore around 07:26 and suffered heavy casualties, although one of its boat teams took Vierville. By the end of the day Company B had been reduced to 28 men. The regimental command group landed around 07:30 with assistant division commander Brigadier General Norman Cota and Canham. They rallied the men for the attack and around 08:30 Cota discovered an exit off the beach, through which men began advancing. Company D landed off course, running into heavy German fire. Company H suffered heavy losses to German machine gun firing from Les Moulins. Company K landed around 07:50 and elements of the unit ended up pinned down until midday near the Vierville draw. Company L also landed around this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0025-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, D-Day\nAround 9:00 Company K began advancing inland, breaching the seawall but losing fifteen men in a minefield before reaching the crest around 12:30. 111th Field Artillery's guns were lost in the surf and its artillerymen ended up pinned down in front of Les Moulins like 2nd Battalion after landing between 07:30 and 08:30. Company G advanced up the beach between 08:00 and 09:00, meeting the wounded Canham, who was organizing an attack on Vierville. Around 08:30 he and 50 to 60 men moved up a hill to the right of Hamel; this group later joined up with an element of Company B led by Lieutenant Walter Taylor in the attack on the fortified Chateau at Vierville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0026-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, D-Day\nCompany H landed at H+30 but suffered heavy losses because the smoke from the grass fires had lifted by that time. After Taylor's group captured the Chateau, they advanced beyond the house but had to pull back to the house when three truckloads of German infantry counterattacked. Company K linked up with 5th Ranger Battalion at 16:00 and advanced into Vierville, encountering only sniper fire. At the end of the day, only 250 men were left from 1st Battalion. Meanwhile, 3rd Battalion and elements of 2nd Battalion held positions northwest of St. Laurent near the 115th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0026-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, D-Day\nCompany C and Ranger units were west of Vierville, while parts of 1st and 2nd Battalions and the 121st Engineers were half a mile south of Vierville. On 6 June, the regiment suffered 341 casualties, including soldiers from Bedford-based Company A, a community which proportionally had the highest D-Day losses in America. The National D-Day Memorial was located in Bedford to honor their loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0027-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, D-Day\nOn 7 June, 1st Battalion moved back to Pointe du Hoc against stiff German resistance to assist the Rangers in repulsing a German counterattack, digging in there for the rest of the day. On 8 June, 2nd and 3rd Battalions joined the 1st at Pointe du Hoc, and the 116th fought as a unit for the first time in the war. Companies K and L with 3rd Battalion assisted the Rangers in an attack across a bridge on the Aure later in the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0027-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, D-Day\nDuring a move from Les Moulins, 2nd Battalion broke loose from the beach and fought their way to a farmhouse to establish the first command post in France. Towards the end of 8 June, Company K advanced on Grandcamp, during which Technical Sergeant Frank Peregory killed numerous German soldiers and forced others to surrender. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. After capturing Grandcamp, 2nd and 3rd Battalions mopped up scattered German resistance, while 1st Battalion continued the advance towards Maisy and the coastal battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0028-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Saint-L\u00f4\nOn 11 June the 116th was withdrawn to the reserve in order to reorganize due to the D-Day losses. After the 115th Infantry was repulsed while attacking across the Ell\u00e9 towards the key road junction of Saint-L\u00f4, the 116th was moved forward on the morning of 13 June. The regiment began crossing the river at 20:15, encountering heavy small arms which died down, allowing the 116th to reach the opposite bank by midnight. The 2nd Battalion captured Saint-Clair, and Couvains was captured at 10:45 on the morning of 14 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0028-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Saint-L\u00f4\nBy 17 June, most of the regiment had reached positions only 3 miles (4.8\u00a0km) short of Saint-L\u00f4, but the fighting in the Battle of Saint-L\u00f4 bogged down in the difficult bocage terrain of Normandy. The 116th fought to overcome Martinville Ridge near the city from 12 July, then after street fighting the city was captured on 18 July. 3rd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0028-0002", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Saint-L\u00f4\nBattalion commander Major Thomas D. Howie was killed by a mortar shell on 17 July just before he was to lead his unit into the city and moments after telling division commander Major General Charles Gerhardt \"See you in St. Lo!\". His flag draped body was brought into the city on the lead jeep during its liberation and laid in state in the city's square. Between 7 June and 19 July, 438 men of the regiment were killed, 2,040 wounded, and 38 missing, for a total of 2,516 casualties. On 20 July the 29th was relieved by the 35th Infantry Division and sent back into XIX Corps reserve near Saint-Clair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0029-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Saint-L\u00f4\nIn reserve, the regiment rested and received replacements. During Operation Cobra, the breakout from Normandy, the regiment fought in the advance on Vire in early August. Its objective was to secure the high ground to the north and northwest of the town. Between 7 and 8 August, 1st Battalion took Hill 203, covering the approaches to the town, which was abandoned by the German defenders in the morning. Following the capture of Vire, the division was pulled back to receive replacements, and the regiment conducted battle drill and small unit training between 16 and 21 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0030-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Brest\nOn 22 August, the regiment moved out by truck for Brest, a strongly fortified German-held port city. The regiment completed its march by the afternoon of 23 August at an assembly area near Ploudalm\u00e9zeau, 10 miles (16\u00a0km) northwest of the city. The 116th, the first to arrive, sent the 3rd Battalion to \"a forward assembly area one mile northeast of\" Saint-Renan on 24 August. From the forward assembly area, the battalion patrolled the line of departure for the 29th's attack, a southeast-facing line around four miles northwest of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0030-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Brest\nFor the attack, the 29th was positioned on the right flank of VIII Corps. The regiment moved up to the line of departure on the night of 24\u201325 August, beginning the attack at 01:00. The 116th advanced south in column of battalions with the 115th Infantry on its left. Its 3rd Battalion initially faced little resistance, and by 04:00, the 1st Battalion was tasked with capturing the high ground at Guilers and Keriolet by attacking on the 3rd Battalion's right. German resistance increased throughout the day, and the regiment dug in for the night. During the next two days, German oppositions stiffened further, and the regiment was relieved by the 115th so that it could flank the German positions by using a natural ridgeline towards Brest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0031-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Brest\nOn 28 August, the 116th took positions on the division's right flank, moving forward to Kerguestoc by the evening in column of battalions. It advanced 500 yard the next day, but the fighting bogged down on 30 August. A midnight attack by the 1st and 2nd Battalions took La Trinite on the night of 4\u20135 September, after which they repulsed a German counterattack on the next day. The regiment's 3rd Battalion was assigned to Task Force Sugar alongside the 5th Rangers and a tank unit, attacking Hill 53 and helping to cut the coastal highway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0031-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Brest\nOn the night of 13\u201314 September, the 116th replaced the 115th in the attack against Fort Montbarey. After the 121st Engineers blew gaps through the minefields surrounding the fort. Company C attacked at dawn and cleared the ground west of the moat in fierce close combat. After the engineers continued clearing the minefield under the cover of a smoke screen, a combined tank and infantry assault was launched at 17:00. Advancing behind flamethrowing Churchill tanks, Company B mopped up German resistance, enabling the 1st Battalion to surround the fort by the end of the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0032-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Brest\nFort Montbarey surrendered on 16 September after the engineers tunneled under the fort and blew parts of it up with explosives. The battalion captured around 75 German soldiers. In house-to-house fighting the regiment advanced into the last German stronghold, Recouvrance, and cleared the area by the end of 17 September. The remaining defenders surrendered on 18 September and the 116th was tasked with policing the division area in Brest before moving out to a rest area on 19 September. However, the regiment's rest was brief, and they moved out by train for the Siegfried Line on 24 September, arriving at Vis\u00e9 in Belgium on 29 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0033-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Siegfried Line\nOn 6 October, the 29th, as part of XIX Corps, was tasked with protecting the corps' left flank, probing the Siegfried Line (a German fortification line on the Franco-German border), and following up the 2nd Armored Division advance at Geilenkirchen. The 116th was positioned on the right flank of the corps, with the 1st Infantry Division on its left and the 3rd Battalion cooperating with the 2nd Armored's Combat Command A (CCA). The 3rd Battalion rode across the Wurm from Rimburg on CCA's tanks, dismounting at Umbach to occupy the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0033-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Siegfried Line\nOn the next day the attack continued towards Baesweiler and Oidtweiler, which fell on 8 and 7 October, respectively. Between 1 and 4 October the 1st Battalion was attached to the 30th Infantry Division, defending positions three miles northwest of Aachen. On 4 October the 2nd Battalion was moved up from the reserve to the Kerkrade and Holz area, relieving the 30th's 120th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0034-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Siegfried Line\nOn 13 October, the regiment's 1st and 2nd Battalions were attached to the 30th Division for an attack on Aachen through heavily defended W\u00fcrselen. Under heavy German artillery and mortar fire, the 116th advanced between 500 yards (460\u00a0m) and 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) by the end of the day in street fighting. The attack was resumed the next day, and 2nd Battalion commander Major Charles Cawthon was wounded; he was replaced by Colonel Sidney Bingham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0034-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Siegfried Line\nThe regiment was withdrawn from the front and returned to the 29th after the capture of Aachen for rest and river crossing training at Brunssum between 23 and 24 October. In early November the division returned to the front, taking positions on the line of Schaufebberg, Oidtweiler, and Baesweiler against J\u00fclich. During the month Dwyer transferred to another unit and was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Harold A. Cassel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0035-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Siegfried Line\nOn 16 November the attack began, with the 116th joining with units from the 2nd Armored to take Setterich on the 29th's left flank. Its 1st Battalion attacked from the south with Companies B and C, but were stopped 400 yards (370\u00a0m) short of the town on 17 November by machine gun fire. That night, Company A moved up to the town's western side, while the 2nd Battalion attacked from the southeast. The three-pronged attack with tank support captured the town in street fighting on 18\u201319 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0035-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Siegfried Line\nThe regiment briefly went into reserve at Baesweiler before moving forward to take Ungershausen and Englesdorf on 20 November. It then advanced against Koslar, the last line of defense before J\u00fclich, beginning 21 November. Due to mud and adverse weather conditions Koslar was not taken until 28 November. In early December, Bingham replaced Cassel in command of the regiment. In heavy fighting the regiment cleared the west bank of the Roer River by 9 December. The front then settled down and the regiment trained for the Roer crossing for the next weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0036-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Advance into the Roer to the end of the war\nAfter the German counterattack in the Battle of the Bulge, the 116th took over the 2nd Armored's positions after it left for the fighting. In January the regiment conducted three major raids on German positions on the opposite bank, which kept the German troops \"on edge\". On 23 February the division launched the attack across the Roer, with the 116th's 3rd Battalion capturing Immerath, and the 2nd Battalion Lutzerath on 27 February. After \"pausing to regroup\", the regiment continued towards Spenrath and Pesch, with the 1st Battalion taking Otzenrath just before nightfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 107], "content_span": [108, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0036-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Advance into the Roer to the end of the war\nThese gains brought the 29th Division to M\u00f6nchengladbach, and the regiment bypassed the city on the right on 1 March, cutting off the defenders. On 24 March the 1st Battalion took over security at Ninth Army headquarters in the city. At the beginning of April, the regiment went back into combat, attached to the 75th Infantry Division, attacking the Ruhr Pocket. It took up positions on 2 April, and was tasked with crossing the Dortmund\u2013Ems Canal in an attack beginning two days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 107], "content_span": [108, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0036-0002", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Advance into the Roer to the end of the war\nPreceded by a half-hour artillery bombardment, the regiment's 1st and 2nd Battalions crossed the canal and captured Waltrop. As German resistance crumbled, it reached the Duisburg\u2013Berlin Autobahn by the end of 5 April. On the next day, the 3rd Battalion flanked the German left, advancing 5,000 yards (4,600\u00a0m) and repulsing a German counterattack against Companies E and G with the assistance of American artillery. The regiment then transferred back to the 29th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 107], "content_span": [108, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0036-0003", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Advance into the Roer to the end of the war\nFor the next few days the regiment helped organize Displaced persons camps before moving back into action to mop up the Ruhr Pocket between 18 and 19 April. After overcoming token resistance and accepting German surrenders, the regiment reached the Elbe on 24 April. At the Elbe it met troops of the German 160th Infantry Division, recently transferred from Norway, capturing 1,600 prisoners. On 2 May the division linked up with Soviet troops on the other bank, and Germany surrendered five days later. The regiment suffered casualties of 1,298 killed, 4,769 wounded, and 594 missing for a total of 7,113 during the war. In mid-May the 116th began occupation duty in the Bremerhaven and Weserm\u00fcnde area in the Bremen enclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 107], "content_span": [108, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0037-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Advance into the Roer to the end of the war\nOn 24 December the regiment boarded the transport USS Lejeune, setting sail for New York on Christmas Day. It arrived at New York on 4 January 1946, after which its men were demobilized. On 6 January, the regiment inactivated at Camp Kilmer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 107], "content_span": [108, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0038-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nThe regiment was reorganized and federally recognized on 24 March 1948 at Staunton. It became a parent regiment of the Combat Arms Regimental System on 1 June 1959. It included the 1st and 2nd Battle Groups, part of the 29th Division. On 22 March 1963, the battle groups were converted into battalions. On 1 February 1968, a third battalion was added and all three battalions became part of the 28th Infantry Division when the 29th was inactivated. On 1 April 1975, the regiment's battalions became part of the 116th Infantry Brigade of the 28th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0039-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nIn 1997, the 3rd Battalion's Company C deployed to Bosnia, mostly guarding the Sava River Bridge. This was the first time since the Vietnam War that a National Guard infantry company had been deployed to a combat zone. The company suffered no losses and had no incidents before returning home in May 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0040-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War on Terror\nOn 1 November 2002, the 2nd Battalion, 116th Infantry Regiment was mobilized for deployment to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba to take part in Operation Enduring Freedom. This marked the first mobilization of a battalion of the 29th Infantry Division since World War II. The unit provided security of the base and Camp Delta, the detainee operations camp. The deployment ended in October 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0041-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War on Terror\nOn 1 March 2004, the 3rd Battalion, 116th Infantry Regiment was mobilized for deployment to Afghanistan to take part in Operation Enduring Freedom. Members of the battalion reported to armories around Virginia and began arriving at Bagram Air Field in Afghanistan on 15 July 2004. They were quickly engaged in operations. The battalion conducted combat operations in Ghazni and SECFOR operations at Bagram Airfield. Numerous slice elements were placed under the operational control of the battalion. The newly formed task force assumed the name of the beaches the regiment stormed more than 60 years prior \u2013 Normandy. During the deployment two 116th Infantry soldiers were killed by a roadside bomb, the first Virginia National Guard soldiers to die in combat since World War II. The battalion returned to the United States, being released from active duty and reverting to state control on 16 June 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 968]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0042-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War on Terror\nOn 1 September 2005, the regiment was reorganized and redesignated as the 116th Infantry, eliminating the 2nd Battalion. It was redesignated as the 116th Infantry Regiment on 1 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0043-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War on Terror\nOn 3 February 2007, the 3rd Battalion under the command of LTC John M. Epperly was alerted for deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. On 23 June the battalion entered active duty as Task Force Normandy. After four months of training at Camp Shelby, the battalion deployed to Iraq and Kuwait in September. A Company provided convoy escort in the area of Fallujah and Ramadi, part of Multinational Division West. B Company provided convoy escort west of the Euphrates and near the Syrian border, also part of Multinational Division West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0043-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War on Terror\nC Company provided convoy escort around Mosul and Kirkuk in Multinational Division North. Ten soldiers were wounded in the deployment, nine of whom were from C Company. In Kuwait, Headquarters Company and D Company became part of Security Force. D Company guarded Ash Shuaybah and Headquarters Company provided command and control for D Company and the Area Reaction Force for southern Kuwait. The battalion returned to the United States in April 2008 being released from active duty and reverting to state control on 26 July 2008. 3rd Battalion earned the Meritorious Unit Commendation for the deployment as well as campaign credit for the Iraqi Surge Campaign and the Global War on Terror Expeditionary campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0044-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War on Terror\nThe 1st Battalion was ordered into active Federal service on 25 January 2010. From March to August, it deployed to Iraq. The battalion operated out of Contingency Operating Base Adder in southern Iraq, conducting convoy escort missions with the 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the Louisiana Army National Guard. The battalion received a Meritorious Unit Commendation for its actions. It was released from active duty and reverted to state control on 8 February 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0045-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War on Terror\nCompany D of the 3rd Battalion and Company C of the 1st Battalion deployed to Iraq with Task Force 183 in August 2011, after being called into Federal service on 1 June. Operating out of Contingency Operating Base Adder, Company C conducted 56 convoy escort missions and earned 12 Bronze Star Medals. Company D conducted security and force protection missions. In December, the two companies returned to Camp Atterbury and transitioned back to the National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0045-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War on Terror\nThe 3rd Battalion, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Kurt Kobernik, deployed to Camp As Sayliyah in Qatar as Task Force Normandy from September 2015 to July 2016. There, the battalion conducted security operations. In July 2016, they were replaced by the 1st Battalion of the regiment, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Samulski. The 1st Battalion was relieved by the 1st Battalion, 138th Infantry Regiment of the Missouri Army National Guard in March 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0046-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Kosovo\nIn August 2006, the 1st Battalion mobilized in support of KFOR as part of the 29th Infantry Division to provide stability operations in the Serbian province of Kosovo with NATO. The battalion trained at Camp Atterbury for two months, and then deployed to Kosovo on 6 December. They become known as Task Force Red Dragon for the duration of their deployment in Vitina municipality, which ended on 5 November 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0047-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), Current units\nAs of 2018, the following units of the parent regiment were active in the Virginia Army National Guard, assigned as components of the 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0048-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the 116th from 1917 to 1942:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0049-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), Heraldry, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nApproved on 31 March 1925, the Distinctive Unit Insignia is a Gold color metal and enamel device 1 3/16 inches (3.02\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned:  Gules, a saltire Argent voided throughout per saltire Gray and Azure per cross counterchanged, in chief a fleur-de-lis Or. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Gold bipartite scroll inscribed \"EVER\" to dexter and \"FORWARD\" to sinister in Black letters. The blue and gray on the insignia represents the mixed Confederate and Union lineage of the regiment and its artillery traditions. The fleur-de-lis symbolizes the regiment's service in France in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0050-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), Heraldry, Coat of arms\nThe coat of arms was approved on 19 April 1924. The blazon of the coat of arms includes a shield with Gules, a saltire Argent voided throughout per saltire Gray and Azure per cross counterchanged, in chief a fleur-de-lis Or. The fleur-de-lis symbolizes the regiment's service in France in World War I. The shield represents the mixed Confederate and Union lineage of the regiment and its artillery traditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0050-0001", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), Heraldry, Coat of arms\nIts crest is that of the Virginia Army National Guard, including on a wreath of the colors Argent and Gules \"Virtus, the genius of the Commonwealth, dressed as an Amazon, resting on a spear with one hand and holding a sword in the other, and treading on Tyranny, represented by a man prostrate, a crown falling from his head, a broken chain in his left hand and a scourge in his right\" all Proper. It also includes the regimental motto of Ever Forward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0051-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), Battle honors\nHeadquarters Company (Lynchburg Home Guard), 2d Battalion, additionally entitled to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0052-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), Battle honors\nCompany A (Monticello Guard, Charlottesville) and Support Company (Farmville Guard), 2d Battalion, each additionally entitled to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0053-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), Battle honors\nCompanies A and B (Alexandria Light Infantry, Manassas), 3d Battalion, each additionally entitled to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0054-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), Decorations\nHeadquarters Company (Roanoke) and Company A (Bedford), 1st Battalion, and Headquarters Company (Lynchburg Home Guard), 2d Battalion, each additionally entitled to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0055-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), Decorations\nThe 1st Battalion's Headquarters Company, and Companies A, B, and C are additionally entitled to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007197-0056-0000", "contents": "116th Infantry Regiment (United States), Decorations\nThe 3rd Battalion's Headquarters Company, and Companies A, B, C, and D are additionally entitled to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007198-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 116th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment (116th LAA Rgt) was a Welsh mobile air defence unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery (RA) during World War II. It served with the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division in the campaign in North West Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007198-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin\n116th LAA Regiment was formed in January 1942 by converting the 12th Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers, a war service infantry unit that had been raised in 1940 as part of the rapid wartime expansion of the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007198-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 12th Royal Welch Fusiliers\n12th Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers, was formed in July 1940 at the regimental depot at Wrexham. (A previous 12th (Reserve) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers, had been raised for 'Kitchener's Army' during World War I.) The battalion assembled in camp at Caernarfon, joining the newly raised 7th, 8th and 9th Battalions of the Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) and together they constituted No 15 Infantry Training Group. In October 1940 the 15th ITG became 215th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), a home defence formation. Training was hampered by the shortage of rifles and equipment, and the tented camp became uninhabitable during winter gales, with the battalions having to go into billets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007198-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 12th Royal Welch Fusiliers\nIn February 1941 the brigade transferred to the Durham and North Riding County Division in North East England, where it took up an operational role in beach defence. 12th Royal Welch Fusiliers left 215th Bde on 8 May 1941, transferring to 217th Bde (also in Durham & North Riding County Division) but returned on 23 October 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007198-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 12th Royal Welch Fusiliers\nAll the brigade's infantry battalions left in November and December for conversion to other roles in the Royal Artillery (RA) or Royal Armoured Corps. 12th Royal Welch Fusiliers was the last to leave, on 21 December 1941, and the brigade was disbanded next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007198-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 116th LAA Regiment\n12th Royal Welch Fusiliers was converted into a light anti-aircraft (LAA) regiment of the RA, which officially came into existence on 1 January 1942. It consisted of Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) and 380, 381 and 382 Batteries, equipped with Bofors 40 mm guns. After training it joined 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division on 3 April 1942 as that formation's air defence unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 79], "content_span": [80, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007198-0006-0000", "contents": "116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Training for Overlord\n53rd (Welsh) Division came under the command of XII Corps, and both were later assigned to 21st Army Group training for the Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 74], "content_span": [75, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007198-0007-0000", "contents": "116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Training for Overlord\nIn preparation for overseas service, the regiment's three batteries were augmented to a strength of  four Troops each when 93 Bty of 50th LAA Rgt joined on 14 March 1944 and was broken up, with its three Trps (33, 34 and 35) joining 380, 381 and 382 Btys respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 74], "content_span": [75, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007198-0008-0000", "contents": "116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\n53rd (W) Division was not in the first wave landing on D Day; it sailed to Normandy and landed between 21 and 27 June 1944. On the night of 29/30 June the division began moving into 'Scottish Corridor' to relieve the 15th (Scottish) Division, which had battered its way into the enemy lines during the Battle of the Odon (Operation Epsom); the relief was completed on 1/2 July. The division played a minor part in the next offensive phase, Operation Jupiter, guarding the western flank of the attack.\\", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007198-0009-0000", "contents": "116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nPreparatory attacks for Operation Goodwood began on 15 July. 53rd (Welsh) Division captured Cahier, but only held onto it with difficulty against heavy enemy counter-attacks. After 'Goodwood' had failed to break through south of Caen, 53rd (W) Division relieved 15th (S) Division at the le Bon Repos crossroads during the night of 19/20 July. On 21 July the position came under heavy attack by 10th SS Panzer Division, losing some ground and suffering heavy casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007198-0010-0000", "contents": "116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nSince the Allies had achieved air superiority over the beachhead, there was little call for AA defence, and AA units became increasingly used to supplement the divisional artillery to support ground operations. LAA units fired tracer to guide night attacks onto their objectives, and the Bofors guns were much in demand for infantry support. They could give useful close-range fire to help infantry working from cover to cover in the constricted Bocage country; their rapid fire was good for suppressing enemy heavy weapons, the 40 mm round's sensitive percussion fuze providing an airburst effect among trees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007198-0010-0001", "contents": "116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nIt was also used for 'bunker-busting', though the lack of protection made the gun detachment vulnerable to return fire. LAA units also provided 'refuge strips' for Air Observation Post aircraft spotting for the field guns: a Bofors troop deployed with Local Warning radar and ground observers could alert the pilot to the presence of enemy aircraft and provide protection for him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007198-0011-0000", "contents": "116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nXII Corps began pushing south in early August, with 53rd (W) Division clearing the east bank of the River Orne, while XXX Corps captured Mont Pin\u00e7on. 21st Army Group then endeavoured to close the northern side of the Falaise Gap to prevent the Germans escaping eastwards. By 18\u201319 August the division was in defensive positions west of Falaise, and on 20 August it captured Bazoches-au-Houlme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007198-0012-0000", "contents": "116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nAfter the Falaise Pocket was eliminated, XII and XXX Corps led 21st Army Group's rapid advance eastwards to the Seine. 15th (Scottish) Division seized bridgeheads on 27 August, and because the armour was not ready it was 53rd (W) Division that led the advance out of the bridgehead towards the Somme. On 30 August 53rd (W) Division was motoring forward with an open flank, but ran into a lot of scattered opposition. The Somme was crossed on 1 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007198-0012-0001", "contents": "116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nOpposition stiffened as the division pushed through La Bass\u00e9e and B\u00e9thune on 3 September, but 7th Armoured Division bypassed this opposition and drove on while 53rd (W) Division stayed to 'mop up' and then struck north to Lille. By 6 September 21st Army Group had been halted at the lines of the Albert Canal and the Escaut Canal, where it regrouped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007198-0013-0000", "contents": "116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nAttacks by the Luftwaffe (which had lost its forward airfields) were light during this rapid advance, and AA defence of the bridges and other vital points was quickly taken over by the follow-up AA brigades, leaving divisional LAA units to drive on with their parent formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007198-0014-0000", "contents": "116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, North West Europe\nXII Corps had a relatively minor role in Operation Market Garden, XXX Corps' attempt to 'bounce' a succession of bridges as far as Arnhem on the Rhine. However, 53rd (W) Division was engaged in heavy fighting to cross the Junction Canal and then clear the Wilhelmina Canal on XXX Corps' left flank. After the failure at Arnhem, the division continued to push forwards in Operation Pheasant, gaining a foothold in 's-Hertogenbosch on 26 October. It was then moved south to face the 'Venlo Pocket' along the west bank of the River Maas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007198-0015-0000", "contents": "116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\n116th LAA Regiment remained with 53rd (Welsh) Division until 2 December 1944. By then, 21st Army Group was suffering an acute manpower crisis, particularly among the infantry, and surplus units and formations were being disbanded to provide drafts. The veteran 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division was broken up, and its air defence unit, 25th LAA Rgt (a pre-war Territorial Army regiment), was assigned to 53rd (W) Division. In consequence the more junior war-formed 116th LAA Rgt was broken up to provide reinforcements, and was officially disbanded on 31 January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007198-0016-0000", "contents": "116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nThe regiment's number was re-used for another LAA unit in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007199-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Mahrattas\nThe 116th Mahrattas were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. The regiment traces their origins to 1800, when they were raised as the 2nd Battalion, 7th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007199-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Mahrattas\nDuring World War I the regiment was attached to the 18th Indian Division for the Mesopotamia Campaign. They were involved in the  Actions at the Fat-ha Gorge and on the Little Zab and the Battle of Sharqat in October 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007199-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Mahrattas\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. In 1922, the 116th Mahrattas became the 4th Battalion 5th Mahratta Light Infantry. After independence they were one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007199-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Mahrattas, Sources\nThis article about a specific military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007199-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Mahrattas, Sources\nThis World War I article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007200-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Maine Senate\nBelow is the list of the 116th Maine Senate, which was sworn into office in December 1992 and left office in December 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007201-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 116th Division was a military formation of the People's Volunteer Army (Chinese People's Volunteers (CPV) during the Korean War with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007201-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), History\nThe 116th Division was part of the 39th Army, consisting of the 346th, 347th, and 348th Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007201-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), History, Korean War\nThe 116th Division was one of the first CCF divisions to attack the UN forces as they approached the Yalu River. It effectively reduced the 8th Cavalry Regiment of the 1st Cavalry Division to a combat ineffective unit, after inflicting severe losses on them at Unsan. In all, over eight hundred men of the 8th Cavalry were killed or captured\u2014almost one-third of the regiment's strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 84], "content_span": [85, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007201-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), History, Korean War\nThe enemy [Chinese] force that brought tragedy to the 8th Cavalry at Unsan was the CCF\u2019s 116th Division. Elements of the 116th\u2019s 347th Regiment were responsible for the roadblock south of Unsan. Also engaged in the Unsan action was the 115th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 84], "content_span": [85, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007201-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), Current\nThe formation appears to still be active with the 39th Group Army in the Northern Theater Command, as the 116th Mechanised Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007201-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), Current\nThe division was involved with the rest of the 39th Army in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. On the evening of 3 June, Xu Feng, the division commander, switched to plain clothes and carried out his own reconnaissance of the city. When he returned, he told subordinates \"not to look for him\" and went into the division's communications vehicle. Thereafter, the division maintained radio silence and did not advance on Beijing, except for the 347th Regiment under Ai Husheng, which complied with orders and went to Tiananmen Square on 4 June. On 5 June, the rest of the division was escorted by other units to the square. Xu Feng was later disciplined for passive resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007202-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Military Intelligence Brigade (United States)\nThe 116th Military Intelligence Brigade (Aerial Intelligence) (116th MIB) is one of the U.S. Army's newest intelligence brigades charged with conducting 24/7 tasking, collection, processing, exploitation, dissemination and feedback operations of multiple organic and joint Aerial-Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (A-ISR) missions collected in overseas contingency areas of operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007202-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Military Intelligence Brigade (United States), History\nThe 116th MI Bde was constituted May 10, 1946, as the 116th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment. It was activated May 31, 1946, in Washington, DC. The unit was allotted to the regular army on March 5, 1951. In 1959, it was redesignated as the 116th Counterintelligence Corps Group, redesignated as the 116th Intelligence Corps Group in 1961, and then redesignated as the 116th Military Intelligence Group in October 1966. On January 9, 1973, the unit was deactivated in Washington, DC. It was later redesignated in February 1999, as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 116th Military Intelligence Group and activated June 16, 2000, at Fort Gordon, Georgia. The 116th was deactivated again Sept. 30, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007202-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Military Intelligence Brigade (United States), History\nIn August 2014, the designation Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 116th Military Intelligence Brigade was reserved for activation Oct. 15, 2015. The US Army approved the establishment of an aerial intelligence brigade and designated the 116th to fulfill the mission. According to the US Army, the 116th MI Bde will continue to grow in the coming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007203-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Mixed Brigade\nThe 116th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army, integrated into the 25th Division, that participated in the Spanish Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007203-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Mixed Brigade, History\nIn March 1937, the 116th Mixed Brigade was created in Cieza, although it had a short existence. On April 28, 1937, the 116th Mixed Brigade was reformed on the Aragon front as a unit of the 25th Division of the 12th Army Corps. It was made up of anarchist militiamen of the CNT-FAI from the former 1st Regiment of the South Ebro Column, whose militarization resulted in the 25th Division. In June 1937 the brigade participated in the Huesca Offensive, succeeding in occupying some enemy positions \u2014although the general offensive failed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007203-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Mixed Brigade, History\nAt the end of August 1937, in the face of the Zaragoza Offensive, it became part of the \u201cD\u201d Group commanded by Juan Modesto. On August 24, the unit was located in the area of Quinto to participate in the siege of Codo. In the assault on this town, the 116th MB fought alongside the 32nd Mixed Brigade in a confrontation with Carlist troops. A few days later, on August 28, it took the position of La Novia del Viento, a key point for the Battle of Belchite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007203-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Mixed Brigade, History\nIn December 1937, the 116th MB was sent south along with the rest of the division to participate in a new Battle of Teruel. By December 18, it was fighting in the Old Cemetery and in the Hermitage of Santa B\u00e1rbara. The next day it advanced until it was one kilometer from Teruel's urban area. On December 21 it finally managed to occupy the Old Cemetery, although nationalist resistance would continue for two more days in the positions of the Hermitage of Santa B\u00e1rbara and \u00abEl Mansueto\u00a0\u00bb. On January 1, 1938, together with the rest of the 25th Division, he managed to reestablish the republican lines after a nationalist counteroffensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007203-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Mixed Brigade, History\nOn March 10, after the beginning of the Aragon Offensive, he had to move hastily to the Alcorisa sector and later to Andorra, a town that would fall to the nationalist units. Later it fought on the Levante front. By April 28, the brigade was located in the area of Ejulve-Villarluengo, although later (May 12) it had to move back towards Alboc\u00e0sser. By July 21, it was on the XYZ Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007203-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe 116th MB remained inactive on the Levant front until the end of the war, in March 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007204-0000-0000", "contents": "116th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 116th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007204-0001-0000", "contents": "116th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 116th New York Infantry was organized at Camp Morgan in Buffalo, New York beginning July 14, 1862 and mustered in August 10 - September 3, 1862 for three-years service under the command of Colonel Edward Payson Chapin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007204-0002-0000", "contents": "116th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Emery's Brigade, VIII Corps, Baltimore, Maryland, Middle Department, to November 1862. Emery's Brigade, Banks' Louisiana Expedition, to December 1862. Sherman's Division, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to February 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, to July 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to March 1865. 1st Brigade, Dwight's 1st Division (Provisional), Army of the Shenandoah, to April 1865. 1st Brigade, Dwight's Division, Department of Washington, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007204-0003-0000", "contents": "116th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 116th New York Infantry mustered out of service June 8, 1865 and was discharged June 26, 1865 at Buffalo, New York. Recruits and veterans were transferred to the 90th New York Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007204-0004-0000", "contents": "116th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Buffalo for Baltimore, Md., September 5. Camp at Druid's Hill Park, Baltimore, until November 5, 1862. Movement into Pennsylvania against Stuart October 12\u201315. Reached Gettysburg, Pa., October 15. Ordered to Join Banks' Expedition and embarked on the steamer Atlantic for Fort Monroe, Va., November 6. Sailed for Ship Island, Miss., December 4. Moved to Carrollton December 30, then to Baton Rouge, La., February 3, 1863. Operations against Port Hudson, La., March 7\u201327. Moved to Winter's Plantation March 16\u201322. Duty at Baton Rouge until May 19. Advance on Port Hudson May 19\u201324. Action at Plain's Store May 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007204-0004-0001", "contents": "116th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Port Hudson May 24-July 9. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Expedition to Donaldsville July 9\u201330. Action at Kock's Plantation, Bayou LaFourche, July 12\u201313. Moved to Baton Rouge August 1, then to New Orleans August 28. Sabine Pass Expedition September 4\u201312. Moved to Brashear City September 17. Western Louisiana Campaign October 3-November 30. Camp at New Iberia November 17, 1863 to January 8, 1864. Moved to Franklin January 8, and duty there until March 15. Red River Campaign March 15-May 22. Advance from Franklin to Alexandria March 15\u201326.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007204-0004-0002", "contents": "116th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattle of Sabine Cross Roads April 8. Pleasant Hill April 9. Monett's Ferry, Cane River Crossing, April 23. Construction of dam at Alexandria April 30-May 10. Retreat to Morganza May 13\u201320. Mansura May 16. Camp at Morganza until July. Ordered to Fort Monroe, Va., July 2, then to Washington July 12. Snicker's Gap Expedition July 14\u201323. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Battle of Winchester September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty near Middletown until November 9, and near Newtown until December 30. At Stephenson's Depot until April 5, 1865. Moved to Washington, D.C., and duty there until June. Grand Review of the Armies May 23\u201324.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007204-0005-0000", "contents": "116th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 222 men during service; 5 officers and 91 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 124 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007205-0000-0000", "contents": "116th New York State Legislature\nThe 116th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3 to April 20, 1893, during the second year of Roswell P. Flower's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007205-0001-0000", "contents": "116th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (seven districts) and Kings County (three districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007205-0002-0000", "contents": "116th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn April 26, 1892, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate Districts and the number of assemblymen per county. Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chautauqua, Jefferson, Niagara, Oneida, Oswego, Otsego, Saratoga, Ulster, Washington and Wayne counties lost one seat each; St. Lawrence County lost two seats; Erie and Queens counties gained one seat each; and Kings and New York counties gained six seats each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007205-0003-0000", "contents": "116th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Prohibition Party, the Socialist Labor Party and a \"People's Party\" also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007205-0004-0000", "contents": "116th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1892 was held on November 8. The only statewide elective offices up for election was carried by Charles Andrews, a Republican who was endorsed by the Democrats. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals, was: Republican/Democratic 1,253,000; Prohibition 39,000; Socialist Labor 18,000; and People's Party 17,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007205-0005-0000", "contents": "116th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1893; and adjourned on April 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007205-0006-0000", "contents": "116th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nWilliam Sulzer (D) was elected Speaker with 71 votes against 52 for George R. Malby (R).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007205-0007-0000", "contents": "116th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 17, the Legislature elected Edward Murphy, Jr. (D) to succeed Frank Hiscock (R) as U.S. Senator from New York, for a six-year term beginning on March 4, 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007205-0008-0000", "contents": "116th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 27, the Legislature passed \"An Act to amend chapter 398, of the Laws of 1892, entitled 'An Act to provide for a convention to revise and amend the Constitution'\", calling a Constitutional Convention to meet in 1894.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007205-0009-0000", "contents": "116th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: The Senators in the 116th Legislature had been elected in November 1891 for a two-year term under the apportionment of 1879, as listed below. Although the 115th Legislature (1892) had re-apportioned the Senate districts, the only election under the new apportionment was held in November 1893, to elect the senators who sat in the 117th and 118th Legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007205-0010-0000", "contents": "116th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007205-0011-0000", "contents": "116th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007205-0012-0000", "contents": "116th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007205-0013-0000", "contents": "116th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007205-0014-0000", "contents": "116th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007206-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Sixteenth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1985 and 1986. In this General Assembly, the Ohio Senate was controlled by the Republican Party and the Ohio House of Representatives was controlled by the Democratic Party. In the Senate, there were 18 Republicans and 15 Democrats. In the House, there were 58 Democrats and 41 Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007207-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 116th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 116th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 116th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007207-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 116th Ohio Infantry was organized Marietta and Gallipolis, Ohio, and mustered in September 18, 1862, for three years service under the command of Colonel James Washburn. Companies F and K mustered in October 28, 1862, and joined regiment at Buckhannon, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007207-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Railroad Division, West Virginia, to January 1863. Romney, West Virginia, Defenses of the Upper Potomac, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to March 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to June 1863. 1st Brigade, Elliott's Command, VIII Corps, to July 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Department of the Susquehanna, July 1863. McReynolds' Command, Martinsburg, West Virginia, Department of West Virginia, to December 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, West Virginia, to April 1864. 1st Brigade. 1st Infantry Division, West Virginia, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, Independent Division, XXIV Corps, Army of the James, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007207-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 116th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service June 14, 1865, at Richmond, Virginia. Companies F and K were consolidated with the 62nd Ohio Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007207-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThis regiment was organized at Gallipolis and Marietta in Sept. and Oct.,1862, to serve for three years. On Oct. 16 it moved to Belpre, crossed the river to Parkersburg, and was immediately transported to Clarksburg, W. Va. Its first engagement was at Moorefield where it lost 2 or 3 men slightly wounded by fragments of shell, and about 20 were captured on the picket line. After a little scouting and foraging in the Moorefield Valley, the regiment moved to Romney, where it had about 50 men captured while guarding a forage train. In June Co.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007207-0004-0001", "contents": "116th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nA and I participated in an engagement at Bunker Hill and lost about half their number in killed and captured, the remainder making their escape with great difficulty. It was comparatively idle, so far as fighting was concerned, until the spring of 1864, when it started up the Shenandoah Valley under Gen. Sigel. It participated in two charges at Piedmont losing 176 men killed and wounded, and at Lynchburg it also lost several men. The regiment fought with courage at Snicker's Ferry and participated in a charge which had much to do in deciding the fortunes of the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007207-0004-0002", "contents": "116th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAt the Battle of Halltown it lost quite heavily and was engaged with slight loss at Berryville. It participated in the Battle of the Opequan, losing 4 killed and 22 wounded, and at the Battle of Fisher's Hill it charged a battery in the angle of the Confederate works, receiving the enemy's fire when only 100 yards distant, but rushed in and captured the battery in the very smoke of its discharge, losing 1 man killed and 4 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007207-0004-0003", "contents": "116th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nIt participated in the general engagement at Cedar creek and remained in that vicinity until December, when it joined the Army of the James. In the spring of 1865 it was engaged almost constantly, participated in the assault on Fort Gregg and then joined in the pursuit of the Confederates. It was mustered out on June 14, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007207-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 185 men during service; 4 officers and 90 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 88 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007208-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Operational Maneuvers Regiment\nThe 116th Operational Maneuvers Regiment (116th RMO) (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062c 116 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u200e, French: 116e R\u00e9giment de Man\u0153uvre Op\u00e9rationnelle) is a special forces regiment of the Algerian land forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007208-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, History\nIndeed, the 116th RMO is a recent regiment because it was created in 2015, a few months after the dissolution of the Groupement d'Intervention Sp\u00e9cial (GIS), this regiment was created to directly replace this unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007208-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, History\nFollowing the dissolution of the GIS, the land forces of the Algerian Army decided to create a new elite unit to replace the GIS. However, the 116th RMO has a different status because it does not depend directly on the Algerian intelligence services, as was the case for the former GIS, but it belongs directly to the command of the land forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007208-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, History\nThey are under the direct orders of the Chief of Staff of the People's National Army, and their missions are followed up to the highest military level (the army's high command).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007208-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, History\nMoreover, the 116th RMO is the descendant of the GIS, so this regiment has naturally taken over the same missions as the latter, and is therefore capable of extremely diverse and varied operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007208-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, History\nThe 116th RMO joined their counterparts in the 104th RMO, which is also a special forces regiment that is the equivalent of the US Special Forces, while the 116th RMO has more characteristics to be the Algerian equivalent of the Delta Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007208-0006-0000", "contents": "116th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, History\nThe majority of operators and most of the material was transferred to this regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007208-0007-0000", "contents": "116th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, Missions\nThe 116th RMO specializes in counterterrorism, counter guerrilla actions, and the hunting of terrorists in hostile and complex areas, as well as in hostage rescue. However, it is also capable of extremely diverse and varied operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007208-0008-0000", "contents": "116th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, Missions\nIt can be tasked with protection of high military authorities, various special operations such as special reconnaissance and raids behind enemy lines, and other types of special missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007208-0009-0000", "contents": "116th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, Organization\nThe regiment has several companies with several specialized groups such as HAHO/HALO groups, hostage rescue groups, combat swimmer groups, search and destroy groups etc...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007208-0010-0000", "contents": "116th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, Equipment and Armament\nOperators have access to several types of weapons that are chosen according to the needs and nature of the mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007208-0011-0000", "contents": "116th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, Equipment and Armament\nEach operator is equipped with a primary weapon (usually an assault rifle), a handgun, and in addition to this, various types of grenades (fragmentation, smoke, blinding, etc. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007208-0012-0000", "contents": "116th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, Equipment and Armament\nMarksmans and snipers have a multitude of choices with regard to their weaponry, ranging from small and medium calibers to large calibers used for immaterial fire, which allows them to destroy light equipment, especially with heavy calibers such as the .50 caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group\nThe 116th Operations Group is a Georgia Air National Guard unit assigned to the 116th Air Control Wing. The unit is stationed at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia. The 116th Group controls all operational Northrop Grumman E-8C Joint STARS aircraft of the 116th Air Control Wing. It was activated in 1992, when the Air Force implemented the Objective Wing organization, and was successively equipped with the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle and the Rockwell B-1 Lancer before converting to the E-8C in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group\nThe unit was first activated during World War II as the 353d Fighter Group, a Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighter unit assigned to VIII Fighter Command in Western Europe, which later converted to the North American P-51 Mustang. The group received a Distinguished Unit Citation for its air support during Operation Market Garden, the airborne invasion of the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group\nPostwar, in 1946, the group was redesignated the 116th Fighter Group and became part of the Georgia Air National Guard. In 1950, the group was mobilized for the Korean War as the 116th Fighter-Bomber Group, and was deployed to Japan. In 1952, the group was returned to the Georgia Air National Guard and became the 116th Fighter-Interceptor Group. The group converted to transport aircraft in 1961 and was successively redesignated the 116th Air Transport Group and the 116th Air Mobility Group. After the end of United States involvement in the Vietnam War, the group was converted back to fighters in 1973, but was inactivated a year later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe group was organized as the 353d Fighter Group at Mitchel Field, New York, although it did not receive any pilots until it moved to Richmond AAB, Virginia. The group trained in the Mid-Atlantic states during 1942\u20131943 while also serving as an air defense organization. Its original squadrons were the 350th, 351st, and 352d Fighter Squadrons. The group was equipped with Curtiss P-40N Warhawks that had been used by other units, but in February 1943, it began receiving Republic P-47B Thunderbolts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe 353d moved to England May through June 1943, where it was assigned to the 66th Fighter Wing of VIII Fighter Command at Sawston Hall, Cambridge. The group was equipped with newer P-47D Thunderbolts and was the fourth P-47 unit to join the Eighth Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, World War II\nOperations commenced on 9 August 1943 when sixteen planes joined P-47s of the 56th Fighter Group on an uneventful fighter sweep over the Netherlands. The group's first mission on its own was a bomber escort mission on 14 August. On the 16th, the group had its first engagement with enemy Me 109 and Fw 190 fighters. Unfortunately, the first group commander, Lt. Col. Joseph A. Morris was lost in combat that day. From Metfield the 353d flew numerous counter-air missions and provided escort for bombers that attacked targets in western Europe, made counter-air sweeps over France and the Low Countries, and dive bombed targets in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0006-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, World War II\nIn March 1944 the group commander. Col. Duncan, proposed to Maj Gen. Kepner, the commander of VIII Fighter Command, that a group of pilots be assembled who would be specialists in the art of ground strafing. On 15 March sixteen pilots from the 353d, 355th, 359th and 361st Fighter Groups were assembled under Col. Duncan and nicknamed \"Bill's Buzz Boys\". These pilots flew P-47s equipped with \"paddle blade\" propellors which improved the low altitude performance of their Thunderbolts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0006-0001", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, World War II\nUntil \"Bill's Buzz Boys\" were disbanded on 12 April they developed tactics for low level strafing attacks on enemy airfields, which prevented the Luftwaffe from shepherding their air defense forces on the ground, in order to use them only when they had an advantage, minimizing losses, because the aircraft were vulnerable both in the air and on the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0007-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, World War II\nDuring the Battle of Normandy, the 353d supported the breakthrough at Saint-L\u00f4 in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0008-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe group received the Distinguished Unit Citation for supporting Operation Market Garden, the airborne attack on Arnhem and Nijmegen (Operation Market) and the advance of British Forces to link up with the airhead and attack across the Rhine River (Operation Garden) between 17 and 23 September 1944. On the 17th and 18th the group concentrated on strikes against enemy flak positions threatening the landing of airborne troops, claiming the destruction of 64 flak positions and damage to 22 more in the two days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0008-0001", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThese attacks also resulted in the loss of two of the group's planes and flak damage to 17 more. After standing down for two days due to weather, the 353d provided top cover to the Douglas C-53 Skytrooper and Douglas C-47 Skytrain aircraft carrying out the operation. While protecting the troop carriers the group claimed 25 victories over enemy fighters attacking the drop and landing zones while losing four more of its P-47s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0009-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, World War II\nIn October 1944, the group converted to the North American P-51 Mustang. The group flew its first Mustang mission escorting Boeing B-17s on 2 October. This mission was the only one in which the group flew both P-47s and P-51s, although Thunderbolts continued to fly separate missions until the conversion was complete. Four days later Lt. C. W. Mueller claimed Eighth Air Force's second victory over a jet-propelled Me 262 fighter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0010-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, World War II\nAbout this time Raydon was known colloquially as \"Bomb Alley\" due to the number of German V-1 \"Doodlebug\" flying bombs which flew directly overhead on their way to London. One V-1 blew up as it went over and the engine narrowly missed the bomb dump in Raydon Great Wood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0011-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe group continued its fighter-bomber, escort, and counter-air activities, participating in the Battle of the Bulge from December 1944 through January 1945 and Operation Varsity, the airborne attack across the Rhine in March 1945. The group had two \"aces in a day\" on 24 March when Lt. Col. Wayne Blickenstaff and Maj. Robert Elder each claimed five victories. The group encountered a formation of Fw 190 aircraft loaded with bombs, with another formation of Me 109s flying top cover for them. The group attacked the enemy formations, claiming a total of 29 destroyed while losing five aircraft. This was the only time in the history of Eighth Air Force when two pilots from the same unit destroyed five or more enemy aircraft in the same engagement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0012-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe 353d's flew its last combat mission (its 448th) on 25 April 1945, when it escorted Royal Air Force and 398th Bombardment Group bombers attacking Berchtesgaden and Pilsen. It had lost 152 aircraft in combat. 50 of the pilots had become prisoners of war or evadees (including group commander, Col. Glenn E. Duncan), but most aircraft losses also involved the loss of the pilot. After the end of hostilities, the group trained and prepared for transfer to the Pacific Theater. With the end of World War II in September, the group left Raydon and transferred back to Camp Kilmer, New Jersey where it was inactivated on 18 October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0013-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, World War II\nAfter VE day in May 1945, Colonel Glen E. Duncan received a B-17 Flying Fortress from school friend Colonel John B Kidd from the 100th Bomb Group in return for Kidd flying a P-47 Thunderbolt. The B-17 was painted in the 353rd colors (yellow/black checkerboard cowls) and used to fly ground crewmembers over Germany so that they could observe the impact their aircraft had made in the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0014-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, Georgia Air National Guard\nThe wartime 353d Fighter Group was redesignated as the 116th Fighter Group, allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Marietta Army Air Field, Georgia, and was extended federal recognition on 20 August 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 116th Fighter Group was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 353d Fighter Group. It was assigned to the 54th Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0015-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, Georgia Air National Guard\nThe 116th Fighter Group consisted of the 128th Fighter Squadron at Marietta AAF, and the 158th Fighter Squadron at Chatham Army Air Field, near Savannah. As part of the Continental Air Command Fourteenth Air Force, the unit trained for tactical fighter missions and air-to-air combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0016-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, Korean Mobilization\nIn October 1950, the group was mobilized and moved to George Air Force Base. Under the regular Air Force's wing base organization the 116th Fighter-Bomber Wing was activated as the headquarters for the group and the units supporting it. The 128th Fighter-Bomber Squadron remained with the group after mobilization, but its other units were the 159th Fighter-Bomber Squadron of the Florida Air National Guard and the 196th Fighter-Bomber Squadron of the California Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0017-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, Return to the Georgia Air National Guard\nThe group was redesignated the 116th Fighter-Interceptor Group, returned to the Georgia Air National Guard on 10 July 1952 and activated at Dobbins Air Force Base. The 116th was gained by Air Defense Command (ADC). It was initially equipped with old North American P-51H Mustangs, but soon converted to Republic F-84 Thunderjets. In 1958, the group began to stand alert with its interceptors. In 1960 the F-84s were replaced by the North American F-86L Sabre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0018-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, Return to the Georgia Air National Guard\nIn 1961, the group traded in its Sabres for Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter transports, becoming the 116th Air Transport Group. The group flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to the Caribbean, Europe, Greenland, and the Middle East. In 1966 the 116th, now the 116th Military Airlift Group, was the first Air National Guard group to receive Douglas C-124 Globemaster II strategic heavy airlifters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0019-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, Return to the Georgia Air National Guard\nIn the years after the Vietnam War, the 116th returned to the fighter mission and was re-equipped with North American F-100 Super Sabre. In 1974 the Air National Guard eliminated its tactical groups at locations that also had a wing headquarters and the 116th Tactical Fighter Group was inactivated on 9 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0020-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, Return to the Georgia Air National Guard\nIn 1992 as part of the post Cold War reorganizations of the Air Force, the 116th Wing converted to the Air Force Objective Wing organization and the group was again activated as the  116th Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0021-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, Return to the Georgia Air National Guard\nAfter calling Dobbins home for 50 years, the 116th simultaneously converted from the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle fighters to the Rockwell B-1 Lancer strategic bomber and moved 110 miles south to Robins Air Force Base near Warner Robins, Georgia and the former Strategic Air Command alert facility there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0022-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, Return to the Georgia Air National Guard\nUnder the Air Force's Total Force Initiative the 116th Wing became a \"blended\" wing. The 93d Air Control Wing, an active-duty unit, was inactivated on 1 October 2002 and the 116th Group was assigned both members of the Guard and active duty airmen. The unit was equipped with the new E-8C Joint STARS airborne battle management aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0023-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, History, Return to the Georgia Air National Guard\nOn 24 November 2010, the Chief of Staff of the Air Force designated the 116th Air Control Wing as an \"Active Associate\" wing and replaced the \"blended\" wing concept. A new active duty associate wing was formed, and the squadrons with active duty airmen were reassigned to the 461st Air Control Wing. The two units continue to operate together to accomplish the shared J-STARS mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007209-0024-0000", "contents": "116th Operations Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007210-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 116th Panzer Division, also known as the \"Windhund (Greyhound) Division\", was a German armoured formation that saw combat during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007210-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History, Formation\nThe 116th Division was constituted in the Rhineland and Westphalia areas of western Germany in March 1944 from the remnants of the 16th Panzergrenadier Division, and the 179th Reserve Panzer Division. The 16th had suffered heavy casualties in combat on the Eastern Front near Stalingrad, and the 179th was a second-line formation that had been on occupation duty in France since 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007210-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History, Western Front\nIn 1944, it participated in opposing the Normandy landings, the Battle of Normandy, and was later trapped in the Falaise Pocket following Operation Cobra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007210-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History, Western Front\nAlong with the 2nd SS Panzer Division, it was responsible for holding the pocket open to allow German troops to escape. It managed to escape, although with only 600 infantry and 12 tanks intact. In October, it fought against American forces in the Battle of Aachen, with the town falling to the Americans on 21 October. It was moved to D\u00fcsseldorf for refitting. On 8 November, the division repulsed an attack from the U.S. 28th Infantry Division in the H\u00fcrtgen Forest during the larger Battle of H\u00fcrtgen Forest, recapturing the town of Schmidt, thus providing the name to the 28th of the \"Bloody Bucket Division\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007210-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History, Western Front\nThe 116th then participated in the failed \"Wacht am Rhein\" Operation in the Ardennes. On 10 December, before the offensive, it was partly refitted, with 26 Panzer IV and 43 Panther tanks and 25 Jagdpanzer IV tank destroyers (of which 13 were combat ready). However, it was still missing much of its organic transport. Initially stalled by the resistance and then poor bridges in attacks to cross the Our River at Luetzkampen and Ouren, it back-tracked to march through Belgium from Dasburg to Houffalize. The division then fought its way as the middle spearhead of the advance on the Meuse from Samree to La Roche. It was then involved in heavy fighting at Hotton and Verdenne, where it was turned back at its furthest advance in the Ardennes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007210-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History, Western Front\nIt later delayed Allied forces allowing other German units to retreat, before being withdrawn over the Rhine in March. It then opposed the U.S. Ninth Army's advance across the Rhine, thus stopping the planned Allied breakthrough as well as opposing Operation Varsity's airborne landings. With 2,800 men and 10 tanks against 50,000 Allied troops and supporting tanks, the division faced the U.S. 30th, the U.S. 35th, the U.S. 84th, the 4th Canadian and the U.S. 8th Armored Divisions. On 16 April 1945, the majority of the division was forced to surrender to the U.S. Ninth Army, having been trapped in the Ruhr Pocket. Remnants of the division continued to fight in the Harz mountains until 30 April, surrendering only after all of their resources had been exhausted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007211-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 116th Pennsylvania Infantry was a volunteer infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It formed a part of the Irish Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007211-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 116th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, was recruited from among the Irish Americans of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during the summer of 1862. Dennis Heenan served as its first colonel, St. Clair A. Mulholland as lieutenant colonel, and George H. Bardwell as major. At the end of August 1862, the regiment was ordered to report to Washington, D.C., and was assigned to the Irish Brigade, which was the 2nd Brigade,1st Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac. The following month, it was ordered to the Shenandoah Valley, where it saw minor skirmishing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007211-0001-0001", "contents": "116th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nAt the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, the 116th charged up Marye's Heights. Despite losing many of their officers and men, including Colonel Heenan, they remained at the wall until dark. The regiment had lost so many men that it was consolidated into a battalion of four companies under the command of Mulholland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007211-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 116th performed well at the Battle of Chancellorsville, where it helped rescue the 5th Maine Battery from capture. In this action, Mulholland earned a Medal of Honor. On the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg, the 1st Division was sent into the Wheatfield to support the III Corps, where the 116th engaged in hand-to-hand combat. Caught in a crossfire, the division was forced to retreat. During Pickett's Charge the following day, the regiment supported the 2nd Connecticut Battery but wasn't needed in the fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007211-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nDuring the following few months, the 116th remained in northern Virginia. In the spring of 1864, Mulholland was given permission to recruit the regiment back to full strength. Enough men were raised in Philadelphia to form Companies E, F, and G in addition to bringing the four companies at the front to strength, though many of the veterans were consolidated into A Company. Companies H, I, and K were raised in Pittsburgh. Mulholland was promoted to colonel, while Richard C. Dale became lieutenant colonel and John Teed, who had been captured at Gettysburg, major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007211-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 116th fought all through the Overland Campaign, where it continued to lose heavily in officers and men. Mulholland was wounded at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House and Dale was missing in action. Mulholland was wounded again at the Battle of Cold Harbor. Heavy losses continued during the Siege of Petersburg. In July, the Irish Brigade was broken up and the 116th was assigned to the 4th Brigade, 1st Division. After the Appomattox Campaign, the regiment was sent to Alexandria, where, on June 3, companies A, B, C, and D where mustered out. The remaining companies were mustered out on July 14 in Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan)\n116th Street runs from Riverside Drive, overlooking the Hudson River, to the East River, through the New York City borough of Manhattan. It traverses the neighborhoods of Morningside Heights, Harlem, and Spanish Harlem; the street is interrupted between Morningside Heights and Harlem by Morningside Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan), History\nThe street was designated by the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 that established the Manhattan street grid as one of 15 east-west streets that would be 100 feet (30\u00a0m) in width (while other streets were designated as 60 feet (18\u00a0m) in width).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan), Description, West Side\nThe western entrance to 116th Street at Riverside Drive is flanked by a pair of white apartment buildings with curved facades, The Colosseum and The Paterno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan), Description, West Side\nThe New York Times has said that the  \"opposing curves, (form) a gateway as impressive as any publicly built arch or plaza in New York. The unusual curves of the road are the result of an 1897 plan to make the land between Claremont Avenue and Riverside Drive into a public park in order to give veterans parades with a large park adjacent to Grant's Tomb as a terminus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0003-0001", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan), Description, West Side\nThe street was redesigned so that a vehicle or a parade coming up Riverside Drive would swing onto 116th Street in a gracious curve, then immediately swing north onto Claremont Avenue following a second curve. The city never appropriated funds to buy the land, but the curves remain. The top of The Paterno is capped with an architectural fancy masking a water tower in a shape that conjures up a section of Mansard roof, complete with dormer window. It is visible from the gates of Columbia University at Broadway and 116th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan), Description, West Side\nThe intersection of 116th Street and Broadway, is the location of the main entrance of Columbia University, the city's Ivy League school. Until the 1950s, the street ran uninterrupted through Morningside Heights from Riverside Drive to Morningside Park. In 1953, during Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidency at Columbia, however, the block between Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue was permanently closed to vehicular traffic and was turned into a pedestrian way called \"College Walk.\" The street had been ceded to Columbia in exchange for a payment of $1,000. The street is again interrupted where it meets Morningside Drive, this time by the steep downward slope of Morningside Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan), Description, East Side\nThe main, east-west thoroughfare portion of 116th Street begins at the eastern edge of Morningside Park and runs east through central Harlem. A large West African immigrant community has developed in central Harlem with stores, bakeries and caf\u00e9s along 116th Street west of St. Nicholas Avenue. This community has been called Little Senegal or Le Petit Senegal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0006-0000", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan), Description, East Side\nAt Lenox Ave., the street runs past the Malcolm Shabazz Mosque, formerly the Mosque No. 7 . The building was erected as the Lenox Casino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0007-0000", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan), Description, East Side\nEast of Fifth Avenue, 116th Street has historically been the primary business hub of Spanish Harlem. From Lexington Avenue to First Avenue, the street is lined with businesses selling food, clothing, and other specialty and ethnically specific goods to a Spanish-speaking clientele. East 116th Street terminates at FDR Drive, the site of the East River Plaza, a retail mall complex with large commercial tenants Costco, Aldi and Target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0008-0000", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan), Transportation\nSubway stations on 116th Street are, from west to east:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0009-0000", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan), Transportation\nThe future 116th Street will serve the N, \u200bQ, and \u200bR trains at Second Avenue when constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0010-0000", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan), Transportation\nThe M116 New York City Bus route also stops on the street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0011-0000", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan), In popular culture\n116th Street in Harlem is the background for the book The Street (1946) by Ann Petry. The story is about Lutie Johnson, a single young black mother, who moves to 116th Street to give her son better opportunities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0012-0000", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan), In popular culture\n116th Street and Broadway is the opening scene of The Caine Mutiny (1951) by Herman Wouk as Willie Keith is being dropped off by his mother to join the Navy in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0013-0000", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan), Gallery\nLooking west from Morningside Drive; Morningside Park is behind the camera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0014-0000", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan), Gallery\nCarl Schurz statue at the 116th Street overlook at Morningside Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0015-0000", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan), Gallery\nMorningside Avenue, east side of the park. 115th Street buildings in background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0016-0000", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan), Gallery\n116th Street at Eighth Avenue in Harlem, and the uptown entrance to 116th Street station (A, \u200bB, and \u200bC trains).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0017-0000", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan), Gallery\nWest African stores between Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard and Eighth Avenue in Harlem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007212-0018-0000", "contents": "116th Street (Manhattan), Gallery\nEl Barrio, 116th Street between Third Avenue and Lexington Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007213-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Street Crew\nThe 116th Street Crew, also known as the Uptown Crew, is a powerful crew within the Genovese crime family. In the early 1960s, Anthony Salerno became one of the most powerful capos in the family. Salerno based the crew out of the Palma Boys Social Club located 416 East 115th Street in East Harlem, Manhattan. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, the 116th Street Crew had absorbed and initiated many former members of the vicious East Harlem Purple Gang, an Italian-American murder for hire and drug trafficking gang operating in 1970s Italian Harlem and acting generally independent of the Mafia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007213-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Street Crew, History, The 116th Street Mob\nIn the early 1890s, a group of four brothers (Giuseppe Morello, and his half-brothers Nicholo, Vincenzo and Ciro Terranova) arrived in New York City from Corleone, Sicily. The Morello-Terranova brothers soon started taking over the growing Little Italy in East Harlem, by using the black hand technique of extorting small business and running illegal gambling operations. The group became known as the 116th Street Mob (or Morello gang). With their increasing power the Morello's sought to control Lower Manhattan's Little Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007213-0001-0001", "contents": "116th Street Crew, History, The 116th Street Mob\nThe Little Italy in lower Manhattan was under the control of Ignazio \"Lupo the Wolf\" Saietta, Before a gang war erupted, the two sides decided on joining forces. Giuseppe Morello became the Capo di tutti capi (or boss of bosses), but before long he and Ignazio Saietta were arrested and charged with counterfeiting in 1910. In 1910 The Lomonte Brothers cousins of Morello ran East Harlem till 1915, Fortunto Lomonte killed 1914 on East 108th st., Tomasso Lomonte killed 1915 on East 116th st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007213-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Street Crew, History, The 116th Street Mob\nNicholo Morello took over and became embroiled in the Mafia-Camorra War. This conflict was between the Sicilian Morello-Terranova family and Brooklyn Camorra gangs led by Pellegrino Morano. Each side wanted to completely control all the Italian gangs in New York City and across the United States. On September 7, 1916 Nicholas Terranova was murdered, giving the Camorra gangs the advantage. The next leaders of the Morello family were brothers Vincenzo and Ciro. They continued the war and within months police began arresting top members of the Camorra gangs. This allowed the Sicilians to maintain dominance and control over New York City and the remaining Camorra gangs joined forces with Sicilian gangs. Vincent continued operating from Brooklyn, and Ciro continued expanding his operations in East Harlem and The Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007213-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Street Crew, History, The Artichoke King\nCiro \"The Artichoke King\" Terranova controlled the 116th Street Crew during the prohibition era. In his later years, after being \"encouraged\" by younger gangsters to retire in 1935 and subsequently declaring bankruptcy and losing his Pelham Manor home to foreclosure, Terranova and his wife moved into the building long owned by the Morello-Terranova family at 338 East 116th Street (the headquarters of the Ignatz Florio Co-operative Association).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007213-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Street Crew, History, Coppola's policy racket\nMichael \"Trigger Mike\" Coppola, was a top lieutenant in the 116th Street Crew of Ciro Terranova. He took over the crew sometime between 1932 and 1936, after Terranova was \"put on the shelf\" (i.e. forced into retirement) by the new Luciano-Genovese-Costello regime of the Luciano crime family. Coppola was also supervising the illegal numbers racket that was once controlled by Dutch Schultz before his murder. The numbers racket controlled bookmaking and illegal gambling throughout Harlem and The South Bronx, making thousands of dollars a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007213-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Street Crew, History, Coppola's policy racket\nWhen boss Vito Genovese was imprisoned in the late 1950s, various influential members began running the crime family through a ruling panel/committee. The panel consisted of acting/front boss Thomas \"Tommy Ryan\" Eboli, underboss Gerardo \"Gerry\" Catena and consigliere Michele \"Big Mike\" Miranda, while others served in the advisory capacity. Mike Coppola, an influential capo, also helped the panel. In the early 1960s, Mike Coppola was imprisoned on tax evasion charges and followed in the footsteps of his predecessor Ciro Terranova, being put on the shelf after his release from prison in 1963. Coppola later moved to South Florida and effectively retired. His crew, with his vast illegal interests went to Anthony Salerno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007213-0006-0000", "contents": "116th Street Crew, History, Palma Boys crew\nAnthony \"Fat Tony\" Salerno started as a soldier in the 1930s under capo Michael Coppola. As the years went by, Salerno worked his way up the ranks of the crew and the crime family, controlling his own lucrative gambling and loansharking operations. In the early 1960s, his capo Coppola was imprisoned on tax evasion charges and demoted in rank. The crew then split, allowing Coppola's top lieutenants to break up his vast illegal interests that included his numbers empire. Salerno based the 116th Street Crew from the Palma Boys Social Club located at 416 East 115th Street in East Harlem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007213-0007-0000", "contents": "116th Street Crew, History, Palma Boys crew\nSalerno, and his brother Cirino (known as \"Charles\" or \"Charlie Speed\") led the crew, operating in Italian Harlem and the Bronx. The Salerno brothers oversaw a multimillion-dollar gambling racket based in East Harlem that expanded into the South Bronx. Salerno's gambling empire included numbers, bookmaking and floating dice games. Even when the East Harlem neighborhood went from a predominantly Italian to a predominantly black neighborhood, Salerno managed to hold onto their interests and employ over 200 people in their street rackets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007213-0008-0000", "contents": "116th Street Crew, History, Palma Boys crew\nSalerno was a highly respected and feared gangster, and a well-known New York Mafia powerhouse who continued to rise through the ranks of the Genovese crime family becoming consigliere from 1972\u201375, underboss in 1975, and eventually the acting\u2013front boss from 1981-86. In the late 1970s, the FBI managed to place a listening device in his East Harlem headquarters, the Palma Boys Social Club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007213-0008-0001", "contents": "116th Street Crew, History, Palma Boys crew\nBy the early 1980s, Salerno had been caught on the bug discussing crime family affairs and business with various members, including top underlings such as capo Matthew \"Matty the Horse\" Ianniello, Salerno driver and right-hand-man Vincent \"Fish\" Cafaro, and even Lucchese crime family boss Anthony \"Tony Ducks\" Corallo, whose own Jaguar, where Corallo conducted much of his affairs, had also been bugged. In February 1985, the information obtained through the FBI bug was used to eventually indict Salerno and the bosses of New York's Five Families, who sat on The Commission. The Mafia Commission Trial began in September 1986 and ended in November. Tony Salerno, along with five other New York bosses were convicted under the RICO statute and sentenced to 100 years in prison in January 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007213-0009-0000", "contents": "116th Street Crew, History, Bellomo era\nLiborio \"Barney\" Bellomo took over the crew in the early 1980s, operating in Harlem and the Bronx. In the early 1990s, Bellomo was promoted to street boss for imprisoned boss Vincent \"The Chin\" Gigante. On July 27, 1992, former capo Anthony Salerno died in prison. Bellomo was imprisoned, and various acting leaders such as Frank \"Farby\" Serpico and Ernest \"Ernie\" Muscarella controlled the crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007214-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)\n116th Street is a local station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 116th Street and 8th Avenue in Harlem, Manhattan, it is served by the B train on weekdays, the C train at all times except nights, and the A train during late nights only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007214-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nThis underground station, opened on September 10, 1932, has four tracks and two side platforms. The platforms have name tablets reading \"116TH ST.\" in white sans-serif lettering on a midnight blue background and black border, but no trim line. Small direction and name signs reading \"116\" in white lettering on a black border run at regular intervals. There are blue I-beam columns that run along both platforms at regular intervals with every other one having the standard black station name plate in white lettering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007214-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nEach platform has one same-level fare control area at their extreme south ends. Each one has a turnstile bank and two staircases to the street. The southbound platform has a token booth while the northbound platform does not, having been closed in 2010 and removed several years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007214-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nThere are no crossovers or crossunders between the two platforms. As a result, this station and 135th Street are the only two stations on the Eighth Avenue Line north of 59th Street that do not permit free transfers between opposite directions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007214-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe station is planned to be rehabilitated as part of the 2015\u20132019 MTA Capital Program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007214-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nThe exits on the northbound platform go up to either eastern corners of 116th Street and Eighth Avenue while the exits on the southbound platform go up to either western corners:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007214-0006-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nBoth platforms also had a part-time entrance/exit at the north end to both northern corners of 118th Street and Fredrick Douglass Boulevard, with the northbound platform's entrance/exit leading to the northeastern corner and the southbound platform's entrance/exit leading to the northwestern corner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007215-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)\n116th Street is a station on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 116th Street and Lenox Avenue in Harlem, it is served by the 2 and 3 trains at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007215-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)\nThe 116th Street station was constructed for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as part of the city's first subway line, which was approved in 1900. Construction on the tunnel segment that includes the 116th Street station started on October 2 of the same year. The station opened on November 23, 1904. The station platforms were lengthened in 1910.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007215-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)\nThe 116th Street station contains two side platforms and two tracks. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations. The platforms contain exits to Lenox Avenue's intersection with 116th Street and are not connected to each other within fare control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007215-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nPlanning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature authorized the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007215-0003-0001", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nA plan was formally adopted in 1897, and legal challenges were resolved near the end of 1899. The Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007215-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nThe 116th Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's East Side Branch (now the Lenox Avenue Line). Farrell & Hopper began building the section from 110th Street to 135th Street on August 30, 1900, subcontracting the section north of 116th Street to John C. Rodgers. The excavation was relatively easy because the subway was under one side of Lenox Avenue and there were no street railway tracks to work around.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007215-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nOn November 23, 1904, the East Side Branch opened to 145th Street. Initially, the station was served by East Side local and express trains. Local trains ran from City Hall to Lenox Avenue (145th Street). Express trains had their southern terminus at South Ferry or Atlantic Avenue and had their northern terminus at 145th Street or West Farms (180th Street). Express trains to 145th Street were eliminated in 1906, and West Farms express trains operated through to Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007215-0006-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nTo address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts, made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $41.7 million in 2020) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $13,887,500 in 2020) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent. The platforms at the 116th Street station were extended 55 feet (17\u00a0m) to both the north and south. On January 23, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the East Side Branch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 94], "content_span": [95, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007215-0007-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nIn 1918, the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square\u201342nd Street, thereby dividing the original line into an \"H\"-shaped system. Local trains were sent to South Ferry, while express trains used the new Clark Street Tunnel to Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 94], "content_span": [95, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007215-0008-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nThe IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of \"R-type\" rolling stock. These fleet contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948. The route to White Plains Road, formerly the route to West Farms, became known as the 2, while the route to Lenox Avenue\u2013145th Street became the 3. In 1959, all 2 and 3 trains became express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 94], "content_span": [95, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007215-0009-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nStarting on March 2, 1998, the tunnel was reconstructed along with the cracked tunnel floor, and the 116th Street station was closed for a complete renovation. This was done to correct a major water problem that had existed for many years due to the presence of the Harlem Creek and other underground streams, which caused extensive flooding, water damage, and seepage problems that occasionally contributed to severe service disruptions. The project cost $82 million and was finished on October 12, 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 94], "content_span": [95, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007215-0009-0001", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nDuring the reconstruction, many 2 trains were rerouted via the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, while the 3 trains were rerouted to the 137th Street\u2013City College station on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line. Each of the two Lenox Avenue Line tracks were alternately taken out of service and supplemental shuttle bus service connecting to other lines in the area were provided for much of this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 94], "content_span": [95, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007215-0010-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe station has two tracks and two side platforms. The 2 and 3 trains stop here at all times. The platforms were originally 350 feet (110\u00a0m) long, as at other stations north of 96th Street. The platform extensions are at the north ends of the original platforms. Fare control is at platform level. There are no crossovers or crossunders between the two side platforms to allow free transfer between directions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007215-0011-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nAs with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method. The tunnel is covered by a \"U\"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than 4 inches (100\u00a0mm) thick. The platforms consist of 3-inch-thick (7.6\u00a0cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The original platforms contain circular, cast-iron Doric-style columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m), while the platform extensions contain I-beam columns. Additional columns between the tracks, spaced every 5 feet (1.5\u00a0m), support the jack-arched concrete station roofs. There is a 1-inch (25\u00a0mm) gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4-inch (100\u00a0mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007215-0012-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nThe original decorative scheme consisted of blue tile station-name tablets, buff tile bands, a light blue terracotta cornice, and dark blue terracotta plaques. The mosaic tiles at all original IRT stations were manufactured by the American Encaustic Tile Company, which subcontracted the installations at each station. The decorative work was performed by tile contractor Manhattan Glass Tile Company and terracotta contractor Atlantic Terra Cotta Company. It features extensive mosaics featuring Harlem history and famous African-Americans. It was fully renovated as part of the 1998 Lenox Avenue subway reconstruction project. The reconstruction project gave this station all new wall tiling and restored the \"116\" terra cotta wall cartouches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007215-0013-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nThe artworks here are Minton's Playhouse on the uptown platform, and Movers and Shakers on the downtown platform (both by Vincent Smith, 1999).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007215-0014-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nTwo staircases from each platform lead to the intersection of Lenox Avenue and West 116th Street. The staircases from the southbound platform lead to the western corners, while those from the northbound platform lead to the eastern corners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007216-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)\n116th Street is a local station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Lexington Avenue and 116th Street in East Harlem, it is served by the 6 train at all times, the <6> train during weekdays in the peak direction, and the 4 train during late nights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007216-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)\nThis station was constructed as part of the Dual Contracts by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and opened in 1918. It was renovated in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007216-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nFollowing the completion of the original subway, there were plans to construct a line along Manhattan's east side north of 42nd Street. The original plan for what became the extension north of 42nd Street was to continue it south through Irving Place and into what is now the BMT Broadway Line at Ninth Street and Broadway. In July 1911, the IRT had withdrawn from the talks, and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) was to operate on Lexington Avenue. The IRT submitted an offer for what became its portion of the Dual Contracts on February 27, 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007216-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nIn 1913, as part of the Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19, 1913, the Public Service Commission planned to split the original Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) system from looking like a \"Z\" system (as seen on a map) to an \"H\"-shaped system. The original system would be split into three segments: two north\u2013south lines, carrying through trains over the Lexington Avenue and Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Lines, and a west\u2013east shuttle under 42nd Street. This would form a roughly \"H\"-shaped system. It was predicted that the subway extension would lead to the growth of the Upper East Side and the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007216-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\n116th Street station opened on July 17, 1918, with service initially running between Grand Central\u201342nd Street station and 167th Street via the line's local tracks. On August 1, the \"H system\" was put into place, with through service beginning on the new east and west side trunk lines, and the institution of the 42nd Street Shuttle along the old connection between the sides. The cost of the extension from Grand Central was $58 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007216-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Station renovation\nThis station was renovated in 2003, along with the 77th Street and 86th Street stations on the Lexington Avenue Line. As part of the project, structural deficiencies were repaired, signage and lighting were enhanced, electrical service was upgraded, station facilities were rehabilitated, new fare arrays and a new token booth were installed, and portions of the station were upgraded to be compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. In addition, visual clutter was eliminated, and artwork was installed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007216-0005-0001", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Station renovation\nThe contract for the station renovation project, which was expected to take two year, was expected to be advertised in October 2000. The contract for these three stations was awarded in October 2001, and the projects were done in-house. The cost of the work at 116th Street station was $15.5 million, of which $12.3 million came from the Federal government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007216-0006-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Station layout\nThis underground station has two tracks and two side platforms, and serves local trains only. The two express tracks pass underneath on a lower level and are not visible from the platforms. The 6 stops here at all times, and the 4 stops here during late nights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007216-0007-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Station layout\nFare control is at platform level, and no crossover or crossunder is provided. The station has standard IRT number and station name tiles. Both platforms have emergency exits from the lower level express tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007216-0008-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nThis station has staircases that lead out to the four corners of the intersection of 116th Street and Lexington Avenue. Staircases on the western corners serve the southbound platform, while those on the eastern corners serve the northbound platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007217-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)\n116th Street was an express station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had three tracks and two island platforms. It opened on September 17, 1879 and closed on June 11, 1940. The next southbound local stop was 104th Street station until June 3, 1903 and then 110th Street. The next southbound express stop was 66th Street. The next northbound stop was 125th Street for all trains. The express run from this stop to 66th Street was the longest express segment out of all New York City elevated lines, bypassing seven local stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007218-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line)\n116th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. The outer tracks had two side platforms for local trains, and was built first. The center track was built as part of the Dual Contracts for express trains. This station closed on May 12, 1955, with the ending of all service on the Third Avenue El south of 149th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007219-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (Second Avenue Subway)\n116th Street is a planned station along the IND Second Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. It would be located at the intersection of Second Avenue and 116th Street in East Harlem, Manhattan. Proposed since 1968, the station is expected to be built by 2027\u20132029 as part of Phase 2 of the Second Avenue Subway. When opened, it will initially be served by the Q train, with the T train providing service when Phase 3 of the line is built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007219-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), History, Background\nThe Second Avenue Line was originally proposed in 1919 as part of a massive expansion of what would become the Independent Subway System (IND). Work on the line never commenced, as the Great Depression crushed the economy. Numerous plans for the Second Avenue Subway appeared throughout the 20th century, but these were usually deferred due to lack of funds. In anticipation of the never-built new subway line, the Second and Third Avenue elevated lines were demolished in 1942 and 1955, respectively. The Second Avenue Elevated had a station at 117th Street, and the Third Avenue Elevated had a stop on nearby Third Avenue at 116th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007219-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), History, Unrealized proposals\nThe Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) proposed a full-length Second Avenue Subway as part of its 1968 Program for Action. The line was to be built in two phases\u2014the first phase from 126th to 34th Streets, the second phase from 34th to Whitehall Streets. The line's planned stops in Manhattan, spaced farther apart than those on existing subway lines, proved controversial; the Second Avenue line was criticized as a \"rich man's express, circumventing the Lower East Side with its complexes of high-rise low- and middle-income housing and slums in favor of a silk stocking route.\" There was to be no station at 116th Street, but the next station north would be at 125th Street and the next station south would be at 106th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007219-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), History, Unrealized proposals\nA combination of Federal and State funding was obtained, and despite the controversy over the number of stops and route, a groundbreaking ceremony was held on October 27, 1972 at Second Avenue and 103rd Street. In December 1972, the New York City Transit Authority started soliciting bids for the construction of Section 13 of Route 132-A, which was between 110th and 120th Streets in East Harlem. Bids opened on January 26, 1973, and the bid from Cayuga-Crimmins was the lowest of six bids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007219-0003-0001", "contents": "116th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), History, Unrealized proposals\nThe contract was awarded on March 20, 1973, and, in that month, construction of the segment by Cayuga-Crimmins began at a cost of $35.45 million (equivalent to $219,327,000 in 2020). About half of this section was constructed through solid rock and therefore continual blasting was necessary. One worker was killed in the construction of this section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007219-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), History, Unrealized proposals\nHowever, the city soon experienced its most dire fiscal crisis yet, due to the stagnant economy of the early 1970s, combined with the massive outflow of city residents to the suburbs, and in September 1975 construction on the line stopped, and the tunnels were sealed. Over the next few decades, the MTA regularly inspected and maintained the tunnel segments (spending $20,000 a year by the early 1990s), to maintain the structural integrity of the streets above, and in case construction would ever resume. Trespassers would often camp in the tunnels until the MTA increased security. The tunnel section from 110th to 120th Streets was built with three tracks, and as part of the 1970s construction plan, under which this segment was constructed, there was no station planned at 116th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007219-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), History, Unrealized proposals\nIn 1999, the Regional Plan Association recommended building a full-length Second Avenue Subway, which would include 116th Street as one of its planned 31 stations. The station would serve central and southern East Harlem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007219-0006-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), Current construction, Introduction of the station to plans\nIn March 2007, the Second Avenue Subway was revived. The line's first phase, the \"first major expansion\" to the New York City Subway in more than a half-century, included three stations in total and cost $4.45 to $4.5 billion, spanning from 105th Street and Second Avenue to 63rd Street and Third Avenue. Phase 1 opened on January 1, 2017, with the line's northern terminal at 96th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 103], "content_span": [104, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007219-0007-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), Current construction, Introduction of the station to plans\nThe second phase, between 125th and 96th Streets, was allocated $525 million in the MTA's 2015\u20132019 Capital Plan for planning, design, environmental studies, and utility relocation. This phase will complete the project's East Harlem section. The alignment will run under Second Avenue to 124th Street, before turning west on 125th Street. On October 18, 2016, the de Blasio administration announced a rezoning plan for East Harlem. One of the three Special Transit Land Use (TA) districts is for the area of the 116th Street station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 103], "content_span": [104, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007219-0008-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), Current construction, Introduction of the station to plans\nOn November 21, 2016, the MTA requested that the Phase 2 project be entered into the Project Development phase under the Federal Transit Administration's New Starts program. On December 15, several elected officials for the area announced that they were seeking $6 billion of funding for Phase 2 of the line, including $2 billion from the federal government. These officials wished to secure funding from the presidential administration of Barack Obama before Obama's term ended on January 20, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 103], "content_span": [104, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007219-0008-0001", "contents": "116th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), Current construction, Introduction of the station to plans\nIn their request for funding, they cited that they wanted to avoid an uncertain response from the administration of Donald Trump and start construction on Phase 2 as soon as possible. The FTA granted this request in late December 2016. Under the approved plan, the MTA would complete an environmental reevaluation by 2018, receive funding by 2020, and open Phase 2 between 2027 and 2029. In January 2017, it was announced that Phases 2 and 3, which are expected to cost up to a combined $14.2 billion, were on the Trump administration's priority list of 50 most important transportation projects nationwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 103], "content_span": [104, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007219-0009-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), Current construction, Introduction of the station to plans\nIn July 2018, the MTA released a supplemental environmental assessment for Phase 2 of the Second Avenue Subway. The updated report indicated that the 116th Street station would be relocated about 30 feet (9.1\u00a0m) north compared to what had been proposed in the 2004 FEIS, eliminating a curve at the south end of the platform. Because the station is located below the surface, there would be less space to build utility rooms underground compared to deep-level Phase 1 stations, and so the ancillary facilities would be larger than in the Phase 1 stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 103], "content_span": [104, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007219-0009-0001", "contents": "116th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), Current construction, Introduction of the station to plans\nBoth ancillaries had to be relocated, since the locations outlined in the 2004 FEIS were no longer feasible for demolition. The entrances were also enlarged for easier access from Second Avenue, and an entrance at 118th Street and Second Avenue was relocated from the southeast corner to the northeast. Under the new plan, the station would also include extra elevators in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Whereas Phase 1 stations only included elevators at one entrance, the 106th and 116th Street stations would both include elevators at two entrances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 103], "content_span": [104, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007219-0010-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), Current construction, Current plans\nThe original 1970s plans for the Second Avenue Line did not include a station at 116th Street; as part of the original construction, there were three tracks built in this segment, with the middle track intended to be used for repairing and inspecting trains. A station at 116th Street was added due to requests from the community during Phase 1's planning in the early 2000s. Because of this, the existing tunnel segment from 110th Street to 120th Street was initially proposed to be partially demolished to make room for the 116th Street station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 80], "content_span": [81, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007219-0010-0001", "contents": "116th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), Current construction, Current plans\nThe platform will be 25\u00a0feet 3\u00a0inches (7.70\u00a0m) wide, the width of the station will be 59 feet (18\u00a0m). However, by April 2019, it was decided to simply build a platform over the center trackway, instead of totally rebuilding the structure, to save a considerable amount of money. There will be a mezzanine built at the station with ancillary space on either side, and the height between the platform and the ceiling will be 16\u00a0feet 8\u00a0inches (5.08\u00a0m). It is not yet clear where an elevator will be.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 80], "content_span": [81, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007219-0011-0000", "contents": "116th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), Current construction, Current plans\nTrack maps on the MTA's website show that the station will have two tracks and one island platform. The station would extend approximately 41 feet (12\u00a0m) deep from street level to trackbed. Under current plans, there are to be two exits. One exit would be at the northeast corner of 116th Street and Second Avenue; the other would be at the northeast corner of 118th Street and Second Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 80], "content_span": [81, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007219-0011-0001", "contents": "116th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), Current construction, Current plans\nUnder the original plan, one ancillary would be present on the east side of Second Avenue near 115th Street and one will be on the west side near 119th Street, while a third ancillary would be located over the entrance at 116th Street. As of July 2018, the ancillary near the southeast corner of 116th Street was relocated to the northeast corner of 115th Street, while the ancillary at the northeast corner of 118th Street was relocated to the west side of Second Avenue between 119th and 120th Streets. The ancillary over the entrance at the northeast corner of 116th Street was eliminated, and the entrances were enlarged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 80], "content_span": [81, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0000-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station\n116th Street\u2013Columbia University is a local station on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. It is located at the intersection of Broadway and 116th Street in Morningside Heights, Manhattan, just outside the west gate to the main campus of Columbia University and the southeast corner of the Barnard College campus. The station is served by the 1 train at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0001-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station\nThe 116th Street station was constructed for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as part of the city's first subway line, which was approved in 1900. Construction of the line segment that includes 116th Street started on June 18 of the same year. The station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway. The station's platforms were lengthened in 1948 to accommodate ten-car trains, the station's median entrance was replaced in the 1960s, and the station was renovated in the 2000s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0002-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station\nThe 116th Street station contains two side platforms and three tracks; the center track is not used in regular service. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations. The mezzanine above the platforms contains exits to 116th Street and Broadway, and the northbound platform contains an additional exit to 115th Street. The original section of the station is a New York City designated landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0003-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Construction and opening\nPlanning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature authorized the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx. A plan was formally adopted in 1897, and all legal conflicts concerning the route alignment were resolved near the end of 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 75], "content_span": [76, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0004-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Construction and opening\nThe Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 75], "content_span": [76, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0005-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Construction and opening\nThe 116th Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's West Side Line (now the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line) from 104th Street to 125th Street, for which construction began on June 18, 1900. The section of the West Side Line around this station was originally planned as a two-track line, but in early 1901, was changed to a three-track structure to allow trains to be stored in the center track. Construction on the section between 104th Street and 125th Street had already begun prior to the design change, requiring that a portion of the work be undone. A third track was added directly north of 96th Street, immediately east of the originally planned two tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 75], "content_span": [76, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0006-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Construction and opening\nThe 116th Street station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway from City Hall to 145th Street on the West Side Branch. The opening of the first subway line, and particularly the 116th Street station, helped contribute to the development of Morningside Heights and Harlem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 75], "content_span": [76, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0007-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nAfter the first subway line was completed in 1908, the station was served by West Side local and express trains. Express trains began at South Ferry in Manhattan or Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, and ended at 242nd Street in the Bronx. Local trains ran from City Hall to 242nd Street during rush hours, continuing south from City Hall to South Ferry at other times. In 1918, the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square\u201342nd Street, thereby dividing the original line into an \"H\"-shaped system. The original subway north of Times Square thus became part of the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line. Local trains were sent to South Ferry, while express trains used the new Clark Street Tunnel to Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0008-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nTo address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts, made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $41.7 million in 2020) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $13,888,000 in 2020) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0008-0001", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nThe northbound platform at the 116th Street station was extended 130 feet (40\u00a0m) to the south, while the southbound platform was not lengthened. On January 24, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the West Side Line. Subsequently, the station could accommodate six-car local trains, but ten-car trains could not open some of their doors. In conjunction with the platform lengthening, a new entrance was constructed to the northbound platform in 1912. An entrance kiosk for the new staircase was taken from the 23rd Street and Fourth Avenue station and was installed in July 1913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0009-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nPlatforms at IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line stations between 103rd Street and 238th Street, including those at 116th Street, were lengthened to 514 feet (157\u00a0m) between 1946 and 1948, allowing full ten-car express trains to stop at these stations. A contract for the platform extensions at 116th Street and eight other stations on the line was awarded to Spencer, White & Prentis Inc. in October 1946. The platform extensions at these stations were opened in stages. On April 6, 1948, the platform extension at 116th Street opened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0009-0001", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nSimultaneously, the IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of \"R-type\" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948. The route to 242nd Street became known as the 1. In 1959, all 1 trains became local.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0010-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nColumbia University first requested the demolition of the station's original entrance in Broadway's median in 1954, ahead of its bicentennial. Columbia brought up the issue again at a meeting of the New York City Board of Estimate in 1963, after a student was killed while crossing the street. The kiosk was seen as a safety hazard, with two deaths and several accidents occurring at the kiosk from 1962 to 1964. Sixty-eight hundred students and faculty members signed a petition to remove the kiosk in February 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0010-0001", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nOn March 13, 1964, the New York City Board of Estimate voted to allocate $600,000 (equivalent to $5,006,652 in 2020) to demolish the entrance and replace it with two new sidewalk entrances as part of the 1964\u20131965 City budget. The New York City Department of Highways had requested that funds be allocated to this project at the request of Columbia University. The New York City Transit Authority had not yet drawn up plans for the project. Bids for the kiosk's demolition were initially scheduled to be solicited in July 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0010-0002", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nThat October, a NYCTA spokesperson announced that the demolition of the entrance would be delayed until the following spring. Work on the project had been expected to commence in December 1964. The NYCTA was expected to complete the design of the project in early 1965, after which the project could be put out for bids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0011-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nOn November 2, 1966, the New York City Planning Commission voted to grant an additional $300,000 (equivalent to $2,392,923 in 2020) for the project after the cost of the project was revised. The money for the project was reallocated within the Highway Department's budget. It was estimated that following necessary approvals from the New York City Board of Estimate, bids on the project would be let on December 16, and work on the project would begin by the end of January 1967. Work on the project was set to be done in 22 months. In 1965, Columbia University and Barnard College had announced that they would each spend $5,000 (equivalent to $41,061 in 2020) to decorate the new entrances to fit in with their campuses. Work on the project was completed in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0012-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nIn 1979, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the space within the boundaries of the original station, excluding expansions made after 1904, as a city landmark. The station was designated along with eleven others on the original IRT. In April 1988, the NYCTA unveiled plans to speed up service on the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line through the implementation of a skip-stop service: the 9 train. When skip-stop service started on August 21, 1989, it was only implemented north of 137th Street\u2013City College on weekdays, and 116th Street was served by both the 1 and the 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0013-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nIn October 1988, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) announced that the newsstand on the station's downtown platform would be removed as part of a citywide program to beautify stations and improve passenger flow. The agency began this program in late 1987. The owner of the newsstand was unsure of whether he would rebuild the stand as the cost of rebuilding it might have outweighed the benefits of reopening it. This newsstand was chosen for rebuilding as it was only 12 feet (3.7\u00a0m) away from a staircase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0014-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Service changes and station renovations, 21st century\nIn June 2002, the MTA announced that ten subway stations citywide, including 103rd Street, 110th Street, 116th Street, 125th Street, and 231st Street on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, would receive renovations. As part of the project, fare control areas would be redesigned, flooring, and electrical and communication systems would be upgraded, and new lighting, public address systems and stairways would be installed. In addition, since 110th Street, 116th Street, and 125th Street had landmark status, historical elements would be replaced or restored, including wall tiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0014-0001", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Service changes and station renovations, 21st century\nAt the ends of the station platforms at 103rd Street, 110th Street, and 116th Street, a small section of station wall, which would look identical to the existing station walls, would be added to provide space for scrubber rooms. Work on the ten citywide renovation projects was estimated to cost almost $146 million, and was scheduled to start later that year, and be completed in April 2004, in time for the 100th anniversary of the station's opening, and the 250th anniversary of Columbia University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0015-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Service changes and station renovations, 21st century\nColumbia University contributed $1 million (equivalent to $1,406,838 in 2020) to the station renovation project after the MTA said it would have to put off the renovation projects in Manhattan due to funding issues. The university had also reached agreements to cover part of the costs of the station renovations at 103rd Street, 110th Street, and 125th Street. As a condition of the funding allocation for the station renovation, the university wanted work on the project to be expedited. Residents of Morningside Heights approved of the renovation plans, but were concerned that the expedited repairs would come at the cost of damaging the stations' historic elements. The MTA was expected to decide whether preservation or speed would be prioritized in the station renovation projects by the end of 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 912]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0016-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Service changes and station renovations, 21st century\nAt the 110th Street and 116th Street stations, local community activists opposed artwork that was planned to be commissioned through the MTA's Arts for Transit program. Though the proposed artwork was intended as a homage to the stations' history, the activists believed the art would damage the decorative tiling that dated from the stations' opening, and that the artwork would damage the landmark interiors of the stations. The MTA had planned to install a small bronze subway track and train to be inlaid within the station walls surrounded by sepia-toned photographs of the neighborhood at 116th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0016-0001", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, History, Service changes and station renovations, 21st century\nIn December 2002, Manhattan Community Board 7 voted in favor of the plan to include artwork from the MTA's Arts for Transit program at the 103rd Street station, which was not landmarked. Community Board 7 voted against the plan to include new artwork at the landmarked 110th Street and 116th Street stations, and the MTA dropped plans for the artwork at these stations. The station renovation project at 116th Street began in January 2003. From May 31 to July 12, 2003, the uptown platforms at the 116th Street and 103rd Street stations were closed at all times for their renovations. The original interiors were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. Skip-stop service ended on May 27, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0017-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, Station layout\nThis station has two side platforms and three tracks, the center one being an unused express track. The platforms were originally 350 feet (110\u00a0m) long, as at other stations north of 96th Street, but as a result of the 1948 platform extension, became 520 feet (160\u00a0m) long. The platform extensions are at the southern ends of the original platforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0018-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, Station layout\nTwo staircases from each platform lead to a mezzanine above the platforms, which contains the fare control area. Outside fare control, the mezzanine connects to stairways on either side of Broadway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0019-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, Station layout\nThe southbound local track is technically known as BB1 while the northbound one is BB4; the BB designation is used for chaining purposes along the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line from 96th Street to 242nd Street. Although it cannot be accessed at 116th Street\u2013Columbia University, the center track is designated as M. These designations are rarely, if ever, used in ordinary conversation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0020-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, Station layout, Design\nAs with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method. The tunnel is covered by a \"U\"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than 4 inches (100\u00a0mm) thick. Each platform consists of 3-inch-thick (7.6\u00a0cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The original platforms contain circular, cast-iron Doric-style columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m), while the platform extensions contain I-beam columns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0020-0001", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, Station layout, Design\nAdditional columns between the tracks, spaced every 5 feet (1.5\u00a0m), support the jack-arched concrete station roofs. There is a 1-inch (25\u00a0mm) gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4-inch (100\u00a0mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish. The ceiling is about 8 feet (2.4\u00a0m) above platform level in the southern part of the station, but is higher above the northern part, reaching 12 to 15 feet (3.7 to 4.6\u00a0m) above the platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0021-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, Station layout, Design\nThe walls along the platforms consist of a buff-colored brick wainscoting on the lowest part of the wall, and white glass tiles above. The platform walls are divided at 15-foot (4.6\u00a0m) intervals by blue tile pilasters, or vertical bands. The pilasters are topped by alternating blue-and-cream faience plaques of the number \"116\" and the Columbia University seal; both of these motifs are surrounded by faience wreaths. The seal shows a seated woman with a book of knowledge in her hand and three children standing near her feet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0021-0001", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, Station layout, Design\nA blue-and-green cornice, made of faience, runs atop the wall and around the mosaic tablets. Mosaic wall tablets with the name \"Columbia University\" are installed along the platform walls. The mosaic tiles at all original IRT stations were manufactured by the American Encaustic Tile Company, which subcontracted the installations at each station. The decorative work was performed by tile contractor John H. Parry and faience contractor Grueby Faience Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0022-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, Station layout, Exits\nThe station has four entrance/exit stairs that serve both platforms. One pair ascends to the northwest corner of Broadway and 116th Street, while the other pair goes to the northeast corner of the same intersection. There is also an exit-only staircase near the southern end of the northbound platform that leads to the east side of Broadway at 115th Street, outside the Alfred Lerner Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0023-0000", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, Station layout, Exits\nThere was a station house in the median of Broadway, just north of 116th Street, which was designed by Heins & LaFarge and dated to the station's opening in 1904. It was built as one of several station houses on the original IRT; similar station houses were built at Atlantic Avenue, Bowling Green, Mott Avenue, 72nd Street, and 103rd Street. The station house, which was identical to the one at 103rd Street, occupied an area of 50 by 20 feet (15.2 by 6.1\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007220-0023-0001", "contents": "116th Street\u2013Columbia University station, Station layout, Exits\nThe one-story station house contained exterior walls made of buff brick, with a foundation made of granite blocks. A limestone string course ran atop the exterior wall. At the corners of the station house were limestone quoins, which supported a copper-and-terracotta gable roof facing west and east. The ridge of the station house's roof was a skylight made of glass and metal. The doorways were centrally located on the north and south walls of the control house, topped by terracotta finials and a rounded gable. There were terracotta crosses on each rounded gable with the number \"116\" embossed onto them. Above the doorway was a pediment and an arched window made of glass and wrought iron. The control house was closed and demolished in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007221-0000-0000", "contents": "116th United States Colored Infantry Regiment\nThe 116th United States Colored Infantry was an infantry regiment of the United States Colored Troops serving in the Union Army organization made up of African-American troops and white officers during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007221-0001-0000", "contents": "116th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Organization and Assignment History\nThe 116th Regiment, U.S.C.T. was organized at Camp Nelson, Kentucky from June 6 to July 12, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 82], "content_span": [83, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007221-0002-0000", "contents": "116th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Organization and Assignment History\nFrom July until September 1864, the regiment was attached to the Military District of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 82], "content_span": [83, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007221-0003-0000", "contents": "116th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Organization and Assignment History\nThe 116th was attached to the X Corps, Army of the James until November 1864. From November to December of that year, the regiment was part of 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, X Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 82], "content_span": [83, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007221-0004-0000", "contents": "116th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Organization and Assignment History\nFrom December 1864 to April 1865, the regiment was assigned to 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XXV Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 82], "content_span": [83, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007221-0005-0000", "contents": "116th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Organization and Assignment History\nThe regiment was part of 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XXV Corps and the Department of Texas until September 1866, when it became part of the Department of the Gulf, a relationship that was maintained until the regiment was mustered out in January 1867.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 82], "content_span": [83, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007221-0006-0000", "contents": "116th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service and Duty\nThe 116th Colored Troops remained on duty at Camp Nelson until September 1864, and took part in the defense of Camp Nelson and Hickman's Bridge during an attack by troops under the command of Nathan Bedford Forrest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007221-0007-0000", "contents": "116th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service and Duty\nFrom September to October 1864, the regiment joined the Army of the James at City Point, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007221-0008-0000", "contents": "116th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service and Duty\nBeginning in October 1864, the 116th Regiment took part in the Sieges of Petersburg and Richmond, where it remained until April 1865. During this period the regiment took part in several engagements, including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007221-0009-0000", "contents": "116th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service and Duty\nAfter Lee's surrender, the 116th Regiment remained on duty at Petersburg until May 25, when it embarked at City Point, Virginia for transport to Texas. Upon arriving in June the regiment assumed duty in the southern part of the state as part of General Philip H. Sheridan's army of occupation, serving in posts including Ringgold Barracks at Rio Grande City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007221-0010-0000", "contents": "116th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service and Duty\nIn September 1866 the 116th U.S.C.T. moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, where it remained on duty until January 1867", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007221-0011-0000", "contents": "116th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service and Duty\nThe 116th United States Colored Infantry Regiment was mustered out in Louisville, Kentucky on January 17, 1867.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007222-0000-0000", "contents": "116th United States Congress\nThe 116th United States Congress was the meeting of the 116th legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It convened in Washington, D.C., on January 3, 2019, and ended on January 3, 2021, during the final two years of Donald Trump's presidency. Senators elected to regular terms in 2014 finished their terms in this Congress, and House seats were apportioned based on the 2010 Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007222-0001-0000", "contents": "116th United States Congress\nIn the November 2018 midterm elections, the Democratic Party won a new majority in the House, while the Republican Party increased its majority in the Senate. Consequently, this was the first split Congress since the 113th Congress of 2013\u20132015, and the first Republican Senate\u2013Democratic House split since the 99th Congress of 1985\u20131987. This Congress was the youngest incoming class by mean age in the past three cycles and the most demographically diverse ever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007222-0002-0000", "contents": "116th United States Congress\nUpon joining the Libertarian Party on May 1, 2020, Justin Amash became the first member of Congress to represent a political party other than the Democrats or the Republicans since Rep. William Carney, who served as a Conservative before switching to the Republican Party in 1985. Before joining the Libertarian Party, Amash had been serving as an independent since his departure from the Republican Party on July 4, 2019. Paul Mitchell also left the Republicans in December 2020, becoming an independent. Neither incumbent ran for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007222-0003-0000", "contents": "116th United States Congress\nAs of 2021, the 116th United States Congress is the most recent Congress in which:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007222-0004-0000", "contents": "116th United States Congress, Demographics\nMost members of this Congress were Christian (88.2%), with approximately half being Protestant and 30.5% being Catholic. Jewish membership is 6.4%. Other religions represented included Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism. One senator said that she was religiously unaffiliated, while the number of members refusing to specify their religious affiliation increased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007222-0005-0000", "contents": "116th United States Congress, Demographics\nRoughly 96% of members held college degrees. All but 128 members were white and all but 131 members were men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007222-0006-0000", "contents": "116th United States Congress, Demographics, Senate\nThe Senate included 74 men and 26 women, the most women to date. In 6 states, both senators were women; 14 states were represented by 1 man and 1 woman; and 30 states were represented by 2 men. During this Congress, Johnny Isakson retired for health reasons and Kelly Loeffler was appointed, which increased the number of women from 25 after the 2018 elections to 26. There were 91 non-Hispanic white, 4 Hispanic, 2 Black, 2 Asian, and 1 multiracial (Black/Asian) senators. Additionally, 2 senators were LGBTQ+. The average age of Senators at the beginning of this congress was 62.9 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007222-0007-0000", "contents": "116th United States Congress, Demographics, House of Representatives\nThere were 101 women in the House, the largest number in history. There were 313 non-Hispanic white, 56 Black, 44 Hispanic, 15 Asian, and 4 Native American congress members. Eight were LGBTQ+. Two Democrats \u2014 Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Donna Shalala \u2014 were the youngest (30) and oldest (78) freshmen women in history. Freshmen Rashida Tlaib (D-MI) and Ilhan Omar (DFL-MN) were the first two Muslim women and freshmen Sharice Davids (D-KS) and Deb Haaland (D-NM) were the first two Native American women elected as well. The average age of Members of the House at the beginning of the 116th Congress was 57.6 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007222-0008-0000", "contents": "116th United States Congress, Demographics, House of Representatives\nWith the election of Carolyn Maloney as the first woman to chair the House Oversight Committee, women chaired a record six House committees in a single Congress (out of 26 women to ever chair House committees in the history of Congress), including House members Maxine Waters (Financial Services), Nita Lowey (Appropriations), Zoe Lofgren (Administration), Eddie Bernice Johnson (Science, Space and Technology) and Nydia Vel\u00e1zquez (Small Business), as well as Kathy Castor, who chaired the Select Committee on the Climate Crisis. In addition, women chaired a record 39 House subcommittees. Lowey and Kay Granger were also the first women to serve as chair and ranking member of the same committee in the same Congress since the since-defunct Select Committee on the House Beauty Shop, which was chaired and populated entirely by congresswomen during its existence from 1967 to 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 951]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007222-0009-0000", "contents": "116th United States Congress, Demographics, Diversity of the freshman class\nThe demographics of the 116th U.S. Congress freshmen were more diverse than any previous incoming class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007222-0010-0000", "contents": "116th United States Congress, Demographics, Diversity of the freshman class\nAt least 25 new congressional representatives were Hispanic, Native American, or people of color, and the incoming class included the first Native American women, the first Muslim women, and the two youngest women ever elected. The 116th Congress included more women elected to the House than any previous Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007222-0011-0000", "contents": "116th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nThe numbers refer to their Senate classes. All class 1 seats were contested in the November 2018 elections. In this Congress, class 1 means their term commenced in the current Congress, requiring re-election in 2024; class 2 means their term ends with this Congress, requiring re-election in 2020; and class 3 means their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007222-0012-0000", "contents": "116th United States Congress, Employees and legislative agency directors\nAlso called \"elected\" or \"appointed\" officials, there are many employees of the House and Senate whose leaders are included here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007223-0000-0000", "contents": "116th meridian east\nThe meridian 116\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007223-0001-0000", "contents": "116th meridian east\nThe 116th meridian east forms a great circle with the 64th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007223-0002-0000", "contents": "116th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 116th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007224-0000-0000", "contents": "116th meridian west\nThe meridian 116\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007224-0001-0000", "contents": "116th meridian west\nThe 116th meridian west forms a great circle with the 64th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007224-0002-0000", "contents": "116th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 116th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007225-0000-0000", "contents": "117 (number)\n117 (one hundred [and] seventeen) is the natural number following 116 and preceding 118.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007225-0001-0000", "contents": "117 (number), In mathematics\n117 is the smallest possible length of the longest side of an integer Heronian tetrahedron (one whose sides are all rational numbers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007226-0000-0000", "contents": "117 BC\nYear 117 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Diadematus and Augur (or, less frequently, year 637 Ab urbe condita) and the Sixth Year of Yuanshou. The denomination 117 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007227-0000-0000", "contents": "117 Battalion\n111 Battalion was a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007227-0001-0000", "contents": "117 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions\nBy the late 1970s the South African government had abandoned its opposition to arming black soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007227-0002-0000", "contents": "117 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions\nBy early 1979, the government approved a plan to form a number of regional African battalions, each with a particular ethnic identity, which would serve in their homeland or under regional SADF commands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007227-0003-0000", "contents": "117 Battalion, History, Development of the Lebowa Defence Force\nTwo additional Northern Sotho Battalions were established, the 117 and the 118. Troops for 117 SA Battalion were recruited from the self-governing territory of Lebowa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 63], "content_span": [64, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007227-0004-0000", "contents": "117 Battalion, History, Higher Command\n117 Battalion initially resorted under the command of Group 45 but was eventually transferred to Group 14 at Pietersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007227-0005-0000", "contents": "117 Battalion, History, Higher Command\nThe unit's HQ were situated in Soekmekaar with companies \"deployed\" in \"steunpunte\" or platoon base's throughout Lebowa. Alpha Company had its HQ in Seshego at the platoon one base, platoon two was based in Mankweng (close to the University of the North and Moria mountain of the ZCC) and platoon 3 was based in Ga-Matapo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007227-0006-0000", "contents": "117 Battalion, History, Disbandment\n117 Battalion was converted into a training unit around 1997 and was finally amalgamated into 3 South African Infantry Battalion as part of the new SANDF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007227-0007-0000", "contents": "117 Battalion, Notes\nPeled, A. A question of Loyalty Military Manpower Policy in Multiethinic States, Cornell University Press, 1998, ISBN\u00a00-8014-3239-1 Chapter 2: South Africa: From Exclusion to Inclusion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 20], "content_span": [21, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007228-0000-0000", "contents": "117 Lomia\nLomia (minor planet designation: 117 Lomia) is a large main-belt asteroid that has a nearly circular orbit; the orbital eccentricity is 0.029. It was discovered by French astronomer Alphonse Borrelly on September 12, 1871, from the Marseilles Observatory. The preliminary orbital elements were published in the following year by German astronomer Friedrich Tietjen. The reason for the name is uncertain, but Lutz D. Schmadel believes it is most likely a misspelling of Lamia, the female demon of Greek mythology (the asteroid 248 Lameia is also named after this figure).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007228-0001-0000", "contents": "117 Lomia\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid in 1985 gave a light curve with a period of 9.127\u00b10.009 hours and a brightness variation of 0.29\u00b10.03 in magnitude. The curve is symmetrical with a single maxima and minima. This object has a spectrum that matches an XC classification; occupying the transition range between an X-type and a C-type asteroid. It has an estimated cross-section diameter of ~148\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007228-0002-0000", "contents": "117 Lomia\nEight occultations of stars by Lomia have so far been observed, between 2000 and 2018. Four of these events provided two or more chords across the asteroid, including a four-chord event in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007229-0000-0000", "contents": "117 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 117 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the First Jet Squadron, is a training squadron for F-35I 'Adir' fighter pilots, based at Nevatim Airbase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007229-0001-0000", "contents": "117 Squadron (Israel)\nBefore it closed in September 2020 after 67 years of service, the 117th was an F-16C fighter squadron based at Ramat David Airbase. The squadron operated Israel's first jet fighter, the Gloster Meteor, flying the T7, F8 and FR9 variants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007229-0002-0000", "contents": "117 Squadron (Israel)\nOn 6 July 2021, Airforce Technology reported that the Israeli Air Force had re-established the 117th First Jet Squadron as a training squadron in the IAF\u2019s F-35I \u2018Adir\u2019 division, and that it was to be based at Nevatim airbase in the Negev. Initially, the squadron would focus on training IAF pilots to operate the F-35I. The course would help pilots get accustomed to the aircraft\u2019s parts and systems, and perform simulator flights, ground drills, and training sorties. It would also serve as a training center for the operational squadrons of the Adir Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0000-0000", "contents": "117 series\nThe 117 series (117\u7cfb, 117-kei) is a Japanese suburban electric multiple unit (EMU) train type introduced in 1979 by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and currently operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) and West Japan Railway Company (JR-West). A total of 216 cars were manufactured. When JNR was privatized and divided into the individual JR Group companies, JR Central received 72 cars, while JR-West took possession of 144.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0001-0000", "contents": "117 series, Background, Features\nThe 117 series was first introduced to replace the 113 series trains that had been providing special rapid service in the Keihanshin region on the T\u014dkaid\u014d Main Line and Sany\u014d Main Line. 113 series cars were used in this role from 1972 along with 153 series express cars that had become surplus as a result of the opening of the Sany\u014d Shinkansen to Okayama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0001-0001", "contents": "117 series, Background, Features\nAlthough 113 series cars were run in place of 153 series cars, the two were not entirely the same; the 153s had been retrofitted with air conditioning, but their traction motors (MT46 type, producing 100\u00a0kW @ 375 V), first built in 1958, were underpowered. Also, as they were designed for express service, they had entryways which required passengers to step up onto the main floor \u2014 unsuitable during peak commuter times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0002-0000", "contents": "117 series, Background, Features\nThe 117 series addressed these issues, matched the passenger accommodation offered by competing services and provided JNR with a train designed for the transit conditions in the Keihanshin region. The interior was based on the KiHa 66/67 series DMUs being operated in the Kitakyushu region. This also marked the beginning of JNR's effort to standardize their rolling stock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0003-0000", "contents": "117 series, Background, Features\nIn 1982, 153 series trains providing the rapid service in the Nagoya area were replaced with 117 series trains which began duty on the Tokai Liner service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0004-0000", "contents": "117 series, Background, Configurations\nThe 117 series was designed to be operated in 6-car configurations, with a 2:1 ratio of powered cars to trailer cars. At the time the 117 series were being introduced, this was JNR's standard configuration. In later years, 4-car configurations with a powered car to trailer car ratio of 1:1 and 8-car configurations with a ratio of 3:1 were being used. The 117 series has no intermediate trailer cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0005-0000", "contents": "117 series, Construction\nOn September 12, 1979, the first six-car set emerged from Kawasaki Heavy Industries' Hyogo Works. The sets' completion dates and manufacturers are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0006-0000", "contents": "117 series, Construction, Car body\nThe 117 series trains have 20 meter long corrosion-resistant steel bodies with two sets of semi-automatic sliding double doors per side (Nagoya-area cars have fully automatic doors). The 117 features a built-in classification headboard directly below the windshield's center post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0007-0000", "contents": "117 series, Construction, Car body\nThe 117's original livery was cream with a thin, horizontal maroon band below the windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0008-0000", "contents": "117 series, Construction, Car body\nAll 117 series cars were originally equipped with reversible transverse seats, but lacked strap hangers. The interior had wood trim intended to set the 117 apart from other suburban trains. The cars feature flat ceilings joined to the walls and an angled panel above the luggage rack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0009-0000", "contents": "117 series, Construction, Car body\nAir conditioning was via JNR's standard AU75B and AU75C units situated in the center of the roof (42,000 kcal/h. B is used on trailer cars with driver's station, C on powered cars. 100 sub-series cars were upgraded to AU75E).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0010-0000", "contents": "117 series, Construction, Major components, Traction motors\nThe 117 series uses type MT54D traction motors (rated at 120\u00a0kW @ 375 V). It was also used in 113 series trains. The 117 also had JNR's standard final drive ratio, 4.82:1. Having the same acceleration rate as the 113 series and 115 series, 6-car sets with four powered and two trailer cars were not quite as powerful as those in use in comparable services by competing private railways. The difference in 4-car sets with only two powered cars was even more pronounced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 59], "content_span": [60, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0011-0000", "contents": "117 series, Construction, Major components, Train control\nEquipped with the CS43A control gear also in use on the 381 series and 417 series, the 117 series included a retarder to maintain speed on an incline. While the CS12 control gear in the 113 series and 153 series and the CS15 control gear in the 115 series and 165 series had been improved to provide smoother acceleration, the CS43A, which was brand new at the time, was chosen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0012-0000", "contents": "117 series, Construction, Major components, Bogies\nTwo types of bogies were considered for the 117 series before a third was chosen. The high-speed DT24 air spring bogies from the 153 series were considered but passed over, as were the DT21 coil spring trucks, standard at the time. Ultimately, the 117 series was equipped with DT32E bogies on the powered cars and TR69H bogies on the trailers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0013-0000", "contents": "117 series, Construction, Major components, Pantograph\nThe 117 series uses the standard PS16 pantograph, however for resistance to the effects of cold weather conditions and snow encountered when running on the Kosei Line, the PS16J variant is used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0014-0000", "contents": "117 series, Construction, Major components, Couplers\nStandard JNR Shibata-type couplers are used on the 117 series, but like on the 153 series, automatic electrical couplers were added to ease lash-up operations when creating 12-car sets for rush hour. Based on the success of this equipment, 221 series and 223 series were similarly equipped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 52], "content_span": [53, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0015-0000", "contents": "117 series, Variants, 0 subseries\nFrom 1979 until 1980, 21 6-car sets were produced for a total of 126 individual cars. Dispatched from Miyahara Depot and assigned to rapid and special rapid service, these were used to replace 153 series and 165 series trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0016-0000", "contents": "117 series, Variants, 0 subseries\nIn 1982, nine 6-car sets entered service in the Nagoya area. These were assigned to \u014cgaki Depot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0017-0000", "contents": "117 series, Variants, 100 and 200 subseries\nIn the timetable effective November 1, 1986, just before the April 1987 privatization of JNR, the frequency of special rapid services in the Keihanshin region increased, and 6-car sets in the Nagoya area were shortened to four cars. It had been four years since any modifications were made, and around this time improvements were made to all aspects of the trains. The most significant changes were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0018-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations\nFrom the time of their construction until the privatization of JNR, the 117 series were the workhorses of the Keihanshin and Nagoya regions' rapid and special rapid services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0019-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations\nFollowing privatization, JR-West kept the cars used in the Keihanshin region while JR Central kept those used in Nagoya. Each railway's use of their 117 series trains is explained below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0020-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations, JR-West, From special rapid service to withdrawal and reassignment\nAfter the arrival of the 221 series in the Keihanshin region, the maximum speed of special rapid trains was increased to 115\u00a0km/h (71\u00a0mph) as of the March 10, 1990, timetable. That year, all 117 series cars underwent improvement to their brakes to accommodate this new operating speed. As new 221 series cars entered service, there was an excess of 117 cars, and as the speed of most special rapid services was further increased to 120\u00a0km/h (75\u00a0mph), 117s were reassigned to other lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 90], "content_span": [91, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0020-0001", "contents": "117 series, Operations, JR-West, From special rapid service to withdrawal and reassignment\nThe 300 subseries entered service on the Fukuchiyama Line, while shortened consists began running on the Nara Line, Kosei Line, Kusatsu Line, and on the Sany\u014d Main Line in the Okayama area on the Sunliner service. Cars which became surplus due to the use of shorter configurations were converted into the 115 series 3500 subseries. This was the first reduction in the number of 117 series cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 90], "content_span": [91, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0021-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations, JR-West, From special rapid service to withdrawal and reassignment\n117 series cars retained in special rapid service were used only in early morning and late night runs because of their 115\u00a0km/h limit and door configuration. With the appearance of the 223 series in the May 11, 1999, timetable, capable of operating at 130\u00a0km/h (81\u00a0mph) between Nishi-Akashi and Kusatsu, 117 series trains were withdrawn from special rapid service. A year later, 221 series cars were also removed from this service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 90], "content_span": [91, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0022-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations, JR-West, From special rapid service to withdrawal and reassignment\nIn 2000, due to use of the newer 221 series, some 117 series trains were withdrawn from Tambaji rapid service on the Fukuchiyama Line and reassigned to Hineno Depot for operation on the Wakayama Line. Again in 2001, 117 series cars were replaced by 221 series units on Miyako rapid service on the Nara Line. In 2005, 100 subseries intermediate cars were reassigned to the Shimonoseki Administrative Office, and later two sets of 300 subseries trains were also sent there to operate in the region on the Sany\u014d Main Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 90], "content_span": [91, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0023-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations, JR-West, Upgrade to 300 sub-series\nHaving been displaced by the newer 221 series, from 1990 many of 117 series cars had been transferred to the Fukuchiyama Line. These cars retained their original numbers, but had 300 appended to them. Through 1992, 1993, and 1995, a total of 58 cars were refurbished and reassigned to JR-West's Miyahara Depot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0024-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations, JR-West, Upgrade to 300 sub-series\nIn order to increase the capacity of the cars and make boarding and alighting easier, transverse seating immediately inside the doors was converted to longitudinal seating. This helped to reduce the problem of rush hour trains being delayed due to the time needed for passengers to board and alight. Brakes were augmented, and the livery associated with the Fukuchiyama Line, white with green striping, appeared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0025-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations, JR-West, Upgrade to 300 sub-series\nHowever, these modifications did not entirely solve the problems with passenger mobility during rush hour, and as a result, the 117-300s were used on outgoing services (bound for Fukuchiyama) and off-peak services. From April 2000, two 4-car sets were dispatched from Hineno Depot for operation on the Wakayama Line and the Kisei Main Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0026-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations, JR-West, Upgrade to 300 sub-series\nSets which remained on the Fukuchiyama Line until the series' complete withdrawal from the line are now assigned to Kyoto Depot for operation on the Sanin Main Line (Sagano Line), Kosei Line, and Kusatsu Line. Some sets have ATS-P train control on board, others have MoHa cars made surplus by the creation of the shorter 100 sub-series sets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0027-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations, JR-West, Reassignment to the Okayama Area\nIn 1992, six 4-car sets were reassigned to Okayama Depot. At this time, the lavatories were upgraded and the Sunliner livery appeared, and some of these sets operated at speeds of 115\u00a0km/h (70\u00a0mph). In 1999, fare collection boxes were installed to support driver-only operation without a conductor on board. These consists were designated as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 65], "content_span": [66, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0028-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations, JR-West, Reassignment to the Okayama Area\nLater, three 4-car sets were borrowed from the Miyahara Depot and designated E11, E12, and E13. These were used in the region on local services and also served as the primary units for Sunliner rapid service. These were run as far north as the Yonago area for special services during periods of high ridership. 100 sub-series cars at the Okayama Depot without upgraded lavatories were mothballed at the Got\u014d Depot in Yonago until reassignment to Shimonoseki in October 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 65], "content_span": [66, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0029-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations, JR-West, Reassignment to Kisei Main Line and Wakayama Line\nIn March 2000, two 4-car sets of 300 sub-series trains were reassigned to Hineno Depot for operation on the Wakayama Line. These sets were classified as G801 and G802. Until the reassignment, 113 series trains (sets G416 and G417) in the Sh\u014dnan green/orange livery were used for the line's morning rush services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 82], "content_span": [83, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0030-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations, JR-West, Reassignment to Kisei Main Line and Wakayama Line\nIn March 2001, the 117 series trains assigned to Miyahara Depot were removed from the Nara Line's Miyakoji rapid service. One 6-car set from Miyahara Depot was reassigned to Hineno Depot as G803 and used to replace 113 series units out of service for inspection. In December of the same year, two surplus 300 subseries end cars and two MoHa units not in the G803 set were modified for driver-only operation and painted ocean green with a lavender stripe. These entered service as G804 in January 2002. Subsequently, all 117 sets received the same treatment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 82], "content_span": [83, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0031-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations, JR-West, Reassignment to Kisei Main Line and Wakayama Line\nIn March 2002, Miyahara Depot's 4-car set C12 was returned from Shimonoseki to Hineno, and the inventory of five 4-car sets was complete. At this time, the operating area of the Hineno Depot 117s was enlarged on the Hanwa Line from Hineno Station to Wakayama Station, and on the Kisei Main Line from Wakayama Station to Kii-Tanabe Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 82], "content_span": [83, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0032-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations, JR-West, Reassignment to Kisei Main Line and Wakayama Line\nIn November 2002, after reassignment to Shin-Wakayama Depot, they were removed from service on the Hanwa Line and on the Kisei Main Line between Gobo and Kii-Tanabe. In August 2008, they were transferred back to Hineno Depot and are currently operating on the Wakayama Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 82], "content_span": [83, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0033-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations, JR Central\nImmediately after the privatization of JNR, the 117 series was JR Central's primary workhorse. However, replacement on the western Ch\u016b\u014d West Line by the then-new 211-5000 series cars began in 1988, and all 117 series cars were reassigned to \u014cgaki Depot. On the T\u014dkaid\u014d Main Line, the 117 series was replaced on special rapid service by the 313 series. The maximum operating speed on the T\u014dkaid\u014d Line was raised to 120\u00a0km/h in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0034-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations, JR Central\nInteriors had longitudinal seats installed at the ends of the cars and directly behind the driver's cab.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0035-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations, JR Central\nFrom October 2006, midday operation between \u014cgaki and Maibara made up the majority of the 117 series' use by JR Central. From March 2008, departures from Okazaki Station on special rapid service increased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0036-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations, JR Central\nFrom about 1999, all cars appeared in a simplified version of their previous livery. A single, thick orange stripe below the windows replaced a thin stripe on the rain gutter along the sides of the roof, a thick orange band below the windows, and a thin orange band immediately below that. The headboard, which originally had \"Rapid\" written in yellow on a white background, had a black border added to its lettering to improve legibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0037-0000", "contents": "117 series, Operations, JR Central\nThe remaining 117 series sets operated by JR Central were withdrawn from regular services by spring 2013, with the exception of the Joyful Train Train117 trainset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0038-0000", "contents": "117 series, Livery variations\nIn February 2016, Okayama-based four-car Sun Liner set E-04 received a special \"mt x Sun Liner\" livery with a decorative masking tape motif. It is scheduled to carry this livery until the end of June 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007230-0039-0000", "contents": "117 series, Preserved examples\nPreserved 117 series cars at the SCMaglev and Railway Park in April 2013", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0000-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks\n117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks is a heritage-listed terrace houses located in the Long's Lane Precinct at 117-117a Gloucester Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by W. Foggitt and built from 1912 to 1915. It is also known as Longs Lane Terraces/Precinct (Long's). The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0001-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nThe formalisation of land claims in The Rocks commenced with grants made by Governor Darling in 1829 and continued for close to two decades. Allotment 21 of section 74 was formally granted to John Terry Hughes in January 1839.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0002-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nIn 1848, William Todd, on behalf of George Cooper Turner and Oswald Bloxsome, purchased the allotment. In turn Bloxsome and Thomas Iceton subdivided the land in 1853. Upon this subdivision Richard Wilde, a publican, purchased lots 7, 8, 9 and 10 for just over \u00a32400.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0003-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nMaps drawn between 1823 and 1842 show an L-shaped structure on Allotment 21 to the south of the study area, which was demolished by 1850. In its place was constructed a single-storey, two-roomed iron building, owned by Richard Wilde, the publican who owned the Erin Go Bragh hotel to the west (fronting Cumberland Street), and occupied by various tenants between 1861 and 1871. This structure again was to the south of the study area. The study area itself remained vacant apart from an iron shed, single storey with two rooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0003-0001", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nA decade later the structure had been replaced by a pair of shops with four rooms. This building was later noted in the Rate Assessment Books as stables. In October 1872 Richard Wilde defaulted on a mortgage held by Faulkner Hope Bartlett, and was forced to sell the property for the sum of \u00a31850. The new owner was noted as Robert Read Hickson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0004-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nDespite the presence of the stables in 1881, the property throughout this period and into the early twentieth century would more accurately be characterised as vacant land. A map from 1887 records an extensive yard on the property, probably part of stables owned by cab proprietor Patrick Mahoney, from 1885 to 1902, who rented the house from 1882 until 1902. Following an outbreak of the plague in Sydney and The Rocks the NSW government, under The Rocks Resumption Act (1901), resumed the area, which was barricaded to prevent further spread of infection. Some buildings were demolished, and from 1912 the NSW Housing Board began to construct housing in the vacant blocks of land in The Rocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0005-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nThe Housing Board, founded under the Housing Act 1912, was the first such agency in the state devoted to the construction of public housing. The Board acquired land upon which buildings were constructed to be leased to \"persons qualified under the Act\" for business or residential purposes. The Housing Board examined public housing initiatives in the UK and Europe, and incorporated those ideas in constructing tenement dwellings in The Rocks. From 1912, the Housing Board built some 30 units in one development along Gloucester, Cumberland and Little Essex streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0005-0001", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nIn addition to housing, the Board also sought to ensure a mix of housing, corner shops, pubs and the like in the area. The new terraces, including 117 Gloucester Street, were built by J. H. Thompson of Bondi to the design of Board architect W. Foggitt. The first tenant of the new house at No. 117 (now numbered as 119 Gloucester Street) was Charles Smith, of unknown occupation, who lived in the house from 1915 until at least 1932.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0006-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nOf this large Housing Board development, only the northern units remain: the subject building at 117 Gloucester Street, and the building at 140-142 Cumberland Street. No. 117 demonstrates the typical Housing Board plan form, providing outdoor spaces in balconies, rear yards and roof top terraces. Parts of the Gloucester / Essex / Cumberland Streets Housing Board development were demolished in the 1920s to make way for the approaches to the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The remainder of the development was demolished with the construction of the Cahill Expressway in the 1950s to make way for the new freeway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0006-0001", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nNo. 117 continued to be tenanted through the 1970s. The last house was vacated in the 1980s when the house was boarded up. Subsequently, squatters occupied the building. Many fixtures were stolen or demolished during this period, perhaps as a result of boom in house renovations elsewhere in the inner city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0007-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History\nBetween 1994 and 1995, an extensive programme of conservation works were carried out on the building. The work comprised stabilisation, restoration of the front fa\u00e7ade and roofs, cutting in damp proof courses, and construction of new floors. Joinery, plastering, and other surface finishes were reconstructed on the basis of surviving original fabric. The house is now divided into two separate units which are privately leased to tenants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0008-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Description\n117-117A (described as 117-119 Gloucester Street in Conservation Plan by Clive Lucas, Stapleton & Partners and 119-119A Gloucester Street in SCA's Building Data Sheet) Gloucester Street is a part of the Long's Lane Precinct. Long's Lane is a cluster of nineteenth and early-twentieth houses, rear yards, and laneways between Gloucester and Cumberland Streets. 117 Gloucester Street is the only extant example in Gloucester Street of the NSW Government Housing Board redevelopment of the block bounded by Little Essex (now demolished), Cumberland and Gloucester Streets. All the original planning and much of the original architectural detail of this building is intact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0008-0001", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Description\nThe architectural quality of Gloucester Building, although still significant and sympathetic, has been reduced by the demolition of the Little Essex Street block. A striking feature about the design of this building is extensive structural use of reinforced concrete, and the use of cement in moulding details such as skirtings and cornices. This would appear to be an early example of the use of this technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0009-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Description\nStyle: Edwardian / Australian Federation; Storeys: Three; Roof Cladding: Iron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0010-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Description, Condition\nAs at 28 September 2001, Archaeology Assessment Condition: Partly disturbed. Assessment Basis: Archaeological excavation (1994) involved the removal of occupation deposits from the kitchens of 113-115, dating from 1881 to c.\u20091930s. Deposits in the rest of the properties were untouched with the exception of 300x300 excavations in the centres of each of the four main ground floor rooms in 113-115 for the construction of floor supports. All services were surface mounted beneath floor joists to avoid disturbance of potential archaeological remains. An existing service trench in 117 was re-excavated and utilised for the same purpose. Pre 1912 deposits in 117 untouched. Investigation: Historical research and assessment of archaeology. Partly disturbed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0011-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0012-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0013-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n117 Gloucester Street is historically significant as a key component in demonstrating the evolution of the Long's Lane precinct, which is a unique ensemble in The Rocks of 19th and early 20th century residential buildings, laneways, and rear yards. 117 Gloucester Street is of historical significance in its own right as one of two surviving fragments remaining from a large public housing scheme fronting Gloucester, Cumberland, and Little Essex Streets. (The second fragment is at 140-142 Cumberland Street.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0013-0001", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe scheme was carried out by the NSW Housing Board, the first agency in NSW to be established solely for the purpose of building and managing public housing. The Housing Board's work in The Rocks reflects the increasing role played by government in the welfare of citizens in the early 20th century. The history of 117 Gloucester Street's decline into dereliction, and the occupation of the building by squatters prior to the conservation works of the early 1990s reflect the changing social context of The Rocks over the course of the 20th century. The decision of the State government to restore the building for residential (rather than commercial) purposes demonstrates the prevailing political will and public funding dedicated to the conservation of heritage in the post-Green Bans period in The Rocks. 117 Gloucester Street meets this criterion on the State level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 928]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0014-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0015-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n117 Gloucester Street is significant as one of a small number of buildings constructed under the Housing Act of 1912 by the NSW Housing Board, the first agency to be established in NSW to deal directly with the provision of public housing. 117 Gloucester Street does not meet this criterion on either a local or State level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0016-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0017-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n117 Gloucester Street is of aesthetic significance in showing the Edwardian / Australian Federation architectural style as it was applied to a new building type in the early 20th century. While drawing on public housing models from Europe and the UK, the design of the building emphasises its Australian location in the provision of verandahs and flat roof terraces, the predominant use of structural timber in the verandahs, and the use of Australian motifs such as the waratah incorporated into the plaster vents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0017-0001", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe aesthetic value of the building has been revealed and can now be better understood through reconstruction and conservation. 117 Gloucester Street makes a substantial contribution to the streetscape significance of The Rocks, particularly in complementing the terraced character of Gloucester Street (including the Jobbins Building at 103-111 Gloucester Street, the terrace houses at 113-115 Gloucester Street, the Edwardian Cottages at 46-56 Gloucester Street, Susannah Place at 58-64 Gloucester Street, and Baker's Terrace at 66-72 Gloucester Street). 117 Gloucester Street makes a substantial contribution to the aesthetic significance of the Long's Lane Precinct as an ensemble of 19th and early 20th century buildings, associated laneways, and rear yards. 117 Gloucester Street meets this criterion on the State level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0018-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0019-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAs part of The Rocks area, 117 Gloucester Street is likely to be held in some esteem by the individuals and groups who are interested in Sydney's history and heritage, however, this esteem does not meet the threshold to be described as significant for this criterion. 117 Gloucester Street does not meet this criterion on either the local or State level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0020-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0021-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n117 Gloucester Street is a valuable example of the prevailing architectural style as it was applied to a new building type in the first decades of the 20th century, and has the potential to contribute substantially to the understanding of the evolution of housing, in particular public housing constructed by government agencies, in NSW. The archaeological resource at 117 Gloucester Street is of potential research significance complementing the findings of previous archaeological investigations of adjacent sites in order to form a valuable resource for understanding early life in The Rocks area, and in particular the Long's Lane precinct. 117 Gloucester Street is of some technical significance as an example of \"academic\" conservation work in which reconstructed fabric was strictly based on extant material and constructed in a traditional manner. 117 Gloucester Street meets this criterion on the State level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 974]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0022-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0023-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n117 Gloucester Street is one remnant of a much larger development which was demolished in the mid-20th century. Together with 140-142 Cumberland Street and 46-56 Gloucester Street, the building forms a very small group of buildings constructed for public housing by the NSW Housing Board during its existence, between 1912 and 1924. The Long's Lane Precinct is of significance as an ensemble of 19th and early 20th century buildings, associated laneways, and rear yards which is rare (probably unique) in the Sydney region and NSW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0024-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n117 Gloucester Street meets this criterion on the local level. The Long's Lane precinct meets this criterion on the State level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0025-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0026-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n117 Gloucester Street is a good representative example of early 20th century tenement housing within the context of the Long's Lane precinct, itself a significant area in demonstrating the 19th century townscape of The Rocks, complete with intact rear yards and laneways. 117 Gloucester Street meets this criterion on the local level. The Long's Lane precinct meets this criterion on the State level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007231-0027-0000", "contents": "117-117a Gloucester Street, The Rocks, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 1598 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 14 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007232-0000-0000", "contents": "1170\nYear 1170 (MCLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007233-0000-0000", "contents": "1170 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1170\u00a0kHz: 1170 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency. Class A status is shared by three stations:  KTSB Tulsa, Oklahoma, WWVA Wheeling, West Virginia and KJNP in North Pole, Alaska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007234-0000-0000", "contents": "1170 Siva\n1170 Siva, provisional designation 1930 SQ, is a stony Phocaea asteroid and large Mars-crosser from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 September 1930, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium, and later named after the Hindu deity Shiva.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007234-0001-0000", "contents": "1170 Siva, Orbit and classification\nSiva is a Mars-crossing asteroid, as it crosses the orbit of Mars at 1.666\u00a0AU. It is also a member of the Phocaea family (701). It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.6\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,296 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.30 and an inclination of 22\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Siva was first observed at the Japanese Kwasan Observatory, 3 days prior to is discovery. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle, two weeks after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007234-0002-0000", "contents": "1170 Siva, Naming\nThis minor planet is named after Shiva, a Hindu deity often depicted with a third eye on his forehead and with a snake around his neck. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 109).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007234-0003-0000", "contents": "1170 Siva, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen taxonomy, Siva is a stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007234-0004-0000", "contents": "1170 Siva, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nOnly fragmentary lightcurves of Siva have been obtained since 2001. They gave a rotation period between 3.5 and 5.22 hours with a small change in brightness of 0.04 to 0.1 magnitude (U=1/n.a./1). As of 2017, no secure period has been published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007234-0005-0000", "contents": "1170 Siva, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Siva measures between 7.68 and 12.13 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.128 and 0.40. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1751 and a diameter of 10.37 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.43. Siva belongs to the brightest known Mars-crossers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007235-0000-0000", "contents": "1170 Syria earthquake\nThe 1170 Syria earthquake was one of the largest earthquakes to hit Syria. It occurred early in the morning of 29 June 1170. It formed part of a sequence of large earthquakes that propagated southwards along the Dead Sea Transform, starting with the 1138 Aleppo earthquake, continuing with the 1157 Hama, 1170 and 1202 Syria events. The estimated magnitude is 7.7 on the moment magnitude scale, with the maximum intensity of X (extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007235-0001-0000", "contents": "1170 Syria earthquake, Tectonic setting\nWestern Syria lies across the boundary between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate, which consists of the various segments of the Dead Sea Transform. The main strand passing through the Lebanon restraining bend is the Yammouneh Fault, which was responsible for the 1202 earthquake. To the north of this is the Missyaf Fault (or Ghab Fault), which continues up to the Ghab Basin. One earlier earthquake has been identified on this fault segment, the 115 Antioch earthquake. The Missyaf Fault is considered the most likely structure responsible for the 1170 event. The lack of any later major earthquakes on this segment suggests that one is now overdue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007235-0002-0000", "contents": "1170 Syria earthquake, Earthquake\nDue to the size of the area affected and the damage it caused, this earthquake is recorded in many contemporary accounts and appears in many more recent catalogues. There has been some confusion over the date, but there is a consensus now that it occurred on 29 June 1170. There is some uncertainty over the location of the epicentre and even whether it was two shocks or just one. The most likely location is on the Missraf segment of the Dead Sea Transform and the single earthquake appears most consistent with contemporary accounts. This implies a large area with high intensity of shaking and this has been used to suggest that the rupture was about 126\u00a0km long, involving more than just the Missraf segment, and that the magnitude was about 7.7 Mw\u202f.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007235-0003-0000", "contents": "1170 Syria earthquake, Earthquake\nSeveral foreshocks were reported and the aftershocks sequence lasted for three months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007235-0004-0000", "contents": "1170 Syria earthquake, Damage\nSevere damage was widespread from Antioch in the north to Tripoli and Baalbek in the south. Several places that had been badly damaged by the 1157 Hama earthquake, suffered again, such as Hama, Aleppo and Antioch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007235-0005-0000", "contents": "1170 Syria earthquake, Damage\nThe fortress of Krak des Chevaliers (Hisn al\u2010Akrad) was badly damaged by the earthquake. Although the extent of the damage is unclear (one source says that no traces of the walls were left), the castle underwent major rebuilding in subsequent years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007236-0000-0000", "contents": "1170 in Ireland\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by InternetArchiveBot (talk | contribs) at 20:57, 17 November 2019 (Bluelink 1 book for verifiability.) #IABot (v2.0) (GreenC bot). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007237-0000-0000", "contents": "1170s\nThe 1170s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1170, and ended on December 31, 1179.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007238-0000-0000", "contents": "1170s BC\nThe 1170s BC is a decade which lasted from 1179 BC to 1170 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007241-0000-0000", "contents": "1170s in art\nThe decade of the 1170s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007242-0000-0000", "contents": "1170s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007242-0001-0000", "contents": "1170s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007242-0002-0000", "contents": "1170s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007243-0000-0000", "contents": "1171\nYear 1171 (MCLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007244-0000-0000", "contents": "1171 Rusthawelia\n1171 Rusthawelia, provisional designation 1930 TA, is a large and dark background asteroid, approximately 72 kilometers (45 miles) in diameter, located in the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 3 October 1930, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, and was an unnoticed rediscovery of a lost minor planet then known as \"Adelaide\". As the asteroid was already named for Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli when the rediscovery was realized, its former designation was given to another asteroid instead, which is now known as 525\u00a0Adelaide. Rusthawelia is a primitive P-type asteroid and has a rotation period of 11 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007244-0001-0000", "contents": "1171 Rusthawelia, Unnoticed rediscovery of lost asteroid\nWhen Arend discovered Rusthawelia in 1930, it was not realized that he rediscovered the long-lost asteroid \"525 Adelaide\". It was already discovered 26 years earlier as A904 EB by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1904, who observed it for a short time during the discovery opposition before it became lost. Only decades later, in 1958, it was shown by French astronomer Andr\u00e9 Patry that both asteroid's discovered by Wolf and Arend were one and the same (M.P.C. 1831). It was then decided that this asteroid retains the number\u2013name designation \"1171 Rusthawelia\", while 525 Adelaide was vacated and given to another asteroid (which was the object 1908 EKa, discovered by Joel Hastings Metcalf).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 56], "content_span": [57, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007244-0002-0000", "contents": "1171 Rusthawelia, Unnoticed rediscovery of lost asteroid\nAnother confusion occurred in 1929, one year before Arend's discovery, when American astronomer Anne Sewell Young thought to have found long-lost \"Adelide\", when in fact she mistook the asteroid for comet 31P/Schwassmann\u2013Wachmann that had a very similar orbital eccentricity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 56], "content_span": [57, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007244-0003-0000", "contents": "1171 Rusthawelia, Orbit and classification\nRusthawelia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,079 days; semi-major axis of 3.19\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins as A904 EB at Heidelberg in March 1904, when it was discovered by Max Wolf (see above).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007244-0004-0000", "contents": "1171 Rusthawelia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for medieval Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli (\u10e8\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8, c. 1160 \u2013 after c. 1220). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 109).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007244-0005-0000", "contents": "1171 Rusthawelia, Physical characteristics\nRusthawelia is a dark and primitive P-type asteroid, as characterized by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), and classified by Tholen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007244-0006-0000", "contents": "1171 Rusthawelia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October and November 2003, two rotational lightcurves of Rusthawelia were obtained from photometric observations by John Menke at his observatory in Barnesville, Maryland, and by a group of American astronomers. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 10.80 and 10.98 hours and a brightness variation of 0.31 and 0.26 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3). A third, concurring period of 11.013 hours with an amplitude of 0.26 magnitude was obtained by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy in February 2005 (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007244-0007-0000", "contents": "1171 Rusthawelia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Rusthawelia measures between 68.67 and 82.23 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.029 and 0.04. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0394 and a diameter of 70.13 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.90.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007246-0000-0000", "contents": "11714 Mikebrown\n11714 Mikebrown, provisional designation 1998 HQ51, is a stony background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 4.5 kilometers (2.8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 28 April 1998, by astronomers of the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search (LONEOS) at the U.S. Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, and later named after American astronomer Michael Brown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007246-0001-0000", "contents": "11714 Mikebrown, Orbit and classification\nMikebrown is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,596 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007246-0002-0000", "contents": "11714 Mikebrown, Orbit and classification\nOn 15 May 2012, Mikebrown came within about 14.8 Gm (0.099 AU) of asteroid 625\u00a0Xenia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007246-0003-0000", "contents": "11714 Mikebrown, Orbit and classification\nIt was first observed as 1977 RX8 Palomar Observatory in 1977, extending the body's observation arc by 21 years prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007246-0004-0000", "contents": "11714 Mikebrown, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after American astronomer Michael E. Brown (born 1965), a professor of astronomy at Caltech in California, and best known for his discoveries of trans-Neptunian objects, in particular the dwarf planet 136199 Eris. The official naming citation was published on 24 July 2002 (M.P.C. 46104).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007246-0005-0000", "contents": "11714 Mikebrown, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Mikebrown measures 4.451 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.246, which is typical for stony S-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007246-0006-0000", "contents": "11714 Mikebrown, Physical characteristics\nIt has an absolute magnitude of 14.1. As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Mikebrown has been obtained from photometric observations, and the body's rotation period and shape remains unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007247-0000-0000", "contents": "1172\nYear 1172 (MCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007249-0000-0000", "contents": "1172 \u00c4neas\n1172 \u00c4neas /\u026a\u02c8ni\u02d0\u0259s/ is a large Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 140 kilometers (90 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 October 1930, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The dark D-type asteroid is one of the largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of 8.7 hours. It is named after the Trojan prince Aeneas, from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007249-0001-0000", "contents": "1172 \u00c4neas, Orbit and classification\n\u00c4neas is located in the L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind Jupiter in the so-called Trojan camp, orbiting in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007249-0002-0000", "contents": "1172 \u00c4neas, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.7\u20135.8\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 11 months (4,354 days; semi-major axis of 5.22\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 17\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in October 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007249-0003-0000", "contents": "1172 \u00c4neas, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Trojan hero Aeneas from Greek mythology. He is the son of goddess Aphrodite and Anchises of after whom 1173\u00a0Anchises was named. The official naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 109).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007249-0004-0000", "contents": "1172 \u00c4neas, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of \u00c4neas have been obtained since the first photometric observations by William Hartmann in 1988, that gave a period of 8.33 hours, and by Stefano Mottola and Anders Erikson in 1993, using the ESO 1-metre telescope at La Silla Observatory in Chile. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.708\u00b10.009 hours with a brightness variation of 0.27\u00b10.01 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007249-0005-0000", "contents": "1172 \u00c4neas, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July and August 2008, Susan Lederer at CTIO in Chile, and Robert Stephens at the Goat Mountain Astronomical Research Station (G79) in California, determined a well-defined period of 8.705\u00b10.005\u00a0h with an amplitude 0.20 magnitude (U=3). Follow-up observations during 2015\u20132017 by Robert Stephens and Daniel Coley at the Center for Solar System Studies gave three concurring periods of 8.701, 8.681 and 8.7 hours with an amplitude of 0.62, 0.40 and 0.21 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3/3), while in August 2011, Pierre Antonini reported a period of 11.8 hours based on a fragmentary lightcurve (U=2-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007249-0006-0000", "contents": "1172 \u00c4neas, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, \u00c4neas measures between 118.02 and 148.66 kilometers in diameter \u2013 making it anywhere from the 8th to 4th largest Jupiter trojan \u2013 determined from a common absolute magnitude of 8.33 and a surface albedo between 0.037 and 0.059. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0403 and a diameter of 142.82 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 8.33.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007249-0007-0000", "contents": "1172 \u00c4neas, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007249-0008-0000", "contents": "1172 \u00c4neas, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nIn the Tholen and Barucci classification, \u00c4neas is a dark D-type asteroid, while in the Tedesco classification is as D/P-type asteroid. Its high V\u2013I color index of 0.99 is typical for D-types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007250-0000-0000", "contents": "1173\nYear 1173 (MCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007251-0000-0000", "contents": "1173 Anchises\n1173 Anchises /\u00e6\u014b\u02c8ka\u026asi\u02d0z/ is an unusually elongated Jupiter Trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 124 kilometers (77 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 October 1930, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany, and was the 9th such body to be discovered. The primitive P-type asteroid belongs to the largest Jupiter trojans, has an unusually smooth surface texture, the lowest spectral slope of all members of the Trojan camp, and a rotation period of 11.6 hours. It was named after Anchises from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007251-0001-0000", "contents": "1173 Anchises, Orbit and classification\nAnchises is a primitive Jovian asteroid orbiting in the trailing Trojan camp at Jupiter's L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind its orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007251-0002-0000", "contents": "1173 Anchises, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.6\u20136.0\u00a0AU once every 12 years and 2 months (4,451 days; semi-major axis of 5.3\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Up to the year 2200, its closest approach to any major planet will be on 3 February 2120, when it will still be 2.669\u00a0AU (399,300,000\u00a0km; 248,100,000\u00a0mi) from Jupiter. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg with its official discovery observation in October 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007251-0003-0000", "contents": "1173 Anchises, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Anchises from Greek mythology. He is the father of the Trojan hero Aeneas after whom 1172\u00a0\u00c4neas was named. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 109).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007251-0004-0000", "contents": "1173 Anchises, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Anchises is a primitive P-type asteroid, a common spectral type among the Jupiter trojans. It has the lowest spectral slope (i.e. flattest spectral response curve, thus most neutral color) among all members of the Trojan camp. In the Barucci taxonomy, it has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid (C0).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007251-0005-0000", "contents": "1173 Anchises, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn Summer 1986, the first photometric observations of Anchises were taken with the 0.9-meter telescope at the Cerro Tololo Observatory in Chile. Lightcurve analysis gave a well defined rotation period of 11.60 hours with a notably wide brightness variation of 0.57 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007251-0006-0000", "contents": "1173 Anchises, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBetween January 2016, and December 2017, three more rotational lightcurves were obtained by American photometrist Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in California. They gave a concurring period of 11.595, 11.596 and 11.599 hours with an amplitude between 0.34 and 0.73 magnitude (U=3/3-/3?). A high brightness amplitude is indicative for a non-spherical, elongated shape (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007251-0007-0000", "contents": "1173 Anchises, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, and astronomers revisiting the data from these three space-based telescopes, Anchises measures between 99.55 and 136 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0308 and 0.050. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.0308 and a diameter of 126.27 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 8.89.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007251-0008-0000", "contents": "1173 Anchises, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThis makes it the 7th largest Jupiter trojan only according to IRAS (126\u00a0km), and would be at least 6th should the size indeed prove to be 136\u00a0km or more, while it is much smaller and a few places further down the list according to the NEOWISE survey catalog (<100\u00a0km). One of the reasons for the large discrepancies in diameter estimates is possibly related to the results being derived from single-epoch observations of the asteroid, which is known for its large brightness variations (see above).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007251-0009-0000", "contents": "1173 Anchises, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007251-0010-0000", "contents": "1173 Anchises, Physical characteristics, Shape and surface\nIn 2012, an international collaboration revisited the WISE, IRAS and Akari observational data. As already suggested by the body's high brightness amplitude, the astronomers found that Anchises is significantly elongated, with best-fit dimensions of 170\u00a0km \u00d7 121\u00a0km \u00d7 121\u00a0km, which corresponds to a mean diameter of 136+18\u221211 kilometers. Due to a small phase coefficient and a lack of any noticeable opposition effect, astronomers at Cerro Tololo concluded that this Jupiter trojan asteroid possesses an unusually smooth surface texture \u2013 far less rough than the great majority of asteroids. In case the surface of Anchises consist of bare rock, with high thermal inertia, the body's true diameter could be significantly greater than the estimated 136\u00a0kilometers, the study concludes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 58], "content_span": [59, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007252-0000-0000", "contents": "1173 Polonnaruwa invasion of Chola\nIn 1173, an invasion began against the dynasties of South India by the Sinhalese king and conquerer Maha Parakramabahu. His armies first captured the Pandyan kingdom, and then advanced into Chola Nadu, attacking the Tondi and Pasi regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007252-0001-0000", "contents": "1173 Polonnaruwa invasion of Chola, Background\nIn approximately 1173, the Sinhalese kingdom of Polonnaruwa, invaded the neighbouring Pandya kingdom and overthrew its leader Kulasekhara Pandyan. The Sinhalese monarch, Parakramabahu I ordered Vira Pandyan to be installed to the throne. However due to the Chola king, Rajadhiraja's increased his involvement in the war, the Chola mainland became a target of the invading forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007252-0002-0000", "contents": "1173 Polonnaruwa invasion of Chola, Invasion of Chola kingdoms\nAfter conquering the Pandyan kingdom, the leader of the expeditionary forces, Lankapura invaded the Chola states of Tondi and Pasi, which the Chola inscription describes as \"striking fear into the hearts of its residents\". He burnt up to 30 kilometers of the Chola kingdom as a punishment for the interference in the war. The captives were sent for works, such as repairing the stupas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007252-0003-0000", "contents": "1173 Polonnaruwa invasion of Chola, Chola reactions\nRajadhiraja instructed his general to kill Lankapura. Meanwhile, the fear-ridden residents, started performing for Shiva, expecting for relief from the invaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007252-0004-0000", "contents": "1173 Polonnaruwa invasion of Chola, Chola reactions\nThe worshippers carried the worship for 28 days, until they received the news Lankapura had retreated. The cheif who ruled the village of Arapakkam, Edirisola Subramanam, granted the village to a Hindu priest who helped conduct worhsips.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007253-0000-0000", "contents": "1174\nYear 1174 (MCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1174th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 174th year of the 2nd millennium, the 74th year of the 12th century, and the 5th year of the 1170s decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007254-0000-0000", "contents": "1174 Marmara\n1174 Marmara, provisional designation 1930 UC, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 October 1930, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was later named after the Sea of Marmara, located between Europe and Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007254-0001-0000", "contents": "1174 Marmara, Classification and orbit\nMarmara belongs to the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer main-belt consisting of nearly 10,000 known members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007254-0002-0000", "contents": "1174 Marmara, Classification and orbit\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,925 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007254-0003-0000", "contents": "1174 Marmara, Physical characteristics\nMarmara is an assumed S-type asteroid, while Eoan asteroids are typically characterized as K-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007254-0004-0000", "contents": "1174 Marmara, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nPublished in 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Marmara was obtained from photometric observations by South American astronomers from Brazil and Argentina. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.2 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007254-0005-0000", "contents": "1174 Marmara, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Marmara measures between 16.21 and 18.496 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0821 and 0.15. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a higher albedo of 0.1795 and a diameter of 16.46 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007254-0006-0000", "contents": "1174 Marmara, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after the Sea of Marmara, which lies in between the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea, connected by the Bosporus and the Dardanelles straits, respectively. The official naming citation was published in Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 109).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007256-0000-0000", "contents": "1175\nYear 1175 (MCLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007257-0000-0000", "contents": "1175 Margo\n1175 Margo, provisional designation 1930 UD, is a stony background asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 24 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 October 1930, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The meaning of the asteroids's name is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007257-0001-0000", "contents": "1175 Margo, Orbit and classification\nMargo is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 3.0\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,107 days; semi-major axis of 3.22\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007257-0002-0000", "contents": "1175 Margo, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first identification as A907 VA at Heidelberg in November 1907, almost 23 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007257-0003-0000", "contents": "1175 Margo, Physical characteristics\nMargo has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. Conversely, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes it to be a carbonaceous C-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007257-0004-0000", "contents": "1175 Margo, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn November 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Margo was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Raymond Poncy (177), Gino Farroni, Pierre Antonini, Donn Starkey (H63) and Raoul Behrend. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.0136 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.31 magnitude (U=3). Since then, several other, lower-rated lightcurves have been published (U=3-/2+/2+/2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007257-0005-0000", "contents": "1175 Margo, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn 2016, the asteroid lightcurve has also been modeled using photometric data from various sources. It gave a concurring period of 6.01375 hours and two spin axis in ecliptic coordinates of (184.0\u00b0, \u221243.0\u00b0) and (353.0\u00b0, \u221217.0\u00b0).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007257-0006-0000", "contents": "1175 Margo, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Margo measures between 22.99 and 25.394 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2409 and 0.302. CALL assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and consequently calculates a much larger diameter of 58.29 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007257-0007-0000", "contents": "1175 Margo, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer Karl Reinmuth. Any reference of its name to a person or occurrence is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007257-0008-0000", "contents": "1175 Margo, Naming, Unknown meaning\nAmong the many thousands of named minor planets, Margo is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007258-0000-0000", "contents": "1176\nYear 1176 (MCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007259-0000-0000", "contents": "1176 (album)\n1176 is a collaboration album by American rapper Guapdad 4000 in collaboration with Filipino American record producer !llmind. It was released on March 19, 2021 by Twnshp, Roseville, Chester, Paradise Rising, 88rising Records, and 12Tone Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007259-0001-0000", "contents": "1176 (album)\nOn June 11, 2021, they released the deluxe edition of the album, including \"How Many (Remix)\" featuring Rick Ross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007259-0002-0000", "contents": "1176 (album), Background\nThe album was named after the address of Guapdad 4000's childhood home in West Oakland. It was described as a bridge between Asian and American culture, with Guapdad 4000 spotlighting his Filipino heritage on the album. It is the first album to be released with Paradise Rising, a joint venture with 88rising. In a statement, Guapdad 4000 spoke on the collaboration with !llmind saying \"If !llmind had a power it would be to shapeshift, he can do anything.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007259-0002-0001", "contents": "1176 (album), Background\nSomething like this comes in handy when you need to tell the full spectrum of your story like I did in this music. I had no idea we would stumble upon something this magical though but I guess I should have known that linking up with my Filipino brother would enhance my super powers!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007259-0003-0000", "contents": "1176 (album), Singles\nThe album was supported by two singles before the release: \"How Many\" on February 12, 2021, and \"She Wanna\" on March 9, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007259-0004-0000", "contents": "1176 (album), Critical reception\nStephen Kearse of Pitchfork wrote that Guapdad 4000 \"sinks into a more reflective mood\", stating the album \"is clearly meant to depart from the seedy hijinks of Guapdad's previous music.\" Aaron Williams of Uproxx felt that the album \"highlights those aspects of his Filipino heritage as he shares some of his most vulnerable and personal material yet.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007260-0000-0000", "contents": "1176 Cardigan eisteddfod\nThe 1176 Cardigan eisteddfod, as it is commonly described, was a cultural tournament involving bards and musicians, held in the grounds of Cardigan Castle, Cardigan, West Wales, by the Lord Rhys ap Gruffydd. Though the term 'Eisteddfodd' was not commonly used until several centuries later, the 1176 gathering is commonly claimed to be the earliest recorded forerunner of the modern national eisteddfod event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007260-0001-0000", "contents": "1176 Cardigan eisteddfod, Background\nRhys ap Gruffydd became the ruler uniting the whole of Deheubarth, covering southwest Wales, in 1155. This had followed years of battles with the English King Henry II. Rhys was made Lord of Ystrad Tywi or, commonly, the Lord Rhys. There followed a period of relative peace and security. In the early 1170s Henry II sought friendship with Rhys and confirmed his leadership of Deheubarth. In 1171 Rhys rebuilt Cardigan Castle in stone, as a political and military statement, making it his chief residence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007260-0002-0000", "contents": "1176 Cardigan eisteddfod, Background\nWelsh princes commonly patronised professional bards at the time, who in return wrote poetry praising their sponsors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007260-0003-0000", "contents": "1176 Cardigan eisteddfod, Background\nThe gathering at Cardigan Castle in 1176 is recorded in the medieval chronicle Brut y Tywysogion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007260-0004-0000", "contents": "1176 Cardigan eisteddfod, Background\nThe next eisteddfod in Wales of any certainty took place circa 1451 in Carmarthen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007260-0005-0000", "contents": "1176 Cardigan eisteddfod, Description\nAccording to Brut y Tywysogion, Lord Rhys announced the event a year in advance, \"throughout Wales, England, Scotland, Ireland and the other islands\", which suggests the event was on an unprecedented scale. Participants came from as far away as Ireland and France. It was held at Cardigan Castle over Christmas of 1176. Cardigan Castle was newly restored in stone and, by holding a tournament here rather than at the traditional base of Deheubarth at Dinefwr, Lord Rhys was making a statement to the old Norman and Welsh rulers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007260-0006-0000", "contents": "1176 Cardigan eisteddfod, Description\nAccording to the 1770 'History of Wales' \"a great feast\" was held and \"many hundreds of English, Normans, and others coming to Aberteifi [Cardigan], were very honourably received, and courteously entertained by Prince Rhys ... Rhys called all the bards or poets throughout all Wales to come thither ...the bards being seated, they were to answer each other in rhyme.\" Rhys awarded two chairs as prizes, one for the winner of the poetry competition and the other for music. The poetry chair went to a bard from Gwynedd, while the music prize went to the son of Eilon the Crythwr, a member of Rhys's court. Chairs were a valuable asset, normally reserved for people of high status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007260-0007-0000", "contents": "1176 Cardigan eisteddfod, Description\nIt has been conjectured that the idea for a cultural festival of music and poetry at Cardigan may have originated from a similar festival in France known as The Puy. Rhys may have known about the tradition via his connections with the Norman French, or from soldiers returning from the continent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007260-0008-0000", "contents": "1176 Cardigan eisteddfod, Legacy\nThe next recorded eisteddfods were held in Carmarthen between 1451 and 1453, by the powerful nobleman of the area, Gruffudd ap Nicholas. He wanted to emulate the Lord Rhys and, probably as a bard himself, wanted to strengthen the bardic tradition. A 'Cadair Arian' (Silver Chair) was awarded as a prize, to a bard from Flintshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007260-0009-0000", "contents": "1176 Cardigan eisteddfod, Legacy\nAt the next recorded eisteddfods, in the 16th century, chairs were again awarded as prizes. The first chair made for the modern form of Eisteddfod was at the Carmarthen event of 1819. They became regular prizes after the National Eisteddfod was introduced in the 1860s. In 2015 a 9-foot (2.7\u00a0m) high Eisteddfod chair was created and installed at the top of Cardigan Castle's East Tower, as a centrepiece of an exhibition about the Wales Eisteddfod. The chair incorporated interpretative details that would have been important to the Lord Rhys, including a carved lion's head and two bronze horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007260-0010-0000", "contents": "1176 Cardigan eisteddfod, Legacy\nThe modern restaurant at Cardigan Castle is named \"1176\" in reference to Lord Rhys's gathering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007260-0011-0000", "contents": "1176 Cardigan eisteddfod, Legacy\nA novel about the 1176 event, entitled Song Castle by Luke Waterson, was published in 2018. The book imagined what the festival and the journeys made by its participants were like.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007261-0000-0000", "contents": "1176 Lucidor\n1176 Lucidor, provisional designation 1930 VE, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Eug\u00e8ne Delporte in 1930, who named it after a friend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007261-0001-0000", "contents": "1176 Lucidor, Discovery\nLucidor was discovered on 15 November 1930, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. On the same day, it was independently discovered by Max Wolf at the Heidelberg Observatory in Germany, and 15 days later by Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory in Crimea. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1927 BF at the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory (389) in January 1927, nearly 4 years prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007261-0002-0000", "contents": "1176 Lucidor, Orbit and classification\nLucidor has not been grouped to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the central main belt at a distance of 2.3\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,613 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007261-0003-0000", "contents": "1176 Lucidor, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Lucidor is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007261-0004-0000", "contents": "1176 Lucidor, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2005, two rotational lightcurves of Lucidor were independently obtained from photometric observations by Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado as well as by   Ren\u00e9 Roy at Blauvac, France (627), and Federico Manzini and Roberto Crippa at Sozzago in Italy (A12). Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.075 and 4.0791 hours with a low brightness amplitude of 0.05 and 0.06 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3). A low brightness variation typically indicates that the body has a spheroidal rather than an irregular shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007261-0005-0000", "contents": "1176 Lucidor, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lucidor measures between 17.489 and 31.48 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.159.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007261-0006-0000", "contents": "1176 Lucidor, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0544 and  a diameter of 30.59 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.35.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007261-0007-0000", "contents": "1176 Lucidor, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after an amateur astronomer and friend of the discoverer. \"Lucidor\" is a female name. Her full name has not been published. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 109).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007262-0000-0000", "contents": "1176 Peak Limiter\nThe 1176 Peak Limiter is a dynamic range compressor designed by Bill Putnam and introduced by UREI in 1967. Derived from the 175 and 176 tube compressors, it marked the transition from vacuum tubes to solid-state technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007262-0001-0000", "contents": "1176 Peak Limiter\nWith its distinctive tone and its wide range of sounds, deriving from the Class A amplifiers, its input and output transformers, the uncommonly fast attack and release times and their program dependence, and different compression ratios and modes, the 1176 was immediately appreciated by engineers and producers and established as a studio standard through the years. At the time of its introduction, it was the first true peak limiter with all solid-state circuitry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007262-0002-0000", "contents": "1176 Peak Limiter\nThe 1176LN was inducted into the TECnology Hall of Fame in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007262-0003-0000", "contents": "1176 Peak Limiter, History\nIn 1966, Bill Putnam, engineer and founder of Universal Audio, began to employ the recently invented field-effect transistors (FET), replacing vacuum tubes in his equipment designs. After successfully adapting the 108 tube microphone preamplifier into the new FET-based 1108, he redesigned the 175 and 176 variable-mu tube compressors into the new 1176 compressor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007262-0004-0000", "contents": "1176 Peak Limiter, History\nThe initial units (A and AB revisions) were available in 1967 and were informally referred as \"blue stripe\" for their blue-colored meter section. Revision C, designed in 1970, saw one of the major design evolution, with less noise and harmonic distortion. It was renamed to 1176LN and the face color changed to the now familiar solid black.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007262-0005-0000", "contents": "1176 Peak Limiter, History\nBill Putnam sold UREI in 1985 and Revision H was the last series produced by the original company. However, the company was re-established as Universal Audio in 1999 by the sons Bill Putnam, Jr. and Jim Putnam, and re-issued the 1176LN as its first product. The original design was reproduced and revised thanks to the extensive design notes left by Bill Putnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007262-0006-0000", "contents": "1176 Peak Limiter, Design\nThe 1176 uses a field-effect transistor (FET) to obtain gain reduction arranged in a feedback configuration. As its predecessor, the 1176 utilizes soft knee compression and fixed threshold: compression amount is controlled through the input control. The compression character is handled by attack and release times and four selectable compression ratios. The release time is program-dependent:  it is quicker after transients to obtain a more consistent level, but it slows down after sustained and heavy compression to reduce pumping effects. The threshold is set higher on higher ratios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007262-0007-0000", "contents": "1176 Peak Limiter, Design, \"All-button\" or British mode\nThe ratio buttons are designed to be mutually exclusive, so that pressing one ratio button deselects the others. However, British engineers discovered it was possible to push all four buttons in at once, an unexpected use case that led to unintended behaviour, with a substantial increase of harmonic distortion. This became known as \"All-button\" mode or British mode, and is popular enough to be explicitly supported by modern clones of the 1176.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007262-0008-0000", "contents": "1176 Peak Limiter, Design, \"All-button\" or British mode\nThe way the 1176 sounds, and specifically, the way all-button mode sounds, is partially due to its being a program dependent compressor. The attack and release are program dependent, as is the ratio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007262-0009-0000", "contents": "1176 Peak Limiter, Design, \"All-button\" or British mode\nThe 1176 will faithfully compress or limit at the selected ratio for transients, but the ratio will always increase a bit after the transient. To what degree is once again material dependent. This is true for any of the 1176's ratio settings, and is part of the 1176's sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007262-0010-0000", "contents": "1176 Peak Limiter, Design, \"All-button\" or British mode\nBut in all-button mode, a few more things are happening; the ratio goes to somewhere between 12:1 and 20:1, and the bias points change all over the circuit. As a result, the attack and release times change. This change in attack and release times and the compression curve that results is the main contributor to the all-button sound. This is what gives way to the trademark overdriven tone. The shape of the compression curve changes dramatically in all-button. Where 4:1 is a gentle slope, all-button is more like severe plateau! Furthermore, in all-button mode there is a lag time on the attack of initial transients. This strange phenomenon might be described as a \"reverse look-ahead\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007262-0011-0000", "contents": "1176 Peak Limiter, Revisions\nThe 1176 underwent a number of revisions; one notable change in the early revisions was the addition of Brad Plunkett's circuitry, which reduced noise by 6\u00a0dB and redistributed the noise spectrum, producing even more noise reduction in the sensitive mid-range; linearity was also increased by reducing harmonic distortion. These revisions, easily distinguishable for their solid black face panel, were labelled 1176LN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007262-0012-0000", "contents": "1176 Peak Limiter, Revisions\nRevisions D and E are reputed to sound the best.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007262-0013-0000", "contents": "1176 Peak Limiter, Reputation\nMike Shipley says \"The 1176 absolutely adds a bright character to a sound, and you can set the attack so it's got a nice bite to it. I usually use them on four to one, with quite a lot of gain reduction. I like how variable the attack and release is; there's a sound on the attack and release which I don't think you can get with any other compressor. I listen for how it affects the vocal, and depending on the song I set the attack or release\u2014faster attack if I want a bit more bite. My preference is for the black face model, the 4000 series\u2014I think the top end is especially clean.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007262-0014-0000", "contents": "1176 Peak Limiter, Reputation\nJim Scott says \"They have an equalizer kind of effect, adding a coloration that's bright and clear. Not only do they give you a little more impact from the compression, they also sort of clear things up; maybe a little bottom end gets squeezed out or maybe they are just sort of excitingly solid state or whatever they are. The big thing for me is the clarity, and the improvement in the top end.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007266-0000-0000", "contents": "1177\nYear 1177 (MCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007267-0000-0000", "contents": "1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed\n1177 B.C. : The Year Civilization Collapsed is a 2014 non-fiction book about the Late Bronze Age collapse by American archaeologist Eric H. Cline. It was published by Princeton University Press.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007267-0001-0000", "contents": "1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed, Description\nThe book focuses on Cline's hypothesis for the Late Bronze Age collapse of civilization, a transition period that affected the Egyptians, Hittites, Canaanites, Cypriots, Minoans, Mycenaeans, Assyrians and Babylonians; varied heterogeneous cultures populating eight powerful and flourishing states intermingling via trade, commerce, exchange and \"cultural piggybacking,\" despite \"all the difficulties of travel and time.\" He presents evidence to support a \"perfect storm\" of \"multiple interconnected failures,\" meaning that more than one natural and man-made cataclysm caused the disintegration and demise of an ancient civilization that incorporated \"empires and globalized peoples.\" This ended the Bronze Age, and ended the Mycenaean, Minoan, Trojan, Hittite, and Babylonian cultures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 55], "content_span": [56, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007267-0002-0000", "contents": "1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed, Description\nBefore this book, the leading hypothesis during previous decades attributed the civilizations' collapse mostly to Sea Peoples of unknown origin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 55], "content_span": [56, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007268-0000-0000", "contents": "1177 Gonnessia\n1177 Gonnessia, provisional designation 1930 WA, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 99 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 November 1930, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa, and named after astronomer Fran\u00e7ois Gonnessiat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007268-0001-0000", "contents": "1177 Gonnessia, Orbit and classification\nGonnessia is not a member of any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.2\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 6 years and 2 months (2,238 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.03 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007268-0002-0000", "contents": "1177 Gonnessia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A923 RO at Simeiz Observatory in September 1923. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg Observatory, three weeks after its official discovery observation at Algiers Bouzar\u00e9ah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007268-0003-0000", "contents": "1177 Gonnessia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Gonnessia is classified as an asteroid with an unusual spectrum (XFU). It was also characterized as an X-type asteroid by PanSTARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007268-0004-0000", "contents": "1177 Gonnessia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve photometry\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Gonnessia were obtained since 2002. The best rated photometric observations were taken in 2010, by American astronomer Robert Stephens at the Goat Mountain Astronomical Research Station (G79) and Santana Observatory (646) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 30.51 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.10 magnitude, indicative for a spheroidal shape (U=3-/3-). Previous observations by Brian Warner gave a longer period of 82 hours based on sparse photometry (U=2-). While not being a slow rotator, Gonnessia has a notably slower spin rate than most asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 63], "content_span": [64, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007268-0005-0000", "contents": "1177 Gonnessia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Gonnessia measures between 91.98 and 104.63 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.040.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007268-0006-0000", "contents": "1177 Gonnessia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.0398 with a diameter of 91.98 kilometers. It also takes Petr Pravec's revised absolute magnitude from WISE of 9.24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007268-0007-0000", "contents": "1177 Gonnessia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after astronomer Fran\u00e7ois Gonnessiat (1856\u20131934), who was an observer of comets and a discoverer of minor planets. Gonnessiat was also a director of the discovering Algiers Observatory and headed the Quito Astronomical Observatory in Ecuador as well. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 109).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007272-0000-0000", "contents": "1178\nYear 1178 (MCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007273-0000-0000", "contents": "1178 Irmela\n1178 Irmela, provisional designation 1931 EC, is a stony asteroid from the middle regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007273-0001-0000", "contents": "1178 Irmela\nIt was discovered on 13 March 1931, by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after Irmela Ruska, wife of Ernst Ruska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007273-0002-0000", "contents": "1178 Irmela, Orbit and classification\nIrmela orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,603 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at Lowell Observatory in February 1931, extending the body's observation arc by 3 weeks prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007273-0003-0000", "contents": "1178 Irmela, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn May 1984, a first rotational lightcurve of Irmela was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 19.17 hours with a brightness variation of 0.34 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007273-0004-0000", "contents": "1178 Irmela, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn March 2010, astronomer Robert Stephens obtained another lightcurve at the Center for Solar System Studies, that gave a divergent period of 11.989 hours with an amplitude of 0.40 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007273-0005-0000", "contents": "1178 Irmela, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Irmela measures between 17.00 and 20.683 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0503 and 0.105.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007273-0006-0000", "contents": "1178 Irmela, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\n10\u03bcm radiometric data collected from Kitt Peak National Observatory in 1975, gave a diameter estimate of 19 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007273-0007-0000", "contents": "1178 Irmela, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link characterizes Irmela as a common S-type asteroid, derives an albedo of 0.0838 and calculates a diameter of 19.05 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.91.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007273-0008-0000", "contents": "1178 Irmela, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Irmela Ruska, wife of the inventor of the electron microscope and 1986 Nobelist, the German physicist Ernst Ruska (1906\u20131988), who shared the Nobel prize with Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer. The naming was granted by Max Wolf to his colleague August Kopff, himself a prolific discoverer of minor planets. The citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets (H 109).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007275-0000-0000", "contents": "1179\nYear 1179 (MCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007276-0000-0000", "contents": "1179 Mally\n1179 Mally, provisional designation 1931 FD, is an asteroid and long-lost minor planet from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Max Wolf in 1931, the asteroid was lost until its rediscovery in 1986. The discoverer named it after his daughter-in-law, Mally Wolf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007276-0001-0000", "contents": "1179 Mally, Discovery and rediscovery\nMally was discovered on 19 March 1931, by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007276-0002-0000", "contents": "1179 Mally, Discovery and rediscovery\nSoon after its initial discovery, it became one of few well known lost minor planets for over 55 years. In 1986, Mally was rediscovered by astronomers Lutz Schmadel, Richard Martin West and Hans-Emil Schuster, who remeasured the original discovery plates and computed alternative search ephemerides. This allowed them to find the body very near to its predicted position. In addition, historic photographic plates from the Palomar Sky Survey (1956\u20131958), the UK Schmidt Telescope (Australia), and the ESO Schmidt Telescope (Chile) confirmed the rediscovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007276-0003-0000", "contents": "1179 Mally, Orbit and classification\nMally orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,548 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007276-0004-0000", "contents": "1179 Mally, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Mally measures between 11.20 and 16.60 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.059 and 0.097.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007276-0005-0000", "contents": "1179 Mally, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 \u2013 a compromise value between the brighter stony (0.20) and darker carbonaceous asteroids (0.057) used for bodies with a semi-major axis between 2.6 and 2.7\u00a0AU \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 10.7 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.98.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007276-0006-0000", "contents": "1179 Mally, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Mally was obtained from photometric observations taken at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. The fragmentary lightcurve gave a longer than average rotation period of 46.6 hours with a brightness variation of 0.08 magnitude. However, the obtained result is poorly rated by CALL (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007276-0007-0000", "contents": "1179 Mally, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Mally Wolf, wife of Franz Wolf and the discoverer's daughter-in-law. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 110).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007278-0000-0000", "contents": "1179 in Italy\nThe Third Council of the Lateran met in March 1179 as the eleventh ecumenical council. Pope Alexander III presided and 302 bishops attended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007278-0001-0000", "contents": "1179 in Italy\nBy agreement reached at the Peace of Venice in 1177 the bitter conflict between Alexander III and Emperor Frederick I was brought to an end. When Pope Hadrian IV died in 1159, the divided cardinals elected two popes: Roland of Siena, who took the name of Alexander III, and Octavian of Rome who, though nominated by fewer cardinals, was supported by Frederick and assumed the name of Pope Victor IV. Frederick, wishing to remove all that stood in the way of his authority in Italy, declared war upon the Italian states and especially the Church which was enjoying great authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007278-0001-0001", "contents": "1179 in Italy\nA serious schism arose out of this conflict, and after Victor IV's death in 1164, two further antipopes were nominated in opposition to Alexander III: Paschal III (1164\u20131168) and Callistus III (1168\u20131178). Eventually, at the Peace of Venice, when Alexander gained victory, he promised Frederick that he would summon an ecumenical council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007280-0000-0000", "contents": "117P/Helin\u2013Roman\u2013Alu\n117P/Helin\u2013Roman\u2013Alu, also known as Helin-Roman-Alu 1, is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It is a Quasi-Hilda comet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007281-0000-0000", "contents": "117th (Eastern Townships) Battalion, CEF\nThe 117th (Eastern Townships) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Sherbrooke, Quebec, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 through the eastern counties of Quebec. After sailing to England on SS Empress of Britain from Halifax on August 14th, 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 23rd Reserve Battalion on January 8, 1917. Through the 23rd Battalion it is linked to The Royal Montreal Regiment. During its time in England, it became the first foreign unit to mount a King or Queen's Guard at Buckingham Palace, with Canada having mounted the most guards of any foreign country since then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007281-0001-0000", "contents": "117th (Eastern Townships) Battalion, CEF\nThe 117th (Eastern Townships) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel Levi Jerome Gilbert. Gilbert had previously served 15 years with the 58th Regiment and 12 years with the 7th Hussars and left the military when the battalion disappeared in 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007282-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Air Control Squadron\nThe 117th Air Control Squadron is Georgia Air National Guard air control unit headquartered in Hunter Army Airfield, Savannah. It provides theater command with air battle management, radar surveillance, air space control, and long haul communication capabilities to plan and execute combined air operations; air superiority and air strike ground attack operations, and provides state authorities with a dedicated force ready to react to local and national emergencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007282-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Air Control Squadron, History of the 117th ACS\nThe 117th Air Control Squadron (Air Combat Command) which is now a part of the 152nd Air Control Group was activated on 17 May 1948, at Chatham Field Savannah, Georgia, with a complement of twenty-three airmen, four officers, and a small amount of obsolete equipment. Over the years the Unit has undergone several significant changes but still retains its original mission of aircraft surveillance and control. The 117th Aircraft Control and Warning Flight, as it was called then, remained at Travis (previously Chatham) Field until September 1957: at which time it moved to its new armory at 1117 Eisenhower Drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007282-0001-0001", "contents": "117th Air Control Squadron, History of the 117th ACS\nThe new armory was considered to be one of the finest installations in the State of Georgia at that time. The facility was shared with the 155th Tactical Control Group, the 155th Air Traffic Control Center Squadron and the 226th Air Traffic Regulation Center Flight. In the mid-1960s the Aircraft Control and Warning Flight became the 117th Tactical Control Squadron. In June 1992 the Tactical Control Squadron fell under the new Air Combat Command and the name changed once again to the 117th Air Control Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007282-0002-0000", "contents": "117th Air Control Squadron, History of the 117th ACS\nIn January 1974, the unit moved to Saber Hall on Hunter Army Airfield. After approximately two years, the 117th relocated to the Hunter Flight Line where it lived and worked under field conditions for more than three years. On 3 November 1979 the unit relocated to its present 20-acre (81,000\u00a0m2) site on Hunter, formerly the 702nd Radar Squadron. In the early 1970s, the unit received its new AN/TPS-43E Radar and the AN\\TSQ-91 (The Bubble). In 1984, after returning from their first deployment to Norway the Maintenance Building was renovated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007282-0002-0001", "contents": "117th Air Control Squadron, History of the 117th ACS\nThe Headquarters Building, Building 8593, was completed and dedicated in December 1985. A few other old buildings were removed later. The Ground Radio and Wideband/Satellite Communications Shop was renovated in 1994. The new Modular Control Equipment which replaced \"the Bubble\", was received in January 1994. The 117 ACS completed the extensive major equipment conversion to the state of the art Modular Control System, and the AN/TPS-75 radar in July 1996. This system represents the most advanced Air Control System in the Air Force inventory. In November 1997, the unit received an Excellent rating from the 8th Air Force on their Standard Evaluation Inspection validating crew performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007282-0003-0000", "contents": "117th Air Control Squadron, History of the 117th ACS\nDuring the 50 years since the unit was activated, the 117th has participated in a total of 59 field training exercises and deployments\u201450 stateside and 9 overseas. Operationally, perhaps the most significant unit event occurred on 8 January 1951 when the 117th was called to active duty for 21 months during the Korean War and assigned for duty at Sewart Air Force Base, Smyrna, Tennessee. Upon returning to Air National Guard status, the unit was assigned to the 152nd Tactical Control Group, with headquarters in White Plains, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007282-0003-0001", "contents": "117th Air Control Squadron, History of the 117th ACS\nWhile assigned to this Group, they participated in Field Training Exercises in the states of New Jersey, New York and Massachusetts. In December 1958, the unit was reassigned to the 157th Tactical Control Group with headquarters in Saint Louis, Missouri. The unit has deployed four times to Norway. The 1984 sealift deployment to Norway established the 117th as the first Tactical Air Control System (TACS) Squadron to be sea-lifted. It was also the first TACS to Norway and the first time TACS and the Norwegian Air Defense Ground Environment (NADGE) System were integrated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007282-0004-0000", "contents": "117th Air Control Squadron, History of the 117th ACS\nThe 117ACS began to support the National Guard Bureau drug interdiction mission with a unit deployment to Great Inagua, Bahamas in 1988. Since that time the unit has deployed to Providenciales (Turks and Caicos Island), Honduras and in 1992 was the first of two radar units to deploy and set up a fully operational site in the jungles of Colombia, South America. The unit became a key player in both United States Southern Command's and United States Atlantic Command's drug interdiction operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007282-0004-0001", "contents": "117th Air Control Squadron, History of the 117th ACS\nIn the summer of 1994, the 117th was also extensively involved (40% of the Unit) in supporting the flood relief efforts in southern Georgia called \"Crested River.\" In January 1998, the 117th deployed 80 guardsmen to NATO's \"Operation Joint Guard,\" 117th personnel controlled aerial refuelings, managed multiple data-links and provided twenty-four-hour maintenance support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007282-0005-0000", "contents": "117th Air Control Squadron, History of the 117th ACS\nThe 117th Air Control Squadron has passed three Operational Readiness Inspections (ORIs) and has been recognized with numerous awards. Most recently at \"Combat Challenge 96,\" the Air Force's Premier Worldwide Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence Competition, the 117th won First Place in the Air Control event. An impressive first for the Air National Guard. Also, the unit is the proud recipient of six Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards since 1993. From above the frozen Arctic Circle in Andoya Flystation, Andenes, Norway, to the steaming equatorial jungles of Colombia, South America, and on the homefront, the 117th continues to aggressively meet and exceed every challenge with \"Pride, Professionalism and People.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007282-0006-0000", "contents": "117th Air Control Squadron, Unit Emblem\nThe emblem is symbolic of the squadron, and the Air Force colors, golden yellow and ultramarine blue alludes to the sky, the primary theater of Air Force operations, and the yellow to the excellence of Air Force personnel in performing their assigned duties. The sword identifies the squadron with Air Combat Command and its upward thrust denotes the function of providing the Air Force with ground control for utilization of airspace to the detriment of the enemy. The concentric red circles refer to the provision of radar, communications, and control facilities for effective air defense. The Cherokee Rose and Live Oak, the state flower and tree of Georgia, connote the squadron's organization in the Georgia, Guard. The blue strip connected with the wavy base indicates the location at Savannah, Georgia, noted for its channel which connects the city with the Atlantic Ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007282-0007-0000", "contents": "117th Air Control Squadron, Unit Emblem\nOn a disc or, bearing four concentric annulments throughout gules, a pale rising from a base wavy azure, palewise overall a sword with point to chief argent, grip of the first garnished with a slip of Live Oak erected of the like between base two Cherokee Roses seeded and leaved proper, all within a diminished border gold below a bank scroll argent, edged gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007283-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 117th Air Refueling Squadron (117 ARS) is a unit of the Kansas Air National Guard 190th Air Refueling Wing located at Forbes Field Air National Guard Base, Topeka, Kansas. The 117th is equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007283-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nEstablished in mid-1942 as the 440th Bombardment Squadron; equipped with B-26 Marauder medium bombers. Trained in the Southeastern United States under III Bomber Command. Was deployed to North Africa in late 1942 as part of Twelfth Air Force, operated from desert airfields in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. The squadron attacked enemy railroads, airfields, harbor installations, and shipping along the Mediterranean Coast. Moved to Sicily and Italy and participated in the Italian Campaign, attacking targets in Italy supporting the Fifth Army advanced in the Cassino and Anzio areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007283-0001-0001", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron later attacked targets in the Rome area, then moved to Corsica to support the Allied landings in Southern France. Remaining in Corsica, the squadron later hit railroad bridges in Northern Italy and late in the year attacked railroad lines through the Brenner Pass that connected Germany and Austria with Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007283-0002-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nIn January 1945, the squadron returned to the United States, where it began to train with A-26 Invader aircraft for operations in the Pacific Theater. Between May and July 1945, moved by ship to Okinawa, and on 16 July flew its first mission against Japan. From then until the end of the fighting in early August, the squadron attacked enemy targets such as airfields and industrial centers on Ky\u016bsh\u016b and occupied Shanghai area of China, and shipping around the Ryukyu Islands and in the East China Sea. In November and December 1945, the squadron returned to the United States and was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007283-0003-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nThe wartime 440th Bombardment Squadron was re-designated as the 117th Bombardment Squadron (Light) and allocated to the Pennsylvania Air National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Philadelphia International Airport and was extended federal recognition on 17 January 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 117th bombardment Squadron was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 440th Bombardment Squadron. The squadron was equipped with A-26 Invaders and was assigned to the PA ANG 53d Fighter Wing. It was later assigned to the 111th Bombardment Group, upon its activation on 20 December 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007283-0004-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nOn 1 April 1951 the 117th Bombardment Squadron was federalized and brought to active-duty due to the Korean War. It was initially assigned to Tactical Air Command (TAC), and moved to Langley AFB, Virginia. At Langley, the squadron was assigned to the TAC 4400th Combat Crew Training Group. Its mission was the training of B-26 Invader aircrews in Tactical night intruder air operations. The crews trained by the 117th were later deployed to Far East Air Forces for combat operations with B-26s over North and South Korea. On 1 November 1952 the squadron was inactivated and returned to Pennsylvania Commonwealth Control on 1 January 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 93], "content_span": [94, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007283-0005-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Cold War\nReturning to Philadelphia, the squadron was re-designated a Fighter-Bomber squadron, receiving F-84F Thunderstreaks and assuming a tactical mission over Philadelphia. The PaANG took on an air defense role and a transition to F-94A/B/C aircraft and as a result the 117th Fighter-Bomber squadron was inactivated effective 1 July 1956, reducing the 111th Fighter-Bomber Group to a single squadron, the senior 103d FIS. Its personnel were reassigned to other units in its parent Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 80], "content_span": [81, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007283-0006-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard\nIn early 1957, the Kansas Air National Guard received authorization to expand from one to two squadrons, and the National Guard Bureau transferred the inactive 117th designation from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to the State of Kansas on 3 January 1957. It was organized at the former Naval Air Station Hutchinson (renamed Hutchinson Air National Guard Base). The squadron was re-designated as the 117th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, and received federal recognition on 23 February 1957 by the National Guard Bureau. The 117th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 117th Bombardment Squadron. The squadron was equipped with F-80C Shooting Stars and was assigned to the KS ANG 184th Air Defense Wing located at McConnell Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007283-0007-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, RB-57 Canberra era\nThe Martin B-57 Canberra was a rare example of a foreign-designed military aircraft being built under license by an American manufacturing company for use by the US armed forces. It was acquired as an interim replacement for the World War II B-26 Invader until the Douglas B-66 Destroyer could be brought into service. The RB-57A was a reconnaissance version of the B-57A bomber. Beginning in early 1958 with the introduction of the RB-66 to the active-duty inventory, the 117th began to receive RB-57A and twin-seat RB-57B Canberra photographic reconnaissance aircraft and assumed a Tactical Reconnaissance mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007283-0008-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, RB-57 Canberra era\nThe RB-57s were totally unarmed. It was painted with a high gloss black paint which was intended to minimize detection by searchlights. The crew was two; one pilot and one photo-navigator. It was intended that only a minimum of effort would be required to convert the RB-57A to a bomber mission, which was never actually done in practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007283-0009-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, RB-57 Canberra era\nOn 15 October 1962, the 117th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 190th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 117th TRS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 190th Headquarters, 190th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 190th Combat Support Squadron, and the 190th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007283-0010-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, RB-57 Canberra era\nThe unit continued to operate its Canberras at Hutchinson ANGB until 1967, when the 190th TRG and its personnel, aircraft and equipment permanently relocated to Forbes AFB, near Topeka after Strategic Air Command vacated its facilities and transferred Forbes AFB to the Tactical Air Command. The 117th continued to operate the RB-57s until 1972 when the aged aircraft were retired and sent to AMARC at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007283-0011-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, RB-57 Canberra era\nIn return the 190th began to receive the Martin B-57G variant that were modified as night intruders for use in the Vietnam War under a project known as Tropic Moon. B-57Bs were modified with a low light level television camera plus a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) set and a laser guidance system. The laser guidance system now made it possible to carry four 500-lb \"smart bombs\" on the underwing pylons. With the receipt of the B-57Gs from their combat service in Thailand, the unit was re-designated as the 190th Tactical Bombardment Group on 12 June 1972. The service of the B-57Gs was short, as operation of these B-57Gs proved to be expensive, and the aircraft were hard to maintain in the field. They served until 1974, when they were consigned to storage at Davis Monthan AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007283-0012-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, RB-57 Canberra era\nForbes AFB was ordered closed by the Department of Defense as part of a post-Vietnam reduction in force on 17 April 1973. Most of the facility was turned over for civilian use, however the 190th TBG retained a small portion of the base, being renamed Forbes Field Air National Guard Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007283-0013-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, RB-57 Canberra era\nIn April 1974, the unit converted to EB-57B Canberra electronic countermeasures aircraft and became the 190th Defense Systems Evaluation Group. The 190th deployed aircraft to bases throughout the US, Canada, and Europe providing Electronic Counter-Measure (ECM) training and evaluation services to the various Aircraft Control and Warning (Radar) Squadrons. The 117th also used the EB-57 as faker target aircraft against F-102 Delta Dagger and F-106 Delta Dart interceptors. The 190th operated the aircraft until 1978 when they were retired as part of the draw-down of Aerospace Defense Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007283-0014-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, Air Refueling\nIn 1978, the 190th was transferred to Strategic Air Command, being equipped with the KC-135A Stratotanker and began an air refueling mission; one it retains to the present day. In 1984 the 117th was upgraded to the KC-135E and in 1990, the 190th was the first unit to arrive in Saudi Arabia in August 1990 for service during the 1991 Gulf Crisis, being assigned to the 1709th Air Refueling Wing (Provisional) at King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The 117th flew air refueling missions in support of Operation Desert Shield and later Operation Desert Storm; remaining in the middle east until returning to Forbes AGB in March 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007283-0015-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, Air Refueling\nThe 190th gaining command shifted to the Air Mobility Command (AMC) with the disestablishment of SAC in 1992, and in 1995 the Group's status was expanded to a Wing. During 1999, the 190th deployed twice to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, in support of Operation Northern Watch, refueling Allied aircraft over the northern No-Fly Zone in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007283-0016-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, Air Refueling\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign McConnell Air National Guard (ANG) Base by relocating the 184th Air Refueling Wing (ANG) nine KC-135R aircraft to the 190th Air Refueling Wing at Forbes Field AGS, which would retire its eight assigned KC-135E aircraft. The 184th Air Refueling Wing 's operations and maintenance manpower would transfer with the aircraft to Forbes. Realigning ANG KC-135R aircraft from McConnell to Forbes would replace the 190th's aging, higher maintenance KC-135E aircraft with newer models while retaining the experienced personnel from one of the highest-ranking reserve component tanker bases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007283-0017-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, Air Refueling\nIn June 2007, the 190 ARW gained custody of all KC-135R aircraft from the 184th ARW. This action consolidated all of the Kansas ANG's KC-135R assets into a single wing located at Forbes Field. The 184 ARW was subsequently re=designated as the 184th Intelligence Wing (184 IW), a non-flying unit at McConnell AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing\nThe 117th Air Refueling Wing is a unit of the Alabama Air National Guard, stationed at Sumpter Smith Joint National Guard Base Birmingham, Alabama. If activated to federal service, it is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing\nThe 106th Air Refueling Squadron, assigned to the Wings 117th Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the World War I 106th Aero Squadron, established on 27 August 1917. It was reactivated in 1922, and as the 106th Observation Squadron was one of 29 National Guard observation squadrons formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0002-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, Overview\nThe 117th Air Refueling Wing flies the Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker. Its mission is to train and equip combat ready aircrews and support personnel to perform worldwide air refueling and airlift missions. Combat ready civil engineering, support services, medical, personnel, communications and Intelligence technical support packages of the wing are available for worldwide assignment. the wing supports state and local contingencies when directed by the Governor of Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0003-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, Units\nThe 117th Air Refueling Wing consists of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0004-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Background\nThe 117th Fighter Group was extended federal recognition on 1 October 1947 at Birmingham Municipal Airport, Alabama. In the fall of 1950, the group was called to active federal service. The group moved to Lawson Air Force Base, Georgia and began to train as a tactical reconnaissance unit. However, the group and its support organizations were not organized under the Wing Base organization of the regular Air Force, which combined tactical and support organizations under a single headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0005-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Korean War and activation\nTo provide a single headquarters for operational and support units of the 117th Group, the Air Force organized the 117th Tactical Reconnaissancw Wing at Lawson at the end of November 1950, assigning the 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, along with the new 117th Maintenance and Supply, 117th Air Base and 117th Medical Groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0006-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Korean War and activation\nAt Lawson, the 112th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron retained its existing Douglas RB-26C Invaders, becoming the wing's night reconnaissance unit. Tactical Air Command equipped the 157th and 160th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadrons with Lockheed RF-80A Shooting Star daylight photo-reconnaissance jet aircraft. The wing then began what was then believed to be a short transition training period. The original plan was to deploy the 117th to France and reinforce United States Air Forces in Europe at a new base in France, Toul-Rosi\u00e8res Air Base. However Toul Air Base was still under construction, and delays in France for several reasons forced the 117th to remain at Lawson for over a year until finally receiving deployment orders in January 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0007-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Korean War and activation\nThe 117th arrived at Toul Air Base on 27 January 1952. However at the time of the Wing's arrival, Toul consisted of a sea of mud, and the new jet runway was breaking up and could not support safe flying. The commander of the 117th deemed it uninhabitable and its flying squadrons of the wing were ordered dispersed to West Germany. The 112th Squadron was transferred to Wiesbaden Air Base, the 157th to F\u00fcrstenfeldbruck Air Base, and the 160th to Neubiberg Air Base, all in West Germany. The non-flying headquarters and support organizations remained at Toul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0008-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Korean War and activation\nThe mission of the 117th was to provide tactical, visual, photographic and electronic reconnaissance by both day and night, as was required by the military forces within the European command. The RF-80's were responsible for the daylight operations; the RB-26s for night photography. In June 1952, the 117th was involved in Exercise June Primer. This exercise took place in an area bordered by a line drawn from Cherbourg to Geneva in the east and in the west by Swiss, Austrian and Russian Occupation Zone of Germany borders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0009-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Korean War and activation\nThe two RF-80 squadrons of the 117th had to complete a number of varying missions, including vertical photography of prospective paratroop air drop zones, oblique photos of the Rhine and Danube river bridges, vertical photography of the airfields of Jever, Fa\u00dfberg, Celle, Sundorf and G\u00fctersloh and various visual missions on behalf of the Seventh Army, including artillery adjustment for the 816th Field Artillery Battalion. The 157th Squadron had had wire recorders fitted to five of its RF-80's prior to June Primer and these greatly facilitated the latter missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0010-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Korean War and activation\nBy July 1952 facilities at Wiesbaden were becoming very crowded, and it was felt that the B-26's could fly from the primitive conditions at Toul. The 112th returned to Toul, however the jet-engined RF-80's remained in West Germany until a new runway was constructed. On 10 July 1952 the 117th Wing was inactivated and its mission, personnel and equipment was taken over by the newly activated 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing. The wing was the allotted to the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0011-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air National Guard service\nThe 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing was re-formed at Birmingham. It continued to fly a mix of jet and propeller aircraft until 1957, when new Republic RF-84F Thunderflash jet reconnaissance aircraft, manufactured by Republic for Air National Guard service. The squadron continued to train in tactical reconnaissance missions throughout the 1950s with the Thunderstreaks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0012-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nThe wing was federalized on 1 October 1961 as a result of the 1961 Berlin Crisis. The wing included of the 160th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron from Dannelly field, the 106th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron at Birmingham; the 153d Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron of the Mississippi Air National Guard), and the 184th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron of the Arizona Air National Guard. Due to federal budget restrictions, only the 106th deployed to Dreux-Louvilliers Air Base, France. However elements of the three other squadrons rotated to France as operational components of the 7117th Tactical Wing over the next year and 106th pilots returned to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0013-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nOn 27 October twenty RF-84F's were deployed to Dreux, arriving on 3 November. In addition, two Lockheed T-33A T Bird jet trainers and one Douglas C-47 Skytrain were deployed as support aircraft. By 22 November, elements of the wing reassembled at the newly reactivated Dreux for an estimated stay of ten months. However, problems developed immediately after their arrival at Dreux. The base had been in standby status for about a year and no longer was used for operational flights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0014-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nIn any event, the more than one thousand airmen of the wing arrived at a base that had been stripped clean. The French had taken away office desks, telephones and typewriters. The kitchens had not been used for some time, a fact that the quartermasters had not taken into account, so getting the base operational again in the short time available took an all-out effort. A few days after the ground units arrived from Alabama, the first aircraft were prepared for a practice flight. The French Air Traffic Controllers, however, refused permission for take-off. Only after a lot of negotiation were several aircraft allowed to take to the air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0015-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nDreux Air Base came within the Paris Air Traffic Control Area, as did the busy Le Bourget and Orly Airports, and an extra squadron of jet aircraft had not been accounted for in the French air traffic controllers' staffing levels. The safety of civilian air traffic was used to justify denying the Americans permission to fly out of Dreux. Notwithstanding stormy protests by the United States, the RF-84s stayed on the ground. The pilots who had only just completed a risky Atlantic crossing of several thousand kilometers, had to wait in the operations room. In the United States, the Birmingham News daily newspaper reported that 'their boys', after the sudden mobilization and the weeks of preparation, had not been sent to Europe to sit around a French airfield doing nothing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0016-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nHowever, as strongly the Pentagon protested, the French answer remained \"non!\". Eventually General Reid Doster, commander of the Alabama deployment could do little else but take his aircraft elsewhere. At the end of November 1961 he received permission from the French traffic controllers to go with his aircraft to Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base, another USAFE in France. Permission was received from the French to move on 8 December 1961, however HQ USAFE insisted that the 7117th Wing headquarters remain at Dreux for airlift traffic. Thus the 106th operated from Chaumont AB, its headquarters remained at Dreux. On 22 July 1962 the 106th returned to Alabama leaving its F-84Fs in France. Dreux was placed back in standby status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0017-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Vietnam and late Cold War era\nAfter the squadron re-formed in Birmingham, it re-equipped with RF-84Fs from active-duty squadrons that were receiving the McDonnell RF-101 Voodoo. It continued to fly the Thunderflash reconnaissance aircraft throughout the 1960s. As the RF-84F was not used during the Vietnam War, the 117th Wing was not activated for duty in Southeast Asia, although some pilots from the unit went through transition training to the RF-101C and McDonnell RF-4C Phantom II and were activated for combat duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 64], "content_span": [65, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0018-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Vietnam and late Cold War era\nIn November 1971 the Thunderflashes were retired as they reached the end of their service life and the 117th Group was chosen to be the first Air National Guard unit to receive the RF-4C Phantom II tactical reconnaissance aircraft. The squadron received aircraft being withdrawn from Southeast Asia as part of the United States pullout from the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 64], "content_span": [65, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0019-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Vietnam and late Cold War era\nOn 9 December 1974 the 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Group inactivated, and support organizations were assigned to the new 117th Combat Support Group. The 106th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was assigned directly to the 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 64], "content_span": [65, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0020-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Vietnam and late Cold War era\nMany awards were earned by the 117th; for having the best National Guard publication; for achieving flying milestones; for service to the United States Secret Service; and for outstanding accomplishments on Operational Readiness Inspections. The 117th also earned awards for having the best Air National Guard flying unit in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 64], "content_span": [65, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0021-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Operation Desert Shield\nBy early 1989, the operational lifetime of the F-4 Phantom was ending, and the number of RF-4C squadrons serving both on active-duty as well as in Air National Guard units was being reduced. In large part, the RF-4C was being replaced by the ability of the Lockheed U-2 TR-1A and TR-1B, which had taken over the tactical reconnaissance mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0021-0001", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Operation Desert Shield\nThe collapse of the Soviet Union and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact led to accelerated retirement plans, and the retirement of the last of the RF-4Cs was in the planning stages when Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, and further inactivation plans were put on hold. Consequently, the RF-4C was still in service with the USAF at the time of Operation Desert Shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0022-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Operation Desert Shield\nWhen the United States military build-up in the Middle East began following Saddam Hussein's 2 August 1990 invasion of Kuwait, six wing RF-4Cs equipped with a camera upgrade called the HIAC-1 LOROP (Long Range Oblique Photography) deployed on 24 August 1990 to Al Dhafra Air Base, United Arab Emirates. Their journey to the war zone may have been the longest nonstop flight made by operational warplanes at that time, requiring 16 air-to-air refuelings and spanning 8,000 nautical miles in 15.5 hours. Initially assigned to HQ United States Central Command Air Forces, the wing's 106th Squadron was later attached to the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0023-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Operation Desert Shield\nLOROP was capable of high-resolution images of objects 100 miles away using a high-resolution 66-inch focal length camera that was carried in a centerline pod underneath the aircraft. It was used to conduct prewar surveillance and photo-reconnaissance mapping of Iraqi forces in occupied Kuwait as well as those deployed along the Saudi Arabia-Iraq border. In support of RF-4C operations, numerous airmen and aircraft were used, among them C-21 Learjets, to move finished imagery around the theater. In the Combined Air Operations Center (CAOC) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia known as the \"Black Hole,\" coalition air commander Lt. Gen. (later Gen.) Charles \"Chuck\" Horner scrutinized the RF-4C images of Iraq's forces every day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0024-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Operation Desert Shield\nThe wing lost aircraft 64-1044 crewed by Major Barry K. Henderson and Lt. Col. Stephen G. Schraam was lost in an operational accident on 8 October 1990. The 106th, however, did not engage in combat operations during Operation Desert Storm, being relieved on 18 December 1990 by the 192d Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron of the Nevada Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0025-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling\nAfter the end of Desert Storm, the phaseout of the RF-4C was accelerated. On 16 March 1992, the wing was redesignated the 117th Reconnaissance Wing. Onn 1 June 1992, Tactical Air Command, which had been the gaining command for the wing since 1952, was inactivated. Air Combat Command was activated and became the wing's active duty gaining command. During 1994, the RF-4Cs were sent to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona for retirement at the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center. On 1 October, the wing was redesignated the 117th Air Refueling Wing, its mission now becoming air refueling with Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers, the first tanker arriving later that month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0026-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling\nAfter the 9/11 attacks on the United States, the 117th deployed to MacDill Air Force Base, Florida and began refueling F-15 and F-16 aircraft flying combat air patrol missions over major cities in the Southeastern United States as part of Operation Noble Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007284-0027-0000", "contents": "117th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling\nIn its 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommendations, the Department of Defense recommended closing the wing and reassigning its aircraft to other National Guard units. This decision was ultimately reversed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007285-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Armed Police Mobile Division\nThe 117th Division was a military formation of the People's Volunteer Army (Chinese People's Volunteers (CPV) or Chinese Communist Forces (CCF)) during the Korean War with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men. It was a component of the 39th Army, consisting of the 349th, 350th, and 351st Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007285-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Armed Police Mobile Division\nThe division participated in the Battle of Unsan during the Korean War in the 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007286-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 117th Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 39th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007287-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 117th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 6, 1953, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Governor J. Caleb Boggs and John W. Rollins as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007287-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007287-0002-0000", "contents": "117th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 117th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007287-0003-0000", "contents": "117th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007287-0004-0000", "contents": "117th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007288-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 117th Division (\u7b2c117\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuj\u016bnana Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Expansive Division (\u5f18\u5175\u56e3, Gu Heidan). It was formed 10 July 1944 in Xinxiang as a type-C(hei) security division, simultaneously with the 114th, 115th and 118th divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the 14th independent infantry brigade. The division was initially assigned to the 12th army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007288-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nAlthough slated for the Battle of West Henan\u2013North Hubei, the 117th division was reassigned to the 44th army and sent to Taonan in April 1945. During the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, the 117th division was tasked with the defense of Liaoyuan and has surrendered to Red Army in Gongzhuling. The last soldiers were returned to Japan only in 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007288-0002-0000", "contents": "117th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Notes and references\nThis article about the military history of Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007288-0003-0000", "contents": "117th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Notes and references\nThis World War II article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007288-0004-0000", "contents": "117th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Notes and references\nThis article about a specific military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007289-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 117th Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the Alabama Army National Guard. The regiment's 1st Battalion is a cannon battalion assigned to the 142nd Field Artillery Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007289-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage & Honors, Lineage\nFederal service and reverted to state control. Ordered into active Federal service 10 September 1963 at home stations; released 12 September 1963 from active Federal service and reverted to state control. 1st Battalion ordered into active Federal service 20 March 1965 at home stations; released 29 March 1965 from active Federal service and reverted to state control.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007290-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Fighter Aviation Regiment\nThe 117th Fighter Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 117. lova\u010dki avijacijski puk / 117. \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a) was a unit established in 1944 as the 112th Fighter Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 112. vazduhoplovni lova\u010dki puk / 112. \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a). It was formed from Yugoslav partisan aviators, who were trained and equipped by the Soviet Air Force. The regiment was deployed in the Croatian War of Independence, and is believed to be responsible of the 1991 raid on Vrsar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007290-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, 112th Fighter Aviation Regiment\nThe 112th Fighter Aviation Regiment was established on December 25, 1944, at Veliki Radinci, from Yugoslav partisan aviators with the Soviet Air Force 17th Air Army's 168th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment (168.GIAP). It became independent from Soviet command and personnel in May 1945. The regiment was part of the 11th Aviation Fighter Division and it was equipped with Soviet Yak-1M fighter aircraft. The regiment took part in the liberation of Yugoslavia. During combat operations it was based at Veliki Radinci, Nadalj, Klenak, Ma\u0111arme\u010dke Lu\u010dko airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007290-0002-0000", "contents": "117th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, 112th Fighter Aviation Regiment\nBy 1945 new Yak-3 fighters had been introduced into service. After the war, the regiment moved briefly to Slovenia, being based at Ljubljana, but it returned to Pleso near Zagreb. From 1946 to 1947 it was re-located several times between Mostar, Ljubljana and Novi Sad, due to the crisis in the north-west of the country. It was based at Pula in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007290-0003-0000", "contents": "117th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, 112th Fighter Aviation Regiment\nBy 1948 the regiment was renamed like all other units of the Yugoslav Army, becoming the 117th Fighter Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007290-0004-0000", "contents": "117th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, 112th Fighter Aviation Regiment\nThe commanders of the regiment in this period were Sava Poljanec, \u0110uro Ivani\u0161evi\u0107, Mile \u0106urgus, Radovan Dakovi\u0107, Mihajlo Nikoli\u0107 and Nikola Leki\u0107. The commissar was Mile Rodi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007290-0005-0000", "contents": "117th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, 117th Fighter Aviation Regiment\nThe 117th Fighter Aviation Regiment remained at Pula in 1948, but that same year it moved to Cerklje, where it was to remain until 1949 when it was moved to Zemun, with the new task of defending the capital city Belgrade. In 1951 the regiment moved to the newly built Batajnica Air Base, where it remained until 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007290-0006-0000", "contents": "117th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, 117th Fighter Aviation Regiment\nThe regiment was re-equipped with new domestically built Ikarus S-49A aircraft and was the first unit of the Yugoslav Air Force to operate the first Yugoslav post-war fighter. The aircraft were formally handed over by Marshal Josip Broz Tito on May 21, 1950. By 1953, the S-49s were replaced with US-built Republic F-84 Thunderjet fighter-bombers. The first pilot in the Yugoslav Air Force trained to fly the Thunderjet was Lieutenant Colonel Milorad Ivanovi\u0107, commander of the 117th Regiment. In that period the unit was renamed the 117th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 117. lova\u010dko-bombarderski avijacijski puk / 117. \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u043e-\u0431\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a). In 1956 the Thunderjets were replaced by which remained in service with the regiment until 1959 when they were replaced by F-86E Sabres. That same year the unit changed its name back to the 117th Fighter Aviation Regiment. By 1960 the regiment had left Batajnica and re-located to Pleso.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 1039]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007290-0007-0000", "contents": "117th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, 117th Fighter Aviation Regiment\nThe \"Drvar\" reorganization came into effect as a new type of designation system used to identify squadrons. The two squadrons of the 83rd Fighter Aviation Regiment became the 124th and the 125th Fighter Aviation Squadrons in 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007290-0008-0000", "contents": "117th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, 117th Fighter Aviation Regiment\nThe F-86Es were replaced by F-86D Sabres in 1963; they remained in service until 1968. In 1967 the first MiG-21F-13 fighters arrived as replacements for the Sabres. The following year, the regiment moved to \u017deljava Air Base. It was the largest military airport with an underground hangar complex in Yugoslavia. This base remained the home of the regiment until 1991, when all Yugoslav People's Army units left the complex and it was destroyed. The 352nd Reconnaissance Aviation Squadron was detached from the 82nd Aviation Brigade to the 117th Regiment. It was equipped with MiG-21Rs, the reconnaissance version. MiG-21F-13s were replaced by MiG-21PMFs in 1970. Then new MiG-21bises were introduced as replacements for the MiG-21PMFs in 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007290-0009-0000", "contents": "117th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, The regiment's war\nThe regiment saw action during the war in Croatia. The 351st Reconnaissance Aviation Squadron of the 82nd Aviation Brigade, armed with the IJ-22 Orao and the IJ-21 Jastreb reconnaissance attack aircraft, was re-located from Cerklje to \u017delajva, joining the 117th Regiment and was disbanded on August 30, 1991, with equipment and personnel integrated into the 352nd Reconnaissance Aviation Squadron. On August 30, 1991 MiG fighters intercepted a Boeing 707 with Ugandan registration, which was smuggling arms for the Croatian forces, and forced it to land. That aircraft was subsequently sequestered with its illegal cargo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007290-0009-0001", "contents": "117th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, The regiment's war\nTwo weeks later, a Croatia Airlines DC-9 was forced to land at Split. When HQ of the 5th Corps at Zagreb was overtaken by Croatian forces on September 15, jets flew over the city. Several positions of the Croatian forces and a TV repeater tower were attacked in the next few days. On October 25, a pilot of the 352nd Reconnaissance Aviation Squadron, Croat Rudolf Pere\u0161in  defected from \u017deljava to Klagenfurt, Austria. He later joined the Croatian Air Force, but his MiG-21R, military registration 26112, remained in Austria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007290-0010-0000", "contents": "117th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, The regiment's war\nThe regiment is believed to have carried out the raid on Vrsar airport, which took place on December 21, 1991. The aircraft took off from  \u017deljava, and dropped on the poorly defended airport an assortment of 250 kg bombs, two to four cluster bombs, eight to twelve 127 mm lighting rockets, ninety to one hundred 23 mm cannon shells and twenty-five to thirty 57 mm missels, and a napalm bomb that did not activate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007290-0011-0000", "contents": "117th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, The regiment's war\nOn January 7, 1992, the Regiment's pilot Emir \u0160i\u0161i\u0107 downed a helicopter of the European Community Monitor Mission after it entered Croatian air space. As a reaction, the Chief of the General staff, commander of the Yugoslav Air Force in that period, Lieutenant-General Zvonko Jurjevi\u0107 was suspended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007290-0012-0000", "contents": "117th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, The regiment's war\nOn February 4 another pilot, Danijel Borovi\u0107, defected in a MiG-21bis. That aircraft was the first MiG of the Croatian Air Force. Borovic provided information to the Croatian media that the pilot who shot the AB-205 down was Emir \u0160i\u0161i\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007290-0013-0000", "contents": "117th Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, The regiment's war\nBattles around \u017delajva airbase became more intense as the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina accelerated. After the order for the withdrawal of the Yugoslav People's Army from Bosnia in the spring of 1992, the 117th Regiment left \u017deljava on April 22\u201324. The base was used for the evacuation of remaining personnel and families of Army members by air from Biha\u0107. The underground complex never used again; it was destroyed in May. Squadrons of the regiment moved to Ponikve Airport in Serbia, where the 125th squadron of the 117th regiment was disbanded. The 124th Fighter Aviation Squadron was attached to the 83rd Aviation Brigade and the 352nd Reconnaissance Aviation Squadron assigned to the 204th Aviation Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\n117th Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment (117th HAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery during World War II. It protected Sheffield during the latter part of The Blitz and also served on Merseyside and in the Orkneys, where it protected the vital naval base of Scapa Flow. Later it defended London during the 'Baby Blitz' and against the V-1 flying bomb offensive (Operation Diver). Towards the end of the war the regiment was converted into infantry for occupation duties in Continental Europe. It was disbanded at the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\n117th Heavy AA Regiment was raised as part of the rapid expansion of Anti- Aircraft Command in late 1940. Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was formed on 20 December 1940 at No 5 AA Practice Camp at Weybourne, Norfolk, to take command of 369, 370 and 371 HAA Batteries, which had been raised on 15 October 1940. Major R.A. Sparks, second-in-command of 99th (London Welsh) HAA Rgt, was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel as commanding officer (CO) of the new regiment on 8 January 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0002-0000", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nRHQ was established at the Drill Hall in Mexborough on 10 January and the batteries took over gunsites in the Sheffield and Humber Gun Defence Areas (GDAs):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0003-0000", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nOn 23 January 1941 392 HAA Bty also joined the regiment. This had been formed on 4 November 1940 by 211th AA Training Rgt at Oswestry from a cadre of experienced officers and men provided by 93rd HAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0004-0000", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nThe regiment came under the command of 39th AA Brigade in 10th AA Division. However, 39th AA Bde was in the process of handing the Sheffield GDA over to a newly-formed 62nd AA Bde, which was to assume responsibility for defending the industrial areas of Sheffield and Leeds against raids by the German Luftwaffe. The handover occurred on 8 February, but 371 Bty temporarily remained at Scunthorpe in the Humber GDA under 39th AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0005-0000", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Blitz\n39th AA Brigade's operation order for 117th HAA Rgt's arrival commented that 'These batteries have had little training and have never practised unseen methods of fire', and arranged that the outgoing batteries of 91st HAA Rgt would temporarily leave experienced gun position officers (GPOs) and their assistants at the sites, together with gun No 1s, to train 117th's men. Sheffield had been badly blitzed for four nights in December, Humberside was regularly attacked, and raiders were overhead on most nights on their way to various targets in Northern England. There were further notable attacks on Sheffield on 14 March and 8 May before the Blitz ended on 16 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0006-0000", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Blitz\n371 HAA Battery rejoined the regiment at Sheffield on 20 February and RHQ remained with 62nd AA Bde through the summer of 1941. However, 392 Bty was frequently detached, to 39th AA Bde in February, and for a period in June to 33rd (Western) AA Bde defending Liverpool and West Lancashire under 4th AA Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0007-0000", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mid-War\nThe whole of 117th HAA Rgt moved to Merseyside and joined 33rd AA Bde in the autumn. On 17 May 1942, 358 HAA Bty joined the regiment from 147th HAA Rgt; it returned to 147th on 10 July, but was then regimented with 117th permanently from 27 October. 371 HAA Battery was temporarily attached to 44th AA Bde at Manchester in June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0008-0000", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mid-War\nIn August 369 and 392 HAA Btys were detached (though 369 returned almost immediately) and the regiment was sent to the Orkney and Shetland Defences (OSDEF), where it was stationed on Orkney under 58th AA Bde to protect the vital naval base of Scapa Flow. It commanded 369, 370 and 371 HAA Btys and had 372 HAA Bty attached to it from 119th HAA Rgt on Shetland until October. 392 HAA Battery rejoined the regiment in December and 358 in January, giving the regiment a total of five batteries (the whole of the HAA defences deployed on Orkney).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0009-0000", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mid-War\nBy the time 117th HAA Rgt left OSDEF in October 1943, AA Command on the United Kingdom mainland had been reorganised, the corps and divisions being replaced by groups aligned with the groups of Royal Air Force (RAF) Fighter Command. The regiment joined 48th AA Bde in 1 AA Group, covering the London Inner Artillery Zone (IAZ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0010-0000", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Baby Blitz\nIn January 1944 the Luftwaffe resumed night raids on London, which became known as the 'Baby Blitz'. These raids employed new faster bombers with sophisticated 'pathfinder' techniques and radar jamming. For example, on the night of 21 January 200 hostile aircraft were plotted approaching the South Coast in two waves, which intermingled with returning aircraft of RAF Bomber Command. This caused problems of identification and restrictions on fire, but the guns of 2 AA Gp in South-East England and then 1 AA Gp engaged as the raiders approached London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0010-0001", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Baby Blitz\nOnly one-fifth of the raiders reached the city, the remainder turning away to bomb open country. AA guns brought down eight aircraft and RAF Night fighters also had successes. At the end of January London Docks received a 130-strong raid dropping flares and incendiaries as they had in the London Blitz of 1940\u201341: about one-third reached their target and five were shot down. February began with a 75-strong raid, of which only 12 reached the IAZ and four were shot down. On 13 February only six out of 115 bombers reached London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0010-0002", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Baby Blitz\nThe climax came with five raids in the week 18\u201325 February varying from 100 to 140 in strength. These met intense AA fire from the Thames Estuary onwards and fewer than half made it to central London: the AA score was 13 shot down while the night fighters added 15, with another shared. Facing these casualty rates, the Luftwaffe switched to targets away from London until 24 March, when a 100-strong raid on London lost four aircraft, and finally on 18 April a raid of 125 aircraft lost 14 shot down and only 30 reached the IAZ. Although much damage was caused in London, the rising efficiency of the HAA guns and radar made the enemy's losses unsustainable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0011-0000", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Baby Blitz\nThe Baby Blitz notwithstanding, the threat from air attacks on the UK had diminished by early 1944 and AA Command was required to release manpower to the field armies, particularly for the forthcoming Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). A number of AA units in Air Defence of Great Britain lost one of their batteries, including 117th HAA Rgt. 392 HAA Battery left on 17 February 1944 for disbandment, which was completed by 16 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0012-0000", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nAA Command was preparing for the anticipated arrival of V-1 flying bombs, codenamed 'Divers'. In the event, the first of these did not arrive over England until a week after 'Overlord' began with the D Day landings, and AA units quickly deployed for Operation Diver. However, early results of AA fire by 1 and 2 AA Groups against the small, fast, low-flying missiles were disappointing. Even shooting down those that reached the IAZ caused significant damage, so a ban was imposed on fire in this area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0012-0001", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nAt the end of June the commander-in-chief of AA Command, Lt-Gen Sir Frederick 'Tim' Pile, ordered a change in tactics: many of the HAA guns were redeployed in Diver Belts close to the South Coast, giving the guns a free fire zone out to sea. On 16 July 1 AA Group was ordered to form a 'Diver Box' of gun defences across the Thames Estuary, forward of a line from Chelmsford in Essex to Chatham, Kent. The removal of so many guns, and the silencing of those remaining in the IAZ, led Londoners to believe that the city was being defended by the RAF alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0013-0000", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nAs 21st Army Group began to overrun the V-1 launching sites in Northern France, the Luftwaffe turned to launching the missiles from aircraft over the North Sea, and 1 AA Group's Diver Box was heavily engaged. It was largely equipped with Mark IIC 3.7-inch HAA guns with No 10 Predictors and SCR-584 radar, and began using the proximity VT fuze with great success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0014-0000", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nSuccess rates for AA Command began to rise during this second Diver deployment: from 9 per cent in July, the average rose to over 50 per cent. On one day 68 missiles were destroyed out of 96 plotted. The weekly total of missiles reaching London fell from a peak of 362 in July to 100, then down to 10 in September. Redeployments and changes in command were continuous. 3 AA Group HQ was brought from Bristol to take over command of the London IAZ, leaving 1 AA Group to concentrate on the Diver Box and the Thames/Medway and Dover defences. By 16 October 1944 117th HAA Rgt was with 69th AA Bde under 3 AA Gp, moving back to 57th AA Bde in 1 AA Gp a month later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0015-0000", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 622 Infantry Regiment, RA\nAt the end of 1944, the Luftwaffe was suffering from such shortages of pilots, aircraft and fuel that serious air attacks on the UK could be discounted and the War Office began  reorganising surplus AA regiments in the UK into infantry battalions for duties in the rear areas. Meanwhile 21st Army Group fighting in North West Europe was suffering a severe manpower shortage, particularly among the infantry. In January 1945, the War Office accelerated the conversion of surplus artillery into infantry units, primarily for line of communication and occupation duties, thereby releasing trained infantry for frontline service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 78], "content_span": [79, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0016-0000", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 622 Infantry Regiment, RA\nOn 23 January 1945, 117th HAA Rgt was converted into 622 Infantry Rgt, RA, with 358, 369, 370 and 371 HAA Btys reorganised into five batteries designated A to E. Four days later it joined 305th Infantry Brigade (recently converted from 49th AA Bde).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 78], "content_span": [79, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007291-0017-0000", "contents": "117th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 622 Infantry Regiment, RA\nAfter infantry training, including a short period attached to the 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division, 305th Brigade came under the orders of 21st Army Group on 18 April 1945, and landed on the Continent two days later. It did duty with Second Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 78], "content_span": [79, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0000-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session\nThe 117th International Olympic Committee Session was held for the first time in Singapore from 2 to 9 July 2005. Two important decisions were made through voting during the session \u2013 namely the selection of the hosting city for the 2012 Summer Olympics, and a review of the 28 sports currently represented in the summer games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0001-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session\nThe session was held at the Raffles City Convention Centre, which is on level 4 of the Raffles City complex. The opening ceremony on 5 July 2005 was held at the Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0002-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Proceedings\nBanner of the 117th IOC Session outside the venue at Raffles City", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0003-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Proceedings, 1 July 2005\nAn exhibition was launched at the podium of the Raffles City Shopping Complex, that would continue until 10 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0004-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Proceedings, 4 July 2005\nThe Executive Board meetings resumed with updates on the progress of preparations for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver by their respective representatives. The board approved Beijing's request to hold the equestrian events in Hong Kong, which is a separate NOC from mainland China in the \"best interests of the competition and the well-being of the horses\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0005-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Proceedings, 5 July 2005\nThe opening ceremony was held at the Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay and the guest of honour was the Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Hsien Loong, who officially opened the session. A special type of hybrid orchid had been bred to commemorate the IOC Session in Singapore. It was named Vanda IOC. A cultural performance of dance and songs was held with the theme of \"One Voice, One Rhythm, One World\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0006-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Proceedings, 5 July 2005\nThe ceremony was attended by IOC members and more than 2,000 other guests, included many foreign leaders (it was the most prolific IOC event in history)\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0007-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Proceedings, 6 July 2005: 2012 Olympic host city election\nEach of the five bid cities had 45\u00a0minutes to make a final presentation to the IOC members, after which voting commenced and the final results were announced at 19:30 Singapore time. Local sailor Griselda Khng handed an envelope holding the result of the vote to IOC president Jacques Rogge, who announced: \"The International Olympic Committee has the honor of announcing, that the games of the 30th Olympiad, in 2012, are awarded to the city of London.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0008-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Proceedings, 7 July 2005\nThe final evaluation report of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was presented and the Athens Games were finally closed. Reports on the progress of preparations for future Games were also submitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0009-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Proceedings, 8 July 2005: Review of Olympic sports\nThe 28 sports in the Summer Olympics programme that existed at that time were all put up on the ballots, three years after a similar attempt failed to gain support from IOC members during the 114th IOC Session in Mexico City. Prior to the voting, baseball, softball, modern pentathlon, taekwondo and fencing were considered as most likely to be dropped. Five non-Olympic sports would then be voted to get in, in case any of the existing sports would be dropped, as IOC rules allow a maximum of 28 Summer Olympic sports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 69], "content_span": [70, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0009-0001", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Proceedings, 8 July 2005: Review of Olympic sports\nThese sports \u2013 golf, roller sports, squash, rugby and karate \u2013 were recommended by the IOC Olympic Games Program Committee, which has shotlisted the sports that applied to be included. Golf and rugby were considered the favorites to be voted in, both mainly for their popularity and also for their relatively small number of events (each one, if accepted, would have consisted of 2 events).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 69], "content_span": [70, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0010-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Proceedings, 8 July 2005: Review of Olympic sports\nIOC President Jacques Rogge has been a keen supportive of this move, which was one of his agendas since being elected in 2001, while the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF) said changing the current set of 28 sports risked changing the \"magic combination of team sports and individual sports\", attributing one of the success factors of the Olympic games to the current programme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 69], "content_span": [70, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0011-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Proceedings, 8 July 2005: Review of Olympic sports\nA few days before the votes were cast, the IOC accepted the ASOIF request that the number of votes given for each sport will not be published, only \"yay\" or \"nay\". The reason given for the unusual request was in order to avoid a \"popularity ranking\" of all Olympic sports. Any sport that would get a simple majority of \"nay\" would be dropped from the Olympic program in 2012, but would remain eligible for readmission in future Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 69], "content_span": [70, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0012-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Proceedings, 8 July 2005: Review of Olympic sports\nIn the morning IOC members voted to remove baseball and softball from the games. The decision has triggered dismay in some nations such as the United States where both sports originated from, and Canada, where both have a strong following. Some attributed the exclusion of baseball to the fact that Major League Baseball did not allow its players to participate in the Olympics, held during the season (unlike the National Hockey League that allowed it since the 1998 Winter Olympics) and the widespread use of prohibited drugs in the professional leagues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 69], "content_span": [70, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0012-0001", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Proceedings, 8 July 2005: Review of Olympic sports\nThe main reason for exclusion of softball was that it was included as a women-only sport mainly to be a gender-equalizer bat-and-ball sport for baseball (men-only sport), and with baseball out this reasoning no longer existed. Another reason given was that both sports consist of large teams and their elimination will make room for many athletes, in comparison to modern pentathlon, for example, which only consist of 64 athletes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 69], "content_span": [70, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0013-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Proceedings, 8 July 2005: Review of Olympic sports\nIn the afternoon, a secret vote by IOC members gave squash and karate over 51% of votes, but a subsequent vote to include them in the list of Olympic sports in the Olympic Charter has failed to get the necessary two-thirds majority needed for such amendment. Therefore, by the end of the day two sports were dropped and none added, and the program of the 2012 Summer Olympics was reduced to 26 sports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 69], "content_span": [70, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0014-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Proceedings, 8 July 2005: Review of Olympic sports\nThat night at The Oriental Singapore, then SNOC president and defence minister, Teo Chee Hean threw a banquet. Rogge gave Singapore full marks for the session organisation, a perfect 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 69], "content_span": [70, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0015-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Proceedings, 9 July 2005\nLambis Nikolaou of Greece and Chiharu Igaya from Japan were elected as Vice presidents. Singapore's IOC member, Ng Ser Miang was elected to the IOC Executive Board to replace Nikolaou, whose term as board member was due to expire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0016-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, World's impression of Singapore\nA Canadian television report said that the session had placed the country in the centre of the sporting universe and that the spotlight was on six cities, not just the five candidate cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0017-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, World's impression of Singapore\nThe media said that most visitors' first taste of Singapore was an annoying ding-dong alert sound produced in a taxi when it exceeds the speed limit. The speaking of the slang Singlish was highlighted, together with the country's chewing gum laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0018-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, World's impression of Singapore\nReferences were made to Singapore's tough drug laws, the traffic jams and the tight security checks. The British daily, The Guardian wrote on the terrorism spectre that stalks the Games, noting that \"Even here in Singapore, during the meeting of the 116 members, security has at times been stifling. Access to the Swiss\u00f4tel, where the members are staying, has been severely restricted and squadrons of Gurkhas armed with hand- and machine-guns patrol inside and outside the hotel.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0019-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, World's impression of Singapore\nTwo years later in 2008 Singapore was awarded the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0020-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Media confusion\nThere was some kind of confusion by the foreign newspapers mixing up the high-end Raffles Hotel with the Raffles City. Reuters wrote \"It is a national monument, the jewel in Singapore's crown, and this week, Raffles Hotel will becoming a bubbling cauldron of lobbying and politics as it stages the most keenly contested Olympic venue vote in the history of the Games. Its Colonial style salons and parlours will be overrun by bid officials and consultants, celebrities and spin-doctors.\" Later, it clarified that the vote was actually at the adjacent Raffles City Convention Centre and not the hotel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0021-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Media confusion\nBritish paper, The Guardian, in a report on the London team isolating themselves on Sentosa wrote, \"They have deliberately retreated from the hothouse atmosphere of the Raffles Hotel complex, the venue for the IOC congress, to perfect a final pitch they believe will be crucial in gathering the votes London requires to win.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0022-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Media confusion\nThe Weekend Australian reported, \"First order of the business that day at Raffles Hotel will be determining whether any changes are to be made to the Olympic programme......\" The Bangkok Post said, \"Members of the International Olympic Committee from around the globe will meet 6 July-9 July at the historic Raffles Hotel to pick the hosts of the 2012 Games of the Olympiad.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0023-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Olympic Anthem criticism\nThe trio who sung the Olympic Hymn in Greek was criticised by both the media and the audience. They were Singaporean soprano Khor Ai Ming, Singaporean tenor William Lim and Japanese soprano Satsuki Nagatome. The trio sung with gusto just before the announcement of the 2012 Summer Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007292-0024-0000", "contents": "117th IOC Session, Olympic Anthem criticism\nThe Guardian reported on their operatic rendition \"Two Singaporean sopranos and a tenor dressed like a ma\u00eetre d' subjected the Olympic anthem, a tune whose primary virtue is to be heard only once every four years, to a fearful mauling.\" The Times of the UK described them as \"three Orientals... one distinctly off key\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007293-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 117th Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007293-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 117th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler in Springfield, Illinois and mustered in for three years service on September 19, 1862 under the command of Colonel Risdon M. Moore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007293-0002-0000", "contents": "117th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Reserve Brigade, District of Memphis, Tennessee, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to January 1863. District of Memphis, XVI Corps, to March 1863. 1st Brigade, 5th Division, District of Memphis, XVI Corps, to January 1864. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XVI Corps, to December 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, Detachment Army of the Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to February 1865. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XVI Corps, Military Division West Mississippi, to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007293-0003-0000", "contents": "117th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 117th Illinois Infantry mustered out of service August 5, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007293-0004-0000", "contents": "117th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Memphis, Tennessee, November 11-17, 1862. Duty at Memphis, until July 5, 1863. Affairs near Memphis June 17-18, 1863 (detachment). Moved to Helena, Arkansas, July 5, and returned to Memphis. Duty there until December 29, 1863. Expedition after Forrest December 24-31. 1863 (detachment). Grierson's Bridge and near Moscow and Lafayette December 27. Ordered to Vicksburg, Mississippi. Meridian Campaign February 3-March 2, 1864. Clinton February 5. Meridian February 9-13. Red River Campaign March 10-May 22. Fort DeRussy March 14. Occupation of Alexandria March 16. Battle of Pleasant Hill April 9. About Cloutiersville April 22-24. At Alexandria April 26-May 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007293-0004-0001", "contents": "117th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nGovernor Moore's Plantation and Bayou Roberts May 3-7 and 11. Retreat to Morganza May 13-20. Mensurn May 16. Yellow Bayou May 18. Moved to Vicksburg, Mississippi; then to Memphis, Tennessee, May 21-June 10. Action at Lake Chicot, Arkansas, June 6. March to relief of Gen. Sturgis June 14-16. Near Lafayette June 23. Smith's Expedition to Tupelo, Mississippi, July 5-21. Camargo's Cross Roads, near Harrisburg, July 13. Harrisburg, near Tupelo, July 14-15. Old Town (or Tishamingo) Creek July 15. Smith's Expedition to Oxford, Mississippi, August 1-30. Hurricane Creek August 13-14. Abbeville August 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007293-0004-0002", "contents": "117th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, and in pursuit of Price through Missouri September to November. Action at Franklin, Missouri, October 1. Moved from St. Louis to Nashville, Tennessee, November 21-December 1. Battle of Nashville December 15-16. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17-28. Moved to Clifton, Tennessee, and Eastport, Mississippi, and duty there until February 1865. Moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, February 6-17. Campaign against Mobile and its defenses March 17-April 12. Siege of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely March 26-April 8. Assault and capture of Fort Blakely April 9. Occupation of Mobile April 12. March to Montgomery April 13-25, and duty there until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007293-0005-0000", "contents": "117th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 130 men during service; 11 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 115 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007294-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Infantry Brigade Royal Marines\nThe 117th Infantry Brigade Royal Marines was an infantry brigade formation of the Royal Marines created in the final stages of the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007294-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Infantry Brigade Royal Marines, Unit history\nThe unit was one of two created to address the manpower shortage of 21st Army Group in early 1945. The brigade was created on 15 January 1945 from former members of the Royal Marines Division, which had been broken up in 1943 and the troops distributed to Marine Commandos, or retrained as landing craft crew. They were quickly re-mustered as regular infantry, organised as a standard Army brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007294-0002-0000", "contents": "117th Infantry Brigade Royal Marines, Unit history\nThe Brigade was stationed in England until after the German surrender when it was moved forward to occupy the naval port of Kiel as part of VIII Corps, releasing 46th Highland Brigade for occupation duties elsewhere. The Brigade was tasked with guarding naval installations and overseeing the capitulation of German naval ships and personnel. It also had to deal with the arrival of ships carrying troops returning from the Eastern front, and also civilian refugees from Soviet-occupied Germany. On one particularly busy night this involved taking command of 21 destroyers and removing 14,000 soldiers from shipping. The Brigade returned to the UK in July 1945 to be disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007295-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe 117th Infantry Division (117. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on April 2, 1915, and organized over the next several weeks. It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915. The division was disbanded in 1919, during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007295-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of regular infantry divisions that were being triangularized. The division's 233rd Infantry Brigade staff had been the staff of the 23rd Reserve Infantry Brigade of the 12th Reserve Division, which came to the new division along with the 22nd Reserve Infantry Regiment. The 11th Reserve Infantry Regiment had been part of the 11th Reserve Division. The 157th Infantry Regiment came from the 12th Infantry Division. The division was recruited in Silesia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007295-0002-0000", "contents": "117th Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 117th Infantry Division began fighting on the Western Front in World War I, entering the line in the Champagne region. It then fought in the Second Battle of Artois and the Autumn Battle by La Bass\u00e9e and Arras, which included the Battle of Loos. It remained in the trenches in Flanders and the Artois until February 1916, and then was in the line on the Yser until July. It then fought in the Battle of the Somme. In August 1916, the division was transferred to the Eastern Front, arriving in Carpathia later in the month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007295-0002-0001", "contents": "117th Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIt faced the Russians in Carpathia until late 1917, when it went into combat against the Romanians. In October 1917, the division was transferred to Italy, and went into the line on the Isonzo Front. It fought in the Battle of Caporetto and the follow-on offensive to the Piave River. The division remained in Italy until March 1918, when it returned to the Western Front. It fought in the Battle of the Lys, also known at the Fourth Battle of Ypres. It remained in the line, and fought against several Allied offensives, including the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. It was facing the Allies between the Meuse and Beaumont when the Armistice came into effect. Allied intelligence rated the division as second class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007295-0003-0000", "contents": "117th Infantry Division (German Empire), Order of battle on formation\nThe order of battle of the 117th Infantry Division on April 5, 1915, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007295-0004-0000", "contents": "117th Infantry Division (German Empire), Late-war order of battle\nThe division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion. The order of battle on May 16, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007296-0000-0000", "contents": "117th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht)\n117th J\u00e4ger Division  was a German infantry division of World War II. The division was formed in April 1943 by the reorganization and redesignation of the 717th Infantry Division. The 717th Division had been formed in April 1941. It was transferred to Yugoslavia in May 1941, to conduct anti partisan and Internal security operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007296-0001-0000", "contents": "117th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht)\nIt was then posted to Greece to guard the Peloponnesus until summer 1944, when it took part in the general withdrawal through the Balkans and suffered heavy losses during fighting with the partisans in September. The division ended the war fighting on the Eastern front and surrendered to the US Army in Austria in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007296-0002-0000", "contents": "117th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Background\nThe main purpose of the German j\u00e4ger divisions was to fight in adverse terrain where smaller, coordinated formations were more facilely combat capable than the brute force offered by the standard infantry divisions. The j\u00e4ger divisions were more heavily equipped than mountain division, but not as well armed as a larger infantry formation. In the early stages of the war, they were the interface divisions fighting in rough terrain and foothills as well as urban areas, between the mountains and the plains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007296-0002-0001", "contents": "117th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Background\nThe j\u00e4gers (it means hunters in German), relied on a high degree of training and slightly superior communications, as well as their not inconsiderable artillery support. In the middle stages of the war, as the standard infantry divisions were downsized, the J\u00e4ger structure of divisions with two infantry regiments, became the standard table of organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007296-0003-0000", "contents": "117th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Known war crimes\nMen from the division took part in a war crime known as Massacre of Kalavryta in a revenge operation in the Kalavryta area in Greece following the capture and murder of 81 soldiers from the division by Greek ELAS partisans in October 1943. During following operations several villages were burned down and 677 civilians killed according to the most recent estimates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007296-0004-0000", "contents": "117th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Known war crimes\nThe division was responsible for the Kraljevo massacre, the mass murder of approximately 2,000 residents of the central Serbian city of Kraljevo by the Wehrmacht between 15 and 20 October 1941, during World War II. The massacre came in reprisal for a joint Partisan\u2013Chetnik attack on a German garrison during the Siege of Kraljevo in which 10 German soldiers were killed and 14 wounded. The number of hostages to be shot was calculated based on a ratio of 100 hostages executed for every German soldier killed and 50 hostages executed for every German soldier wounded, a formula devised by Adolf Hitler with the intent of suppressing anti-Nazi resistance in Eastern Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007296-0005-0000", "contents": "117th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Known war crimes\nThe Wehrmacht initially responded by rounding up and executing 300 Serbian civilians, described in contemporary documents as \"communists, nationalists, democrats and Jews.\" Over the following several days, all men between the ages of 14 and 60 were arrested and herded into a makeshift detention centre at the local rolling-stock factory. Once there, their papers were checked and their names entered into a ledger. When the camp was full, the Wehrmacht ordered groups of 100 prisoners to march to pre-dug mass graves, where they were executed with heavy machine guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007296-0005-0001", "contents": "117th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Known war crimes\nThe bodies were then examined for any signs of life; victims that had survived the initial volley were dealt a single bullet to the head. Once the first group had been liquidated, the soldiers returned to the factory and collected the next 100 victims. This process continued until all the men that were rounded up had been killed. The reprisals lasted several days. Following the shooting of hostages from the rolling-stock factory, the Wehrmacht deployed through the surrounding villages, burning homes and killing indiscriminately. According to the 717th Infantry Division's own records, 1,736 men and 19 \"communist\" women from the city and its outskirts were executed, despite attempts by local collaborationists to mitigate the punishment. Twenty members of the 717th Infantry Division were later conferred Iron Crosses for their role in the killings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007296-0006-0000", "contents": "117th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Organisational history\nThe division was formed as the 717th Infantry Division on 11 April 1941 as an occupation division. The principal units of the division were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007296-0007-0000", "contents": "117th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Organisational history\nOn 1 April 1943, the 117th J\u00e4ger Division was formed by re-organising the 717th Infantry Division. The older men were replaced by younger men, and the principal units of the division were formed from those of its predecessor division, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007296-0008-0000", "contents": "117th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Organisational history\nIn March 1945, II/737 was rebuilt using the 1010th Fortress Battalion, and the artillery regimental staff was restored using the 944th Army Coast Defence Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007297-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 117th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, (117th LAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the British Army during World War II. Initially raised as an infantry battalion of the Royal Ulster Rifles (RUR) in 1940, it transferred to the Royal Artillery in 1942. It served in Tunisia, Malta, Sicily and Italy (including the notorious Air raid on Bari) before being broken up in 1944 and the gunners converted back into infantrymen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007297-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 8th Battalion, Royal Ulster Rifles\nThe unit was originally formed on 28 May 1940 as 50th Holding Battalion, Royal Ulster Rifles, as part of the rapid expansion of the Army with wartime conscripts. In its first three weeks it inducted and equipped 767 men direct from civilian life. It was converted into a normal infantry battalion on 9 October that year as 8th Battalion, RUR. It joined 11th Armoured Division as the infantry component of 11th Support Group when that formation was formed in Northern Command in England on 9 March 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007297-0001-0001", "contents": "117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 8th Battalion, Royal Ulster Rifles\nThe Support Group with artillery and a lorried infantry battalion was intended to act as the 'pivot' of an armoured division. 11th Armoured Division's commander, Major-General Percy ('Pat' or 'Hobo') Hobart, was a noted armour pioneer and he trained the division hard and imaginatively. But 8th RUR did not stay with 11th Sp Gp for long, transferring on 8 May to a static home defence role with 215th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) in the Durham and North Riding County Division. By the end of the year the battalion was with 224th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) in the D&NR County Division, but in December the division was disbanded and most of its infantry battalions converted to other roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007297-0002-0000", "contents": "117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nOn 1 January 1942 8th RUR was transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) to begin retraining as a light anti-aircraft (LAA) regiment equipped with Bofors 40 mm guns. The unit was designated 117th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment with Regimental Headquarters (RHQ), 383, 384 and 385 LAA Batteries. The unit was allowed to retain its rifle regiment customs and traditions including the RUR cap badge. While under training, still in North East England (it was visited by an official photographer at Billingham, County Durham, on 22 January) it was part of Anti- Aircraft Command, but left in February before it had been assigned to an AA brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007297-0003-0000", "contents": "117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nThe regiment joined the field force and was assigned to IX Corps' district from 1 April. In October it was joined by workshop units of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) for its mobile role. By November IX Corps had ceased to be a district headquarters and was now a field formation in First Army about to land in North Africa as part of Operation Torch. As its mobile corps LAA unit, 117th LAA Rgt had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007297-0004-0000", "contents": "117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Tunisia\nThe Torch landings began on 8 November 1942, and First Army's units and formations were progressively fed into the fighting. IX Corps had still not embarked by 18 February, but 117th LAA Rgt finally landed at Algiers on 5 March 1943, the date that the Corps Troops were considered to be complete. After the remainder of its equipment arrived three weeks later it moved 500 miles (800\u00a0km) eastwards to Le Kef in Tunisia, where the batteries deployed to guard bridges, Corps HQ and the corps troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007297-0005-0000", "contents": "117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Tunisia\nIX Corps launched an attack against the mountain passes at Fondouk on 8 April, and its AA guns were heavily engaged against both air and ground targets. Moving and deploying AA guns in the rough country with underpowered gun tractors was difficult but necessary as units in the forward areas were subjected to regular dive-bombing and ground attacks. Ammunition expenditure by the LAA batteries was high, and supply was sometimes  erratic. With greater experience of 'snap' actions against fast low-flying aircraft, Bofors gun units increasingly abandoned using the Kerrison Predictor in favour of the simple 'Stiffkey Stick' deflection sight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007297-0005-0001", "contents": "117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Tunisia\nBy the time First Army prepared for the final attack on Tunis (Operations Vulcan and Strike) the Allied air forces had achieved virtual air superiority over the battlefield. IX Corps played a leading role in the operations, which ended in the surrender of all remaining Axis troops in Tunisia on 13 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007297-0006-0000", "contents": "117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Malta\nAfter the fall of Tunis IX Corps HQ was disbanded and 117th LAA Rgt was 'forgotten', deployed at a coastal location near Sousse. The commanding officer (CO) was then told to embark the regiment at Sfax for Malta. On arrival it emerged that Malta Command was expecting 107th LAA Rgt, not 117th. When 107th also landed a few days later it became clear that a mistake had been made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 94], "content_span": [95, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007297-0006-0001", "contents": "117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Malta\nOnly after several weeks did it emerge that 117th LAA Rgt should have been assigned to XXX Corps: unable to find 117th LAA Rgt in North Africa, XXX Corps had taken another regiment (from Malta) as its corps LAA unit. The confusion meant that the men's mail was delayed for 11 weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 94], "content_span": [95, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007297-0007-0000", "contents": "117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Malta\nHowever, with its large establishment of 54 Bofors guns for a mobile LAA unit, the regiment was a useful addition to Malta's air defences just when the Luftwaffe was paying attention to the ships gathering in the island's harbours for the forthcoming Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky). It joined 7th Light Anti- Aircraft Brigade covering the airfields and low-level approaches to the harbours, with RHQ, 383 and 384 LAA Btys deployed at the fleet anchorage at St Paul's Bay in the north of the island and 385 LAA Bty detached to Bir\u017cebbu\u0121a in the south. Two Luftwaffe raids were made in July, too high for LAA guns, but these were driven off by the heavy AA (HAA) guns and little damage was done.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 94], "content_span": [95, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007297-0008-0000", "contents": "117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Sicily\nOperation Husky was launched on 9/10 July and 117th LAA Regiment embarked for Sicily on 8 August. There were serious problems with the loading of the ships, and some units including 117th LAA Rgt landed without their transport. 73rd AA Brigade had six LAA regiments ashore but only enough transport for a quarter of that number, and it was only by ruthlessly stripping vehicles from batteries in the rear areas that the brigade was able to move others forward. 117th LAA Regiment was sent to defend the airfields at Lentini, being attacked by Messerschmitt Bf 109s on the way. By mid-September, after the capture of Sicily and Eighth Army's landing in mainland Italy (Operation Baytown), 117th LAA Rgt was deployed under 73rd AA Bde to protect the embarkation port and ferries at Milazzo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 95], "content_span": [96, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007297-0009-0000", "contents": "117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Italy\nOn 29 September 117th LAA Rgt crossed to Taranto in Italy and went by road to Bari where it briefly joined 2nd AA Brigade. 62nd AA Bde arrived on 2 October to take over defence of the ports of Bari, Barletta and Manfredonia, and a complex of inland airfields. The Luftwaffe mounted a series of low-intensity raids on Bari during November, then on the night of 2/3 December it carried out a large air raid aimed at knocking out the vital port.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 94], "content_span": [95, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007297-0009-0001", "contents": "117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Italy\nThe raiders approached from the north dropping large amounts of 'Window' that confused the Ground-controlled interception radar, while communications were also out of order. No night fighters were ordered up until too late, no smokescreen was ignited, and there was no blackout. The result was a disaster: 20 aircraft attacked the port, which was working under floodlights, and the AA fire only began as the bombs started falling. With the guns blind, the LAA guns fired 6283 rounds in concentrations without apparent effect, although the HAA guns claimed some success with predicted fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 94], "content_span": [95, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007297-0009-0002", "contents": "117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Italy\nAn ammunition ship blew up and many other vessels were sunk or damaged; the port was devastated. A Board of Enquiry was held after the raid on Bari and the AA defences and procedures were strengthened in line with its recommendations. A follow-up raid on 13/14 December caused no serious damage and the AA fire shot down some of the attackers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 94], "content_span": [95, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007297-0010-0000", "contents": "117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nBy the beginning of 1944, the Allied air forces had achieved air supremacy over Italy, but British ground forces were suffering an acute manpower shortage. In June the Chiefs of Staff decided that the number of AA regiments in Italy must be reduced and their fit personnel converted to other roles, particularly infantry. 117th LAA Regiment was one of those selected, and it was disbanded on  15 June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007297-0011-0000", "contents": "117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nThe Official History notes that some care was taken to post AA gunners to infantry battalions from their home areas. In the case of 117th, originally Royal Ulster Rifles, they were not drafted to Irish units, but in deference to their Rifles heritage to 61st Infantry Brigade. This had recently been formed from three experienced battalions (2nd, 7th and 10th) of the Rifle Brigade to act as the lorried infantry component of 6th Armoured Division. The brigade fought through the battles of 1944\u201345 in Italy, culminating in the Battle of the Argenta Gap and the advance into Austria at the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007297-0012-0000", "contents": "117th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nOn 1 April 1947 the remaining wartime personnel of 13th LAA Rgt were redesignated as 117th LAA/Searchlight Rgt when the rest of the regiment reformed in the Territorial Army. However the new 117th was disbanded a month later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007298-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Mahrattas\nThe 117th Mahrattas were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. The regiment traces their origins to 1800, when they were raised as the Bombay Fencible Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007298-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Mahrattas\nDuring World War I the regiment was attached to the 6th (Poona) Division and served in the Mesopotamian campaign, delivered a setback at the Battle of Ctesiphon in November 1915. They were forced to withdrew back to Kut, and forced to surrender after the Siege of Kut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007298-0002-0000", "contents": "117th Mahrattas\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. In 1922, the 117th Mahrattas became the 5th Battalion 5th Mahratta Light Infantry. After independence they were one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007298-0003-0000", "contents": "117th Mahrattas, Sources\nThis article about a specific military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007298-0004-0000", "contents": "117th Mahrattas, Sources\nThis World War I article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007299-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Maine Senate\nBelow is the list of the 117th Maine Senate, which was sworn into office in December 1994 and left office in December 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion\nThe 117th Military Police Battalion Combat Support (CS), is a military police battalion of the Tennessee Army National Guard (TNARNG) and the United States Army Military Police Corps with its headquarters located in Athens, Tennessee. When not mobilized or deployed, the 117th MP BN is task organized as a subordinate battalion of the Tennessee Army National Guard\u2019s 194th Engineer Brigade located in Jackson, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, History\nThe motto of the 117th MP BN is \"Our History, Our Strength\". The painting of \"Old Bill\" (pictured above), wearing an MP brassard, symbolizes the history of the unit and resides on the drill hall wall of the Tennessee Army National Guard armory in Athens, TN. The painting is derived from the original drawing by noted artist Frederic Remington portraying a cavalryman mounted on his horse in the Great American West during the late 1800s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0001-0001", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, History\nOld Bill is the adopted mascot of the United States Cavalry and is known throughout the U.S. Army's Armor and Cavalry communities as the symbol of mobile warfare. This depiction of Old Bill wearing an MP brassard represents the long shared history and lineage between the 117th MP BN (and its subordinate units in East Tennessee) with the 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0001-0002", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, History\nThe MP brassard was added to the painting (on Old Bill\u2019s left shoulder) during a ceremony in September 2006 when the unit in Athens (formerly Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 1st Squadron, 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment) was reorganized and redesignated to its current designation as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 117th Military Police Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0002-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nOrganized and Federally recognized on 30 April 1923 in the Tennessee Army National Guard at Athens as Company E, 117th Infantry, an element of the 30th Division (later redesignated as the 30th Infantry Division)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0003-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nRedesignated on 30 April 1938 as Company B, 117th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0004-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nInducted into Federal service on 16 September 1940 at Athens, TN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0005-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nInactivated on 18 November 1945 at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, and relieved from assignment to the 30th Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0006-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nReorganized and Federally recognized on 1 September 1947 in the Tennessee National Guard at Athens, TN as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 278th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0007-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nOrdered into active Federal service on 1 September 1950 at Athens, TN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0008-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\n(Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 278th Infantry National Guard of the United States, organized and Federally recognized on 4 September 1952 at Athens, TN)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0009-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nReleased from active Federal service on 8 October 1954 and reverted to state control as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 278th Infantry; concurrently, Federal recognition withdrawn from Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 278th Infantry (NGUS)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0010-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nReorganized and redesignated on 11 October 1954 as Headquarters and Service Company, 278th Armored Infantry Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0011-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nAssigned on 27 October 1954 to the 30th Armored Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0012-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nConsolidated on 1 March 1959 with the Medical Detachment, 278th Armored Infantry Battalion (organized and Federally recognized on 2 August 1955 at Athens, TN) and consolidated unit designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2d Armored Rifle Battalion, 117th Infantry, an element of the 30th Armored Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0013-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nReorganized and redesignated on 1 April 1963 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2d Battalion, 117th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0014-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nRelieved on 1 November 1973 from assignment to the 30th Armored Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0015-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nConsolidated on 1 May 1977 with Detachment 1, Support Company, 2d Battalion, 117th Infantry (see ANNEX), and consolidated unit converted, reorganized, and redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 1st Squadron, 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0016-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nOrdered into active Federal service on 22 June 2004 at Athens, TN; released from active Federal Service on 4 January 2006 and reverted to state control", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0017-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nConverted, reorganized, and redesignated on 1 September 2006 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 117th Military Police Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0018-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nOrganized and Federally recognized on 1 April 1947 in the Tennessee National Guard at Etowah, TN as Company A, 278th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0019-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nOrdered into active Federal service 1 September 1950 at Etowah, TN", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0020-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\n(Company A, 278th Infantry [NGUS], organized and Federally recognized on 5 September 1952 at Etowah, TN)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0021-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nReleased from active Federal service on 8 October 1954 and reverted to state control; concurrently, Federal recognition withdrawn from Company A, 278th Infantry (NGUS)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0022-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nReorganized and redesignated on 11 October 1954 as Company A, 278th Armored Infantry Battalion, an element of the 44th Armored Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0023-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nReorganized on 1 March 1959 as Company A, 2d Armored Rifle Battalion, 117th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0024-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nRedesignated on 1 April 1963 as Company A, 2d Battalion, 117th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0025-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nReorganized and redesignated on 1 February 1968 as the Ground Surveillance Section, Battalion Scout Platoon, Battalion Heavy Mortar Platoon, and Battalion Anti-Tank Platoon, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2d Battalion, 117th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0026-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nReorganized and redesignated on 1 March 1970 as Detachment 1, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2d Battalion, 117th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0027-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nReorganized and redesignated on 1 February 1972 as Support Company, 2d Battalion, 117th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0028-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nReorganized and redesignated on 1 October 1975 as Detachment 1, Support Company, 2d Battalion, 117th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0029-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nFrench Croix de Guerre with Palm, World War II, Streamer embroidered FRANCE", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0030-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nFrench Croix de Guerre with Palm, World War II, Streamer embroidered MORTAIN", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0031-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nFrench Croix de Guerre with Silver Star, World War II, Streamer embroidered SCHERPENSEEL", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0032-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nCited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for action in Belgium", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0033-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nCited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for action in the Ardennes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0034-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\n(Subordinate Units of the 117th MP BN have participated in the following:)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0035-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Lineage and honors\nIraq (Operation Desert Storm and Operation Iraqi Freedom)Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0036-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Heraldry\nDescription:  A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 3/16 inches (3.02\u00a0cm) in width overall consisting of a shield blazoned as follows: Or, on a bend sinister Vert between two fleurs-de-lis Azure, a pistol, muzzle upward of the first. Attached below the shield a Green scroll inscribed \u201cOUR HISTORY, OUR STRENGTH\u201d in Gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007300-0037-0000", "contents": "117th Military Police Battalion, Heraldry\nBlazonShield:  Or, on a bend sinister Vert between two fleurs-de-lis Azure, a pistol, muzzle upward, of the first. Crest:  That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Tennessee Army National Guard: From a wreath Or and Vert, upon a mount of the second a hickory tree Proper charged with three mullets one and two Argent. SymbolismShield:  Yellow and green are the colors traditionally associated with Military Police units. The bend sinister signifies security. The fleurs-de-lis represent the Battalion\u2019s campaign credit during World War I and World War II. Blue indicates the unit\u2019s past affiliation in the Infantry branch. The pistol illustrates the mission of Military Police. Crest:  The crest is that of the Tennessee Army National Guard. Background:  The coat of arms was approved on 7 May 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007301-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Mixed Brigade\nThe 117th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army created during the Spanish Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007301-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe 117th Mixed Brigade was created on April 28, 1937 from the 2nd Regiment of the old South Ebro Column. It was incorporated into the newly created 25th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007301-0002-0000", "contents": "117th Mixed Brigade, History\nIn June 1937 it participated in the Huesca Offensive. A few months later it took part in the Battle of Belchite. On August 25, together with the 32nd and 131st mixed brigades, it took the railway station. The brigades then made a pincer movement around Belchite, surrounding it from both ends. The 117th MB also took the bullring and some houses. In the following days the unit captured the \"Romanico\" position, the electricity transformer and the Belchite water tank. After the fighting ended, on September 6 it received an order to withdraw and move to L\u00e9cera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007301-0003-0000", "contents": "117th Mixed Brigade, History\nIn December 1937 it participated in the Battle of Teruel, attacking in the area of the cemetery. Although the brigade came to take the first nationalist trenches, the general attempt ended in failure. The 117th MB would also see action during the Battle of Alfambra, although its participation was a disaster: on February 21, 1938 it withdrew from the front, completely demoralized after an aerial bombardment. saw action during the Aragon Offensive and, later, during the Levante Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007301-0004-0000", "contents": "117th Mixed Brigade, History\nIn January 1939 it was sent by ship to Catalunya, as a reinforcement of the republican forces deployed there. It was by then under the command of Bartolom\u00e9 Palaz\u00f3n Blaya. However, its intervention would be null and void and it joined the republican retreat towards France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007302-0000-0000", "contents": "117th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 117th New York Infantry Regiment (a.k.a. \"4th Oneida Regiment\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007302-0001-0000", "contents": "117th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 117th New York Infantry was organized in Rome, New York beginning July 19, 1862 and mustered in August 8, 1862 for three-years service under the command of Colonel William Russell Pease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007302-0002-0000", "contents": "117th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Defenses of Washington north of the Potomac River, to October 1862. 2nd and 3rd Brigade, Haskins' Division, north of the Potomac River, to March 1863. 2nd and 3rd Brigades, Haskins' Division, north of the Potomac River, XXII Corps, to April 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to July 1863. Alvord's Brigade, Vodge's Division, Folly Island, South Carolina, X Corps, Department of the South, to February 1864. 2nd Brigade, Folly Island, Northern District, Department of the South, to April 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007302-0002-0001", "contents": "117th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\n1st Brigade, 2nd Division, X Corps, Army of the James, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to May 1864. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XVIII Corps, to June 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, X Corps, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIV Corps, to January 1865. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Terry's Provisional Corps, Department of North Carolina, to March 1865. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, X Corps, Army of the Ohio, Department of North Carolina, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007302-0003-0000", "contents": "117th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 117th New York Infantry mustered out June 8, 1865 at Raleigh, North Carolina and was discharged June 26, 1865 at Buffalo, New York. Recruits and veterans were transferred to the 48th New York Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007302-0004-0000", "contents": "117th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D.C., August 22, 1862. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., and at Tennallytown until April 1863. Ordered to Suffolk, Va., April 16. Siege of Suffolk, April 20\u00a0\u2013 May 4. Providence Church Road, Nansemond River, May 3. Dix's Peninsula Campaign, June 24\u00a0\u2013 July 7. Expedition from White House to South Anna River, July 1\u20137. Ordered to Folly Island, South Carolina, July 12. Siege operations against Forts Wagner and Gregg, Morris Island, South Carolina, and against Charleston and Fort Sumter August 17\u00a0\u2013 September 7. Bombardment of Fort Sumter and Charleston August 17\u201323.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007302-0004-0001", "contents": "117th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOperations against Charleston, South Carolina, and duty on Folly Island, South Carolina, until April 1864. Moved to Gloucester Point, Virginia, April. Butler's operations on south side of the James River and against Petersburg and Richmond, May 4\u201328. Occupation of City Point and Bermuda Hundred May 5. Swift Creek or Arrowfield Church May 9\u201310. Operations against Fort Darling, May 12\u201316. Battle of Drury's Bluff, May 14\u201316. Bermuda Hundred, May 16\u201328. Moved to White House, then to Cold Harbor, May 28\u201331. Battles about Cold Harbor, June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg, June 15\u201318.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007302-0004-0002", "contents": "117th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege operations against Petersburg and Richmond, June 16 to December 7, 1864. Duty in the trenches before Petersburg and on the Bermuda Hundred front until September 27. Battle of Chaffin's Farm, New Market Heights, September 28\u201330. Battle of Fair Oaks, October 27\u201328. Duty in the trenches before Richmond until December 7. Expedition to Fort Fisher, North Carolina, December 7\u201327. 2nd Expedition to Fort Fisher, North Carolina, January 3\u201315. Assault and capture of Fort Fisher, January 15. Cape Fear Entrenchment's, February 11\u201313. Sugar Loaf Battery, February 11. Fort Anderson, February 18\u201319. Capture of Wilmington, February 22. Carolinas Campaign, March 1\u00a0\u2013 April 26. Advance on Goldsboro, March 6\u201321. Occupation of Raleigh, April 14. Bennett's House, April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty in North Carolina until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 889]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007302-0005-0000", "contents": "117th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 266 men during service; 7 officers and 123 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, one officer and 135 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007303-0000-0000", "contents": "117th New York State Legislature\nThe 117th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 2 to April 27, 1894, during the third year of Roswell P. Flower's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007303-0001-0000", "contents": "117th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. On April 26, 1892, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate Districts and the number of assemblymen per county. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (nine districts), Kings County (five districts) and Erie County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007303-0002-0000", "contents": "117th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn January 27, 1893, the Legislature passed \"An Act to amend chapter 398, of the Laws of 1892, entitled 'An Act to provide for a convention to revise and amend the Constitution'\", calling a Constitutional Convention to meet in 1894.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007303-0003-0000", "contents": "117th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Prohibition Party, the Socialist Labor Party and a \"People's Party\" also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007303-0004-0000", "contents": "117th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1893 was held on November 7. All six statewide elective offices up for election were carried by the Republicans. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Secretary of State, was: Republican 545,000; Democratic 521,000; Prohibition 34,000; Socialist Labor 20,000; and People's Party 17,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007303-0005-0000", "contents": "117th New York State Legislature, Elections\nAlso elected were 175 delegates to the Constitutional Convention; five delegates in each senatorial district, and 15 delegates-at-large elected statewide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007303-0006-0000", "contents": "117th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThis was the only election of State Senators under the apportionment of 1892.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007303-0007-0000", "contents": "117th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 2, 1894; and adjourned on April 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007303-0008-0000", "contents": "117th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nCharles T. Saxton (R) was elected president pro tempore of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007303-0009-0000", "contents": "117th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Constitutional Convention met at the State Capitol in Albany on May 8; and adjourned on September 29. Joseph H. Choate (R) was elected president; and Thomas G. Alvord (R) First Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007303-0010-0000", "contents": "117th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe new Constitution increased the number of state senators from 32 to 50, and the number of assemblymen from 128 to 150; and re-apportioned the Senate districts, and the number of assemblymen per county. Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chautauqua, Jefferson, Monroe, Niagara, Oneida, Onondaga, Oswego, St. Lawrence and Suffolk counties gained one seat each; Erie County gained two; Kings County three; and New York County five. The new Constitution also shortened the governor's and lieutenant governor's term to two years; and moved the election of state officers and state senators from odd-numbered to even-numbered years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007303-0011-0000", "contents": "117th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe new Constitution was submitted to the voters at the New York state election, 1894, and was adopted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007303-0012-0000", "contents": "117th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007303-0013-0000", "contents": "117th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Timothy D. Sullivan, Frank A. O'Donnel, Joseph C. Wolff, Thomas C. O'Sullivan and Jacob Rice changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007303-0014-0000", "contents": "117th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007303-0015-0000", "contents": "117th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007304-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Seventeenth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1987 and 1988. In this General Assembly, the Ohio Senate was controlled by the Republican Party and the Ohio House of Representatives was controlled by the Democratic Party. In the Senate, there were 18 Republicans and 15 Democrats. In the House, there were 61 Democrats and 38 Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007305-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 117th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 117th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 117th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007305-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 117th Ohio Infantry was organized at Portsmouth, Ohio, and eight companies mustered in September 15, 1862, for three years service under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Chauncey G. Hawley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007305-0002-0000", "contents": "117th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of Eastern Kentucky, Department of the Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007305-0003-0000", "contents": "117th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 117th Ohio Infantry ceased to exist when it was changed to 1st Ohio Heavy Artillery on May 2, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007305-0004-0000", "contents": "117th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Kentucky October 2. Camp at Ashland, Kentucky, until January 1863. Moved to Paintsville, Kentucky, January 1863; then to Covington, Kentucky, via Peach Orchard, Louisa, and Catlettsburg, February 1863. Duty at Covington until May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007306-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Operations Group\nThe 117th Operations Group is a unit of the Alabama Air National Guard, stationed at Sumpter Smith Air National Guard Base, Alabama. If activated into federal service, it is gained by Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007306-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Operations Group, Overview\nThe group flies the Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker. Its mission is to train and equip combat ready aircrews and support personnel to perform worldwide air refueling and airlift. Combat ready intelligence technical support is also available for worldwide assignment. The group supports state and local contingencies when directed by the Governor of Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007306-0002-0000", "contents": "117th Operations Group, History, Background\nIn May 1946, the Army Air Forces redesignated 27 of its combat groups and allotted them to the National Guard. One of these groups was the 354th Fighter Group, which became the 117th Fighter Group. However, in 1956, the Air Force decided to return the 354th Group to the active force. To accomplish this, the 1946 redesignation and allotment was rescinded on 26 September 1956, effective 24 March 1946. The same order constituted the 117th Fighter Group effective on 24 March 1946, severing any relation between the two units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007306-0003-0000", "contents": "117th Operations Group, History, Initial activation\nThe 117th Fighter Group was extended federal recognition by the National Guard Bureau on 1 October 1947 at Birmingham Municipal Airport, Alabama. As they were organized and received federal recognition, the 153d Fighter Squadron of the Mississippi National Guard, the 157th Fighter Squadron of the South Carolina National Guard and the 160th Fighter Squadron of the Alabama National Guard were assigned. Training was initially supervised by Air Defense Command, but on 1 July 1948, Continental Air Command assumed responsibility for training Guard and Reserve units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007306-0004-0000", "contents": "117th Operations Group, History, Korean War activation\nThe 117th was one of the first Guard units to be ordered to active service for the Korean War, entering active service on 22 October 1950. Of the group's squadrons, only the 157th and 160th remained assigned to the group when activated. The group moved to Lawson Air Force Base, Georgia, where it was converted to a reconnaissance unit, becoming the 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, adding another federalized squadron, the 112th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. At Lawson, the group trained for overseas deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007306-0005-0000", "contents": "117th Operations Group, History, Korean War activation\nThe group's organization differed from that of regular Air Force units, which had operated under the Wing Base Organization system since 1948. On 30 November 1950, the Air Force activated the 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing and support units and the group was assigned to the new wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007306-0006-0000", "contents": "117th Operations Group, History, Korean War activation\nAt Lawson, the 157th and 160th squadrons converted to Lockheed RF-80 Shooting Star daylight photo-reconnaissance jet aircraft, while the 112th, which had been a light bomber unit, retained its Douglas RB-26C Invaders, becoming a night reconnaissance unit. The original plan was to deploy the 117th to France and reinforce the United States Air Forces in Europe at a new base, Toul-Rosi\u00e8res Air Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007306-0006-0001", "contents": "117th Operations Group, History, Korean War activation\nHowever Toul Air Base was still under construction, and delays forced the 117th to temporarily move to Neubiberg Air Base, Germany, along with its 160th Squadron, while the 112th was transferred to Wiesbaden Air Base and the 157th was located at F\u00fcrstenfeldbruck Air Base. Headquarters and support organizations were located at Toul. The group and 112th Squadron finally moved to Toul, but the two F-80 squadrons remained in Germany while federalized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007306-0007-0000", "contents": "117th Operations Group, History, Korean War activation\nOn 10 July 1952 the 117th was released from active duty and inactivated. The 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was activated in its place and the mission, personnel and equipment of the 117th were transferred to the 10th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007306-0008-0000", "contents": "117th Operations Group, History, Return to Alabama Air National Guard and inactivation\nThe group was again activated at Birmingham Airport, remaining the 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Group in state service. Two of its squadrons, the 106th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, located with the group at Birmingham and the 160th at Dannelly Field, were Alabama Air National Guard units, while the 183d Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was located at Hawkins Field, Mississippi. The group continued to fly the RB-26C until May 1957 when new Republic RF-84F Thunderflash jet reconnaissance aircraft replaced them. The group continued to train in tactical reconnaissance missions throughout the 1950s with the Thunderflashes until inactivated in 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007306-0009-0000", "contents": "117th Operations Group, History, Return to Alabama Air National Guard and inactivation\nThe 117th Wing had been mobilized during the during the Berlin Crisis of 1961. This mobilization demonstrated that although mobilizing a wing with dispersed flying units was not a problem when the entire wing was called to active service, mobilizing individual flying squadron and elements to support it proved difficult. To resolve this, the Air Force determined to reorganize its National Guard wings by establishing groups with support elements for each of its squadrons to facilitate mobilization of elements of wings in various combinations when needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007306-0009-0001", "contents": "117th Operations Group, History, Return to Alabama Air National Guard and inactivation\nShortly after the 117th Wing returned to Alabama in July, the group was again activated as this plan was implemented. The 184th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, of the Arkansas Air National Guard was briefly assigned to the group while this reorganization was being implemented. The group remained active until December 1974, when the Air Force inactivated groups located on the same station as the wing to which they were assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007306-0010-0000", "contents": "117th Operations Group, History, Reactivation\nIn 1993, the Air National Guard reorganized under the Air Force's Objective wing concept, which reintroduced groups under operational wings. The group, redesignated the 117th Operations Group, was again activated as an element of the 117th Reconnaissance Wing. After the end of Desert Storm, the phaseout of the McDonnell RF-4C Phantom II, flown by the 117th was accelerated. During 1994, the group's RF-4Cs were sent to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona for retirement. On 1 October, the wing was redesignated the 117th Air Refueling Wing and began to fly Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers, the first tanker arriving later that month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007306-0011-0000", "contents": "117th Operations Group, History, Reactivation\nAfter the 9/11 attacks on the United States, the group deployed to MacDill Air Force Base, Florida and began refueling McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle and General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft flying combat air patrol missions over major cities in the Southeastern United States as part of Operation Noble Eagle. In 2009, the 99th Air Refueling Squadron, a regular unit assigned to the 6th Operations Group was activated. Its members operate and maintain the group's aircraft alongside the Guardsmen assigned to the 106th Air Refueling Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007306-0012-0000", "contents": "117th Operations Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007307-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Regiment of Foot (1794)\nThe 117th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1794 by the regimentation of independent companies and disbanded in 1796. Its personnel were formed into the Argyllshire Militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007308-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe Soviet 117th Rifle Division was a rifle division that served during the Second World War. Originally formed in 1939 destroyed and reformed during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007308-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, First Formation\nFormed on 23 August 1939 in the Volga Military District, under the command of Colonel Spiridon Chernyugov. On 22 June 1941 the division was still located in the district. The division was assigned to the 21st Army moving from the Volga Military District to Gomel in the Western Special Military District  when the war started. The army was to attack north from Gomel area into the flank and rear of the German advance. On 5\u20136 July 1941 the division attacked across the Dnepr River at Zhlobin as part of the 63rd Rifle Corps and 21st Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007308-0001-0001", "contents": "117th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, First Formation\nOf the 12,000 men assigned to the division and despite the support of the 546th Corps Artillery Regiment the division lost almost 20% of its strength in the space of two days. By 12 July the division was retreating back behind the Dnepr River. By early September when the German 2nd Panzer Group struck south the division, along with most of the Central and Southwestern Fronts in the Kiev Pocket and annihilated. The division headquarters was disbanded on 20 September 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007308-0002-0000", "contents": "117th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, Second Formation\nThe second formation was formed on 7 January by redesignating the 308th Rifle Division at Ivanovo in the Moscow Military District. In late February the division left the Moscow Military District and moved to the Kalinin Front reserves. In March the Front assigned the division to the 3rd Shock Army and it remained in that army until February 1943. In February the division went back into Kalinin Front reserves as part of the 2nd Guards Rifle Corps and as part of this corps was assigned to the 22nd Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007308-0002-0001", "contents": "117th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, Second Formation\nIn April 1943 the 22nd Army was transferred from the Kalinin to the Northwestern Front. In September 1943 the division was moved to the 4th Shock Army, which became part of the 1st Baltic Front after 20 October 1943. In February 1944 the division briefly served in the 1st Baltic Front's 43rd Army and then went into STAVKA reserves and moved south. In late April 1944 the division was assigned to the 91st Rifle Corps in the 69th Army of the 1st Belorussian Front. The division spent the rest of war under this command structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007309-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Space Battalion\nThe 117th Space Battalion is a battalion of the Colorado National Guard constituted in 2006. Nicknamed the \"Space Cowboys\", by 2018 the unit was one of the most deployed in the National Guard of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007309-0001-0000", "contents": "117th Space Battalion\nOn 20 October 2007 the provisional 193rd Space Battalion became a permanent-status unit, the 117th Space Battalion. The 117th Space Battalion is not part of 1st Space Brigade and is controlled by the National Guard. However, it has a Training, Readiness, Oversight (TRO) relationship with 1st Space Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007310-0000-0000", "contents": "117th Street station\n117th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Second Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had three tracks and two side platforms. The next stop to the north was 121st Street. The next stop to the south was 111th Street. The station closed on June 11, 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007311-0000-0000", "contents": "117th United States Congress\nThe 117th United States Congress is the current meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives. It convened in Washington, D.C., on January 3, 2021, during the final weeks of Donald Trump's presidency, and will end on January 3, 2023. It will meet during the first two years of Joe Biden's presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007311-0001-0000", "contents": "117th United States Congress\nThe 2020 elections decided control of both chambers. In the House of Representatives, the Democratic Party retained their majority (albeit reduced from the 116th Congress).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007311-0002-0000", "contents": "117th United States Congress\nIn the Senate, the Republican Party briefly held the majority at the beginning of the term. On January 20, 2021, three new Democratic senators (Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock of Georgia and Alex Padilla of California) were sworn in, resulting in 50 seats held by Republicans, 48 seats held by Democrats, and two held by independents who caucus with the Democrats. Effectively, this created a 50\u201350 split, which had not occurred since the 107th Congress in 2001. This was only the third time in U.S. history that the Senate has been evenly split, the first being in the 47th Congress (1881\u20131883).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007311-0003-0000", "contents": "117th United States Congress\nWith Vice President Kamala Harris serving as the tie breaker in her constitutional role as Senate President, the Democrats gained control of the Senate, and thereby full control of Congress for the first time since the 111th Congress ended in 2011. When Joe Biden was inaugurated as President on January 20, 2021, Democrats assumed control of an overall federal government trifecta, their party's first time since the 111th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007311-0004-0000", "contents": "117th United States Congress, Leadership\nNote: Democrats refer to themselves as a \"Caucus\"; Republicans refer to themselves as a \"Conference\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007311-0005-0000", "contents": "117th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nThe numbers refer to their Senate classes. All class 1 senators are in the middle of their term (2019\u20132025), having been elected in 2018 and facing re-election in 2024. Class 2 senators are at the beginning of their term (2021\u20132027), having been elected in 2020 and facing re-election in 2026. Class 3 senators are at the end of their term (2017\u20132023), having been elected in 2016 and facing re-election in 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007311-0006-0000", "contents": "117th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives\nAll 435 seats were filled by election in November 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007311-0007-0000", "contents": "117th United States Congress, Committees, Senate\nPrior to the passing of an organizing resolution on February 3, 2021, chairs of Senate committees remained the same as in the 116th Congress. Where the chair had retired (as in the Agriculture, Budget, and HELP committees), the chair was vacant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007312-0000-0000", "contents": "117th meridian east\nThe meridian 117\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007312-0001-0000", "contents": "117th meridian east\nThe 117th meridian east forms a great circle with the 63rd meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007312-0002-0000", "contents": "117th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 117th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007313-0000-0000", "contents": "117th meridian west\nThe meridian 117\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007313-0001-0000", "contents": "117th meridian west\nThe 117th meridian west forms a great circle with the 63rd meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007313-0002-0000", "contents": "117th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 117th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007314-0000-0000", "contents": "117\u00b0\n117\u00b0 is the second studio album by former Guns N' Roses guitarist Izzy Stradlin, and his first not released under a band name, following the breakup of his post-Guns N' Roses group the Ju Ju Hounds. The album contains a cover of Chuck Berry's \"Memphis, Tennessee.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007314-0001-0000", "contents": "117\u00b0\nThe album features appearances from Stradlin's former Guns N' Roses bandmate Duff McKagan and former Ju Ju Hounds' bandmate Rick Richards. The tracks \"Memphis, Tennessee\" and \"Good Enough\" feature the Ju Ju Hounds lineup, as the songs were recorded by the band before breaking up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007314-0002-0000", "contents": "117\u00b0, Critical reception\nAllMusic wrote that the album \"rocks harder than most roots-rock albums of the late '90s.\" The Deseret News wrote that \"lots of slide guitars, rip-roaring arrangements and drawling, wit-driven vocals give the 14 songs their charm.\" The Washington City Paper wrote that \"there\u2019s nothing groundbreaking on 117\u00b0, and Stradlin\u2019s guitar work certainly falls short of being virtuosic, but there are worse things to listen to when you\u2019re killing brain cells from dusk \u2019til dawn.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007314-0003-0000", "contents": "117\u00b0, Track listing\nAll lyrics and music by Izzy Stradlin, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007315-0000-0000", "contents": "117\u2013119 Houston Street\n117\u2013119 Houston Street (also known as The Henry Cunningham House or The Henry Cunningham Estate) is a historic building in Savannah, Georgia, United States. A duplex, it is located in the northwestern tything of Greene Square and was built in 1810. It is part of the Savannah Historic District. Originally built for the founder and first minister of the Second African Baptist Church, Reverend Henry Cunningham and his wife Elizabeth, a business owner. Their home is considered the oldest building constructed for a Person of Color in Savannah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007315-0001-0000", "contents": "117\u2013119 Houston Street\nThe duplex is currently configured with the 119 unit as a two bedrooms and one bath, and the 117 unit as two bedrooms and one-and-a-half baths. The building is currently operated as a vacation rental.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007316-0000-0000", "contents": "118 (TV series)\n118 also known as (\u8981\u8981\u53d1) ran for 255 episodes and was produced by MediaCorp Channel 8. It stars Chew Chor Meng, Pan Lingling, Dennis Chew, Ya Hui, Xu Bin and Somaline Ang as the casts of this series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007316-0001-0000", "contents": "118 (TV series)\nThe show replaced the second half of the 7.00 pm drama timeslot, airing weekdays from October 20, 2014, 7.30 pm to 8.00 pm on weekdays making the 1st long form half an hour drama airing together with news-current affairs programme Hello Singapore at 6.30pm. It is the longest running Chinese drama produced by Mediacorp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007316-0002-0000", "contents": "118 (TV series), Plot\nHong Daming (Chew Chor Meng) is a positive and generous man. As his coffee shop and house number are both \"118\", the people around him gave him the nickname of \"118\" (or \u8981\u8981\u53d1), much to his delight. Together with his wife, Liu Meimei (Pan Lingling), he makes a living by running the coffee-shop, and are well known in Tiong Bahru. Whenever someone is in need, they would always seek Daming for help.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007316-0003-0000", "contents": "118 (TV series), Plot\nHis family lives in a 3-room flat, which was built in pre-war years, above the coffee shop. He has 4 children. The children are named Hong Shunfeng (Dennis Chew), Hong Shunshui (Xu Bin), Hong Jinzhi (Ya Hui) and Hong Yuye (Somaline Ang).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007316-0004-0000", "contents": "118 (TV series), Plot\nHaving 6 people living in a 3-room flat is cramped-up enough, yet he also rents out a room to \"Ah Niang\", a middle-aged man whose original name is Li Weiliang (Chen Hanwei). Weiliang studied fashion design in France, but circumstances led him to simply run a stall in 118's coffee-shop, selling dumplings with the recipe that his mother left for him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007316-0005-0000", "contents": "118 (TV series), Plot\nWeiliang was not the only addition to the cramped flat. Later, Meimei's elder sister \u2013 Liu Jiejie (Liu Lingling) and her family also came to live with 118 when her husband, Zhang Tiancheng's (Chen Tianwen) business failed. Daming's own younger sister, Hong Shanshan (Sheila Sim), and her daughter also came to live with him \"temporarily\" when her husband disappeared mysteriously. Kind-hearted by nature, Daming felt that they must have come to him because they were at their wit's end. He would rather make room for them by having his own sons sleep in the living room, than to chase them away heartlessly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007316-0006-0000", "contents": "118 (TV series), Plot\nAs such, the story unfolds with this myriad of personalities living under the same roof and hanging around the 118 coffee-shop, where many dramatic yet comedic events took place\u2026", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007316-0007-0000", "contents": "118 (TV series), Plot\n\"118\" presents the positive side of a Singaporean \u2013 passionate, practical, caring, resilient, faithful, tolerant and forward-looking \u2013 while also touching on the lesser side of our personalities. Through the dramatic play of events, we are able to see ourselves in the many characters, who are in fact a mirror of the good and bad sides of all of us.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007316-0008-0000", "contents": "118 (TV series), Cast, Hong (Daming) family\nJulie, Just-younger-sister (\u6070\u59b9\u59b9),  NG18Wang Fudi's daughterWang Fuhai's nieceHong Daming and Liu Meimei's adopted daughterWang Shunfeng's younger sisterHong Jinzhi and Hong Shunshui's adopted younger sisterLiu Jiejie and Hong Shanshan's adoptive niecePolytechnic studentZhang Ke Ai and Hong Jinzhi's rival in love", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007316-0009-0000", "contents": "118 (TV series), Cast, Zhang (Tiancheng) family\nTommy, Mr IrritatingZhang Tiancheng and Liu Jiejie's sonZhang Ke Ai's half older brotherHong Jinzhi and Hong Shunshui's cousinLiu Meimei's nephewZhang Keke's half younger brotherEve's ex-boyfriend, In love with VivianPrivate university studentPreviously involved in a money laundering case, but turned into prosecution witness", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007316-0010-0000", "contents": "118 (TV series), Cast, Chen (Meizhen) family\nAh Zhen (\u963f\u73cd)Wang Shunfeng's ex-classmate, girlfriend and love interestUncle Chen's granddaughterYounger version portrayed by Chloe Ng", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007316-0011-0000", "contents": "118 (TV series), Production\nThe storyboard for the series, Ang Eng Tee, said in an interview with My Paper that the show may need to be re-scripted even after the script for all 255 episodes has finished writing. This is because speculations that the general elections may be held in 2015 is trending, and that the political parties are already introducing its candidates progressively. If the elections are held in September, the show will need to re-insert the GE buzz, and the director and cast will need to do re-takes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007316-0011-0001", "contents": "118 (TV series), Production\nThe election dates were announced on 25 August, and the GE buzz was inserted on episode 225 (7 September 2015), where Dennis Chew and Sheila Sim mentioned the election campaigns. However, as the show was pre-empted six times during that period, episode 225 could have been aired on 28 August if there were no interruptions, causing the campaigning period, which were held on 2 to 9 September, to have happened earlier than usual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007316-0012-0000", "contents": "118 (TV series), Reception\nIn 2016, the Media Development Authority (MDA) of Singapore criticised the drama having advertorial segments shown before the programme's end credits. The segments showed actors from the drama advocating sponsors' products on the same set for the drama. However MDA also praised the drama for its \"down-to-earth depictions of social issues\" and \"celebration of the Singaporean identity\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007316-0013-0000", "contents": "118 (TV series), Awards & Nominations, Star Awards 2016\n118 has the third-most number of nominations for Star Awards 2016, with 11 nominations in 10 award categories. The series has at least one nomination in every performance award for drama programmes. Along with Crescendo, The Dream Makers II, The Journey: Our Homeland and Tiger Mum, it is one of the five dramas to be nominated for both the Best Drama Serial and Best Theme Song. It won 2 out of 10 award categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007317-0000-0000", "contents": "118 (film)\n118 is a 2019 Indian Telugu-language action thriller film written and directed by cinematographer turned film director K. V. Guhan in his Tollywood directorial debut. The film features Kalyan Ram, Shalini Pandey and Nivetha Thomas in the lead roles. The music for the film is composed by Shekar Chandra, and the film is produced by Mahesh S. Koneru under the production company East Coast Production. The film follows an investigative journalist who finds himself threatened after he tries to decode a recurring nightmare involving a woman's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007317-0001-0000", "contents": "118 (film)\nThe film released on 1 March 2019. It received generally positive reviews from critics and became a commercial success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007317-0002-0000", "contents": "118 (film), Plot\nWhile sleeping in room number 118 of the Paradise resort, Gowtham dreams about a girl getting beaten and a car being thrown into lake. The next day, he is revealed to be an investigative journalist who stops a money laundering operation by fighting off the home minister's brother and his goons while filming everything. The minister is exposed, and Gowtham is invited to a night party at the same resort where he sleeps in room 118 again. When the dream recurs, he visits a psychiatrist named Dr. Athmaram Divakar, who advises him not to take the dream seriously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007317-0002-0001", "contents": "118 (film), Plot\nSoon, a car chase with the home minister's henchmen takes Gowtham to a road he saw in his dreams. Jumping into the nearby lake, he discovers an empty car belonging to a church. The Church Father, Francis, tells Gowtham it was driven by a woman named Esther. A strange gate symbol leads Gowtham to a shut-down printing press where he discovers missing posters of the girl in his dreams, Aadhya. He later realizes that Aadhya went missing and his dream appeared on full moon days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007317-0002-0002", "contents": "118 (film), Plot\nBelieving the visitors during the other six full moon days to have had the same dream, he sets out to contact them but is contacted by Aadhya, who tells him not to look for her. He uses police help to trace the phone number and chases a van containing the phone but finds it belonging to none. Some hints from the visitors lead him to a photo of Aadhya and a girl from Venkataramana Public School whose employee named Murthy is murdered while on his way to help Gowtham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007317-0003-0000", "contents": "118 (film), Plot\nGowtham visits the office of Sai Videos office, who filmed an event at the resort, and in the footage sees Aadhya with a man who is soon kidnapped by some goons and a chase ensues, resulting in his death. Gowtham then goes to meet Francis and identifies a nun as the woman who contacted him as Aadhya. She then reveals that Francis told her to make the call and even lied about Esther to Gowtham. He then heads for Vizag to meet Francis, following which the nun is killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007317-0003-0001", "contents": "118 (film), Plot\nEsther is revealed to be the daughter of  Francis, who is then shot by the goons. A fight ensues, resulting in Gowtham escaping with Esther, who then tells him that Aadhya was a friendly computer science teacher who showed affection on Prabhavathi, a young student who died after a vaccination in the school. Aadhya tried to investigate and came to know about illegal vaccinations run by Alanta company. Aadhya and Esther went to the Paradise resort to meet a friend for help, but had to part ways because of a phone call that told Esther that her friend met with an accident. Upon finding Aadhya missing and goons looking for her, Esther had to run away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007317-0004-0000", "contents": "118 (film), Plot\nGowtham visits Athmaram ,who claims to make humans enter the world of dreams and decides to use his technology after a successful trial. Gowtham, his fianc\u00e9e Megha, and assistant Ramesh are on their way to the resort but get attacked by the same goons and a car chase ensues, resulting in a fight that leaves Gowtham injured. Asking both Megha and Ramesh to not enter until he voluntarily comes out, he injects himself with the drug given by Athmaram and sleeps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007317-0004-0001", "contents": "118 (film), Plot\nHe enters the dream within his mind and realizes that he was the one supposed to help Aadhya but could not as he too had to leave upon learning about the accident of his and Esther's common friend Siddharth. He then watches Aadhya being taken to room 118 where she meets the CEO and owner of Alanta Company V. N. Shah. His henchmen have all the evidence snatched from her and destroyed. She is brutally killed and buried near a fountain in the same resort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007317-0004-0002", "contents": "118 (film), Plot\nGowtham upon waking up gets the spot where she is buried excavated with the help of police team and obtains a bracelet from her skeletal remains, which has a USB drive containing Aadhya's final video message along with the evidence that she had collected thus far against the company (thus, the evidence destroyed by Shah's henchmen was only a copy that she had brought to show Gowtham whom she was to meet that evening during the event at resort). The culprits are captured, Gowtham is praised by the media, and Shah shoots himself. Later at his house that night Gowtham has a bright dream in which Aadhya appears with a smile, indicating that her soul is now at peace. He wakes up to find her presence of vision disappeared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007317-0005-0000", "contents": "118 (film), Production\nThe film marks the directorial debut for cinematographer K. V. Guhan in the Telugu film industry who also marks his return to directorial after previously directing a 2010 Tamil-language film titled Inidhu Inidhu, which was the remake of the 2007 blockbuster Telugu film Happy Days. The filming began around May 2018, and the first look poster of the film was unveiled on 5 July 2018 on the occasion of lead actor Kalyan Ram's birthday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007317-0006-0000", "contents": "118 (film), Release\nThe film was released to theatres on 1 March 2019, following the wrap up of post production work which concluded in around February 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007317-0007-0000", "contents": "118 (film), Soundtrack\nMusic composed by Shekar Chandra. Music released on Aditya Music The soundtrack consists of three songs which was released on 26 February 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007317-0008-0000", "contents": "118 (film), Reception\nNeeshita Nyayapati of Times of India gave 3.5/5 stating \"Just don't try to dig too deep or you might miss out on a fine thriller\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007317-0009-0000", "contents": "118 (film), Reception\nManoj Kumar R of Indianexpress gave 2/5 stating \"KV Guhan's film is rife with unoriginal ideas that it becomes very difficult for the audience to forgive and just focus on the story\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007317-0010-0000", "contents": "118 (film), Reception\nHemanth Kumar of Firstpost gave 2.5/5 stating \"Kalyan Ram goes on a wild goose chase to find the plot of KV Guhan's thriller\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007318-0000-0000", "contents": "118 (number)\n118 (one hundred [and] eighteen) is the natural number following 117 and preceding 119.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007318-0001-0000", "contents": "118 (number), In mathematics\nThere is no answer to the equation \u03c6(x) = 118, making 118 a nontotient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007318-0002-0000", "contents": "118 (number), In mathematics\n118 is the smallest n such that the range n, n + 1, ... 4n/3 contains at least one prime from each of these forms: 4x + 1, 4x - 1, 6x + 1 and 6x - 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007318-0003-0000", "contents": "118 (number), In mathematics\nFour expressions for 118 as the sum of three positive integers have the same product:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007318-0004-0000", "contents": "118 (number), In mathematics\n118 is the smallest number that can be expressed as four sums with the same product in this way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007319-0000-0000", "contents": "118 118 (Sweden)\n118 118 is a directory assistance services provider in Sweden both in operator based services as well as in interactive SMS based services. Eniro118118 is owned by the Eniro Group, who is a provider of Yellow Pages in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Poland. Eniro118118 received several industry awards, such as 118Award in 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007319-0001-0000", "contents": "118 118 (Sweden)\nThe firm is not related to the similarly numbered service in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0000-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK)\n118 118 is the UK telephone number for a US owned directory enquiries provider. Once wildly popular for its advertising featuring two runners, the service has experienced a dramatic decline in calls due to easily accessible information via mobile devices. Calls are answered from call centres in the Philippines, with some administration in Cardiff, Wales and other management offices in London that provides telephone numbers, given subscriber name and address, and answers general questions on any subject. 118 118 started operation in December 2002. In September 2013 the company started 118118Money, a provider of unsecured personal loans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0001-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK)\n118 118 is the brand name of The Number UK Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of US directory enquiries provider Knowledge Generation Bureau (formerly InfoNXX).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0002-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK)\nIn 2006, kgb, the parent company of 118 118 in the UK, purchased rival Directory Assistance provider Conduit to produce the largest company of its type in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0003-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Allocation of number\nNumbers starting with \"118\" were designated for commercial directory enquiries when the fixed priced 40p British Telecom directory enquiries service on 192 and 142 was discontinued. The different 118 numbers were allocated by lottery. Originally Surrey-based Leaf Telecom was allocated the 118118 number; The Number UK Ltd paid a reported \u00a32 million to acquire it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0004-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Products, Information services\n118 118 is primarily seen as a directory enquiries service, but provides a wider range of options, not only providing numbers to users but also train times, cinema listings and directions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0005-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Products, Information services\n118 118 has also launched a subscription service app which costs \u00a32.48 a month for unlimited calls to the number, or \u00a34.98 a month for unlimited calls and connections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0006-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Products, Information services\nCalls to 118 118 cost \u00a32.43 per minute (a minimum 60 second charge applies) inc VAT, plus your telephone company\u2018s network access charge. plus the access charge set by the caller's landline or mobile phone provider.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0007-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Products, Information services\nIn May 2008, 118 118 introduced a service whereby customers can ask any question they want.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0008-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Ofcom regulations and Pricing\nNew Ofcom regulations came into force on 1 July 2015, making all call charges to 118 numbers more transparent, consisting of an access charge and a service charge. 118 118 increased their prices on 1 March 2016 and on 1 May 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 43], "content_span": [44, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0009-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Ofcom regulations and Pricing\nThe access charge is set by the caller's landline or mobile provider. It is set at the same rate as for calls to 084, 087 and 09 numbers. Including VAT, it varies between 2p and 13p per minute from landlines or between 5p and 55p per minute from mobiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 43], "content_span": [44, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0010-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Ofcom regulations and Pricing\nThe service charge is \u00a32.50 per call plus 75p per minute including VAT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 43], "content_span": [44, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0011-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Ofcom regulations and Pricing, Any question SMS services\nIn December 2008, The Number UK Ltd, purchased Texperts, which had operated in the UK since 2003. The service offered answers to questions on any topic sent via SMS text message by text message, for a charge of \u00a33.50.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 70], "content_span": [71, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0012-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Ofcom regulations and Pricing, Financial services\nThe company's lending business 118118Money, a subsidiary of kgb, launched as an online service in September 2013. The company states they are able to extend the availability of unsecured personal loans to people who may otherwise find it difficult to borrow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 63], "content_span": [64, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0013-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Advertising\n118 118's advertising features two men with droopy moustaches, wearing items of clothing with 118 and two parallel red stripes on it. They have appeared in various forms, including 'mad professors' with crazy grey hair, and an army of 118 118 runners helping people across the nation to find businesses and services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0014-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Advertising\nThe 118 118 advertising was originally launched using the two men dressed as athletic runners. Used with the catchphrase \"Got Your Number! \", the runners' characters featured in a high-profile advertising and PR campaign leading up to deregulation in August 2003, when the original 192 directory number was switched off. This slogan has fallen into disuse by the marketing department of 118 118 because of the expansion of service beyond directory enquiries alone, but has lived on in the minds of the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0014-0001", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Advertising\nThe use of the runners' characters is particularly noted for the legal action threatened, but never acted on, by 1970s record-breaking runner David Bedford. 118 118 responded to this by stating that their inspiration was partly the late American runner Steve Prefontaine. Bedford subsequently briefly worked for 118 500, a rival directory enquiries service provided by BT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0015-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Advertising\nSince then they appeared in a range of guises, including spoof detectives, as the company expanded on its range of services. During this period the slogan used was \"We're here to help! \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0016-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Advertising\nIn February 2006 a new advertising campaign was launched in which the runners appeared in advertisements in the style of the television show The A-Team, using the A-Team theme tune with the number 118 sung over the music. Various routes followed, and then in early 2009 Ray Parker Junior appeared alongside the droopy moustache men singing a 118 specific version of the Ghostbusters theme tune, at one point featuring the 118 men in place of the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man from the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0016-0001", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Advertising\nIn late 2009, the runners were animated, specifically promoting food and drink establishments available for booking via 118 118. This service has since been discontinued, and in 2010 this campaign was dropped in favour of comedic scenarios. In 2013 the advertising shows an army of 118 118 runners, to illustrate that the service provides the numbers of many businesses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0017-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Advertising\nFrom March 2007, 118 118 began to sponsor ITV1 Movies. As of 2013 this continued, with the two 118 characters conversing over the phone with stars from old 'B' movies. A daily cartoon strip advertising the service also ran, from 2008 to 2010, in free newspaper Metro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0018-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Advertising\nThe advertising strategy for 118 118 has also been used for 118 218 in France, 118 50 in Ireland, and 18 18 in Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0019-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Criticism\nIn 2003, shortly after  the company started operation, it was alleged that some call centre operators cut calls short to reduce the average call time, increasing bonuses payable under an incentive scheme. Oftel and ICSTIS warned the company that it could be fined or lose its licence to operate if found to have encouraged the practice, but were satisfied that the company had moved quickly to stamp out any abuses, including dismissing some employees after investigating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0020-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Criticism\nIn 2008, 118 118 sent racist jokes about Asians and Pakistanis to users of its texted joke service, and complaints were made to the press. The company responded that the jokes were in breach of their standards, and apologised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0021-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Criticism\nIn December 2013 it emerged that when asked for a number of a named business, 118 118 operators often give a sales pitch suggesting that a different company offering similar services be called instead. Companies whose customers were thus referred to competitors complained about this practice. 118 118 defended this cross-selling of services, suggesting it was partly because firms had not paid to be included on its database. They said that offers were compliant with the code of practice of regulator PhonepayPlus (now Phone-paid Services Authority). However, the regulator added that a caller should receive the information requested without undue delay (chargeable as part of the call), and that unreasonably delayed callers should contact PhonepayPlus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0022-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Controversies\nIn 2014, failure to clearly state call costs resulted in a fine for the 118118 service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007320-0023-0000", "contents": "118 118 (UK), Controversies\nIn 2017, soaring call costs for directory enquiries services including 118118 and 118500 prompted an Ofcom review of 118 services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007321-0000-0000", "contents": "118 Avenue, Edmonton\n118 Avenue is the designated name of two major arterial roads in central Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, separated by the Edmonton City Centre Airport. The west side services both an industrial area, and a residential area, while the east 118 Avenue, originally Alberta Avenue, is one of the oldest streets in Edmonton outside the downtown core. The name was changed to 118 Avenue in 1914 with the adoption of the grid system. Historically, it was a route between the City of Edmonton in the west and the Town of Beverly in the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007321-0000-0001", "contents": "118 Avenue, Edmonton\nIt is also sometimes called the Avenue of Champions. When Beverly was still a separate community from Edmonton, the portion of Alberta Avenue in Beverly was the central business district. Beverly amalgamated with Edmonton on December 31, 1961. Following the amalgamation, Beverly's central business district went into a period of decline. The avenue boasts several major landmarks, including Northlands and the Coliseum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007321-0001-0000", "contents": "118 Avenue, Edmonton\nPrior to the opening of Yellowhead Trail in the early 1980s, Highway\u00a016 followed 118\u00a0Avenue between Edmonton's eastern city limit and Princess Elizabeth Avenue before continuing west on 111\u00a0Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007321-0002-0000", "contents": "118 Avenue, Edmonton\nThe Alberta Avenue name only applies for the portion from 109 Street to Wayne Gretzky Drive. Alberta Avenue is targeted for revitalization as part of the Alberta Avenue-Eastwood Business Revitalization Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007321-0003-0000", "contents": "118 Avenue, Edmonton, Neighbourhoods\nList of neighbourhoods 118 Avenue runs through, in order from west to east:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007321-0004-0000", "contents": "118 Avenue, Edmonton, Major intersections\nThis is a list of major intersections, starting at the west end of 118 Avenue. The entire route is in Edmonton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007322-0000-0000", "contents": "118 BC\nYear 118 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Cato and Rex (or, less frequently, year 636 Ab urbe condita) and the Fifth Year of Yuanshou. The denomination 118 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007323-0000-0000", "contents": "118 Battalion\n118 South African Infantry Battalion was a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007323-0001-0000", "contents": "118 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions\nBy the late 1970s the South African government had abandoned its opposition to arming black soldiers within the SADF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007323-0002-0000", "contents": "118 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions\nBy early 1979, the government approved a plan to form a number of regional African battalions, each with a particular ethnic identity, which would serve in their homeland or under regional SADF commands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007323-0003-0000", "contents": "118 Battalion, History, Development of the Lebowa Defence Force\nTwo additional Northern Sotho Battalions were established, the 117 and the 118. Troops for 118 SA Battalion were recruited from the self-governing territory of Lebowa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 63], "content_span": [64, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007323-0004-0000", "contents": "118 Battalion, History, Higher Command\n118 Battalion initially resorted under the command of Group 45 then Group 14 from Potgietersrus. This command was eventually changed to Group 29 with amalgamation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007323-0005-0000", "contents": "118 Battalion, History, Deployments\n118 Battalion was utilised to patrol the Lebowa and parts of the Botswana border. At some stage the unit was also stationed at Mtubatuba in Kwa Zulu Natal for border patrols in that region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007324-0000-0000", "contents": "118 II\n118 II also known as (\u8981\u8981\u53d1 II) ran for 218 episode drama series produced by MediaCorp Channel 8. It stars Chew Chor Meng, Pan Lingling, Dennis Chew, Ya Hui, Xu Bin, Somaline Ang, Carrie Wong, Jeanette Aw, Elvin Ng, Bryan Wong and Ha Yu as the cast of the second series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007324-0001-0000", "contents": "118 II\nThe show replaced the second half of the 7.00 pm drama timeslot, airing weekdays from November 29, 2016, 7.30 pm to 8.00 pm on weekdays making it the 4th long form half an hour drama and it is 1st drama having 2 seasons also airing together with news-current affairs programme Hello Singapore at 6.30pm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007324-0002-0000", "contents": "118 II, Plot\nHong Daming (Chew Chor Meng) is a positive and generous man. As his coffee shop and house number are both \"118\", the people around him gave him the nickname of \"118\" (or \u8981\u8981\u53d1), much to his delight. Together with his wife, Liu Meimei (Pan Lingling), he makes a living by running the coffee-shop, and are well known in Tiong Bahru. Whenever someone is in need, they would always seek Daming for help.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007324-0003-0000", "contents": "118 II, Plot\nHis family lives in a 3-room flat, which was built in pre-war years, above the coffee shop. He has 4 children. The children are named Hong Shunfeng (Dennis Chew), Hong Shunshui (Xu Bin), Hong Jinzhi (Ya Hui) and Hong Yuye (Somaline Ang).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007324-0004-0000", "contents": "118 II, Plot\nHaving 6 people living in a 3-room flat is cramped-up enough, yet he also rents out a room to \"Ah Niang\", a middle-aged man whose original name is Li Weiliang (Chen Hanwei). Weiliang studied fashion design in France, but circumstances led him to simply run a stall in 118's coffee-shop, selling dumplings with the recipe that his mother left for him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007324-0005-0000", "contents": "118 II, Plot\nWeiliang was not the only addition to the cramped flat. Later, Meimei's elder sister \u2013 Liu Jiejie (Liu Lingling) and her family also came to live with 118 when her husband, Zhang Tiancheng's (Chen Tianwen) business failed. Daming's own younger sister, Hong Shanshan (Sheila Sim), and her daughter also came to live with him \"temporarily\" when her husband disappeared mysteriously. Kind-hearted by nature, Daming felt that they must have come to him because they were at their wit's end. He would rather make room for them by having his own sons sleep in the living room, than to chase them away heartlessly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007324-0006-0000", "contents": "118 II, Plot\nAs such, the story unfolds with this myriad of personalities living under the same roof and hanging around the 118 coffee-shop, where many dramatic yet comedic events took place\u2026", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007324-0007-0000", "contents": "118 II, Plot\n\"118\" presents the positive side of a Singaporean \u2013 passionate, practical, caring, resilient, faithful, tolerant and forward-looking \u2013 while also touching on the lesser side of our personalities. Through the dramatic play of events, we are able to see ourselves in the many characters, who are in fact a mirror of the good and bad sides of all of us.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007324-0008-0000", "contents": "118 II, Cast, Zhang (Tiancheng) Family\nMain Villain but repented  Dang Dang (\u5f53\u5f53),  Arrogant Chen (\u4e2b\u4e2b\u9648), Lucas", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 38], "content_span": [39, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007324-0009-0000", "contents": "118 II, Cast, Liu (Dagong) Family\nDuck Porridge (\u9e2d\u7ca5), Jerk (\u5c0f\u6df7\u86cb), Greedy Monster (\u5316\u9aa8\u9f99), Asia Lau, Con Artist (\u9a97\u5b50)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 33], "content_span": [34, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007324-0010-0000", "contents": "118 II, Cast, Other characters\nVillain but later repented Lethal Weapon (\u8f70\u5929\u70ae), Pao Pao (\u70ae\u70ae)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007324-0011-0000", "contents": "118 II, Cast, Other characters\nPrincess Xiangxiang (\u9999\u9999\u516c\u4e3b), Cheap (\u70c2\u4eba), Toxic Lanxiang (\u6076\u6bd2\u5170\u9999), Wretch (\u81ed\u5973\u4eba)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007324-0012-0000", "contents": "118 II, Marketing\nVarious roadshows to promote the series were done country wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007324-0013-0000", "contents": "118 II, Marketing\nThe first roadshow was held at Compass One on 19 November 2016 with artistes Chew Chor Meng, Pan Lingling, Elvin Ng, Ya Hui, Dennis Chew, Xu Bin, Sora Ma, Chen Tianwen, Zhu Houren, Brandon Wong and Jeanette Aw. A second roadshow was held at Bedok Point on 17 December 2016 with artistes Bryan Wong, Pan Lingling, Carrie Wong, Zhang Yaodong, Dennis Chew, Somaline Ang, Sheila Sim, Nick Teo, Li Feihui, Cavin Soh and Liu Lingling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007324-0014-0000", "contents": "118 II, Marketing\nThe third roadshow was held at Bishan North Shopping Mall on 19 February 2017 with artist Ya Hui, Carrie Wong, Hayley Woo, Somaline Ang, Pan Lingling, Sheila Sim, Chew Chor Meng, Elvin Ng, Brandon Wong, Zhu Houren & Bryan Wong with Bishan North Minister Mrs Josephine Teo. The fourth roadshow was held at OneKM Mall on 29 April 2017 with artist Bryan Wong, Carrie Wong, Desmond Ng &Brandon Wong. The fifth roadshow was held at OneKM Mall on 30 April 2017 with artists Pan Lingling, Chen Tianwen, Elvin Ng, Ya Hui, Somaline Ang, Nick Teo, Sora Ma and Jeremy Chan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007324-0015-0000", "contents": "118 II, Awards & Nominations, Star Awards 2018\n118 II  is up for 2 nominations as Life Less Ordinary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 46], "content_span": [47, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007325-0000-0000", "contents": "118 Mall\n118 Mall, previously known as MERDEKA @ 118, is a seven-storey glass domed shopping mall currently under construction located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Owned and being developed by PNB Merdeka Ventures Sdn Bhd, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Permodalan Nasional Berhad (PNB), it is a 1.4-million-square-foot (0.13-million-square-metre) mall situated next to the base of the Merdeka 118 megatall skyscraper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007325-0001-0000", "contents": "118 Mall, Development\nThe master developer had awarded the contract to build the shopping complex at the former site of Merdeka Park, which was the second oldest public park in Kuala Lumpur, to a joint-venture between WCT Holdings Berhad and TSR Capital Berhad. The mall is planned to be surrounded by four acres of greenery and park namely the \"Merdeka Boulevard at 118\". Construction works on the building as well as the shopping mall began in 2014 and is slated for full completion by 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007325-0002-0000", "contents": "118 Mall, Design\nA glass dome will be constructed as the roof of the mall to bring in filtered natural light into the centre of the mall. The mall's organic theme will have sculptural design-story elements and water-features based on Malaysian culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007325-0003-0000", "contents": "118 Mall, Transportation\nThe mall will be connected to the Kajang Line \u00a0SBK17\u00a0 Merdeka MRT station located along Jalan Hang Jebat, which is connected to an interchange with the Ampang/Sri Petaling Line's \u00a0AG8\u00a0\u00a0SP8\u00a0 Plaza Rakyat LRT station. The \u00a0AG9\u00a0\u00a0MR4\u00a0 Hang Tuah station, serving both the Ampang Line and KL Monorail, is a 600-metre walk southeast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007326-0000-0000", "contents": "118 Modules\n118 Modules is an outdoor 1979 sculpture by American artist John Rogers, located at the parking garage at Southwest Yamhill Street between Southwest 9th and 10th Avenues in downtown Portland, Oregon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007326-0001-0000", "contents": "118 Modules\nThe slip-cast white stoneware sculpture measures 4 feet (1.2\u00a0m) x 23 feet (7.0\u00a0m) x 5 inches (0.13\u00a0m). It was funded by the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) and marks the artist's first public art commission. Rogers is a Portland native and graduate of Portland State University. 118 Modules is part of the City of Portland and Multnomah County Public Art Collection courtesy of the Regional Arts & Culture Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007327-0000-0000", "contents": "118 Peitho\nPeitho (minor planet designation: 118 Peitho) is a main-belt asteroid. It is probably an S-type asteroid, suggesting a siliceous mineralogy. It was discovered by R. Luther on March 15, 1872, and named after one of the two Peithos in Greek mythology. There have been two observed Peithoan occultations of a dim star: one was in 2000 and the other in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007327-0001-0000", "contents": "118 Peitho\nThis body is orbiting the Sun with a period of 3.81\u00a0years and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.16. The orbital plane is inclined by 7.7\u00b0 to the plane of the ecliptic. The cross-section diameter is ~42\u00a0km. In 2009, Photometric observations of this asteroid were made at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The resulting asymmetrical light curve shows a synodic rotation period of 7.823 \u00b1 0.002 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 \u00b1 0.02 in magnitude. This was reasonably consistent with independent studies performed in 1980 (7.78 hours) and 2009 (7.8033 hours). The lightcurve inversion process has been used to construct a model of this object, suggesting a blocky shape with flattened poles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007328-0000-0000", "contents": "118 Reunion\n118 \u5927\u56e2\u5706 (118 Reunion) also known as (\u8981\u8981\u53d1 \u5927\u56e2\u5706) is a television drama series produced by Mediacorp that ran for 23 episodes on Mediacorp Channel 8. The show aired at 9pm on weekdays and had a repeat telecast at 8am the following day. It stars Chew Chor Meng, Pan Lingling, Dennis Chew, Ya Hui, Somaline Ang, Sora Ma, Chen Hanwei, Sheila Sim, He Yingying, Charles Lee, Kate Pang, Zong Zijie, Richie Koh, Kayly Loh & Chen Yixi as the casts of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007328-0001-0000", "contents": "118 Reunion, Plot\nThis drama revolves around the original cast of \u201c118\u201d, telling the story of love and kinship. Da Ming (Chew Chor Meng) dedicates most of his time helping the elderly in the neighborhood, thus neglecting his wife, Mei Mei (Pan Lingling). To spite Da Ming, Mei Mei joins a beauty pageant and eventually attracts the attention of a wealthy man! A fortune teller tells Shun Feng (Dennis Chew) to have a child by the end of this year, or he shall remain childless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007328-0001-0001", "contents": "118 Reunion, Plot\nTo add on to his stress, he finds out that his wife, Mei Zhen (Sora Ma), has been seeing Jian Guo (Zen Chong) behind his back! Ah Niang (Chen Hanwei) is a first - time father and his overly cautious personality drives his wife, Shan Shan (Sheila Sim), up the wall. She later becomes interested in rock climbing and forges a close friendship with her instructor, Arthur (Chen Yi Xi). In spite of all their personal problems, will Da Ming and his family embrace the upcoming New Year on a happy note?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007328-0002-0000", "contents": "118 Reunion, Original Sound Tracks (OST)\nThis is the only series which do not have the same theme song with 118 and 118 II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007329-0000-0000", "contents": "118 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 118 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Night Riders Squadron, is a helicopter squadron of CH-53-2025 Sea Stallions based at Tel Nof Airbase. On 26 July 2010 a 118 Squadron Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion Yas'ur helicopter crashed during a training flight at high altitude in the Carpathian mountains, near the city of Brasov in Romania. All on board died: four Israeli pilots, two Israeli mechanics and one Romanian officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007330-0000-0000", "contents": "118 WallyPower\n118 WallyPower, christened Galeocerdo, is a 118-foot (36\u00a0m)  luxury motor yacht with a maximum speed of 60 knots (70\u00a0mph, 110\u00a0km/h) produced by Wally Yachts. The yacht is narrow and angular in design with black glass housing, driven by three Vericor TF50 gas turbines generating 5,600 horsepower (4,200\u00a0kW), each driving a Rolls-Royce Kamewa water jet, two steerable outboard and a non-steering booster on the centerline. The steerable water jets also have a diesel engine input for a 370\u00a0hp (280\u00a0kW) Cummins diesel, thus making the ship a Combined Diesel or Gas Turbine (CODOG) configured vessel. The total power output is 16,800 horsepower (12,500\u00a0kW). One 118 WallyPower has been constructed and it is owned by the Kondakji family, with a cost of \u00a314M.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007330-0001-0000", "contents": "118 WallyPower, Construction\nThe hull of the 118 WallyPower is the result of an extensive R&D program including tank testing at the SSPA facility in Gothenburg, Sweden, and smoke testing in the Ferrari Wind Tunnel Facility in Maranello, Italy. It is stable at speed as a result of the deep V (22 degrees) hull shape and a straight stem bow designed to pierce waves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007330-0002-0000", "contents": "118 WallyPower, Construction\nThe air inlets of the gas turbines were optimised to minimise any turbulence and back flow of the exhaust gas on deck and living areas. The bottom of the hull is solid fibreglass. Topsides, from the waterline up, are hybrid fibreglass/carbon composite with balsa core. The deck is a Nomex/full carbon composite. The deck superstructure is made of a carbon frame to which glass panels are glued. The glass is composed of Lexan and a triple laminate of glass. The interior bulkheads and cabin soles carry no structural loads, so they are made of thin wood and laminate veneer skins with cores. The bath fixtures and dining tables are made from carbon composites to reduce weight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007330-0003-0000", "contents": "118 WallyPower, Construction\nThe paint finish is metallic dark green, and changes reflections and colour depending on the light and landscape. The 118's deck, cockpit, navigation, dining and saloon areas have been designed as one continuous element. The open space incorporates three areas, from stern to bow: the saloon, the dining/seating area, and the navigation cockpit. There is a 360-degree view from the dining area. Underneath the 8-place dining table is a skylight which illuminates the lower corridor. The dining and lounge cockpit is forward of the superstructure for privacy, and away from the heat of engines. Two fore dining tables can be mechanically lowered into place in the bow. The deck of the Wally 118 has a hidden crane and compartment for a tender. The boat also features 6 plasma screen TVs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007330-0004-0000", "contents": "118 WallyPower, Construction\nInside, the owner's stateroom is forward, lighted by a top skylight, and has a king-size bed and side cabinets and his and hers en-suite bathrooms. Two identical guest cabins have queen-size beds and en-suite bathrooms. The stainless steel galley (kitchen), which includes the crew mess, has an oven, stove, television, and refrigerators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007330-0005-0000", "contents": "118 WallyPower, Technical specifications\nThe price of the 118 Wallypower is US$33 million for the triple gas turbine version, or $22 million for twin diesels. It has a range of 1,500 nautical miles (2,800\u00a0km) at 9 knots (17\u00a0km/h), or 300 nautical miles (560\u00a0km) at 60 knots (110\u00a0km/h). Fuel capacity is 22,000 liters (5800 US gallons). At the maximum speed of 60 knots (110\u00a0km/h) the gas turbine uses 15 US gallons / 58 liters of fuel per nautical mile, 900 gallons / 3500 liters per hour. The boat displaces only 95 tons because of the sophisticated building technology that uses a hybrid structure to save weight, and can accommodate six guests and six crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007330-0006-0000", "contents": "118 WallyPower, Awards\nThe 118 WallyPower won the MYDA, Millennium Yacht Design Award, organised by Seatec (the yachting and shipping technology show of Carrarafiere) for the \"Layout of the Third Millennium.\" It was the sole boat in the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art architecture and design exhibition (2004/5), 'Glamour: Fabricating Affluence'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007330-0007-0000", "contents": "118 WallyPower, Popular culture\nThe 118 WallyPower has appeared in popular UK car programme Top Gear - where it was compared with a Pagani Zonda S Roadster - as well as the movie The Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007331-0000-0000", "contents": "1180\nYear 1180 (MCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007332-0000-0000", "contents": "1180 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1180\u00a0kHz: 1180 AM is United States clear-channel frequency; Class A status is held by WHAM in Rochester, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007332-0001-0000", "contents": "1180 AM\n1180 AM is the frequency used by Radio Mart\u00ed, reportedly operating with 100,000 watts from a transmitter in Marathon in the Florida Keys. Because it is owned and operated by the U.S. Broadcasting Board of Governors, Radio Mart\u00ed is not licensed by the Federal Communications Commission, and has no call letters. It is subject to jamming from Cuba where its directional antenna is pointed. As a consequence, other stations on 1180 in North America may experience interference at night from the jamming stations of Cuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007333-0000-0000", "contents": "1180 Peachtree\n1180 Peachtree, commonly known as the Symphony Tower, is a 41-story skyscraper located at 1180 Peachtree Street in the Midtown district of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Rising to a height of approximately 657 feet (200\u00a0m), the building includes office and retail space in its 624,996\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (58,064\u00a0m2) of floor area as well as a 1,200 space parking deck. Construction was completed in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007333-0001-0000", "contents": "1180 Peachtree\nDesigned by architectural firm Pickard Chilton of Connecticut, 1180 Peachtree incorporates various environmental innovations that achieved the prestigious U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) gold certification. This building is marked on the skyline by two sweeping glass fins extending upwards from the north and south walls. These fins are illuminated from inside at night for a dramatic skyline presence, giving what is considered to be a Gothic feel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007333-0002-0000", "contents": "1180 Peachtree\nKendall/Heaton Associates, Inc., Houston, TX served as the Architect of Record for 1180 Peachtree. Turner Construction was the construction manager for the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007333-0003-0000", "contents": "1180 Peachtree\nOver 60% of the tower's leasable space is occupied by Atlanta-based law firm King & Spalding as its international headquarters. The firm was previously located in downtown's 191 Peachtree Tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007333-0004-0000", "contents": "1180 Peachtree\nThe building is intended to be the campanile of the Woodruff Arts Center's proposed Atlanta Symphony Center, which is designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava and was planned to occupy land adjacent to the structure along 14th Street. The $300 million Symphony Center will not begin construction until fundraising goals are met.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007334-0000-0000", "contents": "1180 Rita\n1180 Rita, provisional designation 1931 GE, is a dark and spheroidal Hildian asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 97 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 April 1931, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. Any reference of its later name, Rita, is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007334-0001-0000", "contents": "1180 Rita, Orbit and classification\nRita belongs to the orbital Hilda group which is located in the outermost part of the main-belt. Asteroids in this dynamical group have semi-major axis between 3.7 and 4.2\u00a0AU and stay in a 3:2 resonance with the gas giant Jupiter. Rita, however, is a background asteroid and not a member of the (collisional) Hilda family (101). Hildian asteroids are thought to have originated from the Kuiper belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007334-0002-0000", "contents": "1180 Rita, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.4\u20134.6\u00a0AU once every 7 years and 12 months (2,906 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007334-0003-0000", "contents": "1180 Rita, Orbit and classification\nIt was first observed as A907 GG at Heidelberg in 1907. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in 1908, when it was identified as A908 KA, approximately 23 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007334-0004-0000", "contents": "1180 Rita, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen taxonomy, Rita is a dark and reddish P-type asteroid. The P-type asteroids are some of the darkest objects in the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007334-0005-0000", "contents": "1180 Rita, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSince 1983, several rotational lightcurves of Rita have been obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a wide range of divergent rotation periods between 9 and 20.5 hours. The Light Curve Data Base adopts a period of 13.090 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.06 magnitude. Bodies with such a low brightness variation are typically of a spherical rather than elongated shape. The lightcurve was obtained in January 2017, by American astronomer Brian Warner at the Center for Solar System Studies in California (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007334-0006-0000", "contents": "1180 Rita, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Rita measures 97 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.041 and 0.058. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous, outer main-belt asteroids of 0.057, and calculates a diameter of 82.72 kilometers with on an absolute magnitude of 9.14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007334-0007-0000", "contents": "1180 Rita, Naming\nAny reference of this minor planet's name to a person or occurrence is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007334-0008-0000", "contents": "1180 Rita, Naming, Unknown meaning\nAmong the many thousands of named minor planets, Rita is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007337-0000-0000", "contents": "1180s\nThe 1180s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1180, and ended on December 31, 1189.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007338-0000-0000", "contents": "1180s BC\nThe 1180s BC is a decade which lasted from 1189 BC to 1180 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007339-0000-0000", "contents": "1180s in England, Incumbents\nMonarch \u2013 Henry II (to 6 July 1189), Richard I", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007341-0000-0000", "contents": "1180s in art\nThe decade of the 1180s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007342-0000-0000", "contents": "1180s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007342-0001-0000", "contents": "1180s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007342-0002-0000", "contents": "1180s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007343-0000-0000", "contents": "1181\nYear 1181 (MCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007344-0000-0000", "contents": "1181 Lilith\n1181 Lilith (prov. designation: 1927 CQ) is a metallic asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers (14 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 11 February 1927, by Russian\u2013French astronomer Benjamin Jekhowsky at Algiers Observatory in Algeria, Northern Africa, and named after French composer Lili Boulanger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007344-0001-0000", "contents": "1181 Lilith, Classification and orbit\nLilith is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the middle asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,587 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First observed as A914 BA at Simeiz Observatory in 1914, Lilith's observation arc begins 7 years after its official discovery observation, with its first used observation made at Konkoly Observatory in 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007344-0002-0000", "contents": "1181 Lilith, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer for French composer Marie-Juliette Olga Lili Boulanger (1893\u20131918), younger sister of the noted conductor and composer, Nadia Boulanger. Her byname \"Lili\" originates from Lilith, Adam's first wife in Jewish mythology (H 110).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007344-0003-0000", "contents": "1181 Lilith, Physical characteristics\nLilith is an X-type asteroid in the Bus\u2013Binzel SMASS taxonomy. It has also been classified as a P-type asteroid by NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007344-0004-0000", "contents": "1181 Lilith, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2014, a rotational lightcurve of Lilith was obtained by Italian astronomer Andrea Ferrero at the Bigmuskie Observatory (B88) in Mombercelli, Italy. The photometric observations rendered a period of 15.04\u00b10.01 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.11 in magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007344-0005-0000", "contents": "1181 Lilith, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to NASA's WISE telescope with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Lilith measures (20.492\u00b10.276) kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of (0.106\u00b10.011), while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10, and calculates a diameter of 24.2 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.2. The WISE team also published an alternative mean-diameter (22.133\u00b10.254\u00a0km) and an albedo of (0.116\u00b10.022).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007347-0000-0000", "contents": "1181 papal election\nThe 1181 papal election followed the death of Pope Alexander III and resulted in the election of Pope Lucius III. This was the first papal election celebrated in accordance with the decree Licet de evitanda discordia, promulgated in the Third Lateran Council in 1179, which established that the pope is elected by a majority of two thirds votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007347-0001-0000", "contents": "1181 papal election, Licet de evitanda discordia\nThe double papal election, 1159, which resulted in the election of Pope Alexander III and Antipope Victor IV (1159-1164), created a schism in the Catholic Church that lasted almost twenty years (until 1178). The schism was a result of the rules concerning the papal elections, which required unanimity among the electors for a valid election. In 1159 the cardinals were unable to achieve compromise and divided into two parties, and each of them elected their own pope. In August 1178 Antipope Callixtus III, the successor of Victor IV, finally submitted to Alexander III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007347-0001-0001", "contents": "1181 papal election, Licet de evitanda discordia\nIn the following year Alexander III celebrated the Third Lateran Council, which promulgated the decree Licet de evitanda discordia. To avoid schism in the future, the decree established that the pope is elected with the majority of two thirds, if unanimity cannot be achieved. It confirmed also that the cardinals are the sole electors of the pope. Both these rules are still in force today, with a two-thirds plus one provision added by Pope Pius XII to allow for a winning candidate voting for himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007347-0002-0000", "contents": "1181 papal election, Licet de evitanda discordia\nThe decree Licet de evitanda discordia was very successful \u2013 from 1179 there was no antipope for almost 150 years (until 1328).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007347-0003-0000", "contents": "1181 papal election, Election of Lucius III\nPope Alexander III died on August 30, 1181 in Civita Castellana. Two days later, on September 1, 1181, the cardinals assembled at Rome (probably at Lateran or Vatican Basilica) and unanimously elected the senior member of the Sacred College, Cardinal Ubaldo of Lucca, Bishop of Ostia and Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. He took the name Lucius III. On September 6, 1181 he was crowned by Cardinal Teodino of Porto at Velletri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007347-0004-0000", "contents": "1181 papal election, Cardinal-electors\nThere were probably 27 cardinals in the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1181. Based on the examination of the subscriptions of the papal bulls in 1181 and the available data about the external missions of the cardinals it is possible to establish that no more than 19 cardinals participated in the election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007347-0005-0000", "contents": "1181 papal election, Cardinal-electors\nThirteen electors were created by Pope Alexander III, four by Pope Adrian IV, one by Pope Innocent II and one by Lucius II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007348-0000-0000", "contents": "1181st Forward Support Company\n\"Fenway Company\" the 1181st Forward Support Company (later I Co, 250th SB) is the forward support company (FSC) for the 1st Battalion, 181st Infantry Regiment. It provides transportation, maintenance and logistical support to the battalion operations. In the National Guard, companies sometimes have two histories. They share the history of the regiment to which they are assigned, but also have a unique company history and lineage. The 1181st FSC, for example, shares the history of the 181st Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007348-0000-0001", "contents": "1181st Forward Support Company\nThe company traces its history to the end of the Revolutionary War when it was first mustered as the 5th company of the 8th Regiment of Massachusetts Militia. It saw action in the Civil War as part of the 15th Massachusetts Infantry. It later served during the Spanish\u2013American War, Mexican Border Campaign, World War I and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007348-0001-0000", "contents": "1181st Forward Support Company, History, Formation and Civil War\nThe company was first formed during the late Revolutionary War as the 5th Company, 8th Regiment of Mass. Militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007348-0002-0000", "contents": "1181st Forward Support Company, History, Formation and Civil War\nThe company served in the Civil War with the 15th Mass. Infantry. On July 12, the regiment was mustered into the United States service with under Major Charles Devens Jr. It was mustered out on 21 July 1864 in Worcester, MA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007348-0003-0000", "contents": "1181st Forward Support Company, History, National Guard and overseas service\nMobilized for service in the War with Spain on 13 May 1898. The company served with in the United States and was mustered out of service on 21 January 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007348-0004-0000", "contents": "1181st Forward Support Company, History, National Guard and overseas service\nThe land forces of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia were redesignated as the Massachusetts National Guard on 15 November 1907.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007348-0005-0000", "contents": "1181st Forward Support Company, History, National Guard and overseas service\nIn June 1916 the company was sent to the Mexican Border as part of the 5th Mass. Infantry. The 5th Mass. served on the Mexican Border at El Paso, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007348-0006-0000", "contents": "1181st Forward Support Company, History, World War I\nOn 22 August 1917 the company was mobilized as an element of the 101st Supply Train, a part of the 26th Division, at Camp Bartlett, Massachusetts. In France the Company served in all of campaigns of the Yankee Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007348-0007-0000", "contents": "1181st Forward Support Company, History, World War I\nThe unit was demobilized 29 April 1919 at Camp Devens, Massachusetts. It was reorganized 15 March 1920 at Fitchburg, Massachusetts and reorganized 1 September 1920 as the 1st Supply Train.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007348-0008-0000", "contents": "1181st Forward Support Company, History, World War I\nThe unit was reorganized and redesignated 30 September 1921 as the 26th Division Train. The unit was reorganized and redesignated 26 May 1936 as Company C, 101st Quartermaster Regiment, an element of the 26th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007348-0009-0000", "contents": "1181st Forward Support Company, History, World War II\nThe company was mobilized in January 1941 for one year of training with the Yankee Division. The year of training ended in December 1941 but the company's service continued after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007348-0010-0000", "contents": "1181st Forward Support Company, History, World War II\nThe 101st Quartermaster Regiment reorganized 12 February 1942 as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007348-0011-0000", "contents": "1181st Forward Support Company, History, World War II\nCompany C, 101st Quartermaster Battalion was reorganized and redesignated 10 April 1943 as the 125th Quartermaster Company and assigned to the Americal Division, inactivated 10 December 1945 at Seattle, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007348-0012-0000", "contents": "1181st Forward Support Company, History, World War II\nThe 114th Quartermaster Battalion was reorganized and redesignated as the 26th Quartermaster Company, an element of the 26th Infantry Division; inactivated 3 January 1946 at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007348-0013-0000", "contents": "1181st Forward Support Company, History, World War II\nThe 26th and 125th Quartermaster Companies were consolidated, reorganized and redesignated 21 January 1947 as the 26th Quartermaster Company Framingham, Massachusetts, an element of the 26th Infantry Division. The Company served through the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007348-0014-0000", "contents": "1181st Forward Support Company, History, Later service\nThe unit was reorganized and redesignated 1 March 1988 as Company B, 726th Support Battalion. It was reorganized and redesignated 1 September 1992 as Company B, 114th Support Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007348-0015-0000", "contents": "1181st Forward Support Company, History, Later service\nThe unit was reorganized and redesignated 1 September 1996 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 101st Quartermaster Battalion and consolidated with Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 26th Infantry Division Support Command, redesignated as the 126th Support Battalion on 23 February 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007348-0016-0000", "contents": "1181st Forward Support Company, History, Later service\nIn 2008 redesignated at the 1181st Forward Support Company and assigned in direct support to the 1st Battalion 181st Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007348-0017-0000", "contents": "1181st Forward Support Company, History, Later service\nIn 2019 redesignated as I Co 250th Support Battalion and assigned in direct support to the 1st Battalion 181st Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007349-0000-0000", "contents": "1182\nYear 1182 (MCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007350-0000-0000", "contents": "1182 Ilona\n1182 Ilona, provisional designation 1927 EA, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory on 3 March 1927, and later named Ilona. Any reference to its name is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007350-0001-0000", "contents": "1182 Ilona, Classification and orbit\nIlona orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,241 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as A915 RD at Bergedorf Observatory in September 1915. The body's observation arc, however, begins at Heidelberg one night after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007350-0002-0000", "contents": "1182 Ilona, Naming\nAny reference to a person or occurrence of this minor planet's name is unknown. The name was suggested by German astronomer Gustav Stracke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007350-0003-0000", "contents": "1182 Ilona, Naming, Unknown meaning\nAmong the many thousands of named minor planets, Ilona is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007350-0004-0000", "contents": "1182 Ilona, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and shape\nThree rotational lightcurve of Ilona were obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 29.8 hours (including an alternative period solution 14.938 hours, or half the period) with a brightness variation of 0.98 to 1.20 magnitude (U=2/2/2). A high brightness amplitude typically indicates that the body has a non-spheroidal shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007350-0005-0000", "contents": "1182 Ilona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Ilona measures between 12.67 and 17.88 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.175 and 0.2957. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2039 and calculates a diameter of 14.09 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007351-0000-0000", "contents": "11824 Alpaidze\n11824 Alpaidze, provisional designation 1982 SO5, is a stony background asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 16 September 1982, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named for Soviet General Galaktion Alpaidze.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007351-0001-0000", "contents": "11824 Alpaidze, Orbit and classification\nAlpaidze is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,563 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1978 WV1 at Palomar Observatory in November 1978. The body's observation arc, however, begins with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007351-0002-0000", "contents": "11824 Alpaidze, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Georgian-born Soviet Lieutenant General Galaktion Alpaidze (1916\u20132006), Hero of the Soviet Union and laureate of the USSR State Prize. He was the head of the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in the 1960s and 1970s, where space crafts were tested. During his supervision, the Cosmodrome became the world's most active launch site in the world. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 April 2007 (M.P.C. 59385).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007351-0003-0000", "contents": "11824 Alpaidze, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn September 2009, two rotational lightcurves of Alpaidze were obtained from photometric observations made by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory, California. The fragmentary lightcurves gave a rotation period of 4.1157 and 4.1146 hours with a brightness variation of 0.05 and 0.06 in magnitude, respectively (U=1/1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007351-0004-0000", "contents": "11824 Alpaidze, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 \u2013 a compromise value between the stony (0.20) and carbonaceous (0.057) albedos for unknown asteroids in the 2.6\u20132.7\u00a0AU region of the main-belt \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 4.8 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007352-0000-0000", "contents": "1183\nYear 1183 (MCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007353-0000-0000", "contents": "1183 Jutta\n1183 Jutta, provisional designation 1930 DC, is a dark Nysian asteroid and slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory on 22 February 1930. Any reference of its name to a person is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007353-0001-0000", "contents": "1183 Jutta, Classification and orbit\nThis asteroid is a member of the Nysa family (405), the largest asteroid family that can be divided further into subfamilies with different spectral properties. Jutta orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,344 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, six days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007353-0002-0000", "contents": "1183 Jutta, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nIn March 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Jutta was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Robert Stephens at his Santana Observatory (646) and Goat Mountain Astronomical Research Station (G79) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 212.5\u00b15.0 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.10 magnitude (U=2). During the same period, French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini obtained a provisional period of 36 hours, which is now considered incorrect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007353-0003-0000", "contents": "1183 Jutta, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nWhile most asteroid have a rotation period between 2 and 20 hours, Jutta is a slow rotator, approximately among the Top 250 slowest ones known to exist. Also, no evidence of a tumbling motion has been found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007353-0004-0000", "contents": "1183 Jutta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Jutta measures between 19.65 and 25.165 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.045.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007353-0005-0000", "contents": "1183 Jutta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a higher albedo of 0.0609 and consequently a shorter diameter of 17.83 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007353-0006-0000", "contents": "1183 Jutta, Naming\nThis minor planet is named after a common German female name. Any reference of this name to a person or occurrence is unknown. The name was suggested by Gustav Stracke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007353-0007-0000", "contents": "1183 Jutta, Naming, Unknown meaning\nAmong the many thousands of named minor planets, Jutta is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007355-0000-0000", "contents": "1184\nYear 1184 (MCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007356-0000-0000", "contents": "1184 (album)\n1184 is the third studio album by Windir, released in 2001. Valfar  composed this album with the band Ulcus. Departing from the sound Windir is normally known for, it nevertheless kept its folk elements, albeit with inspiration from electronic music. This release provoked divided reactions, with some praising it as a great Windir album which reached new creative heights, while others felt consternation at the departure of the sound for which Windir was recognised and admired in black metal circles. The art used in the album cover is a painting by Norwegian artist Johan Christian Dahl called Winter at the Sognefjord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007357-0000-0000", "contents": "1184 Gaea\n1184 Gaea, provisional designation 1926 RE, is an Aerian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 September 1926, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the goddess of Earth, Gaea (Gaia), from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007357-0001-0000", "contents": "1184 Gaea, Orbit and classification\nGaea is a member of the small Aeria family (539), named after its parent body 369\u00a0Aeria. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,592 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007357-0002-0000", "contents": "1184 Gaea, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in November 1925, more than 2 months after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007357-0003-0000", "contents": "1184 Gaea, Physical characteristics\nThe asteroid's spectral type is unknown. The LCDB assumes a stony (S) or carbonaceous (C) composition to be equally likely, while the overall spectral type for members of the Aeria family is that of an X-type. The high albedo figures obtained from observations with the WISE telescope do not agree with neither of these spectral types (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007357-0004-0000", "contents": "1184 Gaea, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Gaea was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a short rotation period of 2.94 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.09 magnitude (U=2). A low brightness amplitude also indicates that the body might have a spheroidal rather than an irregular shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007357-0005-0000", "contents": "1184 Gaea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Gaea measures 11.783 and 12.048 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.462 and 0.4512, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007357-0006-0000", "contents": "1184 Gaea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 \u2013 a compromise value between the stony (0.20) and carbonaceous (0.057) asteroids, both found abundantly in this region of the asteroid belt \u2013 and consequently calculates a much larger diameter of 26.52 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007357-0007-0000", "contents": "1184 Gaea, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Gaia (or Gaea), the goddess of Earth in Greek mythology. Her son and husband was Uranus, the god of the sky. Uranus and Gaia were the parents of the first generation of Titans (six males and six females), and the ancestors of most of the Greek gods. The asteroid's name was proposed by German ARI-astronomer Gustav Stracke after whom the asteroid 1019 Strackea was named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007360-0000-0000", "contents": "118401 LINEAR\n118401 LINEAR, provisional designation 1999 RE70, is an asteroid and main-belt comet (176P/LINEAR) that was discovered by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) 1-metre telescopes in Socorro, New Mexico on September 7, 1999. (118401) LINEAR was discovered to be cometary on November 26, 2005, by Henry H. Hsieh and David C. Jewitt as part of the Hawaii Trails project using the Gemini North 8-m telescope on Mauna Kea and was confirmed by the University of Hawaii's 2.2-m (88-in) telescope on December 24\u201327, 2005, and Gemini on December 29, 2005. Observations using the Spitzer Space Telescope have resulted in an estimate of 4.0\u00b10.4\u00a0km for the diameter of (118401) LINEAR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007360-0001-0000", "contents": "118401 LINEAR\nThe main-belt comets are unique in that they have flat (within the plane of the planets' orbits), approximately circular (small eccentricity), asteroid-like orbits, and not the elongated, often tilted orbits characteristic of all other comets. Because (118401) LINEAR can generate a coma (produced by vapour boiled off the comet), it must be an icy asteroid. When a typical comet approaches the Sun, its ice heats up and sublimates (changes directly from ice to gas), venting gas and dust into space, creating a tail and giving the object a fuzzy appearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007360-0001-0001", "contents": "118401 LINEAR\nFar from the Sun, sublimation stops, and the remaining ice stays frozen until the comet's next pass close to the Sun. In contrast, objects in the asteroid belt have essentially circular orbits and are expected to be mostly baked dry of ice by their confinement to the inner Solar System (see extinct comet).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007360-0002-0000", "contents": "118401 LINEAR\nIt is suggested that these main-belt asteroid-comets are evidence of a recent impact exposing an icy interior to solar radiation. It is estimated short-period comets remain active for about 10,000 years before having most of their ice sublimated away and going dormant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007360-0003-0000", "contents": "118401 LINEAR\nEight other objects are classified as both periodic comets and numbered asteroids: 2060 Chiron (95P/Chiron), 4015 Wilson\u2013Harrington (107P/Wilson\u2013Harrington), 7968 Elst\u2013Pizarro (133P/Elst\u2013Pizarro), 60558 Echeclus (174P/Echeclus), (323137) 2003 BM80 (282P/2003 BM80), (300163) 2006 VW139 (288P/2006 VW139), (457175) 2008 GO98 (362P/2008 GO98), and (248370) 2005 QN173 (433P/2005 QN173). As a dual-status object, astrometric observations of 118401 LINEAR should be reported under the minor planet designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007360-0004-0000", "contents": "118401 LINEAR\n118401 LINEAR last came to perihelion on 2017 March 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 69]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007361-0000-0000", "contents": "1185\nYear 1185 (MCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007362-0000-0000", "contents": "1185 East Midlands earthquake\nThe 1185 East Midlands earthquake happened in England. It is the first earthquake in England for which there are reliable reports indicating damage. The moment magnitude of the shock was estimated to be above 5.0 and its intensity was placed at VII (Damaging) on the European macroseismic scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007362-0001-0000", "contents": "1185 East Midlands earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake of 15 April 1185 in the region of East Midlands was one of the largest and most damaging earthquakes the British Isles had ever encountered. The magnitude has been estimated at around 5 Mw. Some think the epicentre of the earthquake was close to  Nottingham in East Midlands. The epicentre has also been suggested to be in or around Lincolnshire. However, it could possibly be anywhere from Dogger Bank to the East Midlands. Some references talk of the earthquake happening somewhere offshore in the North Sea east of northern England; its effects may have been felt as far away as Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007362-0002-0000", "contents": "1185 East Midlands earthquake, Earthquake\nThe historian Matthew Paris did not report it as being felt in London. His history records show that the first major earthquake in England since 1133 was the one of 13 February 1247.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007362-0003-0000", "contents": "1185 East Midlands earthquake, Damage\nThere are reports of complete villages being totally demolished, including the villages of Raleigh and Danethorpe. The hamlet of Grimston, now referred to as Wellow, may also have suffered damage, but that is debatable as the land was used for expansion of Rufford Abbey, and there is confusion as to what actually happened to the small hamlet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007362-0004-0000", "contents": "1185 East Midlands earthquake, Damage\nMasonry houses were knocked down completely, which indicates an intensity of more than VII EMS at certain locations. Ralph of Diceto reported in writings done in London that it struck in northern England and that \"in some places buildings were destroyed\". There are also reports that stones were split (\"petrae enim scissae sunt\"); stone houses were knocked down; and that parts of Lincoln Cathedral were brought down. The damage to Lincoln cathedral has been a controversial issue because it cannot be determined to what extent the earthquake damaged it and what parts fell on their own due to poor construction. The city of Lincoln was reported to have been damaged by the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007363-0000-0000", "contents": "1185 Nikko\n1185 Nikko, provisional designation 1927 WC, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 November 1927 by Okuro Oikawa at the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, Japan. The asteroid was named after the Japanese city of Nikk\u014d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007363-0001-0000", "contents": "1185 Nikko, Orbit and classification\nNikko orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,222 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Nikko's observation arc begins with its first used observation taken at Johannesburg Observatory in 1930, or 3 years after its official discovery observation at Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007363-0002-0000", "contents": "1185 Nikko, Physical characteristics\nIn both the Tholen and SMASS taxonomy, Nikko is a common stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007363-0003-0000", "contents": "1185 Nikko, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBetween 2004 and 2011, several rotational lightcurves of Nikko were obtained from photometric observations taken by astronomers Laurent Bernasconi, Hiromi and Hiroko Hamanowa, John Menke, Robert Stephens, as well as at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 3.781 and 3.792 hours with a brightness variation between 0.26 and 0.50 magnitude (U=3/3/3/3-/2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007363-0004-0000", "contents": "1185 Nikko, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Nikko measures 8.347 and 12.56 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.370 and 0.164, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 11.35 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.09.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007363-0005-0000", "contents": "1185 Nikko, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the Japanese city of Nikk\u014d, located in the Tochigi Prefecture of central Japan. The tourist resort is known for its Shinto shrine and a UNESCO World Heritage Site Nikk\u014d T\u014dsh\u014d-g\u016b. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 110).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007368-0000-0000", "contents": "1185 papal election\nThe 1185 papal election (held November 25) was a convoked after the death of Pope Lucius III. It resulted in the election of Cardinal Uberto Crivelli of Milan, who took the name of Urban III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007368-0001-0000", "contents": "1185 papal election, List of participants\nThere were probably 26 cardinals in the Sacred College at the death of Lucius III. Basing on the countersigning of the papal bulls between November 11 and December 16, 1185 the list of his electors is reconstructed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007368-0002-0000", "contents": "1185 papal election, List of participants\nTen electors were created by Pope Lucius III, five by Pope Alexander III and two by Pope Adrian IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007368-0003-0000", "contents": "1185 papal election, Absentee cardinals\nFour absentees were created by Alexander III, three by Lucius III, one by Adrian IV and one by Pope Lucius II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007368-0004-0000", "contents": "1185 papal election, Death of Lucius III and the election of Pope Urban III\nPope Lucius III died at Verona on November 25, 1185 at very advanced age. On that same day, eighteen cardinals present on his deathbed started proceedings to elect his successor. Majority of them came from Northern Italy and formed a radically anti-imperial faction, while more moderate cardinals (mostly Romans) were absent. In such circumstances, Northern Italian cardinals quickly secured the election of their candidate Uberto Crivelli of Milan. He was unanimously elected within a few hours after the death of Lucius III, and took the name of Urban III. He was crowned at Verona on December 1, 1185. After his election to the papacy, he retained the administration of the metropolitan see of Milan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 75], "content_span": [76, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007369-0000-0000", "contents": "1186\nYear 1186 (MCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007370-0000-0000", "contents": "1186 Turnera\n1186 Turnera, provisional designation 1929 PL, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 36 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 August 1929, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was later named after British astronomer Herbert Hall Turner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007370-0001-0000", "contents": "1186 Turnera, Classification and orbit\nTurnera is a member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main-belt with nearly 10,000 known members. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,922 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Turnera was first identified as 1919 SE at Simeiz Observatory in September 1919. This observation, however, remains unused and the body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg with its official discovery observation in 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007370-0002-0000", "contents": "1186 Turnera, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Turnera is a common, stony S-type asteroid. In the SMASS classification, it is a Sq-type that transitions to the Q-type asteroids. Generically, Eoan asteroids are also characterized as K-type asteroids with an albedo of 0.13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007370-0003-0000", "contents": "1186 Turnera, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn January 2016, the best-rated rotational lightcurve of Turnera was obtained from photometric observations by the Spanish amateur astronomer group OBAS, Observadores de Asteroids. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 12.085 hours with a brightness variation of 0.31 magnitude (U=3). Previously, American astronomer Brian Warner obtained a similar period of 12.066 hours and an amplitude of 0.34\tmagnitude at his Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007370-0004-0000", "contents": "1186 Turnera, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nOther lightcurve observations were made by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi (15\u00b12 hours; \u0394mag of 0.25; U=2+) in February 2006, and by Italian astronomer Maria A. Barucci (12.010 hours; \u0394mag of 0.20; U=2) in August 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007370-0005-0000", "contents": "1186 Turnera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Turnera measures between 34.290 and 39.691 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.12 and 0.2919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007370-0006-0000", "contents": "1186 Turnera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.2919 and a diameter of 35.56 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 9.20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007370-0007-0000", "contents": "1186 Turnera, Physical characteristics, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after British astronomer Herbert Hall Turner (1861\u20131930), director of the Radcliffe Observatory at University of Oxford. He is also credited with coining the term \"parsec\". The official naming citation was published in Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 110).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007372-0000-0000", "contents": "1187\nYear 1187 (MCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007373-0000-0000", "contents": "1187 Afra\n1187 Afra (prov. designation: 1929 XC) is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by Germany astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory on 6 December 1929. The X-type asteroid has a rotation period of 14.1 hours and measures approximately 32 kilometers (20 miles) in diameter. The origin of the asteroid's name remains unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007373-0001-0000", "contents": "1187 Afra, Orbit and classification\nAfra is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,567 days; semi-major axis of 2.64\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in January 1930, seven weeks after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007373-0002-0000", "contents": "1187 Afra, Naming\nIt is not known to what person, group of persons, or occurrence the name \"Afra\" refers to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007373-0003-0000", "contents": "1187 Afra, Naming, Unknown meaning\nAmong the many thousands of named minor planets, Afra is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007373-0004-0000", "contents": "1187 Afra, Physical characteristics\nThe lightcurve of Afra shows a periodicity of 14.09\u00b10.02 hours, during which time the brightness of the object varies by 0.40\u00b10.02 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007374-0000-0000", "contents": "1188\nYear 1188 (MCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007375-0000-0000", "contents": "1188 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1188\u00a0kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007376-0000-0000", "contents": "1188 Gothlandia\n1188 Gothlandia, provisional designation 1930 SB, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by astronomer Josep Comas i Sol\u00e0 at the Fabra Observatory in 1930, the asteroid was later named after the ancient name of the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007376-0001-0000", "contents": "1188 Gothlandia, Discovery\nGothlandia was discovered on 30 September 1930, by Catalan astronomer Josep Comas i Sol\u00e0 at the Fabra Observatory in Barcelona, Spain. It was independently discovered by Soviet Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on 17 October 1930, and by K. Nakamura at Kyoto Observatory, Japan, on 18 October 1930. The Minor Planet Center, however, only credits the first discoverer. The asteroid was first identified as A917 SK at Simeiz in September 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007376-0002-0000", "contents": "1188 Gothlandia, Orbit and classification\nGothlandia is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,184 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Barcelona in 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007376-0003-0000", "contents": "1188 Gothlandia, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Gothlandia is a stony S-type asteroid, which corresponds to the overall spectral type for Florian asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007376-0004-0000", "contents": "1188 Gothlandia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Gothlandia have been obtained from photometric observations since the 1990s. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 3.4916 hours with a brightness variation of 0.81 magnitude (U=3). A high brightness amplitude typically indicates a non-spherical shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 68], "content_span": [69, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007376-0005-0000", "contents": "1188 Gothlandia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nModeled lightcurves using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue (UAPC) and other sources gave a concurring period 3.491820 hours. In 2013, another modeled lightcurve obtained form photometric data collected by the Catalina Sky Survey also determined a spin axis of (334.0\u00b0, \u221284.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 68], "content_span": [69, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007376-0006-0000", "contents": "1188 Gothlandia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Gothlandia measures between 11.19 and 14.255 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2065 and 0.41.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007376-0007-0000", "contents": "1188 Gothlandia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2631 and a diameter of 12.46 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.59.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007376-0008-0000", "contents": "1188 Gothlandia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia, by its ancient, per-medieval name Gothlandia (\"Land of the Goths\"). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 110).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007377-0000-0000", "contents": "1188 in Ireland, Deaths\nThis year in Ireland article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007379-0000-0000", "contents": "11885 Summanus\n11885 Summanus (prov. designation: 1990 SS) is a dark asteroid and large near-Earth object of the Apollo group. It was discovered by astronomers with the Spacewatch programm at Kitt Peak Observatory on 25 September 1990. The object has a rotation period of 7.3 hours and measures approximately 1.3 kilometers (0.8 miles) in diameter. It was named after Summanus, the Roman deity of nocturnal lightning and thunder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007379-0001-0000", "contents": "11885 Summanus, Discovery and naming\nSummanus was discovered on 25 September 1990, by Spacewatch survey at the Kitt Peak Observatory, southwest of Tucson, Arizona, United States. It was the first fully automatic discovery of a near-Earth asteroid. The name Summanus is symbolic of the discovery of the asteroid by software running on a (lightning-fast) computer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007379-0002-0000", "contents": "11885 Summanus, Orbit\nThe orbit is well-established with over 20 years of observations. Summanus orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 0.9\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 3 months (812 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.47 and an inclination of 19\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007379-0003-0000", "contents": "11885 Summanus, Orbit\nThe closest approach to the Earth in the years 1900\u20132200 is 0.102\u00a0AU (15,300,000\u00a0km; 9,500,000\u00a0mi) on 17 March 1991, and 17 March 2011. For comparison, the distance to the Moon is about 0.0026\u00a0AU (390,000\u00a0km; 240,000\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007380-0000-0000", "contents": "11887 Echemmon\n11887 Echemmon /\u026a\u02c8k\u025bm\u0252n/ is a Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 31 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 14 October 1990, by German astronomers Freimut B\u00f6rngen and Lutz Schmadel at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in Tautenburg, Germany. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 8.5 hours. It was named after the Trojan hero Echemmon from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007380-0001-0000", "contents": "11887 Echemmon, Orbit and classification\nAs all Jupiter trojans, Echemmon is in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007380-0002-0000", "contents": "11887 Echemmon, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.7\u20135.7\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 10 months (4,309 days; semi-major axis of 5.18\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 24\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007380-0003-0000", "contents": "11887 Echemmon, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at the Palomar Observatory in November 1954, nearly 36 years prior to its official discovery observation at Tautenburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007380-0004-0000", "contents": "11887 Echemmon, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Trojan prince Echemmon, one of the many sons of King Priam of Troy. He was slain together with his brother Chromius by Diomedes, king of Argos, during the Trojan War. The name was suggested by the first discoverer, Freimut B\u00f6rngen, and published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 March 2001 (M.P.C. 42361).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007380-0005-0000", "contents": "11887 Echemmon, Physical characteristics\nEchemmon is an assumed C-type asteroid, while most larger Jupiter trojans are D-types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007380-0006-0000", "contents": "11887 Echemmon, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Echemmon was obtained over three nights of photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in Landers, California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.47\u00b10.01 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.15 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007380-0007-0000", "contents": "11887 Echemmon, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Echemmon measures 31.19 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.095, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 38.51 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007381-0000-0000", "contents": "1189\nYear 1189 (MCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In English law, 1189 - specifically the beginning of the reign of Richard I - is considered the end of time immemorial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007382-0000-0000", "contents": "1189 Terentia\n1189 Terentia, provisional designation 1930 SG, is a carbonaceous Terentian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 56 kilometers in diameter and the namesake of its family. The asteroid was discovered by Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on 17 September 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007382-0001-0000", "contents": "1189 Terentia, Classification\nTerentia is the namesake of the Terentia family (618), a small asteroid family of less than a hundred known members of a carbonaceous C-type composition orbiting in the outer main-belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007382-0002-0000", "contents": "1189 Terentia, Orbit\nTerentia orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5.01 years (1,832 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Simeiz, 5 days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 20], "content_span": [21, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007382-0003-0000", "contents": "1189 Terentia, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS taxonomy, is classified as a Ch-type, a hydrated subtype of the carbonaceous C-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007382-0004-0000", "contents": "1189 Terentia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Lidiya Terent'eva (1879\u20131933), female collaborator at the Simeis Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007384-0000-0000", "contents": "118P/Shoemaker\u2013Levy\n118P/Shoemaker\u2013Levy (also known as periodic comet Shoemaker\u2013Levy 4) is a comet discovered by astronomers Carolyn and Eugene M. Shoemaker and David Levy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007384-0001-0000", "contents": "118P/Shoemaker\u2013Levy\nDuring the 2010 apparition the comet became as bright as apparent magnitude 11.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007384-0002-0000", "contents": "118P/Shoemaker\u2013Levy\nThe comet nucleus is estimated to be 4.8 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007384-0003-0000", "contents": "118P/Shoemaker\u2013Levy\nOn December 3, 2015, comet Shoemaker\u2013Levy 4 will pass 0.0442\u00a0AU (6,610,000\u00a0km; 4,110,000\u00a0mi) from asteroid 4 Vesta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007384-0004-0000", "contents": "118P/Shoemaker\u2013Levy\nThis comet should not be confused with Comet Shoemaker\u2013Levy 9 (D/1993 F2) which spectacularly crashed into Jupiter in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0000-0000", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF\nThe 118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. In the early months of the war, Canadians rushed to enlist for various reasons - patriotism, adventure, and to oppose German hostility. Battalions were quickly filled and local communities were proud of their enlisted men. But as the war progressed Canadian recruitment numbers declined. By 1916, all Canadian Battalions, not just the local 118th and 111th, were faced with enlistment challenges. Overseas casualties increased and Canadians began to realize the war would not end soon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0000-0001", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF\nAs the war progressed and Waterloo County came under more scrutiny, Waterloo North Member of Parliament William Weichel proposed to Sir Sam Hughes, the Canadian Minister of Militia and Defence, that Waterloo County could raise two overseas battalions. Colonel A.J. Oliver, commander of the 34th Battalion in nearby Guelph, was one of the few who opposed this idea, realizing that it would be a very difficult undertaking. Hughes agreed and in December 1915 the creation of two infantry battalions was authorized - one based in Berlin and one in Galt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0001-0000", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF\nBased in Kitchener, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in the northern portion of Waterloo County. After sailing to England in January 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 25th Reserve Battalion on February 6, 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0002-0000", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF\nThe 118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieutenant Colonel William Merton Overton Lochead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0003-0000", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF\nThe battalion is perpetuated by The Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0004-0000", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History\nWaterloo County's first militia unit, the 29th Waterloo Battalion of Infantry, was formed in 1866. The battalion's headquarters was in Berlin, with six companies located throughout the County. In 1900 the battalion was reorganized as the 29th Waterloo Regiment of Infantry and its headquarters were moved to nearby Galt. Not to be outdone, Berlin's citizens campaigned for a city regiment of their own. It was not until the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 that Berlin was finally allowed to form a city militia regiment: the 108th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0004-0001", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History\nNeither the 29th nor the 108th were authorized to go overseas to fight in Europe. Instead, they encouraged recruits to join the newly created Canadian Expeditionary Force battalions, in particular the 34th being raised in Guelph, and the 71st in Woodstock. In March 1915, Galt's Colonel Andrew Oliver of the 29th Regiment was made the commander of the 34th Battalion in Guelph. Oliver had 19 years of military experience and took more than 140 men from Galt with him to join the 34th. He was the most experienced military leader in Waterloo County at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0005-0000", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History\nThe First World War created conflict among the citizens of Waterloo County. Not only were residents divided by ethnicity - German and British - but longstanding civic rivalries between Berlin (now Kitchener) and Galt (now Cambridge) increased the tension. This friction resulted in Waterloo Country attempting to raise two overseas battalions - the 118th in North Waterloo based in Berlin, and the 111th South Waterloo stationed in Galt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0006-0000", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Recruitment tactics\nBoth the 118th and 111th Battalions and local citizens' recruiting committees used various methods to attract new recruits: speeches and recruitment rallies were frequently held at local movie theatres; military parades and drills were held in public areas in the hope that civilians would be inspired to enlist; posters were hung throughout each recruitment area; ads and articles were run in local newspapers, and recruiters visited homes, work places and local businesses to encourage individuals to enlist. When none of that proved successful, aggressive tactics were used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0006-0001", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Recruitment tactics\nMembers of the 118th were known for harassing civilians on the street and for dragging men unwillingly to the local recruiting office, ultimately harming recruitment. Members of the Twin Cities Trade and Labour Council were so outraged by the actions of the 118th that in early 1916 they passed a resolution requesting that Berlin City Council stop payments to the recruitment fund. They also demanded that if the tax-payers are insulted, molested and interfered with in future, that Major General Sir Sam Hughes be requested to remove the 118th Battalion from Waterloo County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0007-0000", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Recruitment tactics\nThe 118th Battalion faced low enlistment rates because good paying factory jobs in Berlin and Waterloo were plentiful, and men did not want to give them up. Part of the battalion's recruitment area was rural, and farmers were essential to the war effort. A large population of Mennonites opposed to the war also lived in the recruitment district. Recruitment occurred in competition with other local units: the 111th, the 34th and the 71st Battalions. Yet, Lieutenant-Colonel Lochead managed to enlist about 700 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0008-0000", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Recruitment tactics\nAfter the 118th arrived in Carling Heights in London, Ontario, in May, 1916, further problems arose. Instead of proceeding overseas as expected, the soldiers of the 118th spent the summer of 1916 training at the newly built Camp Borden, just South-West of Barrie. In August, around half of the 118th's soldiers disappeared on \"harvest furloughs\". 92 of them did not return, and were classified as deserters. In September, 12 officers resigned from the 118th and the battalion was reduced from four to two companies - around 540 men. With more than 800 men, the 111th Battalion was moved overseas in September 1916. The 118th Battalion was sent overseas in January, 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0009-0000", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17\nClashes between local citizens and soldiers in the 118th Battalion increased in early 1916. While recruiting in Berlin during early 1916, the 118th Battalion created problems for local citizens and city council. Local businesses and homes were vandalized, a policeman was injured and the mayor was assaulted. In February and March 1916, numerous soldiers of the 118th, plus a few civilians, held a series of raids in Berlin and Waterloo. Their targets were local businesses - Schultz's shoe repair, Ritzer's tailor shop and Doersam's bookstore, that had German-made items on display.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0009-0001", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17\nA portrait of Kaiser Wilhelm I was \"captured\" at Schultz's store. It was later smashed over the head of a local civilian who protested the soldiers' actions. The homes of civilians were also broken into, with property destroyed by members of the 118th. Julius Luft received a letter of apology from Lieutenant-Colonel Lochead for the \"unbecoming manner\" is which his soldiers behaved after they broke into Luft's home. Four incidents in particular increased tensions in the city and created hostility toward the soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0010-0000", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17\n1) Rev. Tappert: On March 5, 1916, Reverend C. Reinhold Tappert was dragged from his home and beaten by a group of soldiers from the 118th Battalion. Tappert, an American, was the pastor at Berlin's St. Matthew's Lutheran Church. His numerous pro-German remarks - \"I am not ashamed to confess that I love the land of my fathers - Germany\" - caused a great uproar in the city. Two soldiers, Sergeant Major Granville Blood and Private Schaefer - received suspended sentences for the assault. Tappert resigned from St. Matthew's and returned to the United States. During the first few months of the war, services and activities at Lutheran churches in Waterloo County continued on as they always had. However, as anti-German sentiment increased throughout Waterloo County, many of the churches decided to stop holding services in German.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 952]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0011-0000", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17\n2) The Concordia Raid: The Condordia Singing Society was founded as a choral group in 1873 by German immigrants. The group was instrumental in organizing the Sangerfests or singing festivals for which Waterloo County had become famous in the late 1800s. In May 1915, members of the Concordia Club unanimously decided to close their doors for the duration of WWI. Stored in their hall was the bust of Kaiser Wilhelm I which had been retrieved after being thrown in the lake at Victoria Park in August, 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0011-0001", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17\nOn the evening of February 15, 1916, members of the 118th Battalion broke into the club, stole the bust and smashed many of the club's possessions. Furniture, German flags, sheet music and pictures were all destroyed in a large bonfire on the street. On February 16, 1916, members of the 118th stole the medallions from the base of the Peace Monument in Victoria Park, where the bust of Kaiser Wilhelm I had previously been.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0012-0000", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17\n3) Waterloo's Acadian Club: During the summer of 1916, the 118th soldiers were at it again. After a recruiting rally held in Waterloo's town square, about 30 members of the battalion broke into the Acadian Club on King Street in Waterloo. The Acadian was a social club for single and married men of German background. Once again, the club's possessions were damaged or destroyed. Club president, Norman Zick, seemed particularly shocked - by July 1916 roughly half of the club's members had already enlisted, many in the 118th. He also stated that the Club, since the beginning of the war has been very patriotic, always welcoming soldiers in their midst, and never giving cause for offense to anyone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0013-0000", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17\nBoth raids on these local German clubs were investigated by military authorities. The clubs asked for damages - around $300 in each case - to be paid by the army. The court found that the Concordia club had not been closed as claimed and that conditions were allowed to prevail in Berlin that loyal British citizens found impossible to tolerate. It concluded that since both soldiers and civilians were equally responsible for damages, members of the 118th who participated in the raid would not be charged. The Acadian club did not receive much better news.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0013-0001", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17\nThe court found that the 118th soldiers were responsible for the damage but that the battalion should not pay in case further ill-feeling might be engendered. The bill for the damages was ultimately sent to the Department of Justice who replied that the claim cannot be entertained. Similar claims in Calgary, Winnipeg and others were also not entertained, as the Minister of Justice viewed that there is no legal responsibility on the part of the Crown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0014-0000", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17\n4) The final incident involving members of the 118th occurred during the newly named Kitchener municipal election held on January 1, 1917. The majority of the newly elected council had been opposed to the Berlin to Kitchener name change, and rumours spread that they would try to change \"Kitchener\" back to \"Berlin\". As a matter of patriotism, soldiers from the 118th championed the changing of Berlin to a new name. Soldiers from the 118th were in the city on Christmas leave during the election and did not take kindly to the rumour of reverting to the name Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0014-0001", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17\nA riot broke out, led by Sergeant Major Blood. The Berlin News Record newspaper office was broken into and damaged. Two aldermen-elect - Nicholas Asmussen and H.M. Bowman - were beaten up. Members of the battalion were allegedly hunting for the new mayor, David Gross, throughout the city. Around 100 men from the 122nd Battalion stationed in Galt quickly arrived and stopped the riot. They escorted the 118th soldiers to the train station and remained on guard in Kitchener for the next few days as calm eventually returned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0015-0000", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17\nEven the local police had to be wary when dealing with the soldiers of the 118th. Police Constable Jim Blevins appeared at the barracks to serve a summons to Private Meinzinger for his assault on another citizen. Meinzinger punched Blevins, and rumours circulated that the policeman was not expected to live on account of a broken jaw bone. Blevins did survive; Meinzinger was charged and sentenced to 18 months in jail. Because of these and other incidents that occurred in Berlin, Mayor John Hett asked for a military investigation into the conduct of the 118th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0015-0001", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17\nThis action made Mayor Hett very unpopular with the soldiers and with some city Councillors. The mayor was encouraged to avoid attending any rallies or other public engagements that involved the 118th Battalion. The soldiers did get their revenge by throwing sugar beets at Mayor Hett at the Kitchener train station. Two unidentified residents apparently had enough of the 118ths actions. On the evening of March 12, 1916, they took a shot at sentry Private J. Rich. The shot missed the private and the shooter took off in a waiting sleigh with another man. According to the city's Berlin News Record, everything possible is being done to run the thugs to earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0016-0000", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17\nNot all interactions between the 118th soldiers and local citizens were negative. School children often visited the barracks and gave the soldiers oranges and eggs (Courtesy of the Mennonite Archives of Ontario/Gordon C. Eby Fonds).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0017-0000", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, The 118th in England, 1917\nThe 118th left for England in January, 1917. By all accounts, the voyage was uncomfortable, the food was awful and many soldiers suffered from seasickness. The threat from German U-boats - submarines - was a constant reminder of the dangers the soldiers were about to face. Beginning in 1917, Allied ships were painted with dazzle camouflage. Dazzle was designed to confuse the enemy about the size, shape and speed of the ship. Once in England, all new arrivals received a week's leave and a railway pass. Many chose to visit relatives in England. Others used the time to visit London's various attractions - the Houses of Parliament, museums, theatres and restaurants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0018-0000", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, The 118th in England, 1917\nOnce leave was over, the battalion was ready to complete its training. Poor barrack conditions, particularly the food, and strict British military discipline was a shock to the Canadian troops. Very few who enlisted in the CEF expected their battalions to be broken up and transferred to other units already in France and Belgium. This became common practice in late 1916, making the soldiers uneasy and negatively affecting morale. Of the more than 250 infantry battalions formed in Canada, only about 50 served in France, continually reinforced with soldiers from units newly arrived in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007385-0018-0001", "contents": "118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, The 118th in England, 1917\nGalt's 111th briefly served as a unit before being transferred to the 35th Reserve Battalion. The 118th never served as a group and the soldiers became part of the 25th Reserve Battalion in February, 2017. As such, Waterloo County soldiers were spread throughout various CEF units for the duration of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007386-0000-0000", "contents": "118th Air Support Operations Squadron\nThe 118th Air Support Operations Squadron (118 ASOS) is a combat support unit of the North Carolina Air National Guard. it is located in Badin, North Carolina. The 118th ASOS provides Tactical Command and Control of air power assets to the Joint Forces Air Component Commander and Joint Forces Land Component Commander for combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007386-0001-0000", "contents": "118th Air Support Operations Squadron, History\nThe 118th Air Support Operations Squadron (ASOS) at the Stanly County Airport was originally formed as the 118th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron (118th ACWS), of Charlotte, North Carolina. The Detachment of the squadron that would become the 118th ASOS was initially formed in Wadesboro, North Carolina, and designated Detachment A. While designated the 118th ACWS the unit was ordered to active duty during the Korean War with three squadrons of the Georgia Air National Guard on January 8, 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007386-0001-0001", "contents": "118th Air Support Operations Squadron, History\nOn January 2, 1952, the 118th ACWS arrived in French Morocco, North Africa, and set up operations about 20 miles (32\u00a0km) from the city of Casablanca. Unit personnel calibrated numerous early warning radar sites for the Strategic Air Command in the Sahara, and in the Atlas mountains in Morocco. From October 8, 1952, until 1999 the unit functioned as a separate state of the art Communications Squadron. In 1999 the Air Force realizing a shortfall, chose to re-role the 118th Combat Communications Squadron into the 118th Air Support Operations Squadron. With this new mission the unit has gone from a front line communications unit to a unit in direct support of the Army war fighter. The 118th ASOS currently is tasked with supporting both the North and South Carolina Army National Guard units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0000-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron\nThe 118th Airlift Squadron (118 AS) is a unit of the Connecticut Air National Guard 103d Airlift Wing stationed at Bradley Air National Guard Base, Windsor Locks, Connecticut. The 118th is equipped with the C-21A Learjet and C-130H.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0001-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the World War I 118th Aero Squadron, established on 31 August 1917. It was reformed on 1 November 1923, as the 118th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0002-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nThe 118th Airlift Squadron traces its origins to 1 September 1917 with the organization of the 118th Aero Squadron at Kelly Field, Texas. The original members of the squadron had enlisted at Fort Slocum, New York. The men were placed into basic indoctrination training, with drill, fatigue duty, classroom training, and other things that are done in military training camps. During its time at Kelly Field, men were transferred in and out of the squadron, depending on their qualifications and the needs of other units in training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0002-0001", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nOnce basic indoctrination training was completed, the 118th was ordered for overseas duty, being ordered to report to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island on 3 January. It was there that final arrangements were made for the trip overseas, complete equipment was drawn and a final few transfers were made. The stay at Garden City lasted ten days, when movement orders were received to report to the New York Port of Embarkation, Hoboken, New Jersey. There, the squadron boarded the SS\u00a0Kaiser Wilhelm II, on the 13th, a former German liner impressed into troop carrier duty by the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0003-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nThe crossing of the Atlantic was not without incident, as extremely heavy seas were encountered the fourth day at sea. The ocean was so rough that several sailors were thrown overboard. The ship was put about, but too sharply and the rudder jammed. Then followed several hours of terror for all aboard as the big ship wallowed about helpless in the rough ocean. The decks were ordered lighted for the first time and powerful searchlights swept the water for the men swept overboard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0003-0001", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nIt was reported the next day that the ship was tossed about 41 1/2 degrees in the ocean. Trucks, furniture, loose equipment and men were thrown about and considerable damage was done. Finally, the rudder was repaired and the journey was resumed. Land was sighted on the morning of 24 January and a great sense of relief was felt by all when the French harbor of Brest was entered. However, four more days were spent on the ship before disembarkation was made, the squadron setting foot in France on 28 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0004-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nFrom Brest, the squadron traveled by train to the Replacement Concentration Center, AEF, St. Maixent Replacement Barracks, France, arriving on 29 January 1918. At St. Maixent, the 118th was re-organized according to the vocations of the men. As a consequence, many changes were made with transfers in and out of the squadron. Also, on 1 February, the squadron was re-designated as the 639th Aero Squadron and was classified as a transportation and supply unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0004-0001", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nIt was ordered to report to Ourches Aerodrome in the \"Zone of Advance\" (Western Front), and after several days on a very uncomfortable French troop train, the squadron arrived. It was met by the Commanding Officer, a Lieutenant, who explained that the 639th was the first squadron to arrive at the new Aerodrome. There was no place to be billeted except in some barns, and that its work (after the rain ended) would be to construct the base, including a flying field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0004-0002", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nIt was a very cold, rainy winter's day, the streets were covered in slush, and the men were cold, wet and fatigued from the long train journey. After resting the next day (Sunday), the squadron started early on Monday morning. The construction of the new base was actually the first work of any value made by the squadron since leaving Kelly Field. The 465th Aero Squadron (Construction) arrived a few days later, along with Company B, 119th Machine Gun Battalion in a week to assist with the effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0004-0003", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nHowever the 119th only stayed for a few days, with the 639th and 465th together performing the majority of the work. Barracks, mess halls, hangars, warehouses, were erected. Roads were laid out and graded, along with bomb dugouts and ditches for protection against air raids. Also an airfield was laid out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0005-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nTowards the end of March, enough construction was completed that the squadron was able to move into the new barracks it helped to build, and in April, the camp and airfield was ready for the first combat squadron of airplanes to move in. The 1st Aero Squadron, the most senior squadron in the Air Service arrived with Spad observation planes and a full complement of motor transportation on 4 April, however construction work continued. Poor weather delayed the work, the men having to work in boots and raincoats. Flying was extremely limited, and at night, the sounds of German planes were heard in the skies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0006-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nIn early May, the 639th Aero Squadron was moved to Amanty Airdrome, about 20 miles from Ourches. Travel was by truck, and when it arrived, the squadron was pleased to see that most of the construction work was already completed. However, shortly after arrival, the squadron was hit by an epidemic of \"Spanish flu\". Despite the sickness, some of the men were able to help construct a few hangars and drive some trucks. Others were detailed to work in the machine shop and on a few airplanes. Also a few men were able to go into the air as passengers. After a month, the squadron was again ordered to move to the II Corps Aeronautical School at Ch\u00e2tillon-sur-Seine, France, arriving on 8 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0007-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nUpon arrival at Ch\u00e2tillon, it was announced that the 639th was to become a \"Service Squadron\", however its first four days were spent putting up barracks for the men to move into. Then the men were classified according to past experiences and place in various shops, the radio department, armory, and on the airfield as airplane crews. The men were paired in every case with the men of the 89th Aero Squadron, who acted as instructors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0007-0001", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nSince many of the men were mechanics in civil life, they picked up the skills very easily, and in about two months they worked on their own responsibility in whatever jobs needed to be accomplished. The squadron remained at Ch\u00e2tillon until after the Armistice with Germany in November 1918, then returned to the United States in late May 1919. It arrived at Mitchel Field, New York, where the squadron members were demobilized and returned to civilian life. The Fleur-de-lis on the post World War II squadron insignia reflects its service in France during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0008-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut National Guard\nThe National Defense Act of 1921 provided for a number of National Guard Aviation Squadrons and the 43d Aero Squadron was re-designated as the 43d Division Air Service Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0009-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut National Guard\nAs a National Guard unit the squadron became a part of the 43d Division, I Corps, First Corps Area, at that time made up of National Guard Troops from Connecticut, Rhode Island and Vermont. Since there were no airfields in Connecticut capable of handling military type aircraft, the squadron was initially allocated to the Rhode Island National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0010-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut National Guard\nHowever, after the opening of Brainard Field in Hartford in October 1922, efforts were immediately launched to secure the Air Service unit of the 43d Division for the State of Connecticut. Rhode Island, apparently without a great deal of argument, soon relinquished its claim and the squadron was reassigned to Connecticut as the 118th Observation Squadron, Connecticut National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0011-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut National Guard\nWhen the squadron was officially organized on 1 November 1923, there were some 66 officers and enlisted men officially on board. During the 1920s and 30s, the 118th \"grew and prospered\". Originally issued with obsolete Curtiss JN-4 \"Jennies\" left over from World War I, the unit was later equipped with experimental Curtiss OX-12's with rotary engines and a swept-wing design. The squadron, or elements thereof, called up to perform the following state duties: riot control at the textile workers strike at Putnam, CT, in September 1934; and flood relief at Hartford, CT, 19 March-1 April 1936. Conducted summer training at Mitchell Field, NY, or Trumbull Field, CT. Detachments were sent some years to fly spotter missions during the summer training of the 192d Field Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0012-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut National Guard\nThe 118th entered the 1940s with war in Europe already a reality and eventual U.S. involvement becoming more and more likely. The 118th was preparing to meet that eventuality. In 1940 the squadron was detached from the 43rd Division to become a part of I Army Corps, Aviation. Simultaneously, plans were being drawn up \"for the entire unit to move to Jacksonville, Florida for intensive training over a period of an entire year\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0013-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nIn March 1941 the 118th was activated and was assigned to Jacksonville Army Airfield, Florida where it flew antisubmarine patrols over the South Georgia and Florida Atlantic coastline. After the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, it moved to Charleston, South Carolina and patrolled the approaches to the Charleston Navy Yard along with the South Carolina Atlantic coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0014-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nWith the Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command taking over the coastal patrol mission, Third Air Force reassigned the squadron to Tullaholma AAF, Tennessee where it began training in combat reconnaissance and aerial photography and mapping. During 1943 the unit transitioned to combat aircraft (P-49, P-39, A-20, B-25, and finally, the P-51) and was re-designated as the 118th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. The 118th trained with Army ground forces at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, Fort Benning, Georgia, Fort Jackson, South Carolina and Fort Polk, Louisiana as a combat observation squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0015-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nDeployed to the China Burma India Theater of operations as part of the 23d Fighter Group, the \"Flying Tigers.\" The unit participated in security patrol, close air support, and ground attack missions as part of the 23d Fighter Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0016-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nFollowing the conclusion of the war, the 118th was officially disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0017-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard\nThe wartime 118th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was redesignated as the 118th Fighter Squadron, Single Engine and was allotted to the Connecticut Air National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Bradley Field, Windsor Locks, Connecticut, and was extended federal recognition on 7 August 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 118th Fighter Squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and assigned to the Connecticut ANG 103d Fighter Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0018-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard\nThe mission of the 118th Fighter Squadron was the air defense of Connecticut. Aircraft parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. In some ways, the postwar Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, the unit also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score at least as well or better than active-duty USAF units, given the fact that most ANG pilots were World War II combat veterans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0019-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was called to active duty. The 118th was federalized on 10 February 1951 and assigned to Air Defense Command (ADC), which redesignated it the 118th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and assigned its parent 103d Fighter-Interceptor Group to Eastern Air Defense Force. The squadron moved to Suffolk County Air Force Base, New York on 1 June 1951, flying air defense missions with their F-47D Thunderbolts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0019-0001", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nHowever, ADC was experiencing difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying its fighter squadrons to best advantage. It therefore reorganized on a regional basis and the 118th was assigned to the 4709th Defense Wing, located at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey. During its period of federalization, the 118th FIS transferred many of its pilots and ground support personnel to Fifth Air Force, where they served in combat in Korea, while regulars and reservists were assigned to the squadron. On 1 November 1952, the 118th was returned to the control of the Connecticut Air National Guard and its mission, personnel and aircraft were assigned to the 45th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0020-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe Connecticut Air National Guard was re-activated on 1 November 1952 with the end of the unit's federalization period. The 103d was re-activated as a Fighter-Bomber Wing being Tactical Air Command-gained. However, Air Defense Command remained as a secondary mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0021-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Cold War\nUpon the 118th's return, the F-47s were sent to Davis-Monthan AFB for storage and the squadron was re-equipped with Very Long Range F-51H Mustangs by TAC with a close air support mission. In January 1953, the 103d received several F-84D Thunderjets for maintenance instruction, and the squadron was fully equipped with the Thunderjet during the summer of 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0022-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn the spring of 1955, the F-84Gs were transferred to the Georgia ANG 128th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, and the 118th converted to F-94B Starfires. The F-94Bs, however, only remained with the 118th for about a year when they were replaced by F-86H Sabre Tactical Fighters in 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0023-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe Sabres were then replaced by F-100A Super Sabres during the summer of 1960 and the Wing becoming fully ADC-gained. The F-100As gave way to F-102 Delta Daggers in January 1966 and standing a 24-hour air defense alert. then in 1971 transferred back to Tactical Air Command, becoming an F-100D Super Sabre Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0024-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Cold War\nFrom 1971\u20131979, the 103d flew the F-100 Super Sabres and its mission was close air support and began a NATO commitment, deploying frequently in the 1970s to bases in West Germany to reinforce United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE). In 1979, the unit was assigned new A-10 Thunderbolt IIs as part of the \"Total Force\" concept which equipped ANG units with front-line USAF aircraft. The USAFE commitment continued, deploying the \"Warthog\" to bases in West Germany and Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0025-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1990 the 103d was programmed to receive the specialized Block 10 F-16A/B Fighting Falcon, also referred to as the F/A-16 due to its close air support configuration. The 1990 Gulf Crisis, however, delayed this transition. During Operation Desert Storm, the F/A-16 was battle tested and it was discovered that the Close Air Support F-16 project proved to be a miserable failure. Subsequently, the conversion of the Wing was cancelled in 1993, and the 118th TFS remained an A-10 Thunderbolt II close air support squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0026-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 103d adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 103d Fighter Group. In June, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force reorganization after the end of the Cold War. It was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC). In 1995, in accordance with the Air Force \"One Base-One Wing\" directive, the 103d was changed in status back to a Wing, and the 118th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the new 103d Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0027-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0028-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nSubsequently, in August 1996, the 118th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (EFS) deployed to Aviano Air Base, Italy to assume the primary close air support mission of international forces in Bosnia. Other deployments of the 118th EFS were made to augment combat operations during Operations Deny Flight and Precise Endeavor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0029-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign Bradley International Airport Air Guard Station by distributing the 103rd's A-10s to the 104th Fighter Wing, Barnes Municipal Airport Air Guard Station, MA (nine aircraft) and retirement (six aircraft). The wing's expeditionary combat support (ECS) elements would remain in place at Bradley and Bradley would retain capability to support a Homeland Defense mission. By combining the two units into one squadron the Air Force would retain the trained A-10 pilots and maintenance technicians in the area and create an optimum-sized and more effective squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0030-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nIn April 2008, the 103d became an Airlift Wing. Its new missions now include; a bridge mission flying C-21A Learjets supporting JOSAC VIP airlift, counter drug operations in the U.S., Central America, South America and the Caribbean, A Centralized Intermediate Repair Facility (CIRF) for TF-34 engines used on A-10 attack aircraft and an Air Operations Center (AOC) responsible for Command and Control operations during wartime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0031-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nSometime between FY 2012 and 2014, the 103d was programmed to receive the new Joint Cargo Aircraft, the C-27 Spartan. However, the Air Force has recently announced the end of the C-27 Spartan program, eliminating the aircraft from Air National Guards units. It was speculated that the 103d will transition to an MC-12W mission. The primary use of the MC-12W is providing intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, or ISR, support directly to ground forces however it is changing to the C-130", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0032-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, History, Lineage\n* * This unit is not related to another '118th Aero Squadron' that was assigned to Brooks Field, Texas in April 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007387-0033-0000", "contents": "118th Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007388-0000-0000", "contents": "118th Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 118th Brigade was a formation of  the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 39th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007388-0001-0000", "contents": "118th Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nThe infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007389-0000-0000", "contents": "118th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 118th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 4, 1955, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Governor J. Caleb Boggs and John W. Rollins as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007389-0001-0000", "contents": "118th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007389-0002-0000", "contents": "118th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 118th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Democratic majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007389-0003-0000", "contents": "118th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007389-0004-0000", "contents": "118th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007390-0000-0000", "contents": "118th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007390-0001-0000", "contents": "118th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 118th Division (\u7b2c118\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuj\u016bhachi Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Expansive Division (\u6075\u5175\u56e3, Kei Heidan). It was formed 10 July 1944 in Datong as a type-C(hei) security division, simultaneously with the 114th, 115th and 117th divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the 9th independent infantry brigade. The division was initially assigned to the 13th army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007390-0002-0000", "contents": "118th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nIn April 1945, the 118th division was ordered to strengthen the garrisons in Central China and then in Shanghai area. Therefore, by the day of surrender of Japan 15 August 1945, the division was spread through  Tianjin and Zhangjiakou.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007390-0003-0000", "contents": "118th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nAfter the cessation of hostilities, the 118th division has sailed from Tanggu District 14 April 1946, landed in Sasebo 18 April 1956, and has completed dissolution 21 April 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007391-0000-0000", "contents": "118th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 118th Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the Georgia Army National Guard. The regiment's 1st Battalion is the cannon battalion assigned to the 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. It is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots and campaign credit for the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007391-0001-0000", "contents": "118th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nIn September 2015, the battalion reactivated a third firing battery, Battery C, equipped with 155mm M777 howitzers as part of Army-wide restructuring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007391-0002-0000", "contents": "118th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nIn 2016, Battery A, 1st Battalion, earned first place in the National Guard Small Unit category of the Army Award for Maintenance Excellence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007392-0000-0000", "contents": "118th General Hospital (United States Army)\nThe 118th General Hospital was a U.S. Army military hospital built in 1942 at Riverwood, New South Wales. This was the largest military hospital in Australia, during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007392-0001-0000", "contents": "118th General Hospital (United States Army)\nKnown as the 118 General Hospital it was planned as a hospital centre of five hospitals consisting of 490 timber barracks-type buildings, which could house a total of 4,250 beds and accommodate up to 1,250 patients and 3,500 staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007392-0002-0000", "contents": "118th General Hospital (United States Army)\nThe hospital was formed by doctors and nurses from the Johns Hopkins University Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. The hospital staff arrived in Sydney during June 1942 and ran a 400-bed hospital from August 1942, with a section at the Hydro Majestic Hotel at Medlow Bath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007392-0003-0000", "contents": "118th General Hospital (United States Army)\nMrs Eleanor Roosevelt, wife of the US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, visited the 118 General Hospital on 8 September 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007392-0004-0000", "contents": "118th General Hospital (United States Army)\nThe US Army vacated the hospital in 1945 and the Royal Navy occupied many of the buildings in January 1945 and the Australian Army used the remainder of the other buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007392-0005-0000", "contents": "118th General Hospital (United States Army)\nAfter World War II the site passed to the New South Wales Housing Commission from March 1946  and the huts were used to ease the post-war housing shortage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007393-0000-0000", "contents": "118th Guards Rifle Division\nThe 118th Estonian Guards Rifle Division was an elite infantry division of the Red Army and later the Soviet Army. It was formed following the German surrender in June 1945 from the 2nd wartime formation of the 7th Estonian Rifle Division. The division became a brigade in 1946 and became a division again in 1950. It was disbanded in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007393-0001-0000", "contents": "118th Guards Rifle Division, History\nThe division was formed on June 28, 1945 from the re-designated 7th Estonian Rifle Division. On the same date the entire 8th Estonian Rifle Corps was raised to Guards status as the 41st Guards Rifle Corps. On its formation the 118th Guards inherited the honorific title and decoration of the 7th, with its full title being 118th Guards Rifle Estonian, Tallinn, Order of the Red Banner Division. The division was commanded by Maj. Gen. Karl Adamovich Allikas, who had commanded the 7th Estonian Rifle Division since January 6, 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007393-0002-0000", "contents": "118th Guards Rifle Division, History\nThis re-designation took place nearly two months after V-E Day, but before the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, so technically the 118th Guards can be considered a wartime formation, although it did not see combat in Manchuria. In February 1946 General Allikas was replaced in command by Maj. Gen. Johan Yakovlevich Lombak, who had previously commanded the 249th Estonian Rifle Division (later 122nd Guards Rifle Division).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007393-0003-0000", "contents": "118th Guards Rifle Division, History\nThe division was downsized into the 22nd Guards Separate Rifle Brigade in 1946. It was based at P\u00e4rnu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007393-0004-0000", "contents": "118th Guards Rifle Division, History\nThe division was reformed from the 22nd Guards Separate Rifle Brigade in 1950, and served until 1956 with 4th Guards Rifle Corps (the 10th Guards Army previously), before being disbanded again on July 7, 1956 at Tallinn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007394-0000-0000", "contents": "118th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 118th Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. On June 10, 1863, the regiment was converted to mounted infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007394-0001-0000", "contents": "118th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 118th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler in Springfield, Illinois, August through October 1862 and mustered in for three years service on November 7, 1862, under the command of Colonel John G. Fonda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007394-0002-0000", "contents": "118th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 9th Division, Right Wing, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, December 1862. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, Sherman's Yazoo Expedition, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 9th Division, XIII Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to July 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIII Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to August 1863, and Department of the Gulf to September 1863. 1st Brigade, Cavalry Division, Department of the Gulf, to November 1863. 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864. 1st Brigade, Cavalry Division, Department of the Gulf, to September 1864. 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Department of the Gulf, to February 1865. Cavalry Brigade, District of Baton Rouge, Department of the Gulf, to July 1865. Department of Texas to October 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007394-0003-0000", "contents": "118th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 118th Illinois Infantry mustered out of service on October 1, 1865, returned to Camp Butler, October 2\u201310, and was discharged October 13, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007394-0004-0000", "contents": "118th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty at Camp Butler and guarding prisoners until December. Left Illinois for Memphis, Tennessee, December 1, 1862. Sherman's Yazoo Expedition December 20, 1862, to January 2, 1863. Chickasaw Bayou December 26\u201328, 1862. Chickasaw Bluffs December 29. Yazoo River January 2, 1863. Expedition to Arkansas Post, Arkansas, January 3\u201310. Assault and capture of Fort Hindman January 10\u201311. Moved to Young's Point, Louisiana, January 17\u201323, and duty there until March 9. Moved to Milliken's Bend, Louisiana, March 9. Operations from Milliken's Bend to New Carthage March 31-April 17. Movement on Bruinsburg and turning Grand Gulf April 25\u201330.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007394-0004-0001", "contents": "118th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThompson's Hill, Port Gibson, May 1. Champion Hill May 16. Big Black River May 17. Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi, May 18-July 4. Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22. At Black River Bridge May 24-July 6. Regiment mounted June 10. Edwards' Ferry July 1 (detachment). Advance on Jackson, Mississippi, July 6\u201310. Near Clinton July 8 (detachment). Near Jackson July 9. Siege of Jackson July 10\u201317. Raid to Brookhaven July 17\u201320. Brookhaven July 18. At Vicksburg July 25-August 8. Moved to Port Hudson August 8\u20139, then to Carrollton, Louisiana, August 15\u201316, and to Bayou Boeuf September 5\u20137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007394-0004-0002", "contents": "118th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nTo Brashear City September 16. Western Louisiana Campaign October 3-November 30. Regiment mounted October 11, 1863. Vermillionville October 15. Carrion Crow Bayou October 16\u201320. Grand Coteau October 19. Reconnaissance toward Opelousas October 20. Barrie's Landing, Opelousas, October 21. Scouting and skirmishing about Opelousas October 22\u201330. Washington October 24. Bayou Bourbeaux November 2. Carrion Crow Bayou November 3. Bayou Sara November 9. Near Vermillionville November 11. At New Iberia November 15-December 18. Camp Pratt November 20. Scout to Vermillion Bayou November 22\u201323. Scout to St. Martinsville December 2\u20133.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007394-0004-0003", "contents": "118th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Donaldsonville December 18\u201323, then to Port Hudson January 3\u20137, and duty there until July 3, 1864. On scout January 12. Capture of Jackson, Mississippi, February 10. Skirmish February 16. Raid to Bayou Sara and skirmish February 22. Raid to Jackson March 3. Skirmishes March 26\u201328, April 1 and 5, May 15, June 13 and 17. Bayou Grosse Tete March 30 and April 2. Plains Store April 7. Redwood Bayou May 3. Moved to Baton Rouge July 3. Operations about Baton Rouge July 3\u201325. Expedition to Davidson's Ford, near Clinton, July 17\u201318.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007394-0004-0004", "contents": "118th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOlive Branch August 5. Lee's Expedition to Clinton August 23\u201329. Comite River and Clinton August 25. Hodge's Plantation September 11. Expedition to Amite River, New River and Bayou Manchac October 2\u20138. Expedition to Clinton, Greensburg, etc., October 5\u20139. Lee's Expedition to Brookhaven, Mississippi, November 14\u201321. Liberty November 18. Davidson's Expedition to West Pascagoula against Mobile & Ohio Railroad November 27-December 13. Outpost duty at Baton Rouge until May 22, 1865. Expedition west of Mississippi River February 2\u20133. Expedition to Olive Branch, Louisiana, March 1\u201310. Provost duty at Baton Rouge until October. Expedition to Clinton and Comite River March 30-April 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007394-0005-0000", "contents": "118th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 207 men during service; 3 officers and 21 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 182 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0000-0000", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 118th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the United States Army, South Carolina Army National Guard. It has served the US since the mid-nineteenth century, and is one of the few surviving US Army regiments that can trace its roots to the Confederate States Army. Its 1st Battalion (1\u2013118) is still active and are attached to the 37th IBCT. While the 4th Battalion (4-118) is active and attached to the 30th ABCT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0001-0000", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Nineteenth century\nThe 118th Infantry Regiment traces its lineage to the year 1846, when the 1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry was organized for duty in the Mexican\u2013American War. Company E, \"Johnson's Rifles\", lives on today as 4\u2013118. During the American Civil War, the 1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry was reorganized into units of the First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, under General James Longstreet in 1861. The battalions of the South Carolina regiment first saw action at the First Battle of Bull Run, where the Union Army was defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0001-0001", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Nineteenth century\nThey next fought in the Peninsula Campaign, and eventually had to retreat from General George B. McClellan's forces at the Battle of Williamsburg in mid-1862. Shortly after, the South Carolinians fought again at the Battle of Seven Pines, where the Union advance on Richmond, Virginia was stopped even though the Confederate forces did not deliver a decisive defeat. Longstreet's Corps recovered from the losses of the Peninsula Campaign and defeated the Union at the Battle of Gaines's Mill 26 days later, and followed the victory by decisively defeating the Union Army in the Second Battle of Bull Run. The battalions of the original 1st South Carolina took part on the Battle of Antietam on 17 September 1862, the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with a combined tally of 22,717 dead, wounded, or missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0002-0000", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Nineteenth century\nIn December of the same year, General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia defeated Union General Ambrose E. Burnside's Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Fredericksburg, where Union forces repeatedly made frontal assaults across open ground against fortified Confederate positions. The string of southern victories came to an end when Robert E. Lee was decisively defeated at the Battle of Gettysburg between 1 and 3 July 1863 by the Army of the Potomac under General George G. Meade. This is regarded by most historians as the turning point of the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0002-0001", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Nineteenth century\nThe Retreat from Gettysburg was arduous, and the weakened South Carolinians were defeated again at the Battle of Lookout Mountain in November 1863. The survivors of the original 1st South Carolina would go on to retreat from Union forces at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm in September 1864, but in their last major action of the war, the Second Battle of Deep Bottom, they forced a Union retreat. After the South's surrender, the 1st South Carolina was called up again in 1898 to participate in the Spanish\u2013American War, but did not see any major combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0003-0000", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nPrior to US involvement in the First World War, the predecessors of the 118th were sent to El Paso, Texas in 1916. There, they joined Brig. Gen. John J. \"Blackjack\" Pershing\u2019s Punitive Expedition to protect U.S. border towns from Mexican General Pancho Villa\u2019s forces. When America declared war on the German Empire, the various companies of the South Carolina Militia were organized into the 118th Infantry Regiment on 16 April 1917, and assigned to the 30th Infantry Division, the \"Old Hickory\" Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0003-0001", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe division consisted of the 117th, the 118th, the 119th, and the 120th Infantry Regiments, along with the 113th, 114th, 115th Machine Gun Battalions, and the 105th Engineer Regiment. Soldiers from North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee comprised the division when it shipped off to France for combat on the Western Front. The 118th joined the US Army II Corps, which served in the north alongside British forces. The fighting in the II Corps area was heavy, and six soldiers of the 118th Infantry received the Medal of Honor for their actions during this time: three on 8 October 1918, and one each on 11 October, 12 October and 15 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0004-0000", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nOn 8 October, 1LT James C. Dozier of G Company, was in command of 2 platoons, and was painfully wounded in the shoulder early in the attack, but he continued to lead his men displaying the highest bravery and skill. When his command was held up by heavy machine-gun fire, he disposed his men in the best cover available and with a soldier continued forward to attack a machine-gun nest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0004-0001", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nCreeping up to the position in the face of intense fire, he killed the entire crew with hand grenades and his pistol and a little later captured a number of Germans who had taken refuge in a dugout nearby. SGT Gary Evans Foster of F Company, showed great leadership when his company was held up by violent machine-gun fire from a sunken road. With an officer, Foster went forward to attack the hostile machine-gun nests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0004-0002", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe officer was wounded, but Foster continued on alone in the face of the heavy fire and by effective use of hand grenades and his pistol killed several of the enemy and captured 18. SGT Thomas L. Hall of G Company also earned the Medal of Honor on 8 October. Having overcome two machine-gun nests under his leadership, Hall's platoon was stopped 800 yards from its final objective by machine-gun fire of particular intensity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0004-0003", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nOrdering his men to take cover in a sunken road, he advanced alone on the enemy machine-gun post and killed 5 members of the crew with his bayonet and thereby made possible the further advance of the line. While attacking another machine-gun nest later in the day this gallant soldier was mortally wounded. After the massive attacks on 8 October, another 118th soldier earned the Medal of Honor on 12 October. Corporal James D. Heriot of I Company organized a combat group with four other soldiers, attacking a German machine-gun nest that had inflicted heavy casualties on the company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0004-0004", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nTwo of the soldiers were killed and due to the heavy fire the remaining two sought shelter. Heriot charged the machine-gun and forced the crew to surrender. He was wounded several times in the arm and was killed later that day while charging a nest. The heroism of these men and the intensity of the actions they fought in are just microcosms of what was happening all along the 118th Infantry's front line. When the war ended, the regiment returned to South Carolina and was deactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0005-0000", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nWhile Germany and Fascist Italy were in the process of conquering most of Europe in 1939 and 1940, and the Empire of Japan grabbing territory in the Pacific and China, the United States felt unprepared in the event war was necessary to combat the Axis Powers and began mobilizing its army in response. The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 which allowed the government to draft US citizens, was passed, and all available National Guard divisions were inducted into Federal Service within a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0005-0001", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nOn 16 September 1940, the 118th Infantry Regiment was inducted into Federal Service at Charleston, South Carolina, and was assigned to the 30th Infantry Division. It then moved to Fort Jackson, South Carolina, on 21 September 1940. The 118th was an original regiment of the 30th Infantry Division's founding and they trained with them until August 1942, when they were separated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0005-0002", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nDue to the restructuring of the United States Army in the early 1940s, the Square Division concept gave way to the Triangular division concept (where three infantry regiments were supported by more versatile elements rather than relying solely on infantry firepower), the 118th was released from the 30th Infantry Division's command and became temporarily independent. They left Ft. Jackson and went to Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, and departed from New York City on 5 August 1942 bound for Iceland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0005-0003", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nArriving there for occupation duty on 19 August, the regiment was permanently relieved from assignment to the 30th Infantry Division on 24 August 1942. The 118th arrived in France on 13 December 1944 and was rushed to the city of Givet to defend a bridge across the Meuse River against the German counteroffensive during the Battle of the Bulge. The regiment moved into Germany on 26 May 1945 for the Occupation of Germany, and was deactivated upon return to the United States on 15 January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0006-0000", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post World War II - Gulf War Era\nThe 118th Infantry Regiment was reactivated during the Cold War and became part of the 218th Infantry Brigade (Mechanized) in 1974. The regiment has stepped up to serve at home many times, aiding authorities in the wake of civil disturbances and natural disasters like Hurricane Hugo in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0007-0000", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Twenty-first century\nAfter the September 11 attacks, 4\u2013118 was mobilized to participate in Operation Noble Eagle, and 1\u2013118 was deployed to Iraq two years later, in 2003, in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Also, in 2003 A CO 4-118 IN deployed to Bosnia SFOR 13. From 2007 to 2008, 4\u2013118 was deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, as part of the 218th Brigade. The two battalions of the 118th have also deployed to Kuwait, Djibouti, and Kosovo for training and security purposes between 2003 and the present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0008-0000", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Twenty-first century\n4th Battalion deployed to Kuwait and was based at Camp Buehring in April 2012. At the base, the battalion provided security and camp operations missions. The battalion also conducted training exercises with Kuwaiti military units. The deployment ended in December 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0009-0000", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Twenty-first century\nIn October 2015, the 1st and 4th Battalions participated in relief and recovery efforts after the widespread flooding in South Carolina caused by the October 2015 North American storm complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0010-0000", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Twenty-first century\nIn October 2016, both Battalions assisted with relief and recovery efforts during Hurricane Matthew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0011-0000", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Twenty-first century\nIn September 2017, the 4th Battalion sent Soldiers to the coast of South Carolina to provide relief during Hurricane Irma. Soldiers from the 1st Battalion were sent to Florida to help assist units from the Florida Army National Guard during Hurricane Irma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0012-0000", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Twenty-first century\nIn September 2018, both Battalions assisted with relief efforts during Hurricane Florence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007395-0013-0000", "contents": "118th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Twenty-first century\nIn October 2019, the 4th Battalion and a detachment of 1st Battalion soldiers attached to Bravo Company, 1st Battalion, 120th Infantry Regiment deployed to Camp Buehring, Kuwait in support of Operation Spartan Shield under the 30th Armored Brigade Combat Team. During that time, Cobra Company, 4th Battalion sent a platoon to Syria with M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicles and Battle Company, 4th Battalion was sent to Iraq in support of Operation Inherent Resolve, while Bravo Company, 1-120th and its detachment of 1st Battalion soldiers was sent to Saudi Arabia in support of Operation Spartan Shield. Soldiers returned home by September 2020. While deployed, the 4th Battalion conducted the first ever Expert Soldier Badge test in the Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007396-0000-0000", "contents": "118th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 118th J\u00e4ger Division (German: 118. J\u00e4ger-Division) was a light infantry division of the German Army in World War II. It was formed in April 1943, by the redesignation of the 718th Infantry Division which had itself been formed in April 1941. It was transferred to Yugoslavia in May 1941, to conduct anti partisan and Internal security operations. It took part in the Battle of the Sutjeska in June 1943, and fought partisans in Bosnia before being sent to the Dalmatian coast to guard against Allied landings in the summer of 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007396-0001-0000", "contents": "118th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht)\nIt then fought on the Eastern Front in the Vienna offensive during the final months of the war before surrendering to the British in Carinthia in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007396-0002-0000", "contents": "118th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Formation\nThe 118th J\u00e4ger Division was formed under the name 718th Infantry Division following an order dated 16 April 1941, under which each of Germany's fifteen military districts (Wehrkreis) was required to raise two additional infantry regiments for the war effort. Each of these pairs would become its own infantry division, for a total of fifteen divisions that would go on to form the divisions of the fifteenth Aufstellungswelle. The 718th Division consisted of the two regiments raised in Wehrkreis XVIII (Salzburg), the Infantry Regiments 738 and 750. Like the other divisions of the fifteenth wave, the 718th Division consisted of only two rather than the standard three infantry regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007396-0003-0000", "contents": "118th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Background\nThe main purpose of the German j\u00e4ger divisions was to fight in adverse terrain where smaller, coordinated formations were more facilely combat capable than the brute force offered by the standard infantry divisions. The j\u00e4ger divisions were more heavily equipped than mountain division, but not as well armed as a larger infantry formation. In the early stages of the war, they were the interface divisions fighting in rough terrain and foothills as well as urban areas, between the mountains and the plains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007396-0003-0001", "contents": "118th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Background\nThe j\u00e4gers (it means hunters in German), relied on a high degree of training and slightly superior communications, as well as their not inconsiderable artillery support. In the middle stages of the war, as the standard infantry divisions were downsized, the J\u00e4ger structure of divisions with two infantry regiments, became the standard table of organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007397-0000-0000", "contents": "118th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 118th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, (118th LAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the British Army during World War II. Initially raised as an infantry battalion of the Gloucestershire Regiment in 1940, it transferred to the Royal Artillery in 1942. It served in Home Forces and then went to Assam to defend  Fourteenth Army's vital bases and airfields during the Burma Campaign until it was broken up in 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007397-0001-0000", "contents": "118th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 11th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment\n11th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (not to be confused with 11th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment, formed in World War I), was originally formed on 28 May 1940 as 50th Holding Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment, as part of the rapid expansion of the Army with wartime conscripts, but it converted to infantry on 9 October that year as the 11th Battalion. On 8 November it joined 221st Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) when that static defence formation was organised at Chatham, Kent. On 26 February 1941 the brigade was temporarily attached to 2nd Division, at that time serving in the East Riding of Yorkshire as part of I Corps. On 19 March the brigade came under the new Yorkshire County Division formed for coast defence in that area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 93], "content_span": [94, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007397-0002-0000", "contents": "118th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 11th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment\nOn 1 December Yorkshire County Division was downgraded to East Riding Coastal Area and 221st Brigade was broken up. On 11 December 11th Gloucesters transferred to 218th Independent Brigade, still in the East Riding Coastal Area. However, the battalion did not remain there long: it left 218th Bde on 31 January 1942 and next day it was transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) and began to retrain as a light anti-aircraft (LAA) regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 93], "content_span": [94, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007397-0003-0000", "contents": "118th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Anti-Aircraft conversion\nThe unit was designated 118th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment with 387, 388 and 389 LAA Batteries. After training it joined it joined Anti- Aircraft Command in February 1942, but left before it had been assigned to a brigade. On 7 May the regiment joined 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division. This formation had just been reconstituted in Western Command after its units returned from service in Iceland. However, 118th LAA Rgt left the division on 12 August 1942 and came under direct War Office control preparatory to going overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 77], "content_span": [78, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007397-0004-0000", "contents": "118th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Anti-Aircraft conversion, India\nThe regiment embarked for India in February 1943 and arrived at Bombay on 11 April. It proceeded to Bangalore under command of 160 Line of Communication Area. It was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel T. Haighton and comprised 54 Bofors 40 mm guns. It was at first assigned to 3rd Indian Anti- Aircraft Brigade, which was responsible for air defence of the coastal cities of Bombay, Madras and Vizagapatam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 84], "content_span": [85, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007397-0005-0000", "contents": "118th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Anti-Aircraft conversion, Burma Campaign\nOn 23 June the regiment moved to the Tezpur area in Assam where it came under 9th Anti- Aircraft Brigade. This brigade was deployed defending 15 separate airfields, each with eight heavy AA (HAA) and 12 LAA guns, together with key supply points at Digboi (airfield and oil installations), Dimapur, Lumding, and Tinsukia. By September the brigade had also been given responsibility for Ledo, the vital railhead and airbase for the US transport aircraft flying over The Hump to supply Chinese forces. These were under sustained attack by Japanese Mitsubishi Ki-21 ('Sally') bombers escorted by Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters. The increasing HAA defences and fighters began to drive the Japanese to attack at low level, which made them targets for the LAA Bofors guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 93], "content_span": [94, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007397-0006-0000", "contents": "118th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Anti-Aircraft conversion, Burma Campaign\nOn 13 December 1943 the regiment came under command of 251 Line of Communication Sub-Area, and by March 1944 it was part of 14th West African Anti- Aircraft Brigade under Fourteenth Army. The brigade defended the bases in Assam and the Surma Valley during the decisive battles of Imphal and Kohima. 14th West African AA Brigade moved batteries of 118th LAA Rgt up to Dimapur, and then went forward to the airfields at Imphal and Pallel as they were relieved from Japanese ground attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 93], "content_span": [94, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007397-0007-0000", "contents": "118th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Anti-Aircraft conversion, Disbandment\nBy now Japanese air power in Burma had been broken, but Fourteenth Army was suffering a manpower shortage as it went over to the offensive. The decision was made to break up a number of AA units and redeploy the personnel to other roles, particularly to the infantry. 118th Light AA Regiment was broken up on 31 August and its men drafted away, the process being complete by the end of the year. The regiment was formally disbanded on 28 February 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 90], "content_span": [91, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007398-0000-0000", "contents": "118th Maine Senate\nBelow is the list of the 118th Maine Senate, which was sworn into office in December 1996 and left office in December 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007398-0001-0000", "contents": "118th Maine Senate\nMark Lawrence (D) of South Berwick served as President of the Maine Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007399-0000-0000", "contents": "118th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), Chinese Civil War\nDuring Chinese Civil War, this division was known as 7th division, 3rd column, Northeast Field Army and was an element of the 3rd column, nicknamed 'whirlwind column'. On 30 September 30 \u2013 1 October 1947, the 7th Division and 8th Division covered 120 kilometers and encircled Kuomintang 116th Division in Weiyuanbao. On 2 October, the 7th Division annihilated the 116th Division with the assistance of the 8th Division, the action the origin of the distinction as Rainstorm Troops. In the Liaoshen Campaign, the battalion attacked General Liao Yaoxiang's headquarters. Then it fought in the Pingjin Campaign and Battle of Hainan Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007399-0001-0000", "contents": "118th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), Korean War\nThe 118th Division was a military formation of the People's Volunteer Army (Chinese People's Volunteers (CPV) or Chinese Communist Forces (CCF)) during the Korean War with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men. It was a component of the 40th Army, consisting of the 352nd, 353rd, and 354th Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007399-0002-0000", "contents": "118th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), Korean War\n118th division was the first unit engaged with UNC in Korean war. On 25 October 1953, it and 120th division encountered ROK 1st and 6th divisions in Battle of Onjong, and destroyed 6th division. Then this division attended Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River and Battle of Hoengsong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007399-0003-0000", "contents": "118th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), Korean War\nIn the first period of Chinese Spring Offensive, 118th division undertook the mission to defeat ROK 6th Division and open a gap between US Marine 1st Division and US 24th Infantry Division on the direction of Kapyong\u2014Mokdong-ri. 118th division's attack started on the dusk of 22 April 1951 and overran ROK 6th division within six hours, then its vanguards, 3rd battalion, 354th regiment, reached Mokdong-ri on 23 April, 24:00, accomplished the division's mission, and engaged with British 27th Brigade in Battle of Kapyong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007399-0004-0000", "contents": "118th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), Current\nThe unit is part of the 80th Group Army in the Northern Theater Command Ground Force, as the 118th Medium Combined Arms Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007400-0000-0000", "contents": "118th Mixed Brigade\nThe 118th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army created during the Spanish Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007400-0001-0000", "contents": "118th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe brigade was created on April 28, 1937 from the old Carod-Ferrer Column, made up of anarchist militiamen, and was integrated into the 25th Division. The first head of the unit was the militia major Victoriano Cast\u00e1n Guill\u00e9n, while Saturnino Carod Ler\u00edn of the CNT was appointed as political commissioner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007400-0002-0000", "contents": "118th Mixed Brigade, History\nIn June 1937 it took part in the Huesca Offensive, which ended in failure. A few months later it took part in the Battle of Belchite, participating in the capture of the town. On October 6, it withdrew from Belchite to the rear, settling in Caspe. During this period, the unit was reorganized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007400-0003-0000", "contents": "118th Mixed Brigade, History\nIn December 1937 the 118th MB was sent to the Teruel Front, taking part in the capture of the city; it fought in the Old Cemetery and in the Hermitage of Santa B\u00e1rbara, reaching the vicinity of the urban area. The old cemetery was occupied by the brigade on December 21, and two days later it took the Hermitage of Santa B\u00e1rbara and the position of \"El Mansueto.\" On January 1, 1938, it managed to stop an enemy counteroffensive that threatened to break the republican siege on Teruel, although it suffered a high number of casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007400-0003-0001", "contents": "118th Mixed Brigade, History\nIt still had the strength to go to reestablish the front threatened by the national troops who were trying to lift the siege, although the brigade came out of the fight very broken. In February 1938, it fought in the Battle of Alfambra as a reserve for the 217th Mixed Brigade, although both units withdrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007400-0004-0000", "contents": "118th Mixed Brigade, History\nOn March 3, 1938, it became part of the Levante Army reserve. After the beginning of the Aragon Offensive, it was sent to the Alca\u00f1iz sector, although she withdrew in the face of enemy superiority. Around March 17, he was in Alcorisa, where it established its headquarters. Later it intervened in the Levante Offensive, slowly retreating through the Maestrazgo area until reaching the XYZ Line around July 21, 1938. The brigade remained on the Levante front until the end of the war, without intervening in relevant operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007401-0000-0000", "contents": "118th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 118th New York Infantry Regiment was recruited for service in the American Civil War (1861\u201365) from Clinton, Essex, and Warren counties in Northern New York. Known as \"The Adirondack Regiment,\" the unit saw service along the Atlantic Coast in the Department of Virginia before transferring to the Army of the James in 1864. With the latter, they were engaged in the Overland Campaign and the subsequent siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007401-0001-0000", "contents": "118th New York Infantry Regiment, History\nCol. Samuel T. Richards received authority on July 7, 1862, to organize an infantry regiment of men from Clinton, Essex, and Warren counties. The regiment was formed and mustered into federal service at Plattsburgh, New York, the following month and was appropriately dubbed the \"Adirondack Regiment.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007401-0002-0000", "contents": "118th New York Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment left New York on September 3, 1862, to take up their assignment of guard and provost duty in Washington, D.C. with the Provisional Brigade, Abercrombie's Division, Defenses of Washington. In February 1863, while continuing their duty in the federal capital, the regiment was assigned to the XXII Corps (ACW). The following April, the New Yorkers were sent Suffolk, VA and attached to the Reserve Brigade, 3rd Division, VII Corps (ACW), under the command of Brig. Gen. George W. Getty, just in time to see action at the Siege of Suffolk. In May, the regiment moved to Portsmouth, VA, and spent much of the month in reconnaissance and skirmishing. During June and July, 1863, the regiment participated in Dix's Peninsula Campaign and fought at the South Anna Bridge (July 4, 1863), suffering 11 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007401-0003-0000", "contents": "118th New York Infantry Regiment, History\nIn early 1864, there were more skirmishes and maneuvers in eastern VA, but in April, following the dissolution of the 7th Corps, the regiment was assigned to the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XVIII Corps (ACW), Army of the James. The regiment participated in an engagement at Drury's Bluff and the ill-fated Bermuda Hundred Campaign in May. Later that month, they were among those who moved to assist Grant at the Battle of Cold Harbor, where they suffered 32 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007401-0003-0001", "contents": "118th New York Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment fought in the Battle of Swift Creek on May 9 and on the right flank of the Union line at the Second Battle of Petersburg, losing 21 men. The final actions of 1864 for the 118th were the Battle of Chaffin's Farm and combat at Fort Harrison in September, followed by the Battle of Battle of Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road in October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007401-0004-0000", "contents": "118th New York Infantry Regiment, History\nDuring the winter of 1864\u201365, the 118th NY manned the trenches outside Richmond and in December was reassigned to the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIV Corps (ACW). In the Spring of 1865, the New Yorkers were the first organized Union unit to enter the abandoned Confederate capital. After serving provost duty in Richmond and Manchester, the 118th NY Volunteers were mustered out of service on June 13, 1865. Those men whose enlistment was not complete were reassigned to the 96th New York Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007402-0000-0000", "contents": "118th New York State Legislature\nThe 118th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 2 to May 16, 1895, during the first year of Levi P. Morton's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007402-0001-0000", "contents": "118th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (nine districts), Kings County (five districts) and Erie County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007402-0002-0000", "contents": "118th New York State Legislature, Background\nA Constitutional Convention met at the State Capitol in Albany from May 8 to September 29, 1894. The new Constitution was submitted to the electorate for ratification at the state election on November 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007402-0003-0000", "contents": "118th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. Two Democratic anti-machine factions (the \"Democratic Reform Organization\" in Brooklyn, and the \"Empire State Democracy\" in New York City), the Prohibition Party, the Socialist Labor Party and the People's Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007402-0004-0000", "contents": "118th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1894 was held on November 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007402-0005-0000", "contents": "118th New York State Legislature, Elections\nEx-U.S. Vice President Levi P. Morton was elected Governor; and President pro tempore of the State Senate Charles T. Saxton was elected Lieutenant Governor (both Rep.). The only other statewide elective offices up for election was also carried by a Republican. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Republican 674,000; Democratic/Empire State 518,000; Democratic Reform 27,000; Prohibition 24,000; Socialist Labor 16,000; and People's Party 11,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007402-0006-0000", "contents": "118th New York State Legislature, Elections\nBesides, the new Constitution was adopted by the voters, and took effect on January 1, 1895. The new Constitution moved the day for the first meeting of the Legislature from the first Tuesday in January to the first Wednesday, and the 118th Legislature convened on Wednesday, January 2, 1895.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007402-0007-0000", "contents": "118th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 2, 1895; and adjourned on May 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007402-0008-0000", "contents": "118th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nHamilton Fish II (Rep.) was elected Speaker against Samuel J. Foley (Dem. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007402-0009-0000", "contents": "118th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nEdmund O'Connor (Rep.) was elected president pro tempore of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007402-0010-0000", "contents": "118th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn February 13, the Legislature elected Charles R. Skinner (Rep.) as Superintendent of Public Instruction, to succeed James F. Crooker for a term of three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007402-0011-0000", "contents": "118th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn May 14, Assemblyman Eugene F. Vacheron was indicted for asking for a bribe (a misdemeanor), and for accepting a bribe (a felony). He was accused of having received $3,000 to kill the \"Hudson River Ice Bill\" in the Assembly Committee on Internal Affairs. After many postponements the case was tried in December 1896 and Vacheron was acquitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007402-0012-0000", "contents": "118th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007402-0013-0000", "contents": "118th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007402-0014-0000", "contents": "118th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007403-0000-0000", "contents": "118th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Eighteenth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1989 and 1990. In this General Assembly, the Ohio Senate was controlled by the Republican Party and the Ohio House of Representatives was controlled by the Democratic Party. In the Senate, there were 18 Republicans and 15 Democrats. In the House, there were 60 Democrats and 39 Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007404-0000-0000", "contents": "118th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 118th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 118th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 118th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007404-0001-0000", "contents": "118th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 118th Ohio Infantry was organized Lima, Mansfield, and Cincinnati, Ohio August through September 1862 and mustered in at Cincinnati for three years service under the command of Colonel Samuel R. Mott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007404-0002-0000", "contents": "118th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Army of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, September to November 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Army of Kentucky, November 1862. District of Central Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, Department of the Ohio, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to February 1865, and Department of North Carolina to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007404-0003-0000", "contents": "118th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 118th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service June 24, 1865, at Salisbury, North Carolina. Company K, whose term of service had not expired, was transferred to the 183rd Ohio Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007404-0004-0000", "contents": "118th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Kentucky and assigned to duty as guard along Kentucky Central Railroad from Buston's Station to Paris, Ky., September 1862 to August 1863. Skirmish at Paris, Ky., July 29, 1863 (detachment). Burnside's Campaign in eastern Tennessee August 16-October 17, 1863. Duty at Kingston until December 6. Action at Kingston November 24, and near Kingston December 4. Moved to Nashville December 5; then marched to Blain's Cross Roads and Mossy Creek. Action at Mossy Creek December 29. Operations in eastern Tennessee December 1863 to April 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstrations on Dalton May 9\u201313.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007404-0004-0001", "contents": "118th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Advance on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Decatur July 19. Howard House July 20. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1 (reserve).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007404-0004-0002", "contents": "118th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. Nashville Campaign November\u2013December. Columbia, Duck River, November 24\u201327. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. At Clifton, Tenn., until January 16, 1865. Movement to Washington, D.C., then to Fort Fisher, N.C., January 16-February 9. Operations against Hoke February 11\u201314. Fort Anderson February 18\u201319. Town Creek February 19\u201320. Capture of Wilmington February 22. Campaign of the Carolinas March 1-April 26. Advance on Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Raleigh, Greensboro and Salisbury until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007404-0005-0000", "contents": "118th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 184 men during service; 1 officer and 55 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 127 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007405-0000-0000", "contents": "118th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 118th Pennsylvania Regiment was a volunteer infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. They participated in several major conflicts during the war including the Battle of Gettysburg, Siege of Petersburg, and escorted the truce flag of Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Five Forks. The regiment was led by Colonel Charles Prevost until he was seriously injured at the Battle of Shepherdstown in which Lieutenant-Colonel James Gwyn assumed command until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007405-0001-0000", "contents": "118th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nIt was also known as the Corn Exchange Regiment because a bounty of $10 for each man, as well as the funds necessary for raising the regiment, were furnished by the Corn Exchange Association with their hall at 2nd and Gold Streets in Philadelphia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007405-0002-0000", "contents": "118th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment initially rendezvoused at Camp Union at Philadelphia, where it was mustered into Federal service on August 30, 1862, for a three-year term. The field officers were Charles M. Provost as colonel, James Gwyn as lieutenant colonel and Charles P. Herring as major. The regiment was ordered at once to Washington, D.C., as part of the Army of the Potomac. Assigned to the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, V Corps, it reached Antietam on September 16, but was held in reserve during the ensuing engagement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007405-0002-0001", "contents": "118th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nAt Blackford's Ford, near Shepherdstown, it saw its first fight on September 20, and lost 282 men out of a strength of 800. Several officers were among those killed or wounded. A number drowned in the Potomac River trying to escape from a sudden counterattack by the division of A.P. Hill. Colonel Provost was made brevet brigadier general for gallantry in this battle. (As of 2004, the Shepherdstown Battlefield was threatened by development).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007405-0003-0000", "contents": "118th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment moved south in early November and took part in the Battle of Fredericksburg, where it joined in the assault on Marye's Heights and suffered severely. During the infamous \"Mud March\" in January, 1863, the 118th was involved in a riot, fueled by a whiskey ration, with two other units, the 22nd Massachusetts and the 2nd Maine. The men of the 118th PA and the 22nd MA came to blows after accusations flew that the Massachusetts regiment failed to support the Pennsylvanians at Shepherdstown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007405-0003-0001", "contents": "118th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nSomehow, the 2nd Maine became involved and a 3 regiment free-for-all ensued, fizzling out only after the participants became exhausted. After the \"Mud March\", the 118th returned to camp at Falmouth, which it occupied until April 27, 1863. It was closely engaged at the Battle of Chancellorsville, again suffering considerable casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007405-0004-0000", "contents": "118th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 118th was in camp at Falmouth until June 10 when the Army of the Potomac commenced its northward movement for the Gettysburg Campaign. The Corn Exchange Regiment acted as support in the cavalry engagements of Aldie, Upperville and Middleburg. The regiment reached Gettysburg early on July 2, 1863. At four o'clock that afternoon, the 118th went into action in support of Maj. Gen. Daniel Sickles' III Corps and was closely engaged, losing 3 killed, 19 wounded, and 3 missing or captured. On the 3rd, the regiment was moved to Big Round Top, where it remained without engagement. Following the battle, it then joined in the pursuit of the retreating Confederates and encountered the enemy on July 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007405-0005-0000", "contents": "118th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nOn September 30, 1863, Prevost officially retired, and Gwyn was promoted to colonel and the commanding officer of the 118th. During this time, Prevost had been stationed as commandant of a military prison in Elmira, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007405-0006-0000", "contents": "118th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nAt camp in Beverly Ford, Virginia in August and September, about 300 recruits were received. During this period, five bounty jumpers from among the new recruits were recaptured after deserting from the Regiment, and sentenced to death. Appeals were sent all the way to President Lincoln, who decided that the desertion of bounty jumpers was becoming too severe a problem and denied the appeal. The execution of the five deserters took place with the entire V Corps assembled to witness the shooting on August 29, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007405-0007-0000", "contents": "118th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nAfter participating in the Mine Run campaign, the regiment returned to winter quarters at Beverly Ford. On May 1, 1864, it started for the Wilderness, where it was engaged. It also fought at Spotsylvania Court House, the North Anna River, Mechanicsville, Totopotomoy Creek, and Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007405-0008-0000", "contents": "118th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nDuring the siege of Petersburg, the 118th remained in the trenches until August 15. It then joined in the movement upon the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, was posted near Yellow House in September, and joined in the Hatcher's Run movement in October, the raid on the Weldon Railroad in December, and the engagement at Dabney's Mill in February 1865. On April 1, it participated in the Battle of Five Forks and continued the pursuit to Appomattox Court House, where its brigade received the arms and flags of General Robert E. Lee's army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007405-0009-0000", "contents": "118th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nOn April 15, the regiment started for Washington, D.C., where it was mustered out on June 1, 1865. The late-1864 recruits were transferred to the 91st Pennsylvania Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007405-0010-0000", "contents": "118th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Legacy\nA group based in the United Kingdom currently represents Company C and belongs to the American Civil War Society. Their website can be found", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007405-0011-0000", "contents": "118th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Legacy\nThe 103rd Engineer Combat Battalion of the 28th Division, Pennsylvania National Guard, traces a lineage back through the 118th Pennsylvania Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007406-0000-0000", "contents": "118th Regiment of Foot (1794)\nThe 119th Regiment of Foot, also known as Fingall's Regiment, was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in October 1794 by Colonel Richard Wogan Talbot and disbanded in October 1795. It saw service as marines (shipboard infantry) at the Battle of Groix in June 1795, losing a number of men. On disbandment, its soldiers were transferred to the 86th Foot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0000-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division\nThe 118th Rifle Division was thrice formed as an infantry division of the Red Army, first as part of the prewar buildup of forces. The first formation was based on the shtat (table of organization and equipment) of September 13, 1939. It was based at Kostroma through its early existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0000-0001", "contents": "118th Rifle Division\nAfter the German invasion in June, 1941 it was rushed to the front as part of the 41st Rifle Corps and arrived at the Pskov Fortified Area between July 2-4. Under pressure from the 4th Panzer Group the division commander, Maj. Gen. Nikolai Mikhailovich Glovatskii, requested permission on July 8 to retreat east across the Velikaya River. There is some question if he received written orders and in any case the retreat fell into chaos due to a prematurely-blown bridge. Glovatskii was arrested on July 19, sentenced to death a week later and shot on August 3. The battered division had by then moved north to Gdov and came under command of 8th Army but could not be rebuilt due to a lack of replacements and on September 27 it was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0001-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division\nA new division began forming in the Gorki Oblast of Moscow Military District in January, 1942 based on the shtat of December 6, 1941 and was soon numbered as the second formation of the 118th. It spent a full six months in formation and training before it was assigned to the 31st Army in Western Front. It was soon committed to action in the summer offensive to eliminate the German forces in the Rzhev\u2013Sychyovka area and contributed to the liberation of Zubtsov in late August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0001-0001", "contents": "118th Rifle Division\nThe division saw limited action in Operation Mars in November-December and in March, 1943 was one of the first units to enter Rzhev as it was evacuated by German 9th Army. The division had performed well enough that it was redesignated as the 85th Guards Rifle Division in April, serving under the 10th Guards Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0002-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division\nThe third 118th Rifle Division was raised in mid-May 1943 in Southern Front under the shtat of December 10, 1942, based on a rifle brigade. It was immediately assigned to 28th Army and remained under that headquarters until November, fighting through the Donbass and towards the lower Dniepr and winning a battle honor following the protracted battle for Melitopol in late October. After an abortive attempt to force its way into the Crimea it was transferred to the 9th Rifle Corps of 5th Shock Army and then moved to 57th Army with that Corps in the spring of 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0002-0001", "contents": "118th Rifle Division\nAfter the Soviet offensive stalled along the Dniestr River the division was moved to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command in June before being reassigned to the 5th Guards Army where it mostly served in the 34th Guards Rifle Corps for the duration of the war. In early August it entered the Sandomierz bridgehead across the Vistula and remained there until the start of the Vistula-Oder Offensive in January, 1945 when it broke out and advanced through Poland and into Germany with the rest of 1st Ukrainian Front. During the Berlin operation the 5th Guards advanced toward Dresden and following the German surrender the 118th was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for its part in the late April battles southeast of that city. The division was disbanded in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0003-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 1st Formation\nThe division began forming at Kostroma in the Moscow Military District according to a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union dated July 6, 1940. It was a successor to an earlier unit of the same number that began forming in September, 1939 at Novocherkassk but was never completed and was disbanded in December. As of June, 1941 it had the following order of battle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0004-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 1st Formation\nMajor General Glovatskii was appointed to command on July 16. He had been in command of the 26th Rifle Division until March, 1938 when he was arrested during the latter stage of the Great Purge and imprisoned until October, 1939. He then served as deputy commander of the 43rd Rifle Corps until his appointment to the 118th. When the German invasion began the division was assigned to the 41st Rifle Corps and within days was aboard trains moving toward Leningrad. After delays owing to German air attacks and the general chaos of the time the Corps (which also included the 111th and 235th Rifle Divisions) detrained north and west of Pskov during the first days of July where it was assigned to 11th Army in Northwestern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0005-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 1st Formation, Defense of Pskov\nAfter falling back from the frontier with its surviving forces on June 25 Northwestern Front began attempting to establish a defense along the Western Dvina River but this was preempted the next morning when the 8th Panzer and 3rd Motorized Divisions arrived along its banks and by nightfall seized a significant bridgehead. Heavy fighting raged in the Daugavpils region until June 30 but the bridgehead was held. With no major defensive barrier remaining to protect the axis towards Leningrad the Front commander had ordered his 8th Army to withdraw northward into Estonia and the 11th and 27th Armies to fall back eastward to Opochka. These moves left the Pskov and Ostrov axis virtually unprotected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0006-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 1st Formation, Defense of Pskov\nOn June 29 the STAVKA ordered the new commander of Northwestern Front, Maj. Gen. P. P. Sobennikov, to organize new defenses along the Velikaya River near Ostrov (the former Stalin Line) anchored to the Pskov and Ostrov Fortified Areas and to reinforce these defenses with the 41st Rifle Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. I. S. Kosobutskii. On July 2 the OKH ordered Army Group North to advance with its main force through Pskov to Leningrad with 4th Panzer Group leading. The 1st Panzer Division captured Ostrov on July 4, piercing the former Stalin Line defenses. At the same time the 6th Panzer Division crushed the Soviet defenses along the Velikaya south of Pskov, largely due to the delayed arrival of the divisions of 41st Corps; as of that morning although 20 of the trains carrying the 118th had unloaded, two were still en route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0007-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 1st Formation, Defense of Pskov\nWhile senior German officers argued over future strategy and their forces struggled to overcome the swampy terrain on both sides of the Velikaya the XXXXI Motorized Corps fended off heavy Soviet counterattacks at Ostrov on July 6-7 and the following day captured Pskov, utterly compromising the remaining Stalin Line defenses and largely isolating the 111th and 118th Divisions on the west bank. On the night of July 8 General Glovatskii twice requested permission from Kosobutskii by phone to pull back across the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0007-0001", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 1st Formation, Defense of Pskov\nThis was granted on the second attempt, but Glovatskii did not get the order in writing and Kosobutskii failed to inform him that two regiments of the 111th were to withdraw over the same bridge. As the two divisions converged they became intermixed and command and control were lost. Further, as the retreat was underway an engineering officer of the 111th, without authorization or immediate threat, ordered the bridge destroyed. Up to two regiments of each rifle division were forced to cross the Velikaya using improvised means under German fire, at considerable cost. On July 16 Kosobutskii was arrested for unauthorized withdrawal from positions and sentenced to 10 years imprisonment although in the event he would be released in October, 1942 and return to corps command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0008-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 1st Formation, Defense of Pskov\nGlovatskii was in turn arrested on July 19 and faced a tribunal in Leningrad on the 26th. Because he had no written order to justify his withdrawal and Kosobutskii denied having given him the order verbally he was condemned to death and executed by firing squad on August 3. He was one of two general officers in command of rifle divisions to suffer this fate during the war (the other being Maj. Gen. S. G. Galaktionov of the 30th Mountain Rifle Division). Glovatskii remained on the books as commander of the 118th until Col. Afanasii Ivanovich Safronov took over on August 20. Glovatskii would be officially rehabilitated in 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0009-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 1st Formation, Approaches to Leningrad\nOn July 4 the Red Army's chief of staff, Army Gen. G. K. Zhukov, had ordered the Northern and Northwestern Fronts to begin construction of a new defense line along the Luga River, roughly 100km south of Leningrad. By July 14 the 118th had been assigned to the Luga Operational Group along with the rest of 41st Corps and assorted other units. However, in the confusion following the fall of Pskov the division had moved almost due north along the eastern shore of Lake Peipus, eventually taking up positions near Gdov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 60], "content_span": [61, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0009-0001", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 1st Formation, Approaches to Leningrad\nIn fighting with the 58th Infantry Division from July 16-20 the 118th was surrounded and forced to break out, in part with the assistance of the Peipus Flotilla, and reached Narva but lost 1,200 men taken prisoner in the process. As of August 1 it had been detached from 41st Corps and reassigned to the 8th Army in Northern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 60], "content_span": [61, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0010-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 1st Formation, Approaches to Leningrad\nGerman infantry forces occupied Kingisepp on August 16 and forced the five rifle divisions of 8th Army defending the Kingisepp axis from the Narva region to the west bank of the Luga on August 21. The 18th Army's XXVI and XXVIII Army Corps attacked north toward the Gulf of Finland from August 22-25. By September 1 the 8th Army had been forced to withdraw to new defenses forming a tight bridgehead south of Oranienbaum, a bridgehead that Soviet forces would retain until 1944. The vigorous assault left 8th Army in a shambles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 60], "content_span": [61, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0010-0001", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 1st Formation, Approaches to Leningrad\nBy September 9 the 118th had been reduced to a strength of only 3,025 personnel, 14 76mm regimental and divisional guns, three 152mm howitzers, seven heavy and 47 light machine guns; in addition almost all of its regimental and battalion commanders had been lost. On September 27 the division was disbanded. Most of its remaining forces were transferred to the 48th Rifle Division when Colonel Safronov took command of that unit and would continue holding the Oranienbaum pocket into early 1944. Safronov was promoted to the rank of major general in September, 1943 and would be mortally wounded in fighting along the Narva River on August 17, 1944, dying the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 60], "content_span": [61, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0011-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 1st Formation, Approaches to Leningrad\nFrom 1957-64 the successor unit to the 48th Rifle Division was designated as the 118th Motor Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 60], "content_span": [61, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0012-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation\nA new division began forming on January 18, 1942 in the Gorki Oblast of the Moscow Military District, formed from recruits from the Kirov, Kostroma and Yaroslavl Oblasts east of Moscow. Its order of battle remained similar to that of the 1st formation with several exceptions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0013-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation\nLt . Col. Andrei Yakovlevich Vedenin was appointed to command the day the division began forming; he would be promoted to full colonel's rank on February 4. The 118th remained under the Moscow Military District, the Moscow Defense Zone, and eventually the 4th Reserve Army of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for a full six months for forming up and training until it was assigned to the 31st Army of Western Front on July 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0014-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, First Rzhev\u2013Sychyovka Offensive\nIn the planning for the summer offensive west of Moscow the 31st Army was one of four Soviet armies allocated from Western Front and Kalinin Front to strike the main blows to liberate Rzhev and Sychyovka and in the process encircle and destroy the main forces of German 9th Army. The intention was that Kalinin Front would attack on July 28, followed by Western Front on July 31, but in the even the latter was delayed until August 4. As of August 1 the 31st Army had seven rifle divisions under command plus four tank brigades and a substantial amount of artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0015-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, First Rzhev\u2013Sychyovka Offensive\nThe offensive opened with a powerful artillery preparation which reportedly knocked out 80 percent of German weapons, after which the German defenses were penetrated on both sides of Pogoreloe Gorodishche and the 31st Army's mobile group rushed through the breaches towards Zubtsov. By the evening of August 6 the breach in the 9th Army's front had expanded up to 30km wide and up to 25km deep. The following day the STAVKA appointed General Zhukov to coordinate the offensives of Western and Kalinin Fronts; Zhukov proposed to liberate Rzhev with 31st and 30th Armies as soon as August 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0015-0001", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, First Rzhev\u2013Sychyovka Offensive\nHowever, heavy German counterattacks, complicated by adverse weather, soon slowed the advance drastically. On August 23 the 31st Army, in concert with elements of the 29th Army, finally liberated Zubtsov. While this date is officially considered the end of the offensive in Soviet sources, in fact bitter fighting continued west of Zubtsov into mid-September. As of September 1 the 118th was under command of 29th Army. At dawn on September 8, the 29th and 31st Armies went on a determined offensive to seize the southern part of Rzhev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0015-0002", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, First Rzhev\u2013Sychyovka Offensive\nDespite resolute attacks through the following day against the German 161st Infantry Division they made made little progress. After 31st Army suspended its attacks temporarily on September 16 the division returned to its command, and was one of three divisions on its right flank that resumed the assault on September 21\u201323 with similar lack of success. Over the course of the fighting from August 4 to September 15 the 31st Army suffered a total of 43,321 total losses in personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0016-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, Operation Mars and Rzhev-Vyazma Offensive\nOn September 13 Colonel Vedenin left command of the division, which was taken over the next day by Lt. Col. Nikolai Fyodorovich Sukharev. Vedenin returned on November 2 and led the 118th for the duration of its 2nd formation. In the planning for Operation Mars (Second Rzhev\u2013Sychyovka Offensive), which began on November 25, the division was not given any prominent role. The three divisions of 31st Army which were allocated to attack were unable to penetrate the German defense in three days of costly fighting after which the entire Army went over to the defense. As part of a final bid to renew the offensive the 31st, 29th and 20th Armies attacked on December 11, but with no greater success before being shut down on the 18th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0017-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, Operation Mars and Rzhev-Vyazma Offensive\nIn February, 1943 the armies of Western and Kalinin Fronts began preparing for what would become the Rzhev-Vyasma Offensive Operation. 31st Army was to be prepared to attack by February 20\u201321. In the event these plans were delayed and eventually superseded when German 9th Army launched Operation B\u00fcffel on March 1 and began its phased withdrawal from the salient, pursued by 31st and other armies through the rest of the month. On March 2 the 118th was the first division of Western Front to enter Rzhev. The official history of 31st Army describes how the operation unfolded after the Rzhev region was cleared and following several sharp engagements near Sychyovka:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0018-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, Operation Mars and Rzhev-Vyazma Offensive\nWhile developing the successes achieved, the 88th and 42nd Guards Rifle Divisions captured the regional center of Izdeshkovo on 18 March and, together with the 118th and 30th Guards Rifle Divisions, reached the eastern bank of the Dnepr River. The entire army forced the river on 20 March and advanced 20\u201325 kilometres toward the southwest. The roads had become completely impassible because of the spring rasputitsa, even for horse transport. The impassible mud bogged down the artillery tractors and trucks... The situation... was also complicated by the fact that, during their withdrawal, the Hitlerites blew up and burned all the towns and villages along the Vyasma River lines and turned the terrain west of the Dnepr into a \"desert\" zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0019-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, Operation Mars and Rzhev-Vyazma Offensive\nOn March 22 reconnaissance discovered that the German 6th and 337th Infantry Divisions had occupied defenses along previously prepared lines at the base of the former salient with full-profile trenches, extensive minefields and barbed wire obstacles. Initial attacks penetrated the first trench line but could proceed no farther and the offensive stalled. On April 10, in recognition for its part in the liberation of Rzhev, the 118th was redesignated as the 85th Guards Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0020-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 3rd Formation\nOn May 19 a new 118th Rifle Division began forming in the 28th Army of Southern Front, based on the 152nd Rifle Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0021-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 3rd Formation, 152nd Rifle Brigade\nThe brigade was formed from December, 1941 to February, 1942 in the South Urals Military District and was moved by rail to the Moscow Military District in May. In July it was assigned to the Moscow Defense Zone, but in August it again boarded trains, this time to Astrakhan at the mouth of the Volga as the German summer offensive rolled across the Caucasus region. There it joined the 28th Army of Stalingrad Front in September which was defending the approaches to the lower Volga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0021-0001", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 3rd Formation, 152nd Rifle Brigade\nWhen Operation Uranus began on November 19\u201320 the Army began advancing toward Elista, which was liberated on December 31 by the 152nd attacking from the north, the 248th Rifle Division from the south, plus the 34th Guards Rifle Division and the 6th Guards Tank Brigade from the east. In January, 1943 it helped cover the south flank of 51st Army in a new offensive toward Rostov-na-Donu. In the late winter and early spring the brigade advanced along the north shore of the Gulf of Taganrog to the Mius River line where it was disbanded to form the new 118th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0022-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 3rd Formation, 152nd Rifle Brigade\nCol. Fyodor Grigorevich Dobrovolskii was appointed to command on the day the division began forming. At this time its personnel were noted as being 50 percent Russian, 20 percent Ukrainian, and 30 percent of several non-Slavic nationalities. Its order of battle remained as per the 2nd formation with the following exceptions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0023-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, 3rd Formation, 152nd Rifle Brigade\nAs of June 1 the 118th was a separate division within the small 28th Army, which also consisted of the 271st Rifle Division and the 1st Guards, 78th and 116th Fortified Regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0024-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nBy the start of July the 118th and 271st Divisions had been subordinated to 55th Rifle Corps but the strength of 28th Army remained much the same as a month earlier. The new commander of Southern Front, Col. Gen. F. I. Tolbukhin, was directed to plan a new offensive to breach the German front along the Mius River which was held by the rebuilt but chronically understrength 6th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0024-0001", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nTolbukhin chose to break the German defenses facing the center of his line with the 5th Shock and 28th Armies operating on a 16km-wide sector with the 2nd Guards Army in second echelon ready to exploit any initial success. The offensive opened on July 17, within days of the suspension of the German offensive at Kursk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0024-0002", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nThe 28th and 5th Shock forced the river but were soon met by German armor from the southern wing of Army Group South which first contained the bridgehead and at the end of the month launched a powerful counterblow with four panzer divisions, a panzergrenadier division and two infantry divisions. On the evening of August 1 Tolbukhin reported the situation to the STAVKA and received permission to withdraw his forces to their old positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0024-0003", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nWhile he was downcast by what he considered a failure he was reassured by Marshal A. M. Vasilevskii that the offensive had successfully diverted German strength from more important axes. By this time 28th Army had five divisions under command and the 118th was no longer under corps command. Southern Front returned to the offensive on August 18, this time finally smashing the Mius-Front with the fire of over 5,000 guns and mortars on the German defenses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0024-0004", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nBy the end of the month Tolbukhin's armies had taken Taganrog and Hitler finally authorized 6th Army, \"if necessary\", to pull back to the Kalmius River. By this time the 118th was under command of the 37th Rifle Corps, along with the 248th and 347th Rifle Divisions. Through September and well into October Southern Front (as of October 20 4th Ukrainian Front) made slow progress against 6th Army from the Dniepr to the Sea of Azov with orders to destroy the German Melitopol grouping, seize crossings over the Dniepr and then shut the German 17th Army into the Crimea. The offensive made little progress until October 9 but by October 23, led by forces of the 51st Army, the Front finally ground its way into the city, and the division was awarded an honorific:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0025-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nMELITOPOL... 118th Rifle Division {Colonel Dobrovolskii, Fyodor Grigorevich)... By order of the Supreme High Command of 23 October 1943 and a commendation in Moscow, the troops who participated in the battles for the liberation of Melitopol are given a salute of 20 artillery salvoes from 224 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0026-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nAt the start of October the division had been again a separate division in 28th Army. With Melitopol cleared the Front began a rapid advance through the Nogai Steppe to cut off the Crimea; the 51st Army was directed to seize the Perekop Isthmus while the 28th Army was to make a crossing at the Chongar Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0027-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Fighting for the Chongar Peninsula\nAs the Soviet advance began on October 24 the Chongar was virtually unguarded. Lt . Gen. F. K\u00f6chling, who had recently arrived from Berlin to take over local command in Crimea, noticed the weakness and agreed to move his meagre forces to provide some defense there and at Perekop. The commander of the 336th Infantry Division, Maj. Gen. W. Kunze, established a blocking position at Salkove, at the northern entrance to the Chongar, with a battery of four 88mm flak guns and two companies of his antitank battalion, backed by just 100 infantrymen. The railway bridge was also mined for demolition. These measures were in place by October 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0028-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Fighting for the Chongar Peninsula\n28th Army began to arrive at the eastern entrances to Crimea late in the afternoon of October 30 as Kunze continued to reinforce his position. Elements of the 347th Rifle Division brushed aside a unit of Luftwaffe field troops and began advancing down the Arabat Spit while the 118th appeared 1.5km north of the Salkove position. Despite air and ground reconnaissance during the day and overnight the German force remained largely undetected. Around 0900 hours a column of 14-16 trucks approached Salkove, drove straight into the German fire zone, and was completely destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0028-0001", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Fighting for the Chongar Peninsula\nFive hours passed before Colonel Dobrovolskii responded to this ambush by sending two rifle companies on foot, supported by mortars, against the blocking position, but the result was a desultory exchange of fire for the rest of the afternoon. The advance of the 347th Division on the Arabat was also stopped at about the same time, and this effectively ended 28th Army's attempt to force its way into Crimea from the march. During this fighting the 118th was assigned to the 67th Rifle Corps. During November it was moved again, now to the 63rd Rifle Corps of 5th Shock Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0029-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Battles in the Dniepr Bend\nAt the start of the new year 5th Shock commanded five rifle divisions and 63rd Corps consisted of the 118th and 267th Rifle Divisions. On January 12 three armies of 4th Ukrainian, the 5th Shock, 28th and 3rd Guards, began a drive to eliminate the bridgehead south of Nikopol held by the IV and XXIX Army Corps. This failed to do more than dent the German position and was stopped on the 16th. In a renewed effort on January 30 the Front pushed a deep wedge into the south end of the bridgehead toward Bolshaya Lepatikha. As of February 1 the 118th was serving as a separate division in 5th Shock Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 62], "content_span": [63, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0030-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Battles in the Dniepr Bend\nGerman 6th Army began to retreat from the bridgehead toward the Ingulets River on February 4 with its last troops crossing the Dniepr three days later. The pursuit continued through the rest of the month largely due to deep mud conditions faced by both sides and 5th Shock reached Dudchino by March 1. The division was recorded at this time as having the same mix of nationalities among its personnel as when it was formed. During this advance the Army was transferred to the 3rd Ukrainian Front and the 118th joined the 9th Rifle Corps. Under this command the division made an assault crossing of the Southern Bug River into prewar Poland on March 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 62], "content_span": [63, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0031-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive\nAs of April 1 the 9th Corps had been moved to the 57th Army, still in 3rd Ukrainian Front. The Corps also had the 230th and 301st Rifle Divisions under command. Overnight on April 10/11 the STAVKA ordered 3rd Ukrainian Front to mount a concerted offensive to reach the Soviet-Romanian state borders, forcing crossings of the Dniestr River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 66], "content_span": [67, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0031-0001", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive\nEarly the next morning the 57th Army, on the Front's north flank, began pursuing disorganized German forces toward the river, with forward detachments from each corps in the lead, supported by small groups of tanks from the 23rd Tank Corps and the 96th Tank Brigade. Through the day these advanced up to 16km to the west against only light resistance from 6th Army's LII and XXX Army Corps. 9th Corps was deployed on the Army's left (south) wing moving in the direction of Varni\u021ba with the support of the 595th Tank Destroyer Regiment and several construction and engineering units. The Front had assigned an 18km long sector of the Dniestr to 57th Army from Butor to Varni\u021ba with the objective of seizing a consolidated bridgehead along its length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 66], "content_span": [67, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0032-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive\nForward detachments of the Corps' forces began reaching the east bank late on April 11 between B\u00eecioc and Varni\u021ba. The XXX Army Corps defended this sector with remnants of its 384th and 257th Infantry Divisions. The Corps commander, Maj. Gen. I. P. Roslyi, wrote in his memoirs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 66], "content_span": [67, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0033-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive\nWe were able to compensate for the many genuine weaknesses in our preparations to force so formidable a water obstacle only by fast action. The corps reached the Dnestr without its authorized crossing equipment and could not count on reliable artillery and aviation support. The rasputitsa and the lack of roads forced serious alterations in our plans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 66], "content_span": [67, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0034-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive\nRoslyi's riflemen gathered up local materials, including wood, furniture and even wooden doors from nearby buildings to construct rafts and makeshift boats. The 118th captured the northern portion of Parcani and also managed to secure a small foothold on the western bank, but German resistance was stiffening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 66], "content_span": [67, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0034-0001", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive\nThe 301st and 230th Divisions made additional gains early on April 13 at Hill 65.3 and Varni\u021ba and the 118th kept pace, but by then the nature of the battle changed as German artillery fire and airstrikes struck the Corps' forward positions continually and regrouped infantry began counterattacks to drive Roslyi's men back into the river. The objective had not been met and the Corps was left holding a set of shallow bridgeheads dominated from high ground to the west. On April 14 the Front ordered 57th Army to go over to the defense, where it remained until the offensive was renewed in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 66], "content_span": [67, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0035-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive\nOn May 10 Colonel Dobrovolskii handed his command to Maj. Gen. Mikhail Afanasevich Sukhanov, who would lead the division into the postwar. In June it went into the Reserve of the Supreme High Command where it was assigned to the 34th Guards Rifle Corps in the 5th Guards Army. With this Army the 118th returned to the front in the last days of July as part of 1st Ukrainian Front; it would remain under these commands for the duration of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0035-0001", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive\nThe Front had launched this offensive on July 13 but the Army did not enter the operation until early August. By the end of August 3 it had concentrated in the Kolbuszowa region and was ordered to exploit the 3rd Guards Tank and 13th Armies' crossings over the Vistula in the Baran\u00f3w Sandomierski area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0035-0002", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive\n5th Guards Army was to develop the offensive along the Busko-Zdr\u00f3j axis with the 32nd Guards Rifle Corps and toward Mielec with the 33rd Guards Rifle Corps while the Army commander, Lt. Gen. A. S. Zhadov, directed the 34th Guards Corps to remain in second echelon near Kolbuszowa. The Corps crossed in to the exiting bridgehead at Baran\u00f3w throughout the day on August 6, followed by the balance of the Army during the following days. These fresh troops secured the bridgehead, led to the capture of Sandomierz on August 18 and set the stage for a protracted battle against considerable German forces well into the autumn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0036-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany\n1st Ukrainian Front launched its part of the Vistula-Oder Offensive on January 12, 1945. 5th Guards Army was assigned a 6km-wide breakthrough front, with up to 282 guns and mortars and 23 tanks and self-propelled guns per kilometre. The 4th Guards and 31st Tank Corps were to be committed on the first day to complete the breach of the German main defensive zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0036-0001", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany\nThe breakthrough and exploitation went largely as planned and by January 22 the Front's main group of forces, which included the 5th Guards Army, was arriving along the Oder River along a broad front in the general area of Lissa, although the Army was lagging about 20km behind, threatening the link between the main group and the left flank armies. In response the Army was redirected towards the Oder northwest of Oppeln and reached there by day's end and captured the city the next day in cooperation with the 3rd Guards Tank and 21st Armies. The 34th Guards Corps, along with the 32nd and 33rd, were deployed in a single echelon and by January 28 had seized three substantial bridgeheads over the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0037-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Lower Silesian Offensive\nOn the night of January 30/31 the 55th Rifle Corps of 21st Army relieved 34th Guards Corps in its bridgehead between Oppeln and Brieg. Beginning on February 8 the 5th Guards Army took part in the Front's Lower Silesian Offensive with its main objective of encircling the German garrison of Breslau. On its sector the offensive was based on the bridgehead seized by 14th Guards Rifle Division in January. The German defense was based on the 269th Infantry Division with several battlegroups, independent battalions, two panzer battalions and an NCO school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0037-0001", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Lower Silesian Offensive\nThe Army's attack was led by 32nd Guards Corps and developed slowly over the first three days. On February 11 the Front commander, Marshal I. S. Konev, shifted the 31st Tank Corps from 21st Army and committed it on the sector of 33rd Guards Corps the next day with the immediate objective of capturing the Bogenau area. Over the next two days the 34th Guards Corps was committed from second echelon and advanced steadily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0038-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Lower Silesian Offensive\nOn February 13 German resistance did not abate and if anything increased as further forces entered the Breslau area but despite this the 4th Guards and 31st Tank Corps linked up with the 7th Guards Mechanized Corps of 6th Army to complete the encirclement. Konev chose to leave 6th Army and 34th Guards Corps to maintain the siege while the 32nd and 33rd Guards Corps were ordered to make a decisive attack from the Magnitz area toward Koberwitz and then to the southwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0038-0001", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Lower Silesian Offensive\nThe 118th was directed out of the line in the Breslau area and, together with one antitank artillery regiment, to move by dawn on February 15 to the area south of Kanth in order to prevent a German breakthrough to that town. As of the end of that day the cordon between the encircled forces and the main German forces had been widened to up to 13km. By February 24 the remainder of 34th Guards Corps had taken out of the line in the Breslau area and the division had occupied the front from Raaben to Mettkau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0039-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nIn the planning for the Upper Silesian Offensive the 34th Guards Corps was to reinforce 21st Army as part of the Oppeln group of forces, along with 4th Tank Army and 4th Guards Tank Corps. The 34th Guards and 4th Guards Tanks would attack in the direction of Priborn to support the shock group of 21st Army and reach Munsterberg by the end of the second day. Before operation began on March 15 the 118th had been replaced by the 112th Rifle Division from 6th Army, and had been reassigned to the 33rd Guards Corps, which did not take part in the offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0040-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nBy the start of the final offensive against the German capital the 33rd Guards Corps consisted of the 78th Guards Rifle Division, the 9th Guards Airborne Division and the 118th. 5th Guards Army was deployed along the east bank of the Neisse River on a 13km front and planned to launch its main attack with its right wing on the 8km sector from Gross Saerchen to Muskau. The 32nd and 34th Guards Corps were deployed in the first echelon while the 33rd Guards Corps was in second echelon, along with the 4th Guards Tank Corps. At this time the division, in common with most of those in the Army, had a personnel strength of roughly 5,200 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0041-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nWhen the offensive began on April 16 the Army's main forces crossed the Neisse under the cover of massed artillery fire. By the end of the day the 33rd Guards Corps had concentrated in the area from Klein Zerchen to Kwolsdorf to Toepferstedt on the river's east bank. As the offensive continued the Army's right flank reached the Spree River by the end of April 18 but the Corps remained in its second echelon, now in the area of Jamlitz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0041-0001", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nThe next day the Corps was committed along the Spremberg axis in the 32nd Guards Corps' sector and by evening all three divisions were fighting along the line from Graustein to Slamen in an effort to eliminate the German bridgehead east of this important resistance center. At 1100 hours on April 20, following a pair of 5-minute artillery preparations, the 118th and its corps-mates began the storm of Spremberg which concluded with an advance of 5-6km by the end of the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0042-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nOn April 21 the Corps linked up with the 13th Army's 24th Rifle Corps in the Neu Welzow area, completing the encirclement of the German Spremberg grouping. About 5,000 men were killed in the pocket including elements of Panzer-F\u00fchrerbegleitdivision, 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg and 21st Panzer Division, plus 30 tanks and assault guns destroyed. Over the next two days a German force based on elements of 17th and 4th Panzer Armies launched a counteroffensive which broke through the 52nd Army's front along its boundary with the 2nd Polish Army and continued north in the general direction of Spremberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0042-0001", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nTo counter this effort, Konev ordered Zhadov to use the 33rd Guards Corps and the 14th Guards Division to attack towards Losa and Ugist (north of Bautzen) and reestablish contact with the Poles. This effort brought the German attack to a halt by the end of April 24. In the course of this complicated fighting the 118th was transferred back to the 34th Guards Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0043-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nDuring April 27-30 the German group of forces in the G\u00f6rlitz area attempted to renew their counteroffensive but without success and finally went over to the defensive. From May 6-11 the 118th took part, with the rest of 1st Ukrainian Front, in the final offensive on Prague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007407-0044-0000", "contents": "118th Rifle Division, Postwar\nThe division ended the war north of Prague with the title 118th Rifle, Melitopol Division. (Russian: 118-\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u041c\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f.) On June 4 the division was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for its role in the operations near Dresden in late April. The division remained under the command of General Sukhanov until it was disbanded in September, 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007408-0000-0000", "contents": "118th United States Congress\nThe 118th United States Congress is the next meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It is scheduled to meet in Washington, D.C., from January 3, 2023, to January 3, 2025, during the third and fourth years of Joe Biden\u2019s presidency. The elections of November 2022 will decide control of both houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007408-0001-0000", "contents": "118th United States Congress, Leadership\nNote: Democrats refer to themselves as a \"Caucus\"; Republicans refer to themselves as a \"Conference\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007408-0002-0000", "contents": "118th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nThe numbers refer to their Senate classes. All class 3 seats will be contested in the November 2022 elections. In this Congress, class 3 means their term commenced in the current Congress, requiring re-election in 2028; class 1 means their term ends with this Congress, requiring re-election in 2024; and class 2 means their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 2026.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007408-0003-0000", "contents": "118th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives\nAll 435 seats will be filled by election in November 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007408-0004-0000", "contents": "118th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives\nThe numbers refer to the congressional district of the given state in this Congress. Eight new congressional districts will be created or re-created, while eight others will be eliminated as a result of the 2020 United States census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0000-0000", "contents": "118th Wing\nThe 118th Wing (118 WG) is a unit of the Tennessee Air National Guard, stationed at Berry Field Air National Guard Base, Nashville, Tennessee. The 118th is equipped with the MQ-9 Reaper. If activated to federal service, it is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0001-0000", "contents": "118th Wing\nThe 105th Tactical Airlift Squadron, assigned to the Wings 118th Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the World War I 105th Aero Squadron, established on 27 August 1917. It was reformed on 4 December 1921, as the 105th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0002-0000", "contents": "118th Wing, Overview\nThe 184th Wing MQ-9 Reaper Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) mission is to provide close air support (CAS), air interdiction, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR), and attack to eliminate threats when present. The multi-role capabilities of these RPAs allows Combat Search and Rescue operations and extended time over targets to locate, track, target, strike, and assess time sensitive targets", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0003-0000", "contents": "118th Wing, Overview\nThe plan also calls for the 118th Wing to get a cyber-security unit and expand their intelligence squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0004-0000", "contents": "118th Wing, History, World War II\nEstablished  on 8 December 1942 at Westover Field, Massachusetts as the 356th Fighter Group, equipped with P-47 Thunderbolts. Deployed to the European Theater of Operations (ETO), and assigned to Eighth Air Force in England. Engaged in combat operations until May 1945. Returned to the United States during September\u2013November 1945, and was inactivated on 10 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0005-0000", "contents": "118th Wing, History, Tennessee Air National Guard\nWas re-established in 1946 as the Tennessee Air National Guard 118th Fighter Group, receiving federal recognition and being activated on 2 October 1947. Formed at Berry Field, Nashville. The new Group was initially assigned to the 54th Fighter Wing, Fourteenth Air Force. It consisted of the 105th Fighter Squadron and the 155th Fighter Squadron at Memphis Municipal Airport. Both squadrons flew the F-47 Thunderbolt. In October 1947, the 154th Fighter Squadron at Little Rock, Arkansas (Arkansas ANG), was assigned to the Group. The 154th flew F-51 Mustangs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0006-0000", "contents": "118th Wing, History, Tennessee Air National Guard\nOn 1 September 1950, the group was elevated to a Wing level and was activated as the 118th Composite Wing. It was assigned to Fourteenth Air Force, Continental Air Command, with Wing Headquarters at Berry Field. The 118th Fighter Group was redesignated the 118th Composite Group and along with the 105th Fighter Squadron was absorbed by the 118th Composite Wing. On 1 February 1951, the 118th Composite Wing, 118th Composite Group and 105th Fighter Squadron were redesignated the 118th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, Group and Squadron respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0007-0000", "contents": "118th Wing, History, Tennessee Air National Guard\nThe 118th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing (TRW) and Group were activated for federal service 1 February 1951. On 13 April 1951, the 118th TRW was reassigned to Tactical Air Command, (TAC), Langley AFB, Virginia, and operated from the municipal airport at Memphis, TN. On 3 August 1951, the 118th TRW was released from assignment to TAC and reassigned and transferred to Headquarters Ninth Air Force, Shaw AFB, SC. The 105th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron stayed at Berry Field. It was redesignated as the 105th Fighter Interceptor Squadron and was activated in place 1 March 1951. While on active duty, it operated two geographically separated units; Detachment 1 flying P-47 Thunderbolt aircraft, from McGhee-Tyson Airport at Knoxville, TN, provided air defense for the Atomic Energy Commission at Oak Ridge, and Detachment 2 was the 4674th Ground Observer Squadron, Smyrna, TN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 928]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0008-0000", "contents": "118th Wing, History, Tennessee Air National Guard\n1 January 1953, the 118th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing returned to Berry Field with the following assigned units: 118th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, 105th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, 155th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron at Memphis, and the 154th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron at Little Rock, AR. The units were equipped with the RF-51 Mustang from 1953 \u2013 1954, the Lockheed RF-80C Shooting Star from 1954 \u2013 1956, and the Republic RF-84F Thunderflash from 1956 to early 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0009-0000", "contents": "118th Wing, History, Tennessee Air National Guard\nIn April 1961 the Wing converted to an airlift mission flying the C-97G Stratofreighter. On 12 May 1961, the 118th Air Transport Wing (Heavy) was reassigned to Eastern Transport Air Force (EASTAF), Military Air Transport Service (MATS). In January 1966, MATS was renamed Military Airlift Command (MAC). As a result, the 118th Air Transport Wing, Group and Squadron were redesignated the 118th Military Airlift Wing, Group and Squadron. The 118th MAW converted to the C-124C Globemaster II transport and received the first of eight of these aircraft 6 April 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0010-0000", "contents": "118th Wing, History, Tennessee Air National Guard\nOperating from Nashville during the Vietnam War, the 118th MAW supported global airlift requirements of U.S. military forces. The Wing became Executive Agent for ANG Airlift Support in conjunction with the Vietnam effort in 1965. This function now resides at the Air National Guard Readiness Center at Andrews AFB, MD. A well-trained group of officers and airmen at Berry Field operating 24 hours a day, seven days a week, coordinated the airlift of equipment and personnel by 18 Military Airlift Groups in 15 states. Beginning in December 1965, the 105th MAS flew more than 100 missions to South Vietnam in a period of approximately a year and a half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0011-0000", "contents": "118th Wing, History, Tennessee Air National Guard\nIn March 1971, the Wing converted to the C-130A Hercules aircraft and became the 118th Tactical Airlift Wing. The Wing was assigned to Ninth Air Force, Tactical Air Command. Ultimately five ANG Tactical Airlift Groups were assigned to the Wing by 9 June 1973: the 145th TAG, Charlotte, NC, the 166th TAG, New Castle, DE, the 167th TAG Martinsburg, WV, the 170th TAG, McGuire AFB, NJ, and the 118th TAG at Nashville. 1 December 1974, the 118th Tactical Airlift Wing was transferred from 9th Air Force, Tactical Air Command (TAC), to 21st Air Force, Military Airlift Command (MAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0011-0001", "contents": "118th Wing, History, Tennessee Air National Guard\nOn 9 February 1975, the 118th Tactical Airlift Group was inactivated, passing its World War II lineage and history to the 118th Tactical Airlift Wing. In June 1978 the Wing was recognized for its achievements and was awarded the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award. In 1979, the Wing was enlarged from eight to sixteen C-130A Aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0012-0000", "contents": "118th Wing, History, Tennessee Air National Guard\nSince acquiring the C-130 airframe, the unit has supported a worldwide tactical airlift mission. Participation in exercises such as Brave Shield, Brim Frost and Red Flag were accomplished with some of the oldest aircraft in the inventory (1954\u20131957 A models). Rotations to Panama in support of Volant Oak beginning in 1977 became routine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0013-0000", "contents": "118th Wing, History, Post-Cold War\nThe Wing mobilized 462 personnel during 21 deployments for Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm in southwest Asia and flew a record 7239 flying hours. In 1992, Military Airlift Command (MAC) was reorganized as the Air Mobility Command (AMC). As a part of this reorganization, the 118th Tactical Airlift Wing became the 118th Airlift Wing. With sixteen C-130H aircraft and 1406 personnel at Nashville, the 118th Airlift Wing was one of the largest flying units in the Air National Guard at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0014-0000", "contents": "118th Wing, History, Post-Cold War\nFollowing 11 September 2001, the operational tempo increased. Over one-third of the Wing was activated for one year or more to supporting the National Homeland Security Plan (Operation Noble Eagle), which included deploying aircraft and personnel to bases inside the United States for several months, then assigned a home station alert mission. Shortly after the Wing completed the Noble Eagle mission, the Wing was selected to deploy to Southwest Asia in support CENTCOM Operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0015-0000", "contents": "118th Wing, History, Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIn 2003, the 118th deployed ten C-130\u2019s and over 320 personnel to the Middle East in direct support of combat operations at the beginning of Operation Iraqi Freedom. While living in austere conditions in tents, enduring the desert heat and sand storms, the men and women of the 118th supported combat operations into and out of Baghdad and surrounding areas of Iraq. The 118th was the lead wing in establishing a bare base in support of the largest contingent of C-130\u2019s ever based in a combat environment, over 46 C-130\u2019s located at a single base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0015-0001", "contents": "118th Wing, History, Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe unit supported CENTCOM at various locations in Iraq, Kuwait, Oman and Saudi Arabia. The unit returned home at different times in late 2003 as U.S. forces were drawn down and rotated to meet the changing requirements. In late 2003, the Wing again deployed to Uzbekistan supporting Operating Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0016-0000", "contents": "118th Wing, History, BRAC 2005 and the C-130 International Training Center\nAs part of BRAC 2005, the Department of Defense was recommended to realign Berry Field Air National Guard Base. This recommendation would distribute the C-130H aircraft of the 118th Airlift Wing to the 182d Airlift Wing of the Illinois Air National Guard at Greater Peoria Airport Air National Guard Station, IL (four aircraft), and the 123d Airlift Wing of the Kentucky Air National Guard at Louisville IAP Air National Guard Station, KY (four aircraft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 74], "content_span": [75, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0016-0001", "contents": "118th Wing, History, BRAC 2005 and the C-130 International Training Center\nFlying related ECS (aerial port and fire fighters) would move to Memphis Air National Guard Base and the aeromedical squadron from Nashville would move to NAS JRB Fort Worth, TX. Other ECS would remain in place at Nashville. Nashville had a low military value ranking and was near other ANG bases keeping or gaining aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 74], "content_span": [75, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0017-0000", "contents": "118th Wing, History, BRAC 2005 and the C-130 International Training Center\nIn October 2007, it was announced that as an amendment to the BRAC 2005 decision, the 118 AW would continue to retain a flying mission, transitioning from an Air Mobility Command (AMC)-gained unit to that of a training organization operationally gained by the Air Education and Training Command (AETC). As the C-130 International Training Center, the 118 AW assumed a new role in support of DoD Foreign Military Sales (FMS), training up to 150 international military C-130E and C-130H flight crew and maintenance students annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 74], "content_span": [75, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0017-0001", "contents": "118th Wing, History, BRAC 2005 and the C-130 International Training Center\nAlthough its C-130H2 aircraft were transferred to other Air National Guard airlift wings, the 118 AW did gain six WC-130H aircraft that had been retired from weather reconnaissance duties with the Air Force Reserve Command's 403d Wing at Keesler AFB, Mississippi. The first class of international C-130 students (from Poland) trained by the 118 AW graduated in October 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 74], "content_span": [75, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007409-0018-0000", "contents": "118th Wing, History, BRAC 2005 and the C-130 International Training Center\nShortly after transitioning to the C-130 International Training Center, the 118th Airlift Wing was again reorganized as the 118th Wing. The 118th is now tasked with supporting global unmanned aircraft intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance operations. The wing converted to MQ-9 Reaper Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) during 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 74], "content_span": [75, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007410-0000-0000", "contents": "118th meridian east\nThe meridian 118\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007410-0001-0000", "contents": "118th meridian east\nThe 118th meridian east forms a great circle with the 62nd meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007410-0002-0000", "contents": "118th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 118th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007411-0000-0000", "contents": "118th meridian west\nThe meridian 118\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007411-0001-0000", "contents": "118th meridian west\n118\u00b0W is the Sixth Meridian of the Dominion Land Survey in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007411-0002-0000", "contents": "118th meridian west\nThe 118th meridian west forms a great circle with the 62nd meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007411-0003-0000", "contents": "118th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 118th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007412-0000-0000", "contents": "119 (album)\n119 is the fourth studio album by American hardcore punk band Trash Talk, released on October 9, 2012 via Trash Talk Collective along with Odd Future Records and RED Distribution. It is the first album by the band to be released on Odd Future Records, after Trash Talk signed with Odd Future's label on May 30, 2012. It is also the first studio album to be released on the label that is not performed by a member of Odd Future. A music video for the first official single, \"F.E.B.N. \", was posted onto YouTube on August 30, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007413-0000-0000", "contents": "119 (emergency telephone number)\n119 (one-one-nine) is an emergency telephone number in parts of Asia and in Jamaica. From May 2020, 119 was introduced in the United Kingdom as the single non-emergency number for the COVID-19 testing helpline in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007413-0001-0000", "contents": "119 (emergency telephone number), 119 in Afghanistan\nThe 119 Information Center of  was founded in 2009 in Kabul city. It has 58 employees including 7 women. The 119 staff works 24 hours a day and 7 days a week for their citizens. This main goal of this information center is to give citizens an opportunity to report complaints of police misbehavior, corruption, and human rights violations, criminal and terrorist activity. In 2013, with the help of the public, the 119 information prevented many dangerous attacks against people and property. In this year  avoided and disabled 173 mines. And also 15 suicide vests were discovered and 20 suicide attackers were arrested as they were trying to kill the people. These are the major achievements of this center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007413-0002-0000", "contents": "119 (emergency telephone number), 119 in South Korea\n119 is a direct-dial emergency telephone number in South Korea for fire brigade and ambulance service operated by the National Emergency Management Agency. The caller's location is automatically traced once the call is connected, and operators who can speak Chinese, English, Japanese, and Korean should be available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007413-0003-0000", "contents": "119 (emergency telephone number), 119 in South Korea\n1339 is a separate telephone number reserved for non-emergency medical information calls. An emergency pager service called 'U119' also exists for registered people such as the elderly or cancer patients. 112 is the emergency number for police, with other numbers dedicated for other situations, such as discovery of missing persons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007413-0004-0000", "contents": "119 (emergency telephone number), 119 in Japan\n119 in Japan is a direct-dial emergency number that connects the caller to the fire brigade and emergency medical services. On certain older pay phones, the number can be dialled by pushing a special button that will automatically connect the caller with the 119 dispatch centre. Although the dispatchers still record the address of the emergency call manually, most systems are now set up to automatically log the location of the call, as well (for cases of emergency calls where the caller is not proficient in Japanese, distraught, or otherwise unable to respond coherently). Unlike many emergency telephone number services, the 119 system in Japan only services fire and ambulance services. Police are called using a separate emergency telephone number, 110. Operators proficient in English and other foreign languages are available in Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007413-0005-0000", "contents": "119 (emergency telephone number), 119 in China\n119 is recognised in China as the standard emergency telephone number for firefighters. Similar to Japan, the emergency telephone number for police is 110, but ambulance service is available with the emergency telephone number 120 in China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007413-0006-0000", "contents": "119 (emergency telephone number), 119 in Taiwan\n119 is recognised in Taiwan as the emergency telephone number for firefighters and ambulance services. As in Japan, the emergency telephone number for police is 110.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007413-0007-0000", "contents": "119 (emergency telephone number), 119 in Sri Lanka\nThe 1-1-9 emergency response system in Sri Lanka was established during the time of the Sri Lankan Civil War. It was established for the aid in battling terrorism by the means of helping civilians in the conflict, and also as a supportive tool in locating and preventing attacks by terrorists. But now, 119 has become the standard emergency telephone number for calling the police. When a caller dials 119, the request goes to the Police Emergency Division in Colombo, and will be diverted to the police station nearest to the caller's location, depending on the situation. Though mainly used to contact police, 119 calls can be placed to summon the Fire Brigade as well, whereas the call will be again diverted. The number is accessible from any part of the island on all telephone and cellular networks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007413-0008-0000", "contents": "119 (emergency telephone number), 119 in Maldives\nThe 1-1-9 in Maldives is a direct-dial free emergency telephone number that connects the caller to the national police; the Maldives Police Service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007413-0009-0000", "contents": "119 (emergency telephone number), 119 in the United Kingdom\nIntroduced on 18 May 2020, the non-emergency urgent telephone number 119 is allocated to the COVID-19 testing and vaccine helpline in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, with lines being open from 07:00 to 23:00 hours. It allows people to book NHS drive through tests, order home testing kits, apply for tests in a care facility and arrange Coronavirus vaccination appointments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007413-0010-0000", "contents": "119 (emergency telephone number), 119 in the United Kingdom\nIn Scotland, 0300 303 2713 is the non-geographical telephone number to be used, instead of 119.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007414-0000-0000", "contents": "119 (number)\n119 (one hundred [and] nineteen) is the natural number following 118 and preceding 120.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007415-0000-0000", "contents": "119 Althaea\nAlthaea (minor planet designation: 119 Althaea) is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer J. C. Watson on April 3, 1872, and named after Althaea, the mother of Meleager in Greek mythology. Two occultations by Althaea were observed in 2002, only a month apart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007415-0001-0000", "contents": "119 Althaea\nBased upon its spectrum, this is classified as an S-type asteroid. Photometric observations made in 1988 at the F\u00e9lix Aguilar Observatory produced a light curve with a period of 11.484 \u00b1 0.010 hours with a brightness variation of 0.365 \u00b1 0.010  in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007416-0000-0000", "contents": "119 BC\nYear 119 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Dalmaticus and Cotta (or, less frequently, year 635 Ab urbe condita) and the Fourth Year of Yuanshou. The denomination 119 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007417-0000-0000", "contents": "119 South Second Street, Newport, PA\n119 South Second Street, also known as the Jacob Frank Carriage Shop, is a historic home located in Newport Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007417-0001-0000", "contents": "119 South Second Street, Newport, PA\nThis is a two-story home with a hipped roof, resting on a stone foundation. Its original clapboards are now clad in aluminum siding. The home has an inset entrance and a paired window on first story. The structure has been vastly altered over the years, but still has its decorative eave brackets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007417-0002-0000", "contents": "119 South Second Street, Newport, PA, History\nThis was originally the Jacob Frank Carriage Shop. The front of the structure had an entrance that was wide enough to allow carriages to pass out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007417-0003-0000", "contents": "119 South Second Street, Newport, PA, History\nIt was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. It is also identified as #103 in the", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007418-0000-0000", "contents": "119 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 119 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Bat Squadron, is an F-16I fighter squadron based at Ramon Airbase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007418-0001-0000", "contents": "119 Squadron (Israel)\n119 formerly operated the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, and prior to that the Vautour II, from Tel Nof Airbase. and the Gloster Meteor from Ramat David.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007418-0002-0000", "contents": "119 Squadron (Israel)\nOn 21 March 2018 the IAF officially confirmed that 119 Squadron, together with Squadrons 69 and 253, took part in Operation Orchard. During a briefing prior to the mission, the commander of 119 Squadron wrote in his notes that the operation \u201cwill change the face of the Middle East.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007419-0000-0000", "contents": "119 Tauri\n119 Tauri (also known as CE Tauri) is a red supergiant star in the constellation Taurus. It is a semiregular variable and its angular diameter has been measured at about 10\u00a0mas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007419-0001-0000", "contents": "119 Tauri, Description\n119 Tauri has a spectral class of M2 and a luminosity class of Iab-Ib, intermediate between an intermediate-luminosity supergiant and a less luminous supergiant. It is approximately 1,800 light years from Earth, and with a colour index of +2.07 it is one of the reddest naked eye stars in the night sky. It is a similar star to Betelgeuse although redder and more distant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007419-0002-0000", "contents": "119 Tauri, Description\n119 Tauri is classified as a semiregular variable star and has been given the variable star designation CE Tauri. The General Catalogue of Variable Stars gives a magnitude range from +4.23 to +4.54 with a period of 165 days. Other published studies find poorly-defined periodicity, but with possible periods around 270 and 1,300 days. Its infrared magnitude changes much less than the visual magnitude; the visual brightness changes are driven by changes in temperature which shift the proportion of electromagnetic radiation emitted in the visual range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007419-0003-0000", "contents": "119 Tauri, Occultations\nCE Tauri lies 4.6 degrees off the ecliptic. This makes it a candidate for occultations by the Moon and (extremely rarely) by one of the bright planets. The star's angular diameter has been measured by lunar occultation, giving limb-darkened visible light angular diameters of 9.1\u00b10.8\u00a0mas, 10.9\u00b11.0\u00a0mas, and 9.0\u00b10.2\u00a0mas. An occultation has also been observed in H-alpha, giving a diameter of 17\u00b11\u00a0mas, which indicates that there is circumstellar hydrogen producing emission across at least that size, nearly twice the visible diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 23], "content_span": [24, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007419-0004-0000", "contents": "119 Tauri, Angular diameter\nThe angular diameter of 119 Tauri has also been measured directly by VLBI, leading to limb-darkened diameters of 10.68\u00b10.21\u00a0mas, 9.83\u00b10.07\u00a0mas, 9.3\u00b10.5\u00a0mas, 9.97\u00b10.08\u00a0mas, 10.24\u00b10.05\u00a0mas, 9.68\u00b10.05\u00a0mas. Although CE Tauri is classified as a pulsating variable, observations using the same equipment and wavelengths have not detected significant changes in the angular diameter over time. Reconstructed images of the surface show bright spots that are attributed to giant convection cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 27], "content_span": [28, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007419-0005-0000", "contents": "119 Tauri, Properties\nAngular diameter measurements can be combined with absolute observed fluxes to derive an accurate effective temperature, about 3,800 K for 119 Tauri. Combined with a distance, the linear size of the star can be calculated. CE Tauri is found to have a radius between 587 to 593\u00a0R\u2609. Then the bolometric luminosity is the star is found to be about 66,000\u00a0L\u2609. However, the distance to 119 Tauri is still only known approximately from its Hipparcos parallax. Gaia Data Release 2 gives a distinctly larger parallax, but with even greater uncertainty and flagged as unreliable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007419-0006-0000", "contents": "119 Tauri, Properties\n119 Tauri is a pulsating star although the pulsation has not been clearly detected in direct angular measurements. Observations of TiO lines in its spectrum as its brightness changes show effective temperature changes up to 100\u00a0K.  Calculating its physical properties shows that the bolometric luminosity and radius both change by about 10%, with the radius typically being larger at cooler temperatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007419-0007-0000", "contents": "119 Tauri, Properties\nComparison of its properties with stellar evolutionary tracks shows CE Tauri to have evolved from an initial mass of 15\u00a0M\u2609 and to have a current mass of 14.37\u00a0M\u2609. An alternative interpretation of observations, under the assumption that CE Tauri is an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star, give it a current mass of 8\u00a0M\u2609 and a luminosity of 44,000\u00a0L\u2609.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007420-0000-0000", "contents": "119 series\nThe 119 series (119\u7cfb) was a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type which was operated on local services in Japan by Japanese National Railways (JNR) and later by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) between 1983 and March 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007420-0001-0000", "contents": "119 series, Design\nThe 119 series design was based on the earlier 105 series EMU type, with improvements to cope with the steep gradients and winter climate of the Iida Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007420-0002-0000", "contents": "119 series, Formations, 119-0 series 2-car sets E10\u201317\nThe KuMoHa 119 car was fitted with one lozenge-type pantograph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007420-0003-0000", "contents": "119 series, Formations, 119-100 series single-car sets M1\u20139\n119-100 series set M2 in original blue livery (date unknown)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 59], "content_span": [60, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007420-0004-0000", "contents": "119 series, Formations, 119-5000 series 2-car sets E1\u20139\nThe KuMoHa 119 car was fitted with one lozenge-type pantograph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 55], "content_span": [56, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007420-0005-0000", "contents": "119 series, Formations, 119-5300 series 2-car sets R1\u20138\nThe KuMoHa 119 car was fitted with one lozenge-type pantograph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 55], "content_span": [56, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007420-0006-0000", "contents": "119 series, Interior\nPassenger accommodation consisted of a mixture of longitudinal bench seating and transverse four-seat bays. The KuHa 118 cars were equipped with a toilet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007420-0007-0000", "contents": "119 series, Interior\nThe interior of a KuHa 118 car in February 2012", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 68]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007420-0008-0000", "contents": "119 series, Interior\nThe end of car KuHa 118-5317 in August 2009, with the toilet on the left", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007420-0009-0000", "contents": "119 series, Livery variations\nSet E4 was repainted into its original JNR era livery in August 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007420-0010-0000", "contents": "119 series, Livery variations\nA 119 series set in \"Suruga Shuttle\" livery, circa 1990", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007420-0011-0000", "contents": "119 series, Livery variations\n119-5000 series set E4 in February 2012, repainted into original JNR-era livery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007420-0012-0000", "contents": "119 series, History\nFrom 18 March 1983, all Iida Line services were made no-smoking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007420-0013-0000", "contents": "119 series, History\nFrom 3 March 2001, Iida Line services were switched to wanman driver-only operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007420-0014-0000", "contents": "119 series, History\nThe fleet was replaced by 213-5000 and 313-3000 series EMUs on the Iida Line, with the last train running on 31 March 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007420-0015-0000", "contents": "119 series, History, Resale\nFollowing withdrawal, six 2-car 119 series sets were sold to the third sector railway operator Echizen Railway in Fukui Prefecture, where they were converted to become Echizen Railway 7000 series EMUs, entering service from February 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007421-0000-0000", "contents": "1190\nYear 1190 (MCXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007422-0000-0000", "contents": "1190 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1190\u00a0kHz: 1190 AM is a United States and Mexican clear-channel frequency. KEX in Portland, Oregon, and XEWK in Guadalajara, Mexico, share Class A status of 1190\u00a0kHz. WOWO, in Fort Wayne, Indiana, is a former Class A station on this frequency but was reduced to Class B when it downgraded its nighttime power in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007423-0000-0000", "contents": "1190 Pelagia\n1190 Pelagia, provisional designation 1930 SL, is a dark Nysian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 September 1930, by Soviet\u2013Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after astronomer Pelageya Shajn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007423-0001-0000", "contents": "1190 Pelagia, Classification and orbit\nPelagia is a member of the Nysa family (405), a prominent family of the inner main-belt, named after 44\u00a0Nysa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007423-0002-0000", "contents": "1190 Pelagia, Classification and orbit\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,385 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins at Heidelberg Observatory in January 1909, when it was identified as A909 BC, more than 21 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007423-0003-0000", "contents": "1190 Pelagia, Physical characteristics\nThe asteroid has been characterized as an X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007423-0004-0000", "contents": "1190 Pelagia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nIn December 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Pelagia was obtained from photometric observations by Japanese astronomer couple Hiromi and Hiroko Hamanowa. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 2.3661 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.08 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007423-0005-0000", "contents": "1190 Pelagia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nWhile not being a fast rotator, the body has a notably short period for an asteroid of its size. Based on the lightcurve's low amplitude, it appears to have a rather spheroidal shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007423-0006-0000", "contents": "1190 Pelagia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pelagia measures between 15.05 and 17.923 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.031 and 0.067. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0486 and a diameter of 17.39 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007423-0007-0000", "contents": "1190 Pelagia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Soviet\u2013Russian astronomer Pelageya Shajn (1894\u20131956). In 1928, she discovered the asteroid 1112\u00a0Polonia and became the first female discoverer of minor planets (RI 895). A second asteroid, 1648\u00a0Shajna, was also named in her and her husbands memory (Grigory Shajn).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007426-0000-0000", "contents": "1190s\nThe 1190s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1190, and ended on December 31, 1199.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007427-0000-0000", "contents": "1190s BC\nThe 1190s BC is a decade which lasted from 1199 BC to 1190 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007430-0000-0000", "contents": "1190s in art\nThe decade of the 1190s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007431-0000-0000", "contents": "1190s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007431-0001-0000", "contents": "1190s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007431-0002-0000", "contents": "1190s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007432-0000-0000", "contents": "1191\nYear 1191 (MCXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007433-0000-0000", "contents": "1191 Alfaterna\n1191 Alfaterna, provisional designation 1931 CA, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 43 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 February 1931, by Italian astronomer Luigi Volta at the Observatory of Turin in northwestern Italy. The asteroid was named for the ancient Roman town of Nuceria Alfaterna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007433-0001-0000", "contents": "1191 Alfaterna, Orbit and classification\nAlfaterna orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,797 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 18\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007433-0002-0000", "contents": "1191 Alfaterna, Orbit and classification\nThe first unused observation was taken at Heidelberg two nights prior to its discovery. The body's observation arc begins at Pino Torinese one week after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007433-0003-0000", "contents": "1191 Alfaterna, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nFrom 2005 to 2015, several astronomers such as Donald Pray, Henk de Groot and Raoul Behrend, Federico Manzini, as well as Laurent Bernasconi unsuccessfully tried to obtain a well-defined lightcurve of Alfaterna. While Pray derived a period of 3.664 hours with an amplitude of 0.05 magnitude (U=1), the European astronomers published a tentative period of 33.12 hours (U=n.a.). As of 2017, the body's spin rate effectively remains unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007433-0004-0000", "contents": "1191 Alfaterna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Alfaterna measures between 38.92 and 47.397 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.0574 (without preliminary results). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0479 and a diameter of 42.01 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007433-0005-0000", "contents": "1191 Alfaterna, Naming\nThis minor planet is named for the ancient Roman town of \"Nuceria Alfaterna\", where now the town Nocera Inferiore/Superiore is located. The ancient city was founded between Pompeii and Salerno in 10th century BC. In 1957, the name was suggested by astronomer Alfonso Fresa at Turin Observatory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 July 1968 (M.P.C. 2882).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007435-0000-0000", "contents": "1191 papal election\nThe 1191 papal election was a papal conclave held from 25 March to 30 March, 1191. The election took place after the death of Pope Clement III. The 85-year-old Cardinal Giacinto Bobone Orsini, who took the name Celestine III, was chosen after five days of voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007435-0001-0000", "contents": "1191 papal election, Election\nThe election was overseen by Cardinal Konrad von Wittlesbach, who was Archbishop of Mainz at the time. After a sede vacante of 5 days, Cardinal Giacinto Bobone was elected pope. He took the name Clement III. 30 cardinals, of whom 5 were cardinal-bishops, 12 were cardinal-priests, and 13 were cardinal deacons, participated in the election that was held from 25-30 March, 1191. Notable cardinal electors were Konrad von Wittlesbach, Archbishop of Mainz, Guillaume de Champagne, Archbishop of Reims, and Giacnote Bobone, deacon of Santa Maria who was elected Pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007436-0000-0000", "contents": "1192\nYear 1192 (MCXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007437-0000-0000", "contents": "1192 Prisma\n1192 Prisma, provisional designation 1931 FE, is an elongated Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Friedrich Schwassmann at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg on 17 March 1931. The asteroid was named after the Bergedorf Spectral Catalogue, an astronomical catalog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007437-0001-0000", "contents": "1192 Prisma, Classification and orbit\nPrisma is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a prominent family of S-type asteroids with their largest members being 25\u00a0Phocaea and 587\u00a0Hypsipyle. There are many Mars-crossers among this family of relatively eccentric inner main-belt asteroids .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007437-0002-0000", "contents": "1192 Prisma, Classification and orbit\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,329 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 24\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Bergedorf, one week after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007437-0003-0000", "contents": "1192 Prisma, Physical characteristics, Rotation, shape and pole\nPhotometric observations of Prisma gave a well defined rotational lightcurve with a period between 6.546 and 6.558 hours and a high brightness variation of 0.85\u20131.16 magnitude, which strongly indicates that the body has an elongated, non-spheroidal shape (U=3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007437-0004-0000", "contents": "1192 Prisma, Physical characteristics, Rotation, shape and pole\nA modeled lightcurve based on optical data from a large collaboration network also found a spin axis of (133.0\u00b0, \u221278.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2) (Q=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007437-0005-0000", "contents": "1192 Prisma, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Prisma measures between 7.38 and 9.27 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.144 and 0.220. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo of 0.23 and calculates a diameter of 7.22 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.92.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007437-0006-0000", "contents": "1192 Prisma, Naming\nThis minor planet was named \"Prisma\" (prism) in honour of the Bergedorf Spectral Catalogue (German: Bergedorfer Spektralkatalog), as prisms are one method of obtaining spectra. The official naming citation was also published in Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 111).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007440-0000-0000", "contents": "1193\nYear 1193 (MCXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007441-0000-0000", "contents": "1193 Africa\n1193 Africa, provisional designation 1931 HB, is a stony Eunomian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory on 24 April 1931. The asteroid was named for the African continent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007441-0001-0000", "contents": "1193 Africa, Orbit and classification\nAfrica is a member of the Eunomia family (502), a large group of typically S-type asteroids and the most prominent family in the intermediate main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,572 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007441-0002-0000", "contents": "1193 Africa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Africa measures 12.22 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.247. Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, Africa measures 13 kilometers in diameter, using an absolute magnitude of 11.8 and a standard albedo for Eunomian asteroids of 0.21, derived from 15\u00a0Eunomia, the family's largest member and namesake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007441-0003-0000", "contents": "1193 Africa, Photometry\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Africa has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, poles and shape still remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007441-0004-0000", "contents": "1193 Africa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Africa, the large continent on which Johannesburg is located. The official naming citation was also mentioned in Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 111).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007443-0000-0000", "contents": "1194\nYear 1194 (MCXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007444-0000-0000", "contents": "1194 Aletta\n1194 Aletta, provisional designation 1931 JG, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 55 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 May 1931, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It was later named after the discoverer's wife Aletta Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007444-0001-0000", "contents": "1194 Aletta, Classification and orbit\nAletta is a dark C-type asteroid and orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 12 months (1,816 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg, one week after its official discovery observation. No precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007444-0002-0000", "contents": "1194 Aletta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Aletta measures between 41.358 and 55.39 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.87. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0333 and a diameter of 55.23 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007444-0003-0000", "contents": "1194 Aletta, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2007, American astronomer James W. Brinsfield obtained the first ever lightcurve of Aletta with period of 19.7 hours and a brightness variation of 0.32 magnitude at Via Capote Observatory (U=2). Two more lightcurves were obtained by Australian astronomer Julian Oey at Leura/Kingsgrove Observatory in March 2010, and by the Survey conducted at the Palomar Transient Factory, California, in October 2012. Lightcurve analysis gave a concurring rotation period of 20.39 and 20.3903 hours with an amplitude of 0.28 and 0.27 magnitude, respectively (U=2+/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007444-0004-0000", "contents": "1194 Aletta, Naming\nThe discoverer named this minor planet for his wife, Aletta Jackson (n\u00e9e Maria Aletta Lessing). Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 111).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007445-0000-0000", "contents": "1194 Yellow River flood\nThe 1194 Yellow River flood was a series of natural disasters along the Yellow River in China during the Jurchen Jin dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007445-0001-0000", "contents": "1194 Yellow River flood\nThe Grand Canal was used to provide extensive disaster relief, but the flood devastated large swathes of the north China plain, wrecked the regional economy, and created many thousands of refugees. It altered the course of the Yellow River from that taken along the Hai River past modern Tianjin during the 1048 flood and also permanently shifted (and shrank) the course of the Si River in Shandong. The former course into the Huai was no longer available once the Yellow River shifted again, as it had left behind 4\u20136 metres of mud behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007448-0000-0000", "contents": "11948 Justineh\u00e9nin\n11948 Justineh\u00e9nin, provisional designation 1993 QQ4, is a Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007448-0001-0000", "contents": "11948 Justineh\u00e9nin\nThe asteroid was discovered on 18 August 1993, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at CERGA (010) in Caussols, southeastern France. It was named for tennis player Justine Henin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007448-0002-0000", "contents": "11948 Justineh\u00e9nin, Orbit and classification\nJustineh\u00e9nin orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,091 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first identification was made at Crimea\u2013Nauchnij in 1973, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 31 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007448-0003-0000", "contents": "11948 Justineh\u00e9nin, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nBased on an absolute magnitude of 13.2, Justineh\u00e9nin potentially measures between 6 and 14 kilometers in diameter, assuming an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25. Since asteroids in the outer main-belt are mostly of a carbonaceous rather than of a silicaceous composition, with low albedos, typically around 0.06, Justineh\u00e9nin's diameter might be on the upper end of NASA's published conversion table, as the lower the body's reflectivity (albedo), the larger its diameter at a constant absolute magnitude (brightness).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007448-0004-0000", "contents": "11948 Justineh\u00e9nin, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nAs of 2017, the asteroid's effective size, its composition and albedo, as well as its rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007448-0005-0000", "contents": "11948 Justineh\u00e9nin, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Belgian former professional tennis player Justine Henin (born 1985). Although her name (usually) contains no acute accent, the asteroid's official name does. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 10 September 2003 (M.P.C. 49674).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007449-0000-0000", "contents": "11949 Kagayayutaka\n11949 Kagayayutaka, provisional designation 1993 SD2, is a stony background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers (14 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 19 September 1993, by Japanese amateur astronomers Kin Endate and Kazuro Watanabe at Kitami Observatory in eastern Hokkaid\u014d, Japan. The asteroid was named after Japanese artist Kagaya Yutaka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007449-0001-0000", "contents": "11949 Kagayayutaka, Orbit and classification\nKagayayutaka is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,984 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc starts with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007449-0002-0000", "contents": "11949 Kagayayutaka, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Kagaya Yutaka (born 1968), a Japanese space and digital artist and receiver of the Gold Medal in the American Digital Art Contest in 2000. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 10 September 2003 (M.P.C. 49674).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007449-0003-0000", "contents": "11949 Kagayayutaka, Physical characteristics\nKagayayutaka has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007449-0004-0000", "contents": "11949 Kagayayutaka, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Kagayayutaka measures 22.28 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.708, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 23.21 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007449-0005-0000", "contents": "11949 Kagayayutaka, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nA rotational lightcurve of Kagayayutaka was obtained from photometric observations by French astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy in November 2015. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.96 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007450-0000-0000", "contents": "1195\nYear 1195 (MCXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007451-0000-0000", "contents": "1195 Orangia\n1195 Orangia, provisional designation 1931 KD, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 May 1931, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was named after the Orange Free State Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007451-0001-0000", "contents": "1195 Orangia, Orbit and classification\nOrangia is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest families of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,239 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins at Johannesburg, two weeks after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007451-0002-0000", "contents": "1195 Orangia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nIn November 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Orangia was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.167 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007451-0003-0000", "contents": "1195 Orangia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Orangia measures 6.258 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.237, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of the Flora family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 5.90 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 13.31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007451-0004-0000", "contents": "1195 Orangia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of former South African Orange Free State Province that existed from 1910 to 1994. The official naming citation was also mentioned in Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 111).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007453-0000-0000", "contents": "1196\nYear 1196 (MCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007454-0000-0000", "contents": "1196 Sheba\n1196 Sheba, provisional designation 1931 KE, is a metallic asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 May 1931 by astronomer Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory, South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007454-0001-0000", "contents": "1196 Sheba\nSheba is a metallic X-type asteroid and orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.2\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,581 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 18\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A912 BB at Heidelberg Observatory in 1912. The body's observation arc, however, begins at Johannesburg, four months after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007454-0002-0000", "contents": "1196 Sheba\nThis minor planet was named after the biblical Queen of Sheba, who visited King Solomon. Naming citation was first published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 111).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007455-0000-0000", "contents": "1196 in Ireland, Deaths\nThis year in Ireland article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007457-0000-0000", "contents": "1197\nYear 1197 (MCXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007458-0000-0000", "contents": "1197 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1197 kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007459-0000-0000", "contents": "1197 AM (Brisbane)\n1197 AM (call sign: 4YB) is a community broadcast radio station operated by Brisbane Interactive Radio Group Inc., which is a community-based not-for-profit youth organisation based in Brisbane Queensland, Australia. The station also simulcasts its programming output on DAB+ Digital Radio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007459-0001-0000", "contents": "1197 AM (Brisbane), History\nBrisbane Interactive Radio Group Inc. (BIRGI) was founded in 1998 by Matthew Boyd, Tim Casey  Andrew Stephens, Steven Mcviegh, Jon Mustchin and Cass Myles, and was granted a series of temporary radio broadcasting licences, allowing shared transmissions with other aspirant broadcasters on 97.3\u00a0MHz. In 2001, the 97.3\u00a0MHz frequency was auctioned to the Australian Radio Network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007459-0002-0000", "contents": "1197 AM (Brisbane), History\nIn 2002, the Australian Broadcasting Authority granted a high powered FM community licence to Christian broadcaster 96five Family FM on 96.5 MHz, and a high powered AM community licence to BIRGI on 1197 kHz. BIRGI commenced test transmissions in late 2002 and began full-time broadcasting at 8\u00a0am on 7 April 2003, identifying as i-1197. From this period of time until January 2005, the station broadcast an uninhibited range of music genres and programming, with a slight focus on Top 40 music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007459-0003-0000", "contents": "1197 AM (Brisbane), History\nIn January 2005, the station was re-branded to the programming format based upon its predecessor, Switch FM, focusing on playing a more Rhythmic format, along with adopting the brand name of Switch 1197. In April 2013, the station celebrated its 10th consecutive broadcasting year on the AM band, by airing daily compiles of material collected both on and off-air over that decade-long period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007459-0004-0000", "contents": "1197 AM (Brisbane), History\nIn 2017, the station re-branded as Brisbane Youth Radio, with a new callsign of 4YB. In 2019, the station was re-branded once again from Brisbane Youth Radio to 1197 AM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007459-0005-0000", "contents": "1197 AM (Brisbane), Audio streaming\nIn 2004, the station was the first radio station in Australia to stream with aacPlus technology and it continues to provide both near CD quality (64kbit/s) and Mobile (32kbit/s) compatible streams, as well as a 128k MP3 stream.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007459-0006-0000", "contents": "1197 AM (Brisbane), Audio streaming\nIn 2007, the station was added to the  that are provided by Australian ISP Internode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007459-0007-0000", "contents": "1197 AM (Brisbane), Programming\nThe stations general weekday daytime programming contains a contemporary music mix, with announcers presenting entertaining and informative pieces. Various information segments are also aired, most with a specific focus (e.g. Local Events, Community Services and News among others).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007459-0008-0000", "contents": "1197 AM (Brisbane), Programming\nThe stations night-time and weekend programming focuses on more specialist program material including Local Music, Alternative, Rock, as well as specialist talk and information programming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007460-0000-0000", "contents": "1197 Rhodesia\n1197 Rhodesia, provisional designation 1931 LD, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 48 kilometers (30 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 9 June 1931, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The likely C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 16.1 hours. It was named for Rhodesia, a former British colony and unrecognised state, which is now Zimbabwe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007460-0001-0000", "contents": "1197 Rhodesia, Orbit and classification\nRhodesia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,791 days; semi-major axis of 2.89\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed at Heidelberg Observatory in January 1925. The body's observation arc also begins at Heidelberg in August 1942, more than 11 years after its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007460-0002-0000", "contents": "1197 Rhodesia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the former British colony and unrecognized state of Rhodesia (1965\u20131979) in southern Africa, what is now Zimbabwe. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 111).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007460-0003-0000", "contents": "1197 Rhodesia, Physical characteristics\nRhodesia is an assumed C-type asteroid which agrees with its albedo and its location in the main belt. It has a B\u2013V color index of 0.740.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007460-0004-0000", "contents": "1197 Rhodesia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 2017, a rotational lightcurve of Rhodesia was obtained from photometric observations by Tom Polakis at the Command Module Observatory (V02) in Tempe, Arizona. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 16.060\u00b10.006 hours with a brightness variation of 0.27 magnitude (U=3-). This result refines previous period determinations of 15.89 and 16.062 hours by Richard Binzel (1984) and Laurent Bernasconi (2005), respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007460-0005-0000", "contents": "1197 Rhodesia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Rhodesia measures between 46.43 and 52.276 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0548 and 0.0783. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0666 and a diameter of 47.40 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.18. In August 2015, an occultation by Rhodesia determined a cross-section of 48.0 \u00d7 48.0 kilometers (no fit).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007462-0000-0000", "contents": "1198\nYear 1198 (MCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007463-0000-0000", "contents": "1198 Atlantis\n1198 Atlantis, provisional designation 1931 RA, is a rare-type asteroid and eccentric Mars-crosser from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 September 1931, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the mythological island of Atlantis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007463-0001-0000", "contents": "1198 Atlantis, Orbit\nAtlantis orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.5\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,233 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.34 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroids's observation arc begins at Heidelberg one week after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 20], "content_span": [21, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007463-0002-0000", "contents": "1198 Atlantis, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Atlantis is a rare L-type asteroid, that belong to the larger complex of stony asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007463-0003-0000", "contents": "1198 Atlantis, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Atlantis was obtained from photometric observations by Italian astronomer Albino Carbognani at the OAVdA Observatory (B04) in Italy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of at least 16 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007463-0004-0000", "contents": "1198 Atlantis, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAtlantis has not been observed by any space-based survey, such as the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, or the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 3.92 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007463-0005-0000", "contents": "1198 Atlantis, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the fictional island of Atlantis from Greek mythology, mentioned in some of Plato's works around 360 BC. The greedy and morally bankrupt civilization of Atlantis was punished by the gods with fire and earthquakes that caused the island to sink into the sea. The naming was suggested by astronomer Gustav Stracke, after whom the asteroids (1227) through (1234) were indirectly named by the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007465-0000-0000", "contents": "1198 papal election\nThe 1198 papal election (held 8 January) was convoked after the death of Pope Celestine III; it ended with the election of Cardinal Lotario dei Conti di Segni, who took the name Innocent III. In this election for the first time the new pope was elected per scrutinium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007465-0001-0000", "contents": "1198 papal election, Death of Celestine III\nPope Celestine III had been elected to the papacy in 1191 at the age of 85. In spite of his very advanced age, his pontificate lasted almost seven years. On Christmas Day, 1197 the 91-year-old Pope expressed the wish to abdicate the papacy on condition that his close collaborator Cardinal Giovanni di San Paolo would be elected the new pope. The cardinals rejected the suggestion as inconsistent with the rule that papal elections must be free ones. Shortly thereafter, on 8 January 1198, Celestine III died and the cardinals present at his deathbed immediately started proceedings for the election of his successor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007465-0002-0000", "contents": "1198 papal election, List of participants\nAt the death of Celestine III there were 29 cardinals in the Sacred College. However, no more than 21 were present at Rome:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007465-0003-0000", "contents": "1198 papal election, List of participants\nFour electors were created by Celestine III, five by Lucius III, one by Alexander III and the remaining thirteen by Clement III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007465-0004-0000", "contents": "1198 papal election, Election of Pope Innocent III\nOn the same day that Celestine III had died the cardinals assembled in Septizodium (or possibly in the nearby church of Santa Lucia in Septisolio) in the voluntary enclosure, as reported by pope Innocent himself on a letter on January 9th. This may have been done to guarantee safety and freedom in the election, given the presence and influence of the Germans in Italy. For the first time the electors voted by scrutiny (per scrutinium). Some cardinals were elected scrutineers; they counted the votes, recorded the result and announced it to the rest of the Sacred College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007465-0004-0001", "contents": "1198 papal election, Election of Pope Innocent III\nIn the first scrutiny Cardinal Giovanni di Salerno received the greatest number of votes (ten), but declared that he would not accept the election to the pontificate. Ottaviano di Paoli also received three votes, but declared his own preference for Lotario. In the second scrutiny the cardinals united their votes in favor of 37-year-old Cardinal Lotario dei Conti di Segni, deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco, who was the youngest of all the cardinals. He accepted his election and took the name Innocent III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007465-0004-0002", "contents": "1198 papal election, Election of Pope Innocent III\nThe name was possibly chosen for him by cardinal Graziano da Pisa, as a means to supplant the memory of Antipope Innocent III. Another possibility (hypothesized more recently) is that he chose the name himself, maybe as a reference to his predecessor Innocent II (1130\u20131143), who had succeeded in asserting the papacy's authority over the emperor (in contrast with Celestine III's recent policy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007465-0005-0000", "contents": "1198 papal election, Election of Pope Innocent III\nOn 22 February 1198 the new pope was ordained to the priesthood and consecrated to the episcopate by Cardinal Ottaviano di Paoli, bishop of Ostia e Velletri, and solemnly crowned by Cardinal Graziano da Pisa, protodeacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007466-0000-0000", "contents": "1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron\nThe 1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron was a unit at Norton Air Force Base, San Bernardino, California from 1965 to 1972 which conducted the initial testing of Lockheed C-130 Hercules transports modified for special operations. This went on under the project names of Thin Slice and Heavy Chain which led to the MC-130 Combat Talons, still a key component of Air Force Special Operations Command. Its initial commander was Lt. Col. Robert Marks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007466-0001-0000", "contents": "1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron, History\nWith the onset of operations interdicting supplies on the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War, the need for aircraft specially modified for night missions became apparent, amongst other tasks. In 1964 Lockheed had modified six C-123B Providers for \"unconventional warfare\" under Project Duck Hook and then been tasked with adapting the C-130E when the Duck Hook aircraft proved inadequate for the newly launched MACV-SOG. Two C-130Es, 64-0506 and -0507, c/ns 3990 and 3991, were transferred to \"another agency\" in December 1964, generally assumed to be the Central Intelligence Agency, and were \"sanitized\" (stripped of all identifying marks and plates to ensure deniability if the airframes were lost on discrete operations).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007466-0002-0000", "contents": "1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron, History\nModifications were made by Lockheed Air Services at Ontario International Airport, Ontario, California, and the aircraft were operated by the 1198th OE&TS out of Area II on the northeast side of Norton AFB, thirty miles east of Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007466-0003-0000", "contents": "1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron, History\nIn April 1967, two On Mark Marksman, civilianized A-26 Invaders, were transferred from Intermountain Aviation, an air service related the US Central Intelligence Agency, to Air America, another air service connected to the Agency. The official role of these aircraft as stated in the specifications provided to Air America from Intermountain in March 1967 was \"Aerial resupply, [and] low-level penetration.\" Both aircraft had been highly modified with a variety of navigation and other electronic equipment for this role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007466-0004-0000", "contents": "1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron, History\nBetween June and October 1967, the first aircraft, re-registered from N900V to N46598, conducted low-level night time supply drops to CIA related forces in Laos during the so-called \"Secret War\". The program was discontinued because the aircraft was too fast for accurate drops even with the special onboard equipment, and looked too much like a type of strike aircraft known to operate in the theatre. This was cited as often causing forces on the ground to be wary of turning on their marking lamps. The aircraft was damaged on takeoff at Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base after being transferred to Overseas Aeromarine, Inc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007466-0005-0000", "contents": "1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron, History\nThe second aircraft, officially re-registered from N800V to N67623, was intended for the same role but never used. Both aircraft were initially painted in Insignia Blue, plus white trim areas outlined with black pinstripe that led the type to be nicknamed \"the Blue Goose.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007466-0006-0000", "contents": "1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron, History\nIn the end, both aircraft were handed over to the 1198th OETS at Norton Air Force Base, a unit known for alleged participation in agent dropping and other clandestine missions in Southeast Asia (Project Heavy Chain). The Squadron evaluated the two Marksman, but apparently found no use for them and scrapped both aircraft, which suffered from a chronic Invader issue of nose gear failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007467-0000-0000", "contents": "1199\nYear 1199 (MCXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007468-0000-0000", "contents": "1199 Geldonia\n1199 Geldonia, provisional designation 1931 RF, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 September 1931, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The asteroid was named after the Belgian town of Jodoigne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007468-0001-0000", "contents": "1199 Geldonia, Orbit and classification\nGeldonia is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.9\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,915 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.03 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007468-0002-0000", "contents": "1199 Geldonia, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first identification as A921 TF at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1921, almost 10 years prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007468-0003-0000", "contents": "1199 Geldonia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Geldonia has an ambiguous spectral type, closest to a carbonaceous C-type asteroid with some similarities to the G-, T- and the primitive P-type asteroids, and was flagged as a nosy spectrum (CGTP:). The overall spectral type for members of the Eoan family on the other hand is that of a K-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007468-0004-0000", "contents": "1199 Geldonia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Geldonia was obtained from photometric observations by Italian astronomer Silvano Casulli. Lightcurve analysis gave a longer-than-average rotation period of 28.3 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.11 magnitude (U=2-). While not being a slow rotator, which have periods longer than 100 hours, Geldonia's spin rate is still longer than that of most minor planets, which typically rotate between 2 and 20 hours once around their axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007468-0005-0000", "contents": "1199 Geldonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Geldonia measures between 30.395 and 36.08 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.098 and 0.1182.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007468-0006-0000", "contents": "1199 Geldonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by Infrared Astronomical Satellite, that is, an albedo of 0.1299 and a diameter of 31.25 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.36.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007468-0007-0000", "contents": "1199 Geldonia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Belgian town of Jodoigne, also known by its Latin name of Geldenaken (hence the asteroid's name of \"Geldonia\"). It is the native town of the discoverer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 111).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007469-0000-0000", "contents": "1199 aluminium alloy\n1199 aluminium alloy is an aluminium-based alloy in the \"commercially pure\" wrought family (1000 or 1xxx series). With a minimum of 99.99% aluminium, it is the purest and least alloyed of the commercial aluminium alloys. It is soft and unsuitable for machining. At the same time, it possesses excellent corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity. Commercially pure aluminium alloys are used in applications such as conductors, capacitors, heat exchangers, packaging foil and chemical equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007471-0000-0000", "contents": "1199: The National Health Care Workers' Union\n1199: The National Health Care Workers' Union was an American labor founded as the Drug, Hospital, and Health Care Employees Union-District 1199 by Leon J. Davis for pharmacists in New York City in 1932. The union organized all workers in drug stores on an industrial basis, including pharmacists, clerks, and soda jerks. The union led pioneering pickets and strikes against racial segregation and racially discriminatory hiring in Harlem and elsewhere in New York City during the 1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007471-0001-0000", "contents": "1199: The National Health Care Workers' Union\nSince 1199 was a \"left-led\" union, its leadership was investigated by the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1948 for Communist \"infiltration.\" 1199 was a tiny local at the time, however, and during the expulsions of large left-led unions from the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO]) in the 1940s, 1199 as a local eventually found shelter under the auspices of the Retail, Wholesale, and Department Store Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007471-0001-0001", "contents": "1199: The National Health Care Workers' Union\nIn the late 1950s, the drugstore-based union launched large-scale organizing drives at voluntary hospitals in New York, mobilizing a heavily African-American and Puerto Rican-American workforce in the first flush of the postwar Civil Rights Movement. Martin Luther King Jr. famously described 1199 as \"my favorite union\", and his widow, Coretta Scott King, became the honorary chair of 1199's organizing campaigns as it sought to expand outside of New York City beginning in the late 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007471-0002-0000", "contents": "1199: The National Health Care Workers' Union\nThe union's first campaign outside of New York City was the formation of District 1199B in Columbia, South Carolina in 1969. The union led a strike there that never led to a contract, but had success in creating new 1199 districts in Upstate New York, Philadelphia (and later other parts of Pennsylvania), Connecticut, Rhode Island, West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, and elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007471-0003-0000", "contents": "1199: The National Health Care Workers' Union\nSerious faction fights broke out within the flagship New York local and among other 1199 locals after the retirement of the union's original leadership. 1199 eventually left the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union to form a short-lived National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees during the 1980s, but its constituent locals soon thereafter sought mergers with other unions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007471-0004-0000", "contents": "1199: The National Health Care Workers' Union\nMost 1199 locals joined the Service Employees International Union to become 1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East; 1199C in Philadelphia became the largest 1199 local to join the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees. The large flagship New York local remained independent, until joining SEIU in 1998. Dennis Rivera led the union for many years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007472-0000-0000", "contents": "1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East\n1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East is a healthcare union in the United States, with a membership of 400,000 including retirees. It is a local union within the Service Employees International Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007472-0001-0000", "contents": "1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East, Influence\nPatrick Gaspard, a former executive vice president for politics and legislation at the union, was the political director for Barack Obama's presidential campaign. Gaspard was appointed White House Political Director during Obama's first term in office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007472-0002-0000", "contents": "1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East, Influence\nIn 2016, 1199SEIU's president George Gresham was credited by Mario Cuomo for helping to get the $15 minimum wage in New York State passed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007473-0000-0000", "contents": "119P/Parker\u2013Hartley\nAround 16 March 2161, the comet will pass about 0.017\u00a0AU (2,500,000\u00a0km; 1,600,000\u00a0mi) from Jupiter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007474-0000-0000", "contents": "119th (Algoma) Battalion, CEF\nThe 119th (Algoma) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in the Algoma District and on Manitoulin Island. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 8th Reserve Battalion on April 16, 1918. The 119th (Algoma) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. T. P. T. Rowland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007475-0000-0000", "contents": "119th (The Prince's Own) Regiment of Foot\nThe 119th (The Prince's Own) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1761 by the regimentation of independent companies and disbanded in 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007476-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Assault Helicopter Company\nDuring the Vietnam War, one unit assigned to the 52nd Combat Aviation Battalion, 17th Combat Aviation Group, 1st Aviation Brigade was the 119th Assault Helicopter Company. The company operated throughout the Central Highlands of Vietnam during the war, from arrival in September 1962 until deactivation in November 1970. Originally designated the 81st Transportation Company (equipped with twin-rotor CH-21 \"Flying Banana\" piston-engined helicopters), the company was reorganized in 1963 as the 119th Assault Helicopter Company (Airmobile), re-equipped with turbine-powered single-rotor UH-1A and B model Hueys. Also known as the 119th Aviation Company (Assault Helicopter), the company's area of operations included the entire Central Highlands of Vietnam, plus large portions of Laos and Cambodia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007476-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Assault Helicopter Company\nEventually assigned to the 52nd Combat Aviation Battalion, 17th Combat Aviation Group, 1st Aviation Brigade and headquartered at Camp Holloway in Pleiku, the company was also based at Camp Radcliff for a short time from late in 1969 to 1970. The unit was attacked twice by People's Army of Vietnam sappers while at Camp Radcliff, once in each year. The Company was equipped with 16 to 20 lightly armed UH-1 \"slick\" troopships, and by 1969 all UH-1Ds were upgraded to more-powerful UH-1H models and approximately 8 Huey UH-1C model gunships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007476-0001-0001", "contents": "119th Assault Helicopter Company\nThe \"slick\" troopships used the radio callsign \"Alligator\" or \"Gator\", the gunships used the callsign \"Crocodiles\" or \"Crocs\". The callsigns that the pilots used were atypical for US Army aviation units of the time, instead of standard callsigns such as \"Blue four-one\" or \"Yellow six,\" the pilots used nicknames. The company at one time also used the callsign called \"Black Dragon,\" from which the 52nd CABn \"Flying Dragon\" callsign evolved. The total company strength of approximately 225 included 50 to 60 pilots and an equal number of crewmembers, plus field maintenance and other critical support personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007476-0002-0000", "contents": "119th Assault Helicopter Company\nDuring over eight years in Vietnam, the 119th Assault Helicopter Company provided helicopter support for the US Army 4th Infantry Division, 25th Infantry Division, 1st Cavalry Division, 173d Airborne Brigade, US Marine Corps, United States Army Special Forces and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. They also flew many classified missions for MACV-SOG. Over 60 members of the 119th Assault Helicopter Company were killed in action, with many more wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007477-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (Croatia)\nThe 119th Brigade (Croatian: 119. brigada), was a Croatian Army guards brigade formed on 7 September 1991 in Pula, western Croatia, with personnel from the former Territorial Defense Brigade Joakim Rakovac. It is, together  with the 1st Home Guard Battalion Pula and the 154th Brigade HV, one of the military units from Istria drafted for the Croatian War of Independence. During the Croatian War of Independence, the 119th Brigade primarily operated in the areas of Glibodol, Saborsko, Plitvice, Rakovica, Tr\u017ea\u010dka Ra\u0161tela, as well as Slavonia and Dubrovnik.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007477-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (Croatia)\nThe brigade originated in Istria County, which is the Croatian region that, proportionally, gave the largest number of veterans. It actively participated in Operation Oluja, and is noted for its impeccable conduct and lack of involvement in war crimes. Seven Istrians from the brigade perished in the conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007477-0002-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (Croatia), History\nThe 119th Istrian Brigade of the National Guard was officially formed in Istria on September 7, 1991. The members of the brigade were from the throughout the region of Istria. It  had battalions in Pula, Rovinj and Labin. With just four battalions it covered the whole of Istria: one in Umag, Pazin, and two in Pula, the 1st and the 4th. It was the first major organized military unit from Istria. More than six and a half thousand members from southern Istria joined the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007477-0003-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (Croatia), History\nThe first tasks were at the end of 1991, when military facilities that were then being abandoned by the JNA were taken over. Istria did not have major war events, but it made a great contribution to the defense of the Republic of Croatia. The brigade was involved in demining the airport of Pula after the latter was evacuated by the JNA in November 1991, about a month before the attack on Vrsar. Two members of the brigade and two members of the Ministry of the Interior (Du\u0161an Bule\u0161i\u0107, Stevo Grbi\u0107, Vicalj Marjanovi\u0107 and Marijan Vinkovi\u0107) died in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007477-0003-0001", "contents": "119th Brigade (Croatia), History\nThe 119th Brigade spent most of the war on the Lika battlefield. Some platoons were also in Slavonia and around Dubrovnik. In the summer of 1992, many of its members were demobilized and later joined other units of the Croatian Army. In 1994, members were mobilized again, and the brigade was engaged in the Lika area. In Lika, the brigade also participated in the Operation Storm, operating in the direction Glibodol - Saborsko - Plitvice - Rakovica - Tr\u017ea\u010dka Ra\u0161tela. The brigade did not leave a single stain on its conduct during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007477-0004-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (Croatia), History\nFrom 2001 to 2004, the unit was integrated with the bo\u0161karini of the 154th Brigade HV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007477-0005-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (Croatia), History\nAt the session of the Istrian County Assembly on March 14, 2016, a unanimous decision was made to award the Istrian County Emblem to the 119th Brigade. The award was presented at a solemn session of the Istrian County Assembly by Valter Flego on the occasion of the Day of the Istrian County Statute on March 30, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007478-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 119th Brigade, originally the Welsh Bantam Brigade, was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army during World War I. Part of Lord Kitchener's 'New Armies', it served in the 40th Division on the Western Front. The brigade number was reactivated for deception purposes during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007478-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Origin\n119th Brigade was a New Army or 'Kitchener's Army' formation raised during 1915. An earlier 119th Brigade had been raised in late 1914 as part of the 'Fifth New Army', but when the Fourth New Army was broken up in April 1915 to provide reserve units for the First to Third New Armies, the formations of the Fifth took their place, and the original 119th Brigade was renumbered 100th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007478-0001-0001", "contents": "119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Origin\nBy the time the new 119th Brigade was organised the flow of volunteers had dwindled, and the standard of height for infantry soldiers had been lowered in order to encourage recruitment. The brigade's four battalions were composed entirely of these 'bantams' recruited in Wales. The Welsh Bantam Brigade adopted the number 119 when it was assigned to 40th Division in September 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007478-0002-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Origin, Training\nDivisional organisation and training was delayed because the other brigades contained a large proportion of under-developed and unfit men, unlike 119's 'hardy, well-knit Welshmen'. The rest of the division had to undergo a drastic weeding-out and the drafting in of new battalions before it was fit for service. This was completed in February 1916. Divisional training was then intensified and it was warned for overseas service in May 1916. Disembarkation was carried out at Le Havre between 2 and 6 June, and 40th Division concentrated in the Lillers area by 9 June ready to take its place in the line. Units went into the trenches attached to formations of I Corps for familiarisation, and then the division took over its own section of line. 18th Welch of 119th Brigade carried out 40 Division's first trench raid in July 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007478-0003-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations\nA few months after 119th Brigade's arrival in France, a noted fighting general, Brig.-Gen. Frank Crozier, was appointed to the command (November 1916). During the bitter winter in the mud of the old Somme battlefield he trained the men, and when the Germans retreated to their Hindenburg Line in early 1917, the Welsh Bantam Brigade fought its first offensive actions, the Borderers taking 'Fifteen Ravine', the Welch taking a ridge named 'Welch Ridge' and the Royal Welch Fusiliers taking La Vacquerie and renaming it 'Fusilier Ridge'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007478-0004-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Bourlon Wood\nLater in the year, 119th Brigade took a leading part in the capture of Bourlon Wood (23\u201325 November) during the Battle of Cambrai. Despite the formation's lack of experience of fighting with tanks, 40th Division's attack was the most successful on 23 November. Once inside the wood, Crozier found that both flanks were in the air, but stocked his positions with food and ammunition to hold out against fierce counter-attacks. Although 119th Brigade was relieved by the Guards Division after epic fighting, the cavalry failed to move through to continue the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007478-0005-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Bourlon Wood\nAfter the losses of 1917 the Welsh Bantam Brigade had almost disappeared and in February 1918 it was reorganised. 19th Royal Welsh Fusiliers sent a draft to one of its Regular battalions and was then disbanded, as were 12th South Wales Borderers and 17th Welsh; the remaining men of these battalions were transferred to entrenching battalions. Only 18th Welsh of the original brigade remained; this was joined by 13th East Surrey Regiment and 21st Middlesex Regiment (from 120th Brigade and 121st Brigade respectively in 40th Division). The Brigade Machine Gun Company left to join the Divisional Machine Gun Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007478-0006-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, German Spring Offensive\n119th Brigade took part in the following further actions during the German spring offensive of 1918:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007478-0007-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, German Spring Offensive\nAfter suffering heavy losses in these actions, 40th Division was withdrawn from the Line and temporarily formed into two Composite Brigades. No 2 Composite Brigade formed under Brig-Gen Crozier on 27 April 1918 consisted of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007478-0008-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, German Spring Offensive\n2 Composite Brigade was engaged in digging the Poperinghe Line in case of further German breakthroughs. It was withdrawn on 2 May, and in common with the rest of the division the units were reduced to training cadres and sent to England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007478-0009-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Reconstitution\nIn June 1918, 40th Division was reconstituted from 'Garrison Guard' battalions composed of men of Medical Category 'B1'. The division was officially revived on 14 June, when 119th Brigade (still under Crozier) had the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007478-0010-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Reconstitution\nThe division was sent to hold the West Hazebrouck Line, a reserve position that was being prepared in case of a further German breakthrough. 119th Brigade, together with a company of Royal Engineers and seven labour companies, was assigned the northern part of this line. By dint of 'weeding out' the least fit men and by hard training, the reconstituted formation was made ready for frontline service; the battalions officially dropped the 'Garrison' part of their titles on 13 July 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007478-0010-0001", "contents": "119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Reconstitution\nOn 18 July, 119th Brigade was the first part of the division to re-enter the frontline, taking over a trench sector under command of 1st Australian Division until the end of the month. The brigade was back in the line in August, taking a full part in trench raids, encouraged by Crozier's offer of a \u00a35 reward for the first German prisoner brought in, and \u00a31 for each subsequent capture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007478-0011-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Reconstitution, Advance to Victory\nOn 27 August the reconstituted division made its first attack, with 119th Brigade contributing 13th Inniskilling Fusiliers and a company of 12th North Staffords. For the next few weeks the brigade followed the retreating Germans towards the River Lys with fighting patrols and some small sharp actions were fought. The brigade then took a full part in the 'Final Advance' of October\u2013November 1918 from the Lys to the Scheldt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007478-0011-0001", "contents": "119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Reconstitution, Advance to Victory\nAfter dark on 8 November Crozier crossed the Scheldt by pontoon bridges with 13th East Lancashires and 12th North Staffords and by the following morning 119th Brigade had occupied a line across the railway on the higher ground beyond. After this, 40th Division was withdrawn from the Front, and the war ended on 11 November with the signing of the Armistice with Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007478-0012-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Reconstitution, Disbandment\nAfter the Armistice, the division was engaged in road repair and refresher courses for men returning to civilian trades. Demobilisation proceeded rapidly during January and February 1919, and its units were reduced to cadre strength by March. The final cadres disappeared during May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007478-0013-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the Welsh Bantam Brigade/119th Brigade during World War I:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007478-0014-0000", "contents": "119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\n119th Brigade was never reformed, but the number was used for deception purposes during the Second World War. 30th Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry, a line of communication unit serving in 43rd Brigade in Sicily and composed mainly of men below Medical Category 'A', was redesignated '119th Infantry Brigade' and acted as if it were a full brigade in an equally fictitious '40th Infantry Division' from November 1943 until April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007479-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Command and Control Squadron\nThe United States Air Force's 119th Command and Control Squadron (119 CACS) is a space control unit located at McGhee Tyson ANGB, Tennessee. The unit augments the operations of USSTRATCOM on a continuous basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007479-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Command and Control Squadron, Mission\nThe 119th Command and Control Squadron was one of the first Air National Guard units to become a part of the United States Space Command (later United States Strategic Command). Its mission is augmentation for USSTRATCOM's global operations center (GOC) which coordinates and directs the use of the Department of Defense\u2019s military space forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007479-0002-0000", "contents": "119th Command and Control Squadron, Mission\nThe 119 CACS provides support to Headquarters USSTRATCOM via three primary Command and Control mission areas: Global Operations, Homeland Defense Operations, and Natural Disaster Events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007479-0003-0000", "contents": "119th Command and Control Squadron, History\nThe 119 CACS was originally activated as 119th Aircraft Warning and Control Squadron in 1950. Since its inception, the 119 ACS had always operated tactical (mobile) radar systems, but was slated to lose its mission and association with Air Combat Command. This provided a fortuitous opportunity for the unit to be associated with USSPACECOM as a direct supporting unit. In the mid-1990s, USSPACECOM commander Gen Howard Estes III directed the command to expand the role of guard and reserve forces in operations from two percent to 20 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007480-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 119th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 8, 1957, which was two weeks before the beginning of the fifth administrative year of Governor J. Caleb Boggs and the first administrative year of David P. Buckson of Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007480-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007480-0002-0000", "contents": "119th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 119th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Democratic majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007480-0003-0000", "contents": "119th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007480-0004-0000", "contents": "119th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007481-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007481-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 119th Division (\u7b2c119\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuj\u016bky\u016b Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Slaughter Division (\u5bb0\u5175\u56e3, Sai Heidan). It was formed 10 November 1944 in Heilongjiang as a triangular division. The nucleus for the formation was the leftovers of 23rd division and the 8th borders guards garrison. The division was initially assigned to the 6th army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007481-0002-0000", "contents": "119th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nInitially the 119th division was garrisoning a Hailar, but 25 January 1945 was reassigned to 4th army without changing a location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007481-0003-0000", "contents": "119th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nDuring Soviet invasion of Manchuria the 119th division has surrendered 16 August 1945 and was disarmed by 3 September 1945. The last soldiers taking prisoner by Red Army were returned to Japan in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 119th Field Artillery Regiment (119th FA), nicknamed the \"Red Lions\" is a Parent Field Artillery Regiment of the United States Army Regimental System (USARS) in the Michigan Army National Guard. The headquarters of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment is in Lansing, Michigan and its principal training ground is at Camp Grayling, Michigan, the largest National Guard training center in the country. The Headquarters Battery of the current 119th Field Artillery Regiment can trace its history all the way back to the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861, during the American Civil War. The history of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment as an entire regiment began on 6 November 1911 when it was organized as the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery in the Michigan National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 119th Field Artillery Regiment saw its first action in battle when it was deployed to the Lorraine Region of France in 1918 during the First World War. The 119th Field Artillery Regiment was in combat for five months and supported seven American infantry divisions, the 3rd, 26th, 28th, 32nd, 77th, 79th, and the 89th and also executed a fire support mission for the 1st Moroccan Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0001-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 119th Field Artillery Regiment was involved in several major offensives during World War I. General Charles Mangin, commander of the French Tenth Army, awarded the 119th Field Artillery Regiment with the Croix de Guerre with a silver star for their distinguished service in battle during the Aisne\u2013Marne and Oise\u2013Aisne campaigns. The Headquarters Battery was awarded an additional Croix de Guerre with Palm, the highest order to be awarded during World War I. The 119th Field Artillery Regiment also participated in the final Meuse\u2013Argonne offensive that drove the German Army to defeat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0002-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment\nAfter World War I, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment was called upon to help maintain the peace during the 1936 Auto Workers strike in Flint, Michigan. When the Allies invaded Normandy during World War II, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment landed in France shortly thereafter and was involved through to the end of the war. In 1967, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment was called upon to help maintain law and order in Detroit, Michigan during the riots of 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0002-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment\nAfter the 11 September attacks, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment was thrust into the role of security as they assisted in searching trucks crossing the Canada\u2013United States border in Detroit and Port Huron, Michigan. When the United States Army was short military police units as a result of the War on Terror, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment was deployed to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base for eleven months to provide security at Camp Delta. The 119th Field Artillery provided a 21-gun salute at the state funeral for former President Gerald Ford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0003-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Early lineage\nThe lineage of the current day 119th Field Artillery Regiment traces back to 6 November 1911. On that day, existing Michigan National Guard units were reorganized into the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0004-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Early lineage, Mexican Expedition\nOn 9 March 1916, Mexican revolutionary General Francisco \"Pancho\" Villa led a force of five hundred men and attacked the town of Columbus, New Mexico, killing several American soldiers and civilians. A week later, Brigadier General John J. Pershing, on orders from President Woodrow Wilson, assembled an expeditionary force of several thousand men to pursue Pancho Villa who had since retreated back into Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0004-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Early lineage, Mexican Expedition\nLess than three months later on 3 June 1916, the United States Congress passed the National Defense Act which gave the President of the United States the power to federalize and mobilize the various State National Guard units in the event of a war. Mexican bandits were still conducting cross border raids killing American soldiers and civilians. On 15 June 1916, one such cross border raid into San Ygnacio, Texas resulted in the deaths of four American soldiers. In response, President Woodrow Wilson federalized 110,000 National Guard soldiers on 19 June 1916 and ordered them to the Mexico\u2013United States border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0005-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Early lineage, Mexican Expedition\nBatteries A and B of the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery were mustered into federal service on 19 June 1916, for the first time. The rest of the units of the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery were disbanded. The 1st Battalion, Field Artillery was sent to Camp Grayling, Michigan and then on to El Paso, Texas to patrol the United States-Mexico border. Service on the border was uneventful, consisting mainly of guard duty, drill instructions, and marches. Neither Battery A or B of the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery set foot in Mexico during what is known today as the Mexican Expedition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0006-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Early lineage, Mexican Expedition\nBrigadier General Pershing's troops were unsuccessful in catching Pancho Villa and the focus of the expeditionary force changed from actively seeking out Pancho Villa to a defensive position of protecting the troops from the forces supporting Mexican President Venustiano Carranza. American President Wilson and Mexican President Carranza agreed to establish a Joint High Commission to ease the tensions between the countries. The commission met at New London, Connecticut on 6 September 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0006-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Early lineage, Mexican Expedition\nThe talks that resulted from these meetings eased the tensions sufficiently and the expeditionary force prepared for withdrawal and re-crossed the international border back into the United States on 5 February 1917. When hostilities ended, the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery returned to Michigan and were mustered out of federal service on 23 March 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0007-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I\nThe United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917, and the United States Congress passed the Selective Service Act on 18 May of that year to allow the United States to raise an army through the draft. The 1st Battalion, Field Artillery was officially reorganized as part of the Michigan National Guard on 26 June 1917 with its headquarters federally recognized at Lansing, Michigan on 5 July 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0008-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I\nThe National Guard of Michigan and Wisconsin were called into federal service on 15 July 1917. The United States War Department designated the National Guard troops of Michigan and Wisconsin to form the 32nd Infantry Division on 18 July 1917 with Camp MacArthur in Waco, Texas selected as the location for the training. Shortly thereafter, the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery was drafted into federal service on 5 August 1917. On 25 August 1917, the 57th Field Artillery Brigade was organized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0008-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I\nOn 23 September 1917, the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery was reorganized as the 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery as part of the newly formed 57th Field Artillery Brigade. The 119th Field Artillery absorbed the Headquarters and Supply companies of the 31st Michigan Infantry. Most of the new personnel for the 119th Field Artillery came from the 1st Battalion Field Artillery and 1st Squadron Cavalry of the 31st Michigan Infantry. Colonel Chester B. McCormick was appointed as the first commander of the 119th Field Artillery on 22 September 1917 and systematic training began a week later on 29 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0009-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I\nThe 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery relocated to Camp Merritt, New Jersey on 2 January 1918. From Camp Merritt, the troops marched for over an hour to Alpine Landing and then took a two-hour ferry boat ride to the port of Hoboken, New Jersey for embarkation to the European continent. The 119th Field Artillery set sail on 26 February 1918 and arrived at Liverpool, England on 6 March 1918. After a short stay in a rest camp, the 119th Field Artillery proceeded to Le Havre, France with the 5th Infantry Division to complete their transatlantic journey. The 119th Field Artillery detached from the 32nd Infantry Division and arrived at the French artillery school at Camp Coetquidan on 13 March 1918, to master the technique of field artillery. The 119th Field Artillery remained at Camp Coetquidan until 3 June 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0010-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I\nAfter leaving Camp Coetquidan, the 119th Field Artillery was sent to join the 26th Infantry Division in the Toul-Boucq Sector. The soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery fired their first salvo in World War I on 11 June 1918. Five days later, at 3:20 on 16 June 1918 near the village of Xivray-et-Marvoisin, the 119th Field Artillery opened fire on about 400 to 500 German troops who attempted to enter the village from the west and southwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0010-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I\nDespite suffering their first casualties of the war, the 119th Field Artillery rendered very valuable service with their fire and helped prevent the Germans from entering the village. On 25 June 1918, the 119th Field Artillery rejoined the 32nd Infantry Division in the Alsace region of France near the villages of Largitzen and Aspach-le-Haut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0011-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I\nOn 22 July 1918, the 119th Field Artillery, as a part of the 32nd Infantry Division was absorbed into General Charles Mangin's French Tenth Army. Beginning on 22 July 1918, the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery, with new horses and inexperienced drivers, were forced to march over 360 kilometers (224 miles) for five days from the Alsace region to just west of the town of Chateau Thierry. Due to the shortage of artillery harnesses, the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery were compelled to drag 16 American caissons loaded with ammunition the entire distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0011-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I\nIn order to save the horses, all the soldiers except the drivers walked and carried a full pack for which they had no previous training. On 27 July 1918 the 119th Field Artillery arrived near the town of Pont-Sainte-Maxence and the village of Bethisy-Saint-Martin and then proceeded to move towards Chateau-Thierry, and then into the Foret de Fere (Fere Forest) near the village of Jaulgonne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0012-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Aisne\u2013Marne counter-offensive\nOn the evening of 29 July 1918, the 119th Field Artillery arrived in the Picardy region of France, west of Chateau-Thierry, as part of the 32nd Infantry Division which relieved the American 3rd Infantry Division on the front line which stretched from Roncheres to Fere-en-Tardenois. This was the beginning of the Aisne\u2013Marne counter-offensive also known as the Second Battle of the Marne. At 14:10 on 30 July 1918, the 119th Field Artillery commenced a full barrage of fire directed at the Bois de Grimpettes (Grimpettes Woods) just south of the village of Cierges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0012-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Aisne\u2013Marne counter-offensive\nTwenty minutes later, at 14:30, the 119th Field Artillery switched to a creeping barrage to allow infantry units from the 32nd Infantry Division to follow close behind the line of artillery fire. Artillery fire continued throughout the day and into the night. On 31 July 1918, the 32nd Infantry Division stormed and captured Cierges and a ridge one kilometer (5/8-mile) east of the village of Sergy with the support of continuous fire from the 119th Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0012-0002", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Aisne\u2013Marne counter-offensive\nAfter hard fighting, the 32nd Infantry Division, advanced a mile, broke into two important positions in the new German line of resistance, and captured them. Reddy Farm and Hill 230 were both captured on 1 August 1918, with the support of very active fire from the 119th Field Artillery. Rapid advancements were made on 2 and 3 August. By 10:30 on 3 August 1918, the leading elements of the 32nd Infantry Division had advanced to one-half kilometer (just over 1/4-mile) southwest of the village of Saint-Gilles where they captured Resson Farm. In just a matter of two days the 32nd Infantry Division had advanced from Reddy Farm and captured the villages of Villome and Dravegny, arriving on the outskirts of Saint-Gilles with active fire from the 119th Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0013-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Aisne\u2013Marne counter-offensive\nOn the evening of 3 August 1918, advance elements of the 32nd Infantry Division attempted to cross the Vesle River but the attempt failed due to artillery fire from two 77's and strong machine-gun fire from the German troops on the opposite bank of the river. On 4 August 1918, the 32nd Infantry Division entered the town of Fismes, on the south bank of the Vesle River but did not fully occupy and capture Fismes until 6 August 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0013-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Aisne\u2013Marne counter-offensive\nThe 119th Field Artillery pounded the north bank of the Vesle River from 3 August 1918 through 6 August 1918 in an attempt to help the 32nd Infantry Division construct bridges to cross the river; however the German machine-gun and artillery fire was too strong to allow American troops to approach the river without sustaining heavy casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0014-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Aisne\u2013Marne counter-offensive\nDespite having several artillery pieces destroyed by German counter-battery fire, the 119th Field Artillery had helped the 32nd Infantry Division drive the Germans back negating the gains they had made during their Spring Offensive. The 32nd Infantry Division had marched 19 kilometers (11.875 miles) in just over seven days, capturing significant territory. The Germans were finally able to hold their ground and stop the allied advance on 6 August 1918 bringing an end to the Aisne\u2013Marne counter-offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0015-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise\u2013Aisne offensive\nBy 7 August 1918, the 28th Infantry Division occupied the town of Fismes, relieving the 32nd Infantry Division but the 119th Field Artillery remained in place to assist the 28th Infantry Division in further advances. Over the next two days, the 119th Field Artillery continued to pound the village of Fismettes which is directly across the Vesle River from the town of Fismes. This allowed the 28th Infantry Division to send four companies across the Vesle River on 8 August 1918 to establish bridgeheads on the north bank and occupy the southern and eastern parts of Fismettes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0015-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise\u2013Aisne offensive\nDuring the early morning of 9 August 1918, the 28th Infantry Division advanced one battalion across the Vesle River and captured Fismette establishing outposts occupying the heights to the north of the village. The 119th Field Artillery used well-placed barrages to repulse two counterattacks by the Germans at 16:00 and at 22:45. On 10 August 1918, the 119th Field Artillery commenced box barrages to prevent the Germans from escaping the plateau between the Vesle and Aisne Rivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0015-0002", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise\u2013Aisne offensive\nThe 28th Infantry Division sent out small aggressive patrols under the cover of the artillery barrages to feel out the German line and to allow for broadening of the bridgeheads. Patrols continued to be sent out through 12 August 1918, supported by artillery fire from the 119th Field Artillery to determine if the Germans held the north bank of the Vesle River in force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0016-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise\u2013Aisne offensive\nOn 13 August 1918, the 119th Field Artillery came under the command of the 77th Infantry Division and remained in place directing artillery fire along the north bank of the Vesle River. By 15 August 1918, the patrols all reported that the north bank of the Vesle was held in sufficient force by the Germans to require a major operation. That operation would be known as the Oise\u2013Aisne offensive. On 21 August 1918, the 119th Field artillery, directed advance fire, assisting in the capture of the village of Tannerie by a company from the 77th Infantry Division .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0017-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise\u2013Aisne offensive\nThe 32nd Infantry Division was personally selected by General Charles Mangin to assist the French Tenth Army in a flank attack on the German front lines and on the evening of 24 August 1918, the 119th Field Artillery was billeted in the town of Neuilly-Saint-Front on their way to rejoin the 32nd Infantry Division. The soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment marched 140 kilometers (87 miles) over four days and by 28 August 1918, had rejoined the 32nd Infantry Division in the front line west of the village of Juvigny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0017-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise\u2013Aisne offensive\nOn 27 August 1918, orders were received to immediately commence destructive artillery fire on the wire entanglements, trenches and important points of the German lines, up to the limits of the range of the heavy artillery. The 119th Field Artillery was ordered to harass the Germans day and night with both continued and irregular artillery fire to disorganize their defenses in preparation for forthcoming attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0017-0002", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise\u2013Aisne offensive\nThe artillery fire was to continue through the evening of 28 August 1918 and not allow the Germans any respite, disrupting communications all along the front and rear lines and as deep into German territory as the artillery would allow. On 28 August 1918, the 32nd Infantry Division attacked and by 29 August, it had advanced to within one kilometer (5/8-mile) of Juvigny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0018-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise\u2013Aisne offensive\nDuring the evening of 29 August 1918, the Germans pulled their troops back from their left flank. In response, orders were sent on 30 August 1918, to the 32nd Infantry Division to attack and capture the village of Juvigny. The 119th Field Artillery was directed to concentrate its artillery fire east of Juvigny. Even with their fallback, the Germans had left several strongly fortified outposts along the line and the village of Juvigny was strongly held by the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0018-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise\u2013Aisne offensive\nThe 32nd Infantry Division quickly overcame the German's advance posts but was slowed down by well-placed German machine guns near the village of Juvigny. The Germans attempted a counterattack but were foiled by a two-pronged attack from the west and the south by the 32nd Infantry Division. By nightfall, the Americans had captured the village of Juvigny and had breached the German front lines between two German army corps. The capture of Juvigny by the American 32nd Infantry Division contributed greatly to the success of attacks the next day by other elements of the French XXX Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0019-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise\u2013Aisne offensive\nCommander Colonel Chester McCormick, commander of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment, wrote the following in a letter to his soldiers in recounting the battle near Juvingy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0020-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise\u2013Aisne offensive\nDue to the rapid advance of the 32nd Infantry Division during the night of 30 August 1918, they were tasked with capturing a ridge 300 meters (984 feet) east of the village of Terny-Sorny. On 31 August 1918, the 119th Field Artillery bombarded the Germans for four hours, from 12:00 to 16:00, in preparation for a resumed attack by the 32nd Infantry Division. A rolling artillery barrage commenced at 15:55 and at 16:00 the 32nd Infantry Division began its advance eastward from Juvigny. The Germans put up stiff resistance at Beaumont Farm and shelled the Americans left flank with mortars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0020-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise\u2013Aisne offensive\nThe Americans continued to drive through the German lines and captured the Bethancourt-Terny Road. By 18:45 the lead troops of the 32nd Infantry Division had entered the village of Terny-Sorny and by 21:30 the ridge to the east of the village had been taken. The aggressive tactics by the 32nd Infantry Division, and its units, allowed it to capture the plateau around the village of Terny where the Allies could concentrate fire on the village of Laffaux. If the Allies were able to capture Laffaux, the Germans would be forced to abandon the line along the Vesle River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0021-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise\u2013Aisne offensive\nDuring the evening of 1 September 1918, the 32nd Infantry Division was relieved from the front line by the 1st Moroccan Infantry Division and the French 66th Infantry Division. On 2 September 1918, the 119th Field Artillery was placed under the command of the 1st Moroccan Infantry Division through 6 September 1918 to assist their advance towards the village of Vauxaillon and then onwards towards a hill east of the village of Quincy-Basse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0021-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise\u2013Aisne offensive\nThe officers and enlisted men of the 119th Field Artillery gained the respect of The French Artillery Commander of the 1st Moroccan Division due to the prevalence of their determined spirit despite the challenge of the battle. On 6 September 1918, the 119th Field Artillery was relieved from the front lines for much-needed rest and reequipping. On 7 September 1918, the 119th Field Artillery completed movement to the rear at the village of Chelles and was held in reserve for the French Tenth Army. This was the end of their involvement in the Oise\u2013Aisne offensive. On 9 September 1918, the 119th Field Artillery moved with the 32nd Infantry Division to the vicinity of the town of Joinville for training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0022-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Military decorations\nThe 32nd Infantry Division was under the control of the French Tenth Army almost since they had arrived in France. The commander of the French Tenth Army, General Charles Mangin, awarded all four infantry regiments, all three artillery regiments and all three machine gun battalions of the 32nd Infantry Division with a Croix de Guerre for distinguishing themselves in battle. In recognition of their military successes during the Aisne\u2013Marne and Oise\u2013Aisne offensives, the 119th Field Artillery was awarded the Croix de Guerre with a silver star. The streamer is embroidered \"AISNE\u2013MARNE and OISE\u2013AISNE\". The Headquarters Battery of the 119th Field Artillery was awarded an extra Croix de Guerre with Palm (two orders of precedence higher than Croix de Guerre with a silver star) for their exceptional planning during the Oise\u2013Aisne offensive. The streamer is embroidered \"OISE\u2013AISNE\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 952]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0023-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse\u2013Argonne offensive\nIn preparation of the Meuse\u2013Argonne offensive, (one part of a massive campaign known as the Hundred Days Offensive) and under orders from General John Pershing, commander-in-chief of the American Expeditionary Forces, all movement of troops were to be performed with the utmost secrecy under the cover of darkness without lights. On 16 September 1918, the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery began a seven-night march through the mud and rain from the town of Joinville to the vicinity of the village of Avocourt to join the 79th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0023-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse\u2013Argonne offensive\nThe long marches were a severe test on the morale of the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery and by the time they arrived near Avocourt on 24 September 1918, the horses towing the artillery were weak and exhausted. General Petain, the \u00c9tat-major des arm\u00e9es, (Chief of the Defence Staff) ordered the Meuse\u2013Argonne offensive would commence on 26 September 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0024-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse\u2013Argonne offensive\nThe place in the front line where the 79th Infantry Division was set to make its attack was in the same area where a half million soldiers from the French and German Armies had perished in the Battle of Verdun in 1916. At 23:30, on 25 September 1918, the 119th Field Artillery commenced harassing and interdiction fire at the German front lines. At 2:30, on 26 September 1918, the 119th Field Artillery participated in a three-hour artillery barrage of German positions in preparation for the initial infantry assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0024-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse\u2013Argonne offensive\nAt 5:30, under the protection of a rolling barrage from the 119th Field Artillery, the 79th Infantry Division attacked and advanced toward the village of Montfaucon. The advance of the 79th Infantry Division was hindered by machine-gun fire during the entire afternoon stalling their advance. The resistance by the Germans in the vicinity of Montfaucon was so deadly that the 79th Infantry Division had to wait for the 119th Field Artillery before they could advance further.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0024-0002", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse\u2013Argonne offensive\nThe guns of the 119th Field Artillery were delayed in advancing due to the poor conditions of the roads over an area that used to be \"No Man's Land\" and the congestion on those roads that could be utilized. By the end of the day the 79th Infantry Division had captured the villages of Haucourt and Malancourt and reached a line one\u2014half kilometer (just over 1/4-mile) north of Malancourt and along the northeastern edge of the Bois de Cuisy (Cuisy Woods).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0025-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse\u2013Argonne offensive\nOn 27 September 1918, the 79th Infantry Division was eventually able to capture Montfaucon and establish a line one-half kilometer (just over 1/4-mile) northwest of the village. On 28 September 1918, the 79th Infantry Division advanced further and captured the village of Nantillois. The advance of the 119th Field Artillery continued with the forward movement of the 79th Infantry Division but the hauling of the artillery and supplies was hampered again by the conditions of the roads. On 29 September 1918, the 79th Infantry Division resumed the attack but was finally forced into a defensive position along a ridge 300 m northwest of the village of Nantillois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0026-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse\u2013Argonne offensive\nCommander Colonel Chester McCormick wrote the following in his letter to his soldiers in regards to the start of the Meuse\u2013Argonne offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0027-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse\u2013Argonne offensive\nOn 30 September 1918, the 119th Division was transferred to the command of the 3rd Infantry Division while they waited for their own artillery due to the conditions of the roads. Orders from the American First Army Headquarters instructed all artillery batteries to use Number 5 Shell (a lethal gas mixture of phosgene and smoke) west of the Meuse River on favorable targets and under favorable weather. The 3rd Infantry Division attacked on 4 October 1918 and advanced one kilometer (5/8-mile) along the entire front, supported by rolling barrages from the 119th Field artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0027-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse\u2013Argonne offensive\nOn 6 October 1918, the artillery for the 3rd Infantry Division finally arrived and the 119th Field Artillery was transferred back to the sector of the 32nd Infantry Division. With assistance from the 119th Field Artillery, the 32nd Infantry Division was able to smash its way forward and break through the 8 miles deep Hindenburg Line which had resisted numerous Allied breakthrough attempts ever since the Battle of Arras in April 1917. Beginning on 9 October 1918, the 32nd Infantry Division advanced north and captured the villages of Gesnes, Cote Dame Marie, Romagne-sous-Montfaucon and Bantheville. By 19 October 1918, the 32nd Infantry Division advanced their line one\u2014half kilometer (just over 1/4-mile) north of Romagne-sous-Montfaucon completing the breakthrough of the Hindenburg Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0028-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse\u2013Argonne offensive\nOn 20 October 1918, the 89th Infantry Division relieved the 32nd Infantry Division from the front line. The 119th Field Artillery stayed in place to support the 89th Infantry Division. On 20 October 1918, the 89th Infantry Division cleared the enemy from the woods around the village of Bantheville despite a fierce resistance by the Germans and established a defensive line along the northern and western edges of the woods. The 89th Infantry Division spent several days consolidating their position and did not attack again until 1 November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0028-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse\u2013Argonne offensive\nOn that day, the 119th Field Artillery launched one of the best organized and most dominant artillery attacks delivered on the western front assisting the 89th Infantry Division in smashing through the German defenses gaining 11 kilometers (6.8 miles) of territory, cutting German communications into Belgium and breaking the backbone of the German resistance. Over the next several days, the 89th Infantry Division advanced rapidly and captured the villages of Remonville, Barricourt, Tailly, Nouart, Beauclair, and Beaufort-en-Argonne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0029-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse\u2013Argonne offensive\nOn 3 November 1918, the 119th Field Artillery was relieved from the front lines to rejoin the 32nd Infantry Division for some much-needed rest, recuperation and re-equipping. After five months of near-continuous fighting, the 119th Field Artillery had assisted in smashing the way for seven American infantry divisions, the French Tenth Army and the 1st Moroccan Infantry Division, recovering a total of 70 kilometers (43 miles) of French territory. The soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery were tired and worn mentally from the exposure and exhaustion; however, their regiment had been finally rendered immobile from the loss of horses. Of the 1,459 horses the 119th Field Artillery received during the war, only 327 survived with the rest either being killed, wounded or lost from all causes. An 11:00 on 11 November 1918, the armistice that ended World War I went into effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 949]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0030-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse\u2013Argonne offensive\nCommander Colonel McCormick's letter to his soldiers concluded with the following poignant message.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0031-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Interwar Period 1919\u20131941\nAfter the armistice went into effect, the 119th Field artillery was transferred to the 40th Infantry Division on 15 November 1918 and relocated to the village of Revigny where a regional replacement depot had been established. On 23 November 1918, the 119th Field Artillery was relieved from assignment to the 40th Infantry Division and fell under the direct control of the First Army where they were granted a two-day respite to enjoy the Christmas holiday. On the evening of 25 December 1918, the 119th Field Artillery made its way to the village of Gondrecourt for training and was transferred to the authority of the 88th Infantry Division through 8 April 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0032-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Interwar Period 1919\u20131941\nThe 119th Field Artillery made a ten-day journey to the port city of Brest to rejoin the 32nd Infantry Division on 18 April 1919 in preparation for their return to the United States. On 25 April 1919, the 119th Field Artillery boarded the S.S. Frederick for their return home where they arrived at the New York Port of Embarkation on 3 May 1919. On 16 May 1919, the 119th Field Artillery was demobilized at Camp Custer, Michigan. Commander Colonel McCormick named many terrain features at Camp Grayling after French locations where the 119th Field Artillery were in combat. Some of the named locations are: Red Arrow Hill, Juvigny Hill, and the Cote Dame Marie hill range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0033-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Interwar Period 1919\u20131941\nThe 119th Field Artillery's proud record of achievements during World War I led the Army to decide that their namesake could not be allowed to pass into history and must be carried on. So in 1921, the 119th Field Artillery was reconstituted in the National Guard and allotted to the state of Michigan. Sometime in June 1921, the 119th Field Artillery was assigned to the 32nd Infantry Division. On 22 June 1921, the 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery was organized and federally recognized at Lansing, Michigan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0033-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Interwar Period 1919\u20131941\nOn 12 October 1921, the 2nd Battalion, 119th Field Artillery was organized and federally recognized at Jackson, Michigan. The regimental headquarters unit was organized and federally recognized on 10 February 1922 at Lansing, Michigan and Colonel Joseph H. Lewis was selected to be the next commander of the 119th Field Artillery. On 1 August 1933, the 119th Field Artillery was converted from horse-drawn to truck-drawn artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0034-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Interwar Period 1919\u20131941\nThe 119th Field Artillery conducted annual summer training most years at Camp Grayling, Michigan. However, some years, annual summer training was conducted at Camp Custer, Michigan. The 119th Field Artillery conducted joint summer training at Camp Grayling, Michigan with the 329th Field Artillery in 1928, 1932 and 1937 and with the 328th Field Artillery in 1929 and 1936. The 119th Field Artillery participated in Second Army Maneuvers held out of Camp Custer, Michigan from 8 to 22 August 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0035-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Interwar Period 1919\u20131941, Auto workers strike \u2013 Flint Michigan\nColonel Glenn W. Carey was appointed the next commander of the 119th Field Artillery in January 1939. The 119th Field Artillery participated in Second Army Maneuvers held out of Camp McCoy, Wisconsin from 4 to 27 August 1940. The 119th Field Artillery was relieved from their assignment to the 57th Field Artillery Brigade, 32nd Infantry Division on 18 September 1940 and reassigned to the 72nd Field Artillery Brigade which was directly attached to the V Corps without being attached to an Infantry Division. During this reorganization the 119th Field Artillery added a third battalion when the Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, Third Battalion, was organized. On 11 October 1940, the 119th Field Artillery changed their armament from 75-mm guns to 155-mm guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 95], "content_span": [96, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0036-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Interwar Period 1919\u20131941, Auto workers strike \u2013 Flint Michigan\nThe 119th Field Artillery was inducted into federal service on 7 April 1941 at Lansing, Michigan and was moved to Fort Knox, Kentucky, where it arrived on 17 April 1941. The 119th Field Artillery was then transferred to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri on 2 June 1941. The 119th Field Artillery participated in joint maneuvers with the Second Army and VII Corps out of Camp Robinson, Arkansas from 11 to 30 August 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 95], "content_span": [96, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0037-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War II\nThe United States declared war on Germany on 11 December 1941 four days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and on the same day that Germany declared war on the United States. Colonel Lloyd M. Hanna was appointed the new commander of the 119th Field Artillery on 16 February 1942. In 1943, the United States Army decided to restructure the non-divisional field artillery to increase their flexibility and response times during combat. The 119th Field Artillery had been a non-divisional field artillery unit since they were separated from the 32nd Infantry Division on 18 September 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0037-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War II\nThe regiment was broken up on 8 February 1943, and its elements were reorganized and redesignated. The old Headquarters and Headquarters Battery was renamed to Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 119th Field Artillery Group. The 1st Battalion was renamed the 978th Field Artillery Battalion. The 2nd Battalion was renamed the 979th Field Artillery Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0038-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War II\nThe 119th Field Artillery Group was transferred to Camp Young, California on 23 August 1943 for training. Prior to overseas deployment, the 119th Field Artillery Group moved to Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts on 5 February 1944 for staging until they departed from the Boston Port of Embarkation on 27 February 1944. The 119th Field Artillery Group arrived in England on 8 March 1944 where they waited for the invasion of Normandy to begin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0039-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War II\nOnce the allies had established a safe and secure beachhead to allow for heavy artillery to come ashore, the 119th Field Artillery Group landed in France on 26 June 1944 where they participated in the Normandy and Northern France Campaigns. The 119th Field Artillery Group crossed into Belgium on 8 September 1944 and then into the Netherlands five days later on 13 September 1944. The 119th Field Artillery Group participated in the Rhineland Campaign and entered Germany on 14 October 1944. As the war progressed the 119th Field Artillery Group also participated in Ardennes-Alsace and Central Europe Campaigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0039-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War II\nFrom 5 April 1945 to 7 April 1945, the 119th Field Artillery Group was very briefly attached to the 95th Infantry Division where it helped in capturing the city of Hamm and the town of Kamen in Germany. On 7 May 1945, General Alfred Jodl, Chief of the Operations Staff for the German Armed Forces High Command, signed an unconditional surrender document that ordered all German troops to surrender on 8 May 1945 bringing an end to World War II on the European Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0040-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post World War II\nIn August 1945, the 119th Field Artillery Group was stationed in the town of Ortenberg, Germany. The 119th Field Artillery Group arrived back in the United States on 16 November 1945 at the Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation. The Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 119th Field Artillery Group was inactivated on the same day at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia. The 978th Field Artillery Battalion had arrived back in the United States ahead of the 119th Field Artillery Group at the Boston Port of Embarkation and was inactivated on 30 October 1945 at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts. The two inactivated units were consolidated, reorganized and federally recognized on 15 December 1946 as the 119th Field Artillery Battalion with headquarters at Lansing, Michigan. The newly consolidated 119th Field Artillery Battalion was assigned to the 46th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 917]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0041-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post World War II\nThe 979th Field Artillery Battalion had also arrived back in the United States ahead of the 119th Field Artillery Group at the New York Port of Embarkation and was inactivated on 29 October 1945 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey. An unrelated unit, the 943rd Field Artillery Battalion was inactivated on 28 November 1945 at Camp Shanks, New York. These two inactivated units were consolidated, reorganized, and federally recognized on 6 December 1946 as the 943rd Field Artillery Battalion with headquarters at Jackson, Michigan, and assigned to the 46th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0042-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post World War II, Combat Arms Regimental System\nIn the late 1950s, the United States Army was concerned about maintaining the continuity of distinguished combat units without restricting future organizational trends. Over the course of two world wars, the United States Army had broken up, reorganized, consolidated, or disbanded many units and many more new units were created while organizations with long combat records remained inactive. As a result, soldiers often served in units with little or no history. In order to preserve the history of distinguished combat units, Secretary of the Army, Wilber M. Brucker approved the Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS) on 24 January 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0043-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post World War II, Combat Arms Regimental System\nIn accordance with CARS, the 119th Field Artillery Battalion and the 943rd Field Artillery Battalion were consolidated on 15 March 1959 to form the 119th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System. The new 119th Artillery consisted of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Howitzer Battalions which remained elements of the 46th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0044-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post World War II, Combat Arms Regimental System\nThe Combat Arms Regimental System called for each artillery regiment to be assigned a headquarters at a permanent location to maintain the regimental history, traditions, and records while also displaying the regimental colors, trophies, and other properties of the regiment. However, the organization of regimental headquarters under CARS was suspended indefinitely, and each regimental headquarters remained at zero strength under the control of the Department of the Army. Pending the establishment of regimental headquarters in the future, the lowest-numbered or lettered active element in each regiment was to retain custody of the regimental colors and properties. Therefore, this duty fell to the 1st Howitzer Battalion of the new 119th Artillery and they maintained custody of the regimental colors and properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 903]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0045-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post World War II, Combat Arms Regimental System\nOver the next decade the 119th Artillery was downsized on two occasions. The first downsizing occurred on 15 March 1963. The 119th Artillery was reorganized to consist of only the 1st and 2nd Battalions (the 3rd Battalion was eliminated) and dropped the Howitzer designation while still remaining as elements of the 46th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0046-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post World War II, Detroit riots of 1967\nDuring the 1960s, the United States Department of Defense investigated the manpower and redundancy involved in maintaining two reserve components of the Army: the United States National Guard and the United States Army Reserve. In 1967, Secretary of Defense, Robert S. McNamara, decided that 15 combat divisions in the Army National Guard were unnecessary and he reduced the number of divisions down to 8 but increased the number of brigades up from 7 to 18. This resulted in no change to the total strength of the Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0047-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post World War II, Detroit riots of 1967\nAs a result of this restructuring the 46th Infantry Division was reduced to the 46th Infantry Brigade and it was assigned to the 38th Infantry Division. At the same time the 119th Artillery was downsized for the second time in the decade. The 119th Artillery was reorganized on 1 February 1968 to consist of only the 1st Battalion (the 2nd Battalion was eliminated). The 119th Artillery was still attached to the 46th Infantry even though it had downsized from a division to a brigade. Therefore, the 119th Artillery was assigned to the 38th Infantry Division by means of being attached to the new 46th Infantry Brigade. Four years later on 1 February 1972, the 119th Artillery was redesignated as the 119th Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0048-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post World War II, Detroit riots of 1967\nIn 1984, the United States Army expanded the Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS) to include the non-combat arms branches of the Army. This new system was branded United States Army Regimental System (USARS) and the Combat Arms Regimental System ceased to exist. In accordance with USARS, the 119th Artillery was reorganized and redesignated on 20 February 1987 as the 119th Field Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0049-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post World War II, Detroit riots of 1967\nOn 24 March 2001, the 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery deployed as an entire battalion out of state for the first time in over two decades. Over 300 members from the 1st Battalion deployed to the Fort Irwin National Training Center in California for a 20-day Division Capstone Exercise. The exercise called for the 119th Field Artillery to act as the opposing force (OPFOR). This exercise was also the first time the 119th Field Artillery had to interpret coded digital battle orders instead of using traditional voice communications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0050-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post 9/11\nThe day after the 11 September attacks, about 100 soldiers out of Lansing Michigan of the 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery were called up to provide security for the two international border crossings in Detroit; the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit\u2013Windsor Tunnel. Elements of the 1st Battalion were also called upon to assist the United States Customs and Border Protection with security at the Blue Water Bridge in Port Huron, Michigan. The soldiers of the 1st Battalion were tasked with the mission of searching trucks crossing the border on either of the two bridges or via the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel. The soldiers of the 1st Battalion were stationed on the Canada\u2013United States border until July 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0051-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post 9/11\nIn response to the demands of the War on Terror, the United States Army reorganized its divisions including those of the United States National Guard. The plan was to create lighter formations that could be deployed to areas of conflict more rapidly than before. The 119th Field Artillery Regiment was reorganized on 1 September 2003 to consist of the 1st Battalion and now became an element of the 42nd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0052-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post 9/11, Guantanamo Bay Naval Base\nGuantanamo Bay Naval Base has been leased perpetually from Cuba since 1903 when it was established. In 2002, a detention camp was built on the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base to house over 600 prisoners from the War on Terror. The duties of providing security at United States military facilities had been traditionally handled by the Military Police Corps; however, ever since the 11 September attacks, the demand for military security had risen to the point where there were no more military police units available. Therefore, American military units with specialties not currently in need were retrained to provide security. The 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery Regiment was one of those units whose artillery skills were not currently in demand so they were retrained to provide security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0053-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post 9/11, Guantanamo Bay Naval Base\nOn 3 December 2003, over 200 soldiers from 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery departed Michigan for deployment at Fort Dix, New Jersey. After arrival at Fort Dix, the soldiers of 1st Battalion underwent mission-specific training and in-processing for over a month in preparation for their final destination, Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba. The soldiers of 1st Battalion arrived at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in January 2004 and joined Joint Detention Operation Group in providing security at Camp Delta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0054-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post 9/11, Guantanamo Bay Naval Base\nThe soldiers of the 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery Regiment were assigned the duty of moving the prisoners to and from recreation and shower areas. The soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment were required to cover their name tags and unit patches with tape to prevent the prisoners from identifying them. The soldiers were not assigned to patrol the same area two days in a row to minimize the chance of being identified by the prisoners. The 119th Field Artillery Regiment was deployed at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base until November 2004 when they returned to Michigan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0055-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post 9/11, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery Regiment deployed to Iraq on 19 December 2004 in support of the 18th Military Police Brigade who had arrived earlier on 30 November 2004. The Headquarters and Headquarters Battery was recognized for their exceptionally meritorious service during their deployment which lasted until 3 November 2005. The Department of the Army awarded the Headquarters and Headquarters Battery with a Meritorious Unit Commendation. The citation reads as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0056-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post 9/11, Operation Iraqi Freedom\n\"For exceptionally meritorious service, during the period 30 November 2004 to 3 November 2005, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 18th Military Police Brigade and its subordinate units displayed exceptionally meritorious service in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The unit achieved outstanding success in multiple complicated missions by providing convoy and main supply route security throughout Iraq. In addition, the unit equipped, mentored, and established a federally recognized highway patrol and conducted detention operations for the two largest detention facilities in the Global War on Terror, as well as for all high-value detainees and protected persons throughout Iraq. Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 18th Military Police Brigade's outstanding performance of duty is in keeping with the finest traditions of military service and reflects great credit upon the unit, Multi-National Corps-Iraq, and the United States Army.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 1017]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0057-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post 9/11, State funeral of Gerald Ford\nIn March 2014, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment conducted cold-weather training in extreme sub-zero temperatures of negative 30 degrees Fahrenheit (negative 34 degrees Celsius) at Camp Grayling, Michigan. During the mission, the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment sling-loaded their M777 155mm howitzers underneath CH-47 Chinook helicopters being operated by the 147th and 238th Aviation Regiments and then were transported in UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters to their firing points to conduct live-fire training. Due to the arctic-like weather, the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment had to overcome machinery that would not operate at 30 degrees below zero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0057-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post 9/11, State funeral of Gerald Ford\nThe temperature was so cold that the diesel the soldiers rely on to fuel their vehicles gelled up and froze. A warming bay had to be brought in to allow the soldiers to draw fuel. For their efforts, the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment earned cold weather operation training certificates and they learned how to adapt and overcome unexpected situations. The 119th Field Artillery Regiment conducted another round of cold weather training during the winter of 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0058-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post 9/11, State funeral of Gerald Ford\nFor two weeks in March 2015 and another two weeks in April 2016, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment deployed to the Adazi Training Center near Riga, Latvia joining over 1600 soldiers from Canada, Finland, Germany, Latvia, and Lithuania for the Summer Shield XII and XIII exercises. During the exercises, the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery not only trained together but bunked together, to build friendships and continue to strengthen partnerships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0059-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post 9/11, State funeral of Gerald Ford\nDuring the first three weeks of August 2016, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment participated in Exercise Northern Strike 16 at Camp Grayling, Michigan. The exercise brought together 5,000 service members from the Army, Air Force, Marine Corps and Special Operations Command from 20 different states and three coalition countries. During training, the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment slept in the field close to their weapons so they could be ready to provide artillery fire at a moments notice day or night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0060-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post 9/11, State funeral of Gerald Ford\nSoldiers of 1-119 FA conduct live-fire training alongside their Latvian counterparts at Adazi Training Center, Latvia, during exercise Summer Shield XIII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0061-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post 9/11, State funeral of Gerald Ford\nSoldiers of 1-119 FA sling-load an M777 155mm howitzer beneath a CH-47 Chinook at Camp Grayling Michigan on 1 March 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0062-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Post 9/11, State funeral of Gerald Ford\nA M114 155 mm howitzer is loaded during training at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri in 1941", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0063-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign and unit award streamers\nThe Department of the Army awards streamers to military units in recognition of a display of heroism or meritorious service that is the result of a group effort or to indicate campaign service during a war. National Guard units are only eligible to be awarded streamers during those times when they are called into active federal duty. A company or battery unit is eligible for a streamer for war service credit only when the rest of the battalion did not participate in the same theater or area of operations during the same war or conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0063-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign and unit award streamers\nThe Croix de guerre was awarded by commanders in the French Army and was awarded to individuals and military units of their choice. Military units that were awarded the Croix de guerre are authorized to display streamers with the color and pattern of the medal they were awarded. Each streamer is embroidered with the name of the military campaign and the year(s) of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0064-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign and unit award streamers\nThe 119th Field Artillery Regiment was awarded multiple streamers. The Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st battalion, 119th Field Artillery Regiment was awarded streamers in addition to those awarded to the entire regiment. The list of streamers is as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0065-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Structure\nThe 119th Field Artillery Regiment is subordinate to the 272nd Regional Support Group, a component of the Michigan Army National Guard which is a component of the Michigan National Guard. As a parent field artillery regiment, the 119th Field Artillery does not have a headquarters and it is a regiment in name only under the United States Army Regimental System. The 119th Field Artillery Regiment is composed of one battalion consisting of four batteries (equivalent to companies in an infantry battalion). The structure of the regiment is as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0066-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 119th Field Artillery Regiment on 17 April 1925. The coat of arms was approved on the following day on 18 April 1925. Both the coat of arms and the distinctive unit insignia were redesignated for the 119th Artillery Regiment on 2 September 1960. They were both again redesignated for the 119th Field Artillery Regiment on 11 July 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0067-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Description of shield\nThe shield is used on both the coat of arms and the distinctive unit insignia. From The Institute of Heraldry:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0068-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Description of shield\nNote: In the explanation below, left and right are given from the viewer's point of view, in contrast to the view of the person holding the shield, in which case left and right are reversed. Colors were often capitalized in the description.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0069-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Description of shield\nIn plain English: The background color of the shield is \"Gules\" which means red. The area of the \"sinister chief\" is the top right of the shield. The \"sinister chief\" is covered in \"the badge\" of the \"First Corps of the Spanish\u2013American War\" in the color \"Argent\" which means white the color of silver. The \"base\" is the bottom part of the shield. The \"base\" has \"issuant a demi-lion rampant\" which is the top half of a lion standing on one hind foot with one foreleg raised above the other and the head in profile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0069-0001", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Description of shield\nThis \"demi-lion rampant\" is in the color \"Or\" which means yellow, the color of gold. The shield has a \"canton\" which by default is a rectangle placed in the upper left corner of the shield unless otherwise specified. This \"canton\" is in the color of \"the last\" which is the last mentioned color \"Or\", yellow. On this \"canton\" there is a \"bend\" which is a diagonal stripe from the upper left to the lower right of the \"canton\". This \"bend\" is the color of \"the first\" meaning the first color mentioned which was \"Gules\", red. This \"bend\" is \"charged\", an emblem is placed, consisting of three \"alerions\" which are eagles depicted without wings or a beak. These \"alerions\" are in the color of \"the third\" which is the third color mentioned \"Or\", yellow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0070-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Symbolism of shield\nExplanation: After being federalized for the first time, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment saw its first major military action on 16 June 1918 in World War I near the village of Xivray-et-Marvoisin in the Toul-Boucq Sector as described in the section above on World War I. The Toul-Boucq sector referred to the line that stretched from the town of Toul to the village of Boucq. This area is in the Lorraine Region of France. The flag of Lorraine consists of a yellow background with a red diagonal stripe with three white alerions. This flag is represented on the top left portion of the shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0071-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Symbolism of shield\nThe Headquarters Battery of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment can trace its lineage as far back as the American Civil War and the Battle of Bull Run. However, the first international conflict the Headquarters Battery participated in was the Siege of Santiago during the Spanish\u2013American War when they were a part of the United States First Army Corps. The silver badge of the First Army Corps during the Spanish\u2013American War is depicted in the \"sinister chief\", top right of the shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0072-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Symbolism of shield\nThe area around the city of El Paso, Texas was known as Ponce de Leon's ranch predating the foundation of the United States of America. The area was settled and colonized by a group of Ponce de Leon's followers and they named their new home after their leader. The \"demi-lion rampant\" on the bottom part of the shield was taken from the crest of Ponce de Leon to represent the first time the 119th Field Artillery Regiment was federalized and sent to the Mexican-American border near El Paso, Texas during the Mexican Expedition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0073-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Description of crest\nThe crest is used only on the coat of arms. It is the part above the shield. From The Institute of Heraldry:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0074-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Description of crest\nIn plain English: The 119th Field Artillery Regiment is a regiment in the Michigan Army National Guard and therefore they use the crest of the Michigan Army National Guard above the shield on their coat of arms. The \"wreath\" also called a torse, is the horizontal braided band that runs across the top of the shield. The colors of the \"wreath\" are \"Argent and Gules\", white and red. Above the \"wreath\" is a \"griffin segreant\" which is a mythical bird called a griffin in the same position as a \"lion rampant\" but with its wings extended. The color of the \"griffin segreant\" is \"Or\", yellow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0075-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Motto\nThe motto appears below the shield on the Distinctive Unit Insignia. The Institute of Heraldry states", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007482-0076-0000", "contents": "119th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Motto\nVIAM PRAEPARAMUS is Latin for the phrase WE PREPARE THE WAY.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007483-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Fighter Squadron\nThe 119th Fighter Squadron is a unit of the New Jersey Air National Guard 177th Fighter Wing located at Atlantic City Air National Guard Base, New Jersey. The 119th is equipped with the F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007483-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Fighter Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the World War I 5th Aviation School Squadron (later 119th Aero Squadron), established on 5 June 1917. It was reformed on 30 January 1930, as the 119th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007483-0002-0000", "contents": "119th Fighter Squadron, History, Origins\nThe 119th Fighter Squadron is one of the oldest units in the United States Air Force, its origins beginning in June 1917 as the World War I 5th Aviation School Squadron at Langley Field, Virginia. In September 1917 it was redesignated as the 119th Aero Squadron. Not deployed overseas, the unit was inactivated in May 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007483-0003-0000", "contents": "119th Fighter Squadron, History, Origins\nThe squadron was reactivated in 1930 when it was reorganized as the 119th Observation Squadron, New Jersey National Guard, at Metropolitan Airport, Newark, New Jersey as an air arm of the 44th Division Aviation and received federal recognition in January 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007483-0004-0000", "contents": "119th Fighter Squadron, History, Origins\nIn 1934, aircraft of the 119th Observation Squadron were dispatched to the scene of the \"Morro Castle\", a ship burning off the coast of Asbury Park, New Jersey. Many hours were spent flying over the ship and adjacent water assisting in the direction of rescue efforts and locating survivors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007483-0005-0000", "contents": "119th Fighter Squadron, History, Origins\nThe 119th Observation Squadron fell victim to the \"draft\" on 16 September 1940, when it was inducted into active service. The unit continued as the 119th until 12 April 1948, at which time it became the 490th Fighter Squadron. The 490th was disbanded in May 1944 while still at Thomasville, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007483-0006-0000", "contents": "119th Fighter Squadron, History, New Jersey Air National Guard\nThe wartime 490th Fighter Squadron was reconstituted on 21 June 1945. It was then re-designated as the 119th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the New Jersey Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Newark Airport, New Jersey and was extended federal recognition on 9 June 1947. The 119th Fighter Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 490th. The squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was allocated to the First Air Force, Continental Air Command by the National Guard Bureau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007483-0007-0000", "contents": "119th Fighter Squadron, History, New Jersey Air National Guard\nThe 119th moved to the former Atlantic City Naval Air Station, now known as the William J. Hughes Technical Center, on 5 August 1958. This change of station also brought about a change in aircraft to the F-84F. The 119th was called to active duty again in October 1961, for the Berlin Crisis. The unit remained at home station; however, the pilots were periodically rotated to Chaumont Air Base, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007483-0008-0000", "contents": "119th Fighter Squadron, History, New Jersey Air National Guard\nOn 15 October 1962, the 119th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 177th Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 119th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 177th Headquarters, 177th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 177th Combat Support Squadron, and the 177th USAF Dispensary. The 119th transitioned into F-86H aircraft. Two years later, the unit transitioned into F-100 \"Super Sabres\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007483-0009-0000", "contents": "119th Fighter Squadron, History, New Jersey Air National Guard\nIn January 1968, a new crisis, the seizure of the American ship USS Pueblo by North Korean forces, and again the 119th was called to active duty. In May 1968, the squadron was activated to federal service, and its personnel were assigned to the 113th Tactical Fighter Wing, Myrtle Beach AFB, South Carolina. Personnel were spread throughout the United States, Taiwan, Korea, and Vietnam with the main unit stationed at the 113 TFW. The 119 TFS returned to Atlantic City, New Jersey, in June 1969, and transitioned into the F-105 \"Thunderchief\" in 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007483-0010-0000", "contents": "119th Fighter Squadron, History, New Jersey Air National Guard\nIn 1972, Headquarters Air Force announced that the 119th TFS would be assigned to the Aerospace Defense Command and be responsible for protecting the United States from airborne attacks, and so was reorganized as the 177th Fighter Interceptor Group and 119th Fighter Interceptor Squadron. In 1973, the unit transitioned into the F-106 \"Delta Dart\" and assumed alert status the following year. The Aerospace Defense Command then came under TAC as the Air Defense Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), and then again changed to a numbered Air Force, 1st Air Force. During 1988, the unit transitioned into the F-16A/B, \"Fighting Falcon\", and received an \"excellent\" rating during its first Operational Readiness Inspection with the F-16 in October 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007483-0011-0000", "contents": "119th Fighter Squadron, History, New Jersey Air National Guard\nFrom 1 May through 13 June 1998, the squadron deployed five F-16C Fighting Falcon aircraft and 46 personnel to Howard AFB, Panama, in support of OPERATION CORONET NIGHTHAWK. 130 personnel rotated on a two-week basis during the six-week deployment. Operating as part of a joint interagency task force, the wing\u2019s role was to detect and identify suspected drug smuggling aircraft. Once identified, the suspected aircraft are turned over to law enforcement agencies for apprehension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007483-0012-0000", "contents": "119th Fighter Squadron, History, New Jersey Air National Guard\nSince October 2001, the unit has had an active involvement in Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Southern Watch, Operation Northern Watch, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Freedom's Sentinel, and Operation Inherent Resolve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007483-0013-0000", "contents": "119th Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division\nThe 119th Guards Rifle Division was formed as an elite infantry division of the Red Army in September 1943, based on the 11th Guards Naval Rifle Brigade and the 15th Guards Naval Rifle Brigade and was one of a small series of Guards divisions formed on a similar basis. Although the two brigades had distinguished themselves in the fighting south of Stalingrad as part of 64th Army they were moved to Northwestern Front in the spring of 1943 before being reorganized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0000-0001", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division\nAfter serving briefly in 22nd Army the division was moved to reinforce the 3rd Shock Army within the large salient that Army had created behind German lines after a breakthrough at Nevel in October. In the following months it fought both to expand the salient and defend it against German counterattacks in a highly complex situation. In January 1944 it was transferred to the 7th Guards Rifle Corps of 10th Guards Army, still in the Nevel region, after which it advanced toward the Panther Line south of Lake Peipus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0000-0002", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division\nDuring operations in the Baltic states that summer and autumn the 119th Guards was awarded both a battle honor and the Order of the Red Banner for its operations in Latvia. In March 1945 it joined the Kurland Group of Forces of Leningrad Front on the Baltic coast containing the German forces encircled in northwest Latvia. Following the German surrender it was moved to Estonia where it was disbanded in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nBy mid-1943 most of the Red Army's remaining rifle brigades were being amalgamated into rifle divisions as experience had shown this was a more efficient use of manpower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0002-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 66th Naval Rifle Brigade\nThis brigade was formed from October to November 1941 in the Volga Military District, with a cadre from the Pacific Fleet and the Amur Military Flotilla. In December it was assigned to the reserves of Karelian Front and later to the 32nd Army of that Front. In June 1942 it was moved to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command and joined 1st Reserve Army which soon was redesignated as 64th Army west of Stalingrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0003-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 66th Naval Rifle Brigade\nIn this Army it joined the 154th Naval Rifle Brigade (below) and the two served closely through most of the battle of Stalingrad. The 66th NRB was originally positioned west of the Don River south of its junction with the Chir near Nizhne-Chirskaia but was forced to retreat to the east bank by July 27 after suffering up to 50 percent losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0003-0001", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 66th Naval Rifle Brigade\nIn the face of the advance of 4th Panzer Army south of the city in early August the 64th Army took up a defense along a line from Logovskii on the Don to Tinguta Station on August 12 with the 66th along the Myshkova River. This proved ineffective when the offensive was renewed on August 20. On the night of August 30 the brigade withdrew to the Erik River with the 157th Rifle Division but by September 2 the two units were fighting in encirclement. Orders arrived from Stalingrad Front authorizing a further withdrawal to the Peschanka line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0004-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 66th Naval Rifle Brigade\nThe battle for the city itself had begun in the third week of August but 64th Army was still attempting to guard the southern approaches. After Elkhi was lost on September 4 the 66th NRB was designated for a counterattack, but this did not succeed. The fighting on the approaches reached its climax on September 12; at this time it was holding the Army's left flank with the 154th NRB and the 36th Guards Rifle Division to the boundary with 57th Army and refitting. Its combat strength on September 10 is given as 1,134 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0004-0001", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 66th Naval Rifle Brigade\nBy the beginning of October the brigade was in the Beketovka bridgehead south of Stalingrad and went over to the attack at 0430 hours on October 2 with five rifle divisions on an 8km-wide sector in an effort to break through to the isolated 62nd Army but made no significant gains and the effort was called off on October 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0005-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 154th Naval Rifle Brigade\nThe 154th Naval was formed in early December 1941 at Moscow in the Moscow Military District, based on recruits from the Moscow Naval School and originally designated as 1st Moscow Separate Naval Group. By the beginning of January 1942 it was assigned to the Moscow Defense Zone and on February 5 was re-assigned to Northwestern Front. It marched some 250km through heavy snow to reach the Demyansk area where it took part in the fighting that cut off the German II Army Corps in a pocket. In June the brigade was pulled out of Front reserves and moved to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0006-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 154th Naval Rifle Brigade\nThe 154th was first sent to North Caucasus Front where it was under direct command of the Front as of July 7. Two weeks later it was in 64th Army and positioned west of the Don. When 4th Panzer Army began its advance toward Abganerovo on July 31 the brigade was sent southward to the Nizhne-Yablochnyi region (25km north of Kotelnikovo) to help block the German advance. Within days it was forced to fall back to the Aksay River near Novoaksaysky from where it had to withdraw another 5-10km on August 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0006-0001", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 154th Naval Rifle Brigade\nBy August 12 it was in the Army's second echelon behind the Myshkova\u2013Tinguta line and as fighting continued on August 20 the Army commander, Maj. Gen. M. S. Shumilov, withdrew the brigade, along with the 138th Rifle Division, to new defensive positions about 5km to the rear. An Army report of September 1 stated that the 154th NRB was by now down to a strength between 500-1,000 personnel and the next day was reported as located in the Elkhi region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0007-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 154th Naval Rifle Brigade\nOn September 4 the brigade was forced to abandon Elkhi although Shumilov reported that he was organizing a counterattack with his reserve 66th NRB. By September 12 the two brigades were defending in tandem on the Army's left flank while refitting in what was to become known as the Beketovka bridgehead on the west bank of the Volga south of the encircled 62nd Army. The brigade had 876 men on strength on September 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0008-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 154th Naval Rifle Brigade, Operation Uranus and Operation Ring\nStalingrad Front launched its part in the encirclement of German 6th Army and 4th Panzer Army on November 20. The 66th and 154th NRBs were still in 64th Army in the Beketovka bridgehead and had been partly rebuilt over the preceding weeks. On the first two days General Shumilov held them in reserve with orders to reinforce the Army's shock group's successes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 102], "content_span": [103, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0008-0001", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 154th Naval Rifle Brigade, Operation Uranus and Operation Ring\nAt 2000 hours on November 22 the German IV Army Corps was ordered to fall back to a new defensive line anchored at Tsybenko and continuing east along the Karavatka Balka to Elkhi which was held by units of the 297th Infantry Division. This line would remain in German hands for many weeks. The next day the two brigades closed up to the line and for the rest of the month limited their activities to raiding and reconnaissance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 102], "content_span": [103, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0009-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 154th Naval Rifle Brigade, Operation Uranus and Operation Ring\nBy the beginning of January 1943 the 64th Army had been transferred to Don Front which was responsible for the final liquidation of the encircled German forces, beginning on January 10. Shumilov organized his main attack on a 6km-wide sector from south of Hill 111.6 east to Elkhi while holding the 29th Rifle Division and the 154th NRB in second echelon. 66th NRB was one of the formations deployed in defensive positions from Elkhi northeastward to the Volga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 102], "content_span": [103, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0009-0001", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 154th Naval Rifle Brigade, Operation Uranus and Operation Ring\nIn the initial attack Tsybenko was encircled and Hill 111.6 captured but the advance seemed to stall, prompting Shumilov to commit the 154th west of Tsybenko as of the morning of the 12th, temporarily under control of 57th Army. During the day it captured the meat canning factory east of Kravtsov. On January 13 the brigade returned to 64th Army control and repulsed a weak counterattack by IV Army Corps reserves near Hill 119.7. At this point the combined assault by 64th and 57th Armies had gained up to 7km northward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 102], "content_span": [103, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0009-0002", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 154th Naval Rifle Brigade, Operation Uranus and Operation Ring\nBut German resistance at Elkhi prevented major gains the following day, prompting the decision to commit the 66th NRB to the general advance scheduled for January 15. On January 27, as Don Front closed in on the German remnants still holding out in Stalingrad, both brigades were ordered to be withdrawn into the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for redeployment to other strategic axes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 102], "content_span": [103, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0009-0003", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 154th Naval Rifle Brigade, Operation Uranus and Operation Ring\nThey were moved by rail to the reserves of Kalinin Front where, during February and March the 66th was converted to the 11th Guards Naval Rifle Brigade while the 154th became the 15th Guards Naval Rifle Brigade. They were soon assigned to 22nd Army and helped form the 44th Rifle Corps, remaining under that command through the summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 102], "content_span": [103, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0010-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 154th Naval Rifle Brigade, Operation Uranus and Operation Ring\nOn September 30, 1943 the combined brigades officially became the 119th Guards in the Northwestern Front; as they were already Guards formations there was no presentation of a Guards banner. Once the division completed its reorganization its order of battle was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 102], "content_span": [103, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0011-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 154th Naval Rifle Brigade, Operation Uranus and Operation Ring\nThe division was placed under the command of Col. Sergei Ivanovich Aksyonov, who had previously commanded both the 170th and 171st Rifle Divisions in the Staraya Russa area. 44th Rifle Corps also contained the 32nd and 46th Rifle Brigades and 22nd Army was positioned south of Kholm, facing the II Army Corps of German 16th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 102], "content_span": [103, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0012-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia\nOn October 20 Northwestern Front was redesignated as 2nd Baltic Front and by November 1 the 119th Guards had left 44th Corps and was serving as a separate division in 22nd Army. On the same date Colonel Aksyonov was transferred to command of the 185th Rifle Division and was replaced by Maj. Gen. Pavel Mendelevich Shafarenko, who had previously commanded the 25th Guards Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0012-0001", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia\nThe 3rd and 4th Shock Armies of Kalinin Front had achieved a surprise breakthrough of the German front on October 6 and liberated the town of Nevel before expanding into the rear of 16th and 3rd Panzer Armies over the following days, creating a deep salient. The offensive was renewed from within the salient on November 2; in an early morning fog 3rd and 4th Shock Armies penetrated the defenses of the left flank of 3rd Panzer Army southwest of Nevel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0012-0002", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia\nAfter the breakthrough, which opened a 16km-wide gap, 3rd Shock turned to the north behind the flank of 16th Army while 4th Shock moved southwest behind 3rd Panzer Army. As the offensive continued the Front commander, Army Gen. M. M. Popov, fed in reserves in an effort to encircle and destroy the German forces holding the deep salient running south from Novosokolniki to the initial gap that had been forced on October 6. In mid-November the 119th Guards was assigned to 3rd Shock Army. Supported by 118th Tank Brigade and flanked on the left by 146th Rifle Division it liberated the village of Podberezye and directly threatened to sever the Novosokolniki\u2013Pustoshka rail line:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0013-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia\nIt seemed as if yet another effort \u2013 the mission assigned to us by the front commander \u2013 had been fulfilled. The army's forces had created a bridgehead for a deep flank attack on the Idritsa-Novosokolniki enemy grouping from the south in the direction of Idritsa and Sebezh, which would allow us to sever the withdrawal routes of a considerable force of Hitlerites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0014-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia\nThe Soviet advance was aided by warm and dry weather and local partisan detachments. The situation so concerned the German command that six infantry battalions were brought in from 18th Army to reinforce the approaches to Pustoshka, which effectively halted the push toward that city as torrential rains began on November 15. Popov ordered his forces over to the defense on November 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0015-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia\nWhen December began the 119th Guards was under the command of 3rd Shock Army's 93rd Rifle Corps. It was holding along the east side of the Soviet salient toward Pustoshka in conjunction with the 326th Rifle Division; 93rd Corps was facing the 23rd and 290th Infantry Divisions of the I Army Corps. On December 9 the STAVKA ordered Popov to pierce the defenses at Pustoshka, capture Idritsa, and destroy the German forces in the salient between Novosokolniki and Nevel using 3rd Shock and 6th Guards Armies. This attack began on December 16 but made little progress. The 119th Guards and 326th were joined by the 21st Guards and 20th Rifle Divisions plus the 118th Tank Brigade and dented but failed to penetrate the positions of the 290th Infantry, which was reinforced by the 122nd Infantry Division. The effort was halted after several days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0016-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia, Novosokolniki Pursuit\nAfter this failure the division was transferred to the 100th Rifle Corps, still in 3rd Shock Army, where it joined the 21st and 46th Guards Rifle Divisions. On December 16 Hitler had finally conceded the impossibility of closing the gap at Nevel and cutting off the Soviet forces inside the salient, rendering his own salient south of Novosokolniki useless. About a week earlier the STAVKA had ordered Western Front to transfer 10th Guards Army to 2nd Baltic Front to take part in a further attempt to wipe out the German salient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0016-0001", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia, Novosokolniki Pursuit\nThis redeployment took time both due to the seasonal conditions and the need to replenish 10th Guards' formations. In the event the Soviet plans were preempted when Army Group North began to withdraw northward on December 29. This took General Popov by surprise and he hastily organized a pursuit which included the 100th Corps pressing in from the west and following up the withdrawal of the 290th Infantry in cooperation with two divisions of 93rd Corps and three tank brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0016-0002", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia, Novosokolniki Pursuit\nBy January 6, 1944 a new German line had been established from Idritsa to south of Pustoshka to Novosokolniki and northward to Lake Ilmen. While this strengthened the German position it turned out to be temporary as the Red Army's offensive at Leningrad and Novgorod later that month would force 16th Army to wheel its defenses back to Pskov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0017-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Baltic Offensives\nLater in January the 119th Guards was transferred to the 10th Guards Army, still in 2nd Baltic Front, joining the 7th Guards and 21st Guards Rifle Divisions in 7th Guards Rifle Corps. The division would remain under these commands for the duration of the war. Over the following months the 10th Guards Army closed up to the Panther Line east of Pskov and Ostrov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0017-0001", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Baltic Offensives\nOn May 10 General Shafarenko exchanged commands with Maj. Gen. Ivan Vladimirovich Gribov when he took over Gribov's 33rd Rifle Division; Shafarenko would go on to command the 23rd Guards Rifle Division and in the postwar period the 48th Guards Rifle Division before being promoted to the rank of lieutenant general in 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0018-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Baltic Offensives\nNear the end of June, as the destruction of Army Group Center was going on in Belarus, the 119th Guards was northeast of Novorzhev on the Sorot River, moving south from Porkhov. During July it took part in the fighting that breached the Panther Line and later that month crossed the border into the Baltic states. Shortly thereafter the division was awarded a battle honor for its part in the liberation of Rezekne, Latvia:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0019-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Baltic Offensives\nREZEKNE... 119th Guards Rifle Division (Major General Gribov, Ivan Vladimirovich)... The troops who participated in the liberation of Daugavpils and Rezekne, by the order of the Supreme High Command of 27 July 1944, and a commendation in Moscow, are given a salute of 20 artillery salvoes from 224 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0020-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Baltic Offensives\nBy the beginning of August, 10th Guards Army was redeployed somewhat northwards to the area of K\u0101rsava, from where it advanced westward into Latvia over the next six weeks, reaching Lub\u0101na by mid-August. The lowlands of the Aiviekste River and Lake Lub\u0101ns define the terrain in the Lub\u0101na region and the division had to cross many waterways during its advance toward Madona, which was liberated on August 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0021-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Baltic Offensives\nDuring the course of this advance three men of the 341st Guards Rifle Regiment distinguished themselves sufficiently to become Heroes of the Soviet Union. The 1st Battalion was commanded by Maj. Andrei Yegorovich Chernikov and was the first to break through the German rearguards and reach the Aiviekste near Barkava on the night of August 3/4. Using captured rafts and boats Chernikov led his men in establishing and expanding a bridgehead, in the course of which over 100 German soldiers were killed or wounded while 18 artillery pieces and 28 machine guns were captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0021-0001", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Baltic Offensives\nSen. Sgt. Akram Iskandarovich Valiev was a squad leader in Chernikov's battalion who led his men across by swimming. As his squad held off counterattacks he captured three boats and proceeded to make six crossings, ferrying more men into the tenuous bridgehead under mortar and machine gun fire. Sen. Sgt. Osip Andreevich Denisov captured a boat after killing a sentry. Taking advantage of confusion in the German ranks he led 25 of his men to the west bank in it, after which he personally killed or wounded 14 German soldiers while helping to expand the bridgehead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0021-0002", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Baltic Offensives\nAll three men were decreed as Heroes on March 24, 1945 and all survived the war. Chernikov remained in the army and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel before his death in Moscow in 1950. Valiev reached the rank of lieutenant before being moved to the reserve in 1946 when he returned to his home village in Tatarstan, dying there in 1975. Denisov was demobilized in November 1945 and moved to Ulan-Ude where he lived until his death in 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0022-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Baltic Offensives\nBy the start of October the 119th Guards was on the approaches to Riga, north of the Daugava River, and distinguished itself in the fighting for this city from October 13-15; in recognition, on November 3 it was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. General Gribov became the deputy commander of 10th Guards Army on October 15; he would later command both the 19th and 15th Guards Rifle Corps and would reach the rank of lieutenant general before his retirement in 1957. He was replaced by Col. Andrian Maksimovich Ilyin who had previously served as deputy commander of the 7th Guards Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007484-0023-0000", "contents": "119th Guards Rifle Division, Postwar\nThe 10th Guards Army moved to the Kurland Group of Forces in Leningrad Front in March 1945, where it remained for the duration. On March 7 Col. Anatolii Ivanovich Kolobutin took over from Colonel Ilyin; the former had been serving as deputy commander of 7th Guards Rifle Corps. Following the German surrender the division carried the full title: 119th Guards Rifle, Rezekne, Order of the Red Banner Division. (Russian: 119-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f.) Maj. Gen. Mikhail Grigorevich Makarov took over command in September and led the division for the rest of its existence. It was stationed at P\u00e4rnu still with 7th Guards Corps of 10th Guards Army before being disbanded in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007485-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Helicopter Brigade\nThe 119th Helicopter Brigade (Serbian: 119. \u0445\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430 / 119. helikopterska brigada) was a transport aviation unit of Yugoslav and FR Yugoslav Air Force established in 1945 as the 1st Transport Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 1. vazduhoplovni transportni puk / 1. \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007485-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Helicopter Brigade, History, 1st Transport Aviation Regiment\nThe regiment was established in the first half of August 1945, in Zemun, as Yugoslav Air Force main transport air unit. The regiment was under direct command of Yugoslav Air Force HQ. It was equipped with Soviet Lisunov Li-2 and captured Luftwaffe Junkers Ju 52 transport aircraft and other types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007485-0002-0000", "contents": "119th Helicopter Brigade, History, 1st Transport Aviation Regiment\nBy 1948, the regiment was renamed, like all other units of the Yugoslav Army, becoming the 119th Transport Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007485-0003-0000", "contents": "119th Helicopter Brigade, History, 1st Transport Aviation Regiment\nThe commanders of the regiment in this period were Dimitrije Kovijani\u0107, Vladimir Simi\u0107 and Berislav Supek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007485-0004-0000", "contents": "119th Helicopter Brigade, History, 119th Transport Aviation and Support Aviation Regiment\nThe 119th Transport Aviation Regiment remained at Zemun until 1963, when it has been dislocated to newer Batajnica Air Base. In this period regiment received US-built C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft. First operational helicopters of Yugoslav Air Force were Westland-Sikorsky WS-51 Mk.1B which were attached to new formed 5th Squadron (later designated as 27th Helicopter Squadron) of 119th Regiment located at Pan\u010devo, since 1954. By the middle 1950s Regiment in its organization had five transport squadrons, one helicopter squadron and one liaison squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 89], "content_span": [90, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007485-0005-0000", "contents": "119th Helicopter Brigade, History, 119th Transport Aviation and Support Aviation Regiment\nIn 1961 regiment was renamed to 119th Support Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 119. puk pomo\u0107ne avijacije / 119. \u043f\u0443\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u045b\u043d\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0435). Same year due to the application of the \"Drvar\" reorganization for the Air Force, new type designation system is used to identify squadrons, so the squadrons of 119th Regiment have become 675th, 676th, 677th, 678th and 679th Transport Aviation Squadron, 783rd Helicopter Squadron and 890th Liaison Aviation Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 89], "content_span": [90, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007485-0006-0000", "contents": "119th Helicopter Brigade, History, 119th Transport Aviation and Support Aviation Regiment\nIt was reorganized by late 1961, when three of its squadrons were reassigned to form new Regiments of Support Aviation Regiments \u2013 677th Squadron formed 81st Regiment, 678th first was at first independent but later in 1964 it has formed 97th Regiment and 679th Squadron formed 111th Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 89], "content_span": [90, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007485-0007-0000", "contents": "119th Helicopter Brigade, History, 119th Transport Aviation and Support Aviation Regiment\nThe 119th Support Aviation Regiment was disbanded in 1966. It's 676th Transport Aviation Squadron was also disbanded, 675th Transport Aviation Squadron was reassigned to 138th Transport Aviation Regiment, 783rd Helicopter Squadron become part of 107th Support Aviation Regiment while 890th Liaison Aviation Squadron remain as independent under Yugoslav Air Force Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 89], "content_span": [90, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007485-0008-0000", "contents": "119th Helicopter Brigade, History, 119th Transport Aviation and Support Aviation Regiment\nThe commanders of the regiment in this period were Nikola Rodi\u0107, Dimitrije Kova\u010devi\u0107, Mido Rako\u010devi\u0107, Nikola \u0110ur\u0111evi\u0107 and Matija Macut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 89], "content_span": [90, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007485-0009-0000", "contents": "119th Helicopter Brigade, History, Re-establishment of the 119th Regiment\nThe 119th Transport Helicopter Regiment was formed by order from December 10, 1967, on May 2, 1968, at Ni\u0161 military airport. It was a completely new unit formed from two new helicopter squadrons \u2013 787th and 789th Transport Helicopter Squadron. It continued the tradition of former 1st Transport Aviation Regiment and 119th Transport Aviation Regiment. Its two squadrons were equipped with new Soviet-made Mil Mi-8T transport helicopters, being the first unit of Yugoslav Air Force equipped with this type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 73], "content_span": [74, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007485-0010-0000", "contents": "119th Helicopter Brigade, History, Re-establishment of the 119th Regiment\nIn 1973 it was renamed to 119th Support Aviation Regiment and the 677th Transport Aviation Squadron equipped with C-47 Skytrain cargo aircraft was moved from the 107th Support Aviation Regiment to 119th Regiment. US-made Skytrains were replaced by 1976 with Soviet-made Antonov An-26 and Polish-build Antonov An-2 transport aircraft. Regiment was again renamed in 1978 to 119th Transport Aviation Regiment. By the early 1980s Yugoslav Air Force has modernized its helicopter fleet with French-licensed domestic made helicopters SOKO Gazelle helicopters. In 1981 712nd Anti- Armored Helicopter Squadron was formed armed with new Gazelle helicopters equipped for anti-armored fighting. Due to the organizational changes, Regiment has become 119th Aviation Brigade  (Serbo-Croatian: 119. avijacijska brigada / 119. \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 73], "content_span": [74, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007485-0011-0000", "contents": "119th Helicopter Brigade, History, Re-establishment of the 119th Regiment\nIn 1988 another one squadron of Gazelle helicopters, 714th has been formed at Kraljevo-La\u0111evci Airport as part of brigade. The 789th Transport Helicopter Squadron was disbanded in 1990 and its personnel and equipment were assigned to 787th Squadron, being from then the only squadron of brigade equipped with Mi-8T helicopters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 73], "content_span": [74, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007485-0012-0000", "contents": "119th Helicopter Brigade, History, Re-establishment of the 119th Regiment\nThe units of 119th Aviation Brigade have taken part in combat operations during the 1991 and 1992 in Croatia and Bosnia. Mainly it was used for transport of elite 63rd Paratroop Brigade. It also took part in evacuation of Yugoslav People's Army personal and civilians, MEDEVAC and combat search and rescue operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 73], "content_span": [74, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007485-0012-0001", "contents": "119th Helicopter Brigade, History, Re-establishment of the 119th Regiment\nJust during the first five months of 1992 787th Transport Helicopter Squadron has made 830 flight hours and have evacuated 5610 members of Yugoslav Air Force, 683 members of their families, 767 Yugoslav People's Army soldiers and 213 wounded flying from \u017deljava Air Base, Pale, Kumbor, Zalu\u017eani, Batajnica Air Base and Udbina airport. In same period two Anti- Armored Helicopter Squadrons, 712th and 714th, have made 535 combat flights and 370 flight hours and transported 590 persons flying from Banaj Luka and Batajnica. During the 1991 the 677th Transport Aviation Squadron was reassigned to 138th Transport Aviation Regiment and brigade was reorganized into 119th Transport Helicopter Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 73], "content_span": [74, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007485-0013-0000", "contents": "119th Helicopter Brigade, History, Re-establishment of the 119th Regiment\nAfter Yugoslav People's Army was officially dissolved in May 1992, the regiment has joined the newly formed Military of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as part of its Air Force Aviation Corps. Later in 1996 it was again renamed, in to 119th Helicopter Brigade (Serbian: 119. \u0445\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430 / 119. helikopterska brigada). In that period the unit and its squadrons have got its official badges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 73], "content_span": [74, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007485-0014-0000", "contents": "119th Helicopter Brigade, History, Re-establishment of the 119th Regiment\nBrigade took operations during the Kosovo war in 1998 and 1999 and NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. Several helicopters have been destroyed on ground in NATO airstrikes. Beside air superiority of NATO alliance helicopters of 119th Helicopter Brigade have made several flights with out any of them being shot down. Again main tasks were transport of 63rd Paratroop Brigade and evacuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 73], "content_span": [74, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007485-0015-0000", "contents": "119th Helicopter Brigade, History, Re-establishment of the 119th Regiment\nIn post-war period whole Air Force which has suffered heavy losses of equipment destroyed on ground and damaged infrastructure. Brigade had problem with old equipment, lack of spare parts and fuel, which have reduce the number of flight hours which were already low during the 1990s economical crisis due to the sanctions. Main problem was with Mi-8T transport helicopters, which from many were withdrawn due age and heavy exploitation during the wars. In 2006 after dissolution of Serbia and Montenegro Serbian Air Force has been reorganized with many units being disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 73], "content_span": [74, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007485-0015-0001", "contents": "119th Helicopter Brigade, History, Re-establishment of the 119th Regiment\nIn 2007 the 98th Air Brigade was formed on June 13, 2007, with 714th Anti- Armored Helicopter Squadron as part of it and with other two squadrons of 119th Helicopter Brigade being merged in to single 119th Mixed Helicopter Squadron which is continuing the tradition of disbanded Brigade/Regiment with same number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 73], "content_span": [74, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007485-0016-0000", "contents": "119th Helicopter Brigade, History, Re-establishment of the 119th Regiment\nThe commanders of the regiment and brigade in this period were Nikola Petrovi\u0107, Svetozar Popovi\u0107, Jovan Nikoli\u0107, Vojislav Mili\u0107 and Miroslav \u0110uri\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 73], "content_span": [74, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007486-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 119th Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007486-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 119th Illinois Infantry was organized in Quincy, Illinois beginning in September 1862 and mustered in for three years service on October 7, 1862 under the command of Colonel Thomas Jefferson Kinney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007486-0002-0000", "contents": "119th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of Jackson, Tennessee, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to December 1862. District of Columbus, Kentucky, XVI Corps, to January 1863. 3rd Brigade, District of Jackson, XVI Corps, to March 1863. 4th Brigade, 1st Division, XVI Corps, to May 1863. 4th Brigade, District of Memphis, Tennessee, 5th Division, XV Corps, to January 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XVI Corps, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Detachment Army of the Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to February 1865. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XVI Corps, Military Division West Mississippi, to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007486-0003-0000", "contents": "119th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 119th Illinois Infantry mustered out of service August 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007486-0004-0000", "contents": "119th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Columbus, Kentucky, then to Jackson, Tennessee, and duty along Mobile & Ohio Railroad until December 1862. Company G captured at Rutherford Station and Company K at Dyer's Station December 21, 1862. Duty at Columbus, Kentucky, and at Union City, Tennessee, until February 1863. Moved to Humboldt, Huntington, and Memphis, Tennessee, and guarding railroad near Memphis until May 30. Moved to Memphis and post duty there until January 1864. Ordered to Vicksburg, Mississippi, January 21, 1864. Meridian Campaign February 3-March 2. Queen Hill February 4. Meridian February 14\u201315. Red River Campaign March 10 May 22. Fort DeRussy March 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007486-0004-0001", "contents": "119th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOccupation of Alexandria, Louisiana, March 16. Battle of Pleasant Hill April 9. Natchitoches April 20\u201321. About Cloutiersville April 22\u201324. At Alexandria April 26-May 13. Bayou La Mourie May 7. Retreat to Morganza May 13\u201320. Mansura May 16. Yellow Bayou May 18. Moved to Vicksburg, Mississippi, then to Memphis, Tennessee, May 21-June 10. Lake Chicot, Arkansas, June 6. Defeat of Marmaduke. Smith's Expedition to Tupelo, Mississippi, July 5\u201321. Camargo's Cross Roads, near Harrisburg, July 13. Harrisburg, near Tupelo, July 14\u201315. Old Town (or Tishamingo) Creek July 15. Smith's Expedition to Oxford, Miss., August 1\u201330. Tallahatchie River August 7\u20139. Abbeville August 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007486-0004-0002", "contents": "119th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMower's Expedition to Brownsville, Ark., September 2\u201310. Marched through Arkansas and Missouri in pursuit of Price September 17-November 19. Moved to Nashville, Tennessee, November 21-December 1. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. Moved to Eastport, Mississippi, and duty there until February 1865. Movement to New Orleans, Louisiana, February 8\u201326. To Dauphin Island March 6. Campaign against Mobile and its defenses March 17-April 12. Siege of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely March 26-April 8. Assault and capture of Fort Blakely April 9. Occupation of Mobile April 12. Marched to Montgomery April 13\u201325. Returned to Mobile and duty there until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007486-0005-0000", "contents": "119th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 157 men during service; 2 officers and 22 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 130 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007487-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Infantry (The Mooltan Regiment)\nThe 119th Infantry (The Mooltan Regiment) was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. The regiment originated in 1817, when it was raised as the 1st Battalion, 10th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007487-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Infantry (The Mooltan Regiment)\nThe regiment's first action was in the Battle of Ghazni in the First Afghan War. After Afghanistan it took part in the Siege of Multan in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. It returned to Afghanistan in the Second Afghan War and took part in the Siege of Multan. During World War I it was attached to the 6th (Poona) Division and served in the Mesopotamian campaign. It fought in the Battle of Basra, the Battle of Qurna, the Battle of Es Sinn before suffering a setback at the Battle of Ctesiphon, after which it withdrew to Kut. Trapped in the city in the Siege of Kut the regiment was forced to surrender after 147 days. A second battalion was raised from men on leave and reinforcements, and sent to Mesopotamia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007487-0002-0000", "contents": "119th Infantry (The Mooltan Regiment)\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single-battalion to multi-battalion regiments. In 1922 the 119th Infantry (The Molten Regiment) became the 2nd (Mooltan Battalion), The 9th Jat Regiment. After independence it was one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007488-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe 119th Infantry Division (119. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on March 25, 1915, and organized over the next several weeks. It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007488-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of regular infantry divisions which were being triangularized. The division's 237th Infantry Brigade staff was formerly the staff of the 19th Infantry Brigade of the 10th Infantry Division, which came to the new division along with the 46th Infantry Regiment. The 46th Reserve Infantry Regiment was formerly part of the 10th Reserve Division. The 58th Infantry Regiment came from the 9th Infantry Division. The division was primarily recruited in the V Army Corps area (Posen and Lower Silesia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007488-0002-0000", "contents": "119th Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 119th Infantry Division initially fought on the Eastern Front in World War I, entering the line in April as part of \"Combined Corps Kneussl\" (Kombiniertes Korps Kneussl) and then fighting in the battle of Gorlice-Tarn\u00f3w and the ensuing Gorlice-Tarn\u00f3w Offensive. In August 1915, it participated in the attack on Brest-Litovsk. From September 1915 to March 1916, the division occupied the line between the Servech and Shchara Rivers, near Baranovichi. It remained in the line in Russia until May 1917, when it was transferred to the Western Front, where it was initially stationed on the Belgian/Dutch border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007488-0002-0001", "contents": "119th Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIt went into the line in Flanders in May and fought in the Battle of Messines and the Battle of Passchendaele. It was removed from the line to rest in October and returned to line to face the Allied attack in the Battle of Cambrai. In 1918, the division participated in the German spring offensive, fighting in the First Battle of the Somme (1918), also known as the Second Battle of the Somme (to distinguish it from the 1916 battle), and the Battle of the Lys, also known as the Fourth Battle of Ypres. It later fought in the Second Battle of the Somme (1918), also known as the Third Battle of the Somme. It remained in the line until the end of the war. Allied intelligence rated the division as second class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007488-0003-0000", "contents": "119th Infantry Division (German Empire), Order of battle on formation\nThe 119th Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division. The order of battle of the division on March 25, 1915, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007488-0004-0000", "contents": "119th Infantry Division (German Empire), Late-war order of battle\nThe division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion. The order of battle on March 10, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007489-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 119th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army. The unit was an organic element of the 30th Infantry Division (\"Old Hickory\") of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007489-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Infantry Regiment (United States), Recent history\nThe 1st Battalion, 119th Infantry was a longtime unit of the 30th Infantry Brigade (Mechanized). It was nicknamed the Swamp Dragon Battalion due to the nature of the terrain in its home area of eastern North Carolina. By the early 2000s Company A was located at Roanoke Rapids. The battalion was alerted for deployment in March 2003 and went to Iraq with the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007489-0002-0000", "contents": "119th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Silver color and metal enamel device 1 3/16 inches (3.02\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned:  Per fess Azure and Argent, upon a mound in base Vert a lion rampant passant counterchanged, eyed, langued and armed Gules. Attached below and to the sides of the shield is a Silver scroll turned Blue inscribed \"UNDAUNTED\" in Blue letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007489-0003-0000", "contents": "119th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe blue is the color of the Infantry. The functions of the organization are allegorically implied by the ferocious lion, heraldically being the lively image of a good soldier who must be valiant of courage, strong of body and a foe to fear. The motto alludes to the symbolism of the shield and is expressive of the characteristics of the personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007489-0004-0000", "contents": "119th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was approved on 4 February 1943. It was amended to change the description on 29 March 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007489-0005-0000", "contents": "119th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nPer fess Azure and Argent, upon a mound in base Vert a lion rampant passant counterchanged, eyed, langued and armed Gules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007489-0006-0000", "contents": "119th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the North Carolina Army National Guard:  On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure, a hornet\u2019s nest hanging from a bough beset with 13 hornets all Proper. Motto:   UNDAUNTED.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007489-0007-0000", "contents": "119th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe blue is the color of the Infantry. The functions of the organization are allegorically implied by the ferocious lion, heraldically being the lively image of a good soldier who must be valiant of courage, strong of body and a foe to fear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007489-0008-0000", "contents": "119th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe crest is that of the North Carolina Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007489-0009-0000", "contents": "119th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was approved on 4 February 1943. It was amended to change the blazon on 29 March 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 119th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, (119th LAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the British Army during World War II. Initially raised as an infantry battalion of the Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment (QORWK) in 1940, it transferred to the Royal Artillery in 1942. It served with 79th Armoured Division and then 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, with which it fought in Normandy (Operation Overlord) and through the campaign in North West Europe until VE Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 10th Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment\nThe unit was originally formed in January 1940 as a company of 14th (Holding) Battalion at Tonbridge in Kent, as part of the rapid expansion of the Army with wartime conscripts. When 14th (H) Battalion was disbanded in May 1940, the company was expanded into 50th Holding Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment (QORWK), and converted to a normal infantry battalion on 9 October that year as 11th Battalion, QORWK. On 8 November it joined 221st Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) when that static defence formation was organised at Chatham, Kent. On 26 February 1941 the brigade was temporarily attached to 2nd Division, at that time serving in the East Riding of Yorkshire as part of I Corps. On 19 March the brigade came under the new Yorkshire County Division formed for coast defence in that area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 105], "content_span": [106, 916]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0002-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 10th Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment\n221st Brigade was broken up at the end of the year and on 1 February 1942 10th QORWK was transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) to begin retraining as a light anti-aircraft (LAA) regiment equipped with Bofors 40 mm guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 105], "content_span": [106, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0003-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nThe unit was designated 119th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment with 390, 391 and 392 LAA Batteries. After initial training it joined Anti- Aircraft Command in February, but left in May before it had been assigned to a brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0004-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nThe regiment joined the newly formed 79th Armoured Division in Yorkshire on 10 September 1942. However, the British Army had already begun to suffer manpower shortages and had more divisions than it could support. 79th Armoured was therefore converted into a holding formation for specialised armour units and gave up its artillery component. On 18 May 1943, 119th LAA Rgt was transferred to 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division. This was a second-line Territorial Army formation that was being brought up to full establishment as part of Second Army in 21st Army Group preparing for the Allied landings in Normandy (Operation Overlord).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0005-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Overlord training\nIn September 1943, 15th (S) Division moved from Northumberland to a training area in the West Riding of Yorkshire and began a series of training exercises through the winter. In mid-February the whole division participated in a 12-day training exercise (Exercise Eagle) in the Yorkshire Wolds along with the other divisions assigned to VIII Corps. On 14 March 1944 the regiment's three batteries were augmented to a strength of four troops each when 69\u201371 Trps joined from 340 LAA Bty of 103rd LAA Rgt, which had been broken up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0005-0001", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Overlord training\nThis brought the establishment of Bofors guns up to 72, but before D-Day some LAA regiments began exchanging some of their Bofors for multiple-barrelled 20 mm guns (usually Oerlikons or Polstens). In the case of 119th LAA Rgt, the additional troop to each battery (X, Y and Z) was equipped with 20 mms. In April 1944 the division moved to its concentration area in Sussex to prepare for embarkation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0006-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nThe assault formations of 21st Army Group landed on D Day (6 June). The advanced parties of the regiment (under Lieutenant-Colonel John 'Sailor' Young, who remained  in command until the end of the war) began moving off from Lancing, West Sussex, to their marshalling area. On 16 June they embarked at London Docks: RHQ and 391 Battery HQ (BHQ) with A, B, and C Trps aboard Motor Transport 76 (S81), 392 BHQ, I Trp and few others aboard S59; G and F Trps followed in a later convoy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0006-0001", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nThe transports sailed to Southend-on-Sea and joined a convoy that arrived off Courseulles-sur-Mer (Juno Beach) on the evening of 17 June. Although parts of 15th (S) Division had begun landing on 13 June, the weather deteriorated and the parties of 119th LAA Rgt had to wait aboard ship, subjected to some night bombing, until 23 June when they transferred to a Landing Ship, Tank, and disembarked, losing a few vehicles drowned in the process. RHQ was initially at Esquay-sur-Seulles, then established at Cully next day. A mixed party under the second-in-command was still carrying out reconnaissance and clearing battery positions on 26 June when the division was committed to its first action in the Battle of the Odon (Operation Epsom).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0007-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nAfter the weather delay, Second Army began the 'Epsom' offensive on 25 June, with VIII Corps (including 15th (S) Division) attacking at 07.30 next day to force crossings of the Rivers Orne and Odon. The infantry attacked through fields of crops with tank support behind a Creeping barrage and fought their way into the villages of Cheux and St Manvieu but the Odon bridges were still 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) away at the end of the first day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0007-0001", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nThe party of 119th LAA Rgt preparing positions had been caught by mortar fire, losing one man killed and one officer and three other ranks (ORs) wounded. RHQ moved up to Putot-en-Bessin. Further gains and a narrow bridgehead over the Odon were achieved by bitter fighting next day, by the end of which 15th (S) Division had created a deep salient into the German positions (known as 'Scottish Corridor') without reaching the Orne. Over following days the Germans made repeated attempts to overwhelm the corridor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0007-0002", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nOn 28 June B Trp had to fight as infantry to deal with snipers, killing three and capturing another. On that day a self-propelled (SP) Bofors of G Trp received a direct hit from a mortar with three ORs killed and one wounded. During one attack at Cheux on 29 June, the regiment's forward subunit had to withdraw to the British anti-tank lines, returning to its previous position next day after the attack had been broken by British artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0008-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nOn 30 June guns from the regiment hit a Messerschmitt Bf 109 (Me 109), which was believed to have crashed. One role for frontline LAA units was to provide 'refuge strips' for Air Observation Post (AOP) aircraft spotting for the field guns: a Bofors troop deployed with Local Warning (LW) radar and ground observers could alert the pilot to the presence of enemy aircraft and provide protection for him. Two Trps of 392 Bty moved forward in this role on 30 June. Ultimately the Germans could not take the pounding from concentrated Allied firepower and had to stop their attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0008-0001", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nHowever, Operation Epsom caused a quarter of all the casualties suffered by 15th (S) Division in the North West Europe campaign. Casualties were understandably much lighter for the LAA regiment, which was only marginally involved. Nonetheless, between 27 June and 2 July 119th LAA suffered casualties of 1 officer and 4 other ranks (ORs) killed, 1 officer and 5 ORs wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0009-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nFor the next two months the division fought its way slowly through the Bocage country, capturing \u00c9terville, retaking Gavrus and advancing to \u00c9vrecy in Operations Jupiter and Greenline. Since the Allies had achieved air superiority over the beachhead, there was little call for AA defence, and AA units became increasingly used to supplement the divisional artillery to support ground operations. LAA units fired tracer to guide night attacks onto their objectives, and the Bofors guns were much in demand for infantry support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0009-0001", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nThey could give useful close-range fire to help infantry working from cover to cover in the bocage; their rapid fire was good for suppressing enemy heavy weapons, the 40 mm round's sensitive percussion fuze providing an airburst effect among trees. It was also used for 'bunker-busting', though the lack of protection made the gun detachment vulnerable to return fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0010-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nGerman mortar fire was a particular hazard in the bocage, and 119th LAA Rgt's CO, Lt-Col 'Sailor' Young, was instrumental in setting up a divisional counter-mortar (CM) organisation based initially on the guns of 119th LAA and the communications and 4.2-inch mortars of the divisional machine-gun battalion, 1st Bn Middlesex Regiment, later widened to include other artillery. When incoming fire was received the CM group brought down immediate heavy retaliation against suspected German mortar positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0011-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\n119th LAA Regiment spent mid-July with the divisional artillery in the St Manvieu area, occasionally under shellfire, while it practised the CM scheme and the last parts of the regiment arrived from England. On 11 July A Trp shot down two Me 109s near Verson. On 23 July 15th (S) Division was moved westwards to take part in Operation Bluecoat, aiming to strike southwards from Caumont towards Vire. The attack was launched on 30 July and made good progress, getting onto the Estry and Perrier Ridges to support the advancing armour. 119th LAA Regiment suffered three killed and nine wounded in a clash with an enemy patrol on 1 August. Later, on 6 August, the division supported 43rd (Wessex) Division's seizure of Mont Pin\u00e7on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0012-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\n21st Army Group's manpower shortage and the lack of German aircraft activity led to the divisional LAA regiments being reduced. On 5 August 119th LAA Rgt had to send 54 ORs to a reinforcement holding unit, then it was ordered to send the 20 mm troops (X, Y and Z) and one Bofors troop from each battery (B, D and H) back to England. This left each battery with just two troops of Bofors guns, one towed, one SP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0013-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nThe breakout from the Normandy beachhead had now been achieved, and after the German forces trapped in the Falaise Pocket had been dealt with, 21st Army Group was able to drive east towards the River Seine. 15th (S) Division spearheaded XII Corps' advance, 'Operation Gallop', with one troop of 119th LAA Rgt attached to cover each infantry brigade, the divisional artillery, and divisional HQ along the column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0013-0001", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nThe regiment also had C Trp of 364 Bty and G Trp of 366 Bty from 112th (Durham Light Infantry) LAA Rgt (the corps LAA regiment) attached to it for this operation to cover 67th (Suffolk) Medium Rgt and the field regiment attached to 4th Armoured Bde. Driving from east of Falaise through Beaumont-le-Roger the column reached the river at Louviers on 27 August. Despite the risks inherent in attacking in daylight, 15th (S) Division pushed its first troops across at 19.00 before German defences could solidify in the far bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0013-0002", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nThe attack was covered by Bofors guns firing at ground targets across the river, and after dark the bridging operation on the river was illuminated by B Trp of 344 Searchlight Bty operating in a 'Moonlight Battery' role under command of 119th LAA Rgt. The division then held the bridgehead while the rest of the corps rushed on to the River Somme. Responsibility for AA defence of the packed road columns passing through the bridgehead remained with 119th LAA Rgt, but despite ideal cloud conditions for surprise attacks by fighter bombers there was no interference from the Luftwaffe. This responsibility was passed over to 73rd LAA Rgt of 80th AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0014-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nOn 1 September the regiment was ordered to increase its petrol reserves in preparation for a long move. The batteries were allocated to the various sections of the divisional column:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0015-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nThe move began on 3 September, with 15th (S) Division starting a 120 miles (190\u00a0km) journey to take over defence of the Somme bridgeheads. 2nd Tactical Air Force (2nd TAF) was overhead, so AA fire was prohibited during daylight. By the end of 4 September 119th LAA Rgt was concentrated in the grounds of the Chateau de Selincourt, near Hornoy-le-Bourg, west of Amiens, where it was 'grounded' and most of its vehicles (23 3-tonner trucks and 10 gun tractors) used to provide a supply transport column, while a 40-man detachment with wireless-equipped light vehicles was employed on traffic control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0016-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nThe rest of the division continued through Lille, sweeping the country, dealing with rearguards and rounding up prisoners, until it reached the Albert Canal on 9 September. From that night all AA fire was forbidden because of an expected airborne operation, but this was cancelled on 12 September. Next day the regiment's vehicles returned and it began the long drive to catch up, after which the guns were deployed to protect the artillery, with a few ready for ground fire across the canal (though no targets presented themselves).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0016-0001", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nThe division then moved to hold the Gheel bridgehead across the Meuse\u2013Escaut canal; here there were numerous targets for ground firing, including enemy machine gun nests and observation posts, and in support of infantry attacks. For a night operation by 227th Bde, E Trp used the tracer of its Bofors to direct the attack. On 17 September the regiment laid out fluorescent strips to mark its positions when the Allied aircraft carrying I Airborne Corps flew over to launch Operation Market Garden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0017-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\n15th (S) Division's role in Market Garden was to hold the Gheel bridgehead and then advance in parallel with XXX Corps' main thrust. The division advanced towards Eindhoven on 21 September, with 119th LAA Rgt's three SP Trps accompanying for ground fire, while the tractor-drawn Trps protected bridges along the route. It took the division several days to get across the Junction Canal at Aart, and eventually it adopted an easier route as it moved up the western flank of XXX Corps' narrow thrust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0017-0001", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nIt took five days' hard fighting to capture Best, but by 27 September 119th LAA Rgt was guarding the bridge over the Wilhelmina Canal at Son, having suffered its first battle casualties since Normandy. It periodically exchanged fire with German positions at 1,200 yards (1,100\u00a0m), employing both direct and indirect (observed) fire. By 4 October the exhausted division had been relieved and 119th LAA Rgt was resting at Gemert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0018-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nThe division was back in the line on 22 October for Operation Pheasant, advancing towards Tilburg against little opposition, held up only by rearguards and broken bridges, with guns of 119th LAA Rgt engaging ground targets. The town was liberated on 28 October. Next day, 119th LAA Rgt was in Helmond when it engaged enemy aircraft after dark, being bombed in its turn, with damage to several vehicles. The division was then switched to help deal with a German counter-attack at Meijel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0018-0001", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nIt relieved the 7th US Armored Division and 25th Field Regiment, RA, which had been fighting desperately at Asten, and then counter-attacked, with 119th LAA Rgt contributing ground fire. While three troops were thus engaged, the other three troops providing AA defence for the divisional artillery were joined by three troops from 112th (DLI) LAA Rgt. They were linked to a GL Mk II gun-laying radar (normally Heavy AA equipment) so that the AA Operations Room (AAOR) could order pre-arranged AA barrages and improve the LAA's effectiveness at night. Seven troops of 119th and 112th LAA Rgts were ordered to provide harassing fire in support of an attack by 227th Bde on 16 November, but the Germans had pulled out of Meijel. The regiment suffered a number of casualties from schu-mines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0019-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nThe division next fought its way over the bleak moorlands of De Peel to close up to the River Maas in Operation Nutcracker (19\u201327 November). 119th LAA Regiment was engaged in ground fire against enemy observation posts (OPs), harassing fire, and occasional AA fire against fighter-bombers. It received a few reinforcements from the division's anti-tank regiment (97th A/T Rgt), which was being disbanded, but these men were quickly removed and sent for infantry training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0019-0001", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nNext, the division carried out a set-piece assault on the German bridgehead at Blerick in Operation Guildford (3 December), with massive support by guns of every calibre. For 119th LAA Rgt the fire programme began on 2 December when the guns were registered with the help of an AOP aircraft on likely enemy supply routes that would be subjected to harassing fire. The regiment also had one gun from a super heavy regiment attached to it to deal with a tower that was a probable enemy OP, and destroyed it with 7\u20138 rounds. When the attack went in on 3 December the ground firing troops continued the fireplan until they ran out of ammunition, suffering six casualties from return fire. They then returned to the AA lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0020-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\n15th (Scottish) Division spent the winter along the Maas as operations went on elsewhere. 119th LAA Regiment's batteries adopted a routine of two weeks in the line followed by one week in maintenance and training, mirroring the brigades to which they were attached. While in the line one trp per battery was giving LAA protection to the field gun areas, while one was at divisional HQ, and one in readiness for groundshooting tasks. The regiment was forced to give up a draft of 32 younger men to be retrained as infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0020-0001", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nMeanwhile, the Luftwaffe was active with fighter-bombers and reconnaissance aircraft in twos and threes, and there were several LAA engagements. When the Luftwaffe launched its Operation Bodenplatte against Allied airfields on 1 January 1945, GHQ AA Troops for 21st Army Group reported that '40 mm LAA had the time of its life'. 119th LAA Regiment claimed six of the low-flying Fighter-bombers shot down during the morning. The new divisional A/T Rgt, 102nd (Northumberland Hussars), confirmed that three of these had landed near its HQ (later VIII Corps confirmed five 'kills' and one shared). Otherwise the regiment was engaged in occasional ground fire against houses and enemy SP guns, or to test repaired guns. Between 19 and 28 January 15th (S) Division was relieved and went back to Tilburg for training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 106], "content_span": [107, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0021-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\n15th (Scottish) Division was next engaged in the fighting in the Reichswald (Operation Veritable). The plan was for C Trp to take part in the 'Pepperpot', in which LAA and A/T guns and machine guns mortars of all calibres saturated the enemy positions in front of the assaulting infantry, while the rest of the regiment carried out AA tasks for both 15th (S) and Guards Armoured Divisions (the guns of the latter's 94th LAA Rgt all being involved in the pepperpot).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0021-0001", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\nThe plan was changed at the last minute, and all of 119th LAA Rgt's guns were made available for the divisional pepperpot under 1st Middlesex, though the mud made it impossible to redeploy the tractor-towed Bofors guns in time. XXX Corps launched its attack at 05.00 on 8 February, and in the afternoon four SP guns of C Trp tried to move up with 44th Bde to give directional fire indicating gaps in the minefields with their tracer, but they were bogged in the mud, as were many of the supporting tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0021-0002", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\nBy 15 February XXX Corps was through Kleve and the three SP trps moved up to protect the deployment of 15th (S) Division's artillery beyond the town while the rest of the regiment organised the movement of the artillery. Between 17 and 24 February the regiment commanded several pepperpots in support of the division's attacks on Goch and Schloss Calbeck, and generally engaged in ground fire. On 21 February there was fine weather and the Luftwaffe made appearances in daylight and by moonlight; the regiment claimed several hits and one aircraft destroyed. The division was then relieved on 24 February as other formations completed the advance to the banks of the Rhine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0022-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\nBy this stage of the war divisional LAA regiments had begun receiving quadruple 0.5-inch Browning machine guns on SP mountings (the M51 Quadmount) in place of a proportion of their Bofors guns, to improve their capability against 'snap' attacks by the new German jet fighter-bombers. Under this arrangement a troop comprised four SP or towed Bofors and two quadruple SP Brownings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0023-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\nSecond Army then made preparations to cross the Rhine in Operation Plunder. 15th (Scottish) Division was tasked with making the initial assault crossing on XII Corps' front (Operation Torchlight). The vast build-up of forces, ammunition and supply dumps was a major AA defence task. Defending the bridgeheads after the crossing was another vital task, so getting AA units across early was crucial. 119th LAA Rgt practised loading SP Bofors guns onto Class 9 rafts, which 15th (Kent) GHQ Troops Royal Engineers would operate until Bailey bridges could be erected across the wide river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0023-0001", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\nOther gunners and equipment would cross in Buffaloes. While the assault was going on, the regiment was organised with three Trps (and 9 attached guns of 108th LAA Rgt from 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division, the follow-up division) taking part in pepperpot bombardments of the far bank, one and a half Trps to give directional fire for the various craft crossing the river in darkness, and the remaining one and a half Trps giving AA cover to the medium and heavy guns of 3rd Army Group Royal Artillery. The guns moved into concealed positions on 22 and 23 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0023-0002", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\nWhen the operation was launched on the night of 23/4 March the regiment fired 1347 rounds in the pepperpots, and their red tracer was prominent when 15th (Scottish) Division's infantry set off across the river in stormboats and Buffaloes at 02.00. The infantry soon gained a footing for the bridgehead. The Sappers then began rafting across guns and vehicles, with LAA guns given a high priority. It was not until after dark on 24 March that small numbers of  Luftwaffe aircraft appeared, making dive-bombing attacks from medium and low altitude, which were countered by searchlights and LAA guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0023-0003", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\nOn 25 March 119th LAA Rgt sent C, E and G Trps (without guns or vehicles) across in Buffaloes to act as infantry to protect the bridgebuildig operations from any stray enemy hiding in the adjacent woods. Over the next two nights the number of air raids increased but the first bridges were operational on 25 March and the follow-up divisions began crossing. By now the raiders were forced to bomb from greater heights by the radar-controlled LAA barrages they faced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0023-0004", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\nOn 28 March a few fighter-bombers were seen by daylight in XII Corps' area, but thereafter the Rhine crossings remained quiet as the Luftwaffe had to fall back ahead of Second Army's advance. During 27 March the rest of the regiment, HQs and transport crossed the river, and next day E and G Trps were engaged in heavy ground firing in support of attacks by 44th (H) and 227th (H) Bdes, targets including a church tower that could have been used as an enemy OP. On 29 March the division was relieved and 119th LAA Rgt 'harboured' in the Bislicher Wald near Hamminkeln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0024-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\nAfter rest, 15th (S) Division was called forward on 5 April to rejoin 21st Army Group's drive across northern Germany. 119th LAA Regiment advanced with the field artillery, while F and I Trps deployed in a combined LAA/infantry role to protect the bridges across the River Ems and the Dortmund\u2013Ems Canal. Over the following days the two troops moved forward from one bridge to the next, while the rest of the regiment protected the artillery and Divisional HQ, primarily in the ground defence role but with occasional 'crash action' AA engagements against Messerschmitt Me 262 jets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0024-0001", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\nOn 11 April the division passed through 6th Airborne Division to occupy Celle and Uelzen, held up only by demolition parties until they met a strong rearguard at Uelzen and were counter-attacked at Stadensen. 119th LAA Regiment flushed a number of Germans out of the woods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0024-0002", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\nOn 17 April the infantry infiltrated into Uelzen, and two days later the division was heading for the River Elbe, though Luftwaffe aircraft were active: 390 Bty shot down a Focke-Wulf Fw 190on 19 April, and C and E Trps shot down another on 20 April and captured the pilot who had baled out wounded. On 21 April the division had closed up to the river and prepared to cross. The regiment shot down another Fw 190 on 26 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0025-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\nThe crossing of the Elbe (Operation Enterprise) was 21st Army Group's last major action of the war. 15th (Scottish) Division carried it out at Artlenburg with Buffaloes and stormboats, covered by a massive bombardment including the Bofors guns participating in pepperpots and directional tracer fire. Opposition was patchy, and bridging operations began once the bridgehead had been secured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0025-0001", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\nThe Luftwaffe attempted to attack this work by bombing through breaks in the cloud, the attacks peaking on 29 April, when jets attacked the bridges on several occasions, but were mainly dealt with by Allied fighters and the LAA guns: F and G Trps each claimed one 'kill' on 30 April, and another came down over divisional HQ having been engaged by four troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0026-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\nOn 1 May the division began clearing the Sachsenwald, which mainly involved dealing with rearguards and rounding up prisoners. The regiment crossed the Elbe on 2 May, engaging a number of Luftwaffe fighters, though by that time local German officers were discussing surrender terms. On 4 May came the German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath. 15th (Scottish) Division immediately began occupation duties in and around Kiel, dealing with prisoners and refugees. The divisional artillery was made responsible for the Kreis Stormarn district, with 119th LAA Rgt at Hammoor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0026-0001", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\nA number of divisional artillery regiments including 119th LAA sent drivers back to Nijmegen to pick up 3-tonner lorries to act as divisional transport while the division's own Royal Army Service Corps companies were engaged in transporting German prisoners to help bring in the harvest. At the end of the month the regiment moved to Ratzeburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007490-0027-0000", "contents": "119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 119th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\nDemobilisation began in the autumn: 119th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment was one of the first divisional units to be disbanded, on 31 October 1945. During the NW Europe campaign it had suffered battle casualties (major actions only) of 2 officers killed, 3 wounded, 12 ORs killed and 29 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007491-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe 119th Division was a military formation of the People's Volunteer Army (Chinese People's Volunteers (CPV) or Chinese Communist Forces (CCF)) during the Korean War with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men. It was a component of the 40th Army, consisting of the 355th, 356th, and 357th Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007491-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), Current\nThe unit is now a maneuver element of the 79th Group Army in the Northern Theater Command Ground Force, as the 119th Light Combined Arms Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007492-0000-0000", "contents": "119th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 119th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007492-0001-0000", "contents": "119th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 119th New York Infantry was organized at New York City, New York beginning June 26, 1862 and mustered in for three years service on September 4, 1862 under the command of Colonel Elias Peissner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007492-0002-0000", "contents": "119th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1863, and Army of the Cumberland to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007492-0003-0000", "contents": "119th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 119th New York Infantry mustered out of service June 8, 1865. Recruits and veterans were transferred to the 102nd New York Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007492-0004-0000", "contents": "119th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D.C., September 6, 1862. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until November 1862. Movement to Gainesville, Virginia, November 1\u20139, then to Centreville November 18, and to Falmouth December 9\u201316. At Stafford Court House until January 20, 1863. \"Mud March\", January 20\u201324. At Stafford Court House until April 27. Chancellorsville Campaign, April 27\u00a0\u2013 May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign, June 11\u00a0\u2013 July 24. Battle of Gettysburg, July 1\u20133. Pursuit of Lee to Manassas Gap, Virginia, July 5\u201324. Guard duty on Orange & Alexandria Railroad until September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007492-0004-0001", "contents": "119th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMovement to Bridgeport, Alabama, September 24\u00a0\u2013 October 3. Duty there and in Lookout Valley until November 22. Reopening Tennessee River, October 26\u201329. Battle of Wauhatchie, Tennessee, October 28\u201329. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign, November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob, November 23. Tunnel Hill November 24\u201325. Missionary Ridge, November 25. March to relief of Knoxville, November 28\u00a0\u2013 December 17. Duty in Alabama until April 1864. Atlanta Campaign, May 1\u00a0\u2013 September 8. Operations against Rocky Faced Ridge, May 8\u201311. Mill Creek or Dug Gap, May 8. Battle of Resaca, May 14\u201315. Near Cassville, May 19. New Hope Church, May 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007492-0004-0002", "contents": "119th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills, May 26\u00a0\u2013 June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain, June 10\u00a0\u2013 July 2. Pine Hill, June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain, June 15\u201317. Gilgal or Golgotha Church, June 15. Muddy Creek, June 17. Noyes Creek, June 19. Kolk's Farm, June 22. Assault on Kennesaw, June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River, July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek, July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta, July 22\u2013August 25. Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge, August 26\u00a0\u2013 September 2. Occupation of Atlanta, September 2 to November 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007492-0004-0003", "contents": "119th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nExpedition from Atlanta to Tuckum's Cross Roads, October 26\u201329. Near Atlanta, November 9. March to the sea, November 15\u00a0\u2013 December 10. Between Eden and Pooler's Stations, December 9. Siege of Savannah, December 10\u201321. Carolinas Campaign, January to April 1865. Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina, March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro, March 24. Advance on Raleigh, April 9\u201313. Smithfield, North Carolina, April 11. Occupation of Raleigh, April 14. Bennett's House, April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Virginia, April 30\u00a0\u2013 May 19. Grand Review of the Armies, May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007492-0005-0000", "contents": "119th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 166 men during service; six officers and 66 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, two officers and 92 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007493-0000-0000", "contents": "119th New York State Legislature\nThe 119th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 1 to April 30, 1896, during the second year of Levi P. Morton's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007493-0001-0000", "contents": "119th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, 50 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (seven districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007493-0002-0000", "contents": "119th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Prohibition Party, the Socialist Labor Party and the People's Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007493-0003-0000", "contents": "119th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1895 was held on November 5. The state officers and state senators were elected to an exceptional three-year term (for the sessions of 1896, 1897 and 1898), so that the election of these officers would be held, beginning in 1898, in even-numbered years, at the same time as the gubernatorial election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007493-0004-0000", "contents": "119th New York State Legislature, Elections\nAll six statewide elective offices up for election was carried by the Republicans. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Secretary of State, was: Republican 601,000; Democratic 511,000; Prohibition 25,000; Socialist Labor 21,000; and People's Party 7,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007493-0005-0000", "contents": "119th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 1, 1896; and adjourned on April 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007493-0006-0000", "contents": "119th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nTimothy E. Ellsworth (R) was elected president pro tempore of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007493-0007-0000", "contents": "119th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007493-0008-0000", "contents": "119th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Richard Higbie, Frank Gallagher, George W. Brush, Albert A. Wray, Julius L. Wieman, Samuel J. Foley, Frank D. Pavey, J. Irving Burns, George R. Malby, Benjamin M. Wilcox, Edwin C. Stewart and Simon Seibert changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007494-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Nineteenth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1991 and 1992. In this General Assembly, the Ohio Senate was controlled by the Republicans, consisting of 19 Republicans and 14 Democrats. The Ohio House of Representatives was controlled by the Democrats, with 62 Democrats and 37 Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007495-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 119th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007495-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 119th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania beginning August 5, 1862 and mustered in August 15, 1862 for a three-year enlistment under the command of Colonel Peter C. Ellmaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007495-0002-0000", "contents": "119th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to February 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac, and Army of the Shenandoah to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007495-0003-0000", "contents": "119th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 119th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out on June 19, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007495-0004-0000", "contents": "119th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Washington, D.C., August 31 \u2013 September 1. Duty in the defenses of Washington until October. Duty at Hagerstown, Md., until October 29, 1862. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 29 \u2013 November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12\u201315. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, \"Mud March,\" January 20\u201324, 1863. At White Oak Church until April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27 \u2013 May 6. Operations at Franklin's Crossing April 29 \u2013 May 2. Bernard House April 29. Maryes Heights, Fredericksburg, May 3. Salem Heights May 3\u20134. Banks' Ford May 4. Gettysburg Campaign June 13 \u2013 July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 2\u20134.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007495-0004-0001", "contents": "119th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nPursuit of Lee July 5\u201324. At and near Funkstown, Md., July 10\u201313. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Rappahannock Station November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26 \u2013 December 2. Duty near Brandy Station until May 1864. Rapidan Campaign May 4 \u2013 June 12. Battle of the Wilderness May 5\u20137. Spotsylvania May 8\u201312. Assault on the Salient May 12. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 17\u201318. Weldon. Railroad June 22\u201323. Siege of Petersburg until July 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007495-0004-0002", "contents": "119th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Washington, D. C, July 9-11. Repulse of Early's attack on Washington July 11\u201312. Pursuit of Early July 14\u201322. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August to December. Demonstration on Gilbert's Ford, Opequan, September 13. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Duty in the Shenandoah Valley until December. Moved to Petersburg, Va. Siege of Petersburg December 1864 to April 1865. Fort Fisher, Petersburg, March 25, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28 \u2013 April 9. Assault on and fall of Petersburg April 2. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army, Moved to Danville April 23\u201327, and duty there until May 23. Moved to Richmond, then to Washington May 23 \u2013 June 3. Corps review June 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007495-0005-0000", "contents": "119th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 213 men during service; 9 officers and 132 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 71 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007496-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Regiment of Foot (1794)\nThe 119th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1794 and disbanded in 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division\nThe 119th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, formed three times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division\nIt was originally raised at Krasnoyarsk in 1939 as a motor rifle division until the following year when it was reorganized as a standard Red Army rifle division, and served for the duration of the Great Patriotic War in that role. It saw very limited service in the Winter War against Finland. Following the German invasion in 1941 the first two formations of the division distinguished themselves on the battlefield, and were raised to the status of Guards Rifle divisions: the 17th Guards following the Battle of Moscow; and the 54th Guards for its successes in Operation Uranus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0001-0001", "contents": "119th Rifle Division\nThe division was formed for a third time in early 1943 and served for the duration of the war in the north-central sectors of the front, taking part in the offensive that drove the Nazi forces out of the Baltic States and winning a decoration for the liberation of Riga. The division was moved to the Odessa Military District soon after the end of the war, and was disbanded in the next few months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0002-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 1st Formation\nThe division was organized at Krasnoyarsk in the Siberian Military District in 1939 as a motor rifle division, as part of the pre-war expansion of the Red Army. It was moved to the Finnish front from January to March, 1940, but only its artillery took part in the fighting. After returning to the Siberian Military District it was reorganized as a regular rifle division in April. As of June 22, 1941, it comprised:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0003-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 1st Formation\nMaj. Gen. Aleksandr Dmitrievich Berezin commanded the division through the existence of this formation. Following the onset of Barbarossa the division was rushed to the front, being assigned to 24th Army and then 31st Army in Reserve Front in August, 1941. Unlike the newer divisions being formed at that time, the 119th had the pre-war organization and as of September 20 was actually over strength, with 1,142 officers, 14,804 NCOs and men, 13 tankettes, 4 armored cars, 166 heavy machine guns, 408 light machine guns, 54 45mm antitank guns, 85 artillery pieces, 109 mortars and 4 antiaircraft guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0004-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 1st Formation\nWith the launch of the German Operation Typhoon, the division was involved in heavy fighting west of Rzhev in the first week of October. On October 6 the 365th Rifle Regiment was transferred to the 18th Rifle Division, which had escaped from encirclement with significant casualties. In exchange the 119th received the 920th Rifle Regiment from the 247th Rifle Division, a unit made up from a cadre of NKVD troops. At about this time the division was transferred to 29th Army, in Kalinin Front, and after the battle for Kalinin, back to 31st Army. By late November, even after this heavy fighting, the division still had a strength of 7,200 men, higher than average for Kalinin and Western Fronts at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0005-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 1st Formation\nThe men and women of the division fought well during the rest of the Battle of Moscow, and in the following counteroffensive. Beginning on January 8, 1942, 31st Army took part in the Sychevka-Vyasma Offensive Operation, which was planned \"to encircle, and then capture or destroy the enemy's entire Mozhaisk - Gzhatsk - Vyasma grouping\", that is, what later became known as the Rzhev salient. The 119th was one of the spearheads of this thrust behind the German lines, reaching the area near Bely by mid-January. The division was recognized for its achievements in this counteroffensive on March 17th when it became the 17th Guards Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0006-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation\nA new 119th Rifle Division was formed on April 21, 1942, in the Kalinin Oblast of the Moscow Military District, based on the 51st Rifle Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0007-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, 51st Rifle Brigade\nThis brigade began forming in October 1941, from military students and training units in the Volga Military District. It was moved west in December and was assigned to the reserves of Northwestern Front. It was then moved to the 4th Shock Army, and it was one of the second echelon units of that army when the Toropets-Kholm Offensive began on January 9, 1942. Through the rest of the winter the brigade fought in 4th Shock, deep in the Toropets salient behind the German-held Rzhev salient, until it was pulled out in April and sent back to Kalinin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0008-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, 1942 Campaign\nThe new division's order of battle remained the same as that of the first formation, except the 349th was now a standard divisional artillery regiment. Col. Ivan Yakovlevich Kulagin was appointed to command on the day the division formed. The 51st Brigade was a well-experienced unit so the new division needed only about three months to form up and train. It remained in the Moscow defenses until July when it was moved south to join 3rd Tank Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. On August 30, still in reserve, it was reassigned to 5th Tank Army, fighting in Bryansk Front during the autumn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0009-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, 1942 Campaign\nDuring October, the 5th Tank Army was moved to Southwestern Front, under the command of Lt. Gen. N. F. Vatutin. At this time the 119th was noted as having 50 percent Russian personnel, with the remaining half being primarily Ukrainian and Asian. On November 19, the opening day of Operation Uranus, the division was deep within the Red Army's Serafimovich bridgehead across the Don River, at the village of Kalmykovskii, facing the Romanian 14th Infantry Division. At 0730 hrs., 3,500 guns, mortars and rocket launchers opened an 80-minute preparation along the penetration sectors of Southwestern and Don Fronts. Before this was completed, forward elements of the 119th, supported by sappers, pushed to within 200 - 300 metres of the forward edge of the Romanian defenses. Before the artillery was finished, the infantry assault began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0010-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, 1942 Campaign, Operation Uranus\nTogether the four rifle divisions in the bridgehead were backed by 138 tanks. On the 119th's left the 50th Guards and its supporting armor tore a gaping hole in the defenses on the left flank of Romanian 5th Infantry Division by 1100 hrs. ; this leveraged the 119th's thrust due south, with all three rifle regiments in the first echelon, smashing the enemy's first defensive positions and approaching the village of Blinovskii by the same hour. This was an advance of 2-3km, less than anticipated in the offensive plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0010-0001", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, 1942 Campaign, Operation Uranus\nBy noon the division had helped to crack open the lines held by Romanian II Army Corps sufficiently to create an opening for the armor of 5th Tank to exploit. 1st Tank Corps deployed its three tank brigades in a line and at 1400 hrs. began advancing through the 119th and the adjacent 154th Rifle Division, (which was re-designated as the 47th Guards Rifle Division the next day.) in an attack that obliterated the remaining defenses of the Romanian 14th Infantry; the surviving Romanian troops caught \"tank fright\" and were routed. Later in the afternoon, the 634th Rifle Regiment cooperated with roughly 45 vehicles of 26th Tank Corps' 157th Tank Brigade to destroy the Romanian 14th's remaining strongpoint at Klinovoi, after which the armor continued to advance up to 22km against light resistance. The remainder of the division made slower progress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 923]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0011-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, 1942 Campaign, Operation Uranus\nOn November 20, Colonel Kulagin left command of the division; he would take command of the 35th Guards Rifle Division a few weeks later. He was replaced the following day by Col. Mikhail Matveevich Danilov, who had been the commander of the 437th Rifle Regiment of 154th Rifle Division, and would hold command for the duration of this formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0011-0001", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, 1942 Campaign, Operation Uranus\nDuring the day most of the 119th continued to support the 157th Tank Brigade to overcome or bypass Romanian strongpoints and other obstacles, with the goal of reaching the towns of Zhirkovskii and Perelazovskii deep in the enemy rear, while the 365th Rifle Regiment, along with the 50th Guards and supporting armor, fought to contain Romanian forces being encircled east of the Tsaritsa River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0011-0002", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, 1942 Campaign, Operation Uranus\nThe 365th seized Hill 208.0, then pushed on eastward with the tanks to the west bank of the river by midday, beginning the process of encircling the 1st Romanian Armored Division and other Romanian forces to the east. The Romanian tanks attempted to break out southwest to link up with German XXXXVIII Panzer Corps, but were unsuccessful, and lost 25 vehicles in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0012-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, 1942 Campaign, Operation Uranus\nThe following day, Colonel Danilov \"castled\" his regiments southwards along the Tsaritsa, then attacked eastwards against the remnants of the Romanian armor, advancing up to 5km. The goal was to link up with the 277th Rifle Division of 21st Army and complete the encirclement of the remaining eastern forces of Romanian Third Army, now known as Group Lascar. At 2000 hrs. the leading elements of the two rifle divisions joined hands west of Verkhne-Cherenskii, completing the first major encirclement of Axis forces in Operation Uranus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0012-0001", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, 1942 Campaign, Operation Uranus\nEarly on November 22 the division joined with the 50th Guards, 216th Tank Brigade, and one regiment of the 346th Rifle Division to attack Group Lascar's defenses along and east of the Tsaritsa. The division attacked eastward and northeastward, captured Korotkovskii, and then got into a fight to capture Zhirkovskii against strong resistance. At this point the 1st Romanian Armored made an attempt to break out of the pocket, with roughly 20 R-2 tanks and 220 trucks and other vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0012-0002", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, 1942 Campaign, Operation Uranus\nThis force pushed through the 119th's defenses, after which it fought a running battle with Soviet cavalry and tanks to the rear. The division's forces ignored the breakout as best they could, before lunging with the 50th Guards east towards the town of Golovskii, 10km to the east, which was the headquarters of Group Lascar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0012-0003", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, 1942 Campaign, Operation Uranus\nWhile the Romanian group made plans to break out, in defiance of orders from the German high command, the two Soviet divisions engaged the Romanian 6th Infantry Division in a running fight that lasted from 1600 to 2100 hrs., while Group Lascar was also being severely pressed by 21st Army. Golovskii fell to 50th Guards at 2100 hrs., completely disrupting the Romanian command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0013-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, 1942 Campaign, Operation Uranus\nNovember 23 saw the rifle forces of 5th Tank Army attempting to destroy the encircled Romanian group. The 119th captured the Romanian strongpoint at Zhirkovskii early in the morning, then dispatched one of its rifle regiments southward to intercept a Romanian column from escaping, while the remaining regiments drove eastwards into the center of the shrinking pocket. These captured Verkhne-Cherenskii at 1400 hrs. and linked up with the 333rd Rifle Division of 21st Army. At the same time, the left-flank regiment joined hands with that Army's 96th and 63rd Rifle Divisions, further sub-dividing the pocket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0013-0001", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, 1942 Campaign, Operation Uranus\nOvernight many Romanians were taken prisoner, including General Lascar. It fell to Brig. Gen. Trajan Stanescu, Lascar's deputy, to seek a formal surrender of Third Army, which went into effect at 0230 hrs. on November 24th. The remaining Romanians surrendered over the next 12 hours, a total of 27,000 officers and men, including 5,000 from the escaping column intercepted by the regiment of the 119th and other Soviet forces. Following this, the division got a brief rest while it prepared to exploit to the Oblivskaya area on the Chir River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0014-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, 1942 Campaign, Battle for Surovikino\nOn November 25 the 119th was tasked with the liberation of Surovikino, relieving 1st Tank Corps, and then with a drive across the lower Chir. This town proved a tough nut to crack, and the German defenders were still holding out in the evening of November 27, when the division was joined by the 333rd Rifle. 24 hours later Surovikino continued to hold out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0014-0001", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, 1942 Campaign, Battle for Surovikino\nOn the morning of the 30th the division penetrated into the town's northern outskirts, where it entered into street fighting with the defenders of composite Group Schmidt, while the 333rd carved out a bridgehead over the Chir to the east. The fighting for Surovikino continued through the first three days of December, while 5th Tank Army prepared for a new offensive towards Tormosin, based from the 333rd's bridgehead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0014-0002", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, 1942 Campaign, Battle for Surovikino\nThe goal of the offensive was to disrupt any German offensive from the lower Chir to relieve their forces surrounded at Stalingrad; the 119th's goal was to complete the liberation of Surovikino and then to attack across the river with two regiments, along with two regiments of the 321st Rifle Division. When the offensive began on December 9, the advance battalions of the two divisions encountered intense small arms and artillery fire from a very mixed group of Axis forces that forced them to go to ground. The full offensive was then postponed to the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0015-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 2nd Formation, 1942 Campaign, Battle for Surovikino\nThe sporadic fighting for Surovikino continued over the next several days. Finally, owing to the expansion of Soviet bridgeheads over the Chir to the east and west, despite the well-known efforts of 11th Panzer Division to throw them back, the German position in the town became untenable, and it was evacuated overnight on December 14-15, with the 119th taking possession. As a result of this success and those earlier in the campaign, the division was one of the first of the Stalingrad divisions raised to Guards status, becoming the 54th Guards Rifle Division on December 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0016-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 3rd Formation\nThe final 119th Rifle Division began forming at Aleksin in the Moscow Military District, based on the 161st Rifle Brigade, in March 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0017-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 3rd Formation, 161st Rifle Brigade\nThis rifle brigade was formed in February - March 1942 in the Moscow Military District. It was immediately assigned to the Moscow Defence Zone. In April it was moved to the 11th Army in Northwestern Front, on the north flank of the Soviet forces besieging the Demyansk Pocket. It was moved to 34th Army during this battle, and was there when the German forces evacuated in February 1943. Following this, the brigade became part of the 12th Guards Rifle Corps in the 27th Army in the area of Staraya Russa. In April the brigade was moved back to the Moscow Military District for rebuilding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0018-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 3rd Formation, Into Belarus and the Baltic States\nThe division completed forming on April 19, when it was assigned to 3rd Reserve Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. The order of battle remained the same as that of the second formation. It was under the command of Col. Ivan Dmitrievich Panov, but he was replaced on July 27 by Maj. Gen. Iosif Ivanovich Khorun. The division was assigned to 21st Army in Western Front before the Smolensk Offensive Operation in August, and two months later reassigned to 60th Rifle Corps in Kalinin Front reserves. Shortly thereafter this Front was renamed 1st Baltic, and the division and its corps became part of 4th Shock Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0019-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 3rd Formation, Into Belarus and the Baltic States\n4th Shock began a new offensive on November 2 in the directions of Polotsk and Vitebsk. 60th Corps, supported by the 143rd Tank Brigade, struck the defenses of the 87th Infantry Division and the much-depleted 2nd Luftwaffe Field Division on a 10km-wide front centered 16km south of Nevel. By November 6 the Corps had penetrated the enemy defenses to a depth of about 10km, at which point the 2nd Guards Rifle Corps was committed into the sector from the second echelon, with the mission \"to widen the mouth to the south and destroy the defending enemy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0019-0001", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 3rd Formation, Into Belarus and the Baltic States\nOnce a breakthrough was achieved, 4th Shock regrouped its forces to exploit; the 119th and the 357th Rifle Divisions were sent southwestwards towards Polotsk. Third Panzer Army's IX Army Corps scrambled to assemble several small combat groups to block the advance in this direction. By November 20 the division was on both sides of the Nevel - Polotsk railway in the area near Dretun, just 26km short of its objective, brought to a halt by an unexpected thaw and the resistance of German Group von Gottberg and the 211th Infantry Division. Due to the extended front held by 4th Shock, 60th Corps held these general positions into the new year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0020-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 3rd Formation, Into Belarus and the Baltic States\nIn February 1944, the 119th was moved to 83rd Rifle Corps, where it remained for the duration of the war. Apart from a short reassignment to 1st Shock Army in March, the division was in 4th Shock Army until January 1945. At the start of the Soviet summer offensive the division was facing the German Panther Line defenses on the Drissa River, north of Polotsk. On July 18, following the breakthrough of these defenses and the exploitation to the west, General Khorun handed command of the division to Col. Ivan Mikhailovich Toropchin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0020-0001", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 3rd Formation, Into Belarus and the Baltic States\nBy the beginning of August 4th Shock had reached the eastern outskirts of Daugavpils in Latvia. The advance continued until by mid-September it had arrived in the area of Bir\u017eai in northern Lithuania. The 119th's final change of command took place on October 18, when Colonel Toropchin was replaced by Col. Mikhail Lavrentevich Dudarenko. On October 22, the division was awarded the Order of Suvorov, 2nd Class, for its services in the liberation of Riga. In the new year the division and its corps were shifted to 42nd Army in 2nd Baltic Front, then to 10th Guards Army on the coast of the Baltic in March, guarding the cut-off German forces in the Courland Pocket. In mid-April the 83rd Corps went into the Reserve of the Supreme High Command in the 22nd Army, ending the war out of the front lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007497-0021-0000", "contents": "119th Rifle Division, 3rd Formation, Into Belarus and the Baltic States\nIt appears the entire 83rd Rifle Corps, including the 119th Rifle Division, was disbanded in the Odessa Military District in 1945-46.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007498-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Street station\n119th Street station is one of four Metra railroad stations in Blue Island, Illinois, along the Beverly Branch of the Rock Island District Line, and five within Blue Island generally. It is 14.8 miles (23.8\u00a0km) from LaSalle Street, the northern terminus of the line, and is named after 119th Street and located between 119th Street and 119th Place. In Metra's zone-based fare system, 119th Street is in zone C. As of 2018, 119th Street is the 150th busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 269 weekday boardings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007498-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Street station\nParking is available on the west side of the tracks south of 119th Street in front of the station house, and on both sides of the tracks north of 119th Street. On the northwest side, parking is available off South Hale Avenue, and on the northeast side along Vincennes Avenue. South of the station, the tracks cross Vincennes Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007499-0000-0000", "contents": "119th Wing\nThe 119th Wing (119 WG) is a composite unit of the North Dakota Air National Guard, stationed at Fargo Air National Guard Base, North Dakota. If activated to federal service, elements of the Wing are gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007499-0001-0000", "contents": "119th Wing, Overview\nThe mission of the 119th Wing is both reconnaissance and airlift. The 178th Reconnaissance Squadron includes operations of the MQ-1 Predator. The MQ-1 Predator is a medium-altitude, long-endurance, remotely piloted aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007499-0002-0000", "contents": "119th Wing, History\nOn 1 July 1955, the North Dakota Air National Guard 178th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 119th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 178th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 119th Headquarters, 119th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 119th Combat Support Squadron, and the 119th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007499-0003-0000", "contents": "119th Wing, History\nThe \"Happy Hooligan\" pilots were upgraded by ADC to the F-89 Scorpion in 1958, being one of the last units to fly the aircraft in 1966 when it received the supersonic F-102A Delta Dagger interceptor in 1966. It was again upgraded in 1969 to the F-101B Voodoo interceptor. In 1979, Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM) was merged into Tactical Air Command (ADTAC) and the unit continued its air defense mission for ADTAC component of TAC with the F-4D Phantom II, transferring to First Air Force when ADTAC was replaced in 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007499-0004-0000", "contents": "119th Wing, History\nThe first overseas deployment of the North Dakota Air Guard occurred in 1983, with six F-4s and 120 support personnel deploying to NAS Keflavik, Iceland. Eight Soviet Tupolev Tu-95 \"Bear\" bombers were intercepted by Hooligan pilots during the deployment. In 1986, the 119th Fighter Group became the first core unit to assume the USAF Zulu alert mission at Ramstein Air Base, West Germany. Referred to as \"Creek Klaxon\", the 119th and other Air Defense units rotated to Ramstein and stood continuous alert for one year, providing air sovereignty in Western Europe for NATO. During Operation Desert Storm in 1991, 107 Happy Hooligans were mobilized and deployed in support of operations at numerous CONUS locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007499-0005-0000", "contents": "119th Wing, History\nThe 178th FS converted from the F-4 Phantom to the F-16A/B Fighting Falcon in mid-1990. The first aircraft were older block 5 and 10 models with some block 15 aircraft also being delivered to the squadron. Main task for the unit was air defense, as with many ANG units who were equipped with the F-16. In 1991 the F-16s were brought up to the Air Defense Fighter (ADF) variant. This meant a serious leap in performance and capability of this squadron in their defensive role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007499-0006-0000", "contents": "119th Wing, History\nThe Hooligans earned first place at the October 1994 William Tell competition, a worldwide weapons meet which tests pilots and ground crews from the U.S. Air Force's top units in realistic, air-to-air combat situations. This was the Hooligans third William Tell victory, winning in 1970, 1972, and 1994, in addition to placing first among F-4 William Tell units in 1986. In 1994 the NDANG won the prestigious Hughes Trophy which recognizes the most outstanding air-to-air unit in the U.S. Air Force. The only Air National Guard unit to win the award twice, the Hooligans are also the only F-16 unit to ever win the Hughes Trophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007499-0007-0000", "contents": "119th Wing, History\nA permanent alert detachment was established at Kingsley Field, Oregon, beginning 1 October 1989. The detachment, staffed by 18 members, was relocated to March Air Force Base, California, in July 1994 when the Oregon ANG took over full operation of Kingsley. An announcement was made in March 1999 that the squadron would convert from an air defense mission to a general purpose mission with 15 F-16A/B aircraft while activating an alert detachment at Langley AFB, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007499-0008-0000", "contents": "119th Wing, History, Current status\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign the mission of the North Dakota Air National Guard. The 119th Fighter Wing's F-16As (15 aircraft) would retire, with the aircraft reaching the end of their operational life. The reduction in F-16 force structure and the need to align common versions of the F-16 at the same bases argued for realigning the 119th Fighter Wing to allow its aircraft to retire without a flying mission backfill. In Jan 2007, the 119th officially retired the F-16 mission after 60 years of successful air defense interceptor missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007499-0009-0000", "contents": "119th Wing, History, Current status\nReplacing the F-16s in 2007, the squadron began to receive the C-21A Learjet, being re-designated as an Airlift Squadron. The C-21 has with room for eight VIP passengers and 42\u00a0ft3 (1.26 m3) of cargo. In addition to its normal role, the aircraft is capable of transporting litters during medical evacuations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007499-0010-0000", "contents": "119th Wing, History, Current status\nLater in 2007, it was announced that C-21 operations would be transferred to the newly activated ND ANG 177th Airlift Squadron, and the 179th would convert to the MQ-1 Predator, being re-designated as a Reconnaissance Squadron. In 2008 the first Predator was received.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007499-0011-0000", "contents": "119th Wing, History, Current status\nIn 2009, the 177th Airlift Squadron deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. It was the first deployment into a combat zone for the North Dakota Air National Guard. The squadron transported more than 400 service members during their two-month-long rotation in theater. They accomplished this by flying more than 200 sorties during 90 missions, as part of the 379th Expeditionary Operations Group. In 2013, the squadron was programmed to receive the twin-turboprop C-27J Spartan medium transport aircraft but this did not materialize. In the same year, the C-21 mission was retired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007500-0000-0000", "contents": "119th meridian east\nThe meridian 119\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007500-0001-0000", "contents": "119th meridian east\nThe 119th meridian east forms a great circle with the 61st meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007500-0002-0000", "contents": "119th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 119th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007501-0000-0000", "contents": "119th meridian west\nThe meridian 119\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007501-0001-0000", "contents": "119th meridian west\nThe 119th meridian west forms a great circle with the 61st meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007501-0002-0000", "contents": "119th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 119th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007502-0000-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Come album)\n11:11 is the debut album by Boston indie rock band Come.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007502-0001-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Come album), Background\nAfter their 7\" single \"Car\" was released as part of Sub Pop's Singles Club subscription series, \"Come started getting raves in the press, [and] played to wildly enthusiastic crowds in London and Amsterdam\" before recording their debut album 11:11, which was recorded and mixed in just seven-and-a-half days. Recorded in July 1992 at Fort Apache Studios in Cambridge, MA, 11:11 was produced by Come with Tim O'Heir and Carl Plaster. The album takes its title from the numerological phenomenon involving the recurrence and potential synchronicity of the time 11:11. The members of the band \"decided on the title after glancing at a digital clock on several occasions and finding it was 11:11 each time.\" As Brokaw puts it, \"[i]t was a recurring phenomena [...] It became a sort of superstitious mantra.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007502-0002-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Come album), Background\nThe band recorded a music video for the album's opening track, \"Submerge\", directed by Jesse Peretz, in addition to which their song \"Dead Molly\" was included in Allison Anders and Kurt Voss's 1999 independent comedy Sugar Town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007502-0003-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Come album), Background\nThe song \"Fast Piss Blues\" was released as a single, featuring a cover of Mick Jagger and Keith Richards's \"I Got the Blues\", from The Rolling Stones' 1971 album Sticky Fingers, as its B-side. Both songs were included in the CD version of 11:11, but did not feature in the LP version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007502-0004-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Come album), Critical reception\nIn a contemporary review for The Village Voice, music critic Robert Christgau said that the music comprises flat melodies with some slide guitar and lyrics that range from \"unintelligible to incomprehensible\". Entertainment Weekly described 11:11 as \"a captivating blast of ennui and feedback that may be Matador's finest moment yet\", going on to characterize it as \"enthralling, like watching someone howl into a rainstorm,\" whilst The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music states that it was \"rightly lauded as one of 1992's finest releases.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007502-0004-0001", "contents": "11:11 (Come album), Critical reception\nAllmusic referred to 11:11 as \"a uniquely sludgy, electric, and strong fusion of sounds and styles, combining extreme angst and commanding power.\" Trouser Press stated that 11:11 is \"very much a guitar tour de force, drenched as it is in the sweaty fluids that come forth when the six-strings of Zedek (a veteran of Boston's Dangerous Birds and New York's Live Skull) and Chris Brokaw (who served concurrently as Codeine's drummer until 1993) rub against each other.\" Rolling Stone magazine called 11:11 \"one of Matador's defining records,\" whilst the Rough Guide to Rock summarizes 11:11 as follows: \"The music and moods teeter precariously, erupting into violent explosions with little warning.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007502-0005-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Come album), Re-issue\nIn January 2013, Matador Records announced that a special 20th anniversary 2 LP/CD re-issue of 11:11 would be released as in May 2013. The re-issue includes the original release, in addition to a live album consisting of the band's performance at the 1992 Vermonstress Festival. Announcing the news, Pitchfork described 11:11 as \"one of the more elusive gems of Matador's back catalog.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007502-0006-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Come album), Re-issue\nThe vinyl LP version of the record was pressed by United Record Pressing in Nashville, TN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007502-0007-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Come album), Cover versions\nNo Safety covered 11:11's opening track, \"Submerge\" in their 1994 album Live at the Knitting Factory, whilst Australian alternative rock band Screamfeeder covered \"Off To One Side\" in their 1999 album Home Age, a cover which was later included in their 2011 rarities compilation Cargo Embargo (B Sides & More). The Spanish band Mourn covered the song \"William\" on their 2019 release Mixtape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007503-0000-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Mac Lethal album)\n11:11 is the second studio album by American rapper Mac Lethal. It was released on Rhymesayers Entertainment on October 9, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007503-0001-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Mac Lethal album), Critical reception\nThe album was described by AllMusic as \"a clever, conversational rap record fueled by snarky humor and stoner cynicism.\" Meka Udoh of HipHopDX said, \"Mac Lethal packs the album full of witty one-liners, self-deprecating humor and - as is the norm around the Rhymesayers clique - some socio-political commentary.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007504-0000-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Maluma album)\n11:11 is the fourth studio album by the Colombian singer-songwriter Maluma, released on 17 May 2019 by Sony Music Latin. The album features guest appearances from Ricky Martin, Ozuna, Nicky Jam, Zion & Lennox, Madonna, Sech, Ty Dolla Sign, Chencho and Farina. To promote the album, Maluma went on the 11:11 World Tour in 2019. It was supported by four singles: \"HP\", \"11 PM\", \"Instinto Natural\" and \"No Se Me Quita\", and the promotional single \"D\u00e9jale Saber\". The album was noted by critics as being noticeably cleaner and more romantic than his previous projects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007504-0001-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Maluma album)\nThe album debuted at number 30 on the US Billboard 200 and number 1 on the Top Latin Albums chart with first week sales of 17,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007504-0002-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Maluma album), Promotion, Singles\nOn 10 August 2018, the album's expected lead single, \"Mala M\u00eda\", was released digitally on music stores and streaming services. A notable remix of the song featuring the American and Brazilian singers, Becky G and Anitta, was released on 21 December 2018. Leading up to the release of the album, during the track list reveal, it was announced that the song would not be included on the album. The song peaked at number 23 on the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 songs chart and at number nine on the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007504-0003-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Maluma album), Promotion, Singles\n\"HP\" was released digitally on music stores and streaming services on 28 February 2019, as the album's official lead single. The song peaked at number 96 on the US Billboard Hot 100 songs chart and at number eight on the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007504-0004-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Maluma album), Promotion, Singles\n\"11 PM\" was released with the album digitally on music stores and streaming services on 17 May 2018, as the album's second official single. The song peaked at number 14 on the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 songs chart and at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007504-0005-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Maluma album), Promotion, Singles\n\"Instinto Natural\" featuring Sech was released on 9 August 2019, as the album's third official single. It peaked at number 76 on the Billboard Argentina Hot 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007504-0006-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Maluma album), Promotion, Singles\n\"No Se Me Quita\" was the album's fourth official single on 30 August 2019. The song peaked at number 38 on the Billboard Argentina Hot 100, and reached number one on Mexico charts, where it was certified 4\u00d7Platinum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007504-0007-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Maluma album), Promotion, Promotional singles\nOn 16 May 2019, Maluma released the promotional single \"D\u00e9jale Saber\", with a pseudo video to support, a treatment which all of the standard non-single album tracks received on the release date of 11:11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007504-0008-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Maluma album), Promotion, Pseudo videos and other charting songs\nOn the release date of the album, similarly to the promotional single \"D\u00e9jale Saber\", accompanying pseudo video clips were released for all of 11:11's non-single tracks on Maluma's YouTube channel. Following the release of the album, \"Dispuesto\" featuring Ozuna charted at number 47 on the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart and at 92 on the Spanish Promusicae chart. \"Soltera\" featuring Madonna and \"Tu Vecina\" featuring Ty Dolla Sign peaked at number 7 and 13 on the US Billboard Latin Digital Song Sales chart respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007504-0009-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Maluma album), Critical reception\nIn a positive review by Nick Levine from New Musical Express, in which he gave the album four out of five stars, he concluded by writing, \"At 16 tracks, \u201911:11\u2032 is definitely a little long, but there's no denying that Maluma creates a mood that suits his persona every bit as effectively as Drake does. Stylish, sexy and right-on-trend, this album should generate some heat from Bogot\u00e1 to Bognor.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007505-0000-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Maria Taylor album)\n11:11 is the debut solo album by American musician Maria Taylor. It was released on May 24, 2005 by Saddle Creek Records. The album was produced by Andy LeMaster and Mike Mogis, who also provide additional musical backing throughout. It features appearances from Conor Oberst of Bright Eyes and Gretta Cohn of Cursive, among others, while one track was written by Taylor's former Little Red Rocket bandmate Louis Schefano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007505-0001-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Maria Taylor album)\nA music video was released for the track \"Song Beneath the Song\", directed by Tai Yin Ho. 11:11 was released on vinyl LP for the first time in 2015 for Record Store Day. The album was later reissued by Taylor's own label Flower Moon Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007505-0002-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Maria Taylor album)\n\"Song Beneath the Song\" was included on the first volume of the soundtrack for the television series Grey's Anatomy in 2005, and subsequently became the namesake for a 2011 episode of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007505-0003-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Maria Taylor album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Maria Taylor, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007506-0000-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Regina Spektor album)\n11:11 is the debut album by singer-songwriter Regina Spektor. It was self-released on CD and sold at Spektor's early shows. The album is now out of print on CD and much sought-after by collectors; it is available as a download from online music outlets such as the iTunes Store and Amazon MP3. Stylistically, the album differs from Spektor's later work as she was heavily influenced by jazz and blues at the time of its recording.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007506-0001-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Regina Spektor album), Reception\nAn Emeritus reviewer for Sputnikmusic awarded the album four stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007507-0000-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Rodrigo y Gabriela album)\n11:11 is the third studio album by Mexican guitar duo Rodrigo y Gabriela. It was released on independent label Rubyworks around the world from 2 to 8 September 2009. It guest stars Strunz & Farah on the song \"Master Maqui\" and Alex Skolnick on the song \"Atman\". The song \"Buster Voodoo\" was performed by the band on The Tonight Show hosted by Conan O'Brien on Thursday, 1 October 2009 and on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson on Wednesday, 28 October 2009. Each song on the album is a tribute to an artist that has inspired both Rodrigo and Gabriela.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007507-0001-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Rodrigo y Gabriela album)\nThe song \"Santo Domingo\" was chosen as the Starbucks iTunes Pick of the Week for 10 November 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007508-0000-0000", "contents": "11:11 (Sasha Sokol album)\nAfter five years of absence since 1992, Sasha S\u00f6kol returned her music career with 11:11. Different musicians collaborated with her, Julieta Venegas, Nacho Ma\u00f1o from Presuntos Implicados, Juan Pablo Manzanero and Jorge Reyes. It includes cover versions of Suzanne Vega, Nino Ferrer, Nina Hagen and Marry Me Jane. First Single \u201cSer\u00e1s el Aire\u201d was a huge success. She started an acoustic tour to promote this record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007509-0000-0000", "contents": "11:11 (numerology)\nIn numerology, some New Age believers often link 11:11 to chance or coincidence. It is an example of synchronicity. For instance, those who are seeing 11:11 on a clock often claim it as an auspicious sign or signaling a spirit presence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007509-0001-0000", "contents": "11:11 (numerology)\nPost-hoc reasoning and confirmation bias provides a context for such claims, and skeptics have pointed out that the assertions of people like Uri Geller that 11:11 is somehow important in world events do not hold up to even cursory scrutiny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007509-0002-0000", "contents": "11:11 (numerology), Significance in dates\nFor various reasons, people ascribe different kinds of significance to dates and numbers. For example, \"the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month,\" 11:00 a.m. (Paris time) 11 November 1918, when the armistice ending World War I came into effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007509-0003-0000", "contents": "11:11 (numerology), Significance in dates\n11 November 2011, or \"11/11/11\" saw an increase in the number of marriages taking place in different areas throughout the world, including the U.S. and across the Asian continent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007510-0000-0000", "contents": "11:11 (song)\n\"11:11\"  is a song recorded by South Korean singer Taeyeon. It was released as a digital single on November 1, 2016, by SM Entertainment. The song's lyrics were penned by Kim Eana while its music was composed by Christian Vinten and Chelcee Grimes. The song was later included in the Deluxe edition of Taeyeon's first studio album My Voice which was released on April 5, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007510-0001-0000", "contents": "11:11 (song), Background and release\nOn October 28, 2016, Taeyeon was announced to be releasing a digital single titled \"11:11\". The song is described as a pop ballad that features the acoustic guitar's calm melody which suits the late autumn atmosphere. Its lyrics are about a girl's reminiscences about making wishes with her former lover when the clock struck 11:11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007510-0002-0000", "contents": "11:11 (song), Background and release\n\"11:11\" and its music video were released on November 1. Taeyeon later filmed a live acoustic performance of the song, which was released on November 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007510-0003-0000", "contents": "11:11 (song), Reception\n\"11:11\" debuted at number two on South Korea's Gaon Digital Chart for the chart issue dated October 30 \u2013 November 5, 2016, and sold 238,197 downloads during its first week of release. It was the second best-performing single of November 2016 on the Gaon Digital Chart, ranking behind Twice's \"TT\". \"11:11\" charted at number 89 on the Gaon Year-end Digital Chart of 2016, and sold 668,462 downloads in South Korea in 2016. It additionally peaked at number 5 on the Billboard World Digital Songs chart, selling 3,000 downloads, becoming her best sales week on the chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007510-0004-0000", "contents": "11:11 (song), Reception\nBillboard ranked the song at number 7 on their top 20 K-pop songs of 2016. By the end of 2017, \"11:11\" sold over 1.4 million digital copies in South Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007510-0005-0000", "contents": "11:11 (song), Credits\nCredits adapted from the liner notes of My Voice (Deluxe edition)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007511-0000-0000", "contents": "11:11 Reset\n11:11 Reset is the seventh studio album by American singer Keyshia Cole. It was released by Epic Records on October 20, 2017. It succeeds Cole's sixth album Point of No Return (2014). The album was preceded by the release of two singles\u2014\"You\" and \"Incapable\". 11:11 Reset peaked at number thirty-seven on the US Billboard 200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007511-0001-0000", "contents": "11:11 Reset, Background\nIn December 2016, it was announced that Cole signed a new record deal with Epic Records. In an interview with Rap-Up magazine, she announced the name of her upcoming album titled 11:11 Reset stating:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007511-0002-0000", "contents": "11:11 Reset, Background\n\"For the past year, I\u2019ve been seeing 11:11 constantly and to my understanding, you\u2019re aligned spiritually with your destiny and everything that is meant to be in your life is happening at the right time. The timing is right. Everything is right. The Writings On The Wall. Reset is definitely cohesive with that. \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007511-0003-0000", "contents": "11:11 Reset, Singles\n\"You\" featuring Remy Ma and French Montana was released as the album's lead single on January 27, 2017. The music video premiered on February 27, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007511-0004-0000", "contents": "11:11 Reset, Singles\n\"Incapable\" was released as the album's second single on August 25, 2017. The music video was released on October 6, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007511-0005-0000", "contents": "11:11 Reset, Singles\nIn February 2018, Keyshia announced via Instagram that the third single will be a brand new song because she is re-releasing the album just in time for the RESET world tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007511-0006-0000", "contents": "11:11 Reset, Critical reception\nAllmusic editor Andy Kellman found that 11:11 Reset \"handily tops her 2014 set with comparatively nuanced and richer songs.\" He continued on to say that \"They ultimately beget a fluidity the first six full-lengths lack. As ever, Cole's love life is marked by volatility and unfaithfulness [...] Cole shuns the cheater, cuts ties, consoles and assures herself, and lays out her expectations for settling down \u2013 all familiar ground for the artist. She nonetheless finds new ways to cover most of it, and does so with a level of restraint that makes her maximum-effort moments all the more powerful.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007511-0007-0000", "contents": "11:11 Reset, Commercial performance\nOn November 11, 2017, the album debuted at number thirty-seven on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 13,377 units (9,420 in pure album sales) in the United States. The album also peaked at number six on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and number three on the Top R&B Albums. In the United Kingdom, the album peaked at number thirty-six on the UK R&B Albums charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007512-0000-0000", "contents": "11:14\n11:14 is a 2003 neo-noir black comedy thriller film written and directed by Greg Marcks (in his feature directorial debut). The film stars an ensemble cast consisting of Rachael Leigh Cook, Ben Foster, Clark Gregg, Colin Hanks, Shawn Hatosy, Barbara Hershey, Stark Sands, Hilary Swank, Patrick Swayze, and Henry Thomas. It follows five different storylines that all lead up to a series of events that happen one evening at 11:14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007512-0001-0000", "contents": "11:14\nThe film premiered at the 56th Cannes Film Festival on May 16, 2003 and also screened at the 28th Toronto International Film Festival on September 5, 2003. It received a limited theatrical release in San Francisco, California on August 12, 2005, before being released on DVD and Blu-ray by New Line Home Entertainment on October 11, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007512-0002-0000", "contents": "11:14, Plot\nThe film involves a series of interconnected events that converge around two car-related accidents at 11:14\u00a0p.m. The connections between the events are not apparent at first, but are gradually revealed by a series of progressively receding flashbacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007512-0003-0000", "contents": "11:14, Reception, Critical response\nOn review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 11:14 has a 92% \"certified fresh\" rating based on 12 reviews. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007512-0004-0000", "contents": "11:14, Reception, Critical response\nLisa Nesselson of Variety praised 11:14 as a \"zippy and sardonic feast of bad decision-making under pressure\" that \"artfully molds the seemingly unrelated misfortunes of 10 characters into a satisfying and consistently entertaining whole.\" Wally Hammond of Time Out gave the film a mixed review, noting: \"Marcks mounts all this as an essay in synchronicity, replete with flashbacks, overlaps, connections and black humour... there are some outrageous, funny moments and Marcks directs with minor panache. But it\u2019s ultimately an unsatisfactory experience, akin to observing someone else fill in a crossword puzzle.\" Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle called it a \"meticulous piece of plot construction, entertaining, full of incidents and infused throughout with a mischievous and bleak sense of humor.\" Ryan Lambie of Den of Geek listed it as one of the top 25 underrated films of 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 931]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007513-0000-0000", "contents": "11:25 The Day He Chose His Own Fate\n11:25 The Day He Chose His Own Fate (11\u30fb25\u81ea\u6c7a\u306e\u65e5 \u4e09\u5cf6\u7531\u7d00\u592b\u3068\u82e5\u8005\u305f\u3061, 11.25 Jiketsu no Hi: Mishima Yukio to Wakamonotachi) is a 2012 Japanese drama film directed by K\u014dji Wakamatsu. The film was based on the Mishima Incident, which was a failed coup d'etat attempt led by Yukio Mishima in 1970. The film competed in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007513-0001-0000", "contents": "11:25 The Day He Chose His Own Fate, Plot\nIn 1970, a well-known Japanese public figure and famous writer, Yukio Mishima, while visiting a military base, suddenly began calling for soldiers to revolt. When his proposal was rejected, he committed suicide in the way that the ancient samurai resorted to if they believed that they were indelibly ashamed. The film will try to put all the fragments of the mosaic in place and find out why this is the end of the life of this outstanding personality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 41], "content_span": [42, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007514-0000-0000", "contents": "11:30\n11:30 was a Canadian dance-pop duo from Montreal that consisted of identical twin sisters Toni and Trish Sherwood (born in 1980; the 11:30 refers to their birthdate, November 30). They are known for their hit single, \u201cOl\u00e9 Ol\u00e9\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007514-0001-0000", "contents": "11:30, History\nIn 2000, the twins were signed to Aquarius Records and released their debut single, \"Ol\u00e9 Ol\u00e9\"; The song was written and produced by their father, Dorian Sherwood, and was a Canadian top ten hit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007514-0002-0000", "contents": "11:30, History\nIn 2001, 11:30 toured as an opening act for Aaron Carter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007515-0000-0000", "contents": "11:55\n11:55 is a 2016 drama film about a US Marine returning to his hometown, where he struggles to escape his violent past. The film was written by Ari Issler, Ben Snyder, and Victor Almanzar. It was directed by Issler and Snyder, and stars Almanzar, Shirley Rumierk, Goya Robles, Elizabeth Rodriguez, David Zayas, Mike Carlsen, John Leguizamo, and Julia Stiles. The film's plot and sensibility contain echoes to the classic Westerns High Noon (1952) and 3:10 to Yuma (1957).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007515-0001-0000", "contents": "11:55\n11:55 premiered at the Los Angeles International Film Festival. It has since played at the Seattle Film Festival, Woodstock Film Festival, Austin Film Festival, Napa Film Festival, Milwaukee Film Festival, and Woods Hole Film Festival. The film won the Audience Award at the Aspen Film Festival and the RiverRun Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007515-0002-0000", "contents": "11:55\n11:55 was released in theaters by Gravitas Ventures and made on demand June 9, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007516-0000-0000", "contents": "11:59 (Star Trek: Voyager)\n\"11:59\" is the 117th episode of the science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager, the 23rd episode of the fifth season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007516-0001-0000", "contents": "11:59 (Star Trek: Voyager)\nThis television episode first aired on May 5, 1999 on the television network UPN and was directed by David Livingston. Kevin Tighe guest stars alongside a flashback version of a Janeway ancestor; the story was by Joe Menosky. Much of the story is set in a fictional 20th century version of Earth, near the turn of the century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007516-0002-0000", "contents": "11:59 (Star Trek: Voyager), Plot\nNeelix becomes interested in Earth history, spurring research about an ancestor of Captain Janeway named Shannon O'Donnell, who was alive at the turn of the 21st century, and who Janeway believes single-handedly fought to complete the Millennium Gate tower project in 2000, and would later be part of NASA's missions to Mars. Neelix, prompted by Janeway, proceeds to track down further information on Shannon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007516-0003-0000", "contents": "11:59 (Star Trek: Voyager), Plot\nNeelix and Seven of Nine discover that Janeway's information was incorrect: Shannon was a traveler who happened to have her car break down in the small town of Portage Creek in Indiana where the Millennium Gate was to be built. Set on December 27, 2000, the plan has caused most of the businesses in town to leave, save for a bookstore owned by Henry Janeway, who refuses to sell the store to make way for the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007516-0003-0001", "contents": "11:59 (Star Trek: Voyager), Plot\nShannon joins Henry in the opposition, and learns that if Henry refuses to sell, the project would have to be moved to a new location. The two also develop a bond during this time. Shannon is offered a job by the company if she can convince Henry to leave before the 11:59 deadline on New Year's Eve 2000. When she tells Henry this, he asks her to leave. As she drives away, she turns around, and tries another approach to convince Henry to sell. He eventually relents at the very last minute, selling his bookstore to allow the tower to go forward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007516-0004-0000", "contents": "11:59 (Star Trek: Voyager), Plot\nCaptain Janeway is disappointed to learn the truth about Shannon, who was never a NASA astronaut, as Shannon was her childhood hero and the stories about her convinced her to join Starfleet. However, Neelix has provided a surprise: a gathering of the senior staff to celebrate their ancestors, and presenting Janeway with a photograph of the elderly Shannon, after she had married Henry and raised their extended family together. Janeway realizes that the revelation about Shannon should not impact what she has done with her own life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007516-0005-0000", "contents": "11:59 (Star Trek: Voyager), Production\nStory-writers Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky developed the idea for the episode from a pitch from John de Lancie, who played Q in the series, which would've included Q and Guinan. Braga and Menosky wanted to create a more grounded story, and so a different direction was taken. Menosky stated about the writing, \"Our original inspiration for this was to do an episode where we didn't see Voyager at all. All we saw was Kate Mulgrew playing a distant ancestor. The idea was to tell a quintessentially Star Trek story without any science fiction.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007516-0006-0000", "contents": "11:59 (Star Trek: Voyager), Reception\nIn 2015, a Star Trek: Voyager binge-watching guide by W.I.R.E.D. suggested skipping this episode. McMillan criticized the episode, saying it was clearly intended to be a special episode looking at Janeway's ancestor and inspiration, but rather than showing \"women can be important astronauts too, the episode instead detours into an awkward [...] morality play about big business crushing the little guy around the turn of the millennium\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007516-0007-0000", "contents": "11:59 (Star Trek: Voyager), Reception\nTrekNews.net ranked this the 8th best episode of Star Trek: Voyager in 2016. They note that the character Captain Janeway remembers one of her ancestors in this episode, and it examines how our perceptions of people can change over time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007516-0008-0000", "contents": "11:59 (Star Trek: Voyager), Reception\nIn 2020, The Digital Fix praised this for experimenting with storytelling by using the historical setting, and felt it \"could have been great\" but ended up as \"somewhat dull Hallmark movie\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007516-0009-0000", "contents": "11:59 (Star Trek: Voyager), Releases\n\"11:59\" was released on LaserDisc in Japan on June 22, 2001, as part of 5th Season vol.2, which included episodes from \"Dark Frontier\" to \"Equinox, Part I\". The episode had two audio tracks, English and Japanese. This set had 6 double sided 12\" optical discs giving a total runtime of 552 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007516-0010-0000", "contents": "11:59 (Star Trek: Voyager), Releases\nOn November 9, 2004, this episode was released as part of the Season 5 DVD box set of Star Trek: Voyager. The box set includes 7 DVD optical discs with all the episodes in Season 5 with some extra features, and the episodes have a Dolby 5.1 Digital Audio track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007517-0000-0000", "contents": "11:59 (album)\n11:59 is the second studio album by American rock singer-songwriter Ryan Star. The album debuted at No. 31 on the Billboard 200 after selling nearly 11,600 copies on its first week, making his highest chart debut on Billboard 200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007517-0001-0000", "contents": "11:59 (album), Track listing\nAll tracks produced by Matt Serletic, except for \"Breathe\" and \"Start a Fire\" produced by Howard Benson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007517-0002-0000", "contents": "11:59 (album), Track listing\nAn exclusive deluxe iTunes version of the album includes additional three bonus tracks, three music videos, and a digital booklet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007517-0003-0000", "contents": "11:59 (album), Reception, Critical response\nThe album has received generally favorable reviews from music critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007517-0004-0000", "contents": "11:59 (album), Reception, Critical response\nBillboard states that \"the singer's voice throughout the set has a rocker-gruff quality that often stretches into melodic overtones as displayed on the track \"This Could Be The Year\".\" Star is also complimented on \"Losing Your Memory\", for giving \"an impressive delivery on the emotional track, belting about the loss of his place in loved one's heart.\" (favorable)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007517-0005-0000", "contents": "11:59 (album), Reception, Critical response\nJon Regen for Keyboard Magazine notes how \"Star surrounds himself with a cast of keyboard killers including Serletic, Kim Bullard, and Patrick Warren, who bathe his soaring pop choruses in an ever-evolving sonic glow\". (favorable)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007517-0006-0000", "contents": "11:59 (album), Reception, Critical response\nMelodic.net gave the album 4 stars (out of five), and said: \"It is a fitting end to one of the most complete albums of the year thus far. Ryan Star deserves a chance. This might just be his.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007517-0007-0000", "contents": "11:59 (album), Reception, Critical response\nStephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic gave the album 3 stars (out of five), \"11:59 is the kind of slick, splashy debut designed to launch a career that has no ties to television. Thing of it is, it\u2019s so cleanly commercial that it could use an outside boost, something to lend this collection of atmospheric anthems, passionate pleading, manicured rocking, and snappy AAA pop a bit of a defining personality.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007517-0008-0000", "contents": "11:59 (album), Reception, Critical response\nTunelab gave the album 8.5 stars out of 10, \"Every instrumental on \"11:59\" is great, and every bit of vocal passion that emerges from Star is fantastic. The man sings as though he really feels what he is singing and he has the range to back it up. Despite only ten tracks being present on the album, each is memorable and unique to the rest of the set. The biggest faults the album has are minor. It is awfully short, especially considering how long it took to release, and the album doesn't really have much of a flow. Each track is so different than the others, it feels more like a mixtape than an album, though a very good mixtape.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007517-0009-0000", "contents": "11:59 (album), Reception, Critical response\nSome of music critics gave the album very negative reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007517-0010-0000", "contents": "11:59 (album), Reception, Critical response\nRolling Stone gave the album 2 stars (out of five), \"Ryan Star returns with a much-delayed major-label debut album filled with second-rate pop rock and a formula he beats senseless: He takes his brooding rasp from a muttered whisper to an overwrought rock howl about nine times too many.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007517-0011-0000", "contents": "11:59 (album), Reception, Chart performance\nThe album debuted at No. 31 on the Billboard 200 and No. 10 on Billboard Rock Albums chart, and made it to No. 4 on Billboard Tastemaker Albums chart, with 11,599 copies sold on its first week of release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007518-0000-0000", "contents": "11:Metre One Design\nThe 11:Metre is a sloop-rigged yacht with One Design rules that specify every hardware and rope. The building manual makes every boat alike no matter where it is built. The class rule has a crew weight limit, which allows everyone to race on equal terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007518-0001-0000", "contents": "11:Metre One Design\nThe 11:Metre One Design was designed in 1990 by Ron Holland and Rolf Gyhlenius for inshore racing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007518-0002-0000", "contents": "11:Metre One Design, Background\nKeelboat yacht racing has become a costly and time-consuming sport. As a result, yachting as a sport shows a down trend in many part of the world and many sailors have been lost to other sports. To counter this trend the 11:Metre One Design was developed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007518-0003-0000", "contents": "11:Metre One Design, Background\nThe 11:Metre project started with a very extensive 2 boat test program during the fall of 1990 in Sarasota, Florida. Residents could see 2 yachts pacing each other side by side for months testing a variety of keels, rudders, and sail plan configurations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007518-0004-0000", "contents": "11:Metre One Design, Background\nThe test program was also aimed to check the building procedure in order to test a simple, cost-effective but still a high quality construction. Everything to ensure the best value for money for this kind of yacht, and that the boat could be built all over the World to exactly the same specifications. The 11:Metre is a yacht with very tight One Design rules with every hardware and rope specified. The Building manual makes every boat alike no matter where it is built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007518-0005-0000", "contents": "11:Metre One Design, Background\nThe first boats was shipped from Florida to Stockholm International Boat show in March 1991. In spite of the bad economy in Sweden during that time 37 yachts was sold to private owners during that show. In less than 2 years more than 120 yachts was sold all over the World to enthusiastic sailors. Often persons with world class sailing experience that was attracted by the 11:Metre performance and ease of handling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007518-0006-0000", "contents": "11:Metre One Design, Background\nThe 11:Metre One design yacht was awarded the prestigious Silk Cut Nautical Award for best production yacht 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007519-0000-0000", "contents": "11AM (TV program)\n11AM (also known as Eleven AM) is an Australian news magazine television program that aired on the Seven Network from 11\u00a0am AEST to midday from 1975 to 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007519-0001-0000", "contents": "11AM (TV program), Overview\nThe hour-long news magazine program started on 13 October 1975 with Roger Climpson presenting, with a number of high-profile presenters since, including Clive Robertson, Steve Liebmann, Vincent Smith, Paul Lyneham, Kerry O'Brien, Don Willesee, Helen Wellings, Richard Zachariah, Ann Sanders and Sonia Kruger, among others. Ross Symonds, Darren McDonald, Melissa Doyle and Cameron Williams all featured as news presenters throughout the shows life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007519-0002-0000", "contents": "11AM (TV program), Overview\nIt last aired on 28 May 1999, presented by Melissa Doyle, who was filling in for Anne Fulwood (who had already moved to Seven News Melbourne) and Andrew Daddo. Fulwood went on to co-anchor Seven News in Melbourne with David Johnston, and Daddo to present entertainment programs. 11AM was the forerunner to Seven Morning News, Sunrise and The Morning Show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0000-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371\n11B-X-1371 is an early-2015 viral video sent to GadgetZZ.com, the Swedish tech blog that publicized it. The black-and-white segment is two minutes in length; its title came from the plaintext of a base64 string written on the DVD. It depicts a person wearing what appears to be a plague doctor costume walking and standing around in a dilapidated abandoned building, with a forest visible through former window openings in the wall behind it. Accompanied by a soundtrack of loud, discordant buzzing noise, the masked figure holds up a hand with an irregularly blinking light. The film did not have any credits or claims to authorship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0001-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371\nMessages, many in commonly used ciphers and encryption systems, have been found hidden in the video and its sound spectrogram, as well as images of tortured and mutilated people. Most of the messages have been decoded by participants in an ongoing Reddit thread, and the images sourced to notable murder investigations such as the Boston Strangler. They have been interpreted as implying a threat of bioterrorism against the United States, although it has also been speculated that the video is in reality a prank, a viral marketing stunt for an upcoming film or video game, or a student film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0002-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371\nAfter it first came to light in October 2015, it was found that it had been posted to YouTube several months earlier, along with a similarly threatening message in binary code. The poster of that video, known as AETBX, has suggested to inquiring journalists that GadgetZZ is not telling the truth about how it came to possess the video. Internet investigators managed to establish that it was filmed in the former Zofi\u00f3wka Sanatorium outside Otwock, Poland, sometime between November 2013 and the video's release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0003-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371\nThree months after the initial controversy, an individual going by the name of Parker Warner Wright claimed to have created the video. He told The Daily Dot that it was intended as an art project, and released a sequel video, \"11B-3-1369\". As a way of proving his identity, he challenged viewers to create an exact duplicate of his plague doctor mask.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0004-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, Synopsis\nThe video begins with shaky footage showing a figure mostly concealed in the shadow between two window-sized openings in a brick wall, through which leaves in trees can be seen blowing in the wind. These images are accompanied by indistinct electronic buzzing and hissing sounds. The figure holds their right hand to the window, signaling with three fingers, then one, and finally two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0005-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, Synopsis\nThe figure remains in shadow, with an insert showing it with cloaked arms spread, as the camera moves farther away and slowly circles to the right. After a jump cut, the lighting around the figure improves, revealing that the figure is wearing an outfit that resembles a plague doctor costume, a long dark long-sleeved hooded cloak with its face masked by a long, downward-pointing dark leather beak and goggles. The figure holds up their right hand, palm facing outward at shoulder height, to reveal a blinking light in the center of the palm. Beeping noises appear on the soundtrack in coordination with the blinks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0006-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, Synopsis\nThe figure eventually turns to its right to look at the hand. By this time, the leaves outside are still. The figure turns to look at the camera, now steady, again briefly, then back to its hand. After a series of jump cuts in which they turn rapidly back and forth between the two positions, the figure looks directly at the camera and points to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0007-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, Synopsis\nA quick cut later, the costumed character is looking at the camera again with hands at its sides. After a few more jump cuts in which they turn to the right and back again, the figure stands still, then looks to its left slowly. The figure looks down to where a box with various triangular sections appears, then to their right as the image seems to fragment briefly. For the remainder of the video, the cloaked figure stands still with its back to the wall, with the camera apparently handheld again and occasional video effects briefly doubling the image.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0008-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, History\nOn October 12, 2015, John-Erik \"Johny\" Krahbichler, founding editor of the Swedish tech blog GadgetZZ, posted about a \"creepy puzzle\" that had been sent to him via the mail, perhaps in June. An envelope, postmarked in Warsaw and addressed to \"Johny K.\", care of the site's post office box in Helsingborg, with no return address, contained \"a really weird CD\" (actually a DVD). On it was written an alphanumeric string long enough to require two lines. At first he assumed it was a product key.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0009-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, History\nHe assumed it was some software someone had sent him to review. He tested it out in a spare laptop, and instead found the video. \"I was unsure what to think of it, but I found it very odd\", he told The Washington Post. He said that he \"later reexamined it and started noticing the 'codes' and letters hidden all around the video\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0010-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, History\nAfter making a minimal effort to decode it himself, he gave up and posted about it to his blog, complete with images of the disc and envelope. A few days later Gizmodo ran a story on the discovery. Lily Hay Newman of Slate described the experience of watching it for the first time as \"creepy\" and \"unsettling\", likening it to the experience of watching the cursed videotape from the 2002 film The Ring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0011-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, History, Possible origins\nEarly investigations soon found that Krahblicher was not the first to make the video public. In May, a user account identified as \"AETBX\" had posted it to YouTube, the account's only post to the site. There, it had been identified and described in binary code, with a string of 0s and 1s. As other users began commenting on it, AETBX returned to ask why there was suddenly so much interest in his five-month-old posting. Some commenters speculated that he had, in fact, created it himself; he vigorously denied it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0012-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, History, Possible origins\nThe Washington Post contacted him by email. He identified himself only as \"Daniel from Spain\" and said he had been sent the video in the mail as well. His version, he said, was also sent to him, via email from a girl he did not know, who told him she found it on a park bench. In an update to his original post, Krahblicher reported that someone found that even earlier than the YouTube posting, it had been posted to the paranormal board on 4chan. Later, in The Daily Dot, he cast doubt on Krahblicher's account, saying \"Anyone can fake a DVD\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0013-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, History, Possible origins\nTwo other leads on possible creators proved false. Around the time Krahblicher first posted about the video, the blog of Triton TV, a student film group at the University of California, San Diego, posted a screenshot of the video along with a title and description in binary. Reached for comment, the group said it no longer used that website and it had been hacked a few weeks earlier; The Daily Dot said the image appeared to have been one of many posted by the hacker at random. A man named Parker J. Wright replied to a reporter's query on Twitter by saying he was not the Parker Wright who had posted the video to YouTube on September 30 with the note \"Are you listening?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0014-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, History, Possible origins\nWhile the identity of the video creator remained unknown, the location at which it was filmed has been identified. A Polish Internet user who was following the story went to the former Zofi\u00f3wka Sanatorium, near Otwock, a short distance south of Warsaw. One of the rooms there had the same fenestration and graffiti seen in the video. The latter were not present in a photo of the room taken in November 2013, suggesting the video was made between then and April 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0015-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, History, Parker Warner Wright\nIn late November, after most of the initial talk and speculation about the video, its creator and purpose had died down, a Twitter account was opened under the name Parker Warner Wright. Its owner claimed to have made the video; Wright was not the only person on the Internet actively claiming the same thing at the time and throughout the last months of 2015 others posted their own videos in attempt to authenticate themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0016-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, History, Parker Warner Wright\nAt the end of the month, Wright announced that the next video would be released \"in exactly 1.444 metric hours\" on his YouTube channel. At the appointed time, a new video, titled 11B-3-1369, in black and white with occasional effects and inserts, was published, with \"Their lies unlock our dissent\", underneath in the description. In it, the figure in the plague doctor costume returned, shown outside the sanatorium in the forest at first, and later within. The soundtrack was quieter than that of the first video and included some electronic tinkling noises which were synchronized with the blinker on the figure's hand. Later in the video, the plague-doctor figure is joined by a woman in a white dress with her face covered in bandages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0017-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, History, Parker Warner Wright\nThree weeks later, The Daily Dot published an interview with Wright. He told reporter Mike Wehner that he was a U.S. citizen who lives in Poland, and that the videos were meant as an art project. After finishing the video, in May 2015, he had left three copies, two on discs in a subway and park in Poland, and the last one posted to 4chan. Reporter Mike Wehner concluded thus that the YouTube user AETBX had no involvement in the video's creation. As a way of authenticating himself, Wright challenged visitors to his Facebook page to replicate the plague doctor mask, which he claimed to have designed and built himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0018-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, History, Parker Warner Wright\nSome commenters on Wright's Facebook page were skeptical of his claims, pointing to differences in the costume between the two videos; Wright explained the differences by saying he wanted, and made, a better cloak for the second video. Krahbichler accepted Wright's claims. \"It would be too much of a hassle just to play along for this long, and making up stories that fit so well,\" he wrote shortly after the second video was posted. \"I believe it is very safe to say that PWW is indeed the creator\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0018-0001", "contents": "11B-X-1371, History, Parker Warner Wright\nIn an early-December exchange on Facebook, Wright had told him he had chosen him as the recipient since he had \"won the business card lottery ... you handed me your business card, at some point\". Krahbichler speculated that Wright had probably attended at least one of the many tech shows where he had had a booth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0019-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, Interpretations\nThe Reddit users who responded to Krahbichler's post found other coded messages hidden in the video. An encoded inscription on the disc's menu was found to be \"11B-X-1371\", which has been treated as the video's title. James Billington of the International Business Times wrote that \"some reported [that the video's audio] sound[ed] like 'I would love to kill you' being repeated over and over\". Another user created a spectrogram of the sound and found both text and images concealed within. The former had one in plaintext saying \"You Are Already Dead\"; the rest were enciphered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0019-0001", "contents": "11B-X-1371, Interpretations\nThe images depicted women being mutilated and tortured; early fears that the creator of the video might be a serial killer were allayed when later research discovered that one of the stills was from the horror film The Bunny Game, one was from the German film Slasherand another was a picture of a victim of the Boston Strangler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0020-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, Interpretations\nMost messages had a generally threatening tone. A sound spectrogram of the DVD's menu yielded a picture of a skull and more coded messages. The binary title of AETBX's YouTube posting was \"Muerte\", Spanish for \"death\", and the description similarly resolved to Spanish text\u2014\"Te queda 1 a\u00f1o menos\", rendered in English as \"you have one less year\". The triangle-and-square message near the end of the video was found to read \"Ad oppugnare homines\" in Pigpen cipher\u2014Latin for \"To attack or target men\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0021-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, Interpretations\nThe plague doctor costume led other readers to see the video's threats as related to bioterror. One message's plaintext read \"The eagle=infected will spread his disease. We are the antivirus will protect the world body\"; another read \"Strike an arrow through the heart of the eagle\". The year 1371, it was also suggested, was one in which the Black Death was ravaging Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0022-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, Interpretations\nSingle-frame inserts were found to have Morse code and other texts in common ciphers. The Morse's plaintext was the phrase \"RED LIPS LIKE TENTH\". A sequence of 20 pairs of two-digit characters was found to be the latitude and longitude of the White House in Washington; it was later noted that the \"RED LIPS\" phrase could be an intended anagram for \"KILL THE PRESIDENT\". These were seen as a threat against the United States in general and President Barack Obama in particular. Krahbichler reported that a cipher in the video could be decoded to reveal the message \"STANDANDFIGHTWITHUSTAKEDOWNTHEBLACKBEASTKILLHISDISEASEORFALLWITHTHEREST\", and that the \"BLACKBEAST\" of the message could be Obama, an African-American. Krahbichler said that he believed that the video contained a political message, but was not a terrorist threat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0023-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, Interpretations\nShortly after the individual calling himself Parker Warner Wright revealed himself as the creator on Twitter at the end of November, he said to those who had been working to decode the texts \"you are no closer to understanding the message\". However, he allowed that it had been his intent that people work together to break the codes: \"Not one individual could decipher the whole\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0024-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, Interpretations, Possible purposes\nWhile the video's metamessage was clearly threatening, it remained too vague to draw any definitive conclusions about what the makers' intent might have been. Since it was publicized a few weeks before Halloween, there was speculation that it could be an Internet prank related to the holiday. After initially being disturbed when the threatening messages were decoded, Krahbichler said, \"I'm starting to think again it's just an elaborate joke\". However, he did not think it was one aimed at him specifically, since if the sender \"knew me personally, they would know I don't have the expertise to crack it, at least not the whole thing\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0025-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, Interpretations, Possible purposes\nThe other theory to gain support was that it was viral marketing to promote an upcoming movie or video game. A Redditor noted that the film version of Dan Brown's novel Inferno was beginning production at that time for a late 2016 release. In the story, a rich villain makes a video warning of his plans to release a virus in order to reduce population growth. In it, he also wears a plague doctor costume, likens himself to death and claims at the same time to be the cure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0026-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, Interpretations, Possible purposes\nMoviepilot also reported on speculation that the video was intended to promote the upcoming season of the Syfy series 12 Monkeys, based on the Terry Gilliam film of the same name. Both concern a time traveler from the future who is attempting to prevent the outbreak of a devastating epidemic in the present. Another Redditor had observed that the line \"You are already dead\" is used frequently in the show, as is a plague doctor costume. He added that the \"3-1-2\" signaled by the figure's fingers at the beginning of the video could refer to the show's upcoming third season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0027-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, Interpretations, Possible purposes\nThe video's Polish origin further suggested a marketing gimmick, according to one Redditor from that country. \"[O]ur fledgling [video game] studios don't have large budgets for 'standard' advertisement[s]\", he wrote. There had been a similarly creepy viral video in Poland a few years ago, he recalled, that parodied a children's show. He did not think the same people were behind 11B-X-1371, however, as their clip's production values had been higher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0028-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, Interpretations, Possible purposes\nUltimately, it seemed unlikely that any media company, particularly the major studios and television network making Inferno and 12 Monkeys, would risk the negative publicity that would come from using the images in the spectrograms and a suggested threat against a U.S. president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0029-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, Interpretations, Possible purposes\nAnother theory connected the video to popular electronic musician Skrillex. In May, when the video had first been posted to the Internet, he released a song called \"Red Lips\". Shortly after Krahbichler's original post, he tweeted \"#REDLIPS #REDLIPS #REDLIPS\". It was speculated that it could be viral marketing for his work\u2014other musicians in that genre have been known to hide images in spectrograms\u2014or from some CDs of unreleased work that he said had been stolen from his hotel room. But if it was the former possibility, Krahblicher noted, \"the problem is that the hints towards the works being promoted are fairly weak\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0030-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, Interpretations, Possible purposes\nParker Warner Wright, whom both Krahblicher and The Daily Dot believed to be the creator of the video, said it and its sequel were the first in a series of art projects. He would not be specific on their themes or message. \"I see my work as waves on the ocean\", he told the latter. \"Some people look for shells in it, some surf, others\u2014dive\". He had always intended for them to be a series, regardless of whether they went viral or not. \"Currently, there is a call for more, and I aim to please\", he admitted. \"However, my art would move forward irrespective of external force. I have a call from within, I need to answer\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007520-0031-0000", "contents": "11B-X-1371, Interpretations, Possible purposes\nWright uploaded another video to his Facebook page entitled 110A30213 on November 5, 2016, three days prior to the 2016 United States presidential election. It features Wright addressing a crowd while dressed like a military officer or dictator. Krahbichler theorized that the video, which he deemed \"very political\", might have a message related to the election. He also felt that the date that Wright posted the video on his Facebook page could be a reference to Guy Fawkes' words \"Remember, remember, the 5th of November\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007521-0000-0000", "contents": "11B97\n11B97 was a Soviet nuclear electric rocket engine developed from 1978 through 1986. It was designed with enough propellent to work for 16,000 hours and the nuclear reactor would have had three years of life. It would have been capable of moving up to 100 tonnes of mass to a geostationary orbit, but was never flown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007522-0000-0000", "contents": "11C ME@HAPTHI\n[ 11C]ME@HAPTHI is a radiotracer of the norepinephrine transporter for positron emission tomography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007523-0000-0000", "contents": "11C-UCB-J\n11C-UCB-J is a PET tracer for imaging the synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A in the human brain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007523-0001-0000", "contents": "11C-UCB-J\nIt is used to study the brain changes associated with several diseases including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and depression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007524-0000-0000", "contents": "11D428\nThe 11D428A-16 (manufacturer's name RDMT-135M) is a liquid pressure-fed rocket engine burning N2O4/UDMH with an O/F of 1.85. It is used for crew-rated spacecraft propulsion applications. It is currently used in the KTDU-80 spacecraft propulsion module. The previous version, the 11D428A (manufacturer's name RDMT-135) is still used as the reaction control system thrusters of the Zvezda ISS module. The 11D428A-16 generates 129.16\u00a0N (29.04\u00a0lbf) of thrust with a chamber pressure of 0.88\u00a0MPa (128\u00a0psi) and achieves a specific impulse of 291\u00a0s (2.85\u00a0km/s). It is rated for 500,000 starts with a certified ignition time of 0.03 seconds to 2000 seconds. Each unit weights 1.5\u00a0kg (3.3\u00a0lb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007524-0001-0000", "contents": "11D428, Versions\nThis engine has been used with certain variations in manned Russian space program since the Salyut 6 in Soviet times. The three main versions are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007525-0000-0000", "contents": "11Eleven Project\nThe 11Eleven Project is a documentary film created by Danielle Lauren. The film features crowdsourced video footage, audio and images taken on 11 November 2011. The film premiered worldwide on 11 November 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007525-0001-0000", "contents": "11Eleven Project, Background\nCreative Director, Danielle Lauren, was inspired to initiate this project after watching documentary films Koyaanisqatsi and Powaqqatsi back-to-back in Perth in 2000. She wrote her idea down as \u2018A Day in The Life of The World Told by The People of Earth\u2019 after contemplating the idea of capturing various events happening at the same time. Lauren did not pursue the project until 11 years later, when the technology required to make it possible was prevalent in society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007525-0002-0000", "contents": "11Eleven Project, Background\nLauren has listed four main objectives in achieving the 11Eleven Project; to unite the world on a memorable date, to create a time capsule of the world at a stage in time, to reveal the similarities that exist amongst people worldwide, and to raise money and awareness to charities supporting the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007525-0003-0000", "contents": "11Eleven Project, Background\nLauren has also mentioned in a statement that \"11/11 is Remembrance Day and Armistice globally. In most of the major religions and philosophies, the number 11 is also considered a very spiritual number.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007525-0004-0000", "contents": "11Eleven Project, Production\nThe brief of the project was to submit video footage, audio recordings and/or images created on 11/11/11. This was publicly posted across various forms of social media and submitted to the project. Such networks used were Facebook, Twitter, SoundCloud and YouTube. The content of what was submitted was unrestricted for its contributors, with the only condition being that it must have been created on 11/11/11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007525-0005-0000", "contents": "11Eleven Project, Production\nPost-production commenced on 12 November 2011. Submissions were received from 179 countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007525-0006-0000", "contents": "11Eleven Project, Production\nA preview screening was held in Sydney Town Hall on 21 September 2012 to gather viewer feedback. The film premiered worldwide on 11 November 2012. Screening locations included Australia, the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Uganda and more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007525-0007-0000", "contents": "11Eleven Project, Production\nThe 11Eleven Project film soundtrack, which is also crowdsourced and user-generated, has been released on iTunes to purchase for download.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007525-0008-0000", "contents": "11Eleven Project, Production\nThe 11Eleven Project photographic book, containing 1440 photographs (one photo for every minute of 11/11/11), is due for release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007526-0000-0000", "contents": "11Live: Jars of Clay in Concert\n11Live: Jars of Clay in Concert is a concert video DVD recorded and released by Jars of Clay's tour in support of their studio album, The Eleventh Hour. The audio version of the tracks from the concert DVD appear on disc two of Furthermore: From the Studio, From the Stage, with the exception of \"Love Song for a Savior\", \"Unforgetful You\", \"The Edge of Water\" and \"Collide\", while the songs \"This Road\" and \"The Eleventh Hour\" are both omitted from this DVD release. 11Live features eighteen live performances and behind-the-scenes material with the band. There is also an Easter egg that can be found on the main title screen by clicking on the hour-glass in the lower-right corner which plays the live version of \"Frail\" recorded at the Stringtown concert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007527-0000-0000", "contents": "11P/Tempel\u2013Swift\u2013LINEAR\n11P/Tempel\u2013Swift\u2013LINEAR is a periodic Jupiter-family comet in the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007527-0001-0000", "contents": "11P/Tempel\u2013Swift\u2013LINEAR\nErnst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel (Marseille) originally discovered the comet on November 27, 1869, it was later observed by Lewis Swift (Warner Observatory) on October 11, 1880, and realised to be the same comet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007527-0002-0000", "contents": "11P/Tempel\u2013Swift\u2013LINEAR\nAfter 1908 the comet became an unobservable lost comet, but on December 7, 2001, an object was found by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) program, and confirmed by previous images from September 10 and October 17 as being the same comet. The comet was not observed during the 2008 unfavorable apparition because the perihelion passage occurred when the comet was on the far side of the Sun. The comet was observed during the 2014 and 2020 apparitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007528-0000-0000", "contents": "11Q13\n11Q13, also 11QMelch or the Melchizedek document, is a fragmentary manuscript among the Dead Sea Scrolls (from Cave 11) which mentions Melchizedek as leader of God's angels in a war in Heaven against the angels of darkness instead of the more familiar Archangel Michael. The text is an apocalyptic commentary on the Jubilee year of Leviticus 25. The Dead Sea Scrolls contain texts in Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek, the language of 11Q13 is Hebrew, date of composition is circa 100 BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007528-0001-0000", "contents": "11Q13, \"Elohim\"\nIn the fragmentary passage the term \"Elohim\" appears a dozen times, mainly referring to the God of Israel, but in commentary on \"who says to Zion \"Your Elohim reigns\" (Isa. 52;7) 11Q13 states that Zion is the congregation of all the sons of righteousness, while Melchizedek is \"Your Elohim\" whowill deliver the sons of righteousness from Belial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007528-0002-0000", "contents": "11Q13, Content\n11QMelchII... And concerning that which He said, In [this] year ofJubilee [each of you shall return to his property (Lev. xxv, 13); and likewise, And this is the manner of release:] every creditor shall release that which he has lent [to his neighbour. He shall not exact it of his neighbour and his brother], for God's release [has been proclaimed] (Deut. xv, 2). [ And it will be proclaimed at] the end of days concerning the captives as [He said, To proclaim liberty to the captives (Isa. lxi, 1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007528-0002-0001", "contents": "11Q13, Content\nIts interpretation is that He] will assign them to the Sons of Heaven and to the inheritance of Melchizedek; f[or He will cast] their [lot] amid the po[rtions of Melchize]dek, who will return them there and will proclaim to them liberty, forgiving them [the wrong-doings] of all their iniquities. And this thing will [occur] in the first week of the Jubilee that follows the nine Jubilees. And the Day of Atonement is the e[nd of the] tenth [Ju]bilee, when all the Sons of [Light] and the men of the lot of Mel[chi]zedek will be atoned for. [", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007528-0002-0002", "contents": "11Q13, Content\nAnd] a statute concerns them [to prov]ide them with their rewards. For this is the moment of the Year of Grace for Melchizedek. [ And h]e will, by his strength, judge the holy ones of God, executing judgement as it is written concerning him in the Songs of David, who said, ELOHIM has taken his place in the divine council; in the midst of the gods he holds judgement (Psalms lxxxii, 1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007528-0002-0003", "contents": "11Q13, Content\nAnd it was concerning him that he said, (Let the assembly of the peoples) return to the height above them; EL (god) will judge the peoples (Psalms vii, 7-8). As for that which he s[aid, Howlong will you] judge unjustly and showpartiality to the wicked? Selah (Psalms lxxxii, 2), its interpretation concerns Belial and the spirits of his lot [who] rebelled by turning away from the precepts of God to ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007528-0002-0004", "contents": "11Q13, Content\nAnd Melchizedek will avenge the vengeance of the judgements of God... and he will drag [them from the hand of] Belial and from the hand of all the sp[irits of] his [lot].And all the 'gods [of Justice'] will come to his aid [to] attend to the de[struction] of Belial. And the height is ... all the sons of God... this ... This is the day of [Peace/Salvation] concerning which [God] spoke [through Isa]iah the prophet, who said, [", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007528-0002-0005", "contents": "11Q13, Content\nHow] beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of the messenger who proclaims peace, who brings good news, who proclaims salvation, who says to Zion: Your ELOHIM [reigns] (Isa. lii, 7). Its interpretation; the mountains are the prophets... and the messenger is the Anointed one of the spirit, concerning whom Dan[iel] said, [Until an anointed one, a prince (Dan. ix, 25)] ... [ And he who brings] good [news] , who proclaims [salvation]: it is concerning him that it is written... [ To comfort all who mourn, to grant to those who mourn in Zion] (Isa. lxi, 2-3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007528-0002-0006", "contents": "11Q13, Content\nTo comfort [those who mourn: its interpretation], to make them understand all the ages of t[ime] ... In truth ... will turn away from Belial... by the judgement[s] of God, as it is written concerning him, [who says to Zion]\u00a0; your ELOHIM reigns. Zion is ..., those who uphold the Covenant, who turn from walking [in] the way of the people. And your ELOHIM is [Melchizedek, who will save them from] the hand of Belial. As for that which He said, Then you shall send abroad the trump[et in] all the land (Lev. xxv, 9) ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007529-0000-0000", "contents": "11Q18 New Jerusalem\n11Q18 is a Dead Sea Scroll discovered in Cave 11 that speaks of a New Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007530-0000-0000", "contents": "11S globulin family\n11S globulin family is a family of globulin proteins chiefly found in seeds of legumes (legumin-like), along with 7S family, often found in a protein fraction within an protein isolate. They are used as storage of important nutrients for plant growth, and therefore hardy enough to pass through the human digestive system unscathed. One common example of an 11S globulin includes glycinin derived from soy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007530-0001-0000", "contents": "11S globulin family, Name\nThe term 11S refers to the sedimentation coefficient, with a range of 10.5\u201313 versus the vicilin-like globulins (7S family) with coefficients of 7.0\u20139.0", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007530-0002-0000", "contents": "11S globulin family, Characteristics\nIt is characterized by a hexamer (with hexagonal shape). Several residues are conserved among 11S family. Like other globulins, they are not completely digested and broken into amino acids and have the potential to bind to various proteins in the body and can exert effects independent of their amino acids constituents, even after consumption. They tend to have high emulsifying effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007531-0000-0000", "contents": "11e r\u00e9giment parachutiste de choc\nThe 11e r\u00e9giment parachutiste de choc (\"11th shock parachute regiment), often called 11e choc, was an elite parachute regiment of the French Army. It used to serve as the armed branch of the SDECE. Its insignia, designed by lieutenant Dupas, features Bagheera in the moonlight and a golden wing. The motto is Qui ose gagne (\"who dares wins\"), in continuation of the tradition of the British Special Air Service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007531-0001-0000", "contents": "11e r\u00e9giment parachutiste de choc, History\nThe 11e choc was meant from the start to constitute a reserve of soldiers available to the French special services. The 11e choc was initially composed of one single battalion, the 11e bataillon parachutiste de choc. From 1 September 1946, it was stationed in Mont-Louis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007531-0002-0000", "contents": "11e r\u00e9giment parachutiste de choc, History\nIn the aftermath of the Second World War, an \"action service\" of the SDECE was created by Jacques Morlane. It grouped veterans of the Second World War having served in the Bataillon de Choc of 1936, in the 1er bataillon de choc (founded in 1943), or as SOE agents, as well as veterans of Indochina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007531-0003-0000", "contents": "11e r\u00e9giment parachutiste de choc, History\nIn spring of 1947, Morlane sent R. Mautaint in Mont-Louis to train the new unit. Mautaint had authored numerous reports on SOE training that inspired that of the French services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007531-0004-0000", "contents": "11e r\u00e9giment parachutiste de choc, History\nIn July 1947, as the complement of the 11e choc grew, Morlane nominated Paul Aussaresses to replace Mautaint. Aussaresses described his mission as \"perform what was by then called 'psychological warfare', wherever it was necessary, notably in Indochina (...) I trained my men for clandestine operations, airborne or otherwise, that could range from building demolition to sabotage or elimination of enemies\". From 1952, elements of the 11e choc were sent to Indochina to lead and train the Groupement de commandos mixtes a\u00e9roport\u00e9s (GCMA), though the 11e Choc did not take part in the conflict as a unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007531-0005-0000", "contents": "11e r\u00e9giment parachutiste de choc, History\nBack from Indochina in 1952, Aussaresses was tasked to assassinate supporters of the FLN. Morlane \"was convinced that a Soviet invasion was imminent, and had been busy constituting secret weapon caches all over the territory so that, when time would come, a resistance could be organised\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007531-0006-0000", "contents": "11e r\u00e9giment parachutiste de choc, History\nOn 1 October 1955, a 12e bataillon parachutiste de choc was created. It was stationed in Calvi and Corte, in Corsica. Together, the 11th and 12th Battalions were the 11e demi-brigade parachutiste de choc (11e DBPC), also formed on 1 October. The insignia of the 12e BPC featured an eagle and a star on a parachute background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007531-0007-0000", "contents": "11e r\u00e9giment parachutiste de choc, History\nIn late October 1956, elements of both battalions took part in the Suez Crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007531-0008-0000", "contents": "11e r\u00e9giment parachutiste de choc, History\nThe 12e BPC was disbanded on 30 April 1957 and immediately re-created as the 1er bataillon parachutiste de choc. Its insignia featured a dagger with a map of France as background, and its motto was En pointe toujours (\"at the tip, always\"). From 1 May 1957, the 11e DBPC was thus constituted of the 11th BPC, the 1st BPC and the bataillon d'instruction sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 (BIS, \"training special battalion\"), based in Calvi, Cort\u00e9, Collioure, and Mont-Louis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007531-0009-0000", "contents": "11e r\u00e9giment parachutiste de choc, History\nDuring the Algerian War, the 11e Choc at first deployed a groupement l\u00e9ger d'intervention (GLI, \"light intervention group\"), and later a groupement de marche (GM 11.DBPC), as well as local antennas of the \"action service\", and a specialised detachment called DS 111.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007531-0010-0000", "contents": "11e r\u00e9giment parachutiste de choc, History\nThe 11e Choc did not take part in the Algiers putsch of 1961, but some officers did sympathise towards the putschists. The unit was disbanded on 31 December 1963 and its standard handed over to the National Commando Training Centre at Mont-Louis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007531-0011-0000", "contents": "11e r\u00e9giment parachutiste de choc, History\nIn 1985, general Ren\u00e9 Imbot, director of the DGSE, re-created the 11e Choc as the 11e r\u00e9giment parachutiste de choc (11e RPC). In 1988, elements took part in the Ouv\u00e9a cave assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007531-0012-0000", "contents": "11e r\u00e9giment parachutiste de choc, History\nThe restructuring of the French Intelligence and Special Operations organs following the Gulf War entailed the disbanding of the 11e RPC on 31 December 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007533-0000-0000", "contents": "11eyes: Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Sh\u014djo\n11eyes: Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Sh\u014djo (Japanese: 11eyes -\u7f6a\u3068\u7f70\u3068\u8d16\u3044\u306e\u5c11\u5973-, lit. 11eyes: Sin, Damnation, and the Atonement Girl), known simply as 11eyes in its anime adaptation, is a Japanese adult visual novel developed and published by Lass first released on April 25, 2008, for a Microsoft Windows PC as a DVD; 11 eyes is Lass' fourth game. A port playable on the Xbox 360 entitled 11eyes CrossOver was released on April 2, 2009, published by 5pb.. A manga adaptation illustrated by Naoto Ayano began serialization in the October 2009 issue of Kadokawa Shoten's Comp Ace magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007533-0000-0001", "contents": "11eyes: Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Sh\u014djo\nAn anime television series adaptation by Doga Kobo aired in Japan from October to December 2009. A fan disc for Windows entitled 11eyes -Resona Forma- was planned for release at Fall 2010. The anime has been licensed in North America by Sentai Filmworks; distributor Section23 Films announced that it would release the complete box set on January 11, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007533-0001-0000", "contents": "11eyes: Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Sh\u014djo, Plot\nSince losing his sister seven years ago, Kakeru Satsuki has led a vacant life. He has only been able to return to normal with help from his childhood friend, Yuka Minase, and other friends at school. Then one day the sky turns red, the moon turns black, everyone around Kakeru and Yuka disappears and monsters start roaming the streets. This virtual world is nicknamed \"Red Night\" by the pair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 47], "content_span": [48, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007533-0001-0001", "contents": "11eyes: Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Sh\u014djo, Plot\nAfter several more incidents, they find four other humans affected by this mysterious phenomenon: Misuzu Kusakabe, a red-haired onmyouji swordswoman; Kukuri Tachibana, a strange mute girl who resembles Kakeru's deceased sister in both looks and name; Yukiko Hirohara, a lively young girl who takes on the personality of a cold killer when her glasses are removed; and Takahisa Tajima, a young pyrokineticist with a heated attitude to boot. Kakeru wants to protect Yuka in return for her constant support and kindness, but is unable to awaken his own hidden power, which Misuzu promises will eventually appear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 47], "content_span": [48, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007533-0001-0002", "contents": "11eyes: Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Sh\u014djo, Plot\nThe six of them band together to survive with their special powers, but are soon targeted by grotesque creatures nicknamed \"Black Knights\" whose ultimate goal is to kill them. The plot thickens when the teenagers find a girl named Lisette trapped in a red crystal guarded by the Black Knights, who begs them to save her from this prison. What is the mystery behind this mysterious phenomenon of Red Night? Who are the Black Knights, and how are they connected to Lisette? Furthermore, is Kukuri's resemblance to Kakeru's dead sister really coincidence? What about Yuka and Kakeru's powers?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 47], "content_span": [48, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007533-0002-0000", "contents": "11eyes: Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Sh\u014djo, Media, Anime\nKakeru and Yuka are thrown back into the Red Night dimension again. This time they meet a strong young woman named Misuzu Kusakabe, a senior at Rainbow High who saves them from a horde of the evil nightmarish creatures using a lightning sword. As they run away, the two question Mizusu about this world, which she believes to be another dimension created by someone, thus reflecting the same scenery but running on different space-time. Misuzu asks them if they possess any special powers like herself, and the answer is no.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007533-0002-0001", "contents": "11eyes: Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Sh\u014djo, Media, Anime\nThe trio then try to make their way to the crystal towers in the center of the city, which according to Misuzu are full of powerful energy, for a chance of escape. However, an odd insect-like woman appears before them and declares that they cannot pass. At that, the woman and Misuzu begin to duel. Instead of fighting to win, Misuzu, Yuka and Kakeru are successful in their attempt to flee to the crystal towers, where they stumble upon a young maiden trapped within a crystal. She introduces herself as Lisette and Misuzu believes her to be an enemy who created this world. The trio are attacked by some much-stronger adversaries, earning them the name of \"Black Knight\" due to their blackish appearance but once again find themselves returned to the normal world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007533-0003-0000", "contents": "11eyes: Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Sh\u014djo, Media, Anime\nThe Black Knights converse over the Fragments. Yuka awakens the next morning to see Kakeru dozing on a chair beside her bed. He enquires if she is alright and Yuka assures him and declares she wishes to protect him. Downstairs in the living room, Misuzu and Takahisa discuss Yuka's power, the Red Night and the reason they are chased by the Black Knights. Kakeru confronts Kukuri about the notebook and asks her to leave Yuka alone. After Takahisa leaves to in search of Yukiko, Misuzu checks the oni barrier around her house, which shows hairline cracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007533-0003-0001", "contents": "11eyes: Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Sh\u014djo, Media, Anime\nMeanwhile Yukiko tells Takahisa about how much everyone means to her and how much loss she has suffered as Kakeru follows Misuzu to her dojo, where Misuzu shows him the mark branded into her shoulder. She then cuts herself and offers Kakeru the power of the Kusakabe by drinking her blood. Yuka witnesses this intimate moment and then faints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007533-0004-0000", "contents": "11eyes: Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Sh\u014djo, Media, Anime\nShiori comes and tells Kakeru and Misuzu everything about the Red Night and about the Black Knights, revealing herself to be a young magician and librarian of a secret magical organization called the Index. In her explanation, she shows several key facts, starting with the girl in the crystal, Lisette. Lisette is actually the mirror image of a wicked witch named Liselotte, who seeks to destroy the world to fulfill her lover, a man named Verard's, dying wish. 64 years prior, Liselotte was sealed away by Index using a forbidden spell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007533-0004-0001", "contents": "11eyes: Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Sh\u014djo, Media, Anime\nHowever, by doing so, the various members that accomplished it turned into hideous creatures who are now called the Black Knights, who guard Liselotte's seal. While Liselotte remains trapped, due to her immortality, her soul could only be separated, so that is what the Black Knights did. They split her soul into seven pieces and threw them into different human bodies that resided in different parallel worlds, which have now all been brought together mysteriously in the same world in the form of Kakeru, Yuka, Yukiko, Misuzu, Takahisa, Kukuri, and Shiori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007533-0004-0002", "contents": "11eyes: Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Sh\u014djo, Media, Anime\nIf all the fragments of her soul are recollected into Liselotte's body, she can grant her wish to destroy the world by sending it into Hell via the black moon. This makes the Black Knights hunt them for their souls. Shiori is forced to stop when the Red Night appears, and the group is immediately engaged in battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007533-0005-0000", "contents": "11eyes: Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Sh\u014djo, Media, Anime\nLiselotte awakens and proceeds to kill Yuka and absorb her fragment. Kakeru envisions the flashback and try to reflect the power, but fails. Now that Yuka and Yukiko's fragments have been absorbed, Liselotte gains her dark powers again. Avaritia, in order to protect the remaining fragments, teleport Misuzu and Kakeru out of the Red Night, while Shiori stays behind to fight Liselotte alongside Misao and Avaritia (in his dragon form, Georgius.) Meanwhile, Kakeru and Misuzu try to find out if Yuka is still alive and tries to find their way back into the Red Night. As Shiori is about to be absorbed and killed by Liselotte, Kukuri appears and transforms into Abraxus, the spirit inhabiting her body and Misao tries to hold Liselotte still while Avaritia fires a blast at them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007533-0006-0000", "contents": "11eyes: Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Sh\u014djo, Media, Music\nThe original 11eyes visual novel has three pieces of theme music; one opening theme, one ending theme, and one insert song. The opening theme is \"Lunatic Tears\" by Ayane, the ending theme is \"Kegare Naki Yume\" (\u7a62\u308c\u4ea1\u304d\u5922) by Asriel, and the insert song is \"B\u014dkyaku no Tsurugi\" (\u5fd8\u5374\u306e\u5263) by Ayane. 11eyes CrossOver has one opening theme, \"Endless Tears...\" by Ayane, and one ending theme, \"Tsuioku no Chikai\" (\u8ffd\u61b6\u306e\u8a93\u3044) by Asriel. A soundtrack album of music from the games was released on May 5, 2009, by Lass, although it was never sold commercially. The anime series' opening theme is \"Arrival of Tears\" by Ayane, and the ending theme is \"Sequentia\" by Asriel. The trailer of the PSP version of 11eyes Crossover used the song \"Shinjitsu e no Requiem\" (\u771f\u5b9f\u30d8\u306e\u93ae\u9b42\u6b4c) by Ayane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007533-0007-0000", "contents": "11eyes: Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Sh\u014djo, Reception\nThe anime's music was cited as one of its strong points by Anime News Network's Theron Martin. Martin said 11 Eyes tries to \"do something different\" for the genre but it doesn't have \"the caliber\" for this. He praised some things: the plot twist, and the second half of the series but he stated the good moments are \"infrequent\". Chris Beveridge from Mania.com compared it with Venus Versus Virus, and noted 11 Eyes \"has some nice ideas but didn't execute it well\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007534-0000-0000", "contents": "11gatsu no Anklet\n\"11gatsu no Anklet\" (11\u6708\u306e\u30a2\u30f3\u30af\u30ec\u30c3\u30c8, J\u016bichi gatsu no ankuretto, \"November's Anklet\") is the 50th single by AKB48, released on November 22, 2017. The song was performed during CDTV's Halloween Special Festival and Mayu Watanabe's graduation concert before its release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007534-0001-0000", "contents": "11gatsu no Anklet\nThe coupling song \"Ikiru koto ni Nekkyou wo\" was performed on the group's variety show AKBingo! on October 4, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007534-0002-0000", "contents": "11gatsu no Anklet\nIt is also Mayu Watanabe's last single appearance with the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007534-0003-0000", "contents": "11gatsu no Anklet, Release and Promotion\nThe CD was released in various editions: five limited editions (Type A, Type B, Type C, Type D and Type E) as well as five regular editions (Type A, B, C, D and E) and a Theater Edition. The center for this single is Mayu Watanabe and this is her last single as an AKB48 member.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007534-0004-0000", "contents": "11gatsu no Anklet, Release and Promotion\nA short version for the music was released on YouTube on October 29, 2017. The full version was released on YouTube on March 13, 2018, after the 51st single, \"Jabaja\"'s music video was released on February 27, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007535-0000-0000", "contents": "11i (album)\n11i is the third studio album by Supreme Beings of Leisure. It was released in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007536-0000-0000", "contents": "11me Escadrille de Chasse\nThe 11\u00e8me Escadrille de Chasse was the third and last fighter squadron of the Belgian Air Component during World War I. It was organized as a dedicated fighter unit in March 1918, to fill out a fighter wing that supported the Belgian Army's advance near war's end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007536-0001-0000", "contents": "11me Escadrille de Chasse, History\nThe 11\u00e8me Escadrille de Chasse was founded in March 1918 as the third dedicated squadron of the newly formed Groupe de Chasse of the Aviation Militaire Belge. It would take until 28 May for the new squadron to become operational. The new unit used a unit insignia upon its airplanes that was adopted from Willy Coppens's personal insignia with his consent. The new escadrille scored its first victory on 27 September 1918. In its short existence, the squadron claimed twelve wins and was credited with seven verified aerial victories. In turn, it suffered two pilots KIA and one pilot WIA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007536-0002-0000", "contents": "11me Escadrille de Chasse, Aircraft\nThe squadron was founded with castoff Sopwith Camels from 1\u00e8re Escadrille de Chasse as well as a few Hanriot HD.1s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007536-0003-0000", "contents": "11me Escadrille de Chasse, Operations\nAt the start of World War I, Belgium was neutral. An overwhelming invasion by the German army left Belgium partially occupied by the end of 1914, with its preserved territory shielded by deliberate defensive flooding at Nieuwpoort by the Belgians. As a result, the Aviation Militaire Belgium was based in the diminished remnant of a small country, and performed largely in a static defensive mode. In March 1918, the 11\u00e8me Escadrille de Chasse was founded as a dedicated fighter squadron capable of being included in combined Allied operations. Its success coincided with the September 1918 Belgian Army advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007537-0000-0000", "contents": "11mm French Ordnance\nThe 11mm French Ordnance is a rimmed black powder cartridge intended for the 11 mm MAS 1873-1874 revolver in service with the French Army. The velocity and power of the first variant, equivalent to the .25 ACP, was weak for its time. The second variant, 1873\u201390, corresponded in power to the .32 ACP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007538-0000-0000", "contents": "11oz.\n11oz. is an EP by the Huntington Beach, California punk rock band Guttermouth, released in 1993 by Hopeless Records. It was the first release put out by the label and is currently out of print. The song \"Just a Fucking Lounge Version\" is a lounge-singer-esque recreation of their song \"Just A Fuck\" from the band's debut 7\" Puke, while \"Sid Vicious Was Innocent\" is a song originally performed by the Exploited, with altered lyrics written by Guttermouth. The EP's title and artwork are based on 11oz. bottles of Lucky Lager, which bore cryptograms inside their bottlecaps. The cryptogram on the cover equates to \"fingerbang Guttermouth piece of shit.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007539-0000-0000", "contents": "11s up (solitaire)\n11s Up is a multi-level speed game using one deck of playing cards. The object of the game is to remove the entire tableau by adding groups of cards that add up to 11. Alternate names include Ace Solitaire and +11 Solitaire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007539-0001-0000", "contents": "11s up (solitaire), Rules, Layout\n11s Up has a double diamond shaped tableau. Towards the bottom are the deck, the two dealt piles, and the discard pile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007539-0002-0000", "contents": "11s up (solitaire), Rules, Game-play\nRemove any two or more exposed cards that add up to 11, e.g. 4\u2666 + 3\u2660 + 2\u2663 + 1\u2663 + 1\u2666= 11 (note: Aces are given a value of 1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007539-0003-0000", "contents": "11s up (solitaire), Rules, Game-play\nOne card at a time is turned up from the deck. If the first card cannot be used, it is moved to the second dealt pile when you deal the next card. If the card in the second dealt pile cannot be used, it replaces empty spaces on the tableau. If there are no spaces available in the tableau, the card is discarded to the waste pile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007539-0004-0000", "contents": "11s up (solitaire), Rules, Game-play\nThe game ends when there are no more cards in the deck and no more cards can be removed. To win the entire tableau must be removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007539-0005-0000", "contents": "11s up (solitaire), Rules, Scoring\nEach card removed earns points, with point values determined by where the cards are located. There are many variations of scoring, one being the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007539-0006-0000", "contents": "11s up (solitaire), Rules, Scoring\nAn alternative scoring system awards 100 points for Dealt Piles, 200-500 points for Levels 1-4 respectively, and 800 points for Level 5, with a 10,000 point bonus for removing the entire tableau (excluding the extra fields).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007540-0000-0000", "contents": "11th (East Africa) Division\nThe 11th (East Africa) Infantry Division was a British Empire colonial unit formed in February 1943 during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007540-0001-0000", "contents": "11th (East Africa) Division, Formation\nIn 1943, the 11th (East Africa) Division was formed primarily of troops from British East Africa. The division should not be confused with the earlier 11th (African) Division which was composed of brigades both from British East Africa and from Nigeria in British West Africa, fought in the East African Campaign and was disbanded in late 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007540-0002-0000", "contents": "11th (East Africa) Division, Combat history\nThe Division was composed of troops from Kenya, Uganda, Nyasaland, Tanganyika, Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia, and from Belgian Congo. The 11th (East Africa) Division fought with the Fourteenth Army in Burma during the Burma Campaign. In the later part of 1944, the division pursued the Japanese retreating from Imphal down the Kabaw valley and established bridgeheads over the Chindwin River. In 1945, elements of the division played a part in the Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007540-0003-0000", "contents": "11th (East Africa) Division, Order of battle, 26th East African Brigade\nUnder Brig. V. K. H. Channer (to 18 November 1944), and Brig. A. P. Walsh (from 18 November 1944):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007541-0000-0000", "contents": "11th (North Auckland) Mounted Rifles\nThe 11th (North Auckland) Mounted Rifles was formed on 17 March 1911. They were mobilised during World War I as a squadron of the Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment. They served in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I and first saw action during the Battle of Gallipoli. As a part of the larger New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade (of the ANZAC Mounted Division) they went on to serve in the Sinai and Palestine campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007541-0001-0000", "contents": "11th (North Auckland) Mounted Rifles, Between the wars\nThey became the 9th New Zealand Mounted Rifles (North Auckland) in 1921 and later was renamed the North Auckland Mounted Rifles, which was absorbed into the 1st Armoured Regiment, on 29 March 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007542-0000-0000", "contents": "11th (Northern) Division\nThe 11th (Northern) Division, was an infantry division of the British Army during the First World War, raised from men who had volunteered for Lord Kitchener's New Armies. The division fought in the Gallipoli Campaign and on the Western Front. The division's insignia was an ankh or ankhus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007542-0001-0000", "contents": "11th (Northern) Division, History\nThe division came into existence on 21 August 1914 under Army Order No. 324, which authorised the formation of the first six new divisions of Kitchener's Army. The division was composed of early wartime volunteers and assembled at Belton Park near Grantham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007542-0002-0000", "contents": "11th (Northern) Division, History\nBy mid-1915, the recruits were judged to be ready for active service, and the division sailed for the Mediterranean in June-July 1915. As part of the Suvla Bay landing force, it reinforced the British expeditionary force at Gallipoli, on 7 August. The 6th (Service) Battalion, Alexandra, Princess of Wales Own (Yorkshire Regiment) (32nd Brigade) was the first \"Kitchener unit\" to be involved in a major offensive operation of the war. Its action at Lala Baba Hill, on 7 August, was costly: all but three of its officers were killed, including the CO, Colonel E. H. Chapman, were killed. Afterwards the hill was known to the Allies as York Hill. The division continued to serve at Gallipoli, suffering high casualties, until the evacuation of Suvla in December 1915. It then spent a period of time in Egypt, guarding the Suez Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007542-0003-0000", "contents": "11th (Northern) Division, History\nThe division was transferred to France in mid-1916 and saw action in the Battle of the Somme. It remained on the Western Front until the armistice of 11 November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007542-0004-0000", "contents": "11th (Northern) Division, History\nOn 28 June 1919, exactly five years since the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the 11th (Northern) Division was officially disbanded, having sustained more than 32,100 casualties during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007542-0005-0000", "contents": "11th (Northern) Division, Order of battle\n(Serving dismounted) \u2013 attached at Suvla 9 October to 15 November 1915", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007543-0000-0000", "contents": "11th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards\nThe 11th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, presented by AARP the Magazine, honored films released in 2011 and were announced on January 20, 2012. The ceremony was hosted by actor Michael Nouri on February 6, 2012 at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Los Angeles. Sharon Stone was the winner of the annual Career Achievement Award, and Martin Scorsese won the award for Breakthrough Achievement for his film, Hugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007543-0001-0000", "contents": "11th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, Awards, Winners and nominees\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007544-0000-0000", "contents": "11th ALMA Awards\nThe 11th ALMA Awards honored the accomplishments made by Hispanics in film, television, and music in 2008. The ceremony was held on September 17, 2009 at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007544-0001-0000", "contents": "11th ALMA Awards\nThe ceremony aired on ABC for the last time after 9 years, moving to NBC in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007544-0002-0000", "contents": "11th ALMA Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe following is a list of the nominees from film, television, and music; the winners are bolded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007545-0000-0000", "contents": "11th AVN Awards\nThe 11th AVN Awards ceremony, organized by Adult Video News (AVN), honored pornographic films released in 1993 and took place on January 8, 1994, at Bally's Hotel and Casino in Paradise, Nevada beginning at 7:45\u00a0p.m. PST / 10:45\u00a0p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AVN presented AVN Awards in 78 categories. The ceremony was produced by Gary Miller. Actor Randy West hosted the show for the third time; his co-hosts were actresses Summer Knight and Janine Lindemulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007545-0001-0000", "contents": "11th AVN Awards\nJustine: Nothing to Hide 2 won eight awards, including Best Film and Best Director for Paul Thomas. A comedy, Haunted Nights, took six awards, while Hidden Obsessions and a gay movie, Romeo & Julian, each won four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007545-0002-0000", "contents": "11th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees\nJustine: Nothing to Hide 2 led all nominees with thirteen nominations; Whispered Lies had twelve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007545-0003-0000", "contents": "11th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe winners were announced during the awards ceremony on January 8, 1994. Jonathan Morgan took home four statuettes, the best showing ever for a male performer. Mike Horner\u2019s award for Best Actor\u2014Film tied him with Eric Edwards as the only other three-time best actor winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007545-0004-0000", "contents": "11th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Major awards\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007545-0005-0000", "contents": "11th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Additional award winners\nThese awards were also announced at the awards show, in two winners-only segments read by Angela Summers and Summer Knight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007545-0006-0000", "contents": "11th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Honorary AVN Awards, Hall of Fame\nAVN Hall of Fame inductees for 1994 were: Buck Adams, Juliet Anderson, Bionca, Tiffany Clark, Lisa De Leeuw, Steve Drake, Harold Lime, Robert McCallum, Ed Powers, Janus Rainer, Mitchell Spinelli, Raven Touchstone", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 72], "content_span": [73, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007545-0007-0000", "contents": "11th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Multiple nominations and awards\nAmong the movies receiving the most nominations were: Justine: Nothing to Hide 2 with 13, Whispered Lies with 12 and Haunted Nights with nine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 70], "content_span": [71, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007545-0008-0000", "contents": "11th AVN Awards, Presenters and performers\nThe following individuals, in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. The show's trophy girls were Christina Angel and Felecia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007545-0009-0000", "contents": "11th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nActor Randy West hosted the show for the third consecutive year. His co-host for the first half of the show was Janine Lindemulder while Summer Knight co-hosted the last half. Randy West opened the show with a song, \u201cWhat Do You Call a Movie?\u201d, the lyrics of which contained titles of about 40 movies from the past year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007545-0010-0000", "contents": "11th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nSeveral other people were involved with the production of the ceremony. The live show was produced by Gary Miller while musical direction was undertaken by Mark J. Miller. A VHS videotape of the show was also published and sold by VCA Pictures, which was produced and directed by S. Marco Di Mercurio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007545-0011-0000", "contents": "11th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nJust prior to presentation of the award for Best All-Girl Sex Scene\u2014Video, Shane pulled out an engagement ring at the podium and proposed marriage to her co-presenter Seymore Butts. A surprised Seymore Butts then pulled an engagement ring out of his pocket and said he had also intended to propose to Shane that evening, then promptly went down on his knees to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007545-0012-0000", "contents": "11th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nThere were several new categories this year, or categories now split in two between film and video: Best Sex Scene\u2014Film (Group), Best Sex Scene\u2014Film (Couple), Best Sex Scene\u2014Film (All-Girl), Best Sex Scene\u2014Video (Group), Best Sex Scene\u2014Video (Couple), Best Sex Scene\u2014Video (All-Girl), Best Anal Sex Scene, Best Art Direction\u2014Film, Best Art Direction\u2014Video, Best Explicit Series, Best Foreign Release, Best Amateur Series, Best Pro-Am Series, Best Alternative Release\u2014Video, Best Alternative Release\u2014Film, Best Gay Alternative Video Release, Best Gay Alternative Specialty Video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007545-0013-0000", "contents": "11th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nHidden Obsessions was announced as the top selling movie of the year, while New Wave Hookers 3 was announced as the top renting tape of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007546-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Academy Awards\nThe 11th Academy Awards were held on February 23, 1939, at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, California. It was the first Academy Awards show without any official host. This was also the first ceremony in which a foreign language film (Jean Renoir's Grand Illusion) was nominated for Best Picture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007546-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Academy Awards\nFrank Capra became the first person to win three Best Director awards, to be followed by John Ford (who would go on to win four) and William Wyler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007546-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Academy Awards\nThis was the first of only two times in Oscar history that three of the four acting awards were won by repeat winners; only Fay Bainter was a first-time award winner. The only other time that this happened was at the 67th Academy Awards in 1994. Fay Bainter also was the first actress in the history of the Oscars to receive two acting nominations in the same year. In addition, Spencer Tracy became the first of only two lead actors to win two years in a row; the other one, Tom Hanks, also did so in 1994. George Bernard Shaw's screenplay win would make him the only person to win both a Nobel Prize and an Academy Award until Bob Dylan received the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2001 and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007546-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Academy Awards\nRadio coverage was banned at the 1939 ceremony. A reporter, George Fischer from Mutual Radio Network, KHJ, Los Angeles, which had been reporting from the Academy Awards since 1930, locked himself into a booth and was able to broadcast for about 12-minutes before security guards broke down the door. Partial radio coverage was permitted again at the 1942 ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron\nThe 11th Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron\nThe squadron was assigned as a Day Bombardment Squadron, performing long-range bombing attacks on roads and railroads; destruction of materiel and massed troop formations behind enemy lines. It also performed strategic reconnaissance over enemy-controlled territory, and tactical bombing attacks on enemy forces in support of Army offensive operations. After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron returned to the United States in May 1919 and became part of the permanent United States Army Air Service in 1921, being re-designated as the 11th Squadron (Bombardment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron\nThe 11th earned battle honors for the Lorraine, St. Mihiel, and Meuse-Argonne Offensives. George McManus, creator of the Mr. Jiggs in his syndicated comic strip, Bringing Up Father, was a member of the squadron and designer of the squadron insignia, a mischievous Jiggs expressing devilment and hustling along with a bomb under one arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron\nThe current United States Air Force unit which holds its lineage and history is the 11th Bomb Squadron, assigned to the 2d Operations Group, Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nThe 11th Aero Squadron was organized at Kelly Field, Texas on 26 June 1917. It was initially formed as 2d Company B, Provisional Aviation School Squadron. After initial training in drill and basic soldiering, the squadron was ordered to Scott Field, Illinois on 10 August 1917. At Scott Field, the 11th was assigned to assemble and train on Curtiss JN-4D and Standard J-1 trainers. After three and a half months, orders for overseas duty were received and on 6 December and moved to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, New York. After a week of preparation, the squadron sailed on the RMS Orduna on 17 December, arriving at Glasgow, Scotland on 31 December. It boarded a train at Glasgow and proceeded to the American Rest Camp, Winchester, England on 1 January 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England\nAt Winchester, the 11th was attached to the British Royal Flying Corps for technical training prior to being sent to combat in France. A and D Flights were sent to the RFC No. 1 Training Depot Station (No 1 T.D.S) at RFC Stamford, Lincolnshire; B Flight was sent to No. 10 T.D.S at RFC Harling Road, Norfolk, and C Flight to No. 7 T.D.S, RFC Feltwell, Norfolk. At these stations, personnel received training on maintaining various English and French aircraft being used at the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0005-0001", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England\nOn 1 May, the squadron was re-assembled at No 1 T.D.S at Stamford and began a period of advanced training and began instructional duty for newly assigned Air Service personnel. On 24 June, it was moved to RFC Waddington, Lincolnshire, where again they acted as instructors for newly assigned Air Service units. A final move to Winchester was made on 7 August where the squadron received its final inspection by the RFC and was issued some basic equipment prior to its move to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nIt crossed the English Channel on 13 August, arriving at the port of Le Havre, where it boarded a troop train arriving at the Air Service Replacement Concentration Barracks, Saint Maixent, on the 14th. After a stay of five days for final equipment issue, the 11th Aero Squadron was moved to the \"Zone of Advance\" (the Western Front), transiting through the Air Service Production Center No. 2, at Romorantin, before reaching Delouze Aerodrome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0006-0001", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nThere the 11th was designated as a Day Bombardment squadron, and to be assigned to the 1st Day Bombardment Group when it was formed on next 10 September. On 1 September 1918, seven teams of pilots and observers/bombardiers reported, ferrying a complement of American-built Dayton-Wright DH-4 aircraft from the 1st Air Depot at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome. A period of time was spent giving the DH-4s a through overhauling, before proceeding to Amanty Airdrome on 6 September where the squadron was organized into a combat unit and familiarization flights were made. Another move to Maulan Aerodrome on 24 September was made which would be where the 11th AS would enter combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nThe first combat mission was flown on 26 September when a formation of nine aircraft crossed enemy lines on a bombing raid on Etain, flying at 12,000 feet. The raid was assessed as being very successful, and all the US aircraft returned to Maulan. The 11th didn't carry out a raid again until 2 October, although several of its flying crews were loaned to the 96th Aero Squadron to operate that unit's Breguet XIVs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0007-0001", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nOn 1 October the 11th and 20th Aero Squadrons experimented with a large combined formation, with each unit forming one arm of a \"V\"; the 11th formed the left arm and the 20th the right arm. However the 11th was having severe problems with the Liberty V-12 engines of its DH-4s and the formation broke up shortly after and the raid was abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nThe squadron's next combat mission was a bombing raid on Saint-Juvin on 2 October. The bombing was assessed as successful, and all the squadron aircraft returned to Maulan. On 4 October, a successful afternoon raid on Doulcon was carried out by the 11th and 20th Aero Squadrons. On 5 October the squadron bombed Aincreville from 15,000 feet with six airplanes. 6 October saw eight aircraft from the squadron raided Doulcon, about 45\u00a0km north west of Verdun, in a trial of low-level bombing from 4,000 feet. Although the DH-4s experienced heavy fire from ground machine guns, no enemy aircraft were seen and all the US aircraft returned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nThe squadron's next raid was three days later, on 9 October, when seven DH-4s bombed Saint-Juvin from 10,000 feet. The next day, the squadron carried out a morning raid on the railway yards at Milly-sur-Bradon on 10 October from 12,000 feet and returned safely. The afternoon saw another raid on Milly-sur-Bradon, which was bombed from 11,500 feet by eight aircraft. A third raid on Milly-sur-Bradon was ordered in the late afternoon, and the DH-4s were made ready, but the operation was cancelled before takeoff. On 18 October, eleven DH-4s bombed Bayonville though mist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0009-0001", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nOn 23 October the squadron took part in a combined group raid on Buzancy when five Fokkers were seen near Bayonville, followed by another five Fokkers and one Albatross south of Buzancy. One enemy aircraft went down 'out of control' near Imecourt. A German aerodrome between Barricourt and Bayonville was visited by 10 squadron DH-4s on 31 October, and the formation was attacked by ten Fokkers over Tailly. The 11th also bombed Martincourt on 3 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nOn 4 November 12 aircraft took off to bomb Cheveney le Ch\u00e2teau from 12,000 feet. Three aircraft were forced to turn back with engine problems before the formation reached the Lines. Back at Maulan, 1Lt Cyrus J Gatton, from Bozeman, Montana, a flight commander and veteran of 12 missions with the French and 13 with the Air Service, and 2Lt G E Bures, a four-mission veteran from Cicero, Illinois, both of whom had just returned to the squadron from leave, volunteered to reinforce the raiders. Five minutes after the departure of the main formation, they took off from Maulan in another DH-4 and endeavored to catch up with the formation, only to be shot down when in sight of the main body, probably by flak. Both airmen were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nAfter bombing, the formation was attacked by about twenty Fokker D VIIs from Jagdgeschwader 1's Jasta 11, one of which was flown by Ltn Friedrich Noltenius, an ace then credited with 20 victories. Noltenius concentrated on AS 32905, flown by 1Lt Dana E. Coates with 2Lt Lauren Thrall as observer, and hit the fuel tank, setting the aircraft on fire. It was Noltenius's 21st, and last, victory of the War. The DH-4 crashed near the town of Stenay and the crew was killed; they were buried by French civilians. (Although the DH-4 was nicknamed 'The Flaming Coffin', only eight of the 33 Air Service DH-4s lost to enemy action were shot down in flames.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nA raid on Mouzon by the 11th Aero Squadron on 5 November was abandoned due to adverse weather; it was the squadron's last operation of the War. The Armistice came into effect at 11.00 (Allied time) on 11 November 1918. In combat, the 11th Aero Squadron made 32 bombing raids, engaged in 17 combats, and credited with 13 victories. The squadron suffered 20 casualties: 10 killed, 1 wounded, 8 prisoners, and 1 missing in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nWith the sudden end of combat, the Air Service was slow to return its personnel back to the United States. The 11th Aero Squadron initially remained at Maulan Airdrome until mid-January 1919 when orders were received for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's DH-4 aircraft were delivered to the Air Service Production Center No. 2. at Romorantin Aerodrome, and there, practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nPersonnel were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to one of several staging camps in France . The 11th was moved to several stations for the next several months while awaiting scheduling to report to one of the base ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nFinally on 16 April, it was ordered to proceed to the port of Bordeaux, where it boarded a troop ship for the voyage back to the United States. Leaving on 21 April 1919, it arrived in the Port of New York City about 30 April where it transferred to Camp Mills, Long Island the next day. There most of the men of the 11th Aero Squadron were demobilized, and returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007547-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Aero Squadron, History, Notable personnel\nDSC: Distinguished Service Cross; SSC: Silver Star Citation KIA: Killed In Action", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007548-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Africa Movie Academy Awards\nThe 2015 Africa Movie Academy Awards ceremony honouring films of 2014 was scheduled to take place in June 2015 but held on 26 September 2015. The gala night was moved to June as opposed to the regular March\u2013May season in honour of Michael Anyiam-Osigwe, a longtime entertainment patron and brother to the founder and former C.E.O. of the award ceremony, Peace Anyiam-Osigwe. This years' award will be the first in the post-Osigwe's era of the ceremony, after her formal resignation in March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007548-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Africa Movie Academy Awards, Ceremony information\nEntries to the ceremony were originally opened from 1 September 2014 to 1 December 2014. However, the closing date was extended to 31 January 2015 to enable more entries. Films and documentaries that were produced from December 2013 to December 2014 were eligible for selection. A total of 800 films were submitted to the Film Academy. The nomination ceremony was held in May before the Nigerian presidential inauguration date on the 29th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007549-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Air Corps (Germany)\nXI. Fliegerkorps (11th Air Corps) was a formation  of the German Luftwaffe in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007550-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)\nThe 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade is an air defense artillery brigade of the United States Army stationed at Fort Bliss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007550-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Lineage\nThe unit was initially constituted 25 January 1907 in the Regular Army as the 133rd Company, Coast Artillery Corps. Organized 1 August 1907 at Fort Terry, New York. Redesignated 3 July 1916 as the 3d Company, Fort Terry (New York). Redesignated 31 August 1917 as the 13th Company, Coast Defenses of Long Island Sound. Redesignated in December 1917 as Battery A, 56th Artillery (Coast Artillery Corps). Demobilized 31 July 1921 at Camp Jackson, South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007550-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Lineage\nReconstituted 1 June 1922 in the Regular Army; concurrently consolidated with the 4th Company, Coast Defenses of Long Island Sound (organized in June 1917 as the 7th Company, Fort H.G. Wright (New York); redesignated 31 August 1917 as the unit was redesignated as the 133rd Company, Coast Artillery Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007550-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Lineage\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Battery, 11th Antiaircraft Artillery Group was constituted 19 December 1942 in the Army of the United States as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 11th Antiaircraft Automatic Weapons Group. Activated 20 January 1943 at Camp Davis, North Carolina. Redesignated 26 May 1943 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 11th Antiaircraft Artillery Group. Inactivated 6 October 1945 in Germany. Allotted 9 December 1948 to the Regular Army. Activated 15 January 1949 at Fort Bliss, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007550-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Recent history\nThe brigade served in the Persian Gulf War, during which the brigade recorded the first intercept of a ballistic missile in combat. Prior to its deployment it consisted of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007550-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Recent history\n1st Battalion, 2nd ADA (Chaparral)2nd Battalion, 7th ADA (Patriot)3rd Battalion, 43rd ADA (Patriot)2nd Battalion, 1st ADA Task Force with 2-1 ADA (Hawk) and 2-43 ADA (Patriot)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007550-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Recent history\nThe 1st Battalion, 2nd ADA was left behind at Fort Stewart when the brigade deployed. Battery D, 1st Battalion, 7th ADA (Patriot) was attached from 94th ADA Brigade, 32nd AADCOM in Europe, and 2nd Battalion, 43rd ADA was attached from 10th ADA Brigade, 32nd AADCOM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007550-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Recent history\nThomas D. Dinackus notes that every battalion that was part of the brigade received the Valorous Unit Award, despite three of the battalions (those not equipped with Patriot) not having fired a single shot in anger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007551-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Air Defense Division\nThe 11th Air Defense Division (Serbo-Croatian: 11. divizija protivvazdu\u0161ne odbrane/ 11. \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435) was an air defense division established in 1964 1st Air Defense Zone (Serbo-Croatian: 1. zona protivvazdu\u0161ne odbrane / 1. \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007551-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Air Defense Division, History\nThe 1st Air Defense Zone was formed in 1964, and it was reorganized into 11th Air Defense Division on July 25, 1966. The divisions command was at Belgrade - Banjica. Its task was aerial defense of eastern part of the airspace of Yugoslavia. It has consisted from five regiments, two fighter aviation regiments, two rocket air defense regiments and one air reconnaissance regiment, and other smaller units. It was disbanded on February 28, 1986, when its command was reorganized into command of 1st Corps of Air Force and Air Defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007552-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Air Division\nThe 11th Air Division was an air division of the United States Air Force. It provided for the air defense of northern Alaska and supervised base operations at major and minor installations in that area. It furnished detachments at Ice Station Alpha, Drift Station Charlie (November 1957\u2013August 1960), and Drift Station Bravo (T-3) (Fletcher's Ice Island) (July 1959\u2013August 1960), in the Arctic Ocean.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007552-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Air Division, Lineage\nThe discontinuation and activation in April 1951 represents a change by the division's headquarters from a Table of Distribution unit to a Table of Organization unit. See List of MAJCOM wings of the United States Air Force", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007552-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Air Division, Lineage, Emblem\nA shield variegated azure (shades of blue) within a border argent, charged with eleven stars of blue, over all in bend a rocket or, tipped red, white and blue", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007552-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Air Division, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007553-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Air Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)\nThe 11th Air Fleet (\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u822a\u7a7a\u8266\u968a, Dai-J\u016bichi K\u014dk\u016b Kantai) was a grouping of naval aviation and surface units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007554-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 11th Air Refueling Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 340th Air Refueling Wing, stationed at Altus AFB, Oklahoma. It was inactivated on 1 October 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007554-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Air Refueling Squadron, History\nDuring World War II the squadron trained crews and technicians for photographic reconnaissance and mapping, 1942-1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007554-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Air Refueling Squadron, History\nReactivated in 1955 under Strategic Air Command (SAC) as a KC-97 air refueling squadron, it participated in SAC tests, exercises, and air refueling operations and other Air Force commands in North America, Europe, and the Pacific Far East, and Southeast Asia, from 1955 onward. It won numerous wards for its operational performance, including the Saunders Trophy for Outstanding Air Refueling Unit in 1970 and 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007554-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Air Refueling Squadron, History\nIt was upgraded in 1965 to the KC-135 Stratotanker jet. In 1972 the 11th supported two large-scale aircraft movements to Southeast Asia, 5\u20136 and 8\u20139 April, and on 12 May and over the next three days it deployed all available tankers and crews at Takhli RTAFB, Thailand. About one-half of squadron personnel formed a rear echelon at Altus AFB. The forward echelon manned the 4101st Air Refueling Squadron, Provisional. Some 11th ARS personnel were returning to Altus AFB on 4 November 1972, but some of the squadron remained on temporary duty in SEA. By January 1973 about half of the 11th's KC-135s had returned and by June 1973 all aircraft and crews had returned. The 11th continued its normal SEA support as well as its many other global commitments. The squadron refueled its first C-5 Galaxy on 1 May 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007554-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Air Refueling Squadron, History\nThe squadron's resources were divided on 1 July 1977, a part being retained by the 11th, the remainder used to man the new 340th Air Refueling Group, Heavy, and the 340th Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron. The new group was assigned to the 19th Air Division and the 11th to the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007554-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Air Refueling Squadron, History\nOn 19 September 1985 the 11th Air Refueling Squadron was consolidated with the 11th Combat Mapping Squadron, a unit that was last active 1 May 1944. This action was directed by Department of the Air Force Letter DAF/MPM 662q Attachment 1 (Active Units), 19 September 1985. The Consolidated Unit will retain the Designation of 11th Air Refueling Squadron, Heavy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007554-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Air Refueling Squadron, History\nThe squadron was inactivated in 1994 as part of the drawdown of the USAF after the end of the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007554-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Air Refueling Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007555-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Air Squadron (Japan)\nThe 11th Air Squadron (\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u98db\u884c\u6226\u968a - 11th Hiko Sentai) was flying unit of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service. The unit was established on 31 August 1938 at Harbin, Manchuria. The unit saw service in Manchuria during the Manchuria Incident, China during the Second Sino-Japanese War and Burma, Netherlands East Indies, Indochina, Rabaul, Solomon Islands, New Guinea, Philippines, Formosa and Japan during World War II. The unit was disbanded at Takahagi, Japan in late 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007556-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Air Support Operations Squadron\nThe United States Air Force's 11th Air Support Operations Squadron (11 ASOS) was a combat support unit located at Fort Hood, Texas. The 11 ASOS provides Tactical Command and Control of air power assets to the Joint Forces Air Component Commander and Joint Forces Land Component Commander for combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007556-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Air Support Operations Squadron\nAfter 24 years of service, the 11 ASOS was inactivated in a ceremony at Fort Hood, TX, on 21 June 2018. Personnel of the unit were absorbed into the 9th Air Support Operations Squadron, also based at Fort Hood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007557-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army\nThe 11th Army of VVS and PVO (11-\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0412\u0421 \u0438 \u041f\u0412\u041e) was a formation of the Russian Air Force, which was located in the Russian Far East and Pacific Coast area, and its zone of responsibility covered the Far East Military District. The 11th Army Air Force and Air Defense Army was reformed within the Eastern Military District on 14 August 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007557-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army\nIt was first formed during the Second World War from the Soviet Air Forces of the 2nd Red Banner Army. It was re-created in 1998 from the Soviet Air Defence Forces' 11th Air Defence Army units (except for a regiment of MiG-31 interceptor aircraft on the Kamchatka Peninsula, handed over by Russian Naval Aviation) and the 1st Air Army of the VVS. The 1st Army of the VVS had been reformed on 1 July 1957. In 2007 the commanding officer was Lieutenant General Valeriy Ivanov, former commander of the 1st Air Defence Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007557-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army\nThe 11th Army of VVS and PVO was disbanded in 2009 by being redesignated the 3rd Air and Air Defence Forces Command. The army was reformed once again in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007557-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, 11th Air Defence Army\nThe 11th Air Defence Army (or 11th Army of the Soviet Air Defence Forces, 11 A PVO) appears to have been formed in 1960. During the Soviet period, the 11th Air Defence Army gained headlines due to the defection of Viktor Belenko in September 1976, and the KAL 007 shootdown in 1983. The KAL 007 shootdown occurred on 1 September 1983. After a protracted ground-controlled interception, three Su-15 fighters from Dolinsk-Sokol airbase and a MiG-23 from Smirnykh Air Base managed to make visual contact with the Boeing 747 and later shot it down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007557-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, 11th Air Defence Army\nIn the late 1980s the 11th Air Defence Army of the Voyska PVO, as it was then, controlled two corps (23rd in Vladivostok & 8th in Komsomolsk) and three divisions (24th in Petropavlovsk, 29th in Blagoveshchenk and 6th in Okhotsk), 10 fighter aviation regiments (IAPs), 8 SAM brigades/regiments and 9 radio-technical (radar) brigades/regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007557-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, 11th Air Defence Army\nIn 2001 the 8th ADC was renamed the 25th Air Defence Division, and in 2009 renamed 11th Aerospace Defence Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007557-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, 11th Air Defence Army\n24th Air Defence Division was activated 5.60 in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Khomutovo), Sakhalin Oblast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007557-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, 11th Air Defence Army, 23rd Air Defence Corps 1988\nIn 2001 renamed 93rd Air Defence Division; in 2009 renamed 12th Aerospace Defence Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007557-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, 11th Air Defence Army, 6th Air Defence Division 1988\nFormed from 222nd Fighter Aviation Division PVO May 1960; disbanded 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007557-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, 11th Air Force and Air Defence Forces Army\nFollowing the amalgamation of the 11th Air Defence Army and the 1st Air Army, in 2007 the 11th Army included two regiments of Su-27 fighter aircraft, one of MiG-31 interceptors, two of Su-24 tactical bombers, two of Su-25 attack aircraft and one reconnaissance regiment of Su-24MRs. The anti-aircraft component is much less powerful, including just three regiments of surface-to-air missiles, located in Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk and Vladivostok. The 23rd Fighter Aviation Regiment, located at Dzemgi (Komsomolsk-on-Amur), was the first Russian Air Force unit armed with the upgraded Su-27SM fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 80], "content_span": [81, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007557-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, 11th Air Force and Air Defence Forces Army\nThe 303rd Fighter Aviation Division fought with the 64th Fighter Aviation Corps of the Air Defence Forces during the Korean War, flying Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s, though it is not certain that the current 303rd Division is the same unit that fought during that war. The 303rd Fighter Aviation Division fought during Operation Bagration, and included the Normandie-Niemen regiment for a period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 80], "content_span": [81, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007557-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, 11th Air Force and Air Defence Forces Army\nThe most notable unit of the 11th Army in 2007 was the 18th Guards Vitebsk Normandie-Niemen Assault Aviation Regiment, stationed at Galyonki, which has been twice awarded the Red Banner and the Order of Suvorov. In 1943, during World War II, the regiment included the Normandie squadron of French pilots, which later became the independent regiment known as Normandie-Niemen. On 9 May 1995 (Victory Day), to commemorate these events, the 18th ShAP received the name Normandie-Niemen. Since March 1993, the unit operates the Sukhoi Su-25 attack aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 80], "content_span": [81, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007557-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, 11th Air Force and Air Defence Forces Army, 2020 Structure\nAdditional Mig-31BM fighters in the Eastern Military District are deployed as part of the Pacific Fleet's naval aviation forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 96], "content_span": [97, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007557-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, 11th Air Force and Air Defence Forces Army, 2020 Structure\nTu-95MS and Tu-22M3 bombers (including with Kh-47M2 Kinzhal ASM) deployed as part of Russian Long-Range Aviation, including based at Ukrainka in the Eastern Military District (as of 2016).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 96], "content_span": [97, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States)\nThe 11th Airborne Division (\"Angels\") was a United States Army airborne formation, first activated on 25 February 1943, during World War II. Consisting of one parachute and two glider infantry regiments, with supporting troops, the division underwent rigorous training throughout 1943. It played a vital role in the successful Knollwood Maneuver, which was organized to determine the viability of large-scale American airborne formations after their utility had been called into question following a disappointing performance during the Allied invasion of Sicily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States)\nHeld in reserve in the United States for the first half of 1944, in June the division was transferred to the Pacific Theater of Operations. Upon arrival it entered a period of intense training and acclimatization, and by November was judged combat-ready. The 11th Airborne saw its first action on the island of Leyte in the Philippines, but in a traditional infantry role. In January 1945 the division took part in the invasion of Luzon. The two glider infantry regiments again operated as conventional infantry, securing a beachhead before fighting their way inland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States)\nThe parachute infantry regiment was held in reserve for several days before conducting the division's first airborne operation, a combat drop on the Tagaytay Ridge. Reunited, the division participated in the Liberation of Manila, and two companies of divisional paratroopers conducted an audacious raid on the Los Ba\u00f1os internment camp, liberating two thousand civilians. The 11th Airborne's last combat operation of World War II was in the north of Luzon around Aparri, in aid of combined American and Philippine forces who were battling to subdue the remaining Japanese resistance on the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States)\nOn 30 August 1945 the division was sent to southern Japan as part of the occupation force. Four years later it was recalled to the United States, where it became a training formation. One parachute infantry regiment was detached for service in the Korean War, but on 30 June 1958 the division was inactivated. It was briefly reactivated on 1 February 1963 as the 11th Air Assault Division (Test) to explore the theory and practicality of helicopter assault tactics, and was inactivated on 29 June 1965. The division's personnel and equipment were transferred to the newly raised 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Formation\nInspired by the pioneering German use of large-scale airborne formations during the Battle of France in 1940 and later the invasion of Crete in 1941, the various Allied powers decided to raise airborne units of their own. One of the resultant five American and two British airborne divisions, the 11th Airborne Division, was officially activated on 25 February 1943 at Camp Mackall in North Carolina, under the command of Major General Joseph Swing. As formed, the division consisted of the 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment, the 187th Glider Infantry Regiment and the 188th Glider Infantry Regiment, and with a complement of 8,321\u00a0men was around half the strength of a regular U.S. infantry division of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Formation\nThe division initially remained in the United States for training, which in common with all airborne units was extremely arduous to befit their elite status. Training included lengthy forced marches, simulated parachute landings from 34-and-250-foot (10 and 76\u00a0m) towers, and practice jumps from transport aircraft; hesitancy in the doorway of an aircraft resulted in an automatic failure for the candidate. The washout rate was high, but there was never a shortage of candidates, especially because in American airborne units the rate of pay was much higher than that of an ordinary infantryman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Formation\nBefore training was complete a debate developed in the U.S. Army over whether the best use of airborne forces was en masse or as small, compact units. On 9 July 1943, the first large-scale Allied airborne operation was carried out by elements of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division and the British 1st Airborne Division in support of the Allied invasion of Sicily, code-named Operation Husky. The 11th Airborne Division's commanding general, Major General Swing, was temporarily transferred to act as airborne advisor to General Dwight D. Eisenhower for the operation, and observed the airborne assault which went badly. The 82nd Airborne Division had been inserted by parachute and glider and had suffered high casualties, leading to a perception that it had failed to achieve many of its objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Swing Board\nEisenhower reviewed the airborne role in Operation Husky and concluded that large-scale formations were too difficult to control in combat to be practical. Lieutenant General Lesley J. McNair, the overall commander of Army Ground Forces, had similar misgivings: once an airborne supporter, he had been greatly disappointed by the performance of airborne units in North Africa and more recently Sicily. However, other high-ranking officers, including the Army Chief of Staff George Marshall, believed otherwise. Marshall persuaded Eisenhower to set up a review board and to withhold judgement until the outcome of a large-scale maneuver, planned for December 1943, could be assessed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Swing Board\nWhen Swing returned to the United States to resume command of the 11th Airborne in mid-September 1943, he was given the role of preparing the exercise. McNair ordered him to form a committee\u2014the Swing Board\u2014composed of air force, parachute, glider infantry, and artillery officers, whose arrangements for the maneuver would effectively decide the fate of divisional-sized airborne forces. As the 11th Airborne Division was in reserve in the United States and had not yet been earmarked for combat, the Swing Board selected it as the test formation. The maneuver would additionally provide the 11th Airborne and its individual units with further training, as had occurred several months previously in an earlier large-scale exercise conducted by the 101stand the 82nd Airborne Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Swing Board\n\"I do not believe in the airborne division. I believe that airborne troops should be reorganized in self-contained units, comprising infantry, artillery, and special services, all about the strength of a regimental combat team\u00a0[...] To employ at any time and place a whole division would require a dropping over such an extended area that I seriously doubt that a division commander could regain control and operate the scattered forces as one unit.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Swing Board\n\u2013The conclusion of General Eisenhower's review of the performance of American airborne forces during Operation Husky", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Swing Board, Knollwood Maneuver\nThe 11th Airborne, as the attacking force, was assigned the objective of capturing Knollwood Army Auxiliary Airfield near Fort Bragg in North Carolina. The force defending the airfield and its environs was a combat team composed of elements of the 17th Airborne Division and a battalion from the 541st Parachute Infantry Regiment. The entire operation was observed by Army Ground Forces commander Lt. Gen. McNair, who would ultimately have a significant say in deciding the fate of the parachute infantry divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 85], "content_span": [86, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Swing Board, Knollwood Maneuver\nThe Knollwood Maneuver took place on the night of 7 December 1943, with the 11th Airborne Division being airlifted to thirteen separate objectives by 200 C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft and 234 Waco CG-4A gliders. The transport aircraft were divided into four groups, two of which carried paratroopers while the other two towed gliders. Each group took off from a different airfield in the Carolinas. The four groups deployed a total of 4,800 troops in the first wave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 85], "content_span": [86, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0011-0001", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Swing Board, Knollwood Maneuver\nEighty-five percent were delivered to their targets without navigational error, and the airborne troops seized the Knollwood Army Auxiliary Airfield and secured the landing area for the rest of the division before daylight. With its initial objectives taken, the 11th Airborne Division then launched a coordinated ground attack against a reinforced infantry regiment and conducted several aerial resupply and casualty evacuation missions in coordination with United States Army Air Forces transport aircraft. The exercise was judged by observers to be a great success. McNair, pleased by its results, attributed this success to the great improvements in airborne training that had been implemented in the months following Operation Husky. As a result of the Knollwood Maneuver, division-sized airborne forces were deemed to be feasible, and Eisenhower permitted their retention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 85], "content_span": [86, 964]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Leyte\nFollowing the Knollwood Maneuver the 11th Airborne remained in reserve until January 1944, when it was moved by train from Camp Mackall to Camp Polk in Louisiana. After four weeks of final preparation for its combat role, in April the division was moved to Camp Stoneman, California, and then transferred to Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea, between 25 May and 11 June. From June to September the division underwent acclimatization and continued its airborne training, conducting parachute drops in the New Guinea jungle and around the airfield in Dobodura.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0012-0001", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Leyte\nDuring this period, most of the glider troops became parachute-qualified making the division almost fully Airborne. On 11 November the division boarded a convoy of naval transports and was escorted to Leyte in the Philippines, arriving on 18 November. Four days later it was attached to XXIV Corps and committed to combat, but operating as an infantry division rather than in an airborne capacity. The 11th Airborne was ordered to relieve the 7th Infantry Division stationed in the Burauen-La Paz-Bugho area, engage and destroy all Japanese forces in its operational area, and protect XXIV Corps rear-area supply dumps and airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Leyte\nMaj. Gen. Swing ordered the 187th Glider Infantry Regiment (GIR) to guard the rear installations of XXIV\u00a0Corps, while the 188th GIR was to secure the division's rear and conduct aggressive patrols to eliminate any enemy troops in the area. The 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment (PIR) was assigned the task of destroying all Japanese formations in the division's operational area, which it began on 28 November when it relieved the 7th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0013-0001", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Leyte\nThe 511th PIR advanced overland with two battalions abreast and the third in reserve, but progress proved slow in the face of fierce Japanese resistance, a lack of mapped trails, and heavy rainfall (with more than twenty-three\u00a0inches (60\u00a0cm) falling in November alone). As the advance continued resupply became progressively more difficult; the division resorted to using large numbers of Piper Cub aircraft to drop food and ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0013-0002", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Leyte\nSeveral attempts were made to improve the rate of advance, such as dropping platoons of the 187th GIR from Piper Cubs in front of the 511th\u00a0PIR to reconnoiter, and using C-47 transport aircraft to drop artillery pieces to the regiment's location when other forms of transport, such as mule-trains, failed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Leyte\nOn 6 December the Japanese tried to disrupt operations on Leyte by conducting two small-scale airborne raids. The first attempted to deploy a small number of Japanese airborne troops to occupy several key American-held airfields at Tacloban and Dulag, but failed when the three aircraft used were either shot-down, crash-landed or destroyed on the ground along with their passengers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0014-0001", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Leyte\nThe second, larger, raid was carried out by between twenty-nine and thirty-nine transport aircraft supported by fighters; despite heavy losses, the Japanese managed to drop a number of airborne troops around Burauen airfield, where the headquarters of 11th Airborne Division were located. Five L-5 Sentinel reconnaissance aircraft and one C-47 transport were destroyed, but the raiders were eliminated by an ad\u00a0hoc combat group of artillerymen, engineers and support troops led by Maj. Gen. Swing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Leyte\nThe 511th PIR was reinforced by the 2nd Battalion, 187th GIR, and continued its slow but steady progress. On 17 December it broke through the Japanese lines and arrived at the western shoreline of Leyte, linking up with elements of the 32nd Infantry Division. It was during this period that Private Elmer E. Fryar earned a posthumous Medal of Honor when he helped to repel a counterattack, personally killing twenty-seven Japanese soldiers before being mortally wounded by a sniper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0015-0001", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Leyte\nThe regiment was ordered to set up temporary defensive positions before being relieved on 25 December by the 1st\u00a0Batt., 187th\u00a0GIR, and the 2nd\u00a0Batt., 188th\u00a0GIR, who would themselves incur considerable casualties against a heavily dug-in enemy. The 511th PIR was reassembled at its original base-camp in Leyte on 15 January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Luzon\nOn 22 January the division was placed on alert for an operation on the island of Luzon, to the north of Leyte. Five days later the 187th and 188th Glider Infantry Regiments were embarked for Luzon by sea, while the 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment flew by C-46 Commando transport aircraft to Mindoro. At dawn on 31 January the 188th GIR led an amphibious assault near Nasugbu, in southern Luzon. Supported by a short naval barrage, A-20 Havoc light bombers and P-38 Lightning fighter aircraft, a beach-head was established in the face of light Japanese resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0016-0001", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Luzon\nThe regiment moved rapidly to secure Nasugbu, after which its 1st Battalion advanced up the island's arterial Highway\u00a017 to deny the Japanese time to establish defenses further inland. The 2nd Battalion moved south, crossing the River Lian and securing the division's right flank. By 10:30 elements of the 188th had pushed deep into southern Luzon, creating the space for the 187th GIR to come ashore. The 188th's 2nd Battalion was relieved and the regiment continued its advance, reaching the River Palico by 14:30 and securing a vital bridge before it could be destroyed by Japanese combat engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Luzon\nFollowing Highway\u00a017 to Tumalin, the regiment began to encounter heavier Japanese resistance. At midnight the 187th took over the lead and the two glider infantry regiments rested briefly before tackling the main Japanese defensive lines. These consisted of trenches linked to bunkers and fortified caves, and were manned by several hundred infantry with numerous artillery pieces in support. At 09:00 on 1 February the glider infantry launched their assault, and by midday had managed to break through the first Japanese position; they spent the rest of the day conducting mopping up operations. On the morning of 2 February the second line was breached, and by midnight the 188th had broken a third. The divisional reconnaissance platoon was now in the vicinity of Tagaytay Ridge, the intended site of the 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment's first combat drop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 922]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0018-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Luzon\nThe 511th's airborne operation had originally been scheduled for 2 February, but with Major General Swing's insistence that the drop was only to go ahead if his ground forces were in range to offer support, the dogged Japanese resistance encountered delayed the operation. With only forty-eight C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft available, the 511th was forced to deploy in three waves. The regimental staff, the 2nd Battalion and half of the 3rd Battalion would drop first, the rest of the regiment would arrive in the second lift, and the 457th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion would drop in the third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0019-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Luzon\nAt 03:00 on 3 February the troops of the first lift entered their transport planes, and at 07:00 the first transports left Mindoro. Protected by an escort of P-61 Black Widow night fighters, on arriving over Luzon they followed Highway\u00a017 to Tagaytay Ridge. The ridge itself was an open space some two thousand yards (1,800\u00a0m) long and four thousand yards (3,700\u00a0m) wide, plowed in places, and had been largely cleared of Japanese troops by local Filipino soldiers and recognized guerrillas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0019-0001", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Luzon\nAt 08:15 the first echelon of the first lift, approximately 345 men, successfully parachuted into the drop zone. The second echelon, consisting of approximately 570 men, were dropped prematurely and landed about eight thousand yards (7,300\u00a0m) to the east. The next lift also encountered problems, with 425 men dropping correctly but another 1,325 dropping early due to pilot error and poor jump discipline. However, the entire regiment was assembled within five hours of the first landings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0019-0002", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Luzon\nAfter overcoming minor Japanese resistance, by 15:00 the 511th had made contact with the 188th and 187th, and the entire division was once again assembled as a single formation. The ridge having been cleared of its remaining defenders, the division began to advance towards Manila, with the national highway in Silang, Dasmarinas, Imus and Bacoor where cleared by Fil-American Cavite Guerilla Forces FACGF under General Mariano Castaneda and reaching the Paranaque River by 21:00. The city was protected by the Genko Line, a major Japanese defensive belt that stretched along Manila's southern edge. The line consisted of approximately 1,200 two- to three-story deep blockhouses, many of which emplaced naval guns or large-caliber mortars. Entrenched heavy anti-aircraft weapons, machine-gun nests and booby-traps made of naval bombs completed the defenses, which were manned by around 6,000 Japanese soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 970]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0020-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Luzon\nThe 11th Airborne Division was ordered to breach the Genko Line and drive into Manila, where it would link up with other American forces attacking the city from the north. All three regiments were committed to the assault. Spearheading the division's attack on 5 February, the 511th overcame fierce resistance and broke the crust of the Japanese position, but was soon relieved by the 188th. As the glider regiment took up the push westwards in the face of heavy opposition, the 511th changed their axis of advance and attempted to move into the city from the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0020-0001", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Luzon\nBy 11 February, the division had penetrated as far as Nichols Field, an airfield that formed the center of the Genko Line. This was heavily fortified with a number of entrenched naval guns and a series of bunkers; after a short artillery bombardment on the morning of 12 February, the 187th's 2nd Battalion attacked the airfield's north-west corner while the 1st Battalion and the entire 188th regiment moved in from the south and south-eastern corners. This pincer movement succeeded in taking the airfield and, despite a local counter-attack, by nightfall the position was secured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0020-0002", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Luzon\nThe following day the division thrust towards Fort William McKinley, the headquarters of Rear Admiral Iwabuchi, commander of the Japanese defenders on Luzon. It was during this advance that Private First Class Manuel Perez Jr. neutralized several Japanese bunkers which were impeding the division's progress, capturing one single-handedly and killing eighteen Japanese soldiers. PFC Perez was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0021-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Luzon\nOn 15 February, the\u00a01st Battalion of the 187th, alongside other American units, launched an attack on Mabato Point. This was an extremely heavily fortified position featuring the same defensive measures as the Genko Line, and it would take six days of hard fighting, multiple airstrikes, and the frequent use of napalm and heavy artillery, before the point was secured. Meanwhile, having taken heavy casualties on its approach to Fort McKinley\u2014particularly when the Japanese detonated a quantity of buried naval depth charges\u2014on 17 February the rest of the 11th Airborne Division assaulted the fort. The 511th led the break-in, and by 18 February the area had been cleared of its defenders. Sporadic fighting continued in Manilla until 3 March, when all organized Japanese resistance ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0022-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Raid at Los Ba\u00f1os\nA large number of civilian prisoners had been detained by the Japanese on Luzon, mostly in internment camps scattered throughout the island. The largest of these was located on the campus of the Agricultural College of the Philippines at Los Ba\u00f1os, some forty\u00a0miles (64\u00a0km) south-east of Manila. General Douglas MacArthur had tasked the 11th Airborne Division with rescuing the Los Ba\u00f1os internees on 3 February, but the division's ongoing combat operations around the Genko Line left it unable to divert any resources at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0022-0001", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Raid at Los Ba\u00f1os\nAll that could be accomplished during February was to gather information, primarily through liaison with the guerilla groups operating in Southern Luzon and around Los Ba\u00f1os. Maj. Gen. Swing and his command staff were briefed daily by the officer working with the guerilla groups, Major Vanderpool. From the guerillas and a few civilians that had escaped the camp, Vanderpool established that it was surrounded by two barbed-wire fences approximately six feet tall. Several guard towers and bunkers dotted its perimeter, each containing at least two guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0022-0002", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Raid at Los Ba\u00f1os\nPrisoners left each morning under armed guard to gather food supplies and firewood from a nearby town. Vanderpool was informed that the camp's population consisted of American civilians in three distinct groups: Protestant missionaries and their families; Roman Catholic nuns and priests; and professional workers such as doctors and engineers, and their families. The latter group included several hundred women and children. While all the inmates appeared to be in good health, many had become weak from food rationing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0023-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Raid at Los Ba\u00f1os\nOn 20 February, Maj. Gen. Swing was finally able to release sufficient troops for a raid on the Los Ba\u00f1os camp, and a four-phase plan was devised by Major Vanderpool and the divisional staff officers. The divisional reconnaissance platoon would travel across a nearby lake and move to the outskirts of the camp, securing a large adjacent field as the drop zone for a company of paratroopers. Having landed, the paratroopers would eliminate Japanese resistance in the area, secure the camp, and prepare for its evacuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0023-0001", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Raid at Los Ba\u00f1os\nFifty-four amphibious Amtracs would transport two additional companies of paratroopers to the lake shore, where a beachhead would be established while the Amtracs continued to the camp to evacuate its occupants. Simultaneously, a task force consisting of a reinforced infantry battalion, two battalions of heavy artillery and a tank destroyer battalion would advance down Highway\u00a01 towards Los Ba\u00f1os to interdict any Japanese attempts to interfere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0024-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Raid at Los Ba\u00f1os\nAssisted by a group of guerrillas, on the night of 21 February the divisional reconnaissance platoon made their way to the lake and collected ten canoes. Despite navigational difficulties, the platoon came ashore near Los Ba\u00f1os at 02:00 the following morning, and after securing the paratroopers' drop zone, concealed themselves in the jungle near the camp. During the afternoon B\u00a0Company of the 1st Battalion, 511th PIR was transferred to the airfield from which they would be deployed, while the rest of the battalion rendezvoused with the Amtrac convoy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0024-0001", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Raid at Los Ba\u00f1os\nAt 07:00 on the morning of 23 February, B\u00a0Company took off in ten C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft, arriving over their drop zone shortly afterwards. As the first paratroopers landed, the reconnaissance platoon and the supporting guerilla fighters opened fire on the camp's defences, using Bazooka rounds to penetrate the concrete pillboxes, and then entered the camp to engage its garrison. The paratroopers soon joined the battle, and by 07:30 the Japanese guards had been overcome and the internees were being rounded up and readied for evacuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0024-0002", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Raid at Los Ba\u00f1os\nAt the lakeshore the 511th's other two companies had secured their beachhead, and the convoy of Amtracs reached the camp without incident. Priority during loading was given to the women, children and wounded; some of the able-bodied men walked alongside the Amtracs as they returned to the beach. The first evacuation convoy left the camp at approximately 10:00, with B\u00a0Company, the reconnaissance platoon and the guerrillas remaining behind to provide a rearguard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0024-0003", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Raid at Los Ba\u00f1os\nBy 11:30 all of the civilians had been evacuated, and at 13:00 the Amtrac convoy returned for the rearguard, with the last paratroopers leaving the beach at approximately 15:00. Meanwhile, on Highway\u00a01, the taskforce that had been deployed to protect the operation met heavy Japanese resistance and suffered several casualties, but was able to block Japanese forces that advanced on the camp, before retreating back to American lines. The raid had been a complete success, liberating 2,147 civilians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0025-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Southern Luzon and Aparri\nOn the day that the Los Ba\u00f1os internees were freed, the headquarters of Sixth United States Army assigned the 11th Airborne Division the task of destroying all Japanese formations in southern Luzon, south of Manila. The bulk of the division moved south the following day, with the 187th GIR and the 511th PIR advancing abreast. The 188th GIR was detached from the main advance by Maj. Gen. Swing; it was to eliminate all Japanese units still operating in the Pico de Loro hills along the southern shore of Manila Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0025-0001", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Southern Luzon and Aparri\nThese forces belonged to the 80,000-strong Shimbu Group, one of three groups of the Japanese Fourteenth Area Army under General Tomoyuki Yamashita. It would take until the end of April for the 11th Airborne Division\u2014often acting in conjunction with Filipino soldiers, the recognized guerillas and elements of the 1st Cavalry Division\u2014to subdue the Shimbu Group. Conducting combat operations was extremely difficult in the mountainous terrain, and many Japanese units elected to fight to the death rather than surrender. However, all organized resistance in southern Luzon ended on 1 May, when the division captured Mount Malepunyo near the city of Lipa. The 11th Airborne established a base centered around the former Japanese airstrip on the outskirts of Lipa, the runway of which was lengthened by the 127th Airborne Engineer Battalion to accommodate C-47 transport aircraft. Once the engineering work was completed, the division's combat troops participated in several refresher-training courses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 1079]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0026-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Southern Luzon and Aparri\nThe 11th Airborne's next operation took place on 23 June in the province of Aparri in northern Luzon. By this time the only Japanese forces remaining on the island were positioned to the far north and belonged to the 52,000-strong Shobu Group. This last of General Yamashita's three groups proved to be the most tenacious, forcing Lieutenant-General Walter Krueger, commander of the Sixth United States Army, to commit four infantry divisions, an armored task force, and a large band of the Filipino recognized guerrillas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0026-0001", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Southern Luzon and Aparri\nWhile these forces pinned down the Japanese, the 37th Infantry Division began an advance northwards, defeating a weaker formation and encircling the main Japanese force. To ensure the success of the 37th's drive, Krueger called for an airborne force to land near Aparri and move southwards to meet the advancing 37th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0027-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Southern Luzon and Aparri\nThe 11th Airborne Division was to drop a battalion-sized combat team on Camalaniugan Airfield, approximately ten miles (16\u00a0km) south of Aparri. It would then advance southwards, eliminating all Japanese resistance, until it linked up with the leading elements of the 37th Infantry Division. To accomplish this Maj. Gen. Swing formed a special unit\u2013Gypsy Task Force\u2013comprising the 1st Battalion of the 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment, G and I\u00a0Companies of the regiment's 2nd Battalion, an artillery battery from the 457th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion, and a platoon of engineers and miscellaneous signal and medical detachments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0027-0001", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Southern Luzon and Aparri\nGypsy Task Force would be transported by fifty-four C-47 Skytrain and thirteen C-46 Commando aircraft, as well as six Waco CG-4A Gliders which would land jeeps and supplies for the task force. On 21 June, a detachment of pathfinders from the division was flown in to secure Camalaniugan Airfield, and two days later the transport aircraft carrying the troops of Gypsy Task Force were escorted by fighters to the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0027-0002", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Southern Luzon and Aparri\nAt 09:00 the pathfinder detachment set off colored smoke to mark the drop-zone, but fierce winds and uneven ground around the airfield proved hazardous to the parachutists, causing two deaths and seventy injuries during the drop. Despite these casualties the force was rapidly concentrated, and began its advance southwards. Japanese resistance was stiff, forcing the airborne troops to rely on flamethrowers to eliminate bunkers and fortifications along their route. After three days of fighting and having eliminated a significant portion of Shobu Group, the task force encountered the lead elements of the 37th Infantry Division. Although Shobu Group would continue its resistance until September, its encirclement marked the 11th Airborne Division's final combat operation of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0028-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Awards\nDuring World War II the division and its members were awarded the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0029-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), Post-World War II, Occupation of Japan\nGeneral MacArthur made plans to use the 11th Airborne Division in the invasion of Japan; it was to remain as Sixth Army's operational reserve, to be committed if required. However, with the end of hostilities in the Pacific Theater due to the surrender of Japan, the division was instead selected by General MacArthur to lead the American forces that would occupy Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 78], "content_span": [79, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0029-0001", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), Post-World War II, Occupation of Japan\nThe divisional staff received orders to this effect on 11 August 1945, and the division was transported to Okinawa on 12 August; an operation that involved 99 B-24 Liberator bombers, 350 C-46 Commando and 150 C-47 Dakota transport aircraft to airlift 11,100 men, 120 vehicles and approximately 1.16\u00a0million pounds (530,000\u00a0kg) of equipment. The 11th Airborne remained on Okinawa for several weeks before, on 28 August, it was ordered to land at Atsugi Airfield outside of Yokohama, on the main Japanese home island of Honsh\u016b.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 78], "content_span": [79, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0029-0002", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), Post-World War II, Occupation of Japan\nIts instructions were to secure the surrounding area, evacuate all Japanese civilians and military personnel within a radius of three miles (4.8\u00a0km), and finally occupy Yokohama itself. A large number of C-54 Skymaster transport aircraft were made available, with the first\u2014carrying Swing and his divisional staff\u2014landing at Atsugi Airfield at 06:00 on 30 August. It took a week to fully assemble the division, and by 13 September it had been joined by the 27th Infantry Division, which was airlifted into Japan at the same time. The 11th Airborne Division was later moved from Yokohama to northern Japan, and established camps along the coast of Honshu and on the island of Hokkaido.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 78], "content_span": [79, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0030-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), Post-World War II, Training and first inactivation\nOccupation duties in Japan continued until May 1949, when the 11th Airborne was relieved and recalled to the United States. The division was transferred to Camp Campbell in Kentucky and became a training formation, with several of its subordinate units inactivated including the 188th Glider Infantry Regiment. Training continued until the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950. For service in Korea, the 187th Glider Infantry Regiment\u2014now renamed the 187th Airborne Infantry Regiment\u2014and the 674th Airborne Field Artillery Battalion were detached from the division and re-formed as a separate Regimental Combat Team (RCT).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 90], "content_span": [91, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0030-0001", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), Post-World War II, Training and first inactivation\nThe 187th RCT saw two years of fighting in Korea, conducting two airborne operations as well as operating as conventional infantry. The rest of the division continued its training role, processing and training approximately thirteen thousand recalled reservists between September and December 1950 alone. The 187th RCT remained in Korea until 1 October 1953, when it was transferred to Japan for two years until being replaced by the 508th RCT. The 187th returned to the United States on 17 July 1955, but as a unit independent of its parent division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 90], "content_span": [91, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0031-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), Post-World War II, Training and first inactivation\nThe 11th Airborne Division was sent to Germany in early 1956 as part of Operation Gyroscope, to replace the 5th Infantry Division stationed in Augsburg and Munich. As the division was en route, the 187th RCT was relocated to Fort Campbell, taking over the camps that the 11th had recently vacated. In July that year the 187th, along with the 508th ARC, was transferred to the newly reactivated 101st Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 90], "content_span": [91, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0032-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), Post-World War II, Training and first inactivation\nAs the American Army began to restructure its organization (known as the Pentomic Concept), the battalions of the 187th were reorganized as Airborne Battle Groups. In early 1957 the lineage of Company A, 187th AIR was redesignated as HHC, 1st Airborne Battle Group, 187th Infantry and administratively transferred (less personnel and equipment) to Augsburg to join its former parent formation, where it was formed from the existing personnel and equipment of the 11th Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 90], "content_span": [91, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0032-0001", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), Post-World War II, Training and first inactivation\nHHC, 2d Airborne Battle Group, 187th Infantry, formed from the lineage of Company B, 187th AIR remained with the 101st until 1964 while the 3d Battalion was inactivated. The 11th Division was itself inactivated in Augsburg on 1 July 1958, being reorganized and reflagged as the 24th Infantry Division. The 1st ABG, 187th Infantry and the 1st ABG, 503d Infantry, retrained their Airborne designations and jump status within the 24th until both groups rotated back to the US for assignment to the 82d Airborne Division at Fort Bragg, NC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 90], "content_span": [91, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0033-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), Post-World War II, Reactivation (11th Air Assault Division) and inactivation\nIn the early 1960s, the United States Army began to explore alternative means for conducting future combat operations. One of the many ideas resulting from that effort was the concept of helicopter assault. To test this concept's feasibility, the 11th Airborne Division was reactivated on 1 February 1963 and redesignated as the 11th Air Assault Division (Test). This was done on the recommendation of the U.S. Army Tactical Mobility Requirements Board, also known as the 'Howze Board' after its president Lieutenant General Hamilton H. Howze.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 116], "content_span": [117, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0034-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), Post-World War II, Reactivation (11th Air Assault Division) and inactivation\nThe 11th never existed as a full division during the test period. Although the intent was to create three air assault brigades, the reality was an air assault brigade (which was also parachute-qualified), an airmobile brigade, and both ground and air artillery elements (the air artillery was provided by armed helicopters known as ARA). There was also an aviation group to control the helicopters assigned to the division - the 11th Aviation Group, consisting of the 227th, 228th, and 229th Aviation Battalions. Elements of its original combat units \u2013 the 187th Infantry, the 188th Infantry and the 511th Infantry were also reformed under the new division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 116], "content_span": [117, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0035-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), Post-World War II, Reactivation (11th Air Assault Division) and inactivation\nFor the next two years, the 11th Air Assault Division developed and refined air assault tactics and the equipment required to operate effectively in the role. The 187th and 188th tested helicopters during various exercises, ranging from command and control maneuvers to scouting, screening and aerial resupply, to assess their ability to perform as combat aircraft. However, the division was inactivated for the final time on 29 June 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 116], "content_span": [117, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0035-0001", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), Post-World War II, Reactivation (11th Air Assault Division) and inactivation\nThe colors and subordinate unit designations of the 1st Cavalry Division were transferred from its post in Korea to Fort Benning, Georgia, where they were used to reflag the 11th Air Assault Division and the 2d Infantry Division into the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). Concurrently, the personnel and equipment of the 1st Cavalry Division, which remained in Korea, were reflagged as the 2d Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 116], "content_span": [117, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007558-0036-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division (United States), Post-World War II, Air Assault Badge\nAn earlier predecessor to the current Air Assault Badge was worn by troops of 11th who qualified for it by making three helicopter rappels from 60 feet (18\u00a0m) and three from 120 feet (37\u00a0m). Soldiers were also required to be knowledgeable of aircraft safety procedures; familiar with aircraft orientation; proficient in hand and arm signals and combat assault operations; able to prepare, inspect and rig equipment for external sling loads; and able to lash down equipment inside helicopters. The badge was first awarded in early 1964 and was only authorized for wear by soldiers within the 11th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007559-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Airborne Division Artillery\nThe 11th Airborne Division Artillery is an inactive field artillery unit of the United States Army. The unit served with the 11th Airborne Division in the Pacific Theater during World War II, in Germany and the United States during the early Cold War before inactivating in 1958. Reactivated from 1963-65, the unit tested the air mobility concepts at Fort Benning, Georgia, before inactivating again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007560-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Aircraft Carrier Squadron\nThe British 11th Aircraft Carrier Squadron  also called Eleventh Aircraft Carrier Squadron was a military formation of aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy from 1 March 1945 to December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007560-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Aircraft Carrier Squadron, History\nThe 11th Aircraft Carrier Squadron was established 1 March 1945 and assigned to the British Pacific Fleet until December 1945 when it was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007560-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Aircraft Carrier Squadron, Composition 11th Aircraft Carrier Squadron\n: 11th Aircraft Carrier Squadron; British Pacific Fleet March to  December 1945", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007560-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Aircraft Carrier Squadron, Sources\nThis United Kingdom navy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007561-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Airlift Flight\nThe 11th Airlift Flight is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last active as part of the 55th Operations Group at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, where it was inactivated in April 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007561-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Airlift Flight, History, World War II\nEstablished as part of the Army Air Corps in January 1938 at Olmsted Field, Pennsylvania but not activated until 1 December 1940. Not equipped or manned. Unit designation transferred to Westover Field, Massachusetts, but not equipped or manned until after the Pearl Harbor Attack. Equipped with Douglas C-47 Skytrain transports and trained for combat resupply and casualty evacuation mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007561-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Airlift Flight, History, World War II\nWas ordered deployed to England, assigned to Eighth Air Force in June 1942. Assigned fuselage code 7D. Performed intro-theater transport flights of personnel, supply and equipment within England during summer and fall of 1942, reassigned to Twelfth Air Force after Operation Torch invasion of North Africa, stationed at Tafaraoui Airfield, Algeria. In combat, performed resupply and evacuation missions across Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia during North African Campaign. During June 1943, the unit began training with gliders in preparation for Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily. It towed gliders to Syracuse, Sicily and dropped paratroopers at Catania during the operation. After moving to Sicily, the squadron airdropped supplies to escaped prisoners of war in Northern Italy in October. Operated from Sicily until December until moving to Italian mainland in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007561-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Airlift Flight, History, World War II\nSupported Italian Campaign during the balance of 1944 supporting partisans in the Balkans. Its unarmed aircraft flew at night over uncharted territory, landing at small unprepared airfields to provide guns, ammunition, clothing, medical supplies, gasoline, and mail to the partisans. It even carried jeeps and mules as cargo. On return trips it evacuated wounded partisans, evadees and escaped prisoners. These operations earned the squadron the Distinguished Unit Citation. It also dropped paratroopers at Megava, Greece in October 1944 and propaganda leaflets in the Balkans in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations until end of combat in Europe, May, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007561-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Airlift Flight, History, World War II\nAfter hostilities ended, was transferred to Waller Field, Trinidad attached to the Air Transport Command Transported personnel and equipment from Brazil to South Florida along the South Atlantic Air Transport Route. Squadron picked up personnel and equipment in Brazil or bases in Northern South America with final destination being Miami Army Air Field, Boca Raton Army Air Field or Morrison Fields in south Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007561-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Airlift Flight, History, European airlift operations\nWas reassigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), September 1946, performing intratheater cargo flights based at Munich-Riem Airport. Transferred to Kaufbeuren Air Base when Reim Airport was closed. Was re-equipped with Douglas C-54 Skymaster aircraft and deployed to RAF Fassberg during 1948 Berlin Airlift. Flew continuous missions across hostile Soviet Zone of Germany in Berlin Air Corridor, transporting supplies and equipment to airports in West Berlin, 1948-1949. Later operated from Rhein-Main Air Base and Wiesbaden Air Base in American Zone of Occupation, later West Germany until blockade ended. Remained as part of USAFE until 1961, being upgraded to Fairchild C-82 Packet and later Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar transports as part of USAFE 322d Air Division based in West Germany and France. Inactivated as part of downsizing of USAFE bases in France, 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 944]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007561-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Airlift Flight, History, Operational support airlift\nThe squadron was redesignated the 11th Airlift Flight and activated at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska to provide operational support airlift with Learjet C-21s, primarily for senior members of United States Strategic Command. It was inactivated in April 1997, when Air Mobility Command assumed responsibility for this mission and its mission, personnel and equipment were transferred to the 311th Airlift Flight, which was simultaneously activated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007561-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Airlift Flight, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007562-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Airlift Squadron\nThe 11th Airlift Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force  unit. It was most recently part of the 375th Airlift Wing as Scott Air Force Base, Illinois. It operated McDonnell Douglas C-9 Nightingale aircraft conducting medical evacuation missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007562-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe first predecessor of the squadron was organized in April 1942 at  Hensley Field, Texas as the 11th Air Corps Ferrying Squadron and assigned to the Middle West Sector of Air Corps Ferrying Command's Domestic Wing. Hensley, located in Grand Prairie, Texas was the location of a Chance Vought Aircraft factory, and a short distance from Fort Worth Army Air Field, where Consolidated Aircraft had a plant. The 11th ferried aircraft from the factories to modification centers and operational units mostly within the Continental United States from, April 1942-March 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007562-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Airlift Squadron, History, Aeromedical airlift\nIn 1956, Military Air Transport Service replaced its table of distribution (4-digit) aeromedical evacuation units with permanent units. As part of this action, the 1731st Air Transport Squadron (Aeromedical Evacuation), which had been organized at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois on 1 June 1952, was discontinued and its personnel and Convair C-131 Samaritans were transferred to the newly-activated 11th Aeromedical Transport Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007562-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Airlift Squadron, History, Aeromedical airlift\nThe squadron missions included transport of wounded Afghan soldiers and civilians from 1986 to 1987.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007562-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Airlift Squadron, Notes, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands)\nThe 11 Air Assault Brigade (Dutch: 11 Luchtmobiele Brigade) is the rapid light infantry brigade of the Royal Netherlands Army, focused on conducting air assault operations. Troops of the brigade are qualified to wear the maroon beret upon completion of the demanding training course, those qualified as military parachutists wear the appropriate parachutist wings. The brigade was handed the name '7 December' when the First Division 7 December was disbanded in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands)\nSince 2014, the brigade has been integrated into the Rapid Forces Division (German: Division Schnelle Kr\u00e4fte) of the German Army. When the 11 Air Assault Brigade operates integrally with the Defence Helicopter Command (Dutch: Defensie Helikopter Commando) of the Royal Netherlands Air Force they form the 11th Air Manoeuvre Brigade (11 AMB). In 2003 in Poland (exercise Gainful Sword), 2012 in the Netherlands (exercise Peregrine Sword) and 2014 in Hungary the brigade completed its operational readiness tests to (re)apply for the \"Air Assault\" status. The successful qualifications demonstrated the ability to conduct a brigade-sized operation as 11 AMB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), History, Origins\nThe world's security situation changed drastically after the Fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. In the Netherlands, the need arose for a rapid reaction force for expeditionary operations. Consequently, the 11 Air Assault Brigade was formed in 1992. Due to the highly specialised nature of the brigade the army decided that the brigade would not rely on conscripts, but instead recruit professional soldiers from other units. After ten years of pioneering, the brigade acquired its operational readiness status in October 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), History, Origins\nThe emblem of 11 Air Assault Brigade is made up of a diving falcon on a maroon shield with two crossed swords underneath. The background color is related to the maroon berets worn by troops of the brigade. The maroon beret is the international standard for air landing troops. The EM stands for Expeditionare Macht, Expeditionary Force, which is a tradition derived from the emblem of the First Division 7 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), History, Bosnia\nDuring the early formation days of the brigade, the brigade provided troops for the United Nations peacekeeping mission United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), in the former Yugoslavia. These battalions, knowns as Dutchbats, were deployed between February 1994 and November 1995 and tasked to execute United Nations Security Council Resolution 819 in the Bosniak Muslim enclaves and the UN-designated \"safe zone\" of Srebrenica during the Bosnian War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), History, Bosnia\nIn July 1995 as the Bosnian Serb forces, under Colonel General Ratko Mladi\u0107, came to take over the enclave, Dutchbat was vastly outnumbered and too lightly equipped to repel the heavily armed Bosnian Serb troops. Moreover, Dutchbat's requests for air support to the UNPROFOR were denied. Subsequently, the Serb forces, under Mladi\u0107's command, led Srebrenica's Bosniak male inhabitants into the mountains, where thousands of them were massacred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), History, Iraq\nAfter the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the UN mandated the Stablisation Force Iraq (SFIR) with maintaining public order and contributing to the training of Iraqi security forces. The Netherlands were responsible for the province of Al-Muthanna since July 2003, 11 Air Assault Brigade contributed a company to SFIR-3, and the majority of the SFIR-4 and SFIR-5 rotations between July 2004 and March 2005. Troops of the brigade were regularly confronted with firefights and IED strikes. On 10 May 2004, Sergeant First Class Dave Steensma (12 Infantry Battalion) was killed in action. The Netherlands ended its contribution to SFIR in March 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), History, Afghanistan\nThe Netherlands Armed Forces have had a military presence in Afghanistan since the early stages of Operation Enduring Freedom in October 2001. In December 2001, the Dutch government decided to deploy a reinforced company of approximately 200 personnel to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). For each rotation, one of the three infantry battalions of 11 Air Assault Brigade supplied a company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), History, Afghanistan\nFrom 2006 onwards, the brigade regularly supploed the core fighting elements to the Battlegroups of Task Force Uruzgan, which was a joint task force of Australia and the Netherlands that was responsible for the Afghan province of Uruzgan. TFU was divided between two main locations, Kamp Holland within Multi National Base Tarin Kot in Tarin Kowt, and Camp Hadrian in Deh Rawood. The Dutch contribution to the Battlegroup of TFU always consisted of a company of 13 Infantry Battalion, in addition to other troops of the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0007-0001", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), History, Afghanistan\nMen of the brigade were often engaged in fierce combat, including the Battle of Chora. The Netherlands lost 25 men during TFU, of which four men belonged to 11 Air Assault Brigade: Sergeant major Jos Leunissen, Sergeant Bart van Boxtel, Corporal Cor Strik, Private Tim Hoogland and Sergeant Mark Weijdt. The Netherlands ended its large-scale deployment of troops, which amounted to more than 2000 troops, in August 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), History, Mali\nSince 2014, the Netherlands contributed troops to the UN peacekeeping mission MINUSMA in Mali. The Dutch forces were tasked with conducting reconnaissance and gathering intelligence on the various rebel factions that were active in their sectors. After two years, during which the Korps Commandotroepen (KCT) and Netherlands Maritime Special Operations Forces (NLMARSOF) provided the core fighting element, troops 11 Air Assault Brigade took over these duties in December 2016. These rotations formed the Long-Range Reconnaissance Patrol Task Group Desert Falcon (LRRPTG-DF) and conducted long-range reconnaissances, dismantled hidden weapon caches and arrested combatants who were responsible for IED attacks. On 6 July 2016, two men of the brigade, Sergeant Michel Hoving and Corporal Kevin Roggeveld, were killed during a training accident with a faulty mortar. The Netherlands ended the contribution to MINUSMA in May 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 979]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), Tasks\nThe 11 Air Assault Brigade is a rapidly deployable and highly mobile force. The brigade operates either by foot, using light vehicles or using tactical or strategic airlift capablities (such as helicopters or airplanes). All the operational units of the brigade are Air Assault (AASLT)-capable. Additionally, a part of the brigade are qualified for airborne operations. This includes the 11th Infantry Battalion, one independent Infantry Company, five Reconnaissance Platoons (including the Pathfinder Platoon) and approximately one third of the combat support and combat service support units. The air manoeuvre warfare conducted by the brigade makes it especially effective for operations behind enemy lines, to swiftly gain hold of strategic locations such as bridges until being relieved by mechanised infantry and cavalry units. Therefore, the red berets are specialised in platoon- and company-sized raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 43], "content_span": [44, 956]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), Tasks\nThe brigade distinguishes a number of operational concepts. CH-47 Chinook and AS532 Cougar transport helicopters from the Defence Helicopter Command support the brigade with the transport of troops, weapons and materiel, while AH-64 Apache attack helicopters are used for reconnaissance and air support purposes. When the helicopters are deployed combinedly with infantry during an offensive operation, they qualify as air assault operations. The use of helicopters that is limited to the transport of troops merely qualifies as an airmobile operation, while combined operations with the attack helicopters qualify as air mechanised operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 43], "content_span": [44, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0010-0001", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), Tasks\nLastly, the operational deployment of paratroopers are called airborne operations. Moreover, the brigade is capable of operating in a motorised capacity using heavily armed, light-armoured vehicles. Troops that have undergone specialised training are qualified to assist the army's Special Operations Forces (SOF), the Korps Commandotroepen, as a designated support element. The SOF support functions as an integral part of a Special Operations Task Group (SOTG).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 43], "content_span": [44, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), Organisation, Units\nThe 11 Air Assault Brigade consists of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), Organisation, Units\nAll of the units of the brigade, except for the National Reserve Battalion, have demonstrated the capability to perform air assault operations, therefore the abbreviation AASLT is often added to the name of the companies or battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), Organisation, Units\nPreviously, the brigade also included 11 Mortar company and 11 Air Defense company, but these were disbanded after budget cuts in April 2011. Their tasks have been taken over by the artillery and anti-aircraft artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), Organisation, Structure, Organisation of a battalion\nAn infantry battalion consists of a headquarters, three line companies and a patrol company. The infantry has a wide variety of means to performs its tasks and carries enough equipment in its backpacks to fight in the field for 72 hours. Since 2019, the 11th Infantry Battalion is airborne designated and all companies are airborne qualified. Moreover, the 12th Infantry Battalion has restructured the C and D Companies into designated SOF Support Companies. All infantry battalions are still required to perform air assault tasks on battalion and brigade level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), Organisation, Structure, Organisation of an infantry company\nAn infantry company consist of a headquarters platoon, three line platoons, a mortars squad, sniper squad and fire support squad. The fire support squads consist of a JTAC team and FO team. The company's size averages 130 personnel, led by a captain who is assisted by his 2IC (an experienced lieutenant), a company first sergeant and operations & training sergeant (rank of master sergeant).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 98], "content_span": [99, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), Organisation, Structure, Organisation of an infantry company\nThe line platoons are composed of three squads and a platoon headquarters. The three identical squads are commanded by a sergeant with a corporal as his second in command. The squad consists of eight men; two infantry sappers, two machine gunners who operate the FN Minimi light machine gun and two anti-armour gunners who operate the Panzerfaust 3 (very short-range anti-tank) and Panzerfaust 3 Dynarange (short-range anti-tank) anti-tank weapons. The platoon headquarters consist of the platoon commander (a 1st or 2nd lieutenant), the platoon sergeant (a first sergeant) and the platoon medic (a corporal).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 98], "content_span": [99, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), Organisation, Structure, Organisation of a patrol company\nSince 2011, the brigade has fielded patrol companies. A patrol company consists of a headquarters platoon, two patrol platoons and a reconnaissance platoon. During deployments in Afghanistan, the need for independently operating units with high mobility and firepower arose. The light Luchtmobiel Speciaal Voertuig vehicles from the former Staff/Anti-tank company were replaced by Mercedes-Benz 290GD 4x4s, awaiting the delivery of purpose-built vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 95], "content_span": [96, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0017-0001", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), Organisation, Structure, Organisation of a patrol company\nThe MB 290GD 10kN vehicles are manned by three, instead of two infantrymen and equipped with a Browning M2 .50 heavy machine gun as the main armament in addition to an FN MAG general-purpose machine gun used by the vehicle commander. The Spike medium-range anti-tank guided missiles are located on the back of the vehicles and can be deployed by an individual soldier. This set-up enables independent, rapid and offensive operations. An area can swiftly be dominated and stabilised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 95], "content_span": [96, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0018-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), Organisation, Structure, Organisation of a patrol company\nThe reconnaissance platoons function as the eyes and ears of the battalion commander. They are deployed behind enemy lines, often days before the main assault force arrives; they therefore play a crucial role as ISTAR components for the battalion and brigade headquarters. The reconnaissance troops are selected from within the active battalion and trained within the platoons, they are experts in infiltrations and close target reconnaissance. Their independent operational capacities are supported by use long-range communications and SF Medics, the latter being capable of providing prolonged field care if needed. All reconnaissance platoon troops are airborne qualified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 95], "content_span": [96, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0019-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), Organisation, Structure, 11 Brigade Recconnaissance Squadron\nThe 11 Brigade Recconnaissance Squadron was formed in 2016 through the merger of the 103 Reconnaissance Squadron (Regiment Huzaren van Boreel) and the Pathfinder Platoon 'Madju' (Grenadiers' and Rifles Guard Regiment). The squadron is tasked with gathering intelligence to aid the planning process of the brigade (recces) and the marking of helicoper landing sites (HLS), drop zones (DZ) and landing zones (LZ) to enable brigade deployments. The squads feature integral specialists, such as snipers and communications specialists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 98], "content_span": [99, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0020-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), Organisation, Structure, 11 Brigade Recconnaissance Squadron\nThe Pathfinder Platoon 'Madju' was established in 2007 and is part of the 11 Brigade Recconnaissance Squadron. The Pathfinders function as the brigade's recces, in addition to being specialised in the marking of drop zones and landing zones for helicopters and paratroopers. Moreover, they are qualified to conduct Tactical Air Landing Operations and operate. The platoon operates in small squads of 6 men, all Pathfinders are military free-fall (MFF) qualified and thus capable of conducting HAHO and HALO airborne insertions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 98], "content_span": [99, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0021-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), Organisation, Structure, 11 Engineer Company\nThe 11 Engineer Company consist of engineer reconnaissance, advanced search teams, engineer platoons and a construction squad. The company supports the brigade with mobility and counter-mobility. Mobility support enables friendly troops to maneuver unobstructed by providing Improvised Explosive Device (IED) detection and disposal, clearing minefields or constructing bridges. Counter-mobility obstructs enemy troops by creating a range of obstacles. The company operates integrated with the infantry battalions. The engineer recces have undergone scuba diving training which enables them to operate in, and the vicinity of water. The recces and advanced search teams are part of the Engineers Advanced Reconnaissance and Search (EARS) Platoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0022-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), Organisation, Structure, 11 Maintenance Company\nThe 11 Maintenance Company is tasked with the maintenance and repair of motorcycles, 4x4s, trucks, armament and electronics. In addition to on-base maintenance and repairs, the company is capable of fulfilling their duties in the field. Mechanics can provide battle damage repairs close to the frontline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 85], "content_span": [86, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0023-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), Organisation, Structure, 11 Supply Company\nThe 11 Supply Company provides the timely supply of ammunition, food, water, fuel and spare parts wherever the brigade operates. The company has access to a wide variety of vehicles for its tasks, ranging from large trucks and forklifts to the Luchtmobiel Speciaal Voertuig. In addition, the company is tasked with managing the deployment of the brigade to areas of operations. The company has recently played a significant role in the innovation of parachute supply (cargo delivery airdrops) which did not yet exist within the Netherlands Armed Forces. It is the only independent supply company outside of the non-integrated supply battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 80], "content_span": [81, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0024-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), Organisation, Structure, 11 Medical Company\n11 Medical Company consists of a company staff, a logistic platoon and three medical platoons. The company provides all emergency, curative and preventive medical care to the brigade. A significant share of the company assets are transportable by air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007563-0025-0000", "contents": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands), Organisation, Structure, 20 National Reserve Battalion\n20 National Reserve Battalion came under the command of the 11 Air Assault Brigade in 2012. A Colonel of the western regional military command is part of the brigade staff and commands national operations in the provinces of North Holland, South Holland en Utrecht, which are all part of the area of responsibility of the 11 Air Assault Brigade. The A and D Company are based in The Hague, the B Company in Bergen, the C Company in Amsterdam, the E Company in Stroe and the F Company in Schaarsbergen", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 92], "content_span": [93, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007564-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Alabama Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Alabama Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007564-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Alabama Infantry Regiment was mustered in at Lynchburg, Virginia, on June 17, 1861. Some of the companies making up the regiment had been already in service for several months at the time of mustering. The regiment surrendered  at Appomattox Court House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007564-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe 11th mustered 1192 men during its existence. The regiment suffered approximately 270  killed in action or mortally wounded and 200 men who died of disease, for a total of approximately 470 fatalities. An additional 170 men were discharged from the regiment and 80 were transferred to other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007565-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Alberta Legislature\nThe 11th Alberta Legislative Assembly was in session from February 17, 1949, to July 3, 1952, with the membership of the assembly determined by the results of the 1948 Alberta general election held on August 17, 1948. The Legislature officially resumed on February 17, 1949, and continued until the fifth session was prorogued on April 10, 1952 and dissolved on July 3, 1952, prior to the 1952 Alberta general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007565-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Alberta Legislature\nAlberta's eleventh government was controlled by the majority Social Credit Party for the fourth time, led by Premier Ernest Manning who would go on to be the longest serving Premier in Alberta history. The Official Opposition was led by James Harper Prowse a member of the Alberta Liberal Party. The Speaker was Peter Dawson who would serve until his death during the 15th legislature on March 24, 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007565-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Alberta Legislature\nThe opposition was divided between the Liberal and Co-operative Commonwealth and 2 Independents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007566-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Alpini Regiment\nThe 11th Alpini Regiment (Italian: 11\u00b0 Reggimento Alpini) is an inactive regiment of the Italian Army's mountain infantry speciality, the Alpini, which distinguished itself in combat during World War I and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007566-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Alpini Regiment, History, Formation\nOn 22 December 1935 the 11th Alpini Regiment was formed in the city of Bruneck with existing battalions from other Alpini regiments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007566-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Alpini Regiment, History, Formation\nOn 1 January 1936 the regiment was subordinated to the newly created 5th Alpine Division \"Pusteria\" and sent with the division to Eritrea to fight in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007566-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Alpini Regiment, History, Ethiopia\nFor the war the Pusteria had been augmented by the \"Exilles\" and \"Intra\" battalions and four artillery batteries form the 1st Alpine Division \"Taurinense\". The Pusteria participated in all battles of the Northern Theater and the 11th regiment distinguished itself during the Battle of Amba Aradam, for which it received its first Bronze Medal of Military Valour. The division returned to the Italy in 1937 and was honored with a parade through the streets of Rome on 13 March 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007566-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Alpini Regiment, History, World War II\nAfter its return the regiment was reorganized, returning two battalions to their original regiments. As replacement the regiment received an existing battalion and raised another one. Thus as of 11 April 1937 the new structure of the regiment was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007566-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Alpini Regiment, History, World War II\nWith the outbreak of World War II reserve battalions for the active battalions were formed. Named after valleys (Italian: Val) located near Bolzano, Trento, and Bassano the reserve battalions could be called up if necessary. The reserve battalions were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007566-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Alpini Regiment, History, World War II\nOn 21 June 1940 (one day before the French surrender) the Pusteria division began to advance into southern France during the last days of the Battle of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007566-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Alpini Regiment, History, World War II\nAfterwards the 11th Alpini was sent to Albania, where it participated in the Italian attack on Greece. After the German invasion of Yugoslavia the Pusteria and its units were sent to Montenegro, where the division was decimated in heavy fighting against Yugoslavian Partisans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007566-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Alpini Regiment, History, World War II\nIn August 1942 the division was repatriated, and after two months of rest participated in Case Anton - the Axis occupation of Vichy France. Afterwards the Pusteria took up garrison duties in the southern region of Provence. After the signing of the Italian armistice with the Allies on 8 September 1943 part of the division surrendered to German forces in Southern France while other units managed to return to the Italian region of Piedmont were they disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007566-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Alpini Regiment, History, 1990s\nWith the reintroduction of the regimental level in the Italian Army in 1991/1992 the regiment was reformed on 8 August 1992 in Bruneck as part of the Alpine Brigade \"Tridentina\". The regiment only consisted of the \"Trento\" battalion. Battalion and regiment were dissolved on 18 March 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007566-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Alpini Regiment, Structure\nWhen the regiment was disbanded it had the following structure:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007567-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Annual Grammy Awards\nThe 11th Annual Grammy Awards were held on March 12, 1969. They recognized accomplishments of musicians for the year 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007568-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Annual Honda Civic Tour\nThe 11th Annual Honda Civic Tour was a concert tour co-headlined by the American alternative metal bands Linkin Park and Incubus. They were joined by Mutemath, a supporting act for the tour. The tour started on August 10, 2012 and ended on September 10th, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007568-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Annual Honda Civic Tour\nThis tour was the 11th tour in the Honda Civic Tour lineup, and was the shortest, only going up to 17 dates in total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007568-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Annual Honda Civic Tour, Background\nAnnounced on April 16, 2012 by Honda, the 2012 Honda Civic Tour featured Linkin Park, Incubus, and Mutemath. The tour started in Bristow, Virginia, and ended in Chula Vista, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007568-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Annual Honda Civic Tour, Background\nAs a tradition with all previous Honda Civic Tours, Linkin Park was chosen to design a Honda Civic Si and a CBR250R motorcycle. The band chose to base the cars artwork off their album they had just released, Living Things.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007569-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nThe 11th Annual Latin Grammy Awards were held on Thursday, November 11, 2010, at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was the third time the annual event had taken place at this location. The eligibility period for recordings to be nominated was July 1, 2009 to June 30, 2010. Nominations were announced on September 8, 2010. On September 14, 2010 it was announced that the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year honoree would be Pl\u00e1cido Domingo. The big winners of the night were Camila, Juan Luis Guerra and Gustavo Cerati with three awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007569-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nJuan Luis Guerra's A Son de Guerra was awarded the Album of the Year, the second time he has received this award. \"Mientes\" by pop band Camila won the Record of the Year and Song of the Year. Alex Cuba and Nelly Furtado became the first Canadian musicians to receive a Latin Grammy Award. Cuba received a Latin Grammy Award for Best New Artist and Furtado the Best Female Pop Vocal Album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007569-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Tropical\nDiomedes Diaz and Alvaro Lopez \u2014 Listo Pa' la foto", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007569-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Regional Mexican\nYoel Henriquez and Paco Lugo \u2014 \"Amarte a La Antigua\" (Pedro Fern\u00e1ndez)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007569-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Brazilian\nCharlie Brown Jr. \u2014 Camisa 10 Joga Bola At\u00e9 na Chuva", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007569-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Classical\nLeo Brouwer \u2014 Integral Cuartetos De CuerdaFernando Otero \u2014 Vital", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007569-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Production\nPaul Acedo, Rafa Arcaute, Sebastian Krys, Lee Levin, Daniel Ovie, Sebastian Perkal, Tom Russo, Esteban Varela, Dan, Warner and Lurssen Inc. \u2014 Distinto (Diego Torres)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)\nThe 11th Anti - Aircraft Division (11th AA Division) was an air defence formation of the British Army during the early years of the Second World War. It defended the West Midlands during The Blitz, including the notorious raid on Coventry, and the subsequent Baedeker Blitz, but only had a short career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mobilisation\nThe 11th Anti - Aircraft Division was one of five new divisions created on 1 November 1940 by Anti- Aircraft Command to control the expanding anti-aircraft (AA) defences of the United Kingdom. The  division was formed by separating two Territorial Army (TA) brigade areas (34th (South Midland) and 54th) from the 4th AA Division in North West England and adding a Regular Army headquarters from the (1st AA Brigade) that had recently returned from the Dunkirk evacuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mobilisation\nThe divisional headquarters (HQ) was at Birmingham and the first General Officer Commanding (GOC), appointed on 14 November 1940, was Major-General Sidney Archibald, who had been Major General, Royal Artillery, of Home Forces and was a former commander of the 34th (South Midland) AA Brigade. The 11th AA Division formed part of II AA Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), The Blitz\nThe division's fighting units, organised into three AA Brigades, consisted of Heavy (HAA) and Light (LAA) gun regiments and Searchlight (S/L) regiments of the Royal Artillery. The HAA guns were concentrated in the Gun Defence Areas (GDAs) at Birmingham and Coventry, LAA units were distributed to defend Vulnerable Points (VPs) such as factories and airfields, while the S/L detachments were disposed in clusters of three, spaced 10,400 yards (9,500\u00a0m) apart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), The Blitz, Coventry Blitz\nAt the time the 11th AA Division was created, the industrial towns of the UK were under regular attack by night, to which the limited AA defences replied as best they could. The West Midlands had already suffered badly, with Birmingham and Coventry receiving heavy raids in August and October. The new division was still being formed when the Luftwaffe launched a series of devastating raids, beginning with the notorious Coventry Blitz on 14/15 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), The Blitz, Coventry Blitz\nThe Coventry raid was preceded by a dozen pathfinder aircraft of Kampfgeschwader 100 riding an X-Ger\u00e4t beam to drop flares and incendiary bombs on the target. The huge fires that broke out in the congested city centre then attracted successive 40-strong waves of bombers flying at heights between 12,000 and 20,000 feet to saturate the defences. The AA Defence Commander (AADC) of 95th (Birmingham) HAA Rgt had prepared a series of concentrations to be fired using sound-locators and GL Mk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0005-0001", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), The Blitz, Coventry Blitz\nI gun-laying radar, and 128 concentrations were fired before the bombing severed all lines of communication and the noise drowned out sound-location. Some gun positions were able to fire at S/L beam intersections, glimpsed through the smoke and guessing the range. Although the Coventry guns fired 10 rounds a minute for the whole 10-hour raid, only three aircraft were shot down over the UK that night, and the city centre was gutted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), The Blitz, Coventry Blitz\nThe change in enemy tactics led to HAA guns being moved from London to the West Midlands (for example, the 6th HAA Regt).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), The Blitz, Birmingham Blitz\nThe Coventry raid was followed by three consecutive nights (19\u201322 November) of attacks on Birmingham and other Black Country industrial towns including West Bromwich, Dudley and Tipton were all hit. Birmingham was bombed again during December (3, 4, 11) and on 11 March 1941, but the full Birmingham Blitz came in April 1941, with heavy raids on the nights of 9/10 and 10/11 of the month, causing extensive damage and casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 73], "content_span": [74, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), The Blitz, Birmingham Blitz\nThe Blitz is generally held to have ended on 16 May 1941 with another attack on Birmingham. By now the HAA sites had the advantage of GL Mk I* radar with an elevation finding (E/F or 'Effie') attachment, and several attackers were turned away by accurate fire and their bombs scattered widely, some on nearby Nuneaton. The city was attacked again in July, but the Luftwaffe bombing offensive was effectively over. The West Midlands had been the hardest hit area of the UK after London and Merseyside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 73], "content_span": [74, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), The Blitz, Order of Battle 1940\u201341\nBy March 1941, the 1st AA Brigade HQ together with the Regular 1st and 6th HAA Rgts had returned to the War Office (WO) Reserve pending deployment overseas, but temporarily remained part of AA Command. By mid-May 1941, the 1st AA Brigade had handed over its units and responsibilities to a new 68th AA Brigade and left AA Command, while the 67th AA Brigade had also been created by splitting the 34th AA Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 80], "content_span": [81, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War\nBy October 1941 the availability of S/L control radar was sufficient to allow AA Command's S/L sites to be 'declustered' into single-light sites spaced at 10,400 yards (9,500\u00a0m) intervals in 'Indicator Belts' in the approaches to the GDAs, and 'Killer Belts' at 6,000 yards (5,500\u00a0m) spacing to cooperate with the RAF's Night-fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War\nAlthough the Luftwaffe 's so-called Baedeker Blitz of 1942 was mainly aimed at unprotected cities, Birmingham was hit on several occasions in June and July that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War\nNewly formed AA units joined the division, the HAA and support units increasingly becoming 'Mixed' units, indicating that women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) were fully integrated into them. At the same time, experienced units were posted away to train for service overseas. This led to a continual turnover of units, which accelerated in 1942 with the preparations for the invasion of North Africa (Operation Torch) and the need to transfer AA units  to counter the Baedeker raids and the Luftwaffe 's hit-and-run attacks against South Coast towns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War, Order of Battle 1941\u201342\nBy May 1942, the 67th AA Brigade consisted only of 142nd (M) HAA Rgt; thereafter it was joined by:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War, Order of Battle 1941\u201342\nIn June 1942, the 67th AA Brigade transferred to the 9th AA Division, and by October 1942 it once again consisted of a single regiment (143rd (M) HAA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War, Order of Battle 1941\u201342\nThe increased sophistication of Operations Rooms and communications was reflected in the growth in support units, which attained the following organisation by May 1942:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War, Order of Battle 1941\u201342\nThe RAOC companies became part of the new Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) during 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Disbandment\nA reorganisation of AA Command in October 1942 saw the AA divisions disbanded and replaced by a smaller number of AA Groups more closely aligned with the groups of RAF Fighter Command. The 11th AA Division merged with the 4th AA Division into the 4th AA Group based at Preston and cooperating with No. 9 Group RAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007570-0018-0000", "contents": "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Disbandment\nThe 11th AA Divisional Signals was amalgamated back into its parent 4th AA Divisional Signals as the 4th AA Group (Mixed) Signals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007571-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion\nThe 11th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion (11th AAA Bn) was a United States Marine Corps antiaircraft unit that served during World War II. Formed in 1942 as the 11th Defense Battalion, its original mission was to provide air and coastal defense for advanced naval bases. During the war the battalion defended took part in combat operations in the Solomon Islands. The battalion's tank platoon also saw extensive action on New Georgia and Arundel Island. The battalion was decommissioned before the end of the war on December 15, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007571-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Organization\nThe 11th Defense Battalion was commissioned on June 15, 1942 at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina. On August 26, 1942 the battalion was moved to Marine Corps Air Station New River, North Carolina. It departed New River via train on October 7, 1942 bound for the West Coast. After a month and a half in San Diego, California the battalion departed the United States on December 3, 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007571-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Solomon Islands\nThe 11th Defense Battalion arrived at Efate in the New Hebrides on December 21, 1942. On January 14, 1943 the battalion sailed from Efate and landed at Tulagi on January 17th. It was assigned air and coastal defense for the Purvis Bay area of the Florida Islands. An antiaircraft detachment from the 11th accompanied the 43rd Infantry Regiment as it cleared Banika on February 21, 1943. The det was later relieved by a detachment from the 10th Defense Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007571-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Solomon Islands\nDuring July 1943, M3A1 Stuart Light Tanks of the 11th Defense Battalion were assigned to support the 43rd Infantry Division securing Munda Point on New Georgia. After Munda, the tank section was transported via landing craft to Arundel Island where they again provided fire support for the 43rd Infantry during their seizure of the island. On July 13, 1943 another detachment was displaced when the 90mm guns of Battery E were sent to support operations on New Georgia. Battery E went ashore on August 9th at Enogai Inlet to provide air defense following the Battle of Enogai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007571-0002-0002", "contents": "11th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Solomon Islands\nThese 50 Marines, with their 40mm antiaircraft guns and .50 cal machine guns, were a welcome addition to the base's defense. That evening the Battery E Marines scored a \"probable\" shoot down on a Japanese aircraft. On September 24, 1943 the battalion ceased operations at Purvis Bay and prepared for embarkation on naval shipping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007571-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, New Georgia\nThe entire battalion arrived on New Georgia on September 26th and immediately began emplacing near Ondonga Airfield. On January 18, 1944 the battalion was notified that it would be soon relieved by incoming United States Army units. The battalion was officially relieved by the 276th Coast Artillery on February 10th. During this time the battalion's Special Weapons Group was detached from the 40th Infantry Division on Guadalcanal. On March 10, 1944 the 11th Defense Battalion loaded all personnel and equipment onto the USS Hyperion (AK-107). New orders arrived and the ship had to be unloaded and the battalion instead moved to Arundel Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007571-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Reorganization, Hawaii and decommissioning\nBeginning in 1944 the Marine Corps removed coastal artillery from the defense battalions in order to form additional heavy artillery units for the Fleet Marine Force. On April 20, 1944 the battalion was divested of its seacoast artillery. These Marines and their equipment were transferred to Guadalcanal and used to form 155mm gun battalions. Because of the divestiture of the coastal defense mission, the battalion was re-designated as the 11th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on May 16, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 90], "content_span": [91, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007571-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Reorganization, Hawaii and decommissioning\nJune 1944 saw the battalion stage on Ondongo Island preparing to move. On June 21st, 481.5 short tons of the battalion's gear departed on the USS Kopara (AK-62). After some delay, an additional 440.7 short tons departed on board USS LST-398 on June 29th. All elements of the battalion had arrived at Guadalcanal by July 10th. The battalion continued training until November 27th when word was received that the battalion was going to be disbanded. All officers and Marines with two years overseas were sent home and other personnel were transferred to other units. The 11th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion was decommissioned on December 15, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 90], "content_span": [91, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007571-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. The 11th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007572-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Arabian Gulf Cup\nThe 11th Arabian Gulf Cup (Arabic: \u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u200e) was held in Qatar, in November 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007572-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Arabian Gulf Cup\nThe tournament was won by Qatar for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007572-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Arabian Gulf Cup\nIraq were excluded from the tournament because of the invasion of Kuwait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007572-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Arabian Gulf Cup, Tournament\nThe teams played a single round-robin style competition. The team achieving first place in the overall standings was the tournament winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007573-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Arizona State Legislature\nThe 11th Arizona State Legislature, consisting of the Arizona State Senate and the Arizona House of Representatives, was constituted from January 1, 1933 to December 31, 1934, during Benjamin Baker Moeur's first term as Governor of Arizona, in Phoenix. The number in both houses remained constant, with 19 senators and 63 representatives. The Democrats held every seat in the Senate, and increased the large majority they held the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007573-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Arizona State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Phoenix on January 12, 1933; and adjourned on March 14. There were 3 special sessions of this legislature during 1933-34. The third special session ran from November 26 \u2013 December 14, 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007573-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Arizona State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007573-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Arizona State Legislature, House of Representatives, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007574-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Arizona Territorial Legislature\nThe 11th Arizona Territorial Legislative Assembly was a session of the Arizona Territorial Legislature which convened on January 3, 1881, in Prescott, Arizona Territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007574-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nSince assuming office, Governor John C. Fr\u00e9mont had been mostly absent from his duties. The governor had left for Washington D.C. on February 28, 1879, to lobby the territory's case in a dispute over the boundaries of the Gila River Indian Reservation. The trip was expected to take five or six weeks to complete. Fr\u00e9mont had not returned to the territory till August 1879. The governor had again left the territory on  March 18, 1880. He did not return to Prescott till January 5, 1881. In response to these prolonged periods with no resident territorial governor, Territorial Delegate John G. Campbell said \"So far we cannot tell what sort of Governor he will make as he has spent most of his time in the East.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007574-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nWhile he was away, the non-partisan alliance that had controlled Arizona Territory during the McCormick and Safford administrations broke down. This allowed the territory's Democratic Party to organize an effective opposition to the Republican governor. The other signification change was the size of the legislature, which had been expanded to twelve members in the upper house and twenty-four members in the lower house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007574-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nGovernor Fr\u00e9mont's address to the session focused upon economic development. To this end he called for Federal aid in building water storage systems within the territory and increased trade with Mexico. To  encourage additional capital investment in the territory's mines, the governor requested removal of all taxes levied on mining products. On other issues, Fr\u00e9mont recommended divorces be handled by the courts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007574-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nThe regular address was followed on February 21, 1881, by a special message. In the message, Governor Fr\u00e9mont called for a 100-man force to be organized to fight banditry along and near the border with Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007574-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nThe most important, and contentious action of the session was the creation of three new counties: Cochise, Gila, Graham. Of these, Cochise County generated the most objections. Creation of the county was opposed by interests in Tucson due to the diversion of tax income from their city to the new county seat. Tombstone had however managed to elect a disproportional level of representation to the session and was able to overcome the objections. The new county's name also generated opposition as Representative Sharp of Maricopa County objected to the county being named for Cochise due to the \"depredation and murderous attacks of that bloodthirsty savage.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007574-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nThe towns of Phoenix, Prescott, and Tombstone were incorporated. A variety of bond issues were additionally authorized to fund construction of courthouses, jails, and other government buildings throughout the territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007574-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nActing upon the governor's recommendation, the territorial bullion tax on mined products was repealed. Fr\u00e9mont's request for a special force to fight crime along border with Mexico was refused. The previous session's creation of a territorial lottery was repealed, and gambling by minors prohibited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007575-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Arkansas Infantry (1861\u20131865) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. Following the units surrender during the Battle of Island No. 10, it was consolidated with Griffiths 17th Arkansas Infantry Regiment and mounted. Following the surrender of Port Hudson, some unit members returned to Arkansas and became part of Poe's Arkansas Cavalry Battalion and Logan's 11th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007575-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe 11th Arkansas was organized in Saline County, Arkansas, in July 1861. The Mustering Officer for the regiment was George M. Holt, a Brigadier General of the Arkansas State Militia. The unit was composed  of volunteer companies from the following counties:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007575-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe exact date of the units' muster into confederate service is unclear. The unit was included in the list of regiments transferred to Confederate Service by the Arkansas State Military Board July 28, 1861, but the unit was not fully organized at that time. An election for Field Grade Officers was conducted on July 28, but the results were contested by Captain John Logan of Company G because only eight companies were present, instead of the required ten. A new election was ordered by the State Military Board and it was held on August 8, 1861. The results were the same as the first election with the exception that Mark S. Miller was elected lieutenant colonel in the place of Hordley. The field grade officers received their commissions in the Provisional Army of the Confederate States on August 8, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007575-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nThe regiment was ordered to Little Rock on August 9, 1861, and remained there until August 20, when the unit was ordered to Pine Bluff. The unit boarded boats on August 27 for the five-day trip by river to Memphis Tennessee where the unit arrive on 1 September 1861. The unit remained in the Memphis area until September 26 when the unit was ordered to Fort Pillow, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007575-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nThe unit was eventually brigaded with the 12th Arkansas, commanded by Col. E. W. Gantt; was stationed at Island Number Ten on the Mississippi River, and transferred back and forth to New Madrid at the will of General Gideon J. Pillow. Island Number Ten was surrendered April 15, 1862, after a terrific bombardment by the enemy's mortar-boats and gunboats, aided by an overflow which nearly submerged the island. The Confederate defenses consisted of dissolving earthworks and twenty guns. Maj. W. J. Hoadley, of Little Rock, spiked his battery of guns and made his escape with one section of the battalion. The others were included in the surrender documents, and were transported to Camp Butler near Springfield, Ill., then to Camp Chase (Chicago), the officers to Johnson's Island, Lake Erie. Lieutenant Gibson, of Company H, was shot dead on Johnson's island by a Federal sentinel because he crossed the \"dead line\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 960]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007575-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Reorganization and consolidation\nThe 11th and 12th Arkansas Infantry Regiments were exchanged September 16, 1862, at Vicksburg, Mississippi. Because their original one-year enlistment was expiring, the regiment was required to be reorganized for two additional years. This reorganization resulted in the election of the following officers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007575-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Reorganization and consolidation\nThe reorganized regiment was ordered to lower Mississippi. In March 1863, the 11th and (Griffith's) 17th Arkansas Infantry Regiment were consolidated and mounted. Colonel John L. Logan was placed in command. The consolidated regiment was dispatched to Clinton, Mississippi, to head off the raid of the Federal General Grierson, but failed to meet him. At this time Colonel Logan served as the commander of a brigade which included 11th/17th so Col Griffin, originally of the 17th Arkansas, was often in field command of the consolidated regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007575-0005-0001", "contents": "11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Reorganization and consolidation\nThe unit operated outside the fortifications of Port Hudson during the siege in March 1863. This detachment operated against the army under General Banks in Louisiana, and took a number of prisoners, among them Gen. Neal Dow. Some members of the 11/17th Consolidated Arkansas Mounted Infantry were captured at the Siege of Port Hudson on July 9, 1863. These men were later released and exchanged in Arkansas and many would later join Poe's Arkansas Cavalry Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007575-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Reorganization and consolidation, Unofficial reorganization west of the Mississippi River\nIn November 1863 Colonel Logan made a trip to Richmond Virginia and made an impassioned request for the transfer of his regiment back to Arkansas. Colonel Logan's request for the transfer of his battalion fell on deaf ears, but he was personally transferred to the Trans-Mississippi Department. Colonel Griffith of the 17th Arkansas assumed command of the 11/17th Consolidated Regiment and led the unit until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 122], "content_span": [123, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007575-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Reorganization and consolidation, Unofficial reorganization west of the Mississippi River\nColonel Logan eventually achieved his purpose to a degree. When members of the 11/17th Consolidated Arkansas Mounted Infantry were released on furlough to return to Arkansas for recruiting duty in early 1864, many elected to remain in Arkansas rather than return to their command in southern Mississippi. Instead of returning to Colonel Griffin's command, many of these soldiers reported to Colonel Logan in the Trans Mississippi and by late 1864, Colonel Logan's unit, now recognized as the 11th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment or Logan's Arkansas Cavalry Regiment, was back on the roster of units for the Department of the Trans-Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 122], "content_span": [123, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007575-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle Flag\nA variation of the first national flag with twelve stars, nine describing a circle and three within it was previously attributed to the 9th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, but more recent research now indicates that this flag actually belong to the 11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment and was found, along with the regiment's baggage in Fort Thompson after the unit evacuated Island No. 10. The flag was returned to Arkansas by the State of Michigan in 1941. The flag is a First Confederate National Flag pattern variation made of cotton and cotton damask, measuring 46\" x 69\" and it is currently in the collection of the Old State House Museum, Little Rock, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007575-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Surrender\nThe portion of the regiment that remained as part of the 11th and 17th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment were surrendered at Surrendered at Citronelle, Alabama, on May 4, 1865. The portion of the regiment that had rejoined Colonel Logan in Arkansas were surrendered with the Department of the Trans-Mississippi on May 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007576-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe 11th Tank Division (Chinese: \u5766\u514b\u7b2c11\u5e08) was formed on September 15, 1968 in Xinyang, Henan province from 206th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment from 1st Army Division, 207th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment from 2nd Army Division, 212th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment from 3rd Army Division and 45th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment from 29th Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007576-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nAs of September 10, 1969, the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007576-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was in strength of 3000 personnel, 112 T-34s (1 battalion of 24 tanks, 1 regimental commander tank and 1 regimental commissar tank for each tank regiment) and 80 SU-76s (1 battalion of 20 self-propelled guns for each regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007576-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe division maintained as a tank division, catalogue B during the 1970s and early-1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007576-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nFrom 1970 the division became the general reserve of Central Military Commune of China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007576-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1971 42nd, 43rd and 44th Tank Regiment received Type-59 medium tanks (80 each). 41st Tank Regiment was also filled up to 80 T-34s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007576-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nOn March 1, 1973 Artillery Regiment, 50th Army Division was attached to the division and renamed Artillery Regiment, 11th Tank Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007576-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1974 the division moved to Queshan, Henan province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007576-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1976 Armored Infantry Regiment Activated. In February 41st Tank Regiment was transferred to 54th Army Corps and renamed as Tank Regiment, 54th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007576-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nFrom January 1976 to December 1982, the division maintained as a \"Tank Division, Catalogue A\". From December 1982 the division became a \"Tank Division, Catalogue B\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007576-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nFrom March 1983 the division was under the command of 43rd Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007576-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1985 the division was transferred to 20th Army following 43rd Army Corps disbandment. In September this year 44th Tank Regiment was detached to form Tank Brigade, 54th Army, and in November a new 44th Tank Regiment was re-activated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007576-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn July 1998 the division was transferred to 54th Army following 20th Army's disbandment. In October the division was renamed as the 11th Armored Division (Chinese: \u88c5\u7532\u7b2c11\u5e08), and its Armored Infantry Regiment was disbanded and absorbed into now armored regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007576-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn October 2011 the division was split into two: the division itself became the 11th Armored Brigade (Chinese: \u88c5\u7532\u7b2c11\u65c5), while half of its battalions formed 160th Mechanized Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007576-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 2017 the brigade was reorganized as the 11th Heavy Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: \u91cd\u578b\u5408\u6210\u7b2c11\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment\nThe 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment (\"Blackhorse Regiment\") is a unit of the United States Army garrisoned at Fort Irwin, California. Although termed an armored cavalry regiment, it is being re-organized as a multi-component heavy brigade combat team. The regiment has served in the Philippine\u2013American War, World War II, the Vietnam War, Cold War, Operation Desert Storm (scout platoons), and Operation Iraqi Freedom (Iraq War). The 11th ACR serves as the Opposing Force (OPFOR) for the Army and Marine task forces, and foreign military forces that train at the National Training Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment\nThe OPFOR trained U.S. Army forces in mechanized desert warfare following a Soviet-era style threat until June 2002, when the OPFOR and the 11th ACR changed to portraying an urban/asymmetrical warfare style of combat U.S. soldiers are facing in operations abroad. From June to December 2003, members of the 11th ACR deployed to Afghanistan, where they helped to develop and train the armor and mechanized infantry battalions of the Afghan National Army. These specialized units would defend the Afghan capital during the country's constitutional convention. In January 2004, the 11th ACR deployed to Iraq. The 11th ACR was not reorganized under the U.S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System, but has been reorganized under the U.S. Army Regimental System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Cavalry Regiment\nThe regiment was constituted on 2 February 1901 in the Regular Army as the 11th Cavalry Regiment, and was organized on 11 March 1901 at Fort Myer, Virginia. The regiment participated in the 1916 Pancho Villa Expedition under the command of William Jones Nicholson. For an operational history of the regiment, see the separate squadron histories below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Cavalry Regiment\nAt the start of World War II, the 11th Cavalry was stationed at the Presidio of Monterey in California. They moved to Fort Ord in stages from 16 to 27 January 1940 and again to Camp Clayton on 15 April to 15 May 1940 for temporary training. They participated in maneuvers at Fort Lewis in Washington from 4 to 29 August 1940, and returned to the Presidio of Monterey on 31 August 1940, where they were detached from the 2nd Cavalry Division, and resumed its status as a separate regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Cavalry Regiment\nThey next moved to Camp Seeley in California on 7 November 1941, and again to Live Oaks, California on 24 July 1941; they then returned to Camp Seeley on 17 September 1941, and to Camp Lockett on 10 December 1941. They were next assigned to the United States Army Armored Force on 12 June 1942, and relocated to Fort Benning in Georgia on 10 July 1942, where they prepared to be inactivated and reorganized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 11th Cavalry Regiment was deactivated on 15 July 1942 at Fort Benning, Georgia; personnel and equipment concurrently transferred to the 11th Armored Regiment, with concurrent development of the 11th Cavalry Group, and the 11th Tank Group. The remainder of 11th Cavalry was disbanded on 26 October 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Armored Regiment\n11th Armored Regiment was constituted on 11 July 1942 in the national army, assigned to the 10th Armored Division, and organized at Fort Benning on 15 July 1942 from the personnel and equipment of the 11th Cavalry Regiment. The motto on the unit insignia is \"Allons\", which means \"Let's Go\" in French.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Armored Regiment\nThe regiment moved to Murfreesboro, Tennessee on 22 June 1943, and then Fort Gordon on 5 September 1943. 11th Armored Regiment was broken up on 20 September 1943, and its elements were distributed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Armored Regiment\n712th Tank Battalion was inactivated at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey on 27 October 1945, and redesignated the 525th Medium Tank Battalion on 1 September 1948. It was activated on 10 September 1948 at Fort Lewis, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Armored Regiment\n525th Medium Tank Battalion was redesignated as 95th Tank Battalion on 4 February 1950, assigned to 7th Armored Division, and activated at Camp Roberts, California on 24 November 1950, and inactivated there on 15 November 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Armored Regiment\nReconnaissance Company was reorganized and redesignated as Troop E, 90th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, which maintained a separate history thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Tank Battalion\nAs part of the 10th Armored Division, 11th Tank Battalion shipped out from the New York Port of Embarkation on 13 September 1944, and landed in France on 23 September 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Tank Battalion\nThe battalion participated in the Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, and Central Europe Campaigns, and was located at Schongau, Bavaria, Germany on 14 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Tank Battalion\nThe battalion returned to the Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation on 13 October 1945, was inactivated at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia on the same day, and was relieved from assignment to the 10th AD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Cavalry Group (Mechanized)\nHHT, 11th Cavalry Regiment was redesignated on 19 April 1943 as HHT, 11th Cavalry Group, and was activated at Camp Anza, California on 5 May 1943. At that time, the 36th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and 44th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron were attached. The group was then moved to Fort Bragg on 31 January 1944, and again to Atlantic Beach, Florida on 15 March 1944 for amphibious training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 71], "content_span": [72, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0013-0001", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Cavalry Group (Mechanized)\nThey then moved to Camp Gordon on 1 June 1944 and then departed the New York Port of Embarkation on 29 September 1944, and arrived in England on 10 October 1944, and landed in France on 26 November 1944. They moved to the Netherlands on 8 December 1944, went into the line in Germany on 12 December 1944, and protected the Roer River sector; they recrossed into the Netherlands on 3 February 1945, and re-entered Germany on 27 February 1945 on the left flank of the U.S. 84th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 71], "content_span": [72, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0013-0002", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Cavalry Group (Mechanized)\nThe group then held a defensive line along the Rhine River near D\u00fcsseldorf on 12 March 1945 under the XIII Corps, and crossed the Rhine at Wesel on 1 April 1945, screened XIII Corps' northern flank, and saw action during the Battle of Munster and the seizure of the Ricklingen Bridge over the Leine River. During the campaign in northwestern Europe, Troop B of the 44th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron served as a mechanized escort and security force for the headquarters of General Dwight D. Eisenhower, supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces. In August 1945, 11th Cavalry Group headquarters was located at Gross Ilsede, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 71], "content_span": [72, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Cavalry Group (Mechanized)\nHHT, 11th Cavalry Group was converted and reorganized as HHT, 11th Constabulary Regiment on 1 May 1946. During this period, the regimental headquarters was located in Regensburg. As a constabulary unit, the 11th Constabulary Regiment patrolled occupied Germany and performed law enforcement and keeping of the public order missions. HHT 11th Constabulary Regiment was further reorganized and redesignated as HHC, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment on 30 November 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 71], "content_span": [72, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Tank Group\nHHT, 11th Tank Group was constituted on 19 July 1943 in the National Army. It was activated at Camp Campbell, Kentucky on 28 July 1943 as a separate group. It was reorganized and redesignated as HHC, 11th Armored Group on 5 December 1943. During the war, armored groups such as the 11th were used as administrative headquarters for the numerous independent tank battalions fielded in the European Theater of Operations. HHC, 11th Armored Group was converted and redesignated HHT, 1st Constabulary Regiment on 1 May 1946. HHT, 1st Constabulary Regiment was inactivated on 20 September 1947 in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment\nReassembly and organizing of 11th ACR was completed on 30 November 1948 by reconstitution and reorganization of elements of the 11th Cavalry Regiment and HHT, 1st Constabulary Regiment. HHT-1st Constabulary Regiment was converted, redesignated and consolidated into 11th ACR as HHT, 3rd Battalion, 11th ACR on 30 November 1948. 11th Tank Battalion was consolidated into 11th ACR on 8 January 1951. 95th Tank Battalion was consolidated into 3rd Battalion, 11th ACR on 1 October 1958. Air Troop inactivated 20 March 1972 in Vietnam; 2d Squadron inactivated 6 April 1972 in Vietnam; Air Troop and 2d Squadron activated 17 May 1972 in Germany. Around 1984, Air Troop was enlarged and became the 4th Squadron (Thunderhorse), also known as the Combat Aviation Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment\nPlaced 17 June 1986 under the United States Army Regimental System", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0018-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment\nInactivated 15 October 1993\u00a0\u2013 15 March 1994 in Germany", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0019-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment\nActivated 16 October 1994 (less 3d and 4th Squadrons; the Air Defense Artillery Battery; and the Howitzer Batteries, 1st and 2d Squadrons) at Fort Irwin, California", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0020-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Germany 1957\u201364\nAs part of the Gyroscope unit rotations, the 11th ACR was sent to Germany in March 1957 for another round at the border surveillance mission along the Iron Curtain, replacing the 6th Armored Cavalry Regiment. Regimental headquarters and 1st Squadron were located in Straubing while the 2nd Squadron was stationed in Landshut and the 3rd Squadron in Regensburg. The regiment's border surveillance mission was along the German-Czech frontier. In 1964, the 11th ACR returned to the United States and would be bound for Vietnam within two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0021-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372\nHome now for the regiment was Fort Meade, Maryland where the \"Blackhorse\" engaged in operational training and support activities like participation in the Presidential Inauguration and support for ROTC summer training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0022-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372\nWith the war in Vietnam escalating, the Blackhorse Regiment was alerted for assignment to Southeast Asia on 11 March 1966. The regiment began specialized training for combat in a counterinsurgency environment. Modifications were made to the organization and equipment (MTOE) with emphasis on the use of modified M113 armored personnel carriers (APCs). Two M-60 machineguns with protective gun shield were mounted at the port and starboard rear of the vehicle, and a combination circular & flat frontal gun shield(s) were added around the .50 caliber machine gun located at the commander's hatch. This combination produced a M-113 Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle, or, in Vietnam more simply referred to as an ACAV by GIs, a name coined by 11th Armored Cavalrymen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0023-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372\nThe regiment's modifications emphasized the use of ACAVs instead of the Patton medium tank and completely replaced the M-114 found in reconnaissance platoons, which may have existed in European and CONUS areas of operation. The M114 had been deployed to Vietnam in 1962, but withdrawn in 1964 due to its unsatisfactory, and often disastrous performance. Throughout the war, the tank companies, with their M48 Patton tanks, remained the same in each squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0023-0001", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372\nIn 1968, Colonel George S. Patton IV (son of World War II General Patton), commander of the 11th ACR in South Vietnam recommended to General Creighton Abrams that one squadron from a division and the other from theater command be issued the army's new aluminum tanks (Sheridans) for combat testing. General Abrams concurred, and in January 1969, M551 Sheridans were issued to the 3rd Squadron 4th Armored Cavalry and the 1st Squadron 11th Armored Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0023-0002", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372\nDue to differences between the organization of regimental cavalry squadrons and divisional cavalry squadrons, in 1st Sqdn 11th ACR, the Sheridans were issued to the ACAV troops, replacing three M113 ACAVs in each platoon (the squadron's one tank company remained intact); in 3rd Squadron, 4th Cavalry, the Sheridans replaced M48A3 tanks throughout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0024-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372\nAlthough the 3/4 Cavalry met near disaster with their Sheridans within a month of receiving them (one destroyed by a mine), the 1/11 Cavalry had just the reverse in luck, killing nearly 80 enemy soldiers during an engagement on 23 February 1969. All things considered, the army was satisfied with the Sheridan tank, and by the end of 1970 alone, well over 200 M551s would be in South Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0024-0001", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372\nWhile nearly all US armored cavalry squadrons were equipped with the M551 by 1970, the 11th ACR tank companies, as well as the three US Army armor battalions (1/69th, 2/34th, and 1/77th Armor) in country, all retained their 90mm gun M48A3 Patton tanks. Only the M48s, as well as the Australian Centurions, and ARVN M41 Walker Bulldog light tanks could effectively and safely conduct \"thunder runs\"; the firing of all tank weapons while driving down the highway or road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0024-0002", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372\nWhile ACAVs did not have a cannon, the Sheridan's high recoil from its 152mm main gun negated it from firing excessive broadsides while moving down a road. Thus the most favored tanks for clearing highways with \"thunder runs\" on a daily basis, most often fell to the M48s of the 11th ACR and accompanying armor units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0025-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372, Arrival in country\nThe Blackhorse Regiment arrived in V\u0169ng T\u00e0u, South Vietnam on 7 September 1966 and was commanded by Col. William W. Cobb. Operation Hickory (7\u201315 October 1966) produced the first enemy casualties inflicted by the 3rd Squadron and elements of the 919th Engineer Company in the vicinity of Phu Hoa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0026-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372, Blackhorse Base Camp\n\"Atlanta\" was the code name for the establishment of Blackhorse Base Camp\u2014the new home of the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment in Vietnam. Blackhorse Base Camp was located approximately 6 kilometres (3.7\u00a0mi) south of the village of Xuan Loc on Route 2 and approximately 2 kilometres (1.2\u00a0mi) southeast of the village of Long Goia. Saigon is approximately 35 kilometres (22\u00a0mi) to the west along Rt. 1. The operation began on 20 October and concluded on 3 November 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 68], "content_span": [69, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0027-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372, Blackhorse Base Camp\nlists the following locations for the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment's headquarters in Vietnam:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 68], "content_span": [69, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0028-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372, Operation Cedar Falls\nFrom January until 18 May 1967, the regiment conducted three major search and destroy operations. These operations would later be known as reconnaissance in force (RIF) operations. The first of these operations commence on 8 January 1967 and was known as \"Operation Cedar Falls\". It continued until 24 January 1967. The 1st and 2nd Squadrons operated in the infamous \"Iron Triangle\" region near Ben Cat employing search and destroy tactics, screening and blocking, and security in attacks on successive objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0029-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372, Operation Junction City\nOperation Junction City I and II involved the 1st and 3rd Squadrons. It began on 18 February 1967 and ran through 15 April 1967. This operation took these squadrons to the headquarters of the Central Office South Vietnam (COSVN) believed to be located in B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng Province with the objective of destroying this important headquarters. This joint mission conducted with the 1st Australian Task Force secured lines of communication and fire support bases (FSB). Extensive RIF operations were conducted as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 71], "content_span": [72, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0030-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372, Operation Manhattan\nCommencing on 23 April 1967 the third operation titled Operation Manhattan was a thrust into the Long Nguyen Secret Zone by the 1st and 2nd Squadrons. This zone was a long-suspected regional headquarters of the Viet Cong. In a series of reconnaissance in force operations 60 tunnel complexes were uncovered. 1884 fortifications were destroyed. 621 tons of rice was evacuated during these operations. Operation Manhattan ended on 11 May 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0031-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372, Operation Kittyhawk\nBeginning in April 1967 and running through 21 March 1968, the regiment was tasked to secure and pacify Long Kh\u00e1nh District. This year-long mission was called Operation Kittyhawk. It achieved three objectives: Viet Cong (VC) were kept from interfering with travel on the main roads, Vietnamese were provided medical treatment in civic action programs like MEDCAP and DENTCAP and finally, RIF operations were employed to keep the VC off balance, making it impossible for them to mount offensive operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0032-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372, 1967\nFrom the summer of 1967 until the winter the regiment was led by Col. Roy W. Farley. Operation Emporia I & II was a road clearing operation with limited RIF missions by the 1st and 3rd Squadrons in Long Kh\u00e1nh District. Operation Valdosta I & II was a regimental size operation. Its purpose was to provide security at polling places during elections and to maintain reaction forces to counter VC agitation. As a result of the operation 84.7% of eligible voters cast ballots in Long Kh\u00e1nh District in the first general election and 78% in the second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0033-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372, Operation Quicksilver\nOperation Quicksilver involved the 1st and 2nd Squadrons of the 11th Armored Cavalry. Its purpose was to secure routes that moved logistical personnel of the 101st Airborne Division between Binh Long and T\u00e2y Ninh Provinces. Cordon, search and RIF missions were also performed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0034-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372, Operation Fargo\nOperation Fargo ran from 21 December 1967 until 21 January 1968. This regimental size operation conducted RIFs in Binh Long and T\u00e2y Ninh Provinces and opened Route 13 to military traffic for the very first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0035-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372, The Tet Offensive\nThe early part of 1968 was marked by the most ambitious and embolden offensive attack coordinated by the VC and NVA in the history of the war. The Tet Offensive was designed to coincide with the Vietnamese New Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0036-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372, Operation Adairsville\nOperation Adairsville began on 31 January 1968. Word was received by the II Field Force HQs to immediately re-deploy to the Long Binh/Bien Hoa area to relieve installations threatened by the Tet Offensive. At 1400 hours (2:00\u00a0pm) the 1st Squadron was called to move from their position south of the Michelin Rubber Plantation to the II Field Force headquarters. The 2nd Squadron moved from north of the plantation to III Corps POW Compound were enemy soldiers were sure to attempt to liberate the camp. The 3rd Squadron moved from An L\u1ed9c to III Corps Army, Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) headquarters. It took only 14 hours and 80 miles to arrive in position after first being alerted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0037-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372, Operation Alcorn Cove\nThe security operation in the Long Binh/Bien Hoa area and the area around Blackhorse Base Camp by the 1st and 2nd Squadrons is continue under Operation Alcorn Cove which began on 22 March 1968. This joint mission with the ARVN 18th Division and 25th Division was a twofold operation of security and RIFs. Operation Toan Thang was an extension of \"Alcorn Cove\". That joint operation involved the 1st and 25th Infantry Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0038-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372, Operation Alcorn Cove\nFrom April 1968 to January 1969, the 11th Cavalry was commanded Colonel (later Major General) George S. Patton IV, the son of General George S. Patton Jr..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0039-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372, \"Workhorse\"  The 3rd Squadron\nK Troop was part of the 3rd Squadron and known as \"Killing K Troop\". 3rd Squadron's nickname was \"Workhorse\". Shortly after its arrival in Vietnam, the 3rd Squadron engaged the Viet Cong for the first time. The squadron was awarded a Meritorious Unit Citation for this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 77], "content_span": [78, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0040-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372, \"Workhorse\"  The 3rd Squadron\nThe Tet Offensive of 1968 gave the squadron a chance to fight the enemy's troop formations in open combat. In Bien Hoa the 3rd Squadron drove the enemy forces from the area near III Corps headquarters. Its action was crucial in smashing the enemy's offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 77], "content_span": [78, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0041-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372, \"Workhorse\"  The 3rd Squadron\nOn 20 October 2009 President Barack Obama presented a Presidential Unit Citation to troop commander Captain John B. Poindexter and all veterans of A Troop, 1st Squadron, 11th Cavalry for their heroism along the Cambodian border on 26 March 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 77], "content_span": [78, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0042-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vietnam 1966\u201372, \"Workhorse\"  The 3rd Squadron\nBrigadier General John Bahnsen, a recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross, served with the 11th ACR in Vietnam, commanding first the regiment's Air Cavalry Troop, and later its 1st Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 77], "content_span": [78, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0043-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Fulda Gap\nThe 11th Cavalry Group Mechanized was redesignated as the 11th Constabulary Regiment on 3 May 1946 in order that the regiment could fulfill its occupation duties, and was restored as the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment and inactivated in November 1948. Blackhorse was brought back into active status 1 April 1951 at Camp Carson, Colorado. In 1954, the regiment transferred to Fort Knox, Kentucky to complete its training in armored tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0044-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Fulda Gap\nThe Blackhorse Regiment rotated to southern Germany in May 1957, relieving the 6th ACR, and assumed the mission of patrolling the German-Czechoslovak border until its return to the United States in 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0045-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Fulda Gap\nThe Blackhorse arrived in Vietnam on 7 September 1966. Second Squadron spearheaded Operation Fish Hook into Cambodia on 1 May 1970, surrounding a North Vietnamese logistics center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0046-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Fulda Gap\nDuring the drawdown of U.S. forces in Vietnam in early 1972, the 11th ACR was inactivated in stages (Air Troop inactivated 20 March 1972 in Vietnam; 2d Squadron inactivated 6 April 1972 in Vietnam) and subsequently reactivated in Germany (Air Troop and 2d Squadron activated 17 May 1972 in Germany) by reflagging the 14th Armored Cavalry Regiment. The unit, based at Downs Barracks, had the mission of patrolling the East-West German border. During the late 1980s the 11th's 4th Squadron (Air) operated the first air assault school in Europe, known as the Blackhorse Air Assault School, based in Fulda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0047-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Fulda Gap\nAfter the Soviet Union dissolved in December 1991 the regiment ended its seventeen-year station along the Iron Curtain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0048-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Fulda Gap\nThe Blackhorse Regiment deployed an aviation task force on 10 April 1991 to Turkey for Operation Provide Comfort, an operation to support the Kurdish relief effort. One month later, the three maneuver squadrons (1st, 2d and 3d) along with the regiment's support squadron, deployed to Kuwait for Operation Positive Force, an operation to secure Kuwait so it could rebuild from the war. By October, the regiment had completed its missions in Turkey and Kuwait and returned to Fulda. As the need for US forces in Europe decreased, the Blackhorse Regiment was inactivated in a ceremony on 15 October 1993, and the remaining troops departed Germany in March 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0049-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Fulda Gap, Training the force\nReactivated again on 26 October 1994, the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment now serves as the Army's Opposing Force at the National Training Center. The regiment portrays a determined opposing force that trains US forces in the basic principles of army operations and challenges all the battlefield operating systems. As the 2nd Brigade Tactical Group, the squadron trains brigade and battalion task forces during ten rotations a year at the National Training Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0050-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 1st Squadron\nFirst Squadron, 11th Armored Cavalry, \"Ironhorse\", was activated as a horse squadron at Fort Myer, Virginia in 1901. It has served in the Philippines, Mexico, Europe, and Vietnam. It is now organized as a combined arms battalion, and comprises one of the two maneuver elements of the 11th ACR. It is organized around a Headquarters and Headquarters Troop (HHT), and four line troops (two infantry, two armor), with a total authorized strength of 720 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0050-0001", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 1st Squadron\nIt is equipped with the OPFOR Surrogate Vehicle, an M901 ITV highly modified with an M2/M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle turret to represent the BMP-2 armored personnel carrier, and the OSTV (OPFOR Surrogate Tank Vehicle) a vehicle based on the OPFOR Surrogate Vehicle which can simulate a wide spectrum of threat tanks. Using this equipment and configuration, the squadron performs the first of its two primary missions, acting as a non-permissive opposing force (OPFOR) during ten FORSCOM combat training rotations each year. The squadron's second mission is to deploy and fight as a combined arms battalion for various contingency operations throughout the world. In order to support this mission, the squadron must also maintain, operate and remain proficient on the M1A1 Abrams Tank and M2A2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 883]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0051-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 1st Squadron\nCommanded by Lieutenant Colonel Hennisse, the approximately 400 men of the squadron trained nine months before becoming the first squadron to leave for the regiment's inaugural deployment, to the Philippines. Arriving in January 1902, Troops A and D patrolled Samar, where they fought the regiment's first engagement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0052-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 1st Squadron\nIn 1905, the regiment relocated to Fort Des Moines, Iowa. In 1906, the 1st Squadron remained in Des Moines while the rest of the regiment deployed to Cuba as part of President Theodore Roosevelt's Army of Pacification. In 1909, the 1st Squadron rejoined the rest of the regiment in Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0053-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 1st Squadron\nOn 12 March 1916, the regiment received orders to join General John J. Pershing as part of the Mexican Punitive Expedition to pursue Pancho Villa. Nine days later, the 1st Squadron led the way, arriving in Mexico on 21 March. Later, the 1st Squadron rode 22 hours straight to the rescue of United States forces besieged in Parral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0054-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 1st Squadron\nThe 11th ACR was not deployed during World War I. During this period, 1st Squadron conducted port operations in Newport News, Virginia. After the Armistice, the regiment, with its predominantly black horses, was stationed at the Presidio of Monterey, in California. The Army reorganizations for World War II eliminated the horse cavalry in 1940 and 1st Squadron traded in \"saddles and hooves\" for \"tracks and steel\". The regiment was inactivated 15 July 1942. The personnel and equipment of the former 1st and 2nd Squadrons was combined to form the newly designated 11th Tank Battalion, which later fought at the Battle of the Bulge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0055-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 1st Squadron\nOn 1 April 1951, the regiment was reactivated as the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, as part of the build-up for the Korean War. The regiment served in Fort Carson, Colorado and Fort Knox, Kentucky until deploying to Germany to replace the 6th ACR along the Czechoslovakian border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0056-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 1st Squadron\nIn July 1964, 1st Squadron, along with the regiment, transferred to Fort Meade, Maryland. In 1966, the regiment deployed to Vietnam. The 1st Squadron earned the Valorous Unit Awards (twice), the Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry (three times), and the Presidential Unit Citation. It was during the Vietnam War that the 11th ACR was granted authorization to wear its distinctive unit patch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0057-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 1st Squadron\nPresident Barack Obama awarded Alpha Troop of the 1st Squadron the Presidential Unit Citation on 20 October 2009, in recognition of a rescue mission 26 March 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0058-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 1st Squadron\nIn February 1971, 1st Squadron was inactivated, then reactivated in May 1972, at Downs Barracks in Fulda, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0059-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 1st Squadron\nDuring the Southwest Asia Campaign, Ironhorse operated Camp Colt, a scout training camp for reservists reporting to active duty. Following Desert Storm, the regiment deployed to Kuwait in support of Operation Positive Force from June 1991 to September 1991. 1st Squadron, along with the rest of the regiment, was inactivated at Fulda, Germany in March 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0060-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 1st Squadron\nThe 1/63rd Armored Regiment, Fort Irwin, California was reflagged 1st Squadron, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment in October 1994 with the mission of Opposing Forces for the National Training Center and continues to do so today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0061-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 1st Squadron\nOn 30 January 2005, 1st Squadron left Fort Irwin for Iraq. After spending about three weeks in Kuwait, the squadron moved to Camp Taji on the outskirts of Baghdad. The squadron was assigned the task of patrolling the Adhamiyah sector of Baghdad, a suburb of Baghdad just north of Sadr City. The squadron was also assigned the task of training Iraqi Army units to ultimately take over control of the sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0062-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 1st Squadron\nOn 21 May 2005, the squadron left Camp Taji for Camp Liberty, one of the many camps that encircle Baghdad International Airport. Their new task was to patrol the Abu Ghraib sector just west of Baghdad and to provide perimeter security for Abu Ghraib prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0063-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 1st Squadron\nWhile in the Abu Ghraib sector, 1/11 ACR participated in Operation Thunder Cat along with the 256th Infantry Brigade of the Louisiana Army National Guard. The operation focused on disrupting IED cells in and around the Abu Ghraib sector, west of Baghdad. During this operation, 1/11 ACR uncovered five separate weapons caches, detained four suspected insurgents and uncovered $2,200 in US currency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0064-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 1st Squadron\nThe squadron redeployed to Fort Irwin on 22 January 2006 where it resumed its opposing forces mission for the National Training Center. During its deployment, the Nevada Army National Guard's 1st Squadron, 221st Cavalry, the 11th's former official roundout unit, took over the duty of OPFOR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0065-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 2nd Squadron\nThe 2nd Squadron is part of the Army's Opposing Force at the National Training Center, conducting battle operations in accordance with published doctrine and combat instructions. While in its role as the 801st Brigade Tactical Group, the Eaglehorse Squadron portrays an opposing force (OPFOR) that trains US forces in the basic principles of combined arms maneuver (CAM) and wide area security (WAS). The regiment trains brigade and battalion task forces during ten rotations a year at the National Training Center, Ft. Irwin, California. Additionally between rotations, the squadron conducts realistic, live-fire based training at the platoon and Bradley crew level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0066-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 2nd Squadron\nThe 1st Battalion (Mechanized), 52d Infantry was inactivated on 26 October 1994 and the 2d Squadron was reactivated in its place by reflagging the existing unit. The 2d Squadron (\"Eaglehorse\") was activated on 2 February 1901 at Fort Myer, Virginia, and its military campaign geographic areas include the Philippines, Mexico, Europe, Vietnam, and support in Southwest Asia. 2nd Squadron deployed with the regiment to the Philippines to suppress insurgent forces during November 1901. This deployment was commemorated by the bolos becoming part of the Blackhorse crest. The Blackhorse Regiment settled in Fort Des Moines, Iowa in 1905.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0067-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 2nd Squadron\nThe 2nd Squadron deployed to Cuba, 16 October 1906, as part of President Theodore Roosevelt's Army of Pacification. Their mission was to patrol and be a show of force. Eaglehorse joined with the General J. Pershing Pancho Villa Expedition in a punitive action against Mexico, with orders to pursue Pancho Villa, on 12 March 1916. Major Robert L. Howze, Commander, 2nd Squadron, led the \"last mounted charge\" on 5 May 1916, placing the Eaglehorse Squadron action as a milestone in military history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0068-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 2nd Squadron\nThe Blackhorse Regiment patrolled the U.S.-Mexican border from 1919 through 1942. The regiment received the name \"Blackhorse\" and a distinctive coat of arms while stationed at the Presidio of Monterey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0069-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 2nd Squadron, World War II\nThe regiment inactivated as a \"horse regiment\" on 15 July 1942 at Fort Benning, Georgia. The Headquarters and Headquarters Troop was redesignated on 19 April 1943 as the Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 11th Cavalry Group Mechanized. The former squadrons of the 11th Cavalry were sent to fight with the 10th Armored Division and the 90th Infantry Division overseas. The new HHT, 11th Cavalry Group Mechanized drew new squadrons, the 36th and 44th, and also received an Assault Gun Troop (Howitzer Battery).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0070-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 2nd Squadron, World War II\nAfter guarding the US southeastern coast from March 1944 until 1 June 1944, the group moved to Camp Gordon, Georgia to begin training for overseas deployment, The regiment arrived in the United Kingdom on 10 October 1944. The regiment entered France on 23 November 1944. Moving through France and Germany, the Blackhorse was assigned to the Ninth US Army and attached to XIII Corps, whose flank the Blackhorse screened during the corps' sweep from the Roer to the Rhine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0071-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 3rd Squadron\nPost-Vietnam, the 3rd Squadron (\"Workhorse\") was based at McPheeters Barracks in Bad Hersfeld, Germany, about 40 kilometers north of Fulda. The 3rd Squadron was organized as an armored cavalry squadron like the 1st and 2nd Squadrons. HHT and I, K, and L Troops, Howitzer Battery, as well as M Company were organic to the squadron. Attached was the 58th Engineer Company. Bravo Battery, 2nd Battalion, 2nd Air Defense Artillery was also headquartered with the squadron. In the field, the attached units of the regiment like the 58th Engineer Company usually operated over a wide area, with smaller detachments dedicated to supporting the armored cavalry squadrons of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0072-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 4th Squadron\nThe 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment (ACR) arrived in Viet Nam in September 1966, the Air Cavalry Troop (ACT), organic to the regiment, arrived in December of the same year with a complement of UH-1C Gunships and UH-1D Command and Control \"slicks\". Early in January 1967, ACT was flying combat support for the regiment's missions. It was after this time that ACT earned its nickname Thunderhorse because of the distinctive roaring sound of rotorwash over the rice paddies and the unit's distinctive Blackhorse insignia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0072-0001", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 4th Squadron\nIn July 1968, Air Cavalry Troop was reorganized into Air Troop (AT), consisting of nine AH-1G Cobra gunships, designated \"reds\" and nine OH-6 light observation helicopters (LOH), designated \"whites\", which flew in pairs as target acquisition and destroy missions as \"pinks\" and an aerial rifle platoon (ARP) \"Blues\" with infantry/cavalry scouts transported in the venerable UH-1 \"Huey\" (officially designated Iroquois).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0072-0002", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 4th Squadron\nAir Troop served with distinction, earning the Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm \"VIETNAM 24 February \u2013 19 May 1971\" (DAGO 42, 1972) and the 1st platoon of AT earned the Presidential Unit Citation \"DUC HOA 12 Mar \u2013 1 Apr 1969\" (DAGO 69, 1969) in addition to the regiment's awards and streamers. In 1969, a Trooper from Air Troop, SFC Rodney J. T. Yano posthumously earned the Medal of Honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0073-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 4th Squadron\nThe aviation assets of the regiment were deactivated on 20 March 1972 and left Viet Nam. The regiment was reactivated on 17 May 1972 to replace the inactivated 14th ACR and on 18 September 1972, the newly formed Command and Control Squadron was formed at Sickles Army Airfield near Fulda. The regiment's new C&C Squadron was given the task of providing aerial surveillance of the 385-kilometer \"iron curtain\", which separated East and West Germany. C&C Squadron consisted of its headquarters elements, as well as Air Troop (AT/AHT) with its 3 UH-1H, 21 AH-1S(MOD) and 13 OH-58A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0073-0001", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 4th Squadron\nCombat Aviation/Support Troop (CAT/ST AIR), with its 13 UH-1H, including an Aerial Mine Platoon (AMP) and 6 OH-58A, 58th Combat Engineer Company (CEC). The 340th Army Security Agency (ASA) and the 84th Army Band. A detachment of two each OH-58A were assigned to the 2nd Squadron at Bad Kissingen and the 3rd Squadron at Bad Hersfeld. In 1981, Air Troop, under the command of Major Joseph W. Sutton, won the Draper Cavalry Award; it was the first time an aviation unit had won the award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0073-0002", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 4th Squadron\nLater, under the command of Major Michael K. Mehaffey, Air Troop was recognized as the Army Aviation Association of America's (AAAA) Unit of the Year. On 1 June 1982, Command and Control Squadron was redesignated as Regimental Combat Aviation Squadron (RCAS) and officially as the Combat Aviation Squadron (provisional), 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment and nicknamed \"Lighthorse\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0074-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 4th Squadron\nIn the spring of 1984, Air Troop was once again named AAAA Aviation Unit of the Year. On 14 June of the same year, under the guidance of the Department of the Army's \"Cavalry 86\" and the new \" J-series\" Modified Table of Organization and Equipment (MTOE), elements of AT and CAT were combined to form the new 11th Combat Aviation Squadron (11th CAS), named \"Thunderhorse\" to honor the history of those Air Cavalry Troopers who had served before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0074-0001", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 4th Squadron\nThe new squadron consisted of a Headquarters, and a Headquarters Troop, to include an Aircraft Maintenance Platoon (AVUM), designated \"Crazyhorse\"; Alpha Troop which was assigned a combat support aviation role, was the last Aerial Mine Platoon in the Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0074-0002", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 4th Squadron\nIt used a Yosemite Sam, clad in a cavalry uniform for its mascot and was called the \"Miners\"; Bravo Troop, an Attack Helicopter Troop used the old cobra logo from AT and later a bull dog; Charlie Troop, called \"Tankbusters\", an attack helicopter troop used the silhouette of a Soviet T-62 in an AH-1 turret gun site; Delta Troop an air cavalry troop was known as the \"Death Riders\" and used a \"Jolly Roger\" type skull on a red and white background: Echo Troop, an air cavalry troop used a red and white logo which included a large letter E an AH-1 and OH-58 profile; F Troop, an air cavalry troop used a cartoon figure of an AH-1 punching a Soviet MI-24(HIND) with the motto \"Grab 'em by the nose \u2013 kick 'em in the ass\" and the 511th Military Intelligence Company (MI/CEWI) \"Trojan Horse\" which had replaced the 340th ASA. In 1984, three EH-1H were assigned to the 511th. The squadron's S-4 section was known as \"Hobbyhorse\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 991]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0075-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 4th Squadron\nOn 17 Jun 1986 the squadron aligned itself in accordance with the US Army Regimental System (USARS). Now flying UH-60's, OH-58C's and AH-1F's, the squadron eventually ended up as HHT, N, O, P, Q, R S and AVUM Troops. On 9 November 1989 the wall fell and by the first of March 1990, the squadron ceased border operations. Early on 10 April 1991 elements of the squadron were issued no notice deployment orders to self-deploy from Fulda to Diyarbak\u0131r, Turkey in support of Operation Provide Comfort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0075-0001", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, 4th Squadron\nTask Force Thunderhorse deployed 15 UH-60 and five OH-58D along with crews and support personnel. During this period the 511th MI (CEWI) was recognized as the best company sized military intelligence unit in the Army. With the fall of the wall, and the collapse of the Warsaw Pact, the regiment on 15 October 1993 to 15 March 1994 began the deactivation process of the unit. The regiment, less the 3rd and 4th Squadrons, was reactivated in October 1994 at Fort Irwin California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0076-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron\nSupport Squadron, 11th ACR provides combat support/combat service support to the 11th ACR and NTC Opposing Force and conducts deployment, survivability and MOS sustainment training IOT ensure the success of the regiment, OPFOR, and squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0077-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron\n\"Packhorse\", was activated in Germany under the command of LTC Ronald Kelly on 17 September 1985 to support the Blackhorse as it patrolled the East-West German border along the Fulda Gap. The squadron's official name at that time was Combat Support Squadron (CSS). The nickname \"Packhorse\" is derived from the early days of the U.S. Cavalry, when soldiers went on campaigns accompanied by packhorses, additional horses and/or mules that carried all their essential supplies. Everything from food to gunpowder to horseshoes were transported in this manner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0078-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron\nInitial organization included five units\u2014Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, Maintenance Troop, Supply and Transportation Troop, Medical Troop, and the attached 54th Chemical Detachment. The squadron also operated the Regimental Material Management Center which had the responsibility for the overall logistics state of the regiment. Elements of the squadron were based at both Fulda and Wildflecken. The squadron was large for a battalion-sized unit, as the Maintenance Troop alone had some 400 soldiers assigned. The Packhorse provided logistical support during both the frequent regimental maneuvers of the Cold War and at gunnery exercises at Grafenwoehr, where the squadron operated for weeks at a time while the cavalry troops and tank companies rotated through the firing ranges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0079-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron\nSquadron vehicles during the Cold War included 3/4-ton M1009 CUCV's, 1&1/4-ton M1008 and M1010 pickup trucks that often carried special-purpose shelters mounting communications, medical, or maintenance equipment, HEMTT's, M88's, tanker trucks, and trucks carrying chemical decontamination equipment. A pair of M934 5-ton Expansible Vans (\"Expando-vans\") housed the squadron headquarters in the field. The squadron was also capable of highly specialized functions such as the provision of potable water by filtering fresh water sources through purification units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0080-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron\nOn 3 October 1990, the two Germanys re-unified. By December 1991 the Soviet Union dissolved, ending squadron's six-year presence along the Iron Curtain. In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, prompting the United States to respond. On 16 May 1991, the Packhorse received orders to deploy to Kuwait to support the regiment as it secured the country while it struggled to rebuild after the war. By October, the regiment had completed its mission and the Packhorse returned to Fulda. As the need for U.S. forces in Europe decreased, the Packhorse was inactivated on 15 February 1994, followed by the Blackhorse on 15 March 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0081-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron\nThe 177th Forward Support Battalion was inactivated on 26 October 1994, becoming the Regimental Support Squadron, 'Packhorse' now carrying its new role with the U.S. Army's Opposing Forces at the National Training Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0082-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron\nSince its reactivation Support Squadron has been the Forces Command (FORSCOM) winner of the Philip A. Connelly award for garrison food service excellence in FY 1992, 1993 and 1994. The squadron also won this same competition at the Department of the Army (DA) level in FY 1993. The squadron played a part in the regiment's selection as the only Army unit in the Department of Defense for the Phoenix award for Maintenance Excellence in FY 1995, FY 1999 and FY 2000. Headquarters and Headquarters Troop was the winner of the DA Award for Maintenance Excellence for FY 1995 and FY 1996 in the Intermediate Equipment Density Category, the only unit to do so in the 16-year history of the program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0083-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron\nMaintenance Troop was recognized as the Salute Magazine Unit of the Year for 1995; this competition included units from all branches of the service. The 58th Engineer Company placed 4th in FORSCOM in the DA Award for Maintenance Excellence in the Heavy Equipment Density Category in FY 1995, and were 3rd-place winners in FY 1996 and FY 1997. The 511th Military Intelligence Company placed 3rd in FORSCOM in the separate Company category for the Army Supply Excellence Award and was the Starry Award winner for being the best company in the regiment during 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0084-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron\nThe squadron also won the FY 2002 FORSCOM Competition for both the Supply Support Activity (SSA) and Squadron Supply Operations, the SSA also subsequently received Runner-up at DA Level for FY 2002. The squadron won the FORSCOM level in the Philip A. Connelly competition for best Field Feeding Crew of FY 2003. Supply/Trans and Maintenance Troops competed and won the Army Award for Maintenance Excellence in FORSCOM for FY 2003; both are competing at the DA level. The squadron also placed first in the FORSCOM level of Army Supply Excellence for FY 2004 in Squadron Supply Operations and the SSA; both are also competing at the DA level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0085-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Headquarters and Headquarters Troop\nProvide personnel, administrative, and logistical support to the Regimental Support Squadron. Provide food service support to all NTC units in both the field and garrison. While providing this support, HHT will protect the force and provide superb quality of life for its troopers and families.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 106], "content_span": [107, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0086-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Headquarters and Headquarters Troop\nHeadquarters Platoon's mission is to support the troop administration, logistics, and preparation for war. The platoon consists of the troop commander's staff. They are the orderly and training room, communications section, motor pool, NBC room, unit supply, and arms room. The orderly room supports the troop in administration. The training room schedules training and maintains the troop readiness status. The motor pool supports the troop in organizational level maintenance. The NBC room supports the troop in nuclear, biological, and chemical training, and the unit supply supports the troop in organizational supply and arms room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 106], "content_span": [107, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0087-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Headquarters and Headquarters Troop\nAlso attached to the headquarters platoon are the cavalry scouts and mortar platoons. The cavalry scouts use high speed maneuvering and advanced optical equipment to identify targets. The mortar platoon uses the heavy 120 MM mortar system to provide long range indirect fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 106], "content_span": [107, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0088-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Headquarters and Headquarters Troop\nField regimental dining facilityThe Field Regimental Dining Facility (FRDF) Platoon supports 10 rotations per year. The mission is to provide Class I in the field for the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment Opposing Force (OPFOR) during all force-on-force rotations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 106], "content_span": [107, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0089-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Horse Detachment\nThe Fort Irwin 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment Mounted Color Guard performs at official ceremonies, unofficial functions and regional community events, is a living and historically accurate depiction of the mounted cavalry soldier and preserves the Regiment's heritage in order to provide a regional representation of the 11th ACR, Fort Irwin, and the United States Army, promote goodwill in community relations, support Army recruiting and community outreach objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 87], "content_span": [88, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0090-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Maintenance Troop\nMaintenance Troop's mission is to provide class IX support and conduct direct support maintenance for the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment to ensure the Regiment's success on the NTC battlefield. While providing this support, Maintenance Troop will protect the force and provide improved quality of life for its troopers and families.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0091-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Maintenance Troop\nHeadquarters Platoon consists of the commander's staff, motor pool, shop office, NBC room, orderly room, technical supply and unit supply. This is the largest platoon in the troop. The main mission of this platoon is to keep the troop ready for war at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0092-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Maintenance Troop\nThe shop office is the backbone of direct support maintenance. The shop officer and the repair control sergeant direct all the maintenance support for the regiment. They order repair parts and track the parts from the time it is ordered, to the time the part is received. They also track all maintenance jobs from initial inspection to actual repair to final inspection and pick-up by the customer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0093-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Maintenance Troop\nTechnical supply work 24-hour days, 7 days a week, providing Class IX repair parts to the OPFOR. They provide serviceable assets which include major assemblies, DLRs (Depot Level Reparables), Repairable Exchange Items and ASL stockage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0094-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Maintenance Troop\nThe mission of NBC room is to provide nuclear, biological and chemical training to the troop. The training room is in charge of planning and executing training for the entire troop. The orderly room provides administrative support to the whole troop. The supply room provides organizational supply. The motor pool's mission is to provide organizational maintenance for all vehicles and commo equipment for the entire troop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0095-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Maintenance Troop\nSecond Platoon is divided in 2 sections: Automotive, Armament, and Fuel & Electrical, which include 41C, 44B, 44E, 45B, 45E, 45G, 63G, 63H, and 63W MOSs. The mission of the above-mentioned personnel is to provide quality direct support in the areas of repair parts (generators, alternators and starters), recovery assistance, welding and machine shop assistance, and automotive repair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0096-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Maintenance Troop\nThe Automotive section provides direct support maintenance to the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment and Allied units in support of the OPFOR's daily mission. This entails repairing and replacing transmissions, steering gears, transfers, fuel injector pumps, differentials, engines, axles and necessary gaskets and seals for various types of wheel vehicles. The above jobs are just a few of the tasks that the automotive section does to ensure that the OPFOR equipment returns to the battlefield as quickly as possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0097-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Maintenance Troop\nThe Fuel & Electric section provides support in the areas of repairing and replacing wiring harnesses, generators, alternators, starters, brake shoe linings and the resurfacing of brake drums. In addition the F&E section repairs and replaces fan towers, gear assemblies and shocks for the M551 tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0098-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Maintenance Troop\nThe Armament section provides support for the main turret, ballistic computers, laser ranger finders, and other armament controls for the M1A1 Abrams, main battle field tank, as well as the various small arms repair and aiming devices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0099-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Maintenance Troop\nThird platoon consists of Ground Support Equipment repair, Service and Recovery, and the Communications / Electronics shop, which include 35C, 35E, 35F, 35N, 52C, 52D, 63B and 63J MOSs. This platoon is usually referred to as '3rd shift, 3rd shop', because when mission calls they often work around the clock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0100-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Maintenance Troop\nThe GSE section is tasked with the mission of repairing engineer equipment. GSE repairs and returns the equipment to the NTC battlefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0101-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Maintenance Troop\nThe Communication / Electronics shop works around the clock to repair the regiment's radios. The special electronics devices section of the 3rd platoon tirelessly maintains NVGs for the regiment. They also ensure that all chemical agent monitors and navigational satellite systems are maintained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0102-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Maintenance Troop\nThe Service and Recovery section has a continuous mission of providing recovery to disabled vehicles for the post. They are trained to inspect a vehicle and if possible fix the vehicle on the spot so that it can continue its mission, but if that is not possible then they are trained to recover the vehicle with any available means. There are no manuals written on how to recover a damaged vehicle, the manuals that exist only talk about the principles of recovery and the capabilities of each recovery vehicle. It is only by experience on the job that the soldier decides on how a vehicle will be recovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0103-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Maintenance Troop\nThe section is composed of 91 E (Allied Trade Specialist) They are both a Welder and a machinist. They can manufacture a functional part from a piece of metal or they can fabricate anything within the limitation of the equipment they have.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0104-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Maintenance Troop\nMaintenance Support Team (MST) Platoon's mission is to provide dedicated direct support maintenance. The MST platoon is made up of 2 different MOS: 63W (wheel vehicle repairer) and 63Y (track vehicle mechanic).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0105-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Supply and Transportation Troop\nThe Supply & Transportation Troop, Regimental Support Squadron, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Fort Irwin, California, provides support to the Opposing Force (OPFOR) soldiers of the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment. While supporting the soldiers of the OPFOR with Class I (food), II (heaters, chemlights), III (fuel), and IV (construction material) as well as all the transportation requirements needed on the NTC battlefield, S&T Troop will also provide a better quality of living for its soldiers and their families. There are four platoons (Headquarters/Supply, Maintenance, Petroleum, and Transportation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 102], "content_span": [103, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0105-0001", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Supply and Transportation Troop\nThe unit is responsible for the direct support of Class I (Ration Break Point), Class III (Bulk and Aviation fuel), Class IV (lumber), Class VII (major items), field services, and direct transportation support with light, medium, and heavy capability assets. Also, it is responsible for maintaining and issuing civilian vehicles in support of the OPFOR to replicate the presence of civilians on a battlefield (COBs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 102], "content_span": [103, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0106-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Supply and Transportation Troop\nS&T's Supply Platoon mission includes the Class I breakdown for each rotation, the issuing of COB-Vs prior to rotations and the issuing of Allied Fleet Vehicle prior to rotation. The Supply Platoon consists of four 6K forklifts, over 50 COB-Vs and over 25 Allied Fleet vehicles. In addition to all this the Supply Platoon is the housing and issuing point for all regimental CL IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 102], "content_span": [103, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0107-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Supply and Transportation Troop\nThe S&T Transportation Platoon missions consist of transporting Class I, II, IV, V, and Class IX. In addition to hauling that the Transportation Platoon is often tasked to haul tracked vehicles with their 8 Heavy Equipment Transport Systems. Along with the 8 HET systems the Transportation Platoon has 4 PLS systems, 14 M931 tractors, 5 XM 1098 3000 gallon water tankers and 22 M871 flat bed trailers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 102], "content_span": [103, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0108-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Supply and Transportation Troop\nS&T's POL platoon mission consists of providing CL III (B) support for the regiment. This includes forward area resupply point (FARP) and Refuel On the Move (ROM) capabilities in order to support rotational CL III requirements. The platoon consists of two M978 HEMTT 10-ton, 2500 gal. Fuel Servicing trucks; eight M969 5000 gallon semitrailer tankers; ten M931 5-ton truck tractors; and a 300K forward area refueling point system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 102], "content_span": [103, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0109-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Supply and Transportation Troop\nS&T's Maintenance Platoon's mission is to ensure that all of S&T's vehicles are fully mission capableand able to be utilized to execute all missions tasked down to S&T. This means that the Maintenance Platoon must maintain the operational readiness of eight Heavy Equipment Transport systems (M1070/M1000 HET), 25 5-Ton truck tractors (M931s), 22 M871 trailers, five XM1098 3000 gallon water tankers, eight M969 5000 gallon semitrailer tankers, four Palletized Loading Systems (M1074/1075), four 6,000 pound forklifts, and other vehicles in the S&T fleet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 102], "content_span": [103, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0110-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, Task Force Palehorse\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Detachment, Task Force Palehorse, provides world class Observer-Controller/Trainer's (OC/T's) for the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 133], "content_span": [134, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0111-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, Task Force Palehorse\nTask Force Palehorse works directly with Operations Group at the National Training Center to assist in meeting the training requirements for the Rotational Training Unit (RTU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 133], "content_span": [134, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0112-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, Task Force Palehorse\nAll permanent party members of Task Force Palehorse spend countless hours in training and are required to be subject matter experts (SME) in combined arms maneuver (CAM), wide area security (WAS) operations, the respective combination of CAM/WAS, Unified Land Operations and global insurgency tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP's).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 133], "content_span": [134, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0113-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, Task Force Palehorse\nTask Force Palehorse provides invaluable feedback to units through professional After-Action Reviews and written reports in support of ten National Training Center rotations a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 133], "content_span": [134, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0114-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, Task Force Palehorse\nOn order, Task Force Palehorse deploys as military advisors to foreign nations to aid with military training, organization, combat operations and other various military tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 133], "content_span": [134, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0115-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Current organization, Support Squadron, Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, Task Force Palehorse\nTask Force Palehorse has earned an Army wide reputation for developing and producing highly lethal and top tier leaders. The name Palehorse has its genesis in Revelation 6:8 \"And I looked, and behold a pale horse: and his name that sat on him was Death..\" Leaders are hand picked from throughout the Army to fill the ranks of the Task Force all of which are combat proven, highly motivated and masters of the profession. Because of this, per capita, Task Force Palehorse has the highest concentration of Combat Infantry Badges (CIB), Combat Action Badges (CAB) and prestigious awards for service in combat than any other unit within the Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 133], "content_span": [134, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0116-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Gallery\nMemorial stone to the 11th ACR at the former Downs Barracks, Fulda, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0117-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Gallery\nM114 scout vehicle, used by cavalry platoons in the 1960s and 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007577-0118-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Gallery\nMcPheeters Barracks, Bad Hersfeld, home of the 3rd Squadron from 1944 until 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007578-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Division (United States)\nThe  11th Armored Division (11 AD) was a division of the United States Army in World War II. It was activated on 15 August 1942 at Camp Polk, Louisiana and moved on 24 June 1943 for the Louisiana Maneuvers. Transferred then to Camp Barkeley, Texas on 5 September 1943, the division participated, beginning 29 October 1943, in the California Maneuvers and arrived at Camp Cooke California on 11 February 1944. The division staged at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey from 16 to 29 September 1944 until departing New York Port of Embarkation on 29 September 1944, arriving in England on 11 October 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007578-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Division (United States)\nThe 11 AD landed in France on 16 December 1944, crossed into Belgium on 29 December, and entered Germany on 5 March 1945. The 11th Armored Division was disbanded in August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007578-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Division (United States), Commanders\nMajor General Edward H. Brooks, August 1942 \u2013 March 1944Brigadier General Charles S. Kilburn, March 1944 \u2013 March 1945Brigadier General (later Major General) Holmes E. Dager, March 1945 \u2013 May 1945", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007578-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Division (United States), Combat chronicle\nThe division was activated on 15 August 1942. It arrived in England 11 October 1944 and prepared for combat with two months' training on the Salisbury Plain. The division landed in Normandy on 16 December 1944, assigned to contain the enemy in the Lorient Pocket, but the onset of the Battle of the Bulge resulted in a forced march to the Meuse and the defense of a 30-mile sector from Givet to Sedan, 23 December. Launching an attack from Neufch\u00e2teau, Belgium, 30 December, the 11th defended the highway to Bastogne against fierce assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007578-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Division (United States), Combat chronicle\nAn eyewitness account by John Fague of B Company, 21st Armored Infantry Battalion of the 11th Armored Division, describes the killing of 80 German prisoners by American soldiers at the Chenogne massacre \"Machine guns were being set up. These boys were to be machine gunned and murdered. We were committing the same crimes we were now accusing the Japanese and Germans of doing\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007578-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Division (United States), Combat chronicle\nThe division acted as spearhead of a wedge into the enemy line, and its junction with the First Army at Houffalize, Belgium, 16 January 1945, created a huge trap. After the liquidation of the Bulge, the Siegfried Line was pierced, L\u00fctzkampen falling 7 February, Grosskampenberg on the 17th, and the key point, Roscheid, 20 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007578-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Division (United States), Combat chronicle\nAfter a brief rest, the division crossed the Prum and Kyll Rivers, taking Gerolstein and Nieder Bettingen against violent opposition. Andernach and Brohl fell 9 March, in the sweep to the Rhine. In the swing southward to clear the Saar-Moselle-Rhine pocket, the Moselle River was crossed at Bullay and the Worms Airport captured, 21 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007578-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Division (United States), Combat chronicle\nAfter rest and maintenance, the division drove across the Rhine at Oppenheim, took Hanau and Fulda, and headed for the Thuringian Forest, reaching Oberhof, 3 April. The offensive raced through Bavaria, Coburg falling on the 10th, Bayreuth on the 14th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007578-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Division (United States), Combat chronicle\nIn the final drive, the division crossed the Regen river, 24 April, overran Grafenau and Freyung, and plunged toward the Danube, seizing Rohrbach, Neufelden, and Zwettl. The enemy put up its last significant resistance along the approaches to Linz, Austria, but the 11th entered that city, 5 May. Pushing onward, elements contacted Soviet forces, 8 May, the first unit of the Third Army, to meet the Soviet Red Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007578-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Division (United States), Combat chronicle\nOn 5 May 1945, elements of the US 11th Armored Division liberated the Mauthausen concentration camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007578-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Armored Division (United States), Combat chronicle\nThe war in Europe officially ended 9 May, and the division was placed on occupational duty until it was disbanded on 31 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007579-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 11th Armoured Brigade was an armoured brigade of the British Army raised during the Second World War. The brigade was a 1st Line Territorial Army formation, consisting of three infantry battalions converted into armoured regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007579-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom), History\nThe 11th Armoured Brigade was formed from the redesignation of the 126th Infantry Brigade, part of 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division, on 1 November 1941. During this time, the brigade formed part of the 42nd Armoured Division. On 25 July 1942, the brigade was converted from an armoured role (equipped with cruiser tanks) into an infantry support role (equipped with infantry tanks). As part of this conversion, the brigade was re-designated the 11th Tank Brigade. During most of 1943, the brigade was attached to the 77th Infantry (Reserve) Division as a training formation. On 23 November, the brigade was disbanded and its regiments were broken up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007579-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom), Postwar\nThe brigade was one of two \"square brigades\" assigned to 1st Armoured Division when this was formed in 1976. It was converted into \"Task Force Bravo\", and ceased to exist in 1977. (\"Task Force Bravo\" became 22nd Armoured Brigade four years later.) The brigade was reinstated by converting \"Task Force Golf\" into an armoured brigade in 1981, assigned to 4th Armoured Division and was based at Kingsley Barracks in Minden. It disbanded in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007580-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Cavalry Division\nThe 11th \"Lubuska\" Armoured Cavalry Division (Polish: 11 Lubuska Dywizja Kawalerii Pancernej) is an armoured division of the Polish Land Forces, which traces its history to the formation of the 11th Infantry Division of the Polish Armed Forces in the East in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007580-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Cavalry Division, History\nThe 11th Armoured Cavalry Division draws its history in a straight line from the formation in March and April 1945, in the region of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a of the 11th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007580-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Cavalry Division, History\nIn March 1949, on the basis of the 11th Infantry Division, the 6th Tank Regiment, and the 25th Armored Artillery Regiment, the 11th Motorised Infantry Division was formed. The division became a part of the 2nd Armoured Corps. The 11th Motorised Infantry Division was authorized 10,028 soldiers, 76 medium tanks, 21 assault guns, 5 armoured cars, 73 76-mm artillery pieces, 26 122-mm howitzers, 90 82-mm mortars, and 60 120-mm mortars. This unit was structured and quartered as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007580-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Cavalry Division, History\n11th Motorised Infantry Division (1949)Division Headquarters and Staff - \u017bary", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007580-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Cavalry Division, History\nIn 1950 the division was reorganized as the 11th \"Dresden\" Mechanised Division, and authorized 7,636 soldiers, 138 medium tanks, 19 assault guns, 15 armoured cars, 26 122-mm howitzers, 40 76-mm artillery pieces, nine 57-mm antitank guns, 21 37-mm anti-aircraft guns, 40 82-mm mortars, and 54 120-mm mortars. On September 4, 1956, the 2nd Armoured Corps headquarters stood down and the 11th Division was subordinated to the command of the Silesian Military District. This iteration was structured and quartered as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007580-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Cavalry Division, History\nIn summer 1957 the reorganization of the division was carried out, and in April 1963 it reorganized as the 11th Armoured Division. In August and September 1968, the 11th Armoured Division was one of the Polish units that took part in the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. The 11th Armoured Division was structured and quartered as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007580-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Cavalry Division, History\nIn 1990 the division was reorganized as the 11th Mechanised Division. In September 1991 the division lost the distinguished name \"Dresden\". In July 1992, the type-designation \"armoured cavalry\" was granted, although the division was eventually restructured as a regular armoured division. The new type designation recalled the service of pre-war and Second World War Western Front Polish armoured units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007580-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Cavalry Division, Current structure\nAs of 2020, the division is organised in this manner:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)\nThe 11th Armoured Division was an armoured division of the British Army which was created in March 1941 during the Second World War. The division was formed in response to the unanticipated success of the German panzer divisions. The 11th Armoured was responsible for several major victories in the Battle of Normandy from in the summer of 1944, shortly after the D-Day landings of 6 June 1944, and it participated in the rapid advance across France, Belgium, and the Netherlands and, later, the Rhine crossing in March 1945, and later invaded Germany. It was disbanded in January 1946 and reformed towards the end of 1950. In 1956, it was converted into the 4th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), History, Background and formation\nThe 11th Armoured Division was organized in March 1941, in Yorkshire under Northern Command, under Major-General Percy Hobart. A veteran of the Royal Tank Regiment, he had already strongly influenced the shape of the 7th Armoured Division, but his original and innovative ideas had led to his early retirement from the army. Reinstated after the disasters of the Battle of France in  May\u2013June  1940, he further realised his vision with the 11th Armoured Division. Under his leadership the division adopted the \"Charging Bull\" as its emblem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), History, Background and formation\nOriginally composed of the 29th and 30th Armoured Brigade, together with the 11th Support Group, it was reorganised in late May and early June 1942 on the standard armoured division establishment of the time, of a single armoured brigade and an infantry brigade, along with supporting units. As a result, the 11th Support Group was disbanded and the 30th Armoured Brigade left the division, to be replaced by the 159th Infantry Brigade, transferred from the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division. After this reorganisation, for the next two years it conducted intensive training while gradually receiving new, more modern equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), History, Background and formation\nIn November 1942, as the Allies invaded French North Africa as part of Operation Torch the division, then serving in Scotland and now commanded by Major-General Brocas Burrows after Hobart was deemed too old, at 57, for active service, was warned to prepare for overseas service to join the British First Army, soon to be engaged in hard fighting in Tunisia, and began embarking when the order was cancelled, as it was felt that less armour and more infantry were needed in the difficult terrain in that country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), History, Background and formation\nTraining continued throughout the remainder of 1942 and the whole of 1943; Major-General Philip Roberts, an experienced armoured commander, took command in December 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Normandy\nMost of the 11th Armoured Division landed on Juno Beach on 13 June 1944 (D+7), seven days after the 3rd Canadian Division had landed on D-Day. It was deployed in all major operations of the British Second Army, including Operations Epsom, Goodwood, and Bluecoat, and the battles around the Falaise Gap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Normandy, Operation Epsom\nThe 11th Armoured Division, as part of the VIII Corps, was committed to action on 26 June 1944 as part of Operation Epsom. It entered the Scottish 'corridor', opened beforehand by the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division. Despite mistakes in navigation, which slowed down the 159th Infantry Brigade in Mouen, the 11th managed to seize the bridges at Grainville and Colleville. It then progressed southward to Hill 112 (a dominant feature in the Normandy landscape near the village of Baron) and succeeded in capturing and holding this high ground against increasingly intense German counter-attacks. However, a renewed attack by fresh SS-Panzerdivisions transformed what was intended as a breakthrough into a battle for position. Before the German reinforcements could attack, General Bernard Montgomery ordered a withdrawal from the hilltop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 906]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Normandy, Operation Goodwood\nThe 11th Armoured was then moved to the east of Caen to spearhead Operation Goodwood. Planning and execution errors, coupled with strong German defences, led to a tactical British defeat. Goodwood was cancelled on 20 July, with the 11th Armoured being withdrawn from the front line to rest and refit. In only two days of fighting, it had lost 126 tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Normandy, Operation Goodwood\nThe subsequent reorganization saw the 23rd Hussars absorb the remainder of the 24th Lancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Normandy, Operation Bluecoat\nThe 11th Armoured was directed again to the west, to take part in Operation Bluecoat. Beginning on 30 July 1944 it seized Saint-Martin-des-Besaces. The division spotted an intact bridge on the Souleuvre river, which enabled it to drive the Germans back. In what became the famous \"Charge of the Bull\", the division liberated Le B\u00e9ny-Bocage on 1 August and quickly progressed southward. Although severely weakened at that time, the German army remained ever-present and dangerous. From 5 August, The 11th Armoured worked with the Guards Armoured Division and 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division to push back a counter-attack of the 9th SS Panzer Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Normandy, Operation Bluecoat\nAfter being replaced by the 3rd Infantry Division, the 11th Armoured was attached to XXX Corps. It progressed eastward hard on the heels of the Germans, who were retreating after the failure of the Mortain counteroffensive. The sole memorial to the fallen of the division is at Pont de V\u00e8re, the location of a battle on 16 August against a German rearguard. The 11th Armoured seized Flers on 17 August. Once the battle for the Falaise gap was over, the 11th Armoured liberated L'Aigle on 23 August and crossed the Seine on 30 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Belgium and The Netherlands\nAfter a night move, and an unprecedented advance of 60 miles in one day, the division liberated Amiens on 1 September. The same day, it captured General Eberbach, commander of the Wehrmacht's German 7th Army. Advancing to Lens, then Tournai, the division was then committed to the fight for Antwerp, which it liberated on 4 September. Two days later, it tried to establish a bridgehead over the Albert Canal, but the attempt, due to intense enemy fire, was not successful. After this failure, 11th Armoured had to cross much further to the east, at Beringen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Belgium and The Netherlands, Market Garden\nThe division was not directly committed to Operation Market Garden. Instead, it was tasked with securing the right flank of the operation. Attached to VIII Corps, it began moving on 18 September. Advancing in two columns, it managed to reach the US 101st Airborne Division at Nuenen, while on the 22nd, its engineers established a bridge over the Zuid-Willemsvaart canal. The division could then make an encircling move around Helmond, forcing the Germans to withdraw on 25 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Belgium and The Netherlands, Market Garden\nAt the beginning of October, the division was employed in clearing pockets of German resistance remaining west of the Maas. The operation developed promisingly with 159th Infantry Brigade, battling its way across the Deurne canal. Unfortunately, the attack was quickly stopped by obstinate German resistance. Further delay was imposed by the growing supply shortage and the launching of an enemy counter-attack in the south. There was also a skillful German defence which postponed clearing of the Maas for several weeks. During this period the division came into contact with troops from the United States and the divisional sign was referred to as \"the Swell Bison\". On 16 October Sergeant Eardley of the 4th Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry (from 159th Brigade) was awarded the Victoria Cross for bravery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 903]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Belgium and The Netherlands, Market Garden\nPreparations for a new crossing attempt were delayed until the second half of November. On the 22nd, 159th Brigade managed to cross and to seize the village of America. It progressed to Horst, before being relieved by units of the 15th (Scottish) Division. On 30 November, it attacked a fortress defended by German parachutists at the Battle of Broekhuizen. The enemy inflicted heavy losses, before capitulating on 5 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), From The Ardennes to the Rhine\nAt the beginning of December 1944 units of the 11th Armoured Division were placed in reserve around Ypres. The start of the Battle of the Bulge modified British ambitions. Being one of few formations in reserve, the 11th Armoured was urgently recalled to active service with its old tanks and directed to hold a defensive line along the Meuse, between Namur and Givet. 29th Armoured Brigade played a significant role stopping the progress of German Battlegroup B\u00f6hm on 25 and 26 December 1944. Battlegroup B\u00f6hm had penetrated the furthest during the last German offensive in the West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), The Lower Rhine region\nOn 17 February 1945 the 159th Brigade was recalled to the front, to add its weight to the reinforce XXX Corps fighting in Operation Veritable (Lower Rhine region). The fights lasted longer and were more difficult than expected and, despite fairly limited involvement, suffered the highest exhaustion rates of any British or Canadian units involved. At the same time the 4th Armoured Brigade, under Brigadier Michael Carver, came under command of the division and left 8 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), The Lower Rhine region\nThe infantry of the 11th Armoured later received orders to seize Gochfortzberg, south of \u00dcdem, then to break the Schlieffen line and capture Sonsbeck, in order to support the II Canadian Corps which progressed towards Hochwald from the north (\u2192 Operation Blockbuster). The brigade attack started on 26 February. Under challenging conditions, Gochfortzberg was seized on 28 February, Sonsbeck on 3 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Germany\nThe 11th Armoured Division was held in reserve until 28 March 1945 when it crossed the Rhine at Wesel, heading for the river Weser. Despite sporadic pockets of resistance, it reached Gescher on the evening of 30 March. During the next few weeks the division worked closely with the British 6th Airborne Division, both of which were under command of Lieutenant-General Evelyn Barker's VIII Corps. 3 RTR arrived at the river Ems in Emsdetten; they then reached the Dortmund-Ems canal the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0018-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Germany\nAfter crossing the canal on 1 April, the 11th Armoured approached Ibbenb\u00fcren and was heavily engaged on the heights of the Teutoburger Wald. The villages of Brochterbeck and Tecklenburg were captured, albeit at a high price. Further east, the wooded hills were defended by companies of NCOs, who savagely counter-attacked the 3rd Battalion, Monmouthshire Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0018-0001", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Germany\nThe intervention of the 2nd Battalion, Devonshire Regiment of the 131st Infantry Brigade, of the 7th Armoured Division, later on, made it possible to overcome their opposition, but the battalion, already weakened during previous campaigns, had to be replaced by the 1st Battalion, Cheshire Regiment and was transferred to the 115th Independent Infantry Brigade. The battalion had suffered over 1,100 casualties throughout the campaign, including 267 killed. It was during the same action the division was also awarded its second Victoria Cross of the war, belonging to Corporal Edward Thomas Chapman of the 2nd Monmouths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0019-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Germany\nDivisional units continued toward the Osnabr\u00fcck canal. After crossing via a captured bridge, it moved towards the Weser, reached by leading elements near Stolzenau on 5 April. A week later, the 11th Armoured liberated the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. A local agreement with German commanders made it possible to declare the neighbourhood of the camp an open area, and the fighting moved northeast. The division reached the river Elbe near L\u00fcneburg on 18 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0020-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Germany, Last Attack\nOn 30 April 1945 the 11th Armoured Division launched their last attack. It crossed the Elbe at Artlenburg, then against little opposition, occupied L\u00fcbeck on 2 May and Neustadt on 3 May (Cap Arcona). It finished the war by patrolling the surrounding countryside, collecting 80,000 prisoners which included 27 Generals. After the German surrender, the 11th Armoured Division was used as an occupation force in the Schleswig-Holstein area. On 23 May, units of the division were employed in the capture of members of the D\u00f6nitz Government in Flensburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0021-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Germany, Last Attack\nThe 11th Armoured Division was disbanded shortly after the end of the war at the end of January 1946. During the campaign in northwestern Europe, from June 1944 until May 1945, the division had lost almost 2,000 officers and men killed in action and more than 8,000 wounded or missing in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0022-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Germany, Last Attack\nThroughout the North West Europe Campaign the 11th Armoured Division had, in the words of General Sir Miles Christopher Dempsey,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0023-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Germany, Last Attack\nproved itself throughout the campaign in North-Western Europe an outstandingly fine division. I have never met a better. Even after sustaining considerable losses [10,000 casualties including 2,000 killed] \u2013 and the 11th Armoured Division had heavier casualties in any other division in Second Army \u2013 there was always a sound and well-trained nucleus to fall back on. The division was brimful of that priceless asset \u2013 confidence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0024-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Post war\nThe 11th Armoured Division was reformed in the autumn of 1950, but was then converted into the 4th Infantry Division in April 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0025-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Order of battle\n11th Armoured Division was constituted as follows during World War II:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0026-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Order of battle\nAn Inns of Court Regiment armoured car squadron was attached to most 11th Armoured Division operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007581-0027-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), In popular culture\n11th Armoured Division is depicted in Episode 4 \"Replacements\" of the TV miniseries Band of Brothers. During the assault on Nuenen, the 11th Armoured Division's Reconnaissance unit, the 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars equipped with Cromwell tanks, assisted Easy Company on a forced reconnaissance northeast of Eindhoven. Although they have both Cromwell and Sherman tanks in the series, the Hussars was historically equipped with Cromwells only. Despite the Shermans, the producers have marked the tanks with correct markings with the unit marking for the 11th Armoured Division, \"45\" for Reconnaissance unit and a triangle for \"A\" Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007582-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Regiment (India)\n11 Armoured Regiment is an armoured regiment of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007582-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Regiment (India), Formation\n11 Armoured Regiment was raised on 07 May 1984 by Lieutenant Colonel HS Lamba at Kaluchak, Jammu in  Jammu and Kashmir. It has an all-India all-class composition, drawing troops from various castes and religions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007582-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Regiment (India), Regimental Insignia\nThe Regimental insignia consists of crossed lances with pennons, overlaid with the numeral \"11\" inside a sprocket at the crossing of the lances, mounted by an armoured fist and a scroll at the base with the regimental motto in Devanagari script.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007582-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Armoured Regiment (India), Regimental Insignia\nThe motto of the regiment is \u091c\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0924 (Jeet-Hi-Jeet), which translates to \u2018Always Victorious\u2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007583-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Austria-Hungary)\nThe Austro-Hungarian Eleventh Army was an Austro-Hungarian field army that fought during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007583-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Austria-Hungary), Actions\nThe Eleventh Army was formed in March 1916 on the Italian Front, where it remained active until the end of the War. It participated in the", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007584-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Army (German Empire)\nThe 11th Army (German: 11. Armee / Armeeoberkommando 11 / A.O.K. 11) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I. It was formed in March 1915 in Kassel originally to serve on the Western Front but was transported to Galicia for service on the Eastern Front. The army was dissolved on 8 September 1915, but reformed on 23 September 1915 for the Serbian Campaign. It was finally dissolved on 7 January 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007584-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Army (German Empire), History\nThe 11th Army was formed in early 1915. It briefly fought on the Western Front during the Battle of Ypres, holding the line against the Allied attack. On 22 April, it was transferred and placed with the Austrian 4th Army under Mackensen's command, behind the Gorlice\u2013Tarnow gap, south of the Vistula River. In July 1915, the 11th Army advanced into Russian territory in a general German offensive. The 11th Army was dissolved on 8 September 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007584-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Army (German Empire), History\nOn 23 September 1915 a new 11th Army was created for the Serbian Campaign under command of Max von Gallwitz. It was composed of the III Corps, the IV Reserve Corps and the X Reserve Corps. After the retreat of Serbian army, the 11th Army remained on the Salonika Front in support of the Bulgarian Army. During its time on the front the army gradually became more and more composed of Bulgarian divisions. By the time of the Vardar Offensive in September 1918, The 11th German Army consisted almost fully of Bulgarian soldiers commanded by German officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007584-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Army (German Empire), History\nThe headquarters of the Army was situated in Veles on 31 January 1916, moved to Prilep on 5 October 1916 until the retreat to Hungary in September 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007584-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Army (German Empire), Commanders\n11th Army had the following commanders until absorbed by Heeresgruppe Mackensen on 8 September 1915:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007585-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Italy)\nThe 11th Army (Italian: 11\u00aa Armata) was a World War II field army of the Royal Italian Army. It was formed in November 1940 for service in the Greco-Italian War, and after the German invasion of Greece and the capitulation of that country in April 1941, assumed occupation duties in the Greek mainland. It remained on station in Greece until the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943, when it was forcibly disbanded by the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007585-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Italy), History\nIt was formed on 9 November 1940 out of the 11th Army Corps, then based in Italian-occupied Albania and engaged in operations against Greece alongside the 9th Army. Its engagement against the Greeks lasted until the fall of Greece in April 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007585-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Italy), History, Occupation of Greece\nThereafter, the Eleventh Army assumed duties of occupation in Greece, headquartered in Athens. Its command also doubled as the Higher Armed Forces Command Greece (Comando Superiore Forze Armate Grecia, abbrev. C.S. FF. AA. Grecia), with responsibility over mainland Greece (apart from the German and Bulgarian zones in northern Greece and the German zone in eastern and southern Attica), as well as the island of Euboea, the Northern Sporades and Skyros, and Kythera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007585-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Army (Italy), History, Occupation of Greece\nThe remainder of the Ionian Islands came under the Higher Armed Forces Command Albania (Ninth Army), while the Italian Dodecanese, the Italian-occupied Lasithi Prefecture on Crete and the bulk of the Cyclades came under the Higher Armed Forces Command of the Italian Islands of the Aegean at Rhodes. Apart from the units of the Eleventh Army, the Higher Armed Forces Command Greece also included the Air Force Command Greece (Comando Aeronautica Grecia), and the Western Greece Naval Military Command (Comando Militare Marittimo della Grecia Occidentale) at Patras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007585-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Italy), History, Occupation of Greece\nIn April 1943, an assessment of the combat readiness of the Eleventh Army's eight remaining divisions in terms of armament and means of transport found only one\u2014the 11th Infantry Division Brennero\u2014as \"complete\", with three more \"effective\" (over 70% of pack animals and 70% to 90% of vehicles from the table of organization and equipment) and the rest \"incomplete\" (with figures of completeness around 60%). In a similar evaluation of their completeness in personnel a fortnight later, only Brennero and the 33rd Infantry Division Acqui were classed as \"complete\", with the remainder as \"effective\". The situation remained largely the same during another review of their combat readiness in June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007585-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Italy), History, Occupation of Greece\nIt was forcibly disbanded by the German Army in September 1943, after the Italian capitulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007585-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Italy), Orders of battle, August 1941\nDuring the first months of its occupation of Greece, Eleventh Army comprised the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007586-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Army (RSFSR)\nThe 11th Army was a field army of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War, which fought on the Caspian-Caucasian Front. It took a prominent part in the sovietization of the three republics of the southern Caucasus in 1920\u201321, when Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia were brought within the orbit of Soviet Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007586-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Army (RSFSR), Russian Civil War\nSince the Russian Republic's Caucasus Front  (April 1917 - March 1918) dissolved, it did not have a true successor organization. The Army of the North Caucasus, which was renamed 11th Army on October 3, 1918, constituted the main army of the Russian Republic in the area during the Russian Civil War. During the Russian Civil War the 11th Army fought against the White troops of General Anton Denikin's Volunteer Army in the western part of the North Caucasus. It was the main strength of the Caspian-Caucasian Army Group. In January 1919, the front of 200 miles held by the Red troops along the Caucasus foothills and South Russian steppes was cut into two by the White forces in the Northern Caucasus Operation (1918\u20131919), which resulted in the panic flight of the 11th Red Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007586-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Army (RSFSR), Russian Civil War\nOn 27 April 1920 the 11th Army took Baku and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic collapsed. The Bolsheviks then established the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, as a Soviet republic in May 1920. This was the first country in the South Caucasus that the Bolsheviks seized control of. Taking advantage of its quarrels with neighboring Armenia, the 11th Army had little difficulty in initially sovietizing Azerbaijan. Although it soon was embroiled in a fierce anti-Soviet insurgency, the army remained poised to advance into the two remaining republics, Armenian and Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007586-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Army (RSFSR), Russian Civil War\nFor the time being, however, the authorities in Moscow ordered the army to stand down while negotiations between Russia and Armenia were being carried out. In that brief span the Red Army did aid Armenian communists fighting against the Armenian government in the Ijevan region of Armenia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007586-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Army (RSFSR), Russian Civil War\nIn September-November 1920 Armenia and in February-March 1921, Georgia were invaded and brought under Bolshevik control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007586-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Army (RSFSR), Russian Civil War\nHaving conquered the whole of Transcaucasia, the 11th Army was dissolved on May 29, 1921 and replaced by the Independent Caucasus Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007586-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Army (RSFSR), Commanders\nThe commanders of the Army of the North Caucasus were\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007586-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Army (RSFSR), Commanders\nThe head of the 11th Army's Revolutionary Military Council was Sergo Ordzhonikidze. The military leaders of the 11th Army were", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007586-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Army (RSFSR), Commanders\nMilitary decisions were supervised by the Army's Council of War. Its members were in 1921: Sergey Kirov, Valerian Kuybyshev, J.P. Butyagin,  K.A. Mekhonoshin, Sokolov, J.I. Vesnik, Lukin, B.D. Mikhailov, Kvirkeliya, S.S. Eliava and P.I. Kushner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007586-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Army (RSFSR), Commanders\nBy 1921, the 11th Red Army is characterized by the modern French historian Marie Broxup as \"a purely Russian army led by Russian commanders and Russian political cadres.\" In May 1921 the army lost its name and was integrated into the Caucasian Front, later part of the North Caucasus Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007587-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Russian Empire)\nThe Russian 11th Army was a World War I Russian field army that fought on the Eastern theatre of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007587-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Russian Empire)\nField management was established in October 1914. The unit fought on the Southwestern Front during the entire war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007588-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Soviet Union)\nThe 11th Army was an army of the Red Army, formed four times. The first formation was a unit of the then newly created Soviet armed forces. It was formed by the Bolsheviks on October 3, 1918, from the Red Northern Caucasus Army. In February 1919 it was dissolved and was again deployed in March 1919 as a subdivision of the Caspian-Caucasian Front. It took a prominent part in the sovietization of the three republics of the southern Caucasus in 1920\u201321, when Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia were brought within the orbit of Soviet Russia. In 1939 the 11th Army (2nd formation) was formed in the Belarusian Special Military District (BSMD) from the former Minsk Army Group. It fought in the Soviet invasion of Poland, the Baltic Operation, the Demyansk Pocket, and the Battle of Kursk. The army disbanded in December 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007588-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Soviet Union), World War Two\nIn 1939 the 11th Army (2nd formation) was formed in the Belarusian Special Military District (BSMD) from the former Minsk Army Group. It took part in the Soviet invasion of Poland (1939). In summer 1940 it became part of the Baltic Military District (from August, 17th, 1940 the Baltic Special military district).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007588-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Soviet Union), World War Two\nWhen the Germans invaded in June 1941 the 11th Army comprised the 16th Rifle Corps (which included the 5th, 33rd and 188th Rifle Divisions) and 29th Rifle Corps (179th and 184th Rifle Divisions) and the 3rd Mechanised Corps (640 tanks), the 23rd, 126th and 128th Rifle Divisions, the 42nd (Siauliai) and 46th Fortified Regions (Telsiai), and 45th Fortified Regions (\u0423\u0420), and other smaller formations and units. It participated in military operations as part of the Soviet Northwestern Front west and south-western of Kaunas and Vilnius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007588-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Soviet Union), World War Two\nSince July 9, 1941, it had under its command the 41st and 22nd Rifle Corps and the 1st Mechanised Corps. On 1 September 1941 its structure included the 180th, 182nd, 183rd, 202nd, and 254th Rifle Divisions, 21st Motor Rifle Regiment, 9th Anti -Tank Artillery Brigade, 614th Corps Artillery Regiment, 698th Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment, the 87th and 110th Independent Tank Battalions, 7th Mixed Aviation Division, and a number of separate formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007588-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Soviet Union), World War Two\nIn 1942 and 1943 it participated in attacks against the Wehrmacht near Solzy and Staraya Russa and in operations around the Demyansk Pocket. In summer and fall 1943 it was part of the Western Front. In mid July 1943 the Army comprised the 53rd Rifle Corps, the 4th, 96th, 260th, 273rd and 323rd Rifle Division, the 225th Tank Regiment and other units. From July 30 11th Army joined the Bryansk Front, and fought in the Battle of Kursk. In December 1943 the 11th Army was dissolved, with the personnel being integrated into other Soviet armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007589-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Wehrmacht)\nThe 11th Army (German: 11. Armee) was a World War II field army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007589-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 11th Army was established on 5 October 1940 as \"Kommandostab Leipzig\", but changed its designation to Kommandostab M\u00fcnchen on 23 April 1941. It was restructured into Heeresgruppe Don on 21 November 1942. After being reformed on 26 January 1945 and taking part in various counter-offensives against the Soviet and US advance, the army surrendered to American troops on 23 April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007589-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Wehrmacht), Formation\nThe 11th Army was activated in 1940 to prepare for the forthcoming German attack on the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007589-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Wehrmacht), Formation\nThe 11th Army was part of Army Group South when it invaded the USSR during Operation Barbarossa. In September 1941, Erich von Manstein was appointed its commander. His predecessor, Colonel-General Eugen Ritter von Schobert, perished when his Fieseler Storch aircraft landed in a Soviet minefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007589-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Wehrmacht), Formation\nAt the start of Barbarossa, the 11th Army order of battle included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007589-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Wehrmacht), Formation\nThe 11th Army was tasked with invading the Crimea and the pursuit of enemy forces on the flank of Army Group South during its advance into the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007589-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Wehrmacht), Formation\nThe 11th Army order of battle included three Corps: XXX Corps, which was composed of the 22nd, 72nd and Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler divisions and the XI Corps, consisting of the 170th Infantry Division and the 1st and 4th Mountain Divisions; and LIVth Corps, consisting of the 46th, 73rd and 50th Infantry Divisions. The latter formation had been in charge of the advance into the Crimean peninsula earlier in September. The Romanian 3rd Army, three Mountain brigades and three cavalry brigades, were also under von Manstein's command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007589-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Wehrmacht), Battle of Sevastopol\nThe 11th Army fought in southern USSR from 1941 until mid-summer 1942 and laid siege to Sevastopol. It did not take part in Fall Blau when Army Group South attacked in Southern Russia towards the Caucasus and Stalingrad. The 11th Army cut the Soviets off from the sea at Sevastopol, thus sealing the fate of the remaining defenders. After a 248-day-long siege, an estimated 100,000 prisoners marched into captivity. For his achievements in this battle, Manstein was promoted to field marshal. A grateful Adolf Hitler also authorized the Crimean Shield to commemorate the efforts of the 11th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007589-0007-0001", "contents": "11th Army (Wehrmacht), Battle of Sevastopol\nIt was a costly victory, however:  the 11th Army's casualties and material losses were so high it was no longer a viable fighting force in its own right. Manstein recommended that the 11th Army either cross the straits of Kerch and push into the Kuban area to aid in the capture of Rostov, or be placed into Army Group South reserve. Instead, part of the 11th Army, along with the heavy siege train, was transferred to Army Group North. Ordered to oversee Leningrad's reduction, Manstein transferred with them. The remainder of the 11th Army was parcelled out to Army Group Center and Army Group South.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007589-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Wehrmacht), Battle of Sevastopol\nThis breakup of the 11th Army and its disappearance from the order of battle of Army Group South would have dire consequences for Nazi Germany. During the course of the following fall and winter of 1942, the Battle of Stalingrad took place. The Luftwaffe had largely reduced the city to rubble and the presence of the Volga behind the city made it virtually impossible for the Germans to follow the classical dual pincer envelopment strategy. The Red Army now opted 'hugging' tactics, (keeping the front lines as close to the Axis forces as possible), thereby rendering tanks, aircraft, and artillery largely redundant, and placing the entire responsibility on the infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007589-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Wehrmacht), Battle of Sevastopol\nAlthough the 6th Army had managed to capture most of the city and had pushed the Soviets to the banks of the Volga river in several places, it needed several more infantry divisions (as explained above), to take the city completely. In spite of repeated requests to the German high command, the 6th Army was not reinforced because no other reinforcements were available in the region, or close enough to support them. As the battle grew more intense, the Soviets counterattacked on both sides of the 6th Army's flanks and destroyed the Romanian 3rd and 4th Armies. The Soviet pincers then linked up, thereby surrounding and ultimately destroying the 6th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007589-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Wehrmacht), Battle of Sevastopol\nThe 11th Army was de-activated on 21 November 1942 and was used to form the newly created Army Group Don.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007589-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Wehrmacht), Order of Battle During the Battle for Sevastopol\nThe 11th Army, during the battle of Sevastopol, consisted of nine German infantry divisions (including two taken on strength during the battle), in two corps, and two Romanian rifle corps, plus various supporting elements, including 150 tanks, several hundred aircraft and one of the heaviest concentrations of artillery fielded by the Wehrmacht.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007589-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Wehrmacht), October 1944 to April 1945\nThe 11th SS Panzer Army (SS panzer-Armeeoberkommando 11. ), was not much more than a paper formation formed between November 1944 and February 1945 by Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS Heinrich Himmler while he was commander of Army Group Vistula. The historian Antony Beevor wrote that, when the 11th SS Panzer Army was created, the available units could constitute a corps at best, \"'But panzer army' observed Eismann 'has a better ring to it'\". It also allowed Himmler to promote SS officers to senior staff and field commands within the formation. Obergruppenf\u00fchrer Felix Steiner, probably the best SS officer available, was named its commander. The formation was officially listed as the 11th Army but it was also known as SS Panzer-Armeeoberkommando 11. and is often referred to in English as the 11th SS Panzer Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007589-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Army (Wehrmacht), October 1944 to April 1945\nAfter fighting east of the Oder River during February 1945, the 11th was assigned to OB West, reorganized, and given command of new units, for combat against the Western Allies in March 1945. After fighting in the vicinity of the Weser River and the Harz mountains, the 11th surrendered on April 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007590-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Army Corps (France)\nThe 11th Army Corps was a unit of the French Army that was created in 1870 and fought in the Franco-Prussian War,  the First World War and in the early battles of the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007590-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Army Corps (France)\nAfter Erwin Rommel's Panzer Divisions crossed the Meuse in late May 1940, the 11th Corps infantry were over-run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007591-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Army Corps (Russian Empire)\nThe 11th Army Corps was an Army corps in the Imperial Russian Army", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007591-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Army Corps (Russian Empire)\nBefore the war the unit was stationed with the Kiev Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007592-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Army Corps (Russian Federation)\nThe 11th Army Corps, (Russian: 11-\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441, romanized:\u00a011-y Armeyskiy Korpus) is a tactical formation of the Coastal Troops of the Russian Navy, formed in 2016 as part of the Baltic Fleet, in the  Western Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007592-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Army Corps (Russian Federation)\nThe corps is located in Kaliningrad Oblast, with its headquarters in the city of Gusev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007592-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Army Corps (Russian Federation), Formation\nThe corps was formed on 1 April 2016, and operates from Kaliningrad Oblast. Its first commander was Yuri Yarovitsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007593-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Army Group\nThe 11th Army Group was the main British Army force in Southeast Asia during the Second World War. Although a nominally British formation, it also included large numbers of troops and formations from the British Indian Army and from British African colonies, and also Nationalist Chinese and United States units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007593-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Army Group, Formation\n11th Army Group was activated in November 1943 to act as the land forces HQ for the newly formed South East Asia Command (SEAC), Admiral Lord Mountbatten, Supreme Commander of SEAC. The commander of 11th Army Group was General George Giffard, who had formerly been Commander-in-Chief West Africa Command and Commander of Eastern Army (part of GHQ India). The headquarters was first situated in New Delhi, eventually moving to Kandy, Ceylon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007593-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Army Group, Formation\nIts responsibilities were limited to the handling of operations against Japanese forces, while GHQ India was made responsible for the rear areas and the training of the British Indian Army, although there was often overlap between the headquarters' responsibilities and (in the first year of Eleventh Army Group's existence) conflicts between their planners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007593-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Army Group, Formation\nThe main subordinate formations of 11th Army Group were Fourteenth Army (under General William Slim) and the Ceylon Army. The Indian XXXIII Corps, training in Southern India for amphibious operations, also came under Eleventh Army Group for some purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007593-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Army Group, Formation\nIt seemed logical that 11th Army Group should incorporate all Allied land forces, across the whole front in Burma, under a single command structure, including Northern Combat Area Command (NCAC), which was made up mostly of Republic of China Army divisions under General Joseph Stilwell, the most senior officer among US forces in China, Burma and India. Stilwell controlled significantforces: while NCAC units were to advance from Ledo (India), towards Myitkyina (Burma), to cover the construction of the Ledo Road, Stilwell also commanded the Chinese Expeditionary Force (CEA), which would advance into Burma from the north-east, out of Yunnan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007593-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Army Group, Formation\nIf both of Stilwell's commands were placed under the 11th Army Group at the same level as the Fourteenth Army, the attacks could then be co-ordinated at Army Group level. As Stilwell was also Deputy Supreme Commander of SEAC and, technically, already Giffard's superior, this would have meant Stilwell  relinquishing day-to-day field control of NCAC and CEA forces. However, Stilwell rejected this suggestion; he and Giffard had very different personalities and a poor relationship in general. Slim later commented wryly: \"Stilwell ... bitterly resisted...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007593-0003-0002", "contents": "11th Army Group, Formation\nTo watch Stilwell ... shift his opposition [to Gifford] from one of ... his numerous Allied, American and Chinese offices, to another was a lesson in mobile offensive-defence.\" At a meeting organized by Mountbatten, to solve the problem, Stilwell surprised the others present by agreeing that, while he would direct NCAC and CEA in the field, \"I am prepared to come under General Slim's operational control until I get to Kamaing\". In effect, Stilwell would both temporarily become  Slim's deputy and, de facto, temporarily vacate his role as Deputy Commander of SEAC. That is, Slim would continue to report to Giffard in regard to Fourteenth Army, but would report directly to Mountbatten in regard to NCAC/CEA. Mountbatten accepted this temporary command structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007593-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Army Group, Formation\nIn practice, Slim found that he was able to work well with Stilwell and \"this illogical command set-up worked surprisingly well\". Once Stilwell's forces reached Kamaing on May 20, 1944, the arrangement ceased and Stilwell again took orders only from Mountbatten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007593-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Army Group, Allied Land Forces South East Asia\nOn November 12, 1944, Eleventh Army Group was redesignated Allied Land Forces South East Asia (ALFSEA). General Sir Oliver Leese succeeded Giffard in command. (Mountbatten's Chief of Staff, Lieutenant General Pownall, had been lobbying for some time for Leese to be appointed, but Leese could not be relieved of command of Eighth Army for several months).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007593-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Army Group, Allied Land Forces South East Asia\nMany of the land command problems in South East Asia had been relieved when General Stilwell was recalled to Washington on October 19, at the behest of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. His replacement as commander of NCAC and the administrative HQ U.S. Forces, India-Burma Theater (USFIBT) was Lieutenant General Sultan. (Stilwell's replacements for his other responsibilities were Lieutenant General Wedemeyer as Chief of Staff to Chiang Kai-shek and General Wheeler as Deputy Supreme Commander, SEAC.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007593-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Army Group, Allied Land Forces South East Asia\nAs part of the reorganisation, NCAC was placed directly under ALFSEA, although they were also subject to directives from Chiang. Indian XV Corps, commanded by Lieutenant General Christison, was removed from command of Fourteenth Army and subordinated directly to ALFSEA. The Corps was responsible for operations in Burma's coastal Arakan Province, and had its own separate lines of communication and supply. Fourteenth Army, still under Slim's command, was the largest component of ALFSEA, making the main attack into Central Burma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007593-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Army Group, Allied Land Forces South East Asia\nAfter the capture of Rangoon in May 1945, British Twelfth Army was formed in Burma, and became part of ALFSEA. Indian XV Corps reverted to the command of Fourteenth Army, which was preparing amphibious operations to recover Malaya. NCAC had previously ceased active operations. Leese was relieved and replaced as commander of ALFSEA by General Slim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007593-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Army Group, Allied Land Forces South East Asia\nAfter Japan surrendered in August 1945, ALFSEA was responsible for deploying troops into Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, Thailand and French Indo-China to disarm Japanese forces and repatriate Allied prisoners of war. The headquarters was closed down later in the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007594-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Artillery Brigade (Ukraine)\nThe 11th Artillery Brigade was a formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces. The brigade's full name of the brigade was the 11th Separate Guards Artillery Kiev Red Banner Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky  Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007594-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Artillery Brigade (Ukraine)\nThe brigade was the successor of the 1st Guards Cannon Artillery Kiev Red Banner Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky Brigade, formed on 18 August 1942 in Stalingrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007594-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Artillery Brigade (Ukraine)\nIt was part of 13th Army Corps. It was based in  Ternopil, in western Ukraine. The Brigade was formed on 18 August 2004 on the base of 12th Artillery Regiment of the 1st Tactical Artillery Group. Group commander Colonel Sergiy Korniychuk became Brigade's Commanding officer. The Brigade took its conscripts from the Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi, Lviv and Ternopil oblasts (provinces). The brigade was disbanded in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007594-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Artillery Brigade (Ukraine), History\n1st Cannon Artillery Brigade was created on 18 August 1943 in Stalingrad. First Brigade commander was Guards Colonel Volodymyr Kerp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007594-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Artillery Brigade (Ukraine), History\nOn 1 March 1943, the Brigade was awarded Guards designation for successful actions near Stalingrad. At the end of March 1943 the Brigade was relocated to the Central Front near Kursk. Between 5\u201312 July 1943 the Brigade took part in the Battle of Kursk. It took part in the Liberation of Oryol, Hlukhiv, Konotop and on 29 September 1943 was one of the first units to cross the Dnieper River. On 6 November 1943 the Brigade was awarded the honorable name \"Kiev\" for liberating the city of Kiev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007594-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Artillery Brigade (Ukraine), History\nFrom 14 March to 15 May 1944 the brigade took active part in the liberation of Ternopil. Later the Brigade moved toward Lviv and crossed the Ukrainian-Polish border. During the battles for the liberation of Poland, for crossing the Vistula River and a battle near Sandomierz, the Brigade was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 19 February 1945. The Brigade provided artillery fire in the liberation of Kielce, the Oder River and the Lusatian Neisse crossings, and the attack on Dresden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007594-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Artillery Brigade (Ukraine), History\nOn 10 May 1945, the Brigade, being part of 5th Guards Army, liberated Prague. The Brigade was awarded the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky Second Class on 4 June 1945 for valour and heroism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007594-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Artillery Brigade (Ukraine), History\nAfter the war, it became the 897th Guards Cannon Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007594-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Artillery Brigade (Ukraine), Awards\nThroughout World War II 8,270 soldiers from the Brigade were awarded Medals and Orders. 9 of them became Heroes of the Soviet Union:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007595-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Asia Pacific Screen Awards\nThe 11th Asia Pacific Screen Awards were held on 23 November 2017 at the Brisbane Conventions and Exhibition Centre in\u00a0Brisbane,\u00a0Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007595-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Asia Pacific Screen Awards\nOn 14 September 2017, three jury members were announced in Beijing by the Lord Mayor of Brisbane, Cr Graham Quirk. They are Chinese actress He Saifei, Filipino writer/director Adolfo Alix Jr and Kazakh writer, director and cinematographer Adilkhan Yerzhanov. Top Australian film editor, Jill Bilcock ASE ACE was later announced as the head of the international jury, joined by Yoshi Yatabe, the programming director of the Tokyo International Film Festival, completing the jury line-up. The international jury determined the winners of all the major APSA awards including Best Feature Film, Achievement in Directing, Achievement in Cinematography, Best Screenplay, Best Performance by an Actress and Actor. They also determined the winner of the Cultural Diversity Award, under the patronage of UNESCO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007595-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Asia Pacific Screen Awards\nHaifaa Al Mansour, was announced to be the chair of the Youth Animation and Documentary Jury, followed by Melanie Coombs and Steve Abbott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007595-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Asia Pacific Screen Awards, Winners and nominees\nNominees of Youth, Animation, and Documentary were announced with the jury on 4 October 2017. The full list of nominees were announced on 13 October 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007596-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Asian Film Awards\nThe 11th Asian Film Awards are the 2017 edition of the Asian Film Awards. The ceremony was held on March 21, 2017 at the Cultural Centre in Hong Kong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007597-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Attack Squadron\nThe 11th Attack Squadron is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the 432d Wing Air Combat Command at Creech Air Force Base near Indian Springs, Nevada. It flies General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper Unmanned aerial vehicles. In 1995 the 11th became the first Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) squadron in the Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007597-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Attack Squadron, Overview\nThe 11th Attack Squadron was the U.S. Air Force's first MQ-1B Predator formal training unit that conducts 5 basic and advanced training courses: Initial Qualification, Instructor Upgrade Training, Foreign Officer Course, Senior Officer Course, and Launch & Recovery Course. The 11th conducts intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance operating the flies MQ-9 Reaper remotely piloted aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007597-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was first activated as the 11th Observation Squadron at Wheeler-Sack Field in early 1942. It initially operated in the southeastern United States under Third Air Force flying antisubmarine patrols along the Gulf Coast after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007597-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nThe unit was reassigned to Fourth Air Force in Southern California during early 1942, flying reconnaissance, mapping, artillery adjustment, bombing, dive-bombing, and strafing missions to support Army ground units in training at the Desert Training Center or on maneuvers. It trained personnel in aerial reconnaissance, medium bombardment, and fighter techniques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007597-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nWith the closure of the Desert Training Center in late 1943, the unit returned to Third Air Force becoming a reconnaissance training unit for Army forces at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, Fort Polk, Louisiana, Fort Hood, Texas and Fort Bragg, North Carolina. After the war it was assigned to Shaw Field, South Carolina, and was never fully equipped or manned. The unit inactivated March 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007597-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Attack Squadron, History, Cold War\nThe 11th was reactivated at Langley Field, Virginia in 1947 and equipped with Douglas RB-26 Invaders and Lockheed RF-80 Shooting Stars as a photo-reconnaissance squadron. It was reassigned to Twelfth Air Force and moved to March Air Force Base, California. Budget constraints, though, resulted in the unit's inactivation in March 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007597-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Attack Squadron, History, Cold War\nThe squadron operated as part of Far East Air Forces after the Korean War, engaging in photographic and weather reconnaissance missions over South Korea as well as the Japanese Home Islands and the adjacent waters along the Korean peninsula and Chinese/Soviet Pacific coasts until 1960. In 1957 the squadron received twelve Douglas RB-66C Destroyer electronic intelligence gathering planes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007597-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Attack Squadron, History, Vietnam war\nIt was activated as a McDonnell Douglas RF-4C Phantom II reconnaissance squadron in 1966 under Tactical Air Command. The squadron deployed to Thailand shortly after formation, flying tactical reconnaissance missions primarily over North Vietnam and selected locations in Laos and Cambodia. The squadron provided much of the aerial photographic intelligence obtained during the Vietnam War, especially that from North Vietnam. In the fall of 1970 the squadron's parent wing was phased down as part of the overall American withdrawal from the Vietnam War, returned to Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina where the unit was inactivated in early 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007597-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Attack Squadron, History, Vietnam war\nThe unit was reactivated at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base later in 1971 as a Ryan AQM-34 Firebee unmanned tactical reconnaissance drone squadron. Performed photographic reconnaissance to support tactical air and surface forces with tactical drones manufactured by Ryan Aeronautical. It used AQM-34L/M/V drones, Lockheed DC-130 Hercules launch vehicles, and Sikorsky CH-3 recovery helicopters. The group conducted follow-on testing and evaluation of the AQM-34V model drone and the initial operational testing and evaluation and developmental testing and evaluation of the DC-130H \"mother ship.\" The unit was inactivated in 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007597-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Attack Squadron, History, Modern era\nThe squadron Provided real-time intelligence support to the 11th Tactical Control Wing and Eleventh Air Force from 1992 to 1994. In 1996 it became the first unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) squadron in the USAF. It provided deployable, long-endurance, aerial reconnaissance and surveillance while flying the Predator UAV, 1996-2002. It began to conducte flying training in the Predator in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007597-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Attack Squadron, History, Modern era\nReactivated on 29 July 1995, at Indian Springs Air Force Auxiliary Field, Nevada, under command of the 57th Operations Group, 57th Wing. In May 2016, the squadron was redesignated 11th Attack Squadron. The squadrons of the 49th Wing at Holloman Air Force Base took over the MQ-9 Reaper training role in 2010. The MQ-1 Predator was retired from United States Air Force service on 9 March 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007597-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Attack Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007598-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Aviation Battalion\nThe 11th Aviation Battalion was a United States Army aviation unit that fought in the Vietnam War. The unit served as a test for helicopter support of ground infantry units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007598-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Aviation Battalion, History\nThe unit was constituted on 21 August 1965 and activated on 23 August 1965 at Fort Benning, Ga. The Battalion was inactivated on 16 September 1987. The 11th Aviation Battalion stationed at Fliegerhorst Kaserne in Erlensee, Germany, was the air wing of V Corps. The 1st Battalion, 11th Aviation Regiment, at Fort Rucker, now carries the 11th Aviation Battalion's lineage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007598-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Aviation Battalion, Organizational structure in the Vietnam War\nThe organizational structure of the 11th Aviation Battalion reflected the following units in 1966/7:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 68], "content_span": [69, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007599-0000-0000", "contents": "11th BRICS summit\nThe 2019 BRICS summit was the eleventh annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference to be attended by the heads of state or heads of government of the five member states Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The meeting was held at the Itamaraty Palace, where the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs is located. The Brazilian capital hosted the BRICS summit for the second time. The Sherpa meeting was held in the Brazilian city of Curitiba between March 14 and 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007599-0001-0000", "contents": "11th BRICS summit, Theme and priorities\nThe name of the chosen theme was: BRICS: economic growth for an innovative future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007599-0002-0000", "contents": "11th BRICS summit, Theme and priorities\nThe following topics were discussed: strengthening of the cooperation in science, technology and innovation, enhancement of the cooperation on digital economy, invigoration of the cooperation on the fight against transnational crime, especially against organized crime, money laundering, and drug trafficking, and encouragement to the rapprochement between the New Development Bank (NDB) and the BRICS Business Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007600-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Bangladesh National Film Awards\nThe 11th Bangladesh National Film Awards (Bengali: \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u099a\u09b2\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0) were presented by the Ministry of Information, Bangladesh, to felicitate the best of Bangladeshi cinema released in the year 1986. Bangladesh National Film Awards is a film award ceremony in Bangladesh established in 1975 by Government of Bangladesh. Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in Dhaka. 1986 was the 11th ceremony of Bangladesh National Film Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007600-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Bangladesh National Film Awards, List of winners\nA total of 16 artists were awarded in this ceremony. Best Screenplay award was not given in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 11th Battalion was an Australian Army battalion that was among the first infantry units raised during World War I for the First Australian Imperial Force. It was the first battalion recruited in Western Australia, and following a brief training period in Perth, the battalion sailed to Egypt where it undertook four months of intensive training. In April 1915 it took part in the invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula, landing at Anzac Cove. In August 1915 the battalion was in action in the Battle of Lone Pine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0000-0001", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia)\nFollowing the withdrawal from Gallipoli, the battalion returned to Egypt where it was split to help form the 51st Battalion. In March 1916, the battalion was deployed to the Western Front in France and Belgium where it took part in trench warfare until the end of the war in November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia)\nThe battalion was disbanded in 1919, but since 1921 has been re-activated and merged several times as a reserve unit, initially as the 11th Battalion (City of Perth Regiment), which fought a brief campaign against the Japanese on New Britain during World War II. Other units that have maintained the traditions of the original 11th Battalion include the 11th/44th Battalion (City of Perth Regiment), 'A' (City of Perth) Company, 1st Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment and the current 11th/28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Formation\nThe 11th Battalion was formed on 17 August 1914, less than two weeks after the declaration of war on 4 August, and was among the first infantry units raised during World War I for the all-volunteer First Australian Imperial Force. Along with the 9th, 10th and 12th Battalions, it formed Colonel Ewen Sinclair-Maclagan's 3rd Brigade, which was assigned to the 1st Division. The first battalion raised in Western Australia, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel James Lyon-Johnston, the 11th concentrated at Blackboy Hill, Western Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Formation\nDrawing personnel from around the state with the majority coming from Perth and the goldfields, recruits came from all elements of society, with the majority being former labourers and agricultural workers or miners. Seventy-three percent of original enlistments were Australian born, with the remaining recruits being mainly English-born with smaller numbers coming from other parts of the British Isles. By 24 September it had reached its authorised strength of 1,023 officers and other ranks. On formation, the battalion consisted of eight rifle companies, designated 'A' to 'H', and a headquarters company with signals, transport, medical and machine-gun sections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Formation\nThe majority of the battalion's non-commissioned officers were long-serving Citizens Forces soldiers or Regular personnel. Some had previously fought in South Africa during the Boer War and others had previously served in the British Army. Rudimentary training was undertaken at Bellvue, Western Australia, and at the end of October it sailed from Fremantle on the SS\u00a0Ascanius and SS\u00a0Medic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Formation\nOriginally bound for the United Kingdom, where they were to complete training, after stopovers in the Cocos Islands and Colombo, their orders were changed due to concerns about overcrowding in training camps in the United Kingdom and at the start of December, the battalion arrived at Mena Camp in Cairo, Egypt. There, the battalion's eight companies were reorganised into the four that existed under the British Army establishment and further training was undertaken. The battalion remained in Egypt until early March 1915 when it sailed on SS\u00a0Suffolk and SS\u00a0Nizam from Alexandria to the island of Lemnos in the Aegean sea, in preparation for the Landing at Anzac Cove.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Gallipoli, Landing at Anzac Cove\nOn 24 April 1915, the battalion disembarked from Suffolk and boarded HMS\u00a0London, which was bound for Gallipoli in the Dardanelles. At 4:30 on the morning of 25 April, 'A' and 'C' Companies of the battalion landed at North Beach, north of Ari Burnu Knoll, a mile south of Fisherman's Hut, on the left flank of the first wave. Under heavy machine-gun and rifle fire, the battalion stormed the cliffs, driving the Turks back. However, the battalion became disorganised during the landing and mixed with other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Gallipoli, Landing at Anzac Cove\nSmall sections of the battalion were engaged in firefights all along the Australian front. Major Edmund Drake-Brockman, one of the battalion's senior officers, tried to sort the scattered men into their battalions: 9th on the right, 10th in the middle and 11th on the left. Meanwhile, the second half of the battalion landed further north of the first wave, directly under heavy machine-gun fire from Turks fully prepared and alerted by the first wave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Gallipoli, Landing at Anzac Cove\nOver the next few days, the battalion dug in on the first and second ridges under heavy fire from the Turks. Casualties were heavy, but a defensive line was established. On the 30th, the battalion was withdrawn and moved into reserve on the beach. The next day, it reoccupied its section of the front. At this stage, the battalion was 450-strong. By 1 May, 30 officers and 940 other ranks from the battalion had landed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Gallipoli, Raid on Gaba Tepe\nOn 4 May 1915, a party of 100 men from the battalion, led by Captain Raymond Leane and a detail of engineers, launched an unsuccessful attack on a Turkish fort at Gaba Tepe, which was being used to observe artillery fire onto Australian positions around Anzac Cove. The Turks opened heavy fire on the party which was forced to withdraw. The Australians lost four killed, including an officer, and 19 others were wounded. The raid was the AIF's first of the war. At this point, the battalion estimated that it had suffered 38 killed, 200 wounded and 197 missing. On 15 May, the battalion received 244 reinforcements, bringing its total strength to 23 officers and 723 other ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Gallipoli, Raid on Gaba Tepe\nIn the early morning on 19 May, Turkish forces launched an attack against the left flank of the Australian lines, which developed into a major battle along the whole Australian front. The attack was repulsed with heavy losses. The 11th Battalion suffered nine killed and eight wounded, mainly from shrapnel. One Turkish officer and five soldiers surrendered. On 21 May, a truce was declared and a burial party from the 12th Battalion was sent out. However, it was fired at by the Turks and as a result burial parties were discontinued. A similar truce was declared on 24 May. A line was drawn halfway between the two lines and each side sent out parties to bury the dead and collect equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Gallipoli, Lone Pine\nOn 27 July 1915, after two weeks in reserve, the battalion relieved the 12th Battalion at Tasmanian Post, on the right on the Australian front line. On 31 July, a party of around 200 men led by Leane were ordered to capture a section of Turkish trenches in front of the battalion's position. After engineers detonated three mines prepared near Turkish communications trenches, the storming party captured the Turkish trench following a bayonet charge, with the loss of one officer and 36 other ranks killed. Seventy-three other members of the battalion were wounded during the attack, including Leane, who was mentioned in despatches. Turkish casualties were estimated by the battalion to be 60 killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Gallipoli, Lone Pine\nOn 6 August, the battalion held off a fierce Turkish counterattack on the trench, which became known as \"Leane's Trench\" during the Battle of Lone Pine. Heavy casualties were sustained on both sides. The battalion suffered 41 killed, 94 wounded and 19 missing. By the end of the month, the 11th Battalion's strength, despite having received six batches of reinforcements, had fallen to just over 500 men, approximately half its authorised strength. The following month, command of the battalion passed to Leane when Lyon-Johnston took over as brigade commander. As the health of the men deteriorated, the battalion's strength fell further to just over 300. The arrival of winter in October brought heavy rain and even harsher conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Gallipoli, Withdrawal\nIn November, the battalion supported the 5th Light Horse around \"Chatham Post\" until it was withdrawn, with the 9th Battalion, from Anzac Cove. The withdrawal had been planned for the 14th, but due to bad weather this was delayed until the night of the 16/17 November 1915. From Anzac Cove, it sailed to Lemnos where it recuperated at Sampi Camp, following seven months in the trenches. The battalion's war diary records particularly bad weather on Lemnos during this period, noting \"Mudros seems a most unsuitable place to send troops for a rest\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0010-0001", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Gallipoli, Withdrawal\nDuring this rest period, the battalion reported its first and only case of diphtheria, following which the whole brigade was quarantined. On 17 December, the battalion's last casualty of the campaign, a soldier named Private Hayes, died from meningitis. The battalion lost a total of 353 men killed during the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front\nIn early 1916, the battalion sailed to Alexandria on the Empress of Britain. From Alexandria, it travelled by train to bivouac at Tall al Kabir. At this time, the battalion received 367 reinforcements from Australia before undertaking defensive duties around Gebel Habieta, guarding the Suez Canal. In February, the AIF was re-organised and expanded. This saw the veteran battalions split to provide cadres for new battalions and as a part of this process, the 11th Battalion provided personnel to the 51st Battalion, by transferring the even numbered sections to the new battalion. At this time, the battalion received four Lewis Guns for organic direct fire support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front\nOn 30 March 1916, as the AIF's infantry divisions were transferred to Europe, the battalion sailed from Alexandria aboard the HMT Corsican. It arrived at Marseilles, France, on 5 April and then moved by train to Fl\u00eatre where it was billeted until the 19th when it moved to Sailly, where it commemorated Anzac Day on 25 April. In mid-May, after a period of acclimatisation and training to prepare them for the European battlefield, the 11th Battalion moved up to the front line around Petillon in the Fleurbaix sector, with a strength of 27 officers and 929 other ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0012-0001", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front\nA further draft of reinforcements, totalling 69 men all ranks, arrived on 25 May, and on 30 May the battalion had its first experience of combat on the Western Front. Late that evening, German artillery bombarded the Allied line around the Cordonnerie salient, before infantry launched a raid on the 11th Battalion's trenches. In the fighting that followed the 11th Battalion lost four men captured, 37 killed and 70 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, Pozi\u00e8res and Mouquet Farm\nThroughout June, the 11th Battalion was placed in support of the front as it was brought back up to strength. At this time, the battalion's organic fire support was increased by the addition of two extra Lewis Guns. The following month, they moved to the Somme and were committed to the fighting around Pozi\u00e8res. After arriving at Albert on 19 July amidst a gas attack, the battalion spent the next couple of days preparing to attack, working to improve trenches and cache stores, during which they were subjected to heavy artillery bombardment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 81], "content_span": [82, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0013-0001", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, Pozi\u00e8res and Mouquet Farm\nThe attack was put in just before midnight on 23 July and was a costly success. Amidst heavy casualties, the 11th Battalion took the forward German trenches and amidst the confusion of the fighting advanced beyond their limit of exploitation, entering Pozi\u00e8res and moving beyond where they became embroiled in close quarters fighting. After capturing five artillery pieces, the battalion's officers and non-commissioned officers eventually managed to regain control of the advance and the battalion was brought back into a defensive line along their first objective. At dawn, patrols from the battalion entered the village again and cleared out the cellars beneath the battered remains of the village's buildings, capturing over 40 prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 81], "content_span": [82, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, Pozi\u00e8res and Mouquet Farm\nDuring the night of 24/25 July, the Australians attacked again, but after establishing a new defensive line, the 11th was forced to withdraw after suffering heavily from both friendly and enemy shelling. In the morning of 25 July, further casualties were sustained by German artillery. German infantry then launched a counterattack on the battalion's right, but the Australians managed to hold their ground. They remained in the line throughout the day, before the 19th Battalion arrived as part of the 5th Brigade's relief of the 3rd Brigade. Having lost 19 officers and 512 other ranks killed, wounded or missing, the battalion had suffered the most of all the 3rd Brigade's battalions and was moved back to Berteaucourt to be rebuilt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 81], "content_span": [82, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, Pozi\u00e8res and Mouquet Farm\nAfter re-organising, in mid-August the 11th Battalion moved to La Boisselle where they were placed into brigade reserve. Just before dawn on 21 August, about 200 men from the 11th took part in an attack around Mouquet Farm; casualties amounted to 20 killed and 40 wounded and afterwards the battalion was moved to Belgium. The 11th Battalion spent the remainder of 1916 in the Ypres sector, in Flanders, but was moved back to the Somme at the end of the year as the worst winter in 40 years descended on the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 81], "content_span": [82, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, Louverval\nIn early 1917, the Germans fell back towards the Hindenburg Line in an effort to shorten their lines and move into prepared positions. As the Allies pursued the withdrawing Germans, in late February the 11th Battalion captured Le Barque, conducting mopping-up operations before advancing to Thilloy where they fought a minor engagement before being relieved by the 3rd Battalion, having lost 12 killed and 30 wounded during the fighting and a further 10 men killed and 13 wounded by artillery. Sickness also took a heavy toll during this time due to the bad weather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0016-0001", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, Louverval\nIn March, Lieutenant Colonel Rupert Rafferty took over as commanding officer and the following month, as the Allied line was pushed further forward towards the Hindenburg Line, the 11th Battalion played a supporting role during the 3rd Brigade's attack around Boursies, before occupying the front around the village of Louverval. On 15 April 1917, during the Battle of Lagnicourt, Lieutenant Charles Pope, of 'A' Company, was in command of an important picket post on the right of the battalion's positions outside Louverval, with orders to \"hold the position at all costs\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0016-0002", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, Louverval\nThe Germans attacked the position with overwhelming numbers and surrounded the post. Having used up their ammunition, the remainder of the post charged with fixed bayonets into the surrounding German positions. Pope's body was later found with those of his men, having killed 80 Germans. Pope was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross, Australia's highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, Bullecourt and the Third Battle of Ypres\nIn early May, the 11th Battalion moved to Norieul, where they occupied a recently captured portion of the German line. A couple of days later, during the Second Battle of Bullecourt, their position was attacked by German \"shock troops\". In response to the attack, supporting artillery was called down, and the attack repulsed. The Germans laid down a heavy bombardment in retaliation. An attack was ordered, but the order was rescinded when the senior officer in the forward trench, Major Aubrey Darnell, expressed concerns about the state of the soldiers in the assault wave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 96], "content_span": [97, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0017-0001", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, Bullecourt and the Third Battle of Ypres\nThe Germans then put in another attack, which was once again turned back, before the 11th launched a limited counterattack and regained the ground that had been lost. The battalion, having lost 68 men killed, two captured and 140 wounded, was down to a strength of just over 400 men. They were relieved and then moved back to Bapaume, where they received a draft of over 100 reinforcements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 96], "content_span": [97, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0018-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, Bullecourt and the Third Battle of Ypres\nOver the next couple of months, the battalion was rebuilt, reaching a strength of 44 officers and 1,002 other ranks by late August. The following month they were committed to the Third Battle of Ypres. Their first attack came around Glencorse Wood on 20 September, during which the 11th Battalion lost 46 killed and 100 wounded, before moving to Westhoek Ridge in early October. Another move saw them transferred to Broodeseinde Ridge, where they conducted a raid on German positions around Celtic Wood on 6/7 October in concert with the 12th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 96], "content_span": [97, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0018-0001", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, Bullecourt and the Third Battle of Ypres\nThe following day, the 11th Battalion moved to a position on \"Anzac Ridge\", before later moving to Zonnebeke at the end of the month where they suffered heavy casualties from German artillery. Throughout November and the first part of December, the battalion remained out of the line, resting around Bologne, before returning to the front around Messines in late December, remaining there over New Years. The battalion's strength during this time was 32 officers and 687 other ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 96], "content_span": [97, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0019-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, German Spring Offensive and the final Hundred Days\nIn early 1918, after the capitulation of the Russian Empire the Germans, having moved the bulk of their forces to the Western Front, launched the Spring Offensive, striking against the British forces in the Somme. The initial onslaught pushed the Allied forces back and the Australian divisions, which had been merged into the Australian Corps, were thrown into the line in an effort to stem the tide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 106], "content_span": [107, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0019-0001", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, German Spring Offensive and the final Hundred Days\nIn early March, the 11th Battalion moved to the Hollebeke sector, where they were subjected to gas attacks before being sent south to Amiens at the start of April, joining the rest of the 1st Division in defence of Hazebrouck in the middle of the month. For the next couple of months the battalion rotated through the line in a defensive role as the German offensive was blunted. In June, as the Allies sought to regain some of the initiative, they undertook a series of Peaceful Penetration raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 106], "content_span": [107, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0019-0002", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, German Spring Offensive and the final Hundred Days\nOn 2 June, the 11th Battalion attacked Mont de Merris, which resulted in the capture of a large amount of German equipment and over 200 prisoners for the loss of 16 men killed and 74 wounded. A lesser attack was launched on the German trenches opposite the battalion on 22 June. Around this time, a small group of US soldiers was attached to the 11th Battalion to gain experience. The following month, the battalion captured Gerbedoen Farm before supporting the 10th Battalion's successful attack on Merris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 106], "content_span": [107, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0020-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, German Spring Offensive and the final Hundred Days\nOn 8 August, the Allies launched their own offensive, known as the Hundred Days Offensive, around Amiens. The 11th Battalion did not take part in the opening phase of the offensive, moving to Hamel and establishing themselves in a defensive position around Harbonnieres. On 10 August, the battalion was committed to a strong attack around Lihons; although successful, the attack lasted three days and resulted in heavy casualties, including 58 killed and 140 wounded. On the night of 12/13 August, the 11th was withdrawn to the support line just behind the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 106], "content_span": [107, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0020-0001", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, German Spring Offensive and the final Hundred Days\nLater, they were moved to Vaire and then Cerisy, before supporting the 9th and 12th Battalions around Chuignolles and Proyart on 23 August and then around Chuignes and Cappy two days later, where further losses were experienced. The 11th Battalion's final attack came against the Hindenburg Outpost Line on 18 September when they launched a three-company attack around Fervaque Farm and Carpeza Copse near Villeret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 106], "content_span": [107, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0020-0002", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, German Spring Offensive and the final Hundred Days\nDespite being severely understrength\u00a0\u2013 each company had an average strength of just 76 men\u00a0\u2013 they advanced over 3,000 yards (2,700\u00a0m) and took over 120 prisoners and large quantities of German equipment, for the loss of 18 men killed. Further casualties came on 24 October when German aircraft attacked the battalion headquarters, killing a number of officers, including Darnell, who was the acting commanding officer. The heavy casualties that the Australians had suffered during the final year of the war, and the decrease in volunteers arriving from Australia, meant that the battalion was desperately understrength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 106], "content_span": [107, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0020-0003", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, German Spring Offensive and the final Hundred Days\nIn October, they were withdrawn from the line for rest and reorganisation, at the insistence of the Australian prime minister, Billy Hughes. At this time, the battalion was reorganised into a two-company structure. In early November, the battalion prepared to return to the front around St. Quentin, but before they could return to the fighting, an armistice came into effect, bringing the war to an end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 106], "content_span": [107, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0021-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, German Spring Offensive and the final Hundred Days\nBy the end of the war, a total of over 9,000 men had served in the 11th Battalion, of which 1,115 were killed and 2,424 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 106], "content_span": [107, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0021-0001", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, German Spring Offensive and the final Hundred Days\nMembers of the battalion received the following decorations for their service during the war: one Victoria Cross, one Companion of the Order of the Bath, two Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George, seven Distinguished Service Orders, one Officer of the Order of the British Empire, 30 Military Crosses and one Bar, 25 Distinguished Conduct Medals with one Bar, 96 Military Medals with two Bars, three Meritorious Service Medals, 85 Mentions in Despatches and seven foreign awards. Following the armistice, the 11th Battalion was moved to Chaelet, in Belgium, where the demobilisation process began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 106], "content_span": [107, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0021-0002", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), World War I, Western Front, German Spring Offensive and the final Hundred Days\nThe battalion's personnel were slowly repatriated to Australia, while those that waited undertook training to prepare them for civilian life. On 6 February 1919, the 11th Battalion was amalgamated with the 12th, to form the 11th/12th Battalion; a further amalgamation occurred on 27 March when the 11th/12th merged with the 9th/10th Battalion, forming the 3rd Australian Infantry Brigade Battalion. A short time later, the battalion disbanded. The 11th Battalion's final commanding officer was Major Jack O'Neil, an original member of the battalion who had been appointed a company sergeant major during the battalion's formative period at Blackboy Camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 106], "content_span": [107, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0022-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), Inter war years and World War II\nIn 1921, following the conclusion of the demobilisation of the AIF, the government undertook a review of Australia's military requirements and the part-time military force, the Citizens Forces, was reorganised to perpetuate the numerical designations of the AIF units. As a result, the 11th Battalion was reformed in Perth, drawing personnel and lineage from the 2nd Battalion, 11th Infantry Regiment and the 2nd Battalion, 51st Infantry Regiment. Upon formation, the battalion was assigned to the 13th Brigade, and inherited the battle honour of \"South Africa, 1899\u20131902\", which it bore for the 1st and 2nd Battalions, West Australian Infantry. In 1927, territorial designations were introduced and the battalion adopted the title of the \"Perth Regiment\"; it was also awarded battle honours for World War I, receiving a total of 23. Its motto at this time was Vigilans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 931]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0023-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), Inter war years and World War II\nUpon establishment, the Citizens Forces units were manned through both voluntary and compulsory service; but, in 1929\u201330, following the election of the Scullin Labor government, the compulsory service scheme was abolished and the Citizens Forces was replaced with an all volunteer \"Militia\". As a result of the economic pressures of the Great Depression the number of volunteers fell, and consequently a number of infantry battalions had to be disbanded or amalgamated. The 11th Battalion was one of those amalgamated, being joined with the 16th Battalion in 1930 to become the 11th/16th Battalion. The two units remained linked until 1 October 1936, when the 11th Battalion (City of Perth Regiment) was re-formed in its own right, as part of an expansion of the Militia due to concerns about war in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0024-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), Inter war years and World War II\nDuring World War II, like most Militia units, the 11th Battalion performed garrison duties for most of the war. It was mobilised for war service at Melville, Western Australia, in December 1941. In the early part of the war, the battalion remained in Western Australia, and was assigned to the 4th Division, as part of the 13th Brigade, before later moving to the Northern Territory in 1943, where the 13th Brigade was deployed to defend Darwin, replacing the 3rd Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0024-0001", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), Inter war years and World War II\nLater in 1943, the battalion was gazetted as an AIF battalion, after more than 65 percent of its personnel volunteered to serve outside Australian territory. As the threat to Darwin passed, its garrison was reduced and the 13th Brigade was reorganised to prepare it for operations in the Pacific. The battalion, along with the rest of the 13th Brigade, was later transferred to the 5th Division and saw service against the Japanese during 1945 in the New Britain Campaign. Due to the large size of Japanese forces on New Britain, the Australian campaign was focused mainly upon containment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0024-0002", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), Inter war years and World War II\nAfter landing at Jacquinot Bay the battalion was based around the Tol Plantation and conducted patrolling operations to restrict the Japanese to the Gazelle Peninsula. Little contact was made and actual combat was limited; the battalion's casualties amounted to three dead and four wounded. Following the end of the war, the 11th Battalion occupied Rabaul, before being disbanded on 11 April 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0025-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), Post World War II\nIn 1948, Australia's part-time military force was re-raised in the guise of the Citizens Military Force. At this time, the 11th/44th Battalion (City of Perth Regiment) was formed. From 1960, following a reorganisation of the Army that saw the adoption of the Pentropic divisional establishment, the 11th/44th was reduced to a company-sized element and 'A' (City of Perth) Company, 1st Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment maintained the traditions of the 11th Battalion. The following year, the 11th Battalion was awarded the 15 battle honours that had been earned by the 11th and 2/11th Battalions during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007601-0025-0001", "contents": "11th Battalion (Australia), Post World War II\nA separate 11th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment was reformed in 1966, being formed through a designation of the 2nd Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment. Ten years later, the battalion was reduced to an independent company and in 1987, the 11th Independent Rifle Company was amalgamated with the 28th Independent Rifle Company to form the current 11th/28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007602-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, CEF\nThe 11th Battalion, CEF, an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, was authorized on 10 August 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 30 September 1914. It was redesignated as the 11th Reserve Infantry Battalion , CEF, on 29 April 1915, to provide reinforcements to the Canadian Corps in the field. On 4 January 1917, its personnel, along with the personnel of the 100th Battalion (Winnipeg Grenadiers), CEF, were absorbed by a new 11th Reserve Battalion (Manitoba), CEF. The battalion was disbanded on 12 October 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007602-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, CEF\nThe battalion recruited in Prince Albert, Moose Jaw, Regina and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan and Winnipeg, Manitoba and mobilized at Camp Valcartier, Quebec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007602-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, CEF\nThe 11th Reserve Battalion formed part of the Canadian Training Depot at Tidworth Camp on the Salisbury Plain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007602-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, CEF\nThe battalion was awarded the battle honour \"The Great War 1914-17\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007602-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, CEF\nThe 11th Battalion, CEF, is perpetuated by The Winnipeg Grenadiers, currently on the Supplementary Order of Battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007603-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment\nThe 11th (Craigavon) Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment was formed from companies of the 2nd Battalion Ulster Defence Regiment (2 UDR) and the 3rd Battalion Ulster Defence Regiment in 1972. In 1991 under the reductions planned in Options for Change by the British Army, it again amalgamated with 2 UDR to form the 2nd/11th Battalion Ulster Defence Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007603-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Formation\nThe battalion was formed in 1972 after an announcement by Major General Robert Ford, Commander Land Forces in Northern Ireland (CLFNI). The raising of the new and final battalion of the UDR brought operational strength up to 9,000 men, making the regiment not only the youngest but largest infantry battalion in the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007603-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Formation\nThe new battalion was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Robin Chappell, who had previously been commander of the neighbouring 2 UDR. He was the first regular officer to command the 2nd battalion, and the only regular officer ever to command two separate UDR battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007603-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Formation\nIn 1990 11 UDR was reported as having 772 members who patrolled an area of 1,500 square kilometres (580\u00a0sq\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007603-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Barracks\nFrom formation battalion HQ was based at Mahon Road Barracks, known by the troops as \"Fort Mahon\", a new purpose-built UDR base on the Mahon Road, Portadown beside the historic Mahon House. Assuming command and expanding platoons and companies once part of the Armagh based 2 UDR in Lurgan, Portadown and Tandragee and also the Banbridge Company of 3 UDR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007603-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Companies, HQ Company\nMahon Barracks, Portadown. - a mixture of regular army and permanent cadre/part-time administration staff, instructors, watchkeepers, mechanics, and a guard force of Conrate soldiers. The commander was the battalion commander who was a regular lieutenant colonel. Other regular soldiers on attachment included the adjutant (a major), a training major, and permanent staff instructors. The Quartermaster's stores were also part of this company as were the core services of the battalion which, although modified slightly on expansion, generally consisted of operational organisation, vehicles, radio services, catering and pay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007603-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Companies, HQ Company (Operations Platoon)\nScarva Road Barracks, Banbridge - an experimental permanent cadre platoon formed after Ulsterisation which carried out the same duties as the regular army. Selected from the youngest and fittest soldiers with Commanders and NCO's who had, where possible, previous military experience. The commander was a Scottish WO2 who had 22 years of experience with the Royal Highland Fusiliers, fighting in colonial conflicts during the disestablishment of empire. His second in command was  Colour Sergeant Robert (Bob) Beattie (Father of Captain Doug Beattie) who had fought in the Congo Crisis and in Cyprus with the Royal Ulster Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007603-0006-0001", "contents": "11th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Companies, HQ Company (Operations Platoon)\nThe main duties were to quickly seal off the A1 Belfast - Dublin dual carriageway and to act as Quick Reaction Force (QRF) for 3 Infantry Brigade and RUC J Division. As the number of permanent cadre soldiers grew a new full-time company was formed at Portadown and the Operations Platoon was integrated into it taking the designation A Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007603-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Companies, A Coy (Tandragee)\nBased at Mahon Barracks - a part-time company. Later renamed B Company. Drawn from men (and later women) from the village of Tandragee and the surrounding area this company came on duty at 7 pm on weekdays and all day on weekends. In addition to patrolling their own villages and rural areas, they were also responsible for the relief of the regular army on the permanent guard post at Tandragee Power Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007603-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Companies, B Coy\n(Dromore) was never formed but the designation was later given to A (Tandragee) Coy when the full-time rifle company was established at Portadown from the Operations Platoon and designated \"A Company\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007603-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Companies, C Coy (Lurgan)\nKitchen Hill Barracks, Lurgan. - a part-time company with a small permanent cadre staff who ran the UDR centre within the regular army's barracks. This company was responsible for patrolling the town of Lurgan and its surrounding villages and rural areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007603-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Companies, C Coy (Lurgan), Arms raid\nSubsequent to a raid against C Company, on 20 October 1972, the guard commander Sgt Billy Hanna MM was convicted of supplying information to loyalist paramilitaries. Most were recovered in follow up operations but some were later proven to have been used by loyalist organisations to carry out crime, including murders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007603-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Companies, D Coy (Banbridge)\nScarva Road Barracks, Banbridge - a part-time company with a small permanent cadre staff who administered and guarded the barracks. Drawing its recruits from Banbridge, Dromore and surrounding rural villages and areas the company also patrolled these areas and provided extra checkpoints on the A1 dual carriageway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007603-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Companies, E Coy (Portadown)\nA part-time company with a small nucleus of permanent cadre administrative staff drawn from the market town of Portadown and its surrounding villages and rural areas. The company provided patrols in the town and surrounding areas as well as the night guard on the telephone exchange at Edenderry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007603-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Companies, F Coy (Lisburn)\nAfter the amalgamation of 1 and 9 UDR in 1984  - a part-time company with a small nucleus of permanent cadre administration staff who ran the company offices and facilities within Thiepval Barracks. Recruiting from Lisburn and surrounding areas it too had a mixed patrol area of towns and villages but by its location also patrolled areas of south Belfast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007603-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Area of responsibility\nBoth part-time and full-time companies of 11 UDR took over operational responsibility in other areas to relieve the pressure on border battalions who had taken heavy casualties, particularly 2 UDR. Part-time soldiers deployed for a weekend but the full-time Operations Platoon (later A Company) and elements of HQ Company Conrate Guard deployed for up to two weeks at a time. Some of these detachments were at:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007603-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Area of responsibility\nAs well as manning permanent vehicle checkpoints (PVCPs) at these location the 11 UDR Platoons also engaged in urban and rural patrol work with the full-time soldiers taking part in searches, observation activities and denial of territory to the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007603-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Casualties\nThe battalion lost nine men during its existence. A further eight were killed as a result of their membership after they had left the battalion. No figures are available for those wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007603-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, The Miami killings\nTwo soldiers from the 11 UDR's C Company, (also UVF members), were convicted of the 1975 killing of three musicians from the Irish showband, the Miami. This attack was led by Robin Jackson, a former ii UDR soldier who had been discharged for \"undisclosed reasons\". Two soldiers from 11 UDR's E Company, Portadown(also UVF members), died in the premature explosion of their own bomb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007604-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Bavarian Infantry Division\nThe 11th Bavarian Infantry Division (11. Bayerische Infanterie-Division) was a unit of the Royal Bavarian Army, part of the Imperial German Army, in World War I. The division was formed on March 24, 1915, and organized over the next few weeks. It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007604-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Bavarian Infantry Division\nThe division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of existing divisions that were being triangularized. The division's 21st Bavarian Infantry Brigade was formerly the 4th Bavarian Infantry Brigade of the 2nd Bavarian Infantry Division. The 3rd Bavarian Infantry Regiment also came from the 2nd Bavarian Infantry Division; the 22nd Bavarian Infantry Regiment came from the 3rd Bavarian Infantry Division; and the 13th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment came from the 5th Bavarian Reserve Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007604-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Bavarian Infantry Division, Combat chronicle\nThe 11th Bavarian Infantry Division initially served on the Eastern Front, where it fought in the Gorlice-Tarn\u00f3w Offensive, seeing action at Przemy\u015bl, Lemberg, and Che\u0142m (Cholm) and advancing to the western edge of Pripyat Marshes by August. The division was then transferred south and participated in the Serbian Campaign. It was in reserve in Syrmia from November 1915 to February 1916, and was then transferred to the Western Front. From March to May 1916, it fought in the Battle of Verdun, and then returned to the Eastern Front to help stop the Brusilov Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007604-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Bavarian Infantry Division, Combat chronicle\nAfter fighting in the Battle of Kovel, the division went to the Romanian front, where it remained until January 1917. Again it was transferred to the Western Front, initially serving in Upper Alsace. It then fought in the Second Battle of the Aisne, also known as the Third Battle of Champagne (and to the Germans as the Double Battle on the Aisne and in Champagne). It also saw action in the Battle of Passchendaele. It remained in the line on various parts of the Western Front until the end of April 1918, when it went to the Belgian/Dutch border. The division then fought in the Third Battle of the Aisne and remained in the line near Soissons, seeing action in the Second Battle of the Marne. It then went to Flanders, where it remained until the end of the war. Allied intelligence rated the division as first class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007604-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Bavarian Infantry Division, Order of battle on formation\nThe 11th Bavarian Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division. The order of battle of the division on April 1, 1915, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007604-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Bavarian Infantry Division, Late-war order of battle\nThe division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion. The order of battle on January 4, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007605-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Beijing College Student Film Festival\nThe 11th Beijing College Student Film Festival (simplified Chinese: \u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u5c4a\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u7535\u5f71\u8282; traditional Chinese: \u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u5c46\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b78\u751f\u96fb\u5f71\u7bc0) was an event held by the Beijing Normal University and Beijing Municipal Bureau of Radio, Film and Television in 2004 in Beijing, China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007606-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Beijing International Film Festival\nThe 11th Beijing International Film Festival(simplified Chinese: \u7b2c11\u5c4a\u5317\u4eac\u56fd\u9645\u7535\u5f71\u8282; traditional Chinese: \u7b2c11\u5c46\u5317\u4eac\u570b\u969b\u96fb\u5f71\u7bc0) was held in Beijing, China. Hosted by the Beijing Municipal Government and the China Media Group, the festival opened on September 21 with the Chinese 2021 film The Battle at Lake Changjin by Chen Kaige, Tsui Hark and Dante Lam. The festival was originally scheduled to be held from August 14 to 21, but was postponed due to the spread of Corona 19 delta mutation in China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007606-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Beijing International Film Festival\nThe festival was held in hybrid format due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions and around 300 films were screened. The online films are available for streaming on a cloud created by iQiyi. In 11th edition of festival, in 'Retrospect Section' the focus was on comic actor Charlie Chaplin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007606-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Beijing International Film Festival\nThe festival was closed on September 29 with the screening of 2019 film Saturday Fiction by Lou Ye. Beyond The Skies a Chinese film by Liu Zhihai won the Tiantan Award for best feature film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007606-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Beijing International Film Festival, Panorama, Tiantan Awards Official Competition\nThese are the highest awards at the festival. 15 films have been shortlisted for the awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 87], "content_span": [88, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007606-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Beijing International Film Festival, Panorama, Retrospect\nIn 11th edition of festival this section will showcase Charlie Chaplin's classic films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007607-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Berlin International Film Festival\nThe 11th annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 23 June to 4 July 1961. The Golden Bear was awarded to the Italian film La notte directed by Michelangelo Antonioni.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007607-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Berlin International Film Festival, Jury\nThe following people were announced as being on the jury for the festival:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 45], "content_span": [46, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007607-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Berlin International Film Festival, Films in competition\nThe following films were in competition for the Golden Bear award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment\nThe 11th Bersaglieri Regiment (Italian: 11\u00b0 Reggimento Bersaglieri) is an active unit of the Italian Army based in Orcenico Superiore in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region. The regiment is part of the army's infantry corps' Bersaglieri speciality and operationally assigned to the 132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, History\nThe 11th Bersaglieri Regiment was established on 16 September 1883 in Caserta. The newly established unit was composed of the fourth battalions of the 1st, 4th and 7th Bersaglieri regiments. Initially the battalions of the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment were named I, II, and III Battalions, but in 1886 the battalions were assigned their traditional numbers: XV, XXVII, and XXXIII. The XI Cyclists Battalion was added in 1910, while the XXXIX Battalion was raised in 1915 to replace the XV Battalion, which had been deployed to Italian Libya that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, History\nThe 11th Bersaglieri Regiment was involved in the First Italo-Ethiopian War in 1895 and in the Italo-Turkish War in 1911. During the latter war the regiment's XXVII Battalion conquered Sciara Sciat, near Tripoli. For this action the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment was awarded a Gold Medal of Military Valour. However the massacre of captured Italian prisoners by Osman forces led to a massive reprisal. The 11th Bersaglieri Regiment also fought in Assaba, for which it was awarded a Bronze Medal of Military Valour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I\nDuring World War I, the 11th Regiment, then headquartered in Ancona, was initially assigned to various Infantry Divisions until 11 February 1916 when it entered the II Bersaglieri Brigade - first together with the 9th Bersaglieri Regiment and later with the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment. The 11th Bersaglieri Regiment served in Log di Cezsoca, Srpenica, Chiont, and Dogna Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I\nOn 2 June 1917, the II Bersaglieri Brigade was take out of the frontline for rest, but only two days later it had to return as on 3 June 1917 the Royal Italian Army began its Tenth offensive along the Isonzo river. The 11th Bersaglieri Regiment was finally taken out of the front on 7 November 1917. On 3 November 1918 the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment entered Trieste.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I\nDuring the war the 11th regiment's depot raised the LI Autonomous Battalion, the LXVI Battalion for the 17th Bersaglieri Regiment, and the LXVII Battalion for the 18th Bersaglieri Regiment. The 11th regiment consisted of the XXVII, XXXIII, XXXIX battalions, while the XI Cyclists Battalion fought as autonomous unit. After the XV Battalion departed Libya on 28 May 1918 it was assigned on 29 June 1918 to the 5th Group of 2nd Assault Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0005-0001", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I\nFor its conduct at Jamiano the regiment was awarded a Silver Medal of Military Valour, while the XI Cyclists Battalion was awarded three Silver Medals of Military Valour: one for the conquest of Monte San Michele in 1916, one for the tenacious defense of Hill 144 east of Monfalcone between 14\u201316 September 1916, and one for the breakthrough of enemy lines at Revine Lago on 30 October 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I\nDuring World War I, the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment was headquartered in Ancona, and recruited from Benevento, Cosenza, Ferrara, Gaeta, Lecce, Massa, Milan, and Savona Districts, while mobilized troops also from Ascoli Piceno, Chieti, Macerata, Sulmona, Teramo, and Campobasso Districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I\nAlongside military operations, the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment provided disaster relief in the 1915 Avezzano earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Inter-war\nIn 1919 the XI Cyclists Battalion was disbanded and in 1920 the regiment's strength was reduced to two battalions and one reserve battalion. Some Bersaglieri of the 11th regiment were involved in the unsanctioned \"Fiume Exploit\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Inter-war\nOn 7 July 1924 the regiment was transformed in a cyclists regiment and the reserve battalion was disbanded; on 11 March 1926 the 11th Regiment was reorganized and now consisted of a regimental command, a depot, the XV Battalion, and the XXVII Battalion. During the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment provided officers and troops to several mobilized units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II\nOn 1 February 1938, the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment, together with the cavalry regiments \"Piemonte Reale\" (2nd) and \"Cavalleggeri di Saluzzo\" (12th), the 1st Fast Artillery Regiment, and the 1st Light Tank Group \"San Giusto\", were assigned to the 1st Fast Division \"Eugenio di Savoia\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II\nOn 6 March 1941, the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment was deployed to the Vipava Valley and on 11 April the whole Division participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia. In a few days 1st Fast Division occupied the whole of Dalmatia. Between late 1941 and late 1942 the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment carried out intense counter-insurgency activity against Yugoslav Partisans. In October 1942 the regiment returned from \u0160ibenik to Vodice in Dalmatia. There it fought in June 1943 in the attempt to clear Zuta Lovka from partisans. The 11th Bersaglieri Regiment was disbanded on 9 September 1943 in Dalmatia after Italy had switched sides with the Armistice of Cassibile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II\nDuring World War II, the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment included the Regimental command, the Command Company, XV Bersaglieri Cyclists Battalion, XXVII Bersaglieri Cyclists Battalion, XXXIII Bersaglieri Cyclists Battalion, LI Replacements Battalion, 271st Armoured Car Company, and 11th Anti -tank Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War\nIn 1964 the XI Bersaglieri Battalion was reformed in Sacile as part of the 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\". It remained the only active battalion of the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment until the 1975 Italian Army reform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War, 27th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Jamiano\"\nDuring the same reform the 132nd Tank Regiment was disbanded on 31 October 1975 and the regiment's XXXVIII Bersaglieri Battalion was renamed 27th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Jamiano\" the next day. The 27th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Jamiano\" inherited the war flag and traditions of the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment. The battalion was assigned to the 132nd Armored Brigade \"Manin\". Bersaglieri battalions created during the reform were named, with two exceptions, for battles in which Bersaglieri units had distinguished themselves: the 27th Bersaglieri Battalion was named for its defense of Hill 144 in Jamiano in 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 82], "content_span": [83, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, 1992-onwards\nOn 30 September 1992 the 27th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Jamiano\" entered the re-established 11th Bersaglieri Regiment in Aviano. On 21 November 1992 the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment moved to Orcenico Superiore, where on 18 April 1997, the 27th Bersaglieri Battalion was renamed 11th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Caprera\", reuniting all traditions and awards bestowed to the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment and its battalions in one unit, and gaining the tradition of the 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\" to wear the red tie with the formal uniform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, 1992-onwards\nIn the night of 6 April 2004, during the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment's service in Iraq as part of Operation Ancient Babylon, the forces of Muqtada al-Sadr's Mahdi Army occupied the three main bridges in Nasiriyah. Three companies of the 11th Regiment, one squadron of the Regiment \"Savoia Cavalleria\" (3rd), and some logistical units of the 132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\" engaged in an 18-hours long firefight with the rebel forces. For retaking the three bridges the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment was decorated with a War Cross for Military Valor in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, Current Structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Company fields the following platoons: C3 Platoon, Transport and Materiel Platoon, Medical Platoon, and Commissariat Platoon. The regiment is equipped with tracked Dardo infantry fighting vehicles. The Maneuver Support Company is equipped with M106 120mm mortar carriers and Dardo IFVs with Spike LR anti-tank guided missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0018-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, Uniform\nIn order to display the lineage of the 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", soldiers of the 11th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Caprera\" wear the red tie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007608-0019-0000", "contents": "11th Bersaglieri Regiment, Notable members\nFrom 13 September 1915 to 28 December 1918, Benito Mussolini served in the 11th Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron\nThe 11th Bomb Squadron is a unit of the United States Air Force, 2d Operations Group, 2d Bomb Wing located at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. The 11th is equipped with the Boeing B-52H Stratofortress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron\nThe 11th is one of the oldest units in the United States Air Force, first being organized as the 11th Aero Squadron on 26 June 1917 at Kelly Field, Texas. The squadron deployed to France and fought on the Western Front during World War I as a Day Bombardment squadron. It took part in the St. Mihiel offensive and the Meuse-Argonne offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron\nDuring World War II the unit served in the Pacific Theater of Operations as a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy and later North American B-25 Mitchell medium bomber squadron of the Fifth Air Force. During the Cold War it was both a tactical Martin TM-61 Matador and BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile squadron as part of the United States Air Forces in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, Mission\n\"Provide frontline units with the highest quality B-52 aviators capable of maintaining the highest standards of conduct and performance required to assume the nation\u2019s special trust and responsibility for the world\u2019s most powerful weapons\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, World War I\nAfter training in the United States, the squadron sailed for Europe on the RMS\u00a0Orduna on 18 December 1917. The 11th saw combat as a day bombardment unit with First Army, 14 September 1918, which was a bloody baptism of fire. But an attempted raid the following day practically devastated the fledgling squadron. \"Out of a formation of six planes which crossed the lines,\" remembered surviving veteran Paul S. Green, \"only one succeeded in staggering back in a riddled condition.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, World War I\nHenceforward, the 11th Squadron, earlier designated the \"Jiggs Squadron\" was unkindly referred to throughout the U.S. Air Service as the \"Bewilderment Group.\" Jiggs was a cartoon character invented five years before by an 11th Squadron officer, George McManus, whose comic strip, Bringing Up Father, was the first of its kind to attract a worldwide readership. The Bewilderment Group's emblem featured the famous Jiggs with a bomb tucked under his arm. The 11th flew combat from then to 5 November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, Intra-War period\nWith the end of World War I, the 11th Aero Squadron returned to New York Harbor. It arrived in about 30 April where it transferred to Camp Mills, Long Island the next day. There most of the men of the 11th Aero Squadron were demobilized and returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, Intra-War period\nOn 26 May 1919, the 11th transferred to Ellington Field, Texas, where it was manned and equipped with war surplus Dayton-Wright DH-4s. Its mission was to take part in the United States Army Border Air Patrol along the Mexican Border. Between August and November 1919, it operated from Marfa Field, and flew a border patrol along the Rio Grande between Lajitas, Texas to El Paso, Texas. It moved to Kelly Field, Texas on 8 November 1919 and again became part of the 1st Day Bombardment Group, although it remained on standby if needed along the Mexican Border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, Intra-War period\nIn 1921 the squadron was redesignated 11th Squadron (Bombardment), and in 1922 as the 11th Bombardment Squadron. Transferred on 30 June 1922 to Langley Field, Virginia, and conducted bombing tests on obsolete warships off Chesapeake Bay. The squadron was assigned to the Air Corps Training Center and transferred on 3 June 1927 to March Field, California, where it was inactivated on 31 July 1927 and its personnel transferred to the 54th School Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, Intra-War period\nThe squadron was reactivated on 1 June 1928 at Rockwell Field, California, and assigned to the 7th Bombardment Group. It moved on 29 October 1931 to March Field. The squadron conducted food relief airdrop missions to native Americans snowed-in on reservations in Arizona, New Mexico and Utah during 16\u201321 January 1932; and for marooned miners north of Las Vegas, New Mexico on 13 February 1933; it was awarded the Mackay Trophy for the 1932 relief flights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, Intra-War period\nThe squadron moved on 5 December 1934 to Hamilton Field, California. The 11th furnished the cadre to activate the 22d Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 20 October 1939. These future \"Flying Falcons\" operated the Douglas B-18 Bolo bomber and the Northrop A-17 attack aircraft. After gathering personnel and equipment at Hamilton Field and conducting training, the units then re-equipped with the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, moving on to Fort Douglas, Utah (later Salt Lake City Army Air Base) on 7 September 1940. Both squadrons performed rescue and patrol duties from Fort Douglas c. 21 Jun \u2212 13 November 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, Intra-War period\nIn November 1941 the squadrons prepared for reassignment to the Philippines. The ground echelons sailed from San Francisco on 21 November with the air echelons expected to remain in the States until the ground echelon arrived in the Philippines. Before their arrival, however, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December and shortly thereafter began the campaign against the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II, Netherlands East Indies campaign\nFollowing the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the air echelons of the 11th conducted antisubmarine patrols along the California coast from Muroc Army Air Field, California from 8 to 12 December 1941 before moving on out into the Pacific Theater. Assigned to detached duty to the United States Navy at Brisbane, Australia on 22 December 1941, the squadron flew combat while operating from Hickam Field, Hawaii between 18 December 1941 and 5 January 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 75], "content_span": [76, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II, Netherlands East Indies campaign\nJapanese forces attacked the Netherlands East Indies at about the same time the air echelon of the 11th arrived, beginning a battle that ended in the withdrawal of United States forces in early March. During the unsuccessful defense of the Indies, the main body of the squadron flew from Hollandia, meanwhile a detachment operated under Navy control from the Fiji Islands and then from Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 75], "content_span": [76, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II, Netherlands East Indies campaign\nMajor Austin A. Straubel (4 September 1904 \u2013 3 February 1942) was commander of the 11th Bombardment Squadron and acting commander of the 7th Bombardment Group when he died from burns received in the crash of a B-18 Bolo near Surabaya, Java.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 75], "content_span": [76, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II, Netherlands East Indies campaign\nIn early March 1942, the 11th withdrew to Melbourne, Australia, remaining there for about a month. In April 1942 the squadron transferred all of its equipment and personnel to the 19th Bombardment Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 75], "content_span": [76, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II, China Air Task Force\nThe squadron returned to the United States in mid-1942, leaving B-17s in Australia and being re-equipped under the Third Air Force as a North American B-25 Mitchell medium bombardment squadron. With the cadre units in place at Columbia Army Air Base, South Carolina, other personnel began to arrive from various parts of the U.S., by far the biggest contingent coming in from Keesler Field, Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 63], "content_span": [64, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II, China Air Task Force\nWhile this build-up was going on an advance cadre of the ground element of the 11th were establishing the organization in the China-Burma-India Theater (CBI). That cadre arrived at Karachi Airport, India (now Pakistan) on 20 May 1942, working their way to their staging base at Allahabad Airfield, India, by 27 May, and moving on to Kunming Airport, China by 14 June. The unit was among the first few bomber units in the CBI. The aircraft were readied for flight operations by Air Technical Service Command at Karachi Air Depot and dispatched to Chakulia Airfield, India (now Bangladesh) in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 63], "content_span": [64, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II, China Air Task Force\nIn the middle of April 1942, the air element of the 11th, consisting of trained B-25 combat crews, began to arrive at Morrison Field, Florida, as part of Project 157. Each crew was assigned an aircraft. Some two weeks were spent outfitting the B-25s, testing all the apparatus, and getting the crews accustomed to working together. The night of 2 May 1942, the first crews left for overseas, flying along the South Atlantic Ferry Route initially bound for Natal, Brazil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 63], "content_span": [64, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0017-0001", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II, China Air Task Force\nThe B-25s were not only completely fitted and ready for immediate combat, but were loaded with a great variety of extra ground equipment for maintaining aircraft and crews. Every one of the aircraft had at least 500 pounds over the maximum weight overload for safe flight and this route had never been flown over by combat crews before, as Air Corps Ferrying Command pilots had flown Mitchells along the route only with gasoline in the fuel tanks carrying little else.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 63], "content_span": [64, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0018-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II, China Air Task Force\nOnce reaching Natal, the ferrying route to Accra in the Gold Coast was taken, then across southern Africa to Khartoum, Sudan. The aircraft were then flown through Aden and followed the old British Imperial Airways route around the southern part of Arabia and Iran to Karachi. At Accra, several B-25s picked up formations of six to eight Curtiss P-40 Warhawks which had landed from an aircraft carrier. Many of these same P-40s and pilots later flew escort on missions in China. Three aircraft never reached India and some arrived several months after the others. By the end of May 1942 most of the other crews of Project 157 arrived in Karachi and were assigned to the 11th Bombardment Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 63], "content_span": [64, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0019-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II, China Air Task Force\nOn 2 June 1942, six B-25s left Allahabad on a secret mission of 15 days' duration. Each aircraft carried one extra crewman to act as relief during the expected two weeks' activity. This was to be the first tactical mission of the 11th Bombardment Squadron as a B-25 squadron. That night saw them at Dinjan, India, in the Assam Valley and the western end of the ferry route across the Hump into Southern China. At 0600 hours the next morning the flights took off for Kunming, China, detouring by way of Lashio, Burma. By 10 June, eight B-25s had reached their base at Kunming. The 11th Bombardment Squadron was the first United States air combat unit in China. Until their arrival, only the American Volunteer Group (AVG) was flying combat missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 63], "content_span": [64, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0020-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II, China Air Task Force\nOperating under the provisional China Air Task Force (CATF) at Kumming, the first combat mission in China was on 1 July 1942, against shipping in the Hankow area, with AVG fighters flying escort. No opposition of any kind was found. The next day, three B-25s made a return trip to Hankow, this time concentrating on the warehouse and docking facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 63], "content_span": [64, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0021-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II, China Air Task Force\nOn 15 September 1942 the 11th was transferred from the 7th Bombardment Group to the 341st Bombardment Group. The 341st Group usually functioned as if it were two groups, with its headquarters and three of its squadrons, the 22d, 490th and 491st Bombardment Squadrons operating under the Tenth Air Force in India and flying missions against the Japanese in Burma until January 1944; when the 341st was redeployed, the 490th was attached to the Tenth AF while the remainder of the Group joined the 11th in China. Throughout 1942\u201343, the 11th was attached to and received its operational orders from the CATF, which later became the Fourteenth Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 63], "content_span": [64, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0022-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II, China Air Task Force\nFrom several airfields in China the group engaged primarily in attacking enemy concentrations and storage areas and in conducting sea sweeps and attacks against inland shipping. They also bombed and strafed such targets as trains, harbors and railroads in French Indochina (now Vietnam) and the Canton-Hong Kong area of China. The 341st Bomb Group received a Distinguished Unit Citation for special success in applying 'Glip' bombing technique (modified from Skip / Glide) against enemy bridges in the Hanoi region of French Indochina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 63], "content_span": [64, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0023-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II, China Air Task Force\nIn July 1945, selected pilots, navigators and engineer-gunners were sent to Fenni, India for transition training in the Douglas A-26 Invader. After completing training, they flew their A-26s to China and were involved in a move from Yangkai to Laohwangping Airfield when the Pacific War ended before they could fly any combat missions. Three missions to drop leaflets announcing the war's end were performed before the squadron was ordered to India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 63], "content_span": [64, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0024-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II, China Air Task Force\nThe 11th's A-26 crews remained to ferry their aircraft to Germany, where they would get caught up flying transports moving American personnel headed home to ports of embarkation. The rest of the squadron's personnel sailed back to the United States. The 11th Bombardment Squadron (M) was inactivated on 2 November 1945, the day after the squadron personnel disembarked at Newark, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 63], "content_span": [64, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0025-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, Cold War\nThe 11th Pilotless Bomber Squadron was activated in 1954 as a Martin B-61 Matador tactical missile squadron under Ninth Air Force. It was subsequently redesignated the 11th Tactical Missile Squadron on 8 June 1955, and on 1 July 1956 the 11th deployed to Europe attached to the 7382nd Guided Missile Group (Tactical) at Hahn Air Base, West Germany, assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe. It was reassigned to the 587th Tactical Missile Group, which replaced the 7382d at Hahn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0026-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, Cold War\nOn 18 June 1958, the 11th was inactivated and replaced with the 822d Tactical Missile Squadron, with the activation of the 38th Tactical Missile Wing and the inactivation of the 701st Tactical Missile Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0027-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, Cold War\nThe 11th was reactivated in 1982 as a BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile squadron at RAF Greenham Common, England. Just before activation, it was consolidated with the 11th Bombardment Squadron. The squadron was inactivated in 1991 with the elimination of GLCMs from Europe as a result of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0028-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, Return to bombardment operations\nThe 11th was redesignated as a heavy bomber squadron and equipped with Boeing B-52Hs at Barksdale AFB in 1994 as part of Air Combat Command; it was reassigned to Global Strike Command in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0029-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, History, Return to bombardment operations\nSince 1994, it has trained B-52 combat crews, maintained readiness to deploy in support of national objectives, and maintained ability to sustain heavy firepower in global situations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007609-0030-0000", "contents": "11th Bomb Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007610-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Brigade (Australia)\nThe 11th Brigade is an Australian Army brigade which currently comprises most Australian Army Reserve units located in Queensland. The brigade was first formed in early 1912 following the introduction of the compulsory training scheme. Later, as part of the 3rd Division and saw action during World War I on the Western Front as part of the First Australian Imperial Force. In the interwar years, the brigade was re-raised with its headquarters in Brisbane. During World War II, it undertook garrison and defensive duties in north Queensland before deploying to Dutch New Guinea in 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007610-0000-0001", "contents": "11th Brigade (Australia)\nIn 1944\u20131945, the brigade took part in the fighting against the Japanese on Bougainville. In the postwar era, the 11th Brigade was raised and disbanded several times, before being raised in Townsville in 1987, where its headquarters is currently located. It forms part of the 2nd Division, and consists of units based across Queensland and New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007610-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Brigade (Australia), History, Formation and World War I\nThe 11th Brigade traces its origins to 1912, when it was formed as a Militia brigade as part of the introduction of the compulsory training scheme, assigned to the 2nd Military District. The brigade's constituent units were spread across various locations in New South Wales including Penrith, Lithgow, Bathurst, Orange, Parkes, Dubbo, Liverpool, Goulburn, Wagga Wagga and Albury. During World War I, the 11th Brigade was raised in early 1916 as part of the First Australian Imperial Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007610-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Brigade (Australia), History, Formation and World War I\nForming part of the 3rd Division, the brigade was formed in Australia during the period shortly after the Gallipoli Campaign when the AIF was being expanded prior to its commitment to the fighting on the Western Front. On formation, the brigade consisted of four infantry battalions: the 41st, 42nd, 43rd and 44th. Of these, the first two were drawn from Queensland, while the 43rd was recruited mainly from South Australia and the 44th came from Western Australia. In addition to these battalions, the brigade was supported by the 11th Field Ambulance, the 11th Trench Mortar Battery and the 11th Machine Gun Company (later part of the 3rd Machine Gun Battalion).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007610-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Brigade (Australia), History, Formation and World War I\nFollowing the brigade's establishment, a brief period of training was undertaken in Queensland until May 1916 when the formation embarked for the United Kingdom where they concentrated with other elements of the 3rd Division on Salisbury Plain for further training after July 1916. There, they undertook further training until November that year, when the troops of the 3rd Division began moving across the Channel to the Western Front. The brigade's first commander was Brigadier General Colin Rankin, although he was replaced by Brigadier General James Cannan in December 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007610-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Brigade (Australia), History, Formation and World War I\nFollowing its commitment to the Western Front, the 11th Brigade took part in many battles over the course of the next two years. These include: the Third Battle of Ypres, the Battle of Broodseinde, the Battle of Passchendaele, the Second Battle of Morlancourt, the Battle of Hamel and the Hundred Days Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007610-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Brigade (Australia), History, Militia and interwar period\nWhile the AIF was deployed, a separate Citizens Force (later known as the Militia) formation remained in Australia. By 1918, an 11th Brigade had been established within the 2nd Military District, consisting of the 41st (Blue Mountains), 42nd (Lachlan-Macquarie), 43rd (Werriwa), and 44th (Riverina) Infantry Battalions. The AIF was formally disbanded in 1921, at which time it was decided to reorganise the Citizens Force to perpetuate the numerical designations of the AIF. Forming part of the 1st Military District, the 11th Brigade was based in north Queensland at this time, with its headquarters in Brisbane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 62], "content_span": [63, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007610-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Brigade (Australia), History, Militia and interwar period\nIt was raised as a mixed brigade and included one light horse regiment: the 2nd, based in Ipswich. In 1928, the brigade consisted of the 9th, 31st, 42nd and 47th Battalions. By 1938, the brigade had been expanded and along with its infantry units it also included light horse regiments that had previously been assigned to the 1st Cavalry Brigade: these were the 2nd/14th, 5th and 11th, which were spread across depots in Brisbane and further afield in south-east Queensland such as Goondiwindi and Kingaroy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 62], "content_span": [63, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007610-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nAt the outbreak of World War II, the 11th Brigade consisted of four Queensland-based infantry battalions: the 26th (Hughenden), 31st (Townsville), 42nd (Rockhampton) and 51st (Cairns). The early war years saw the brigade undertake short periods of continuous service to provide training to part-time soldiers called up under the compulsory service scheme. In December 1941, at the outset of the war in the Pacific, the brigade was called up for full time service, and was allocated to the defence of northern Queensland. During this time, they were engaged with improving camp infrastructure, building defences and individual and collective training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007610-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nLater, the brigade was reorganised into a triangular formation, and the 42nd Battalion was transferred to the 29th Brigade. In early 1943, the brigade became part of the 4th Division; the 31st and 51st Battalions were merged, forming the 31st/51st Battalion, following a government decision to release some personnel back to war essential civilian industries. The brigade  was later reinforced by the 20th Motor Regiment, for a brief period between April and August 1944, before the 55th/53rd Battalion joined the brigade in August 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007610-0004-0002", "contents": "11th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nIn the intervening period, the 11th Brigade, after amphibious warfare training, deployed to Merauke in Dutch New Guinea, under the command of Brigadier John Stevenson. There, the brigade provided a garrison to defend the area in case of Japanese attack. In deploying to Merauke, the brigade became the only Militia formation to deploy outside Australian territory during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007610-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nAs the war progressed, the threat to Merauke reduced as the Allies advanced north through New Guinea. As a result, the brigade was withdrawn from Merauke in August 1944, and after a period of leave concentrated at Strathpine, Queensland, where they undertook further training. In December 1944, the brigade deployed to Bougainville, where Australian troops had taken over from US forces, which were subsequently redeployed to the Philippines. The 11th Brigade relieved the US 148th Infantry Regiment, and subsequently took part operations in the northern and central parts of the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007610-0005-0001", "contents": "11th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nFollowing its deployment in Bougainville, the brigade was assigned to the II Army Corps. During this time, the brigade's three infantry battalions alternated between holding actions in the central sector, and the advance in the north. Several notable actions were fought at Tsimba Ridge and Porton Plantation before the 11th Brigade was relieved by the 23rd Brigade in June 1945. The brigade was moved back to Torokina after this, remaining there until the end of the war. In September 1945, the brigade was assigned to the 11th Division and moved to Rabaul to carry out garrison duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007610-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Brigade (Australia), History, Army Reserve\nFollowing the war, the wartime military was demobilised and the part-time Citizens Military Force was formed in 1948. In the post-war period, the 11th Brigade was raised, disbanded and redesignated several times. After being re-formed in the immediate post war years, and assigned to Northern Command in 1953, it was disbanded in 1960, but was re-raised in 1972 as the 11th Task Force, before being renamed the 11th Field Force Group in 1977. The brigade was re-established in 1987, based in Townsville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007610-0006-0001", "contents": "11th Brigade (Australia), History, Army Reserve\nAt this time, the brigade was tasked with vital asset protection in northern Australia, in the event of war. By 2000, the brigade was allocated an area of responsibility including Cape York Peninsula. In July 2007, a re-organisation of the 7th Brigade saw the transfer of the Brisbane-based 9th Battalion, Royal Queensland Regiment and the 25th/49th Battalion, Royal Queensland Regiment to the 11th Brigade. At the same time, the brigade was transferred from the 1st Division to the 2nd. In July 2008, the 31st and 42nd Battalions merged to form the 31st/42nd Battalion, Royal Queensland Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007610-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Brigade (Australia), History, Army Reserve\nUnder Plan Beersheba, the brigade is tasked with generating a battlegroup in support of the 3rd Brigade, one year in every three. The battlegroup is known as Battlegroup Cannan. While the majority of the brigade's units are based in Queensland, headquartered either in Townsville or Brisbane, its cavalry unit, the 12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, is based in Tamworth. Between October 2010 and June 2011, a composite company designated \"ANZAC Company\", formed from 11th Brigade Reservists deployed to Timor Leste under Operation Astute. The brigade led recovery efforts following Tropical Cyclone Marcia in early 2015, providing a Reserve response force at short notice  from elements of 31/42 RQR, the 11th Combat Service Support Battalion and the 35th Field Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007611-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Brigade (Japan)\nThe 11th Brigade (Japanese: \u7b2c11\u65c5\u56e3) is one of six active brigades of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. The brigade is subordinated to the Northern Army and is headquartered in Sapporo, Hokkaid\u014d. Its responsibility is the defense of South Western Hokkaid\u014d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007611-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Brigade (Japan)\nThe brigade was formed on 11 March 2008 with units from the disbanded 11th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007612-0000-0000", "contents": "11th British Academy Film Awards\nThe 11th British Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, were held on 6 March 1958, to honor the best national and foreign films of 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007613-0000-0000", "contents": "11th British Academy Games Awards\nThe 11th British Academy Video Games Awards ceremony, presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), honored video games of 2014 and took place on 12 March 2015 at the Tobacco Dock in London, beginning at 7:00pm (GMT). During the ceremony, BAFTA presented awards in 16 categories. The ceremony, broadcast live on streaming website Twitch, was hosted by comedian Rufus Hound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007613-0001-0000", "contents": "11th British Academy Games Awards\nMonument Valley and The Last of Us: Left Behind won two awards each, while Destiny won the Best Game award. Other winners included Alien: Isolation, Far Cry 4, Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft, League of Legends, Lumino City, Minecraft, Never Alone, OlliOlli, The Vanishing of Ethan Carter and Valiant Hearts: The Great War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007613-0002-0000", "contents": "11th British Academy Games Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominees for the 11th British Academy Video Games Awards were announced on 10 February 2015 at 10:30am (GMT). Alien: Isolation received the most nominations with six total; Far Cry 4 and Monument Valley tied for second with five nominations each, followed by 80 Days, Destiny, Mario Kart 8 and Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor with four each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007613-0003-0000", "contents": "11th British Academy Games Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe winners were announced during the awards ceremony on 12 March 2015. Destiny's win for Best Game was the fourth BAFTA win for developer Bungie, but their first outside of the Halo series. Ashley Johnson won the award for Performer for the second consecutive year for her portrayal of Ellie in The Last of Us: Left Behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007613-0004-0000", "contents": "11th British Academy Games Awards, Presenters and performers, Performers\nRiva Taylor was the only performer at the 11th British Academy Video Games Awards, performing \"Earth to Earth\", a song written specifically for the event, to open the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 72], "content_span": [73, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007613-0005-0000", "contents": "11th British Academy Games Awards, Critical reviews\nThe ceremony received generally mixed to positive reception from media publications. Paul Tassi of American business magazine Forbes claimed that the British Academy Video Games Awards \"might be [his] favorite show worldwide right now\", praising the \"sheer breadth and diversity of their award categories, and what they choose to honor\". Tassi went on to praise winning games such as The Vanishing of Ethan Carter (Game Innovation) and League of Legends (Persistent Game). Oliver Cragg of newspaper The Independent welcomed the strong presence of \"creative indie titles\" at the ceremony. A review written by GameCentral for newspaper Metro, however, went as far as to state that \"we\u2019re not sure we agree with any of the awards, except for Alien Isolation and David Braben\", criticising \"nonsense\" such as a win for Minecraft, which was originally released years previously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 925]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007613-0006-0000", "contents": "11th British Academy Games Awards, Critical reviews\nThe majority of negative reactions to the ceremony related to Destiny winning the BAFTA for Best Game. Adam Rosser of BBC Radio 5 Live explained that \"There was an audible ripple of surprise in the press room as Destiny took the best game Bafta\", noting that the game had been \"criticised in many quarters for ... suffering from a sparsely populated game world and repetitive gameplay\". Some commentators supported the result, however: GamesRadar+, who named Destiny their game of the year, claimed that \"it's good to see Bungie's masterpiece getting the attention it deserves\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007613-0006-0001", "contents": "11th British Academy Games Awards, Critical reviews\nEntertainment Weekly's Jonathon Dornbush concluded that \"despite its flaws, Destiny has demonstrated why it\u2019s tough to put the game down, and may be worth revisiting for those who initially wrote the game off\", while Forbes writer Paul Tassi claimed that Dragon Age: Inquisition was arguably the \"definitive\" game of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007613-0007-0000", "contents": "11th British Academy Games Awards, Critical reviews\nArguably one of the most surprising results was in the Sports category, where independent title OlliOlli beat out many bigger releases such as FIFA 15. Matt Kamen of Wired described this as a \"shocking win\", and Mark Langshaw of Digital Spy similarly dubbed it \"a shock\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007614-0000-0000", "contents": "11th CPLP Summit\nThe XI Conference of Heads of State and Government of the CPLP (Portuguese: XI Confer\u00eancia de Chefes de Estado e de Governo da CPLP), commonly known as the 11th CPLP Summit (XI Cimeira da CPLP) was the 11th biennial meeting of heads of state and heads of government of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, held in Bras\u00edlia, Brazil, on 31 October-1 November 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007614-0001-0000", "contents": "11th CPLP Summit, Outcome\nDuring the 11th Summit, the CPLP adopted its \"New Strategic Vision 2016-2026\" (Nova Vis\u00e3o Estrat\u00e9gica da CPLP), orienting the organization to promote greater political and diplomatic cooperation amongst member states and a greater emphasis on the diffusion of the Portuguese language as an economic, cultural, and political language within the international community,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007614-0002-0000", "contents": "11th CPLP Summit, Outcome, Executive Secretary\nMozambican diplomat Murade Isaac Murargy was reelected as the Executive Secretary of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. He was later substituted half-way through his third term by Maria do Carmo Silveira, former Prime Minister of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007615-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Cabinet of North Korea\nThe 11th Cabinet of North Korea was elected by the 1st Session of the 11th Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea on 3 September 2003. It was replaced on 9 April 2009 by the 12th Cabinet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007616-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Canadian Comedy Awards\nThe 11th Canadian Comedy Awards, presented by the Canadian Comedy Foundation for Excellence (CCFE), honoured the best live, television, film, and Internet comedy of 2009. The ceremony was held at the Winter Garden Theatre in Toronto, Ontario, on 18\u00a0October 2010 and was hosted by Dave Foley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007616-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Canadian Comedy Awards\nCanadian Comedy Awards, also known as Beavers, were awarded in 22 categories. Some winners were picked by members of industry organizations while others were chosen by the Canadian public through an online poll. The awards ceremony was held during the five-day Canadian Comedy Awards Festival which ran from 14 to 18 October and included 38 shows at six venues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007616-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Canadian Comedy Awards\nThe TV series Less Than Kind led with seven nominations followed by the film Eating Buccaneers with five. Less Than Kind won three Beavers, as did the film The Trotsky. Irwin Barker was posthumously awarded two Beavers and the Dave Broadfoot Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007616-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony\nThe Canadian Comedy Awards (CCA) returned to Toronto, Ontario, in 2010, after a seven-year absence from the city. This was the first occasion that Toronto hosted the Canadian Comedy Awards Festival, which had grown to the point that a larger city could more easily accommodate the events. The five-day festival ran from 14 to 18 October and featured 38 shows in six venues. This included stand-up, sketch, improv, and one-person shows. Venues included Yuk Yuk's, Comedy Bar, Bad Dog Theatre, and Second City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007616-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony\nOne notable show was BeerProv in which 18 improvisors competed, drinking beer in successive elimination rounds until one was left. Sean Tabares won the event and later won the Beaver for best male improvisor. Catch\u00a023 was another competitive improv show featuring pairs of performers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007616-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony\nA gala was held on 17 October at the Winter Garden Theatre hosted by Mary Walsh. The awards ceremony was held on 18 October hosted by Dave Foley. Performers included Teresa Pavlinek and Kathryn Greenwood (Women Fully Clothed), Se\u00e1n Cullen, Gordon Pinsent, Tom Green, and Loretta Swit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007616-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Canadian Comedy Awards, Winners and nominees\nNominees, selected by jury, were announced on 22 June 2010 in Toronto. Awards were given in 22 categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007616-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Canadian Comedy Awards, Winners and nominees\nIrwin Barker, who had died the day before nominations were announced, won posthumous Beavers for Canadian Comedy Person of the Year and Best Male Stand-up, as well as the Dave Broadfoot Award for comic genius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007617-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Canadian Film Awards\nThe 11th Canadian Film Awards were held on June 5, 1959 to honour achievements in Canadian film. The ceremony was hosted by W. J. Sheridan, the president of the Canadian Public Relations Society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007618-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Canadian Folk Music Awards\nThe 11th Canadian Folk Music Awards were presented in Edmonton, Alberta on November 8, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007619-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Canadian Ministry\nThe Eleventh Canadian Ministry was the first cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Arthur Meighen. It governed Canada from 10 July 1920 to 29 December 1921, including only the last year of the 13th Canadian Parliament. The government was formed by the National Liberal and Conservative Party. Meighen was also Prime Minister in the Thirteenth Canadian Ministry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007620-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Canadian Parliament\nThe 11th Canadian Parliament was in session from January 20, 1909, until July 29, 1911. The membership was set by the 1908 federal election on October 26, 1908, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1911 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007620-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Canadian Parliament\nIt was controlled by a Liberal Party majority under Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the 8th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Conservative/Liberal-Conservative, led by Robert Borden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007620-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Canadian Parliament\nThe Speaker was Charles Marcil. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1907-1914 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade\nThe 11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade (Italian: 11\u00b0 Brigata Meccanizzata Carabinieri) was the Carabinieri formation, established in 1963 and disestablished in 2001, dedicated to the performance of military duties, the support to Territorial Organization, the participation in civil protection operations and to ensure the emergency reserve for the General Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background\nCarabinieri units devoted to the riot control and to tactical tasks experienced several organizational phases, from late 1910s to the present day. While from 1919 until 1963 Carabinieri riot units were under the exclusive control of Carabinieri Legions (inter-provincial commands), since 1963 they have been under an unified command: from 1963 to 2000 the Command was set at the Brigade level, while the present-day Division was established in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1919-1923\nThe history of the branch of the Carabinieri specifically dedicated to quell massive civil disturbances dates back in 1919, when 18 Carabinieri Autonomous Mobile Battalions (Battaglioni Mobili Autonomi) were established in order to deal with the Biennio Rosso.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1919-1923\nBefore 1919, the operational approach to riot control consisted in drawing Carabinieri from the territorial stations near the event, replacing them with Carabinieri drawn in turn from other Stations; since 1908 several proposes had been made by Carabinieri officers to form organic Carabinieri units in order to not to steal Carabinieri from the territorial police service and to improve the harmony within the ranks of Carabinieri assigned to public order services;pp. 271\u2013273 the proposal was suspended due to the outbreak of the World War I.p. 14", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1919-1923\nAt the end of the World War I, the Royal Italian Army was reduced and both the Royal Carabinieri and the Royal Guard of Public Security were augmented.p. 268 Following the end of the War, participants to rallies increased in numbers and Army units deployed in internal order services significantly decreased. The Arm of Carabinieri, in order to sustain the increasingly heavy duty, established for the first time outside war several Army-style Battalions.pp. 269\u2013270", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1919-1923\nOn 7 December 1918, the Carabinieri General Command elaborated a proposal for War Minister Alberico Albricci, assuming the establishment of 15p. 282 to 16p. 16 Mobile Battalions under the relevant Carabinieri Legion. The total strength of the Mobile Battalions was envisioned in 5,000 Carabinieri. According to the proposal, each Battalion should have had 5 trucks with attached drivers and mechanics, two motorcycles for commanders of the detachments and a light car for the commanding Colonel.pp. 280\u2013282Under the 1918 proposal, Legions with two Mobile Battalions assigned were to be led by a Brigadier General, with two Colonels, one of which assigned to the task of commanding the Battalioni Group.p. 16", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1919-1923\nOn 13 March 1919, the War Ministry ordered the provisional establishment of 16 Carabinieir Mobile Battalions, whose organization was to be dealt with by the General Command.p. 16 On 30 March 1919, Commandant General Luigi Cauvin issued executive orders of the establishment of the Mobile Battalions of the Royal Carabinieri. According to Article 3 of the executive orders, the Carabinieri Mobile Battalion was organized into:p.\u00a017", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1919-1923\nEach Mobile Battalion was to be led by a Lieutenant Colonel (Mobile Battalions of Alessandria, Genoa, Verona, Trieste, Treviso, Bologna, Ancona, Cagliari, Bari, two of the three Battalions of Rome, one of the two Battalions of Turin, Milan, Naples, Florence and Palermo)p.\u00a0 19 or by a Major (Mobile Battalions of Udine, Taranto, Catania, one Mobile Battalion in Rome, Turin, Milan, Florence, Naples and Palermo),p.\u00a0 19 assisted by an Aide ranking Lieutenant, each Company was to be led by a captain, while Platoons could be led by a Lieutenant, a Second Lieutenant or by a senior Sub-Officer.p.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0007-0001", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1919-1923\n17 The strength of each Mobile Battalions was to be 782 officers and troops. According to Article 7, Carabinieri of the Mobile Battalions were to be deployed in organic units (Platoon, Company, or the whole Battalion) always under their own subofficers and officers. The training was specifically designed for public order and riot control services.pp. 284\u2013286 One quarter of the strength of each battalion was to be assigned to the territorial support of the relevant Legion.p. 17 Battalions were to be housed in separate barracks, from other Royal Carabinieri and, in case of more than one Battalion assigned to the same city, on the opposite side of the urban centre; at least one officer had to be housed in the barracks.p. 18", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1919-1923\nOn 25 August 1919, another study elaborated by the General Command proposed the establishment of Mobile Battalions as a quick reaction force, also in response to insurrections to be dealt with by the Army. The 1919 proposal envisioned therefore a mechanized unit consisting of Cyclist Companies, special trains (also available for natural disasters), and fast trucks; the training for personnel assigned to the Battalions was designed in order to improve the cohesion and decision.pp. 283\u2013284", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1919-1923\nThe Royal Decree of 2 October 1919, no. 1802 sanctioned the existing situation, authorizing the establishment of the Carabinieri Mobile Battalions.p. 21", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1919-1923\nBy force of the Royal Decree of 20 April 1920, no. 451, eighteen Autonomous Mobile Battalions were established.pp. 279\u2013280 The autonomous mobile Battalions took the name of their seat and were marked with serial number if more than one Battalion were assigned in the same city: Turin (2 Battalions), Alessandria, Genoa, Milan (2 Battalions), Verona, Florence, Bologna, Ancona, Rome (2 Battalions), Naples (2 Battalions), Bari, Palermo, Catania. The 1920 Battalions were organized on:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1919-1923\nEach Battalion had a total force of 750 men under the command of a lieutenant colonel.pp. 279\u2013280 Mobile Battalions in Alessandria, Treviso, Cagliari, Catanzaro and Messina were established outside the 1918 plan, due to evolving needs.pp. 280\u2013282", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1919-1923\nTwo years later, in 1922, six Battalions were disestablished and at the next year the remaining Battalions followed. However, three Battalions subordinated to the local Legion remained in existence: two in Rome and one in Palermo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, Operations\nThe first period of existence of Mobile Battalions was short but intense. In 1919 the most serious disturbances occurred in Novara, Milan, Brescia, Rome, Piombino, Viareggio, Corenza and Venice, Apulia and Piedmont. The 1st Bersaglieri Regiment mutinied in Ancona in June 1920, but it was brought down by a Carabinieri Battalion. In 1921 serious disturbances erupted in several municipalities of Campania, including Castellamare di Stabia, in the major towns and cities of Tuscany, in Apulia, including Bari, and in Rome. In the same years, the Blackshirts movement clashed with leftist formations and strikes increased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, Operations\nBetween 1919 and 1920, the Carabinieri performed 233 public order and riot control operations and suffered 517 casualties (43 dead and 474 wounded). Facing increasingly combative demonstrations, the government authorities left loose rules of engagement to the police forces, with the result of bloody clashes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, Operations\nAccording to Arnaldo Grilli and Antonio Picci, between 1919 and 1922, Carabinieri Mobile Battalions were awarded with 2 Gold Medals of Military Valour, 55 Silver Medals of Military Valour, 62 Bronze Medals of Military Valour, as well as hundreds of Solemn commendations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1940-1963\nIn 1940 the new Army organization foresaw four Carabinieri Battalions, while on 3 January 1944 12 Battalions (renamed Mobile Battalions) were re-established,p. 232 in order to deal with the civil unrest following the end of the civil war, alongside with four Mobile Battalions Groups. The 1944-established Mobile Battalions were equipped, supplied and maintained by the relevant Carabinieri Legion. The Mobile Battalions Groups were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1940-1963\nThe Mobile Battalions were provided of new vehicles in order to enable them to deploy rapidly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0018-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1940-1963\nIn the immediate aftermaths of World War II, both police and Carabinieri were strictly prohibited by armistice clauses to have hand grenades, machine guns, rifles and even handguns.pp. 63\u201364 Ferruccio Parri, Prime Minister in 1945, supported the reinforcement of the Carabinieri in order to enable them to counter threats to public order.p. 64,85 In 1945 Carabinieri sustained 29 casualties during public order services.p. 67", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0019-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1940-1963\nIn 1949 Minister of Interior Mario Scelba asked the General Command of the Carabinieri and Minister of Defence Randolfo Pacciardi to provide Carabinieri of batons and other riot-specific equipment. Both the General Command and the Defence Minister refused.pp. 144\u2013146 According to Virgilio Ilari, as of 1949 the Carabinieri mobile forces consisted of 13 Battalions and 34 Trucked Units (Nuclei Autocarrati), with an updated equipment. On 6 August 1956, the blue beret was assigned to mobile units (Mobile Battalions and Trucked Units).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0020-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1940-1963\nOn 26 August 1949, the Banditry Repression Forces Command was established under Colonel Ugo Luca.p. 170 Between 1951 and 1963, a new Parachute Carabinieri Battalion was established.p. 183", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0021-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1940-1963\nAfter the end of the Second World War, in Italy occurred several security crisis: banditry in Sicily and in Sardinia, and civil disturbances across the country.pp. 168\u2013169 Such disturbances were politically motivated and, as such, differently reported.pp. 61\u201363", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0022-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1940-1963\nIn the aftermaths of World War II (between 1946 and 1948), Carabinieri managed to evade the majority of the riot control operations;p.\u00a0 89,135 nonetheless, during riot control operations carried out from the end of the war to 1948, 101 Carabinieri died, while 757 others were wounded. According to Antonio Sannino, the fact that the Carabinieri remained hostile to Communists' approaches caused the British support to them.p. 86", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0023-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1940-1963\nBetween 1945 and 1948, Carabinieri underwent a massive rearmament in order to deal with institutional duties. In 1945 they had only 5 armoured vehicles and 79 trucks; in 1948 Carabinieri deployed 264 armoured vehicles and 1358 trucks.p. 407", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0024-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Background, 1940-1963\nIn 1945, each Battalion deployed 12 M15/42 tanks; in 1946 tanks were retired and replaced with Staghound armoured cars. In 1953 each Battalion received two Tank Platoons (8 tanks) with M3 Stuart light tanks, and as of 1958 each Battalion could deploy 8 M4 Sherman tanks and 13 Staghound armoured cars. As of 1962, each Battalion had 6 tanks and 5 light armoured cars.p. 117-118", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0025-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, 1963-2000: 11th Brigade\nThe 11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade existed for a continued period of 37 years, and in 2001, with the transformation of the Carabinieri in an autonomous Armed Force, it evolved into the Carabinieri Mobile Units Division. During these years, the Brigade passed through the Cold War and the Years of Lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0026-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Early proposals\nFollowing the 1960 Genoa clashes, a reform project for the Mobile Battalions was envisioned, but later abandoned. Both the organization and the equipment (which included old Sherman tanks and trucked units) were found to be obsolete either inadequate to emergency tasks.p. 48", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0027-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Early proposals\nOn 27 January 1963, the Commandant General of the Carabinieri at the time, Lieutenant General Giovanni De Lorenzo, endorsed a proposal of then-Colonel Franco Picchiottip. 107 in order to reorganize riot units. In this proposal, Mobile Battalions were to be available for both wartime and peacetime tasks, with a wartime organization and a reduced peacetime one.pp. 497\u2013498", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0028-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Early proposals, Picchiotti-De Lorenzo proposal\nThe Picchiotti-De Lorenzo proposal called for Mobile Battalions to be available for both wartime and peacetime tasks. Such Mobile Battalions were to be equipped with all necessary capabilities in order to act when isolated and to overcome significant resistance without having to rely on other Italian Army or other Italian Armed Forces elements.p. 62", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 84], "content_span": [85, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0029-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Early proposals, Picchiotti-De Lorenzo proposal\nMobile Battalions as envisaged by the proposal had to maintain a significant concentration and movement rapidity and readiness and the organic equipment (both in terms of personnel and materials) to be ready to fulfil the wartime tasks.p. 63 Mobile Battalions also were to be with a wartime organization and a reduced peacetime one;pp. 497\u2013498", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 84], "content_span": [85, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0030-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Early proposals, Picchiotti-De Lorenzo proposal\nMobile Battalions were therefore to be separated to the territorial Carabinieri Legions (regiment-level commands) and organizationally framed within three Carabinieri Regiments. Those Regiments were to have a distinctive operational structure with training, disciplinary and deployment functions, while administrative duties were to be discharged by the relevant territorial Legion.p. 63 In the proposal, only the VII and XIII Mobile Battalions were excluded by the grouping within the three Regiments; after the general elections (which De Lorenzo deemed to be imminent), the VII Carabinieri Mobile Battalion was to be disestablished and re-established in order to be subordinated to the IV Army Corps.p. 64", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 84], "content_span": [85, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0031-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Early proposals, Picchiotti-De Lorenzo proposal\nCavalry units were deemed to be too fragmented and therefore the proposal also suggested that mounted Carabinieri were to be concentrated in robust cavalry units,p. 498 by reducing Carabinieri stations manned by mounted Carabinieri to a maximum of 70, employing the new cavalry units en masse (both alone or alongside mechanized units). All cavalry forces were to be grouped within a dedicated Regiment with three Squadrons Groups (Battalion-sized cavalry units).p. 63-64", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 84], "content_span": [85, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0032-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Establishment\nOn 29 March 1963 Minister of Defence Giulio Andreotti approved the proposal, and the following day the Army General Staff transmitted the authorization to the Carabinieri General Command.p. 64 On 1 April 1963, with the 1960s Army and Carabinieri reorganization, the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade was established directly under the General Command led by Giovanni De Lorenzo, in order to cope with the internal territorial defence needs. The first commander of the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade was Brigadier General Franco Picchiotti.p. 514", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0033-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Establishment\nThe establishment of the new brigade was in order to adjust the organization of the Battalions and of cavalry units both for strictly military tasks, and those related to the protection of public order and riot control. The aim was to ensure Carabinieri Battalions the availability of all elements necessary to be in a position to act in isolation and overcome considerable resistance without having to rely on the competition of other Army Corps or other Armed Forces, to ensure Battalions' speed of movement and concentration in large sectors of foreseeable use and a constant high training level. On the other hand, the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade had only support tasks, the Interior Ministry retained the power of deployment of Carabinieri Battalions through the General Command and the Brigade Command.p. 521", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0034-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Establishment\nThe establishment of the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade was controversial: some senior officers criticized the decision, deeming that the essential features of the Carabinieri were capillarity and focus on criminal police activity.p. 48 Ferruccio Parri deemed that the establishment of the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade was purported to form an \"Army within an Army\", ready to intervene in the political balance.p. 492", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0035-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Establishment\nOverall, in 1963, the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade consisted of about 5,000 men with 80 tracked vehicles, 200 other military vehicles (including M113 armored personnel carriers)p.\u00a0 276, 130 M47 Patton tanks and a paratroopers battalion. However, the brigade never had responsibility for actual unitary operational command, lacking supports due to a political choice, but exercised the tasks of instruction and preparation for the riot control activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0036-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Establishment\nIn the 1963 reorganization, Mobile Battalions were renamed simply Battalions and were marked with a sequential number, while remaining administratively dependent on the relevant Legion; the Battalions Groups were renamed Carabinieri Regiments, and were given the conceptual role of a resolution unit in both riot and tactical tasks; In accordance with the Picchiotti-De Lorenzo proposal, Regiments had only disciplinary, training and deployment functions, while general management rested within the relevant Legion. The newly formed Mechanized Brigade exercised its operational and training authority on:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0037-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Establishment\nThe command structure of the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade consisted of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0038-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Establishment, Evolution\nThe 1963 reorganization did not mark the end of the organizational shifts. In 1964, 1st Carabinieri Helicopter Section was established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0039-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Establishment, Evolution\nBetween 1973 and 1976, the 5th Carabinieri Regiment (HQ Mestre) also existed, including IV, VII and XIII Battalions. On 1 September 1977, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Carabinieri Regiments were disestablished and their Battalions were transferred under the direct operational and training authority of the 11th Mechanized Brigade; the 4th Mounted Carabinieri Regiment was renamed Mounted Carabinieri Regiment. In 1975 the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade changed its name in 11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade (with Arabic numerals) and in 1976 the formation was renamed 11th Carabinieri Brigade; at the same time, the Brigade Command was tasked to exercise only training and logistical authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0040-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Establishment, Evolution\nIn 1977, the three Carabinieri Regiments were disestablished and 4th Carabinieri Cavalry Regiment changed its name in Carabinieri Cavalry Regiment, with the Battalions being directly under the Brigade Command. The following year an Inspecting Colonel was appointed, while in 1979 two additional Colonels followed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0041-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Establishment, Evolution\nWith the end of the Cold War, the mobile organization lost its combat-oriented connotation, taking over the role of force mainly devoted to the performance of riot control. The 1st Carabinieri Group in Milan and the 2nd Carabinieri in Rome were established in the 1990s within the 11th Brigade; these units were renamed, in 1995, respectively Carabinieri Regiment in Milan and Carabinieri Regiment in Rome. In 1996, the 1st Carabinieri Battalion was transformed in the 1st Parachute Carabinieri Regiment \"Tuscania\", although it remained within Paratroopers Brigade Folgore until 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0042-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Establishment, Brigade subordination\nFrom its establishment to October 1964, the XI Mechanized Brigade was directly subordinated to the General Command of the Carabinieri and under the IV Army Corps. In October 1964 the XI Mechanized Brigade was subordinated to an Inspector, ranking Divisional general.p. 232", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0043-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Establishment, Brigade subordination\nThe XI Mechanized Brigade was subordinated, on 7 March 1965, to the Inspectorate of Mechanized and Special Units, which included not only the XI Mechanized Brigade, but also all other tactical Carabinieri units: the Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion, the Territorial Squadrons Groups of Milan, Cagliari and Palermo, the Trucked Units, as well as the naval service. Two years later, on 10 March 1967, the post was modified in \"Inspectorate of Mechanized Units\", being disbanded in May 1967. In 1968 the blue beret was modified, making it identical in shape to the maroon beret used by paratroopers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0043-0001", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Establishment, Brigade subordination\nBetween 1967 and 1968 it was set up the Inspectorate of Mechanized and Training Units (led by a Divisional general), with responsibility on the X Carabinieri Brigade (including schools) and XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade. In 1971 it was established the Inspectorate Schools and Special Carabinieri Units; it controlled the X Brigade (dedicated to training) and XI Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0044-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Establishment, Brigade subordination\nOn 22 September 1980, the Inspectorate changed its name to Carabinieri Division School and Special Carabinieri Units \"Palidoro\". In 1985, the Command was deprived of training component and was reorganized on the XI Brigade (Carabinieri Battalions) and the XII Brigade (specialist units); the brigade was therefore placed under a command called Carabinieri Mobile and Special Units Division \"Palidoro\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0045-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Carabinieri Battalion\nThe Carabinieri Battalion has been, since their initial establishment in 1919, the Carabinieri basic operational element for riot control operations. Carabinieri Battalions underwent several reorganizations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0046-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Carabinieri Battalion\nThe bulk of Carabinieri Battalions consisted (and had consisted until the suspension of the conscription in Italy) of Auxiliary Carabinieri, i.e. young conscripted soldiers. Rifle Companies all consisted of Auxiliary Carabinieri.p. 111 According to General Picchiotti, if necessary, each Battalion could become a full Regiment with a call to arms of retired Auxiliary Carabinieri.p. 114", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0047-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Carabinieri Battalion\nWith the 1963 reorganization each Carabinieri Battalion was led by a Lieutenant colonel or a major and consisted of:.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0048-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Carabinieri Battalion\nNotwithstanding the equipment upgrade requested by Lieutenant General De Lorenzo, vehicles remained an issue. While in theory all Rifle Companies should have been Mechanized Companies, only one Rifle Company in each Battalion was equipped with M-113 APCs, and the other one was equipped with Fiat Campagnola off-road vehicles.p. 116 Similarly, the full Tank Company (16 main battle tanks) was in force only at VII and XIII Battalions; the remaining unit had only a Tank Platoon.pp. 116\u2013117", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0049-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Carabinieri Battalion\nThe Carabinieri Battalions had to be used only when the police and the territorial organization of the Carabinieri had been found insufficient, in order not to deprive the General Command of a valuable combat tool; in ordinary circumstances, the Battalion units were to be deployed on foot, lightly armed, with the armoured personnel carriers used only for troops transportation.p. 108", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0050-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Carabinieri Battalion\nIn 1969, under the command of former partisan Brigadier General Pietro Loretelli,p. 532 Battalions framed within Carabinieri Regiments were reorganized. The new structure consisted of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0051-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Carabinieri Battalion\nAccording General Adamo Markert, as of 1969, the most prepared Carabinieri Battalions were headquartered in Gorizia, Bolzano, and Padua, ready for engagement in war.p. 519", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0052-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Carabinieri Battalion\nBetween 1977 and 1978 all Carabinieri Battalions, with the exception of the 7th and 13th Carabinieri Battalions, were given the War Flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0053-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Carabinieri Battalion\nOverall, Carabinieri Battalions were divided into two groups, according to the main type (motorized or mechanized unit) of units deployed by the Battalion itself. Both VII and XIII Battalions were to be always maintained at their full wartime force. Within the VII Battalion, based in Laives, the Counter-terrorism Special Company was established in 1960s to counter South Tyrolean terrorism;p.\u00a0 187 the security operations were also supported by several Trucked Units (which remained outside the Brigade).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0054-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Operational history\nDuring the Years of Lead and the subsequent period most of the Battalions reduced their military training in order to deal with riot control activities. 7th and 13th Battalions maintained instead their military capabilities and were transferred under direct Army operational control. Each infantry company of each Battalion established, in this period, an \"Intervention Platoon\", in order to upgrade the responsiveness to serious riots.p. 191", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0055-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Operational history\nThe XI Brigade participated to the repression of South Tyrolean terrorism in 1960s;p.\u00a0 187 according to General Giancarlo Giudici, in 1964 the Carabinieri deployed a Command Company, two Mechanized Companies, a Tanks Company, a Mortars Company and 850 troops with very poor training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0056-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Operational history\nThe 11th Carabinieri Brigade also intervened, through its subordinate units, in several natural disasters through the years. In the 1966 flood of the Arno, the XI Brigade provided 50 M-113 armoured vehicles and several tankers.p. 540 In the 1968 Belice earthquake, the XII Carabinieri Battalion \"Sicilia\", headquartered in Palermo, deployed its rescue unit and other troops, together with the IV Mounted Carabinieri Squadrons Group, under the leadership of the Carabinieri Legion of Palermo and under the guidance of the VI Carabinieri Brigade.pp. 549\u2013551", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0057-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Operational history\nIn the 1971 Lazio earthquake, the Rescue Unit of the VIII Carabinieri Battalion was deployed.p. 555 In the 1976 Friuli earthquake, the 13th Carabinieri Battalion \"Friuli Venezia Giulia\", 4th Carabinieri Battalion \"Veneto\" (75 troops, three Rescue Platoons, in the immediate aftermaths)p.\u00a0 559 and 7th Carabinieri Battalion \"Trentino Alto Adige\" (31 troops, in the immediate aftermaths)p.\u00a0 559 intervened paying rescue and providing police and utility services.pp. 203\u2013204 In the immediate aftermaths, 93 vehicles of the Carabinieri Battalions were deployed.p. 562", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0058-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Operational history\nIn the 1980 Irpinia earthquake, Carabinieri Battalions from Bari, Naples and Rome also intervened.pp. 203\u2013204 In particular, in the early hours of the emergency the 11th Carabinieri Brigade deployed 1,500 troops and 180 vehicles, alongside several other Carabinieri assets.p. 53 Each of the rescue units provided from Carabinieri Battalions consisted of 120 troops with a field hospital, rescue vehicles and tools and field kitchens, as well as two physicians and paramedics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007621-0059-0000", "contents": "11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Operational history\nThe 11th Carabinieri Brigade was routinely employed against organized crime, especially in Calabria, Sicily and Sardinia. In 1988 additional reinforcements were deployed in Aspromonte, while in mid 1995 the Brigade provided reinforcements to the territorial police organization against the Sardinian banditry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007622-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Cat\n11th Cat (\uc5f4\ud55c\ubc88\uc9f8 \uace0\uc591\uc774 Yeolhanbeonjjae Goyang'i) is a fictional fantasy/romance Korean manhwa written by Kim Mi-kyung. It follows Rika, a spunky, yet clumsy, and forgetful girl who hopes to become a wizard, and her friends on their adventures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007622-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Cat, Storyline\nCute and charming, yet not so bright little Rika is training to become a real wizard. The first step is to find a magic staff. Ah, that can't be too hard, can it? As Rika and Eujen journey deep into the forest in search of this wonderful magic staff, Rika loses her way. She winds up in an unfortunate chance encounter with the dark sorcerer who kidnapped the princess! Will Rika be able to free the princess and become a real wizard? Follow this cute fantasy story with Rika and find out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007622-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Cat, Characters\nSpunky but clumsy Rika is a novice wizard in training. She lives with her aunts and uncles. Though her aunts and uncles aren't her real family, Rika loves them like her real family. It is also later revealed that her father is Arthur and her mother is Priscilla. The reason the Sword Master of Black Iron befriended Rika was to grain her trust so he could carry out his plan to sacrifice her to revive her dead father, Arthur. Arthur is revived, but Rika still lives due to her second life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007622-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Cat, Characters\nRika had two lives, and only one died when she was sacrificed. Rika was only with her father for a short time, but the White Dragon mentioned that the day Rika met her father, she began to improve her skill day by day. Now Rika has set off to find her cat friend Nomi with the help of the White Dragon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007622-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Cat, Characters\nNomi is a cute cat guardian spirit that came out from the Black Wishstone. He likes Rika since she's the first female owner of the Wishstone and travels alongside her. He's loud and obnoxious, but is quite powerful despite his appearance. It is said that he once served the Sword Master of Black Iron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007622-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Cat, Characters\nArthur is the husband of Priscilla and the father of Rika. He is also the sword master of Black Iron best friend and the most powerful wizard that ever live. Though he is dead he is later revived by the Murika stone and his daughter's life, which the Sword Master of Black Iron used to revived him. Arthur deeply loves his daughter and wife, whom he cares for.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007622-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Cat, Characters\nHe didn't want to be brought to life again because he knew that he had broken every law of nature just to be alive and that he is an unnatural being that shouldn't exist because he was already dead. He has no more magic after being brought to life, it was explained that he knew that his friend, the Sword Master of Black Iron was going to ignore his wish to remain dead. He was not going to let his daughter be an ordinary wizard so he transferred all his powers to his daughter, Rika.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007622-0004-0002", "contents": "11th Cat, Characters\nHe knew all those powers were maintaining her other life, so when the Sword Master of Black Iron killed her to bring Arthur to life, Arthur knew that his daughter would survive. Arthur only lived for a while, but he was happy that he got to see his little daughter Rika grown up and his wife Priscilla one more time. He killed himself because he didn't want to carry the shameful existence clinging to his lifeless body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007622-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Cat, Characters\nPriscilla is the wife of Arthur and the mother of Rika. She loves both her daughter and husband. Although she was never there for Rika, she loves Rika and considers herself a bad mother because she never lifted a finger to help her daughter and because she couldn't take care of her. This is because Priscilla knew if she did she would sacrifice her own daughter life for Arthur as she dearly love him and wanted to see him again so she gave Rika to Louis who does care for and love Rika as if she was his daughter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007623-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry (Frontier Force)\nThe 11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), is an armoured regiment of the Pakistan Army. It was previously known as the 11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry and was a regular cavalry regiment of the old British Indian Army. It was formed in 1921 by the amalgamation of the 21st Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force) and the 23rd Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007623-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 21st Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force) (Daly's Horse)\nThe 21st Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force) (Daly's Horse) was raised as the 1st Punjab Irregular Cavalry by Lieutenant Henry Daly at Peshawar on 18 May 1849. It was one of five regiments of Punjab Cavalry raised to guard the North West Frontier of India, which soon became famous as part of the legendary Punjab Frontier Force or the Piffers. Over the next decades, the regiment saw extensive service on the Frontier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 102], "content_span": [103, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007623-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 21st Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force) (Daly's Horse)\nDuring the Indian Mutiny of 1857\u201358, the regiment operated in North India and took part in the Siege of Delhi and the Relief of Lucknow, where Lieutenant John Watson won the Victoria Cross. During the Second Afghan War of 1878\u201380, it formed part of Kandahar Field Force and fought in the Battle of Ahmed Khel. In 1890, Prince Albert Victor, the Crown Prince of Britain was gazetted as their Colonel-in-Chief, giving his name to the regiment, which has endured to this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 102], "content_span": [103, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007623-0001-0002", "contents": "11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 21st Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force) (Daly's Horse)\nDuring the First World War, the regiment served in the Mesopotamian Campaign as part of 6th Indian Cavalry Brigade. It fought on the Tigris Front and took part in the capture of Kut al Amara and Baghdad. It also fought in the Actions of Istabulat, Ramadi, Daur and Tikrit. Later it saw service in Kurdistan and took part in the capture of Kirkuk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 102], "content_span": [103, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007623-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 23rd Punjab Cavalry (Frontier Force)\nThe 23rd Cavalry was raised as the 3rd Punjab Irregular Cavalry by Lieutenant WG Prendergast at Lahore in 1849, and it too saw extensive service on the Frontier with the Punjab Frontier Force. During the Second Afghan War, it was part of the Kabul Field Force, and took part in Lord Roberts' famous march from Kabul to Kandahar and fought in the Battle of Kandahar. During the First World War, the regiment served in Mesopotamia as part of the 11th Indian Cavalry Brigade and was part of General Townsend's failed advance towards Baghdad. It then served on the Tigris Front. Later on, it moved to the Euphrates Front and fought in the Battles of Khan Baghdadi and Sharqat. One of its squadrons served in Persian Arabistan. On their return to Indian they saw service in the Third Afghan War of 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007623-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), Combined regiment\nAfter the First World War, the number of Indian cavalry regiments was reduced from thirty-nine to twenty-one. However, instead of disbanding the surplus units, it was decided to amalgamate them in pairs. This resulted in renumbering and renaming of the entire cavalry line. The 21st and 23rd Cavalry were amalgamated in 1921 to form 11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force). The uniform of PAVO Cavalry was blue with scarlet facings. The new regiment's badge consisted of the Kandahar Star representing the five rivers of the Punjab.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007623-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), Combined regiment\nIts class composition was one squadron each of Punjabi Muslims, Sikhs and Dogras. The regiment was mechanised in 1940. During the Second World War, it initially served in Syria and Iran, and then went on to North Africa, where it fought in the Battle of Gazala. It then moved to Burma, where it greatly distinguished itself against the Japanese. In 1946, the regiment was sent to the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) to pacify the country after the surrender of the Japanese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007623-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), Combined regiment\nOn Partition of India in 1947, PAVO Cavalry was allotted to Pakistan. The regiment was soon engaged in fighting the Indians in Kashmir. In 1956, Pakistan became a republic and all titles pertaining to British royalty were dropped. The regiment's new designation was 11th Cavalry (Frontier Force). During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, 11th Cavalry took part in Pakistan Army's advance towards Akhnur in Kashmir. It then fought in the Battle of Chawinda. In 1971, the regiment again served in the Chhamb Sector of Kashmir. It is the only armoured regiment of Pakistan Army to carry Battle Honours on its Regimental Colours for all three wars fought with India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007623-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), Combined regiment, Badge\nThe badge worn by 11 Cavalry (Frontier Force) since 1974 is an amalgamation of badges of 21st Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force) (Daly's Horse) and 23rd Punjab Cavalry (Frontier Force). It consists of the Kabul to Kandahar Star taken from the badge of 23rd Punjab Cavalry that participated in the Second Afghan War. The swords are taken from the badge of 21st PAVO Cavalry, however, Christian Swords were replaced by Muslim Swords. The Arabic Numerals \"\u0661\u0661\" replaced the English Numerals \"11\". Quranic Verse replaced \"KABUL TO KANDHAR 1880\" around the Numeral \"\u0661\u0661\". The bugle on top shows association of this regiment with PIFFERS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)\nThe London Mounted Brigade (later numbered as the 8th Mounted Brigade) was a yeomanry brigade of the British Army, formed as part of the Territorial Force in 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)\nIt served dismounted in the Gallipoli Campaign before being remounted to serve in the Salonika and Sinai and Palestine Campaigns in the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)\nIn April 1918, it was merged with elements of the 8th (Lucknow) Cavalry Brigade to form 11th Cavalry Brigade. It remained in Palestine after the end of the war on occupation duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), Formation\nUnder the terms of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9), the brigade was formed in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force. It consisted of three yeomanry regiments, a horse artillery battery and ammunition column (provided by the Honourable Artillery Company), a transport and supply column and a field ambulance. The 2nd County of London Yeomanry was attached for training in peacetime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), Formation\nAs the name suggests, the units were drawn from London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, London Mounted Brigade\nThe brigade was mobilised on 4 August 1914 at the outbreak of the First World War and concentrated in Berkshire. It joined 2nd Mounted Division on 2 September and moved with the division to East Anglia in November 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 83], "content_span": [84, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, London Mounted Brigade, Egypt\nIn April 1915, the 2nd Mounted Division moved to Egypt arriving at Alexandria on 27 April (City of London Yeomanry did not arrive until 6 May) and was posted to the Suez Canal Defences (near Isma\u00eflia) by the middle of May. In May 1915, the brigade was designated 4th (London) Mounted Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 90], "content_span": [91, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, London Mounted Brigade, Egypt\nIt was dismounted in August 1915 and took part in the Gallipoli Campaign. Each regiment left a squadron headquarters and two troops (about 100 officers and men) in Egypt to look after the horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 90], "content_span": [91, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, London Mounted Brigade, Gallipoli\nThe brigade landed at Suvla Bay on the morning of 18 August and moved into reserve positions at Karakol Dagh. It moved to \"C\" Beach, Lala Baba on 20 August. On 21 August it advanced to Chocolate Hill under heavy fire and took part in the attack on Hill 112.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 94], "content_span": [95, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, London Mounted Brigade, Gallipoli\nDue to losses during the Battle of Scimitar Hill and wastage during August 1915, the 2nd Mounted Division had to be reorganised. On 4 September 1915, the 2nd Composite Mounted Brigade was formed from the 3rd (Notts and Derby) and 4th (London) Mounted Brigades. The brigade formed a battalion sized unit 4th London Regiment. The brigade embarked for Mudros on 2 November and returned to Egypt in December 1915 where it was reformed and remounted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 94], "content_span": [95, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 8th Mounted Brigade\nThe brigade left the 2nd Mounted Division on 18 January 1916 and was sent to Abbassia. It served as part of the Suez Canal Defences. On 31 March 1916, the remaining Mounted Brigades were numbered in a single sequence. As a consequence, the London Mounted Brigade was redesignated as 8th Mounted Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 8th Mounted Brigade\nFrom November 1916 to June 1917, the brigade took part in the Salonika Campaign, serving as GHQ Troops with the British Salonika Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 8th Mounted Brigade\nThe brigade arrived back in Egypt from Salonika on 8 June 1917. The Machine Gun Squadron was formed in Egypt on 14 June. The brigade moved forward and joined the newly formed Yeomanry Mounted Division on 21 July 1917 at el Fuqari. From 31 October it took part in the Third Battle of Gaza, including the Battle of Beersheba and the Capture of the Sheria Position. It took part in the Battle of Mughar Ridge on 13 and 14 November and the Battle of Nebi Samwil for 17 to 24 November. From 27 to 29 November, it withstood the Turkish counter-attacks during the Capture of Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 11th Cavalry Brigade\nIn March 1918, the 1st Indian Cavalry Division was broken up in France. The British units (notably 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons, 17th Lancers, 1/1st Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons and A, Q and U Batteries RHA) remained in France and the Indian elements were sent to Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 11th Cavalry Brigade\nBy an Egyptian Expeditionary Force GHQ Order of 12 April 1918, the mounted troops of the EEF were reorganised when the Indian Army units arrived in theatre. On 24 April 1918, the Yeomanry Mounted Division was indianized and its title was changed to 1st Mounted Division, the third distinct division to bear this title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 11th Cavalry Brigade\nOn 24 April 1918, the 8th Mounted Brigade was merged with elements of the 8th (Lucknow) Cavalry Brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 11th Cavalry Brigade\nOn 22 July 1918, the 1st Mounted Division was renumbered as the 4th Cavalry Division and the brigade as 11th Cavalry Brigade. The sub units (Signal Troop, Combined Cavalry Field Ambulance and Mobile Veterinary Section) were renumbered on the same date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 11th Cavalry Brigade\nThe brigade remained with 4th Cavalry Division for the rest of the war, taking part in the Battle of Megiddo and the Capture of Damascus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0018-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 11th Cavalry Brigade\nAfter the Armistice of Mudros, the brigade remained with 4th Cavalry Division in Palestine as part of the occupation forces. However, demobilization began immediately and by May 1919 most of the British units had been repatriated. The division was finally broken up in 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007624-0019-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), Commanders\nThe London Mounted Brigade / 8th Mounted Brigade / 11th Cavalry Brigade had the following commanders:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007625-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)\nThe 11th Cavalry Corps of the Soviet Union's Red Army was a cavalry corps active during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007625-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)\nIt was created on 12 January 1942 at Kalinin Oblast. General Grigory Timofejev took command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007625-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union), Second World War\nOn January 12, 1942, the 11th Cavalry Corps passed the breakthrough sector of 39th Army, raided the far rear of the German Army Group Centre alongside the west of the Rzhev-Sychevka-Vyazma traffic line. On January 26, 1942, the Cavalry Corps cut the Vyazma-Smolensk road on the west of Vyazma, kept contact with the 33rd Army, the pioneering of Western Front, on the south-west of Vyazma, completed its campaign mission to envelop the Vyazma City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007625-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union), Second World War\nFrom February to June 1942, the Cavalry Corps with 39th Army insisted defending the salient in the vicinity between Bely and Kholm-Zhirkovsky, which is nearly encircled by German troops, only a narrow corridor between Bely and Olenino to the main forces of Kalinin Front remained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007625-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union), Second World War\nOn July 2, 1942, the 9th Army of Germany launched the Operation Seydlitz, which is called Holme-Zhirkovskaya defensive operation by the Soviet Union, to eliminate the salient in the vicinity between Bely and Kholm-Zhirkovsky and annihilate the 39th Army and 11th Cavalry Corps. Intense fighting carried on to July 17, and the last resistance extinguished on July 23. After that, the unit designation of 11th Cavalry Corps was annulled in August 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007626-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Cavalry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 11th Cavalry Division (Russian: 11-\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, 11-ya Kavaleriiskaya Diviziya) was a cavalry formation of the Russian Imperial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007627-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in a 5-year session from 1977 to 1982. The 10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party preceded it. It held seven plenary sessions in the 5-year period. It was formally succeeded by the 12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007627-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\nIt elected the 11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party in 1977. It was the first Politburo elected after Mao Zedong's death in 1976. This politburo was the first to discuss China's wide economic reforms, from the preceding period of high economic control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007627-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, Members\nIn the 3rd Session in 1978, 9 persons were elected to the Central Committee: Huang Kecheng (\u9ec4\u514b\u8bda), Song Renqiong, Hu Qiaomu (\u80e1\u4e54\u6728), Xi Zhongxun, Wang Renzhong (\u738b\u4efb\u91cd), Huang Huoqing, Chen Zaidao (\u9648\u518d\u9053), Han Guang (\u97e9\u5149), Zhou Huijiu (\u5468\u60e0\u4e5d).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007627-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, Members\nIn the 4th Session in 1979, 12 persons were elected to the Central Committee: Wang Heshou (\u738b\u9e64\u5bff), Liu Lanbo (\u5218\u6f9c\u6ce2), Liu Lantao (\u5218\u6f9c\u6d9b), An Ziwen (\u5b89\u5b50\u6587), Li Chang (\u674e\u660c), Yang Shangkun, Zhou Yang (\u5468\u626c), Lu Dingyi (\u9646\u5b9a\u4e00), Hong Xuezhi (\u6d2a\u5b66\u667a), Peng Zhen, Jiang Nanxiang (\u848b\u5357\u7fd4), and Bo Yibo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007628-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nThe 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam was elected at the 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. The 11th Central Committee elected the 11th Politburo and the 11th Secretariat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007629-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party\nThe 11th Central Committee was elected at the 11th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party on 15 January 2021, and is composed of 71 ordinary members and ten substitutes. As an institution, the Central Committee is the party's highest decision-making body between convocations of the National Congress, which convenes every fifth year. Since the LPRP has a monopoly on state power in Laos, the Central Committees formulates policies which the state implements. In between plenary sessions of the 11th Central Committee the 11th Politburo, is the party's highest decision-making body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007629-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party\nThe numbers of members increased from 69 ordinary 8 substitutes in the 10th Central Committee to 71 ordinary and substitutes in the 11th. Of the 71 ordinary members, twelve are women. This is an increase from six in the 10th. Military representation increased by one spot, from seven (10th) to eighth (11th). Additionally, 36 members are aged 60 and over, that is 50,70% of members. The remaining 40,30%, the remaining 35 members, are aged 46 to 59 years. 19 members, accounting for 26,76%, who joined the LPRP during the Lao revolution. Education wise the majority of members have passed a test in Marxist\u2013Leninist theory. Of the 71 members, 28 have a PhD (39,43%) and 27 who have a master's Degree (38,02%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007629-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party\nMany members of the 11th Central Committee were related by blood to former LPRP leaders. Four members were the children of former LPRP Chairman Khamtai Siphandon (Sonexay, Viengthong, Viengsavath and Athsaphangthong) and another three were the children of former LPRP General Secretary Kaysone Phomvihane (Saysomphone, Santiphap and Thongsavanh). Of these, two of the term serve in the 11th Politburo (Saysomphone and Sonexay) and on in the 11th Secretariat (Viengthong).\" Bounkham Vorachit, the daughter of outgoing LPRP General Secretary Bounnhang Vorachit, was also elected to the 11th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007629-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party\nLao analyst Martin Stuart-Fox opine that \"These promotions serve as a reminder of the extent to which powerful families still determine political outcomes in Laos \u2014 just as they did during the previous Royal Lao regime.\" Assistant Professor Simon Creak noted that the 11th Central Committee is the first elected leadership body not dominated by the revolutionary generation. He also considered the possibility of there being a conflict between party leaders who've gained power through family patronage and those who rose through the party ranks by technocratic means.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007629-0002-0002", "contents": "11th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party\nThe former espouse more modern values, such as party discipline and socialist state-building Creak contends. However, Creak notes that \"Speculation aside, talk of tension between patronage and technocratic socialism would be premature. Revolutionary family patronage networks are unlikely to fade anytime soon. Sonexay may have failed to leapfrog rivals, but the Siphandone family boosted its representation in the Central Committee, as did other influential families.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival\nThe 11th Chennai International Film Festival took place in Chennai , Tamil Nadu, India from 12 to 19 December 2013. The event was organised by the Indo Cine Appreciation Foundation (ICAF) with support from the Government of Tamil Nadu. The festival was curated by actress-director Suhasini Maniratnam and inaugurated by Kamal Haasan and Aamir Khan. The Japanese drama Like Father, Like Son marked the beginning of the fest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival\nDirector Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra presided over the valedictory function and presented the awards. Thanga Meenkal, Haridas and Paradesi won the Tamil film competition and composer Anirudh Ravichander was awarded the newly instituted Amitabh Bachchan award for \"Youth Icon of the Year\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, History\nThe Chennai International Film Festival (CIFF) was instituted in the year 2003 by the Indo Cine Appreciation Foundation (ICAF), a non-profit organisation. ICAF is a registered film society and works for the promotion of meaningful cinema by organising country centric festivals throughout the year by obtaining films from Embassies and Consulates, and has around 500 members, including film directors, cinematographers and technicians. In 2008, the Government of Tamil Nadu began supporting the event by sponsoring a part of it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, History\nThe fest was reinvented in 2010 following the involvement of actor-director Suhasini which spiraled the direct involvement of film personalities in coordinating the fest. Later, when the funds raised through well-wishers were not substantial enough to support the event, the state government extended its support and financed the fest with a donation of \u20b95 million (US$70,000). Since then, the government has been supporting the subsequent editions of the festival. The fest is conducted every year during the month of December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, History\nThe festival awards the best of Tamil cinema through a Tamil Feature Film Competition where 12 shortlisted films compete every year for the prize money of \u20b9 6 lakh. Apart from awards for the Best Feature Film and the Second Best Feature Film, there is a Special Jury Award and a Film Buff Award, which is a web-based award given to the person who watches the maximum number of films and gives his own personalized account of the films watched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF\nThe 11th edition of the film festival was also organised by the ICAF. Emanadar Thangaraj, General Secretary of ICAF, invited actor-director Suhasini Maniratnam to curate the event. The fest was conducted between 12 and 19 December 2013 and a total of 165 films were screened in 8 screens across 5 venues. Presented by the national newspaper The Hindu and the Tamil satellite channel Pudhuyugam, the event saw the participation of 58 countries. The film festival celebrated the spirit of international cinema and the Centenary of Indian Cinema.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF\nThough the festival was supported by the state government, the funds were raised mainly through sponsorship and donations by celebrity volunteers. A specially designed poster was unveiled on 6 November 2013. An anthem song was set to tunes by Prakash Nikki. The lyrics was written by Rohini and sung by Andrea Jeremiah, Vallavan and Yuki. The song was used for promotional purpose and was released a day before the fest began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF\nAs is the norm, the fest has a Tamil Feature Film Competition. In a press conference held on 6 November 2013, Thangaraj made the official announcement while the registration for the same began in early June 2013 with the last date being extended from 30 September to 15 November. Producers of Tamil films censored between 16 October 2012 and 15 October 2013 were invited to apply for the competition. The 11th edition also saw the institution of a new award, the 'Amitabh Bachchan Youth Icon Award', as a token of respect to Bachchan who graced the closing ceremony of the fest the previous year. Ironically though, the CIFF Documentary Contest that took place the previous year was absent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Inauguration\nActress Shabana Azmi, who was expected to be present for the inaugural following an invite by Thangaraj, could not make her presence. The event was set in motion at around 5:30 PM on 12 December 2013 at Sir Mutha Venkata Subba Rao Concert Hall. The fest was inaugurated by Tamil actor-director Kamal Haasan and Bollywood actor-director-TV anchor Aamir Khan in the presence of celebrities including Mohanlal. Khan who resides at Mumbai attended the event in Chennai at his own expense following the example set by Amitabh Bachchan the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 65], "content_span": [66, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0006-0001", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Inauguration\nA week prior to the inauguration, in a curtain-raiser interview to The Hindu, Khan emphasised the need for social commitment in films. Following the inauguration, in an open stage interaction with Suhasini, Haasan underlined the importance of script writing and was quoted saying \"There are books, but books will not make cinema. Even Shakespeare will have to learn script-writing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 65], "content_span": [66, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0006-0002", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Inauguration\nIn response to a question raised by singer S. P. Balasubrahmanyam on the need for qualified critics in censor board, Haasan also called for the film industry to take the responsibility of censoring films as he felt that those on the Censor Board were not qualified enough to do so. As part of his inaugural speech, Khan wished for a chain of theatres to showcase world cinema and Indian art-house films throughout the year claiming \"these films do attract considerable audience.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 65], "content_span": [66, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Inauguration\nThe inauguration was compered by actress Abhirami and Ramya of the CIFF. The event began with poetry reading of select Tamil film songs by actresses Rohini and Poornima Bhagyaraj followed by a music session with performances by vocalist Karthik and pianist Anil Srinivasan, who rendered songs of Ilaiyaraja. As part of the event, dancers Shobana, Swarnamalya and their students presented thematic dance performances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 65], "content_span": [66, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Main Event\nThe main event of the fest constitutes the screening of 165 films that includes 12 Tamil films as part of the Tamil Feature Film Competition, 17 films of Indian Panorama, and three documentaries, one each on Ellis R. Dungan, Gemini Ganesan and K. Subramanyam. The film festival featured retrospectives of Goran Paskaljevic from Serbia (seven films), Claire Denis from France (five films) and Istvan Szabo from Hungary (three films). The event also included a special section showcasing six films from contemporary Turkey apart from a country focus on Taiwan and Iran. The fest had a special focus on award-winning films from international film festivals like Cannes, Berlin and Venice some of which were screened. The venues for the screening were the Woodlands Multiplex (2 screens), Inox (2 screens), Abhirami Mega Mall (2 screens), Casino Theatre and Rani Seethai Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 936]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Main Event\nThree documentary films were screened in a Special Section. An American in Madras is a documentary on American-Tamil film director Ellis R. Dungan. The documentary was the a result of a research by Karan Bali of Upperstall.com, a film website that focuses on classic and independent Indian cinema and its luminaries. The Tamil romantic-drama Kadhal Mannan is a documentary on veteran actor Gemini Ganesan, who was popularly known by the moniker 'Kadhal Mannan'. The third was a documentary on director K. Subramanyam titled He Swam Against the Colonial Current. The docu was made for the Public Service Broadcasting Trust (PSBT), New Delhi, by S. Krishnaswamy, Subrahmanyam's son.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Main Event\nThe fest got rolling with the screening of the Hirokazu Koreeda directed Like Father, Like Son, the English remake rights of which have been bought by Steven Spielberg. The red carpet screenings include The Hunt, Walesa: Man of Hope, The Past, Omar, The Great Beauty and Harmony Lessons. Claudia Lacotte of Eye on Films, a France-based distribution company, addressed the film industry and aspiring filmmakers on the importance of circulating feature films across film festivals around the globe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Forum Discussions\nThe event conducted three Forum Discussions, two in English and one in Tamil. The first of the three held at Inox, 'How to crowd fund your movie?' was moderated by filmmaker Alphonse Roy. Director Pawan Kumar who had directed the Kannada hit Lucia completely through crowd-funding and documentary filmmaker Amudhan R.P., discussed the possibility and ways of crowd-funding a film project. Rohini and independent filmmaker-journalist-film critic Sudhish Kamath also participated in the lively discussion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0011-0001", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Forum Discussions\nIn another discussion on 'Women behind Cinema' moderated by Suhasini, the panel, including female producers and entrepreneurs Pushpa Kandasamy of Kavithalayaa Productions, Archana Kalpathi of AGS Cinemas, Sitara Suresh and Nivedha Priyadarshini discussed the difficulties faced by women filmmakers and technicians. The third forum also held at Inox titled 'Realising Novel Ideas Successfully' discussed bringing novel ideas to films. The team behind Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom along with writer-filmmaker Amshan Kumar, Gouthami and Sudhish Kamath took part where the question of 'why do we make films?' cropped up. Suhasini quoted Walt Disney saying \"We don't make movies to make money. We make money to make more movies.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Forum Discussions\nExcluding the aforementioned, 'Cinema of Cruelty', a discussion on Tamil cinema, pondered over the excessive violence found in Tamil films and its influences, citing that Paruthiveeran and Subramaniapuram started the trend inspiring even acclaimed filmmaker Anurag Kashyap to make a film like Gangs of Wasseypur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Reception\nThe Great BeautyParvizWalesa: A Man of HopeThe HuntBlue Is The Warmest ColourOmarMidhunamLike Father, Like Son", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Jury\nThe jury members for the Tamil feature film competition was introduced by Rohini. The jury was headed by producer-director R. V. Udayakumar and constitutes actor-director Sripriya and prominent writer S. Ramakrishnan. Twelve films were short listed from a total of 17 entries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Closing ceremony\nThe 8-day film festival came to a close on 19 December 2013. The closing ceremony was held at Sir Mutha Venkata Subba Rao Concert Hall. While Mohanlal was reported to be one of the chief guests of the evening, he skipped it having made it to the inauguration. Director Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra was the sole chief guest. The closing was anchored by Karthi and Anu Hasan. Following a live concert by composer Anirudh Ravichander, the chief guest handed over the various awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 69], "content_span": [70, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0015-0001", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Closing ceremony\nThanga Meenkal and Haridas won the first and second place in the Tamil Competition while its child actors won the newly instituted award for Best Child Artistes. The Special Jury Award for Individual Excellence was presented to Adharvaa for his performance in Paradesi. Anirudh won the maiden Amitabh Bachchan award for Youth Icon of the year. The winner of the Online Film Buff Award was announced as Pavithran Sivam through their Facebook page.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 69], "content_span": [70, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, Promotion\nThe organisers decided to get the city involved in the event. Suhasini says, \"That\u2019s when we decided to stage a flash mob. This year, we also have Zumba. We have festival tees, student volunteers, more cinema halls, and several stars.\" In a move to publicise the fest among the public, the organisers held flash mob dances and Zumba by the beach. On 11 December 2013, a day before the event began, dancers from the professional dance group 'The S Community of Entertainment', created a flash mob at the atrium of Express Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0016-0001", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, Promotion\nThey were joined by Vijay Sethupathi, Jayam Ravi, Suhasini, etc. for the five-minute performance. During the after-party following the inauguration, professional dancers who were rehearsing Zumba was joined by the Khan, Mohanlal, Suhasini and a few more who would perform later. On the morning of 15 December, a set was erected at the Schmidt Memorial, Besant Nagar Beach and Zumba was performed by celebrities including Suhasini, Anita Ratnam, Shanthanu Bhagyaraj, VJ Ramya Subramaniam, Ashok Kumar, Maanu and Abhirami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007630-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Chennai International Film Festival, Sponsors\nThe event, jointly presented by The Hindu and Pudhuyugam, was sponsored by the South India Shelters Pvt Ltd (SIS) with Foams India being the associate sponsor. Other sponsors were Qube Cinema Network, Real Image Technologies (award sponsor), PVP Cinema, TVS, Madras Talkies, Indian Overseas Bank, The Savera, Gamesa, Hot Breads, Tripadam Logistics, Casino Theatre, Woodlands Multiplex, Inox, Abirami Mega Mall, Nithra, IndiaGlitz, Rani Seethai Hall, Fingrid, Deco aro, Ticket New, Reliance Entertainment, Institut Francais, Goethe Institut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007631-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Chess Olympiad\nThe 11th Chess Olympiad, organized by the FIDE and comprising an open team tournament, as well as several other events designed to promote the game of chess, took place between September 4 and September 25, 1954, in Amsterdam, Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007631-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Chess Olympiad\n30 teams had applied, but only 26 took part. The most notable absentees were the United States, who couldn't afford the travelling expenses due to financial difficulties in the USCF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007631-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Chess Olympiad\nThe Soviet team once again won the event, followed by Argentina and Yugoslavia. Unlike the previous Olympiad, however, they dominated this one completely and crushed all opposition, winning the final by an astounding seven points. Keres' amazing score of 96.4% was an all-time record; he drew his first game (against Nilsson of Sweden) and won the rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007631-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nA total of 26 teams entered the competition and were divided into four preliminary groups of six or seven teams. The top three from each group advanced to Final A, and the rest to Final B. All groups and finals were played as round-robin tournaments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007631-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nGroup 1 was won by the Soviet Union, well ahead of the Dutch hosts and Iceland. Austria, Finland, and Greece finished in the bottom half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007631-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nArgentina took first place in group 2, ahead of Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia. Canada, Italy, and Ireland made up the rest of the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007631-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nGroup 3 was won by Israel, ahead of Yugoslavia and Sweden. Denmark, Norway, France, and Saar had to settle for a place in the consolation final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007631-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nHungary clinched group 4, ahead of West Germany and England. Switzerland, Colombia, Belgium, and Luxembourg rounded up the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007632-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival\nThe 11th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival was held from August 7\u201315, 2015 in Metro Manila, Philippines. This is the first time that only short films would be presented. Feature films would be  presented in next year's edition. Brillante Mendoza's Taklub opened the festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007632-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, Entries\nThe winning film is highlighted with boldface and a dagger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007632-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, Awards\nThe awards ceremony was held on August 15, 2015 at the Tanghalang Aurelio Tolentino, Cultural Center of the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007633-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Coast Artillery (United States)\nThe 11th Coast Artillery was a coast artillery regiment in the United States Army, first constituted in the Regular Army on 27 February 1924. It primarily served as the Regular Army component of the Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound (HD Long Island Sound), New York from 1924 through 1944, when it was relieved and disbanded as part of an Army-wide reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007633-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage\nConstituted 27 February 1924 as the 11th Artillery (CAC) and organized 1 July 1924 at Fort H.G. Wright, Fishers Island, New York from the following companies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007633-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage\nThe regiment was posted at Fort H.G. Wright and provided caretaking detachments for Fort Terry and Fort Michie, both on islands in the Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound. The 242nd Coast Artillery was the Connecticut National Guard component of those defenses. Live fire practice with heavy guns for other coast artillery units in and near New England was carried out at Fort H.G. Wright, hence the relatively large number of batteries active in peacetime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007633-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage\nOn 1 September 1935 the regiment was reorganized from Type A to Type B. Batteries G, H, I, and K were deactivated and personnel transferred to HHB 1st Battalion and A, B, and C batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007633-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage\nRegimental assets absorbed by HD Long Island Sound and HHB assigned to XXII Corps 23 February 1944. HHB transferred to Fort Leonard Wood 14 March 1944, inactivated 7 April 1944; regiment disbanded 14 June 1944. Personnel were reassigned to three field artillery battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007633-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1\u00a01\u20448 inches (2.9\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Gules a bend cottised Or between in sinister chief a triangle voided point up Argent and in dexter base a fleur-de-lis of the second. Attached above the shield on a wreath Or and Gules an osprey\u2019s head of the third. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Gold scroll inscribed \"AUDAX ET VIGILANS\" in Black letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007633-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is that of the old 56th Artillery, C.A.C., of which three batteries of the 11th Coast Artillery were a part; Headquarters, A, and C Batteries. The silver triangle was the insignia for the 56th Artillery in France. The fleur-delis was taken from the coat of arms of the old Province of Ile de France, where the regiment first went into action. The crest is taken from the old Coast Defenses of Long Island Sound. The motto translates to \"Daring and Vigilant\" and is applicable to a Coast Artillery Regiment and is quite symbolic of the fish hawk or osprey, which is a very daring and vigilant bird.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007633-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 11th Coast Artillery Regiment on 11 November 1924. It was redesignated for the 11th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion on 8 August 1951. The insignia was redesignated for the 11th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion on 31 August 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007633-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nGules a bend cottised Or between in sinister chief a triangle voided point up Argent and in dexter base a fleur-de-lis of the second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007633-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nOn a wreath of the colors Or and Gules, an osprey\u2019s head erased Proper. Motto: AUDAX ET VIGILANS (Daring and Vigilant).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007633-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe shield is that of the old 56th Artillery, C.A.C., of which three batteries of the 11th Coast Artillery were a part, Headquarters A and C Batteries. The silver triangle was the insignia for the 56th Artillery in France. The fleur-delis was taken from the coat of arms of the old Province of Ile de France, where the regiment first went into action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007633-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe crest is taken from the old Coast Defenses of Long Island Sound. The motto is applicable to a Coast Artillery Regiment and is quite symbolic of the fish hawk or osprey, which is a very daring and vigilant bird.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007633-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 11th Coast Artillery Regiment on 1 November 1924. It was redesignated for the 11th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion on 8 August 1951. The insignia was redesignated for the 11th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion on 31 August 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007634-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Coast Regiment RNZA\n11th Coast Regiment RNZA was a coastal artillery regiment of the New Zealand Army based at Godley Head. It was formed June 1941. The regimental structure was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007635-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Composite Aviation Regiment\nThe 11th Composite Aviation Regiment is a reconnaissance/bomber aviation unit of the Russian Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007635-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Composite Aviation Regiment\nIt traces its origins to 19 July 1942, when the 11th Independent Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment was formed at Goroshino airfield, 24\u00a0km west of Torzhok in the Kalinin Oblast. Holm states it was formed at Koplachki, Kalinin Oblast, from the 3rd independent long-range Reconnaissance Aviation Squadron and from parts of the 506th Bomber Aviation Regiment. Holm also says in November 1942 a third squadron was formed from the 320th independent Reconnaissance Aviation Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007635-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Composite Aviation Regiment\nThe regiment was equipped with the Pe-2 reconnaissance fighter/bomber and joined 3rd Air Army, fighting in the Vitebsk-Polotsk operation and the defence of Vitebsk, for which it received the honour title 'Vitebsk' on 11 July 1944. After its participation in the Shyaulyay Offensive Operation? Shyaulyay-Mitava operation, it received the Order of the Red Banner on 10 August 1944. In 1952, the regiment converted to the Ilyushin Il-28 'Beagle', based at Jekabpils and Krustpils in the Latvian SSR. It moved to Neu-Welzow in the German Democratic Republic in July 1954, joining 16th Air Army. In August 1968 it took part in the invasion of Czechoslovakia. In mid-1993 it was withdrawn from the former GDR to Marinovka in the North Caucasus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007635-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Composite Aviation Regiment\nThe regiment was active until the mid 2000s, when it was swept up in the large-scale reorganisation of the Russian Air Force, and became an Aviation Base. Only a reconnaissance aviation squadron remained at the Marinovka airfield. But in December 2015, the 11th Composite Aviation Regiment was formed with a reconnaissance and a bomber squadron at Marinovka, drawing upon former bomber elements of the 559/959 BAPs. As of mid 2016, it formed part of the 1st Guards Composite Aviation Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007636-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Congress of the Philippines\nThe Eleventh Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Ikalabing-isang Kongreso ng Pilipinas) is the meeting of the national legislature of the Republic of the Philippines, composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives. The convening of the 11th Congress followed the 1998 elections, which replaced half of the Senate membership, and the entire membership of the House of Representatives. The Estrada impeachment was the highlight of the 11th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007636-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Congress of the Philippines, Members, House of Representatives\nThe term of office of the current members of the House of Representatives is from June 30, 1998, to June 30, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007637-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 11th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held during 27 March \u2013 2 April 1922 in Moscow. The congress was attended by 522 with a casting vote alongside 165 with consultative vote, and elected the 11th Central Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007637-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe main purpose of the congress was to review the results of the New Economic Policy that was decided in the 10th Congress. As a result, the congress concluded that the capitalist mixed economy in the Soviet Union would need to come to an end. This led them to resolve that the trade unions were to be given more power in both the economy and politics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007637-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nDuring the 11th Congress, Leon Trotsky attacked Sergey Ivanovich Gusev and Mikhail Frunze over Red Army policies, specifically matters of discipline, political doctrine, and relations with the peasantry. Trotsky lost the debate, which resulted in a discrediting of civilian critics of the Red Army. As a result, civilians were increasingly locked out of military-related resolutions following the 11th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007637-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe most far-reaching event was the appointment of Joseph Stalin as the party's first General Secretary. Bukharin and Rykov were promoted to the Politburo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007638-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007638-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was organized at Hartford, Connecticut, beginning October 24, 1861, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on November 14, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007638-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Williams' Brigade, Burnside's Expeditionary Corps, to April 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Department of North Carolina, to July 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, IX Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, Getty's Division, Portsmouth, Virginia, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to October 1863. Yorktown, Virginia, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XVIII Corps, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to October 1864. Provisional Division, Army of the James, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIV Corps, Department of Virginia, to July 1865. 1st Independent Brigade, XXIV Corps to August 1865. Department of Virginia to December 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007638-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Connecticut Infantry mustered out of service December 21, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007638-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Connecticut for Annapolis, Maryland, December 16, and duty there until January 6, 1862. Burnside's expedition to Hatteras Inlet and Roanoke Island, North Carolina, January 7\u2013February 8, 1862. Battle of Roanoke Island February 8. At Roanoke Island until March 11. Moved to New Bern March 11\u201313. Battle of New Bern March 14. Duty at Newberne until July. Moved to Morehead City July 2, then to Newport News, Virginia, July 3\u20135. Duty there until August 1. Moved to Fredericksburg August 1\u20136, and duty there until August 31. Moved to Brooks' Station, then to Washington, D.C., August 31\u2013September 3. Maryland Campaign September\u2013October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007638-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattle of South Mountain September 14. Battle of Antietam September 16\u201317. Duty at Pleasant Valley, Maryland, until October 27. Movement to Falmouth, Virginia, October 27 \u2013 November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, December 12\u201315. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, \"Mud March,\" January 20\u201324, 1863. Moved to Newport News, Virginia, February 6\u20139, then to Suffolk March 13. Siege of Suffolk April 12 \u2013 May 4. Edenton Road April 24. Providence Church Road and Nansemond River May 3. Siege of Suffolk raised May 4. Reconnaissance to the Chickahominy June 9\u201316.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007638-0004-0002", "contents": "11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDix's Peninsula Campaign June 24 \u2013 July 7. Expedition from White House to South Anna River July 1\u20137. Moved to Portsmouth, Virginia, and duty there until October. Moved to Gloucester Point October 1 and duty there until April 1864. Butler's operations on south side of the James River and against Petersburg and Richmond May 4\u201328. Occupation of Bermuda Hundred, Va., May 5. Port Walthal Junction, Chester Station, May 7. Swift Creek or Arrowfield Church May 9\u201310. Operations against Fort Darling May 12\u201316. Battle of Drewry's Bluff May 12\u201316. On Bermuda Hundred front May 17\u201327.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007638-0004-0003", "contents": "11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to White House, then to Cold Harbor May 27\u201331. Battles about Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 15\u201318. Siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Mine explosion Petersburg July 30, 1864 (reserve). On Bermuda Hundred front August 25 to December, and on north side of the James River before Richmond until April 1865. Occupation of Richmond April 3. Duty at Richmond and Lynchburg, Virginia, until December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007638-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 325 men during service; 8 officers and 140 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 176 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007639-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Cook Islands Parliament\nThe 11th Cook Islands Parliament was a term of the Parliament of the Cook Islands. Its composition was determined by the 2004 election, held on 7 September 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007639-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Cook Islands Parliament\nDue to a large number of electoral petitions, Parliament did not meet until mid-December 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007640-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Corps (People's Republic of China)\nThe 11th Corps (later the 11th Army Corps) (Chinese: \u7b2c11\u519b) was a military formation of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. It was active from 1949 to 1952, with a six month break; and from 1969 to the end of 1985. It is currently inactive. In 1979 the corps took part in the Sino-Vietnamese War. In 1984 it again fought in Vietnam. It was stationed in the Kunming Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007640-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Corps (People's Republic of China), First Formation\nThe 11th Corps was activated on March 1, 1949, from the 3rd Column, Zhongyuan Field Army. In March\u2013December 1949 it was part of Ch'en Tsi-Lien's 3rd Army of the Second Field Army. The Corps was composed of the 31st Division, 32nd Division and 33rd Division. During the Chinese Civil War its commander was Chen Jiagui, and its political commissar was Zhang Qi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007640-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Corps (People's Republic of China), First Formation\nIn early 1950 the corps was stationed in eastern Sichuan Province. During its deployment in Sichuan, the corps supported 18th Corps' invasion of Tibet. As the Civil War wound down, the corps was inactivated in July 1950. Its headquarters was transferred to the Navy's control and converted at Qingdao Naval Base into what is now the North Sea Fleet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007640-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 2nd Formation\nIn January 1951, the 31st Division was detached and transferred to 12th Corps control, which later moved into Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army to support North Korea during the Korean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007640-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 2nd Formation\nIn March, the 32nd and 33rd Divisions moved to Langfang, Hebei. In July, 11th Corps was reactivated from 32nd, 33rd and 182nd Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007640-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 2nd Formation\nThe unit was a reserve formation for the People's Volunteer Army, but it never deployed into the Korean Peninsula. In October 1952 the corps was inactivated. The corps' headquarters was transferred to the Air Force's control and converted to Headquarters, 5th Air Force Corps. The 32nd Division was transferred to 16th Corps' control. The 33rd Division was deployed into Korea; after 1954 the division was attached to 26th Corps. The 182nd Division was converted into the 8th Railway Engineer Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007640-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 3rd Formation\nOn November\u00a014, 1969, the 11th Army Corps (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c11\u519b) was activated in Dali, Yunnan. The corps was composed of the 31st and 32nd Army Divisions, making it a rare example of a \"Reduced Army Corps\", which was composed of two, instead of three, divisions. An artillery regiment and an anti-aircraft artillery regiment were also attached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007640-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 3rd Formation\nIn May 1976, the Independent Tank Regiment of Kunming Military Region, formerly the 4th Independent Tank Regiment of Beijing Military Region, was attached to the corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007640-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 3rd Formation, Sino-Vietnamese War\nIn 1979 the corps took part in the Sino-Vietnamese War. During the conflict the corps was strengthened by taking the Independent Division of Yunnan Provincial Military Region under command; in May 1979, this division was renamed 33rd Army Division. 32nd Army Division was temporarily detached from the corps to form the reserve force of Kunming Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007640-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 3rd Formation, Sino-Vietnamese War\nThe main force of 11th Army Corps, without its 32nd Army Division and its tank regiment, thrust 34 kilometres (21\u00a0mi) into Vietnamese territory in the 55-day-long campaign. The division spent 22 days outside China and claimed to have destroyed one Vietnamese regiment and three battalions and captured Phong Th\u1ed5. The corps also claimed to have inflicted 2,899 casualties and taken 58 prisoners", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007640-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 3rd Formation, Sino-Vietnamese War\nFrom April 4\u201329, 1984, 11th Army Corps was again in Vietnam and took part in the Battle of Zheyinshan. During its deployment, the corps claimed to have inflicted 500 casualties on the Vietnamese forces and to have captured 18 prisoners of war and 19 artillery pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007640-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 3rd Formation, Sino-Vietnamese War\nFrom August 4 to December 9, 1984, 11th Army Corps took part in the Battle of Laoshan. During its deployment, the corps claimed 1,698 killed and one captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007640-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 3rd Formation, Disbandment\nIn December 1985 the corps was disbanded. 31st Army Division was transferred to 14th Army's control as 31st Motorized Infantry Division, a 'southern motorized infantry division'. 32nd Army Division was converted to 2nd Garrison Division of Chengdu Military Region, which was disbanded in 1992. 33rd Army Division was disbanded and merged with 65th Artillery Division as the anti-aircraft artillery brigade attached to 14th Army. The corps' tank regiment was merged with 14th Army Corps existing tank brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007641-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Critics' Choice Awards\nThe 11th Critics' Choice Awards were presented on January 9, 2006, honoring the finest achievements of 2005 filmmaking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007641-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nReese Witherspoon \u2013 Walk the Line as June Carter Cash", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007641-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nAmy Adams \u2013 Junebug as Ashley Johnsten (Tie)Michelle Williams \u2013 Brokeback Mountain as Alma Beers Del Mar (Tie)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007641-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nFreddie Highmore \u2013 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory as Charlie Bucket", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007641-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nDakota Fanning \u2013 War of the Worlds as Rachel Ferrier", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007641-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007642-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Critics' Choice Television Awards\nThe 11th Critics' Choice Television Awards, presented by the Critics Choice Association, honoring the best in primetime television programming from 2020, was held on March 7, 2021 at the Barker Hangar at the Santa Monica Airport in Santa Monica, California. It was broadcast on The CW, alongside the film awards, with Taye Diggs hosting for the third consecutive year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007642-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Critics' Choice Television Awards\nThe nominations were announced on January 18, 2021. Netflix led with 26 nominations, followed by HBO with 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007643-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Cruiser Squadron\nThe 11th Cruiser Squadron and also known as Cruiser Force E  was a formation of cruisers of the British Royal Navy from 1914 to 1917 and again from 1939 to 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007643-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Cruiser Squadron, History, First formation\nThe squadron was first formed in July 1914 and was attached to the Third Fleet. In August 1914 it was reassigned to the Channel Fleet. It was designated Cruiser Force E for service off the west coast of Ireland and was dispersed by January 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007643-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Cruiser Squadron, History, Second formation\nThe squadron reformed in October 1939 when the 12th Cruiser Squadron of the Northern Patrol was re-designated 11th Cruiser Squadron it was then transferred to the North Atlantic Command until it was disbanded in 1940", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007644-0000-0000", "contents": "11th C\u00e9sar Awards\nThe 11th C\u00e9sar Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Arts et Techniques du Cin\u00e9ma, honoured the best French films of 1985 and took place on 22 February 1986 at the Palais des Congr\u00e8s in Paris. The ceremony was chaired by Madeleine Renaud and Jean-Louis Barrault and hosted by Michel Drucker. Three Men and a Cradle won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007645-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Dalai Lama\nKhedrup Gyatso (1 November 1838 \u2013 31 January 1856) was the 11th Dalai Lama of Tibet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007645-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Dalai Lama\nHe was recognised as the Eleventh Dalai Lama in 1840, having come from the same village as Kelzang Gyatso, the seventh Dalai Lama, had in 1708. In 1841, Palden Tenpai Nyima, 7th Panchen Lama, gave him the pre-novice ordination, cut his hair and gave him the name Khedrup Gyatso.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007645-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Dalai Lama\nIn 1842, he was enthroned in the Potala Palace and, in 1849, at the age of eleven, he took the novice vows of monkhood from Palden Tenpai Nyima, 7th Panchen Lama", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007645-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Dalai Lama\nHe was enthroned on 25 May 1842 and assumed full power on the request of his government on 1 March 1855. However, he died less than one year later, thus becoming the third successive Dalai Lama who died at too young an age to consolidate his power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007645-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Dalai Lama\nHe wrote a book of stanzas, Story of the Monkeys and Birds (Bya sprel gyi gtam-rgyud). It is an allegory of the war at the end of the 18th century between the Tibetans and the Gurkhas ('birds' and 'monkeys' respectively).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007645-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Dalai Lama\nDuring the life of Khedrup Gyatso, wars over Ladakh weakened the lamas' power over the Tibetan Plateau and the First and Second Opium Wars as well as the Taiping Rebellion simultaneously weakened Chinese influence on Tibet. In the last years of his reign the Nepalese invaded Tibet, but were defeated in the Nepalese-Tibetan War (1855\u20131856).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007645-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Dalai Lama\nHe died suddenly in the Potala Palace, Lhasa, Tibet, Qing Dynasty on 31 January 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007646-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Daytime Emmy Awards\nThe 11th Daytime Emmy Awards were held on Wednesday, June 27, 1984, to commemorate excellence in daytime programming from the previous year (1983). Once again, the ceremony was not telecast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007647-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 11th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Legislative Council and the Delaware House of Assembly. Elections were held the first day of October and terms began on the twentieth day of October. The Assembly met in the state capital, Dover, convening October 20, 1786, in the first year of the administration of Delaware President Thomas Collins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007647-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Delaware General Assembly\nThe apportionment of seats was permanently assigned to three councilors and seven assemblymen for each of the three counties. Population of the county did not effect the number of delegates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007647-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Legislative Council\nCouncilors were elected by the public for a three-year term, one third posted each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007647-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Assembly\nAssemblymen were elected by the public for a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007648-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Destroyer Flotilla\nThe British 11th Destroyer Flotilla  also known as the Eleventh Destroyer Flotilla was a naval formation of the Royal Navy from August 1915 to September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007648-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Destroyer Flotilla, History, World War One\nThe 11th Destroyer Flotilla was formed in August 1915 and was assigned to the Grand Fleet. It took part in the Battle of Jutland, and then remained with Grand Fleet until November 1918. Initially the formation consisted of sixteen M class destroyers, some of which were replaced by R class destroyers. FOr most of 1918 the flotilla was mainly using V and W-class destroyers. The flotilla was disbanded in March 1919, but was briefly reformed during the Interwar period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007648-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Destroyer Flotilla, History, Interwar period\nThe flotilla was briefly reformed from 1 July 1935 to 30 August 1935 under the command of Captain Ernest R. Archer (later Vice-Admiral).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007648-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Destroyer Flotilla, History, Second World War\nThe flotilla was reformed in 1939 and was attached to the Plymouth Command until 1940 when its ships were dispersed among various escort groups. It was re-established again in August 1942 as part of the Mediterranean Fleet until January 1943. It was reassigned to the Indian Ocean area as part of the Battle Fleet of the Eastern Fleet until September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007649-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Dimension (song)\n\"11th Dimension\" is a song by Julian Casablancas and is the lead single from his debut album Phrazes for the Young. It was first performed live on the talk show The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien on October 27, 2009. Pitchfork Media awarded the track as \"Best New Track\" and rated \"11th Dimension\" the 66th best song of 2009, calling it \"the strongest [Julian's] sounded since Room on Fire. It's a blast of retro-futuristic synths, steam-rolling guitar licks, and slicing, dicing hi-hat, and the busy pulse of the production cuts through the detachment and manages to convey a sense of fun, as if he's finally enjoying the creative experience\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007649-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Dimension (song), Music video\nThe music video for \"11th Dimension\" premiered on Babelgum on December 23, 2009. The video was directed by longtime Strokes collaborator Warren Fu, and was loosely inspired by Bruce Lee's Game Of Death. The video features Danielle Haim (now the lead singer of the band Haim) as the drummer in the background of the video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007650-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Directors Guild of America Awards\nThe 11th Directors Guild of America Awards, honoring the outstanding directorial achievements in film and television in 1958, were presented in 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007650-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Directors Guild of America Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nRichard L. Bare \u2013 77 Sunset Strip for \"All Our Yesterdays\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007651-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Australia)\nThe 11th Division was an Australian Army unit formed during World War II by the renaming of Milne Force in December 1942. Predominately a Militia formation, the division's main role during the war was as a base command headquarters, although elements saw action in New Guinea against Japanese forces during the Finisterre Range campaign and in New Britain. It was disbanded in July 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007651-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Australia), History\nIn July 1942, a headquarters was raised to command the units that had been sent to Milne Bay, to establish a series of airfields there after the Battle of the Coral Sea. The majority of the staff for this headquarters came from the 1st Division, and at the time of its establishment it was called \"C Force\" and became Milne Force in August 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007651-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Division (Australia), History\nOnly a limited number of troops were assigned, with the first elements being two companies of Militia troops from the 55th Battalion, bolstered later by the arrival of the 7th Infantry Brigade and then the 18th Infantry Brigade, a veteran Second Australian Imperial Force unit. Throughout late August and early September, the Japanese attempted to land troops to capture the airfields and in the Battle of Milne Bay were defeated by the defending Milne Force elements. In October, the 17th Infantry Brigade arrived to relieved the 18th, which was despatched to Buna in December 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007651-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Australia), History\nIt was decided that the formation would assume a more active role and in December 1942, Milne Force was renamed the 11th Division. Upon establishment, the division was commanded by Major-General Cyril Clowes. It remained around Milne Bay until January 1943, when the 5th Division arrived to relieve it and the division was transferred to Port Moresby. At Moresby, the 11th Division headquarters relieved the 6th Division staff and took the base units, including the 7th Brigade, under command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007651-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Division (Australia), History\nA further move occurred in July 1943, when the divisional headquarters was flown to Dobodura, assuming responsibility for the area between Oro Bay and Buna from the US 41st Infantry Division. The division commanded the 6th and 29th Infantry Brigades, both Militia formations. The 29th was transferred to the 3rd Division in August to take part in the fighting around Salamaua.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007651-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Australia), History\nIn September 1943, Major-General Allan Boase took command of the division. The following month division came under the control of II Corps having previously been assigned to I Corps (and before that New Guinea Force). The divisional headquarters moved to Lae in February 1944, relieving the 5th Division, which was transferred to Finschhafen to relieve the 9th Division. At Lae, the division resumed the base command with the 29th Brigade as its only fighting formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007651-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Australia), History\nIn April 1944, the corps' headquarters moved to Dumpu and it later relieved the 7th Division, which had been fighting a campaign through the Markham and Ramu Valleys and into the Finisterre Ranges. Assuming control of the 15th and 18th Infantry Brigades, the division continued the advance towards Madang, linking with the 5th Division around Bogadjim, before being moved back to Wau in early May 1944, leaving its divisional carrier company at Dumpu and transferring several units to the 5th Division. Headquarters returned to Lae in this time, although the 6th Infantry Brigade was pushed forward to Bulolo in June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007651-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Australia), History\nFollowing this, the divisional headquarters was relieved by the 3rd Division in July 1944 and returned to Australia, later to be reconstituted on the Atherton Tablelands around Kairi, in Queensland. In August, the division moved to Mapee. The 11th became one of six Australian divisions converted to the Jungle division establishment. The division later fought a brief campaign on New Britain in the last year of the war, landing at Jacquinot Bay and taking over from the 5th Division in July 1945. On New Britain, the division assumed command of the 4th and 13th Infantry Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007651-0005-0001", "contents": "11th Division (Australia), History\nThese formations pushed towards Wide Bay and Open Bay, as the Australians sought to contain the much larger Japanese garrison on the Gazelle Peninsula, rather than carry out a direct assault on the main Japanese position at Rabaul. In August, the war came to an end and the 11th Division entered Rabaul and oversaw the surrender of the Japanese garrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007651-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Australia), History\nDivision headquarters remained in Rabaul until late April 1946 during which its constituent units and elements of its staff were repatriated to Australia in individual drafts. On 25 April 1946, its remaining cadre of 20 personnel embarked on SS Ormiston, bound for Sydney. The disbandment of the 11th Division was completed by 1 July 1946, when the last personnel marched out for demobilisation. Some personnel from the division later served in the 67th Infantry Battalion, undertaking occupation duties as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007651-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Australia), Divisional units\nThe following units were assigned to the 11th Division during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007652-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Division (German Empire)\nThe 11th Division (11. Division) was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was formed in Breslau (now Wroc\u0142aw, Poland) in November 1816 as a brigade, and became the 11th Division on September 5, 1818. The division was subordinated in peacetime to the VI Army Corps (VI. Armeekorps). The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was recruited primarily in the Province of Silesia, mainly in the region of Lower Silesia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007652-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 11th Division's 21st Infantry Brigade served in the Second Schleswig War against Denmark in 1864. The division fought in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, including the Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, the division fought in several battles, including the Siege of Toul and the Siege of Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007652-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIn World War I, the division served on the Western Front. It spent most of the war in various parts of the trenches and fought in the 1916 Battle of the Somme. Allied intelligence rated it a second class division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007652-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Division (German Empire), Order of battle in the Franco-Prussian War\nDuring wartime, the 11th Division, like other regular German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division. The organization of the 11th Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007652-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Division (German Empire), Pre-World War I organization\nGerman divisions underwent various organizational changes after the Franco-Prussian War. The organization of the 11th Division in 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007652-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nOn mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 11th Division was again renamed the 11th Infantry Division. Its initial wartime organization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007652-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Division (German Empire), Late World War I organization\nDivisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a \"square division\"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 11th Infantry Division's order of battle in 1918 was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007653-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 11th Division (\u7b2c11\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai J\u016bichi Shidan) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its ts\u016bsh\u014dg\u014d code name was the Brocade Division (\u9326\u5175\u56e3, Nishiki-heidan), and its military symbol was 11D. The 11th Division was one of six infantry divisions newly raised by the Imperial Japanese Army after the First Sino-Japanese War (1894\u20131895). The division received its colors on 1 October 1898 and was disbanded in September 1945. Its troops were recruited primarily from communities in the four prefectures of the island of Shikoku. It was originally headquartered in the city of Zentsuji, Kagawa, and its first commander was Lieutenant General Nogi Maresuke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007653-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Russo-Japanese War to Siberian Intervention\nDuring the Russo-Japanese War, under the command of Lieutenant General Tsuchiya Mitsuharu, this division was assigned to General Nogi's 3rd Army, and thus saw considerable combat (and casualties) at the bloody Siege of Port Arthur. It subsequently formed the core of General Kawamura Kageaki\u2019s 5th Army, where (under the command of Lieutenant General Samejima Shigeo, it played a significant role in securing the Japanese victory at the Battle of Mukden. The division remained stationed in Manchuria as a garrison force for two years after the end of the Russo-Japanese War, and only returned to Zentsuji 7 May 1911.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 91], "content_span": [92, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007653-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Russo-Japanese War to Siberian Intervention\nThe 11th Division was deployed again to the continent during the Japanese intervention in Siberia in August 1920, replacing the IJA 14th Division. The division has demobilized and returned to Japan in June 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 91], "content_span": [92, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007653-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War and Pacific War\nThe 11th Division was one of the three Japanese divisions deployed to Shanghai in China during the January 28 Incident in 1932. It returned to Shanghai in July 1937 with the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, but was reassigned to garrison duty in Manchukuo from September 1938. In October 1939, the division was reorganized into a triangular division, with its IJA 22nd Infantry Regiment forming the core of the new 24th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 88], "content_span": [89, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007653-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War and Pacific War\nAfter the start of the Pacific War, the division was based at Mishan, near Lake Khasan in eastern Manchukuo as part of the 5th Army, in support of anti-partisan police actions and to act as a deterrent against Soviet border forces. At the time it was commanded by Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 88], "content_span": [89, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007653-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War and Pacific War\nIn February 1944, a large part of division (3rd battalions of 12th infantry, 43rd infantry and 11th mountain artillery regiments) of the 11th Division's strength were detached to 10th Independent Mixed Regiment (ts\u016bsh\u014dg\u014d code 17584) and sent to Guam to reinforce the 1st division, which was annihilated at the Battle of Guam (1944) in July\u2013August 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 88], "content_span": [89, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007653-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War and Pacific War\nIn April 1945, the remainder of the 11th Division was transferred from Manchukuo back to Shikoku under command of the 55th army in preparation for the expected Allied invasion of Japan. It and disbanded with the surrender of Japan in August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 88], "content_span": [89, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007654-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Iraq)\nThe 11th Infantry Division is a formation (military) of the Iraqi Army. Its headquarters is located in the former Ministry of Defence building in Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007654-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Iraq)\nThe 11th Division was put in place at the end of 2007 as part of the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 and the Baghdad Security Plan. It was formed from an experienced brigade, the 2nd Brigade, 6th Division (which became its 1st Brigade) and received the help of the 4th Brigade of the 1st Division (which is still operating in Baghdad au c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la 11th Division), to which were added two newly formed brigades and one still forming at the time. It played a significant role in the Siege of Sadr City from April 2008. The division's area of responsibility is the east of Baghdad. Its soldier numbers are low  compared to a standard infantry division and it may become an armoured division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007654-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Iraq)\nFirst Gulf War (1990-1991):The Iraqi 11th infantry division occupied Kuwait City during the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait from 1990 to 1991. There it participated in the Battle of Kuwait International Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007655-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Division (National Revolutionary Army)\nThe 11th Division was a crack division of the Chinese National Revolutionary Army and part of the Chinese troops trained by the Germans. For a time known as the 18th Army, it served with distinction during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Being one of the five elite units of Chiang Kai-shek's Whampoa cliqu\u00e9, the division ceased to exist after sustaining heavy casualties against the Communists in the Chinese Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007656-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Philippines)\nThe 11th Infantry Division was a division of the Philippine Army under the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007656-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Philippines), History\nIt was active from 1941 to April 9, 1942, whereupon it surrendered when Bataan fell. It was organized and trained in Zambales Province of Northern Luzon. Col. (later BGen.) William E. Brougher (USA) was the division's commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007656-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Philippines), History, Combat Narrative\nAt the opening of hostilities, 8 December 1941, the 11th Division formed a part of BGen. (later LGen.) Jonathan M. Wainwright's North Luzon Force of the Philippine Army (later renamed I Philippine Corps), alongside the 21st and 31st Divisions, and the 26th Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Spain)\nThe 11th Division (Spanish: 11\u00aa Divisi\u00f3n) was a division of the Spanish Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War. It was formed in January 1937 in Madrid beginning with the 1st Mixed Brigade which in turn had originated in the Fifth Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Spain)\nNicknamed Divisi\u00f3n L\u00edster, it would become one of the elite divisions, as well as one of the most battle-hardened formations, of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Origins: The 'C Division'\nAlthough the 11th Division was officially established on 24 January 1937, its origin lies in the C Division of the Republican Army that was created owing to circumstances by joining a number of newly constituted mixed brigades in order to send them to the Jarama River area in order to respond to the rebel attacks towards the Valencia road. However, after much effort, Enrique L\u00edster's men were successful in repelling the rebel offensive at the Battle of Jarama, where the combats in the El Pingarr\u00f3n area caused a high number of casualties in loyalist ranks. Finally, towards the end of February the rebel advance in the Jarama banks was halted and fixed until the end of the Civil War. After the victory and, as a result of the reorganization of the Spanish Republican Armed forces, the 'C Division' firmly became the 11th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Battles of Guadalajara and Brunete\nFollowing the bloodbath at the Jarama the 11th Division was barely being reorganized when it was sent to Guadalajara where on 8 March the Fascist Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie had launched an offensive. The purpose of the Italians was to encircle the loyalists in a pocket around Madrid and the ensuing battle would be known as Battle of Guadalajara. In this conflict the 11th Division was formed by the 1st Bis Mixed Brigade, the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 66], "content_span": [67, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Battles of Guadalajara and Brunete\nMobile Shock Brigade (1.\u00aa Brigada M\u00f3vil de Choque) led by Valent\u00edn Gonz\u00e1lez \"El Campesino\" \u2014which would later be known as the 10th Mixed Brigade\u2014 as well as the XI International Brigade (\"Th\u00e4lmann Brigade\") and the XII International Brigade (\"Garibaldi Brigade\"). The 11th Division, together with the 12th and the 14th divisions \u2014the latter under Cipriano Mera\u2014, was put under the newly established IV Army Corps under the command of Enrique Jurado Barrio. After Guadalajara the 11th Division took part in the Battle of Brunete in the summer 1937. There L\u00edster and his division resisted at the Brunete graveyard until 25 July, but ended up losing the disputed town in the face of the heavy Francoist assaults.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 66], "content_span": [67, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Interventions in Aragon\nThe independence with which the Regional Defence Council of Aragon acted had always been an irritant for the republican authorities. Thus, after having re-established its control over Catalonia, the republican government, backed by its republican, socialist and communist sectors, was determined to disband this Aragonese entity. Finally on 4 August 1937 Indalecio Prieto, the National Defense Minister, ordered the Spanish Republican Army to intervene and the 11th Division was sent to Aragon, officially disbanding the Aragon Council (Consejo de Arag\u00f3n) on 10 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Interventions in Aragon\nJoaqu\u00edn Ascaso and various anarchist members of the Regional Defence Council were arrested under various charges, such as jewel smuggling. A total of about 700 anarchists ended up being arrested in those days in Aragon. The fact that the 11th Division was chosen for this operation demonstrated the high regard in which it was held by the Republican government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Interventions in Aragon\nOnce in Aragon the division participated in the Zaragoza Offensive on 24 August which eventually gave way to the difficult Battle of Belchite. The 11th Division fought these battles together with the 35th International led by General \"Walter\" and again with the 46th Division led by \"El Campesino\". The 11th Division was then under the V Army Corps led by Modesto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0005-0001", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Interventions in Aragon\nIn October the division was again sent to an operation against the rebels in Zaragoza through Fuentes de Ebro, but despite the forty new BT-5 tanks deployed by Lister's unit, the battle ended in disaster owing to the intense rains and the muddy terrain, so that only 28 tanks came back safely to Republican lines. After this turn of events the campaign stabilized and the 11th Division remained in Aragon through the Autumn of 1937, being later sent to fight the Battle of Teruel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Interventions in Aragon\nIn Teruel the 11th Division fought together with the 25th Division led by Garc\u00eda Vivancos in the Columna Norte, of the XXII Army Corps led by Lieutenant Colonel Ibarrola. Here the 11th was given the mission to break the front and be at the vanguard of the attack, which the division did on 15 December under heavy snow. Before the evening the city was surrounded by Republican and Lister went to  the strategic La Muela hill. The 11th Division suffered many casualties, as all units involved in the ensuing defence of the city against the fierce rebel counterattacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0006-0001", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Interventions in Aragon\nWhen the defence became impossible, L\u00edster was ordered to withdraw his troops, following which he was criticized by El Campesino, who was trapped with the 46th Division in the city. But later both L\u00edster and Modesto, leader of the V Army Corps, would in turn accuse El Campesino of having fled Teruel leaving his men behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Interventions in Aragon\nFollowing the bloodbath at Teruel the 11th Division was sent to the rearguard in order to recover from the heavy losses it had suffered. But there would be no respite for the much-battered Republicans, for right after reconquering Teruel the rebel faction launched the massive Aragon Offensive that caught all republican units that were in Aragon by surprise and routed the Eastern Army (Ej\u00e9rcito del Este).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0007-0001", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Interventions in Aragon\nIn the middle of the hasty and chaotic withdrawal the 11th Division troops were able, however, to contain the Fascist Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie troops when these arrived to the lower course of the Ebro at the beginning of April 1938. The resistance put up by the 11th Division would be decisive to briefly stop their advance in the Ebro, but the division would remain henceforward locked in Catalonia and isolated from the remaining Republican territory when the rebel troops led by General Aranda reached the Mediterranean Sea on 3 April, dividing the Spanish Republic in two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Battle of the Ebro\nOn 25 July 1938 in the early morning, at the onset of the Battle of the Ebro, the 11th Division crossed the Ebro River between Ginestar and Benifallet. It was one of the favourite units of Modesto, Chief Commander of the Ebro Army, and had been awarded the honor and responsibility of being the spearhead of the whole V Republican Army Corps during the attack. However, the 11th Division would be also the first unit that was seen by the troops of the rebel army and thus had to endure the fiercest and most scathing attacks. Despite the difficulties the division fulfilled all its military targets and launched an attack against M\u00f3ra d'Ebre, the most important town in the Ribera d'Ebre comarca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 88], "content_span": [89, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Battle of the Ebro\nBut M\u00f3ra d'Ebre housed a large number of enemy troops and the 11th Division, not being able to dislodge them, chose to encircle the town leaving its defenders isolated. After conquering the bridgehead, the 11th Division advanced towards the mountains in order to link with the troops of the 46th Division in order to control the strategic heights of the Pandols and Cavalls ranges above the town of Gandesa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 88], "content_span": [89, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0009-0001", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Battle of the Ebro\nIn the early morning hours of 26 July the Republican troops reached their objectives, but after the long march and the ascension of the rocky ranges the men of the 11th Division were physically exhausted. Thus the division did not launch the planned surprise attack against Gandesa and was not able to continue the advance southwards in order to reach Bot and Batea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 88], "content_span": [89, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Battle of the Ebro\nOn 2 August the Republican advance had run out of steam and the 11th Division occupied the Pandols Range, holding its position against the 84th Division of the rebel faction and entrenching itself in the rocky hills awaiting the enemy counterattack. The Francoist counterattack was fierce and intense. For a whole week the Republican division was subjected to a continuous hail of artillery and airborne projectiles, while its men repelled numerous attacks of the enemy infantry, especially from the IV Navarra Division which was made up of three Spanish Legion units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 88], "content_span": [89, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0010-0001", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Battle of the Ebro\nDespite the bloodbath in the veteran Republican ranks Modesto's insisted in keeping the Pandols position and ordered the integration of all the artillery of the V Corps in the 11th Division. However, after numerous waves of continuous attacks the Francoist troops succeeded in wrestling the hills from the Republican division on 15 August \u2014including the highly disputed Hill 705, which changed hands no less than eight times on 14 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 88], "content_span": [89, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0010-0002", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Battle of the Ebro\nOwing to the high number of casualties caused by enemy artillery and close combat in the highest points of the range, the battered 11th Division units were relieved and partially replaced by the 35th Division. Following its valiant and resilient behaviour and the losses it had to bear, the 11th Division was awarded the Laureate Plate of Madrid, but the Spanish Republic had lost a great number of irreplaceable battle-hardened veterans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 88], "content_span": [89, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Battle of the Ebro\nAt the beginning of September the division returned to its former positions in the Pandols Range, where the Francoist armies would give no respite, so that again it fought fierce battles against the rebel troops for a period of two months, losing some key positions and continuing to suffer a high number of casualties. Finally a massive Francoist counteroffensive began at the end of October and the much crushed 11th Division could no longer bear the avalanche of rebel attacks. The rebel counteroffensive marked the end of the Battle of the Ebro and on 5 November what remained of the 11th Division withdrew, crossing again the Ebro River at Benifallet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 88], "content_span": [89, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Catalonia Campaign\nFollowing the Battle of the Ebro debacle the 11th Division retreated to the rearguard in order to recover and reorganize, being temporarily made part of the Republican Military Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 88], "content_span": [89, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0012-0001", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Catalonia Campaign\nBut not long thereafter, on 23 December, the rebel faction launched its final Catalonia Offensive and the 11th Division \u2014which had been in need of a longer period of rest\u2014 was urgently deployed in the Segre Front, together with the remainder of the V Army Corps commanded by Enrique Lister, in order to close the gaps in the front where inexperienced groups of the Eastern Army had fled in panic before the fierce rebel assault, abandoning the lines they were defending at the Segre River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 88], "content_span": [89, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0012-0002", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Catalonia Campaign\nEnrique Lister set up his general headquarters at Castelldans and with his competent, battle-hardenend troops he was able to contain the Francoist onslaught for almost two weeks in the area near Borges Blanques. Finally on 3 January 1939 the rebels launched a powerful attack against Lister's divisions with armoured vehicles in the vanguard, so that even the men 11th Division became overwhelmed and had to abandon their lines of defence and the much devastated town of Borges Blanques fell to the Fascist Italian troops of the Corpo Truppe Volontarie (CTV).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 88], "content_span": [89, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0012-0003", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Catalonia Campaign\nLater some of the Republican forces counterattacked and made some prisoners among the Italian Fascists, which were executed after having been interrogated. But in the face of the vehement Francoist offensive all Republican units had to retreat and left the area of the Segre Front, gradually withdrawing in a northeastern direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 88], "content_span": [89, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Catalonia Campaign\nThus the Ebro Army covered the massive Republican retreat along the Mediterranean coastline until reaching Barcelona, where there had been plans to organize a strong resistance against the Fascist onslaught on the lines of the Defence of Madrid in 1936. But the option proved unrealistic, for the city's population was hungry and demoralized and the troops lacked arms and ammunition, hence the only option open for the exhausted Republican divisions of the elite V Corps was to abandon Barcelona to its fate and retreat towards the French border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 88], "content_span": [89, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0013-0001", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Catalonia Campaign\nBy the beginning of February what remained of the units of the 11th Division arrived to the northern zone of Catalonia where, together with other retreating Republican units, they tried to establish a defensive line along the lower course of the Tordera River to halt the powerful advance of the rebel armies, but this effort quickly proved unsuccessful in the face of scathing enemy attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 88], "content_span": [89, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Catalonia Campaign\nThis last-ditch attempt had been part of a grand strategy of the Spanish Republic to resist the Francoist offensives until the deemed onset of a larger European War between the Fascist powers and the western democracies, in order to link the Spanish conflict with the wider European one. Thus Modesto and L\u00edster saw the retreat to France of the remainder of the Ebro Army as part of a tactical evacuation, with the aim to regroup these units with the remaining units of the last area under Republican control in order to continue the resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 88], "content_span": [89, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0014-0001", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Catalonia Campaign\nThe French government, however, would not allow the Republican units that crossed the border to be transferred to the remaining Spanish Republican territory, for all the veteran survivors of the 11th Division, together with all Republican military, were disarmed and swiftly interned in French concentration camps right after crossing its border. Thus the 11th Division, along with all units of the V Army Corps, was extinguished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 88], "content_span": [89, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Catalonia Campaign\nBefore its demise the 11th Division had briefly resisted, however, in the line of the Ter River on 5 February, and after crossing the Muga River on 8 February. Finally, in the early morning of 9 February the last units of the once mighty Ebro Army under Modesto crossed the border into France and the very next day all Spanish border posts fell into Francoist hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 88], "content_span": [89, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Women in the 11th Division\nSome women from militia background managed to be promoted to commanding positions in the 11th Division. Foremost among them was Encarnaci\u00f3n Hern\u00e1ndez Luna, born in Beneixama near Valencia. At the time of the first combats of the Civil War she joined the militias of the Fifth Regiment, in a machine gun unit which subsequently was integrated into the 1st Mixed Brigade. She became a lieutenant on 1 January 1937 and a captain on 15 June of the same year. She went on to become a commander in the Battle of the Ebro in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007657-0016-0001", "contents": "11th Division (Spain), History, Women in the 11th Division\nShe had married Alberto S\u00e1nchez M\u00e9ndez, a Cuban member of the International Brigades, who died in the Battle of Brunete of wounds sustained in combat, while Encarnaci\u00f3n held fast to the position with her machine gun. Pablo Neruda composed a poem to the couple. After the end of the Civil War Encarnaci\u00f3n went with her father to exile in France and then the USSR. She died in Quebec in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007658-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Sri Lanka)\nThe 11th Division is an infantry division of the Sri Lanka Army. Based at the Pallekele, it is responsible for the maintenance of capability for the defence of Kandy. It is also responsible for carrying out training and administrative work. It was established April 4, 1988, as 1 Division at the Panagoda Cantonment and was remanded the 11 Division in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007659-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Yugoslav Partisans)\nThe 11th Krajina Division (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Jedanaesta kraji\u0161ka divizija) was a Yugoslav Partisan division that fought against the Germans, Independent State of Croatia (NDH) and Chetniks in occupied Democratic Federal Yugoslavia during World War II. The term kraji\u0161ka in its name refers to Bosanska Krajina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007659-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Yugoslav Partisans)\nThe division was formed on 1 May 1943, with 5th and 12th Krajina Brigade in its composition. It was subordinated to the 2nd Bosnia Corps, and on 19 July 1943 it was re-subordinated to 2nd Bosnia (later: Third) Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007659-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Division (Yugoslav Partisans)\nAs part of the 3rd Corps it spent August 1944 engaged in hard fighting against the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian) in eastern Bosnia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007660-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Electoral Unit of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HoR FBiH)\nThe eleventh electoral unit of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is a parliamentary constituency used to elect members to the House of Representatives of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2000. It consists of most of Sarajevo Canton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 74], "section_span": [74, 74], "content_span": [75, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007661-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Empire Awards\nThe 11th Empire Awards ceremony (officially known as the Sony Ericsson Empire Awards), presented by the British film magazine Empire, honored the best films of 2005 and took place on 13 March 2006 at the Hilton London Metropole Hotel in London, England. During the ceremony, Empire presented Empire Awards in 11 categories as well as four honorary awards. The awards for Best Comedy, Best Horror, Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy and Best Thriller as well as the honorary Empire Icon Award were first introduced this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007661-0000-0001", "contents": "11th Empire Awards\nOther changes include Best Film and Best British Film being renamed this year only to \"Best Movie\" and \"Best British Movie\" respectively. The honorary Lifetime Achievement Award was presented for the last time. English actor Bill Bailey hosted the show for the second time, having previously hosted the 9th ceremony held in 2004. The awards were sponsored by Sony Ericsson for the fourth consecutive year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007661-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Empire Awards\nPride & Prejudice won two awards including Best British Movie. Other winners included Star Wars: Episode III \u2013 Revenge of the Sith also with two awards and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Crash, King Kong, Kiss Kiss Bang Bang, Mrs Henderson Presents, Team America: World Police, The Descent,  and Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit with one. Brian Cox received the Empire Icon Award, Stephen Frears received the Empire Inspiration Award, Tony Curtis received the Lifetime Achievement Award and the Harry Potter films received the Outstanding Contribution to British Cinema Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007662-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Engineer Battalion (Belgium)\nThe 11th Engineer Battalion (Dutch: 11 Bataljon Genie) is an engineer battalion in the Motorized Brigade of the Belgian Armed Forces. The soldiers of the 11th Engineer Battalion have diverse combat capabilities, specializes in underwater missions and reconnaissance for amphibious operations. some of the battalion soldiers are also trained Paracommando's and can be employed to support the 2nd Commando and 3rd Paratrooper battalions of Special Operations Regiment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007662-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Engineer Battalion (Belgium), Organisation\nNote: Unlike The 4th Engineer Battalion it does not have a CBRN company", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007663-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Engineer Regiment (Australia)\nThe 11th Engineer Regiment (11ER) is an Australian Army Reserve engineer regiment trained for sapper/combat engineer and construction engineer operations. While 11 ER was formed on 1 January 2014 as a result of recent Australian Army modernisation efforts, 11 ER's lineage is traced back to early Queensland volunteer engineer units as early as 1879. In 1916, 11th Field Company (11 Fd Coy) was formed and during World War I, this unit was renowned for action during the Battle of the Somme and the Hindenburg Line. During World War II, it fought the Japanese during the Kokoda Track campaign and on Bougainville Island. The Regiment's Headquarters is located at Gallipoli Barracks in Brisbane, Queensland with subunits located across Queensland. 11ER is part of 11th Brigade, attached to Forces Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007663-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Engineer Regiment (Australia), History, Pre World War I\nAs a Queensland unit, 11th Engineer Regiment traces its history back to 19th century Queensland based volunteer engineer units. In 1879, an engineer unit was formed in Brisbane. In response to international tensions with Russia in 1885, further engineer capability was developed by the Queensland Defence Force (QDF) and focused on supporting garrison defences with submarine mining. By 1900, a submarine mining drill shed was built at Alice Street, Brisbane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007663-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Engineer Regiment (Australia), History, Pre World War I\nIn 1903, just after the Federation of Australia and the amalgamation of the previously separate colonial defence forces into one Australian defence force, the Queensland Garrison consisted of No. 5 Field Company, Electric Section and No. 3 Submarine Mining Company. In 1912, after the 1910 Kitchener Review, No. 3 Electric Company Royal Australian Engineers and No 5 FTE Royal Australian Engineers, both Brisbane units, were disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007663-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Engineer Regiment (Australia), History, Pre World War I\nIn 1913, engineer units in Queensland consisted of 15th, 23rd and 32nd Field Companies of the Royal Australian Engineers located in Brisbane, the 1st Eng Royal Australian Engineers at Maryborough and the 2nd Eng Royal Australian Engineers at Ipswich. In October 1915, 23rd and 15th Engineer Companies were accommodated in a newly constructed Engineer's depot at what is now called Gona Barracks in Kelvin Grove. This two-storey timber building was rectangular in shape, and was constructed to the design of Queensland Public Works Department architects. This building was completed at a cost of just over \u00a31500 and included two wagon sheds and two harness rooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007663-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Engineer Regiment (Australia), History, World War I\nThe 11th Engineer Regiment's lineage is linked to the 11th Field Company, Australian Engineers (AE), which consisted of Queensland and South Australian soldiers who concentrated in Mitcham Camp on the 29 April 1916. The 11th Field Company was raised for overseas service with the First Australian Imperial Force (AIF) and served with distinction in France during World War I, where it saw action in the Battle of the Somme and the Hindenburg Line before returning to Australia and disbandment in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007663-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Engineer Regiment (Australia), History, World War I\nIn 1921 the Australian government decided to restructure the part-time Citizens Forces units to replicate the numerical designations and perpetuate the honours of the AIF. As a result, on 1 May 1921, the unit was re-raised as the 7th Field Company of the 1st Division, based in Ipswich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007663-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Engineer Regiment (Australia), History, World War II\nDue to the provisions of the Defence Act (1903) which precluded deploying the Militia outside of Australian territory, following the outbreak of World War II, the Australian government decided to raise an all volunteer force for overseas service, known as the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF). During this time the units of the Militia undertook brief periods of continuous service to participate in training and other defensive tasks in Australia in an effort to improve the nation's defences in case of war in the Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007663-0005-0001", "contents": "11th Engineer Regiment (Australia), History, World War II\nWith Japan's entry into the war following the attacks on Pearl Harbor, Hong Kong and Malaya, the strategic situation worsened and units of the Militia were mobilised for war service. No. 2 Section 2/11 Field Company was deployed to Timor in support of Sparrow Force in December 1941. 7 Field Company was called out for full-time service in May 1942 and was eventually gazetted as an Australian Imperial Force unit. The unit served in Papua New Guinea and fought against the Japanese along the Kokoda Track and on Bougainville Island until the end of the war. 7 Field Company returned to Australia on 3 January 1946 and disbanded once again on 4 February 1946. A second Queensland unit, the 11th Field Company, which had been based at Kelvin Grove and Toowong before the war, also saw active service in New Guinea and Bougainville during this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007663-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Engineer Regiment (Australia), History, Post World War II\nOn 1 December 1971, Divisional Engineers reorganised into regiments and 7 Field Squadron became part of the 2nd Field Engineer Regiment (2 FER). 2 FER consisted of 7 Fd Sqn, 2 Field Squadron (2 Fd Sqn), 24 Support Squadron (24 Spt Sqn) and a Workshops. 17 Construction Squadron, on its return from Vietnam in late 1971, was renamed 17 Field Squadron (17 Fd Sqn) and in mid-1973 was merged with 7 Fd Sqn, 2 FER.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007663-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Engineer Regiment (Australia), History, Post World War II\nIn August 1981, 2 FER became 2/3 FER following the disbandment of 1 FER and the merging of 3 FER. 2/3 FER was based at Enoggera, Queensland and consisted of 1 Field Squadron (Holsworthy), 7 Fd Sqn (Enoggera), 18 Field Squadron (Townsville) and a Workshop. In July 1987, 35 Field Squadron and 11 Field Squadron (11 Fd Sqn\u2014formerly 11th Field Company and ex-5 FER located at Kelvin Grove and Ipswich), was transferred to 2/3 FER.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007663-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Engineer Regiment (Australia), History, Post World War II\nFollowing the Force Structure Review in 1991, 2/3 FER was restructured into 1, 2 and 3 Combat Engineer Regiments (CERs) with 2 CER being raised first on 24 November 1991 and remaining at Enoggera as part of 7th Brigade. During the Ready Reserve implementation of the 1990s, 2 CER increased its establishment of Reserve members. These members were initially concentrated in 7 Combat Engineer Squadron, however by 2003, these reservists were eventually concentrated in 11 Combat Engineer Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007663-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Engineer Regiment (Australia), History, Post World War II\nAfter the implementation of Plan Beersheba in 2013, 11 Combat Engineering Squadron transferred to the newly titled 11 ER on 1 January 2015. 11 ER now comprises two Combat Engineer Squadrons and a Construction Squadron. In 2015, 104 Construction Squadron commenced the renovation of the historic Ipswich Training Depot, signaling a symbolic return of military engineering back to Ipswich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007664-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Engineer Regiment (Italy)\nThe 11th Engineer Regiment (Italian: 11\u00b0 Reggimento Genio Guastatori) is a military engineer regiment of the Italian Army based in Foggia in Apulia. Today the regiment is the engineer unit of the Mechanized Brigade \"Pinerolo\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007664-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Engineer Regiment (Italy), Current structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Company fields the following platoons: C3 Platoon, Transport and Materiel Platoon, Medical Platoon, Commissariat Platoon, and EOD Platoon. Each of the two sapper companies fields a Command Platoon, an Advanced Combat Reconnaissance Teams Platoon, and two sapper platoons. The Deployment Support Company and Mobility Support Company field the battalion's heavy military engineering vehicles: Biber bridgelayers, Dachs armored engineer vehicles, cranes, excavators, Medium Girder Bridges etc. The sapper companies and Command and Logistic Support Company are equipped with VTLM \"Lince\" and VTMM \"Orso\" vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007665-0000-0000", "contents": "11th European Film Awards\nThe 11th European Film Awards were presented on 4 December 1998 in London, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade\nThe 11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade is a Combat Aviation Brigade in the United States Army Reserve. It is one of two aviation brigades of Army Reserve Aviation Command. The brigade consists of a headquarters company, two Black Hawk assault battalions, and one fixed wing battalion, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade\nThe brigade was activated in its current formation on 16 September 2016. The unit's lineage traces to the prior lineage and insignia in the active component of the 11th Aviation Group, which was last headquartered in Illesheim, Germany in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, World War II legacy era (1941\u20131961)\nThe 11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade incorporates the history of the 11th Aviation Group which can be traced to the 11th Airborne Division, which served in the Pacific Theater during World War II and in the Army of Occupation in Japan after the war. The division returned to the United States in May 1949 and established its headquarters at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. The Angels moved to Germany in 1956 and subsequently inactivated on 1 July 1958 when it was reflagged as the 24th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 79], "content_span": [80, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, World War II legacy era (1941\u20131961)\nThe 24th temporarily retained a partial Airborne capability to include the 1st Airborne Battle Group, 187th Infantry; the 1st Airborne Battle Group, 503rd Infantry; and the 11th Quartermaster Company, a parachute rigger unit. Within a year 1\u2013187th and 1\u2013503rd rotated to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, to become part of the 82nd Airborne Division while the rigger company relocated to the 8th Infantry Division in Mainz, where a new Airborne component was being formed within the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 79], "content_span": [80, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Vietnam era (1962\u20131972)\nThe colors remained dormant until the requirement for air mobility (heliborne tactical movement) of infantry units was established by the Department of the Army in 1962. Secretary of the Army Cyrus R. Vance envisioned that the Army required its own organic aviation assets to meet immediate combat needs of infantry units. The XVIII Airborne Corps began experimenting with this new concept by using borrowed helicopters. By the end of the year, Secretary Vance decided to form a test division to further evaluate this new concept.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Vietnam era (1962\u20131972)\nOn 1 February 1963, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 11th Aviation Group, was activated for testing purposes as a Regular Army element of the 11th Air Assault Division (Test). Under the leadership of Major General Charles W.G. Rich, the Test Director, and Brigadier General Harry Kinnard, the Division Commander, the group worked to formulate a unit that could move one-third of the division's infantry battalions and supporting units in one single helicopter lift. The unit operated out of Fort Benning, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Vietnam era (1962\u20131972)\nThe testing process proved highly successful and on 1 July 1965 the group was reassigned to the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) when the assets of the 11th Air Assault Division and the 2nd Infantry Division were merged into a single unit. Within several months the division deployed to South Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Vietnam era (1962\u20131972)\nThe mission of the 1st Cavalry was to \"fight battles of movement, ranging swiftly to places where they are needed.\" Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara described the new 428 helicopter-equipped 1st Cavalry Division as \"an entirely new approach to the conduct of land battle which will result in the exploitation of the principle of surprise to an unprecedented degree.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Vietnam era (1962\u20131972)\nAs part of the 1st Cavalry, the 11th Aviation Group controlled the 227th Aviation Battalion (Assault Helicopter), 228th Aviation Battalion (Medium Helicopter) and 229th Aviation Battalion (Assault Helicopter), whose helicopters were the lifeblood of the Army's first airmobile division. The group also included the 11th Aviation Company (General Support), 17th Aviation Company (Airmobile Light) and 478th Aviation Company (Heavy Helicopter).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Vietnam era (1962\u20131972)\nFrom 1965 through 1968 the 11th Aviation Group saw combat in the I and II Corps areas of South Vietnam. The Group was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for the Pleiku Campaign of 1965 and the Meritorious Unit Commendation for the period September 1965 to November 1966. In 1968, the Group moved to Ph\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0129nh Base Camp in III Corps and remained there until early 1971 where the Group was awarded the Valorous Unit Award for the period 6 May 1969 through 1 February 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Vietnam era (1962\u20131972)\nIn February 1971 the Group was assigned to the 1st Aviation Brigade and redeployed to Marble Mountain Army Airfield near Da Nang; it was officially released from the 1st Cavalry Division on 5 May 1971. In August 1972 the Group departed Marble Mountain Army Airfield and resettled at Da Nang Air Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Germany era (1973\u20131989)\nThe colors of the 11th Aviation Group left Vietnam in March 1973, bound for Dolan Barracks in Schw\u00e4bisch Hall, Germany, where they were used to reflag an existing aviation group. The Group's mission was to support Headquarters US Army Europe and the Seventh Army. In November 1979 the 11th Aviation Group became a major subordinate command of VII Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Germany era (1973\u20131989)\nIn 1984\u20135, the 223rd Aviation Battalion (Combat) of the 11th Aviation Group (Combat) was headquartered at Echterdingen, with the 25th, 48th, and 180th Aviation Companies assigned (one at Schw\u00e4bisch Hall).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Germany era (1973\u20131989)\nDuring the period 1980\u20131987, while the 11th Aviation Group was at Dolan Barracks in Schw\u00e4bisch Hall in the German State of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, another unit, the 11th Aviation Battalion (later the 11th Aviation Regiment) was based in the neighboring German State of Hesse at Wiesbaden Air Base under the 12th Aviation Group and V Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0012-0001", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Germany era (1973\u20131989)\nThe proximity of the unit's locations in the former West Germany may be a source of confusion, as the distinctive unit insignias of the 11th Aviation Brigade and 11th Aviation Regiment (formerly the 11th Aviation Battalion) are sometimes confused, with the insignia of the latter being mistaken as the insignia for the former. The insignia of the 11th Aviation Regiment can be seen here , while the insignia of the 11th Aviation Brigade can be seen as an external link here . The 11th Aviation Regiment still exists and currently performs a training support role at Fort Rucker, Alabama, as the 1st Battalion, 11th Aviation Regiment, part of the 110th Aviation Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Germany era (1973\u20131989)\nThe 11th Aviation Group was reorganized and redesignated 16 October 1987 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 11th Aviation Brigade, and three months later the brigade fielded the first AH-64 attack helicopter unit in Europe, the 2d Squadron, 6th Cavalry Regiment. This firmly established the brigade's role as a decisive combat element in the NATO alliance. In August 1988, the 11th Aviation Brigade moved to Storck Barracks in Illesheim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Germany era (1973\u20131989)\nDuring its years in Germany, the Group had a pathfinder platoon of about a dozen personnel. The unit traced its lineage back to the 11th Airborne Division pathfinders of World War II and the post-war years, as well as the pathfinders of the 11th Aviation Group in Viet Nam. The authorization for a pathfinder platoon was dropped in the late 1980s and personnel departed as their tours were completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Desert Storm era (1990\u20131995)\nAt the conclusion of Operation Desert Storm, the Brigade was assigned to sector security in the former XVIII Airborne Corps area of responsibility. The front covered more than 200 kilometers. The 11th Aviation Brigade began redeployment to Germany on 22 April 1991. It was then reorganized and redesignated 17 November 1993 back to being Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), 11th Aviation Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 72], "content_span": [73, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0015-0001", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Desert Storm era (1990\u20131995)\nIt was at this time that the 11th began to be erroneously referred to as a regiment, rather than a group, and this error continued until the unit's inactivation in 2005; however, the U.S. Army Center of Military History confirmed that the 11th's HHC was organized as an aviation group, not a regiment. The CMH clarified the matter by stating, \"Although the unit is frequently referred to as the 11th Aviation Regiment, it is actually organized under the TOE for an Aviation Group and its official designation is HHC, 11th Aviation Group.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 72], "content_span": [73, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Bosnia and Kosovo era (1996\u20131999)\nIn April 1996, C Troop (+), 6th Squadron, 6th Cavalry Regiment deployed to Camp Hampton, Bosnia and Herzegovina in support of Operation Joint Endeavor and the 1st Brigade, 1st Armored Division. The deployment was critical to Implementation Force's success in establishing stability in the Multi-National Division (North) sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 77], "content_span": [78, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Bosnia and Kosovo era (1996\u20131999)\nIn the summer of 1996, the 11th Aviation Group received a warning order to form and train an aviation task force for possible deployment to Bosnia-Herzegovina. The deployment was to be as a part of the Task Force Eagle Covering Force, overseeing the withdrawal of the 1st Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 77], "content_span": [78, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0018-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Bosnia and Kosovo era (1996\u20131999)\nOn 4 October 1996, the unit received its deployment orders, and within five days HHC, 11th Aviation Group; 2nd Squadron, 6th Cavalry Regiment; 2nd Battalion, 1st Aviation Regiment; Companies A and B, 7th Battalion, 159th Aviation Regiment; 147th Maintenance Support Team; Company C, 3rd Battalion (Air Traffic Services), 58th Aviation Regiment; and the 45th Medical Company (Air Ambulance) began departing Germany en route to Bosnia-Herzegovina in support of Operation Joint Endeavor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 77], "content_span": [78, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0019-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Bosnia and Kosovo era (1996\u20131999)\nAssembling at Comanche Base, the 700 soldiers of Task Force 11 transferred authority with their 1st Armored Division counterparts on 4 November 1996, and immediately provided critical support to MND (North), where tensions between the Former Warring Factions were high.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 77], "content_span": [78, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0020-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Bosnia and Kosovo era (1996\u20131999)\nOn 20 December, the covering force completed its mission as a part of the Implementation Force and transitioned to operations as a part of the Stabilization Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 77], "content_span": [78, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0021-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Bosnia and Kosovo era (1996\u20131999)\nOn 15 May 1997, the 229th Aviation Regiment executed transfer of authority with Task Force 11 as the Multi-National Division (North) Aviation Brigade. After processing at the intermediate staging base in Taszar, Hungary, the last elements of Task Force 11 closed on their home stations on 25 May 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 77], "content_span": [78, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0022-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Bosnia and Kosovo era (1996\u20131999)\nIn May 1998 11th Aviation Group deployed to Tuzla, Bosnia with HHC and 6th Squadron, 6th Cavalry Regiment as part of Operation JOINT GUARD/FORGE. From May to October the Task Force performed as the Strategic Reserve for SFOR and the 1AD led Multinational Division North ensuring the continued implementation of the Dayton Peace Accords. Following transfer of authority to elements of the 1st Cavalry Division, the Group redeployed to Illesheim, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 77], "content_span": [78, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0023-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Bosnia and Kosovo era (1996\u20131999)\nFollowing notification in late March 1999, the 11th Aviation Group was once again deployed on 8 April 1999 to Tirana, Albania in support of NATO Operation ALLIED FORCE in Kosovo. Over the next three months the Group remained postured for combat operations as the main effort for Task Force Hawk. TF Hawk deployed two attack helicopters squadrons of pilots, both aviation unit maintenance (AVUMs), 24 of their 48 AH-64s and a partial aviation maintenance (AVIM) unit to Albania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 77], "content_span": [78, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0023-0001", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Bosnia and Kosovo era (1996\u20131999)\nThe remaining aircraft and AVIM(-) were left in Germany, where the AVIM(-) took control of the 24 AH-64s and readied them for possible deployment. Early on TF Hawk determined that the 11th Aviation Group, the two squadrons and the CORPS DOCC did not have enough aviation staff officers to simultaneously plan, rehearse and execute the current mission and the upcoming missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 77], "content_span": [78, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0024-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Bosnia and Kosovo era (1996\u20131999)\nFollowing the success of the air campaign, 6th Squadron, 6th Cavalry Regiment deployed forward to Camp Able Sentry, Macedonia and were the first members of the NATO alliance to enter Kosovo in the implementation of peace accords as part of Operation JOINT GUARDIAN. With the groundwork for peace and resettlement of refugees established, the Group once again redeployed to Illesheim with the final aircraft returning 4 August 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 77], "content_span": [78, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0025-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Bosnia and Kosovo era (1996\u20131999)\nColonel Douglas MacGregor (US Army, Retired), who served as Director of Strategic Planning and Joint Operations at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe prior to and during the Kosovo War, provided an analysis and after-action summary of TF Hawk's performance. He wrote, in part, \"TF Hawk, the Army helicopters that never saw action due to their acute vulnerability to Serb air defenses that annihilated anything that flew under 15,000 feet, deserves more critical attention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 77], "content_span": [78, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0025-0001", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Bosnia and Kosovo era (1996\u20131999)\nOther than killing Army pilots in training while in Albania, after 30 days of training TF Hawk did nothing to attack a single Serb tank or armored fighting vehicle. It never crossed into Kosovo!\" He attributed success in the campaign, not to military action, but diplomatic negotiations that ended Russian support for the Serbs, adding that \"Serb forces withdrew in good order and intact suffering modest losses (fewer than 14 tanks and about 500 military casualties contrary to what General Clark insisted at the time.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 77], "content_span": [78, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0026-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, 2003 invasion of Iraq\nWARNO was issued in Aug 2002 for Apache assets to be forward deployed to Kuwait in preparation for an invasion of Iraq. The 2d Squadron, 6th Cavalry deployed to Camp Doha, Kuwait (later Ali Al Salem Airbase, Kuwait) to prepare for an eventual move into Iraq. 2-6 Cav flew numerous training scenarios and prepared themselves for operation in the challenging environment. In Feb 2003, 2-6 Cav moved from Ali Al Salem to Camp Udari, a forward staging base for the units preparing to move into Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0026-0001", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, 2003 invasion of Iraq\n12 February 2003, they were joined by 6th Squadron, 6th Cavalry, their sister unit, which had just returned from testing their new AH-64D Longbow helicopters at \"Victory Strike\" in Poland. After months of tedious waiting, the ground portion of the 11th Aviation Group left Camp Udairi at dawn on 21 Mar 03 and reached the breached berm at dusk even though Camp Udairi is only 15 miles from the Iraqi border, drove to An Nasariyah, and another two days up the Euphrates to a location approximately 12 miles southwest of An Najaf, Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0026-0002", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, 2003 invasion of Iraq\nThis field was named Objective Rams and was the landing site for the helicopters that overflown the convoy on their three-day drive up and landed after a deep strike mission. About four hours after the convoy arrived, the famous \"dust storm\" moved in. After three days of \"dustout\" the Group got to the business of blowing things up... this went on until late April, when the Group again packed up a convoy and rolled through Baghdad north to Balad Air Base, Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0027-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, 2003 invasion of Iraq\nA one of these U.S. air operations, executed by Apaches from the 11th Aviation Group became a fiasco near Karbala, on March 25. The Republican Guard T-72s, APCs, ZSU-23-4 antiaircraft systems, along with infantrymen armed with AK-47s, aware of the U.S. Army plans, surprised the 34 helicopters with a barrage of PKM, NSV, 23\u00a0mm, and perhaps 125\u00a0mm tank fire. The route of the raiders was uncovered by the Republican Guard long before they could reach their intended objective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0027-0001", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, 2003 invasion of Iraq\nThe large aerial strike was repulsed, and one Apache was shot down (according to Iraqi state TV, shot at by a peasant firing an AK-47, although it was likely hit by 23\u00a0mm rounds), and all the remainder damaged, some of them taken temporary out of service and at least two being written off. Only seven were still operational after the failed raid. The two crew members of the downed aircraft were captured by the Iraqis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0028-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, 2003 invasion of Iraq\nThe Group's leadership lived inside tents erected under old Hardened Aircraft Shelters, one of the turtle shell shaped structures was even converted into a lavish Cavalry dining Hall and Gym named \"Guint Hall\" thanks to local National Guard engineer unit. The troops lived in GP Medium tents for the duration of their deployment. The 11th Aviation Group continued its mission until Feb 2004, when it redeployed to Storck Barracks in Illesheim, Germany to reset for the next challenge. Both 2/6 and 6/6 were awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation (MUC) for their actions while deployed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0029-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, 2003 invasion of Iraq\nLiewer, S(2003, 30 Mar).On the Road to Baghdad.Stars and Stripes The Stars and Stripes article describes the ground convoy of Task Force 11th Aviation Group into Iraq from Kuwait. The article describes the unit that was 6 hours behind 11th Aviation Group. It was not known at the time that it was Jessica Lynch's unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0030-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Inactivation and reactivation\nPrior to inactivation, the 2nd Squadron, 6th Cavalry deployed to Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) VI in March 2005 until March 2006. The squadron deployed with their AH-64D Longbow Apaches and formed the headquarters of Task Force Sabre at Bagram Airfield. Charlie Troop was attached to Task Force Storm in Kandahar. This was the first deployment of AH-64Ds to Afghanistan. 2\u20136 Cav was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation (MUC) for their actions while deployed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0031-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Inactivation and reactivation\nThe 11th Aviation Group was inactivated in Germany on 9 June 2005 with a Casing of the Colors ceremony. At the time, it consisted of two attack helicopter battalions, service support units, and a headquarters, and was part of the V Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0032-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Inactivation and reactivation\nThe unit was reactivated in the United States Army Reserve as the 11th Theater Aviation Command on 16 September 2007 with a colors ceremony at Fort Knox, Kentucky. The presiding officer was Lieutenant General Jack Stultz, Commanding General, United States Army Reserve while the former Commanding General of the 11th Theater Aviation Command was Brigadier General Matthew C. Matia. In October 2009, Brig. Gen. Peter T. Quinn assumed command of the 11th Aviation Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007666-0033-0000", "contents": "11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, Inactivation and reactivation\nOn 16 September 2016, the lineage of the 11th Theater Aviation Command was transferred and re-designated to the 11th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade, while the command was re-designated as the Army Reserve Aviation Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007667-0000-0000", "contents": "11th FAI World Rally Flying Championship\n11th FAI World Rally Flying Championship took place between September 4\u201312, 1999 in Ravenna in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007667-0001-0000", "contents": "11th FAI World Rally Flying Championship\nThere were 48 crews from 16 countries: Poland (5), South Africa (5), Italy (5), France (4), Czech Republic (4), Slovakia (4), Austria (4), Germany (4), United Kingdom (2), Greece (2), Russia (2), Spain (2), Chile (2), Republic of Macedonia (2), Slovenia (1), Cyprus (1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007667-0002-0000", "contents": "11th FAI World Rally Flying Championship, Trivia\nAll five Polish crews took places in the best ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 48], "content_span": [49, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007668-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Field Artillery Battalion\nThe 11th Field Artillery Battalion (Indonesian: Batalyon Artileri Medan 11, Yonarmed 11) is a Field artillery battalion of the Indonesian Army. It is part of the 1st Field Artillery Regiment (Resimen Artileri Medan 1), Kostrad 2nd Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007668-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Field Artillery Battalion\nThe battalion was established on June 27, 1962, and is located in Magelang, Central Java. It is equipped with the Yugoslavian 76\u00a0mm M-48 howitzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007668-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Field Artillery Battalion\nThis article about a specific military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007668-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Field Artillery Battalion\nThis Indonesia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007669-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 11th Field Artillery Regiment is a Field Artillery Branch regiment of the United States Army first formed in 1916. A parent regiment in the U.S. Army Regimental System, one battalion of the regiment is currently active, the 2nd Battalion, 11th Field Artillery Regiment assigned to the 2nd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007669-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 11th Field Artillery Regiment was constituted on 3 June 1916 in the Regular Army at Camp Douglas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007669-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nTwo months after the U.S. declaration of war following the sinking of RMS Lusitania, 10 officers and 200 enlisted men of the 6th Field Artillery were transferred to the newly formed 11th Field Artillery at Camp Jones near Douglas, Arizona. These numbers were supplemented by draftees from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and California. At full wartime strength, the 11th had 63 officers, 1496 enlisted, and 24 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007669-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nIn April 1918, the 11th was ordered to Fort Sill, where it became part of the 6th Field Artillery Brigade, 6th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007669-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe regiment was shipped to England aboard RMS Carolina on 14 July 1918 and fought in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, seeing its first action on the night of 26 October at R\u00e9monville and participating in the largest artillery barrage of the war on 1 November. On 6 November, the guns of the 11th's Battery E were the first Allied artillery pieces to fire on the rail line between Metz and Sedan, and managed to silence a German battery some 3,000 yards (2.7\u00a0km) away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007669-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nFor reasons unclear, Battery E, which had become separated from the rest of the regiment and was situated east of Beaufort, was accorded the honor of firing the final shot of World War I. The final shot, a 95-pound shell, was fired at 10:59:59 AM on 11 November by a 155mm Schneider howitzer, at an unknown target (probably the Metz-Sedan railway).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007669-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nConstituted 1 July 1916 in the Regular Army as the 11th Field Artillery. Organized 1 June 1917 at Douglas Arizona. Assigned in November 1917 to 6th Division. Relieved 12 November 1920 from assignment to the 6th Division. Assigned 1 March to the Hawaiian Division (later designated the 24th Infantry Division). Relieved 31 March 1958 from assignment to the 24th Infantry Division. 2nd Battalion, 11th Field Artillery, currently assigned to the 25th Infantry Division (Light).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007669-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia, Description\nA gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/4\u00a0inches (3.18\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Or, on a bend Gules, three alerions of the field, in dexter base a six-pointed mullet of the second. On a sinister canton of the like a winged centaur courant with bow and arrow Argent. Above the shield on the wreath Or and Gules, a lion rampant Sable, grasping in his dexter paw a six-pointed mullet Gules. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Red scroll inscribed \u201cON TIME\u201d in Gold letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007669-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia, Symbolism\nThe 11th Field Artillery was formed by the transfer of personnel from the 6th Field Artillery and served in France in the 6th Division, its battle service being in the province of Lorraine. The arms of Lorraine have three alerions on the red band, the field being gold. To this is added the insignia of the 6th Division and, on a canton, the crest of the 6th Field Artillery. The crest is a black lion rampant taken from the arms of Stenay in commemoration of the principal action of the Regiment, which was in support of the 89th Division during the crossing of the Meuse near Stenay. The insignia of the 6th Division is in the lion's paw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007669-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia, Background\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 11th Field Artillery Regiment on 7 November 1922. It was amended to correct the description on 7 December 1923. It was re-designated for the 11th Field Artillery Battalion on 11 July 1942. The insignia was re-designated for the 11th Artillery Regiment on 13 August 1958. It was amended to correct and clarify the background history and significance of the design as given in the description of the original approval on 10 March 1959. The insignia was re-designated effective 1 September 1971, for the 11th Field Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 68], "content_span": [69, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007670-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Fighter Wing\nThe 11th Fighter Wing is a disbanded United States Army Air Forces organization. Its last assignment was with Eighth Air Force at Drew Field, Florida. It was disbanded in late 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007670-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Fighter Wing, History\nThe wing was constituted in late 1940 at Hamilton Field, California in the buildup of the United States Army Air Corps in response to the start of World War II in Europe. It moved to Army Air Base, Portland in 1941, where it assumed responsibility for organizing two pursuit groups. It was inactivated later that year, and its personnel used as part of the cadre for headquarters units of Fourth Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007670-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Fighter Wing, History\nThe wing was activated the following year at Drew Field, Florida. Although it was programmed for overseas deployment to the European theater and was assigned to Eighth Air Force, it was attached to Third Air Force for training. It was never assigned any combat groups and was inactivated before deploying overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007670-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Fighter Wing, History\nIn 1985 the wing was reconstituted on paper as the 367th Electronic Warfare Group, but was never active before being disbanded again in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007670-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Fighter Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007671-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron\nThe 11th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the 343d Fighter Group at Duluth Airport, Minnesota, where it was inactivated on 30 June 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007671-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was activated as the 11th Pursuit Squadron at Selfridge Field, Michigan in January 1941 as one of the original squadrons of the 50th Pursuit Group. It trained with Vultee BT-13 Valiant and second-line Seversky P-35 Guardsman pursuit fighters at Selfridge. In September, the squadron moved to Key Field, Mississippi, where it equipped with Curtiss P-40 Warhawks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007671-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, History, World War II\nShortly after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the 11th was dispatched to Elmendorf Field to reinforce the defenses of Alaska against Japanese attack, departing on 19 December. The urgency of the need for reinforcements in Alaska was so great that the squadron was picked even though its pilots were untrained on the flight conditions they could expect to experience in Alaska. Two weeks elapsed before the planes reached the Sacramento Air Depot for winterization, and at the end of the month when the 11th was officially located at Elmendorf, none of its planes had left McClellan Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007671-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, History, World War II\nBad weather delayed necessary test flights and caused the loss of some of the squadron's Warhawks. The first plane finally left California on 1 January 1942. The lack of adequate landing fields en route, poor communications, and pilot inexperience further delayed the squadron's movement. By 25 January only 13 of the 11th's twenty-five P-40s were at Elmendorf in flyable condition and six others had been lost during the movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007671-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, History, World War II\nAfter the Japanese invasion of the Aleutians in June 1942, the squadron was engaged in combat operations 1942\u20131943, equipped with Warhawks and long-range Lockheed P-38 Lightnings for offensive operations against Japanese fortifications on Attu and Kiska; took part in the liberation of Attu, 1943. It remained in the Aleutian for the balance of the war, inactivating on Shemya in August 1946, when its personnel and equipment were transferred to the 64th Fighter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007671-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, History, Air Defense Command\nIt was reactivated in December 1952 as part of Air Defense Command, replacing the federalized 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron of the Minnesota Air National Guard 179th FIS flying F-51D Mustangs. In the fall of 1953 the unit transitioned into jet F-89D Scorpions and later the F-102 Delta Dagger. In June 1960 the 11th FIS transitioned into F-106 Delta Darts which it flew until September 1968 when it was inactivated. On 22 October 1962, before President John F. Kennedy told Americans that missiles were in place in Cuba, the squadron dispersed one third of its force, equipped with nuclear tipped missiles to Volk Field at the start of the Cuban Missile Crisis. These planes returned to Duluth after the crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007671-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, History, Air Defense Command\nUpon inactivation, the squadron's mission personnel, and F-106s were transferred to the 87th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Duluth IAP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007671-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007672-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Filmfare Awards\nThe 11th Filmfare Awards were held in 1964, honoring the best films in Hindi Cinema in 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007672-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Filmfare Awards\nDil Ek Mandir and Gumrah led the ceremony with 8 nominations each, followed by Bandini with 6 nominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007672-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Filmfare Awards\nBandini won 6 awards, thus becoming the most-awarded film at the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007673-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Filmfare Awards South\nThe 11th Filmfare Awards South ceremony honoring the winners of the best of South Indian cinema in 1963 is an event held on 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007673-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Filmfare Awards South\nThe awards were introduced in 1954, around the films released in 1953. Filmfare Awards initially recognizing the Hindi film industries. In 1964 Awards extended to Best Picture in Tamil, Telugu, Bengali & Marathi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007674-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Flight Training Wing (JASDF)\nThe 11th Flight Training Wing (\u7b2c11\u98db\u884c\u6559\u80b2\u56e3 (dai-11-hik\u014d-ky\u014diku-dan)) is a wing of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force. It is also sometimes known as the 11th Flying Training Wing. It comes under the authority of Air Training Command. It is based at Shizuhama Air Base in Shizuoka Prefecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007674-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Flight Training Wing (JASDF)\nIt has two squadrons, both equipped with Fuji T-7 aircraft:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007675-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Florida Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Florida Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Florida that served in the Confederate States Army from 1864 to 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007675-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Florida Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Infantry Regiment was organized in June 1864 by consolidating part of the 2nd and the 4th Florida Infantry Battalions. Many of the men serving in the regiment were recruited in Hendry, Jackson, and Bradford counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007675-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Florida Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Infantry was placed in the Florida Brigade alongside the 2nd, 5th, 8th, 9th, and 10th Florida Infantry Regiments under command of General Finegan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007675-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Florida Infantry Regiment\nIn the last year of war the Florida Brigade fought at Cold Harbor in June 1864 and Petersburg during the winter. The Florida Brigade retreated with the Army of Northern Virginia and surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. By the time of surrender, the regiments were the size of modern-day platoons or companies. The 2nd, 5th, and 8th surrendered 68, 53, and 32 men respectively. The 9th, 10th, and 11th surrendered 124, 162, and 23. Most of the 11th had been cut off in the Army\u2019s retreat and had previously surrendered. The 11th Infantry Regimennt surrendered 4 officers and 19 men. The field officers were Colonel Theodore W. Brevard, Lieutenant Colonel James F. McClellan, and Major John H. Gee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007676-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Foreign Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Foreign Infantry Regiment (French: 11e R\u00e9giment \u00c9tranger d'Infanterie, 11e REI) was a regiment of the French Foreign Legion which served during World War II from 1939 to 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007676-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Foreign Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 11th Foreign Infantry Regiment was stationed in Lorraine, France from late 1939 to the spring of 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007676-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Foreign Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 11th REI defended the northern Inor Wood near Verdun from the German offensive early on in the battle until June 11, 1940, when the regiment began a fighting retreat to the south. By June 18, the 11th REI had lost three-fourths of its strength and the regiment withdrew to the south near Toul. The regimental flag was burned at Crezilles near Nancy to prevent it falling into German hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007676-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Foreign Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe 11th Foreign Infantry Regiment was composed of 2,500 veterans of the Legion who had served in North Africa and 500 Legionnaire reservists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007677-0000-0000", "contents": "11th G7 summit\nThe 11th G7 Summit was held in Bonn, West Germany between May 2 and May 4, 1985. The venue for the summit meeting was at the former official residence of the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany in Bonn, the Palais Schaumburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007677-0001-0000", "contents": "11th G7 summit\nThe Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (since 1976) and the President of the European Commission (starting officially in 1981).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007677-0001-0001", "contents": "11th G7 summit\nThe summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six (G6) summit in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007677-0002-0000", "contents": "11th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe G7 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007677-0003-0000", "contents": "11th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe 11th G7 summit was the first summit for Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007677-0004-0000", "contents": "11th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit, Participants\nThese summit participants are the current \"core members\" of the international forum:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007677-0005-0000", "contents": "11th G7 summit, Issues\nThe summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions. Issues which were discussed at this summit included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007678-0000-0000", "contents": "11th GMA Dove Awards\nThe 11th Annual GMA Dove Awards was the first Dove Awards held during Gospel Music Week in April 1980, accomplishments of musicians for the \"long\" period between the September 1978 awards show and the new date of April 1980. The show was held in Nashville, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007679-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nThe 150th Division (2nd Formation), then 11th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region was a military formation of the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007679-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nThe division was activated in September 1949 from the 167th Division (1st Formation), which could be traced to the 58th Temporary Division, Republic of China Army defected in Yingkou, Liaoning province during the Liaoshen Campaign on February 25, 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007679-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nIn 1950 the division joined People's Volunteer Army (Chinese People's Volunteers (CPV) or Chinese Communist Forces (CCF)) during the Korean War with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men. It was a component of the 50th Corps, consisting of the 448th, 449th, and 450th Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007679-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nDuring the Fourth Campaign of Korean War, the division, with the Corps, persisted on the battlefields along the Han River near Seoul for 50 days and inflicted heavy losses on the United Nations. In April 1951 it pulled out from Korea for R&R. By June the division re-entered Korea for the second time. During the War the division inflicted 4517 casualties to UN Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007679-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nIn April 1955 the 150th Division pulled out from Korea and stationed in Shenyang Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007679-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nIn December 1964 it converted to Independent Division of the Liaoning Provincial Military District (Chinese: \u8fbd\u5b81\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u5e08) and detached from the 50th Corps. The division was officially composed of 4 infantry regiments (1st to 4th), an antiaircraft artillery battalion, a communication battalion and an engineer battalion, however the artillery regiment was still attached to the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007679-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nIn December 1965 530th Artillery Regiment was formally transferred to 1st Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007679-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nIn July 1966 the division renamed as 1st Independent Division of the Liaoning Provincial Military District (Chinese: \u8fbd\u5b81\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u7b2c1\u5e08) following 2nd Independent Division of Liaoning Provincial Military District's formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007679-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nIn February 1976 the division renamed as Independent Division of the Liaoning Provincial Military District following 2nd Independent Division of Liaoning Provincial Military District's disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007679-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nOn January 10, 1981, the division was re-organized and converted to 11th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region(Chinese: \u6c88\u9633\u519b\u533a\u5b88\u5907\u7b2c11\u5e08) a part of Chifeng Garrison District. Soon it was renamed as 11th Garrison Division of Chifeng Garrison District(Chinese: \u8d64\u5cf0\u5b88\u5907\u533a\u5b88\u5907\u7b2c11\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007679-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nOn April 11, 1981, Tank Regiment, 11th Garrison Division was activated at Bairin Right Banner, Inner Mongolia. The regiment's equipment included T-34s and SU-76s retired from Tank Regiment, 68th Army Corps. By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007679-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nOn October 5, 1985 Tank Regiment was reduced to Independent Tank Battalion, 11th Garrison Division, retiring all its SU-76s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007679-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nOn May 1, 1991 the division was reduced to 11th Garrison Brigade of Shenyang Military Region(Chinese: \u6c88\u9633\u519b\u533a\u5b88\u5907\u7b2c11\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007679-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Garrison Division of Shenyang Military Region\nIn 1992 the brigade was disbanded along with the Garrsion District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007680-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Gemini Awards\nThe 11th Gemini Awards was held on June 6, 1997, to honour achievements in Canadian television. It was hosted by Albert Schultz, and was broadcast on CBC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007681-0000-0000", "contents": "11th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe members of the 11th General Assembly of Newfoundland were elected in the Newfoundland general election held in November 1873. The general assembly sat from February 1874 to Fall 1874.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007681-0001-0000", "contents": "11th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe Anti-Confederation Party led by Charles Fox Bennett won the election. However, defections and resignations before the assembly's opening reduced his party to a minority and Frederick Carter formed the government in 1874.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007681-0002-0000", "contents": "11th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nSir Stephen John Hill served as colonial governor of Newfoundland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007681-0003-0000", "contents": "11th General Assembly of Newfoundland, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1873:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007682-0000-0000", "contents": "11th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nThe 11th General Assembly of Nova Scotia represented Nova Scotia between 1818 and 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007682-0001-0000", "contents": "11th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nThe assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of Nova Scotia, George Ramsay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007682-0002-0000", "contents": "11th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nSimon Bradstreet Robie was chosen as speaker for the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007683-0000-0000", "contents": "11th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe 11th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island represented Prince Edward Island between July 25, 1820, and 1825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007683-0001-0000", "contents": "11th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe Assembly convened the pleasure of the Governor of Prince Edward Island, Charles Douglass Smith. The speaker was Angus McAulay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007684-0000-0000", "contents": "11th General Junta of the Principality of Asturias\nThe 11th General Junta is the current meeting of the General Junta, the parliament of the Principality of Asturias, with the membership determined by the results of the regional election held on 26 May 2019. The congress met for the first time on 24 June 2019. According to the Statute of Autonomy the maximum legislative term of the congress is 4 years from the preceding election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007684-0001-0000", "contents": "11th General Junta of the Principality of Asturias, Election\nThe 11th Asturian regional election was held on 26 May 2019. At the election the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) remained the largest party in the General Junta but fell short of a majority again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 60], "content_span": [61, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007684-0002-0000", "contents": "11th General Junta of the Principality of Asturias, History\nThe new parliament met for the first time on 24 June 2019 and Marcelino Marcos (PSOE) was elected as President of the General Junta with the support of Podemos and United Left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007684-0003-0000", "contents": "11th General Junta of the Principality of Asturias, History\nOn 29 July 2019, with the aim of avoiding a very big mixed group, a new proposal for creating groups with only two members was allowed. This reform allowed United Left, Asturias Forum and Vox to have their own parliamentary group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007684-0004-0000", "contents": "11th General Junta of the Principality of Asturias, Deaths, resignations and suspensions\nThe 11th General Junta has seen the following deaths, resignations and suspensions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 88], "content_span": [89, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007685-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Genie Awards\nThe 11th annual Genie Awards were presented March 20, 1990, and honoured Canadian films released the previous year. For the first time ever the awards were broadcast by CTV, rather than CBC. Despite an extensive advertising campaign the ratings plummeted, with only half as many people watching compared to the previous year. In total, an average of only 460,000 watched the awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007685-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Genie Awards\nThe ceremony was broadcast from the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in Toronto. The ceremony had no overall host, although actor Al Waxman introduced and concluded the ceremony and broadcaster Brian Linehan hosted segments filmed on location at various films in production. The Best Picture nominees were each given a full two-minute clip during the broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007685-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Genie Awards\nThe awards themselves were dominated by Denys Arcand's Jesus of Montreal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007686-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Georgia Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Georgia Infantry Regiment was a Confederate States Army unit during the American Civil War. The regiment was part of the Army of Northern Virginia. Apart from a period when it was detached as part of Longstreet's forces in Georgia and Tennessee, the regiment remained with the army and took part in several major battles including the Seven Days Battles, Sharpsburg, Gettysburg, Cold Harbor and the siege of Petersburg until it surrendered at Appomattox on April 9, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007686-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Georgia Infantry Regiment, The 11th throughout the war\nThe 11th Georgia was raised in spring of 1861 and mustered into service in July 1861 having recruited from several counties including Fannin, Gilmer, Hall, Houston, Lee, Murray, Quitman and Walton counties. Company H of the 11th Georgia Infantry was formed in Walton County by Captain George T. Anderson who was promoted to Colonel when they were mustered into service in Atlanta, Georgia on July 3, 1861. The company was taken to the fairgrounds at Richmond by railway shortly after being mustered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007686-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Georgia Infantry Regiment, The 11th throughout the war\nThey stayed there until July 15 while being drilled, of which many wrote of the dislike of the way they were handled. Kittrell J. Warren wrote of this and made somewhat of a joke, towards the end of describing their feelings during the time, when he referred to it as a \"brief, bright period of our sojourn at the fair grounds.\" Clearly pointing out that their stay there was among the best that they had experienced during their service throughout the war despite their complaints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007686-0001-0002", "contents": "11th Georgia Infantry Regiment, The 11th throughout the war\nAfter this period, the regiment made its long grueling march to war at the first battle of Manassas. They arrived late by one day to Manassas due to an accident on the road in which three regiments cars had a collision as written by Captain Nunnally of Company H and by Kittrell J. Warren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007686-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Georgia Infantry Regiment, The 11th throughout the war\nAfter missing the battle at Manassas, the 11th Georgia Infantry went into quarters at Center Hill, Virginia, where they spent most of the winter at the camp and lost men due to discharge as well as death resulting of illness. In February 1862 Lieutenant Henry D. McDaniel returned to Georgia for recruits as a result of  their losses over the course of winter. He, as well as the new recruits, joined the regiment at Orange Court House, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007686-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Georgia Infantry Regiment, The 11th throughout the war\nThe army was then transported by sailboat along the James River to King's Landing before setting out on a march to Dams one, two, and three. Dam three had been taken from a South Carolinian brigade after the commanding officer had been slain and the brigade had fled. It fell upon the newly arrived forces to which the 11th belonged to retake the Breastworks and recover the stolen battery. They succeeded and were ordered back to Richmond shortly after to assist in the defense of the city. These battles came to be known as the Seven Days Battles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007686-0002-0002", "contents": "11th Georgia Infantry Regiment, The 11th throughout the war\nIt was a Confederate victory as McClellan backed down near the James River after suffering sixteen thousand in casualties. After the Seven Days Battles they made their way towards Manassas in which they partook in the second battle of Manassas and forced them into Winchester. Lee\u2019s army reengaged the enemy near the Potomac and drove them across. After this the army, as well as the 11th Georgia, made their way towards Fredericksburg in the Shenandoah Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007686-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Georgia Infantry Regiment, The 11th throughout the war\nThe 11th Georgia made it to Fredericksburg several days prior to the battle commencing. The heaviest fighting was to the sides of the 11th Georgia as they themselves admit in what writings still remain from the members of the regiment. After the battle they then entered winter quarters for the second time in December 1862 where they stayed until March. They were then ordered to Norfolk and Suffolk where they participated in brief fighting south of Petersburg before being ordered back to Lee's main forces at Chancellorsville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007686-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Georgia Infantry Regiment, The 11th throughout the war\nThey arrived a day late to the battle and discovered that Stonewall Jackson had been shot by his own men in confusion when returning from a scouting mission. He died eight days after his injuries due to complications caused by pneumonia. After this incident Lee began recruiting for his Pennsylvania and Maryland campaigns, of which the 11th Georgia took part in both.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007686-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Georgia Infantry Regiment, The 11th throughout the war\nThe army as well as the 11th Georgia began their march in June 1863. The first parts of the army reached Gettysburg on the first and commenced combat with the Union forces. The portion that the 11th was in arrived on the morning of the second and was immediately ordered into the far right side of Lee's army in which they immediately engaged in combat. During this combat Captain Nunnally of Company H was killed. The 11th continued their push regardless and suffered moderate casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007686-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Georgia Infantry Regiment, The 11th throughout the war\nThey managed to force the enemy forces through Devil's Den and over a small mountain as well as managing to capture a battery. On the third, the 11th Georgia had fallen back and held their lines while exchanging cannon fire and moderate rifle fire. There are some writings mentioning what they later realized was Pickett's Charge where it seemed all artillery on both sides seemed to be firing at once, which was quite accurate as the Confederates had opened up the Great Battery upon the Union forces that were held up atop cemetery hill. Not long after this, the army retreated despite valiant efforts from all troops. The 11th Georgia even repelling and forcing back attackers that had forced their own cavalry over their positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007686-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Georgia Infantry Regiment, Regiments that fought alongside the 11th Georgia Infantry\nThe brigade under Brig. Gen. G.T.Anderson, the former colonel, was composed of the 7th, 8th, 9th and 11th Georgia Infantry regiments as well as the 1st Kentucky Infantry. The 59th Georgia Infantry was later put in for the 1st Kentucky which was transferred to another brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007686-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Georgia Infantry Regiment, Strength and casualties\nFrom an original mustered strength of 573, the regiment fielded 140 at Sharpsburg having lost a good number of men to illness during the winter of 1861\u20131862, 310 at Gettysburg, where it suffered 65% casualties, and suffered 110 casualties at Cold Harbor. At the time of surrender the strength of the regiment was 16 officers and 176 enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007687-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Golden Globe Awards\nThe 11th Golden Globe Awards, were held in Santa Monica, California at the Club Del Mar honoring the best in film for 1953 films, on January 22, 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007688-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Golden Horse Awards\nThe 11th Golden Horse Awards (Mandarin:\u7b2c11\u5c46\u91d1\u99ac\u734e) took place on October 30, 1973 at Zhongshan Hall in Taipei, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007689-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Golden Laurel Awards\nThe 11th Golden Laurel Awards (also known as 2000 Golden Laurel Awards), honoring the best film and television producers of 1999, were held at The Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles, California on March 2, 2000. The nominees were announced on January 19, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007690-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Golden Melody Awards\nThe 11th Golden Melody Awards ceremony was held at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Xinyi District, Taipei, Taiwan, on 28 April 2000. Aboriginal music featured prominently in this award ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007691-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Golden Raspberry Awards\nThe 11th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 24, 1991, at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel to recognize the worst the movie industry had to offer in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007691-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Golden Raspberry Awards, Awards and nominations\nSofia Coppola, Worst Supporting Actress and Worst New Star winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007691-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Golden Raspberry Awards, Awards and nominations\nand Ghosts Can't Do It (Triumph Films) \u2013 Bo Derek (tie)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007692-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Gorkha Rifles\nThe 11 Gorkha Rifles is a Gorkha regiment of the Indian Army that was re-raised after independence. The regiment consists of primarily the Kirant Tribes Rai ,Limbu , Yakkha , Sunuwar of Eastern Nepal ,  Darjeeling ,Kalimpong , Dooars of West Bengal , Sikkim and other parts of  Northeast India Though it is considered to be the youngest of the Gorkha regiments its lineage is as long as those of the 7th Gurkha Rifles and 10th Gurkha Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007692-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Gorkha Rifles\nThe regiment has participated in all major military operations India has undertaken since independence including in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, Operation Polo in 1948, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, and the Kargil War in 1999. Units of the regiment have also deployed abroad on UN missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007692-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Gorkha Rifles, History, First raising\nThe 11th Gurkha Rifles was raised as an ad hoc unit in 1918 with troops and officers being drawn from the various Gurkha regiments. The regiment, consisting of four battalions, saw service in both Palestine and Mesopotamia at the end of the First World War, as well as during the Third Afghan War in 1919, before being disbanded in 1922 and the troops being reverted to their original units. There were no separate insignias authorized for this regiment and the personnel wore the badges of distinction of their parent units, though there have been instances where unofficial badges were made and worn by some personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007692-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Gorkha Rifles, History, Second raising\nFollowing Indian independence in 1947, the Gurkha regiments of the British Indian Army were divided between the new Indian Army and the British Army. A referendum was held among the soldiers of the four regiments (2nd, 6th, 7th and 10th Gurkhas) that would transfer to the British as to whether they wished to join the British Army, as the decision to do so was made entirely voluntary. Of the four regiments, one battalion (4th battalion, 2nd Gurkhas) opted en masse to join the Indian Army and became part of the 8 Gorkha Rifles as their 5th battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007692-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Gorkha Rifles, History, Second raising\nIn the event, large numbers of men from the 7th and 10th Gurkhas, which recruited predominantly from eastern Nepal, opted to join the Indian Army as against the British Army to whom their regiments were allotted. So, in order to retain a contingent from this area of Nepal, the Indian Army made the decision to re-raise the 11 Gorkha Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007692-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Gorkha Rifles, History, Second raising\n11 Gorkha Rifles was officially re-raised on 1 January 1948, with the regimental centres at Palampur and Santa Cruz, Mumbai. The regimental centre was subsequently shifted to Jalapahar in Darjeeling, and then moved to Clement Town, Dehradun for a brief period, and finally to Lucknow where it was firmly established. The regiment was raised predominantly with the manpower from the non-optees of the 7th and 10th Gurkha Rifles. As the regiment was raised by the Indian Army after independence, it was decided not to retain the honours and traditions of the first 11th Gurkha Rifles of the British Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007692-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Gorkha Rifles, History, Second raising\nToday, the regiment has a total of six regular and one Territorial Army battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007692-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Gorkha Rifles, History, Indo-Pakistani War of 1971\nDuring the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the 5th battalion was involved in the action to fight against West Pakistan in East Pakistan(now Bangladesh), fetching the unit battle honour Bogra and theater honour East Pakistan. In the operations in East Pakistan, the unit had secured the Bogra town as part of 20 Mountain Division. In a daring operation, Lt. Teja Bedi single-handedly captured the headquarters along with the commanding officer and regimental medical officer of the Pakistan Army's 52nd battalion, Baloch Regiment, the regimental flag of which is still displayed upside down in the officers' mess of the unit as a prized possession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007692-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Gorkha Rifles, History, Kargil War\nDuring the Kargil War in 1999, the 1st battalion (1/11 GR) saw extensive action. Commanded by Colonel Lalit Rai, it was tasked with the capture of several strategic peaks in the Kargil region. Captain Manoj Kumar Pandey was a young officer in 1/11 GR, who was posthumously awarded the Param Vir Chakra (PVC), India's highest gallantry award, for his actions in Batalik sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007692-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Gorkha Rifles, Units\nIn addition, the Sikkim Scouts regiment, which was formed in 2013, is affiliated with the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007692-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Gorkha Rifles, Battle and theatre honours\nThe battle honours of the regiment are Bogra, East Pakistan 1971, Shingo River Valley, Jammu and Kashmir 1971 and Batalik, Op Vijay J&K 1999. Theater honours are East Pakistan 1971  Jammu and Kashmir and Kargil for Operation Vijay 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007692-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Gorkha Rifles, Gallantry awards\nThe regiment has also won 6 Military Crosses, 2 Maha Vir Chakras, 7 PVSMs, 9 AVSMs, 11 VSMs, 11 Vir Chakras, 5 Shaurya Chakras and 35 Sena Medals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007693-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Government of Slovenia\nEU Member State(Eurozone Member State)(Schengen Area Member State)NATO Member StateCouncil of Europe Member StateOECD Member State", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007693-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Government of Slovenia\nThe 11th Government of Slovenia led by Prime Minister Alenka Bratu\u0161ek was announced on 20 March 2013. It was the 11th cabinet of Slovenia. It has been formed after the parliament voted a no confidence vote to Jan\u0161a's cabinet after SLS, DL and DeSUS left his coalition. On 27 February 2013 Alenka Bratu\u0161ek was voted as the next mandatary and so became the first woman to do so in modern Slovenian history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007693-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Government of Slovenia\nComposition of the new government was quick as it needed to be, as Slovenia was in difficult economic and financial situation that was marked by mass 2012\u201313 Slovenian protests. Bratu\u0161ek had most difficulties with finding the new financial minister as nobody was prepared to take responsibility for potential bankruptcy. More than twenty potential candidates have been named until Uro\u0161 \u010cufer finally accepted the position of the new minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007693-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Government of Slovenia\nHe was confirmed as a minister, even though his candidature was believed to be suspicious as he used to be employed in the biggest national bank NLB, which was in big financial debts. The cabinet of Prime minister Bratu\u0161ek stabilized the political and economical climate in Slovenia. Her mandate was full of interpellations and increasing number of unemployment and long saga regarding the Ministry of Health and its ministers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007693-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Government of Slovenia\nCabinet members came from four parties of the new coalition, later joined by the fifth party as Alliance of Alenka Bratu\u0161ek separated from Positive Slovenia:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007693-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Government of Slovenia, Changes from the preceding cabinet\nThe number of ministries rose to 13, up from 12 in the preceding Cabinet of Janez Jan\u0161a II. Senko Pli\u010dani\u010d has returned to Ministry of Justice, where he was a minister in previous government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007694-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Goya Awards\nThe 11th Goya Awards were presented in Madrid, Spain on 25 January 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007695-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Grey Cup\nThe 11th Grey Cup was played on December 1, 1923, before 8,629 fans at Varsity Stadium in Toronto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007695-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Grey Cup\nQueen's University shut out the Regina Rugby Club 54 to 0, the biggest Grey Cup victory margin ever achieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007696-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Guam Legislature\nThe 11th Guam Legislature was a meeting of the Guam Legislature. It convened in Hagatna, Guam on January 4, 1971 and ended on January 1, 1973, during the 1st and 2nd years of Carlos Camacho's elected Gubernatorial Term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007696-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Guam Legislature\nIn the 1970 Guamanian general election, the Democratic Party of Guam won a fifteen-to-six (15-6) supermajority of seats in the Guam Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007697-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Air Assault Brigade\nThe 11th Guards Air Assault Brigade is an airborne brigade of the Russian Airborne Troops, currently based at Sosnovy Bor near Ulan Ude in Buryatia. The brigade was first formed in 1968 as the 11th Separate Air Assault Brigade and two of its helicopter regiments fought in the Soviet\u2013Afghan War. The brigade formed in 1968 at Mogocha as the 11th Separate Airborne Brigade. In 1971 it became the 11th Air Assault Brigade. In 1988, the brigade became an airborne brigade again. It moved to Ulan Ude in May 1993. The brigade became an air assault brigade in 1998. The brigade received the Guards title in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007697-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Air Assault Brigade, History\nThe brigade was formed as the 11th Separate Airborne Brigade on 1 August 1968 in Mogocha. Along with the 13th Separate Airborne Brigade, it was the first of many Soviet air assault brigades formed in the Cold War. It was formed from the 1st Battalion of the 113th Guards Motorized Rifle Regiment of the 38th Guards Motor Rifle Division, which was renamed the 617th Separate Airborne Assault Battalion. The 696th Helicopter Regiment, 656th Separate Communications Company and the 49th Separate Airfield Technical Support company combined to form the 211th Aviation Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007697-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Guards Air Assault Brigade, History\nThe 618th and 619th Separate Airborne Assault battalions were formed from two battalions of the 52nd Motorized Rifle Division in Nizhneudinsk. The 284th Independent Artillery Battalion was formed in Mogocha during the same month. The 617th, 618th and 619th Separate Airborne Assault Battalions (OVSHB) became air assault battalions (ODSHB) in April 1969. In July 1971, it was renamed the 11th Landing-Assault Brigade (air assault; ODShBr).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007697-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Air Assault Brigade, History\nBetween 1981 and 1987, crews from the brigade's 307th and 329th Helicopter Regiments participated in the Soviet\u2013Afghan War attached to the 280th Separate Helicopter Regiment on a one-year rotational basis. On 8 December 1987, the brigade was awarded the Ministry of Defence pennant \"for courage and valor\" for its performance during exercises in the Arctic. By a directive of the Soviet defense ministry, the brigade became the 11th Separate Airborne Brigade and its battalions were renumbered as the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Line Paratroop Battalions (PDB) in 1988. In May 1993, the brigade was relocated to Ulan-Ude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007697-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Guards Air Assault Brigade, History\nThe brigade formed the 226th Separate Squadron Military Transport Aviation in December 1994. The 80th Independent Tank Battalion was added to the brigade and the 1st and 2nd Line Paratroop Battalions became the 498th and 499th Separate Airborne Battalions equipped with BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicles in July 1995. The 712th Guards Howitzer Artillery Battalion also became part of the brigade during this period. In February 1996, the 500th Separate Airborne Battalion was formed from the 3rd Line Paratroop Battalion. The 226th Separate Squadron Military Transport Aviation was disbanded in December, and the 80th Independent Tank Battalion in August 1997. On 1 May 1998, the brigade was again renamed the 11th Air Assault Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007697-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Air Assault Brigade, History\nThe brigade's 500th Separate Airborne Battalion was disbanded in 2006. During the Vostok-2010 exercises, the brigade showed military skill, for which it was awarded the pennant \"for military valor\" of the Ministry of Defence. During the same year, the brigade became part of the 36th Army. The brigade was presented with a new flag by Dmitry Medvedev on 24 August 2011. The brigade became part of the Russian Airborne Troops in December 2013. On 25 March 2015, the brigade was assigned the title 'Guards'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007697-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Air Assault Brigade, Composition\nBattalions were renumbered in 1996, and from 1996\u20132006 the brigade included the 498th, 499th, and 500th Battalions. The 500th Battalion was disbanded in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007698-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Airborne Division\nThe 11th Guards Airborne Division was the name of two separate airborne divisions of the Soviet Airborne Troops. The division was first formed in late 1943 from three airborne brigades and did not see action before its conversion to the 104th Guards Rifle Division nearly a year later. The division was formed a second time in 1948 from a regiment at Ryazan and was disbanded in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007698-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Airborne Division, History, First Formation\nThe 11th Guards Airborne Division was formed on 23 December 1943 from the 1st, 2nd, and 11th Guards Airborne Brigades, part of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. The division included the 1st, 2nd, and 11th Guards Airborne Brigades. It was commanded by Major General Vasily Polikarpovich Ivanov. The division became part of the 38th Guards Airborne Corps when it was formed. On 8 December 1944, the State Defense Committee decided to reorganize the division as the 104th Guards Rifle Division. The reorganization took place at Slutsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007698-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Airborne Division, History, Second Formation\nThe 347th Guards Air Landing Regiment had been converted from the 347th Guards Rifle Regiment in June 1946, and from 1946 to 1948 was based in Tula. It formed part of the 106th Guards Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007698-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Airborne Division, History, Second Formation\nOn 15 October 1948, the 11th Guards Airborne Division was formed from the 347th Guards Air Landing Regiment. The new division was based at Ryazan and inherited the Order of the Red Banner from the regiment. It was part of the 38th Guards Airborne Corps. In 1948 the key divisional units included the 111th Guards Airborne Regiment; the 137th Guards Air Landing Regiment; the 1185th Guards Artillery Regiment (all at Ryazan, Moscow Oblast) and independent Self-Propelled Artillery, independent Guards Anti-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007698-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Guards Airborne Division, History, Second Formation\nAircraft Artillery, independent Guards Anti-Tank Artillery; and independent Guards Engineering Battalions; and independent Guards Reconnaissance, independent Communications, and an independent Air-Landing Security Company. Combat service support units included an independent Supply Truck Battalion, and independent Medical & Sanitary Company. The 137th Guards Air Landing Regiment was later converted to the 137th Guards Airborne Regiment at some point, possibly as late as April 1955. On 25 April 1955, the division was disbanded, with the 111th Guards Airborne Regiment transferred to the 105th Guards Vienna Airborne Division and the newly converted 137th Guards Airborne Regiment transferred to the 106th Guards Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007698-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Airborne Division, Composition\nIn 1948, the division was composed of the following units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007699-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Army\nThe 11th Guards Army (Russian: 11-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f) was a field army of the Red Army, the Soviet Ground Forces, and the Russian Ground Forces, active from 1943 to 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007699-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Army, History, World War II\nFor its prowess in battle, the second formation of the 16th Army was redesignated as the 11th Guards Army on 1 May 1943 in accordance with a Stavka directive of 16 April, under the command of Lieutenant General Ivan Bagramyan, who was promoted to colonel general on 27 August. The army included the 8th and 16th Guards Rifle Corps and one rifle division directly controlled by the army headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007699-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Guards Army, History, World War II\nOn 1 June 1943 the 11th Guards Army consisted of the 8th Guards Rifle Corps (11th, 26th and 83rd Guards Rifle Divisions), 16th Guards Rifle Corps (1st, 16th & 31st Guards, and 169th Rifle Divisions), and the 5th, 18th, and 84th Guards, and the 108th and 217th Rifle Divisions, several artillery divisions, armoured units, and other support units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007699-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Army, History, World War II\nThe army fought in Operation Kutuzov, during which it included the 8th, 16th, and 36th Guards Rifle Corps, the 5th Tank Corps, and the 108th Rifle Division. Beginning the offensive on 12 July as part of the Western Front, the army broke through the main and reserve defensive lines of the German forces by the end of the first day. It advanced 70 kilometers by 19 July, threatening the line of communications of the German forces around Oryol. The 11th Guards Army transferred to the Bryansk Front on 30 July and continued the offensive to the south and southwest, contributing to the defeat of the German troops south of Oryol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007699-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Army, History, World War II\nThe army became part of the Baltic Front (the 2nd Baltic from 20 October) on 15 October, and on 18 November was transferred to the 1st Baltic Front. Bagramyan was promoted and briefly replaced by Major General Alexander Ksenofontov in November, and then Lieutenant General Kuzma Galitsky (promoted to colonel general on 28 June 1944), who commanded the army for the rest of the war. The army was withdrawn to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command on 22 April 1944 and returned to the front as part of the 3rd Belorussian Front on 27 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007699-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Guards Army, History, World War II\nDuring the Minsk and Vilnius Offensives of Operation Bagration, the army, in conjunction with other units, took Orsha, Borisov, Molodechno, Alytus, and crossed the Neman. During October, the army broke through the German defenses on the approaches to East Prussia and reached the border of the latter, then advanced into the German border defenses, and advanced 70 kilometers after expanding the breakthrough to 75 kilometers. During the East Prussian Offensive of 1945, the army entered battle from the second echelon, defeated the German troops around Insterburg, reached the Frisches Haff, and besieged K\u00f6nigsberg from the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007699-0003-0002", "contents": "11th Guards Army, History, World War II\nThe army was transferred to the 1st Baltic Front on 13 February and on 25 February became part of the Samland Group of Forces of the 3rd Belorusian Front. The 11th Guards fought in the taking of the city in early April, ending the Battle of K\u00f6nigsberg. During the Samland Offensive, the army captured Pillau on 25 April and completed the defeat of the German forces in Samland on the Frische Nehrung.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007699-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Army, History, World War II\nIt also fought in the Bryansk, Gorodok, and Gumbinnen Offensives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007699-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Army, History, Postwar\nIn July 1945, the army headquarters was used to form the headquarters of the Special Military District. On 26 February 1946, the headquarters of the district was redesignated the headquarters of the army, part of the Baltic Military District. When reformed, the army consisted of the same corps it ended the war with \u2013 the 8th Guards at Chernyakhovsk, the 16th Guards at Kaliningrad, and the 36th Guards at Gusev (later Chernyakhovsk).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007699-0005-0001", "contents": "11th Guards Army, History, Postwar\nThe 84th Guards Rifle Division of the 36th Corps was disbanded during the year, and in the winter and spring the 31st Guards Rifle Division of the 16th Corps and the 18th Guards Rifle Division of the 36th Corps became the 29th and 30th Guards Mechanized Divisions, respectively. In June 1946, the 8th Guards was transferred to the Soviet airborne and relocated to Polotsk, and its 11th and 83rd Guards Rifle Divisions were disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007699-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Army, History, Postwar\nFrom the end of 1946 to 1956, the 11th Guards Army included the 16th Guards Rifle Corps with the 1st and 16th Guards Rifle Divisions, and the 28th Guards Mechanized Division, the 36th Guards Rifle Corps with the 5th and 26th Guards Rifle Divisions, and the 30th Guards Mechanized Division, and the independent 1st Tank Division (the former tank corps of the same number). Colonel General Pavel Batov commanded the army between 1950 and 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007699-0006-0001", "contents": "11th Guards Army, History, Postwar\nIn the summer of 1956, the 10th Rifle Corps arrived from the Ural Military District; the 26th Guards Rifle Division and 71st Mechanized Division (from Ivanovo) were subordinated to it. In the spring of 1957, all of the army's Guards Rifle Divisions and the 30th Guards and 71st Mechanized Divisions were redesignated as motor rifle divisions, retaining their numbers except for the 71st, which became the 119th. The 28th Guards Mechanized Division became the 40th Guards Tank Division. During the late 1950s the army's corps were disbanded, along with the 5th and 16th Guards Motor Rifle Divisions. In November 1964, the 30th Guards became the 18th Guards, and the 119th became the 265th, although the latter had by then transferred to the Soviet Far East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007699-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Army, History, Postwar\nFor the rest of the Cold War, the army's organization remained mostly unchanged. On 22 February 1968, it was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on the 50th anniversary of the Soviet Armed Forces. In August of that year, the 18th Guards Motor Rifle Division participated in the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia and upon its conclusion joined the Central Group of Forces in Czechoslovakia. Henceforth, the army included four divisions: the 1st (based at Kaliningrad) and 26th (Gusev) Guards Motor Rifle, and the 40th Guards (Sovetsk) and 1st (Kaliningrad) Tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007699-0007-0001", "contents": "11th Guards Army, History, Postwar\nThe tank divisions were maintained at a higher strength then the motor rifle divisions, and the 1st Guards Motor Rifle was maintained at a reduced strength with virtually no artillery and few armored vehicles. On 28 August 1988, the rocket battalions of the army's divisions were used to form the 463rd Rocket Brigade, directly subordinated to army headquarters. As the size of Soviet forces was reduced towards the end of the Cold War, the 26th Division was downsized into the 5190th Guards Weapons and Equipment Storage Base in September 1989. When Soviet troops withdrew from Eastern Europe in 1991, the 18th Guards Motor Rifle Division returned to Gusev, after which the 5190th Guards Base was disbanded, and the 11th Guards Rocket Brigade arrived in Chernyakhovsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007699-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Army, History, Postwar\nBy early 1991, the 11th Guards Army included 620 tanks, 753 BMPs and BTRs, 239 guns, mortars, and Multiple rocket launchers, 71 attack helicopters, and 38 transport helicopters. It was disbanded on 1 February 1997 by being redesignated the Ground and Coastal Defence Forces of the Baltic Fleet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007700-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Berlin-Carpathian Mechanized Brigade\nThe 11th Guards Mechanized Brigade is a unit of the Armed Forces of Belarus based in Slonim. The 11th Guards Brigade traces its history back to the 1942 formation of the 6th Tank Corps of the Soviet Army during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007700-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Berlin-Carpathian Mechanized Brigade, World War II\nFormed in the Kalinin area on 19 April 1942, the 6th Tank Corps was under the command of Major General A. L. Getman and subordinated to the Western Front until March 1943, at which time the corps was subordinated to the 1st Tank Army, remaining under the command of this formation until 1992. The corps fought at Rzhev in 1942 and Kursk in 1943. The 6th Tank Corps commanded the 22nd, 100th, and 200th Tank Brigades, as well as the 6th Motor Rifle Brigade. Also attached at some periods was the 112th Tank Brigade, later to become the 44th Guards Tank Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007700-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Berlin-Carpathian Mechanized Brigade, World War II\nOn 23 October 1943, the 6th Tank Corps was officially recognized as a skilled combat formation and 'ranged among the Guards' as the 11th Guards Tank Corps. The 11th Guards Tank Corps was in combat near Kharkov in 1943, the offensive to drive the Germans from Belorussia in 1944 (Operation Bagration), and the offensive across central Poland in January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007700-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Berlin-Carpathian Mechanized Brigade, World War II\nIn April 1945 during the Battle of Berlin, the 11th Guards Tank Corps was part of the 1st Guards Tank Army. It commanded the 40th, 44th, and 45th Guards Tank Brigades, as well as the 27th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007700-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Berlin-Carpathian Mechanized Brigade, Cold War\nThe 11th Guards Tank Corps, like all Soviet tank corps, was reorganized as a division on 5 July 1945, and was renamed the 11th Guards Tank Division at Dresden. The 11th Guards Tank Division was part of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, subordinated to 1st Guards Tank Army (known as the 1st Guards Mechanized Army from 1946 to 1957).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 58], "content_span": [59, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007700-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Berlin-Carpathian Mechanized Brigade, Cold War\nOn 6 May 1954, the division was reorganized. The 27th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment became the 27th Guards Mechanized Regiment. The 270th Guards Mortar Regiment and the howitzer artillery battalion became the 841st Guards Artillery Regiment. The 9th Separate Guards Motorcycle Battalion became a reconnaissance battalion. The Chemical Defence Company was created. In June 1957, the division was reorganized again. The 45th Guards Tank Regiment was transferred to the 27th Guards Tank Division. The 7th Guards Heavy Tank Self-Propelled Regiment became a heavy tank unit. The 27th Guards Mechanized Regiment became the 249th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment. In 1960, the 58th Separate Tank Training Battalion was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 58], "content_span": [59, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007700-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Berlin-Carpathian Mechanized Brigade, Cold War\nThe 638th Separate Missile Battalion was activated in 1961. In 1962, the 7th Guards Heavy Tank Regiment became a regular tank regiment. On 19 February 1962, the  61st Separate Equipment Maintenance and Recovery Battalion was activated. In 1968, the 134th Separate Guards Sapper Battalion became an engineer-sapper battalion. The chemical defence company became the 128th Separate Chemical Defence Battalion in 1972. The motor transport battalion became the 1073rd Separate Material Supply Battalion in 1980. In June 1983, the 638th Separate Missile Battalion transferred to the 432nd Missile Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 58], "content_span": [59, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007700-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Berlin-Carpathian Mechanized Brigade, Cold War, Composition\nIn 1988, the 11th Guards Tank Division was composed of the following units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007700-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Berlin-Carpathian Mechanized Brigade, Post Cold War\nThe 11th Guards Tank Division remained in the German Democratic Republic until 1992, when, with the end of the Cold War, the division was relocated to Slonim and became part of the Armed Forces of Belarus. The division's 44th Guards Tank Regiment went to Vladimir in the Russian Federation, joining the 467th Guards District Training Centre (ex 26th Guards Tank Training Division) in the Moscow Military District. On its arrival it absorbed the 9th Tank Training Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 63], "content_span": [64, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007700-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Berlin-Carpathian Mechanized Brigade, Post Cold War\nOn 11 August 1992, the division was reorganized and renamed the 11th Guards Mechanized Brigade. The brigade is currently part of the Belarusian Western Operational Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 63], "content_span": [64, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007700-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Berlin-Carpathian Mechanized Brigade, Post Cold War\nAn 11th Tank Corps also existed but was a different unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 63], "content_span": [64, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007701-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Rifle Division\nThe 11th Guards Rifle Division was a rifle division of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War. It was disbanded in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007701-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Rifle Division, History, 18th Moscow Militia Division\nOriginally formed on 2 July 1941 in the Leningrad region of Moscow. The subordinate regiments were numbered on 20 July. As of 16 July the division had 6934 men assigned but no weapons or equipment had been assigned. On 20 July the division was assigned to the 32nd Army of the Reserve Front west of Moscow with about 10,000 men assigned. On 29 August 1941 the division was transferred to the 33rd Army, but remained in army reserves until 26 September when it was renamed the 18th Rifle Division (III Formation) of the regular army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007701-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Rifle Division, History, 18th Rifle Division\nStill assigned to the 33rd Army of the Reserve Front when the German offensive against Moscow, Operation Typhoon, struck the Western, Bryansk, and Reserve Fronts. On 3 October the division engaged the Germans at the bend of the Dnieper River near the villages of Volovhek Kamenetz. On 5\u20136 October the division was surrounded and broke out on 12 October. On 20 October the division reentered the line near Skirmanovo, west of Istria along with the 17th Rifle Division. In the middle of November the division recaptured the village of Skirmanovo. The division managed to halt the advance of the 11th and 5th Panzer Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007701-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Rifle Division, History, 18th Rifle Division\nOn 6 December 1941 the division participated in the Winter Counter-Offensive forcing across the Istra River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007701-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Rifle Division, History, 18th Rifle Division\nOn 5 January 1942, in recognition of its defensive and offensive fighting the division was renamed the 11th Guards Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007701-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Rifle Division, History, 11th Guards Rifle Division\nFormed on 5 January 1942 by converting the 18th Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007701-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Rifle Division, History, 11th Guards Rifle Division\nSince January 1942 the division participated in offensive and defensive battles in the Gzhatsk direction. On 12 August 1942 it was placed in the reserve of the Western Front. On 14 August 1942 it took up defensive positions on the Zhizdra River from Gretna to the estuary. In the following days, in conjunction with the 32nd Tank Brigade it repulsed the attacks of the German 17th and Panzer Divisions (\"Operation Virbelvind\"). On 18 Aug Kampfgruppe Seitz broke the division's defense and two battalions of the 33rd Guards Rifle Regiment and division headquarters were destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007701-0006-0001", "contents": "11th Guards Rifle Division, History, 11th Guards Rifle Division\nThe 40th and 27th Guards Rifle Regiments led by Major Sherbina continued to conduct the defense. The division was saved from further defeat by counterattack by the 9th Mechanized Corps and 326th Rifle Division. By 23 August the 40th and 33rd GRR retreated beyond the Drisenka River, where they counterattacked over the following days. By 26 August the division, pursuing the retreating enemy, crossed the Zhizdra River. From September 1942 until February 1943 Division occupied defenses south of the river Zhizdra at the turn of Gretna, the Eastern Ulyanovsk region and the Kaluga region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007701-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Rifle Division, History, 11th Guards Rifle Division\nSubsequently it took part in the fighting in the Battle of Kursk, near Eagle. In October 1943 it was concentrated in the area of Nevel. There the division in conjunction with other parts of the army seized a large railway junction town on 24 December 1943. It participated in the Belorussian Strategic Offensive Operation (Operation Bagration), distinguished itself in the battles for Vitebsk, crossed the Niemen River, the city of Alytus, a foothold, and moved 60 kilometers in three days. Then it participated in the Gumbinnen Offensive, receiving the Order of Lenin on 14 November for its actions in the invasion of East Prussia. The 11th Guards fought in the East Prussian Strategic Offensive Operation, taking K\u00f6nigsberg, and the battles around Pilau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007701-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Guards Rifle Division, History, 11th Guards Rifle Division\nOn 1 May 1945 the division was part of the 16th Guards Rifle Corps of the 11th Guards Army, alongside the 1st Guards and 31st Guards Rifle Divisions. The division was transferred to the 8th Guards Rifle Corps in the same army, and was stationed at Mamonovo. It was disbanded in June 1946 after its corps was transferred to the Soviet airborne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007702-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Guldbagge Awards\nThe 11th Guldbagge Awards ceremony, presented by the Swedish Film Institute, honored the best Swedish films of 1974 and 1975, and took place on 13 October 1975. The Last Adventure directed by Jan Halldoff was presented with the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007703-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Gurkha Rifles\nThe 11th Gurkha Rifles was a Gurkha regiment of the British Indian Army. It was formed in Mesopotamia and Palestine in May 1918, saw active service in the First World War and the Third Anglo-Afghan War, and was disbanded in April 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007703-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Gurkha Rifles, History, Background\nHeavy losses suffered by the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front following the German spring offensive in March 1918 resulted in a major reorganization of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007703-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Gurkha Rifles, History, Background\nIn fact, the 75th Division already had four Indian battalions assigned, so of the 36 battalions needed to reform the divisions, 22 were improvised by taking whole companies from existing units already on active service in Mesopotamia and Palestine to form the 150th Infantry (3 battalions), 151st Sikh Infantry (3), 152nd Punjabis (3), 153rd Punjabis (3), 154th Infantry (3), 155th Pioneers (2), 156th Infantry (1) and the 11th Gurkha Rifles (4). The donor units were then brought back up to strength by drafts. In the event, just 13 of the battalions were assigned to the divisions and the remaining nine were transferred from Mesopotamia to India in June 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007703-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Gurkha Rifles, History, Formation\nThe regiment formed four battalions. The first three were formed in Mesopotamia in May 1918 with companies posted from Gurkha battalions (and the 39th Garhwal Rifles) serving in the 14th, 15th, 17th, and 18th Indian Divisions. They were transferred to Bombay (Mumbai) in June 1918. All three later took part in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919 as part of the 1st (Peshawar) Division. They were disbanded in India in 1921 and 1922 with personnel transferred to various regular Gurkha battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007703-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Gurkha Rifles, History, Formation\nIn contrast, the fourth battalion was formed in Palestine with three companies and two half-companies posted from Gurkha battalions serving in the 3rd (Lahore), 7th (Meerut), and British 75th Divisions. It remained in Palestine until the end of the war, before returning to India. It was disbanded in 1920 with personnel transferred to the other three battalions of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007703-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Gurkha Rifles, History, Formation\nThe badge of the 11th Gurkha Rifles was crossed kukris, points upwards, cutting edge inwards, with \"XI\" above the intersection. The 11 Gorkha Rifles, formed by the Indian Army in 1948 after the Partition of India, uses the same badge. It does not claim any connection with the First World War regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007703-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Gurkha Rifles, Battalions, 1st Battalion\nThe 1st Battalion was formed at Kut-al-Amara on 18 May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007703-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Gurkha Rifles, Battalions, 1st Battalion\nIn June 1918, the battalion arrived at Bombay Brigade, 6th Poona Divisional Area and in December was transferred to the 2nd (Nowshera) Brigade, 1st (Peshawar) Division. It served with the brigade and division in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007703-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Gurkha Rifles, Battalions, 1st Battalion\nThe battalion was disbanded on 20 August 1921 at Abbottabad with the personnel transferring to 2nd Battalion, 5th Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007703-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Gurkha Rifles, Battalions, 2nd Battalion\nThe 2nd Battalion was formed at Baghdad on 24 May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007703-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Gurkha Rifles, Battalions, 2nd Battalion\nIn June 1918, the battalion arrived at Bombay Brigade, 6th Poona Divisional Area and in December was transferred to the 2nd (Nowshera) Brigade, 1st (Peshawar) Division. It served with the brigade and division in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007703-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Gurkha Rifles, Battalions, 2nd Battalion\nThe battalion was disbanded on 15 August 1921 at Abbottabad with the personnel transferring to 2nd Battalion, 4th Gurkha Rifles and 1st Battalion, 7th Gurkha Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007703-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Gurkha Rifles, Battalions, 3rd Battalion\nThe 3rd Battalion was formed at Baghdad on 25 May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007703-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Gurkha Rifles, Battalions, 3rd Battalion\nIn June 1918, the battalion arrived at Bombay Brigade, 6th Poona Divisional Area. In October, the Garhwal companies went to 4th Battalion, 39th Garhwal Rifles and were replaced by drafts from 1st Battalion, 7th Gurkha Rifles, 1st Battalion, 9th Gurkha Rifles and 2nd Battalion, 10th Gurkha Rifles  In December, it was transferred to the Presidency Brigade, 8th (Lucknow) Division. It served with the 3rd Indian Brigade, 1st (Peshawar) Division in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007703-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Gurkha Rifles, Battalions, 3rd Battalion\nThe battalion was disbanded on 12 April 1922 at Abbottabad with the personnel transferring to 2nd Battalion, 5th Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force), 1st Battalion, 7th Gurhka Rifles and 1st Battalion, 10th Gurkha Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007703-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Gurkha Rifles, Battalions, 4th Battalion\nThe 4th Battalion was formed at Sarafand (now Tzrifin) on 24 May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007703-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Gurkha Rifles, Battalions, 4th Battalion\nThe battalion joined the 158th Brigade, 53rd (Welsh) Division on 4 June 1918 near Ram Allah. It remained with the division for the rest of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, taking part in the Battle of Nablus (18\u201321 September 1918). At the end of the battle, the division was employed on salvage work and working on the Nablus road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007703-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Gurkha Rifles, Battalions, 4th Battalion\nOn 27 October, the division started moving to Alexandria even before the Armistice of Mudros came into effect on 31 October, thereby ending the war against the Ottoman Empire. It completed its concentration at Alexandria on 15 November. The division received demobilization instructions on 20 December 1918. The Indian infantry battalions returned to India as transports became available and the division was reduced to cadre by 7 June 1919. The battalion was disbanded on 1 August 1920 in India with the personnel transferring to 1st, 2nd and 3rd battalions of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007704-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Helpmann Awards\nThe 11th Annual Helpmann Awards for live performance in Australia were held on 1 August 2011 at the Joan Sutherland Theatre, Sydney Opera House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007704-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Helpmann Awards, Winners and nominees\nIn the following tables, winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface. The nominees are those which are listed below the winner and not in boldface", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007705-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Himachal Pradesh Assembly\nThe list of members of Eleventh Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh state in India during 2007-2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007706-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Hollywood Music in Media Awards\nThe 11th Hollywood Music in Media Awards was held on January 27, 2021 to recognize the best in music in film, TV, video games, commercials, and trailers. The nominations were announced on January 15, 2021. Kenny Loggins was honored with the Career Achievement Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007706-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Hollywood Music in Media Awards, 2020 Music Genre Winners\nFollowing artists have been awarded in the 2020 Music Genre categories:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007706-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Hollywood Music in Media Awards, 2020 Music Genre Winners\nReggae - Presented by Island City Media GroupConkarah ft. Shaggy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007707-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Hong Kong Film Awards\nThe 11th Hong Kong Awards ceremony, honored the best films of 1991 and took place on 5 April 1992 at Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, Wan Chai, Hong Kong. The ceremony was hosted by Philip Chan and Lawrence Cheng, during the ceremony awards are presented in 15 categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007707-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Hong Kong Film Awards, Awards\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007708-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Hour (novel)\n11th Hour is the 11th novel of the Women\u2019s Murder Club series written by American author James Patterson. The main character of this series is Sgt. Lindsay Boxer. The series is a set in San Francisco and the Women's Murder Club is a small group of women who meet with Boxer to help solve sensational crimes in the city. Throughout the series, the membership of the Women's Murder Club has had some changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007708-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Hour (novel), Plot\nThis book has two major plots. The two major plots involve cases in which Boxer quickly becomes involved. Someone is gunning down San Francisco drug dealers and kills an undercover officer. One of the weapons used was taken from her own department's evidence locker, indicating the involvement of a rogue cop. The second major plot involves Boxer, when two heads appear unexpectedly in the garden of a mansion owned by a world-famous actor. More heads are unearthed in the garden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007708-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Hour (novel), Plot\nThe first plot concerns Noelle Smith, a violinist, who is giving a gig in front of her father, Chaz Smith, who's killed in the bathroom by a lone avenger, Revenge. He used a cop, so the circle closes down. But Chaz Smith is revealed to be a cop, too; and Revenge is finally captured by Lindsay Boxer and Rich Conklin; his real name is William Randall and he decided to take revenge on pushers in the name of his son, who was killed by drugs, without anyone paying for his premature death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007708-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Hour (novel), Plot\nThe main plot concerns Janet Wolsley, a woman who finds severed heads in the garden of the mansion she keeps, Elssworth House. The heads are marked with numbers and the investigation starts from there; more heads are found in the garden and the Wolseys become suspected; but Nicole, their daughter, takes them on the trail of Connie Kerr, a former tennis player, who has gone insane but seems to know many things.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007708-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Hour (novel), Plot\nConnie Kerr reveals she has found and dug out many more heads in the garden; she intrudes Nicole Wolsey's house to interrogate her but Nicole tries to stab her; Janet comes out and says it was actually her. It's finally discovered it was both of them, in their thirst of revenge against Harry Chandler - Ellsworth's House's owner - who was Janet's lover but cheated on her with many lovers, who became the victims of their furious anger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007708-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Hour (novel), Reviews\nAt least two professional reviews were written about this book. Joe Hartlaub wrote in the Book Reporter website, \"The '11th Hour' . . . may be the best Women's Murder Club novel to date.\" A second reviewer, Kay Dyer, wrote a review on the News OK website, but did not indicate whether or not she liked the book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007709-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Hour (web series)\n11th Hour is an Indian Telugu-language crime thriller web series created by Introupe Online for aha, directed by Praveen Sattaru, starring Tamannaah in the lead role. The series based on Upendra Namburi's Book 8 Hours, in which the protagonist Aratrika Reddy (Tamannaah) faces a multi-layered high-stakes boardroom challenge that unfolds in a single night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007709-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Hour (web series)\nThe series's release was initially scheduled for January\u00a02021\u00a0(2021-01), but COVID-19 restrictions prompted it to be delayed to 8\u00a0April\u00a02021\u00a0(2021-04-08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007709-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Hour (web series), Synopsis\nThe Aditya Group of Companies, which invented a source of clean energy and which is led by Aratrika Reddy (Tamannaah), is on the verge of being forced into bankruptcy as the result of a political conspiracy, with the company required to deposit more than Rs 9,000 crore to the Imperial Bank by 8 a.m. the next dawn to secure its salvation. Aratrika's ex-husband Siddharth Singh (Vamsi Krishna), competitor Rajvardhan Rathore (Shatru), Imperial Bank president Sundar Das (Srikanth Iyengar) and Prince Sadiq (Anirudh Balaji), a sheikh from Dubai, make financial proposals to Aratrika, who turns them all down and holds out hope for a miracle before sunrise to save the Aditya Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007709-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Hour (web series), Production\nPradeep Uppalapati wrote the script for 11th Hour, after which aha green-lit the series as part of its aha originals. Praveen Sattaru selected as the director. Tamannaah appeared in the lead role. With Tamannaah on board, the director chose a supporting cast that can also hold attention, comprising Jayaprakash, Madhusudhan, Arun Adith, Vamsi Krishna and Srikanth Iyengar. The series was shot over 33 days with a team of 30-40 members, who were tested six times for COVID-19. Most portions were filmed in a hotel when occupancy was low because of the pandemic. A few prologue scenes were filmed in other places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007709-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Hour (web series), Release\nThe entire show, comprising eight episodes, was broadcast exclusively on the aha streaming service on 8\u00a0April\u00a02021\u00a0(2021-04-08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007709-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Hour (web series), Reception\nHemanth Kumar of Firstpost rated the series 2.5/5 and wrote: \"11th Hour has scale, grandeur, and a solid premise but fails to keep one hooked to the story.\" While the motivations of the characters are established, Kumar felt that the narration was not compelling enough. A. Kameshwari in her The Indian Express review stated: \"The makers of 11th Hour, a corporate drama, try too hard to make the series interesting but in vain.\" She felt that the audience could not connect with the character of Tamannaah as it was kept half baked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007709-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Hour (web series), Reception\nTimes of India critic Sravan Vanaparthy rated 3 of 5 stars and wrote: \"11th Hour is refreshing in the sense that it explores the trials and tribulations faced by a woman who\u2019s looking to make it big in a man\u2019s world.\" India Today editor Janani.K  called Tamannaah the saviour of \"this bland thriller.\" \"As a single mom, chairman of a company and caring daughter, Tamannaah has done her best. But, her efforts go waste as the writing lacks nuance,\" she added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007710-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Hour Remnant Messenger\nThe 11th Hour Remnant Messenger was an antisemitic Christian identity group founded in Sandpoint, Idaho, by wealthy retired entrepreneurs Vincent Bertollini and Carl E. Story. They were located close to the Aryan Nations compound and cooperated with Aryan Nations members. Bertollini and Story chose Sandpoint because about 98% of the area's residents were non-Jewish whites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007710-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Hour Remnant Messenger\nMembers of the group believed that non-Jewish white Europeans are the Israelites (the chosen people) described in the Bible, while people who are ethnically Jewish are descendants of Eve and Satan. They believed that non-whites are soulless. They printed large, elaborate, expensive posters depicting their tree of heredity for major ethnic groups and mailed it to many people living in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007711-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Hundred Flowers Awards\nCeremony for the 11th Hundred Flowers Awards was held in 1988, Beijing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007712-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Hussar Regiment (France)\nThe 11th Hussar Regiment (11e r\u00e9giment de hussards) was a hussar regiment in the French Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007712-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Hussar Regiment (France), History, The Revolutionary Wars\nIt was raised on 28 July 1793 from personnel of the 24th Mounted Chasseurs Regiment. Also added were two volunteer regiments, the Germanic Legion, and the second squadron of the Hussards de la Libert\u00e9. Jacques-Philippe Avice was the regiment's chef de brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007712-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Hussar Regiment (France), History, The Revolutionary Wars\nThe regiment fought in the War of the First Coalition, participating in the Second Battle of Wissembourg, the War of the Pyrenees, the War in the Vend\u00e9e, the Battle of Friedberg, the Siege of Kehl and the Italian Campaigns of the War of the Second Coalition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007712-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Hussar Regiment (France), History, The Revolutionary Wars\nAn early member of the regiment was Pierre David de Colbert-Chabanais.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007712-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Hussar Regiment (France), History, The Napoleonic Wars\nOn 24 September 1803 it was renamed the 29th Dragoon Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007712-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Hussar Regiment (France), History, The Napoleonic Wars\nA new 11th Hussars was set up on 18 August 1810 by splitting off personnel from the 2nd Dutch Hussars Regiment (r\u00e9giment des hussards hollandais) within the French Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007712-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Hussar Regiment (France), History, The Napoleonic Wars\nThe new unit participated in the Russian Campaign in 1812 and the Battle of Leipzig in 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007712-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Hussar Regiment (France), History, Renewal\nA third 11th Hussar Regiment was set up at Sidi Bel Abb\u00e8s in 1873, formed of one squadron from the 1st Chasseurs and other squadrons from the 1st, 3rd and 8th Hussars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007712-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Hussar Regiment (France), History, Renewal\nThis regiment was disbanded in 1919, after serving in the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007712-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Hussar Regiment (France), Uniform\nHackle: grey Cord: white Collar: grey Dolman: green Pelisse: green Side stripe: grey Braid: white Breeches: grey", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007713-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Hussar Regiment (Germany)\nThe 11th Hussar Regiment, initially called the 2nd Westphalian Regiment, was a notable cavalry unit of the Royal Prussian Army and the German Imperial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007713-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Hussar Regiment (Germany)\nIt was established in D\u00fcsseldorf in December 1807 and originally bore the name of 2nd Royal Westphalian Hussar Regiment. It was a continuation of an earlier unit, the Chevau-l\u00e9gers Uhlan Regiment of the Duchy of Berg formed by Joachim Murat earlier during the Napoleonic Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007713-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Hussar Regiment (Germany)\nIn 1906 the regiment gained the nickname of \"Dancing Hussars of Krefeld\" (German: Krefelder Tanzhusaren) after Emperor Wilhelm II personally ordered the regiment to relocate from D\u00fcsseldorf to Krebs following that city's aristocracy's complaints that there were not enough bachelors to dance at the balls. Thereupon the Emperor promised to send appropriate dancers. What was at first thought of as a joke, was later the same day confirmed by General Moritz von Bissing, the commanding officer of the 7th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007713-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Hussar Regiment (Germany)\nThe regiment took part in World War I as part of the 9th Cavalry Division. Initially at the Western Front, in late 1914 it was moved to the Eastern Front where it remained for the rest of the conflict (mostly in the region of Polesie). Dismounted in 1916, the regiment was disbanded along with the rest of the division in early March 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars\nThe 11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army established in 1715. It saw service for three centuries including the First World War and Second World War but then amalgamated with the 10th Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales' Own) to form the Royal Hussars in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars, History, Formation to end 18th century\nThe regiment was formed at Colchester in July 1715 by Philip Honeywood as Honeywood's Regiment of Dragoons, one of 16 raised in response to the 1715 Jacobite rising. It fought in the Battle of Preston that ended the revolt in England and while many of these formations were disbanded in 1718, Honeywood's remained in being.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars, History, Formation to end 18th century\nIn the 1745 Jacobite rising, it took part in the December 1745 Clifton Moor Skirmish, allegedly the last military engagement on English soil, as well as Culloden in April, often cited as the last pitched battle on British soil. After 1751, regiments were numbered, rather than being named after the current Colonel, and it became the 11th Regiment of Dragoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars, History, Formation to end 18th century\nWhen the Seven Years' War broke out in 1756, the regiment took part in the 1758 raids on St Malo and Cherbourg. Attempting to divert French forces from Hanover, they failed to achieve this aim and the regiment was shipped to Germany in May 1760 as part of the Marquess of Granby's cavalry corps, winning its first battle honour in July at Warburg. It was also present in the Allied victory at Villinghausen in July 1761, which forced the French onto the defensive and ultimately led to the Treaty of Paris in 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars, History, Formation to end 18th century\nIn 1755, each dragoon regiment added a reconnaissance or 'light' troop; in February 1779, these were detached, that from the 11th helping form the 19th Light Dragoons, which in 1862 became the 19th Royal Hussars. While dragoons had previously been mounted infantry, as part of a tactical rethink, the 11th was re-designated in 1783 as 'light cavalry' and became the 11th Regiment of Light Dragoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars, History, Formation to end 18th century\nDuring the French Revolutionary Wars, two squadrons of the 11th Light Dragoons took part in the Duke of York's Low Countries campaign in 1793-95, including  the action at Famars and the sieges of Valenciennes and Landrecies. It was also involved in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, including the October 1799 battles of Alkmaar and Castricum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars, History, The 19th century\nWith the exception of a short spell in Egypt in 1801, the regiment did not see active service again until it was sent to Portugal in April 1811, where it joined the Peninsular War campaign. In August, one of its squadrons was forced to take cover in an orchard at San Mart\u00edn de Trevejo in Spain, an incident that may have been the derivation of its nickname, the Cherry Pickers. It fought at Badajoz in April 1812 and the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812 before returning to Britain. During the campaign of 1815, it was part of Vandeleur's 4th Cavalry Brigade, fighting at Quatre Bras and Waterloo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars, History, The 19th century\nIn 1819, the regiment moved to India, where it remained until 1836. Shortly before returning to Britain, the Earl of Cardigan became lieutenant-colonel; he embarked on a series of changes, which were intended to increase regimental prestige but resulted in a number of highly publicised disputes, including the so-called 'Black Bottle' affair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars, History, The 19th century\nIn 1840, it was named 11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussars after Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's consort, who became colonel of the regiment. Prince Albert's interests included military tactics and equipment and he helped design a new uniform for the regiment named after him. Purely by coincidence, this included \"cherry\" or crimson coloured trousers, unique among British regiments and worn ever since in most orders, except battledress and fatigues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars, History, The 19th century\nThe regiment served in the Crimean War, as part of the Light Brigade commanded by Cardigan, now a Major General and fought at the Battle of Alma in September 1854. It was also involved in the Charge of the Light Brigade in October 1854; due to miscommunication, Cardigan led the brigade against unbroken and more numerous Russian forces and while able to withdraw to its starting position, it suffered heavy losses as a result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars, History, The 19th century\nThe 11th lost three officers and 55 men in the debacle, while Lieutenant Dunn was awarded the Victoria Cross for rescuing two members of his troop. Edward Woodham of the 11th Hussars later acted as Chairman of the organising committee for the 21st Anniversary dinner held at Alexandra Palace for survivors of the Charge. The regiment was renamed the 11th (or Prince Albert's Own) Hussars in 1861. A detachment took part in the 1884 Nile Expedition and during the Second Boer War, it participated in the February 1900 Relief of Ladysmith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars, History, The 19th century\nIn 1911 Prince Albert's great-grandson Crown Prince Wilhelm of Prussia became colonel-in-chief of the regiment. He was removed in October 1914 following the outbreak of the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars, History, The First World War\nThe regiment landed in France as part of the 1st Cavalry Brigade in the 1st Cavalry Division in August 1914 for service on the Western Front with the British Expeditionary Force. The regiment took part in the Great Retreat and the regiment, working with the 2nd Dragoon Guards, conducted a cavalry charge which led to the capture of eight guns at N\u00e9ry in September 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0012-0001", "contents": "11th Hussars, History, The First World War\nIn an action during the Battle of Messines in October 1914 a squadron from the regiment endured a heavy German bombardment that left many of its soldiers buried in a trench while another squadron from the regiment used a vantage point at the top of a building to train a machine gun on the Germans. At the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915 the regiment, working with the Durham Light Infantry and 9th Lancers, held the village of Hooge despite being under attack from the German forces using poison gas. In spring 1918 the commanding officer of the regiment Colonel Rowland Anderson led a bayonet assault at Sailly-Laurette which, taking the Germans by surprise, led to them being completely repulsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars, History, The inter-war years\nThe regiment was renamed the 11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own) in 1921; it became the first British cavalry regiment to become mechanized in 1928 and it became involved in suppressing the Arab revolt in Palestine in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars, History, The Second World War\nThe regiment, which had been located in Egypt when the war started, deployed as part of the divisional troops of the 7th Armoured Division and conducted raids on Italian positions in Italian Libya using armoured cars during the Western Desert Campaign. It captured Fort Capuzzo in June 1940 and, in an ambush east of Bardia, captured General Lastucci, the Engineer-in-Chief of the Italian Tenth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 43], "content_span": [44, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars, History, The Second World War\nFollowing the Italian invasion of Egypt in September 1940, the regiment took part in the British counterattack called Operation Compass, launched against Italian forces first in Egypt, then Libya. It was part of an ad hoc combat unit called Combeforce, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel John Combe, that cut the retreating Tenth Army off and led to their surrender at the Battle of Beda Fomm in February 1941. The regiment fought at the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942. The regiment took part in the Allied invasion of Italy in September 1943 and, after the Normandy landings in June 1944, took part in the North-West Europe Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 43], "content_span": [44, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars, History, Post-war\nThe regiment was posted to Wavell Barracks in Berlin in 1945 and, after tours at various locations in Lower Saxony including Jever, Delmenhorst, Osnabr\u00fcck and Wesendorf, it returned home in March 1953. It deployed to Johor Bahru in Malaya in July 1953 during the Malayan Emergency. After returning home, it moved to Hadrian's Camp in Carlisle as an Armoured Basic Training Unit in August 1956, then to Lisanelly Barracks in Omagh back into the armoured reconnaissance role in August 1959, and then deployed to Aden in November 1960 shortly before the Aden Emergency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0016-0001", "contents": "11th Hussars, History, Post-war\nIt returned to England in November 1961 and then moved to Haig Barracks in Hohne in October 1962 where, after becoming the first regiment to use Chieftain tanks in regular service in 1967, it remained until returning home again in January 1969. The regiment was amalgamated with the 10th Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own), to form the Royal Hussars on 25 October 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars, Regimental museum\nThe regimental collection is held by HorsePower: The Museum of the King's Royal Hussars which is based at Peninsula Barracks in Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0018-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars, Colonels\u2014with other names for the regiment\nThe colonels of the regiment were as follows (the Kerr family provided the colonels for two-thirds of the regiment's first century):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 56], "content_span": [57, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007714-0019-0000", "contents": "11th Hussars, Colonels\u2014with other names for the regiment\nA royal warrant provided that in future regiments would not be known by their colonels' names, but by their \"number or rank\" on 1 July 1751", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 56], "content_span": [57, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007715-0000-0000", "contents": "11th IIFA Awards\nThe 2010 IIFA Awards, officially the 11th International Indian Film Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the International Indian Film Academy honoured the best films of 2009 and took place between 3 \u2013 5 June 2010. The official ceremony took place on 5 June 2010, at the Sugathadasa Stadium in Colombo, Sri Lanka. During the ceremony, IIFA Awards were awarded in 23 competitive categories. The ceremony was televised in India and internationally on Star Plus. The ceremony was hosted by Boman Irani, Ritesh Deshmukh and Lara Dutta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007715-0001-0000", "contents": "11th IIFA Awards\nIn related events, the IIFA Music and Fashion Extravaganza took place on 4 June 2010 at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall. During the event, all technical awards were presented to the winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007715-0002-0000", "contents": "11th IIFA Awards\n3 Idiots won sixteen awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, making it the most awarded film in IIFA award history. Other winners were Aladin, Love Aaj Kal and Paa with three awards and Wake Up Sid, Delhi-6, Kaminey, Dev.D, Kal Kissne Dekha and All the Best: Fun Begins with one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007715-0003-0000", "contents": "11th IIFA Awards, Background\nThe awards began in 2000 and the first ceremony was held in London at The Millennium Dome. From then on the awards were held at locations around the world signifying the international success of Bollywood. The next award ceremony was announced to be held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 2011. The award ceremonies are held in various places around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007716-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Illinois Cavalry Regiment\nThe 11th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was raised by orator Robert Green Ingersoll, who became its first colonel, and Basile D. Weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007716-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe  11th Illinois Cavalry was mustered into service at Peoria, Illinois, on December 20, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007716-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered the loss of two officers and 32 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds in addition to eight officers and 237 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 279 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment from Illinois that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. In April 1861, it was formed as a three-month volunteer unit, and in July 1861 it was reorganized as a three-year unit, in which role it served until the end of the war. Two of its commanding officers were promoted to brigadier general and led major units during the war. In its first major action at Fort Donelson the regiment suffered terrible losses. The 11th Illinois also fought at Shiloh, Riggins Hill, Vicksburg, First Yazoo City, Second Yazoo City, and Fort Blakely. In April 1863, the 109th Illinois Infantry Regiment was disbanded and its enlisted men transferred into the 11th Illinois. The regiment was mustered out of service in July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-month unit\nThe original 11th Illinois Infantry Regiment organized at Springfield, Illinois. It was mustered into three-months' service on 30 April 1861 by Captain John Pope. The regiment traveled to Villa Ridge on 5 May and was stationed in that location until 20 June. Subsequently, the unit moved to Bird's Point, Missouri from which Companies A and B participated in an expedition to Little River on 22\u201323 June. It remained at Bird's Point until 30 July when it was mustered out of service. During its service 10 men died of disease. Its field officers were Colonel W. H. L. Wallace, Lieutenant Colonel J. Warren Filler of Effingham, and Major Thomas E. G. Ransom of Vandalia. During service, the regiment ranged between 833 and 933 in strength, while 916 men were mustered out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, Formation and officers\nThe reorganized 11th Illinois Infantry Regiment was mustered into Federal service for a three-year enlistment on 30 July 1861, at Cairo. One source stated that the unit organized at Bird's Point between 29 July and 27 October. Only 288 men re-enlisted from the three-month regiment, but by the end of November, recruiting brought the unit's total strength to 801 men. The field officers were Colonel Wallace, Lieutenant Colonel Ransom, and Major Garrett L. Nevius of Rockford. Other regimental staff included 1 adjutant, 1 quartermaster, 1 surgeon, 1 assistant surgeon, 1 chaplain, 5 sergeant majors, 4 quartermaster sergeants, 5 commissary sergeants, 3 hospital stewards, and 3 musicians. In addition, there was a 16-member band, all from Rockford, who were discharged after serving one year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, Formation and officers\nColonel Wallace received promotion to brigadier general on 23 March 1862. He was replaced as colonel by Ransom who was promoted brigadier general on 16 March 1863. Ransom was succeeded as colonel by Nevius who was killed in action on 22 May 1863. Nevius was replaced as colonel by James Henry Coates who received a brevet promotion to brigadier general on 13 March 1865. Three of the 11th Illinois' colonels died in the war. Wallace was fatally wounded while commanding a division at the Battle of Shiloh and died a few days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, Formation and officers\nRansom was wounded four times and rose to command the Left Wing of the XVI Corps in the Atlanta campaign, but died of poor health on 29 October 1864. When Coates became colonel on 22 May 1863, Lloyd D. Waddell became lieutenant colonel but he resigned on 15 September 1864. On the same day, George C. McKee became major but he mustered out on 30 July 1864. When the regiment mustered out, Coates was colonel, Nathaniel C. Kenyon was lieutenant colonel, and Samuel O. Lewis was major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, Formation and officers\nA number of officers gained promotion by transferring to other units. Captain John H. Widmer and Second Lieutenant Douglas Hapeman were promoted major and lieutenant colonel, respectively, in the 104th Illinois Infantry Regiment on 4 September 1862. Captain Charles T. Hotchkiss was promoted lieutenant colonel of the 89th Illinois Infantry Regiment on 4 September 1862. First Lieutenant Hurbert A. McCaleb was promoted lieutenant colonel of the 6th U. S. Colored Heavy Artillery on 7 November 1862. First Lieutenant Samuel B. Dean was promoted major of the 58th U. S. Colored Infantry on 31 August 1863. First Lieutenant Cyrus E. Dickey became Captain and Assistant Adjutant General on 8 June 1863. Major Smith D. Atkins resigned on 17 April 1862 and was promoted colonel of the 92nd Illinois Infantry Regiment on 4 September 1862. Atkins received a brevet promotion to brigadier general on 12 January 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 981]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1861\u20131862\nThe 11th Illinois Infantry Regiment was assigned to W. H. L. Wallace's 3rd Brigade, District of Cairo until February 1862. During this period, the regiment participated in a number of forays into Missouri. These were toward New Madrid on 9\u201311 September 1861, to Charleston on 6\u201310 October, to Bloomfield on 3\u201312 November, and to Sikeston on 25\u201328 January 1862. The unit also went on a reconnaissance of Columbus, Kentucky on 13\u201320 January. The 11th Illinois boarded river transports on 2 February and joined the Fort Henry campaign. On 11 February, the regiment began to march toward Fort Donelson which was invested on 12\u201314 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1861\u20131862\nAt the Battle of Fort Donelson on 15 February 1862, the 11th Illinois led by Lieutenant Colonel Ransom (who was wounded) was part of Colonel Wallace's 2nd Brigade, Brigadier General John Alexander McClernand's 1st Division, under the overall command of Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant. That morning, the Confederates attempted to break out of the fort by launching a heavy assault against the 1st Division. After heavy fighting, McClernand's right brigade under Colonel Richard J. Oglesby was forced back and the 11th Illinois on the right flank of Wallace's brigade bore the brunt of the Confederate attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0006-0001", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1861\u20131862\nThe regiment was compelled to retreat though Ransom greatly distinguished himself. At the end of the day, Grant ordered a counterattack which restored the investment; the Confederates surrendered the following day. Out of about 500 effectives, the 11th Illinois suffered 329 casualties, including 72 killed and 182 wounded. On 4\u201313 March, the regiment moved first to Fort Henry, then to Savannah, Tennessee. On 23\u201325 March, the unit moved farther up the Tennessee River to Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1861\u20131862\nAt the Battle of Shiloh on 6\u20137 April 1862, the 11th Illinois was attached to Colonel C. Carroll Marsh's 2nd Brigade, McClernand's 1st Division, in Major General Grant's Army of the Tennessee. Both Ransom and Major Nevius were wounded and Captain Waddell took command. On the first day, McClernand ordered Marsh to move his brigade to support Brigadier General William Tecumseh Sherman's division. After first moving to Sherman's right rear, Marsh shifted farther to the left and deployed the 11th, 20th, 45th, and 48th Illinois Infantry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0007-0001", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1861\u20131862\nRansom wrote that the Confederates came on in, \"four ranks and three columns steadily upon us\". Marsh's troops were compelled to retreat, during which Captain Coates and his son were both wounded and taken prisoner. While withdrawing, some soldiers stubbornly fought back behind some sacks filled with oats. When Marsh's brigade rallied on a new defense line near Jones Field, a portion of the 70th Ohio Infantry Regiment joined the 11th Illinois and fought with it the rest of the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0007-0002", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1861\u20131862\nAt 12:30 pm, Marsh's brigade joined a counterattack by Sherman and McClernand and the 11th and 20th Illinois overran a Confederate Kentucky battery. Ransom was bleeding from a head wound, but continued to lead the regiment until his horse was killed; then he went to the rear. After a two hour fight, Confederate reinforcements again threw the Union troops back. At Shiloh, the 11th Illinois lost 27 killed and wounded out of 150 total. After the battle, Tommy Newsom erected a monument to the regiment's dead. This became known as the White Post burial place; it was the first monument built on the battlefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1861\u20131862\nThe 11th Illinois Infantry remained in the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Army of the Tennessee until July 1862. The regiment participated in the Siege of Corinth from 29 April\u201330 May. Afterward, the unit served until 2 August at Jackson, Tennessee, when it moved first to Cairo and then to Paducah, Kentucky, from 23 August to 20 November. The regiment joined an expedition from Fort Donelson to Clarksville, Tennessee, from 5\u201310 September that resulted in the Battle of Riggins Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0008-0001", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1861\u20131862\nIn this action, Colonel William Warren Lowe led 1,100 Union troops from the 11th Illinois, 71st Ohio, and 13th Wisconsin Infantry Regiments, the 5th Iowa Cavalry Regiment, and Battery C and Battery H, 2nd Illinois Light Artillery to disperse a force of 700 Confederates that occupied Clarksville. The 11th Illinois also went on an expedition to Hopkinsville, Kentucky, from 31 October to 13 November. The regiment served in the District of Jackson in July and the District of Cairo from August to November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1863\nThe 11th Illinois was attached to the 2nd Brigade, 6th Division, Left Wing XIII Corps, Army of the Tennessee in November\u2013December 1862. The same brigade and division transferred first to the XVI Corps in December 1862 \u2013 January 1863, and then to the XVII Corps from January to September 1863. On 20\u201324 November 1862, the regiment moved to La Grange, Tennessee, where it joined the 6th Division under Brigadier General John McArthur. The unit participated in Grant's abortive Northern Mississippi campaign through 12 January 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0009-0001", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1863\nThe 11th Illinois first marched to Tallahatchie where it engaged in a skirmish, then to Abbeville, and finally to Oxford. On the return march to Memphis, Tennessee, the regiment went via Holly Springs, Mississippi, and Moscow, Tennessee. On 17 January, the unit embarked on river transports at Memphis and traveled to Young's Point, which it reached on 24 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1863\nOn 11 February, the 11th Illinois moved to Lake Providence, Louisiana, where it remained until 20 April. While there, the regiment went on an expedition to American Bend on 17\u201328 March. On 23 April, 589 enlisted men transferred into the 11th Illinois from the 109th Illinois Infantry Regiment. From 26 April to 18 May, the regiment marched to join the Siege of Vicksburg, moving through Richmond, Louisiana, Perkins' Landing, Grand Gulf, Mississippi, and Raymond, Mississippi. The unit participated in the 19 May and 22 May assaults.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0010-0001", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1863\nAt Vicksburg, the 11th Illinois was assigned to Ransom's 2nd Brigade, McArthur's 6th Division, Major General James B. McPherson's XVII Corps, Grant's Army of the Tennessee. Vicksburg fell on 4 July; during the siege, 11th Illinois lost 3 officers wounded and 40 men killed and wounded. In addition, Colonel Nevius was killed leading the 22 May assault. The regiment moved to Natchez, Mississippi, on 17 July, and subsequently participated in an expedition to Woodville, Mississippi. On 12 October the unit returned to Vicksburg where it was on duty until 29 July 1864. From September 1863 to August 1864, the regiment was assigned to the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XVII Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1864\u20131865\nFrom 1 February to 8 March 1864, the 11th Illinois participated in an expedition up the Yazoo River to Greenwood, Mississippi. On 5 February there was fighting at Liverpool Heights where the regiment lost 4 killed and 9 wounded. In the Battle of Yazoo City on 5 March, the unit sustained losses of 1 officer and 8 enlisted men killed, 24 wounded, and 12 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0011-0001", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1864\u20131865\nUnder the overall leadership of Colonel Coates, the expedition consisted of 21 officers and 539 enlisted men from the 11th Illinois and 17 officers and 370 men from 8th Louisiana Infantry Regiment (African) aboard river transports. The force was accompanied by five gunboats under Captain Elias K. Owen and later joined by 250 troopers from the 1st Mississippi Cavalry Regiment (African). Yazoo City was occupied on 9 February and Greenwood on 14 February. After returning to Yazoo City, Coates' force was attacked by two brigades of Confederate cavalry on 5 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0011-0002", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1864\u20131865\nThe attackers surrounded nine companies of the 11th Illinois under Major McKee and 80 men of the 1st Mississippi in rifle pits outside the town, while forcing their way into the streets. Brigadier General Lawrence Sullivan Ross tried three times to bluff McKee into surrendering, but that officer refused to capitulate. After four hours, Coates attacked from the town with Company A of the 11th Illinois and six companies of the 8th Louisiana and compelled the Confederates to withdraw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1864\u20131865\nThe 11th Illinois guarded the Big Black River bridge on 6\u201328 April. The regiment joined the Yazoo City expedition on 4\u201321 May. The expedition moved from Vicksburg to Yazoo City, Benton, and Vaughan Station while fighting in three skirmishes. On 1\u20137 July, the regiment was part of Major General Henry Warner Slocum's expedition to Jackson, Mississippi, where it fought in three actions. On 29 July, the unit moved to Morganza, Louisiana where it stayed until 3 September. From this time until December 1864, the 11th Illinois was part of the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, Army of the Gulf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0012-0001", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1864\u20131865\nWhile posted in Morganza, the regiment was sent on a number of expeditions. These were to Clinton, Louisiana, on 24\u201329 August, the mouth of the White River on 3 September, Memphis on 8 October, the White River again on 27 October, Gaines Landing on 6\u20137 November, and DeValls Bluff, Arkansas, on 8 November. The unit moved to Memphis on 30 November\u20134 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1864\u20131865\nFrom December 1864 to February 1865, the 11th Illinois was attached to the 2nd Brigade, Reserve Division, Army of West Mississippi. In February, the 2nd Brigade was transferred to the 1st Division. From February to July 1865, the regiment was attached to the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIII Corps, Army of West Mississippi. The regiment went on an expedition to Moscow, Tennessee, on 20\u201331 December. It moved first to Kenner, Louisiana, on 1\u20135 January 1865, then to Dauphin Island, Alabama, on 4\u20137 February. The regiment fought in the Mobile campaign from 17 February to 12 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0013-0001", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1864\u20131865\nDuring the campaign, the 11th Illinois under Colonel Coates served in Brigadier General Elias Smith Dennis' 2nd Brigade, Brigadier General James C. Veatch's 1st Division, Major General Gordon Granger's XIII Corps, Major General Edward Canby's Army of West Mississippi. The 8th Illinois and 46th Illinois Infantry Regiments were the 2nd Brigade's other units. On 2 April, two Union divisions began to invest Fort Blakely, and on 3\u20134 April Canby reinforced them with two more divisions, including Veatch's. Fort Blakeley had 3,500 Confederate defenders and 33 guns under Brigadier General St. John Richardson Liddell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0013-0002", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1864\u20131865\nOn 8 April, the Battle of Spanish Fort concluded when its Confederate garrison evacuated the fort. By this time, Union troops completed their third parallel within 600\u00a0yd (549\u00a0m) of Fort Blakeley. Each of the four Union division commanders made his own plan of attack. Veatch assigned Dennis' brigade to lead the attack with one regiment deployed as skirmishers and the other two forming the assault column. A second brigade was in support. The troops rapidly reached and overran Redoubt No. 5, capturing 300 prisoners and five cannons. In total, Veatch's division sustained losses of 13 killed and 64 wounded. In the Battle of Fort Blakeley on 9 April, Liddell's entire garrison was made prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007717-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Three-year unit, 1864\u20131865\nOn 12 April 1865, the 11th Illinois occupied Mobile, Alabama and performed garrison duty. On 27 May, the regiment boarded ship for New Orleans via Lake Pontchartrain. The unit moved to Alexandria, Louisiana, and left there on 22 June. The regiment was mustered out of service on 14 July at Baton Rouge, and traveled to Springfield, Illinois, for final payment and discharge. During service, the 11th Illinois lost 7 officers and 179 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded in action, and 1 officer and 284 enlisted men from disease. There were 471 fatalities. A total of 1,879 officers and men served with the regiment during its 3-year existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007718-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery\nThe 11th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, generally known as the 11th Indiana Battery, was an artillery battery in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in several important campaigns in the Western Theater, including the Battle of Chickamauga in late 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007718-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery\nRecruited at Fort Wayne, Indiana, in late 1861, the 11th Indiana Battery was mustered into service on December 17, 1861, at Indianapolis, Indiana. It was ordered to report for duty in Louisville, Kentucky, on February 6, 1862. The battery was consolidated with the 18th Indiana Battery on November 21, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007719-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery\nThe 11th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007719-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Service\nThe 11th Independent Battery was mustered into service at Madison, Wisconsin, on February 22, 1862. Later in the month it was transferred to Illinois service as Battery \"L,\" 1st Illinois Light Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007719-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Total strength and casualties\nThe 11th Independent Battery initially recruited 87 officers and men. An additional 8 men were recruited as replacements, for a total of 95 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 81], "content_span": [82, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007719-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Total strength and casualties\nThe battery suffered 3 enlisted men killed in action or died of their wounds and 2 enlisted men who died of disease or accident, for a total of 5 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 81], "content_span": [82, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007719-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Commanders\nHe went by O'Rourke and by Rourke. The Capt. John O'Rourke House in Plattsmouth, Nebraska is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 62], "content_span": [63, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007719-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, References\nThis article about a specific military unit of the American Civil War is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 62], "content_span": [63, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007720-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Light Artillery\nThe 11th Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Light Artillery or 11th New York Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007720-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was organized at Albany, New York and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on January 8, 1862 under the command of Captain Albert A. Von Puttkammer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007720-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was attached to James S. Wadsworth's Command, Military District of Washington, to August 1862. Whipple's Brigade, Defenses of Washington, to November 1862. Artillery Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May 1863. Artillery Brigade, III Corps, to May 12, 1863. 4th Volunteer Brigade, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to June 1863. 3rd Volunteer Brigade, Artillery Reserve, to July 1863. Attached to Battery K, 1st New York Light Artillery, to December 1863. 2nd Brigade, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to April 1864. 3rd Brigade, Artillery Reserve, to May 1864. Artillery Brigade, II Corps, May 16 to August 1864. 1st Division, II Corps, August 1864. Artillery Brigade, II Corps, to May 1865. Artillery Reserve to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007720-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Light Artillery, Service\nThe 11th New York Light Artillery mustered out of service on June 13, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007720-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Light Artillery, Detailed service\nMoved to Washington, D.C., January 17, 1862. Duty in the defenses of Washington, building Fort Ellsworth, and duty there until August 25, 1862. John Pope Campaign in northern Virginia August 25-September 2. Bull Run Bridge August 27. Plains of Manassas August 28\u201329. 2nd Battle of Bull Run August 30. Duty in the defenses of Washington until November. Movement to Falmouth, Va., November. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12\u201315. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863. At Falmouth until April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. On line of the Rappahannock until October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 78], "content_span": [79, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007720-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Light Artillery, Detailed service\nBristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Bristoe Station October 14. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Kelly's Ford November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James May 3-June 15. Battle of the Wilderness May 5\u20137. Spotsylvania May 8\u201312. Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864 to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road June 22\u201323, 1864. Demonstration on north side of the James River July 27\u201329.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 78], "content_span": [79, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007720-0004-0002", "contents": "11th Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Light Artillery, Detailed service\nDeep Bottom July 27\u201328. Demonstration north of the James August 13\u201320. Strawberry Plains, New Market Heights, August 14\u201318. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9, 1865. Sailor's Creek April 6. High Bridge April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Moved to Washington, D.C., May. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 78], "content_span": [79, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007720-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Light Artillery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 21 men during service; 8 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 13 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 72], "content_span": [73, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007721-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Mixed Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThere were two 11th Independent Mixed Brigades in the Imperial Japanese Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007721-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Mixed Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army), The original 11th IMB\nThe order of battle of the first 11th Independent Mixed Brigade in July 1937:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 78], "content_span": [79, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007721-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Mixed Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army), The original 11th IMB\nThis unit was involved in the Operation Chahar and Battle of Taiyuan in 1937, but soon after was recalled to Manchukuo where it was formed into the IJA 26th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 78], "content_span": [79, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007721-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Mixed Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army), The 11th IMB (1939-1945)\nThe order of battle of the second 11th Independent Mixed Brigade, which was formed in 1939, for garrison duties in China:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 81], "content_span": [82, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007721-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Mixed Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army), The 11th IMB (1939-1945)\nThe brigade was in the Battle of West Henan\u2013North Hubei.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 81], "content_span": [82, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007722-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Spirit Awards\nThe 11th Independent Spirit Awards, honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 1995, were announced on March 23, 1996. It was hosted by Samuel L. Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007722-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Independent Spirit Awards, Special awards, Someone to Watch Award\nChristopher M\u00fcnch \u2013 Color of a Brisk and Leaping Day", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007723-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Indian Cavalry Brigade\nThe 11th Indian Cavalry Brigade was a cavalry brigade of the British Indian Army that saw active service in the Indian Army during the First World War. It took part in the Mesopotamian campaign and was broken up soon after the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007723-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Indian Cavalry Brigade, History\nThe 11th Indian Cavalry Brigade was formed in Mesopotamia in November 1917 with two cavalry regiments and a horse artillery battery from India. The third regiment joined from Corps Troops, and its machine gun squadron and other support units were assembled in Mesopotamia. It did not join the Cavalry Division (Mesopotamia) but served as an independent formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007723-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Indian Cavalry Brigade, History\nThe brigade remained in Mesopotamia for the rest of the First World War, taking part in the action of Khan Baghdadi (26\u201327 Match 1918), the action at Fat-ha Gorge on the Little Zab (23\u201326 October 1918) and the Battle of Sharqat (28\u201330 October 1918) under the command of I Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007723-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Indian Cavalry Brigade, History\nAfter the Armistice of Mudros, the brigade was not selected to form part of the occupation forces for Mesopotamia. By the end of March 1919 the brigade was broken up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007723-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Indian Cavalry Brigade, Order of battle\nThe brigade commanded the following units in the First World War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007723-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Indian Cavalry Brigade, Commander\nThe brigade was commanded from 14 November 1917 by Brigadier-General R.A. Cassels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007724-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Indian Division\nThe 11th Indian Division was an infantry division of the British Indian Army during World War I. It was formed in December 1914 with two infantry brigades already in Egypt and a third formed in January 1915. After taking part in the Actions on the Suez Canal, the division was dispersed as its brigades were posted away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007724-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Indian Division\nThe division was commanded throughout its existence by Major-General Alexander Wallace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007724-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Indian Division, History\nThe pre-war 22nd (Lucknow) Brigade and the 32nd (Imperial Service) Brigade (formed in October 1914) were posted to Egypt to help defend the Suez Canal. The 11th Indian Division was formed on 24 December 1914 with these two brigades, and little else in terms of divisional troops. A third brigade (31st) was formed in January 1915 with other units already in Egypt. The division beat off Turkish attempts to cross the Suez Canal on 3\u20134 February 1915 in the Actions on the Suez Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007724-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Indian Division, History\nThereafter, the division was dissolved in May 1915 with its brigades posted to the Suez Canal Defences. The brigades did not last much longer: the 22nd and 32nd Brigades bere broken up in January 1916 and the 31st Brigade joined 10th Indian Division at the same time, but was also broken up a month later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007725-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Indian Infantry Brigade\nThe 11th Indian Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the Indian Army during World War II. It was relocated from India to Egypt in the middle of August 1939 and trained at Fayed in Ismailia Governorate on the Great Bitter Lake. In October 1939, it was assigned to the 4th Indian Infantry Division. In May 1942, it was attached to the 5th Indian Infantry Division and in June the 2nd South African Infantry Division when it surrendered after Tobruk was captured by the Germans and Italians in 1942. The brigade was then reformed in Egypt in October 1943 and once more assigned to the 4th Indian Division serving in Tunisia, Italy and, at the end of the war, in Greece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007725-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Indian Infantry Brigade\nThe brigade was in the North-East Frontier Agency before the Sino-Indian War of 1962 and fought in that war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007726-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Indian Telly Awards\nThe 2012 Indian Telly Awards, officially the 11th Indian Telly Awards ceremony, presented by the Indiantelevision.com honouring Indian television shows of 2011 took place on 31 May 2012 in Mumbai. The ceremony was televised in India and internationally on Colors TV. Actors Ram Kapoor and Ronit Roy hosted the ceremony for the first time. The ceremony was co-hosted by Manish Paul & Roshni Chopra. The Telly Award Blue Carpet was hosted by Mona Singh & Manish Paul", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007727-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Indiana Zouaves (officially, \"11th Regiment, Indiana Volunteer Infantry\") was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007727-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, 3 Month\nThe 11th Indiana was enlisted in Indianapolis, Indiana, to serve 90 days, with Lew Wallace as its colonel and George McGinnis as lieutenant colonel. The regiment was sent to western Virginia and saw only minimal action during a raid on the town of Romney. It then returned to Indianapolis to be mustered out as its enlistment had expired", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007727-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, 3 Year\nThe 11th Indiana was reorganized in Indianapolis with Wallace and McGinnis returning as colonel and lieutenant colonel. Wallace trained the 11th Indiana in Zouave tactics and the regiment became known as Wallace's Zouaves. The uniform consisted of a grey jacket with red trimming, a grey kepi with red braiding, a dark blue zouave vest, and grey pantaloons. Later they received a new uniform consisting of a black zouave jacket with skyblue trimming, a red kepi with a dark blue band, and sky blue pantaloons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007727-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, 3 Year\nThe regiment was sent to Paducah, Kentucky and from there joined Ulysses S. Grant's expedition against Fort Henry. Before they went into action, Wallace was promoted to brigadier general and McGinnis became the regiment's colonel. McGinnis led the regiment at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson and Shiloh. After Shiloh, McGinnis was promoted to brigadier general and Daniel Macauley became regimental colonel. Macauley led the regiment during the Vicksburg Campaign and the subsequent siege of Vicksburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007727-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, 3 Year\nAfter the fall of Vicksburg, the 11th Indiana was transferred for duty in the Department of the Gulf. In July, 1864 the regiment was ordered to Washington, DC and joined Philip Sheridan's Army of the Shenandoah. With Macauley in command the regiment fought at the battles of Opequon, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. It remained on garrison duty in the Shenandoah Valley until it was mustered out on July 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007727-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Legacy\nThe USL franchise, Indy Eleven, was named specifically for the 11th Indiana Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007728-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Brigade (Hungary)\nThe 11th Infantry Brigade was a formation of the Royal Hungarian Army that participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007728-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Brigade (Hungary), Invasion of Yugoslavia\nThe 11th Infantry Brigade, in particular, attacked Baranya and occupied it by 11 April, while the rest of the Third Army occupied Bacska by 14 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007729-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Brigade (United States)\nThe 11th Infantry Brigade is an inactive infantry brigade of the United States Army. It was first formed as part of the 6th Division during World War I. It is best known for its service with the 23rd Infantry Division from 1967 through 1971 in the Vietnam War as a light infantry brigade. The brigade is known for its responsibility in the My Lai Massacre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007729-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I\nThe headquarters of the 11th Infantry Brigade was constituted on 16 November 1917 in the Regular Army as part of the 6th Division and organized on 4 December at Camp Forrest. The brigade included the 51st and 52nd Infantry Regiments, as well as the 17th Machine Gun Battalion. The 51st and 52nd were formed in June of that year from personnel of the 11th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007729-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I\nThe Brigade began its overseas service in June 1918 and spent 43 days in combat in France. It was commanded by Brigadier General William Dashiell. After the end of the war, it spent six months on occupation duty with the 6th Division near Aignay-le-Duc and Bad Bertrich during the Occupation of the Rhineland. The brigade returned to New York on 13 June 1919 aboard the USS Leviathan and briefly remained at Camp Mills before moving to Camp Grant on 17 June. On 6 May 1921 the brigade headquarters was redesignated as its headquarters and headquarters company (HHC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007729-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I\nThe brigade was inactivated there on 7 September. As Dashiell remained in France after the brigade departed, command passed to Colonel Erneste V. Smith in June, Colonel Charles B. Stone on 10 August, Colonel Carl Reichman on 5 October, Brigadier General Eli Helmick on 1 June 1921, and Colonel Frank B. Watson from 3 July to its inactivation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007729-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Interwar period\nThe 12th Infantry Brigade served as the active associate unit for the brigade HHC in event of mobilization between 1921 and 1927. The brigade was redesignated as the 11th Brigade on 23 March 1925, and its headquarters organized on 9 September 1926 as a Regular Army Inactive (RAI) unit \u2013 manned with Organized Reserve personnel \u2013 at Chicago. The brigade continued to include the 51st and 52nd Infantry, also organized as RAI units, and on 15 August 1927 was reassigned to the 9th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007729-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Interwar period\nIt returned to the 6th Division on 1 October 1933, and again became the 11th Infantry Brigade on 24 August 1936. During most of the interwar years after 1926, the headquarters participated in annual summer training at Fort Sheridan, while its regiments trained Citizens' Military Training Camp participants at Fort Sheridan or Camp Custer during summers. Known Organized Reserve officers who commanded the RAI brigade headquarters were Captain Henry Fulks (9 September 1926 to after June 1935), 1st Lieutenant Roy W. Dart (8 April 1936 to June 1937), and Major John A. Greene (June to after July 1937).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007729-0003-0002", "contents": "11th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Interwar period\nThe brigade headquarters, along with the headquarters of the 6th Division and 12th Brigade, participated in the Century of Progress parade on 27 May 1933 in Chicago. The headquarters was relieved from the 6th Division on 6 October 1939 when the army shifted from a square divisional structure with two brigades of two regiments each to a Triangular structure with three regiments that eliminated brigades. Four days after the relief of the brigade headquarters, the 6th was reactivated under the Triangular structure at Fort Lewis. The brigade headquarters was officially disbanded on 1 July 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007729-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Vietnam\nThe brigade HHC was reconstituted on 15 April 1966 in the Regular Army and activated at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii on 1 July of that year. The brigade was formed in order to replace the 25th Infantry Division, stationed at Schofield Barracks, after the deployment of the latter to Vietnam; it formed part of the army's strategic reserve. Its designation was selected under the assumption that the 6th Infantry Division would be soon reactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007729-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Vietnam\nOrganized as a separate infantry brigade, it initially also included three infantry battalions \u2013 the 3rd Battalion, 1st Infantry, 4th Battalion, 3rd Infantry, and 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry \u2013 as well as the 6th Support Battalion, a reconnaissance troop (Troop E, 1st Cavalry), and a military police company. However, a lack of the necessary personnel and equipment prevented the organization of the field artillery battalion, engineer company, and signal platoon that completed the structure of a separate brigade. Despite its reduced strength, the 11th began training and ultimately organized the remaining units at Fort Schofield. Its towed 105 mm howitzer direct support field artillery battalion, the 6th Battalion, 11th Artillery, was activated on 1 March 1967, followed by the 6th Engineer Company on 15 June. A fourth infantry battalion, the 4th Battalion, 21st Infantry, was activated at Schofield on 1 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 978]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007729-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Vietnam\nThe 11th Infantry Brigade was deployed to Vietnam in December 1967 due to a need for additional American troops there, and during the Vietnam War served in the United States Army's 23rd Infantry Division (called the Americal Division). The 6th Engineer Company was inactivated on 15 January 1968, after the brigade arrived in Vietnam and reconstituted as C company, 26th Engineer Battalion, remaining in support of the 11th LIB. Elements of the brigade were responsible for the My Lai massacre where members of the brigade's 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment murdered between 340 and 500 civilians in 1968. Many of its former servicemen were interviewed in the documentary Four Hours in My Lai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007729-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Vietnam\nIn June 1971, then Brigadier General John W. Donaldson, former commander of the Brigade would be accused and later acquitted of killing 6 Vietnamese civilians on operations between November 1968 and January 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007729-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Vietnam\nFor its service in Vietnam, the entire 11th was awarded the Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm for 1969 and 1970, while the HHC received the award for 1968\u20131969 and 1971. The brigade HHC was inactivated at Fort Lewis on 30 November 1971, along with the rest of the brigade. Its lineage is continued by the inactive 1st Brigade, 6th Infantry Division, which it was redesignated as on 16 April 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007729-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Brigade (United States), Honors\nThe 11th Infantry Brigade was awarded two campaign streamers in World War I and eleven campaign streamers and one foreign unit award in the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007730-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division \"Brennero\"\nThe 11th Infantry Division \"Brennero\" (Italian: 11\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Brennero\") was a infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Brennero was classified as a mountain infantry division, which meant that the division's artillery was moved by pack mules instead of the horse-drawn carriages of line infantry divisions. Italy's real mountain warfare divisions were the six alpine divisions manned by Alpini mountain troops. The Brennero was named for the Brenner Pass between Italy and Austria. The division was mobilized in October 1939, demobilized in October, 1940, and mobilized again in December, 1940. It began the transformation to motorized division in February 1943, but the process was not complete when the division dissolved after the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007730-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division \"Brennero\", History\nOn 4 January 1940, the Brennero division was transferred to Pianezza and San Maurizio Canavese region. By 10 June 1940 it was moved to the border with France as a reserve unit of I Corps. Parts of the division were used in the front line from 19 June 1940, exploiting the breakthrough at Mont Cenis. The repeated attacks on the mountain pass of Mont Cenis was not successful until 22 June 1940. The French defence was broken on 24 June 1940, with Brennero troops capturing Lanslevillard and Lanslebourg-Mont-Cenis. The total loss of life for Brennero was 18 men killed and 74 wounded, with half of the deaths attributed to exposure to the elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007730-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division \"Brennero\", History\nThe Brennero division landed in Vlor\u00eb in Albania on 24 December 1940, to support the ongoing war with Greece. It was subordinated to XXV Corps, 11th Army at the time. Brennero moved to Tepelen\u00eb area until 8 January 1941, with first fighting occurring in Kurvelesh municipality on 31 December 1940. The full contact with enemy forces arrived on 2 January 1941. On 10 January 1941, the Brennero was used to reinforce the remnants of 37th Infantry Division \"Modena\" near Salari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007730-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Infantry Division \"Brennero\", History\nThe Brennero helped to defeat a Greek attack on Tepelen\u00eb from 9 February 1941 until 12 February 1941, resulting in casualties about two-thirds of the division's strength. From 7 April 1941 until 23 April 1941, the Brennero division attacked in the Kurvelesh municipality, achieving a breakthrough after 4 days of fighting. After the end of war with Greece, it was assigned to III Corps, 11th Army to perform a counter-insurgency and police duties in Greece. One of its infantry regiments was subordinated to 41st Infantry Division \"Firenze\", and a replacement was arrived in January, 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007730-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division \"Brennero\", History\nThe Brennero division moved to Durr\u00ebs area in February, 1943. It was subordinated to IV Corps. After the Italian surrender in September 1943, it chose to side with the German forces. It was split into smaller units and employed in anti-partisan operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007730-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division \"Brennero\", Order of battle, 11th Infantry Division \"Brennero\"\nIn 1942 and early 1943 the following units were attached to the division:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007730-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division \"Brennero\", Order of battle, 11th Motorized Division \"Brennero\"\nBelow follows the planned organization of the 11th Motorized Division \"Brennero\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 86], "content_span": [87, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007731-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Belgium)\nThe 11th Infantry Division (Dutch:11de Infanterie Divisie) was an Infantry Division of the Belgian Army that fought in the Battle of Belgium against the German Armed Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007731-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nAs a part of the first reserve, 11th Infantry Division was a modernized Division of the Belgian Army. When mobilization was announced, the 11th Infantry Division gained extra support from the 14th Line Regiment, which had been transferred from the 4th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007731-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\n11th Infantry Division became a general reserve of the Army. Leaving the organic III Corp, the 11th Infantry Division arrives at Berverlo Camp, where they will be stationed when the German attack begins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007731-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nThe Beverlo Camp is north of the Albert canal, therefore, in front of the defensive perimeter, and in threat of attack by the ensuing German forces. Immediately starting the evacuation, with a small rearguard to delay the German attack, the 11th Infantry Division made its way to the Albert Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007731-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nThe 11th Infantry Division was positioned at Diest, regrouping, when orders were given to go to the K-W line. By May 12, the Division, with all of its men from Camp Berverlo, arrive at Sint-Katelijne-Waver and position themselves east, west, and south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007731-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nAfter the collapse of the Albert Canal, II Corp has both the 6th and the 11th Infantry Divisions at the K-W line with 9th Infantry Division as reserve. No skirmishes in 11th Infantry Divisions sector have been determined. The Germans however, used their artillery to do damage on the roads leading out of the K-W Line, possibly trying to take out the 11th Infantry Divisions retreat path.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007731-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nThe K-W line was starting to collapse as the French and British forces are starting to abandon the line. Without outside support, the Belgians also had to fall back. The 11th Infantry Division made its way to Kluizen of the Ghent-Terneuzen Canal, where they set up a new defense. The division is of II Corp, along with 13th Infantry Division. After a German attack on the 13th Infantry Division came close to breaking a regiment, the northern flank of the 11th Infantry Division was in a panic. The reserves of the 11th Infantry Division were taken, and deployed north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007731-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nAfter the Allied forces in Flanders have been encircled, things have gone from bad to worse in Belgium. The German pressure steadily increased. By May 23rd, the 11th Infantry Division was stationed at Leie. The 11th Division manage to repulse a German attack, but were pushed back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007731-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nThe 11th Infantry Division now is responsible for retaining a connection between them and the 12th Infantry Division. The Germans make sure to breach the connection by attacking with full force. The 12th Infantry Division respond by deploying their reserves to halt the attack south. An counterattack was launched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007731-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nBy May 26, the full strength of the German Army manage to make several large infiltrations in the Leie Diversion Canal. A breach was made again and this time, the 12th Infantry Division was battered trying to defend the line. The 11th Infantry Division had to send in its last reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007731-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nThe Germans outmaneuver the 11th Infantry Division, and after a last ditch defense of the Leie Diversion Canal, retreat towards Ursel, where resistance evaporates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007731-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Belgium), Structure 1940\nStructure of division at eve of the Battle of Belgium", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece)\nThe 11th Infantry Division (Greek: XI \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd (XI \u039c\u03a0); XI Merarch\u00eda Peziko\u00fa) was an infantry division of the Hellenic Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), History\nIt was the first division to be founded after the Balkan Wars, when the peacetime army was greatly expanded. Initially formed at Kozani, in December 1913 it was ordered transferred to Thessaloniki as part of III Army Corps. At the time it comprised the 13th, 27th and 28th Infantry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), History\nIn August 1916, the Division under Col. Nikolaos Trikoupis remained loyal to the royal government and tried to oppose the Venizelist uprising that led to the establishment of the Provisional Government of National Defence, but was thwarted by the intervention of the French Army. With the subsequent disarmament of the loyalist army, the division was disbanded in 1916/17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Asia Minor Campaign\nFollowing the Greek landing at Smyrna and the creation of the Smyrna Zone, on 8 July 1920 a new division was formed at Crete, comprising the 9th Cretan Regiment, the 16th Infantry Regiment, and the 17th Infantry Regiment, under Colonel Antonios Papanikolaou. Transferred to Anatolia, it was headquartered in the area of Magnesia and named after it the Magnesia Division (\u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u039c\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Asia Minor Campaign\nAs part of the Smyrna Army Corps, it participated in the Greek Summer Offensive of 1920, moving from Magnesia to Balikesir and Bandirma. From 2\u201312 September 1920, the division was moved to \u0130zmit, where it relieved the 242nd British Brigade at the \u0130zmit Front on 21 September. There the division took part in the operations in the areas of Kandra, Baktedjik, and Sabandja.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Asia Minor Campaign\nAfter the Venizelist defeat in the November 1920 elections, the new royalist government renamed the division as the 11th Infantry Division, now under the III Army Corps (the likewise renamed Smyrna Corps). The division fought in the March 1921 operations towards Koval\u0131ca and Avgin, and in the Battle of Sakarya in August 1921. After Sakarya and the retreat of the Army of Asia Minor, the 11th Division held the northernmost flank of the Greek front, from Kios on the Marmara Sea to Bilecik, a front of over 60 km. Following the Battle of Dumlupinar in 1922 and the collapse of the Greek front, the division was encircled and almost completely destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Asia Minor Campaign\nThe 11th Division was then reformed as part of the Army of the Evros, in the area of Karaa\u011fa\u00e7. Following the Treaty of Lausanne, in late 1923 the division was moved to its new peacetime headquarters in Thessaloniki, again under III Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Italian War\nFollowing the Italian invasion of Greece on 28 October 1940 and the Greek mobilization, the 11th Infantry Division was reformed at Thessaloniki, comprising the 13th Infantry Regiment, 16th Infantry Regiment, 50th Infantry Regiment, 66th Infantry Regiment, and the 11th Artillery Regiment, along with other support units. During its formation, it remained under III Corps control. On 1 November it was moved to the heights of Kozani, and on 9 November to Mount Grammos. On 10 November it assumed the Pindos sector of the Greek front, under II Army Corps control. On the next day, 16th and 66th Regiments were detached and placed under direct Corps control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Italian War\nIn 14\u201321 November, the division participated in the capture of the Grammos massif, and particularly distinguished itself during the capture of Height 1878. On 1 December, the division captured the Frash\u00ebr heights 1555, 1450, and 1550, opening up the passes against determined Alpini resistance. In the morning of 4 December the division captured the Mali i Potomit height, catching the Italians by surprise and capturing 22 POWs. Two days later, the village of Koprencka was captured, and on 10\u201313 December, the Italian forces were pushed back from the Koprencka, Galina, Height 1119, and Kresta heights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0008-0001", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Italian War\nDuring this battle, the division captured 15 machine guns, 50 light machine guns, 200 rifles, and other quantities of material. On 23\u201325 December, the division was engaged in capturing the Radeshi, Molashi, and Verskaia heights, against determined resistance from an Italian infantry battalion, an Alpini battalion, and a machine gun battalion, assisted by 75mm artillery. After hard combat, especially during the night, the heights were captured, along with 25 POWs. On 30 December, the Sirakut ridge was captured, with the Italians leaving 10 dead and 11 captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Italian War\nOn the morning of 17 January 1941, after intercepting Italian signals that revealed the enemy's unpreparedness, the division exploited the heavy fog and captured the Dras e Klis. Over 600 Italians, including the commander of the Italian 77th Regiment, were taken prisoner. Three days later, a 12-man patrol of III/50 Battalion on reconnaissance of the Kada height, chanced upon the Italian encampment; finding the Italian troops unawares, the commanding sergeant ordered an attack, which threw the encampment into panic. Italian losses were 71 prisoners and 5 dead, including the local Italian commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0009-0001", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Italian War\nOn 25 January, the division captured Mali Spadarit, where the Greek lines stabilized. On 29 January, an Italian attack on the division's extreme right captured Height 1598, but the height was recaptured the next day. Apart from this event, the period of February 1941 until the beginning of the Italian Spring Offensive on 6 March 1941 was relatively quiet, marked by artillery duels and patrol activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Italian War\nOn 6 March, following an hour-long artillery barrage, four Italian battalions attacked the division's positions on Mali Spadarit, while another battalion attacked Height 245. The Italian objective was to capture these heights, which protected left flank of the Greek position on the Klisura Pass, on the same day. The attack failed, but was repeated on the next day, again with intensive artillery support, against the entire front of the 11th Division. The main Italian attack was again against Mali Spadarit, with supporting attacks on heights 931 and 845. Although the division's men were forced back locally, the reserves were able to restore the Greek line. Following heavy casualties on both sides, the Italian attacks on the 11th Division's sector stopped after that, and were reduced to artillery and air force bombardments and mutual reconnaissance patrol activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 934]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Italian War\nWhen the German invasion of Greece began on 6 April, the division was dispersed: its bulk, with the 13th and 50th Regiments, were still at their old positions, while the detached 66th Regiment was at Mount Tomorr, at the junction of the II and III Corps. The division followed the slow retreat of the Greek army from Albania; when the Greek Epirus army capitulated on 22 April 1941, the bulk of the division was in the area of Metsovo, while 66th Regiment at the Burazavi Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Italian War\nDuring the Greco-Italian conflict, the division suffered 450 dead (18 officers), 1,000 wounded (38 officers), and 24 missing in action (1 officer).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greek Civil War\nThe 11th Infantry Division was reformed in Match 1945, after Liberation, with the 31st, 32nd and 33rd Brigades at Thessaloniki, as part of the Superior Military Command of Macedonia and Thrace. With the outbreak of the Greek Civil War, the division came under the control of II Corps, and in 1946 took part in anti-partisan operations at Mount Beles and in the Krousia Mountains, Vertiskos, and Mount Paiko areas. In 1947 the division participated in operations in the areas of Koziakas, Mount Vermion, Mount Chasia, the Pierian Mountains, Beles, Paiko and Kaimakchalan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0013-0001", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greek Civil War\nIn 1948 the division conducted operations in Vermion, Paiko, Kaimakchalan, the Pierian and Krousia Mts, Kerdyllia, Vertiskos, and Mount Grammos. The division particularly distinguished itself in the repulsion of the Communist Democratic Army of Greece (DSE) attacks on Edessa and Naoussa. In 1949, the division cleared Kaimakchalan of DSE forces for the third and final time. Following heavy fighting in the Fanos\u2013Skra\u2013Archangelos area, Mount Paiko was likewise finally cleared; subsequently the division was engaged in the suppression of Communist resistance in the Vermion\u2013Chalcidice area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greek Civil War\nThe division then fought in the war's final battles in August 1949. The division participated in the capture of Vitsi, where it suffered 50 dead and 163 wounded (13 officers), in exchange for 422 killed and 115 captured DSE fighters, along with the capture of large amounts of weapons and ammunition. The division was then assembled in the Metsovo area under I Army Corps command (18 August), and took part in the final storming of the last Communist stronghold at Grammos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Subsequent history\nAfter the conclusion of major military operations, the division moved first for regrouping to Verroia, coming again under III Corps command on 6 April 1950. In January 1951 it moved to its new peacetime headquarters at Kavala, with the 50th Infantry Regiment (former 32nd Brigade) and the 65th Infantry Regiment (former 33rd Brigade). From 1 August 1960 to January 1962, the division also comprised the 29th Infantry Regiment; it was replaced on 1 November 1962 by the  37th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), Emblem and Motto\nThe emblem and motto of the 11th Infantry Division is a lion, symbolizing dynamism, strength and awe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007732-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Greece), Emblem and Motto\nThe regiment's motto is Alone Or With Others' Support (Greek: \u039c\u039f\u039d\u039f\u03a3 \u039a\u0391\u0399 \u039c\u0395\u03a4\u0391 \u03a0\u039f\u039b\u039b\u03a9\u039d, romanized:\u00a0M\u00f3nos K\u00e9 Met\u00e1 Poll\u00f3n). The phrase is an excerpt from the Ephebic Oath, an oath sworn by young men of Classical Athens upon induction into the military - \"If anyone tries to overthrow the constitution or disobeys it, I will not permit him, but will come to its defence alone or with others' support.\" (Greek: \u00ab \u039f\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03bd\u03ce \u03cc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac \u03bf\u03c5\u03b4' \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9\u00b7 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b4\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1 \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u00bb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007733-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (India)\nThe 11th Indian Infantry Division was an infantry division of the Indian Army during World War II. It formed part of Indian III Corps in the Malaya Command during the Battle of Malaya. The division was re-raised on 1 April 1965 and is presently part of the XII Corps of Southern Command. It is presently responsible for safeguarding the borders with Pakistan along Southern Rajasthan and Gujarat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007733-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (India), History\nIt was originally commanded by Major-General Murray-Lyon until 24 December 1941. Under Murray-Lyon the 11th Indian Division was defeated at the Battle of Jitra and suffered some of its worst casualties during the retreat from Jitra and at the Battle of Gurun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007733-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (India), History\nMurray-Lyon was fired by Lieut. Gen. Arthur Percival and replaced by Brig. A.C.M. Paris and then Maj. Gen. Billy Key. This division suffered such heavy casualties during the early stages of the campaign, that the 1st Leicesters and the 2nd East Surreys were forced to amalgamate, becoming the British Battalion and the 1/8th Punjab and the 2/9th Jats were also amalgamated, becoming the Jat-Punjab Battalion. The 6th and 15th Infantry Brigades were also amalgamated becoming the 6th/15th Indian Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007733-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (India), History\nAfter the Battle of Jitra the 11th Division, under Major-General Paris, inflicted heavy casualties on the Japanese at the Battle of Kampar, but was almost completely destroyed at the Battle of Slim River. The division was reformed in Singapore with the remains of the 9th Indian Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007733-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (India), History\nThe 11th Indian Division surrendered to the Japanese on 15 February 1942, along with about 130,000 other British and Commonwealth soldiers, when Singapore was surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007733-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (India), Formation\nOn 10 December 1941, for more details of the brigade units see the individual brigade articles", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007733-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (India), Assigned brigades\nAll these brigades were assigned or attached to the division at some time during World War II", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007733-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (India), Re-raising\n11 Infantry Division was re-raised on 1 April 1965 at Yol, Himachal Pradesh as 11 Mountain Division under the command of Major General N. C. Rawlley PVSM, AVSM, MC. The division was subsequently re-organised as an Infantry Division and relocated to Ahmedabad, Gujarat. It was expanded to its full strength by June 1971. The division had the following brigades-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007733-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (India), Indo-Pakistani War of 1965\nSoon after raising, the division moved first to Gurdaspur and then to Bhuj for Operation Ablaze. It took over operational control of the Kilo Sector on 29 June 1965. 31 Infantry Brigade of the division took part in Operation Kabaddi and 30 and 85 Infantry Brigades took part in Operation Riddle between September and October 1965. The 'order of battle' for the division was as follows -", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007733-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (India), Indo-Pakistani War of 1965\nAs the division had a large area of responsibility, the troop deployment was very thin on the ground. Pakistan's Army had the same problem and both forces made limited gains during the war. 30 Infantry Brigade captured Gadra in Sindh on 8 September 1965 and the division captured Dali on 19 September 1965. Pakistani troops captured Munabao railway station and the old fort at Kishangarh in Jaisalmer district. The division eventually captured 388 square kilometres of Pakistani territory in this sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007733-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (India), Indo-Pakistani War of 1965\nCaptain SK  Mathur of 5 Air Observation Post Flight was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra. The division also won 10 Vir Chakras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007733-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (India), Indo-Pakistani War of 1971\nDuring Operation Cactus Lily, the division under Major General R.D.R. Anand was responsible for the Barmer sector. This area stretched from Pochheena in Jaisalmer district in the north to the inter-state boundary of Rajasthan and Gujarat in the south. The 'order of battle' for the division was as follows-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007733-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (India), Indo-Pakistani War of 1971\nThe Pakistani defence in the Barmer sector was weak, with only 55 Brigade of Pakistani 18 Division in the area. The 11th Division attacked on the evening of 4 December 1971 targeting to reach the 'Green belt' area around the Indus River near Hyderabad. 85 and 330 Brigades pushed towards Naya Chor along the rail line, 31 Brigade advanced to Chachra. In the absence of any strong resistance, the division quickly achieved major territorial gains and constructed a link between the Indian and Pakistani rail lines between Munabao in Rajasthan to Khokhrapar in Sindh to support further operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007733-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (India), Indo-Pakistani War of 1971\nDespite the early gains, persistent air attacks by the Pakistan Air Force, supply and logistical problems and finally prolonged hesitation by the division halted the advance on the northern axis, before the troops reached Naya Chor. During this time, Pakistani troops were reinforced by 60 Brigade from 33 Division, which also took over the command of 55 Brigade. On the southern axis, 31 Brigade captured Chachra. Further advances were prevented as the ceasefire was declared. Following the operations, the division captured approximately 9,000 square kilometres of Pakistani territory, the largest in the western sector. The division won the following honours  -", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007733-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (India), Divisional insignia\nThe present formation sign has a black background signifying an infantry division and a Katar facing upwards. The motto of the division is \u091c\u0940\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u092f (Jeet Nischay), which translates to Victory and Determination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007734-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Pakistan)\nThe 11th Infantry Division is an active formation of the Pakistan Army. It is currently deployed in Lahore as part of IV Corps, and is responsible for the defence of that city and the surrounding areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007734-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Pakistan)\nThe division was formed just before the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Prior to this, the army chief at the time, General Muhammad Musa, had been calling for raising two new divisions;  this was denied by the government citing a benign security environment, the lack of funds and the general reluctance of the US to fund new risings under the foreign military assistance scheme. After the 1962 Sino-Indian War, the Indian army underwent a substantial increase in numbers and capability and the government reversed its position and the division was raised by utilising reserve  GOC, Major General Abdul Hamid Khan. The Division was then assigned to the defence of Lahore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007734-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Pakistan), 1965 War\nThe Division as a whole first went into action at the Battle of Lahore, though individual units had seen action already in the Rann of Kutch and in Operation Grand Slam. It, along with the 10th Division successfully withstood the Indian assault towards Lahore, the 11th fighting in the Kasur region. After this battle, the division was committed to the Khem Karan offensive, for which the Divisional HQ was given command of the 1st Armoured Division. The two formations successfully managed to capture Khem Karan, though further attacks by the 1st Armoured were checked by the Indians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007734-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Pakistan), 1965 War\nAt the same time as the fighting in Khem Karan, the Indian offensive towards Sialkot was making progress at the Battle of Chawinda and the 1st Armoured was withdrawn to reinforce the Pakistani forces in that sector. The 11th was forced to fall back to Khem Karan, where it withstood multiple attempts by the Indians to retake the town, however the ceasefire found the division in command of the town and several hundred square kilometres of Indian territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007734-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Pakistan), 1971 War\nSix years later, the division once again went into action in the 1971 war, and in a repeat of the experience in 1965, the Division crossed the Radcliffe Line, the International Border, once more. 106 Brigade succeeded in overwhelming the resistance of the Indian 15th Battalion, Punjab Regiment (35 Infantry Brigade, 14th Infantry Division) to take significant ground near Hussainiwala, thereby controlling a key dam and threatening the border town of Ferozepur. One of the famous features that the formation captured was the Qaisar-e-Hind Fort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007734-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Pakistan), Present\nThe division is at present deployed around Lahore and has the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007735-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Philippines)\nThe 11th Infantry Division, Philippine Army, also called the Alakdan Division, is one of the Philippine Army's infantry units in Mindanao. Currently still forming, the Division is expected to complete its equipment and manpower requirements by 2022. It is the youngest of all the infantry divisions of the Army and will have 4,500 troops when fully formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007735-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Philippines), History\nOn 17 December 2018, President Duterte, accompanied by Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana, led the activation of the 11th Infantry \u2018Alakdan\u2019 (Scorpion) Division at Kuta Heneral Teodulfo Bautista, headquarters of Joint Task Force Sulu in Barangay Bus-Bus, Jolo, Sulu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007735-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Philippines), History\nComposed of units already present in Sulu working under Joint Task Force Sulu, the various units were formed into a new Division dedicated in fighting the ISIS affiliated terrorist groups in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007735-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Philippines), History\nOn 28 January 2019, following the bombing of the Cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Jolo on 27 January 2019, the Armed Forces of the Philippines launched an all out assault on known Abu Sayyaf bases in the area. Led by the elite Philippine Scout Rangers, the 11th Infantry Division were given a supporting role and engaged the terrorists trying to flee the combat zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007735-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Philippines), History\nIt has been reported by Philippine Media on 30 May 2019 that the 1st Brigade Combat Team will be assigned to the Division to aid in the operations against the Abu Sayyaf. These troops arrived on board the BRP Tarlac (LD-601) on 31 May 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007735-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Philippines), History\nOn 28 June 2019, two suicide bombers detonated themselves at the gate of the tactical command post of the First Brigade Combat Team (1BCT) in Sitio Tanjung, Barangay Kajatian, Sulu. The blast killed three soldiers and three civilians as well as the bombers. It is believed that this is the first instance of a suicide bombing conducted by native Filipinos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007735-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Philippines), History\nA British businessman, Allan Hyrons, 70, and his wife, Wilma, were rescued by elite troops of the 2nd Special Forces Battalion with support from the 11th Infantry \u201cAlakdan\u201d Division who found them abandoned by kidnappers at the forested areas of Mt. Piahan, boundary of Barangays Silangkan and Kaha in Parang, Sulu in the morning of 25 November 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007735-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Philippines), History\nAn argument with an inebriated soldier resulted in the deaths of three members of the 9th Field Artillery Battalion, Army Artillery Regiment, at Barangay Liang in Patikul on 31 January 2020. Corporal Jack Indap shot dead two officers, Major Rael Gabot and First Lieutenant Ryan Lamoste, as they confronted him for being drunk on duty. Indap was later killed by responding personnel. The 9th Field Artillery Battalion is attached to the 11th Infantry Division as one of its support units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007735-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Philippines), History\nOn 29 June 2020, 4 intelligence officers believed assigned to the 11th Military Intelligence Battalion were killed in a friendly fire incident by Philippine National Police personnel manning a checkpoint in Jolo, Sulu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007735-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Philippines), History\nOn 23 August 2020, two powerful bomb explosions occurred on Jolo island in Sulu. Six civilians, seven soldiers, and a police officer were killed in the blasts that went off in a busy street while 75 other people \u2013 including at least 48 civilians, 21 soldiers, and six police officers \u2013 were injured. Islamic State militants have claimed responsibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007735-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Philippines), History\nTo improve coordination with Philippine Navy and Air Force units, the Division conducted the weeklong LUPAH SUG 01-2021 Exercises. Ended on 19 February 2021, the exercise sought to solve the difficulties shown during Operation Perfect Storm 2 conducted in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007735-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Philippines), Mission\nThe 11th Infantry (Alakdan) Division, Philippine Army conducts military and rescue operations against the terrorist group, Abu Sayyaf, known to operate in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007735-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Philippines), Area of Responsibility\nThe Division has operational responsibility over the Sulu Archipelago consisting of the provinces of Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi. The entire region is part of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007735-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Philippines), Official Seal of 11ID\nThe official seal of the Division is an irregular hexagon divided in half with a scorpion (Filipino: Alakdan) over a green field on top and two crossed bolos and a kris over a brown field below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007736-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Poland)\nThe 11th Carpathian Infantry Division (Polish 11 Karpacka Dywizja Piechoty), was a tactical unit of the Polish Army in the interbellum period, which fought in the Invasion of Poland in 1939. Elements of the unit would go on to serve in the Polish Armed Forces in the East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007736-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Poland), Composition\nIts headquarters were located in Stanis\u0142aw\u00f3w, with some regiments stationed in nearby locations, such as Stryj and Kolomyja. It consisted of these regiments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007736-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Poland), Polish September Campaign\nThe Division, under Colonel Bronis\u0142aw Prugar-Ketling, was part of the Krak\u00f3w Army as a rear unit. It was supposed to concentrate in the area of Zawiercie, to cover activities of the neighboring units - Polish 7th Infantry Division and the Slask Operational Group. However, original plans had been changed, because of the Luftwaffe bombing of Polish rail connections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007736-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Poland), Polish September Campaign\nOn September 3 and 4, parts of the Division left train near Bochnia and was ordered to protect the line of the Dunajec river. Lacking artillery, antiaircraft and field hospital (which had been stuck in Rzesz\u00f3w), the unit entered the battle immediately, but German pressure was too hard. On September 7, the Division began retreat towards the Wis\u0142oka and from there - eastwards, towards Przemy\u015bl. There, on September 11 and 12, it was engaged in bloody fighting with the Germans. On September 17, the Division fought in the Jan\u00f3w Forest, halting advance of German 7th I.D. and 57 I.D. Remnants of the unit, numbered at no more than 1000 men, managed to break into besieged Lw\u00f3w, where it capitulated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007736-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Poland), Polish Armed Forces in the East\nAn 11th Infantry Division (see pl:11 Dywizja Piechoty (LWP)) was reformed became part of the Polish Armed Forces in the East. A 1944 formation of the division was originally intended to become part of the Third Army, which was never fully formed. After 1945 it became successively the 11th Motorised Division (1949), the 11th Mechanised Division (1950), the 11th Armoured Division (1963), and finally the 11th Armoured Cavalry Division in 1992, which still serves the Polish Army today. The 11th Armoured Cavalry Division is part of the 2nd Mechanised Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 64], "content_span": [65, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007737-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 11th Infantry Division (Russian: 11-\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, 11-ya Pekhotnaya Diviziya) was an infantry formation of the Russian Imperial Army that existed in various formations from the early 19th century until the end of World War I and the Russian Revolution. The division was based in Lutsk in the years leading up to 1914. It fought in World War I and was demobilized in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007737-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Russian Empire), History\nThe division was formed on 24 July 1806 as the 18th Infantry Division, one of four new divisions formed in an expansion of the army to control new regiments. It included the Tambov, Yakutsk, Nyslott, and Okhotsk Musketeer Regiments, all newly formed except for the Tambov Regiment, transferred from the 9th Infantry Division, in addition to the new 29th and 32nd Jaeger Regiments. The 18th was reorganized to include three brigades on 29 September 1809: the 1st with the Tambov and Yakutsk Musketeers, the 2nd with the Kostroma and Dnieper Musketeers, and the 3rd with the 28th and 32nd Jaegers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007737-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Russian Empire), History\nIts second or replacement battalions were assigned to the 4th Corps when corps were formed on 26 October 1810. The division was assigned the Konotop Recruit Depot when recruit depots were assigned to divisions on 16 March 1811, after musketeer regiments were redesignated as infantry earlier that year. The Vladimir and Aleksopol Infantry Regiments were transferred to it on 27 March from the 7th and 24th Divisions respectively, while its Yakutsk Infantry Regiment went to the 9th Division. The Aleksopol Regiment was soon transferred again, and by November the division organization remained the same as after the 1809 reorganization except that the Vladimir Regiment had replaced the Yakutsk in the 1st Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007737-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Russian Empire), History\nAs the army prepared for the 1812 French invasion of Russia, the division was assigned to the Third Reserve Army of Observation on 5 May, and became part of its Infantry Corps of General Sergei Kamensky by June. When the army again reorganized on 29 August 1814 after the end of the War of the Sixth Coalition, the division was part of the  7th Infantry Corps, which was assigned to the 2nd Army when the active forces were divided into two armies on 28 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007737-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Russian Empire), History\nBy October 1819 the division was reorganized to consist of the 1st Brigade with the Kazan and Vladimir Regiments, the 2nd with the Vyatka and Ufa Regiments, and the 3rd with the 36th and 32nd Jaegers. Though the division was one of the few divisions to retain its number during the renumbering of 20 May 1820, the Vyatka Regiment transferred to the 1st Brigade and replaced the Vladimir Regiment, the Perm Regiment replaced the Vyatka Regiment in the 2nd Brigade, and the 35th Jaegers replaced the 32nd in the 3rd Brigade. The third battalions of its regiments were assigned to the Kherson Military settlement by 1825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007737-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Russian Empire), History\nWhen the army was reorganized on 22 September 1829, it became part of the 5th Infantry Corps of the 1st Army with its 1st Brigade including the Kamchatka and Okhotsk Infantry, the 2nd the Yakutsk and Selenginsk Infantry, and the 3rd as before. It was renumbered as the 14th Infantry Division on 28 January 1833, with its 3rd Brigade of Jaegers disbanded and merged into the Kamchatka and Okhotsk Regiments, which were redesignated as Jaegers to form the 2nd Brigade; the 1st Brigade remained as before. The division would continue this structure for the rest of its existence, and gained its final title of the 11th Infantry Division on 26 April 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007737-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Russian Empire), History\nThe division was based in Lutsk in the years leading up to 1914. It fought in World War I and was demobilized in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007737-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Russian Empire), Organization\nThe 11th Infantry Division was part of the 11th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007738-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (United States)\nThe 11th Division, an infantry division of the United States Army, was activated twice during the First World War. During the Second World War the division was notionally reactivated as part of Fortitude South II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007738-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War I\nThe 11th Division was first formed as a National Guard division in early 1917 consisting of units of the Michigan and Wisconsin National Guards. By the end of that same year, the 11th Division became the 32nd Division (later 32nd Infantry Division).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007738-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War I\nThe 11th Division was reformed as a National Army division in August 1918, and was commanded by Jesse McI. Carter. The division was nicknamed the Lafayette Division, and its shoulder sleeve insignia included a silhouette of Lafayette. The 17th Infantry Regiment, and the 63rd Infantry Regiment were the two units chosen as the cadre around which the division would be formed. The 71st and 72nd Infantry Regiments were formed from cadres from the 17th and 63rd Regiments. The division's field artillery brigade was trained at West Point, Kentucky, and never actually joined the division at Camp Meade. The division's advanced schools detachment started for England on 25 October 1918, arriving 8 November 1918. With the Armistice, further activities were halted and the division disbanded on 29 November 1918 at Camp Meade, Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007738-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II (deception formation)\nThe 11th Infantry Division was 'reformed' for a third time in 1944 as part of Operation Fortitude. A purely notional unit, in the deception it was depicted as intended to replace the real 4th Armored Division when the 4th Armored moved to Normandy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007738-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II (deception formation)\nThe division was presented to the Germans as a well trained unit based in the area around Northwich, Cheshire with its headquarters located at Delamere House. When the 4th Armored Division moved to Normandy, the 11th Infantry Division was depicted as moving into the vacated quarters around Bury St Edmunds. There, as part of the (notional) US XXXIII Corps of the (notional) US 14th Army it was depicted as assigned the role of following up the Pas de Calais landings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007738-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II (deception formation)\nIn the aftermath of Fortitude South II the 11th Division was depicted as moving to Winchester in Hampshire during August, 1944. The deception then had the 11th Division moving to Abergavenny in South Wales during October, 1944 when the deception was terminated by announcing that the 11th Division had been disbanded to provide replacements for other units. In the deception the 11th Infantry Division was composed of the notional 178th, 352nd, and 399th Infantry Regiments, in addition to notional artillery and support units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007739-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 11th Infantry Division (11. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of Nazi Germany's Wehrmacht during World War II. Formed 1 October 1934 as Infanterief\u00fchrer I in Allenstein it was renamed 11. Infanterie-Division on 15. October 1935 with the disclosure of German rearmament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007739-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nAbout two-thirds of the division could be evacuated to Schleswig-Holstein from the Courland pocket on 30 April 1945. Commander Feyerabend and the rest of the division went into Russian captivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007739-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Literature\nThis article about a specific German military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007740-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Greece)\nThe 11th Infantry Regiment (Greek: 11\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \"\u0391\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\", 11\u03bf \u03a3\u03a0) is an infantry regiment of the Hellenic Army. It was founded in March 1897 in Larissa as part of the 2nd Infantry Division's 4th Brigade. With the Army reorganization of 1912, it was subordinated to the 4th Infantry Division, where it has remained since. The regiment distinguished itself in the Asia Minor Campaign, earning the highest Greek decoration for valour, the Commander's Cross of the Cross of Valour. The regiment was disbanded on 2 May 1941, following the Greek army's capitulation after the German invasion of Greece, and was reconstituted in 1945 as a recruit training center. In 1965 it was moved to Tripoli, which has been its base since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007741-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Poland)\n11th Infantry Regiment (Polish language: 11 Pulk Piechoty, 11 pp) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army. It existed from 1918 until 1939. Garrisoned in Tarnowskie G\u00f3ry, the unit belonged to the 23rd Infantry Division from Tarnowskie G\u00f3ry. Due to its location in Polish Upper Silesia, the regiment was called Upper Silesian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007741-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Beginnings\nThe history of the regiment dates back to October 1918, when in the region of Zag\u0142\u0119bie D\u0105browskie, occupied at that time by Austria-Hungary. Colonel Wladyslaw Wasik, who commanded local district of the Polish Military Organisation, organized clandestine paramilitary units, which consisted mostly of coal miners from D\u0105browa G\u00f3rnicza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007741-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Beginnings\nOn November 1, 1918, a group of former members of Polish Legions in World War I and activists of the Polish Military Organisation seized the barracks of Austrian 13th Battalion of Field Rifles. Two days later, two rifle companies were created. Soon afterwards, a company of NCOs from the academy of Polska Si\u0142a Zbrojna in Ostr\u00f3w Mazowiecka came to D\u0105browa G\u00f3rnicza. After two months, two battalions, D\u0105browa G\u00f3rnicza and B\u0119dzin were formed by the NCOs. On January 27, 1919, Colonel Witold Rylski issued the first order for the 11th Infantry Regiment. By spring 1919, the third battalion was formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007741-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Beginnings\nOn May 25, 1919, the regiment left its barracks, heading towards the nearby border with Upper Silesia, which at that time belonged to Germany. Since German attack was expected, the unit took positions along the line from Kozieg\u0142owy to Modrzejow (now a district of Sosnowiec), remaining there until September 1919, when it was transported by rail to the area of Zator and Spytkowice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007741-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Beginnings\nAfter a month of training and recuperation, the regiment on October 4 took positions along Polish-Czechoslovak demarcation line. Divided into three groups (Frysztat, Cieszyn, Jablonkow), it protected the border against Czechoslovak movements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007741-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Polish\u2013Soviet War\nOn February 2, 1920, all battalions were concentrated near Bielsko-Bia\u0142a, and the regiment marched off towards Krak\u00f3w. There it was loaded on trains and transported to Rowne in Volhynia, reaching the destination of February 28. During the Polish\u2013Soviet War, the regiment belonged to the 7th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007741-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Polish\u2013Soviet War\nIn early April 1920, the unit several times clashed with the enemy, capturing several villages, 200 prisoners and 13 machine guns. In mid-April, Marshal J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski ordered Polish Army units in Volhynia to prepare the offensive into the Ukraine (see Kiev Offensive (1920)). The 11th regiment, as part of Operational Group of General Edward Rydz-\u015amig\u0142y, was tasked with capturing Kiev, and began the advance on April 24. After several clashes with the Red Army, in late May it captured Bila Tserkva", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007741-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Polish\u2013Soviet War\nOn June 5, the Cavalry Army of Semyon Budyonny broke through Polish lines near Samhorodek, threatening Polish communication lines near Zytomierz. To avoid encirclement, the 11th Regiment was ordered to march to Vasylkiv, and cover the retreat routes from Kiev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007741-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Polish\u2013Soviet War\nBy July 8, the regiment was in Sarny, and three days later, it took positions along the Styr river. Unable to keep them, the regiment withdrew to the Bug river, reaching it on August 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007741-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Polish\u2013Soviet War\nOn August 5\u20136, the Battle of Dorohusk took place, in which the Poles managed to halt the enemy. To commemorate this victory, August 6 was named as the regimental holiday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007741-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Polish\u2013Soviet War\nFollowing Polish counterattack from the line of the Wieprz river, the regiment crossed the Bug on September 11, reaching Kowel three days later. By mid-October, it was positioned in Sarny, where its soldiers found out about the Polish-Soviet armistice (October 17).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007741-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Poland), In the Second Polish Republic\nIn the winter of 1920/21, the regiment remained stationed in eastern Volhynia, guarding the demarcation line. Its headquarters were located in Sarny until April 22, when the unit was loaded on trains, and transported back to Zag\u0142\u0119bie D\u0105browskie. In 1921, it was transferred from the 7th Infantry Division to the 23rd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007741-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Poland), In the Second Polish Republic\nIn the Second Polish Republic, the regiment was stationed in Tarnowskie G\u00f3ry (without the 2nd Battalion, stationed in Szczakowa). Every year it received app. 1010 recruits, and its strength was 68 officers plus 2200 NCOs and soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007741-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Symbols\nThe first flag, funded by the female members of the Polish Military Organisation from Dabrowa, was presented in January 1919. The second flag was presented in December 1922 in Tarnowskie G\u00f3ry, by General Stanis\u0142aw Szeptycki. It featured the names of main battles, and Saint Barbara, patron saint of miners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007741-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Symbols\nThe badge was approved in 1928. It was in the shape of the cross, with the initials 11 PP, and silver Polish Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007742-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Thailand)\nThe 11th Infantry Regiment, King's Close Bodyguard (Thai: \u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e17\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 11 \u0e21\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e14\u0e40\u0e25\u0e47\u0e01\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e27\u0e31\u0e25\u0e25\u0e20\u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e4c) (\u0e23.11 \u0e17\u0e21.\u0e23\u0e2d.) is a King's Guard regiment under the 1st Infantry Division, King's Guard of the Royal Thai Army. The regiment is divided into three battalions, all of them based in Bangkok. Formerly having a duty to guard the palace in the reign of King Mongkut to practice military subjects in order to perform effective and set up a Royal Palace Guard Regiment or the army surrounded the palace with the blue uniform is likely to come from the color of Krom Wang (Bureau of the Lord Chamberlain) uniforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007742-0000-0001", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Thailand)\nThe reign of King Chulalongkorn please King Vajiravudh, when he was the Siamese Crown Prince as a special colonel of the regiment which makes the unit have a bond with King Vajiravudh. Later, when King Vajiravudh ascended the throne he was accepted as a special commander of the Regiment which His Majesty's color is blue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007742-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Thailand), History\nThe Royal Guards were established by King Mongkut (Rama IV) of Siam to serving and protect the monarchy by acting as a custody unit and supervise the safety situation neatness in the fence around the royal court, which led to commoners referring to them as the \"Tahan Lorm Wang\" (The palace bodyguards).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007742-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Thailand), History\nIn the past political history of The 11th Infantry Regiment is considered an important role. Especially when any event occurs which led to the undermining of national security, then the 11th Infantry Regiment would take him to join one of the main forces of security as in the past such as Boworadet rebellion, Franco-Thai War , Manhattan Rebellion including Communist insurgency in Thailand. During 2010 Thai political protests 11th Infantry Regiment become a main role for Centre for Resolution of Emergency Situation to control protests of United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007742-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Thailand), History\n11th Infantry Regiment under the command of Colonel Thanom Kittikachorn was established as a King's Guard unit in His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej on 20 January 1949. The Royal Guards still exist down to the present and serve as protectors of the Royal Family of Thailand. On 18 January 2019, the unit has renamed to 11th King's Own Bodyguard Regiment. Then, on 23 April 2019, the unit has renamed again to 11th Infantry Regiment, King's Close Bodyguard. On October 1, 2019, the unit was transferred to be directly to Royal Security Command  under the command of King Maha Vajiralongkorn, along with 1st Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007742-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Thailand), Uniforms\nThe 1st and 2nd battalions wears a ceremonial uniform of scarlet blue and black facings and a bearskin-styled cap based on the British Army Foot Guards with a row of single buttons (similar to those used by the British Grenadier Guards).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007742-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Thailand), Gallery\nUnit colours of the 2nd Infantry Battalion, 11th Infantry Regiment, King's Guard", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007742-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (Thailand), Gallery\nSoldiers from 11th Infantry Regiment on guarding the first funeral procession of King Rama IX", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 11th Infantry Regiment is a regiment in the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", The first 11th Infantry\nUnder the authority granted the President by the Act of 16 July 1798, to raise twelve additional regiments of infantry, the first 11th Infantry came into existence in the Army of the United States in January 1799, with Aaron Ogden as Lieutenant Colonel Commandant. It was raised for the \"Quasi-War\" with France but saw no war service. The Act of 20 February 1800, suspended enlistments for the new regiments. The Act of 14 May 1800, authorized the president to discharge them, and under this authority the 11th Infantry was disbanded 15 June 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 110], "content_span": [111, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", War of 1812\nThe second 11th U.S. regiment of infantry was organized on 11 January 1812 when the Congress authorized a strengthening of the Regular Army in preparation for the threatening conflict that became known as the War of 1812. During the summer little was done in Vermont beyond organizing the 11th infantry, which seems to have consisted originally of six companies from Vermont and four from New Hampshire. The army gathered at Plattsburgh, New York, numbering about eight thousand men, of whom nearly one half were Vermonters. Among them was the 11th regiment of regulars under Col. Isaac Clark (12 March 1812 to 27 April 1814).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", War of 1812\nOn 16 November 1812 the largest portion moved north under the immediate command of Maj. Gen. Henry Dearborn, then the senior officer of the army, and on 18 November encamped about half a mile south of the Canadian boundary line. The force there assembled numbered three thousand regulars and two thousand militia, while the entire British force on the northern frontier did not exceed three thousand, and of these not more than one thousand were within striking distance of the American army. When Dearborn was prepared to cross the line, the British Major Salaberry also prepared to meet him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", War of 1812\nEarly in the morning of 20 November, a detachment of Dearborn's army forded the La Colle river and surrounded a British guard-house, which was occupied by Canadian militia and a few Indians, who broke through the American lines and escaped unhurt. In the meantime a second party of the Americans had advanced, and commenced a sharp fire on those in possession of the ground, mistaking them for the British picket. This fire continued for nearly half an hour, when, being undeceived, both parties hastily retreated, leaving behind five killed and as many wounded. The troops immediately afterwards returned to Champlain, and on 23 November to Plattsburgh, when the militia were disbanded, and the 11th U.S. regiment was sent to Burlington, with the 9th, 21st, and 25th, all under the command of Brig. Gen. John Chandler of Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 927]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", War of 1812\nThe Vermont non-intercourse act, passed 6 November 1812, provided \"that all officers, civil and military, of this State, shall aid in currying this act into full force\u00a0;\" and therefore, immediately after the return of the 11th U.S. regiment and militia from Pittsburgh, a vigorous enforcement of the act along the northern boundary line of Vermont was commenced. In this work Col. Isaac Clark of the 11th Infantry regiment, and Lieut. Col. Edward Fifield of the militia, were conspicuous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", War of 1812\n10 February 1813, the Secretary of War ordered Gen. Dearborn to move the two brigades at Plattsburgh (Bloomfield's and Chandler's, numbering 2480 men,) to Sackett's Harbor; and 14 March Dearborn complied, leaving no troops at Plattsburgh, and only the 11th regiment of infantry and a company of artillery at Burlington. The 11th Infantry regiment was not full at that time, but was to be filled in a few weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", War of 1812\n13 May 1813, five hundred men from the 11th Infantry regiment, being the first battalion, were ordered to Sackett's Harbor, and on 31 May left Burlington under the command of Lieut. Col. Timothy Upham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", War of 1812\nThis 11th Infantry Regiment participated in the following: the Battle of Crysler's Farm; the Second Battle of Lacolle Mills; the Raid on Port Dover, the Capture of Fort Erie, the Battle of Chippawa, where Colonel John B. Campbell (9 April to 28 August 1814), was mortally wounded and the 11th Infantry came under command of Maj. John McNeil, who was breveted Lt. Col. for his actions; and the Battle of Lundy's Lane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", War of 1812\nThe third colonel of the regiment was Moody Bedel (4 September 1814 to 17 May 1815), became a brigadier general during the War of 1812. He was the son of Timothy Bedel a commander during the American Revolution. Moody Bedel's son John Bedel was a brigadier general of volunteers during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", War of 1812\nIt was consolidated May\u2013October 1815 with a company of the 25th Infantry and a company each of the 27th, 29th, and 37th Infantry to form a company of the 6th Infantry. The present 6th United States Infantry traces its lineage back to this 11th Infantry Regiment. for the First U.S. 6th Infantry Regiment see: 2nd Infantry Regiment (United States)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", War of 1812\nThe official U.S. Army lineage of the present 11th Infantry Regiment starts with the Civil War in 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Mexican\u2013American War\nThe third 11th U.S. regiment of infantry was authorized by Congress on 11 February 1847, as a one-year regiment for the Mexican\u2013American War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 107], "content_span": [108, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Mexican\u2013American War\nAlbert C. Ramsey was appointed Colonel of the 11th Infantry on 9 April 1847, headquarters at Baltimore. The companies of infantry to be raised in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 107], "content_span": [108, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Mexican\u2013American War\nThe 11th Infantry participated in the following: Battle of Cerro Gordo, the Battle of Contreras, the Battle of Churubusco, the Battle of Molino del Rey (Lieutenant-Colonel William M. Graham, Eleventh Infantry, whose regiment had participated actively in capturing Molinos del Rey, received two wounds, either of which was mortal, and fell at the head of his command while leading a charge against the northern angle of the buildings. A portion of his regiment, under Lieuts. Thomas F. McCoy and Benjamin F. Harley, was active in pursuit of the Mexicans after the attack on the Casa, Mata. ), the Battle of Chapultepec and the Battle for Mexico City under command of Col. William Trousdale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 107], "content_span": [108, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Mexican\u2013American War\nOfficers of this regiment that served in the Civil War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 107], "content_span": [108, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Old Eleventh Infantry\nThis was the regiment known as the Eleventh Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War until 1869. The official U.S. Army lineage of three present-day U.S. Infantry regiments trace back to this regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 108], "content_span": [109, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Old Eleventh Infantry, Civil War\nThe fourth 11th Infantry was organized on 4 May 1861 by direction of the President. On 14 May 1861, President Abraham Lincoln issued an executive order, directing an increase of the regimental organizations of the Regular Army. The 11th Infantry was the first, numerically, of the nine infantry regiments, of three battalions of eight companies each, were of the increase authorized. In G. O. No. 33, A. G. O., series of 1861, in contrast to the original ten regular regiments of infantry, which were organized on the traditional ten-company line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 119], "content_span": [120, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0016-0001", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Old Eleventh Infantry, Civil War\nThe 11th Infantry was organized at Fort Independence, Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, as regimental headquarters, and which remained the 11th's headquarters during the War. Erasmus D. Keyes was served as colonel of the 11th U.S. Infantry from 14 May 1861 to 6 May 1864. William S. Ketchum served as colonel of the 11th U.S. Infantry 6 May 1864 to 15 March 1869.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 119], "content_span": [120, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Old Eleventh Infantry, Civil War\nAfter six companies had been organized and assigned to the 1st Battalion, 11th Infantry Regiment, it was ordered to Perryville, Maryland, 10 October 1861, and duty there until March 1862. Ordered to Washington, D.C. Attached to Sykes' Regular Infantry, Reserve Brigade, Army Potomac, to May 1862. The 11th then campaigned September 1863 to November 1864 as part of the 5th Army Corps, Army of the Potomac and 8th Army Corps, Middle Department, to January 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 119], "content_span": [120, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0018-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Old Eleventh Infantry, Civil War\nThe 11th took part in the following: Peninsula Campaign, Siege of Yorktown, Battle of Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Turkey Bridge 30 June, Battle of Malvern Hill Malvern Hill, At Harrison's Landing until 16 August. Movement to Fortress Monroe, thence to Centerville 16\u201328 August. Pope's Northern Virginia Campaign, Battle of Groveton 29 August, Second Battle of Bull Run, Maryland Campaign,Battle of Antietam, Shepherdstown Ford 19\u201320 September, Battle of Fredericksburg, \"Mud March\", Chancellorsville Campaign 27 April \u2013 6 May, Battle of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Gettysburg, Pursuit of Lee 5\u201324 July. On special duty at New York 21 August \u2013 14 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 119], "content_span": [120, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0018-0001", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Old Eleventh Infantry, Civil War\nRejoined army, Bristoe Campaign, Second Battle of Rappahannock Station, Mine Run Campaign, Rapidan Campaign, Battle of the Wilderness, Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, North Anna River, Pamunkey 26\u201328 May, Battle of Totopotomoy Creek,Battle of Cold Harbor, Bethesda Church 1\u20133 June, Second Battle of Petersburg, Siege of Petersburg, Mine Explosion, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Poplar Springs Church, Peeble's Farm, Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 119], "content_span": [120, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0019-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Old Eleventh Infantry, Civil War\nMoved to Fort Hamilton, New York Harbor, 2 November, thence to Baltimore, Maryland., 18 November, and to Annapolis, Maryland., 5 December. Duty at Camp Parole, Annapolis, Md., until 26 January 1865. Ordered to City Point, Virginia., 26 January, and camp near Gen. Grant's Headquarters until 8 March. Provost duty at Headquarters, Army Potomac, until May, and at Richmond. Va., until October 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 119], "content_span": [120, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0020-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Old Eleventh Infantry, Civil War\nThe regiment lost during the Civil War 8 officers and 117 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 2 officers and 86 enlisted men by disease. Total, 213.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 119], "content_span": [120, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0021-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Old Eleventh Infantry, Civil War\nAfter the surrender, the 11th Infantry with other Regular troops, was sent to Richmond, Va., where it arrived May 3d. It did provost duty in Richmond until the civil government of the city was organized, and at Libby Prison until its use was discontinued. During the summer and fall of 1865 the twenty-four companies of the regiment were organized. In the summer of 1866, the regiment suffered a great mortality from cholera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 119], "content_span": [120, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0022-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Old Eleventh Infantry, Civil War\n1st Lt . John H. Patterson was awarded the Medal of Honor for courage under fire at the Battle of the Wilderness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 119], "content_span": [120, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0023-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Old Eleventh Infantry, Civil War\nCAPT James Madison Cutts received the award on May, 2, 1891 for his actions as a captain in the 11th Infantry Regiment, US Army, at the Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia, the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, Virginia, and the Battle of Petersburg, Virginia, all between May 5, 1864 and June 18, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 119], "content_span": [120, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0024-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Old Eleventh Infantry, Civil War\nThe following men served in the 11th Infantry during the Civil War: John S. Mason, Frederick Steele, Charles Sawyer Russell, John C. Bates, DeLancey Floyd-Jones, and David R. Lillibridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 119], "content_span": [120, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0025-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Old Eleventh Infantry, 1866 Army reorganization\nBy an Act of Congress, dated 28 July 1866, the three battalion regiments were discontinued and the Army was reorganized. The 11th was divided into three regiments, each battalion receiving two additional companies and being organized along traditional lines. The 1st Battalion was given the designation of the 11th Infantry, while the 2nd Battalion became the 20th Infantry and the 3rd Battalion the 29th Infantry. Soon afterward the 29th Infantry (3d Battalion) was ordered to Lynchburg, Virginia. In January 1866, the 20th Infantry (2d Battalion) was ordered to New Orleans, Louisiana, leaving the 1st Battalion heir to the colors and records of the 11th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 134], "content_span": [135, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0026-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Old Eleventh Infantry, 1866 Army reorganization\nCompany B, 1st Battalion, 11th Infantry was reorganized and redesignated on 5 December 1866 as Company B, 11th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 134], "content_span": [135, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0027-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Old Eleventh Infantry, 1869 Army reorganization\nCompany B, 11th Infantry was consolidated 31 March 1869 with Company B, 24th Infantry and consolidated unit redesignated as Company B, 16th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 134], "content_span": [135, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0028-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Earlier units called \"11th Infantry Regiment\", Old Eleventh Infantry, 1869 Army reorganization\nThough the present-day 11th Infantry does not trace its lineage to this regiment it was referred to as the origin of the current 11th Infantry up to at least 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 134], "content_span": [135, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0029-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment\nThe fifth 11th Infantry Regiment, to which the present-day 11th traces its lineage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0030-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, Lineage\nThe 11th Infantry was constituted on 3 May 1861 by president Abraham Lincoln in the Regular Army as Company A, 2d Battalion, 15th Infantry. It was organized on 6 May 1862 at Newport Barracks, Kentucky, as one of the nine \"three-battalion\" regiments of regulars, each battalion containing eight companies of infantry, in contrast to the original ten regular regiments of infantry, which were organized on the traditional ten-company line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0031-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, Lineage\nAs Company A, 2d Battalion 15th Infantry, the regiment first campaigned as part of the Army of the Ohio and later as part of the Army of the Cumberland, participating in such battles as Shiloh, the Kentucky Campaign, Chickamauga, Murfreesboro, the Battle of Atlanta, and the march through Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0032-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, Lineage, 1866 Army reorganization\nCompany A, 2d Battalion, 15th Infantry was reorganized and redesignated on 1 December 1866 as Company A, 24th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 105], "content_span": [106, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0033-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, Lineage, 1869 Army reorganization\nThe 24th Infantry (originally 2nd Battalion 15th Infantry) was consolidated into five companies, and the 29th Infantry (originally 3rd Battalion 11th Infantry) also into five companies, and by General Orders No. 80, dated 5th Military District, 25 April 1869, the consolidation of the two regiments into the Eleventh Infantry was completed and designated as Company A, 11th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 105], "content_span": [106, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0034-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History\nThe fifth or present Eleventh Infantry was formed by the consolidation of the 24th and 29th Regiments of Infantry on 25 April 1869.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0035-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nOn 5 June 1871, Company F of the Eleventh Infantry was sent to Fort Phantom Hill, a subpost of Fort Griffin, with a six-man detachment of the Fourth Cavalry, to protect the traffic through the area, and to guard the mail station at Mountain Pass, the first stop south of Phantom Hill. On 10 June 1871, a few days after its arrival at Mountain Pass, the Eleventh Infantry detachment was attacked by a war party of about seventy-five Comanches and Kiowas. A skirmish of one and a half hours ensued until the Indians broke off hostilities, with six killed and several wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0036-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n19 June 1871, Company H, Eleventh Infantry, with six companies of the Fourth Cavalry, and twenty Tonkawa scouts, under Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie left Fort Richardson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0037-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n10 October 1871, Companies F and I, Eleventh Infantry, took part in the Battle of Blanco Canyon under Col. Ranald S. Mackenzie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0038-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nOn 10 January 1872, Company G (Captain Theodore Schwan commanding 1869\u20131886), Eleventh Infantry, reestablished Fort Phantom Hill. 8 February 1872, Company G was replaced by Company A of the Eleventh Infantry, along with two Tonkawa scouts and a six-man detachment of the Fourth Cavalry. On 8 March 1872, Company A at Phantom Hill was relieved by Company F and was replaced 6 April, for the last time by Company G.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0039-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n15 June 1872, a detachment from Company H, Eleventh Infantry at Fort Concho in San Angelo, Texas successfully defended Johnson's Mail Station against an Indian raid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0040-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n5 August 1872, Private Franklin M. McDonald, Company G, Eleventh Infantry, escorted a mail coach from Jacksboro, Texas, to Fort Griffin. Fifteen miles from Fort Belknap and near Fort Griffin, it was attacked by a band of eight to 10 Kiowa Indians. McDonald was awarded the Medal of Honor for gallantry in defeating Indians who attacked the mail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0041-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n2 April 1873, Eleventh Infantry at Fort Stockton, Texas to escort surveyors on the Rio Pecos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0042-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nDuring the Red River War, the regiment was in the following actions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0043-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n5 February 1874, Lieutenant-Colonel George P. Buell, Eleventh Infantry, with Troops G and D, Tenth Cavalry, Company F, Eleventh Infantry, and detachments of Companies A and G, Eleventh Infantry, attacked a camp of hostile Qua ha dee Comanches on the Double Mountain Fork Brazos River, Texas, killed eleven Indians and captured sixty-five horses. One enlisted man was wounded in the fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0044-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n20 July 1874, in Palo Pinto County, Texas, a detachment of two officers, nine men and nine Tonkawa scouts, under command of Lieutenant Colonel G. P. Buell, Eleventh Infantry, attacked a war party of Indians and captured one horse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0045-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nAugust 1874, Lieutenant Colonel George Buell was to lead four companies of the Ninth Cavalry, two of the Tenth, two companies of the Eleventh Infantry, and thirty scouts from Fort Griffin to Fort Sill, Indian Territory, and then west to operate along the Salt Fork of the Red River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0046-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n23 August 1874, Company H, Eleventh Infantry, left Fort Concho in a column with eight companies of the Fourth Cavalry, four companies of the Tenth, and an assortment of scouts Under the command of Colonel Mackenzie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0047-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n10 September 1874, Companies D, E, and I of the Eleventh Infantry commanded by Captain Charles A. Wikoff (25 April 1869 \u2013 8 December 1886 Commanded Company E) and six companies of the Tenth Cavalry, a section of mountain howitzers, and Indian scouts, led by Lieutenant Colonel John W. Davidson, returned to Fort Sill by 16 October 1874. Company C, Eleventh Infantry and two companies of the Tenth Cavalry were left to garrison Fort Sill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0048-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n26 September 1874, Company H, Eleventh Infantry, in a column with eight companies of the Fourth Cavalry, four companies of the Tenth, and an assortment of scouts Under the command of Colonel Mackenzie fought a skirmish in Tule Canyon when Indians attacked at night attempting to stampede the horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0049-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n28 September 1874, Company H, Eleventh Infantry, in the same column attacked a camp of Comanche, Kiowa, and Southern Cheyenne in the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon under Colonel Mackenzie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0050-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n9 October 1874, on Salt Fork of Red River, Texas, the scouts of a column consisting of Companies A, E, F, H, and I, Eleventh Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Buell, Eleventh Infantry, struck a band of Kiowas, killed one of them, and destroyed their camp. Pursuit was made for a considerable distance, the main column destroying several hundred lodges in various abandoned camps, but the Indians escaped northward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0051-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n8 November 1874, Troops B, C, F, and H, Tenth Cavalry, detachments Companies E and I, Eleventh Infantry, and thirty Indian scouts, all under command of Capt. C. D. Viele, Tenth Cavalry, were detached from Colonel Davidson's column near McClellan Creek, Texas, to pursue the band attacked by Lieutenant Baldwin the same day. Captain Viele's command chased the Indians for a distance of ninety-six miles, having several slight skirmishes with the rear guard of Indians and capturing a number of ponies and mules, the latter packed, which the Indians had abandoned in the flight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0052-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n7 December 1874, Major G.W. Schofield, with D, K, and M Companies of the Tenth Cavalry and Company C, Eleventh Infantry left Fort Sill. Marched more than 200 miles between the Canadian and Washita returning on 31 December 1875.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0053-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nMay 1875, Companies B, E, and K, Eleventh Infantry, at Fort Richardson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0054-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nIn August and September 1876, the regiment was sent from the Department of Texas to the Department of Dakota for field service in connection with the Great Sioux War of 1876-77 in the Dakota Territory and in Montana. The larger part of the regiment (seven companies) was sent to the Cheyenne River Agency, Dakota (later called Fort Bennett), where these troops were hutted for shelter during the winter, and three companies were stationed at Standing Rock Agency, Dakota. In 1877 the regiment was transferred from the Department of Texas to the Department of Dakota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0055-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nIn April and May 1877, three companies (C, F and G) were moved from Cheyenne Agency, and three companies ( A, B and H) from Fort Yates in the Standing Rock Agency to the Little Big Horn, Montana, under the command of Lieut.-Colonel G. P. Buell, 11th Infantry, where they constructed the post of Fort Custer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0056-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nEarly in July ten companies of the Seventh Cavalry, four of the First, and two (D and H) of the Eleventh Infantry, were dispatched to establish a summer camp near Bear Butte, north of Deadwood to scout the region lying north, northeast, east, and southeast from that point and keep the country clear of Indians. Four of these companies (two of cavalry and two of infantry) have since been assigned to constitute this winter's garrison for the new post near that place now being constructed under the direction of Major Henry M. Lazelle, First Infantry. The balance of this command is still occupying its camp. This camp became Fort Meade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0057-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nDuring the years 1877 and 1878 the different companies of the regiment were employed as occasion demanded on expeditions and scouts against hostile Indians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0058-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nApril 1879, Captain George K. Sanderson, Company C, Eleventh Infantry, sent from Fort Custer to the Custer battlefield to police and rebury any exposed remains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0059-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n12 October 1880, Camp Poplar River, Mont., established, Companies B and F, Eleventh Infantry, from Fort Custer, arriving this day and taking station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0060-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n18 October 1880, Camp Porter, Mont., on the right bank of the Yellowstone, about 3 miles above the mouth of Glendive Creek, was established by Company A, Eleventh Infantry, from Fort Sully, and Company B, Seventeenth Infantry, from Fort Yates, as a winter camp for troops guarding working parties and material on the Northern Pacific Railroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0061-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n11 November 1880, Lieutenant Frederick F. Kislingbury, Eleventh Infantry, with a detachment consisting of twelve men, Second Cavalry, and ten Crow scouts, was attacked by a war party of Sioux near the mouth of the Musselshell, Montana, and had one horse killed and three wounded; one of the hostiles was reported killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0062-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nOn 2 January 1881, Company F, 11th Infantry, was engaged in an attack upon hostile Indians, under Sitting Bull, near Camp Poplar Creek (now the Fort Peck Indian Reservation), as part of the command of Major G. Ilges, 5th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0063-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nThe infantry battalion, composed of Company F, 11th Infantry, and detachments of Companies A, B and E, 7th Infantry, and one three-inch gun, all under command of Captain Ogden B. Read, 11th Infantry, left the agency at 11.30 A. M., marched three miles, crossed the Missouri River, took and held a point of timber commanding the lower village of the Indians until joined by Major Ilges with the main command (5 companies 5th Infantry, 1 company 7th Cavalry and an artillery detachment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0063-0001", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nThe attack commenced at once, and after an engagement of about one hour, during which Company F was engaged in firing upon and turning back Indians attempting to escape from the artillery fire, resulted in the capturing of three Indian villages and their destruction. 324 prisoners were taken, with about 300 ponies and a large number of arms. No casualties among the troops. Loss of enemy in killed and wounded not known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0064-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n7 November 1881, Troop G, Seventh Cavalry, and Company G, Eleventh Infantry, were relieved from duty in this department and ordered to proceed to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, for duty at the School of Instruction [forming the first garrison].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0065-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n26 January 1882, Richard I. Dodge promoted to Colonel, commanding, Eleventh Infantry, the first four years at Fort Sully, Dakota Territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0066-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nMay 1883, Department of Dakota annual marksmanship competition at headquarters Fort Snelling, Minnesota, Eleventh Infantry had the best overall scores in the entire Army taking home two medals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0067-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n28 June 1883, Col. Dodge was ordered to report to Fort Snelling in order to escort General of the Army Sherman and General Terry on a 10,000-mile inspection tour across the northern tier of territories, on to the Pacific Northwest, south through California, and east through the Southwest to Denver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0068-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nCompany K, Thirteenth Infantry, arrived and took station at Fort Leavenworth, Kans., 9 September 1886, relieving Company G, Eleventh Infantry, which left 11 September 1886, for Fort Abraham Lincoln, Dak., per Special Orders No. 116, Headquarters Division Missouri, 1886.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0069-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n13 September 1886, Company G, Eleventh Infantry, arrived and took station at Fort Abraham Lincoln from Fort Leavenworth, Kans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0070-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n20 August 1886, Companies C and H, Eleventh Infantry, left Fort Buford, Dak., by boat to proceed to and take station at Fort Yates, Dak. ; arrived 26 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0071-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n17 April 1887, Company E, Eleventh Infantry, Captain Myer, Eleventh Infantry, commanding, left Fort Sully for Crow Creek Agency, pursuant to War Department order, to aid the agent in removing intruders from the Sioux or Crow Creek and Winnebago reservations, Dakota, under a proclamation by the President of 21 August 1885, declaring inoperative executive order of 27 February 1885, opening certain portions of said reservations to settlement. Arrived there 21 April; returned 27 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0072-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\n27 May 1887, Company E, Eleventh Infantry, reported on last return as having left Fort Sully 17 April 1877, to aid in removing settlers from the Sioux, or Crow Creek, and Winnebago reservations, Dak., returned, having accomplished the duty assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0073-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nAchille La Guardia (1849\u20131904), the father of Fiorello La Guardia, Mayor of New York, was Bandmaster of the 11th U.S. Infantry from 1885\u20131898. He served in the 11th Infantry at Fort Sully, Dakota Territory; Madison Barracks, New York; Fort Huachuca and Whipple Barracks, Arizona Territory; Jefferson Barracks, Missouri and Tampa, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0074-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nIn July 1887, the regiment left the Department of Dakota for service in the Division of the Atlantic, where it was stationed in the Lake Regions with headquarters and Companies A, D, G and H at Madison Barracks, Sackets Harbor, New York. Company B at Fort Wood, Bedlow's Island, New York Harbor, Companies E and K at Fort Niagara, Youngstown, New York, Company C at Fort Ontario Oswego, New York and Company F at Plattsburgh Barracks, Plattsburgh, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0075-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nNovember 1891 Company I [the Apaches ], stationed at Whipple Barracks transferred from the 9th Infantry to the 11th at Fort Huachuca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0076-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nDecember 1891 Eleventh Infantry transferred from Madison Barracks to Fort Huachuca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0077-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nApril 1892 headquarters and band and one Company transferred to Whipple Barracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0078-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nMay 1892 Company C from Fort Niagara Companies A and D from Madison Barracks arrive at Whipple Barracks followed by Companies G and K. Companie B and E at Fort Apache, and Companies F and H at San Carlos in the Arizona territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0079-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nSeptember 1893, General McCook ordered that the Apaches in Company I, Eleventh Infantry, be discharged when their furloughs expired in July 1894.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0080-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nApril 1898 Eleventh Infantry transferred from Whipple Barracks to Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0081-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Indian Wars\nThe regiment became known as the Wandering 11th when between 1898 and 1920, the 1st Battalion made 29 changes of station, including seven years of foreign service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0082-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, War with Spain\nThe Eleventh Infantry left Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, 19 April 1898, then to a training camp near Mobile, Alabama, via Chickamauga, and on to Tampa, Florida arriving 7 June, for transport to Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0083-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, War with Spain\nDuring The Spanish\u2013American War, the Eleventh Infantry saw action under Brigadier General Theodore Schwan in the Battle of Silva Heights in the Puerto Rican Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0084-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, War with Spain\n1900 San Juan, Puerto Rico, headquarters, band, and 5 companies Eleventh Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0085-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, War with Spain\nThe following officers received distinguished mention in General Schwan's reports, for service rendered under fire during the campaign in western Puerto Rico:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0086-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Department of the East\nMovements of troops from and to extraterritorial stations from November\u2013December 1900. Headquarters, Companies I and M, Eleventh Infantry, arrived at Washington Barracks, D. C., from Porto[sic] Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 103], "content_span": [104, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0087-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Department of the East\nCompanies K and L, Eleventh Infantry, arrived at Fort McPherson, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 103], "content_span": [104, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0088-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Department of the East\nCompanies A, B, C, and D, Eleventh Infantry, for Fort Columbus, New York Harbor. (Home Battalion.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 103], "content_span": [104, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0089-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Philippine Insurrection\nDuring the Philippine\u2013American War from 1901\u20131903, the Eleventh Infantry was sent to the Philippines to help put down the Moro Rebellion, where it was in engagements against the Moros of Mindanao and the Filipinos of the Visayas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 104], "content_span": [105, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0090-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Philippine Insurrection\nAfter the Balangiga massacre, the survivors escaped to Leyte where nightmarish accounts made their way into the front pages of US newspapers. The Eleventh Infantry Regiment and the U.S. Marines led by Major Littleton Waller were quickly dispatched to Balangiga with orders from Brigadier General Jacob Smith. On or about 29 September 1901, the town was reoccupied by two companies of the Eleventh Infantry to secure the American position and bury the American dead. The Bells of Balangiga were taken as booty of war when the Eleventh left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 104], "content_span": [105, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0091-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Philippine Insurrection\nOffice Company E, Eleventh Infantry, Camp at Mataling Falls, Mindanao, P. I., 1 September 1902. The Adjutant, Mataling Falls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 104], "content_span": [105, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0092-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Philippine Insurrection\nSir: I have the honor to report that a hunting party of 1 sergeant and 7 privates, Company E, Eleventh Infantry, while on the road to Malabang and about 1\u00bd miles from camp, 31 August 1902, were ambuscaded by a force of hostile Moros. Conservative estimate of strength of Moros, 15 rifles and 25 bolos. At first volley Private Charles M. Branson was killed and Privates Logsdon and Foster seriously wounded. The survivors fell back firing. The wounded men lying on the ground called for assistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 104], "content_span": [105, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0092-0001", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Philippine Insurrection\nSergeant Nash, Privates William D. Howard, William R. Bryan, and Fred Houck rushed forward and secured the two wounded men and their equipments in the face of the Moro fire, from a distance not exceeding 15 yards. They carried the wounded men toward camp for nearly a mile, keeping the Moro party who had pursued them at bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 104], "content_span": [105, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0093-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Philippine Insurrection\nPrivate Joseph Dubian, after emptying his rifle, rushed to the camp for assistance. Company E being notified by the commanding officer to hasten to attack hostile Moros, that company proceeded with all possible speed to the scene of the attack, but were unable to gain contact with the enemy. The body of Private Branson was found frightfully mutilated, and the ground gave indication of a large party lying in ambuscade. Sergeant Cline with 30 men was immediately sent down the road to meet the wagon train from Malabang, the size of the party of Moros justifying their attacking the train.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 104], "content_span": [105, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0094-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Philippine Insurrection\nThis party withdrew, it is believed, toward the northeast and afterwards encountered the hunting party under Lieutenants Game and Parker, and also Company F, Eleventh Infantry, under Captain Chiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 104], "content_span": [105, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0095-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Philippine Insurrection\nCasualties: Private Charles M. Branson, killed, Privates Logsdon and Foster wounded, all of Company E, Eleventh Infantry; rifle No. 36224 and equipments of Private Branson captured by Moros. It is known that at least 4 Moros were hit, but no bodies were secured at scene of ambuscade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 104], "content_span": [105, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0096-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Philippine Insurrection\nThe action of Sergeant Nash. Privates William D. Howard, William R. Bryan, and Fred Houck. Company E, Eleventh Infantry, in securing their wounded comrades and their arms under the very muzzles of Moros, who outnumbered them at least 10 to 1, and after their party had virtually lost 50 per cent of its strength, was exceedingly courageous and meritorious. It is recommended that they each be given a certificate of merit for their action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 104], "content_span": [105, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0097-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Philippine Insurrection\n24 March to 15 July 1903, Eleventh Infantry in operations of the Surigao expedition. This was an expedition against all outlaws, ladrones, and insurrectos in this province. Col. Albert L. Myer, Eleventh Infantry, was placed in charge of the military operations in the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 104], "content_span": [105, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0098-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Department of the Missouri\n15 February 1904.\u2014Transport Thomas sailed from Manila for San Francisco with the Eleventh Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 107], "content_span": [108, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0099-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Department of the Missouri\n21 March 1904\u2014Headquarters, Band, First and Second Battalions, Eleventh Infantry, left San Francisco, Cal., for Fort D.A. Russell, Cheyenne, Wyoming Company K, Eleventh Infantry, left San Francisco, Cal., for Fort Niobrara, Nebraska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 107], "content_span": [108, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0100-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Department of the Missouri\nCompany L, Eleventh Infantry, left San Francisco, Cal., for Fort Washakie, Wyoming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 107], "content_span": [108, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0101-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Department of the Missouri\n7 April 1904.\u2014Company L, Eleventh Infantry, arrived at Fort Washakie, Wyoming. The troops sent against the hostile Moros of Taraca Valley, Mindanao, returned to their station, having defeated and scattered large numbers of the enemy and destroyed their forts. Casualties, 2 enlisted men killed and 3 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 107], "content_span": [108, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0102-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Department of the Missouri\n28 April 1904.\u2014Companies I and M, Eleventh Infantry, left San Francisco for Fort Mackenzie, Wyoming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 107], "content_span": [108, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0103-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Department of the Missouri\n2 May 1904.\u2014Companies I and M, Eleventh Infantry, arrived at Fort Mackenzie, Wyoming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 107], "content_span": [108, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0104-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Department of the Missouri\n1 May 1906.\u2014In connection with the 1906 earthquake relief service, the Eleventh Infantry (less headquarters of the Third Battalion and Companies I and M) left Fort D. A. Russell for temporary duty at San Francisco, and returned to the post 9 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 107], "content_span": [108, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0105-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Department of the Missouri\nHeadquarters Third Battalion and Companies I and M, Eleventh Infantry, left Fort Mackenzie, by marching, for change of station to Fort D. A. Russell, arriving there at 25 May. Distance marched, 365 miles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 107], "content_span": [108, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0106-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Department of the Missouri\nFort D. A. Russell \u2013 Third Battalion, Eleventh Infantry (less Companies K and L), Eighth Battalion, Field Artillery (Twelfth and Nineteenth Batteries).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 107], "content_span": [108, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0107-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Department of the Missouri\n1911 the regiment was part of the Maneuver Division, San Antonio, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 107], "content_span": [108, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0108-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Southern Department\nIn February 1913 the regiment moved from its permanent station to Texas City, Texas as part of the mobilization of the Second Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 100], "content_span": [101, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0109-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Southern Department\nDuring the Mexican Border Crisis 1914\u20131917 with Pancho Villa, the regiment served as border guards in Texas City, Texas, New Mexico, and 1915 Naco, Arizona, and April 1917 Douglas, Arizona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 100], "content_span": [101, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0110-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Southern Department\n1915 Company D, San Antonio, Tex., to Texas City, Texas and Company L, Little Rock, Ark., to Laredo, Texas", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 100], "content_span": [101, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0111-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Southern Department\nMay to August 1917 the 11th Infantry was stationed Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 100], "content_span": [101, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0112-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, World War I\nOn 24 April 1918, the regiment sailed for France. By May 1918 it joined the 5th Division near Chaumont, France. The 11th then took part in the Vosges Mountains, Saint-Mihiel, and Meuse-Argonne offensives. In the second phase of the Meuse-Argonne offensive, the regiment forged a brilliant crossing of the Meuse River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0113-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, World War I\nIn 1922, the 11th moved to Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, and remained there for 17 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0114-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, World War II\nIn 1939, the 11th joined the 5th Division at Fort McClellan, Alabama. In April 1941 one company of the 11th each were among the first US forces to garrison the new bases at Bermuda and Trinidad, established under the Destroyers for Bases Agreement with the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 93], "content_span": [94, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0115-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, World War II\nIn 1942 the regiment deployed to Iceland and remained there for 15 months until the regiment, and the division, moved to England. The regiment landed in Normandy on 10 July 1944 and fought its way across France as part of the 5th Infantry Division, which was assigned to General Patton's famed Third Army. The 11th Infantry was awarded the Croix de Guerre for its daring crossing of the Seine river at Fontainebleau following Operation Cobra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 93], "content_span": [94, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0115-0001", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, World War II\nDuring an attempted crossing of the Moselle river at Dornot, the 2nd Battalion of the 11th Infantry sustained 363 killed and wounded in 26 counterattacks by German tanks and infantry before abandoning the bridgehead. The 11th Infantry played a prominent role in the reduction of the fortified city of Metz in the fall of 1944, particularly during the costly Battle of Fort Driant where the 2nd Battalion of the 11th Infantry was nearly destroyed again. After taking extreme casualties, Patton ordered the assault to be abandoned until Metz could be first encircled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 93], "content_span": [94, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0115-0002", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, World War II\nWith the allied victory during the Battle of Metz, the German garrison at Fort Driant promptly surrendered before another attack could be mounted. During the Battle of the Bulge, the 11th counter-attacked into the southern portion of the Bulge, engaging the Germans in bitter winter fighting. On 22 March 1945, the 1st Battalion made a night river assault across the Rhine River at Oppenheim, giving General Patton a division bridgehead over the Rhine two days ahead of Field Marshal Montgomery's famous crossing. The 11th Infantry ended the war in Czechoslovakia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 93], "content_span": [94, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0116-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, World War II\nShortly after its return from the European Theater of Operations, the regiment was retired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 93], "content_span": [94, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0117-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, World War II\nIn 1948 the 11th was an Infantry Training Regiment, a unit of the 5th Infantry Division, stationed at Fort Jackson, South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 93], "content_span": [94, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0118-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, World War II\nIt was reactivated in June 1954 in Germany, the 11th returned to Fort Ord, California and became an Infantry Training Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 93], "content_span": [94, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0119-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, World War II\nOn 14 June 1958, the 1st Battle Group, 11th Infantry, was reactivated as part of the 2d Infantry Division at Fort Benning, Georgia where it remained until February 1962 when it was redesignated as the 1st Battalion, 11th Infantry and assigned as an organic element of the 5th Infantry Division at Fort Carson, Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 93], "content_span": [94, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0120-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Vietnam War\nIn July 1968, the 11th deployed for action in Vietnam and operated in Cam L\u1ed9, \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e0, Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, and Khe Sanh. The 11th Infantry participated in several major operations, including Operation Dewey Canyon II, Operation Wolfe Mountain, and Operation Green River. The 11th Infantry Regiment suffered 153 killed in Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0121-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Vietnam War\nThe 11th returned to Fort Carson on 6 August 1971 and served there as part of the 4th Infantry Division until 15 January 1984 when the battalion was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0122-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Modern day\nOn 14 August 1987, 1st, 2d, and 3d Battalions, The School Brigade, were redesignated as 1st, 2d, and 3d Battalions, 11th Infantry, and assigned to The School Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 91], "content_span": [92, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0123-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Modern day\nOn 8 February 1991, the School Brigade was inactivated and redesignated as the 11th Infantry Regiment. The 1\u201311th was the Direct Commission Course and Basic Officer Leadership Course, Phase Two (BOLC II). 2\u201311th is the home of the Infantry Basic Officer Leadership Course (IBOLC/BOLC III). 3\u201311th is the Officer Candidate School. Since then, 1-11th has been consolidated into 3-11th, and both the Direct Commission Course and the Officer Candidate School reside in 3-11th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 91], "content_span": [92, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0124-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, History, Modern day\nOn 27 June 2007 as part of the Transformation of the US Army, the 11th Infantry Regiment was redesignated the 199th Infantry Brigade at Fort Benning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 91], "content_span": [92, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0125-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nDescription: A silver color metal and enamel device 1\u215b\u00a0inches (2.86\u00a0cm) tall overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Azure, Satanta's arrow in fess Argent between in chief a castle Or in base a kampilan and bolo in saltire of the second hilted of the third. On a chief embattled of the second a cross Gules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 97], "content_span": [98, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0126-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nSymbolism: The symbolism is that of the coat of arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 97], "content_span": [98, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007743-0127-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment (United States), Present 11th Infantry Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nBackground: The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 28 March 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 97], "content_span": [98, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007744-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Infantry Regiment BTS station\n11th Infantry Regiment Station (Thai: \u0e2a\u0e16\u0e32\u0e19\u0e35\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e17\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 11, RTGS:\u00a0Sathani Krom Thahan Rap Thi Sip Et, pronounced [s\u0101.t\u02b0\u01ce\u02d0.n\u012b\u02d0 kr\u014dm t\u02b0\u0101.h\u01ce\u02d0n r\u00e2\u02d0p t\u02b0\u00ee\u02d0 s\u00ecp \u0294\u00e8t]) is a BTS Skytrain station, on the Sukhumvit Line in Bangkok, Thailand. It is located in front of the headquarters of the 11th Infantry Regiment of the Royal Thai Army. The station is part of the northern extension of the Sukhumvit Line and opened on 5 June 2020, as part of phase 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007745-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party\nThe 11th Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP) was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 11th LPRP Central Committee on 15 January 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007746-0000-0000", "contents": "11th International Emmy Awards\nThe 11th International Emmy Awards took place on November 22, 1983 in New York City, United States, and hosted by American actress Mary Tyler Moore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007746-0001-0000", "contents": "11th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nThe International Emmy Awards are given by the International Council of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007746-0002-0000", "contents": "11th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nThe Britain led with five on the nominations list and won three of the five Emmys awarded at international television annual dinner. The TV show Canadian Fraggle Rock won an International Emmy in Children & Young People category. Lord Oliver in Granada Television's production of King Lear won the drama prize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007746-0003-0000", "contents": "11th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nDangerous Music, produced by Alex Kirby for Britain's HTV, won the performing arts category. The BBC's The Black Adder, a black comedy based on Shakespeare's King Richard III, won an Emmy for popular arts. The best documentary award went to Swedish Television for The Miracle of Life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007746-0004-0000", "contents": "11th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nBrazil's Roberto Marinho (1904-2003), the then President of Organiza\u00e7\u00f5es Globo, was honored by the International Academy with the International Emmy Directorate Award, vying for the prize with Leonard Goldenson, president of the American ABC network, William Pailey, founder of CBS, and Emilio Azcarraga, president of the Mexican network Televisa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007747-0000-0000", "contents": "11th International Film Festival of India\nThe 11th International Film Festival of India was held from 10-24 January 1987 in New Delhi. The festival gave a breakthrough for commercial cinema, through the introduction of \"Indian Mainstream section\". India's official entry for the Best Foreign Language Film for the Academy Awards in 1986 - \"Swati Mutyam\" was screened in the mainstream section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007748-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Iowa Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Iowa Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007748-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Iowa Infantry was organized at Davenport, Iowa and mustered into Federal service between September 28 and October 18, 1861. The regiment was mustered out on July 15, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007748-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nTotal enrollment was 1297. The regiment lost 5 officers and 86 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 2 officers and 166 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 259 fatalities. 234 were wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007748-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Iowa Brigade\nAfter the Battle of Shiloh, the Thirteenth Iowa was assigned to the Third Brigade of the Sixth Division. The Brigade was composed of the Eleventh, Thirteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth regiments of Iowa Infantry, and was under command of Colonel Crocker. This organization remained intact until the close of the war. Except when upon detached duty, the operations of each of the regiments were identified very largely with those of the brigade, and, therefore, the history of each of these four Iowa regiments is almost inseparably interwoven with that of the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007748-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Iowa Brigade\nRelief portrait of Col. William Hall at Vicksburg National Military Park", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007749-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Irish Film & Television Awards\nThe 11th Irish Film & Television Awards took place on Saturday 5 April 2014 in Dublin, honouring Irish film and television released in 2013. The nominations were announced on 27 February 2014. The Awards Ceremony took place at the DoubleTree by Hilton Burlington Road Dublin, and was broadcast on RT\u00c9 One at 9.45pm. The Annual Irish Film & Television Awards are the highlight of Ireland\u2019s entertainment and cultural calendar celebrating the very best of Irish screen talent across film and television. Guests in attendance included Michael Fassbender, Colin Farrell, Jamie Dornan, Steve Coogan, Will Forte, Jeremy Irons, Fionnula Flanagan, Brendan Gleeson, Neil Jordan, Amy Huberman, Colm Meaney, Jack Reynor, Killian Scott, Eva Birthistle, Victoria Smurfit and Outstanding Contribution Honorary Award Winner President Michael D Higgins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007749-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Irish Film & Television Awards\nThe President of Ireland, Michael D. Higgins, received an honorary award in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the Irish film and television industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007749-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Irish Film & Television Awards\nThe big winners on the night were the films Calvary, Byzantium and Philomena which all picked up three awards each. Calvary took the highest accolade, Best Film, along with Best Actor for Brendan Gleeson and Best Script for its writer-director John Michael McDonagh. Touching true story Philomena won the award for Best International Film and Actress (for Judi Dench) along with Costume Design for Consolata Boyle. Philomena Lee, whose true life story inspired the film was in attendance at the Ceremony. Vampire horror Byzantium\u2019s awards included the prestigious Best Director for Neil Jordan, Best Actress for Saoirse Ronan and Makeup & Hair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007750-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Japan Film Professional Awards\nThe 11th Japan Film Professional Awards (\u7b2c11\u56de\u65e5\u672c\u6620\u753b\u30d7\u30ed\u30d5\u30a7\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u5927\u8cde) is the 11th edition of the Japan Film Professional Awards. It awarded the best of 2001 in film. The ceremony took place on April 6, 2002 at Shin-Bungeiza in Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007751-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Japan Record Awards\nThe 11th Annual Japan Record Awards took place at the Imperial Garden Theater in Chiyoda, Tokyo, on December 31, 1969, starting at 7:00PM JST. The primary ceremonies were televised in Japan on TBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007752-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Jutra Awards\nThe 11th Jutra Awards were held on March 29, 2009 to honour films made with the participation of the Quebec film industry in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007753-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Kansas Cavalry Regiment\nThe 11th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007753-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Kansas Cavalry was organized at Kansas City, Kansas in late April 1863 from the 11th Kansas Infantry, which ceased to exist. It mustered in for three years under the command of Colonel Thomas Ewing Jr..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007753-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of the Border and District of Kansas, Department of the Missouri, until February 1865. District of Upper Arkansas to March 1865. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, VII Corps, Department of Arkansas, to April 1865. District of the Plains, Department of Missouri, to September 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007753-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Kansas Cavalry mustered out of service at Fort Leavenworth on July 17, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007753-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nAssigned to duty on eastern border of Kansas until October 1864. Expedition from Salem to Mulberry Creek, Kansas, August 8\u201311, 1863 (detachment). Scout on Republican River, Kansas, August 19\u201324, 1863 (detachment). Operations against Quantrill on his raid into Kansas August 20\u201328. Independence, Missouri, August 25. (Companies C and F duty on southern border of Kansas December 1863 to August 1864.) Company L stationed at Fort Riley; Company G at Fort Leavenworth as body guard to General Samuel Curtis. Action at Scott's Ford, Missouri, October 14, 1863. Deep Water Creek, Missouri, October 15. Expedition into Missouri June 16\u201320, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007753-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nScout from Salem to Mulberry Creek August 8\u201311 (detachment). Operations against Indians in Nebraska August 11-November 28 (1 company). Operations against Price in Missouri and Kansas. Lexington October 19. Little Blue October 21. Independence, Big Blue, and State Line October 22. Westport October 23. Cold Water Grove October 24. Mine Creek, Little Osage River, October 25. Regiment ordered to Fort Riley December 1864. Companies C and E to Fort Larned February 1865. Regiment moved to Fort Kearney, Nebraska, February 20-March 4, then moved to Fort Laramie March 6-April 9, and to Platte Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007753-0004-0002", "contents": "11th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty guarding telegraph lines and operating against Indians until June. Sage Creek, Dakota Territory, April 21. Deer Creek May 21. Platte Bridge, Dakota Terrritory, June 3. Companies A, B, E, F, L, and M moved to Fort Halleck June 11\u201324. Protect stage route from Camp Collins, Colorado, to Green River until August 13. White River, Dakota Territory, June 17. Rock Creek July 1. Fort Halleck July 4 and 26. Moved to Fort Leavenworth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007753-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 173 men during service; 61 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 110 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007754-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Kansas Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Kansas Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007754-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Kansas Infantry was organized at Camp Lyon near Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, from August 29 through September 14, 1862. It mustered in on April 3, 1862, for three years under the command of Colonel Thomas Ewing Jr..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007754-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment moved to Fort Scott, Kansas, October 4\u20139, 1862, then to Pea Ridge, Arkansas, October 15\u201319. It was attached to 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Army of the Frontier, Department of Missouri, to February 1863. District of Rolla, Department of Missouri and District of Kansas, Department of Missouri, to April 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007754-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Kansas Infantry ceased to exist at the end of April 1863 when it was mounted and changed to the 11th Kansas Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007754-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAction at Old Fort Wayne or Beattie's Prairie, near Maysville, October 22, 1862. Cane Hill, Boston Mountains, November 28. Boston Mountains December 4\u20136. Reed's Mountain December 6. Battle of Prairie Grove December 7. Expedition over Boston Mountains to Van Buren December 27\u201331. Moved to Springfield, Missouri, January 1863, and duty there until February 17. Moved to Forsyth, Missouri, then to Fort Scott, Kansas. On furlough March. Moved from Fort Scott to Salem, Missouri, then to Kansas City, Missouri, April 6\u201320.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007755-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Kansas Infantry Regiment was a militia infantry regiment from Kansas that served in the Union Army between October 9 and October 29, 1864, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007755-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was called into service on October 9, 1864, to defend Kansas from Maj. Gen. Sterling Price and his men. After pursuing Price, the regiment provided border protection between Coldwater Grove to Fort Scott. On October 29, 1864, it was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007756-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 11th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007756-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nCompanies A, C, D, and F of the 11th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment were organized at Harrodsburg, Kentucky, in July 1862. The remainder of the regiment was organized in Louisville, Kentucky, and mustered in on September 26, 1862, and mustered in for three years under the command of Colonel Alexander W. Holeman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007756-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of Western Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, Department of the Ohio, to August 1863. Independent Cavalry Brigade, XXIII Corps, to November 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Ohio, to April 1864. 3rd Brigade, Cavalry Division, District of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to May 1864. Independent Brigade, Cavalry Division, XXIII Corps, to September 1864. Military District of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to March 1865. 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, District of East Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007756-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 11th Kentucky Cavalry mustered out of service on July 17, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007756-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nCompanies A, C, D, and F moved to Frankfort, Kentucky, July 22, 1862, then to Louisville, Kentucky, and joined regiment. Regiment moved to Frankfort, Kentucky, November 1862. Duty there and at Bowling Green, Scottsville, and Gallatin, Tennessee, until December 25, 1862. Hartsville, Tennessee, December 7 (Company E). Moved to Glasgow, Kentucky, December 25, and duty there and at various points in western Kentucky until August 1863. Action at Creelsburg, Kentucky, April 19. Expedition to Monticello and operations in southeast Kentucky April 26 \u2013 May 12. Scottsville June 11. Pursuit of Morgan July 2\u201326. Buffington Island, Ohio, July 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007756-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nNew Lisbon, Ohio, July 26. Burnside's Campaign in eastern Tennessee August 16 \u2013 October 17. Calhoun and Charleston September 25. Philadelphia October 20. Knoxville Campaign November 4 \u2013 December 23. Maryeville November 14. Little River November 14\u201315. Stock Creek November 15. Near Loudon November 15. Near Knoxville November 16. Siege of Knoxville November 17 \u2013 December 5. About Bean's Station December 9\u201313. Operations about Dandridge January 16\u201317, 1864. Bend of Chucky Road near Dandridge January 16. Dandridge January 17. Flat and Muddy Creeks January 26. Near Fair Garden January 27. French Broad January 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007756-0004-0002", "contents": "11th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nMoved to Mt. Sterling, Kentucky, February 3\u201312, and duty there until April. March from Nicholasville, Kentucky, to Dalton, Georgia, April 29 \u2013 May 11. Atlanta Campaign May to August. Varnell Station May 11. Demonstration on Dalton May 11\u201313. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Operations on line Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25 \u2013 June 5. Burnt Church May 26\u201327. Mt. Zion Church May 27\u201328. Allatoona May 30. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10 \u2013 July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Muddy Creek June 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007756-0004-0003", "contents": "11th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nNoyes Creek June 19. Cheyney's Farm June 22. Olley's Creek June 26\u201327. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. On line of Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. On line of Chattahoochie River July 6\u201317. Siege of Atlanta July 22 \u2013 August 25. Stoneman's Raid to Macon July 27 \u2013 August 6. Macon and Clinton July 30. Sunshine Church July 30\u201331. Ordered to Kentucky August 31, and operating against guerrillas in Green River counties until September. Burbridge's Expedition into southwest Virginia September 20 \u2013 October 17. Saltsville, Virginia, October 2. Sandy Mountain October 3. Stoneman's Raid into southwest Virginia December 10\u201329. Bristol December 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007756-0004-0004", "contents": "11th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nAbington, Virginia, December 15. Marion, Va., December 16. Near Marion December 17\u201318. Capture of Saltville, Virginia, December 20\u201321. Jonesboro December 23. Clinch River December 24. At Lexington, Kentucky, until February 1865. Moved to Louisville, then to Knoxville, Tennessee, February 27 \u2013 March 9, and to Strawberry Plains March 15. Stoneman's Raid into southwest Virginia and western North Carolina March 21 \u2013 April 25. 1865. Statesville, North Carolina, April 10\u201311. Shallow Ford, North Carolina, April 11. Salisbury April 12. Catawba River near Morgantown April 17. Howard's Gap, Blue Ridge, April 22. Hendersonville April 23. Asheville April 25. Moved to Atlanta, Georgia, then to Louisa, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007756-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 262 men during service; 1 officer and 23 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 236 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007757-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Kentucky Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007757-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Calhoun in Calhoun, Kentucky, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on December 9, 1861, under the command of Colonel Pierce Butler Hawkins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007757-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 14th Brigade, Army of the Ohio, December 1861. 14th Brigade, 5th Division, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. 14th Brigade, 5th Division, II Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, Left Wing, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXI Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to April 1863. District of Western Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to August 1863. Unattached, Bowling Green, Kentucky, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, to October 1863. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to November 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, Cavalry Corps, Department of the Ohio, to April 1864. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to June 1864. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to December 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 952]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007757-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Kentucky Infantry mustered out of service on December 16, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007757-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty at Calhoun, Ky., until February 1862. Advance on Bowling Green, Ky., and Nashville, Tenn., February 10\u201325. Occupation of Nashville February 25. March to Savannah, Tenn., March 17-April 6. Battle of Shiloh April 7. Advance on and siege of Corinth, Miss., April 29-May 30. Buell's Campaign in northern Alabama and middle Tennessee June to August. March to Louisville, Ky., in pursuit of Bragg August 21-September 26. Pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1\u201320. Battle of Perryville, Ky., October 8 (reserve). Nelson's Cross Roads and Rural Hill October 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007757-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMarch to Nashville, Tenn., October 20-November 7, and duty there until December 26. Advance on Murfreesboro December 26\u201330. Nolensville December 26\u201327. Battle of Stones River December 30\u201331, 1862 and January 1\u20133, 1863. Ordered to Kentucky January 8, 1863. Duty at Bowling Green, Ky., until July. Regiment mounted and operating against guerrillas. Expedition to Tennessee state line May 2\u20136. Woodburn and South Union May 13. At Glasgow, Ky., July to September. March to Knoxville, Tenn., and Burnside's Campaign in eastern Tennessee September to November. Philadelphia October 24. Leiper's Ferry, Holston River, October 27. Knoxville Campaign November 4 to December 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007757-0004-0002", "contents": "11th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nRockford and near Loudon November 14. Lenoir Station, Stock Creek and Holston River November 15. Near Knoxville November 16. Siege of Knoxville November 17-December 5. About Bean's Station December 9\u201313. Russellville December 10. Bean's Station December 13, 14 and 15. Rutledge December 16. Blain's Cross Roads December 16\u201319. Scout to Bean's Station December 29\u201330. About Dandridge January 26\u201328, 1864. Fair Garden January 27. Moved to Mt. Sterling, Ky., February 1864. Dismounted and marched to Knoxville, Tenn. Duty there and at crossing of the Hiawassee operating against Wheeler and guarding Sherman's communications until June. Joined Sherman at Kingston, Ga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007757-0004-0003", "contents": "11th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOperations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Cheyney's Farm June 22. Olley's Creek June 26\u201327. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Chattahoochie River July 6\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama October 1\u201326. Moved to Nashville, thence to Pulaski, Tenn. Ordered to Louisville, Ky., November 14; thence to Bowling Green, Ky., and duty there until December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007757-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 264 men during service; 2 officers and 45 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 214 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007758-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Kisei\nThe 11th Kisei was the 11th edition of the Kisei tournament. Since Koichi Kobayashi won the previous year, he is given an automatic place in the final. Eleven players battled in a knockout tournament to decide the final 2. Those two would then play each other in a best-of-3 match to decide who would face Kobayashi. Masaki Takemiya became the challenger after beating Hideo Otake 2 games to 1, but he would lose to Kobayashi 4 games to 1 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007759-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Korea Drama Awards\nThe 11th Korea Drama Awards (Korean:\u00a0\ucf54\ub9ac\uc544 \ub4dc\ub77c\ub9c8 \uc5b4\uc6cc\uc988) is an awards ceremony for excellence in television in South Korea. It was held at the Gyeongnam Culture and Art Center in Jinju, South Gyeongsang Province on October 2, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007760-0000-0000", "contents": "11th LG Cup\nThe 11th LG Cup professional Go tournament was won by Zhou Junxun. It featured:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007760-0001-0000", "contents": "11th LG Cup\nTwo of the 30 players were given automatic berths, Gu Li, who won the 10th LG Cup, and runner up for the 10th LG Cup, Chen Yaoye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007761-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Lambda Literary Awards\nThe 11th Lambda Literary Awards were held in 1999 to honour works of LGBT literature published in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007762-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Landwehr Division (German Empire)\nThe 11th Landwehr Division (11. Landwehr-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007763-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Legions Uhlan Regiment\n11th Legions Infantry Regiment of Marshal Edward Smigly-Rydz (Polish language: 11 Pu\u0142k U\u0142an\u00f3w Legionowych im. Marsza\u0142ka Edwarda \u015amig\u0142ego-Rydza, 11 pu\u0142) was a cavalry unit of the Polish Army, which existed in 1918 \u2013 1939. It fought in the Polish-Soviet War and the Invasion of Poland. In the Second Polish Republic, the regiment was garrisoned in Ciechanow, and in 1939, belonged to Mazowiecka Cavalry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007763-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Legions Uhlan Regiment, Beginnings\nIn early November 1918 in Krak\u00f3w, a group of officers of the dissolved 1st Legions Uhlan Regiment formed the so-called Squadron of Rotmistrz Jablonski. On November 17, the squadron, divided into three platoons, left its barracks at Rakowce near Krak\u00f3w, and traveled by train to Przemy\u015bl, where it merged with a local cavalry unit. The regiment then takes part in the Battle of Przemy\u015bl (1918), with its elements entering Lwow", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007763-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Legions Uhlan Regiment, Beginnings\nIn late January 1919, the regiment was sent to Krasnik for rest. In March, it was sent to Pinczow, where it the so-called Radom Squadron and J\u0119drzej\u00f3w Squadron were merged with it. On February 19, 1919, Polish headquarters officially tasked Mariusz Zaruski with forming the regiment. Zaruski gathered cavalry squadrons from Krasnik, Pinczow and Kielce. All concentrated in Pinczow. On March 16, 1919, Rotmistrz Antoni Jablonski was named first commandant of the regiment, and on April 7, 1919, following the order of J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski, the regiment was sent by rail to Wilno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007763-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Legions Uhlan Regiment, Beginnings\nUhlans of the 11th regiment captured Wilno on April 20, 1919, after heavy fighting against the Red Army. Two days later, the regiment marched towards Landwarow, to cover the Polish-Lithuanian demarcation line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007763-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Legions Uhlan Regiment, Beginnings\nIn August 1919, the regiment fought against the Soviets in Belarus. On August 20, together with 1st Chevau-leger Regiment, it captured Glebokie. By late August, it covered the line of the Daugava, repelling several Soviet counterattacks and remaining there until spring 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007763-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Legions Uhlan Regiment, Beginnings\nIn May 1920, Soviet counteroffensive in Belarus began. Outnumbered and outgunned Polish units were forced to retreat. On June 20, the regiment was loaded on a train at the rail station of Dukszty, and via Wilno-Baranowicze-Brzesc-Kowel traveled to Rowne, reaching its destination on June 21. In Volhynia, Polish uhlans faced the assault of 1st Cavalry Army (Soviet Union), commanded by Semyon Budyonny. The regiment defended the line of the Horyn River, capturing Korzec on July 1. In mid-July it retreated westwards, fighting the enemy. On August 1, 1920, it clashed with Soviet cavalry near Mikolajow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007763-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Legions Uhlan Regiment, Beginnings\nFor the remaining part of the Polish-Soviet War, the regiment fought in eastern part of former Austrian Galicia, defending the approaches to Lwow, and Galician oil fields in the area of Drohobycz, Bobrka and Boryslaw. On September 7, 1920, as part of First Cavalry Brigade, it began to advance eastwards, fighting in Podolia. On October 22, 1920, Major Antoni Jablonski died in a hospital in Lwow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007763-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Legions Uhlan Regiment, Second Polish Republic\nOn November 25, 1920, the regiment was sent to the barracks at Czortkow, where it remained until June 1921. On June 12, 1921, the regiment was loaded on a train and headed to its new garrison in Ciechanow. Its three squadrons were sent to nearby Przasnysz, since there was not enough space at former Imperial Russian Army barracks in Ciechanow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007763-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Legions Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nThe regiment was mobilized on August 24, 1939, to join Mazowiecka Cavalry Brigade. On September 1, it manned a defensive line between Ciechanow and Przasnysz. Forced to retreat, it fought the Wehrmacht in several locations, including the Battle of Kaluszyn, in which it joined forces with 6th Legions Infantry Regiment. By September 24, it found itself near Suchowola, and its elements fought until September 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007763-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Legions Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nIn 1944, the Home Army of District Siedlce - W\u0119gr\u00f3w recreated the 11th Regiment for Operation Tempest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007763-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Legions Uhlan Regiment, Symbols\nThe regiment received its flag on October 5, 1919, during a ceremony in Wilno. The flag was funded by the residents of Wilno, and it presented Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn on one side, and symbols of Poland and Lithuania on the other. On March 22, 1922, names of locations of the battles were added to the flag: Kowalewszczyzna, Nowe Kruki, Peres\u03a0awka, Szczelno, Tyszki, Perebrodzie, Rowne, Mikolajow, Ruzdwiany, Jampol, Nowa Sieniawka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007763-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Legions Uhlan Regiment, Symbols\nRegimental badge was in the shape of a silver cross, with dates 1809 1914 1918 1919 on its wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007763-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Legions Uhlan Regiment, Symbols\nOn May 28, 1937, Ministry of Military Affairs named the regiment after Marshal Edward Smigly-Rydz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007763-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Legions Uhlan Regiment, Symbols\nThe regiment had its own zurawiejka: \"Half civilian, half military, this is the Legions eleventh regiment. They are carelessly sleeping on the border, the uhlans from Ciechanow\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007764-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)\nThe 11th Light Horse Regiment was a mounted infantry regiment of the Australian Army during the First World War. The regiment was raised in August 1914, and assigned to the 4th Light Horse Brigade. The regiment  fought against the forces of the Ottoman Empire, in Egypt, at Gallipoli, on the Sinai Peninsula, and in Palestine and Jordan. After the armistice the regiment eventually returned to Australia in March 1919. For its role in the war the regiment was awarded fourteen battle honours. During the inter-war years, the regiment was re-raised as a part-time unit based in the Darling Downs region of Queensland. It was later converted to a motor regiment during the Second World War but was disbanded in 1943 without having been deployed overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007764-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Formation\nThe 11th Light Horse Regiment was raised in Queensland and South Australia, and came together in Brisbane in May 1915. Light horse regiments normally comprised twenty-five officers and 497 other ranks serving in three squadrons, each of six troops. Each troop was divided into eight sections, of four men each. In action one man of each section, was nominated as a horse holder reducing the regiment's rifle strength by a quarter. Once formed the regiment was assigned to the 4th Light Horse Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007764-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Formation\nAll Australian Light Horse regiments used cavalry unit designations, but were mounted infantry, and mounted exclusively on the Australian Waler horse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007764-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Operational history, Aden\nThe 11th Light Horse Regiment divided into two contingents sailed for the Middle East in June 1915. The first group were diverted to Aden to assist the small British garrison against an expected assault from Ottoman forces. The attack did not materialise and the regiment's contingent re-embarked in July 1915, never having seen any action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007764-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Operational history, Gallipoli campaign\nWhen the Australian infantry units were dispatched to Gallipoli, it was thought the terrain was unsuitable for mounted troops, and the light horse regiments remained in Egypt. However, heavy casualties amongst the Australian infantry resulted in the deployment of the 4th Light Horse Brigade as reinforcements in August 1915. The 4th Light Horse Brigade was subsequently disbanded. On arrival, the regiment was split up to reinforce other light horse regiments that had landed earlier that were understrength. The regiment's A Squadron served with the 2nd Light Horse Regiment, B Squadron the 5th Light Horse Regiment, and C Squadron to the 9th Light Horse Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007764-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Operational history, Sinai and Palestine campaign\nWhen the British forces were withdrawn from Gallipoli, the 11th Light Horse Regiment was reformed in Egypt. Their first deployment was in defence of the Suez Canal in July 1916, and patrolling into the Sinai desert. In 1916, plans were made to convert the 11th Light Horse, along with the 4th and 12th Light Horse Regiments into cameleers, but this plan was not followed through. In early 1917, the 4th Light Horse Brigade was re-formed as part of the Imperial Mounted Division (later designated as the Australian Mounted Division), and the 11th Light Horse Regiment was re-assigned to the brigade, having been unattached until this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007764-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Operational history, Sinai and Palestine campaign\nIn April 1917, following the withdrawal of Ottoman forces, the regiment moved into Palestine. Its first battle as a regiment, was the unsuccessful second battle of Gaza, where they fought on foot. In October, during their next battle at Beersheba while the other two regiments in the brigade, the 4th and 12th Light Horse Regiments took part in a mounted charge, the 11th was providing flank protection and was too widely dispersed to take part. They did, however, with the 12th Light Horse carry out a charge on 7 November, during the Battle of Sheria. Faced with heavy Ottoman gun-fire, the regiment had to dismount to continue the attack, but were eventually forced to withdraw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007764-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Operational history, Sinai and Palestine campaign\nWhen Gaza was captured in November 1917, the Ottoman forces withdrew into Palestine, and the 11th were involved in the pursuit. They then spent the early months of 1918, training and resting. The regiment then moved to the River Jordan, taking part in the raid on Es Salt in April and May. They were still on the river in July, helping to defeat heavy German and Ottoman attacks in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007764-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Operational history, Sinai and Palestine campaign\nIn August 1918, the regiment was issued with the traditional cavalry sabre and training began in cavalry tactics, so they were ready to resume the British advance in September. Advancing along the coast, the 11th Light Horse took part in the battle of Samakh on 25 September. The regiment first charged the Ottoman defences on horseback using their sabres, then dismounted and cleared the town with their rifles and bayonets. The Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, and the war in the Middle East ended. However, the regiment had to return to Egypt, where rioting had started in March 1919. Finally, in July 1919, the regiment sailed for Australia. The war cost the regiment over 100 per cent casualties, with 95 killed and 521 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007764-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Perpetuation\nIn 1921, Australia's part-time military forces were re-organised to perpetuate the numerical designations of the AIF following its demobilisation. Through this process, the 11th Light Horse was re-raised as a Citizens Forces unit within the 1st Military District in the Darling Downs region of Queensland, drawing lineage from several previously existing units through which it could trace its history back to the 14th Australian Light Horse Regiment (Queensland Mounted Infantry), which had been formed in 1903.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007764-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Perpetuation\nThis unit remained in existence throughout the inter-war years, and in December 1941 it was converted into a motor regiment, adopting the designation of the \"11th Motor Regiment (Darling Downs Light Horse)(QMI)\". In 1943, the regiment was re-designated the \"11th Australian Motor Regiment\" and was gazetted as an AIF unit, meaning that it could be deployed outside of Australian territory to fight if necessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007764-0010-0001", "contents": "11th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Perpetuation\nNevertheless, as part of a gradual demobilisation of the Australian Army the regiment was deemed surplus to requirements and on 3 July 1943 it was disbanded without having seen operational service during the war; its personnel were re-allocated to the 2/10th Infantry Battalion as reinforcements. The regiment was part of the 1st Cavalry Brigade and then later, the 1st Motor Brigade when the cavalry units were reorganised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007764-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 11th Light Horse regiment was awarded the following battle honours:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007764-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers commanded the 11th Light Horse Regiment during the First World War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007765-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Lok Sabha\nGeneral elections were held in India in April\u2013May 1996 to elect the members of the 11th Lok Sabha. The result of the election was a hung parliament, which would see three Prime Ministers in two years and force the country back to the polls in 1998. Atal Bihari Vajpayee of Bharatiya Janata Party, the single largest party to win this election, winning 67 more seats than previous 10th Lok Sabha, formed the government which lasted for only 13 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007765-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Lok Sabha\nThe United Front was created and got support from 332 members out of the 545 seats in the Lok Sabha, resulting in H. D. Deve Gowda from the Janata Dal being the 11th Prime Minister of India. Later I. K. Gujral, took the command of the country but when Lalu Prasad Yadav left Janta Dal and formed his own party, 11th Lok Sabha was dissolved to get a fresh mandate from the voters for next 12th Lok Sabha in the 1998 Indian general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007765-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Lok Sabha\nThe Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. 4 sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 11th Lok Sabha after the 1996 Indian general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007765-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Lok Sabha\nList of Members of the 11th Lok Sabha (15 May 1996 \u2013 4 December 1997) elected:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007765-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Lok Sabha, List of members by state\nThe list of members as published by the Election Commission of India:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007765-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Lok Sabha, List of members by state, Karnataka\nOut 28 Seats - JDS 15, BJP 07 and 06 INC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007766-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Luftwaffe Field Division\nThe 11th Luftwaffe Field Division (German: 11.Luftwaffen-Feld-Division) was an infantry division of the Luftwaffe branch of the Wehrmacht that fought in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007766-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Luftwaffe Field Division, History\nThe division was formed into the army on the 1st of November, 1943, near Novgorod in Northern Russia. From 1st of January 1943 till August 1944 it was stationed in the occupied Greece, and was moved to occupied Greek Macedonia on September of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007766-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Luftwaffe Field Division, History\nOn the 9th of August 1944 this division was implicated in the largest roundup in Athens, \u00abRaid of Kokkinia\u00bb, with hundreds of civilians participating in the resistance executed, thousands of hostages sent to concentration camps, burning down of entire house blocks, and significant atrocities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007767-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Lumi\u00e8res Awards\nThe 11th Lumi\u00e8res Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Lumi\u00e8res, was held on 21 February 2006. Claudia Cardinale presided the ceremony for the second time. The Beat That My Heart Skipped won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007768-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Lux Style Awards\nThe 2012 Lux Style Awards, officially known as the 1st Lux Style Awards ceremony, presented by the Lux Style Awards honors the best films of 2011 and took place between 14\u201316 February 2012. This year, the city of Pakistan played host to the Pakistani Film Industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007768-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Lux Style Awards\nThe official ceremony took place on 16 February 2012, at the Expo Centre, in Karachi. During the ceremony, The lux Style Awards were awarded in 27 competitive categories. The ceremony was televised in Pakistan and internationally on ARY Digital. Actor Reema Khan hosted the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007768-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Lux Style Awards, Background\nThe Lux Style Awards is an award ceremony held annually in Pakistan since 2002. The awards celebrate \"style\" in the Pakistani entertainment industry, and honour the country's best talents in film, television, music, and fashion. Around 30 awards are given annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007769-0000-0000", "contents": "11th MMC \u2013 Lovech\n11th Multi-member Constituency \u2013 Lovech is a constituency whose borders are the same as Lovech Province in Bulgaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007769-0001-0000", "contents": "11th MMC \u2013 Lovech, Background\nIn the 2009 Bulgarian parliamentary election the 11th Multi-member Constituency \u2013 Lovech elected 5 members to the Bulgarian National Assembly: 4 of which were through proportionality vote and 1 was through first-past-the-post voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007770-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Macedonian Infantry Division\nThe 11th Macedonian Infantry Division was a Bulgarian military unit formed by Macedonian Bulgarians that operated in the First World War. The division is the successor of the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007770-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Macedonian Infantry Division, History\nThe division was established in 1915 on the idea of the leadership of the vormer Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) -leadership around Colonel Aleksandar Protogerov. As early as January 1915, Major Petar Darvingov submitted to the Ministry of War a report on the use of the Macedonian-Adrianople Volunteer Corps, in which he argued that the re-formation of the militia could be necessary and justified mainly if it was given the task of occupying the region of Macedonia. The order to establish the 11th Division was issued on August 22, 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007770-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Macedonian Infantry Division, History\nIt was formed from September 1 to 4 by a special staff during the general mobilisation of the active Bulgarian army in September, just before Bulgaria's intervention in the First World War. It consisted from Bulgarians from Macedonia - refugee volunteers who did not serve in the Bulgarian army and deserters from the Serbian and Greek armies. The division includes 7 regiments - 6 infantry and 1 artillery, as well as other units with personnel as of its first operational day of 34,745 soldiers and officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007770-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Macedonian Infantry Division, History\nAlmost all the officers were from Macedonia. The commander of the division at the beginning was General Krastyu Zlatarev from Ohrid, and the chief of staff was Colonel Petar Darvingov from Kukush. Other famous names from the officers of the division are the commander of the Second Infantry Brigade - Colonel Grigor Kyurkchiev from Prilep, the commander of the Third Infantry Brigade Colonel Alexander Protogerov from Ohrid and the commander of the Fifth Macedonian Infantry Regiment - Colonel Boris Drangov from Skopje. A special guerilla detachment was established headed by Protogerov. It was envisaged to form 60 guerilla platoons and a separate guerilla company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007770-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Macedonian Infantry Division, History\nIn 1915, during the Bulgarian offensive against Serbia, the division as part of the Second Bulgarian Army took part in the battles near Krivolak, Strumica, Kavadarci and Negotino. The personnel of the division was constantly replenished by soldiers who deserted from the Serbian army to the Bulgarian or to the allied to Bulgaria Austro-Hungarian troops. The following year, 1916, another artillery regiment was added to the 11th Division and it entered the fighting against British units in the Struma Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007770-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Macedonian Infantry Division, History\nIn May 1917 the division was reorganized on the model of the other Bulgarian divisions and its regiments received numbers from 59 to 64. In 1918 two brigades of the division were assigned to the Second Army, and one occupied part of the position in Belasitsa and participated in the Battle of Doiran (1918), in which the First Bulgarian Army repulsed the Anglo-Greek offensive. After the breakthrough at Dobro Pole in September 1918, the division retreated to Gorna Dzhumaya, where it was demobilised. In April 1919, the 11th Division was disbanded. The office of the Division in Sofia became the centre of the restoration of the IMRO and the unofficial headquarters of the organization. Part of the military equipment and weapons of the 11th Division is hidden by the Allied in secret warehouses and was inherited by IMRO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007771-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Maine Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Maine Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007771-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Maine Infantry was organized in Augusta, Maine, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on November 12, 1861, under the command of Colonel John Curtis Caldwell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007771-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Davis' Provisional Brigade, Army of the Potomac, to January 1862. 1st Brigade, Casey's Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, IV Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, IV Corps, to December 1862. Naglee's Brigade, Department of North Carolina, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XVIII Corps, to February 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XVIII Corps, Port Royal, South Carolina, Department of the South, to April 1863. District of Beaufort, South Carolina, X Corps, Department of the South, to June 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007771-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service\nFernandina, Florida, Department of the South, to October 1863. 1st Brigade, Morris Island, South Carolina, X Corps, Department of the South, to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, X Corps, Army of the James, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to May 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, X Corps, to December 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIV Corps, to July 1865. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIV Corps, to August 1865. Department of Virginia, to February 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007771-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Maine Infantry mustered out of service at City Point, Virginia, on February 2, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007771-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Maine Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Maine for Washington, D.C., November 13. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D. C., until March 1862. Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10\u201315. Moved to Newport News March 28. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Battle of Williamsburg May 5. Operations about Bottom's Bridge May 20\u201323. Battle of Fair Oaks, Seven Pines, May 31-June 1. Guard Bottom's Bridge June 13\u201326. Seven days before Richmond June 25-July 1. Destruction of railroad bridge over Chickahominy June 27. Bottom's Bridge June 28\u201329. White Oak Swamp June 30. Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing until August 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007771-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Maine Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Yorktown August 16\u201322, and duty there until December 26. Expedition to Matthews County December 11\u201315. Moved to Morehead City, N.C., December 26-January 1, 1863, then to Port Royal, S.C., January 28\u201331. To St. Helena Island February 10, and duty there until April 4. Expedition against Charleston April 4\u201312. At Beaufort, S.C., until June. Moved to Fernandina, Fla., June 4\u20136, and duty there until October 6. (A detachment acting as artillery on Morris Island, S.C., during siege of Fort Wagner, and operations against Charleston, July to October 1863.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007771-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Maine Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe regiment moved to Morris Island October 6 and siege operations against Charleston until April 1864, then ordered to Gloucester Point, Va. Butler's operations on south side of James River and against Petersburg and Richmond May 4-June 15. Occupation of City Point and Bermuda Hundred May 5. Port Walthal May 6\u20137. Ware Bottom Church May 9. Swift Creek or Arrowfield Church May 9\u201310. Operations against Fort Darling May 12\u201316. Drury's Bluff May 14\u201316. Bermuda Hundred May 17-June 20. Action at Bermuda Hundred June 2 and 14. Port Walthal, Bermuda Front, June 16\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007771-0005-0001", "contents": "11th Maine Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege operations against Petersburg and Richmond June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Deep Bottom June 20 and 25. Grover House, Deep Bottom, July 21. New Market Heights, Deep Bottom, July 27\u201328. Strawberry Plains August 14\u201318. In trenches before Petersburg August 27-September 26. New Market Heights September 28\u201329. Chaffin's Farm September 29\u201330. Darbytown and New Market Roads October 7. Darbytown Road October 13. Fair Oaks October 27\u201328. Chaffin's and Johnson's Farms October 29. Non -veterans left front for muster out November 7. Duty on north side of James River before Richmond until March 27, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007771-0005-0002", "contents": "11th Maine Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\n(Detached for duty at New York City during election of 1864, November 5\u201317, 1864.) Moved to Hatcher's Run March 27\u201329. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Assault and capture of Forts Gregg and Baldwin and fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee to Appomattox April 3\u20139. Rice's Station April 6. High Bridge April 7. Clover Hill, Appomattox Court House, April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Duty at Richmond, Va., April 24 to November 24, and at Fredericksburg, Va., until January 19, 1866. Mustered out at City Point, Va., February 2, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007771-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Maine Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 359 men during service; 7 officers and 115 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 233 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007772-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Manitoba Legislature\nThe members of the 11th Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in July 1903. The legislature sat from January 7, 1904, to February 28, 1907.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007772-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Manitoba Legislature\nThomas Greenway of the Liberal Party served as Leader of the Opposition. After Greenway entered federal politics in November 1904, Charles Mickle became opposition leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007772-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Manitoba Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1903:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007773-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Artillery Regiment\nThe 11th Marine Artillery Regiment (France) (French: 11e R\u00e9giment d'Artillerie de Marine, 11e RAMa) is an artillery regiment of the French Army. The regiment constitutes the fire support unit of the 9th Marine Infantry Brigade. The regiment employs around 950 men, fielding TRF1 155mm howitzers and MO-120-RT-61 120mm mortars. The regiment was founded in a third operational phase in 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007773-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Artillery Regiment, Organic role\nThe 11e RAMa is organically attached to the 9th Marine Infantry Brigade (9e B.I.Ma), where the regiment fulfills the role of fixed artillery fire support. The regiment nevertheless a highly mobile unit, trained for amphibious warfare since initial formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007773-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Artillery Regiment, History since 1813\nThe 1st Colonial Artillery Regiment 1e R.A.C of Melun enacted the 1st Group of the 11th Marine Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007773-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Artillery Regiment, History since 1813\nThe 1e R.A.C was twice subdivided into sub units designated \"11th Colonial Artillery Regiment\"; the \"Colonial\" units are now named Troupes de marine. The 11e RAMa thus maintained the motto Alter Post Fulmina Terror (\"The other Terror after Bolts Lightning\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007773-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Artillery Regiment, History since 1813\nThe current regiment was founded in 1951 and was renamed 11e RAMa in June 1963. In 1979, the regiment took garrison in Camp La Lande d'Ou\u00e9e near Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007773-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Artillery Regiment, History since 1813, Overseas operations\nThe 11e RAMa has been deployed overseas more times than any other artillery unit of the French Army. From 1978 to 1980, the regiment was involved in Op\u00e9ration Tacaud, in Chad. It took part in the battle of Ati in support of 2 combat companies of the 3rd Marine Infantry Regiment and a squadron of the 1e REC. On 5 March 1979, during the battle of Ab\u00e9ch\u00e9 where the regiment supported the same marine infantry company of the 3e RIMa and a squadron of the RICM, the same artillery battery exercised a horizontal firing round series with 105HM2 howitzers. From 1984 to 1985, the regiment was involved in Op\u00e9ration Manta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007773-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Artillery Regiment, History since 1813, Lebanese Civil War (1975\u20131990)\nThe regiment partook in various peacekeeping missions in Lebanon on numerous yearly designated occasions. From 1983 to 1984, the regiment integrated the corps of the Multinational Force in Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War along with the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, the 1st Parachute Hussard Regiment and the 31e Brigade which included the Operational Group of the Foreign Legion, the 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment and the 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007773-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Artillery Regiment, History since 1813, Gulf War (1990\u20131991)\nThe regiment was engaged in the Gulf War in 1991 part of Op\u00e9ration Daguet along with 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment, the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment, the 6th Foreign Engineer Regiment, French paratroopers regiments including components of the 1st Parachute Hussard Regiment, the 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment and other airborne contingents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007773-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Artillery Regiment, History since 1813, Foreign operations (1991\u20132001)\nThe 11e RAMa was engaged in ex-Yugoslavia from 1993 to 2000, and in Op\u00e9ration Turquoise in 1994, in Rwanda. It then intervened in the Comoros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007773-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Artillery Regiment, History since 1813, Global War on Terror (2001\u2013present)\nPresently, the 11e RAMa is involved in Op\u00e9ration Licorne in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire; in the current War in Afghanistan with the French forces in Afghanistan, notably the GTIA Kapisa; in Lebanon with Op\u00e9ration Baliste; in Kosovo and in Mali (Operation Serval).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 87], "content_span": [88, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007773-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Artillery Regiment, Organization\nThe 11e R.A.Ma is composed of 900 artillery marines articulated in 7 Artillery batteries:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007773-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Artillery Regiment, Traditions, Decorations\nThe Regimental Colors of the 11th Marine Artillery Regiment 11e RAMa is decorated with:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007774-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 11th Marine Division (11. Marine Division) was an infantry formation of the German Kriegsmarine under the control of the German Heer during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007774-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 11th Marine Division was formed in the Reichskommissariat Niederlande (Netherlands) in March 1945 from troops of the Kommandierender Admiral in den Niederlanden (Commanding Admiral in the Netherlands). On formation, the division was attached to Army Corps Detachment Diestel, part of the 25th Army. However, the division was never properly formed and as of 12 April was still badly organised. For that reason it was disbanded and its infantry battalions were handed over to army units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007774-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Division (Wehrmacht), Commanders\nThe only commander of the division was Naval Captain Hans Ahlmann.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007775-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Expeditionary Unit\nThe 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit (11th MEU) is one of seven Marine Expeditionary Units currently in existence in the United States Marine Corps. The Marine Expeditionary Unit is a Marine Air Ground Task Force with a strength of about 2,200 personnel. The MEU consists of a command element, a reinforced infantry battalion, a composite helicopter squadron and a logistics combat element. The 11th MEU is currently based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California with headquarters in Camp Del Mar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007775-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, Mission\nThe mission of the MEU is to provide geographic combatant commanders with a forward-deployed, rapid-response force capable of conducting conventional amphibious and selected maritime special operations at night or under adverse weather conditions from the sea, by surface and/or by air while under communications and electronics restrictions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007775-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Early years\nThe 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), originally designated the 17th Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU), formed at Camp Pendleton, California on 13 April 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007775-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Early years\nThe MAU was created to plan and participate in large-scale amphibious training exercises. In its early days, the unit also fulfilled requirements for a west coast based MAU to respond to contingencies, but was normally activated and deactivated based largely upon scheduled amphibious landing exercises directed by the Commander, Third Fleet. During this time, the billet of MAU Commanding Officer alternated between Regimental and Aircraft Group Commanders who filled the billet in six-month increments as a secondary duty during their tenures in command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007775-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Early years\nIn 1983, the Marine Corps directed a change that resulted in the first renaming of the 17th MAU. The decision was made to \"source\" the continuously deployed Western Pacific (WESTPAC) MAUs from I Marine Amphibious Force units in Southern California. Previously, their units came from the 1st Marine Brigade in Hawaii. This resulted in the renaming of the 17th MAU to the 11th MAU on 20 July 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007775-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Early years\nA second name change took place on 5 February 1988, when the Marine Corps more clearly defined the multiple capabilities of its Marine Air-Ground Task Forces. \"Amphibious\" was changed to \"Expeditionary,\" and the unit was given its current designation \u2013 the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007775-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Early years\nWhile the unit's designation has changed, the mission of the 11th MEU has remained largely unchanged. The MEU is an expeditionary intervention force with the ability to move quickly on short notice, to wherever needed to accomplish conventional or special operations. The strength of the MEU (Special Operations Capable) resides in the inherent combined arms capability while operating from forward-deployed amphibious shipping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007775-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nIn order to accomplish this mission, the MEU\u2019s continually train to maintain the required combat readiness, while simultaneously fulfilling worldwide training and contingency commitments. The 11th MEU has completed several major deployments to the Western Pacific, Indian Ocean, and Persian Gulf. It has participated in numerous training exercises/operations from the coast of California to the shores of Somalia, and as far inland as Bujumbura, Burundi and in Central Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007775-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nIn 1996 the 11th MEU(SOC) participated in the exfiltration of General Hussein Kamel Hassan al-Majid and his brother (an Iraqi Colonel), each of which were married to Saddam's daughters and were also his 2nd Cousins. The families defected under the support and cover of the 11th MEU(SOC) and were escorted to King Hussein of Jordan. Transfer and delivery of the defectors was at the Jordanian King Faisal Air Force Base, where King Hussein of Jordan kept a personal ready room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007775-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nDuring its 1998 deployment, the 11th MEU conducted Operation Safe Departure. This was a Noncombatant Evacuation Operation, which took place in Asmara, Eritrea, on 6 June 1998. The evacuation of noncombatant civilians and third-world nationals was conducted as a precautionary measure to ensure their safety in the midst of a heated border dispute between Eritrea and Ethiopia. All total, 172 persons, to include 105 Americans, were safely evacuated to Amman, Jordan, via KC-130 aerial transport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007775-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nDuring its 1999 deployment, the 11th MEU supported Operation Stabilise in East Timor from 25 October 1999 to 27 November 1999. The MEU was called on to provide support to International Forces, East Timor (INTERFET) delivering more than 1.5 million pounds of food and supplies to the Australian-led peacekeeping forces and East Timorese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007775-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nThe 11th MEU formed the main portion of the Command Element of the reconstituted 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade and participated in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Southwest Asia, from  January\u2013April  1991. The 11th MEU was an integral component of the Amphibious deception plan that fixed a number of Iraqi divisions on the coast to defend against an expected amphibious assault. As the invasion of Kuwait grew imminent, portions of the MEU landed at Al Mishab and Al Jubayl to act as the 1st MEF reserve. After the liberation of Kuwait, the 11th MEU was re-formed and stayed in the Persian Gulf after Desert Storm for a number of months performing a presence mission, finally returning to Camp Pendleton in late summer of 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007775-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, War on Terror\nOn 24 February 2003, the 11th MEU Command Element deployed to Kuwait in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and later Operation Iraqi Freedom. On 5 March 2003, the Commanding General, I Marine Expeditionary Force (I MEF), designated the 11th MEU as Task Force Yankee (TFY), named in memory of the victims of the 11 September terrorist attacks. The following units were soon attached to the new task force: 2nd Battalion, 6th Marines; Sensitive Site Team No. 3, 75th Exploitation Task Force, U.S. Army; and Company C, 478th Engineer Battalion, U.S. Army. TFY\u2019s responsibilities were varied and challenging.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007775-0012-0001", "contents": "11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, War on Terror\nThey included: planning and operation of the MEF Enemy Prisoner of War (EPW) temporary holding facility; force protection for Camp Commando, MEF Main in Iraq, ships transiting uncertain waters in the region, and MEF\u2019s primary ammunition supply point; initial investigations of suspected Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) sites; coordination of security plans for designated air bases, logistic support areas and lines of communication in Iraq; and Phase IV planning. The 11th MEU returned to the United States on 20 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007775-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, War on Terror\nOn 31 July 2004 the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, under the Polish-led Multinational Division Central-South (MND-CS), assumed operational control of the Iraqi provinces of An Najaf and Al Qadisiyah from Task Force Dragon, composed of elements of the 1st Infantry Division. During August 2004, the MEU, led an assault consisting of 1st Battalion, 4th Marines; 1st Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division; and 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division, against the Islamist Mahdi Army of Muqtada al-Sadr in Najaf. The battle ended with a negotiated ceasefire later that month. The MEU remained in Najaf until February 2005 overseeing reconstruction and solatia payments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007775-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, War on Terror\nFrom November 2007 until 2 June 2008 the 11th MEU was deployed throughout the western Pacific and Persian Gulf. During this float they took part in exercises in the Horn of Africa and Kuwait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007775-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, War on Terror\nIn March 2017, it was reported that the 11th MEU had deployed to Syria as part of Operation Inherent Resolve, where they set up a firebase to provide support (particularly artillery support) to US-backed forces in the upcoming assault to liberate Raqqa from ISIS occupation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007775-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, At home\nElements of the 11th MEU were deployed and actively participated and assisted with the Hurricane Katrina relief effort shortly after the storm. The 11th MEU was temporarily based in Mississippi and the John C. Stennis Space Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment\nThe 11th Marine Regiment is an artillery regiment of the United States Marine Corps based at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. Known as the \"Cannon Cockers\", the regiment falls under the command of the 1st Marine Division and the I Marine Expeditionary Force. Its primary weapon system is the M777A2 howitzer with a maximum effective range of 30 km, however the 5th Battalion has converted to fire the HIMARS (High Mobility Artillery Rocket System) weapon system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, Current units\nNote: a \"4th Battalion\" of the 11th Marines was present in World War II, Korean War and Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, History, Early years\nThe 11th Marine Regiment was activated during World War I on 3 January 1918. Originally planned as a light artillery regiment, it was converted to an infantry unit and went to France as part of the 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade in the waning days of the war. It did not see combat, but served as base guard troops and returned home to be disbanded on 11 August 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, History, Early years\nOn 9 May 1927, another 11th Regiment was activated from troops in Haiti and at Quantico for service in Nicaragua of brief duration. The regimental headquarters was disbanded on 31 July 1927, and the two battalions in September. Renewed political problems in Nicaragua and the intensified guerrilla campaign of the bandit leader Augusto Sandino caused the activation of another 11th Regiment at Norfolk, Virginia, and San Diego, California, in January 1928. A third battalion was organized on the east coast on 21 March 1928. Again, service in Nicaragua was brief, with the third battalion being disbanded on 15 June 1929 and the remainder of the regiment on 31 August 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, History, World War II\nWith the approach of World War II and the consequent expansion of the Marine Corps, an 11th Marines (Artillery) was activated at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, on 1 March 1941. Activation of the regiment's organic battalions already had been underway since 1 September 1940 when the 1st Battalion was created. After its return to the United States from Cuba, the regiment (less the 1st Battalion) shipped overseas with the 1st Marine Division to New Zealand in June\u2013July 1942. The 1st Battalion went to Samoa with the 7th Marine Regiment in March 1942. Together they formed the 3rd Marine Brigade until they were sent to Guadalcanal that fall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, History, World War II\nThe 11th Marines participated in the Battle of Guadalcanal in August with the 1st Marine Division and played an especially significant part in the Battle of the Tenaru and the Battle of Bloody Ridge. The 1st Battalion rejoined the regiment in September on Guadalcanal. On 15 December 1942, the 11th Marines left Guadalcanal for Australia, rested and reorganized, and then reentered combat on New Britain at Cape Gloucester on 26 December 1943. Here the regiment furnished support to the infantry in their capture of the Japanese aerodrome. Following the New Britain campaign came a period of preparation for the Peleliu landing where the regiment was actively engaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, History, World War II\nFor the first two weeks after the initial landing on 15 September 1944, the regiment took part in the Battle of Peleliu under Colonel William H. Harrison. All artillery support was handled both novelly and conventionally, providing massed preparatory, harassing, and interdicting fire. Later, the artillery was used to fire directly into the mouths of enemy caves. In March 1945, the 11th Marines participated in the Battle of Okinawa, its final combat operation of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0006-0001", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, History, World War II\nThere the regiment played an important defensive role with effective counter-battery fire, and steadily suppressed enemy attempts to counter-attack objectives already won by U.S. forces. With the war won, in the fall of 1945 the 11th Marines moved to Tianjin in North China as an element of Operation Beleaguer. There it was soon involved in trying to keep peace in the midst of the increasing conflict between rival Chinese factions. Early in 1947, the regiment returned to the United States to be reduced virtually to a battalion-sized unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, History, Korean War\nThree years later North Korea invaded South Korea, and the 1st Battalion was part of the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade deployed in August 1950 to the Pusan Perimeter to help stem their advance. Other battalions were organized in the United States and were available for service when the 1st Marine Division made the Incheon landing. Shifted back to the east coast of Korea, the battalions were attached to regimental combat teams and participated in the Battle of Chosin Reservoir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, History, Korean War\nOne of the more famous engagements of the regiment during the Korean War came on 7 December 1950 during the breakout from the Chosin Reservoir. George and How Batteries of 2nd Battalion were halted along the main road by heavy machine gun fire. The ensuing fight would pit two artillery batteries against a battalion of Chinese infantry in broad daylight and at close range. The guns were laid level due to the proximity of the Chinese forces and the Marines braced their bodies against the guns because there was no time to dig them in. When it was over the Marines counted over 500 enemy dead on the field and had expended over 600 rounds of ammunition. One Marine officer was quoted at the time as saying, \"Has field artillery ever had a grander hour?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, History, Korean War\nThe 11th Marines participated in continued heavy action on the East Central Front throughout 1951, and in March 1952, moved to the Western Front. The 11th was finally able to sail from Korea for the United States and Camp Pendleton on 7 March 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, History, Vietnam War\nThe years between 1955 and 1965 were spent in continued training to maintain a constant state of readiness. During the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962, the 11th Marines played a role in the task force ordered to impose a naval quarantine against arms shipments to Cuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, History, Vietnam War\nA new era opened on 8 March 1965 when the Marines were committed to ground action in South Vietnam. Beginning on 16 August 1965, the regiment was gradually deployed to South Vietnam. The transfer was completed by the arrival of the 2d Battalion on 27 May 1966. The nature of the war required the artillerymen to defend their own positions against numerous enemy probes and brought about a vastly increased employment of artillery by helicopters, both for displacement and resupply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, History, Vietnam War\nThe regimental history in Vietnam was characterized by fighting as detachments in dispersed areas. Hastings, Hue City, Napoleon/Saline II, Mameluke Thrust, Oklahoma Hills, Pipestone Canyon and Imperial Lake were some of the more significant operations in which the regiment participated. Redeployment to the United States started in October 1970. The 1st Battalion was the last unit of the regiment to depart for the United States and Camp Pendleton in May 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, History, Vietnam War\nDuring the next decade, the 11th Marines experienced a high level of activity, participating in many training and support exercises. In 1975 the regiment provided support for Operation New Arrivals and the Vietnamese refugees. The 11th Marines participated in numerous training exercises throughout the 1980s to maintain the regiments high level of operational readiness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, History, The Gulf War and the 1990s\nThe regiment's ability to respond quickly to a crisis was put to the test in August 1990, when Iraq invaded and occupied its neighbor, Kuwait. President George H. W. Bush immediately ordered American forces, including Marines, to the Persian Gulf, to deter a possible Iraqi assault into Saudi Arabia. Elements of the 11th Marines began departing Camp Pendleton on 25 August as part of the 7th Marine Expeditionary Brigade, en route to Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Shield. Early in September, 7th MEB was absorbed by I Marine Expeditionary Force. The mission of the 11th Marines was to provide effective artillery support to the various task forces comprising the 1st Marine Division. Upon arrival in Saudi Arabia, the regiment began an intensive training program, which included liaison with the famous British \"Desert Rats,\" the 40th Field Regiment Royal Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 929]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, History, The Gulf War and the 1990s\nOperation Desert Storm began early on 17 January 1991, and the 11th Marines fired its first artillery mission against Iraqi forces, when elements of the regiment conducted an early morning surface artillery raid just south of Khafji. This was the first in a series of 11th Marines artillery raids conducted along the Saudi Arabian/Kuwaiti border, both on the Persian Gulf coast and along the south-west border area near several oil fields. As the major coalition ground offensive began on 24 February, the 11th Marines was already inside Kuwait providing vital fire support to Task Forces Grizzly and Taro. Throughout Operation Desert Storm, the 11th Marines provided close and continuous fire support to the 1st Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, History, The Gulf War and the 1990s\nUpon 28 February 1991 ceasefire which ended the fighting, the 11th Marines prepared to leave the Persian Gulf for home. The regiment's seven-month deployment and the Gulf War came to an end on 5 April with a much-deserved welcome at Camp Pendleton, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, History, The Gulf War and the 1990s\nThroughout the remaining years of the decade, elements of the 11th Marines participated in Operation Sea Angel in Bangladesh and in Operation Restore Hope in Somalia. The regiment also assisted in fire-fighting efforts in the western United States during the summer of 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0018-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 marked the start of the global war on terror. The Cannon Cockers were ready when the order was given to deploy. Beginning in 2003, the 11th Marine Regiment actively participated in Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. This included deploying as a regiment to Kuwait and Iraq in January\u2013May 2003. From 2004\u20132009, elements from the Regiment deployed in support of all major contingency operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. In 2009, the world's focus shifted towards the Afghanistan area of operations. From 2009 to present day, Cannon Cocker batteries have supported Operation Enduring Freedom without any lapse in coverage. Most recently, elements of the 11th Marine Regiment participated in the fight against the Islamic State in Syria as a part of Operation Inherent Resolve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007776-0019-0000", "contents": "11th Marine Regiment, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the appropriate ribbon of the awarded unit citation. 11th Marine Regiment has been awarded the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007777-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Maryland Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Maryland Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007777-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Maryland Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Maryland Infantry was organized at Baltimore, Maryland, and mustered in on June 15, 1864, for 100 days under the command of Colonel William T. Landstreet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007777-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Maryland Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 3rd Separate Brigade, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to July 1864. 1st Separate Brigade, VIII Corps, to October 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007777-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Maryland Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Maryland Infantry mustered out of the service at Baltimore on June 15, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007777-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Maryland Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Monocacy Junction July 1, 1864. Guard duty at Monocacy and Mt. Airy, Maryland, until October 1, 1864. Battle of Monocacy July 9. Mustered out October 1, 1864. The regiment reorganized into three companies for one year service in December 1864. Companies A, B, and C were then consolidated with the 1st Eastern Shore Regiment January 1865. Company C on detached service at Relay House, Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Company I at Baltimore. Rest of the regiment at Fort Delaware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007777-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Maryland Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 29 men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007778-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Massachusetts Battery\nThe 11th Massachusetts Battery (or 11th Battery Massachusetts Light Artillery) was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was formed in response to President Abraham Lincoln's August 1862 call for 300,000 men to serve for nine months. Several months after completing their first term of service, the battery was reorganized for a second term of three years (though the war ended before they could complete this term). It was recruited by Captain Edward J. Jones of Boston and consisted almost entirely of men from that city. The battery served a largely uneventful first term as garrison troops mostly in Centreville, Virginia. During their second term they were involved in heavy combat being part of the Army of the Potomac during Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant's Overland Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007778-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Massachusetts Battery, First term of service\nThe 11th Massachusetts Battery trained for their nine-month term of service at Camp Meigs in Readville, Massachusetts in August 1862. The unit was mustered into federal service on August 25. It was the only Massachusetts unit of artillery mustered in under the nine-months call, the other 18 Massachusetts nine-months units being infantry regiments. The men were recruited in Boston and mostly came from that city and the immediate vicinity. The unit left Boston by train on October 3, 1862 and reported to Washington, D.C. on October 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007778-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Massachusetts Battery, First term of service\nFor their first two months of service, they served garrison duty as part of the defenses of Washington at Camp Barry and later at Hall's Hill in Arlington, Virginia. On November 28 they were transferred to the brigade commanded by Francis Randall garrisoned in Centreville, Virginia. During the winter and early spring of 1864, the unit was frequently used as cavalry, conducting picket and reconnaissance duty between Centreville and Union Mills, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007778-0001-0002", "contents": "11th Massachusetts Battery, First term of service\nIn April the battery was transferred to the brigade commanded by Daniel Sickles and conducted garrison duty at Fort Ramsay in Arlington County, Virginia and Fort Buffalo, Virginia, both part of the defenses of Washington. At the close of their term of service, the unit departed Washington on May 23, 1863 and arrived in Boston on May 28. They were mustered out on May 29. The unit did not have any men killed in action or by disease during its first term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007778-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Massachusetts Battery, Second term of service\nThe battery was reorganized during December 1863 to serve a new term of three years. Reenlisted members of the 11th Massachusetts Battery formed the core of the new iteration. They were joined by new recruits to fill out the ranks. Capt . Edward Jones again served as commanding officer. The members of the battery were mustered in on January 2, 1864, trained at Camp Meigs, and departed Massachusetts on February 5. Reaching Washington, the battery was attached to the Second Division (commanded by Major General Robert B. Potter) of the IX Corps, assigned to the Army of the Potomac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007778-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Massachusetts Battery, Second term of service\nThe battery took part in the major battles of the Overland Campaign, though they were not heavily engaged until moved to the front lines on June 19 during the start of the Siege of Petersburg. On August 21 and 22, the battery took part in the Battle of Weldon Railroad while temporarily attached to the II Corps. The battery was in action at various points on the siege line at Petersburg during the fall and winter. On March 25, 1865, the battery played an important role during the Battle of Fort Stedman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007778-0002-0002", "contents": "11th Massachusetts Battery, Second term of service\nAs Confederate troops overtook Fort Stedman and temporarily broke through Union siege lines, the 11th Massachusetts Battery, posted in nearby Fort Friend, rendered key service in pushing back the assault. When the Confederates abandoned Petersburg and retreated towards Appomattox Court House, the 11th Massachusetts Battery joined other elements of the Army of the Potomac in pursuit. They were present for the surrender at Appomattox and were detailed with other artillery units to take charge of surrendered Confederate cannons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007778-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Massachusetts Battery, Mustering out\nThe 11th Massachusetts Battery took part in the Grand Review of the Armies in Washington after the close of the war. In June they were ordered home to Boston and were mustered out at Camp Meigs on June 16, 1865. The battery lost three men killed in action and twelve by disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007779-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Organized in Boston in May 1861, the 11th Massachusetts Infantry was made up mostly of men from Boston, but also from Charlestown and Dorchester. The leading force behind the formation of the regiment was its first colonel, George Clark Jr., who had been an officer in the Massachusetts state militia. The regiment was known as the \"Boston Volunteers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007779-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\nArriving in Washington, D.C. in June, the 11th Massachusetts Infantry was one of only three Massachusetts regiments to participate in the First Battle of Bull Run. The regiment spent the early fall of 1861 helping to build fortifications around Washington. In October, the 11th was stationed at Bud's Ferry in Indian Head, Maryland where they remained on picket duty for the winter of 1861-1862. The 11th Massachusetts Infantry saw its first combat during the Peninsular Campaign in the spring of 1862. They were heavily engaged during the Second Battle of Bull Run, participated in the Battle of Fredericksburg, and suffered severe casualties at the Battle of Chancellorsville and the Battle of Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007780-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Massachusetts Regiment\nThe 11th Massachusetts Regiment was raised on September 16, 1776, under Colonel Ebenezer Francis at Boston, Massachusetts. The 11th Mass. would see action at the Battle of Hubbardton, Battle of Saratoga and the Battle of Monmouth. The regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1781, at West Point, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007780-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Massachusetts Regiment\nColonel Ebenezer Francis was commanding officer of the 11th Massachusetts Regiment from November 6, 1776, until July 7, 1777, when he was killed at the Battle of Hubbardton. Colonel Benjamin Tupper was commanding officer from July 1, 1777, until January 1, 1781.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007781-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)\nThe 11th Mechanized Corps was a mechanized corps of the Red Army, formed twice. The corps was first formed as one of the original two Red Army mechanized corps from the 11th Rifle Division in Leningrad. In 1934 it was transferred to the Transbaikal Military District and in 1938 became the 20th Tank Corps. The corps was reformed in March 1941 in western Belarus. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the understrength corps was destroyed in the Battle of Bia\u0142ystok\u2013Minsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007781-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, First Formation\nThe 11th Mechanized Corps was formed from March to September 1932 from the 11th Rifle Division in Leningrad, one of the first two Red Army mechanized corps. The corps was commanded by division commander Komkor Kasyan Chaykovsky and its chief of staff was Mikhail Bakshi. The 31st Mechanized Brigade was formed from the 32nd Rifle Regiment named for Volodarsky, the 32nd Mechanized Brigade from the 33rd Rifle Regiment named for Voskov, the 33rd Rifle and Machine Gun Brigade from the 31st Rifle Regiment named for Uritsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007781-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, First Formation\nThe 31st Brigade was equipped with the T-26 and the 32nd Brigade was equipped with the BT-2. Each brigade had a total of 220 tanks. On 1 January 1933 the 83rd Aviation Group was attached the corps, and was later reformed into the Motor-Mechanized Squadron. By March of that year the brigades were based in Tsarskoye Selo, Slutsk, and Stary Peterhof, while the corps headquarters and rear units were still in Leningrad. In December, the 32nd Brigade's 1st Tank Battalion was transferred to the 6th Mechanized Brigade in the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army. On 16 January 1934 the corps received the honorific \"Leningrad\", the 31st Brigade received the honorific \"named for Uritsky\", the 32nd Brigade the honorific \"named for Volodarsky\", and the 33rd Brigade the honorific \"named for Voskov\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007781-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, First Formation\nOn 4 May 1934, the separate anti-aircraft battalion was removed from the corps. As a replacement, an anti-aircraft machine gun battalion was formed. On 1 August, the 33rd Rifle and Machine Gun Brigade was transferred to the newly formed 7th Mechanized Corps. In September, the Motor-Mechanized Squadron was removed from the corps. In 1934, the corps headquarters and the 32nd Brigade redeployed to Borzya. The 31st Brigade stayed in the Leningrad Military District and became part of the 7th Mechanized Corps. On 21 October the T-26 equipped 6th Mechanized Brigade became part of the corps at Chita.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007781-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, First Formation\nThe corps headquarters and the 32nd Brigade were deployed to Crossing 76 and the 6th Brigade was at Crossing 77. In February 1935, the reconnaissance, chemical, and anti-aircraft machine gun battalions were disbanded. The mechanized brigades were reequipped with BT tanks. In May 1935 the corps became part of the Transbaikal Military District. In February 1936, Chaykovsky was replaced by district deputy commander Komdiv Yakov Davidovsky. After the signing of a Soviet-Mongolian mutual assistance treaty, units of the corps were deployed to Mongolia in March. On 8 June 1937 Davidovsky was arrested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007781-0002-0002", "contents": "11th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, First Formation\nOn 19 August 1937 the 32nd Brigade became part of the 57th Special Rifle Corps as the Special Mechanized Brigade. By 11 September, the 5th Mechanized Corps' 13th Mechanized Brigade became part of the corps at Crossing 76. On 19 March 1938 Komdiv Boris Sheremetov became corps commander. The corps was shortly afterwards converted into the 20th Tank Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007781-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Second Formation\nThe corps (Military Unit Number 7455) was formed in March 1941 in the Western Special Military District at Vawkavysk, part of the 3rd Army. The corps was commanded by Major General Dmitry Mostovenko. Its deputy commander was Pyotr Makarov, the chief of staff was Colonel Semyon Mukhin, and the artillery commander was Nikolai Mikhailovich Starostin. The corps' 29th Tank Division was formed from the 25th Tank Brigade in Grodno. The 33rd Tank Division was formed from the 15th Tank Brigade (Second Formation) in Sok\u00f3\u0142ka. The 204th Motorized Division was formed from the 9th Motorized Brigade in Vawkavysk. By 22 June, when the German invasion of the Soviet Union began, the corps had 241 tanks, including three KV tanks, 28 T-34s, 44 BT tanks, and 141 T-26 tanks. The corps had less than half of its authorized strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007781-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Second Formation\nThe corps was ordered to counterattack German troops from the 8th Infantry Division advancing near Grodno. Two tank regiments of the 29th Tank Division attacked a kampfgruppe from Infantry-Regiment 84 and assault guns of Sturmgeschutz-Abeiltung 184. Division commander Studnev mistakenly identified the assault guns as tanks and halted the advance, allowing German air support and artillery to disable about half of the two regiments' tanks. The two regiments retreated after four hours. About fifty casualties were suffered by the 8th Infantry Division in the fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007781-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Second Formation\nOn 24 June the corps renewed the counterattacks, but was unable to help the 6th Mechanized Corps due to a lack of radio communications. During these attacks, the 11th Mechanized Corps lost a large number of its remaining tanks to air attacks and fuel shortages. On the next day, the 6th and 11th Corps were ordered to retreat east towards Slonim to prevent German forces from cutting the Minsk-Warsaw Highway. The retreat became a rout, which resulted in the loss of substantial numbers of equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007781-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Second Formation\nMostovenko was able to restore order and organized the corps into several combat groups by gathering remaining fuel and vehicles. The corps retreated east near Vawkavysk through the forest, running into the German 29th Infantry Division at Zelva and losing several tanks. Crossing the Shchara River on 27 June, the corps ran into German positions at Klepachi and Ozernitsa. The 29th Tank Division's 57th Tank Regiment commander Major Iosif Cheryapkin led ten tanks out of the encirclement while wounded. On 28 June, Mostovenko held a meeting with his subordinates, ordering a retreat in small groups through Novogrudok, Korelichi, and Mir. Mostovenko and 33rd Tank Division commander Mikhail Panov also escaped. Starostin and Makarov were both captured and executed, the former in late 1941 and the latter in October 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007782-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards\nThe 11th Meril Prothom Alo Awards were distributed among TV and film starts and singers 10 April 2009 to honour and inspire the young talents for playing their role in the fields of music, film-making and TV production. The Bangladesh-China Friendship Conference Centre turned into a union of cultural personalities on that evening as the Prothom Alo and Square Toiletries staged the programme to honour the stars. The nominations for the popular awards were open to public voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007782-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Host and Jury Board\nNoted silver screen artiste Ferdous Ahmed and TV actress Aupee Karim conducted the colourful program with their lively and witty anchoring. Award-winning comedian Naveed came up on the dais to present his stand-up comedy to the fun-loving audience who gave him a big round of applause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007782-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Host and Jury Board\nThe member of Jury Board for Dance section were Kamrunnesa Hasan, Lubna Mariam, and Arun Basu; Jury Board for music section were Alam Khan, Sheikh Sadi Khan, Sujay Sham, Shadi Muhammad, and Kanak Chapa; Jury Board for Television section Ramendu Majumdar, Syed Monzurul Islam, Tariq Anam Khan, Shamim Akhter, Zahedur Rahim Anjan, and Sazzad Sharif; and Jury Board for Film section were Hasnat Abdul Hai, Shibli Sadiq, Tareque Masud, Ilias Kanchan, Sabbir Ahmed Chowdhury, A.K.M. Jakariya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007783-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Cavalry Regiment\nThe 11th Michigan Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007783-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Michigan Cavalry was organized at Kalamazoo and Detroit, Michigan October 10 and December 10, 1863. Among its ranks was future Michigan politician and author Elroy M. Avery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007783-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe Regiment was part of General George Stoneman's campaign into eastern Tennessee, western Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in 1865. The 11th Michigan Cavalry was one of three in the Second Brigade of Brig. Gen. Simeon Brown of St. Clair. Engagements:In Kentucky: Hazel Green, McCormick's Farm, Morristown, State Creek, Mt. Sterling, Cynthiana, June 8\u20139, Point Burnside, June 30, 1864. In Tennessee: Clinch River, Nov.28; Cobb's Ford, Dec. 2: Bristol, Dec. 13; Paperville, Dec. 13, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007783-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Michigan Cavalry Regiment, Service\nIn Virginia: Abingdon, Dec. 15; Wytheville lead mines, Mt. Airey, Marion iron works, Seven Miles Ford, Mount Sterling, Sept. 17; Saltville I, October 1\u20133, 1864, Union defeat. (Saltville Massacre); Sandy Mountain, Marion, December 17\u201318, 1864; Saltville II, December 18\u201321, 1864, destroyed salt works; After Saltville, returned to Knoxville; arrived Dec. 28, 1864; Departed Knoxville, March 16\u201321, 1865; Morristown, March 24; Jonesboro, March 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007783-0002-0002", "contents": "11th Michigan Cavalry Regiment, Service\nCrossing into North Carolina and heading south, they conducted a series of raids on sites manufacturing goods vital to Lee's troops\u2014Boone, March 28\u201329 destroyed Patterson yarn mill below Blowing Rock; Yadkin River; Wilkesboro, March 30; Jonesville, April 1; Mount Airy, April 2; Christiansburg, VA, April 3; Danbury, April 9 destroying the Moratock Iron Works; Salisbury, April 12 (Destroyed prison); Statesville, April 13\u201316 (Taylorsville, April 14); April 14, Lincoln assassination; Morganton, April 17\u201319; Marion, April 20; Swannanoa Gap, (the Army was blocked there and went around to Howard's Gap) April 20; Hendersonville, April 24\u00a0; Asheville, April 25\u201328; Marshall, April 26; Ward's Farm; Left Brevard, pushing through Saluda Gap in the Blue Ridge, they entered South Carolina, looking for Jefferson Davis. Caesar's Head, April 30; Pickensville, Anderson's Court House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 917]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007783-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was consolidated with the 8th Michigan Volunteer Cavalry Regiment on July 20, 1865. Mustered out at Nashville Tennessee on September 22, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007783-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Cavalry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nCompany H enlisted men, 106. Total regimental enrollment 1,579. The regiment suffered 4 officers and 24 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded and 114 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 142fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007784-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Michigan Infantry Regiment, initially known as Colonel May\u2019s Independent Regiment, was a unit in the Union army during the American Civil War. The regiment fought with the Army of the Cumberland in numerous battles, including Stones River, Chickamauga, and Missionary Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007784-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nThe regiment was recruited in southern Michigan between April and September 1861, with the majority of the soldiers coming from St. Joseph County. The unit formally mustered into the Union army between August 24 and September 11. It formed independent from the state government, as allowed for by the War Department, but fell under Michigan\u2019s control when the Federal authorization for independent units was revoked. The regiment received its formal designation as the 11th regiment on October 11. The soldiers elected their officers, selecting William J. May, the former proprietor of the White Pigeon Railroad Dining Hall, as colonel. U.S. district attorney William Lewis Stoughton, a rising star in the Republican Party, was elected lieutenant colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007784-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nThe 11th Michigan trained at White Pigeon before deploying to Kentucky on December 9, 1861, with 1,004 men and officers. Far from the front lines, the unit saw little active service, but suffered dearly from smallpox and measles at Bardstown, Kentucky that winter, losing more than seventy men to disease. Colonel May, suffering from poor health, resigned effective April 1, raising Stoughton to colonel in his place. Melvin Mudge was promoted to fill the vacancy at lieutenant colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007784-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nThe Michiganders went on railroad guard duty in March 1862 as the Union army advanced into Tennessee following Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s captures of Forts Henry and Donelson. The regiment\u2019s first taste of active military operations came when Confederate cavalryman John Hunt Morgan launched a raid through Tennessee and Kentucky in July. The 11th regiment, in conjunction with other Federal units, was dispatched on a wild goose chase that culminated in a narrow miss at surrounding Morgan\u2019s entire force at Paris, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007784-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nThe regiment, in conjunction with other units, later caught up with a detachment of Morgan\u2019s troopers at Gallatin, Tennessee, on August 13, 1862, firing the first volleys in the regiment\u2019s history. The Michiganders claimed to have inflicted numerous casualties on Morgan\u2019s force, though Morgan\u2019s subordinate Basil Duke (who was not present) later denied any Confederate losses. The Michiganders and their Federal counterparts pillaged Gallatin while there, embittering Morgan and hardening his attitude toward Union civilians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007784-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nBraxton Bragg\u2019s Confederate invasion of Kentucky in August 1862 left the 11th Michigan among the Federal units stranded in isolation at Nashville under the command of James Scott Negley. The 11th was finally brigaded at this time, joining the 19th Illinois Infantry, the 18th Ohio Infantry, and the 69th Ohio under the command of Colonel Timothy Robbins Stanley, former commander of the 18th Ohio. Stanley\u2019s brigade was part of Negley\u2019s division of the 14th Army Corps, which came to be known as the Army of the Cumberland. The Michiganders came under fire again on October 5, 1862, when they repelled a guerrilla ambush near Fort Riley while out on a foraging expedition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007784-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nAfter Bragg\u2019s invasion was repulsed at Perryville, the 11th Michigan joined the Army of the Cumberland\u2019s advance under Major General William Starke Rosecrans in late December, and was heavily engaged at the Battle of Stones River. The green Michiganders fought bravely despite absorbing severe casualties (140 killed, wounded, or missing\u2014a 32 percent loss), and helped stall Bragg\u2019s powerful opening assault shy of Rosecrans\u2019s supply artery, the Nashville Pike. The unit took part in the decisive charge across Stones River on January 2, 1863, participating in the rout of John C. Breckinridge's division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007784-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nAfter months of recuperation in Murfreesboro, Rosecrans advanced again in the Tullahoma Campaign on June 23, 1863, turning Bragg\u2019s army out of its position, and repeated this feat to force his retreat from Chattanooga. When Rosecrans pushed too aggressively in pursuit, Negley\u2019s division, the 11th Michigan included, was nearly cut off and captured, but fought a successful delaying action against a vastly superior Confederate force at the Battle of Davis\u2019s Cross Roads. The 11th was the most heavily engaged unit in the battle, losing 3 dead, 11 wounded, and 3 missing (the missing soldiers later perished at Andersonville).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007784-0006-0001", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nA week later, the adversaries clashed again at the Battle of Chickamauga, where the 11th Michigan on September 20, 1863, helped parry a Rebel attempt to flank George H. Thomas\u2019s corps and cut the Union army off from its line of retreat. The Michiganders participated in the ambush of Brigadier General Daniel Weisiger Adams\u2019s brigade, inflicting severe losses on the Confederates and capturing Adams in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007784-0006-0002", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nLater that day\u2014with Stanley wounded, Stoughton raised to brigade command, and Mudge leading the regiment\u2014the 11th Michigan participated in the legendary defense of Snodgrass Hill (also known as Horseshoe Ridge), inflicting catastrophic casualties on the Confederate brigade of Archibald Gracie. Confederate general Joseph Kershaw, witnessing the attack, declared it \u201cone of the heaviest assaults of the war on a single point.\u201d Michigan sergeant William G. Whitney earned the Medal of Honor for gathering desperately needed ammunition from downed Rebels between the lines\u2014while under fire from Rebel sharpshooters\u2014during a brief lull in the assault. Overall casualties for the 11th Michigan at Chickamauga amounted to 66 men, with Mudge among the wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007784-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nThe Union defeat at Chickamauga left the Army of the Cumberland virtually under siege in Chattanooga, but the arrival of reinforcements under Ulysses S. Grant turned the tables several weeks later, and the 11th Michigan joined in the Battle of Missionary Ridge on November 25, 1863. Stoughton was again in command of the brigade, and Major Benjamin G. Bennett led the regiment with Mudge still recovering from his Chickamauga wound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007784-0007-0001", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nThe Michiganders, despite having Bennett and Color Bearer John Day killed, successfully charged uphill against the entrenched Rebels of Otho F. Strahl\u2019s brigade, with lead elements of the Michigan regiment penetrating a gap between Strahl\u2019s troops and the neighboring brigade of Randall Gibson. Quartermaster Sergeant James Wood King, who entered the battle outside his line of duty, was among the first soldiers to reach the summit and fight to pry open the breach in the Rebel line. King was later nominated for the Medal of Honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007784-0007-0002", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nBragg\u2019s siege was broken by the Federal assault, and the Confederates were hurtled into a precipitous retreat. Stoughton\u2019s troops participated in the pursuit of Bragg\u2019s army the next day, launching a night assault in pitch darkness near Graysville, Georgia, and capturing the Confederate artillery battery of Thomas B. Ferguson without the loss of a single soldier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007784-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nAfter wintering at Rossville and Graysville, Georgia, the 11th Michigan joined in William Tecumseh Sherman\u2019s Atlanta Campaign. The Michiganders were present, but only lightly engaged, at Buzzard Roost Gap and the Battle of Resaca. At the Battle of Pickett\u2019s Mill, the unit came under artillery fire, followed by its first taste of prolonged trench warfare. With the resumption of Sherman\u2019s advance, the Michiganders again dug in, at Kennesaw Mountain, where they traded constant sniping with the Rebels but were mercifully excluded from the bloody Battle of Kennesaw Mountain on June 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007784-0008-0001", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nIn pursuit of the subsequent Confederate retreat, the Michiganders were engaged at Battle of Ruff\u2019s Station, where Colonel Stoughton suffered a severe shell wound that necessitated the amputation of his leg. Five companies from the 11th Michigan participated in a successful but costly assault against Rebel entrenchments near the railroad, losing three dead and ten wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007784-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nThe 11th Michigan was again lightly engaged at Peachtree Creek on July 20, where the unit rushed the length of the Union line under artillery fire to plug a gap with John Newton\u2019s 4th Corps division. In the ensuing actions against Atlanta, the regiment was again called upon to charge entrenched Rebels, this time at the Battle of Utoy Creek on August 7. The Michiganders seized the first line of Confederate trenches at the cost of fifteen dead and fifteen wounded. With the regiment\u2019s three-year enlistment period about to expire, the soldiers nearly mutinied when ordered to charge across the open field, but a timely speech by Mudge convinced the bluecoats to do their duty under fire one last time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007784-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nThe regiment was relieved from front line duty on August 27, but a Rebel cavalry raid by Joseph Wheeler necessitated their involvement in another infantry-cavalry chase. After helping to drive Wheeler off, the unit finally embarked for home via railroad on September 19. Stopping at Sidney, Ohio, on the 24th, the Michiganders stumbled across Copperhead Clement L. Vallandigham and democratic vice presidential candidate George H. Pendleton, both of whom were reviled by the soldiers for their antiwar stances. Mudge narrowly restrained his soldiers from killing the politicians, who were chased off but still delivered speeches in town later that day. Upon departing Sidney, Mudge\u2019s troops made off with a cannon used by Vallandhigham\u2019s supporters to fire off salutes in his honor. The 11th Michigan returned home safely, and was mustered out on October 11, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 916]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007784-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Total Strength and casualties\nThe 11th Michigan had a total enrollment of about 1,323 men. (Precise figures are unavailable due to lax recordkeeping, and the numbers vary by source.) Approximately 279 of the Michiganders died in the service (97 in battle). About 265 were discharged for disability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007785-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment (Reorganized)\nThe 11th Michigan Infantry Regiment (Reorganized) was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007785-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment (Reorganized), Service\nThe 11th Michigan Infantry (Reorganized) was organized at  Jackson, Michigan, and  mustered into Federal service between  January 4 and February 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007785-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Michigan Infantry Regiment (Reorganized), Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 96 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 96fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007786-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Milestone, Isle of Man\nThe 11th Milestone, Isle of Man (Drinkwater's Bend) is situated adjacent to the 13th Milestone on the primary A3 Castletown to Ramsey Road which forms the boundary between the parishes of Kirk German and Kirk Michael in the Isle of Man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007786-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Milestone, Isle of Man, History\nThe area is dominated by the Ballamenagh and Shoughlaige-e-Caine farmland. During the 1830s, the primary A3 Road Castletown to Ramsey was re-profiled between Cronk-y-Voddy and Handley's Corner by the local parochial highway surveyor under the former Isle of Man parish board system. This was to avoid marshland and steep inclines creating the distinctive elongated S-bend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007786-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Milestone, Isle of Man, History\nThe original stone 11th milestone on the A3 road was sited at the corner caf\u00e9 at Glen Helen. An iron milestone from the 1860s during the period of James Garrow as Isle of Man Surveyor-General is now situated at the northerly end of the former 'Drinkwater's Bend' as the 13th Milestone on the primary A3 Castletown to Ramsey Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007786-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Milestone, Isle of Man, History\nThe current site of the 11th marker post or 11th Milestone road marker for the Isle of Man TT Mountain Course has been placed at Cronk Bane Farmhouse on the Cronk-y-Voddy straight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007786-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Milestone, Isle of Man, Motor-sport heritage\nThe distinctive elongated S-bend corner of the  11th Milestone  section of the A3 Castletown to Ramsey road became part of the 37.50 Mile Four Inch Course  for the RAC Tourist Trophy automobile races held in the Isle of Man between 1908 and 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007786-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Milestone, Isle of Man, Motor-sport heritage\nIn 1911, the Four Inch Course for automobiles was first used by the Auto-Cycling Union for the Isle of Man TT motor-cycle races. This included the 11th Milestone and the course later became known as the 37.73 mile (60.70 km) Isle of Man TT Mountain Course which has been used since 1911 for the Isle of Man TT Races  and from 1923 for the Manx Grand Prix races.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007786-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Milestone, Isle of Man, Drinkwater\u2019s Bend\nDuring the 1949 350\u00a0cc Junior TT race the popular amateur racer Ben Drinkwater crashed fatally at this point and the corner became known as Drinkwater's Bend, although subsequently the name became partly disused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007786-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Milestone, Isle of Man, Drinkwater\u2019s Bend\nOn the 5th lap of the 1961 Senior TT Races, Ralph Rensen crashed at the 11th Milestone and later dying from his injuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007786-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Milestone, Isle of Man, Road improvements\nThe corner was subjected to road surface repair work and re-profiling during the winter of 2005/2006 by the Department of Transport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007787-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Military Police Brigade (United States)\nThe 11th Military Police Brigade is a military police brigade of the United States Army Reserve based in Los Alamitos, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007787-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Military Police Brigade (United States), Subordinate units\nAs of 2017 the following units are subordinated to the 11th Military Police Brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 63], "content_span": [64, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007787-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Military Police Brigade (United States), History\nThe 11th Military Police Brigade was originally constituted on 29 December 1966 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 11th Military Police Group, and activated 25 February 1967 at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. The brigade received its distinctive unit insignia on 6 June 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007787-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Military Police Brigade (United States), History\nIt was Inactivated on 3 January 1972 at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007787-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Military Police Brigade (United States), History\nRe -designated 13 March 2003 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 11th Military Police Brigade; concurrently, withdrawn from the Regular Army and allotted to the Army Reserve. It received a shoulder sleeve insignia on 17 September 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007787-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Military Police Brigade (United States), History\nActivated 16 September 2005 with headquarters in Ashley, Pennsylvania. The 11th MP Brigade provides peacetime command and control of six Military Police Battalions in Pennsylvania, Texas and Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007787-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Military Police Brigade (United States), History\nThe 11th Military Police Brigade served as Task Force MP North, Camp Cropper, Iraq, August 2008 to June 2009 conducting detainee operations. During this time thousands of detained Iraqis were released to their village leadership or turned over to the Government of Iraq for prosecution. The 11th Military Police Brigade earned the Meritorious Unit Commendation for superior performance during this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007787-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Military Police Brigade (United States), History\nThe 11th Military Police Brigade was moved to JFTB Los Alamitos, CA in October 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007788-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Mine Countermeasures Squadron\nThe 11th Mine Countermeasures Squadron was a unit of the British Royal Navy during the Falklands War of 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007788-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Mine Countermeasures Squadron, Unit history, Background\nOn 2 April 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands. Intelligence from a submarine reported the laying of a defensive minefield off the approaches to Port Stanley (the capital of the islands). Great Britain had supplied Argentina with modern influence mines, both combination magnetic and pressure activated, and had recently actually serviced them for the Argentinian Navy. The Royal Navy's mine warfare capacity was purely coastal with 425-long-ton (432\u00a0t) Ton-class minesweepers with a range of around 2,300\u00a0nmi (2,600\u00a0mi; 4,300\u00a0km), totally unsuitable for either the distance or the conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007788-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Mine Countermeasures Squadron, Unit history, Background\nA plan existed from the Cold War years for the sweeping of Soviet minefields in the English Channel and North Sea, in the event of needing to reinforce Europe in time of war with Russia. It revolved around a number of deep sea trawlers (approx 1,450 long tons (1,470\u00a0t)) being earmarked and kept in \"readiness\" for conversion. Five ships were called to Rosyth dockyard where in three days they were stripped of their fishing equipment, their holds were emptied of frozen fish, and Extremely Deep Armed Team Sweep (EDATS) equipment was fitted. They were hastily commissioned, and crews, mainly from the Rosyth-based 1st MCM Squadron were assembled, bolstered by technical specialists from elsewhere. The group was designated the 11th MCM Squadron under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Martyn Holloway, the captain of HMS\u00a0Cordella.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007788-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Mine Countermeasures Squadron, Unit history, Background\nThe plan was based on the assumption that the Argentinians would have surrendered by the time they got there, and the sweepers would simply clear the minefields. They were unarmed except for two light machine guns on the bridge wings, with a single engine, single screw configuration, only two or three watertight compartments, and were inherently difficult to handle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007788-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Mine Countermeasures Squadron, Unit history, Training and preparation\nAfter a two-day work-up, basic drills on operating unfamiliar equipment were carried out with instruction from the merchant service crews, who then disembarked. Four of the ships sailed on 25 April and HMS\u00a0Pict followed the next day, to catch them up en route. Drills were practised with the mainly unfamiliar EDATS in the waters off North Africa. As the weather warmed, the daily task of locating discarded fish around the ships became more important, the stench often leading to fish that had slid under equipment before decaying. On 11 May, the squadron anchored off Ascension Island, and refuelled, although the ships had the capacity to travel the 7,600\u00a0nmi (14,100\u00a0km) to the operational area and return to the UK on one tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007788-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Mine Countermeasures Squadron, Unit history, Training and preparation\nThe ships were then ordered to sail for South Georgia on the 13th, arriving on 25 May. They were used there as utility vessels, transporting stores and men, particularly Gurkhas, Scots and Welsh Guards between the ships they had made the journey down on, to the generally smaller craft which would take them to the landing, often in appalling conditions of force 10 katabatic winds and driving snow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007788-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Mine Countermeasures Squadron, Unit history, Training and preparation\nThey were then ordered on 5 June to sail to the edge of the Total Exclusion Zone (TEZ) which was in theory outside the range of land-based aircraft. After the landings, the squadron sailed into and anchored in \"bomb alley\" in San Carlos Water on 9 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007788-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Mine Countermeasures Squadron, Unit history, The war zone\nThe Argentines had not surrendered, so these ships were then used at night to transport Special Forces, such as SAS and Royal Marines, mainly into West Falkland, where they were inserted covertly by Gemini RHIB. They had to be back inside the Rapier (air defence missile system) protection of San Carlos or Teal Inlet by dawn as they were defenceless to air attack in the open sea. This was a hazardous undertaking, operating in confined and shallow waters with photocopies of hand drawn charts from the 1920s in many cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007788-0007-0001", "contents": "11th Mine Countermeasures Squadron, Unit history, The war zone\nOn one occasion, HMS Pict was dropping troops at Saunders Island with an onshore force 7 and struck a reef just as the Geminis were slipped down the rear trawlnet chute. Luckily the ship came off with no more than a large dent in the bottom. On the night of 11 June, HMS Pict was ordered to sweep the entry to Berkeley Sound and mark a cleared channel for a frigate to enter and shell with fire support (NGFS), the Argentinian mountain positions guarding Port Stanley for the final infantry assault. The five ships were utilised as general workhorses, often in circumstances where their potential loss was viewed as a good alternative to a major fleet unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007788-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Mine Countermeasures Squadron, Unit history, The war zone\nThe Argentinian forces in the Falklands surrendered on 14 June, and the ships were ordered to proceed as soon as possible to Port Stanley and clear the immediate approach to the harbour. After entering port, there followed several days of uncertainty as to whether or not the forces on the Argentine mainland would carry on the fight. Minesweeping, especially in EDATS, leaves a minesweeper extremely vulnerable to air attack. Whilst in harbour, the MCD specialists in the squadron had set up a Trisponder network, which allows navigational accuracy to 8\u00a0m (8.7\u00a0yd) in the Port Stanley approaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007788-0008-0001", "contents": "11th Mine Countermeasures Squadron, Unit history, The war zone\nTwo Argentinian officers presented a chart showing the locations that 21 mines were laid, in two fields with a defined channel between them. The more sophisticated influence mines had apparently been utilised in a defensive pattern off Buenos Aires, in case of a British attack on the mainland, and very simple contact moored mines were laid in the Falklands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007788-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Mine Countermeasures Squadron, Unit history, The war zone\nIt was eventually judged safe on 22 June to commence the clearance operations. Initially using the safer but less sure Oropesa system, the squadron swept 11 of the mines. Bad weather\u2014up to force 12 on occasions\u2014seemed to have moved the rest out of position. The very accurate EDATS system was then used to ensure full clearance. The operation was completed on 5 July. On the 13th, the squadron was released for a return to the UK via Gibraltar, a total distance of 7,540\u00a0nmi (8,680\u00a0mi; 13,960\u00a0km), arriving in mid-August, when the individual ships were returned to their owners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007789-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Minnesota Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Minnesota Infantry Regiment was an Minnesota USV infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007789-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Minnesota Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Minnesota Infantry Regiment was recruited into Federal service at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, between August and September 1864. Its original term of service was for three-years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007789-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Minnesota Infantry Regiment, Service\nSent to Tennessee the Regiment guarded rail lines from raiders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007789-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Minnesota Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe remaining men were mustered out on June 26, 1865, and discharged at St. Paul, Minnesota, on July 11, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007789-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Minnesota Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 11th Minnesota Infantry suffered 3 enlisted men killed in action or who later died of their wounds, plus another 1 officer and 21 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 25fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007790-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Minnesota Legislature\nThe eleventh Minnesota Legislature first convened on January 5, 1869. The 11 members of the Minnesota Senate who represented odd-numbered districts were chosen in the General Election of November 5, 1867, while the 11 members of the Minnesota Senate who represented even-numbered districts, and the 47 members of the Minnesota House of Representatives, were chosen in the General Election of November 3, 1868.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007790-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Minnesota Legislature, Sessions\nThe legislature met in a regular session from January 5, 1869 to March 5, 1869. There were no special sessions of the 11th Minnesota Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007791-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Mirchi Music Awards\nThe 11th Mirchi Music Awards, presented by Indian FM radio station Radio Mirchi, honoured the best music professionals of Hindi language Indian films of 2018. The ceremony was held at the Dome at the National Sports Club of India, Mumbai on 16 February 2019 and was hosted by Indian singer and actor Sonu Nigam. The event included live music performances by Badshah, Neha Kakkar, Meet Bros, Jonita Gandhi, Arko, Papon, Shivam Pathak, and Ashmik Patil, the winner of the Smule Mirchi Cover Star. A new award category, \"Recreated Song of the Year,\" was introduced to recognize the many \u2018re-creations\u2019 released in 2018. Padmaavat won several awards including Album of the Year and Song of the Year for \"Ghoomar.\" The show was broadcast on 17 March 2019 on Zee TV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007791-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Mirchi Music Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe winners were selected by the members of the jury, chaired by Kavita Krishnamurthy. The following table lists the names of nominees and winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007791-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Mirchi Music Awards, Jury\nThe jury was chaired by Kavita Krishnamurthy and included the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007792-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Mississippi Cavalry Regiment\nThe 11th Mississippi Cavalry Regiment (also known as \"Perrin's regiment\") was a cavalry formation in the Western Theater of the American Civil War commanded by Col. Robert O. Perrin, from 1863 to March 1865, when he resigned, and Lieut. Col. Henry L. Muldrow, until it was disbanded in May 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007792-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Mississippi Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was organized and mustered into Confederate service on October 6, 1863, in North and Middle Mississippi from new and existing companies of mounted men as Perrin's Battalion of Mississippi Cavalry. It was expanded, reorganized, and redesignated on December 23, 1863, as Perrin's Regiment of Mississippi Cavalry. Perrin's regiment was redesignated on March 20, 1865, as the 11th Mississippi Cavalry Regiment. It was disbanded in May 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007793-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Mississippi Infantry Monument\nThe 11th Mississippi Infantry Statue is a Gettysburg Battlefield memorial commemorating a Confederate regiment with a bronze sculpture of a flagbearer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007793-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Mississippi Infantry Monument, History\nThe 2nd South Carolina String Band performed at the dedication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007794-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate)\nThe 11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (also known as Hunter's Missouri Infantry Regiment and 8th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Burns')) was an infantry regiment that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. The unit was mustered into Confederate service on August 31, 1862, although many of the men recruited for the regiment had already seen action at the Battle of Lone Jack. On December 7, the regiment fought at the Battle of Prairie Grove, where the regiment helped defeat Colonel William A. Weer's brigade. Prairie Grove was a Confederate defeat, and the 11th Missouri Infantry retreated into southern Arkansas. Later, the unit began moving against the garrison of Helena, Arkansas. On July 4, 1863, the regiment penetrated the Union works at the Battle of Helena, although its brigade was soon isolated and defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007794-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate)\nAfterwards, the regiment transferred to Little Rock, where it built fortifications. Union troops then outflanked the city's defenses, leading the Confederates to abandon the position. In 1864, the regiment moved to Louisiana as a response to the Red River campaign. On April 9, the 11th Missouri Infantry fought at the Battle of Pleasant Hill before returning to Arkansas. On April 30, the unit was part of a Confederate attack at the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry, although the charge was repulsed despite initial success. The unit was not heavily engaged after Jenkins' Ferry, and the men of the regiment were paroled on June 8, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007794-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Organization\nDuring the summer of 1862, DeWitt C. Hunter had attempted to recruit men from the Missouri State Guard to join a new regiment, which would be part of the Confederate States Army. However, Hunter was not able to recruit enough men to form a full regiment. Hunter, who had been recruiting near Van Buren, Arkansas, joined a group of recruiters who were heading into Missouri. In August, the group made a camp in the vicinity of Lone Jack, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007794-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Organization\nOn August 16, Hunter's force engaged a Union column commanded by Major Emory S. Foster as part of the Battle of Lone Jack. After a five-hour battle, the Union forces were defeated and forced to withdraw. Foster was severely wounded and captured. In the battle, Hunter's recruits suffered at least 13 casualties. However, Union troops began to concentrate in the area after the battle, and the Confederates retreated back to Arkansas. On August 31, Hunter mustered his recruits into an organized unit as a battalion. More recruits were assigned to the unit, which was upgraded to a regiment and assigned to Brigadier General Mosby M. Parsons' brigade. The unit's company organization as of August 31 was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007794-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Organization\nHunter was the regiment's first colonel, Simon P. Burns was the original lieutenant colonel, and Thomas H. Murray was the first major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007794-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1862\nBy that fall, Union troops were advancing further into Arkansas. In response, Confederate Major General Thomas Hindman prepared to strike the Union column. On December 7, Hunter's Missouri Regiment fought at the Battle of Prairie Grove as part of Parsons' Brigade as part of Hindman's offensive. Early in the fighting, the brigade was aligned in a supporting position on the Confederate left flank. The regiment was second-to-the-left in the brigade alignment; Caldwell's Missouri Regiment was on the brigade's far left. Towards the end of the battle, Parsons' brigade attacked Colonel William A. Weer's Union brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007794-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1862\nParsons' line was longer than Weer's, and the Confederates were able to turn the flank of Weer's position, forcing the Union men back. Parsons' Brigade then made a second charge, but the alignment of Parsons' Brigade cut Hunter's and Caldwell's Regiments off, preventing them from participating in the second charge, which failed. Hunter's Regiment reported 51 casualties at Prairie Grove. The regiment then fell back to Van Buren, and later to Little Rock, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007794-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1863\nOn February 4, 1863, Colonel Hunter resigned; Burns replaced him as commander of the regiment. On May 3, the regiment was designated as the 8th Missouri Infantry Regiment by Major General Sterling Price. Towards the end of June, the regiment moved towards Helena, Arkansas, as part of a Confederate attempt to capture the Union-held town. During the Battle of Helena on July 4, Parsons' brigade attacked a Union position known as Graveyard Hill. The brigade broke through, but other elements of the Confederate attack were unable to penetrate the Union line. As a result, Union troops were able to concentrate on Parsons' Brigade. After suffering heavy casualties, the brigade retreated from the field; the regiment's total casualty count at Helena was 159 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007794-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1863\nAfter Helena, the regiment fell back to Des Arc, Arkansas and then to Little Rock, where the men built fortifications. In August, Union Major General Frederick Steele threatened the city, moving around the Confederate fortifications to attack at an undefended point. Parsons' Brigade then abandoned the position on September 10 without fighting. After leaving Little Rock, the brigade moved to Arkadelphia, Arkansas, and then to Camden, Arkansas. On December 15, the regiment was renamed as the 11th Missouri Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007794-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1864\u20131865\nIn January 1864, the regiment transferred to Spring Hill, Arkansas. On March 24, a new division was formed, and Parsons was assigned to command the division. The division contained two brigades; one of which was commanded by Colonel Burns, the other was commanded by Colonel John Bullock Clark Jr.. The 11th Missouri Infantry was assigned to Burns' Brigade; Lieutenant Colonel Thomas H. Murray replaced Burns as regimental commander. In April, the regiment was sent to support Major General Richard Taylor's force, which was fighting against a Union advance up the Red River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 73], "content_span": [74, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007794-0007-0001", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1864\u20131865\nThe regiment joined Taylor on April 9 at Pleasant Hill, Louisiana. Later that day, the regiment participated in the Battle of Pleasant Hill. Parsons' division, which was on the right flank of the Confederate line, attacked the Union line. The attack was initially successful, driving in part of the Union line, but a Union counterattack defeated the Confederates, who retreated in some disarray. The 11th Missouri Infantry suffered 49 casualties at Pleasant Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 73], "content_span": [74, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007794-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1864\u20131865\nAfter Pleasant Hill, Parsons' Division began moving against Camden, which was held by Steele's Union force. Steele evacuated Camden, and was pursued by the Confederates, who caught up with him on April 30 at the crossing of the Saline River. The 11th Missouri Infantry was in Burns' Brigade along with the 10th Missouri Infantry Regiment, 12th Missouri Infantry Regiment, 16th Missouri Infantry Regiment, Pindall's Missouri Sharpshooter Battalion, and Lesueur's Missouri Battery. At the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry on the 30th, Parsons' division arrived at 9:00 a.m., but it took about an hour for the division to fully deploy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 73], "content_span": [74, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007794-0008-0001", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1864\u20131865\nBurns' Brigade was aligned on Parsons' left, and Clark's Brigade held the right. When the brigade attacked, it encountered the 33rd Iowa Infantry and the 12th Kansas Infantry Regiments holding a position in some woods. After about half an hour of fighting at very close range, Burns' Brigade was able to outflank the two Union regiments and drive them back. However, Union reinforcements arrived in the form of the 40th Iowa Infantry and the 27th Wisconsin Infantry Regiments. Those two regiments, combined with the survivors of the 33rd Iowa and the 12th Kansas, counterattacked, driving Burns' Brigade from the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 73], "content_span": [74, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007794-0008-0002", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1864\u20131865\nEventually, Steele's Union force was able to escape across the Saline. At Jenkins' Ferry, the 11th Missouri Infantry suffered 17 casualties. Jenkins' Ferry was the regiment's last major action. For the rest of the war, the regiment was encamped at various locations in Arkansas and Louisiana before being paroled on June 8, 1865 at Shreveport, Louisiana. After being paroled, the survivors of the regiment were sent back to Missouri via steamboat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 73], "content_span": [74, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007795-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union)\nThe 11th Missouri Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007795-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 11th Missouri Infantry Regiment was organized at Jefferson Barracks at St. Louis, Missouri, and mustered in for three years on August 6, 1861. In its early history, the regiment was known as the \"Missouri Rifles\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007795-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nMoved to Cape Girardeau, Missouri, August 16, 1861. Attached to Military District of Cairo, Ill., Dept. of Missouri, to February 1862. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Army of Mississippi, to March 1862. 2nd Brigade, 5th Division, Army of Mississippi, to April 1862. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, Army of Mississippi, to April 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Army of Mississippi, to November 1862. 2nd Brigade, 8th Division, Left Wing 13th Army Corps (Old), Dept. of the Tennessee, to December 1862. 2nd Brigade, 8th Division, 16th Army Corps, to April 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007795-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\n2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, 15th Army Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to December 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, 16th Army Corps, to December 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division (Detachment), Army of the Tennessee, Dept. of the Cumberland, to February 1865. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, 16th Army Corps (New), Military Division West Mississippi, to August 1865. District of Alabama to December 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007795-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nDuty at Cape Girardeau, Missouri, until February 1862. Expedition to Perryville, Missouri, August 27 \u2013 September 2, 1861. Dallas, Missouri, September 2. Expedition against Thompson's Forces and operations about Ironton and Fredericktown October 12\u201325. Action at Fredericktown October 21. Expedition beyond Whitewater River November 30 \u2013 December 5. Moved from Cape Girardeau to Commerce, Missouri, February 26, 1862. Operations against New Madrid, Missouri, February 28 \u2013 March 14, and against Island Number Ten, Mississippi River, March 15 \u2013 April 8. Pleasant Point March 7. At New Madrid, Missouri, until April 13. Expedition to Fort Pillow, Tennessee, April 13\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007795-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nMoved to Hamburg Landing April 18\u201322. Advance on and siege of Corinth, Mississippi., April 29 \u2013 May 30. Action at Farmington, Mississippi, May 9. Near Corinth May 24. Pursuit to Booneville, Mississippi, May 31 \u2013 June 12, At Clear Creek, near Corinth, until August 18. Expedition to Rienzi, Mississippi, June 30 \u2013 July 1. March to Tuscumbia, Alabama, August 18\u201323. March to Iuka, Mississippi, September 2\u20135, and to Clear Creek September 12\u201313. Reconnaissance to Iuka and skirmish September 14\u201316. March to Jacinto, Mississippi, September 18. Battle of Iuka September 19. Pursuit of Price September 20\u201325. At Rienzi until September 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007795-0003-0002", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nMarch to Corinth September 30 \u2013 October 3. 2nd Battle of Corinth October 3\u20134. Pursuit to Ripley October 5\u201312. At Corinth until November 2. March to Grand Junction November 2\u20134. Grant's Central Mississippi Campaign November 4, 1862, to January 10, 1863. Moved from Corinth to Germantown, Tennessee, January 20\u201321, 1863. To Memphis, Tennessee, February 10; thence to Helena, Arkansas, and Young's Point, Louisiana, and Ducksport, Louisiana, February 13\u201320, and duty there until May 1863. Moved to Join army in rear of Vicksburg, Mississippi, via Richmond and Grand Gulf May 2\u201314. Mississippi Springs May 12. Jackson, Mississippi, May 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007795-0003-0003", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nSiege of Vicksburg May 18 \u2013 July 4. Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22. Expedition to Mechanicsburg and Satartia June 2\u20138. Mechanicsburg June 4. Satartia June 7. Moved to Young's Point, Louisiana, June. Expedition to Richmond, Louisiana, June 14\u201316. Action at Richmond June 15. Moved to Big Black River Bridge July 5. Outpost duty there until October. McPherson's Expedition to Canton, Mississippi, October 14\u201320. Bogue Chitto Creek October 17. Moved to Memphis, thence to LaGrange, Tennessee, November 8\u201313. Scout after Nathan Bedford Forrest December 1\u20133. Expedition after Forest December 21\u201324. At LaGrange until January 26, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007795-0003-0004", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nMoved to Memphis, Tennessee, thence to Vicksburg, Mississippi, February 2\u20135. Camp at Big Black until February 27. March to Canton February 27\u201329, thence to Vicksburg March 1\u20134. Veterans moved to St. Louis March 10\u201316. Moved to Memphis, Tennessee, May 2\u20135. Expedition to Madison, St. Francis County, Arkansas, June 3\u20137. Guard working party Memphis to LaGrange June 16\u201327. Smith's Expedition to Tupelo, Mississippi, July 5\u201321. Pontotoc July 11. Camargo's Cross Roads, near Harrisburg, July 13. Tupelo July 14\u201315. Old Town Creek July 15. Expedition to Oxford, Mississippi, August 1\u201330. Near Abbeville August 12. Hurricane Creek, College Hill, August 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007795-0003-0005", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nAbbeville August 23. Moved from Memphis to Duvall's Bluff, Arkansas, September 2\u20138. Moved to Brownsville September 10\u201311. March through Arkansas and Missouri in pursuit of Price September 17 \u2013 November 13. Moved to Nashville, Tennessee, November 24 \u2013 December 1. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of John Bell Hood's army to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. At Clifton, Tennessee, and Eastport, Mississippi, until February 7, 1865. Moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, February 7\u201322; thence to Dauphin Island, Alabama, March 5. Campaign against Mobile, Alabama, and its Defenses March 19 \u2013 April 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007795-0003-0006", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nSiege of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely March 26 \u2013 April 8. Assault and capture of Fort Blakely April 9. Occupation of Mobile April 12. March to Montgomery, Alabama, April 13\u201325, thence to Selma May 10\u201314, and to Demopolis, Alabama, May 18\u201319. Duty there until July 15. Duty by Detachments at Tuscaloosa, Marion, Greensboro, Alabama, and Uniontown until October. At Demopolis until December 24. Moved to Memphis, Tennessee, December 24\u201325. Mustered out January 15, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007795-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Casualties\nRegiment lost during service 6 Officers and 98 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 2 Officers and 179 Enlisted men by disease. Total 285.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007796-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Moscow International Film Festival\nThe 11th Moscow International Film Festival was held from 14 to 28 August 1979. The Golden Prizes were awarded to the Italian-French film Christ Stopped at Eboli directed by Francesco Rosi, the Spanish film Siete d\u00edas de enero directed by Juan Antonio Bardem and the Polish film Camera Buff directed by Krzysztof Kie\u015blowski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007797-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Motor Rifle Division \"Sultan Sanjar\"\nThe 11th Motor Rifle Division \"Sultan Sanjar\" is a unit of the Turkmen Ground Forces. It descends from 88th Motor Rifle Division of the Soviet Army, first formed in May 1957. It is currently based out of Serhetabat (formerly Kushka).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007797-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Motor Rifle Division \"Sultan Sanjar\", History, Soviet Army\nIn May 1957, the 88th Motor Rifle Division (First Formation) was established at Belgorod-Dnestrovsky in Ukraine from the 14th Rifle Division (Odessa Military District). It was redesignated the 180th Motor Rifle Division in November 1964. In 1980, it was reestablished at Kushka, in the Turkmen SSR. It replaced the 5th Guards Motor Rifle Division of the Turkestan Military District, which had been dispatched to Afghanistan. In 1982, it came under the control of the 36th Army Corps. In March 1989, it absorbed the returning 5th Guards Motor Rifle Division, without inheriting any awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007797-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Motor Rifle Division \"Sultan Sanjar\", History, Turkmen Army\nAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the unit was inherited by the Government of Turkmenistan. In May 1992, it was taken over by the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan. According to former Soviet Ground Forces personnel, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the 5th Guards Motorized Rifle Division was renamed into a division named after Saparmurat Niyazov with a deployment in Kushka. According to other sources, the name of Turkmenbashi was assigned to the 22nd Motorized Rifle Division stationed in the city of Kizyl-Arvat (now Serdar). In July 2004, by the decree of the President of Turkmenistan Niyazov, the division was renamed to the Turkmen 11th Motor Rifle Division, \"Sultan Sanjar\", named after Sultan Ahmad Sanjar. Its forces are concentrated on the Afghanistan-Tajikistan border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007798-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Motor Transport Battalion\nThe 11th Motor Transport Battalion (11th MTB) was a logistics unit of the United States Marine Corps active from 1966 to 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007798-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Motor Transport Battalion, History\nOn 7 December 1966 most of the battalion embarked at San Diego aboard the USS\u00a0General LeRoy Eltinge for South Vietnam, via Naha, Okinawa. An advance party arrived by air at Danang Air Base on 17 December. The battalion arrived into Danang Harbor on 29 December, offloaded onto the Red Beach Base Area and by nightfall had established its compound. The battalion was placed under the operational control of the 1st Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007798-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Motor Transport Battalion, History\nOn 18 January 1967, after all its heavy equipment had been brought ashore, the battalion began operations in support of 1st Division units. On 1 July 1967 a battalion MRC-109 radio jeep hit a mine killing two Marines. On 8 July a battalion M54 truck hit a mine while delivering supplies to the 2nd Battalion 5th Marines on Hill 63 resulting in one Marine killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007798-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Motor Transport Battalion, History\nOn 5 April 1968 a convoy to Phu Bai Combat Base was hit by four command detonated mines. An M54 security truck was damaged and a Marine from K Company, 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines was killed. On 14 July 1968 a battalion M54 detonated a mine and received small arms fire killing the driver. On 20 November while supporting Operation Meade River an M54 hit a mine killing one Marine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007798-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Motor Transport Battalion, History\nOn the morning of 23 February 1969 six 140mm rockets hit the battalion compound and later that evening, small arms and sniper fire was received and enemy probes of the perimeter occurred. A Company B Marine was killed by small arms fire while recapturing an observation post. On 6 March 1969 an M54A2C detonated a mine killing one Marine. In April 1969 the battalion put its first M116E1 Huskies into service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007798-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Motor Transport Battalion, History\nOn 12 August 1969 the battalion was attacked by an enemy force using mortars and small arms, a sweep of the perimeter captured on People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) soldier and two Rocket-propelled grenades (RPG). On 20 August an M116 was hit by an RPG killing the driver. On 6 September 1969 a battalion ambush patrol killed three PAVN and captured one AK-47, one K-50M and an RPG launcher. On 29 October battalion personnel participated in a demonstration of the XM174 grenade launcher firing from the M733 and 4A2C vehicles. This was provided at the request of Lieutenant General Herman Nickerson Jr., III Marine Amphibious Force commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007798-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Motor Transport Battalion, History\nDuring 1969 and 1970 the battalion's M116s and M733s were parcelled out to support the 1st, 5th, 7th and 26th Marine Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007798-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Motor Transport Battalion, History\nOn 16 December 1970 23 battalion M116/M733s deemed to be in excess of in-country requirements were transferred to Force Logistic Command for return to Marine Corps Supply Activity, Barstow. On 27 December an M54A2C in a convoy to Cam L\u1ed9 Combat Base hit a mine killing the .50 caliber gunner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007798-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Motor Transport Battalion, History\nFrom 1 February to 6 February 1971 20 battalion M116/M733s deemed to be in excess of in-country requirements  were transferred to Force Logistic Command for return to Marine Corps Supply Activity, Barstow. This marked he end of use of these vehicles in South Vietnam. On 24 March 1971 the battalion stood down from normal operations to begin preparations to redeploy to Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007798-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Motor Transport Battalion, History\nOn 24 April 1971 the last battalion units were loaded aboard the USS\u00a0Durham and departed South Vietnam. Upon arrival at Camp Pendleton the battalion prepared for deactivation distributing its equipment throughout the 1st Marine Division. The battalion was deactivated at Camp Pendleton on 14 June 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007799-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 11th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c11\u5e08) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 3rd Security Brigade, 4th Column of the PLA Northwest Field Army. Its composition can be traced to 84th Division of 27th Corps, Military Division of Shaanxi-Gansu, 29th Corps, Independent Division of Shanganning, 2nd Regiment of Shanganning, 1st Independent Division of Northern Shaanxi and Headquarters, 4th Corps, all parts of Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007799-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was composed of 31st, 32nd, and 33rd Regiments. Under the command of 4th Corps, it took part in the Chinese Civil War. including the Battle of Yan'an and Lanzhou Campaign. After the foundation of the People's Republic of China, the division took part in the Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Northwestern China and the suppression of 1959 Tibetan uprising.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007799-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn June 1952 the division was renamed as 11th Infantry Division. 33rd Infantry Regiment was disbanded and absorbed into 31st and 32nd Regiments, while 30th Infantry Regiment, 10th Division was attached to the division as 30th Infantry Regiment, 11th Infantry Division. Artillery Training Regiment, 4th Corps was attached to the division as Artillery Regiment, 11th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007799-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn April-June 1953, all regiments of the division were renamed as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007799-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nFrom October 1960 the division was renamed as 11th Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c11\u5e08). The division was then stationed in Shigatse, Tibet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007799-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn October 1962 the division took part in Sino-Indian War. During the campaign, the division allegedly neutralized 2,000 Indian soldiers, captured 9 tanks and over 300 trucks. From 1962 the division maintained as a category A unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007799-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1965, in order to distract the Indian Army and support Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the division conducted two camouflage maneuvers alongside the border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007799-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1967 the division took part in Nathu La and Cho La clashes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007799-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn June 1969, 305th Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment, 11th Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007799-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nFrom 1983 the division was reduced to a category B unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007799-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1985 the division was renamed as 11th Motorized Infantry Division (Chinese: \u6469\u6258\u5316\u6b65\u5175\u7b2c11\u5e08), as a northern motorized infantry division, category A unit. By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007799-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nFrom September 1985 to September 1986, Reconnaissance Company, 11th Infantry Division participated in the Sino-Vietnamese War subordinated to the 8th Reconnaissance Group, Lanzhou Military Region. During its deployment, the company was engaged in 27 engagement and recon missions, killed 50, and captured 2 confronting PAVN soldiers. The company suffered 0 killed, 3 heavily wounded, and 2 lightly wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007799-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1988, the 11th Motorized Infantry Division was decorated as a Red Army Division, with all three infantry regiments as Red Army Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007799-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1998, 33rd Infantry Regiment was disbanded. Tank Regiment, 11th Motorized Infantry Division was renamed as Armored Regiment, 11th Motorized Infantry Division. Since then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007799-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division is now a maneuver unit of Xinjiang Military Region and one of few divisions left in the Ground Force of People's Liberation Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007800-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Mounted Rifles\nThe 11th Mounted Rifles were a light cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army. The regiment was formed 1 October 1913 in Tarnowitz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007802-0000-0000", "contents": "11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was convened August 12\u201318, 1977, about five years before the 12th National Congress, and four years after the 10th National Congress. The Congress formally declared the Cultural Revolution officially over after 11 long years, ending a long chapter of Chinese history. The Gang of Four were fully criticized for their role in the revolution. Hua Guofeng was formally elected as Chairman of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and was elected to the chairmanship of the Central Military Commission. The Political Bureau was also renewed with new memberships when the 11th Politburo was elected as a result of the congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007803-0000-0000", "contents": "11th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nThe 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam (Vietnamese: \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XI, 11th National Congress of Delegates) was the eleventh party congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, the sole legal party of Vietnam; it occurred between 12\u201319 January 2011, at the My Dinh National Convention Centre, Hanoi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007803-0001-0000", "contents": "11th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Revising the party platform\nThe platform which existed before the 11th Congress had remained unchanged since 7th Congress (held in 1991). The work on revising the platform began two-and-a-half years before the 11th Congress. Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng, due to his position as rector of H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh National Academy of Politics, was asked by the 10th Politburo to head the drafting committee responsible for drafting the new platform. Another reason was that N\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1ea1nh supported Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng possible future candidature for the general secretaryship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 85], "content_span": [86, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007803-0002-0000", "contents": "11th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Revising the party platform\nThe drafting of the platform was a collective effort guided by high-standing party bureaucrats and officials from think tanks. However, there was wide participation from the intelligentsia. There was some criticism on the end product \u2013 a clause stated that all the means of production was to be owned by the state. When the draft version was presented to the 14th plenum of the 10th Central Committee, critics saw it as a step backward because since the 6th Congress, diversified ownership of the means of production had been recognized. Another point was that it alarmed external and internal investors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 85], "content_span": [86, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007803-0002-0001", "contents": "11th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Revising the party platform\nThe 14th plenum eventually decided to include another clause which acknowledged the diversified ownership of the means of production. At the 11th National Congress, the issue was put to a vote, and 65.04 percent supported the motion of removing the clause which did not recognize the diversified ownership of the means of production. Even if it had stayed, it wouldn't have hurt the party. Another clause stated that Vietnam's goal was to \"develop a market economy with socialist orientations, which would have many forms of ownership, many parts, many forms of businesses, and many ways of distribution in the economy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 85], "content_span": [86, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007804-0000-0000", "contents": "11th National Congress of the Kuomintang\nThe 11th National Congress of the Kuomintang (Chinese: \u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u6b21\u5168\u570b\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a) was the eleventh national congress of the Kuomintang, held on 12\u201318 November 1976 in Taipei, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007804-0001-0000", "contents": "11th National Congress of the Kuomintang, Results\nCongress members fully supported Chiang Ching-kuo to become the Chairperson of the Kuomintang after the death of the party chairperson Chiang Kai-shek on 5 April 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007805-0000-0000", "contents": "11th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party\nThe 11th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP) was held in Vientiane from 13 to 15 January 2021. The congress occurs once every five years. A total of 768 delegates represented the party's nearly 350,000 card-carrying members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007805-0000-0001", "contents": "11th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party\nThe intention of the meeting was, according to LPRP General Secretary Bounnhang Vorachit, to \"review together the implementation of the resolution of the 10th National Party Congress and generally evaluate the creating of foundations for marching toward socialism over the past years; learn useful lessons and make agreement on directions, policy and guidance on the national socio-economic development plan for years to come to ensure the continued nurturing of people\u2019 democratic regime and creating of foundations for marching toward socialism\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007806-0000-0000", "contents": "11th National Defence Commission\nThe 11th National Defence Commission (NDC) of North Korea was elected by the 1st Session of the 11th Supreme People's Assembly on 3 September 2003. It was replaced on 9 April 2009 by the 12th NDC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007807-0000-0000", "contents": "11th National Film Awards\nThe 11th National Film Awards, then known as State Awards for Films, presented by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India to felicitate the best of Indian Cinema released in 1963. Ceremony took place at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi on 25 April 1964 and awards were given by then President of India, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007807-0001-0000", "contents": "11th National Film Awards\nStarting with 11th National Film Awards, new category of awards for Filmstrips, in the non-feature films section, was introduced. This category includes Prime Minister's gold medal and Certificate of Merit for second and third best educational film. Though gold medal for this category was not given. This award is discontinued over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007807-0002-0000", "contents": "11th National Film Awards, Awards\nPresident's gold medal for the All India Best Feature Film is now better known as National Film Award for Best Feature Film, whereas President's gold medal for the Best Documentary Film is analogous to today's National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film. For children's films, Prime Minister's gold medal is now given as National Film Award for Best Children's Film. At the regional level, President's silver medal for Best Feature Film is now given as National Film Award for Best Feature Film in a particular language. Certificate of Merit in all the categories is discontinued over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007807-0003-0000", "contents": "11th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films\nFeature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level. For the 11th National Film Awards, a Hindi film Shehar Aur Sapna won the President's gold medal for the All India Best Feature Film. Following were the awards given:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007807-0004-0000", "contents": "11th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films, All India Award\nFor 11th National Film Awards, none of the films were awarded from Children's Films category as no film was found to be suitable. Only Certificate of Merit for Children's films was given. Following were the awards given in each category:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 65], "content_span": [66, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007807-0005-0000", "contents": "11th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films, Regional Award\nThe awards were given to the best films made in the regional languages of India. For feature films in Gujarati, President's silver medal for Best Feature Film was not given, instead Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film was awarded; whereas no award was given in Punjabi language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007807-0006-0000", "contents": "11th National Film Awards, Awards, Non-Feature films\nNon -feature film awards were given for the documentaries, educational films and film strips made in the country. Following were the awards given:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007807-0007-0000", "contents": "11th National Film Awards, Awards, Awards not given\nFollowing were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007808-0000-0000", "contents": "11th National Geographic Bee\nThe 11th National Geographic Bee was held in Washington, D.C. on May 26, 1999, sponsored by the National Geographic Society. The final competition was moderated by Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. The winner was David Beihl, a homeschooled student from Saluda, South Carolina, who won a $25,000 college scholarship and an all-expense-paid trip to Australia. The 2nd-place winner,  Jason Borschow of St. John's School in Condado, Puerto Rico, won a $15,000 scholarship. The 3rd-place winner, Tanveer Ali of Flint, Michigan, won a $10,000 scholarship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007809-0000-0000", "contents": "11th National Hockey League All-Star Game\nThe 11th National Hockey League All-Star Game took place at the Montreal Forum, home of the Montreal Canadiens, on October 5, 1957. The Canadiens, winner of the 1957 Stanley Cup Finals, played a team of All-Stars for the second consecutive year, with the All-Stars winning by a 5\u20133 score.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007810-0000-0000", "contents": "11th National People's Congress\nThe 11th National People's Congress (Chinese: \u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u5c4a\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a) met for a 5-year term, from 2008 to 2013. It held five annual two week plenary sessions during this period. It succeeded the 10th National People's Congress. There were 2,987 deputies elected to the 11th Congress in 2008, with 2972 in office at the end of the term (2012).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007810-0001-0000", "contents": "11th National People's Congress, The 1st session\nThe first session of the 11th Congress sat from March 5 to March 18, 2008. It re-elected Hu Jintao as President and Wen Jiabao as Premier. Xi Jinping was elected Vice-President. The State Council, China's cabinet, went through major restructuring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007810-0002-0000", "contents": "11th National People's Congress, The 2nd session\nThe second session of the 11th Congress sat from March 5 to March 13, 2009. This congress tackled issues such as the worsening global financial crisis, attempted to introduce a new social welfare system, as well as checks and balances on public officials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007810-0003-0000", "contents": "11th National People's Congress, The 3rd session\nThe third session of the 11th Congress sat from March 5 to March 14, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007810-0004-0000", "contents": "11th National People's Congress, The 4th session\nThe fourth session of the 11th Congress sat from March 5 to March 14, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007810-0005-0000", "contents": "11th National People's Congress, The 5th session\nThe fifth and final session of the 11th Congress sat from March 5 to March 14, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007811-0000-0000", "contents": "11th National Television Awards\nThe 11th National Television Awards ceremony was held at the Royal Albert Hall on 25 October 2005 and was hosted by Sir Trevor McDonald.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007811-0001-0000", "contents": "11th National Television Awards, Awards\nThis is the last time (until 2018) that the National Television Awards would be held on a Tuesday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007812-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress\nThe 11th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress (Turkish: 11. Milliyet\u00e7i Hareket Partisi Ola\u011fan Kongresi) was a political party convention held by the Turkish right-wing Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) on 21 March 2015. The Congress resulted in the re-election of Devlet Bah\u00e7eli as party leader, with rivals failing to obtain enough signatures to contest the leadership election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007812-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, Timing and date\nThe congress was held on 21 March 2015, which was significant due to the close proximity to the general election held on 7 June 2015. Furthermore, the Congress coincided with Newroz, the celebration of the Iranian new year by Kurdish people in Turkey. As a Turkish nationalist party, the holding of the Congress on the same day as the Newroz celebrations was seen as significant. MHP Deputy Leader Semih Yal\u00e7\u0131n stated that the timing was not a coincidence, stating that as Newroz was seen as the beginning of Spring, the MHP congress would also be seen as a new liberator from 13 years of Justice and Development Party government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 66], "content_span": [67, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007812-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, Timing and date\nAccording to Habert\u00fcrk journalist Muharrem Sar\u0131kaya, the MHP leader Devlet Bah\u00e7eli decided to hold the congress on the same day as Newroz to divert media attention away from the mainly Kurdish-populated city of Diyarbak\u0131r, where the bulk of the Newroz celebrations were due to take place. When giving his speech, Bah\u00e7eli began wishing members well for Newroz and Newroz celebrations were also widespread at the congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 66], "content_span": [67, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007812-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, Timing and date\nThe media interpreted mixed messages from the clash of the congress and Newroz celebrations. It was seen by some as an open message to the AKP government and President Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan as an open attack on the Solution process between the government and Kurdish rebels. It was also seen by some as a message that the 21st of March was not simply a date owned by the Kurds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 66], "content_span": [67, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007812-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, Agenda\nThe congress was held in the Ankara Arena, with Devlet Bah\u00e7eli arriving at 11:00 local time. The venue was heavily crowded by supporters who had arrived both inside and outside the venue to watch the congress. A Newroz lantern had initially been planned to mark Bah\u00e7eli's arrival, though this was abandoned for safety reasons. The venue was decorated with flags containing the MHP's party logo, as well as posters of Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk and the MHP's founder Alparslan T\u00fcrke\u015f. No posters of Bah\u00e7eli were hung, at his own request. Singers Atilla Y\u0131lmaz, Ali Tufan K\u0131ra\u00e7 and Mustafa Y\u0131ld\u0131zdo\u011fan gave a concert at the congress while a folklore group also gave a performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 57], "content_span": [58, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007812-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, June 2015 general election\nHeld 78 days before the June 2015 general election, the congress also determined the MHP's election team and slogans. The main slogan used in the congress was 'Walk with us, Turkey!' (Bizimle Y\u00fcr\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye!). Bah\u00e7eli's speech also focussed heavily on criticising the Solution process initiated by the Turkish government with Kurdish separatists, thereby also indicating the main campaign issues and policies in the preparation for the general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 77], "content_span": [78, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007812-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, Leadership election\nA candidate needs at least 40 signatures from the party's 1,242 delegates in order to run for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 70], "content_span": [71, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007812-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, Leadership election, Candidates\nOnly Bah\u00e7eli managed to secure the 40 signatures needed to contest the leadership election. Sinan O\u011fan was also seen as a potential candidate but did not apply for candidacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 82], "content_span": [83, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007813-0000-0000", "contents": "11th New Brunswick Legislature\nThe 11th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between January 20, 1835, and August 18, 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007813-0001-0000", "contents": "11th New Brunswick Legislature\nThe assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick Sir Archibald Campbell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007815-0000-0000", "contents": "11th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment was a Union army infantry regiment that participated in the American Civil War. It was raised in the New England state of New Hampshire, serving from October 4, 1862, to June 4, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007815-0001-0000", "contents": "11th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, History\nOn September 2, 1862, the regiment was organized and mustered in at Concord, New Hampshire. Among its notable officers was Walter Harriman, a future Governor of New Hampshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007815-0002-0000", "contents": "11th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, History\nFrom September 11 to 14, 1862, the 11th moved to Washington, D.C. It was attached to Briggs' Brigade, Casey's Division, Military District of Washington, until October 1862, and then to the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, 9th Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, until March 1863. From then, its assignments were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007815-0003-0000", "contents": "11th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment lost during its term of service 5 officers and 140 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded, and 1 officer and 151 enlisted men by disease, for a total of 297 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007815-0004-0000", "contents": "11th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Further reading\nThis article about a specific military unit of the American Civil War is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007816-0000-0000", "contents": "11th New Jersey Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th New Jersey Infantry Regiment was a regiment of infantry from New Jersey that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007816-0001-0000", "contents": "11th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th New Jersey Infantry Regiment was recruited in May 1862 at Camp Perrine, located near the New Jersey State Prison near Trenton. The regiment was led by Colonel Robert McAllister, who had seen service as lieutenant colonel in the 1st New Jersey Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007816-0002-0000", "contents": "11th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left New Jersey for Washington on August 25. By mid-September the 11th remain in Washington at half strength due to a measles epidemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007816-0003-0000", "contents": "11th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th saw combat at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia in December 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0000-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Union Army in the early years of the American Civil War. The regiment was organized in New York City in May 1861 as a Zouave regiment, known for its unusual dress and drill style,  by Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth, a personal friend of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. Drawn from the ranks of the city's many volunteer fire companies, the unit was known alternately as the Ellsworth Zouaves, First Fire Zouaves, First Regiment New York Zouaves, and U.S. National Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0001-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe unit was among the first to occupy the territory of a Confederate state when it captured Alexandria, Virginia, on May 24, 1861, less than 24\u00a0hours after the Commonwealth seceded from the Union. The regiment suffered extensive casualties during the First Battle of Bull Run during the fighting on Henry House Hill and while serving as the rear guard for the retreating Union Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0002-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe regiment would later be stationed near Hampton Roads during the Peninsula Campaign, but experienced little fighting. Sent back to New York City in May 1862, the regiment was mustered out of service on June 2, 1862. There were several attempts to reorganize as a light infantry regiment through the summer of 1863, and many new enlistees were involved in suppressing the New York Draft Riots but those efforts failed and the enlistees were transferred to the 17th New York Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0003-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster\nOn April 15, 1861, President Lincoln issued an Executive Order calling for 75,000 ninety-day enlistments to \"repossess the forts, places, and property which have been seized from the Union.\" That day, Lincoln wrote Ellsworth asking for his assistance in raising a regiment. Ellsworth had known the president well, from having assisted in organizing his campaign for the presidency in 1860 and received a commission to organize the 11th New York Infantry as a 90-day regiment. To the enlistees, a common yet often unknown stipulation included 90\u00a0days of service to the Federal government and up to two years of service to the state. This was not always communicated to the men who enlisted, including those of the 11th New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0004-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster\nEllsworth's military knowledge came from a lifetime of studying military tactics, history, and manuals; and later as colonel of Chicago's National Guard Cadets. He never achieved his dream of attending West Point, as he could not gain the needed sponsorship. He was introduced to the famous French Zouaves through the teachings of his fencing instructor, Charles DeVillers, a former French Zouave. Ellsworth introduced this drill team to the flashy Zouave uniforms and drill that emulated French colonial troops in Algeria and turned the group, renamed the U.S. Zouave Cadets, into a national champion drill team. A national tour in 1860 brought Ellsworth to the attention of Abraham Lincoln, for whom the unit performed hundreds of military drill movements with their muskets and bayonets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0005-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster\nWhen a civil war seemed unavoidable, Ellsworth proceeded to New York City to recruit his own regiment from the city's volunteer fire companies, stating: \"I want the New York Firemen, for there are no more effective men in the country, and none with whom I can do so much. They are sleeping on a volcano at Washington and I want men who can go into a fight now.\" Two days after his arrival, Ellsworth awarded officer commissions to several foremen of the volunteer fire companies and began recruiting in earnest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0006-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster\nWithin four days, 2,300 men had answered Ellsworth's call. A selection of only the most desirable men cut that number to 1,100, which was considered a regiment's full strength. When the state could not afford to supply the new troops, fundraisers were successful in raising $60,000 for the regiment, enough to provide uniforms, several different models of Sharps rifles, and provisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0007-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster\nMore work has been done in six days than seemed possible. The men have been mustered into service; the officers elected; the uniforms made, and on Sunday afternoon eleven hundred as efficient and hardy soldiers as ever handled a gun, will start for the scene of rebellion. Col. Ellsworth arrived in this city on Thursday of last week. On Friday he called together a number of the principal men of the department. On Saturday he selected his officers. On Sunday he mustered one thousand men. On Monday he drilled them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0008-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster\nLike most Zouave regiments, the men of the 11th New York were fashioned in uniforms not typical of the standard ensemble of a Union soldier. During their service, the 11th New York wore two different style of uniforms, the first issued during the forming of the regiment and the second shortly before the Battle of Bull Run. The initial uniforms were purchased with funds donated by the Union Defense Committee. They were based on Ellsworth's own design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0008-0001", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster\nThey consisted of light gray jackets of a chasseur style, with dark blue and red trim along with gray trousers of a jeans cloth material with a blue stripe running down the seam, and tan leather leggings. Along with their gray uniforms, they wore red kepis with a blue band and also received a red fez with a blue tassel, military-issue shirt and/or overshirts. Many Zouaves went off to war wearing the fire badge of their respective fire company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0008-0002", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster\nContrary to modern art prints, the Fire Zouaves did not go off to war wearing fireman's belts or paint mottos on their fezzes. The second uniform was issued when the first, not made of quality materials, fell apart on most men. This uniform was issued by the federal government, and to the disgust of the men, was not of the true Zouave style, but an American Zouave style. The new uniform had a dark blue Zouave jacket with red cuffs and red trimming with sky blue trimming inside the red.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0008-0003", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster\nBlue fezzes with blue tassels were issued to provide greater flair to the uniform, as well as dark blue sashes, an issue of red overshirts (not firemen's shirts), and dark blue trousers. Before the First Battle of Bull Run, most of the Zouaves left their jackets in camp due to the July heat, however, they all retained their blue and red fezzes, and their red blue banded kepis. A number of havelocks were also issued to the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0008-0004", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster\nBefore the regiment departed from New York City on April 29, 1861, its members were reviewed by General John Adams Dix, Ambassador Cassius Marcellus Clay of Kentucky, as well as other members of the city and its fire department. Soon after, they marched through the streets escorted by 5,000 firemen. Along the way, they received from the fire department a large white flag measuring 68 inches (1.7\u00a0m) by 54 inches (1.4\u00a0m) to serve as the regimental colors. Charlotte Augusta Gibbes also presented the unit with a flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0008-0005", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster\nUnbeknownst to the regiment, Washington D.C. had postponed their departure because they did not comply with army regulations. John E. Wool, commander of the Department of the East, knew of the postponement, but allowed the men to embark, unaware the steamer Baltic carried no provisions. Quartermaster Arthur quickly purchased five-day rations, by paying a higher price, and hired three tug boats to catch the steamer to deliver them. The Baltic arrived in Annapolis, Maryland where the men boarded a train to Washington, D.C..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0009-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster\nIn Washington, men in the regiment broke into taverns, frightened women, swedged on meals and pursued imagined Confederates. They were returned to New York City and quartered in Battery Park. Their public antics and insubordination continued. Arthur had arrested any Fire Zouave found on the streets and jailed them on a steamer. When the number jailed reached 400 the steamer embarked to Hampton Roads where the men were banded with another regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0010-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Early action\nThe regiment arrived in Washington, D.C., on the evening of May 2. There, they completed additional training and performed picket duty throughout the district. While quartered on the floor of the United States House of Representatives, the enlisted men took it upon themselves to set up a mock session, passing a law first abolishing the House of Representatives, then the Union and reconstituting both in a manner of their liking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0010-0001", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Early action\nThe more embarrassing and lawbreaking actions by the regiment included the burning of fences, which resulted in a letter of reprimand from Brigadier General Joseph K. Mansfield along with six enlisted men being removed and sent back to New York. On May 7, the 11th New York was officially sworn into Federal service by Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell on the East Front of the unfinished Capitol in the presence of Lincoln, his son Tad and personal secretary John Hay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0011-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Early action\nOn May 9, the regiment had an opportunity to apply their experience as firefighters when asked to help extinguish a blaze at the Willard Hotel. Upon receiving word from General Mansfield, commander of the Department of Washington, Ellsworth dispatched ten men from each company to attend to the fire. Soon however, the entire regiment responded to the blaze. With Ellsworth having more men on the scene than the Washington Fire Department, he claimed the fire chief's trumpet and assumed command of the incident. When the fire was extinguished, Henry Willard, owner of the hotel, invited the regiment to breakfast and money was collected providing them with $500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0012-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Early action\nAfter nine days quartered at the capitol, the men of the 11th New York were moved to the heights near the Insane Asylum to Camp Lincoln. This move would allow for easy transport across the Potomac and into Virginia when necessary. While just five miles (8\u00a0km) from the capitol, the standard of living the men were used to had changed dramatically, as their usual foodstuffs were replaced with beef steak, dry bread, and coffee. Ellsworth wrote to his fiance that they had not had butter in a week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0013-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Early action\nWhen the Commonwealth of Virginia seceded from the Union on May 23, the regiment was ordered to assist in the occupation of Arlington Heights and Alexandria, Virginia, directly across the Potomac River from Washington. On May 24, the regiment boarded the steamers Baltimore and Mount Vernon and was transported across the Potomac, landing at the Alexandria wharves under the guard of the gunboat Pawnee. The 11th New York was one of eight to enter Virginia, and Ellsworth's men met no resistance as they moved through the streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0014-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Early action\nAfter landing, members of Company E under Captain Leveridge were sent to take the railroad station, while Ellsworth, Major Charles Loeser, Lieutenant H. J. Winser and several men from Company A set out to secure the telegraph office. On the way there, Ellsworth spotted a Confederate flag atop the Marshall House inn. It was the same flag Ellsworth had seen for weeks from the White House during his visits with Lincoln. Ellsworth's group entered the inn and quickly cut down the flag, but they encountered the proprietor, James Jackson, as they descended the stairs. Jackson killed Ellsworth with a shotgun blast to the chest, and Cpl. Francis Brownell responded in kind by fatally shooting the innkeeper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0015-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Early action\nAfter the death of Ellsworth, Noah L. Farnham, the regiment's lieutenant colonel, was the obvious choice to take command. He was reluctant, however, labeling it an \"unwelcome responsibility\". His appointment was graded as temporary, he was not commissioned as the regiment's colonel and remained at rank while in its command. Regardless, he was a popular choice both with the enlisted men and in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0015-0001", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Early action\nOne enlisted wrote in a letter home, \"We have great faith in Colonel Farnham, having known him long and intimately as one deserving the confidence and esteem of his associates, and fully deserving of the position that he now occupies.\" Several of the officers recruited by Ellsworth, however, did not approve and caused a small controversy by resigning their commissions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0016-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Early action\nThe regiment remained on guard duty in and around Alexandria until July 15, 1861, when orders were received attaching the regiment to Orlando B. Willcox's brigade, of Samuel P. Heintzelman's division, in Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell's Army of Northeast Virginia. They were to march out the next morning. From July 16 to 21, the regiment advanced to intercept Brig. Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard's Confederate Army of the Potomac. Three of McDowell's five divisions advanced towards Bull Run, outside the railroad junction at Manassas, Virginia. The 11th New York expected to first engage Confederates at Fairfax Court House on July 17, only to find that they had pulled back towards Centreville, leaving Quaker Guns in their place. These movements were to precipitate the first large-scale battle of the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0017-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run\nThe Zouaves' first major combat experience occurred during the First Battle of Bull Run. On the morning of July 21, Farnham's men were awoken at 2:00\u00a0a.m. to begin their march to intercept the Confederate army. McDowell's plan for the day was for divisions under Colonel Daniel Tyler and Brig. Gen. Heintzelman to cross Bull Run at Sudley Ford, expected to be only several miles north of their camp. Poor scouting by Union chief engineer John G. Barnard resulted in a 14-mile (23\u00a0km) march for men entering battle that morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0017-0001", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run\nDuring the march, lead units engaged skirmishers east of Sudley's Ford with artillery in the early dawn. McDowell had divided his three divisions, sending Heintzelman to the north, sweeping down to cover the Union right, and thus his was the last division to engage. The other two divisions, under Tyler and David Hunter, engaged first on the Union left and center, at Matthews Hill. With those divisions facing heavy resistance, Heintzelman's division with the 11th New York was called forward at the double-quick. One observer commented that the 11th New York looked more like firemen randomly running to a fire than soldiers marching towards the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0018-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run\nAs the fight moved from Matthews Hill to Henry House Hill, the 11th New York fought beside the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment and a battalion of US Marines. These units were ordered to support two batteries of cannon on the Federal right flank led by Captains Charles Griffin and James B. Ricketts. The 11th New York and 1st Minnesota were directed into position at the top of Henry House Hill by Major William Farquhar Barry, McDowell's chief of artillery, and ordered to assault the Confederate line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0018-0001", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run\nOn the initial confrontation with the 33rd Virginia Infantry on the left of Confederate General Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's line, both the Union and Confederate forces were initially confused because the some of 11th New York were wearing several colors of shirts and the Virginians were clad in dark blue frock coats and dark blue trousers. The Virginians fired a volley that took down several men and the Zouaves and Marines broke and ran, but a few of the men remained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0019-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run\nAs the 11th New York and 1st Minnesota were regrouping along the Manassas-Sudley Road, they were encountered by Confederate Colonel J. E. B. Stuart and his 150 cavalrymen. Stuart mistook the New Yorkers for retreating Confederates in the smoke and quickly rode forward, shouting, \"Don't run, boys; we are here.\" But after seeing a color bearer passing with the United States flag, he realized his mistake. Stuart ordered a small band of \"Black Horse\" cavalry, led by R. Welby Carter and the men of his Loudoun Company, to charge from the right and strike the 11th's rear guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0019-0001", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run\nThe 11th New York saw them coming and shifted formations to meet Carter's men. The 11th's volleys quickly killed eight of the riders and wounded nine with the rest escaping back into the woods; the charge had little effect on the organization of Fire Zouaves. While repulsing the cavalry charge, Colonel Farnham was wounded, but remained on the field aided by Lt. Colonel John Cregier and Major Loeser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0020-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run\nBy 2:00\u00a0p.m., the 11th New York and 1st Minnesota were joined by the 14th Brooklyn Regiment and again took their place behind the Union guns. However, soon confusion again erupted on the battlefield in front of them. As the gunners confronted the blue-clad 33rd Virginia, Major Barry ordered Ricketts to hold his fire, allowing the Virginians to charge the batteries and capture the guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0020-0001", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run\nWhile the 14th Brooklyn was able to quickly retake the guns, the Union regiments supporting the cannon were unable to withstand the near constant barrage from Confederate artillery and infantry and fell back again to the Manassas-Sudley Road. The 11th New York, the Irish 69th New York Militia and 14th Brooklyn would charge Henry Hill four times, first in an effort to retake Ricketts' and Griffin's cannon, but each attempt failed. In the wild melee, the 69th's color bearers were killed and its colors lost, but an officer of the 11th, Captain John Wildey, was able to recapture the Irish color, and then handed it back to the grateful Irishmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0021-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run\nWhen the order to withdraw from the field came later that evening from General McDowell, the 11th New York served as a rearguard. It was during this retreat that the regiment saw its heaviest casualties. Although accounts of the battle differ, most sources list 177 men lost at Bull Run, with 35 men killed, 74 wounded, and another 68 missing and presumed captured. Those that were taken prisoner were initially confined in Richmond. In September, they were transferred to Castle Pinckney, South Carolina, where they remained until they were paroled the following May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0022-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, After Bull Run\nOn August 12, 1861, the remaining members of the regiment were sent back to New York City to disband, in preparation to reorganize, obtain equipment and replacements. On September 14, 1861, after reorganizing, they were ordered by Governor Edwin D. Morgan, at the request of Secretary of War Simon Cameron, to return to Virginia with two days' cooked rations. They were to be encamped at Fort Monroe on the tip of the Virginia Peninsula. Morgan must not have been quick to follow up with Cameron, as two days later Cameron sent him a cable pleading for an update, asking, \"Did you send the Fire Zouaves to Fort Monroe, as indicated in your message of the 14th?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0023-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, After Bull Run\nAn entry from January 31, 1862, of the Official Records places the 11th New York as a unit of the Department of Virginia at Camp Butler under the command of Brig. Gen. Joseph Mansfield. On March 8, 1862, they watched from shore as the USS Monitor and CSS Virginia dueled off the coast of Hampton Roads. Two members of the regiment were detailed to the nearby USS Cumberland and manned its cannons until they were forced to abandon ship. With manpower further depleted as a result of injury and disease, the regiment was returned to New York City on May 7. There, it was mustered out of service on June 2, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0024-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Draft Riots and disbanding\nOn May 18, 1863, Colonel James C. Burke received authority  to reorganize the original regiment as a three-years regiment to be known as the J. T. Brady Light Infantry. Burke was required to raise 250 men for the effort but failed. His authorization was revoked on June 7 and transferred to Colonel Henry F. O'Brien. O'Brien was required to raise 250 men by August 1, 250 others by September 1, and an additional 250 men by November 1. These recruiting efforts were hampered by the draft riot in New York City of July 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0025-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Draft Riots and disbanding\nAs the 11th New York Regiment had experienced first hand, the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861 had taken a heavy toll on Union forces, including those from New York City. As the war dragged on, a military manpower shortage occurred in the Union and Congress passed the first conscription act in United States history on March 3, 1863, authorizing the President to draft male citizens between the ages of 18 and 35 for a three-year term of military service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0026-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Draft Riots and disbanding\nInitially intended to express anger at the draft, the protests deteriorated into \"a virtual racial pogrom, with uncounted numbers of blacks murdered on the streets\". The conditions in the city were such that Major General John E. Wool stated on July 16, \"Martial law ought to be proclaimed, but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0027-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Draft Riots and disbanding\nStates' militias and Federal troops attached to the Army of the Potomac, including the newly reorganized 11th New York, were dispatched to quell the riots. Other regiments utilized included the 152nd New York, the 26th Michigan, the 27th Indiana and the 7th Regiment New York State Militia, which arrived from Frederick, Maryland after a forced march. In addition, New York governor Horatio Seymour sent the 74th and 65th regiments of the New York state militia, which had not been federalized, and a section of the 20th Artillery from Fort Schuyler in Throgs Neck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0027-0001", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Draft Riots and disbanding\nAt the height of the violence, Colonel O'Brien, the 11th Regiment's commanding officer, was seized by the mob, beaten, and killed. In the wake of the riots, the reorganization produced few recruits and stalled. On October 1, 1863, the reorganization was discontinued and the men who had enlisted were transferred to the 17th New York Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0028-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Aftermath and legacy\nDuring its limited but intense combat experience, the regiment saw 51 members killed, including three officers and 48 enlisted men. Among these was the regiment's first commander, Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth, who was the first conspicuous casualty of the Civil War. Private Francis E. Brownell became the first soldier in the Civil War to be awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in killing Col. Ellsworth's murderer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0029-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Aftermath and legacy\nFollowing Ellsworth's death, Remember Ellsworth! and Avenge Ellsworth became Union rallying cries. The 44th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment was raised by the People's Ellsworth Committee and were known as the \"People's Ellsworth Regiment\", or more commonly \"Ellsworth's Avengers\", under the command of Stephen W. Stryker, a former lieutenant in the 11th New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0030-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Aftermath and legacy\nApart from those who died of battle wounds, three officers and 12 enlisted men succumbed to disease, including its second colonel, Noah Farnham, who died as a result of his wounds sustained at Bull Run and a bout of typhoid. A total of 66 men of the 11th New York Infantry Regiment died in the course of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0031-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Aftermath and legacy\nIn 1903, the flag for which Ellsworth gave his life, taken down from the top of Marshal House, was presented to the War Department by  its custodian, the Ellsworth Post, Grand Army of the Republic. The flag had been carried by the regiment throughout the war and afterward maintained at their post headquarters. It was added to the war flag collection in Cullum Memorial Hall at West Point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007817-0032-0000", "contents": "11th New York Infantry Regiment, Aftermath and legacy\nHistorian David Detzer has argued that the fame that surrounds the 11th New York is misplaced. During its time in service, the 11th New York Regiment saw little fighting compared to other well-known regiments such as the 69th New York, 20th Maine, and 28th Massachusetts. The 11th New York was often overshadowed by the 73rd New York, also known as the Second Fire Zouaves, which fought at Antietam, Gettysburg, and Appomattox. In addition, Ellsworth failed to consider that the New York City fire companies from which his troops were drawn often competed against each other at blazes. The cohesion he sought in firefighters did not exist and would not be created when they joined the regiment. In that respect, 11th New York was no different than many regiments, North and South.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007818-0000-0000", "contents": "11th New York State Legislature\nThe 11th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 9 to March 22, 1788, during the eleventh year of George Clinton's governorship, in Poughkeepsie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007818-0001-0000", "contents": "11th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1777, the State Senators were elected on general tickets in the senatorial districts, and were then divided into four classes. Six senators each drew lots for a term of 1, 2, 3 or 4 years and, beginning at the election in April 1778, every year six Senate seats came up for election to a four-year term. Assemblymen were elected countywide on general tickets to a one-year term, the whole assembly being renewed annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007818-0002-0000", "contents": "11th New York State Legislature, Background\nIn March 1786, the Legislature enacted that future Legislatures meet on the first Tuesday of January of each year unless called earlier by the governor. No general meeting place was determined, leaving it to each Legislature to name the place where to reconvene, and if no place could be agreed upon, the Legislature should meet again where it adjourned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007818-0003-0000", "contents": "11th New York State Legislature, Background\nIn 1786, Columbia County was partitioned from Albany County, and 3 of Albany's Assembly seats were apportioned to Columbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007818-0004-0000", "contents": "11th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe State election was held from April 24 to 26, 1787. Senators Samuel Townsend (Southern D.) and Jacobus Swartwout (Middle D.) were re-elected; and James Duane, John Laurance (both Southern D.), Anthony Hoffman (Middle D.) and Jellis Fonda (Western D.) were also elected to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007818-0005-0000", "contents": "11th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe State Legislature was to meet on January 1, 1788, at Poughkeepsie, but the Assembly first had a quorum on January 9, the Senate on January 11; both Houses adjourned on March 22, 1788.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007818-0006-0000", "contents": "11th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn February 1, 1788, the Legislature passed a resolution for the election of delegates to a Convention to deliberate upon the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. The Convention met from June 17 to July 26, 1788, at Poughkeepsie and ratified the Constitution by a vote of 30 to 27. From this time, the politicians were divided in two political parties: those who voted for the Constitution were henceforth known as Federalists, those who voted against it as Anti-Federalists, or Democratic-Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007818-0007-0000", "contents": "11th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007818-0008-0000", "contents": "11th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007818-0009-0000", "contents": "11th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007818-0010-0000", "contents": "11th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007819-0000-0000", "contents": "11th New Zealand Parliament\nThe 11th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007819-0001-0000", "contents": "11th New Zealand Parliament\nElections for this term were held in 4 M\u0101ori electorates and 62 European electorates on 27 November and 5 December 1890, respectively. A total of 74 MPs were elected - a reduction on the 95 MPs of the previous Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007819-0002-0000", "contents": "11th New Zealand Parliament, Sessions\nThe 11th Parliament opened on 23 January 1891, following the 1890 general election. It sat for four sessions (with two sessions in 1891), and was prorogued on 8 November 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007819-0003-0000", "contents": "11th New Zealand Parliament, Historical context\nIn December 1887, the House of Representatives voted to reduce its membership from general electorates from 91 to 70. The 1890 electoral redistribution used the same 1886 census data used for the 1887 electoral redistribution. In addition, three-member electorates were introduced in the four main centres. This resulted in a major restructuring of electorates, with 12 new electorates created. Of those, four electorates were created for the first time: Te Aroha, Halswell, Dunedin Suburbs, and Palmerston. The remaining eight electorates had previously existed and were re-created through the 1890 electoral redistribution: City of Auckland, City of Christchurch, City of Dunedin, City of Wellington, Ellesmere, Franklin, Geraldine, and Westland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007819-0004-0000", "contents": "11th New Zealand Parliament, Historical context\nThe 11th Parliament was most significant, as following the 1890 general election, it marked the beginning of party politics in New Zealand with the formation of the Liberal Government, which was to enact major welfare, labour and electoral reforms, including giving the vote to women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007819-0005-0000", "contents": "11th New Zealand Parliament, Ministries\nThe fourth Atkinson Ministry, known as the Scarecrow Ministry, had been the government. The election had returned several \"Independent\" or \"Labour\" members as well as the Liberals. Some of Atkinson's conservative colleagues proposed schemes that would keep him in office, but Atkinson, who had been Premier on and off for 14 years, announced that the house would be called on 23 January 1891 to decide. On 21 January Atkinson told his colleagues that he was retiring on doctor's orders, resigned his seat and was sworn into the Legislative Council, and appointed Speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007819-0005-0001", "contents": "11th New Zealand Parliament, Ministries\nWhen William Rolleston lost the ministerial nomination for Speaker, Edwin Mitchelson announced the resignation of the government. The Governor asked John Ballance to form a government, which he did on 24 January. It was found to have a majority in the house. After a week of debate, the house went into recess until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007819-0006-0000", "contents": "11th New Zealand Parliament, Ministries\nAtkinson was appointed to the Council with six colleagues, on 20 or 22 January 1891. He was widely regarded as having stacked the council before leaving office. There was a 5000-signature petition against the appointments, but they were approved by the Governor, The Earl of Onslow. The seven appointments on 20 or 22 January to the Council were Atkinson himself plus Charles Bowen, James Fulton, Charles Johnston, John Davies Ormond, William Downie Stewart Sr and John Blair Whyte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007819-0007-0000", "contents": "11th New Zealand Parliament, Ministries\nBallance had considerable difficulty in achieving reform of the Legislative Council, with new appointments to be for seven years rather than life, and he had major disagreements with the Governor. Ballance's victory is seen as establishing an important precedent in the relationship between Governor and Prime Minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007819-0008-0000", "contents": "11th New Zealand Parliament, Ministries\nThe Ballance Ministry was the beginning of the Liberal Government, which lasted until 1912. John Ballance died suddenly on 27 April 1893 and whilst Ballance had favoured Robert Stout as his successor, the caucus selected Richard Seddon instead. The Seddon Ministry was in power from 1 May 1893 until 10 June 1906, when Seddon in turn died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007819-0009-0000", "contents": "11th New Zealand Parliament, Initial composition of the 11th Parliament\nWhile the Liberal party was the only established party structure at the time, many independent conservative MPs coalesced as a semi-formal conservative opposition under the leadership of John Bryce. Due to the loose nature of this grouping it is difficult to determine the affiliation of some Independent MPs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007819-0010-0000", "contents": "11th New Zealand Parliament, Changes during 11th Parliament\nThere were a number of changes during the term of the 11th Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007820-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly\nThe 11th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly was the 18th assembly of the territorial government from 1987 to 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007822-0000-0000", "contents": "11th OTO Awards\nThe 11th OTO Awards, honoring the best in Slovak popular culture for the year 2010, took time and place on March 12, 2011 at the new premises of the Slovak National Theater in Bratislava. The ceremony broadcast live RTVS on 1. The host of the show was musician Mari\u00e1n \u010cekovsk\u00fd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007822-0001-0000", "contents": "11th OTO Awards, Winners and nominees, Main categories\n\u2605 Profesion\u00e1li \u2013 JOJ Ordin\u00e1cia v ru\u017eovej z\u00e1hrade \u2013 Mark\u00edza Panel\u00e1k \u2013 JOJ", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007823-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment\nThe 11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, known in vernacular as the 11th Ohio Cavalry, was a cavalry regiment raised in the name of the governor of Ohio from several counties in southwest Ohio, serving in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was stationed in the Dakota and Idaho territories on the American frontier to protect travelers and settlers from raids by American Indians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007823-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe first four companies of the regiment were originally raised by Lt. Col. William Oliver Collins as the 7th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, but were later to be consolidated into the 6th Ohio Cavalry Regiment posted at Camp Dennison. Collins refused to redesignate his companies, and to settle the political dispute, they were detached from the 6th in February 1862 to be sent west under the command of Collins, a 52-year-old lawyer from Hillsboro and member of the Ohio Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007823-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service\nOn April 4, 1862, the battalion was ordered to St Louis, Missouri, and during the month of May, marched to Fort Laramie in the Idaho Territory, a prominent post along the Oregon Trail. It was permanently detached from the 6th Ohio Cavalry and designated the 1st Ohio Independent Cavalry Battalion. The battalion located its headquarters at Pacific Springs, Nebraska Territory, assigned to protect travelers and interests along the North Platte and Sweetwater Rivers, and then at South Pass, Idaho Territory, to guard the Overland Mail routes from  Julesburg, Colorado, to Green River, Wyoming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007823-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service\nIn June 1863, Collins recruited four additional companies at Camp Dennison, including 40 former Confederates enlisted from the prisoner-of-war camp at Camp Chase, who were to be sent west to combine in July with the 1st Independent battalion as the 11th Ohio Cavalry. The additional four companies were activated as a defense against Morgan's Raid in July before being sent to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, at the start of August. Following the burning of Lawrence, Kansas, the battalion was sent after William Quantrill for a short time. Companies E through H arrived at Fort Laramie on October 13. Three more companies (I, K, and L) were formed in 1864 from surplus recruits and men of Companies A through D who did not be re-enlist at the expiration of their enlistments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007823-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service\nCompanies A through D mustered out April 1, 1865, along with Collins. He was replaced in command by Lt. Col. Thomas L. Mackey, former captain of Company C. Companies E and K, many members who were \"Galvanized Yankees\", accompanied the column of Brig. Gen. Patrick Edward Connor on the 1865 Powder River Expedition and saw action in the Battle of the Tongue River. The remaining seven companies mustered out July 14, 1866. They were the last volunteer troops from Ohio in service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007823-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Ohio Cavalry suffered three officers and 20 enlisted men killed in action, and one officer and 60 enlisted men died from disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007823-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service on the emigrant trails\nThe 11th Ohio Cavalry was assigned to the Department of Kansas (Department of the Missouri after January 30, 1865), District of Nebraska. The battalion and later the regiment were stationed in the Idaho Territory to replace the regular troops who had been posted there before the Civil War. As a result of the military withdrawal, Indian attacks on emigrants intensified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007823-0005-0001", "contents": "11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service on the emigrant trails\nBy the time the volunteers arrived at Fort Laramie, most traffic on the trail had dropped off in favor of the more southern Overland Trail that went from Julesburg, Colorado, to the Front Range and through the Laramie Plains to meet the other emigrant trails at Fort Bridger. U.S. mail service also moved to the southern line after the contract was assigned to Ben Holladay's Overland Stage Line in 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007823-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service on the emigrant trails\nUpon arrival at Fort Laramie, the troops were assigned to various posts along the Sweetwater and North Platte Rivers between Nebraska and South Pass. A company was sent immediately to construct Fort Halleck near Elk Mountain on the Overland Trail. After it became the 11th Ohio Cavalry, troops manned Fort Halleck and several outlying satellite posts until they were abandoned in 1866. In 1864, two companies were sent to Camp Collins (named for Lt. Colonel Collins) and later Fort Collins until it, too, was decommissioned in 1866. Collins became commander of the West Subdistrict, District of Nebraska, with his headquarters at Fort Laramie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007823-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service on the emigrant trails\nOn December 31, 1864, the 11th was posted in the West Subdistrict as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007823-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service on the emigrant trails\nOn July 26, 1865, a detachment of the 11th Kansas Cavalry posted at Platte Bridge Station near present-day Casper, Wyoming, engaged a large band of Cheyenne and Sioux who intended to destroy the 1,000-foot-long (300\u00a0m) bridge and the soldiers posted there to protect it. Lt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007823-0008-0001", "contents": "11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service on the emigrant trails\n. Colonel Collin's son Caspar, a 20-year-old second lieutenant en route with the mail escort back to his company farther west, was ordered by Major Martin Anderson of the 11th Kansas Cavalry to lead a relief force of Kansas cavalrymen to escort a small wagon train into the fort after the four officers of the Kansas regiment refused to do so. Collins and 25 Kansas troopers marched into an ambush less than a half mile after crossing the bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007823-0008-0002", "contents": "11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service on the emigrant trails\nMost fought their way back to the bridge, held by a 20-man support force of the 11th Ohio and Company I, 3rd U.S. Volunteer Infantry en route to Fort Laramie, but six were cut off and killed, including Collins. The wagon train of 25 troopers and teamsters of the 11th Kansas was surrounded before reaching the bridge, and all but three troopers were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007823-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service on the emigrant trails\nIn August, Companies E and K from Fort Laramie accompanied Colonel James H. Kidd's western column of Brigadier General Patrick E. Connor's Powder River Expedition aimed at stopping Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho attacks on the Bozeman Trail. On August 29, the troops attacked an Indian village along the Tongue River. Five soldiers were killed, and seven were wounded compared to 63 killed or wounded Arapaho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007823-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Notable members\nSergeant Charles L. Thomas, Company E - Medal of Honor recipient for heroism during the Powder River Expedition", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007823-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Legacy\nIn 1957, the Troopers Drum and Bugle Corps was founded in Casper, Wyoming. Paying homage to Casper's history, director Jim Jones based the Troopers uniforms on the field uniforms of the 11th Ohio Cavalry. To this day, the corps' symbol is a pair of crossed sabers with the number 11 emblazoned above them, the same symbol the 11th Ohio would have used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007824-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery\nThe 11th Ohio Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007824-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 11th Ohio Battery was organized in St. Louis, Missouri October 27, 1861, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment under Captain Archibald G. A. Constable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007824-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe battery was attached to Army of the West and Department of the Missouri to March 1862. Artillery, 2nd Division, Army of the Mississippi, to April 1862. Artillery, 3rd Division, Army of the Mississippi, to November 1862. 7th Division, Left Wing, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to December 1862. Artillery, 7th Division, XVI Corps, to January 1863. Artillery, 7th Division, XVII Corps, to July 1863. Kimball's Division, Arkansas Expedition, to August 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Arkansas Expedition, to January 1864. Artillery, 2nd Division, VII Corps, Department of the Arkansas, to May 1864. Garrison, Pine Bluff, Arkansas, 2nd Division, VII Corps, to November 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007824-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 11th Ohio Battery mustered out of service at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, on November 5, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007824-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nMoved to South Point, Mo., October 28, 1861. March to Syracuse, Mo., November 22, then to Tipton, Mo., November, 29, and duty there until December 15. Moved to Otterville, Mo., December 15, and duty there until February 2, 1862. March to Booneville, then to St. Charles, February 2\u201317. Siege of New Madrid, Mo., March 3\u201314. Siege and capture of Island No. 10, Mississippi River, March 15-April 8. Expedition to Fort Pillow, Tenn., April 13\u201317. Moved to Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., April 17\u201323. Advance on and siege of Corinth, Miss., April 29-May 30. Pursuit to Booneville May 30-June 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007824-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nDuty at Corinth until June 23. Expedition to Ripley June 27-July 2. At Corinth until August 4. At Jacinto until September 18. Battle of Iuka, Miss., September 19. Battle of Corinth October 3\u20134. Pursuit to Ripley October 5\u201312. Grant's Central Mississippi Campaign November\u2013December. At Germantown, Tenn., until January 15, 1863. At Memphis, Tenn., until March. Yazoo Pass Expedition and operations against Fort Pemberton and Greenwood, March 11-April 5. Moved to Milliken's Bend, La. Movement on Bruinsburg and turning Grand Gulf April 25\u201330. Battle of Thompson's Hill. Port Gibson, May 1 (reserve). Battle of Raymond May 12. Jackson May 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007824-0004-0002", "contents": "11th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nBattle of Champion Hill May 16. Siege of Vicksburg, Miss., May 18-July 4. Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22. Ordered to Helena, Ark., July 28. Steele's Expedition to Little Rock, Ark., August 10-September 10. Bayou Fourche and capture of Little Rock September 10. Duty at Little Rock until April 1864, and at Pine Bluff until October. Ordered home for muster out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007824-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 50 enlisted men during service; 20 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 30 enlisted men died due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007825-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Ohio Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007825-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-months regiment\nThe 11th Ohio Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, from April 18\u201326, 1861 under Colonel Charles A. De Villiers in response to President Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers. The regiment spent its entire service on duty at Camp Dennison until June 20, 1861. The regiment mustered out on July 20, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007825-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe 11th Ohio Infantry was reorganized at Camp Dennison on June 20, 1861, and mustered in for three years service under the command of Colonel A. H. Coleman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007825-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe regiment was attached to Cox's Kanawha Brigade, West Virginia, to September 1861. Benham's Brigade, District of the Kanawha, West Virginia, to October 1861. 1st Brigade, District of the Kanawha, to March 1862. 1st Brigade, Kanawha Division, West Virginia, Department of the Mountains, to September 1862. 1st Brigade, Kanawha Division, IX Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1862. 1st Brigade, Kanawha Division, District of West Virginia, Department of the Ohio, to February 1863. Crook's Brigade, Baird's Division, Army of Kentucky, Department of the Cumberland, to June 1863. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XIV Army Corps, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007825-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe regiment veteranized June 21, 1864, and was reorganized as a battalion, attached to the 92nd Ohio Infantry until January 1865. The 11th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service on June 11, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007825-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1861\nOrdered to the Kanawha Valley, Va., July 7, 1861. Action at Hawk's Nest, Va., August 20, 1861. Near Piggott's Mills, Big Run, August 25. Operations in the Kanawha Valley and New River Reglen October 19-November 16. Gauley Bridge November 10. Blake's Farm, Cotton Mountain, November 10\u201311. Moved to Point Pleasant December 11, and duty there until April 16, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007825-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1862\nOperations in the Kanawha Valley April to August. Moved to Washington, D.C., August 18\u201324. Pope's Campaign in northern Virginia August 25-September 2. Bull Run Bridge August 27. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201322. Frederick City, Md., September 12. Battle of South Mountain September 14. Battle of Antietam September 16\u201317. Moved to Hagerstown, Md., October 8, thence to Clarksburg and Summerville, W. Va., and duty at Summerville until January 24, 1863. Expedition to Cold Knob Mountain November 24\u201330, 1862. Lewis Mill on Sinking Creek November 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007825-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1863\nOrdered to Nashville, Tenn., January 24, 1863, thence to Carthage February 22, and duty there until June. Near Carthage March 8 (2 companies). Scout to Rome March 24\u201325. Reconnaissance to McMinnville April 13. Tullahoma Campaign June 23-July 7. Hoover's Gap June 24\u201326. Occupation of middle Tennessee until August 16. Passage of Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River and Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22. Catlett's Gap, Pigeon Mountain, September 15\u201318. Battle of Chickamauga September 19\u201321. Rossville Gap September 21. Siege of Chattanooga September 24-November 23. Reopening Tennessee River October 26\u201329. Brown's Ferry October 27. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob November 23\u201324. Missionary Ridge November 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007825-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1864\nDemonstration on Dalton, Ga., February 22\u201327, 1864. Tunnel Hill, Buzzard's Roost Gap and Rocky Faced Ridge February 23\u201325. Veterans absent on furlough March and April. Atlanta Campaign May to September. Demonstrations on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Detached for duty as garrison at Resaca May 16 to June 10. Non -veterans relieved for muster out June 10 and ordered to Cincinnati, Ohio. Mustered out June 21, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007825-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Post Disbanding, 1864\nVeterans and recruits organized as a battalion and attached to 92nd Ohio Infantry until January 1865, participating in operations about Marietta, Ga., and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2, 1864. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Smyrna Camp Ground July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. March to the Sea November 15-December 10. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007825-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Post Disbanding, 1865\nCampaign of the Carolinas January to April 1865. Fayetteville, N. C., March 11. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14, Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 20. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007825-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 152 men during service; 4 officers and 50 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 98 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007826-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Oklahoma Legislature\nThe Eleventh Oklahoma Legislature was a meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma, composed of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The state legislature met in Oklahoma City, in regular session from January 4 to March 24, 1927, and in special session from December 6 through 29, 1927, during the term of Governor Henry S. Johnston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007826-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership\nLieutenant Governor William J. Holloway served as President of the Senate, giving him a tie-breaking vote and the authority to serve as presiding officer. Mac Q. Williamson served as President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate in 1927. D.A. Stovall served as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007827-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Operational Weather Squadron\nThe 11th Operational Weather Squadron (11OWS) was an operational weather squadron of the United States Air Force. The squadron was based out of Elmendorf AFB, Alaska, and was responsible for forecasting Alaska's weather and analyzing its climate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007827-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Operational Weather Squadron\nThe squadron was first activated in early 1941 as the Air Corps Detachment, Weather, Alaska at Ladd Field. It was soon moved to Elmendorf Field (later Air Force Base). The detachment oversaw weather stations in Alaska and after the Attack on Pearl Harbor in February 1942 became the 11th Air Corps Squadron, Weather. The squadron was redesignated the 11th Weather Squadron in 1944. In 1952 the squadron was relocated to Keesler Air Force Base in Mississippi where it inactivated five years later. In 1958 the squadron was reactivated at Elmendorf. The squadron was inactivated after a short stay at Eielson Air Force Base in 1992. The squadron was reactivated as the 11th Operational Weather Squadron at Elmendorf in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007827-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Operational Weather Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 11th Operational Weather Squadron was constituted as Air Corps Detachment, Weather, Alaska, on 15 November 1940, and activated on 11 January 1941 at Ladd Field, Alaska, assigned to the Ninth Service Command. The detachment was commanded by Captain Wilson H. Neal and consisted of a Technical sergeant and five other enlisted men, transferred from March Field. Its mission was to operate the Alaska Weather Region to provide Army Air Corps aircraft and Alaska Army units with weather service. The detachment relocated to Elmendorf Field on 2 May. On 7 December, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, the detachment oversaw the weather stations at Elmendorf, Ladd, Annette Island, and Yakutat, a total of 44 enlisted men and three officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007827-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Operational Weather Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was redesignated the 11th Air Corps Squadron, Weather, on 26 February 1942 and transferred to the 11th Air Force. On 28 May, it activated a weather station at Fort Glenn. In October, the squadron activated a weather station at Adak and its remotest station at St. Matthew Island. Now-Lieutenant Colonel Neal was transferred and replaced by Major Paul A. Carlson in November. A station at Amchitka was activated on 24 January 1943. After the American liberation of Attu in May, the squadron established a weather station at Alexai Point on the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007827-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Operational Weather Squadron, History, World War II\nThe Adak and Alexai Point stations provided forecasts for a number of bombing raids against Paramushir in the summer. By the end of 1943, the squadron controlled 32 weather stations, manned by 81 officers, seven NCOs, and 447 enlisted men, its peak strength. On 6 January 1944, the squadron became the 11th Weather Squadron. In February, both weathermen and a radio operator at the Chuginadak station died of exposure while searching for a supply barge which had run aground on the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007827-0003-0002", "contents": "11th Operational Weather Squadron, History, World War II\nDuring the war, three men of the squadron received the Distinguished Flying Cross, seventeen received the Bronze Star, three were awarded the Army Commendation Medal, and five were awarded the Air Medal. The squadron was transferred to the Army Air Forces Weather Service (later the Air Weather Service) on 22 October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007827-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Operational Weather Squadron, History, Cold War\nOn 4 December 1945, the squadron became part of the 7th Weather Group (later the 2107th Air Weather Group). On 20 April 1952, the squadron was relocated to Keesler Air Force Base in Mississippi, becoming part of the Air Weather Service. A month later it became part of the 8th Weather Group. The squadron was inactivated at Keesler on 18 November 1957. The squadron returned to Elmendorf and was reactivated on 18 June 1958, replacing the 7th Weather Group. On 1 June 1959, the squadron became part of the 4th Weather Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007827-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Operational Weather Squadron, History, Cold War\nIt was transferred to the 3rd Weather Wing on 30 June 1972. Between 20 January and 1 February 1989, elements of the squadron participated in Exercise Brim Frost 89, training Joint Task Force-Alaska against invasion. The squadron became part of the 1st Weather Wing on 1 October 1989. It was reassigned to Pacific Air Forces on 30 September 1991, when weather squadrons of Air Weather Service were transferred to the commands they supported. The squadron relocated to Eielson Air Force Base on 1 April 1992, becoming part of the 343d Operations Group on 15 April. The squadron was inactivated on 1 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007827-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Operational Weather Squadron, History, Operational Weather Squadron\nThe squadron was redesignated the 11th Operational Weather Squadron on 5 February 1999, and activated on 19 February 1999 with the 611th Air Operations Group. The squadron provided mission tailored, operational, and tactical level meteorological, geological, oceanographic, and space environment products and services for Department of Defense air and land operations in the Alaskan region. They provided headquarters staff support to the Alaskan Command, Eleventh Air Force, PACAF, and U.S. Army Alaska, and contingency support to the Alaska NORAD Region. As a result of USAF manpower and budget reductions, the 11th OWS was inactivated and merged with the 17th Operational Weather Squadron in Hawaii in June 2008. This merger was completed on 13 June 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 72], "content_span": [73, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007827-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Operational Weather Squadron, Lineage\nThe lineage of the 11th Operational Squadron from inception to 2008:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007827-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Operational Weather Squadron, Lineage, Assignments\nThe assignments of the 11th Operational Squadron from inception to 2008:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007827-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Operational Weather Squadron, Lineage, Stations\nThe stations of the 11th Operational Squadron from inception to 2008:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007827-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Operational Weather Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the United States Government document: \"\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007828-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 11th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the  11th Central Committee, in the immediate aftermath of the 11th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007829-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Panchen Lama controversy\nThe 11th Panchen Lama controversy is a dispute about the recognition of the 11th Kunsik Panchen Lama. The Panchen Lama is considered the second most important spiritual leader in Tibetan Buddhism after the Dalai Lama. Following the death of the 10th Panchen Lama, the 14th Dalai Lama recognized Gedhun Choekyi Nyima in 1995. Three days later, the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) abducted the Panchen Lama and his family. Months later, the PRC chose Gyaincain Norbu as its proxy Panchen Lama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007829-0000-0001", "contents": "11th Panchen Lama controversy\nDuring the traditional search process, Chatral Rinpoche indicated to the Dalai Lama that all signs pointed to Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, while the Dalai Lamas and Panchen Lamas recognize each other's incarnations. The PRC had established its own search committee, which included Chatral Rinpoche and other monks, and used a lottery system referred to as the Golden Urn. Neither Gedhun Choekyi Nyima nor his family have been seen since the abduction. Chadral Rinpoche was  arrested by Chinese authorities the day after the abduction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007829-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recognition and abduction\nBefore his death, the 10th Panchen Lama, Choekyi Gyaltsen, had been held for 15 years as a political prisoner of China, and after his release wrote the 70,000 Character Petition to Mao Zedong on 18 May 1962. The Petition assessed China's occupation of Tibet, explained the grievances of Tibetans, and exposed China's \"use of routine propaganda regarding revolution, liberation, democratic reform and the so-called 'socialist paradise' as \"pure deception\".\" He again was critical of Chinese policies in Tibet five days before his death on 28 January 1989, and Tibetans intensified the ongoing protests afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007829-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recognition and abduction\nAs a Tibetan search process began, the Chinese state-run CCTV network states that three days after the death of the 10th Panchen Lama, the Premier of the State Council published its decision on how the 11th Panchen Lama would be selected based on the feedback gathered from the committee of Tashi Lhunpo Monastery and monks on 30 January 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007829-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recognition and abduction\nTibetans would not consider the 11th Panchen Lama incarnation legitimate unless he were identified according to Tibetan traditional means, including a search by the 10th Panchen Lama's closest Khenpos based on dreams and omens, and a formal recognition by the Dalai Lama. Often, the Nechung Oracle was also consulted. By 1994, five years after the death of the 10th Panchen Lama, ordinarily, the 11th Panchen Lama would have already been identified. The Nechung Oracle in Dharamsala had been consulted on the matter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007829-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recognition and abduction\nThe leaders of the Chinese government wanted a process under their authority. Beijing planned to use a group of monks  to identify a group of candidates, not only one, and then to use the golden urn to randomly select one of them, and to exclude the Dalai Lama from the process altogether.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007829-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recognition and abduction\nBeijing later allowed Tashi Lhunpo Monastery's head Khenpo Chadrel Rinpoche, the head of the search team, to communicate with the Dalai Lama in hopes that a mutually acceptable process and candidate could be accomplished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007829-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recognition and abduction\nIn March 1995, Chinese government officials proposed drawing a name from three to five slips in the urn. On 14 May 1995, the Dalai Lama preempted the officials' drawing of names by publicly recognizing Gedhun Choekyi Nyima as the 11th Panchen Lama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007829-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recognition and abduction\nOn 17 May, the Chinese government abducted the recognized Panchen Lama. Then in November 1995 they selected a different boy, Gyaincain Norbu, using the golden urn lottery system. This decision was immediately denounced by the Dalai Lama. China continues to detain Gedhun Choekyi Nyima and his family in a place whose location has not been divulged to the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007829-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recognition and abduction\nChadrel Rinpoche, the Panchen Lama's senior Khenpo, was arrested at the Chamdo Airport while returning from Beijing, on 14 May 1995. Two years later on 8 May 1997, Chadrel Rinpoche was sentenced to six years in prison for splittism and betraying state secrets. He was then incarcerated in China, re-incarcerated under house arrest in a Chinese military camp near Lhasa, and the Central Tibetan Administration reports he died of poisoning in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007829-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recognition and abduction\nThe Dalai Lama has denounced China by saying \"the person who reincarnates has sole legitimate authority over where and how he or she takes rebirth and how that reincarnation is to be recognized.\" \"It is a reality that no one else can force the person concerned, or manipulate him or her,\" \"It is particularly inappropriate for Chinese communists, who explicitly reject even the idea of past and future lives, let alone the concept of reincarnate Tulkus, to meddle in the system of reincarnation and especially the reincarnations of the Dalai Lamas and Panchen Lamas.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007829-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recent developments\nIn April 2019, U.S. Congressman Jim McGovern said the Panchen Lama \u201cwill mark his 30th birthday as one of the world\u2019s longest-held prisoners of conscience\", and referred to his enforced disappearance as a violation of the religious freedom of Tibetan Buddhists while also stating that the alternative Panchen Lama has been victimized by China as \"a consequence of its policies to undermine and control the Tibetan people.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007829-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recent developments\nEarlier on 26 April 2018, the U.S. State Department issued a statement, \"On April 25, we marked the birthday of the 11th Panchen Lama, Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, who has not appeared in public since he was reportedly abducted two decades ago by the Chinese government at age six.\" The statement also called for the immediate release of the 11th Panchen Lama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007829-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recent developments\nAs of 2020, the Panchen Lama has been held as a political prisoner for 25 years. Five United Nations committees have opened cases, while numerous governments, including the European Parliament, Canada, U.K., and U.S. have called for China to release the 11th Panchen Lama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007829-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recent developments\nAn April 2020 joint petition prepared by 159 organizations spanning 18 countries requests the United Nations to pressure China for the Panchen Lama's release, as well as the release of his family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007829-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recent developments\nIn May 2020, CNN reports that the Central Tibetan Administration stated, \"China's abduction of the Panchen Lama and forcible denial of his religious identity and the right to practice in his monastery is not only a violation of religious freedom but also a gross violation of human rights.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007830-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 11th Panzer Division (English: 11th Tank Division) was an armoured division in the German Army, the Wehrmacht, during World War II, established in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007830-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe division saw action on the Eastern and Western Fronts during the Second World War. The 11th Panzer Division did not participate in the war until the invasion of Yugoslavia. It fought in the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1944 and, in the last year of the war, in southern France and Germany. The formation's emblem was a ghost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007830-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 11th Panzer Division was formed on 1 August 1940 from the 11th Sch\u00fctzen-Brigade and the Panzer Regiment 15 removed from the 5th Panzer Division and elements of the 231st Infantry Division, 311th Infantry Division and 209th Infantry Division. Most of its members were from Silesia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007830-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 11th Panzer Division saw action for the first time in the invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941. Passing through Bulgaria, it arrived in Belgrade and assisted in the capture of that city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007830-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe division was then sent to the Eastern Front where it was part of the Army Group South. It participated in the Battle of Kiev and later took part in the Battle of Moscow. At the Battle of Moscow Soviet propaganda made a fictional claim about the 11th Panzer Division in the fabricated encounter with Panfilov's Twenty-Eight Guardsmen. The division was engaged in retreat and defensive operations after the Soviet counter offensive in December 1941. The 11th Panzer Division's advance finally came to a halt due to the strong resistance of the 8th Guards Motor Rifle Division and the 78th Rifle Division. Harsh weather conditions were also a factor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007830-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 11th Panzer Division was part of Case Blue from June 1942 onward, participating in the capture of Voronezh and the drive towards Stalingrad. It avoided being entrapped with the 6th Army in the city but suffered substantial losses during the winter of 1942-43. It was engaged in the failed relief attempt on Stalingrad and then participated in the defence of Rostov, which allowed the German troops retreating from the Caucasus to escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007830-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nDuring operations on the Eastern Front around the Chir River. The 11th Panzer Division acted as a fire brigade going wherever there was a breakthrough by Soviet Forces. During December the 11th Panzer conducted a series of counter attacks against Soviet forces around the Chir River. On 9 December 1942 the 11th Panzer Division destroyed 53 tanks of the 1st Soviet Tank Corps in a counter attack to relieve the German 336th Infantry Division. On 19 December 1942 the 11th Panzer Division destroyed 42 Russian tanks without losing any of its own tanks just south of Oblivskaya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007830-0006-0001", "contents": "11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe division engaged a second Soviet attack destroying 65 more Soviet tanks without suffering any losses. By the end of the day the 11th Panzer Division had destroyed an entire Soviet Mechanized Corps. On 21 December 1942 the 11th Panzer Division destroyed much of the Soviet 5th Tank Army during a counter attack along the Chir. The division suffered heavy losses in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007830-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn July 1943, it participated in the Battle of Kursk and the defensive operations and retreat that followed the German failure. It was entrapped in the Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket in February 1944 and almost completely destroyed in the break-out from the pocket. The division was withdrawn from the front and sent to Bordeaux, France after receiving personnel drawn from the 273rd Reserve Panzer Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007830-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nAfter being stationed in the Toulouse area, the division was moved to a section of the Rh\u00f4ne in July 1944. When the Allies invaded southern France in August 1944 it retreated via the Rh\u00f4ne corridor, reaching Besan\u00e7on. Later entering combat in Alsace, it helped in the defence of the Belfort Gap and was defeated in the Battle of Arracourt before going back to the Saar. In December 1944, the division fought as part of the Army Group G.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007830-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nAt the beginning of the Battle of the Bulge, which it participated in, the division had 3,500 personnel, including 800 infantry. Following the failure of the German offensive, the 11th Panzer Division entered combat in Saarland and Moselle and fought at Remagen with 4,000 soldiers, 25 tanks and 18 guns that still remained, but was expelled from the region by the advancing US forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007830-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIt was then shifted to the southern sector of the front, with its forces stationed in and encircled in the Ruhr. The 11th Panzer Division retreated south east, eventually surrendering to US forces in the area around Passau on 2 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007831-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Panzergrenadier Division (Bundeswehr)\nThe 11th Panzergrenadier Division (11. Panzergrenadierdivision) was a West German mechanized infantry formation. It was part of the I Corps of the Bundeswehr. I Corps was part of NATO's Northern Army Group (NORTHAG), along with the I Belgian Corps, I British Corps, and the I Netherlands Corps. In the wake of military restructuring brought about by the end of the Cold War, the 11th Panzergrenadier Division was disbanded in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007831-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Panzergrenadier Division (Bundeswehr)\nThe division was constituted in May 1959 as part of the I Corps of the Bundeswehr. At that time, it commanded the 32nd Panzergrenadier and 33rd Panzer Brigades. In 1961, the 31st Panzergrenadier Brigade was also subordinated to the division. Division headquarters was quartered at Oldenburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007831-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Panzergrenadier Division (Bundeswehr)\nThe division provided assistance to civilians during the North Sea flood of 1962 and helped fight wildfires on the Luneberg Heath in summer 1975. In September 1990, elements of the division assisted with the removal of old U.S. chemical munitions during Operation Steel Box, including medics from Leer (Ostfriesland) who were at Nordenham for a few weeks. From November 1990 to July 1991, elements of the division provided security, maintenance, and transport in the ports of Emden and Nordenham for U.S. and British troops redeploying to the Gulf War. The 11th Panzergrenadier Division was disbanded in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007832-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom)\nThe 11th Parachute Battalion was an airborne infantry battalion of the Parachute Regiment, raised by the British Army in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007832-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom)\nThe battalion was formed in the Middle East and was assigned to the 4th Parachute Brigade, 1st Airborne Division. As it was still training it was left behind when the rest of the brigade took part in the invasion of Italy. One company later parachuted onto the island of Kos taking prisoner the large Italian garrison. The battalion rejoined the rest of the 1st Airborne Division, then in England. The only battle in which the battalion participated was the Battle of Arnhem, part of  Operation Market Garden, in September 1944. The battalion sustained very heavy casualties and was disbanded following the battle and the men were used as replacements elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007832-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom)\nAfter the Second World War a reserve 11th Battalion was formed by the Territorial Army (TA) in 1947, but it was disbanded nine years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007832-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Formation\nImpressed by the success of German airborne operations, during the Battle of France, the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, directed the War Office to investigate the possibility of creating a corps of 5,000 parachute troops. On 22 June 1940, No. 2 Commando was turned over to parachute duties and on 21 November, re-designated the 11th Special Air Service Battalion, with a parachute and glider wing, and later became the 1st Parachute Battalion. It was these men who took part in the first British airborne operation, Operation Colossus, on 10 February 1941. The success of the raid prompted the War Office to expand the existing airborne force, setting up the Airborne Forces Depot and Battle School in Derbyshire in April 1942, and creating the Parachute Regiment as well as converting a number of infantry battalions into airborne battalions in August 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 923]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007832-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Formation\nThe 11th Parachute Battalion was raised in Kibrit Egypt in March 1943. Assigned to the 4th Parachute Brigade, 1st Airborne Division the battalion was still in training when the rest of the brigade left to join the division for the Allied invasion of Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007832-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Formation\nIn 1942 a parachute battalion had an establishment of 556 men in three companies (three platoons each) supported by a 3-inch (76\u00a0mm) mortar and a Vickers machine gun platoon. By 1944 a support company to command the battalions heavy weapons was added. It comprised three platoons: Mortar Platoon with eight 3-inch (76\u00a0mm) mortars, Machine Gun Platoon with four Vickers machine guns and an Anti-tank Platoon with ten PIAT anti-tank projectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007832-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Formation\nThe only combat seen by the battalion in the Mediterranean, was in September 1943. ' A' Company and the mortar and machine gun platoons parachuted onto the island of Kos in the Dodecanese and captured the airfield. The Italian garrison numbered around 4,000 men did not put up any resistance. The company was withdrawn soon after and rejoined the battalion. In December 1943 the battalion rejoined the 4th Parachute Brigade who by this time were in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007832-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Arnhem\nWhen the battalion landed outside Arnhem on 18 September they were detached from the brigade and sent to reinforce the 1st Parachute Battalion and the glider-borne infantry of 2nd South Staffords, trying to fight through to the 2nd Parachute Battalion which had captured the northern end of the Arnhem road bridge. The two battalions were located in the town about 1,100 yards (1,000\u00a0m) short of the bridge. They were just about to start another attempt to break through to the 2nd Parachute Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007832-0007-0001", "contents": "11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Arnhem\nWith no appreciation of the ground the 11th Battalion was held in reserve playing no part in the attack. Under heavy fire the attempt stalled and to relieve the pressure on the assaulting troops, the 11th Battalion was asked to carry out a left flanking attack on the German positions. Orders were being issued for the assault, when the divisional commander Major-General Roy Urquhart personally intervened, forbidding the battalion to take part in what he now considered a futile attack. The 2nd South Staffords had been decimated with only their 'C' Company surviving as a unit. The 1st Parachute Battalion were in an even worse state and only numbered about 40 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007832-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Arnhem\nThe battalion was gradually worn down withdrawing through the city and casualties mounted. A move to gain some high ground to the north was discovered and the battalion was caught in the open and decimated, with only around 150 men left. One of the casualties being the commanding officer Lieutenant Colonel George Lea. The second in command Major Richard Lonsdale now took command of the battalion and the remnants of the 1st, 3rd Parachute and 2nd South Staffords battalions. Forming them into an ad hoc force which became known as Lonsdale Force. They were withdrawn to Oosterbeek where the division was forming a defensive perimeter, digging in on the south eastern side with their right flank on the river. Lonsdale addressed the men before the Germans arrived;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007832-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Arnhem\nYou know as well as I do there are a lot of bloody Germans coming at us. Well, all we can do is to stay here and hang on in the hope that somebody catches us up. We must fight for our lives and stick together. We've fought the Germans before\u00a0\u2014 in North Africa, Sicily, Italy. They weren't good enough for us then, and they're bloody well not good enough for us now. They're up against the finest soldiers in the world. An hour from now you will take up defensive positions north of the road outside. Make certain you dig in well and that your weapons and ammo are in good order. We are getting short of ammo, so when you shoot you shoot to kill. Good luck to you all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007832-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Arnhem\nThe defenders were involved in a number of desperate actions, and hand-to-hand fighting keeping the Germans out of the divisions perimeter. One of the men Lance-Sergeant John Baskeyfield of the South Staffords anti-tank platoon, was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross. By 21 September pressure from the German attacks had squeezed the perimeter to less than 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) across.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007832-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Arnhem\nOn 22 September the bulk of the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade were dropped south of the river. This drew off some of the Germans from around the divisional perimeter to confront the new threat. The defenders now had to cope with over 100 German artillery guns firing onto their positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007832-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Arnhem\nOn 24 September the decision was made by Lieutenant-General Horrocks commander XXX Corps to withdraw what was left of the division south of the Rhine. On the morning of 25 September units of the 9th SS Panzer Division attacked the battalion in force, attempting to cut the division off from the river. The initial attack was stopped by bayonets and hand grenades. Following attacks were driven off by direct fire from the guns of the 1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Royal Artillery and the 64th Medium regiment, XXX Corps dropping their shells on the battalions positions. The remnants of the battalion were evacuated over the night of 25/26 September. The casualties sustained by the battalion were never replaced and it was disbanded after the battle of Arnhem and the men sent to the 1st Parachute Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007832-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Territorial Army\nWhen the Territorial Army was reformed following the war in 1947, a new 11th Battalion was raised. It was formed by the conversion of the 8th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, and had Euston Baker as its honorary colonel. It was part of the reserve 16th Airborne Division. Following defence cuts if reverted to being the 8th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment in August 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 59], "content_span": [60, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France)\nThe 11th Parachute Brigade (French: 11e Brigade Parachutiste, 11e BP) is a unit of the French Army, dominantly infantry,  part of the French Airborne Units and specialized in air combat and air assault. The brigade's primary vocation is to project in emergency in order to contribute a first response to a situational crisis. An elite unit of the French Army, the brigade is commanded by a g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de brigade (Brigadier General) with headquarters in Balma near Toulouse. The brigade's soldiers and airborne Marines wear the red beret (amaranth) except for the Legionnaires of the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment who wear the green beret of the Foreign Legion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France)\nThe 11th Parachute Brigade, originally the 11th Light Intervention Division (11e DLI), was created from airborne units of the 10th Parachute Division 10e D.P and 25th Parachute Division 25e D.P, both dissolved following the Algiers putsch of 1961 during the Algerian War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), Origin and history, 11th Light Intervention Division \u2013 11e DLI\nthe 11th Light Interventtion Division was created on May 1, 1961, from airborne elements of the 10th Parachute Division and 25th Parachute Division, both dissolved following the Algiers putsch of 1961, and from the 11th Intervention Division (11e DI), set at the time to form the 3rd Parachute Division. The division commanded by General Marzloff rejoins the metropole on July 1, 1961. On August 1, 1963, the 13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment leaves the Division and takes garrison in Lorraine at Dieuze and Nancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), Origin and history, 11th Light Intervention Division \u2013 11e DLI, Order of battle\nSince creation the 11th Light Intervention Division is constituted of the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 112], "content_span": [113, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), Origin and history, 11th Light Intervention Division \u2013 11e DLI, Order of battle\nAt the time, regiments of the French Foreign Legion did not compromise the newly enacted division. On October 1, 1963; the division integrated the BOMAP (Airborne Operational Mobile Base).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 112], "content_span": [113, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), Origin and history, 11th Division \u2013 11e DIV\nOn December 1, 1963, the 11th Light Intervention Division merged with the 9th Colonial Infantry Division and became the 11th Division. Starting July 1966 and excluding elements of Division support; the unit activated and operated around three distinct Brigades, the 9th Marine Infantry Brigade at Saint-Malo, the 20th Airborne Brigade (20e BAP) at Toulouse and the 25th Airborne Brigade (25e BAP) at Pau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), Origin and history, 11th Division \u2013 11e DIV\nA support battalion, the 61e BS was created on February 1, 1964, at Auch. The 61e BS supervised health services and provisions in the Division. In March, the 61st Airborne Signals Battalion (61e BTAP) steps in at Pau and regroups the existing transmission companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), Origin and history, 11th Division \u2013 11e DIV\nOn July 1966, the 11th Division reached 16,000 men and was composed of two brigades (the 20e BAP at Toulouse and the 25e BAP at Pau) forming five parachute regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), Origin and history, 11th Parachute Division \u2013 11e DP\nThe 11th division disappeared on April 1, 1971, to give formation to the 11th Parachute Division at Toulouse. The 9th Outremer Brigade (9e BOM) left the Division and the 20th Airborne Brigade (20e BAP), the 25th Airborne Brigade (25e BAP) became subsequently the 1st and 2nd Parachute Brigades and integrated each one support battalion. The three support regiments were reorganized in two interim regiments of intervention that conserved nevertheless their original nominations (1st Parachute Hussar Regiment and the 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment). The 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment disappeared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 85], "content_span": [86, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), Origin and history, 11th Parachute Division \u2013 11e DP, Order of battle\nOn July 1, 1971, the 11th Parachute Division is composed of the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 102], "content_span": [103, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), Origin and history, 11th Parachute Division \u2013 11e DP, Order of battle\nOn August 1, 1973; the 61st Headquarter Squadron and the 61st Transmission Company were regrouped and form the 61e BCT. The following year in 1974, the 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment was recreated and the interarm regiments find their specialities. On August 1, 1974, the 1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment (1e RPIMa) was reattached to the Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 102], "content_span": [103, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), Origin and history, 11th Parachute Division \u2013 11e DP, Order of battle\nUnits belonging to the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment (2e REP) and the 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment (35e RAP) took part in Operation Tacaud starting from 1978 in Chad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 102], "content_span": [103, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), Origin and history, 11th Parachute Division \u2013 11e DP, Order of battle\nStill in 1978, and within the cadre of military cooperation with Za\u00efre which anticipates assistance and formation, the 2nd Foreign Prachute Regiment is parachuted during the Battle of Kolwezi, and participated in alliance with Belgium Paratroopers to the Rescue of Kolwezi. During this intervention, two teams of the 13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment and one team from the 1st Marine Parachute Infantry Regiment (1e RPIMa) were deployed to forward operating terrain on observation and reconnaissance missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 102], "content_span": [103, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), Origin and history, 11th Parachute Division \u2013 11e DP, Order of battle\nDuring this time, France was manned with an intervention force of 20,000 strong composed of the 11th Parachute Division, the 9th Marine Infantry Division (9e DIMa), aerial forces and Naval contingents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 102], "content_span": [103, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), Origin and history, 11th Parachute Division \u2013 11e DP, Order of battle\nOn October 23, 1983; one company of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment stationed in Lebanon within the Multinational Force in Lebanon was victim to the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing and occasions 55 paratrooper deaths within the ranks of the 1er RCP and the 3 paratroopers within the ranks of the 9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 102], "content_span": [103, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), Origin and history, 11th Parachute Division \u2013 11e DP, Order of battle\nIn the aftermath of the Cold War, the French Army reorganised and the 11e DP which became the 11th Parachute Brigade in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 102], "content_span": [103, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), 11th Parachute Brigade \u2013 11e BP\nIn 1999, as part of the restructuring of the French Army, the 11th Parachute Brigade was formed at Balma (Balman Toulouse Garrison), the base of the 11th Parachute Division. The brigade would later be engaged in Africa and Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 64], "content_span": [65, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), 11th Parachute Brigade \u2013 11e BP, Africa\nThe 11th Parachute Brigade, mainly the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment (2e REP), took part in Op\u00e9ration Licorne in the Ivory Coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0018-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), 11th Parachute Brigade \u2013 11e BP, Afghanistan\nFrom 2006 to 2007, the parachute brigade intervened in Afghanistan as part of the French Detachment of NATO's International Force. In September 2007, the brigade was relieved by Chasseurs Alpins of the 27th Mountain Infantry Brigade (27e\u00a0BIM).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 77], "content_span": [78, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0019-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), 11th Parachute Brigade \u2013 11e BP, Afghanistan\nOn 18 August 2008, a unit of the 8th Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment (8e\u00a0RPMIa) lost eight men during the Uzbin Ambush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 77], "content_span": [78, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0020-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), 11th Parachute Brigade \u2013 11e BP, Afghanistan\nThe paratroopers of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment (1er\u00a0RCP), of the 11th Parachute Brigade, took up its first rotation, and was in place by Sunday, 1 May 2011, in Kapisa Province. Four more rotations would follow. A total of 650 military personnel were scheduled for a mission to maintain zonal security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 77], "content_span": [78, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0021-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), 11th Parachute Brigade \u2013 11e BP, Afghanistan\nOn 10 May 2011, two combat parachute companies of the 1e\u00a0RCP\u2014almost 200 men commanded by g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Emmanuel Maurin, commander of the 11th Parachute Brigade\u2014were projected east towards Nijrab District, on a mission lasting several months. As a result, 1000 paratroopers were engaged in Afghanistan, principally from the 1e\u00a0RCP, which were supported by the 11th Parachute Brigade, the 1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, the 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment, 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment, and the 1st Train Parachute Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 77], "content_span": [78, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0022-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), 11th Parachute Brigade \u2013 11e BP, Afghanistan\nFrom April to October 2001, while preparing for this mission, the 11th brigade rehearsed realistic simulations, in order to achieve operational readiness within the newly established Brigade La Fayette joint command. In Afghanistan, reinforcements served for periods from 6 months to a year in Nijrab District, in northeastern Kapisa Province, while attached to the Tactical Interam Group of Kapisa (TIGK).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 77], "content_span": [78, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0023-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), 11th Parachute Brigade \u2013 11e BP, Afghanistan\nAs of June 20, 2011, the 11th Parachute Brigade was the brigade that endured the most losses, with 18 casualties, in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 77], "content_span": [78, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0024-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), 11th Parachute Brigade \u2013 11e BP, Mali\nIn January 2013, 250 French paratroopers from the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment (2e REP), 11th Parachute Brigade, jumped into Northern Mali to support an offensive to capture the city of Timbuktu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0025-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), 11th Parachute Brigade \u2013 11e BP, Present Brigade, Mission\nThe 11th Parachute Brigade is a light mobile brigade capable of projecting power around the world in an emergency, as a first response to a crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 90], "content_span": [91, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0026-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), 11th Parachute Brigade \u2013 11e BP, Present Brigade, Superior commands\nThe 11th Parachute Brigade is the only parachute brigade of the French Army and is under Ground Forces Command. However, the brigade does not comprise all the parachutes regiments of France, as the 1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment (1er RPIMa) and the 13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment (13e RDP) are attached to the French Army Special Forces Brigade, while the 2nd Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment (2e RPIMa)\u2014stationed permanently in outre-mer, near R\u00e9union island\u2014is under the command of the Armed Forces Zones of the Indian Ocean (FAZSOI).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 100], "content_span": [101, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0027-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), 11th Parachute Brigade \u2013 11e BP, Present Brigade, Order of battle\nThe 11th Parachute Brigade is composed primarily of infantry, with elements of artillery, light cavalry, and combat-engineer regiments. The brigade also includes a Commando Parachute Group (GCP), an elite operational unit belonging to the French Special Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 98], "content_span": [99, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0028-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), 11th Parachute Brigade \u2013 11e BP, Present Brigade, Order of battle\nAt the beginning of 2000, the brigade was based in southwestern France, except for the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment (2e REP) stationed in Calvi, Corsica. The brigade consists of 10,200 active and reserve personnel, including members of the legionnaires, distributed in a central headquarters command and 8 operational regiments with the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 98], "content_span": [99, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0029-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), 11th Parachute Brigade \u2013 11e BP, Traditions\nExcept for the Legionnaires of the 1e REG, 2e REG, 2e REP who wear a green beret, the French army metropolitan and marine paratroopers forming the 11th Parachute Brigade wear a red Beret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0030-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), 11th Parachute Brigade \u2013 11e BP, Traditions\nThe saint's day of Archangel Saint Michael, patron of French paratroopers, is celebrated on 29 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0031-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), 11th Parachute Brigade \u2013 11e BP, Traditions\nThe pri\u00e8re du Para (Prayer of the Paratrooper) was written by Andr\u00e9 Zirnheld in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0032-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), 11th Parachute Brigade \u2013 11e BP, Traditions, Insignia\nAnchored Winged Armed Dextrochere of French Army Marine Infantry Paratroopers", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 86], "content_span": [87, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007833-0033-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Brigade (France), 11th Parachute Brigade \u2013 11e BP, Traditions, Insignia\nWith the paratrooper brevet of the French Army, the insignia of French paratroopers was created in 1946. The French Army insignia of metropolitan paratroopers consists of a closed \"winged armed dextrochere\", (\"right winged arm\") with a sword pointing upwards. The insignia makes reference to the patron saint of paratroopers and represents \"the right Arm of Saint Michael\", the Archangel, which, according to Liturgy, is the \"armed arm of God\". This insignia is the symbol of righteous combat and fidelity to superiors and to the mission. The French Army Insignia of Marine Infantry Paratroopers is over a marine anchor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 86], "content_span": [87, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007834-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Division (Germany)\nThe 11. Fallschirmj\u00e4ger-Division (11th Parachute Division) was an infantry division of the German military during the Second World War, active in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007834-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Division (Germany)\nThe division was formed in March 1945 near Linz, out of a disparate collection of Luftwaffe units including aircrew from Jagdgeschwader 101. It contained the 37th, 38th and 39th Fallschirmj\u00e4ger Regiments, and the 11th Fallschirmj\u00e4ger Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007834-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Parachute Division (Germany)\nThe division did not manage to form fully before the end of the war, and only isolated kampfgruppen saw combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007835-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of British Columbia\nThe 11th Legislative Assembly of British Columbia sat from 1907 to 1909. The members were elected in the British Columbia general election held in February 1907. The British Columbia Conservative Party led by Richard McBride formed the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007835-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of British Columbia, Members of the 11th General Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1907.:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007835-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections\nBy-elections were held for the following members appointed to the provincial cabinet, as was required at the time:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007835-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections\nBy-elections were held to replace members for various other reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007836-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Great Britain\nThe Eleventh Parliament of Great Britain was the parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain that sat from 31 May 1754 to 20 March 1761. It was assembled following the general elections held in April\u2013May 1754.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007836-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Great Britain, History\nAs with its predecessor, the Eleventh Parliament was an overwhelmingly Whig parliament. Traditional Whig\u2013Tory party alignments had little meaning in the course of this parliament. Instead, political competition ran primarily between different Whig factions, such as the \"Old Corps\", Bedfordites, and Patriots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007836-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Great Britain, History\nThere were several changes of ministries in the course of the Eleventh Parliament. Newcastle's \"Old Corps\" Whigs assembled the first ministry, but had to accommodate the rise of the Bedfordite faction in late 1755 with several cabinet posts. Newcastle's ministry fell in late 1756, during the parliamentary recess, and the third session began with a new Bedfordite\u2013Patriot Whig coalition in control. However, King George II could not brook them and fired them before the end of that session, placing the government in the hands of an interim caretaker ministry. More satisfactory to the king, Newcastle returned to power in coalition with William Pitt before the beginning of the fourth session in late 1757.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007836-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Great Britain, History\nThe Seven Years' War was fought for the duration of the Eleventh Parliament, and much of its legislation addressed the financing and conduct of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007836-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Great Britain, Officers\nSurrey MP Arthur Onslow was Speaker of the House of Commons for the three prior parliaments, and had been re-elected to serve as speaker for the entire Eleventh Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007836-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Great Britain, Officers\nIn the Cabinet, the Secretary of the South served as the Leader of the House of Commons. The \"Old Corps\" Whig Thomas Robinson held that office until late 1755, when the Bedfordite Henry Fox replaced him. In 1756, William Pitt took and held that position until the end of the parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007836-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Great Britain, Officers\nThe Prime Minister of Great Britain was Leader of the House of Lords during this parliament, namely Newcastle from 1756 to 1757, Devonshire briefly from 1756 to 1757, and Newcastle again from 1756 to 1761.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007836-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Great Britain, Sessions\nThe Eleventh Parliament went through eight sessions. Its first session opened on 31 May 1754 for only a few days for formalities, and passed no public act. Thereafter, parliamentary sessions usually opened in November and ran for around six months. They were in recess for the subsequent half of the year. Parliament was not immediately dissolved with the death of King George II (25 October 1760) but rather met for an additional eighth and final session that November, opened by the new King George III. The Eleventh Parliament was finally dissolved on 25 April 1761, and new elections called.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007836-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Great Britain, Sessions\nBy tradition, a parliament passes only one public \"act\" per session, albeit an act with multiple chapters. Legal statutes are cited by parliamentary session labelled by the regnal year in which that session sat. The regnal year of George II began on 11 June, and thus most parliamentary sessions do not overlap regnal years (and thereby do not need a double citation). As this parliament was the first new parliament assembled after the calendar reform went into effect in 1752, there is no citation conflict between legal dates and common dates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007836-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Great Britain, Sessions\nThe session dates in the table below follow Cobbett's Parliamentary History (Cobbett 1813). The legal titles of the sessions are as given in common compilations, such as the Statutes at Large (Pickering 1766). For the specific acts of parliament passed in each session, see the lists of Acts of Parliament for 1740\u201359 and 1760\u201379.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007837-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Kenya\nThe 11th Parliament of Kenya was the meeting of the legislative branch of the national government of Kenya, which began on 28 March 2013. It is the first Parliament to incorporate the structural reforms laid out in the 2010 Constitution. The constitution re-established the Senate and increased the size of the National Assembly from 224 seats to 349 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007837-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Kenya\nIn the 2013 parliamentary elections, the Jubilee Alliance won a majority of seats in both the National Assembly and the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007838-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Lower Canada\nThe 11th Parliament of Lower Canada was in session from December 14, 1820, to July 6, 1824. Elections to the Legislative Assembly in Lower Canada had been held in July 1820. All sessions were held at Quebec City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007839-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Ontario\nThe 11th Legislative Assembly of Ontario was in session from January 25, 1905, until May 2, 1908, just prior to the 1908 general election. The majority party was the Ontario Conservative Party  led by Sir James P. Whitney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007839-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Ontario\nThe Commissioner of Crown Lands became the Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines. The Commissioner of Public Works became the Minister of Public Works. An Electrical Power Commission was formed to consider the feasibility of delivering electrical power generated at Niagara Falls to industrial centres in the province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007839-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Ontario\nJoseph Wesley St. John served as speaker for the assembly until his death on April 7, 1907. Thomas Crawford succeeded St. John as speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007840-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Singapore\nThe 11th Parliament of Singapore was the previous Parliament of Singapore. The first session commenced on 2 November 2006 and was prorogued on 13 April 2009. The second session commence from 18 May 2009 and was dissolved on 19 April 2011. The membership was set by the 2006 Singapore General Election on 7 May 2006, and it has changed twice due to the deaths of Jurong GRC MP Dr Ong Chit Chung in 2008, and Ang Mo Kio GRC MP Balaji Sadasivan who was also the Senior Minister of State for Foreign Affairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007840-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Singapore\nThe 11th Parliament is controlled by a People's Action Party majority, led by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and members of the cabinet, which assumed power on 7 May 2006. The Opposition is led by the Secretary General of the Worker's Party of Singapore, Mr Low Thia Kiang. The Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore is Abdullah bin Tarmugi, of the People's Action Party. He was re-elected as the Speaker of the House for the 11th Parliament on 2 November 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007840-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Singapore, Result of the Singapore General Election, 2006\nThe Worker's Party, being the best performing opposition party with 16.34 percent of the Popular vote, was awarded a Non-Constituency Member of Parliament Seat in accordance with the Constitution. The NCMP seat was eventually taken up by Sylvia Lim, the chairperson of the Worker's Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007841-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Sri Lanka\nThe 11th Parliament of Sri Lanka was a meeting of the Parliament of Sri Lanka, with the membership determined by the results of the 2000 parliamentary election held on 10 October 2000. The parliament met for the first time on 18 October 2000 and was dissolved on 10 October 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007841-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election\nThe 11th parliamentary election was held on 10 October 2000. The incumbent People's Alliance (PA) became the largest group in Parliament by winning 107 of the 225 seats. The United National Party (UNP), the main opposition party, won 89 seats. The Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) won 10 seats and smaller parties won the remaining 19 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007841-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election, Results\nThe new parliament was sworn in on 18 October 2000. Opposition MP Anura Bandaranaike was elected Speaker unopposed. Sarath Moonesinghe was elected Deputy Speaker and Lalith Dissanayake was elected Deputy Chairman of Committees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007841-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nThe PA was able to form a government with the support of the four NUA MPs elected under their party's name (the NUA contested with the PA in two districts and under its name in all other districts) and the four EPDP MPs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007841-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nOn 13 October 2000, President Chandrika Kumaratunga re-appointed Ratnasiri Wickremanayake as Prime Minister. The rest of the government, comprising 40 Ministers, were sworn in on 19 October 2000. President Kumaratunga retained control of the important ministries of Defence and Finance. 35 Deputy Ministers were sworn in on 3 November 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007841-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nA political crisis engulfed the 11th parliament in the middle of 2001 as numerous PA MPs defected to the opposition (see section below). Faced with losing a no confidence vote President Kumaratunga dissolved parliament on 10 October 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007842-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Turkey\nThe 11th Grand National Assembly of Turkey existed from 27 October 1957 to 27 May 1960. There were 610 MPs in the parliament. While The Democrat Party (DP) won wast majority the opposition was represented by the Republican People's Party (CHP)  with 173 seats, the  Republican Nation Party (CMP) and Liberty Party (HP) each with 4 seats and 2 Independents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007842-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Turkey, Main parliamentary milestones\nSome of the important events in the history of the parliament are the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007843-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Upper Canada\nThe 11th Parliament of Upper Canada was opened on 7 January 1831. Elections in Upper Canada had been held in October 1830, and all sessions were held at York, then later at Toronto. This parliament was dissolved on 1 September 1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007843-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Upper Canada\nThe House of Assembly had four sessions, from 7 January 1831 to 6 March 1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007843-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Parliament of Upper Canada\nBoth the House and Parliament sat at the old York Court House on King Street until 1832 and moved to the third Parliament Buildings of Upper Canada for the remaining session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007844-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Pedro Sienna Awards\nThe 11th Pedro Sienna Awards were presented at the Municipal Theatre in Chill\u00e1n on August 5, 2017 given by the National Council of Culture and the Arts (CNCA) to honour the best in Chilean films of 2017. Daniela Vega and Mat\u00edas Assler hosted the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007844-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Pedro Sienna Awards\nThe nominees were announced on July 19, 2017. Chameleon led the nominations with eleven including Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress twice, Best Supporting Actor and Best Screenplay, followed by Much Ado About Nothing with nine nominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007844-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Pedro Sienna Awards\nMuch Ado About Nothing won Best Film, as well as Best Screenplay. Rara won Best Film too. Neruda won the most awards with five. Jorge Riquelme won Best Director for Chameleon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007845-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment\nThe 11th Pennsylvania Cavalry (108th Volunteers) was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007845-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Pennsylvania Cavalry was organized at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania as an independent regiment named \"Harlan's Light Cavalry\" August through October 1861. The regiment was accepted for state and federal service as the \"108th Volunteers\" and its designation changed to the 13th Pennsylvania Cavalry on November 13, 1861. It mustered in for three years service under the command of Colonel Josiah Harlan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007845-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Department of Virginia to July 1862. Unattached, Division at Suffolk, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to July 1863. U.S. Forces, Norfolk and Portsmouth, Virginia, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to October 1863. Cavalry Brigade, Portsmouth, Virginia, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to January 1865. 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Department of Virginia, to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007845-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Pennsylvania Cavalry mustered out on August 13, 1865 at Richmond, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007845-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 290 men during service; 3 officers and 67 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 220 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007846-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment was a Union army regiment that participated in the American Civil War. It had the distinction of being the oldest unit in continuous service from Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007846-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 11th Pennsylvania was recruited from several counties in Pennsylvania as a three-month regiment on April 26, 1861, and sent to Camp Curtin, Harrisburg for training and organization. Phaon Jarrett served as its first colonel, with Richard Coulter as lieutenant colonel and William D. Earnest as major. It was assigned to Robert Patterson's Army of the Shenandoah. The regiment received the nickname \"The Bloody Eleventh\" at the Battle of Falling Waters, Virginia, July 2, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007846-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 11th was reorganized as a three-year regiment in the August of the same year at Camp Curtin in Harrisburg. After a few weeks of drill, the regiment was given garrison duty at Annapolis, Maryland. In April, it was moved to Mannassas Junction, where it guarded the railroad. It was again transferred, this time to the Shenandoah Valley, in late May as part of Irvin McDowell's Corps. They fought in the Battles of Cedar Mountain and Second Bull Run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007846-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nAfter the Army of Virginia was merged into the Army of the Potomac, the reconstituted regiment became part of the I Corps. At Turner's Gap at the Battle of South Mountain, the 11th came under light fire only, losing two men wounded. At the Battle of Antietam three days later, it was heavily engaged on the Union right around the West Woods. In this battle, it lost 27 killed, 89 wounded, and two captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007846-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nWhen the original three-year enlistment period expired in January 1864, many of the men re-enrolled in the regiment at the influence of Brig. Gen. Richard Coulter, a former colonel of the regiment. Because of this, the unit was designated \"veteran volunteers.\" During the reorganization of the Army in the spring of 1864, the 11th became part of the V Corps, as the old I Corps had been disbanded, and surviving units transferred to the V Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007846-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 11th fought in multiple battles in the Eastern Theater, including Second Bull Run, Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Grant's Overland Campaign, the Siege of Petersburg, and the Appomattox Campaign. It was mustered out on July 1, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007846-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nA total of 1,890 men served in the regiment during the war, and only 340 men were discharged at war's end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007846-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nAmong the numerous casualties was one that would stand out as an undying remembrance of the unit and its loyalty to the cause. The regiment's beloved mascot, Sallie Ann Jarrett, \"a brindle, bull-terrier\" similar to today's American Staffordshire Terrier, traveled everywhere with the unit. \"Sallie\" was said to have hated three things \u2014 Rebels, Democrats, and Women. Her loyalty was undying, for at Gettysburg, after the battle on the First Day was over, Sallie, tired and hungry, ambled out to where her brave comrades had fought and died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007846-0007-0001", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nShe lay down with the dead, until she was found, weak and close to death herself, on July 4, 1863. Her friends nursed her back to health, and she fought with the unit in every battle until she was mortally wounded at Hatcher's Run in February 1865. Although under a \"murderous fire,\" several of the men gave her a proper burial where she fell. Never forgetting the most devoted member of their regiment, in 1890 the veterans of the 11th forever memorialized her by placing her bronze likeness on their monument on Oak Ridge in the Gettysburg National Military Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007846-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Notable members\nThe 11th Pennsylvania was commanded for most of its service by Colonel Richard Coulter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007846-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Notable members\nTwo of the regiment's men were awarded the Medal of Honor, both for capturing battle flags. Private George W. Reed earned his at the Battle of Globe Tavern on August 21, 1864, and Sergeant Hiram H. De Lavie at the Battle of Five Forks on April 1, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007846-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Notable members\nWilliam Henry Locke, the regimental chaplain, later wrote a history of the 11th Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007846-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Reenactors\nCompany G, 11th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, is based in central Pennsylvania. It includes not only military reenactors but also women and children portraying the families of the soldiers even though military units tried to avoid camp followers during active operations in the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment\nThe 11th Pennsylvania Regiment or Old Eleventh was authorized on 16 September 1776 for service with the Continental Army. On 25 October, Richard Humpton was named colonel. In December 1776, the regiment was assigned to George Washington's main army and was present at Assunpink Creek and fought at Princeton in January 1777. During the spring the unit assembled at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in a strength of eight companies. The soldiers were recruited from Philadelphia and four nearby counties. On 22 May 1777 the regiment became part of the 2nd Pennsylvania Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0000-0001", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment\nThe 11th was in the thick of the action at Brandywine, Paoli, and Germantown in 1777. It was present at White Marsh and Monmouth. On 1 July 1778, the unit was consolidated with the 10th Pennsylvania Regiment and the 11th Regiment ceased to exist. Humpton took command of the reorganized unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment\nA new 11th Pennsylvania Regiment was formed in January 1779 by consolidating two \"additional\" regiments and elements of a third. The New Eleventh served in the Sullivan Expedition in the summer of 1779. The unit existed until January 1781 when it merged with the 3rd Pennsylvania Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment, History, Princeton\nThe 11th Pennsylvania Regiment came into existence on 16 September 1776. Richard Humpton, a former captain in the British Army and Seven Years' War veteran, was appointed colonel on 25 October. The soldiers hailed from Philadelphia City, Berks, Chester, Philadelphia (now Montgomery), and Northumberland Counties. In the 1776 establishment of a Continental Army infantry regiment, there were three field officers, one colonel, one lieutenant colonel, and one major. The staff included one each of the following: surgeon, surgeon's mate, adjutant, quartermaster, paymaster, sergeant major, quartermaster sergeant, drum major, fife major, and chaplain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment, History, Princeton\nEach of the eight line companies included one captain, one first lieutenant, one second lieutenant, one ensign, four sergeants, four corporals, one drummer, one fifer, and 76 privates. The Continental regiment was formidable on paper but typically operated far below its nominal strength. The Pennsylvania infantry company organization of October 1775 was weaker than the Continental standard by one lieutenant, the two musicians, and eight privates. The American infantry regiment was designed to fight in two ranks from its inception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment, History, Princeton\nThe 11th Pennsylvania Regiment was assigned to the main army on 27 December 1776. Together with the 2nd, 4th, 10th, and 12th Pennsylvania Regiments, the 11th was assigned to Thomas Mifflin's brigade. Since the brigade fielded 1,500 troops, the five regiments averaged around 300 men each. Mifflin's brigade crossed the Delaware River to Burlington, New Jersey on 28 December. By 1 January 1777, Mifflin moved his troops to Bordentown, New Jersey. He joined the main army the next day in time to be present at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek. Mifflin was at George Washington's council of war that evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment, History, Princeton\nBefore the Battle of Princeton on 3 January 1777, the Pennsylvanians made the second night march in a row with very little sleep and the soldiers were exhausted. The order of march for John Sullivan's division was a vanguard under Isaac Sherman followed by the brigades of Arthur St. Clair and Mifflin. While Sullivan's column swung to the right, the troops under Nathanael Greene turned to the left, led by 350 men under Hugh Mercer. Charles Mawhood's British 17th Foot and 55th Foot immediately confronted Greene's column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment, History, Princeton\nAfter a firefight, the British charged and routed the American vanguard, mortally wounding Mercer. Mawhood's soldiers advanced toward the Thomas Clark House and hill but were halted by cannon fire from Joseph Moulder's artillery company. As the British attack stalled, Washington patched together a line from the brigades of John Cadwalader, Daniel Hitchcock, Edward Hand, and Mifflin. After exchanging volleys with the British, the Americans finally advanced. Mawhood's outnumbered force put up a spirited resistance but his soldiers finally broke ranks and fled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment, History, Philadelphia campaign\nOn 22 May 1777, Washington placed the 11th Regiment in the 2nd Pennsylvania Brigade. The other units in the 2nd Brigade were 4th, 5th, and 8th Pennsylvania Regiments. Major General Benjamin Lincoln led the Pennsylvania division, but he was later sent on detached duty and the 1st Pennsylvania Brigade's commander Brigadier General Anthony Wayne led the division in his absence. Brigadier General John Philip De Haas was named commander of the 2nd Pennsylvania Brigade, but he never joined his brigade for reasons that remain unclear to this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment, History, Philadelphia campaign\nIn De Haas' absence, Humpton led the brigade at the Battle of Brandywine on 11 September 1777. Wayne's 2,000-man division deployed in a single battleline 500 yards (457\u00a0m) east of Chadds Ford on Brandywine Creek. The 1st Brigade under temporary commander Thomas Hartley formed on the right while the 2nd Brigade held the left. The 5th Pennsylvania held the extreme left flank, while to its right, in order, were the 11th, 8th, and 4th Pennsylvania Regiments. Wilhelm von Knyphausen's British and Hessians advanced across the creek and captured Thomas Proctor's artillery redoubt. Wayne's troops held their ground at first, then retired in good order from one position to the next. As darkness fell Wayne withdrew his division to a hill 600 yards (549\u00a0m) farther east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment, History, Philadelphia campaign\nWashington withdrew behind the Schuylkill River with his main army while leaving Wayne's division on the west bank to harry Sir William Howe's British army. During the day of 20 September, Wayne, Humpton, and Hartley scouted Howe's nearby camp. At the same time, Howe directed Charles Grey to conduct a silent night bayonet attack on Wayne's Pennsylvanians. Grey had 1,200 troops, including the 2nd Light Infantry Battalion, 42nd Foot, and 44th Foot. Just after midnight on the 21st, the Battle of Paoli began when an American dragoon alerted the camp and Wayne ordered his soldiers out of their shelters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0007-0001", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment, History, Philadelphia campaign\nA soldier of the 11th Pennsylvania recalled that the soldiers formed up in \"less than five Minutes\". As the British attack overran the pickets, Wayne sent the 1st Pennsylvania Regiment to hold off the British and got his men in motion to the rear. The artillery pulled out first, then the 2nd and 1st Brigades followed in order. One of the guns broke down, blocking the road, and as the Pennsylvanians waited for the obstruction to be cleared, the British burst through the 1st Regiment and fell on the immobile column with bayonet and sword.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0007-0002", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment, History, Philadelphia campaign\nThose Americans who survived the slaughter retreated or fled into the night. An approaching body of 2,100 Maryland militia under William Smallwood was also involved in the stampede and over 1,000 militiamen ran away and never returned. In the so-called \"Paoli Massacre\" the Americans admitted suffering 300 casualties, including 52 dead. British losses were only three dead and eight wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment, History, Philadelphia campaign\nAt the Battle of Germantown on 4 October 1777, the 11th Regiment fought in John Sullivan's right column. The attack was led by Thomas Conway's 3rd Pennsylvania Brigade. In the foggy dawn, Conway's men engaged the British 2nd Light Infantry Battalion at Mount Airy. Sullivan fed in his own division of two Maryland brigades on the right flank while Wayne deployed his two brigades on the left of Germantown Road. As at Brandywine, Hartley's 1st Brigade formed on the right, next to the road, while Humpton's 2nd Brigade, including the 11th Regiment, deployed on the left. Faced with their tormentors of Paoli, Wayne's men attacked in a battle frenzy. Set upon by the Pennsylvanians and Marylanders, the 2nd Light Infantry were routed for the first time and suffered the loss of their camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment, History, Philadelphia campaign\nA little later, the 5th Foot and 55th Foot arrived  at the front and the 2nd Light Infantry attempted to rally. Sullivan's column overpowered this position and pressed ahead. A British officer in command of a picket of the 46th Foot watched in amazement as the light infantry ran away. Then the 2nd Pennsylvania Brigade and part of Nathanael Greene's left column forced his men to flee also. As Sullivan's line passed the Benjamin Chew House, 120 men of the 40th Foot took refuge in the building, but the Americans ignored them and pressed onward into the fog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0009-0001", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment, History, Philadelphia campaign\nSullivan shifted Conway's brigade to the right of his Marylanders and all contact between his troops and Wayne's was lost. Presently, the American reserve arrived before the Chew House. Persuaded by Henry Knox, Washington decided to attack the structure. Accordingly, two cannons of Proctor's 4th Continental Artillery Regiment and two captured British 6-pound guns began firing at the Chew House. Two New Jersey regiments tried to storm the house to no avail, suffering heavy losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0009-0002", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment, History, Philadelphia campaign\nCompletely isolated to the east of Germantown Road and several hundred yards south, Wayne heard the racket, about-faced his division, and started back in the direction of the Chew House. As they moved back, Adam Stephen's Virginia division spotted them in the fog and opened fire. The friendly fire volley ripped into the 2nd Pennsylvania Brigade, whose men returned fire. In the growing confusion, Wayne's men panicked and did not rally until they were 3 miles (4.8\u00a0km) from the battlefield. The regiment was present at the Battle of White Marsh from 5 to 8 December 1777, though only light infantry and militia were engaged. At the time the regiment went into winter quarters at Valley Forge, Humpton's field officers were Lieutenant Colonel Caleb North and Major Francis Mentges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment, History, Monmouth\nThe 11th Regiment's last action was the Battle of Monmouth on 28 June 1778. On 22 June, Washington ordered each brigade in the army to detach one officer and 25 sharpshooters to join a corps led by Daniel Morgan. On 24 June, Morgan was directed to annoy the right flank and rear of Sir Henry Clinton's retreating British army. Washington also sent a 1,500 detachment of picked men from the entire army under Charles Scott to harass the British left flank. Another 1,000 picked men led by Wayne were sent out on 25 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0010-0001", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment, History, Monmouth\nThe various detachments plus more units were placed under the command of Charles Lee. The 2nd Pennsylvania Brigade under the acting command of Francis Johnston had 53 officers, 13 staff, 115 non-commissioned officers, and 647 privates, or a total strength of 828 men. However, the detachments to Lee's advance guard reduced the brigade's numbers to 35 officers, 51 sergeants, and 401 rank and file, or 487 men. The rump of the 11th Pennsylvania was led by Humpton. Of the four 360-man detachments under Scott, one was under the leadership of a Pennsylvanian, that of Richard Butler. Of the three 350-man detachments under Wayne, one was under Pennsylvanian Walter Stewart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment, History, Monmouth\nAt the beginning of the action, Lee's vanguard sparred with the British rear guard, but quickly retreated when Clinton advanced at the head of 6,000 men. Units fell back without orders and Lee was compelled to order a retreat. While elements of Lee's advance guard put in some stiff fighting at a hedgerow around noon, Washington and Lord Stirling deployed the 2nd and 3rd Pennsylvania Brigades, and the brigades of Jedediah Huntington, John Glover, and Ebenezer Learned in line on Perrine Ridge. Knox positioned about 12 cannon to brace this position. Both armies then endured a cannonade for two hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0011-0001", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment, History, Monmouth\nAt 2:00 PM Clinton tried to turn Lord Stirling's left flank with Grey's brigade but the attempt failed. When an American battery on Comb's Hill began to enfilade his lines from the left Clinton began a deliberate withdrawal. After a series of clashes, the British successfully broke contact and continued their retreat. Almost immediately after the battle, on 1 July, the \"Old Eleventh\" was merged into the 10th Pennsylvania Regiment. As the senior colonel, Humpton took command of the consolidated regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007847-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Regiment, New Eleventh\nOn 13 January 1779 a new 11th Pennsylvania Regiment was formed by consolidating a number of existing units. The bulk of the troops came from Hartley's Additional Continental Regiment and Patton's Additional Continental Regiment. Also, the companies of Captains John Doyle, John Steele, and James Calderwood were transferred from Malcolm's Additional Continental Regiment. The new regiment was organized with nine companies. It was first assigned to the Middle Department. On 9 April 1779 the \"New Eleventh\" transferred to Edward Hand's Brigade in the main army. The regiment went on the Sullivan Expedition against the Iroquois in the summer of 1779. On 1 August 1780, the unit became part of the 2nd Pennsylvania Brigade, still in the main army. The new 11th was absorbed by the 3rd Pennsylvania Regiment on 17 January 1781.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007848-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment\nThe 11th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment also known as the 40th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Pennsylvania Reserves infantry division of the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007848-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Pennsylvania Reserves was organized at Camp Wright near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania beginning May 9, 1861 and mustered in June 29 through July 5, 1861 under the command of Colonel Thomas F. Gallagher. The regiment was armed with Model 1842 smoothbore muskets and used them for its entire service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007848-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, McCall's Pennsylvania Reserves Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April 1862. 2nd Brigade, McCall's Division, Department of the Rappahannock, to June 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, to August 1862. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to February 1863. 3rd Brigade, Pennsylvania Reserves Division, XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to June 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac, to November 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, to June 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007848-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Harrisburg, Pa., June 24, then to Baltimore, Md., June 25, and to Washington, D.C., June 26. Duty at Tennallytown, Md., and picket at Great Falls August 2 to October 10, 1861. At Camp Pierpont, near Langley, Va., until March 1862. Expedition to Grinnell's Farm December 6, 1861. Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10\u201315, 1862. McDowell's advance on Falmouth April 9\u201319. Duty at Manassas Junction, Catlett's Station, and Falmouth, until June. Moved to White House June 9\u201312. Seven Days before Richmond June 25-July 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007848-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Detailed service\nBattles of Mechanicsville June 26, Gaines's Mill June 27 (most of the regiment captured and exchanged August 5, 1862), Charles City Cross Roads, Glendale, June 30, Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing until August 16. Movement to join Pope August 16\u201326. Battle of Groveton August 29. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201324. Battle of South Mountain, Md., September 14. Battle of Antietam September 16\u201317. Duty in Maryland until October 30. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12\u201315. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007848-0003-0002", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Washington, D. C., February 6. Duty there and at Alexandria until June 25. Ordered to rejoin the Army of the Potomac in the field. Battle of Gettysburg, July 1\u20133. Pursuit of Lee July 5\u201324. Duty on the Rapidan until October. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Rappahannock Station November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Duty at Alexandria until April 1864. Rapidan Campaign May 4\u201330. Battle of the Wilderness May 5\u20137, Laurel Hill May 8, Spotsylvania May 8\u201312, and Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient May 12. Harris Farm May 19. North Anna River May 23\u201326. Jericho Ford May 25. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201330. Left the front May 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007848-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 309 men during service; 11 officers and 185 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 112 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007849-0000-0000", "contents": "11th People's Choice Awards\nThe 11th People's Choice Awards, honoring the best in popular culture for 1984, were held in 1985. They were broadcast on CBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007849-0001-0000", "contents": "11th People's Choice Awards, Winners\nFAVORITE FEMALE PERFORMER IN A NEW TV PROGRAMPhylicia Rashad,Angela Lansbury", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007850-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Politburo and the 11th Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 11th Politburo and the 11th Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party (bolsheviks) were elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the  11th Central Committee, in the immediate aftermath of the 11th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 83], "section_span": [83, 83], "content_span": [84, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007851-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 11th Central Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee on August 19, 1977, consisting of 23 members and 3 alternate members. There were additions to the membership in 1978 and 1979. It served until 1982. It was preceded by the 10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007851-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, Members elected in December 1978 (4)\nat the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 83], "content_span": [84, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007851-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, Members elected in September 1979 (2)\nat the 4th Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007852-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nThe 11th Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam was elected by the 11th Central Committee on 19 January 2011 in the aftermath of the 11th National Congress. 14-members were elected, with Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea5n Sang, the President of Vietnam, becoming the highest-ranked member. Of the 14 members, five of them were new to the Politburo (Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1i Quang, T\u00f2ng Th\u1ecb Ph\u00f3ng, Ng\u00f4 V\u0103n D\u1ee5, \u0110inh Th\u1ebf Huynh and Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Ph\u00fac). Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng, ranked eighth, was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee \u2013 as General Secretary he presides over the work of the Central Committee, the Secretariat and the Politburo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007852-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nThe 11th Politburo, and in particular Prime Minister Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng, the third ranked member, has been criticised over its handling of the Vietnamese economy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007852-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nIn the aftermath of the 6th plenum of the Central Committee (held 1\u201315 October 2012), Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng issued an official apology to the people of Vietnam, saying \"The Politburo and Secretariat for many terms now have made some big mistakes, especially having not prevented and remedied corruption and the deterioration among some party members\", further stating that \"Some senior officials, those currently in office as well as former ones, have occasionally not been morally good role models through their lifestyles and those of their families. They have significantly impacted the prestige of the party and the state.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007852-0001-0002", "contents": "11th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nHe specified that the Central Committee choose not to dissolve the 14-member 11th Politburo, even if one of its members (later proven to be Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng), \"was deserving of punishment.\" Later, at a convocation of the National Assembly, Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng apologised to the Vietnamese people; \"I recognise my political responsibility and my faults\" over his handling of the Vietnamese economy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007852-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nAccording to Tuong Vu, an associate professor at the University of Oregon, there exists a rivalry between Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea5n Sang, Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng, Nguy\u1ec5n Sinh H\u00f9ng, the Chairman of the National Assembly, and others against Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng and his supporters. According to several diplomats and Western academics, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea5n Sang, during the run-up to the 11th National Congress, tried to supplant Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng as prime minister. In this he failed, and he was instead appointed to the largely ceremonial post of President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007852-0002-0001", "contents": "11th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nOne of the most outstanding critiques of Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng's economic policy is his handling of the state-owned sector; state companies have preserved Soviet-like working ethics, together with large loans, and overextended growth led to a meltdown of two high-profile state-owned companies; both Vinashin and Vinalines both required government rescue. Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng's has also been criticised by his handling of corruption; several corruption scandals became public during his first term as prime minister. Following the 6th plenum of the Central Committee, Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng said a vote of confidence would be introduced in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007852-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nTwo additional members were elected to the 11th Politburo at the 7th plenum of the 11th Central Committee on 11 May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007853-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party\nThe 11th Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, officially the Political Bureau of the 11th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee in the immediate aftermath of the 11th National Congress in 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007854-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly\nThe 11th Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) was elected by the 1st Session of the 11th Supreme People's Assembly on 3 September 2003. It was replaced on 9 April 2009 by the 12th SPA Presidium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007855-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Primetime Emmy Awards\nThe 11th Emmy Awards, later referred to as the 11th Primetime Emmy Awards, were held on May 6, 1959, to honor the best in television of the year. The ceremony was held at  the Moulin Rouge Nightclub in Hollywood, California. It was hosted by Raymond Burr. All nominations are listed, with winners in bold and series' networks are in parentheses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007855-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Primetime Emmy Awards\nFor the first time in Emmy history, all major categories were split into genre-specific fields, this would become standard for later ceremonies. The top show of the night was the NBC special, An Evening with Fred Astaire, it tied the record of five major wins. Father Knows Best also set a milestone, becoming the first show to be nominated in every major category (series, writing, directing, and the four major acting categories).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007856-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Public Security Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 151st Division (Chinese: \u7b2c151\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 10th Independent Division of Northeastern Field Army, formed in January 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007856-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Public Security Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was a part of 38th Corps, under which command it took part in many major battles during the Chinese civil war. In March 1953 it stationed at Longzhou, Guangxi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007856-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Public Security Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1951 the division was attached to the newly-formed 48th Corps and renamed as 142nd Division (Chinese: \u7b2c142\u5e08), and all its regiments were renamed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007856-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Public Security Division (People's Republic of China)\nOn April 1, 1952, the division was re-organized and renamed as 11th Public Security Division(Chinese: \u516c\u5b89\u7b2c11\u5e08)(2nd Formation), and all its regiments were renamed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007856-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Public Security Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn December 32nd Regiment was detached from the division and entered Korea as a part of People's Volunteer Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007856-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Public Security Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn January 1953 the division moved to eastern Guangdong for coastal defense mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007856-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Public Security Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn June 1955 the division was disbanded. The divisional HQ was transferred to the People's Liberation Army Navy and became the division HQ, 5th Naval Aviation Division. 31st Regiment became Garrison Regiment of Nan'ao (now as 1st Coastal Defense Regiment of Guangzhou Military Region), and 33rd Regiment was transferred to 9th Public Security Border Defense Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007857-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Quebec Legislature\nThe 11th Legislative Assembly of Quebec was the provincial legislature in Quebec, Canada that existed from November 25, 1904 to June 8, 1908. The Quebec Liberal Party led by Simon-Napol\u00e9on Parent and Lomer Gouin was the governing party. Gouin replaced Parent in early 1905.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007857-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Quebec Legislature, Member list\nThis was the list of members of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec that were elected in the 1904 election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007858-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Rajputs\nThe 11th Rajputs was an infantry regiment of the Bengal Army and later of the British Indian Army. They could trace their origins to 1825, when they were the 2nd Extra Battalion, Bengal Native Infantry. In 1828 they were renamed the 70th Bengal Native Infantry and a number of changes in name followed the 11th Bengal Native Infantry 1861\u20131885, the 11th Bengal Infantry 1885\u20131897, the 11th (Rajput) Bengal Infantry 1897\u20131901, the 11th Rajput Infantry1901\u20131903. Finally in 1903, after the Kitchener reforms of the Indian Army the 11th Rajputs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007858-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Rajputs\nDuring this time the regiment took part in the Second Anglo-Sikh War in the Battle of Chillianwala and the Battle of Goojerat (or Gujrat, Gujerat), the Second Opium War in China, the Third Afghan War, the Third Anglo-Burmese War and World War I. During World War I the regiment was first assigned to the Presidency Brigade, 8th Lucknow Division on internal security duties. They then served in the 33rd Indian Brigade, 12th Indian Division during the Mesopotamia Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007858-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Rajputs\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army again moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. The 11th Rajputs now became the 5th Battalion, 7th Rajput Regiment. After independence this was one of the regiments allocated to the new Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007859-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Regiment of Connecticut Militia\nThe 11th Regiment of Militia was raised in October 1739 by the governor of the colony of Connecticut to provide an overarching organization of military units within the colonies. These regiments served as part of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. The regiment contributed many of its forces to regular regiments in the Continental Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007859-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Regiment of Connecticut Militia\nPrior to the Revolutionary War, the regiment consisted of companies from Plainfield, Canterbury, Pomfret, Killingly, and Voluntown. During the Revolutionary War, the companies were from Pomfret, Woodstock, and Killingly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores)\nThe 11th Regional Legislature (31 October 2012 to present) was formed after regional elections held on 14 October 2012, in which the Azores Socialist Party. Representatives of the Assembly were elected from 57 constituencies, with the majority of the seats occupied by members of the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS), under the leadership of Vasco Cordeiro, who headed the 21st Government of the Azores, during the 11th Regional Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), History\nFollowing the Azores Regional Election held on 14 October 2012, in which Vasco Cordeiro's Socialist Party won a plurality of the votes cast, the president-elect was asked to form the next government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), History\nThe Socialist Party won these elections, taking eight of the nine islands of the archipelago (except on the island of Graciosa where the plurality of seats went to the PSD), electing 31 of the 57 regional deputies. The victory marked the fifth consecutive PS mandate, this time in the hands of its young leader. The elections were run under the shadow of national austerity programs imposed by the Troika and national government of Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho, which conditioned many of the statements coming from most of the parties in the election. The president-elect originally avoided any reference to the economic crisis in Portugal in the aftermath of the elections, and focused more what he saw as the \"sweet victory\" over his competitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), History\nIn declarations made to journalists, after his audience with the Representative of the Republic to the Azores, in Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, he issued the following statement (on 31 October 2012):\"I was asked to form the next Government and, in conformity with what was accorded with the Representative of the Republic, on the following Friday, I will transmit the composition of the 21st Government of the Azores\". At that time, he indicated his intention to make job-creation the \"principal challenge that Azoreans encounter\" his government's priority, although revealing little detail as to the form of the new executive. \"It is a great honour that the Azorean people bestowed me in this project as leader\", adding that he would \"serve the interests of the Azores [and] would contribute to this work..in order to succeed in the challenges that ly ahead for the region.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 908]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), History\nThe day before the formal opening of the regional legislature, the election of the president of the Assembly occurred, installing the Azores' first woman chairperson/president. Ana Lu\u00eds, a 36-year-old economist, was elected after general debate, where members of the legislature voted 43 in favor against 13 votes. In a surprise move, Berta Cabral, the Social Democratic leader (which had resigned the leadership in the aftermath of the election) was elected as one of the vice-presidents, along with Ricardo Cabral (PS), B\u00e1rbara Chaves (PS) and Valdemiro Vasconcelos (PSD). At the end of this session, Ana Lu\u00edsa thanked the members of the legislature, stating her \"dedication and effort to honour the position and provide dignity to the Azorean autonomy\", noting her intention to exercise her new functions with \"all the rigor and impartiality\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), History\nThe Regional Government of the Azores took office on 6 November 2012, in the Legislative Assembly in Horta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), Regional Government\nVasco Cordeiro presented his new Government on 2 November 2012, one which was \"...smaller, more agile and one that reinforced the communication between policies and between departments.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), Regional Government\nThe president-elect offered a revised group of six regional secretariats and one sub-secretariat. Part of these revision would result in the powers of the Vice-Presidency expanding under S\u00e9rgio \u00c1vila, who would also manage the portfolio of Emprego (Employment) and Competitividade Empresarial (Business Competitiveness).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), Regional Government\nThe Secretaria Regional do Turismo e Transportes (Regional Secretariate for Tourism and Transport) was also one of the new changes, which would incorporate the regions tourist and transport links, as well as issues associated with public works, communication, technology and energy. The Secretaria Regional dos Recursos Naturais (Regional Secretariate for Natural Resources) would become responsible for agriculture, environment and sea resources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), Regional Government\nGeographically, the XI Government of the Azores, in addition to the Presidency, that would continue to rest in Ponta Delgada, other secretariates would be distributed to Ponta Delgada, Angra do Hero\u00edsmo and Horta. In addition the seat of the Vice-Presidency, Employment and Business Competitiveness, the Regional Secretary for Tourism and Transports, and Regional Sub-Secretariate for External Relations would remain in the largest regional capital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0009-0001", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), Regional Government\nMeanwhile, Angra do Hero\u00edsmo would become the seat of the Secretaria Regional da Solidariedade Social (Regional Secretariate for Social Solidarity), Secretaria Regional da Sa\u00fade (Regional Secretary for Health) and Secretaria Regional da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Cultura (Regional Secretary for Education, Science and Culture); and the Secretaria Regional dos Recursos Naturais would remain on the island of Faial. Formally, this cabinet included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), Regional Government\nAddressing the opening of the legislature, Vasco Cordeiro indicated that it was \"essential\" to have \"a smaller, more agile\" executive/cabinet, and better interdepartmental cooperation. His speech focused on unemployment, stating \"that the government for its part can not only create employment...we can not create jobs by decree, we need to work on the creating of conditions so that business can manage and maintain jobs, and on the other hand, work to attract human resources in order for them to find employment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0010-0001", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), Regional Government\nAt the same time he criticized the government of Pedro Passos Coelho, while indicating their mutual need to cooperate, suggesting the need to make sure that the Regional Finance Laws were not \"amputated in their utility, or that their objectives were not perverted\" by problems nationally. He referred specifically to the financial problems at the University of the Azores and the abandoning of RTP A\u00e7ores, among other issues arising from austerity measures imposed at the national level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), Regional Government\nAfter some time in deliberating, the government of the Azores introduced their 22 regional directors, which included 10 completely novice representatives (a 45% cleaning of the slate for the continuing Socialist government of Vasco Cordeiro). With a median age of 44 years, the new team accompanied moves by the government to reduce regional secretariats, the creation, extinction and fusion of several services, as well as the elimination of three regional directorates (from 30 to 27).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), Regional Government, Cabinet shuffle\nOn 3 August 2014, president Vasco Cordeiro shuffled the cabinet creating two new departments: the Secretaria Regional do Mar, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (Regional Secretary for Sea, Science and Technology) based in the city of Horta, and the Secret\u00e1rio Regional Adjunto da Presid\u00eancia para os Assuntos Parlamentares (President's Adjunct Regional Secretary for Parliamentary Affairs), whose seat was in Ponta Delgada. Consequently, these posts were filled by:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), Regional Government, Cabinet shuffle\nThe restructuring of this posts included the departure of Piedade Lalanda in Social Solidarity, which would assumed by Andreia Martins Cardoso da Costa (former president of the Municipal Council of Angra do Hero\u00edsmo); and Luiz Fagundes Duarte at Education, Science and Culture who vacated the position, and was replaced by former rector at the University of the Azores, Avelino Meneses, in the revised Secretaria Regional da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Cultura (Regional Secretary for Education and Culture). Still within the cabinet shuffle, the Natural Resources portfolio was re-designated the Regional Secretary for Agriculture and Environment, while Lu\u00eds Nuno Ponte Neto de Viveiros continued in this post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), Regional Government, Cabinet shuffle\nThe August shuffle was revised on 2 September 2014, with the nomination of new regional directors, that assumed titles in Science and Technology, in Agriculture, in Social Solidarity, in Health and in Education, in addition to directorship of the administrative council of IAMA Instituto de Alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o e Mercados Agr\u00edcolas (Institute for Food and Agricultural Markets). As a result, the reduced cabinet that was implemented after the election, expanded to include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), Regional Government, Cabinet shuffle\nThe new nominations occurred two months after an earlier government reshuffle that created the Secret\u00e1rio do Mar, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (Secretariate for Sea, Science and Technology) and altered the Education and Social Solidarity portfolios. Citing that the four new secretariates would \"serve Azoreans\" and provide \"a new dynamism\" in their portfolios, the installation of the new administrators was held in a ceremony in Horta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), Session\nOne of the first issues arising in the new legislature was the memorandum of understanding between the national and regional government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), Session\nThe PCP deputy and party leader, An\u00edbal Pires, requested that the Azorean parliament deliberate on the State Budget for 2013, in light of the austerity measures whose \" effects were graver in the Azores\", citing possible effects to the regional economy, employment and life of families. The State Budget would require that the Azores reduce by 50% the number fixed-term public service workers. The end of regional subsidies, retention of IRS surtaxes, and the reduction of public health services were other points cited by the deputy in his proclamation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007860-0017-0001", "contents": "11th Regional Legislature (Azores), Session\nIn normal circumstances it is the parliamentary commission for the Economy that would act on this issues, noting that this body was not convened yet, and could not deliberate as it was being formed following the beginning of the legislature. Azorean deputies were expected to convene to discuss the Government's program for the next four years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007861-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention\nThe 11th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention was held on 30 September 2000 in Ankara to elect a leader for the Republican People's Party (CHP), a political party in Turkey. Former Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Deniz Baykal was elected as leader for a third non-consecutive time, replacing Altan \u00d6ymen who came second. Baykal had initially resigned as leader after the 1999 general election where the CHP lost all its parliamentary representation. All 60 members of the party council as well as the 15 members of the High Disciplinary Board were also elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007861-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention\nThe convention was called after a dispute between the party leader and the Central Executive Committee. The dispute arose after the CHP provincial office for Mersin was accused of illegally recruiting members, to which \u00d6ymen responded by demanding the accused officials to step down from their positions. After bringing up the dispute at a party council meeting, \u00d6ymen decided that the only way to settle the lack of confidence in his leadership was to call an extraordinary convention with a leadership election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007861-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Conduct\nThe convention began at 11:30am with a tribute to Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk and \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc and a recital of the Independence March. The convention was attended by the former leader of the Social Democratic Populist Party Erdal \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc and the former leader of SODEP Cezmi Kartay. Tribunes were reserved for journalists and observers while the middle seats were reserved for delegates and senior party officials. Observers from the True Path Party, Motherland Party, Nationalist Movement Party and the T\u00fcrk-\u0130\u015f trade union were also present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 64], "content_span": [65, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007861-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Deniz Baykal\nDeniz Baykal had initially resigned after leading his party into an electoral wipeout at the 1999 general election. Despite this, he later claimed that he was honoured to be re-elected as the party's leader. Baykal stressed that Turkish politics was going through a difficult time, referring to the disagreement between Prime Minister B\u00fclent Ecevit and President Ahmet Necdet Sezer and the subsequent financial crash. He further stated that everyone should respect the judicial verdict on the closure case against the Islamist Virtue Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 92], "content_span": [93, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007861-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Deniz Baykal\nIn his speech lasting 1.5 hours, Baykal stated that the party's tradition of factionalism had to change and peace had to exist between members. He claimed that the CHP could not become the 'confederation of people who hate each other' and claimed that \u00d6ymen's leadership had been dominated with good but wrong intentions. He blamed his party's poor election result in 1999 on the 'hypnosis' of PKK leader Abdullah \u00d6calan's arrest and B\u00fclent Ecevit's subsequent rise in popularity. Baykal was continuously booed during his speech and had to stop on numerous occasions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 92], "content_span": [93, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007861-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Deniz Baykal\nHe further blamed the result on 'political conditions never seen before', such as a sudden rise in popularity for the far-right Nationalist Movement Party. He stated that he did not need to defend his electoral performance, and that the government of Mesut Y\u0131lmaz that the CHP brought down just over a month before the 1999 election was subsequently brought down by the electorate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 92], "content_span": [93, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007861-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Altan \u00d6ymen\nAltan \u00d6ymen had been elected leader of the party after Baykal resigned in 1999. As the party leader, \u00d6ymen initially opened the convention by claiming that the lack of parliamentary representation had hurt the party's ability to reach out to the electorate. Expressing the need to help low-income families and tackle inflation, \u00d6ymen accused the government of having 'no intention of tackling corruption'. He also expressed that the party needed to reform and modernise itself. He claimed that should he be re-elected, the CHP would 'run to power' and pressured inner-party rivals to not damage the party through infighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 91], "content_span": [92, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007861-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Altan \u00d6ymen\n\u00d6ymen also denied that the CHP had been effective in blocking proposed legislation prepared by the Banking Board (KHK), claiming that although he supported the president's decision to veto the legislation, the CHP was not interested and did not have any intent or means of blocking such legislation. He further claimed that the government had expected the president to comply with them as a result of supporting his election and denied the claims that the president's staff had been influenced by the CHP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 91], "content_span": [92, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007861-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Hasan Fehmi G\u00fcne\u015f\nHasan Fehmi G\u00fcne\u015f's campaign focused mainly on the failures of both Baykal and \u00d6ymen, claiming that neither leader had been able to create policies or a strong leadership. He accused the former leaders of 'portraying' an aura of progress and also attempting to shift the party to the right. Expressing his view that the CHP was Turkey's biggest and most organised party, he claimed that rather than having a convention, the party should have been preparing for a highly expected early general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 97], "content_span": [98, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007861-0007-0001", "contents": "11th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Hasan Fehmi G\u00fcne\u015f\nG\u00fcne\u015f stated that the leadership election was not simply an election for the party leader, but also a referendum on whether 8.7% (the CHP's vote share in the 1999 general election) was an appropriate election result. G\u00fcne\u015f proposed to make the party the 'left's biggest party' in Turkey. G\u00fcne\u015f also referred to \u00d6ymen's 15 month leadership as '15 months of waste'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 97], "content_span": [98, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007861-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Sefa Sirmen\nSefa Sirmen was the municipal mayor of \u0130zmit when he announced his candidacy for the leadership. His arrival at the convention was met with substantial applause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 91], "content_span": [92, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007861-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Hur\u015fit G\u00fcne\u015f\nHur\u015fit G\u00fcne\u015f initially expressed an intention to stand for the election, but withdrew after the other candidates were finalised. G\u00fcne\u015f claimed that the convention would not have a positive impact the party and did not see the leadership race as meaningful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 92], "content_span": [93, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007861-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Election results, Party council election results\nOf the 60 council members elected, 42 were backed by Deniz Baykal while the remaining 18 were backed by either Altan \u00d6ymen or Hasan Fehmi G\u00fcne\u015f. The members elected to the council, along with the number of votes they received, are shown below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 105], "content_span": [106, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007861-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Election results, High Disciplinary Board election results\n15 members were elected to the High Disciplinary Board. The elected members and the number of votes they received are as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 115], "content_span": [116, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007861-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Election results, Party leadership election results\nThe party leadership election was held in three rounds, with a new round being called if no candidate was able to win more than 521 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 108], "content_span": [109, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007862-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Reserve Division (German Empire)\nThe 11th Reserve Division (11. Reserve-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 as part of VI Reserve Corps. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was recruited in the Province of Silesia, with some troops from other areas due to the large Polish population of Silesia. It received the regular 23rd Infantry Brigade from the 12th Division on mobilization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007862-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 11th Reserve Division fought on the Western Front, participating in the opening German offensive which led to the Allied Great Retreat. Thereafter, the division remained in the line in the Verdun region until February 1916, when it entered the Battle of Verdun. The division later fought in the Battle of the Somme. It remained in the Flanders-Artois region for the rest of the war, and fought in the Battle of Arras in 1917. Allied intelligence rated the division as second class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007862-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nThe order of battle of the 11th Reserve Division on mobilization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007862-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on October 19, 1918\nThe 11th Reserve Division was triangularized in April 1915. Over the course of the war, other changes took place, including the formation of artillery and signals commands and a pioneer battalion. The order of battle on October 19, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007863-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment was a unit of the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007863-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment, Service history\nThe 11th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment was organized at Providence, Rhode Island and mustered into service on October 1, 1862 for a term of service of nine months. It was initially commanded by Colonel Edwin Metcalf, then by Colonel Horatio Rogers Jr. and finally by George Earl Church for the remainder of its service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007863-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment, Service history\nThe regiment left Rhode Island for Washington, D.C. on October 6. Attached to Military District of Washington D.C. to December, 1862. District of Alexandria, Defences of Washington, and 22nd Army Corps, to April, 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 7th Army Corps, Department of Virginia, to June, 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, 4th Army Corps, Department of Virginia to July, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007863-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment, Service history\nDuty at East Capitol Hill, Fort Ethan Allen and Miner's Hill, Defences of Washington, till January 14, 1863. Guard duty at Convalescent Camp till April 15. Moved to Norfolk, thence to Suffolk April 15\u201319. Siege of Suffolk April 19-May 4. Siege of Suffolk raised May 4. Expedition to destroy Norfolk & Petersburg Railroad and Seaboard & Roanoke Railroad May 16\u201327. Expedition to Blackwater June 12\u201318. Moved to Norfolk June 19, thence to Yorktown, and to Williamsburg June 22. Duty at Williamsburg till June 30. Left Yorktown for home July 2. Mustered out July 13, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007864-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Ricoh Cup\nThe 11th RICOH Cup began on 9 December 2010 and concluded on 24 April 2011. Tan Xiao defeated Li Zhe in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps\nThe 11th Rifle Corps (Russian: 11-\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441) was a corps of the Red Army, formed twice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps\nThe 11th was first formed in 1922 in the Petrograd area but soon moved to the Belorussian Military District. After fighting in the Soviet invasion of Poland, the corps moved to Lithuania, where it was stationed when Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began on 22 June 1941. Suffering heavy losses, the corps retreated through Lithuania and Latvia to Estonia in the Baltic Strategic Defensive Operation. It defended positions in Estonia in July and early August during the Leningrad Strategic Defensive before being disbanded that month when the Red Army abolished rifle corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps\nReformed in October 1942 when the Red Army reestablished its rifle corps, the 11th fought in the Battle of the Caucasus for the next year. After the completion of the recapture of the North Caucasus, the corps fought in western Ukraine and the Carpathians. Ending the war in Czechoslovakia, it was disbanded in the summer of 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, Interwar period\nThe 11th Rifle Corps was formed in accordance with orders of the Petrograd Military District of 25 and 26 November 1922, headquartered at Staraya Russa. A Latvian, \u017danis B\u013cumbergs, commanded the corps from its formation to September 1926. In November 1923 it moved to Petrograd, and the district became the Leningrad Military District in early 1924. The 11th moved to Smolensk in October 1925, transferring to the Belorussian Military District. Mikhail Sangursky served as corps commander and commissar between March 1928 and 1929, when he was sent to courses at the Frunze Military Academy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, Interwar period\nYepifan Kovtyukh (promoted to Komkor when personal ranks were introduced in 1935) served as corps commander and commissar from January 1930 to June 1936, when he became army inspector of the district. In August of that year, Komdiv Semyon Nikitin took command of the corps; he was arrested during the Great Purge in March 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, Interwar period\nColonel (promoted to Major General 4 June 1940) Mikhail Shumilov took command in April 1938. In September 1939, the corps fought in the Soviet invasion of Poland as part of the 10th Army. It included the 6th, 33rd, and the 121st Rifle Divisions at the beginning of the invasion on 17 September. By 2 October, these divisions had transferred to other units, and it included the 29th, 64th, and 145th Rifle Divisions instead. The corps headquarters relocated to Grodno in November and became part of the 11th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, Interwar period\nBetween June and July 1940 it was briefly headquartered at Kovno before moving to \u0160iauliai in August, part of the Baltic Special Military District. The 11th transferred to the 8th Army in October, and included the 11th and 125th Rifle Divisions by the outbreak of the war. It defended a 40-kilometer sector on the left flank of the 8th Army, with its headquarters in the forests northwest of Skaudvil\u0117. The 125th Rifle Division was in the corps' first echelon, holding covering the highway and railroad from Tilsit to \u0160iauliai. The 48th Rifle Division (part of the adjacent 10th Rifle Corps), after moving forward from Riga, was to take up positions on the left of the 125th. The corps' 73rd Corps Artillery Regiment included four battalions of 107 mm guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, On the eve of Barbarossa\nAs a result of increased tensions with Germany, on 14 June 1941, the district command approved a plan for the redeployment of units closer to the border. Under the plan, the 48th Division was to concentrated in the Radvili\u0161kis area under the guise of exercises. The 11th Rifle Division was to transfer by rail from Narva in the Leningrad Military District, and the 73rd Corps Artillery Regiment was to move forward by rail. The redeployed units were to concentrate in their new positions by 23\u201324 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 57], "content_span": [58, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0005-0001", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, On the eve of Barbarossa\nAs a result, when the war began, they were on the march or in railroad cars and thus were vulnerable to German bombing. On 15 June, an order was issued on increasing the district's combat readiness, which noted that the 125th Rifle Division had revealed serious shortcomings in tactical exercises, as unit commanders did not fully study their sectors. As a result, the district training schedule was increased, but the deadlines for the scheduled exercises were often in late June or early July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 57], "content_span": [58, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, On the eve of Barbarossa\nOn the morning of 21 June, the 11th Rifle Division began to concentrate in the \u0160eduva area, joining the corps. By the end of 21 June, only the 125th Rifle Division had moved forward to positions on the border, and the forward movement of the 73rd Regiment was delayed. Shumilov later recalled that soldiers in advanced units were issued cartridges on 20 June, but that a member of the district military council demanded that they be withheld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 57], "content_span": [58, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, Border battles\nOn 22 June 1941, Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began. The corps, as part of the 8th Army (now part of the Northwestern Front), was involved in fierce fighting in Latvia against the German advance, known as the Border Battles in Soviet historiography. Particularly heavy fighting took place in the 125th Division's sector against the 4th Panzer Group's main assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0007-0001", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, Border battles\nThe division's position was made worse by its open left flank \u2013 the 48th had been caught by German bombers while marching from Riga and had lost 70% of its men to a tank attack near Er\u017evilkas, forcing its withdrawal to the Raseiniai area. From 07:00 on 22 June the 125th defended its sector and was pushed back 12 kilometers by the end of the day after German tanks crossed the J\u016bra River bridge. It retreated from Taurag\u0117 and withdrew into the forests between there and Skaudvil\u0117, threatened with encirclement by German forces on two sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, Border battles\nOn the morning of 23 June, the 125th was again attacked by German troops. By the end of the day, it had lost more than 40% of its men. Between 23 and 25 June, the corps fought in a front counterattack against the 4th Panzer Group, delaying its advance in the \u0160iauliai area. At midday on 24 June, the 202nd Motorized Division was subordinated to the corps. On the evening of 24 June, the 8th Army began withdrawing, and after an orderly retreat, the corps held positions on the line of Kanalas and Radvili\u0161kis by the end of 26 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0008-0001", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, Border battles\nThe 11th Rifle Division, still part of the corps, covered the army's left flank. The seizure of Daugavpils by the LVI Motorized Corps forced a further retreat towards Riga to the northern bank of the Daugava, ordered on 27 June. The 11th Division was transferred to the army reserve by the same order. The 125th occupied defenses on the right bank of the river at Rembate and Koknese, while a regiment from the 202nd Division fought at Krustpils on 29 and 30 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, Border battles\nDue to the unpreparedness of Riga for a sustained defense, the front commander ordered the army to begin a withdrawal to the line of C\u0113sis and Madona by the end of 1 July, and to Dzeni, Gulbene, and Lake Lub\u0101ns by the end of 2 July. The corps and the rest of the army began moving towards the Estonian border, but on the night of 1 July the army commander was ordered to stop the withdrawal and restore the Daugava line, due to Stavka's insistence on holding the latter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0009-0001", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, Border battles\nThe corps was ordered to capture the area of Ogre at Koknese. As a result, on 2 July, the 8th Army was neither able to defend or advance, allowing the XXXXI Panzer Corps to advance northeast towards Ostrov through the junction between 8th and 27th Armies. By 4 July, between 180 and 250 men were left in each of the rifle regiments of the 125th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, Defense of Tallinn\nAs the German advance continued, the corps retreated into Estonia, fighting in what became known as the defense of Tallinn in the Leningrad Strategic Defensive. By the morning of 7 July, with the remnants of the 48th and 125th Rifle Divisions, and a battalion from the 11th, the corps was tasked with defending the northern bank of the Emaj\u00f5gi from V\u00f5rtsj\u00e4rv to Lake Peipus, and preventing a German breakthrough along the west coast of Lake Peipus towards Narva. Its left flank and rear were covered by the Chudskoye Military Flotilla, operationally subordinated to the corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0010-0001", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, Defense of Tallinn\nOn 8 July, German troops attempted to cross the Emaj\u00f5gi in the corps sector but were repulsed. The 125th held defenses along the river between Inesuu and Veibri, while the 48th held positions from Veibri to Lake Peipus. The army became part of the Northern Front on 14 July. On 18 July, the 2nd Latvian Volunteer Regiment was attached to the corps; it was formed from Latvian Communists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, Defense of Tallinn\nOn 22 July, preceded by massive artillery and aerial bombardment, German troops launched an attack at the junction of the 10th and 11th Corps, attempting to split the army in half. The defenses on the 11th's right flank were broken, and by the end of 24 July, German units reached the Mustvee River in the corps' rear after advancing to the northeast. On 25 July German troops broke through to Lake Peipus in the Mustvee area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0011-0001", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, Defense of Tallinn\nThe 11th was unable to contain the advance of the fresh German 291st Infantry Division, and was cut off from the rest of the army. Shumilov was separated from his units and the corps headquarters did not know the locations of its division's command posts. As a result, on 28 July, the Chudskoye Military Flotilla was transferred to the operational subordination of the army commander. Retreating north, units of the corps reached the Omedu River on the night of 25 July but were attacked by the 254th Infantry Division on the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0011-0002", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, Defense of Tallinn\nUntil 24 July elements of the 125th Division held the left bank of Tartu. By the morning of 31 July, 3,000 men had escaped the pocket, but up to 7,000 men and the artillery of the two divisions remained behind. In a report to the headquarters of the front, the Military Council of the army stated that the 11th Corps \"did not actually exist, as its units leaving the encirclement were extremely weakened and demoralized by the enemy air superiority\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, Defense of Tallinn\nOn 6 August a German attack split the army into two parts again. The 11th, constituting the main part of the army's eastern group, defended positions from Lake Peipus to the Gulf of Finland, stubbornly resisting the German advance along the Narva highway. It now included the 118th and 268th Rifle Divisions as well. On 8 August, army commander Lieutenant General Pyotr Pshennikov ordered a counterattack, but the corps was instead forced onto the defensive when a German attack by the 291st and 93rd Infantry Divisions of the XXVI Army Corps was launched on the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0012-0001", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 1st formation, Defense of Tallinn\nThe 118th Division, which had not yet completed its concentration, was forced to leave J\u00f5hvi under the threat of encirclement and retreat along the railway to Narva, although the 268th was able to repulse the attack. This increased the gap between the 10th and 11th Corps to 80 kilometers. The corps continued to retreat and fought at the Narva Isthmus. Its headquarters was disbanded in August 1941 when the Red Army abolished the remaining rifle corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 2nd formation\nThe corps was reformed in October 1942, part of the Transcaucasian Front's Northern Group of Forces. It was commanded by Colonel (promoted to Major General 10 November) Ivan Rubanyuk. During the Battle of the Caucasus, the 11th fought in the North Caucasus Offensive in early 1943, advancing about 600 kilometers and participating in the capture of Prokhladny, Georgiyevsk, and Mineralnye Vody. In February, Rubanyuk was transferred to command the 10th Guards Rifle Corps. Corps deputy commander Colonel Nikolay Yermilov briefly led it during the Krasnodar Offensive between 12 and 19 February. The corps was part of the North Caucasian Front's 9th Army during the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 2nd formation\nMajor General Ivan Zamertsev replaced Yermilov in late February. Successively part of the 9th, 18th, and 1st Guards Armies of the North Caucasian Front (the 3rd Ukrainian Front from 20 October), the corps fought in the Novorossiysk-Taman Operation, the Zhitomir\u2013Berdichev Offensive, the Proskurov\u2013Chernovitsy Offensive, and the Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive. In April 1944, elements of the corps advanced into the Carpathian Mountains and Romania. In August, during the Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive, Colonel Nikolay Gershevich replaced Zamertsev in command. At the time, the corps was part of the 18th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007865-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Corps, 2nd formation\nMajor General (promoted to Lieutenant General 20 April 1945) Mikhail Zaporozhchenko took command in late August. The 11th transferred to the 1st Guards Army and later the 38th Army. It fought in the Western Carpathian Offensive and the Prague Offensive in the final months of the war. It was disbanded in accordance with a Stavka order of 29 May 1945, which established the Northern Group of Forces. Its troops were used to reinforce units in the new group of forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007866-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Division\nThe 11th Rifle Division (Russian: 11-\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f; 11 RD) was a military formation (Infantry Division) of the Soviet Union's Red Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007866-0000-0001", "contents": "11th Rifle Division\nIts personnel were involved in the protection of the demarcation line in Pskov (March \u2013 May 1918), defensive battles against the Army of the Southern Front in Krasnov Novohopersk - Borisoglebsk (October - December 1918), against the army and the forces of Estonia, Bulak Balakhovich in Marienburg (April 1919) in defense of Petrograd and as the offensive against Yudenich's troops in Pskov (August 1919) the Luga-Gdov, Yamburg, Narva, Dvina-Rezhitsk directions (October\u2013December 1919 \u2013 January\u2013February 1920), the Polish-Soviet war of 1920 (in the July (4\u201323 July) and Warsaw (July 23 \u2013 August 25) operations (fighting in the area of the rivers Narew, Vistula)), in the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising (March 1921) participated in the Soviet-Finnish War (January \u2013 March 1940) and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007866-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Division\nOn 22 June 1941 it was part of 11th Rifle Corps, 8th Army, Baltic Special Military District, which rapidly became Northwestern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007866-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Division\nDuring August 1945, the division moved to Dnipropetrovsk and disbanded there by February 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007866-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Division, Russian Civil War\nBy order of the Petrograd Defense region and the Northern Screen on 14 March 1918, the Pskov detachments created to repulse the advance of German troops in February 1918 joined the Luga district and reorganized as part of the Novoselskaya department of the district. Between March and May it guarded the demarcation line in the area of Pskov. The district was renamed the Novgorod sector on 1 April 1918, and on 21 April the formation of the Pskov Infantry Division from units of the Luga District and a cadre from the Novgorod Infantry Division of the Imperial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007866-0003-0001", "contents": "11th Rifle Division, Russian Civil War\nThe Pskov Division was renamed the Luga Infantry Division on 17 May and on 9 June the headquarters of the Novgorod Sector merged with that of the Luga Infantry Division. The existence of the latter proved brief, however, as on 31 May it was renamed the 4th Petrograd Infantry Division. The division was transferred to the Yaroslavl Military District in July and then to the Volga Military District in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007866-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Division, Russian Civil War\nThe division joined the 5th Army of the Southern Front in October and fought in defensive battles against the Don Army in the area of Novokhopyorsk and Borisoglebsk until December. By an order of the Southern Front on 21 January 1919, the division was merged with elements of the 11th (the former 1st) Nizhny Novgorod Rifle Division to become the Consolidated Rifle Division. Briefly transferred to the 9th Army in January 1919, the 11th was relocated to the Western Front in February, where it was redesignated as the 11th Rifle Division on 1 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007866-0004-0001", "contents": "11th Rifle Division, Russian Civil War\nThe 11th fought against Estonian troops and the forces of Stanis\u0142aw Bu\u0142ak-Ba\u0142achowicz in the area of Marienburg in April, serving as the headquarters of the Marienburg Group of Forces. In May the division became part of the Army of Soviet Latvia, which was redesignated as the 15th Army on 9 June. The division was renamed the 11th Petrograd Rifle Division on 7 August 1919. During that month it fought in the defense of Petrograd and the offensive against the Northwestern Army in the Pskov area, then on the Luga\u2013Gdov, Yamburg, Narva, and Dvinsk\u2013Rezhitsa sectors between October and December and January and February 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007866-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Division, Russian Civil War\nThe 11th then fought against Polish troops in the area of Lake Ssho, Kamen, and Ushachy, and in the May Offensive. The division fought in the July Offensive during the Polish\u2013Soviet War between 4 and 23 July and then in the Battle of Warsaw, fighting in the area of the Narew and the Vistula, retreating into Belarus after the Red defeat in the Battle of Warsaw. The 15th Army was disbanded in December and the division joined the Petrograd Military District. It fought in the suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion in March 1921 as part of the 7th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007866-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Rifle Division, Interwar period\nThe division's title Petrograd was changed to Leningrad in February 1924 after the city was renamed, becoming the 11th Leningrad Rifle Division. At the same time, the Petrograd Military District became the Leningrad Military District. The division was awarded the Honorary Revolutionary Red Banner in 1928 in recognition of its actions during the Russian Civil War. The division fought in the Winter War between January and March 1940, and was part of the 65th Rifle Corps of the Baltic Special Military District between August and October of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007867-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Robert Awards\nThe 11th Robert Awards ceremony was held in 1994 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Organized by the Danish Film Academy, the awards honoured the best in Danish and foreign film of 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007868-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Rocket Brigade\nThe 11th Rocket Brigade was a Tactical ballistic missile brigade of the Soviet Army from 1961 to 1991. The brigade was initially activated with the Baltic Military District but transferred to the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany's 8th Guards Army. In 1991, it left Germany and disbanded in the North Caucasian Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007868-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Rocket Brigade, History\nThe 11th Missile Brigade was activated in 1961 in Chernyakhovsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, part of the Baltic Military District. The brigade was equipped with R-11 Zemlya (SS-1B Scud A) tactical ballistic missiles. In 1966, the brigade moved to Jena and became part of the 8th Guards Army. The brigade included the 171st, 180th and 417th Separate Missile Battalions, as well as a technical battalion. The 171st and 180th were based at Jena. The 417th was at Wei\u00dfenfels and the technical battalion at Altenhain. In 1984, the brigade was reequipped with OTR-23 Oka theatre ballistic missiles. The brigade received R-17 Elbrus (SS-1C Scud B) tactical ballistic missiles in 1988. In June 1991, the brigade was withdrawn from Germany to Maykop in the North Caucasian Military District, where it was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007869-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Royal Tank Regiment\nThe 11th Royal Tank Regiment (11 RTR) was an armoured regiment of the British Army. It is part of the Royal Tank Regiment, itself part of the Royal Armoured Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007869-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Royal Tank Regiment, History\nThe 11th Royal Tank Regiment was raised during World War II in January 1941 and designated for the Canal Defence Light (CDL) role in May 1941. The unit trained at Lowther Castle near Penrith, and was based at Brougham Hall, Cumberland. It spent 1942 and 1943 in the Middle East without seeing action, returning to the UK in April 1944. 11 RTR formed part of 79th Armoured Division (aka Hobart's Funnies), equipped initially with CDL (tactical searchlight) tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007869-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Royal Tank Regiment, History\nIt landed in Normandy on 12 August 1944, seeing no action until 29 September 1944, when it was ordered to transfer all of its equipment to the 42nd and 49th Royal Tank Regiments, and was retrained to operate the American amphibious LVT-4, known by the British Army as the Buffalo Mark IV. Not long after D-Day (6 June 1944) 11 RTR converted to Buffalo (U.S. LVT aka Amtrac), and participated in Operation Plunder, the assault crossing of the River Rhine. Prime Minister Winston Churchill was ferried across the Rhine in a Buffalo from 'C' Squadron 11RTR. In the book \"the story of the 79th Armoured Division\" created and published by the 79th Armoured Division themselves in 1945, it states that Winston Churchill was transported across the Rhine by 'B' Squadron of 11 Royal Tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007870-0000-0000", "contents": "11th SS Panzer Army\nThe 11th SS Panzer Army (SS-Panzer-Armeeoberkommando 11) was not much more than a paper army formed in February 1945 by Heinrich Himmler while he was commander of Army Group Vistula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007870-0001-0000", "contents": "11th SS Panzer Army\nThe military historian Antony Beevor wrote that when the 11th SS Panzer Army was created the available units at best could constitute a corps, \"'But panzer army' observed Hans-Georg Eismann 'has a better ring to it'\". It also allowed Himmler to promote SS officers to senior staff and field commands within the formation. Obergruppenf\u00fchrer Felix Steiner was named its commander. The Army was officially listed as the 11th Army but it was also known as SS Panzer-Armeeoberkommando 11 and is often referred to in English as the 11th SS Panzer Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007870-0002-0000", "contents": "11th SS Panzer Army\nAfter taking part in Operation Solstice (a counter-attack) east of the Oder River during February 1945, the 11th was assigned to OB West and reorganized in March 1945. Many of the units formerly subordinated to the 11th SS Panzer Army were transferred to the 3rd Panzer Army and other units were assigned to the 11th Army for operations against the Western Allies. After defending the Weser River and the Harz Mountains, the 11th surrendered to the Western Allies on 21 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007870-0003-0000", "contents": "11th SS Panzer Army, Order of battle, February 1945\nBy 5 February the 11th, subordinated to Army Group Vistula, had the following units assigned to it:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007870-0004-0000", "contents": "11th SS Panzer Army, Order of battle, March, 1945\nBy 1 March the Eleventh, subordinated to Army Group Vistula had no units assigned to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007870-0005-0000", "contents": "11th SS Panzer Army, Order of battle, April 1945\nBy 12 April the Eleventh was directly subordinated to OB West and had the following units assigned to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007871-0000-0000", "contents": "11th SS Police Regiment\nThe 11th SS Police Regiment (SS-Polizei-Regiment 11) was initially named the Police Regiment for Special Employment (Polizei-Regiment zbV) when it was formed around the beginning of 1942 from existing Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) units for security duties on the Eastern Front. The unit was renumbered as the 11th Police Regiment in July 1942 and then was redesignated as an SS unit in early 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007871-0001-0000", "contents": "11th SS Police Regiment, Formation and organization\nThe regiment was formed around the beginning of 1942 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel of Police (Oberstleutenant der Schutzpolizei) Hans Griep in the eastern Ukraine and subordinated to Gerrett Korsemann, Higher SS and Police Leader For Special Employment. Police Battalion 304 (Polizei-Batallion 304), Police Battalion 315 and Police Battalion 320 were assigned to the regiment. When the regiment was renumbered in July, the battalions were redesignated as the first through third battalions, respectively, of the regiment. All of the police regiments were redesignated as SS police units on 24 February 1943 and retained their existing organization and strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007871-0001-0001", "contents": "11th SS Police Regiment, Formation and organization\nIn late June, the 10th Police Panzer Company equipped with two platoons of ex-French Panhard 178 armored cars was attached to the regiment in Russia. On 23 August, the 11th Police Panzer Company was formed with two platoons of Panhards and a platoon of ex-French Hotchkiss H35 tanks. Instead of joining the regiment in Russia, it was ordered to Croatia on 20 November where it remained for the rest of the war. The 10th Company's missing tank platoon was finally equipped with captured Soviet T-26 tanks and was ordered to join its parent unit on 17 March 1944. The 10th Company was detached from the regiment in September and withdrawn to Vienna for reequipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007872-0000-0000", "contents": "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland\nThe 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland (German: 11. SS-Freiwilligen Panzergrenadier-Division \"Nordland\") was a Waffen-SS division recruited from foreign volunteers and conscripts. It saw action, as part of Army Group North, in the Independent State of Croatia and on the Eastern Front during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007872-0001-0000", "contents": "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, Formation\nIn February 1943, Hitler ordered the creation of an SS division which would be officered by foreign volunteers. In March 1943, the SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment Nordland, a Scandinavian volunteer regiment, was separated from the SS Division Wiking to be used as the nucleus for the new division. The Nordland's two Panzergrenadier regiments were also given titles that referenced the location where the majority of the regiment's recruits were from, SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 23 Norge (Norway) and SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 24 Danmark (Denmark). Both regiments had additional men made up of conscripts from Hungary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007872-0002-0000", "contents": "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, Formation\nAfter its formation in Germany, the division was attached to the III (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps under the command of Obergruppenf\u00fchrer Felix Steiner and was moved to Croatia, where the SS Volunteer Legion Netherlands was attached to it. The division began combat operations against Yugoslav partisans in September 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007872-0003-0000", "contents": "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, 1944\u20131945\nThe division, along with the rest of the III SS Panzer Corps arrived at the front near Leningrad and was put into action against the Soviet Red Army attacks aimed at breaking the German encirclement of the city. The Red Army forced Nordland to withdraw to Oranienbaum. On 14 January 1944, the Soviet Krasnoye Selo\u2013Ropsha Offensive succeeded in collapsing the German front. The follow-on Kingisepp\u2013Gdov Offensive pushed the German forces to the city of Narva in northeastern Estonia to a new defensive line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007872-0004-0000", "contents": "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, 1944\u20131945\nFrom 27 July 1944, Nordland fought alongside the 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian) and elements of the Grossdeutschland Division In the Battle of Tannenberg Line. During these battles, the commanders of two regiments were killed. While visiting the front line, the division's commander, Gruppenf\u00fchrer Fritz von Scholz was caught in an artillery barrage and received a head wound. Scholz died on 28 July 1944. Thereafter, Brigadef\u00fchrer Joachim Ziegler took over command of the division. It retreated into what was known as the Courland Pocket. From late October to December 1944, the Nordland remained in the pocket; by early December the divisional strength was down to 9,000 men. In January 1945, the division was ordered to the Baltic port of Libau, where it was evacuated by sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007872-0005-0000", "contents": "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, 1944\u20131945\nOfficer uniform with medals and cuffband Nordland of the Regiment Nordland, Lofoten War Museum, Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007872-0006-0000", "contents": "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, 1944\u20131945\nEnlisted \"frontkjemper\" (\"Frontfighter\" a Norwegian Waffen-SS volunteer) SS-Mann (private) of the Regiment Nordland, with medals, badges and other memorabilia; Lofoten War Museum, Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007872-0007-0000", "contents": "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, 1944\u20131945\nSoldiers' songbook in Norwegian (\"Frontkjemper sangbok\"), badges and rings; Lofoten War Museum, Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007872-0008-0000", "contents": "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, 1944\u20131945\nClose-up of with the \"Fronterkjempermerket\", \"Pohjoisrintama Die Nordfront 1941-1943\" (Finland/Third Reich Finnisch-deutsches Nordfrontkreuz), SS Nordland ring and skull ring; Lofoten War Museum, Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007872-0009-0000", "contents": "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, 1944\u20131945\nEnlisted \"frontkjemper\" (\"Frontfighter\" a Norwegian Waffen-SS volunteer) SS-Mann (private) of the Regiment Nordland, with visiblebackpack, canteen and lunch box; Lofoten War Museum, Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007872-0010-0000", "contents": "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, 1944\u20131945\nClose-up of the armband and flag; Lofoten War Museum, Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007872-0011-0000", "contents": "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, 1944\u20131945\nDisplay with recruitment brochure pamphlet for Frontkjemper (Norwegian Waffen-SS volunteers), tent pegs Zeltbahn, Gebirgsj\u00e4ger Edelweiss emblem, Eastern Medal, compass, Ost-Front newspape, etc. ; Lofoten War Museum, Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007872-0012-0000", "contents": "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, 1944\u20131945\nThe propaganda department visits the investigation department of the Nordland Division in the Narva Front, 1944. The Swedish officer Hans-G\u00f6sta Pehrsson is on the left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007872-0013-0000", "contents": "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, Battle of Berlin\nOn 16 April, the division was ordered to defend Berlin. Despite recent replenishment, the division was still understrength. From 17 to 20 April, the division was involved in combat all along its front and then retreated into the city. On 24 April, the main Soviet Army assault was towards the Treptow Park area, which the rest of the pioneer battalion and the remaining Tiger tanks of a Panzer battalion were defending. Obersturmbannf\u00fchrer Kausch led the few tanks and armoured vehicles in a counterattack and succeeded in temporarily halting the enemy advance. However, by midday, the 5th Shock Army was able to advance again. A later counter-attack by three assault guns was stopped by a Soviet soldier with three captured German Panzerfausts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007872-0014-0000", "contents": "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, Battle of Berlin\nIn the evening of 24 April between 320 and 330 French troops from the SS Division Charlemagne arrived in Berlin after a long detour to avoid Soviet advance columns. On 25 April, Brigadef\u00fchrer Gustav Krukenberg was appointed the commander of (Berlin) Defence Sector C, which included Nordland. Ziegler was relieved of his command of the division earlier the same day. The group of French Waffen-SS troops now known as Sturmbataillon Charlemagne was attached to Nordland. The arrival of the French bolstered the division whose two regiments had been decimated in the fighting against the Soviet Army forces. They each roughly equalled a battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007872-0015-0000", "contents": "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, Battle of Berlin\nBy 26 April, with Neuk\u00f6lln heavily penetrated by Soviet combat groups, Krukenberg prepared fallback positions for Sector C troops around Hermannplatz. He moved his headquarters into the opera house. As Nordland fell back towards Hermannplatz, Charlemagne and one-hundred Hitler Youth attached to their group destroyed 14 Soviet tanks with Panzerfausts; one machine gun position by the Halensee bridge managed to hold up any Soviet advance in that area for 48 hours. Nordland's remaining armour, eight Tiger tanks and several assault guns, were ordered to take up positions in the Tiergarten, because although the two divisions of Weidling's LVI Panzer Corps could slow the Soviet advance down, they could not stop it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007872-0016-0000", "contents": "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, Battle of Berlin\nThe Soviet forces advance into Berlin followed a pattern of massive shelling followed by assaults using house-clearing battle groups of about 80 men in each, with tank escorts and close artillery support. On 27 April, the remnants of Nordland were pushed back into the central government district (Zitadelle sector) in Defence sector Z. Krukenberg's headquarters was a carriage in the Stadtmitte U-Bahn station. Thereafter, the troops in the government district were pushed back into the Reichstag and the Reich Chancellery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007872-0017-0000", "contents": "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, Battle of Berlin\nOn 30 April, after receiving news of Hitler's suicide, orders were issued that those who could do so were to break out. Prior to that Brigadef\u00fchrer Wilhelm Mohnke briefed all commanders that could be reached within the Zitadelle sector about the events as to Hitler's death and the planned breakout. The break out from the Reich Chancellery and F\u00fchrerbunker started at 2300 hours on 1 May. There were ten main groups that attempted to head northwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007872-0018-0000", "contents": "11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, Battle of Berlin\nFierce fighting continued all around, especially in the Weidendammer Bridge area. In that area, what was left of the division was destroyed by Soviet artillery and anti-tank guns. Nordland's last Tiger was knocked out attempting to cross the Weidendammer Bridge. Several small groups reached the Americans at the Elbe's west bank, but most (including Mohnke's group and men from Krukenberg's group), were not successful. Most were killed in the fighting or taken prisoner after they surrendered to Soviet troops. Ziegler was gravely wounded after the break out group he was in came under heavy Soviet fire. He died on 2 May. Krukenberg made it to Dahlem, where he hid out in an apartment for a week, before surrendering to Soviet troops. On 2 May hostilities officially ended by order of General Helmuth Weidling, commander of the Defence Area Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007873-0000-0000", "contents": "11th SS-Standarte\nThe 11th SS-Standarte was a large regimental formation of the Allgemeine-SS and the principal mustering SS unit in Austria. First formed in 1932, the Standarte was headquartered in Vienna and during its first years of existence served as a base for members of the Austrian SS who were attempting to influence Austrian politics towards an Anschluss with Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007873-0001-0000", "contents": "11th SS-Standarte\nBy 1936, the SS had been declared illegal in Austria, and the 11th SS-Standarte went completely underground, although still participated in several covert actions against the government of Austria. When Nazi Germany absorbed Austria in 1938, the Standarte \"came out in the open\" and became the largest regiment command of the SS in Austria, under the authority of the SS-Oberabschnitt Donau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007873-0002-0000", "contents": "11th SS-Standarte\nDuring this period in the 1930s, one notable member of the 11th SS-Standarate was Amon G\u00f6th who would later join the German Concentration Camp service and be immortalized in the film Schindler's List.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007873-0003-0000", "contents": "11th SS-Standarte\nWhen World War II began, most members of the 11th SS-Standarte transferred into the Waffen-SS. A small core of Allgemeine-SS personnel remained in Austria, but as the war progressed there were less and less formal functions performed by the 11th SS-Standarte. The unit effectively existed on paper only after 1944, but was listed as having a posted commander until the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007874-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Sarasaviya Awards\nThe 11th Sarasaviya Awards festival (Sinhala: 11\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db8\u0dcf\u0db1 \u0d8b\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc5), presented by the Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited, was held to honor the best films of 1982 Sinhala cinema on October 1, 1983, at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka. Minister of State Anandatissa de Alwis was the chief guest at the awards night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007874-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Sarasaviya Awards\nThe film Yasa Isuru won the most awards with seven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007875-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Saskatchewan Legislature\nThe 11th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan was elected in the Saskatchewan general election held in June 1948. The assembly sat from February 10, 1949, to May 7, 1952. The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) led by Tommy Douglas formed the government. The Liberal Party led by Walter Adam Tucker formed the official opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007875-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Saskatchewan Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1948:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007876-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Satellite Awards\nThe 11th Satellite Awards, honoring the best in film and television of 2006, were given on December 18, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007876-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nAuteur Award (for his visionary work as a filmmaker) \u2013 Robert Altman", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007876-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nMary Pickford Award (for outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry) \u2013 Martin Landau", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007876-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nNikola Tesla Award (for creating special effects on the 1978 film Superman that pre-dated contemporary computer-generated images) \u2013 Richard Donner", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007876-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nOutstanding Guest Star (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit) \u2013 Jerry Lewis", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007876-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees, Best Art Direction and Production Design\nFlags of Our Fathers \u2013 Henry Bumstead, Richard Goddard, and Jack G. Taylor Jr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 100], "content_span": [101, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007876-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees, Best Director\nBill Condon \u2013 Dreamgirls (TIE)  Clint Eastwood \u2013 Flags of Our Fathers (TIE)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 73], "content_span": [74, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007876-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees, Best Editing\nX-Men: The Last Stand \u2013 Mark Helfrich, Mark Goldblatt, and Julia Wong", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 72], "content_span": [73, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007876-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees, Best Original Song\n\"You Know My Name\" performed by Chris Cornell \u2013 Casino Royale", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007876-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Satellite Awards, New Media winners and nominees, Outstanding Overall DVD\nSuperman, Superman II, Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut, Superman III, Superman IV: The Quest for Peace, Superman Returns For the \"Superman Ultimate Collector's Edition\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007877-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Saturn Awards\nThe 11th Saturn Awards, honoring the best in science fiction, fantasy and horror film in 1983, were held on March 24, 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007877-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Saturn Awards, Winners and nominees\nBelow is a complete list of nominees and winners. Winners are highlighted in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007878-0000-0000", "contents": "11th School Group\nThe 11th School Group was a United States Army Air Service and United States Army Air Corps unit. It was last assigned to the 24th School Wing, and was demobilized on 31 December 1931 at Brooks Field, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007878-0001-0000", "contents": "11th School Group\nThe unit was an early United States Army Air Service flying training group, becoming the center for Primary Army pilot training in 1922. It was demobilized in 1931 when primary flying training was consolidated at Randolph Field, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007878-0002-0000", "contents": "11th School Group, History\nBrooks Field, Texas opened in 1918 during World War I. It was the home of the Aviation Flight Instructor School during the war. With the end of the war, Brooks became the home of the Air Corps Balloon and Airship School in May 1919. Budget restrictions and other factors brought on a major Air Service reorganization in 1922. It was decided to move the Balloon and Airship School to Scott Field, Illinois and to consolidate aircraft flying training in San Antonio, Texas, with Brooks Field for Primary Training and Kelly Field for Advanced Training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007878-0003-0000", "contents": "11th School Group, History\nWith the decision to consolidate made, the Air Service Primary Flying School at Carlstrom Field, Florida, was closed and a new one opened at Brooks Field. The 11th School Group was organized to perform duties as the headquarters for the new Air Corps Primary Flying School. Three Flying Training Squadrons (46th, 47th, 48th) were assigned to the group to train the flying cadets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007878-0004-0000", "contents": "11th School Group, History\nThe Air Service revamped the course and extended it to nine months but later trimmed it to six with two classes a year. The first part consisted of ground school, stressing military training as well as classwork more directly related to the business of flying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007878-0005-0000", "contents": "11th School Group, History\nFlying training comprised the second half of the primary course. Starting with straight-and-level flying accompanied by an instructor in a dual trainer, the student advanced step by step until he could solo, execute a variety of maneuvers, and deal with many of the situations arising in flight. If the cadet review board (Benzine Board) did not get him, he graduated with the rating of junior airplane pilot (JAP). In 1927 basic flight training moved out of the advanced phase and combined with primary. At that point, primary-basic changed to eight months in length and advanced to four months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007878-0006-0000", "contents": "11th School Group, History\nWhen primary training got under way at Brooks field, the dual trainer was the Curtiss JN-6H Jenny. Brooks later accepted other planes, including Vought VE-7s and TA-3s, for evaluation, but Curtiss JNs were used until 1926. The beginning class in March of that year was the first without Jennies. Students now flew in the new Consolidated PT-1, with tandem seats and a Wright E engine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007878-0007-0000", "contents": "11th School Group, History\nThe decision by the Coolidge Administration in 1926 to expand the Air Corps found the facilities in San Antonio were insufficient to accommodate the expanded number of cadets entering primary training. Also the growth of the City of San Antonio created hazards for training. As a result, two additional training squadrons (51st and 52d) were authorized at Brooks, and March Field, California, was re-opened as a primary pilot training school in July 1927 as a temporary measure. Plans were put into place to expand the facilities in San Antonio with a single large field outside of the city to house all flying training. The new field, which constituted the largest construction project for the Army Corps of Engineers since the Panama Canal was named Randolph Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007878-0008-0000", "contents": "11th School Group, History\nBy the fall of 1931, construction of Randolph was essentially completed, and the primary schools at Brooks and March were moved to the new installation. With the transfer of the school, the 11th School Group was demobilized on 31 December 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007879-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe 11th Screen Actors Guild Awards, honoring the best achievements in film and television performances for the year 2004, took place on February 5, 2005. The ceremony, for the 9th consecutive time was held at the Shrine Exposition Center in Los Angeles, California, and was televised live by TNT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007879-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe nominees were announced on January 11, 2005 by Rosario Dawson and James Denton at Los Angeles' Pacific Design Center's Silver Screen Theater. The ceremony is notable for a rare feat attained by Jamie Foxx, who was nominated in four categories, making it the only instance that an actor receiving this amount of nominations in the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007879-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Screen Actors Guild Awards, In Memoriam\nMeryl Streep introduced this segment remembering the members of the guild who died in 2004:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007880-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe 11th National Spelling Bee was held in Washington, D.C. at the National Museum on May 28, 1935. Scripps-Howard would not sponsor the Bee until 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007880-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe 20 spellers had a banquet at the Hamilton Hotel on the evening of May 27 before proceeding to the National Museum the next day for the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007880-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe winner was Clara Mohler, 13, of Ohio, correctly spelling the word interning, which had been misspelled by the prior speller, followed by intelligible. Paul McCusker, 13, of Niagara Falls, New York took second, followed by Bruce Ackerman of Illinois in third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007880-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nMohler is the third (out of five as of 2020) speller from the Akron area and sponsored by the Akron Beacon Journal to win the Bee, after Dean Lucas in 1927, and Alma Roach in 1933. After Mohler, Jean Chappelear won in 1948 and William Kerek won in 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007880-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nMohler later obtained a degree in foreign languages from Ohio University and was an educator for over 40 years. She died in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007881-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party\nThe 11th Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, officially the Secretariat of the 11th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee in the immediate aftermath of the 11th National Congress in 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007882-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Security Force Assistance Brigade\nThe 11th Security Force Assistance Brigade is a regular British Army brigade formation that is part of the Army's 'Adaptable Force' meaning it has operational units under command, as well as regional responsibilities across the South East of England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007882-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Security Force Assistance Brigade\n11th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters South East was re-established on 1 August 2014 when 145 (South) Brigade was re-designated as Headquarters 11th Infantry Brigade. In December 2014 the brigade merged with 2 (South East) Brigade to form Headquarters 11th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters South East. 11th Infantry Brigade is also regionally aligned with the southern and eastern African region as part of defence engagement. In 2021 it was announced that the brigade will be re-designated as 11 Security Forces Assistance Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007882-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Security Force Assistance Brigade\n11th Infantry Brigade served in the First and 11th Infantry Brigade in the Second World War and after until disbanded in 1958. 11th Light Brigade was formed in 2008 to assume command of the planned Operation Herrick deployment to Afghanistan in late 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007882-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Security Force Assistance Brigade, History, First World War\nThe 11th Infantry Brigade was part of the 4th Division. It was one of the British units sent overseas to France on the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914. It was part of the British Expeditionary Force and fought on the Western Front for the next four years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007882-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Security Force Assistance Brigade, History, Second World War\nThe 11th Infantry Brigade was originally part of the 4th Infantry Division as it was during the First World War, serving with it during the Battle of France and was evacuated at Dunkirk in late May 1940 and then in the United Kingdom up until 6 June 1942 when it was reassigned to join 78th Infantry Division (commanded by Vivyan Evelegh, a previous commander of the brigade) which was being newly formed to take part in Operation Torch as part of the British First Army (commanded by Kenneth Anderson, also a previous commander of the brigade). The brigade landed in North Africa at Algiers in November 1942 and fought with 78th Division throughout the Tunisian Campaign which ended with the Axis surrender in May 1943. It then served with 78th Division throughout the campaigns in Sicily and Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007882-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Security Force Assistance Brigade, History, 21st century\nIn 2008, it was announced that 11 Light Brigade would be reformed to assume command of the planned Operation Herrick deployment to Afghanistan in late 2009. The Brigade was headquartered in Aldershot and was formed using units from existing formations. Commanded by Brigadier James Cowan, it was disbanded in 2010 on its return from Afghanistan, with its component units returning to their previous formations. During the brigade's deployment in Helmand, Afghanistan, it included a Danish Battalion from the Royal Danish Guard Hussar Regiment with its own logistical detachment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007882-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Security Force Assistance Brigade, History, Future\nUnder the Defence in a Competitive Age programme and subsequent Future Soldier, the brigade will loose the 1st Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment, and the brigade itself will be re-designated as '11th Security Forces Assistance Brigade'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007882-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Security Force Assistance Brigade, Structure, 2021\nThe structure of the brigade in 2021 following its redesignation is as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007883-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Seiyu Awards\nThe 11th Seiyu Awards was held on March 18, 2017 at the JOQR Media Plus Hall in Minato, Tokyo. The winners of the Merit Awards, the Kei Tomiyama Award and the Kazue Takahashi Award were announced on February 21, 2017. The winners of the Synergy Award and Kids/Family award was announced on March 14, 2017. The rest of the winners were announced on the ceremony day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007884-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Shorty Awards\nThe 11th Shorty Awards were held on May 5, 2019, in York City at the PlayStation Theater. The ceremony was hosted by American actress and comedian Kathy Griffin, along with a music performance by Tank and the Bangas. The event was live streamed on YouTube and Twitter with presenters including Denzel Dion, Devin Lytle, Eva Gutowski, Freddie Ransome, Grace Helbig, Jay Shetty, Lauren Giraldo, Mamrie Hart, Meghan Currie, Miles McKenna, Molly Burke, Raymond Braun, Remi Cruz, Ryland Adams, Samir Mezrahi, Sean Evans, Shangela, and The Try Guys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007884-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Shorty Awards, Influencer winners and nominees\nNominations were announced on January 28, 2019, with public voting closing on February 21, 2019. Finalists were announced on March 20, 2019. Winners were announced at the ceremony on May 5, 2019. New categories added this year included Innovator of the Year, Tik Toker of the Year, and Storyteller of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 51], "content_span": [52, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007885-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Siberian Rifle Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 11th Siberian Rifle Division (Russian: 11-\u044f \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f; 11-ya Sibirskaya Strelkovaya Diviziya) was an infantry formation of the Russian Imperial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007885-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Siberian Rifle Division (Russian Empire), History\nThe division was formed in 1910. On 11 June 1910, Lieutenant General Sergei Nekrasov took command of the division. Nekrasov was still the division commander on 1 June 1911. The division was headquartered at Omsk from at least February 1913. From at least 1 January 1913, its 1st Brigade was at Tomsk with the 41st Siberian Rifle Regiment. From at least February 1913, its 2nd Brigade was headquartered at Omsk. In 1914, the division was part of the Omsk Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007885-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Siberian Rifle Division (Russian Empire), History\nIt consisted of the 1st Brigade at Omsk with the 41st (Novonikolayevsk) and 42nd (Tomsk) Siberian Rifle Regiments, and the 2nd Brigade at Nikolayevsk with the 43rd (Omsk) and 44th (Omsk) Siberian Rifle Regiments. The division also included the 11th Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigade, a Siberian Separate Mountain Horse-Artillery Battery and a Siberian Separate Howitzer Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007885-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Siberian Rifle Division (Russian Empire), History, World War I\nAfter the beginning of World War I, the division was moved to the front in mid-August 1914 and became part of the 1st Turkestan Army Corps. The corps, part of the 10th Army, advanced from the Osowiec Fortress against Lyck during late September. On 22 September the division and the rest of the corps reached the German border, and two days later captured Lyck. Advancing father to the north, they reached the Klein Oletzko lake, 30 kilometers north of the border. To the south, on 28 September, the 11th Division advanced through Pisanitsa while attacking towards Prostki. However, Northwestern Front commander Nikolai Ruzsky decided to withdraw the 10th Army back to Russian territory. On 29 September, the main forces of the corps withdrew to Shchuchyn and Grajewo in Russian territory. The corps was then moved to the area of Ruzhany and Pu\u0142tusk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 917]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007886-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade (United States)\nThe 11th Corps Signal Brigade (\"Desert Thunderbirds\") of the United States Army is an element of Army Forces Command. It is based at Fort Hood, Texas. The unit mascot is the Thunderbird, a hawk-like bird perched upon a globe shooting thunderbolts out of its eyes. Soldiers in this unit call themselves \"The Thunderbirds.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007886-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade (United States), History\nDesignated Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 11th Signal Group, 4 September 1964, to support the Joint Chiefs of Staff worldwide contingencies. The 11th Signal Group was originally assigned to Fort Lewis, Washington, as part of STRATCOM, the U.S. Army Strategic Communications Command. The group became a regular participant in exercises in Alaska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007886-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade (United States), History\nOn 25 April 1966 the group was reorganized and redesignated Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 11th Signal Group. The following December, the group was reassigned to Fort Huachuca, Arizona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007886-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade (United States), History\nAs the 11th Signal Group the unit contained:HQ, HHQ, and five companies, 505th, 521st, 526th, 557th, and Mobile Operations Signal Companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007886-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade (United States), History\nUnits of the group participated in Operation Power Pack in 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007886-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade (United States), History\nThe group was designated 1 October 1979 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 11th Signal Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007886-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade (United States), History\nDuring the 1980s, the 11th Signal Brigade forward-deployed two provisional companies: Company B (Separate) at Soto Cano Air Base in Honduras to support Joint Task Force Bravo, and Company C (Separate)in Bahrain to support United States Central Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007886-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade (United States), History\nAfter Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, the 11th Signal Brigade (minus two companies that remained to execute other contingency missions) deployed to Saudi Arabia in support of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007886-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade (United States), History\nThe 11th Signal Brigade deployed some of its Signal personnel to East Timor in 1999 supporting the U.S. contingent with INTERFET.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007886-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade (United States), History\nOn 7 June 2013, the unit cased their colors for the last time on Fort Huachuca and unfurled them on 26 June 2013, at Fort Hood, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007886-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade (United States), Operation Enduring Freedom\nThe 11th Signal Brigade deployed shortly after the 11 September 2001 attacks to support ARCENT in its position as CFLCC. During OEF in 2002, the 11th Signal Brigade had soldiers and civilian personnel supporting CFLCC Forward in Uzbekistan, the U.S. Army's 10th Mountain Division in Bagram, Afghanistan and Task Force Rakkasan (3rd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division), in Kandahar, Afghanistan. They also had soldiers deployed to Djibouti, Africa in support of Combined Joint Task Force, Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA). The \"Thunderbird Brigade,\" successfully performed its mission of providing Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Internet (C4I) services to the warfighter but soon deployed back home to Fort Huachuca, Arizona shortly after establishing tactical communications networks for coalition forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007886-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom\nShortly after its deployment supporting OEF, the 11th Signal Brigade reconstituted and deployed to the now closed Camp Doha, Kuwait to support CFLCC in early 2003. It successfully enabled the warfighting commanders which included GEN Tommy Franks of USCENTCOM, LTG David McKiernan of CFLCC and LTG William Wallace of V Corps (later commanded by LTG Ricardo Sanchez) to have real-time battlefield communications capability in the Iraqi theater of operations. The 11th Signal Brigade was featured in the History Channel's show Tactical to Practical for its efforts in implementing the use of COTS or \"Commercial-off-the-shelf\" information technology equipment in a real-world military operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007886-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade (United States), Subordinate units\nThe 11th Signal Brigade is an Echelons Above Corps or \"EAC\" Signal Brigade. It comprises the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007886-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade (United States), Capabilities\nThe 11th Signal Brigade provides echelon-above-corps signal support (EAC). It has the capability to install, operate, and maintain a tactical communications network supporting either joint or Army organizations, establish command center communications nodes, area signal centers, and small extension nodes. It provides installation, construction, and test teams on a worldwide basis during peacetime, war, and operations other than war, and in response to emergency requirements to restore or expand information systems facilities. Also, the brigade provides on-site training in the operation and maintenance of new or modified non-tactical information systems and limited commercial-off-the-shelf communications equipment and systems at worldwide locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007886-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade (United States), Capabilities\nDue to its total communications capabilities, the brigade can support the full spectrum of operations ranging from combat to peacekeeping to humanitarian. Since 1990, the brigade has participated in numerous contingency operations. The entire brigade took part in Operation Desert Shield/Storm. At the height of that operation, the brigade controlled more than five signal battalions and operated the largest tactical communications network since World War II. For its service during these operations, the brigade was awarded the Department of the Army Meritorious Unit Commendation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007886-0014-0001", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade (United States), Capabilities\nThe brigade also took part in Operations Restore Hope and Continue Hope in Somalia from December 1992 to March 1994; Operation Intrinsic Action/Southern Watch in Kuwait from August to October 1992; and Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti from September 1994 to March 1996. Brigade soldiers have also supported operations in Korea, Guantanamo Naval Base, Cuba, and Saudi Arabia. Most recently, the brigade supported Operation Desert Thunder in 1998 with a brigade task force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007886-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade (United States), Capabilities\nThe principal communications capabilities of the unit include tactical satellite, tropospheric scatter, super high frequency, and ultra high frequency line-of-sight transmission systems, and voice, message, and data switches. The brigade's communications networks are compatible with the mobile subscriber equipment communications networks found at corps and division level. Commanders use C2 to control, direct, and coordinate military forces to accomplish their missions. This process encompasses the personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures necessary to gather and analyze information; to plan for what is to be done; to issue instructions; and to supervise the execution of operations. Communications allows commanders to direct operations on the battlefield and to monitor their execution. It is a critical element to battlefield synchronization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 925]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007886-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade (United States), Past commanders\nNOTE:  This is an incomplete list. Please update with previous commanders", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007887-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade and Headquarters West Midlands\nThe 11th Signal Brigade and Headquarters West Midlands is a signal formation of the British Army's 3rd UK Division. Its headquarters is located at Venning Barracks, in Donnington in Shropshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007887-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade and Headquarters West Midlands, History\nThe brigade was formed as 11th Signal Group in Liverpool in 1967. It became 11th Signal Brigade in 1982 and was redesignated 11th (ARRC) Signal Brigade in 1992 and  reverted to 11th Signal Brigade in 1997. In November 2014, 11th Signal Brigade amalgamated with 143 (West Midlands) Brigade to create a new formation, based at Venning Barracks in Donnington, named 11th Signal Brigade and Headquarters West Midlands, with an additional role as a regional brigade for army regular and reserve units in the West Midlands counties. A formation parade took place at Donnington on 15 November 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007887-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade and Headquarters West Midlands, Role\nOne of the brigade's responsibilities is to provide administrative support for around 8,000 Army personnel who are based in the region, as well as forming a vital link between the Army and its local communities. The Brigade has five Regular Army signal regiments and five Army Reserve  Signal regiments. Under Army 2020, it is the Regional Point of Command for the West Midlands. In addition, it has command responsibilities for the Army Cadet Forces and some of the Army Reserve units in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 56], "content_span": [57, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007887-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade and Headquarters West Midlands, Structure, 11th Signal Brigade\nThe current operational structure of the brigade, which is based at Venning Barracks, Donnington (to move to Beacon Barracks, Stafford), is:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 82], "content_span": [83, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007887-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Brigade and Headquarters West Midlands, Structure, Headquarters West Midlands\nThis regional command now administers all units in the following counties; Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Staffordshire, and West Midlands County. The following groups fall under administrative command of the group:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 89], "content_span": [90, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007888-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Regiment (Italy)\nThe 11th Signal Regiment (Italian: 11\u00b0 Reggimento Trasmissioni) is a deployable signals regiment of the Italian Army based in Civitavecchia in Lazio. Today the regiment is administratively assigned to the army's Signal Command and affiliated with the Army Special Forces Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007888-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Signal Regiment (Italy), Current Structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Company fields the following platoons: C3 Platoon, Transport and Materiel Platoon, Medical Platoon, and Commissariat Platoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007889-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Sikh Regiment\nThe 11th Sikh Regiment was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. They could trace their origins to 1922, when after World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. The regiment was formed from the:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007889-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Sikh Regiment\nDuring World War II a further seven infantry battalions were formed the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 14th, 25th and a machine gun battalion. The 8th and 9th battalions were converted to Light Anti- Aircraft battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007889-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Sikh Regiment\nThe regiment was allocated to the new Indian Army on independence and became the Sikh Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007890-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Song\n11th Song is the debut album by alternative rock band Deep Blue Something. It was released on Doberman Records in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007890-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Song, Details\nDoberman Records was headed by Louis Bickel, Jr.  Bickel had first met the band in 1992 when they were called \"Leper Messiah\", and becoming friendly with them, learned they were trying to release a debut CD but lacked the financing to do so. In late 1992, Bickel paid at least $3,000 to finance the recording of the album. Initially the CD had modest sales, primarily sold at the band's shows, but sales grew. The album's version of \"Breakfast at Tiffany's\" was later re-recorded for the band's next album, Home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007890-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Song, Track listing\nAll songs written by Todd and Toby Pipes, expect where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007891-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Soviet Antarctic Expedition\nThe Eleventh Soviet Antarctic Expedition was an expedition by the Soviet Union to Antarctica, based at Mirny Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007891-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Soviet Antarctic Expedition\nThe expedition did research into the climate, the state of the ionosphere, the northern lights, cosmic rays, the geomagnetic field, and the source of radio waves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007891-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Soviet Antarctic Expedition\nOne major task of the expedition was to relay meteorological information to Soviet whaling ships in the southern latitudes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007891-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Soviet Antarctic Expedition\nThis expedition was the first Soviet expedition to use aqua-lungs in biological exploration. Explorations using this technology were made from December to March in the Antarctic summer of 1966\u20131967. The three months of work resulted in a large collection of animals which were presented to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Leningrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007892-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Space Warning Squadron\nThe 11th Space Warning Squadron is a United States Space Force missile warning squadron, located at Buckley Space Force Base, Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007892-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Space Warning Squadron, Mission\nThe mission of the 11th Space Warning Squadron is to provide theater missile warnings to warfighters worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007892-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Space Warning Squadron, History\nThe squadron was the first operational unit using technological procedures developed following Desert Storm for the Air Force. Commanders in Saudi Arabia pinpointed a need for more timely and accurate information on incoming short-range ballistic missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007892-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Space Warning Squadron, History\nThe technology available was accurate enough, as each Scud missile launched by Iraq was detected by Defense Support Program satellites but wasn't intended for theater use. Commanders in Saudi Arabia needed information quicker and more precise targeting information for anti-missile batteries, such as the Patriot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007892-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Space Warning Squadron, History\nTo meet that need, the Air Force set up a research and development program called TALON SHIELD. The program was tasked to improve and enhance sensor processing from Defense Support Program (DSP) spacecraft to optimize space-based warning support for theater commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007892-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Space Warning Squadron, History\nThe first fruit of that study is the Attack and Launch Early Reporting to Theater, or ALERT, system. ALERT uses improved satellite data processing equipment and programs to speed up identifying when missiles anywhere in the world are launched. Improvements to the system have sped up this critical aspect of warfighting ten-fold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007892-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Space Warning Squadron, History\nThe Talon Shield system was declared operational, and the 11th Space Warning Squadron was activated on 1 October 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007892-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Space Warning Squadron, History\nThe squadron used infrared data from the constellation of Defense Support Program satellites to warn deployed troops in the theater of short-range missile launches, as well as significant other events around the globe. The 11th also formerly operated and maintained the Attack and Launch Early Reporting to Theater (ALERT) system, which provided continuous surveillance and early warning of theater missiles and other threats in direct support of theater warfighters worldwide. When the mission control station was completed at Buckley Space Force Base late in 2001 as part of the transition to the Defense Support Program follow-on, Space-Based Infrared System, the squadron mission was reduced, and it was inactivated on 31 December 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007892-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Space Warning Squadron, History\nThe 11th was reactivated at Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado, in December 2007. The squadron replaced Detachment 1 of the 460th Operations Group. Its new role is to operate the latest Space-Based Infrared Systems satellite payload, using a new sensor in a highly elliptical orbit to provide an increase in warning time and accuracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007892-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Space Warning Squadron, History\nIn August 2016, the Air Force announced plans to relocate the squadron back to Buckley and rename it the 11th Space Experimentation Squadron. The relocated unit will focus on how battlefield commanders can use space-based infrared imagery to find enemies. Although the infrared sensors were designed to detect missile launches, they can detect other heat sources that provide intelligence information. A new system will replace the ground control station the squadron was operating at Schriever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007892-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Space Warning Squadron, Commanders, Decorations and awards\nGen. Seth J. McKee Award for best space warning squadron 2009, 2018", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007893-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Special Operations Intelligence Squadron\nThe 11th Special Operations Intelligence Squadron is an intelligence unit of the United States Air Force. It provides tailored full-motion video processing, exploitation and dissemination for special operations forces engaged in both combat and non-combat operations worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007893-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Special Operations Intelligence Squadron, History, Predecessors, 5th Photographic Technical Squadron\nThe first predecessor of the squadron, the 5th Photographic Technical Squadron was activated at Will Rogers Field, Oklahoma. After about four months of training under III Reconnaissance Command, the squadron deployed to New Guinea, where it was assigned to the 91st Photographic Wing. It saw combat with the 91st Wing as Far East Air Forces advanced through the Philippines and Ryuku Islands toward Japan. Following V-J Day, the squadron returned to the Philippines, where it was inactivated in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 105], "content_span": [106, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007893-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Special Operations Intelligence Squadron, History, Predecessors, 5th Photographic Technical Squadron\nThe squadron was activated in the reserves at Long Beach Airport in August 1949, although it is not clear to what extent the unit was manned or equipped. President Truman's reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of units in the Air Force,  Combined with the conversion of reserve units to the wing/base organization, this resulted in the inactivation of the 5th in June 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 105], "content_span": [106, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007893-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Special Operations Intelligence Squadron, History, Predecessors, 99th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron\nIn January 1953, the 111th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, a Pennsylvania Air National Guard unit that had been mobilized for the Korean War was returned to state control. In its place, Strategic Air Command (SAC) activated the regular 99th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington. As part of this action, the mission, personnel and equipment of the 111th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron were transferred to the newly-activated 99th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron. The squadron processed and distributed reconnaissance products produced by the wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 108], "content_span": [109, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007893-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Special Operations Intelligence Squadron, History, Predecessors, 99th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron\nOn 16 June 1954 the 99th Wing, along with SAC's other Convair B-36 Peacemaker reconnaissance wings, was assigned bombing as its primary mission, although it retained its designation as a reconnaissance wing until 1955. and its planes retained a reconnaissance capability. The 99th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron was inactivated in April 1955, and its assets were transferred to the 4199th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron, which was assigned to the 57th Air Division, but attached to the 99th Bombardment Wing until the wing left Fairchild in September 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 108], "content_span": [109, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007893-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Special Operations Intelligence Squadron, History, Activation as intelligence squadron\nIn October 1984, the 5th Photographic Technical Squadron and the 99th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron were consolidated as the 11th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron, but were never active under that name. In the summer of 2006, the consolidated squadron was redesignated the 11th Intelligence Squadron and assigned to Air Force Special Operations Command for activation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 91], "content_span": [92, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007893-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Special Operations Intelligence Squadron, History, Activation as intelligence squadron\nThe squadron was activated in August 2006, to provide tailored dedicated intelligence support to special operations forces. It was the first imagery and full-motion video intelligence unit to be specifically assigned to Air Force Special Operations Command. At the time, it was unique among Air Force intelligence squadrons in that it did not report to Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 91], "content_span": [92, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007893-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Special Operations Intelligence Squadron, History, Activation as intelligence squadron\nGrowth in special operations missions and in reconnaissance operations in support of the Global War on Terrorism led to the unit becoming one of the fastest growing Air Force units. The unit expanded to include detachments at Fort Bragg, North Carolina and Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico. In addition, the unit is affiliated with the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency in Washington, DC and St. Louis, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 91], "content_span": [92, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007893-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Special Operations Intelligence Squadron, History, Activation as intelligence squadron\nWith the growth in unmanned aerial vehicles and full-motion video capabilities, the 11th Special Operations Intelligence Squadron is responsible for more than half of all the full-motion video exploited by the U.S. military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 91], "content_span": [92, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007893-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Special Operations Intelligence Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007894-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridge\nThe 11th Street Bridge was completed in December 1915 to carry vehicles across the Arkansas River at Tulsa, Oklahoma. Used from 1916 to 1972, it was also a part of U.S. Route 66. Functionally, it has been replaced by the I-244 bridges across the Arkansas. At present, the bridge is in poor structural condition and unsafe even for pedestrians. In 2008, the gates were locked to exclude all visitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007894-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridge\nThis bridge was added on December 13, 1996, to the National Register of Historic Places under Criteria A and C. Its NRIS number is 96001488. It was named the \"Cyrus Avery Route 66 Memorial Bridge\" in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007894-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridge\nAlthough the bridge still stands, it is considered unsafe for use and has been closed to vehicles since 1980 and to pedestrians since 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007894-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridge, Construction\nEngineered by Harrington, Howard and Ash of Kansas City, this bridge replaced an earlier wooden structure. It was built by the Missouri Valley Bridge and Iron Company for $180,000. A multi-span concrete arch bridge, with 18 spans, it was 1,470 feet (450\u00a0m) long and 34 feet (10\u00a0m) wide. It had a railroad track in the center and one vehicular lane on each side of the track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007894-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridge, Construction\nIn 1929, the original balustrades and Victorian-style lights were replaced with Art Deco guardrails and lights. A 1934 project constructed a second arched bridge immediately downstream and connected both bridges with a single deck. This brought the deck width to 52 feet 8\u00a0inches, with a roadbed that was 40 feet (12\u00a0m) wide and accommodated four lanes of traffic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007894-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridge, Obsolescence\nCompletion of the I-244 bridges in 1967 removed most vehicular traffic from the 11th street bridge. In 1980, it was closed to traffic, although it remained open to pedestrians. In 1996, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In 2004, the City of Tulsa, Oklahoma, formally renamed the Eleventh Street Bridge (which carried US 66 over the Arkansas River), the Cyrus Avery Route 66 Memorial Bridge in honor of the man who vigorously promoted the creation of Route 66.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007894-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridge, Present condition\nTime has not been good to the old bridge, and it has been rated as \"quite dangerous\" and unsafe for pedestrians by the City of Tulsa. There are holes in the deck, the pavement has buckled in many places, and weeds grow in the cracks. The gates were locked in 2008. Although it was considered as the centerpiece of a Route 66 exhibit, engineers estimated that it would cost $15 million just to be made safe for pedestrians. The conclusion was that the historic structure is \"... too expensive to repair, too historic to demolish, and too valuable to ignore\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007894-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridge, Present condition\nIronically, the I-244 bridges have already reached the end of their service lives. The westbound bridge was closed and demolition begun in May 2011. Demolition was 85 percent complete as of August 1, 2011. The demolished structure will be replaced by a double-deck, multimodal span. The top deck will carry vehicles and the lower deck will have a pedestrian way and two railroad tracks (to be added in the future). Completion is scheduled for 2013. Extreme care has been used during the demolition to avoid vibrations that might further damage the old 11th Street Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007894-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridge, Cyrus Avery Centennial Plaza\nThe ability to utilize the existing bridge, rather than having to build another one over the Arkansas, was said to be the major reason U.S. Route 66 was built through Tulsa. In commemoration of the Route and the man who helped bring it about, the Cyrus Avery Centennial Plaza is located adjacent to the east entrance of the historic Bridge in Tulsa, at the intersection of Southwest Boulevard and Riverside Drive. The first phase of the plaza included a display of flags of the eight states which were served by U.S Route 66. It was completed in July 2008 and dedicated on August 7, 2008. A skyway with an observation deck leads pedestrians from the visitors' parking lot across Southwest Boulevard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007894-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridge, Cyrus Avery Centennial Plaza\nThe plaza features a bronze sculpture, created by artist Robert Summers titled \"East Meets West\". The sculpture is 14 feet (4.3\u00a0m) long, 18 feet (5.5\u00a0m) wide and 14 feet (4.3\u00a0m) high. The sculpture depicts the Avery family riding west in a Model T Ford auto meeting an eastbound horse-drawn carriage. It weighs over 20,000 pounds (9,100\u00a0kg) and cost about $1.178 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007894-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridge, Cyrus Avery Centennial Plaza\nIn 2020, Avery Plaza Southwest is scheduled to open, at the west end of the Bridge. Plans include replicas of three neon signs from Tulsa-area motels from the era, being the Will Rogers Motor Court. Tulsa Auto Court, and the Oil Capital Motel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007894-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridge, Proposed museum\nA museum to educate visitors about the significance of Route 66 has been proposed. It would be built on a hill adjacent to the existing parking lot. No date has been established for this project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges\nThe 11th Street Bridges are a complex of three bridges across the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C., United States. The bridges convey Interstate 695 across the Anacostia to its southern terminus at Interstate 295 and DC 295. The bridges also connect the neighborhood of Anacostia with the rest of the city of Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges\nThe first bridge at the site, constructed about 1800, played a role in the War of 1812. It burned in 1846, but was repaired. A second bridge was constructed in 1873, and replaced in 1907. A modern, four-lane bridge replaced the older bridge in 1965, and a second four-lane bridge added in 1969. In 2009, construction began on three spans (two carrying freeway traffic, one carrying local-only traffic) to replace the 1965 and 1969 bridges. The northbound bridge opened to traffic in December 2011 while the southbound bridge open to traffic in January 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Street Bridges\nThe new bridges include new ramps and new interchanges with I-295 (the Anacostia Freeway). The local bridge opened to traffic in May 2012. Portions of all three bridges and their approaches remained under construction into 2013. Phase 1 of the project was completed ahead of schedule and within budget in July 2013. The local bridge was fully complete by September 2013. Phase 2 of the project, including the conversion of the Barney Circle Freeway into a boulevard, was completed in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, Early bridges\nThe first bridge across the Anacostia River in this area was the Eastern Branch Bridge, a privately owned toll and drawbridge built between 1795 and 1800 about 0.25 miles (0.40\u00a0km) upstream from 11th Street SE (at the site of the current John Philip Sousa Bridge). The Eastern Branch Bridge was blown up and partially burned by retreating American soldiers in August 1814 during the War of 1812. It was rebuilt, but burned completely in August 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, Early bridges\nIn 1820, the privately owned \"Upper Navy Yard Bridge\" was built over the Anacostia River at 11th Street SE. Also a toll bridge, this second bridge became a \"free\" bridge in 1848 after it was purchased by the federal government. From the city's founding until 1854, the area known today as Anacostia was primarily sparsely populated farmland. But Anacostia was platted in 1854, and development slowly began to turn the agricultural land into businesses and residences. The destruction of the Eastern Branch Bridge in 1846, however, significantly slowed growth in the area for five decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, Early bridges\nA second bridge was built in the same location as the Navy Yard Bridge in 1872\u20131873. This bridge was replaced in 1905-1907 by a stronger, wider span (the \"Anacostia Bridge\") which accommodated streetcars. It was this span which the Bonus Army fled across on July 28, 1932, when attacked by the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 1960s bridges\nReplacement of the 1907 span began in the 1960s. A modern, four-lane bridge carrying one-way northbound traffic opened next to the Anacostia Bridge on March 18, 1965 as part of the development of the \"Inner Loop\" (see below). A second four-lane bridge replaced the Anacostia Bridge in 1969, with one-way traffic over the span of each bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 1960s bridges\nThe southbound structure was officially named the Officer Kevin J. Welsh Memorial Bridge, while the northbound structure was officially named the 11th Street Bridge. Both were beam bridges: \"[The spans] are two-girder systems with steel composite construction and a central drop-in span on pin supports. The main girders are riveted and welded, and both have reinforced wall type piers with granite facing, supported by steel H piles.\" Each span was about 63 feet (19\u00a0m) wide. Each bridge had roughly five sections\u2014four sections of about 170 feet (52\u00a0m) in length, with a center section about 234 feet (71\u00a0m) in length. Both spans were considered \"fracture critical,\" which means that if one girder in the span fails the entire bridge is likely to collapse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 1960s bridges\nIn 1956, federal and regional transportation planners proposed an Inner Loop Expressway, one of three circumferential beltways for the District of Columbia. The innermost beltway would have formed a flattened oval about a mile in radius centered on the White House. The middle beltway would have formed an arc along the northern portion of the city, running from the proposed Barney Circle Freeway terminus near Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium to near 37th Street NW at the north end of Georgetown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 1960s bridges\nTwo decades of protest led to the cancellation of all but the I-395 and I-695 portions of the plan. The unbuilt portions of the project were finally cancelled in 1977. Several ramps allowing traffic on the 11th Street Bridges to access I-295/Anacostia Freeway and I-695 eastbound remained unbuilt because of these cancellations, creating severe traffic problems on both ends of the bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding\nThe District of Columbia assessed the bridges in 2002. The Welsh Memorial Bridge was rated \"satisfactory\" (superstructure rating of 6; substructure rating of 6) while the 11th Street Bridge was rated \"fair to poor\" (superstructure rating of 5; substructure rating of 4). Both superstructures were near maximum life expectancy. In 2004, the two bridges carried 86,000 vehicles per day, the second-largest volume of the four \"middle Anacostia River\" bridge crossings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0009-0001", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding\nWithout improvements to traffic patterns across the Anacostia River, the District of Columbia Department of Transportation (DDOT) estimated in 2005 that traffic over the 11th Street Bridges would significantly expand to 105,100 vehicles per day by 2030, an increase of 22.2 percent over 2004 and more than 40.3 percent higher than the next-busiest bridge (Sousa Bridge). DDOT undertook a major study of the bridges in 2004 which concluded that both bridges should be replaced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding\nDDOT and the FHWA issued notices to proceed with further assessments in September 2005, a draft environmental impact assessment was published in July 2006, a final environmental assessment was published in September 2007, and a decision to proceed promulgated in July 2008. Public hearings were held in September 2005, December 2005, and July 2006. Because of design changes, the environmental impact study was re-evaluated in July 2009 and found to still be sufficient. The goals of the project were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding\nThe project also included a pedestrian walkway to provide foot traffic access across the bridges as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding\nThe entire replacement project was expected to cost $365 million. Demolition of a portion of the bridges began in July 2009 (a portion of M Street SE and I-295 access ramp at 12th Street SE were closed for two weekends to permit demolition of bridge ramps), and construction was scheduled to end in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding\nOn-ramps from Anacostia to the northbound span of the 11th Street Bridges were closed on December 20, 2009, for five and a half hours after heavy snow blocked the approaches during the North American blizzard of 2009, with the snow removal disrupting automobile traffic and forcing the temporary closure of several Metrobus routes which use the bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding\nLane closures on the bridges, as well lane closures and other traffic restrictions on nearby local roads and on- and off-ramps, began October 26, 2010, as the construction moved from the middle of the Anacostia River toward the shore. City engineers estimated that the project was 25 percent complete by late October 2010. The project was on track for completion in 2013. On November 5, 2010, construction crews began driving piles east of the bridge on its northern side to begin construction of the ramp connecting the new bridge to east-bound Southeast Freeway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding\nDDOT officials said in January 2011 that they expected a new connection with southbound I-295 to open during the spring, for construction on the two freeway spans to be complete by fall, and for the local span to open in 2013. Lane closures on the 11th Street Bridges, small segments of Southeast-Southwest Freeway, I-295, and local streets began on March 23, 2011, and continued through June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding\nThe bridges' construction sparked some controversy. On March 22, a citizens group named \"D.C. Jobs or Else\" organized a protest of about 50 individuals on the 11th Street Bridges. Joined by D.C. Council member Marion Barry, the protesters said too few individuals from the Anacostia area (which suffers from a 30 percent unemployment rate) had been considered for employment or hired by Skanska/Facchina, the joint-venture construction company building the bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0016-0001", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding\nSkanska/Facchina vice president Brook Brookshire denied the accusations, noting that 51 percent of the new hires were D.C. residents, the company had engaged in extensive outreach to the unemployed, and that the company had worked with local jobs organizations, the D.C. Department of Employment Services, and the D.C. Department of Transportation to find workers for the project. Brookshire also said the company had provided training to unskilled workers to enable them to work on the project and find careers in the construction industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding\nIn May 2011, DDOT closed the off-ramp from the bridges to Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue SE. The agency said the closure would create a larger work area and speed up construction of the new bridges and approaches. Traffic was rerouted along the existing Good Hope Road on-ramp through the end of 2011, although this meant the ramp now carried two-way traffic in a single lane each way. Significant afternoon rush-hour delays occurred in the area due to the rerouting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0018-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding\nIn August 2011, the D.C. City Council designated the 11th Street Bridges, a portion of Southeast/Southwest Freeway, Maine Avenue SW, and Independence Avenue SW \"Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue\" in honor of the slain civil rights leader. The dedication came in time for the planned dedication of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial. The renaming was honorary, and did not formally change the names of these bridges, highways, and streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0019-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding\nThe non-local spans were finished months ahead of schedule, and D.C. Mayor Vincent C. Gray held a ribbon-cutting ceremony on December 16, 2011, to open the two bridges connecting I-295 with the Anacostia Freeway. The two spans were projected to carry 180,000 automobiles per day by 2032. The inbound I-295 span opened on Monday, December 19, 2011. The span carried both I-295 traffic as well as traffic coming up from neighborhood streets in Anacostia until the separate Anacostia-only span opened in 2013. Officials in December 2011 predicted the local-only span, which was intended to carry not only automobiles but also include bicycle and pedestrian lanes, would open in the summer of 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0020-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding\nBefore the opening of the spans, DDOT received permission from the U.S. Department of Transportation to extend the designation of I-695 to the interchange with I-295.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0021-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding\nThe opening of the new spans eliminated a dangerous portion of I-295 where motorists moving right to access the 11th Street Bridges mixed with motorists moving left as they entered the freeway from Firth Sterling Avenue SE. However, to allow local traffic access to the rest of the city, a set of temporary on- and off-ramps were made to give Anacostia residents access to the bridges. In March 2012, DDOT also closed the ramp leading from I-695 to the 11th Street Bridges so that new approaches and connections to the new spans could be constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0021-0001", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding\nTen Metrobus routes were rerouted due to the span closure, adding significant travel times for Anacostia commuters. Motorists attempting to reach Anacostia were forced to use one of three time-consuming alternative routes: exit I-395 at the Sixth Street SE ramp, travel through local streets, and use an on-ramp next to the Washington Navy Yard to access the undemolished old outbound bridge; continue onto I-295 and exit at Howard Road SE; exit onto South Capitol Street and take the Frederick Douglass Bridge; or continue east to the John Philip Sousa Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0022-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding\nIn January 2012, DDOT officials said that even when the third span opened in the summer of 2012, it would not be complete. DDOT said that one of the outbound traffic lanes would not be complete, nor would the pedestrian/bike lane. DDOT also admitted that Anacostia residents traveling into the city would not have direct access to M Street as originally planned. Instead, motorists would confront a dead-end and be forced to take a detour east onto O Street SE, travel north on 12th Street NE, and then make a left to reach M Street SE. DDOT said the final outbound lane to Anacostia as well as the bicycle/pedestrian lane would not be completed until the fall of 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0023-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding\nDDOT announced in April 2012 that it was on schedule to open the new ramp from the bridge to northbound Anacostia Freeway in June, and the new inbound-ramp on the north side of the bridge (connecting with I-395) in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0024-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding, Southeast Boulevard\nSince the cancellation of the Inner Loop Expressway, motorists wanting to access the Baltimore\u2013Washington Parkway or U.S. Route 50 in Maryland (the John Hanson Highway) would often travel Interstate 695 to Barney Circle, wait at the traffic light there, use Pennsylvania Avenue to cross the nearby Sousa Bridge, wait at a traffic light on the southwestern terminus of the bridge, and make a left turn against oncoming traffic to access a narrow and dangerous ramp that led to northbound D.C. Route 295 (the Anacostia Freeway). The combination of traffic lights, left turn, and mixing of both through-traffic and local traffic created extensive traffic congestion on the Sousa Bridge during evening rush hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0025-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding, Southeast Boulevard\nIn 2009, when the DDOT began the replacement of the 11th Street Bridges, it closed the westbound segment of Interstate 695 from the 11th Street Bridges to Barney Circle in late November 2012, and the eastbound lanes in early 2013. This portion of was Interstate 695 was subsequently decommissioned, turning roughly five blocks of six-lane highway into city streets from the National Highway System. The unfinished \"mixing bowl\" exchange on the southern terminus of the 11th Street Bridges was also altered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0025-0001", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding, Southeast Boulevard\nLocal traffic was separated from through-traffic by the construction of a bridge dedicated for local traffic only, and ramps connecting the bridge to D.C. Route 295 were created. Construction of the new ramps began in May 2012, with the ramp from southbound D.C. Route 295 onto the 11th Street Bridge completed in July 2012. The ramp from the bridges to northbound D.C. Route 295 opened on December 19, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0026-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding, Southeast Boulevard\nThe decommissioned portion of Interstate 695 began to be transformed into a boulevard named \"Southeast Boulevard\". The reconstruction project, estimated to take 18 to 24 months, raised the roadway 20 feet (6.1\u00a0m) to bring it level with the grade of the surrounding streets. The six-lane former highway began to be turned into a four-lane grand boulevard with a landscaped median and pedestrian nature trail. Southeast Boulevard was designed to link Barney Circle to 11th Street SE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0027-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding, Southeast Boulevard\nIn 2013, DDOT published plans to reconfigure Barney Circle. Priorities for the project included improving and restoring access to neighborhood streets, and adding pedestrian and bicycle connectivity to local streets and the Anacostia River waterfront. DDOT also began exploring whether to connect Southeast Boulevard to 12th, 13th, 14th, and 15th Streets SE. By 2014, DDOT's plan involved possible reconstructing of Barney Circle into an intermodal transportation hub as well. DDOT planners said that construction on this project might begin as early as 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0028-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding, Streetcar lane\nThe local span of the new 11th Street Bridges was designed to accommodate a lane for the trolley cars of the city's emerging DC Streetcar tram system. The Anacostia Line of the streetcar system was originally intended to travel north from the Anacostia Metro station to a streetcar station at the southern foot of the local span before connecting with the Navy Yard \u2013 Ballpark and Waterfront Metro stations. Design changes were made in the 11th Street Bridges to permit the streetcar tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0028-0001", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding, Streetcar lane\nIn 2009, however, DDOT said the trolley cars would not travel down M Street SE/SW but rather proceed up 8th Street SE/NE to link with DC Streetcar's H Street Line. To help fund construction of the Anacostia Line, DDOT proposed transferring $10 million from demolition of the 11th Street Bridges, but put that plan on hold due to delays in the streetcar project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0029-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding, Streetcar lane\nFor reasons which remain unclear, DDOT shuttered construction of the Anacostia line in August 2010. Funding for the Anacostia Line over the 11th Street Bridges subsequently fell through as well. DDOT had applied for an $18 million Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery (TIGER) grant from the United States Department of Transportation to build the trolley bed and lay tracks along the local span, but the federal agency denied the application in October 2010. Three days later, DDOT released a new DC Streetcar map showing the Anacostia Line terminating at the Anacostia Metro station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0030-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding, Streetcar lane\nHowever, in October 2009, construction began on the new United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) headquarters on what used to be the west campus of St. Elizabeths Hospital. As the first DHS headquarters building neared completion, the need for a streetcar line to move DHS workers from the Anacostia and Congressional Heights Metro lines into the heart of Anacostia became urgent. Federal and city officials also wanted to find a way to link the 8th Street Marine Corps Barracks and United States Navy facilities at the Washington Navy Yard to the DHS campus. DDOT and the Federal Transit Administration began holding a series of public meetings to determine how to link the 11th Street Bridges with DHS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0031-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding, Streetcar lane\nBy June 2011, three public meetings had been held, in which 10 alternate routes for the streetcar line had been identified. In January 2012 the fourth public meeting narrowed the routes down to four alternatives for linking the Anacostia Metro station to the bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0032-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding, Proposed 11th Street Bridges recreation project\nDDOT originally planned to tear down the spans of the existing 11th Street Bridges, but leave the piers standing. The agency planned to connect the bicycle/pedestrian lane on the new local-only span with two of the piers left over from the demolition of the downstream span. Pedestrian observation platforms would be built on the piers. At both ends of the local-only span, the city also proposed building fishing piers, which would extend into the Anacostia River. The overlooks and fishing piers were expected to be completed in the fall of 2012 or the spring of 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 85], "content_span": [86, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0033-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding, Proposed 11th Street Bridges recreation project\nHowever, in March 2012 the Office of Planning within the D.C. Mayor's office proposed retaining the downstream span and turning it into a recreational destination. The inspiration for the concept came from New York City's High Line, a linear park and aerial greenway built on a section of the former elevated New York Central Railroad spur. The Office of Planning's initial concept proposed building a new 925-foot (282\u00a0m) superstructure on the piers, complete with utilities (electricity, natural gas, sewage, fresh water). A self-sustaining public-private partnership would develop parks, restaurants, and outdoor entertainment features on the span.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 85], "content_span": [86, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0033-0001", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding, Proposed 11th Street Bridges recreation project\nCity planners argued the concept would connect parks and trails along both sides of the Anacostia River, provide a \"destination attraction\" in the city's impoverished Southeast which could enhance retail sales as well as economic development in the area, and provide badly needed outdoor recreational facilities to residents of the Anacostia neighborhood. The cost of building a new span was estimated at between $25 and $35 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 85], "content_span": [86, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0034-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding, Proposed 11th Street Bridges recreation project\nThe city made its planning proposal about 45 to 60 days before demolition was to have begun on the existing span. It said it would hold a national design competition in the summer of 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 85], "content_span": [86, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0035-0000", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding, Proposed 11th Street Bridges recreation project\nReaction to the plan was mixed. Attendees at the city's meeting were reported to be highly enthusiastic. But Beth Purcell, president of the Capitol Hill Restoration Society, called the plan \"bizarre\" and argued that the city should not delay construction of the overlooks and fishing piers in favor of an unstudied design proposal with no funding. David Alpert, of the prominent local blog Greater Greater Washington, was more muted in his criticism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 85], "content_span": [86, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007895-0035-0001", "contents": "11th Street Bridges, 2009 rebuilding, Proposed 11th Street Bridges recreation project\nWriting for The Washington Post, he pointed out that the \"recreation bridge\" connected two neighborhoods of only moderate population density, and was not easily accessed from either side of the river. He argued that the space would have to have enough activity and importance to make it a \"destination\" space day and night. He cautioned that the space could easily turn into a dead zone or encourage crime and that the space would have to be connected to the 11th Street Bridges local-only span's bicycle/pedestrian lanes. He also suggested that one or more DC Streetcar stops be created along the bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 85], "content_span": [86, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007896-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Street station (Indiana)\n11th Street is a temporarily closed rail stop in the central city neighborhood of Michigan City, Indiana. It serves the South Shore Line commuter rail system and is one of two active stations in Michigan City, the other being Carroll Avenue station. It is located adjacent to the historic 11th Street Station of the former Chicago, South Shore and South Bend Railroad station, which operated the station from 1927 until 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007896-0000-0001", "contents": "11th Street station (Indiana)\nPrior to the May 2021 closure, the station was composed of a passenger shelter and a sign on the northwest corner of East 11th Street and Pine Street; boarding and alighting was done from the street itself. A more modern station with two tracks and high-level platforms is currently under construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007896-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Street station (Indiana), History\nThe Chicago, South Shore and South Bend was one of the last interurban railroads to operate profitably in the United States. Aggressive management, led by financier Samuel Insull, reconceptualized the South Shore as the linchpin of a public transportation network operating throughout the industrialized Indiana Dunes region of Indiana. Insull interests built the 11th Street Station in central Michigan City in May 1927 as a pioneering piece of multimodal public transportation infrastructure. The South Shore had affiliated with several regional bus lines, and the 11th Street Station was conceived as a waiting area point where system users would transfer between a bus and an electric train.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007896-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Street station (Indiana), History\nAfter operating relatively successfully for some decades, the South Shore entered bankruptcy in the 1980s. Electric train service was reorganized under the umbrella of the publicly funded Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District (NICTD), but affiliated bus service had long since ceased. The South Shore Line closed the 11th Street station building in November 1987, but its NICTD successor-in-interest maintains train service to the street adjacent to the station. The station building itself, designed by Insull's staff-architect Arthur U. Gerber, is closed and out of service as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007896-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Street station (Indiana), History, Operation under NICTD\nUntil April 30, 2021, the trains stopped near the original station, opening the door on the north side of the track. To make up for the closure of the station, NICTD set up a small passenger shelter at the end of the adjacent parking lot, near the 11th Street/Pine Street intersection. As the rule of thumb, conductors only open the doors in the first two cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007896-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Street station (Indiana), History, Operation under NICTD\nMichigan City and NICTD have discussed the possibility of moving the tracks off the street, onto a less intrusive alignment. A series of recent studies concluded that the 11th Street alignment is the most viable and cost-effective option, especially in terms of transit-oriented development. According to the preliminary plans, the alignment will be double-tracked and moved half a block (in most places) south of its present location. The current station is in the process of being replaced with a new facility between Franklin and Washington streets, southwest of the current location. It will have a high-level, accessible platform and a new multi-level parking lot and have a siding track. Most of the buildings on the South side of 11th Street will have to be demolished to make way for the realignment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007896-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Street station (Indiana), History, Operation under NICTD\nThere are considerable concerns among Michigan City residents about this plan, particularly those who would be relocated. Other possible alignments exist that would also separate the NICTD tracks from a grade widely used by motor vehicle traffic, and a public hearing was held in September 2011 to discuss these possible alignments. However, the alignment adjacent to 11th Street was chosen, turning 11th Street into a one-way street with the two tracks running adjacent to the street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007896-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Street station (Indiana), Current status\nAs part of the South Shore Line's double tracking project, the station closed on May 1, 2021 for the two and a half-year duration of the project. The station is planned to be rebuilt to include high-level platforms along with a multi-story parking and retail facility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007897-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Street station (SEPTA)\n11th Street station (signed as 11th Street\u2013Pennsylvania Convention Center on platforms) is a subway station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at the intersection of 11th Street and Market Street in Center City. It is served by SEPTA's Market-Frankford Line and provides a connection to SEPTA Regional Rail at Jefferson Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007897-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Street station (SEPTA)\nThe station is part of the Downtown Link concourse, a series of underground passageways outside fare control that access stations on the Market\u2013Frankford Line, Broad Street Line, PATCO Speedline, and Regional Rail lines. 11th Street also has direct access to the Jefferson Tower and Fashion District Philadelphia shopping mall, and also serves the Pennsylvania Convention Center and the Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007897-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Street station (SEPTA), History\nThe station opened August 3, 1908 as part of the first extension of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company's Market Street Subway. The line had originally opened a year earlier between 69th Street and 15th Street stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007897-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Street station (SEPTA), History\n11th Street is one of three stations on the Market\u2013Frankford Line that is not ADA-accessible, the other two being 34th Street and Spring Garden stations. The addition of elevators in the station was announced in SEPTA's 2021-2032 Capital Program proposal; the station platforms would be rehabilitated and made accessible to passengers with disabilities by 2023 at an estimated cost of $9.51 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007897-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Street station (SEPTA), Station layout\nThe station has two side platforms. A mezzanine above the platforms is divided into two sections, one inside fare control and one outside of it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007897-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Street station (SEPTA), Image gallery\nA train bound for 69th Street Transportation Center arrives at the station", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007897-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Street station (SEPTA), Image gallery\nAn entrance to station is shared with Jefferson Station on 11th Street", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007898-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Supreme People's Assembly\nThe 11th Supreme People's Assembly (Chosongul: \ucd5c\uace0\uc778\ubbfc\ud68c\uc758 \uc81c11\uae30) of North Korea was in session from 2003 until 2009. It consisted of 687 deputies, and held six sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007898-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Supreme People's Assembly\nThe Supreme People's Assembly is the unicameral legislature of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), commonly known as North Korea. It consists of one deputy from each of the DPRK's 687 constituencies, elected to five-year terms. The constitution recognizes the Workers' Party as the leading party of the state. The Workers' Party, led by Kim Jong-un, governs the DPRK in a monopoly coalition with the Social Democratic Party and the Chondoist Chongu Party called the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland. Elections are held in five-year intervals, the most recent taking place in 2019. Although the Supreme People's Assembly is the primary legislative body of the DPRK, it ordinarily delegates authority to the smaller and more powerful Presidium, chosen from among its members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007899-0000-0000", "contents": "11th TCA Awards\nThe 11th TCA Awards were presented by the Television Critics Association in a ceremony hosted by Friends co-stars Jennifer Aniston and Matt LeBlanc. The ceremony was held on July 21, 1995, at the Ritz-Carlton Huntington Hotel and Spa in Pasadena, Calif.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007900-0000-0000", "contents": "11th TVyNovelas Awards\nThe 11th TVyNovelas Awards, is an Academy of special awards to the best of soap operas and TV shows. The awards ceremony took place on March 29, 1993 in the Centro de Espect\u00e1culos \"Premier\", M\u00e9xico D.F.. The ceremony was televised in the Mexico by Canal de las estrellas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007900-0001-0000", "contents": "11th TVyNovelas Awards\nRa\u00fal Velasco, Liza Echeverr\u00eda, Rebecca de Alba, Luis de la Corte and Lorena Tassinari hosted the show. De frente al sol won 7 awards including Best Telenovela of the Year, the most for the evening. Other winners Mar\u00eda Mercedes won 6 awards, El abuelo y yo and Las secretas intenciones won 2 awards, and Baila conmigo won 1 award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007900-0002-0000", "contents": "11th TVyNovelas Awards, Winners and nominees, International Segment\nThis segment is transmitted only in the United States for Univisi\u00f3n:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007900-0003-0000", "contents": "11th TVyNovelas Awards, Winners and nominees, Missing\nPeople who did not attend ceremony wing and were nominated in the shortlist in each category:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007901-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Calzecchi\"\nThe 11th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Calzecchi\" (Italian: 11\u00b0 Battaglione Carri \"M.O. Calzecchi\") is an inactive tank battalion of the Italian Army based in Ozzano dell'Emilia  in Emilia Romagna. Originally the battalion, like all Italian tank units, was part of the infantry, but since 1 June 1999 it is part of the cavalry. Operationally the battalion was last assigned to the Mechanized Brigade \"Friuli\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007901-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Calzecchi\", History\nThe battalion was formed during the 1975 army reform: on 1 August 1975 the XI Armored Battalion of the Infantry Brigade \"Trieste\" was renamed 11th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Calzecchi\". The 11th Calzecchi was granted a new war flag on 12 November 1976 by decree 846 of the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone. The battalion received the traditions of the XI Tank Battalion \"M\", which had been formed by the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment on 30 April 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007901-0001-0001", "contents": "11th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Calzecchi\", History\nThe battalion joined 133rd Tank Infantry Regiment and was sent to Italian Libya on 14 January 1942 to fight in the Western Desert Campaign. In Libya the battalion was transferred from the 133rd regiment to the 101st Motorised Division \"Trieste\" on 2 April 1942. The battalion entered the front during the Battle of Bir Hakeim and continued to serve in the North African theater until it was annihilated on 2 November 1942 during the Second Battle of El Alamein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007901-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Calzecchi\", History\nAfter World War II the XI Tank Battalion was reformed in Forl\u00ec on 16 May 1960 as armored unit of the Infantry Brigade \"Trieste\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007901-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Calzecchi\", History\nTank and armored battalions created during the 1975 army reform were all named for officers, soldiers and partisans, who were posthumously awarded Italy's highest military honor the Gold Medal of Military Valour for heroism during World War II. The 11th Tank Battalion's name commemorated 33rd Tank Infantry Regiment Captain Icilio Calzecchi, who had served in the XI Tank Battalion \"M\" and was killed in action on 29 May 1942 during the Battle of Bir Hakeim. Equipped with Leopard 1A2 main battle tanks the battalion joined the Mechanized Brigade \"Trieste\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007901-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Calzecchi\", History\nAfter the end of the Cold War the Italian Army began to draw down its forces on 1 June 1991 the Mechanized Brigade \"Trieste\" was merged into the Motorized Brigade \"Friuli\". On 18 September 1992 the 11th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Calzecchi\" reformed as 4th Tank Regiment. On 1 September 1993 the 4th Tank Regiment swapped its flag, name and traditions with the 33rd Tank Regiment, which at this time were assigned to the 6th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Scapuzzi\" in Civitavecchia. After the swap the 11th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Calzecchi\" was now the sole battalion of the 33rd Tank Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007901-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Calzecchi\", History\nAs the Friuli brigade was earmarked to become Italy's only Air Assault brigade the 33rd Tank Regiment was transferred to the 132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\" in 1997. In 2001 the 33rd tank regiment was disbanded and the flags of the 33rd regiment and 11th battalion were transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007902-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Tank Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 11th Tank Division was a Soviet tank division initially formed in 1940 at Tiraspol and destroyed in 1941; it was then formed as a tank corps in May 1942. This unit was subsequently reorganized as the second formation of the 11th Tank Division in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007902-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Tank Division (Soviet Union), History, First Formation\nThe first (1940) formation of the 11th Tank Division was subordinated to the 2nd Mechanized Corps, itself part of the 9th (independent) Army. The 11th Tank Division was destroyed near Novo-Arkhangelsk (Ukraine) in combat against the Germans in August 1941, with remnants escaping encirclement and being reorganized as the 132nd Tank Brigade, which later became the 4th Guards Tank Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007902-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Tank Division (Soviet Union), History, 11th Tank Corps\nInitiating a separate unit lineage, the 11th Tank Corps was formed on May 19, 1942. By June 1942, the 11th Tank Corps was subordinated to the Bryansk Front. Subordinate units at that time included the 53rd and 160th Tank Brigades, and the 12th Motor Rifle Brigade. The corps was never permanently attached to a tank army and was subordinated to several fronts during the course of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007902-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Tank Division (Soviet Union), History, 11th Tank Corps\n11th Tank Corps was in combat near Kharkov in 1942, Orel in 1943, the offensive to drive the Germans from Belorussia in 1944, and the offensive across central Poland in January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007902-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Tank Division (Soviet Union), History, 11th Tank Corps\nAs the Soviet Army approached victory in April 1945 during the Battle of Berlin, the 11th Tank Corps was part of the 1st Belorussian Front. It commanded the 20th, 36th, and 65th Tank Brigades, as well as the 12th Motor Rifle Brigade. During the battle, the corps was used to flank the Seelow Heights from the north, and in the advance into the city from the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007902-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Tank Division (Soviet Union), History, Second Formation\nThe 11th Tank Corps, like all Soviet tank corps, was reorganized as a division on 10 June 1945, and was renamed the 11th Tank Division. The 11th Tank Division was part of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, subordinated to 1st Guards Tank Army from August of that year. It was soon transferred to the 3rd Shock Army. The division was relocated to Gusev, Kaliningrad Oblast in the Baltic Military District in early 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007902-0005-0001", "contents": "11th Tank Division (Soviet Union), History, Second Formation\nIt was disbanded in February 1947, with its tank regiments becoming part of rifle divisions in the district and the 12th Motor Rifle Regiment, 243rd Mortar Regiment, 1388th Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiment, 115th Guards Separate Mortar Battalion, 153rd Sapper Battalion, 687th Communications Battalion, 204th Medical-Sanitary Battalion, and 677th Motor Transport Battalion were all disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007902-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Tank Division (Soviet Union), History, Second Formation\nAn 11th Guards Tank Corps also existed but was a different unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007902-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Tank Division (Soviet Union), Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the 11th Tank Corps during World War II:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007903-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 11th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was also known as 1st East Tennessee Cavalry Battalion and 11th East Tennessee Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007903-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 11th Tennessee Cavalry was organized May through October 1863 and mustered in for a three-year enlistment under the command of Colonel Isham Young. Companies A, B, C, and D were mustered in at Camp Nelson, Kentucky, on August 15, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007903-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was attached to Willcox's Division, Left Wing, XXIII Corps, Department of the Ohio, to January 1864. District of the Clinch to April 1864. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, Department of the Ohio, to January 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007903-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 11th Tennessee Cavalry ceased to exist on March 24, 1865, when it was consolidated with the 9th Tennessee Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007903-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nJoined DeCourcy at Crab Orchard, Ky., August 24, 1863. March to Cumberland Gap September 24-October 3. Operations about Cumberland Gap until February 1864. Mulberry Creek January 3. Tazewell January 24. Near Jonesville January 28\u201329. Skirmishes on Jonesville and Mulberry Roads February 12. Gibson and Wyerman's Mills on Indian Creek, and at Powell's Bridge February 22. Duty at and about Cumberland Gap guarding communications with Knoxville until January 1865. Action at Johnsonville, Tenn., November 4\u20135, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007903-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nRecords are incomplete, but the 11th Tennessee Cavalry was known to be greatly under strength, ill-equipped, and without discipline. Brigadier General Theophilus T. Garrard reported on March 15, 1864, that \"the 11th Tennessee Cavalry (10 companies) 252 men for duty, no horses, are without discipline, and with their present organization of but little value.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007904-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Texas Cavalry Regiment\nThe 11th Texas Cavalry Regiment was a unit of mounted volunteers that fought in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. The regiment organized in October 1861 and fought at Chustenahlah against pro-Union Native Americans that winter and at Pea Ridge against Union troops in March 1862. The regiment dismounted to fight at First Corinth, Richmond, and Stones River in 1862. After being remounted, the 11th Texas Cavalry fought at Chickamauga, in Wheeler's October 1863 Raid, in the Atlanta campaign, in Sherman's March to the Sea, and in the Carolinas campaign. When the Confederate army surrendered in April 1865, its remaining soldiers dispersed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007905-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Tony Awards\nThe 11th Annual Tony Awards took place at the Waldorf-Astoria Grand Ballroom on April 21, 1957. The Master of Ceremonies was Bud Collyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007905-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Tony Awards, Ceremony\nThe presenters were Faye Emerson, Tom Ewell, Lillian Gish, Helen Hayes, Nancy Kelly, Bert Lahr, Beatrice Lillie, Nancy Olson, Elaine Perry, Cliff Robertson, and Cornelia Otis Skinner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007905-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Tony Awards, Ceremony\nPerformers were George Gaines and Michael King. Music was by Meyer Davis and his Orchestra. Due to a union dispute, there was no television broadcast, which had been scheduled for WCBS-TV Channel 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007906-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Transgender Erotica Awards\nThe 11th Annual Transgender Erotica Awards was a pornographic awards event recognizing the best in transgender pornography form the previous year from  November 15, 2017 - November 15, 2018. Pre -nominations were open from October 4 to October 23, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007906-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Transgender Erotica Awards\nThe public-at-large was able to suggest nominees using an online form. Nominees were announced on November 26, 2018, online on the theteashow.com website, with fan voting opening on the same day. The winners were announced during the awards on March 17, 2019. The awards open to fan voting were the fan award which was open to all and site-specific awards which were open to members of the forums of the specific sites who met specific criteria regarding; a number of postings and a date to have been a member before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007906-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Transgender Erotica Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominations for the 11th Transgender Erotica Awards were announced online on November 26, 2018, and opened to fan voting on the same day, when pre-nominations closed, online on the theteashow.com website. The winners were announced during the awards on March 17, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007907-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Transport Regiment \"Flaminia\"\nThe 11th Transport Regiment \"Flaminia\" (Italian: 11\u00b0 Reggimento Trasporti \"Flaminia\") is a military logistics regiment of the Italian Army based in Rome. The regiment is operationally assigned to the Army General Staff and provides the necessary transport for the general staff to operate. Like all transport units of the Italian Army the regiment was named for a historic road near its base: in the 11th regiment's case for the Roman road Via Flaminia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007907-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Transport Regiment \"Flaminia\", Current structure\nAs of 2019 the 11th Transport Regiment \"Flaminia\" consists of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007907-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Transport Regiment \"Flaminia\", Current structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Company fields the following platoons: C3 Platoon, Transport and Materiel Platoon, Medical Platoon, and Commissariat Platoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007908-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Transportation Battalion (United States)\nThe 11th Transportation Battalion (\"Over the Shore\") is a transportation battalion of the United States Army first formed in 1936. The 11th Transportation Battalion is a subordinate unit of the 7th Transportation Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007908-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Transportation Battalion (United States), Lineage\nThe 11th Transportation Battalion was originally constituted on 1 May 1936 in the Regular Army as the 396th Quartermaster Battalion (Port). The Transportation Corps was not established until 1942. On 17 September 1942, the Battalion was converted and re-designated as the 396th Port Battalion in the Transportation Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007908-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Transportation Battalion (United States), Lineage\nThe Battalion served with distinction during World War II, participating in the first large-scale Logistics Over The Shore mission during the 1943 invasion of Sicily. Later, the Battalion was in charge of several marshaling yards in France and in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007908-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Transportation Battalion (United States), Lineage\nOn 29 September 1948, the Battalion was re-designated as the 11th Transportation Port Battalion. Later, the Battalion was reorganized and re-designated as the 11th Transportation Battalion. During the Vietnam War, the Battalion also served with distinction receiving three Meritorious Unit Commendations and numerous campaign credits spanning the period of 1965 through 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007908-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Transportation Battalion (United States), Lineage\nAlthough the Battalion headquarters did not deploy to the Gulf War, over 500 soldiers attached to four units were sent to augment the 7th Transportation Group. In the fall of 1994, the Battalion deployed to Haiti, in support of Operation Uphold Democracy, and again served with distinction receiving the Army Superior Unit Award. Immediately afterward, the Battalion deployed to Southwest Asia in support of Operation Vigilant Warrior. 11th Transportation Battalion Operated LACV-30 Hovercraft from 1983 to 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007908-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Transportation Battalion (United States), Lineage\nSince then the Battalion has participated in numerous joint and combined exercises both in and out of CONUS. In January 2003 the Battalion deployed again to Southwest Asia in support of Operations Enduring and Iraqi Freedoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007908-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Transportation Battalion (United States), Lineage\nToday, the 11th Transportation Battalion conducts multi-modal and terminal transportation operations. It consists of over 850 Soldiers who practice 27 different military occupational specialties in Seaport Operations Companies, an Inland Cargo Transfer Company, a Headquarters Detachment, a Harbormaster Detachment, and an Automated Cargo Documentation Detachment in support of the 7th Sustainment Brigade at Fort Eustis, Virginia. The Battalion currently has deployment rotations in continuous support of the global war on terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007908-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Transportation Battalion (United States), Campaign participation credit\nWorld War II: Sicily (with arrowhead); Rome-Arno; Southern France; Rhineland", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007908-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Transportation Battalion (United States), Campaign participation credit\nVietnam: Defense; Counteroffensive; Counteroffensive, Phase II; Counteroffensive, Phase III; Tet Counteroffensive; Counteroffensive, Phase IV; Counteroffensive, Phase V; Counteroffensive, Phase VI; Tet 69/Counteroffensive; Summer-Fall 1969; Winter-Spring 1970", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007909-0000-0000", "contents": "11th U-boat Flotilla\nThe 11th U-boat Flotilla (German 11. Unterseebootsflottille) was formed on 15 May 1942 in Bergen, Norway. The flotilla operated mainly in the North Sea and against the Russian convoys (JW-, PQ-, QP- and RA series) in the Arctic Sea. The flotilla operated various marks of the Type VII U-boat until September 1944, when it had an influx of some Type IX boats from France. It also was the only flotilla to field the Type XXI U-boat for operational use, but the war ended before U-2511 saw action. The Flotilla was disbanded on 9 May 1945 with the German surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007910-0000-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment\nThe 11th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment, previously designated the 14th Rhode Island Heavy Artillery Regiment (Colored), was an African American artillery regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007910-0001-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nThe 14th Rhode Island Heavy Artillery (Colored) was organized in Providence, Rhode Island, and mustered in August 28, 1863, for three years service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007910-0002-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nThe regiment served unattached, XIII Corps, Department of the Gulf, to May 1864 (1st Battalion). Defenses of New Orleans, Department of the Gulf, to October 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007910-0003-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nThe 14th Rhode Island Heavy Artillery Regiment (Colored) officially ceased to exist when the designation of the regiment was first changed to 8th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment on April 4, 1864, and later to 11th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment on May 21, 1864. The 11th United States Colored Heavy Artillery mustered out of service October 2, 1865, at New Orleans, Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007910-0004-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service\nThe units of the regiment were originally trained on organized on Dutch Island in Narragansett Bay. There were three battalions formed. The 1st and 3rd Battalions served together at Camp Parapet in New Orleans. The 2nd Battalion was stationed at English Turn in Plaquemine near New Orleans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007910-0005-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service\nThe 1st Battalion moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, December 19\u201330, 1863, then to Pass Cavallo, Texas, December 31, 1863 \u2013 January 8, 1864. The 1st Battalion assigned to garrison duty at Fort Esperanza, Matagorda Island, Texas, until May 19, 1864. Moved to Camp Parapet, New Orleans, La., May 19\u201323; joined 3rd Battalion and served duty there until July 1864. Ordered to Port Hudson, Louisiana, and garrison duty there until April 1865. Duty at Brashear City and New Orleans until October 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007910-0006-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service\nthe 2nd Battalion moved to New Orleans January 8 - February 3, 1864. Duty in the Defenses of New Orleans at English Turn and at Plaquemine until October 1865. Expedition from Brashear City to Ratliff's Plantation May 14\u201316, 1865 (detachment). Action at Indian Village, Plaquemine Parish, on August 6, 1864, in which three soldiers were captured and later executed by insurgent forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007910-0007-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service\nThe 3rd Battalion moved to New Orleans, April 3\u201315, and duty at Camp Parapet until October 1865. The regiment was mustered out of service on October 2, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007910-0008-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service\nAs the regiment served in two different locations it never assembled as a whole until after it had been mustered out of service. The regiment's commander, Colonel J. Hale Sypher, served on court martial duty throughout the regiment's service and never exercised operational control over the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007910-0009-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service\nThe de facto commander of the regiment was Lieutenant Colonel Nelson Viall, who was noted for his concern for the well-being of his soldiers. Viall had previously served as colonel of the 2nd Rhode Island Infantry but accepted a reduction in rank to serve with the 14th Rhode Island. After the war he served as the warden of the Rhode Island State Prison from 1869 until his death in 1903.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007911-0000-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Infantry Regiment (New)\nThe 1st Regiment Alabama Siege Artillery (African Descent) was an artillery regiment recruited from African-Americans that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was renamed the 6th US Colored Heavy Artillery. Under the leadership of Major Lionel Booth, the regiment fought at the Battle of Fort Pillow on April 12, 1864. The regiment then became the 7th US Colored Heavy Artillery, and later the 11th United States Colored Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007911-0001-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Infantry Regiment (New), Service\nThe 1st Alabama Siege Artillery Regiment was raised at LaGrange, LaFayette and Memphis, Tennessee, as well as Corinth, Mississippi, on June 20, 1863, after Federal troops occupied the area. In addition to artillery, the regiment also trained as infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007911-0002-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Infantry Regiment (New), Service\nThe unit was re-designated as 6th U.S. Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment on March 11, 1864. On March 17, Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas J. Jackson was placed in command of the regiment. The next day he turned the command over to newly promoted Major Lionel F. Booth. At that point the regiment had a strength of 8 officers and 213 men. It arrived at Fort Pillow on March 29 and Major Booth, being the senior officer present, was placed in command of the fort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007911-0003-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Infantry Regiment (New), Service\nOn April 12, the fort was attacked by approximately 1,500 Confederate troops led by General James R. Chalmers and Cavalry Corps commander, General Nathan B. Forrest. The battery took positions inside the inner fort walls. However, the Confederates had occupied the surrounding bluffs that allowed them to fire down into the fort. Early in the morning, Major Booth was shot by a Confederate sniper. The command of the fort fell to the in-experienced Major William F. Bradford, the commander of the 13th Tennessee Cavalry (US). The command of the 6th Heavy Artillery fell to Captain Charles Epeneter, who was wounded in the head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007911-0004-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Infantry Regiment (New), Service\nThe battery operated two 12-pound howitzers at the northern embrasures or openings in the parapet. Several days before the battle, two 10-pound Parrotts were brought to Fort Pillow. These pieces were placed outside the fort at the beginning of the battle, but were soon moved inside the fort. Wooden platforms were hastily erected adjacent to two open embrasures facing south. During the final assault on the fort, all Union artillery was largely ineffective because the guns could not be depressed enough to fire upon the Confederates on the steep terrain below. Two other cannons, 6-pound James Rifles, were placed in the center two embrasures and manned by a section of men from Company D, 2nd US Colored Light Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007911-0005-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Infantry Regiment (New), Service\nThe regiment suffered many casualties at the battle but unlike many newspaper reports not all of the black soldiers were killed. Fifty-six were taken prisoner by the Confederates. Most of them were taken to Mississippi and Alabama and enslaved whereas the white prisoners from the 13th Tennessee Cavalry were sent to Andersonville Prison where a large percentage died. Several of the black prisoners escaped and many of those missing in action eventually returned to their unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007911-0006-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Infantry Regiment (New), Service\nAfter the losses at the Battle of Fort Pillow, the survivors were reformed into the 7th U.S. Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment on April 26, 1864, and later into the 11th United States Colored Infantry on January 23, 1865 (after the former regiment of the same name had been consolidated into the 113th United States Colored Infantry).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007912-0000-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Infantry Regiment (Old)\nThe 11th United States Colored Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was composed of African American enlisted men commanded by white officers and was authorized by the Bureau of Colored Troops which was created by the United States War Department on May 22, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007912-0001-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Infantry Regiment (Old), Organization\nThe 11th Regiment, United States Colored Troops was recruited out of Fort Smith in the fall and winter of 1863\u201364, shortly after the Union had recaptured the post from Confederate forces. The unit was recruited from former slaves from Ft. Smith, Van Buren, Dripping Springs, Kibler, Alma and other local communities. In addition, several men who had been enslaved in nearby Choctaw Nation, heard about the opportunity to join and slipped into Arkansas and joined the 11th US Colored Infantry. Companies A, B, C and D were mustered into the service of the Union army on December 19, 1863, at Fort Smith, with Company E to follow on March 3, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007912-0002-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Infantry Regiment (Old), Service\nThe 11th United States Colored Infantry was attached to 2nd Brigade, District of the Frontier, 7th Corps, Dept. of Arkansas, until January, 1865 and then attached to the Colored Brigade, 7th Corps, to February, 1865. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, 7th Corps, to April, 1865. The unit was first assigned to post and garrison duty at Fort Smith. They spent most of their time drilling and performing routine duties such as working on the earthwork fortifications that surrounded the town of Fort Smith, serving as guards, and participating in any formal dress parades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007912-0003-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Infantry Regiment (Old), Service\nIt was in the summer of 1864 that the unit saw its first real military action. In mid-July of that year, the five companies of the 11th USCT, numbering 265 effective men, moved into Indian Territory. Their assignment was to guard government stock and a haying party operating at Gunther's Prairie, 12 miles northwest of Fort Smith. At daybreak on August 24, an estimated 300 to 400 Confederate cavalry, both white and Indian, attacked this force. The fighting lasted until 7:30 that morning and some firing continued as late as 10 a.m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007912-0003-0001", "contents": "11th United States Colored Infantry Regiment (Old), Service\nAccording to military records, for one hour the contest was close and the fire almost incessant. The Confederates made three separate charges and were repulsed each time and finally were compelled to retreat. The loss to the force is unknown but the 11th USCT had 3 men killed and 14 missing or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007912-0004-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Infantry Regiment (Old), Service\nThe unit remained at the Ft. Smith post until November 1864 when they were moved eastward to Lewisburg, in Conway County, Arkansas. The 11th saw action again at Boggs's Mill on January 24, 1865. On the night of the January 24, a detachment of Colonel Robert C. Newton\u2019s 10th Arkansas Confederate Cavalry Regiment seized the mill, located twelve miles from Dardanelle in Yell County, in order to grind flour. Lieutenant Colonel James M. Steele, leading the 11th USCT, surprised the Confederate force, capturing eighteen horses and twenty stands of arms, as well as all of the flour and Newton\u2019s papers. The regiment then returned to garrison duty at both Little Rock and Lewisburg until April, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007912-0005-0000", "contents": "11th United States Colored Infantry Regiment (Old), Mustered out of service\nIn late April 1865, after the surrender of Lee's army in Virginia, the unit was officially consolidated with the 112th and the 113th United States Colored Infantry to form the new 113th U.S. Colored Troops on April 22, 1865. They were mustered out a year later, on April 9, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 75], "content_span": [76, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007913-0000-0000", "contents": "11th United States Congress\nThe 11th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1809, to March 4, 1811, during the first two years of James Madison's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Second Census of the United States in 1800. Both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007913-0001-0000", "contents": "11th United States Congress, Party summary\nThe count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the \"Changes in membership\" section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007913-0002-0000", "contents": "11th United States Congress, Members\nThis list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007913-0003-0000", "contents": "11th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nSenators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1814; Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1810; and Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007913-0004-0000", "contents": "11th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives\nThe names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007913-0005-0000", "contents": "11th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Maryland\nThe 5th district was a plural district with two representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007913-0006-0000", "contents": "11th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, New York\nThere were two plural districts, the 2nd & 6th, each had two representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007913-0007-0000", "contents": "11th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Pennsylvania\nThere were four plural districts, the 1st, 2nd, & 3rd had three representatives each, the 4th had two representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007913-0008-0000", "contents": "11th United States Congress, Changes in membership\nThe count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007913-0009-0000", "contents": "11th United States Congress, Changes in membership, Senate\nThere were 8 resignations, 2 deaths, 1 interim appointment, and 1 vacancy from before this Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007913-0010-0000", "contents": "11th United States Congress, Changes in membership, House of Representatives\nOf the voting members, there were 12 resignations, 1 death, and 1 change due to a contested election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007914-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Vanier Cup\nThe 11th Vanier Cup was played on November 21, 1975, at Exhibition Stadium in Toronto, Ontario, and decided the CIAU football champion for the 1975 season. The Ottawa Gee-Gees won their first championship by defeating the Calgary Dinos by a score of 14-9. The Gee-Gees became the first team to win the Vanier Cup without having endured a single loss in the regular season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007915-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Venice International Film Festival\nThe 11th annual Venice International Film Festival was held from 20 August to 10 September 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007915-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Venice International Film Festival, History\nRecognized as the oldest film festival in the world, the Venice Film Festival, made its entry in 1932 in Venice, Italy. Founded by Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata, the initial hosting of the festival was done in the Hotel Excelsior in Venice. The participating countries in the 1940s were just a handful owing to the breakout of World War II. The turn-out of participating countries, however, shot up in the 1950s and the festival grew internationally. Even films from Japan and India made their entry in that year. With the introduction of new genre of films, the festival took to newer heights and gained worldwide popularity. The festival helped film directors from all round the world in the betterment of their careers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007916-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Vermont Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Vermont Infantry Regiment was a three-years infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in eastern theater, from September 1862 to August 1865. It served in the XXII Corps in the defenses of Washington D.C., and with the Vermont Brigade in VI Corps. The regiment was mustered into United States service on September 1, 1862, at Brattleboro, Vermont. On December 10, 1862, its designation changed to the 1st Vermont Heavy Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007916-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Losses in the war\nThe regiment mustered out of service on August 25, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007916-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Losses in the war\nLt . Col. George Ephraim Chamberlin of the 1st Vermont Heavy Artillery Regiment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007917-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Victim\n11th Victim is a 1979 American made-for-television crime drama film directed by Jonathan Kaplan and starring Bess Armstrong and Max Gail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007917-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Victim\nThe film was based partially on the activities of the Los Angeles Hillside Strangler and was subsequently released on home video under the title The Lakeside Killer. Harry Northup, Harold Gould, and David Hayward round out the supporting cast of the movie. The film was broadcast as a November Sweeps CBS Tuesday Night Movie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007917-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Victim\nDirector Jonathan Kaplan went on to critical acclaim as a director of feature films including The Accused (1988), Unlawful Entry (1992), Love Field (1992) and Brokedown Palace (1999).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007917-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Victim, Plot\nJill Kelso (Bess Armstrong) is a Des Moines, Iowa television news anchor, whose younger sister, an aspiring actress, has entered a life of prostitution in Los Angeles. When the sister becomes the eleventh victim of a sex murderer, Kelso conducts her own undercover investigation into Hollywood's night world of commercial sex. Along the way, chemistry develops with a sympathetic cop (Max Gail) who tries to save her from becoming a victim herself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007918-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Vietnam Film Festival\nThe 11th Vietnam Film Festival was held from November 28 to November 30, 1996, in Hanoi, Vietnam, with the slogan: \"For an advanced Vietnam cinema imbued with national identity\" (Vietnamese: \"V\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007918-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nThere were 129 films in attendance at the Film Festival. The jury has awarded only two Golden Lotuses for documentary and science films and vacated the Golden Lotus in both feature films and animated films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007918-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nHowever, this is the first time that the Vietnam Film Festival has found a Golden Lotus for a direct-to-video feature film, which is \"Gi\u1eefa d\u00f2ng\" - a film produced by Ho Chi Minh City Television. This incident marked the decline of the commercial direct-to-video film and the rise of television film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007918-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nThe film \"Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00ea\" by director \u0110\u1eb7ng Nh\u1eadt Minh was not supported by the press before attending the film festival even though it was a good film. These articles invisibly influenced the judges, causing them to find other solutions. In the end, instead of awarding the film, they decided to give it the Best Director award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007919-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe 11th Virginia Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007919-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe men were primarily recruited from Hardy, Hampshire, Pocahontas and Berkeley counties in what would become West Virginia, and the Virginia counties of Bath, Fairfax, Frederick, Shenandoah, Rockingham, Rockbridge, Loudoun, and Clarke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007919-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nVirginia's 11th Cavalry Regiment was organized in February, 1863, by consolidating the 17th Battalion, Virginia Cavalry, one company from the 24th Battalion Virginia Cavalry, and two companies of the 5th Virginia Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007919-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe unit served in W.R. Jones', Lomax's, Rosser's, and J. Dearing's Brigade, Army of Northern Virginia. It was active in the conflicts at Upperville, Fairfield, Bristoe, and Mine Run. Later the regiment participated in The Wilderness Campaign, the defense of Richmond, and Early's Shenandoah Valley operations. It then disbanded as there were no members of the 11th at Appomattox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007919-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe field officers were Colonels Oliver R. Funsten (a former state senator) and Lunsford L. Lomax, Lieutenant Colonel Matt D. Ball, and Majors William H. Harness and Edward H. McDonald.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007919-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe 17th Cavalry Battalion (also called 1st Battalion) was organized in June, 1862, with seven companies. The unit fought in western Virginia and in the Maryland Campaign. Lieutenant Colonel Oliver R. Funsten and Major William Patrick were in command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007920-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007920-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Virginia was organized at Lynchburg, Virginia, in May, 1861, and accepted into Confederate service in July. Its members were raised in the counties of Campbell, Botetourt, Montgomery, Fauquier, Culpeper, and Rockbridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007920-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe unit fought at First Manassas in a brigade under James Longstreet and at Dranesville under J.E.B. Stuart. Later it was assigned to General A.P. Hill's, Kemper's, and W.R. Terry's Brigade, Army of Northern Virginia. It served with the army from Williamsburg to Gettysburg except when it was at Suffolk with Longstreet. The 11th was engaged at Plymouth in North Carolina and after returning to Virginia saw action at Drewry's Bluff and Cold Harbor. It went on to fight in the Petersburg trenches south and north of the James River and ended the war at Appomattox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007920-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThis regiment reported 6 killed and 15 wounded at Dranesville, totalled 750 men in April, 1862, and lost 134 at Williamsburg and 100 at Frayser's Farm. It sustained 63 casualties at Second Manassas, had about forty percent disabled of the 359 engaged at Gettysburg, and lost 15 killed and 94 wounded at Drewry's Bluff. Many were captured at Sayler's Creek, and only 1 officer and 28 men surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007920-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe field officers were Colonels David Funsten, Samuel Garland Jr., Maurice S. Langhorne, and Kirkwood Otey; and Majors Adam Clement, Carter H. Harrison, and J.R. Hutter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007921-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Virginia Regiment\nThe 11th Virginia Regiment was a Continental Army regiment that fought in the American Revolutionary War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007921-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Virginia Regiment\nAuthorized by the Second Continental Congress on 16 September 1776, it was organized on 3 February 1777 and consisted of four companies from the Virginia counties of Loudoun, Frederick, Prince William, and Amelia; Captain Daniel Morgan's Independent Rifle Company from Fauquier County; and five companies from the state's portion of the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007921-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Virginia Regiment\nOn 15 April 1777 Captain George Price's company (organized on 18 January 1777 in the Virginia State Troops with volunteers from Frederick and Augusta Counties) was transferred to the regiment. On 11 May 1777 the regiment was assigned to the 3rd Virginia Brigade of the Main Army and was reorganized to eight companies on 1 November 1777. The regiment saw action at the Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Germantown, and the Battle of Monmouth. The unit was reassigned to the 2nd Virginia Brigade on 22 July 1778, and it was reorganized to nine companies and redesignated as the 7th Virginia Regiment on 12 May 1779. It was relieved from the 2nd Virginia Brigade on 4 December 1779 and assigned to the Southern Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007921-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Virginia Regiment\nThe unit was captured on 12 May 1780 at the Siege of Charleston and subsequently disbanded on 1 January 1781.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards\nBest Visual Effects in a Visual Effects Driven Motion Picture:Life of Pi", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards\nThe 11th Visual Effects Society Awards was held in Los Angeles at the Beverly Hilton Hotel on February 5, 2013, in honor to the best visual effects in film and television of 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nLife of Pi \u2013 Donald R. Elliott, Susan MacLeod, Guillaume Rocheron, Bill Westenhofer", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Impossible \u2013 Felix Berg\u00e9s, Sandra Hermida, Pau Costa Moeller", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nBrave \u2013 Mark Andrews, Steve May, Katherine Sarafian, Bill Wise", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nLife of Pi \u2013 Richard Parker \u2013 Erik De Boer, Sean Comer, Betsy Asher Hall, Kai-Hua Lan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nBrave \u2013 M\u00e9rida \u2013 Travis Hathaway, Olivier Soares, Peter Sumanaseni, Brian Tindall", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Avengers \u2013 Midtown Manhattan \u2013 Richard Bluff, Barry Williams, David Meny, Andy Proctor", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nBrave \u2013 The Forest \u2013 Tim Best, Steve Pilcher, Inigo Quilez, Andrew Whittock", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey \u2013 Matt Aitken, Victor Huang, Christian Rivers, R. Christopher White", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Avengers \u2013 Helicarrier \u2013 Rene Garcia, Bruce Holcomb, Polly Ing, Aaron Wilson", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nLife of Pi \u2013 Storm of God \u2013 Hary Mukhopadhyay, David Stopford, Mark Williams, Derek Wolfe", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nBrave  \u2013 Chris Chapman, Dave Hale, Michael K. O'Brien, Bill Watral", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nLife of Pi \u2013 Storm of God  \u2013 Ryan Clarke, Jose Fernandez, Sean Oharas, Hamish Schumacher", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 Valar Morghulis \u2013 Rainer Gombos, Steve Kullback, Sven Martin, Juri Stanossek", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nBoardwalk Empire \u2013 Episode 308 \u2013 John Bair, Parker Chehak, Paul Graff, Lesley Robson-Foster", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 Training the Dragons \u2013 Irfan Celik, Florian Friedman, Ingo Schachner, Chris Stenner", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 Pyke \u2013 Rene Borst, Thilo Ewers, Adam Figielski, Jonas Stuckenbrock", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0018-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nZombiU \u2013 Dominique Boidin, L\u00e9on B\u00e9relle, R\u00e9mi Kozyra, Maxime Lu\u00e8re", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0019-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones -Episode 210: White Walker Army \u2013 Falk Boje, Esther Engel, Alexey Kuchinsky, Klaus Wuchta", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0020-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nChevy \u22122012 Silverado \u2013 Dominik Bauch, Nicholas Kim, Benjamin Walsh", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0021-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Other categories\nCall of Duty: Black Ops II \u2013 Jason Blundell, Barry Whitney, Colin Whitney", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0022-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Other categories\nDespicable Me: Minion Mayhem \u2013 Heather Drummons, Joel Friesch, Brooke Breton, Chris Bailey", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007922-0023-0000", "contents": "11th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Other categories\nNatalis \u2013 Daniel Brkovic, David Kirchner, Jan\u2013Marcel Kuehn, Tom Festl", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007923-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Ward of New Orleans\nCoordinates:  The 11th Ward or Eleventh Ward is a division of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. The 11th Ward is one of the 17 Wards of New Orleans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007923-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Ward of New Orleans\nThe Ward was formerly part of the old Lafayette Faubourg annexed by New Orleans in the 1850s. It is part of Uptown New Orleans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007923-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Ward of New Orleans, Boundaries\nThe roughly wedge-shaped Ward stretches back from the Mississippi River. The lower boundary is First Street, across which is the 10th Ward, then Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard (formerly Melpomene Avenue), across which is the 2nd Ward. The upper boundary is Toledano Street, across which is the 12th Ward. A large portion of this ward is in the Garden District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007923-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Ward of New Orleans, Cityscape and landmarks\nThe Ward includes portions of the Irish Channel, Garden District, most of Faubourg Delassize, and a number of housing projects. Landmarks include Lafayette Cemetery, Commander's Palace, and Thomy Lafon School. The majority of the Magnolia Projects are in the 11th Ward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007924-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Ward, Chicago\nThe 11th Ward is one of the 50 aldermanic wards with representation in the City Council of Chicago, Illinois. It is broken into 38 election precincts. Five Mayors of Chicago have come from this ward: Edward Joseph Kelly, Martin H. Kennelly, Richard J. Daley, Michael A. Bilandic and Richard M. Daley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007924-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Ward, Chicago\nThe ward has had notable levels of political corruption. It is home to the headquarters of the so-called Daley machine and the 11th ward \"...had by far the highest number of trucking firms benefitting from the City of Chicago's Hired Truck Program\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007924-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Ward, Chicago, Aldermen\nPatrick Daley Thompson is the current alderman of the ward. He is currently under federal indictment for \"five counts of filing false tax returns and two counts of lying to the FDIC\". Previous aldermen include (but not limited to):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007925-0000-0000", "contents": "11th West Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007925-0001-0000", "contents": "11th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was organized in several western Virginia counties along the Ohio River following the Wheeling Convention and their secession from secessionist Virginia, including Elizabeth and Burning Springs in Wirt County, Wheeling for Ohio County Wetzel and Marshall Counties, Ravenswood in Jackson County, Kanawha Station in Wood County, and Point Pleasant in Mason County between October 29, 1861, and October 8, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007925-0002-0000", "contents": "11th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Service\nIt initially protected the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, a crucial supply line for Union forces that connected Ohio and the midwest with Baltimore and Washington D.C. along the Ohio and later Potomac Rivers through Western Virginia, and was based at Parkersburg. In January 1863, its initial Colonel, John C. Rathbone was honorably discharged, and the following month its initial Lt.Col., Daniel E. Frost, succeeded him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007925-0002-0001", "contents": "11th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Service\nIn March 1863 the 11th West Virginia was assigned to the 6th Brigade (Wilkinson's), 3rd Division (Kelley's or Scammon's) of the 8th Army Corps and countered the Jones-Imboden Raid shortly before West Virginia achieved statehood and Morgan's Raid in July 1863. In December 1863 it was attached to 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, West Virginia and the following month many members reenlisted. Following the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain on May 9, 1864, Col. H.G. Sickel specifically mentioned the gallantry of Col. Frost and his regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007925-0002-0002", "contents": "11th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Service\nIn June 1864 it accompanied General David Hunter in raiding in the Shenandoah Valley including sacking the Virginia Military Institute and returning along the Kanawha Valley (marching 412 miles by month's and losing one officer and five men). On July 13, 1864, Col. Frost was leading the brigade at the battle of Snicker's Ferry and fell mortally wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007925-0003-0000", "contents": "11th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe unit then supported General Philip Sheridan's campaign, including at the Second Battle of Kernstown outside Winchester. Private George G. Moore of Company D was awarded the Medal of Honor for gallantry at the Battle of Fisher's Hill for capturing a Confederate battle flag. Col. Van H. Bukey, who had begun the war as the unit's major and who had commanded the regiment after Col. Frost's death, was formally promoted to the unit's colonel following the victory at the Battle of Cedar Creek on October 9, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007925-0004-0000", "contents": "11th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe unit was reassigned to the Army of the Potomac in March 1865 and participated in the Appomattox Campaign at the war's end. Corporal Adam White of Company G, was awarded the Medal of Honor for his exceptional heroism in charging the Rebel works, routing the enemy and capturing a brigade flag. This was during the breakthrough at Hatcher's Run during the Siege of Petersburg, Virginia on April 2, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007925-0005-0000", "contents": "11th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th West Virginia participated in Gen. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House and conducted various cleanup operations in central Virginia before being mustered out in Richmond on June 17, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007925-0006-0000", "contents": "11th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 11th West Virginia suffered 4 Officers and 63 enlisted men killed in battle or died from wounds, and 148 enlisted men dead from disease for a total of 215 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Wing\nThe 11th Wing is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Air Force District of Washington. It was stationed at Joint Base Andrews, Maryland where it was the host unit. The 11th Wing was one of the largest wings in the Air Force. It is known as \"The Chief's Own\", an honorific originally intended to reflect that the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force personally created the organization. The 11th Wing moved to its previous home, Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling, in Washington, D.C. on 12 June 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Wing\nThe 11th Wing traces its roots back to the 11th Observation Group which was established on 1 October 1933, but not activated. The group was redesignated as the 11 Bombardment Group (Medium) on 1 January 1938, although not activated until 1 February 1940. Later that year it became a heavy bombardment unit. The group fought in combat in the Pacific Theater of Operations with Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses and Consolidated B-24 Liberators. The 11th Bombardment Group earned a Navy Presidential Unit Citation for its actions in the South Pacific from 31 July to 30 November 1942. It participated in the Central Pacific; Air Offensive, Japan; Guadalcanal; Northern Solomons; Eastern Mandates; Western Pacific; Ryukyus and the China Offensive before its inactivation in 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Wing\nIn 1978 the group was reactivated as the 11th Strategic Group, managing forward deployed Strategic Air Command (SAC) aircraft at RAF Fairford, England until 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Wing\nThe 11th Bombardment Wing served with Strategic Air Command (SAC) during the Cold War, flying Convair B-36 Peacemakers, Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses Boeing KC-97 Stratotankers and Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers. It also had SM-65 Atlas missiles assigned during the early 1960s. In 1968 the wing became the 11th Air Refueling Wing, retaining only its tankers until it was inactivated in 1969. In 1982 the wing was consolidated with the 11th Strategic Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Wing\nThe consolidated unit has served in its current mission since 1994, first as the 11th Support Wing and then as the 11th Wing", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0005-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, Overview\n\"The Chief's Own\" provided base operating and logistic support in the National Capital Region. It also provides United States Air Force ceremonial, music, protocol and funeral support for the region surrounding Joint Base Anacostia\u2013Bolling. The 11th Wing at JBAB will join the recently activated 316th Wing at Joint Base Andrews as one of two subordinate wings to AFDW. The 316th Wing, previously the host wing of Andrews Air Force Base from 2006 to 2010, was activated to allow the 11th Wing to return home to JBAB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0006-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, Overview\nThe commander of the 11th Wing is . Its Command Chief Master Sergeant is .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0007-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, World War II\nThe 11th Wing was first constituted as the 11th Observation Group 1 October 1933, and redesignated as the 11 Bombardment Group (Medium) on 1 January 1938, but was not activated until 1 February 1940. In November, it became a heavy bombardment group, acquiring its first 21 B-17 Flying Fortresss in May 1941. Nine were sent to the Philippines in September 1941 and many of the remainder were destroyed in the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0008-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, World War II\nThe 11th Bombardment Group was assigned to the Seventh Air Force in February 1942 and trained with the B-18 Bolo. Its aircraft flew patrols and search missions off Hawaii after the Japanese attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0009-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, World War II\nThe group, now fully equipped with new B-17s, moved to the Pekoa Airfield, Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides in July 1942 and became part of Thirteenth Air Force. From July to November 1942 it struck airfields, supply dumps, ships, docks, troop positions, and other objectives in the South Pacific, and received a Distinguished Unit Citation for those operations. It continued to attack Japanese airfields, installations, and shipping in the Solomon Islands, until late in March 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0010-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, World War II\nThe group returned to Hawaii where it was again assigned to Seventh Air Force and trained with B-24 Liberators. Combat operations resumed in November 1943 with the participation in the Allied offensive through the Gilberts, Marshalls, and Marianas, while operating from Funafuti, Tarawa, and Kwajalein. In October 1944 the Group moved to Guam and attacked shipping and airfields in the Volcano and Bonin Islands. In July 1945 the 11th BG moved to Okinawa to take part in the final phases of the air offensive against Japan, bombing railways, airfields, and harbor facilities on Kyushu and striking airfields in China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0011-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, World War II\nAfter the war, the unit flew reconnaissance and surveillance missions over China. Its aircraft also ferried liberated prisoners of war from Okinawa to Luzon. The Group remained in the theater as part of Far East Air Forces but had no personnel assigned after mid-December 1945 when the group was transferred to the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0012-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, World War II\nThe group was redesignated 11th Bombardment Group, Very Heavy in April 1946 and transferred to Guam in May 1946, remanned, and equipped with the B-29 Superfortress. Training and operations were terminated in October 1946 and the group inactivated on 20 October 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0013-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, Strategic Air Command\nOn 1 December 1948 the 11th Bomb Group was reactivated at Carswell Air Force Base. Texas and assigned to Eighth Air Force, but attached to the 7th Bombardment Wing. Carswell shared flight line facilities with the Convair Aircraft Company. The 7th was the first wing to receive the Convair B-36 Peacemaker. 11th Bomb Group B-36s appeared in the movie \"Strategic Air Command\" with James Stewart who was also attached to the unit in the 1950s as a reserve commander. The 7th wing's personnel began training the new 11th group people in the new B-36 and the 11th soon began receiving them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0014-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, Strategic Air Command\nOn 16 February 1951 the 11th Bombardment Wing was activated and the group was assigned to it, although all group resources were transferred to the wing until the group was inactivated in June 1952. In December 1951, six wing B-36s flew nonstop from Carswell to Sidi Slimane Air Base, Morocco in the first flight of B-36 aircraft to Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0015-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, Strategic Air Command\nBy September 1952, the B-36s assigned to the 11th Wing and its companion at Carswell, the 7th Bombardment Wing, comprised two-thirds of SAC's intercontinental bomber force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0016-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, Strategic Air Command\nOn 1 September 1952, what was then thought to be a tornado rolled across the Carswell flight line, with winds over 90 miles per hour recorded at the control tower. By the time it had passed \"the flight line was a tangle of airplanes, equipment and pieces of buildings.\" None of the 82 bombers on the base escaped damage, and SAC declared the entire 19th Air Division non-operational. Maintenance personnel of the 11th Wing went on an 84-hour weekly work schedule and began work to restore the least damaged aircraft to operational status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0016-0001", "contents": "11th Wing, History, Strategic Air Command\nMore heavily damaged aircraft were worked on by personnel from the San Antonio Air Materiel Area, where the depot for the B-36 was located. The planes that had been most heavily damaged were towed across the field to the Convair plant where they had been manufactured. Within a month, 51 of the base's Peacemakers had been returned to service and the wing was again declared operational. By May 1953, all but two of the planes had been returned to service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0017-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, Strategic Air Command\nThe wing deployed to Nouasseur Air Base, French Morocco from 4 May until 2 July 1955. The Wing won the SAC Bombing Competition and the Fairchild Trophy in 1954, 1956 and 1960. 7\u201311 must have been considered a lucky combination, because the two wings continued to share Carswell Air Force base until 13 December 1957, when the 11th moved to Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma and began receiving B-52 Stratofortresses. The wing added air refueling to its mission in December 1957. Its 96th Air Refueling Squadron flew KC-97 Stratotankers during 1957 and 1958. The Wing gained the 1100th Wing Detachment, (HQ USAF) in 1957 at Bolling AFB Washington DC the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0018-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, Strategic Air Command\nThe Wing gained the 577th Strategic Missile Squadron on 1 June 1961 and on 1 April 1962 its new Atlas missiles became fully operational. To reflect that its mission included both aircraft and missiles, the wing was redesigned the 11th Strategic Aerospace Wing. The wing phased out its Atlas missiles in January 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0019-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, Strategic Air Command\nThe wing also flew KC-135 jet tankers. The 918th and 921st Air Refueling Squadrons were assigned to the wing from October to December 1960. The central location of Altus AFB led to the expansion of the wing's refueling capability. On 25 June 1965 the 11th Air Refueling Squadron was assigned to the wing. In 1968, the wing began phasing out its B-52s. This was completed by mid year. On 2 July 1968, the wing was redesignated the 11th Air Refueling Wing. The wing's new designation was short lived, for it was inactivated on 25 March 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0020-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, Strategic Air Command\nOn 15 November 1978 the 11th Bombardment Group was reactivated as the 11th Strategic Group at RAF Fairford, England. It was not manned until the following February and did not start receiving aircraft until September 1978. It soon began air refueling support for all USAF operations, deployments and redeployments, as well as participating in NATO exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0021-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, Strategic Air Command\nOperations staff and maintenance personnel were permanently assigned, but aircraft, aircrews and crew chiefs were assigned on a temporary duty basis to the 11th Strategic Group for the European Tanker Task Force on a rotational basis. Aircraft and crews operated out of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Keflavik, Iceland; Zaragosa, Spain; Lajes Field, Azores; Sigonella NAS, Italy; and Hellenikon, Greece. In 1982, the wing and group were consolidated into a single unit, retaining the 11th Strategic Group designation. The group was inactivated on 7 August 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0022-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, From the 1990s\nThe 11th existed once again on paper as the 11th Support Wing on 2 June 1994 and fully activated on 15 July 1994 as a Direct Reporting Unit (DRU) to the Vice Chief of Staff at Bolling Air Force Base, Washington, DC. The 11th Wing's new mission consisted of serving as the single manager for all Air Force activities supporting Headquarters Air Force and other Air Force units in the National Capital Region and at geographically separated units worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0022-0001", "contents": "11th Wing, History, From the 1990s\nAs a mark of its service rather than a function, the 11th Wing's motto changed, with the approval of General Ronald Fogleman, to \"The Chief's Own\" on 6 February 1996. Within hours of the 11 September attacks, Headquarters Air Force relocated to Bolling Air Force Base without any break in operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0023-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, From the 1990s\nJust after a decade after its redesignation as the 11th Wing on 1 March 1995, the wing's worldwide support mission shifted to the Air Force District of Washington (AFDW) on 1 January 2005. The 11th Wing, through its recently activated 811th Force Support Squadron, continues to support AFDW's mission with its administrative management over approximately 40,000 Air Force military and civilian members in 250 locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0024-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, From the 1990s\nIn 2010, the 11th Wing relocated to Joint Base Andrews Maryland, where it took on the roles as host unit for the installation and the parent organization of the 1st Helicopter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0025-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, From the 1990s\nIn the late 2010s the Wing's units include the 11th Comptroller Squadron, 11th Mission Support Group, 11th Operations Group with The United States Air Force Band, the United States Air Force Honor Guard, and Arlington Chaplaincy; the 811th Operations Group with the 1st Helicopter Squadron and 811th Operations Support Squadron; the 11th Security Forces Group with the 11th Security Forces Squadron, the 811th Security Forces Squadron, and the 11th Security Forces Support Squadron; and the 11th Medical Group, the former 79th Medical Wing's personnel, equipment, and facilities which were merged into the 11th Wing in late 2017. The 11th Wing operated out of several locations around the National Capital Region, including Arlington National Cemetery, Bolling Air Force Base, and The Pentagon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0026-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, History, From the 1990s\nIn June 2020 the Air Force and the Navy reached an agreement to transfer responsibility for Joint Base Anacostia Bolling from the Navy to the Air Force, based on the predominance of Air Force \"mission sets\" on the station. In connection with this transfer, the 11th Wing returned to its former station and returned responsibility for Andrews to the 316th Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007926-0027-0000", "contents": "11th Wing, Attribution\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007927-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007927-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 11th Wisconsin was raised at Madison, Wisconsin, and mustered into Federal service October 18, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007927-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out on September 5, 1865, at Mobile, Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007927-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Total enlistments and casualties\nThe 11th Wisconsin initially mustered 1,045 men and later recruited an additional 622 men, for a total of 1,667 men. The regiment lost 8 officers and 80 enlisted men killed in action or who later died of their wounds, plus another 4 officers and 253 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 280 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007927-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Total enlistments and casualties\nThe Regiment's officers included Lieutenant Angus R. MacDonald, a native of Eigg in Scotland's Inner Hebrides. At the time of his death, Lieut. MacDonald was the last direct descendant of the legendary Scottish Gaelic Bard and Jacobite officer, Alasdair Mac Mhaighstir Alasdair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007928-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Wisconsin Legislature\nThe Eleventh Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 13, 1858, to March 17, 1858, in regular session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007928-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Wisconsin Legislature\nSenators representing even-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first year of a two-year term. Assembly members were elected to a one-year term. Assembly members and even-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 3, 1857. Senators representing odd-numbered districts were serving the second year of their two-year term, having been elected in the general election held on November 4, 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007928-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Wisconsin Legislature, Members, Members of the Senate\nMembers of the Wisconsin Senate for the Eleventh Wisconsin Legislature (30):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007929-0000-0000", "contents": "11th World Science Fiction Convention\nThe 11th World Science Fiction Convention, also known as Philcon II, was held in September 1953 at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. It was the first Worldcon to present the Hugo Awards. The supporting organization was the Philadelphia Science Fiction Society. The guest of honor was Willy Ley. The chairman was Milton A. Rothman, replacing the late James A. Williams. Isaac Asimov was toastmaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007929-0001-0000", "contents": "11th World Science Fiction Convention, Awards\nThe Hugo Awards, named after Hugo Gernsback, are presented every year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The results are based on the ballots submitted by members of the World Science Fiction Society. Other awards, including the Astounding Award for Best New Writer (since 1973; named \"John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer\" until 2019), are also presented at each year's Worldcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007929-0002-0000", "contents": "11th World Science Fiction Convention, Awards\nThe 11th Worldcon was the first one in which Hugo Awards were awarded. The 12th convention did not continue the tradition, but since the 13th convention, Hugo Awards have been a permanent fixture of Worldcons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007930-0000-0000", "contents": "11th World Scout Jamboree\nThe 11th World Scout Jamboree was held 1\u201311 August 1963 in Marathon, Greece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007930-0001-0000", "contents": "11th World Scout Jamboree, Jamboree activities\nThe Jamboree Camp had 11 sub-camps for the participating Scouts and 5 sub-camps for administrative and technical personnel, and covered a total area of about 5 square kilometres. The Camp Chief was Demetrios Alexatos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007930-0002-0000", "contents": "11th World Scout Jamboree, Jamboree activities\nThe focus of the camp was the \"Greek Village\" which offered sights and sounds, food and entertainment from all over Greece. There was also a 20,000-seat amphitheatre, and refreshment stands and expositions all around camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007930-0003-0000", "contents": "11th World Scout Jamboree, Jamboree activities\nThere was an Olympic theme to the Jamboree, with the triathlon and other sporting events taking place. A major event was the \"Labours of Hercules\" - a series of tasks designed to test the strength, skill, and stamina of participants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007930-0004-0000", "contents": "11th World Scout Jamboree, Jamboree activities\nThe largest group of attendees was the British contingent, with almost 1,200 Scouts (the largest UK Scout airlift ever).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007930-0005-0000", "contents": "11th World Scout Jamboree, Jamboree activities\nThe Chief Scout of Greece, Crown Prince Constantine, attended every one of the event's 11 days. At a special ceremony, the Chief Scout of the Commonwealth 11th Baronet Maclean of Duart (later 7th Baron Mclean of Duart and Morven) awarded the Crown Prince with the Silver Wolf - the highest award of The Scout Association of the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007930-0006-0000", "contents": "11th World Scout Jamboree, Jamboree activities\nThe World Chief Guide Olave Baden-Powell, wife of The Founder, spoke at the closing ceremony:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007930-0007-0000", "contents": "11th World Scout Jamboree, Jamboree activities\nFollowing the speech, a torch was handed to an American Scout, to be rekindled at the 12th World Scout Jamboree in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007930-0008-0000", "contents": "11th World Scout Jamboree, Jamboree activities\nOn August 1, 2013, exactly 50 years after the opening of the Jamboree, a website dedicated to the event opened at , created by the 2nd Scout Group of Patras, Greece. The site offers a huge collection of facts, photos, archives, videos, songs, and memorabilia from the Marathon Jamboree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007930-0009-0000", "contents": "11th World Scout Jamboree, Tragedy\nFlags at the Jamboree were placed at half-mast in mourning after the bulk of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines contingent died in the crash of United Arab Airlines Flight 869 at 0150 hours on 28 July 1963, in the Arabian Sea nine nautical miles from Madh Island, Bombay (now Mumbai), India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007930-0010-0000", "contents": "11th World Scout Jamboree, Tragedy\nNevertheless, the BSP sent a token delegation of three Scouts to Marathon some days after the crash, in addition to several BSP officials who had arrived in Greece ahead of the accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007931-0000-0000", "contents": "11th World Scout Jamboree Memorial Rotonda\nThe 11th World Scout Jamboree Memorial Rotonda, also known as the Boy Scout Circle, is a roundabout in Quezon City, Metro Manila, the Philippines. Located at the intersection between Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, it serves as the boundary between Barangays South Triangle, Laging Handa and Sacred Heart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007931-0001-0000", "contents": "11th World Scout Jamboree Memorial Rotonda\nA monument stands in the middle of the roundabout which commemorates the members of the ill-fated Philippine contingent to the 11th World Scout Jamboree that was among the casualties of the United Arab Airlines Flight 869 crash of 1963. The monument consists of a circular pedestal with bronze statues positioned around the structure, in the likenesses of the 24 members of the Philippine delegation (22 Boy Scouts, 2 veteran Scouters, and 2 chaperons). In 2007, the Quezon City government performed a \u20b120 million renovation on the monument that included the addition of an obelisk on top of the structure honoring Tom\u00e1s Morat\u00f3, the first mayor of Quezon City and the one after whom Tomas Morato Avenue is named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007931-0002-0000", "contents": "11th World Scout Jamboree Memorial Rotonda, Tragedy\nFlags at the Jamboree were placed at half-mast in mourning after the bulk of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines contingent died in the crash of United Arab Airlines Flight 869 (1963) at 0150 hours on 28 July 1963, in the Arabian Sea nine nautical miles from Madh Island, Bombay (now Mumbai), India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007931-0003-0000", "contents": "11th World Scout Jamboree Memorial Rotonda, Tragedy\nOne Scout from the Agusan Council, Alex Kwan, completed the pre-jamboree training and was scheduled to attend, but was told days before the departure date that he would not be able to attend because of problems securing a passport. Nevertheless, the BSP sent a token delegation of three Scouts to Marathon some days after the crash, in addition to several BSP officials who had arrived in Greece ahead of the accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007931-0004-0000", "contents": "11th World Scout Jamboree Memorial Rotonda, Tragedy\nOn behalf of the parents of the Scouts, Antonio C. Delgado, father of Scout Jose Antonio Delgado (and later Chairman of the World Scout Conference, 1971-1973), gave a response during the state memorial service weeks after the crash: \"For this is the other side of the coin of grief. The glory. The honor. The triumph... In the forefront of these boy's minds were always held as shining goals the noble ideals of the Scout Oath: 'honor... duty... God... Country.' These boys kept their honor; and they kept the faith; and they gave their all for their country... and I am sure they kept themselves in the friendship of God.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007931-0005-0000", "contents": "11th World Scout Jamboree Memorial Rotonda, Surrounding buildings and structures\nThe area around the 11th World Scout Jamboree Memorial Rotonda is largely made up of dining and entertainment establishments. Tomas Morato Avenue is known for its large variety of restaurants, concentrated along the stretch to the southwest of the roundabout, while near the northeast corner was the site of the 1996 Ozone Disco Club fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007932-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Writers Guild of America Awards\nThe 11th Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best film writers of 1958. Winners were announced in 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007933-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Yokohama Film Festival\nThe 11th Yokohama Film Festival (\u7b2c11\u56de\u30e8\u30b3\u30cf\u30de\u6620\u753b\u796d) was held on 11 February 1990 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007934-0000-0000", "contents": "11th Youth in Film Awards\nThe 11th Youth in Film Awards ceremony (now known as the Young Artist Award), presented by the Youth in Film Association, honored outstanding youth performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film and television for the 1988-1989 season, and took place in the spring of 1990 in Hollywood, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007934-0001-0000", "contents": "11th Youth in Film Awards\nEstablished in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press Association member, Maureen Dragone, the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theater and music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007934-0002-0000", "contents": "11th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Motion Picture, Best Young Actress Starring in a Motion Picture\n\u2605 Winona Ryder - Great Balls of Fire! (Orion Pictures)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 116], "content_span": [117, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007934-0003-0000", "contents": "11th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a TV Movie, Pilot or Special, Best Young Actor Starring in a TV Movie, Pilot or Special\n\u2605 Brian Austin Green - Adventures in Babysitting (Walt Disney Television)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 138], "content_span": [139, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007934-0004-0000", "contents": "11th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Ensemble Cast, Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast\n\u2605 A Mother's Courage: The Mary Thomas Story (NBC) - Garland Spencer, A.J. Johnson, Leon, T. C. Carson, Swain Perry, Nathaniel Barnes, Robert Bady, Shamon Ricks and Larry O. Williams", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 84], "content_span": [85, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007935-0000-0000", "contents": "11th ZAI Awards\nThe 11th ZAI Awards, honoring the best in the Slovak music industry for individual achievements for the year of 2000, took time and place on March 9, 2001 at the civic center Zrkadlov\u00fd h\u00e1j in Bratislava. The ceremony was held in association with the local Music Fund (HF) and the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Slovakia (SNS IFPPI). As with the previous two editions, the accolades were named after the Artmedia Music Academy, established by ZAI and the related company in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007935-0001-0000", "contents": "11th ZAI Awards, Winners, Main categories\n\u2605 Igor Timko\u00a0\u2022 Roman Timko \u2013 \"\u017dily\" (by No Name)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007935-0002-0000", "contents": "11th ZAI Awards, Winners, Main categories\n\u2605 Richard M\u00fcller a host\u00e9 (by R. M\u00fcller) \u2013 Michal Ho\u0159ava and Jan Saudek", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007935-0003-0000", "contents": "11th ZAI Awards, Winners, Main categories\n\u2605 \"\u017dily\" (by No Name) \u2013 Igor and Roman Timko", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007935-0004-0000", "contents": "11th ZAI Awards, Winners, Main categories\n\u2605 Bezvetrie (by A. \u0160eban) \u2013 Juraj Kupec, Ivan Jomb\u00edk and Miroslav \u0160ir\u00e1\u0148", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007935-0005-0000", "contents": "11th ZAI Awards, Winners, Genre awards\n\u2605 Diabolsk\u00e9 husle (by Berky-Mrenica, Sr) \u2013 J\u00e1n Berky-Mrenica, Sr", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007936-0000-0000", "contents": "11th and 17th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment\nThe 11th/17th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry (1861\u20131865) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. The unit is also known as the 11th/17th Arkansas Mounted Infantry or the 11th/17th Arkansas Cavalry. At various times after the consolidation, members of the unit who were captured gave their unit as either the 11th Arkansas Cavalry or the 17th Arkansas Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007936-0001-0000", "contents": "11th and 17th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nIn March 1863, the 11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment and the 17th (Griffith's) Arkansas Infantry Regiment were consolidated to bring the strength of each unit to an acceptable number. Col. John L. Logan assumed command, since he was the senior Colonel superseding Col. John Griffith of the 17th Arkansas Infantry. Companies H and I of the Eleventh Arkansas were combined with Company C while the remaining companies remained the same. The companies of the Seventeenth Arkansas were combined into 3 companies, H, I, and K of the new consolidated regiment. Almost immediately the Confederate War Department ordered the unit mounted, with plans for it to serve as a mounted infantry rather than as Cavalry. The \"footsore\" troops gladly accepted their mounts and spent long hours drilling in this new branch of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007936-0002-0000", "contents": "11th and 17th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nThe men of the 11th/17th Infantry would spend the remainder of the war in Louisiana and Mississippi. The men still carried long muskets but were not issued sabers and when in battle still operated on foot but only traveled from place to place on horseback. This decreased travel time by a large margin. Although the two regiments were from different parts of the State (the 11th Arkansas was mostly from Saline County and a few other southern counties), with different battle histories, the merger clicked. The first duties of the 11th/17th Infantry was to travel to Southeast Louisiana to slow Union advance while preparations were made upstream to meet the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007936-0003-0000", "contents": "11th and 17th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nThe 11th & 17th Arkansas spent the rest of the war as the Confederate Army's 'fire brigade' in southern Mississippi. As Union columns made repeated incursions into the area over the next couple of years, the South's counter-moves invariably involved the 11th/17th Arkansas. General Benjamin Grierson's raid is a classic example of the duties of the 11/17th Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007936-0004-0000", "contents": "11th and 17th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nAt this time, Genl. Grierson made his famous raid across the Confederacy. The Consolidated 11th & 17th Arks. Regts. were sent out to intercept the enemy, but as Genl. Grierson, commanded his Cavly. [ sic], he passed around us and went into Baton Rouge. Genl. Gardner commanding at Port Hudson sent an order out to Col. Logan (for Port Hudson had been surrounded by Genl. Banks while we were after Grierson) to seize horse and mount his command. This was done and the Regts. operated as mounted Infty., afterwards Cavalry from the vicinity of Port Hudson to Yazoo City back and forth until the close of the war, and surrendered at Jackson, Miss., Apl. 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007936-0005-0000", "contents": "11th and 17th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nCol. Logan, some time, I think, later part 1864, was called West of the Miss. River, this through [sic] Col. Griffith in command of the Regt. and Col. Griffith commanded this Regt. and more than once a Brigade in a number of engagements within the territory mentioned. Col. Griffith was loved by all his men and a braver spirit or a man with warmer heart never left home to do battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007936-0006-0000", "contents": "11th and 17th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nI should mention an incident that was a compliment to Col. Griffith's Regt. (the Consolidated Regt). I think it was Genl. S.D. Lee, who inspected our Regt. in [the] Summer of 1864 and upon his recommendation the Secretary of War granted a furlough to the entire Regt. for 60 days, to cross the Miss. River and go from Brookhaven, Miss. or that section, to Arks. to recruit our ranks, we were now reduced to 120 men all told.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007936-0006-0001", "contents": "11th and 17th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nIt was quite dangerous to cross the Miss. River as there were gunboat all along the river and patrols constantly on the lookout for Confederates from either side. The crossing could be affected only by crossing at night time when all was quiet by the use of skiffs, one man to row and two, sometimes four, horses were carried over by holding to the bridles to keep their heads up. At the end of the sixty days the Regt. recrossed the Miss. River, below Natchez some 20 miles (32\u00a0km), the day, or night of President Lincoln's re election, though we were two nights in getting over.....", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007936-0007-0000", "contents": "11th and 17th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nCol. Griffith commanded in a number of minor engagements after his Regt. were mounted. I cannot recall all these an [?] engagement [at] Clinton, Plains Store, La., Pig Pens near Yazoo City Miss., Ebenezer Miss., I cannot tell all. It was six men from Col. Griffith Regt. that slipped through three lines of Federal pickets, and captured Genl Neil Dow at Port Hudson. I laid the plan, and Col. Griffith commanded the attack upon the Federal Gunboat Petrel or Duchess of the old Navy. We captured the boat guns etc. [ ?] This one while above [?] Yazoo City, Miss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007936-0008-0000", "contents": "11th and 17th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nSome members of the 11/17th Consolidated Arkansas Mounted Infantry were captured at Siege of Port Hudson on July 9, 1863. These men were later released and exchanged in Arkansas and many would later join Poe's Arkansas Cavalry Battalion or Logan's Arkansas Cavalry Regiment. In November 1863 Colonel John Logan was transferred from command of the 11th/17th Arkansas back west of the Mississippi River and Col. John Griffith was given command of the brigade which consisted of:.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007936-0009-0000", "contents": "11th and 17th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nWith Colonel Logan called back west of the river and Colonel Griffith in command of the brigade, command of the 11th/17th Arkansas briefly fell to Lieutenant Colonel McDuff Vance of the 11th. Vance remained in command until November 23, 1863, when Colonel Wirt Adams was promoted to Brigadier General and was given command of the brigade. Col. Griffith was returned to the command of the 11t/17th Arkansas. Colonel Griffith seemed to have a sixth sense when it came to determining when and where to strike a larger enemy force to cause the most damage. The 11th & 17th Arkansas was renowned for its scouting and tracking abilities. The regiment served to the end of the war in this capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007936-0010-0000", "contents": "11th and 17th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Surrender\nBy May 13, 1865, most of the 11th/17th Arkansas had turned themselves in to Federal garrisons in Jackson, Miss. and were paroled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 64], "content_span": [65, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007937-0000-0000", "contents": "11th arrondissement of Marseille\nThe 11th arrondissement of Marseille is one of the 16 arrondissements of Marseille. It is governed locally together with the 12th arrondissement, with which it forms the 6th sector of Marseille.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007938-0000-0000", "contents": "11th arrondissement of Paris\nThe 11th arrondissement of Paris (XIe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as onzi\u00e8me.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007938-0001-0000", "contents": "11th arrondissement of Paris\nThe arrondissement, called Popincourt, is situated on the right bank of the River Seine. The arrondissement is one of the most densely populated urban districts of any European city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007938-0002-0000", "contents": "11th arrondissement of Paris, Description\nThe eleventh arrondissement is a varied and engaging area. To the west lies the Place de la R\u00e9publique, which is linked to the Place de la Bastille, in the east, by the sweeping, tree-lined Boulevard Richard-Lenoir, with its large markets and children's parks. The Place de la Bastille and the rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine are full of fashionable caf\u00e9s, restaurants, and nightlife, and they also contain a range of boutiques and galleries. The Oberkampf district to the north is another popular area for nightlife. The east is more residential, with more wholesale commerce, while the areas around the Boulevard Voltaire and the Avenue Parmentier are livelier crossroads for the local community. In recent years this district has emerged as one of the trendiest regions of Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007938-0003-0000", "contents": "11th arrondissement of Paris, Description\nOn November 13, 2015, it was the site of coordinated shootings and bombings that left 132 dead. About 20 years earlier, another attack had taken place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007938-0004-0000", "contents": "11th arrondissement of Paris, Geography\nThe land area of this arrondissement is 3.666\u00a0km2 (1.415 sq. miles, or 906 acres).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007938-0005-0000", "contents": "11th arrondissement of Paris, Demography\nThe peak population of Paris's 11th arrondissement occurred in 1911, with 242,295 inhabitants. Today, the arrondissement remains the most densely populated in Paris, accompanied by a large volume of business activity: 149,102 inhabitants and 71,962 jobs in the last census, in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007938-0006-0000", "contents": "11th arrondissement of Paris, Demography\nThe population consists of a large number of single adults, though its eastern portions are more family-oriented. There is a strong community spirit in most areas of the eleventh, and it is interspersed with pleasant squares and parks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007938-0007-0000", "contents": "11th arrondissement of Paris, Demography, Immigration\n2 An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007939-0000-0000", "contents": "11th arrondissement of the Littoral Department\n11th arrondissement is an arrondissement in the Littoral department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Cotonou. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 36,219.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0000-0000", "contents": "11th century\nThe 11th century is the period from 1001 (MI) through 1100 (MC) in accordance with the Julian calendar, and the 1st century of the 2nd millennium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0001-0000", "contents": "11th century\nIn the history of Europe, this period is considered the early part of the High Middle Ages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0002-0000", "contents": "11th century\nThere was, after a brief ascendancy, a sudden decline of Byzantine power and rise of Norman domination over much of Europe, along with the prominent role in Europe of notably influential popes. Christendom experienced a formal schism in this century which had been developing over previous centuries between the Roman West and Byzantine East, causing a split in its two largest denominations to this day: Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. In Northern Italy, a growth of population in urban centers gave rise to early organized capitalism and more sophisticated, commercialized culture by the late 11th century. In East Europe, there was the golden age for the principality of Kievan Rus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0003-0000", "contents": "11th century\nIn Song dynasty China and the classical Islamic world, this century marked the high point for both classical Chinese civilization, science and technology, and classical Islamic science, philosophy, technology and literature. Rival political factions at the Song dynasty court created strife amongst the leading statesmen and ministers of the empire. The Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt, the Ghaznavids, and the Chola dynasty in India had reached their zenith in military might and international influence. The Western Chalukya Empire (the Chola's rival) also rose to power by the end of the century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0004-0000", "contents": "11th century\nIn this century the Turkish Seljuk dynasty comes to power in Western Asia over the now fragmented Abbasid realm, while the first of the Crusades were waged towards the close of the century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0005-0000", "contents": "11th century\nIn Japan, the Fujiwara clan continued to dominate the affairs of state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0006-0000", "contents": "11th century\nIn Korea, the Goryeo Kingdom flourished and faced external threats from the Liao dynasty (Manchuria).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0007-0000", "contents": "11th century\nIn the Philippines, the pre-colonial kingdom of Butuan centered on the northern Mindanao island flourished as the dominant trading polity in the archipelago. Under its Rajah, Sri Bata Shaja, Butuan attained diplomatic equality with Kingdom of Champa on the Song Dynasty court by sending flamboyant ambassador Likanhsieh (\u674e\u4e8e\u71ee).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0008-0000", "contents": "11th century\nIn Vietnam, the L\u00fd Dynasty began, while in Myanmar the Pagan Kingdom reached its height of political and military power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0009-0000", "contents": "11th century\nIn the Americas, the Toltec and Mixtec civilizations flourished in Central America, along with the Huari Culture of South America and the Mississippian culture of North America. The Tiwanaku Empire centered around Lake Titicaca collapsed in the first half of the century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0010-0000", "contents": "11th century, Overview\nIn European history, the 11th century is regarded as the beginning of the High Middle Ages, an age subsequent to the Early Middle Ages. The century began while the translatio imperii of 962 was still somewhat novel and ended in the midst of the Investiture Controversy. It saw the final Christianisation of Scandinavia and the emergence of the Peace and Truce of God movements, the Gregorian Reforms, and the Crusades which revitalised a church and a papacy that had survived tarnished by the tumultuous 10th century. In 1054, the Great Schism rent the church in two, however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0011-0000", "contents": "11th century, Overview\nIn Germany, the century was marked by the ascendancy of the Holy Roman Emperors, who hit their high-water mark under the Salians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0012-0000", "contents": "11th century, Overview\nIn Italy, it opened with the integration of the kingdom into the empire and the royal palace at Pavia was summoned in 1024. By the end of the century, Lombard and Byzantine rule in the Mezzogiorno had been usurped by the Normans and the power of the territorial magnates was being replaced by that of the citizens of the cities in the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0013-0000", "contents": "11th century, Overview\nIn Britain, it saw the transformation of Scotland into a single, more unified and centralised kingdom and the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The social transformations wrought in these lands brought them into the fuller orbit of European feudal politics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0014-0000", "contents": "11th century, Overview\nIn France, it saw the nadir of the monarchy and the zenith of the great magnates, especially the dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, who could thus foster such distinctive contributions of their lands as the pious warrior who conquered Britain, Italy, and the East and the impious peacelover, the troubadour, who crafted out of the European vernacular its first great literary themes. There were also the first figures of the intellectual movement known as Scholasticism, which emphasized dialectic arguments in disputes of Christian theology as well as classical philosophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0015-0000", "contents": "11th century, Overview\nIn Spain, the century opened with the successes of the last caliphs of C\u00f3rdoba and ended in the successes of the Almoravids. In between was a period of Christian unification under Navarrese hegemony and success in the Reconquista against the taifa kingdoms that replaced the fallen caliphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0016-0000", "contents": "11th century, Overview\nIn China, there was a triangular affair of continued war and peace settlements between the Song dynasty, the Tanguts-led Western Xia in the northwest, and the Khitans of the Liao dynasty in the northeast. Meanwhile, opposing political factions evolved at the Song imperial court of Kaifeng. The political reformers at court, called the New Policies Group (\u65b0\u6cd5, Xin Fa), were led by Emperor Shenzong of Song and the Chancellors Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi, while the political conservatives were led by Chancellor Sima Guang and Empress Dowager Gao, regent of the young Emperor Zhezong of Song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0016-0001", "contents": "11th century, Overview\nHeated political debate and sectarian intrigue followed, while political enemies were often dismissed from the capital to govern frontier regions in the deep south where malaria was known to be very fatal to northern Chinese people (see History of the Song dynasty). This period also represents a high point in classical Chinese science and technology, with figures such as Su Song and Shen Kuo, as well as the age where the matured form of the Chinese pagoda was accomplished in Chinese architecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0017-0000", "contents": "11th century, Overview\nIn India, the Chola dynasty reached its height of naval power under leaders such as Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I, dominating southern India (Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka, and regions of South East Asia. They also sent raids into what is now Thailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0018-0000", "contents": "11th century, Overview\nIn Japan, the Fujiwara clan dominated central politics by acting as imperial regents, controlling the actions of the Emperor of Japan, who acted merely as a 'puppet monarch' during the Heian period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0019-0000", "contents": "11th century, Overview\nIn the Middle East, the Fatimid Empire of Egypt reached its zenith only to face steep decline, much like the Byzantine Empire in the first half of the century. The Seljuks came to prominence while the Abbasid caliphs held traditional titles without real, tangible authority in state affairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0020-0000", "contents": "11th century, Overview\nIn Nigeria, formation of city states, kingdoms and empires, including Hausa kingdoms and Borno dynasty in the north, and the Oyo Empire and Kingdom of Benin in the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0021-0000", "contents": "11th century, Overview\nIn Korea, the rulers of the Goryeo Kingdom were able to concentrate more central authority into their own hands than in that of the nobles, and were able to fend off two Khitan invasions with their armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0022-0000", "contents": "11th century, Gallery\nEmpress Agnes, German Queen who became regent of the Holy Roman Empire", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0023-0000", "contents": "11th century, Gallery\nAngels crowning Canute the Great as he and his wife \u00c6lfgifu of Northampton present the Winchester Cross to the church, dated 1031", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0024-0000", "contents": "11th century, Gallery\nThe Atlantes \u2013 columns in the form of Toltec warriors in Tula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0025-0000", "contents": "11th century, Gallery\nStatue of Lady Li Qingzhao in the Grand Hall of Poets in Du Fu Cao Tang, China", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0026-0000", "contents": "11th century, Gallery\nLady Sei Sh\u014dnagon, wrote her Pillow Book about life in the Japanese court", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0027-0000", "contents": "11th century, Gallery\nStatue of William the Conqueror, holding Domesday Book on the West Front of Lichfield Cathedral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007940-0028-0000", "contents": "11th century, Gallery\n11th century mosaic of Constantine IX Monomachos, Empress Zoe, and Jesus Christ in the Hagia Sophia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007941-0000-0000", "contents": "11th century BC\nThe 11th century BC comprises all years from 1100 BC to 1001 BC. Although many human societies were literate in this period, some of the individuals mentioned below may be apocryphal rather than historically accurate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007941-0001-0000", "contents": "11th century BC, Sovereign states\nSee : List of sovereign states in the 11th century BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007942-0000-0000", "contents": "11th century in Canada, Further reading\nThis Canadian history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007944-0000-0000", "contents": "11th century in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the century 1001\u20131100 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007945-0000-0000", "contents": "11th century in architecture, Buildings and structures, Buildings\nFlower Pagoda in the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees, Guangzhou (1097)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 65], "content_span": [66, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007946-0000-0000", "contents": "11th century in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in the 11th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007947-0000-0000", "contents": "11th century in philosophy\nThis is a list of philosophy-related events in the 11th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007947-0001-0000", "contents": "11th century in philosophy, Publications\nAlberic of Monte Cassino wrote on the Eucharistic Controversy, opposing the views of Berengar. This was a significant moment in moving the dispute away from hermeneutics and philosophy towards a theological approach preferred by the prelates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007949-0000-0000", "contents": "11th century in science\nThis is a summary of the 11th century in science and technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007949-0001-0000", "contents": "11th century in science\nAl-Biruni is regarded as one of the greatest scholars of 11th century and was well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist and linguist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007949-0002-0000", "contents": "11th century in science\nOf the 146 books known to have been written by B\u012br\u016bn\u012b, 95 were devoted to astronomy, mathematics, and related subjects like mathematical geography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007950-0000-0000", "contents": "11th government of Turkey\nThe 11th government of Turkey existed for the short term of 25 January 1939 to 3 April 1939. It is also known as the first Saydam cabinet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007950-0001-0000", "contents": "11th government of Turkey, Background\nThe government was formed after Celal Bayar, the prime minister of the previous government, resigned. The new prime minister was Refik Saydam, the secretary general of the Republican People\u2019s Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007950-0002-0000", "contents": "11th government of Turkey, Aftermath\nRefik Saydan's cabinet ended because of the general elections held on 26 March. However, the prime minister of the next government was also Refik Saydam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007951-0000-0000", "contents": "11th meridian east\nThe meridian 11\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007951-0001-0000", "contents": "11th meridian east\nThe 11th meridian east forms a great circle with the 169th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007951-0002-0000", "contents": "11th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 11th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007951-0003-0000", "contents": "11th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nThrough Gombe State, passing just west of the capital Gombe ()", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007952-0000-0000", "contents": "11th meridian west\nThe meridian 11\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007952-0001-0000", "contents": "11th meridian west\nThe 11th meridian west forms a great circle with the 169th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007952-0002-0000", "contents": "11th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 11th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007953-0000-0000", "contents": "11th parallel north\nThe 11th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 11 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Africa, the Indian Ocean, South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Central America, South America and the Atlantic Ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007953-0001-0000", "contents": "11th parallel north\nAt this latitude the sun is visible for 12 hours, 46 minutes during the summer solstice and 11 hours, 29 minutes during the winter solstice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007953-0002-0000", "contents": "11th parallel north\nIn Thailand, a 1966 cabinet resolution restricts the rights of non-Thai companies to conduct mineral exploration or mining operations north of this parallel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007953-0003-0000", "contents": "11th parallel north, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 11\u00b0 north passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007953-0004-0000", "contents": "11th parallel north, As a border\nThe border between Ghana and what was then French Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) was fixed by treaty between the French and British at the Conference of Paris in 1898, to be the 11th parallel. The border does not follow the boundary exactly, but follows it approximately, crossing over it several times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007954-0000-0000", "contents": "11th parallel south\nThe 11th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 11 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007954-0001-0000", "contents": "11th parallel south, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 11\u00b0 south passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007955-0000-0000", "contents": "11th/28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment\nThe 11th/28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment (11/28 RWAR) is a Reserve infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Located in Western Australia, it is one of the two battalions of the Royal Western Australia Regiment which forms the infantry component of the 13th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007955-0001-0000", "contents": "11th/28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, History\nThe 11th/28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment was formed in 1987 by the amalgamation of the 11th and 28th Battalions. These two battalions both trace their history back to units formed for service in the First World War, although they also perpetuate previous units that served during the Second Boer War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007955-0002-0000", "contents": "11th/28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, History\nThe 11th Battalion was raised at Black Boy Hill Camp on 17 August 1914 as part of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). Attached to the 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, it was one of the first units raised in Australia following the outbreak of the war. After training in Egypt, the 11th Battalion landed at Anzac Cove and fought throughout the Gallipoli campaign. After being withdrawn from Gallipoli the battalion served with distinction on the Western Front in France and Belgium until the end of the war. Following the end of hostilities, the 11th returned to Western Australia and was disbanded on 5 February 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007955-0003-0000", "contents": "11th/28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, History\nIn 1921 the decision was made to perpetuate the designations and battle honours of the AIF by reforming these units as part of the Militia. In 1927 territorial titles were adopted and the battalion became the 11th Battalion (City of Perth Regiment). During the economic hardships of the 1930s the battalion was briefly amalgamated with the 16th Battalion, however, in 1936, in response to the reoccupation of the Rhineland by German military forces, the Australian government decided to expand the Militia; as a result, the two units were delinked once again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007955-0004-0000", "contents": "11th/28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, History\nAt the outbreak of the Second World War, due to the provisions of the Defence Act (1903) which precluded sending the Militia outside of Australian territory to fight, it was decided to raise an all volunteer force for overseas service. This force was known as the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF). The infantry units of the 2nd AIF adopted the same designations as those of the 1st AIF, with the prefix numeral '2' in front to differentiate them from the Militia battalions that continued to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007955-0004-0001", "contents": "11th/28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, History\nAs result, during the war there were two battalions to bare the numerals 11th Battalion. The 2/11th Battalion was attached to the 6th Division and served in the Western Sahara, Greece, Crete and the Tobruk, as well as in the Pacific. At the same time, the Militia 11th Battalion (City of Perth Regiment) was attached to the 13th Brigade, 4th Division and spent most of its active service on garrison duties in Australia before taking part in the New Britain campaign in 1944\u201345.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007955-0005-0000", "contents": "11th/28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, History\nThe 28th Battalion shared a similar history to the 11th, being formed in 1915 as part of the 7th Brigade and fighting in Gallipoli, France and Belgium during the First World War. Following the war, it was re-raised as the 28th Battalion (Swan Regiment) in 1921 and was based in east Perth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007955-0006-0000", "contents": "11th/28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, History\nDuring the Second World War, the 2/28th Battalion served with the 9th Division at Tobruk, El Alamein, New Guinea and Borneo, while the 28th Battalion (Swan Regiment) fought in New Britain alongside the 11th Battalion in 1944\u201345.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007955-0007-0000", "contents": "11th/28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, History\nFollowing the end of the war, these four units were disbanded. In 1948, when Australia's part-time military forces were re-raised as the Citizens Military Force (CMF), the 16th/28th Infantry Battalion was formed. They remained joined until 1952 when the two units were split once again. In 1960, when the Australian Army was reorganised along Pentropic lines, the regional regiments were amalgamated into multi-battalion State-based regiments. As a result, both the 16th and 28th Battalions were reduced to company-level formations within the larger 1st Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, with the 16th providing one company known as 'B'  (The Cameron Company), and the 28th providing one company known as 'A' (The Swan Company).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007955-0008-0000", "contents": "11th/28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, History\nThe 11th Battalion was also re-raised in 1948, although it was re-raised as an amalgamated unit known as the 11th/44th Battalion (The City of Perth Regiment). They remained on the order of battle until 1960 when they became a company-level organisation within the Pentropic 1st Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, known as 'A' (The City of Perth Company).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007955-0009-0000", "contents": "11th/28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, History\nIn 1966, following the decision to revert to the tropical establishment and reorganise the CMF, the 28th Battalion was reformed as the 28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, and the following year the 11th Battalion was also reformed. In 1977, both units were redesignated as independent rifle companies; however, in 1987 they were amalgamated together to form the current unit known as the 11th/28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007955-0010-0000", "contents": "11th/28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, Battle honours\nThe 11th/28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment currently holds the following battle honours:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 69], "content_span": [70, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007956-0000-0000", "contents": "11\u00d758mmR\nThe 11\u00d758mmR M1877, 11mm Werndl or 11.15\u00d758mmR is a black powder cartridge used in the M1867 Werndl\u2013Holub rifle as well as the Mannlicher M1886 rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007957-0000-0000", "contents": "11\u00d759mmR Gras\nThe 11\u00d759mmR Gras, also known as the 11mm Vickers, is an obsolete rifle cartridge. France's first modern military cartridge, the 11\u00d759mmR Gras was introduced in 1874 and continued in service in various roles and with various users until after World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007957-0001-0000", "contents": "11\u00d759mmR Gras, Design\nThe 11\u00d759mmR was a rimmed, slightly bottlenecked, centerfire rifle cartridge with an external Berdan primer, developed for use in the single shot, bolt actioned Fusil Gras mle 1874.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007957-0002-0000", "contents": "11\u00d759mmR Gras, Design\nThe original 1874 cartridge fired a paper patched, 25.0\u00a0g (386\u00a0gr), 27\u00a0mm (1.06\u00a0in) long lead bullet driven by 5.2\u00a0g (81\u00a0gr) of F1 black powder, with a muzzle velocity of 450\u00a0m/s (1,500\u00a0ft/s), the velocity dropping to 430\u00a0m/s (1,400\u00a0ft/s) at 25\u00a0m (82\u00a0ft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007957-0003-0000", "contents": "11\u00d759mmR Gras, Design\nAn improved cartridge was introduced in 1879 with a slower burning F3 powder, alterations to the tip of the bullet and a reduction in the height of the patch. In 1884 a bullet was introduced of 5% antimony and 95% lead which was compressed and hardened instead of simply cast, and the tip was flattened to improve accuracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007957-0004-0000", "contents": "11\u00d759mmR Gras, Design\nDuring World War I an incendiary round was manufactured to be fired from the cartridge for the balloon busting role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007957-0005-0000", "contents": "11\u00d759mmR Gras, History\nFollowing their disastrous defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the French Army instituted a number of broad reforms including the adoption of an updated rifle in 1874, the Fusil Gras mle 1874, that replaced the cloth cartridge of the preceding Fusil Chassepot mle 1866 rifle with a new brass cartridge, the 11\u00d759mmR Gras, France's first modern military cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007957-0006-0000", "contents": "11\u00d759mmR Gras, History\nIn addition to being chambered in their new Fusil Gras mle 1874, the preceding Fusil Chassepot mle 1866 was easily converted to fire the 11\u00d759mmR Gras cartridge by simply modifying the chamber and altering the bolt, known as the Fusil mle 1866/74; this conversion was widely issued alongside the new rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007957-0007-0000", "contents": "11\u00d759mmR Gras, History\nThe Remington Rolling Block rifle was also chambered in the 11\u00d759mmR Gras cartridge. The 11.59mmR Gras was used extensively in both the Remington and the Gras rifles by Japan, Chile, Ethiopia, a number of Balkan states, and France's North African colonial possessions. Greece initially chambered their Mylonas rifle in this cartridge but later adopted the Fusil Gras mle 1874 as their standard rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007957-0008-0000", "contents": "11\u00d759mmR Gras, History\nIn 1886 it was replaced in French frontline service by the revolutionary 8\u00d750mmR Lebel, the first military cartridge to use smokeless gunpowder. The Lebel cartridge was itself created by necking down the 11\u00d759mmR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007957-0009-0000", "contents": "11\u00d759mmR Gras, History, World War I service\nDespite being superseded, the Gras rifle and the 11\u00d759mmR cartridge continued in wide service with territorial and second line troops as well as throughout France's colonies, continuing in these roles during the Great War. In addition to arming second line troops, old Gras rifles and the 11\u00d759mmR cartridge were widely used by front line troops as converted grenade launchers, known as Bombardes DR (grenade throwers) these conversions had cut down barrels and butts of varying workmanship and always fired cartridges with the bullets removed to propel the grenade, and were used as a crude form of trench mortar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007957-0010-0000", "contents": "11\u00d759mmR Gras, History, World War I service\nIn 1916 it was decided to re-equip the Kingdom of Serbia's Army with French-made weapons, and from October that year the Serbian Army received 20,000 Gras rifles along with other French weapons. Due to a chronic shortage of modern rifles within the Imperial Russian Army, 105,000 Gras rifles and a quantity of 11\u00d759mmR cartridges were supplied to Russia during the war, these rifles were subsequently used by the Red Army in their early years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007957-0011-0000", "contents": "11\u00d759mmR Gras, History, World War I service, \"Balloon buster\"\nBy 1917 it had been determined that standard rifle calibre cartridges were less satisfactory for balloon busting (shooting down observation balloons) than larger calibres carrying incendiary or tracer bullets. The French adapted the standard 11\u00d759mmR Gras cartridge to fire from their Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun as an aircraft gun. Later the more reliable and more easily synchronised Vickers machine gun was chambered in the round, known as the Vickers aircraft machine gun and sometimes the \"balloon buster\", it fired the same cartridge with incendiary bullets and disintegrating belt link, the cartridge became known as the 11mm Vickers in British service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 61], "content_span": [62, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007957-0011-0001", "contents": "11\u00d759mmR Gras, History, World War I service, \"Balloon buster\"\nThe Vickers aircraft machine gun and the 11mm Vickers was adopted by the allies as a standard anti-balloon armament and used by both the British and French in this role until the end of the war, as well as other allies such as Belgium and the United States of America. Notable users include Belgium's leading fighter ace and the allies' champion balloon buster Willy Coppens, and America's two highest scoring fighter aces, Eddie Rickenbacker and Frank Luke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 61], "content_span": [62, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007957-0012-0000", "contents": "11\u00d759mmR Gras, History, Post War service\nPost War the Gras rifle and the 11\u00d759mmR cartridge continued in service with various users, the Italian Army faced a number of Gras rifles in the hands of Ethiopian irregulars during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War of 1936, whilst during World War II the Gras rifle and the 11\u00d759mmR cartridge armed various partisan and guerilla groups throughout the Balkans. In the late 1930s, remaining Mauser-Koka 1884 artillery carbines within the Yugoslav inventory were converted from the 10.15\u00d763mmR Mauser to 11\u00d759mmR Gras cartridges which were in good supply in Yugoslav Army depots. During the Spanish Civil War a number of Republican troops were armed with Gras rifles. The last known official user of the 11\u00d759mmR was Yemen, who continued to use the Gras rifle and cartridge into the 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007958-0000-0000", "contents": "11\u00d760mm Mauser\nThe 11mm Mauser (also known as the 11x60mmR Mauser or .43 Mauser) was a black-powder cartridge developed for the Mauser Model 1871 rifle, and used later in the 71/84 variant. It is no longer in production, however it is available from custom loaders and handloading can be done to replenish spent ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007958-0001-0000", "contents": "11\u00d760mm Mauser, Further reading\nThis ammunition-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007959-0000-0000", "contents": "11\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone\n11\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone (11\u03b1-OHP), or 11\u03b1-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione is an endogenous steroid and metabolite of progesterone. It is a weak antiandrogen, and is devoid of androgenic, estrogenic, and progestogenic activity. It was investigated as a topical antiandrogen for the treatment of androgen-dependent skin conditions in the early 1950s, and was found to produce some benefit. In 1995, 11\u03b1-OHP, along with its epimer 11\u03b2-hydroxyprogesterone, was identified as a very potent competitive inhibitor of both isoforms (1 and 2) of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11\u03b2-HSD). It is notably not metabolized by 11\u03b2-HSD2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007959-0000-0001", "contents": "11\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone\n11\u03b1-OHP is a more potent inhibitor of 11\u03b2-HSD than enoxolone (glycyrrhetinic acid) or carbenoxolone in vitro (IC50 = 0.9 nM; IC50 = 5 nM in transfected cells). The compound has been found to be highly active in conferring mineralocorticoid sodium-retaining activity of corticosterone in vivo in rat bioassays and in increasing blood pressure, effects that it mediates by preventing the 11\u03b2-HSD-mediated inactivation of endogenous corticosteroids. Because of its inhibition of 11\u03b2-HSD and consequent potentiation of corticosteroids, 11\u03b1-OHP has recently been patented for the treatment of skin diseases, particularly psoriasis in combination with clobetasol propionate and minoxidil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007959-0001-0000", "contents": "11\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone\n11\u03b1-OHP is used as a precursor in chemical syntheses of cortisone and hydrocortisone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007960-0000-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Chloromethylestradiol\n11\u03b2-Chloromethylestradiol (11\u03b2-CME2; developmental code name ORG-4333) is a synthetic steroidal estrogen which was never marketed. It has very high affinity for the estrogen receptor and dissociates from it relatively slowly. It was originally thought that 11\u03b2-CME2 might be a covalent ligand of the estrogen receptors, but its binding was subsequently shown to be fully reversible. The relative binding affinity of 11\u03b2-CME2 for the estrogen receptors ranges from 230 to 3,320% of that of estradiol depending on the study. 11\u03b2-CME2 also has about 14% of the relative binding affinity of estradiol for sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). The compound has been developed as a radiolabel for the ERs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007961-0000-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxyandrostenedione\n11\u03b2-Hydroxyandrostenedione (11\u03b2-OHA4), also known as 11\u03b2-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione, is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and androgen prohormone that is produced primarily, if not exclusively, in the adrenal glands. It is closely related to adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione; 11-KA4), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), and 11-ketodihydrotestosterone (11-KDHT), which are also produced in the adrenal glands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007961-0001-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxyandrostenedione\nIt can be used as a biomarker for guiding primary aldosteronism subtyping in adrenal vein sampling where blood samples are taken from both adrenal glands to compare the amount of hormone made by each gland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007962-0000-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxyprogesterone\n11\u03b2-Hydroxyprogesterone (11\u03b2-OHP), also known as 21-deoxycorticosterone, as well as 11\u03b2-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, is a naturally occurring, endogenous steroid and derivative of progesterone. It is a potent mineralocorticoid. Syntheses of 11\u03b2-OHP from progesterone is catalyzed by the steroid 11\u03b2-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) enzyme, and, to a lesser extent, by the aldosterone synthase enzyme (CYP11B2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007962-0001-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxyprogesterone, Function\nAlong with its epimer 11\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone (11\u03b1-OHP), 11\u03b2-OHP has been identified as a very potent competitive inhibitor of both isoforms (1 and 2) of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11\u03b2-HSD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007962-0002-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxyprogesterone, Outcome of 21-hydroxylase deficiency\nIt has been known since 1987 that increased levels of 11\u03b2-OHP occur in 21-hydroxylase deficiency. A study in 2017 has shown that in subjects with 21-hydroxylase deficiency, serum 11\u03b2-OHP concentrations range from 0.012 to 3.37 ng/mL, while in control group it was below detection limit of 0.012 ng/mL. 21-hydroxylase is an enzyme that is also involved in progesterone metabolism, producing 11-deoxycorticosterone. In normal conditions, 21-hydroxylase has higher activity on progesterone than steroid 11\u03b2-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) that convert progesterone to 11\u03b2-OHP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 61], "content_span": [62, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007962-0002-0001", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxyprogesterone, Outcome of 21-hydroxylase deficiency\nThat's why in 21-hydroxylase deficiency, given the normal function of the CYP11B enzymes, the progesterone is directed towards 11\u03b2-OHP pathway rather than towards 11-deoxycorticosterone pathway, that is also usually accompanied by an increase in progesterone levels. In the normal route to aldosterone and cortisol, progesterone and 17\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone are first hydroxylated at position 21 and then hydroxylated at other positions. In 21-hydroxylase deficiency, progesterone and 17\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone accumulate and are the substrates of steroid 11\u03b2-hydroxylase, leading to 1\u03b2-OHP and 21-deoxycortisol, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 61], "content_span": [62, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007962-0002-0002", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxyprogesterone, Outcome of 21-hydroxylase deficiency\nIn the 2017 study above mentioned, serum progesterone concentrations in boys (10 days to 18 years old) with 21-hydroxylase deficiency reached levels similar to female luteal values (up to 10.14 ng/mL, depending on severity and treatment), while in the control group of boys progesterone was 0.07 ng/mL (0.22 nmol/L) on average, ranged from 0.05 to 0.40 ng/mL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 61], "content_span": [62, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007962-0003-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxyprogesterone, Outcome of 21-hydroxylase deficiency\nWhile studies suggest that 11\u03b2-OHP, also known as 21-deoxycorticosterone, can be used as marker for adrenal 21-hydroxylase deficiency, another 21-carbon steroid \u2014 21-deoxycortisol (produced from 17\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone) gained acceptance for this purpose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 61], "content_span": [62, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007963-0000-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase\n11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD-11\u03b2 or 11\u03b2-HSD) enzymes catalyze the conversion of inert 11 keto-products (cortisone) to active cortisol, or vice versa, thus regulating the access of glucocorticoids to the steroid receptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007963-0001-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase\nThe human genome encodes two distinct HSD-11\u03b2 isozymes (HSD-11\u03b2 Type 1 and HSD-11\u03b2 Type 2) on distinct genes. The dehydrogenase activity of a HSD-11\u03b2 converts a 11beta-hydroxysteroid to the corresponding 11-oxosteroid by reducing NADP+ or NAD+. HSD-11\u03b2s are part of the larger class of oxidoreductases and HSD-11\u03b2 Type 1 has oxidoreductase activity (the reverse of dehydrogenase activity). HSD-11\u03b2s participate in c21-steroid hormone metabolism and androgen and estrogen metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007963-0002-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Structural studies\nSeveral structures for HSD-11\u03b2 Type 1 have been solved to date with various mutations and inhibitors. There are no known structures for HSD-11\u03b2 Type 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007963-0003-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Function\nCortisol, a glucocorticoid, binds the glucocorticoid receptor. However, because of its molecular similarity to aldosterone it also binds the mineralcorticoid receptor at higher concentrations. Both aldosterone and cortisol have a similar affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor; however, there is vastly more cortisol in circulation than aldosterone. To prevent over-stimulation of the mineralocorticoid receptor by cortisol, HSD-11\u03b2s convert the biologically active cortisol to the inactive cortisone, which can no longer bind the mineralocorticoid receptor. HSD-11\u03b2s co-localizes with intracellular adrenal steroid receptors. Licorice, which contains glycyrrhizinic acid and enoxolone, can inhibit HSD-11\u03b2 and lead to a mineralocorticoid excess syndrome. Cortisol levels consequently rise, and cortisol binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor produces clinical signs and symptoms of hypokalemia, alkalosis and hypertension (i.e. mineralocorticoid excess).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 1006]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007963-0004-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application\nHSD-11\u03b2s are enzymes involved in steroid hormone physiology. HSD-11\u03b2 Type 1 is found in metabolic tissues targeted by glucocorticoids and converts cortisone to active cortisol. HSD-11\u03b2 Type 1 acts as a reductase producing active cortisol and the amplification of glucocorticoids. This enzyme is most abundant in the liver but can be found in most tissues in the body. HSD11B- Type 1 amplifies glucocorticoid concentrations in the liver and adipose tissue, glucocorticoid excess induces obesity with other features such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007963-0005-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application\nHSD-11\u03b2 Type 2 is expressed by aldosterone-selective tissues and protects the mineralocorticoid receptor from the activation by cortisol by converting it to cortisone using the enzyme 11-Oxoreductase. HSD-11\u03b2 Type 2 protects tissues from continuous activation by decreasing local cortisol levels and preventing 11-Oxoreductase from activating. In tissues that do not express the mineralocorticoid receptor, such as the placenta and testis, it protects cells from the growth-inhibiting and/or pro-apoptotic effects of cortisol, particularly during embryonic development. Mutations in this gene cause the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007963-0006-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application\nThe since the main functions of this  HSD-11\u03b2s are for the regulation of glucocorticoids, the two isozymes are linked to various overstimulation or depletion of glucocorticosteroids that result in chemical imbalances in the human body. The effects of the enzyme as it relates to specific body functions and its associated disorders are listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007963-0007-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application\nHyperlipidemia has a great effect on 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase. Glucocorticoid is dependent  on Glucocorticoid plasma concentration, cellular glucocorticoid receptor expression and the pre-receptor hormone metabolism that is catalyzed by 11\u03b2-HSD. There are two types of 11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases that control cortisol concentration: HSD-11\u03b2 Type 1 and HSD-11\u03b2 Type 2. HSD-11\u03b2 Type 1 is responsible for converting cortisone to cortisol by acting as an oxo-reductase because it is NADP(H) dependent, while HSD-11\u03b2 Type 2 inactivates cortisol to cortisone via NAD. 10-d hyperlipidemia increases the HSD-11\u03b2 Type 1 expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007963-0007-0001", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application\nHyperlipidemia decreases HSD-11\u03b2 Type 2 expression in the liver and adipose tissue. Hyperlipidemia has a great influence on HSD-11\u03b2 Type 1 and HSD-11\u03b2 Type 2. This demonstrates that there is likely a relationship between hyperlipidemia and cortisol metabolism. Cushing's Disease, synonymous with hypercortisolism, involves overwhelming the cortisol-neutralizing ability of 11\u03b2-HSD2 with high concentrations of cortisol. This allows cortisol to outcompete aldosterone and bind to mineralocorticoid receptors, resulting in the activation of several pathways that increase blood pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007963-0008-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application, Activity of HSD-11\u03b2s in organs\nHSD-11\u03b2s are active in organs and in the adrenal gland. The two isoenzymes take on various duties. During an active state, HSD-11\u03b2 promotes the increase in glucocorticoids in the hepatocytes and also enhances gluconeogenesis. The type 2 isozyme converts active glucocorticoid hormones to inactive metabolites  in target tissues such as kidney, salivary glands, intestines, etc. The activation of the two isozymes of HSD-11\u03b2 in the kidneys and liver triggers the extra-adrenal formation in alloxan diabetes, which affiliates with the reduction in the synthesis of glucocorticoid hormones in the adrenal glands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007963-0008-0001", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application, Activity of HSD-11\u03b2s in organs\nThe extra-adrenal formation leads to the increased local formation of corticosterone in the liver and has a high activity of reactions with gluconeogenesis. These gluconeogenesis reactions add to the continued metabolic disorders similar to that of diabetes. Thus HSD-11\u03b2 Type 1 can serve as a potential treatment agents for diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome due to increasing local corticosterone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007963-0009-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application, Activity of HSD-11\u03b2s in organs, Involvement in the brain\nHSD-11\u03b2s are expressed in the central nervous system of aged individuals. It is essential in Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis function. HSD-11\u03b2s also partakes involvement in the decline of conscious intellectual activity due to aging. The enzyme also contributes to central effects are also during the development stages. For instance, the HSD-11\u03b2s Type 2shows frequently in fetal tissues such as a newborn's brain and placenta. If there is an absence or decline in HSD-11\u03b2s Type 2 in the fetus tissues, there are negative developmental consequences such as anxiety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 112], "content_span": [113, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007963-0010-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application, Activity of HSD-11\u03b2s in organs, Involvement in the brain\nHSD-11\u03b2s are partly responsible for  intracellular metabolism that determine the operation of glucocorticoids within cells. Glucocorticoids impact the brain development and ultimately the function of the central nervous system. So much so, that if there is a surplus or scant amounts of it, the consequences are deformities throughout one's entire life. HSD-11\u03b2 Type 1 is responsible for activating glucocorticoids while HSD-11\u03b2 Type 2 is responsible for deactivating them. The consequences for HSD-11\u03b2 Type 1 activating glucocorticoids is that there is a decline in cognition especially as one ages. Contrarily, the effects of HSD-11\u03b2 Type 2 occur during development. Some consequences of a high expression HSD-11\u03b2 Type 2 are anxiety and cardiometabolic disorders, both of which are part of the early age glucocorticoid programming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 112], "content_span": [113, 946]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007963-0011-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application, Involvement in Preterm Births\nInfants born underweight are susceptible to having metabolic disease throughout their lives. The presence of glucocorticoids has contributed to the relatively low infant birth weight. A decrease in HSD-11\u03b2 Type 2 in the placenta can lead to infant restriction in growth, specifically during the first 12 months of an infant's life. The reason for this is because the HSD-11\u03b2 Type 2 is meant to be expressed in high quantities in the placenta,  This is so because the enzymes secure the fetus from exposure to increased levels of glucocorticoids, which are linked to underweight newborns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 85], "content_span": [86, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007964-0000-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1\n11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, also known as cortisone reductase, is an NADPH-dependent enzyme highly expressed in key metabolic tissues including liver, adipose tissue, and the central nervous system. In these tissues, HSD11B1 reduces cortisone to the active hormone cortisol that activates glucocorticoid receptors. It belongs to the family of short-chain dehydrogenases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007964-0001-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, Function\nThe protein encoded by this gene is a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of the stress hormone cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone. In addition, the encoded protein can catalyze the reverse reaction, the conversion of cortisone to cortisol. Too much cortisol can lead to central obesity, and a particular variation in this gene has been associated with obesity and insulin resistance in children. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007964-0002-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, Clinical significance\n11\u03b2-HSD1 is inhibited by carbenoxolone, a drug typically used in the treatment of peptic ulcers. Moreover, 18alpha-glycyrrhizic acid from the root of glycyrrhiza glabra was discovered as an inhibitor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007964-0003-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, Clinical significance\nSalicylate downregulates 11\u03b2-HSD1 expression in adipose tissue in obese mice and hence may explain why aspirin improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Epigallocatechin gallate from green tea can also potently inhibit this enzyme; green tea is a complex mixture of various phenolics with contents varying with production and processing, and some of the phenolics are known HDAC inhibitors that alter genetic expression. EGCG as usually consumed in green tea is poorly absorbed into the bloodstream. More research is needed to reach firm conclusions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007964-0004-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, Further reading\nThis EC 1.1.1 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007966-0000-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Methoxyestradiol\n11\u03b2-Methoxyestradiol (11\u03b2-MeOE2; developmental code name RU-2504) is a synthetic steroidal estrogen which was never marketed. It has about 86% of the relative binding affinity of estradiol for the estrogen receptor. 11\u03b2-MeOE2 is structurally related to moxestrol (11\u03b2-methoxy-17\u03b1-ethynylestradiol). 11\u03b2-MeOE2 and moxestrol are substantially more potent than their non-methoxylated analogues (estradiol and ethinylestradiol, respectively) in mice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007967-0000-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone\n11\u03b2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone (11\u03b2-MNT) is a synthetic and orally active anabolic\u2013androgenic steroid (AAS) and a derivative of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) which was developed by the Contraceptive Development Branch (CDB) of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and has not been marketed at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007967-0001-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone\nThe C17\u03b2 dodecylcarbonate ester of 11\u03b2-MNT, 11\u03b2-methyl-19-nortestosterone 17\u03b2-dodecylcarbonate (11\u03b2-MNTDC) (CDB-4754), is a prodrug of 11\u03b2-MNT. Along with the closely related AAS dimethandrolone (7\u03b1,11\u03b2-dimethyl-19-nortestosterone; CDB-1321) and its ester prodrug dimethandrolone undecanoate (CDB-4521), 11\u03b2-MNT and 11\u03b2-MNTDC are under investigation as potential male contraceptives and to treat male hypogonadism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007967-0002-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone, Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics\n11\u03b2-MNT does not undergo aromatization into the corresponding estrogenic metabolite 11\u03b2-methylestradiol, and for this reason, has no potential for estrogenic side effects such as gynecomastia. In addition, unlike testosterone, 11\u03b2-MNT does not appear to undergo 5\u03b1-reduction into the corresponding 5\u03b1-dihydrogenated metabolite 5\u03b1-dihydro-11\u03b2-MNT (5\u03b1-DHMNT). This conclusion is based on the fact that 5\u03b1-DHMNT is 4 to 8 times as potent as 11\u03b2-MNT in terms of androgenicity in animal bioassays, yet the co-administration of the 5\u03b1-reductase inhibitor dutasteride with 11\u03b2-MNT had no influence on its potency in assays using tissues that express 5\u03b1-reductase like the ventral prostate and seminal vesicles. Due to lack of potentiation by 5\u03b1-reductase in androgenic tissues like the skin, hair follicles, and prostate gland, 11\u03b2-MNT may have a lower risk of certain side effects such as oily skin, acne, androgenic alopecia (pattern hair loss), prostate enlargement, and prostate cancer than testosterone and certain other AAS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 1085]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007967-0003-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone, Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics\nSimilarly to nandrolone, dimethandrolone, and other 19-nortestosterone derivatives, 11\u03b2-MNT has been found to possess progestogenic activity. Because of its dual activity as an AAS and progestogen, 11\u03b2-MNT may have greater efficacy in suppression of spermatogenesis and hence male fertility than pure AAS like testosterone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007967-0004-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone, Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics\nOral 11\u03b2-MNT has shown little to no potential for hepatotoxicity in animals, similarly to testosterone but unlike 17\u03b1-alkylated AAS like methyltestosterone. The drug notably shows a much lower hepatotoxic potential than dimethandrolone and trestolone (7\u03b1-methyl-19-nortestosterone; MENT), which may have an increased risk due to their shared C7\u03b1 methyl group (although a risk that is still significantly lower than that of 17\u03b1-alkylated AAS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007967-0005-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone, Chemistry\n11\u03b2-MNT, or 11\u03b2-methyl-19-nortestosterone, also known as 11\u03b2-methylestr-4-en-17\u03b2-ol-3-one, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a non-17\u03b1-alkylated derivative of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007968-0000-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate\n11\u03b2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone 17\u03b2-dodecylcarbonate (11\u03b2-MNTDC) (developmental code name CDB-4754) is a synthetic and orally active anabolic\u2013androgenic steroid (AAS) and a derivative of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) which was developed by the Contraceptive Development Branch (CDB) of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and has not been marketed for medical use at this time. It is an androgen ester \u2013 specifically, the C17\u03b2 dodecylcarbonate ester of 11\u03b2-methyl-19-nortestosterone (11\u03b2-MNT) \u2013 and acts as a prodrug of 11\u03b2-MNT in the body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007968-0001-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate\n11\u03b2-MNTDC is under development as a birth control pill for men. It has been described as the \"sister compound\" of dimethandrolone undecanoate, which is also under development as a birth control pill for men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007968-0002-0000", "contents": "11\u03b2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate\nBecause 11\u03b2-MNTDC is not 5\u03b1-reduced, in contrast to testosterone, it may have less risk of scalp hair loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007969-0000-0000", "contents": "12 'O' Clock\n12 'O' Clock is a 2021 Indian Hindi-language horror film directed by Ram Gopal Varma and starring Mithun Chakraborty, Flora Saini, Manav Kaul, Krishna Gautam and Makarand Deshpande. The film was first announced with the name Geher, but the following trailer revealed it had been renamed 12 'O' Clock on 3 July 2020. It was released to the public in India on 8 January 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007969-0001-0000", "contents": "12 'O' Clock, Production\nAs Mithun Chakraborty visited Ram Gopal Varma to wish him on his birthday, rumours surfaced that RGV is making a film with Chakraborty in the lead, but RGV rubbished the rumours saying he is making a film with Abhishek Bachchan after Sarkar 3, but weeks later he announced the project with Chakraborty, a horror film starring Flora Saini, Manav Kaul and Makarand Deshpande as well. Actor Amit Sadh was also in consideration for a role. The principal photography of the film started in mid-April 2019. Actors Ashish Vidyarthi and Ali Asgar joined the project later. The film was earlier titled as Geher, but later it was rechristened into 12 'O' Clock, before its trailer release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007970-0000-0000", "contents": "12 (+6) In a Row\n12 (+6) In a Row is an album by Paul Bley with Hans Koch and Franz Koglmann recorded in Switzerland in 1990 and released on the hat ART label the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007970-0001-0000", "contents": "12 (+6) In a Row, Reception\nThom Jurek of AllMusic states, \"In all, this is one of Bley's most curious and intimate works, where his own musical mind is given problems -- presented by serialism and its own undoing -- and his ways of resolving them or casting them out of his vocabulary. Brilliant\". The Guardian review by John Fordham awarded the album 4 stars noting \"This is perhaps predominantly a set for free-jazz fans; however, it's jostling with absorbing melody, and all 18 tracks are invitingly short\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007970-0002-0000", "contents": "12 (+6) In a Row, Track listing\nAll compositions by Paul Bley, Hans Koch & Franz Koglmann except as indicated", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007971-0000-0000", "contents": "12 (2003 film)\n12 is an independent feature film written, directed, edited and produced over the course of 10 years by filmmaker Lawrence Bridges. Considered the longest continuous production in film's history, up to that point, 12 is also the first film to use the aging of its actors as a practical effect. The film received acclaim from such notable publications as Variety, Shoot, and The Los Angeles Times, while playing at over 15 festivals worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007971-0001-0000", "contents": "12 (2003 film), Synopsis\nThe film is a postmodern spoof that tells the story of Zeus' modern day illegitimate children, Filmore (Tony Griffin) and his half-sister Marie-Noel (Alison Elliott), who are forced to move from their Channel Island ranch because their neighbors have grown suspicious of the fact they haven't aged for decades. Meanwhile, the U.S. government wants to turn their land into a national park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007971-0001-0001", "contents": "12 (2003 film), Synopsis\nWhen the twelve Greek Gods return to Los Angeles for relaxation Zeus expects them to correctly identify the play fated and modeled around their current lives\u2014Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest\u2014and perform the work flawlessly, in its entirety, for the Gods' entertainment. By such means, as the play's plot unfolds, the children are guaranteed new, credible lives. \"Act or die,\" he commands. But if they fail to perform the play to its conclusion, or if they rebel, they will be killed by jealous Hera. The mere existence of these illegitimate children are an outrage to her, representing Zeus' countless infidelities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007971-0002-0000", "contents": "12 (2003 film), Synopsis\n12\u2014whose title is often mistakenly derived from the number of years it took to create the film (10 actually)\u2014is described by Variety as \"equal parts L.A. love story, The Importance of Being Earnest, spoof on Greek gods and personal diary of actual events from 1988 to 1998.\" The director used more than 500,000 feet (150,000\u00a0m) of film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007971-0003-0000", "contents": "12 (2003 film), Production\nShot over the course of a decade, Bridges filmed 12 whenever the actors were available and \"never imposed a deadline\" on the project. Throughout the course of shooting, Bridges captured footage of natural disasters and major political events, including the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the Malibu fires, four lunar eclipses and two eclipses of the sun and the Rodney King riots, which were all included in the film. Bridges explained, \"My camera was always loaded and the batteries charged and often it traveled with me in my car to and from work. When there was a disaster, I was always ready to document it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007971-0004-0000", "contents": "12 (2003 film), Production\nIn a rare twist of fate, nearly all of the original actors cast participated in the entire shoot, despite some road blocks along the way. While on a separate commercial shoot in Minneapolis, Allen Lulu suffered a heart attack caused by Phen-Phen. Additionally, Golde Starger' was diagnosed with cancer in the middle of the shoot, and thankfully, recovered. \"There were divorces and there were babies born. I guess when you look at all the things that could have gone wrong and didn't, I'm a very lucky man,\" Bridges told Indie Slate. Additionally, Bridges adopted a flexible mentality in regards to continuity. As the actors aged and evolved, the one factor that remained semi-constant was wardrobe. For example, Griffin, who played Filmore, wore the same suite for 10 years. Dramatic hair and weight change was even accounted for in the storyline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007971-0005-0000", "contents": "12 (2003 film), Production\nThe film was shot on 35mm Kodak short ends using Arri cameras and Zeiss Superspeed prime lenses. The short ends were stock test samples from 1989-1999. The production used minimal on-set lighting, mostly opting for available light. The camera dolly used throughout the production of the film was actually a homemade dolly that Bridges converted from a baby stroller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007971-0006-0000", "contents": "12 (2003 film), Themes\n12 explores a variety of themes and attitudes that relate to a postmodern perspective on Greek mythology set within modern day Los Angeles. The idea of juxtaposition\u2014Oscar Wilde / Greek mythology, mortals/immortals, grand scenery/run down Los Angeles streets is evidenced throughout. As Bridges himself states, \"12 is a diary of L.A., a cinematic record of the natural and political convulsions gripping our town during the late-1980s and into the millennium.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007971-0007-0000", "contents": "12 (2003 film), Themes\nBridges explained his rationale in making 12 to Shoot saying,\"Being the filmmaker, I clearly am defining myself as a radical independent. That's why I made the film. It's anti-everything in Hollywood. Not because of Hollywood--this is what I would do under any circumstance. I'm in love with the aesthetic, poetic and literary potential of film, and that's what I wanted to express.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007971-0008-0000", "contents": "12 (2003 film), Style\nMore than its plot and themes, 12 is recognized for its unique\u2014and rarely before seen\u2014style. Drawing inspiration from French New Wave films, poetry and improvisation techniques, Bridges' film is inconsistent in tone, which some believe occurred because of the large span of time in which it was produced. One journalist described 12 as \"shifting capriciously between the near-profound and the pointlessly silly.\" The first half of the film especially has been considered nonlinear in regards to its narrative structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007971-0009-0000", "contents": "12 (2003 film), Music\nNone of the music in 12 was original score, yet the film incorporated over 100 different cues of music. More than 60 of those cues were classical in nature, incorporating Mozart, Beethoven, Bach and the like. Also of note is the fact that 12 is the first film for which the composer John Adams has allowed his music to be used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007971-0010-0000", "contents": "12 (2003 film), Distribution and publicity\nJust as the film blurs the boundaries of life and art, so does its distribution. 12 is shown via guerrilla drive-ins, a movement the filmmaker created, which entails projecting the piece on walls of buildings throughout Los Angeles and instructing viewers to tune their car radios to a specified station. Locations have included a Staples store on Sunset Boulevard, a parking lot behind the Los Angeles Police Department's Hollywood offices and a parking lot near a Sportmart in West Los Angeles, to name a few.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007971-0011-0000", "contents": "12 (2003 film), Distribution and publicity\nBridges said he created the  guerrilla drive-in in an effort to \"paint the artwork back on the subject of its inception -- projecting what you filmed back on to the wall at night.\" Although the film was an out of pocket expense for Bridges, he has said he is \"waiting for the audience to find it, in terms of the marketplace,\" but also considers 12 to be public art that was privately funded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007971-0012-0000", "contents": "12 (2003 film), Distribution and publicity\nIn 2002, Bridges began a grassroots effort to be considered for Academy awards and passed out 12 T-shirts to members of the Academy. However, police mistook him as a street vagrant and had him taken into custody. Coincidentally, the Los Angeles Times caught the incident on camera and published an image of Bridges being arrested wearing the '12 for Best Picture' shirt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007971-0013-0000", "contents": "12 (2003 film), Critical reception\nAlthough it never saw commercial success, 12 is considered an underground cult film that has played at more than 15 festivals worldwide and was honored with a \"Best of Fest\" award at the Syracuse International Film and Video Festival in 2004. It is critically acclaimed for its unique production process, complex and current themes and stunning visuals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007971-0014-0000", "contents": "12 (2003 film), Critical reception\nLA Weekly film critic Paul Malcolm praised the filmmaker's inventive nature, writing, \"Bridges, a director of television commercials, has a feel for transformative compositions that can remake even the most familiar environment -- a kitchen pantry, a corner on Wilshire Boulevard -- into a place of wonder.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007971-0015-0000", "contents": "12 (2003 film), Critical reception\nVariety reviewer Robert Koehler applauded Bridges for his \"dizzying, unforgettable adventure,\" writing, \"Griffin and Elliott provide a good grounding for the viewer's attention as the deconstructed stream of images and story roll by, but much of the fascination here is not in the highly uneven perfs, but in pic's raw enthusiasm for the film medium, montage, the juxtaposition of image and sound and the reimagining of Greek classicism in a SoCal setting.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007971-0016-0000", "contents": "12 (2003 film), Critical reception\nTod Booth of the San Francisco Film Society called 12 \"ambitious, discursive and hilarious\" and described the film to be \"as challenging and sweeping as a Pynchon novel-a Marx Brothers version of a Wagnerian opera, with Jean-Luc Godard mixed in.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007971-0017-0000", "contents": "12 (2003 film), Critical reception\nIn his monthly Media Matters column on Hollywood Network, Miles Beller wrote, \"12 is by turns funny and infuriating, loony and inspire. Here is a movie that juggles actualities and artifice with manic glee. [ ...] [Bridges'] 12 is a daring, new vision of the human condition, a work of art that sublimely shows the folly and fulfillment of the ascent of man.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007972-0000-0000", "contents": "12 (2007 film)\n12 is a 2007 legal drama film by Russian director, screenwriter, producer and actor Nikita Mikhalkov. The film is a Russian-language remake of Sidney Lumet's 1957 film 12 Angry Men, which in turn was based on Reginald Rose's 1955 stage play, Twelve Angry Men, itself based on Rose's 1954 teleplay of the latter's same name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007972-0001-0000", "contents": "12 (2007 film)\nMikhalkov was awarded the Special Lion at the 64th Venice International Film Festival for his work on the film, which also received an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Language Film. It received generally positive reviews from critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007972-0002-0000", "contents": "12 (2007 film), Plot\nA 12-men jury decides whether a young Chechen boy is guilty of the murder of his stepfather, a Russian military officer. Initially it seems that the boy was the murderer. However, one of the jurors, a foreman, votes in favour of acquittal. Since the verdict must be rendered unanimously, the jurors review the case, and one by one come to the conclusion that the boy was framed. The murder was performed by criminals involved in the construction business. The discussion is repeatedly interrupted by flashbacks from the boy's wartime childhood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007972-0003-0000", "contents": "12 (2007 film), Plot\nIn the end the foreman states that he was sure the boy did not commit the crime but he will not vote in favour of acquittal since the acquitted boy will be subsequently killed by the same criminals. In addition, the foreman reveals that he is a former intelligence officer. After a brief argument, the foreman agrees to join the majority. Later the foreman tells the boy that he will find the real murderers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007972-0004-0000", "contents": "12 (2007 film), Reception\nThe movie received generally positive critical opinion in Russia and abroad. 12 has an approval rating of 77% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 60 reviews, and an average rating of 6.88/10. The website's critical consensus states, \"Loosely based on 1957's 12 Angry Men, Nikita Mikhalkov's superbly acted 12 is clever and gripping like its predecessor, but with a distinctly Russian feel\". It also has a score of 72 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 17 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007972-0005-0000", "contents": "12 (2007 film), Reception\nRussian president Vladimir Putin together with the film crew, Chechnya's president Ramzan Kadyrov and Ingushetia's president Murat Zyazikov watched the film in Putin's residence in Novo-Ogarevo; after the screening Putin remarked that the film \"brought a tear to the eye\". Opposition journalist Zoya Svetova labeled the film as pro-Putin, assuming that some of the characters are caricatures of Russian opposition politicians Valeriya Novodvorskaya and Mikhail Khodorkovsky as well as producer Dmitry Lesnevsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007972-0006-0000", "contents": "12 (2007 film), Reception, Awards\n12 received a special Golden Lion for the \"consistent brilliance\" of its work and was praised by many critics at the 64th Venice International Film Festival. The Venice jury defined the movie as \"confirmation of his [Mikhalkov's] mastery in exploring and revealing to us, with great humanity and emotion, the complexity of existence\". It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007973-0000-0000", "contents": "12 (American Song Book)\n12 (American Song Book) is an album by Italian singer Mina, released in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007973-0001-0000", "contents": "12 (American Song Book)\nIn the album, Mina covers 12 standards of American music, originally published between 1930 (\"Just a Gigolo\") and 1970 (\"Fire and Rain\"). Among the others, she sings \"Everything Happens to Me\" for the third time (previously recorded in 1964 for the album Mina and in 1993 for Lochness) and \"Love Me Tender\" for the second time (previously covered for the 1991 album Caterpillar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007973-0002-0000", "contents": "12 (American Song Book)\nThe album was certified gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007974-0000-0000", "contents": "12 (BMT rapid transit service)\n12 was the Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation's designation for trains that used the BMT Lexington Avenue Line. This number was used on service listings on company maps, but was never displayed on train equipment, nor were trains referred to as \"12 trains\" in the manner of the current system, but were called Lexington Avenue Line trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007974-0001-0000", "contents": "12 (BMT rapid transit service)\nThe BMT assigned numbers to its services in 1924, and 12 was applied to trains between Park Row and Eastern Parkway via the Brooklyn Bridge, BMT Myrtle Avenue Line, BMT Lexington Avenue Line and BMT Jamaica Line. During rush hours, service extended east to Crescent Street; some afternoon rush hour trains continued to 111th Street or 168th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007974-0002-0000", "contents": "12 (BMT rapid transit service)\nBetween 1925 and 1931, all rush hour service was extended to 111th or 168th Street. In addition, some afternoon rush hour trains were added between Sands Street (on the Brooklyn side of the Brooklyn Bridge) and 111th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007974-0003-0000", "contents": "12 (BMT rapid transit service)\nBy 1937, normal service had been truncated to the Brooklyn side of the bridge; rush hour trains still crossed the bridge to Park Row. Additionally, trains no longer ran to 168th Street, with all rush hour trains going to 111th Street. The extra afternoon rush hour trains from Sands Street to 111th Street remained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007974-0004-0000", "contents": "12 (BMT rapid transit service)\nOn May 31, 1940, service was ended on the BMT Fulton Street Line west of Rockaway Avenue and the full length of the BMT Fifth Avenue Line and BMT Third Avenue Line. All Lexington Avenue trains were once again extended across the Brooklyn Bridge to Park Row, and a new service called Fulton \u2013 Lexington Avenue was inaugurated, replacing service that had been provided by Fulton Street trains, and operating to the Fulton Street Line terminus at Lefferts Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007974-0005-0000", "contents": "12 (BMT rapid transit service)\nOn March 5, 1944, the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line was closed west of Jay Street and the Bridge Street station at that location was renamed Bridge\u2013Jay Streets; all 12 trains were truncated there (with a free transfer first to streetcars, and then to the IND at Jay Street \u2013 Borough Hall) \u2013 see List of New York City Subway transfer stations for details.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007974-0006-0000", "contents": "12 (BMT rapid transit service)\nBy 1948, Fulton \u2013 Lexington Avenue trains were truncated to Grant Avenue. The BMT Lexington Avenue Line closed on October 13, 1950, ending all 12 service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007975-0000-0000", "contents": "12 (Fiskales Ad-Hok album)\n12 is the eighth album of the Chilean band Fiskales Ad-Hok. It consists of 12 covers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007976-0000-0000", "contents": "12 (Force Support) Engineer Group\n12 (Force Support) Engineer Group is an engineer formation of the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007976-0001-0000", "contents": "12 (Force Support) Engineer Group, History\nThe group can trace its origins to 12th Engineer Brigade which was originally created to command the reserve Airfield Damage Repair regiments. In 1989 the brigade was under the command of the Eastern District, United Kingdom Land Forces and was headquartered at Waterbeach. By 1989, the brigade had a mix of regular and reserve units. and the brigade had the following structure:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007976-0002-0000", "contents": "12 (Force Support) Engineer Group, History\nAfter the Options for Change force reductions, the brigade was re-titled as the 12 (Air Support) Engineer Group, however it remained at RAF Waterbeach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007976-0003-0000", "contents": "12 (Force Support) Engineer Group, History\nThe 12th Engineer Group was formed after the conversion of the former 12th Engineer Brigade. In 2005, as a result of the Delivering Security in a Changing World White Paper, the group was moved under the command of the new 8th Force Engineer Brigade. Before the initial Army 2020 changes, the group had the following structure:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007976-0004-0000", "contents": "12 (Force Support) Engineer Group, Current Organisation\nAfter the Army 2020 Refine reforms, the group was retitled as 12 (Force Support) Engineer Group remaining under the 8th Engineer Brigade. Its responsibilities changed from Airfield Support to \"support to Theater Entry, Route Maintenance, and Enabling Airfield Operations\". The group's current structure is:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007977-0000-0000", "contents": "12 (Herbert Gr\u00f6nemeyer album)\n12 is the twelfth full-length album by German singer Herbert Gr\u00f6nemeyer, released in March 2007. It was recorded between 2006 and 2007 in London and was produced by Alex Silva and Herbert Gr\u00f6nemeyer. All songs were written by Gr\u00f6nemeyer, except the song \"Spur\" to which Arezu Weitholz contributed parts of the lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007977-0001-0000", "contents": "12 (Herbert Gr\u00f6nemeyer album)\nThe Album reached # 1 \u2013 Position in German Charts. The first single \"St\u00fcck vom Himmel\", became his third number-one single in Germany after \"Mensch\" and \"Zeit, dass sich was dreht\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007978-0000-0000", "contents": "12 (Keller Williams album)\n12 is the twelfth album by Keller Williams, released in 2007. It features one song from each of his previous 11 albums, as well as one previously un-recorded song (Freshies).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007979-0000-0000", "contents": "12 (Sloan album)\n12 is the twelfth studio album by Canadian rock band Sloan. The album debuted at #11 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart,  which is the band's highest position on that chart in their history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007980-0000-0000", "contents": "12 (The Notwist album)\n12 is an album by The Notwist, released in 1995. It has been described as a transition album between the earlier, punk rock and metal sound of The Notwist and Nook and the later, electronica and plinkerpop Shrink and Neon Golden. It was re-released in 2003 following the success of Neon Golden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007981-0000-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance\n12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance is a Canadian Forces Primary Reserve medical unit in Vancouver, British Columbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007981-0001-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, History\nThis unit has a long and distinguished history that lives up to the medical corps tradition of being faithful in adversity. It is the latest in a line of Vancouver army medical units dating back to 18 Field Ambulance of World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007981-0002-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, History, World War I\nThis unit started out initially as a local militia unit. In World War I, the field ambulance was sent to the 5th Canadian Division and stationed with the 72nd Battalion (Seaforth Highlanders of Canada), CEF, for a period of time. After the war, it was set up as a reserve unit and renamed 12 Field Ambulance. The unit was called to active service in World War II in 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007981-0003-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, History, World War II\nIn 1942 the unit, now known as 12 Canadian Light Field Ambulance (the term \"light\" indicated that it was equipped to be particularly fast moving and so able to keep up with a swiftly advancing armoured division), sailed to England with the 4th (Canadian) Armoured Division. Providing medical support to the Division as they participated in operations within Europe. One of the unit's most significant action was in support of the 4th Armoured Division during the battle of Hochwald Forest. Captain Nathan Kaufman was Section Officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007981-0003-0001", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, History, World War II\nHis OBE award states that \"On 2 March 1945, Captain Kaufman sited the most forward casualty collecting post in the Hochwald Gap and its position was responsible for the fact that early medical attention was given to the wounded in that sector. Through all operations this officer has shown a consistent devotion to duty combined with an ability to get forward and complete his job despite the personal risk involved. His willingness to serve and his efficient handling of casualties has been an inspiration to all ranks of his unit.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007981-0004-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, History, World War II\n12 Field Ambulance made Canadian medical corps history becoming the only field ambulance to engage the enemy in combat. This occurred one morning in April 1945 in the German town of Sogel. German soldiers approached, and fired upon the casualty treatment facility under cover of darkness. The commanding officer quickly organized two platoons, and placed them at the approaches to the dressing stations. They held off the enemy for two hours; with weapons borrowed from the wounded\u00a0\u2013 at the time medics did not carry weapons\u00a0\u2013 until a squadron of tanks arrived to relieve them. During the fighting the dressing station continued treating patients. The commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel A.D. MacPherson received the Distinguished Service Order for his leadership in this action; Corporal F.F. Thompson was awarded the Military Medal, and Captain Harry Jolley was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 970]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007981-0005-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, History, Post-World War II to 1999\nAfter the war, 12 Field Ambulance was reverted to the Army Reserve (Militia) and moved to Jericho Garrison in 1947. The unit was then renamed 24 Medical Company following another move to Bessborough Armoury. In 1969, the medical unit became attached to 12 Vancouver Service Battalion. In the early 1970s, the unit was disbanded along with all militia medical units across Canada. After existing as a medical station at 12 Service Battalion for several years, the unit was raised as 12 (Vancouver) Medical Company in 1980 and is relocated back to its present location at Jericho Garrison later that year. During this period, the unit participated in numerous peace keeping missions and served on tours in Bosnia, Croatia, Cypress, Aviano and the Golan Heights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007981-0006-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, History, 2000 to present\n12 Field Ambulance was involved with local operations ranging from G8 Security in 2002 to fighting BC Forest Fires in the year 2003. Recently, the unit was awarded Freedom of the City from the city of Vancouver in 2007. In addition to domestic operations, the unit participated in operations overseas, most recently in Operation Athena in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007981-0007-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, Awards\nFreedom of the City of Vancouver was given to the 12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance on April 14, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007981-0008-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, Operations\n12 Field Ambulance had members deployed in many domestic and foreign operations, including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007982-0000-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Service Company\n12 (Vancouver) Service Company (12 Svc Coy) is a Canadian Army Primary Reserve combat service support unit  of the Canadian Forces that can fight in a defensive role and provides logistical support to the units within 3rd Canadian Division's 39 Canadian Brigade Group, which consists of all Primary Reserve units in British Columbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007982-0001-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Service battalion background\nIn Canada, service battalions were originally created from many corps that were once part the Canadian Forces. The units which were amalgamated to form service battalions were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007982-0002-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Battalion history\nNo . 12 (Vancouver) Service Battalion was created on 15 February 1965 and received royal assent in June 1977. Originally, the battalion was based at the North Jericho Complex and was named Vancouver Militia Service Battalion. In 1971, the battalion was reassigned to the South Jericho Complex. In 1974, changes to Militia service battalions of the Canadian Forces occurred and then led to the change in the battalion's name from Vancouver Militia Service Battalion to the current title, 12 (Vancouver) Service Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007982-0002-0001", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Battalion history\nOn 10 April 1988, 12 (Vancouver) Service Battalion moved for the final time, from the South Jericho Complex to the current location where the battalion is headquartered, the Colonel Sherman Armoury in Richmond, British Columbia. On 8 March 1993, the City of Richmond awarded 12 (Vancouver) Service Battalion with  and then on 17 April 1993, 12 (Vancouver) Service Battalion marched \"through the city streets with drums beating, flags flying, and bayonets fixed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007982-0003-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Battalion history\nIn 2010, the two Service Battalions within 39 CBG, 11 (Victoria) Service Battalion and 12 (Vancouver) Service Battalion, were amalgamated and changed to companies. The two units now make up two companies of 39 Service Battalion. As a result, 11 (Victoria) Service Battalion was renamed: 11 (Victoria) Service Company, and 12 (Vancouver) Service Battalion was renamed: 12 (Vancouver) Service Company. The Armoury was used as a communications operations base for the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007982-0004-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Battalion history, 12 Military Police Platoon\n12 Military Police Platoon (12 MP Pl) is not attached to 12 Svc Coy, but works within the same armoury. It is part of 15 Military Police Company (15 MP Coy), 1 Military Police Regiment (1 MP Regt). The platoon has two sections located in Richmond, British Columbia and one section located in Victoria, British Columbia. The role of the Primary Reserve Military Police is to augment the Regular Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 77], "content_span": [78, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007982-0004-0001", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Battalion history, 12 Military Police Platoon\nTheir role is less comprehensive than that of Regular Force Military Police and includes the provision to the Department of National Defence of security and custodial services in both operational and non-operational theatres and on CF establishments; the protection of personnel, information and material against subversion, sabotage, espionage, terrorism and other forms of threat, the enforcement of discipline, the control and documentation of prisoners of war, NBC monitoring and traffic control in support of field operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 77], "content_span": [78, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007982-0005-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Colonel Sherman Armoury\nThe Colonel Sherman Armoury was built specifically for the needs of 12 Svc Coy and was the first armoury in Canada that was built for the needs of a Primary Reserve (Militia) service battalion. The armoury includes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007982-0006-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Colonel Sherman Armoury\nIn addition to hosting 12 Svc Coy, the armoury also houses two Royal Canadian Army Cadets units, and one Royal Canadian Air Cadets unit:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007982-0007-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Colonel Sherman Armoury\n2947 RCACC is affiliated to 12 (Vancouver) Service Coy and receives logistical and training support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007982-0008-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Colonel Sherman Armoury\nAfter the amalgamation of 11 and 12 Service Battalions, 2947 RCACC retained its name of 12 (Vancouver) Service Battalion at the request of the Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007982-0009-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Colonel Sherman Armoury\nCadets are not members of the Canadian Forces. Cadets is a youth program for 12- to 18-year-olds, the aim of which is to instil in youth the attributes of good citizenship and leadership, promote physical fitness and foster an interest in the sea, land, and air activities of the Canadian Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007982-0010-0000", "contents": "12 (Vancouver) Service Company, 12 Service Battalion Museum\nThe museum collects, preserves, interprets and exhibits artifacts/archives related to 12 ServiceBattalion, its predecessor corps and other organizations connected to the military and socialdevelopment of the unit. The museum is affiliated with: Canadian Museums Association,  Canadian Heritage Information Network, Organization of Military Museums of Canada and Virtual Museum of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0000-0000", "contents": "12 (number)\n12 (twelve) is the natural number following 11 and preceding 13. Twelve is a superior highly composite number, divisible by 2, 3, 4, and 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0001-0000", "contents": "12 (number)\nIt is the number of years required for a full cycle of Jupiter, historically considered to be the brightest \"wandering star\". It is central to many systems of timekeeping, including the Western calendar and units of time of day, and frequently appears in the world's major religions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0002-0000", "contents": "12 (number), Name\nTwelve is the largest number with a single-syllable name in English. Early Germanic numbers have been theorized to have been non-decimal: evidence includes the unusual phrasing of eleven and twelve, the former use of \"hundred\" to refer to groups of 120, and the presence of glosses such as \"tentywise\" or \"ten-count\" in medieval texts showing that writers could not presume their readers would normally understand them that way. Such uses gradually disappeared with the introduction of Arabic numerals during the 12th-century Renaissance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0003-0000", "contents": "12 (number), Name\nDerived from Old English, twelf and tuelf are first attested in the 10th-century Lindisfarne Gospels' Book of John. It has cognates in every Germanic language (e.g. German zw\u00f6lf), whose Proto-Germanic ancestor has been reconstructed as *twali\u0180i..., from *twa (\"two\") and suffix *-lif- or *-li\u0180- of uncertain meaning. It is sometimes compared with the Lithuanian dv\u00fdlika, although -lika is used as the suffix for all numbers from 11 to 19 (analogous to \"-teen\"). Every other Indo-European language instead uses a form of \"two\"+\"ten\", such as the Latin du\u014ddecim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0003-0001", "contents": "12 (number), Name\nThe usual ordinal form is \"twelfth\" but \"dozenth\" or \"duodecimal\" (from the Latin word) is also used in some contexts, particularly base-12 numeration. Similarly, a group of twelve things is usually a \"dozen\" but may also be referred to as a \"dodecad\" or \"duodecad\". The adjective referring to a group of twelve is \"duodecuple\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0004-0000", "contents": "12 (number), Name\nAs with eleven, the earliest forms of twelve are often considered to be connected with Proto-Germanic *li\u0180an or *li\u0180an (\"to leave\"), with the implicit meaning that \"two is left\" after having already counted to ten. The Lithuanian suffix is also considered to share a similar development. The suffix *-lif- has also been connected with reconstructions of the Proto-Germanic for ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0005-0000", "contents": "12 (number), Name\nAs mentioned above, 12 has its own name in Germanic languages such as English (dozen), Dutch (dozijn), German (Dutzend), and Swedish (dussin), all derived from Old French dozaine. It is a compound number in many other languages, e.g. Italian dodici (but in Spanish and Portuguese, 16, and in French, 17 is the first compound number), Japanese \u5341\u4e8c j\u016bni.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0006-0000", "contents": "12 (number), Name, Written representation\nIn prose writing, twelve, being the last single-syllable numeral, is sometimes taken as the last number to be written as a word, and 13 the first to be written using digits. This is not a binding rule, and in English language tradition, it is sometimes recommended to spell out numbers up to and including either nine, ten or twelve, or even  ninety-nine or one hundred. Another system spells out all numbers written in one or two words (sixteen, twenty-seven, fifteen thousand, but 372 or 15,001). In German orthography, there used to be the widely followed (but unofficial) rule of spelling out numbers up to twelve  (zw\u00f6lf). The Duden (the German standard dictionary) mentions this rule as outdated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0007-0000", "contents": "12 (number), Mathematical properties\nTwelve is a composite number, the smallest number with exactly six divisors, its divisors being 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12. Twelve is also a highly composite number, the next one being twenty-four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0008-0000", "contents": "12 (number), Mathematical properties\nTwelve is the smallest abundant number, since it is the smallest integer for which the sum of its proper divisors (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 = 16) is greater than itself. Twelve is a sublime number, a number that has a perfect number of divisors, and the sum of its divisors is also a perfect number. Since there is a subset of 12's proper divisors that add up to 12 (all of them but with 4 excluded), 12 is a semiperfect number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0009-0000", "contents": "12 (number), Mathematical properties\nIf an odd perfect number is of the form 12k\u00a0+\u00a01, it has at least twelve distinct prime factors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0010-0000", "contents": "12 (number), Mathematical properties\nA twelve-sided polygon is a dodecagon. A twelve-faced polyhedron is a dodecahedron. Regular cubes and octahedrons both have 12 edges, while regular icosahedrons have 12 vertices. Twelve is a pentagonal number. The densest three-dimensional lattice sphere packing has each sphere touching 12 others, and this is almost certainly true for any arrangement of spheres  (the Kepler conjecture). Twelve is also the kissing number in three dimensions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0011-0000", "contents": "12 (number), Mathematical properties\nTwelve is the smallest weight for which a cusp form exists. This cusp form is the discriminant \u0394(q) whose Fourier coefficients are given by the Ramanujan \u03c4-function and which is (up to a constant multiplier) the 24th power of the Dedekind eta function. This fact is related to a constellation of interesting appearances of the number twelve in mathematics ranging from the value of the Riemann zeta function at \u22121 i.e. \u03b6(\u22121)\u00a0=\u00a0\u22121/12, the fact that the abelianization of SL(2,Z) has twelve elements, and even the properties of lattice polygons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0012-0000", "contents": "12 (number), Mathematical properties\nThere are twelve Jacobian elliptic functions and twelve cubic distance-transitive graphs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0013-0000", "contents": "12 (number), Mathematical properties\nThere are 12 Latin squares of size 3 \u00d7 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0014-0000", "contents": "12 (number), Mathematical properties\nThe duodecimal system (1210 [twelve] =\u00a01012), which is the use of 12 as a division factor for many ancient and medieval weights and measures, including hours, probably originates from Mesopotamia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0015-0000", "contents": "12 (number), Mathematical properties\nIn base thirteen and higher bases (such as hexadecimal), twelve is represented as C. In base 10, the number 12 is a Harshad number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0016-0000", "contents": "12 (number), In nature\nNotably, twelve is the number of full lunations in a solar year, and the number of years for a full cycle of Jupiter (the brightest of the ancient \"wandering stars\"), hence the number of months in a solar calendar, as well as the number of signs in the Western and the Chinese zodiac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0017-0000", "contents": "12 (number), Religion\nThe number twelve carries religious, mythological and magical  symbolism, generally representing perfection, entirety, or cosmic order in traditions since antiquity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0018-0000", "contents": "12 (number), Religion, Judaism and Christianity\nIshmael - the first-born son of Abraham - has 12 sons/princes (Genesis 25:16), and Jacob also has 12 sons, who are the progenitors of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. This is reflected in Christian tradition, notably  in the twelve Apostles. When Judas Iscariot is disgraced, a meeting is held (Acts) to add Saint Matthias to complete the number twelve once more. The Book of Revelation contains much numerical symbolism, and many of the numbers mentioned have 12 as a divisor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0018-0001", "contents": "12 (number), Religion, Judaism and Christianity\nmentions a woman\u2014interpreted as the people of Israel, the Church and the Virgin Mary\u2014wearing a crown of twelve stars (representing each of the twelve tribes of Israel). Furthermore, there are 12,000 people sealed from each of the twelve tribes of Israel, making a total of 144,000 (which is the square of 12 multiplied by a thousand).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007983-0019-0000", "contents": "12 (number), In the arts, Film\nMovies with the number twelve or its variations in their titles include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007984-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Again\n12 Again is a show that premiered on CBBC on 13 February 2012. It is presented by Iain Stirling, and each episode is 30 minutes long. The show sees various celebrities talking about what their life was like at the age of 12, usually covering news stories, what they would gossip about, favourite television programmes, favourite music, their favourite celebrities and what they would have done differently if they were 12 again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007984-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Again, Episodes, \"End of Summer\" special\nOn Monday 3 September 2012 at 5:45\u00a0pm, a brand new 12 Again special premiered, where many special celebrity guests revisit their favourite summer memories of when they were 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 43], "content_span": [44, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007984-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012\nA second series of 12 Again began on Friday, 21 September 2012, at 5\u00a0pm, to run for 13 episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007984-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012\nDionne Bromfield, Ed Petrie and John Humphrys revisit the music and TV shows they loved and the big news stories that happened when they were kids. Also, American Idol Adam Lambert talks about what he was like at 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007984-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012\nYoung Dracula's Clare Thomas and Gerran Howell, Professor Green and Susanna Reid revisit the music and TV shows they loved and the big news stories that happened when they were kids. Also, girl band Stooshe look back at their 12-year-old selves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007984-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012\nEdith Bowman, Roll Deep and Newsround legend John Craven revisit the music and TV shows they loved and the big news stories that happened when they were kids. Also, American band Hot Chelle Rae reveal what they were like at 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007984-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012\nAntony Cotton, Winter Olympian Amy Williams and radio legend Tony Blackburn revisit the music and TV shows they loved and the big news stories that happened when they were kids. Also, R&B megastar Usher reveals what he was like at 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007984-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012\nConor Maynard, Ore Oduba and impressionist Debra Stephenson revisit the music and TV shows they loved and the big news stories that happened when they were kids. Also the Scissor Sisters reveal what they were like at 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007984-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012\nA special Halloween edition of 12 Again, in which a host of top celebrities look back on their Halloween experiences when they were 12. What did they get dressed up as? What used to scare the pants off them on TV? And which spooky songs did they love? This special show celebrates the scariest, spookiest night of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007984-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012\nCountdown's Rachel Riley, Ronan Keating, and rockers Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley from Kiss revisit the music and TV shows they loved - and the big news stories that happened - when they were 12. Plus Charlie from Lonsdale Boys Club reveals what he was like when he was a kid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007984-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012\nMarcus Collins, Porter Robinson, and Christine Bleakley revisit the music and TV shows they loved and the big news stories that happened when they were kids. Also, Alyssa Reid reveals what she was like when she was 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007984-0011-0000", "contents": "12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012\nDominique Moore, \"H\" from Steps and TV legend Angela Rippon revisit the music and TV shows they loved and the big news stories that happened when they were kids. Also, pop band Lawson reveal what they were like when they were 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007984-0012-0000", "contents": "12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012\nCBBC's Cel Spellman, Dan Walker from Football Focus and soap star Sally Dynevor revisit the music and TV shows they loved when they were 12, as well as the big news stories back then. And Little Mix reveal what life was like when they were 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007984-0013-0000", "contents": "12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012\nRita Ora, Chris Bisson and chef Simmon revisit the music and TV shows they loved when they were 12, as well as the big news stories back then. And kings of grime Clement Marfo and the Frontline reveal what life was like when they were 12", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007984-0014-0000", "contents": "12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012\nA dance-tastic special edition of 12 Again, in which we tango back in time with the stars of Strictly Come Dancing. What were they like at school, what tunes did they jive along to, and which favourite TV shows got their toes tapping? Featuring Craig Revel-Horwood, Bruno Tonioli, James and Ola Jordan and many more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007984-0015-0000", "contents": "12 Again, Episodes, Series 3: 2013\nSpecial guests: Kirstie Steele, Richard McCourt, Dominic Wood, Hayley Cutts, Ricky Boleto,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007984-0016-0000", "contents": "12 Again, Future\nA fourth series was confirmed for last 2014. It will air on Thursdays at 5\u00a0pm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007984-0017-0000", "contents": "12 Again, Premiere\nThe show premiered in February 2012, during the half-term break, with new episodes every day. Re -runs of the show air as of April 2012. New episodes premiere at different times; there is usually at least one episode in 2 months. New episodes will premiere every day at 10\u00a0am and repeated at 3\u00a0pm from 2 to 11 June so there will be 7 episodes premiering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007984-0018-0000", "contents": "12 Again, Premiere\nSeries 2 began on Friday 21 September 2012 at 5\u00a0pm, with brand new episodes premiering every Friday until Friday 14 December 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007985-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Andromedae\n12 Andromedae is a single star in the northern constellation of Andromeda. The designation is from the star catalogue of English astronomer John Flamsteed, first published in 1712. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.87, which indicates it is just visible to the naked eye under good seeing conditions. An annual parallax shift of 23.83\u00a0mas provides a distance estimate of 137\u00a0light years. The star is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of \u221210.5\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007985-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Andromedae\nThis is an ordinary F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F5\u00a0V.  It is about 2.5\u00a0billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 12\u00a0km/s. The abundance of iron is similar to that in the Sun. The star has an estimated 1.25 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating just over 7 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 6,454\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007986-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Lebanese: The Documentary\n12 Angry Lebanese: The Documentary is a 2009 Lebanese documentary film directed, written and produced by Zeina Daccache, which chronicles efforts to stage an adaptation of Reginald Rose's 1954 teleplay Twelve Angry Men with inmates inside Beirut's Roumieh Prison It premiered at the 2009 Dubai International Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007986-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Lebanese: The Documentary, Production\nThe film was directed, written and produced by Zeina Daccache.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film)\n12 Angry Men is a 1957 American courtroom drama film directed by Sidney Lumet, adapted from a 1954 teleplay of the same name by Reginald Rose. The film tells the story of a jury of 12 men as they deliberate the conviction or acquittal of an 18-year old defendant on the basis of reasonable doubt, forcing the jurors to question their morals and values. It stars Henry Fonda (who also produced the film with Reginald Rose), Lee J. Cobb, Ed Begley, E. G. Marshall, and Jack Warden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film)\n12 Angry Men explores many techniques of consensus-building and the difficulties encountered in the process among this group of men whose range of personalities adds to the intensity and conflict. It also explores the power one person has to elicit change. The jury members are identified only by number; no names are revealed until an exchange of dialogue at the very end. The film forces the characters and audience to evaluate their own self-image through observing the personality, experiences, and actions of the jurors. The film is also notable for its almost exclusive use of one set, where all but three minutes of the film takes place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film)\nThe film was selected as the second-best courtroom drama ever (after 1962's To Kill a Mockingbird) by the American Film Institute for their AFI's 10 Top 10 list. It is regarded by many as one of the greatest films ever made. In 2007, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot\nIn the overheated jury room of the New York County Courthouse, a jury prepares to deliberate the case of an 18-year-old impoverished youth accused of stabbing his father to death. The judge instructs them that if there is any reasonable doubt, the jurors are to return a verdict of not guilty; if found guilty, the defendant will receive a death sentence. The verdict must be unanimous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot\nAt first, the evidence seems convincing: a neighbor testified to witnessing the defendant stab his father from her window. Another neighbor testified that he heard the defendant threaten to kill his father and the father's body hitting the ground, and then, as he opened his door, saw the defendant running down the stairs. The boy has a violent past and had recently purchased a switchblade of the same type as was found at the murder scene, but claimed he lost it. The knife at the scene had been cleaned of fingerprints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot\nThe jurors at first seem to take the decision lightly. Juror 7 in particular is anxious to catch his tickets to the baseball game. In a preliminary vote conducted by Juror 1, all jurors vote guilty except Juror 8, who believes that there should be some discussion before the verdict is made. He questions the reliability of the witnesses\u2019 testimonies and also throws doubt on the supposed uniqueness of the murder weapon by producing an identical switchblade from his pocket. He says he cannot vote guilty because reasonable doubt exists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0005-0001", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot\nWith his arguments seemingly failing to convince any of the other jurors, Juror 8 suggests a secret ballot, from which he will abstain; if all the other jurors still vote guilty, he will acquiesce. The ballot reveals one not guilty vote. Juror 3 immediately accuses Juror 5 (who previously said he grew up in the slums like the defendant). As the two bicker, Juror 9 reveals that he changed his vote, respecting Juror 8's motives and agreeing there should be more discussion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot\nJuror 8 argues that the noise of a passing train would have obscured the threat the second witness claimed to have overheard. Juror 5 changes his vote, as does Juror 11, who believes the defendant, had he truly killed his father, would not have returned to the crime scene several hours later to retrieve the murder weapon as it had already been cleaned of fingerprints. Juror 8 also points out that people often say \"I'm going to kill you\" without literally meaning it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot\nJurors 5, 6, and 8 further question the second witness's story by noting his claim that he reached his front door fifteen seconds after he heard the body hit the floor is doubtful as he walked dragging a leg behind him due to a stroke. After looking at a diagram of the witness' apartment and conducting an experiment, the Jurors determine that there is no way the witness could have made it to his door in such a short space of time. Juror 3 is infuriated, and after a verbal argument, tries to attack Juror 8, shouting \"I'll kill him! \", proving Juror 8's point about the defendant's words. Jurors 2 and 6 change their votes; the jury is now evenly split.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot\nJuror 4 doubts the defendant's alibi of having been at the movies, based on the boy's inability to recall certain details regarding his alibi. Juror 8 tests Juror 4's own memory. He is able to remember events from the previous week, with difficulty similar to the defendant. Jurors 2 and 3 debate whether the defendant could have stabbed his much-taller father from a downward angle, with Juror 3 demonstrating on Juror 8 that a downward stab was physically possible, though awkward. Juror 5 then demonstrates the correct way to hold and use a switchblade; highlighting that someone who knew how to use one would always stab underhand at an upward angle against a taller opponent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot\nJuror 7 half-heartedly changes his vote, leading to an inquisition by Juror 11. Under duress Juror 7 sloppily says he thinks the boy is not guilty. After another vote, Jurors 12 and 1 also change their votes, leaving only three guilty votes. Juror 10 erupts in vitriol regarding the defendant's ethnicity. The rest of the jurors, except Jurors 4 and 7, stand up to turn their backs to him. When he bemoans that nobody is listening to him, Juror 4 states that he has, and tells him to sit down and be quiet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0009-0001", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot\nJuror 10 then walks over to a desk in the corner, now isolated. Juror 8 makes a statement about reasonable doubt before having the rest of the jurors return to the case. When pressed as to why he still maintains a guilty vote, Juror 4 declares that the woman who saw the killing from across the street stands as solid evidence. Juror 12 reverts to a guilty vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot\nAfter watching Juror 4 rub his nose, irritated by impressions from his eyeglasses, Juror 9 realizes that the first witness had the same impressions on her nose as well and was constantly rubbing them, indicating that she wore eyeglasses as well but did not wear them to court out of vanity. The other jurors begin to chime in about this new breakthrough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0010-0001", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot\nJuror 8 reasons that the witness, who was trying to sleep when she saw the killing, was not wearing her eyeglasses when it happened and she would not have had time to put them on to get a clear view of the person who did the stabbing, making her story dubious. Jurors 12, 10 and 4 all change their vote, leaving Juror 3 as the sole dissenter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0011-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot\nJuror 3 gives an increasingly tortured string of arguments, building on earlier remarks about his strained relationship with his own son, which is ultimately why he wants the boy to be found guilty. In a moment of rage, Juror 3 tears up a photograph of him and his son before breaking down sobbing. He mutters \"not guilty\", making the vote unanimous. As the others leave, Juror 8 helps the distraught Juror 3 with his coat. The defendant is found not guilty off-screen and the jurors leave the courthouse. In a brief epilogue, Jurors 8 (Davis) and 9 (McCardle) introduce each other for the first time by their names before parting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0012-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Production\nReginald Rose's screenplay for 12 Angry Men was initially produced for television (starring Robert Cummings as Juror 8), and was broadcast live on the CBS program Studio One in September 1954. A complete kinescope of that performance, which had been missing for years and was feared lost, was discovered in 2003. It was staged at Chelsea Studios in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0013-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Production\nThe success of the television production resulted in a film adaptation. Sidney Lumet, whose prior directorial credits included dramas for television productions such as The Alcoa Hour and Studio One, was recruited by Henry Fonda and Rose to direct. 12 Angry Men was Lumet's first feature film, and the only producing credit for Fonda and Rose (under the production company, Orion-Nova Productions). Fonda later stated that he would never again produce a film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0014-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Production\nThe film was shot in New York and completed after a short but rigorous rehearsal schedule, in less than three weeks, on a budget of $337,000 (equivalent to $3,105,000 in 2020). Rose and Fonda took salary deferrals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0015-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Production\nAt the beginning of the film, the cameras are positioned above eye level and mounted with wide-angle lenses, to give the appearance of greater depth between subjects, but as the film progresses the focal length of the lenses is gradually increased. By the end of the film, nearly everyone is shown in closeup, using telephoto lenses from a lower angle, which decreases or \"shortens\" depth of field. Lumet stated that his intention in using these techniques with cinematographer Boris Kaufman was to create a nearly palpable claustrophobia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0016-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Reception, Initial response\nOn its first release, 12 Angry Men received critical acclaim. A. H. Weiler of The New York Times wrote, \"It makes for taut, absorbing, and compelling drama that reaches far beyond the close confines of its jury room setting.\" His observation of the twelve men was that \"their dramas are powerful and provocative enough to keep a viewer spellbound.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0016-0001", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Reception, Initial response\nVariety called it an \"absorbing drama\" with acting that was \"perhaps the best seen recently in any single film,\" Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times declared it a \"tour de force in movie making,\" The Monthly Film Bulletin deemed it \"a compelling and outstandingly well handled drama,\" and John McCarten of The New Yorker called it \"a fairly substantial addition to the celluloid landscape.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0017-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Reception, Initial response\nHowever, the film was a box office disappointment in the US but did better internationally. The advent of color and widescreen productions may have contributed to its disappointing box office performance. It was not until its first airing on television that the movie finally found its audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0018-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Reception, Legacy\nThe film is viewed as a classic, highly regarded from both a critical and popular viewpoint: Roger Ebert listed it as one of his \"Great Movies\". The American Film Institute named Juror 8, played by Henry Fonda, 28th in a list of the 50 greatest movie heroes of the 20th century. AFI also named 12 Angry Men the 42nd most inspiring film, the 88th most heart-pounding film and the 87th best film of the past hundred years. The film was also nominated for the 100 movies list in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0018-0001", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Reception, Legacy\nIn 2011, the film was the second most screened film in secondary schools in the United Kingdom. As of September\u00a02021, the film holds a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 55 reviews, with a weighted average of 9.10/10. The site's consensus reads: \"Sidney Lumet's feature debut is a superbly written, dramatically effective courtroom thriller that rightfully stands as a modern classic\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0019-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Reception, Awards\nThe film was selected as the second-best courtroom drama ever by the American Film Institute during their AFI's 10 Top 10 list, just after To Kill a Mockingbird, and is the highest courtroom drama on Rotten Tomatoes' Top 100 Movies of All Time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0020-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Cultural influences\nSpeaking at a screening of the film during the 2010 Fordham University Law School Film festival, Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor stated that seeing 12 Angry Men while she was in college influenced her decision to pursue a career in law. She was particularly inspired by immigrant Juror 11's monologue on his reverence for the American justice system. She also told the audience of law students that, as a lower-court judge, she would sometimes instruct juries to not follow the film's example, because most of the jurors' conclusions are based on speculation, not fact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0020-0001", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Cultural influences\nSotomayor noted that events such as Juror 8 entering a similar knife into the proceeding; performing outside research into the case matter in the first place; and ultimately the jury as a whole making broad, wide-ranging assumptions far beyond the scope of reasonable doubt (such as the inferences regarding the woman wearing glasses) would not be allowed in a real-life jury situation, and would in fact have yielded a mistrial (assuming, of course, that applicable law permitted the content of jury deliberations to be revealed).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0021-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Cultural influences\nThere have been a number of adaptations. A 1963 German TV production Die zw\u00f6lf Geschworenen was directed by G\u00fcnter Gr\u00e4wert, and a 1973 Spanish production, Doce hombres sin piedad, was made for TV 22 years before Spain allowed juror trials, while a 1991 homage by K\u014dki Mitani, Juninin no Yasashii Nihonjin (\"12 gentle Japanese\"), posits a Japan with a jury system and features a group of Japanese people grappling with their responsibility in the face of Japanese cultural norms. A 1986 episode of Murder, She Wrote entitled \"Trial by Error\" pays tribute to 12 Angry Men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0021-0001", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Cultural influences\nThe major twists are originally 10 jurors vote for \"not guilty\" due to self defense, Jessica votes \"unsure\" and another juror votes \"guilty\". Jessica and other jurors recall the evidence, as more and more jurors switch from \"not guilty due to self defense\" and come to a realization as to what actually occurred the night of the murder. The 1987 Indian film in Hindi language Ek Ruka Hua Faisla (\"a pending decision\") and also in Kannada as Dashamukha (\"ten faces\") are the remakes of the film, with an almost identical storyline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0021-0002", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Cultural influences\nRussian director Nikita Mikhalkov also made a 2007 adaptation, 12, featuring a Chechen teen on trial in Moscow. A 2015 Chinese adaptation, 12 Citizens, follows the plot of the original 1957 American movie, while including characters reflecting contemporary Beijing society, including a cab driver, guard, businessman, policeman, a retiree persecuted in a 1950s political movement, and others. The detective drama television show Veronica Mars, which like the film includes the theme of class issues, featured an episode, \"One Angry Veronica\", in which the title character is selected for jury duty. The episode flips the film's format and depicts one holdout convincing the jury to convict the privileged defendants of assault against a less well-off victim, despite their lawyers initially convincing 11 jury members of a not guilty verdict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0022-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Cultural influences\nIn 1997, a television remake of the film under the same title was directed by William Friedkin and produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In the newer version, the judge is a woman and four of the jurors are black, but the overall plot remains intact. Modernizations include not smoking in the jury room, changes in references to pop culture figures and income, references to execution by lethal injection as opposed to the electric chair, more race-related dialogue and profanity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007987-0023-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1957 film), Cultural influences\nThe film has also been subject to parody. In 2015, the Comedy Central TV series Inside Amy Schumer aired a half-hour parody of the film titled \"12 Angry Men Inside Amy Schumer\". The BBC Television comedy Hancock's Half Hour, starring Tony Hancock and Sid James, and written by Ray Galton and Alan Simpson, was parodied in the episode broadcast on October 16, 1959. Family Guy paid tribute to the film with its Season 11 episode titled \"12 and a Half Angry Men\", and King of The Hill acknowledged the film with their parody \"Nine Pretty Darn Angry Men\" in season 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007988-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1997 film)\n12 Angry Men is a 1997 American made-for-television drama film directed by William Friedkin, adapted by Reginald Rose from his original 1954  teleplay of the same title. It is a remake of the 1957 film of the same name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007988-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1997 film), Plot\nIn the murder trial of a teenaged boy from a city slum, accused of murdering his father, the judge gives her instructions to the jury: a non-unanimous verdict will force a mistrial, and a guilty verdict will be accompanied by a mandatory death sentence. The jury of twelve retires to the jury room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007988-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1997 film), Plot\nAn initial vote is taken and eleven jurors vote for conviction. Juror 8, the lone dissenter, states that the evidence is circumstantial and the boy deserves a fair deliberation. He questions the testimony of the two witnesses, and the fact that the switchblade used in the murder is not as unusual as the testimony indicates producing an identical knife from his pocket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007988-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1997 film), Plot\nJuror 8 proposes another vote by secret ballot \u2013 if the other jurors vote guilty unanimously, he will acquiesce, but if at least one votes \"not guilty\" they will continue deliberating. Only Juror 9 changes his vote, respecting Juror 8\u2019s motives and feeling his points deserve further discussion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007988-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1997 film), Plot\nAfter deliberating whether one witness actually heard the murder take place, Juror 5, who grew up in a slum, changes his vote. Juror 11, questioning whether the defendant would have fled the scene and returned three hours later to retrieve his knife, also changes his vote. Jurors 2 and 6 also vote \"not guilty\", tying the verdict at 6-6, when Juror 8 demonstrates the unlikelihood that one witness actually saw the boy flee the scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007988-0004-0001", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1997 film), Plot\nThe remaining jurors are intrigued when Juror 11 proves that although a psychiatric test stated that the boy had subconscious desires to kill, such tests only offer possible actions. Juror 7, impatient to attend a baseball game that night, changes his vote, but Juror 11 chastises him for changing his vote so casually and selfishly when the boy's life is on the line. When pressed by Juror 11, Juror 7 eventually claims that he doesn't think the boy is guilty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007988-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1997 film), Plot\nJurors 12 and 1 change their votes, leaving the only dissenters: Jurors 3, 4, and 10. Outraged at the proceedings, Juror 10 goes on a bigoted diatribe against Hispanic immigrants \"outbreeding\" African-Americans. He attempts to leverage this with the other African-American jurors, offending the rest of the jury, and Juror 4 finally cuts him off: \"Sit down. And don't open your filthy mouth again.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007988-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1997 film), Plot\nJuror 4 states that despite all the other evidence called into question, the testimony of the woman who saw the murder from across the street stands as solid evidence. Juror 12 changes his vote back to \"guilty\", making the vote 8-4 again. Juror 9, seeing Juror 4 rub his nose, irritated by his glasses, realizes that the witness had impressions on her nose, indicating that she wore glasses and likely was not wearing them when she saw the murder. Jurors 12 and 4 change their vote to \"not guilty\". Juror 10, who says he still thinks the defendant is guilty, bluntly admits to no longer caring about the verdict and votes for acquittal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007988-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1997 film), Plot\nUndeterred, Juror 3 is forced to present his arguments again, and goes on a tirade, presenting the evidence in haphazard fashion and concluding with his disbelief that a son would kill his own father \u2013 mirroring his previous comments about his bad relationship with his own son. He begins to weep, and says he can feel the knife being plunged into his chest. Juror 8 gently points out that the boy is not his son, and Juror 4 pats his arm and says: \"Let him live.\" Juror 3 gives in, and the final vote is unanimous for acquittal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007988-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1997 film), Plot\nThe jurors leave and the defendant is found not guilty off-screen, while Juror 8 helps the distraught Juror 3 with his coat. In an epilogue, the friendly Jurors 8 (Davis) and 9 (McCardle) exchange names and part ways as Juror 3 walks slowly alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007988-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Men (1997 film), Awards and nominations\nVing Rhames won the award for Best Actor \u2013 Miniseries or Television Film for his performance in Don King: Only in America. When presented with the award, he summoned Jack Lemmon on to the stage and gifted the award to him, feeling that Lemmon was more deserving of it. Rhames refused to re-accept the award when Lemmon tried to return it to him, meaning that, although Jack Lemmon didn't officially win the Golden Globe Award, he did receive the trophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007989-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Viewers\n12 Angry Viewers  was a television show in the United States on MTV which aired from 1997 to 1998. The title is a play of title of the movie 12 Angry Men. Its first host was Jancee Dunn, with Ananda Lewis replacing her later on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007989-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Viewers, Premise\n12 \"Angry Viewers\" were chosen. Through the course of a week they would watch several \"brand new\" videos and vote at the end of the episode which was the best. On Friday the best video out of the four chosen during the week was chosen and put into \"heavy rotation\" on the network. In actuality the 12 viewers filmed five episodes over the course of one day, after being selected from a group of walk-in auditioners who did a \"test viewing\" in an observed room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007989-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Viewers, Premise\nThere were also shows in which the viewer decided which video would get \"banned\" from being played on MTV. The first recipient of this honor would go to Gina G's 1996 single \"Ooh Aah... Just a Little Bit\" in 1998. However, this video was only played on select shows such as The Grind and never saw a lot of rotation on the channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007989-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Angry Viewers, History\nThe show was on during a period when MTV was being heavily criticized for not playing as many music videos as it had in the past. In an attempt to remedy this problem, 4 shows were created that centered on videos: 12 Angry Viewers, MTV Live, Say What?, and Total Request. MTV Live and MTV Total Request would later be combined into MTV Total Request Live, or simply TRL. Say What? would be turned into a Karaoke competition game show and renamed Say What? Karaoke. But 12 Angry Viewers was canceled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007990-0000-0000", "contents": "12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling\nOn 12 April 1993, the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) launched an artillery attack against the town of Srebrenica, in eastern Bosnia, which left 56 dead and 73 seriously wounded, among whom were 14 children dead in a school playground. The attack came following the suspension of cease-fire talks, hours before NATO would implement a no-fly zone according to an UN resolution. VRS officials had previously told UNHCR representatives that the VRS would shell the town within two days unless it surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007990-0001-0000", "contents": "12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Background\nSrebrenica was a Bosnian Muslim (Bosniak) enclave. It was in a vulnerable location, easily targeted by artillery. VRS overran the town in April 1992, and it was then recaptured by Muslim irregulars in May. It was a starting point of Muslim guerrilla activity against Serb settlements in the eastern part of Bosnia during the 1992\u201393 winter. Muslim raids on Serb settlements enraged the VRS, inviting for revenge attacks. Bosnian Muslim forces attacked Kravica, a Serb village, in January 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007990-0001-0001", "contents": "12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Background\nThe VRS responded with a counter-offensive, capturing Konjevi\u0107 Polje and Cerska, severing the Srebrenica\u2013\u017depa link and reducing the size of the Srebrenica enclave to 150\u00a0km2. Thousands of Muslim refugees, cleansed from surrounding settlements, had flocked to the town, sleeping in the open. The population swelled to 50\u201360,000. The VRS blockaded aid convoys from entering the town. There were reports of terror inflicted by both sides in the months following January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007990-0002-0000", "contents": "12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Background\nUNPROFOR commander Philippe Morillon had on 12 March 1993 promised the town residents that they were under UN protection and that he would 'never abandon' them. This move angered his superiors, but made him a hero in Srebrenica. He had been held hostage by the Muslim citizens until he promised to bring security. The residents lived under siege conditions. Between March and April, 8\u20139,000 Bosnian Muslims were evacuated from the town by the UNHCR. The evacuations were opposed by the Bosnian Muslim government as they contributed to the \"ethnic cleansing\" of the territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007990-0003-0000", "contents": "12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Background\nAt the beginning of April 1993, the Bosnian Serbs ordered through UNHCR the surrender of the Bosnian government within 48 hours. They required that the UN forces assist the VRS (headed by Ratko Mladi\u0107) by evacuating and disarming over 60,000 people in the enclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007990-0004-0000", "contents": "12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Shelling\nOn 12 April 1993 a VRS artillery attack of two short bombardments on Srebrenica left 56 dead, including children, and 73 seriously wounded. Shells dropped on the densely packed streets of the town. 14 bodies of children were found in a school playground (soccer field), which had been hit by a shell at around 3 PM according to HRW. There was a total of 15 civilian casualties at the playground according to the ICTY.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007990-0005-0000", "contents": "12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Shelling\nThe attack came after suspension of cease-fire talks, hours before NATO would implement a no-fly zone according to UNSCR 781. The VRS had earlier told UNHCR representatives that they would attack the town of Srebrenica within two days unless it surrendered. The Bosnian Serb suspension of talks and shelling of the town 'seemed a deliberate act of malice and political intent'. UN first reported that the shelling was a response to a Muslim attack, but later retracted the statement since there were no evidence for a Muslim aggression. The UNPROFOR's handling has been criticized as ineffective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007990-0006-0000", "contents": "12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Witness accounts\nAmerican journalist Chuck Sudetic interviewed Bosnian Army doctor Nedret Mujkanovi\u0107 who claimed 36 people dead on site and 102 seriously wounded at the playground, whom he treated. \"People were sitting around in front of the school,\" he said. \"The children were playing football and other games. In less than one minute, seven rockets from a multiple-rocket launcher fell in an area about half the size of a football field.\" He claimed that the VRS knew that there was a refugee camp at the school and that they directed their fire at that location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007990-0007-0000", "contents": "12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Aftermath and legacy\nOn 16 April, the UN declared Srebrenica a safe zone, and also put the enclaves of \u017depa and Gora\u017ede under UN protection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007990-0008-0000", "contents": "12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Aftermath and legacy\nA photograph of a blood-covered and blinded boy lying on a stretcher, Sead Bekri\u0107, was widely broadcast and made the front cover of Newsweek. The word \"Bosnia\" was printed across Sead's injured chest. After seeing him on CNN, a wealthy Croatian-American couple paid for his location and evacuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007990-0009-0000", "contents": "12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Aftermath and legacy\nThe incident is included in the 26th point (\"Shelling of civilian gatherings\") in the initial indictment issued by the ICTY on 24 July 1995 against Bosnian Serb leaders Radovan Karad\u017ei\u0107 and Ratko Mladi\u0107. 15 civilian casualties at the Srebrenica playground are listed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007990-0010-0000", "contents": "12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Aftermath and legacy\nThe incident is also mentioned in Emir Suljagi\u0107's personal account of the siege and fall of Srebrenica, Postcards from the Grave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007991-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Aquarii\n12 Aquarii is a triple star system in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. 12 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.67. Parallax measurements by Hipparcos puts it at a distance of some 500 light-years, or 150 parsecs away. The system is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +1.1\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007991-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Aquarii\nThe magnitude 5.88 primary, component A, is itself a binary star with a separation of 0.05\u2033\u20130.07\u2033 and an orbital period of around 18.5\u00a0yr. The brighter member of this duo is a G-type bright giant with a stellar classification of G4\u00a0II and 2.6 times the mass of the Sun. Its companion is an early A-type star with double the mass of the Sun. The tertiary component B is magnitude 7.55 A-type main-sequence star at a separation of 2.44\u2033 from the primary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007992-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Aquilae\n12 Aquilae (abbreviated 12 Aql) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 12 Aquilae does not have a Bayer designation and is most easily recognized in the sky being next to the brighter star \u03bb (lambda) Aquilae.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007992-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Aquilae\nSometimes, this star is called by the name Bered, derived the Hebrew word \u05d1\u05b8\u05bc\u05e8\u05b8\u05d3 barad, meaning \"storm\". In Chinese, \u5929\u5f01 (Ti\u0101n Bi\u00e0n), meaning Market Officer, refers to an asterism consisting of 12 Aquilae, \u03b1 Scuti, \u03b4 Scuti, \u03b5 Scuti, \u03b2 Scuti, \u03b7 Scuti, \u03bb Aquilae, 15 Aquilae and 14 Aquilae. Consequently, 12 Aquilae itself is known as \u5929\u5f01\u516d (Ti\u0101n Bi\u00e0n li\u00f9, English: the Sixth Star of Market Officer.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007992-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Aquilae\nThis star has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.02, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye, although, according to the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale, it is a challenge to view from the inner city. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 22.66\u00a0mas, the distance to this star is 144 light-years (44 parsecs) with a margin of error of one light-year. This is an evolved giant star of stellar class K1\u00a0III. It has 12 times the radius of the Sun and shines with 60 times the Sun's luminosity. This energy is being radiated from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,603\u00a0K, giving it the cool orange hue of a K-type star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007993-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Arnold Grove\n12 Arnold Grove is a house near Picton Clock Tower in the Liverpool suburb of Wavertree. The house is the birthplace and childhood home of former Beatle George Harrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007993-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Arnold Grove\nIt is a small terraced house in a cul-de-sac, with a small alley to the rear. Harrison's parents, Harold and Louise, moved to the house in 1931 following their marriage. The rent was ten shillings a week. Here their four children were born: Louise (16 August 1931), Harry (1934), Peter (20 July 1940 - 1 Jun 2007) and George (25 February 1943 - 29 November 2001).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007993-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Arnold Grove\nHarrison lived in the property for six years, by which time his family had been living there for nearly 20 years. They finally moved out to a new council estate in Speke on 2 January 1950. His eldest brother Harry recalled: \"Our little house was just two rooms up and two rooms down, but, except for a short period when our father was away at sea, we always knew the comfort and security of a very close-knit home life.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007993-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Arnold Grove\nHarrison recalled the only heating was a single coal fire, and the house was so cold in winter that he and his brothers dreaded getting up in the morning because it was freezing cold and they had to use the outside toilet. The house had tiny rooms \u2013 only ten feet by ten (100\u00a0ft2, about 9 m2) \u2013 and a small iron cooking stove in the back room, which was used as a kitchen. Describing the back garden, Harrison wrote it had \"a one-foot wide flowerbed, a toilet, a dustbin fitted to the back wall (and) a little hen house where we kept cockerels.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007993-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Arnold Grove\nHarrison once said of the house, \"Try and imagine the soul entering the womb of a woman living at 12 Arnold Grove, Wavertree, Liverpool 15. There were all the barrage balloons, and the Germans bombing Liverpool. All that was going on. I sat outside the house a couple of years ago, imagining 1943, nipping through the spiritual world, the astral level, getting back into a body in that house. That really is strange when you consider the whole planet, all the planets there may be on a spiritual level. How do I come into that family, in that house at that time, and who am I anyway?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007994-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Aurigae\n12 Aurigae is a star in the northern constellation Auriga. It lies below the normal limit for visibility to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 6.988. It lacks a designation from the Hipparcos catalogue. This is a Be star with a stellar classification of B2\u00a0Ve, indicating that the spectrum displays emission lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007995-0000-0000", "contents": "12 BC\nYear 12 BC was either a common year starting on Saturday, Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Friday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Quirinius (or, less frequently, year 742 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 12 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007996-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Blues (album)\n12 Bar Blues is the debut solo album from Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland. Its sound and style differ greatly from STP's previous releases. The design concept of the cover is a homage to the cover design of John Coltrane's Blue Train album. The title name comes from the simple chord progression known as \"twelve-bar blues\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007996-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Blues (album), Development\nIn a 1998 interview on MTV's 120 Minutes, Weiland states that his then brother-in-law introduced him to Blair Lamb, who co-produced 12 Bar Blues with Weiland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007996-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Blues (album), Reception\nReleased in 1998 on Atlantic Records, the album was not a commercial success, but achieved some critical acclaim. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, declaring \"12 Bar Blues is an unpredictable, carnivalesque record confirming that Weiland was the visionary behind STP's sound. He's fascinated by sound, piling on layers of shredded guitars, drum loops, and keyboards, making sure that each song sounds drastically different from its predecessor.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007996-0002-0001", "contents": "12 Bar Blues (album), Reception\nDavid Fricke of Rolling Stone awarded the album 3.5 out of 5 stars and declared that \"12 Bar Blues isn't really a rock album, or even a pop album. Weiland, out on his own, has simply made an honest album \u2013 honest in its confusion, ambition and indulgence. It was worth the risk.\" but also remarked that \"Maybe it's a little early for Scott Weiland to be going the solo way.\" Pitchfork Media stated upon its release that \"12 Bar Blues is easily the most innovative album Weiland has ever produced for public consumption,\" while Entertainment Weekly wrote that \"the LP's sheer invention and hooks will make your indulgence worthwhile.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007996-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Blues (album), Chart performance\nAdditionally, \"Barbarella\" peaked at 194 on the UK Singles Chart", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007997-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Bruise\n12 Bar Bruise is the debut studio album by Australian psychedelic rock band King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard. It was released on 7 September 2012 on Flightless. It peaked at No. 14 on the ARIA Albums Chart after being released on vinyl in November 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007997-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Bruise, Recording\nThe album was self-recorded by the band, and several tracks used unconventional recording methods. One of these is featured on the album's title track \u2013 it was recorded through four iPhones placed around a room while Stu Mackenzie sang into one of them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007997-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Bruise, Track listing\nVinyl releases have tracks 1\u20136 on side A, and tracks 7\u201312 on side B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club\nThe 12 Bar Club was a music venue in London that opened in 1994 on Denmark Street \u2013 known as Great Britain's \"Tin Pan Alley\" \u2013 just off Charing Cross Road and close to Soho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club\nSome of the most famous musicians and groups to play at the 12 Bar before they reached a wider audience include Adele, Martha Wainwright, Joanna Newsom, KT Tunstall (all of whose first London dates were at the 12 Bar), Damien Rice, Regina Spektor, The Libertines, Keane, Seasick Steve and Jamie T. Jeff Buckley also played an impromptu set at the 12 Bar some time before the launch of his debut album Grace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club\nThe Denmark Street venue officially closed 16 January 2015 as part of a redevelopment for the area, despite a lengthy battle to keep it open. Shortly after its closure, activists occupied the building and re-opened it to live music. Property owners attempted to evict the activists. The club relocated to Islington, shutting for good a year later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club, History\nThe original building was originally constructed in 1635 as a stable. It was later converted into a forge for the St Giles area that was used until World War I. The fireplace from the forge could be seen at the rear of the stage and regularly housed the performers' guitar amplifiers. The building then became a carpenter's shop until shortly after World War II, when it was converted into store rooms. It is a Grade-II listed building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club, History\nDuring the 1980s, parts of the premises (later to become the area around the bottom of the stairs up to the 12 Bar toilets) housed science fiction/comic book shop Paradise Alley, with the entrance in the side alley connecting Denmark Street to Denmark Place (facing the rear of larger science fiction shop Forbidden Planet 2). The painted-over Paradise Alley store sign would remain over the former entrance until 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club, History\nDuring the early 1990s, the building housed The Forge Folk & Blues Club, founded by Andy Preston who organised the performances and Nida Daniel who managed admissions and refreshments for customers. It was originally a social club and music venue for the staff at the guitar centre who used the original forge area at the back as an amplifier workshop - dust-sheets would be thrown over the amplifiers in the evening before the entertainment began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club, 12 Bar Club\nIn 1994, the club was expanded and renamed the 12 Bar Club. Offices and a restaurant were added. It was the brainchild of international businessman Lars Ericson and musician Phil Ryan. They approached lease holder Andy Preston, owner of the world-famous Andy's Guitars, and together they formed up to create and launch the club in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0006-0001", "contents": "12 Bar Club, 12 Bar Club\nThe club was run by Ryan, who devised the music policy and booked a host of well-known names including Bert Jansch, whose album Live at the 12 Bar: An Authorised Bootleg was recorded there in 1995, Robyn Hitchcock, Nick Harper, The Albion Band, Steve Jones, Tom Russell, Peter Rowan and the Rowan brothers, Boo Hewerdine, Gordon Giltrap, Jonathan Kalb, Richard Mazda, Suzanne Chawner, Ian Crowther, Vince McCann, Will Kevans. Some of these named artists went on to promote their own nights featuring the best in up and coming artists. Under the guidance of Phil Ryan the club won the Time Out Best Music Venue in 2005, which Ryan collected at Time Out headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club, 12 Bar Club\nThe clubs became a destination for many artists from around the world. Music manager Andy Lowe, a former employee of Decca Records, was also instrumental in attracting up-and-coming and established artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club, 12 Bar Club\nThe Denmark Street venue was famous for its two-level viewing arrangement despite its small size. A small \"balcony\" section (allowing for 15 or 20 people) originally prevented those standing at the back on the ground level from seeing the heads of particularly tall band members. A refurbishment in 2006 corrected this problem by reducing the size of the balcony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club, Notable performances\nBands and performers who have played at the 12 Bar after gaining more commercial success (sometimes playing 'secret' or late shows) include Cholesterol Jones, the Lene Lovich Band (who made their live debut at the club in 2012), Kristin Hersh, Pete Doherty, The Television Personalities and Robyn Hitchcock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club, Notable performances\nThe venue was known for supporting independent promoters and less mainstream styles of music, notably hardcore punk and antifolk - the seasonal antifolk (UK) fest was held at the 12 Bar and many 'antifolk' style performers from both New York and England have played there, including Langhorne Slim, Jeffrey Lewis, Major Matt Mason, Curtis Eller, Thomas Truax, and Filthy Pedro, either at the fests themselves or like-minded nights such as Joe 'Sgt Buzfuz' Murphy's monthly 'Blang' night. Also, early in their career, The Libertines played at the venue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0011-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club, Notable performances\nOther bands such as Menace, London, Rivulets, The Bleach Boys, Ray Wylie Hubbard, Sarah Gillespie, Lloyd Maines, Benjamin Shaw, Jack Hayter, Monkish, Andy White, Cud and Rhatigan, Terri Hendrix and Roddy Frame of Aztec Camera have also played at the 12 Bar Club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0012-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club, Awards\nThe 12 Bar Club was awarded Live music Venue of the Year '95/'96 by Time Out magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0013-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club, Awards\nIn 2012, London newspaper The Telegraph ranked the 12 Bar Club as the second-best venue in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0014-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club, Closure and protests\nProperty developers Consolidated Developments, in partnership with the Crossrail Project, sought to terminate the 12 Bar Club's lease as part of an ongoing development programme around Denmark Street. It resulted in an 18-month lawsuit and significant protests. A petition against the closure drew 17,000 signatures, including Marc Almond, David Essex, Glen Matlock, Pete Townshend and local MP Frank Dobson, but it did not save the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0015-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club, Closure and protests\nThe club held a farewell party on 11 January 2015, with 30 bands playing. It officially closed its Denmark Street venue on 16 January, but within days, activists entered the building in protest. Members of the group, calling themselves \"Bohemians 4 Soho,\" told The Guardian newspaper, \"We are a collective of artists, activists and campaigners who are willing to become cultural heritage wardens for the area.\" Under the motto \"without culture, society cannot exist,\" the group stated it wanted to preserve Tin Pan Alley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0016-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club, Closure and protests\nOn Friday, 23 January, an injunction order was affixed to a facility door prohibiting the occupants from holding a party, playing music or distributing alcohol. The order was ignored and a large party was held that night with live music. Consolidated Developments took legal action to evict the activists. The Bohemians stated they were squatting not only to protest the closure of the 12 Bar Club, but also to preserve the building from demolition. The occupants provided police with a Section 6 notice to defend their occupation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0017-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club, Closure and protests\nWhilst commentators lamented the closure of another central London music venue, Frank Turner played an impromptu gig in support of the squatters. They were evicted in early February 2015. The police reported there were 15-20 people in the building and there were no arrests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0018-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club, Closure and protests\nThe club's owner announced that the 12 Bar Club would be relocated to Islington. The 12 Bar Club moved to Phibber's Bar & Grill on Holloway Road, but ceased trading on 2 February 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007998-0019-0000", "contents": "12 Bar Club, Literary References\nIn the crime fiction novels from the Cormoran Strike series, protagonist Cormoran Strike is a detective who works and lives above the 12 Bar Club in the Denmark Street location. The novels in the series are The Cuckoo's Calling, The Silkworm, Career of Evil and Lethal White by J. K. Rowling (under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007999-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Beast\n12 Beast (Japanese: \u30c8\u30a5\u30a8\u30eb\u30f4\u30d3\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8, Hepburn: Tueruvu B\u012bsuto) is a Japanese sh\u014dnen manga series written and illustrated by Okayado. The series is published by Fujimi Shobo in Japan, and by Seven Seas Entertainment in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007999-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Beast\nOn September 6, 2020, Okayado announced the manga has been canceled due to multiple reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007999-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Beast, Summary\nTouga Eita is a high school student and video-game otaku. He is the heir to the Touga style Ninjitsu, and he has never kissed a girl. All this changes when a voluptuous girl with wings and taloned feet named Aero appears and calls on Eita to help save her people-the harpies of Re-Verse-from the merciless onslaught of giant robot monsters known as Gigas. Aero reveals that she was sent to find him, by his missing brother. Eita will follow his newfound harpy friend into a whole new world, filled with monster girls and fantastical creatures beyond his wildest dreams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007999-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Beast, Release\nOkayado launched the series in the June 2013 issue of Fujimi Shobo's sh\u014dnen manga magazine on May 9, 2013. When Age Premium was shut down on July 9, 2015, the series was one of five titles transferred to Monthly Dragon Age. The chapters have been compiled into seven tank\u014dbon volumes before being cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007999-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Beast, Release\nNorth American publisher Seven Seas Entertainment announced their license to the series on July 30, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007999-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Beast, Reception\nOn Anime News Network, Rebecca Silverman gave volume one an overall grade of C, calling the story generic and textbook. She found the art to be interesting and that the characters distinctive, comparing the series to Okayado's Monster Musume characters. Also on Anime News Network, Lynzee Loveridge listed the series at number four on a list of \"7 Manga for Monster Girl Lovers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00007999-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Beast, Reception\nTwo volumes of the English translation have made it onto the New York Times Manga Best Sellers list:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008000-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Bit Blues\n12 Bit Blues is a studio album by Canadian DJ Kid Koala. It was released on the Ninja Tune label on September 17, 2012. It peaked at number 21 on Billboard's Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart, as well as number 6 on the Blues Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008000-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Bit Blues, Recording\nThe album was recorded on an E-mu SP-1200, a 1987 drum machine and sampler known for its use in early hip hop. On the album, Kid Koala used it to manipulate old blues recordings. In making the album, Kid Koala did not use sequencing software, choosing instead to layer tracks of scratching and cutting on top of the manipulated blues samples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008000-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Bit Blues, Critical reception\nAt Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, 12 Bit Blues received an average score of 80% based on 9 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008000-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Bit Blues, Critical reception\nPopMatters named it the 6th best Canadian album of 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008001-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Bloody Spies\n12 Bloody Spies is a compilation album by American rock band Chevelle. The album was released on October 26, 2018 by Epic Records. The album consists of B-sides, rarities, covers, and remixes recorded between 2003 and 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008001-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Bloody Spies, Background\nThe single, \"Sleep Walking Elite\", a B-side from the Vena Sera sessions, was released on September 27, 2018. On September 28, the compilation album was announced. The album's second single, \"In Debt to the Earth,\" was released on October 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008001-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Bloody Spies, Background\nThe song, \"Until You're Reformed\", a B-side from the Wonder What's Next sessions, was originally released in 2003 on Daredevil: The Album. \"Fizgig,\" a B-side from the Sci-Fi Crimes sessions, was originally released on the band's greatest hits album Stray Arrows: A Collection of Favorites in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008002-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Blues\n12 Blues is a 10-acre private island located in the Maldives archipelago. This island is 90 miles north of Male and accessible by a 35-minute sea plane journey. 12 Blues is also the world's first hotel residences offered for sale by the government of the Maldives. On 11 October 2011, the President of the Republic of Maldives Mohamed Nasheed attended the groundbreaking of the 12 Blues, confirming the government's support for foreign investment in the Islands. The hotel residences were expected to open in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008003-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Books That Changed the World\n12 Books That Changed the World is a book by Melvyn Bragg, published in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008004-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Bo\u00f6tis\n12 Bo\u00f6tis is a spectroscopic binary in the constellation Bo\u00f6tes. It is approximately 122 light years from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008004-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Bo\u00f6tis\nThe primary component, 12 Bo\u00f6tis A, is a yellow-white F-type subgiant with an apparent magnitude of +4.82. The spectroscopic binary pair completes one orbit around its centre of mass once every 9.6045 days, with an estimated separation of 0.0035\". A companion, 12 Bo\u00f6tis B, was reported with a separation of approximately one arcsecond in 1989, but subsequent surveys have repeatedly failed to detect this companion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008005-0000-0000", "contents": "12 By\u014d\n\"12 By\u014d\" (12\u79d2, J\u016bni-by\u014d, lit. \"12 Seconds\") is the fifth single by the Japanese girl idol group HKT48, released in Japan on April 22, 2015. It reached number one on the Oricon weekly singles chart. As of June 1, 2015, it had sold 296,698 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008005-0001-0000", "contents": "12 By\u014d, Details\nThe centers in the title song are Haruka Kodama and Sakura Miyawaki. Haruka Kodama had previously had the center position in a HKT48 single (in the 4th single \"Hikaeme I Love You! \"), while for Sakura Miyawaki (who had already been a center in AKB48's 38th single \"Kib\u014dteki Refrain\", together with Mayu Watanabe), it was the first center position in a single by HKT48.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008006-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Camelopardalis\n12 Camelopardalis is a binary star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Camelopardalis, located 700\u00a0light years away from the Sun as determined from parallax measurements. It forms a double star with 11 Camelopardalis, which is only 3 arcminutes away. The system has the variable star designation BM\u00a0Camelopardalis; 12 Camelopardalis is the Flamsteed designation. It is just visible to the naked eye, appearing as a dim, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.08. The system is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u22122\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008006-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Camelopardalis\nAbt et al. (1969) determined this to be a single-lined spectroscopic binary system and computed an orbital solution with a period of 80.17\u00a0days and an eccentricity of 0.35. However, what appeared to be an ellipticity effect with a period of 79.93\u00b10.05\u00a0d was found, which was inconsistent with the computed orbit, and the lack of modulation of the amplitude did not fit with the large orbital eccentricity. Hall et al. (1995) made additional measurements, finding an orbital period of 80.9\u00a0days and an eccentricity that is statistically indistinguishable from zero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008006-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Camelopardalis\nThe visible component is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K0\u00a0IIIe, showing strong emission lines. It is an RS Canum Venaticorum variable and its brightness varies by 0.14 magnitudes with a period of 82.9 days due to starspots. The star is most likely rotating in synchronous manner with its orbital period. The magnetic activity has two overlapping cycles of 14.8 and 8.5 years, with the activity occurring at two latitudes. BM Cam emits X-rays and is the designated X-ray source 1H 0501+592. It has been detected by HEAO 1, the Einstein Observatory, and ROSAT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008007-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Cancri\n12 Cancri is a star in the zodiac constellation Cancer. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 6.25, placing just below the normal limit for stars visible to the naked eye in good seeing conditions. The star displays an annual parallax shift of 12.50\u00a0mas as seen from Earth's orbit, which places it at a distance of about 261\u00a0light-years. It is moving toward the Sun with a radial velocity of around \u221210\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008007-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Cancri\nThis is an ordinary F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F3\u00a0V, which indicates it is generating energy through hydrogen fusion at its core. It is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 52\u00a0km/s and appears to be undergoing solar-like differential rotation with relative rate of \u03b1\u00a0=\u00a00.33\u00b10.13. The star is about 2.5\u00a0billion years old with 1.16 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating nearly 18 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 6,357\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008008-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Canis Majoris\n12 Canis Majoris is a variable star located 750\u00a0light years away from the Sun in the southern constellation of Canis Major. It has the variable star designation HK\u00a0Canis Majoris; 12 Canis Majoris is the Flamsteed designation. This body is just barely visible to the naked eye as a dim, blue-white hued star with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of +6.07. It is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +16\u00a0km/s. This is the brightest star in the vicinity of the open cluster NGC 2287, although it is probably not a member based on its proper motion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008008-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Canis Majoris\nThis star has a stellar classification of B7\u00a0II/III, matching a B-type giant/bright giant hybrid. (Cidale et al. (2007) show a class of B5\u00a0V, which would indicate it is instead a B-type main-sequence star.) It is a magnetic Bp star of the helium\u2013weak variety (CP4), with the spectrum displaying evidence for vertical stratification of helium in the atmosphere. Samus et al. (2017) classify it as an SX Arietis variable that varies in brightness by about 0.05 magnitudes over a period of 2.18045\u00a0days. It has 1.25 times the mass of the Sun and 2.73 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 498 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,500\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008009-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse: On the Road\n12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse: On the Road is a travelling interactive performance of the collection of essays entitled 12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse by USA author Andrew Boyd published in 2017. The essays have been described as a \"Vagina Monologues for the apocalypse\". A UK group working  with Wales-based Community Interest Company Giraffe Social Enterprises began a travelling roadshow that used the Characters as a focus for encouraging communities to discuss how they are being affected by the climate emergency and called the roadshow 12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse: On the Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008009-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse: On the Road, Essay\nThe essay 12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse was written by United States author Andrew Boyd and published April 2017 in issue 11 of The Dark Mountain Project. The title is a reference to the absurdist play Six Characters in Search of an Author by Luigi Pirandello. The 12 independent sections of the essay are each told from viewpoint of a very different person, living in the USA - \"as diverse as America itself.\" Andrew has described these as Characters, Sketches, or A slice of inner life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 60], "content_span": [61, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008009-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse: On the Road, Essay\nBoyd performed some of the Characters at the launch party for Dark Mountain Issue 11 held at Wild Goose Space in Bristol on 12 May 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 60], "content_span": [61, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008009-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse: On the Road, Essay\nThe essays are part of the larger project I Want a Better Catastrophe due out in early 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 60], "content_span": [61, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008009-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse: On the Road, Essay\nAs of December 2019, the essay has been translated into German, Arabic, Romanian, French, and Spanish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 60], "content_span": [61, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008009-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse: On the Road, Roadshow\nIn August 2017, a group from Giraffe Social Enterprises, a community interest company in Wales, began a travelling performance of the monologues to encourage community-wide conversations about the challenge of climate change. 12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse ... On the Road has been performed venues as diverse as private homes, festivals, cafes, hacker conventions, intentional communities, and Quaker centers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 63], "content_span": [64, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008009-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse: On the Road, Roadshow\nBecause of significant amount of audience participation each gathering is distinct, depending on the combination of organizers, participants, and place. The first publicly advertised gathering happened in a private home on Kent Road in Portsmouth. Others have taken place at festivals, cafes, empty warehouses, and the largest yet took place on 4 December 2018 at the Woodbrooke Quaker Centre in Birmingham had 45 participants from 12 different countries and ranging from 4 to 70 years of age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 63], "content_span": [64, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008009-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse: On the Road, Roadshow\nAn organizer of On the Road describes the events as gatherings rather than performances or plays: \"We've called them 'Gatherings' because we haven't found a more descriptive label that fits. They are half performances (we read the monologues and people listen for 45 minutes) and half conversations (in between every 3rd monologue there are interludes for neighbors to share with one another and after the readings are finished there is 90 minutes for an open hosted conversation). Currently my focus is learning how to assist people to share candidly and listen vulnerably during the conversation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 63], "content_span": [64, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008009-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse: On the Road, Roadshow, Performances\nThe first trial performance happened in Norfolk in August 2017 and the first public performance happened on 13 October 2017, in Portsmouth. There have been 20+ gatherings in Wales, England, and Scotland to date with most events taking place in private homes, some in cafes and at schools Ysgol Dewi Sant, in Wales. Since the translation of the Characters was added to the Open Source Transifex translation site, the event began to spread internationally. And as of January 2020 there have been gatherings hosted in the USA, Germany, Spain, Romania, Austria, and Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 77], "content_span": [78, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008009-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse: On the Road, Activism\nIn May 2018, activists from the eXtinction Rebellion participated at a gathering in Bristol and were inspired by the performances. They began to use 12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse alongside their normal information talks as a way of inspiring people to be concerned about the dire state of human culture's current trajectory. The 23 October 2018 gathering in Glastonbury is the only known gathering hosted by eXtinction Rebellion team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 63], "content_span": [64, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008009-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse: On the Road, Follow-up book\nBoyd is writing a book called I Want a Better Catastrophe: 69 Paradoxes for Surviving the 21st Century, which will include the 12 Characters essay and is intended to be published early 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 69], "content_span": [70, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008009-0011-0000", "contents": "12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse: On the Road, Characters\nAndrew Boyd refers to the individual sections of the essay as Characters or perspectives or slices of inner life. Each is a unique, narrow viewpoint of how a particular individual alive in 2017 experiences climate change. The original 12 characters published in Dark Mountain issue 11 are all extremely USA-centric and they all believe climate change is real and that it is a critical problem. Only the Character If it gets too bad, God will intervene released as one of the seven additional Characters doesn't believe that climate change is a serious problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 65], "content_span": [66, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008009-0012-0000", "contents": "12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse: On the Road, Characters, Original Characters\nThe original Characters included in the Dark Mountain publication were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 86], "content_span": [87, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008009-0013-0000", "contents": "12 Characters in Search of an Apocalypse: On the Road, Characters, Additional Characters\nAndrew Boyd published a further 7 Characters on his website in 2018:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 88], "content_span": [89, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008010-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Citizens\n12 Citizens (Chinese: \u5341\u4e8c\u516c\u6c11) is a 2014 Chinese suspense crime drama film directed by Xu Ang. It was shown at the 2014 Rome Film Festival on October 19, 2014 and was released in China on May 15, 2015. The plot is based on and heavily references the plot of the 1954 teleplay Twelve Angry Men by Reginald Rose. The major changes in the plot are changes brought forward and made more appropriate for a Chinese audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008010-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Citizens, Plot\nOn a hot summer's day, 12 male \"citizens\" undergo a mock jury for a law school's Western law subject. The mock jury need to decide whether a boy is guilty or not of a murder of his father with a knife based on the evidence. The evidence prepared by the students of the course seems airtight and therefore it seems as if the jury will render him guilty of the crime. However, one juror does not follow the consensus and appreciates the nuances and seriousness of the verdict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008010-0001-0001", "contents": "12 Citizens, Plot\nHis motives are unclear but he wants to entertain the thought that there is reasonable doubt about the guilt of the boy. As a result, the evidence is slowly cross-referenced and examined. Conflicts are spurred as a result of their differing personalities and strong opinions. Eventually, one by one, the jurors are convinced that there is reasonable doubt and judge the boy to be not guilty. On the end of the mock jury trial, the jurors are visibly exhausted. The juror who had rebelled and wanted to see the case through is revealed to be a prosecutor of the People's Republic of China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008010-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Citizens, Reception\nBy May 16, 2015 the film had grossed CN\u00a52.07 million at the Chinese box office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008010-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Citizens, Reception\nOn Film Business Asia, Derek Elley gave the film a 9 out of 10, saying it \"is superbly written and played.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008010-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Citizens, Reception\nIn The Hollywood Reporter, Deborah Young comments on the ending of the movie, stating that \"one can take issue with the glib final revelation about Juror No. 8, which rather explodes the film\u2019s progressive democracy-by-the-people facade\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008011-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Classics (Bryn Haworth album)\n12 Classics is the sixth studio album by Bryn Haworth released in 1981 and is a compilation of songs previously released on two of his earlier albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008012-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Comae Berenices\n12 Comae Berenices is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Coma Berenices. It is the brightest member of the Coma Cluster and is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.80. Although listed as a suspected variable star, there is no photometric evidence of it being variable in luminosity. However, the radial velocity was found to be variable, as announced by W. W. Campbell in 1910. The first orbital solution was published by Vinter Hansen in the 1940s. It is a double-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 396.5\u00a0days and an eccentricity of 0.566.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008012-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Comae Berenices\nThis system consists of two stars, an evolved F-type giant star and a smaller but higher temperature A-type main-sequence star. Griffin and Griffin (2011) suggested that the secondary component may have begun its evolution away from the main sequence, and instead assigned it a luminosity class of IV. The primary, designated component A, has 2.6 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 8.9 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 56 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,300\u00a0K. Its companion, component B, has double the Sun's mass and 2.5 times the radius. It shines with 30 times the luminosity of the Sun at 8,500\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008013-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Concerti a cinque (Albinoni)\n12 Concerti a cinque (op. 9) is a collection of concertos by the Italian composer Tomaso Albinoni, published in 1722.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008013-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Concerti a cinque (Albinoni)\nThe most famous piece from Albinoni's Opus 9 is the Concerto in D minor for oboe (Opus 9, Number 2). It is known for its slow movement. This concerto is probably the second best-known work of Albinoni after the Adagio in G minor (which was once believed to be a reconstruction based on a fragment by Albinoni).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008013-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Concerti a cinque (Albinoni)\nThe concertos were dedicated to Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, and were first published by Michel-Charles Le C\u00e8ne in Amsterdam. It is possible, but not certain, that they were written in the Elector's court during a 1722 visit there by Albinoni during performances of his theatrical compositions. These are perhaps his most recognizable works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008013-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Concerti a cinque (Albinoni), External links[edit source]\nThis article about a concerto is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008014-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Corazones\n12 Corazones (Spanish pronunciation:\u00a0[\u02c8dose ko\u027ea\u02c8sones], 12 Hearts) is a Spanish-language dating game show produced in the United States for the television network Telemundo since January 2005, based on its namesake Argentine TV show format The show is filmed in Los Angeles and revolves around the twelve Zodiac signs that identify each contestant. The show is hosted by Pen\u00e9lope Menchaca and features advice from co-host Maximiliano Palacio, an  Argentine former soccer player turned actor, and Edward'O, an astrologist; Palacio and Edward'O often appear alternately in some episodes and simultaneously in others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008014-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Corazones\nIn August 2009, Telemundo added English subtitles as closed captions on CC3, airing on Universo in that format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008014-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Corazones, Show format\nThe show consists of 12 contestants divided into two groups (usually four males and eight females, but sometimes vice versa). Each of the contestants is identified and referred to by his/her Zodiac sign. In between segments, Maximiliano Palacio offers love and relationship advice to the contestants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008014-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Corazones, Nature of the show\nMost episodes commonly feature a themed format, often involving the contestants (and often, host Penelope Menchaca, as well) in costume; themes used on 12 Corazones include beach-themed episodes in which contestants appear in beachwear, and a beauty pageant-style themed episodes, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008014-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Corazones, Nature of the show, First segment\nAfter their introduction, the males interact in a mock play, or they are asked to perform a stunt, usually for their ridicule (sing a song, recite a goofy poem, etc.) Then, the host begins a roundtable of discussion on a certain subject. After this is finished, the first group is taken out of the room and the second group decide to eliminate one of their contestants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008014-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Corazones, Nature of the show, Second segment\nOn the second segment, a chosen male or female from the main group is eliminated. Soon afterward, the male or female suitors are introduced (identified by their astrological sign, hometown and occupation; though this portion sometimes is not included), the host then chooses a contestant of each group to interact in a closer way, for example dancing, kissing, etc. To decide what kind of interaction will take place, the host uses some sort of game like a \"roulette of kisses\", or two special dice. This is followed by a second roundtable of discussion. Then, each of the male contestants eliminates a female contestant of the other group. This leaves only three contestants in the main group and five contestants on the group of suitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 48], "content_span": [49, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008014-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Corazones, Nature of the show, Final segment\nFor the final segment, the host picks a contestant of the second group who is supposed to pick their heart among the male or female contestants. The contestant chosen has the option to accept or reject.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008014-0006-0001", "contents": "12 Corazones, Nature of the show, Final segment\nThe rules of the show allow the contestant of the second group to pick their heart among the contestants from the first group who have already chosen another person from the second group (an example occurred in an episode originally broadcast on January 20, 2011, in which the same male contestant was chosen by each of the five remaining female suitors; the male contestant chose each of the females, effectively rejecting the previously chosen females in the process, also as per the rules of the show).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008014-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Corazones, Nature of the show, Final segment\nInstances in which a person from the first group chooses the person from the second over the person they have already chosen do occur from time to time, but less commonly in episodes in which the first group consists of four females at the start of the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008014-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Corazones, Winner\nWhen the couples are chosen (usually 1-3 couples) the audience votes for their favorite. The host Pen\u00e9lope Menchaca then calls the winner by the color chair they are sitting in. The winners get a free paid date courtesy of the show. When the winner is chosen they get to kiss again in front of the stage which concludes the program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008015-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Corazones: Rumbo al Altar\n12 Corazones: Rumbo al Altar (12 Hearts: Heading to the Altar) is a one-hour, weekend spin-off of Telemundo\u2019s weekday daytime game show 12 Corazones. Hosted by Pen\u00e9lope Menchaca, the show features 12 engaged partners (6 couples) competing for weekly prizes to jump-start their lives together and a chance to win the grand prize of a dream wedding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008016-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Crass Songs\n12 Crass Songs is the fourth album by anti-folk artist Jeffrey Lewis. It was released on October 1, 2007 on Rough Trade Records. The title is literal, as all 12 songs on the album were written and first recorded by the band Crass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008016-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Crass Songs, Origin\nIn a 2013 interview with Audio Antihero Records, Jeffrey Lewis explained his motivation for the album:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008016-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Crass Songs, Origin\nI do love Crass, and I also wanted some of those songs to be enjoyable to people who don\u2019t only want to listen to early 80s hardcore punk. At a certain period in history it might have been crucial for Crass to get those songs across by tying them to a certain attitude and style, but in a different period that attitude and style becomes a barrier to the songs, it holds the songs back instead of pushing the songs onwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008016-0002-0001", "contents": "12 Crass Songs, Origin\nNot everything is like that \u2013 I mean, nobody needs to do an album of indie-rock versions of Led Zeppelin songs, but Crass has such an extreme case of extreme style AND extreme substance, I wanted to see what the substance could do if it was removed from the style. In Led Zeppelin the style and the substance sort of have to go hand in hand, and if you mess with that then you\u2019re just creating a joke, like Dred Zeppelin, or those lounge covers of Stairway to Heaven, etc., etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008016-0002-0002", "contents": "12 Crass Songs, Origin\nThe original Crass recordings are totally great and impossible to make any better, but the substance is strong enough to outlive that. Songs of moral rebellion are great, people all over the world sing Bob Marley songs and Bob Dylan songs and Woody Guthrie songs and stuff like that, there\u2019s no reason why they shouldn\u2019t sing Crass songs too.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008017-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Dates of Christmas\n12 Dates of Christmas is a television film starring Amy Smart and Mark-Paul Gosselaar. It premiered on ABC Family on December 11, 2011 in their 25 Days of Christmas programming block. It is directed by James Hayman. The movie depicts Smart as Kate, a woman insensitive to the feelings of others and who wants to return to a past relationship, and Gosselaar as Miles, a widower who hopes to find a new romantic partner. After Kate blows off her blind date with Miles on Christmas Eve, she discovers she is stuck in a time-loop, giving her 12 chances to mature, improve her relationships with others, and find romance with Miles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008017-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Dates of Christmas, Plot\nKate Stanton is an advertising agent resentful about her life. Months after her mother died, her boyfriend Jack broke up with her. Now a year later, her father Mike has a new girlfriend Sally. On Christmas Eve, Kate plans to win back Jack, though her best friend Miyoko is concerned she is denying reality. Kate visits a department store, passing a display of a partridge in a pear tree. She is accidentally sprayed in the face with perfume, then falls and loses consciousness. She awakes to see a store manager and a man named Jim checking on her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008017-0001-0001", "contents": "12 Dates of Christmas, Plot\nShe goes to Nick's Bar, passing by a man named Toby, where she meets architect Miles Dufine, a blind date set up by Sally. Kate is rude and leaves the date to meet Jack, only to learn he has a new girlfriend Nancy. Kate joins Mike and Sally for a family Christmas dinner. Sally remarks Kate lost a chance at romance with Miles and can't change the past. At midnight, time rewinds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008017-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Dates of Christmas, Plot\nKate again wakes up in the department store, confused how she is experiencing the same day. Two children dressed as turtle doves run down the sidewalk. She tries harder to win over Jack, only to now learn he's planning to propose to Nancy. She meets Miles again but storms off when he mentions a wife. Sally explains he is a widower and his wife Laura died a year ago. At midnight, Kate witnesses time moving backwards, returning her to the department store.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008017-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Dates of Christmas, Plot\nOn the third day, after seeing chefs carrying three cooked hens, Kate asks Jack about their relationship. Approaching Miles anonymously, she learns more about him. She spends the evening with her neighbor Margine Frumkin, learning how to bake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008017-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Dates of Christmas, Plot\nOn the fourth day, Kate finds Jack at a jewelry store where a display has four calling birds. She accepts their relationship is over. Kate meets Leigh, whose boyfriend Rich has an annual tradition of making a Christmas display for her. They spend the day together and Kate has a late night meeting with Miles. When she sees Toby again, who is consistently waiting for a blind date, Kate thinks he may be causing the time loop. She confronts him, ruining her date with Miles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008017-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Dates of Christmas, Plot\nOn the fifth day, Kate thanks Jim for always checking on her, then walks past a display case of Five Golden Rings perfume. Rather than wait for her blind date, she spends the day with Miles. At the family dinner, Kate realizes Sally and Mike do love each other. At mass, Kate admits her deep fear of being alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008017-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Dates of Christmas, Plot\nOn the sixth day, Kate wakes up and is visibly overwhelmed. Sympathizing, Jim takes her to the botanical gardens where they pass by six children wearing goose hats. The two get to know each other and Kate decides she can do whatever she wants since reality will reboot. She misses her date in order to bake with Margine, Leigh, and Miyoko.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008017-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Dates of Christmas, Plot\nOn the seventh day, Kate borrows lights from Rich, who is standing near seven plastic swans. This time, she asks Miles what he would like to do for their date. Miles invites her to the hockey rink where he regularly coaches the Lords, a team of children from a group home. One of the kids, Michael, ran away earlier in the day. Miles and Kate ice skate, then visit Prospect Park where she arranged a light display. The two are about to share a kiss when midnight strikes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008017-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Dates of Christmas, Plot\nOn the eighth day, Kate tells Jack she's moved past their relationship. Jack invites Kate for a cup of coffee at a cafe where a label shows eight maids milking. Jack reveals he had intended to propose to Kate in the past but she changed after her mother died, becoming obsessive and narrow-focused on what her life should be like. Kate realizes she was in love with marriage more than Jack. At Christmas dinner, Kate realizes Jack never bought an engagement ring and panics, ruining her date with Miles. She later learns Jack proposed without a ring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008017-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Dates of Christmas, Plot\nOn the ninth day, Kate is concerned she will never have a relationship with Miles. She goes to the bar early, where nine ladies are dancing, and drinks with Toby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008017-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Dates of Christmas, Plot\nOn the tenth day, Kate suggests Rich use his light display to propose to Leigh. She spots young Michael, who wears his Lords hockey sweatshirt (#10). She chases him but he leaps over a barrier and vanishes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008017-0011-0000", "contents": "12 Dates of Christmas, Plot\nOn the eleventh day, Kate finds Michael. She reunites him with Miles, then shares an anonymous date with the architect. A delivery truck advertises an 11-inch pizza from Pied Pipers of Pizza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008017-0012-0000", "contents": "12 Dates of Christmas, Plot\nOn the twelfth day, Kate walks by a display of 12 nutcrackers with drums. She helps Rich propose to Leigh, then plays matchmaker by introducing Margine to Jim and Toby to Miyoko. She invites all six to her family dinner. She briefly tells Jack she wishes him well in his new relationship, and convinces her sister's family to join the dinner. Meeting with Miles, the two quickly hit if off and then find Michael together, after which the kids from the group home also join the dinner. Impressed with Kate, Miles tells her he feels as if he's known her his whole life. The two finally share a kiss. Kate is overjoyed to see reality does not reboot at midnight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008017-0013-0000", "contents": "12 Dates of Christmas, Music and theme song\n\"Angels Are Singing\" is a song performed by American recording artist Jordin Sparks, and serves as the theme song of 12 Dates of Christmas. It was released as a digital download on November 27, 2011 on iTunes and Amazon.com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008017-0014-0000", "contents": "12 Dates of Christmas, Critical reception\nIn Us Weekly, John Griffiths wrote, \"This holiday romance steals a page from Groundhog Day and runs with it.... It's a sweet, wacky... and nicely woven journey, with the endearing Smart adding an extra twinkle.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008017-0015-0000", "contents": "12 Dates of Christmas, Critical reception\nOn Common Sense Media, Emily Ashby said, \"... 12 Dates of Christmas works in a sappy-sweet, opposites-attract love plot that just happens to take place on Christmas Eve. This holiday tie-in bolsters what's otherwise a lukewarm story marked by a handful of funny moments and the requisite romantic ones. There's little that's remarkable about the story itself, but that doesn't mean the mostly predictable ending won't leave you feeling warm and fuzzy nonetheless.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008018-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Days\n12 Days is a debut graphic novel/global manga written and illustrated by June Kim. Basing the plot partially on a story told to her by a stranger, Kim began an early version of 12 Days as a sophomore in college to help herself cope with the end of a relationship. After moving on emotionally with her break-up, she stopped developing the comic and later left South Korea to attend the School of Visual Arts in Manhattan, New York, United States, from which she graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in cartooning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008018-0000-0001", "contents": "12 Days\nFollowing her successful pitch of 12 Days to manga publisher Tokyopop, she resumed work on it in early 2005 and finished in the middle of August 2006. 12 Days focuses on Jackie Yuen, who decides to drink the ashes of her former lover for twelve days in beverages as a way to cope with her grief over her death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008018-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Days\nTokyopop published 12 Days in North America on 7 November 2006, to generally positive reviews. Critics praised the manga for its mature portrayal of grief and relationships, and its realistic artwork, although the choice of print for the dialogue was considered distracting. Reviewers also discussed the comic's treatment of the issues of love, loss, and lesbian elements. In May 2011, Tokyopop shut down its North American publishing branch, with the status of its original, global manga titles left unclear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008018-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Days, Plot\nFor the first eight chapters, 12 Days centers on Jackie Yuen, a 29-year-old part Cantonese and part Korean editor. After the death of her former lover, the Korean American school nurse Noah Yoon, she decides to drink her ashes over twelve days in beverages as a way of coping with her grief. Nicholas \"Nick\" Yoon, Noah's younger half brother, steals some of Noah's ashes for her to use, and soon joins her in mourning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008018-0002-0001", "contents": "12 Days, Plot\nShe reminisces on how she met her and became involved in a lesbian relationship; however, Noah ended their relationship to marry a man to appease her father, and died returning from her honeymoon in a car accident a month ago. As Jackie continues her ritual, she begins to feel ill and eventually faints. Nick takes her to the hospital, where she recovers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008018-0002-0002", "contents": "12 Days, Plot\nOn New Year's Day, she parts from Nick and returns to her apartment to find that he has taken the engagement ring she had wanted to give Noah, and unknown to her, he mixes it in with the remaining ashes. 12 Days concludes with \"Chapter 0\", set before the events in the rest of the comic: Noah finds Nick studying for exams, and they briefly discuss Artemisia II of Caria, an ancient Greek queen who drank the ashes of her husband. Noah then hints that she has found someone whose ashes she would drink.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008018-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Days, Style and issues\nJune Kim, the author and illustrator for 12 Days, primarily drew the artwork in the realism style, although she occasionally rendered characters as super-deformed versions of themselves. While the cover art incorporates red and silver coloring, the artwork primarily appears in black and white, with occasional gray shading. Kim used pen and ink as the artistic medium, then toned her art with the software application ComicStudio. For the narrative, she explores the characters' pasts through dreams, and periodic, nonlinear flashbacks. Several character traits, such as Jackie's chocolate allergy, are presented to the reader through inference rather than exposition. Additionally, Kim uses a brief, untranslated Korean song alongside the predominantly English text.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008018-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Days, Style and issues\nCritics have focused on the issues of love and loss. 12 Days primarily deals with \"a love affair and its aftermath,\" according to Dirk Deppey of The Comics Journal. He considered it \"a meditation on loss,\" which explores \"a relationship neither fully ended nor easily forgotten by either party.\" Theron Martin of Anime News Network considered it a story about \"trying to find a way to cope with a devastating loss\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008018-0004-0001", "contents": "12 Days, Style and issues\nAccording to Katherine Dacey, the former senior manga editor for PopCultureShock, 12 Days contains \"lovely, quiet observations about the way we grieve, define family, express desire, and remember moments of hurt and betrayal.\" Johanna Draper Carlson, a reviewer for Publishers Weekly, wrote that Jackie's action of consuming the ashes serves as \"a transition period, a way to indulge her grief and then a time to be able to be herself again.\" AfterEllen.com's editor-in-chief Karman Kregloe stated that the comic \"explores the impact of loss, and how relationships are supported and broken in times of grief.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008018-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Days, Style and issues\nTo a lesser extent, critics also discussed the lesbian aspect. Martin felt that the lesbian element of 12 Days had been addressed, without becoming overstated. Casey Brienza, a fellow reviewer for Anime News Network, suggested that the shame Jackie and Noah felt as lesbians \"ultimately destroyed their relationship.\" In her comparison of Alison Bechdel's 2006 graphic memoir Fun Home and 12 Days, Erica Friedman, the founder of the lesbian-themed anime convention Yuricon, considered neither story to be \"lesbian narratives\", but rather \"narratives of grief, of relationships and of missed opportunities for communication and closeness.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008018-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Days, Production\nPartially modeled on a story told to Kim by a stranger, 12 Days began during her sophomore year in college as a way of coping with the end of a relationship. Kim soon abandoned the unfinished comic after moving on emotionally from the breakup, and considered the early concept \"poorly built.\" After completing her junior year in college in Seoul, South Korea, where she had been studying Japanese language and literature, Kim moved to New York, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008018-0006-0001", "contents": "12 Days, Production\nThere, she attended the School of Visual Arts in Manhattan, New York, for four years, and graduated in 2002 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in cartooning. In addition to illustrating the cover of Australian rock band Jet's 2003 debut album Get Born, she had three of her short comics published in anthologies: \"SheepSheepSleep\" (2003) in Broad Appeal, \"B-612\" (2003/4) in New Thing Vol.2, and \"Repeat\" (2005) in SheWolf Vol.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008018-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Days, Production\nAt the 2004 San Diego Comic-Con International, she encountered now-former Tokyopop editors Mark Paniccia and Lillian M. Diaz-Przybyl, who helped to pitch 12 Days to their publisher. Kim later expressed surprise for her successful pitch of 12 Days, and commented: \"It made me believe there is room for diverse stories.\" Resuming work on 12 Days in early 2005, Kim felt that her \"slow speed, other projects and family matters\" delayed its production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008018-0007-0001", "contents": "12 Days, Production\nAdditionally, the South Korean-native Kim, who speaks Korean, English, and Japanese fluently, would think of ideas in Korean that did not translate well over to English, ultimately leading her to change her method of thinking for the comic. She considered her creation of a global manga \"a bit ironic,\" because she \"wanted to do something different from manhwa or manga,\" which she had grown up around. Completed in the middle of August 2006, 12 Days was published by Tokyopop in North America in November of the same year. However, in May 2011, Tokyopop shut down its North American branch, with the status of global manga titles left unclear. 12 Days is also published in Germany by Tokyopop Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008018-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Days, Reception\n12 Days received generally positive reviews from critics. Caroline Ryder of The Advocate, a LGBT-interest magazine, highlighted 12 Days as \"a dark, deeply emotional graphic novel.\" Brienza complimented Kim's artistic attention to the background and setting's details, and summed up the comic as \"a sensitive depiction of lesbians that strives for literariness\". While not personally enjoying the comic, Friedman considered it \"excellent and well worth reading.\" Noting the potentially confusing flashbacks, Martin stated: \"12 Days doesn't easily fall into any of the normal manga (or manga-like) categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008018-0008-0001", "contents": "12 Days, Reception\nIt avoids any kind of sensationalism in providing a mature piece about a difficult topic, which may limit its appeal but certainly makes it worth reading.\" While Deppey praised it as \"an ambitious and partly satisfying work that very nearly succeeds,\" he considered it not \"as daring or complex a work\" as Fun Home. Although Dacey disliked the backgrounds and the \"self-consciously literary\" ashes-in-beverages aspect, she enjoyed the plot and Kim's use of naturalism in her artwork. She later placed it on her list of the top ten global manga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008018-0008-0002", "contents": "12 Days, Reception\nDraper Carlson recommended it, commenting: \"The emotions the book carries will be familiar to anyone who's suffered a loss in love. It's a work to meditate on.\" Conversely, A. E. Sparrow of IGN wrote that the story sacrificed its coherency in its attempt \"for a deeper level of understanding\"; Sparrow concluded: \"12 Days is simply trying too hard, burying some absolutely beautiful illustrations in a sea of chaotic storytelling.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008019-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Days of Brumalia\nThe 12 Days of Brumalia was an internet event presented by The Residents in 2004 through their website residents.com that resulted in an album of the same name. For 12 days, starting on December 25, a new song was posted on residents.com web site along with an illustration and a quote. On the 13th day, The Residents presented the epic musical work, The Feast of Epiphany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008019-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Days of Brumalia\nHomer Flynn of The Cryptic Corp has stated \"The Brumalia songs were a present for those who visited the site every day. It is not for those who didn't. It is not a gift for the world. Think about it, the Brumalia songs would still be on residents.com if we wished to have them shared. They should not be archived and shared.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008019-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Days of Brumalia\nRalph America collected the audio track for a CD release in the summer of 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008019-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Days of Brumalia\nThe 12 Days of Brumalia was reissued in November 2014 as a compilation with Prelude to \"The Teds\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008020-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Days of Terror\n12 Days of Terror is a 2004 television film directed by Jack Sholder and starring Colin Egglesfield, Mark Dexter, Jenna Harrison and John Rhys-Davies. Based on a true story, it revolves around the 1916 Jersey shark attacks, as recounted in the book of the same name by Richard Fernicola, in which a juvenile great white shark begins a series of attacks that takes place of the course of 12 days in New Jersey. It premiered on Animal Planet, and later on The Discovery Channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008020-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Days of Terror, Plot\nOn July 1st, 1916 in New Jersey during WWI, local lifeguard Alex Trednot (Colin Egglesfield) watches over one of the beaches. After being approached by best friend Stanley Fisher (Mark Dexter) and ex-girlfriend Alice (Jenna Harrison) on his opinion for a wedding cake as well as grilling fellow lifeguard Danny Bruder (Jean Michel Joubert), Alex rushes to save beachgoer Charles Van Sand, whom is being attacked by an unseen force. Alex and four other lifeguards rush to save him and find his left leg injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008020-0001-0001", "contents": "12 Days of Terror, Plot\nAlex believes it was a shark, but because he didn't see it clearly, his story is dismissed and the beaches remain opened. However, a local boat Captain (John Rhys-Davies) believes Alex, having hunted sharks much of his life. Alex visits a clothing store to convince Mayor Perillo (Patrick Lyster) to close the beaches, but he says he cannot unless the experts confirm it's a shark. This disappoints Alex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008020-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Days of Terror, Plot\nLater that evening, President Woodrow Wilson visits to the Jersey Shore (which is his home town) and gives a speech about change and safety from war. Commissioner Meel (Paul Ditchfiel), Alex's boss, once again assures Alex the attack won't happen again. Alice comes to Alex and asks him that, despite being happy for both her and Stan, if he has any regrets, to which he asks her the same. On July 7th, the day after Charles Van Sand died and six days since the attack, many more people came to the beaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008020-0002-0001", "contents": "12 Days of Terror, Plot\nWhen Danny goes out to retrieve two swimmers venturing too far from shore, he is attacked by the shark. Alex and other divers go to rescue him, but both his legs are gone and he dies. Alex approaches Meel and berates him, reminding him of what he said and how wrong he was. Alex quits as a result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008020-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Days of Terror, Plot\nIn New York City, wild animal wrangler Michael Schleisser (Jamie Bartlett) reads about the shark attacks and decides to go to New Jersey to find the shark. At a press conference, Museum Director Dr. Frederick Lucas (Roger Dwyer) and Ichthyologist Dr. John Nichols (Colin Stinton) address they're investigating the shark attacks and that precautions are being taken to prevent another shark attack. Meanwhile, Alex had been missing for two days. Stan finds him in a restaurant and tries to convince him to retake his job.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008020-0003-0001", "contents": "12 Days of Terror, Plot\nBut Alex refuses, saying he won't work for someone willing to let people get hurt for good business. After Stan leaves, Captain comes to Alex and offers him a job to help put up steal nets to prevent another shark attack. While putting the fence together, one of the people on Captain\u2019s boat thinks he sees the shark and fires into the water, unintentionally hitting one of the divers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008020-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Days of Terror, Plot\nWith the steal net in place, the beaches reopen. Schleisser eventually arrives in the Jersey Shore. A group of boys ask Stan to help them play baseball. Alex and Stan have a talk and the two forgive each other. Dr. Nichols meets with Alex and asks him about the shark. Elsewhere in a basket factory, Lester works on putting baskets together. His friends ask him to join them in the river, but Lester is working and isn't off yet until his dad says so. Captain stands atop a bridge and notices the shark swimming into Matawan Creek, up river. He makes a call about it, but is deemed crazy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008020-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Days of Terror, Plot\nCaptain goes up the river, eventually reaching a small town and tries to warn everybody to stay way from the river. However, Lester and his friends are attacked by the shark. Stan and his friends run to the river to save Lester. However, they do not find him. Captain finds Alex and warns him about the shark. Hours pass and even when putting a net to catch the boy, they still don\u2019t find the boy. The shark is still around and scrapes one of the men searching for Lester. Stan's friends give up, but Stan stays inside to find him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008020-0005-0001", "contents": "12 Days of Terror, Plot\nAfter a few moments, he finally finds Lester. The next instant, the shark attacks and Stan drops the boy. Alex beats the shark with a pebble, it lets go of Stan and swims away downstream back to the ocean. While Captain follows the shark, Alex rushes to get Stan to a doctor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008020-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Days of Terror, Plot\nA mother having a picnic with her daughters notices the shark coming downstream and notices a group of boys swimming. She tries to warn them, but one of them is attacked. Captain arrives in time and rams the shark, forcing it to release the boy. The shark swims away. While on a train on his way to a hospital, Stan dies from shock and bloodless. This event saddens both Alex and Alice. Men and women launch dynamite and fire winchesters into the river to strike at the shark. Later, on July 12th, Captain apparently \"captured\" the shark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008020-0006-0001", "contents": "12 Days of Terror, Plot\nAlex goes into a hotel and consults with Dr. Nicholes, who confirms that Alex is looking for a juvenile great white shark, although he considers the possibility of it being a bull shark since it swam upriver. Nicholes tells Alex to find the shark where it has been successful, but not to find it alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008020-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Days of Terror, Plot\nAlex meets Michael Schleisser and asks him about the shark. He confirms that he is not willing to kill the shark for money and doesn't want anyone else to be killed. Alex approaches Captain and confirms with him the shark he killed is the wrong shark. Feeling sympathy for the Captain since people called him crazy, Alex says that they can find the real shark. Alex and Captain go together to kill the shark. While searching for and even encountering the shark, Captain and Alex meet with Schleisser, who has a net under his small boat to capture the shark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008020-0007-0001", "contents": "12 Days of Terror, Plot\nThe shark finally appears and gets itself caught in the net. It tows Schleisser in its net, hoping it will tire itself out and die. At one point it stops and tips Schleisser over. Alex and Captain manage to save Schleisser and Alex traps the shark even more before it can escape. After several hours, the shark dies from exhaustion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008020-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Days of Terror, Plot\nThe group takes the shark back to land and hang it up for everybody to see. Dr. Nichols confirms it to be a juvenile great white. Alex asks Dr. Nichols about becoming an ichthyologist and says to meet him in his office. After that, Alex and Alice get back together. After the shark was finally captured offshore, an autopsy was performed, and it is said that 15 pounds of human flesh with bones were found in its stomach. In the end, four people were killed, a fifth badly injured, and Lester's remains were never recovered. Because a propensity for human flesh is unnatural in sharks, scientists are still investigating why this shark did what it did.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008021-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Deadly Days\n12 Deadly Days is a 2016 American comedy horror anthology series produced exclusively for YouTube Red, it was created by Chris Cullari and Jennifer Raite and starred Anna Akana, Jon Fletcher, J. Claude Deering, and Kaitlin Doubleday and other Internet personalities. The series premiered on December 12, 2016. The season finale was released on December 22, 2016. The 12 episodes series is produced by Blumhouse Television and Dakota Pictures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008021-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Deadly Days\nThe series is set in the cursed town of Saturn, California, during the 12 days leading up to Christmas. Filmed in Pomona, CA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos\n12 Disc\u00edpulos (English: 12 Disciples) is the fifth studio album by Puerto Rican recording artist Eddie Dee. It was released on January 29, 2004 and independently distributed by Diamond Music. 12 Disc\u00edpulos features eleven other reggaeton musicians, who were among the most requested in the genre at the time. These include Daddy Yankee, along with Ivy Queen, Tego Calder\u00f3n, Voltio, Vico C, Zion & Lennox, Nicky Jam, Johnny Prez, Gallego, and Wiso G.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos\nThe album features production collaborations with several Puerto Rican music producers including DJ Adam, DJ David, DJ Urba & Monserrate, Ecko, Gran Omar, Luny Tunes, Mr. G, The Majestic, Noriega, Rafi Mercenario and Santana. Recording and production occurred in Dee's home studio in Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, during much of late 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos\nThe album spawned four singles, the lead which included all twelve of the featured performers. It was followed by \"Punto y Aparte\", \"Si Tu No Cuidas Tu Mujer\" and \"Taladro\". On the Billboard Latin Albums chart, the album peaked at number five, on the Billboard Tropical Albums chart, it peaked at number one for three inconsecutive weeks. It also managed to reach number eighteen on the Billboard Independent Albums chart. The album's commercial success promoted Machete Music to pick up the album for a special edition rerelease on December 13, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos, Background\nPrior to releasing 12 Disc\u00edpulos, Eddie Dee had previously released four studio albums, Eddie Dee and the Ghetto Crew (1993), Tagwut (1997),  El Terrorista De La L\u00edrica (2000) and 2001's Biograf\u00eda. Dee began making television appearances dancing and performing in 1993. Three years later, Dee released his debut studio album Eddie Dee and the Ghetto Crew. Following the album, he began gaining popularity within Puerto Rico by collaborating with other artists. 1997's Tagwut featured the hit single, \"Senor Oficial\". The song detailed \"the injustices that young Puerto Rican men suffered at the hands of the police.\" It was a commercial success, reaching number one in Puerto Rico. The record won him the Puerto Rican Rap and Reggae Award for Best Lyrics of 1997. His two subsequent studio albums also enjoyed underground success. Dee then began recording material for his fifth studio album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos, Recording and production\nEddie Dee himself installed a recording studio inside his own home in Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, where the album was recorded and produced. Production of the album was handled by a variety of Puerto Rican musical producers. It included production from DJ Adam, DJ David, DJ Urba & Monserrate, Ecko, Gran Omar, Luny Tunes, Mr. G, The Majestic, Noriega, Rafi Mercenario and Santana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos, Recording and production\nExecutive production for the track \"Que Es La Que Hay\" was handled by Ivy Queen and overall executive production was handled by Eddie Dee and Iv\u00e1n Joy for Diamond Music. The vocals of Glory and Valerie Morales were used in the recording and production of some of the songs off the album. Esteban Pi\u00f1ero served as the album's mastering engineer. The album's creative design was handled by Holly Chen and photography was taken by Gary Bonderenko.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos, Release and promotion\n12 Disc\u00edpulos was independently released physically on January 29, 2004 by Diamond Music in the United States and Puerto Rico. It was released two days after the release of Ivy Queen's Diva Platinum Edition. Due to the album's commercial success, the album was picked by Machete Music and re-released on December 13, 2005. It was released digitally on July 25, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos, Release and promotion\nThe album's lead single was performed live at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2005. The performance began with a video presentation of H\u00e9ctor Lavoe's 1972 hit \"Quitate Tu Pa' Ponerme Yo\". It was then followed by Gallego introducing the song with \"Those were the masters, we are the twelve disciples\". Amid screams, Vico C followed delivering his verse. Eddie Dee followed who was succeeded by an unexpected Tego Calder\u00f3n. One by one, Voltio and Zion sang the chorus. Ivy Queen then delivered her verse, which according to Univision, made her the queen of the night. She was followed by Johnny Prez, Tito \"El Bambino\" and Lennox. The performance ended with a standing ovation from the public. During the performance, each performer wore a shirt with a picture of the salsa singer in which they most identified with.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos, Songs and repertoire\nThe album opens with \"Intro \u2013 12 Disc\u00edpulos\" (\"Intro \u2013 12 Disciples\"), in which all twelve featured artists collaborated. They were united \"as one on a reggaet\u00f3n track and showed that unity is needed for this genre to evolve and survive\". The song's musical aesthetics lean heavily toward salsa. \"Cuando Es\" (\"When Is It? \"), performed by Eddie Dee, features sensual vocals by Glory. Dee opened the door for Glory, as she later was featured on \"collaborations with the genre's most important and influential recording artists.\" \"Donde Hubo Fuego\" (\"Where There Was Fire\") is performed by Daddy Yankee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0008-0001", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos, Songs and repertoire\nThe song also features vocals by Glory, along with vocals by Valerie Morales. Following Morales\u2019 success with her debut single \"Te Exitare\", she was contacted by Dee who told her he wanted her to sing on a song from him. This was turned into \"Donde Hubo Fuego\". Raymond Acosta also contributes his vocals to the chorus of \"Donde Hubo Fuego\". The song is followed by Tego Calder\u00f3n's \"Punto y Aparte\" (\"Final and Apart\"). Lyrically, Calder\u00f3n explains that his style is from the street, but at the same time elegant. The song speaks of violence in Puerto Rican projects. The song has been covered by several artists including Abaya on his 2005 album Pura Cosa Buena, Boricua Boys on their third studio album Urban vs Reggaet\u00f3n (2005), and Los Reggaetronics on their debut studio album 50 Best of Reggaet\u00f3n (2009).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos, Songs and repertoire\n\"Se Te Apag\u00f3 El Bling Bling\" (\"Your Bling-Bling Got Turned Off\") is performed by Vico C. On the special edition release of the album, the track appears remixed by DJ Adam. Zion & Lennox's \"Tienes Que Hacerlo\" (You Have To Do It) is featured as track six and appears remixed by Santana on the special edition release of the album. \"Tu y Yo\" (\"You and I\"), performed by Nicky Jam, follows with a running time of two minutes and forty-two seconds. Eddie Dee's \"Si Tu", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0009-0001", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos, Songs and repertoire\nNo Cuidas Tu Mujer\" (\"If You Don\u2019t Take Care of Your Woman\") serves as the album's third single. The song's lyrics advise to take care of your woman, or another man will. Eddie Dee sings \"The one who conquers the one you love, he'll keep your chair, your plate, your bathroom, your home, your woman, and you bed. It'll be too late when you realize, that what she told you was true. And that someone will be the one to see how your children grow up\". Raymond Acosta also contributed his vocals to \"Si Tu No Cuidas Tu Mujer\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos, Songs and repertoire\nVoltio follows with \"Atrevida Bandolera\" (\"Bold Outlaw\"). The song also appears on the special edition release remixed by Santana. The lone female performer on the album delivers \"Que Es La Que Hay\" (What's It Gonna Be? ), produced by Noriega and Rafi Mercenario. Lyrically, Ivy Queen reassures that she can handle her own in any situation that may arise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0010-0001", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos, Songs and repertoire\nIn the lyrics, she tells someone to \"Go tell your friend not to fuck with the bitch, she is mistaken, and is looking for a war, tell her we'll give it to her real hard, I walk with my combo, and are they are crazy to be loosed\". Ivy Queen explained to the Dominican Times, that the song is proof of her inner strength as a person. She continued by saying that \"this philosophy is the present reality that we live in the world and especially in Puerto Rico\". The song was later featured on Machete Music's Reggaet\u00f3n Diamond Collection (2005), which peaked at number fifty-seven on the Billboard Latin Albums chart and number twelve on the Billboard Latin Rhythm Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0011-0000", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos, Songs and repertoire\nJohnny Prez is featured next with \"Nebuleando Conmigo\" (\"Conspiring With Me\"). Veteran reggaet\u00f3n recording artist Wiso G appears with \"Medley 2004\". Eddie Dee closes the album with \"S\u00e1came El Guante\" (\"Get The Glove Off Me\"), in which Lennox contributes his vocals. \"Censuarme\" performed by Eddie Dee speaks of violence and poverty as it relates to Dee's personal experiences. Lyrically, he also claims that society criticizes him for being a rapper. He later criticizes the Puerto Rican senate's attempts to ban reggaeton music. Among other subjects, the song also addresses government corruption and media censorship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0011-0001", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos, Songs and repertoire\nThe song also identifies and explores racial differences as well as the criminalization of the African American community. \"Taladro\", (\"The Drill\"), performed by Eddie Dee in collaboration with Daddy Yankee opens the special edition release of the 12 Disc\u00edpulos. It was released as the fourth and final single off the album. La Secta's \"La Locura Automatica\" appears second featuring Eddie Dee. A salsa remix of the lead single appears as a bonus track on the special edition release, renamed \"Quitate Tu Pa' Ponerme Yo\" (\"Get Out The Way, So I Can Take Your Place\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0012-0000", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos, Reception, Commercial\nIn its first three weeks of release, the album sold over 70,000 copies in Puerto Rico alone. On the week of 7 February 2004, the album debuted at number five on the Billboard Latin Albums chart, becoming the charts \"Hot Shot Debut\". On the Billboard Tropical Albums chart, it debuted at number one for the week of 7 February 2004. Ironically, two weeks later, the album was displaced by Ivy Queen's Diva Platinum Edition. The two releases exchanged positions over the subsequent weeks. It also managed to debut and peak at number eighteen on the Billboard Independent Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0012-0001", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos, Reception, Commercial\nThe album's lead single received a nomination for \"Tropical Airplay Track of the Year, New Artist\" at the 2005 Billboard Latin Music Award. On the Billboard Tropical Songs chart, the song debuted at number twenty-eight for the week of 1 May 2004. It peaked at number eight for the week of 15 May 2005. \"Punto y Aparte\" debuted at number thirty-four on the Billboard Tropical Songs chart at number thirty-four for the week of 23 October 2005. It peaked at number thirteen for the week of 26 February 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0012-0002", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos, Reception, Commercial\nThe final single, \"Taladro\", debuted at number thirty-six on the Billboard Tropical Songs chart, for the week of 25 March 2006. It peaked at number twenty-two for the week of 8 April 2006. The song also debuted at number thirty-nine on the Billboard Latin Rhythm Songs chart, for the week of 14 January 2006. It peaked at number twenty-nine for the week of 25 April 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0013-0000", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos, Reception, Critical\nThe album received mainly positive reviews from critics and has been proclaimed as \"the greatest reggaeton various artists album of all times.\" According to Allmusic's Evan Guttierrez, 12 Disc\u00edpulos was Dee's most notable achievement, outweighing the \"immense underground successes\" of his four previous studio efforts. The magazine Dominican Times gave the album a positive review and selected the intro, Tego Calder\u00f3n's \"Punto y Aparte\", Gallego's \"12 Meses\", and Ivy Queen's \"Que Es La Que Hay\" as album highlights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008022-0013-0001", "contents": "12 Disc\u00edpulos, Reception, Critical\nAn editor for the magazine stated that \"by just listening to the album, you realize that this album is going to be historic in the genre of reggaeton.\" He cited the quality of the songs and collaboration of the artists as being the album's strongpoints. He ended by stating that the album \"is the CD to get the party going\" and awarded the album four and a half stars out of five. An editor for Bulb Magazine selected the album as one of reggaet\u00f3n's most classic albums in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008023-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Division (Sri Lanka)\nThe 12 Division is an infantry division of the Sri Lanka Army. Based at the Hambantota, it is responsible for the maintenance of capability for the defence of the Port of Hambantota. It is also responsible for carrying out training and administrative work. It was established 4 February 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008024-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Downing Street\n12 Downing Street is one of the buildings situated on Downing Street in the City of Westminster in London, England. It has been traditionally used as the office of the Chief Whip although the upper floor forms part of the residential apartment for the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. It has been owned and used by the Crown since 1803, first housing the Judge Advocate General of the Armed Forces and then the Colonial Office, before the office of the Chief Whip moved into the premises in 1879 until 2001. It is a Grade II listed building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008024-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Downing Street, Current use\nThe offices of the Prime Minister in 10 Downing Street have spread into 12 Downing Street, connected by a corridor which runs through 11 Downing Street. Under the current government the building is being used to house the Prime Minister's Press Office and Strategic Communications Unit. Although historically the house was used as the office of the Chief Whip, that is now located in 9 Downing Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008024-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Downing Street, Historical use\nThe land on which 12 Downing Street is built was first sold by Charles Downing to James Steadman in 1723. The house was then sold in 1772 to William Maseres, who leased it three years later to Henry Hunt. This lease was bought out by Simon Frazer, who also acquired Maseres' stake in the property. After Frazer's death in 1783, it was sold by the executors to James Martin, who in turn sold it to the East India Company in 1803. It was purchased that year by the Crown, and was first used to house the Judge Advocate General of the Armed Forces. In 1827, it was taken over by the Colonial Office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008024-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Downing Street, Historical use\nWhen Downing Street was remodelled in 1846, the houses at 10, 11 and 12 were joined together as a single overall building, No. 12 continuing to accommodate the Colonial Office. After that moved out in 1879, the house at 12 Downing Street was for many decades used as the office of the Chief Whip of the Government, and also for parliamentary dinners. Herbert Gladstone, the son of then-Chancellor of the Exchequer William Ewart Gladstone, was born at 12 Downing Street in 1854. Herbert later became Home Secretary and the first Governor-General of the Union of South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008024-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Downing Street, Historical use\nDuring the First World War the premises were the headquarters of the Parliamentary Recruitment Committee. It was formed across parties, and managed by the three Chief Whips during the Asquith coalition ministry of 1915\u201316. Following the breakup of the coalition government, the Liberal Party Chief Whip John Gulland was blamed in some parts of the media for disconnecting the phone line running to 12 Downing Street. This was denied, and a statement was issued to say that \"At no time was the telephone temporarily disconnected.\" The building became Grade II listed on 14 January 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008024-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Downing Street, Historical use\nThe residency of the Chief Whips at 12 Downing Street ended in 2001, when Press Secretary Alastair Campbell was moved there from an office in 10 Downing Street by Prime Minister Tony Blair. The Whips were moved to 9 Downing Street, previously only known as the Privy Council building. During Gordon Brown's period as Prime Minister, he moved the Press Office back out of 12 Downing Street and instead used it as an open-plan office for himself and his key advisers, because it contained an individual space large enough for him and his advisers\u2014something not available in 10 Downing Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0000-0000", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street\n12 East 53rd Street, also the Fisk\u2013Harkness House, is a building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is along the south side of 53rd Street between Madison Avenue and Fifth Avenue. The six-story building was designed by Griffith Thomas and was constructed in 1871. It was redesigned in the Tudor-inspired Gothic Revival style in 1906 by Raleigh C. Gildersleeve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0001-0000", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street\nThe house had originally been designed as a four-story brownstone townhouse with a stoop, a raised basement, and a flat roof behind a galvanized-iron cornice. The present appearance of the house is a limestone structure designed in the Tudor-inspired Gothic Revival style. The asymmetrical facade contains two vertical bays, with a large main entrance on the left (east) bay and a triangular dormer on the right (west) bay. The interior floors of Thomas's original design were substantially altered to allow the three middle stories to have tall ceilings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0002-0000", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street\nThe house was constructed for banking executive Charles Moran as a rowhouse with a brownstone facade, and a rear extension was constructed in the 1880s. The house was remodeled for Harvey and Mary Fisk, who bought the house in 1905. The Fisks sold it four years later to William Harkness and his wife Edith Harkness, the latter of whom sold the house in 1923. The house was then used for commercial tenants including art dealer Proctor & Company, the Automobile Club of America, and art dealer Symons Galleries. Since 1964 the building has been owned by LIM College. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the house as an official landmark in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0003-0000", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, Site\n12 East 53rd Street is in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is along the southern sidewalk of 55th Street between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue. The land lot is slightly irregular and covers 4,250 square feet (395\u00a0m2), with a frontage of 37.5 feet (11.4\u00a0m) and a maximum depth of 119.42 feet (36.40\u00a0m). The western section of the house extends only 100 feet (30\u00a0m) deep and is 12.5 feet (3.8\u00a0m) wide, while the eastern section of the house extends the full depth and is 25 feet (7.6\u00a0m) wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0003-0001", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, Site\nThe house is overhung by the adjacent office building at 510 Madison Avenue, finished in 2010. The house is across the street from Paley Park to the north and is on the same city block as the Omni Berkshire Place hotel to the southeast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0003-0002", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, Site\nOther nearby locations include 660 Fifth Avenue to the west; the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) to the northwest; the William H. Moore House to the north; the DuMont Building and Hotel Elys\u00e9e to the northeast; 488 Madison Avenue and the John Peirce Residence to the south; and the Olympic Tower, Cartier Building, and 647 Fifth Avenue to the southwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0004-0000", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, Site\nFifth Avenue between 42nd Street and Central Park South (59th Street) was relatively undeveloped through the late 19th century. The surrounding area was once part of the common lands of the city of New York. The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 established Manhattan's street grid with lots measuring 100 feet (30\u00a0m) deep and 25 feet (7.6\u00a0m) wide. Upscale residences were constructed around Fifth Avenue following the American Civil War. The block of East 53rd Street from Fifth to Madison Avenues was only sporadically developed until the late 1870s, and it had brownstone residences by 1886.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0005-0000", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, Design\nThe house had originally been designed by Griffith Thomas, of the firm T. Thomas & Son, as a four-story brownstone townhouse with a stoop, raised basement, and a flat roof behind a galvanized-iron cornice. The present appearance of the house was designed by Raleigh Colston Gildersleeve for businessman Harvey Edward Fisk. The current house is six stories tall, with a limestone facade designed in the Tudor-inspired Gothic Revival style. The interior floors of Thomas's original design were substantially altered to allow the three middle stories to have tall ceilings. The building is known as \"the Townhouse\", part of the campus of LIM College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0006-0000", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, Design, Facade\nThe building's 53rd Street facade is asymmetrical and is divided into two vertical bays. At ground level, the main entrance portal is a four-centered arch in the left bay, which includes a wood-and-metal double door. The main entrance is topped by a crocketed molding and flanked by stepped buttresses. The right bay contains a show window above a metal grille, which dates to a 1922 renovation. The far right portion of the facade has a secondary entrance with a metal-and-glass door. In the initial design, the house's entrance on a stoop slightly above ground. as in other rowhouses, and the stoop was placed on one side of the facade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0007-0000", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, Design, Facade\nThe second through fourth stories generally contain leaded-glass windows as well as vertical stone mullions and horizontal stone transoms. On the second story, the eastern (left) bay is topped by tracery, while the western (right) bay contains a window inside a Tudor arch. The stone tracery, mullions, and transoms on the right bay of the second story have been removed. A flagpole projects from the center of the second story. On the third and fourth stories, the left bay has simpler windows than the right bay, which is placed within a two-story oriel window.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0007-0001", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, Design, Facade\nThe fifth story has a balustrade and balcony on the left bay, behind which is a flat copper roof and a dormer window. On the fifth story, the right bay has a gable with two dormer windows, above which is a parapet and crenellations; the right bay is topped by a pinnacle. The western and eastern facades are party walls that are painted to resemble the limestone facade; the western party wall has a chimney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0008-0000", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, Design, Features\nAccording to the New York City Department of City Planning, the building has a gross floor area of 18,934 square feet (1,759.0\u00a0m2). The atypically deep lot allowed the construction of three deep rooms in the rear. The main floor had a large reception room in front, a large music room in the middle, and a dining room at the rear that was lit from all sides. The ceilings of these rooms were about as high as two stories of an average dwelling. The reception room probably had a staircase at the center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0008-0001", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, Design, Features\nThe house's other floors had similar high ceilings. The house as a whole was originally designed with Tudor-style furnishings to complement the exterior. When the Fisk family occupied the house, it contained European artifacts such as tapestries, furniture, and paintings, which formed an atmosphere that historian Andrew Dolkart describes as \"olde English\". These objects also served as a symbol of the Fisks' cultural tastes and wealth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0009-0000", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, Design, Features\nWhen the building was converted into a clubhouse for the Automobile Club of America in 1925, the second story was redesigned as a restaurant and the decorative ceiling was kept. The third floor was refitted as the lounge, library, card rooms, and a large sitting room. The fourth story was arranged with men's and women's baths, lockers, and dressing rooms. The basement had the general supply department; the main floors had the touring, supply, and map departments; and the upper stories had executive offices. The house was renovated into the showroom of art dealer Symons Galleries in 1938; tapestries, paintings, porcelains, bronze objects, Gothic art, and Renaissance jewelry were displayed in different rooms. One room with carved oak and a stone mantel was devoted to Jacobean culture, while another was devoted to French culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0010-0000", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, History, Early history\nThe site of 12 East 53rd Street was acquired in 1871 by Charles Moran, member of the banking firm Moran Brothers. In June 1871, he bought a lot on the south side of 53rd Street about 250 feet (76\u00a0m) east of Fifth Avenue, with a frontage of 12.5 feet (3.8\u00a0m) and a depth of 100 feet (30\u00a0m). The next month, Moran acquired a lot immediately to the west, measuring 50 by 100 feet (15 by 30\u00a0m), and an adjacent lot at 11 East 52nd Street, measuring 25 by 100 feet (7.6 by 30.5\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0010-0001", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, History, Early history\nMoran intended to use the lots along 52nd Street for his horse stables. Griffith Thomas was hired to design a four-story brownstone townhouse for Moran on 53rd Street. The house's site originally measured 37.5 by 100 feet (11.4 by 30.5\u00a0m). During the mid-1880s, the lot's depth was extended by 19 feet (5.8\u00a0m). This allowed the construction of a rear annex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0011-0000", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, History, Early history\nMoran died at his house in 1895 and bequeathed his estate to his widow Arabella and four children. The following March, Douglas Robinson & Co. sold Moran's 53rd Street house as well as his 52nd Street stables. The house was then occupied by Walter G. Oakman. When the Oakman family lived in the house, it hosted events such as an annual meeting for the Society of Colonial Dames of the State of New York, as well as a discussion of political affairs in Crete. The executors of the Moran estate sold the house in 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0011-0001", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, History, Early history\nArchitecture firm Hert & Tallant filed plans for renovations in 1902, which were projected to cost $5,000. Oakman was reported to have sold the house in May 1905. Around the same time, the ownership of the house at 12 East 53rd Street and the stables at 11 East 52nd Street was split, and the lot line between the two buildings was shifted about 19 feet (5.8\u00a0m) south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0012-0000", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, History, Fisk and Harkness residence\nHarvey Edward Fisk and his wife Mary Fisk were recorded in June 1905 as the new owners of the house. They hired Raleigh Colston Gildersleeve to renovate the house extensively, as well as to design a country estate in Elberon, New Jersey. Plans for the renovation, projected to cost $25,000, were filed in November 1905. The improvements included extending the building forward by 8.5 feet (2.6\u00a0m); adding a story to the rear; and installing new stairs, an electric elevator, a new facade, and an interior structure. The facade was redesigned in the neo-Tudor style with Gothic design elements. Contracts for the work had not been awarded at the time. Work started in January 1906 and was completed that August. The Fisk family lived in the house for only four years before they had to sell it to raise money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0013-0000", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, History, Fisk and Harkness residence\nThe building was sold in October 1909 to lawyer William L. Harkness, a cousin of Standard Oil executive Edward Harkness, along with William's wife Edith. The price was recorded as being either $375,000 or $400,000. The New York Times described the building as \"one of the finest residences in the Fifth Avenue section\". The Harkness family hosted events at the house, including a fundraising benefit for a nursery and a debutante event for William and Edith's daughter Louise. William Harkness died at his country house in Glen Cove, New York, in 1919. He left half of his estate, including the 12 East 53rd Street house and the Glen Cove country house, to Edith. Their children Louise and William Hale Harkness received the other half of the estate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0014-0000", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, History, Commercial uses\nIn November 1921, the 12 East 53rd Street house was sold to art dealer Proctor & Company. Edith Harkness had been asking $400,000 for the property. Proctor & Company planned extensive alterations to the house before it moved in. Proctor & Company may have removed the original tracery and added a show window during this renovation. The company occupied 12 East 53rd Street for only two years before selling it in December 1923 to the Automobile Club of America, which planned to renovate the building into their clubhouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0014-0001", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, History, Commercial uses\nThe Fisk\u2013Harkness House had 28,000 square feet (2,600\u00a0m2), which represented an increase of 8,000 square feet (740\u00a0m2) over the club's existing space in the automobile district south of Columbus Circle. Furthermore, 12 East 53rd Street was close to several other clubhouses along Fifth Avenue, including those of the University Club, Union Club, Calumet Club, Knickerbocker Club, and Metropolitan Club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0015-0000", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, History, Commercial uses\nThe Automobile Club of America received a $190,000 mortgage on the building in early 1924. After undergoing $100,000 worth of renovations, the clubhouse was dedicated in April 1925. The clubhouse was among the locations where New York license plates were distributed. Events hosted at the house included a luncheon with a League of Nations Non-Partisan Association official, an annual session of the National Highway Traffic Administration, as well as bridge games and tea dances. The club had a peak membership of 6,000, but following the Great Depression in the United States, several thousand members left the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0015-0001", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, History, Commercial uses\nAs a result, in January 1932, the Automobile Club's governors voted to dissolve the club. The building was placed for sale at a foreclosure auction that August, and it was sold to the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York for $50,000. 12 East 53rd Street might have been vacant for six years after the foreclosure sale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0016-0000", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, History, Commercial uses\nIn August 1937, an apartment in the building was leased to Lucile Cody. The house was then leased in February 1938 to art dealer Symons Galleries Inc. The art dealer moved into the building that May after an extensive renovation. The stone mullions and transoms on the second-story window may have been removed during this time. By 1940, the upper floors were redesigned with apartments. The Mutual Life Insurance Company continued to own the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0016-0001", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, History, Commercial uses\nThe structures at 4 to 12 East 53rd Street, as well as the Frances Building at the southeast corner of 53rd Street and Fifth Avenue, were acquired in November 1943 by Robert W. Dowling of the City Investing Company. Advertising agency Maxon Inc. purchased the building from Dowling in December 1948, intending to use the structure for its own offices. Symons Galleries sold off its products in May 1949 in preparation for its relocation to smaller quarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008025-0017-0000", "contents": "12 East 53rd Street, History, Commercial uses\nMaxon Inc. moved into 12 East 53rd Street in January 1950 while renovations were still ongoing. Maxon Inc. continued to occupy the building until November 1964, when it sold the house to the Laboratory Institute of Merchandising, later LIM College. The college intended to renovate the building for its own use. LIM moved into the building afterward and continued to occupy it for the rest of the 20th century. 12 East 53rd Street became known as \"the Townhouse\", and LIM continued to occupy the house even after buying other structures for its campus in the 2000s. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building as a landmark in 2011. As of 2021, the house still serves as a LIM College building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008026-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Endeavour Square\n12 Endeavour Square, also known as 1 Westfield Avenue, is a commercial building within the International Quarter London in Stratford, London, occupied by the Financial Conduct Authority and UNICEF. It was completed in 2018, its developers were Lendlease and LCR, and its architect was Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008027-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Fantasias for Solo Flute (Telemann)\nGeorg Philipp Telemann's 12 fantaisies \u00e0 traversi\u00e8re sans basse, 12 Fantasias for Solo Flute, TWV 40:2\u201313, were published in Hamburg in 1732\u201333. An extant copy of the publication, conserved in Brussels, has a spurious title page reading Fantasie per il Violino senza Basso (Fantasias for Solo Violin). The set is one of Telemann's collections of fantasias for unaccompanied instruments, the others being a set of thirty-six for harpsichord, also published in 1732\u201333, and two sets published in 1735: twelve for solo violin and twelve for viola da gamba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008027-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Fantasias for Solo Flute (Telemann)\nTelemann's solo flute fantasias are alone in the Baroque repertoire to include movements seemingly impossible on flute: fugues (fantasias\u00a02, 6, and 8\u201311), a French overture (fantasia\u00a07) and a passacaglia (fantasia\u00a05). In 2012, an arrangement for viola solo was published by Euprint. In this arrangement, through the use of double stops, some many-voiced parts appear as real polyphonic pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008027-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Fantasias for Solo Flute (Telemann), Structure\nThe collection is arranged by key, progressing more or less stepwise from A major to G minor. Telemann deliberately avoided keys that are impractical on the one-key flute, i.e. B major, C minor, F minor and F-sharp major. There are two ways to view the overall structure of the collection: one way, in which the work is divided into two parts, is suggested by the fact that Fantasia 7 begins with a French overture, indicating a start of a new section. This device was also later used by Johann Sebastian Bach in Variation 16 of his Goldberg Variations. Another was proposed by scholar Wolfgang Hirschmann: there are four modal groups of three fantasias: major-minor-minor, major-major-minor, major-minor-major, and minor-major-minor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008028-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Fantasias for Solo Violin (Telemann)\nGeorg Philipp Telemann's collection of 12 Fantasias for Solo Violin, TWV 40:14\u201325, was published in Hamburg in 1735. It is one of Telemann's collections of music for unaccompanied instruments, the others being twelve fantasias for solo flute and thirty-six for solo harpsichord that were published in Hamburg in 1732\u201333, as well as a set of twelve fantasias for solo viola da gamba that was published in the same city in 1735, but were considered lost until a copy of the print was found in a private collection in 2015 by viola da gamba player and musicologist Thomas Fritzsch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008028-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Fantasias for Solo Violin (Telemann)\nThis scheme does not resemble that of the twelve flute fantasies, which progress in a roughly stepwise direction from A major to G minor. However, some overall structure seems to be implied: the first movement of Fantasia 7 subtly references the opening of the first fantasia in the collection, indicating that Telemann possibly conceived this work as two groups of 6 fantasias. He has, indeed, described the collection as \"12 fantasias ... of which 6 include fugues and 6 are Galanterien\", with \"fugues\" referencing the contrapuntal style of certain fantasias.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008028-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Fantasias for Solo Violin (Telemann)\nTelemann's violin fantasias exhibit mastery of not only compound melodic lines, but also of idiomatic writing for violin, as Telemann himself was a self-taught violinist. Much of the music reveals the influence of Italian sonatas and concertos, but the typical tendency of German solo violin music to rely on polyphony is still present: fantasias 2, 3, 5, 6, and 10 all include fugues and employ much double-stopping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008029-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Fantasias for Viola da Gamba (Telemann)\nGeorg Philipp Telemann's collection of Twelve Fantasias for Viola da Gamba Solo, TWV 40:26\u201337, was published in Hamburg in 1735, titled Fantaisies pour la Basse de Violle. The fantasias for viola da gamba were considered lost until an original print was found in a private collection in 2015. They were published by Edition G\u00fcntersberg in 2016, and first recorded and performed again by Thomas Fritzsch the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008029-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Fantasias for Viola da Gamba (Telemann), History\nTelemann printed the fantasias for viola da gamba in 1735 in his own publishing house in Hamburg. He undertook self-publishing, offering works by subscription: His subscriber lists include buyers from Amsterdam, London and Paris. He offered a 20% discount to subscribers to the fantasias. The fantasias are among Telemann's collections of music for unaccompanied instruments, with others being twelve fantasias for solo flute (1732/33), twelve fantasias for solo violin (1735), and thirty-six pieces for harpsichord (1732\u201333).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008029-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Fantasias for Viola da Gamba (Telemann), History\nBased on research by the French musicologist Fran\u00e7ois-Pierre Goy, the fantasias, which had been thought to be lost, were found in 2015 in an archive of the State Archive of Lower Saxony in Osnabr\u00fcck. The archive held a complete copy of the music printed by Telemann in 1735 in the private collection from Schloss Ledenburg, now called Ledenburg Collection. The fantasias were published by Edition G\u00fcntersberg in 2016, with a facsimile of Telemann's print. After their discovery, the fantasias were first performed by the gambist Thomas Fritzsch, who is also a musicologist teaching at the Leipzig University. Fritzsch played them for the first time after their rediscovery in two concerts as part of the 23rd Magdeburger Telemann-Festtage on 19 and 20 March 2016, along with a recording (made at the abbey church of Zscheiplitz) and the presentation of the edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 917]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008029-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Fantasias for Viola da Gamba (Telemann), Music\nWritten at a time when the instrument was no longer fashionable, Telemann had to compose with imagination to attract buyers. A reviewer of Gramophone notes: \"Telemann presents a cornucopia of broken chords, unison and contrapuntal writing, passagework and even some plucking; there\u2019s also a nod to the fashion tussle of the time between the fugal and the galant style\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 49], "content_span": [50, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008029-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Fantasias for Viola da Gamba (Telemann), Performances, arrangement and recordings\nThe fantasias have been performed internationally after their rediscovery, especially in 2017, celebrating 250 years after the composer died. The flutist Monika Mandelartz arranged the fantasias for her instrument, saying that they are \"complex, musically rich pieces, albeit not immediately understandable to the performer\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 84], "content_span": [85, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008029-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Fantasias for Viola da Gamba (Telemann), Performances, arrangement and recordings\nJonathan Dunford recorded the fantasias in two volumes, one in April 2016, the second in May that year, and he played excerpts in lectures for France Musique in July 2016. The fantasias were recorded by Robert Smith in 2017. A reviewer of The Guardian noted the compositions' \"astonishing range\" in character between \"infectious jollity\" and \"depths of despair\", and attest that the player \"navigates each piece with clear-eyed musicality, always weaving a beautifully sonorous, coherent line through Telemann\u2019s rich invention\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 84], "content_span": [85, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008029-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Fantasias for Viola da Gamba (Telemann), Award\nFritzsch was awarded the Echo Klassik 2017 in the category Welterstauff\u00fchrung (World Premiere Recording) for his first recording of the fantasias.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 49], "content_span": [50, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008030-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Farvardin Square (Shiraz)\n12 Farvardin Square is a square in southern Shiraz, Iran where Jannat Street (Shishegari) and Artesh Boulevard meet each other. It goes to Fahmideh Square from the west and to Rahmat Highway from the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008031-0000-0000", "contents": "12 February 2007 Baghdad bombings\nTwo car bombs exploded in Baghdad, Iraq at 12:20 on 12 February 2007 in the Shorja market district, killing 76 people, and injuring 155\u2013180.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008031-0001-0000", "contents": "12 February 2007 Baghdad bombings\nThe explosions set market stalls, shops, and an adjoining 7-storey building on fire, causing further casualties, and local fire-crews struggled for hours to extinguish the flames. The collapse of a building was also reported. The injured were taken to the nearby Al-Kindi hospital, which struggled to cope with the influx, and more casualties are expected from injuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008031-0002-0000", "contents": "12 February 2007 Baghdad bombings, Al-Askari anniversary\nThe bombings happened during 15 minutes of state endorsed silence, to mark the anniversary of the Al-Askari Mosque bombing in Samarra, which prompted heavy bloodshed. The Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki was participating in a televised ceremony remembering the victims of the attack, and was speaking when the blasts occurred, only two miles away. Al-Maliki had been calling for calm, unity and reconciliation, and had said that the Iraqi Security Forces were regaining control of Iraq's security situation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008032-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Feet Deep\n12 Feet Deep (originally titled The Deep End) is a 2017 American psychological horror-thriller film written and directed by Matt Eskandari and starring Alexandra Park, Nora-Jane Noone, Tobin Bell and Diane Farr. It was distributed by Mar Vista Entertainment. The film was released on June 20, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008032-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Feet Deep, Plot\nBree (Nora-Jane Noone) decides to go for a swim at the Ketea Aquatic Center. The pool manager, McGradey (played by Tobin Bell), later hangs signs around the pool mentioning that the pool is closing up for the holiday. Bree is later joined by her drug-addicted sister, Jonna  (Alexandra Park) in the pool and connect over a competition in college.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008032-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Feet Deep, Plot\nMeanwhile, the janitor of the aquatic center, Clara (Diane Farr), an ex-convict on parole is caught by McGradey attempting to steal from the lost and found. She is later laid off and is told to clean up before leaving. McGradey then eagerly tells all swimmers to leave as they prepare to close. Bree and Jonna reluctantly do so. While packing up, Bree realizes that her engagement ring is missing, after attempting to show Jonna. Jonna sees the ring stuck in the metal grate at the bottom of the pool and both dive in to retrieve it. The manager thinks everyone has left the pool and decides to close up, failing to notice the women in the deep end of the pool. He engages the pool cover and leaves for the day with the two women trapped inside the pool.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008032-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Feet Deep, Plot\nThe women are terrified and unsuccessfully attempt to escape. Shortly afterward, Jonna reveals that she is secretly jealous of Bree's successful lifestyle and recent engagement and that she pulled the ring from Bree's bag and threw it in the pool. Bree is initially angry with her sister but her anger is short-lived. Bree also talks about her past with her abusive alcoholic and drug addicted father. She also opens up about the fire which led to his death. Bree reveals that she is diabetic and requires a shot, or there is a possibility that she might slip into a diabetic coma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008032-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Feet Deep, Plot\nThe janitor, preparing to leave, is surprised to see the two women trapped underneath the pool cover. Leading the women to believe she is going to help them, she picks up Bree's bag, taking her cash, smartphone and credit card. The janitor then proceeds to blackmail her for the password to her phone and her credit card pin number. She later turns the water heater off. The girls have no choice but to wait out the night. Jonna talks about the deep mental damage from her abusive father with Bree saying, \"Just keep reminding yourself that he's dead.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008032-0004-0001", "contents": "12 Feet Deep, Plot\nThe janitor comes back in the morning teasing the sisters again. Jonna, angry at her, leads the janitor to place her ear onto the small hole in the pool cover, subsequently stabbing her in the ear with a sharp shard of tile. The janitor then turns on the automatic pool cleaning system, causing the girls to begin suffocating in chlorine. After a few minutes, she turns this off, realising the danger in her action. When the janitor leaves again, Jonna apologises to Bree for her jealousy and keeps blaming herself for the situation they're in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008032-0004-0002", "contents": "12 Feet Deep, Plot\nBree comforts her and forgives her for her wrongdoings. Bree reveals that during the accident which killed their father, she actually prevented her dad from escaping, saying \"I killed that monster\". The janitor comes back, realising the error of her ways. She decides to open up the pool cover to let Bree and Jonna out but the pass code she was given by the manager no longer works, leaving the women to remain trapped. She tells the sisters they're on their own and leaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008032-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Feet Deep, Plot\nBree soon grows very weak and cold, passing in and out of consciousness. After initially refusing Bree's offer to try, Jonna spends her last bits of energy trying to rip off the metal grill on the bottom of the pool, something her sister failed to do. After succeeding, Jonna smashes the fiberglass of the pool cover, allowing them to escape. She then pulled Bree, unconscious, out of the pool and gives her the insulin shot, unsure whether she will survive. The janitor appears in front of them with a gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008032-0005-0001", "contents": "12 Feet Deep, Plot\nShe threatens to kill Bree and Jonna after thinking about what might happen if they didn't die in the pool, not wanting to go to prison again. The janitor instead feels sympathetic for the sisters and puts the gun down and gives them their belongings back. Jonna, after calling the police, tells her to leave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008032-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Feet Deep, Plot\nParamedics arrive at the aquatic center and tend to Bree. Jonna gives her engagement ring back, which the janitor blackmailed Bree for with the intention of pawning it. Bree asked how she got it back to which Jonna replies, \"I killed the monster\", referring back to what Bree said about killing their father.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008032-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Feet Deep, Reception\n12 Feet Deep received generally positive reviews from critics, JoBlo.com called it a \"well crafted-entertaining thriller,\" and gave it 8/10 stars. That Moment In gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars and said it was \"well-directed and engrossing... less a shocker than an intense human drama.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008033-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Fife Lane\n12 Fife Lane, (also known as the first state house) Miramar, Wellington was the first state house under the First Labour Government of New Zealand. Completed in 1937, the three-bedroom, one-bathroom house was built with plastered brick walls and a concrete tile gable roof and sited on a 505\u00a0m2 (5,440\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) section The building is classified as a \"Category I\" (\"places of special or outstanding historical or cultural heritage significance or value\") historic place by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008033-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Fife Lane\nThe house was opened on 18 September 1937 by Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage and several cabinet ministers. The ministers carried furniture into the house, including Savage carrying a rather cumbersome dining table. Savage carrying the table became \"the defining symbol of the first Labour government's state housing programme\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008033-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Fife Lane\nThe ministers handed the keys to the first tenants, David and Mary McGregor. David McGregor was a tram driver for the Wellington City Council, earning a wage of \u00a34 7s 9d (equal to $8.78 in modern New Zealand dollars) per week. Out of this total he paid the state \u00a31 10s 3d in rent ($3.03), just over a third of his pay. The house was sold to the McGregors in the early 1950s after the successor First National Government allowed state tenants to buy their houses. After David and Mary died in the early 1980s, the house was sold back to the Government in 1983 and became a state house again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008033-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Fife Lane\nThe house was the venue for the 50th anniversary of the state housing programme. For the 60th anniversary of state housing in 1997, The New Zealand Herald visited the house, which at the time was occupied by John and Winnie Nysse and their three children. The market rents imposed on state housing by the Fourth National Government meant the family were paying 73.5% of their income ($215 out of $292) in rent, compared to the 34.5% paid by the McGregors in 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008033-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Fife Lane\nOn 25 September 1986, the house was registered with the New Zealand Historic Places Trust as a Category I heritage item, with registration number 1360. It was registered for its historical significance (as a symbol of Labour's housing programme), for its cultural significance, and for its architectural significance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008034-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Gardens Live\n12 Gardens Live is the fourth live album by American singer/songwriter Billy Joel during a former record run of twelve sold-out concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York City in early 2006. It was released on June 13, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008034-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Gardens Live\nAlthough some of the singer's best known hits are on the album, many of them are transposed into a different key (often lower) to preserve Joel's deepening voice for the duration of the tour. This is also the first time Joel's signature song \"Piano Man\" has appeared on a live album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008034-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Gardens Live, Track listing, Disc two\nIn addition to the above, the iTunes Store offers two extra songs, \"Stiletto\" and \"Honesty\". Also for a short time, Sony Music Direct was offering direct downloads of \"You're My Home\" and \"Sleeping with the Television On\" as an incentive to purchase the CD from Sony Music's website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008035-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Gatsu no Kangaroo\n\"12 Gatsu no Kangaroo\" (12\u6708\u306e\u30ab\u30f3\u30ac\u30eb\u30fc, December's Kangaroo) is the 16th single by Japanese idol girl group SKE48. It was released on December 10, 2014. It debuted in number one on the weekly Oricon Singles Chart and, as of December 22, 2014 (issue date), has sold 386,495 copies. It also reached number two on the Billboard Japan Hot 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008035-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Gatsu no Kangaroo\nDue to restrictions from Avex Trax, only a short version is available on SKE48 Official Channel. Full version MV is included only in limited editions, and wasn't released on YouTube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008035-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Gatsu no Kangaroo, Members, 12 Gatsu no Kangaroo\nTeam S: Rion Azuma, Masana Oya, Ryoha Kitagawa, Haruka Futamura, Jurina Matsui, Ami Miyamae, Sae Miyazawa, Miyuki Watanabe, Suzuran YamauchiTeam KII: Mina Oba, Akane Takayanagi, Airi Furukawa, Nao Furuhata, Sarina Souda, Nana YamadaTeam E: Tsugumi Iwanaga, Kanon Kimoto, Marika Tani, Sumire Sato, Aya Shibata, Akari Suda, Rena Matsui", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008035-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Gatsu no Kangaroo, Members, Kesenai Honoo\nTeam S: Rion Azuma, Asana Inuzuka, Masana Oya, Ryoha Kitagawa, Risako Goto, Mieko Sato, Mai Takeuchi, Natsumi Tanaka, Rika Tsuzuki, Yuka Nakanishi, Yume Noguchi, Haruka Futamura, Jurina Matsui, Chikako Matsumoto, Sae Miyazawa, Ami Miyamae, Miki Yakata, Suzuran Yamauchi, Miyuki Watanabe", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008035-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Gatsu no Kangaroo, Members, DADA Machine Gun\nTeam KII: Riho Abiru, Yuki Arai, Anna Ishida, Mikoto Uchiyama, Yuna Ego, Mina Oba, Ruka Kitano, Saki Goudo, Sarina Souda, Yumana Takagi, Natsuki Takatsuka, Akane Takayanagi, Yuzuki Hidaka, Airi Furukawa, Nao Furuhata, Honoka Mizuno, Yukari Yamashita, Nana Yamada, Mizuho Yamada", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008035-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Gatsu no Kangaroo, Members, Seishun Curry Rice\nTeam E: Kyoka Isohara, Narumi Ichino, Tsugumi Iwanaga, Madoka Umemoto, Arisa Owaki, Rumi Kato, Kanon Kimoto, Haruka Kumazaki, Kumiko Koishi, Ami Kobayashi, Makiko Saito, Mei Sakai, Sumire Sato, Aya Shibata, Akari Suda, Sana Takatera, Marika Tani, Nao Fukushi, Rena Matsui", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008035-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Gatsu no Kangaroo, Members, Ai no Rule\nTeam KII: Mina Oba, Akane Takayanagi, Airi FurukawaTeam E: Sumire Sato", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008036-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (12 Gauge album)\n12 Gauge is the self-titled debut album by 12 Gauge, released on May 20, 1994, through Scotti Bros. Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008036-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (12 Gauge album)\nThe album is best known for its lead single and 12 Gauge's only top 40 hit, \"Dunkie Butt\". The single spent 21 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at No. 28 and was certified gold by the RIAA for sales of 500,000 copies. The album itself made it to No. 141 on the Billboard 200, and 44 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, the only one of his three albums to reach the Billboard charts. After the Zomba Music Group purchased the Scotti Bros. label, the album was re-released in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album)\n12 Gauge is the sixth studio album by the Finnish melodic death metal band Kalmah, released on 3 March 2010. The album was recorded with more thrash metal elements than their previous releases, while the melodies that the band is known for and environmental themes regarding the swamps of Finland were retained. 12 Gauge was recorded in three sessions over a three-month period at Tico-Tico Studios in Finland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album)\nEach of the band members kept in touch with their fans by keeping track of their recording sessions online at the official website's studio diary. In addition, guitarist Antti Kokko videotaped the recording and photo shoot sessions. Seven videos were posted online during the months leading up to the album's release. Promotion for the album was otherwise minimal. There were no official singles, but the track \"Bullets Are Blind\" was released on a 2-CD compilation included with Soundi magazine's 35th anniversary issue, and a music video to the album's title track was produced and posted online.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album)\n12 Gauge received generally favorable reviews by European and American critics, with a few considering it better than either of its immediate predecessors, For the Revolution and The Black Waltz. It was agreed that the band succeeded in producing a thrashier album, but most critics found the music to be less sophisticated than the band's previous efforts. 12 Gauge charted in two countries, peaking at number 32 in Canada and number 15 in the band's homeland. Because the band had not been offered a worldwide tour, support for the album would be limited to Europe and Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album), Background\nWhen Kalmah began writing music for their melodic death metal album, their intent was to incorporate more \"aggressive thrash material\" than their previous recordings had. As a result, the songs were going to be, as vocalist Pekka Kokko described, \"quite straightforward\", but the band did not want to lose the melodies they were known for. The album would not be entirely thrash metal, since the band planned on adding acoustic guitar sections and also trumpets. Antti Kokko, the primary songwriter for 12 Gauge, composed the riffs and melodies at his home. These ideas were developed into complete songs during rehearsals. Guitar and keyboard solos were then written, sometimes with both instruments soloing in the same song, trading off repeatedly. Two of the tracks, \"Godeye\" and \"Sacramentum\", were composed entirely by keyboardist Marco Sneck, including the solos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album), Background\nWhen the music was completed, Pekka began working on the lyrics, which were inspired by various topics, including \"politics, religion ... drinking, failure, [and] pessimism\". Several of the songs shared an environmental theme. \"Hook the Monster\" was about fishing, \"12 Gauge\" was inspired by hunting, and the impact of land development in the swamps of Finland was the subject of \"Swampwar\". Commenting further on the swamps, Pekka remarked, \"[those] valuable areas are a part of our northern wilderness and [are] always threatened to be ditched or drained. People are interested in those areas [to use] as a source of energy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album), Production\nRecording and mixing took place at Tico-Tico Studios in Kemi, Finland. The studio's schedule was too full for a single recording session, so Kalmah had to book time to record the album in three separate sessions, between the months of May and August 2009. The majority of tracks were recorded in May, beginning with Janne Kusmin's drums, which were completed by 12 May. Kusmin was not able to play as well as he had hoped because he had not been practicing. As a result, several of his drum parts were changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album), Production\nBy the following week, Timo Lehtinen had finished laying down the bass tracks. His technique was to play nearly all his parts with downstrokes to bring \"more balls to the sound\". He continued recording even after his thumb had formed a blister. According to Lehtinen, he used only two bass string sets and broke five picks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album), Production\nPekka and Antti took turns recording their rhythm and lead guitar parts, respectively. Both guitarists played by striking the guitar strings at a 45-degree angle to achieve a more aggressive sound. Several of the guitar techniques used on the album had specific names: \"Jynkh\u00e4\" described the rapid succession of downstrokes, and a slower version of this technique was called \"perusjynkh\u00e4.\" Speed-picking with alternating upstrokes and downstrokes was referred to as \"hionta\", Finnish for grinding. Some of the techniques used were difficult for Pekka, and his brother Antti took the time to show him proper fingering and grasps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album), Production\nThe acoustic guitars were played by Antti. Ahti Kortelainen, the album's recording engineer, was credited by the band for his input on how the acoustic guitars were recorded, especially for the song \"Sacramentum\". All the guitar tracks, excluding the solos, were finished by 28 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album), Production\nBy the middle of June, Pekka had recorded vocals for five tracks, which Antti described as \"very raw ... the way we want them to be\". Pekka's vocals would continue to be recorded in August, and he completed them on 20 August. Antti had also completed his guitar solos by June and was pleased with the results. \"For me, the solos are [the] best that I have ever managed to create, and I'm very satisfied.\" After a summer break, the band returned to record Sneck's keyboards, which took place over three days, 17\u201319 August. Sneck worked with software effects for the first time, along with sound modules. He introduced synthesized horns to the band's instrumentation, but an actual trumpet was used for the intro to \"Rust Never Sleeps\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album), Production\nAlthough the band produced the album, Pekka stated that Antti was the main producer since he was present at every step of the production, including mixing and mastering. Because they were comfortable self-producing on all their previous albums, they refused to bring in an outside record producer for 12 Gauge. \"This concept has worked for us since the beginning and we just want to trust it. Everything goes easy with this setup and we don\u2019t want any extra risk factors\". Mastering for the disc took place at the Cutting Room in Stockholm, Sweden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0011-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album), Production\nThe title of the album was chosen by Pekka and Antti, who both enjoy hunting. They wanted to draw a comparison between the shotgun shells and the music. Pekka added that the title also alludes to \"unpleasant matters\" that the listener can infer from his lyrics. When it came time to design the album cover, the band decided against using computer-generated graphics. They commissioned Rami Mursula to create a hand-drawn piece of artwork, depicting a man emerging from the swamp to fight a beast. Pekka explained the symbolism: \"In Kalmah's mindset, there is Swamplord defending his marshlands against [the] monster created by common materialism, industrial pollution and [the] world-wide nausea of globalism.\" The layout was inspired by Akseli Gallen-Kallela's 1896 painting, The Defense of the Sampo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0012-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album), Promotion\nImages used in the album artwork were photographed by Vesa Ranta at one of Finland's many swamps. The photo session was documented by Antti in a two-part video, titled \"The Call of the Wild.\" These, and five other short videos documenting the recording of 12 Gauge, were uploaded in the months leading up to the album's release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0013-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album), Promotion\nThere was no official single, but in December 2009, the track \"Bullets Are Blind\" was included on a 2-CD collection released as a companion to the 35th anniversary issue of Soundi magazine, and a music video was shot and posted online for the track \"12 Gauge\". In February 2010, Kalmah launched a second MySpace page solely dedicated to the new album. The album was released on CD and digital download in Japan in February, followed by releases in Canada and Europe in March, and in the US in April. A vinyl pressing was also made available in April, limited to 500 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0014-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album), Promotion\nThere would not be a worldwide tour to promote the album because the band had not received a \"decent offer\". The 12 Gauge promotion was therefore limited to several gigs in Finland and a brief 10-show tour in Canada. The 4 March performance in Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland, was considered to be the album's release party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0015-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album), Critical reception\nAllmusic's Eduardo Rivadavia said Kalmah's sixth album was \"more aggressive than its immediate predecessors\". David E. Gehlke of Blistering was already devoted to Kalmah's previous album, For the Revolution, so he had high expectations for 12 Gauge. He found the album full of \"break-neck riff action\", \"visceral melodies\", and \"daring\" dueling between Antti's guitar and Sneck's keyboard. Although Gehlke believed that Kalmah gets better with each output, he decided that 12 Gauge did not \"match the ... glory\" of For the Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0016-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album), Critical reception\nJussi Kallinen of Imperiumi.net said that Pekka's vocals harkened back to the band's 2006 album, The Black Waltz. He said the album was not anything new, but he found the production to be the best of Kalmah's releases. MetalEater's Sean Bester decided Kalmah's strength lay in their consistency: \"releasing energetic and melodic music with consistent intervals of time between them, delivering tracks that are consistently likable, and each one is consistent with the sound they've firmly established for themselves.\" NecroWeb gave the album a perfect score, because it was \"beautifully arranged\", \"wonderfully varied\", did not contain any filler material, and it succeeded at combining melodic thrash with blackened death metal (a combination of black metal and death metal).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0017-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album), Critical reception\nChris Colgan, writing for PopMatters, found the album to have the longest and most intricate solos yet, and he, too, mentioned the increased trading off between Antti's and Sneck's solos. He thought it important that Kalmah had \"not fallen prey to the tendency of introducing American metal elements or becoming more mainstream with their sound. Their music now is as unique as it was in their early years, if not more so\". Marko S\u00e4ynekoski of Soundi described the performances as \"controlled\", \"burly\", and \"performed effortlessly\". Stalker's Kathleen Gransalke admitted that she was unfamiliar with Kalmah's previous work, but she was nevertheless impressed with its technicality, double-guitar melodies, fast solos, and the combining of genres. She called the album \"a lot of fun to listen to\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0018-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album), \"12 Gauge\" music video\nA music video was created for the song \"12 Gauge\", though the acoustic intro was excised from the final version. It was shot on 20 February 2010 in Pudasj\u00e4rvi, Finland, in some of the coldest temperatures the country had had in decades. The morning temperature when the band began filming was recorded at \u221237\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221235\u00a0\u00b0F), rising only to \u221227\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221217\u00a0\u00b0F) at the end of the day. The band and camera operator were kept warm by a bonfire, though Antti said that they were used to cold temperatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0019-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album), \"12 Gauge\" music video\nThe video, which debuted online on 1 March  was produced by the record label, Spinefarm, and Kalmah. The camera and Steadicam operator was Markus Lintu, and Kalmah's bassist, Timo Lehtinen, edited and color-timed the final product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008037-0020-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (Kalmah album), \"12 Gauge\" music video\nThe video cuts between two narratives. In the first, a hunter (uncredited actor) straps a 16-gauge shotgun around his shoulder, and tracks footsteps through the snow, eventually finding the Swamplord (the band's mascot, here as depicted on the covers of The Black Waltz and For the Revolution). In the second narrative, the band members, dressed warmly in heavy clothing, are sitting around a campfire, preparing a kettle of an unknown drink. As each person takes a sip, they begin convulsing. To simulate the drink's effects, the camera used shaking and rapid zooming. As the song finishes, Pekka pours himself a drink and is the only one immune to its effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008038-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (rapper)\nIsiah Pinkney, known under the stage name 12 Gauge, is an American rapper from Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008038-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Gauge (rapper)\nHe started out as a DJ, moving to rapping in the early 1990s, releasing three full-length albums. He is best known for his only top 40 single \"Dunkie Butt\", which peaked at 28 on Billboard Hot 100 and earned a gold certification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008039-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Gold Bars\n12 Gold Bars is a 1980 compilation album by English rockers Status Quo. It achieved number 3 in the UK charts and remained in the charts for 48 weeks. This was longer than any other Quo album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008039-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Gold Bars\nAll the songs featured on the album were hit singles during the period 1972\u20131979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008039-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Gold Bars\nIt was followed up by 12 Gold Bars Vol. 2 in 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 63]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008040-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Gold Bars Vol. 2\n12 Gold Bars Volume II is a 1984 compilation album by English rock band Status Quo, released on Vertigo Records on 23 November 1984. It compiles all their UK hit singles from 1980 to 1984. The album was packaged as a gatefold vinyl LP and double cassette, containing 12 Gold Bars as a bonus album alongside Volume II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008041-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Golden Country Greats\n12 Golden Country Greats is the fifth studio album by the American rock band Ween, and their third on Elektra Records. It is notable as the first (and so far only) album on which the group limited themselves to a specific genre of music (in this case, country music).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008041-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Golden Country Greats, Background and recording\nAccording to producer and friend of the band Ben Vaughn, Ween asked him to produce the album because he already had experience working with musicians in the Nashville country scene, having produced Arthur Alexander's album Lonely Just Like Me (1993) and co-written songs with Rodney Crowell and Gary Nicholson. The legendary Bradley's Barn was chosen as the recording studio for the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008041-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Golden Country Greats, Background and recording\nSome musicians, such as keyboardist Bobby Emmons (who also served as a church deacon) and Danny Davis, declined to participate in the recording due to the \"blue\" nature of much of the material, but Ween and Vaughn were still able to get many highly regarded country musicians to play on the album. Later, Ween would assemble some of the session musicians again into a touring band dubbed The Shit Creek Boys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008041-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Golden Country Greats, Album title\nAlthough one might guess that an album titled \"12 Golden Country Greats\" would contain 12 songs, the album, in fact, contains only 10 tracks. At one point, Ween claimed the \"12\" represents the number of musicians that appear on the record, but they later admitted that explanation was merely an attempt to cover up a mismatch created when the songs \u201cI\u2019ve Got No Darkside\u201d and \u201cSo Long Jerry\u201d were omitted from the album after the artwork was completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008041-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Golden Country Greats, Song information\nThe session musicians were responsible for almost all of the instrumentation on the album. The only instrumental parts recorded by the core members of Ween were guitar solos by Dean and Gene on \"I Don't Wanna Leave You on the Farm\" and \"Fluffy\", respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008041-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Golden Country Greats, Song information\nGene sings the lead vocal part on every song except \"Piss Up a Rope\" and \"Help Me Scrape the Mucus off My Brain\", which feature Dean on lead vocals. The Jordanaires, best known for having provided background vocals for Elvis Presley, appear on the tracks \"I'm Holding You\" and \"Powder Blue\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008041-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Golden Country Greats, Song information\nThe melody of \"Japanese Cowboy\" closely resembles that of \"Chariots of Fire\" by Vangelis. The band has played the two songs as a medley in live shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008041-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Golden Country Greats, Song information\nIn the tradition of country music, during \"Powder Blue\", Gene introduces each member of the band, who then plays a short solo on their instrument. The track was intended to run for 4:16, the last approximately one minute of which would consist of an audio clip of Muhammad Ali from after the Rumble in the Jungle fight playing over the backing instrumental track of the song. Ali's lawyers denied Ween permission to use the audio sample, but the album had already been mixed by that point, and Elektra accidentally initially pressed the album with Ali's speech still included. Repressings contain a cropped version of the track that ends abruptly at 3:13, after the introduction: \"Ladies & Gentlemen, I'd like to present Muhammad Ali\" (who is no longer heard).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008041-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Golden Country Greats, Song information\n\"Help Me Scrape the Mucus off My Brain\" is a riff on Merle Haggard's \"If We Make It Through December\", featuring a nearly identical melody, but played much faster than Haggard's more somber original.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008041-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Golden Country Greats, Singles\n\"Piss Up a Rope\" was released as a 7-inch vinyl single on Diesel Only Records. The B-side was \"Sweet Texas Fire\", a non-album track recorded during the 12 Golden Country Greats sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008041-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Golden Country Greats, Singles\n\"You Were the Fool\" and \"Piss Up a Rope\" were released together as a 7-inch vinyl single on Flying Nun Records (with \"You Were the Fool\" on \"Side A\" and \"Piss Up a Rope\" one side \"AA\"). \"So Long Jerry\" (a tribute to Jerry Garcia recorded during the 12 Golden Country Greats sessions, but omitted from the final album) was included with these songs on a CD single issued by Elektra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008041-0011-0000", "contents": "12 Golden Country Greats, Reception\nReviews for the album were mostly positive. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic called it \"as satisfying as any of their records, and gutsier, too\", despite interpreting \"Mister Richard Smoker\" as being homophobic, and awarded the album 4 stars out of 5. Sputnikmusic's Zachary Powell gave the album 4 and a half stars out of 5 and claimed that \"Writing songs about similar themes to what country songs have been written about but including their personal brown touch is what the band does best.\" Another writer for the same site, Bill Thomas, gave the album 4 stars out of 5. Ethan Smith of Entertainment Weekly, on the other hand, railed against the album, describing the songs as being \"notable more for their homophobia, misogyny, and racism than for anything funny\", and gave it a C\u2212.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008041-0012-0000", "contents": "12 Golden Country Greats, Reception\nIn a 2011 interview, producer Ben Vaughn remarked that, when the album was released, many Ween fans were confused by the radical break with the band's previous sound, comparing it to the fan reception given to Neil Young's album Trans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008042-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Golden Ducks\n12 Golden Ducks (simplified Chinese: 12\u91d1\u9e2d; traditional Chinese: 12\u91d1\u9d28) is a 2015 Hong Kong comedy film directed by Matt Chow and starring Sandra Ng. It was scheduled for release on 19 February 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008042-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Golden Ducks\nLike the previous 3 prostitution-themed comedy films starring Ng, i.e. Golden Chicken (2002), Golden Chicken 2 (2003) and Golden Chicken 3 (2014), it was released on Chinese New Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008043-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Great Classics of Science Fiction\n12 Great Classics of Science Fiction is an anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Groff Conklin. It was first published in paperback by Gold Medal Books in December 1963 and reprinted by Fawcett Gold Medal in May 1966, February 1970, and 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008043-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Great Classics of Science Fiction\nThe book collects twelve novelettes and short stories by various science fiction authors, together with an introduction by the editor. The stories were previously published from 1953-1963 in various science fiction and other magazines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008043-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Great Classics of Science Fiction, Notes\nThis article about a collection of science fiction short stories published in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 43], "content_span": [44, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008044-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Hits from Hell\n12 Hits from Hell is a cancelled studio album by American horror punk band the Misfits. It was recorded in 1980 but went unreleased. Caroline Records attempted to release it in 2001, but band members Glenn Danzig and Jerry Only called off production and the album was scrapped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008044-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Hits from Hell, Background\nIn August 7, 1980, the Misfits recorded twelve songs at Master Sound Productions studios with the intention of releasing a full-length album. The band's lineup at this time included singer Glenn Danzig, guitarist Bobby Steele, bassist Jerry Only, and drummer Arthur Googy. During the sessions, Only was grooming his younger brother Doyle to join the band, and Doyle recorded his own guitar tracks and overdubs separately in addition to Steele's. The tracks were mixed in September, but in October, Steele was ejected from the band in favor of Doyle and the planned album was scrapped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008044-0001-0001", "contents": "12 Hits from Hell, Background\nFive of the songs were released in 1981, with \"London Dungeon\", \"Horror Hotel\" and \"Ghouls Night Out\" being released as 3 Hits from Hell while the \"Halloween\" single included both \"Halloween\" and \"Halloween II\". The band used the remainder of the recordings as demos for their 1982 album Walk Among Us.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008044-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Hits from Hell, Background\nThe Misfits broke up in 1983, but after a series of legal battles in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Only and Doyle regained the rights to record and perform as the Misfits, sharing merchandising rights with Danzig, who holds writing credits on all of the Misfits material written between 1977 and 1983. Only and Doyle formed a new incarnation of the band and released two albums during the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008044-0002-0001", "contents": "12 Hits from Hell, Background\nDuring the intervening years, several of the tracks from the August 1980 sessions were released in various mixes on compilation albums: \"Halloween\" appeared on Legacy of Brutality (1985), \"Night of the Living Dead\", \"Vampira\", \"Skulls\" and \"Astro Zombies\" appeared on Misfits (1986), and \"Horror Hotel\", appeared on Collection II (1995).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008044-0002-0002", "contents": "12 Hits from Hell, Background\nThe Misfits box set (1996) contained the most complete collection of songs from these sessions, collecting the complete Legacy of Brutality, Misfits, and Collection II albums as well as a disc of unreleased studio recordings with the original mixes of \"I Turned into a Martian\", \"Skulls\", \"Night of the Living Dead\", \"Astro Zombies\", \"Where Eagles Dare\", \"Violent World\" and \"Halloween II\" from the 1980 sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008044-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Hits from Hell, Background\nIn 2001, Caroline Records announced that they would be releasing the complete 1980 sessions on October 30 under the title 12 Hits from Hell, including an alternate take of \"London Dungeon\", and sent promotional copies of the album to the band members. However, production was called off after Glenn Danzig and Jerry Only expressed concerns with the album's layout, packaging, liner notes, mixing and mastering. All distribution copies of the album were destroyed and only the promotional copies remain. As a result, some copies still managed to reach critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008044-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Hits from Hell, Background\nOn Halloween 2007, Bobby Steele posted his own versions of the 12 Hits from Hell songs, recorded with his band the Undead, as streaming audio through the band's website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008044-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Hits from Hell, Reception\nJason Birchmeier of AllMusic gave 12 Hits from Hell three stars out of five, saying \"This isn't an essential item and will probably appeal mostly to the legions of Misfits fanatics, who will no doubt savor these long-unreleased recordings. Many of these songs are available elsewhere.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008045-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Hits para 2 guitarras flamencas y orquesta de cuerda\n12 Hits para 2 guitarras flamencas y orquesta de cuerda (12 Hits for 2 Flamenco Guitars and a String Orchestra) is the fourth of four collaboration albums by Paco de Luc\u00eda and Ram\u00f3n de Algeciras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008046-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Hour Shift\n12 Hour Shift is a 2020 American black comedy horror film written and directed by Brea Grant and starring Angela Bettis, Kit Williamson, and David Arquette. Bettis plays Mandy, a drug-addicted nurse involved in a black market organ-trading scheme in 1999. Arquette was one of the film's producers, alongside his wife Christina Arquette, and Jordan Wayne Long, Tara Perry, and Matt Glass. The film also features music composed by Glass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008046-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Hour Shift\n12 Hour Shift was scheduled to have its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2020 prior to the festival being postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The film's distribution rights were acquired by Magnet Releasing in June 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008046-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Hour Shift, Plot\nIn Arkansas in 1999, Mandy is an overworked nurse with a drug addiction. In addition to stealing patient medications, she finances her drug habit by harvesting patient organs. Desk nurse Karen is Mandy's partner, and Mandy has recently brought on her cousin Regina to transport the organs to trafficker Nicholas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008046-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Hour Shift, Plot\nOne night, at the start of her 12-hour shift, Mandy hands over a harvested kidney in a cooler to Regina behind the hospital. Regina accidentally leaves the cooler with the kidney, instead carrying a cooler with a soda can to Nicholas. Nicholas demands Regina get the kidney or he will take hers. Regina cannot find the kidney at the hospital. Mandy refuses to help her, so Regina dresses like a nurse and kills one of Mandy's patients by pouring bleach down his throat. Regina expects that Mandy will be able to extract the dead patient's kidney, but Mandy angrily explains that he was on dialysis, so his kidneys are useless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008046-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Hour Shift, Plot\nPolice arrive to investigate the murdered patient. Regina attacks more people and threatens to expose the organ trafficking operation unless Mandy helps her. Mandy agrees and tells Regina to wait outside. Regina sees one of Nicholas's henchman, and in a panic kills a passing skateboarder to take his kidney, but ends up taking his bladder instead. Meanwhile, inside the hospital Mandy kills a patient with an overdose and manages to harvest his kidney. She leaves the kidney in another cooler by the vending machine, but it has disappeared by the time Regina gets to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008046-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Hour Shift, Plot\nNicholas's henchman Mikey, who has entered the hospital and terrorized staff and patients, prepares to drag Regina away, but she desperately suggests that they kidnap a comatose patient so that Nicholas can take all his organs. The comatose patient is Mandy's abusive, drug-addicted half-brother. Mandy intervenes, and together she and Regina manage to overcome Mikey. The police investigation (incorrectly) determines that Mikey had been committing the murders around the hospital. Regina leaves. Hospital guest Mr. Kent suddenly announces that he has been finding the coolers containing kidneys all night; the exhausted Mandy leaves to take a nap in her truck. The film ends with Mandy re-entering the hospital to begin her next shift, followed shortly thereafter by Nicholas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008046-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Hour Shift, Release\n12 Hour Shift was scheduled to have its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2020, but the festival was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In June 2020, it was reported that the film's worldwide distribution rights were acquired by Magnet Releasing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008046-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Hour Shift, Reception\nOn review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 77% based on 74 reviews, with an average rating of 6.60/10. The website's critics consensus reads: \"Sharp, twisted, and darkly funny, 12 Hour Shift is an uncommonly clever heist caper with a refreshing female-focused twist.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 65 out of 100 based on 11 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008046-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Hour Shift, Reception\nHoai-Tran Bui of /Film praised Bettis's performance, and wrote that the film \"has a sick sense of humor that makes its washed-out setting the perfect blank canvas for writer and director Grant to paint her gleefully bloody caper.\" Meagan Navarro of Bloody Disgusting also lauded Bettis's performance but criticized the film's characterization overall, concluding: \"12 Hour Shift is far too ambitious for its own good, playing out like a blood-drenched yet unfocused comedy of frustrating errors.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008047-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Hours\n12 Hours (Spanish: 12 Horas) is a 2001 Puerto Rican movie. It was written and directed by Ra\u00fal Marchand S\u00e1nchez, and marked both his screenwriting and directorial debut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008047-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Hours\nThe movie follows 12 hours or one night in the life of a taxi driver and other characters in Santurce, Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008047-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Hours\nIt had a six-week run in Puerto Rican cinemas. Its profanity and sexual content were a definite deviation from the norm as far Puerto Rican films up to that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008048-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Hours at the Point\nThe 12 Hours at the Point was an endurance race for sports cars and sedans hosted by the Washington, D.C. Region of the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA). The initial event was staged in June 1999 at Summit Point Motorsports Park in Summit Point, West Virginia. With the exception of 2006, the race has been held on the weekend closest to June 1. It is the oldest perennial SCCA-sanctioned endurance race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008048-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Hours at the Point\nIt was one of three events that comprised the Triple Crown of SCCA amateur endurance racing. The second event in the Triple Crown was The Longest Day of Nelson, held at Nelson Ledges Road Course in Ohio. The final member of the crown was disputed and was either the Charge of the Headlight Brigade, held at Virginia International Raceway in Virginia or the Tropical 12 Hour, held at Homestead-Miami Speedway in Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008048-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Hours at the Point\n2009 was the last year the 12 Hours at the Point was conducted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008049-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Brno\nIn October 1950 a 12-hour race combined for SportsCars and Saloon Cars was held at the Brno circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008049-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Brno\nThe race organizers created an interesting and unique mathematical formula (the so-called power output indicator) to equalize the potential of all cars. The formula was based on a predetermined average speed that differed for cars with various engine capacity, and the corresponding distance expected to be covered by each car over the 12-hour period. The actual distance traveled by a car was then divided by this expected distance to arrive at a quotient, and the results were based on the values of this quotient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008049-0001-0001", "contents": "12 Hours of Brno\nConsequently, even cars with the smallest engine size could win the race if they reached sufficient distance, while anybody failing to complete the expected distance was not classified at all. The calculation was further complicated by a provision that any lap completed below the projected average speed was not counted toward the total traveled distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008049-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Brno\nConsequently, the overall winner was Treybal with saloon Bristol, who reached a quotient of 1.268 while travelling 1121.158\u00a0km (4th longest distance). The pair Pavelka/Zd. Sojka with Tatrapl\u00e1n Sport covered the longest distance of 1192.933\u00a0km but their quotient of 1.098 was good for only 14th place in final classification. The race was seen as a great success, yet initial plans to hold a 24-hour race in the following year and thus establish an endurance racing tradition in Brno were eventually abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008049-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Brno, 24H Series\nIn 2015 the 24H Series returned to the Brno circuit for a 12-hour race, called the 12H Epilog Brno. It was the last race of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008050-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Casablanca\nThe 12 Hours of Casablanca was a sports car endurance race organised on the route of the future Ain-Diab Circuit in Morocco. Only two editions were held in 1952 and 1953, before the race was replaced by the Moroccan Grand Prix in Agadir for the 1954 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008050-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Casablanca, History\nThe race was held on a road circuit, partially on the main road from Casablanca, that was initially 4.2 kilometers long in 1952. By 1953, the route was changed to 3.26 kilometers. The competition was intended for sports racing cars and for passenger cars as well. The starting grid was of a 'Le Mans start'-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008050-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Casablanca, History, 1952\nIn December 1952, the first edition of the 12 Hours of Casablanca race was held. 24 entrants had started the race, but only 14 of them finished and were classified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008050-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Casablanca, History, 1953\nThe second edition of the endurance race was held in 1953. This time 17 cars finished the race. Casimiro de Oliveira and Alberto Ascari had crashed during practice in their Ferrari 375 MM and had to change teams and cars. Luckily for Ascari, he joined Luigi Villoresi in the Ferrari 500 Mondial and arrived second at the finish line in the actual race. The 500 Mondial that won its class, was based on a Ferrari 625 TF berlinetta chassis that was destroyed in a fire, rebodied by Scaglietti and equipped with a 2.0-litre engine. Charles Pozzi, who won the first edition with his Talbot-Lago T26GS, failed to arrive for the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008050-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Casablanca, History, Demise\nBetween 1954 and 1956, no motor racing was organized on this dangerous road circuit and the racing was moved to the Agadir area. Ain-Diab was more suited for the bicycle races. In 1957, the race route was refitted and increased to 7.618 kilometers thanks to the Royal Automobile Club of Morocco. The new track was named Ain-Diab Circuit and hosted the first official Moroccan Grand Prix in 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008051-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Reims\nThe 12 Hours of Reims (official name: 12 Heures internationales de Reims) were a sports car endurance racing series held from 1953 to 1967 at the Reims (Gueux) circuit in the Marne district of the Champagne region in north-eastern France. The 1926 Coupe d\u2019Or was the first 12-hour endurance race held at Reims and is considered to be the direct ancestor of the modern endurance series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008052-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Sebring\nThe 12 Hours of Sebring is an annual motorsport endurance race for sports cars held at Sebring International Raceway, on the site of the former Hendricks Army Airfield World War II air base in Sebring, Florida, US. The event is the second round of the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship and in the past has been a round of the now defunct World Sportscar Championship, IMSA GT Championship and American Le Mans Series. In 2012, the race was the opening event of the FIA World Endurance Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008052-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Sebring, History\nThe track opened in 1950 on an airfield and is a road racing course styled after those used in European Grand Prix motor racing. The first race was a six-hour race on New Year's Eve 1950. The winning car is currently on display at the Edge Motor Museum in Memphis, Tennessee. The next race held 14 months later as the first 12 Hours of Sebring. The race is famous for its \"once around the clock\" action, starting during the day and finishing at night. From 1953 to 1972 the 12 Hour was a round of the FIA's premier sports car series which was contested under various names including the World Sportscar Championship and the International Championship for Makes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008052-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Sebring, History\nIn its early years, the Sebring circuit combined former airport runways with narrow two-lane service roads. The 1966 event was a turning point in Sebring history, as the facilities and the safety of the circuit were heavily criticized. Five people were killed during the race, which was more people killed than in the race's prior 15-year history combined. Bob McLean crashed while approaching the hairpin; his car rolled several times, struck a utility pole and then exploded, landing in a ditch and killing McLean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008052-0002-0001", "contents": "12 Hours of Sebring, History\nIn another incident Mario Andretti in his Ferrari 365 P2 tangled with Don Wester's Porsche 906 on the Warehouse Straight near the Webster Turns, killing four spectators and then crashing into a warehouse next to the track. Subsequent to these events, the facilities were upgraded and the circuit layout was changed, including eliminating the Webster Turns and creating the Green Park Chicane further down the track to move the straight further away from the airport warehouses. The circuit was made safer and there were no fatalities until 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008052-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Sebring, History\nIt is known as preparation for the 24 Hours of Le Mans, as the track's extremely bumpy surface, combined with south-central Florida's perennial hot weather, is a test of a car's reliability. In recent years, six overall victories have been achieved by the Audi R8, one fewer than the record seven wins of the Porsche 935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008052-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Sebring, History\nTom Kristensen has won the race more times than anyone else, with six victories\u2014in 1999\u20132000, 2005\u20132006, 2009 and in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008052-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Sebring, History\n2020 saw the race be rescheduled to mid-November due to delays caused by the pandemic. It was also the first occurrence of the race behind closed doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008052-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Sebring, History\nRaces up until 1969 began with the traditional Le Mans start procedure, which was abolished at the end of the 1969 season following Jacky Ickx protesting; by 1970, drivers strapped into their cars waited until the starter waved the green flag, when they drove away. Since 1971, races begin with rolling starts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008052-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Sebring, Race results\nThe 1966 race had Dan Gurney leading at the last lap, when his engine of his Shelby American Ford GT40 Mk II seized near the end. Gurney pushed his car over the finish line, beaten only by Ken Miles and Lloyd Ruby. However, his actions were ultimately determined to be against the rules and he did not receive credit for his finish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008052-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Sebring, Race results\nIn 2005, the Chevrolet Corvette C6.R and Aston Martin DBR9 made their race debut in the hotly contested GT1 class, with Aston Martin winning its class for the first time in 49 years at Sebring ahead of the two Corvettes. Corvette had dominated the class the past three years with its previous generation C5R.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008052-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Sebring, Race results\nThe all-new Audi R10 TDI won the 2006 edition of the race, the car's first ever run in competition. The much-hyped Porsche RS Spyder campaigned by Penske Racing dropped to take 2nd place in its LMP2 class, behind the Intersport Lola car. The GT1 Corvette C6R team got their revenge against the Aston Martin, although the second Corvette came within 1/3 of a second of the podium in the closing laps of the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008052-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Hours of Sebring, Race results\n2007 saw Audi again winning in the R10 TDI despite requiring more frequent refueling due to changes in American Le Mans series rules intended to even the field between gasoline and diesel-powered engines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008053-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Hydrae\n12 Hydrae is a probable astrometric binary star system located 202\u00a0light years away from the Sun in the equatorial constellation of Hydra. It has the Bayer designation D Hydrae; 12 Hydrae is the Flamsteed designation. This system is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.32. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u22128.5\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008053-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Hydrae\nThis was found to be a double star by R. A. Rossiter in 1953, with the magnitude 13.7 companion having an angular separation of 26.8\u2033 along a position angle of 266\u00b0, as of 2016. The brighter, magnitude 4.32 component A is a spectroscopic binary. As of 2009, the orbital solution for this pair is of low quality, giving a period of roughly 4 years and an eccentricity of around 0.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008053-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Hydrae\nThe primary component is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of G8 IIIb CN-1, where the suffix notation indicates an underabundance of the cyanogen molecule. It is 910\u00a0million years old with 2.32 times the mass of the Sun. After exhausting the hydrogen at its core and evolving off the main sequence, the star has swollen to 11.5 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 77 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,968\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008054-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Imaginary Inches\n12 Imaginary Inches is an album released by the 1970s-style Orange County, California, punk rock band The Stitches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008055-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Inches of Sin\n12 Inches of Sin is an annual international juried exhibition of erotic art in Las Vegas. Founded in 2010, it explores human identity, sexuality, gender, and artistic expression. Accepted works include paintings, photographs, digital art, sculpture, illustration, mixed media and short films, but each work must not be larger than 12 inches in any direction (or one foot square). An expert jury of 12 judges chooses 36 artists from submissions. Artists from 26 countries have participated to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008055-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Inches of Sin, History\n12 Inches of Sin was founded in 2010 by the sexologist and gallerist Laura Henkel in her Sin City Gallery. Her goal was to provide sex education opportunities for learning through the visual arts. 12 Inches of Sin was conceived to move beyond the idea of produced sexuality and offer an alternative, inclusive and meaningfully personalized view of human identity, sexuality, gender, and expression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008055-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Inches of Sin, History\nWith its call for entries judged by a panel of international experts of the field, the show brought artists from all over the world into the Las Vegas Arts District, beginning with 40 submissions of art from five countries in its first year and growing to 300 submissions from 26 countries in its seventh year. As art submissions grew, exhibition categories were created to support traditional and new media artists. They have been curated by Henkel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008055-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Inches of Sin, History\nIn 2016, the event expanded with Immersive, a multi-media art event, featuring international performance artists known for their erotic and provocative work, as well as demonstrations such as shibari. Sin City Gallery was listed among the Best 25 Art Galleries in America by the American Art Awards and was awarded the prize of Best Gallery in Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008055-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Inches of Sin, The juried exhibition\nAll work submitted must follow a strict rule of being no larger than 12 inches in any direction, for a total of one foot square. Thematically, the work of art must explore eroticism and sensuality. Works by artists new and established around the world are selected for being \"sophisticated, intelligent, witty and provocative.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008055-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Inches of Sin, The juried exhibition\n12 Inches of Sin exhibition embraces painting, collage, sculpture, drawings and mixed media made by hand. A panel of twelve judges invites 12 artists to exhibit, as well as name the Best in Show awardee, who is featured in an exclusive exhibition curated by Sin City Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008055-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Inches of Sin, The juried exhibition\nObscura embraces photography, digital, video and all new technologies. A panel of twelve judges invites 12 artists to exhibit, as well as name the Best in Show awardee, who is featured in an exclusive exhibition curated by Sin City Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008055-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Inches of Sin, The juried exhibition\nLe Salon des Refus\u00e9s du P\u00e9ch\u00e9 provides a curated selection of meritorious works from the art submissions. It embraces all mediums and includes exhibits of 12 Inches of Sin and Obscura invited artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008055-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Inches of Sin, The juried exhibition\nThe annual call for art is July through August. The exhibition and festivities continues to expand. A portion of proceeds from the event are donated to the charitable organization Sin Sity Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence. The exhibition is open to visitors over 21 years of age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008056-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Inches of Snow\n12 Inches of Snow is the debut album by Canadian reggae musician Snow, released in 1993. Edmond Leary and MC Shan produced the entire album, apart from one track which was produced by John Ficarrotta. The album was produced shortly before Snow was imprisoned for a year on an assault charge. Upon his release from prison, his first single \"Informer\" became a chart topping hit. It later went on to become one of the largest-selling reggae records of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008056-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Inches of Snow, Production\nThe album 12 Inches of Snow originated after Snow auditioned for MC Shan in 1991. Shan was so impressed by Snow, he invited Snow to begin recording in his pre-production studio in his basement. Shan introduced Snow to Managers Steve Salem and David Eng, who immediately signed Snow and created \"Moto Jam Records.\" Salem and Eng became Executive Producers as well and Snow recorded in their Bay Sound Recording Studio. The inspiration for the song Informer stemmed from a late night incident across the street from Snow's Allenbury home. Thus, the song described how a detective incorrectly accused Snow of \"stabbing someone down the lane.\" The song also chronicled Snow's incarceration at Toronto East Detention Centre and prison life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008056-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Inches of Snow, Production\nShan described the album as not \"raw, straight-up\" reggae but more of a hybrid album fusing pop, jazz, reggae, and hip hop resulting in \"mass appeal.\" Indeed, the songs \"Informer,\" \"Runway,\" \"Champion Sound,\" and \"Lonely Monday Morning,\" were dancehall tracks performed in Jamaican Patois. Shan recorded \"Drunken Styles,\" another song performed entirely in patois, after Snow and the recording crew celebrated at a nearby tavern in Bayside Queens after a studio session whereas a tipsy Snow performed the entire track free style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008056-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Inches of Snow, Production\nOther songs, such as \"Lady With the Red Dress,\" \"Girl I've Been Hurt,\" \"Uhh in You,\" and \"Hey, Pretty Love,\" mixed love ballads and dance tracks with patois. \"Ease Up,\" \"Creative Child,\" and \"50 Ways (To Flip a Style),\" were hip-hop inspired songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008056-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Inches of Snow, Production, Legal dispute\nWhile touring as Snow's DJ in December 1994, Marvin Prince abruptly left the tour after discovering Snow \"was receiving more money from management than he was.\" While listed as only the co-writer of the song \"Runway\" on the 12\u00a0inches of Snow album, Prince claimed to have co-written five songs and co-produced the album with Shan, Eng, and Salem. Furthermore, Prince alleged that Eng and Salem provided \"a draft of a multi-album production and recording agreement\" for both Snow and himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008056-0004-0001", "contents": "12 Inches of Snow, Production, Legal dispute\nUnable to understand the contract, Prince allegedly \"sent a copy to his mother to get legal advice from her friend\" and \"never saw the agreement again.\" Moreover, Prince claimed to have entered an \"oral agreement\" with Snow implying that the two would share profits from the album \"fifty-fifty.\" The first agreement, Prince alleged, occurred \"in 1990, when the two men began working together on songs in\" Prince's \"basement\" and he \"allegedly suggested to\" Snow, \"if something comes out of this, let's be partners.\" The second oral agreement, according to Prince, took place in August 1991 while Snow \"auditioned for Shan.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008056-0004-0002", "contents": "12 Inches of Snow, Production, Legal dispute\nWhile Snow frequently referred to Prince as his partner in promotional videos, he claimed to have used the term \"only in the slang sense.\" Prince, moreover, \"admitted that these discussions were not concrete; the parties never organized a formal business plan, nor was plaintiff in New York to advance defendant's career.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008056-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Inches of Snow, Production, Legal dispute\nShan, Eng, and Salem, testified that they were unaware of a partnership between Snow and Prince and Shan denied that Prince co-produced 12 Inches of Snow and co-wrote five of the songs on the album. While initially winning a $1.5 million judgment, the court dismissed Prince's suit on grounds that he had \"no viable claims\" to a partnership with Snow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008056-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Inches of Snow, Release\nEast-West released the first single, \"Informer,\" while Snow was serving time in prison for assault charges. In fact, Snow first watched the \"Informer\" video while behind bars. Upon his release, a limousine picked him up and he left prison as a recording star. \"Informer\" went on to become one of the biggest international hits of 1993 and 12 Inches of Snow became one of the top-selling albums of that year. The album was certified platinum by the RIAA with an excess of 1 million copies sold and in Canada was certified triple platinum by the CRIA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008056-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Inches of Snow, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Darrin O'Brien, Shawn Moltke and Edmond Leary, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008056-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Inches of Snow, Personnel\nAdapted credits from the media notes of 12 Inches of Snow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008057-0000-0000", "contents": "12 July 2005 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing\nThe second HaSharon Mall entrance suicide bombing was a suicide bombing which occurred on July 12, 2005 in the HaSharon Mall in Netanya, Israel. 5 people were killed in the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008057-0001-0000", "contents": "12 July 2005 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing\nThe Palestinian Islamist militant organization Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008057-0002-0000", "contents": "12 July 2005 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing, Attack\nDuring the late afternoon of July 12, 2005 a Palestinian suicide bomber approached the popular HaSharon Mall in the center of the coastal city Netanya. The suicide bomber who was wearing hidden explosives underneath his clothes, detonated himself at about 6:35 pm on a pedestrian crossing, after approaching a group of four young women, who were crossing the road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 50], "content_span": [51, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008057-0003-0000", "contents": "12 July 2005 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing, Attack\nThree women were killed in the attack. An IDF corporal and another woman subsequently died of their injuries. In addition, about 90 people were injured in the attack, five of them seriously. The explosion which occurred in a busy intersection outside of the mall during the evening rush hour also caused damage to many of the nearby automobiles, and in addition, some of the shopping center's windows were shattered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 50], "content_span": [51, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008057-0004-0000", "contents": "12 July 2005 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing, Attack\nAfter the attack the local police stated that the suicide bomber carried around 10\u00a0kg of explosives, as well as nails and metal pellets, on an explosive belt that was strapped to his body. Netanya's mayor, Miriam Fierberg, was present on the scene of the attack and immediately began assisting the injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 50], "content_span": [51, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008057-0005-0000", "contents": "12 July 2005 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing, The perpetrators\nThe Palestinian Islamist militant organization Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the attack and stated that the attack was carried out by 18-year-old Palestinian student Ahmad Abu-Halil from the West Bank village of Atil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008057-0006-0000", "contents": "12 July 2005 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing, Aftermath\nOn the day of the bombing, Israeli defense minister, Shaul Mofaz, canceled a meeting with the Palestinian minister for civil affairs, Mohammed Dahlan, set for that evening to coordinate various issues regarding Israel's withdrawal from the Gaza Strip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0000-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest\nIntense confrontation between anti-extradition bill protesters and the Hong Kong Police Force occurred on 12 June 2019 outside the Government Headquarters in Admiralty, Hong Kong Island. The protest was sparked by the government's introduction of the controversial Fugitive Offenders amendment bill, which was set to go through second reading on 12 June despite mass opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0001-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest\n40,000 protesters gathered outside the Government Headquarters attempted and successfully stalled the second reading of the bill, though the Police deployed numerous canisters of tear gas, rubber bullets and bean bag rounds to disperse the protesters. The government and the police characterised the protest as a \"riot\", though they later partially retracted the claim and said that only five of the arrestees rioted. The police were widely criticised for its excessive use of force and arrests of protesters inside hospitals. In particular, the kettling of protesters inside CITIC Tower, was widely condemned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0002-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest\nThe conflict was the most serious and intense conflict between the police and the protesters during the early stage of the 2019\u201320 Hong Kong protests. Protesters began to lay down their five core demands, including the establishment of an independent commission of inquiry into police conduct and use of force and the release and exoneration of arrested protesters. Subsequent protests saw protesters and the police clashing with each other as the number of allegations of Police misconduct continued to increase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0003-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Background\nThe protest was sparked by the introduction of the Fugitive Offenders amendment bill by the Hong Kong government. The bill, if enacted, would have allowed the Hong Kong government to extradite criminal fugitives who are wanted in territories to areas including Taiwan and mainland China. This created concerns that the bill would subject Hong Kong residents and visitors to the mainland Chinese jurisdiction and legal system, undermining the region's autonomy and its civil liberties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0004-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Background\nOn 9 June 2019, an estimated 1 million protesters marched on the streets of Hong Kong Island to demand the government to withdraw the controversial extradition bill. The march escalated into intense conflicts between the police and the protesters. Chief Executive Carrie Lam announced on the next day that she acknowledged the march protest and understood that were \"clearly still concerns\" among citizens of Hong Kong over the bill. However, she affirmed that the bill would be passed to the Legislative Council for its second reading on 12 June, despite mass opposition. In response, activists began to call for a general strike and mobilise members from the public to protest outside the Government Headquarters to stall the bill from passing its second reading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0005-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Timeline, Early stage\nA Facebook post calling on people to \"enjoy a picnic\" at Tamar Park on 11 June attracted 2,000 people. In anticipation of the protest the next day, the police force tightened the security. Inside Admiralty station, about 50 to 60 police officers stopped commuters, mostly teenagers and searched their bags. Pan-democrats arrived to assist the teens and questioned the police's lack of justification for the search, and about 300 passers-by gathered near the site of conflicts, many of them shouted to condemn the police's decision. The police left the station at 9:05\u00a0pm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0006-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Timeline, General strike and occupation\nA general strike had been called for 12 June, the day of the planned resumption of the second reading of the extradition bill. The Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions (HKCTU) appealed to workers to join the protest; hundreds of businesses closed for the day and numerous workers went on strike. Affiliate Hong Kong Cabin Crew Federation also called a strike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0006-0001", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Timeline, General strike and occupation\nHSBC, Standard Chartered and Bank of East Asia closed some central branches; some of the banks and the Big Four accounting firms had agreed to flexible work arrangements for staff; Hong Kong Jockey Club shut down three of its central betting branches, citing employee safety. The Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union (HKPTU) called on its members to attend a protest rally after school hours on that day. Student unions of most of the major higher education institutions had also called for student strike on 12 June; 50 social welfare and religious groups also took part in the strike. The Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong urged the Hong Kong government and the public to show restraint, and the administration \"not to rush to amend the extradition bill before fully responding to the concerns of the legal sector and the public.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0007-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Timeline, General strike and occupation\nAnother call to \"picnic\" at Tamar Park on 12 June attracted close to 10,000 responses. The Legislative Council Commission issued an amber security alert. The protest zone outside the building was closed and access to the complex was limited. Sit -ins began in the morning and a large crowd built up at the MTR exit. In the early morning hours, the crowd rushed onto Harcourt Road and Lung Wo Road, blocking these streets in scenes reminiscent of the 2014 Umbrella Movement protests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0007-0001", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Timeline, General strike and occupation\nA banner with \"Majority calls on Carrie Lam to step down\" and \"Withdraw the extradition bill, defend One Country Two Systems\" written on it was hung from the Admiralty Centre footbridge. Around 11\u00a0am, the Legislative Council Secretariat announced that the second reading debate on the extradition bill had been postponed indefinitely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0008-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Timeline, Violent clashes\nPolice vans carrying riot police began to line up adjacent to the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts and the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre on standby, around 1\u00a0pm. A source in the pro-Beijing camp said that some pro-Beijing legislators were at Central Police District Headquarters, while online groups called on protesters to block vehicles that might be used to transport the legislators to the Legislative Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0009-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Timeline, Violent clashes\nAround 3:20\u00a0pm, protesters on Tim Wa Avenue began to charge the police barricades and were doused with pepper spray in reply. Some protesters at the junction of Lung Wo Road and Tim Wa Avenue broke through the barricades and took over Tim Wa Avenue after riot police walked into the government headquarters, leaving a Special Tactical Unit to defend. Protesters also attempted to charge the Legislative Council building. Riot police dispersed the protesters by firing tear gas, beanbag rounds and rubber bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0010-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Timeline, Violent clashes\nThere was a stand-off on Harcourt Road between protesters and the police. Many protesters took shelter in the buildings nearby as more tear gas was fired. As of 6\u00a0pm, 22 injured people had been sent to public hospitals. At around 6:20\u00a0pm, the Legislative Council Secretariat issued a circular saying Legislative Council President Andrew Leung had called off the meeting. Protesters remained in the streets outside the AIA Tower in Central, Queensway outside Pacific Place shopping mall, and at the junction of Arsenal Street and Hennessy Road in Wan Chai into the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0010-0001", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Timeline, Violent clashes\nIn Central, private cars were employed to block Connaught Road Central while protesters chanted slogans from the Exchange Square bridge. Protesters defied sustained efforts by police to disperse them after nightfall. By the end of the day, at least 79 protesters and police officers had been treated in hospitals; around 150 tear gas canisters, \"several\" rounds of rubber bullets, and 20 beanbag shots had been fired during the protest clearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0011-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Timeline, Violent clashes\nOvernight, 2,000 protesters from religious groups held a vigil outside the government headquarters, singing hymns and praying. Various trade unions, businesses and schools also vowed to stage protests. The Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union called for a city-wide strike lasting a week. At least 4,000 Hong Kong teachers followed the call.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0012-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Timeline, Siege of CITIC Tower\nAccording to the CHRF, the police had earlier agreed to peaceful demonstration within the area outside CITIC Tower in its letter of no objection. However, the peaceful rally was disrupted by the police when teargas was fired into the middle of the crowd. Videos depicting the police firing tear gas as in a pincer movement on both sides of Lung Wui Road near Citic Tower at around 4\u00a0pm went viral on Hong Kong social media. People who were trying to push into the building to flee the gas found the doors locked and themselves cornered by police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0013-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Timeline, Siege of CITIC Tower\nAs people trickled through the jammed central revolving door and a small side door, the police fired another two tear gas canisters into the trapped crowd, fuelling panic. Protesters attempted to break down another locked side door in a desperate attempt to gain entry. Pro -democrat legislators criticised the police action which nearly caused a stampede. Amnesty International also criticised the use of tear gas against the trapped crowd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0014-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Police brutality allegations, Use of force\nMany videos of aggressive police action appeared online: one showed tear gas canisters being fired at peaceful and unarmed protesters, first-aid volunteers, and even reporters. One video showed a protester apparently being hit in the face by a police projectile; another showed police firing multiple rounds of tear gas at hundreds of trapped protesters outside CITIC Tower. A The New York Times video essay showed tear gas was deployed as an \"offensive weapon\" and that in several cases, unarmed protesters were beaten and dragged by police commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0014-0001", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Police brutality allegations, Use of force\nOn 21 June, Amnesty International published a report examining policing tactics by its team of experts who examined footage of 14 incidents. Video showed apparent unlawful use of batons with the police beating unresisting protesters who were already subdued. The police was also criticised for using rubber bullets dangerously, with the police shooting projectiles directly at protesters' faces. There were also the improper use of riot control agents with peaceful, unarmed passers-by being pepper-sprayed, lack of visible police identification and restrictions on journalists and medics. Amnesty concluded that the use of force by police against the largely peaceful protest was unnecessary and excessive and that police had \"violated international human rights law and standards.\" The right eye of a male teacher from Diocesan Girls' School was ruptured by police projectiles, which permanently affected his eyesight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 995]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0015-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Police brutality allegations, Use of force\nProtesters complained about the lack of identifying numbers on the uniforms of the Special Tactical Squad (STS), who were accused of police brutality. During the 2014 Occupy protests, the 2016 Mong Kok civil unrest, and the 9 June clashes, police uniforms had always displayed numbers. The numbers appeared to have disappeared since 12 June, when police officers began wearing newly designed uniforms without numbers. Although Secretary Lee claimed there was no space on the new uniforms to display their numbers, it is an operational requirement. Meanwhile, a spokesman for the police complained that personal information of more than 400 officers and about 100 of their family members had been posted online. Activists have also targeted senior officers in the force who are British, questioning the legacy of colonial violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0016-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Police brutality allegations, Use of force\nTop bodies of the United Nations condemned the actions of police. A spokesman for the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet said she was concerned by the \"escalation of violence\" in Hong Kong, and Rupert Colville said the UN Human Rights Office had also reviewed credible evidence that police were using \"less-lethal weapons in ways that are prohibited by international norms\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0016-0001", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Police brutality allegations, Use of force\nCarrie Lam and Stephen Lo repeatedly sidestepped questions over police violence and rejected protesters' demands for an independent inquiry into the policing of the 12 June protest, only replying that the Complaints Against Police Office (CAPO) and the Independent Police Complaints Council (IPCC) \u2013 both of which are internal institutions \u2013 would look into the complaints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0017-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Police brutality allegations, Use of force\nChief superintendents Rupert Dover and David Jordan have been singled out by the activists for their handling and suppression of the protest, which injured 22 police officers and 81 protesters. Helen Goodman criticised superintendent Justin Shave for ordering his team to fire tear gas at Wu Chi-wai, an unarmed Legislative Councilor who was demanding to meet the police's commander. Two people sustained severe injuries according to the police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0018-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Police brutality allegations, Assaults on journalists\nThe Hong Kong Journalists Association (HKJA) accused the police of \"trampl[ing] on reporters\" and ignoring their safety. They complained that the police had unreasonably interfered with newsgathering by shining flashlights directly at them to disperse them. A driver for public broadcaster RTHK was hit by a tear gas round and sent to hospital after he suffered a cardiac arrest. The HKJA also said members complained that some police officers had been verbally insulting and abusive, including the use of profanity at a member of the press. Another online video showed riot police firing tear gas rounds directly at a journalist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 85], "content_span": [86, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0018-0001", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Police brutality allegations, Assaults on journalists\nThe HKJA filed a complaint with the Independent Police Complaints Council (IPCC) claiming police had caused bodily harm to 26 journalists during the protests. The police press conference on 13 June was attended by reporters wearing high-visibility vests, helmets and gas masks in protest. The Committee to Protect Journalists reported that a journalist was hit with a baton, a backpack of a journalist was hit by a baton, police fired tear gas at a group of journalists wearing yellow \"Press\" vests, police pepper sprayed a photojournalist and police dispersed journalists swinging batons at and chasing them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 85], "content_span": [86, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0019-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Arrests\nThe police arrested 32 people following the protest. Commissioner of Police Stephen Lo declared the clashes a \"riot\" and condemned the protesters' behaviour. Speaking in Cantonese, Lo used the term for \"disturbance\", but a police spokesman later clarified he meant \"riot\". Chief Executive Carrie Lam backed Lo, saying the protesters' \"dangerous and life-threatening acts\" had devolved into a \"blatant, organised riot\". Lo later backed down from the riot characterisation, saying that of all protesters, only five of them rioted. He added that \"most of the other people who joined the public event were peaceful protesters. They did not need to worry that they committed rioting crimes.\" However, the five people who were arrested for rioting were all released without charge on 24 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0020-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Arrests, Hospital arrests\nAt least four protesters were arrested at hospitals while receiving treatment following clashes earlier that day. The police chief admitted that officers had accessed medical records, raising concerns over confidentiality of patient information. On 17 June, Legislative Councillor for the Medical constituency Pierre Chan presented a partial list that disclosed the information of 76 patients who had been treated in the emergency ward of a public hospital on 12 and 13 June, along with a note that stated \"for police\" which was written on the top-left corner of the document.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0020-0001", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Arrests, Hospital arrests\nChan said such a list could be obtained through the clinical data system in some hospitals without requiring a password and accused the Hong Kong Hospital Authority (HKHA) for leaking patients' data to the police. The HKHA denied the accusation, stressing that it had never authorised anyone to print the patients' data for police officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0021-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Arrests, Hospital arrests\nThe Hong Kong Adventist Hospital in Tsuen Wan also reportedly refused to treat an injured protester and advised the person to go to Yan Chai Hospital before reporting him to the police. The private hospital told media that its protocol prohibits it from handling cases related to \"criminal activities\", adding that patients involved in such cases are referred to a public hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0022-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Arrests, Hospital arrests\nTensions grew between the medical profession and the police force with both parties accused of verbal harassment and abuse. The police force later withdrew from posts at Queen Elizabeth Hospital and Yan Chai Hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0023-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Aftermath\nProtests against the extradition bill continued after 12 June, as the protesters only managed to delay the second reading of the bill. In response to the alleged police brutality, protesters began asking for the establishment of an independent commission of inquiry into police conduct and use of force during the protest and demanding the police to retract the \"riot\" characterisation. These demands later formed the foundation of the protesters' core five demands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0024-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Aftermath\nOn 15 June, Chief Executive Carrie Lam announced the \"suspension\" of the bill but stopped short of fully withdrawing it. Responding to the 12 June incident, she supported the police, calling them \"restrained\" and that she agreed with the riot characterisation. Shortly afterward, a 35-year-old man named Marco Leung Ling-kit climbed to the elevated podium on the rooftop of Pacific Place. Wearing a yellow raincoat with the words \"Brutal police are cold-blooded\" and \"Carrie Lam is killing Hong Kong\", he fell to his death after a five-hour standoff. On 16 June, the Civil Human Rights Front organised a massive rally, attracting 2 million people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0025-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Aftermath\nThe government rejected the formation of an independent inquiry and stated that the Independent Police Complaints Council (IPCC), an internal institution, would look into the complaints. Following the 12 June incident, the attention of the protests shifted to the confrontations between the police force and the protesters. The number of allegations of Police misconduct continued to increase in subsequent protests, as protests escalated into intense conflicts between both sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0026-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Aftermath\nRobert Godden, the founder of human rights consultancy Rights Exposure, named the 12 June incident as the \"first escalation of force\" and that most of the subsequent protests were \"a spiralling escalation\" based on what had happened on 12 June. Commenting on the police's tactics, he described them as \"very indiscriminate, very blunt, very unplanned, very unsophisticated\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008058-0027-0000", "contents": "12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest, Aftermath\nOn 15 May 2020, a 22-year-old man surnamed Sin was sentenced to four years in prison for his participation in the protest, becoming the first person to be jailed for the charge of rioting since the protest movement started.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008059-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Koofi\nThe 12 Koofi, more commonly known as Reer Marka, are a Somali confederation of clans inhabiting the city of Merca and other southern coastal towns of Somalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008059-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Koofi, Overview\nReer Marka, also known as 12 Koofi are confederation of clans part of the larger confederacy Benadiri based in the southern port town of Marka. Members of this group of clans can also be found all over southern Somalia, especially coastal towns such as: Mogadishu, Baraawe, Kismayo, Gendershe, Dhanaane, Jilib, Marka and Jazeera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008059-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Koofi, Language\nReer Marka or the 12 Koofi speak a very unique dialect of the Somali language even though Lamberti labelled this the Asharaf dialect the locals call it Mah doonte or Aff May Doonte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008059-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Koofi, Clan Tree\nThis group of clans originally was originally made up of 12 clans hence the name 12 Koofi (Somali: 12 Hats/Caps), however over the last century the number of clan groups part of this confederacy has increased due to merchant clans settling in from Baraawe and Mogadishu, also due to some of these Benadiri clans being counted as one and no longer are. In Pentano, 1910 he mentions the groups who live in Merca as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008059-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Koofi, Clan Tree\nPatano also went on to mention in Marka there were Bravenese people from various clans living there also. According to Hassan Osman Ahmed's \"La Citta' di Marka, I Biimaal e il Dominio Sulla Costa Somala\" book 12 Koofi are split into 2 groups lixda gibil cad (Somali: 6 lightskin) and lixda gibil madow (Somali: 6 darkskin). These Groups are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008059-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Koofi, Clan Tree\nAccording to a more recent paper sent to the Federal Government of Somalia the list elders came from 16 different clans and are as follow:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008060-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Lacertae\n12 Lacertae is a wide binary star system in the northern constellation of Lacerta, located roughly 1,090\u00a0light years away from the Sun based on parallax. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, blue-white hued point of light with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 5.23. The system is drifting closer to the Earth with a mean heliocentric radial velocity of \u201312.5. It is a probable member of the I Lacertae OB association (Lac OB1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008060-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Lacertae\nThe primary component is a Beta Cephei variable with a stellar classification of B1.5III, matching a B-type star with the luminosity class of a giant star. It has been known to be variable for more than a century and has been extensively studied. The variable radial velocity of the star was discovered by W. S. Adams in 1912, and the light variations were established by 1919. The pulsational nature of the variability was shown by P. Ledoux in 1951, which led to one of the first world-wide observing campaigns with the star as its target. Dutch mathematician F. J. M. Barning analyzed the resulting data in 1963 and found four separate cycles of variation. By 1994, six periods had been confirmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008060-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Lacertae\nThe variable star designation of the primary is DD Lacertae, while 12 Lacertae is the Flamsteed designation. In general terms it varies in magnitude from 5.16 down to 5.28 with a period of 4.63 hours. As many as eleven different frequencies have been detected, with the dominant cycle showing a frequency of 5.179034 cycles per day. Curiously, three of the frequencies form an equally-spaced triplet with cycles of 5.179, 5.334, and 5.490 per day, although this alignment appears to be a coincidence. It is a hybrid pulsator, showing mixed behaviors of a Beta Cephei variable and a slowly pulsating B-type star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008060-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Lacertae\nThe primary is a massive star, having 9.5 times the mass of the Sun and an age of only 22\u00a0million years old. It has about 8.4 times the girth of the Sun. The averaged quadratic field strength of the surface magnetic field is (2,352.3\u00b11,604.9)\u00d710\u22124\u00a0T. It is radiating 8,877 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 23,809\u00a0K. The estimated rotational velocity of the primary at the equator is 52\u00b15\u00a0km/s; about 10% of its break-up velocity. However, seismic models suggest the core region is rotating much more rapidly with a rotational velocity of up to 100\u00a0km/s, and thus the star is undergoing differential rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008060-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Lacertae\nThe companion is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A3V and visual magnitude 9.2. As of 2008, it had an angular separation of 69\u2033 from the primary. There is a faint infrared nebulosity at a separation of 0.6 light-years from the pair that is most likely a bow shock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008061-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Lagu Islami Terbaik - Fatin & Friends\n12 Lagu Islami Terbaik - Fatin & Friends is a 12 track compilation album by Various artists that was released through Sony Music Entertainment Indonesia on 24 June 2014. This album, 12 Lagu Islami Terbaik - Fatin & Friends  features a 12 tracks Islamic songs, in which many have that song so popular in Ramadhan. There is new songs from this album, \"Proud of You Moslem\" and \"Oh Tuhan\", sung by Fatin Shidqia, which become first single from this album. This album only sold in Gramedia bookstore and iTunes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008062-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Little Spells\n12 Little Spells is the seventh studio album by American jazz bassist and vocalist Esperanza Spalding. It was released on October 19, 2018, by Concord Records. Each song was released individually from October 7\u201318, 2018 and each track also contains a music video. At the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards in 2020, the album won the Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008062-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Little Spells, Background\nThe album is a decidedly significant departure from her previous work, utilising an experimental framing device in which each song correlates to a single body part. With this, Spalding stated she hoped to distance herself from the identity of a \"musician\" and associate herself with an unbound experimentalism that cannot be categorised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008062-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Little Spells, Reception\nLucas Phillips of Boston Globe commented \"Weird is too often a cover for mediocrity or an epithet meant to describe what is foreign to us. Sure, Esperanza Spalding\u2019s new music and video project, \u201c12 Little Spells,\u201d is weird. Weird like seeing the inside of the singer-bassist's eyeballs and an animation that for all the world resembles a uterus dancing to the beat. The music and lyrics lean in similar directions. But that isn't a cover for mediocrity, nor does it represent anything so unfamiliar\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008062-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Little Spells, Reception\nLibby Cudmore of Paste added \"Musically, there is nothing constrained about her performance as a vocalist or a bassist. It\u2019s extremely organic, as though each song is unfolding right before you, rather than after laboring in a recording studio... This is not dinner jazz, but no one who picks up an Esperanza Spalding album expects it to be. Her voice and her bass are a listener\u2019s guide on a tour with no map and no destination, but where wonders abound\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008062-0003-0001", "contents": "12 Little Spells, Reception\nWriting in Echoes, Adam Mattera singled out specific tracks for merit: \"Touch In Mine\" renders everything Solange has been retreading over her last couple of albums somewhat redundant, while in some alternate universe you could even imagine the Chic-in-outer-space groove of \"You Have To Dance\" being a hit\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008062-0003-0002", "contents": "12 Little Spells, Reception\nJohn Pareles and Jon Caramanica of The New York Times listed the album as the fourth best album of the year in the publication's 28 best albums of 2018 list, stating that in spite of \"devious melodies, odd meters and cleverly interlocking patterns\", Spalding achieves complex insight with \"such breezy charm that the songs come across as lighthearted, [and] even lightheaded\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008063-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Love Stories\n12 Love Stories is an album released by Japanese rapper Dohzi-T. The album came in 2 versions: CD only and CD+DVD. The CD+DVD (named 12 Love Stories -Sweet Love Box-) was a limited edition containing 2 promotional videos. This was the first album from Dohzi-T to chart in the top 10 on the Oricon Chart and selling over 200,000 copies. All the songs in the album have the same theme: love. This album contains a lot of collaborations with various artists. The album had as single release \"M\u014d Ichi do...\" which was a long charting hit selling over 80,000 copies. This album is ranked as #55 on the yearly Oricon chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008064-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Lyncis\n12 Lyncis, abbreviated 12 Lyn, is a triple star system in the constellation Lynx. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint point of light with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.87. When seen through a telescope, it can be separated into three stars: two components with magnitudes 5.4 and 6.0 that lie at an angular separation by 1.8\u2033 (as of 1992) and a yellow-hued star of magnitude 7.2 at a separation of 8.6\u2033 (as of 1990). The orbit of the two brighter stars is not known with certainty, but appears to have a period of somewhere around 700 to 900 years. The pair have a projected separation of 128\u00a0AU. Parallax indicates the system is 210\u00b110 light years distant from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0000-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots\nThe 12 May Karachi riots, also known as Black Saturday riots, were a series of violent clashes between rival political activists in Karachi. The unrest began as the recently suspended chief justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry arrived at the Jinnah International Airport on 12 May 2007. Gunfights and clashes erupted across the provincial capital as Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), Awami National Party (ANP), and Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party (PMAP) activists, who supported the judge, and the pro-government Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) activists took to the streets against each other. Government machinery was used to block all major roads. Police was accomplice and a silent spectator to the violence. News media was attacked at Guru mandir (Business Recorder Road) when MQM activists began firing at AAJ TV headquarters which was shown on live television.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0001-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots\nChaudhry's supporters had announced a public rally to welcome the judge while at the same time, the MQM also announced a demonstration of their own to protest against the politicisation of the issue of judge's suspension. The MQM made plans to deliberately converge at the mausoleum of Muhammad Ali Jinnah where the chief justice was to make an appearance to address a lawyers' convention and a bar association meeting at the 50th anniversary of the Sindh High Court Bar Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0002-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Lawyers' Movement\nBefore the citywide riots escalated, several roads were cordoned off and all routes to the airport were blocked to avoid clashes between groups. In the carnage that ensued, armed groups did a lot of carnage, cars were burnt and buildings smashed into while the ensuing gunfights left more than 40 people killed with several hundred injured and arrested. The violence continued for several days, culminating in events that led to the historic Lawyers' Movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0003-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Lawyers' Movement\nSeveral lawmakers and analysts have since questioned the incompetence of the city's security apparatus on the day of the riots and the complicity of MQM in giving rise to the riots. The MQM officially denied starting the chaos and blamed it on the PPP, ANP, PMAP, Punjabi Pakhtun Ittehad (PPI) and Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) activists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0004-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Background\nIn the first few months of 2007, several conflicts had already raged between chief justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry and the Pakistani government, particularly with regard to the Pakistan Steel Mills corruption case where the chief justice ruled against the sale of the state-owned steel mills at a \"throw-away price\". Issues pertaining to the privatisation of the state-owned steel mills upset Shaukat Aziz, who served as the prime minister under the Musharraf administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0005-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Background\nWhat irked president Pervez Musharraf however was the controversial Missing Persons case that found Pakistan's intelligence agencies (including the FIA and the ISI) to be complicit in the forced disappearances of up to 400 people (including terror suspects and human rights activists) without due process since 2001. Under Chaudhry's leadership, the courts had increasingly started \"exercising independence from the government\" when it ordered the security agencies to produce the missing people in court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0006-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Background\nWhen the Musharraf administration asked the judge to quit, Chaudhry refused to go. On 9 March 2007, Musharraf had no other choice but to suspend Chaudhry from his post for alleged and unspecified charges of misconduct and misuse of authority. The sacking of the head of the judiciary sparked bloody protests throughout Pakistan and \"edged the country towards a constitutional crisis\". The civil unrest grew with regards to the validity of the allegations as well as doubts as to whether Musharraf had the power to suspend the chief justice. It was on these grounds that Chaudhry waged a legal battle in the Supreme Court seeking his reinstatement. He called his suspension a \"thinly veiled assault on the independence of judiciary in Pakistan\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0007-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Background, Nationwide protests and media ban\nOn 5 May 2007, in showing solidarity with the former chief justice, a motorcade of Chaudhry's supporters rode with him from Islamabad to Lahore where he was expected to speak at the Lahore High Court Bar Association when this motorcade of over 2,000 vehicles was stopped by the police with baton charges and tear gas shelling. Debates concerning the day's events started being covered and discussed on the Pakistani news media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0008-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Background, Nationwide protests and media ban\nThe government wanted to limit the media coverage of Chaudhry's rallies and asked the Supreme Court to warn news networks that any \"media coverage, discussion and analysis\" that impeded legal procedures would be treated as contempt of court. The court issued a statement in which it said the news media, and in particular Geo TV host Kamran Khan, had broadcast \"sensational reporting aimed at scandalising and maligning the honourable judges of the Supreme Court\". Khan defended his actions by saying he had no malicious intent. But when discussions of the Chaudhry's rallies persisted on television, the government decided to take drastic measures and abruptly pulled Geo TV and Aaj TV off air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0009-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Background, Nationwide protests and media ban\nIt wasn't until 9 May 2007 that the Pakistani government imposed a complete ban on the media from discussing the suspension of Chaudhry by Musharraf. Media outlets and journalists protested and responded to the ban saying that their goal was to cover, not contribute, to the controversy. The government, reluctantly, agreed to issue special passes for reporters and lawyers to attend the presidential reference filed against the chief justice. Several pro-government parties throughout Pakistan announced their own demonstrations to coincide with Chaudhry's rallies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0010-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Background, Chaudhry's visit to Lahore High Court\n\"Nations and states which are based on dictatorship instead of the supremacy of the constitution, the rule of law and protection of basic rights get destroyed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0011-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Background, Chaudhry's visit to Lahore High Court\n\u2014 Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, Lahore High Court, 6 May 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0012-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Background, Chaudhry's visit to Lahore High Court\nIn anticipation of the former chief justice's arrival in Lahore, the Lahore High Court was thronged by political activists of several political parties in the opposition including Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N), Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA) and Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), who had gathered to welcome the judge. When Chaudhry did arrive at the Lahore High Court, his motorcade was swamped by supporters showering his vehicle with rose petals and chanting \"Go Musharraf, Go!\" Banners denouncing Musharraf were hung all around the compound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0013-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Background, Chaudhry's visit to Lahore High Court\nIn his historical speech on 6 May 2007, the former chief justice made no direct references to president Musharraf but directed his rhetoric towards the government by calling it a \"dictatorship\". Several political commentators refer to this speech as the precursor to the Lawyers' Movement later that year. Chaudhry also accused the government of violating the basic human rights of its citizens and warned that the countries and nations that don't learn from past mistakes were bound to be destroyed. In closing his speech, Chaudhry announced he would be attending a Sindh High Court Bar Association meeting in Karachi on 12 May 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0014-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Background, Opposition plans to welcome Chaudhry\nAfter Chaudhry announced his plans for Karachi, the political parties in the opposition announced a rally to welcome the former chief justice in their city. Upon seeing Chaudhry's supporters announce a rally to welcome the chief justice, the pro-government Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) organised a protest demonstration of their own against the \"politicisation of the issue [of the justice's suspension]\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0015-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Background, Opposition plans to welcome Chaudhry\nSeeing the chief justice's determination to visit Karachi, MQM MNA Nawab Mirza proclaimed in a parliamentary session that \"no one [would] be allowed to do anything in Karachi.\" He said that \"[the] country [may belong] to everyone, but Karachi [belonged] to [the MQM]\". The provincial government called a meeting of the senior officials and instructed them to not let the chief justice leave the airport at any cost. Sindh chief secretary Shakil Durrani learnt of these plans and called them a \"contempt of the High Court's orders\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0016-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Background, Opposition plans to welcome Chaudhry\nOn 10 May 2007, Pakistan International Human Rights Organisation filed a petition with the Sindh High Court pointing out reports in the press about Sindh home secretary Ghulam M. Muhtaram Naqvi's letter to the chief justice that requested him to postpone his visit because of intelligence reports suggesting threat of a terrorist attack. The court directed the federal and provincial governments to provide fool-proof security to the chief justice and also directed authorities not to pressurise him into changing his route while also keeping him informed of any security risks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0017-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Background, Unrest before Chaudhry's visit\nAt 3 am on 10 May 2007, the residence of the Supreme Court Bar Association president Munir A. Malik came under attack by armed men. Malik, a member of the panel of lawyers defending Chaudhry, narrowly escaped the attack. On 11 May 2007, Karachi Bar Association vice president Ziauddin Sardar was reported missing by his family. Following these incidents, uncertainty and fear gripped the city as the \"threat of a showdown loomed large\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0018-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Background, Unrest before Chaudhry's visit\nKarachi Police informed it had arrested 150 people under the Maintenance of Public Order Ordinance on apprehensions they could \"create problems\" on the judge's arrival. However, opposition parties disputed the number of arrests \u2013 MMA put the figure at 500, PPP at 400 and PML-N at 150.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0019-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, The day of the riots\nFearing a showdown between rival political parties, the transporters in the city decided to keep their buses and vans off the road. In a late-night announcement, the Sindh government announced the closure of all educational institutions as governor Dr Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan declared a public holiday for government and private schools, colleges and universities on 12 May 2007. Hospitals declared emergency and ordered their doctors and staff to remain on duty, while Naib Nazima Nasreen Jalil directed all city departments including hospitals and fire-brigade to follow \"standard operating procedure\" to deal with any emergency situation that arises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0020-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, The day of the riots, City-wide blockades set up\nReports started emerging from around Karachi of blockades being set up on the way toward the Jinnah International Airport in a bid to stop the chief justice from visiting Muhammad Ali Jinnah's mausoleum. Parts of Shahrah-e-Quaideen were blocked whereas the main arterial road Shahrah-e-Faisal, which was to be used by procession of the chief justice, was completely made inaccessible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0021-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, The day of the riots, City-wide blockades set up\nBecause most of the road leading to the airport were closed, the Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) had to delay all its flight due to the non-availability of cockpit and cabin crews who were unable to reach the airport in time. It wasn't just air traffic that was suspended but train services between Karachi and the rest of the country were also effected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0022-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, The day of the riots, Chaudhry's arrival in Karachi\nAt 10 am, Chaudhry left Islamabad airport on flight PK-301 for Karachi accompanied by Zamurad Khan and Yousuf Talpur. The flight landed at the Jinnah International Airport in Karachi airport at 11:50 am.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0023-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, The day of the riots, Chaudhry's arrival in Karachi\nGunfights broke out throughout the city as soon as the plane landed at the airport; several vehicles were also set ablaze. Smoke rose from at least four different areas of the city where competing rallies were organised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0024-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, The day of the riots, Chaudhry's arrival in Karachi\nThe chief justice had plans to visit Pakistan founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah's mausoleum to address a gathering and then to the Sindh High Court to address lawyers at the 50th anniversary of the Sindh High Court Bar Association. Due to the sudden violence that erupted throughout the city, the chief justice was unable to leave the airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0025-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, The day of the riots, Media offices attacked\nAs the violence escalated, gunfights moved toward the Guru Mandir Square in the neighbourhood of Jamshed Quarters. The offices of various media outlets, in particular the Business Recorder House which housed the Aaj TV newsroom and broadcast operations, became firsthand witnesses of the carnage. With the violence continuing right at their doorstep, Aaj TV reporters began telecasting live footage of the mayhem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 66], "content_span": [67, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0026-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, The day of the riots, Media offices attacked\nThe Aaj TV footage showed armed men brandishing weapons that they fired indiscriminately at rivals in an adjacent neighbourhood. The footage clearly showed these gunmen hoisting MQM flags. As soon as the footage started airing on television, the gunmen became aware they were being filmed and turned their guns towards the media offices. The armed men fired at the office building and set cars ablaze in the parking lot beside the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 66], "content_span": [67, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0027-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, The day of the riots, Media offices attacked\nThe network's chief executive Arshad Zuberi later revealed that the gunmen were certainly affiliated with the MQM. He stated that the \"gunmen started [firing] indiscriminately at [the] office [and] no security was sent [even] though the firing went on for six hours\". According to Zuberi, the armed men had wanted to stop the airing of the live footage. Nevertheless, the network remained on air uninterrupted and no one was hurt during the attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 66], "content_span": [67, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0028-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, The day of the riots, Media offices attacked\nIn an editorial for the Daily Times, freelance journalist Urooj Zia wrote an eyewitness account of the carnage outside the Business Recorder House. She observed how the Rangers paramilitary force had let the violence continue under their noses. She mentioned how people were being stopped at gunpoint on the street by political activists and asked for identification while the police stood by idly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 66], "content_span": [67, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0029-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, The day of the riots, Violence, carnage and mayhem\nDuring the rampage, it was mostly the supporters of Chaudhry who lost their lives. 15 members of Awami National Party (ANP) were killed (Pashtuns make up second largest ethnic group in Karachi with 7.0 million Pashtuns living in Karachi). 14 supporters of PPP were also left dead in the massacre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 72], "content_span": [73, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0030-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, The day of the riots, Violence, carnage and mayhem\nMore than 800 political workers were arrested, majority of whom were members of labor and student organizations that had been planning to greet Chaudhry on his arrival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 72], "content_span": [73, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0031-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, The day of the riots, Government offers to transport Chaudhry\nUnable to leave the airport, the chief justice took refuge at the airport. Knowing that roads leading up to the airport were blocked and that his leaving may further precipitate bloodshed, Chaudhry's advisers asked him to stay put. Amidst the chaos, the government agreed to send a helicopter to transport him out of the airport but Chaudhry refused, indicating that he wished to travel by ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 83], "content_span": [84, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0032-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, The day of the riots, Government offers to transport Chaudhry\nAccording to Munir A. Malik, one of the lawyers accompanying Chaudhry, Musharraf's offer to transport Chaudhry by helicopter seemed more like an attempt to \"kidnap\" the chief justice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 83], "content_span": [84, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0033-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, The day of the riots, Notice to deport the chief justice\nAfter a whole day of violence in the city, the Sindh administration issued a notification in the evening ordering the deportation of the chief justice. It was at this moment that Chaudhry \"abandoned plans to address [his] supporters\" and returned to Islamabad on the next flight. The chief justice was adamant that he would only leave the airport if he was provided with sufficient security and the accompaniment of his cadre of lawyers. Chaudhry's flight departed the Karachi airport at around 9 pm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0034-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, The day of the riots, Notice to deport the chief justice\nAccording to Aitzaz Ahsan, a prominent figurehead in Chaudhry's cadre, the chief justice had waited all day for permission to go to the Sindh High Court but was rather mistreated and asked to leave. He also accused the MQM of planning the mayhem in advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0035-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Sources of contention\nHuman Rights Watch, a non-government affiliated human rights watch dog based in New York City, recently issued a statement indicating that \"This [violence] can either be due to the incompetence of the government, or its complicity.\" Their statement went on, \"The sequence of events leading up to this violence, including statements from the provincial authorities and the arrest of hundreds of opposition activists in the last few days, indicates that the government, acting through its coalition partners, has deliberately sought to foment violence in Karachi.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0036-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Sources of contention\nAccording to documents obtained by the BBC after the event, government security measures on the day of the planned demonstrations included the instruction that \"no police personnel should carry any kind of weapon during the law and order duty with the rally\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0037-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Sources of contention\nOf note, among police officials were deployed for security duties in Karachi, only 21 in the entire city were armed. BBC analysts have indicated that the way police were deployed indicates that they were meant to prevent people from gaining access to the airport or to the Sindh High Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0038-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Aftermath\nMost of the city remained calm the day following the riots as security forces in armored personnel carriers and pickup trucks with mounted machine guns patrolled mostly peaceful and deserted streets. Tensions were still high with the government authorising paramilitary troops to shoot anyone involved in \"serious\" violence. Political opponents in the parliament blamed one another for the 12 May mayhem. MQM's Farooq Sattar blamed the opposition by saying that they were a \"hundred percent, 200 percent\" responsible for the situation in Karachi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0039-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Aftermath\nOn the other hand, opposition senator Mushahid Ullah Khan held the MQM responsible for the attacks in Karachi. National Party senator and senior vice president Hasil Bizenjo underscored the need for an inquiry into the incidents. An editorial in the Daily Times said, \"the possibility of any compromise to correct [Musharraf's] original mistake [of removing the chief justice] has vanished now ... the ante has been upped by the government.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0040-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Aftermath, Killing of Syed Hammad Raza\nAt around 4:30 pm on 13 May 2007, Supreme Court additional registrar Syed Hammad Raza was shot dead near his home in Islamabad. Raza was a close associate of Chaudhry and a vital witness in the case against Chaudhry's suspension. After leaving Karachi, the chief justice visited Raza's widow Shabana the same night to present his condolences. Reuters reported Shabana telling Chaudhry, \"You called him to Islamabad. You should have protected him, and now my children need protection as well.\" According to Chaudhry's lawyer Tariq Mehmood, Raza was a prime witness in the case as he had witnessed the removal of files from the chief justice's chambers on the day of his suspension. He said that \"[Raza] was under pressure.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 60], "content_span": [61, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0041-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Aftermath, Nationwide protests\nOn 13 May 2007, opposition parties observed a \"black day\" and called for a general strike in Punjab on 14 May 2007. The leaders of PPP, PML-N, MMA, PTI, ANP, PMAP, and the Khaksar Tehrik called for action against the miscreants that spread violence on 12 May calling them \"killers\". The Punjab leadership of the MMA held the Sindh government responsible for the loss of lives. The 14 May strikes in Lahore paralysed the city as opposition activists protested against the government response to the riots. 8,000 people, including lawyers and human rights activists, chanted \"Out with Musharraf!\" and \"Death to Altaf Hussain!\" In addition, protestors burned effigies of Musharraf and hundreds forced their way through a police barricade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0042-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Aftermath, Nationwide protests\nAuthorities responded by banning demonstrations and declaring a national holiday. Shops were closed and public transportation was shut down in the country's major cities. It is the largest strike in Pakistan since Musharraf assumed his presidency in 1999, with much of the unrest stemming from news reports that government troops were in Karachi,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0043-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Aftermath, Arrest of Rana Saleemullah Khan\nAt a press conference on 14 May 2007, Sindh chief minister Dr Arbab Ghulam Rahim assured that the situation in Karachi was under control and that there had been no serious incidents of violence in the days following the initial 12 May riots, despite fears to the contrary. The chief minister also indicated that opposition parties had not sought permission from the provincial government to hold their rallies on 12 May 2007. He also said the general elections would be held as scheduled in a few months and accused the opposition of showing impatience in that regard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0044-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Aftermath, Arrest of Rana Saleemullah Khan\nRahim also revealed that the police had arrested former DIG Rana Saleemullah Khan on court orders. Khan had been a vocal advocate of the chief justice and was Chaudhry's witness with regards to the Mannu Bheel case. He was one of the two witnesses in that case, alongside the recently killed Syed Hammad Raza. Khan feared that his arrest was a fa\u00e7ade and a sham, and that he could become another victim of extrajudicial killing. There had been several reports that Khan was humiliated after his arrest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0045-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Aftermath, Abduction of Iqbal Kazmi\nOn 3 June 2007, the government announced that it would impose a ban on any televised live talk show that discusses the issue of the chief justice's suspension. It threatened to take punitive action against broadcasters that displayed an anti-state or anti-national stance and cast \"aspersions on the integrity of the armed forces\". Under Musharraf's decree, the government amended the PEMRA Ordinance to impose these new restrictions on private television channels on 4 June 2007. Opposition parties and lawyers campaigned against these amendments and observed a \"black day\" in solidarity with the broadcasters and journalists. Amongst the petitioners was the civil rights activist Syed Mohammad Iqbal Kazmi who had recently filed a petition in the Sindh High Court on 12 May violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0046-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Aftermath, Abduction of Iqbal Kazmi\nKazmi was abducted by unidentified persons on 6 June 2007 after he had filed his petition against the PEMRA ordinance. He was later released by his abductors on the condition that he would leave Karachi along with his family. However upon his release, Kazmi revealed that the reason for his abduction was rather his petition on the 12 May violence. He told of his harrowing ordeal where he was quizzed about his association with Imran Khan's PTI and the reasons as to why he named MQM founder and chief Altaf Hussain in his petition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0046-0001", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Aftermath, Abduction of Iqbal Kazmi\nHis petition had also included the names of several other major political and government figures as respondents alongside Hussain. The named respondents included Sindh chief minister Arbab Ghulam Rahim, federal interior secretary Syed Kamal Shah, adviser to Sindh CM on home affairs Waseem Akhtar, chief secretary Shakeel Durrani, home secretary Ghulam M. Muhtaram Naqvi, provincial police officer Niaz A. Siddiqui, CCPO Azhar A. Farooqui, and the SHOs of City Courts and Jamshed Quarters police stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0047-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Formal inquisition\nAlongside Kazmi's petition, the Sindh High Court initiated its own suo moto proceedings issuing contempt of court notices to the federal interior secretary, Sindh chief secretary and home secretary, AIGP (acting PPO), Town Police Officer and other officials who were responsible for maintaining law and order on 12 May 2007. Subsequently, the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) also moved an identical contempt of court application.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0048-0000", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Formal inquisition\nA seven-member bench was constituted to preside over the case. The bench included justices Sarmad Jalal Osmany, Anwar Zaheer Jamali, Mushir Alam, Azizullah M. Memon, Khilji Arif Hussain, Maqbool Baqar and Ali Sain Dino Metlo, who were authorised to probe into the several issues that resulted in the 12 May bloodshed. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008065-0048-0001", "contents": "12 May Karachi riots, Formal inquisition\nMQM Altaf Hussian is enjoying his life in United Kingdom, former President General (retired) Musharraf is spending his time in Dubai, Europe and United States, Chief Minister Sindh Dr Arbab Ghulam Rahim went to Dubai in 2008 and came back Karachi in 2013, Governor Sindh Ishratul Ibad Khan ruled the province as Governor till 2016 and now traveling in and out of country while the then Adviser to the Sindh Chief Minister on Home Affairs Waseem Akhtar is now ruling Karachi as its Mayor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008066-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Memories\n12 Memories is the fourth studio album from Scottish alternative rock band Travis. The album was released on 11 October 2003 on Epic Records. In comparison, the album is a much more mature and lyrically darker album, focusing on issues such as the 2003 Iraq invasion, politicians, psychological crisis and domestic abuse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008066-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Memories, Background and recording\nTravis drummer Neil Primrose suffered a severe spinal injury in a swimming pool accident in July 2002. The band were forced to take six months off during his recuperation before regrouping. Moving into a cottage on the island of Mull they set up a small studio, and over two weeks, came up with nine new songs that would form the basis of 12 Memories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008066-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Memories, Background and recording\nMusically, 12 Memories has embraced use of distorted guitars and a more electronic, rockier and even trip hop style. Three singles were released from the album - \"Re-Offender\", a track that deals with domestic abuse, \"The Beautiful Occupation\", a song which was inspired by the invasion of Iraq by US and coalition forces in 2003, and \"Love Will Come Through\", a more traditional Travis song, which was later featured in a marketing campaign by the Post Office. Whilst being titled 12 Memories, there are only eleven tracks on the album, each one of these a \"memory.\" The \"12th memory\" is actually \"Some Sad Song\", a hidden track following the last track that criticises the Catholic school system, in which vocalist and songwriter Fran Healy was educated. The album cover is somewhat similar to those of The Beatles's Let It Be (1970) and U2's Pop (1997).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008066-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Memories, Background and recording\nThis is the only Travis album without their logo on the album cover. However, their logo can be seen from the album cover, as the visible part of the rear back cover, the Travis logo can be found. The rear back cover is also similar to the cover of \"Re-Offender\", the lead single. As the album does not display the title on the cover either, a sticker is featured on the case which says the title of the album. Also, a Parental Guidance logo is featured as a sticker on the case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008066-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Memories, Release and reception\n12 Memories entered the UK charts at #3, with lead single \"Re-Offender\" scoring the band their fifth Top Ten UK hit at #7. Charting at #48, \"The Beautiful Occupation\" was their first single to miss the Top 40, although the following single, fan favourite \"Love Will Come Through\", fared slightly better, charting at #28. Produced by Travis themselves, Tchad Blake, and Steve Orchard, the album marked a move into more organic, moody and political territory for the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008066-0004-0001", "contents": "12 Memories, Release and reception\nAlthough this seems to have alienated some fans, the album generally received very positive reviews (for example, \"Then, of course, there's Travis and their album 12 Memories [Epic]. You just have to sit there and listen to it all the way through, and it will take you on a real journey. It's like an old album. It's like the Beatles' Revolver [1966]. Fran Healy's voice and lyrics are mesmerizing and beautiful\"\u00a0\u2014 Elton John). The album received positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 64 based on 22 reviews, which indicates \"generally favorable reviews.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008066-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Memories, Release and reception\nYet 12 Memories also saw the band lose ground in the US, where Coldplay had usurped Travis during their 2002 absence. Much later, Healy spoke about the album as a whole being about him working through his own clinical depression, and the twelve memories being twelve reasons for him reaching his depressed state. At the time this wasn't mentioned, but the revelation that Healy was depressed ties in with the band's decision to take longer writing and releasing their next work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008067-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Men of Christmas\n12 Men of Christmas is a 2009 American romantic comedy television film made for the Lifetime Television network. Directed by Arlene Sanford and starring Kristin Chenoweth, the film is based on the novel Dating Mr. December by Phillipa Ashley with the teleplay adaptation written by Jon Maas. Anna Chlumsky, Aaron Abrams, Stephen Huszar, and Peter Mooney also star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008067-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Men of Christmas\nThe film had its world premiere on Lifetime on December 5, 2009. The story takes place in Kalispell, Montana, United States, but the film was shot in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It tells the story of a New York publicist who takes a job in a small town in Montana. The reference to 12 men in the title refers to members of the volunteer Kalispell Search and Rescue team who are the first point of rescue for those in danger at Glacier National Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008067-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Men of Christmas, Plot\nE.J. Baxter (Kristin Chenoweth) is a headstrong and popular New York City publicist. E.J. seemingly has the \"perfect life\"; a beautiful condo, a loving fianc\u00e9, a great job, and an excellent boss. But E.J. 's world takes a turn for the worse when she catches her fianc\u00e9 Noah having an affair with her boss Lillah at the office Christmas party, resulting in E.J. breaking Lillah's expensive Gucci pump shoe, and breaking off her engagement with Noah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008067-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Men of Christmas, Plot\nNow, having no one to spend Christmas or New Year's with (except her sister's dog), E.J. starts to look for a new job, though with Lillah account black-balling her all over the city, E.J. has no one else to turn to except her boastful sister Roz. Feeling sympathy for her, Roz pushes E.J. to take up a job offer in Kalispell, Montana, to lure corporate retreats for a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008067-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Men of Christmas, Plot\nUpon arriving, E.J. is extremely disappointed to find that her \"job\" is working at a Chamber of Commerce bureau with no secretaries or office, except her cheerful co-worker Jan Lucas (Anna Chlumsky). After a few days working together, Jan invites E.J. to the town's barbecue where they raise money for equipment for the Kalispell Search & Rescue team. To show respect, E.J. reluctantly goes and meets Dr. Marci Hempel and Eric, members of the search and rescue team. Marci tells E.J. that they raise money by holding various events, triathlons, pancake breakfasts, bake sales, etc. and if they don't raise enough money all of the tourists will go to more popular destinations such as Idaho or  Aspen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008067-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Men of Christmas, Plot\nThe day after the barbecue, E.J drives over to former client Robert Lazaar's chalet to take photos to lure CEOs for corporate retreats. While there, E.J. runs into arrogant Will Abrecht (Josh Hopkins), a member of the rescue squad, swimming in Robert's pool. The two immediately get into an argument. The next day, Jan and E.J. receive leftovers of Kalispell's local calendar which Jan believes is boring because it shows everyday Montana scenery. Remembering a naked Will, E.J. holds a conference with the Search and Rescue team as a new means of funding their equipment. E.J. puts her media know-how to good use by telling them each man can pose half-naked for the calendar (hence the title). While the majority find it completely absurd, especially Will, Jason defends E.J. and starts a short-term relationship with her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008067-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Men of Christmas, Plot\nRight after the conference, Will comes by to rudely tell E.J. that it was a unanimous vote of no, not wanting to make a joke of the Rescue Squad. E.J. is determined, and starts one by one to convince every member of the rescue squad to pose. E.J. eventually becomes successful even persuading Mayor Bob Baker, much to Will's dismay as he won't be needed because there are only twelve months but thirteen men on the squad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008067-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Men of Christmas, Plot\nBut E.J. 's opinion about Will and vice versa soon change when E.J. is invited to an abseiling party and is goaded by Will to try abseiling for the first time. Halfway down, E.J. grips up, resulting in Will having to counsel her the rest of the way down. E.J. shyly thanks Will which finally grants Will enough courage to announce his feelings to E.J. saying that it's the most disgusting feeling he ever felt. E.J. is outraged and turns down his offer to sponsor the calendar, getting successful Chicago businesswoman Sonia Kendall to sponsor it instead, liking E.J. 's breath of fresh cynicism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008067-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Men of Christmas, Plot\nWhen everything seems to be going perfectly, Mike comes by to tell E.J. that he is completely nervous and that there's no possible way for him to be convinced to pose. Although, feeling a soft spot for E.J. Will volunteers instead resulting in Will and E.J. having an intimate relationship. Eventually, the calendar is successful as publicity and women surround Kalispell. Jason comes by to tell E.J that he found a new job and is relocating to Chicago with his boss and girlfriend Sonia Kendall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008067-0008-0001", "contents": "12 Men of Christmas, Plot\nBut when Will overhears Jan talking to Eric on how E.J. may be moving back to New York. E.J. and Will get into an argument as Will resents ever getting involved with E.J. This just causes E.J. to go back to New York earlier and re-accept her recently lost job with Lillah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008067-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Men of Christmas, Plot\nIt is at New York that E.J. is reminded of Will and everyone she met back in Kalispell. During an important business conference E.J. receives an emergency call from Jan that Will is in Kalispell Regional Hospital with a possibly fatal injury after falling 50 feet from a mountain. Out of love E.J. immediately flies out to Kalispell Regional and is informed by a nurse that Will is gone. Believing that Will died he comes up behind her to tell her he forgot something as E.J. tells him so has she. The two then embrace and kiss passionately. E.J. ends up residing with Will and all of her newly made friends in the \"hole in the ground\" that is Montana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008067-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Men of Christmas, Critical reception\nBrian Lowry of Variety says the film has \"no pretense of placing anything new in the audience's stockings\" but is complimentary of star Chenoweth, saying \"with the right talent, it's possible to make even the moldiest of material sing just a little\". David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle calls it \"a pleasant way to spend a holiday evening in front of a crackling plasma screen\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008067-0010-0001", "contents": "12 Men of Christmas, Critical reception\nTanner Stransky of Entertainment Weekly says \"The only reason to watch this trivial holiday movie\u2014with Kristin Chenoweth as an NYC bitch who finds herself after moving to Montana\u2014is to gawk at Cougar Town's Josh Hopkins, who plays her love interest, often with a bare (and chiseled!) chest\". Amy Amatangelo of the Boston Herald calls the plot \"overwhelmingly simple\" and \"would have been better executed in a half-hour sitcom\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008068-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Metre\nThe 12 Metre class is a rating class for racing sailboats that are designed to the International rule. It enables fair competition between boats that rate in the class whilst retaining the freedom to experiment with the details of their designs. The designation \"12 Metre\" does not refer to any single measurement on the boat, and is not referencing the vessels overall length, rather, measures the sum of the components directed by the formula which governs design and construction parameters. Typically 12 Metre class boats range from 65 to 75 feet (about 20 to 23 m) in length overall; they are most often sloop-rigged, with masts roughly 85 feet (26 m) tall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008068-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Metre\nThe first 12 Metres were built in 1907. The 12 Metre class was used in the Olympic Games of 1908, 1912 and 1920 but few boats participated in these events. The 12 Metre class boats are best known as the boat design used in the America's Cup from 1958 to 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008068-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Metre\nCompetitiveness between boats in the class is maintained by requiring the boats to be in compliance with the 12 Metre formula. Designers and builders are required to take into account such things as the sail area, the boat length at the waterline and the boat girth (the measurement around the boat from one sideboard, under the keel, and then over the top on the opposite side back to the original side). The measurements are then weighted in the formula. For example, the present formula takes the square root of the sail area rather than total area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008068-0002-0001", "contents": "12 Metre\nThe combination of weighted measurements must be less than or equal to 12 metres. Designers are free to change any of the component variables, as well as other details, such as the size of the rudder and keel, so long as the corresponding changes elsewhere produce an ultimate sum of 12 metres and the resulting boat is both seaworthy and safe. Though disparity between boats are minimized by the rule, enough variation exists so that races are as much about design and construction as they are about seamanship and tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008068-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Metre, History, The formula and rules\nThe Formula and associated rules for designing and constructing 12 Metre yachts has been modified several times from inception in racing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 40], "content_span": [41, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008068-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Metre, History, The formula and rules\nThe purpose of the Formula and rules was to encourage designer's creativity to optimize designs to get the best overall performance when racing while still maintaining competitive racing postures between different designs. Although the Formula and Rules allowed for some creativity they were also intended to be comprehensive enough to eliminate loop holes which could result in an extreme design which conformed to the 12 Metre rule but completely outclassed other contemporary designs on the race course. If the rules were considered to be too loose then it would discourage the building of new 12 Metre yachts for fear of a new boat being outclassed even before it was launched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 40], "content_span": [41, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008068-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Metre, History, The formula and rules\nThe Rules were typically updated in response to advances in areas such as material technology (e.g. metal masts versus wooden masts), design technology (e.g. use of the wind tunnel to design sails and sail/mast combinations, advances in fluid dynamics), and equipment (e.g. winch technology).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 40], "content_span": [41, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008068-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Metre, History, The formula and rules, Third rating rule, and, from 1956, the America's Cup rule\nAssociated with the formula is an extremely comprehensive set of rules, which can be classified into two main areas: safety, and ensuring competitive racing. For example, the maximum total area of all cockpits is specified to minimise the chance of a boat being swamped in rougher seas. Structural requirements are specified to ensure that strength is not sacrificed by the need to get weight low down in the keel. Materials are specified plus numerous other details concerning all aspects of the boat. The intention is to challenge designers but ensure competitive racing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 99], "content_span": [100, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008068-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Metre, History, America's Cup\nThe America's Cup racing resumed in 1958 after World War II by a syndicate led by Henry Sears, more economical vessels were desired to replace the huge and expensive J-class yachts that were raced in the 1930s; the 12 Metre class was selected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 32], "content_span": [33, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008068-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Metre, History, America's Cup\nIn September 1956, a Royal Yacht Squadron syndicate was formed to build a 12 Metre for the 1958 America's Cup. The UK challenger was selected based on model tank testing and David Boyd's second design was chosen. Sceptre was launched at the yard of Alexander Robertson & Sons on 2 April 1958, but lost to the New York Yacht Club yacht Columbia in September 1958. Sceptre is currently owned and raced by the Sceptre Preservation Society. Alexander Robertson and Sons Ltd also built two of the earliest 12-Metres: Heatherbell (designer Thomas Glen-Coats, 1907), which represented Finland in the 1912 Summer Olympics; Cyra (designer Alfred Mylne, 1909).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 32], "content_span": [33, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008068-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Metre, History, America's Cup\nIn 1987, use of the 12 Metre class was ended, switching to International America's Cup Class boats for the 1992 competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 32], "content_span": [33, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008068-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Metre, History, Post-America's Cup\n12 Metre yachts were used for the last time in America's Cup competition at the 1987 event held in Fremantle, Australia. 12 Metres continued to race together on a local basis but due to the high cost and without the impetus and prestige surrounding competition in the America's Cup, no new boats have been built since 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 37], "content_span": [38, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008068-0011-0000", "contents": "12 Metre, History, Post-America's Cup\nThe latter part of the 20th century saw a big revival in interest in classic yachts including 12 Metre yachts and particularly those of wooden construction. There was an increasing number of prestigious regattas in attractive locations such as the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. Also, a more prosperous global economy prevailed and the result was an increasing number of restorations and racing of older 'classic' 12 Metres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 37], "content_span": [38, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008068-0012-0000", "contents": "12 Metre, History, Post-America's Cup\nPotential restorers of older boats who wanted to race were potentially faced with a dilemma of whether to restore a boat to its original specification or make modifications to make an older design competitive with a newer design. For example, a yacht designed under the First International Rule would have a wooden mast, gaff rig, and sails made of cotton; whereas yachts designed under the Third International Rule, such as Vim, had a metal mast, Bermuda rig, and sails made from Dacron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 37], "content_span": [38, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008068-0013-0000", "contents": "12 Metre, History, Post-America's Cup\nTo encourage participation in racing and also engage the restoration process which remained true to the spirit of the original design, the 12 Metre class association introduced a handicapping system to allow 12 Metres of all ages to race together on a more equal footing. The basis is a handicap applied to each boat according to the 'era' of its design to encourage owners to restore older boats and participate in exciting and sociable racing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 37], "content_span": [38, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008068-0014-0000", "contents": "12 Metre, History, Post-America's Cup\nA 12 Metre is classified as belonging to one of three periods. Each Period is defined as a range of dates which coincided with a particular type of keel or rudder design becoming widespread.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 37], "content_span": [38, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008069-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Metre European Championship\n12 Metre European Championship is a European Championship sailing regatta in the 12 Metre class organised by the International 12 Metre Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008070-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Metre World Championship\n12 Metre World Championship is a World Championship sailing regatta in the 12 Metre class organised by the International 12 Metre Association ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008071-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Mighty Orphans\n12 Mighty Orphans is a 2021 American sports film which was directed by Ty Roberts from a screenplay by Roberts, Lane Garrison and Kevin Meyer. It is based upon the non fiction book Twelve Mighty Orphans: The Inspiring True Story of the Mighty Mites Who Ruled Texas Football by Jim Dent. It stars Luke Wilson, Vinessa Shaw, Wayne Knight, Jake Austin Walker, Jacob Lofland, Levi Dylan, Robert Duvall and Martin Sheen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008071-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Mighty Orphans\nThe film was released in the United States on June 11, 2021 by Sony Pictures Classics. It received mixed reviews from critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008071-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Mighty Orphans, Plot\nA coach arrives at the Masonic School for Orphans and creates an alternative football team with some of the orphan boys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008071-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Mighty Orphans, Production\nPrincipal photography took place for seven weeks from October 7 to November 25, 2019 in Weatherford, Cleburne, and Fort Worth, Texas. It is based on the non fiction book of the same name by Jim Dent. Alice Eve was initially attached to the project early in the development, but dropped out for unknown reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008071-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Mighty Orphans, Release\nSony Pictures Classics acquired worldwide distribution rights to the film in January 2021, five months pending the official release. It was released in a limited release on June 11, 2021 which was followed by a wide expansion one week later on June 18, 2021. The movie was released in the United Kingdom on September 17, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008071-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Mighty Orphans, Reception, Box Office\nIn its opening weekend, the film was released alongside Peter Rabbit 2: The Runaway and In the Heights and made $251,569 from 132 theatres. It expended to 1,047 theatres the following weekend, making an estimated $870,000 and finishing in eighth place at the box office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008071-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Mighty Orphans, Reception, Critical Response\nOn the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 63% based on fifty nine reviews with an average rating of 5.80/10. The site\u2019s critics consensus reads: \u201c12 Mighty Orphans will rouse faithful fans of old fashioned inspirational sports dramas, but the target audience has seen this sort of thing done more effectively before.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008071-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Mighty Orphans, Reception, Critical Response\nAccording to Metacritic, which assigned a weighted average score of 45 out of 100 based on twelve critics, the film received \u201cmixed or average reviews\u201d. Audiences surveyed by PostTrak gave the film an 80% positive score, with 75% saying they would definitely recommend it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008072-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Mile Road\u2013Kalamazoo River Bridge\nThe 12 Mile Road\u2013Kalamazoo River Bridge, also known as State Reward Bridge No. 53, is a filled-spandrel concrete arch bridge in Ceresco, Michigan, that carries 12 Mile Road over the Kalamazoo River. Built in 1920, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008072-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Mile Road\u2013Kalamazoo River Bridge, History\nPlans for the bridge were developed by the Michigan State Highway Department from standard plans. The structure was built by Calhoun County in 1920 as State Reward Bridge No. 53. The contract was awarded to L. Smith, H.A. Nichols, and M.C. Nichols, of Hastings, Michigan, for their bid of $25,175 submitted on March 11, 1920. Construction cost $35,070, half of which was paid by the state of Michigan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008072-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Mile Road\u2013Kalamazoo River Bridge, History\nThe bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 22, 1999. It was eligible for its historical integrity and as a good example of the filled-spandrel design. The 23 Mile Road\u2013Kalamazoo River Bridge, also in Calhoun County, was added the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008072-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Mile Road\u2013Kalamazoo River Bridge, History\nIn July 2010, the Kalamazoo River oil spill affected the stretch of river that the bridge crosses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008072-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Mile Road\u2013Kalamazoo River Bridge, Design and location\nThe bridge is in the unincorporated village of Ceresco. A dam was previously located just upstream of the bridge, but was demolished in 2014 as part of the cleanup after the Enbridge oil spill. The two-span bridge is 115 feet (35\u00a0m) long and has a filled-spandrel concrete arch design. The arches are elliptical barrel vaults trimmed by a projecting string course. The bridge's parapet railings, built of solid concrete, each have ten recesses. At the corners and middle of the railings are concrete lampposts lacking fixtures. At the northwest and southeast corners are affixed bridge plates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008073-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Miles of Bad Road\n12 Miles of Bad Road is a television show originally created for HBO centered on a Texas matriarch who must reconcile her booming real estate business and immense wealth with the day-to-day struggles of her dysfunctional family life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008073-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Miles of Bad Road, Production\n12 Miles of Bad Road was created by writer Linda Bloodworth-Thomason, creator of the television hits Designing Women, Hearts Afire, and Evening Shade. It was produced by Bloodworth-Thomason and Harry Thomason's Mozark Productions,  as well as HBO. The pilot was shot in 2007. Set in Dallas, but shot in Los Angeles, the characters live in the wealthy north Dallas neighborhood of Preston Hollow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008073-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Miles of Bad Road, Production\nTen episodes of the series were ordered by HBO, but because of the 2007\u20132008 Writers Guild of America strike, only six episodes were shot. On March 17, 2008, HBO announced that it was not planning to air the show and the creators were shopping the episodes around to other networks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008073-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Miles of Bad Road, Production\nThe title is a lyric from the song \"Crush with Eyeliner\" from the 1995 R.E.M. album Monster, which was itself a reference to the hit song \"Forty Miles of Bad Road\" by Duane Eddy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008073-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Miles of Bad Road, Critical reception\nNewsweek called it \"a scabrously funny satire of real-estate magnates in Dubya's Texas\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008073-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Miles of Bad Road, Critical reception\nThe Los Angeles Times reported that after HBO passed on the show, \"despite its price and pedigree\" of prestigious actors and producers, the critics got a look:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008073-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Miles of Bad Road, Critical reception\nSent out to critics by its creators, who hoped to prove that HBO was making a grave mistake, 12 Miles is a nightmare tug of war between the bold, the brilliant and the really, truly terrible. The tale of a Texas real estate dynasty, it cries out not for a review but a psychiatric diagnosis -- schizophrenia? Bipolar disorder? Never have so many Emmy-deserving performances been trapped in such a muddled mess of a more than occasionally offensive storyline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008073-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Miles of Bad Road, Critical reception\nCritics be damned, 12 Miles of Bad Road is a blast, a hair-spray-spritzed, bourbon-soaked mash-up of Dallas, Desperate Housewives, and MTV's Cribs...12 Miles is post-camp, a knowingly sincere (or sincerely knowing) attempt to resuscitate a genre that was long ago drowned out by our \u00fcber-ironic culture...it qualifies as the most underrated show of the decade that almost no one has had the chance to see.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008073-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Miles of Bad Road, Critical reception\nOn the producers' decision to send the un-aired episodes to critics, the Toronto Star wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008073-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Miles of Bad Road, Critical reception\nA risky proposition, depending on prevailing opinion, with one thin-skinned critic having already weighed in, objecting to the show's somewhat cynical characters and tone. I beg to differ. The show is beyond hilarious, cleverly written and flawlessly cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008074-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Million Black Voices\n12 Million Black Voices: A Folk History of the Negro in the United States is a photodocumentary book with text by Richard Wright. The images were taken by the Farm Security Administration and selected by Edwin Rosskam. Viking Press first published the book in 1941, to relatively positive reviews, and it has since been analyzed by various critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008074-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Million Black Voices, Writing and publication\nViking Press approached the author Richard Wright and asked him to write accompanying text to images taken of Blacks living in poverty by the Farm Security Administration during the Great Depression. Various other books with this aim were published in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Wright likely sought to represent many Black people in the United States, as evidenced by the title referencing 12 Million Black Voices. Wright researched his text primarily from Horace R. Cayton Jr.'s files in Chicago. The first draft of the book was handwritten and he then typed it, revising several times. Edwin Rosskam edited and selected the images. Viking published the book in October 1941. It was 150 pages when first published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008074-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Million Black Voices, Content\nThe book contains four \"sections\", \"Our Strange Birth,\" \"Inheritors of Slavery,\" \"Death on the City Pavements,\" and \"Men in the Making\", which are divided into \"scenes\". These scenes are in turn composed of \"movements\". A central portion of the work is its images. The book has various \"montages\" that Wright used to incorporate other voices into the work, though it is generally written from the first person plural voice. The book chronicles Black life in the United States from their enslavement in the South to the present day (1940s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008074-0002-0001", "contents": "12 Million Black Voices, Content\nWright sought to show all of Black society, leaving out the so-called \"Talented Tenth\", who were \"fleeting exceptions to that vast, tragic school that swims below in the depths, against the current, silently and heavily, struggling against the waves of vicissitudes that spell a common fate\". Wright later told Edwin Seaver:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008074-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Million Black Voices, Content\nI had thought of doing something like the text of 12 Million Black Voices for the past five or six years-hadn't thought of it as a book however. What I wanted to do was make an outline for a series of historical novels telescoping Negro history in terms of the urbanization of a feudal folk. My aim was to try to show in a foreshortened form that the development of Negro life in America parallels the development of all people everywhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008074-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Million Black Voices, Content\nThe book has noticeable Marxist content. Wright was a member of the Communist Party of the United States when he wrote it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008074-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Million Black Voices, Reception\nUpon publication the book received mostly positive reviews. Leroy Allen in Social Science wrote that the book as \"very remarkable and exceedingly interesting\". The New York World-Telegram said \"The text is far from commonplace,\" while The New York Times said that \"A more eloquent statement of its kind could harly have been devised.\" A reviewer in The New York Times deemed the prose \"astringent\", and Kirkus Reviews called the book \"extraordinary\". A reviewer in The Journal of Southern History felt it would not be well received by historians or social scientists  because it presented a one sided story. However, they concluded \"it will move the ordinary reader as few books on the Negro in American life have ever moved him.\" They praised Wright's writing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008074-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Million Black Voices, Reception\nReception was, according to the scholar Jack B. Moore, \"unusually complimentary, particularly considering its clearly uncomplimentary portrait of life that white Americans had forced upon black Americans\". Moore continued to note that it stands out as \"a smashing critical success\" when considering how Wright's later works were received. Nicholas Natanson in 1992 wrote that the book had \"received some play in the general-circulation press\", some of which was characterized by \"echoes\" of white guilt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008074-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Million Black Voices, Analysis\nThe book has been analyzed by various critics, several of whom have noted its relative lack of attention. In 1982 John M. Reilly analyzed how the book was written as if sermons given by a preacher. Moore (1989) drew comparisons between the work and documentary films,as it aimed to be an accessible work, specifically referencing The March of Time, The Plow That Broke the Plains, and The River. In 2006, Jeff Allred wrote an essay on the book and its connection to collective identity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys\n12 Monkeys is a 1995 American science fiction film directed by Terry Gilliam, inspired by Chris Marker's 1962 short film La Jet\u00e9e, starring Bruce Willis, Madeleine Stowe, and Brad Pitt, with Christopher Plummer and David Morse in supporting roles. After Universal Studios acquired the rights to remake La Jet\u00e9e as a full-length film, David and Janet Peoples were hired to write the script.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys\nUnder Gilliam's direction, Universal granted the filmmakers a $29.5 million budget, and filming lasted from February to May 1995. The film was shot mostly in Philadelphia and Baltimore, where the story was set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys\nThe film was released to critical praise and grossed $168.8 million worldwide. Pitt was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, and he won a Golden Globe Award for his performance. The film also won and was nominated for various categories at the Saturn Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Plot\nA deadly virus, released in 1996, wipes out almost all of humanity, forcing survivors to live underground. A group known as the Army of the Twelve Monkeys is believed to have released the virus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Plot\nIn 2035, James Cole is a prisoner living in an underground compound beneath Philadelphia. Cole is selected to be sent back in time to find the original virus to help scientists develop a cure. Meanwhile, Cole is troubled by dreams involving a foot chase and shooting at an airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Plot\nCole arrives in Baltimore, 1990, not 1996 as planned; he is arrested and incarcerated at a mental hospital on the diagnosis of Dr. Kathryn Railly. There he encounters Jeffrey Goines, a mental patient with environmentalist and anti-corporatist views. Cole is interviewed by a panel of doctors where he tries to explain that the virus outbreak has already happened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Plot\nAfter an escape attempt, Cole is sedated and locked in a cell, but he disappears, waking up back in 2035. Cole is interrogated by the scientists who play a distorted voicemail message that asserts the association of the Army of the Twelve Monkeys with the virus. He is also shown photos of numerous people suspected of being involved, including Goines. The scientists offer Cole another chance to complete his mission and send him back in time. Cole accidentally arrives at a battlefield during World War I, is shot in the leg and then transported to 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Plot\nIn 1996, Railly gives a lecture about the Cassandra complex to a group of scientists. At the post-lecture book signing, Railly meets Dr. Peters who tells her that apocalypse alarmists represent the sane vision while humanity's gradual destruction of the environment is the real lunacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Plot\nCole arrives at the venue after seeing flyers publicizing it and, when Railly departs, he kidnaps her and forces her to take him to Philadelphia. They learn that Goines is the founder of the Army of the Twelve Monkeys before they set out in search of him. When Cole confronts Goines, he denies any involvement with the group and says that, in 1990, Cole originated the idea of wiping out humanity with a virus stolen from Goines' virologist father.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Plot\nCole is transported back to 2035 where he reaffirms to the scientists his commitment to his mission. But when he finds Railly again in 1996, he tells her he now believes himself crazy as she had suggested. Meanwhile, Railly has discovered evidence of his time travel which she shows him, believing he is sane. They decide to depart for the Florida Keys before the onset of the plague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Plot\nThey learn that the Army of the Twelve Monkeys was not the source of the epidemic; the group's major act of protest is releasing animals from a zoo and placing Goines' father in an animal cage. At the airport, Cole leaves a message telling the scientists that following the Army of the Twelve Monkeys is the wrong track and he will not return. Cole is confronted by Jose, his cell mate from his own time, who gives Cole a handgun and instructs him to follow orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0011-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Plot\nRailly spots Dr. Peters and recognizes him from a newspaper as an assistant of Goines' father. Peters is about to embark on a tour of several cities that match the locations of the viral outbreaks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0012-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Plot\nCole forces his way through a security checkpoint in pursuit of Peters. After drawing the gun he was given, Cole is shot by police. As Cole lies dying in Railly's arms, Railly suddenly begins to scan the crowd around her. Railly finally makes eye contact with a small boy\u2014the young James Cole witnessing the scene of his own death, which will replay in his dreams for years to come. Peters, aboard the plane with the virus, sits down next to Jones, one of the scientists from the future, who comments that her job is \"insurance.\" The young Cole watches the plane take off from the ground outside the airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0013-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Production, Development\nThe genesis of 12 Monkeys came from executive producer Robert Kosberg, who had been a fan of the French short film La Jet\u00e9e (1962). Kosberg persuaded the film's director, Chris Marker, to let him pitch the project to Universal Pictures, seeing it as a perfect basis for a full-length science fiction film. Universal reluctantly agreed to purchase the remake rights and hired David and Janet Peoples to write the screenplay. Producer Charles Roven chose Terry Gilliam to direct, because he believed the filmmaker's style was perfect for 12 Monkeys' nonlinear storyline and time travel subplot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0013-0001", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Production, Development\nGilliam had just abandoned a film adaptation of A Tale of Two Cities when he signed to direct 12 Monkeys. The film also represents the second film for which Gilliam did not write or co-write the screenplay. Although he prefers to direct his own scripts, he was captivated by Peoples' \"intriguing and intelligent script. The story is disconcerting. It deals with time, madness and a perception of what the world is or isn't. It is a study of madness and dreams, of death and re-birth, set in a world coming apart.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0014-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Production, Development\nUniversal took longer than expected to approve 12 Monkeys, although Gilliam had two stars (Willis and Pitt) and a firm budget of $29.5 million (low for a Hollywood science fiction film). Universal's production of Waterworld (1995) had resulted in various cost overruns. To get 12 Monkeys approved for production, Gilliam persuaded Willis to lower his normal asking price. Because of Universal's strict production incentives and his history with the studio on Brazil, Gilliam received final cut privilege. The Writers Guild of America was skeptical of the \"inspired by\" credit for La Jet\u00e9e and Chris Marker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0015-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Production, Casting\nGilliam's initial casting choices were Nick Nolte as James Cole and Jeff Bridges as Jeffrey Goines, but Universal objected. Gilliam, who first met Bruce Willis while casting Jeff Bridges' role in The Fisher King (1991), believed Willis evoked Cole's characterization as being \"somebody who is strong and dangerous but also vulnerable\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0016-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Production, Casting\nGilliam cast Madeleine Stowe as Dr. Kathryn Railly because he was impressed by her performance in Blink (1994). The director first met Stowe when he was casting his abandoned film adaptation of A Tale of Two Cities. \"She has this incredible ethereal beauty and she's incredibly intelligent\", Gilliam said of Stowe. \"Those two things rest very easily with her, and the film needed those elements because it has to be romantic.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0017-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Production, Casting\nGilliam originally believed that Pitt was not right for the role of Jeffrey Goines, but the casting director convinced him otherwise. Pitt was cast for a comparatively small salary, as he was still relatively unknown at the time. By the time of 12 Monkeys' release, Interview with the Vampire (1994), Legends of the Fall (1994), and Se7en (1995) had been released, making Pitt an A-list actor, which drew greater attention to the film and boosted its box-office standing. In Philadelphia, months before filming, Pitt spent weeks at Temple University's hospital, visiting and studying the psychiatric ward to prepare for his role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0018-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Production, Filming\nPrincipal photography lasted from February 8 to May 6, 1995. Shooting on location in Philadelphia and Baltimore (including the Senator Theatre) in winter was fraught with weather problems. There were also technical glitches with the futuristic mechanical props. Because the film has a nonlinear storyline, continuity errors occurred, and some scenes had to be reshot. Gilliam also injured himself when he went horseback riding. Despite setbacks, the director managed to stay within the budget and was only a week behind his shooting schedule. \"It was a tough shoot\", acknowledged Jeffrey Beecroft (Mr. Brooks, Dances with Wolves), the production designer. \"There wasn't a lot of money or enough time. Terry is a perfectionist, but he was really adamant about not going over budget. He got crucified for Munchausen, and that still haunts him.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0019-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Production, Filming\nThe filmmakers were not allowed the luxury of sound stages; thus, they had to find abandoned buildings or landmarks to use. The exteriors of the climactic airport scene were shot at the Baltimore\u2013Washington International Airport, while the interior scenes were shot at the Pennsylvania Convention Center (formerly Reading Terminal). Filming at the psychiatric hospital was done at the Eastern State Penitentiary and Girard College . Some shots took place in abandoned motels in Camden, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0020-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Production, Design\nGilliam used the same filmmaking style as he had in Brazil (1985), including the art direction and cinematography (specifically using fresnel lenses). The appearance of the interrogation room where Cole is being interviewed by the scientists was based on the work of Lebbeus Woods; these scenes were shot at three different power stations (two in Philadelphia and one in Baltimore). Gilliam intended to show Cole being interviewed through a multi-screen interrogation TV set because he felt the machinery evoked a \"nightmarish intervention of technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0020-0001", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Production, Design\nYou try to see the faces on the screens in front of you, but the real faces and voices are down there and you have these tiny voices in your ear. To me that's the world we live in, the way we communicate these days, through technical devices that pretend to be about communication but may not be.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0021-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Production, Design\nThe art department made sure that the 2035 underground world only used pre-1996 technology as a means to depict the bleakness of the future. Gilliam, Beecroft, and Crispian Sallis (set decorator) went to several flea markets and salvage warehouses looking for materials to decorate the sets. The majority of visual effects sequences were created by Peerless Camera, the London-based effects studio that Gilliam founded in the late 1970s with visual effects supervisor Kent Houston (The Golden Compass, Casino Royale). Additional digital compositing was done by The Mill, while Cinesite provided film scanning services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0022-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Production, Design\nJanet Maslin wrote in The New York Times, \"Since 12 Monkeys has the junk heap aesthetic that Mr. Gilliam favors, nothing in the film is sleek or foolproof, certainly not its time-travel apparatus.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0023-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Music\nThe film's score was composed, arranged, and conducted by English musician Paul Buckmaster. The main theme is based on Argentine tango musician/composer Astor Piazzolla's Suite Punta del Este.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0024-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Themes, Memory, time, and technology\n12 Monkeys studies the subjective nature of memories and their effect on perceptions of reality. Examples of false memories include Cole's recollection of the airport shooting, altered each time he has the dream, and a \"mentally divergent\" man at the asylum who has false memories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0025-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Themes, Memory, time, and technology\nReferences to time, time travel, and monkeys are scattered throughout the film, including the Woody Woodpecker cartoon \"Time Tunnel\" playing on the TV in a hotel room, the Marx Brothers film Monkey Business (1931) on TV in the asylum, and the subplots involving monkeys (drug testing, news stories and animal rights). The film is also intended to be a study of people's declining ability to communicate in modern civilization due to the interference of technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0026-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Themes, Allusions to other films and media\n12 Monkeys is inspired by the French short film La Jet\u00e9e (1962); as in La Jet\u00e9e, characters are haunted by the images of their own deaths. Like La Jet\u00e9e, 12 Monkeys contains references to Alfred Hitchcock's Vertigo (1958). Toward the end of the film, Cole and Railly hide in a theater showing a 24-hour Hitchcock marathon and watch a scene from Vertigo and The Birds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0026-0001", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Themes, Allusions to other films and media\nRailly then transforms herself with a blonde wig, as Judy (Kim Novak) transforms herself into blonde Madeleine in Vertigo; Cole sees her emerge within a red light, as Scottie (James Stewart) saw Judy emerge within a green light. Brief notes of Bernard Herrmann's film score can also be heard. Railly also wears the same coat Novak wore in the first part of Vertigo. The scene at Muir Woods National Monument, where Judy (as Madeleine) looks at the growth rings of a felled redwood and traces back events in her past life, resonates with larger themes in 12 Monkeys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0026-0002", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Themes, Allusions to other films and media\nCole and Railly later have a similar conversation while the same music from Vertigo is repeated. The Muir Woods scene in Vertigo is also reenacted in La Jet\u00e9e. In a previous scene in the film, Cole wakes up in a hospital bed with the scientists talking to him in chorus. This is a direct homage to the \"Dry Bones\" scene in Dennis Potter's The Singing Detective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0027-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Themes, Allusions to other films and media\nJames Cole is a notable Christ figure in film. The film is significant in the genre of science-fiction film noir, and it alludes to various \"canonical noir\" films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0028-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Release, Home media\nUniversal Pictures released 12 Monkeys on VHS on January 28, 1997. They also released a \"Signature Collection\" LaserDisc of the film on February 18, 1997, containing an audio commentary by director Terry Gilliam and producer Charles Roven, The Hamster Factor and Other Tales of Twelve Monkeys (a making-of documentary), an archive of production art, and production notes. They released a Collector's Edition DVD on March 31, 1998, containing the same extras as the LaserDisc. They released a Special Edition DVD on May 10, 2005, with a new transfer of the film and identical extras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0028-0001", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Release, Home media\nThey released an HD DVD on March 4, 2008, with the same extras. They released a Blu-ray Disc on July 28, 2009, with the same extras. Arrow Films released a new Blu-ray of the film on October 15, 2018, containing a new transfer of the film, remastered in 4K from the original negative, all of the previous extras, as well as a vintage 1996 interview with Terry Gilliam, and an interview with Gilliam scholar Ian Christie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0029-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Release, Lebbeus Woods lawsuit\nIn the beginning of the film, Cole is brought into the interrogation room and told to sit in a chair attached to a vertical rail on the wall. A sphere supported by a metal armature is suspended directly in front of him, probing for weaknesses as the inquisitors interrogate him. Architect Lebbeus Woods filed a lawsuit against Universal in February 1996, claiming that his work \"Neomechanical Tower (Upper) Chamber\" was used without permission. Woods won his lawsuit, requiring Universal to remove the scenes, but he ultimately allowed their inclusion in exchange for a \"high six-figure cash settlement\" from Universal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0030-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Release, Trilogy claims\nAfter the release of The Zero Theorem in 2013, claims were made that Gilliam had meant it as part of a trilogy. A 2013 review for The Guardian newspaper said, \"Calling it [The Zero Theorem] the third part of a trilogy formed by earlier dystopian satires Brazil and Twelve Monkeys [sic]\"; but in an interview with Alex Suskind for Indiewire in late 2014, Gilliam said, \"Well, it's funny, this trilogy was never something I ever said, but it's been repeated so often it's clearly true [laughs]. I don't know who started it but once it started it never stopped\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0031-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Reception, Box office\n12 Monkeys was given a limited release in the United States on December 29, 1995. When the 1,629-theater wide release came on January 5, 1996, the film earned $13.84\u00a0million in its opening weekend. 12 Monkeys eventually grossed $57.1 million in the US and $111.7 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $168.8 million. The film held the No. 1 spot on box office charts for two weeks in January, before dropping due to competition from From Dusk till Dawn, Mr. Holland's Opus and Black Sheep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0032-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Reception, Critical response\nOn Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 89% based on 72 reviews, with an average rating of 7.60/10. The site's critics consensus reads: \"The plot's a bit of a jumble, but excellent performances and mind-blowing plot twists make 12 Monkeys a kooky, effective experience.\" Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B\" on an A+ to F scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0033-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Reception, Critical response\nThe film's startling depiction of the world in 2035\u2014where human life has been driven underground by a 1990s viral outbreak that annihilated 99% of human life\u2014may not always make sense. But 12 Monkeys rattles with insightful sound and fury, and its bleak visions are hard to shake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0034-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Reception, Critical response\nRoger Ebert found 12 Monkeys' depiction of the future similar to Blade Runner (1982; also scripted by David Peoples) and Brazil (1985; also directed by Terry Gilliam). \"The film is a celebration of madness and doom, with a hero who tries to prevail against the chaos of his condition, and is inadequate\", Ebert wrote. \"This vision is a cold, dark, damp one, and even the romance between Willis and Stowe feels desperate rather than joyous. All of this is done very well, and the more you know about movies (especially the technical side), the more you're likely to admire it. [ \u2026] And as entertainment, it appeals more to the mind than to the senses.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0035-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Reception, Critical response\nDesson Thomson of The Washington Post praised the art direction and set design. \"Willis and Pitt's performances, Gilliam's atmospherics and an exhilarating momentum easily outweigh such trifling flaws in the script\", Thomson wrote. Peter Travers from Rolling Stone magazine attributes the film's success to Gilliam's direction and Willis' performance. Internet reviewer James Berardinelli believed the filmmakers had an intelligent and creative motive for the time-travel subplot. Rather than being sent to change the past, James Cole is instead observing it to make a better future. Richard Corliss of Time magazine felt the film's time-travel aspect and apocalyptic depiction of a bleak future were clich\u00e9s. \"In its frantic mix of chaos, carnage and zoo animals, 12 Monkeys is Jumanji for adults\", Corliss wrote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0036-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Reception, Accolades\nBrad Pitt was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, but lost out to Kevin Spacey for his performance in The Usual Suspects. Costume designer Julie Weiss was also nominated for her work, but lost out to James Acheson of Restoration. However, Pitt won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture. Terry Gilliam was honored for his direction at the 46th Berlin International Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0037-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Reception, Accolades\nThe film also received positive notices from the science fiction community. It was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films awarded it the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film at the 22nd Saturn Awards. Pitt and Weiss won awards at the ceremony as well; Gilliam, Bruce Willis, Madeleine Stowe, and writers David and Janet Peoples also received nominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0038-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Television series\nOn August 26, 2013, Entertainment Weekly announced that Syfy was developing a 12 Monkeys television series based on the film. Production began in November 2013. The pilot was written by Terry Matalas and Travis Fickett, who had written for the series Terra Nova. Due to the series being labeled as \"cast contingent\", the series did not move forward until the roles of Cole and Goines were cast. In April 2014, Syfy green-lighted the first season, which consisted of 13 episodes, including the pilot filmed in 2013. The series premiered on January 16, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008075-0038-0001", "contents": "12 Monkeys, Television series\nOn March 12, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season that began airing in April 2016. On June 29, 2016, the series was renewed for a 10-episode third season, set to premiere in 2017. In a surprising move, the entire third season aired over three consecutive nights. A fourth and final season was announced on March 16, 2017. The eleven-episode fourth season ran from June 15 to July 6, 2018 for four straight weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series)\n12 Monkeys is an American television series on Syfy created by Terry Matalas and Travis Fickett. It is a science-fiction mystery drama with a time-traveling plot loosely adapting the 1995 film of the same name, which was written by David and Janet Peoples and directed by Terry Gilliam, itself being inspired by Chris Marker's 1962 featurette La Jet\u00e9e; the series credits Marker and both Peopleses for their original works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series)\nIn the series, Aaron Stanford and Amanda Schull star as James Cole and Dr. Cassandra \"Cassie\" Railly, two strangers destiny brought together on a mission to use time travel to stop the destructive plans of the enigmatic organization \"Army of the 12 Monkeys\". Kirk Acevedo and Noah Bean also star in the first season. In the second season, Bean makes a guest appearance, and Todd Stashwick, Emily Hampshire, and Barbara Sukowa are promoted from recurring guests to regulars. In the fourth season, Acevedo moves from starring to recurring guest star. Stanford, Schull, and Hampshire play reimagined versions of characters, respectively portrayed by Bruce Willis, Madeleine Stowe, and Brad Pitt in the 1995 film. Stowe made a guest appearance in the second season in a small but pivotal role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series)\nNatalie Chaidez was the showrunner of 12 Monkeys during its first season, working closely with creators Matalas and Fickett. For the second season, she stepped down to the role of consultant, and Matalas and Fickett became showrunners. In the third and fourth seasons, Fickett became a consultant, and Matalas was the sole showrunner. The series was produced by Atlas Entertainment, which also made the 1995 film, and Universal Cable Productions. Charles Roven, producer of the original film, was one of the series' executive producers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series)\n12 Monkeys premiered on January 16, 2015, with a 13-episode first season, which received mixed critical reception, and ended with the completion of its 11-episode fourth season on July 6, 2018, for a total of 47 episodes produced. From its second season and onward, it enjoyed more consistently favorable critical reception. The series won two awards for its cinematography, one by each of the American and Canadian Societies of Cinematographers, and was nominated for a further four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Plot\nIn  2043, scavenger James Cole (Aaron Stanford) has been recruited by a team of \"Project Splinter\" scientists led by physicist Katarina Jones (Barbara Sukowa), to travel back in time to 2015, to stop the release of a deadly virus by the enigmatic organization known as the \"Army of the 12 Monkeys\". In Cole's original timeline, the virus caused a plague (Kalavirus) that resulted in the death of seven billion humans in  2017, and its on-going mutations mean the eventual end of the human race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0004-0001", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Plot\nIn the 2015 timeline, Cole will meet and enlist the help of brilliant virologist Dr. Cassandra \"Cassie\" Railly (Amanda Schull); the two are brought together because a recording mentioning Cole, that Cassie made after the viral outbreak, is uncovered by Katarina Jones in the future timeline, prompting her to select Cole for the mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0004-0002", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Plot\nCole will also encounter a seemingly unstable math genius named Jennifer Goines (Emily Hampshire), whose father Cole has been tasked to kill, Cassie's ex-boyfriend Aaron Marker (Noah Bean), and the dangerous high-ranking members of the Army of the 12 Monkeys, \"Pallid Man\" (Tom Noonan) and Olivia (Alisen Down). In the future timeline, Cole will also have to deal with his best friend Jos\u00e9 Ramse (Kirk Acevedo), and a man named Theodore Deacon (Todd Stashwick), who leads a brutal pack of scavengers from which Cole and Ramse fled. Meanwhile, Cole and Cassie will try to unveil the identity and whereabouts of the mysterious leader of the Army of the 12 Monkeys, who is only known as \"the Witness\" and who is always one step ahead of them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Conception\nTerry Matalas and Travis Fickett, who had written together for the series Nikita and Terra Nova, wrote an original spec script television pilot with a time travelling plot, named Splinter. Eventually, the script found its way to Atlas Entertainment's offices, who had produced the 12 Monkeys movie and had been wanting to create a TV series based on it for some time. After some deliberation, Matalas and Fickett came to an agreement with Atlas Entertainment to transform Splinter into a 12 Monkeys adaptation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0005-0001", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Conception\nAccording to Matalas, most of the Splinter pilot was changed, aside from the overall structure of the plot being an attempt to stop a man from doing something in the past, the concept of the same watch from different points in time, the terminology used for traveling through time (\"splintering\"), and the female lead character named \"Cassie\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Development\n\"Ultimately, our version of predestination \u2013 and where it diverges from La Jet\u00e9e or the original film \u2013 is that it's a basically a bullfight, a ballet, against Time. That Time is something to be wrestled with and fought against \u2013 and after you've bled and been beaten and gotten your ass thoroughly kicked, maybe you've moved it an inch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Development\nThe idea of a closed loop works beautifully in a film, but for the story and the emotion of a TV series to really resonate, the characters and the audience have to believe that change is possible. It's hard-fought and not without causalities along the way, but we've already seen that time can be affected. Whether it can be changed enough \u2013 or how Time might account for those changes \u2013 are some of the central questions of the show. It's also possible that all of this is a closed loop with several loops inside that loop.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Development\n\u2014Terry Matalas, co-creator, on how the time travel model of the series differs from that of its source material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Development\nOn July 22, 2013, The Hollywood Reporter first revealed that Syfy was developing a 12 Monkeys television adaptation, in the form of a 90-minute backdoor pilot that would lead to a straight-to-series order, similarly to what the Battlestar Galactica miniseries did. The pitch for the pilot, which would be written by Matalas and Picket, was submitted to Syfy by Atlas Entertainment's Charles Roven and Richard Suckle; Roven was one of the producers of the original film. Jon Cassar was reported as being on board to direct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0009-0001", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Development\nThe following month, it was reported that Syfy decided to green-light an hour-long pilot, which would be executive produced by Roven and Suckle, with production set to begin in November. Due to the series being labeled as \"cast contingent\", production could not move forward until the roles of Cole and Goines were cast. On April 4, 2014, Syfy green-lit the first season, consisting of 13 episodes, including the pilot filmed in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0009-0002", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Development\nThe pilot was directed and executive produced by Jeffrey Reiner; Matalas and Ficket, who wrote it, were announced to co-executive produce the season, while Natalie Chaidez would serve as showrunner. Chaidez credited her experience writing for the first season of Heroes and the two seasons of Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, two science fiction series with time traveling plots, as valuable to understanding how to make 12 Monkeys work. Matalas presented the series as a \"complete reimagining\" of the film and not just a remake, citing Looper as an inspiration for the time travel visual effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0009-0003", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Development\nIn fact, as Matalas explained, the story of the film was adapted into the first act of the pilot, and from there on, the series follows an original storyline, although it continues to homage both the film and La Jet\u00e9e. Madeleine Stowe, who played the equivalent of Amanda Schull's character in the film, narrated the opening of the season 2 premiere and made an appearance in its finale. Two major differences compared to the movie are that this version of time travel allows for changes in the past to affect the future, and that the \"Army of the 12 Monkeys\" is a real organization rather than a red herring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Development\nThe series creators plotted three seasons in advance, although they noted that the show could go on for longer than that. During the second season they said they need four seasons to tell the complete story. The ending of the series has been known to them since the beginning. Matalas said about it: \"We have a definitive target in place. It's very emotional and it's going to make everyone cry.\" Chaidez said the ending is designed to \"circle back\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0011-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Development\nThe series premiered on January 16, 2015, and was renewed for a second season on March 12, 2015, which premiered on April 18, 2016. Matalas and Fickett, who had opted for Chaidez to showrun the first season because of her bigger experience working on TV, replaced her during the second season, after her departure to showrun her own TV series, Hunters. Chaidez instead was credited as a consultant for the season. The third season was announced on June 29, 2016, and premiered on May 19, 2017, with the first episode being the directorial debut for Matalas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0011-0001", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Development\nFickett left his position as executive producer and was credited as consultant, leaving Matalas the sole showrunner for the season. Nevertheless, Fickett provided the story and helped write the screenplay for the season's fourth episode, \"Brothers\". In a change over how the previous seasons were released, Syfy aired the entire third season over three consecutive nights. A fourth and final season was announced on March 16, 2017. It consisted of 11 episodes, which premiered on June 15, 2018, and concluded on July 6, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0012-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Filming locations\nThe pilot for 12 Monkeys was filmed in Detroit. Starting with the second episode, the bulk of principal photography for the series took place in Toronto, both on location and at the Cinespace Film Studios, where they constructed sets like the room with the time machine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0013-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Filming locations\nAdditional filming for the first season took place in the Republic of North Macedonia, standing in for Chechnya, and the Dominican Republic, masquerading as Haiti. During the second season, production filmed for roughly 10 days in Budapest. Filming in Prague took place for about three weeks for the third season. The reason for moving to Europe was to benefit from the different flair and to use the older architecture for 1950s stand-ins. Production returned to Prague for the fourth season. Standing sets used in the series were changed constantly to reflect both older and newer versions of the locales and also alterations to the locations that resulted from the characters' trips through time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0014-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Cinematography\nTodd McMullen served as director of photography for the pilot, but once the series was ordered to series, David Greene replaced him. After shooting the first five episodes, Greene asked the producers if it would be possible to bring in an additional cinematographer so that they could alternate. Tico Poulakakis was brought in and filmed three episodes for the first season. In the second season, Greene and Poulakakis were joined by Boris Mojsovski, who became Greene's main alternate until the end of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0014-0001", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Cinematography\nTo get more shooting days out of the production's schedule, two camera units shot in parallel resulting in episodes featuring work done by both Greene and Mojsovski. Mojsovski said about his close collaboration with Greene: \"David and I were constantly working in unison. I'd prelight his sets and he'd prelight mine; I'd shoot one-third of his episode, and he'd shoot one-third of mine. We got so good at that, today we don't know who shot what!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0015-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Cinematography\nStylistically, for the scenes set in the bleak future timeline, the production team decided to use a palette of constant blue and green tones, as well as smoke and atmosphere, to differentiate it from the ones set in the present timeline. The present timeline often used a wider range of colors. Greene decided to ignore the visual style of the original film, as he felt the series told a different story than it had. Instead, Greene's biggest stylistic influence while establishing the show's look in the first season was the film Children of Men, which he referenced for the look of the future timeline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0016-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Cinematography\nFilming for the show was done digitally in 1080p. For the first season, the cinematographers used the Arri Alexa Classic EV camera. Beginning with the second season, they transitioned to using the Alexa Mini. Lenses used for the first two seasons were Cooke 5/i and S4, and Leica Summilux-C later. Green mentioned using Panavision Primo lenses as well. In the third season, the MoVi camera stabilizer was used, and for a scene where Cole encounters his future self, the motion control Technodolly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0017-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Cinematography\nThe American Society of Cinematographers has recognized the artistry and craftsmanship behind the show's cinematography by awarding it once and nominating it another two times, in categories relating to \"Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography\". The Canadian Society of Cinematographers similarly recognized it with one award and one nomination in the category of \"TV Series Cinematography\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0018-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Visual effects\nFor the first season of 12 Monkeys, visual effects for the series were provided by Stargate Studios. Typical effects work included the \"splintering\" time travel effect, matte paintings of the decayed future timeline, and enhancing the stage sets. Starting with the second season, Folks VFX took over. According to Sebastien Bergeron, founder and VFX supervisor at Folks VFX, an episode of 12 Monkeys has 60\u201375 effects shots on average, but any given episode could have as low as 30 or as high as 100\u2013125 shots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0018-0001", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Visual effects\nBergeron said the bulk of their work was creating \"unseen environments\", but other instances of their output included \"environment work, big futuristic cities, a time-traveling city, twinning of characters when they meet themselves in the past, destruction, explosions, all sorts of FX and particles \u2013 pretty much everything. There are also situations when we freeze the time, and then one character walks in the shot.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0019-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Music\nTrevor Rabin and his longtime assistant Paul Linford composed the series' music for its first two seasons. Var\u00e8se Sarabande released the composers' score for the first season, consisting of 23 tracks, digitally and on CD, on July 31, 2015. Rabin called it \"a hybrid score of ethnic sounds, orchestra, and electronic, with a strong theme base\". The original film's theme music \u2013 an arrangement of Astor Piazzolla's Suite Punta del Este made by Paul Buckmaster \u2013 can be heard during the ninth episode of the second season, \"Hyena\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0020-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Music\nRabin and Linford did not return for the remaining seasons of the show. Instead, the music for the first few episodes of the third season was composed by Bryce Jacobs. Stephen Barton composed additional music for those episodes and took over as composer for the remaining episodes of the season, and the next. Barton's score for season 3 was released by Var\u00e8se Sarabande on December 15, 2017, on CD \u2013 and later digitally \u2013 and consists of 27 tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0021-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Production, Music\nThe fourth season's score was released digitally on June 15, 2018, by Lakeshore Records. It consists of 31 tracks by Barton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0022-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Release, Broadcast\nSyfy UK acquired regional broadcasting rights and 12 Monkeys premiered in the UK on February 27, 2015. The second season premiered April 27, 2016, and the third season May 26, 2017. Syfy UK chose not to acquire the fourth and final season of the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0023-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Release, Home media\nUniversal Pictures Home Entertainment released the first season of the series on DVD and Blu-ray on January 19, 2016, and the second season on January 17, 2017. Extras on the discs of the first two of seasons include webisodes, deleted scenes, and gag reels. Universal released the third and fourth seasons of the show on Blu-ray on August 14, 2018. In contrast to the earlier seasons, the discs are manufactured on demand, lack subtitles, and the only extras included are season trailers and deleted scenes. In Australia, Via Vision Entertainment released on DVD and Blu-ray the third season on May 23, 2018 and the fourth on January 2, 2019. Both Australian sets lack subtitles, while the third season's set also lacks any extras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0024-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Release, Home media\nA set that collects all four seasons of the show was released on DVD and Blu-ray by Mill Creek Entertainment on July 14, 2020. In Australia, Via Vision released a limited edition on Blu-ray on August 19, 2020, that collects the four seasons, the original film, a bonus disc, and a foldout map of \"The Word of the Witness\", an item that features prominently in the story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0025-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Release, Home media\nAll four seasons are available for digital purchase on Amazon Prime Video and iTunes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0026-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Release, Home media\nSyfy and Hulu announced that Hulu would exclusively make the first season available for streaming on February 24, 2016. Hulu added the second season on April 18, 2017, the third on May 16, 2017, and the fourth season on June 15, 2019. Hulu's exclusivity agreement only covers the US; outside its borders, Netflix has made the first three seasons of the show available in multiple regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0027-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Reception, Critical response\nCritical reaction to the first season of 12 Monkeys was mixed. Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator website, reported a 60% critical approval rating with an average rating of 5.98/10 based on 42 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, \"The nonsensical time travel in 12 Monkeys makes it less watchable than its original source material, but the high quality execution and cool characters are top-notch.\" On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, the season was assigned a score of 57 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0027-0001", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Reception, Critical response\nChristine Seghers rated the first season 8.8/10 and wrote in her review for IGN: \"What started as a simple 'let's go back and fix this' story soon blossomed into a deep philosophical mediation on the concept of predestination versus free will. If you wanted it. The show is also an awful lot of fun.\" The critical reception of the later episodes of the first season was more positive than the initial reception. The final episode of the season, \"Arms of Mine\", received rave reviews, including a 9.4/10 rating from IGN and a 4.5/5 rating from Den of Geek. The twelfth episode of the season, \"Paradox\", also received rave reviews, including a 9.3/10 rating from IGN and an A- rating from The A.V. Club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0028-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Reception, Critical response\nThe second season was received positively. Rotten Tomatoes indexed 12 reviews and reported a 92% critical approval rating with an average rating of 8.07/10. The assigned critical consensus reads: \"Full of addictive twists, the second season of 12 Monkeys overcomes time traveling logic issues with help of added thriller elements.\" Seghers, rating the season 9.0/10, wrote for IGN: \"In its outstanding sophomore season, 12 Monkeys became bigger, bolder and more beautifully baffling, reaffirming its status as one of the best sci-fi shows on television today.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0028-0001", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Reception, Critical response\nThe episodes \"Lullaby\" and \"Memory of Tomorrow\" are generally considered to be the best episodes of the second season. \"Lullaby\" has a 9.4/10 rating from IGN and a perfect 5/5 rating from Den of Geek. \"Memory of Tomorrow\" has a 9.6/10 rating from IGN and a 4.5/5 rating from Den of Geek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0029-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Reception, Critical response\nFor the third season of 12 Monkeys, Rotten Tomatoes indexed 10 positive reviews, leading to a 100% critical approval rating with an average rating of 9.1/10. The following critical consensus is assigned to the season: \"12 Monkeys' third season satiates fans' hunger for fresh thrills, startling twists, and titillating time travel.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0030-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Reception, Critical response\nRotten Tomatoes indexed 11 positive reviews for the fourth season, producing a 100% critical approval rating with an average rating of 9.33/10. The critical consensus of the website reads: \"12 Monkeys continues to raise the bar with each marvelously complex episode in a knock-out fourth season that proves as unpredictable as it is gratifying.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0031-0000", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Reception, Creative response\nBefore the 12 Monkeys series premiere, Terry Gilliam, director of the original film, expressed his reservations about the concept: \"It doesn't have anything to do with me and no-one has contacted me. It's a very dumb idea. ... If it was going to be any good it would have to be written by David and Janet Peoples, who wrote the film, otherwise it would just be another version of Time Bandits.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0031-0001", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Reception, Creative response\nIn another interview, Gilliam sounded apprehensive regarding whether Chris Marker \u2013 the author of La Jet\u00e9e, the featurette that inspired Gilliam's film \u2013 would approve of the series: \"I think that they've got just another time travel series. Of course, Chris Marker is dead, so he doesn't have to see it, what La Jet\u00e9e spawned.\" However, according to Matalas, both the Peoples and Marker read the pilot and gave the series creators their blessing and support to move forward with it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008076-0031-0002", "contents": "12 Monkeys (TV series), Reception, Creative response\nThe Peoples and Marker are credited in the opening and closing credits of each episode for their respective original works. Madeleine Stowe, lead actress of the original film, became supportive of the filmmakers after watching the pilot, appreciating the differences between her character and Amanda Schull's interpretation. She was later cast in a pivotal role in the second season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008077-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Motorised Infantry Brigade (Namibia)\n12 Motorised Infantry Brigade (pronounced as One Two Motorised Infantry Brigade) is a brigade of the Namibian Army based at Keetmanshoop. The prefix \"12\" is taken from 12 May 1929, Namibia's first president's birthday day. The brigade is responsible for the defence of the southern areas of Namibia. Its subordinate units are situated in the Omaheke, Hardap, Karas and Erongo regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008077-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Motorised Infantry Brigade (Namibia), Units\nThe standard Namibian Infantry Brigade consists of a bde Headquarters, a transport coy, logistics coy and a medical coy supporting three Infantry battalions an artillery regiment and an air defence regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008078-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Nights of Christmas\n12 Nights of Christmas is the fourteenth studio album by American R&B singer R. Kelly. Released on October 21, 2016, it is Kelly\u2019s only Christmas album. It is also his final album with RCA Records before the label dropped Kelly in January 2019 following numerous sexual assault allegations made against him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008078-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Nights of Christmas, Background\nThe album is Kelly's first album to incorporate a holiday theme. The album was supposed to be released in late 2014, but was instead postponed to 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008078-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Nights of Christmas, Commercial performance\n12 Nights of Christmas debuted at number 177 on the Billboard 200 chart for the week of December 24, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008079-0000-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock (film)\n12 O'Clock is a 1958 Bollywood Thriller and Mystery film starring Guru Dutt, Waheeda Rehman and Rehman. It was produced by G.P. Sippy and directed by Pramod Chakravorty. It was listed in Best Bollywood Noirs of 1950s by Filmfare, citing, While Guru Dutt is as effective as ever and Waheeda looks suitably grief-stricken and confused, the film belongs to Rehman, who plays Bani's manipulative brother-in-law to perfection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008079-0001-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock (film), Plot\nAt exactly 12:00 noon, two gunshots are fired at the Dadar Railway Station, Bombay. The gunshots kill Maya (Sabita Chatterji), the wife of Raimohan (Rehman). One of the assailants is none other than Maya's sister, Bani Choudhary (Waheeda Rehman), and a gun is recovered from her handbag. The second assailant flees on a motorcycle, meets with an accident, and is instantly killed. The police charge Bani with murdering her sister. Faced with overwhelming evidence against Bani, her lawyer boyfriend, Ajay Kumar (Guru Dutt) must race against time to come to the truth behind Maya's murder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008079-0002-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock (film), Soundtrack\nSongs of the film were penned by Sahir Ludhianvi and Majrooh Sultanpuri while the music was composed by O. P. Nayyar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008080-0000-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock Boys\n12 O'Clock Boys is a 2013 American documentary film directed by Lotfy Nathan. The documentary focuses on urban dirt-bike riders in Baltimore, Maryland, and one boy's fascination with dirt bikes and desire to join the 12 O'Clock Boys group (named for doing a high angle wheelie that mimics a clock\u2019s hands at 12 o'clock).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008080-0001-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock Boys, Production\nThe group, known as the \"12 O'Clock Boyz\", emerged at illegal street rides by the start of the 21st century, and two members videotaped the stunts in 2001 and 2003. For the documentary the boy, Pug, was filmed over several years starting when he was 11, using a high-speed Phantom camera, whose footage was slowed, as well as a Canon 7G, with the crew strapped into the bed of a truck. Nathan, the director, was arrested once on suspicion of participation in the rides. The film also includes interviews with members of the group as well as Pug's mother, Coco, plus footage from a variety of local newscasts and clips from the 12 O'Clock Boyz videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008080-0002-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock Boys, Release\nThe film was premiered at South by Southwest 2013, and had its Baltimore premiere at the Maryland Film Festival 2013. It was acquired for U.S. theatrical distribution by Oscilloscope Laboratories in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008081-0000-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock High (TV series)\n12 O'Clock High is an American military drama television series set in World War II. It was originally broadcast on ABC-TV for two-and-one-half TV seasons from September 1964 through January 1967 and was based on the 1949 film of the same name. The series was a co-production of 20th Century Fox Television (Fox had also produced the movie) and QM Productions (one of their few non-law enforcement series). This show is one of the two QM shows not to display a copyright notice at the beginning, but rather at the end (the other was A Man Called Sloane) and the only one not to display the standard \"A QM Production\" closing card on the closing credits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008081-0001-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock High (TV series), Overview\nThe series follows the missions of the fictitious 918th Bombardment Group (Heavy) of the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF), equipped with B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers, stationed at Archbury Field, England (a fictitious air base). For the first season, many of the characters from the book and 1949 movie were retained, including Brigadier General Frank Savage, Major Harvey Stovall, Major Cobb, Doc Kaiser, and General Pritchard, albeit played by different actors from in the motion picture. In addition to these characters, several other infrequently reappearing characters were introduced, including Captain (later Colonel) Joseph \"Joe\" Gallagher, who appeared in two episodes (episodes 1 and 24) as well as being the central character for seasons 2 and 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008081-0002-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock High (TV series), Overview\nAt the end of the first season, the studio executives decided a younger-looking lead actor was needed. In the first episode of the second season, General Savage, played by Robert Lansing, was killed in action and replaced by Colonel Joe Gallagher, played by Paul Burke. (Burke, though considered more youthful-looking than Lansing, was actually two years older, a fact that TV critics were quick to point out.) The decision to replace Lansing with Burke proved unpopular and the ratings began to drop quickly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008081-0003-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock High (TV series), Overview\nThe character Joe Gallagher's father was Lt. General Maxwell Gallagher, played by Barry Sullivan. Burke and Sullivan had previously worked together in the TV series Harbormaster. In an interview given by Lansing on The Mike Douglas Show in 1965, Lansing mentioned that had he known what a boost to his career 12 O'Clock High was, he never would have fired himself. Savage was killed off in a way so as not to require Lansing's participation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008081-0003-0001", "contents": "12 O'Clock High (TV series), Overview\nAccording to TV Guide, ABC moved the show from a 10:00 pm Friday time slot to a 7:30 pm Monday time slot for the second season to capture a younger audience. It was hoped that TV viewers would identify more with a colonel rather than an Army Air Corps general. Lansing, had he remained, would have received limited air time with Burke's addition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008081-0004-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock High (TV series), Overview\nFor the second season, most of the supporting cast from the first season was replaced, with the exception of Major Stovall, Doc Kaiser, and an occasional appearance by General Pritchard. Other actors who did reappear after the first season played other characters. Edward Mulhare appeared twice \u2013 as different Luftwaffe officers. Bruce Dern appeared four times as three different characters. Tom Skerritt appeared five times, each time in a different role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008081-0005-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock High (TV series), Overview\nThe first two seasons were filmed in black-and-white, as ABC did not mandate prime time shows to be in color until the 1966-1967 season, but it also allowed the inclusion of actual World War II combat footage supplied by the U.S. Air Force and the library of 20th Century Fox movies. The inclusion of combat footage was often obvious, as it was often quite degraded. Limited usable combat footage often resulted in the same shot being reused in multiple episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008081-0005-0001", "contents": "12 O'Clock High (TV series), Overview\nFor the third season, the TV series was filmed in color, but this season only ran for 17 episodes, with the series being canceled in midseason. Some of the combat footage used for the third season seemed to be in black-and-white footage tinted blue. Film footage from the 1940s was also used for take-offs and landings since the one B-17 to which the show had access could only taxi. To simulate different aircraft, it was frequently repainted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008081-0006-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock High (TV series), Overview\nIn later episodes, Gallagher flew as \"mission control\" in a North American P-51 Mustang. This plot scheme was added to cut production costs. The single-engine Mustang costs less to fly than the four-engined B-17, and requires only a single pilot rather than two pilots and several crewmen. A wartime precedent for this existed, however: Maj.-Gen. Earle E. Partridge, the G-3 (operations) commander of the 8th Air Force, used a P-51 modified for photo-reconnaissance work to take photographs of his bomber group formations for training and critiquing purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008081-0007-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock High (TV series), Overview\n12 O'Clock High was created in an episodic format, with no particular order for the episodes. A trio of episodes produced about a shuttle air raid to North Africa was in fact never aired in story order (episode 44 \"We're Not Coming Back\", episode 37 \"Big Brother\", and episode 38 \"The Hotshot\"). The stories were often based more on character drama than action, usually involving individuals who felt the need to redeem themselves in the eyes of others. Other story lines focused on actual war events, such as the development of bombing through cloud cover using radar, and the complexities of operating a large fleet of (often malfunctioning) B-17s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008081-0008-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock High (TV series), Overview\nMuch of the filming was carried out on the Chino Airport, just east of Los Angeles County, California, in San Bernardino County. Chino had been a USAAF training field for World War II, and its combination of long, heavy-duty runways and (at the time) wide-open farmland for miles in all directions was rapidly turning the field into a haven for World War II aviation enthusiasts and their restored aircraft. Former Army Air Forces P-51 Mustangs, Republic P-47 Thunderbolts, Lockheed P-38 Lightnings, B-26 Invaders, and former U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps F4U Corsairs and F6F Hellcats could be found, along with a vintage B-17 and the P-51 Mustang used in 12 O'Clock High.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008081-0009-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock High (TV series), Overview\nThe B-17 belonged to Ed Maloney's Air Museum, B-17E, F, and G models of the Flying Fortress (the latter with the chin turret) were used interchangeably. The inclusion of actual combat and crash footage often resulted in the tail designations of the bombers changing between film shots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008081-0010-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock High (TV series), Overview\nThe segments in 1966 had the former Royal Canadian Air Force pilot Lynn Garrison coordinating the aerial footage. Garrison had been drawn to the project by his friend, Robert Lansing. Garrison owned the P-51 used in the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008081-0011-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock High (TV series), Overview\nAs of February 2020, the Heroes & Icons channel broadcasts the series as part of its Saturday night lineup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008081-0012-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock High (TV series), Comic books\nDell Comics produced a comic book based on the series that ran two issues in 1965. Both had photocovers and artwork by Joe Sinnott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008082-0000-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock High: Bombing the Reich\n12 O'Clock High: Bombing the Reich is a 1999 computer wargame developed and published by TalonSoft. Designed by Gary Grigsby and Keith Brors, it is follow-up to Battle of Britain and a spiritual sequel to the 1985 wargame U.S.A.A.F. - United States Army Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008082-0001-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock High: Bombing the Reich, Gameplay\nThe game simulates the strategic bombing campaign of the Allies against the Germans during World War II. Day and night combat are distinguished between. The overall player score is judged by the following: German industry collateral, German town collateral, and Luftwaffe production completion. The game has multiplayer options.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008082-0002-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock High: Bombing the Reich, Development\nThe game was designed by Gary Grigsby and Keith Brors. The game reuses the game engine and interface from Grigsby's previous game with TalonSoft, Battle of Britain. Battle of Britain had marked Grigsby's return to the air-combat wargame format, which he had not attempted since U.S.A.A.F. - United States Army Air Force. While Battle of Britain had been a successor title to U.S.A.A.F., GameSpot's Alan Dunkin described 12 O'Clock High as the older game's \"true sequel\", as it covered identical subject matter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008082-0003-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock High: Bombing the Reich, Reception\nBruce Grey of GameSpot acknowledged the game was meticulously researched, but that the end result was mediocre at best. CDMag's David Chong compared its \"horrible interface\" and \"unimaginative game engine\" to that used in Battle of Britain. John Thompson of The Adrenaline Vault thought the game's \"pinpoint detail\", \"historical accuracy\" and \"depth of play\" saw it trail in the legacy of 1977 Avalon Hill wargame Panzer Blitz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008083-0000-0000", "contents": "12 O'Clock on the Dot\n12 O'clock on the Dot is the twelfth studio album by King Creosote, released in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008084-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Ophiuchi\n12 Ophiuchi is a variable star in the constellation Ophiuchus. No companions have yet been detected in orbit around this star, and it remains uncertain whether or not it possesses a dust ring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008084-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Ophiuchi\nThis star is categorized as a BY Draconis variable, with variable star designation V2133. The variability is attributed to large-scale magnetic activity on the chromosphere (in the form of starspots) combined with a rotational period that moved the active regions into (and out of) the line of sight. This results in low amplitude variability of 12 Ophiuchi's luminosity. The star also appears to display rapid variation in luminosity, possibly due to changes in the starspots. Measurements of the long-term variability show two overlapping cycles of starspot activity (compared to the Sun's single, 11-year cycle.) The periods of these two cycles are 4.0 and 17.4 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008084-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Ophiuchi\nThis star is among the top 100 target stars for NASA's planned Terrestrial Planet Finder mission . However, the mission is now postponed indefinitely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008084-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Ophiuchi\nIts abundance of heavy elements (elements heavier than helium) is nearly identical to that of the Sun. The surface gravity is equal to log\u2061(g)=4.6{\\displaystyle \\log(g)=4.6}, which is somewhat higher than the Sun's. The space velocity is 30\u00a0km/s relative to the solar system. The high rotation period and active chromosphere are indicative of a relatively young star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008085-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Paces Without a Head\n12 Paces Without a Head (German: Zw\u00f6lf Meter ohne Kopf) is a 2009 film set in the North Sea in 1401. The film centers on the German folk hero Klaus St\u00f6rtebeker, who was a pirate at the time. The title comes from a legend which asserts that when he was captured by the Hanseatic League, he struck a deal with his captors that every one of his men whom he could walk past after being decapitated, would be let go. St\u00f6rtebeker's body allegedly managed to make twelve paces before collapsing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008086-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Peers Theater\n12 Peers Theater is a professional theatre company based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Established in 2011 by Vince Ventura and Sara Fisher, the company has held productions in the Grey Box Theatre in Lawrenceville and Modern Formations Gallery in Garfield. 12 Peers has produced the musical tick, tick...BOOM! by Jonathan Larson as well as Pittsburgh premieres of contemporary plays such as The Weird by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa, Talk About the Passion by Graham Farrow, and sustenance by James Roday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008086-0000-0001", "contents": "12 Peers Theater\nIn addition to full productions, the company has produced the Cultivating Culture Series, a series of new play workshops and cabarets, as well as the Pittsburgh Monologue Project, a series of monologues by Robert Isenberg and Brad Keller inspired by real-life interactions that is also regularly performed by the Duquesne University Red Masquers. 12 Peers has received attention from the publications Pittsburgh City Paper and Pittsburgh Magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008087-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Persei\n12 Persei (12 Per) is a double-lined spectroscopic binary star system in the northern constellation Perseus. Its combined apparent magnitude is 4.94, which means it can be viewed with the naked eye. Based upon parallax measurements, this system is about 79\u00a0light years away from the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008087-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Persei\nThe magnitude difference between the two components is estimated to be 0.51. Based upon this, the primary has a mass around 138% of the Sun, 155% of the Sun's radius, and shines with three times the Sun's luminosity. The smaller secondary component is also larger than the Sun, with 124% of the Sun's mass, 131% of the radius of the Sun, and has 186% of the Sun's luminosity. The stellar classification of the primary is F9\u00a0V, which suggests it is an F-type main sequence star. The pair have an estimated age of just over a billion years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008087-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Persei\nThe pair orbit each other with a period of 331\u00a0days and an eccentricity of 0.663. The semimajor axis of their orbit is 1.27\u00a0AU, which means the inner stability radius for a hypothetical planet orbiting the pair would be at 4.35\u00a0AU. This lies outside the habitability zone for this system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008088-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Picks\n12 Picks is a greatest hits album by American hard rock guitarist/singer Ace Frehley. Songs 7\u201312 were recorded live at the Hammersmith Odeon, London, England on March 19, 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008089-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Play\n12 Play is the debut studio album by American R&B and soul singer-songwriter R. Kelly; it was released on November 9, 1993, by Jive Records. The album follows his tenure with R&B group Public Announcement, with whom he released one album, Born into the 90's (1992). It went on to top the R&B albums chart for nine weeks straight, while reaching the second position on the US Billboard 200 chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008089-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Play\nThe album features four singles including the sexually-themed singles \"Bump n' Grind\" (US, number 1), \"Your Body's Callin'\" (US, number 13), and the more overtly direct \"Sex Me, Pts. 1 & 2\" (US, number 20). The album serves as the first of a trilogy of albums Kelly released under the \"12 Play\" moniker including TP-2.com (2000) and TP-3: Reloaded (2005). Since receiving an initially mixed response from critics, 12 Play has received more favorable retrospective criticism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008089-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Play, Background\nFollowing the success of Born into the 90's, as the member of the R&B group Public Announcement, Kelly began touring as an opening act for Gerald Levert and Glenn Jones. During the tour, Kelly said that he became frustrated with the poor lighting and empty seats during his set. To generate more attention during his set, Kelly began thinking of what would be his gimmick to take his show to the next level, something that would make people remember him. Kelly stated: \"I thought about it for a couple of days, and I finally came up with a little skit, me just talking to the audience. At the point in the show where I would break down \"Honey Love,\" I would start talking to the audience.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008089-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Play, Background\nCan I tell you all something? Can I keep it real? Can I tell you about a dream I had last night? Well, I actually had a dream where I made love to Mary J. Blige. Hey, it was only a dream, but it was so vivid, it felt real; but in this dream, it was more than foreplay \u2013 it was 12 Play. Can I sing it for y'all? Tell y'all how it went?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008089-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Play, Background\nThe audience yelled \"YES!\" and Kelly's piano player accompanied him with chords. Kelly then begun the countdown, \"One. We'll go to my room of fun.\" The \"12 Play\" gimmick became so big that when Kelly went to radio stations to promote Born into the 90's, the DJ's wanted to hear \"12 Play.\" The demand for \"12 Play\" was so big that R. Kelly decided to create an album titled 12 Play. Kelly later said:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008089-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Play, Background\n\"I didn't really know if the album would be as successful as it has been, but I hoped that it would. I was really taking a chance with the concept of this album.\" \u2013 Kelly on the concept of the 12 Play album, 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008089-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Play, Background\nMusically, the album is a mixture of hip hop, hip hop soul, G-funk and R&B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008089-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Play, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by R. Kelly, except \"Sadie\" by Joseph B. Jefferson, Bruce Hawes, and Charles Simmons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008090-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Regiment RLC\n12 Regiment RLC was a regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008090-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Regiment RLC, History\nFrom its formation in 2006 to its disbandment in 2013 the regiment was a logistic support regiment for the 4th Mechanized Brigade. In September 2012 the regiment deployed to Afghanistan as the Close Support Logistic Regiment on Herrick 17. During its six-month tour the regiment was tasked as a Combat Logistic Patrol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008091-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Rods\n12 Rods (also known by the stylistic variants 12RODS and Twelve Rods) is an indie rock band from Minneapolis Minnesota. The group was formed in Oxford, Ohio in 1992, later relocating to Minneapolis in 1995 where it was based until its disbandment in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008091-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Rods\nAside from a one-off reunion show in 2015, the band remained inactive until 2021, when frontman Ryan Olcott announced on Facebook that he was making a new album under the 12 Rods name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008091-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Rods, History, 1992: Formation\nAn early incarnation of the group that would become 12 Rods was formed in Oxford, Ohio in May 1992, initiated by Talawanda High School student Ryan Olcott. Friends and fellow students Christopher McGuire, Matt Flynn, and Daniel Perlin were included as members of the band. At this time, the group was known as Ryan'z Bihg Hed, a name coined by Flynn in reference to Olcott's purported behavior during their rehearsals. The band prepared numerous songs for a performance early in the summer of 1992 at a local high school graduation party named \"Field Fest 3\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008091-0002-0001", "contents": "12 Rods, History, 1992: Formation\nA cassette recording of this performance, titled Helikopter Hundrid Dolurz, became their first release before the group disbanded until July 1992 when Olcott was invited to join a new group formed by McGuire, Flynn, and Daniel Burton-Rose at a performance at the end of the summer. Olcott accepted and the roster went on to name themselves \"12RODS\", a title discovered by Flynn in a passage from a children's Bible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008091-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Rods, History, 1993\u20131995: Career beginnings and relocation\nThe group independently released Bliss in 1993, their first album under the name 12 Rods, which was recorded in Minneapolis while the members were still living in Oxford. In 1996, one year after fully relocating to Minneapolis, the band released the EP gay?, which went on to bring the group much-needed publicity following a review by an early Pitchfork where it received one of the few 10.0 ratings given in the publication's history. Former Pitchfork columnist Jason Josephes spoke of gay? favorably in his \"Three Blocks from Groove Street\" column after he and Pitchfork founder Ryan Schreiber saw 12 Rods' first Minneapolis concert and bought the EP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 61], "content_span": [62, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008091-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Rods, History, 1996\u20132000: V2 Records era\nIn 1996, 12 Rods became the first American act to sign to the newly founded V2 Records, then a part of Richard Branson's Virgin Group, where gay? was reissued, making it the group's first major label release. The band's next album Split Personalities was released in 1998 and was named in Pitchfork's first list of the best albums of the 1990s (although it was absent in the second version). Minneapolis musician Bill Shaw joined the group around this time, serving as its bassist until the end of the band's career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 43], "content_span": [44, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008091-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Rods, History, 1996\u20132000: V2 Records era\n12 Rods released its next album, the Todd Rundgren-produced Separation Anxieties, in 2000. Band members say Rundgren didn't do much during recording:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 43], "content_span": [44, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008091-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Rods, History, 1996\u20132000: V2 Records era\n\u201cAll he would do was press the \u2018record\u2019 button and go back to doing crossword puzzles,\u201d said Ev Olcott, who, like his brother, wound up producing records for other bands. \u201cSome of those songs are good, but Todd Rundgren did the absolute worst job possible with that record,\u201d Ryan Olcott sneered. \u201cI would straight-up re-record that record before I\u2019d reissue it.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 43], "content_span": [44, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008091-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Rods, History, 1996\u20132000: V2 Records era\nThe band was dropped by V2 Records following the album's release, which was a disappointment both critically and commercially. Local Minneapolis drummer Dave King went on to be the group's drummer for most of the remainder of its career after McGuire's departure following the recording sessions for Separation Anxieties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 43], "content_span": [44, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008091-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Rods, History, 2000\u20132004: Independent era and disbandment\nJake Hansen joined the band in the summer of 2002 as an additional guitarist, and in 2003 George Marich took on drumming duties due to King's touring conflicts with The Bad Plus. The group recorded and released one more album, 2002's self-released Lost Time, then broke up in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 60], "content_span": [61, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008091-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Rods, Lost Time reissue and brief reunion, documentary, and second reunion\nOn September 7, 2011, it was announced on the website for Justin Vernon's record label Chigliak that 12 Rods had an album awaiting release in the label's \"first year of vinyl releases\", which began on May 22, 2012, with Amateur Love's It's All Aquatic, produced by Ev Olcott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 77], "content_span": [78, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008091-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Rods, Lost Time reissue and brief reunion, documentary, and second reunion\nOn October 8, 2014, 12 Rods announced via Facebook that Chigliak would be reissuing Lost Time on January 20, 2015, and the band would be playing a reunion show at First Avenue in Minneapolis on January 16, 2015 with Ryan Olcott, Ev, Christopher McGuire, Matthew Foust, Matt Flynn, Tal Tahir, Bill Shaw, Dave King, and Jake Hanson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 77], "content_span": [78, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008091-0011-0000", "contents": "12 Rods, Lost Time reissue and brief reunion, documentary, and second reunion\nJames Francis Flynn filmed the reunion show as part of a documentary about 12 Rods. Throughout the summer and fall of 2015 he completed gathering the interviews and additional footage for the documentary titled \"Accidents Waiting to Happen\". The film, modeled after Martin Scorsese's \"The Last Waltz\", was funded by a Kickstarter campaign and was shown at the Minneapolis Saint Paul International Film Festival in April 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 77], "content_span": [78, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008091-0012-0000", "contents": "12 Rods, Lost Time reissue and brief reunion, documentary, and second reunion\nIn September 2021, Ryan Olcott announced via the band\u2019s Facebook page that he was making a new 12 Rods record with \u201czero help, zero support and zero financing\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 77], "content_span": [78, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008091-0013-0000", "contents": "12 Rods, After 12 Rods\nFollowing the band's break-up, Ryan went on to perform solo as Foodteam (and later as c.Kostra), with a band as Mystery Palace, and is a record producer in Minneapolis. Ev went on to play in Halloween, Alaska and The Few Nice Words, and co-founded audio software company Audiofile Engineering. McGuire went on to play with Kid Dakota, John Vanderslice, The Mountain Goats, Quruli and has been involved in giving drumming lessons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008091-0013-0001", "contents": "12 Rods, After 12 Rods\nMatt Flynn currently lives in Cincinnati, Ohio and performs in a group called the Queen City Silver Stars and The Matt Flynn Jazz Trio where he plays the upright bass. Bill Shaw re-formed Post Mortem Grinner and also plays in The Few Nice Words and Halloween, Alaska. Dave King plays actively with Happy Apple, The Bad Plus, Halloween, Alaska, and Dave King Trucking Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008092-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds\n12 Rounds is a British rock band formed by Atticus Ross and singer Claudia Sarne, who are married. After the release of their first album, Jitter Juice, they toured with the Sneaker Pimps. 12 Rounds played the Reading Festival in 1996. Their song \"Something's Burning\" was featured on the soundtrack to the 1997 film All Over Me, and \"Just Another Day,\" their collaboration with Pale 3, was featured on the soundtrack to the 2000 film The Princess and the Warrior. The group released a few projects under various record labels before releasing My Big Hero under Trent Reznor's Nothing Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008092-0000-0001", "contents": "12 Rounds\nThey were the opening act on Marilyn Manson's Mechanical Animals promo tour that ranged from September to December 1998. A follow-up album was recorded with Reznor as producer; it remains unreleased. Ross has nonetheless worked with Reznor on every Nine Inch Nails album since With Teeth as well as other projects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008092-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds\n12 Rounds re-obtained rights to songs from the unreleased third album and plan on releasing singles on their official website. The first song released was titled \"Shine On.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008093-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds (film)\n12 Rounds is a 2009 American action film directed by Renny Harlin and produced by WWE Studios. The cast is led by John Cena, alongside Aidan Gillen, Steve Harris, Gonzalo Menendez, Brian J. White, Ashley Scott, and Taylor Cole. The film was released to theaters in the United States on March 27, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008093-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds (film), Plot\nA sting operation to capture arms dealer Miles Jackson goes awry when the FBI's inside man double crosses them. Miles rendezvouses with his girlfriend Erica Kessen, who has a getaway car. Officers Danny Fisher and Hank Carver are dispatched to help the FBI. They look at Jackson's record and see a surveillance video of him dancing with Kessen. An encounter with them at a traffic light leads to her death and Miles being taken away. Miles swears vengeance on Fisher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008093-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds (film), Plot\nOne year later Fisher, now promoted to Detective due to his actions with Jackson, gets a phone call from Jackson, who has escaped from prison. Fisher runs outside the house looking for Jackson, and Fisher's car and house explode, throwing him to the ground. After Fisher recovers, Jackson says he is launching a game of revenge called \"12 Rounds.\" The house, the car, and Phil, the plumber who came to fix a pipe were \"Round 1.\" Molly Porter, Fisher's girlfriend is kidnapped by Jackson for \"Round 2.\" For \"Round 3,\" Fisher and Carver must follow a series of clues to locate the cell phone that Jackson calls, and for \"Round 4\" Fisher has to get to New Orleans Savings and Loan where a fire has broken out and extract two security deposit boxes within 20 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008093-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds (film), Plot\nCarver has a lead on the man who helped kidnap Molly Porter and volunteers to look into that while Fisher continues with the game. FBI Special Agents George Aiken and Ray Santiago work with them to get Porter back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008093-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds (film), Plot\nFor \"Round 5\" one of the security boxes is a bomb and the other contains a clue to the next round. Fisher discovers and disposes of the bomb. The other box contains a hotel room key. The room is raided and found empty. For \"Round 6,\" Fisher and the FBI go to the Monteleone Hotel  to find Molly and Miles in a room, but when they arrived, Miles had only left on a video camera of the hotel a note that said \"we are still here\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008093-0004-0001", "contents": "12 Rounds (film), Plot\nAfter that, Danny talks to Willie; a hotel employee who knew where Miles was later. But at that moment, the security elevator stops and they finds a video recording with Molly (at gunpoint) saying that in 60 seconds the elevator will fall (telling Willie that what he does to her is not personal) and that (given that Wille is overweight) only one will survive. When Danny leaves the elevator, Willie falls and dies (still subtracting 5 seconds)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008093-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds (film), Plot\nIn \"Round 7\" Fisher follows a series of clues to a bus where he finds Porter on board, wearing a bomb underneath her jacket. He is handcuffed to a bar and is given an envelope with a phone number as the clue to the next round. The Feds try to get Jackson but he escapes with Porter. When Fisher is freed, he tells the Feds about the bomb, and just when a sniper shot trying to kills Miles, fail and everyone get out of the bus (including Molly and Miles).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008093-0005-0001", "contents": "12 Rounds (film), Plot\nCarver shows up and tells Fisher he has located Jackson's henchman, Anthony Deluso. In \"Round 8\" Fisher has to find the correct cell phone number that disarms bombs placed in different locations. Jackson answers and tells him that his call disabled Streetcar 907's brakes. In \"Round 9\" Fisher and Santiago slam their car into the transformer, shutting off electricity for the whole neighborhood. They run along the streetcar, clearing people out of the way until it can slow to a halt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008093-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds (film), Plot\nA mine planted by Jackson kills Carver and Deluso. Jackson says that Porter's bomb can only be disarmed by Fisher's fingerprint. He tells Fisher to pay a visit to Erica Kessen, so Fisher, Santiago, and Aiken start for the cemetery. Another detective, Chuck Jansen calls Fisher to tell him that the numbers in the envelope were rigged to the streetcar. Jackson had cameras monitoring the elevator shaft and set off the bomb five seconds early. Fisher realizes that Willie's death in the elevator episode was orchestrated by Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008093-0006-0001", "contents": "12 Rounds (film), Plot\nSantiago does a check on Willie and finds he had a second job as a Homewood Security guard. They figure out that Jackson was leading them to take out the power because Homewood Security comes in to move the federally unprotected cash from the United States Mint in New Orleans. Jackson's grudge against Fisher was only a cover for his scheme to steal this money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008093-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds (film), Plot\nAiken tells Santiago to lock down the Mint, while he and Fisher go after Porter. Fisher realizes that \"Round 12\" is a wild-goose chase, since Jackson needs Porter, a nurse, to help him escape. Jackson, dressed as a security guard, steals the cash. He uses Porter's ID card to get to a Medevac chopper on a hospital roof, transporting the money inside a body bag. Fisher and Aiken race to the hospital roof, where Aiken is wounded. Jackson activates the touch phone-bomb and throws the switch away. Porter and Fisher jump into a pool, while Jackson is left in the exploding helicopter. The movie ends with Danny and Molly leaving, with Molly wanting to go home, but Danny tells her about what happened to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008093-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds (film), Music\nThe score of 12 Rounds was composed by Trevor Rabin, who had previously worked with director Renny Harlin on Deep Blue Sea and Exorcist: The Beginning. He recorded his score with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Eastwood Scoring Stage at Warner Bros. Studios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008093-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds (film), Reception, Box office\nThe filmed opened at number seven at the box office, gaining an estimate of $1.75 million in its opening day and $5.3 million in its opening weekend. The film grossed $12,234,694 in the United States and Canada, and $5,045,632 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $17,280,326.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008093-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds (film), Reception, Critical response\n12 Rounds has received mostly negative reviews from critics. Some critics have noted the film's similarities to the 1995 movie Die Hard with a Vengeance. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 30% based on reviews from 71 critics. The site's consensus reads: \"Energetic but empty, 12 Rounds' preposterous plot hurtles along at a rapid pace, but can't disguise the derivative script.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 38%, based on 13 reviews. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B-.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008093-0011-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds (film), Reception, Critical response\nRob Nelson of Variety wrote: \"Heavy on stunts but light on plausibility, humor, surprise, visual ingenuity or psychological depth.\" Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club called the film \"honest trash: It never pretends to be anything other than manic schlock\" and gives it a grade C+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008093-0012-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds (film), Home media\n12 Rounds was released on DVD, Blu-ray Disc, and UMD with an unrated \"Extreme Cut\" of the film on June 30, 2009. In the first week, 12 Rounds opened at #1 at the DVD sales chart, selling 208,936 DVD units translating to revenue of $3.1m. As of July 2011, 581,834 DVD units have been sold, bringing in $8,884,292 in revenue. This does not include Blu-ray Disc sales/DVD rentals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008093-0013-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds (film), Sequels\nRandy Orton stars in a stand-alone sequel titled 12 Rounds 2: Reloaded. The sequel was released in 2013. 12 Rounds 3: Lockdown starring Dean Ambrose was released in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded\n12 Rounds 2: Reloaded (also known as 12 Rounds 2 and 12 Rounds: Reloaded) is a 2013 American action film directed by Roel Rein\u00e9. The film stars Randy Orton, Tom Stevens, Brian Markinson and Cindy Busby. It is a sequel to the 2009's 12 Rounds starring John Cena. Unlike the original which saw a theatrical release, the film was released on direct-to-DVD and Blu-ray in the United States on June 4, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Plot\nParamedic Nick Malloy and his wife Sarah are going home after a movie, when a horrible car accident takes place. Nick attempts to aid and rescue the victims: a young boy and a married couple, but despite Nick's efforts, the woman dies; this completely shatters Nick as it never happened before in his entire career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Plot\nOne year later, Nick and his fellow paramedic Jay Thompson are going to work when they get an anonymous call from an abandoned building site where they find a dying citizen. They attempt to aid him, only to find the number 1 stitched on his stomach alongside a bomb, but before they can do something about it, Nick receives a phone call. The caller asks Nick to step outside the ambulance after answering it. Nick now finds himself playing a game called 12 Rounds by Patrick Heller, moonlighting as a mastermind and using Sarah as a pawn. The caller tells Nick that he is watching him through security cameras and gives Nick a hint about his ambulance exploding. Immediately the ambulance explodes, killing the citizen instantly and setting Jay on fire, although Nick manages to save him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Plot\nFor Round 2, Nick receives a text message which leads him to a parking lot where a car waits for him. For Round 3, Nick must find a clue to his next destination in the car. Nick finds a matchbox with Palace Hotel written on it. Driving frantically to the hotel, Nick takes an alternative route. An enraged Heller threatens to detonate the bomb under the car but Nick manages to reach the Hotel with two seconds to spare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Plot\nAs the game unfolds, Detectives McKenzie and Sykes are investigating the ambulance explosion, and while Sykes immediately blames Nick for everything, McKenzie has her doubts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Plot\nRound 4 begins in the Palace Hotel as Nick talks with the hotel manager, who is wearing a white top with a cue ball on the front with the number \"4\" on it and a key that dangles around his neck. Realizing this the 4th round, Nick attacks the manager to steal the key. Heller tells Nick he must find a room that will give him all the answers. Nick finds out it's room 44, and inside the room, a young boy, Tommy Weaver, is having fun with a prostitute named Amber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Plot\nRound 5 begins when he enters the room. Nick ransacks the room and gets in a fight with Tommy and the prostitute. Before the phone rings in the room which is Heller. He orders Nick to bring \"it with you\" and get into a car parked next to Tommy's. Nick notices a tattoo on Tommy, the same as the calling card of the mastermind. However, as Nick takes Tommy out of the room, he gets into a fight with the security guard but manages to escape. Nick puts Tommy in the car next to his and finds a black glove with some coordinates leading to the Intersection of Grant and Sherwood Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Plot\nDuring the trip, Nick learns that Tommy has a parole anklet by following his DUI arrest, and Heller blocks the signal to the anklet so that Nick can stay focused on his timed mission. During the trip they stop halfway because both Nick and Tommy can hear a cell phone in the vehicle's trunk. They open the trunk to find Tommy's lawyer, Roberta Shaw, dead. For Round 6, they arrive at Grant and Sherwood intersection and find a telephone booth. Heller tells them a series of events led them there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0007-0001", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Plot\nTommy finds out this is the street where he had an accident a year ago, that followed his DUI arrest. McKenzie and Sykes arrive at the hotel and talk with the security guard and the manager to find out about what Nick did earlier in the night and begin to suspect it is all linked to the governor's disappearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Plot\nMeanwhile, Nick begins to put all the pieces of the puzzle together, and finds out he was at the right place at the right time a year ago. At the accident at the start of the film, Tommy was the young boy and the woman who died was Patrick's wife. Immediately after, Tommy tries to escape and as Nick chases him, Heller reactivates Tommy's anklet signal. Along the way, Tommy finds 2 police officers and tries to turn himself into them, telling them that Nick is chasing him for no apparent reason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0008-0001", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Plot\nBut Nick catches up to him, engages and defeats the officers and steals their police car. Chased down by police and the detectives, they take an alternative route until they meet a dead end. Nick escapes by driving up into a public parking garage building. When they reach the top they are found and cornered by Detective McKenzie, to whom they reveal Heller's game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Plot\nMcKenzie tells them the governor has disappeared and Tommy reveals he is his father. Heller calls Nick and tells him to put Tommy on the phone. Heller tells Tommy the location for Round 7. McKenzie tells them to keep playing his game to discover his true intentions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Plot\nFor Round 7 they must reach an abandoned sugar factory which is how Tommy's father got into the government. Tommy finds his father buried in raw sugar. Nick drives a tractor to stop the overflowing of the sugar. Meanwhile, the detectives track down a signal to an abandoned building and find an armed man behind metal doors. Sykes shoots the man and they discover is a judge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0011-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Plot\nFor Round 8, Nick and Tommy must save the governor and when they do, Heller appears with Sarah, shoots Tommy's father and tells Nick that the detectives already took care of Round 9 for him. Back in the abandoned building a livestream of Heller begins in the computer and he reveals that Sykes was the first officer to arrive at the scene of the car accident and while the governor paid the lawyer and judge to reduce Tommy's sentence to one year probation, Sykes destroyed the evidence and got promoted to detective in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0011-0001", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Plot\nAs Sykes apologizes to McKenzie a countdown appears in the computer and while McKenzie and the other officer says leave the room, Sykes stays and gets obliterated by the explosion. McKenzie then rushes out to find Nick. Round 10 begins when Tommy, still broken after his father's death, follows Heller's instructions and with a tazer incapacitates Nick temporarily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0012-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Plot\nRound 11 begins in front of a club called \"Karma\". It turns out the citizen who died in the ambulance worked there. Heller gives 2 vodka bottles to Tommy and one is poisoned. Tommy needs to drink one and when he does, he presumes he will die, but when he doesn't, starts laughing hysterically but Heller pours the contents of the other bottle over Tommy, shoots it and leaves Tommy to die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0013-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Plot\nFor the Final Round, Heller has Nick and Sarah tied up in the back of his SUV and calls 911 to tell emergency services that there will be a horrible accident at Grant and Sherwood Intersection as Heller initiates a countdown in the SUV. Nick asks him what he would've done to save his wife's life to which Heller replies \"Anything\". Nick immediately breaks free and fights Heller, takes his gun and shoots the back of the SUV so he and Sarah can roll out of the vehicle. Heller breaks down, remembering the night's events and his wife, before shouting 'Diana' as the SUV exploded, killing him instantly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0014-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Plot\nEmergency services arrive and aid both Nick and Sarah as Detective McKenzie arrives and thanks Nick for his help during the night by saying, 'It's Over' and walking away from the ambulance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0015-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Production\nIn November 2012, former WWE wrestler CM Punk said that he was initially chosen to star in the film; however, he was pulled from the project due to Punk's obligations for the WWE European tour taking place during filming in addition to being their WWE Champion at the time. John Cena was also considered to reprise his role from the first, and Chris Jericho was also considered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0016-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Release\nThe DVD and Blu-ray were released in Region 1 in the United States on June 4, 2013, and Region 2 in the United Kingdom on 24 June 2013. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. It made $919,421 worth of DVD units and $584,831 in Blu-ray units since June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0017-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Reception\nTyler Foster of DVD Talk rated it 1.5/5 stars and wrote, \"Even the world's most committed Randy Orton fan won't get anything out of 12 Rounds 2, a dull rehash of a million other, better action movies that saddles Orton with an uninteresting character.\" David Johnson of DVD Verdict compared it negatively to the first film and wrote, \"With 12 Rounds 2 and its dearth of compelling derring-do, we're left with Randy Orton grunting and running an obstacle course. No thanks.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008094-0018-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, Sequel\nOn August 14, 2014, it was announced that Dean Ambrose was going to star in the third film in the franchise called 12 Rounds 3: Lockdown. The sequel was released on September 11, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008095-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 3: Lockdown\n12 Rounds 3: Lockdown (also known as 12 Rounds 3 or 12 Rounds: Lockdown) is a 2015 American action film directed by Stephen Reynolds and starring Dean Ambrose in his film debut. It is the sequel to the 2013 film 12 Rounds 2: Reloaded, the third installment in the 12 Rounds trilogy, and the second of six films (titled the \"Action Six-Pack\" series) to be co-produced by WWE Studios and Lionsgate, who distribute the film. It is the first film in the series not to be released by 20th Century Fox, and was released in select theaters across the United States and on demand on September 11, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008095-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 3: Lockdown, Plot\nDetective Tyler Burke  and his two men infiltrate the house of drug dealer George Freemont, with whom he had been secretly collaborating to sell police-confiscated narcotics. They ask him for Freemont's proof of their collaboration. They destroy Freemont's laptop, and Burke shoots Freemont after making it look like Freemont shot first. Detective John Shaw returns to active duty at his precinct after the death of his partner, Ray Jones, in which Shaw was shot and sidelined with post traumatic stress disorder. He is met by his supervisor, Captain Ellen Matthews, recent police academy graduate Officer Jenny Taylor and lastly Detective Burke, who is being hailed for busting Freemont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008095-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 3: Lockdown, Plot\nUnknown to Burke, Freemont had made a backup containing the incriminating evidence that is in the form of a flash drive in the shape of a credit card, which is found during Freemont's autopsy and delivered to Evidence by Taylor. Shaw reads the incident report of the Freemont bust and retrieves the flash drive from Evidence. At the same time, Burke, at his home, receives a call from Taylor regarding the flash drive. Burke deduces that the flash drive contains the evidence and quickly heads to the precinct. Discovering the content of the flash drive, Shaw heads to Matthews' office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008095-0002-0001", "contents": "12 Rounds 3: Lockdown, Plot\nBurke receives word from Officer Meeks, one of his corrupt colleagues, that Shaw had already checked out the flash drive, but misses Shaw though both men shared the same elevator. Burke is unable to intercept Shaw and triggers the fire alarm so that everyone (except he and his fellow corrupt cops) can evacuate the building and find Shaw easily. Once the building is evacuated, Officer Darrow takes over the security hub to monitor Shaw's whereabouts via CCTV and also initiates a total lockdown of the building, disabling all the phone communication, computer networks as well as jamming cell phone signals. Shaw, unable to find Matthews at her office, had ducked into a stairwell to call her on his cell, but is cut off by the lockdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008095-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 3: Lockdown, Plot\nShaw, knowing that he is now being hunted, ambushes Meeks but is surprised by Burke. Shaw uses Meeks as a shield, but Meeks is shot anyway by Burke. Shaw and Meeks duck into an elevator. Shaw tries to save Meeks, but Meeks dies soon after. Burke radios Darrow to shut down the elevators, but Shaw manages to escape. Shaw next runs into Taylor, who had been accidentally locked in. She sees Meeks' blood on Shaw and refuses to trust him, forcing him to draw his gun on her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008095-0003-0001", "contents": "12 Rounds 3: Lockdown, Plot\nHe confiscated her taser and leaves her with a warning to hide until the lockdown is over. Matthews arrives and hails Burke over walkie talkie. Burke takes the opportunity to frame Shaw, directly blaming him for Meeks' death and assuring Matthews that he will handle Shaw. Shaw then goes into the motor pool where is spotted by Darrow on the camera. In the ensuring pursuit, Shaw is hit by the bullet to his arm while attempting to flee in an unmarked police car, but manages to elude his pursuers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008095-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 3: Lockdown, Plot\nTaylor next runs into Burke, who invites her to walk with him to the security control. Burke tells Shaw through the PA system to show himself in the CCTV camera or else he will shoot Taylor. Shaw reveals himself and after sending his men after Shaw, Burke shoots Taylor anyway and the gunshot is heard by Shaw. Burke and his fellow corrupt cops don SWAT armor and weaponry and went out to corner Shaw in a Crime Lab where Shaw had been bandaging his arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008095-0004-0001", "contents": "12 Rounds 3: Lockdown, Plot\nShaw is pinned down but managed to escape using Taylor's taser to stun a dead corrupt cop to fire an assault rifle that caused an explosion nearby on an experiment table, killing one corrupt cop but narrowly saved Burke and the others. Police Chief Keppler arrives and takes charge of the situation from Matthews, informing Burke that there is a SWAT team inbound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008095-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 3: Lockdown, Plot\nShaw heads to the server room and disconnects several wires to disable the CCTV cameras. Shaw then reactivates the network in order to upload the evidence regarding Burke to Internal Affairs. Darrow notices that the network is activated and after alerting Burke, managed to deactivate the network before the evidence is sent. Shaw goes to the rooftop in order to get a signal and make a call to Matthews. Shaw convinces Matthews that he is the innocent and Burke is corrupt. He is interrupted by one of Burke's henchmen, Gideon, and after a brief fight succeeds in escaping again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008095-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 3: Lockdown, Plot\nShaw manages to ambush a lone Burke and cuffs him and both men enter an elevator. Burke secretly has its own key and manages to unlock the cuffs and after a struggle, Shaw is forced to escape but not before being shot in the hip. The SWAT Team arrived on scene to prepare for the raid. Shaw then goes to the office again to bandage his hip. Burke and 2 henchmen catch up with Shaw, who succeeds in escaping again. Police Chief Keppler radios Burke that SWAT will enter once they cut the power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008095-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 3: Lockdown, Plot\nDarrow and Burke manage to ambush and capture Shaw, whom they bring to a meeting room. Burke succeeds in getting the flash drive from Shaw and promptly destroys it. Just as Burke is about to shoot Shaw, the power is cut and Shaw manages to use the distraction to escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008095-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 3: Lockdown, Plot\nAfter a brief encounter with the SWAT Team, Shaw calls Matthews to meet her at the back of the building. After meeting up, Matthews turns heel and reveals her alliance with Burke. Burke then shoots Matthews before the SWAT Team bursts inside. As Shaw is about to be arrested, he plays a recording of Burke's earlier monologue in which Burke incriminates himself. Burke attempts to shoot Shaw but Shaw fires his last round to Burke's leg. Shaw then cuffs Burke and walks out of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008095-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Rounds 3: Lockdown, Reception\nJason Best of What's on TV gave it 2 out of 5 and wrote: \"Die Hard in a police station is a nifty idea but it is wasted on this by-the-numbers instalment of the WWE action-movie franchise.\" Martin Tsai of the Los Angeles Times wrote: \"Written by Bobby Lee Darby and Nathan Brookes, the new film is a sequel to \"12 Rounds\" in name only.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life\n12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos is a 2018 self-help book by Canadian clinical psychologist and psychology professor Jordan Peterson. It provides life advice through essays in abstract ethical principles, psychology, mythology, religion, and personal anecdotes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life\nThe book topped bestseller lists in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom, and has sold over five million copies worldwide. Peterson went on a world tour to promote the book, receiving much attention following an interview with Channel 4 News. Critics have praised the book's advice and its atypical style, though Peterson's writing style has been criticized by some.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life\nThe book is written in a more accessible style than his previous academic book, Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief (1999). A sequel, Beyond Order: 12 More Rules for Life, was published in March 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Overview, Background\nPeterson's interest in writing the book grew out of a personal hobby of answering questions posted on Quora; one such question being \"What are the most valuable things everyone should know? \", to which his answer comprised 42 rules. The early vision and promotion of the book aimed to include all rules, with the title \"42\". Peterson stated that it \"isn't only written for other people. It's a warning to me.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Overview, 12 Rules\nThe book is divided into chapters with each title representing one of the following twelve specific rules for life as explained through an essay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Overview, Content\nThe book's central idea is that \"suffering is built into the structure of being\" and although it can be unbearable, people have a choice either to withdraw, which is a \"suicidal gesture,\" or to face and transcend it. Living in a world of chaos and order, everyone has \"darkness\" that can \"turn them into the monsters they're capable of being\" to satisfy their dark impulses in the right situations. Scientific experiments like the Invisible Gorilla Test show that perception is adjusted to aims, and it is better to seek meaning rather than happiness. Peterson notes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Overview, Content\n[ I]t's all very well to think the meaning of life is happiness, but what happens when you're unhappy? Happiness is a great side effect. When it comes, accept it gratefully. But it's fleeting and unpredictable. It's not something to aim at \u2013 because it's not an aim. And if happiness is the purpose of life, what happens when you're unhappy? Then you're a failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Overview, Content\nThe book advances the idea that people are born with an instinct for ethics and meaning, and should take responsibility to search for meaning above their own interests (Rule 7, \"Pursue what is meaningful, not what is expedient\"). Such thinking is reflected both in contemporary stories such as Pinocchio, The Lion King, and Harry Potter, and in ancient stories from the Bible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0007-0001", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Overview, Content\nTo \"Stand up straight with your shoulders back\" (Rule 1) is to \"accept the terrible responsibility of life,\" to make self-sacrifice, because the individual must rise above victimization and \"conduct his or her life in a manner that requires the rejection of immediate gratification, of natural and perverse desires alike.\" The comparison to neurological structures and behavior of lobsters is used as a natural example to the formation of social hierarchies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Overview, Content\nThe other parts of the work explore and criticize the state of young men; the upbringing that ignores sex differences between boys and girls (criticism of over-protection and tabula rasa model in social sciences); male\u2013female interpersonal relationships; school shootings; religion and moral nihilism; relativism; and lack of respect for the values that built Western society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Overview, Content\nIn the last chapter, Peterson outlines the ways in which one can cope with the most tragic events, events that are often out of one's control. In it, he describes his own personal struggle upon discovering that his daughter, Mikhaila, had a rare bone disease. The chapter is a meditation on how to maintain a watchful eye on, and cherish, life's small redeemable qualities (i.e., to \"pet a cat when you encounter one\"). It also outlines a practical way to deal with hardship: to shorten one's temporal scope of responsibility (e.g., focusing on the next minute rather than the next three months).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Overview, Content\nCanadian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Norman Doidge wrote the book's foreword.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0011-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Publication, Marketing\nTo promote the book, Peterson went on a world tour, initially from January 14, 2018 to February 17, 2018, including events in England, Canada, and the United States. The sold-out venues included 1,000-seat conference hall Emmanuel Centre in London, and 2,000-seat Orpheum Theatre in Los Angeles. The February 11 event at Citadel Theatre in Edmonton was cancelled by the theatre's board of directors and management, for which they later apologized, and instead was held at a sold-out Hyatt Place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0011-0001", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Publication, Marketing\nThe second part included three sold-out events in March in Australia, continuing at Beacon Theatre in New York, and the third part held between early May and June initially numbering ten events in the U.S. and Canada and one in the U.K. Until June, the tour visited 45 cities in North America, Europe and Australia, reaching an audience of over 100,000 people. According to Peterson, nearly 200,000 people attended the live events until late July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0012-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Publication, Marketing\nAs part of the tour, Peterson had an interview on Channel 4 News that went viral, receiving considerable attention and over 30 million views on YouTube. He also appeared on BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC's HARDtalk; LBC's Maajid Nawaz radio show; Fox & Friends and Tucker Carlson Tonight; ABC's 7.30; Sky News Australia's Outsiders; HBO's Real Time with Bill Maher; and The Dr. Oz Show, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0013-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Publication, Release\nPenguin Allen Lane published the book on January 16, 2018, in the U.K. Random House Canada published it on January 23 in Canada. as of September\u00a02018, the book was slated to be translated into 45 languages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0014-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Publication, Release\nThe 12 Rules for Life audiobook was number one on Audible in Canada, and number three in the US. In Canada, since its debut, it topped The Globe and Mail's and the Toronto Star's nonfiction bestsellers lists. According to CBC Books, it was the 4th-bestselling Canadian book of the year. According to the Toronto Star, it was the \"biggest Canadian book success story of the year\", topping original nonfiction and Canadian nonfiction categories, with only Canadian poet writer Rupi Kaur having similar sales. According to Publishers Weekly, Kobo Inc. reported that it was the 2nd-bestselling audiobook of 2018 in Canada, whereas per BookNet Canada and BNC SalesData the print book was 3rd and Peterson was the bestselling Canadian author of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0015-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Publication, Release\nIn the U.K. the book enjoyed five weeks at the top of The Sunday Times's bestsellers list for general hardcover (February 18 - March 25, again on April 15), selling over 120,000 copies by September 16. According to The Sunday Times, the hardback edition was the year's 4th-biggest seller in the \"general hardbacks\" category with 153,160 copies sold by end of the year. According to The Guardian, the Nielsen BookScan reported sales of 147,899 copies made it only the 32nd bestselling book of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0016-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Publication, Release\nAccording to The Guardian, the Nielsen BookScan reported sales of over 10,000 copies until March 12 in Australia. According to The Irish Times, in Ireland it was the 23rd-bestselling book of the year with 14,408 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0017-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Publication, Release\nIn the U.S., the book became the No. 1 nonfiction book and e-book on The Wall Street Journal's Best-Selling Books list. It also topped The Washington Post's and Reuters's U.S. bestsellers list, reached No. 2 on USA Today's overall list, and topped the hardcover nonfiction and top 10 overall category for Publishers Weekly, selling over 559,000 copies by September 24, 2018. In the category it replaced Michael Wolff's Fire and Fury. At the end of the year the hardcover version was the 11th-bestselling book, with 692,238 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0017-0001", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Publication, Release\nPenguin Random House CEO Markus Dohle said in late March that the book had already sold over 700,000 copies in the U.S. The book did not chart on The New York Times, Los Angeles Times and IndieBound bestsellers list. According to Toronto Star books editor Deborah Dundas, the New York Times stated it was not counted because it was published by a Canadian company. According to Random House Canada, the book was handled properly for the U.S. market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0018-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Publication, Release\nPeterson announced the book had sold over 2 million copies (August 6, 2018), then 3 million copies (January 13, 2019), and later that work had begun on a sequel (January 2019). The book reached 5 million sales by November 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0019-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Publication, Release\nIn March 2019, Whitcoulls, one of New Zealand's leading book retailers, temporarily removed the book from their stores and online catalogue, apparently in reaction to the Christchurch mosque shootings. The withdrawal of the book was prompted by social media photos of Peterson posing with a fan wearing a T-shirt saying \"I'm a proud Islamophobe.\" Peterson and his supporters strongly criticized Whitcoulls's decision because Whitcoulls continued to sell Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf and Henry Malone's Islam Unmasked. The book was reinstated six days after it was removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0020-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Reception\nMelanie Reid, in her review of 12 Rules for Life for The Times, says the book is \"aimed at teenagers, millennials and young parents.\" Summarising it, she states: \"If you peel back the verbiage, the cerebral preening, you are left with a hardline self-help manual of self-reliance, good behaviour, self-betterment and individualism that probably reflects [Peterson's] childhood in rural Canada in the 1960s.\" Bryan Appleyard, also writing for The Times, describes the book as \"a less dense and more practical version of Maps of Meaning.\" He says it is \"a baggy, aggressive, in-your-face, get-real book that, ultimately, is an attempt to lead us back to what Peterson sees as the true, the beautiful and the good \u2013 i.e., God.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0021-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Reception\nHari Kunzru of The Guardian said the book collates advice from Peterson's clinical practice with personal anecdotes, accounts of his academic work as a psychologist and \"a lot of intellectual history of the 'great books' variety\", but the essays on the rules are explained in an overcomplicated style. Kunzru called Peterson sincere, but found the book irritating because he considers Peterson to have failed to follow his own rules. In an interview with Peterson for The Guardian, Tim Lott called the book atypical of the self-help genre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0022-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Reception\nIn a joint review with Steven Pinker's Enlightenment Now for The Scotsman, Bill Jamieson praised the essays as \"richly illustrated and packed with excellent advice on how we can restore meaning and a sense of progression to our everyday lives\", describing both books as \"verbal waterboarding for supporters of big government\". The New York Times's David Brooks wrote, \"The Peterson way is a harsh way, but it is an idealistic way \u2013 and for millions of young men, it turns out to be the perfect antidote to the cocktail of coddling and accusation in which they are raised\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0023-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Reception\nJoe Humphreys of The Irish Times argued people shouldn't be stopped \"from reading what is a veritable powerhouse of a book: wise, provocative, humorous and also maddeningly contradictory (as all deep and truthful studies of human nature must be)\". Glenn Ellmers in Claremont Review of Books wrote that Peterson \"does not shrink from telling readers that life means pain and suffering. His deft exposition, however, makes clear that duty is often liberating and responsibility can be a gift\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0024-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Reception\nDorothy Cummings McLean, writing for the online magazine The Catholic World Report, called the book \"the most thought-provoking self-help book I have read in years\", with its rules reminding her of those by Bernard Lonergan, and content \"serving as a bridge between Christians and non-Christians interested in the truths of human life and in resisting the lies of ideological totalitarianism\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0024-0001", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Reception\nIn a review for the same magazine, Bishop Robert Barron praised the archetypal reading of the story about Adam and Eve and the Garden of Eden with Jesus representing \"gardener\" and the psychological exploration of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and The Gulag Archipelago but did not support its \"gnosticizing tendency to read Biblical religion purely psychologically and philosophically and not at all historically\" or the idea that \"God ... [ is] simply a principle or an abstraction\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0024-0002", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Reception\nIt is \"valuable for the beleaguered young men in our society, who need a mentor to tell them to stand up straight and act like heroes\", Barron wrote. Adam A. J. DeVille took a very different view, calling 12 Rules for Life \"unbearably banal, superficial, and insidious\" and saying \"the real danger in this book is its apologia for social Darwinism and bourgeois individualism covered over with a theological patina\" and that \"in a just world, this book would never have been published\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0025-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Reception\nRon Dart, in a review for The Ormsby Review, considered the book \"an attempt to articulate a more meaningful order for freedom as an antidote to the erratic ... chaos of our age\", but although \"necessary\" with exemplary advice for men and women it is \"hardly a sufficient text for the tougher questions that beset us on our all too human journey and should be read as such.\" In a review for the Financial Times, Julian Baggini wrote, \"In headline form, most of his rules are simply timeless good sense.... The problem is that when Peterson fleshes them out, they carry more flab than meat\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0026-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Reception\nIn The Spectator, Peter Hitchens wrote that he did not like the book's \"conversational and accessible\" style and amount of \"recapitulation,\" but believed it had \"moving moments,\" \"good advice\" with a message \"aimed at people who have grown up in the post-Christian West\" with special appeal to young men. Park MacDougald of New York shared a similar view, writing that on paper Peterson lacks the \"coherence, emotional depth\" of his lectures but \"still, he produces nuggets of real insight.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0027-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Reception\nPankaj Mishra's review in The New York Review of Books called 12 Rules a repackaged collection of pieties and late-19th-century Jungian mysticism that has been discredited by modern psychology. Mishra compared the book, and Peterson's ideas, to historical authors who influenced Peterson, but whose serious moral failings, including racism and fascism, Peterson fails to address. He criticized Peterson's book for failing to recognize how traditionalism and myth can be used in support of demagoguery and anti-democratic ideas, and claims Peterson's work is a symptom of the problems it attempts to cure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0027-0001", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Reception\nPeterson responded to the review on Twitter, taking umbrage at Mishra's description of Peterson's friendship with First Nations artist Charles Joseph as \"the latest in a long line of eggheads pretentiously but harmlessly romancing the noble savage\"; Peterson wrote in response, \"If you were in my room at the moment, I'd slap you happily.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0028-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Reception\nIn a review for Psychology Today, philosopher Paul Thagard called the book flimsy and said Peterson's views fail to stand up to philosophical scrutiny. According to Thagard, \"If you go for Christian mythology, narrow-minded individualism, obscure metaphysics, and existentialist angst, then Jordan Peterson is the philosopher for you. But if you prefer evidence and reason, look elsewhere.\" Psychologist John Grohol, writing for PsychCentral, said the book's basic advice was sound, self-evident, and harmless, but he could not recommend it because Peterson justified his advice with rambling tangential anecdotes and religious dogma instead of scientific data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0029-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Reception\nIn the Los Angeles Review of Books, Guy Stevenson wrote that Peterson's work is widely ignored by serious academics, in part because of his inflated claims targeting a conspiracy of \"postmodern neo Marxists\", but that his level of celebrity had not been seen for a public intellectual since Marshall McLuhan in the 1960s. According to Stevenson, Peterson's practical advice and Jungian mysticism reflect a new counterculture movement similar to that of the 1960s. He called 12 Rules aggressive and overeager to blame problems on \"bogeymen\", and recommended as an alternative the work of John Gray, who has addressed some of the same issues with more thoughtfulness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0030-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Reception\nsome of his critics might be surprised to find much of the advice he offers unobjectionable, if old-fashioned: he wants young men to be better fathers, better husbands, better community members. In this way, he might be seen as an heir to older gurus of manhood like Elbert Hubbard, who in 1899 published a stern and wildly popular homily called A Message to Garcia \u2026 At times, Peterson emphasizes his interest in empirical knowledge and scientific research\u2014although these tend to be the least convincing parts of 12 Rules for Life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0031-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Reception\nDavid A. French of National Review called the book a \"beacon of light\" for the current time, with a simple but profound purpose \"to help a person look in the mirror and respect the person he or she sees.\" Some critics, such as National Review's Heather Wilhelm and Toronto Star's James Grainger, were critical of initial negative reviews that they believed had misinterpreted Peterson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0032-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Reception\nIn September 2018, Peterson threatened to sue Cornell University philosopher Kate Manne for defamation after she called his work misogynistic in an interview with Vox. Manne called Peterson's threat an attempt to chill free speech. Vox considered the threat baseless and ignored it. In a critique often shared by prominent intellectual Noam Chomsky, Nathan Robinson of Current Affairs called Peterson a \"charlatan\" who gives \"the most elementary fatherly life-advice\" while adding\u00a0\"convolutions to disguise the simplicity of his mind.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0033-0000", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Reception\nAn article published in 2020 in the International Journal of Jungian Studies, \u2032Carl Jung, John Layard and Jordan Peterson: Assessing Theories of Human Social Evolution and Their Implications for Analytical Psychology', offers a sustained critique of Peterson's thought as outlined in 12 Rules for Life. The article claims that Peterson fails to take account of research in paleoanthropology, evolutionary anthropology and ethnographic studies of egalitarian societies. Such societies, which are believed to represent the ancient forager adaptation of H. sapiens, are matrilineal and lack social hierarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008096-0033-0001", "contents": "12 Rules for Life, Reception\nThe author argues that a major sociocultural transformation occurred from this ancient adaptive complex with the onset of agriculture giving rise to modern patrilineal and hierarchical cultures. This view contrasts with Peterson's, which postulates modern social and economic structures are an outgrowth of the hierarchical impulses of our premammalian, mammalian and primate ancestors. This led the author to conclude that Peterson seems to have 'projected his own cultural biases back into the deep past.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008097-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Scorpii\n12 Scorpii is a probable triple star system in the zodiac constellation of Scorpius, located about 300\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It has the Bayer designation c1 Scorpii; 12 Scorpii is the Flamsteed designation. This system is faintly visible to the naked eye with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.67. It is a probable (82% chance) member of the Sco OB2 moving group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008097-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Scorpii\nThe magnitude 5.79 primary component is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B9V. This star is 150\u00a0million years old with three times the mass of the Sun. It is radiating 91 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 11,402\u00a0K. At an angular separation of 0.20\u2033 is a K7.9 type secondary companion, a possible X-ray source. The third component is an F-type main-sequence star of class F3V and magnitude 8.13, located at a separation of 3.84\u2033.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008098-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Signs of Love\n12 Signs of Love (Korean:\u00a0\uc77c\ub144\uc5d0 \uc5f4\ub450\ub0a8\uc790; Hanja:\u00a0\u4e00\u5e74\uc5d0 \uc5f4\ub450\u7537\u5b50; RR:\u00a0Illyeone Yeoldunamja; lit. Twelve Men in a Year) is a 2012 South Korean television series starring Yoon Jin-seo and On Joo-wan. It aired on tvN from February 15 to April 5, 2012, on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 23:00 (KST) for 16 episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008098-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Signs of Love\nThe romantic comedy series is based on the 2005 German novel Zw\u00f6lf M\u00e4nner hat das Jahr by Martina Paura.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008099-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Songs (Neil Diamond album)\n12 Songs is the twenty-sixth studio album by Neil Diamond, released in 2005. It was his first studio album since 2001's Three Chord Opera. It was produced by Rick Rubin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008099-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Songs (Neil Diamond album)\nThe working title for the album was self-titled. The original pressing of the album was copy-protected using Sony's controversial XCP technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008099-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Songs (Neil Diamond album), Album history\nInitial work on the album began after Diamond had concluded his tour behind Three Chord Opera in 2002. Retreating to his Colorado cabin, Diamond found himself temporarily snowed in, and started to pass the time away by working on new material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008099-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Songs (Neil Diamond album), Album history\nNot long afterward, Diamond met Rick Rubin. Rubin expressed interest in working with Diamond, and the two got together several times at each other's homes before ever going into the recording studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008099-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Songs (Neil Diamond album), Album history\nRubin, using the artist's Bang and early Uni albums as a springboard, encouraged Diamond to keep writing material over the course of a year. Once the two collaborators had plenty of material at their disposal that they felt strongly about, Rubin put together some of the same musicians he had used for Johnny Cash's American Recordings releases, including Tom Petty sidemen Mike Campbell and Benmont Tench, and encouraged Diamond to play guitar himself in the studio. The sessions were also the last ever performance by organ player Billy Preston, who died in June 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008099-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Songs (Neil Diamond album), Album history\nThe end result, 12 Songs, ended up being one of Diamond's most successful and critically acclaimed studio albums in years, debuting at #4 on the Billboard 200 album chart. Rubin's influence would extend beyond the recording sessions, as the subsequent tour behind the album found Diamond using tougher-sounding arrangements of his classic songs with his longtime backing band, and playing more guitar onstage than he had done since the Hot August Night era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008099-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Songs (Neil Diamond album), Extended copy protection\nIn November 2005, it was revealed that Sony BMG was distributing albums with Extended Copy Protection or XCP, a controversial feature that automatically installed rootkit software on any Microsoft Windows machine upon insertion of the disc. In addition to preventing the CD's contents from being copied, it was also revealed that the software reported the users' listening habits back to Sony and also exposed the computer to malicious attacks that exploited insecure features of the rootkit software. Though Sony refused to release a list of the affected CDs, the Electronic Frontier Foundation identified 12 Songs as one of the discs with the invasive software.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008099-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Songs (Neil Diamond album), Extended copy protection\nRubin says that he and Diamond were not aware of XCP, and Rubin provided this explanation to The New York Times:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008099-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Songs (Neil Diamond album), Extended copy protection\nThe CD debuted at No. 4 [and] was the highest debut of Neil's career, off to a great start. But Columbia\u2014it was some kind of corporate thing\u2014had put spyware on the CD. That kept people from copying it, but it also somehow recorded information about whoever bought the record. The spyware became public knowledge, and people freaked out. There were some lawsuits filed, and the CD was recalled by Columbia. Literally pulled from stores. We came out on a Tuesday, by the following week the CD was not available. Columbia released it again in a month, but we never recovered. Neil was furious, and I vowed never to make another album with Columbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008099-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Songs (Neil Diamond album), Extended copy protection\nBy December 2005, Sony BMG had remastered and repressed 12 Songs and all other albums released with the XCP software as standard, non-copy-protected CDs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008100-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Songs (Randy Newman album)\n12 Songs is the second album by American singer-songwriter Randy Newman, released in April 1970 by Reprise Records. It features a swampy style of roots music with introspective, satirical songwriting. \"Have You Seen My Baby? \", the album's only single, was released in May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008100-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Songs (Randy Newman album)\nWhen 12 Songs was first released, it was well received and has since garnered retrospective acclaim from critics such as Robert Christgau and Rolling Stone, both of whom cite it as one of the best albums of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008100-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Songs (Randy Newman album), Music and lyrics\nAccording to Q magazine, 12 Songs demonstrated Newman's eccentric mix of traditional pop song structures and his sardonic, satirical humor. AllMusic's Mark Deming said although his sense of humor seemed more caustic than on his self-titled debut album, Newman's \"most mordant character studies\" on 12 Songs \"boast a recognizable humanity, which often make his subjects both pitiable and all the more loathsome.\" In the opinion of Robert Christgau, American songwriting in general is often \"banal, prolix, and virtually solipsistic when it wants to be honest, merely banal when it doesn't\", but Newman's truisms on the album are \"always concise, never confessional\", and unique:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008100-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Songs (Randy Newman album), Music and lyrics\n\"Speaking through recognizable American grotesques, he comments here on the generation gap (doomed), incendiary violence (fucked up but sexy), male and female (he identifies with the males, most of whom are losers and weirdos), racism (he's against it, but he knows its seductive power), and alienation (he's for it). Newman's music counterposes his indolent drawl\u2014the voice of a Jewish kid from L.A. who grew up on Fats Domino\u2014against an array of instrumental settings that on this record range from rock to bottleneck to various shades of jazz. And because his lyrics abjure metaphor and his music recalls commonplaces without repeating them, he can get away with the kind of calculated effects that destroy more straightforward meaning-mongers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008100-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Songs (Randy Newman album), Music and lyrics\nAs with all of Newman's early albums, several of its songs had been previously recorded by other artists. In this case, \"Mama Told Me Not To Come\" had originally been recorded in 1967 by Eric Burdon, and that same year The Beau Brummels released their version of \"My Old Kentucky Home\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008100-0004-0001", "contents": "12 Songs (Randy Newman album), Music and lyrics\nThree other songs originally appeared in versions by other artists just a few months prior to the LP release of 12 Songs: \"Yellow Man\" by Harry Nilsson on his February, 1970 album Nilsson Sings Newman; \"Have You Seen My Baby\" by Fats Domino (as a 1969 single); and \"Let's Burn Down The Cornfield\" by Lou Rawls (the b-side to his 1970 R&B hit \"You've Made Me So Very Happy\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008100-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Songs (Randy Newman album), Critical reception\n12 Songs received positive reviews from contemporary critics. According to Keith Phipps from The A.V. Club, Newman \"began to gather a following beyond critics and fellow songwriters\" with the album. Rolling Stone magazine's Bruce Grimes gave it a rave review when it was released, hailing the album as \"the full emergence of a leading innovator in rock and roll\". In The Village Voice, Christgau called it the best record of 1970, finding the songwriting, production, and performances superior and \"more accessible than the great-but-weird album that preceded it\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008100-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Songs (Randy Newman album), Critical reception\nYears later in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Christgau called 12 Songs \"a perfect album\". Deming later said it was Newman's \"first great album, and ... still one of his finest moments on record.\" Yahoo! Music's Dave DiMartino observed some of Newman's \"best-known earlier material\" on the album, which he felt featured \"a stellar trio of guitarists, including Ry Cooder, Clarence White and (Beau Brummels) Ron Elliott.\" Mojo commended Newman for replacing \"the orchestra with an Americana rock rhythm section\", while writing that \"the more conventional presentation found Newman a college audience attuned to his wry singularity\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008100-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Songs (Randy Newman album), Critical reception\nIn 2000 it was voted number 691 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008100-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Songs (Randy Newman album), Critical reception\nIn 2003, 12 Songs was ranked number 354 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and at 356 in a 2012 revised list. Rob Sheffield, writing in The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), cited it as the moment \"where Newman got loose as a rock & roller, ditching the complex orchestrations for a bluesy, easy-swinging satire of America\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008101-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Songs of Christmas (Etta James album)\n12 Songs of Christmas is the twenty-second studio album and the first Christmas album by American blues singer Etta James. Private Music released the album in October 1998. Produced by John Snyder, the album includes standards arranged mostly by pianist Cedar Walton and solos by Walton, George Bohanon on trombone, and Red Holloway on tenor saxophone. Critical reception of the album was positive overall. Following its release, 12 Songs reached a peak position of number five on Billboard's Top Blues Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008101-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Songs of Christmas (Etta James album), Composition\n12 Songs of Christmas consists of twelve standard holiday songs with arrangements mostly by pianist Cedar Walton and solos by Walton, George Bohanon on trombone and Red Holloway on tenor saxophone. 12 Songs was recorded during May and June 1998 and produced by John Snyder with Lupe DeLeon serving as executive producer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008101-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Songs of Christmas (Etta James album), Composition\nThe album opens with \"Winter Wonderland\", originally by Felix Bernard and Richard B. Smith, followed by James Pierpont's \"Jingle Bells\". A \"bluesy\" rendition of Lou Baxter and Johnny Moore's \"Merry Christmas, Baby\" trails \"This Time of Year\" (Hollis, Owens). Other holiday standards appearing on the album include: \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\" (Ralph Blane, Hugh Martin), John Frederick Coots and Haven Gillespie's \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\", and \"White Christmas\", originally by Irving Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008101-0002-0001", "contents": "12 Songs of Christmas (Etta James album), Composition\n\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\", originally by Mel Torm\u00e9 and Robert Wells, \"The Little Drummer Boy (Carol of the Drum)\" (Katherine Kennicott Davis, Henry Onorati, Harry Simeone), Franz Xaver Gruber and Joseph Mohr's \"Silent Night\", and \"Joy to the World\" (George Frideric Handel, Lowell Mason, Isaac Watts) follow. The album closes with a rendition of Adolphe Adam and John Sullivan Dwight's \"O Holy Night\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008101-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Songs of Christmas (Etta James album), Reception\nCritical reception of the album was positive overall. Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote a positive review of the album, claiming that James turned standards into \"suave after-hours jazz arrangements\" that seemed \"cozy and intimate\". He wrote that James was \"surprisingly reverent\" and sounded \"downright devout\" on \"Joy to the World\". Entertainment Weekly's Matt Diehl felt that James' performances brought both \"sass and class\" and \"ooze[d] passionately with old-school soul\". David Hinckley of New York City's Daily News awarded 12 Songs \"two-and-a-half bells\" out of four. Rolling Stone called 12 Songs a \"tour de force of interpretive rethinking\" with \"scintillating, bluesy spins on Yuletide evergreens\". The Spartanburg Herald-Journal's Dan DeLuca also complimented the set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008101-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Songs of Christmas (Etta James album), Reception\nThe album received some negative criticism. Larry Nager of The Cincinnati Enquirer awarded the album two out of four stars and wrote that James had the ability to make \"the ultimate blue Christmas disc\" but failed to do so. Nager complimented \"Merry Christmas, Baby\" but considered the performance to be a \"rare bit of juke joint\" among \"supper club sounds\" that left him \"wanting more\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008101-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Songs of Christmas (Etta James album), Charts\nFollowing its release, 12 Songs of Christmas reached a peak position of number five on Billboard's Top Blues Albums chart. In 1999, James had five albums chart in the United States: Life, Love & the Blues, 12 Songs of Christmas, Heart of a Woman (1999), as well as two compilation albums Best of Etta James and Her Best (1997).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 48], "content_span": [49, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008102-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Songs of Christmas (Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, and Fred Waring album)\n12 Songs of Christmas is a 1964 album of Christmas music by Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, and Fred Waring's Pennsylvanians. The singers previously collaborated on the album America, I Hear You Singing, which was released earlier the same year. The album was reissued as White Christmas on by WEA budget label Midi in 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 73], "section_span": [73, 73], "content_span": [74, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008102-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Songs of Christmas (Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, and Fred Waring album), Reception\nIn the USA, Variety received the album favorably. \"This is an attractive compilation of seasonal standards delivered in standout style by Bing Crosby and Frank Sinatra, singly and in tandem, with the polished support of Fred Waring's Pennsylvanians. Among the top sides in this set are \"Go Tell It on the Mountain,\" \"The Little Drummer Boy,\" \"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day\" and \"The 12 Days of Christmas.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 73], "section_span": [75, 84], "content_span": [85, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008102-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Songs of Christmas (Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, and Fred Waring album), Reception\nGramophone in the UK was not so keen, commenting: \"'12 Songs of Christmas,' with Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring and the Pennsylvanians (Reprise FS 2022). Plenty of expensive talent crammed uncomfortably into a small, well-worn stocking. Obvious, pallid stuff, with the two head groaners actually together on only two tracks, and neither of them anywhere in particularly good voice. Collectors of sheer corn may take a perverse delight in an item called 'We Wish You the Merriest.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 73], "section_span": [75, 84], "content_span": [85, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008103-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Soulful Nights of Christmas\n12 Soulful Nights of Christmas is a compilation of Christmas songs released on December 15, 1998, through So So Def Recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008104-0000-0000", "contents": "12 South African Infantry Battalion\n12 South African Infantry Battalion was a horse, dog and motorbike assisted infantry unit of the South African Army, which provided horse-mounted infantry and dog handlers to the army for defence purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008104-0001-0000", "contents": "12 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Origin\nThe SADF established a dog and equestrian centre at Voortrekkerhoogte in 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008104-0002-0000", "contents": "12 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Equestrian Centre History\nBy 1974, the Equestrian Centre was moved to the farm Welgegund near Potchefstroom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008104-0003-0000", "contents": "12 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Equestrian Centre History\nA stud farm grew out of the equestrian centre in 1980. Budget cuts starting in 1989 eventually let to the closure of the De Aar facility in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008104-0004-0000", "contents": "12 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Equestrian Centre History\nThe unit's equestrian capability was transferred to the police on April 14, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008104-0005-0000", "contents": "12 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Dog Centre History\nThe main function of the Dog Training School at Voortrekkerhoogte, was to train dogs and their handlers in mine detection reconnaissance, tactical and security work. The unit was also responsible for acquiring suitable dogs and researching dog diseases, nutrition and breedingIn the main, German Shepherds, Rottweilers, Doberman Pinschers, Labrador Retrievers, and Border Collies were trained. This training started when the dogs were almost two years old and lasted from one to two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008104-0006-0000", "contents": "12 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Dog Centre History\nThe dog centre was moved to Bourke's Luck, in Mpumalanga, in 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008104-0007-0000", "contents": "12 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Amalgamation into 12 SAI\nBy 1993 the Equestrian and Dog Centres were amalgamated into 12 SAI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008104-0008-0000", "contents": "12 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Amalgamation into 12 SAI\nCol. Britz and RSM Schoeman were the first OC and RSM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008104-0009-0000", "contents": "12 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Disbandment\nBy 2005, 12 SAI's dogs and related infrastructure was finally transferred to the South African Military Health Service, Military Veterinary Institute, while the units motorcycle and visual tracking capabilities were transferred to the Infantry School near Oudtshoorn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008104-0010-0000", "contents": "12 South African Infantry Battalion, Notes\nScientia Militaria vol 40, no 3, 2012, pp. 398\u2013428. doi : 10.5787/40-3-1028 The South African Defence Force and Horse Mounted Infantry Operations, 1974-1985 Jacques J.P. de Vries, Sandra Swart", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 42], "content_span": [43, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008105-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Squadron SAAF\n12 Squadron was a South African Air Force squadron that served in the Second World War in East Africa and the Western Desert as a medium bomber squadron. After the war, the squadron was used in various roles, including that of a helicopter squadron until 1963, when it was equipped with Canberra light bombers, remaining a light bomber and reconnaissance squadron until disbanded in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008105-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Squadron SAAF, History\n12 Squadron was formed in December 1939. On 16 June 1940 it flew the first SAAF bombing raid against Italian forces in Abysinna when it attacked the town of Moyale using Junkers Ju 86 bombers. 12 Squadron later saw combat during the Second Battle of El Alamein operating Boston light bombers. In May 1941 the squadron converted to the Martin Maryland, and moved to Egypt. From then until the end of 1941 the squadron formed part of No.3 (S.A.A.F.) Wing (together with 24 Squadron SAAF and RAF 113 Sqn) and used its Marylands to attack Axis troop concentrations and bases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008105-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Squadron SAAF, History\nIn January 1942 the squadron received the Douglas Boston, using these aircraft on the same roles from 15 March 1942 until the final German surrender in Tunisia. The squadron then moved to Malta, from where it supported the fighting in Sicily and on the Italian mainland, before moving to Italy in October 1943. Assigned to No. 3 Wing with 21 & 24 squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008105-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Squadron SAAF, History\nThe Bostons were retained until January 1944, when they were replaced with the new Martin Marauder. Both aircraft were used in a similar role, to attack enemy communications behind the front line, although the Marauder saw more service at day, and against strategic targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008105-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Squadron SAAF, History\nAfter the war the squadron flew its aircraft back to Egypt, where in November 1945 it disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008105-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Squadron SAAF, History\nFollowing the end of the war in Europe the squadron flew South African personnel home until it was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008105-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Squadron SAAF, History\n12 Squadron was re-formed in October 1946 equipped with Avro Anson aircraft for anti-Tsetse fly spraying duties. It operated in this role in Zululand and Mtubatuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008105-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Squadron SAAF, History\nThe squadron was later re-equipped with Sikorsky S-51 helicopters that were at times also utilised in anti-Tsetse fly spraying duties, it but was eventually made a flight of 28 Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008105-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Squadron SAAF, History\nThe squadron was re-formed in late 1963 to operate English Electric Canberra bombers. It was the only SAAF squadron equipped with Canberras, and they were used as both tactical bombers and high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft. The squadron saw combat over Angola during the South African Border War, and remained active with these aircraft in 1981. 12 Squadron was disbanded in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008105-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Squadron SAAF, History\nTwo ex-12 Squadron Canberras have been preserved by the SAAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008105-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Squadron SAAF, Aircraft\nLapel pin of the 12 Bomber Squadron of the South African Air Force during WW2", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008106-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Step Program (album)\n12 Step Program (also stylized as 12SP) is the ninth album by the People Under the Stairs. It is the second album entirely self-distributed using Thes One's artist-cooperative label, Piecelock 70, and it is also the group's shortest record to be marketed as a full-length album upon its release. (The group's fifth album, ...Or Stay Tuned, while shorter, was initially marketed as an EP.) 12 Step Program is also the group's first album since their second album, Question in the Form of an Answer, that uses only samples and no live instrumentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008106-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Step Program (album)\nDespite not having a physical release, the track \"1 Up Til Sun Up\" was the lead single from the album. A music video for the song was released on April 7, 2014, the same day that iTunes debuted the song and began accepting pre-orders for 12 Step Program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008106-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Step Program (album)\nUpon the album release, PUTS embarked on a North American tour in support of the album, with plans to visit other countries later in the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008106-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Step Program (album), Recording\nPeople Under the Stairs recorded most of the album in Los Angeles at their home studios in between tour dates in late 2013 and early 2014. On January 28, 2014, Thes One announced on social media that People Under the Stairs' ninth full-length album would be titled 12 Step Program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008106-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Step Program (album), Recording\nSome of the final mixing work was performed in March while the group played festivals in Texas, including the Paste Untapped Indie Music & Beer Festival in Fort Worth and SXSW in Austin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008106-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Step Program (album), Release and reception\nRecognizing the current dominance of digital music and the growing trend away from physical media, only a limited number of LP records, cassette tapes and compact discs were produced for 12 Step Program. The album itself has an orange and blue color scheme, which carried over to the double-record set, which includes one orange and one blue translucent vinyl and a large 24-page booklet, as well as the cassette tape (a first for PUTS), produced in translucent blue with orange lettering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008106-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Step Program (album), Release and reception\nA week before the album's release on May 6, 2014, pre-orders for the physical copies were announced on the band's official website, and over the next 24 hours, the website's server crashed 4 times due to eager fans attempts to obtain the album. The earliest crashes even delayed the album's release for nearly half a day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008106-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Step Program (album), Release and reception\n12 Step Program debuted at #56 on the iTunes charts, #7 on the iTunes rap charts, #11 on the Billboard Heatseeker charts, and #33 on the Billboard R&B/Rap Album charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008106-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Step Program (album), Release and reception\nAlbum reviews have been positive. Allmusic highly recommends the album and calls \"every sample perfectly placed and every rhyme on point\", while HipHopSite.com calls 12 Step Program \"smoothly produced\" with \"many moments of subtle brilliance\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008106-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Step Program (album), Track listing\nAll songs written by Christopher \"Thes One\" Portugal and Michael \"Double K\" Turner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller\nThe 12 Step foot controller is a bass pedal-style programmable MIDI controller pedal keyboard made by Keith McMillen Instruments which was released in 2011. It has small, soft, rubbery keys that are played with the feet. As a MIDI controller, it does not make or output any musical sounds by itself; rather, it sends MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) messages about which notes are played (and with which types of expression or pressure) to an external synth module or computer music program running on a laptop or other computer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0000-0001", "contents": "12 Step foot controller\nEach key on the 12 Step senses the velocity, aftertouch pressure, and the amount of tilt the player is applying with her feet. The messages from the player's foot presses can be sent via USB to a computer-based virtual instrument or to a  synthesizer or other electronic or digital musical instrument.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller\nThe expressive nuances in playing the 12 Step can be used to make a virtual instrument or synthesizer's melodic line change in sound or timbre. For example, a melody line could be played to get louder and softer by pressing the keys harder or more gently; by continuing to hold down a long note, the player could trigger effects on the synth patch such as vibrato; and by tilting the foot on the key, they could trigger a pitch bend (depending on the user's programming of the 12 Step and the design of the synth patch). The 12 Step's keys can be used to play individual notes in many octaves, enabling it to be used to play anything from deep-pitched basslines or high-pitched melody lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller\nAs well, the keys on the 12 step can be programmed to play chords of up to five unique notes per rubbery key (e.g., the C note can be programmed to play a C major chord, the D note can be programmed to play a \"d minor\" chord, and so on). The programmable chord feature enables performers to play chords with their feet and accompany themselves or be a one man band. The 12 Step has 59 factory preset programming choices, including a chromatic scale and many different types of chords (major, minor,  dominant seventh, power chords, etc.). The user can also program their own chords for each key of the instrument. The 12 Step's keys can also be used to trigger \"clips\", backing tracks, or song sections in digital audio workstations, music sequencers, and music apps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, History\nIn 2005, Keith McMillen founded Keith McMillen Instruments (KMI), a hardware and software company that designs music and stage equipment that interfaces with computers. He founded the company after touring as a musician with large, cumbersome gear and recognized the need for equipment compact enough to easily carry on an airplane. The resulting devices are \"polyphonic multidimensional controllers,\" and in addition to USB and MIDI capability, some  can use the proposed MIDI extension MPE, which enables polyphonic aftertouch and sophisticated responsiveness. Keith McMillen Instruments' engineers design a range of MIDI devices and controllers. They noted that most bass pedal-type pedal keyboards did not give the player much expressive control. Most 1980s and 1990s-era bass pedal MIDI controllers are simply an on-off switch, so players could not add expressive changes of dynamics or nuance to their foot-played musical lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 967]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, History\nKeith McMillen Instruments' first exploration of foot controllers was the Soft Step, which was released in 2011. The SoftStep has \"ten pressure- and direction-sensitive backlit keys, [and] a 4-character LED display\" and it could send messages to computer audio programs, enabling musicians to, say, start a sequencer or trigger a device. The buttons on the SoftStep are user programmable, so each person could customize their SoftStep to control different functions on their computer music or electronic gear's set up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0004-0001", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, History\nThe one drawback of the SoftStep is that even though it can be programmed to play individual notes on a synthesizer, it was not intended to be used as a musical instrument. The company engineers set out to create a new programmable foot controller, the 12 Step, that was designed for expressive pedal keyboard playing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nThe pedal keyboard of the 12 Step has 13 button-style keys laid out in a musical keyboard fashion, appearing like the layout of the chromatic octave starting on C on a piano keyboard. The notes that would be the black keys (accidentals) on a piano keyboard are raised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0005-0001", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nThere is also an \"Enter\" button which is used to access other commands (when the \"Enter\" button is activated, the pedal keyboard notes temporarily turn into command buttons to change the preset, registration bank (a group of presets, much like one might see in a digital pipe organ, or change octaves up or down).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nThe 12 Step is USB plug-and-play, which means that it can be plugged directly into a compatible computer without needing software drivers. As such, a musician with a virtual instrument on her computer could play scales and melodies using the virtual instrument just by plugging the 12 Step into a USB port on the computer. The 12 Step can be plugged directly into some 2010s-era synth modules and hardware electronic instruments that have USB ports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nThe 12 Step can be used to play 1980s and 1990s-era synthesizers and hardware instruments that are pre-USB (e.g., a DX-7 synth or drum machine) or which do not have a USB connection, and which only have 5-pin MIDI connectors by using the KMI MIDI Expander, a Keith McMillen Instruments-made unit that is sold separately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0007-0001", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nThe KMI MIDI Expander is a small metal-cased unit with jacks for 5-pin MIDI cable \"in\" and \"out\" and USB connectors for power from a wall outlet and to connect to the 12 Step, and LEDs that light up when MIDI messages are sent in or out of the unit. The MIDI expander transforms the 12 Step's USB output to MIDI messages that can be sent over 5-pin MIDI connectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nEach of the keys on the 12 Step have bright white backlighting from an LED, so the keys can be seen on a dark stage. As well, each key has a red LED light that turns on if you press the key, to help you know if you are pressing the intended key. The keys have no moving parts; instead, they have sensors embedded into soft, rubbery keys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0008-0001", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nThe keys sense velocity (how hard or soft the foot hits the key), poly aftertouch pressure (whether or not your foot continues to press the key after the initial strike, which can be used to add nuance to sustained notes, such as by triggering vibrato or other effects) and pitch bend (a gliding glissando sound). It weighs 1.0 lb (453 g) and measures 17.5 x 4 x 0.75\" (445 x 102 x 19mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nThe keyboard can be set to play one note only, or set to a \"poly\" mode, which can sound multiple notes at the same time. The \"one note only\" setting has long been a standard feature of pedal keyboards intended for use playing basslines, because in many cases, having two bass notes sounding simultaneously can be unduly \"muddy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nEach preset also has settings for legato, hold, or \"toggle\". In \"Legato\" mode, it is like playing a piano with the damper pedal pressed; each note you press keeps sustaining. The programming automatically replaces any subsequent note in a smooth, seamless legato fashion. If you press the middle button, it mutes any lingering notes or chords. \"Toggle\" allows the user to switch between modes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0011-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nOne feature in the 12 Step not found in other MIDI foot controllers is that each key can be programmed to play up to five notes. This way, a violin player performing a pop song as a one man band could program the 12 Step keys to play the chords she needs. For example, the C button could be programmed to play a C major triad chord, the D key could play a d minor triad, the G key could play a G dominant seventh chord, the A key could play an \"a minor\" seventh chord, and so on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0011-0001", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nSince the chords are user programmed, the chord voicings for these chords could cover multiple octaves. A bass player in a power trio could program the 12 Step to play power chords, enabling her to provide chordal accompaniment for the lead guitarist's guitar solo with her feet while she plays bass with her hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0012-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nWhile the presets often provide chords in close voicing (all notes within an octave), there are no technical restrictions on octaves for programming (at least within the standard range of MIDI notes). As such, open voicing chords can be programmed, such as jazz chord voicings that add higher extensions (e.g. 11ths or 13ths). As well, since the chords are programmed, there are none of the limitations that a human keyboard player might face; the 12 Step can perform 10ths, 11ths, and 13ths that would be challenging or impossible for a pianist to play with one hand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0013-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nAs well, since the 12 Step allows users to program any combination of five notes per rubbery key, the 12 Step could also be used to provide a deep sub-bass note and a four note chord in a standard accompaniment register (i.e. around middle C on a piano). A 12 Step programmed in this fashion could provide a one man band with a simple bass part and chordal accompaniment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0014-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nThe first preset is a chromatic scale starting in C. But even users who only want to play individual notes are not limited to that scale or arrangement. The user could create presets for all of the different keys that they use, so that the keys of the 12 Step could be used to play in different musical keys, while maintaining the familiar C major pattern. For example, if a performer wished to play a song in C# Major, the entire chromatic scale of the 12 Step could be transposed up a semitone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0014-0001", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nThus, by playing the song using the keys (the buttons on the 12 Step) for C Major, the synthesizer would produce a sound transposed to C# Major. Whatever is programmed into the keys, whether it is individual notes or chords, can be transposed up or down by several octaves by using the \"Select\" key and then pressing the octave up or octave down keys (which are the regular note keys, which serve as function buttons once the \"Select\" button is engaged).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0015-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nThe back of the 12 Step has several connectors: a 1/8\" expression pedal input, a USB port for connecting to the optional MIDI expander unit, and a USB port for connecting to a computer or hardware electronic device (synth module, sequencer, etc.). Each key has a little red LED light that illuminates when the key is pressed, which helps the performer confirm which note they have pressed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0015-0001", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nA small alphanumeric LED panel can show up to four characters (some of the preset names include \"bEnD\", \"POLY\" and \"5OCt\" (the last one for a five octave preset) (see list of 12 Step presets. The drumset preset (\"dSEt\") automatically transmits to the General MIDI electronic drums channel. The keys on the 12 Step sound drum and cymbal sounds in this setting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0016-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nThe 12 Step has 59 factory presets, such as a chromatic scale, major chords, minor chords, suspended fourth (\"sus\") chords, power chords, diatonic chords (in the key of C major, this would be the chords C major, d minor, e minor, F Major, G7 and so on), to name a few. The user can program and save up to 128 presets (in total, so to get all 128 presets as user-programmed presets, the factory presets would have to be replaced)  and give them names that will appear on the display panel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0016-0001", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nThe user can select factory or user-created presets by pressing the \"Select\" key and then pressing the numbered keys (the keys C, D, E, F, G, A, B and the high C that are usually played, which become function keys numbered 1 through 8 when the \"Select\" button is engaged and its LED is flashing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0017-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nThe user can program the 12 Step to do a \"program change\" when a certain preset is selected. Using this feature, a user could program the 12 Step to send a program change message to their synthesizer module, selecting a certain synth patch or sound when a certain 12 Step preset is chosen. For example, a user could program the 12 Step to change their synth module to an electric bass sound when the \"BASS\" 12 Step preset is selected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0018-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nThe user needs to download the free 12 Step Editor program to do programming of new presets or make changes to the unit's settings (such as the touch sensitivity of the keys), using a laptop, desktop or tablet computer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0019-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Elements\nThe 12 Step gets its power from the USB bus from the computer it is plugged into or from the Expander unit's port (the Expander is powered by a wall adapter).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0020-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, List of factory presets\nThe factory presets include scales, dyads (two notes played simultaneously), chords, and articulation changes and other functions. The names that are provided are the preset names that appear in the four-character LED display on the 12 Step. Users can change the display names using the 12 Step editing software (which must be used on a computer).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0021-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, List of factory presets, Scales\nThese include CHrO (\"Chromatic Scale\"), which automatically loads when 12 Step powers up; LEAd (\"Blues Lead\"); bLUE (\"Blues Bass\"); PEnt (\"Major Pentatonic\"); and -Pnt (\"Minor Pentatonic\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0022-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, List of factory presets, Dyads\nThe presets include wide range of dyads, which are two notes that are sounded simultaneously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0023-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, List of factory presets, Dyads\nOCt (\"Octave\"); 5OCt (\"5 Octaves\"); -3rd (\"Minor 3rds\"); 3rd (\"Major 3rds\"); dIA3 (\"Diatonic 3rds\"); 4tHS (\"4ths\"); dIA4 (\"Diatonic 4ths\"); StC4 (\"Stacked 4ths\"); 5tHS (\"5ths\"); dIA5 (\"Diatonic 5ths\"); StC5 (\"Stacked 5ths\"); -6tH (\"Minor 6ths\"); 6tHS (\"Major 6ths\"); dIA6 (\"Diatonic 6ths\"); -7tH (\"Minor 7ths\"); 7tHS (\"Major 7ths\"); -9tH (\"Minor 9ths\"); 9tHS (\"Major 9ths\"); 10S (\"Minor 10ths\"); 10tH (\"Major 10ths\"); trtn (\"Tritone\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0024-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, List of factory presets, Chords\nSome of the chord presets also have an articulation or playing style feature which is turned on simultaneously, such as POtG, \"Power Chords Toggle\", which sets up power chords for each key of the 12 Step, while also activating the \"toggle\" playing feature. Some of the chord presets are designed for musicians and bands that use Drop D tuning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0025-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, List of factory presets, Chords\nEPO (\"Power Chords Legato\"); SUS9 (\"Sus9 Chords\")-trd (\"Minor Triads\"); trAd (\"Major Triads\"); dtrd (\"Diatonic Triads\"; -145 (\"1-4-5-7 Minor Chords\"); 1457 (\"1-4-5-7 Major Chords\"); dI (\"Diminished Chords\"); AUG (\"Augmented Triads\"); PO (\"Power Chords Normal\"); POtG (\"Power Chords Toggle\"); InPO (\"Inverted Power Chords\"); d_LO (\"Drop D \u221212\"); drOP (\"Drop D Legato\"); -6CH (\"Minor 6th Chords\"); 6CHd (\"Major 6th Chords\"); -FL7 (\"Minor 7 Chords\"); FLt7 (\"Dominant 7 Chords\"); dI7C (\"Diatonic 7th Chords (Major)\"); SUS4 (\"Sus 4 Chords\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0026-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, List of factory presets, Articulation or other functions\nNotable presets in this group are CLIP (\"Live Clip Launching), which is set up to launch sound clips in Ableton Live; and A__b (\"2 Voices\"), which enables one 12 Step to control two different synth voices (or two different synth modules) on two different MIDI channels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0027-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, List of factory presets, Articulation or other functions\nbEnD (\"Tilt Pitch Bend\"); LGtO (\"Legato\"); tOGL (\"Toggle\"); PrES (\"Pressure Volume\"); CLIP (\"Live Clip Launching); POLY (\"Polyphonic\") AFtr (\"Poly Aftertouch\"); A__b (\"2 Voices\"); CrOS (\"Voice XFade\"); PAn (\"Key Number Panning\"); dSEt (\"Drum Set\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0028-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Reception\nKev Choice and Albert Mathias, the reviewers from Keyboard Mag, call the 12 Step a \"...welcome alternative to heavy, cumbersome foot controllers\" that are hard to program. The reviewers state that the manual and software editor program are \"...well written and clear\". They state that playing some basslines on the small keys, such as \"...walking bass lines, for example, might make one wish for shoes with bigger heels or pointier tips\", and they suggest sitting down to play the instrument. The reviewers state that the 12 Step is easy to use with Propellerhead, Reason and Ableton Live. They say that in addition to its usefulness for pianists and other instrumentalists, it has potential for use by \"...deejays, emcees, or anyone on stage responsible for triggering samples or generating tones\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0029-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Reception\nAlex Maiolo from Tape Op had a positive review of the 12 Step, which noted that \"most [foot controllers] are expensive and bulky\", making them infeasible for the typical musician who only needs occasional foot-triggered notes. He calls it a \"...quick, cheap, easy, reliable, portable bass pedal solution\" . He noted that given that bands in the mid-2010s are touring with smaller numbers of personnel, yet still trying to recreate their studio recording sounds in live shows, the 12 Step could solve this problem, as it can be used as a \"clip launcher for hardware and software samplers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0030-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Reception\nJuan Alderete and Nick Reinhart from Pedals and Effects were pleased that Keith McMillen is making a variety of lightweight music gear for travelling musicians and they positively note the 12 Step's \"bullet proof\" and durable construction. They note that since \"...most bands these days seem to be either two or three musicians, the 12 Step is a great way to step up your band's sound\" by adding \"Moog bass, or control samples via my feet\", so a band can \"sound like [they] do on the record\" in live shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0031-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Reception\nReviewer Nick Batt demonstrated and commented on the 12 Step in a 2012 video review for SonicState. Batt praised the 12 Step, saying \"a lot of thought has gone into it\", and he stated that as of 2012, no other MIDI foot controller offered the same level of sophisticated control options (apart from the McMillen SoftStep). Batt states that he found pressing the small keys hard while wearing shoes, but he acknowledged that there are Hammond organists who have made videos of themselves playing rapid organ basslines on the 12 Step. He said the strong point of the unit is its \"potential for customizable control\" of computer music applications such as Ableton, such as triggering clips or \"scenes\", particularly for solo performers or one man bands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008107-0032-0000", "contents": "12 Step foot controller, Reception\nIn Sam Mallery's review for B&H Photo, he calls Keith McMillen Instruments \"...among the most innovative and forward-thinking manufacturers in the pro audio industry today\" and says that it is \"no surprise that the 12 Step is so intelligently designed and easy to use\". He praises the \"...illuminated and expressive keys\" and states that musicians and DJs will find the 12 Step useful for shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008108-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Stones\n12 Stones is an American hard rock band, formed in 2000 in Mandeville, Louisiana, and currently consisting of Paul McCoy, Eric Weaver and Sean Dunaway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008108-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Stones, History\nThe band members met in Mandeville, Louisiana, a small city north of New Orleans, and within 15 months were signed to a record deal with Wind-up Records. Lead vocalist Paul McCoy was featured in the Evanescence single \"Bring Me to Life\", released in 2003, which later went on to win a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008108-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Stones, History\nSongs from the band have appeared in various films and TV shows. \"My Life\", from their self-titled album, was featured on the soundtrack of the 2002 film The Scorpion King. \"Broken\" (also from the self-titled album) served as the official theme song for WWE's WWE Judgment Day pay-per-view in May 2002. \"Home\" (also from the self-titled album) was the song used for the WWE Desire video for Kurt Angle. \"Shadows\", from Potter's Field, was used in a trailer for the film Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest. \"Photograph\" (also from Potter's Field) appeared on the soundtrack of the 2005 film Elektra. The band also recorded the song \"Let Go\" exclusively for the Daredevil movie soundtrack. Songs \"Running out of Pain\" and \"Back Up\" were used on Cheating Death, Stealing Life \u2013 The Eddie Guerrero Story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008108-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Stones, History\nIn November 2009, the band recorded their fourth studio album, with producer David Bendeth. \"We Are One\", the first single from the new album, was released on April 6. The song Premiered on noisecreep on March 29, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008108-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Stones, History\n\"We Are One\" was used by WWE as the theme song for the renegade faction formed by the NXT first season graduates known as The Nexus. The song also was used as the opening to each ACC Network telecast of the 2011 ACC men's basketball tournament. The Washington Capitals hockey team also used the song in the 2010\u201311 NHL season video played at the start of their home games in the Verizon Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008108-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Stones, History\nOn August 24, 2010, the band announced that they were leaving Wind-Up after nine years, stating \"We felt it was time for a change. We have a vision for this band that we feel is best pursued elsewhere.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008108-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Stones, History\n12 Stones then signed a record deal with Executive Music Group. The band released their new album Beneath the Scars on May 22, 2012 to digital retailers, however it wasn't released to stores until May 29, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008108-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Stones, History\nTheir fifth studio album, Picture Perfect, was released on July 14, 2017. The title track was premiered on Loudwire on June 14, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008108-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Stones, History\nSmoke and Mirrors, Volume 1, a five-song EP, was released on November 13, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008109-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Stones (album)\n12 Stones is the eponymous debut album from the American rock band 12 Stones. It was released on April 23, 2002 by Wind-up Records. The album debuted on the Billboard 200 at No. 147.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008109-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Stones (album), Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Paul McCoy; all music is composed by 12 Stones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008110-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Stones discography\nAmerican Christian post-grunge band 12 Stones has released five studio albums, one extended play and fourteen singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008111-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Storeys\n12 Storeys (\u5341\u4e8c\u6a13 or Sh\u00ed'\u00e8r l\u00f3u in Mandarin) is a 1997 Singaporean drama film written and directed by Eric Khoo. It features an ensemble cast of Jack Neo, Koh Boon Pin and Quan Yi Fong. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008111-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Storeys, Premise\nThe film follows a day in the lives of several households living within the same HDB block.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008111-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Storeys, Premise\nA soup vendor called Ah Gu is having a hard time dealing with his Mainland Chinese wife, Lily. San San, an overweight loner, is haunted by her feelings of isolation and the memory of her deceased mother. Meng, Trixie and Tee are siblings left to their own devices when their parents go on holiday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008111-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Storeys, Reception\nDerek Elley of Variety wrote that the film's has \"genuinely funny\" moments, but its slow pacing \"blunts the humor\". Time Out called it \"witty and sophisticated stuff\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008111-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Storeys, Reception\nSingapore's Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that it \"is widely regarded to have contributed to the revitalisation of local cinema\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008112-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Stories\n12 Stories is the debut studio album by American country music singer-songwriter Brandy Clark, released on October 22, 2013, through Slate Creek Records. Clark wrote or co-wrote all 12 of the songs and it features Vince Gill on background vocals. The songs on the album are mostly ones which were admired by, but not recorded by, other artists, possibly due to the provocative storytelling and their content, which is a Clark trademark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008112-0000-0001", "contents": "12 Stories\nTwo of the album's tracks were previously recorded by other artists: \"Crazy Women\" was a Top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for LeAnn Rimes as the second single from her 2011 album, Lady & Gentlemen, and \"The Day She Got Divorced\" was previously recorded by Reba McEntire for her 2010 album, All the Women I Am.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008112-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Stories, Background\nWhen Clark first moved to Nashville around 1997 she wanted to be a recording artist, but instead concentrated on her song writing which is her true passion. It took her many years to hone a voice as an individual artist with a view to creating songs which would be commercially viable and which people wanted to listen to. She played occasional gigs and made demo tapes enough to finance an EP to sell at songwriters\u2019 night shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008112-0001-0001", "contents": "12 Stories, Background\nIn 2010 her two co-managers heard that EP and told her they would help finance a full studio record along with a management company. As a respected Music Row songwriter she was also encouraged by friends in the business to release a batch of her own material. 12 Stories was finished nearly two years before its release, as Clark waited for record label interest and distribution. Previous to this and during that time span she had become a part of a tight circle of friends and regular song collaborators that included singing songwriters Miranda Lambert, Ashley Monroe, Kacey Musgraves, Shane McAnally, Josh Osborne and Trevor Rosen, some of whom contribute to the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008112-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Stories, Music and lyrics\nTeaming up with producer Dave Brainard, 12 Stories draws on styles such as country folk and catchy country pop performed in midtempo in both classic and contemporary styles with arrangements which are sparse and clean. They first toyed with making the album a concept record, chronicling a couple's relationship but ended up rejecting the idea but that instinct is evident in the track listing order. The album is full of diverse characters in which Clark tells stories which manage to be dramatic, humorous, heartfelt and down right honest in which she examines and celebrates her characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008112-0002-0001", "contents": "12 Stories, Music and lyrics\nDescribing her songs, Randy Lewis from the Los Angeles Times wrote: \"find this record and listen to a dozen dazzlingly witty and insightful takes on the struggles of the working class (\"Pray to Jesus\"), neglected and/or mistreated women (\"Crazy Women,\" \"The Day She Got Divorced\"), the battle between right and wrong (\"What'll Keep Me Out of Heaven\") and the pros and cons of chemical mood enhancers\" (\"Hungover,\" \"Get High\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008112-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Stories, Music and lyrics\n\"I think my music is a dark comedy, just as I think life is a dark comedy,\" said Brandy. \"The truth is funny sometimes. I don't ever want to come across as corny or novelty, but you have to laugh at things. I feel like this record is about what's really going on in life.\" \"I get my inspiration from real people who are just surviving their lives and getting through their days. That's who I write songs for,\" she explained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008112-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Stories, Music and lyrics\nThe song \"Stripes\" was co-written with Shane McAnally at a songwriters retreat at Center Hill Lake. It was released in America as a single which premiered on Sirius XM Holdings. The official video made its CMT debut on July 4, 2013. The release of the album coincides with a breakthrough year for Clark after being named as one of CMT's Next Women of Country and gaining well-deserved attention after scoring a CMA Song of the Year nomination for her contribution to \"Mama\u2019s Broken Heart\" and enjoying chart-topping success as a writer of The Band Perry's No.1 song \"Better Dig Two.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008112-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Stories, Critical reception\n12 Stories received highly positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 89 out of 100, which indicates \"universal acclaim\" based on 6 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008112-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Stories, Critical reception\nRegarding Clark's writing, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic commented, \"She's on the outside but she's an observer, not an outcast, noticing the quirks and eccentricities of her brethren instead of diving head-on into their madness\" and describing her singing said, \"she avoids full-throated showstoppers for something better: she's sly and strong, mining heartbreak and sneaking in punch lines at unexpected times\" and that the \"strength and clarity\" of Clark's voice becomes undeniable. He concludes \"the superb 12 Stories showcases a unique artist who stands firmly, proudly on her own merits\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008112-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Stories, Critical reception\nAt American Songwriter, Jonathan Bernstein noted the simplicity of the album title \"gives a good sense of Clark's direct, plain-spoken, songwriting\" and that her debut was \"a welcome, engrossing respite from the party-fueled escapism that's dominated Music City throughout the summer of 2013\"Jon Freeman of Country Weekly described the set as \"a staggeringly great collection of original tunes that paint vivid, honest portraits of real life, from a uniquely feminine perspective\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008112-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Stories, Critical reception\nGrady Smith of Entertainment Weekly noted that Clark \"keeps things edgy, singing about divorce, drugs, jail, and Jesus\u2014a.k.a. country music\u2019s Golden Quadrangle, with matter-of-fact sass and ample twang\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008112-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Stories, Critical reception\nWill Hermes, writing for Rolling Stone, concludes that Brandy's ear \"is unerring and her characters true\" describing her as \" the kind of talent who makes the term \"alt-country\" unnecessary\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008112-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Stories, Critical reception\nAt Roughstock, Matt Bjorke said Clark possesses a voice \"that recalls Mary Chapin Carpenter, Suzy Bogguss, Kathy Mattea and Trisha Yearwood\" and described her as \"a unique talent in that she writes songs that are classic and contemporary all at the same time\" and that 12 Stories is \"one of the strongest albums of 2013 and of any album released in this new century\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008112-0011-0000", "contents": "12 Stories, Critical reception\nBillboard writer Chuck Dauphin began his review with one word, \"Wow\", and clarified, \"I don\u2019t think I have ever started a review so simply in my decade-plus of writing them. But, sometimes, you can say a lot more with less than you can otherwise\". He said that Clark has assembled an album that potentially will \"stand beside such landmark female collections\" as Lee Ann Womack's 2005 released There's More Where That Came From and Reba McEntire's 1996 album Whoever's in New England. He described the single, \"Stripes\", as having \"a modern day Loretta Lynn twist\" and that perhaps the coolest line of any song during 2013 is \"There\u2019s no crime of passion worth a crime of fashion\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008112-0012-0000", "contents": "12 Stories, Critical reception\nJody Rosen from New York Magazine declared \"12 Stories Is My Favorite Album of 2013.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008112-0013-0000", "contents": "12 Stories, Critical reception\nIn the January 2014 issue of leading UK country music publication Country Music People, editor Duncan Warwick made it his \"5 Star CD of the Month\", summing up with \"Every song tells a story and Brandy Clark makes them all riveting. Now I have to remove an album from my best of the year to make room for this.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008112-0014-0000", "contents": "12 Stories, Commercial performance\n12 Stories debuted at No. 197 on the Billboard 200 and at No. 28 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart with 2,000 copies sold in its first week of release. It re-entered the Billboard 200 at a new peak of 163 for the chart dated December 7, 2013, and also peaked at the Top Country Album chart at No. 23. The album has sold 46,000 copies in the U.S. as of February 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008112-0015-0000", "contents": "12 Stories, Personnel, Technical\nTracked by Brian Kolb at Ben Fold's Studio Nashville TN (assisted by Leslie Richter)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008113-0000-0000", "contents": "12 String Guitar!\n12 String Guitar! is an instrumental folk album released by The Folkswingers in 1963. The Folkswingers were a studio band with constantly changing personnel but on this album, they are Glen Campbell on 12-string guitar and The Dillards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008114-0000-0000", "contents": "12 String Guitar! Vol. 2\n12 String Guitar! Vol. 2 is the second album by The Folkswingers, released in 1963 on the World Pacific record label. The album contains instrumental versions of popular folk songs, featuring Glen Campbell playing a 12-string guitar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Strong\n12 Strong (also known as 12 Strong: The Declassified True Story of the Horse Soldiers) is a 2018 American action-war film directed by Nicolai Fuglsig and written by Ted Tally and Peter Craig. The film is based on Doug Stanton's non-fiction book Horse Soldiers, which tells the story of U.S. Army Special Forces sent to Afghanistan immediately after the September 11 attacks. The film stars Chris Hemsworth, Michael Shannon, Michael Pe\u00f1a, Navid Negahban, Trevante Rhodes, Geoff Stults, Thad Luckinbill, William Fichtner, and Rob Riggle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Strong\nPrincipal photography began in January 2017 in New Mexico. The film was released in the United States on January 19, 2018 by Warner Bros. Pictures, in standard and IMAX theaters. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the cast and action but criticized the by-the-numbers execution and lack of hindsight of the War in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Strong, Plot\nMitch Nelson, a U.S. Army captain with Green Berets Operational Detachment Alpha (ODA) 595, is moving into a new home with his wife and daughter on September 11, 2001, after receiving an assignment to staff duty under Lieutenant Colonel Bowers. As news of the devastating terrorist attacks that day break, Nelson volunteers to lead 595 into Afghanistan. Bowers initially refuses, but veteran soldier CW5 Hal Spencer, previously scheduled to retire, persuades Bowers to give Nelson command of 595 again, as well as volunteering himself for the deployment. After leaving their families, 595 travels to Uzbekistan on October 7, 2001. After being briefed and evaluated by COL Mulholland, Commander of 5th Special Forces Group, Nelson and 595 are picked to fight alongside Northern Alliance leader Abdul Rashid Dostum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Strong, Plot\nODA 595 is inserted covertly in Afghanistan aboard an MH-47 Chinook flown by 160th SOAR on 19 October 2001. They land 40 miles south of Mazar-i Sharif, the country's fourth-largest city and a longtime stronghold of the Taliban, where they meet Dostum. Six of the 12 members, led by Nelson, leave with Dostum to the mountains, while the other six remain in a fortified camp nicknamed \"The Alamo\" under Spencer's command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0003-0001", "contents": "12 Strong, Plot\nDostum is attempting to capture the northern Afghanistan city, while battling Taliban leader Mullah Razzan, who rules local communities brutally under strict Sharia law, and has murdered several people, including Dostum's family. Although the warlord is initially skeptical of Nelson's abilities, Nelson gradually earns Dostum's respect. In one battle, however, Dostum makes a tactical error, costing several casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0003-0002", "contents": "12 Strong, Plot\nNelson accuses Dostum of acting carelessly with the lives of his men and of withholding valuable information, while Dostum retorts that he still feels that Nelson, and the U.S. are not willing to pay the potential price of the conflict, and tells Nelson that he needs to use his heart and mind to \"be a warrior\" instead of a soldier. The two eventually reconcile, and, after splitting off a three-man element under SFC Sam Diller to strike a Taliban supply route, and being joined by Spencer's half of ODA 595, continue to work together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0003-0003", "contents": "12 Strong, Plot\nThey win several victories with Dostum's leadership and manpower and American airpower, making significant progress towards Mazar-i Sharif. When Nelson informs Dostum that another ODA, 555, has been dispatched to support Atta Muhammad, another Northern Alliance leader, who is Dostum's political rival, Dostum is furious, and his men promptly abandon 595.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Strong, Plot\nFollowing Dostum's departure, Nelson plans to continue operating against the Taliban with his Americans and the few Afghan fighters remaining with them. Encountering a large force of Al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters and armored vehicles, ODA 595, rejoined by Diller and his element, uses air support to eliminate many of the fighters and most of the armor, but are discovered and attacked. Spencer is critically injured by a suicide bomber, and the team is about to be overrun under heavy Taliban and Al-Qaeda pressure when Dostum returns with his forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0004-0001", "contents": "12 Strong, Plot\nCarrying out the U.S. Army's first cavalry charge of the 21st century, the American and Northern Alliance forces disperse the Taliban and al-Qaeda, and Dostum tracks down and kills Razzan. After Spencer is medevaced, Nelson and Dostum continue to Mazar-i-Sharif but find Atta Muhammad has beaten them there. Against expectations, Dostum and Muhammad meet peacefully and put aside their differences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0004-0002", "contents": "12 Strong, Plot\nImpressed by Nelson and the Americans' efforts, Dostum gives Nelson his prized riding crop and tells him that he will always consider Nelson a brother and fellow fighter, at the same time bidding him remember that Afghanistan is the graveyard of empires. Spencer ultimately survives, and all 12 soldiers of ODA 595 return home after 23 days of almost continuous fighting in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Strong, Plot\nThe film's penultimate moment shows a photo of the Horse Soldier Statue at the World Trade Center in New York City, based on the soldiers of ODA 595 and their victory in the early stages of the response to the September 11th attacks, dedicated to all United States Special Forces. The film then ends with a photo of the actual members of ODA 595, in combat fatigues, upon whom 12 Strong was based.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Strong, Production, Development\nOn December 2, 2011, it was announced that producer Jerry Bruckheimer had taken out the script by Ted Tally and rewritten by Peter Craig with Nicolai Fuglsig attached to direct, which was bought by Walt Disney Pictures in 2009 for Bruckheimer, based on Doug Stanton's non-fiction book Horse Soldiers. On March 29, 2016, Deadline Hollywood reported that Bruckheimer had officially hired Fuglsig to make his feature film directorial debut, which would be co-financed and produced by Molly Smith, Trent Luckinbill and Thad Luckinbill through Black Label Media, along with Bruckheimer's Jerry Bruckheimer Films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Strong, Production, Casting\nOn September 30, 2016, Chris Hemsworth and Michael Shannon were cast in the film, and later on November 1, Michael Pe\u00f1a also joined the film. On November 3, 2016, Trevante Rhodes was cast in the film. On November 14, 2016, Austin Stowell was cast in the film to play Staff Sergeant Fred Falls, an American soldier on the elite U.S. Special Forces team. Lionsgate would handle the film's distribution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0007-0001", "contents": "12 Strong, Production, Casting\nOn November 15, 2016, Austin H\u00e9bert was cast to play SFC Pat Essex, the intellectual and engineer of the team, and the same day it was reported that Ben O'Toole had also been cast for an unspecified role. On November 17, 2016, Variety reported that Navid Negahban was cast to play General Abdul Rashid Dostum in the film. Elsa Pataky was revealed to be appearing in the film in December 2016, while on February 3, 2017, Deadline Hollywood reported that Rob Riggle joined the film to play Army Lieutenant Colonel Max Bowers, under whom Riggle actually served while he was a U.S. Marine Captain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Strong, Production, Filming\nPrincipal photography began in early January 2017 in New Mexico. Mines near Orogrande, New Mexico, were used. Later the shooting took place in Socorro, where it ended on January 26 after eight days of filming. The film was also shot in Alamogordo, using White Sands National Monument as the shooting location. The scenes involving military encampments were filmed using 20 structures leased from AKS Military, a private manufacturer of military shelters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Strong, Production, Home media\nWarner Bros. Home Entertainment released 12 Strong digitally April 10, and on Blu-ray Disc and DVD May 1. Blu -ray extras include the featurettes \"12 Strong: The Making of an Impossible Mission\" and \"Monumental Effort: Building America's Response Monument.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Strong, Production, Postscript\nThe films postscript reads as follows: \"Against overwhelming odds, all twelve members of the U.S. Army Special Forces ODA 595 survived their mission. The capture of Mazar-i-Sharif by the Horse Soldiers and their counterparts is one of the US military's most stunning achievements. Military planners predicted it would take two years. Task Force Dagger did it in three weeks. Al Qaeda considers this to be their worst defeat. Because their mission was classified, the men of Special Forces ODA 595 returned home to their everyday lives with no fanfare or public acknowledgment of the near impossible mission they completed. In 2014, General Dostum became Vice President of Afghanistan. Dostum and Mitch Nelson remain close friends to this day. In 2012, to honor their extraordinary heroism, a statue of a Horse Soldier was dedicated at the World Trade Center site.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 898]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0011-0000", "contents": "12 Strong, Reception, Box office\n12 Strong grossed $46.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $24.1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $70.8 million, against a production budget of $35 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0012-0000", "contents": "12 Strong, Reception, Box office\nIn the United States and Canada, 12 Strong was released on January 19, 2018 alongside Den of Thieves and Forever My Girl, as well as the wide expansions of Phantom Thread, I, Tonya and Call Me by Your Name, and was projected to gross $15\u201320 million from 3,002 theaters in its opening weekend. It ended up debuting to $15.8 million, similar to the $16.1 million that another war film 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi opened to in January 2016, and finished second at the box office behind Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle. According to ComScore, 55% of the opening weekend audience was male, with 79% being over the age of 25. The following week dropped 45% to $8.6 million, finishing 6th at the box office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0013-0000", "contents": "12 Strong, Reception, Critical response\nOn Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 51% based on 169 reviews, and an average rating of 5.52/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"12 Strong has a solid cast, honorable intentions, and a thrilling, fact-based story \u2014 all of which are occasionally enough to balance a disappointing lack of depth or nuance.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 54 out of 100, based on reviews from 43 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave an 81% overall positive score and a 63% \"definite recommend\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008115-0014-0000", "contents": "12 Strong, Reception, Critical response\nRichard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, saying, \"...with a running time of two hours and 10 minutes, 12 Strong has at least 20 minutes of scenes that are either unnecessary or repetitive...[it] winds up being an almost-good film about some great American soldiers.\" Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote: \"On its own terms, the film is watchable enough, but it\u2019s blunt and stolid and under-characterized, and at 130 minutes it plods.\" Gleiberman notes that the soldiers riding on horseback do not amount to much, but praises the director and cinematographer for using the New Mexico locations to conjure the landscape of Afghanistan, calling it the most impressive aspect of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008116-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Super \u00c9xitos\n12 Super Exitos is a compilation of Selena's greatest hits released in 1994 by EMI Latin. It was the last album released before her murder on March 31, 1995. After its release, Selena began working on her crossover album which was set to be released in the summer of 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008117-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Tangos\n12 Tangos: Adios Buenos Aires is a German documentary film from the director and producer Arne Birkenstock, filmed in 2004 in the Argentinean capital Buenos Aires. The film music was arranged and composed by the guitarist and composer Luis Borda who gathered the most important Argentinean Tango musicians for the produccion of this movie. The movie was produced by the Cologne production companies Fruitmarket Kultur und Medien and Tradewind Picturesin colobaration with ZDF and ARTE. The development of the script was aided by the European Media-Programm. The movie was released by the Kinostar GmbH and sold worldwide by Medialuna Entertainment. As co-producers Dr. Peter Bach und Hans Georg Haakshorst supported its production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008117-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Tangos, Plot\nThe documentary tells the story of several tangodancers in the crisis-ridden Buenos Aires. In the \"Catedral\", a 200 years old granary in Buenos Aires, an orchestra plays 12 well known tangos, while the weekly guests of the ball move in circles. At the core of it stands 71 years old professional dancer Roberto Tonet and the 20-year-old dancer Marcela. Tonet lost his pension during the banking crisis and Marcela is preparing her emigration towards Europe. Around them dance more people who we will follow from the \"Catedral\" into the real life during the course of the movie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008117-0001-0001", "contents": "12 Tangos, Plot\nWe see Rodrigo and Fabiana, two school children who live in the poor neighborhood Nueva Pompeya. Rodrigo is the son of Bolivian immigrants, Fabiana lives alone with her three siblings since her mother left to work as a cleaning lady in Spain, in order to gain enough money to pay rent. The movie shows the goodbye of the mother and the four children she had to leave behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008117-0001-0002", "contents": "12 Tangos, Plot\nIn the hippest Tango club of the city we meet five freaks of the trashrock band \"Las Mu\u00f1ecas\" who live in the \"Catedral\", organize tango-balls  and interpret Carlos Gardel 's songs on their e-guitars. Tango is the expression of crisis and lost hope and their connection will be shown by the history of these dancers who lost their wealth, jobs and salaries due to the current situation. In 12 Tangos the story of these dancers and their ancestors is told. Tango, crisis, immigration and emigration join to a cohesive story about the past, present and future of these people and Buenos Aires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008117-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Tangos, Music\nFor the movie 12 Tangos the composer and guitarist Luis Borda joined some of the best Argentinean musicians into an orchestra in which several generations were represented: The 92-year-old Maria de la Fuente sings with Lidia Borda, according to Rolling Stone the \"best tango singer of the moment\". Also singing are Gabriel Menendez, Jorge Sobral and Eduardo Borda. The movie shows the last recordings with the bandoneon legend Jos\u00e9 Libertella, who died surprisingly after the movie was completed. The bandoneon is also played by Julio Pane and the young Grammy nominee Pablo Mainetti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008117-0002-0001", "contents": "12 Tangos, Music\nThe violin is played by the concertmaster of theTeatro Colon Mauricio Marcelli supported by Huberto Ridolfi and Elisabet Ridolfi. The orchestra is completed by pianist Diego Shissi, bassist Oscar Giunta, trompetist Juan Cruz de Urquiza, Pablo La Porta(percussion), Marcos Cabezas (vibraphone), Diego Pojomowsky (e-bass) and the saxophone-quartet De Cot\u00e9. The orchestra's repertoire includes classics such as \"Adi\u00f3s Nonino\", \"Sur\", \"La Cachila\", \"La Pu\u00f1alada\" and \"Milonga de mis amores\" and unknown treasures like \"Pampero\", \"En carne propia\" or the waltz \"El Paisaje, and new compositions like \"Iron\u00eda del Sal\u00f3n\" and \"Corralito\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008118-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Tiny Christmas Tales\n12 Tiny Christmas Tales (stylized onscreen as 12 tiny Christmas tales) is an American Christmas animated short film, that which was broadcast on Cartoon Network on December 7, 2001. It was created, animated and directed by Bill Plympton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008118-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Tiny Christmas Tales, Plot\nA grandmother tells her three grandchildren increasing bizarre stories of Christmas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008118-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Tiny Christmas Tales, Plot, Segments\nThe stories are based on eight-panel sequences from Christmas cards Plympton began drawing for his parents in 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008118-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Tiny Christmas Tales, Songs\nIn this film there are nine original songs, which were written and executive-produced by Maureen McElheron. Hank Bones instead served as a producer. Finally, \"Kalinka\" was the only famous song inserted into it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008119-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Tonadillas en estilo antiguo\n12 Tonadillas en estilo antiguo, H. 136, is a collection of 12 songs by Spanish composer Enrique Granados with texts by Fernando Periquet. Together with Canciones amatorias they are considered to be the most importand vocal works by Granados.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008119-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Tonadillas en estilo antiguo, Composition and publication history\nThe original title of the composition is Collecci\u00f3n de tonadillas escritas en estilo antiguo. The songs were first published in 1912-1913 and 1915 by Casa Dotesio (its name being changed in 1913 to Uni\u00f3n musical Espa\u00f1ola). When the collection was finished, the order of the songs was rearranged. Hence, there are two numbering systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008120-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Treasures of Spain\nThe 12 Treasures of Spain (Spanish: 12 Tesoros de Espa\u00f1a) was a project that selected the purported \"Twelve Treasures of the Kingdom of Spain\". The contest was conducted by broadcasters Antena 3 and COPE. The final results were announced on 31 December 2007. Nine architectural monuments, two natural monuments and a monument pictorial were chosen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008120-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Treasures of Spain, Contest\nFour months after the international competition to choose the New Seven Wonders of the World, in late September 2007, Antena 3 and Onda Cero launched a campaign to elect the 12 so-called Treasures of Spain, an initiative based on the votes of the people, through internet and mobile phone. Finally, they received over 9,000 applications, and the candidates were whittled down to 20. At first they were to choose 7 Treasures of Spain, but later that figure was changed to 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008121-0000-0000", "contents": "12 T\u00f3nar\n12 T\u00f3nar (Icelandic pronunciation:\u00a0\u200b[\u02c8t\u02b0oulv \u02c8t\u02b0ou\u02d0nar\u0325], 'twelve tones') is a record shop in Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland, and also a record label for Icelandic artists. It is located on Sk\u00f3lav\u00f6r\u00f0ust\u00edgur 15, in downtown Reykjav\u00edk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008121-0001-0000", "contents": "12 T\u00f3nar\nFounded in 1998 in Reykjav\u00edk, 12 T\u00f3nar has been well received by music lovers from the start. The store quickly became a meeting point for musicians such as Bj\u00f6rk, Sigur R\u00f3s, m\u00fam, and the core of classical composers and performers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008121-0002-0000", "contents": "12 T\u00f3nar\n12 T\u00f3nar is also an independent record label with nearly 80 releases in its catalogue. Many of the best musicians in Iceland have released their albums on the label, for example artists and bands such as Mugison, Trabant and Singapore Sling, Apparat Organ Quartet, P\u00e9tur Ben, Eiv\u00f8r P\u00e1lsd\u00f3ttir, Ragnhei\u00f0ur Gr\u00f6ndal, J\u00f3hann J\u00f3hannsson, Hildur Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir, Sk\u00fali Sverrisson, \u00d3l\u00f6f Arnalds, Pink Street Boys, Samaris and Jakob\u00ednar\u00edna, to name a few.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008121-0003-0000", "contents": "12 T\u00f3nar\nIn May 2006 12 T\u00f3nar opened a record store in Copenhagen, Denmark selling music from their own catalogue of artists as well as other Icelandic music. The store was situated on Fiolstraede 26. The store followed the good example from Iceland, with its friendly atmosphere and freshly brewed espresso for the customers while the music was spinning. It became a tradition with live in-store concerts taking place on Friday afternoons. On 26 January 2008 the Copenhagen store celebrated its closing with a live performance by the Danish band Tremolo Beer Gut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008121-0004-0000", "contents": "12 T\u00f3nar\nImmediately succeeding the closing of the 12 T\u00f3nar record store in Copenhagen a brand new web-shop was introduced, allowing continued access to their family of artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008121-0005-0000", "contents": "12 T\u00f3nar\nOn 21 June 2013 Gramophone magazine wrote about 12 T\u00f3nar, with the title \"The best record store in the world?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008122-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Victoria\nVictoria (minor planet designation: 12 Victoria) is a large main-belt asteroid, orbiting the Sun with a period of 3.56\u00a0years and an eccentricity of 0.221. It is a stony (S-type) asteroid, about 112\u2013124\u00a0km across with an albedo of 0.18 and a rotation period of 8.66\u00a0hours. Victoria has been observed to occult a star three times since its discovery. Radar and speckle interferometry observations show that the shape of Victoria is elongated, and it is suspected to be a binary asteroid, with a moon of irregular shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008122-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Victoria\nThis minor planet was discovered by English astronomer J. R. Hind on September 13, 1850. Victoria is officially named after the Roman goddess of victory, but the name also honours Queen Victoria. The goddess Victoria (Nike for the Greeks) was the daughter of Styx by the Titan Pallas. The coincidence with the name of the then-reigning queen caused quite a controversy at the time, and B. A. Gould, editor of the prestigious Astronomical Journal, adopted the alternate name Clio (now used by 84 Klio), proposed by the discoverer. However, W. C. Bond, of the Harvard College Observatory, then the highest authority on astronomy in America, held that the mythological condition was fulfilled and the name therefore acceptable, and his opinion eventually prevailed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008123-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Views of Beatenberg\n12 Views of Beatenberg is the third album by South African indie pop band Beatenberg. It was released on 14 December 2018 by Island Records. The album includes singles \"Camera\" and \"Ode To The Berg Wind,\" as well as \"Aphrodite\" a collaboration with African pop artist TRESOR. Upon release the album jumped to number four on the South African iTunes chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008124-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Vulpeculae\n12 Vulpeculae is a star in the northern constellation of Vulpecula, located approximately 630 light years away based on parallax. It has the variable star designation V395\u00a0Vul; 12 Vulpeculae is the Flamsteed designation. This object is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 4.928. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of -25\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008124-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Vulpeculae\nThis is a variable Be star with a stellar classification of B2.5V; its brightness ranges from magnitude 4.78 down to 4.97. As is true with other Be stars, it has a high rate of rotation with a projected rotational velocity of 195\u00a0km/s. The star has 6.8 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 963 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 18,859\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008125-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Wasted Years\n12 Wasted Years is a video documentary of heavy metal band Iron Maiden, focusing on the history of the band from 1975 to 1987. It includes several rare videos and interviews from the band's career, some of which were later included on the 2004 documentary The Early Days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008125-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Wasted Years\nIn March 2013, Iron Maiden included the full documentary in a reissue of their 1989 concert film, Maiden England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0000-0000", "contents": "12 West 56th Street\n12 West 56th Street (originally the Harry B. Hollins Residence) is a consular building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, housing the Consulate General of Argentina in New York City. It is along 56th Street's southern sidewalk between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue. The four-and-a-half story building was designed by McKim, Mead & White in the Georgian Revival style. It was constructed between 1899 and 1901 as a private residence, one of several on 56th Street's \"Bankers' Row\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0001-0000", "contents": "12 West 56th Street\nThe first floor is clad with blocks of limestone, while the other floors contain red brick trimmed with limestone. The entrance is through a central porch on the east side of the building, designed by James Edwin Ruthven Carpenter Jr. as part of an annex completed in 1924. The second floor contains French windows and the third and fourth floors contain sash windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0002-0000", "contents": "12 West 56th Street\nThe house was commissioned for stockbroker H. B. Hollins and his wife Evalina Hollins. The couple had initially planned to design their house alongside their neighbor Frederick C. Edey, at 10 West 56th Street, but the Hollinses built their house alone because a covenant temporarily prevented the Edey house from being built. The house was sold to the Calumet Club in 1914 and was used by the club until 1935. It was then used by several tenants for short terms, including Charles Joel Duveen, the International Silk Guild, and The Salvation Army. The government of Argentina has owned the building since 1947; it initially used the house as the offices of an Argentine Navy commission before opening a consulate there. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the house as an official landmark in 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0003-0000", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, Site\n12 West 56th Street is in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is along the southern sidewalk of 56th Street between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue, with an alternate address of 14 West 56th Street. The land lot is rectangular and covers 5,000 square feet (460\u00a0m2), with a frontage of 50 feet (15\u00a0m) on 56th Street and a depth of 100.42 feet (30.61\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0003-0001", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, Site\nThe building is on the same block as the 10 West 56th Street townhouse and the 712 Fifth Avenue skyscraper to the east; the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church to the southeast; and the townhouses at 26 and 30 West 56th Street to the west. Other nearby buildings include The Peninsula New York hotel, the University Club of New York, and the Rockefeller Apartments to the south; the Corning Glass Building to the east; Trump Tower to the northeast; and 17 West 56th Street and the Crown Building to the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0004-0000", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, Site\nFifth Avenue between 42nd Street and Central Park South (59th Street) was relatively undeveloped through the late 19th century. The surrounding area was once part of the common lands of the city of New York. The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 established Manhattan's street grid with lots measuring 100 feet (30\u00a0m) deep and 25 feet (7.6\u00a0m) wide. Upscale residences were constructed around Fifth Avenue following the American Civil War. The block of 56th Street from Fifth to Sixth Avenue contained rowhouses by 1871, many of which were recessed from the lot line and had entrance stoops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0004-0001", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, Site\nBy the end of the 19th century, the area had many wealthy residents, and the houses in the area were either modified or rebuilt altogether. The adjacent block of West 56th Street was developing into a \"bankers' row\" with the residences of Frederick C. and Birdsall Otis Edey at number 10, Henry Seligman at number 30, Edward Wasserman at number 33, and Arthur Lehman at number 31. Many of these houses persisted through the mid-20th century as part of a restaurant and retail strip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0005-0000", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, Design\nThe Hollins House at 12 West 56th Street, later the Argentinian Consulate General to New York City, was designed by McKim, Mead & White in the Federal Georgian Revival style. Of the firm's principals, Stanford White had been the most involved in the house's design. The current consular building is composed of the original residence and a 1924 annex designed by J.E.R. Carpenter on the eastern side of the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0006-0000", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, Design\n12 West 56th Street was planned and constructed nearly simultaneously with the house of Frederick C. Edey at 10 West 56th Street. However, because of a covenant that temporarily halted construction at number 10, they were designed in different styles by different firms. Of the houses' contrasting designs, Christopher Gray wrote for The New York Times in 2007: \"The two houses are paired in an uneasy dance, one doing the cancan, the other a minuet.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0007-0000", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, Design, Facade\nThe main portion of the building, the original residence, is at 14 West 56th Street and is four and a half stories tall. It consists of three vertical bays of windows. The first floor is clad with rusticated blocks of limestone and has three recessed windows. The center window at the first floor is wider than the other windows on that floor, as it was originally the main entrance to the house. This center opening originally had five steps leading to a portico with Doric-style columns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0008-0000", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, Design, Facade\nThe other stories on 56th Street are clad with brick. The second story has three French windows with their own iron balconies, as well as carved stone lunettes. A horizontal string course runs under the second-story lunettes and connects them. The third and fourth stories have double hung windows with splayed stone lintels, as well as a string course just below the fourth floor. The center window at the third story formerly had an iron balcony but was subsequently equipped with a flagpole and Argentine flag. Above the fourth floor is a cornice with modillions, as well as a peaked roof above it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0009-0000", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, Design, Facade\nWhite had designed the building with a setback wing facing 10 West 56th Street, which had been developed nearly simultaneously. The decorative detail from the main facade was copied to the side facade, which faced a courtyard between 10 and 12 West 56th Street. On the east side of 12 West 56th Street is the two-story wing, designed for the Calumet Club. The portion of the annex facing the street contains the building's main entrance, a single-story aedicule with a metal gate inside an archway. The entrance is made of limestone and flanked by Corinthian-style fluted pilasters. The second story of the wing is slightly set back from the entrance portico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0010-0000", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, History\nThe house was commissioned for Harry Bowly Hollins, a financier, banker, and railroad magnate who founded the firm H.B. Hollins & Co in 1878. His partner at the firm was Frederick Edey, a stockbroker who initially worked for Charles C. Edey & Sons before becoming a partner at H.B. Hollins & Co. from 1886 to 1892. Hollins and Edey commuted from Long Island to Midtown together, and their firm worked with J.P. Morgan & Co.. Harry B. Hollins was married to Evelina Meserole Knapp Hollins, and the couple had five children: McKim, John K., Gerald V., Harry B. Jr., and Marion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0011-0000", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, History, Residence\nIn February 1899, Hollins bought a 75-by-100-foot (23 by 30\u00a0m) lot at 10-14 West 56th Street, on its southern sidewalk about 250 feet (76\u00a0m) west of Fifth Avenue. Hollins sold the easternmost 25 feet (7.6\u00a0m) of the lot later the same month. On the remainder of the site, he planned to build a 38-foot-wide (12\u00a0m) residence, with a gap between his house and the lot he had just sold. Edey was recorded as the buyer of the 25-foot-wide lot at 10 West 56th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0011-0001", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, History, Residence\nThese were the only two vacant lots on the block at the time. Hollins and Edey agreed to construct their houses jointly and build their respective houses to the lot line. Hollins hired McKim, Mead & White to design his house, but an 1881 covenant prevented Edey from building a structure out to the lot line until 1901. As a result, Hollins was able to start work on his house right away. Edey had to wait two years and ultimately hired Warren and Wetmore instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0012-0000", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, History, Residence\nThe Hollins family moved into the house when it was completed in 1901. The Hollins property extended south to 55th Street, abutting the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church. The 55th Street portion of the property included a collection of horse stables at 13-17 West 55th Street, which had been used by newspaper publisher Robert Bonner. The Hollins family officially lived in Islip, Long Island, at least according to a 1905 census conducted by the New York state government. The Islip house, Meadow Farm, was the Hollins family's country residence, while the 12 West 56th Street house was their city residence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0012-0001", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, History, Residence\nLeland Roth writes that McKim, Mead & White made renovations to the house in 1903. However, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) was unable to find records of any alterations made in 1903. Edey's house was completed around the same time. Over the next decade, the Edey and Hollins families did not host any events together, and neither The Brooklyn Daily Eagle nor The New York Times made any mention of the two houses as a pair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0013-0000", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, History, Residence\nThe 55th Street horse stables were sold in October 1913 to a developer who planned to raze the stables for apartments. The same month, Harry B. Hollins leased the house to Vincent Astor and his mother Mrs. John Astor as a winter residence at a total rental of $25,000. The Hollins family fled to the Gotham Hotel (now the Peninsula) around that time. In their departure, the Hollins family had left the house fully furnished. Shortly afterward came the failure of H.B. Hollins and Company, which had $5 million in debt when it was forced into bankruptcy on November 13. Ultimately, the Hollins family moved to Bay Shore on Long Island. The Astors' lease in the former Hollins house expired at the end of May 1914. By then, the surrounding neighborhood was rapidly becoming a commercial zone, and many neighboring townhouses were converted to commercial use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0014-0000", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, History, Subsequent use\nIn early 1914, the Calumet Club of Fifth Avenue and 29th Street voted to move further north. The club purchased an option for the Hollins house at the end of May. The next week, the club's leadership decided upon the Hollins residence as their new headquarters. The club officially took title to the building in July, with plans to remodel the house and open it by that September. The next month, the club's directors received permission to extend the duration of a $170,000 mortgage and take out another mortgage of $75,000 for the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0014-0001", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, History, Subsequent use\nRecords show that McKim, Mead & White was hired to redesign the house. The club moved into the house later the same year. At that time, it was one of several clubs clustered around Fifth Avenue in Midtown; others included the Knickerbocker Club and Colony Club. In 1924, J.E.R. Carpenter was hired to remodel the Calumet Club again and to add an entrance portico on the eastern side of the original house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0015-0000", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, History, Subsequent use\nBy the late 1920s, many of the old clubs around Fifth Avenue in midtown were moving elsewhere. The Calumet Club closed in May 1935 due to a lack of money. As part of a foreclosure proceeding against the club, the Hollins house was placed for auction. From that September, the house was occupied by antiques dealer Charles J. Duveen for his firm Charles of London. The next month, Chase National Bank acquired the building at auction for $184,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0015-0001", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, History, Subsequent use\nThe antiques store operated for two and a half years, and Duveen announced in May 1938 that he would retire and close his store. In July 1939, the International Silk Guild bought 12 West 56th Street and remodeled it for its new headquarters. At the time, the sale price was indicated at $140,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0016-0000", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, History, Subsequent use\nThe building was sold in January 1943 to The Salvation Army. The Salvation Army paid $50,000 for the property. The house was to be opened 24 hours a day as a Red Shield Service Club, a lodge and retreat for members of the military. The Salvation Army retreat opened in June 1943. It had a lounge, game room, writing room, dining canteen, kitchen, library, and eighteen bedrooms with sixty beds. The Salvation Army operated the retreat until the end of World War II and, in that time, served 175,000 members of the military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0016-0001", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, History, Subsequent use\nThe canteen had an average attendance of 1,600 in 1944. The Salvation Army sold the building in October 1946 to Nettie Rosenstein Accessories Corporation, which planned to move to the building in January 1947. Nettie Rosenstein Associates changed its plans to move to the house, selling it to the government of Argentina in May 1947. The Argentine government planned to renovate the house extensively and house the Argentine Navy's naval commission there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008126-0017-0000", "contents": "12 West 56th Street, History, Subsequent use\nThe Argentine Navy offices opened in July 1947. The Argentine consulate to the United States in New York City opened in the building afterward. The consulate also held events such as auctions; when Argentine president Juan Per\u00f3n was ousted in 1955, the New York consulate sold the large jewelry and valuable collections that Per\u00f3n and his wife Eva had owned. In 1982, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) held public hearings to consider 12 West 56th Street and several other structures for city landmark status. The LPC voted on the nomination in June 1984, and, on June 19 of that year, designated 12 West 56th Street as a city landmark. As of 2021, the house still serves as the Argentine consulate to the United States in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008127-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Who Don't Agree\n12 Who Don't Agree (Russian: 12 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445) is a 2009 non-fiction book by the Russian writer Valery Panyushkin. The book is based on the life of Russian opposition activists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008127-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Who Don't Agree\n12 Who Don't Agree was published in 2009 in Zakharov Books (Russia). This book was also published in English translation in 2011 in Europa Editions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008128-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Winter\n12 Winter (German: Zw\u00f6lf Winter) is a 2009 German television film directed by Thomas Stiller which stars J\u00fcrgen Vogel and Axel Prahl. The film was produced by Martin Zimmermann and Bettina Brokemper while the screenplay was written Holger Karsten Schmidt. The film is based on the true story of two bank robbers who robbed a series of small banks throughout Germany. The two were pursued by police for more than 12 years before they were captured in August 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008129-0000-0000", "contents": "12 X 5\n12\u00a0\u00d7\u00a05 is the 2nd American studio album by the English rock band the Rolling Stones, released in 1964 following the success of their American debut The Rolling Stones (England's Newest Hit Makers), which was released concurrently with their UK debut The Rolling Stones. 12\u00a0\u00d7\u00a05 is an expanded version of the EP Five by Five, which had followed their debut album in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008129-0001-0000", "contents": "12 X 5\nThe five songs on the British EP were fleshed out with seven additional tracks to bring the work to LP length. Among the additional tracks were the UK single-only release \"It's All Over Now\", a cover of a Bobby Womack song that was the group's first UK number one hit, an alternative version of \"Time Is on My Side\", which appears in a more familiar form on other albums, and three Jagger/Richards originals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008129-0002-0000", "contents": "12 X 5, Composition\nThe album, like its predecessor, largely features R&B covers. However, it also contains three compositions by the developing Mick Jagger/Keith Richards songwriting team, as well as two group compositions under the pseudonym \"Nanker Phelge\". 12\u00a0\u00d7\u00a05 is notable for featuring the first, and less often heard, of the Stones' two versions of Jerry Ragovoy's \"Time Is on My Side\", with a prominent electronic organ instead of the better-known version's electric guitar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008129-0003-0000", "contents": "12 X 5, Composition\n\"I loved everything about this album as a kid,\" recalled Joe Satriani. \"It was those second-generation electric blues players that I loved, but I had no idea where they got that music from. It took my teenage years to discover that.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008129-0004-0000", "contents": "12 X 5, Composition\nAfter sessions in Chicago in June 1964, the Stones' UK label Decca Records released the five-song EP Five by Five. Because EPs were never a lucrative format in the US, London Records \u2013 their American distributor at the time \u2013 spread its songs across an album, adding seven new recordings to create a release of 12 songs by five musicians, hence the album's title. The rest of the songs were singles \"It's All Over Now\" and \"Time Is on My Side\" with their B-sides, plus three that were later included on The Rolling Stones No. 2 . Decca would use the same cover (minus the lettering) for the band's second UK album, The Rolling Stones No. 2, in early 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008129-0005-0000", "contents": "12 X 5, Critical reception\nThe album was included in Robert Christgau's \"Basic Record Library\" of 1950s and 1960s recordings, published in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 26], "content_span": [27, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008129-0006-0000", "contents": "12 X 5, Remastered version\nIn August 2002, 12\u00a0\u00d7\u00a05 was reissued in a new remastered CD and SACD digipak by ABKCO Records. This edition includes stereo versions of \"Around and Around\", \"Confessin' the Blues\", \"Empty Heart\", \"It's All Over Now\", an extended version of \"2120 South Michigan Avenue\", and \"If You Need Me\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 26], "content_span": [27, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008129-0007-0000", "contents": "12 X 5, Chart positions\n12\u00a0\u00d7\u00a05 proved to be a faster seller than England's Newest Hit Makers, reaching No. 3 and going gold quickly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 23], "content_span": [24, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008130-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Yard\n12 Yard Productions is a British television production company. It was founded in 2001 as a joint-venture between David Young and the creative team behind the worldwide hit Weakest Link and Hat Trick Productions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008130-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Yard\n12 Yard has gone on to become one of the world's most successful entertainment format creators, producing hit formats including the BBC's long-running early evening quiz Eggheads, Saturday night BBC1 lottery formats The National Lottery: In it to Win it and Who Dares Wins!, primetime feel-good format Holding out for a Hero, Take on the Twisters and Big Star's Little Star for ITV, and Coach Trip, Celebrity Coach Trip  and Christmas Coach Trip for Channel 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008130-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Yard\nOn 5 December 2007, it was confirmed that ITV plc had acquired 12 Yard for \u00a335 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008131-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Years Promise\n12 Years Promise (Korean:\u00a0\ub2ec\ub798 \ub41c, \uc7a5\uad6d: 12\ub144\ub9cc\uc758 \uc7ac\ud68c; RR:\u00a0Dallae Doen, Jangguk: 12nyeonmanui Jaehoe; lit. Wild Chives and Soy Bean Soup: 12 Years Reunion) is a 2014 South Korean television series starring Lee So-yeon, Namkoong Min, Lee Tae-im, Yoon So-hee, Lee Won-keun and Ryu Hyoyoung. It aired on JTBC from March 22 to June 29, 2014, on Saturdays and Sundays at 20:45 (KST) for 26 episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008131-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Years Promise\nThe native title is a pun, and can also mean Jang Guk Becomes Dal-rae: Reunion in 12 Years. The female protagonist's name, Jang Guk, means \"clear soup with doenjang\", and she later changes it to Dal-rae, meaning \"azalea\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008131-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Years Promise, Synopsis\nIn 2002, on the night of Korea's momentous World Cup win, high school sweethearts Jang Guk (Lee So-yeon) and Yu Jun-su (Namkoong Min) sleep together and Jang Guk ends up pregnant. They are given permission to marry by Jun-su's father, but after a horrible accident, Jang Guk loses the baby. Their mothers who were against the relationship from the beginning, take advantage of the situation and split them up. Jang Guk then leaves Korea to live in the U.S. and changes her name to Jang Dal-rae. Twelve years later, they reunite and get entangled in each other's lives again. The only problem is that Yu Jun-su doesn't know it's her and Jang Guk doesn't want him to know.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film)\n12 Years a Slave is a 2013 biographical period-drama film directed by Steve McQueen and an adaptation of the 1853 slave memoir Twelve Years a Slave by Solomon Northup, a New York State-born free African-American man who was kidnapped in Washington, D.C., by two conmen in 1841 and sold into slavery. Northup was put to work on plantations in the state of Louisiana for 12 years before being released. The first scholarly edition of Northup's memoir, co-edited in 1968 by Sue Eakin and Joseph Logsdon, carefully retraced and validated the account and concluded it to be accurate. Other characters in the film were also real people, including Edwin and Mary Epps, and Patsey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film)\nThe film was directed by Steve McQueen, and the screenplay was written by John Ridley. Chiwetel Ejiofor stars as Solomon Northup. Michael Fassbender, Benedict Cumberbatch, Paul Dano, Paul Giamatti, Lupita Nyong'o, Sarah Paulson, Brad Pitt, and Alfre Woodard feature in supporting roles. Principal photography took place in New Orleans, Louisiana, from June 27 to August 13, 2012. The locations used were four historic antebellum plantations: Felicity, Bocage, Destrehan, and Magnolia. Of the four, Magnolia is nearest to the actual plantation where Northup was held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film)\n12 Years a Slave received widespread critical acclaim and was named the best film of 2013 by several media outlets and critics, and it earned over $187\u00a0million on a production budget of $22\u00a0million. The film received nine Academy Award nominations, winning three: Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Supporting Actress for Nyong'o. The Best Picture win made McQueen the first black British producer to ever receive the award and the first black British director of a Best Picture winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0002-0001", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film)\nThe film was awarded the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama, and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts recognized it with the Best Film and the Best Actor award for Ejiofor. 12 Years a Slave was later named the 44th greatest film since 2000 in a BBC poll of 177 critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Plot\nSolomon Northup is a free African-American man in 1841, working as a violinist and living with his wife and two children in Saratoga Springs, New York. Two white men, Brown and Hamilton, offer him short-term employment as a musician if he would travel with them to Washington, D.C.; however, once they have arrived, they drug Northup and deliver him to a slave pen run by a man named Burch. Northup proclaims that he is a free man, only to be savagely beaten with a wooden paddle and then a leather strap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Plot\nNorthup is shipped to New Orleans along with other captive African-Americans. He is told by the others that if he wants to survive in the South, he must adapt to being a slave and not tell anyone he is a free man. A slave trader named Theophilus Freeman gives Northup the identity of \"Platt\", a runaway slave from Georgia, and sells him to plantation owner William Ford. Ford takes a liking to Northup and gives him a violin. A growing tension between Northup and plantation carpenter John Tibeats finally breaks as Tibeats tries to beat Northup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0004-0001", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Plot\nNorthup snaps and beats Tibeats with his hands before beating him with his own whip. Tibeats and his group try to lynch Northup, but they are stopped by the plantation overseer. Northup is left on tiptoes with the noose around his neck for hours before Ford arrives and cuts Northup down. To save Northup's life, Ford sells him to another slave owner named Edwin Epps. In the process, Northup attempts to explain that he is actually a free man, but Ford tells him he is too afraid and owes a debt for Northup's purchase, so he will not help him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Plot\nEpps, unlike Ford, is ruthless and sadistic. Northup meets Patsey, a favored slave who can pick over 500 pounds of cotton a day, twice the usual quota. Epps regularly rapes Patsey while his wife abuses and humiliates her out of jealousy. Some time later, cotton worms destroy Epps's crops. Unable to work his fields, Epps leases his slaves to a neighboring plantation for the season. While there, Northup gains the favor of the plantation's owner, Judge Turner, who allows him to play the fiddle at a neighbor's wedding anniversary celebration and to keep his earnings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0005-0001", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Plot\nWhen Northup returns to Epps, he uses the money to pay a white field hand and former overseer, Armsby, to mail a letter to his friends in New York. Armsby agrees and accepts Northup's saved money, but immediately betrays him to Epps. In the middle of the night, a drunken Epps wakes Northup and questions him menacingly about the letter while holding a knife to Northup's stomach. Northup is narrowly able to convince Epps that Armsby is lying and Epps relents. Afterwards, Northup mournfully burns the letter to prevent Epps from finding it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0005-0002", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Plot\nSome time later, Patsey is caught by Epps going to a neighboring plantation in order to acquire soap, as Mrs. Epps will not let her have any. In retaliation, Epps orders Northup to whip Patsey. Rather than risk harm to himself, Northup accepts the whip from Epps and strikes Patsey over a dozen times, drawing blood, tears, and shrieks. Epps then takes the whip back from Northup, and whips Patsey brutally, to the point of near death. After the incident, Northup destroys his violin in a rage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Plot\nNorthup begins working on the construction of a gazebo with a Canadian laborer named Samuel Bass. Disturbed by Epps' open cruelty towards his slaves, Bass, citing his Christian faith, expresses his opposition to slavery and castigates Epps, earning Epps' enmity. Northup overhears the conversation and decides to reveal his kidnapping to Bass. Once again, Northup asks for help in getting a letter to New York. Although Bass is hesitant at first because of the risks, he agrees to send it. One day, the local sheriff arrives in a carriage with two men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0006-0001", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Plot\nThe sheriff asks Northup a series of questions to confirm that his answers match the facts of his life in New York. Northup recognizes the sheriff's companion as Mr. Parker, a shopkeeper he knew in Saratoga Springs. Parker has come to free him, and the two embrace, though an enraged Epps furiously protests the circumstances and tries to prevent Northup from leaving only to be rebuffed and left wailing in rage over his defeat. Northup gives an emotional farewell to Patsey and rides off to his freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Plot\nNorthup is returned to his home and family, crying as he walks up the steps. As he walks in, he sees his wife with their fully grown son, daughter, and his daughter\u2019s husband. His daughter and son in law present him with his grandson and namesake, Solomon Northup Staunton. Northup tearfully apologizes for his long absence while his family comforts him. The film's epilogue titles recount: Northup's unsuccessful suits against Brown, Hamilton, and Burch; the 1853 publication of Northup's slave narrative memoir, Twelve Years a Slave; describes his role in the abolitionist movement; and the absence of any information surrounding the details of his death and burial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Historical accuracy\nAfrican-American history and culture scholar Henry Louis Gates Jr. was a consultant on the film. Researcher David Fiske, is a co-author of Solomon Northup: The Complete Story of the Author of Twelve Years a Slave. Fiske provided some material used to market the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Historical accuracy\nEmily West, an associate professor of history at the University of Reading who specializes in the history of slavery in the U.S., said she had \"never seen a film represent slavery so accurately\". Reviewing the film for History Extra, the website of BBC History Magazine, she said: \"The film starkly and powerfully unveiled the sights and sounds of enslavement\u00a0\u2013 from slaves picking cotton as they sang in the fields, to the crack of the lash down people's backs. We also heard a lot about the ideology behind enslavement. Masters such as William Ford and Edwin Epps, although very different characters, both used an interpretation of Christianity to justify their ownership of slaves. They believed the Bible sanctioned slavery, and that it was their 'Christian duty' to preach the scriptures to their slaves.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Historical accuracy\nScott Feinberg wrote in The Hollywood Reporter about a September 22 article in The New York Times that \"dredged up and highlighted a 1985 essay by another scholar, James Olney, that questioned the 'literal truth' of specific incidents in Northup's account and suggested that David Wilson, the white amanuensis to whom Northup had dictated his story, had taken the liberty of sprucing it up to make it even more effective at rallying public opinion against slavery.\" Olney had observed that \"slave autobiographies, when read one next to another, display an \"overwhelming sameness.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0010-0001", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Historical accuracy\nThat is, though the autobiography by definition suggests a unique and personal story, that slave narratives present a genre of autobiographies that tell essentially the same story. When read in conjunction, as in this anthology, there is a distinct repetitiveness. While this repetitiveness disallows the creativity and shaping of one's personal story, as Olney argues, it was equally important for slave narratives to follow a form that corroborated with the stories of others to create a collective picture of slavery as it then existed. In fact, the \"same\" form presented in all of these unique and individual stories created a powerful and resounding message of the consistent evils of slavery and the necessity of its demise.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0011-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Historical accuracy\nA journal article published by The Johns Hopkins University Press and written by Sam Worley states that \"Northup\u2019s narrative, though well known, has often been treated as a narrative of the second rank, albeit one with an unusually exciting and involving story as well as, thanks to the research of its modern editors, Sue Eakin and Joseph Logsdon, one with considerable historical value.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0012-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Historical accuracy\nNoah Berlatsky wrote in The Atlantic about a scene in McQueen's adaptation. Shortly after Northup's kidnapping, he is sent on a slave ship. One of the sailors attempts to rape a female slave, but is stopped by a male slave. \"The sailor unhesitatingly stabs and kills [the male slave],\" he wrote, stating that \"this seems unlikely on its face\u00a0\u2013 slaves are valuable, and the sailor is not the owner. And, sure enough, the scene is not in the book.\" Berlatsky also states, \"the sequence is an effort to present nuance and psychological depth\u00a0\u2013 to make the film's depiction of slavery seem more real. But it creates that psychological truth by interpolating an incident that isn't factually true.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0013-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Historical accuracy\nThe visual blog Information is Beautiful deduced that, while taking creative license into account, the film was 88.1% accurate when compared to real-life events, summarizing: \"While there are a touch of dramatic license here and there, the most gut-wrenching scenes really happened\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0014-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Historical accuracy\nForrest Wickman of Slate wrote of Northup's book giving a more favorable account of the author's onetime master, William Ford, than the McQueen film. In Northup's own words, \"There never was a more kind, noble, candid, Christian man than William Ford,\" adding that Ford's circumstances \"blinded [Ford] to the inherent wrong at the bottom of the system of Slavery.\" The movie, however, according to Wickham, \"frequently undermines Ford.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0014-0001", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Historical accuracy\nMcQueen undercuts Christianity itself as well, in an effort to update the ethical lessons from Northup's story for the 21st century, by holding the institutions of Christianity up to the light for their ability to justify slavery at the time. Northup was a Christian of his time, writing of his former master being \"blinded\" by \"circumstances\" that in retrospect meant a racist acceptance of slavery despite being a Christian, a position untenable to Christians now and to Christian abolitionists of the 19th century but not contradictory to Northup himself. Valerie Elverton Dixon in The Washington Post characterized the Christianity depicted in the movie as \"broken\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0015-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Production, Development\nAfter meeting screenwriter John Ridley at a Creative Artists Agency screening of Hunger in 2008, director Steve McQueen got in touch with Ridley about his interest in making a film about \"the slave era in America\" with \"a character that was not obvious in terms of their trade in slavery.\" Developing the idea back and forth, the two did not strike a chord until McQueen's partner, Bianca Stigter, found Solomon Northup's 1853 memoir Twelve Years a Slave. McQueen later told an interviewer:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0016-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Production, Development\nI read this book, and I was totally stunned. At the same time, I was pretty upset with myself that I didn't know this book. I live in Amsterdam where Anne Frank is a national hero, and for me, this book read like Anne Frank's diary but written 97 years before\u00a0\u2013 a firsthand account of slavery. I basically made it my passion to make this book into a film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0017-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Production, Development\nAfter a lengthy development process, during which Brad Pitt's production company Plan B Entertainment backed the project, which eventually helped get financing from various other film studios. The film was officially announced in August 2011 with McQueen to direct and Chiwetel Ejiofor to star as Solomon Northup, a free African-American who was kidnapped and sold into slavery in the Deep South. McQueen compared Ejiofor's conduct \"of class and dignity\" to that of Sidney Poitier and Harry Belafonte. In October 2011, Michael Fassbender (who starred in McQueen's previous films Hunger and Shame) joined the cast. In early 2012, the rest of the roles were cast, and filming was scheduled to begin at the end of June 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0018-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Production, Development\nTo capture the language and dialects of the era and regions in which the film takes place, dialect coach Michael Buster assisted the cast in altering their speech. The language has a literary quality related to the style of writing of the day and the strong influence of the King James Bible. Buster explained:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0019-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Production, Development\nWe don't know what slaves sounded like in the 1840s, so I just used rural samples from Mississippi and Louisiana [for actors Ejiofor and Fassbender]. Then for Benedict [Cumberbatch], I found some real upper-class New Orleanians from the '30s. And then I also worked with Lupita Nyong'o, who is Kenyan but she did her training at Yale. So she really shifted her speech so she could do American speech.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0020-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Production, Development\nAfter both won Oscars at the 86th Academy Awards, it was reported that McQueen and Ridley had been in an ongoing feud over screenplay credit. McQueen reportedly had asked Ridley for shared credit, which he declined. McQueen appealed to Fox Searchlight, which sided with Ridley. Neither thanked the other during their respective acceptance speeches at the event. Since the event, Ridley has noted his regret for not mentioning McQueen and denied the feud. He spoke favorably of working with McQueen, and explained that his sole screenplay credit was due to the rules of the Writers Guild of America. McQueen has not commented on the alleged feud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0021-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Production, Filming\nWith a production budget of $22 million, principal photography began in New Orleans, Louisiana, on June 27, 2012. After seven weeks, filming concluded on August 13, 2012. As a way to keep down production costs, a bulk of the filming took place around the greater New Orleans area\u00a0\u2013 mostly south of the Red River country in the north of the state, where the historic Northup was enslaved. Among locations used were four historic antebellum plantations: Felicity, Bocage, Destrehan, and Magnolia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0021-0001", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Production, Filming\nMagnolia, a plantation in Schriever, Louisiana, is just a few miles from one of the historic sites where Northup was held. \"To know that we were right there in the place where these things occurred was so powerful and emotional,\" said actor Chiwetel Ejiofor. \"That feeling of dancing with ghosts\u00a0\u2013 it's palpable.\" Filming also took place at the Columns Hotel and Madame John's Legacy in the French Quarter of New Orleans for the scenes set in Washington D.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0022-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Production, Filming\nCinematographer Sean Bobbitt, the film's primary camera operator, shot 12 Years a Slave on 35 mm film with a 2.35:1 widescreen aspect ratio using both an Arricam LT and ST. \"Particularly for a period piece, film gives the audience a definite sense of period and quality,\" said Bobbitt. \"And because of the story's epic nature, widescreen clearly made the most sense. Widescreen means a big film, an epic tale\u00a0\u2013 in this case an epic tale of human endurance.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0023-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Production, Filming\nThe filmmakers avoided the desaturated visual style that is typical of a more gritty documentary aesthetic. Deliberately drawing visual comparisons in the filming to the works of Spanish painter Francisco Goya, McQueen explained:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0024-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Production, Filming\nWhen you think about Goya, who painted the most horrendous pictures of violence and torture and so forth, and they're amazing, exquisite paintings, one of the reasons they're such wonderful paintings is because what he's saying is, 'Look\u00a0\u2013 look at this.' So if you paint it badly or put it in the sort of wrong perspective, you draw more attention to what's wrong with the image rather than looking at the image.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0025-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Production, Design\nTo accurately depict the time period of the film, the filmmakers conducted extensive research that included studying artwork from the era. With eight weeks to create the wardrobe, costume designer Patricia Norris collaborated with Western Costume to compile costumes that would illustrate the passage of time while also being historically accurate. Using an earth tone color palette, Norris created nearly 1,000 costumes for the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0025-0001", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Production, Design\n\"She [Norris] took earth samples from all three of the plantations to match the clothes,\" McQueen said, \"and she had the conversation with Sean [Bobbitt] to deal with the character temperature on each plantation, there was a lot of that minute detail.\" The filmmakers also used some pieces of clothing discovered on set that were worn by slaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0026-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Production, Music\nThe musical score to 12 Years a Slave was composed by Hans Zimmer, with original on-screen violin music written and arranged by Nicholas Britell and performed by Tim Fain. The film also features a few pieces of western classical and American folk music such as Franz Schubert's \"Trio in B-flat, D471\" and John and Alan Lomax's arrangement of \"Run, Nigger, Run\". A soundtrack album, Music from and Inspired by 12 Years a Slave, was released digitally on November 5 and received a physical format release on November 11, 2013, by Columbia Records. In addition to Zimmer's score, the album features music inspired by the film by artists such as John Legend, Laura Mvula, Alicia Keys, Chris Cornell, and Alabama Shakes. Legend's cover of \"Roll, Jordan, Roll\" debuted online three weeks prior to the soundtrack's release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0027-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Release, Initial screenings\n12 Years a Slave premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on August 30, 2013; it was later screened at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival on September 6, the New York Film Festival on October 8, the New Orleans Film Festival on October 10, and the Philadelphia Film Festival on October 19. On November 15, 2011, Summit Entertainment announced it had secured a deal to distribute 12 Years a Slave to international markets. In April 2012, a few weeks before principal photography, New Regency Productions agreed to co-finance the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0027-0001", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Release, Initial screenings\nBecause of a distribution pact between 20th Century Fox and New Regency, Fox Searchlight Pictures acquired the film's United States distribution rights. However, instead of paying for the distribution rights, Fox Searchlight made a deal in which it would share box-office proceeds with the financiers of the independently financed film. 12 Years a Slave was commercially released on October 18, 2013 in the United States for a limited release of 19 theaters, with a wide release in subsequent weeks. The film was initially scheduled to be released in late December 2013, but \"some exuberant test screenings\" led to the decision to move up the release date. The film was distributed by Entertainment One in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0028-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Release, Marketing\nDue to both the film's explicit nature and award contender status, 12 Years a Slave's financial success was being watched closely. Many analysts compared the film's content to other drama films of a similar vein such as Schindler's List (1993) and The Passion of the Christ (2004), which became box office successes despite their respective subject matters. \"It may be a tough subject matter, but when handled well\u00a0... films that are tough to sit through can still be commercially successful,\" said Phil Contrino of Boxoffice Magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0028-0001", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Release, Marketing\nDespite its content, the film's critical success has assisted its domestic distribution by Fox Searchlight that began with a limited release aimed primarily towards art house and African-American patrons. The film's release was gradually widened in subsequent weeks, similarly to how the studio had successfully done in years prior with films such as Black Swan and The Descendants. International release dates for 12 Years a Slave were largely delayed to early 2014 in order to take advantage of the attention created by awards seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0029-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Release, Marketing\nDuring its marketing campaign, 12 Years a Slave received unpaid endorsements by celebrities such as Kanye West and P. Diddy. In a video posted by Revolt, Combs urged viewers to see 12 Years a Slave by stating: \"This movie is very painful but very honest, and is a part of the healing process. I beg all of you to take your kids, everybody to see it. ... You have to see this so you can understand, so you can just start to understand.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0030-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Release, Home media\nFollowing its cinematic release in theaters, the Region 1 Code widescreen edition of the film was released on DVD in the United States on March 4, 2014. Special features for the DVD include; a Closed Caption option, The Team \u2013 Meet the Creative Minds Assembled by Director Steve McQueen and Bring Solomon Northup's Journey to Life bonus selection, and The Score \u2013 Follow Film Composer Hans Zimmer Creating His Dramatic Score feature. In supplemental fashion, a widescreen hi-definition Blu-ray Disc version of the film was also released on the same day. Special features include; a historical portrait from Director Steve McQueen's documentary feature, cast and crew interviews, The Team special feature, and The Score selection. An additional viewing option for the film in the media format of Video on demand has been made available as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0031-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Reception, Box office\n12 Years a Slave earned $187.7\u00a0million, including $56.7\u00a0million in the United States. During its opening limited release in the United States, 12 Years a Slave debuted with a weekend total of $923,715 on 19 screens for a $48,617 per-screen average. The following weekend, the film entered the top ten after expanding to 123 theatres and grossing an additional $2.1\u00a0million. It continued to improve into its third weekend, grossing $4.6\u00a0million at 410 locations. The film release was expanded to over 1,100 locations on November 8, 2013. In 2014, 12 Years a Slave was the 10th most-illegally downloaded movie, with 23.653\u00a0million such downloads, according to Variety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0032-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Reception, Critical response\nFilm review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 95% of critics gave the film a positive rating, based on 373 reviews, with an average score of 8.90/10. The site's consensus states, \"It's far from comfortable viewing, but 12 Years a Slave's unflinchingly brutal look at American slavery is also brilliant \u2013 and quite possibly essential \u2013 cinema.\" Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 96 out of 100 based on 57 reviews from mainstream critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\". It is currently one of the site's highest-rated films, as well as the best-reviewed film of 2013. CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film an \"A\" grade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0033-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Reception, Critical response\nRichard Corliss of TIME wrote: \"McQueen's film is closer in its storytelling particulars to such 1970s exploitation-expos\u00e9s of slavery as Mandingo and Goodbye, Uncle Tom. Except that McQueen is not a schlockmeister sensationalist but a remorseless artist\". Corliss draws parallels with Nazi Germany, saying, \"McQueen shows that racism, aside from its barbarous inhumanity, is insanely inefficient. It can be argued that Nazi Germany lost the war both because it diverted so much manpower to the killing of Jews and because it did not exploit the brilliance of Jewish scientists in building smarter weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0033-0001", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Reception, Critical response\nSo the slave owners dilute the energy of their slaves by whipping them for sadistic sport and, as Epps does, waking them at night to dance for his wife's cruel pleasure.\" Gregory Ellwood of HitFix gave the film an \"A-\" rating, stating, \"12 Years is a powerful drama driven by McQueen's bold direction and the finest performance of Chiwetel Ejiofor's career.\" He continued by praising the performances of Fassbender and Nyong'o, citing Nyong'o as \"the film's breakthrough performance [that] may find Nyong'o making her way to the Dolby Theater next March\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0033-0002", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Reception, Critical response\nHe also admired the film's \"gorgeous\" cinematography and the musical score, as \"one of Hans Zimmer's more moving scores in some time\". Paul MacInnes of The Guardian scored the film five out of five stars, writing, \"Stark, visceral and unrelenting, 12 Years a Slave is not just a great film but a necessary one.\" The Guardian's Andrew Pulver said, in 2017, that 12 Years a Slave is \"one of the most important films about the African-American experience ever\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0034-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Reception, Critical response\nOwen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly praised it as \"a new movie landmark of cruelty and transcendence\" and as \"a movie about a life that gets taken away, and that's why it lets us touch what life is\". He also commented very positively about Ejiofor's performance, while further stating, \"12 Years a Slave lets us stare at the primal sin of America with open eyes, and at moments it is hard to watch, yet it's a movie of such humanity and grace that at every moment, you feel you're seeing something essential.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0034-0001", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Reception, Critical response\nIt is Chiwetel Ejiofor's extraordinary performance that holds the movie together, and that allows us to watch it without blinking. He plays Solomon with a powerful inner strength, yet he never soft-pedals the silent nightmare that is Solomon's daily existence.\" Peter Travers of Rolling Stone, gave the film a four-star rating and said: \"you won't be able to tuck this powder keg in the corner of your mind and forget it. What we have here is a blistering, brilliant, straight-up classic.\" He later named the film the best movie of 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0035-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Reception, Critical response\nManohla Dargis wrote, in her review for The New York Times, \"the genius of 12 Years a Slave is its insistence on banal evil, and on terror, that seeped into souls, bound bodies and reaped an enduring, terrible price\". The Daily Telegraph's Tim Robey granted the film a maximum score of five stars, stating that \"it's the nobility of this remarkable film that pierces the soul\", while praising Ejiofor and Nyong'o's performances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0035-0001", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Reception, Critical response\nTina Hassannia of Slant Magazine said that \"using his signature visual composition and deafening sound design, Steve McQueen portrays the harrowing realism of Northup's experience and the complicated relationships between master and slave, master and master, slave and slave, and so on\". David Simon, the creator of the TV series The Wire, highly praised the movie, commenting that \"it marks the first time in history that our entertainment industry, albeit with international creative input, has managed to stare directly at slavery and maintain that gaze\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0036-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Reception, Critical response\nThe film, however, was not without its criticisms. Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice was more critical of the film. While praising Ejiofor's work, she stated: \"It's a picture that stays more than a few safe steps away from anything so dangerous as raw feeling. Even when it depicts inhuman cruelty, as it often does, it never compromises its aesthetic purity.\" Peter Malamud Smith of Slate criticized the story, saying, \"12 Years a Slave is constructed as a story of a man trying to return to his family, offering every viewer a way into empathizing with its protagonist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0036-0001", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Reception, Critical response\nMaybe we need a story framed on that individual scale in order to understand it. But it has a distorting effect all the same. We're more invested in one hero than in millions of victims; if we're forced to imagine ourselves enslaved, we want to imagine ourselves as Northup, a special person who miraculously escaped the system that attempted to crush him.\" Describing this as \"the hero problem\", Malamud Smith concluded his review explaining, \"We can handle 12 Years a Slave. But don't expect 60 Years a Slave any time soon. And 200 Years, Millions of Slaves? Forget about it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0036-0002", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Reception, Critical response\nIgnatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club opined that McQueen is \"essentially tone-deaf when it comes to performance, and skirts by on casting\". The film \"lacks a necessary emotional continuity. I don't think it's something the movie is denying in the way it intentionally denies so many other conventions; it's still structured around an ending that's supposed to function as a release, but because it can't organize that sense of catharsis it so badly needs, it just feels as though McQueen is scurrying for an exit. Also: The cast is wildly uneven.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0037-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Reception, Critical response\nSome critics identified 12 Years a Slave as an example of the white savior narrative in film. Timothy Sneed said in U.S. News & World Report the year after the film was released, \"Doubts still lingered about its ability to truly bring about a newfound racial consciousness among a national, mainstream audience\u00a0... The film also was a period piece that featured a happy ending ushered in by a 'white savior' in the form of Brad Pitt's character.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0037-0001", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Reception, Critical response\nAt The Guardian, black Canadian author Orville Lloyd Douglas said he would not be seeing 12 Years a Slave, explaining: \"I'm convinced these black race films are created for a white, liberal film audience to engender white guilt and make them feel bad about themselves. Regardless of your race, these films are unlikely to teach you anything you don't already know.\" A Black writer Michael Arceneaux wrote a rebuttal essay \"We Don't Need To Get Over Slavery... Or Movies About Slavery\". Arceneaux criticized Douglas for being ignorant and having an apathetic attitude towards black Americans and slavery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008132-0038-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (film), Reception, Accolades\n12 Years a Slave has received numerous awards and nominations. It earned three Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Supporting Actress. It won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama. The film also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film, while Ejiofor received the Best Actor award. In addition, the motion picture has been named as one of the best films of 2013 by various ongoing critics, appearing on 100 critics' top-ten lists in which 25 had the film in their number-one spot. This is both the most of any film released in its production year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008133-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (score)\n12 Years a Slave is the original soundtrack album to the 2013 film 12 Years a Slave starring Chiwetel Ejiofor, Michael Fassbender, Benedict Cumberbatch, Paul Dano, and Lupita Nyong'o. The record contains twenty-one tracks from the original film score written and composed by Hans Zimmer. Despite its limited release, critical acclaim has been given to the score from the film industry. The score was nominated for the 2013 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, and won the 2013 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association award for Best Score.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008133-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (score), Composition\nHaving been interested in each other's work for some time, director Steve McQueen approached composer Hans Zimmer to write the score to 12 Years a Slave after filming had completed, explaining, \"We had a mysterious conversation a couple of years back where [McQueen] told me he was working on something and asked me if I was even remotely interested in working with him,\" says Zimmer. Zimmer, however, expressed reluctance to accept the offer feeling he wasn't the right person for the job. Zimmer explained, \"I felt I wasn't the guy, in a way. It was such an important, heavy, incredible subject. [ ...] It took a bit of persuading from [McQueen] to give me the confidence to do it\". On April 30, 2013, it was officially announced that Zimmer was scoring the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008133-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (score), Development\nDirector Steve McQueen liked the mood of Zimmer's music from The Thin Red Line, which itself became a starting point for discussion and development regarding the mood for 12 Years a Slave. McQueen explained, \"He was my refuge when I was in L.A. The first two meetings were about five hours each. Then I think we had three two-hour conversations on the phone. And not a musical note was played. After that, [Zimmer] said, 'I think I've got something.' Somehow, through the talking, he captured the atmosphere of the film.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008133-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (score), Development\nMuch of the movie is scored with the same four-note theme, which Zimmer adapted according to the scene's mood and emotion. For the score of 12 Years a Slave, Zimmer conceded, \"It's basically a cello and violin score. I wanted to be the secret little bridge that would take the story from the past and move it into the present.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008133-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (score), Development\nCellist Tristan Schulze and violinist Ann Marie Calhoun performed on the score in addition to more strings and occasional percussion involved throughout the process. \"It was not just getting inside the characters,\" Zimmer said, \"it was getting outside the characters and finding a bridge to the audience.\" Much of the 38-minute score \"creates a stillness, or a tension through the stillness, using very minimal means,\" he added, although the riverboat ride offers a briefly avant-garde musical contrast, including woodwinds and an unusual use of piano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008133-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (score), Development\nThe original score was released by Fox Searchlight as part of the For Your Consideration campaign aimed towards members of awards voting groups such as that of the Academy Awards, and the Hollywood Foreign Press of the Golden Globes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008133-0006-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (score), Reception, Immediate reception\nThe score was widely admired and thought of as a contender for the Academy Award for Best Original Score at the 86th Academy Awards. Yet, the score failed to receive a nomination for the 86th Academy Awards. However, the film did receive a nomination for the 2013 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, as well as a win for the 2013 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Score.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008133-0007-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (score), Reception, Critical reception\nChristopher Orr of The Atlantic praised the score most highly stating, \"the score by Hans Zimmer represents his best work in years, an eerie, discomfiting soundscape that buzzes like angry locusts and drums like approaching thunder.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008133-0007-0001", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (score), Reception, Critical reception\nMark Kermode of The Observer highlights the significance of music in the piece writing, \"More significant still is the role of music (composer Hans Zimmer earned one of the film's 10 Bafta nominations this week), with McQueen building upon the experiments of Shame to explore further the dramatic depths of song\"  Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine praised the score and said \"The film's immaculate score, by Hans Zimmer, and sound design, so thick with thunder, wind, the chirping of crickets, hammers beating nails into wood, whips tearing black bodies to shreds, work in tandem to strongly convey the bucolic, sinister atmosphere of the antebellum South.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008133-0008-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (score), Reception, Critical reception\nGregory Ellwood of HitFix called it \"one of Hans Zimmer's more moving scores in some time\"  Brad Brevet of Rope of Silicon also praised the score in stating, \"The best score in a movie I have heard this year has been Hans Zimmer's for 12 Years a Slave.\" and further stating \"It's lovely and threatening at the same time.\" A.A. Dowd of The A.V. Club wrote of Zimmer's score, \"pounds and roars with dread \u2014 the appropriate soundtrack for the madness of history.\" Mark Hughes of Forbes hails the piece as \"some of [Zimmer's] best work to date, which says quite a lot\" and further expands by expressing \"I love the way he uses nontraditional effects and sounds, sometimes going bare-bones and simple with a single instrument, so often understated to perfection.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008133-0009-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (score), Reception, Critical reception\nSusan Wloszczyna of RogerEbert.com stated \"Underscoring the cruelty is the aptly unsettling and sometimes discordant soundtrack by Hans Zimmer\", noting similarities with Zimmer's predescending score for Inception whilst acknowledging differentiation in \"reminiscent of his own strong work on \"Inception\" but to much different effect\". Glenn Kay of CinemaStance wrote positively by stating, \"the score by Hans Zimmer is sparse and repetitive, but incredibly effective at invoking an emotional response when it's used.\" Drew McWeeny of HitFix highly praised the score and said, \"The score by Hans Zimmer is just as heart-breaking as the script or the performances.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008133-0010-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (score), Reception, Critical reception\nNicholas Mennuti of Mulholland Books highly praised the score, calling it one of the best film scores of 2013, stating, \"His [Zimmer] work on 12 Years A Slave comes as such a pleasant surprise\" and then adding, \"Zimmer does what Zimmer does best \u2013 he finds the sonic heart of Solomon Northrop ... Try not to be moved by it.\" Josh Hall of Soton Tab professed of the score, \"Another impressive element of 12 Years a Slave is Hans Zimmer's haunting score; it closely accompanies the distressing tragedies on the screen.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008133-0010-0001", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (score), Reception, Critical reception\nand added to it further by signifying the importance of music, \"Music is a key element of the film; it is ironic that it is Solomon's musical talents that get him captured in the first place.\" Richard Lawson of The Wire praised the mood of Zimmer's piece by saying, \"Hans Zimmer's lush score is at first eerie and foreboding, but by the movie's end has become something approaching a hymn.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008134-0000-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (soundtrack)\nMusic from and Inspired by 12 Years a Slave is the soundtrack album to 12 Years a Slave. It contains two tracks from the film score composed by Hans Zimmer, three tracks co-arranged by violinist Tim Fain and Nicholas Britell, and original spiritual songs written and arranged for the film by Nicholas Britell, as well as performances by Alabama Shakes, Cody ChesnuTT, Gary Clark Jr.,  Alicia Keys, Tim Fain, Laura Mvula, Chris Cornell, Joy Williams, John Legend, and spiritual song performances from the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008134-0001-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (soundtrack)\nThe album was released digitally on November 5 and in physical formats on November 11, 2013 by Columbia Records in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008134-0002-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (soundtrack), Development\nHaving been interested in each other's work for some time, director Steve McQueen approached composer Hans Zimmer to write the score to 12 Years a Slave after filming had completed. Zimmer was, however, reluctant to accept the offer feeling he wasn't right for the job. Zimmer explained, \"I felt I wasn't the guy, in a way. It was such an important, heavy, incredible subject. [ ...] It took a bit of persuading from [McQueen] to give me the confidence to do it\". On April 30, 2013, it was officially announced that Zimmer was scoring the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008134-0003-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (soundtrack), Commentary\n12 Years a Slave is a stunningly powerful film. I was so moved when I saw it. I felt every minute of it and was so inspired to contribute to the music of the soundtrack. This album brings together some incredible artists from different places and different genres who have all been touched by the film. When artists are inspired by great art, it makes us want to create. This album is the result of that inspiration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008134-0004-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (soundtrack), Commentary\nWe chose a song called \"Driva Man\". It is a sparse, brooding, slow-swinging jazz number. There is no lightness in the music of \"Driva' Man\" because there is no mention of freedom in this song. The focus of the track is about an enslaved person reaching \"quittin' time\" while also trying to please the overseer to avoid getting beaten. After we watched 12 Years a Slave in our hometown of Athens, Alabama, we stumbled across this song a week later. It is a very simple song which is why we chose it to contribute to the soundtrack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008134-0004-0001", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (soundtrack), Commentary\nThe two works, for a moment, take the audience into another time and place where you can imagine being denied your freedom: after which, one's own freedom can be better appreciated. 12 Years is one of the most important films we have ever seen and it is important to us to give back some of what the movie has given to us.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008134-0005-0000", "contents": "12 Years a Slave (soundtrack), Commentary\nI was moved by this film and the story in a way that transcends any film experience I have ever had. I was inspired to write a hundred different songs, but finally landed on one based on what I believe is an extremely important message I took from this man's journey. Compassion, basic human rights and love must be our priorities above race, religion or commerce. Every generation needs a reminder of that simple idea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008135-0000-0000", "contents": "12 and Holding\n12 and Holding is a 2005 American coming-of-age drama film directed by Michael Cuesta and starring Conor Donovan, Jesse Camacho, Zoe Weizenbaum, and Jeremy Renner. The film is distributed by IFC Films and was released on May 19, 2006 in limited theaters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008135-0001-0000", "contents": "12 and Holding, Plot\nThe film explores adolescent issues through the minds of three friends and their reactions after a boy named Rudy Carges (Conor Donovan) is killed in a tree house set on fire by teenage bullies Jeff and Kenny, who carelessly didn't find out he was inside until too late. Rudy's twin brother Jacob, a boy with a huge birthmark (also played by Donovan), decides to seek revenge against the bullies. Leonard (Jesse Camacho) who's overweight, survives the tree house fire but loses his sense of taste and smell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008135-0001-0001", "contents": "12 and Holding, Plot\nLeonard is prompted by his gym teacher to go on a diet, which isn't welcomed by his obese family. The boys' female friend Malee (Zoe Weizenbaum) tries to befriend an adult named Gus (Jeremy Renner), a grief-stricken patient of her therapist mother, Carla (Annabella Sciorra). Jacob's family falls apart after the death of his brother, but soon after they adopt a boy named Keith Gardner. Meanwhile, Malee begins to have a crush on Gus and changes the song for her recital to one Gus liked. As time goes by, she sees Gus as her \"soul mate\". She sneaks into his house one night to find him grieving. Afraid to confront him, Malee steals his gun and leaves. She gives the gun to Jacob the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008135-0002-0000", "contents": "12 and Holding, Plot\nJacob's mother gets furious when she finds out Jeff and Kenny are being put in juvenile hall for only one year, while Jacob's father views Rudy's death as an accident. Jacob spends the next few months visiting Jeff and Kenny, and threatens them, until eventually Jeff commits suicide. Jacob befriends Kenny, soon learning he has an early release and is illegally moving to New Mexico. Meanwhile, Leonard's father decides to take his sisters to Florida instead of Leonard (who would usually go). Leonard decides to force his mother to lose weight by trapping her in the cellar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008135-0002-0001", "contents": "12 and Holding, Plot\nThey both end up in the hospital after a gas leak in their home. Next, Jacob and Kenny agree that Jacob can go with him to New Mexico. Malee visits Gus and removes her clothes in an attempt to seduce him. Instead, Gus calls Malee's mother to come and pick her up. The next day, Gus explains to therapist Carla about the last fire he ever fought (which involved killing an injured little girl, upon the girl's request), claiming that Malee wanted him to take her pain away, as he was aware of her growing crush on him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008135-0003-0000", "contents": "12 and Holding, Plot\nMeanwhile, Jacob's mother tells him that Keith Gardner wasn't adopted to replace Rudy, and that she wants Kenny dead, which reminds Jacob of his planned revenge. The night of escape for Jacob finally comes and he meets up with Kenny. Jacob insists on going through a construction site which he says is a secret route. Once there, Jacob points Gus's gun at Kenny, and tells him \"you killed him\" before shooting him dead. Jacob buries the body and leaves. He returns in the daytime, and sees Gus spreading cement above Kenny's grave, knowing the evidence is gone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008135-0004-0000", "contents": "12 and Holding, Plot\nMalee begins visiting her estranged father and Leonard's family finally starts eating healthily. Jacob returns home without telling anyone what he did.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008135-0005-0000", "contents": "12 and Holding, Reception\n12 and Holding received generally positive reviews from critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 73% approval rating, based on 78 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's consensus reads, \"This shocking pre-teen drama manages, through realistic performances and a sense of empathy, to avoid exploitation and instead deliver something honest and haunting.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008136-0000-0000", "contents": "12 and a Half Angry Men\n\"12 and a Half Angry Men\" is the sixteenth episode of the eleventh season and the 204th overall episode of the animated comedy series Family Guy. It aired on Fox in the United States on March 24, 2013, and is written by Ted Jessup and directed by Pete Michels. In the episode, Mayor Adam West is brought on trial for murder. Brian Griffin is on the jury and tries to clear his name. The episode was inspired by the 1957 film classic 12 Angry Men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008136-0001-0000", "contents": "12 and a Half Angry Men, Plot\nWhen an aide to Mayor Adam West is found stabbed to death, evidence that the victim attempted to blackmail the Mayor suggests the Mayor as a suspect, and he is put on trial for murder. The jury selected for the trial consists of Peter, Brian, Quagmire, Mort Goldman, Tom Tucker, Herbert, Carter, Dr. Hartman, Seamus, Bruce, Carl, and Consuela. Brian is the only one voting \"not guilty\" and he tries to persuade his fellow jurors that there is a reasonable doubt of the Mayor's guilt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008136-0001-0001", "contents": "12 and a Half Angry Men, Plot\nHis insistence frustrates the others who do not trust the Mayor because he is a politician. Brian's examination of the evidence leads him to notice the paper on which the blackmail note was written matches a love letter he received from Quagmire's transgender father after they had sex. Since the paper was from the Marriot, and not from the Mayor's office to which the victim had access, Brian implied this means Mayor West was framed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008136-0001-0002", "contents": "12 and a Half Angry Men, Plot\nBrian agrees that if no one is convinced of the possibility of the Mayor's innocence then he will change his vote, but the vote comes up with an agreement from Herbert that there is a chance of innocence. The other jurors just want to go home. Bruce calls for a break and Quagmire berates Brian for not going along when he had the chance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008136-0002-0000", "contents": "12 and a Half Angry Men, Plot\nBack in the jury room, Brian questions the witness's testimony of seeing the crime during an orgy. Quagmire tries to prove that it could really happen but finds that Brian may be on to something when his demonstration proves that the witness's position could not have allowed her to look out a window during the orgy, admitting that Brian was right. The jury finds itself deadlocked at 6-6 and Tom Tucker still holds out for a guilty verdict, due to being a bigot towards people without mustaches, until Dr. Hartman convinces him otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008136-0002-0001", "contents": "12 and a Half Angry Men, Plot\nPeter changes his vote after he finds out what \"guilty\" means. Later, with Carter as the lone holdout for a guilty verdict, Brian challenges his thought until Carter reveals that he felt betrayed by the Mayor, for he always endorsed West yet was not allowed to sink most of Quahog in order to further his real estate developing plans. Carter breaks down into tears and gives in on his guilty vote. Acquitted of the crime, Mayor West resumes his duties. Back at the Griffin home, Stewie is unsatisfied that they merely proved Mayor West was innocent; he reveals that more murders have occurred, proving that a maniac is still on the loose. The lights go out, prompting Stewie to say, \"And we're dead.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008136-0003-0000", "contents": "12 and a Half Angry Men, Reception\nThe episode received a 2.6 rating in the 18-49 demographic and was watched by a total of 5.16 million viewers. This made it the most watched show on Fox's Animation Domination line-up that night, beating The Simpsons, Bob's Burgers and The Cleveland Show. The episode was met with mixed reviews from critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008136-0003-0001", "contents": "12 and a Half Angry Men, Reception\nKevin McFarland of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B\u2013, saying \"Every beat of the 12 Angry Men homage shows up exactly when it should, but that reliability doesn't come off as lazy, since at least some work has to go into creating all the little twists, and whoever's responsible for Quagmire's orgy recreation certainly had a bit of time on their hands.\" Mark Trammell of TV Equals wrote, \"I don't know if I can truthfully say that '12 and a Half Angry Men' worked entirely, but it wasn't an embarrassment, either, I suppose. As those of you who got the allusion from the title already know, the main plot line was taken from the classic Twelve Angry Men, a stage play that later became the source for several movies.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008137-0000-0000", "contents": "12 bis\n12 bis is a French publisher. The company publishes predominantly bande dessin\u00e9e comic books and manga in France. It was founded in 2008 by Dominique Burdot, formerly of Gl\u00e9nat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008137-0001-0000", "contents": "12 bis\nThe publisher has undertaken reprinting of previously successful works by Fran\u00e7ois Bourgeon, Les Passagers du vent (the Passengers of the Wind) and Le Cycle de Cyann (The Cycle of Cyann). The company also publishes the comic book satire concerning American wine critic Robert M. Parker, Jr., Robert Parker: Les Sept P\u00each\u00e9s capiteux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008138-0000-0000", "contents": "12 canciones de Garc\u00eda Lorca para guitarra\n12 canciones de Garc\u00eda Lorca para guitarra (12 Songs by Garc\u00eda Lorca for Guitar) is an album by Paco de Luc\u00eda and Ricardo Modrego. It is the second of three collaboration albums between the duo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008138-0001-0000", "contents": "12 canciones de Garc\u00eda Lorca para guitarra, Musicians\nPaco de Luc\u00eda\u00a0\u2013 Flamenco guitarRicardo Modrego\u00a0\u2013 Flamenco guitar", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008139-0000-0000", "contents": "12 chansons d'avant le d\u00e9luge\n12 chansons d'avant le d\u00e9luge is the second album by experimental French singer Brigitte Fontaine, and the first by French rock singer Jacques Higelin, released in 1966 on the Productions Jacques Canetti label. It was their only real release on the label, they would go on to release a few more singles that would be collected on the 15 chansons d'avant le d\u00e9luge, suite et fin album in 1976, before moving to the Saravah label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008140-0000-0000", "contents": "12 cm 11th Year Type naval gun\nThe 12\u00a0cm 11th Year Type naval gun was a Japanese naval gun and coast defense gun used on submarines, minesweepers, and torpedo boats of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008140-0001-0000", "contents": "12 cm 11th Year Type naval gun, Design\nThe 12\u00a0cm 11th Year Type was a 1922 redesign of the earlier 12\u00a0cm/45 3rd Year Type naval gun. The 11th Year Type was a typical built-up gun the period with a central rifled tube surrounded by layers of reinforcing tubes. There may have also been an autofretted mono-block barreled version of the same gun. Estimates on the length of the barrel range between 40 and 45 calibers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008140-0001-0001", "contents": "12 cm 11th Year Type naval gun, Design\nThe 11th Year Type barrel rested in a ring cradle on a pedestal mount and had a hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism that consisted of one recoil cylinder below the barrel and two on top. The 11th Year Type differed from the earlier 3rd Year Type because it had a horizontal sliding-block breech and fired separate loading cased charges and projectiles while the earlier gun fired separate loading bagged charges and projectiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008140-0001-0002", "contents": "12 cm 11th Year Type naval gun, Design\nThe 11th Year Type was used on smaller naval vessels and submarines possibly because a cased charge was easier to load and wasn't as susceptible to water damage on wet decks. The 11th Year Type had a wider range of elevation and traverse than the 3rd Year Type but with a maximum elevation of +55\u00b0, it wasn't really a dual-purpose gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0000-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A.\nThe 12 cm K.A. was a Dutch fortress, siege and naval rifled bronze breechloading gun. In the Dutch army it was called Kanon Brons getrokken van 12 cm K.A.. In the Dutch navy: Kanon van 12 cm A No. 2 . It was produced in substantial numbers in the Netherlands. There were also steel and steel bronze versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0001-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Context, The name 12\u00a0cm K.A.\nThe army most often designated this gun as: 'Kanon van 12\u00a0cm K.A.'. It was a short bronze breechloading gun meant for indirect fire. K.A. stood for Kort (short) and Achterlader (breechloader). That the gun was made of bronze, was not mentioned, because all army short 12\u00a0cm breechloaders were made of bronze. The label 'short' stood for the relatively short barrel, but also that the gun was meant for indirect fire. In the army, there were also Long 12\u00a0cm guns, designated L. or Lang. These also carried a label 'bronze' or 'steel'. The navy also had a steel version of the 12\u00a0cm K.A., but kept them apart by using numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0002-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Context, Procurement\nIn early 1870 the Dutch field artillery was very backward. In March 1871 the Minister for Defense therefore sent two artillery officers to Switzerland to study a new bronze breech loading field gun of 84\u00a0mm caliber. These officers bought a gun (the 8.4 cm Feldgesch\u00fctz Ord 1871) and 500 shot in Winterthur. In early 1872 the gun arrived and was successfully tested against the Dutch 8\u00a0cm rifled muzzle loader. Judging by its appearance the 12\u00a0cm A No. 2 gun seems to have been modeled on the 8.4\u00a0cm gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0003-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Development and production, Development of the 12 cm K.A.\nThe 12\u00a0cm gun appeared rather unexpectedly. In 1872 the Minister for War was busy modernizing the rifles. For artillery he had a 24\u00a0cm gun in production, and he planned to construct 25 15\u00a0cm guns in 1873. The only mention of a 12\u00a0cm gun, was that it would cost about 3,000 guilders. The House of Representatives then urged the minister to procure breechloader field guns. In July 1873 the minister of Defense then suddenly approved the 12\u00a0cm gun short.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 69], "content_span": [70, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0004-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Development and production, Steel Bronze\nWhile the ministry was planning the bronze breechloaders, there were heavy doubts about the suitability of bronze for guns of medium caliber. In 1874 the Austrian army then held successful trials with a new gun invented by Franz von Uchatius. Uchatius had discovered steel bronze (staalhard brons). It was an alloy of 92% copper and 8% tin, which was made tougher by chilling and pressing it. Chilling was done by casting the bronze in an iron form which quickly chilled of the bronze. Later the gun was 'pressed' to eliminate the widening that would normally be created by firing the first shots. For the Dutch, concerns about cost and strategic vulnerability, were reason enough to switch to producing steel bronze guns according to this procedure in about 1880.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 52], "content_span": [53, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0005-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Development and production, Production for the army\nIn 1871 the gun foundry Maritz Company in The Hague came under control of the War Office. It would then become known as Rijks Geschutgieterij (national gun foundry). This state company would have to produce the bulk of the 12\u00a0cm K.A. 's In September 1873 there were plans to produce 20  12\u00a0cm K.A. for the army in 1874, while 400 were thought to be required. In December 1873 it became known that this was due to a capacity problem at the Rijks Geschutgieterij.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0006-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Development and production, Production for the army\nIn 1874 the army requirements for the 12 cm K.A. were estimated at 465 guns, excluding those for the Stelling van Amsterdam. At the same time 210 long 12\u00a0cm guns were deemed to be required. It was planned to produce 150 12\u00a0cm K.A. in 1875. Planning for 1876 was to produce 100 12\u00a0cm K.A. at 3,825 guilders a piece. On 1 January 1880 there were 379 army 12\u00a0cm K.A. available, while 526 were thought to be required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0007-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Development and production, Production for the army\nBy late 1879 the Rijks Geschutgieterij had been equipped to produce steel bronze guns. By then, the bronze 12\u00a0cm K.A. was not a priority. Instead an attempt was made to produce a steel bronze 84\u00a0mm field gun, which was urgently required. When this failed these guns were bought from Krupp. The Rijks Geschutgieterij then spent the rest of 1880 casting 60 steel bronze 12\u00a0cm Long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0008-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Development and production, Production for the navy\nIn 1876 there was a list of newly approved guns for the Dutch navy. It stated that there were / would be three kinds of 12\u00a0cm short guns in the navy:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0009-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Development and production, Production for the navy\nUntil late 1875 the Rijks Geschutgieterij had cast bronze guns for the navy. The navy then founded it own gun foundry at Rijkswerf Amsterdam, because the Minister for War did not want to produce guns for the navy due to capacity problems. In June 1877 the navy gun foundry started to operate. It cast guns designated as No. 2 . This casts some doubt about whether the Koninklijke Fabriek van Stoom- en andere werktuigen really finished guns founded by Rijks Geschutgieterij, or whether this applied to guns cast in Amsterdam from the start. In total about 43 regular 12\u00a0cm K.A. No. 2 were cast by the Rijkswerf, and 58 steel hard 12\u00a0cm K.A. No. 2 were cast by the Rijkswerf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0010-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Development and production, Production for the navy\nThe production history of the 12 cm K.A. No. 2 at the Rijkswerf is well known. By 31 December 1877 19 barrels for the 12 cm K.A. No. 2 had been produced. In 1878 24 guns were cast. In 1879 no 12 cm guns were cast. In 1880 17 guns were cast. This time the guns were made of steel bronze. In 1881 9 guns were cast. In 1882 13 guns were cast. In 1883 4 guns were cast, but one of the guns from stock was rejected before getting finished. In 1884 7 guns were cast. In 1885 6 guns were cast. In 1886 only one 12 cm gun was cast. In 1889 the two last 12\u00a0cm K.A. No. 2 were cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0011-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Characteristics\nThe 12\u00a0cm gun was made of bronze. It had a breech with a Broadwell Ring. The barrel had twelve grooves of 0.15\u00a0cm depth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0012-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Characteristics\nThe gun was 2.10 m long, and weighed 910\u00a0kg. The first carriage had been made from that of the 15\u00a0cm howitzer, and weighed 635\u00a0kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0013-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Ammunition\nThe first ammunition consisted of ring shells (grenades) and cannister shot. The grenade was covered with lead on the outside. It had three grooves wound with rope, to keep the barrel clean. The explosive charge was 0.59-0.60\u00a0kg. The weight of the filled grenade was 13.6\u00a0kg. It was ignited by a percussion fuze of Swiss model. The grenade was fired with a charge of 0.5 or 1.1\u00a0kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0014-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Ammunition\nThe cannister shot had a sheet metal hull. It was 21.5\u00a0cm long and weighed 11.5\u00a0kg. On 11.4\u00a0cm from the bottom it had a lead ring to position it in the tube. It contained 41 zinc bullets of 12\u00a0cm (prob. meaning circumference), each weighing 0.180\u00a0kg, and 9 composite shrapnel bullets of 1/8 each weighing 0.048\u00a0kg. The cannister shot with a charge of 1.1\u00a0kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0015-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Ammunition\nIn 1875 a shrapnel shot was designed. It had a side of 8\u00a0mm thickness, the bottom was 16\u00a0mm thick. It contained 144 lead bullets of 1/18 and 116 wooden bullets. The explosive charge was 90\u00a0grams. It weighed 13.6\u00a0kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0016-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Use, Effectiveness\nEven while the first 12\u00a0cm K.A. were produced, it became clear that bronze was less suitable for guns that required a heavier powder charge. Therefore the government wanted to order a coiled steel 15\u00a0cm gun and a coiled steel 12\u00a0cm long gun in 1875 for tests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0017-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Use, Army use\nThe 12\u00a0cm K.A. would be almost immediately put to use in the 1873 Second Aceh Expedition. In preparation 4 machine guns, 18 bronze RML's of 12\u00a0cm, and 8 12\u00a0cm K.A. were sent to the Dutch East Indies. During the expedition the 12\u00a0cm K.A. played a major role in the conquest of Banda Aceh, where it easily silenced the Aceh artillery. By 1879 the 12\u00a0cm K.A. was not so modern anymore. While it was still appreciated, the power of the 12\u00a0cm K.A. was classified as rather weak, and only suitably at short range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0018-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Use, Navy use\nIn total the navy had 189 12 cm K.A. of all numbers in stock on 1 July 1886. Of some ships it is known that they had either the 12 cm A No. 2 or the steel 12 cm A No. 1. In general the 12 cm A No. 2 was used by ships in the Dutch East Indies that were meant for internal security. Ships that were meant to combat foreign enemies, e.g. the Atjeh-class cruisers generally mounted the steel version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0019-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Gallery\nDrawing of carriage for Dutch 12 cm rifled bronze breechloader on flat keel barge (uitlegger).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0020-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Gallery\nDrawing of Dutch breechloader 12 cm K.A. on siege carriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008141-0021-0000", "contents": "12 cm K.A., Gallery\nDrawing of Dutch 12 cm K.A. gun on siege carriage IJ. 'IJ' is undoubtedly short for IJzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008142-0000-0000", "contents": "12 cm Kanone C/80\nThe 12 cm Kanone C/80 was a fortress and siege gun developed after the Franco-Prussian War and used by Germany before and during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008142-0001-0000", "contents": "12 cm Kanone C/80, History\nAfter the Franco-Prussian War, the Army began to study replacements for its 12 cm Kanone C/64 breech loaded cannons. Although Prussian artillery had outclassed their French rivals during the war the breech mechanism they used was weak and there was a tendency for barrels to burst due to premature detonation of shells. In 1873 a new gun which retained the same 120.3\u00a0mm (4.74\u00a0in) caliber as the previous gun and designated the 12 cm Kanone C/73 was introduced to replace the C/64 but it had poor range so it was quickly replaced. The new gun designated the 12 cm Kanone C/80 was assigned to fortress and siege artillery regiments of the Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008142-0002-0000", "contents": "12 cm Kanone C/80, Design\nDuring the Franco-Prussian war, large numbers of French bronze cannons were captured and this material was melted down and used to build the new 12 cm Kanone C/80 and the smaller 9 cm Kanone C/79. The C/80 would use the same rounded breech block introduced on the C/73 to avoid the stress fractures which caused catastrophic failures in the square blocked C/64. This type of breech was known as a cylindro-prismatic breech which was a predecessor of Krupp's horizontal sliding-block and the gun used separate-loading, bagged charges and projectiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008142-0003-0000", "contents": "12 cm Kanone C/80, Design\nThe C/80 was fairly conventional for its time and most nations had similar guns such as its Russian cousin the 42-line fortress and siege gun Pattern of 1877 or its French rival the Canon de 120 mm mod\u00e8le 1878. Like many of its contemporaries, the C/80 had a tall and narrow box trail carriage built from bolted iron plates with two wooden 12-spoke wheels. The carriages were tall because the guns were designed to sit behind a parapet with the barrel overhanging the front in the fortress artillery role or behind a trench or berm in the siege role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008142-0003-0001", "contents": "12 cm Kanone C/80, Design\nLike many of its contemporaries, the C/80's carriage did not have a recoil mechanism or a gun shield. However, when used in a fortress the guns could be connected to an external recoil mechanism which connected to a steel eye on a concrete firing platform and a hook on the carriage between the wheels. For siege gun use a wooden firing platform could be assembled ahead of time and the guns could attach to the same type of recoil mechanism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008142-0003-0002", "contents": "12 cm Kanone C/80, Design\nA set of wooden ramps were also placed behind the wheels and when the gun fired the wheels rolled up the ramp and was returned to position by gravity. There was also no traverse so the gun had to be levered into position to aim. A drawback of this system was the gun had to be re-aimed each time which lowered the rate of fire. For transport, the gun was attached to a limber for towing by a horse team or artillery tractor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008142-0004-0000", "contents": "12 cm Kanone C/80, World War I\nThe majority of military planners before the First World War were wedded to the concept of fighting an offensive war of rapid maneuver which in a time before mechanization meant a focus on cavalry and light horse artillery firing shrapnel shells. Since the C/80 was heavier and wasn't designed with field use in mind it was employed as a fortress gun. However, once the Western Front stagnated and trench warfare set in fortresses, armories, coastal fortifications, and museums were scoured for artillery to send to the front. A combination of factors led the Germans to issue C/80's to their troops as replacements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008142-0005-0000", "contents": "12 cm Kanone C/80, World War I\nAlthough new guns with superior performance were introduced the C/80 remained in service until the end of the war due to the sheer number in service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008142-0006-0000", "contents": "12 cm Kanone C/80, Photo Gallery\nA battery of either 9 cm Kanone C/79's or 12 cm Kanone C/80's. There was a six-gun battery of each type at Tsingtao.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008142-0007-0000", "contents": "12 cm Kanone C/80, Photo Gallery\nGerman artillery captured during the Battle of the Somme. The tall gun in the center without wheels is either a C/79 or C/80.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008142-0008-0000", "contents": "12 cm Kanone C/80, Photo Gallery\nBoth guns used the same carriage and were visually very similar with only a 700\u00a0mm (28\u00a0in) difference in barrel length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008143-0000-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang brons\nThe 12\u00a0cm Lang brons was a 19th-century Dutch siege gun. It was a locally produced steel bronze version of the 12 cm Lang staal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008143-0001-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang brons, Context, The Dutch army adopts breechloading\nAfter the Franco-Prussian War (1870\u20131871) the Netherlands started to modernize its army. The most urgent measures were the procurement of heavy coastal artillery, a process which had already started after the 1862 Battle of Hampton Roads. Next came the procurement of breechloading rifles for the infantry, and the modernization of the siege artillery and the field artillery. This led to the procurement of the breechloading bronze 12 cm K.A. and 8\u00a0cm A. brons. These guns were produced domestically, starting in 1874.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 62], "content_span": [63, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008143-0002-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang brons, Context, The Dutch army adopts breechloading\nMeanwhile, it had become clear that steel rifled breechloaders were superior to bronze rifled breechloaders. In 1876 20 15\u00a0cm zwaar staal guns and 60 12\u00a0cm Lang staal guns were therefore bought at Krupp. The 12\u00a0cm Lang staal gun would cost 7,980 mark or 13,200 guilders a piece, including the carriage and everything else. 833 guns of 12\u00a0cm Lang were thought to be needed. On 1 January 1880 there were 126 12\u00a0cm Lang staal available in the Netherlands. 32 still had to be delivered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 62], "content_span": [63, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008143-0003-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang brons, Context, Steel bronze\nIn the mid 1870s Franz von Uchatius invented steel bronze. This was a bronze alloy that contained only 8% tin instead of the usual 11.5%. A steel bronze gun was cast using a technique called gravity die casting, using a metal form. This increased the density of especially the outer layers of the metal when cast, because these cooled off rapidly. The density of the inner layers was increased even further. This was done by repeatedly driving objects of slightly increasing diameter through the tube. Produced in this way, a steel bronze gun could withstand the effects of the increased explosive force of the latest artillery almost as well as cast steel did.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008143-0004-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang brons, Context, Steel bronze\nFor many countries the invention of steel bronze was important, because they were not able to produce cast steel guns. In the Netherlands, the Rijks Geschutgieterij (national gun foundry) could be adapted to cast steel bronze guns. Casting steel guns was not feasible for the Dutch. The first Dutch attempt at a steel bronze gun centered on producing a steel bronze field gun to replace the 8.4 cm Feldgesch\u00fctz Ord 1871. Three steel bronze 8.5\u00a0cm guns were constructed in the second half of 1879. The trial of these guns was positive with regard to using steel bronze, but nevertheless showed some problems. It all led the Ministry of Defense to buy the 8 cm staal at Krupp in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008143-0005-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang brons, History, Available capacity at Rijks Geschutgieterij\nThe decision to buy the new 8.4\u00a0cm field gun in Germany, instead of producing a local steel bronze version, freed up production capacity at the Rijks Geschutgieterij. It meant that the Ministry of War could order a steel bronze version of the 12\u00a0cm Lang at Rijks Geschutgieterij, instead of ordering more of these expensive guns in Germany. In this respect the decision to buy the new 8,4\u00a0cm field gun in Germany actually saved expenses!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 70], "content_span": [71, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008143-0006-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang brons, History, Available capacity at Rijks Geschutgieterij\nThe cost difference between the steel and steel bronze versions of the 12\u00a0cm Lang was 3,200 guilders per gun. At the time 193 12\u00a0cm Lang were still thought to be required immediately. The switch to producing the 12\u00a0cm Lang brons implied that the minister put an end to the procurement of more 12\u00a0cm Lang staal from Krupp. This is indeed what happened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 70], "content_span": [71, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008143-0007-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang brons, History, Production of the 12 cm Lang brons\n60 12\u00a0cm Lang brons were planned to be cast by the Rijks Geschutgieterij (national gun foundry) in the Hague in 1880. On 1 January 1883 the total number of available both steel and steel bronze 12\u00a0cm Lang guns was 248. Implying that 90 had already been made. 12 more 12\u00a0cm Lang brons would still be delivered on 1 January 1883. At least 105 more 12\u00a0cm Lang were still thought to be required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008143-0008-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang brons, History, Replacement\nBoth the 12\u00a0cm Lang brons and the steel version quickly became obsolete after 1897. In that year the Canon de 75 mod\u00e8le 1897, the first gun with a recoil mechanism was introduced. In 1927 the Dutch reassigned the 15\u00a0cm zwaar staal and the 12\u00a0cm staal to the field artillery, where they would serve in World War II. What happened to the 12\u00a0cm Lang brons is not that clear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008143-0009-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang brons, Characteristics, The barrel\nThe characteristics of the 12\u00a0cm Lang brons were the same as those of the 12\u00a0cm Lang staal. The barrel was exactly the same on the inside, which allowed the guns to be used in the same way. Of course the metal of the barrel differed, and therefore its weight differed. The bronze version weighed 1,500\u00a0kg as opposed to the 1,420\u00a0kg of the steel version. While the steel version had a round breech, the bronze version had a flat breech platte wig. There was a small difference in the allowed maximum explosive pressure inside the barrel. For the steel version, this was 2,000 atm. For the 12\u00a0cm Lang brons it was 1,800 atm. Therefore the maximum range for the steel gun was 7,100 m, while for the steel bronze guns this was 6,500 m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008143-0010-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang brons, Characteristics, The barrel\nThe exterior form of the bronze barrel was also different, which was a consequence of the bronze version being cast, while the steel version was built up. On the outside the 12\u00a0cm Lang brons gun barrel can be distinguished from the 12\u00a0cm Lang staal by the steel version having a large ring over the breech. It makes that towards the breech, the diameter of the steel version decreases again. Furthermore, on the muzzle side of the trunnions, the steel version becomes smaller in abrupt steps, a consequence of the built-up construction. At the same place the bronze version has a regular decrease in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008143-0011-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang brons, Characteristics, Transport\nThe 12\u00a0cm Lang brons was just as immobile as the steel version of the gun. Unlike the steel version, it was not repurposed to become a field gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008143-0012-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang brons, Operations, The steel 12 cm Lang becomes part of the field artillery\nIn December 1927 the siege artillery regiment ceased to exist as a unit. It was replaced by two regiments of dismounted artillery, one in Gorinchem, and one in Naarden. These contained the steel 15\u00a0cm and 12\u00a0cm Lang guns, which would be made more mobile, so they could serve as field artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 86], "content_span": [87, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008143-0013-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang brons, Operations, The steel 12 cm Lang becomes part of the field artillery\nIt is not clear what happened to the 12\u00a0cm Lang brons guns. It's clear that they did not become part of the army artillery, but it's not clear whether any further use was made of these guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 86], "content_span": [87, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0000-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal\nThe 12 cm Lang staal was a 19th century Dutch siege gun made by Krupp. It was used by the Dutch field artillery in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0001-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Context, The Dutch army adopts breechloading\nThe Franco-Prussian War, and the subsequent establishment of the German empire scared the Dutch government. Suddenly, the long neglected army got a lot of attention. However, decades of neglect could not be remedied in a few years. The most urgent measures consisted of procuring breechloading rifles and guns, which had been successfully used in that war. Meanwhile, the construction of fortresses and super heavy artillery for coastal defense against armored ships took a huge chunk out of the budgets. In these circumstances, procurement of the bronze 12 cm K.A. and 8 cm A. brons was a step in the right direction. This was also the case because they were produced domestically for a modest price, starting in 1874.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 62], "content_span": [63, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0002-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Context, Procurement of steel guns\nBy 1875 it was clear that in a direct artillery duel, the Dutch bronze guns would be at a severe disadvantage against the newest steel guns. Therefore, these bronze guns would have to be supplemented with a number of steel (staal) guns. For 1876, the plan for the siege artillery was to procure 40 15 cm Lang staal L/24 (15\u00a0cm zwaar staal) guns at 22,570 guilders a piece all included, 20 12\u00a0cm Lang staal at 13,200 guilders a piece ditto, and 100 12\u00a0cm K.A. brons at 3,825 guilders a piece ditto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0002-0001", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Context, Procurement of steel guns\nFor trials of the foreseen guns, single steel guns of 15\u00a0cm, 12\u00a0cm, and 8.7\u00a0cm(!) were bought in 1875. In December 1875 the Minister of War declared that the inclusion of the 8,7\u00a0cm under the siege artillery was a mistake. Even while the procurement was urgent, no more than 40 15\u00a0cm zwaar staal guns, and 20 12\u00a0cm Lang staal siege guns to be ordered at Krupp were brought on the budget for 1876. It was sound practice to limit the first series, and it was not even clear whether Krupp could deliver more. The trials would serve to specify alterations which would make the guns fit with the rest of the Dutch equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0003-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Context, Procurement of steel guns\nIn December 1875, 833 guns of 12\u00a0cm Lang were thought to be needed, while 585 12\u00a0cm Lang were present on 1 January 1875. From the context it can be derived that 12\u00a0cm Lang referred to 12\u00a0cm Long guns in general, and that many of these were simply 12-pounder smooth bore muzzle loaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0004-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Context, The 12 cm Lang staal is ordered\nIn September 1876 trials with the 15\u00a0cm zwaar staal and 12\u00a0cm Lang staal were held at the Krupp trial grounds. The results were very positive. Meanwhile, comparative trials in the Netherlands between the 8 cm A. Brons and the Krupp 8,7\u00a0mm steel breechloader led the artillery committee to recommend steel field guns. In light of the trials at the Krupp grounds, the Minister of War then decided to contract with Krupp. However, for the money that was voted on the 1876 budget, he bought less 15\u00a0cm zwaar staal guns and more 12\u00a0cm Lang staal guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 58], "content_span": [59, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0004-0001", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Context, The 12 cm Lang staal is ordered\nThe House of Representatives was not amused, and wanted to know how many guns had been bought at Krupp for which price. In December 1876 the minister replied that the state had 20 15\u00a0cm zwaar staal guns and 60 12\u00a0cm Lang staal guns on order at Krupp. The 12\u00a0cm Lang staal gun would cost 7,980 mark, same price as before. For 1877 the Minister of War then asked money for 100 12\u00a0cm Lang staal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 58], "content_span": [59, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0005-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Context, The 12 cm Lang staal is ordered\nIn November 1877 the Minister of War deemed 132 12\u00a0cm Lang staal to be required for the first line of the new Dutch Water Line. 62 had already been bought on the budgets for 1876 and 1877. Therefore, the minister asked for money for 57 more guns on the 1878 budget. On the final budget for 1879, a new Minister of War asked budget for 40 12\u00a0cm Lang staal, and little else. On 1 January 1880 there were 126 12\u00a0cm Lang staal available in the Netherlands. 32 still had to be delivered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 58], "content_span": [59, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0006-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Context, The 12 cm Lang brons\nIn 1880 a new steel bronze gun, the 12 cm Lang brons appeared. 60 were planned to be made by the Rijks Geschutgieterij (national gun foundry) in the Hague in 1880. The cost difference between the versions was 3,200 guilders per gun, while 193 12\u00a0cm Lang were still thought to be required. The switch to producing the 12\u00a0cm Lang brons meant that the minister put an end to the procurement of more 12\u00a0cm Lang staal from Krupp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0007-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Context, The 12 cm Lang brons\nThis is indeed what happened. On 1 January 1883 the available total of both steel and steel bronze 12\u00a0cm Lang was 248. 12 more 12\u00a0cm Lang brons would still be delivered. At least 105 more 12\u00a0cm Lang were thought to be required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0008-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Context, Gradual replacement\nThe 12 cm Lang staal quickly became obsolete after 1897. In that year the Canon de 75 mod\u00e8le 1897, the first gun with a recoil mechanism was introduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0009-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Characteristics, Barrel\nThe barrel of the 12 cm Lang staal was made by Krupp. It was a built-up gun barrel. It was 2,925\u00a0mm long and weighed 1,420\u00a0kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0010-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Characteristics, Barrel\nThe caliber was 120\u00a0mm at the muzzle. The powder chamber was 29.2\u00a0cm long, and had a diameter of 125\u00a0mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0011-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Characteristics, Carriage\nThe carriage of the 12 cm Lang staal was made of steel. Gun barrel and carriage had a total weight of 2,790\u00a0kg. Others have 2,940\u00a0kg, and the carriage itself weighing 1,520\u00a0kg. It meant that the gun could not just be placed on any underground.. It generally required the underground to be prepared in advance by placing a wooden floor, which was brought along. In combat this made that the gun could not exercise the artillery roles that required some mobility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0012-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Characteristics, Transport\nFor short distances on plane and solid underground, the carriage could be moved, with or without gun. For this a siege limber could be used. The siege limber was a limber without an ammunition box or seats, or basically an axle with wheels and a pole to connect the horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0013-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Characteristics, Transport\nFor more serious transport, the barrel would be moved so it's trunnions did not rest in their normal high position, but in a lower transport position. Moving the barrel required an iron sheerleg (vestingbok)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0014-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Characteristics, Transport\nOn rough terrain, or over larger distances, the siege limber was required. In most cases gun and carriage were then moved separately. Here the character of the 12 cm Lang staal as a siege gun again shows clearly. It was way too slow to follow the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0015-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Characteristics, Transport\nAs part of the siege artillery, the 12\u00a0cm Lang staal batteries would always rely on hired horses. In order to be towed, they required four, preferably heavy, horses. This seems to be in contradiction to the lighter field guns having six horses. The difference was that the 12\u00a0cm Lang horses moved only in walk (c. 7 km/h). The field artillery had to move faster, especially the horse artillery, which could move at a canter (16\u201327 km/h). In the early thirties there were exercises with heavy horses hired from farmers. The Belgian horse promised to be more suitable than the Oldenburgers. However, they proved much slower than military horses, making only 4.5\u00a0km/h.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0016-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Characteristics, Transport\nWhen the gun was re-assigned from the siege artillery to the field artillery, some changes were made. The regular wooden floor was replaced by a simpler 'field' version of 1,280\u00a0kg, which could be laid in about 30 minutes, instead of about 5 hours. To allow easier pulling in the field, the wheels of the carriage got 40\u00a0cm wide steel tires, and the tail of the carriage got a wide steel plate. The wheels of the limber got 15\u00a0cm wide steel tires. This was also when the exercises with hired horses started. For the 12\u00a0cm Lang staal it proved that with hired horses, on the paved road, four horses were enough, but in terrain six horses were required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0017-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Characteristics, Transport\nLater, motorized traction became so powerful that the gun could easily be moved in one piece. However, this did not mean that the gun was assigned motorized traction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0018-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Capabilities\nThe first serious tests of the gun were done by Krupp in D\u00fclmen in June 1875. With a charge of 3.1\u00a0kg of prismatic powder, and a projectile of 14\u00a0kg, the average velocity was 469.1\u00a0m/s at 50 meters from the muzzle with a pressure of 1,900 atm. With 3.3\u00a0kg of another kind of gunpowder it was 466.1\u00a0m/s and a pressure of 1,383 atm. The first kind of powder gave the highest velocity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0019-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Capabilities\nIn the subsequent Dutch trials, which started in April 1876 many kinds of gunpowder were tested. Most of it was coarse gunpowder of about 350 grains per kg. Krupp had determined that the gas pressure inside the gun should not exceed 2,000 atm, and that a suitable gunpowder should propel the projectile to at least 465\u00a0m/s at 50\u00a0m from the muzzle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0020-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Capabilities\nThe next round of Dutch tests was done with a new set of two guns, which had grooves inside the chamber, and of which the 12\u00a0cm gun fired a heavier 16.7\u00a0kg projectile. With a charge of 3.3\u00a0kg a velocity of 450.6\u00a0m/s was achieved. With 3.5\u00a0kg this was 462.6\u00a0m/s, but then pressure was 1,950 atm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0021-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Capabilities\nThe trials were then invalidated by a change that was made to the guns as a result of trials in Germany. The change was that the angle of the grooves was changed from constant to progressive. After some tests, the commission noted very significant differences with regard to atmospheric pressure in July. After many investigations, it was found that in warm weather there was a slight increase in velocity, and a much higher increase in gas pressure inside the guns. The difference could be as much as 7\u00a0m/s and 145 atm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0022-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Capabilities\nWith a charge of 3\u00a0kg black gunpowder the initial velocity of the 20.3\u00a0kg shrapnel shell was 394\u00a0m/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0023-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Capabilities\nIn 1928 some changes had been made to simplify the breech, and to prevent the escape of gasses. This increased the rate of fire to 3 shots every 2 minutes. By then range was about 7,500\u00a0m. In 1933 the gun was to get new aiming devices. It seems that an attempt to increase the range of the 12\u00a0cm Lang staal failed in 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0024-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Ammunition\nSome shrapnel shot (granaatkartets) delivered by Krupp was tested on Scheveningen beach in 1879. The shell had 185 bullets of 25 gram each, made of an alloy of lead and antimony. The explosive charge at the back of the shell was 125 gram. The complete shell weighed 20.3\u00a0kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0025-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Operations, Post World War I\nIn December 1918 the Society Ons Leger (our army) gave a demonstration in The Hague to show the differences between modern and obsolete artillery. The message was that with the old heavy artillery, taking up a position took way too much time. Before the floor for a gun like the 12\u00a0cm Lang staal was laid, and the ammunition had been brought forward, an enemy with more accurate modern artillery would have destroyed the obsolete artillery from a distance which was outside of range for the old guns. That is if the old gun would even be ready fire before getting destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0026-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Operations, Post World War I\nThere were many suggestions to make part of the siege artillery more mobile. In the 1920s the 12\u00a0cm Lang staal took part in several exercises. The first of these was an exercise in 1926. More exercises followed in 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0027-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Operations, Becomes part of the field artillery\nIn December 1927 the siege artillery regiment ceased to exist as a unit. It was replaced by two regiments of dismounted artillery, one in Gorinchem, and one in Naarden. These would then be made mobile, so they could serve as field artillery. An improvement or repair, which was planned in 1926, was a change to the breech of the 12\u00a0cm Lang staal. It was to put an end to disturbances in its operation. There was also a change to the ammunition to increase range. These changes were necessary in every scenario where the gun was to be used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 65], "content_span": [66, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0028-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Operations, Becomes part of the field artillery\nThere were doubts about making the 12\u00a0cm Lang staal mobile. This led to measures to get rid of the wooden floor (see above). However, the other main shortcomings of the gun, i.e. the very low rate of fire, and taking aim by moving the tail, could not be remedied economically. Therefore, the firepower of the gun remained very substandard. The cost of making the guns more mobile, was primarily in assigning the soldiers and transport means required to move the guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 65], "content_span": [66, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0028-0001", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Operations, Becomes part of the field artillery\nAs such, these cost could not be justified by the small increase in fire power that it would give. Therefore, there were ideas that only the strictly necessary measures, and the measures for getting rid of the floor would be executed. The gun would then continue to be organized in units which would only be transported after the front had stabilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 65], "content_span": [66, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0029-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Operations, Becomes part of the field artillery\nIn March 1931 exercises were held near Breda with a battery of 4 12\u00a0cm Lang staal which had been reassigned from the siege artillery to the field army. Later in 1931, the regiment of unmounted artillery from Gorinchem held an exercise near Breda. The regiment was embarked in Gorinchem, and disembarked in Oosterhout. In Oosterhout horses from the 3rd Artillery regiment from Breda took the guns in tow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 65], "content_span": [66, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008144-0030-0000", "contents": "12 cm Lang staal, Operations, Becomes part of the field artillery\nIn 1934 it was thought that the 12\u00a0cm Lang staal would finally be retired. The international situation might have prevented this. In March 1936 the 13th and 14th Artillery regiment were armed with the 12\u00a0cm Lang staal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008145-0000-0000", "contents": "12 cm Luftminenwerfer M 16\nThe 12\u00a0cm Luftminenwerfer M 16 (Pneumatic trench mortar) was a medium mortar used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. It was developed by Austria Metal Works in Brno from their earlier, rejected, 8\u00a0cm project. It was a rigid-recoil, smooth-bore, breech-loading design that had to be levered around to aim at new targets. It was very simple in that the shell closed the top of the chamber and was retained by a \"gripper\" until the air pressure was deemed sufficient and the gripper was manually released, which fired the weapon. An additional barrel could be fitted to extend the range. A cylinder of compressed air was good for eleven shots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008145-0001-0000", "contents": "12 cm Luftminenwerfer M 16\nAfter an evaluation on 23 November 1915 it was deemed superior to the German designs already in service (10.5 cm Luftminenwerfer M 15 and 15 cm Luftminenwerfer M 15 M. E.) in range and accuracy and a batch of 100 mortars and 50,000 bombs was ordered at the beginning of 1916. Some 280 were at the front by the end of 1916 and 930 by the end of 1917. In addition to Austria Metal Works it was produced by Brand & L'Huillier and the machine factory at Brno-K\u00f6ningsfeld. Some improvements must have been made over the course of the production run because late-war documents refer to the original design as the M 16a (alte? ), but what exactly was changed is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008146-0000-0000", "contents": "12 cm Minenwerfer M 15\nThe 12\u00a0cm Minenwerfer M 15 (Trench mortar) was a medium mortar used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. It was designed by the Army's own Technisches und Administratives Milit\u00e4r-Komitee (TMK) as an enlarged 9\u00a0cm Minenwerfer M 14 in 1915. The War Ministry decided to order 50 from the TMK, but the latter preferred only to produce 10 and switch the remaining 40 to the 14 cm Minenwerfer M 15, but no response was made by the Ministry. The TMZ placed an order for the 10 mortars from Teudloff & Dittrich in Vienna at the end of 1915. A follow on order for another hundred was canceled in February 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008147-0000-0000", "contents": "12 cm felthaubits/m32\nThe 12\u00a0cm felthaubits/m32 was a howitzer used by Norway in World War II. Captured guns were given a German designation after the Invasion of Norway as the 12\u00a0cm leFH 376(n). Two batteries of Artillerie-Abteilung 477, which served in Finland during the war, were equipped with 12\u00a0cm Norwegian howitzers, which might included these guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008147-0001-0000", "contents": "12 cm felthaubits/m32\nEight were built during the 1930s to replace the obsolescent Rheinmetall 12 cm leFH 08, which was known in Norwegian service as the 12\u00a0cm felthaubits/m08. They served with the single heavy artillery battalion of the Norwegian Army in 1940, but were unable to get ammunition during the campaign and were evacuated into Sweden, according to one source.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008147-0002-0000", "contents": "12 cm felthaubits/m32\nIt was equipped with rubber-rimmed steel wheels for motorized towing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008148-0000-0000", "contents": "12 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/70\nThe 12\u00a0cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/70 (\"12\u00a0cm automatic turret gun model 1970\"), also known as ERSTA (Ers\u00e4ttning Tungt Artilleri or \"Replacement Heavy Artillery\") was developed to defend vital points like seaports from enemy landing ships, as well as area denial and fire support, even on a nuclear battlefield. Due to political cost-cutting requirements, the number of 12/70 batteries built in Sweden was limited to six. For the same reason, some protection aspects were abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008148-0001-0000", "contents": "12 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/70, History\nIn the 1960s, the Swedish Coastal Artillery sought to replace several older heavy artillery systems. A study called ERSTA (Ers\u00e4ttning Tungt Artilleri \u2013 \"Replacement Heavy Artillery\") was initiated to ascertain which alternative (conventional artillery, rocket artillery or missiles) would be best for heavy coastal defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008148-0002-0000", "contents": "12 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/70, History, The ERSTA study\nThe ERSTA study was a 1960s Swedish coastal defense study aimed at determining what would become the next heavy coastal defense system. A 120\u00a0mm automatic gun system was eventually selected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008148-0003-0000", "contents": "12 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/70, History, The ERSTA study\nRb 08 anti-ship missile installations were seriously considered but abandoned, possibly because much of that project may have been exposed to the Soviet Union by Stig Wennerstr\u00f6m, the spy who also leaked vital information about the air defense system STRIL 60.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008148-0004-0000", "contents": "12 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/70, History, Deployment\nSeveral locations were studied and suggested for 12/70 batteries, and 10 locations were eventually selected and constructed in two series. In the end, due to funding issues, only the first series of six batteries was built starting in 1971. Additional cost-cutting measures had to be taken so EMP protection was severely reduced and the supporting installation of each gun was made smaller by replacing the full featured kitchen with a less capable galley and reducing the overall size of the crew quarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008148-0005-0000", "contents": "12 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/70, System description\nEach 12/70 battery consists of three fully independent gun emplacements, a command center, ranging stations and a close-in defense system with AA guns, mortar positions and troop shelters. There were 2 different kinds of 12/70 installation, known by their Bofors designations TAPJ 9101 and TAPJ 9102 (TAPJ is an acronym for TornAutomatPJ\u00e4s). The 9101 system was designed to be installed in a large hole blasted in the bedrock, while 9102 was a variant which did not require such a deep hole and would be installed in a large hole dug in soil, i.e., where no stable rock was available. On both variants the hole is plugged with several meters of densely reinforced special concrete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008148-0006-0000", "contents": "12 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/70, System description, Turret and gun system\nThe 12/70 gun is a fully automatic, water-cooled vertical sliding wedge design mounted in an armored turret which is electrically traversed under computer control while the elevation motor is controlled manually (presumably a cost-cutting measure). It is fed from a magazine several meters below ground where the crew uses special air-cushion carts to feed cartridges onto a loading table. From the loading table the cartridge is fed through a hoist system and loaded into the gun using a pendulum loader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008148-0006-0001", "contents": "12 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/70, System description, Turret and gun system\nSpent cartridges are passed down a chute into a space at the bottom of the gun well, which is over 18\u00a0m (59\u00a0ft) deep on tapj 9101 and a few meters less on tapj 9102. The turret is manned by three men (gun commander, traverse operator and elevation operator) with the rest of the gun crew working in the magazine or the installation below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008148-0007-0000", "contents": "12 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/70, System description, Turret and gun system\nTo protect the gun system from ground shockwaves and overpressure in case of a nuclear detonation, the barrel is lowered into its storage position in a special \"ground attachment fork\" and the turret is hydraulically lowered and anchored to its foundation. The muzzle is automatically sealed when the barrel is lowered into storage position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008148-0007-0001", "contents": "12 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/70, System description, Turret and gun system\nDuring a nuclear attack, the turret crew may not stay in the turret because of the initial radiation, but they may reoccupy it and be ready to fight immediately after the attack thanks to a special liner which reduces induced radiation to such a point that it is safe to immediately reoccupy the turret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008148-0008-0000", "contents": "12 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/70, System description, Supporting installation\nEach gun emplacement is supported by an installation which contains power supply, accommodation and a galley. This enables at least 60 days endurance when cut off from the outside world. It consists of a steel-framed structure placed on rubber cushions for protection from ground shockwaves. On a type 9101 emplacement, this installation is a 3-story structure placed below the magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 71], "content_span": [72, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008148-0009-0000", "contents": "12 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/70, System description, Supporting installation\nThe command and control center is a larger installation consisting of a 5-story building of a similar design which also has a more capable kitchen and a sickbay with surgery capability. In addition to cables and ordinary radio masts, the 12/70 command features reserve masts which are normally stored in silos below ground and may be raised as needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 71], "content_span": [72, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008148-0010-0000", "contents": "12 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/70, System description, Fire control\nThe 12/70 system marked the first use of the ArtE 724 digital fire control system. This may be fed information from several type of ranging stations, chiefly a radar system called HSRR which consists of a radar antenna normally stored below ground under an armored hatch. At least two surveillance radars are attached to the battery, and when a target is detected the HSRR may be raised and used for ranging reducing the time it is exposed above ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008148-0011-0000", "contents": "12 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/70, System description, Fire control\nThe other main ranging instrument is a laser rangefinder called AML 702 installed along with a low-light TV camera in an armored turret called the \"laser eye\". This can be remote controlled from the ranging station or command center and takes the place of the periscopes used in older installations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008148-0012-0000", "contents": "12 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/70, Second series\nA second series of four ERSTA batteries was planned but never realized as political priorities changed in the late 1970s, downplaying the threat of a nuclear attack. The fire control and radar systems meant for series #2 were redirected to a few older installations that were modernized in the mid-1980s as a very cheap and effective way to improve performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008148-0013-0000", "contents": "12 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/70, Modifications and final disposal\nThe Swedish 12/70 system was slated for modernization in the early 2000s but with the 1999 decision to abandon all invasion defense it was selected for scrapping instead. One gun emplacement, gun #3 at Landsort, has been declared a State Construction Memorial and will be preserved, although it is unclear if it can be shown to the public other than on special occasions due to its remote location, modern accessibility requirements etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008148-0014-0000", "contents": "12 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/70, Norwegian export\nIn the late 1980s eight guns were exported to Norway, where they were installed in two 3-gun batteries and one 2-gun battery between 1989 and 1994. Unlike the Swedish installations the Norwegians decided to implement EMP protection and enlarge the supporting installations in order to improve crew comfort. The Norwegian installations, being about 10 years newer, also feature a more modern fire control and communications system. All guns were mothballed in 2001, seven of the guns were dismantled in 2012/2013. One gun at Mel\u00f8yv\u00e6r Fortress is preserved along with the command central as a museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008149-0000-0000", "contents": "12 cm/12 short naval gun\nThe 12 cm/12 short naval gun was a naval gun used by the Imperial Japanese Navy to defend merchant ships and land bases during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008149-0001-0000", "contents": "12 cm/12 short naval gun, History\nSince Japan is an island nation with relatively few resources it relied upon a large merchant fleet to import the resources needed for its industry and economy. As Japanese shipping losses mounted during World War II the Japanese began to organize their shipping into escorted convoys and they began arming their merchant ships to defend against attacks from Allied surface combatants, submarines and carrier-based aircraft. The 12cm/12 short naval gun was a multi-purpose gun introduced during 1941 which combined the roles of naval gun, anti-aircraft gun, coastal defense gun, and anti-submarine gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008149-0002-0000", "contents": "12 cm/12 short naval gun, Design\nThe 12 cm/12 short naval gun was an autofretted monoblock gun with an interrupted screw breech that fired fixed QF ammunition. The trunnioned gun barrel had a hydro-spring recoil mechanism above and below the barrel and was mounted on a center pivot H/A L/A gun mount. The gun was normally mounted on merchant ships below 5,000 GRT and also saw use on land as a coastal defense gun on hills overlooking Japanese harbors and installations or as an anti-aircraft gun. It was described as being a light and easy to handle hand trained weapon that could be loaded at any angle by inexperienced gun crews. However, its rate of elevation/traverse 13\u00b0 a second was considered too slow for effective anti-aircraft use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008150-0000-0000", "contents": "12 cm/45 3rd Year Type naval gun\n12\u00a0cm/45 3rd Year Type naval gun was a Japanese naval gun and coast defense gun used on destroyers, and torpedo boats of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008150-0001-0000", "contents": "12 cm/45 3rd Year Type naval gun, Design and development\nThe 12\u00a0cm/45 gun designed in 1895 was an indigenous variant of an Elswick Ordnance Company export design known as the Pattern Y. The Japanese designation was the \"Type 41\". Later in 1921 the 12\u00a0cm/45 gun was used as the basis for a high-angle anti-aircraft gun, designated the 12 cm/45 10th Year Type. The \"Third Year Type\" refers to the Welin breech block used and this should not be confused with the later Type 3 12 cm AA Gun developed by the Imperial Japanese Army in 1943. In the Japanese Army artillery naming system, \"Type 3\" refers to the year of introduction, rather than the type of breech block used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008150-0002-0000", "contents": "12 cm/45 3rd Year Type naval gun, Design and development\nA re-design in 1922 called the 12 cm 11th Year Type naval gun (Model 1922) with a shorter gun barrel and a horizontal sliding breech-block was used on submarines and torpedo boats. The 12\u00a0cm/45 was manually loaded and fired a 20.3\u00a0kg (45\u00a0lb) high-explosive, an illumination shell or after 1943 an anti-submarine shell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008150-0003-0000", "contents": "12 cm/45 3rd Year Type naval gun, Design and development\nIn addition to its shipboard role it was widely deployed as a coastal defense gun for Japanese bases in the Pacific and was one of the more common types found by Allied forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008150-0004-0000", "contents": "12 cm/45 3rd Year Type naval gun, Gallery\n3rd Year Type guns used in a coastal defense role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008150-0005-0000", "contents": "12 cm/45 3rd Year Type naval gun, Gallery\nTwo Japanese guns at Fort Siloso - Sentosa Island, Singapore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008151-0000-0000", "contents": "12 dage\n\"12 dage\" is a song by Danish singer Medina from her third studio album For altid. It was released as the fourth single from the album on 26 March 2012. The song peaked at number 8 on the Danish Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008151-0001-0000", "contents": "12 dage, Music video\nA music video to accompany the release of \"12 dage\" was first released onto YouTube on 26 March 2012 at a total length of four minutes and thirty-six seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008152-0000-0000", "contents": "12 de Janeiro\n12 de Janeiro (January 12th) is the first solo album released by Brazilian musician Nando Reis. The track \"E.T.C\" was later recorded live by C\u00e1ssia Eller on her Ac\u00fastico MTV album, and became a big hit. Until November 1995, it had sold 25,000 copies, a disappointment for Reis, who considered that the label was to blame because \"some songs performed well on the radio, but there were no CDs at the stores\". By August 1997, it had reached the 27,300 mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008152-0001-0000", "contents": "12 de Janeiro\nThe track \"Meu Anivers\u00e1rio\" was composed as a heavier version for Tit\u00e3s' 1993 album Titanomaquia, but the band rejected it because it was still too light and different from the rest of the tracks. Nevertheless, it was featured at the band's rarities compilation album E-collection. The track \"Bom Dia\" was inspired by his children Theodoro and Sophia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008152-0002-0000", "contents": "12 de Janeiro\nReis invited his friend C\u00e1ssia Eller to do  duet with him on the song \"Fiz o Que Pude\", but the label denied it, according to him, claiming that the presence of a more famous artist would \"shift the audience's focus\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008152-0003-0000", "contents": "12 de Janeiro, Track listing\nAll music is composed by Nando Reis, unless otherwise noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008153-0000-0000", "contents": "12 de Octubre Football Club\n12 de Octubre Football Club is a Paraguayan football club from the city of Itaugu\u00e1 that currently plays in the Primera Division, the top division of Football in Paraguay. Founded in 1914, the club's home venue is Estadio Luis Alberto Salinas Tanasio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008153-0001-0000", "contents": "12 de Octubre Football Club\nThe club is the only club outside the Asuncion Metropolitan Area to win a league title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008153-0002-0000", "contents": "12 de Octubre Football Club, History\nThe club was founded on August 14, 1914 by the Tanasio family. The name of the club, 12 de Octubre, was chosen in honor of Columbus Day. The club's colors were chosen based on some flowers a school teacher had. The team played in the regional leagues from their foundation until they were promoted to the first division B in 1996. The following year, they won the Divisi\u00f3n Intermedia, and were promoted to the Primera Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008153-0003-0000", "contents": "12 de Octubre Football Club, History\nIn 2001, they placed 10th in the Apertura and 3rd in the Clausura. Their placement in the Clausura qualified them for the Liguilla, which they won and gave them a spot in the 2002 Copa Libertadores. In the tournament, they were eliminated in the group stage after finishing 3rd in a group that contained Gremio, Cienciano, and Oriente Petrolero. However, they still managed to record 3 wins: 1-0 against powerhouse Gremio and Cienciano, and 3-2 against Oriente Petrolero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008153-0004-0000", "contents": "12 de Octubre Football Club, History\nIn the 2002 season they finished runner up in the Apertura tournament behind Sportivo Luque\u00f1o and won the Clausura tournament but lost in the absolute finals against Libertad 2-6 on aggregate. Despite losing the finals, their overall standing, which was first in the aggregate table, gave them a spot in the 2003 Copa Libertadores, where they were knocked out by finishing last in the group stage and only winning one game against Ecuador's El Nacional.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008153-0005-0000", "contents": "12 de Octubre Football Club, History\nThey weren't as successful as the previous year during the next season, as they finished 9th and 7th in the Apertura and Clausura tournaments respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008153-0006-0000", "contents": "12 de Octubre Football Club, History\nIn 2007, 12 de Octubre arrived to the last matchday of the Clausura, after having a poor season, one step away from being relegated. They had to play against their rival for the fight of permanence, Sportivo Trinidense. Only a victory could save the club. In the 85th minute, Trinidense scored and were winning 1-0. But in the final minutes of the game when it seemed like their relegation was secured, the score was turned around with goals from Diego Miranda and Elvis Marecos, and the game finished 2-1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008153-0006-0001", "contents": "12 de Octubre Football Club, History\nFor the moment the club was saving itself from being relegated but they still had to play Club General D\u00edaz from the city of Luque. The first leg was won by General Diaz 2-1 in Luque. At halftime in the second leg, the score was 2-2 (3-4 on aggregate), which put 12 de Octubre in a tough position again. However, with great effort and the support from the fans, they turned things around by winning the game 4-2 (5-4 on aggregate) with goals from Hugo Notario, Francisco Esteche, Diego Miranda, and Domingo Ortiz. The victory secured their permanence in the Primera Division for the next season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008153-0007-0000", "contents": "12 de Octubre Football Club, History\nIn 2009, after finishing with the second worst average of points obtained in the last three seasons, the team once again had to play the promotion/relegation playoff. They faced Sport Colombia, where they lost 3-0 on penalties after drawing 3-3 on aggregate. This meant that 12 de Octubre was relegated to the Segunda Division after 11 years in the top flight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008153-0008-0000", "contents": "12 de Octubre Football Club, History\nIn 2010, the team had an irregular season in the Segunda Division, reaching both top and bottom of the table but finishing mid table at the end of the season. For the 2011 season, Jacinto Elizeche was appointed as the team's manager, although the poor results throughout the season brought about his dismissal. Estanislao Struway succeeded him as manager, but the results under his spell did not improve, and the team was relegated to the Tercera Division that season with Struway also being sacked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008153-0009-0000", "contents": "12 de Octubre Football Club, History\nIn 2012, in their first participation in the third division, they were champions with only 3 games lost. With this they returned to the Segunda Division in 2013 with only a year of absence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008153-0010-0000", "contents": "12 de Octubre Football Club, History\nThe 2013 season was a good one for the club. It finished runner-up behind champion 3 de Febrero, and achieved promotion back to the top tier for the 2014 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008153-0011-0000", "contents": "12 de Octubre Football Club, Stadium\nThe stadium was opened in 1965 and has a capacity of 10,000. It was called Estadio Juan Canuto Pettengill until 2016, when it was changed to Estadio Luis Alberto Salinas Tanasio in honor of Luis Salinas, ex president of the club. The stadium was expanded with the addition of an east stand in 2003, and received floodlights the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008153-0012-0000", "contents": "12 de Octubre Football Club, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008153-0013-0000", "contents": "12 de Octubre Football Club, Gallery\nFormer striker Fredy Bareiro played for the club in the early 2000's", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008153-0014-0000", "contents": "12 de Octubre Football Club, Gallery\nSalvador Caba\u00f1as began his career at the club and later returned for another stint in 2012 until 2003", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008153-0015-0000", "contents": "12 de Octubre Football Club, Gallery\nDario Veron began his career at the club before playing in Chile and Mexico and for the Paraguay national team", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008154-0000-0000", "contents": "12 de Octubre metro station\n12 de Octubre is a Panama Metro station on Line 1. Construction of the station began on 17 March 2012 and it was one of the first 11 stations when the metro began operations on 6 April 2014. It is the first of six elevated stations when travelling towards the San Isidro terminus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008154-0001-0000", "contents": "12 de Octubre metro station\nLocated in the district of the same name, the station is the closest to Panam\u00e1 Viejo, the original site of Panama city. In its first year of operations, 12 de Octubre was the eighth most used station of the twelve on the network at that time, carrying 8% of the system's users at peak times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0000-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament\nTwelve-tone equal temperament is the musical system that divides the octave into 12 parts, all of which are equally tempered (equally spaced) on a logarithmic scale, with a ratio equal to the 12th root of 2 (12\u221a2 \u2248 1.05946). That resulting smallest interval, 1\u204412 the width of an octave, is called a semitone or half step.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0001-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament\nTwelve-tone equal temperament is the most widespread system in music today. It has been the predominant tuning system of Western music, starting with classical music, since the 18th century, and Europe almost exclusively used approximations of it for millennia before that. It has also been used in other cultures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0002-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament\nIn modern times, 12-TET is usually tuned relative to a standard pitch of 440\u00a0Hz, called A440, meaning one note, A, is tuned to 440 hertz and all other notes are defined as some multiple of semitones apart from it, either higher or lower in frequency. The standard pitch has not always been 440\u00a0Hz. It has varied and generally risen over the past few hundred years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0003-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History\nThe two figures frequently credited with the achievement of exact calculation of twelve-tone equal temperament are Zhu Zaiyu (also romanized as Chu-Tsaiyu. Chinese: \u6731\u8f09\u5809) in 1584 and Simon Stevin in 1585. According to Fritz A. Kuttner, a critic of the theory, it is known that \"Chu-Tsaiyu presented a highly precise, simple and ingenious method for arithmetic calculation of equal temperament mono-chords in 1584\" and that \"Simon Stevin offered a mathematical definition of equal temperament plus a somewhat less precise computation of the corresponding numerical values in 1585 or later.\" The developments occurred independently.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0004-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History\nKenneth Robinson attributes the invention of equal temperament to Zhu Zaiyu and provides textual quotations as evidence. Zhu Zaiyu is quoted as saying that, in a text dating from 1584, \"I have founded a new system. I establish one foot as the number from which the others are to be extracted, and using proportions I extract them. Altogether one has to find the exact figures for the pitch-pipers in twelve operations.\" Kuttner disagrees and remarks that his claim \"cannot be considered correct without major qualifications.\" Kuttner proposes that neither Zhu Zaiyu or Simon Stevin achieved equal temperament and that neither of the two should be treated as inventors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0005-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History, China, Early history\nA complete set of bronze chime bells, among many musical instruments found in the tomb of the Marquis Yi of Zeng (early Warring States, c. 5th century BCE in the Chinese Bronze Age), covers five full 7-note octaves in the key of C Major, including 12 note semi-tones in the middle of the range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0006-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History, China, Early history\nAn approximation for equal temperament was described by He Chengtian, a mathematician of Southern and Northern Dynasties who lived from 370\u2013447. He came out with the earliest recorded approximate numerical sequence in relation to equal temperament in history: 900 849 802 758 715 677 638 601 570 536 509.5 479 450.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0007-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History, China, Zhu Zaiyu\nZhu Zaiyu (\u6731\u8f09\u5809), a prince of the Ming court, spent thirty years on research based on the equal temperament idea originally postulated by his father. He described his new pitch theory in his Fusion of Music and Calendar \u5f8b\u66a6\u878d\u901a published in 1580. This was followed by the publication of a detailed account of the new theory of the equal temperament with a precise numerical specification for 12-TET in his 5,000-page work Complete Compendium of Music and Pitch (Yuel\u00fc quan shu \u6a02\u5f8b\u5168\u66f8) in 1584. An extended account is also given by Joseph Needham. Zhu obtained his result mathematically by dividing the length of string and pipe successively by 12\u221a2 \u2248 1.059463, and for pipe length by 24\u221a2, such that after twelve divisions (an octave) the length was divided by a factor of 2:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0008-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History, China, Zhu Zaiyu\nSimilarly, after 84 divisions (7 octaves) the length was divided by a factor of 128:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0009-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History, China, Zhu Zaiyu\nZhu Zaiyu has been credited as the first person to solve the equal temperament problem mathematically. At least one researcher has proposed that Matteo Ricci, a Jesuit in China recorded this work in his personal journal and may have transmitted the work back to Europe. (Standard resources on the topic make no mention of any such transfer.) In 1620, Zhu's work was referenced by a European mathematician. Murray Barbour said, \"The first known appearance in print of the correct figures for equal temperament was in China, where Prince Tsaiy\u00fc's brilliant solution remains an enigma.\" The 19th-century German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz wrote in On the Sensations of Tone that a Chinese prince (see below) introduced a scale of seven notes, and that the division of the octave into twelve semitones was discovered in China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0010-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History, China, Zhu Zaiyu\nZhu Zaiyu illustrated his equal temperament theory by the construction of a set of 36 bamboo tuning pipes ranging in 3 octaves, with instructions of the type of bamboo, color of paint, and detailed specification on their length and inner and outer diameters. He also constructed a 12-string tuning instrument, with a set of tuning pitch pipes hidden inside its bottom cavity. In 1890, Victor-Charles Mahillon, curator of the Conservatoire museum in Brussels, duplicated a set of pitch pipes according to Zhu Zaiyu's specification. He said that the Chinese theory of tones knew more about the length of pitch pipes than its Western counterpart, and that the set of pipes duplicated according to the Zaiyu data proved the accuracy of this theory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0011-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History, Europe, Early history\nOne of the earliest discussions of equal temperament occurs in the writing of Aristoxenus in the 4th century BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0012-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History, Europe, Early history\nVincenzo Galilei (father of Galileo Galilei) was one of the first practical advocates of twelve-tone equal temperament. He composed a set of dance suites on each of the 12 notes of the chromatic scale in all the \"transposition keys\", and published also, in his 1584 \"Fronimo\", 24 + 1 ricercars. He used the 18:17 ratio for fretting the lute (although some adjustment was necessary for pure octaves).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0013-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History, Europe, Early history\nGalilei's countryman and fellow lutenist Giacomo Gorzanis had written music based on equal temperament by 1567. Gorzanis was not the only lutenist to explore all modes or keys: Francesco Spinacino wrote a \"Recercare de tutti li Toni\" (Ricercar in all the Tones) as early as 1507. In the 17th century lutenist-composer John Wilson wrote a set of 30 preludes including 24 in all the major/minor keys. Henricus Grammateus drew a close approximation to equal temperament in 1518. The first tuning rules in equal temperament were given by Giovani Maria Lanfranco in his \"Scintille de musica\". Zarlino in his polemic with Galilei initially opposed equal temperament but eventually conceded to it in relation to the lute in his Sopplimenti musicali in 1588.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0014-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History, Europe, Simon Stevin\nThe first mention of equal temperament related to the twelfth root of two in the West appeared in Simon Stevin's manuscript Van De Spiegheling der singconst (ca. 1605), published posthumously nearly three centuries later in 1884. However, due to insufficient accuracy of his calculation, many of the chord length numbers he obtained were off by one or two units from the correct values. As a result, the frequency ratios of Simon Stevin's chords has no unified ratio, but one ratio per tone, which is claimed by Gene Cho as incorrect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0015-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History, Europe, Simon Stevin\nThe following were Simon Stevin's chord length from Van de Spiegheling der singconst:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0016-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History, Europe, Simon Stevin\nA generation later, French mathematician Marin Mersenne presented several equal temperedchord lengths obtained by Jean Beaugrand, Ismael Bouillaud, and Jean Galle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0017-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History, Europe, Simon Stevin\nIn 1630 Johann Faulhaber published a 100-cent monochord table, which contained several errors due to his use of logarithmic tables. He did not explain how he obtained his results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0018-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History, Europe, Baroque era\nFrom 1450 to about 1800, plucked instrument players (lutenists and guitarists) generally favored equal temperament, and the Brossard lute Manuscript compiled in the last quarter of the 17th century contains a series of 18 preludes attributed to Bocquet written in all keys, including the last prelude, entitled Prelude sur tous les tons, which enharmonically modulates through all keys. Angelo Michele Bartolotti published a series of passacaglias in all keys, with connecting enharmonically modulating passages. Among the 17th-century keyboard composers Girolamo Frescobaldi advocated equal temperament. Some theorists, such as Giuseppe Tartini, were opposed to the adoption of equal temperament; they felt that degrading the purity of each chord degraded the aesthetic appeal of music, although Andreas Werckmeister emphatically advocated equal temperament in his 1707 treatise published posthumously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 954]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0019-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History, Europe, Baroque era\nTwelve-tone equal temperament took hold for a variety of reasons. It was a convenient fit for the existing keyboard design, and permitted total harmonic freedom with the burden of moderate impurity in every interval, particularly imperfect consonances. This allowed greater expression through enharmonic modulation, which became extremely important in the 18th century in music of such composers as Francesco Geminiani, Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach and Johann Gottfried M\u00fcthel. Twelve-tone equal temperament did have some disadvantages, such as imperfect thirds, but as Europe switched to equal temperament, it changed the music that it wrote in order to accommodate the system and minimize dissonance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0020-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History, Europe, Baroque era\nThe progress of equal temperament from the mid-18th century on is described with detail in quite a few modern scholarly publications: it was already the temperament of choice during the Classical era (second half of the 18th century), and it became standard during the Early Romantic era (first decade of the 19th century), except for organs that switched to it more gradually, completing only in the second decade of the 19th century. (In England, some cathedral organists and choirmasters held out against it even after that date; Samuel Sebastian Wesley, for instance, opposed it all along. He died in 1876.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0021-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History, Europe, Baroque era\nA precise equal temperament is possible using the 17th-century Sabbatini method of splitting the octave first into three tempered major thirds. This was also proposed by several writers during the Classical era. Tuning without beat rates but employing several checks, achieving virtually modern accuracy, was already done in the first decades of the 19th century. Using beat rates, first proposed in 1749, became common after their diffusion by Helmholtz and Ellis in the second half of the 19th century. The ultimate precision was available with 2-decimal tables published by White in 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0022-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, History, Europe, Baroque era\nIt is in the environment of equal temperament that the new styles of symmetrical tonality and polytonality, atonal music such as that written with the twelve tone technique or serialism, and jazz (at least its piano component) developed and flourished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0023-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Mathematical properties\nIn twelve-tone equal temperament, which divides the octave into 12 equal parts, the width of a semitone, i.e. the frequency ratio of the interval between two adjacent notes, is the twelfth root of two:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0024-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Mathematical properties, Calculating absolute frequencies\nTo find the frequency, Pn, of a note in 12-TET, the following definition may be used:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 79], "content_span": [80, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0025-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Mathematical properties, Calculating absolute frequencies\nIn this formula Pn refers to the pitch, or frequency (usually in hertz), you are trying to find. Pa refers to the frequency of a reference pitch. n and a refer to numbers assigned to the desired pitch and the reference pitch, respectively. These two numbers are from a list of consecutive integers assigned to consecutive semitones. For example, A4 (the reference pitch) is the 49th key from the left end of a piano (tuned to 440 Hz), and C4 (middle C), and F#4 are the 40th and 46th key respectively. These numbers can be used to find the frequency of C4 and F#4\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 79], "content_span": [80, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0026-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Just intervals\nThe intervals of 12-TET closely approximate some intervals in just intonation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0027-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Just intervals, By limit\n12-TET is very accurate in the 3-limit, but as one increases prime limits to 11, it gradually gets worse by about a sixth of a semitone each time. Its eleventh and thirteenth harmonics are extremely inaccurate. 12-TET's seventeenth and nineteenth harmonics are almost as accurate as its third harmonic, but by this point, the prime limit has gotten too high to sound consonant to most people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0028-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Just intervals, By limit, 3-limit\n12-TET has a very good approximation of the perfect fifth (3/2) and its inversion, the perfect fourth (4/3), especially for the division of the octave into a relatively small number of tones. Specifically, a just perfect fifth is slightly less than two cents, which is a fiftieth of a semitone, sharper than the equally-tempered approximation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0028-0001", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Just intervals, By limit, 3-limit\nBecause the major tone (9/8) is simply two perfect fifths minus an octave, and its inversion, the Pythagorean minor seventh (16/9), is simply two perfect fourths combined, they, for the most part, retain the accuracy of their predecessors; the error is doubled, but it remains small\u2014so small, in fact, that humans cannot perceive it. One can continue to use fractions with higher powers of three, the next two being 27/16 and 32/27, but as the terms of the fractions grow larger, they become less pleasing to the ear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0029-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Just intervals, By limit, 5-limit\n12-TET's approximation of the fifth harmonic (5/4) is between a sixth and a seventh of a semitone off. Because intervals that are less than a quarter of a scale step off still sound in tune, 12-TET has an in-tune fifth harmonic that can be used to generate other five-limit intervals, such as 5/3 and 8/5, with similarly-sized errors. Western music takes advantage of the in-tune fifth harmonic, for example using it in the 4:5:6 arithmetic sequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0030-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Just intervals, By limit, 7-limit\n12-TET's approximation of the seventh harmonic (7/4) is about a third of a semitone off. Because the error is greater than a quarter of a semitone, seven-limit intervals in 12-TET tend to sound out of tune. In the tritone fractions 7/5 and 10/7, the errors of the fifth and seventh harmonics partially cancel each other out so that the just fractions are within a quarter of a semitone of their equally-tempered equivalents, but the tritone still sounds dissonant to most people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0031-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Just intervals, By limit, 11- and 13-limits\nThe eleventh harmonic (11/8) is about 550 cents, meaning that it falls almost exactly between the nearest two equally-tempered intervals in 12-TET and therefore is not approximated by either. In fact, 11/8 is almost as far from any equally-tempered approximation as possible in 12-TET. The thirteenth harmonic (13/8) is almost as bad. However, this means that the fraction 13/11 (and also its inversion, 22/13) is accurately approximated by 12-TET (specifically by three semitones) because the errors of the eleventh and thirteenth harmonics cancel each other out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 65], "content_span": [66, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0031-0001", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Just intervals, By limit, 11- and 13-limits\nHowever, most people are not used to the eleventh and thirteenth harmonics, so this fraction would not sound consonant to most people. Similarly, the error of the eleventh or thirteenth harmonic could be mostly canceled out by the error of the seventh harmonic, but for the same reason as before, most people would not find the resulting fractions consonant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 65], "content_span": [66, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0032-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Just intervals, By limit, 17- and 19-limits\nThe seventeenth harmonic (17/16) is only about 5 cents sharper than one semitone in 12-TET. It can be combined with 12-TET's approximation of the third harmonic in order to yield 17/12, which is, as the next Pell approximation after 7/5, only about three cents away from the equally-tempered tritone (the square root of two), and 17/9, which is only one cent away from 12-TET's major seventh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 65], "content_span": [66, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0032-0001", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Just intervals, By limit, 17- and 19-limits\nThe nineteenth harmonic is only about two and a half cents flatter than three of 12-TET's semitones, so it can likewise be combined with the third harmonic to yield 19/12, which is about four and a half cents flatter than an equally-tempered minor sixth, and 19/18, which is about six and a half cents flatter than a semitone. However, because 17 and 19 are rather large for consonant ratios and most people are unfamiliar with 17-limit and 19-limit intervals, 17-limit and 19-limit intervals are not useful for most purposes, so they can likely not be judged as playing a part in any consonances of 12-TET.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 65], "content_span": [66, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0033-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Just intervals, Table\nIn the following table the sizes of various just intervals are compared against their equal-tempered counterparts, given as a ratio as well as cents. Differences of less than six cents cannot be noticed by most people, and intervals that are  more than a quarter of a step, which in this case is 25 cents, off sound out of tune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0034-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Just intervals, Commas\n12-TET tempers out several commas, meaning that there are several fractions close to 1\u20441 that are treated as 1\u20441 by 12-TET due to its mapping of different fractions to the same equally-tempered interval. For example, 729\u2044512 (36\u204429) and 1024\u2044729 (210\u204436) are each mapped to the tritone, so they are treated as the same interval; therefore, their quotient, 531441\u2044524288 (312\u2044219) is mapped to/treated as unison. This is the Pythagorean comma, and it is 12-TET's only 3-limit comma. However, as one increases the prime limit and includes more intervals, the number of commas increases. 12-TET's most important five-limit comma is  81\u204480 (34\u204424\u00d751), which is known as the syntonic comma and is the factor between Pythagorean thirds and sixths and their just counterparts. 12-TET's other 5-limit commas include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0035-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Just intervals, Commas\nOne of the 7-limit commas that 12-TET tempers out is the septimal kleisma, which is equal to 225\u2044224, or 32\u00d752\u204425\u00d771. 12-TET's other 7-limit commas include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0036-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Similar tuning systems\nHistorically, multiple tuning systems have been used that can be seen as slight variations of 12-TEDO, with twelve notes per octave but with some variation among interval sizes so that the notes are not quite equally-spaced. One example of this a three-limit scale where equally-tempered perfect fifths of 700 cents are replaced with justly-intoned perfect fifths of 701.955 cents. Because the two intervals differ by less than 2 cents, or 1\u2044600 of an octave, the two scales are very similar. In fact, the Chinese developed 3-limit just intonation at least a century before He Chengtian created the sequence of 12-TEDO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0036-0001", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Similar tuning systems\nLikewise, Pythagorean tuning, which was developed by ancient Greeks, was the predominant system in Europe until during the Renaissance, when Europeans realized that dissonant intervals such as 81\u204464 could be made more consonant by tempering them to simpler ratios like 5\u20444, resulting in Europe developing a series of meantone temperaments that slightly modified the interval sizes but could still be viewed as an approximate of 12-TEDO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0036-0002", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Similar tuning systems\nDue to meantone temperaments' tendency to concentrate error onto one enharmonic perfect fifth, making it very dissonant, European music theorists, such as Andreas Werckmeister, Johann Philipp Kirnberger, Francesco Antonio Vallotti, and Thomas Young, created various well temperaments with the goal of dividing up the commas in order to reduce the dissonance of the worst-affected intervals. Werckmeister and Kirnberger were each dissatisfied with his first temperament and therefore created multiple temperaments, the latter temperaments more closely approximating equal temperament than the former temperaments. Likewise, Europe as a whole gradually transitioned from meantone and well temperaments to 12-TEDO, the system that it still uses today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0037-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Subsets\nWhile some types of music, such as serialism, use all twelve notes of 12-TEDO, most music only uses notes from a particular subset of 12-TEDO known as a scale. Many different types of scales exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0038-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Subsets\nThe most popular type of scale in 12-TEDO is meantone. Meantone refers to any scale where all of its notes are consecutive on the circle of fifths. Meantone scales of different sizes exist, and some meantone scales used include five-note meantone, seven-note meantone, and nine-note meantone. Meantone is present in the design of Western instruments. For example, the keys of a piano and its predecessors are structured so that the white keys form a seven-note meantone scale and the black keys form a five-note meantone scale. Another example is that guitars and other string instruments with at least five strings are typically tuned so that their open strings form a five-note meantone scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008155-0039-0000", "contents": "12 equal temperament, Subsets\nOther scales used in 12-TEDO include the ascending melodic minor scale, the harmonic minor, the harmonic major, the diminished scale, and the in scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0000-0000", "contents": "12 foot dinghy\nThe Twelve Foot Dinghy was designed by George Cockshott, an amateur boat designer from Southport, England in response to a 1912 design contest. It became the first one-design racing dinghy to achieve international recognition. The class was granted the 'International' status by the IYRU in 1919 and remained this status until 1964 when it was revoked by the same authority. The class was selected as the dinghy class for the Olympics in 1920 & 1928. In 1924 the French wanted to use an alternate French design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0001-0000", "contents": "12 foot dinghy, Boat Racing Association (B.R.A.)\nIn 1913 there was published in England a new rating rule for yachts of all sizes. The rule was prepared by the self -styled 'Boat Racing Association' under the chairmanship of Lt. Col. J. T. Bucknill at a meeting in November 1912. B.R.A. felt that ordinary racing sailors were not catered for by the YRA (Yacht Racing Association) rating rules. Initially there was to be a class of 18 footer rating, which was to be smaller than a 6m. Other sizes of yachts were intended to follow, including a 12-foot and a 20 foot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0002-0000", "contents": "12 foot dinghy, Boat Racing Association (B.R.A.)\nThe B.R.A. rating formula was:Rating in feet= (Length + Square root of sail area) divided by 4 + (length x square root of sail area) divided by 3 x cube root of weight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0003-0000", "contents": "12 foot dinghy, Boat Racing Association (B.R.A.)\nThe class is known in some quarters as '(Section 5) The International One-Design 12 Foot Dinghy Class' as it is the smallest and 5th design approved by the International Conference of Nations held in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0004-0000", "contents": "12 foot dinghy, The Future of the Class\nSince the revoking of the International status the 12 foot Dinghy became a National class in many countries. This however resulted in deviations in the class rules between the different Nationalities. In 2006 the foundation of the international association were laid at a meeting in the Hotel Jolanda, Portofino, Italy this was followed by another meeting in Tuzla, Turkey in October 2007. During this time much progress has been made towards re-establishing the 12' Dinghy as a truly international class. However this did not resulted in a single set of class rules so far.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0005-0000", "contents": "12 foot dinghy, The Future of the Class\nThe 12 feet dinghy is one of the Vintage Yachting Classes at the 2018 Vintage Yachting Games in Copenhagen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0006-0000", "contents": "12 foot dinghy, The Future of the Class\nIn June 2020 Lough Ree Yacht Club in Ireland had planned to celebrate their 250th. centenary with a Clinkerfest regatta including International 12 foot dinghies from Netherlands, and Germany but Government Covid regulations prevented it from taking place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0007-0000", "contents": "12 foot dinghy, The Future of the Class\nAlso in 2020 the centenary regatta in Ostende to commemorate 100 years since the first Olympic regatta for dinghies was postponed for the same reason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0008-0000", "contents": "12 foot dinghy, The World Dinghy Championships\nIn 1924, The Brussels Royal Yacht Club held the first World Dinghy Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0009-0000", "contents": "12 foot dinghy, The World Dinghy Championships\nIn 1925, The Royal Munster Yacht Club held the second World Dinghy Championships in Crosshaven, Co. Cork, Irish Free State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0010-0000", "contents": "12 foot dinghy, The Alternative Designs\nFollowing the success of the George Cockshott design, there was a suggestion in 1920 that the Cockshott design be replaced by a (superior?) design by Frank Morgan Giles, who suggested that his design was superior to the design created by Cockshott who was a mere amateur. Morgan Giles persuaded the British that his design was superior, but he was unable to convince the Dutch or Italians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0011-0000", "contents": "12 foot dinghy, The Alternative Designs, Dublin Bay 12 footer (DBSC)\nDue to the type of short steep waves which occur in Dublin Bay, Ireland, some owners of the Dun Laoghaire International 12 footers under the recommendation of J.J. O'Leary, modified the design in the 1960s to reduce the amount of water taken over the bow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0011-0001", "contents": "12 foot dinghy, The Alternative Designs, Dublin Bay 12 footer (DBSC)\nThey modified the design by putting a small foredeck with washboards, inserting a new mast step aft of the existing step, cutting a circular hole in the forward thwart, moving the mast aft, shortening the boom, cutting down the size of the mainsail, and hoisting a small jib borrowed from the other Dublin Bay classic dinghy class the Water Wag. The modification was declared a success, and the modified fleet sailed and raced for about another 10 years. No alterations were made to the hull, or underwater appendages - so the alterations should be reversible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0012-0000", "contents": "12 foot dinghy, The Alternative Designs, The Irish Championships\nIn the 1920s till the 1950s there were fleets in Royal Munster Yacht Club, Sutton Dinghy Club, Howth, Baltimore, Clontarf Yacht and Boat Club, and Seapoint Boat Club. The first 'International Dinghy Championship' was held by the Royal Munster Yacht Club in Cork Harbour on 12, 13 and 14 August 1925.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0013-0000", "contents": "12 foot dinghy, The Alternative Designs, The Irish Championships\nIn 2011 the first Irish combined DBSC 12 foot and int. 12 foot Championships for at least 40 years was held at the Royal St George Yacht Club. Boats of the International Design and the Dublin Bay rig sailed against each other as equals in 2011, which was won by Gail Varian in a DBSC rigged boat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0014-0000", "contents": "12 foot dinghy, The Alternative Designs, The Irish Championships\nIn 2015 in Dun Laoghaire harbour and in the waters outside the harbour, the second Irish championship of recent years took placed under the Royal St. George Yacht Club burgee on 30 August. George Miller in 'Pixie' an Internationally rigged boat won overall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0015-0000", "contents": "12 foot dinghy, The Alternative Designs, The Irish Championships\nThe following year the event in Dun Laoghaire harbour, which was part of the National Heritage Week, was sailed in light weather, and showed that the DBSC boat was capable of pointing higher upwind, but being considerably slower downwind. The Irish championship winner was the DBSC 12 Sgadan owned by David Sarratt and crewed by Gail Varian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0016-0000", "contents": "12 foot dinghy, The Alternative Designs, The Irish Championships\nIn 2018 George Miller in 'Pixie' repeated his 2015 win despite completing race three with a jury rig. Miller dominated again in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0017-0000", "contents": "12 foot dinghy, The Alternative Designs, The Irish Championships\nin 2021 the 12 foot dinghies were joined by an earlier (1896) 12 foot design, The Bray Droleen, for the Irish Championships. The Droleen is an American style catboat designed by William Ogilvy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008156-0018-0000", "contents": "12 foot dinghy, The Alternative Designs, Clinkerfest\nIn 2020 Athlone Yacht Club/ Lough Ree Yacht Club planned to celebrate 250 years of leisure sailing and one of the chief events was to be 'Clinkerfest', a celebration of the Clinker built boats introduced in Ireland by the Vikings 1000 years ago. Racing for International 12 footers, Water Wags, IDRA 14s, Mermaids, Colleens and of course Shannon ODs. Was intended. The event was postponed for one year in compliance with Covid regulations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 52], "content_span": [53, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008157-0000-0000", "contents": "12 in a Box\n12 in a Box is a 2007 British independent comedy film written and directed by John McKenzie. The film premiered at the 2007 Zurich Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008157-0001-0000", "contents": "12 in a Box, Plot\n12 in a Box sees twelve people attend what they think is a school reunion lunch but when they get there they discover that, as part of the last wish of a dead classmate, they will inherit \u00a31,000,000 each if they can all stay together in the house for 96 hours. With one of the participants due to be married and another dropping stone dead on the first day, they have their work cut out to go the distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008157-0002-0000", "contents": "12 in a Box, Release\nThe film was given a limited European release in 2007 and had its US premiere in Boston in 2009. Despite being a British film with some notable names in the cast, it was not released in the UK until March 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008157-0003-0000", "contents": "12 in a Box, Critical response\nThe film received the Audience Award at the 2007 Zurich Film Festival, Indie Spirit Best Storyline Award at the 2009 Boston International Film Festival and the Best Film Award at the 2009 LA British Film Festival. The LA Campus Circle graded the film A- and called it \"smart, funny and surprising without being pretentious or hackneyed. There are few dull moments, and it actually succeeds in pulling off the twists.\" The film was also praised by The Film Review and CineVue. The Guardian, however, gave it a poor review, as did the Radio Times and the Daily Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008157-0004-0000", "contents": "12 in a Box, Criticism\nThe DVD was released in 2013  marketed under Miranda Hart's name due to her fame; Hart only makes a brief appearance, however, and her screen time is only 5 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008158-0000-0000", "contents": "12 let Oktyabrya\n12 let Oktyabrya (Russian: 12 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u041e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Kargashinskoye Rural Settlement of Sasovsky District, Russia. The population was 9 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008158-0001-0000", "contents": "12 let Oktyabrya, Geography\n12 let Oktyabrya is located 11 km northwest of Sasovo (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008159-0000-0000", "contents": "12 m2 Sharpie\nThe 12\u00a0m2 Sharpie was designed in 1931 by the Kr\u00f6ger Brothers in Warnem\u00fcnde, Germany. The peak of the class was in the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games. To this day, the original design has been preserved, and the class is sailed competitively in the UK, The Netherlands, Germany, and Portugal. The European Championships are rotated between these four countries every year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008159-0001-0000", "contents": "12 m2 Sharpie\nThe term 'Twelve Square Metre' evolves from the original sail area, though on modern sharpies due to modern sail designs has now reached to around sixteen square metres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008159-0002-0000", "contents": "12 m2 Sharpie\nPast Australian champions to have passed through the ranks include Sir James Hardy, John Cuneo, Rolly Tasker and John Bertrand. Rolly Tasker won Australia's first sailing medal at the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne when he and John Scott won a silver medal in their 12\u00a0m2 Sharpie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008159-0003-0000", "contents": "12 m2 Sharpie\nThe 12\u00a0m2 Sharpie is one of the Vintage classes for the 2018 Vintage Yachting Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008159-0004-0000", "contents": "12 m2 Sharpie\nThere are still a small number of original sharpies in Australia and Brasil, though they have not been sailed competitively on International level since the 1960s. In Australia, the original 'heavyweight' Sharpie has now evolved into the lightweight Australian Sharpie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008159-0005-0000", "contents": "12 m2 Sharpie\nWhen racing in a mixed fleet, the 12\u00a0m2 Sharpie has a Portsmouth number of 1026.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008160-0000-0000", "contents": "12 mm Lefaucheux\nThe 12mm Lefaucheux is a metallic center-fire cartridge. It was originally created as a rimless pinfire cartridge using black powder employed by the French navy on the Lefaucheux M1858 revolver. Later adapted for center-fire by the French Army in 1873 for use on the MAS 1873 revolver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008160-0001-0000", "contents": "12 mm Lefaucheux, Overview\nOriginally, the 12 mm, was a classic Lefaucheux cartridge, with a side pin from its introduction in 1858 until 1873, when it was adapted and became a rimmed center-fire cartridge for use in the MAS revolver 1873-1874 then used by the French Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008160-0002-0000", "contents": "12 mm Lefaucheux, Features\nThese are the characteristics of the '12 mm Lefaucheux' cartridge:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008160-0003-0000", "contents": "12 mm Lefaucheux, Features\nIn these markings, the initials \"G. E\" referring to the manufacturer \"Ernest Gaupillat\", and the other letter and digits referring to the batch (probably place and date).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008161-0000-0000", "contents": "12 mm caliber\nThis is a list of firearm cartridges which have bullets in the 12 millimetres (0.47\u00a0in) to 12.99 millimetres (0.511\u00a0in) caliber range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008161-0001-0000", "contents": "12 mm caliber\nSome measurements are in millimetres, others are in calibers, which are measured in inches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008161-0002-0000", "contents": "12 mm caliber, Rifle cartridges\n'Note: The .50 Sharps, Winchester and US Government cartridges are actually of 13 mm caliber", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008162-0000-0000", "contents": "12 month rule\nIn the field of taxation in the United States, the 12 Month Rule refers to the capitalization of property or assets that provide only short-term benefits. The 12 Month Rule makes it unnecessary to capitalize the cost of purchase or production of anything with a useful life of less than a year, although it is not without exception. Prop. Reg", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008162-0000-0001", "contents": "12 month rule\n. 1.263(a)-2(d)(4)(i) serves to codify the 12 Month Rule and the generally accepted view that capitalization is only required for costs related to the purchase or production of fixed assets that will continue to provide a benefit over the course of several years, or at least for a time significantly longer than the taxable year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0000-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse\n12 oz. Mouse is an American surreal humour and psychological thriller adult animated television series created by Matt Maiellaro for Cartoon Network's late-night programming block, Adult Swim. The series revolves around Mouse Fitzgerald, nicknamed \"Fitz\" (voiced by Maiellaro), an alcoholic mouse who performs odd jobs so he can buy more beer. Together with his chinchilla companion Skillet, Fitz begins to recover suppressed memories that he once had a wife and a child who have now vanished. This leads him to seek answers about his past and the shadowy forces that seem to be manipulating his world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0001-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse\nIn producing the series, Maiellaro crudely designed the characters as a cost-cutting measure; the series is animated by Radical Axis. He intended for the series to lack continuity starting from the pilot but established a serial format after starting the second episode. He had constructed an ending for the series as well as a detailed map of characters; however, the series finale concluded differently from planned. Maiellaro cast people around his office for the characters, starring himself as the protagonist and Nine Pound Hammer vocalist Scott Luallen as the voice of Roostre; the band also performs the opening theme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0002-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse\nThe pilot episode for 12 oz. Mouse, \"Hired\", premiered on June 19, 2005. The series became a regular staple of Adult Swim's lineup on October 23 of that year and originally ended on December 17, 2006. A stand-alone webisode was released online on May 16, 2007. Critical reception was polarized; some praised the series' experimental nature, while others felt confounded by it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0003-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse\nIn 2018 a double-length special, entitled \"Invictus\", aired on October 14th and it was announced that 12 oz. Mouse was also revived as a series. The third season, consisting of 11 episodes, premiered on July 20 and ended on July 31, 2020. The ending credits of both \"Invictus\" and the season 3 episodes feature a song by Amaranthe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0004-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse\nIn February 2021, it was revealed that the show would not be picked up for a fourth season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0005-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Premise\nThe show revolves around a mouse named Mouse Fitzgerald (voiced by Matt Maiellaro), nicknamed \"Fitz\", who is fond of beer and caught in a world of espionage, love, and the delights of odd jobs. The show employs a serial format, and its ongoing storyline developed from absurdist comedy to include mystery and thriller elements. Fitz begins to recover suppressed memories that he once had a wife and a child who have now vanished. This leads him to seek answers about his past and the shadowy forces that seem to be manipulating his world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0006-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Premise\nFitz suspects there is a sinister conspiracy which appears to revolve around fields of \"asprind [sic]\" pills beneath the city, and Shark (Adam Reed), Clock, and Rectangular Businessman's (Kurt Soccolich) attempt to control the nature of time and reality. Fitz and Skillet receive help from Liquor (Matt Harrigan), Roostre (Scott Luallen), Stoned Peanut Cop (Nick Weidenfeld) and others as they engage in gun battles, blow things up, and try to understand cryptic hints. The show also sometimes contains surreal \"subliminal\" images that flash across the screen during key plot moments, including skulls, mustached snake beasts and people screaming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0007-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Premise\nThe series concludes with the revelation that Fitz has been kidnapped and placed into a simulation by the Shadowy Figure. He is about to be killed by Shark and the Rectangular Businessman, in their true forms outside the simulation, when he is rescued by the true form of Peanut Cop and a nurse who works in the simulation chamber. They kill Shark and Rectangle Businessman, but it is unknown if they are truly dead because the simulation in which most of the show takes place is probably taking place in another simulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0007-0001", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Premise\nOne of the purposes of the simulation seen in most of the show was to extract information from Fitz. The conclusion to episode 20 is ambiguous as to whether or not it is actually the end of the series, as some aspects of the plot remain unresolved\u00a0\u2013 Golden Joe says \"I thought this was done,\" to which Fitz replies, \"I thought so too. I guess we're not.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0008-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Premise\nOne webisode was made in 2007, showing Fitz and his friends escaping the city to live in a desert. Golden Joe is carried away by birds, while later one night, Peanut Cop mysteriously disappears. Fitz and Skillet later meet a woman, Lee, who turns out to be a werewolf. Their fate at the end of the episode was unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0009-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Premise\nIn 2018, a half-hour special episode aired, which continued the story. Fitz, now with a mustache and suffering from amnesia, is shown to be living in a new city during an unspecified amount of time after the original finale. Shark and Square Guy have returned somehow, and are trying to kidnap Fitz so they can return to the \"real\" world with the help of exterminator bee, Buzby (Dana Snyder). Skillet, Roostre, Peanut Cop, Golden Joe, and The New Guy (Mike Lazzo) must find and escape the simulation with Fitz before Shark and Square Guy do.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0010-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Development, Production\nAccording to Maiellaro, the series was pitched as a table read to the network. He jokingly stated that they accepted it after claiming that production costs would total \"five dollars and will take some of the paper sitting in the copier.\" Maiellaro borrowed inspiration from surrealism and the films of David Lynch. He intended for the series to lack continuity starting from the pilot, but established a serial format after starting to work on the second episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0010-0001", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Development, Production\nHe had constructed an ending for the series as well as a detailed map of characters; however, the series finale concluded differently from planned. In November 2006, Maiellaro mentioned the possibility of continuing the series with webisodes, and he wrote five additional scripts for ending the series, but finally, he only produced one webisode, entitled \"Enter the Sandmouse\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0011-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Development, Production\nRadical Axis provided animation for the series using Final Cut Pro. Described as \"lo-fi animation\", Maiellaro crudely designed the characters as a cost-cutting measure, with the exception of Amalockh, a many-armed monster summoned in the season two episode \"Corndog Chronicles\", which was drawn and animated by Todd Redner at the studio, and Shark, which was borrowed from the Space Ghost Coast to Coast episode \"Kentucky Nightmare\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0011-0001", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Development, Production\nIn a behind-the-scenes clip of the show, Maiellaro explained that to animate the series, he would first grab a nearby sheet of copy paper, draw something, and then scan it, followed by him sending the file to an animator. Rhoda, a character from the series, was drawn on the back of a script page for Perfect Hair Forever. A scan of the paper revealed the textual contents behind it, which Maiellaro decided to leave in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0012-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Development, Cast\nMaiellaro cast people around his office to voice the characters. He provides the voice of the protagonist, Mouse Fitzgerald. He originally only gave the scratch dialogue for the character during the production of the pilot episode but chose himself to voice Mouse regularly after hearing his lines assembled in the final cut. Kurt Soccolich was chosen by Maiellaro to voice Rectangular Businessman, who \"already had that sort of smooth arrogance in his voice\", making him a \"perfect\" fit for him. Matt Harrigan was selected to voice Liquor, who is \"always looking to make light of a situation\", according to Maiellaro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0013-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Development, Cast\nNick Weidenfeld provides the voice of Peanut Cop; Melissa Warrenburg portrays an annoying woman in a green sweater, who Maiellaro dubs \"Robogirl\". Bonnie Rosmarin voices Man/Woman, picked for what Maiellaro stated is a \"pouty, stand-offish quality\" in her delivery. Nick Ingkatanuwat voices The Eye and Adam Reed plays Shark. Vocalist of Nine Pound Hammer Scott Luallen voices Roostre; the band also composed the opening theme song for the series. Golden Joe is voiced by Vishal Roney; after hearing his first take on the character, Maiellaro explained that he was left unable to write any of his lines. He proceeded to only provide the basic structure of his lines in the script, instructing him to retroscript the rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0014-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Development, Title sequence and music\nMaiellaro spent three weeks working with Ingkatanuwat on putting together the set for the opening title sequence. The set was filmed with a motion control camera and was inserted with miniature explosives and smoke bombs for special effect. Nine Pound Hammer composed the opening theme song; Maiellaro sought a song representing the \"carefree\" lifestyle of Mouse who \"does things like drive drunk, film porno and shoot guns.\" Maiellaro, who plays the electric guitar in his free time, also composed the song \"F-Off\", featured in both the first episode and in \"Auraphull\", which he wrote while working on Space Ghost Coast to Coast. Swedish heavy metal band Amaranthe performed the credits theme song for the 2018 special, \"Invictus\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0015-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Development, Revival\nThe June 14, 2018 episode of the Adult Swim streaming series Development Meeting featured a new clip from 12 oz. Mouse, which featured Seth Green as Fitz, hinting at a return to the series. It was later announced on September 18 of that year that the series would return for a half-hour special entitled \"Invictus\", which aired a month later on October 14. On the day of the special's airing, another announcement was made that the series would return for an 11-episode third season which aired in late July 2020. On March 31, 2020, the third season premiere aired unannounced at 2:45 AM EST with many other new episodes from Adult Swim shows as part of Adult Swim's annual April Fools Prank. The whole third season premiered on July 20, 2020, and ended on July 31st.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0016-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Episodes\nThe pilot episode for 12 oz. Mouse, \"Hired\", premiered in June 2005 and became a regular series in the Adult Swim lineup in October 2005. An Adult Swim bumper shown with the sixth installment claimed that twenty additional episodes were being produced and taunted viewers who had complained they couldn't understand the absurdist presentation. On December 31, 2005, a marathon of the series aired, replaying all six episodes followed by the premiere of the then-unfinished seventh episode \"Adventure Mouse\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0016-0001", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Episodes\nThe second season aired on Adult Swim on Monday mornings at 12:45\u00a0a.m. EST from September 24, 2006 to December 17, 2006. On May 16, 2007, the 21st episode, entitled \"Enter the Sandmouse\", premiered as a webisode. On October 14, 2018, a half-hour special titled \"Invictus\" premiered on TV after having been released online two days earlier. Simultaneously, Adult Swim announced the series would be returning for a third season. The third season premiered unexpectedly on March 31, 2020 as part of that year's Adult Swim's April Fools Prank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0017-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, International broadcast\nIn Canada, 12 oz. Mouse previously aired on Teletoon's Teletoon at Night block, and currently airs on the Canadian version of Adult Swim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0018-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Reception, Ratings\nThe season two episodes, \"Auraphull\" and \"Meat Warrior\", were respectively seen by 460,000 and 431,000 viewers upon broadcast. In addition, the episodes ranked as the thirteenth and twelfth most-watched episodes aired by the network for the week of October 23, 2006, also respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0019-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Reception, Critical reception\nThe series has received generally positive critical reception; About.com's Nancy Basile gave the series four out of five stars, opining that the series is \"what Adult Swim should be ... experimental, but in a cheap, simple, not-trying-to-be-cool way.\" She found the crude animation \"refreshing\" but joked that the series \"can kill\" viewers not used to the slow pace. Writing for AOL TV, Adam Finley regarded the show as \"the most simplistically drawn of all the Adult Swim shows, and yet the most complex in terms of story.\" He contrasted it with other Williams Street productions, finding it \"instead unravels slowly, revealing a little bit more of what's underneath the surface while also piling on more and more questions.\" Rob Mitchum of Pitchfork Media called it \"the asymptote of the block's crude style\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 43], "content_span": [44, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0020-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Reception, Critical reception\nJustin Heckert of Atlanta magazine opined that \"the animation and art look like they were done by daycare students\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 43], "content_span": [44, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0021-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Other appearances\nThe hip hop duo Danger Doom have produced a song inspired by 12 oz. Mouse entitled \"Korn Dogz\" from their EP Occult Hymn. The song uses audio clips from the episode \"Rooster\", with the line \"Corn dogs for the pickin'\" being recited by Danger Doom's MC MF Doom and Mouse Fitzgerald. A scene from the episode \"Sharktasm\" is visible in Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008163-0022-0000", "contents": "12 oz. Mouse, Home release\nA DVD release of the first 2 seasons was released February 29, 2008 (leap year), exclusively on the Williams Street shop. The DVD cover depicts Leonardo's The Last Supper with the series' characters replacing Christ and the twelve apostles. However, under a black light, the cover depicts the skeletons of the characters, as well as letters and symbols which make out an email address. The series is presented as a single, continuous movie, with newly produced footage bridging the gaps between episodes. It also features production footage, new music, the episode \"Auraphull\" in its entirety and collected fan art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008164-0000-0000", "contents": "12 points of the Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1848\nThe 12 points (Hungarian: 12 pont) were a list of demands written by the leaders of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008164-0001-0000", "contents": "12 points of the Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1848, History\nOn the morning of March 15, 1848, revolutionaries marched around the city of Pest, reading S\u00e1ndor Pet\u0151fi's Nemzeti dal (National Song) and the 12 points to the crowd (which swelled to thousands). Declaring an end to all forms of censorship, they visited the printing presses of Landerer and Heckenast and printed Pet\u0151fi's poem together with the demands. A mass demonstration was held in front of the newly built National Museum, after which the group left for the Buda Chancellery (the Office of the Governor-General) on the other bank of the Danube. When the crowd rallied in front of the Imperial Governing Council, the representatives of Emperor Ferdinand agreed to sign the 12 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008165-0000-0000", "contents": "12 posyolok\n12 posyolok (Russian: 12 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0451\u043b\u043e\u043a) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Shatura Urban Settlement of Shatursky District, Russia. The population was 159 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008165-0001-0000", "contents": "12 posyolok, Geography\n12 posyolok is located 269 km northwest of Shatura (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0000-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon\n12 to the Moon is a 1960 independently made American black-and-white science fiction film, produced and written by Fred Gebhardt, directed by David Bradley, that stars Ken Clark, Michi Kobi, Tom Conway, and Anna-Lisa. The film was distributed in the U.S. by Columbia Pictures as a double feature with either Battle in Outer Space or 13 Ghosts, depending on the local film market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0001-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon\n12 to the Moon was novelized by Fred Gebhardt under the pen name Robert A. Wise and published in 1961. Gebhardt also wrote the film's original story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0002-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Plot\nEarth's International Space Order prepares for its first manned landing on the Moon, with the goal of claiming it as \"international territory\". The crew of Lunar Eagle 1 comprises 12 people from around the world, 10 men and two women, all scientists with different specialties, accompanied by a small menagerie, including two cats. The spaceship is commanded by American John Anderson (Ken Clark).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0003-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Plot\nHistorical and international tensions flare up during the flight. Feodor Orloff (Tom Conway), a Russian, struts about, annoyingly claiming that all scientific advancements were invented by the Soviets. Israeli David Ruskin (Richard Weber) warns Feodor that the USSR would be unwise to attempt to dominate Israel, as it has his native Poland. David admires fellow astronaut Erich Heinrich (John Wengraf), unaware that Erich's father was the Nazi responsible for murdering David's family during the Holocaust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0004-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Plot\nAfter a dangerous 27-hour flight, Lunar Eagle 1 lands and the crew begin their exploration of the Moon. Sigrid Bomark (Anna-Lisa) and Selim Hamid (Muzaffer Tema) find an air-filled cave and after shedding their space helmets, they kiss passionately. As they walk hand-in-hand deeper into the cave, its opening is suddenly sealed by impenetrable ice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0005-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Plot\nThe others discover gold and minerals, but when they fire a mortar into a rock formation, liquid begins bubbling out. An excited Feodor rushes over and sticks his hands into the flow, and he is badly burned. On the way back to their spaceship, a crew member sinks to his death in lunar quicksand. John tries unsuccessfully to save him and is almost pulled under.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0006-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Plot\nInside Lunar Eagle 1, a machine begins printing out hieroglyphics. Surprisingly, Hideko Murata (Michi Kobi) can read them. It is a message from \"The Great Coordinator of the Moon\", who orders the crew to leave at once. The message also states that the emotionless Moon-beings live underground and fear that the Earthlings will \"contaminate our perfect form of harmony\". Sigrid and Salim are being studied because the Moon-beings are unfamiliar with \"love\". They and \"all your kind\" will be destroyed \"if love turns to evil\". The Moon-beings also demand that the expedition's cats, brought as an experiment to see if they could procreate on the Moon, be left behind. They find the felines as interesting as people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0007-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Plot\nErich has a heart attack during Lunar Eagle 1's blast off. As he babbles on half-conscious, David learns that Erich's father was the Nazi who killed David's family. However, when David learns that Erich has disowned his family and devoted his life to trying to make amends for his father's crimes, they become friends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0008-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Plot\nNear Earth, the crew witnesses \"the big freeze\", a gigantic freezing cloud controlled from the Moon, which encases all of Canada, the U.S., and Mexico in thick ice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0009-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Plot\nJohn decides to drop \"atomic bomblets\" into the volcano Popocatepetl in order to trigger a huge eruption to thaw out North America. Etienne Martel (Roger Til) sabotages the bomblets, revealing himself to be a French communist. He assumes that Feodor would also want to keep America frozen in order to advance international communism's quest for world domination. Feodor doesn't. He and Etienne fight, Feodor calls to John for help, and when Etienne unfairly pulls out a knife, John knocks the weapon out of his hand, while knocking him down. Feodor repairs the bomblets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0010-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Plot\nErich and David fly a suicide mission to drop the bomblets from their spaceship's smaller space taxi. Popocatepetl erupts and North America begins to thaw. Another message from the Moon says that the Moon-beings now realize that Earthlings are honorable and peaceful, and that the North Americans were put into suspended animation before the big freeze, so no-one has been harmed. Moreover, Earthlings will be welcomed to the Moon whenever they return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0011-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Plot\nFollowing the great thaw, Lunar Eagle 1's triumphant crew prepare to land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0012-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Production\n12 to the Moon was in production during April-June 1959 at Hollywood's California Studios. The actual filming took seven or eight days, and the entire film was budgeted at $150,000. Although it wasn't released theatrically for another year, the American Film Institute notes that \"According to an Oct 1959 HR [The Hollywood Reporter] news item, Columbia purchased the independent production in Aug 1959, intending to rush it into release to capitalize on the topicality of a space launch\". Director David Bradley fought over the reediting of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0013-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Release\n12 to the Moon premiered in Los Angeles on June 22, 1960. Columbia Pictures handled the theatrical release in the US and the UK during the same year. It opened in Mexico on February 23, 1961 and was also shown in Australia at an unspecified date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0014-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Release\nThe film was syndicated to American television in September, 1963, as part of Screen Gems' \"X\" package of horror and science fiction films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0015-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Reception\n1960 film critics generally found the film to be, in the words of British film critic Phil Hardy, \"a decidedly minor offering, the presence of [DeWitt] Bodeen (writer of Cat People, 1942) and [John] Alton, one of Hollywood's unsung cinematographic geniuses, notwithstanding\". \"Kobe\", writing in the June 22, 1960 issue of Variety, called 12 to the Moon a 'Lower-half science-fantasy item in which a dozen good eggs from earth tangle with some righteous, but misdirected, luna-tics. Timely, but crude and clich\u00e9-ridden\". \"Kobe\", however, also praised Alton's camerawork.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0015-0001", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Reception\nThe anonymous reviewer in BoxOffice referred to the film as \"A modest science fiction programmer [which] will satisfy the youngsters and the action fans who delight in stories of rocketships to the moon\". The magazine gave the film a rating of \"fair\" on its poor-to-very-good scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0015-0002", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Reception\nAccording to Bill Warren, the American science fiction film critic and historian, the Monthly Film Review said the film was a \"juvenile piece of hokum\" with \"only its special effects and weird lunar landscape to recommend it\", although Kinematograph Weekly in the UK found more merit, calling 12 to the Moon \"Extravagant and intriguing [with a] fascinating subject, sound acting [and] resourceful technical presentation\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0016-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Reception\nWhile modern-day critics have called the film \"extremely strange and unpredictable\", relatively little appears to have been written about the international status of the astronauts and the bearing it has on the plot. American film critic Gary Westphal points out that the \"unusually large crew of twelve [is] said to represent twelve different countries\": Brazil, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Israel, Japan, Nigeria, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Turkey, and the US, which indicates that the journey is motivated primarily by a desire \"to prevent national disputes arising over the moon in particular and, one infers, other subjects in general\". However, as Warren points out, \"each person acts in accordance with national stereotypes and has virtually no other characterization\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0017-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Reception\nModern critics have also taken the film to task for its special effects. For example, Westphal writes that the space helmets have no visors, but each is instead equipped with an \"invisible electromagnetic ray screen\" that protects the astronauts' faces. He speculates that the obviously missing visors were perhaps not noticed until late in the filming and that a scene which explains the ray screens was inserted prior to the film's release, before audiences could wonder about it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0017-0001", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Reception\nBryan Senn, also an American critic, notes that \"The effects are minimal and substandard, consisting mainly of the same shot of a rocket traveling through space used over and over again (and it's not even a convincing shot - the stars shine right through the transparent-looking ship)\", although he calls the Moon set \"eerie and effectively alien, with its cracks, weird shadows, and smoke seeping from mysterious holes\". Warren points out that the Earth-saving eruption of Popocatepetl is \"depicted by stock footage of solar prominences\" that bear little resemblance to real volcanic eruptions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0018-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Reception\nModern critics are also bothered by the narrative development of the film. Westphal says that \"Few films ... begin as soberly, and end as absurdly, as 12 to the Moon. The film's first thirty minutes promise an internationalized update of Destination Moon [1950], while later events rival a Flash Gordon serial\". Senn agrees that the film is disappointing, noting that \"What starts out as a fairly intelligent and progressive space-travel film ... quickly degenerates into a juvenile, simplistic space opera. Admittedly, space operas have their place, but 12 to the Moon fails to deliver even a single aria, much less the whole opera\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0019-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Home video\n12 to the Moon was released in 2010 on Region 1 DVD by Sony Home Entertainment. Mill Creek Entertainment released it again in 2015 on Region 1 DVD as part of its Vintage Sci-Fi 6 Movie Collection. Shout! Factory followed suit in 2016 with a Region 1 DVD release of Mystery Science Theater 3000's voice-over commentary lampooning the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0020-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Mystery Science Theater 3000\n12 to the Moon was featured in episode #524 of Mystery Science Theater 3000, along with the short Design for Dreaming. The episode debuted February 5, 1994, on Comedy Central. The Amazing Colossal Episode Guide calls the film \"a static Fifties vision of space travel\". The episode's interstitial host segments feature the constantly singing Nuveena, the Woman of the Future, a character played by Bridget Jones, taken from the Design for Dreaming short that accompanied the MST3K episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0021-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Mystery Science Theater 3000\n12 to the Moon did not make the Top 100 List voted upon by MST3K's Season 11 Kickstarter backers. However, writer Jim Vogel was much more enthusiastic about the episode, ranking it #34 out of the 191 total MST3K episodes. Vogel was entertained by 12 to the Moon's shortcomings, saying, \"The crew of 12 international astronauts are wonderfully stupid, in a way that only movie astronauts can be. ... It\u2019s so earnestly stupid that it\u2019s impossible to not be charmed by it\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008166-0022-0000", "contents": "12 to the Moon, Mystery Science Theater 3000\n12 to the Moon was included as part of the Mystery Science Theater 3000, Volume XXXV DVD collection, released by Shout! Factory on March 29, 2016. The collection includes a documentary on the making of the film, You Are There: Launching 12 to the Moon. The documentary is narrated by film historian Jeff Burr. The other episodes in the four-disc set include  Teenage Caveman (episode #315), Being from Another Planet (episode #405), and Deathstalker and the Warriors from Hell (episode #703).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008167-0000-0000", "contents": "12 \u00e9xitos para 2 guitarras flamencas\n12 \u00e9xitos para 2 guitarras flamencas (12 Hits for 2 Flamenco Guitars) is the third of three collaboration albums between Paco de Luc\u00eda & Ricardo Modrego.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008167-0001-0000", "contents": "12 \u00e9xitos para 2 guitarras flamencas, Personnel\nPaco de Luc\u00eda\u00a0\u2013 Flamenco guitarRicardo Modrego\u00a0\u2013 Flamenco guitar", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008168-0000-0000", "contents": "12 \u015eubat Stadium\n12 \u015eubat Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Kahramanmara\u015f, Turkey. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of TFF Second League team Kahramanmara\u015fspor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008168-0001-0000", "contents": "12 \u015eubat Stadium\nThe stadium was built in 1970 and currently holds 15,000 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008169-0000-0000", "contents": "12!\n12! is an album by saxophonist Sonny Stitt recorded in 1972 and released on the Muse label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008169-0001-0000", "contents": "12!, Reception\nAllMusic reviewed the album stating \"this album is also one of the saxophonist's most rewarding recordings\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008170-0000-0000", "contents": "12\" Collection\n12\" Collection is Rick Astley's first compilation album, released in 1999. It was re-released with a different track listing in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008170-0001-0000", "contents": "12\" Collection, Track listings, 1999\nAll tracks written by Stock, Aitken & Waterman except track 2 by Rick Astley", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008171-0000-0000", "contents": "12\" Collection and More\n12\" Collection and More is compilation album released by the funk/R&B group Cameo in 1999. This 10-track collection represents Cameo's funkier side, and can be viewed as a companion piece to the previous year's The Ballads Collection. The album contains two versions of \"She's Strange\" and a previously unreleased mix of \"Back and Forth\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008172-0000-0000", "contents": "12\" Masters \u2013 Essential Mixes\n12\" Masters \u2013 Essential Mixes (commonly referred to as simply Essential Mixes) is a remix album by Australian pop singer Kylie Minogue. It was released on 17 September 2010, by Sony Music Entertainment. The album contains remixes of tracks from her 1994 and 1998 studio albums: Kylie Minogue and Impossible Princess.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008172-0001-0000", "contents": "12\" Masters \u2013 Essential Mixes\nRemixers who contribute to the album include Felix da Housecat, Trouser Enthusiasts, Quivver, Sash!, Justin Warfield, and TNT. Brothers in Rhythm, who produced her album Impossible Princess, also remixed the track \"Too Far\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008173-0000-0000", "contents": "12\" Masters \u2013 The Essential Mixes\n12\" Masters \u2013 The Essential Mixes (commonly referred to as simply Essential Mixes) is a remix album by American singer and songwriter Justin Timberlake. It was released on September 17, 2010, by Sony Music Entertainment and Jive Records. The album contains remixes of tracks from his first two studio albums: Justified (2002) and FutureSex/LoveSounds (2006).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008173-0001-0000", "contents": "12\" Masters \u2013 The Essential Mixes, Composition\n12\" Masters \u2013 The Essential Mixes features 11 \"club-friendly reworkings\" of Timberlake's singles spanning from 2002 to 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008173-0002-0000", "contents": "12\" Masters \u2013 The Essential Mixes, Critical reception\nAccording to Jon O'Brien of AllMusic, 12\" Masters \u2013 The Essential Mixes will \"at the very least bump up his sparse back catalog\", suggesting that it will satisfy his \"army of fans\" that are desperate for new music. He noted that remix albums are \"notoriously hard to pull off\", as they have the tendency to \"smother the original\" in \"generic pounding beats\" and \"repetitive synths\", which leads to the concept's downfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008173-0002-0001", "contents": "12\" Masters \u2013 The Essential Mixes, Critical reception\nO'Brien wrote that: \"Luckily, Essential Mixes, one of a series of a 2010 releases that has also tackled the works of Kylie Minogue, Usher, and Avril Lavigne, features a consistently stellar lineup of hotshot and well-respected producers who are a cut above the copy-and-paste merchants usually wheeled out for these types of affairs.\" He concluded that, while the album \"doesn't always do justice to the consistently brilliant source material\", it is an \"intriguing stopgap\" that shows Timberlake's sound is \"capable of translating to the Ibiza dance scene as well as the U.S. R&B clubs\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008174-0000-0000", "contents": "12\"/50 caliber gun (Argentina)\nThe 12\"/50 caliber Bethlehem gun was a US naval gun designed in 1910 as the main armament for the Argentine Navy\u2019s dreadnought battleships of the  Rivadavia class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008174-0001-0000", "contents": "12\"/50 caliber gun (Argentina), Design\nThe gun was designed in 1910, and it was probably based on the US 12\"/50 (30.5 cm) Mark 7 naval gun with a breech weight added. The guns were manufactured at the Bethlehem Steel Corporation. The ships in the class had twelve 305 mm guns each, mounted in six twin (2-gun) turrets, with two turrets forward, two aft, and one on each side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008174-0002-0000", "contents": "12\"/50 caliber gun (Argentina), Measurements and Capabilities\nThe gun weighed 66 tons including the breech and was capable of an average rate of fire of 2\u20133 rounds a minute. It could throw an 870\u00a0lb. (394.6\u00a0kg) Mark 15 armor-piercing shell 24,000 yards (21,950 meters) at an elevation of 14.7\u00b0, while the \"barrel life\" of the guns was 200 shots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008174-0003-0000", "contents": "12\"/50 caliber gun (Argentina), Measurements and Capabilities\nThe previous 12\" gun, manufactured for the U.S. Navy, was the Mark 7 version, a very similar gun which had been designed and installed in the 1912 era  Wyoming-class battleships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008174-0004-0000", "contents": "12\"/50 caliber gun (Argentina), Service\nThis gun was only installed in the Argentine Navy Rivadavia-class battleships Rivadavia and Moreno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008175-0000-0000", "contents": "12\"ers\n12\"ers (pronounced 12 Inchers) is a remix album by the English singer-songwriter Phil Collins, the lead vocalist and drummer for the rock band Genesis. The album contains six tracks from his 1985 hit album, No Jacket Required, remixed. All special extended remixes are by John 'Tokes' Potoker, except for \"One More Night\" remixed by Hugh Padgham. The remixes on this album were originally released on various 12-inch LP singles which were taken from the album No Jacket Required, hence the name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008175-0001-0000", "contents": "12\"ers\nIn Japan and Brazil, the release was originally a four-track EP, released on 12\" and cassette. The main difference is the omission of remixes for \"Who Said I Would\" and \"Only You Know and I Know\" and the inclusion of an edited remix for \"Take Me Home\" which clocked in at 6:10. When the album was released on CD in 1988, it was the full six-track album, including the full length remix of \"Take Me Home\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008175-0002-0000", "contents": "12\"ers, Original releases\n\"Don't Lose My Number\", \"Take Me Home\", \"Sussudio\" and \"One More Night\" were all released as 12\" singles A-sides. \"Only You Know and I Know\" was released as the B-side of the \"Separate Lives\" 12\" single. \"Who Said I Would\" is exclusive to the CD edition of this compilation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 25], "content_span": [26, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008175-0003-0000", "contents": "12\"ers, Critical reception\nReviewing retrospectively for AllMusic, critic Shawn M. Haney wrote of the album \"The album is a great way to reflect back on one's wondrous memories of '80s life. This will find the listener in the middle of an enjoyable musical experience, especially for those who were and continue to be a part of Collins' fan base.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 26], "content_span": [27, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008175-0004-0000", "contents": "12\"ers, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Phil Collins, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008176-0000-0000", "contents": "12\"x12 New Order Vinyl Campaign\n12\" x 12 New Order Vinyl Campaign is the title of a series of 12-inch singles released by New Order in February 2006 through New State Recordings. The discs contain a mixture of both new and previously released remixes of past New Order songs. NSER017, which contains mixes of \"Blue Monday\", charted in the UK top 75.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008177-0000-0000", "contents": "12, Smart\n12, Smart (12,\u30b9\u30de\u30fc\u30c8, 12, Smart) is the twelfth studio album by all-girl Japanese idol group Morning Musume.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008177-0001-0000", "contents": "12, Smart, Overview\nIt is the last album to feature Ai Takahashi, Risa Niigaki, and Aika Mitsui and the first to feature the ninth-generation members Mizuki Fukumura, Erina Ikuta, Riho Sayashi, and Kanon Suzuki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008178-0000-0000", "contents": "12-12-12\n12-12-12 is a documentary film that premiered on October 29, 2013 at the Directors Guild of America theater on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008178-0001-0000", "contents": "12-12-12\nFilmed from 23 different camera angles, the documentary was originally to have been two separate films, made by two separate production groups, one headed by Sir Paul McCartney, and one from the Robin Hood Foundation's film team. After production crews encountered one another at Madison Square Garden during filming, the two teams joined forces to create a single film using both companies' equipment and resources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008178-0002-0000", "contents": "12-12-12\nOn December 12, 2012, some of entertainment's most iconic names came together at Madison Square Garden for a historic concert to benefit the victims of Hurricane Sandy, 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008178-0003-0000", "contents": "12-12-12\nIt was produced jointly by James Dolan, Executive Chairman of The Madison Square Garden Company; John Sykes, President of Entertainment Enterprises for Clear Channel Media Holdings. ; and Harvey Weinstein, Co-Founder and Chairman of The Weinstein Company, and presented by Chase with all proceeds going to the Robin Hood Relief Fund.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008178-0004-0000", "contents": "12-12-12\n12-12-12 covers behind-the-scenes and onstage moments from the historic concert -- \"the largest gathering of old British musicians ever in Madison Square Garden\" an until-then unprecedented gathering of musicians, performers, and public figures who took the stage or worked behind the scenes to raise over fifty million U.S. dollars in one night for the Robin Hood Hurricane Sandy Relief Fund and to quickly distribute the entirety of the funds to organizations helping victims in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008178-0004-0001", "contents": "12-12-12\nEdited in a roughly sequential fashion, the film is at once: a documentary about community heroism; a concert film; and an exploration of the wide range of efforts needed to produce such a concert, from gathering the artists, to planning the event, through load-in and rehearsal, solving \"money problems\" and technical issues with web-based donations, and finally the performances themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008179-0000-0000", "contents": "12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief\n12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief was a benefit concert that took place at Madison Square Garden in New York City on December 12, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008179-0001-0000", "contents": "12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief\nThe concert was held in response to Hurricane Sandy, which devastated portions of the Northeastern United States, the Caribbean and the Mid-Atlantic in late October 2012 and cost an estimated $60 billion in damage in the United States. The concert was broadcast live via television, radio, movie theaters and the Internet, and released on DVD and CD. A documentary film was also made about the concert. Proceeds from the event were collected by the Robin Hood Relief Fund to benefit victims of the hurricane in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008179-0002-0000", "contents": "12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief\nMany famous performers took part in the charity event, including The Who, Bruce Springsteen, Alicia Keys, Bon Jovi, Eric Clapton, Billy Joel, The Rolling Stones, Roger Waters, Chris Martin, Michael Stipe, Kanye West, Eddie Vedder, and, for the first time in eighteen years, the surviving members of Nirvana (Dave Grohl, Krist Novoselic and touring member Pat Smear) who performed together in a collaboration with Paul McCartney during his show-closing set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008179-0003-0000", "contents": "12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief, Background\nThe benefit concert was first announced in mid-November 2012 and that the producers behind 2001's The Concert for New York City would also produce the Hurricane Sandy benefit which quickly attracted many big names from the music industry. The venue and on sale date for tickets were announced in early December. Madison Square Garden had originally been reserved on December 12 for a New York Rangers game against the Montreal Canadiens that was one of the 510 regular season games that were canceled due to the 2012\u201313 NHL lockout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008179-0004-0000", "contents": "12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief, Background\nProceeds from the event went to the Robin Hood Relief Fund and benefit victims of the hurricane in areas most impacted, especially New York, New Jersey and Connecticut. More than $30 million was raised through ticket sales alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008179-0005-0000", "contents": "12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief, Tickets\nTickets for the event went on sale through Ticketmaster on December 3, 2012, at noon though Chase Bank customers were allowed to buy tickets at 9 a.m. Tickets quickly sold out in minutes. The face-value of tickets ranged from $150 to $2,500, with organizers saying all proceeds would go to the Robin Hood Foundation. Like most concerts with high demands for tickets, scalpers were able to buy tickets and within minutes of the concert selling out were already available for re-sale at much higher prices on various sites, including StubHub. By December 7, 2012, tickets for the floor in front of the stage were listed for as much as $48,000 while those in the upper level were going for $525 to $3,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008179-0006-0000", "contents": "12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief, Tickets\nProducers of the event urged people to not buy from these secondary websites because the money no longer goes to charity. U.S. Senator Charles E. Schumer sent a letter to StubHub and three other major online ticket exchanges, urging them to not allow sellers to profit from the demand for the concert stating that \"Every dollar spent for these concert tickets should go to help the victims of Superstorm Sandy, not to line the pockets of unscrupulous scalpers\". A spokesman for StubHub, Glenn Lehrman, said it did not have the technology to require sellers to give their profits to charity. StubHub gave its commissions of more than $500,000 to the charity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008179-0007-0000", "contents": "12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief, Tickets\nJacqueline Peterson, a spokeswoman for Ticketmaster, which handled the initial ticket sales, said her company had evidence that scalpers had used computer programs to snap up large numbers of tickets for resale. She said Ticketmaster had blocked thousands of sales to buyers that it identified as using these programs. Among the recipients of Schumer's letter were TicketMaster's in-house resale marketplaces, TicketsNow and TicketExchange; however, Peterson said that 12-12-12 tickets were not being allowed on those sites. TicketLiquidator, another secondary re-sale website, also said that it had declined to carry tickets for the concert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008179-0008-0000", "contents": "12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief, Broadcast\nThe concert was simulcast live on 39 U.S. television stations, including HBO, AMC, Showtime and AXS TV and on more than 20 international television networks. It was also streamed on over twenty-five websites, including Fuse.tv, MTV.com, AOL, Yahoo!, YouTube, SiriusXM, Hulu, and Vevo and over fifty radio stations. Select movie theaters in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut displayed the concert as well. Ion Television, Live Well Network and MundoFox were the only national over-the-air broadcasters to carry the concert. Locally, the PBS consortium WNET/WLIW/NJTV carried it on their stations, along with CBS's WLNY (Channel 55) and WRNN-TV (Channel 48). WPSG (Channel 57) carried the show locally in Philadelphia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008179-0009-0000", "contents": "12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief, Broadcast\nEvent producers James Dolan, John Sykes and Harvey Weinstein issued on December 3, 2012, the following joint statement: \"The fact that so many major media companies are joining forces to distribute and stream this important event to homes worldwide will enable us to create a tremendous and unprecedented fundraising effort on a global scale to benefit the victims of this devastating storm.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008179-0010-0000", "contents": "12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief, Broadcast\nWhile every major U.S. media company aired the benefit on at least one of their networks, none of the major over-the-air television networks including CBS, ABC, Fox and NBC aired it, and neither did the major cable-news networks of CNN, MSNBC and the Fox News Channel. Clear Channel broadcast the concert live on some of its radio stations across the country and also streamed it live on iHeartRadio, its digital-radio service, and across the websites and Facebook pages of its 850 stations. The concert also aired in conjunction with the NBA's television and online streaming broadcasts in China and simulcast live on Clear Channel Outdoor digital billboards in Times Square and locations in London and Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008179-0011-0000", "contents": "12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief, Performers and segments\nThe event began at 7:30 pm and ran until 1:20 am.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008180-0000-0000", "contents": "12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief (album)\nThe 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief is a compilation album by various rock and pop music artists, recorded live during the Hurricane Sandy relief concert 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief, held in New York's Madison Square Garden. The album was released on January 3, 2015 in the United States, and a European version was released on January 18 later the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008180-0001-0000", "contents": "12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief (album), Content\nThe album features best-of live performances by Eric Clapton, Adam Sandler, Paul Shaffer, Bon Jovi, Paul McCartney, Bruce Springsteen, Roger Waters, The Rolling Stones, Alicia Keys, Billy Joel, The Who and Chris Martin. The recording of these performances took place while the mentioned artists performed at 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief on December 31, 2012-January 1, 2013 in New York's Madison Square Garden. The album was released as a double compact disc with musical material of over nearly two and a half hours under Columbia Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008180-0001-0001", "contents": "12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief (album), Content\nPerformers who are not included on the album release are: Billy Crystal, Susan Sarandon, Brian Williams, Ben Stiller, Whoopi Goldberg, Kristen Stewart, Tony Danza, Jon Stewart, Chelsea Clinton, Jimmy Fallon, Stephen Colbert, Sean Combs, Steve Buscemi, Chris Rock, Kanye West, Seth Meyers, Bobby Moynihan, Jack McBrayer, Jake Gyllenhaal, Blake Lively, Katie Holmes, Jason Sudeikis, Leonardo DiCaprio, Jamie Foxx, Quentin Tarantino, Christoph Waltz and Olivia Wilde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008180-0002-0000", "contents": "12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief (album), Chart performance\nIn Europe, the compilation album was not very successful peaking at position 83 on Switzerlands Schweizer Hitparade in February 2013. The 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief album reached number 60 in the Netherlands album chart, compiled by MegaCharts. On both of these album charts, the album stayed only one week, selling about 1,000 copies in each country. In Belgium, however, the all-star release placed itself on position 46 in Flanders and reached number 31 on the Ultratop Wallonia chart. In Flanders, the album stayed seven weeks on the chart, in Wallonia twelve weeks, making Belgium the most successful European territory in which the album reached the official national charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 65], "content_span": [66, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008180-0003-0000", "contents": "12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief (album), Critical reception\nFor his AllMusic review, critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine notes the album is rare \"star-studded\" release, featuring \"British classic rock royalty\" with artists like \"Roger Waters, the Who, The Rolling Stones and Eric Clapton\". Erlewine, however, dislikes that \"there is nothing from Kanye West and Dave Grohls collaboration with Paul McCartney\" on the album. The critic mentions Eric Clapton's performance, stating \"Clapton [is really] tearing into the Derek & the Dominos song 'Got to Get Better in a Little While'\". Finishing his review for the music website, Erlewine awarded the release three out of five possible stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 66], "content_span": [67, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008181-0000-0000", "contents": "12-12-1950\n12-12-1950 is a 2017 Indian Tamil language film written and directed by Selva, who starred as the lead role in the film. The movie is a tribute to the film actor Rajinikanth, and the title of the film corresponds to his birthday (December 12, 1950).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008181-0001-0000", "contents": "12-12-1950\nThe cast, apart from starring Selva, includes Ramesh Thilak, Adhavan, Ajai Prasad, Prashanth, Ashwini Chandrasekhar, Thambi Ramaiah, Yogi Babu, John Vijay, and M. S. Bhaskar. Selva has rechristened himself as Kabali Selva. The title teaser of the movie was released on 8 July 2017, and the film released on 8 December 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008181-0002-0000", "contents": "12-12-1950, Plot\nThe film narrates the life of five fans of Rajinikanth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008181-0003-0000", "contents": "12-12-1950, Release\nThe film's title 12-12-1950 meant that the film didn't have any problems with title changes during release. Other films that depicted Rajinikanth faced issues as those films explicitly stated Rajinikanth's name such as Main Hoon Rajinikanth and Perumaan The Rajinikanth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0000-0000", "contents": "12-3 incident\nThe 12-3 incident (Chinese: \u4e00\u4e8c\u00b7\u4e09\u4e8b\u4ef6; Portuguese: Motim 1-2-3) refers to political demonstrations and rioting against Portuguese rule in Macau that occurred on 3 December 1966. The incident, inspired by the Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic of China, occurred in direct response to a violent police crackdown against Chinese protestors demonstrating against corruption and colonialism in Macau. The incident is known as \"12-3\", in reference to the date of the riots. Pressured by business leaders in Macau and the mainland Chinese government, the colonial government agreed to meet the demands of the protestors and apologized for the police crackdown. Portuguese sovereignty over Macau diminished after the incident, leading to de facto Chinese control over the territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0001-0000", "contents": "12-3 incident, Origins\nThe Portuguese occupation of Macau is broadly divided into three different political periods. The first, being the establishment of the first Portuguese settlement in Macau from 1557 until 1849. During this period the settlement administrators only had jurisdiction over the Portuguese community. The second period, known as the colonial period, scholars generally place from 1849 to 1974, it was in this period the Portuguese colonial administration began to take an active role in the lives of both the Portuguese and ethnic Chinese communities in Macau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0001-0001", "contents": "12-3 incident, Origins\nOn 26 March 1887, the Lisbon Protocol was signed, in which China recognized the \"perpetual occupation and government of Macau\" by Portugal who in turn, agreed never to surrender Macau to a third party without the consent of the Chinese government. This was reaffirmed in the Treaty of Peking on 1 December 1887. Throughout the colonial administration of Macau, development of Portuguese Macau stagnated due to a complex colonial bureaucracy and corruption. Racial segregation and division also existed throughout society. Within the governance of Macau, almost all government officers and civil service positions were held by local Portuguese residents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0002-0000", "contents": "12-3 incident, Origins\nIn September 1945, Republic of China Ministry of Foreign Affairs, expressed to the Portuguese government a desire to transfer Macau back to Chinese control. However, due to the Chinese Civil War, discussions related between the Kuomintang and the Portuguese were postponed indefinitely. In 1949, with the founding of the People's Republic of China a large number of refugees and Kuomintang supporters fled China to Portuguese Macau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0003-0000", "contents": "12-3 incident, Origins\nBefore the 12-3 incident, the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party parties both maintained a presence in Macau. With the founding of the People's Republic, the colonial Portuguese government opened unofficial relations with China due to the close proximity of Macau to Communist controlled southern China. Following the founding of the PRC, the influence of the Chinese Communists grew substantially in Macau especially among business leaders throughout the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0004-0000", "contents": "12-3 incident, The incident\nSchools and education in Macau were divided on racial lines, with the Portuguese and Macanese sending their children to fully subsidized private schools while the Chinese population had to send their children to either Catholic or Communist schools. The segregation of education in Macau was an area of great contention for the local populations. In 1966, residents of Taipa Island, sponsored by the Chinese communists, tried to obtain permission to build a private school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0004-0001", "contents": "12-3 incident, The incident\nDespite being granted a plot of land by the Portuguese authorities, Portuguese officials delayed the processing of the building permits, as they had not received any bribes from the residents of Taipa Island. In spite of receiving no building permits from the local administration, local residents began construction of the private school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0005-0000", "contents": "12-3 incident, The incident\nOn 15 November 1966, Urban Services Officers on Taipa blocked further construction of the school, leading to a confrontation between Chinese protesters and Macau Police. The police, including plain-clothes officers, injured over 40 people, of whom 14 were later detained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0006-0000", "contents": "12-3 incident, The incident\nIn response, a group of around 60 Chinese students and workers demonstrated outside the Governor's Palace in support of the residents of Taipa Island. The demonstrators shouted revolutionary slogans and read aloud from Mao Zedong's Little Red Book. On 3 December 1966, demonstrators began to riot and denounced Portuguese authorities for \"fascist atrocities\". Protestors, instigated by local communists and pro-Beijing business owners, ransacked Portuguese institutions throughout Macau such as the Macau City Hall and Public Notary's Office. Violence was also directed towards local Chinese businesses and organizations loyal to the Kuomintang. Unlike in neighboring Hong Kong - which faced similar leftist riots - the business community largely did not back the colonial government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0007-0000", "contents": "12-3 incident, The incident\nIn Mainland China, specifically in Guangdong, Red Guards, inspired by the Cultural Revolution and angered by the violence towards Chinese in Macau, began to protest in large numbers at the Chinese-Macau border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0008-0000", "contents": "12-3 incident, The incident\nOn 3 December, the colonial government ordered the rioters and demonstrators to be arrested, leading to even more mass discontent and popular support for opposition to the Portuguese administration. In response, demonstrators toppled the statue of Colonel Vicente Nicolau de Mesquita at Largo do Senado, the city center, and also tore off the right arm of a statue of Jorge \u00c1lvares located on the former outer harbor ferry port. At the Leal Senado or city hall, portraits of former governors were torn off the walls, and books and city records were tossed into the street and set on fire. Consequently, martial law was declared, authorizing a Portuguese military garrison and police to crack down on the protests. As a result, 8 people were killed by police and 212 were injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0009-0000", "contents": "12-3 incident, Resolution\nIn response to the crackdown, the Portuguese government immediately implemented a news blockade, Portuguese-language newspapers and magazines were banned, and newspapers in Portugal and overseas provinces were ordered to censor reports about the incident. In response to the incident, the Chinese government deployed the People's Liberation Army to the Chinese-Portuguese Macau border to prevent Red Guards from invading Macau. Four Chinese warships also entered the waters of Macau in response to the crackdown. The security ring set around Macau by the Chinese would be involved in multiple casualty-causing conflicts with Red Guards attempting to invade Macau by both land and by sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0010-0000", "contents": "12-3 incident, Resolution\nThe pro-Beijing community in Macau adopted a \"Three No's\" approach as a means to continue their struggle with the Government \u2014 no taxes, no service, no selling to the Portuguese. Representing Chinese Macau was the pro-Beijing Struggle Committee against Portuguese Persecution, known locally as the Committee of Thirteen. Chairman of the Committee was Leong Pui, the leader of the pro-Beijing Macau General Association of Labour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0011-0000", "contents": "12-3 incident, Resolution\nNegotiations to resolve and prevent further escalation between the People's Republic of China, Committee of Thirteen, and the Portuguese government took place in Guangdong. The chief negotiator for the Chinese was Ho Yin, whose involvement and commitment to resolve the crisis caused by the riot was crucial because at that time he was the only one who could contact directly both the Portuguese administration and Chinese officials in Guangzhou and Beijing, as he was the representative of Macau in the Legislative Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0012-0000", "contents": "12-3 incident, Resolution\nThe Portuguese, due to increasing pressures from both Beijing and Lisbon, agreed to sign agreements with the Committee of Thirteen and the Guangdong Government Foreign Affairs Bureau, along with an official statement of apology, and accepted responsibility for the events on 3 December 1966. On 29 January 1967, the Portuguese Governor, Jos\u00e9 Manuel de Sousa e Faro Nobre de Carvalho, with the endorsement of Portuguese Prime Minister Salazar, signed a statement of apology at the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, under a portrait of Mao Zedong, with Ho, as the Chamber's President, presiding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0012-0001", "contents": "12-3 incident, Resolution\nAlongside the apology, the Portuguese agreed to reinforce the role of the Macau Chinese business elite in running the governmental affairs of Macau, promised to never use force against the Chinese community of Macau, and agreed to pay reparations to the Chinese community in Macau to the sum of 2 million Macanese pataca as compensation for the eight dead and 212 injured. In contrast, the agreement signed with the Guangdong government was more favorable to the Portuguese; per the agreement, the Chinese government would take back all refugees who arrived in Macau from 30 January 1967 on wards, a promise China would keep until 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0013-0000", "contents": "12-3 incident, Resolution\nThis marked the beginning of equal treatment and recognition of Chinese identity in Macau and the beginning of de facto Chinese control of the territory with Chinese Communist Ho Yin becoming the de facto governor of Macau. The Portuguese Foreign Minister, Alberto Franco Nogueira, described Portugal's role in Macau after 1967 as \"a caretaker of a condominium under foreign supervision\". Chinese media described the political situation of Macau as a \"half liberated zone\". Shortly after the agreements were signed, Chinese military forces around Macau were withdrawn and the Red Guard threat had subsided.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0014-0000", "contents": "12-3 incident, Aftermath\nWith the Portuguese now only nominally in control of Macau, political power would increasingly rest with the pro-Beijing trade unions and business leaders. The official Portuguese and Chinese positions about the political status of Macau did not differ, as both now described the region as a Chinese territory under Portuguese administration and not a colony or overseas territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0015-0000", "contents": "12-3 incident, Aftermath\nAs a consequence of Beijing's increasing influence, pro-Kuomintang activities in Macau were banned, and the Republic of China's diplomatic mission was closed. The flying of the flag of the Republic of China was banned, and Kuomintang-run schools were also closed. In addition, refugees from mainland China were either barred from entering or returned to China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0016-0000", "contents": "12-3 incident, Aftermath\nEmboldened by their success against the Portuguese, the Committee of Thirteen encouraged demonstrations against other institutions in Macau that were perceived to be antagonistic towards the People's Republic. Specifically, the British Consulate and the Macau Branch of the Hong Kong Immigration department were once again targeted by protestors. British consular staff in Macau were under constant threat and harassment by Red Guards, leading to the closure of the British consulate in 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0017-0000", "contents": "12-3 incident, Aftermath\nOn 25 April 1974, a group of left-wing Portuguese officers organized a coup d'\u00e9tat in Portugal, overthrowing the right-wing ruling government that had been in power for 48 years. The new government began to transition Portugal to a democratic system and was committed to decolonization. The new Portuguese government carried out de-colonization policies and proposed Macau's handover to China to occur in 1978. The Chinese government rejected this proposal, believing that an early transfer of Macau would impact relations with Hong Kong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008182-0018-0000", "contents": "12-3 incident, Aftermath\nOn 31 December 1975, the Portuguese government withdrew its remaining troops from Macau. On 8 February 1979, the Portuguese government decided to break off diplomatic relations with the Republic of China, and established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China the next day. Both Portugal and the People's Republic of China recognized Macau as Chinese territory. The colony remained under Portuguese rule until 20 December 1999, when it was transferred to China. Ho Yin's son, Edmund Ho Hau Wah, would become the first Chief Executive of the Macau Special Administrative Region following the transfer of sovereignty in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008183-0000-0000", "contents": "12-Bar Original\n\"12-Bar Original\" is an instrumental 12-bar blues by the Beatles. It was recorded in 1965, but was not commercially available until 1996 when an edited version of take 2 of the song was included on the Anthology 2 album. Prior to editing, the length of take 2 was 6:36.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008183-0001-0000", "contents": "12-Bar Original\nIt is one of the few songs credited to Lennon/McCartney/Harrison/Starkey and published by Lenono Music, Inc., MPL Communications Ltd, Harrisongs Ltd., and Startling Music Ltd. Other songs credited to all four Beatles include \"Flying\" from Magical Mystery Tour, \"Dig It\" from Let It Be and \"Christmas Time (Is Here Again)\", the B-side to the 1995 single \"Free as a Bird\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008183-0002-0000", "contents": "12-Bar Original\nOf the Beatles, only John Lennon and Ringo Starr ever commented on the song. During some US radio interviews, Lennon was asked if there were any unissued Beatles recordings, he replied that all he could recall was \"some lousy 12 bar\". Starr told journalist Peter Palmiere that \"we all wrote the track and I have an acetate of one of the versions\". The quote was later used by Palmiere in a Ringo Starr cover interview/story in DISCoveries magazine in 1993 and by Jim Berkenstadt and Belmo in their book Black Market Beatles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008183-0003-0000", "contents": "12-Bar Original\n\"12-Bar Original\" was the Beatles' first instrumental after signing for EMI, and was produced by George Martin at EMI's Abbey Road Studios, London. Four other instrumentals by the group are the aforementioned \"Flying\", an outtake version of that song called \"Aerial Tour Instrumental\", \"Cayenne\" and \"Cry for a Shadow\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008183-0004-0000", "contents": "12-Bar Original, Composition and recording\n\"12-Bar Original\" was recorded on 4 November 1965, the same day as \"What Goes On\". Beginning with a count-in by McCartney, the track consists of 17 twelve-bar choruses in the key of E major, recorded without overdubs, with drums, bass, guitar and harmonium, clocking in at 6:42. For the track's release on Anthology 2, Martin edited together certain choruses: #1\u20132 (0:00\u20130:46), #9\u201310 (3:04\u20133:50),#14 (4:59\u20135:22) and #16\u201317 (5:46\u20136:38). The track was the first instrumental the group recorded since \"Cry for a Shadow\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008184-0000-0000", "contents": "12-Crown-4\n12-Crown-4, also called 1,4,7,10-tetraoxacyclododecane and lithium ionophore V, is a crown ether with the formula C8H16O4. It is a cyclic tetramer of ethylene oxide which is specific for the lithium cation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008184-0001-0000", "contents": "12-Crown-4, Synthesis\n12-Crown-4 can be synthesized using a modified Williamson ether synthesis, using LiClO4 as a templating cation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008184-0002-0000", "contents": "12-Crown-4, Synthesis\nIt also forms from the cyclic oligomerization of ethylene oxide in the presence of gaseous boron trifluoride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008184-0003-0000", "contents": "12-Crown-4, Properties\nLike other crown ethers, 12-crown-4 complexes with alkali metal cations. The cavity diameter of 1.2-1.5\u00a0\u00c5 gives it a high selectivity towards the lithium cation (ionic diameter 1.36\u00a0\u00c5)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008184-0004-0000", "contents": "12-Crown-4, Properties\nIts point group is S4. The dipole moment of 12-crown-4 varies with solvent and temperature. At 25\u00a0\u00b0C, the dipole moment of 12-crown-4 was determined as 2.33 \u00b1 0.03 D in cyclohexane and 2.46 \u00b1 0.01 D in benzene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0000-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid\n12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) is a derivative of the 20 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid, containing a hydroxyl residue at carbon 12 and a 5Z,8Z,10E,14Z Cis\u2013trans isomerism configuration (Z=cis, E=trans) in its four double bonds. It was first found as a product of arachidonic acid metabolism made by human and bovine platelets through their 12S-lipoxygenase (i.e. ALOX12) enzyme(s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0000-0001", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid\nHowever, the term 12-HETE is ambiguous in that it has been used to indicate not only the initially detected \"S\" stereoisomer, 12S-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HETE or 12S-HETE), made by platelets, but also the later detected \"R\" stereoisomer, 12(R)-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (also termed 12(R)-HETE or 12R-HETE) made by other tissues through their 12R-lipoxygenase enzyme, ALOX12B. The two isomers, either directly or after being further metabolized, have been suggested to be involved in a variety of human physiological and pathological reactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0000-0002", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid\nUnlike hormones which are secreted by cells, travel in the circulation to alter the behavior of distant cells, and thereby act as Endocrine signalling agents, these arachidonic acid metabolites act locally as Autocrine signalling and/or Paracrine signaling agents to regulate the behavior of their cells of origin or of nearby cells, respectively. In these roles, they may amplify or dampen, expand or contract cellular and tissue responses to disturbances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0001-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Production\nIn humans, Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO, 12-LOX, ALO12, or platelet type 12-lipoxygenase) is encoded by the ALOX12 gene and expressed primarily in platelets and skin. ALOX12 metabolizes arachidonic acid almost exclusively to 12(S)-hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HpETE or 12S-HpETE). Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1, 15-LOX-1, ALOX15), which is expressed in far more tissues that ALOX12, metabolizes arachidonic acid primarily to 15(S)-HpETE along with other metabolites of the 15-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid family; during this metabolism, however, ALOX15 also forms 12(S)-HpETE as a minor product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0001-0001", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Production\nArachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, 12R type, also termed 12RLOX and encoded by the ALOX12B gene, is expressed primarily in skin and cornea; it metabolizes arachidonic acid to 12(R)-HpETE. Cytochrome P450 enzymes convert arachidonic acid to a variety of hydroperoxy, epoxy, and dihydroxy derivatives including racemic mixtures of 12(S)-HpETE and 12(R)-HpETE or 12(S)-HETE and 12(R)-HETE; the R stereoisomer predominates in these mixtures. The initial 12(S)-HpETE and 12(R)-HpETE products, regardless of their pathway of formation, are rapidly reduced to 12(S)-HETE  and 12(R)-HETE, respectively, by ubiquitous cellular peroxidases, including in particular Glutathione peroxidases or, alternatively, are further metabolized as described below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0002-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Production\nSub-primate mammals, such as the mouse, rat, rabbit, cow, and pig, express platelet type 12-lipoxygenase but also a leukocyte type 12-lipoxygenase (also termed 12/15-lipoxygenase, 12/15-LOX or 12/15-LO) which is an ortholog of, and metabolically equivalent to, human 15-LO-1 in that it forms predominantly 15(S)-HpETE with 12(S)-HpETE as a minor product. Mice also express an epidermal type 15-lipoxygenase (e-12LO) which has 50.8% amino acid sequence identity to human 15-LOX-2 and 49.3% sequence identity to mouse Arachidonate 8-lipoxygenase. Mouse e-12LO metabolizes arachidonic acid predominantly to 12(S)-HETE and to a lesser extent 15(S)-HETE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0003-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Production\nSub-human primates, although not extensively examined, appear to have 12-lipoxygenase expression patterns that resemble those of sub-primate mammals or humans depending on the closeness of there genetic relatedness to these species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0004-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Further metabolism\nIn human (and mouse) skin epidermis, 12(R)-HpETE is metabolized by Epidermis-type lipoxygenase, i.e. eLOX3 (encoded by the ALOXE3 gene), to two products: a) a specific hepoxilin, 8R-hydroxy-11R,12R-epoxy-5Z,9E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (i.e. 8R-hydroxy-11R,12R-epoxy-hepoxilin A3 or 8R-OH-11R,12R-epoxy-hepoxilin A3) and b) 12-oxo-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-oxo-HETE, 12-oxoETE, 12-Keto-ETE, or 12-KETE); 8R-hydroxy-11R,12R-epoxy-hepoxilin A3 is further metabolized by soluble Epoxide hydrolase 2 (sEH) to 8R,11R,12R-trihydroxy-5Z,9E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid. 12(R)-HpETE also spontaneously decomposes to a mixture of hepoxilins and trihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids that possess R or S hydroxy and epoxy residues at various sites while 8R-hydroxy-11R,12R-epoxy-hepoxilin A3 spontaneously decomposes to 8R,11R,12R-trihydroxy-5Z,9E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid. These decompositions may occur during tissue isolation procedures. Recent studies indicate that the metabolism by ALOXE3 of the R stereoisomer of 12-HpETE made by ALOX12B and therefore possibly the S stereoisomer of 12-HpETE made by ALOX12 or ALOX15 is responsible for forming various hepoxilins in the epidermis of human and mouse skin and tongue and possibly other tissues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 1299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0005-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Further metabolism\nHuman skin metabolizes 12(S)-HpETE in reactions strictly analogous to those of 12(R)-HpETE; it metabolized 12(S)-HpETE by eLOX3 to 8R-hydroxy-11S,12S-epoxy-5Z,9E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid and 12-oxo-ETE, with the former product then being metabolized by sEH to 8R,11S,12S-trihydroxy-5Z,9E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid. 12(S)-HpETE also spontaneously decomposes to a mixture of hepoxilins and trihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (trioxillins) that possess R or S hydroxy and R,S or S,R epoxide residues at various sites while 8R-hydroxy-11S,12S-epoxy-hepoxilin A3 spontaneously decomposes to 8R,11S,12S-trihydroxy-5Z,9E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0006-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Further metabolism\nIn other tissues and animal species, numerous hepoxilins form but the hepoxilin synthase activity responsible for their formation is variable. (Hepoxilin A3 [8R/S-hydroxy-11,12-epoxy-5Z,9E,14Z-eicosatrienoic acid] and hepoxilin B3 [10R/S-hydroxy-11,12-epxoy-5Z,8Z,14Z-eicosatrienoic acid] refer to a mixture of Diastereomers and\u2044or Enantiomers derived from arachidonic acid.) Cultured RINm5F rat Insulinoma cells convert 12(S)-HpETE to hepoxilin A3 in a reaction that is completely dependent on, and co-localizes with, the cells' leukocyte type 12-LOX; furthermore, recombinant rat and porcine leukocyte type 12-LOX as well as human platelet type 12-LOX metabolize 12(S)-HpETE to hepoxylin A3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0006-0001", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Further metabolism\nHowever, transfection of HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells with each of the 6 rat lipoxygenases, including rat eLOX3, found that hepoxilin B3 production required eLOX3; furthermore, the development of inflammation-induced tactile pain hypersensitivity (hyperesthesia; tactile Allodynia) in rats required eLOX3-dependent production of hepoxilin B3 by spinal tissue. Thus, the production of hepoxilins from 12(S)-HpETE may result from the intrinsic activity of platelet or leukocyte type 12-LOX's, require eLOX3, or even result from 12(S)-HpETE spontaneous (and perhaps artefactual) decomposition during isolation. The majority of reports on hepoxilin formation have not defined the pathways evolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0007-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Further metabolism\nHuman and other mammalian cytochrome P450 enzymes convert 12(S)-HpETE to 12-oxo-ETE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0008-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Further metabolism\n12-HETE (stereoisomer not determined), 12(S)-HETE, 12-oxo-ETE, hepoxilin B3, and trioxilin B3 are found in the sn-2 position of phospholipids isolated from normal human epidermis and human psoriatic scales. This indicates that the metabolites are acylated into the sn-2 position after being formed and/or directly produced by the metabolism of the arachidonic acid at the sn-2 position of these phospholipids. These acylation reactions may sequester and thereby inactivate or store the metabolites for release during cell stimulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0009-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Further metabolism\n12(S)-HETE and 12(R)-HETE are converted to 12-oxo-ETE by microsomal NAD+-dependent 12-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase in porcine polymophonuclear leukocytes; a similar pathway may be active in rabbit corneal epithelium, cow corneal epithelium, and mouse keratinocytes although this pathway has not been described in human tissues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0010-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Further metabolism\n12-oxo-ETE is metabolised by cytosolic NADH-dependent 12-oxoeicosinoid \u039410-reductase to 12-oxo-5Z,8Z,14Z-eicosatrienoic acid (12-oxo-ETrE); 12-ketoreductase may then reduce this 12-oxo-ETrE to 12(R)-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,14Z-eicosatrienoic acid (12(R)-HETrE) and to a lesser extent 12(S)-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,14Z-eicosatrienoic acid (12(S)-HETrE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0011-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Receptor targets and mechanisms of action\nThe G protein-coupled receptor, GPR31, cloned from PC3 human prostate cancer cell line is a high affinity (Kd=4.8 nM) receptor for 12(S)-HETE; GPR31 does not bind 12(R)-HETE and has relatively little affinity for 5(S)-HETE or 15(S)-HETE. GPR31 mRNA is expressed at low levels in several human cell lines including K562 cells (human myelogenous leukemia cell line), Jurkat cells, (T lymphocyte cell line), Hut78 cells (T cell lymphoma cell line), HEK 293 cells (primary embryonic kidney cell line), MCF7 cells (mammary adenocarcinoma cell line), and EJ cells (bladder carcinoma cell line).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0011-0001", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Receptor targets and mechanisms of action\nThis mRNA appears to be more highly expressed in PC3 and DU145 prostate cancer cell lines as well as in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), and human pulmonary aortic endothelial cells (HPAC). In PC-3 prostate cancer cells, GPR31 receptor mediates the action of 12(S)-HETE in activating the Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/Extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1/2 pathway and NF\u03baB pathway that lead to cell growth and other functions. Studies have not yet determined the role, if any, in GPR31 receptor in the action of 12(S)-HETE in other cell types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0012-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Receptor targets and mechanisms of action\nA G protein-coupled receptor for the 5(S),12(R)-dihydroxy metabolite of aracidonic acid, Leukotriene B4, vis., Leukotriene B4 receptor 2 (BLT2), but not its Leukotriene B4 receptor 1, mediates responses to 12(S)-HETE, 12(R)-HETE, and 12-oxo-ETE in many cell types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0012-0001", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Receptor targets and mechanisms of action\nBased on the effects of LTB4 receptor antagonists, for example, leukotriene B4 receptor 2 mediates: the rise in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration (a key signal for cell activation) in human neutrophils and the rise in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and chemotaxis in Chinese hamstery ovarian cells stimulated by 12(S)-HETE, 12(R)-HETE, and/or 12-oxo-ETE; the itch response to 12(S)-HETE and PMN inflammatory infiltration response to 12(R)-HETE triggered by the injection these metabolites into the skin of  mice and guinea pigs, respectively; and an in vitro angiogenic response by Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and in vivo angiogenic response by mice to 12(S)-HETE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0012-0002", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Receptor targets and mechanisms of action\nThe BLT2 receptor, in contrast to the GPR31 receptor, appears to be expressed at a high level in a wide range of tissues including neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, spleen, liver, and ovary. However, 12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (i.e. 12-(S)-hydroxy-5Z,8E,10E-heptadecatrienoic acid or 12-HHT), a product made when prostaglandin H2 is metabolized to Thromboxane A2 by Thromboxane synthase or spontaneously rearranges non-enzymatically (see 12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid) is the most potent BLT2 receptor agonist detected to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0012-0003", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Receptor targets and mechanisms of action\nTo clarify the role of BLT2 versus GPC31 receptors in responses to 12(S)-HETE, and the role(s) of LTB4, 12(S)-HETE, versus 12-HHT in BLT2-mediated responses, it will be necessary to determine: a) if leukotriene B4 interacts with the GPR31 receptor; b) if BLT2 receptor antagonists interfere with the GPR31 receptor; and c) the relative concentrations and availability of LTB4, 12(S)-HETE, and 12-HHT in tissues exhibiting BLT2-dependent responses. Ultimately, both receptors and all three ligands may prove to be responsible for some tissue responses in vivo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0013-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Receptor targets and mechanisms of action\n12(S)-HETE and 12(R)-HETE bind to and act as Competitive antagonists of the Thromboxane receptor which mediates the actions of Thromboxane A2 and Prostaglandin H2. This antagonistic activity was responsible for the ability of 12(S)-HETE and 12(R)-HETE to relax mouse mesenteric arteries pre-constricted with a thromboxane A2 mimetic, U46619.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0014-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Receptor targets and mechanisms of action\n12(S)-HETE binds with high affinity to a 50 kilodalton (Kda) subunit of a 650 kDa cytosolic and nuclear protein complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0015-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities and possible clinical significance, Inflammation and inflammatory diseases\n12(S)-HpETE, 12(R)-HETE, racemic mixtures of these 12-HETEs, and/or 12-oxo-ETE stimulate: a) the directed migration (chemotaxis) of human, rat, and rabbit neutrophils as well as rabbit macrophages; b) human neutrophils to adhere to each other (i.e. aggregate) and in cooperation with Tumor necrosis factor alpha or Platelet-activating factor, to release their granule-bound enzymes; c) the binding of human vascular epithelial cells to human monocytes; d) DNA synthesis and mitogenesis in the immortalized human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT; and e) when injected in the skin of human volunteers, the extravasation and local accumulation of circulating blood neutrophils and mononuclear cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 118], "content_span": [119, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0015-0001", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities and possible clinical significance, Inflammation and inflammatory diseases\nThese results suggest these metabolites contribute to the inflammation that occurs as sites where they are formed in abnormal amounts such as in human rheumatoid arthritis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Contact dermatitis, psoriasis, various forms of Ichthyosis including Congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, and corneal inflammatory diseases. Since BLT2 appears to mediate the responses of leukocytes to 12(S)-HpETE, 12(S)-HETE, 12(R)-HETE, and 12-oxo-ETE but GPR31 is expressed by various other cells (e.g. vascular endothelium) involved in inflammation, the pro-inflammatory actions of 12-HETE in humans may involve both types of G protein-coupled receptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 118], "content_span": [119, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0016-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities and possible clinical significance, Itch perception\n12(S)-HpETE and 12(S)-HETE induce itching responses when injected into the skin of mice; this has led to the suggestion that these metabolites contribute to the itching (i.e. clinical pruritus) which accompanies such conditions as atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, urticaria, chronic renal failure, and cholestasis. Since it mediates 12(S)-HETE-induced itching in the mouse model, BLT2 rather than GPR31 may mediate human itch in these reactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0017-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities and possible clinical significance, Cancer, Prostate cancer\n12-HETE (stereoisomer not defined) is the dominant arachidonic acid metabolite in cultured PC3 human prostate cancer cells and its levels in human prostate cancer tissue exceed by >9-fold its levels in normal human prostate tissue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 103], "content_span": [104, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0017-0001", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities and possible clinical significance, Cancer, Prostate cancer\nFurthermore, 12(S)-HETE a) increases the expression of Alpha-v beta-5 cell surface adhesion molecule and associated with this the survival of cultured PC3 cells; b) promotes the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein to inhibit its tumor suppressor function while promoting the proliferation of cultured PC3 cells; c) stimulates PC3 cells to activate the Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1/2 pathway and the NF\u03baB pathways that lead to cell proliferation; d) reverses the apoptosis-inducing (i.e. cell-killing) effect of pharmacologically inhibiting 12-LO in cultured DU145 human prostate cancer cells; e) promotes the induction of cyclooxygenase-1 and thereby the synthesis of this enzyme's growth-promoting arachidonic acid metabolite, PGE2, in cultured PC3 and LNCaP human prostate cancer cells; and f) induces cultured PC3 cells to express Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a protein that stimulates the formation of the microvasclature which assists in the metastasis of cancer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 103], "content_span": [104, 1144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0017-0002", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities and possible clinical significance, Cancer, Prostate cancer\nThese results suggest that the 12(S)-HETE made by prostate cancer tissues serves to promote the growth and spread of this cancer. Since it mediates the action of 12(S)-HETE in stimulating cultured PC3 cells to activate the Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/Extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1/2 pathway and NF\u03baB pathways, the GPR31 receptor may contribute to the pro-malignant activity of 12(S)-HETE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 103], "content_span": [104, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0017-0003", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities and possible clinical significance, Cancer, Prostate cancer\nHowever, LNCaP and PC3 cells also express BLT2 receptors; in LNCaP cells, BLT2 receptors are positively linked (i.e. stimulate the expression of) to the growth- and metastasis-promoting androgen receptor; in PC3 cells, BLT2 receptors stimulate the NF-\u03baB pathway to inhibit the apoptosis caused by cell detachment from surfaces (i.e. Anoikis; and, in BLT2-overexpressing PWR-1E non-malignant prostate cells, 12(S)-HETE diminish anoikis-induced apoptosis. Thus, the role of 12(S)-HETE in human prostate cancer, if any, may involve its activation of one or both of the GPR31 and BLT2 receptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 103], "content_span": [104, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0018-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities and possible clinical significance, Cancer, Other cancers\nPreclinical laboratory studies analogous to those conducted on the pro-malignant effects of 12(S)-HETE and growth-inhibiting effects of blocking 12-HETE production in cultured prostate cancer cell lines, have implicated 12-HETE (stereoisomer sometimes undefined) in cancer cell lines from various other human tissues including those from the liver, intestinal epithelium, lung, breast, skin (Melanoma), ovary, pancrease, and possibly bladder. These studies implicate the interaction of 12-HETE with BLT2 receptors in intestinal epithelium cancer cells, and BLT2 receptors in breast, ovary, pancreas, and bladder cancer cells. While the studies on these tissues have not been as frequent or diverse as those on prostate cancer cell lines, they are suggested to indicate that 12-HETE contributes to the growth or spread of the corresponding cancer in humans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 101], "content_span": [102, 958]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0019-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities and possible clinical significance, Diabetes\n12(S)-HETE, 12(S)-HpETE, and with far less potency 12(R)-HETE reduced insulin secretion and caused apoptosis in cultured human pancreatic insulin-secreting Beta cell lines and prepared Pancreatic islets. TNF\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IFN\u03b3 also reduced insulin secretion in cultured human pancreatic INS-1 beta cells, apparently by inducing the expression of NOX1 (NADPH oxidase 1) and thereby to the production of cell-toxic Reactive oxygen species; these cytokine effects were completely dependent on 12-lipoxygenase and mimicked by 12(S)-HETE but not 12(R)-HETE. 12-lipoxygenase-knockout mice (i.e., mice genetically manipulated to remove the Alox12 [", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 88], "content_span": [89, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0019-0001", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities and possible clinical significance, Diabetes\ni.e. 12-lipoxygenase gene, see lipoxygenase#mouse lipoxygenases) are resistant to a) streptozotocin-induced, b) high fat diet-induced, and c) autoimmune-induced diabetes. Further studies in animal models suggest that the 12S-HETE made by pancreatic beta cells (or possibly alpha cells or other cell types indigenous to or invading the pancreatic islands) orchestrate a local immune response that results in the injury and, when extreme, death of beta cells. These results suggest that the 12-lipoxygenase-12S-HETE pathway is one factor contributing to immunity-based type I diabetes as well as low insulin output type II diabetes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 88], "content_span": [89, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008185-0020-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities and possible clinical significance, Blood pressure\n12(S)-HETE and 12(S)-HpETE stimulate the dilation of rat mesenteric arteries; 12(S)-HETE stimulates the dilation of coronary microvessels in pigs and the mesenteric arteries of mice, one or more of these three metabolites are implicated in the vasodilation of rat basilar artery, 12(R)-HETE and to a slightly lesser extent 12(S)-HETE constrict the renal artery of dogs and 12-HETE (stereoisomer undetermined) is implicated in the angiotensin II-induced arterial hypertension response of human placenta. The vasodilating effect on mouse mesenteric arteries appears due to 12S-HETE's ability to act as a Thromboxane receptor antagonist and thereby block the vasoconstricting actions of thromboxane A2. These results indicate that the cited metabolites have dilating or constricting effects that depend on the arterial vascular site and or species of animal examined; their role in human blood pressure regulation is unclear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 94], "content_span": [95, 1017]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0000-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid\n12-Hydroxyheptadecatrenoic acid (also termed 12-HHT, 12(S)-hydroxyheptadeca-5Z,8E,10E-trienoic acid, or 12(S)-HHTrE) is a 17 carbon metabolite of the 20 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid. It was first detected and structurally defined by P. Wlodawer, Bengt I. Samuelsson, and M. Hamberg as a product of arachidonic acid metabolism made by microsomes (i.e. endoplasmic reticulum) isolated from sheep seminal vesicle glands and by intact human platelets. 12-HHT is less ambiguously termed 12-(S)-hydroxy-5Z,8E,10E-heptadecatrienoic acid to indicate the S stereoisomerism of its 12-hydroxyl residue and the Z, E, and E cis-trans isomerism of its three double bonds. The metabolite was for many years thought to be merely a biologically inactive byproduct of prostaglandin synthesis. More recent studies, however, have attached potentially important activity to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 912]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0001-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Production, Primary source\nCyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 metabolize arachidonic acid to the 15-hydroperoxy, 20 carbon prostaglandin (PG) intermediate, PGG2, and then to the 15-hydroxy, 20 carbon intermediate, prostaglandin H2 (PGH2). Thromboxane synthase further metabolizes PGH2 to the 20 carbon product, Thromboxane A2, the 17 carbon product, 12-HHT, and the 3 carbon product Malonyldialdehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0001-0001", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Production, Primary source\nPlatelets express cycloxygenase and thromboxane synthase enzymes, producing PGG2, PGH2, and TXA2 in response to platelet aggregating agents such as thrombin; these metabolites act as autocrines by feeding back to promote further aggregation of their cells of origin and as paracrines by recruiting nearby platlets into the response as well as exerting effects on other nearby tissues such as contracting blood vessels. These effects combine to trigger blood clotting and limiting blood loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0001-0002", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Production, Primary source\n12-HHT is a particularly abundant product of these pro-clotting responses, accounting for about one third of the total amount of arachidonic acid metabolites formed by physiologically stimulated human platelets. Its abundant production during blood clotting, the presence of cyclooxygenases and to a lesser extent thromboxane synthase in a wide range of cell types and tissue, and its production by other pathways imply that 12-HHT has one or more important bioactivities relevant to clotting and, perhaps, other responses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0002-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Production, Other sources\nVarious cytochrome P450 enzymes (e.g. CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2E1, CYP2S1, and CYP3A4) metabolize PGG2 and PGH2 to 12-HHT and MDA. While the latter studies were conducted using recombinant cytochrome enzymes or sub-fractions of disrupted cells, the human monocyte, a form of blood circulating leukocyte, increases its expression of CYP2S1 when forced to differentiate into a macrophage phenotype by interferon gamma or lipopolysaccharide (i.e. endotoxin); associated with these changes, the differentiated macrophage metabolized arachidonic acid to 12-HHT by a CYP2S1-dependent mechanism. Future studies, therefore may show that cytochromes are responsible for 12-HHT and MDA production in vivo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0003-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Production, Other sources\nPGH2, particularly in the presence of ferrous iron (FeII), ferric iron (FeIII), or hemin, rearranges non-enzymatically to a mixture of 12-HHT and 12-HHT's 8-cis isomer, i.e., 12-(S)-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,10E-heptadecatrienoic acid. This non-enzymatic pathway may explain findings that cells can make 12-HHT in excess of TXA2 and also in the absence of active cycloxygenase and/or thromboxane synthase enzymes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0004-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Further metabolism\n12-HHT is further metabolized by 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) in a wide variety of human and other vertebrate cells to its 12-oxo (also termed 12-keto) derivative, 12-oxo-5Z,8E,10E-heptadecatrienoic acid (12-oxo-HHT or 12-keto-HHT). Pig kidney tissue also converted 12-HHT to 12-keto-5Z,8E-heptadecadienoic acid (12-oxo-5Z,8E-heptadecadienoic acid) and 12-hydroxy-heptadecadienoic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0005-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Further metabolism\nAcidic conditions (pH~1.1-1.5) cause 12-HHT to rearrange in a time- and temperature-dependent process to its 5-cis isomer, 12-hydroxy-5E,8E,10E-heptadecatrienoic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0006-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Activities and clinical significance, Early studies\nFourteen years after the first publication on its detection in 1973, 12-HHT was reported to stimulate fetal bovine aortic and human umbilical vein endothelial cells to metabolize arachidonic acid to Prostacyclin I2 (PGI2), a powerful inhibitor of platelet activation and stimulator of Vasodilation (see Prostacyclin synthase); it did not, however, alter arachidonic acid metabolism in human platelets. Shortly thereafter, 12-HHT was reported to inhibit the chemotaxis-blocking effect of a human monocyte-derived factor on human moncytes while the immediate metabolite of 12-HHT, 12-oxo-HT, was reported to stimulate the chemotasis of human neutrophils.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 85], "content_span": [86, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0006-0001", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Activities and clinical significance, Early studies\nand to inhibit platelet aggregation responses to various agents by stimulating platelets to raise their levels of Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), an intracellular signal that serves broadly to inhibit platelet activation. These studies were largely overlooked; in 1998 and 2007 publications, for example, 12-HHT was regarded as either inactive or without significant biological activity. Nonetheless, this early work suggested that 12-HHT may serve as a contributor to monocyte- and neutrophil-based inflammatory responses and 12-oxo-HT may serve as a counterpoise to platelet aggregation responses elicited or promoted by TXA2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 85], "content_span": [86, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0006-0002", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Activities and clinical significance, Early studies\nRelevant to the latter activity,  a later study showed that this inhibitory effect was due to the ability of 12-oxo-HT to act as a partial antagonist of the Thromboxane receptor: it blocks TXA2 binding to its receptor and thereby the responses of platelets and possibly other tissues to TXA2 as well as agents that depend on stimulating TXA2 production for their activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 85], "content_span": [86, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0006-0003", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Activities and clinical significance, Early studies\nThus, 12-HHT forms simultaneously with, and by stimulating PGI2 production, inhibits TXA2-mediated platelet activation responses while 12-oxo-HT blocks TXA2 receptor binding to reduce not only TXA2-induced thrombosis and blood clotting but possibly also vasospasm and other actions of TXA2. In this view, thromboxane synthase leads to the production of a broadly active arachidonic acid metabolite, TXA2, plus two other arachidonic acid metabolites, 12-HHT and 12-oxo-HT, that serve indirectly to stimulate PGI2 production or directly as a receptor antagonist to moderate TXA2's action, respectively. This strategy may be essential for limiting the deleterious thrombotic and vasospastic activities of TXA2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 85], "content_span": [86, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0007-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Activities and clinical significance, 12-HHT is a BLT2 receptor agonist\nLeukotriene B4 (i.e. LTB4) is an arachidonic acid metabolite made by the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme pathway. It activates cells through both its high affinity (Dissociation constant [Kd] of 0.5-1.5 nM) Leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (BLT1 receptor) and its low affinity BLT2 receptor (Kd=23 nM); both receptors are G protein coupled receptors that, when ligand-bound, activate cells by releasing the Gq alpha subunit and pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi alpha subunit from Heterotrimeric G proteins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 105], "content_span": [106, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0007-0001", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Activities and clinical significance, 12-HHT is a BLT2 receptor agonist\nBLT1 receptor has a high degree of ligand-binding specificity: among a series of hydroxylated eicosanoid metabolites of arachidonic acid, it binds only LTB4, 20-hydroxy-LTB4, and 12-epi-LTB4; among this same series, BLT2 receptor has far less specificity in that it binds not only LTB4, 20-hydroxy-LTB4, and 12-epi-LTB4 but also 12(R)-HETE and 12(S)-HETE (i.e. the two stereoisomers of 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) and 15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE (i.e. the two stereoisomers of 15-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid). The BLT2 receptor's relative affinities for finding LTB4, 12(S)-HETE, 12(S)-HpETE, 12(R)-HETE, 15(S)-HETE, and 20-hydroxy-LTB4 are ~100, 10, 10, 3, 3, and 1, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 105], "content_span": [106, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0007-0002", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Activities and clinical significance, 12-HHT is a BLT2 receptor agonist\nAll of these binding affinities are considered to be low and therefore indicating that some unknown ligand(s) might bind BLT2 with high affinity. In 2009, 12-HHT was found to bind to the BLT2 receptor with ~10-fold higher affinity than LTB4; 12-HHT did not bind to the BLT1 receptor. Thus, the BLT1 receptor exhibits exquisite specificity, binding 5(S),12(R)-dihydroxy-6Z,8E,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (i.e. LTB4) but not LTB4's 12(S) or 6Z isomers while the BLT2 receptor exhibits a promiscuous finding pattern. Formyl peptide receptor 2 is a relevant and well-studied example of promiscuous receptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 105], "content_span": [106, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0007-0003", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Activities and clinical significance, 12-HHT is a BLT2 receptor agonist\nInitially thought to be a second and low affinity receptor for the neutrophil tripeptide chemotactic factor, N-formyl-met-leu-phe, subsequent studies showed that it was a high affinity receptor for the arachidonic acid metabolite, lipoxin A4, but also bound and was activated by a wide range of peptides, proteins, and other agents. BLT2 may ultimately prove to have binding specificity for a  similarly broad range of agents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 105], "content_span": [106, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0008-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Activities and clinical significance, 12-HHT is a BLT2 receptor agonist\nThe production of LTB4 and expression of BLT1 by human tissues are largely limited to bone marrow-derived cells such as the neutrophil, eosinophil, mast cell, and various types of  lymphocytes and accordingly are regarded primarily as contributing to the many human defensive and pathological (ulcerative colitis, arthritis, asthma, etc.) inflammatory responses which are mediated by these cell types. Drugs that inhibit LTB4 production or binding to BLT1 are in use or development for the latter diseases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 105], "content_span": [106, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0008-0001", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Activities and clinical significance, 12-HHT is a BLT2 receptor agonist\nIn contrast, the production of 12-HH2 and expression of BLT2 receptors by human tissues is far wider and more robust than that of the LTB4/BLT2 receptor axis. Recent studies indicate that the role(s) of the 12-HHT/BLT2 receptor axis in human physiology and pathology may be very different than those of the LTB4/BLT1 axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 105], "content_span": [106, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0009-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Activities and clinical significance, Recent studies on 12-HHT/BLT2 receptor activities, Inflammation and allergy\n12-HHT stimulates chemotactic responses in mouse bone marrow mast cells, which naturally express BLT2 receptors, as well as in Chinese hamster ovary cells made to express these receptors by transfection. These findings suggest that the 12-HHT/BLT2 receptor pathway may support the pro-inflammatory (i.e. chemotactic) actions of the LTB4/BLT1 pathway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 147], "content_span": [148, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0010-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Activities and clinical significance, Recent studies on 12-HHT/BLT2 receptor activities, Inflammation and allergy\nOn the other hand, the immortalized human skin cell line HaCaT expresses BLT2 receptors and responds to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation by generating toxic reactive oxygen species which in turn cause the HaCaT cells to die by activating apoptotic pathways in a BLT2 receptor-dependent reaction. Topical treatment of mouse skin with a BLT2 receptor antagonist, LY255283, protects against UVB radiation-induced apoptosis and BLT2-overexpressing transgenic mice exhibited significantly more extensive skin apoptosis in response to UVB irradiation. Furthermore, 12-HHT inhibits HaCaT cells from synthesizing interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with cutaneous inflammation, in response to UVB radiation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 147], "content_span": [148, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0010-0001", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Activities and clinical significance, Recent studies on 12-HHT/BLT2 receptor activities, Inflammation and allergy\nThese results suggest that the 12-HHT/BLT2 axis can act to suppress inflammation by promoting the orderly death of damaged cells and blocking IL-6 production. Opposition between the pro-inflammatory LTB4/BLT1 and anti-inflammatory actions of the 12-HHT/BLT2 axes occurs in another setting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 147], "content_span": [148, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0010-0002", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Activities and clinical significance, Recent studies on 12-HHT/BLT2 receptor activities, Inflammation and allergy\nIn a mice model of ovalbumin-induced allergic airway disease, 12-HHT and its companion cyclooxygenase metabolites, Prostaglandin E2 and Prostaglandin D2, but not 12 other lipoxygenase or cycloxygenase metabolites, showed a statistically significantly increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid levels after intratracheal ovalbumin challenge; after this challenge, only 12-HHT, among the monitored BLT2 receptor-activating ligands (LTB4, the 12(S) stereoisomer of 12-HETE, and 15(S)-HETE) attained levels capable of activating BLT2 receptors. Also, BLT2 knockout mice exhibited a greatly enhanced response to ovalabumin challenge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 147], "content_span": [148, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0010-0003", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Activities and clinical significance, Recent studies on 12-HHT/BLT2 receptor activities, Inflammation and allergy\nFinally, BLT2 receptor expression was significantly reduced in allergy-regulating CD4+ T cells from patients with asthma compared to healthy control subjects. Unlike LTB4 and its BLT1 receptor, which are implicated in contributing to allergen-based airway disease in mice and humans, 12-HHT and its BLT2 receptor appear to suppress this disease in mice and may do so in humans. While further studies to probe the role of the 12-HHT/BLT2 axis in human inflammatory and allergic diseases, the current studies indicate that 12-HHT, acting through BLT2, may serve to promote or limit, inflammatory and to promote allergic responses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 147], "content_span": [148, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0011-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Activities and clinical significance, Recent studies on 12-HHT/BLT2 receptor activities, Wound healing\nHigh dose aspirin treatment (aspirin, at these doses, inhibits cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 to block their production of 12-HHT), thromboxane synthase knockout, and BLT2 receptor knockout but not TXA2 receptor knockout impair keratinocyte-based re-epithelialization and thereby closure of experimentally induced wounds in mice while a synthetic BLT2 receptor agonist accelerats wound closure not only in this mouse model but also in the db/db mouse model of obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia due to leptin receptor deficiency. 12-HHT accumulated in the wounds of the former mouse model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 136], "content_span": [137, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0011-0001", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Activities and clinical significance, Recent studies on 12-HHT/BLT2 receptor activities, Wound healing\nCompanion studies using an in vitro scratch test assay indicated that 12-HHT stimulated human and mouse keratinocyte migration by a BLT2 receptor-dependent mechanism that involved the production of tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 and metalloproteinases. These results indicate that the 12-HHT/BLT2 receptor axis is a critical contributor to wound healing in mice and possibly humans. The axis operates by recruiting the movement of keratinocytes to close the wound. This mechanism may underlie the suppression of wound healing that accompanies the high dose intake of aspirin and, based on mouse studies, other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAID) in humans. Synthetic BLT2 agonists may be useful for speeding the healing of chronic ulcerative wounds, particularly in patients with, for example diabetics, that have impaired wound healing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 136], "content_span": [137, 978]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008186-0012-0000", "contents": "12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, Activities and clinical significance, Cancer\nA large number of studies have associated BLT2 and, directly or by assumption, 12-HHT in the survival, growth, and/or spread of various human cancers. See 'Leukotriene B4 receptor 2 for the associations of BLT2 and/or 12-HHT with stimulating the malignant behavior of prostate cancer, urinary bladder cancer, breast cancer, thyroid gland follicular carcinoma, kidney renal cell carcinoma, bladder transitional cell carcinoma, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colon cancer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 78], "content_span": [79, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008187-0000-0000", "contents": "12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate\n12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), also commonly known as tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), is a diester of phorbol and a potent tumor promoter often employed in biomedical research to activate the signal transduction enzyme protein kinase C (PKC). The effects of TPA on PKC result from its similarity to one of the natural activators of classic PKC isoforms, diacylglycerol. TPA is a small molecule drug.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008187-0001-0000", "contents": "12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate\nIn ROS biology, superoxide was identified as the major reactive oxygen species induced by TPA/PMA but not by ionomycin in mouse macrophages. Thus, TPA/PMA has been routinely used as an inducer for endogenous superoxide production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008187-0002-0000", "contents": "12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate\nTPA is also being studied as a drug in the treatment of hematologic cancer", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008187-0003-0000", "contents": "12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate\nTPA has a specific use in cancer diagnostics as a B-cell specific mitogen in cytogenetic testing. To view the chromosomes, a cytogenetic test requires dividing cells. TPA is used to stimulate division of B-cells during cytogenetic diagnosis of B-cell cancers such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008187-0004-0000", "contents": "12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate\nTPA is also commonly used together with ionomycin to stimulate T-cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production, and is used in protocols for intracellular staining of these cytokines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008187-0005-0000", "contents": "12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate\nTPA induces KSHV reactivation in PEL cell cultures via stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. The pathway involves the activation of the early-immediate viral protein RTA that contributes to the activation of the lytic cycle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008187-0006-0000", "contents": "12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate\nTPA was first found in  the croton plant, a shrub found in Southeast Asia, exposure to which provokes a poison ivy-like rash. It underwent a phase 1 clinical trial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008188-0000-0000", "contents": "12-String Blues\n12-String Blues (sub-titled Live at the Scholar), is the first album by American guitarist Leo Kottke, released in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008188-0001-0000", "contents": "12-String Blues, History\nThe majority of the album was recorded live at The Scholar, a Minneapolis coffee house (formerly known as the Ten O'Clock Scholar in another location) that had also featured Bob Dylan, Spider John Koerner and Simon & Garfunkel early in their careers. Three of the instrumentals were recorded in a studio. The LP record was a limited edition of 1000 copies, on the Minneapolis West Bank-based Oblivion Records (apparently this is their only album), and it has not been reprinted and/or re-issued on CD. Publishing for the songs was by Symposium Music, same as the publishing and record label for Kottke's third LP. The Oblivion catalog number, \"obl-s1,\" also indicates a possible connection with Symposium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008188-0002-0000", "contents": "12-String Blues, History\nMost of the songs on the album were re-recorded for Kottke's album Circle Round The Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008188-0003-0000", "contents": "12-String Blues, Track listing (with Kottke's notes)\nAll tracks are written by Leo Kottke, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008189-0000-0000", "contents": "12-bit computing\nIn\u00a0computer\u00a0architecture, 12-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are  12 bits (1.5 octets) wide. Also, 12-bit CPU and ALU architectures are those that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008189-0001-0000", "contents": "12-bit computing\nPossibly the best-known 12-bit CPU is the PDP-8 and its relatives, such as the Intersil 6100 microprocessor produced in various incarnations from August 1963 to mid-1990. Many analog to digital converters (ADCs) have a 12-bit resolution. Some PIC microcontrollers use a 12-bit word size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008189-0002-0000", "contents": "12-bit computing\n12 binary digits, or 3 nibbles (a 'tribble'), have 4096 (10000 octal, 1000 hexadecimal) distinct combinations. Hence, a microprocessor with  12-bit memory addresses can directly access 4096 words (4 Kw) of word-addressable memory. At a time when six-bit character codes were common a 12-bit word, which could hold two characters, was a convenient size. IBM System/360 instruction formats use a 12-bit displacement field which, added to the contents of a base register, can address 4096 bytes of memory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008190-0000-0000", "contents": "12-car rally\nA 12-car rally is a type of car rally, often run by motor clubs as a simple and strictly amateur form of the sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008190-0001-0000", "contents": "12-car rally\n12-car rallies are run to Navigational Rally rules, which are based on navigational skills rather than speed, and with usually a notable social element too. In the United Kingdom, the rules for 12-cars are governed by the Motor Sports Association UK (MSA) and are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008191-0000-0000", "contents": "12-channel carrier system\nIn the U.S. telephone network, the 12-channel carrier system was an early frequency-division multiplexing system standard, used to carry multiple telephone calls on a single twisted pair of wires, mostly for short to medium distances. In this system twelve voice channels are multiplexed in a high frequency carrier and passed through a balanced pair trunk line similar to those used for individual voice frequency connections. The original system is obsolete today, but the multiplexing of voice channels in units of 12 or 24 channels in modern digital trunk lines such as T-1 is a legacy of the system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008191-0001-0000", "contents": "12-channel carrier system, History\nThe twelve channel scheme was first devised in the early 1930s to provide a line spectrum covering 60 to 108\u00a0kHz for the Type J Carrier Telephone System, an equivalent four wire (on two wire facilities) open wire carrier that was used almost exclusively for interstate long haul toll telephony. This became the basic building block, the \"channel group\", for all succeeding long haul systems, such as Type K and all the Type L systems into the late 1970s. All long haul \"channel groups\" used the single-sideband/suppressed carrier heterodyne scheme that was produced by a Western Electric Type A-1 through A-6 channel bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008191-0002-0000", "contents": "12-channel carrier system, History\nThe twelve channel scheme, in order to maintain some bandwidth and routing compatibility, was carried through to the short haul carriers, as well, as they started developing to eliminate voice band open wire trunk lines in the 1950s. The Bell System vacuum-tube driven N-1 Carrier of the early 1950s was the most used twelve channel carrier system, using double sideband/unsuppressed carrier operation which didn't need network timebase synchronization to maintain frequency accuracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008191-0002-0001", "contents": "12-channel carrier system, History\nN-2 was similar in heterodyning scheme, but in discrete transistorized \"plug-in unit\" architecture, while N3 used the same frequency plan but a scheme of using single sideband with a different voice channel on each side of the carrier, a technique first seen on the 16 channel Type \"O\" open wire short haul carrier of the 1950s. This doubled the capacity to 24 channels, the same as a basic digital Type T PCM carrier introduced in the late 1950s, which became the now-ubiquitous \"T-1\" of the digital world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008191-0003-0000", "contents": "12-channel carrier system, History\nRepeaters were spaced approximately 6 miles (10\u00a0km) apart, depending on wire gauge. With few exceptions, N-carriers used 19 gage unloaded toll pairs in two-wire operation. Each repeater either received from both directions at a low frequency band and sent in both directions at a higher band, or vice versa. This frequency frogging allowed equivalent four-wire operation on a single cable pair in two-wire operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008191-0004-0000", "contents": "12-channel carrier system, History\nDuring the period when Type N-1 was in widespread use, Lenkurt Corporation, owned and controlled by General Telephone, fielded a variant competitor, the Type BN. BN used the same pairs and repeaters as did the Bell N-CXR, but used four channel \"groups,\" lower single-sideband heterodyning, and 24 channels per carrier, as later seen on Western Electric's Type N-3. Type BN was used at times by Bell Operating Companies after the 1956 Hush-a-phone Decision of the US Supreme Court, a landmark case which challenged AT&T's \"benign monopoly\" of US telephone equipment industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008191-0004-0001", "contents": "12-channel carrier system, History\nPart of this settlement was for AT&T's Bell Operating Companies to buy and use small amounts of Lenkurt and Collins microwave and carrier systems. In California, Type BN was used almost exclusively to provide trunk and private line connections between Pacific Tel. & Tel. toll offices and local General Telephone end offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008192-0000-0000", "contents": "12-cm Kanone M 80\nThe 12\u00a0cm Kanone M 80 was a light siege gun used by Austria-Hungary during World War I. Designed to replace the M 61 series of siege guns the M 80 family of siege guns offered greater range and armor penetration than the older guns. The proven steel-bronze was used for the barrel and the iron carriage lacked any system to absorb recoil other than the traditional recoil wedges placed underneath and behind the wheels of the carriage. These wedges helped to absorb the recoil force and encouraged the wheels to run forward to bring the gun back into battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008192-0000-0001", "contents": "12-cm Kanone M 80\nGenerally a wooden firing platform was constructed for these guns in action to provide a level and smooth surface. Shortly after these guns were adopted a hydraulic recoil cylinder was adapted to absorb the recoil forces. It was attached to the underside of the carriage and the firing platform. For transport the barrel was removed from the carriage by a crane and carried separately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008192-0001-0000", "contents": "12-cm Kanone M 80\nWhile designed to penetrate the walls of fortifications the 12\u00a0cm siege gun was no longer useful against modern armored fortresses by the outbreak of World War I and its combination of long-range and light weight saw many in the field to fill the need for long-range artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0000-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock\nThe 12-hour clock is a time convention in which the 24 hours of the day are divided into two periods: a.m. (from Latin ante meridiem, translating to \"before midday\") and p.m. (from Latin post meridiem, translating to \"after midday\"). Each period consists of 12 hours numbered: 12 (acting as 0), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0001-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock\nThe daily cycle starts at 12 midnight (usually indicated as 12:00\u00a0a.m.), runs through 12 noon (usually indicated as 12:00\u00a0p.m.), and continues until just before midnight at the end of the day. The 12-hour clock was developed from the second millennium BC and reached its modern form in the 16th century AD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0002-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock\nThe 12-hour time convention is common in several English-speaking nations and former British colonies, as well as a few other countries. It is an example of a duodecimal system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0003-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, History and use\nThe natural day-and-night division of a calendar day forms the fundamental basis as to why each day is split into two cycles. Originally there were two cycles: one cycle which could be tracked by the position of the Sun (day), followed by one cycle which could be tracked by the Moon and stars (night). This eventually evolved into the two 12-hour periods which are used today, one called \"a.m.\" starting at midnight and another called \"p.m.\" starting at noon. Noon itself is rarely abbreviated today; but if it is, it is denoted \"m.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0004-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, History and use\nThe 12-hour clock can be traced back as far as Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt. Both an Egyptian sundial for daytime use and an Egyptian water clock for night-time use were found in the tomb of Pharaoh Amenhotep I. Dating to c. 1500 BC, these clocks divided their respective times of use into 12 hours each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0005-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, History and use\nThe Romans also used a 12-hour clock: daylight was divided into 12 equal hours (thus hours having varying length throughout the year) and the night was divided into four watches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0006-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, History and use\nThe first mechanical clocks in the 14th century, if they had dials at all, showed all 24 hours using the 24-hour analog dial, influenced by astronomers' familiarity with the astrolabe and sundial and by their desire to model the Earth's apparent motion around the Sun. In Northern Europe these dials generally used the 12-hour numbering scheme in Roman numerals but showed both a.m. and p.m. periods in sequence. This is known as the double-XII system and can be seen on many surviving clock faces, such as those at Wells and Exeter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0007-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, History and use\nElsewhere in Europe, numbering was more likely to be based on the 24-hour system (I to XXIV). The 12-hour clock was used throughout the British empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0008-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, History and use\nDuring the 15th and 16th centuries, the 12-hour analog dial and time system gradually became established as standard throughout Northern Europe for general public use. The 24-hour analog dial was reserved for more specialized applications, such as astronomical clocks and chronometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0009-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, History and use\nMost analog clocks and watches today use the 12-hour dial, on which the shorter hour hand rotates once every 12 hours and twice in one day. Some analog clock dials have an inner ring of numbers along with the standard 1-to-12 numbered ring. The number 12 is paired either with a 00 or a 24, while the numbers 1 through 11 are paired with the numbers 13 through 23, respectively. This modification allows the clock to also be read in 24-hour notation. This kind of 12-hour clock can be found in countries where the 24-hour clock is preferred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0010-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, History and use, Use by country\nIn several countries the 12-hour clock is the dominant written and spoken system of time, predominantly in nations that were part of the former British Empire, for example, the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, the United States, Canada (excluding Quebec), Australia, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Malta, and others follow this convention as well, such as Egypt, Mexico, Nepal and the former American colony of the Philippines. In most countries, however, the 24-hour clock is the standard system used, especially in writing. Some nations in Europe and Latin America use a combination of the two, preferring the 12-hour system in colloquial speech but using the 24-hour system in written form and in formal contexts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 46], "content_span": [47, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0011-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, History and use, Use by country\nThe 12-hour clock in speech often uses phrases such as  ... in the morning, ... in the afternoon, ... in the evening, and ...at night. Rider's British Merlin almanac for 1795 and a similar almanac for 1773 published in London used them. Other than English-speaking countries, the terms a.m. and p.m. are seldom used and often unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 46], "content_span": [47, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0012-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, History and use, Computer support\nIn most countries, computers by default show the time in 24-hour notation. Most operating systems, including Microsoft Windows and Unix-like systems such as Linux and macOS, activate the 12-hour notation by default for a limited number of language and region settings. This behaviour can be changed by the user, such as with the Windows operating system's \"Region and Language\" settings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 48], "content_span": [49, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0013-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Abbreviations\nThe Latin abbreviations a.m. and p.m. (often written \"am\" and \"pm\", \"AM\" and \"PM\", or \"A.M.\" and \"P.M.\") are used in English and Spanish. The equivalents in Greek are \u03c0.\u03bc. and \u03bc.\u03bc., respectively, and in Sinhala \u0db4\u0dd9.\u0dc0. (pe.va.) for \u0db4\u0dd9\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dd4 (peravaru, \u0db4\u0dd9\u0dbb pera \u2013 fore, pre) and \u0db4.\u0dc0. (pa.va.) for \u0db4\u0dc3\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dd4 (pasvaru, \u0db4\u0dc3\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dda pass\u0113 \u2013 after, post). However, noon is rarely abbreviated in any of these languages, noon normally being written in full. In Portuguese, there are two official options and many others used, for example, using 21:45, 21h45 or 21h45min (official ones) or 21:45 or 9:45\u00a0p.m. In Irish, a.m. and i.n. are used, standing for ar maidin (\"in the morning\") and iarn\u00f3in (\"afternoon\") respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0014-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Abbreviations\nMost other languages lack formal abbreviations for \"before noon\" and \"after noon\", and their users use the 12-hour clock only orally and informally. However, in many languages, such as Russian and Hebrew, informal designations are used, such as \"9 in the morning\" or \"3 in the night\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0015-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Abbreviations\nWhen abbreviations and phrases are omitted, one may rely on sentence context and societal norms to reduce ambiguity. For example, if one commutes to work at \"9:00\", 9:00\u00a0a.m. may be implied, but if a social dance is scheduled to begin at \"9:00\", it may begin at 9:00\u00a0p.m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0016-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Related conventions, Typography\nThe terms \"a.m.\" and \"p.m.\" are abbreviations of the Latin ante meridiem (before midday) and post meridiem (after midday). Depending on the style guide referenced, the abbreviations \"a.m.\" and \"p.m.\" are variously written in small capitals (\"am\" and \"pm\"), uppercase letters without a period (\"AM\" and \"PM\"), uppercase letters with periods, or lowercase letters (\"am\" and \"pm\" or, more commonly, \"a.m.\" and \"p.m.\"). With the advent of computer generated and printed schedules, especially airlines, the \"M\" character is often omitted as providing no additional information as in \"9:30A\" or \"10:00P\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 46], "content_span": [47, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0017-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Related conventions, Typography\nSome style guides suggest the use of a space between the number and the a.m. or p.m. abbreviation. Style guides recommend not using a.m. and p.m. without a time preceding it, although doing so can be advantageous when describing an event that always happens before or after noon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 46], "content_span": [47, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0018-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Related conventions, Typography\nThe hour/minute separator varies between countries: some use a colon, others use a period (full stop), and still others use the letter h. In many instances using the 24-hour clock, there is no separator between hours and minutes (0800, read as written, i.e. \"zero-eight-hundred\" or more commonly substituting the letter O for the numeral zero, as \"oh-eight-hundred\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 46], "content_span": [47, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0019-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Related conventions, Typography, Encoding\nThey are meant to be used only with Chinese-Japanese-Korean character sets, as they take up exactly the same space as one CJK character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0020-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Related conventions, Informal speech and rounding off\nIn speaking, it is common to round the time to the nearest five minutes and/or express the time as the past (or to) the closest hour; for example, \"five past five\" (5:05). Minutes past the hour means those minutes are added to the hour; \"ten past five\" means 5:10. Minutes to, 'til and of the hour mean those minutes are subtracted; \"ten of five\", \"ten 'til five\", and \"ten to five\" all mean 4:50.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 68], "content_span": [69, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0021-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Related conventions, Informal speech and rounding off\nFifteen minutes is often called a quarter hour, and thirty minutes is often known as a half hour. For example, 5:15 can be phrased \"(a) quarter past five\" or \"five-fifteen\"; 5:30 can be \"half past five\", \"five-thirty\" or simply \"half five\". The time 8:45 may be spoken as \"eight forty-five\" or \"(a) quarter to nine\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 68], "content_span": [69, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0022-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Related conventions, Informal speech and rounding off\nIn older English, it was common for the number 25 to be expressed as \"five-and-twenty\". In this way the time 8:35 may be phrased as \"five-and-twenty to 9\", although this styling fell out of fashion in the later part of the 1900s and is now rarely used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 68], "content_span": [69, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0023-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Related conventions, Informal speech and rounding off\nInstead of meaning 5:30, the \"half five\" expression is sometimes used to mean 4:30, or \"half-way to five\", especially for regions such as the American Midwest and other areas that have been particularly influenced by German culture. This meaning follows the pattern choices of many Germanic and Slavic languages, including Serbo-Croatian, Dutch, Danish, Russian and Swedish, as well as Hungarian and Finnish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 68], "content_span": [69, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0024-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Related conventions, Informal speech and rounding off\nMoreover, in situations where the relevant hour is obvious or has been recently mentioned, a speaker might omit the hour and just say \"quarter to (the hour)\", \"half past\" or \"ten 'til\" to avoid an elaborate sentence in informal conversations. These forms are often commonly used in television and radio broadcasts that cover multiple time zones at one-hour intervals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 68], "content_span": [69, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0025-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Related conventions, Informal speech and rounding off\nIn describing a vague time of day, a speaker might say the phrase \"seven-thirty, eight\" to mean sometime around 7:30 or 8:00. Such phrasing can be misinterpreted for a specific time of day (here 7:38), especially by a listener not expecting an estimation. The phrase \"about seven-thirty or eight\" clarifies this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 68], "content_span": [69, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0026-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Related conventions, Informal speech and rounding off\nSome more ambiguous phrasing might be avoided. Within five minutes of the hour, the phrase \"five of seven\" (6:55) can be heard \"five-oh-seven\" (5:07). \"Five to seven\" or even \"six fifty-five\" clarifies this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 68], "content_span": [69, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0027-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Related conventions, Formal speech and times to the minute\nMinutes may be expressed as an exact number of minutes past the hour specifying the time of day (e.g., 6:32\u00a0p.m. is \"six thirty-two\"). Additionally, when expressing the time using the \"past (after)\" or \"to (before)\" formula, it is conventional to choose the number of minutes below 30 (e.g., 6:32\u00a0p.m. is conventionally \"twenty-eight minutes to seven\" rather than \"thirty-two minutes past six\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 73], "content_span": [74, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0028-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Related conventions, Formal speech and times to the minute\nIn spoken English, full hours are often represented by the numbered hour followed by o'clock (10:00 as ten o'clock, 2:00 as two o'clock). This may be followed by the \"a.m.\" or \"p.m.\" designator, though some phrases such as in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, or at night more commonly follow analog-style terms such as o'clock, half past three, and quarter to four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 73], "content_span": [74, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0028-0001", "contents": "12-hour clock, Related conventions, Formal speech and times to the minute\nO'clock itself may be omitted, telling a time as four a.m. or four p.m. Minutes \":01\" to \":09\" are usually pronounced as oh one to oh nine (nought or zero can also be used instead of oh). Minutes \":10\" to \":59\" are pronounced as their usual number-words. For instance, 6:02\u00a0a.m. can be pronounced six oh two a.m. whereas 6:32\u00a0a.m. could be told as six thirty-two a.m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 73], "content_span": [74, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0029-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Confusion at noon and midnight\nIt is not always clear what times \"12:00 a.m.\" and \"12:00 p.m.\" denote. From the Latin words meridies (midday), ante (before) and post (after), the term ante meridiem (a.m.) means before midday and post meridiem (p.m.) means after midday. Since \"noon\" (midday, meridies (m.)) is neither before nor after itself, the terms a.m. and p.m. do not apply. Although \"12 m.\" was suggested as a way to indicate noon, this is seldom done and also does not resolve the question of how to indicate midnight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0030-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Confusion at noon and midnight\nThe American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language states \"By convention, 12 AM denotes midnight and 12 PM denotes noon. Because of the potential for confusion, it is advisable to use 12 noon and 12 midnight.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0031-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Confusion at noon and midnight\nE. G. Richards in his book Mapping Time provided a diagram in which 12 a.m. means noon and 12 p.m. means midnight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0032-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Confusion at noon and midnight\nThe style manual of the United States Government Printing Office used 12 a.m. for noon and 12 p.m. for midnight until its 2008 edition, when it reversed these designations and then retained that change in its 2016 revision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0033-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Confusion at noon and midnight\nMany U.S. style guides, and NIST's \"Frequently asked questions (FAQ)\" web page, recommend that it is clearest if one refers to \"noon\" or \"12:00\u00a0noon\" and \"midnight\" or \"12:00\u00a0midnight\" (rather than to \"12:00\u00a0p.m.\" and \"12:00\u00a0a.m.\"). The NIST website states that \"12 a.m. and 12 p.m. are ambiguous and should not be used.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0034-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Confusion at noon and midnight\nThe Associated Press Stylebook specifies that midnight \"is part of the day that is ending, not the one that is beginning.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0035-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Confusion at noon and midnight\nThe Canadian Press Stylebook says, \"write noon or midnight, not 12 noon or 12 midnight.\" Phrases such as \"12 a.m.\" and \"12 p.m.\" are not mentioned at all. Britain's National Physical Laboratory \"FAQ-Time\" web page states \"In cases  where the context cannot be relied upon to place a particular event, the pair of days straddling midnight can be quoted\"; also \"the terms 12 a.m. and 12 p.m. should be avoided.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008193-0036-0000", "contents": "12-hour clock, Confusion at noon and midnight\nLikewise, some U.S. style guides recommend either clarifying \"midnight\" with other context clues, such as specifying the two dates between which it falls, or not referring to the term at all. For an example of the latter method, \"midnight\" is replaced with \"11:59 p.m.\" for the end of a day or \"12:01 a.m.\" for the start of a day. That has become common in the United States in legal contracts and for airplane, bus, or train schedules, though some schedules use other conventions. Occasionally, when trains run at regular intervals, the pattern may be broken at midnight by displacing the midnight departure one or more minutes, such as to 11:59\u00a0p.m. or 12:01\u00a0a.m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008194-0000-0000", "contents": "12-hour run\nA 12-hour run is a form of ultramarathon in which each competitor tries to run as far as possible in 12 hours. The event is typically held on 1 to 2\u00a0mi (1.6 to 3.2\u00a0km) loops, but sometimes is held on 400-metre (0.25\u00a0mi) tracks. Some races are held on trails and others are held on sidewalks in city parks. Top runners will often run 60 miles (97\u00a0km) or more (the best doing about 100 miles (160\u00a0km)), depending on conditions. Some participants will have a crew to help them, while others set up a camp with their equipment and supplies near the starting area, with good access from each loop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008195-0000-0000", "contents": "12-hydroxydihydrochelirubine 12-O-methyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 12-hydroxydihydrochelirubine 12-O-methyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008195-0001-0000", "contents": "12-hydroxydihydrochelirubine 12-O-methyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and 12-hydroxydihydrochelirubine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and dihydromacarpine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008195-0002-0000", "contents": "12-hydroxydihydrochelirubine 12-O-methyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:12-hydroxydihydrochelirubine 12-O-methyltransferase. This enzyme participates in alkaloid biosynthesis i.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0000-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar\nThe 12-inch coast defense mortar was a weapon of 12-inch (305\u00a0mm) caliber emplaced during the 1890s and early 20th century to defend US harbors from seaborne attack. In 1886, when the Endicott Board set forth its initial plan for upgrading the coast defenses of the United States, it relied primarily on mortars, not guns, to defend American harbors. Over the years, provision was made for fortifications that would mount some 476 of these weapons, although not all of these tubes were installed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0000-0001", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar\nNinety-one of these weapons were remounted as railway artillery in 1918-1919, but this was too late to see action in World War I. The railway mortars were only deployed in small quantities, and none overseas. The fixed mortars in the Philippines saw action in the Japanese invasion in World War II. All of the fixed mortars (except four) in the United States were scrapped by 1944, as new weapons replaced them, and the railway mortars were scrapped after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0000-0002", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar\nToday, the only remaining mortars of this type in the 50 states are four at Battery Laidley, part of Fort Desoto near St. Petersburg, Florida, but the remains of coast defense mortar emplacements can be seen at many former Coast Artillery forts across the United States and its former territories. Additional 12-inch mortars and other large-caliber weapons remain in the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0001-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, The weapons\nThe M1890M1 (Model of 1890, Modification 1) 12-inch mortar was one of the most powerful coast artillery pieces of its era, and was the most common type emplaced to guard U.S. harbors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0002-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, The weapons\nThis mortar and other models, the M1886, M1908, and M1912, usually fired deck-piercing (also called armor-piercing) shells. These weighed from 700 to 1,046 pounds (318 to 474\u00a0kg) and had heavy, hardened steel caps, designed to pierce a ship's deck armor before the shell exploded. These mortars, firing the half-ton shells at an elevation of 45 degrees, had a range of 12,019 yards (10,990\u00a0m) (about 7 miles).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0003-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, The weapons\nThe deck-piercing shells were usually the ammunition of choice, because even the heaviest battleships of the 1890-1920 period were relatively lightly armored on the tops of their main decks, so a plunging half-ton shell could inflict crippling damage on one of them. Early on (from about 1890 to 1915), coast defense mortars were also supplied with so-called \"torpedo shells\" weighing 800 or 1,000 pounds (360 or 450\u00a0kg) (see illustration at right, below). These were thin-walled shells roughly 5 feet (1.5\u00a0m) in length that carried explosive charges of about 130 pounds (59\u00a0kg) and were meant to detonate upon contact with the deck of a ship, scattering fragments among the crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0004-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, The weapons\nThe M1890M1 mortar was most often installed on an M1896 carriage. The mortar and its carriage weighed a total of 78.5 tons. The carriage was geared to enable it to be turned (in azimuth) by means of a traversing crank with two handles, located on the right side of the piece. A ring marked in degrees of azimuth ran around the mortar, just outside the inner steel circle or \"racer\" that carried the carriage, and a soldier read a pointer on the racer to aim the mortar in direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0004-0001", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, The weapons\nThe tube was raised or lowered (in elevation) by twin geared wheels with long spokes (resembling ship's wheels) that were located on either side of the carriage. The breech could be rapidly depressed to an almost level position for loading and then be quickly elevated for firing. Other carriages included the M1891 and M1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0005-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, The weapons\nIn addition to the elevation of its tube, the factor that determined the mortar's range was the size of the powder charge that was loaded into its breech, following the shell. The desired range for the mortar was specified in terms of zones. The smallest zone (shortest range) was Zone 1, and the largest (longest range) was Zone 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0005-0001", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, The weapons\nWith the so-called \"aliquot charge\" (shown in the photo at right), up to 9 equal-sized, disk-shaped bags of powder (each about 2 inches (51\u00a0mm) thick and containing 6.3 pounds (2.9\u00a0kg) of powder) could be attached to a 10th (or \"base\") bag, by means of cloth binding straps that were sewn to the base bag. Often the base bag was painted red, indicating that the powder assembly was to be loaded into the breech \"red end last,\" so that it bumped up against the closing breech block (or faced the gunner). The red base bag also contained a small charge of black powder as an igniter. When the breech was closed, a detonator was inserted through the breech block and contacted the igniter, ready to set off the full powder charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0006-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, The weapons\nThe mortar could be fired in one of two ways: either electrically or manually (by the pull of a lanyard). And each method had its own type of detonator (electrical or friction). Electrical firing required first that the crew attach a wire to the electrical detonator, which protruded from the breech block. Second, the crew had to connect the firing cable coming out of the pit floor to the carriage of the individual mortar, out in the pit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0006-0001", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, The weapons\nThird, the circuit switch (usually located on the wall of the pit near the data booth) leading to the individual mortar had to be thrown into the closed (firing) position. Finally, the firing magneto, which was mounted on a special \"shoe\", often on the wall of the pit near the data booth, had to be cranked up and then released, sending the firing current out to the pit. Depending on the switch settings, the mortars in a given pit could be fired one at a time or all together. Lanyard firing had fewer fail-safe features, and was accomplished by a crewman who stood well behind the breech and pulled smartly on the lanyard to fire the individual mortar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0007-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Emplacement design history\nThe earliest coast defense mortar batteries of the modern era were designed as so-called \"Abbot Quads\". Named for Gen. Henry Larcom Abbot, the Army engineer who invented the design, Abbot Quads were rectangular configurations of four rectangular mortar pits with four mortars per pit. Often these early pits had rounded corners and one open side which backed up to a magazine corridor or an open concrete pad, while the front side of the pit was protected by a high earthen bank or berm, making the pit invisible to attackers and almost impossible to hit from the sea. A plan for an Abbot Quad mortar battery is shown at left. The earthen prototype for these was built in the 1870s at Fort Totten in New York City, and construction of the first operational Abbot Quads commenced circa 1892.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0008-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Emplacement design history\nThe idea behind the Abbot Quad was to have all 16 mortars in the four pits fire at once, producing a shotgun-like salvo of plunging shells optimally dispersed to destroy an enemy ship. It was argued that targeting each mortar individually would not produce many more hits than salvo firing, since early fire control procedures and equipment were often error-prone. Furthermore, proponents of salvo firing pointed out that it made for easier command and control (particularly under battle conditions), since all mortars in all pits of a battery could be given the same firing data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0008-0001", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Emplacement design history\nEarly battery designs often contained one central \"firing room\" from which cables ran out to the various mortar pits, enabling electrical firing of all weapons simultaneously. It is not clear, however, if this method of simultaneous firing for multiple pits (or even for four mortars in one pit) was ever put into practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0009-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Emplacement design history\nHowever, the early Abbot Quad designs featured very small mortar pits. Often, four mortars were mounted in a pit that was only about 40 by 50 feet (12 by 15\u00a0m) in size. Four circular areas about 18 feet (5.5\u00a0m) in diameter would fit into one of these early pits, producing a very crowded situation (given that two adjacent M1890 mortars mounted in such a pit would have their muzzles almost touching if they were traversed to face each other). A photo of such an early \"crowded pit\" is shown at left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0010-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Emplacement design history\nWhen a mortar battery was fully manned, formal guidelines called for a pit containing just two mortars (see photo at right) to be manned by a pit commander, two mortar squads of 17 enlisted men each, and an ammunition squad of 16 enlisted men. One of the last (1942) versions of the manual for the 12-inch mortar gives details on how it was to be crewed and fired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0011-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Emplacement design history\nAfter about 1905, reliance on the Abbot Quad design declined. Some artillery officers argued that salvo firing was inherently wasteful, and that a much better hit ratio could be achieved by aiming each mortar individually against a specified target. They also argued that the smaller, cramped mortar pits of the early Abbot Quad battery designs were simply too crowded for efficient operations, with mortar crews for different tubes constantly getting in each other's way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0012-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Emplacement design history\nAs fire control methods improved and the network of base end stations for the Coast Artillery fire control system was extended, from about 1905 on, individual aiming of mortars could be more accurate. At the same time, designs for new pits often specified only two mortars per pit, and newer forts had side-by-side, open-back mortar pits. Experience showed the time to reload four tightly-packed mortars in a pit was more than twice the time to reload two mortars in a pit. As a result, many 4-mortar pits were \"depopulated,\" and some of their tubes were sent away to equip newer batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0013-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Firing the mortars\nthat dates from around 1915 shows a firing drill on the 12-inch mortars of Battery Howe, part of the Harbor Defenses of San Francisco. Although the battery shown is a linear one, the firing drill is similar to what would have taken place in a square or rectangular pit at Fort Banks. The film clip illustrates how congested one of the old-style pits would have become if used to fire four mortars simultaneously or nearly so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0014-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Firing the mortars\nThe film shows the heavy shells (on shell carts) being wheeled up to the breeches of the mortars and rammed home, the powder bags being tossed into the breeches after them, the crew clearing the immediate area while the chief of the breech raises his arm to indicate \"ready to fire,\" and the mortars being fired electrically (from outside the area pictured). The tubes are then depressed, crewmen rush back in to swab out the tubes and the process repeats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0015-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Firing the mortars\nThe shock wave from firing just one of these huge mortars, particularly if it was fired within one of the smaller, old-style pits, was often so strong that it destroyed sensitive equipment mounted near the pit, knocked doors off nearby magazines and barracks, and broke windows in nearby neighborhoods. The thundering crash of four of these mortars being fired simultaneously in a pit must have been overwhelming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0016-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Fire control\nThe images here show another feature of the mortar pits\u2014the data booth, part of the Coast Artillery fire control system. Personnel in this small space, with its tapered viewing slits, received the coordinates (azimuth and elevation) that had been calculated via plotting board by the battery's Range Unit as the firing coordinates for the mortars in order for them to hit their targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0017-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Fire control\nThese booths were either small, free-standing structures, about 10 feet (3.0\u00a0m) square and 7 feet (2.1\u00a0m) tall (as shown here in the topmost photos), or were built into one of the walls of the mortar pit itself (lower photo at right). The reconstructed data board in the photo at left hangs off the side of the data booth and is used to post the firing coordinates for mortars #3 and #4 in its pit (evidently the only two mortars there).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0017-0001", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Fire control\nThe \"Zone\" number posted on the board refers to the size of the powder charge to be loaded for the coming shot. The top photo at right shows a decomposed set of slats (which likely used to have slates attached to them) that could have firing data chalked onto them and then be slid out of the data booth so they could be seen by the mortar crews in the pit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0018-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Fire control\nSince crews of the mortars could not see their targets, they were especially dependent on the overall fire control system, with its base end stations and plotting room, to locate and pinpoint targets for them to hit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0019-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Railway mortars\nAfter the American entry into World War I on 6 April 1917, the US Army considered converting coast artillery weapons to railway mounts for use on the Western Front. Railway guns were in use by all the major belligerents in the war by that time. Among the weapons that could be spared from fixed defenses were 150 12-inch mortars, removed from 4-mortar pits. Contracts were let for mounting 91 mortars on railway carriages known as the M1918 Carriage (Railway). A hydro-pneumatic recuperator and outriggers allowed for all-around fire from the railway mounting, which weighed 88 tons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0019-0001", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Railway mortars\nForty-five railway mortar carriages were completed by the Morgan Engineering Company of Alliance, Ohio by 7 April 1919. All 91 contracted mortars were eventually mounted; one source states that all of these were the M1890. The following footnoted article shows the firing of an M1890 mortar on a railway mounting. Since the mounting permitted all-around fire and thus tracking of a moving target, the 12-inch railway mortar (along with 8-inch guns and twelve 7-inch guns on similar carriages) was retained after World War I for future coast defense use. The Army conducted tests with railway mortars in the 1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0019-0002", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Railway mortars\nSome (probably four) of the railway mortars were assigned to Battery C, 52nd Railway Artillery Battalion, and tested at the Sandy Hook Proving Ground at Fort Hancock, New Jersey and also at Fort Miles, Delaware. During World War II, a battery of four railway mortars was among the temporary harbor defenses of Grays Harbor, Washington, and emplacements for an additional battery at Cape George, Washington were constructed but never armed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0020-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Combat service\nProbably the only US 12-inch mortars to see action were those in the Philippines in 1942, particularly Battery Way and Battery Geary at Fort Mills on Corregidor. These batteries totaled twelve mortars and were used in the fight against the Japanese invasion. However, as with other US pre-1940 fortifications (most of which were designed well before the airplane was invented), the open-top emplacement design left the mortars open to air and high-angle artillery attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0020-0001", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Combat service\nAll but two of the batteries' mortars were knocked out by the latter, all but one of Battery Geary's by a single hit that penetrated the magazine. The mortar batteries had mostly armor-piercing ammunition which would penetrate into the ground before exploding, and therefore was less effective than high explosive ammunition against ground forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0020-0002", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Combat service\nOther 12-inch mortars were Battery Koehler on Carabao Island (Fort Frank), which was used for ineffectual counter-battery fire against the Japanese Kondo Detachment artillery on the southern shore of Manila Bay, and Battery Craighill on Caballo Island (Fort Hughes), which fired at targets generated locally and from Corregidor. Battery Craighill was manned by naval personnel from the gunboat Mindanao. All forts were surrendered on 6 May 1942 along with Corregidor. Ten mortars remain at Batteries Way and Geary while four mortars remain at Fort Hughes as of 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0021-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Combat service\nIn the desperate defense of Corregidor an attempt was made to use these mortars as antiaircraft weapons. Three types of fuzes were tried: powder train and mechanical time fuzes for 3-inch AA guns, and a shrapnel fuze for 155 mm GPF field guns. None of these resulted in detonation of the mortar shell. The leading theories were that either the low rotational velocity of the shell or the small booster charge in the fuzes precluded detonation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008196-0022-0000", "contents": "12-inch coast defense mortar, Surviving examples\nNineteen 12-inch mortars survive, mostly in the Philippines, with four at Fort DeSoto on Mullet Key near St. Petersburg, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008197-0000-0000", "contents": "12-inch gun M1895\nThe 12-inch coastal defense gun M1895 (305\u00a0mm) and its variants the M1888 and M1900 were large coastal artillery pieces installed to defend major American seaports between 1895 and 1945. For most of their history they were operated by the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps. Most were installed on disappearing carriages, with early installations on low-angle barbette mountings. From 1919, 19 long-range two-gun batteries were built using the M1895 on an M1917 long-range barbette carriage. Almost all of the weapons not in the Philippines were scrapped during and after World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008197-0001-0000", "contents": "12-inch gun M1895, History\nIn 1885, William C. Endicott, President Grover Cleveland's secretary of war, was tasked with creating the Board of Fortifications to review seacoast defenses. The findings of the board illustrated a grim picture of existing defenses, and in its 1886 report recommended a massive $127 million construction program of breech-loading cannons, mortars, floating batteries, and submarine mines for some 29 locations on the US coastline. Most of the board's recommendations were implemented. Coast artillery fortifications built between 1885 and 1905 are often referred to as \"Endicott Period\" fortifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008197-0002-0000", "contents": "12-inch gun M1895, History\nWatervliet Arsenal designed the gun and built the barrels. For several years, difficulties were encountered in building a disappearing carriage for the 12-inch gun. One alternative was the M1891 gun lift carriage, with the gun mounted on a large steam-powered elevator. Only one battery of this type was built, Battery Potter at Fort Hancock, New Jersey. When this proved to be too complex, guns were mounted on low-angle M1892 or M1897 barbette carriages. The M1897 carriage was actually an \"altered gun lift\" carriage, functionally equivalent to the barbette carriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008197-0002-0001", "contents": "12-inch gun M1895, History\nEventually, the guns were mounted on M1896, M1897, or M1901 disappearing carriages designed by Bethlehem Steel; when the gun was fired, it dropped behind a concrete or earthen wall for protection from counter-battery fire. Bethlehem later built barrels as well. Detailed descriptions of the M1888 weapon, disappearing carriage, and gun lift carriage are in the US Army's . Detailed parts lists for the M1888 weapon and supporting equipment are in the .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008197-0003-0000", "contents": "12-inch gun M1895, History\nAfter the Spanish\u2013American War, the government wanted to protect American seaports in the event of war, and also protect newly gained territory, such as the Philippines and Cuba, from enemy attack. A new Board of Fortifications, under President Theodore Roosevelt's secretary of war, William Taft, was convened in 1905. Taft recommended technical changes, such as more searchlights, electrification, and, in some cases, less guns in particular fortifications. The seacoast forts were funded under the Spooner Act of 1902 and construction began within a few years and lasted into the 1920s. The defenses of the Philippines on islands in Manila Bay were built under this program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008197-0004-0000", "contents": "12-inch gun M1895, History, Railway mounting\nAfter the American entry into World War I, the army recognized the need for large-caliber railway guns for use on the Western Front. Among the weapons available were 45 12-inch guns, to be removed from fixed defenses or taken from spares. Twelve M1895 weapons were mounted on M1918 railway carriages (based on the French Batignolles mount) by mid-1919; it is unclear if any more were eventually mounted. A detailed description of the railway mounting is given in Railway Artillery, Vol. I by Lt. Col. H. W. Miller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008197-0004-0001", "contents": "12-inch gun M1895, History, Railway mounting\nThe range of the railway weapon was 25,000 yards (23,000\u00a0m) at 38\u00b0 elevation. Like almost all US-made railway guns of World War I (the notable exception being the US Navy's 14\"/50 caliber railway guns), these never left the US. Although the twelve guns survived until early in World War II, they were not deployed. In 1941 they were declared \"limited standard\", and all but one were scrapped during the war. The survivor was used for experimental purposes at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division until it was transferred to the U.S. Army Ordnance Training and Heritage Center at Fort Lee, Virginia in the 2000s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008197-0005-0000", "contents": "12-inch gun M1895, History, Long-range mounting\nAlso during World War I, it was recognized that naval guns were rapidly improving and longer-range weapons were needed. Fourteen two-gun and two one-gun batteries were constructed with M1895 guns on the new M1917 long-range barbette carriage, which allowed an elevation of 35 degrees, compared to 15 degrees for the disappearing carriages. This increased the range from 18,400 yards (16,800\u00a0m) to 30,100 yards (27,500\u00a0m). Eleven of these batteries were in the continental United States, with two in Panama, one in Hawaii, and two one-gun batteries at Fort Mills on Corregidor in the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008197-0005-0001", "contents": "12-inch gun M1895, History, Long-range mounting\nThe guns were originally in open mounts with protected magazines, but most were casemated against air attack, beginning in 1940 as World War II approached the United States. However, the batteries in the Philippines were not casemated, as the 1923 Washington Naval Treaty prohibited further fortification of US and Japanese Pacific-area possessions, and in 1940\u201341 there was a lack of resources to do so. In some cases, an M1916 75 mm gun was mounted atop a 12-inch gun for subcaliber training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008197-0006-0000", "contents": "12-inch gun M1895, History, World War II\nAlong with other coast artillery weapons, the 12-inch guns in the Philippines saw action in the Japanese invasion in World War II. Since they were positioned against a naval attack, they were poorly sited to engage the Japanese (although the long-range batteries had 360\u00b0 fire due to lack of casemates, the disappearing batteries had about 170\u00b0 fire). Other limiting factors were that they had mostly armor-piercing ammunition, and the open mountings were vulnerable to air and high-angle artillery attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008197-0007-0000", "contents": "12-inch gun M1895, History, World War II\nThree additional long-range casemated batteries were constructed during the war, at Fort Miles, Delaware, San Juan, Puerto Rico, and on Sullivan's Island near Fort Moultrie in the Harbor Defenses of Charleston, South Carolina. With the additional construction of 16-inch gun batteries at most harbor defenses, all guns on disappearing carriages were scrapped in 1943\u201344. The long-range batteries' guns were scrapped soon after the war ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008197-0008-0000", "contents": "12-inch gun M1895, M1895 12-inch coastal artillery batteries\nAdditional batteries, including 14 two-gun batteries with long-range M1917 carriages (in addition to Batteries Smith and Hearn on Corregidor), were located in the United States and its possessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008197-0009-0000", "contents": "12-inch gun M1895, Specifications, Variations\nThe M1895MI weighed 52 tons and the M1901 carriage weighed 251 tons. The projectile weight for all M1895 guns was 1,046 pounds. Each shell used 318 pounds of powder, but this was varied depending on range. The projectile achieved a muzzle velocity of 2,250 feet per second. The M1901 disappearing carriage could elevate 15 degrees maximum; earlier models could not elevate that much until the rear mounting bracket was changed from a centerline to an upper position in the M1901. The M1901 could traverse 170 degrees, but some M1895MII emplacements could traverse 210 degrees. The M1895MII had a range of over 29,000 yards (26 kilometers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008198-0000-0000", "contents": "12-inch/35-caliber gun\nThe 12\"/35 caliber gun (spoken \"twelve-inch-thirty-five\u2013caliber\") were used for the primary batteries of the United States Navy's \"New Navy\" monitors Puritan and  Monterey and the battleships Texas and Iowa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008198-0001-0000", "contents": "12-inch/35-caliber gun, Mark 1\nThe Navy's Policy Board call for a variety of large caliber weapons in 1890, with ranges all the way up to 16-inch (406\u00a0mm), led to the development of the 12-inch (305\u00a0mm)/35 caliber gun. The Mark 1, gun Nos. 1\u20138, was constructed of gun steel, having a tube, jacket, ten hoops and a locking ring. The Mod 0, the original design, had the inner hoop starting 6\u00a0in (150\u00a0mm) from the breech and running out to the muzzle, with the Mod 1 being hooped from breech to muzzle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008198-0002-0000", "contents": "12-inch/35-caliber gun, Mark 2\nThe Mark 2, gun Nos. 9\u201314 and 57, was of similar construction to the Mark 1 but with seven hoops starting from the breech and running out to the muzzle. The Mark 2 Mod 1 and Mod 2 were also given a new nickel-steel liner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008198-0003-0000", "contents": "12-inch/35-caliber gun, Incident\nGun No. 9, mounted in Iowa's forward turret in the left-hand position, was damaged on 9 April 1903, off Pensacola, Florida, when the chase, forward of the \"D\" hoop, was blown off during target practice. The gun had been assembled in 1895 at the US Naval Gun Factory. The gun had fired 127 rounds with the accident happening on the 128th round. No one inside the turret were injured, but fragments of the chase were driven through the deck under the muzzle killing three men on the deck below; four others were slightly wounded. The gun was removed and sent back to the Naval Gun Factory to be examined by a special board. Their theory was that a pressure wave had built up from the burning of older smokeless powder used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008199-0000-0000", "contents": "12-inch/40-caliber gun\nThe 12\"/40 caliber gun (spoken as \"twelve-inch-forty--caliber\") were used for the primary batteries of the United States Navy's last class of monitors and the  Maine-class and  Virginia-class pre-dreadnought battleships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008199-0001-0000", "contents": "12-inch/40-caliber gun, Design\nThe 12-inch (305\u00a0mm)/40 caliber gun was developed after the Spanish\u2013American War to use the new smokeless powder that had recently been adopted by the Navy. The Mark 3, gun Nos. 15\u201348 and 50\u201356, was constructed of tube, jacket, and eight hoops. It was found that the early guns suffered from excessive bore erosion, in an attempt to fix this the Navy reduced the propellant charges to reduce the muzzle velocity, because of this the Mark 4, gun Nos. 49, 58\u201360, 150\u2013154, and 179, was similar to the Mark 3 but with a smaller chamber for the reduced propellant charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008199-0002-0000", "contents": "12-inch/40-caliber gun, Service history\nThe guns mounted in the Virginia-class battleships were in an unusual two-level turret with the 8-inch (203\u00a0mm)/45 caliber guns on top of the larger 12-inch guns. This arrangement ultimately proved unsuccessful but helped the Navy in the successful development of superfiring turrets later used in the dreadnought South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008199-0003-0000", "contents": "12-inch/40-caliber gun, Incident\nGun No. 49, while testing powder at the Naval Proving Ground, had the entire muzzle and chase blow off. The board appointed to investigate came to the conclusion that the new powder, while performing properly, caused a pressure along the chase that was dangerously close to the strength curve. It was decided that when the guns were withdrawn to be relined they would add an additional hoop that extended to the muzzle would be places on the chase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008200-0000-0000", "contents": "12-inch/45-caliber Mark 5 gun\nThe 12\u2033/45 caliber Mark 5 gun was an American naval gun that first entered service in 1906. Initially designed for use with the Connecticut-class of pre-dreadnought battleships, the Mark 5 continued in service aboard the first generation of American dreadnoughts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008200-0001-0000", "contents": "12-inch/45-caliber Mark 5 gun, Design and development\nThe 12-inch (305\u00a0mm)/45 caliber Mark 5 naval gun was designed as an incremental improvement upon the preceding American naval gun, the 12\"/40 caliber gun Mark 4. As such, it was a very similar weapon, having been lengthened by 5 calibers to allow for improved muzzle velocity, range, and penetrating power. Designed to the specifications of the Bureau of Ordnance, the Mark 5 was constructed at the U.S. Naval Gun Factory in Washington, D.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008200-0002-0000", "contents": "12-inch/45-caliber Mark 5 gun, Measurements and Capabilities\nThe Mark 5 weighed 53 short tons (48\u00a0t) and was capable of firing 2 to 3 times a minute. At maximum elevation of 15\u00b0 it could fire an 870\u00a0lb (390\u00a0kg) shell approximately 20,000\u00a0yd (18,000\u00a0m). However, this range was largely academic at the time the gun was initially designed, as no rangefinding techniques had yet been developed capable of accurately firing beyond about 10,000\u00a0yd (9,100\u00a0m). With an initial muzzle velocity of 2,700\u00a0ft/s (820\u00a0m/s), the gun had a barrel life of 175 rounds, and was capable of firing either Armor Piercing or Common projectiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008200-0003-0000", "contents": "12-inch/45-caliber Mark 5 gun, Measurements and Capabilities\nAs designed, the Mark 5 was capable of penetrating 16.6\u00a0in (420\u00a0mm) of Harvey plated side armor at 6,000\u00a0yd (5,500\u00a0m), 12.2\u00a0in (310\u00a0mm) at 9,000\u00a0yd (8,200\u00a0m), and 9.9\u00a0in (250\u00a0mm) at 12,000\u00a0yd (11,000\u00a0m). By comparison the 12-inch/40 caliber Mark 4 it replaced could only penetrate 14.6\u00a0in (370\u00a0mm), 11.6\u00a0in (290\u00a0mm), and 9.4\u00a0in (240\u00a0mm) at those distances, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008200-0004-0000", "contents": "12-inch/45-caliber Mark 5 gun, Naval Service\nThe Mark 5 entered service in 1906 and remained the primary battleship gun for all American battleships commissioned before 1912, at which point it was replaced by the 12\"/50 caliber Mark 7. All told, the Mark 5 would arm 14 battleships of five different classes, making it the most-utilized main gun in American battleship history. Despite this distinction, the only Mark 5 guns ever to be fired in anger were actually in Greek, and not American, service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008200-0004-0001", "contents": "12-inch/45-caliber Mark 5 gun, Naval Service\nThe ex-Mississippi-class battleships Kilkis and Lemnos, sold to the Royal Hellenic Navy in 1914, fought in both the Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War, and the Greco-Turkish War. Though during World War I the Mark 5 would cross the Atlantic for duty aboard two of the American battleships serving in the 6th Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet, it was never fired in any engagement, as no battles were fought with the German High Seas Fleet in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008200-0005-0000", "contents": "12-inch/45-caliber Mark 5 gun, Naval Service\nIn American service, the Mark 5 remained afloat (albeit in dwindling numbers) until 1930, when the last guns were removed from the Floridas in compliance with the terms of the London Naval Treaty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008200-0006-0000", "contents": "12-inch/45-caliber Mark 5 gun, Naval Service, Survivor\nA Mark 5 Mod 8 gun is displayed at Fort Hamilton in Brooklyn, New York, representative of the general type of coast artillery guns the fort had.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008200-0007-0000", "contents": "12-inch/45-caliber Mark 5 gun, Incident\nDuring the summer of 1916, Michigan blew out her left hand gun in turret No. 2 during target practice. After an investigation of South Carolina's guns it was discovered that copper deposits from the driving bands on the projectiles had narrowed the bores of the barrel enough that it caused the projectiles to slow down. This problem, known as \"copper choke\", allowed the pressure in the barrel to increase to dangerous levels. Lapping heads, to remove these deposits, were issued for all guns 12-inch and larger throughout the fleet. The lapping heads were later replaced by wire and pisaba brushes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008200-0008-0000", "contents": "12-inch/45-caliber Mark 5 gun, Coastal Artillery\nFollowing the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922, many of the Mark 5 guns in service were removed from sea duty and transferred to the U.S. Army for use as coastal artillery. In this capacity, the maximum range of the Mark 5 increased to 30,000\u00a0yd (27,000\u00a0m), due to the greater elevation that was possible. These guns were not deployed by the US Army, and some were sold to Brazil, where they might still be in use. In Greek service, the guns removed from Lemnos were emplaced on the island of Aegina, where they helped to defend the approaches to the port of Athens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008201-0000-0000", "contents": "12-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun\nThe 12\"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun (spoken \"twelve-inch-fifty-caliber\") was a United States Navy's naval gun that first entered service in 1912. Initially designed for use with the Wyoming-class of dreadnought battleships, the Mark 7 also armed the Argentine Navy's Rivadavia-class battleships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008201-0001-0000", "contents": "12-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Design and development\nThe 12-inch (305\u00a0mm)/50 caliber Mark 7 naval gun was only a slight improvement over the preceding American naval gun, the 12\"/45 caliber Mark 5 gun. As such, it was a very similar weapon, having been lengthened by five calibers to allow for improved muzzle velocity, range, and penetrating power. Designed to the specifications of the Bureau of Ordnance, the Mark 7 was constructed at the U.S. Naval Gun Factory in Washington, D.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008201-0002-0000", "contents": "12-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Design and development\nThe Mark 7 weighed 124,140\u00a0lb (56,310\u00a0kg) with the breech and was capable of firing two to three times a minute. At maximum elevation of 15\u00b0 it could fire an 870\u00a0lb (390\u00a0kg) shell approximately 20,000\u00a0yd (18,000\u00a0m). With an initial muzzle velocity of 2,900\u00a0ft/s (880\u00a0m/s), the gun had a barrel life of 200 rounds, and was capable of firing either armor piercing or Common projectiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008201-0003-0000", "contents": "12-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Design and development\nAs designed, the Mark 7 was capable of penetrating 17.4\u00a0in (440\u00a0mm) of Harvey plated side armor at 6,000\u00a0yd (5,500\u00a0m), 14.7\u00a0in (370\u00a0mm) at 9,000\u00a0yd (8,200\u00a0m), and 12.3\u00a0in (310\u00a0mm) at 12,000\u00a0yd (11,000\u00a0m). By comparison the 12\"/45 caliber Mark 5 it replaced could penetrate 16.6\u00a0in (420\u00a0mm), 12.2\u00a0in (310\u00a0mm), and 9.9\u00a0in (250\u00a0mm) at those distances, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008201-0004-0000", "contents": "12-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Design and development\nBethlehem Steel built the first gun, No. 180. Mod 0, Nos. 181, 182, and 186\u2013200, was a built-up gun consisted of a tube, jacket, and eight hoops, a screw-box liner with locking hoops and rings and hand operated and Smith-Asbury mechanism. The gun was constructed with nickel-steel and hooped to the muzzle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008201-0005-0000", "contents": "12-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Design and development\nMod 1 was gun No. 180, rebuilt into gun No. 180L, with its chase hoops rebuilt along with a new conical nickel-steel liner, a smaller chamber, and the rifling increased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008201-0006-0000", "contents": "12-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Design and development\nMod 2, gun Nos. 183\u2013185, was a Mod 0 gun relined with a conical liner, a new chase locking hoop, and with a locking ring added. This brought the weight up to 125,498\u00a0lb (56,925\u00a0kg), with the breech. It also had a 25\u00a0cu\u00a0in (410\u00a0cm3)smaller chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008201-0007-0000", "contents": "12-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Design and development\nThe Mod 3 guns, Nos. 211\u2013216, were the last new guns built, all other Mods were Mod 0, 2, or 3 guns that were modified. These guns were built with a new simplified design, no liner, five hoops, a locking ring, along with a screw-box liner and a different gas check seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008201-0008-0000", "contents": "12-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Design and development\nMod 4, the twelve guns from Wyoming, relined in 1921\u20131923, had a conical one-step liner and uniform rifling with a new chase locking hoop and locking ring. With the Mod 5 an attempt was made to reline a Mod 1 with a uniform twist rifling, but it was dropped. Mod 6 relined Mod 2 with a uniform twist rifling along with a modified new chase hoop and locking ring. Mod 7 took the Mod 3 and used a one-step conical liner, uniform twist rifling, and added a tube and liner locking ring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008201-0008-0001", "contents": "12-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Design and development\nMod 8 was the Mod 0 or Mod 4 also using a one-step conical liner, uniform twist rifling that was secured by a tube and liner locking ring with a liner locking collar at the breech end. The Mod 8s that used Mod 0 guns also added a new chase hoop and locking ring. Mod 9 was a Mod 2 or Mod 6 that had a new liner with longitudinal clearances at the liner shoulders installed, uniform twist rifling along with a tube and liner locking ring and collar added at the breech end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008201-0008-0002", "contents": "12-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Design and development\nMod 10, like the Mod 9, was also a Mod 2 or Mod 6 that had a new liner with longitudinal clearance at the liner shoulders installed, uniform twist rifling along with a tube and liner locking ring and collar added at the breech end. The Mod 10 used Breech Mechanism Mark 9 instead of the Mark 8 on the previous Mods. Mod 11 was a Mod 7 that had the chamber lengthened, adding 235\u00a0cu\u00a0in (3,851\u00a0cm3), and a 3\u00bd\u00b0 breech band seating slope and used Breech Mechanism Mark 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008201-0008-0003", "contents": "12-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Design and development\nMod 12 used a Mod 10 and lengthened the chamber and added a 3\u00bd\u00b0 breech band seating slope with Mod 13 being similar but of a Mod 8, Mod 14 used a Mod 9, Mod 15 used a Mod 7, Mod 16 used a Mod 10, Mod 17 used a Mod 8, and Mod 18 a Mod 9. Mod 19, the last modification, used a Mod 2 with its breech modified for the Smith-Asbury Breech Mechanism and the forward end of the chamber modified similar to the Mod 18, lengthened the chamber and added a 3\u00bd\u00b0 breech band seating slope. The breech end was further modified by being machined out so that it could accommodate a gas check seat liner locking ring. The Mod 19 could also be used right or left handed by cutting a new slide keyway that was 180\u00b0 from the original keyway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008202-0000-0000", "contents": "12-inch/50-caliber Mark 8 gun\nThe 12\"/50 caliber gun Mark 8 was a US naval gun mounted on the  Alaska-class cruiser. The gun, like the \"large cruiser\" that mounted it, was intended to fill the gap between US \"heavy cruisers\" (6-8\") and US battleships (14-16\"). The name describes the size of the shells, 12 inches in diameter, and the length of the bore in calibers (bore diameters), or 50 feet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008202-0001-0000", "contents": "12-inch/50-caliber Mark 8 gun, Design and production\nThe gun was designed in 1939, and a prototype was tested in 1942. Unlike previous guns, such as the 16\"/45 caliber guns used on the  North Carolina class, which were completely made and assembled at the Naval Gun Factory in Washington D.C., the forgings for the Mark 8 were manufactured at the Midvale and Bethlehem Steel corporations. They were then sent to the Naval Gun Factory for processing, which was followed by a trip to Watervliet Arsenal until they were 65% complete. Finally, the built-up guns were sent back to the Naval Gun Factory to be finished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008202-0002-0000", "contents": "12-inch/50-caliber Mark 8 gun, Design and production\nThe gun was first deployed in 1944, on the lead ship of the Alaska class, USS\u00a0Alaska. The two Alaska-class ships each had nine Mark 8 guns mounted in three triple (3-gun) turrets, with two turrets forward and one aft, a configuration known as \"2-A-1\". Only two vessels of the class were completed, making them the only applications of the Mark 8 12\"/50 caliber gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008202-0003-0000", "contents": "12-inch/50-caliber Mark 8 gun, Measurements\nThe Mark 8 weighed 121,856 pounds (55,273\u00a0kg) including the breech and was capable of an average rate of fire of 2.4\u20133 rounds a minute. It could throw a 1,140\u00a0lb. (517.093\u00a0kg) Mark 18 armor-piercing shell 38,573 yards (35,271 meters) at an elevation of 45\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008202-0003-0001", "contents": "12-inch/50-caliber Mark 8 gun, Measurements\nThe previous 12\" gun manufactured for the U.S. Navy was the Mark 7 version, used in the World War I era  Wyoming-class battleships, could only throw an 870-pound (390\u00a0kg) shell 24,000 yards (21,946\u00a0m), at an elevation of 15\u00b0  The Mark 8's significant improvement in firing weight and range over the Mark 7 gave it the honor of \"by far the most powerful weapon of its caliber ever placed in service.\" In fact, as a result of the decision to fire \"super heavy\" armor-piercing projectiles, the Mark 8's deck plate penetration was better and the side belt armor penetration equal to the older (but larger) 14\"/50 caliber gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008202-0004-0000", "contents": "12-inch/50-caliber Mark 8 gun, Measurements\nThe barrel life of the Mark 8 guns was 344 rounds, 54 more than the 16\"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun found in the  Iowa-class battleships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008203-0000-0000", "contents": "12-oxophytodienoate reductase\n12-oxophytodienoate reductase (OPRs) is an enzyme of the family of Old Yellow Enzymes (OYE). OPRs are grouped into two groups: OPRI and OPRII \u2013 the second group is the focus of this article, as the function of the first group is unknown, but is the subject of current research. The OPR enzyme utilizes the cofactor flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and catalyzes the following reaction in the jasmonic acid synthesis pathway:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008203-0001-0000", "contents": "12-oxophytodienoate reductase\nThis reaction occurs in peroxisomes in plants. Several isozymes have been discovered, with varying substrate stereospecificity: three in Lycopersicon esculentum, 13 in Oryza sativa, and five in Arabidopsis thaliana. The OPR3 isozyme is most extensively studied because it can reduce all 4 stereoisomers of the substrate, OPDA and because it has shown to be the most significant enzyme in the jasmonic acid synthesis pathway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008203-0002-0000", "contents": "12-oxophytodienoate reductase, Structure\n12-oxophytodienoate reductase structure resembles OYE enzymes and has been elucidated by x-ray crystal structures. The cDNA encodes 372 amino acids for this enzyme. It exhibits a barrel fold of eight parallel beta-strands surrounded by eight alpha-helices to create a barrel shape. Turns at the N-terminus loops of the beta-strands have been shown to contain three to four amino acid residues and the C-terminus loops range between three and 47 amino acid residues. The C-terminus loops largely make up the active site and the larger range of the amount of residues is due to the diversity in the different isozyme active sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008203-0003-0000", "contents": "12-oxophytodienoate reductase, Structure\nOPR3, the most extensively studied isoform of 12-oxophytodienoate reductase, has a wider binding pocket than OPR1, which is enantioselective for only one OPDA substrate enantiomer. The residues Tyr78 and Tyr246 that are at the mouth of the active site are responsible for the higher enantioselectivity of OPR1. OPR1 and OPR3 have identical substrate binding residues, but the difference in the width of the mouth of the active site determines the OPR1 specificity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008203-0004-0000", "contents": "12-oxophytodienoate reductase, Structure\n12-oxophytodienoate reductase has also been shown to practice self-inhibition by dimerization. This is the only flavoprotein known to dimerize for inhibition and this dimerization is thought to be regulated by phosphorylation. The dimerization occurs by the mutual binding of two loops into the two active sites. These loops are highly evolutionarily conserved, indicating the dimerization is purposeful and significant in regulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008203-0005-0000", "contents": "12-oxophytodienoate reductase, Mechanism\nThe reduction mechanism employed has been shown to be a ping-pong, bi-bi mechanism. The FMN cofactor is first reduced by NADPH, the substrate is then bound, and finally the substrate is reduced by a hydride transfer from NADPH to the substrate\u2019s beta carbon. The Km of OPR3 in Zea mays was found to be 190 micromolar for its substrate OPDA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008203-0006-0000", "contents": "12-oxophytodienoate reductase, Biological Function\nThe reaction catalyzed by 12-oxophytodienoate reductase is in the jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathway. Jasmonic acid is known for its importance as a gene regulator for development and defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008203-0007-0000", "contents": "12-oxophytodienoate reductase, Biological Function\nOPR3 is shown to be induced by touch, wind, UV light, application of detergent, wounding, and brassinosteroids. In wound response, its activity has been shown to partially depend on jasmonic acid perception. It is also shown to have greater enzyme efficiency than OPR1 and OPR2 in Arabidopsis thaliana, showing it is the significant enzyme in the jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008203-0008-0000", "contents": "12-oxophytodienoate reductase, Relevance to Agriculture\nThis enzyme is of interest in plant biology research because the disrupted OPR3 gene has been shown to cause male sterility in Arabidopsis thaliana. This is a point of interest in understanding the factors surrounding viable pollen development, a focus of research in the agriculture industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008203-0009-0000", "contents": "12-oxophytodienoate reductase, Relevance to Phytoremediation\nOPR has shown to also function in the reduction of explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Because TNT is a known toxic, environmental pollutant that is difficult to degrade, the use of phytoremediation to clean up sites contaminated with TNT is of significant interest. OPR1 degraded TNT faster and with greater amount of degraded products than other isozymes. This enzyme could therefore be used in phytoremediation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008203-0010-0000", "contents": "12-oxophytodienoate reductase, Phylogenetics\nA phylogenetic analysis studying the structural evolution and functional divergence of the various OPR paralogues found seven conserved sub-families and suggested expansion of the OPR families occurred in land plants. A total of 74 OPR genes in 11 species from six major plant lineages were found. Surprisingly, introns were found to differ in length and number, but conserved in position, indicating successive intron loss. The study also indicated that the substrate binding loop and the alpha-helices, but not the beta-sheets, were critical for functional divergence after sub-families were established and are therefore important in the OPR proteins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008204-0000-0000", "contents": "12-pounder Whitworth rifle\nThe 12-pounder Whitworth rifle was a medium caliber field gun deployed during the mid-19th century. Designed by Joseph Whitworth, the gun was most notably used during the American Civil War. The gun was also used by the Imperial Brazilian Army in the War of the Triple Alliance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008204-0001-0000", "contents": "12-pounder Whitworth rifle, Description\nThe 12-pdr rifle was designed  in the early 1850s by British manufacturer Joseph Whitworth, who had recently been contracted to improve the Pattern 1853 Enfield. During his experiments with the Enfield, Whitworth was inspired to begin experimenting with a hexagonally-rifled barrel; Whitworth would later apply these principles to his field guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008204-0002-0000", "contents": "12-pounder Whitworth rifle, Description\nAlong with Whitworth's smaller 3-pdr gun, the artillery piece was considered for adoption by the British government's Board of Ordnance. However, Whitworth's guns eventually lost out to the Armstrong gun. During the American Civil War the weapon was exported and saw service in the Union and Confederate armies, though it was considered a rarity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008204-0003-0000", "contents": "12-pounder Whitworth rifle, Description\nFrom a design standpoint, the weapon was unique. Like all of Whitworth's designs, the weapon had a distinctive hexagon-ally rifled barrel and was a breechloader (though it could be loaded via the muzzle with modifications). The cannon was forged using a method in which iron plates would be overlapped and forced together using hydraulic presses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008204-0004-0000", "contents": "12-pounder Whitworth rifle, Description\nThe 12-pounder Whitworth saw service with the Army of Northern Virginia. One Whitworth was used in the Confederate defense of Charleston. The weapon saw some service in the Union army (notably with the Army of the Potomac in the Peninsula campaign), and in one instance a group of Americans living in England gifted a battery of four Whitworths to the United States government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008204-0005-0000", "contents": "12-pounder Whitworth rifle, Description\nDespite being a rarity in the Civil War (one source states the weapon only saw Confederate service with the Army of Northern Virginia), a replica 12-pounder Whitworth was used on the set of The Good, the Bad and the Ugly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008205-0000-0000", "contents": "12-pounder gun\n12-pounder gun or 12-pdr, usually denotes a gun which fired a projectile of approximately 12 pounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008206-0000-0000", "contents": "12-pounder long gun\nThe 12-pounder long gun was an intermediary calibre piece of artillery mounted on warships of the Age of sail. They were used as main guns on the most typical frigates of the early 18th century, on the second deck of fourth-rate ships of the line, and on the upper decks or castles of 80-gun and 120-gun ships of the line. Naval 12-pounders were similar to 12-pound Army guns in the Gribeauval system: the canon lourd de 12 Gribeauval, used as a siege weapon, and the canon de 12 Gribeauval, which was considered a heavy field artillery piece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008206-0001-0000", "contents": "12-pounder long gun, Usage\nAs the 12-pounder calibre was consistent with both the French and the British calibre systems, it was a widespread gun amongst nations between the 17th and the 19th century. From the late 18th century, the French Navy used the 12-pounder in three capacities: as main gun on early frigates under Louis XIV, on standard frigates under Louis XV and on light frigates under Louis XVI; as secondary artillery on 64-gun ships; to arm the castles of 80-gun ships of the line; and to equip the third deck of early first-rate ships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008206-0002-0000", "contents": "12-pounder long gun, Usage\nUnder Louis XIV, frigates were organised into \"first-rank frigates\", which were small two-deckers comparable in role to the 60-gun ships of the 19th century, and smaller \"second-rank\" frigates. The first-rank frigates carried the 12-pounder as main artillery on their lower deck. Later, under Louis XV, the frigate took its modern shape with a single artillery deck complemented by smaller pieces on the castles; new heavy frigates were developed to carry 26 12-pounders, with Hermione as lead ship of the series. Hermione was captured by the British in 1757 and was swiftly imitated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008206-0002-0001", "contents": "12-pounder long gun, Usage\nA breakthrough towards fielding heavier guns was made in 1772, when the two units of the  Pourvoyeuse class were built, with 24-pounders intended, but 18-pounders used in practice, and the 12-pounder remained the standard issue on most units. Under Louis XVI, the heavier 18-pounder frigate became predominant, with over 130 units produced, but the French Navy still had around 70 lighter 12-pounder frigates in commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008206-0003-0000", "contents": "12-pounder long gun, Usage\nOn 64-gun two-deckers, the 12-gun was used as secondary artillery, to supplement the 24-pounder main batteries. 28 guns were carried on the top gun-deck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008206-0004-0000", "contents": "12-pounder long gun, Usage\nLarger units used the 12-pounder to complement the firepower provided by their main and secondary artillery. On 80-gun ships of the  Tonnant class and  Bucentaure class, they armed the forecastle and the poop deck. On capital ships, the 12-pounder was used on the third deck from the reign of Louis XIV, with units like Royal Louis or Soleil-Royal as typical examples. While the secondary artillery of these 100-gun ships evolved from 18-pounders to 24-pounders, the 12-pounder remained the standard gun on the third deck until 1803, when the  Oc\u00e9an-class ship Imp\u00e9rial became the first 120-gun to carry 18-pounders on her third battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008206-0005-0000", "contents": "12-pounder long gun, Usage\nIn the Royal Navy, the 12-pounder was used in a similar capacity. The capture of Hermione in 1757 encouraged the British to imitate her design, yielding the  Southampton and  Richmond-class frigates. The 12-pounder also equipped the castles on razeed ships, where 12 pieces were mounted, and the 22-gun secondary battery of 50-gun fourth-rates. Finally, 30 were installed on the third deck of 90-gun second-rates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008206-0006-0000", "contents": "12-pounder long gun, Usage\nProfile view of a reproduction aboard Hermione, including the elaborate rigging", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008207-0000-0000", "contents": "12.10\n12.10 is a 1919 British silent thriller film directed by Herbert Brenon and starring Marie Doro, Ben Webster, and Geoffrey Kerr. It was the first film made by British & Colonial Kinematograph Company which had ambitious plans to break into the American market. It was made at Walthamstow Studios, and had considerable success on its release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008207-0001-0000", "contents": "12.10, Plot\nAs described in a film magazine, Louis Fernando fails to sell a patent upon which he has spent the better part of his life and drowns himself. His orphaned child Marie (Doro) is adopted by Lord Chatterton (Webster). Geoffrey Brooke (Kerr), who is in the employ of Lord Chatterton, falls in love with Marie. Chatterton's general manager Arthur Newton (Carew) also loves Marie and formulates a scheme whereby he hopes to win her and also acquire the Chatterton fortune. Chatterton becomes suspicious and by a ruse traps Newton and exposes his plot. Marie and Geoffrey are made happy in the end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008208-0000-0000", "contents": "12.17\u00d742mm RF, 12.17\u00d742mm RF and its subvariety the 12.17\u00d744mm RF\nThe 12.17\u00d742mm RF rimfire round was developed by a joint Swedish-Norwegian arms commission, and was adopted by the armed forces of both Sweden and Norway in 1867. It was used in the M1867 Remington rolling-block rifles adopted as new standard rifles by the armed forces of Sweden and Norway the same year. Large numbers of older rifles, both Swedish muzzle-loading Model 1860 and breech-loading Model 1864 and Norwegian breech-loading Kammerlader rifles of various models were also converted to rolling block rifles, chambered for the new standard round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 65], "content_span": [66, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008208-0001-0000", "contents": "12.17\u00d742mm RF, 12.17\u00d742mm RF and its subvariety the 12.17\u00d744mm RF\nA lengthened version of the round, the 12.17\u00d744mm RF, was adopted by the Norwegian armed forces in 1871. But the two cartridges were interchangeable, and could thus be fired from the same weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 65], "content_span": [66, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008208-0002-0000", "contents": "12.17\u00d742mm RF, 12.17\u00d742mm RF and its subvariety the 12.17\u00d744mm RF\nThe round, nominally known as 4 Linjers (actual bore diameter 4.1 Swedish decimal lines or 3.88 Norwegian decimal lines, that is 0.41 Swedish or 0.388 Norwegian inches), had a lead bullet 12.615mm (0.497\u00a0in) in diameter, with the diameter of the bore, measured between the lands, being 12.17mm (0.479 inches). It used a copper case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 65], "content_span": [66, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008208-0003-0000", "contents": "12.17\u00d742mm RF, 12.17\u00d742mm RF and its subvariety the 12.17\u00d744mm RF\nIn Swedish service the standard cartridge used a lead projectile (shaped like a Mini\u00e9 ball) weighing 24 g (370 gr). The muzzle velocity fired through a 955mm (37.6\u00a0in) rifle barrel was 386\u00a0m/s (1,266\u00a0ft/s), with a muzzle energy of 1,788 J (1,319\u00a0ft/lbf). Fired through a 460mm (18.11\u00a0in) carbine barrel the muzzle velocity was 340\u00a0m/s (1,115\u00a0ft/s), with a muzzle energy of 1,387 J (1,023\u00a0ft/lbf).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 65], "content_span": [66, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008208-0004-0000", "contents": "12.17\u00d742mm RF, 12.17\u00d742mm RF and its subvariety the 12.17\u00d744mm RF\nIn Norwegian service early rounds had a cast lead projectile weighting 5.85 kvintin (22.8 g/352 gr) and 1 kvintin (3.89 g/60 gr) of gunpowder. Later rounds had a pressed lead projectile weighting 6 kvintin (23.4 g/361 gr) and the gunpowder load was increased to 1.05 kvintin (4.09 g/63 gr).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 65], "content_span": [66, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008208-0005-0000", "contents": "12.17\u00d742mm RF, 12.17\u00d742mm RF and its subvariety the 12.17\u00d744mm RF\nThere was also a blank round - an ordinary cartridge case loaded with 54 gr (3.50 g) of gunpowder and closed with a cardboard or cork disc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 65], "content_span": [66, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008208-0006-0000", "contents": "12.17\u00d742mm RF, 12.17\u00d744mmR centerfire\nA civilian/paramilitary centerfire version of the cartridge, the 12.17\u00d744mmR using a brass cartridge case with the same dimensions as the 12.17\u00d744mm RF, was introduced during the 1870s in both Sweden and Norway. The centerfire cartridge could be fired from both Swedish and Norwegian M1867 military Remington rolling-block firearms with only a minor modification, converting the weapon from rimfire to centerfire and vice versa, which could be done by the shooter in the field provided he or she carried the replacement parts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008208-0006-0001", "contents": "12.17\u00d742mm RF, 12.17\u00d744mmR centerfire\nThe advantage of the centerfire cartridge was that spent cases could be reloaded, making centerfire ammunition significantly cheaper to use than rimfire ammunition, so the 12.17\u00d744mmR also saw extensive use in Swedish paramilitary service, being used by Frivilliga Skarpskytter\u00f6relsen (\"The Volunteer Sharpshooter Movement\"), a voluntary paramilitary organization patterned on the  British Volunteer Force and training civilians in the use of arms, with the units raised intended as local defense units (the first such volunteer \"sharpshooter\" units were raised in Stockholm in 1860, with the total number of active members throughout Sweden reaching 40,000 in 1865; volunteer \"sharpshooter\" units were armed with military M1867 rifles modified to use the 12.17\u00d744mmR centerfire cartridge, and wore military-style uniforms).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008208-0007-0000", "contents": "12.17\u00d742mm RF, Alternative names\nThe 12.17\u00d742mm RF is also known as \"12,17mm patron m/1867\" and \"12\u00d742RF Swedish Remington Model 1867\".The 12.17\u00d744mm RF is also known as \"12\u00d744RF Norwegian Remington Model 1871\" and \"12.7\u00d744RF Norwegian\". The 12.17\u00d744mm R is also known as \"12\u00d744R Swedish Remington\", \".50 Swedish/Norwegian Remington\" and \"12.7\u00d744R\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008208-0008-0000", "contents": "12.17\u00d742mm RF, Today\nMany Remington Rolling Blocks were converted to use the centerfire 12.17\u00d744mmR cartridge or rebuilt to shotguns. Many of these guns still exist and are still used by black-powder enthusiasts both for competition and hunting. Centerfire 12.17\u00d744mmR cases are available, but a more cost-effective way to acquire cases is to cut .50 Alaskan cases down to 44mm total length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 20], "content_span": [21, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008209-0000-0000", "contents": "12.38\n\"12.38\" is a song by American rapper Donald Glover, performed under the stage name Childish Gambino, from his fourth studio album, 3.15.20 (2020). The song features guest vocals by rapper 21 Savage, American singer-songwriter Atia \"Ink\" Boggs, and American musician Kadhja Bonet. All vocalists on the track, along with Glover and DJ Dahi, wrote the song; the latter two also produced the track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008209-0001-0000", "contents": "12.38\nGlover sings about a psilocybin-induced trip with a girl, while 21 Savage raps about police harassment. Critics praised the song's comedic narrative and 21 Savage's guest appearance. \"12.38\" peaked at number 22 on the NZ Hot Singles published by Recorded Music NZ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008209-0002-0000", "contents": "12.38, Background and recording\nProducer DJ Dahi called the creation of the song an evolving process. Dahi had an initial beat with chords provided by Ely Rise. Kadhja Bonet's vocals were for another track, but were chopped and reused for \"12.38\". Dahi described the track as having \"funky, odd, but feels good\" energy. The song was momentarily put to the side, but Gambino continued writing his verse. Rapper 21 Savage recorded his guest verse and American singer-songwriter Atia \"Ink\" Boggs was invited to co-write on the song. Glover and 21 Savage previously collaborated in 2018 on the former's single \"This Is America\" and the track \"Monster\" from the latter's second studio album I Am > I Was.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008209-0003-0000", "contents": "12.38, Composition and lyrics\nNoah Yoo of Pitchfork described the production of \"12.38\" as a \"sensual, minimalistic bounce.\" The song interpolates Andr\u00e9 3000's song \"Vibrate\". In the song, a girl feeds Glover psilocybin, who is unfamiliar with the psychedelic drug. Sexual tension builds up as his girlfriend keeps texting him, causing his phone to vibrate. Glover uses humorous lines such as \"Why your cat looking at me sideways?\" in place of a hook and chorus. His verse continues as a beat-by-beat breakdown of the psilocybin use, until he wakes up alone. He name-checks multiple female artists, including Toni Braxton, SZA, and Chaka Khan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008209-0004-0000", "contents": "12.38, Composition and lyrics\n21 Savage raps about police harassment; he was previously detained by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement in February 2019. 21 Savage also raps about Popeyes' chicken and cartoon character Popeye's spinach. By the end, the song \"devolves into spirals of vocal echoes\" as a result of the psilocybin trip kicking in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008209-0005-0000", "contents": "12.38, Release and promotion\nThe song originally surfaced under the unofficial title \"Vibrate\" when Glover streamed 3.15.20 on his website on March 15, 2020. The track was titled \"12.38\" upon the album's official release on March 22, 2020. Only the tracks \"Algorythm\" and \"Time\" have proper names; the rest, such as \"12.38\", are marked by their respective timestamps. \"12.38\" was released as a single to urban adult contemporary radio on April 14, 2020, along with \"Sweet Thang (24.19)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008209-0006-0000", "contents": "12.38, Critical reception\nKitty Empire of The Guardian called the song excellent and described it as having \"the feel of narrative fiction\". Empire stated that the song \"could be an episode of Atlanta,\" an American comedy-drama television series created by Glover. Rowan5215 of Sputnikmusic called the song hilarious and wrote that Glover \"[weaponizes] his full range to spin some The Love Below-style seduction.\" Okla Jones of Consequence of Sound called the song witty and sonically-pleasing as Glover \"taps into his prowess as both a writer and a comic.\" Jones wrote that 21 Savage's verse had Southern charm and was must-needed. Noah Yoo of Pitchfork praised 21 Savage's \"particularly on point\" guest appearance. Yoo wrote that as the song ends in spiraling echoes, \"it's 21's lyrics you\u2019re left thinking about.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008210-0000-0000", "contents": "12.7 cm SK C/34 naval gun\nThe 12.7\u00a0cm SK C/34 was a German medium-caliber naval gun deployed on destroyers from 1934 through the Second World War. Some of these guns remained in service until 2003 in the coastal defense units of Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008210-0001-0000", "contents": "12.7 cm SK C/34 naval gun, Characteristics\nThe 12.7\u00a0cm SK C/34 was used on the Type 34, Type 36 and Type 36B destroyers as well as the sloop Grille, the training ship Bremse and the torpedo boats Leopard and Luchs. They were also intended for the unbuilt Type 38B destroyers, Type 40 torpedo-boats and the Type XI U-boats. These guns were either mounted on single hand worked MPLC/34 mounts, converted 10.5\u00a0cm MPLC/28 mounts or in two twin Drh LC/38 mounts for Type XI U-boats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008210-0002-0000", "contents": "12.7 cm SK C/34 naval gun, Characteristics\nThough in Germany it was designated 12.7-centimeter (5.00\u00a0in), all 12.7-cm guns actually had a bore of 12.8 centimeters (5.04\u00a0in). The gun could be depressed to -10\u00b0 and raised to 30\u00b0. It had an arc of fire of 360\u00b0, meaning that they could rotate a full circle, able to fire at any given point. The gun fired a 28-kilogram (62\u00a0lb) high-explosive shell at a muzzle velocity of 830 meters per second (2,700\u00a0ft/s) to a range of 17,400 meters (19,000\u00a0yd).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008211-0000-0000", "contents": "12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun\nThe 12.7\u00a0cm/40 Type 89 naval gun was a Japanese anti-aircraft (AA) gun introduced before World War II. It was the Imperial Japanese Navy's standard heavy AA gun during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008211-0001-0000", "contents": "12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun\nThe Type 89 was adopted by the IJN on February 6, 1932, and was the primary anti-aircraft gun on new aircraft carriers, battleships and cruisers, most commonly installed in twin gun mounts. As IJN ships were upgraded in the 1930s and 1940s, older AA guns such as 8 cm/40 3rd Year Type naval gun and 12 cm/45 10th Year Type naval guns were replaced with Type 89s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008212-0000-0000", "contents": "12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun\nThe 12.7\u00a0cm/50 Type 3 naval gun was a medium-caliber naval gun of the Imperial Japanese Navy used during World War II. It was the standard weapon for Japanese destroyers between 1928 and 1944 (except Akizuki and Matsu classes). It has been credited as a true dual-purpose gun, but this was more a nominal capability than real, as its bag propellant and need for hand ramming required the gun to be loaded at elevation angles of 5\u201310\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008212-0000-0001", "contents": "12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun\nThis dropped its rate of fire to a relatively slow 5\u201310 rounds per minute, and its training speed of only 6\u00b0 per second meant that it had a great deal of difficulty engaging enemy aircraft with any chance of success. After the end of World War II the gun remained in service on the two Japanese destroyers ceded to the Soviet Union and the Republic of China as war reparations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008212-0001-0000", "contents": "12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun, Description\nThe 50-caliber 12.7\u00a0cm (5.0\u00a0in) Type 3 gun was of built-up construction, originally with three and later two layers with the usual breech ring and breech bush. It used a Welin interrupted screw breech. The shell was fuzed manually on the loading tray before being rammed by hand and could only be loaded at elevations between 5\u00b0 and 10\u00b0. All mounts used pusher-type shell hoists, but the powder bags were passed by hand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008212-0002-0000", "contents": "12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun, Description, Mountings\nThese guns were first used in the twin gun Model A turret on the revolutionary  Fubuki-class destroyers. These were the first weatherproof, splinterproof and gas-proof enclosed gun turrets ever mounted on a destroyer. Guns in twin mounts were in individual cradles and could elevate separately. All twin gun mounts weighed approximately 32 tonnes (31 long tons; 35 short tons). All mounts could traverse at 6\u00b0 per second and could elevate at a rate between 6\u00b0 and 12\u00b0 per second although speeds up to 27\u00b0 per second have been reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008212-0003-0000", "contents": "12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun, Description, Mountings\nThe twin gun Model A mount was fitted with a 9\u201312-millimetre-thick (0.35\u20130.47\u00a0in) gun shield. Its guns could depress \u22125\u00b0 and elevate to +40\u00b0. These mounts were deployed on the first ten Fubuki-class destroyers. The twin gun Model B mount had its elevation increased to 75\u00b0 and was fitted in the rest of the Fubuki-class as well as the  Akatsuki-class destroyers. In order to save weight its gun shield was reduced to 3.2\u00a0mm (0.13\u00a0in) in thickness, but this proved too thin to withstand heavy seas and was later reinforced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008212-0003-0001", "contents": "12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun, Description, Mountings\nThe first four of the  Hatsuharu class used the Model B mod 2 mount although how it differed from the earlier Model B mount is unknown. The last two of the Hatsuharu class, the  Shiratsuyu,  Asashio, and  Kager\u014d-class destroyers used the Model C which reduced its maximum elevation to 55\u00b0, but could depress to \u22127\u00b0 and was supposedly lighter than earlier models The Model D used by the  Y\u016bgumo-class and the Shimakaze destroyers retained the depression limit of the Model C, but elevation returned to the 75\u00b0 of the Model B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008212-0004-0000", "contents": "12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun, Description, Mountings\nThe Type A single mount could depress \u22127\u00b0 and elevate to +75\u00b0, but the Type B reduced the maximum elevation to 55\u00b0. Both mounts weighed approximately 18.5 tonnes (18.2 long tons; 20.4 short tons). The Type A was fitted on the Hatsuharu class and the Type B on the Shiratsuyu-class destroyers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008212-0005-0000", "contents": "12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun, Description, Ammunition\nThe gun normally fired a 23\u00a0kg (51\u00a0lb) high-explosive shell, an illumination shell or an incendiary shrapnel round (sankaidan) intended for anti-aircraft use. All of these shells weighed 23\u00a0kg (51\u00a0lb) and used 7.7\u00a0kg (17\u00a0lb) of 30 DC propellant. After 1943, a flat-nosed anti-submarine shell also became available. This had a minimum range of 800 metres (870\u00a0yd) and a maximum range of 4,300 metres (4,700\u00a0yd). A new, heavier, but more streamlined, high-explosive projectile with a range of 23,025 metres (25,180\u00a0yd) was under development when the war ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008213-0000-0000", "contents": "12.7x55mm\nThe 12.7x55mm cartridge is a Russian-made .50 caliber cartridge used in both pistols and rifles (although one of each has been made so far). It was developed without a parent case, and as such, was made from scratch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008213-0001-0000", "contents": "12.7x55mm, Purpose\nIt is intended as an armor-piercing handgun/rifle cartridge. It comes in jacket soft point, hollow point and full metal jacket variants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008214-0000-0000", "contents": "12.7\u00d7108mm\nThe 12.7\u00d7108mm cartridge is a 12.7 mm heavy machine gun and anti-materiel rifle cartridge used by the former Soviet Union, the former Warsaw Pact, modern Russia, China and other countries. It was invented in 1934 to create a cartridge like the German 13.2mm TuF anti-tank rifle round and the American .50 Browning Machine Gun round (12.7\u00d799mm NATO).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008214-0001-0000", "contents": "12.7\u00d7108mm\nIt is used in the same roles as the NATO .50 BMG (12.7\u00d799mm NATO) cartridge. The two differ in bullet shape and weight, and the casing of the 12.7\u00d7108mm is slightly longer, and its larger case capacity allow it to hold slightly more of a different type of powder. The 12.7\u00d7108mm can be used to engage a wide variety of targets on the battlefield, and will destroy unarmored vehicles, penetrate lightly armored vehicles and damage external ancillary equipment (i.e. : searchlights, radar, transmitters, vision blocks, engine compartment covers) on heavily armored vehicles such as tanks. It will also ignite gasoline and\u2014since 2019\u2014diesel fuel (experimental \u201cAvers\u201d AP/I round). Armor-piercing ammunition will penetrate around 25\u00a0mm of armor. Normal full metal jacket ammunition will only dimple tank armor, causing no damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008214-0002-0000", "contents": "12.7\u00d7108mm, Cartridge dimensions\nThe 12.7\u00d7108mm has 22.72 ml (350 grains) H2O cartridge case capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008214-0003-0000", "contents": "12.7\u00d7108mm, Cartridge dimensions\nAmericans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 \u2248 18.16 degrees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008214-0004-0000", "contents": "12.7\u00d7108mm, Cartridge dimensions\nAccording to guidelines the 12.7\u00d7108mm case can handle up to 360 MPa (52,213 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum CIP pressure to certify for sale to consumers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008214-0005-0000", "contents": "12.7\u00d7108mm, Cartridge types, Soviet and Russian 12.7\u00d7108 types\nNote that some WW2 bullets share designations with ones for 14.5\u00d7114mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 62], "content_span": [63, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008215-0000-0000", "contents": "12.7\u00d755mm STs-130\nThe 12.7\u00d755mm cartridge is used in some Russian firearms such as VKS bullpup sniper rifle and ShAK-12 bullpup battle rifle and RSh-12 revolver. The cartridge can carry a projectile weighing between from 108 grains and 1173 grains and is predominantly used to fire heavy subsonic loads. The high penetration VKS round can penetrate up to 16\u00a0mm (0.63\u00a0in) of steel at 200 metres (220\u00a0yd) or body armor up to GOST 5 or NIJ III at 100 metres (110\u00a0yd).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008215-0000-0001", "contents": "12.7\u00d755mm STs-130\nThe accuracy of this cartridge when loaded with precision VKS bullets is claimed to be one MOA at 100 metres (110\u00a0yd) up to the effective range limit of 600 metres (660\u00a0yd). Despite being chambered in the same cartridge, the ShAK-12 would not be able to feed or chamber rounds designed for the VKS due to significant length differences in the bullet component of the cartridge and thus requires its own, shorter, loads. The ShAK-12 rounds have less range compared to the VKS with the maximum effective range of the loads reaching in between 100 and 300 metres (110 and 330\u00a0yd).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008216-0000-0000", "contents": "12.8 cm FlaK 40\nThe 12.8\u00a0cm FlaK 40 was a German World War II anti-aircraft gun. Although it was not produced in great numbers, it was reportedly one of the most effective heavy AA guns of its era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008216-0001-0000", "contents": "12.8 cm FlaK 40, History\nDevelopment of the 12.8 cm FlaK 40 began in 1936, with the contract being awarded to Rheinmetall Borsig. The first prototype gun was delivered for testing in late 1937 and completed testing successfully. The gun weighed nearly 12 tonnes in its firing position, with the result that its barrel had to be removed for transport. Limited service testing showed this was impractical, so in 1938 other solutions were considered. Ultimately the firing platform was simplified, based on the assumption it would always be securely bolted into concrete. Approximately 200 guns were also mounted on railcars, providing limited mobility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008216-0002-0000", "contents": "12.8 cm FlaK 40, History\nThe total weight of the Flakzwilling twin-gun mount system reached 26.5\u00a0tonnes, making it practically impossible to tow cross-country. In the end, this mattered little since by the time the gun entered production in 1942, it was used in primarily static, defensive applications. There were four twin mounts on the fortified anti-aircraft Zoo Tower, and they were also on other flak towers protecting Berlin, Hamburg, and Vienna. It is claimed that during the Battle of Berlin the guns on the Zoo Tower were used successfully to support ground forces. The rush to capture the Reichstag led to dozens of tanks being destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008216-0003-0000", "contents": "12.8 cm FlaK 40, History\nThe gun fired a 27.9\u00a0kg (61.5-pound) shell at 880\u00a0m/s (2,890\u00a0ft/s) to a maximum ceiling of 14,800 m (48,556\u00a0ft). Compared with the 88\u00a0mm FlaK 18 & 36, the FlaK 40 used a powder charge four times as great.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008216-0004-0000", "contents": "12.8 cm FlaK 40, History\nIn December 1943, Hitler decided not to introduce the FlaK 40 \"During this war\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008217-0000-0000", "contents": "12.8 cm Pak 44\nThe 12.8\u00a0cm Pak 44 (Pak from German Panzerabwehrkanone \"anti-tank gun\") was a German anti-tank gun used during World War II. It was designed as a result of experiences on the Eastern front in 1943. The German Army came upon the Soviet 122 mm field guns and issued a requirement for a similar weapon. Development initially concentrated on a field gun known as the Kanone K 44. However, once heavier Soviet tanks such as the IS-2 started to appear, the design requirements were altered to include an anti-armour role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008217-0001-0000", "contents": "12.8 cm Pak 44\nThe Pak 44 had short to medium-range performance similar to the 8.8\u00a0cm Pak 43, but the 12.8\u00a0cm Pak 44 better maintained its anti-tank performance over long to extreme-long ranges - 1,800\u20132,700\u00a0m (2,000\u20133,000\u00a0yd) and beyond - while also doubling as an effective field gun when firing high-explosive shells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008217-0002-0000", "contents": "12.8 cm Pak 44, Design history\nThe choice of a 128 mm calibre anti-tank gun was made because of the availability of tooling due to the use of this calibre for naval weapons. The design contracts were awarded to Rheinmetall Borsig and Krupp. The first prototype guns were delivered for testing in late 1943. Rheinmetall had developed a variant of the 128\u00a0 mm Flak gun, whilst Krupp opted to design a new weapon from the ground up. After initial tests, the Rheinmetall design was dropped and development continued with the Krupp design. However, the service tests showed that a towed anti-tank gun weighing nearly 11 tonnes was impractical, so the towed design was terminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008217-0003-0000", "contents": "12.8 cm Pak 44, Design history\nApproximately 50 barrels and breeches were used on existing carriages. The weapon that used the ex-French GPF-T carriage was known as the K 81/1, while the K 81/2 used the ex-Russian carriage. Both of these designs were rushed, and were too heavy, making them cumbersome to deploy. In 1943, a design programme using the Pak 44 as its starting point was started for a gun to mount on the Jagdtiger (Sd. Kfz. 186) and the Maus super-heavy tank. This weapon, of which approximately 100 were made, was known both as the Pak 44 and Pak 80 / Panzerj\u00e4gerkanone Pjk 80. The performance was identical to the initial design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008217-0004-0000", "contents": "12.8 cm Pak 44, Performance\nThe gun was fed with two-piece ammunition, the projectile and cartridge making up separate pieces. Because of this, the gun could be fired using three different sized propellant charges; a light, medium and heavy charge. The light and medium charges were normally used when the gun was fulfilling the role of an artillery piece, where they would launch the ~28\u00a0kg projectiles to a muzzle velocity of 845\u00a0m/s and 880\u00a0m/s respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008217-0004-0001", "contents": "12.8 cm Pak 44, Performance\nThe heavy charge was used when the gun was fulfilling its intended role as an anti-tank gun, where it fired a 28.3\u00a0kg APCBC-HE projectile (PzGr.43) at a muzzle velocity of 950\u00a0m/s. With the heavy charge, and using the PzGr.43 projectile, the Pak 44 was capable of penetrating  312 millimetres (12.3\u00a0in) of 30 degree sloped armor at 500 metres 230 millimetres (9.1\u00a0in) of 30 degree sloped armour at 1000 metres, 200 millimetres (7.9\u00a0in) at 2,000 metres (2,200\u00a0yd), and 173 millimetres (6.8\u00a0in) at 3,000 metres (3,300\u00a0yd) range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008217-0005-0000", "contents": "12.8 cm Pak 44, Performance\nThe 12.8\u00a0cm Pak 44 ended up becoming the standard main armament for the Jagdtiger heavy tank destroyer and a tank gun variant was the planned main armament for many future super-heavy tank designs in development during the last months of World War II, including the fully turreted Panzerkampfwagen Maus and E-100, as the 12,8\u00a0cm KwK 44 L/55 main gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008217-0006-0000", "contents": "12.8 cm Pak 44, Designations\nAs is common at this time, this weapon underwent several name changes. At various times it was known as K 44, Pak 44, Kanone 81, Pak 80 and Pjk 80.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008217-0007-0000", "contents": "12.8 cm Pak 44, Designations\nEquipment numbered in the 8x range were temporary items usually issued in small numbers and not regarded as standard issue service weapons. Hence Pak 80 and Pjk 80 were temporary names, as were K81/x.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008217-0008-0000", "contents": "12.8 cm Pak 44, Designations\nHad this equipment been accepted into full service, it would have had a Pak 4x designation attached. The only difference between the Pak 44 and the K 44 was the mode of operation\u2014the weapon itself was identical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008218-0000-0000", "contents": "12/12/12 (film)\n12/12/12 (also known as Evil Born) is a 2012 American 18+ horror film written and directed by Jared Cohn. It stars Sara Malakul Lane, Jesus Guevara, Erin O'Brien, Steve Hanks, and Carl Donelson. It was filmed in Los Angeles, California and released on December 4, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008218-0001-0000", "contents": "12/12/12 (film), Plot\nThe film begins with a baby, Sebastian, being born. After Sebastian viciously murders the doctors who delivered him, his mother (Sara Malakul Lane) realizes that there is something seriously wrong with the child. Over the course of the movie, Sebastian brutally murders many people and tragedy strikes many others. Mahari (Jesus Guevara) attempts to steal the baby from Sebastian's birth parents many times and eventually does. He steals Sebastian in order to embrace his evil calling. Police officers attempt to kill Mahari but Mahari and his companions use Sebastian to murder them. The movie ends with all the main characters dead, and their deaths were associated in some way to Sebastian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008218-0002-0000", "contents": "12/12/12 (film), Reception\nDread Central called it an \"Omen-esque horror flick titled after the date on which its hellspawn will be born\". Filming the project created controversy in Thailand, in which set photos showing Sara Malakul Lane in costume looking as if pregnant were mistakenly thought to be real, for there are cultural taboos there about unwed motherhood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008219-0000-0000", "contents": "12/13th Battalion of the Line\nThe 12th of the Line (Prince Leopold) \u2013 13th of the Line Battalion (French: Bataillon 12e de Ligne Prince L\u00e9opold - 13e de Ligne, Dutch: Bataljon 12 Linie Prins L\u00e9opold - 13 Linie) is an infantry unit in the Land Component of the Belgian Armed Forces. It maintains the traditions of the 12th Regiment of the Line and 13th Regiment of the Line. From 2011 until 1st January 2017 the regiment was a part of the Light Brigade and on that date  the regiment joined the Motorized Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008219-0001-0000", "contents": "12/13th Battalion of the Line, History, 12th Regiment of the Line\nThe 12th Regiment of the Line is the oldest active Belgian infantry regiment. It was created on March 31, 1831, and since 1984 has been authorised to bear the title \"Prince Leopold\" which was originally bestowed on it in 1915, during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008219-0002-0000", "contents": "12/13th Battalion of the Line, History, 12th Regiment of the Line\nThe badge of the 12th Regiment of the Line was based on the coat of arms of the city of Li\u00e8ge where the regiment had its barracks. It depicted the city's perron column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008219-0003-0000", "contents": "12/13th Battalion of the Line, History, 13th Regiment of the Line\nThe 13th of the Line was founded in 1874. It was disbanded in 1947, but in 1976 it reformed as an anti-tank regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008219-0004-0000", "contents": "12/13th Battalion of the Line, History, Amalgamation\nIn 1993, the 12th of the Line and the 13th of the Line were merged to form the 12th Battalion of the Line \"Prince Leopold\" \u2013 13th of the Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008219-0005-0000", "contents": "12/13th Battalion of the Line, Standard\nThe standards of the unit carry the following citations:For the 12th Regiment of Line:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008219-0006-0000", "contents": "12/13th Battalion of the Line, Standard\nAs well as a fourrag\u00e8re of the Order of Leopold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008220-0000-0000", "contents": "12/24 Karol Bagh\n12/24 Karol Bagh is an Indian television comedy-drama series that aired on Zee TV set in the Karol Bagh area of Delhi. The series premiered on 31 August 2009. The series was directed by Ravi Bhushan shot in both Delhi and Mumbai studios. The story dealt with the conflicts between today's kids' generation and their parents. The series started the trend of TV serials being set in Delhi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008220-0001-0000", "contents": "12/24 Karol Bagh, Brief synopsis\n12/24 Karol Bagh, Delhi is the address of the Sethi family. The head of the family is Mr.Rajinder Sethi who owns a shop selling bridal wear. He is a simple man who does not believe in God. His wife Manju Sethi is a practical woman who has a positive outlook towards life. Simi(Smriti Kalra), the eldest daughter is 28 years of age and is still unmarried. Though she is soft-spoken and sweet, she is a bit plump. The second child is Anuj (Wasim Mushtaq) who works in a bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008220-0001-0001", "contents": "12/24 Karol Bagh, Brief synopsis\nAnuj has a girlfriend but is waiting for his elder sister to get married. The third child is Neetu (Sargun Mehta) who is happy go lucky, extremely boisterous and whose only goal is to get married. And the youngest daughter is Mili (Hunar Hali) who is street smart, bold and realistic. Presently the biggest concern in the Sethi family is Simi's marriage as she has already been rejected 9 to 10 times. As the story progresses, you get to see the Sethi family face various problems, always managing to stay together through thick and thin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008221-0000-0000", "contents": "120 (film)\n120 is a 2008 Turkish war film directed by Murat Sara\u00e7o\u011flu and \u00d6zhan Eren based on the true story of 120 children who died in 1915 carrying ammunition for the Battle of Sarikamish against the Russians during World War I. The film went on general release across Turkey on February\u00a015,\u00a02008\u00a0(2008-02-15) and is one of the highest grossing Turkish films of 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008221-0001-0000", "contents": "120 (film), Production\nWriter, producer and co-director  \u00d6zhan Eren, an expert on the Caucasus Campaign in World War I, who came across the story of the 120 boys while doing the research for his bestselling The Road to Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f (Turkish: Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f'a Giden Yol), spent three years preparation for the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008221-0002-0000", "contents": "120 (film), Production\nI adore period movies... this is what stimulates me about the movie... The authentic historical scenario of the movie is one of the features that make the film exceptional. We show what our ancestors sacrificed -- and under which conditions -- for the country. There may not be many battle scenes, but there certainly is emotion around every corner. It is about the heroism of 120 children. I expect the audience to respond positively, looking from this perspective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008221-0003-0000", "contents": "120 (film), Production\nIt is a theme I have stressed for years. We went through unique battles and pretty hard days as a nation. However, we are somehow unsuccessful in making movies out of them. We are unable to tell our history to the coming generations... We experienced calamities. In each home we have a martyr. These [stories] have to be told, and '120' is a crucial project in this respect. It will be tiring for me, but it is worth it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008221-0004-0000", "contents": "120 (film), Production\nThe film, which received a record amount of support from the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism, was shot over two years in harsh conditions on location in Safranbolu, Van and Istanbul, Turkey. When heavy snow, expected in Van for the winter settings of the film, failed to arrive, 20 trucks, two loaders and 30 staff members had to be laid on to bring 300 tons of snow from \u00c7ald\u0131ran to Van for several scenes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008221-0005-0000", "contents": "120 (film), Plot\nDuring the Battle of Sarikamish, the Ottoman army runs out of ammunition and appeals for help to the people of Van, who happen to have supplies. However, the First World War is on and all the men are fighting at the four corners of the empire and therefore can not respond to the appeal. The young children of Van want to do something and when the principal of a school, who has lost a son in the war, suggests that they transport ammunition, 120 young boys aged 12 to 17 volunteer and take to the road. The movie tells the true story of the 120 boys and their sisters and mothers left behind, who wait for their return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008221-0006-0000", "contents": "120 (film), Release\nThe film went on general release, with what Emrah G\u00fcler described as, an aggressive (and unnecessarily nationalistic) marketing campaign, in 179 screens across Turkey on February\u00a015,\u00a02008\u00a0(2008-02-15) at number one in the Turkish box office with an opening weekend gross of US$376,812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008221-0007-0000", "contents": "120 (film), Release\nThe film had a gala screening in Stuttgart on May\u00a07,\u00a02008\u00a0(2008-05-07) before going on general release in 32 screens across Germany on May\u00a08,\u00a02008\u00a0(2008-05-08) at number 17 in the German box office with an opening weekend gross of US$53,763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008221-0008-0000", "contents": "120 (film), Release\nThe film was re-released, to coincide with August 30 Victory Day (Turkish: Zafer Bayram\u0131) celebrations, in 32 screens across Turkey on August\u00a029,\u00a02008\u00a0(2008-08-29) at number thirteen in the Turkish box office with an opening weekend gross of US$23,071.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008221-0009-0000", "contents": "120 (film), Reception, Box office\nThe film was in the Turkish box office charts for 41 weeks and is the 9th highest-grossing Turkish film of 2008 with a total nationwide gross of US$3,289,480.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008221-0010-0000", "contents": "120 (film), Reception, Reviews\nDespite the tone of the press release and the trailer... [it is] attracting impressive crowds thanks to rising nationalism, fueled by, among many things, the debates around the Armenian issue, [the film] is very careful not to become another tool for mindless propaganda in the recent nationalist discourses. And neither does it play out as praise of war. It simply tells a sad story, lost to the annals of history. The trick is that the period the movie carefully taps into is a minefield already, whether you are careful not to take sides or overlook certain details. [ The film] opens up another discussion on whether you can make an anti-war film through depicting war and the unnecessary deaths of many, when most of the time it is better to find a justification for those deaths if you do not want your young to have died in vain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008221-0011-0000", "contents": "120 (film), Reception, Reviews\nOn the whole, [it] is a powerful film despite its many setbacks, including the usual didactic dialogue, overdose of melodrama and over-length running time. It reminds us that the milestones forming the Turkish Republic were achieved with great personal and social sacrifice under the harshest of conditions, where disease and poverty had already overcome Anatolia. Throughout our childhood and youth, we are always taught how painstakingly difficult and laborious it was to declare independence to create modern Turkey, and yes, sometimes we hear it to too many times for own good. However, the makers of '120' -- I want to believe with good intentions -- succinctly remind us that indeed it was never easy as a nation to get to where we are now. In our current socio-politically volatile times, let's just hope that history doesn't repeat itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008222-0000-0000", "contents": "120 (number)\n120, read as one hundred [and] twenty, is the natural number following 119 and preceding 121.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008222-0001-0000", "contents": "120 (number)\nIn the Germanic languages, the number 120 was also formerly known as \"one hundred\". This \"hundred\" of six score is now obsolete, but is described as the long hundred or great hundred in historical contexts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008222-0002-0000", "contents": "120 (number), In mathematics\n120 is the factorial of 5 and one less than a square, making (5, 11) a Brown number pair. 120 is the sum of a twin prime pair (59 + 61) and the sum of four consecutive prime numbers (23 + 29 + 31 + 37), four consecutive powers of 2 (8 + 16 + 32 + 64), and four consecutive powers of 3 (3 + 9 + 27 + 81).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008222-0002-0001", "contents": "120 (number), In mathematics\nIt is highly composite, superabundant, and colossally abundant number, with its 16 divisors being more than any number lower than it has, and it is also the smallest number to have exactly that many divisors. It is also a sparsely totient number. 120 is the smallest number to appear six times in Pascal's triangle. 120 is also the smallest highly composite number with no adjacent prime number, being adjacent to 119 = 7 \u00d7 17 and 121 = 112.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008222-0003-0000", "contents": "120 (number), In mathematics\nIt is the eighth hexagonal number and the fifteenth triangular number, as well as the sum of the first eight triangular numbers, making it also a tetrahedral number. Because 15 is also triangular, 120 is a doubly triangular number. 120 is divisible by the first 5 triangular numbers and the first 4 tetrahedral numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008222-0004-0000", "contents": "120 (number), In mathematics\n120 is the first multiply perfect number of order three (a 3-perfect or triperfect number). The sum of its factors (including one and itself) sum to 360; exactly three times 120. Note that perfect numbers are order two (2-perfect) by the same definition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008222-0005-0000", "contents": "120 (number), In mathematics\n120 is divisible by the number of primes below it, 30 in this case. However, there is no integer which has 120 as the sum of its proper divisors, making 120 an untouchable number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008222-0006-0000", "contents": "120 (number), In mathematics\nThe sum of Euler's totient function \u03c6(x) over the first nineteen integers is 120.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008222-0007-0000", "contents": "120 (number), In mathematics\n120 appears in Pierre de Fermat's modified Diophantine problem as the largest known integer of the sequence 1, 3, 8, 120. Fermat wanted to find another positive integer that, when multiplied by any of the other numbers in the sequence, yields a number that is one less than a square. Leonhard Euler also searched for this number, but failed to find it, but did find a fractional number that meets the other conditions, 777480/28792.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008222-0008-0000", "contents": "120 (number), In mathematics\nThe internal angles of a regular hexagon (one where all sides and all angles are equal) are all 120\u00a0degrees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008222-0009-0000", "contents": "120 (number), In science\n120 is the atomic number of unbinilium, an element yet to be discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008222-0010-0000", "contents": "120 (number), In science\nIn electrical engineering, each line of the three-phase system are 120 degrees apart from each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008223-0000-0000", "contents": "120 BC\nYear 120 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Manilius and Carbo (or, less frequently, year 634 Ab urbe condita) and the Third Year of Yuanshou. The denomination 120 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008223-0001-0000", "contents": "120 BC, Osroene\nBeginning of the kingdom Osroene. The end of the kingdom is in 244\u00a0AD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008224-0000-0000", "contents": "120 Collins Street\n120 Collins Street is a 265\u00a0m (869\u00a0ft) skyscraper in Collins Street, Melbourne central business district, Victoria, Australia. It was built from 1989 to 1991 and it comprises 50 levels of office accommodation and four levels of plant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008224-0001-0000", "contents": "120 Collins Street\nThe building was designed by architectural firm Hassell, in association with Daryl Jackson. Structural engineers were Connell Wagner, and mechanical, electrical and fire services engineers were Lincolne Scott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008224-0002-0000", "contents": "120 Collins Street\n120 Collins Street is a postmodern style building, paying homage to New York City's grand Art Deco buildings, such as the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building. This influence can be seen in the building's granite fa\u00e7ade, its setbacks and its central mast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008224-0003-0000", "contents": "120 Collins Street\nThe building is home to a number of high-profile tenants including Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Bain, BlackRock, Rothschild, Knight Frank, Qualitas, Standard & Poor's, BlueScope, Urbis, Mitsubishi, Rio Tinto Group, Ord Minnet, System Partners, Morgan Stanley,  Citigroup and Korn Ferry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008224-0004-0000", "contents": "120 Collins Street\nWhen completed in August 1991, the building had a roof height of 220\u00a0m (720\u00a0ft) with a 45\u00a0m (148\u00a0ft) spire, bringing the total height to 265\u00a0m (869\u00a0ft). It was the tallest building in Australia for 14 years until it was surpassed by the Q1 in 2005. It remained the tallest building in Melbourne until being surpassed by the residential Eureka Tower in 2006. It is currently the sixth tallest building in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008225-0000-0000", "contents": "120 Days, Biography\nThe band comprises Jonas Dahl, Arne Kvalvik, Kjetil Ovesen, and \u00c5dne Meisfjord, and was formed in Kristiansund in 2001 under the name The Beautiful People. When they changed their name, they took the new name from the Marquis De Sade's 120 Days Of Sodom. Originally based in Kristiansund, they moved to Oslo in 2002. After two EPs on the Public Demand label, the group signed to the Norwegian independent label Smalltown Supersound. Their first album, 120 Days, was released on 10 October 2006, and had several positive reviews in North American publications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008225-0000-0001", "contents": "120 Days, Biography\nThe group toured the United States shortly after the album's release. 120 started producing new material for a record after returning to Oslo in 2008, following major touring around the United States and Europe. On 7 June 2012, 120 Days announced that the band would end by September that year. The band had played together for almost 11 years before announcing the last concert in September 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008226-0000-0000", "contents": "120 Days (album)\n120 Days is the first studio album by 120 Days, released on 10 October 2006 on the Smalltown Supersound label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008226-0001-0000", "contents": "120 Days (album)\nThe album reached 8th on the VG-lista chart, and netted a Spellemannsprisen award to 120 Days for best rock album of the year. 65 Norwegian music critics voted 120 Days album of the year, ahead of Tom Waits' Orphans: Brawlers, Bawlers & Bastards and Joanna Newsom's Ys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008227-0000-0000", "contents": "120 Days of Genitorture\n120 Days of Genitorture is the debut album of American industrial metal/industrial rock band Genitorturers. The title is a reference to the book \"120 Days of Sodom\", by the Marquis de Sade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008228-0000-0000", "contents": "120 End Street\nCoordinates: 120 End Street is a skyscraper in Hillbrow, Johannesburg, South Africa. It is 28 storeys tall. The three wings of the building are set at 120 degrees from each other so that each apartment in the building has a clear view.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008229-0000-0000", "contents": "120 KRH 92\nThe 120 KRH 92 (Finnish: 120 mm kranaatinheitin, malli 1992) is a 120\u00a0mm mortar manufactured in Finland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008229-0001-0000", "contents": "120 KRH 92\nDue to major general Vilho Nenonen's initiative, Finland has built mortars since the early 1930s and although they have not been exported, the designs have been used in many countries. The largest technological transfer of Finnish mortar technology took place in the 1950s, when the technology was transferred to Israel for Soltam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008229-0002-0000", "contents": "120 KRH 92\nThe mortar is used to support battalions and companies in battle with indirect fire, to give support fire for infantry troops and coastal fortifications, and to apply smoke or illumination on the battlefield. It is usually transported by vehicle and the maximum towing speed is 80\u00a0km/h. The mortar is operated by a seven-man crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008230-0000-0000", "contents": "120 King Street West\n120 King Street West is a 14-storey high-rise office building in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The 62 metre building was completed in 1983, and is part of the Lloyd D. Jackson Square complex. The building was originally named the Standard Life Centre, after the Standard Life Assurance Company of Canada, one of the companies responsible for the development of the Jackson Square complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008230-0001-0000", "contents": "120 King Street West, Description\nThe building's facade consists of alternating horizontal rows of concrete, and glass windows. The corners of the facade are clad entirely with glass. The interior features a large lobby with granite walls and columns, a security desk, a digital directory, and 2 elevator banks. The low-rise elevator bank, located on the east side of the lobby, features 4 modernized Schindler elevators that serve floors 1 through 6, with one of the elevators serving the underground parking lot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008230-0001-0001", "contents": "120 King Street West, Description\nThe high-rise elevator bank, located on the West side of the lobby, also features 4 modernized Schindler elevators that serve floors 7 through 11, with one of the elevators serving the underground parking lot, as well as the mechanical floor. All of the elevators from both banks serve the plaza level. The building also features escalators and stairs that lead from the main level (lobby and mall) to the plaza level. The interior of 120 King Street West features a large central atrium with a fountain at its base, as well as column-free floor plates. The Jackson Square mall, as well as the 3 other office buildings in the complex are accessible from the lobby level. The building features a large common underground parking lot with a capacity of 1300 vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008230-0002-0000", "contents": "120 King Street West, Images\nStandard Life Centre viewed from the Jackson Square rooftop plaza", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008230-0003-0000", "contents": "120 King Street West, Images\nThe West portion of the Jackson Square mall, within the Standard Life Centre atrium", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008230-0004-0000", "contents": "120 King Street West, Images\nFountain in the West portion of the Jackson Square mall, within the Standard Life Centre atrium", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008230-0005-0000", "contents": "120 King Street West, Images\nStandard Life Centre plaza level and low-rise elevator bank; looking into the atrium", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008231-0000-0000", "contents": "120 Krh/40\n120 Krh/40 is a 120\u00a0mm mortar developed by Finnish Tampella (now Patria Vammas).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008231-0001-0000", "contents": "120 Krh/40, Use in Sweden\nThe 120 Krh/40 first entered service in 1940 after being ordered the prior year by Finland. It was also exported to Sweden between 1941 and 1944 and later produced under license in Sweden. A total of 219 was exported by Tampella. The Swedish military calls them 12 cm granatkastare m/41 and they have continued to serve as the standard heavy mortar of the Swedish Army. In 1956, their base-plates were replaced by Swedish-manufactured Hotchkiss-Brandt M-56 baseplates. As of 2016, 165 m/41D are still in service in the Estonian Land Forces and 22 are held by the Lithuanian Armed Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008231-0002-0000", "contents": "120 Krh/40, Use in Sweden\nThey got a major increase in lethality when the STRIX top attack anti armour round was introduced in the 1990s; it is a smart weapon that homes in on the IR signature of armoured vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008232-0000-0000", "contents": "120 Lachesis\nLachesis (minor planet designation: 120 Lachesis) is a large main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by French astronomer Alphonse Borrelly on April 10, 1872, and independently by German-American astronomer Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters on April 11, 1872, then named after Lachesis, one of the Moirai, or Fates, in Greek mythology. A Lachesean occultation of a star occurred in 1999 and was confirmed visually by five observers and once photoelectrically, with the chords yielding an estimated elliptical cross-section of 184 \u00d7 144 km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008232-0001-0000", "contents": "120 Lachesis\nThis body is orbiting the Sun with an period of 5.50\u00a0years and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.05. The orbital plane is inclined by 7\u00b0 to the plane of the ecliptic. Photometric observations of this asteroid were made in early 2009 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico. The resulting light curve shows a synodic rotation period of 46.551 \u00b1 0.002 hours with a brightness variation of 0.14 \u00b1 0.02 in magnitude. It is a very slow rotator with the longest rotation period of an asteroid more than 150\u00a0km in diameter. As a primitive C-type asteroid it is probably composed of carbonaceous material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008233-0000-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes\n120 Minutes is a television program in the United States dedicated to the alternative music genre, that originally aired on MTV from 1986 to 2000, and then aired on MTV's associate channel MTV2 from 2001 to 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008233-0001-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes\nAfter its cancellation, MTV2 premiered a replacement program called Subterranean. A similar but separate MTV Classic program, also titled 120 Minutes, plays many classic alternative videos that were regularly seen on 120 Minutes in its heyday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008233-0002-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes\n120 Minutes returned as a monthly program on MTV2 on July 30, 2011, with Matt Pinfield as host.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008233-0003-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes, History, The early years\n120 Minutes began on March 10, 1986. For the first ten years of 120 Minutes, viewers could see artists as varied as The Jesus and Mary Chain, Bronski Beat, New Order, The Replacements, Flipp, The Verve, James, Slowdive, Weezer, Robyn Hitchcock, The Stone Roses, Oasis, 10,000 Maniacs, Obojeni Program, Blur, Butthole Surfers, Radiohead, KMFDM, Kate Bush, Ramones, XTC, Morrissey, The Smashing Pumpkins, Kitchens of Distinction, Sarah McLachlan, They Might Be Giants, Dinosaur Jr., Rage Against the Machine, H\u00fcsker D\u00fc, The Offspring, The Original Sins, and Bad Religion. Nirvana's music video for \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\" received a world premiere on 120 Minutes, but soon proved so popular that the channel began to air it during its regular daytime rotation. For a time in the mid-1990s, a companion program called Alternative Nation aired every weeknight on MTV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 903]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008233-0004-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes, History, From MTV to MTV2\nAs time went on, and MTV found television reality series like The Real World immensely profitable, the program found its time slot pushed further back. As this was happening, the program's playlist was becoming more and more mainstream, playing the likes of Sum 41 and Staind, and the program was more frequently preempted (usually without any warning) for reruns of The Real World, Loveline, and Undressed before being removed from the airwaves in the summer of 2000. In 2001, the program returned to the airwaves on MTV2, where it returned to the style of music it was known for.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008233-0005-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes, History, From MTV to MTV2, Cancellation\nOn May 4, 2003, the program was canceled with no formal announcement from MTV2. Jim Shearer, the current host at the time, shared the screen with the creator of 120 Minutes, Dave Kendall, as well as Matt Pinfield. The two \"classic era\" hosts shared their favorite videos from over the years (a full playlist for the final episode can be found here ), finally ending with the selection of Siouxsie and the Banshees's \"Kiss Them for Me\" as the final video aired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008233-0006-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes, History, 120 Minutes with Matt Pinfield\n120 Minutes made its return to MTV2 on July 31, 2011, at 1\u00a0am ET. Matt Pinfield reprised his role as the host and the program was formally called 120 Minutes with Matt Pinfield. The revived program initially aired on a monthly basis, but returned to a weekly format in late November 2011. It aired Fridays 6\u00a0am-8\u00a0am on MTV2. In addition to videos and interviews from alternative rock and indie rock artists, the program also featured music from underground hip hop, alternative hip hop, electronica, turntablism, and dubstep artists. 120 Minutes also aired as a two-minute clip in a series called 120 Seconds which can be seen on MTVhive.com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008233-0007-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes, History, 120 Minutes with Matt Pinfield\n120 Minutes was taken off the MTV2 schedule without announcement. The last airing was February 1, 2013. A two-hour indie block called Artists to Watch took its slot during the same Friday 7AM-9AM ET block. However, that program stopped airing as of May\u00a02013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008233-0008-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes, History, 120 Minutes with Matt Pinfield\nAs of 2018, MTV's sister channel MTV Classic (formerly called VH1 Classic) airs a similar program with the name 120 Minutes (formerly called \"The Alternative\") on its Sunday midnight time slot (on which the original show aired). This version of the show, however, has no host and highlights more well established alternative artists of the 1980s and 1990s; mostly replaying videos that originally aired on MTV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008233-0009-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes, List of 120 Minutes hosts\nThe following MTV VJs hosted 120 Minutes on a regular basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008233-0010-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes, 120 Minutes albums, Never Mind the Mainstream\nIn 1991, two CDs were released entitled \"Never Mind the Mainstream: The Best of MTV's 120 Minutes\" volumes 1 and 2 and featured many songs featured on the program. Artists included Red Hot Chili Peppers, Echo & the Bunnymen, Julian Cope, R.E.M., Sin\u00e9ad O'Connor, Ministry, Depeche Mode, Sonic Youth, and Violent Femmes. The title referenced the Sex Pistols' landmark album Never Mind the Bollocks, but fortuitously recalled the title of Nirvana's Nevermind album which was released near-simultaneously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008233-0011-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes, 120 Minutes albums, 120 Minutes Live\nIn 1998, an album was released by Atlantic Records featuring 14 of the best and most memorable live performances on 120 Minutes from the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008234-0000-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes (2004 TV program)\n120 Minutes (formerly The Alternative and VH1 Classic 120 Minutes) is an alternative rock music video program that debuted in August 2004 on VH1 Classic and currently airs on MTV Classic. The program follows a similar format to that of 120 Minutes, which aired on MTV from 1986 to 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008234-0001-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes (2004 TV program)\nFollowing VH1 Classic's transition into MTV Classic on August 1, 2016, VH1 Classic 120 Minutes was relaunched under the name 120 Minutes on August 8, 2016. It was one of several VH1 Classic original programs to be retained by MTV Classic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008234-0002-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes (2004 TV program), Summary and format\nAs with the original 120 Minutes, the series features videos from alternative rock artists, as well as those from several other related genres, including post-punk, punk rock, new wave, college rock, sophisti-pop, alternative dance, Britpop, jangle pop, power pop, dream pop, grunge, gothic rock, shoegazing and noise rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008234-0003-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes (2004 TV program), Summary and format\nThe VH1 Classic version of the program focused primarily on videos from the 1980s and early 1990s, with occasional videos from late-1970s and mid-1990s artists. The MTV Classic version features videos from largely the same time period, although with a focus on the late 1980s to the late-1990s. Videos dating from the 1970s and early 1980s are de-emphazied, or have been removed from the playlist entirely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008234-0004-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes (2004 TV program), Summary and format\nUnlike the original MTV version of 120 Minutes which featured a host introducing videos and occasional interviews and live performances, the VH1 Classic and MTV Classic versions of the program are exclusively music video blocks. The program is broadcast as two back-to-back 60 minute blocks which total the titular 120 minutes, including commercials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008234-0005-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes (2004 TV program), Summary and format\nVH1 Classic 120 Minutes was the final program to air on VH1 Classic before its transition to MTV Classic. In addition, the show aired VH1 Classic's final music video \"Don't Talk\" by 10,000 Maniacs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008234-0006-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes (2004 TV program), Summary and format\nThe show plays a very limited number of artists and videos, often repeating the same songs week after week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008234-0007-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes (2004 TV program), Time slot\nThe Alternative aired in a two-hour version early Sunday mornings at 11 with a repeat at 11 pm Eastern, with additional one-hour shows at those times on Wednesdays and Thursdays. Beginning the weekend of April 28, 2007, The Alternative was renamed 120 Minutes in honor of the classic MTV series of the same name. The series aired that weekend from 4-6 am and 1-3 am early Saturday mornings, and Sunday evenings at 9-11 pm and 1-3 am. Until August 2016, 120 Minutes aired from 4-6 am, usually on Sundays, Mondays and Thursdays. Ever since the network re-branded as MTV Classic, it airs on Mondays from 12-2 am and again at 3-5 am.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008235-0000-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes (British TV programme)\n120 Minutes is a European music television programme that was broadcast nightly at 1am on MTV Two. In the tradition of the American show of the same name, it showcased music videos from \"the newest, most innovative acts in rock, left field and electronic music\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008235-0001-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes (British TV programme)\nIn the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe, 120 Minutes was originally featured on MTV Europe from 1990, hosted during its first years by VJ and ex-popstar Paul King and, from 1994 on, by Wonder Stuff frontman Miles Hunt. It disappeared in late June 1995, but was replaced by a similar show, Alternative Nation, which was shown on MTV Europe on Tuesday nights at midnight CET (the same timeslot it has had since July 1995) until July 2010. 120 Minutes returned in 2003 to MTV2 Europe (now MTV Two), replacing a similar show, 2eclectic, which had sporadically occupied various late-night slots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008235-0002-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes (British TV programme), Format\nThe format of the show on MTV Two was different from the original United States programme and the show's previous incarnation on MTV Europe in that there were no VJs, commercial breaks, or MTV promotions. The only interruptions came in the form of an ident that played after every four videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008235-0002-0001", "contents": "120 Minutes (British TV programme), Format\nThe two-hour strand concentrated on playing 'the real alternative', including new and classic left field indie, rock, electronica, hip-hop and avantgarde videos that may not have been played on other channels or during the daytime, although some videos were also played on the channel's Spanking New Music slots during the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008235-0003-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes (British TV programme), Format\nArtists such as Franz Ferdinand, Kaiser Chiefs, and Bloc Party were first played on this show before they achieved commercial success, and many videos were played on 120 Minutes before branching out onto the MTV2 playlist. Regular artists on 120 Minutes also included The Fall, The Knife, Pavement, Sonic Youth, My Bloody Valentine, Kraftwerk and Bj\u00f6rk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008235-0004-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes (British TV programme), Format\nMTV2 Europe have also aired many themed shows, including artist specials that played half-hour or two-hour discographies of certain artists including Bj\u00f6rk, Kraftwerk and Hexstatic among others, as well as shows curated by people such as Franz Ferdinand, the Drowned In Sound team and Kitsun\u00e9 Music and specials from the Triptych festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008235-0005-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes (British TV programme), Themes\nDuring 2005 and most of 2006, special themed 120 Minutes shows were aired: 120 Electronic Minutes on Tuesdays, 120 Pioneers on Thursdays, and 120 Metal Minutes on Fridays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008235-0006-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes (British TV programme), Themes, 120 Metal Minutes\nFor about a year (2004\u20132005), MTV2 Europe ran a show named 120 Metal Minutes - a show which, like the title suggests, was two hours of heavy metal songs accompanied by their music videos. Regularly played bands included Pantera, The Dillinger Escape Plan, Alice in Chains, Mastodon, Slayer and Lamb of God. Over time, there was a noticeable change in the type of bands the show was supporting - often going as far as playing post-hardcore bands such as Funeral for a Friend or Alexisonfire. Shortly after the change of the show's style, ratings started to decline. Eventually, the show was cancelled and replaced with a UK version of Headbanger's Ball during early 2006, which consisted of one hour of back-to-back music videos. The show occasionally featured interview footage and music videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008235-0007-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes (British TV programme), Time slot\nThe original time slot was on a Saturday night at 1 a.m. GMT, with the show being repeated on a Thursday at 2 a.m. From March 2005, the decision was made for 120 Minutes to be shown every night at 1 a.m. in addition to the 2 a.m. slot on Saturdays. In February 2006, the show moved forward to 12 a.m. every night (commercial breaks were inserted in the first hour of the show), with a 120 Taster, showcasing some of the videos played in the strand at an earlier time of 8 p.m. Since September 2006, the show has been pushed back once again to the 01.00 - 03.00 a.m. slot, running again without commercial breaks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008235-0008-0000", "contents": "120 Minutes (British TV programme), Cancellation\nIn January 2009, it appeared that 120 Minutes was being dropped from MTV2's schedule. The move prompted much criticism of MTV's decision, and an online campaign to try to save the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008236-0000-0000", "contents": "120 North LaSalle\n120 North LaSalle is a 501\u00a0ft (153m) high-rise office building in Chicago, Illinois. It was constructed from 1989 to 1992. It is the 89th tallest building in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008236-0001-0000", "contents": "120 North LaSalle\nThe building is LEED Gold-certified under the LEED EB&OM (Existing Buildings & Operations and Maintenance) program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008236-0002-0000", "contents": "120 North LaSalle\nAbove the main entrance is a mosaic mural, by artist Roger Brown, depicting Daedalus and Icarus. It was commissioned by the architects and Ahmanson Commercial Development Company in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008237-0000-0000", "contents": "120 Paintings from the Rijksmuseum\n120 Paintings from the Rijksmuseum is a selection of paintings that were included in a booklet of illustrations in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam giftshop for visitors during the years 1950\u20131990. It was meant as an illustrated companion guide to the catalog of the paintings on show, which included information about the +/-1,200 paintings on show. The painting River Landscape with Ferry by Salomon van Ruysdael was part of the collection of Jacques Goudstikker and was restituted to his heir in 2006. It is now in the collection of the National Gallery of Art. Various other paintings were on long-term loan from the Amsterdam Museum and have been returned, but the majority are all still in the collection of the Rijksmuseum today. Some of the paintings have been reattributed to other artists since 1956. No works by women artists were included in the selection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 896]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008238-0000-0000", "contents": "120 Sports\n120 Sports was an internet television service, operated as a joint venture between Time Inc., Silver Chalice, MLB Advanced Media, and the National Hockey League. The service produced and streamed sports news and highlight content catered towards digital platforms and a young adult audience", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008238-0001-0000", "contents": "120 Sports, History\n120 Sports was announced on February 20, 2014 by Time Inc. as a branch of its magazine Sports Illustrated, with financial backing by MLB Advanced Media, the National Hockey League, and Silver Chalice. Initially, the service focused on streaming sports news and highlights, particularly from its partners as well as the NBA and NASCAR. The name of the service came from its original concept, as these videos would be only two minutes long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008238-0002-0000", "contents": "120 Sports, History\nOn June 25, 2014, 120Sports launched a daily schedule of live studio programming; president Jason Coyle stated that the service wanted to \"create a daily habit, where you'll check us multiple times a day and have as long a viewing session as possible\". The service was designed to appeal to millennials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008238-0002-0001", "contents": "120 Sports, History\nTo avoid succumbing to regional bias, the network hired reporters from across the country; executive vice president Matt Carstens stated 120 Sports \"wanted to have a work base that is diverse in every way \u2014 diverse in the sports they follow, diverse in the teams they follow \u2014 to prevent any sort of bias\". A morning show, 120 Morning Run, was launched on July 2, 2014. It is  hosted by Chicago sports talk veterans Laurence Holmes and Dylan McGorty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008238-0003-0000", "contents": "120 Sports, History\nOn April 13, 2017, it was announced that Silver Chalice had partnered with Sinclair Broadcast Group to merge Campus Insiders, 120 Sports, and Sinclair's syndication service and linear digital television channel American Sports Network into a new multi-platform sports network known as Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008239-0000-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron (Israel)\n120 Squadron is a squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Desert Giants (formerly International Squadron).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008239-0001-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron (Israel)\nThe squadron was originally formed in 1962 flying Douglas C-47 Dakotas. It now flies Boeing 707 and IAI 1124N Westwind SeaScan aircraft from Nevatim Airbase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008239-0002-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron (Israel)\nAn undisclosed number (sources suggest seven) of converted Boeing 707 (the 707 Re\u2019em) aircraft with flying booms operate as part of the squadron. Israel\u2019s fleet are former civilian aircraft adapted for military uses such as aerial refueling of combat aircraft and transport. Able to carry 20 extra fuel tanks while modified for aerial refueling, the Re\u2019ems can be adapted to carry passengers as well as cargo such as military equipment and ammunition. Following the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic in 2020, the planes have also been used to carry medical equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008239-0003-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron (Israel)\nThe Jerusalem Post wrote in September 2020 that the squadron will receive Boeing KC-46 Pegasus aerial refueling aircraft. Six months earlier, on 3 March 2020, The State Department had approved the Foreign Military Sale to Israel of eight KC-46s and related equipment for a cost of $2.4 billion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008240-0000-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron Royal Netherlands Air Force\n120 Squadron was a Netherlands East Indies Air Force unit which was later re-raised part of the Royal Netherlands Air Force. The squadron was first formed in December 1943 as part of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), and saw combat in and around New Guinea during 1944 and 1945 equipped with P-40 Kittyhawk fighters. No. 120 Squadron was transferred to the Netherlands East Indies Air Force in 1946 and attacked Indonesian forces during the Indonesian National Revolution. It was disbanded in 1950 as a result of the Dutch\u2013Indonesian Round Table Conference , but was re-formed in 1961 as an air defence unit. 120 Squadron was disbanded in 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008240-0001-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron Royal Netherlands Air Force, History\nNo . 120 (Netherlands East Indies) Squadron RAAF was formed in 1943 and was manned by Dutch pilots and Australian ground crew. Following the end of World War II The Dutch wished to move No. 18 and No. 120 Squadrons to Java, however, and to facilitate this the RAAF element of the squadron was disbanded on 30 October 1945. The last RAAF personnel left the squadron in February 1946 and No. 120 Squadron was assigned to the Netherlands East Indies Air Force (NEIAF) on 20 June, thereby ending its relationship with the RAAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008240-0002-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron Royal Netherlands Air Force, History\nNo . 120 Squadron saw combat against Indonesian forces during the Indonesian National Revolution. It remained at Biak until April 1946, when it was deployed to Cililitan near Jakarta. The British-led South East Asia Command, which was responsible for the western NEI at the time, ordered that the squadron proceed to Surabaya where it relieved Royal Air Force P-47 Thunderbolts. During the second half of the year No. 120 Squadron flew 125 combat sorties, during which five of its Kittyhawks were damaged by ground fire. The British left the NEI near the end of 1946; as at December that year the squadron was located at Semarang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008240-0003-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron Royal Netherlands Air Force, History\nIn late July 1947 the Dutch launched their first police action, called Operation Product, which aimed to capture important economic facilities in the NEI. This campaign was also referred to as the First Police Action. At this time No. 120 Squadron was still located at Semarang and was equipped with nine Kittyhawks instead of the 19 it was authorised. Early in this operation the squadron attacked Solo and Madiun and claimed to have destroyed eight Indonesian aircraft on the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008240-0003-0001", "contents": "120 Squadron Royal Netherlands Air Force, History\nA strike on Jakarta was delayed by fog; this may have saved the life of Indonesian Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir as he left the city on board a C-47 Dakota transport at about the time the Kittyhawks were originally scheduled to arrive. During the First Police Action No. 120 Squadron, like the other units of the NEIAF, provided support to Army units. The First Police Action ended on 4 August, though NEIAF aircraft continued to attack Indonesian positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008240-0004-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron Royal Netherlands Air Force, History\nOn 19 December 1948 the Dutch launched a second police action, called Operation Kraai, which involved offensives in western Java and Sumatra. This campaign lasted until 9 January 1949; during this time No. 120 Squadron's Kittyhawks flew 183 sorties though four aircraft were lost. In early 1949 the squadron was reequipped with P-51 Mustang fighters, and it had nine of these aircraft but only six pilots in April. In July 1949 the Dutch and Indonesians agreed to a ceasefire, and the war ended in December with the Dutch handing over sovereignty to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia. As part of this settlement the NEIAF was transferred to the new republic, though the Dutch retained No. 18 and 120 Squadrons for as long as possible. No. 120 Squadron ceased to exist on 1 March 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008240-0005-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron Royal Netherlands Air Force, History\nIn November 1961 the unit was re-formed as 120 Squadron of the Royal Netherlands Air Force. The squadron was equipped with Nike-Hercules surface to air missiles and formed part of 1 Guided Missile Wing (Groep Geleide Wapens; GGW) along with 118, 119 and 121 Squadrons. The Nike-Hercules missiles were armed with nuclear warheads and were provided to the Netherlands and other NATO countries by the United States. From August 1964, 120 Squadron was stationed at Borgholzhausen in West Germany. It was transferred to 12 GGW in May 1975 but remained at Borgholzhausen. 12 GGW also included 118, 220 and 223 Squadrons. The squadron was disbanded during 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008241-0000-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron SAAF\n120 Squadron SAAF was a South African Air Force squadron formed in 1970 to operate the South African/French Cactus surface-to-air missile systems in an air defence role. The unit was disbanded when the Cactus system was retired from service in the late 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008241-0001-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron SAAF, History\nIn July 1964, South Africa placed a development contract with Thomson-CSF for a mobile, all-weather, low-altitude SAM system after a South African order for the Bloodhound SAM system was refused by the UK government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008241-0002-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron SAAF, History\nThe South African government paid 85 per cent of the development costs of the system with the balance being paid for by France. The system was known as \"Cactus\" within the SA Air Force and \"Crotale\" in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008241-0003-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron SAAF, History\nAll Cactus air defence batteries were placed under command of the Air Defence Artillery Group's 120 Squadron. 120 Squadron was stationed with the rest of ADAG 67\u00a0km north of Pretoria at Pienaarsriver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008241-0004-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron SAAF, History\nThe Air Defence Artillery Group was disbanded in 1992 after the Cactus mk 1 missile system was retired, with only remnants of 120 Squadron, operating the upgraded Cactus mk 2 Container system, becoming part of the Air Command Control Unit at Snake Valley, stationed opposite Air Force Base Swartkop on the eastern side of the shared runway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008241-0005-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron SAAF, History\n120 Squadron was finally disbanded in 2002 after these systems were retired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008241-0006-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron SAAF, Deployment\nCactus units were operationally deployed in platoons in 1971 with each platoon consisting of one Acquisition and Co-ordination Unit (ACU) and two or three firing units, with a battery having two platoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008241-0007-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron SAAF, Deployment\nA typical platoon consisted of one Acquisition and Co-ordination Unit (ACU) and two to three firing units, with a battery having two platoons. All the operators, had one ACU vehicle to two firing units. The ACU carried out target surveillance, identification and designation. Mounted on the top of the vehicle was a Thomson-CSF pulse Doppler radar with fixed-echo suppression which rotated at 60 rpm and had a maximum detection range of 18.5\u00a0km against low-level targets with speeds of between 35 and 440\u00a0m/s and altitude limits between zero and 4,500 m. The system also had an IFF interrogator-decoder. The computer, which was the same as that installed in the firing unit, was used to generate data for confirmation of threat evaluation. Once a target had been detected, the computer would trigger an IFF interrogator and the final threat information would be displayed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008241-0008-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron SAAF, Deployment\nThe target would then be allocated to one of the firing units and target designation data and operational orders were transmitted by the datalink which also supplied information from the firing unit on operational status. The firing unit had a J-band monopulse 17\u00a0km range single target tracking radar mounted concentrically with the launcher turret, which carried four ready to launch missiles, two on each side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008241-0008-0001", "contents": "120 Squadron SAAF, Deployment\nThe system also had an I-band 10\u00b0 antenna beam-width command transmitter, differential angle-error measurement infrared tracking and gathering system with a +-5\u00b0 wide field of view, an integrated TV tracking mode as a low-elevation back-up, an optical designation tripod-mounted binocular device (which is controlled manually by a handlebar arrangement and used primarily in a heavy ECM environment or whenever passive operation was required), computer, operating console and datalink.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008241-0009-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron SAAF, Deployment\nAll vehicles were fitted with an inter-vehicle link network to transmit data and orders by cable and for radio communication by a VHF radio link. The radar could track one target and guide one or two missiles simultaneously. The missiles, fired 2.5 seconds apart, were acquired immediately after launch by the 1.1\u00b0 tracking beam of the radar with the help of infrared detection and radar transponders during the gathering phase. Initially the transponder was the 8,000 m range Thomson-CSF Stresa. Guidance signals were transmitted to the missiles by a remote-control system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008241-0010-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron SAAF, Deployment\nNo spare missiles were carried on the vehicle and fresh missiles were brought up by a truck and loaded with a light crane. A well-trained crew of three could load four missiles in about two minutes. The missile was designated the R440 and weighed 84\u00a0kg, had an overall length of 2.89 m, span of 0.54 m and a diameter of 0.15 m. The missile complete with its transport/launch container weighed 100\u00a0kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008241-0010-0001", "contents": "120 Squadron SAAF, Deployment\nThe HE high-energy focused fragmentation warhead in the centre of the missile weighs 15\u00a0kg, had a lethal radius of 8 m for the 2,300\u00a0m/s velocity fragments and was activated in the original R440 missiles by either the infrared proximity fuze (the fuze was commanded to activate 350 m before interception) or back-up contact fuze. The missile had an SNPE Lens III rocket motor with 25.45\u00a0kg of solid propellant powder. The missile reached a maximum speed of 750\u00a0m/s in 2.8 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008241-0011-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron SAAF, Deployment, Cactus Upgrade\nAfrican Defense Systems have over the years upgraded the Cactus system. The Acquisition Radar and missile Firing Unit (FU) mobile vehicles were containerized and outdated computer systems replaced. Using the new object-oriented software, the FU was then able to fuse tracking data from the optical and radar sensors to achieve better quality tracking. Interfacing to Command and Control structures was also achieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008242-0000-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force\nThe 120 Squadron \"Kestrel\" (also known as the \"Red Hawks\") is a helicopter squadron of the Republic of Singapore Air Force based at Sembawang Air Base. First formed in 1969, it is the first and oldest RSAF operational squadron in service. The squadron goes by the motto of \"Strive To Achieve\". Since 2006, it operates the AH-64D Apache Longbow attack helicopter and has participated in Singapore's National Day Parade together with 127 Squadron CH-47SD Chinook for the traditional National Flag Fly Pass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008242-0001-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Roles and Missions\nThe AH-64D Apache Longbows of the squadron, armed with its varied payload of AGM-114 Hellfire missiles, Hydra 70 rockets and a single 30 mm M230 Chain Gun, can be called upon in support of the SAF in any operations that requires it. Provisions has also been made to integrate the helicopters into the SAF's Integrated Knowledge-based Command and Control network, a concept similar to the United States Department of Defense's network-centric warfare doctrine. This locally developed Combat Management System integrates all the sensors and weapon systems on board, increases battlespace awareness and allows little time for the enemy to react due to the short sensor-to-shooter loops as it effectively shares information between its army and navy counterparts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008242-0002-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history\nWhen the British decided in 1967 to withdraw their forces from the Far East, Singapore saw the need to build up its own armed forces. The Singapore Air Defence Command (SADC) was formed as part of the initial set-up. The Alouette Squadron, established in September 1969, thus lay the foundation for RSAF's helicopter force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008242-0003-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, Alouette Squadron\nThe Alouette Squadron was initially based at the Seletar Airfield, occupying the Lockheed (now ST Aerospace) hangar. In January 1971, the Squadron became the first SADC unit to be deployed overseas when four of her aircraft participated in the Kuantan flood relief operation in Malaysia. Shortly thereafter, the Alouette Squadron gained operational status becoming the first operational unit in the SADC. Relocated to Changi Air Base shortly after New Year's Day 1972, the Squadron's main roles included search-and-rescue, air recce, internal security, rappelling, trooplift and logistics support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008242-0004-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, New Designation\nOn 16 December 1973, the squadron's designation was changed to 120 Squadron (120 SQN). The squadron continued to operate the Alouette IIIs until 1977, when the aircraft were no longer able to meet the SAF's growing needs. In 1977, three Bell 212s and seventeen UH-1Hs were acquired, and the helicopters joined the squadron in February and August respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008242-0005-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, New Designation\n120 SQN initiated the RSAF's first permanent overseas detachment in September 1978, when three UH-1Hs were deployed to Brunei for the first time. Their role was primarily to support the SAF's jungle training conducted there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008242-0006-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, New Designation\nTasked with the duty of airborne Search and rescue around Singapore and parts of South China Sea, the Bell 212s operated from 1977 to 1985 when Super Puma helicopters of the 125 Squadron took over the duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008242-0007-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, New Designation\nIn 1983, the squadron relocated for the last time and settled down at Sembawang Air Base as the helicopters had vacated Changi and settled in Kangaw Camp. Kangaw was then used as an artillery base, although it was previously a British airfield \u2013 RAF Sembawang or better known as HMS Simbang. When the Singapore Artillery shifted to Khatib Camp in 1983, Kangaw Camp was handed over to the RSAF and renamed as Sembawang Air Base (SBAB). Since then, SBAB became the focal point of helicopter operations and one of the five formations in the RSAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008242-0008-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, Notable Deployments\nIn the 1980s, three dramatic events thrust 120 SQN into the headlines. In October 1980, the squadron starred in a high-rise rescue drama at the unfinished Raffles Tower in Battery Road. A Bell 212 was sent to rescue a crane operator from the roof of the building after a fire on the 18th floor had trapped him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 80], "content_span": [81, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008242-0009-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, Notable Deployments\nThen, in January 1983, three people had to be winched to safety from the Singapore Cable Car by a Bell 212 after a drill-ship accidentally ploughed into and severed the cables off the waters of World Trade Centre, Singapore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 80], "content_span": [81, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008242-0010-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, Notable Deployments\nThe third occasion was the Hotel New World disaster in March 1986. After the hotel collapsed, 120 SQN deployed three UH-1Hs to the disaster site to provide round-the-clock casualty evacuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 80], "content_span": [81, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008242-0011-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, Other Recognitions\nAs recent as October 2002, 120 SQN deployed a detachment of four UH-1H to East Timor in support of the UN peace keeping mission there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 79], "content_span": [80, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008242-0012-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, Other Recognitions\nAlso amongst its achievements, the 120 SQN won several ASEAN Helicopter championships; and has been winning the best tactical support SQN for the years 88/89, 91/92, 94/95, 95/96 and 99/00.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 79], "content_span": [80, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008242-0013-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Photo gallery\nThe old 120Sqn shoulder patch with the Skylark (Alouette in French) as the centerpiece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008242-0014-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Photo gallery\nRSAF 1st helicopter in service - the A\u00e9rospatiale Alouette III (phased out of service in 1978) with 1st generation RAF styled roundels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008242-0015-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Photo gallery\nStatic display of RSAF AH-64D Longbow Apache during open house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008242-0016-0000", "contents": "120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Photo gallery\nTwo of 120 Sqn's AH-64D Apaches escorting a 127 Sqn's CH-47SD Chinook helicopter during the rehearsal for NDP 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008243-0000-0000", "contents": "120 Tage\n120 Tage - The Fine Art of Beauty and Violence is an electro-industrial studio collaboration between German musicians Mona Mur and En Esch (of KMFDM, Pigface, and Slick Idiot). It was released on February 15, 2009, on Pale Music International. The English translation of the album's title is 120 Days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008243-0001-0000", "contents": "120 Tage, Release\n120 Tage was released on February 15, 2009, through Pale Music's web site, and later digitally through KMFDM's web store with two additional bonus tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008244-0000-0000", "contents": "120 Wall Street\n120 Wall Street is a skyscraper in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It was completed in 1930. The building is 399\u00a0ft (122 m) tall, has 34 floors, and is located on the easternmost portion of Wall Street, and also borders Pine Street and South Street. The architect was Ely Jacques Kahn of Buchman & Kahn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008244-0001-0000", "contents": "120 Wall Street\nThe tower is tiered on three sides, forming the Wedding-cake style architecture of a New York setback skyscraper. The setbacks recede in shallow formations from a large 16-story platform. Red-granite panels frame wide-paned commercial windows at street level as part of the five-story limestone base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008244-0002-0000", "contents": "120 Wall Street\nThe building has 615,000 square feet (57,100\u00a0m2) of space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008244-0003-0000", "contents": "120 Wall Street, History\nGreenmal Holding Corporation (Henry Greenberg and David Malzman) acquired the site in 1928 from the American Sugar Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008244-0004-0000", "contents": "120 Wall Street, History\nIn February 1929, the company obtained a $4,050,000 construction loan for the building. The cost was estimated at $12,000,000, with the edifice resting upon a 51 caisson deep foundation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008244-0005-0000", "contents": "120 Wall Street, History\nThe building opened in March 1930. The original anchor tenant of the building was the American Sugar Refining Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008244-0006-0000", "contents": "120 Wall Street, History\nNew York Life Insurance Company bid $1,000,000 to foreclose a $5,569,605 lien against the skyscraper at a June 26, 1933 foreclosure auction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008244-0007-0000", "contents": "120 Wall Street, History\n120 Wall Street was the only major high-rise building on the East River downtown waterfront for many years until the post-1970s construction boom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008244-0008-0000", "contents": "120 Wall Street, History\nIn 1980, the 120 Wall Company, LLC, an affiliate of Silverstein Properties, acquired the building for $12 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008244-0009-0000", "contents": "120 Wall Street, History\nIn 1992, in cooperation with the City's Economic Development Corporation, Silverstein Properties obtained the designation of 120 Wall Street as New York City's (first and only) Association Center. The designation creates reduced rents for not-for-profit organizations; tenants include The New Press, AFS Intercultural Programs, the Network for Teaching Entrepreneurship, Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, Pacifica Foundation WBAI-FM, the Lucis Trust & World Goodwill, the world headquarters locations of the National Urban League, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, The United Negro College Fund, the Alan Guttmacher Institute, the Center for Reproductive Rights, and Lambda Legal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008244-0010-0000", "contents": "120 Wall Street, History\nIn October 2020, Wells Fargo, JP Morgan Chase and Citigroup provided a $165 million mortgage loan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008245-0000-0000", "contents": "120 film\n120 is a film format for still photography introduced by Kodak for their Brownie No. 2 in 1901. It was originally intended for amateur photography but was later superseded in this role by 135 film. 120 film and its close relative, 220 film, survive to this day as the only medium format films that are readily available to both professionals and amateur enthusiasts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008245-0001-0000", "contents": "120 film\nAs of December\u00a02018 all production of 220 film has stopped/paused worldwide. The only remaining stocks are from the last Fujifilm production run (2018) and they are mostly found in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008245-0002-0000", "contents": "120 film, Characteristics\nThe 120 film format is a roll film which is nominally between 60.7\u00a0mm and 61.7\u00a0mm wide. Most modern films made today are roughly 61\u00a0mm (2.4 inches) wide. The film is held in an open spool originally made of wood with metal flanges, later with all-metal, and finally with all-plastic. The length of the film is nominally between 820 millimetres (32\u00a0in) and 850 millimetres (33\u00a0in), according to the ISO 732:2000 standard. However, some films may be as short as 760 millimetres (30\u00a0in).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008245-0002-0001", "contents": "120 film, Characteristics\nThe film is attached to a piece of backing paper longer and slightly wider than the film. The backing paper protects the film while it is wound on the spool, with enough extra length to allow loading and unloading the roll in daylight without exposing any of the film. Frame number markings for three standard image formats (6\u00d74.5, 6\u00d76, and 6\u00d79; see below) are printed on the backing paper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008245-0003-0000", "contents": "120 film, Characteristics\nThe 220 format was introduced in 1965 and is the same width as 120 film, but with about double the length of film and thus twice the number of possible exposures per roll. Unlike 120 film, however, there is no backing paper behind the film itself, just a leader and a trailer. This results in a longer film on the same spool, but there are no printed frame numbers. Because of this, 220 film cannot be used in  cameras that rely on reading frame numbers through a red window.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008245-0003-0001", "contents": "120 film, Characteristics\nAlso, since the film alone is thinner than a film with a backing paper, a special pressure plate may be required to achieve optimal focus if the film is registered against its back side. Some cameras capable of using both 120 and 220 film will have a two position adjustment of the pressure plate (e.g. the Pentax 6x7, Mamiya C220 or Mamiya C330) while others will require different film backs e.g. the Pentax 645 or Kowa Six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008245-0004-0000", "contents": "120 film, Characteristics\nThe specifications for 120 and 220 film are defined in the ISO 732 standard. Earlier editions of ISO 732 also provided international standards for the 127 and 620 film formats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008245-0005-0000", "contents": "120 film, Frame sizes\n\u2020User selectable on newer cameras, if a roll is only partially used then a \"kink\" may appear in the film where the roll touches rollers in a film back magazine and this may end up on a frame; this is not a problem when 15 exposures are used as the gaps between exposed frames is larger, nor if the camera is not used intermittently.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008245-0006-0000", "contents": "120 film, Frame sizes\nThe 6\u00d79 frame has the same aspect ratio as the standard 24\u00d736\u00a0mm frame of 135 film. The 6\u00d77 frame enlarges almost exactly to 8\u00d710\u00a0inch paper, for which reason its proponents call it \"ideal format\". 6\u00d74.5 is the smallest and least expensive roll-film frame size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008245-0007-0000", "contents": "120 film, Frame sizes\nThe wide 6\u00d712, 6\u00d717, and 6\u00d724\u00a0cm frames are produced by special-purpose panoramic cameras. Most of these cameras use lenses intended for large format cameras for simplicity of construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008245-0008-0000", "contents": "120 film, Frame sizes\nCameras using 120 film will often combine the numbers of the frame size in the name e.g. Pentax 6\u00d77 (6\u00d77), Fuji 617 (6\u00d717), and many 645s (6\u00d74.5). The number '6' in general, and the word 'six' are also commonly used in naming cameras e.g. Kiev 60 and Pentacon Six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008245-0009-0000", "contents": "120 film, Other similar 6\u00a0cm roll films\nThe 105 format was introduced by Kodak in 1898 for their first folding camera and was the original 6\u00d79\u00a0cm format roll film. The 117 format was introduced by Kodak in 1900 for their first Brownie camera, the No.1 Brownie, 6\u00d76\u00a0cm format. These formats used the same width film as 120 film, but with slightly different spools. The 105 spool has a much wider flange, similar to the 116 spool, while the 117 spool's flange is slightly narrower than the 120.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008245-0009-0001", "contents": "120 film, Other similar 6\u00a0cm roll films\nThe 105 and 620 spools also have much thinner flanges than the 117 and 120 spools (0.635\u00a0mm (0.0250\u00a0in) vs. 1.524\u00a0mm (0.0600\u00a0in)); as a result, an unmodified 120 spool will not fit a camera designed for 105 film, such as a No. 1 Folding Pocket Kodak, as the overall length between the outside of the flanges is too long to fit the width of the film chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008245-0010-0000", "contents": "120 film, Other similar 6\u00a0cm roll films\nThe 620 format was introduced by Kodak in 1931 as an intended alternative to 120. Although mostly used by Kodak cameras, it became very popular. The 620 format is essentially the same film on a thinner and narrower all-metal spool (the 120 spool core was made of wood at that time):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008245-0011-0000", "contents": "120 film, Other similar 6\u00a0cm roll films\nHence the 620 is sometimes referred to as \"small hole\" 6\u00d76 or 6\u00d79 as opposed to 120 \"large hole\". The 620 format was discontinued by Kodak in 1995, but it is possible to rewind 120 film onto a 620 spool in the darkroom for use in 620 cameras. According to Kodak, the narrower metal spool allowed building smaller cameras. Nonetheless the 120 format cast-metal bodied Voigtl\u00e4nder Perkeo remains smaller than any 620 format camera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008246-0000-0000", "contents": "120 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892\nThe 120mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892 was a Russian naval gun developed in the years before the Russo-Japanese War that armed a variety of warships of the Imperial Russian Navy during the Russo-Japanese War and World War I. Guns salvaged from scrapped ships found a second life on river gunboats of the Soviet Navy during the Russian Civil War and as coastal artillery and railway artillery during World War II. It was estimated that in 1941 there were 35 still in service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008246-0001-0000", "contents": "120 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, History\nIn 1891 a Russian naval delegation was shown three guns designed by the French designer Canet. One was a 75/50 gun, one was a 120/45 gun, and the last was a 152/45 gun. All three guns used fixed QF ammunition which produced a rate of fire of 15 rpm for the 75/50 gun, 12 rpm for the 120/45 gun and 10 rpm for the 152/45 gun. The Russians were impressed and in 1892 they negotiated a production license for all three guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008246-0002-0000", "contents": "120 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Construction\nThere were two main series of the 120/45 guns produced. The first series of 76 guns were built between 1897-1905 at the Obhukov factory. During the Russo-Japanese war a number of barrels of the 152/45 guns burst in action and a strengthened series of 152/45 and 120/45 guns were ordered. 34 of the second series of strengthened guns were built between 1905-1915 at the Obhukov factory. Between 1914-1916 production switched to the Perm factory and a further 18 strengthened guns were produced there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008246-0003-0000", "contents": "120 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Naval Use\n120/45 guns armed a variety of ships such as armored cruisers, auxiliary cruisers, coastal defense ships, destroyers, gunboats, minesweepers, pre-dreadnought battleships, protected cruisers, seaplane tenders and unprotected cruisers of the Imperial Russian Navy built between 1890-1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008246-0004-0000", "contents": "120 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Ammunition\nAmmunition was of fixed QF type. A complete round weighed 20.4\u00a0kg (45\u00a0lb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008246-0005-0000", "contents": "120 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Photo gallery\nCasemated 120mm guns aboard the battleship Andrei Pervozvanny, August 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008246-0006-0000", "contents": "120 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Photo gallery\n120mm 45 caliber Canet coastal gun on Kuivasaari Island. This gun was in Finnish coastal artillery school until 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008246-0007-0000", "contents": "120 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Photo gallery\nThis gun has been modified from the original 1892 model, including rotating the gun 180 degrees so that the recoil system is on top of the barrel to increase elevation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008247-0000-0000", "contents": "120 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905\nThe 120\u00a0mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905 was a Russian naval gun developed by Vickers for export in the years before World War I that armed a variety of warships of the Imperial Russian Navy. Guns salvaged from scrapped ships found a second life as coastal artillery, railway artillery and aboard river monitors during the Russian Civil War. It was estimated that there were 110 guns in the Soviet Navy's inventory in 1941. Of these, 39 were in the Baltic Fleet, 20 in the Black sea Fleet, 24 in the Amur Flotilla, 11 in the Pacific Fleet and 6 in the Pinsk flotilla in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008247-0001-0000", "contents": "120 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905, History\nThe Pattern 1905 began life as a Vickers design produced in Great Britain for export customers. The Pattern 1905 was also produced under license at the Obukhov State Plant in St. Petersburg, Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008247-0002-0000", "contents": "120 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905, Construction\nThe Pattern 1905 was a built-up gun which consisted of an A tube, three layers of reinforcing tubes, a jacket and a breech piece which screwed onto the jacket. Once Obhukov started production the Vickers guns were referred to as model 1 guns, while those manufactured by Obukhov were referred to as model 2 guns. By 1918 it was estimated that 180 guns had been completed with another 20 partially complete. A few more were finished between 1921-24 from existing stocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008247-0003-0000", "contents": "120 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905, Naval Use\nThe Pattern 1905 guns armed armored cruisers, dreadnought battleships, gunboats, icebreakers and river monitors of the Imperial Russian Navy and Soviet Navy built or refit between 1905-1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008247-0004-0000", "contents": "120 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905, Ammunition\nAmmunition was of Fixed QF type and weighed between 20.4\u201329\u00a0kg (45\u201364\u00a0lb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008247-0005-0000", "contents": "120 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905, Photo Gallery\nA view of the casemated Pattern 1905 guns amidships aboard the battleship Gangut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008247-0006-0000", "contents": "120 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905, Photo Gallery\nA view of the open twin-mount Pattern 1905 guns aboard the Finnish icebreaker Voima.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0000-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31\nThe 120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31 and 120 mm Armata wz. 78/10/31 were field guns produced in Poland and used by Poland during World War II and Finland during the Continuation War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0001-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, History\nAfter the defeat of the Central Powers during World War I the Allies agreed to reconstitute the country of Poland from the territory which had been partitioned by the German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Russian Empire. The new armed forces of the Second Polish Republic inherited a mix of German, Russian and Austro-Hungarian weapons from its former occupiers. Poland also received French technical assistance and weapons to rebuild its armed forces after World War I. Large numbers of Russian weapons were also captured during the Polish-Soviet War when the Red Army was defeated after the Battle of Warsaw in 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0002-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Background\nThe 120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31 and 120 mm Armata wz. 78/10/31 were a combination of the gun barrels from the Canon de 120 mm L mle 1878 field guns supplied by France and the carriages of the Russian 152 mm M1909 and 152 mm M1910 howitzers. The name of the guns signifies the dates of manufacture for each of the components used. 78 indicated the barrel was from 1878, 09 and 10 indicated the carriages came from either the M1909 and M1910, and 31 indicated the design was completed and construction began in 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0003-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Design, Cannon de 120 mm L mle 1878\nThe mle 1878 was a breech loaded gun with a de Bange obturator and used separate loading bagged charges and projectiles. It had a box trail carriage, no gun shield, two wooden-spoked steel-rimmed wheels, an unsprung axle, and no recoil mechanism. The mle 1878 was lighter than its heavier brother the Canon de 155 mm L mle 1877. It had roughly the same range and rate of fire as the Canon 155 mm L mle 1877, but it fired a lighter projectile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0003-0001", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Design, Cannon de 120 mm L mle 1878\nThe 120 mm L mle 1878 was classified as a siege et de place (stationary siege gun) in France's S\u00e9r\u00e9 de Rivi\u00e8res system of fortifications. In line with this mission, the carriage was tall because it was expected that its barrel would overhang a parapet and use its range to provide long-range, low-angle counter-battery fire against enemy artillery. Although an elderly weapon at the time of World War I, it was available in large numbers and its heavy projectile and long-range made it a useful weapon and many were still in use during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0004-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Design, Cannon de 120 mm L mle 1878\nAn early drawback of the gun was that it required considerable time to prepare a firing platform made of concrete or timbers before use. An external recoil cylinder was then bolted to the platform and connected to an eyelet on the bottom of the gun carriage. Without it, the gun had no recoil mechanism and when fired the gun rolled back onto a set of ramps behind the wheels and then slid back into position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0004-0001", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Design, Cannon de 120 mm L mle 1878\nSince it lacked a recoil mechanism it had to be levered into position and re-aimed after every shot, which was strenuous, time-consuming, and limited its rate of fire. The height of the gun also limited the rate of fire since a gun crew needed to lift an 18.9\u00a0kg (42\u00a0lb) projectile to shoulder height.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0005-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Design, Cannon de 120 mm L mle 1878\nAnother drawback of the mle 1878 was since its carriage was tall and narrow it was top-heavy and not designed to be mobile. It was found it had a tendency to sink in on soft ground and since it was designed to be pulled at low speed by a horse team its wooden-spoked steel-rimmed wheels and axle were too fragile to be towed at high speed by motor traction. An early modification to make the guns suitable for field use was the fitting of Bonagente grousers to the wheels to improve balance and reduce ground pressure on soft ground. A bonus was they slowed recoil and didn't require extensive site preparation to bring the guns into action. These factors made the mle 1878 unsuitable for anything other than static defense during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0006-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Design, Schneider 152 mm M1909 & 152 mm M1910\nThe M1909 and M1910 were ordered by the Imperial Russian Army in the wake of the Russian Empire's defeat during the Russo-Japanese War. The Russian Army was in the process of re-equipping with new weapons and at the time the Russian Armed Forces were heavily reliant upon French and German designs. The M1909 and M1910 were designed by the French company Schneider-Creusot and were produced in large numbers under license at the Putilov and Perm factories in Russia. The heavier M1909 was designated a kryepostnaya gaubitsa (fortress howitzer) while the lighter M1910 was designated a polevaya gaubitsa (field howitzer). The two howitzers had similar performance but differed in the arrangement of their recoil mechanisms and gun shields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0007-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Design, Schneider 152 mm M1909 & 152 mm M1910\nThe M1909/1910 were conventional designs for their time. They had a box trail carriage with wooden-spoked steel-rimmed wheels, a gun shield to protect the crew, and a hydro-pneumatic recoil system mounted under the barrel. They had an interrupted screw breech with separate loading ammunition; the shell being loaded first followed by bagged charges in a brass cartridge case. The carriage had a hollow center section to allow the barrel to elevate from -3\u00b0 to 45\u00b0 and there was an integral loading tray near the breech.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0007-0001", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Design, Schneider 152 mm M1909 & 152 mm M1910\nWhen World War I broke out the M1910 was the most modern howitzer design that France had so its carriage and recoil system were used on the Canon de 105 mle 1913, 107 mm gun M1910, Canon de 155 C mle 1917, and Obusier de 120 mm mle 15TR produced by Schneider-Creusot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0008-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Design, Schneider 152 mm M1909 & 152 mm M1910\nThe advantage of the M1909/1910 over the mle 1878 was that its recoil mechanism allowed it to achieve a higher rate of fire because it took less time to re-aim. Also since the M1909/1910 was shorter than the mle 1878 and had an integral loading tray it was faster to load. The carriage of the M1909/1910 was also more durable than the mle 1878 carriage and that gave it better mobility. A disadvantage of the M1909/1910 was that it had a shorter range than the mle 1878 so it was vulnerable to counter-battery fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0009-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Conversion Process\nIn 1931 the Starachowice Works began converting the barrels and carriages to create the 120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31 and 120 mm Armata wz. 78/10/31 . It is estimated that 43 guns were modified at the Starachowice Works and delivered to the Polish Army. An advantage of the M1909/1910 was that the recoil mechanism was an integral part of the carriage and the barrel could be removed and transported on a separate wagon or could be pulled to the rear and fastened to the carriage to ease transport. This feature meant the carriage and recoil mechanism could be modified to accept longer or shorter barrels as well as barrels of greater diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0010-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Conversion Process\nTo mate the mle 1878 barrel to the M1909/1910 carriage the barrel was rotated 180 degrees so that the breech opened to the right instead of the left. The recoil mechanism also needed to be balanced to accommodate the new longer barrel. The chamber was also enlarged and strengthened to accept up to six propellant charges and the de Bange breech was modified to use modern primers. The carriage could either retain its original wooden-spoked steel-rimmed wheels for horse traction or it could be modified to use pneumatic tires and a sprung axle to allow for motor traction. Pneumatic tires and a sprung axle gave better traction on soft ground as well as increasing towing speed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0011-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Conversion Process\nLike the 120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31 and 120 mm Armata wz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0011-0001", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Conversion Process\n78/09/31 the M1909/1910's carriage and recoil mechanism were used to modernize the Canon de 155 mm L mle 1877 by placing the barrels from that gun on the M1910 carriage to produce the Canon de 155 L mod\u00e8le 1877/14, Canon de 155 L mod\u00e8le 1917 and Canon de 155 L mod\u00e8le 1918 during World War I. By using the M1909/1910 carriage both the French and Polish were able to modernize existing 120 mm and 155 mm mle 1878 barrels to produce more mobile and long-ranged artillery pieces that utilized the large stockpiles of ammunition available for both types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0011-0002", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Conversion Process\nBy mating the mle 1897's barrel to the M1909/1910's carriage most of the faults of both guns could be resolved and provide an artillery piece with range superior to the modernized Soviet 122 mm howitzer M1910/30 and 152 mm howitzer M1909/30 and comparable to the newer 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30) and 152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0012-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Users, Poland\nIn Polish service, the Cannon de 120 mm L mle 1878 was given the designation armata wz. 1878. The first Polish unit to use the wz. 1878 was General J\u00f3zef Haller's Blue Army  that was created in France in 1917. The Blue Army was given 48 wz. 1878's and were issued to two Heavy Artillery Regiments with four detachments. When World War I ended the Blue Army returned to Poland with their guns. After World War I Poland received more wz. 1878's and in 1931 54 guns were in Poland's inventory. Some had been modernized with a barrel that had been relined to use constant rifling instead of progressive rifling. The modified guns were designated wz.1878/16 in Polish Service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0013-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Users, Poland\nIn Polish service, a number of different styles of wheels were used to improve the mobility of the guns. Some retained wooden-spoked steel-rimmed wheels for horse traction while others were given pneumatic tires, sprung axles, and were towed by Citro\u00ebn-Kegresse P14 or C4P half-track artillery tractors. In 1935 there were 32 wz.1878/09/31 guns and 6 wz.1878/10/31 guns in Poland's inventory. There were an additional 4 wz.1878/09/31 guns in reserve which lacked full equipment for a total of 42 guns. There were also 13 unconverted wz.1878 barrels in reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0014-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Users, Poland\nIn 1939 there were three Heavy Artillery Detachments with 12 guns each that were held in reserve. Of these three the 46th and 47th Heavy Artillery Detachment were horse-drawn while the 6th Heavy Artillery Detachment was motorized. All were active in the defense of Poland and they faced both German and Soviet units. After the Polish Campaign 24 of the surviving guns were sold to Finland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0015-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Users, Finland\nFinland bought 24 guns and 46,200 rounds of ammunition from Germany in the autumn of 1940. The guns arrived in two shipments: 13 guns arrived on the Inga on the 2nd of October 1940 and the remaining 11 guns arrived on the Widor on the 9th of October 1940. In Finnish service, the unmodified Canon de 120 mm L mle 1878 was given the designation 120 K/78 and the new guns from Poland were given the designation 120 K/78-31. Since the 120 K/78 was already in service there was an adequate supply of ammunition for both.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0015-0001", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Users, Finland\nDuring the Continuation War, both guns were issued to four heavy artillery battalions. They gained a reputation of being durable and good quality artillery pieces, but the new primer system proved troublesome and the recoil system wasn't always reliable in cold weather. Two of the guns were lost during 1944 and After World War 2 the remaining guns were placed in reserve until they were retired during the 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0016-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Gallery\nA French Cannon de 120 mm L mle 1878 with Bonagente groussers and ramps at the H\u00e4meenlinna Artillery Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0017-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Gallery\nA modernized 152 mm fortress howitzer M1909/30 at the H\u00e4meenlinna Artillery Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0018-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Gallery\nA modernized 152 mm field howitzer M1910/37 at the H\u00e4meenlinna Artillery Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0019-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Gallery\nA 120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31 with wooden wheels at the H\u00e4meenlinna Artillery Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008248-0020-0000", "contents": "120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Gallery\nOf similar concept the barrel of the Canon de 155 mm L mle 1877 was combined with the carriage of a 152 mm howitzer M1910 to produce the French Canon de 155 L Modele 1917 Schneider of World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008249-0000-0000", "contents": "120 mm BAT recoilless rifle\nThe L2 BAT (Battalion, Anti-Tank) was a 120\u00a0mm calibre recoilless anti-tank rifle used by the British Army. It was also produced in the MOBAT version without a gun shield, and the ConBAT version with a new spotting rifle attachment. The L6 Wombat version was greatly lightened through the use of magnesium alloys. The Wombat was used by mobile units such as paratroopers and marines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008249-0001-0000", "contents": "120 mm BAT recoilless rifle\nBAT was developed from the wartime Ordnance, RCL, 3.45 in, replacing it and the Ordnance QF 17-pounder to become the standard anti-tank weapon of the Army in the post-World War II era. The BAT and MOBAT were used until anti-tank guided missiles, such as Vigilant and MILAN, took their place. WOMBAT remained in anti-tank platoons in Berlin to supplement MILAN until the late 1980s, due to the expected engagement ranges should the Warsaw Pact have ever attacked. The wire guidance of MILAN would also have been problematic in the built up areas of Berlin. It was envisioned that Wombat would be used in 'shoot-and-scoot' attacks mounted on the back of stripped down Land Rover vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008249-0002-0000", "contents": "120 mm BAT recoilless rifle\nThe Wombat was a development version which was adopted and replaced the earlier BAT and MOBAT weapons. It was in turn replaced by anti-tank guided missiles. The L6 Wombat itself comprised the L12A3 BAT gun, but mounted on a new lightweight carriage. The vertically sliding breech of the BAT and MoBAT was replaced by a lighter horizontally hinged breech. The Wombat was mounted on a small two wheeled carriage, which was removable in order to be moved over obstacles and then locked to the carriage again. The weapon was normally carried in the rear of a specially adapted Land Rover (Portee). The Wombat could also be mounted on the FV432/40 armoured personnel carrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008249-0003-0000", "contents": "120 mm BAT recoilless rifle\nThe usual round for Wombat was a HESH, which it could fire out to around 1,800 m. The HESH round could defeat 400\u00a0mm (16\u00a0in) of armour. Other ammunition types include the canister and modified canister rounds. The latter released flechettes, or small darts, giving a \"shotgun\" effect. These rounds could be used against infantry in the open. The base of the BAT cartridge case was frangible, the reaction gases venting directly backwards through a single large venturi. This was in contrast to the US recoilless designs, which used a frangible sidewall to the cartridge case and multiple venturi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008249-0004-0000", "contents": "120 mm BAT recoilless rifle\nDuring the Cold War era, NATO and British Royal Marine forces used the Swedish made Snow Trac as a carrier for the L6 Wombat in the snow-covered mountains of Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008249-0005-0000", "contents": "120 mm BAT recoilless rifle\nWombats were among the anti-tank weapons taken by the Parachute Regiment to the Falklands War in 1982, but they were not off-loaded from the transport ships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008249-0006-0000", "contents": "120 mm BAT recoilless rifle, Variants\nRoyal Marines Wombat outfitted Snow Trac on patrol in Norway", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008250-0000-0000", "contents": "120 mm Krupp howitzer M1905\nThe 120\u00a0mm Krupp howitzer M1905 was a howitzer used by Turkey, Japan and a few smaller armies including during World War I. After the Ottoman Empires entrance into World War I in 1914 on the side of the Central Powers, it realized that it needed to modernize its artillery. The Model 1905 was a \"stock gun\" from Krupp that could be supplied to customers from parts on hand, on short notice and with minor alterations to suit the customers' needs. The Model 1905 was a conventional artillery piece for its time, except for a lack of a Gun shield for the crew. The lack of a Gun shield was not a major liability, as most artillery quickly moved into concealed positions after the first few months of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008250-0001-0000", "contents": "120 mm Krupp howitzer M1905, Bibliography\nThis German military article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008251-0000-0000", "contents": "120 mm M1 gun\nThe 120\u00a0mm Gun M1 was the United States Army's standard super-heavy anti-aircraft gun during World War II and the Korean War, complementing the smaller and more mobile M2 90 mm gun in service. Its maximum altitude was about 60,000\u00a0ft (18,000\u00a0m), which earned it the nickname stratosphere gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008251-0001-0000", "contents": "120 mm M1 gun\nThe M1 gun was used by the Army for air defense from 1944 to 1960. The 120 served primarily in static defensive roles, although it had been designed to be mobile. It became obsolete with the development of anti-aircraft missiles and was phased out after 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008251-0002-0000", "contents": "120 mm M1 gun, History\nThe Army first worked on a 120\u00a0mm gun after the end of World War I, with a prototype being presented in 1924. The system was considered far too heavy and expensive to be useful, and the project slowed, although it was never canceled outright.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008251-0003-0000", "contents": "120 mm M1 gun, History\nIn 1938, the Army reviewed its needs for newer AA systems and decided to order new systems for both the heavy and super-heavy role. The former was filled by the new M1 90 mm gun, which replaced the earlier M3 3-inch gun then in use. For the super-heavy role, the 120\u00a0mm gun design was dusted off and mated to a new eight-wheel carriage, designated 4.7-inch M1 when it was accepted in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008251-0004-0000", "contents": "120 mm M1 gun, History\nLike the 90\u00a0mm, the M1 gun was typically operated in a battery of four guns, initially with an associated searchlight, SCR-268 radar (replaced later by the much-improved SCR-584), M10 gun director, and M4 Gun Data Computer that automatically laid the guns. The M6 Tractor was used as the prime mover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008251-0005-0000", "contents": "120 mm M1 gun, History\nThe M1 gun entered service late in World War II. One battalion of M1 guns, the 513th AAA Gun Battalion, was deployed in the Philippines in February 1945, but never fired on any hostile aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008251-0006-0000", "contents": "120 mm M1 gun, History\nAfter World War II ended and the Cold War with the Soviet Union began, M1 guns were deployed in many locations in the U.S. and Canada. To defend against long range Soviet Tu-4 bomber attack, the Army Anti- Aircraft Command (ARAACOM) formed 44 active duty and 22 National Guard battalions equipped with M1 guns, divided into seven brigades and 20 anti-aircraft artillery groups. Two Canadian anti-aircraft battalions were also equipped with M1 guns for the joint defense of the Soo Locks. These guns were guided by the long range Lashup Radar Network equipped with AN/CPS-5. M1 guns were deployed for the protection of nuclear production facilities, major industrial centers, strategic air force bases, and select major population centers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008251-0007-0000", "contents": "120 mm M1 gun, History\nIn 1954, the MIM-3 Nike Ajax surface-to-air missile became operational with ARAACOM. It substantially outranged the M1 gun, rendering it obsolete. ARAACOM began retiring the M1 gun from active-duty units and then from National Guard units. Then in 1957, the Soviet Union introduced the R7, its first ICBM, and the M1 gun became practically useless. By January 1960, all remaining National Guard units with M1 guns were converted to Nike missiles or deactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008252-0000-0000", "contents": "120 mm M984 extended-range DPICM mortar round\nThe 120 mm M984 extended-range DPICM mortar round was developed by the US Army Ordnance. It is a 120mm caliber mortar cluster munition that can carry a variety of payloads including either 54 M80 dual-purpose submunitions or six mines. It can be optionally used with a range extending rocket in a tractor configuration which increases its range from 7.2 to around 12 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008252-0001-0000", "contents": "120 mm M984 extended-range DPICM mortar round\nAs the United States has not ratified the Convention on Cluster Munitions, it is still in production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008253-0000-0000", "contents": "120 mm Schneider-Canet M1897 long gun\n120\u00a0mm Schneider-Canet M1897 long gun was a heavy artillery piece manufactured by the French company Schneider-Creusot. It was a slow firing gun without a recoil mechanism but with significant range and weight of the shell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008253-0001-0000", "contents": "120 mm Schneider-Canet M1897 long gun\nSerbia ordered 17 pieces in 1897. However, only 16 were delivered in 1902. Serbia entered the First Balkan War with 15 pieces (6 batteries), since one gun was destroyed during the exercises before the war. It was used in the First and Second Balkan Wars and in the first phase of the First World War (1914-1915). Most of the surviving pieces were abandoned and destroyed before the Serbian retreat to Albania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008253-0002-0000", "contents": "120 mm Schneider-Canet M1897 long gun\nBulgaria also ordered this type in 1897, and received 24 pieces and used them in the Balkan and First World Wars. Serbian type (L/26) and Bulgarian (L/28) were slightly different in respect of the breech lock while in other aspects they were identical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008254-0000-0000", "contents": "120 mm howitzer Model 1901\nThe 120\u00a0mm howitzer Model 1901 \u2013 was a German howitzer used by the Imperial Russian and Romanian Armies during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008254-0001-0000", "contents": "120 mm howitzer Model 1901, Design\nThe model 1901 was a short ranged field howitzer capable of both direct and indirect fire. The model 1901 had a short steel barrel, a box trail carriage, two wooden spoked wheels with steel rims, a horizontal sliding-block breech, it fired cased separate-loading ammunition and had a spring-loaded recoil spade. For transport, the trail of the carriage could be connected to a limber and caisson for towing by a six-horse team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008255-0000-0000", "contents": "120 ton-class repair dry dock\n120-ton class dry dock is a class of naval auxiliary ship in service with the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). Only a single unit was completed with hull number 809, and it was originally given the name 809 Floating dock after the hull number. However, the pennant number and its name may have been changed due to the change of Chinese naval ships naming convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008255-0001-0000", "contents": "120 ton-class repair dry dock\nDesigned in Shanghai by , also known as the 4805th Factory of PLAN in Shanghai in the mid-1960s, construction begun at the same shipyard in 1967 after design was completed, during the greatest  political turmoil in China at the time, namely, Cultural Revolution. The result was the delay of the program, with the launching of the vessel did not commence until approximately three years later on June 27, 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008255-0001-0001", "contents": "120 ton-class repair dry dock\nThe program suffered another serious blow approximately two months after the launching on August 31, 1970, when copper workers operated against the regulation by opening the valve, resulting in the sinking of the vessel. The salvage and repair cost totaled \u00a5120,000 and delayed the program further for two more months, with sea trials finally conducted in October 1970. The dry dock was finally completed and handed over to PLAN in 1971 for naval base in Fujian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008256-0000-0000", "contents": "120-PM-43 mortar\nThe M1943 Mortar also known as the SAMOVAR is a Soviet 120 millimeter calibre smoothbore mortar first introduced in 1943 as a modified version of the M1938 mortar. It virtually replaced the M1938 as the standard weapon for mortar batteries in all Soviet infantry battalions by the late 1980s, though the armies of the Warsaw Pact utilised both in their forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008256-0001-0000", "contents": "120-PM-43 mortar, Design\nThis muzzle-loading mortar can be easily broken down into three parts \u2013 barrel, bipod and baseplate \u2013 for movement over short distances or towed by a GAZ-66 truck on a two-wheel tubular carriage. The baseplate mounting permits all-azimuth firing, however as with most Soviet mortars it was difficult to turn rapidly over a wide traverse. It could accommodate small-angle shifts of up to 6 degrees without having to shift the baseplate though.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008256-0002-0000", "contents": "120-PM-43 mortar, Variants\nIt was copied in China as the Type 53 mortar. A more robust but heavier version, the Type 55, was developed by Norinco. Egypt also produced a locally modified variant, the Helwan Model UK 2. An improved version called the 2B11 Sani was also produced by the Soviets and, in combination with the 2B9 Vasilek, was being used to phase out the M1943 from service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0000-0000", "contents": "120-cell\nIn geometry, the 120-cell is the convex regular 4-polytope with Schl\u00e4fli symbol {5,3,3}. It is also called a C120,  dodecaplex (short for \"dodecahedral complex\"), hyperdodecahedron, polydodecahedron, hecatonicosachoron, dodecacontachoron and hecatonicosahedroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0001-0000", "contents": "120-cell\nThe boundary of the 120-cell is composed of 120 dodecahedral cells with 4 meeting at each vertex. It can be thought of as the 4-dimensional analog of the regular dodecahedron. Just as a dodecahedron can be built up as a model with 12 pentagons, 3 around each vertex, the dodecaplex can be built up from 120 dodecahedra, with 3 around each edge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0002-0000", "contents": "120-cell\nThe Davis 120-cell, introduced by Davis (1985), is a compact 4-dimensional hyperbolic manifold obtained by identifying opposite faces of the 120-cell, whose universal cover gives the regular honeycomb {5,3,3,5} of 4-dimensional hyperbolic space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0003-0000", "contents": "120-cell, Elements, As a configuration\nThis configuration matrix represents the 120-cell. The rows and columns correspond to vertices, edges, faces, and cells. The diagonal numbers say how many of each element occur in the whole 120-cell. The nondiagonal numbers say how many of the column's element occur in or at the row's element.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 38], "content_span": [39, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0004-0000", "contents": "120-cell, Elements, As a configuration\nHere is the configuration expanded with k-face elements and k-figures. The diagonal element counts are the ratio of the full Coxeter group order, 14400, divided by the order of the subgroup with mirror removal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 38], "content_span": [39, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0005-0000", "contents": "120-cell, Cartesian coordinates\nThe 600 vertices of a 120-cell with an edge length of 2/\u03c62 = 3\u2212\u221a5 and a center-to-vertex radius of \u221a8 = 2 \u221a2 include all permutations of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0006-0000", "contents": "120-cell, Polyhedral graph\nConsidering the adjacency matrix of the vertices representing its polyhedral graph, the graph diameter is 15, connecting each vertex to its coordinate-negation, at a Euclidean distance of 4\u221a2 away (its circumdiameter), and there are 24 different paths to connect them along the polytope edges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0006-0001", "contents": "120-cell, Polyhedral graph\nFrom each vertex, there are 4 vertices at distance 1, 12 at distance 2, 24 at distance 3, 36 at distance 4, 52 at distance 5, 68 at distance 6, 76 at distance 7, 78 at distance 8, 72 at distance 9, 64 at distance 10, 56 at distance 11, 40 at distance 12, 12 at distance 13, 4 at distance 14, and 1 at distance 15. The adjacency matrix has 27 distinct eigenvalues ranging from 2/\u03c62, with a multiplicity of 4, to 4, with a multiplicity of 1. The multiplicity of eigenvalue 0 is 18, and the rank of the adjacency matrix is 582.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0007-0000", "contents": "120-cell, Polyhedral graph\nIt has not been published whether the graph is Hamiltonian or Eulerian or both or neither.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0008-0000", "contents": "120-cell, Visualization\nThe 120-cell consists of 120 dodecahedral cells. For visualization purposes, it is convenient that the dodecahedron has opposing parallel faces (a trait it shares with the cells of the tesseract and the 24-cell). One can stack dodecahedrons face to face in a straight line bent in the 4th direction into a great circle with a circumference of 10 cells. Starting from this initial ten cell construct there are two common visualizations one can use: a layered stereographic projection, and a structure of intertwining rings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0009-0000", "contents": "120-cell, Visualization, Layered stereographic projection\nThe cell locations lend themselves to a hyperspherical description. Pick an arbitrary dodecahedron and label it the \"north pole\". Twelve great circle meridians (four cells long) radiate out in 3 dimensions, converging at the fifth \"south pole\" cell. This skeleton accounts for 50 of the 120 cells (2 + 4 \u00d7 12).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 57], "content_span": [58, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0010-0000", "contents": "120-cell, Visualization, Layered stereographic projection\nStarting at the North Pole, we can build up the 120-cell in 9 latitudinal layers, with allusions to terrestrial 2-sphere topography in the table below. With the exception of the poles, the centroids of the cells of each layer lie on a separate 2-sphere, with the equatorial centroids lying on a great 2-sphere. The centroids of the 30 equatorial cells form the vertices of an icosidodecahedron, with the meridians (as described above) passing through the center of each pentagonal face. The cells labeled \"interstitial\" in the following table do not fall on meridian great circles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 57], "content_span": [58, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0011-0000", "contents": "120-cell, Visualization, Layered stereographic projection\nThe cells of layers 2, 4, 6 and 8 are located over the faces of the pole cell. The cells of layers 3 and 7 are located directly over the vertices of the pole cell. The cells of layer 5 are located over the edges of the pole cell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 57], "content_span": [58, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0012-0000", "contents": "120-cell, Visualization, Intertwining rings\nThe 120-cell can be partitioned into 12 disjoint 10-cell great circle rings, forming a discrete/quantized Hopf fibration. Starting with one 10-cell ring, one can place another ring alongside it that spirals around the original ring one complete revolution in ten cells. Five such 10-cell rings can be placed adjacent to the original 10-cell ring. Although the outer rings \"spiral\" around the inner ring (and each other), they actually have no helical torsion. They are all equivalent. The spiraling is a result of the 3-sphere curvature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 43], "content_span": [44, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0012-0001", "contents": "120-cell, Visualization, Intertwining rings\nThe inner ring and the five outer rings now form a six ring, 60-cell solid torus. One can continue adding 10-cell rings adjacent to the previous ones, but it's more instructive to construct a second torus, disjoint from the one above, from the remaining 60 cells, that interlocks with the first. The 120-cell, like the 3-sphere, is the union of these two (Clifford) tori. If the center ring of the first torus is a meridian great circle as defined above, the center ring of the second torus is the equatorial great circle that is centered on the meridian circle. Also note that the spiraling shell of 50 cells around a center ring can be either left handed or right handed. It's just a matter of partitioning the cells in the shell differently, i.e. picking another set of disjoint great circles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 43], "content_span": [44, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0013-0000", "contents": "120-cell, Visualization, Other great circle constructs\nThere is another great circle path of interest that alternately passes through opposing cell vertices, then along an edge. This path consists of 6 cells and 6 edges. Both the above great circle paths have dual great circle paths in the 600-cell. The 10 cell face to face path above maps to a 10 vertices path solely traversing along edges in the 600-cell, forming a decagon. The alternating cell/edge path above maps to a path consisting of 12 tetrahedrons alternately meeting face to face then vertex to vertex (six triangular bipyramids) in the 600-cell. This latter path corresponds to a ring of six icosahedra meeting face to face in the snub 24-cell (or icosahedral pyramids in the 600-cell).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 54], "content_span": [55, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0014-0000", "contents": "120-cell, Projections, Orthogonal projections\nOrthogonal projections of the 120-cell can be done in 2D by defining two orthonormal basis vectors for a specific view direction. The 30-gonal projection was made in 1963 by B. L.Chilton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 45], "content_span": [46, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0015-0000", "contents": "120-cell, Projections, Orthogonal projections\nThe H3 decagonal projection shows the plane of the van Oss polygon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 45], "content_span": [46, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0016-0000", "contents": "120-cell, Projections, Orthogonal projections\n3-dimensional orthogonal projections can also be made with three orthonormal basis vectors, and displayed as a 3d model, and then projecting a certain perspective in 3D for a 2d image.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 45], "content_span": [46, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0017-0000", "contents": "120-cell, Projections, Perspective projections\nThese projections use perspective projection, from a specific view point in four dimensions, and projecting the model as a 3D shadow. Therefore, faces and cells that look larger are merely closer to the 4D viewpoint. Schlegel diagrams use perspective to show four-dimensional figures, choosing a point above a specific cell, thus making the cell as the envelope of the 3D model, and other cells are smaller seen inside it. Stereographic projection use the same approach, but are shown with curved edges, representing the polytope a tiling of a 3-sphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 46], "content_span": [47, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0018-0000", "contents": "120-cell, Projections, Perspective projections\nA comparison of perspective projections from 3D to 2D is shown in analogy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 46], "content_span": [47, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0019-0000", "contents": "120-cell, Related polyhedra and honeycombs\nThe 120-cell is one of 15 regular and uniform polytopes with the same symmetry [3,3,5]:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 42], "content_span": [43, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0020-0000", "contents": "120-cell, Related polyhedra and honeycombs\nIt is similar to three regular 4-polytopes: the 5-cell {3,3,3}, tesseract {4,3,3}, of Euclidean 4-space, and hexagonal tiling honeycomb of hyperbolic space. All of these have a tetrahedral vertex figure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 42], "content_span": [43, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008257-0021-0000", "contents": "120-cell, Related polyhedra and honeycombs\nThis honeycomb is a part of a sequence of 4-polytopes and honeycombs with dodecahedral cells:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 42], "content_span": [43, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008258-0000-0000", "contents": "120-cell honeycomb\nIn the geometry of hyperbolic 4-space, the 120-cell honeycomb is one of five compact regular space-filling tessellations (or honeycombs). With Schl\u00e4fli symbol {5,3,3,3}, it has three 120-cells around each face. Its dual is the order-5 5-cell honeycomb, {3,3,3,5}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008258-0001-0000", "contents": "120-cell honeycomb, Related honeycombs\nIt is related to the order-4 120-cell honeycomb, {5,3,3,4}, and order-5 120-cell honeycomb, {5,3,3,5}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008258-0002-0000", "contents": "120-cell honeycomb, Related honeycombs\nIt is topologically similar to the finite 5-cube, {4,3,3,3}, and 5-simplex, {3,3,3,3}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008258-0003-0000", "contents": "120-cell honeycomb, Related honeycombs\nIt is analogous to the 120-cell, {5,3,3}, and dodecahedron, {5,3}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008259-0000-0000", "contents": "120-gon\nIn geometry, a 120-gon is a polygon with 120 sides. The sum of any 120-gon's interior angles is 21240 degrees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008259-0001-0000", "contents": "120-gon, Regular 120-gon properties\nA regular 120-gon is represented by Schl\u00e4fli symbol {120} and also can be constructed as a truncated hexacontagon, t{60}, or a twice-truncated triacontagon, tt{30}, or a thrice-truncated pentadecagon, ttt{15}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008259-0002-0000", "contents": "120-gon, Regular 120-gon properties\nOne interior angle in a regular 120-gon is 177\u00b0, meaning that one exterior angle would be 3\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008259-0003-0000", "contents": "120-gon, Regular 120-gon properties\nThe area of a regular 120-gon is (with t = edge length)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008259-0004-0000", "contents": "120-gon, Regular 120-gon properties\nThis means that the trigonometric functions of \u03c0/120 can be expressed in radicals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008259-0005-0000", "contents": "120-gon, Regular 120-gon properties, Constructible\nSince 120 = 23 \u00d7 3 \u00d7 5, a regular 120-gon is constructible using a compass and straightedge. As a truncated hexacontagon, it can be constructed by an edge-bisection of a regular hexacontagon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 50], "content_span": [51, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008259-0006-0000", "contents": "120-gon, Symmetry\nThe regular 120-gon has Dih120 dihedral symmetry, order 240, represented by 120 lines of reflection. Dih120 has 15 dihedral subgroups: (Dih60, Dih30, Dih15), (Dih40, Dih20, Dih10, Dih5), (Dih24, Dih12, Dih6, Dih3), and (Dih8, Dih4, Dih2, Dih1). And 16 more cyclic symmetries: (Z120, Z60, Z30, Z15), (Z40, Z20, Z10, Z5), (Z24, Z12, Z6, Z3), and (Z8, Z4, Z2, Z1), with Zn representing \u03c0/n radian rotational symmetry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008259-0007-0000", "contents": "120-gon, Symmetry\nThese 32 symmetries are related to 44 distinct symmetries on the 120-gon. John Conway labels these lower symmetries with a letter and order of the symmetry follows the letter. He gives d (diagonal) with mirror lines through vertices, p with mirror lines through edges (perpendicular), i with mirror lines through both vertices and edges, and g for rotational symmetry. a1 labels no symmetry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008259-0008-0000", "contents": "120-gon, Symmetry\nThese lower symmetries allow degrees of freedom in defining irregular 120-gons. Only the g120 symmetry has no degrees of freedom but can be seen as directed edges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008259-0009-0000", "contents": "120-gon, Dissection\nCoxeter states that every zonogon (a 2m-gon whose opposite sides are parallel and of equal length) can be dissected into m(m-1)/2 parallelograms. In particular this is true for regular polygons with evenly many sides, in which case the parallelograms are all rhombi. For the regular 120-gon, m=60, and it can be divided into 1770: 30 squares and 29 sets of 60 rhombs. This decomposition is based on a Petrie polygon projection of a 60-cube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008259-0010-0000", "contents": "120-gon, 120-gram\nA 120-gram is a 120-sided star polygon. There are 15 regular forms given by Schl\u00e4fli symbols {120/7}, {120/11}, {120/13}, {120/17}, {120/19}, {120/23}, {120/29}, {120/31}, {120/37}, {120/41}, {120/43}, {120/47}, {120/49}, {120/53}, and {120/59}, as well as 44 compound star figures with the same vertex configuration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008260-0000-0000", "contents": "120-pounder Whitworth naval gun\nThe 120-pounder Whitworth naval gun was designed by Joseph Whitworth during the 1860s. It was a rifled muzzle loader and used his hexagonal rifled bore design, the principle of which is described in the article on the 70-pounder Whitworth naval gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008260-0001-0000", "contents": "120-pounder Whitworth naval gun, Service\nA number of 120-pounders were bought by the Brazilian Navy and used to arm some of its ironclads during the Paraguayan War in the late 1860s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008261-0000-0000", "contents": "1200\n1200 (MCC) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1200th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 200th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 100th and last year of the 12th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1200s decade. As of the start of 1200, the Gregorian calendar was 7 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008262-0000-0000", "contents": "1200 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1200\u00a0kHz: 1200 AM is classified by the Federal Communications Commission as a United States clear-channel frequency. WOAI San Antonio is the dominant Class A station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008263-0000-0000", "contents": "1200 Curfews\n1200 Curfews is a live album by the Indigo Girls, released in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008263-0001-0000", "contents": "1200 Curfews\nMost of the recordings come from their 1994-95 tour, with scattered earlier performances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008263-0002-0000", "contents": "1200 Curfews\nThe liner notes joke about the inclusion of the song \"Land of Canaan\". The song had already appeared (in different recordings each time) on their 1985 EP, their 1987 debut album Strange Fire, and their 1989 eponymous second album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008264-0000-0000", "contents": "1200 Evler, Merkezefendi\n1200 Evler is a village in the Merkezefendi District of Denizli Province in Turkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008265-0000-0000", "contents": "1200 Fifth\n1200 Fifth, formerly the IBM Building, is a 20-story office building in the Metropolitan Tract, part of downtown Seattle, Washington. The building was designed by Minoru Yamasaki, who also was architect of Rainier Tower on the corner diagonally opposite, and the World Trade Center in New York City. Construction on the building began in May 1963 and it was completed in October 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008265-0001-0000", "contents": "1200 Fifth\nNard Jones wrote in 1972 that \"There is an architectural poetry about [the building] that is at variance with the endless jibes at computerization and the alleged sober pragmatism of IBM personnel.\" The building's crown has a series of 191 \"fins\" that measure 23 feet (7.0\u00a0m) tall and house machinery floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008265-0002-0000", "contents": "1200 Fifth\nThe corner of the complex at 5th Avenue and University Street was the site of the Seattle Ice Arena from 1915 to 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008266-0000-0000", "contents": "1200 Guineas Stakes\nThe 1200 Guineas Stakes was a flat horse race in Great Britain open to thoroughbreds aged five years. It was run at Newmarket and was one of the most important races of the second half of the 18th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008266-0001-0000", "contents": "1200 Guineas Stakes, History\nThe 1200 Guineas was established in 1753 to be first run during Easter week of 1757. It was established by the Duke of Cumberland, 3rd Duke of Ancaster, 3rd Duke of Marlborough, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, Marquess of Hartington, Marquess of Granby, 2nd Earl of Godolphin, 2nd Earl of Northumberland, 10th Earl of Eglinton, 3rd Duke of Richmond, 1st Earl of Gower and Thomas Duncombe. They agreed the race was to be run over the Beacon course at Newmarket and would be open to five-year-old horses and mares. They paid a 100 guineas subscription each to enter their horse and all runners would carry nine stone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008266-0002-0000", "contents": "1200 Guineas Stakes, History\nThe race was initially to be run for five consecutive years from 1757, but was subsequently renewed in 1762.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008267-0000-0000", "contents": "1200 Imperatrix\n1200 Imperatrix, provisional designation 1931 RH, is a carbonaceous Hygiean asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 40 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory on 14 September 1931. The asteroid was named after the Latin word for empress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008267-0001-0000", "contents": "1200 Imperatrix, Orbit and classification\nImperatrix is a member of the Hygiea family (601), a very large asteroid family named after 10\u00a0Hygiea, the main belt's fourth-largest asteroid. Imperatrix orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 4 months (1,960 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008267-0002-0000", "contents": "1200 Imperatrix, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first identification as A913 EC at Simeiz Observatory in March 1913, more than 18 years prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008267-0003-0000", "contents": "1200 Imperatrix, Physical characteristics\nImperatrix is an assumed C-type asteroid which is also the overall spectral type of the Hygiea family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008267-0004-0000", "contents": "1200 Imperatrix, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2000, a rotational lightcurve of Imperatrix was obtained from photometric observations at the River Oaks Observatory (915) in Texas. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 13.34 hours with a brightness variation of 0.23 magnitude (U=2). In September 2011, photometric observations by French amateur astronomers Pierre Antonini and Ren\u00e9 Roy gave a refined period of 17.769 hours with an amplitude of 0.21 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008267-0005-0000", "contents": "1200 Imperatrix, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Imperatrix measures between 36.00 and 43.64 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.0714.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008267-0006-0000", "contents": "1200 Imperatrix, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0545 and a diameter of 39.39 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008267-0007-0000", "contents": "1200 Imperatrix, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nFour stellar occultation events by 1200 Imperatrix have been observed, all in 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008267-0008-0000", "contents": "1200 Imperatrix, Naming\nThis minor planet was named \"Imperatrix\", which is Latin for empress. The naming was proposed by German ARI-astronomer Gustav Stracke, after whom 1019 Strackea was named. Any specific reference to an occurrence or person is unknown, according to the author of the Dictionary of Minor Planets, Lutz Schmadel and his communications with Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld, who also worked at Heidelberg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008268-0000-0000", "contents": "1200 Intrepid\n1200 Intrepid is an office building located in the The Navy Yard in Philadelphia. It was designed by architectural firm BIG, which is led by Danish architect Bjarke Ingels. It was built by Turner Construction. Construction began in 2015 and was completed in 2016. The building's first tenant is Penn Capital Management.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008268-0001-0000", "contents": "1200 Intrepid\nThe building was built on spec, without a specific designated tenant. It was designed with the curving shape of battleships in mind, as well as the design of the circular park adjacent the building. Despite the curving of the building's walls, it nevertheless conforms to Robert A. M. Stern's master plan for the Navy Yard, which calls for traditional, box-shaped office buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008268-0002-0000", "contents": "1200 Intrepid\nInga Saffron, the architecture critic for The Philadelphia Inquirer referred to the building's curved wall as \"mesmerizing\". Ingels has compared the white concrete panels that make up the building's facade to \"...bracelets of a watch [tilting to create] a graceful, organic space and inviting cavelike canopy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008269-0000-0000", "contents": "1200 Landmark Center\nThe 1200 Landmark Center is a 255\u00a0ft (78 m), 15-story skyscraper at the corner of South 13th and Farnam Streets in Downtown Omaha, Nebraska, United States. As of 2015, the building is formerly home to the Omaha operations of Pacific Life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008270-0000-0000", "contents": "1200 Stewart\n1200 Stewart is a future twin skyscraper complex in the Denny Triangle neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, United States. The project is located at the intersection of Stewart Street and Denny Way and comprises 1,014\u00a0apartments and retail space in two 48-story buildings. The retail space, housed in a three-story podium with an indoor galleria, is planned to feature a music venue and a Boeing 747-400 fuselage. It began construction in 2018 and is scheduled to be completed in early 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008270-0001-0000", "contents": "1200 Stewart, History\nThe triangular site at 1200 Stewart Street, occupied by a mix of single-story businesses and parking lots also facing Denny Way and Minor Avenue, has been proposed as the site of a residential high-rise since the late 2000s by several developers. Lexas Companies submitted a proposal in 2007 to build a pair of 36-story mixed-use towers with condominiums and a hotel over a retail podium. The project, designed by architect Paul Thoryk, was to include 300 condominiums ranging from studio units to three-bedroom residences, a 250-room hotel, and a large fitness club. The tower was also proposed as the home of the College Club of Seattle, which had vacated its former building in Downtown Seattle, but negotiations later fell through.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008270-0002-0000", "contents": "1200 Stewart, History\nLexas had planned to begin construction in 2010, but progress was hindered by the search for a major financial investor amid the economic recession. The city government granted a master-use permit to Lexas for the project in 2012 with a four-year expiration date. The Westbank Corporation of Vancouver submitted a revised design to the city in September 2015, proposing a pair of 38-story towers with 892 residential units without a hotel. The company purchased the triangular project site for $52.8\u00a0million in October and unveiled a \"wave-like design\" by Henriquez Partners Architects a month later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008270-0003-0000", "contents": "1200 Stewart, History\nIn September 2016, the city government approved a revised master-use permit for the project, which would comprise two 45-story towers with 1,050 total residential units above a retail podium and 736 parking stalls in an underground garage. The permit was later modified to add four stories of residential units with a $10\u00a0million fee paid into the city's mandatory housing affordability fund. Construction began in May 2018 under general contractor Graham Construction. The project is planned to be completed in early 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008270-0004-0000", "contents": "1200 Stewart, Design\n1200 Stewart occupies a triangular lot bound to the north by Denny Way, to the east by Yale Avenue, to the south by Stewart Street, and to the west by Minor Avenue. It is located adjacent to Interstate 5 in the northeast corner of the Denny Triangle neighborhood. It consists of two 48-story towers with 1,014 residential units above an eight-story podium with 148,700 square feet (13,810\u00a0m2) of retail space and amenities. The podium will have a two-story music venue operated by Live Nation, a Trader Joe's grocery store, and other retailers. An indoor galleria within the podium connecting Denny Way and Stewart Street will include a decommissioned Boeing 747-400 fuselage to hang above the walkway and serve as lounge space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008270-0005-0000", "contents": "1200 Stewart, Design\nThe residential towers, designed by Henriquez Partners Architects, will have sculpted balconies that are shaped into a \"wave-like\" facade inspired by the Aqua skyscraper in Chicago. The balconies, mainly concentrated on the north side of the towers, will have gardens and trees to create a \"sensual form\". The residential towers will also have a rooftop patio, a dog park, and a swimming pool. The complex will have 613 total parking stalls in a four-story underground garage accessed from Minor Avenue, with commercial and retail spaces separate from those for residential use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008271-0000-0000", "contents": "1200 Techniques\n1200 Techniques are an Australian hip hop group formed in 1997 in Melbourne, Australia, consisting of DJ Peril (Jason Foretti) as producer, percussionist, DJ; N'fa Forster-Jones as lead vocalist (under the name Nfamas) and Kemstar (DJ Peril's brother, Simon Foretti) as lead guitarist. Whilst primarily being in the genre of hip hip, they drew influences from other genres including rock, funk, soul, electro, drum and bass, electro jazz and breakbeat. They released their debut studio album, Choose One, in March 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008271-0001-0000", "contents": "1200 Techniques\nAllMusic's Jody Macgregor wrote, \"Although Australia had an underground hip-hop scene starting in the late '80s, it wasn't until 2001 that it began to be recognized by the mainstream of Australian music. 1200 Techniques were an important part of that moment, with charting singles, appearances on TV shows like John Safran's Music Jamboree, and a sound that contained an eclectic blend of rock, dance, and funk influences to win over those Australians unconvinced their country had a place as a producer of quality hip-hop music.\" The group disbanded in 2005 and reformed in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008271-0002-0000", "contents": "1200 Techniques, History\nBrothers DJ Peril (Jason Foretti) and Kemstar (Simon Foretti) were involved in Australian hip hop, since the early 1980s as pre-teens. DJ Peril started with the Island Boys, one of Melbourne's first ever hip hop crews and he was the DJ in a number of different bands: Big Pacific, Rollercoaster, Dub and Reggae, and Blow Sound Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008271-0003-0000", "contents": "1200 Techniques, History\nPeril formed 1200 Techniques in 1997, as producer, percussionist and DJ, with the English-born brothers Nfamas (N'fa) on lead vocals and Kabba Foster-Jones on vocals. The Foster-Jones brothers had moved from London to Perth in 1983, they were both in a hip-hop crew, Deadly Fresh, during the mid-1990s before relocating to Melbourne. When DJ Peril saw the duo working with another band, he approached them, \"I thought they were wasting their talent.\" The group's name references, \"the Technics 1200 turntable the name also represents the multi-direction attitude of the group's music.\" Kemstar joined soon after, Kabba then returned to London in 1999. Kabba's vocals can still, however, be heard on some of the group's early tracks, \"Don't Stop\". 1200 Techniques continued with the three remaining core members, recruiting a drummer for live shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008271-0004-0000", "contents": "1200 Techniques, History\nIn 2001, 1200 Techniques were signed to an independent label called Rubber Records and they released their debut Extended Play titled Infinite Style. The lead single from the EP \"Hard as Hell\" was released and had a low budget video clip which saw the song receive national recognition on Triple J.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008271-0005-0000", "contents": "1200 Techniques, History\nIn April 2002, the band released the single \"Karma\", the lead single from their debut studio album Choose One. \"Karma\" became a crossover success. Choose One was released in June and peaked at number 20 on the ARIA Charts. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2002, the group were nominated for five awards, with \"Karma\" winning ARIA Award for Best Independent Release and ARIA Award for Best Video. Also in 2002, the band won Best Debut Artist\" and Best Hip Hop Act at the Dance Music Awards. The group supported Linkin Park on their 2002 Australian tour that year and headlined their own tour with support by American rapper Princess Superstar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008271-0006-0000", "contents": "1200 Techniques, History\nTheir second album Consistency Theory was released in January 2004, and peaked at No. 38 on the ARIA album chart. Three singles were released from the album and all appeared on the ARIA singles chart. Following the album's release, the group appeared at the Big Day Out festival in early 2004. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2004, the lead single \"Eye of the Storm\" was nominated for two awards. The group went on hiatus in 2005 to allow the individual members to pursue solo work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008271-0007-0000", "contents": "1200 Techniques, History\nIn October 2014, the group broke nearly a decade of silence by announcing the release of a new extended play. After a successful fundraising campaign on PledgeMusic, the band released Time Has Come in January 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008271-0008-0000", "contents": "1200 Techniques, Solo careers\nDJ Peril released a solo album, King of the Beats in 2006, which includes the singles \"It's About to Blow\" and \"Rock Ya Baby\". the latter featuring singer Rahsaan Patterson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008271-0009-0000", "contents": "1200 Techniques, Solo careers\nNfamas released a solo album, as N'fa, called Cause An Effect in 2006. Both of the album's video clips were directed by his friend, actor Heath Ledger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008271-0010-0000", "contents": "1200 Techniques, Solo careers\nKemstar played guitar with his band Quarter 2 Nine circa 1990 as well with the Australian supergroup The Jack (with members of You Am I, Grinspoon, The Living End, Spiderbait, and Sender) for the 2004 Thunderstruck film soundtrack, performing on the songs \"Crash & Burn\" and \"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008271-0011-0000", "contents": "1200 Techniques, Awards, ARIA Music Awards\nThe ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. 1200 Techniques have won two awards from eight nominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008272-0000-0000", "contents": "1200 aluminium alloy\n1200 Aluminium alloy has aluminium as the major element, and has silicon, zinc, copper, titanium and manganese as minor elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008274-0000-0000", "contents": "1200-ton Oil Fuel Lighter\nThe 1200-ton Oil Fuel Lighter was a class of oil fuel lighters built for the Royal Australian Navy between 1940 and 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008274-0001-0000", "contents": "1200-ton Oil Fuel Lighter, Design\nThe lighters were 186 feet (57\u00a0m) in length and 36 feet (11\u00a0m) beam and cost about \u00a338,940 each to build. The vessels did not have engines. At the time the first ship of the class was ordered for the Royal Australian Navy, it was to be the largest lighter ever built in Australia. While OFL 1201 was completed in 1940, the other vessels in the class were not completed until 1945 or 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008274-0002-0000", "contents": "1200-ton Oil Fuel Lighter, Design\nThe lighters were capable of carrying up to 1,204 tons of oil fuel, which was transferred to other vessels using four pumps. The lighters were also fitted with accommodation spaces and a galley on their upper deck, and carried a 15-foot (4.6\u00a0m) dinghy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008274-0003-0000", "contents": "1200-ton Oil Fuel Lighter, Oil fuel lighters\nEight ships of the class were eventually constructed, of which two were allocated names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008274-0004-0000", "contents": "1200-ton Oil Fuel Lighter, Oil fuel lighters\nOFLs 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1207 and 1208 remained in use with the Royal Australian Navy as of 1983. By this time 1205 and 1206 had been sold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008275-0000-0000", "contents": "12002 Suess\n12002 Suess, provisional designation 1996 FR1, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, about 6\u00a0km (3.7\u00a0mi) in diameter. It was discovered by Czech astronomers Petr Pravec and Lenka Kotkov\u00e1 (\u0160arounov\u00e1) at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory on 19 March 1996. The asteroid was named after Austrian geologist Franz Eduard Suess.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008275-0001-0000", "contents": "12002 Suess, Orbit and classification\nSuess is a member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,917 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008275-0002-0000", "contents": "12002 Suess, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by the Digitized Sky Survey at the Siding Spring Observatory in November 1982, almost 14 years prior to its official discovery observation at Ond\u0159ejov .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008275-0003-0000", "contents": "12002 Suess, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Suess measures 6.309\u00a0km in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.177.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008275-0004-0000", "contents": "12002 Suess, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Suess has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, poles, and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008275-0005-0000", "contents": "12002 Suess, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Austrian geologist Franz Eduard Suess (1867\u20131941/2), son of geologist Eduard Suess and professor at the Technical College in Prague and superintendent at the Imperial Geological Institute of Vienna. Franz Eduard made fundamental studies on  moldavites and coined the term \"tektite\", which are ejecta from meteor impact events. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 24 January 2000 (M.P.C. 38201). The lunar crater Suess, as well as the crater Suess on Mars, however, are named after his father.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008276-0000-0000", "contents": "1200s (decade)\nThe 1200s began on January 1, 1200, and ended on December 31, 1209.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008277-0000-0000", "contents": "1200s BC (decade)\nThe 1200s BC is a decade which lasted from 1209 BC to 1200 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008279-0000-0000", "contents": "1200s in art\nThe decade of the 1200s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008280-0000-0000", "contents": "1200\u20131300 in European fashion\nCostume during the thirteenth century in Europe was very simple for both men and women, and quite uniform across the continent. Male and female clothing were relatively similar, and changed very slowly, if at all. Most clothing, especially outside the wealthier classes, remained little changed from three or four centuries earlier. The century saw great progress in the dyeing and working of wool, which was by far the most important material for outerwear. For the rich, colour and rare fabrics such as silk from the silkworm was very important. Blue was introduced and became very fashionable, being adopted by the Kings of France as their heraldic colour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008280-0001-0000", "contents": "1200\u20131300 in European fashion, Men's clothing\nMen wore a tunic, cote or cotte with a surcoat over a linen shirt. One of these surcoats was the cyclas, which began as a rectangular piece of cloth with a hole in it for the head. Over time the sides were sewn together to make a long, sleeveless tunic. When sleeves and sometimes a hood were added, the cyclas became a ganache (a cap-sleeved surcoat, usually shown with hood of matching color) or a gardcorps (a long, generous-sleeved traveling robe, somewhat resembling a modern academic robe). A mantle was worn as a formal wrap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008280-0001-0001", "contents": "1200\u20131300 in European fashion, Men's clothing\nMen also wore hose, shoes, and headdress. The clothing of royalty was set apart by its rich fabric and luxurious furs. Hair and beard were moderate in length, and men generally wore their hair in a \"pageboy\" style, curling under at necklength. Shoes were slightly pointed, and embroidered for royalty and higher clergy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008280-0002-0000", "contents": "1200\u20131300 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Working men's clothing\nWorking men wore a short coat, or tunic, with a belt. It was slit up the center of the front so that they could tuck the corners into their belt to create more freedom of movement. They wore long braies or leggings with legs of varying length, often visible as they worked with their cotte tucked into their belt. Hose could be worn over this, attached to the drawstring or belt at the waist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008280-0002-0001", "contents": "1200\u20131300 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Working men's clothing\nHats included a round cap with a slight brim, the beret (just like modern French ones, complete with a little tab at the top), the coif (a little tight white hood with strings that tied under the chin), the straw hat (in widespread use among farmworkers), and the chaperon, then still a hood that came round the neck and over the shoulders. Apart from aprons for trades like smithing, and crude clothes tied round the neck to hold seed for sowing, special clothes were not worn for working.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008280-0003-0000", "contents": "1200\u20131300 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Overview\nDress for women was modest and restrained, and a narrow belt was uniform. Over it was worn the 'cyclas' or sleeveless surcoat also worn by men. More wealthy women wore more embroidery and their mantle, held in place by a cord across the chest, might be lined with fur. Women, like men, wore hose and leather shoes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008280-0004-0000", "contents": "1200\u20131300 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Headdresses and hairstyles\nIndividuality in women's costume was expressed through their hair and headdress. One distinctive feature of women's headwear was the barbette, a chin band to which a hat or various other headdresses might be attached. This hat might be a \"woman's coif\", which more nearly resembled a pillbox hat, severely plain or fluted. The hair was often confined by a net called a crespine or crespinette, visible only at the back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 75], "content_span": [76, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008280-0004-0001", "contents": "1200\u20131300 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Headdresses and hairstyles\nLater in the century the barbette and coif were reduced to narrow strips of cloth, and the entire hairdress might be covered with the crespine, the hair fashionable bulky over the ears. Coif and barbettes were white, while the crespine might be colored or gold. The wimple and veil of the 12th century still seen on nuns today was still worn, mainly by older women and widows. Women also wore long tunics that went down to their ankles. This was worn over a shirt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 75], "content_span": [76, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008280-0005-0000", "contents": "1200\u20131300 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Wealthier Women's Jewelry\nWealthy women often wore clothes lined with fur. They wore jewelry and jewels such to make them look rich and wealthy. However, rings and brooches were not worn as gemstone cutting was only invented in the 15th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008280-0006-0000", "contents": "1200\u20131300 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Style gallery\n1 \u2013 From the Morgan Bible, c. 1250: the wife of Manoah wears a veil and wimple. Note striped hose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008280-0007-0000", "contents": "1200\u20131300 in European fashion, Sumptuary laws\nThe Fourth Council of the Lateran of 1215 ruled that Jews and Muslims must be distinguishable by their dress, beginning the process that transformed the conical or pointed Jewish hat from something worn as a voluntary mark of difference to an enforced one. Previously it had been worn but had been regarded by European Jews as \"an element of traditional garb, rather than an imposed discrimination\". A law in Breslau in 1267 said that since Jews had stopped wearing the pointed hats they used to wear, this would be made compulsory. The Yellow badge also dates from this century, although the hat seems to have been much more widely worn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008280-0008-0000", "contents": "1200\u20131300 in European fashion, Sumptuary laws\nSumptuary laws covering prostitutes were introduced (following Ancient Roman precedent) in the 13th century: in Marseilles a striped cloak, in England a striped hood, and so on. Over time these tended to be reduced to distinctive bands of fabric attached to the arm or shoulder, or tassels on the arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008280-0009-0000", "contents": "1200\u20131300 in European fashion, Sumptuary laws\nThese probably reflected both a growing concern for control over the increasing urban populations, and the increasing effectiveness of the Church's control over social issues across the continent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008280-0010-0000", "contents": "1200\u20131300 in European fashion, Footwear\nShoes began to develop a pointed toe at this time however, they were much more restrained than they were in the 14th century. The usual shoe for men opened at the front, from the instep to the toe. Commoners also wore stockings with leather sewn to the sole, and wooden clogs. Woollen garters were also worn by commoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008281-0000-0000", "contents": "1201\nYear 1201 (MCCI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008282-0000-0000", "contents": "1201 North Market Street\n1201 North Market Street is a 110\u00a0m (360\u00a0ft), 23-story high rise building in Wilmington, Delaware. It is the tallest building in Wilmington and the state of Delaware. The tower was designed by the architectural firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and opened in 1988. On clear days, the skyline of Philadelphia, 30 miles to the north, can be seen from the top floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008283-0000-0000", "contents": "1201 Pacific\n1201 Pacific, formerly the Wells Fargo Plaza, is the tallest building in Tacoma, Washington, and was completed in 1970. It was built with help from investors such as George Weyerhaeuser and Ben Cheney, and was designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008283-0001-0000", "contents": "1201 Pacific\nThe $14 million building was announced in 1968 and uses land that was cleared under Tacoma's urban renewal program. It was originally built for the National Bank of Washington, which was acquired in 1970 by Pacific National Bank (later First Interstate Bank of Washington), in turn acquired in 1996 by Wells Fargo. It was known as the Wells Fargo Center until 2016, when it lost its naming rights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008283-0002-0000", "contents": "1201 Pacific\nThe building, now owned by Unico Properties, was awarded LEED Silver certification in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008284-0000-0000", "contents": "1201 Pennsylvania Avenue\n1201 Pennsylvania Avenue is a highrise skyscraper office building in Washington, D.C. on Pennsylvania Avenue. The building is 49\u00a0m (160\u00a0ft) tall and has approximately 13 floors. Its construction ended in 1981. It was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, LLP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008285-0000-0000", "contents": "1201 Third Avenue\n1201 Third Avenue (formerly Washington Mutual Tower) is a 235.31-meter (772.0\u00a0ft), 55-story skyscraper in Downtown Seattle, in the U.S. state of Washington. It is the third-tallest building in the city, the eighth-tallest on the West Coast of the United States, and the 97th-tallest in the United States. Developed by Wright Runstad & Company, construction began in 1986 and finished in 1988. 1201 Third Avenue was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates and The McKinley Architects. The building was the world headquarters of the financial company Washington Mutual from the building's opening until 2006, when the company moved across the street to the WaMu Center (renamed the Russell Investments Center after the bank collapsed in 2008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008285-0001-0000", "contents": "1201 Third Avenue, History\nKohn Pedersen Fox was hired to design the tower while visiting Seattle to be interviewed as a possible candidate for the job of designing the Seattle Art Museum. It was the first major office building built under Seattle's 1985 downtown zoning plan, largely implemented in response to the Columbia Center, which called for height limits, interesting profiles, and height and density bonuses for public amenities to create a 24-hour downtown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008285-0001-0001", "contents": "1201 Third Avenue, History\nThe tower took advantage of all the height bonuses for public amenities that the 1985 plan called for including an entrance to the Metro Bus Tunnel (later renamed the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel), retail space, day care, public plaza, sculptured top, hillside public escalators, and lobby/atrium public access, as well as donating $2.5 million for off-site housing. By providing the amenities the designers were able to add 28 stories to the tower and almost double the base floor area ratio of the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008285-0001-0002", "contents": "1201 Third Avenue, History\nThe building was built on the site of the 12-story Savoy Hotel which was imploded in 1986; however, the architects were able to incorporate two aluminum castings from the Savoy into the design of the tower. Another building on the same block, the historic Brooklyn (Hotel) Building was retained and this too was factored into the design of the tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008285-0002-0000", "contents": "1201 Third Avenue, History\nThe New York Times named it one of the three best new office buildings in the United States in 1988, and in the May 1989 issue of Architecture Magazine Walter McQuade called it \"perhaps the best recent addition to any U.S. skyline\". Paul Goldberger said of the tower, \"The building seems proud of its height; for all its classical elements it has a certain sleekness, and in this sense it is characteristic of our time, at least in intention, for it bespeaks a desire to combine the formal imagery of classicism and the energizing aura of modernity.\" Seattlites have voted the 55-story skyscraper as one of their favorite buildings. The building is managed by Wright Runstad & Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008285-0003-0000", "contents": "1201 Third Avenue, History\nMetLife Real Estate Investments and Clarion Partners bought the building in 2012 for $548.8 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008285-0004-0000", "contents": "1201 Third Avenue, History\nThe building is home to a perch for Peregrine falcons, who are monitored using a public webcam that was installed in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008286-0000-0000", "contents": "1201 Walnut\nThe 1201 Walnut Building is a Skyscraper located in Downtown Kansas City, Missouri, USA, built by HNTB Architects in 1991. Found at the intersection of 12th and Walnut streets, it is the eighth tallest habitable structure in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area, and the twelfth-tallest habitable structure in Missouri, at 427 feet. The exterior is made of mostly dark-colored glass, and granite panels, and is located one block North of the Power & Light District in downtown Kansas City. In late 2010, building tenant Stinson Leonard Street, LLP acquired the rights to place a large sign and corporate logo atop the southern face of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008288-0000-0000", "contents": "12012\n12012 (\u30a4\u30c1\u30cb\u30fc\u30bc\u30ed\u30a4\u30c1\u30cb, ichi n\u012b zero ichi ni) is a Japanese visual kei rock band. Formed in 2003 in Osaka Prefecture, the group centers its work around the concept of \"madness inside a human\" (\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u5185\u9762\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u72c2\u6c17 ningen no naimen ni okeru ky\u014dki). 12012 is also the penal code for the possession of a dangerous weapon in California. The group sometimes performs as \"Ky\u014dki Shoji\" (\u51f6\u5668\u6240\u6301), which is a translation of that offense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008288-0001-0000", "contents": "12012, Musical styles\nThe band's musical style has changed over the years. Starting out as a hardcore punk band \u2014 and later an alternative metal band with some punk elements \u2014 after its first two albums Not Obtain+1 and Play Dolls the band's music shifted to a more radio-friendly sound which could be described as a mix of pop and hard rock. After guitarist Suga left, the band slowly drifted back to heavier terrain. The band's current style could be described as heavy metal with alternative and progressive rock influences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008288-0002-0000", "contents": "12012, History\nIn 2007, the band performed the ending theme, \"Cyclone\", to the Gonzo anime television series Romeo x Juliet, its single being released by Universal Music Japan on June 13, 2007. The group has also toured Japan on many occasions as well as performing at concerts in numerous international locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008288-0003-0000", "contents": "12012, History\nIn September 2007, vocalist Miyawaki Wataru was arrested for assault on a woman. After a night of heavy drinking, it was reported he had tried to strangle a female acquaintance. It was resolved out of court, and the charges were later dropped. On October 17, 2007, Wataru posted an apology in his blog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008288-0004-0000", "contents": "12012, History\nIt was announced on their official website that guitarist Y\u016bsuke Suga would be leaving the band on December 12, 2010, after the final concert of their \"The Fangs of Killer\u300cSeven\u300dSadness\" tour. The band continued with the four remaining members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008288-0005-0000", "contents": "12012, History\nIn 2013, former support guitarist Shinichirou Saitou officially joined the band, and the year saw the release of two mini-albums: Deicida of Silence and The Swan. On February 10, 2014, the band announced an indefinite hiatus which would take place the same year on December 12. Later that year they also announced a mini-album XII, which would be their last release before the indefinite hiatus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008288-0006-0000", "contents": "12012, History\nOn June 24, 2020, a livestream was played by Sakai where he announced 12012 would return from hiatus. The new lineup will also include former guitarist Y\u016bsuke Suga, making the band a six-piece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008289-0000-0000", "contents": "1202\nYear 1202 (MCCII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008290-0000-0000", "contents": "1202 Marina\n1202 Marina, provisional designation 1931 RL, is a primitive Hildian background asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 55 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory in 1931, and later named in honor of Marina Lavrova\u2013Berg, a scientific collaborator at Pulkovo Observatory, who died at an early age during WWII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008290-0001-0000", "contents": "1202 Marina, Discovery\nMarina was discovered on 13 September 1931, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. Two nights later, it was independently discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory on 15 September 1931. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008290-0002-0000", "contents": "1202 Marina, Discovery\nThe asteroid was first observed as A924 WG at Heidelberg Observatory in November 1924. The body's observation arc also begins at Heidelberg in January 1925, more than 6 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008290-0003-0000", "contents": "1202 Marina, Orbit and classification\nMarina is a non-family background asteroid of the Hilda group, located in the outermost region of the main-belt and in a 3:2 resonance with the giant planet Jupiter. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.3\u20134.7\u00a0AU once every 7 years and 12 months (2,920 days; semi-major axis of 4.00\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008290-0004-0000", "contents": "1202 Marina, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Marina is a primitive P-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008290-0005-0000", "contents": "1202 Marina, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn the 1990s, a rotational lightcurve of Marina was obtained from a survey of Hildian asteroids by European astronomers. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 9.45 hours with a brightness variation of 0.29 magnitude (U=3). In October 2010, photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California gave a similar period of 9.571 hours and an amplitude of 0.09 (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008290-0006-0000", "contents": "1202 Marina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the Japanese Akari satellite, Marina measures 54.93 and 63.76 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo of 0.0337 and 0.026, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008290-0007-0000", "contents": "1202 Marina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.045 and a diameter of 55.07 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008290-0008-0000", "contents": "1202 Marina, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Marina Davydovna Lavrova\u2013Berg (1898\u20131943), a scientific collaborator who worked at the Pulkovo Observatory near Saint Petersburg during 1931\u20131942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008291-0000-0000", "contents": "1202 Syria earthquake\nThe 1202 Syria earthquake struck at about dawn on 20 May 1202 (598 AH) with an epicenter in southwestern Syria. Up to 1,100,000 deaths have been associated with this earthquake, although other estimates are much smaller. It was felt over a very wide area, from Sicily to Mesopotamia and Anatolia to upper Egypt, mostly affecting the Ayyubid Sultanate and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The cities of Tyre, Acre and Nablus were heavily damaged. A magnitude of Ms = 7.6 has been estimated with damage up to XI on the Mercalli intensity scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008291-0001-0000", "contents": "1202 Syria earthquake, Records of the earthquake\nA large earthquake or series of earthquakes is described in many written sources during the period 1201\u20131202 (597\u2013598 AH). It is unclear as to whether they refer to a single mainshock with several large aftershocks or more than one unrelated earthquake. Given the rarity of such large events in this area it has been considered more likely that the reports all refer to the same mainshock. Other workers have recognised two separate events, the earlier (Ms\u202f = 7.5) on 6 June 1201 and the latter (Ms\u202f = 6.8) on 20 May 1202, occurring on two different (but contiguous) segments of the Dead Sea Transform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008291-0002-0000", "contents": "1202 Syria earthquake, Cause\nThe distribution of reported damage strongly suggests that the earthquake resulted from movement on a segment of the dominantly strike-slip Dead Sea Transform. Detailed studies of recent sediments along the line of the Yammo\u00fbneh Fault, which borders the Beqaa Valley, support movement on this fault as the most likely origin for the 1202 earthquake. Field evidence of the 1202 earthquake rupture has been reported from the displacement of the walls of the Vadum Iacob Crusader fortress (at Tell Ateret) and from displaced stream channels in the Bet Saida Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 28], "content_span": [29, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008291-0003-0000", "contents": "1202 Syria earthquake, Cause\nThe tsunami reports associated with this earthquake are unlikely to be directly caused by the movement of the fault as none of the fault displacement happened beneath the sea. Most large tsunamis recorded in the eastern Mediterranean are thought to be the result of seismically triggered underwater landslides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 28], "content_span": [29, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008291-0004-0000", "contents": "1202 Syria earthquake, Effects, Areas affected\nThe earthquake was felt from Sicily in the west to northwestern Iran in the east, and from Constantinople in the north to Aswan in the south. The affected areas \u2013 listed by decreasing order of the intensity \u2013 were, in today's terms, Lebanon, central Palestine, western Syria, Cyprus, northern Israel, Jerusalem, Jordan, southern Turkey (Antioch, Lesser Armenia, eastern Anatolia), Sicily, Iraq and Iran, Egypt (as far south as Aswan), Constantinople and Ceuta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008291-0005-0000", "contents": "1202 Syria earthquake, Effects, Areas affected\nThe greatest damage was reported from Mount Lebanon, Tyre, Acre, Baalbek, Beit Jann, Samaria, Nablus, Banias, Damascus, Hauran, Tripoli and Hama (VIII\u2013IX on the Mercalli intensity scale).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008291-0006-0000", "contents": "1202 Syria earthquake, Effects, Tsunami\nTsunami probably associated with this event were observed on eastern Cyprus and along the Syrian and Lebanese coasts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008291-0007-0000", "contents": "1202 Syria earthquake, Effects, Casualties\nThe figure of 1,100,000 deaths often quoted for this earthquake includes all deaths for the year in question, including those from the famine and subsequent epidemics caused by the failure of the Nile flood that year. A more realistic estimate has been made from the analysis of contemporary records of 30,000 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008294-0000-0000", "contents": "1202 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1202 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008295-0000-0000", "contents": "1203\nYear 1203 (MCCIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It was also the first year to have all digits different from each other since 1098.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008296-0000-0000", "contents": "1203 Nanna\n1203 Nanna, provisional designation 1931 TA, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, about 35 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 October 1931, by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany, and named after a model of painter Anselm Feuerbach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008296-0001-0000", "contents": "1203 Nanna, Orbit\nNanna is a dark C-type asteroid. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.2\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,797 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1926, it was first identified as 1926 RH, extending the body's observation arc by 5 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008296-0002-0000", "contents": "1203 Nanna, Rotation period\nIn September 2009, two rotational lightcurves of Nanna were obtained by American astronomer Brian Warner from photometric observations at his Palmer Divided Observatory in Colorado. The first lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 18.54 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=2), while the second lightcurve was ambiguous giving a period of 25.80 and 12.90 hours, respectively, and an amplitude of 0.15 (U=2). These results supersede a fragmentary lightcurve taken by French amateur astronomers Federico Manzini, Laurent Bernasconi and Ren\u00e9 Roy from August 2004, which gave a period of 15.6 hours (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008296-0003-0000", "contents": "1203 Nanna, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Nanna measures between 31.80 and 37.91 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.028 and 0.056. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.03 and a diameter of 35.06 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008296-0004-0000", "contents": "1203 Nanna, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Anna Risi, a model in several paintings by German classicist painter Anselm Feuerbach. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 112).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008297-0000-0000", "contents": "1203 in Ireland, Deaths\nThis year in Ireland article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008298-0000-0000", "contents": "120347 Salacia\n120347 Salacia, provisional designation 2004 SB60, is a large planetoid in the Kuiper belt, approximately 850 kilometers in diameter. As of 2018, it is located 44.8 astronomical units from the Sun, and reaches apparent magnitude 20.7 at opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008298-0001-0000", "contents": "120347 Salacia\nSalacia was discovered on 22 September 2004, by American astronomers Henry Roe, Michael Brown and Kristina Barkume at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States. It has been observed 124 times, with precovery images back to 25 July 1982. Salacia orbits the Sun at an average distance that is slightly greater than that of Pluto. It was named after the Roman goddess Salacia and has a single known moon, Actaea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008298-0002-0000", "contents": "120347 Salacia\nBrown estimated that Salacia is possible a dwarf planet. However, William Grundy et al. argue that objects in the size range of 400\u20131000\u00a0km, with densities of \u2248\u00a01.2 g/cm3 or less and albedos less than \u2248\u00a00.2, have likely never compressed into fully solid bodies or been resurfaced, let alone differentiated or collapsed into hydrostatic equilibrium, and so are highly unlikely to be dwarf planets. Salacia is in this size range and has a very low albedo, though Grundy et al. later found it to have the relatively high density of 1.5\u00b10.1\u00a0g/cm3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008298-0003-0000", "contents": "120347 Salacia, Orbit\nSalacia is a non-resonant object with a moderate eccentricity (0.11) and large inclination (23.9\u00b0), making it a scattered\u2013extended object in the classification of the Deep Ecliptic Survey and a hot classical in the classification system of Gladman et al., which may be a non-distinction if they are part of a single population that formed during the outward migration of Neptune. Salacia's orbit is within the parameter space of the Haumea collisional family, but Salacia is not part of it, because it lacks the strong water-ice absorption bands typical of its members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008298-0004-0000", "contents": "120347 Salacia, Physical characteristics\nAs of 2019, the total mass of the Salacia\u2013Actaea system is estimated at (4.922\u00b10.071)\u00d71020\u00a0kg, with an average system density of 1.51\u00a0g/cm3; Salacia itself is estimated to be around 846\u00a0km in diameter. Salacia has the lowest albedo of any known large trans-Neptunian object. According to the estimate from 2017 based on an improved thermophysical modelling the size of Salacia is slightly different at 866 km and its density is therefore lower being 1.26\u00a0g/cm3 (based on old mass).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008298-0005-0000", "contents": "120347 Salacia, Physical characteristics\nSalacia was previously believed to have a mass of around (4.38\u00b10.16)\u00d71020\u00a0kg, in which case it would also have had the lowest density (around 1.29\u00a0g/cm3) of any known large TNO; William Grundy and colleagues proposed that this low density would imply that Salacia never collapsed into a solid body, in which case it would not be in hydrostatic equilibrium. Salacia's infrared spectrum is almost featureless, indicating an abundance of water ice of less than 5% on the surface. Its light-curve amplitude is only 3%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008298-0006-0000", "contents": "120347 Salacia, Physical characteristics\nMike Brown's website lists Salacia as nearly certainly a dwarf planet,but the IAU has not formally recognized it as such.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008298-0007-0000", "contents": "120347 Salacia, Satellite\nSalacia has one natural satellite, Actaea, that orbits its primary every 5.49380\u00b10.00016\u00a0d at a distance of 5619\u00b189\u00a0km and with an eccentricity of 0.0084\u00b10.0076. It was discovered on 21 July 2006 by Keith Noll, Harold Levison, Denise Stephens and William Grundy with the Hubble Space Telescope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008298-0008-0000", "contents": "120347 Salacia, Satellite\nActaea is 2.372\u00b10.060 magnitudes fainter than Salacia, implying a diameter ratio of 2.98 for equal albedos. Hence, assuming equal albedos, it has a diameter of 286\u00b124\u00a0km According to the estimate from 2017 based on an improved modelling the size of Actaea is slightly larger being 290\u00b121\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008298-0009-0000", "contents": "120347 Salacia, Satellite\nActaea has the same color as Salacia (V\u2212I = 0.89\u00b10.02 and 0.87\u00b10.01, respectively), supporting the assumption of equal albedos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008298-0010-0000", "contents": "120347 Salacia, Satellite\nIt has been calculated that the Salacia system should have undergone enough tidal evolution to circularize their orbits, which is consistent with the low measured eccentricity, but that the primary need not have been tidally locked. The ratio of its semi-major axis to its primary's Hill radius is 0.0023, the tightest trans-Neptunian binary with a known orbit. Salacia and Actaea will next occult each other in 2067.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008298-0011-0000", "contents": "120347 Salacia, Name\nThis minor planet was named after Salacia (/s\u0259\u02c8le\u026a\u0283\u0259/), the goddess of salt water and the wife of Neptune. Naming citation was published on 18 February 2011 (M.P.C. 73984).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008298-0012-0000", "contents": "120347 Salacia, Name\nThe moon's name, Actaea /\u00e6k\u02c8ti\u02d0\u0259/, was assigned on the same date. Actaea is a nereid or sea nymph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008299-0000-0000", "contents": "120375 Kugel\n120375 Kugel, provisional designation: 2005 PB6, is a background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 1 kilometer (0.6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 10 August 2005, by French amateur astronomer Claudine Rinner at her Ottmarsheim Observatory (224) in France. The stony S/Q-type asteroid in the region of the Florian clan has a tentative rotation period of 6.9 hours. It was named after French astronomer Fran\u00e7ois Kugel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008299-0001-0000", "contents": "120375 Kugel, Orbit and classification\nKugel is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been considered a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid clan and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008299-0002-0000", "contents": "120375 Kugel, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,289 days; semi-major axis of 2.32\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1998 SM108 at Lincoln Laboratory ETS in September 1998, nearly 7 years prior to its official discovery observation at Ottmarsheim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008299-0003-0000", "contents": "120375 Kugel, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after French amateur astronomer Fran\u00e7ois Kugel (born 1959), an active observer of comets and a collaborator of the discoverer. He has founded the Chante-Perdrix Observatory (A77) in 2005. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 August 2009 (M.P.C. 66728).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008299-0004-0000", "contents": "120375 Kugel, Physical characteristics\nIn the SDSS-based taxonomy, Kugel has an SQ-type that transitions between the common S-type and less common Q-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008299-0005-0000", "contents": "120375 Kugel, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Kugel was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a tentative rotation period of 6.923\u00b10.0085 hours with a weak brightness amplitude of 0.09 magnitude (U=1). As of 2021, no secure period has been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008299-0006-0000", "contents": "120375 Kugel, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nKugel has not been observed by any of the space-based surveys such as the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the Akari satellite or IRAS. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora the parent body of the Flora family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 1.05 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 17.07.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008300-0000-0000", "contents": "1204\nYear 1204 (MCCIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008301-0000-0000", "contents": "1204 Renzia\n1204 Renzia, provisional designation 1931 TE, is a stony asteroid and sizable Mars-crosser on an eccentric orbit from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany on 6 October 1931. The asteroid was named after German-Russian astronomer Franz Renz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008301-0001-0000", "contents": "1204 Renzia, Orbit and classification\nRenzia is a Mars-crossing asteroid, a dynamically unstable group between the main belt and the near-Earth populations, crossing the orbit of Mars at 1.666\u00a0AU. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.6\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,244 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg with its official discovery observation in 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008301-0002-0000", "contents": "1204 Renzia, Orbit and classification, Impact probability\nIn the 1980s, British astronomer Duncan Steel calculated that Renzia has the third highest probability of impacting into Mars among a large sample of Mars-crossing asteroids. With a collision probability of 4.84 impacts per billion orbits, Renzia is only behind the asteroids (9801) 1997 FX (4.96) and 8303 Miyaji (5.08), which are both significantly smaller. He also calculated that such an impact event may occur every 300,000 years, for an assumed population of 10 thousand Mars-crossers larger than 1 kilometer producing impact craters of at least 10 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 57], "content_span": [58, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008301-0003-0000", "contents": "1204 Renzia, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Renzia is a common stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008301-0004-0000", "contents": "1204 Renzia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn September 1982, a first rotational lightcurve of Renzia was obtained from photometric observations at the Table Mountain Observatory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.885 hours with a brightness variation of 0.42 magnitude (U=3). In February 2012, observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory gave an identical period with an amplitude of 0.49 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008301-0005-0000", "contents": "1204 Renzia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nTwo 2016-studies also modeled the asteroid's lightcurve. They gave a concurring sidereal period of 7.88695 and 7.88697 hours. Each of the studies also determined two spin axis in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2): (142.0\u00b0, \u221250.0\u00b0) and (305.0\u00b0, \u221245.0\u00b0), as well as (130.0\u00b0, \u221244.0\u00b0) and (312.0\u00b0, \u221251.0\u00b0).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008301-0006-0000", "contents": "1204 Renzia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Renzia measures 10.49 and 10.73 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.254 and 0.222, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2103 and a diameter of 10.82 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008301-0007-0000", "contents": "1204 Renzia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nWith a diameter above 10 kilometers, Renzia is larger than most sizable Mars-crossing asteroids such as 1065\u00a0Amundsenia (9.75\u00a0km), 1139\u2009Atami (9.35\u00a0km), 1474 Beira (15\u00a0km), 1011\u00a0Laodamia (7.39\u00a0km), 1727\u00a0Mette (est 9\u00a0km), 1131\u00a0Porzia (7.13\u00a0km), 1235\u00a0Schorria (est. 9\u00a0km), 985\u00a0Rosina (8.18\u00a0km) 1310\u00a0Villigera (15.24\u00a0km), and 1468\u00a0Zomba (7\u00a0km); but still smaller than the largest members of this dynamical group, namely, 132\u00a0Aethra, 323\u00a0Brucia, 1508\u00a0Kemi, 2204\u00a0Lyyli and 512\u00a0Taurinensis, which are larger than 20 kilometers in diameter (in one or other given source).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008301-0008-0000", "contents": "1204 Renzia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after German-Russian astronomer Franz Robert Renz (1860\u20131942) also known as Franz Franzevich Renz, who worked at the Dorpat and Pulkovo observatories. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 112).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008304-0000-0000", "contents": "1204th Aviation Support Battalion\nThe 1204th Aviation Support Battalion (ASB) is a unit in the Kentucky Army National Guard that inactivated January 10, 2016. The unit deployed to Iraq in support of Operation New Dawn (Iraq, 2010\u20132011) on October 1, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008304-0001-0000", "contents": "1204th Aviation Support Battalion, Service in Iraq\nFollowing arrival for Iraq War service and the uncasing of the colors on November 3, 2011, the battalion quickly began work, assuming the responsibility of aviation logistics sustainment and support operations from Contingency Operating Site Taji, while simultaneously planning for the withdrawal of the Combat Aviation Brigade, 29th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008304-0002-0000", "contents": "1204th Aviation Support Battalion, Service in Iraq\nThe unit earned the Meritorious Unit Commendation for operational service in Iraq from August 23, 2011 to August 10, 2012 during the unit's Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation New Dawn deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008305-0000-0000", "contents": "1205\nYear 1205 (MCCV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008306-0000-0000", "contents": "1205 Ebella\n1205 Ebella, provisional designation 1931 TB1, is a relatively eccentric asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory on 6 October 1931. The asteroid was named after German astronomer Martin Ebell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008306-0001-0000", "contents": "1205 Ebella, Orbit and classification\nEbella orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4.04 years (1,474 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made, the asteroid's observation arc begins at Heidelberg with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008306-0002-0000", "contents": "1205 Ebella, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Ebella measures 5.474 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.214, which is typical for stony S-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008306-0003-0000", "contents": "1205 Ebella, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nBased on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, it measures 6.0 kilometers in diameter using an absolute magnitude of 13.50 with an assumed albedo of 0.20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008306-0004-0000", "contents": "1205 Ebella, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Ebella has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's  rotation period, poles and shape still remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008306-0005-0000", "contents": "1205 Ebella, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Carl Wilhelm Ludwig Martin Ebell (1871\u20131944) an astronomer from Kiel, Germany, who was on the editorial team of the renowned astronomical journal Astronomische Nachrichten. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 112).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008308-0000-0000", "contents": "1205 km\n1205 km (Russian: 1205 \u043a\u043c) is a rural locality (a village) in Voyegurtskoye Rural Settlement of Balezinsky District, Russia. The population was 25 as of 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008309-0000-0000", "contents": "12052 Aretaon\n12052 Aretaon /\u00e6r\u026a\u02c8te\u026a\u0252n/ is a mid-sized Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 3 May 1997, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 8.05 hours. It was named after Aretaon from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008309-0001-0000", "contents": "12052 Aretaon, Orbit and classification\nAretaon is a Jupiter trojan in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9\u20135.6\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 12 months (4,381 days; semi-major axis of 5.24\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1977 UG5 at the Palomar Observatory in October 1977, almost 20 years prior to its official discovery observation at La Silla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008309-0002-0000", "contents": "12052 Aretaon, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Trojan warrior Aretaon. He was killed by Teucer during the Trojan War. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 January 2003 (M.P.C. 47300).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008309-0003-0000", "contents": "12052 Aretaon, Physical characteristics\nAretaon is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid. The majority of Jupiter trojans are D-types, with the reminder being mostly C- and P-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008309-0004-0000", "contents": "12052 Aretaon, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Aretaon was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in Landers, California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.05 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.17 magnitude (U=2). This period determination was confirmed by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in September 2013, measuring a period of 8.048 hours and an amplitude of 0.19 magnitude in the R-band (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008309-0005-0000", "contents": "12052 Aretaon, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Aretaon measures 39.151 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.073, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 42.23 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008309-0006-0000", "contents": "12052 Aretaon, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008310-0000-0000", "contents": "1206\nYear 1206 (MCCVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008311-0000-0000", "contents": "1206 Numerowia\n1206 Numerowia, provisional designation 1931 UH, is an asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany on 18 October 1931, and named after Russian astronomer Boris Numerov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008311-0001-0000", "contents": "1206 Numerowia, Orbit and classification\nNumerowia orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,771 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins at Heidelberg four days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008311-0002-0000", "contents": "1206 Numerowia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn February 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Numerowia was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Lawrence Molnar and colleges at the Calvin\u2013Rehoboth Observatory in New Mexico, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.7743 hours with a high brightness variation of 0.63 magnitude (U=3), indicating that the body has a non-spheroidal shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 67], "content_span": [68, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008311-0003-0000", "contents": "1206 Numerowia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nA 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD), gave a concurring period of 4.77529 hours (U=n.a. ), as well as two spin axis of (64.0\u00b0, \u221250.0\u00b0) and (271.0\u00b0, \u221269.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 67], "content_span": [68, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008311-0004-0000", "contents": "1206 Numerowia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Numerowia measures between 14.173 and 15.63 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.141 and 0.168.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008311-0005-0000", "contents": "1206 Numerowia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for C-type asteroid of 0.057 and consequently calculates a larger diameter of 27.90 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 11.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008311-0006-0000", "contents": "1206 Numerowia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Russian astronomer and geophysicist Boris Numerov (1891\u20131941), founder and director of the Institute for Theoretical Astronomy in Leningrad, who was executed for espionage by the Soviet Union in 1941. The accusation was based on the fact that a German had named the asteroid after him. In 1957, his memory was rehabilitated. The lunar crater Numerov was also named in his honour. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 112).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008312-0000-0000", "contents": "1206 in India, Events\n12 June \u2014 Qutb al-Din Aibak ascended to the throne of Delhi. He was first Muslim king of Delhi and was founder of Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008312-0001-0000", "contents": "1206 in India, Deaths\n15 March \u2014  Muhammad of Ghor, Sultan of Ghurid Empire from 1173 to 1206 AD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008314-0000-0000", "contents": "1207\nYear 1207 (MCCVII) was a common year starting on Monday (full calendar) under the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008315-0000-0000", "contents": "1207 Antalya Spor\n1207 Antalya D\u00f6\u015femealt\u0131 Belediye Spor, a.k.a. 1207 Antalyaspor,  is a women's football team based in Antalya playing in the Turkish Women's First Football League. Current chairman of the club is S\u00fcleyman T\u00fcrk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008315-0001-0000", "contents": "1207 Antalya Spor, History\nThe women's team was founded as Antalya Yeni Kap\u0131spor in 2006, and started to play in the Women's League. From 2007 until 2012, the team was part of Antalyaspor while they played in the 2011\u201312 season under the name Medical Park Antalyaspor in line with their sponsor. After three seasons in Women's First League, the team was relegated to the Women's Second League for the 2012\u201313 season. As a result, Antalyaspor's club management decided to close the women's football branch. The team merged with the other women's football club in Antalya, the D\u00f6\u015femealt\u0131 K\u0131rkg\u00f6z Gen\u00e7lik Spor and was renamed 1207 Antalya Muratpa\u015fa Belediye Spor. The municipality of Muratpa\u015fa District sponsors the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008315-0002-0000", "contents": "1207 Antalya Spor, History\n1207 Antalya Muratpa\u015fa Belediye Spor finished the following two seasons as group leader in the Women's Second League, however, lost the play-off matches and failed so to get promoted to the Women's First League. At the end of the 2014\u201315 season, they became league champion, and were promoted to the Women's First League again in the 2015\u201316  season. The team played three seasons in the Women's First League, but at the end of the 2017-18 League season, they were relegated to the Women's Second League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008315-0003-0000", "contents": "1207 Antalya Spor, History\nBetween 2016 and 2018, the club was sponsored by the district municipality of D\u00f6\u015femealt\u0131 in Antalya. The club was renamed to \"\"1207 Antalya D\u00f6\u015femealt\u0131 Belediye Spor\". With the 2018-19 season, the name of the club was changed to \"1207 Antalyaspor Kad\u0131n Futbol Kul\u00fcb\u00fc\" (\"1207 Antalyaspor Women's Football Club\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008315-0004-0000", "contents": "1207 Antalya Spor, History\nAfter playing two seasons in the Women's Second League, the team were promoted to the Women's First League againaccording to point average by decision of the Turkish Football Federation (TFF) as the season could not be completed due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008315-0005-0000", "contents": "1207 Antalya Spor, Stadium\nThe team play their home matches at the Zeytink\u00f6y Stadium's Field #2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008315-0006-0000", "contents": "1207 Antalya Spor, Current squad\nHead coach: Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008315-0007-0000", "contents": "1207 Antalya Spor, Squads\n1207 Antalya Muratpa\u015fa Belediyespor team in the 2015\u201316 season's away match against Kire\u00e7burnu Spor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008315-0008-0000", "contents": "1207 Antalya Spor, Squads\n1207 Antalya D\u00f6\u015femealt\u0131 Belediyespor team in the 2016\u201317 season's play-off away match against Be\u015fikta\u015f J.K..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008316-0000-0000", "contents": "1207 Ostenia\n1207 Ostenia, provisional designation 1931 VT, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 November 1931, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany, and named for amateur astronomer Hans Osten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008316-0001-0000", "contents": "1207 Ostenia, Classification and orbit\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Eos family, thought to have formed from a catastrophic collision of its parent body resulting in more than 4,000 known members of the family. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,920 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Ostenia's observation arc begins at Heidelberg with its official discovery observation. No precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008316-0002-0000", "contents": "1207 Ostenia, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Ostenia measures 21.925 and 22.93 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.176 and 0.1338, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1591 and a diameter of 23.05 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008316-0003-0000", "contents": "1207 Ostenia, Lightcurves\nIn February 2006, photometric observations of Ostenia by Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado (see \u00a7\u00a0External links), were used to generate a well-defined lightcurve with a period of 9.073\u00b10.004 hours and a variation in brightness of 0.60\u00b10.02 magnitude (U=3). Results from modeled lightcurves in 2009 and 2011, confirmed a rotation period of 9.07 hours (U=n.a. ), while previous observations from the 1970s, taken by Swedish astronomer Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist at Mount Stromlo (Uppsala Southern Station in Australia) and Kvistaberg observatories gave a shorter period of 7.7 and 8.4 hours, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008316-0004-0000", "contents": "1207 Ostenia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Hans Osten (1875\u20131936) a German amateur astronomer, orbit computer and business man. As a non-professional, Osten attracted attention with his precise calculations of comets and asteroids. He is known for calculating the orbit of 447\u00a0Valentine, taking into account perturbations by all major planets with such precision, that it was considered exemplary in the astronomical community. Osten received the silver Leibniz Medal in 1911. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 112).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008319-0000-0000", "contents": "1208\nYear 1208 (MCCVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008320-0000-0000", "contents": "1208 (band)\n1208 (generally pronounced \"twelve-o-eight\" or \"twelve-zero-eight\") was an American punk rock band from Hermosa Beach, California that formed in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008320-0001-0000", "contents": "1208 (band)\nThe name \"1208\" came from the apartment number they first shared. They released two full-length studio albums on Epitaph Records: Feedback Is Payback (2002) and Turn of the Screw (2004). Their song \"Fall Apart\" from Turn of The Screw was featured on the popular PlayStation 2 and Xbox game Burnout 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008320-0002-0000", "contents": "1208 (band)\nIn November 2006, the band was reported to be working on a third album, however the album never materialized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008320-0003-0000", "contents": "1208 (band)\n1208 reunited in 2009 for a one-off show with T.S.O.L.. All original members performed, with the exception of drummer Manny McNamara. Deviates drummer Donald Conrad filled in on drums. Singer Alex Flynn is the nephew of Black Flag founder Greg Ginn and artist Raymond Pettibon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008321-0000-0000", "contents": "1208 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1208 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on November 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008321-0001-0000", "contents": "1208 Imperial election\nAs a result of the election, Otto IV was unanimously named Holy Roman Emperor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008322-0000-0000", "contents": "1208 Troilus\n1208 Troilus /\u02c8tro\u028a\u026al\u0259s/ is a large and notably inclined Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 103 kilometers (64 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 31 December 1931, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. The unusual F-type asteroid belongs to the largest Jupiter trojans and has a long rotation period of 56.2 hours. It was named after the Trojan prince Troilus, who was killed by Achilles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008322-0001-0000", "contents": "1208 Troilus, Orbit and classification\nTroilus is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the trailing Trojan camp at Jupiter's L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind its orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008322-0002-0000", "contents": "1208 Troilus, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.8\u20135.7\u00a0AU once every 12 years (4,395 days; semi-major axis of 5.25\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and a high inclination of 34\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in December 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008322-0003-0000", "contents": "1208 Troilus, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Troilus has an ambiguous and unusual spectrum, closest to that of an F-type and somewhat similar to a common C-type asteroid (FCU). It has also been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type in the Barucci taxonomy (C0-type).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008322-0004-0000", "contents": "1208 Troilus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Troilus was obtained from photometric observations by Lawrence Molnar at the Calvin-Rehoboth Robotic Observatory (G98) in New Mexico. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 56.17\u00b10.07 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20\u00b10.02 magnitude (U=2). While not being a slow rotator, Troilus has a significantly longer period than most asteroids, and one of longest of all larger Jupiter trojans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008322-0005-0000", "contents": "1208 Troilus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThe period also supersedes previous observations made by Linda French with the 0.9-meter SMARTS telescope at Cerro Tololo in the 1980s and by Federico Manzini at the Sozzago Astronomical Station (A12), which gave a period of 24 and 63.8 hours, respectively (U=2/1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008322-0006-0000", "contents": "1208 Troilus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Troilus measures between 100.48 and 111.36 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.037 and 0.0419. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0397 and a diameter of 103.31 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008322-0007-0000", "contents": "1208 Troilus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008322-0008-0000", "contents": "1208 Troilus, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the young Trojan prince Troilus, the son of King Priam (also see 884 Priamus), who in a medieval legend loved Cressida (see 548 Kressida) and lost her to Diomedes (see 1437 Diomedes). Troilus was killed by Achilles (see 588 Achilles) in the Trojan War. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 112).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008324-0000-0000", "contents": "1208 in poetry, Deaths\nThis year in poetry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008325-0000-0000", "contents": "1209\nYear 1209 (MCCIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008326-0000-0000", "contents": "1209 Pumma\n1209 Pumma, provisional designation 1927 HA, is a Hygiean asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 April 1927, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the niece of astronomer Albrecht Kahrstedt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008326-0001-0000", "contents": "1209 Pumma, Orbit and classification\nPumma is a member of the Hygiea family (601), a very large family of carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids, named after the fourth-largest asteroid, 10\u00a0Hygiea. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,063 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. No precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle, 8 days after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008326-0002-0000", "contents": "1209 Pumma, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nIn April 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Pumma was obtained from photometric observations by Italian and French amateur astronomers Silvano Casulli and Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.5001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008326-0003-0000", "contents": "1209 Pumma, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Pumma measures between 21.73 and 26.99 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.139 and 0.215. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous C-type asteroids of 0.057 and consequently calculates a much larger diameter of 40.33 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008326-0004-0000", "contents": "1209 Pumma, Naming\nThis minor planet's name was proposed by German astronomer Albrecht Kahrstedt (1897\u20131971), a staff member at ARI and later director at Babelsberg Observatory (also see 1587\u00a0Kahrstedt). \"Pumma\" is the nickname of a niece of Kahrstedt. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 112).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008329-0000-0000", "contents": "120P/Mueller\n120P/Mueller, also known as Mueller 1, is a periodic comet in the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008330-0000-0000", "contents": "120ft Motor Lighter\nThe 120ft Motor Lighter was a class of lighters designed by the Australian Shipbuilding Board during World War II and built for the Royal Australian Navy, Australian Army, Royal Australian Air Force, Royal Navy and the US Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008330-0001-0000", "contents": "120ft Motor Lighter, Design\nThe lighters were 120 feet (37\u00a0m) in length, 9 feet (2.7\u00a0m) depth and 24 feet (7.3\u00a0m) breadth and cost about $120,000 each to build.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008330-0002-0000", "contents": "120ft Motor Lighter, Operators, Royal Australian Navy\nThe Royal Australian Navy ordered three refrigerator, two stores and nine water variants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008331-0000-0000", "contents": "120mm M2 RAIADO\nThe 120mm M2 Rifled Heavy Mortar (pt: MORTEIRO PESADO 120mm M2 RAIADO) is a Brazilian 120\u00a0mm mortar designed to have great firepower, mobility, and flexibility. The RT-M2 is designed by the War Arsenal of Rio de Janeiro for the Brazilian Army artillery. The RT-M2 can be transported by ground or air, and can also be air dropped, and offers a 360\u00b0 range without the necessity of re-positioning the base. The RT-M2 can use any 120\u00a0mm ammunition built to international standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008332-0000-0000", "contents": "120s\nThe 120s decade ran from January 1, 120, to December 31, 129.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 66]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008333-0000-0000", "contents": "120s BC\nThis article concerns the period 129 BC \u2013 120 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 57]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008334-0000-0000", "contents": "120th (City of Hamilton) Battalion, CEF\nThe 120th (City of Hamilton) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Hamilton, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city and parts of Wentworth County. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 2nd Reserve Battalion (Central Ontario), CEF on January 20, 1917. The 120th (City of Hamilton) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. George Douglas Fearman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008334-0001-0000", "contents": "120th (City of Hamilton) Battalion, CEF\nThe 120th Battalion is perpetuated by The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008335-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Airlift Wing\nThe 120th Airlift Wing (120 AW) is a unit of the Montana Air National Guard, stationed at Great Falls Air National Guard Base at Great Falls International Airport, Montana. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008335-0001-0000", "contents": "120th Airlift Wing, Mission\nThe 120th Airlift Wing, as part of the Montana Air National Guard, serves a dual mission:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008335-0002-0000", "contents": "120th Airlift Wing, History\nOn 1 July 1955, the Montana Air National Guard 186th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 120th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 186th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 120th Headquarters, 120th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 120th Combat Support Squadron, and the 120th USAF Dispensary. The group was gained by the 29th Air Division, Air Defense Command with a mission for the air defense of the northern tier of the United States. The Group Commander, Col. Rodger D. Young was promoted to Brig. General in 1966 and became Chief of Staff of Air for the 120th until his retirement in 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008335-0003-0000", "contents": "120th Airlift Wing, History\nIn 1958, the 120th implemented the ADC Runway Alert Program, in which interceptors of the 186th FIS were committed to a five-minute runway alert, a task that would last for 38 years. The arrival of the F-102 Delta Dagger in 1966 ushered in the supersonic age. In 1968 Air Defense Command was re-designated as Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM). In 1972, the unit was redesignated the 120th Fighter-Interceptor Group and assigned the F-106 Delta Dart, the first Air National Guard unit to receive this aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008335-0003-0001", "contents": "120th Airlift Wing, History\nWith the F-106, the squadron competed in and won its first William Tell, a live-fire missile competition held at Tyndall AFB, Florida. Performed air defense duties along the northern tier of the United States until 1978 when ADCOM was merged into Tactical Air Command. Continued air defense mission for ADTAC component of TAC with the F-106s, transferring to First Air Force when ADTAC was replaced in 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008335-0004-0000", "contents": "120th Airlift Wing, History\nThe 186th FS converted from the F-106A to the F-16A/B Fighting Falcon in mid-1987. The conversion happened earlier than was scheduled and the 186th FIS was to be the last squadron to lose its F-106s. The first aircraft were older block 5 and 10 models with some block 15 airframes also being delivered to the squadron. Main task for the unit was air defense, as with many ANG units who were equipped with the F-16. In 1991 the F-16s were brought up to the Air Defense Fighter (ADF) variant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008335-0004-0001", "contents": "120th Airlift Wing, History\nThis meant a serious leap in performance and capability of this squadron in their defensive role. This situation was maintained up until 2001 when the squadron started receiving more modern F-16C block 30 aircraft  with larger intakes. This conversion replaced the air defense mission with one of general purpose/air-to-ground as part of the Expeditionary Aerospace Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008335-0005-0000", "contents": "120th Airlift Wing, History\nWith the conversion, unit members felt it was time to consider a change in the aircraft tail markings. The most notable change included the 186th Fighter Squadron's nickname of \"Vigilantes\". The nickname by the pilots of the 186th is intended to honor the first men in the Montana Territory who organized for the safety and welfare of the people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008335-0006-0000", "contents": "120th Airlift Wing, History\nThe squadron once again found itself on alert status after the terrorism attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C. Base personnel implemented the necessary procedures to establish a secure environment while maintaining a 24-hour alert status for aircraft. During 2002, hundreds of unit personnel were activated and deployed to multiple locations in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008335-0007-0000", "contents": "120th Airlift Wing, History\nAs a result of the 2005 BRAC decisions the unit converted to the F-15C/D during 2008 and revert to an all-air defense unit. In early December 2007 the first F-16 left Great Falls being transferred to the 158th Fighter Wing, Vermont ANG. By the summer of 2008, eighteen F-15C Eagles had been transferred from the 131st Fighter Wing at St. Louis due to its conversion to the 131st Bomb Wing, flying the B-2 stealth bomber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008335-0008-0000", "contents": "120th Airlift Wing, History\nBeginning in the summer of 2013, the Wing began the process of transferring its F-15C aircraft to the 144th Fighter Wing of the California Air National Guard. The final F-15 aircraft departed Great Falls on 24 October 2013. The 120th received their first C-130H from the 19th Airlift Wing on 1 March 2014", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008336-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 120th Division was a division deployed by the People's Republic of China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008336-0001-0000", "contents": "120th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China), History\nThe 120th Division was a military formation of the Chinese People's Liberation Army as part of the Chinese People's Volunteers (CPV) during the Korean War. It had a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men. It was a component of the 40th Army, and consisted of the 358th, 359th, and 360th Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008337-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 120th Brigade (120 Bde) was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army during World War I. Part of Lord Kitchener's 'New Armies', it served in the 40th Division on the Western Front. In 1918 it was reorganised as the 120th (Highland) Brigade. The brigade number was reactivated for deception purposes during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008337-0001-0000", "contents": "120th Brigade (United Kingdom), Origin\n120 Brigade was a New Army or 'Kitchener's Army' formation raised in September 1915, in 40th Division at Aldershot. An earlier 120 Brigade had been raised in late 1914 as part of the 'Fifth New Army', but when the Fourth New Army was broken up in April 1915 to provide reserve units for the First to Third New Armies, the formations of the Fifth took their place, and the original 120 Bde was renumbered 99th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008337-0001-0001", "contents": "120th Brigade (United Kingdom), Origin\nBy the time the new 120 Bde was organised the flow of volunteers had dwindled, and the standard of height for infantry soldiers had been lowered in order to encourage recruitment. Some of these so-called 'bantams' were well-knit, hardy men, but many others, especially in 120th Bde, were under-developed and unfit. It was estimated that the four battalions in the brigade would provide enough fit men for only two serviceable battalions. To prevent the departure of the division to the Front being indefinitely postponed, the divisional commander asked for fresh units to be drafted in. 120th Brigade was completely reorganised in February 1916. Divisional training was then intensified and the division was warned for overseas service in May 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008337-0002-0000", "contents": "120th Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations\nDisembarkation was carried out at Le Havre between 2 and 6 June, and the division concentrated in the Lillers area by 9 June ready to take its place in the line. 120 Brigade's active service was entirely spent on the Western Front. It was the first part of the division to see serious action, being engaged in the Battle of the Ancre (the last phase of the Battle of the Somme, 14\u201318 November 1916), detached under the command of 31st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008337-0003-0000", "contents": "120th Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations\nEarly in 1917 the division followed up the German retreat to the Hindenburg Line, with offensive action on 24 April, when 13th East Surreys captured Villers-Plouich and over 100 prisoners, while Beaucamp was entered by 14th Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008337-0004-0000", "contents": "120th Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Bourlon Wood\nIn November 1917, during the Battle of Cambrai, the division relieved 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division to continue the breakthrough. The attack on the morning of 23 November, with the objective of capturing Bourlon Wood, was begun by 119 and 121 Bdes with tank support, while 120 Bde was in reserve. Confused fighting went on for two days and nights, with troops from 120 Bde being gradually fed into the line. On the afternoon of 24 November 14th Bn", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008337-0004-0001", "contents": "120th Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Bourlon Wood\nHighland Light Infantry of 120 Bde together with some tanks attacked Bourlon village; although the HLI fought their way through the village, they became cut off on the other side. 40th Division ordered a renewed attack the following morning to break through and relieve them. The only troops available to 121 Bde for this task were the uncommitted 13th East Surreys from 120 Bde. The East Surreys attacked around dawn, made contact with the HLI battalion HQ, but were unable to get through to the HLI companies furthest forward, who were forced to surrender. In the two days the division suffered over 4000 casualties, and Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby's battalions had been badly damaged while under the command of others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008337-0005-0000", "contents": "120th Brigade (United Kingdom), Reorganisation\nIn February 1918, British brigades were reduced to a three-battalion basis and brigade machine gun companies were combined into divisional battalions. 40th Division had lost so heavily in late 1917 that a more extensive reorganisation was required, leading to the following order of battle for 120 Bde, which was henceforth sometimes referred to as 120th (Highland) Brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008337-0006-0000", "contents": "120th Brigade (United Kingdom), Reorganisation\n120 Bde saw heavy action during the German spring offensive of 1918:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008337-0007-0000", "contents": "120th Brigade (United Kingdom), Reorganisation\nFollowing heavy casualties during these battles, 40th Division was reduced to two composite brigades. 10/11th and 14th Highland Light Infantry from 120 Bde combined to form C Bn of 2nd Composite Bde. (14th Argylls had already been reduced to a cadre and transferred to 30th Division on 7 April.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008337-0008-0000", "contents": "120th Brigade (United Kingdom), Reorganisation\n2nd Composite Bde was employed on digging the Poperinghe Line behind the threatened Ypres Salient. In early May 1918, all of 40th Division's remaining infantry battalions were reduced to training cadres and were posted to other formations while the trench mortar batteries disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008337-0009-0000", "contents": "120th Brigade (United Kingdom), Reconstituted\nOn 10 June 1918, 120 Bde was reconstituted with six Garrison Guard Battalions. Three of these were immediately transferred to 119 Bde and the remainder formed 120 Bde and were redesignated as Garrison Battalions of their parent regiments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008337-0010-0000", "contents": "120th Brigade (United Kingdom), Reconstituted\nOn 13 July the term 'Garrison' was dropped from the battalion titles, and the brigade light trench mortar battery had been reformed. By 18 July the brigade resumed its place in the Front Line. It then took part in the following operations of the Hundred Days Offensive in 1918:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008337-0011-0000", "contents": "120th Brigade (United Kingdom), Reconstituted\nAfter the Armistice with Germany, the division was engaged in road repair and refresher courses for men returning to civilian trades. Demobilisation proceeded rapidly during January and February 1919, and its units were reduced to cadre strength by March. The final cadres disappeared during May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008337-0012-0000", "contents": "120th Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\n120 Brigade was never reformed, but the number was used for deception purposes during the Second World War. 30th Battalion Dorsetshire Regiment, a line of communication unit serving in 43rd Brigade in Sicily and composed mainly of men below Medical Category 'A', was redesignated '120th Infantry Brigade' and acted as if it were a full brigade in an equally fictitious '40th Infantry Division' from November 1943 until June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008338-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 120th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 6, 1959, which was two weeks before the beginning of the seventh administrative year of Governor J. Caleb Boggs and the third administrative year of David P. Buckson as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008338-0001-0000", "contents": "120th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008338-0002-0000", "contents": "120th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 120th Delaware General Assembly session, both chambers had a Democratic majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008338-0003-0000", "contents": "120th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008338-0004-0000", "contents": "120th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008339-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (\u2192\u200etop: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008339-0001-0000", "contents": "120th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 120th Division (\u7b2c120\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakunij\u016b Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Push Forward Division (\u9081\u9032\u5175\u56e3, Maishin Heidan). It was formed 21 November 1944 in Dongning, Heilongjiang as a triangular division. The nucleus for the formation was the leftovers of 12th division . The division was initially assigned to the 3rd army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008339-0002-0000", "contents": "120th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nInitially the 120th division was tasked with security duties in east Manchukuo. In March 1945, it was reassigned to the 17th area army, and its former positions were taken by 128th division. In May 1945, the headquarters and auxiliary forces were completed transfer in Gyeongsan, 259th infantry regiment - in Busan, 260th infantry regiment - in Daegu, 261st infantry regiment - in Goseong and Sacheon. Although the 261st infantry regiment was moved to Pyongyang (from where it was expected to be sent to Jejudo) during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria since 9 August 1945, the hostilities ended before the 120th division has seen any combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008339-0003-0000", "contents": "120th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 261st infantry regiment was taken prisoner by the Red Army and locked in labour camp in Soviet Union since July 1946 together with some smaller detachments of the 120th division. The rest of the division have returned to Japan via Sasebo, Nagasaki and dissolved 25 October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008340-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 120th Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the Wisconsin Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008340-0001-0000", "contents": "120th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe regiment's 1st Battalion, its only active element, is the cannon battalion assigned to the 32nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron\nThe 120th Fighter Squadron (120 FS) is a unit of the Colorado Air National Guard 140th Wing located at Buckley Space Force Base, Aurora, Colorado. The 120th is equipped with the F-16C/D Fighting Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0001-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the World War I 120th Aero Squadron, established on 28 August 1917. It was reformed on 27 June 1923, as the 120th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0002-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron\nThe 120th Fighter Squadron was the first federally recognized Air National Guard unit, receiving this distinction on 30 June 1946. Thus, their motto is, \"First in the Air Guard.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0003-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, Overview\nThe current mission of the 120th is to operate at the highest levels of military and domestic policy protecting the midwest America and Operation Enduring Freedom. Also the 120th Fighter squadron has deployed five times in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, most recently to Joint Base Balad, Iraq in 2010. The 120th has also supported an Air Expeditionary Forces deployment in the Pacific region and multiple National Special Security Events, such as the Democratic National Convention in 2008, in Denver, Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0004-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, World War I\nThe 120th Fighter Squadron dates its origins to the 120th Aero Squadron, organized at Kelly Field, Texas on 6 August 1917. In July 1917, the men of the squadron were first organized at Fort Thomas, Kentucky where the recruits, about 160 of them, were sent to Kelly Field. There the squadron was placed into indoctrination training, learning infantry drill and also attended the airplane instruction school. On 1 November, the squadron was ordered to Ellington Field, Houston, Texas. Upon arrival, the squadron was ordered to begin the work of operating the field for the Air Service. A civilian construction firm, the American Construction Company, Houston, was contracted to put up the Hangars and make the place habitable. The first duty of the squadron was to assemble about 100 airplanes, and put them in a flyable condition for use as training planes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0005-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, World War I\nOn 30 January 1918, the squadron was ordered for overseas duty and moved to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island. There the squadron was equipped for overseas duty. On 16 February, the squadron, was ordered to report to the Port of Entry, Hoboken, New Jersey for boarding on the former Cunard Liner RMS Carmania for transport. After an uneventful Atlantic crossing, it arrived at Liverpool, England on 4 March. The next day the squadron was moved to the American Rest Camp Romsey, near Winchester, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0005-0001", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, World War I\nThere, the squadron was attached to the Royal Flying Corps for additional training, and on 9 March, it boarded a train, reporting to the RFC No. 1 Observer's School of Aerial Gunnery, RFC New Romney, Kent. There, the squadron trained with the British soldiers at the station, maintained the camp and performed aircraft maintenance. This work continued until 9 August when orders were given for the squadron to divide into Flights. \"A\" and \"B\" Flights were ordered to RFC Stamford, England, while \"C\" Flight was ordered to RNAS Crail, Scotland. This meant that the squadron had completed its training in England and was ready for duty at the front. After about a month of final training, the squadron was re-combined at Southampton for transfer to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0006-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, World War I\nAfter a cross-channel crossing on the S.S. Archangel, the squadron arrived at Le Havre, France on 3 September, and took a train to the Replacement Concentration Center, AEF, St. Maixent Replacement Barracks, France, arriving on 6 September 1918. After processing, the squadron was ordered to report to the 2d Air Instructional Center (2d AIC), Tours Aerodrome, in central France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0006-0001", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, World War I\nThis came as a great disappointment to the squadron, as it was prepared to serve on the front, however, as the squadron has almost no experience in the French biplanes used at the front, it was felt it could do better work at the training center. At the 2d AIC, the men of the 120th were assigned to nearly every department at the field, in the machine shops working on aircraft to the transportation department where the men drove trucks and all manner of vehicles. A great many of the men were not fitted for the jobs assigned and required training in order to be of useful service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0007-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, World War I\nThe squadron remained at 2d AIC until after the Armistice with Germany in November 1918, then returned to the United States via Bordeaux, France, in April 1918, arriving at Mitchel Field, New York on 6 May 1919. It then was moved to Kelly Field, Texas, where it was demobilized on 17 May 1919 and the men were returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0008-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Interwar period\nOn 27 June 1923 the 120th Aero Observation Squadron, 45th Division, Aviation was mustered into service as part of the Colorado Army National Guard. Initially composed of eight officers and 50 enlisted members, the unit flew Curtiss JN-4Es (better known as Jennies) \u2013 an aircraft which proved to be unsuitable for flying at Denver elevations. One year later, the 120th began flying out of Lowry Field. The brand new airfield was named in honor of 2nd Lt. Francis B. Lowry who was shot down and killed near Crepion, France in 1918 while on a photographic mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0009-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Interwar period\nNonetheless, the men of the 120th persevered flying the Jennies just before sunrise and after sunset, when the air was less turbulent. In later years, they would transition through a variety of more powerful observation aircraft such as the Douglas 0-2, Consolidated 0-17, and Douglas 0-38. The unit eventually started flying the 0-47 \u2013 a three-seat, all-metal, single-engine aircraft \u2013 that took the unit into World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0010-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Interwar period\nMobilization for World War II took place on 6 January 1941, 11 months prior to the bombing of Pearl Harbor. The unit, then 19 officers and 116 enlisted members, moved to Biggs Field, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0011-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Interwar period\nDuring World War II the squadron supported ground units in training by flying reconnaissance, artillery adjustment, fighter, and bomber missions, and in the process trained reconnaissance personnel who later served overseas. Patrolled the Mexican border from March\u2013July 1942. Disbanded on 30 November 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0012-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Colorado Air National Guard\nThe wartime 120th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was reconstituted on 21 June 1945. It was then re-designated as the 120th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Colorado Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Buckley Field (A sub-base of Lowry AFB), Colorado and was extended federal recognition on 30 June 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 120th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the previous 120th TRS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0013-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Colorado Air National Guard\nThe 146th Fighter Squadron was the first Air National Guard unit to obtain federal recognition. It squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was allocated to the 140th Fighter Group, 86th Fighter Wing, Colorado Air National Guard. As part of the Continental Air Command Fourth Air Force, the unit trained for tactical fighter missions and air-to-air combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0014-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Colorado Air National Guard\nIn 1947, shortly after World War II, the 120th TFS organized an aerial demonstration team called the \"Minute Men.\" This team was federally recognized in 1956, making it the first and only Air National Guard precision aerial demonstration team. Headed by Col. Walt Williams, the team performed in more than 100 air shows for more than three million people in 47 states and five foreign countries before being disbanded in favor of a federal team of Air Force pilots, the U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds. The Minute Men flew the F-86F-2 GunVal version of the Sabre Jet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0015-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nAs a result of the Korean War, the 120th and its parent, the 140th Fighter Wing was federalized and brought to active duty on 1 April 1951. The unit was ordered to the new Clovis Air Force Base, New Mexico, which arrived in October 1951. The federalized 140th was a composite organization of activated Air National Guard units, composed of the 120th, the 187th Fighter Squadron (Wyoming ANG) and the 190th Fighter Squadron (Utah ANG). The 140th and its components were equipped with F-51D Mustangs, and were re-designated as Fighter-Bomber squadrons on 12 April 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0016-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nDuring their period of federal service, many pilots were sent to Japan and South Korea to reinforce active-duty units. At Clovis, elements of the 140th FBW took part in Operation Tumbler-Snapper \u2013 1952, a nuclear bomb test in Nevada. On 15 November 1952, the elements of the 140th returned to Air National Guard control in their respective states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0017-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Cold War\nUpon return to Colorado state control, the 120th was re-equipped by Tactical Air Command with F-80C Shooting Star jets. On 1 July 1955, the squadron was re-designated as the 120th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, with its parent 140th FIW being assigned to the 34th Air Division, Air Defense Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0018-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1958, the 140th FIW implemented the ADC Runway Alert Program, in which interceptors of the 120th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron were committed to a five-minute runway alert. In 1960 the F-86s were again replaced by the F-86L Sabre Interceptor, a day/night/all-weather aircraft designed to be integrated into the ADC SAGE interceptor direction and control system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0019-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command/Vietnam War\nThe 140th was transferred back to Tactical Air Command in January 1961, the squadron being re-designated as the 120th Tactical Fighter Squadron. In 1968, While flying the F-100C Super Sabre in Vietnam, the unit became the first guard unit activated and deployed for one year to southeast Asia. As part of the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing, Phan Rang AB, the squadron flew primarily ground support missions, and beat back many enemy attacks on American and South Vietnamese ground units. The 140th also performed interdiction, visual and armed reconnaissance, strike assessment photography, escort, close and direct air support, and rapid reaction alert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 94], "content_span": [95, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0020-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command/Vietnam War\nThe 120th earned the United States Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with the \"V\" device for valor during the conflict by flying over 6,000 combat missions. After returning from Vietnam, the Guard was upgraded with the D-model of the F-100 Super Sabre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 94], "content_span": [95, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0021-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command/Vietnam War\nThe LTV A-7D Corsair II replaced the F-100 in April 1974 and the aircraft was flown to victory as the \"World Champions\" in the inaugural \"Gunsmoke\" competition held at Nellis Air Force Base in 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 94], "content_span": [95, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0022-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command/Vietnam War\nThe 120th converted to the Lockheed-Martin F-16C Falcon in 1992 and won the Air Force Association award for the Outstanding Air National Guard Unit in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 94], "content_span": [95, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0023-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Modern era\nThe A-7Ds were operated until March 1992 when the Wing converted to Block 30 F-16C/Ds Fighting Falcons, and the Corsairs were retired to Davis-Monthan AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0024-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Modern era\nToday the 120th FS is a dual-purpose fighter squadron with pilots qualified to perform air-to-air and air-to-ground missions including Offensive Counter-Air (OCA), Defensive Counter-Air (DCA), OCA Interdiction, Close Air Support (CAS), and Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) missions. With the addition of the LITENING II and SNIPER targeting pod and the latest software upgrades, the 120th pilots are able to employ precision guided GPS and Laser-guided weapons with deadly accuracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0025-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Modern era\nThe 120th Fighter Squadron has participated in many exercises when not deployed to support real world contingency operations as part of the United States Air Force's Total Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0025-0001", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Modern era\nThese exercises include joint multi-national training with the Royal Australian Air Force in Australia, TEAM SPIRIT in Korea, Tactical Fighter Weaponry in Denmark, Maple Flag in Canada, Cope Thunder in Alaska, Sentry Aloha in Hawaii, The Joint CRUZEX V Operation(Cruzeiro do sul \u2013 Southern Cross ) in Brazil in 2010, with the Brazilian Air Force, the Arm\u00e9e de l'Air (France Air force), and many others air forces from South America, and observers of some many other countries of the NATO (this is the most big aerial operation in the South America), and countless other exercises within the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0026-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn February 2003, the 120th FS mobilized and deployed to a still classified location just outside of Iraq's borders, in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. While deployed with sixteen aircraft and over 30 pilots, the 120th flew over 500 combat sorties, 2500 hours and dropped over 350 precision guided weapons while successfully preventing the launch of any Theatre Ballistic Missiles in their area of responsibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0027-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Modern era\nAll personnel and jets returned safely during the summer, 2003. The unit has since redeployed to Iraq in the summer of 2004, as well as during the holidays in 2007\u20132008, and in the Summer of 2009 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0028-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn 2005, the 120th won back the \"Spirit Trophy\" in the Tiger Meet of the Americas Competition. The 120th is an honorary member of the NATO Tiger Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0029-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, History, Lineage\n*Note: The 332d Expeditionary Fighter Squadron is a \"dummy\" designation used to refer to Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve Command F-16 units deployed to Balad AB, Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003\u20132011). While the 332d designation was widely used, it is not the proper designation of the units while deployed to Balad. The 332d designation was used since most Guard/Reserve units swapped out on a more frequent basis compared to their active duty counterparts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008341-0030-0000", "contents": "120th Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008342-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Guards Mechanised Brigade\nThe 120th Guards Mechanised Brigade is a mechanised infantry brigade of the Belarus Ground Forces. It is the heir to the traditions of the Red Army 120th Guards Rifle Division which became the 120th Guards Motor Rifle Division in 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008342-0001-0000", "contents": "120th Guards Mechanised Brigade, History, World War II, 308th Rifle Division\nThe 120th Guards Rifle Division was formed by redesignation of the Red Army's 308th Rifle Division (Second Formation). The 308th Rifle Division was formed in accordance with Order Number 0044 of the Siberian Military District dated 21 March 1942. It was formed at Omsk in the Siberian Military District, using 20% Red Army men (active duty), 25% returning wounded veterans, 25% reservists from industry, and 30% new recruits from the classes of 1922-23. Most of the recruits and reservists came from the Omsk and Krasnoyarsk oblasts. When the division left for the west it had 12,133 officers and men assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008342-0002-0000", "contents": "120th Guards Mechanised Brigade, History, World War II, 308th Rifle Division\nThe division remained in the Siberian Military District until May 1942 until it was moved to the west. In late May, the division was assigned to the 8th Reserve Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. On 1 June 1942, the division, still with the 8th Reserve Army, was at Saratov. From August 29 to September 6, 1942, the division covered at least 300 kilometers on foot. On 1 August 1942 the 308th Rifle Division was part of the 24th Army in the area of Kotluban.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008342-0002-0001", "contents": "120th Guards Mechanised Brigade, History, World War II, 308th Rifle Division\nThe division joined the active army on 29 August 1942 when it was assigned to the 24th Army on the Stalingrad Front. The first fight in the division took the 24th Army on the territory of the state farm \"Kotluban.\" The division had to seize the hamlet of Borodkin and Heights 133.4, 143.8 and 154.2. Division troops backed 217th Tank Brigade, 136 mortars, heavy artillery regiment in 1936. The enemy forces unleashed on the division powerful artillery fire, mortars, aircraft and tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008342-0003-0000", "contents": "120th Guards Mechanised Brigade, History, World War II, 308th Rifle Division\nBy the end of September 1942 the division was assigned to the 62nd Army inside Stalingrad. In the fighting at Stalingrad the division arrived came on the night of October 2, 1942, under Colonel Leontii Gurtev. As part of General V.I. Chuikov's 62nd Army, the division seized positions in the area of the \"Barricades\" plant. The division was finally pulled out of the city and the 62nd Army in December with only 500 men still assigned to the division. For its actions at Stalingrad September to December 1942 it was awarded the Order of the Red Banner by an order dated 19 June 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008342-0004-0000", "contents": "120th Guards Mechanised Brigade, History, World War II, 308th Rifle Division\nReassigned to the Volga Military District to be rebuilt, the division spent the next several months reconstituting its strength. By 1 March 1943, the division was shipped back to the front and assigned to the Kalinin Front reserves and then to the 11th Army in the STAVKA reserves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008342-0005-0000", "contents": "120th Guards Mechanised Brigade, History, World War II, 308th Rifle Division\nThe division went back to the front in the 3rd Army of the Bryansk Front in Operation Kutuzov. Distinguishing itself in combat, the division was awarded Guards status and redesignated the 120th Guards Rifle Division. During the remainder of 1943 the division participated in the Orel, Bryansk, and Gomel - Rechitsa operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008342-0006-0000", "contents": "120th Guards Mechanised Brigade, History, World War II, 308th Rifle Division\nAs the 308th Rifle Division, the unit had two commanders. Colonel Leontii Nikolaevich Gurt'ev took over the division on 1 March 1942, was promoted to Major General on 7 December 1942, and was killed in action at Pamanlovo on 3 August 1943. For his actions in taking that town, he became a Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously on 27 August 1943. His successor as division commander was Colonel Nikolai Kuz'mich Maslennikov, who took over officially on 4 August 1943 and was promoted to Major General on 22 September 1943. Maslennikov was commander until the 308th became the 120th Guards Rifle Division in September 1943 in accordance with NKO Order Number 285.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008342-0007-0000", "contents": "120th Guards Mechanised Brigade, History, World War II, 120th Guards Rifle Division\nIn mid-July 1944 the divisional commander, Major General Ia. Ia. Fogel, was killed in action. The 120th Guards was frequently assigned to the 41st Rifle Corps, 3rd Army, during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 83], "content_span": [84, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008342-0008-0000", "contents": "120th Guards Mechanised Brigade, History, World War II, 120th Guards Rifle Division\nIn 1944 and 1945 the division participated in the Rogachev-Zhlobin, Belarusian, East Prussian and the Berlin offensive operations. For services in battle the division was awarded the honorary title \"Rogachev\" (February 1944), was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, Suvorov 2nd Class and Kutuzov 2nd class, over 18 thousand of its soldiers awarded orders and medals, eight were awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 83], "content_span": [84, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008342-0009-0000", "contents": "120th Guards Mechanised Brigade, After the war\nPostwar, the 120th Guards Rifle Division was relocated to Uruchcha in Minsk, and was converted into the 120th Guards Motor Rifle Division on 20 May 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008342-0010-0000", "contents": "120th Guards Mechanised Brigade, After the war\nIn 1963 the 336th Guards Motorized Rifle Regiment of the division was reorganized as the 336th Separate Guards Bialystok Naval Infantry Regiment in the Baltic Fleet, and relocated to the city Baltiysk, becoming the first regiment of Naval Infantry in the resurgent Soviet Navy. It is now in Baltiysk, the 336th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008342-0011-0000", "contents": "120th Guards Mechanised Brigade, After the war\nOn 31 October 1967, the division received the honorific \"named for the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008342-0012-0000", "contents": "120th Guards Mechanised Brigade, After the war\nOn 1 June 1982 the division was reorganised as the 5th Guards Independent Army Corps with a 2:2 mix of tank and motor rifle brigades and regiments. Major General Alexsandr Chumakov took command. On 1 June 1989 the corps was disbanded and the division reformed, with three motor rifle regiments and one tank regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008342-0013-0000", "contents": "120th Guards Mechanised Brigade, After the war\nThe division had its headquarters at Uruchche, and included the 335th Guards Tank Regiment, the 334th Guards and 339th Guards MRRs, the 356th MRR, the 310th Guards Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment, and the 1045th Guards Anti- Aircraft Rocket Regiment. After the fall of the Soviet Union, it became part of the Belarusian Ground Forces. It is now stationed at Uruchcha, one of the microraions of Minsk. The 334th Regiment was reassigned to the Internal Troops of Belarus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008342-0014-0000", "contents": "120th Guards Mechanised Brigade, After the war\nThe 120th Guards Motor Rifle Division was the first unit in Soviet Union to test the new BMP (\"objekt 765\") infantry fighting vehicle prototypes in January - November 1965 on command of Guards Major Vasiliy Samodelov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008342-0015-0000", "contents": "120th Guards Mechanised Brigade, After the war\nOn 1 February 2002, at the end of the reform of the Belarusian Ground Forces, the division was reorganized into the 120th Guards Mechanised Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008343-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\n120th Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (120th HAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the British Army during World War II. Raised in early 1941, it served to protect South Wales and London before proceeding overseas in 1943. It provided anti-aircraft (AA)  cover over Cyprus until its disbandment in 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008343-0001-0000", "contents": "120th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, South Wales\nThe regiment was formed in South Wales at the height of The Blitz in January and February 1941. Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was formed at Lawrenny Castle, in Pembrokeshire, on 23 January 1941, and three newly-raised batteries joined on 8 February:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008343-0002-0000", "contents": "120th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, South Wales\nThe regiment came under the command of 61 AA Brigade in 9 AA Division, and at the beginning of March 384 HAA Bty relieved 174 HAA Bty of 85th (Tees) HAA Rgt at gunsites O1 (defending Royal Ordnance Factory Pembrey) and P9 (West Pennar defending the oil terminal at Pembroke Dock). These were equipped with four 3-inch and four 3.7-inch guns respectively and were under the operational command of 79th (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) HAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008343-0003-0000", "contents": "120th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, South Wales\nHowever, the batteries were soon moved eastwards to bolster the Gun Defence Area (GDA) around Swansea, which had been badly hit by Luftwaffe raids on three successive nights in February (the Swansea Blitz). Half of 384 HAA Bty took over site O2 at Llanelli with four 3-inch guns on 19 March, and on 24 March the detachments at Pembrey were ordered to take their guns and set up a new temporary site designated N12, approximately one mile west of Jersey Marine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008343-0003-0001", "contents": "120th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, South Wales\nNext the detachments at Llanelli moved their guns to N9, north-east of Port Talbot and  reported ready for action on 5 April. On 18 April 386 HAA Bty also came under the operational command of 79th (HY) HAA Rgt. By the end of April, 120th HAA Rgt was responsible for the following positions under 79th (HY) HAA Rgt in the Swansea GDA:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008343-0004-0000", "contents": "120th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, South Wales\nBy now, the Blitz was nearing its end. All the enemy activity in April consisted of raids passing over South Wales on their way to attack targets elsewhere, with the guns being engaged on the nights of 3/4, 7/8 and 15/16 April, the latter night being a long engagement giving the gunners good practice in firing at 'unseen' targets under control of GL Mk. I radar while the bombers crossed the area northwards and then returned southwards. Engagements the following month were also sporadic, with the guns firing on 4/5, 7/8 and 11/12 May (regarded as the last night of the Blitz).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008343-0005-0000", "contents": "120th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, South Wales\nBetween June and August the batteries handed over their responsibilities to 79th (HY) HAA Rgt and returned to the command of 120th HAA Rgt, which was ordered to leave South Wales and join 26 (London) AA Bde in 1 AA Division defending London. On 21 August the regiment was joined by the experienced 248 (Welwyn) HAA Bty transferred from 79th (HY) HAA Rgt. The Welwyn Battery was a prewar Territorial Army unit that had seen heavy action during the Battle of France in 1940 and the Swansea Blitz in February 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008343-0006-0000", "contents": "120th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, London\nIn London the regiment and its four batteries (248, 381, 384, 386) took over gunsites in the northern part of the London Inner Artillery Zone (IAZ). For example, on 21 August 248 (Welwyn) HAA Bty took over two static four-gun 3.7-inch sites:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008343-0007-0000", "contents": "120th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, London\nRoutine moves over the following months saw 248 Bty occupying the following sites at various times:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008343-0008-0000", "contents": "120th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, London\n120th HAA Regiment remained in and around London for over a year, serving through the desultory Luftwaffe raids of 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008343-0009-0000", "contents": "120th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, London\nIn October 1942, 386 HAA Bty left the regiment and joined a new 175th HAA Rgt that was being formed. 386 HAA Battery later served with 175th HAA Rgt in defence of Gibraltar. Then in mid-January 1943, 120th HAA Rgt moved out of 26 AA Bde's area and came under direct War Office control to mobilise for overseas service as a defended ports unit on a three-battery establishment (248, 381, 384 Btys).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008343-0010-0000", "contents": "120th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Cyprus\nAfter two months at the mobilisation centre at Easthampstead in Berkshire the regiment sailed from Liverpool on 14 March and disembarked at Port Tewfik in Egypt on 6 May. Here it came under the command of Middle East Forces. After a month in Egypt it was moved by railway to Beirut and then by sea to Cyprus, where it landed on 14 June to take over AA defence of ports and airfields on the island under 20 AA Bde in Ninth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008343-0011-0000", "contents": "120th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Cyprus\nAt the end of June 1943 the regiment was changed to a semi-mobile establishment. In early July, A Trp of 248 Bty moved to Famagusta and then to Limassol in mid-August, while B Trp moved to Paphos in mid-August. In addition, detachments from 248 battery manned guns on the island of Castelrosso, at that time the only island of the Dodecanese in Allied hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008343-0012-0000", "contents": "120th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Cyprus\nAt the end of October 1943, the regiment was 'diluted' (as the process was officially described) by a draft of Basuto troops from the African Pioneer Corps to be trained as gunners, releasing a similar number of British Other Ranks for duties elsewhere. The state of readiness in Cyprus was relaxed in March 1944 and the AA defences on the island were run down during April. The remaining personnel moved to Cairo where 120th HAA Rgt was disbanded on 25 June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008344-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 120th Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008344-0001-0000", "contents": "120th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 120th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler by consolidation of seven companies raised for the regiment in Vienna, Illinois and three companies raised for the 132nd Illinois Infantry at Shawneetown and mustered in for three years service on October 28, 1862 under the command of Colonel George W. McKeaig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008344-0002-0000", "contents": "120th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, District of Memphis, Tennessee, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, November 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, District of Memphis, XIII Corps, to December. District of Memphis, Tennessee, XVI Corps, to March 1863. 2nd Brigade, District of Memphis, 5th Division, XVI Corps, to May 1863. Detached Brigade, District of Northeast Louisiana, to August 1863. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XVI Corps, to December 1863. Post of Corinth, Mississippi, 2nd Division, XVI Corps, to January 1864. 2nd Brigade, District of Memphis, Tennessee, XVI Corps, to June 1864. 2nd Brigade, Sturgis' Expedition, June 1864. 1st Brigade, Post of Memphis, District of West Tennessee, to February 1865. Unassigned Post of Memphis, Tennessee, to June 1865. 1st Infantry Brigade, District of West Tennessee to September 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008344-0003-0000", "contents": "120th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 120th Illinois Infantry mustered out of service September 7, 1865 at Memphis, Tennessee and was discharged September 10, 1865 at Camp Butler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008344-0004-0000", "contents": "120th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nGuarded railroad bridge at Jimtown until November 9, 1862. Moved to Alton, IIinois, November 9, then to Memphis, Tennessee. Garrison and provost duty at Memphis, Tennessee, November 14, 1862 until May 1863. Expedition to Marion, Arkansas, January 13-15, 1863. Moved to Vicksburg, Mississippi, May. Siege operations against Vicksburg May to July. Greenville, Mississippi, May 12. Moved to La Grange, Tennessee, July 28-August 2, then to Memphis, Tennessee, and duty there until November. Expedition into Mississippi October 10-21. Guarded train to Corinth, Mississippi, October 30-November 5. Moved to Corinth November 7, and post duty there until January 25, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008344-0004-0001", "contents": "120th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Memphis, Tennessee, January 25, and provost duty there until June. Sturgis' Expedition to Guntown June 1-13. Brice's (or Tishamingo) Creek, near Guntown, June 10. Ripley June 11. At Memphis, Tennessee, until September 30. Repulse of Forrest's attack on Memphis August 21. Moved to Cairo, Illinois, September 30-October 1, then to Paducah, Kentucky, October 2-3. Moved to Clifton, Tennessee, October 3-6 and to Florence October 8. Moved to Pittsburg Landing, then to Johnsonville October 8-11. Moved to Memphis October 21-23, and provost duty there until September 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008344-0005-0000", "contents": "120th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 285 men during service; 20 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 261 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008345-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 120th Regiment Indiana Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008345-0001-0000", "contents": "120th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 120th Indiana Infantry was organized at Columbus, Indiana for three-years service beginning in December 1863 and mustered in March 1, 1864 under the command of Colonel Richard F. Barter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008345-0002-0000", "contents": "120th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to June 1864. 4th Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1864. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to February 1865, and Department of North Carolina to August 1865. Department of North Carolina to January 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008345-0003-0000", "contents": "120th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 120th Indiana Infantry mustered out of service January 8, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008345-0004-0000", "contents": "120th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Indiana for Louisville, Kentucky, March 20, 1864; then moved to Nashville, Tennessee. Marched to Charleston, Tennessee, April 7\u201324, 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8, 1864. Demonstrations on Dalton May 8\u201313. Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Movements on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25 \u2013 June 5. Cassville May 27. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10 \u2013 July 2. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008345-0004-0001", "contents": "120th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAssault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Siege of Atlanta July 22 \u2013 August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesborough August 25\u201330. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations in northern Georgia and northern Alabama against Hood September 29 \u2013 November 3. Nashville Campaign November\u2013December. In front of Columbia November 24\u201327. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. At Clifton, Tennessee, until January 15, 1865. Movement to Washington, D.C., then to Morehead City, North Carolina, January 15 \u2013 February 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008345-0004-0002", "contents": "120th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nCampaign of the Carolinas March 1 \u2013 April 26. Advance on Kinston and Goldsboro March 1\u201321. Battle of Wyse Fork March 8\u201310. Kinston March 11. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Raleigh until May 10. At Charlotte and Greensboro, North Carolina, until August 21, and at Raleigh until January 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008345-0005-0000", "contents": "120th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 168 men during service; 1 officer and 26 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 140 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008346-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Brigade (United States)\nThe 120th Infantry Brigade is an AC/RC unit based at Fort Hood, Texas. The unit falls under command of First Army Division West and validates United States Army Reserve & National Guard forces capability to execute operations in support of FORSCOM approved and Combatant Commander requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008346-0001-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Brigade (United States), History\nThe Department of the Army originally constituted our current organization 26 March 1943 as Headquarters, 3rd Armored Infantry Group. This organization was subsequently reorganized and re-designated as the headquarters, 3rd Armored Group on 30 March 1943. The Army activated Headquarters, 3rd Armored Group at Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, on 31 March 1943. This organization reorganized and re-designated as Headquarters, 12th Tank Group on 14 September 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008346-0002-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Brigade (United States), History\nThe Army once again reorganized and re-designated our current organization as the 12th Armored Group on 13 December 1943 for service in World War II. The 12th Armored Group participated in the Ardennes-Alsace, Rhineland, and Central Europe Campaigns and was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for actions during the Battle of Bastogne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008346-0003-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Brigade (United States), History\nAfter World War II, the Army redeployed the 12th Armored Group to Camp Gruber, Oklahoma, where it was deactivated during October of 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008346-0004-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Brigade (United States), History\nThe Army merged the Readiness Group Fort Sam Houston and 3rd Regional Training Brigade to become the 120th Infantry Brigade during October 1997. The Army designated the 120th Infantry Brigade as the Training Support Brigade whose mission encompassed both the Readiness Group and the Readiness Training Brigade: training supervision and training evaluation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008346-0005-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Brigade (United States), History\nThe Army tasked the 120th Infantry Brigade with providing training support to National Guard and Army Reserve units. The 120th Infantry Brigade trained and evaluated National Guard and Reserve units at the National Maneuver Training Centers, Annual Training, and Individual Drill Weekends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008346-0006-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Brigade (United States), History\nThe Army re-designated the 120th Infantry Brigade as the 2nd Brigade, 75th Training Division at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, on 16 October 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008346-0007-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Brigade (United States), History\nThe Army reactivated the 120th Infantry Brigade on 1 December 2006 to serve the nation once again at Fort Sam Houston, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008346-0008-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Brigade (United States), History\nThe Army moved the 120th Infantry Brigade to Fort Hood, Texas, on 1 September 2008 with a mission of providing post mobilization training to Army Reserve and National Guard Soldiers deploying to support the Global War on Terrorism", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 120th Infantry Regiment (\"Third North Carolina\") is an infantry regiment of the United States Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0001-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe unit is an organic element of the 30th Heavy Brigade Combat Team of the North Carolina Army National Guard. Currently, 1st Battalion is the only active battalion in the regiment and is organized as a combined arms battalion under the Brigade Unit of Action table of organization and equipment. The 1st Battalion, 120th Infantry Regiment (1-120th IN) is headquartered in Wilmington, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0002-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 2nd Battalion, 120th Infantry Regiment was most famous for its actions in the Battle of Mortain (German: Operation L\u00fcttich), repelling a German advance and preserving an American breakout from 7\u201313 August 1944 as part of the 30th Infantry Division. The 2-120th's actions sustained the American initiative as Allied forces pushed through Northern France after the Normandy invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0003-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe 3rd Regiment of Infantry was called into Federal service on 25 July 1917 after the United States' entry into World War I. Drafted into service on 5 August, it became the 120th Infantry Regiment of the 30th Division on 12 September, while the 2nd Regiment of Infantry became the 119th Infantry. With the 30th Division, the 120th fought in the Somme Offensive, the Ypres-Lys offensive, and the Flanders campaign during the war. Both the 119th and 120th were demobilized at Camp Jackson, South Carolina on 17 April 1919, preceding the demobilization of the division headquarters there on 7 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0004-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar period\nThe 119th and 120th Infantry Regiments were consolidated and reorganized as the 1st Infantry Regiment of the North Carolina National Guard between 1919 and 1921, with headquarters Federally recognized at Raleigh on 2 May 1921. It was soon redesignated as the 120th Infantry Regiment to restore its World War I designation on 8 November of that year, becoming part of the reformed 30th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0005-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nAs a result of World War II, the regiment was inducted into Federal service at Raleigh on 16 September 1940. With the 30th Division, it fought in the Normandy campaign, the Northern France Campaign, the Rhineland Campaign, the Ardennes-Alsace Campaign, and the Central Europe Campaign. The 2nd Battalion and Company K received a Distinguished Unit Citation and Croix de Guerre with Palm for their actions in the Mortain counterattack, while the 1st Battalion received a DUC for the advance from Duffescheide to Euchen. After the end of the war, the regiment was inactivated at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, on 24 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0006-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nPostwar, the 120th Infantry was reorganized with the 30th Infantry Division in the North Carolina Army National Guard under the command of Shelby attorney Colonel Peyton McSwain, with its headquarters Federally recognized at Reidsville on 22 April 1947. Its previous 1st and 3rd Battalions were consolidated with the 119th Infantry Regiment. Through 1947 and 1948, the remainder of the regiment was reorganized and Federally recognized, based at armories in western North Carolina. Support units included a Service Company at Asheville, a Heavy Mortar Company at Leaksville, a Heavy Tank Company at Waynesville, and a Medical Company at Mocksville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0006-0001", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nThe 1st Battalion, with headquarters at Mount Airy, included Company A at Burlington, Companies B and D at Winston-Salem, and Company C at Lexington. The 2nd Battalion, headquartered at Asheboro, included Company E at Concord, Company F at Albemarle, Company G at Salisbury, and Company H at Hickory. The 3rd Battalion, headquartered at Kings Mountain, included Company I at Newton, Company K at Gastonia, Company L at Morganton, and Company M at Shelby. The regiment participated in its first postwar summer training at Fort Bragg between 11 and 25 July 1948 with most of the 30th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0006-0002", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nAfter the camp it was estimated at 32% combat readiness by the senior army instructor of the North Carolina National Guard, which meant that in event of war it would not be combat ready for several months. The 1949 summer training was held at Fort Jackson between 14 and 28 August with the division, and the senior army instructor reported that, with 90 percent of the officers and 65 percent of the non-commissioned officers veterans of World War II, the regiment would be ready for combat in at least eight months in event of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0007-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nMorganton school superintendent and 3rd Battalion commander Lieutenant Colonel Maston S. Parham was promoted to colonel and became regimental commander on 30 August 1950 following the retirement of McSwain. A 1954 reorganization of the 30th Infantry Division that made it an entirely North Carolina-manned force resulted in the 2 November promotion of Parham to assistant division commander and his replacement by Morganton Colonel Howell J. Hatcher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0007-0001", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nTo bring the division up to strength, a new 139th Infantry Regiment was organized from existing units of the division, resulting in the redesignation of companies of the 120th and the conversion and organization of new units to bring the 120th back up to strength. The regimental Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), the Heavy Mortar Company, and the HHC of 2nd Battalion transferred to the 139th, along with Companies A, F, and C, which became Companies E, F, and G, of the 139th, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0007-0002", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nCompany L of the 120th was redesignated as the regimental HHC, Battery A of the 112th Field Artillery Battalion (FAB) at Forest City was converted into the Heavy Mortar Company, and Companies G, K, I, and M became Companies C, F, G, and K, respectively. Battery B of the 112th FAB at Spindale was converted into the new Company M.  The new Company L at Hendersonville activated on 8 February 1955, followed by 2nd Battalion HHC at Kannapolis on 15 February, Company I at Sylva on 14 April, and Company A at Elkin on 7 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0008-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States), Recent history\nThe 1-120th, known as the \"Tusk Hogs,\" was deployed to combat for the first time in nearly 60 years in early 2004 as part of the 30th Heavy Brigade Combat Team, North Carolina Army National Guard. In Iraq, the 30th HBCT served under the 1st Infantry Division. Brigade headquarters was at FOB Caldwell, east of Baghdad, while the 1-120th battalion headquarters and Charlie Company was based (for most of the deployment) at FOB Bernstein, about 45 miles south of Kirkuk. The brigade, including the 120th, redeployed Dec. 2004 - Feb. 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0009-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States), Recent history\nOn 6 June 2004 \u2013 60 years after the D-Day invasion - soldiers of the 1-120th were awarded right-shoulder unit patches signifying wartime service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0010-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States), Recent history\nThe 1-120th lost four soldiers during the 2004 deployment: Specialist Jocelyn Carrasquillo (HHC/1-120th, 13 MAR 2004, Baghdad), Captain Christopher S. Cash (Commander, Alpha Company, 1-120th, 24 JUN 2004, Baqubah); Specialist Daniel A. Desens Jr. (A/1-120th, 24 JUN 2004, Baqubah); and Staff Sergeant Michael S. Voss (HHC/1-120th, 8 OCT 2004, near Kirkuk).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0011-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States), Recent history\nThe Tusk Hogs were again called to serve in late 2008. Following training at Camp Shelby, Miss., and Fort Stewart, Ga., the 1st Battalion (Combined Arms), 120th Infantry Regiment deployed with the 30th HBCT to central Iraq in early 2009, this time under the 1st Cavalry Division. The 120th redeployed with the 30th HBCT in January\u2013February 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0012-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States), Notable members\nFrancis S. Currey earned the Medal of Honor for his actions as a Sergeant in Company K, 120th Infantry Regiment, 30th Infantry Division. On 21 December 1944, in Malmedy, Belgium, Currey repeatedly exposed himself to hostile fire to attack the German forces and rescue five comrades who had been pinned down by enemy fire. He was awarded the Medal of Honor eight months later, on 17 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0013-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States), Notable members\nPaul Luther Bolden earned the Medal of Honor as a Staff Sergeant in Company I, 120th Infantry Regiment, 30th Infantry Division. On 23 DEC 44, at Petit-Coo, Belgium, he and another soldier advanced on a German-held house. While his comrade provided covering fire from across the street, Bolden tossed grenades through a window, rushed to the door, and began firing. Wounded by the greatly superior number of German soldiers inside, he retreated from the house. Realizing that the Germans would not surrender, he returned to the house despite his serious wounds and killed the remaining soldiers. For these actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor eight months later, on 30 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0014-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States), Notable members\nJack James Pendleton earned the Medal of Honor as a Staff Sergeant in Company I, 120th Infantry Regiment, 30th Infantry Division. On 12 OCT 44, in Bardenberg, Germany, Pendleton voluntarily led his squad in an attack against an enemy machine gun. After being seriously wounded, he continued forward alone, purposely drawing the machine gun's fire so that another squad could advance and destroy the enemy position. Killed by the intense fire from the machine gun, Pendleton was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor six months later, on 6 April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0015-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States), Notable members\nNewscaster David Brinkley served with the 120th Infantry Regiment before and during the early stages of the U.S. involvement in  World War II. He was discharged for a medical condition, which prevented him from serving in the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0016-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe 120th Infantry Regiment's distinctive unit insignia, approved on 28 June 1928, consists of a gold metal and enamel device 1 5/32 inches (2.94\u00a0cm) in height overall, consisting of a shield blazoned azure, in pale a prickly pear cactus and the entrance to the canal tunnel over the St. Quentin Canal. Attached below the shield is a blue scroll inscribed VIRTUS INCENDIT VIRES (\"Virtue Kindles Strength\") in gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008347-0017-0000", "contents": "120th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is blue for infantry. The cactus represents service on the Mexican border as the 3rd Infantry, North Carolina National Guard. The tunnel symbolizes the mouth of the tunnel in the Hindenburg Line at Bellicourt, France, captured by the 120th Infantry on 29 September 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 120th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment (120th LAA Rgt), was an air defence unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery during World War II. It landed on D-Day and saw action throughout the campaign in North West Europe, defending the vital Scheldt Estuary until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0001-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin\nThe regiment was formed in January 1942 from the short-lived 86th Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery (86th S/L Rgt) which had only been raised in the previous year as part of the rapid expansion of Anti- Aircraft Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0002-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 86th Searchlight Regiment\n86th S/L Regiment was formed on 23 January 1941 at Henderson Church Hall at Kilmarnock in Scotland during the height of the Luftwaffe's night Blitz on British cities. Major J.B. Allan was posted from 52nd (Queen's Edinburgh Royal Scots) S/L Rgt and promoted to lieutenant-colonel to command the new regiment, moving the Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) to Craigie House, Ayr, where it was joined by the advance parties of three S/L batteries that had been formed at the training regiments on 14 November 1940:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0003-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 86th Searchlight Regiment\nThe regiment came under the command of 63rd AA Brigade in 12th AA Division, responsible for the air defence of West Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0004-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 86th Searchlight Regiment\nIn mid-March the regiment began a partial deployment without searchlights to guard Vulnerable Points (VPs) in the light anti-aircraft  (LAA) role, equipped with 20\u00a0mm guns (Oerlikon or Hispano) and Lewis guns. The regiment received its first 150\u00a0cm searchlights in April, by which time RHQ had returned to Kilmarnock. It became operational, equipped with 90\u00a0cm and 150\u00a0cm S/L projectors, sound locators and electrical generators, on 9 May during a Luftwaffe raid. The following night, Rudolf Hess landed by parachute some 200 yards from one of the regiment's sites and was apprehended by the local Home Guard unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0005-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 86th Searchlight Regiment\nThe Blitz was ending by now, and the regiment spent the rest of 1941 uneventfully. As well as AA defence, it had a subsidiary role in spotting Parachute mines laid by Luftwaffe aircraft in the Clyde. At the beginning of 1942, the regiment gave up its searchlights and converted to the LAA gun role as 120th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment from 19 January. The establishment of an LAA regiment was smaller than that of a S/L regiment, so 275 other ranks (ORs) were transferred to 57th (Cameronian) S/L Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0006-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nThe new regiment consisted of RHQ and 393, 394 and 395 LAA Batteries. In February it moved to Holywood in Northern Ireland to attend 237 LAA Training Regiment, returning to Stranraer in Scotland in mid-April. It took over LAA gun sites in 63 AA Bde area equipped variously with Bofors 40 mm guns and Light machine guns, and established RHQ at West Kilbride. On 8 April 448 LAA Bty joined the regiment (this battery had been formed on 19 February from the fourth Troops of 97, 128 and 266 LAA Btys of 36th LAA Rgt). On 10 July 448 LAA Bty transferred to 84th S/L Rgt and 11 (Supplementary Reserve) LAA Bty joined from 4th (Ulster) LAA Rgt (formerly 3rd (Ulster) (SR) S/L Rgt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 95], "content_span": [96, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0007-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nTraining continued during the summer, and in August the regiment sent a cadre of trained officers and ORs to form a new 488 LAA Bty at 212 LAA Training Regiment at Chester (this battery later formed part of 145th LAA Rgt). At the end of August the regiment moved to Stamford, Lincolnshire to join 32nd (Midland) AA Bde in 2nd AA Division. Here it took over VPs at places across the East Midlands such as Grantham, Peterborough, Cottesmore, Coleshill and Nuneaton. On 3 October 1942 11 LAA Bty transferred to 144th LAA Rgt (it later served in the Faroe Islands garrison).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 95], "content_span": [96, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0008-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobile training\nIn late 1942, 120th LAA Rgt began to prepare for mobile warfare. In November, a draft of 119 drivers was posted in from 227 Driver Training Regiment, and that month the regiment transferred to 50th AA Bde in the North Midlands. RHQ moved to South Collingham with the batteries moving to sites in Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire. In December\u2013January the regiment was at Haltwhistle battle training area, next it went to 11 AA Bde Tactical School at Leigh-on-Sea for  a month's mobile training, and then to Oulton Park Camp near Tarporley, Cheshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0009-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobile training\nOn 13 March 120th LAA Rgt was ordered to mobilise as part of the field force, and it began receiving its own towed Bofors guns (previously it had operated static guns at fixed sites). Mobile LAA regiments had an establishment of three Batteries each of three Troops equipped with six towed Bofors. As a mobile unit, it was also given its own Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) workshop and Royal Corps of Signals detachment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0010-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobile training\nUpon mobilisation, 120th LAA Rgt was withdrawn from Air Defence of Great Britain and came under War Office control; however it was immediately lent back to AA Command, which required more LAA guns to deal with Luftwaffe 'hit and run' attacks, and deployed to the Southampton area. At first it formed part of 73rd AA Bde, but on 1 June 1943 it came under the command of the newly formed 76th AA Bde in Cheshire, which was training for the planned invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0011-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobile training\nIn June 1943 the regiment attended No 16 AA Practice Camp at Clacton-on-Sea before returning to Cheshire in July, with RHQ at Marbury Hall. After a second course at Clacton, the regiment stayed in Essex, first at Wakes Colne, near Colchester, and then at Wimbush Camp near Saffron Walden. In September it received 18 self-propelled (SP) Bofors guns (these were usually mounted on Morris C9B 4 x 4 lorries) and handed in its towed Mk II and Mk III Bofors in exchange for Mk I guns using 'Stiffkey Stick' sights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0011-0001", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobile training\nIn October, the regiment was in Bournemouth for beach landing exercises in cooperation with 113th Heavy AA Rgt, under whose command it would operate on D-Day. After visits to No 14 LAA Practice Camp at Nethertown, Cumberland, and Harlech Anti-Tank Range in Wales, the regiment returned to Bournemouth at the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0012-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobile training\nAt the beginning of 1944, 120th LAA Rgt moved to Southend-on-Sea, where in late March it received nine Crusader AA Mark I tracked self-propelled (SP) Bofors guns, which would have a special role in the assault landing on D-Day. In addition, 76th AA Brigade assigned 1618 LAA Rgt Platoon of 323rd Company, Royal Army Service Corps (RASC), to the regiment to provide mobility. In March the regiment moved back to Southampton for exercises, where it remained until May, when the units required for the assault phase of Overlord began to gather in southern England. 120th LAA Rgt was already at Southampton while the rest of the brigade (including the rear echelons of 120th LAA Rgt) concentrated at Southend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0013-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nIn Second Army's plan for Overlord, 76th AA Bde was to support XXX Corps in its landing on Gold Beach. LAA defence was emphasised at the start of the operation, since low-level attack by Luftwaffe aircraft was considered the most likely threat. Assault units were to be landed with minimum scales of equipment, to be brought up to strength by parties landing later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0014-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nFor the assault phase, RHQ, 394 and 395 Btys of 120th LAA Rgt formed part of the AA Assault Group assigned to 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division landing on Gold Beach, under the command of RHQ 113th HAA Rgt. 320 Bty (A, B and C Trps) of 93rd LAA Rgt was also placed under command of 120th LAA Rgt for the landing; this battery was equipped with 18 triple mountings of 20\u00a0mm guns (Oerlikon or the new Polstens), half of them mounted on Crusader chassis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0015-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\n394 Battery landed two guns on King Sector of Gold Beach by 08.45 (75 minutes after H-Hour). The first of E Trp's Crusaders bogged down and its engine was flooded, but the gun remained manned although the Mk I Bofors it was towing was 'drowned'. The rest of E Trp had been diverted. F Trp's recce party beached at 09.15, but its first Crusader, towing a Mk I Bofors, did not arrive until 17.00, and the remainder at 20.30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0016-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nOn Jig Sector, H Trp's recce party landed 15 minutes after H-Hour and had got four guns ashore by 14.40, together with two triple 20\u00a0mm mountings of B Trp 320 Bty. But fighting was still going on around Le Hamel and rough seas meant that further unloading was delayed. J Troop got three guns ashore (one towed gun being drowned) but the LCT carrying the rest of the troop suffered an engine failure and could not land until D + 3 (9 June). By the end of D-Day, 395 Bty had 9 Bofors and two 20\u00a0mm mountings ashore, covering the beach exits, where men of H Trp had helped the Royal Engineers to clear mines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0017-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nThe landing beaches were 'solid with tracked vehicles' and the landing craft carrying the guns had to wait, so detachments of 120th LAA Rgt acted as infantry, clearing enemy positions while awaiting the arrival of their guns. While digging in on the beach, Gunner George Hurst saw a man washed off a drowned vehicle into the sea and swam out under fire in an attempt to save him, for which Hurst was awarded the Military Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0018-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nThe RHQ command group had landed on King Beach about 2 hours after H-Hour, and spent the night in a shell crater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0019-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nBy midnight, the AA Defence Commander on Gold Beach reported the situation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0020-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nThere was little enemy air activity during the night. For example, F Troop fired 50 rounds without success, but at 06.30 on D + 1 a lone Focke-Wulf Fw 190 crossed the beach and was shot down by the first round from Sergeant Appleby's No 3 Detachment. Later, No 2 Detachment shelled a German strongpoint that had caused casualties to 2nd Battalion Hertfordshire Regiment of No 9 Beach Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0021-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nThe rest of the regiment turned up between D + 1 and D + 4, some landing craft having had to return to England and been sent over again. 393 Bty and D Troop of 392 Bty had embarked in the Thames and sailed through the Straits of Dover under German shellfire. The gunners provided relief crews for the ships' Bofors and 20\u00a0mm guns. These guns arrived and deployed during D + 2 and D + 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0022-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nIn the days following the landings, 76th AA Bde's guns moved inland to extend cover from the landing beaches to Port-en-Bessin and Arromanches, where a Mulberry harbour was being constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0023-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nMost Luftwaffe attacks concentrated on the shipping and on the bridges at the other end of the beachhead, so there was less activity over 120th LAA Rgt: at the end of June, the regimental war diary recorded that during the month there had been 'surprisingly slight enemy activity \u2013 not a single determined attack by a formation of aircraft over the Regimental area'. Nevertheless, 120th LAA claimed three Category I and two Category II 'kills' during the month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0024-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nOn 9 July, 373 LAA Bty (detached from 114th LAA Rgt) came under command of 120th LAA Rgt, and on 14 July the regiment redeployed to cover the Mulberry. Enemy air activity over the beachhead remained slight in July, and the regiment only claimed two Cat I kills for the month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0025-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nThe guns of 120 LAA Rgt were only engaged on four nights during August. 373 LAA Bty returned to its parent unit in mid-August, and at the end of the month the unreliable Crusader SP guns were replaced by towed Mk I Bofors and the regiment reorganised so that each battery consisted of one Troop of SP Bofors on lorry chassis and two Troops of towed guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0026-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Breakout\nOnce 21st Army Group broke out of its beachhead, 76th AA Bde was relieved of its responsibilities on the coast on 1 September and was made available to support the advance. 62nd LAA Battery of 20th LAA Rgt (which had been manning the AA guns on the 'Gooseberry' blockships off the beaches) was attached to the regiment  for the advance. The regiment deployed at Amiens (393 and 395 Btys) and Dieppe (62 and 394 Btys) on 2 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0027-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Breakout\nOn 14 September 62 Bty left and the regiment moved on to guard the river crossings at Abbeville (393 and 394 Btys) and Saint-Valery-en-Caux (395 Bty). As the advance continued, 120th LAA Rgt joined the rest of 76th AA Bde at Boulogne for AA and coast defence the day after the port surrendered on 22 September. But the regiment did not fire a single round during September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0028-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Breakout\nIn October, 393 handed in the last of the regiment's SP guns, so that it was now all-towed. In the middle of the month, 76th AA Bde was relieved by 103 AA Bde, and moved into Belgium; 395/120 Bty remained at Boulogne, where it was operating an early warning station for the whole LAA defence of the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0029-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Scheldt\n120th LAA Regiment was deployed to protect the two Army Groups Royal Artillery (9th AGRA and 2nd Canadian AGRA), which were supporting 3rd Canadian Division's operations to clear the Breskens Pocket along the Leopold Canal (Operation Switchback).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0030-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Scheldt\nDuring the Leopold Canal battle, the regiment's guns had to make rapid deployments in flooded and heavily mined ground under intermittent shellfire. Captain Alan Johnstone carried out hazardous reconnaissances in the forward areas for his troop, and Gunner Daniel Kelly drove his gun tractor into action with determination, on occasions clearing mines to get his gun into action. Both were awarded the Belgian Croix de Guerre with palms, and Johnstone was also made a Chevalier of the Belgian Order of Leopold II. Yet the regiment's guns did not have to engage a single enemy aircraft during October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0031-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Scheldt\nOnce the Canadians had cleared the German defenders, the regiment closed up to the southern side of the Scheldt Estuary and was rejoined by 395 Bty. During November the Canadians and 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division took South Beveland (Operation Vitality) and 120th LAA Rgt crossed to defend the anchorages and channel of the Scheldt, with 394 Bty deploying to Flushing on Walcheren after that island was captured (Operation Infatuate).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0032-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Scheldt\nThe port of Antwerp was vital to the Allied war effort, and large numbers of AA units were deployed to defend the approaches up the Scheldt. 120th LAA Regiment remained in the North Scheldt area under 76th AA Bde until the end of the war. Antwerp itself was heavily bombarded by V-1 flying bombs but there was little air activity over the estuary, although 394 Bty fired an emergency barrage on 10 December, destroying one enemy aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0033-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Scheldt\nWhen the German Army launched its Ardennes offensive (the Battle of the Bulge) aimed at breaking through to Antwerp, 76th AA Bde was ordered to take precautions against possible attacks by German airborne troops. If that happened, 394 Bty at Flushing would fall under the command of 113rd HAA Rgt while 120th LAA Rgt's second-in-command, Major J.R. Morgan, would assume command of an infantry force composed of 393 and 395 Btys together with 391 Bty of 113rd HAA and 5 Bty of 2nd S/L Rgt to hunt down any attackers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0033-0001", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Scheldt\nIn the event, no breakthrough or airborne landing occurred, but on 1 January 1945, the Luftwaffe launched Operation Bodenplatte: daylight attacks against Allied airfields in support of the Ardennes offensive, described by the regimental war diary as  the 'first daylight activity on any appreciable scale since [the] unit deployed in this area'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0034-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Scheldt\nAfter that, enemy air activity was sparse and the AA guns were more concerned with coastal defence. On 4 January a section of 395 Bty redeployed to Westkapelle at the western tip of Walcheren in an anti-submarine role. On 17 February this section destroyed an enemy one-man torpedo, followed by a Biber midget submarine on 8 March and two more manned torpedoes on 12 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0035-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nShortly afterwards the Allies crossed the Rhine and as the war came to an end many AA units were disbanded or converted to other roles. Regimental REME workshops had already been  disbanded in mid-February and replaced by a single brigade workshop leaving just a small REME detachment with RHQ. However, 120th LAA Rgt was retained for garrison duties in occupied Germany. After VE Day it handed in its guns and tractors and concentrated near Antwerp. In June it moved to Bochum to assume guard and patrol duties, then moved to Emsdetten, where it remained as part of British Army of the Rhine for the rest of its service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008348-0036-0000", "contents": "120th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nThe first men of the regiment began to be demobilised from July 1945, including Lt-Col Allan, who had commanded the regiment since the beginning and had been awarded an OBE in February. Major Morgan was promoted to replace him. In December the remaining original intake of the regiment (227 ORs) were demobilised, leaving the unit at roughly half strength. 120th LAA Regiment commenced its disbandment at Emsdetten on 15 January 1946, and completed the process by 30 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008349-0000-0000", "contents": "120th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 120th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008349-0001-0000", "contents": "120th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 120th New York Infantry was organized at Kingston, New York, and mustered in for three years service on August 22, 1862, under the command of Colonel George Henry Sharpe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008349-0002-0000", "contents": "120th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 120th New York Infantry mustered out of service June 3, 1865. Veterans and recruits whose enlistments had not expired were transferred to the 73rd New York Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008349-0003-0000", "contents": "120th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 384 men during service: 11 officers and 140 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 179 enlisted men died of disease, and 51 died in Confederate prisons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008350-0000-0000", "contents": "120th New York State Legislature\nThe 120th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6 to April 24, 1897, during the first year of Frank S. Black's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008350-0001-0000", "contents": "120th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, 50 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (seven districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008350-0002-0000", "contents": "120th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt the New York state election, 1895, the state officers and state senators were elected to an exceptional three-year term (for the sessions of 1896, 1897 and 1898), so that the election of these officers would be held, beginning in 1898, in even-numbered years, at the same time as the gubernatorial election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008350-0003-0000", "contents": "120th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Democrats were split into two factions: the majority supported Free silver and William Jennings Bryan for U.S. president; a minority supported the Gold standard and John M. Palmer for U.S. president. The Socialist Labor Party, the Prohibition Party, and the People's Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008350-0004-0000", "contents": "120th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1896 was held on November 3. Congressman Frank S. Black   was elected Governor; and Timothy L. Woodruff was elected Lieutenant Governor; both Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008350-0005-0000", "contents": "120th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe only other statewide elective office up for election was also carried by a Republican. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Republican 788,000; Silver Democrats 570,000; Gold Democrats 27,000; Socialist Labor 18,000; Prohibition 17,000; and People's Party 5,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008350-0006-0000", "contents": "120th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1897; and adjourned on April 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008350-0007-0000", "contents": "120th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJames M. E. O'Grady (R) was elected Speaker with 112 votes against 34 for Daniel E. Finn (D).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008350-0008-0000", "contents": "120th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 19, the Legislature elected Thomas C. Platt (R) to succeed David B. Hill (D) as U.S. Senator from New York, for a six-year term beginning on March 4, 1897.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008350-0009-0000", "contents": "120th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008350-0010-0000", "contents": "120th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008350-0011-0000", "contents": "120th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008350-0012-0000", "contents": "120th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008351-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Twentieth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1993 and 1994. In this General Assembly, the Ohio Senate was controlled by the Republicans and the Ohio House of Representatives was controlled by the Democrats. In the Senate, there were 19 Republicans and 14 Democrats. In the House, there were 52 Democrats and 47 Republicans. It was the first General Assembly to use redistricted legislative districts from the 1990 United States Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008352-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 120th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 120th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 120th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was commanded by Colonel Daniel Frenchand Colonel Marcus Spiegel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008352-0001-0000", "contents": "120th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 120th Ohio Infantry was organized Mansfield, Ohio, and mustered on August 29, 1862, for three years service under the command of Colonel Daniel French.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008352-0002-0000", "contents": "120th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment first served unattached, Army of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to November 1862. 1st Brigade, 9th Division, Right Wing, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to December 1862. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, Sherman's Yazoo Expedition, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 9th Division, XIII Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to July 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to August 1863, and Department of the Gulf to November 1863. Plaquemine, Louisiana, District of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Department of the Gulf, to March 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIII Corps, to June 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to August 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, to November 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008352-0003-0000", "contents": "120th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 120th Ohio Infantry ceased to exist on November 25, 1864, due to consolidation with the 114th Ohio Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008352-0004-0000", "contents": "120th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Cincinnati, Ohio, October 25; then to Covington, Ky., and duty there until November 24. Moved to Memphis, Tenn., November 24-December 7, 1862. Sherman's Yazoo Expedition December 20, 1862, to January 3, 1863. Chickasaw Bayou December 26\u201328, 1862. Chickasaw Bluff December 29. Expedition to Arkansas Post, Ark., January 3\u201310, 1863. Assault and capture of Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, January 10\u201311. Moved to Young's Point, La., January 17, and duty there until March 8. Moved to Milliken's Bend March 8. Operations from Milliken's Bend to New Carthage March 31-April 17. James' Plantation, near New Carthage, April 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008352-0004-0001", "contents": "120th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDunbar's Plantation, Bayou Vidal, April 15. Movement on Bruinsburg and turning Grand Gulf April 25\u201330. Battle of Port Gibson May 1. Duty at Raymond until May 18. Siege of Vicksburg, Miss., May 18-July 4. Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22. Advance on Jackson, Miss., July 4\u201310. Near Jackson July 9. Siege of Jackson, Miss., July 10\u201317. Camp at Vicksburg until August. Moved to New Orleans August 18. Duty at Carrollton until September 3, and at Brashear City until October 3. Western Louisiana Campaign October 3-November 30. Duty at Plaquemine, La., until March 23, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008352-0004-0002", "contents": "120th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Baton Rouge March 23, and duty there until May 1. Ordered to join Banks at Alexandria on Red River Expedition May 1. Embarked on steamer City Belle. Action en route at Snaggy Point May 3. Over 200 men captured. Those who escaped were formed into a battalion of three companies and marched to Alexandria. Retreat from Alexandria to Morganza May 13\u201320. Mansura or Marksville Prairie May 16. Duty at Morganza until September. Expedition to mouth of White River and St. Charles September 13\u201320. Expedition to Duvall's Bluff, Ark., October 21\u201327.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008352-0005-0000", "contents": "120th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 300 men during service; 2 officers and 17 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 6 officer and 275 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008353-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Rajputana Infantry\nThe 120th Rajputana Infantry were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. The regiment traces their origins to 1817, when they were raised as the 2nd Battalion, 10th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008353-0001-0000", "contents": "120th Rajputana Infantry\nThe regiments first action was during the Anglo-Persian War in 1856, for which they were awarded the battle honours of Persia, Reshire, Bushire and Koosh-ah. During World War I they were attached to the 6th (Poona) Division and served in the Mesopotamian campaign. They fought in the Battle of Basra, the Battle of Qurna, the Battle of Es Sinn before being delivered a setback at the Battle of Ctesiphon. Following this engagement, they withdrew to Kut. Trapped in the city during the Siege of Kut they were forced to surrender after 147 days. A second battalion was raised from men on leave and reinforcements and sent to Mesopotamia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008353-0002-0000", "contents": "120th Rajputana Infantry\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. In 1922, the 120th Rajputana Infantry became the 2nd (Prince of Wales's Own), 6th Rajputana Rifles. After independence they were one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008353-0003-0000", "contents": "120th Rajputana Infantry, Sources\nThis article about a specific military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008353-0004-0000", "contents": "120th Rajputana Infantry, Sources\nThis World War I article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008354-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Regiment of Foot (1763)\nThe 120th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1763 by regimenting independent companies and disbanded in 1764.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008355-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Regiment of Foot (1794)\nThe 120th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1794 and disbanded in 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008356-0000-0000", "contents": "120th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 120th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, formed three times. Its first formation became the 6th Guards Rifle Division for its actions in the Yelnya Offensive. Its second formation became the 69th Guards Rifle Division for its actions in the Battle of Stalingrad. The division was reformed a third time in late April 1943. It was disbanded \"in place\" with the Central Group of Forces in the summer of 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008356-0001-0000", "contents": "120th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), First Formation\nThe 120th Rifle Division was formed in July 1940 in the Orel Region from the 35th Reserve Rifle Brigade under the command of Major General Konstantin Petrov, part of the 33rd Rifle Corps. The 120th Rifle Division was composed of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008356-0002-0000", "contents": "120th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), First Formation\nOn 28 June 1941, it was transferred to Bryansk. On 10 July it was concentrated in the Novoselki area west of Bryansk to establish a defensive line, including antitank ditches. The division became part of 24th Army on 15 July and was moved to the area 20 kilometers southeast of Yelnya. It went into combat on 30 July. Between August and September it fought in the Yelnya Offensive. The division helped capture Yelnya on 6 September. On 16 September, it was withdrawn from the front and sent to Stavka reserve in the Bologovsky District. On 26 September, the division became the 6th Guards Rifle Division for its actions at Yelnya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008356-0003-0000", "contents": "120th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Formation\nThe division was reformed in Kazan from the 405th Rifle Division on 10 March 1942. 80% of the soldiers of the division were Kazakhs. The division was commanded by Colonel Nikolai Ryakin. The division included the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008356-0004-0000", "contents": "120th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Formation\nIn May the 120th was assigned to 8th Reserve Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. In June 1942 the division was moved by river to Saratov, where it received reinforcements. On 24 August, 8th Reserve was re-designated as 66th Army and was rushed to Stalingrad. The division was thrown into a series of costly counterattacks north of the city from 4 September. On 27 September Colonel Kirill Dzhakhua took command. By 20 October, at the outset of Don Front's Fourth Kotluban counteroffensive, the division was noted as being severely under strength, with roughly a battalion's worth of fighting men remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008356-0005-0000", "contents": "120th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Formation\nPrior to the start of the Soviet counteroffensive at Stalingrad, the 120th had been transferred to 24th Army, still in the same general area, and rebuilt. On 22 November the division supported the army's shock group with two of its rifle regiments, but the attack made little progress against deeply dug-in German positions. Further efforts on the following three days were equally unsuccessful. However, once the Axis forces had been encircled, the 120th gave distinguished service during Operation Ring, finishing off the trapped German 6th Army. In recognition of this, on 6 February the division was converted into the 69th Guards Rifle Division for its actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008356-0006-0000", "contents": "120th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Third Formation\nThe division was reformed on 22 April 1943 from the 11th Rifle Brigade and the 142nd Naval Rifle Brigade on the Leningrad Front, part of the 67th Army, under command of 11th Rifle Brigade commander Colonel Alexei Batluk. The division included the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008356-0007-0000", "contents": "120th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Third Formation\nBetween July and early September it was part of the 2nd Shock Army, but then was returned to 67th Army. During the Sixth Sinyavino offensive the 120th provided right flank support to the 30th Guards Rifle Corps, which was finally able to storm and hold the Sinyavino heights on 15 September, although the offensive bogged down and was halted three days later. The division transferred to front reserve later that month. On 13 November the 120th was assigned to 117th Rifle Corps, where it would remain for most of the duration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008356-0008-0000", "contents": "120th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Third Formation\nIn January 1944 it became part of the 59th Army. The division fought in the Leningrad\u2013Novgorod Offensive, during which it participated in the capture of Gatchina (formerly Krasnogvardeysk) on 25 January, penetrating into the northeastern section of the town from the north, just as 108th Rifle Corps was seizing the northwestern sector. After an all-night battle, the town was completely cleared the following morning:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008356-0009-0000", "contents": "120th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Third Formation\n\"Wednesday, 26 January. The battle for Gatchina did not cease throughout the night. The enemy 11th Infantry Division, which has been defending the city, has been destroyed. At 1100 hours Colonel A.V. Batluk's 120th Rifle Division, cooperating with Colonel F.A. Burmistrov's 224th Rifle Division and other units, completely cleared the occupiers from Gatchina.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008356-0010-0000", "contents": "120th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Third Formation\nOn 27 January 1944 it was awarded the honorific \"Gatchina\". The division received the Order of the Red Banner for helping to liberate Luga on 12 February. In April 1944, the division became part of the 8th Army. In late July and August the division fought in the Battle of Tannenberg Line, part of the Battle of Narva (1944). It was part of the 117th Rifle Corps during the battle. The division attacked the Grenadier Hill from the east on 29 July. The division suffered casualties of 1,808 men killed or wounded during the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008356-0010-0001", "contents": "120th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Third Formation\nIn August it became part of the 2nd Shock Army again. On 31 August Colonel Matvei Fedotov took command. In September 1944 the division, with its corps, was briefly moved to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command, where it became part of the 21st Army. On 11 December Ivan Govorov became the division's commander. In that same month, 21st Army was assigned to 1st Ukrainian Front, and the 120th would remain in that front and army, in either 55th or 117th Rifle Corps, for the duration. It was disbanded \"in place\" in the summer of 1945 with the Central Group of Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008357-0000-0000", "contents": "120th meridian east\nThe meridian 120\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, Australia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. In mean solar time this offset is the UTC+08:00 time zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008357-0001-0000", "contents": "120th meridian east\nThe 120th meridian east forms a great circle with the 60th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008357-0002-0000", "contents": "120th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 120th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008358-0000-0000", "contents": "120th meridian west\nThe meridian 120\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008358-0001-0000", "contents": "120th meridian west\nThe 120th meridian west forms a great circle with the 60th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008358-0002-0000", "contents": "120th meridian west\nIn Canada the border between British Columbia and Alberta is defined by the meridian north of where it intersects the Continental Divide of the Americas, and in the United States part of the border between California and Nevada approximately follows it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008358-0003-0000", "contents": "120th meridian west\nThe mean solar time at this meridian determines the time for the Pacific Time Zone (UTC\u221208:00) during standard time. Most of the year however, it is the meridian for Alaska Daylight Time, as daylight saving time is observed for nearly 2/3 of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008358-0004-0000", "contents": "120th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 120th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008359-0000-0000", "contents": "120\u00b0 parhelion\nA 120\u00b0 parhelion (plural: 120\u00b0 parhelia) is a relatively rare halo, an optical phenomenon occasionally appearing along with very bright sun dogs (also called parhelia) when ice crystal-saturated cirrus clouds fill the atmosphere. The 120\u00b0 parhelia are named for appearing in pair on the parhelic circle \u00b1120\u00b0 from the sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008359-0001-0000", "contents": "120\u00b0 parhelion\nWhen visible, 120\u00b0 parhelia appear as white-bluish bright spots on the white parhelic circle and are the product of at least two interior reflections in the hexagonal ice crystals. Their colour together with them being rather obscure can make observing them difficult as they tend to fuse with the clouds in the sky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008360-0000-0000", "contents": "120\u00d7570mm NATO\n120\u00d7570mm NATO tank ammunition (4.7 inch) also known as 120\u00d7570\u00a0R is a common, NATO-standard (STANAG 4385), tank gun semi-combustible cartridge used by 120mm smoothbore guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008360-0001-0000", "contents": "120\u00d7570mm NATO, History\nThe 120\u00d7570\u00a0R cartridge was originally intended for the German Rh-120 smoothbore gun but an interoperability agreement signed between West Germany and France in April\u00a01979, followed in September\u00a01981 by a project to install the M256 120\u00a0mm smoothbore gun on future M1A1 Abrams tanks made it a NATO standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008360-0002-0000", "contents": "120\u00d7570mm NATO, Characteristics\nThe 120\u00d7570mm are one-piece ammunition with semi-combustible cartridge cases. These incorporate a short, metallic stub case with an elastomeric sealing ring which allows the use of a normal sliding wedge type of breech and at the same time significantly reduces the weight of the rounds. Thus, a round of 120\u00a0mm Rheinmetall APFSDS ammunition has a mass of 19.8\u00a0kg, which is little more than the 18\u00a0kg mass of a typical 105\u00a0mm APFSDS round with the traditional metallic cartridge case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008361-0000-0000", "contents": "121 (number)\n121 (one hundred [and] twenty-one) is the natural number following 120 and preceding 122.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008361-0001-0000", "contents": "121 (number), In mathematics\nOne hundred [and] twenty-one is a square (11 times 11) and is the sum of three consecutive primes (37 + 41 + 43). 121 is the only square of the form 1+p+p2+p3+p4{\\displaystyle 1+p+p^{2}+p^{3}+p^{4}}, where p is prime (3, in this case).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008361-0002-0000", "contents": "121 (number), In mathematics\nAlso, 5! + 1 = 121. There are only two other squares known to be of the form n! + 1, supporting Brocard's conjecture. Another example of 121 being one of the few numbers supporting a conjecture is that Fermat conjectured that 4 and 121 are the only perfect squares of the form x3 - 4 (with x being 2 and 5, respectively). It is also a star number and a centered octagonal number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008361-0003-0000", "contents": "121 (number), In mathematics\nIn base 10, it is a Smith number since its digits add up to the same value as its factorization (which uses the same digits) and as a consequence of that it is a Friedman number (11^2). But it can not be expressed as the sum of any other number plus that number's digits, making 121 a self number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008362-0000-0000", "contents": "121 Atlantic Place\n121 Atlantic Place, formerly the Atlantic National Bank Building, is a historic skyscraper in Jacksonville, Florida. It was built in 1909 as the headquarters for the Atlantic National Bank, and is located at 121 West Forsyth Street. It was the tallest building in Jacksonville and in Florida from 1909 to 1912, and remains an office building today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008362-0001-0000", "contents": "121 Atlantic Place, History\nThe building was designed by New York City architects Mowbray and Uffinger and built between 1908 and 1909 by the James Stewart Company for the Atlantic National Bank. The steel frame structure stands at 10 stories and 135 feet (41\u00a0m) high, and includes a white Sylacauga marble covering on the bottom two floors and white terra cotta on the upper eight. The facade includes ornate detailing, two-story columns around the entrance, and other decorative elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008362-0002-0000", "contents": "121 Atlantic Place, History\nThe building was constructed amid a three-way race with the Bisbee Building and the Seminole Hotel to become Jacksonville's first skyscraper. All three buildings were located on Forsyth Street within a block of each other, and all three were ten stories tall. The Atlantic National Bank Building broke ground in August 1908, shortly after the Bisbee Building but before the Seminole Hotel. The Bisbee opened just before the Atlantic National Bank Building the following year, winning the race. However, at 41 meters the Atlantic Bank Building was taller than the others, making it the tallest building in Jacksonville and the tallest in Florida at the time. It held that position until the Florida Life Building was completed in 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008362-0003-0000", "contents": "121 Atlantic Place, History\nThe Atlantic National Bank, founded by Edward W. Lane, Thomas P. Denham, and Fred W. Hoyt in 1903, relocated its bank room from the nearby Dyal-Upchurch Building to the new headquarters. In 1926 the bank opened the Atlantic National Bank Annex directly behind the Bank Building on West Adams Street. This building, now known as the Schultz Building, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. In 1985 Atlantic National Bank merged with First Union, which was in turn acquired by Wachovia (and subsequently Wells Fargo).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008362-0003-0001", "contents": "121 Atlantic Place, History\nThe Atlantic National Bank Building changed hands over the years, becoming known as 121 Atlantic Place, but is still in use as an office building. It was renovated in the 2000s, with a five-story addition added to the west. One unique feature of the structure is its pedestrian tunnel connecting to the BB&T Bank Building, the only such tunnel in Downtown Jacksonville still in use. This tunnel, originally created to facilitate secure travel between buildings, has been home to a small restaurant, Benny's, since 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008363-0000-0000", "contents": "121 BC\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by 14.203.57.86 (talk) at 22:54, 9 March 2020 (\u2192\u200eDeaths). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008363-0001-0000", "contents": "121 BC\nYear 121 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Opimius and Allobrogicus (or, less frequently, year 633 Ab urbe condita) and the Second Year of Yuanshou. The denomination 121 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008364-0000-0000", "contents": "121 Centre\n121 Centre was a squatted self-managed social centre in Brixton, south London from 1981 until 1999. As an anarchist social centre, the venue hosted a bookshop, cafe, infoshop, library, meeting space, office space, printing facility, and rehearsal space. Organisations using the space included Food Not Bombs, Anarchist Black Cross prisoner aid chapters, an anarcho-feminist magazine, a squatters aid organisation, and an anarchist queer  group. Regular events at 121 Centre included punk concerts, a women's cafe night, and a monthly queer night. The centre kept a low profile and was one of the longest-lasting squats in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008364-0001-0000", "contents": "121 Centre, Original occupation\n121 Railton Road was first squatted by Olive Morris in 1973. Sabarr Books was established there before moving elsewhere. The centre then became an anarchist social centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008364-0002-0000", "contents": "121 Centre, Activities\nDuring the 1981 Brixton riots, the centre was left untouched. In 1983, the centre hosted people coming to London for the Stop the City demonstration. The Kate Sharpley Library (KSL) was founded at the 121 in 1979 by, among others, Albert Meltzer. From 1993 onwards, the venue hosted industrial, speedcore, and gabber electronic music events, such as the Sate industrial nights. The social centre was a networking centre for these experimental subgenres. The Dead by Dawn club hosted London's hardest and fastest music between 1994 and 1996. Attendees shared aesthetic interests, including zines, lectures by Sadie Plant, and intellectual literature by the Situationists, Deleuze and Guattari, and William Burroughs. Unlike other club or party series, Dead by Dawn was conceived to be unique in its combination of discussions, videos, films, exhibitions, Internet access, and stalls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008364-0003-0000", "contents": "121 Centre, Activities\nThe centre was set on fire during a rise in right-wing violence in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008364-0004-0000", "contents": "121 Centre, Eviction\nThe Lambeth London Borough Council obtained a court order to repossess the building in early 1999. The squatters responded with multiple actions to rally opposition: modifying billboards, wheatpasting protest fliers, publishing the South London Stress, and occupying Lambeth Town Hall with a \"drink-in\" protest of a new law against drinking in public. The Evening Standard reported their campaign as \"highly efficient\". As the eviction date approached, the squatters barricaded themselves inside and held an all-day street party in April. An armed police force later removed the remaining occupants. Rising property values were a core impetus for the building's repossession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008365-0000-0000", "contents": "121 East 22nd\n121 East 22nd (also 122 East 23rd Street) is a building in the Gramercy Park neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, developed by American company Toll Brothers. It is the first building in New York City designed by Rem Koolhaas's architectural firm OMA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008365-0001-0000", "contents": "121 East 22nd, History and development\nThe headquarters of United Cerebral Palsy previously occupied the site at the southwest corner of Lexington Avenue and 23rd Street. Avison Young acted as broker for the sale of the site. Some of the $135 million profit was donated to the New York City Foundation for Cerebral Palsy. The building is one of several new developments on 23rd Street, including the Madison Square Park Tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008365-0002-0000", "contents": "121 East 22nd, Amenities\nThe building will include a central courtyard, a pool, and a robotic parking system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008366-0000-0000", "contents": "121 Financial Ballpark\n121 Financial Ballpark (originally the Baseball Grounds of Jacksonville) is a baseball park in Jacksonville, Florida. It is the home stadium of the Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp Minor League Baseball team, who play in the Triple-A East. The facility opened in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008366-0001-0000", "contents": "121 Financial Ballpark, History\nThe Baseball Grounds were proposed as part of the city planning program known as the Better Jacksonville Plan. It was designed to replace the aging Wolfson Park, the previous home of the Double-A Southern League's Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp. The facility cost $34 million and broke ground in 2002, with construction being completed the following year. It became the first completed project of the Better Jacksonville Plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008366-0002-0000", "contents": "121 Financial Ballpark, History\nThe Atlantic Coast Conference baseball championship was held at the venue from 2005 to 2008. The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets won the first ACC Tournament at the Baseball Grounds of Jacksonville, followed by the Clemson Tigers in 2006, the North Carolina Tar Heels in 2007, and the Miami Hurricanes in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008366-0003-0000", "contents": "121 Financial Ballpark, History\nThe Baseball Grounds hosts an annual game between the Florida Gators and the Florida State Seminoles. The most recent game was on March 26, 2019, when Florida defeated Florida State 4\u20132 in front of 8,041 fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008366-0004-0000", "contents": "121 Financial Ballpark, History\nThe ballpark has twice hosted the Southern League All-Star Game. On July 8, 2003, the league's West Division All-Stars defeated the East Division All-Stars, 7\u20135, before 7,552\u00a0spectators. On July 17, 2013, the South Division defeated the North Division, 6\u20130, in front of a crowd of 9,373.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008366-0005-0000", "contents": "121 Financial Ballpark, History\nThe Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp became the Triple-A affiliate of the Miami Marlins in 2021 and shifted from the Southern League to the Triple-A East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008366-0006-0000", "contents": "121 Financial Ballpark, Features\nThe facility has nearly 6,000 stadium-style chairs and can accommodate more than 11,000 fans, with an old-fashioned design, brick facade and a grass seating berm and bleacher seating. It also features 12 luxury skyboxes, four skydecks, a large scoreboard and videoboard, a playground, and the \"knuckle,\" a unique 9-foot-high (2.7\u00a0m) mound for seating at the left field corner. Other ballpark features include a souvenir shop, first aid facility, various seating levels and perspectives, an ample number of restrooms and concession areas, in-seat concession services behind home plate, wide concourse and seating aisles and a high-definition video scoreboard in left center field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008366-0007-0000", "contents": "121 Financial Ballpark, Features\nThe park has an in-house video broadcast of games provided by The Schelldorf Television Network. The ballpark is located in downtown Jacksonville, situated between VyStar Veterans Memorial Arena and TIAA Bank Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008366-0008-0000", "contents": "121 Financial Ballpark, Attendance records\nThe largest crowd for a baseball game at the ballpark was 12,943, which occurred on April 11, 2003 during the grand opening of the park in a game between the Jacksonville Suns and the Huntsville Stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0000-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks\n121 George Street, The Rocks is a heritage-listed retail building and former terrace house and shops located at 121 George Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built during 1880 for Thomas Playfair. It is also known as Baker's Oven - Shop and residence. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0001-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThe first major building constructed on the western side of George Street was the hospital by July 1788. Located on the block currently bounded by Globe, George and Argyle Streets, which includes the study site, the hospital was seen as being \"well clear of town\" at the time. A temporary prefabricated hospital was added in 1790 with the arrival of the Second Fleet. The hospital was upgraded to include three wings by 1802. The yard and gardens at the north of the hospital covered the study site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0002-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, History, Development by William Davis and family\nThe removal of the hospital building from its George Street location opened this land up for development. The site of No. 123-125 George Street was claimed by William Davis, who had arrived in the colony in February 1800 as an Irish exile. Davis was a blacksmith by trade and had been charged with supplying weapons (pikes) to the Irish uprising in 1798. Arriving in Sydney, he was assigned to work in the lumber yard after having received 200 lashes for his suspected involvement in a planned convict escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0003-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, History, Development by William Davis and family\nBy 1809, Davis had left the lumber yard moving first to Parramatta, then returning to Sydney to live at Church Hill. Davis and his wife, Catherine, prospered in the new colony. By 1816, when the hospital closed, Davis was a successful publican and landholder, having a house at Church Hill and two properties in Parramatta. When the former hospital site became available in 1816, Davis acquired some of the land. This included the former northern wing of the hospital, which Davis converted into four separate houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0003-0001", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, History, Development by William Davis and family\nThese dwellings stood on the site, adjacent to No. 121 George Street until the construction of the Police Station in the early 1880s. With four houses on his land, Davis was not compelled to develop his entire holding at once. A map from 1822 suggests that a quarry may have operated on part of the site. While Davis continued possession of the site, it was not until 1834 that his claim to the land was made official via a grant of 12 perches, made on 29 October by Governor Richard Bourke. Davis died in 1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0004-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, History, Development by William Davis and family\nThe grandson of his brother John, John Davis, was appointed co-executor of Davis' estate with Father John McEncroe, the Catholic Priest at Church Hill, and John Dalley, who owned the property next to Davis' George Street tavern. John Davis took possession of the George Street property and built a house to the rear of it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0005-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, History, Development by William Davis and family\nThe George Street frontage remained clear during the ownership of both Davis and Henry Byrnes, who purchased the property around 1877. Byrnes was a waterman in Sydney, operating small boats to service the ships and ferry passengers and cargo between the ships and shore. In the tradition of the previous owners, Byrnes leased the property to be used by traders and store holders. In 1870, W. Hooper, a greengrocer, occupied No. 123 and T. Barry, bootmaker, occupied No. 125. The shops continued as a greengrocer, (J. Paddon) and a bootmaker (J. McAuley) until September 1881, when they and the rear buildings were pulled down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0006-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, History, Redevelopment by Thomas Playfair\nThomas Playfair had arrived in Sydney in 1859 as a sailor in the British Navy aboard the MHS Pelorus. He settled in Sydney after his discharge and went into a partnership with a local wholesale butcher, William Bailey. By 1862, Playfair was operating his own butchery in Lower George Street, providing meat to the ships that were moored in Sydney Cove. In this capacity, he quickly prospered in a lucrative market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0006-0001", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, History, Redevelopment by Thomas Playfair\nIn 1875, having lived in The Rocks for over ten years, Playfair was elected to the Sydney City Council as the member for the Gipps Ward, which he represented until a few months before his death in 1893. He served as Mayor of the city in 1885, and in 1889 he was elected to the Legislative Council as the Member for West Sydney, serving until 1891. As a successful merchant, Playfair began to expand his interests in property around The Rocks area, buying land and property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0007-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, History, Redevelopment by Thomas Playfair\nIn 1880, with the George Street frontage of No. 121 undeveloped, Henry Byrnes sold the land to Thomas Playfair. Playfair, who had also purchased the two blocks to the south, proceeded to develop the site. He erected a two-storey shop and dwelling fronting George Street with a single storey extension and outbuilding to the rear. In 1882, he built two other shops on the blocks of 123 and 125. The fa\u00e7ade of these shops, executed in Victorian Free Classical Style was extended to include the front of No. 121 to create the shop front as it exists today. Paddon continued as a fruiterer in the new shop at No. 123, and C. W. Danielson, bookmaker in the other. Shop No. 125 became an outfitter and importer outlet in 1885. Playfair continued as landlord until the NSW Government resumed the property in 1900.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0008-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, History, Acquisition by the NSW Government\nIn 1900, Sydney was subjected to a panic attack that accompanied the diagnosis of the bubonic plague in the city. One of the first cases was found to be in The Rocks, and public attention was focused on the area. The government response to the situation was to resume the entire Rocks and Darling Harbour area, an estimated 900 properties, including houses, shops, hotels, warehouses and wharves and including No. 121 George Street. To administer this area, the Government formed the Sydney Harbour Trust in 1902.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0009-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, History, Acquisition by the NSW Government\nWhile this constituted a substantial change for the owners of the stores, many of the occupants stayed on after the changeover. From 1936, the premises were administered by the Maritime Services Board. In 1970 the Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority was established to administer and redevelop The Rocks. Nos. 121-125 George Street were to be demolished but after community protest and Green Bans placed on the area many historic buildings were saved. In 1985 the Sydney Cove Authority was formed, and then in 1999 the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority was created to administer and protect the area, signalling a new appreciation of heritage in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0010-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nNo . 121 George Street is a two-storey commercial property that appears as part of a row of three shops with the same facade design. In fact, No. 121 was built before Nos. 123-125, however the front facade was modified when its neighbours were built so that the property appeared as one. The street facade is designed in the Victorian Free Classical style that was typically used for commercial properties and whenever a veneer of respectability was sought. The classically inspired stucco detailing was applied to the rendered masonry wall allowing for the flexibility of decorative motifs without slowing the construction of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0011-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nStyle: Victorian Free Classical Style; Storeys: 2; Roof Cladding: Corrugated iron; Floor Frame: Timber/vinyl and carpet finish; Ceilings: Plasterboard/lined with timber boards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0012-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Description, Condition\nThe exterior and interior of the building are in good condition. There is a continuing need for effective roof level maintenance to ensure the building is kept weather tight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0013-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Description, Condition\nArchaeology Assessment Condition: Partly disturbed. Assessment Basis: Floors level with George Street, terraced up to former level of Nurses Walk. Recent building techniques (Bakehouse Place).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0014-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Description, Further information\nNos. 121-125 George Street are included as a single listing on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate and the non-statutory National Trust of Australia register.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0015-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAs at 28 January 2009, No. 121 George Street is a representative example of a commercial building in the Victorian Free Classical style. It was built in 1880 by Thomas Playfair, as one of his investments in The Rocks area and has had a continual commercial use since it was built. The surviving fabric has the ability to yield information on early building techniques as well as the way of life for the inhabitants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0015-0001", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe bakery is a rare surviving example of such a facility constructed in 1922, and is a fine example of the tools used for the application of a traditional skill. Although now partly removed, some of the peel brick oven survives including the iron doors, front wall to the oven and the associated tools allowing for interpretation as a traditional oven and bakery. The building is an integral part of the fabric of The Rocks showing the growth of the area and in particular the importance of the harbourside to the commercial precinct of The Rocks", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0016-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nShop and Residence - Bakers Oven was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0017-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0018-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nNo . 121 George Street was built in 1880 as a commercial premise as part of the business precinct lining the harbour-side of The Rocks and is associated with the evolving pattern of urban fabric of the area. - The building is associated with Thomas Playfair, Mayor of Sydney in 1885. The building has had a continuous commercial use since it was built in 1880. The site retains elements of a combined shop/residence, once common throughout both the Rocks area and Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0019-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0020-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nNo . 121 George Street is associated with Thomas Playfair, Mayor of Sydney in 1885. Playfair was a butcher and invested in property in the local area, of which 121 George Street is one such property. The property is also associated with William Davis, an Irish convict who was instrumental in helping the Catholic Church establish itself in Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0021-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0022-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe building's facade is a fine example of the Victorian Free Classical style, executed to give a sense of decorum to an otherwise simple commercial and residential structure. The building has streetscape value as one building in a group of three that were designed to appear as one property. The building's scale and alignment to the street are typical of that found along the business precinct of George Street in The Rocks area. The street fa\u00e7ade has remained relatively intact since it was constructed in 1882.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0023-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0024-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe building has had a continuous commercial use since it was built in 1880. It has been used as a hairdresser's, a tobacconist, a bakery and a small shop. Since 1977 it has been a sandwich shop known as The Baker's Oven. The site retains elements of a combined shop/residence, once common throughout both The Rocks and Sydney in general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0025-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0026-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe fabric, although modified has the ability to yield information on the configuration of late Victorian commercial/residential buildings and aspects of the way of life of the people who inhabited them. Remnants of the baker's oven survive as an example of a peel brick oven including the associated baker's tool of timber peels and iron fire strokes. The site has the potential to contain subsurface archaeological deposits associated with the European occupation of the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0027-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0028-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe site has the potential to contain subsurface archaeological deposits associated with the early European occupation of the site and the surrounding area. Remnants of the baker's oven survive as an example of a peel brick oven including the associated baker's tool of timber peels and iron fire stokes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0029-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0030-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nNo . 121 George Street is representative of the nineteenth-century urban fabric that is found at The Rocks. It is a representative of a Victorian commercial property built in the Free Classical Style, and has been continuously occupied for commercial and retail purposes since construction in 1880. The building's scale and alignment to the street is typical of that found along the west side of George street and lining the harbourside as part of the business precinct of The Rocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0030-0001", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe building is part of the rich fabric of The Rocks which is highly regarded by residents, Sydney people and visitors and acknowledged by the Australian Heritage Commission and the National Trust as part of The Rocks Urban Conservation Area. The building at 121 George street is expressive of the close weaving of the social fabric of The Rocks area in the nineteenth century, by demonstrating the close links between the residential and commercial activities of the community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008367-0031-0000", "contents": "121 George Street, The Rocks, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 1588 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 14 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008368-0000-0000", "contents": "121 Hermione\nHermione (minor planet designation: 121 Hermione) is a very large binary asteroid discovered in 1872. It orbits in the Cybele group in the far outer asteroid belt. As an asteroid of the dark C spectral type, it is probably composed of carbonaceous materials. In 2002, a small moon was found to be orbiting Hermione.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008368-0001-0000", "contents": "121 Hermione, Discovery\nHermione was discovered by J. C. Watson on 12 May 1872 from Ann Arbor, Michigan, in the United States, and named after Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen in Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008368-0002-0000", "contents": "121 Hermione, Physical properties\nThe asteroid has a bi-lobed shape, as evidenced by adaptive optics images, the first of which were taken in December 2003 with the Keck telescope. Of several proposed shape models that agreed with the images, a \"snowman\"-like shape was found to best fit the observed precession rate of Hermione's satellite. In this \"snowman\" model, the asteroid's shape can be approximated by two partially overlapping spheres of radii 80 and 60\u00a0km, whose centers are separated by a distance of 115\u00a0km. A simple ellipsoid shape was ruled out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008368-0003-0000", "contents": "121 Hermione, Physical properties\nObservation of the satellite's orbit has made possible an accurate determination of Hermione's mass. For the best-fit \"snowman\" model, the density is found to be 1.8 \u00b1 0.2 g/cm3, giving a porosity on the order of 20%, and possibly indicating that the main components are fractured solid bodies, rather than the asteroid being a rubble pile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008368-0004-0000", "contents": "121 Hermione, Physical properties\nOccultations by Hermione have been successfully observed three times so far, the last time in February 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008368-0005-0000", "contents": "121 Hermione, Moon\nA satellite of Hermione was discovered in 2002 with the Keck II telescope. It is about 8 miles (13\u00a0km) in diameter. The satellite is provisionally designated S/2002 (121) 1. It has not yet been officially named, but \"LaFayette\" has been proposed by a group of astronomers in reference to the frigate used in secret by the Marquis de Lafayette to reach America to help the insurgents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008369-0000-0000", "contents": "121 South African Infantry Battalion\n121 South African Infantry Battalion is a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008369-0001-0000", "contents": "121 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Origin\nA decision was made around 1979 to develop a Zulu speaking infantry battalion. On 20 January men who had reported for duty at the Josini Base were sent to 21 Battalion in Lenz near Johannesburg where 79 men completed training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008369-0002-0000", "contents": "121 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Garrison\nOn 23 April 1979, 121 Battalion was established and allocated lines near an old Water Affairs compound at Jozini. By 1980  a platoon of 121 Battalion was despatched for duty in South West Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008369-0003-0000", "contents": "121 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Garrison\nBy 1981 121 Battalion was relocated to a new base at Dukuduku where the leopard head was adopted as the beret badge. 121 Battalion received its national colours in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008369-0004-0000", "contents": "121 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Garrison\nFreedom of the city was issued to 121 Battalion by:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008369-0005-0000", "contents": "121 South African Infantry Battalion, SANDF's Motorised Infantry\nSANDF's Motorised Infantry is transported mostly by Mamba APC's, Samil trucks, or other un-protected motor vehicles. Samil 20,50 and 100 trucks transport soldiers, towing guns, and carrying equipment and supplies. Samil trucks are 2x4 and 4x6 drive, in order to have vehicles that function reliably in extremes of weather and terrain. Motorised infantry have an advantage in mobility allowing them to move to critical sectors of the battlefield faster, allowing better response to enemy movements, as well as the ability to outmaneuver the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008370-0000-0000", "contents": "121 Squadron SAAF\n121 Squadron SAAF was a South African Air Force squadron formed in 1974 to operate the British Tigercat surface-to-air missile systems in an air defence role. The unit was disbanded when the Tigercat system was retired from service in the early 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008370-0001-0000", "contents": "121 Squadron SAAF, History and deployment\nPress reports from 1974 state that South Africa acquired Tigercat missile systems from Jordan. The amount totalled 54 batteries. Under South African control, they were renamed Hilda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008370-0002-0000", "contents": "121 Squadron SAAF, History and deployment\nThe Hilda system was issued to the 250 Air Defence Artillery Group of the South African Air Force, which equipped its 121 and 123 Squadrons with them. The Squadron was based initially at AFB Waterkloof and then Pienaarsrivier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008370-0003-0000", "contents": "121 Squadron SAAF, History and deployment\nOn external deployments, the Hilda system was issued to 123 Squadron at AFB Grootfontein for Operation Savannah and 129 Squadron at AFB Ondangwa in South West Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008370-0004-0000", "contents": "121 Squadron SAAF, History and deployment\nLive fire training was held at the St Lucia range in northern Natal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008370-0005-0000", "contents": "121 Squadron SAAF, History and deployment\n250 ADAG was disbanded in 1993 and with it 121 Squadron and the Hilda System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008370-0006-0000", "contents": "121 Squadron SAAF, The Hilda Missile System\nEach Hilda system consisted of a trailer mounted Director and Launcher towed by diesel Land Rovers. The Launcher loaded three missiles at a go. A five-man complement, a generator and spare missiles were issued to each complement. The launcher and director was deployed by setting up the jacks and were connected to each other via cable link. The operator would launch a missile and guide it along a line of site to an approaching enemy aircraft by a joystick, issuing a radio command. The Hilda missile was small and subsonic, powered by a two-stage rocket motor and steered by four swept wings and stabilised by four tail fins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008370-0007-0000", "contents": "121 Squadron SAAF, The Hilda Missile System\nA Hilda missile, similar to that operated by 121 Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008371-0000-0000", "contents": "121 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force\nThe 121 Squadron \"Brahminy Kite\" (\"Gannet\" before 1994) of the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) currently operates the Fokker 50 Utility Aircraft (UTA) and Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPA) based at Changi Airbase (West). The squadron goes by the motto of \"Seek and Destroy\" and the mascot is the brahminy kite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008371-0001-0000", "contents": "121 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\nSet up in 1973 with the commissioning of the SH 7 Skyvan 3M into the service of SADC. In 1993, the squadron found a new chapter to their successful career when they began operating the Fokker F50 MPA and UTL. With this move, the squadron's mascot was changed from the gannet to the brahminy kite, which is also reflected as the current centerpiece of the squadron's crest. As of September 2008, the Squadron has maintain an impressive safety record of over 124,000 accident-free flying hours, spanning a period of 35 years since the squadron's inception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008371-0002-0000", "contents": "121 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Roles and Missions\nThe primary role of the F-50 is to provide dedicated wide area maritime air surveillance for search and rescue operations, aeromedical evacuations and the transportation of personnel. The 121Sqn is unique in the RSAF, it is the first RSAF squadron to be crewed by both RSAF and RSN personnels as the pilots are drawn from the RSAF while the equipment/system specialists are from the RSN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008371-0002-0001", "contents": "121 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Roles and Missions\nAs such, the F-50 MPA is part of a MINDEF system that comprises both Republic of Singapore Air Force and Republic of Singapore Navy assets that are capable of operations in tandem for seeking out and destroying a naval surface or sub-surface target, they can be quickly re-armed with the Harpoon Anti-ship missiles or EuroTorp A244/S ASW torpedoes as and when they are required to. The other squadron which integrate both Naval and Air operations are personnel from 123 Squadron with the Seahawks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008371-0003-0000", "contents": "121 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Roles and Missions\nThe squadron covers a wide spectrum of operations round the clock. These include Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) efforts such as Operations Flying Eagle in the aftermath of the Asian tsunami in December 2004, regular patrols of Singapore\u2019s Sea Lines of Communication as well as participation in the Malacca Straits \u201cEyes-in-the-Sky\u201d Joint Air Patrol with Indonesia and Malaysia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008371-0004-0000", "contents": "121 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, SAF award\nAlso, the squadron has won the Best Tactical Support Squadron award (Singapore Armed Forces Best Unit Competition) for the fourth time in 2008; its past achievements being in 1997, 2002 and 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008372-0000-0000", "contents": "121 West Trade\n121 West Trade (formerly known as the Interstate Tower) is a high-rise office building located at the Trade and Tryon, in Charlotte Center City, North Carolina. The post modern building was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates and was completed in 1991. It also has 330,000 feet (101,000 m) of Class A office space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008373-0000-0000", "contents": "121 series\nThe 121 series (121\u7cfb) is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type introduced in March 1987 by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and currently operated by Shikoku Railway Company (JR Shikoku) on local services in Shikoku, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008373-0001-0000", "contents": "121 series, Design\nThe 121 series design is based on the earlier 105 series, with lightweight stainless steel bodies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008373-0002-0000", "contents": "121 series, Design\nThe motor bogies were the same DT33A bogies as used on the JNR-era 103 series EMUs, and the trailer cars used DT21T bogies recovered from withdrawn 101 series EMUs. The pantographs were also recovered from withdrawn 101 series EMUs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008373-0003-0000", "contents": "121 series, Operations\nThe sets are based at Takamatsu Depot and operate on the Yosan Line and Dosan Line in 2-, 4-, or 6-car formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008373-0004-0000", "contents": "121 series, Formations\nAs of 1\u00a0April\u00a02016, the fleet consists of 18 two-car 121 series sets and one 7200 series formed of one motored \"Mc\" car and one non-powered \"Tc\" trailer car as shown below with the motored \"Mc\" cars at the Takamatsu end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008373-0005-0000", "contents": "121 series, Formations, 121 series\nThe \"Mc\" cars are each fitted with one S-PS58 lozenge-type pantograph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008373-0006-0000", "contents": "121 series, Formations, 7200 series\nThe \"Mc\" cars are each fitted with one S-PS58 lozenge-type pantograph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008373-0007-0000", "contents": "121 series, Interiors\nSeating is arranged as a mix of transverse seating bays and longitudinal bench seats. The sets are not equipped with toilets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008373-0008-0000", "contents": "121 series, History\nThe 121 series sets were introduced on 23 March 1987, just nine days before JNR was privatized on 1 April, following which the 121 series fleet came under control of JR Shikoku. The sets were originally delivered with magenta \"Red No. 20\" bodyside stripes, but were repainted with JR Shikoku corporate light blue (\"Blue No. 26\") bodyside stripes during September and October 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008373-0009-0000", "contents": "121 series, History\nIn 1992, the original pantographs were replaced with the same S-PS58 type pantographs also used on the JR Shikoku 7000 series EMUs to ensure adequate clearance through tunnels on newly electrified sections of the Yosan Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008373-0010-0000", "contents": "121 series, History\nIn 2011, two sets (numbers 001 and 002) were modified for wanman driver only operation. These sets were repainted with their original JNR-style magenta bodyside stripes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008373-0011-0000", "contents": "121 series, History\nSet 009 with a front-end red warning stripe added for a short period during the 1990s", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008373-0012-0000", "contents": "121 series, Refurbishment and conversion\nFrom 2016, the entire fleet of 19 two-car trainsets is scheduled to undergo refurbishment, and at the same time reclassified \"7200 series\". Refurbishment includes replacement of the DC motors with 140\u00a0kW AC motors and VVVF control, new side windows, new \"efWing\" CFRP bogies (S-DT67ef motor bogies and S-TR67ef trailer bogies), and a new livery based on the original style with a thin green line added to the magenta bodyside stripe. Internally, the refurbished trains have fixed four-person seating bays on one side with longitudinal bench seating on the other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008373-0013-0000", "contents": "121 series, Refurbishment and conversion\nThe first trainset to be treated, set 3, was outshopped from JR Shikoku's Tadotsu Works in February 2016, and entered service from 13 June 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008373-0014-0000", "contents": "121 series, Fleet history\nThe individual build histories for the fleet are as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008374-0000-0000", "contents": "121-127 Sussex Street, Sydney\n121-127 Sussex Street is a heritage-listed former warehouse and now commercial office building located at 121-127 Sussex Street, in the Sydney central business district, in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built during 1850. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008374-0001-0000", "contents": "121-127 Sussex Street, Sydney, History\nMid -nineteenth century commercial buildings reflecting the predominate use of the Sussex Street area as storage, warehousing, and markets closely related to the wharfage in Darling Harbour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008374-0002-0000", "contents": "121-127 Sussex Street, Sydney, History\nThe site for much of its history in the 19th and early 20th century was the premises of produce and commission agents. There were other businesses occupying the premises including a photographer in the 1870s. Nipper and See were long-time residents, who as well as produce stores and agents  were also auctioneers. Several Farmers Co-operative Associations had their warehouses and offices on the site during the late 19th century. Goldsbrough Mort & Co had sampling rooms here during the 1890s. The buildings appear to have been modified or rebuilt just before Federation, incorporating warehouses and commercial chambers. There was a tinsmith and canister maker on the site for a short time after this. Well known produce merchants and auctioneers Livingstone and Gray, later known as Livingstone and Basham had a long tenancy on the site in the early 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 906]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008374-0003-0000", "contents": "121-127 Sussex Street, Sydney, History\nThe site was extensively redeveloped in 1985 and was incorporated into the Four Points Hotel. As of December\u00a02018 the property was leased by Multiplex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008374-0004-0000", "contents": "121-127 Sussex Street, Sydney, Description\nBuilt around the 1850s; painted stone and iron roof. Originally single storey to Sussex Street with four storeys at rear; sympathetic second storey added around Federation to Sussex Street elevation. Original tenants were very well known Sydney produce merchants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008374-0005-0000", "contents": "121-127 Sussex Street, Sydney, Description, Condition\nAs at 24 October 2002, the archaeological potential of the building is good. Settlement has occurred on Sussex Street frontage, windows not original and some shopfront panelling replaced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008374-0006-0000", "contents": "121-127 Sussex Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nAs at 28 November 2002, an early Victorian commercial terrace that makes an important contribution to the significance of the Sussex Street Group. The large openings at street level indicate the commercial function. The first floor is a sympathetically designed addition which is also a reflection of early prosperity. The terrace has heritage significance for its associations with produce merchants and wool merchants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008374-0007-0000", "contents": "121-127 Sussex Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nBuilding was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008374-0008-0000", "contents": "121-127 Sussex Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008374-0009-0000", "contents": "121-127 Sussex Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe building has historical significance for its association with well known produce merchants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008374-0010-0000", "contents": "121-127 Sussex Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008374-0011-0000", "contents": "121-127 Sussex Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nPart of the Sussex Street group, the building makes a valuable contribution to the streetscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008374-0012-0000", "contents": "121-127 Sussex Street, Sydney, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 412 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008375-0000-0000", "contents": "1210\nYear 1210 (MCCX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008376-0000-0000", "contents": "1210 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 12:15kHz: 1210 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency. WPHT Philadelphia is the dominant Class A station on 1210 AM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008378-0000-0000", "contents": "1210s\nThe 1210s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1210, and ended on December 31, 1219.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008379-0000-0000", "contents": "1210s BC\nThe 1210s BC is a decade which lasted from 1219 BC to 1210 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008381-0000-0000", "contents": "1210s in architecture\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Cote d'Azur (talk | contribs) at 07:29, 3 December 2019 (ce). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008382-0000-0000", "contents": "1210s in art\nThe decade of the 1210s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008383-0000-0000", "contents": "1211\nYear 1211 (MCCXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008384-0000-0000", "contents": "1211 Avenue of the Americas\n1211 Avenue of the Americas (also known as the News Corp. Building) is an International style skyscraper on Sixth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Formerly called the Celanese Building, it was completed in 1973 as part of the later Rockefeller Center expansion (1960s\u20131970s) dubbed the \"XYZ Buildings\". The Celanese Corporation would later move to Dallas, Texas. Currently, 1211 is owned by Ivanho\u00e9 Cambridge. The structure has a simple slab-like shape devoid of any decoration, its prosaic fa\u00e7ade consisting of vertical alternating limestone and glass stripes. The fa\u00e7ade stone piers are supernumerary; there are twice as many of them as structurally necessary. The glass bands are continuous and offer no indication of floor levels. These features ably create the visual lack of scale, so the tower does not look overly bulky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008384-0001-0000", "contents": "1211 Avenue of the Americas, Background\nThe building was part of the later Rockefeller Center expansion (1960s\u20131970s) dubbed the \"XYZ Buildings\". Their plans were first drawn in 1963 by the Rockefeller family's architect, Wallace Harrison, of the architectural firm Harrison & Abramovitz. Their letters correspond to their height. 1251 Avenue of the Americas is the \"X\" Building as it is the tallest at 750\u00a0ft (229 m) and 54 stories, and was the first completed, in 1971. The \"Y\" is 1221 Avenue of the Americas, which was the second tower completed (1973) and is the second in height (674\u00a0ft and 51 stories). The \"Z\" Building, the shortest and the youngest, is 1211 Avenue of the Americas with 45 stories (592\u00a0ft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008384-0002-0000", "contents": "1211 Avenue of the Americas, Background\nThe structure is LEED certified (silver level designation) by USGBC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008384-0003-0000", "contents": "1211 Avenue of the Americas, Notable tenants\nThe building served as the global headquarters for the original News Corporation, founded by Australian-born businessman Rupert Murdoch in 1980. It continues to serve as the headquarters for subsequent spin-offs Fox Corporation (2019\u2013present) and the present-day News Corp (2013\u2013present), and until 2019, 21st Century Fox (2013\u20132019). The building is well-known for housing the main Fox News studios, part of the Fox News Group which is currently owned by Fox Corp. Well-known News Corp divisions housed within the building include Dow Jones & Company, The Wall Street Journal, and the New York Post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008384-0004-0000", "contents": "1211 Avenue of the Americas, Notable tenants\nOther companies unaffiliated with News Corp that lease office space in the building include Annaly Capital Management and Ropes & Gray LLP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008386-0000-0000", "contents": "1211th Test Squadron\nThe 1211th Test Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 9th Weather Reconnaissance Group, stationed at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico. It was inactivated on 8 June 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008386-0001-0000", "contents": "1211th Test Squadron, History\nThe idea of atomic cloud sampling developed from atmospheric testing during Operation Sandstone in the spring of 1948. During the operation, an aircraft accidentally flew through an atomic cloud. An analysis of the radiation dosages received by the crewmembers was found to be minor and led to the realization that sampling could be accomplished effectively with manned aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008386-0002-0000", "contents": "1211th Test Squadron, History\nAnalyses of samples collected from atomic clouds were considered the most accurate method of determining the efficiency and yield of a nuclear device. Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) scientists accompanied the squadron on sampling missions in order to assess effects on humans. The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) recommended that the USAF establish an organization specifically for gathering cloud samples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008386-0003-0000", "contents": "1211th Test Squadron, History\nIn 1953, HQ, USAF approved a test squadron for sampling atomic clouds; the squadron was titled the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) and assigned to the 4925th Test Group (Atomic). The new squadron was created within AFSWC's 4925th Test Group (Atomic), as the group, up to that time, had assisted the AEC and AFSWP in nuclear weapons effects tests and had actually developed operational techniques for airborne sampling of the effects. These included in-flight laboratories to gather airborne data on test results, piloted and drone aircraft to sample radioactive clouds, safety aircraft to measure radioactivity in areas surrounding tests, and nuclear-cloud-tracking aircraft to establish fallout patterns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008386-0004-0000", "contents": "1211th Test Squadron, History\nInitially using the F-84G Thunderjet, The B-57B Canberra was first used during Operation Teapot in 1955. By 1956, the B-57B was a staple of the AFSWC sampling program. In addition to the dedicated men of the 4926th TS, many aircraft and crews were pulled from operational squadrons around the Air Force to help formulate procedures to operate successfully in a nuclear environment, if necessary. Flying the B-57, the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) participated in many operations, the majority at the Nevada Test Site and the remainder at Eniwetok Atoll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008386-0005-0000", "contents": "1211th Test Squadron, History\nIn April 1961, shortly after Air Research and Development Command was redesignated Air Force Systems Command, the squadron was transferred to Air Weather Service and renumbered 1211.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008386-0006-0000", "contents": "1211th Test Squadron, History\nWith the end of atmospheric nuclear testing in 1963, the squadron was discontinued. Its personnel and aircraft were reassigned to the 58th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008386-0007-0000", "contents": "1211th Test Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008387-0000-0000", "contents": "1212\nYear 1212 (MCCXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008388-0000-0000", "contents": "1212 (album)\n1212 is the fifth studio album by Boston underground hip hop duo 7L & Esoteric, released on October 12, 2010 under Esoteric's own label Fly Casual Records. Released four years after their previous effort A New Dope, the album marked a return to their original boom bap sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008389-0000-0000", "contents": "1212 Francette\n1212 Francette, provisional designation 1931 XC, is a dark Hildian asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 82 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 December 1931, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa, who named it after his wife Francette Boyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008389-0001-0000", "contents": "1212 Francette, Orbit and classification\nFrancette is a member of the small Hilda family (001), an asteroid family within the dynamical Hilda group, that stays in an orbital resonance with the  gas giant Jupiter. It orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 3.2\u20134.7\u00a0AU once every 7 years and 10 months (2,872 days; semi-major axis of 3.95\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008389-0002-0000", "contents": "1212 Francette, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A918 KA at Simeiz Observatory in May 1918. The body's observation arc begins at Algiers with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008389-0003-0000", "contents": "1212 Francette, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Francette is a primitive P-type asteroid. In the SMASS classification it is an X-type asteroid. The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) also characterizes Francette as a dark P-type, while the overall spectral type for members of the Hilda family is typically that of a carbonaceous C-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008389-0004-0000", "contents": "1212 Francette, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 2016, a rotational lightcurve of Francette was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomers Brian Warner, Robert Stephens and Dan Coley at the Center for Solar System Studies (U80\u201382) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 22.433 hours with a brightness variation of 0.13 magnitude (U=2/3-), superseding a period of 16 hours, previously measured in the 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008389-0005-0000", "contents": "1212 Francette, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Francette measures between 76.395 and 85.81 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.037 and 0.046.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008389-0006-0000", "contents": "1212 Francette, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0400 and a diameter of 82.13 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.54.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008389-0007-0000", "contents": "1212 Francette, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after his wife, Francette Boyer. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 112).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008390-0000-0000", "contents": "121288 U\u017eivo\n121288 U\u017eivo (trans. 121288 Live) is the first live album by Serbian and former Yugoslav hard rock band Kerber, released in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008390-0001-0000", "contents": "121288 U\u017eivo\nThe album was recorded on Kerber concert in Belgrade Youth Center. The album was generally disliked by both fans and critics, and after releasing it, the band made a two-year break in their work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008391-0000-0000", "contents": "1213\nYear 1213 (MCCXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008392-0000-0000", "contents": "1213 Algeria\n1213 Algeria, provisional designation 1931 XD, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Guy Reiss at Algiers Observatory in 1931, it was named after the North African country of Algeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008392-0001-0000", "contents": "1213 Algeria, Discovery\nAlgeria was discovered by French astronomer Guy Reiss at the North African Algiers Observatory on 5 December 1931. Three nights later, the body was independently discovered by Belgian\u2013American astronomer George Van Biesbroeck at the U.S. Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008392-0002-0000", "contents": "1213 Algeria, Discovery\nA first precovery was taken at Yerkes Observatory, extending the Algeria's observation arc by just 16 days prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008392-0003-0000", "contents": "1213 Algeria, Orbit and classification\nThe dark asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,035 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008392-0004-0000", "contents": "1213 Algeria, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nA rotational lightcurve of Algeria was obtained from photometric observations made by French amateur astronomer Claudine Rinner in August 2002. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 16 hours with a brightness variation of 0.19 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008392-0005-0000", "contents": "1213 Algeria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Algeria measures between 29.2 and 34.5 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo in the range of 0.057 to 0.093.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008392-0006-0000", "contents": "1213 Algeria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.059 and a diameter of 33.1 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.1, and characterizes it as a C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008392-0007-0000", "contents": "1213 Algeria, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honour of the North African country Algeria, location of the discovering observatory and a French colony at the time. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 112).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008395-0000-0000", "contents": "1214\nYear 1214 (MCCXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1214th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 214th year of the 2nd millennium, the 14th year of the 13th century, and the 5th year of the 1210s decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008396-0000-0000", "contents": "1214 Richilde\n1214 Richilde, provisional designation 1932 AA, is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 35 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in 1932. Any reference of the asteroid's name to a person is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008396-0001-0000", "contents": "1214 Richilde, Discovery\nRichilde was discovered on 1 January 1932, by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. Five nights later, on 6 January 1932, it was independently discovered by Japanese astronomer K. Nakamura at Kwasan Observatory (377), Kyoto. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1930 QD at Uccle Observatory in August 1930, approximately 16 months prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008396-0002-0000", "contents": "1214 Richilde, Orbit and classification\nRichilde is a non-family asteroid from the main-belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,629 days; semi-major axis of 2.71\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008396-0003-0000", "contents": "1214 Richilde, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS, Richilde is a Xk-subtype, that transitions from the X-type to the rare K-type asteroids, while the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) characterizes the body as a primitive P-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008396-0004-0000", "contents": "1214 Richilde, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nIn the 1990s, a rotational lightcurve of Richilde was first obtained from photometric observations by astronomers using the ESO 1-metre telescope at the La Silla Observatory in Chile. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 9.860 hours with a brightness variation of 0.32 magnitude (U=3). In October 2006, a concurring period of 9.870 hours and an amplitude of 0.31 was measured by French amateur astronomer Raymond Poncy (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 65], "content_span": [66, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008396-0005-0000", "contents": "1214 Richilde, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nIn 2011, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue (UAPC) and other sources gave a period 9.86687 hours, as well as a partial spin axis of (n.a.\u00b0 , \u201359.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 65], "content_span": [66, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008396-0006-0000", "contents": "1214 Richilde, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Richilde measures between 30.70 and 39.58 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.044 and 0.07.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008396-0007-0000", "contents": "1214 Richilde, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0517 and a diameter of 35.22 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008396-0008-0000", "contents": "1214 Richilde, Naming\nThis minor planet is named after a common German female name. Any reference of this name to a person or occurrence is unknown (AN 247, 153).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008396-0009-0000", "contents": "1214 Richilde, Naming, Unknown meaning\nAmong the many thousands of named minor planets, Richilde is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these asteroids have low numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008398-0000-0000", "contents": "1214 in Scotland\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 11:06, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008398-0001-0000", "contents": "1214 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1214 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008399-0000-0000", "contents": "1214 km\n1214 km (Russian: 1214 \u043a\u043c) is a rural locality (a village) in Voyegurtskoye Rural Settlement of Balezinsky District, Russia. The population was 10 as of 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008399-0001-0000", "contents": "1214 km, Geography\nThe village is located on the left tributary of the Cheptsa River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008400-0000-0000", "contents": "1215\nYear 1215 (MCCXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008401-0000-0000", "contents": "1215 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1215 kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008402-0000-0000", "contents": "1215 Boyer\n1215 Boyer, provisional designation 1932 BA, is a stony Eunomian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by astronomer Alfred Schmitt in 1932, who named it after French astronomer and college Louis Boyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008402-0001-0000", "contents": "1215 Boyer, Discovery\nBoyer was discovered on 19 January 1932, by French astronomer Alfred Schmitt at the Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa. Eight days later, it was independently discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in Germany. The body's observation arc begins at Algiers with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008402-0002-0000", "contents": "1215 Boyer, Classification and orbit\nBoyer is a member of the Eunomia family (502), the most prominent family in the intermediate main-belt, which mostly consists of stony asteroids. Conversely, Boyer has also been grouped into the Maria family (506).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008402-0003-0000", "contents": "1215 Boyer, Classification and orbit\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.2\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,512 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008402-0004-0000", "contents": "1215 Boyer, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Boyer is a common, stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008402-0005-0000", "contents": "1215 Boyer, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn August 2008 and May 2012, two rotational lightcurves of Boyer were obtained from photometric observations by an international collaboration of astronomers studying the rotational properties of Maria asteroids, using the ground-based Wise Observatory in Israel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 10.36 hours with a brightness variation of 0.31 and 050 magnitude, respectively (U=2-/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008402-0006-0000", "contents": "1215 Boyer, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Boyer measures between 13.041 and 24.65 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.116 and 0.3012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008402-0007-0000", "contents": "1215 Boyer, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21, derived from the Eunomia family's largest member and namesake, 15\u00a0Eunomia, and calculates a diameter of 17.47 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008402-0008-0000", "contents": "1215 Boyer, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after his colleague at Algiers Observatory, Louis Boyer (1901\u20131999), who worked extensively on asteroids and comets. Boyer himself was a discoverer of minor planets at Algiers. He later worked on identifications at Nice observatory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1978 (M.P.C. 4418).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008405-0000-0000", "contents": "1215: The Year of Magna Carta\n1215: The Year of Magna Carta is a historical documentation of life in Medieval England written by author and journalist Danny Danziger and emeritus professor of history at the London School of Economics John Gillingham. It was originally published in 2003 by Hodder & Stoughton, a division of Hodder Headline. In 2004, it was published in the United States by Touchstone. This book is a sequel to  Danziger's previous work, The Year 1000, which he co-authored with author Robert Lacey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008405-0001-0000", "contents": "1215: The Year of Magna Carta, Content, Overview\n1215: The Year of Magna Carta is a rare documentation because it is a work of creative non-fiction, a method of writing which is rarely used in writing a historical text. Based on the title, one may expect to read a book entirely about Magna Carta, the document that changed the course of England's history. However, the book goes into detail about life in the Middle Ages, specifically in the year 1215. The book begins by explaining the everyday life of someone of royalty, then of the average peasant. It explains school, the countryside, hunting, tournaments, battles and the church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008405-0001-0001", "contents": "1215: The Year of Magna Carta, Content, Overview\nThroughout the book, several references to Magna Carta are intertwined with everyday events. For example, the chapter entitled \"Family Strife\" begins with the quotation from clause 62 of Magna Carta: \"We have completely remitted and pardoned to all any ill will, grudge and rancor that have arisen between us and our subjects.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008405-0002-0000", "contents": "1215: The Year of Magna Carta, Content, Overview\n1215: The Year of Magna Carta continues to describe the life of a common scholar, where studies in the medical field were greatly encouraged to students who had failed at studying philosophy. While Oxford and Cambridge were the ideal universities to study, smaller schools became established in Salerno and Montpellier. This section goes on to explain women's education, which ended for them at age fifteen. After Danziger and Gillingham go at length explaining life in the Middle Ages, they begin to speak of how Magna Carta came to be, starting with King John.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008405-0003-0000", "contents": "1215: The Year of Magna Carta, Content, King John and Magna Carta\nThe story of King John is told from his birth to his death, in between being his struggle in accepting to sign Magna Carta. Danziger and Gilingham go at length to explain the reasons that caused him to be spoiled as a child, that is, being neglected as a child. This led to his tyrannous rule as King of England after the death of his brother, Richard I. He had several mistresses, was unfaithful to his wife, and raised the taxes in England which made it impossible for the peasants to live. Thus, Magna Carta was written by the Barons of England to give the country a guideline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008405-0004-0000", "contents": "1215: The Year of Magna Carta, Content, King John and Magna Carta\nThe book ends with the reasons for the writing of Magna Carta. This includes the problems faced by the women and children of Medieval England who had hardly any rights, and how knights were duty-bound to protect them. There is an entire section that explains the myths regarding the writing and signing of Magna Carta. Some of the myths include: Magna Carta having no meaning after Prince Louis was crowned king and that it would not be an influential document for the rest of the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008405-0005-0000", "contents": "1215: The Year of Magna Carta, Critical reception\n1215: The Year of Magna Carta has received positive reviews from several critics and historians. It has been noted as a historical document that has \"bestseller written all over it.\" The one aspect every critic seems to enjoy is how the book tells of every fine detail that occurred during the Medieval era. Journalist Christina Hardyment was surprised to learn that King John used glasses to read and sign Magna Carta properly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008405-0006-0000", "contents": "1215: The Year of Magna Carta, Critical reception\nHowever, there are some negative reviews. An anonymous reviewer from Brown University states, \"I learned more from reading Magna Carta reproduced at the back of this book than I did from the book itself. There's a lesson there, somewhere, about the value of source documents.\" He continued to state that 1215 was merely a book on life in Medieval England, and gave hardly any information about Magna Carta itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008405-0007-0000", "contents": "1215: The Year of Magna Carta, Critical reception\nOther critics have similar opinions of the book. Critic Robert Heydt states that the book is deceiving (deceptive) in its title and only, \"the final two chapters deal at length with the history and myth of the Great Charter, and the book includes the complete text of the document.\" Another critic, Wesley Burnett thinks that the book is a clever historical documentation and is well written. However, he states, \"1215:  The Year of Magna Carta doesn't follow the formula and won't win anyone tenure anywhere.\" Thus, while critics enjoyed the book, most wanted there to be more information about Magna Carta itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008406-0000-0000", "contents": "1216\nYear 1216(MCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008407-0000-0000", "contents": "1216 Askania\n1216 Askania, provisional designation 1932 BL, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 January 1932, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. It was named after the company Askania Werke, a German manufacturer of precision instruments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008407-0001-0000", "contents": "1216 Askania, Orbit and classification\nAskania orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,219 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest families in the asteroid belt. Conversely, it is considered a background asteroid when applying the hierarchical clustering method to it proper orbital elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008407-0002-0000", "contents": "1216 Askania, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in 1932. In July 1906, a first precovery was taken at the Lowell Observatory, and in April 1909, the asteroid was first identified at the discovering observatory as A909 GF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008407-0003-0000", "contents": "1216 Askania, Naming\nThe minor planet was named after \"Askania Werke AG\", a manufacturer of optical and astronomical instruments in Berlin (also see Cinetheodolite). The company went on to develop the auto pilot of the V-1 bomb in the following years. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 112).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008407-0004-0000", "contents": "1216 Askania, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Askania is a common stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008407-0005-0000", "contents": "1216 Askania, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nLightcurve observations of Askania at the Menke Observatory in July 2006, show a well-defined periodicity of 6.536 hours, during which time the brightness of the body varies by 0.30 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008407-0006-0000", "contents": "1216 Askania, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Askania measures between 7.21 and 10.533 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between  0.064 and 0.15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008407-0007-0000", "contents": "1216 Askania, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, an stony asteroid and largest member and namesake of the Flora family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 5.44 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.49.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008409-0000-0000", "contents": "1216 papal election\nThe 1216 papal election (18 July), was convoked after the death of Pope Innocent III in Perugia (16 July 1216), elected Cardinal Cencio Camerario, who took the name of Honorius III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008409-0001-0000", "contents": "1216 papal election, List of participants\nThere were 25 cardinals in the College of Cardinals in July 1216, including 23 curial cardinals and two \"external cardinals\", who did not reside in the papal curia It is known that 17 of them participated in the election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008409-0002-0000", "contents": "1216 papal election, Absentee cardinals\nEight cardinals, including six curial and two \"external cardinals\", were absent:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008409-0003-0000", "contents": "1216 papal election, Election of Pope Honorius III\nThe cardinals assembled in Perugia two days after the death of Innocent III. They deliberated in the enclosure, though it is not certain whether voluntarily or under pressure of the local authorities. They decided to elect the new Pope by compromissum, it means, not by the whole Sacred College, but by the committee of few of them, empowered by the rest to appoint the new Pontiff. This time the committee included only two cardinal-bishops: Ugolino of Ostia and Guido of Palestrina. On that same day, they elected Cardinal Cencio, called Camerario, aged 68, who accepted his election and took the name of Honorius III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008410-0000-0000", "contents": "1217\nYear 1217 (MCCXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008411-0000-0000", "contents": "1217 Maximiliana\n1217 Maximiliana, provisional designation 1932 EC, is a background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers (11\u00a0mi) in diameter. It was discovered on 13 March 1932, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The asteroid was named in memory of Max Wolf, a German astronomer and discoverer of asteroids himself, who independently discovered this asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008411-0001-0000", "contents": "1217 Maximiliana, Orbit and classification\nMaximiliana is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Erigone family (406), a large asteroid family named after 163\u00a0Erigone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008411-0002-0000", "contents": "1217 Maximiliana, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,318 days; semi-major axis of 2.35\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as 1925 HC at Heidelberg in April 1925. The body's observation arc begins in May 1925, also at Heidelberg, and almost 8 years prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008411-0003-0000", "contents": "1217 Maximiliana, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of Max Wolf (1863\u20131932), who independently discovered this asteroids the night before its official discovery by Delporte. Wolf was a German astronomer, founder and director of the influential Heidelberg Observatory, and a prolific discoverer of minor planets and other astronomical objects himself. The asteroid was named by the discoverer based on a suggestion by Wolf's widow. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 112). Asteroid 827\u00a0Wolfiana and the lunar crater Wolf were also named in his honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008411-0004-0000", "contents": "1217 Maximiliana, Physical characteristics\nMaximiliana is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid. For comparison, members of the Erigone family are typically found to be C- and X-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008411-0005-0000", "contents": "1217 Maximiliana, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2015, a rotational lightcurve of Maximiliana was obtained from photometric observations by Petr Pravec at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.1987 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.21 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008411-0006-0000", "contents": "1217 Maximiliana, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nMaximiliana has not been observed by any of the space-based telescopes such as the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the Akari satellite or the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 16.81 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008414-0000-0000", "contents": "1218\nYear 1218 (MCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008415-0000-0000", "contents": "1218 (Pt. II)\n1218 Part II is the seventh studio album by Mexican-American Chicano rap recording artist Lil Rob from San Diego, California. The album was set to be released in 2006, advertisement posters were created stating April 2007, but it ended up being pushed back because songs were being leaked. Lil Rob decided he needed to remake some songs that would differ from leaked tracks. Release date by Upstairs Records advertisements state October 21, 2008. The album leaked onto the Internet on October 18, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008416-0000-0000", "contents": "1218 Aster\n1218 Aster, provisional designation 1932 BJ, is a bright asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5.5 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Karl Reinmuth in 1932, it was later named after the flowering plant Aster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008416-0001-0000", "contents": "1218 Aster, Discovery\nAster was discovered on 29 January 1932, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. Two nights later, it was independently discovered by Italian astronomer Mario A. Ferrero at the Pino Torinese Observatory at Turin, Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008416-0002-0000", "contents": "1218 Aster, Classification and orbit\nAster orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,244 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008416-0003-0000", "contents": "1218 Aster, Classification and orbit\nThe asteroid's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory, one week after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008416-0004-0000", "contents": "1218 Aster, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Aster measures 5.554 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.332.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008416-0005-0000", "contents": "1218 Aster, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nAs of 2017, rotational lightcurve of Aster has been obtained. The body's rotation period, shape and variation in magnitude shifted from unknown movements to specific identifiable spin/shape determinations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008416-0006-0000", "contents": "1218 Aster, Naming\nThe minor planet was named after the genus of flowers, Aster (also see List of minor planets named after animals and plants \u00a7\u00a0Plants). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 113).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008417-0000-0000", "contents": "1219\nYear 1219 (MCCXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008418-0000-0000", "contents": "1219 Britta\n1219 Britta, provisional designation 1932 CJ, is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers (7 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 6 February 1932, by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southern Germany. The likely elongated S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.57 hours. Any reference of its name to a person is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008418-0001-0000", "contents": "1219 Britta, Orbit and classification\nBritta is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008418-0002-0000", "contents": "1219 Britta, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,203 days; semi-major axis of 2.21\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008418-0003-0000", "contents": "1219 Britta, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A904 SB at Heidelberg Observatory in September 1904. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in February 1932.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008418-0004-0000", "contents": "1219 Britta, Naming\nThis minor planet is named after a common German female name. Any reference of this name to a person or occurrence is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008418-0005-0000", "contents": "1219 Britta, Naming, Unknown meaning\nAmong the many thousands of named minor planets, Britta is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008418-0006-0000", "contents": "1219 Britta, Physical characteristics\nBritta has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid in both the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008418-0007-0000", "contents": "1219 Britta, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Britta have been obtained from photometric observations since the 1980s. The consolidated lightcurve analysis results give a rotation period of 5.575 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.48 and 0.75 magnitude, indicative of an elongated shape (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008418-0008-0000", "contents": "1219 Britta, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nModeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD) and the robotic BlueEye600 Observatory, gave a concurring period of 5.57556 and 5.57557 hours, respectively. Both studies determined two spin axes of (72.0\u00b0, \u221266.0\u00b0) and (241.0\u00b0, \u221266.0\u00b0), as well as (61.0\u00b0, \u22122.0\u00b0) and (223.0\u00b0, \u221268.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008418-0009-0000", "contents": "1219 Britta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Britta measures between 9.860 and 11.76 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.223 and 0.346. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2629 and a diameter of 11.31 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008420-0000-0000", "contents": "121P/Shoemaker\u2013Holt\n121P/Shoemaker\u2013Holt, also known as Shoemaker-Holt 2, is a periodic comet in the solar system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing\nThe 121st Air Refueling Wing (121 ARW) is a unit of the Ohio Air National Guard, stationed at Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base, Columbus, Ohio. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, Overview\nThe 121st Air Refueling Wing's KC-135 Stratotanker mission is to provide the core aerial refueling capability for the U.S. Air Force and the Air National Guard. This unique aircraft enhances the Air Force's capability to accomplish its primary missions of Global Reach and Global Power. It also provides aerial refueling support to Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, and allied nation aircraft. The KC-135 is capable of transporting litter and ambulatory patients using patient support pallets during aeromedical evacuations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, Units\nThe 121st Air Refueling Wing consists of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0003-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nUsed P-39 Airacobras in preparing for duty overseas. Moved to England in November 1943 and became part of VIII Fighter Command. Trained with P-51 Mustangs and began combat operations on 11 February 1944 by making a fighter sweep over Rouen. Served primarily as a bomber escort organization, providing penetration (target) and withdrawal support for bombers that attacked strategic objectives on the Continent. Participated in the assault against the German Air Force and aircraft industry during Big Week, 20\u201325 February 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0004-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nReceived a Distinguished Unit Citation for two escort missions in which heavy opposition was encountered from enemy fighters: on 6 March 1944 provided target and withdrawal support during the first attack that heavy bombers of Eighth Air Force made on Berlin; on 29 June 1944 protected bombers that struck targets at Leipzig. Received second DUC for operations on 14 January 1945 when the group, covering bombers on a raid to Derben, broke up an attack by a large force of interceptors and in the ensuing aerial battle destroyed a number of the enemy planes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0004-0001", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nIn addition to escort the group conducted counter-air patrols, made fighter sweeps, and flew strafing and dive-bombing missions in which it attacked airdromes, marshalling yards, locomotives, bridges, barges, tugboats, highways, vehicles, fuel dumps, and other targets. Participated in the invasion of Normandy in Jun 1944; the breakthrough at St Lo in July; the Battle of the Bulge, Dec 1944 \u2013 Jan 1945; and the airborne assault across the Rhine in Mar 1945. Flew its last mission, an escort operation, on 25 April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0005-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nMoved to Germany in Jul and assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe for duty with the army of occupation. Inactivated in Germany on 20 August 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0006-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard\nThe wartime 357th Fighter Group was re-designated as the 121st Fighter Group, and was allotted to the Ohio Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Lockbourne Army Airfield, Columbus, Ohio, and was extended federal recognition on 20 June 1948 by the National Guard Bureau. The 121st Fighter Group was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 357th Fighter Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0007-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard\nAssigned to the Ohio ANG 55th Fighter Wing, the 121st Fighter Group consisted of the following operational squadrons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0008-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard\nThe squadrons was equipped with F-51D Mustangs with a mission of air defense of the State of Ohio. On 31 October 1950 the 121st Fighter Wing was established, and the 55th Fighter Wing was disbanded, its personnel and mission assumed by the new 121st Fighter Wing. The 121st Fighter Groups and its assigned squadrons were assigned to the new 121st FW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0009-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard\nWith the assumption of the 55th Fighter Wing, the 112th Bombardment Squadron (Light) at Cleveland Municipal Airport was transferred from the 55th Fighter Wing to the 121st Fighter Wing, the squadron being assigned directly to the wing. The 112th flew the RB-26C Invader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0010-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 85], "content_span": [86, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0011-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Early Cold War era\nThe 112th was reformed at Akron-Canton Airport and re-designated as the 112th Fighter-Bomber Squadron. It was re-equipped with F-51H Mustangs, and were one of the last two Air National Guard squadrons to fly this version of the Mustang. It was assigned to the 121st Fighter-Bomber Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0012-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Early Cold War era\nAt its new base at Youngstown, the 166th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was re-equipped with F-51H Mustangs which the squadron flew until 1954 when the 166th received refurbished F-80A Shooting Stars that had been modified and upgraded to F-80C standards. With the F-80s, the squadron began standing daytime air defense alert at Youngstown, placing two aircraft at the end of the runway with pilots in the cockpit from one hour before sunrise until one hour after sunset. The squadron only operated the Shooting Star until January 1955 when the 166th received F-84E Thunderjets that had returned from wartime duty in Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0013-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Early Cold War era\nIn September 1953 the 164th, now designated as a Fighter-Bomber Squadron, received its first jet aircraft, refurbished F-80A Shooting Stars that had been modified and upgraded to F-80C standards. The squadron only operated the Shooting Star for a year when in October 1954 the equipment was changed to F-84E Thunderjets that had returned from wartime duty in Korea. In August 1954, the 164th began standing daytime air defense alert at Mansfield, placing two aircraft at the end of the runway with pilots in the cockpit from one hour before sunrise until one hour after sunset. This ADC alert lasted each and every day until 30 June 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0014-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Early Cold War era\nIn September 1955 Air Defense Command wanted to re-equip the 162d Fighter Interceptor Squadron from F-51H Mustangs to jet-powered F-84E Thunderjets in accordance with the USAF directive to phase out propeller-driven fighter-interceptor aircraft from the inventory. However, because the runways at the Cox-Dayton Municipal Airport were too short at that time to support jet fighter operations, the National Guard Bureau approved the relocation request by the Ohio ANG to move the squadron to Springfield Municipal Airport, just east of Dayton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0015-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Early Cold War era\nWith new facilities under construction at Springfield, the 162d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron conducted their transition training from temporary facilities at Wright-Patterson AFB. The F-84E Thunderjets were Korean War veteran aircraft and the squadron received training in the equipment from the Ohio ANG 164th and 166th Tactical Fighter Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0016-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Early Cold War era\nIn October 1955, the 112th FBS were informed that they were to receive F-84E Thunderjets, but since the runways at Akron-Canton Municipal Airport were deemed inadequate for jet operations, it was decided to construct an entirely new facility for them at the new Toledo Express Airport at Toledo. The 112th FBS left Akron-Canton for the Toledo Municipal Airport on 1 April 1956 and retired their F-51H Mustangs for T-28A Trojans, and operated F-84Es until the summer of 1958. In January 1959, the 112th's facility at the Toledo Express Airport and moved to the new facility. The T-28s were replaced with new F-84F Thunderstreaks the squadron was designated as a Tactical Fighter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0017-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Early Cold War era\nIn early 1956, a fifth squadron was gained by the 121st. The 145th Air Transport Squadron was allotted to the Ohio Air National Guard by the National Guard Bureau to replace the 112th Fighter-Bomber Squadron at Akron-Canton Airport. The 145th ATS, gained by the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) received federal recognition on 17 March 1956. Initially assigned C-46D Commando twin-engine propeller transports, the squadron was upgraded in 1958 to C-119J Flying Boxcar transports, fitted for aeromedical transport of personnel to medical facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0018-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Early Cold War era\nIn early 1957, the 164th FBS sent their war-weary F-84C Thunderjets to storage at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona and received new F-84F Thunderstreak swept-wing interceptors. Later in 1957, the 164th Fighter-Bomber Squadron received the 1st Air Force Flying Safety Award for three consecutive years of accident-free flying, an impressive accomplishment as in the previous three years the squadron had flown three different types of aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0019-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Early Cold War era\nThe 166th was upgraded with new F-84F Thunderstreaks in November 1957, the gaining command of the squadron became Tactical Air Command (TAC), however, it remained attached to Air Defense Command in a secondary role. In 1959, the need for active duty Air Defense Command bases and regular Air Force fighter-interceptor operations were diminishing and the intent to scale back operations at Youngstown AFB was announced on 28 October 1959. The Ohio Air National Guard moved the 121st FBG back to Lockbourne Air Force Base on 1 March 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0020-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nThe 121st Tactical Fighter Wing were called to active duty for a period of twelve months on 1 October. When activated, the federalized wing consisted of three operational units, the 162d TFS at Springfield, the 164th TFS at Mansfield, and the 166th at Lockbourne. The 112th TFS at Toledo and the 145th ATS at Akron were temporally attached directly to Ohio ANG Headquarters at Columbus for the period of federalization. The mission of the activated 121st TFW was to reinforce the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), and deploy to \u00c9tain-Rouvres Air Base, France, a standby USAFE base. However, due to funding shortages, only 26 F-84F Thunderstreaks of 166th TFS were deployed to France, although several ground support units from the 162nd and 164th were also deployed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0021-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nOn 4 November the first ANG T-33 aircraft arrived at Etain, with the F-84s arriving on 16 November. In July 1962 the deployed Air National Guardsmen were no longer needed in Europe and the 7121st began to redeploy its personnel to Ohio. All the aircraft and support equipment, however, remained at Etain to equip a new wing being formed there, the 366th Tactical Fighter Wing. The last of the ANG personnel departed on 9 August 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0022-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1962 reorganization\nWith the wing's return from France in 1962, the Ohio Air National Guard received authorization from the National Guard Bureau to expand its squadrons to groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 79], "content_span": [80, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0023-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1962 reorganization\nThe 121st Tactical Fighter Group retained its 164th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Lockbourne AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 79], "content_span": [80, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0024-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Vietnam War and late Cold War era\nIn 1962, having left their Thunderstreaks in France, the 166th TFS at Lockbourne was re-equipped with F-100C Super Sabre fighter-bombers, which greatly enhanced its mission capabilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 93], "content_span": [94, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0025-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Vietnam War and late Cold War era\nIn 1964, the 160th ARG participated in Operation Ready Go, the first all United States Air National Guard (ANG) non-stop deployment of fighter aircraft to Europe. In 1965, the KC-97Gs were upgraded to KC-97Ls with addition of jet engine pods mounted to the outboard wings. 1967 saw the beginning of Operation Creek Party, a continuous rotational mission flying from Rhein Main Air Base, West Germany, providing air refueling to United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) tactical aircraft. The success of this operation, which would continue until 1975, demonstrated the ability of the Air National Guard to perform significant day-to-day missions without being mobilized. It was taken over by the active-duty Strategic Air Command 7th Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 93], "content_span": [94, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0026-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Vietnam War and late Cold War era\nAlong with the Kansas ANG F-100C 127th Tactical Fighter Squadron, the 166th TFS was federalized and deployed to Kunsan Air Base, South Korea. The federalized ANG squadrons were assigned as part of the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing. The squadrons flew deterrent air defense missions over South Korean airspace during the next year. During the deployment some pilots flew combat missions in South Vietnam while performing temporary assignments with other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 93], "content_span": [94, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0026-0001", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Vietnam War and late Cold War era\nThe performance of the ANG units at Kusan in 1968\u201369 suggested the prerequisites of effective air reserve programs and paved the way for adoption of the total force policy in 1970 which exists today. In 1971 the squadrons F-100Cs were retired and replaced by F-100D/F Super Sabres, being received from combat units in South Vietnam that were returning to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 93], "content_span": [94, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0027-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Vietnam War and late Cold War era\nIn the spring of 1970, the 178th TFG's F-84F Thunderstreaks were sent to Davis-Monthan AFB for storage, the squadron receiving Vietnam War veteran F-100D/F Super Sabres. Concentration on the qualifications of aircrews, munitions load crews and the attainment of a C-3 combat readiness rating were the primary objectives for 1971. The group achieved C-3 on 30 August, a first for F-100D-equipped Air Guard units. January 1972 saw the squadron in extensive practice for their pending 9th Air Force Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 93], "content_span": [94, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0027-0001", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Vietnam War and late Cold War era\nThe ORI was conducted in March and the 9th Air Force did not agree with the unit's C-3 rating. A retake was scheduled in June, with the 162d TFS coming away with the TAC-confirmed rating of C-1, the first F-100D squadron to achieve this feat. In 1971, the 180th TFG retired its Thunderstreaks and also converted to the F-100 Super Sabre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 93], "content_span": [94, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0028-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Vietnam War and late Cold War era\nIn 1971, Clinton County Air Force Base was closed as a result of the Nixon Administration looking to save money because of the Vietnam War. As part of the moving out of units from Clinton County AFB, the 160th ARG was moved to Lockbourne Air Force Base near Columbus, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 93], "content_span": [94, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0029-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Vietnam War and late Cold War era\nIn February 1972, the 179th TGS also retired its Thunderstreaks and converted to the F-100 Super Sabre. The squadron flew the F-100s until the winter of 1976 when the 179th was transferred from Tactical Air Command to Military Airlift Command on 5 January. At this time, the unit converted to the C-130B Hercules and received a complement of eight aircraft. With the change of equipment, the unit was designated a Tactical Airlift Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 93], "content_span": [94, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0030-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Vietnam War and late Cold War era\nIn 1974, under the \"Total Force Policy\", Guard and Reserve units began to receive newer aircraft and equipment in the 1970s. The 166th TFS began conversion to the A-7D Corsair II in December which brought with it additional missions. The 178th TFG received the A-7D in January 1978. The conversion from the F-100 to the A-7 was accomplished in less than three months, the fastest ever for an Air Force or Air National Guard unit. The 179th TFG converted to A-7D in the summer of 1979", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 93], "content_span": [94, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0031-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Vietnam War and late Cold War era\nIn December 1974 Tactical Air Command transferred its air refueling units to Strategic Air Command. In 1975, the 160th ARG became the first Air National Guard unit to convert to the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker all jet tanker aircraft as part of SAC's Eighth Air Force. The group was the first ANG unit to perform the SAC 24-hour Alert mission and pass a SAC Operational Readiness Inspection in July 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 93], "content_span": [94, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0032-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Vietnam War and late Cold War era\nDuring the 1980s the squadrons and groups of the 121st were frequently deployed, primarily to Europe during USAFE exercises. The \"OH\" tailcode of the wing was a frequent sight at bases in England, West Germany and other NATO air bases. In 1989, while deployed at Panama for a Coronet Cove deployment, 180th TFG A-7s were employed during Operation Just Cause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 93], "content_span": [94, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0033-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1990 Gulf Crisis\nIn August 1990, the 160th Air Refueling Group was one of the first Air Guard units to deploy aircraft to the Middle East after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Aircraft, aircrews and support personnel began volunteer rotational Desert Shield deployments to a provisional Tanker Task Force at King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (1709th ARS (P)). The 160th was called to active duty on 20 December 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 76], "content_span": [77, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0033-0001", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1990 Gulf Crisis\nDeployment began on 28 December and the 160th became part of three Provisional Air Refueling Wings at Al Banteen Air Base, Abu Dhabi (1712th ARS (P)), Al Dhafra Air Base, Dubai (1705th ARS (P)), and Jeddah. Additional personnel augmented a regional support base at Mor\u00f3n Air Base, Spain while others deployed to various bases to \"backfill\" for deployed active duty personnel. Aircraft and volunteer aircrews were heavily involved in \"Air Bridge\" refueling missions supporting deployment of combat forces to Southwest Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 76], "content_span": [77, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0034-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1990 Gulf Crisis\nThe 179th Airlift Group was active during Desert Shield/Storm providing airlift support throughout the Continental United States and Europe. Portions of the 179th were activated during Desert Shield/Storm and served in the US, Europe and Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 76], "content_span": [77, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0035-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1990 Gulf Crisis\nThe 164th Tactical Fighter Squadron, 178th and 180th Tactical Fighter Groups did not deploy to Saudi Arabia in 1990 during Operation Desert Shield or Operation Desert Storm as the A-7Ds were considered a second-line aircraft. Ohio Air National Guard volunteers, however were deployed to CENTAF during the crisis and subsequent combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 76], "content_span": [77, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0036-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Post Cold War reorganization\nAfter the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990 and Operation Desert Storm, Air Force planners reorganized the major command structure and the organization of its units to reflect the new reality of the 1990s and also a smaller force after the end of the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 88], "content_span": [89, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0037-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Post Cold War reorganization\nStrategic Air Command, Military Airlift Command and Tactical Air Command were all inactivated. In their place Air Combat Command and Air Mobility Command became the gaining commands for the Ohio Air National Guard units effective 1 June 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 88], "content_span": [89, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0038-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Post Cold War reorganization\nIn October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force One Base-One Wing directive the 121st was relieved of its Geographically separated Groups as they were changed in status to Wings, reporting directly to the Ohio Air National Guard. The 178th Fighter Wing stood up on 1 October 1995; the 179th Airlift Wing on 11 October 1995 and the 180th Fighter Wing also on 11 October 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 88], "content_span": [89, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0039-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Modern era\nUnder the 121st ARW, the 166th and 145th Air Refueling Squadrons began flying from bases in southern France to support strike aircraft during Operation Deny Flight missions over the Balkans. The 121st was a fixture at Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, as well as Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia, supporting Operations Northern Watch and Operation Southern Watch, respectively, over Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0040-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Modern era\nAfter the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, the 121st Air Refueling Wing launched into immediate action supporting armed aircraft over the United States during Operation Noble Eagle. The 121st ARW had the distinction of flying more missions than any other unit during this time. The 121st ARW has also deployed and participated in Operation Enduring Freedom over Afghanistan, as well as Operation Iraqi Freedom over Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0041-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn addition to the combat deployments, the unit has also been very heavily tasked with airlift missions during national emergencies. Immediately following Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, the 121st ARW was one of the first units to send aircraft into Louisiana filled with supplies and troops. Similar missions were flown in September 2005, after Hurricane Rita.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008421-0042-0000", "contents": "121st Air Refueling Wing, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn 2010, the wing commander Brigadier General Thomas Botchie was forced to resign after allegations of cronyism, fraternization, inappropriate conduct, and sexual harassment were made against him by members of the wing and substantiated by an investigation. Witnesses stated that fraternization and unprofessional relationships within the wing were widespread and also included another senior officer, Colonel Stephen McMahon, the wing's operations group commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008422-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment \"Ravenna\"\nThe 121st Anti -aircraft Artillery Regiment \"Ravenna\" (Italian: 121\u00b0 Reggimento Artiglieria Controaerei \"Ravenna\") is an anti-aircraft artillery regiment of the Italian Army. Originally founded as a field artillery regiment the unit transferred to the anti-aircraft specialty on 15 June 1953. Today the regiment is based in Bologna and Rimini in the Emilia-Romagna and administratively assigned to the Anti-aircraft Artillery Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008422-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment \"Ravenna\", Current Structure\nAs of 2021 the 121st Anti -aircraft Artillery Regiment \"Ravenna\" consists of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 67], "content_span": [68, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008422-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment \"Ravenna\", Current Structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Battery fields the following sections: C3 Section, Transport and Materiel Section, Medical Section, and Commissariat Section. The 1st SHORAD Group is equipped with Skyguard \"Aspide\" surface-to-air missile systems, which will be replaced with nine CAMM-ER systems in the near future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 67], "content_span": [68, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008423-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Battalion (Western Irish), CEF\nThe 121st (Western Irish) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in New Westminster, British Columbia, the unit was authorized on 22 December 1915 and began recruiting in that city. After sailing to England on RMS\u00a0Empress of Britain in August 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 16th Reserve Battalion on January 10, 1917. The 121st (Western Irish) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Woodbury McLelan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008423-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Battalion (Western Irish), CEF\nThe 121st Battalion is perpetuated by The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own). The perpetuation has been passed down through the following units as a result of reorganizations and amalgamations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008424-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 121st Brigade (121 Bde) was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army during World War I. Part of Lord Kitchener's 'New Armies', it served in the 40th Division on the Western Front. The brigade number was reactivated for deception purposes during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008424-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Brigade (United Kingdom), Origin\n121st Brigade was a New Army or 'Kitchener's Army' formation raised in October 1915, in 40th Division at Aldershot. An earlier 121 Brigade had been raised in late 1914 as part of the 'Fifth New Army', but when the Fourth New Army was broken up in April 1915 to provide reserve units for the First to Third New Armies, the formations of the Fifth took their place, and the original 121 Bde was renumbered 116th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008424-0001-0001", "contents": "121st Brigade (United Kingdom), Origin\nBy the time the new 120 Bde was organised the flow of volunteers had dwindled, and the standard of height for infantry soldiers had been lowered in order to encourage recruitment. Some of these so-called 'bantams' were well-knit, hardy men, but many others, especially in 121st Bde, were under-developed and unfit. It was estimated that the four battalions in the brigade would provide enough fit men for only two serviceable battalions. To prevent the departure of the division to the Front being indefinitely postponed, the divisional commander asked for fresh units to be drafted in. 121st Brigade was completely reorganised in February 1916. Divisional training was then intensified and the division was warned for overseas service in May 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008424-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Brigade (United Kingdom), Origin, Training\nDivisional organisation and training was delayed because some of the brigades contained a large proportion of under-developed and unfit men. 121st Brigade had to undergo a drastic weeding-out and  the drafting in of new battalions before it was fit for service. This was completed in  February 1916. Divisional training was then intensified and it was warned for overseas service in May 1916. Disembarkation was carried out at Le Havre between 2 and 6 June, and 40th Division concentrated in the Lillers area by 9 June ready to take its place in the line. Units went into the trenches attached to formations of I Corps for familiarisation, and then the division took over its own section of line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008424-0003-0000", "contents": "121st Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations\n121 Brigade's active service was entirely spent on the Western Front. During 1917 it took part in the following actions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008424-0004-0000", "contents": "121st Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Reorganisation\nIn February 1918, British brigades were reduced to a three-battalion basis and brigade machine gun companies were combined into divisional battalions. 21st Middlesex transferred to 119th Bde in 40th Division, and 121 MG Company joined 40th Bn Machine Gun Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008424-0005-0000", "contents": "121st Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Reorganisation\nFollowing heavy casualties during the German Spring Offensive of 1918, 40th Division was reduced to two composite brigades. 1st Composite Brigade formed under Brig-Gen J. Campbell of 121 Bde on 18 April had the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008424-0006-0000", "contents": "121st Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Reorganisation\n1st Composite Bde was employed on digging the Herzelee\u2013le Brearde Line in front of Cassel. In early May 1918, all of 40th Division's remaining infantry battalions were reduced to training cadres and were posted to other formations while the trench mortar batteries disbanded. On 6 May 1918, 121 Bde's three infantry battalions were reduced to cadre and were posted away, and the trench mortar battery disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008424-0007-0000", "contents": "121st Brigade (United Kingdom), Reconstituted\n40th Division began to reform on 14 June 1918, and between 18 and 20 June three battalions were transferred from 59th (2nd North Midland) Division to reconstitute 121 Bde:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008424-0008-0000", "contents": "121st Brigade (United Kingdom), Reconstituted\nOn 13 July the term 'Garrison' was dropped from the battalion titles, and the brigade light trench mortar battery had been reformed. By 18 July the brigade resumed its place in the Front Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008424-0009-0000", "contents": "121st Brigade (United Kingdom), Disbandment\nAfter the Armistice, the division was engaged in road repair and refresher courses for men returning to civilian trades. Demobilisation proceeded rapidly during January and February 1919, and its units were reduced to cadre strength by March. The final cadres disappeared during May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008424-0010-0000", "contents": "121st Brigade (United Kingdom), Commanders\nThe following officers commanded 121 Brigade during the First World War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008424-0011-0000", "contents": "121st Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\n121 Brigade was never reformed, but the number was used for deception purposes during the Second World War. 30th Battalion Norfolk Regiment, a line of communication unit serving in 43rd Brigade in Sicily and composed mainly of men below Medical Category 'A', was redesignated '121st Infantry Brigade' and acted as if it were a full brigade in an equally fictitious '40th Infantry Division' from November 1943 until May 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008425-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Delaware General Assembly\nThe 121st Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 3, 1961, which was two weeks before the beginning of the fifth administrative year of Governor Elbert N. Carvel and at the first administrative year of Eugene Lammont as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008425-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008425-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 121st Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Democratic majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008425-0003-0000", "contents": "121st Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008425-0004-0000", "contents": "121st Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008426-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (\u2192\u200etop: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008426-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 121st Division (\u7b2c121\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakunij\u016bichi Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Glory Division (\u6804\u5149\u5175\u56e3, Eik\u014d Heidan). It was formed 16 January in Tianjin as a triangular division. It was a part of the 8 simultaneously created divisions batch comprising 121st, 122nd, 123rd, 124th, 125th, 126th, 127th and 128th divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the 3rd Cavalry Brigade and the leftovers of 28th division. The division was initially assigned to the 3rd army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008426-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\n30 March 1945 the 121st division formation was complete and it was assigned to the 58th army. The division travelled overland to south Korea and was transferred to Jejudo island in June 1945. The 121st division was still building a defenses on the eastern part of the island by the time of the surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008426-0003-0000", "contents": "121st Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 121st division has returned to Japan via Sasebo, Nagasaki in October - November 1945 and dissolved soon afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008427-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Engineer Battalion (United States)\nThe 121st Engineer Combat Battalion was one of the first American units to land in Normandy on D-Day during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008427-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Engineer Battalion (United States), History\nThe 121st Engineer Combat Battalion was created in 1918 in the District of Columbia National Guard. One of its most distinguished members was General Earle G. Wheeler, who began his military career as a Private in C Company in 1926, and later rose to General (4-star) serving as Chief of Staff of the Army and later as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008427-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Engineer Battalion (United States), History\nThe 121st was mobilized into Federal service in 1940 as part of the 29th Infantry Division, made up of units from Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. The 121st staged at Fort Meade, Maryland for movement to England. At the same time, the 37th Infantry Division from the Ohio National Guard, was staging at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008427-0003-0000", "contents": "121st Engineer Battalion (United States), History\nThe 37th has also been alerted for movement to England, and had sent its 112th Engineer Combat Battalion ahead as part of the advance party. Orders were changed and the 37th was diverted for service in the Pacific Theater. There was no time to recall the 112th, or to create and train a new engineer battalion. The War Department ordered all personnel and equipment of the 121st Engineers moved from Fort Meade to Fort Indiantown Gap, and the unit was redesignated the 117th Engineer Combat Battalion. One officer and six enlisted personnel, symbolically representing the 121st Headquarters, each line Company, and the Medical Detachment, remained behind with the organization's colors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008427-0004-0000", "contents": "121st Engineer Battalion (United States), History\nThe new 117th Engineers shipped out to the Fiji Islands, and saw extensive combat in the Philippines. The men from the DC Guard worked under enemy fire building and repairing 64 bridges, destroying enemy held buildings and tank obstacles, and participating in river crossings with \"consummate skill and courage.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008427-0005-0000", "contents": "121st Engineer Battalion (United States), History\nWhen the 29th Division reached England the 112th Engineer Battalion from the 37th Division was redesignated and reconstituted as the 121st Engineers. By the time the 121st saw its first combat, on D-Day at Omaha Beach during the invasion of Normandy, its ranks consisted of the soldiers from Ohio as well as new soldiers from throughout the United States. None of the seven original DC National Guardsmen were with the unit at the time of the invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008427-0006-0000", "contents": "121st Engineer Battalion (United States), History\nThe battalion remained active until May 1945 in operations throughout Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008427-0007-0000", "contents": "121st Engineer Battalion (United States), History\nThe history, lineage and honors of the original 121st continue today in the lineage of the 372d MP Battalion of the District of Columbia Army National Guard. In 1948, a \"new\" 121st Engineer Battalion was established in the Maryland Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008427-0008-0000", "contents": "121st Engineer Battalion (United States), History\nAlthough the Maryland National Guard unit carries the same name as the World War II unit, the new MDNG unit has no previous history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008427-0009-0000", "contents": "121st Engineer Battalion (United States), D-Day landing\nOn 6 June 1944, the 121st Engineer Combat Battalion landed on Omaha beach in Normandy with the first American forces. The company endured much damage to equipment and casualties among the soldiers, but after some recovery it continued to assist in the invasion. For its action during the invasion the 121st was awarded the French Croix de Guerre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008427-0010-0000", "contents": "121st Engineer Battalion (United States), After World War II\nAt the end of World War II the 121st Engineer Battalion was deactivated. It was reactivated as part of its original organization, the District of Columbia Army National Guard, as the 163rd Military Police Battalion. Its history, lineage and honors continue today in the DCARNG's 372nd Military Police Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008427-0011-0000", "contents": "121st Engineer Battalion (United States), After World War II\nIn 1948, a new 121st Engineer Battalion was activated in the Maryland National Guard. This unit carries the designation of the old 121st Engineers, but has no historical link to that organization. The new battalion played a pivotal role in the crowd control efforts after being called in to assist the local authorities during the race riots that took place in Baltimore and Cambridge in the 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States)\nThe 1st Battalion, 121st Field Artillery is currently part of the 157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade that is based out of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Attached to the 1-121st is Battery A located in Hartford, Wisconsin; Battery B located in Plymouth, Wisconsin; 108th Forward Support Company located in Sussex, Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States)\nThe 1-121st FA originally operated M109 howitzer before switching to the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) in 2003. As of 2010 the 1-121st FA operates the M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Early History\nOn September 11, 1884, the Wisconsin Army National Guard Field Artillery was born when twelve men signed an agreement to organize a field artillery battery in Milwaukee. The formal organization occurred on May 11, 1885, with the creation of the 1st Light Battery. The battery had 65 members, occupied the Farwell Avenue Skating Rink, and trained on a vacant lot on North Prospect Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 61], "content_span": [62, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0003-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Early History\nDuring 1916, the 1st Field Artillery was formed. On June 8, 1916, Battery B was established in Green Bay. On June 12, 1916, Battery C was established in Racine. On June 14, 1916, Battery A, 1st Light Artillery was re-designated as Battery A, 1st Field Artillery. On June 30, 1916, Battery A, 1st Field Artillery was called to active duty on the Mexican border as organized forces were making raids into the United States. Having served with distinction, the battery was released at Camp Douglas, Wisconsin, on October 16, 1916, and reconstituted as the Wisconsin National Guard unit at Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 61], "content_span": [62, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0004-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), First World War\nFollowing the United States' declaration of war on Germany in April 1917, the 32nd Division was reorganized under War Department orders of July 18, 1917, from National Guard troops from Wisconsin and Michigan. Wisconsin provided approximately 15,000 troops whilst Michigan raised 8,000. Later 4,000 National Army troops from Wisconsin and Michigan were transferred to the Division shortly before it left for France. On August 4, 1917, Battery F, 121st Field Artillery regiment, was the first unit of the new division to arrive at Camp MacArthur, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 63], "content_span": [64, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0004-0001", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), First World War\nFrom that time until late in September troops continued to pour in as rapidly as railroad facilities could be provided to transport them from the north. The 1st Wisconsin Field Artillery regiment became the 121st Field Artillery, the heavy artillery regiment of the 57th Field Artillery Brigade. The Commanding Officer of the Wisconsin Artillery, Colonel Philip C. Westfahl, became Commander of the new regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 63], "content_span": [64, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0005-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), First World War\nOn September 19, 1917, the Regiment was re-designated as the 121st Field Artillery Regiment and assigned to the 57th Field Artillery Brigade as a part of the 32nd Division. In addition to the 32nd Division, the records indicated the 121st Field Artillery Regiment also supported the 3rd, 47th, 79th, and the regiment distinguished itself in six major campaigns: Aisne-Marne, Alsace, Champagne, Lorraine, Meuse-Argonne, and Oise-Aisne. Along with the General of the Armies John J. Pershing's personal commendation, the regiment received the battle streamer of the French Croix-de-Guerre with Silver Star embroidered Aisne-Marne and Oise-Aisne. The 121st Field Artillery Regiment was demobilized at Camp Grant, Illinois., May 17, 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 63], "content_span": [64, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0006-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Second World War\nOn February 1, 1942, the 32nd Division was converted from \"square\" configuration to \"triangular\" and re-designated as the 32nd Infantry Division. Under the Division reorganization, the 121st Field Artillery Regiment was divided. The Regimental headquarters became the HQs for the 173rd Field Artillery Regiment, the 1st Battalion was redesignated as the 121st Field Artillery Battalion and the 2nd Battalion became the 1st Battalion 173rd Field Artillery Regiment. In February 1943 the 173rd Field Artillery Regiment would undergo further re-organizations, with the Regimental HQs becoming the 173rd Field Artillery Group and the 1-173rd being redesignated as the 985th Field Artillery Battalion, and the 2-173rd being redesignated as the 173rd Field Artillery Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0007-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Second World War\nThe 121st Field Artillery Battalion, as designated on February 1, 1942, distinguished itself in the Pacific Theatre of Operations. Its honors were: Aitape, Biak, Leyte, Luzon and New Guinea (with Saidor Arrowhead). Early in 1943 the 121st Field Artillery Battalion was issued 75\u00a0mm howitzers in place of the 155\u00a0mm howitzers that were its normal weapons as the general support battalion of Division Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0008-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Second World War\nThe 173rd Field Artillery Group, as designated in February 1943, distinguished itself in the European Theatre of Operations. Its honors were: Normandy, Northern France, Ardennes-Alsace and Central Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0009-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Second World War\nThe 985th Field Artillery Battalion and the 173rd Field Artillery Battalion, as designated in February 1943, distinguished itself in the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations. Its honors were: Naples-Foggia, Rome-Arno, North Apennines and Po Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0010-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Post-Second World War\nDemobilization of the regiment following the end of the Second World War occurred over a six-month span: the 173rd Field Artillery Battalion on September 11, 1945, in Italy, the 985th Field Artillery Battalion on October 8, 1945, the 173rd Field Artillery Group on November 27, 1945, at Camp Kilmer, N.J., and the 121st Field Artillery Battalion on February 28, 1946, in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 69], "content_span": [70, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0011-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Post-Second World War\nThe 121st Field Artillery Battalion at Whitefish Bay and the 173rd Field Artillery Battalion at Superior were reconstituted as National Guard units on June 3, 1947, and July 31, 1947, respectively, as elements of the 32nd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 69], "content_span": [70, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0012-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Post-Second World War\nOn February 15, 1961, the 121st Field Artillery Battalion was consolidated, reorganized, and redesignated under the Combat Arms Regimental Systems as units of the 121st Field Artillery. The 1st Howitzer Battalion at River Falls, the 2nd Howitzer Battalion at Marshfield, and the 3rd Rocket/Howitzer Battalion at Whitefish Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 69], "content_span": [70, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0013-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Post-Second World War\nOn October 15, 1961, all battalions of the 121st Field Artillery were called to active duty with the 32nd Infantry Division for the Berlin Crisis. Having served with distinction at Fort Lewis, Washington, the 32nd Infantry Division was released on August 10, 1962, and returned under National Guard control within the 1st Battalion 121st Field Artillery at River Falls, the 2nd Battalion, 121st Field Artillery at River Falls, and the 3rd Battalion, 121st Field Artillery at Whitefish Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 69], "content_span": [70, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0014-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Post-Second World War\nOn April 1, 1963, the 32nd Infantry Division was reorganized under the \"ROAD\" concept. Under this reorganization, the 2nd Battalion, 121st Field Artillery was demobilised. On November 1, 1964, the colors of the 1st Battalion, 121st Field Artillery were transferred from River Falls to Whitefish Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 69], "content_span": [70, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0015-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Post-Second World War\nOn July 31, 1967, the 1st Battalion and the 3rd Battalion of the 121st Field Artillery were called to state duty during the 1967 Milwaukee riot. The battalions were released on August 2, 1962, then recalled for an additional day on August 7, 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 69], "content_span": [70, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0016-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Post-Second World War\nOn December 30, 1967, the 32nd Infantry Division was inactivated and National Guard units realigned. Along with the 32nd Infantry Division, the 3rd Battalion, 121st Field Artillery was also inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 69], "content_span": [70, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0017-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Post-Second World War\nOn November 5, 1973, the 1st Battalion, 121st Field Artillery was called to state duty for a firefighters strike at Milwaukee. The battalion was released on November 8, 1973. On July 8, 1977, the 1st Battalion, 121st Field Artillery was called to state duty for a state employee strike. The battalion was sent to Taycheedah Correctional Institute near Fond du Lac. The battalion was released on July 21, 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 69], "content_span": [70, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0018-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Post-Second World War\nOn February 1, 1980, the designation of Battery B was transferred during a statewide reorganization. The 1st Battalion, 127th Infantry was inactivated with Company C (-) at Sheboygan being reorganized as Detachment 1, Battery B, and Detachment 1, Company C at Plymouth becoming Battery B (-) of the 1st Battalion, 121st Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 69], "content_span": [70, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0019-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Post-Second World War\nOn March 1, 1981, the 1st Battalion, 121st Field Artillery was called to state duty for a firefighters strike in Milwaukee. The battalion was released on March 2, 1981, when an apparent contract settlement was reached. The battalion was recalled on March 19, 1981, when firefighters walked off the job again, and served until March 21, 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 69], "content_span": [70, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0020-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Post-Second World War\nOn August 1, 1990, Battery C was moved from the Whitefish Bay Armory to Sussex and Battery A was moved to the Richards St Armory along with Headquarters Headquarters Battery. This was necessary to improve training conditions for the soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 69], "content_span": [70, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0021-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Global War on Terror\nThe regiment saw action as part of the United States' contribution to the global war on terror. In April 2006, the 1st Battalion 121st Field Artillery Regiment was mobilized in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and moved to Camp Shelby, Mississippi. Following this the 121st was deployed to Iraq and Kuwait. During this deployment, 2 soldiers of the 121st were killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 68], "content_span": [69, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0022-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Global War on Terror\nBetween January 2009 and January 2010, the 1st Battalion 121st Field Artillery was again raised and began training at Fort Bliss, Texas. The Battalion was later deployed to Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 68], "content_span": [69, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0023-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Global War on Terror\nThe 1st Battalion 121st Field Artillery Regiment was mobilized between January and October 2013 at Fort Bliss, Texas before deployment to Afghanistan  in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. The regiment again served in Afghanistan between April 2014 and January 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 68], "content_span": [69, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008428-0024-0000", "contents": "121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Global War on Terror\nIn April 2018 the 1st Battalion 121st Field Artillery Regiment was mobilized in support of Operation Inherent Resolve, Operation Spartan Shield, and Operation Freedom Sentinel. As a result, the regiment saw deployment to Afghanistan, Iraq, Jordan, and the UAE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 68], "content_span": [69, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008429-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Aviation Squadron\nThe 121st Fighter Aviation Squadron (Serbo-Croatian: 121. lova\u010dka avijacijska eskadrila / 121. \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430) was an aviation squadron of Yugoslav Air Force established in April, 1961 as part of 83rd Fighter Aviation Regiment at Zemunik military airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008429-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Aviation Squadron\nIt was equipped with US-made North American F-86E Sabre jet fighter aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008429-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Aviation Squadron\nIn 1963 the 83rd Fighter Aviation Regiment with its both squadrons (120th and 121st Fighter Aviation Squadron) has been dislocated from Zemunik to Titograd military airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008429-0003-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Aviation Squadron\nBy the end of year 1964 the 83rd Fighter Aviation Regiment has been disbanded. The 121st Fighter Aviation Squadron was also disbanded. Its personnel and equipment were attached to 120th Fighter Aviation Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron\nThe 121st Fighter Squadron (121 FS) is a unit of the District of Columbia Air National Guard 113th Wing located at Joint Base Andrews, Camp Springs, Maryland. The 121st is equipped with the Block 30 F-16C/D Fighting Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the 121st Observation Squadron, established on 10 July 1940. It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, Heraldry\nIn the early 1960s, the 121st Tactical Fighter Squadron developed and approved a fuselage insignia, an iron fist and jet fighter superimposed on a national shield. It was thought that the unit had no previous insignia, but the designers were incorrect. A Maryland Terrapin originally flew with the District of Columbia Air National Guard and, many years later, was reinstated as the unit's insignia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0003-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, Heraldry\nThe original design, approved in 1943, and authenticated as correct by the Air Museum, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, is described as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0004-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, Heraldry\n\"A caricatured tan and brown turtle proper , riding a \"pogo\" stick, leaving a trail of hops and impact marks black, all outlined light turquoise blue. Significance: The turtle depicts slow but sure travel, as characterized by the story of the \"Tortoise and the Hare\" in \"Aesop's Fables.\" The short hops and limited range of liaison airplanes are depicted by the short hops the turtle is making on the pogo stick.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0005-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, Origins\nEstablished by the National Guard Bureau as the 112th Observation Squadron and allocated to the District of Columbia National Guard in July 1940. Not organized until April 1941, formed in Washington D. C. without aircraft assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0006-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe unit was ordered to active duty in April 1941 as part of the buildup of the Army Air Corps after the Fall of France. Assigned to Bolling Field, D.C. and equipped with light observation aircraft. Transferred to the Third Air Force in September 1941, they began flying anti-submarine flights over the South Carolina coastline from airfields in the Columbia area. It was then moved to the First Air Force at Langley Field, Virginia, again engaging in antisubmarine patrols over the Maryland, Virginia and upper North Carolina coasts and the approaches to Chesapeake Bay. Finally, it was moved to Birmingham, Alabama in October 1942 and then inactivated. The squadron personnel were reassigned to other units and aircraft and transferred to other duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0007-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was reactivated in April 1943 as a liaison and Observation squadron, with a mission to support Army ground units by flying photo and tactical observation missions, performing battlefield reconnaissance for enemy ground forces, and spotting for artillery fire. They were deployed to the Twelfth Air Force in Algeria in March 1944, engaging in liaison and courier operations for Headquarters, Army Air Forces, MTO. They were equipped with various light observation aircraft, mostly A-20 Havoc light bombers used for aerial photo-reconnaissance and modified A-24 Banshee dive bombers taken out of combat and modified into RA-24 photo-reconnaissance aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0008-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThey were again reassigned to the Fifth Army in Italy in September, where they engaged in combat reconnaissance and photo-reconnaissance in Italy as part of the Italian Campaign. The squadron was then broken up, with elements of the squadron transferred to the Seventh Army in Southern France, where they performed combat reconnaissance as part of the Southern France Campaign. Other parts of the squadron remained attached to the Ninth Air Force and Sixth United States Army Group during the Rhineland Campaign and the Western Allied invasion of Germany. The remaining elements of the squadron stayed in Italy as part of the Fifth Army as it advanced north and enemy forces withdrew north of Rome. They were stationed near Florence until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0009-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was returned to the United States at Drew Field, Florida in August 1945. Most personnel were demobilized although the unit remained active until being inactivated in Oklahoma in November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0010-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard\nThe wartime 121st Liaison Squadron was redesignated as the 121st Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the District of Columbia Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Andrews Field, Maryland, and was extended federal recognition on 20 October 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The squadron was equipped with P-47D Thunderbolts and was assigned to 113th Fighter Group, also a DC guard unit and was initially gained by Air Defense Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0011-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard\nThe mission of the 121st Fighter Squadron was the air defense of the District of Columbia, along with southern Maryland and northern Virginia. Parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. In some ways, the postwar Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, the unit also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score at least as well or better than active-duty USAF units, given the fact that most ANG pilots were World War II combat veterans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0012-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard\nIn December 1949 the 121st Fighter Squadron converted from its P-47s to F-84C Thunderjets as the first Air National Guard squadron to be equipped with jet aircraft. It was not to be a happy relationship. During 1950, the 121st had lost four Thunderjets in accidents, and two more to undetermined other causes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0013-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard\nOn 30 August 1950 the squadron lost a single Republic F-84 Thunderjet during a routine weather training mission of two aircraft. After passing southbound near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, the F-84C exploded in mid-air at tree height, left a large crater in a field, and scattered wreckage over 3 acres (1.2 hectares) of the Hilbert cornfield near the Maryland intersection of the Harney and Bollinger School roads. Along with small parts of the aircraft, a few remains of the pilot were recovered; and the element leader in the lead F-84, 1st Lt . William L. Hall, reported \"Alkire had not radioed of any difficulty before the explosion.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0014-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was called to active duty, including the 121st, which was activated on 1 February 1951. The 121st Fighter Squadron became an element of Air Defense Command (ADC) and was redesignated as the 121st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. The squadron was joined in the 113th Fighter-Interceptor Group by the Delaware ANG 142d Fighter-Interceptor Squadrons, also equipped with F-84Cs, and the Pennsylvania ANG 148th Fighter Squadron equipped with World War II era F-51D Mustangs at Spaatz Field, Reading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 95], "content_span": [96, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0015-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nADC moved the 113th group and its parent 113th Fighter-Interceptor Wing from Andrews AFB to New Castle Air Force Base, Delaware, where they replaced the 4th Fighter-Interceptor Wing and group, which deployed to the Pacific, but the squadron remained at Andrews. The squadron mission was the air defense of the Delaware Bay and the Delmarva Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 95], "content_span": [96, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0016-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nIn September 1951 the squadron converted to airborne interception radar equipped F-94B Starfires with partial all-weather capabilities. ADC's was experiencing difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying its fighter squadrons to best advantage. In February 1952, the 113th wing and group were inactivated and replaced by the regional 4710th Defense Wing. The squadron remained assigned to the wing until it was released from federal service in November 1952 and its mission, personnel, and equipment reassigned to the 95th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, which activated the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 95], "content_span": [96, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0017-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Cold War\nWith its return to District of Columbia control, the 121st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was re-equipped with propeller-driven F-51H Mustangs and resumed its air defense mission of Washington, D.C. It was not until 1954, with the phaseout of the Mustang and the requirement by Air Defense Command that its interceptor squadrons be equipped with jet-powered aircraft that the squadron was upgraded to postwar-era F-86A Sabres that had been refurbished and reconditioned before being received.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0017-0001", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn August 1954, the 121st began standing daytime air defense alert at Andrews, placing two aircraft at the end of the runway with pilots in the cockpit from one hour before sunrise until one hour after sunset. This ADC alert lasted each and every day until the end of October 1958", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0018-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Cold War\nDespite the reconditioning, the F-86A Sabres were weary and required a considerable amount of maintenance to keep in the air. In 1955, the 113th sent them to storage at Davis-Monthan AFB and received F-86E Sabres from active-duty ADC units that were receiving F-89 Scorpion interceptors. In 1957, the F-86H was already being phased out of active service with the USAF, being replaced by the F-100 Super Sabre, and  the 121st received F-86H Sabres in late 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0019-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn late 1958, the gaining command for the 113th was changed from Air Defense Command to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and the mission of the wing was changed to tactical air support, although the air defense of Washington remained as a secondary mission. The Sabres were phased out in 1960 with the receipt of relatively new F-100C Super Sabres from active duty units receiving the F-100D model. The Super Sabre was a major improvement over the F-86H and it gave the wing a major increase in capability as well as it entering the supersonic age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0020-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn January 1968, a new crisis, the seizure of the American ship USS Pueblo by North Korean forces, and again the 113th was called to active duty. The wing was activated to federal service, and its personnel were assigned to Myrtle Beach AFB, South Carolina as a filler unit while the base's permanent unit, the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing was deployed to Kunsan Air Base, South Korea. At Myrtle Beach AFB, the federalized NJ ANG 119th Tactical Fighter Squadron joined the 121st TFS on active duty. However, not all wing personnel were sent to Myrtle Beach, as personnel were spread throughout the United States, Taiwan, Korea, and South Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0021-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe 113 TFW returned to Andrews AFB, in June 1969, and transitioned into the F-105D Thunderchief (AKA \"Thud\") in 1971, receiving Vietnam War veteran aircraft that were being withdrawn from combat. The 113th was one of four Air National Guard units to receive the F-105. A very large and complex aircraft, the 113th was fortunate to have many Vietnam Veteran airman in its ranks by 1970 which had F-105 experience. The Thud was the first USAF supersonic tactical fighter-bomber that was developed from scratch. All others before it were adaptations of aircraft that had originally been developed as pure fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0022-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn December 1974, the 113th Tactical Fighter Group was inactivated, with the 121st TFS being assigned directly to the 113th Tactical Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0023-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1981 at the end of its service life, the F-105s were retired, with the 113th TFW receiving F-4D Phantom IIs, again receiving Vietnam War veteran aircraft from active-duty units receiving F-15A and F-16A next-generation fighter aircraft. With the F-4, the 113th returned to the air defense mission, becoming part of Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), a named unit at the Numbered Air Force echelon of TAC. ADTAC had taken over the mission of Aerospace Defense Command in 1979 when the command was inactivated; the D.C. Air National Guard using the Phantoms for Washington, D.C. air defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0024-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe 113th operated the Phantoms throughout the 1980s, retiring the Phantoms at the end of their service life in 1989. In turn, the 121st FS started receiving F-16A Fighting Falcons in September 1989. These were block 5 and 10 models coming from various regular USAF units converting to more modern F-16C/D models. The Wing retained its air defense and attack mission, however the early block 5 and 10 models really designed to do. In the air defense role these models lacked any BVR capability, limiting them only to close range combat with their gun and Sidewinder missiles. In the attack role these aircraft were able to deploy bombs, but with their smaller stabs the center of gravity of these aircraft was far from ideal making it quite a challenge for the pilots to fly these missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0025-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe 113th Tactical Fighter Wing was not mobilized during the 1991 Gulf Crisis, remaining in the United States with its air defense mission. D. C. Air National Guard volunteers, however were deployed to CENTAF during the crisis and subsequent combat operations as part of Operation Desert Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0026-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nAfter the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990 and Operation Desert Storm, Air Force planners reorganized the major command structure and the organization of its units to reflect the new reality of the 1990s and also a smaller force after the end of the Cold War. Tactical Air Command was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC) as the gaining command for the 113th effective 1 June 1992. On 15 March 1992, the 113th adopted the new Air Force Objective Organization, which re-designated the wing as the 113th Fighter Wing. The 113th Tactical Fighter Group was reactivated as the 113th Operations Group, and the 121st Fighter Squadron was transferred to the 113th OG. Other support groups under the Objective Wing organization are the 179th Maintenance Group, 179th Mission Support Group and the 179th Medical Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 92], "content_span": [93, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0027-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn 1994 the 121st traded its early F-16A aircraft for Block 30 F-16C/D Fighting Falcon which upgraded its capabilities considerably. In May 1996, the 121st Fighter Squadron deployed personnel and aircraft to Al Jaber Air Base, Kuwait to support Operation Southern Watch (OSW). The 121st FS was the first Air National Guard unit to fly OSW. Operation Southern Watch was an operation which was responsible for enforcing the United Nations mandated no-fly zone below the 32nd parallel north in Iraq. This mission was initiated mainly to cover for attacks of Iraqi forces on the Iraqi Shi\u2019ite Muslims. In July 1996, the squadron returned to Andrews AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 92], "content_span": [93, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0028-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 92], "content_span": [93, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0029-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn February 1997 the 121st Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (121st EFS) was first formed from 113th personnel and aircraft and deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey in support of Operation Northern Watch (ONW). Operation Northern Watch was a US European Command Combined Task Force (CTF) who was responsible for enforcing the United Nations mandated no-fly zone above the 36th parallel north in Iraq. This mission was a successor to Operation Provide Comfort which also entailed support for the Iraqi Kurds. The 121st EFS returned to Andrews in April 1997. The 121st EFS was again formed in January 1998 when the Wing was tasked with a second Operation Northern Watch deployment to Incirlik Air Base. This time the deployment was only for a month with less than 100 personnel being deployed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 92], "content_span": [93, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0030-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Modern era\nOn 11 September 2001, the wing was given authorization for its pilots to shoot down threatening aircraft over Washington DC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 84], "content_span": [85, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0031-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Modern era\nAfter the events of 11 September 2001 the squadron took on an Air Sovereignty Alert Detachment role, stationing a number of aircraft at air force bases around the country to fly alert missions as part of Operation Noble Eagle (ONE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 84], "content_span": [85, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0032-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Modern era\nDuring one of those missions, on 11 May 2005 the squadron scrambled to intercept an aircraft that wandered into the no-fly zone around the White House. Customs officials had also scrambled a Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter and a UC-35B Cessna Citation jet at 11:47\u00a0a.m. to intercept the plane. The Customs aircraft gave way when the F-16s arrived flew on the wing tips of the little plane. They dipped their wings \u2013 a pilot's signal to 'follow me' \u2013 and tried to raise the pilot on the radio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 84], "content_span": [85, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0032-0001", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Modern era\nBut the Cessna didn't change course and it was flying too slow for the F-16s. The frustrated pilots had to take turns dropping flares, breaking away and returning to drop more flares. One senior Bush administration counter-terrorism official said it was 'a real finger-biting period' because they came very close to ordering a shot against a general aircraft. Finally, when the Cessna came within three miles of the White House \u2013 just a few minutes flying time \u2013 it altered course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 84], "content_span": [85, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0033-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, the DoD recommended that Cannon Air Force Base, NM be closed. As a result, it would distribute the 27th Fighter Wing\u2019s F-16s to the 113th Wing, Andrews Air Force Base, MD (nine aircraft) and several other installations. The committee claimed that this move would sustain the active/Air National Guard/Air Force Reserve force mix by replacing aircraft that retire in the 2025 Force Structure Plan. However, the base was temporarily removed from closure 26 August 2005, pending review of new mission assignment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 84], "content_span": [85, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0034-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Modern era\nOn 6 May 2008 the squadron flew its 2000th scramble since the events of 11 September 2001. Most scrambles do not lead to such stories as noted above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 84], "content_span": [85, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0035-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, History, District of Columbia Air National Guard, Modern era\nThe 121st Expeditionary Fighter Squadron has been formed and deployed numerous times as part of the Global War on Terrorism. Supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), the 121st EFS deployed to Balad Air Base, Iraq, in 2003, 2007 and 2010. A deployment to Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) was made between October 2011 and January 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 84], "content_span": [85, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008430-0036-0000", "contents": "121st Fighter Squadron, References, Sources\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008431-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Guards Rifle Division\nThe 121st Guards Rifle Division was formed on September 23, 1943, based on the first formation of the 342nd Rifle Division, in the 80th Rifle Corps of 3rd Army. During 1943 it shared a similar combat path to that of the 120th Guards Rifle Division, which was formed in the same Army about a week later. On November 26 it was given credit for its role in the liberation of Gomel and won that city's name as an honorific. It was soon reassigned to 13th Army and would serve under that command for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008431-0000-0001", "contents": "121st Guards Rifle Division\nIn 1944 the division helped form the bridgehead over the Vistula at Sandomir, and in January, 1945, joined in the breakout from this bridgehead and the subsequent advance through Poland and into Germany, earning its final honor for the capture of Wittenberg. The 121st Guards ended the war in western Czechoslovakia with a very impressive combat record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008431-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nThe 342nd Rifle Division was raised to Guards status as the 121st Guards on September 23, 1943, based on its successful actions and mass heroism during Operation Kutuzov, the offensive that eliminated the German-held salient around Oryol. Its order of battle was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008431-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nThe division was under the command of Maj. Gen. Logvin Davidovich Chervonii, and he would remain in command for the duration of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008431-0003-0000", "contents": "121st Guards Rifle Division, Advance\nAs of October 1, the 121st Guards was in 80th Rifle Corps of 3rd Army, which had recently been reassigned to Central Front from Bryansk Front. During the Gomel-Rechitsa Offensive, which began on September 30, the division was tasked, along with 120th Guards and 269th Rifle Divisions, with seizing a bridgehead over the Sozh River to divert German attention and reserves from the fighting in the Gomel region. The attack began at dawn on October 12 and succeeded in capturing small bridgeheads 1\u20132 km deep at Kostiukovka, Salabuty and Studenets, all south of the city of Propoisk. Although German counterattacks over the next few days prevented the attackers from enlarging their bridgeheads, the attack also prevented German 9th Army from sending reinforcements to 2nd Army to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008431-0004-0000", "contents": "121st Guards Rifle Division, Advance\nThe responsibility for the final liberation of Gomel was assigned to 11th and 48th Armies. The 11th struck on November 12 but encountered extremely stiff resistance. The fight for the city was long and bloody, but Soviet advances on the flanks made the German position untenable. Meanwhile, 121st Guards was en route from 3rd to 13th Army and was drawn in to the fighting for the city. Gomel was finally liberated on November 26, and the 121st Guards was one of several units recognized with the city's name as an honorific:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008431-0005-0000", "contents": "121st Guards Rifle Division, Advance\n\"GOMEL\" - ...121st Guards Rifle Division (Major General Chervonii, Logvin Danilovich)... the troops who participated in the liberation of Gomel, by the order of the Supreme High Command of 26 November 1943, and a commendation in Moscow, are given a salute of 20 artillery salvos from 224 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008431-0006-0000", "contents": "121st Guards Rifle Division, Advance\nIn December the division would part ways from its \"sister\" 120th Guards by being transferred to 13th Army, which was now in 1st Ukrainian Front. It would remain under those commands for the duration, to begin with in 76th Rifle Corps. In mid-1944 the division took part in the Lvov-Sandomir Operation, and in January, 1945, it helped make the breakthrough that unleashed the 3rd Guards and 4th Tank Armies to race across Poland and into Germany from the Sandomir bridgehead. Before the Berlin Operation began the 121st was moved to the 24th Rifle Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008431-0006-0001", "contents": "121st Guards Rifle Division, Advance\nAt this time the strength of 13th Army's rifle divisions varied from 4,700 to 5,700 men each. The Army was deployed on the east bank of the Neisse River on a 10km front from Klein Bademeusel to just outside Gross Saerchen, with the 27th and 102nd Rifle Corps in first echelon and the 24th in second. The offensive on 1st Ukrainian Front's sector began at dawn on April 16 with attacks across the Neisse and from a bridgehead that had been forced across the river south of Forst in February and made immediate progress. By about April 20 the division was shifted to 27th Corps. After the fall of Berlin it struck southwards in the Prague operation, ending the war in western Czechoslovakia, north of Pilsen, still in the 27th Rifle Corps of 13th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008431-0007-0000", "contents": "121st Guards Rifle Division, Postwar\nThe division was in the vicinity of Karlovy Vary when news of the German surrender arrived. The men and women of the division won their final honor, the Order of Lenin, on May 28, for the capture of Wittenberg. They now carried the final honorific title of 121st Guards Rifle, Gomel, Order of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov Division (Russian: 121-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0413\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f). In addition, 31 soldiers of the division had been named as Heroes of the Soviet Union. The division was relocated to Belokorovichi in western Ukraine as part of the 13th Army's 27th Rifle Corps, where it was disbanded in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008432-0000-0000", "contents": "121st IOC Session\nThe 121st International Olympic Committee (IOC) Session was held on October 1\u20139, 2009 in Copenhagen, Denmark, during which Rio de Janeiro was selected as the host city of the 2016 Summer Olympics. The city of Copenhagen was chosen on February 8, 2006 by the 118th IOC Session held in Turin, Italy to stage the 13th Olympic Congress, together with the meetings of the Executive Board and the 121st IOC Session. The other candidates were Athens (Greece), Busan (South Korea), Cairo (Egypt), Riga (Latvia), Singapore (Singapore), Taipei (Chinese Taipei). Convened on the initiative of President Jacques Rogge, the 13th Olympic Congress brought together all the constituent parties of the Olympic Movement to study and discuss the current functioning of the Movement and define the main development axes for the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008432-0001-0000", "contents": "121st IOC Session, 2016 Olympic host city election\nOn October 2, 2009, the IOC voted to elect the host city of the 2016 Summer Olympics. Rio de Janeiro was elected host city after three rounds of voting. This was Rio's fourth bid for the Olympic Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008432-0002-0000", "contents": "121st IOC Session, New sports\nThe Session decided to add Rugby Sevens and Golf to the Rio 2016 program. The tally for rugby was 81 in favor, with 8 against, and golf was approved 63\u201326. Neither sport is new to the Olympics \u2014 rugby was last featured at the Olympics in 1924, and golf in 1904.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008433-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe 121st Infantry Division (121. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on March 25, 1915, and organized over the next several weeks. It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915. The division was disbanded in 1919, during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008433-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of regular infantry divisions that were being triangularized. The 60th Infantry Regiment was formerly part of the 31st Infantry Division, the 7th Reserve Infantry Regiment came from the 9th Reserve Division, and the 56th Reserve Infantry Regiment came from the 13th Reserve Division. The division was mainly composed of Westphalians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008433-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 121st Infantry Division initially fought on the Western Front in World War I, entering the line in the Wo\u00ebvre region at the beginning of May 1915. It remained in that area until March 1916, fighting in the Battle of Bois-le-Pr\u00eatre. It then fought in the Battle of Verdun. It briefly fought in the Battle of the Somme until July 18 when it was transferred to the Eastern Front, where it went into the line on the Styr River until the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008433-0002-0001", "contents": "121st Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIt then went into the line near Lake Nara\u010d until May 1917, when it returned to the Western Front. It fought in the Battle of Passchendaele in late 1917, and saw action in the Second Battle of the Marne and the Second Battle of the Somme, also known as the Third Battle of the Somme, in 1918. It remained in the line until the end of the war. Allied intelligence rated the division as third class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008433-0003-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Division (German Empire), Order of battle on formation\nThe 121st Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division. The order of battle of the division on March 25, 1915, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008433-0004-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Division (German Empire), Late-war order of battle\nThe division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion. The order of battle on April 1, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008434-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 121st Infantry Division (German: 121. Infanterie-Division) was a German Wehrmacht division in World War II. It was a part of the German XXVIII Army Corps. In September 1941 the formation, on arriving in Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg; engaged in the siege of Leningrad. By October 1941 it was down to 40% of its authorized strength and 3 infantry battalions had to be disbanded due to high casualties. In 1944 it was involved in the retreat from Leningrad through the Baltic states wherein it fought in the Battle of Pskov. It remained in the Courland pocket until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008434-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Bibliography\nThis article about a specific German military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008435-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (France)\nThe 121st Infantry Regiment (121e r\u00e9giment d'infanterie de ligne) was a military unit in the French Army. It was formed in 1794 as the 121e Demi-Brigade de Bataille, merging the 1st battalion of the 62nd Infantry Regiment, the 1st battalion of volontaires de l'Union and the 7th battalion of the volontaires du Var. The 39e Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne was merged into it in 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008435-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (France)\nIt was re-formed in 1809 as the 121st Line Infantry Regiment, using the survivors from the 1st and 2nd reserve legions raised in 1807. It was disbanded in 1814, but went on to fight in World War I. It was disbanded after the conflict only to be re-raised again in January 1945 with men from the FFI de l'Allier in the Montlu\u00e7on region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 121st Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Georgia National Guard that saw combat service in the First and Second World Wars. As a result of army-wide reorganization in the 1950s, the 121st Infantry ceased to exist as a single unit; today, various units of the Georgia National Guard trace their lineage to the 121st Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 121st Infantry Regiment was formed from the 2nd Georgia Infantry Regiment in 1916 and assigned to the 31st Division. During World War One, the 121st was assigned to the 61st Infantry Brigade of the 31st Division. The units of the 31st Division, including the 121st Infantry, were broken up upon arrival at Brest and used to provide replacements for other units at the front lines in France. The regiment was demobilized on 14 January 1919 at Fort Gordon, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nAfter unit changes that saw the unit retitled 1st Infantry, Georgia National Guard and 122nd Infantry Regiment, the 121st Infantry Regiment was formed again as a Georgia National Guard unit in Macon, Georgia, and federally recognized on 9 June 1924. At this time, the regiment was also assigned to the 30th Division. The regiment was activated in 1925 because of hurricane damage at Tybee Island, and was activated again in 1934 to confront striking textile workers in the Georgia towns of Griffin, Jackson, and Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0002-0001", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nOn 22 November 1941, the regiment was relieved of assignment to the 30th Division and assigned to the 8th Division (later retitled \"8th Infantry Division\"). The regiment was briefly organized as a motorized infantry regiment before reverting to traditional infantry organization prior to shipping overseas. The 121st Infantry subsequently saw combat with the 8th Infantry Division in the European Theater of Operations during 1944-45.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0003-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe regiment returned from World War II at the Boston port of entry on 11 July 1945 and then moved to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, where it was inactivated on 20 October 1945. In September 1946, the 121st Infantry Regiment was assigned to the 48th Infantry Division, a national guard division headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida. In 1955, this division became the 48th Armored Division and moved its headquarters to Macon, Georgia. As a result of this reorganization, the 121st Infantry Regiment ceased to exist as a tactical organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0003-0001", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nSome elements of the 121st Infantry were transferred to the 162nd Tank Battalion in May 1956. As the army adopted the Pentomic structure in the late 1950s, infantry regiments were broken up and the component battalions reassigned to brigade headquarters while still retaining the number of their former regiment in their titles. Thus, while the 121st Infantry has not existed as a separate tactical organization since the mid-1950s, some Georgia National Guard battalions, such as 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry Regiment are still affiliated with the regiment, but assigned to brigades such as the 48th Infantry Brigade for purposes of tactical organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0004-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nBattalions of the former 121st Infantry were assigned to the 48th Armored Division from 1959 until 1968, the 30th Infantry Division from 1968 through 1973, and 48th Infantry Brigade from 30 November 1973 to present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0005-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe regimental nickname \"The Gray Bonnets\" is derived from the title of a song, \"Put on Your Old Gray Bonnets\" adopted in 1928 as the official air, or marching song, of the regiment. The distinctive unit insignia of the regiment is an \"Old Gray Bonnet\" proper, and is one of the few DUIs in the U.S. Army designed to be manufactured and worn in pairs (left and right).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0006-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe insignia is a blue shield with a gray saltire cross and a prickly pear and fleur-de-lis, and a boar's Head with an oak branch in its mouth on top. The blue background represents the Infantry while the gray cross symbolizes the unit's Confederate service. The cactus represents duty on the Mexican border, and the fleur-de-lis service in France during World War I. The boar's head with oak branch is the crest of the Georgia Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0007-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 121st Regiment Infantry, Georgia National Guard on 27 June 1928. It was amended to permit manufacturing in pairs on 16 August 1928. It was redesignated for the 162d Tank Battalion, Georgia National Guard on 24 May 1956. The insignia was redesignated for the 121st Infantry, Georgia National Guard on 17 April 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0008-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry Regiment\nThe 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry Regiment is a light infantry battalion of the 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT), Georgia Army National Guard. The Battalion is one of the oldest units in the U.S. Army, tracing its lineage to Georgia state militia units formed between 1810 and 1825. The Battalion provides the 48th Brigade with mounted and dismounted maneuver assets to destroy enemy formations in close combat. Prior to 2007, the unit was designated as a heavy mechanized formation and equipped with M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0009-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry Regiment, Pre-World War I\nThe earliest units associated with the 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry were the Albany Guards and Barnesville Blues of the Georgia State Militia. These units, formed in 1810 along with the Baldwin Blues and Floyd Rifles, were the first organized infantry militia units in the state. In 1825, the Macon Volunteers also organized. Detachments of these infantry units served in the Seminole War and the Mexican War. During the American Civil War, the regiment was organized as the 4th Regiment Georgia Volunteers, 3rd Georgia Battalion, and finally the 37th Georgia Regiment. Units fought in most major battles of the war, including Malvern Hill, Sharpsburg, Spottsylvania, the Battle of Gettysburg, Second Manassas, Richmond, Seven Pines, Mechanicsville, Cold Harbor, the Wilderness Campaign, and Appomattox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0010-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry Regiment, Pre-World War I\nDuring the post-Reconstruction period several other regional units were added to the rolls, and by 1891 the regiment had organized into two battalions under the banner of the Second Georgia Infantry Regiment. In 1898, the Barnesville Blues fought as Company F, 2nd Battalion, 2nd Georgia Infantry Regiment during the Spanish\u2013American War. During the Militia Act reorganization of the army in 1916, the 2nd Georgia became the 121st Infantry Regiment of the 31st \"Dixie\" Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0011-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry Regiment, World War I and Inter-war Years\nWith war looming in Europe, 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry was federalized to patrol the border with Mexico. In 1916 and 1917, elements rotated between the southern border, Georgia and Florida. The prickly pear on the left of the Distinctive Unit Insignia alludes to this mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 112], "content_span": [113, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0012-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry Regiment, World War I and Inter-war Years\nIn September 1918, the entire regiment was ordered to duty in World War I. They arrived in France in October, and before the regiment disembarked, tragedy struck. Longtime commander COL J. A. Thomas, the man responsible for the regimental title \"The Old Gray Bonnets\", died aboard ship. The news didn't get any better for the tight knit unit once ashore as most of the unit was broken up into small replacement groups and immediately sent to the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 112], "content_span": [113, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0012-0001", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry Regiment, World War I and Inter-war Years\nHowever, F Company of 2nd Battalion, along with B and C Companies of the 1st Battalion had travelled to Europe separately and were assigned intact to the 151st Machine Gun Battalion of the 42nd (Rainbow) Division. Elements of the regiment were to participate in six separate campaigns during their brief service in the war, garnering several individual citations of valor. This service is represented by the fleur-de-leis in the left side of the unit's DUI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 112], "content_span": [113, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0013-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry Regiment, World War I and Inter-war Years\nUpon return from France, the units were reorganized several times. In 1925, while at summer encampment at Tybee Island, GA, a hurricane struck. The National Guard camp was completely flooded and had to be rebuilt by men of the battalion. In 1934, labor unrest struck the textile mills of Georgia and 2nd Battalion was again called up, this time for state duty. Once state troops became involved in the labor troubles, they quickly died down with little violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 112], "content_span": [113, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0014-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry Regiment, World War I and Inter-war Years\nIn 1938, with war threatening Europe again, the massive Mississippi Maneuvers were conducted by the U.S. Army at Camp Shelby, MS.  2nd Battalion was one of the units involved. In 1940, as war seemed more inevitable, the Army developed an even larger exercise, the Louisiana maneuvers. Upon completion of that assignment, the entire regiment was federalized on 16 September 1940 at Ft. Jackson, SC and assigned to the 30th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 112], "content_span": [113, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0015-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry Regiment, World War II\nThe 2\u2013121 Infantry saw extensive activity leading up to World War II and extensive action during WWII. The regiment was assigned to the 8th Infantry Division and saw action in four campaigns in Northwestern Europe (1944\u201345). Among the many battles that the regiment participated in during its ten months of combat duty were the Battle for Brest and the Battle of H\u00fcrtgen Forest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 93], "content_span": [94, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0016-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry Regiment, From 1990\nThe Battalion was federalized for Desert Storm as part of the 48th Infantry Brigade on 30 November 1990. It arrived at Fort Stewart on or around 3 December 1990. After certifying at the National Training Center as combat-ready, the whole brigade was demobilised between 27 March and 10 April 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 90], "content_span": [91, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0017-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry Regiment, From 1990\nThe Battalion then deployed to Bosnia and Herzegovina for Stabilization Force (SFOR) Rotation 9 to provide support operations for Task Force Eagle (United States contingent to United Nations Operations in support of Dayton Peace Accord). The SFOR9 rotation was scheduled from April to October 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 90], "content_span": [91, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0018-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry Regiment, Global War on Terror\nThe Battalion mobilized as a component of the 48th Brigade Combat Team in 2004 for War on Terror combat operations. In May 2005 the unit began deploying to Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom and experienced some of the fiercest combat actions in the campaign. During the first half of the brigade's deployment to Iraq (Spring 2005 through Spring 2006), the 2\u2013121st spent much of its time of the  region of Baghdad while the sister units 1\u2013108 Armor was in the Southwest region (triangle of death).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 101], "content_span": [102, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0018-0001", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry Regiment, Global War on Terror\nThe unit's focus shifted during the second half of the deployment to a theater security mission primarily consisting of convoy escort and civilian military operations. 2\u2013121 suffered eight fatalities while deployed to Iraq. On 20 April 2006, at Ft. Stewart, members of the 2\u2013121st returned home after a year of combat operations in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 101], "content_span": [102, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0019-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry Regiment, Global War on Terror\nAs a part of the United States Army's ongoing transformation to a lighter, more modular force the 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry was re-designated as light infantry in 2007. The unit gave up its M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicles and became a dismounted force, with its anti-armor (Delta) company receiving up-armored HMMWVs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 101], "content_span": [102, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0020-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry Regiment, Global War on Terror\nIn December 2007, the Georgia National Guard's 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team was alerted that it would be deployed to Afghanistan in the summer of 2009 for Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF). In January 2009, the 2\u2013121st began training for the expected year-long deployment. In the Spring of 2009, the unit returned to Camp Shelby, MS, the site of its World War II preparations nearly 70 years prior. The unit was subsequently deployed to Afghanistan in May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 101], "content_span": [102, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008436-0021-0000", "contents": "121st Infantry Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry Regiment, Global War on Terror\nWhile deployed in Afghanistan, the 2\u2013121st participated in training the Afghan National Security Forces while conducting counter insurgency operations in the North, East, and Kabul Regional Command areas of operation. In April 2010 the unit redeployed from Afghanistan and demobilized at Fort Stewart, GA. The battalion suffered 2 fatalities while deployed to Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 101], "content_span": [102, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008437-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Maine Senate\nBelow is the list of the 121st Maine Senate, which was sworn into office in December 2002 and left office in December 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008437-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Maine Senate\nOn November 25, Richard A. Bennett (R-Oxford) and Beverly Daggett (D-Kennebec) were nominated for President of the Maine Senate. After a secret ballot, Daggett was elected Senate President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008438-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Motor Rifle Division\nThe 121st Motor Rifle Division was a Russian Ground Forces motorized infantry division, based in Monastyrishche. It was formed in 1970 as a training motor rifle division and became a district training center in 1987. The training center became the 121st Motor Rifle Division in 1989. It appears to have disbanded in 2009, as it is not shown on orders of battle of the Eastern Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008438-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Motor Rifle Division, History\nThe 121st Training Motor Rifle Division was activated in August 1970 in Monastyrische, Primorsky Krai. It was part of the Far Eastern Military District. During the Cold War, it was maintained at 20-25% strength. On 14 September 1987, it became the 291st District Training Center. The training center became the 121st Motor Rifle Division on 1 October 1989. The Separate Training Motor Transport Battalion became the 1141st Separate Material Supply Battalion. In 1992, the 1040th Antiaircraft Artillery Regiment was replaced by the 1062nd Antiaircraft Missile Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008438-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Motor Rifle Division, Composition\nThe 121st Training Motor Rifle Division included the following units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008439-0000-0000", "contents": "121st New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 121st New York Infantry Regiment, commonly known as the \"Onesers\" or \"Upton's Regulars\", was a volunteer regiment recruited during the American Civil War from Otsego County and Herkimer County, New York. The Hon. Richard Franchot was appointed colonel of the regiment and authorized to establish his headquarters at Richfield Springs, Otsego County. He proceeded without delay to organize the regiment, and on August 23, 1862, the regiment was mustered into the service of the Union Army. The command at that time consisted of 39 officers and 946 enlisted men. The 121st Regiment proceeded to Washington, arriving there on the morning of September 3, and was assigned provisionally to a brigade under Colonel Gibson with headquarters at Fort Lincoln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008439-0001-0000", "contents": "121st New York Infantry Regiment\nOn the march to the South Mountain and Antietam battlefields the regiment was assigned to the Second Brigade, First Division, Sixth Corps and remained with the command during its entire term of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008439-0002-0000", "contents": "121st New York Infantry Regiment\nColonel Richard Franchot resigned on September 25, 1862, and selected Colonel Emory Upton, at the time a first lieutenant in the Regular army, under whose command the regiment made a record second to none in the Army of the Potomac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008439-0003-0000", "contents": "121st New York Infantry Regiment\nThere is an interesting controversy concerning who captured Confederate Major General Custis Lee, son of Robert E. Lee, at the Battle of Sailor's Creek Virginia on April 6, 1865. Private Harris Hawthorn of the 121st New York claimed his capture and applied for and received the Medal of Honor for this act in the year 1894. The 37th Massachusetts Infantry disputed this award in the year 1897, claiming that Private David Dunnels White of their regiment was the actual captor of Major General Custis Lee. This entire matter is currently under review by the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008439-0004-0000", "contents": "121st New York Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe companies were recruited principally from these towns and organized by region:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008440-0000-0000", "contents": "121st New York State Legislature\nThe 121st New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5 to July 16, 1898, during the second year of Frank S. Black's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008440-0001-0000", "contents": "121st New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, 50 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (seven districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008440-0002-0000", "contents": "121st New York State Legislature, Background\nAt the New York state election, 1895, the state officers and state senators were elected to an exceptional three-year term (for the sessions of 1896, 1897 and 1898), so that the election of these officers would be held, beginning in 1898, in even-numbered years, at the same time as the gubernatorial election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008440-0003-0000", "contents": "121st New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Labor Party and the Prohibition Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008440-0004-0000", "contents": "121st New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1897 was held on November 2. The only statewide elective office up for election was carried by Democrat Alton B. Parker. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals, was: Democratic 555,000; Republican 494,000; Socialist Labor 21,000; and Prohibition 20,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008440-0005-0000", "contents": "121st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1898; and adjourned on March 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008440-0006-0000", "contents": "121st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJames M. E. O'Grady (R) was re-elected Speaker, against Thomas F. Donnelly (D).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008440-0007-0000", "contents": "121st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn April 25, Congress declared that the Spanish\u2013American War had begun four days previously. Many New Yorkers volunteered to fight for the independence of Cuba, among them Assistant U.S. Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt and Assemblyman William A. Chanler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008440-0008-0000", "contents": "121st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session on July 11; and adjourned on July 16. The Legislature enacted a Metropolitan District Elections law which took the organization of elections in New York City out of the hands of the metropolitan police force, then headed by Chief William Stephen Devery, and placed them instead in the hands of a State Superintendent of Elections, appointed by the Governor, and confirmed by the Senate. A few minutes after the law was passed, John McCullagh, Devery's predecessor as head of the metropolitan police, was appointed to the office. The Legislature also appropriated money to an additional war fund; and enacted a Soldiers Vote law, expecting it being necessary to take the vote of the New Yorkers engaged in the Spanish\u2013American War in the field during the next state election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008440-0009-0000", "contents": "121st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: In 1897, New York County (the boroughs of Manhattan and Bronx), Kings County (the borough of Brooklyn), Richmond County (the borough of Staten Island) and the Western part of Queens County (the borough of Queens) were consolidated into the present-day City of New York. The Eastern part of Queens County (the non-consolidated part) was separated in 1899 as Nassau County. Parts of the 1st and 2nd Assembly districts of Westchester County were annexed by New York City in 1895, and became part of the Borough of the Bronx in 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008440-0010-0000", "contents": "121st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008441-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Twenty-first Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1995 and 1996. In this General Assembly, both the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives were controlled by the Republican Party. In the Senate, there were 20 Republicans and 13 Democrats. In the House, there were 56 Republicans and 43 Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008442-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 121st Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 121st Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 121st OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008442-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 121st Ohio Infantry was organized at Delaware, Ohio, and mustered in for three years service on September 11, 1862, under the command of Colonel William P. Reid. The regiment was recruited in Delaware, Knox, Logan, Union, Marion, and Morrow counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008442-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 34th Brigade, 10th Division, Army of the Ohio, September 1862. 34th Brigade, 10th Division, I Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. District of West Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to February 1863. Reed's Brigade, Baird's Division, Army of Kentucky, Department of the Cumberland, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Reserve Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008442-0003-0000", "contents": "121st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 121st Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Washington, D.C. on June 8, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008442-0004-0000", "contents": "121st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Cincinnati, September 11; thence to Covington, Ky., September 15, and to Louisville, Ky., September 20. Pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1\u201315, 1862. Battle of Perryville, Ky., October 8. Moved to Lebanon, Ky., and duty there until November, and at Columbia until December. Operations against Morgan December 22, 1862, to January 3, 1863. Ordered to Louisville, thence moved to Nashville, Tenn., February 9; thence to Franklin, Tenn., February 12, and duty there until June. Tullahoma Campaign June 23-July 7. Duty at Fayetteville August 25-September 5. Chickamauga Campaign. Battle of Chickamauga September 19\u201321. Siege of Chattanooga, September 24-November 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008442-0004-0001", "contents": "121st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nChattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob November 23. Tunnel Hill November 24\u201325. Missionary Ridge November 25. Chickamauga Station November 26. March to relief of Knoxville, November 28-December 17. Duty at Rossville, Ga., until May 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Tunnel Hill May 6\u20137. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Buzzard's Roost Gap May 8\u20139. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Advance on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008442-0004-0002", "contents": "121st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOperations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Operations against Forrest and Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. March to the Sea November 15-December 10. Sandersville November 26. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Campaign of the Carolinas January to April 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008442-0004-0003", "contents": "121st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nTaylor's Hole Creek, Aversyboro, N. C., March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 19. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008442-0005-0000", "contents": "121st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 349 men during service; 9 officers and 92 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 246 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 121st Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was a regiment of the Union Army during the United States Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThis regiment, chiefly recruited in the city of Philadelphia, and in the county of Venango, was organized at camp of rendezvous, near Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, early in September 1862, with the following field officers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nSoon after its organization, it was ordered to Washington, D.C., and upon its arrival, went into camp at Arlington Heights. Arms and equipment were not delivered until some weeks after its arrival, but drill and instruction were immediately commenced, and prosecuted with vigor, the regiment becoming noted for good discipline at the drills and reviews of General Silas Casey's Provisional Brigade, to which it was then attached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0003-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nOn October 1, 1862, the regiment moved to Frederick, Maryland, and a week later joined General George Meade's Division of Pennsylvania troops, above Sharpsburg, and near the battle ground of Antietam. With the exception of slight skirmishing, as the army moved south through Virginia, it had no experience in fighting until it entered upon the Fredericksburg campaign. After reaching Warrenton, where McClellan was replaced by Major General Ambrose Burnside, it passed through Fayetteville, Stafford Court House, Brooks' Station, and White Oak Church, encamping a short time at each place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0004-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Fredericksburg Campaign\nOn December 12, it crossed the Rappahannock at Franklin's Crossing, below Fredericksburg, and moved to a position near Deep Run, where it bivouacked for the night in line of battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0005-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Fredericksburg Campaign\nOn the morning of the 13th, moving forward over the broken ground near the Run, it crossed the Bowling Green Road, and took position opposite a wooded hill on which the enemy lay in well provided breast-works. This movement was made under a fire of artillery from the left flank, which was kept up for more than an hour, by which the line was twice struck, and ten men disabled. it was at the same time exposed to a direct fire from the front, which was answered by Ransom's guns in the immediate front of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0005-0001", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Fredericksburg Campaign\nA rebel caisson that was at this juncture fortunately exploded, when, taking advantage of the favorable moment, the order was given to advance, and the division crossed the plain, four hundred yards wide, under fire from front and both flanks, drove the rebel skirmishers from a deep ditch which skirted the woods, ascended the slope of the hill, and broke the line of the enemy, which was distinctly marked by his dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0005-0002", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Fredericksburg Campaign\nThe line of battle of the division having been somewhat disordered by the inequalities of the ground over which it had passed, and the obstructions met, it was here partially re-formed, and the position held without further orders, under a hot fire from all directions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0005-0003", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Fredericksburg Campaign\nThe impression prevailing that the troops were surrounded, the fire of the enemy coming from flanks and rear, in the absence of orders from either brigade or division chiefs, the troops retired to put themselves in communication with them; but finding that they were entirely unsupported, they took up a position facing the woods, still under fire, from which they were finally ordered to retire to the position occupied in the early morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0006-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Fredericksburg Campaign\nDuring Sunday, the 14th, and Monday, the 15th, the position was retained, in the hope that the enemy might be tempted from his fastness on the wooded heights, to the open fields below; but finding no indications of a hostile movement on his part, the army was withdrawn, and the regiment retired to camping ground near White Oak Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0007-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Fredericksburg Campaign\nA few weeks later it moved to Belle Plains, where it remained in huts and under canvas during the winter, performing the usual routine of picket duty and drill. The loss in the campaign was one hundred and eighty, chiefly sustained in the action at Fredericksburg, including two officers killed, Lieutenants George W. Brickley and M. W. C. Barclay, for lost to the service:one by wounds, and one from sickness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0008-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Fredericksburg Campaign\nBurnside's second campaign, which was entered upon on January 20, 1863, was cut short by impassable roads. The artillery could not be moved, and after four days of exposure to the chilling weather, the army returned to its encampments. In returning, the regiment was left behind to assist in extricating the artillery, and afterwards to explore its way through an unknown country back to camp. This and another fruitless expedition to Port Conway, which the rebels, from the southern shore of the Rappahannock, were suspected of visiting, were the only variations from the usual routine of camp duty experienced during the winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0009-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Chancellorsville Campaign\nThe spring campaign opened with the march of the army to Chancellorsville. The First and Fifth corps were at first moved to Franklin's Crossing, of the Rappahannock, where they remained in support of the Sixth Corps, which made the passage of the stream, while Hooker, with the remaining three corps, marched and crossed several miles above. After remaining here until the 30th, the Third Corps, and on the 2d of May the First Corps, also moved above, and crossing, re-joined the army at Chancellorsville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0009-0001", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Chancellorsville Campaign\nAfter the reverse of the Eleventh Corps, on the evening of 2 May, the First Corps was hurried away from the extreme left, where it had halted on its way to the front, to the right, to meet a triumphant foe. The regiment, although much worn by fatiguing duty, suffered but slight loss. When the army withdrew to the neighborhood of Falmouth, after the battle, the regiment was stationed near the banks of the Rappahannock, three miles in advance of its former camping ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0010-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg Campaign\nOn June 12, the regiment moved by steady, rapid marches to Centreville, reaching the town on the 16th. It moved then onto Broad Run, crossed the Potomac at Edwards' Ferry, passing through Middletown and arriving at Emmitsburg on the 29th. On the night of the 30th, the regiment formed the advance picket of the Third Division, Doubleday's, at a point about seven miles from Gettysburg, covering the ground from Marsh Creek to Middle Creek, the center of the line being near the Cross Roads at Ross White's house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0011-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg Campaign\nOn the morning of July 1, the regiment marched at the head of the brigade, which also included the 142nd and 151st Pennsylvania regiments, and the 20th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, as well as a battery of artillery, all under command of Colonel Biddle, Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Biddle being in command of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0012-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg Campaign\nAs the brigade approached Gettysburg, the noise of artillery was heard, and shells were seen bursting over some distant woods. Crossing the hills to the west of the town, it came upon Buford's Cavalry, which was engaging the enemy, and formed in a field facing to the westward, with a wood in front held by the enemy. Soon afterwards it moved to the north, and united with the left of the First Division, under General Wadsworth, arriving in time to meet an advance of the enemy through the woods to the west of the Theological Seminary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0012-0001", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg Campaign\nThe position thus occupied, was held during most of the day, though frequently changing front as the enemy manifested a disposition to advance from the north or from the west. With his numerous batteries, the enemy kept up a vigorous shelling of the position, until he made his final assault at half past two in the afternoon, advancing from the north and the west in overpowering force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0013-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg Campaign\nTo meet his attack from the west, a change of front was made, which brought the One Hundred and Twenty-first on the extreme left of the line, having upon its right the Twentieth New York, then a battery, and upon the extreme right, the One Hundred and Forty-second. The One Hundred and Fifty-first Pennsylvania having been previously detached to support the Second Brigade, commanded by General Roy Stone, was posted near the pike, farther to the right, and just in rear of the Seminary, but was subsequently brought up and formed on the right of the One Hundred and Forty-second. The enemy's line of battle extended far beyond the extreme left of the Union line, lapping around it, his fire completely enfilading the One Hundred and Twenty-first Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0014-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg Campaign\nWhen the direct assault on the front of the brigade came, it was at first successfully resisted. His line was received with an effective fire, and wounded men of the brigade, who were left upon the field, afterwards reported that none but scattered troops ever passed over the position; but his forces swarming in upon the left, and completely outflanking the brigade, gave no chance for successful resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0014-0001", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg Campaign\nThe ground was, however, held until the brigade battery was withdrawn in safety, when the fragment of the command remaining, retired to a barricade in the woods, to the rear of the Seminary. Clinging to this until a large portion of the troops engaged, and the artillery and ambulances had passed on through the town, the brigade withdrew to Cemetery Hill, and re-formed in rear of its crest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0014-0002", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg Campaign\nReceiving a fresh supply of cartridges, the regiment was held in readiness to repel an anticipated assault from General Ewell, who had come in from the north; but no assault came, the rebel troops seeming content with their successes, and the men bivouacked at night, feeling that though beaten and driven back from their position of the morning, they had successfully checked the enemy, in vastly superior numbers, until a new position could be taken, immeasurably better than the first, and until the army could come up in sufficient strength to successfully cope with its adversary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0014-0003", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg Campaign\nA beautiful rainbow seen in the west seemed to promise better fortune for the morrow. Out of seven officers and two hundred and fifty-six men who entered the engagement in the morning, there \" ere left at night but two officers and eighty-two men an aggregate of one hundred and seventy. nine, either killed, wounded, or missing, upwards of sixty-five per cent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0015-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg Campaign\nOn the following day, the brigade occupied a position on the Taneytown Road, to the left of the Cemetery, and during the cannonade in the afternoon, was much exposed, the enemy's shells, from opposite directions, frequently bursting in the same field. Early on the morning of the 3rd, it was moved into line of battle on the left center, the regiment occupying a position immediately in front of General Doubleday's headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0015-0001", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg Campaign\nA barricade of rails was, thrown up for its protection, in case it should be pressed by infantry; but in the fierce cannonade by the enemy in the afternoon, which preceded his last grand charge, this barricade was shattered, and leveled with the dust. The men slept on their arms during the succeeding night, and on the two following days were employed in clearing the field, and in burying the dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0016-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg Campaign\nOn the afternoon of the 5th, the enemy being in full retreat, it moved with the corps by the Emmitsburg Road, and crossing the mountains opposite Hagerstown, came up with the enemy, in position near Williamsport. His skirmishers were speedily driven in. Pausing before his entrenched line, until the forces could be brought into position, an advance was ordered; but the enemy had made good his escape across the Potomac, and his entrenchments were possessed with but the feeble opposition of a line of skirmishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0017-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg Campaign\nReturning over the South Mountains to Berlin, the regiment crossed the Potomac, followed substantially the route of the previous year to Warrenton and Rappahannock Station, and thence, after the lapse of some weeks, through Brandy Station, and Culpeper, to a point near Raccoon Ford on the Rapidan, where it remained until Lee attempted to turn the right of the Union army, causing a retrograde movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0018-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg Campaign\nThe regiment, then moved via Paoli Mills to Kelly's Ford, where it was engaged in throwing up rifle-pits, and guarding the crossing, until it was ascertained that the rebel army had passed the stream above, when it marched at midnight, passing Warrenton Junction, Catlett's and Bristoe Stations, and arrived with the division up on the Centreville Heights, in time to prevent their occupation by Lee's advance, which had arrived in close proximity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0018-0001", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg Campaign\nAs the rest of the army came up, the division moved out towards the Chantilly battle ground, and upon the abandonment of offensive operations by the enemy, and his consequent retirement, advanced again towards Haymarket and Thoroughfare Gap. At Haymarket, a force of the enemy, supposed to be Stuart's Cavalry, dismounted, attacked at night, and in the conflict the regiment received a volley in the darkness, but fortunately without loss. As the enemy continued to fall back, Meade advanced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0018-0002", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg Campaign\nAt Catlett's Station, the One-Hundred and Twenty-first was detailed for special duty in defending the Cedar Run Bridge, and in guarding the depots of stock, provision, and hospital stores deposited there, which duty it continued to perform until the close of the Mine Run campaign, when the army retired to winter-quarters on the left bank of the Rapidan. The regiment was then ordered to Paoli Mills, and subsequently to Culpeper, where it went into camp, and finally to permanent quarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0019-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Winter 1863\nDuring the winter, the First Corps, which, since its great sacrifices at Gettysburg, had been composed of little more than skeleton regiments, was broken up, and distributed to other corps. By this change, the One Hundred and Twenty-first became part of the Fifth Corps, and though increased in numbers by the addition of a full company, which had been on duty at headquarters, was never after able to bring more than two hundred men into the field, no facilities having been afforded for recruiting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0019-0001", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Winter 1863\nColonel Chapman Biddle was honorably discharged on December 10, 1863, and Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Biddle, on January 9, 1864. Thereupon, Thomas M. Hall, who had been promoted to major, in December 1863, was made lieutenant colonel. During the winter the regiment remained in camp a short distance from Culpeper, engaged in the usual routine of camp and picket duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0020-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Overland Campaign\nAt one o'clock on the morning of May 4, the regiment moved on the Wilderness campaign. On the following morning, having crossed the Rapidan at Germania Ford, it moved forward, and as it became evident that the enemy was in front, took position in a dense thicket, through which it was compelled to cut alleys before it could advance. At noon it came upon the foe, and became hotly engaged, holding its ground by hard fighting until four p.m., when it was obliged to retire, after having lost heavily in killed and wounded, and was moved to the left to the support of the Second Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0021-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Overland Campaign\nEarly on the morning of the 6th, in conjunction with the Second Corps, which was formed in three lines of battle, it moved forward under a galling fire from the enemy in front, and a raking flank fire from his batteries. The ground was fiercely contested, and the command was finally checked and forced to fall back. But renewing the attack, it soon regained the lost ground. The enemy was here heavily reinforced, and succeeded in pushing the Union column back to the Gordonsville Road, where temporary works had been hastily thrown up. Artillery could not be used on account of the nature of the ground, and the three lines with which the advance was made had been gradually molded into one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0022-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Overland Campaign\nAt the Gordonsville Road, the brigade to which the One Hundred and Twenty-first was attached, was posted in rear of, and supporting a portion of the Second Corps. Late in the afternoon the enemy, with a recklessness rarely witnessed, charged upon the works, and in face of the deadly volleys of the infantry, and the more terrible fire of the artillery, succeeded in carrying a part of the line on the left, and in planting two of his standards upon the defenses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0022-0001", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Overland Campaign\nAt this juncture the brigade, with the One Hundred and Twenty-first on the extreme right, which until this moment had been lying prostrate upon the ground a few yards in the rear, was ordered to advance, and springing forward, came down upon the victorious enemy with a steady and unflinching front, pouring upon him volley after volley, wrenching from him his dear bought advantage, and driving him in confusion to the woods beyond. With the exception of slight skirmishing, this ended the fighting for the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0023-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Overland Campaign\nAfter refilling the cartridge boxes, the men rested during the night in the works, and on the morning of the 7th were led to the rear, where they remained until night-fall, and then commenced the march towards Spottsylvania Court House, the enemy in the Wilderness having taken to his works. All night long the march was continued, reaching Laurel Hill, on the morning of the 8th, relieving a portion of the First Division, of the Fifth Corps, which was engaging the enemy under a heavy cross-fire from batteries in position on an eminence to its left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0023-0001", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Overland Campaign\nFinding him too strongly posted to be driven out with the force at hand, the ground was held, and temporary works were thrown up. During the following day the command was occupied in keeping the enemy at bay, being subjected the while to an annoying fire from two of his pieces. On the 10th the command advanced, and engaged him in front of the works until late in the afternoon, when bayonets were fixed, and all preparations made for a charge. But before the advance was made, the order was countermanded, and during the 11th it lay in the works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0023-0002", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Overland Campaign\nThe next night a second line in rear of the first was thrown up, and on the 12th the command again advanced in column, under a heavy cross-fire of artillery; but after a fierce struggle, in which many of the bravest fell, it was compelled to retire. In the action of the 10th, Captain William W. Dorr, in command of the regiment, was among the killed, At evening it was taken to the left, where it relieved a portion of the Sixth Corps, and lay during the night in line of battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0024-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Overland Campaign\nOn the morning of the 13th it returned to its former position, and towards mid-day resumed the march towards Spottsylvania Court House, getting into position on the enemy's front at daylight of the following morning. On the 18th it again advanced and threw up a line of works, which it occupied under continual artillery fire, with occasional sharp skirmishing, until the 21st. On that day it moved on to Guinea Station, where the regiment was deployed as skirmishers, and advanced two miles, capturing a number of prisoners, and routing a rebel battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0024-0001", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Overland Campaign\nOn the 23rd the command again met the enemy in force at Jericho Ford, and immediately engaged him, and with the assistance of the artillery, forced him to withdraw. In this affair the conduct of the brigade was warmly complimented by General Cutler, then in command of the division. On the 25th a movement was made to the left, and the regiment was thrown forward as skirmishers, acting a, such during the entire day, and losing ten in killed and wounded. Lieutenant and Adjutant John Iungerich was here mortally wounded, expiring a month later. On the 28th, the Pamunky River was crossed, a little in advance of the enemy, when works for the defense of the position were hastily thrown up, and on the 30th the command took position on the right of the Pennsylvania Reserves, which were hotly engaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0025-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Overland Campaign\nOn June 1, the regiment advanced on the Mechanicsville Road, near Bethesda Church, under a raking fire of artillery, suffering considerable loss, but driving the rebel skirmishers, and throwing up breast-works in the edge of the woods from. which they retreated. After dark a further advance was made through the woods, and to within a stone's throw of the rebel pickets, where entrenching was quietly but diligently prosecuted, and the morning light disclosed to the astonished rebels a strong line of works under their very noses. Their artillery was hurried away to safe positions, and for five days the brigade held the ground under a continuous fire of artillery and sharpshooters. On June 6 the brigade reached Cold Harbor, where it was transferred to the First Division, in command of General Chamberlain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0026-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Siege of Petersburg\nEntrenching, skirmishing, and hard marching was kept up until June 14, when it reached the James, and on the 16th crossed and took position in front of Petersburg. On the 18th it again advanced, and crossing the Norfolk Railroad, drove in the enemy's skirmishers, sustaining a heavy loss, but establishing a permanent line. This was held until the night of the 20th, when the troops were relieved by the Ninth Corps, and retired to the rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0026-0001", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Siege of Petersburg\nOn the night of the 21st the brigade advanced in line on the left, through a thick wood, and under the fire of the rebel skirmishers threw up a breast-work, and was here employed in constructing what was subsequently known as Fort Hell. As the formation was particularly exposed, much care had to be exercised in the early stages of the work, to elude the attention of the enemy. The fort was finished and occupied by two batteries of heavy artillery before the springing of the mine, which occurred on July 31, and sustained without damage, the heavy rebel fire which was then brought to bear upon it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0027-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Siege of Petersburg\nOn August 18, the regiment moved with the corps for the destruction of the Weldon Railroad. and after crossing the Blackwater, was deployed as skirmishers, driving in the rebel skirmishers as it advanced. The road having been effectually destroyed for a long distance, the brigade retired to works thrown up along the line of the ruins. On the 21st the regiment occupied a position in line on the left, and about two hundred yards in rear of the extreme left of the Fourth Division, which was on that day hotly engaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0027-0001", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Siege of Petersburg\nThe enemy finally advanced in column, charging the works in front of the Fourth Division, and sweeping around its left, thinking to come in upon an unprotected rear, but suddenly encountered the brigade, prepared to receive them. Determined not to be foiled in their purpose, they fought obstinately for some time, returning the fire that was poured in upon them, with the utmost spirit and determination, and only when almost annihilated did their spirit forsake them. But few escaped, hundreds being killed and wounded; while many seeing no other alternative, threw down their arms and came pouring over the works, bringing in several stands of colors. After this short but decisive contest, the brigade moved farther to the left, and erected new works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0028-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Siege of Petersburg\nOn September 12 the regiment was transferred to the First Brigade of the Third Division, and five days later was transferred to the Third Brigade of this division. With this brigade, it marched on the 30th to Peeble's Farm, to the extreme right of the enemy's line, and, during the night succeeding, threw up a line of works on the crest of a hill. Early on the following morning the enemy, in great force, supported by artillery, made a furious attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0028-0001", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Siege of Petersburg\nThe works were held by the brigade until the line was broken to right and left of it, when, the enemy coming in upon both flanks, compelled it to give way, and nearly half of the regiment, including the colonel and seven line officers, were captured. The morning report of the following day showed but four commissioned officers and eighty-five enlisted men present for duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0029-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Siege of Petersburg\nDuring the succeeding winter the regiment remained in camp with the brigade, on the extreme left of the line, participating in but two movements of importance. The first was made on December 4, by a force consisting of the Fifth Corps, one division of the Second, and a division of cavalry, all under command of General Warren, the purpose of which was to destroy the Weldon Railroad, as far south as possible. Striking the road twenty miles out from Petersburg, the work of destruction was continued, with little opposition, as far as Bellefield. The troops being without camp equipment, and exposed to a fearful storm of rain and hail, suffered severely. The second engagement was the Battle of Hatcher's Run, on February 6, 1865. It resulted in severe fighting, without decisive results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0030-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, End of the Siege and End of the War\nThe siege on Petersburg drew to a conclusion with the Battle of Fort Stedman. On March 25, the regiment was put in motion for the final conflict at Petersburg; the assault was successful yet repelled before it reached the ground, and immediately returned to its quarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0031-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, End of the Siege and End of the War\nOn March 31, the regiment participated in the attack on the enemy's position at the Boydton Plank Road, and on the following day on his position at Five Forks, where Confederate troops were completely routed, losing most of the Confederate artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0032-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, End of the Siege and End of the War\nThe advantage here gained was rapidly followed up, and on April 9, the Rebel army laid down its arms at Appomattox Court House. While the Rebel troops were being paroled, the regiment performed guard duty in the town, with headquarters at the Court House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008443-0033-0000", "contents": "121st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, End of the Siege and End of the War\nOn the 12th it moved in charge of captured property, and proceeded with it to Burkesville Station, on the South Side Railroad, after which it was encamped for two weeks along this road. It then moved to Petersburg, thence to Richmond, and finally went into camp on Arlington Heights opposite Washington, D.C., where on June 2, it was mustered out of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008444-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Pioneers\nThe 121st Pioneers were an infantry regiment of the East India Company's Bombay Army and later the British Indian Army. The regiment traces their origins to 1777, when they were raised as the Marine Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008444-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Pioneers\nThe regiments first action was in the Anglo-Persian War, they returned to the Gulf when they were used in the punitive expedition in the Beni Boo Ali campaign in 1821, against the pirates in Eastern Arabia and the Persian Gulf. They were involved in a number of campaigns following this the conquest of Sindh including the Battle of Hyderabad in 1843. The Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1848, the Second Anglo-Burmese War in 1852 and the 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia. During World War I the regiment served in the Mesopotamia Campaign and the Sinai and Palestine Campaigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008444-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Pioneers\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. In 1922, the 121st Pioneers became the 10th (Marine) Battalion, 2nd Bombay Pioneers. The regiment was disbanded in 1932.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008445-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Regiment (Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps)\nThe 121st Regiment of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (\u65b0\u7586\u751f\u4ea7\u5efa\u8bbe\u5175\u56e2\u7b2c121\u56e2), also known as the 121st Regiment of the XPCC (\u5175\u56e2121\u56e2), together with its reclamation area, commonly known as the 121st Regiment Farm (\u5175\u56e2121\u56e2\u573a), is an economic and paramilitary formed unit, that is part of the 8th Division (\u5175\u56e2\u516b\u5e08). The regiment was formerly known as the 75th Regiment of the 25th Infantry Division of the 9th Army of the 22nd Corps of the PLA. The 122nd Regiment was amalgamated into the regiment in June of 2006. The regiment is headquartered in Paotai Town (\u70ae\u53f0\u9547) in Shawan County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, it is composed of 37 agricultural construction companys. As of 2010 census, its population was 38,320.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008445-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Regiment (Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps)\nThe headquarters of the regiment is located in Paotai Town, 213 km away from Urumqi in the east, 78 km from Shihezi in the southeast, 110 km from Karamay in the northwest, and 120 km from Kuitun in the southwest. The county-level road of Guxin Line (\u53bf\u9053\u53e4\u65b0\u7ebf) and the Keyu Expressway (\u514b\u6986\u9ad8\u901f\u516c\u8def, Karamay - Yushugou) cross the territory, and connected with contact line, its traffic is very convenient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008445-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Regiment (Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps), History\nThe regiment was formerly the 75th Regiment of the 25th Infantry Division of the 9th Army of the 22nd Corps of the PLA. In 1950, it entered Paotai in Shawan County for land reclamation production. In June of 1953, it was renamed the 21st Regiment of the 7th Agricultural Construction Division of the Xinjiang Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 68], "content_span": [69, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008445-0003-0000", "contents": "121st Regiment (Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps), History\nWith the establishment of the Xinjiang Military Region Production Corps (present Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, \"XPCC\" for short) in October of 1954, the 21st Regiment was reorganized into the 7th Agricultural Construction Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 68], "content_span": [69, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008445-0003-0001", "contents": "121st Regiment (Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps), History\nThe 21st Regiment was divided into two parts of the 21st Regiment and Paotai Farm (\u70ae\u53f0\u519c\u573a) in 1957, and both of the two were amalgamated into the 21st Regiment in the early 1960s; the Xiabahu Farm (\u4e0b\u516b\u6237\u519c\u573a) was formed in Xiabahu area in the same year; the Xiabahu Farm was incorporated into the 21st Regiment in 1961, the 21st Regiment was under the jurisdiction of the 1st Xiayedi Administrative Office (\u4e0b\u91ce\u5730\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ba1\u7406\u5904) of the 7th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 68], "content_span": [69, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008445-0004-0000", "contents": "121st Regiment (Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps), History\nIn July 1969, the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) unified the designation of its regiments and divisions, the name of the regiment was changed to the 121st Regiment from the 21st Regiment. With the abolishment of the XPCC in March of 1975, the 7th Division was canceled in May of the same year, the 121st Regiment was transferred to Shihezi Prefecture (\u77f3\u6cb3\u5b50\u5730\u533a), and renamed as the 121st Regiment Farm of Shihezi Prefecture (\u77f3\u6cb3\u5b50\u5730\u533a\u4e00\u4e8c\u4e8c\u56e2\u573a). In August 1978, Shihezi Prefecture was abolished, the establishment of the Shihezi Agriculture, Industry and Commerce Joint Enterprise Group Corporation (\u77f3\u6cb3\u5b50\u519c\u5de5\u5546\u8054\u5408\u4f01\u4e1a), with Shihezi City co-office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 68], "content_span": [69, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008445-0004-0001", "contents": "121st Regiment (Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps), History\nIn December of 1981, the XPCC's structure was restored, and in May 1982, the 8th Agricultural Construction Division was restored in Shihezi City, and the 121st Regiment Farm of Shihezi was renamed the 121st Regiment of  8th Agricultural Construction Division. The 122nd Regiment ceased to exist as a separate unit, it was amalgamated into the 121st Regiment in June 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 68], "content_span": [69, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008445-0005-0000", "contents": "121st Regiment (Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps), History\nThe reclaimed land of the former 121st Regiment had a total area of 456.26 square kilometers, its cultivated land area was 25,333 hectares. As of 2000 Census, the regiment had a population of 22,540.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 68], "content_span": [69, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008446-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Regiment of Foot (1762)\nThe 121st Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1762 and disbanded in 1764.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008447-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Regiment of Foot (1794)\nThe 121st Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1794 and disbanded in 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Rifle Division\nThe 121st Rifle Division (Russian: 121-\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) was an infantry division of the Red Army during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Rifle Division\nFormed in September 1939 in Belarus, the division participated in the Soviet invasion of Poland later that month and in the June 1940 occupation of Lithuania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Rifle Division, History\nThe division was formed between 6 and 11 September 1939 from the 99th Rifle Regiment of the 33rd Rifle Division in Mogilev, under the command of 33rd Rifle Division commander Colonel Alexander Mavrichev. It included the 383rd, 574th, and 705th Rifle Regiments, an artillery regiment and other units. The division fought in the Soviet invasion of Poland, as part of the 11th Rifle Corps of the 10th Army. The division advanced from Mogilev through Pogost, Cherven, Smilovichi, Dzerzhinsk, Novogrudok, Novoelnyu, Pruzhany, Ruzhany, Slonim, Kamenets, Vysokoye, Bielsk Podlaski, and Hajn\u00f3wka. By the end of the campaign on 2 October it transferred to the 5th Rifle Corps. It relocated to Bobruisk on 8 October. After Mavrichev was transferred, Colonel Alexey Muravyov, previously a cavalry division assistant commander, became division commander in March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0003-0000", "contents": "121st Rifle Division, History, Occupation of Lithuania\nThe division was slated for the Soviet occupation of Lithuania by the plan drawn up by deputy chief of the operations directorate of the General Staff Major General Alexander Vasilevsky on 6 June 1940, assigned to the 4th Rifle Corps of the 3rd Army on the southeastern border of Lithuania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0003-0001", "contents": "121st Rifle Division, History, Occupation of Lithuania\nThis plan was modified and in the final version received by district commander Colonel General Dmitry Pavlov on 9 June in a directive of the People's Commissar of Defense, the 121st was instead assigned to the 24th Rifle Corps in the second echelon of the 3rd Army, which was deployed along the line of Vidzy, Sventyany and the Viliya River. The division was planned to finish unloading from railcars at Polotsk on 12 June and begin a 150-kilometer march to the Opsa area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0003-0002", "contents": "121st Rifle Division, History, Occupation of Lithuania\nWithin two days, the 121st was to concentrate near Opsa with one regiment still on the march, preparing to advance behind the first-echelon 126th Rifle Division on 15 June, the first day of the invasion. The invasion plan was again revised on 13 June, assigning the 121st to the 4th Rifle Corps and no longer dividing the forces of the 3rd Army into two echelons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0003-0003", "contents": "121st Rifle Division, History, Occupation of Lithuania\nThis resulted in new orders that directed the division to take up its starting positions by 20:00 on 14 June in the area of Gervyaly, with flanks at Pupina and Borovka 8 to 15 kilometers northwest of Vidzy. The corps was assigned the mission of advancing in the direction of Rim\u0161\u0117, D\u016bk\u0161tas, Daugailiai, U\u017epaliai, and Sv\u0117dasai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0004-0000", "contents": "121st Rifle Division, History, Occupation of Lithuania\nWhen the invasion began on 15 June, the 121st approached the state border at 16:00 and by the end of the day reached Gyajunai, south of Lake Dysnyk\u0161tis. That day, the Lithuanian government found resistance impossible and accepted the Soviet ultimatum to Lithuania, under which the 4th Rifle Corps was planned to be stationed in the Panemunis area. On 16 June, the 121st was 8 kilometers southwest of Salakas at 10:30 and reached the area of Gateliai and Brinkli\u0161k\u0117s by 15:20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0004-0001", "contents": "121st Rifle Division, History, Occupation of Lithuania\nContinuing the advance, by 12:00 on 17 June it reached the area of Vaineikiai, \u0160eduikiai, Vilu\u010diai, and U\u017epaliai, and by the end of the day on 18 June was stopped for rest between \u0160imonys and Sv\u0117dasai. The division paused there for a day and at 19:00 on 20 June entered the area of Skapi\u0161kis and Roki\u0161kis. After the 4th Rifle Corps pushed forward into Latvia, the 121st was transferred to the 24th Rifle Corps, and at 7:00 on 21 June it reached the area of Rokiskis, Skapi\u0161kis, Pand\u0117lys, and Panemun\u0117lis, where it remained for the next few weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0005-0000", "contents": "121st Rifle Division, History, Occupation of Lithuania\nWhile the division was in Lithuania, on 7 July, Major General Pyotr Zykov, previously assistant commander of the 47th Rifle Corps, became division commander. After the end of the campaign the division returned to its bases in Bobruisk, Rogachev, and Zhlobin. On 11 June 1941 the division was relocated to its summer camp in the area of Obuz and Lesnaya. It is listed as being part of the 47th Rifle Corps, directly subordinate to the Western Special Military District, on the eve of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0006-0000", "contents": "121st Rifle Division, History, Second World War\nAfter the beginning of Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941, the division as took up defensive positions on the eastern bank of the Shchara River in the Slonim area on the next day as part of the 13th Army. From 24 June it fought in heavy defensive battles, retreating to Baranovichi, Slutsk, Osipovichi, the village of Boyarshchina, and Starye Dorogi. The division was encircled in late June but broke out on 7 July and was withdrawn to Novozybkov for replenishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0006-0001", "contents": "121st Rifle Division, History, Second World War\nThe 121st soon returned to the front and fought in the Battle of Smolensk with the 13th Army of the Central Front, then fought in defensive battles on the Sozh, Sudost, and Desna, and from 30 September in the Battle of Bryansk following the commencement of Operation Typhoon, the German attack that began the Battle of Moscow. During this period, the 121st was encircled for the second time in area of Khutor Mikhailovsky and the Kinelsky forest, but broke out in the area of Pesochnaya and Lgov. The division went on to fight in the defense of Tim and the Yelets Offensive, and was withdrawn to the Southwestern Front reserve in the Yelets area on 15 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0007-0000", "contents": "121st Rifle Division, History, Second World War\nAfter being receiving reinforcement, the 121st joined the 40th Army in February 1942 and defended positions near Tim from Novo-Aleksandrovskoye to Polevoye. For his actions, Zykov was awarded a third Order of the Red Banner on 27 March 1942. The division was transferred to the 60th Army on 28 June and fought in attacks in the Battle of Voronezh and by 4 July reached the area of Zemlyansk, but was forced to retreat to the line of Medvezhye and Chistaya Polyana, covering the crossings of the Don. From 7 July it fought in battles south of Voronezh in what became known in Soviet historiography as the Voronezh\u2013Voroshilovgrad Defensive operation. In October, Zykov became deputy commander of the 60th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0008-0000", "contents": "121st Rifle Division, History, Second World War\nColonel Mikhail Bushin became division commander in November. The division defended positions south of Voronezh until 2 January 1943 and attacked in the Voronezh\u2013Kastornoye operation and the Kharkov offensive operation. During these battles, it participated in the recapture of Voronezh and Shchigry. For \"poor organization\" of the battle for the village of Kolpakovo, Bushin was relieved of command on 1 March. By 11 March the 121st reached the Seym River in the area of the fortified points of Iznoskovo and Zhadino, then went on the defensive. Major General Ivan Ladygin became commander of the division on 13 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0008-0001", "contents": "121st Rifle Division, History, Second World War\nIn late March the division and the 60th Army became part of the Central Front, with which it fought in the Battle of Kursk and the Battle of the Dnieper. For participating in the recapture of Rylsk the division received the name of the city as an honorific on 31 August. Continuing to advance in what became known as the Chernigov\u2013Pripyat Offensive, the division forced the Desna on 23 September and within two days the Dnieper and captured a bridgehead  at Yasnogorodka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0008-0002", "contents": "121st Rifle Division, History, Second World War\nFrom 3 November the division advanced out of the bridgehead in the Kiev Offensive, participating in the recapture of Kiev. On 6 November 1943 the 121st received the name of the city as an honorific. Between 18 November and late December the division fought against German counterattacks in the Kiev Defensive Operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0009-0000", "contents": "121st Rifle Division, History, Second World War\nThe division resumed the advance in the Zhitomir\u2013Berdichev Offensive on 27 December and subsequently fought in the Rovno\u2013Lutsk Offensive. In early March 1944 the division was transferred to the 4th Guards Army of the 1st Ukrainian Front, breaking through Axis defenses in the sector of Vyshnipol and Serverin, reaching the eastern bank of the Southern Bug in the area of Medzhybizh, where until 17 March it participated in fierce fighting. For participation in the recapture of Starokonstantinov, Izyaslav, Shumsk, Yampol, and Ostropol the division was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 19 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0009-0001", "contents": "121st Rifle Division, History, Second World War\nSubsequently, it fought in the Proskurov\u2013Chernovitsy Offensive. The 121st was transferred to the 38th Army between 16 and 17 April and relocated through Zaleshchiki to the Chernelytsia area, where it fought in heavy defensie battles. From 11 May the division was withdrawn to the second echelon of the 67th Rifle Corps, and from 14 July it fought in the Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive. During the latter, Ladygin was severely wounded and evacuated to the hospital on 22 July, and was replaced in command by division deputy commander Colonel Pyotr Dotsenko on the next day. In heavy fighting the division forced the San on 14 August and then went on the defensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0010-0000", "contents": "121st Rifle Division, History, Second World War\nThe division went on the offensive again from 8 September in the Eastern Carpathian Offensive, the Carpathian\u2013Dukla Offensive, and battles southwest of Sanok. In late November Dotsenko handed over command of the 121st to division chief of staff Colonel Ivan Generalov and left to study at the Higher Military Academy. Colonel Daniil Bushtruk, a Hero of the Soviet Union, became division commander on 21 December 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0010-0001", "contents": "121st Rifle Division, History, Second World War\nAs part of the 52nd Rifle Corps of the 38th Army of the 4th Ukrainian Front, the division fought in the Western Carpathian Offensive and the Moravska Ostrava Offensive, participating in the capture of Bielsko-Bia\u0142a, Wadowice, and Nowy S\u0105cz. The division was awarded the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 2nd class, on 19 February 1945 for its participation in the capture of Wadowice, Spi\u0161sk\u00e1 Nov\u00e1 Ves, Spi\u0161sk\u00e1 Star\u00e1 Ves, and Levo\u010da. On 3 April Bushtruk was wounded and evacuated from the front. From 12 April 1945 the 121st was commanded by Colonel Ivan Dryakhlov. The division subsequently fought in the Prague Offensive. For participating in the capture of Bohum\u00edn, Fry\u0161t\u00e1t, Skocz\u00f3w, \u010cadca, and Byt\u010da the division was awarded the Order of Suvorov, 2nd class, on 4 June 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008448-0011-0000", "contents": "121st Rifle Division, History, Second World War\nThe division was disbanded at Osiek between 28 and 30 June after completing a march from Golczowice, with its troops being used to bring units of the 52nd Army up to strength by 6 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008449-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\nThe 121st Siege Battery was a unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) raised during  World War I. It manned heavy howitzers on the Western Front from 1916 to 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008449-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war in August 1914, units of the part-time Territorial Force (TF) were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and most of the Glamorgan Royal Garrison Artillery did so. This unit had mobilised as part of No 26 Coastal Fire Command, responsible for the defence of Swansea, Cardiff and Barry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008449-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nBy October 1914, the campaign on the Western Front was bogging down into Trench warfare and there was an urgent need for batteries of siege artillery to be sent to France. The WO decided that the TF coastal gunners were well enough trained to take over many of the duties in the coastal defences, releasing Regular RGA gunners for service in the field. Soon the TF RGA companies that had volunteered for overseas service were also supplying trained gunners to RGA units serving overseas and providing cadres to form complete new units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008449-0003-0000", "contents": "121st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, 1916\n121st Siege Battery, RGA, was raised at Pembroke Dock on 22 March 1916 under Army Council Instruction 701 of 31 March 1916 with a cadre of 3 officers and 78 other ranks from the Glamorgan RGA. It went out to the Western Front in July 1916, manning four 9.2-inch howitzers. It joined I ANZAC Corps in Fifth Army on 15 July in time for the Battle of Pozi\u00e8res in the Somme Offensive. It transferred to 5th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) in Second Army on 4 August, then returned to the Somme with 28th HAG in Fourth Army on 14 September. The Battle of Flers-Courcelette was launched the following day and largescale fighting continued on Fourth Army's front into November. 121st Siege Bty transferred to the command of 64th HAG within Fourth Army from 3 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008449-0004-0000", "contents": "121st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, 1917\n121st Siege Bty came under the command of 18th HAG on 15 April 1917 as that group transferred from Fourth to First Army, which was engaged in the Arras Offensive. The battery transferred to the command of 57th HAG on 14 May as the Arras operations wound down. It left 57th HAG on 10 June and joined 53rd HAG on 17 June as First Army continued minor operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008449-0005-0000", "contents": "121st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, 1917\nOn 9 July 1917 the battery moved to 24th HAG (alongside 172nd Siege Bty, also raised by the Glamorgan RGA), which was attached to the French army. The group then joined Fifth Army on 1 August, just after the start of the Third Ypres Offensive. Fifth Army's guns were suffering badly from German counter-battery (CB) fire, and the offensive bogged down. A second push on 16 August (the Battle of Langemarck) suffered from rushed artillery planning and was unsuccessful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008449-0006-0000", "contents": "121st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, 1917\nOn 16 September the group was transferred to Second Army when that formation took over control of  the faltering offensive: the Battles of the Menin Road, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde were highly successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions. But as the offensive continued with the Battle of Poelcappelle and First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008449-0007-0000", "contents": "121st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, 1917\n121st Siege Bty had received reinforcements on 5 September, when it was joined by a section from 428th Siege Bty, just arrived from Home. This was in preparation for the battery to be expanded to six 9.2-inch howitzers, but the guns do not seem to have arrived at this time. Second Army HQ and 24th HAG were sent to reinforce the Italian Front in November, but after the horrors of Passchendaele 121st Siege Bty was given an extended rest from 16 November to 5 December, nominally under the command of 6th HAG. It appears to have received its two additional howitzers during December, and returned to the Fifth Army front on 7 December as part of 5th HAG, transferring to 98th HAG on 28 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008449-0008-0000", "contents": "121st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Spring 1918\n121st Siege Bty had another period of rest from 31 January to 19 February 1918. By now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and on 1 February 1918 they were converted into permanent RGA brigades. For the rest of the war the battery was part of 98th (9.2-inch Howitzer) Bde, RGA, along with three 6-inch howitzer batteries. Fifth Army was attacked on 21 March 1918, the first day of the German spring offensive. Artillery Observation Posts (OPs) were blinded by early morning mist and many were overrun along with the infantry in the forward zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008449-0008-0001", "contents": "121st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Spring 1918\nMuch of the field artillery was lost, caught up in short-range fighting in the main battle zone, as were a number of RGA units either caught in the fighting or forced to abandon their guns as the Germans advanced rapidly. Others struggled to get their guns back during the 'Great Retreat'. Fourth Army HQ took over all of Fifth Army's formations and units on 2 April, and the first phase of the German offensive was halted on 4 April. Further attacks came on other parts of the front, but none broke through completely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008449-0009-0000", "contents": "121st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Hundred Days\nFourth Army launched the Allied counter-offensive (the Hundred Days) with the Battle of Amiens on 8 August. The artillery fireplan emphasised CB fire for the 'heavies' as well as bombarding villages and strongpoints. The heavy artillery was positioned as far forward as possible, and it was prepared to move up behind the advancing infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008449-0010-0000", "contents": "121st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Hundred Days\nBy the end of September Fourth Army had closed up to the Hindenburg Line. On 29 September IX Corps carried out an assault crossing of the St Quentin Canal, with 98th Bde amongst the mass of artillery supporting the operation. The canal defences had largely been destroyed by the heavy guns, which continued firing on the canal banks until the last possible moment as 137th (Staffordshire) Brigade stormed the outpost line and then scrambled across the canal in the morning mist. The objectives were taken by 15.30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008449-0011-0000", "contents": "121st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Hundred Days\nOn 8 October, IX Corps attacked the next German defensive position, the Beaurevoir Line. Harassing fire (HF) had been carried out on the night of 6/7 October, and all through 7 October and up to Zero the heavies carried out CB fire and shelled important localities. Once the attack went in the heavies continued intense CB and long-range HF fire until the infantry were on the objective. The RGA brigades were ready to follow up the advance, but without their cumbersome 9.2-inch howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008449-0012-0000", "contents": "121st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Hundred Days\nOn 11 October preparations began for IX Corps' assault on the German line along the River Selle. CB fire began on 13 October, together with bombardment by the heavy howitzers of important localities chosen by Corps HQ. On 15 and 16 October mist and rain disrupted air reconnaissance, but Zero for the Battle of the Selle was fixed on 16 October for 05.20 the next day. The first day of the battle went well, one German counter-attack being broken up when all available guns were turned onto it, but the attackers were still short of their objective, the Sambre Canal. Steady progress was also made on the second and third days as Fourth Army closed up to the canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008449-0013-0000", "contents": "121st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Hundred Days\nIX Corps renewed its advance on 23 October, with 98th Bde part of a massive corps artillery reserve. The attack went in at 01.20 in moonlight, after the heavy guns had done the usual CB and HF bombardments, and the result were extremely satisfactory. As the regimental historian relates, 'The guns of Fourth Army demonstrated, on 23 October, the crushing effect of well co-ordinated massed artillery. they simply swept away the opposition'. After a pause to regroup and reconnoitre, IX Corps stormed across the canal on 4 November (the Battle of the Sambre). After that the campaign became a pursuit of a beaten enemy, in which the slow-moving siege guns could play no part. The war ended with the Armistice with Germany on 11 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008449-0014-0000", "contents": "121st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Hundred Days\nIn the interim order of battle for the postwar army the battery was supposed to form 156th Bty RGA, but this was rescinded after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, and the battery was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008450-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Signal Battalion (United States)\nThe 121st Signal Battalion was a signal unit of the United States Army, inactivated as of July 2006. Prior to deactivation, it provided signal support to the 1st Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008450-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Signal Battalion (United States), Honors, Decorations\nFrench Croix de guerre with Palm, World War I for:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008450-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Signal Battalion (United States), History\nThe 121st Signal Battalion was formed in 1898 as part of the United States Army Signal Corps, serving in Puerto Rico during the Spanish\u2013American War. In 1921, the two companies were reorganized as the 1st Signal Company, which was later honored with its own distinctive crest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008450-0003-0000", "contents": "121st Signal Battalion (United States), History, World Wars I and II\nThe unit received six battle honors in World War I, symbolized by the six Lorraine crosses appearing on their coat of arms. During World War II, the unit supported the 1st Infantry Division as they conducted combat operations in Normandy, France, Belgium and Czechoslovakia. During this war, the unit was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation, Meritorious Unit Commendation and the French fourrag\u00e8re.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008450-0004-0000", "contents": "121st Signal Battalion (United States), History, Post-war\nIn 1957, the 1st Signal Company officially re-designated to the 121st Signal Battalion. In 1962 part of the 121st was deployed to Florida during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. B Company was stationed at McCoy AFB (now part of Orlando International Airport) and SGT Norman Hansen and SP4 William Hawkins Jr established communications for the infantry. Hawkins was later promoted to SGT. This was before the public was aware of a problem. The government did not recognize that they were deployed to Florida. Since then, the battalion has served with the 1st Infantry Division in Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008450-0005-0000", "contents": "121st Signal Battalion (United States), History, Post-war\nThe battalion was deployed to Iraq with the 1st Infantry Division in 2004, returning to Germany in early 2005. Company C, the last company of the unit, was inactivated 10 April 2006, at Larson Barracks, Kitzingen, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008450-0006-0000", "contents": "121st Signal Battalion (United States), History, Inactivation\nPrior to its inactivation the unit was stationed in Kitzingen, Germany, and supported the 1st Infantry Division with MSE communications. The battalion was last deployed in operation OIF II in 2004. The unit consisted of A (Archangels, Wired-Up! ), B (Blackhawks), C (Charlie Rock), and D company. D company was stationed at Fort Riley as a rear detachment of sorts for the battalion along with the rear detachment for the 1st Infantry division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008450-0006-0001", "contents": "121st Signal Battalion (United States), History, Inactivation\nThe battalion was inactivated as part of the decrease in over-seas forces that the US military is currently undergoing, the return of the 1st Infantry Division stateside and the fielding of many signal units in the signal regiment with JNN communications equipment. Alpha company was moved to Schweinfurt, Germany prior to inactivation to be stationed with the 2nd BCT, 1ID (Dagger) and was reflagged as the 57th Signal Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008450-0007-0000", "contents": "121st Signal Battalion (United States), History, Inactivation\nThe last commander prior to inactivation was Lieutenant Colonel Dana Tankins. The last CSM was CSM Mitchell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008451-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Street station (BMT Jamaica Line)\n121st Street is a skip-stop station on the elevated BMT Jamaica Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 121st Street and Jamaica Avenue in Richmond Hill and Kew Gardens, Queens, it is served by the Z train during rush hours in the peak direction and the J train at all other times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008451-0001-0000", "contents": "121st Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), History\nThis station was opened on July 3, 1918 by the Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad, an affiliate of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008451-0002-0000", "contents": "121st Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), History\nDuring construction of the Archer Avenue Line, the Jamaica Avenue elevated line was cut back past 121st Street on April 15, 1985. The Q49 bus, which replaced Jamaica elevated service running from the line's previous terminal of Queens Boulevard to the line's original terminal at 168th Street, was extended to 121st Street. Until the opening of the Archer Avenue Line in 1988, J trains alternately terminated at 111th Street and 121st Street, with peak period headways to 121st Street being ten minutes. This temporary service pattern was originally slated to be in effect for six or seven months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008451-0002-0001", "contents": "121st Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), History\nConstruction on the ramps to Archer Avenue was completed in November 1987, but since the tunnels were not ready for service until 1988, a double crossover east (railroad north) of the station was installed while the ramps were used for storage. The Archer Avenue Line opened on December 11, 1988, and service was extended from 121st Street to Jamaica Center\u2013Parsons/Archer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008451-0003-0000", "contents": "121st Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), History\nThe Manhattan-bound platform closed for renovations on February 6, 2017 and reopened on December 22, 2017, delayed from the summer. The Jamaica Center-bound platform closed for renovations on February 12, 2018 and reopened on November 14, 2018, delayed from its planned reopening in the summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008451-0004-0000", "contents": "121st Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), Station layout\nThis elevated station has two tracks and two side platforms, with space for a center express track that was never added. The station has beige windscreens and green canopies. This is the easternmost station on the Jamaica Line, east of here, trains go underground to the BMT Archer Avenue Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008451-0005-0000", "contents": "121st Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), Station layout, Exits\nThere are two exits. The full-time exit is at the west (railroad south) end of the station. One staircase from each platform leads to the mezzanine beneath the tracks. Outside of fare control, a pair of staircases lead down to either side of Jamaica Avenue on the west side of 121st Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008451-0006-0000", "contents": "121st Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), Station layout, Exits\nThere is an additional unstaffed exit at the east (railroad north) end of the station leading to the west side of 123rd Street. This exit is split in half due to the closed-off station house beneath the tracks. A single staircase from each platform leads to a landing that contains a full-height HEET turnstile before the street stairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008452-0000-0000", "contents": "121st Street station (IRT Second Avenue Line)\n121st Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Second Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had three tracks and two side platforms. The next stop to the north was 125th Street. The next stop to the south was 117th Street. The station closed on June 11, 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008453-0000-0000", "contents": "121st meridian east\nThe meridian 121\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, Australia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008453-0001-0000", "contents": "121st meridian east\nThe 121st meridian east forms a great circle with the 59th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008453-0002-0000", "contents": "121st meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 121st meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008454-0000-0000", "contents": "121st meridian west\nThe meridian 121\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008454-0001-0000", "contents": "121st meridian west\nThe 121st meridian west forms a great circle with the 59th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008454-0002-0000", "contents": "121st meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 121st meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008455-0000-0000", "contents": "122 (film)\n122 is an 2019 Egyptian psychological horror film directed by Yasir Al Yasiri and written by Salah Al-Goheny, and produced by Saif Oraibi. The film is the first Egyptian movie to be shot in 4DX technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008455-0001-0000", "contents": "122 (film), Plot\nIn Egypt calling 122 is the equivalent of calling 911 in the US or 999 in the UK. 122 is an Egyptian film that follows the story of Nasr (Ahmed Dawood) and Umnia (Amina Khalil) who are in love, they're married as well. The problem is since they couldn't afford a proper wedding they snuck off and eloped. They are trying to keeping their marriage hidden until they can afford it. Unfortunately, Umnia has become pregnant, something even more scandalous for an unmarried woman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008455-0001-0001", "contents": "122 (film), Plot\nIn order to come up with the money quickly, Nasr returns to his shady past, agreeing to transport a package of drugs for an old associate. Umnia insists on coming along. And when their car gets hit by a bus wake up in intensive care in a hospital in the middle of nowhere. The couple faces a catastrophe inside what appears to be a hospital, and attempt to escape and run for their lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008455-0002-0000", "contents": "122 (film), Release\nThe movie was released in Egypt on the 2nd of January 2019, then a week later it was released worldwide. The film was a blockbuster in the Egyptian Box Office topping the box office for a month, hitting in Egypt alone 24,808,161 Egyptian Pounds  The movie marked a new record in the international distribution being the first Egyptian film to be dubbed into Hind and releasing in Pakistan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008455-0003-0000", "contents": "122 (film), Release\nThe film then was digitally released on Netflix and was named as one of the iconic Arabic movies coming to Netflix", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008456-0000-0000", "contents": "122 (number)\n122 (one hundred [and] twenty-two) is the natural number following 121 and preceding 123.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008456-0001-0000", "contents": "122 (number), In mathematics\n122 is a nontotient since there is no integer with exactly 122 coprimes below it. Nor is there an integer with exactly 122 integers with common factors below it, making 122 a noncototient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008456-0002-0000", "contents": "122 (number), In mathematics\n122 is the sum of squares of the divisors of 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008457-0000-0000", "contents": "122 BC\nYear 122 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Ahenobarbus and Fannius (or, less frequently, year 632 Ab urbe condita) and the First Year of Yuanshou. The denomination 122 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008458-0000-0000", "contents": "122 Foregate Street, Chester\n122 Foregate Street is a building at the corner of the north side of Foregate Street and the east side of Bath Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade\u00a0II listed building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008458-0001-0000", "contents": "122 Foregate Street, Chester, History\nThe building was designed by the local architect John Douglas for Prudential Assurance, and constructed in 1902. It has since been used by the Lombard Bank and later as a shop. In the late 2000s it was a beauty salon and in 2009 planning permission was given by Cheshire West and Chester Borough Council for it to be converted into a caf\u00e9 and offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008458-0002-0000", "contents": "122 Foregate Street, Chester, Architecture\nThe building is constructed in red sandstone rubble and it has a red clay tile roof. Its style is \"Douglas' Germanic 17th-century manner\". The building has two storeys plus a loft in the roof. It stands adjacent to the terrace of houses designed by Douglas in Bath Street. The corner of the building between the streets is angled with an arched doorway in the ground floor. The upper storey is jettied and carried on consoles over pilasters flanking the door. This storey contains a mullioned three-light sash window over which is a cornice and a carving of the Chester City coat of arms. Above this a Baroque-shaped gable containing a two-light window and at its summit is an obelisk finial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008458-0003-0000", "contents": "122 Foregate Street, Chester, Architecture\nThe front facing Foregate Street contains three arched windows on the ground floor, the middle one being narrow than the others. The upper storey has eight sash windows over which are a frieze and a cornice. Over the easterly six windows is another Baroque-shaped gable similar to that over the entrance door, but larger. The front facing Bath Street has two arched windows at the north end, then an arched doorway. Beyond this in the south bay, are two sash windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008458-0003-0001", "contents": "122 Foregate Street, Chester, Architecture\nIn the upper storey are nine sash windows; over the pair of windows in the south bay is a cartouche. Over the south bay is a plain gable with coping and a short finial. In the roof facing Foregate Street and in that facing Bath Street is a lucarne with a finial. Two brick chimney stacks rise from the roof. A stone screen with a balustrade links the building to the house at number 1\u00a0Bath Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008459-0000-0000", "contents": "122 Gerda\nGerda (minor planet designation: 122 Gerda) is a fairly large outer main-belt asteroid that was discovered by German-American astronomer C. H. F. Peters on July 31, 1872, and named after Ger\u00f0r, the wife of the god Freyr in Norse mythology. Based upon its spectrum, this is classified as an S-type asteroid. It is listed as a member of the Hecuba group of asteroids that orbit near the 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008459-0001-0000", "contents": "122 Gerda\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid in 2007 were used to produce a light curve that showed that Gerda rotates every 10.687 \u00b1 0.001 hours and varied in brightness by 0.16 in magnitude. In 2009, observations at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico generated a light curve with a period of 10.712 \u00b1 0.01 hours with a brightness variation of 0.11 \u00b1 0.01 magnitudes. This is compatible with previous studies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008460-0000-0000", "contents": "122 Leadenhall Street\n122 Leadenhall Street, also known as the Leadenhall Building, is a 225-metre (738\u00a0ft) tall skyscraper in central London. It opened in July 2014 and was designed by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners; it is known informally as The Cheesegrater because of its distinctive wedge shape similar to that of the kitchen utensil with the same name. It is one of a number of tall buildings recently completed or under construction in the City of London financial district, including 20 Fenchurch Street, 22 Bishopsgate, and The Scalpel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008460-0001-0000", "contents": "122 Leadenhall Street\nThe site is adjacent to the Lloyd's Building, also designed by Rogers, which is the current home of the insurance market Lloyd's of London. Until 2007 the Leadenhall site was occupied by a building owned by British Land and designed by Gollins Melvin Ward Partnership, which was constructed in the 1960s. That building was demolished in preparation for redevelopment of the site. By December 2009, the site was cleared but construction had stalled. The project, initially delayed due to the financial crisis, was revived in October 2010 and Oxford Properties has co-developed the property in partnership with British Land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008460-0002-0000", "contents": "122 Leadenhall Street, Site history\nPrior to the site's previous redevelopment in the 1960s, it had been used as the head office of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O) for over a century. From 1840, P&O had occupied, rent-free, the offices of Willcox & Anderson. However, business east of the Gulf of Suez increased in the late 1840s, so they needed larger offices. In November 1845, the King's Arms inn and hotel at 122 Leadenhall Street was put up for sale. P&O purchased the freehold for \u00a37,250, and then commissioned an architect, Beachcroft, to design a new building. The cost of the new building was estimated at \u00a38,000. In March 1848, P&O moved into the new office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008460-0003-0000", "contents": "122 Leadenhall Street, Site history\nIn 1854, P&O unsuccessfully attempted to purchase the neighbouring building at 121 Leadenhall Street; but they eventually took a lease from the charity which held it. They also bought leases of 80 years from St. Thomas's Hospital on the residential properties at Nos. 123, 124 and 125 Leadenhall Street, which were demolished to create a new frontage at No. 122. The new building provided more office space, some of which was for rent, and a spacious new courtyard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008460-0004-0000", "contents": "122 Leadenhall Street, Site history\nBy the mid-1960s P&O needed to redevelop the site to provide increased office space again. At the same time, the Commercial Union Assurance Company was also planning a redevelopment on an adjacent site on the corner of St Mary Axe. However, due to a number of issues affecting both sites, notably poor access to the Commercial Union site and the restricted width of the P&O site, it was not possible to obtain planning consents that would optimise the amount of floor space for both companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008460-0004-0001", "contents": "122 Leadenhall Street, Site history\nSo they decided on a joint development with the reallocation of site boundaries and the creation of an open concourse area at the junction of Leadenhall Street and St Mary Axe. Both companies would have frontages to the new concourse and would retain site areas equivalent to those enclosed by the original boundaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008460-0005-0000", "contents": "122 Leadenhall Street, Site history, Previous building\nWhen completed in 1969, the building at 122 Leadenhall Street was 54\u00a0m (177\u00a0ft) tall with 14 storeys above and three storeys under ground. It was originally designed as a pair with the Commercial Union headquarters (now called St. Helen's) by the architects Gollins Melvin Ward Partnership. The two buildings have a central compressional concrete core and have suspended floors which hang using the steel 'chords' visible on the exterior of the building, which are hung from power trusses at the top of the building (and in the case of No. 1 Undershaft, a further central power-truss). It is an example of a tension structure; at the time, it was considered one of the most complex glass-fronted buildings in the United Kingdom. The architect acknowledged the influence of Mies van der Rohe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008460-0006-0000", "contents": "122 Leadenhall Street, Site history, Previous building\nThe building was extensively damaged by an IRA bomb in the early-1990s and subsequently had to be reclad. It was occupied by various tenants until November 2006, including the Italian International Bank and Calyon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008460-0007-0000", "contents": "122 Leadenhall Street, Site history, Previous building\nIn 2007\u201308, the building was demolished to make way for a new development designed by Richard Rogers. The demolition was undertaken by McGee Group Ltd, with Bovis Lend Lease acting as construction manager. The contract value was \u00a316 million. The first phase of demolition was conventional: after securing the site, the contractors performed a soft strip of the interior and an asbestos survey prior to demolishing the low level structures up to podium level. After this, the suspended structure of the building required an unconventional demolition approach that successively dismantled each office floor from the lowest upwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008460-0007-0001", "contents": "122 Leadenhall Street, Site history, Previous building\nTo achieve this, the contractors installed a structural deck that acted both as a work platform for the demolition work and as a safety barrier. This was jacked upwards as each successive office floor was removed. When all the office floors and upper support trusses had been removed, the concrete core was de-stressed and demolished. Concurrently, the 25,000-cubic-metre (880,000\u00a0cu\u00a0ft) basement was propped and excavated. The contract took just over two years to complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008460-0008-0000", "contents": "122 Leadenhall Street, The Leadenhall Building\nDesigned by Richard Rogers and developed by British Land and Oxford Properties, the new Leadenhall Building is 225\u00a0m (737\u00a0ft) tall, with 48 floors. With its distinctive wedge-shaped profile it has been nicknamed the Cheesegrater, a name originally given to it by the City of London Corporation's chief planning officer, Peter Rees, who upon seeing a model of the concept \"told Richard Rogers I could imagine his wife using it to grate parmesan. [ The name] stuck.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008460-0009-0000", "contents": "122 Leadenhall Street, The Leadenhall Building\nThe planning application was submitted to the City of London Corporation in February 2004 and was approved in May 2005. In 2006 Scheme Design (RIBA Stage D) started. In a statement made to the London Stock Exchange on 14 August 2008, British Land said it was delaying the project, which was due to start in October 2010. On 22 December 2010, the developer announced the project was moving forward with contracts being signed for the 50/50 joint venture with Oxford Properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008460-0010-0000", "contents": "122 Leadenhall Street, The Leadenhall Building\nThe new tower features a tapered glass fa\u00e7ade on one side which reveals steel bracings, along with a ladder frame to emphasise the vertical appearance of the building. It also appears to anchor the tower to the ground, giving a sense of strength. Unlike other tall buildings, which typically use a concrete core to provide stability, the steel \"Megaframe\", engineered by Arup, provides stability to the entire structure and is the world's tallest of its kind. The base features a 30m high atrium which is open to the public and extends the adjacent plaza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008460-0010-0001", "contents": "122 Leadenhall Street, The Leadenhall Building\nThe flat side of the building is also encased in glass, and houses the mechanical services \u2013  in particular the elevator shafts. These have been turned into an architectural feature in a vein similar to the neighbouring Lloyd's building \u2013 they deliberately show off the elevator machinery with bright orange painted counterweights and the actual elevator motors themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008460-0011-0000", "contents": "122 Leadenhall Street, The Leadenhall Building\nThis unusual design's main drawback is the building's relatively small floorspace (84,424 m2) for a building of its height. However, it is hoped that the slanting wedge-shaped design will have less impact on the protected sightline of St Paul's Cathedral when viewed from Fleet Street and the west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008460-0012-0000", "contents": "122 Leadenhall Street, The Leadenhall Building\nIn July 2011, British Land and Oxford Properties announced that Laing O'Rourke was the main contractor for the works of the new Leadenhall Building. Throughout 2011, construction began with the basement floors. By December 2012, the steelwork had progressed up to the fifth mega-level, with topping out expected in February or March. The glass cladding had also begun to rise. In May 2013, the co-developers announced that the building was over 51% pre-let. By June 2013, the steelwork of the building was completely topped out with the glass cladding covering almost half the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008460-0013-0000", "contents": "122 Leadenhall Street, The Leadenhall Building\nThe construction of the building was the subject of an episode of the Super Skyscrapers documentary series by the American television channel PBS in February 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008460-0014-0000", "contents": "122 Leadenhall Street, The Leadenhall Building, Tenants\nThe development has succeeded in attracting tenants, especially in contrast to the nearby part-built Pinnacle and completed Heron Tower. In May 2011, it was announced that the lower 10 floors of the Leadenhall Building have been pre-let to insurance broker Aon, which moved its global headquarters to London from Chicago. Insurance group Amlin has also agreed terms on a 20-year lease of the 19th to 24th floors as well as the top floor, the 45th, from March 2015, for a total of 111,000 sq ft of office space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008461-0000-0000", "contents": "122 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 122 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Nahshon Squadron (former Dakota Squadron), is a G550 squadron based at Nevatim Airbase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008461-0001-0000", "contents": "122 Squadron (Israel), History\nThe Squadron has six planes with three aircraft used for Airborne early warning and control (CAEW or Conformal Airborne Early Warning, IAI EL/W-2085) and three are used for Signals intelligence (SEMA or Special Electronic Missions Aircraft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008462-0000-0000", "contents": "122 Squadron SAAF\n122 Squadron SAAF was a South African Air Force squadron formed in 1970 to operate the South African/French Cactus surface-to-air missile systems in an air defence role. The unit was disbanded when the Cactus system was retired from service in the late 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008462-0001-0000", "contents": "122 Squadron SAAF\n122 Squadron was the direct sister unit of 120 Squadron and was exactly set up and operated as such.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008462-0002-0000", "contents": "122 Squadron SAAF, History and deployment\nIn July 1964, South Africa placed a development contract with Thomson-CSF for a mobile, all-weather, low-altitude SAM system after a South African order for the Bloodhound SAM system was refused by the UK government. The South African government paid 85 per cent of the development costs of the system with the balance being paid for by France. The system was known as \"Cactus\" within the SAAF and \"Crotale\" in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008462-0002-0001", "contents": "122 Squadron SAAF, History and deployment\nThe units were operationally deployed in platoons in 1971 with each platoon consisting of one Acquisition and Co-ordination Unit (ACU) and two or three firing units, with a battery having two platoons. All Cactus air defence batteries were placed under command of 122 Squadron until the retirement of the system in the late 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008462-0003-0000", "contents": "122 Squadron SAAF, History and deployment\nAn Egyptian Crotale surface-air missile system, similar to that operated by 122 Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008463-0000-0000", "contents": "122 iron arsenide\nThe 122 iron arsenide unconventional superconductors are part of a new class of iron-based superconductors. They form in the tetragonal I4/mmm, ThCr2Si2 type, crystal structure. The shorthand name \"122\" comes from their stoichiometry; the 122s have the chemical formula AEFe2Pn2, where AE stands for alkaline earth metal (Ca, Ba, Sr or Eu) and Pn is pnictide (As, P, etc.). These materials become superconducting under pressure and also upon doping. The maximum superconducting transition temperature found to date is 38 K in the Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2. The microscopic description of superconductivity in the 122s is yet unclear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008463-0001-0000", "contents": "122 iron arsenide, Overview\nEver since the discovery of high-temperature (High Tc) superconductivity in the cuprate materials, scientists have worked tirelessly to understand the microscopic mechanisms responsible for its emergence. To this day, no theory can fully explain the high-temperature superconductivity and unconventional (non-s-wave) pairing state found in these materials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008463-0001-0001", "contents": "122 iron arsenide, Overview\nHowever, the interest of the scientific community in understanding the pairing glue for unconventional superconductors\u2014those in which the glue is electronic, i.e. cannot be attributed to the phonon-induced interactions between electrons responsible for conventional BCS theory s-wave superconductivity\u2014has recently been expanded by the discovery of high temperature superconductivity (up to Tc = 55 K) in the doped oxypnictide (1111) superconductors with the chemical composition XOFeAs, where X = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, or Dy. The 122s contain the same iron-arsenide planes as the oxypnictides, but are much easier to synthesize in the form of large single crystals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008463-0002-0000", "contents": "122 iron arsenide, Overview\nThere are two different ways in which superconductivity was achieved in the 122s. One method is the application of pressure to the undoped parent compounds. The second is the introduction of other elements (dopants) into the crystal structure in very specific ratios. There are two doping schemes: The first type of doping involves the introduction of holes into the barium or strontium varieties; hole doping refers to the substitution of one ion for another with fewer electrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008463-0002-0001", "contents": "122 iron arsenide, Overview\nSuperconducting transition temperatures as high as 38 K have been reported upon substitution of the 40% of the Ba2+ or Sr2+ ions with K+. The second doping method is to directly dope the iron-arsenide layer by replacing iron with cobalt. Superconducting transition temperatures up to ~20 K have been observed in this case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008463-0003-0000", "contents": "122 iron arsenide, Overview\nUnlike the oxypnictides, large single crystals of the 122s can be easily synthesized by using the flux method. The behavior of these materials is interesting by that superconductivity exists alongside antiferromagnetism. Various studies including electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, NMR, neutron scattering, X-ray diffraction, M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy, and quantum oscillations have been performed for the undoped parent compounds, as well as the superconducting versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008463-0004-0000", "contents": "122 iron arsenide, Synthesis\nOne of the important qualities of the 122s is their ease of synthesis; it is possible to grow large single crystals, up to ~5\u00d75\u00d70.5\u00a0mm, using the flux method. In a nutshell, the flux method uses some solvent in which the starting materials for a chemical reaction are able to dissolve and eventually crystallize into the desired compound. Two standard methods show up in the literature, each utilizing a different flux. The first method employs tin, while the second uses the binary metallic compound FeAs (iron arsenide).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008463-0005-0000", "contents": "122 iron arsenide, Structural and magnetic phase transition\nThe 122s form in the I4/mmm tetragonal structure. For example, the tetragonal unit cell of SrFe2As2, at room temperature, has lattice parameters a = b = 3.9243 \u00c5 and c = 12.3644 \u00c5. The planar geometry is reminiscent of the cuprate high-Tc superconductors in which the Cu-O layers are believed to support superconductivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008463-0006-0000", "contents": "122 iron arsenide, Structural and magnetic phase transition\nThese materials undergo a first-order structural phase transition into the Fmmm orthorhombic structure below some characteristic temperature T0 that is compound specific. NMR experiments on the CaFe2As2 show that there is a first-order antiferromagnetic magnetic phase transition at the same temperature; in contrast, the antiferromagnetic transition occurs at a lower temperature in the 1111s. The high temperature magnetic state is paramagnetic, while the low temperature state is an antiferromagnetic state known as a spin-density-wave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008463-0007-0000", "contents": "122 iron arsenide, Superconductivity\nSuperconductivity has been observed in the 122s up to a current maximum Tc of 38 K in Ba1\u2212xKxFe2As2 with x \u2248 0.4. Resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements have confirmed the bulk nature of the observed superconducting transition. The onset of superconductivity is correlated with the loss of the spin-density-wave state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008463-0008-0000", "contents": "122 iron arsenide, Superconductivity\nThe Tc of 38 K in Ba1\u2212xKxFe2As2 (x \u2248 0.4) superconductor shows the inverse iron isotope effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008463-0009-0000", "contents": "122 iron arsenide, Other compounds with 122 structure\nIn addition to the iron arsenides, the 122 crystal structure plays an important role for other material systems as well. Three famous examples from the field of heavy fermions are CeCu2Si2 (the \"first unconventional superconductor\" discovered 1978),URu2Si2 (which is also a heavy fermion superconductor but is the focus of active present research due to the so-called \"hidden-order phase\" below 17.5 K),and YbRh2Si2 (one of the prime examples of quantum criticality).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0000-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19)\n122\u00a0mm corps gun M1931 (A-19) (Russian: 122-\u043c\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440. 1931 \u0433. (\u0410-19)) was a Soviet field gun, developed in the late 1920s and early 1930s. In 1939 the gun was replaced in production by an improved variant, M1931/37. The piece saw action in World War II with the Red Army. Captured guns were employed by Wehrmacht and the Finnish Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0001-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Development history\nFrom the late 1920s the Red Army sought to upgrade its First World War era artillery pieces. In January 1927 the Main Artillery Directorate (GRAU) initiated development of a new 122\u00a0mm gun for corps artillery. The development was initially entrusted to GRAU design bureau (led by F. F. Lender until its death in September 1927), and from June 1929 - to the design bureau of All-Union Ordnance Trust, with assistance from GRAU designers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0002-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Development history\nOn 17 June 1929 a prototype, along with technological documentation, was ordered from Motovilikha Plants. It underwent trials starting in October 1931, with two barrels of different construction, both fitted with muzzle brake. In May 1932 the gun was sent for improvements to the No 38 Plant, and it received that plant's designation A-19. In 1933, three more prototypes were ordered from the Barrikady Plant in Stalingrad and were completed in March 1935. The gun reached trials again in November 1935. After successfully completing the trials, it was adopted by RKKA on 13 March 1936 as 122\u00a0mm corps gun M1931 (A-19).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0003-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Production history\nThe M1931 was in production from 1935 to 1939. It was gradually improved until 1937, therefor, late production pieces differ from the early production ones. In 1939, the gun was replaced in production by an improved variant, M1931/37, which combined barrel of the M1931 with the carriage of the 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20). The exact number of pieces manufactured is not known; estimations are 450-500 pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0004-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Description\nIn contrast with World War I-era guns, the M1931 had a split trail carriage, allowing for much wider traverse angle. The carriage was fitted with a leaf spring suspension and ten-spoke metal wheels with solid rubber tires. Some late production pieces had ML-20-type wheels with pneumatic tires. The carriage also featured spring-type equilibrator. The Gun shield gave the crew some protection from small arms and shell fragments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0005-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Description\nThe barrel consisted of liner, jacket and screwed-upon breech. Early production barrels had a built-up construction, but in 1936 these were replaced in production by loose liner barrels. The breechblock was of interrupted screw type, similar in construction to  that of the 152 mm howitzer M1910/37. Unlike early prototypes, productional barrels did not have muzzle brake. Recoil system consisted of hydraulic recoil buffer and hydro-pneumatic recuperator, both located inside the cradle under the barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0006-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Description\nThe limber of the experimental 152\u00a0mm ML-15 was used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0007-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Description\nInitially a separate transportation (with the barrel removed from the carriage and transported on a special wagon) was considered. However, following the trials it was decided to always tow the gun as a single piece. Several types of artillery tractors were employed: S-2 Stalinets-2, Komintern and, from 1943, Ya-12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0008-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Organization and employment\nBoth variants - M1931 and M1931/37 - had the same place in army organizations, were often used alongside each other and combat reports rarely differentiate between them; consequently, the data in this section is for M1931 and M1931/37 together, unless specified otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0009-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Organization and employment, Red Army\nThe A-19 was originally intended for corps artillery. Together with ML-20 it formed a so-called \"corps duplex\". In 1940-41 there were three types of corps artillery regiments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0010-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Organization and employment, Red Army\nSoon after the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War the corps artillery was eliminated (as rifle corps themselves were eliminated) and was only reintroduced late in the war. Those new artillery regiments were issued 122\u00a0mm guns along with other pieces, mainly 107\u00a0mm guns and 152\u00a0mm howitzers, in total 16-20 pieces per regiment. On 1 June 1944, RKKA corps artillery possessed 387 A-19s (along with some 750 107\u00a0mm and 152\u00a0mm pieces), an on 1 May 1945 - 289 A-19s (again along with some 750 100\u00a0mm, 107\u00a0mm and 152\u00a0mm pieces).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0011-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Organization and employment, Red Army\nThe gun was also used by artillery units of the Reserve of the Main Command (RVGK). In mid-1941 a cannon regiment of the RVGK had 48 A-19; in autumn 1941 these regiments were reorganized, a new, smaller, regiment had 18 A-19s. From 1942 cannon brigades were introduced, with 36 A-19s each. Such brigade could be a part of an artillery division - a huge formation, with up to four brigades of A-19 or ML-20 (meaning up to 144 pieces).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0012-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Organization and employment, Red Army\nThe first combat use of the A-19 was in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol. It also saw combat in the Winter War. On 1 March 1940 there were 130 A-19 guns at the frontline. Three pieces were lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0013-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Organization and employment, Red Army\nBy June 1941 the RKKA possessed, according to different sources, 1257 (1236 in the Army and 21 in the Navy) or 1300 A-19s. The gun proceeded to be used throughout the Great Patriotic War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0014-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Organization and employment, Red Army\nThe A-19 was primarily used for indirect fire against enemy personnel, fortifications and key objects in the near rear. It was also equipped with armour-piercing shells for direct fire against armoured targets. Although not an ideal anti-tank gun because of its large size, slow traverse and relatively slow rate of fire, in 1943 the A-19 was one of a few guns effective against new German tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0015-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Organization and employment, Other operators\nIn the early stage of the Great Patriotic War hundreds of A-19s fell into the hands of Wehrmacht. Both variants were adopted - M1931 as 12,2\u00a0cm K.390/1(r) and M1931/37 as 12,2\u00a0cm K.390/2(r). Germans used a total of 424 of these guns in field and coastal artillery and manufactured ammunition for them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0016-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Organization and employment, Other operators\nThe Finnish Army captured 25 pieces in 1941 and also pressed them into service. The same designation 122 K/31 was applied to both variants. Because of shortage in heavy tractors, the gun was mostly used in coastal artillery. Four pieces were lost; the rest remained in  service after the war. During the 1980s some pieces had their barrels replaced with 152\u00a0mm barrels of the ML-20; the resulting pieces were designated 152 H 37-31. In the late 1980s all 152 H 37-31 and the remaining 122 K/31 received new 152\u00a0mm L/32 barrels manufactured by Vammas, to become 152 H 88-31. Only in 2007 did the Finnish Army begin to remove these guns from service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0017-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Variants\nAs mentioned above, late production M1931s differed from early production ones. Guns manufactured starting in 1936 had free liner barrel construction in contrast to the earlier built-up barrels; in 1937 changes in breech block construction were introduced, and some late production pieces received ML-20-type wheels with pneumatic tires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0018-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Variants\nIn addition, the M1931 had a number of experimental variants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0019-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Variants\nIn 1933, development of a carriage with improved off-road mobility was started. The carriage in two variants - on tracks and on large, tractor-type wheels - reached trials in 1937 and was found to be not durable enough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0020-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Variants\nIn 1933-36 the gun was involved in experiments with pre-rifled projectiles. For these experiments a special variant of the barrel was produced. The experiments were stopped because of inherent deficients of those projectiles, namely more complicated loading process and lower accuracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0021-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Variants\nAnother variant, with bag loading, designated Br-3, reached trials in 1937, but was not adopted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0022-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Variants\nThe carriage of M1931, almost unmodified, was used for the 152 mm gun M1910/34.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0023-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Variants\nAs already mentioned, in Finland carriages of the A-19 were fitted with 152\u00a0mm barrels, resulting in two models:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0024-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Summary\nThe M1931 was one of the first Soviet artillery pieces to feature split trail carriage. This carriage construction allowed for much better traverse angles compared to earlier single trail or box trail carriages. Good elevation angle and ability to use different propellant charges made the gun flexible indirect fire weapon, and its ballistics were powerful enough to make it useful in direct fire role against enemy armor (though, as mentioned above, it was not an ideal anti-tank gun because of its size, traverse speed and rate of fire).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0025-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Summary\nThe carriage of M1931 had a number of shortcomings though. The elevation mechanism was slow and unreliable; solid-tired wheels hindered mobility to some extent; there were technological problems in carriage production. These shortcomings eventually led to adopting a better carriage, creating the M1931/37.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0026-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Summary\nAs calibers similar to 122\u00a0mm were not typical for western field artillery of World War II era, pieces directly comparable to the M1931 were rare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0027-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Summary\nThe German 10.5 cm sK 18 was significantly lighter (5.64 t) while having about the same range (19\u00a0km), but fired much smaller 15\u00a0kg shell; on the other side, the 15 cm K 18 was heavy (combat weight 12.46 t), limited production (101 pieces) weapon, more comparable to the Soviet 152 mm Br-2. Late in the war Germans worked on a number of 128\u00a0mm field guns; one of these designs, the 12.8\u00a0cm K 81/2, was a gun with combat weight of 8.2 t, based on a heavily modified carriage of captured 152\u00a0mm ML-20. However, little is known about its characteristics; None of these 128\u00a0mm designs reached mass production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0028-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Summary\nBritish Army and U.S. Army both employed 4.5 inch (114\u00a0mm) pieces with similar characteristics, and designed to utilize the same ammunition - BL 4.5 inch Medium Field Gun and 4.5 inch Gun M1 respectively. The 5.65-ton M1 fired a 24.9\u00a0kg shell to the maximum range of 19.3\u00a0km; however the only type of ammunition available for the gun was a HE-frag shell, and that contained only about two kg of explosives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008464-0029-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931 (A-19), Ammunition\nThe gun fired separate loading, cased charge ammunition, with one of four possible propellant charges -  the full, no. 1, no. 2 and no. 3 (the smallest). In addition to 122\u00a0mm gun shells, the A-19 could fire 122\u00a0mm howitzer shells; however because of lesser durability of those shells they could not be used with full charge; use of steely iron howitzer shells O-460A and O-462A was prohibited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0000-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19)\n122\u00a0mm corps gun M1931/37 (A-19) (Russian: 122-\u043c\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440. 1931/1937 \u0433\u0433. (\u0410-19)) was a Soviet field gun developed in late 1930s by combining the barrel of the 122 mm gun M1931 (A-19) and the carriage of the 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20). The gun was in production from 1939 until 1946. It saw action in World War II (primarily with corps and RVGK artillery of the Red Army) and remained in service for a long time after the end of the war. Vehicle-mounted variants of the gun were fitted to the IS-2 and IS-3 tanks of the Iosif Stalin series of tanks and the ISU-122 self-propelled gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0001-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Development history\nIn 1936 the Red Army adopted the 122\u00a0mm gun M1931, also known as A-19. Unlike earlier ordnance pieces used by the Red Army, it had split trail carriage with suspension, and consequently improved mobility and traverse. The carriage of M1931 had a number of shortcomings though. The elevation mechanism was slow and unreliable; solid-tired wheels hindered mobility to some extent; there were technological problems in carriage production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0002-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Development history\nSoon after the M1931, the Red Army received another artillery piece in form of the 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), developed at the No. 172 Plant, under F. F. Petrov. This led to an upgrade of the M1931, handled also by Petrov's design bureau. The barrel of the M1931 was placed on the carriage of a ML-20. The improved gun successfully underwent trials in September\u2013October 1938 and on 29 April 1939 was adopted as 122\u00a0mm corps gun M1931/37. Unusually, the new variant, like the old one, was referred to as A-19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0003-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Production history\nThe M1931/37 was manufactured by the Barrikady Plant in Stalingrad (1939\u201341), No. 172 Plant (1941\u201346). The number of M1931/37s manufactured can be estimated at about 2,450, not including those mounted on vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0004-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Description\nLike barrel of late production M1931, the barrel of the M1931/37 was of loose liner construction, and consisted of liner, jacket and screwed-upon breech. The breechblock was of interrupted screw type, similar in construction to  that of the 152 mm howitzer M1910/37. Recoil system consisted of hydraulic recoil buffer and hydro-pneumatic recuperator, both located inside the cradle under the barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0005-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Description\nThe gun had split trail carriage adapted from the 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20). The carriage was fitted with leaf spring suspension and metal wheels with pneumatic tires. The carriage also featured an equilibrator. The shield gave the crew some protection from small arms and shell fragments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0006-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Description\nThe M1931/37 was transported as a single piece, with barrel pulled back. It was permitted to tow the gun with barrel in its normal position, but for short distances only and with speed of no more than 4\u20135\u00a0km/h. Several types of artillery tractors were used: S-2 Stalinets-2, Komintern and, from 1943, Ya-12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0007-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Organization and employment\nBoth variants, M1931 and M1931/37, had the same place in army organizations, were often used alongside each other and combat reports rarely differentiate between them; consequently, the data in this section is for M1931 and M1931/37 together, unless specified otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0008-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Organization and employment, Red Army\nThe A-19 was originally intended for corps artillery. Together with ML-20 it formed a so-called \"corps duplex\". In 1940\u201341 there were three types of corps artillery regiments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0009-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Organization and employment, Red Army\nSoon after the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War the corps artillery was eliminated (as rifle corps themselves were eliminated) and was only reintroduced late in the war. Those new artillery regiments were issued 122\u00a0mm guns along with other pieces, mainly 107\u00a0mm guns and 152\u00a0mm howitzers, in total 16-20 pieces per regiment. On 1 June 1944, RKKA corps artillery possessed 387 A-19s (along with some 750 107\u00a0mm and 152\u00a0mm pieces), and on 1 May 1945\u2014289 A-19s (again along with some 750 100\u00a0mm, 107\u00a0mm and 152\u00a0mm pieces).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0010-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Organization and employment, Red Army\nThe gun was also used by artillery units of the Reserve of the Main Command (RVGK). In mid-1941 a cannon regiment of the RVGK had 48 A-19; in autumn 1941 these regiments were reorganized, a new, smaller, regiment had 18 A-19s. From 1942 cannon brigades were introduced, with 36 A-19s each. Such brigade could be a part of an artillery division\u2014a huge formation, with up to four brigades of A-19 or ML-20 (meaning up to 144 pieces).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0011-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Organization and employment, Red Army\nThe first combat use of the A-19 was in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol. It also saw combat in the Winter War. On 1 March 1940 there were 130 A-19 guns at the frontline. Three pieces were lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0012-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Organization and employment, Red Army\nBy June 1941 the RKKA possessed, according to different sources, 1257 (1236 in the Army and 21 in the Navy) or 1300 A-19s. The gun proceeded to be used throughout the Great Patriotic War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0013-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Organization and employment, Red Army\nThe A-19 was primarily used for indirect fire against enemy personnel, fortifications and key objects in the near rear. It was also equipped with armour-piercing shells for direct fire against armoured targets. Although not an ideal anti-tank gun because of its large size, slow traverse and relatively slow rate of fire, in 1943 the A-19 was one of only a few Soviet guns effective against the new German tanks, such as the Tiger and Elefant. The Tank gun variant, the D-25 was even able to penetrate the upper frontal plate of the Tiger II at a range of 500-600 metres although it did require multiple rounds to be fired to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0014-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Organization and employment, Red Army\nAn A-19 No . 501 was the first gun to open fire on 20 April 1945 at the Battle of Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0015-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Organization and employment, Other operators\nIn the early stage of the Great Patriotic War hundreds of A-19s fell into the hands of Wehrmacht. Both variants were adopted - M1931 as 12,2\u00a0cm K.390/1(r) and M1931/37 as 12,2\u00a0cm K.390/2(r). Germans used a total of 424 of these guns in field and coastal artillery and manufactured ammunition for them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0016-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Organization and employment, Other operators\nGermany sold 150 of the captured A-19s to Spain in 1943. This transaction was part of the \"B\u00e4r Program\", a program to complete and modernize the equipment of the Spanish Armed Forces using armament delivered by Germany. Most of these A-19 were assigned to the Corps Field Artillery Regiments of the Spanish Army, each regiment receiving 12 pieces to equip a group. The model was well liked in Spain, and 32 additional pieces were ordered by the Army and produced \u2013 with neither documentation nor licenses \u2013 by the Trubia Arms Factory. After acquisition of more modern American artillery, the Spanish A-19s were relegated to the artillery regiments of territorial defense units. 173 of the Spanish A-19s were modernized in the 1970s, and the guns remained in service with the Spanish Army until the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0017-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Organization and employment, Other operators\nThe Finnish Army captured 25 pieces in 1941 and also pressed them into service. The same designation 122 K/31 was applied to both variants. Because of shortage in heavy tractors, the gun was mostly used in coastal artillery. Four pieces were lost; the rest remained in  service after the war. In 1980s some pieces had their barrels replaced with 152\u00a0mm barrels of ML-20; the resulting pieces were designated 152 H 37-31. In late 1980s both 152 H 37-31 and the remaining 122 K/31 received new 152\u00a0mm L/32 barrels manufactured by Vammas, to become 152 H 88-31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0018-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Organization and employment, Other operators\nThe Kingdom of Romania captured in 1941 a number of 477 various types of 122 mm howitzers and guns including M1931/37 and the modern ones were used as divisional artillery for units rebuilt after 1941 campaign. Some guns captured by the Romanians were modified and fitted on the initial prototypes of the Mare\u0219al tank destroyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0019-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Organization and employment, Other operators\nThe A-19s were used by Polish Armed Forces in the East in 1944-45 and remained in Polish service after the war. In 1952 the Polish Army possessed 63 pieces. In 1980s, in order to improve their mobility, the Polish guns were fitted with wheels from KrAZ-255B truck, resulting in 122\u00a0mm armata wz. 1931/37/85.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0020-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Organization and employment, Other operators\n78 122\u00a0mm guns were supplied to Yugoslavia. The People's Army of Vietnam also received A-19s and used them during the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0021-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Organization and employment, Other operators\nOther recipients of the M1931/37 were Syria (at least 100 pieces, currently in storage) and Egypt. China also purchased a number of the M1931/37 during early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008465-0022-0000", "contents": "122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), Ammunition\nThe gun fired separate loading, cased charge ammunition, with one of four possible propellant charges -  the full, no. 1, no. 2 and no. 3 (the smallest). In addition to 122\u00a0mm gun shells, the A-19 could fire 122\u00a0mm howitzer shells; however because of lesser durability of those shells they could not be used with full charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0000-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)\nThe 122-mm howitzer D-30 (GRAU index 2A18) is a Soviet howitzer that first entered service in  1960. It is a robust piece that focuses on the essential features of a towed field gun suitable for all conditions. The D-30 has a maximum range of 15.4\u00a0kilometers, or over 21\u00a0km using RAP ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0001-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)\nWith its striking three-leg mounting, the D-30 can be rapidly traversed through 360\u00a0degrees. Although no longer manufactured in the nations of the former Soviet Union, the D-30 is still manufactured internationally and is in service in more than 60\u00a0countries' armed forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0002-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)\nThe barrel assembly of the 2A18 gun is used by the 2S1 self-propelled howitzer. There are also Egyptian, Chinese, Serbian and Syrian self-propelled variants and conversions. The Syrian conversion utilizes the hull of a T-34 tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0003-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), History\nThe 122\u00a0mm (originally 48\u00a0lines) calibre was adopted by Russia in the early 20th century, becoming very important to Soviet artillery during the Second World War. Development of the D-30 began in the 1950s, as a replacement for the M-30 howitzer, widely used in divisional and regimental artilleries. The D-30 also replaced the remaining 76\u00a0mm M1942 guns in motor rifle regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0004-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), History\nMilitary requirements that led to the D-30 can only be deduced. Its role supporting tank and motor rifle regiments, and Soviet doctrine from the Great Patriotic War, suggest that while indirect fire was the primary role, direct fire anti-tank was very important. The latter is evidenced by the very effective HEAT shell, the low silhouette of the piece, its wide and rapid top-traverse and its shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0005-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), History\nThe D-30 was designed by the well established design bureau at Artillery Plant No 9 in Sverdlovsk (now Ekaterinburg), at the time led by the eminent artillery designer F\u00ebdor F\u00ebdorovich Petrov (1902\u20131978). This team was responsible for designing the earlier M-30, the post-war 152\u00a0mm D-20 gun-howitzer, and other guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0006-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), History\nSoviet divisional artillery was assigned to manoeuvre regiments (in regimental artillery groups \u2013 RAGs) and as divisional troops (in divisional artillery groups \u2013 DAGs). A RAG was normally three batteries, each of six pieces, to each motor rifle and tank regiment. DAGs were mostly equipped with 152\u00a0mm pieces, but the DAG of a motor rifle division included a D-30 battalion. The role of an RAG was a normal field artillery role to support manoeuvre forces with indirect, semi direct and direct fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0007-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), History\nThe D-30 entered Soviet service in 1963 and is sometimes referred to as the M1963. In 1967, widespread introduction of self-propelled guns was authorised and the D-30's barrel and ammunition was used for the new 2S1. When the 2S1 entered service, it was usually assigned to tank regiments and motor rifle regiments equipped with BMP infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs). D-30s were retained in motor rifle regiments equipped with BTR APCs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0008-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), History\nThe D-30 has been widely exported and used in wars around the world, notably in the Middle East, and particularly in the Iran\u2013Iraq War, a long-lasting war of attrition similar to World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0009-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), History\nThe gun remains a mainstay of artillery forces in developing countries and is deployed in the war in Afghanistan. Soldiers from several western armies have been trained on the D-30 by various user nations in order to be able to train Afghan soldiers on it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0010-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), History\nIn 2017, the Algerian military displayed a locally developed variant mounted on a Mercedes-Benz Zetros truck. It includes four stabilization legs to absorb firing impacts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0011-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), Description\nDistinctive features of the D-30 include its low mobile mounting and above-barrel recoil system. The three-legged mobile mount is unusual for field artillery, with stabilizers that are clamped together for towing and deployed when in action. A large tow linkage is fixed to the muzzle; in transport the barrel serves as a trail. Similar mounts were a feature of several 76-mm pre-war (1931\u20131935) universal (both field and anti-aircraft) guns designed by Leningrad's Kirov Plant (L-1, L-2 and L-3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0011-0001", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), Description\nOther examples were the 1939 French 47SA39 APX, and 1943 German 105-mm light field howitzers designs by Skoda and Krupp; neither entered service. The Bofors 105\u00a0mm L28 Light Field Howitzer 4140 was similarly arranged with four legs and did enter Swedish service. The 1930s-designed British 2-pdr. anti-tank gun was another piece featuring a three-legged mounting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0012-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), Description\nCompared to the M-30, the new howitzer had a significantly longer 35\u00a0calibre gun barrel, just short of being a gun-howitzer by Soviet definition. Like other guns of the period, it had a high efficiency muzzle brake; this improved muzzle velocity by 175\u00a0m/s to a total of 650\u00a0m/s for HE, and raised maximum range by 3,500\u00a0m beyond the similar M-30. Maximum range was 2\u00a0km better than the 76\u00a0mm M1942 at 15.3\u00a0km. Weight increased by 650\u00a0kg over the M-30, to 3,150\u00a0kg; the D-30 is over twice the weight of the 76mm M1942. Accuracy improved, with mean error at about 10\u00a0km dropping from 35\u00a0m with the M-30 to just 21\u00a0m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0013-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), Description\nEffective stabilisation length is a fundamental aspect of a gun mount, and legs 120\u00b0 apart need to be longer than those with a smaller angle. The D-30's design minimises this problem in several ways. Trunnions are close to the ground, as a result of placing the recoil system and cradle above the barrel. The trunnions are also at the very rear of the breech; this maximises the recoil space when firing at higher elevation angles. Their rearward position also pushes the recoiling element forward on the mount, maximizing relative rearward span of the stabilizers and so stability during recoil. Additionally there is a very efficient muzzle brake, which absorbs about half the recoil. There is no mechanism to reduce recoil length as the angle of elevation increases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0014-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), Description\nSome of the design decisions have a price. The muzzle brake produces about twice the overpressure in the area around the gun that is acceptable to Western armies, and is the reason it is often seen being fired with a long lanyard, which reduces rate of fire. Furthermore, the maximum elevation angle is restricted to 18\u00b0 (early versions) or 22\u00b0 (later versions) when the breech is over a trail leg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0014-0001", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), Description\nThis is enforced by a mechanical cam that prevents the piece firing for about 60% of the total top traverse, and limits range to about 12\u00a0km, with full maximum range only possible in the central arc of about 48\u00b0 between each pair of legs. The extreme rearward location of the trunnions means the elevating mass is unbalanced, requiring a strong balancing mechanism to enable manual elevation. To do this, the D-30 uses compression balancing gears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0015-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), Description\nA central jack is powered by hand-operated hydraulics. This jack is lowered while the wheels are raised to permit two of the stabiliser legs to be swung 120\u00b0 rearwards. The mounting is then lowered and the ends of the legs spiked to the ground. This mounting provides for quick traversing to fire in any direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0016-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), Description\nThe pair of large tires are suspended on a single trailing arm; maximum towing speed is 60\u00a0km/h on the road. As was normal in Soviet designs, the tyres were filled with foam. Initially, the D-30 had no brakes and no seat for the layer\u2014non-essential luxuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0017-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), Description\nA sliding block breech was adopted instead of the M-30's pre-1914 screw pattern, giving a slight increase in the rate of fire. It is a semi-automatic vertical sliding block breech, with a tied jaw; the block moves down to open and opens automatically ejecting the empty cartridge case as the recuperator forces the gun tube back into battery after a round is fired. The design is closely related to those of breeches on other Soviet post\u2013World War II guns and howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0018-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), Description\nThe non-reciprocating sights are standard Soviet pattern, designed for one-man laying. Included are a direct fire anti-tank telescope, a panoramic periscopic indirect-fire sight (dial sight) in a reciprocating mounting, an angle of sight scale, and a range drum for each charge engraved with the range (distance) scale. The elevation leveling bubble is mounted on the dial sight mount. The range drum enables the standard Soviet technique of semi-direct fire when the piece is laid visually on the target and the range set on the range drum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0019-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), Description\nSoviet 122\u00a0mm howitzers used different ammunition to 122\u00a0mm guns, although there was some compatibility. In the case of ammunition for the D-30, the standard 122\u00a0mm howitzer shell weight of 21.8\u00a0kg was retained, with a metal cartridge case holding variable propelling charges. Cartridge and shell are loaded separately; this means that the shells have to be hand-rammed by a man to the right of the breech with a ramming rod. The D-30 could fire the older M-30 ammunition; however, new shells were also introduced, eventually including a rocket assisted projectile with a range of 21.9\u00a0km. The M-30's range of propelling charges, comprising base and eight increments, was replaced by a new set comprising base and four increments; single base propellant was retained. A more effective High Explosive (HE) shell was developed, as well as smoke, illumination and chemical filled projectiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 930]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0020-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), Description\nIn keeping with Soviet doctrine, the anti-tank role is important; there is a HEAT shell capable of penetrating 460\u00a0mm of steel armour plate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0021-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), Description\nThe maximum rate of fire of the D-30 is 6\u20138\u00a0rounds per minute, and about 75 rounds per hour. There is disagreement as to whether this maximum rate of fire is achievable for indirect fire. Based on reloading speeds of similar guns using separate charges, solo re-laying, and given a stable emplacement, semi-automatic breech and no long lanyard, (examples are the 25-pdr. and 105mm L118), and assuming concurrent lay adjustment during reloads, then it probably is when in the hands of a competent detachment. However, 5-6 rounds per minute may be more realistic with a poorly trained gun crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0022-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), Description\nThe D-30 is noted for simplicity of maintenance by its users; reputedly there are no special tools, all jobs can be done with a wrench and large hammer. However, like any other gun, routine maintenance is essential, and western troops in Afghanistan have reported Afghan manned D-30s having problems with shells sticking in the barrel due to lack of cleaning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0023-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), Description, Self-propelled versions\nThere is more self-propelled versions developed by other countries by mounting D-30 on some tracked or wheeled vehicles at disposal of their armed forces. Most of them do not have any complex fire control system and are manually loaded and elevated. Cuba, Sudan, Laos, Syria and Egypt have produced such simplified variants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0024-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), Description, Self-propelled versions\nPost 1973, Syrian and Egyptian armed forces fielded D-30 guns fitted to the hulls of obsolete T-34 tanks, similar to Israeli conversions of Sherman hulls. This rather crude modification improves the speed of divisional artillery, allowing for the ability to match speed with front-line mechanized forces. A major drawback is the lack of protection for the gunners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0025-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), Emplacement procedure\nA location chosen for emplacement of the D-30 should be as level as reasonably possible. Firstly, the carriage is raised via an internal hydraulic jack located under the cradle of the gun. Once the gun is at the required height, the wheels are raised via the wheel lifting lever; this allows the two split stabilizer legs to be separated from the mono stabiliser leg and brought rearward into firing configuration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008466-0026-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), Emplacement procedure\nThe legs are then locked in place with locking pins. The carriage is lowered via the hydraulic jack so that the legs touch the ground; integral stakes are then hammered into the ground. At this point, the gun is ready for direct fire using the OP4\u00a0direct fire sight, or can be orientated and have its position fixed via the aiming circles for subsequent indirect fire using the Pantel sight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008467-0000-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909\nThe 122\u00a0mm howitzer M1909 (Russian: 122-\u043c\u043c \u0433\u0430\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440. 1909 \u0433\u0433.) was a Russian Empire 121.92\u00a0mm (4.8\u00a0inch) howitzer used throughout World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008467-0001-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909\nFollowing the defeats of the Russo-Japanese War, Russia sought to modernize some of its equipment, which included the purchase of foreign designed artillery. Seeking new systems from both France and Germany, the 122\u00a0mm howitzer M1909 was developed by the German arms manufacturer Krupp. Russia also bought a very similar system from the French arms manufacturer Schneider et Cie, the 122 mm howitzer M1910.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008467-0002-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909\nIt was later updated by the Soviet Union as the  122 mm howitzer M1909/37 which saw combat in the German-Soviet War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008468-0000-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909/37\n122\u00a0mm howitzer M1909/37 (Russian: 122-\u043c\u043c \u0433\u0430\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440. 1909/37 \u0433\u0433.) was a Soviet 121.92\u00a0mm (4.8\u00a0inch) howitzer, a modernization of World War I era 122 mm howitzer M1909. The gun saw combat in the German-Soviet War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008468-0001-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Development and production history\nThe gun resulted from a modernization of the Russian 122 mm howitzer M1909, initially developed by Krupp. The M1909 was employed by the Imperial Russian Army during World War I and remained in service after the revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008468-0002-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Development and production history\nFrom late 1920s the RKKA sought to upgrade its First World War-era artillery pieces. The modernization of the M1909, handled by Perm Plant in 1937, included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008468-0003-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Development and production history\nThe resulting gun was adopted as 122-mm howitzer M1909/37. About 800-900 old M1909 guns were upgraded to the M1909/37 standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008468-0004-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Development and production history\nThe M1909/37 was a typical short-barrel howitzer, intended mostly for shooting with elevations from +20\u00b0 to +43\u00b0. Shell could be fired with six propellant loads (no. 1 to 5 and full). The gun had horizontal sliding breechblock, hydraulic recoil buffer and spring-driven recuperator. The carriage was of single trail type with unsprung wooden wheels and limited traverse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008468-0005-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Organization and employment, Red Army\nThe M1909/37 was a divisional level howitzer. According to the organization of 1939, each rifle division had two artillery regiments - light regiment (a battalion of 76\u00a0mm guns; two mixed battalions with one battery of 76\u00a0mm guns and two batteries of 122\u00a0mm howitzers) and howitzer regiment (a battalion of 122\u00a0mm howitzers and a battalion of 152\u00a0mm howitzers), giving 28 122\u00a0mm howitzers per division. In June 1940 one more battalion of 122\u00a0mm howitzers was added to the howitzers regiment, bringing the number to 32.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008468-0005-0001", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Organization and employment, Red Army\nIn June 1941 the howitzers regiment was removed and the number of howitzers dropped to 16. This organization was used throughout the war, except in guard rifle divisions which from December 1942 had three artillery battalions (two batteries of 76\u00a0mm guns and one battery of 122\u00a0mm howitzers each), totaling 12 howitzers. From December 1944 they received howitzer regiment (5 batteries, 20 howitzers). From June 1945 rifle divisions were reorganized identically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008468-0006-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Organization and employment, Red Army\nMountain rifle divisions in 1939-40 had one battalion of 122\u00a0mm howitzers (3 batteries, 9 guns). From 1941 they received instead one artillery regiment (2 battalions, each from 3 four-gun batteries) with 24 howitzers. From early 1942 only one battalion (2 batteries, 8 howitzers) remained. From 1944 howitzers were removed from mountain rifle divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008468-0007-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Organization and employment, Red Army\nMotorized divisions had two mixed battalions (battery of 76\u00a0mm guns, two batteries of 122\u00a0mm howitzers), totaling 12 howitzers. Tank division had one battalion with 12 howitzers. Cavalry divisions until August 1941 had two batteries of 122\u00a0mm howitzers, totaling 8, then the divisional artillery was removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008468-0008-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Organization and employment, Red Army\nUntil late 1941 rifle brigades had a battery of four 122\u00a0mm howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008468-0009-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Organization and employment, Red Army\n122\u00a0mm howitzers were also used by the howitzer brigades of the Reserve of the Main Command (72-84 pieces).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008468-0010-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Organization and employment, Red Army\nThe M1909/37 started to replace the M1909 in 1937. By 1 October 1936 RKKA possessed 920 M1909 howitzers; until the beginning of the German-Soviet War all of them were replaced. The modernized gun saw combat in the Winter War and the German-Soviet War. On 1 June 1941 RKKA possessed about 800 pieces. Due to combat losses, by the middle of the war only a limited number of pieces remained in service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008468-0011-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Organization and employment, Other operators\nA number of M1909/37s fell into the hands of Wehrmacht in 1941-42 and were adopted as 12,2\u00a0cm le.F.H.386(r).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008468-0012-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Organization and employment, Other operators\nFinnish Army captured a few in the Winter War and further 21 in the Continuation War. In Finnish service the gun was designated 122 H/09-30. The howitzers were used against their former owners; a few were lost in combat. Finns also modernized in a similar way M1909 howitzers they possessed since the Civil War, resulting in a gun designated 122 H/09-40 (about 30 pieces); the guns were used in the Continuation War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008468-0013-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Summary\nThe M1909/37 was a relatively minor upgrade of a World War I-era howitzer, which didn't address the main flaws of the latter, namely:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008468-0014-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Summary\nThe short barrel meant short range, smaller than that of its main adversaries, such as the German 10.5 cm leFH 16 (8,9\u00a0km vs 10,7\u00a0km). Low muzzle velocity and small traverse also made the gun helpless against enemy armor. Although in 1943 a HEAT shell was developed, the aforementioned deficiences meant that a chance of hitting small moving target was slim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008468-0015-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Summary\nOn the other side, the M1909/37 was rugged and reliable. It was also lighter than the newer M-30 or the 10.5\u00a0cm le.F.H.16. It was similar in most characteristics to another modernized World War I-era howitzer in Soviet service, the M1910/30, except slower rate of fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008468-0016-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Summary\nIn 1937 the Soviet Union still did not possess a modern 122-mm howitzer design ready for mass production, so upgrading old ones was a reasonable decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008468-0017-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Ammunition\nAlthough the M1909/37 has slightly longer barrel and slightly smaller maximum elevation than the M1910/30, according to Shirokorad these guns had identical ballistics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008469-0000-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910\n122\u00a0mm howitzer M1910 (Russian: 122-\u043c\u043c \u0433\u0430\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440. 1910 \u0433\u0433.) was a Russian Empire 121.92\u00a0mm (4.8\u00a0inch) field howitzer used throughout World War I in large numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008469-0001-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910\nFollowing the defeats of the Russo-Japanese War, Russia sought to modernize some of its equipment, which included the purchase of foreign designed artillery. Seeking new systems from both France and Germany, the 122\u00a0mm howitzer M1910 was developed by the French arms manufacturer Schneider et Cie.   Russia also bought a very similar system from the German arms manufacturer Krupp, the 122 mm howitzer M1909.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008469-0002-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910\nUp to 5,900 pieces were later converted by the Soviet Union into the 122 mm howitzer M1910/30, the most numerous divisional howitzer of the RKKA at the outbreak of Great Patriotic War, it saw service throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0000-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30\n122\u00a0mm howitzer M1910/30 (Russian: 122-\u043c\u043c \u0433\u0430\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440. 1910/30 \u0433\u0433.) was a Soviet 121.92\u00a0mm (4.8\u00a0inch) howitzer, a modernization of World War I era 122 mm howitzer M1910. It was the most numerous divisional howitzer of the RKKA at the outbreak of Great Patriotic War and remained in service throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0001-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Development and production history\nThe gun resulted from a modernization of the Russian 122 mm howitzer M1910, initially developed by Schneider Electric. The M1910 was employed by the Imperial Russian Army during World War I and remained in service after the revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0002-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Development and production history\nIn late 1920s the RKKA decided to upgrade the M1910. The modernization, handled by Perm Plant in 1930, included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0003-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Development and production history\nThe resulting gun was adopted as 122-mm howitzer M1910/30. The exact production statistics exist only for years 1937 to 1941 when the production stopped. During that period Perm Plant produced 3,395 pieces. In addition, 762 old M1910 guns were upgraded to the M1910/30 standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0004-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Development and production history\nThe M1910/30 was a typical short-barrel howitzer, intended mostly for shooting with elevations from +20\u00b0 to +45\u00b0. Shell could be fired with six propellant loads (no. 1 to 5 and full), but when shooting with elevation smaller than +20\u00b0 with full propellant load, the gun was prone to turning over. The gun had interrupted screw breechblock; hydraulic recoil buffer and hydro-pneumatic recuperator were both mounted under the barrel. The carriage was of single trail type with unsprung wooden wheels (from 1936 some guns received steel wheels with cast rubber tires) and limited traverse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0005-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Red Army\nThe M1910/30 was a divisional level howitzer. According to the organization of 1939, each rifle division had two artillery regiments - light regiment (a battalion of 76\u00a0mm guns; two mixed battalions with one battery of 76\u00a0mm guns and two batteries of 122\u00a0mm howitzers) and howitzer regiment (a battalion of 122\u00a0mm howitzers and a battalion of 152\u00a0mm howitzers), giving 28 122\u00a0mm howitzers per division. In June 1940 one more battalion of 122\u00a0mm howitzers was added to the howitzers regiment, bringing the number to 32.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0005-0001", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Red Army\nIn June 1941 the howitzers regiment was removed and the number of howitzers dropped to 16. This organization was used throughout the war, except in guard rifle divisions which from December 1942 had three artillery battalions (two batteries of 76\u00a0mm guns and one battery of 122\u00a0mm howitzers each), totaling 12 howitzers. From December 1944 they received howitzer regiment (5 batteries, 20 howitzers). From June 1945 rifle divisions were reorganized identically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0006-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Red Army\nMountain rifle divisions in 1939-40 had one battalion of 122\u00a0mm howitzers (3 batteries, 9 guns). From 1941 they received instead one artillery regiment (2 battalions, each from 3 four-gun batteries) with 24 howitzers. From early 1942 only one battalion (2 batteries, 8 howitzers) remained. From 1944 howitzers were removed from mountain rifle divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0007-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Red Army\nMotorized divisions had two mixed battalions (battery of 76\u00a0mm guns, two batteries of 122\u00a0mm howitzers), totaling 12 howitzers. Tank division had one battalion with 12 howitzers. Cavalry divisions until August 1941 had two batteries of 122\u00a0mm howitzers, totaling 8, then the divisional artillery was removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0008-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Red Army\nUntil late 1941 rifle brigades had a battery of four 122\u00a0mm howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0009-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Red Army\n122\u00a0mm howitzers were also used by the howitzer brigades of the Reserve of the Main Command (72-84 pieces).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0010-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Red Army\nFrom 1930 the M1910/30 started to replace the M1910. By 1936 only 44 M1910 remained in service, of which only two were operational. The howitzer saw action in all pre-World War II conflicts of the Soviet Union, notably in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol and in the Winter War. From 1940 onward the M1910/30 was in turn being replaced by the M-30 122 mm howitzer, but in 1941 it was still the most numerous divisional howitzer of the RKKA. By 1 June 1941 more than 5,500 were in service compared to 1,667 M-30s. It continued to serve in significant numbers for the duration of World War II, however from 1942 on its share in the RKKA dropped significantly due to combat losses and mass production of the M-30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0011-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Red Army\nThe M1910/30 was also mounted on the T-26 light tank chassis to create the SU-5 self-propelled gun - the only Soviet pre-war self-propelled gun adopted by the RKKA. On 1 June 1941 the army possessed 28 of these.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0012-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Other operators\nHundreds of M1910/30s fell into the hands of the Wehrmacht in 1941\u201342 and were adopted as 12,2\u00a0cm le.F.H.388(r). Germans opened mass production of 122-mm ammunition for the howitzer, producing 424,000 shells in 1943, 696,700 in 1944 and 133,000 in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0013-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Other operators\nThe Finnish Army captured about 30 guns of the type in the Winter War and a further 145 in the Continuation War. An additional 72 were purchased from Germany in 1944. In Finnish service the gun was designated 122 H/10-30. According to Finnish sources, these guns fired 369,744 shells in combat against the Soviet Union; 20 pieces were lost. The howitzer remained in service for some time after the war. It was generally liked by the crews, but its recoil mechanism was considered weak. The Finns also modernized in a similar way most of the 40 M1910s they possessed since the Civil War, resulting in a gun designated 122 H/10-40. The guns were used in the Continuation War; a few were lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0014-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Other operators\nBy 1943, Axis-aligned Romania had captured 477 Soviet guns and howitzers of 122\u00a0mm, of which 209 were repaired for the Romanian Army. Four 122\u00a0mm howitzers became self-propelled when they became the main armament of the first four prototypes of the Mare\u0219al tank destroyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0015-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Summary\nThe M1910/30 was a relatively minor upgrade of a World War I-era howitzer, which did not address the main flaws of the latter, namely:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0016-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Summary\nA short barrel meant short range, less than that of its main adversaries, such as the German 10.5 cm leFH 16 (8,9\u00a0km vs 10,7\u00a0km). Low muzzle velocity and small traverse also made the gun helpless against enemy armor. Although in 1943 a HEAT shell was developed, the aforementioned deficiencies meant that a chance of hitting small moving target was slim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0017-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Summary\nOn the other side, the M1910/30 was rugged and reliable. It was also lighter than the M-30 or the 10.5\u00a0cm leFH 16 and could be set up for combat in 30\u201340 seconds. Thanks to it, the howitzer was well liked in the RKKA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008470-0018-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Summary\nIn 1930 the Soviet Union still was not ready for development and mass production of modern artillery, so upgrading old guns was a reasonable decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0000-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)\nThe 122\u00a0mm howitzer M1938 (M-30) (GRAU index: 52-G-463) was a Soviet 121.92\u00a0mm (4.8\u00a0inch) howitzer. The weapon was developed by the design bureau of Motovilikha Plants, headed by F. F. Petrov, in the late 1930s, and was in production from 1939 to 1955. The M-30 saw action in World War II, mainly as a divisional artillery piece of the Red Army (RKKA). Captured guns were also employed later in the conflict by the German Wehrmacht and the Finnish Army. Post World War II the M-30 saw combat in numerous conflicts of the mid- to late twentieth century in service of other countries' armies, notably in the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0001-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Development\nIn 1930 Red Army (RKKA) authorities started to look for a new divisional-level howitzer to replace the pre-World War I 122 mm howitzer M1909 and 122 mm howitzer M1910. Although both pieces were eventually modernized, resulting in the 122-mm howitzer M1909/37 and the 122-mm howitzer M1910/30 respectively, these upgrades did not address some shortcomings in the original designs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0002-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Development\nThe first attempt to develop a new howitzer was made by the KB-2 design bureau under the supervision of German engineers. The design, known as Lubok, reached trials in 1932 and in 1934 was adopted as the 122-mm howitzer model 1934. It had a 23 caliber barrel, a maximum elevation of 50\u00b0, traverse of 7\u00b0, and a combat and travelling weight of 2,250 and 2,800\u00a0kg respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0002-0001", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Development\nLike its predecessors, Lubok had a fixed trail carriage and although it was equipped with suspension, its wheels lacked tires, limiting towing speed to only 10\u00a0km/h. Nevertheless, it was undoubtfully superior to the M1910/30 which remained in production until 1941. However, after eight pieces were built in 1934\u20131935, production was stopped for unclear reasons, possibly relating to the disbanding of KB-2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0003-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Development\nIn the mid-1930s, the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU) considered a switch to 105\u00a0mm guns as used by some other armies. A smaller shell meant that the gun could be lighter and consequently more mobile. On the other hand, a 105\u00a0mm gun would also be less powerful. Moreover, there was no Russian or Soviet experience with 105\u00a0mm ammunition, while for the 122\u00a0mm the country already possessed both production lines and large numbers of already manufactured shells (however similar 107\u00a0mm manufacturing equipment and ammunition\u2014for the 107-mm gun M1910\u2014was available). Finally in 1937 the RKKA Head of General Staff I. I. Egorov supported retaining 122\u00a0mm ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0004-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Development\nConsequently, three howitzers were trialled in 1938\u20131939. The design bureau of UZTM (Ural Heavy Machinery Plant, Russian: \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0417\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0422\u044f\u0436\u0451\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0423\u0417\u0422\u041c), which was ordered by GAU to design the new howitzer, developed a piece designated U-2. Similar projects were privately undertaken by the design bureaus of Motovilikha Plants, headed by F. F. Petrov (M-30), and by the No. 92 plant under V. G. Grabin (F-25).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0005-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Development\nThe U-2 (barrel length 21 calibers, chamber volume 3.0 litres, horizontal sliding breechblock from Lubok, muzzle brake, combat weight 2,030\u00a0kg) reached trials on 5 February 1939 and was rejected because of insufficient carriage strength and inferior ballistics. The F-25 project (barrel length 23 calibers, chamber volume 3.7 litres, horizontal sliding breechblock from Lubok, muzzle brake, combat weight 1,830\u00a0kg) was closed by GAU on 23 March 1939 as GAU considered it redundant to the M-30 which had reached trials earlier. The latter, after being returned several times for revision, was finally adopted in September 1939 as the 122\u00a0mm divisional howitzer M1938 (Russian: 122-\u043c\u043c \u0433\u0430\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0430 1938 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 (\u041c-30)). Its GAU index number was 52-G-463.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0006-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Development, M-30 versus F-25\nA. B. Shirokorad, a well-known author of books detailing the history of the Soviet artillery, has claimed that the F-25 could have been developed into a better gun than the M-30. Grabin's design was about 400\u00a0kg lighter, had a greater traverse and had better ground clearance \u2013 all this was achieved, according to Shirokorad, without sacrificing ballistics (same barrel length, chamber volume and muzzle length). Considering how long it took to finish the development of the M-30, the F-25's schedule possibly did not significantly lag behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0007-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Development, M-30 versus F-25\nThere is no official document explaining the advantages the M-30 had over the F-25. Factors that could have influenced the GAU decision were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0008-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Production\nMass production of M-30 howitzers began in 1940 at Plant No. 92 in Gorky and No. 9 in Sverdlovsk. The former took part in the production of M-30s only in 1940, building a total of 500 pieces. In addition to towed howitzers, Plant No. 9 produced M-30S barrels for arming SU-122 assault guns. Some 700 barrels (including both serial-production and experimental articles) were manufactured for this purpose. Mass production continued into 1955. In 1950\u20131960, the M-30 was also produced by Huta Stalowa Wola in Poland where it was known as Wz.1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0009-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Description\nThe barrel of the M-30 was of built-up construction and consisted of a liner, jacket and breech. The breechblock was of interrupted screw type, with forced cartridge case extraction. The gun was equipped with a hydraulic recoil buffer and hydropneumatic recuperator. A panoramic sight was used for both indirect and direct fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0010-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Description\nThe M-30 had a modern split trail carriage with leaf spring suspension and steel wheels with rubber tires. It was usually towed by vehicle without a limber. The carriage allowed for a towing speed of up to 50\u00a0km/h on paved road and up to 35\u00a0km/h on gravel or dirt roads, although the gun could also be moved by a team of six horses, in which case a limber was used. When the trails were swung open the suspension locked automatically . In an emergency it was possible to shoot in a \"single trail\" mode, at the price of a drastically reduced traverse (1\u00b030'). The time required to set the gun up for combat was about 1\u20131.5 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0011-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Description\nThe carriage of the M-30 was later used for the D-1 152 mm howitzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0012-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army\nThe M-30 was a divisional level howitzer. According to the organization of 1939, each rifle division had two artillery regiments; one light regiment (a battalion of 76\u00a0mm guns; two mixed battalions with one battery of 76\u00a0mm guns and two batteries of 122\u00a0mm howitzers) and one howitzer regiment (a battalion of 122\u00a0mm howitzers and a battalion of 152\u00a0mm howitzers), giving 28 122\u00a0mm howitzers per division. In June 1940 one more battalion of 122\u00a0mm howitzers was added to the howitzer regiment, bringing the number of guns in each unit to 32.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0012-0001", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army\nIn June 1941 the howitzer regiment was removed and the number of howitzers dropped to 16. This organization was used throughout the war, except in Russian Guards rifle divisions which from December 1942 had three artillery battalions (two batteries of 76\u00a0mm guns and one battery of 122\u00a0mm howitzers each), totaling 12 howitzers. From December 1944 they received an extra howitzer regiment (5 batteries, 20 howitzers) and from June 1945 rifle divisions were reorganized identically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0013-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army\nMountain rifle divisions in 1939\u20131940 had one battalion of 122\u00a0mm howitzers (3 batteries, 9 guns). From 1941 they received instead one artillery regiment (2 battalions, each from 3 four-gun batteries) with 24 howitzers, but in early 1942 only one battalion (2 batteries, 8 howitzers) remained. From 1944 howitzers were removed from mountain rifle divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0014-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army\nMotorized divisions had two mixed battalions (a battery of 76\u00a0mm guns and two batteries of 122\u00a0mm howitzers), totaling 12 howitzers. Tank divisions had one battalion with 12 howitzers. Cavalry divisions until August 1941 had two batteries of 122\u00a0mm howitzers, totaling eight, before the divisional artillery was removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0015-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army\nUntil late 1941 rifle brigades had a battery of four 122\u00a0mm howitzers. 122\u00a0mm howitzers were also used by the howitzer brigades of the Reserve of the Main Command (72\u201384 pieces).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0016-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army\nBy 1 June 1941 1,667 M-30s were in service, comprising only a fraction of the RKKA divisional howitzers. As the war progressed, their share grew rapidly due to mass production and because many older guns were lost in combat in 1941\u201342.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0017-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army\nM-30 howitzers were primarily employed for indirect fire against enemy personnel. They were also used against field fortifications, for clearing minefields and for breaching barbed wire. Their HE-fragmentation shells presented a danger to armoured vehicles. Fragments created by the explosion could penetrate up to 20\u00a0mm of armour, \u2013 enough against thinly armoured vehicles. The shells could also damage chassis, sights or other elements of heavier armoured vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0018-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army\nFor self-defense against enemy tanks a HEAT shell was developed in 1943. Before 1943, crews were required to rely on the high-explosive action of their regular ammunition, with some degree of success. According to a German report from 1943, even a Tiger was once heavily damaged by SU-122 assault guns firing high-explosive shells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0019-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army\nM-30 howitzers were towed by a variety of means, from horses, oxen and both Soviet and American-produced Lend-Lease trucks (such as the Dodge WC series and Studebaker US6s) and Stalinets STZ-5 and Ya-12 purpose-built artillery tractors. When necessary, the gun could be manhandled by its artillery crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0020-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army\nThe gun was eventually replaced by the 122-mm howitzer D-30 after the latter was adopted for service in 1960. A small number of operational M-30 howitzers are still present in Russian Army ordnance depots. They are being gradually withdrawn from reserve. M-30s featured in many Soviet movies used for novice artillery crew training. These movies were made in the 1960s when more modern D-30 howitzers were becoming available, however the M-30 was considered by authorities as much more suitable for training purposes. The movies are still in use despite the absence of M-30 howitzers even in practice exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0021-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Other operators\nA number of M-30s fell into the hands of the Wehrmacht in 1941\u20131942 and were adopted as 12,2\u00a0cm s.F.H.396(r) heavy howitzers. Germany began mass production of 122\u00a0mm ammunition for these and other captured howitzers, producing 424,000 shells in 1943, 696,700 in 1944 and 133,000 in 1945. Some captured M-30s were used in the Atlantic Wall fortifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0022-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Other operators\nThe Finnish Army captured 41 guns of the type and adopted them as the 122 H 38. These guns fired 13,298 shells in combat; only a few pieces were lost. The gun was well liked; some were used for training or stored in depots until the mid-1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0023-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Other operators\nThe Kingdom of Romania captured in 1941 a number of 477 various types of 122\u00a0mm howitzers and guns including M1931/37 and were used as divisional artillery for units rebuilt in 1943. The M-30 was used on the first four prototypes of the Mare\u0219al tank destroyer, having a muzzle brake attached to it by the Romanians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0024-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Other operators\nAfter World War II the gun was supplied to many countries around the globe. With the Egyptian and Syrian armies it saw action in the Arab-Israeli Wars. Some of these guns were captured by Israel, although it is unclear whether they were ever employed by the Israeli Defense Forces. The People's Republic of China organized their own production of M-30 howitzers under the Type 54 designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0025-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Other operators\nAccording to Ian V. Hogg, the M1938 howitzer \"must, surely, be the most prolific piece of artillery in history\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0026-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Users\nThe M-30 and the Type 54 are still being used in several armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0027-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Self-propelled mounts, former Soviet Union\nThe M-30 was mounted on the following armoured fighting vehicles (AFV):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0028-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Summary\nIn the M-30, RKKA units finally received a modern divisional howitzer which successfully combined increased firepower and better mobility with reliability and ease of use. A summary of its employment by the Red Army was provided by Marshal G. F. Odintsov, who said \"Nothing can be better\". The long post-war employment of the howitzer is additional testimony to its combat and operational utility and effectiveness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0029-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Summary\nIt is hard to compare the M-30 directly with contemporary foreign guns since the artillery of France, Germany and United States employed in similar roles was either the much smaller 105\u00a0mm (Great Britain used the even smaller\u201487.6\u00a0mm\u201425 pounder gun-howitzer) or much larger 150 to 155\u00a0mm caliber guns. Howitzers of similar calibers existed but most of those were World War I era pieces, such as the Vickers 114\u00a0mm howitzer used by the Finnish Army. Naturally, 150\u00a0mm howitzers were more powerful, but much heavier than the M-30; while 105\u00a0mm pieces were lighter but their smaller shells contained less explosive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0030-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Summary\nThe most direct German equivalent was the 10.5 cm leFH 18 light howitzer. Weighing 1985\u00a0kg, it had a maximum elevation of 42\u00b0, muzzle velocity of 470\u00a0m/s and maximum range of 10,675 m. In the upgraded leFH 18/40 version, muzzle velocity was improved to 540 m/\u0441, elevation to 45\u00b0 and range to 12,325 m. About equal in range, the German howitzer had a less powerful HE shell and its smaller maximum elevation made it less effective against dug-in troops, although it also weighed some 400\u00a0kg less than M-30. Both guns were well suited for mass production with 16.887 M-30s and 15.388 leFH 18 built in 1941\u201345.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0031-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Ammunition data\nThe M-30 could fire all types of 122\u00a0mm howitzer ammunition used by the RKKA, including old Russian and imported shells. During and after World War II new types of ammunition were developed, notably HEAT shells. The World War II era HEAT shell BP-460A could pierce 100\u2013160\u00a0mm of armor at 90\u00b0; the post-war BP-1 managed 200\u00a0mm at 90\u00b0, 160\u00a0mm at 60\u00b0, and 80\u00a0mm at 30\u00b0. HE-Frag projectiles of type OF-462 that were initially developed for the M-30 howitzer can be fired from modern 122\u00a0mm ordnance pieces and are still in Russian Army service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008471-0032-0000", "contents": "122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Surviving pieces\nM-30 howitzers are on display in a number of military museums and are widely used as memorial pieces. Among other places, the gun can be seen at the following locations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008472-0000-0000", "contents": "1220\nYear 1220 (MCCXX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008473-0000-0000", "contents": "1220 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1220\u00a0kHz: 1220 AM is a Mexican clear-channel frequency. XEB Mexico City is the dominant Class A station on 1220 kHz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008474-0000-0000", "contents": "1220 Crocus\n1220 Crocus, provisionally designated 1932 CU, is a stony Eoan asteroid and slow rotator from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 February 1932, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008474-0001-0000", "contents": "1220 Crocus, Orbit and classification\nCrocus is a member of the Eos family, a collisional population of mostly stony composition. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 2 months (1,900 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008474-0002-0000", "contents": "1220 Crocus, Physical characteristics\nThe asteroid has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008474-0003-0000", "contents": "1220 Crocus, Physical characteristics\nIn December 2014, a rotational lightcurve of Crocus was obtained from photometric observations by an international collaboration of several astronomers from Europe and the United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a long rotation period of 491 hours with a brightness variation of 1.00 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008474-0004-0000", "contents": "1220 Crocus, Naming\nThis minor planet was later named after the genus of flowering plants, Crocus, in the iris family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008475-0000-0000", "contents": "1220s\nThe 1220s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1220, and ended on December 31, 1229.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008476-0000-0000", "contents": "1220s BC\nThe 1220s BC is a decade which lasted from 1229 BC to 1220 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008479-0000-0000", "contents": "1220s in art\nThe decade of the 1220s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008480-0000-0000", "contents": "1221\nYear 1221 (MCCXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008481-0000-0000", "contents": "1221 Amor\n1221 Amor /\u02c8e\u026am\u0254\u02d0r/ is an asteroid and near-Earth object on an eccentric orbit, approximately 1 kilometer (0.6 miles) in diameter. It is the namesake of the Amor asteroids, the second-largest subgroup of near-Earth objects. It was discovered by Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Uccle Observatory in 1932, the first time that an asteroid was seen to approach Earth so closely. The assumed S-type asteroid is one of few low-numbered asteroids for which no rotation period has been determined. It was assigned the provisional designation 1932 EA1 and named for Cupid, also known as \"Amor\" in Latin, the Roman equivalent of the Greek god Eros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008481-0001-0000", "contents": "1221 Amor, Discovery\nOn 12 March 1932, Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte photographed Amor at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, as it approached Earth to within 16 million kilometers (about 40 times the distance from Earth to the Moon). This was the first time that an asteroid was seen to approach Earth so closely. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation on 12 March 1932, when it was observed at the Uccle and Heidelberg observatories simultaneously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008481-0002-0000", "contents": "1221 Amor, Orbit and classification\nAmor is the namesake of the Amor asteroid, a subgroup of near-Earth asteroids that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond, but do not cross it. Next to the Apollo group, the Amors are the second largest group of near-Earth objects with more than 7,000 known members. As with many members of this group, Amor is also a Mars-crosser, crossing the orbit of the Red Planet at 1.66\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008481-0003-0000", "contents": "1221 Amor, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.08\u20132.76\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 8 months (971 days; semi-major axis of 1.92\u00a0AU). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.44 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008481-0004-0000", "contents": "1221 Amor, Orbit and classification, Close encounters\nAmor has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.1069\u00a0AU (16,000,000\u00a0km) which corresponds to 41.6 lunar distances. In March 1940, it approached Earth to 0.1052\u00a0AU (15,700,000\u00a0km), its closest approach of all close encounters since 1900. Only in March 2129, it will approach Earth at a similar distance of 0.1082\u00a0AU (16,200,000\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 53], "content_span": [54, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008481-0005-0000", "contents": "1221 Amor, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Roman god of love, Cupid, also known as Amor in Latin, and the Roman equivalent of the Greek god Eros. The near-Earth asteroids 433\u00a0Eros and 763\u00a0Cupido are also named after the god of love. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 113).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008481-0006-0000", "contents": "1221 Amor, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Amor has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008481-0007-0000", "contents": "1221 Amor, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to Tom Gehrels's publication Hazards due to Comets and Asteroids from 1994 (pp. 540\u2013543), Amor measures 1.0 kilometer in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.15. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 0.857 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 17.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008482-0000-0000", "contents": "1221 Avenue of the Americas\n1221 Avenue of the Americas (formerly also known as the McGraw-Hill Building) is an international-style skyscraper at 1221 Sixth Avenue, in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The 51-floor structure has a seven-story base and a simple, cuboid massing. The facade has no decoration and consists of red granite piers alternating with glass stripes to underline the tower's verticality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008482-0001-0000", "contents": "1221 Avenue of the Americas\nThe building  is set back 115 feet (35\u00a0m) from Sixth Avenue, with a sunken courtyard dominated by Sun Triangle, an 49-foot (15\u00a0m) abstract steel sculpture by Athelstan Spilhaus. The tower's lobby is clad in dark red terrazzo and red marble, with aphorisms by Plato and John F. Kennedy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008482-0002-0000", "contents": "1221 Avenue of the Americas, Background\nThe building was part of the later Rockefeller Center expansion (1960s\u20131970s) dubbed the \"XYZ Buildings\". Their plans were first drawn in 1963 by the Rockefeller family's architect, Wallace Harrison, of the architectural firm Harrison & Abramovitz. Their letters correspond to their height. 1251 Avenue of the Americas is the \"X\" Building as it is the tallest at 750\u00a0ft (229 m) and 54 stories, and was the first completed, in 1971. The \"Y\" is 1221 Avenue of the Americas, which was the second tower completed (1973) and is the second in height (674\u00a0ft and 51 stories). The \"Z\" Building, the shortest and the youngest, is 1211 Avenue of the Americas with 45 stories (592\u00a0ft). It is the 80th tallest building in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008482-0003-0000", "contents": "1221 Avenue of the Americas, Background\nThe building was previously the headquarters of McGraw-Hill Financial. Other tenants include Sirius XM Satellite Radio, whose headquarters and broadcast facility are in the building, and the law firm White & Case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008482-0004-0000", "contents": "1221 Avenue of the Americas, Background\nThe sunken courtyard contains a large metal triangle designed by Athelstan Spilhaus and fabricated by Tyler Elevator Products, arranged so the Sun aligns with its sides at solstices and equinoxes. When built, the southwestern corner held a display of scale models of planets in the Solar System. A mosaic map of the Earth survives in the northwestern corner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008482-0005-0000", "contents": "1221 Avenue of the Americas, Background\nIn 2009, the structure earned LEED (Certified level designation) for Existing Buildings certification from USGBC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008482-0006-0000", "contents": "1221 Avenue of the Americas, 1999 elevator incident\nAfter entering an express elevator at approximately 11:00\u00a0p.m. (EDT) Friday on October 15, 1999, Nicholas White, a Business Week employee whose office was in the building, returning from a cigarette break, became trapped after a brief power dip caused the elevator to stop between the 13th and 14th floors. Though he signaled an alarm, and there was surveillance video inside the elevator cab, White was not rescued until approximately 4:00\u00a0p.m. on Sunday, October 17, nearly 41 hours later, after security guards spotted him in the surveillance cameras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008482-0007-0000", "contents": "1221 Avenue of the Americas, In popular culture\nThe buildings are featured in the title sequence of Saturday Night Live, seen from below looking up in the street from a car. It was used for the exteriors and lobby of Elias-Clarke's headquarters in the 2006 film The Devil Wears Prada and the interior shots for Suits. It is also the headquarters of Sirius XM Radio, and many radio shows broadcast from the building including The Howard Stern Show. The plaza and sculpture are also featured as part of the New York City Level of the video game Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008483-0000-0000", "contents": "1221 Brickell Building\nThe 1221 Brickell Building is a high-rise tower in downtown Miami, Florida. It is located in the Brickell area of Miami's financial district. It is on Brickell Avenue near Southeast 12th Street, three blocks west of Biscayne Bay. The building is known for its all-glass, tiered sides, and was completed in 1986. In 2005, the building lost many glass panels during Hurricane Wilma. It provides more than 600,000 square feet (56,000\u00a0m2) of floor space, is 365 feet (111\u00a0m) tall, and has 28 floors. It is used entirely for offices and is one of Brickell's financial centers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008484-0000-0000", "contents": "1221 in Ireland, Deaths\nThis year in Ireland article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008485-0000-0000", "contents": "1221 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1221 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008486-0000-0000", "contents": "1222\nYear 1222 (MCCXXII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008487-0000-0000", "contents": "1222 Brescia earthquake\nThe 1222 Brescia earthquake occurred on Christmas Day in the year 1222. The chronicler Salimbene de Adam records that it was so powerful that the inhabitants of Brescia left their city en masse and camped outside, so that the falling buildings would not crush them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008488-0000-0000", "contents": "1222 Cyprus earthquake\nThe 1222 Cyprus earthquake occurred at about 06:15 UTC on 11 May. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.0\u20137.5 and triggered a tsunami that was recorded in Libya and Alexandria. The strongest shaking was felt in Nicosia, Limassol and Paphos. Many people died, although there are no estimates for the total number of casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008488-0001-0000", "contents": "1222 Cyprus earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe estimated location of the earthquake is on the southwestern coast of Cyprus and is thought to be associated with the Cyprus arc. The Cyprus arc is part of the plate boundary zone that accommodates the motion of the African Plate relative to the Anatolian Plate. The relative motion of the Anatolian Plate is almost entirely westwards relative to the African Plate. In the eastern part of the arc, earthquakes are entirely strike-slip in character. To the west they show a combination of thrust faulting and strike-slip. A major NE-SW trending strike-slip structure has been identified just west of Cyprus, that is responsible for larger earthquakes in this area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008488-0002-0000", "contents": "1222 Cyprus earthquake, Damage\nMuch damage was caused at Limassol and Nicosia and other parts of the island, but the greatest damage was done at Paphos, where there was great loss of life. Paphos Castle, a Byzantine fort, was destroyed and had to be rebuilt by the Lusignans. A modern excavation at Paphos Castle found the remains of a man who apparently climbed into the castle's main drain to escape the earthquake but was trapped there by falling masonry. The sea retreated from the harbour but returned and flooded the town. A church is said to have fallen, burying the bishop and his congregation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008488-0002-0001", "contents": "1222 Cyprus earthquake, Damage\nMonks of the Franciscan order abandoned their church in Paphos after the earthquake. The castle of Saranta Kolones, built only 30 years earlier overlooking the harbour, was destroyed by the earthquake. It was never rebuilt, as it was no longer needed to protect the port, which had dried up. The earthquake permanently changed Paphos, rendering the harbour unusable, and moving the shoreline seawards; it no longer had a protected anchorage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008488-0003-0000", "contents": "1222 Cyprus earthquake, Characteristics\nThe estimated magnitude for this event is 7.0\u20137.5 with a maximum estimated felt intensity of IX (Violent).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008489-0000-0000", "contents": "1222 Tina\n1222 Tina, provisional designation 1932 LA, is a metallic asteroid and parent body of the Tina family located in the intermediate asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 June 1932, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium. It was named after a friend of the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008489-0001-0000", "contents": "1222 Tina, Classification and orbit\nTina is the namesake of the Tina family a group of 17\u201389 asteroids that form a small, well-defined asteroid family, which share similar spectral properties and orbital elements; hence they may have arisen from the same collisional event of two larger parent bodies. All members have a relatively high orbital inclination. The Tina family is unique because of its resonant nature: all its members are in anti-aligned librating states of the \u03bd6 secular resonance, i.e., the longitudes of pericenter of the asteroids follow the longitudes of pericenter of Saturn by 180 degrees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008489-0001-0001", "contents": "1222 Tina, Classification and orbit\nThis orbital configuration protects the asteroids from achieving high eccentricities and experiencing close encounters with terrestrial planets, forming a stable in a region strongly perturbed by the \u03bd6 secular resonance. The family is estimated to be relatively young, about 170+20\u221230 million years old, and will most likely disperse to unstable regions in timescales of 200 million years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008489-0002-0000", "contents": "1222 Tina, Classification and orbit\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,707 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 20\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008489-0003-0000", "contents": "1222 Tina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Tina measures between 20.84 and 26.28 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.199 and 0.308 (without preliminary results). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1445 and a diameter of 20.12 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 11.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008489-0004-0000", "contents": "1222 Tina, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nIn the SMASS taxonomy, Tina is an X-type asteroid, while it is classified as a metal-rich M-type asteroid by the WISE-survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 50], "content_span": [51, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008489-0005-0000", "contents": "1222 Tina, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nTina has a well-defined rotation period of 13.395 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18 magnitude (U=3), derived from photometric observations taken by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory, Colorado, in September 2007 (also see \u00a7\u00a0External links). Other lightcurves were obtained by French amateur astronomers Pierre Antonini and Jean-Gabriel Bosch, which gave a period of 17.164 hours and an amplitude of 0.30 magnitude (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008489-0006-0000", "contents": "1222 Tina, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after \"Tina\", an amateur astronomer and friend of the discoverer. In 1955, naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets (H 114).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008490-0000-0000", "contents": "1223\nYear 1223 (MCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008491-0000-0000", "contents": "1223 Neckar\n1223 Neckar, provisional designation 1931 TG, is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers (16 miles) in diameter. Discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in 1931, the asteroid was named for the German river Neckar. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 7.8 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008491-0001-0000", "contents": "1223 Neckar, Discovery\nNeckar was discovered on 6 October 1931, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. Five nights later, it was independently discovered by Fernand Rigaux at Uccle in Belgium. The Minor Planet Center only acknowledges the first discoverer. The asteroid was observed as A907 VD at Heidelberg in November 1907, extending its observation arc by 24 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008491-0002-0000", "contents": "1223 Neckar, Orbit and classification\nNeckar is a core member of the Koronis family (605), a very large outer asteroid family with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. The family, named after 158\u00a0Koronis, is thought to have been formed at least two billion years ago in a catastrophic collision between two larger bodies. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,775 days; semi-major axis of 2.87\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008491-0003-0000", "contents": "1223 Neckar, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Neckar is a common stony S-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as an S-type by Pan-STARRS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008491-0004-0000", "contents": "1223 Neckar, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBest rated rotational lightcurve of Neckar gave a rotation period of 7.763 and 7.81 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18 and 0.45 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3). Photometric observations taken by Richard Binzel and Ed Tedesco in the 1970s and 1980s, however, gave a longer period and are now considered incorrect (U=0/0).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008491-0005-0000", "contents": "1223 Neckar, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nTwo lightcurves in the R-band with a period of 7.80 and 7.8273 hours (\u03940.21/0.28 mag) were also obtained at the Palomar Transient Factory in 2010 and 2014, respectively (U=2/2). Neckar's spin axes has been determined several times. The best rated result, from a group led by Polish astronomers, gave two poles at (70.0\u00b0, 45.0\u00b0) and (225.0\u00b0, 42.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008491-0006-0000", "contents": "1223 Neckar, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Neckar measures between 22.783 and 26.07 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.146 and 0.201. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.123 obtained by Morrison in the 1970s, and derives a diameter of 27.96 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.66.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008491-0007-0000", "contents": "1223 Neckar, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the river Neckar, running through the southwestern parts of Germany and in particular through the city of Heidelberg, location of the discovering observatory. The river origins in the Black Forrest and flows into the Rhine river. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 113).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008492-0000-0000", "contents": "12238 Actor\n12238 Actor /\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0254\u02d0r/ is a Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 December 1987, by astronomers Eric Elst and Guido Pizarro at the La Silla Observatory in northern Chile. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 7.3 hours. It was named after Actor, father of the heroes Eurytus and Cteatus from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008492-0001-0000", "contents": "12238 Actor, Orbit and classification\nAs all Jupiter trojans, Actor is in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the leading Greek camp at the Gas Giant's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead on its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.5\u20135.8\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 9 months (4,300 days; semi-major axis of 5.17\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 21\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008492-0002-0000", "contents": "12238 Actor, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1986 WW8 at the Kiso Observatory in November 1986, or 13 months prior to its official discovery observation at La Silla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008492-0003-0000", "contents": "12238 Actor, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after Actor (son of Phorbas and Hyrmine), the alleged father of the twin brothers Eurytus and Cteatus, who beat Nestor, king of Pylos, in a chariot race. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 January 2003 (M.P.C. 47300).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008492-0004-0000", "contents": "12238 Actor, Physical characteristics\nActor is an assumed C-type asteroid, while the majority of larger Jupiter trojans are D-types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008492-0005-0000", "contents": "12238 Actor, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Actor was obtained from photometric observations at the Sierra Nevada Observatory, using its 1.5-meter telescope. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.284 hours with a brightness variation of 0.30 magnitude (U=2). The same group also published a period determination of 7.28\u00b10.02 hours with an amplitude of 0.33 magnitude in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008492-0006-0000", "contents": "12238 Actor, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July and August 2015, observations by the Kepler space telescope during its K2 mission gave another two lightcurves with a concurring period of 7.28 and 7.281 hours, respectively. Both measurements had a brightness variation of 0.29 magnitude (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008492-0007-0000", "contents": "12238 Actor, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Actor measures 30.25 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.092, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 36.78 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008492-0008-0000", "contents": "12238 Actor, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008493-0000-0000", "contents": "1224\nYear 1224 (MCCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008495-0000-0000", "contents": "1225\nYear 1225 (MCCXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008495-0001-0000", "contents": "1225, Events, Abbasid Caliphate (Later Abbasid era)\nAl-Nasir died on 5 October 1225, he was succeeded by Al-Zahir as the new Caliph of the Abbasid dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 51], "content_span": [52, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008496-0000-0000", "contents": "1225 Ariane\n1225 Ariane, provisional designation 1930 HK, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 23 April 1930, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008496-0001-0000", "contents": "1225 Ariane, Orbit and characterization\nAriane orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1\u20132.4\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,219 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008496-0002-0000", "contents": "1225 Ariane, Orbit and characterization\nPhotometric observations made in 2003 at the U.S. Carbuncle Hill Observatory (912) near Providence, Rhode Island, give a synodic rotation period of 5.529\u00b10.002 hours. The light curve shows a brightness variation of 0.40\u00b10.02 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008496-0003-0000", "contents": "1225 Ariane, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after \"Ariane Leprieur\", the principal role in the play Le Chemin de Cr\u00eate by Gabriel Marcel (1889\u20131973). The official naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 96).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008497-0000-0000", "contents": "1225 in Ireland\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Sarah777 (talk | contribs) at 23:59, 15 November 2019 (rem stub tag). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008499-0000-0000", "contents": "1226\nYear 1226 (MCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008500-0000-0000", "contents": "1226 Golia\n1226 Golia, provisional designation 1930 HL, is a metallic asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 April 1930, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It is named for Jacobus Golius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008500-0001-0000", "contents": "1226 Golia, Orbit and classification\nGolia orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,516 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg one night after its official discovery observation, with no precoveries taken and no prior identifications made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008500-0002-0000", "contents": "1226 Golia, Physical characteristics\nGolia has been characterized as a metallic M-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008500-0003-0000", "contents": "1226 Golia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 1992, the first reliable rotational light curve of Golia was obtained by Italian astronomer Mario Di Martino using the ESO 1-metre telescope at La Silla in northern Chile. Analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.097 hours with a change in brightness of 0.35 magnitude (U=3). Another light curve was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in October 2011, giving a period of 4.0910 hours and an amplitude of 0.24 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008500-0004-0000", "contents": "1226 Golia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to preliminary results by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE space telescope, Golia measures 11.68 and 12.18 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.187 and 0.172, respectively, while the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS gives a diameter of 16.39 kilometers and an albedo of 0.239. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link considers Golia to be of stony composition, deriving an albedo of 0.1008 and a diameter of 15.92 kilometers, using an absolute magnitude of 12.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008500-0005-0000", "contents": "1226 Golia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Dutch professor of astronomy Jakob Gool (1596\u20131667), also known as Jacobus Golius, who founded the Leiden Observatory in 1633. He was a mathematician and orientalist, who translated Arabic texts into Latin including the work of 9th-century Muslim astronomer Al-Farghani. He was also a teacher of French philosopher Ren\u00e9 Descartes, after whom the minor planet 3587\u00a0Descartes is named. The official naming citation was compiled by Lutz Schmadel for the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names based on a private communication with Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008503-0000-0000", "contents": "1227\nYear 1227 (MCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008504-0000-0000", "contents": "1227 Geranium\n1227 Geranium, provisional designation 1931 TD, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 46 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 October 1931, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory. The asteroid was named for the flowering plant Geranium (cranesbills).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008504-0001-0000", "contents": "1227 Geranium, Orbit and classification\nGeranium is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,109 days; semi-major axis 3.22\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008504-0002-0000", "contents": "1227 Geranium, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins at Uccle Observatory, four days after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008504-0003-0000", "contents": "1227 Geranium, Physical characteristics\nGeranium has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by SDSS\u2013MFB (Masi Foglia Bus).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008504-0004-0000", "contents": "1227 Geranium, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Geranium was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 12.363 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.08 magnitude, indicative for a rather spherical shape (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008504-0005-0000", "contents": "1227 Geranium, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Geranium measures between 46.08 and 51.025 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0619 and 0.076.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008504-0006-0000", "contents": "1227 Geranium, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0492 and a diameter of 41.46 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008504-0007-0000", "contents": "1227 Geranium, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Geranium, a genus of flowering plants commonly known as \"cranesbills\". The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 113).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008504-0008-0000", "contents": "1227 Geranium, Naming, Meta-naming\nThe initials of the minor planets (1227) through (1234), all discovered by Reinmuth, spell out \"G. Stracke\". Gustav Stracke was a German astronomer and orbit computer, who had asked that no planet be named after him. In this manner Reinmuth was able to honour the man whilst honoring his wish. Nevertheless, Reinmuth directly honored Stracke by naming planet 1019 Strackea later on. The astronomer Brian Marsden was honored by the same type of meta-naming using consecutive initial letters in 1995, spelling out \"Brian M.\" in the sequence of minor planets (5694) through (5699).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008504-0009-0000", "contents": "1227 Geranium, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008505-0000-0000", "contents": "1227 in Ireland, Events\nThe port of New Ross granted trading concessions from the English King John.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008506-0000-0000", "contents": "1227 in poetry, Deaths\nThis year in poetry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008507-0000-0000", "contents": "1227 papal election\nThe 1227 papal election (19 March), was convoked after the death of Pope Honorius III on 18 March 1227 at Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008507-0001-0000", "contents": "1227 papal election\nThe cardinals present at Rome assembled in Septizodium on the next day after the death of Honorius III and decided to elect the new Pope by compromissum, meaning not by the whole Sacred College of Cardinals but by the committee of few of them, empowered by the rest to appoint the new Pontiff. The same procedure had been already used in the previous election. The committee numbered three cardinals, among whom were cardinal-bishops Ugolino di Segni of Ostia and Konrad von Urach of Porto (the name of the third one is not registered). Initially the committee elected its member Konrad von Urach with two votes out three, but he refused the tiara. Hereupon the rest of cardinals unanimously elected Ugolino di Segni (another committee member) on 19 March 1227. He reluctantly accepted the high honour, taking the name of Gregory IX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008507-0002-0000", "contents": "1227 papal election\nThe new Pope received the pallium in the Vatican Basilica on 21 March 1227, and on the same day was enthroned in the Lateran Basilica. On 11 April 1227, his relative Ottaviano Conti di Segni, archdeacon of the Sacred College, solemnly crowned him in the Basilica di S. Maria in Maggiore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008507-0003-0000", "contents": "1227 papal election, List of participants\nProbably 15 out of 18 cardinals participated in the election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008508-0000-0000", "contents": "1228\nYear 1228 (MCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008510-0000-0000", "contents": "1229\nYear 1229 (MCCXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008511-0000-0000", "contents": "1229 Tilia\n1229 Tilia /\u02c8t\u026ali\u0259/ is a dark Themistian asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 28 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 October 1931, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany, and given the provisional designation 1931 TP1. The asteroid was named for the genus of trees, Tilia (lime tree, linden, basswood).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008511-0001-0000", "contents": "1229 Tilia, Orbit and classification\nTilia belongs to the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24 Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,115 days; semi-major axis of 3.22\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008511-0002-0000", "contents": "1229 Tilia, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Lowell Observatory on 7 October 1931, or two days prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008511-0003-0000", "contents": "1229 Tilia, Physical characteristics\nThe asteroid's spectral type is unknown. Members of the Themis family are typically C-type asteroids. Tilia's albedo (see below) agrees with this spectral type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008511-0004-0000", "contents": "1229 Tilia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Tilia measures 27.795 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.069.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008511-0005-0000", "contents": "1229 Tilia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Tilia has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, spin axis and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008511-0006-0000", "contents": "1229 Tilia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after, Tilia \u2013 commonly known as lime tree, linden, or basswood \u2013 a genus of trees in the family Tiliaceae. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 113).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008511-0007-0000", "contents": "1229 Tilia, Naming, Meta-naming\nThe initials of the minor planets (1227) through (1234), all discovered by Reinmuth, spell out \"G. Stracke\". Gustav Stracke was a German astronomer and orbit computer, who had asked that no planet be named after him. In this manner Reinmuth was able to honour the man whilst honoring his wish. Nevertheless, Reinmuth directly honored Stracke by naming planet 1019 Strackea later on. The astronomer Brian Marsden was honored by the same type of meta-naming using consecutive initial letters in 1995, spelling out \"Brian M.\" in the sequence of minor planets (5694) through (5699).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008511-0008-0000", "contents": "1229 Tilia, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008512-0000-0000", "contents": "1229 University of Paris strike\nThe University of Paris strike of 1229 was caused by the deaths of a number of students in punishing a student riot. The students protested with a \"dispersion\", or student strike, which lasted more than two years and led to a number of reforms of the medieval university. The event demonstrates the town and gown power struggles with the Church, secular leaders and the emerging student class and a lessening of local Church authority over the University of Paris. The university was placed squarely under direct papal patronage, part of the program to centralise the Church structure, which had intensified under Innocent III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008512-0001-0000", "contents": "1229 University of Paris strike, Background\nThe University of Paris was one of the first universities in Europe and thenconsidered the most prestigious of the time because of its focus on theology. It had been founded in the mid-12th century and received its official charter from the Church in 1200. It was run by the Church, and students were considered part of the Church and so wore robes and shaved the tops of their heads in tonsure to signify they were under its protection. Students operated according to the rules and laws of the Church and were not subject to the king's laws or courts. That caused ongoing problems of students abusing the laws of the city, which had no direct recourse for justice and so had to appeal to ecclesiastical courts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008512-0002-0000", "contents": "1229 University of Paris strike, Background\nStudents were often very young, entering the school at 13 or 14 and staying for 6 to 12 years. They came from many regions and spoke many European languages, with all defined by their native language. Latin was the lingua franca at school. Eventually, the Masters were organized into four \"nations\" comprising the French, the Picards, Normans and a polyglot of nationalities (predominantly English, German, Scandinavian and otherwise Central European) referred to as \"English\". The overwhelming majority of students were from the elite or aristocratic classes of Europe, as the cost of travel and maintenance of a stay at the university, as well as basic tuition, was beyond the reach of the poor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008512-0003-0000", "contents": "1229 University of Paris strike, Riot\nIn March 1229, on Shrove Tuesday, Paris's pre-Lenten carnival was coming to its conclusion, similar to the modern-day Mardi Gras, when one wore masks and generally let loose. The students often drank heavily and were rowdy, and in the suburban quarter of Saint Marcel, a dispute broke out between a band of students and a tavern proprietor over a bill, which led to a physical fight. The students were beaten up and thrown into the streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008512-0004-0000", "contents": "1229 University of Paris strike, Riot\nThe next day, Ash Wednesday, the aggrieved students returned in larger numbers armed with wooden clubs; broke into the tavern, which was closed on account of the penitential holiday, beat the taverner and destroyed the establishment. Other shops were damaged in a subsequent riot, which spilled into the streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008512-0005-0000", "contents": "1229 University of Paris strike, Riot\nBecause students had benefit of clergy, which exempted them from the jurisdiction of the king's courts, angry complaints were filed with the ecclesiastical (Church) courts. The ecclesiastical courts knew that the university tended to be very protective of its students, and fearing a split like that of Cambridge University from Oxford, they were trying to approach the matter carefully.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008512-0006-0000", "contents": "1229 University of Paris strike, Riot\nHowever, Blanche of Castile, regent of France during the minority of Louis IX, stepped in and demanded retribution. The university allowed the city guard to punish the student rioters. The city guardsmen, known for their rough nature, found a group of students and, with an unexpectedly heavy hand, killed several of them. The dead students were later rumored to be innocent of the actual riot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008512-0007-0000", "contents": "1229 University of Paris strike, Strike\nThe response from the university was an immediate strike. Classes were closed, and striking students went to other universities such as Reims, Oxford or Toulouse, returned home or found employment elsewhere. Faculty ceased to teach. An economic strain was placed upon the student quarter of Paris, the Latin Quarter, where Latin was commonly heard in the streets, and the university was a major component in the economy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008512-0008-0000", "contents": "1229 University of Paris strike, Resolution\nAfter two years of negotiations, Pope Gregory IX, an alumnus of the University of Paris, issued, on April 13, 1231, the bull Parens scientiarum, honouring the university as the \"Mother of Sciences\", which later was called the Magna Carta of the University of Paris because it guaranteed the school independence from local authority, both ecclesiastical and secular, by placing it directly under papal patronage. The threat of suspension of lectures remained an economic lever: masters were authorized to \"disperse\" the lectures over a wide range of provocations, which ranged from \"monstrous injury or offense\" to \"the right to assess the rents of lodgings\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008514-0000-0000", "contents": "122P/de Vico\n122P/de Vico (provisional designation: 1846 D1) is a periodic comet with an orbital period of 74 years. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet with (20 years < period < 200 years). It was discovered by Francesco de Vico in Rome on February 20, 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008514-0001-0000", "contents": "122P/de Vico\nOn 3 December 2153 the comet will pass about 0.694\u00a0AU (103,800,000\u00a0km; 64,500,000\u00a0mi) from Uranus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008514-0002-0000", "contents": "122P/de Vico\nDaniel Kirkwood in 1884 noticed that the comet shares elements with comet 12P/Pons-Brooks. He suggested that 122P had calved off Pons-Brooks some centuries prior. Later he identified the two comets' capture into their elliptical orbits (or their parent body's capture) with their shared aphelion close to Neptune 991 CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0000-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron\nThe 122d Fighter Squadron is a unit of the Louisiana Air National Guard 159th Fighter Wing located at Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans, Louisiana. The 122d is equipped with the F-15C/D Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0001-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the 122d Observation Squadron, established on 30 July 1940. It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0002-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History\nThe 122nd Observation Squadron, was formed in December 1940 at the New Orleans Municipal Airport, (currently known as Lakefront Airport). Two months later, with an assortment of 0-38s, O-46s, 0-47s, O-49s and BC-1As to fly, the unit was called to active service at Esler Field in Alexandria, LA, in response to a general military call-up following the bombing of Pearl Harbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0003-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nWith the United States' entry into World War II, the 122nd returned to New Orleans in December 1941 to conduct anti-submarine patrol over the Gulf of Mexico. Four missions were flown each day, the aircraft flying in pairs, as far as 100 miles out into the Gulf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0004-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nIn February 1942, the Squadron was re-equipped with A-20 Havoc Attack Bombers and was deployed first to England as part of Eighth Air Force, then to North Africa as part of Operation Torch invasion forces in November 1943, assigned to Twelfth Air Force. The 122nd first landed at Fedala, French Morocco and participated in the capture of Casablanca. There, the squadron became part of the 68th Reconnaissance Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0005-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nSeveral months later the A-20s were replaced by P-38 Lightnings, P-39 Airacobras and P-40 Warhawks, and the unit was reorganized as a branch of the North African Fighter Training Command. In the summer of 1943, the unit was moved to Bertaux, Algeria, where members trained French and American pilots in navigation and general fighting tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0006-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 122nd was reassigned to HQ Fifteenth Air Force in May 1944 and was re-designated as the 885th Bombardment Squadron (heavy). Equipped with highly modified B-17 Flying Fortresses and B-24 Liberators, the unit transported supplies to partisans and engaged in nighttime special operations missions, flying into Occupied France, Fascist Italy, Yugoslavia and other parts of Occupied Europe supporting partisans and parachuting Allied Agents into enemy territory. Was inactivated in Italy in October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0007-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard\nThe wartime 885th Bombardment Squadron was re-designated as the 122nd Bombardment Squadron and was allotted to the Louisiana Air National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at New Orleans Lakefront Airport, Louisiana and was extended federal recognition on 5 December 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 122nd Bombardment Squadron was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 885th Bombardment Squadron and all predecessor units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0008-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard\nThe squadron was equipped with B-26 Invader light bombers and was allocated to the Tenth Air Force, Continental Air Command. The squadron was equipped with 25 aircraft, mostly Douglas B-26C Invaders, but a few \"B\" models as well, most of the aircraft assigned were newly manufactured at the Douglas plant in Tulsa, Oklahoma at the end of World War II and were never assigned to any wartime units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0009-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard\nDuring the postwar years, the Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, these units also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score better than full-time USAF units. The pilots practiced formation bombing with the B-26s as well as low-level intrusion and strafing. Parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0010-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Korean War Federalization\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, the ANG was mobilized into federal active duty. The 122nd Bombardment Squadron was federalized and ordered to active duty on 1 April 1951. By then most of the squadron's aircraft and many of its pilots had already been transferred to active-duty units and sent to Japan as replacement and reinforcing aircraft for B-26 units engaged in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 87], "content_span": [88, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0011-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Korean War Federalization\nThe squadron was transferred to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia as part of Ninth Air Force, Tactical Air Command. The 122d became part of the 4400th Combat Crew Training Group, a temporary organization formed by TAC with the mission of training pilots in the B-26 for subsequent deployment to the war zone. The 122d was joined by the PA ANG 117th Bombardment Squadron. On 1 November 1952 the training unit at Langley was inactivated and returned to Louisiana State Control on 1 January 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 87], "content_span": [88, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0012-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Tactical Bomber mission\nFollowing the end of the Korean War, the B-26s began to be withdrawn from active service and replaced by jet-powered equipment such as the Martin B-57 Canberra and the Douglas B-66 Destroyer. The 122nd was re-equipped with former active-duty B-26s and continued training with the versatile light bomber under the Texas ANG 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing, being operationally gained by Tactical Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 85], "content_span": [86, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0013-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nIn 1957, the 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing was transferred from TAC to Air Defense Command, being re-designated as an Air Defense Wing. The B-26s were sent to storage at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona (many would be later used in the Vietnam War as counter-insurgency aircraft), and the 122nd was re-designated as a Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 1 June 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0013-0001", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nWith the transfer to ADC, the 122nd was initially equipped with some obsolete F-80C-11 (modified F-80A to F-80C standards) Shooting Stars as an interim aircraft, receiving F-86D Sabre Interceptors in late 1957 and lastly the upgraded F-86L Sabre Interceptor at the end of the year with uprated afterburning engines and new electronics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0014-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nWith the F-86L, the squadron was selected by Air Defense Command to man a runway alert program on full 24-hour basis \u2013 with armed jet fighters ready to \"scramble\" at a moment's notice. This event brought the squadron into the daily combat operational program of the USAF, placing it on \"the end of the runway\" alongside regular USAF-Air Defense Fighter Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0015-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nIn 1958, the 122nd was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 159th Fighter Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau on 1 April 1958. The 122nd FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other support squadrons assigned into the group were the 159th Headquarters, 159th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 159th Combat Support Squadron, and the 159th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0016-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nIn July 1960, the 159th converted to the F-102 Delta Daggers. In 1962, the 122nd Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was assigned to the Gulfport Combat Readiness Training Center, Mississippi, for six weeks of intensive flying training. Involved were 150 officers and airmen, including support elements from the 159th Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron, 159th Material Squadron and 159th Air Base Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0017-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn December 1970 the 159th was transferred from Aerospace Defense Command to Tactical Air Command. ADC was phasing down its manned interceptor force as the chances of a Soviet Bomber attack on the United States seemed remote. The unit was re-designated the 159th Tactical Fighter Group, and the 122nd Tactical Fighter Squadron was re-equipped with F-100D/F Super Sabres. In 1970, the F-100 was still considered a first-line aircraft, and most of the F-100s in the inventory were serving in South Vietnam flying combat missions. The Super Sabres received by the 122d came from the USAFE 20th Tactical Fighter Wing which was transitioning to the General Dynamics F-111F. With the conversion to the F-100s, the ADC 24-hour alert status ended and retraining in tactical fighter missions began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0018-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe 159th flew the F-100s for almost a decade, retiring the aircraft beginning in April 1979 when the 122nd began receiving F-4C Phantom II aircraft from active-duty units. In 1979 Aerospace Defense Command was inactivated, with Tactical Air Command taking over the Continental US Air Defense Mission. The 159th was assigned to Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), a named unit at the Numbered Air Force level under TAC. Under ADTAC, the 122nd began to fly Air Defense missions again with the F-4C, although the squadron was dual-hatted and continued to fly Tactical Fighter training missions with the Phantom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0019-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe Phantoms were ending their service life in the mid-1980s, and in 1986, the F-4Cs were replaced by F-15A/B Eagles. As the F-15s had no tactical bombing capability at the time, the 122d continued the Air Defense mission under TAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0020-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn March 1992 the 159th Tactical Fighter Group became the 159th Fighter Group when the unit adopted the USAF Objective Organization, and the 122nd Fighter Squadron was assigned to the new 159th Operations Group. Later in June, Tactical Air Command stood down and was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC). No change in mission was made and the 159th continued in the air defense role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 72], "content_span": [73, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0021-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn the early 1990s, squadron aircraft and personnel were deployed to Aviano Air Base, Italy, flying combat missions over the former Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War as part of Operation Allied Force. On 11 October 1995, in accordance with the \"one base-one wing\" policy, the 159th Fighter Group was changed in status and was re-designated as the 159th Fighter Wing. In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 72], "content_span": [73, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0021-0001", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Modern era\nThe Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 72], "content_span": [73, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0022-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn the late 1990s, the 122nd Expeditionary Fighter Squadron was activated on several occasions, sending packages of personnel and aircraft to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, to fly Combat Air Patrol missions over Iraq as part of Operation Northern Watch. Also the 122nd EFS was activated with a deployment to Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia, flying CAP missions over Southern Iraq as part of Operation Southern Watch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 72], "content_span": [73, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0023-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn response to the 9/11 attacks in 2001, the 122nd Fighter Squadron engaged in Combat Air Patrols over major United States Cities as part of Operation Noble Eagle (ONE). ONE patrols continued into 2002 before being scaled down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 72], "content_span": [73, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0024-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn 2006, the F-15A models were retired and the 122nd was upgraded to the more capable F-15C Eagle. As part of the Global War on Terrorism, the 122nd EFS has been deployed to support Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF); Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in Afghanistan, Operation New Horizons in Central and South America and Operation New Dawn in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 72], "content_span": [73, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0025-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Modern era\nThe most recent deployment of the 122nd Expeditionary Fighter Squadron was completed in October 2012 when the squadron deployed to at Al Dhafra Air Base, United Arab Emirates, and as part of the 380th Expeditionary Operations Group, the 122nd EFS flew missions in support of the Joint Air Defense of the Persian Gulf and Operation Enduring Freedom. The mission included providing air superiority in support of national military objectives and flying Fighter Integration Sorties with F-22 Raptors and F-15E Strike Eagles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 72], "content_span": [73, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008515-0026-0000", "contents": "122d Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008516-0000-0000", "contents": "122d Signal Battalion\nThe 122nd Signal Battalion was constituted 1 July 1916 in the United States Regular Army, then organized to Fort Bliss in Texas on 10 October 1916. On 21 September 1917, the unit was assigned to the 2nd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008517-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd (Muskoka) Battalion, CEF\nThe 122nd Overseas Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Huntsville, Ontario & Bracebridge, Ontario  the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in the Muskoka district. After sailing to England in June 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the Canadian Forestry Depot on June 9, 1917. The 122nd Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008517-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd (Muskoka) Battalion, CEF\nThe Battalion had 4 different versions of their cap badge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008518-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Brigade\nThe 122nd Brigade was a formation of  the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 41st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008518-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd Brigade, Formation\nThe infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008519-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Delaware General Assembly\nThe 122nd Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 8, 1963, which was two weeks before the beginning of the seventh administrative year of Governor Elbert N. Carvel and Eugene Lammont as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008519-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008519-0002-0000", "contents": "122nd Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 122nd Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Democratic majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008519-0003-0000", "contents": "122nd Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008519-0004-0000", "contents": "122nd Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008520-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (\u2192\u200etop: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008520-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 122nd Division (\u7b2c122\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakunij\u016bni Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Maizuru Division (\u821e\u9db4\u5175\u56e3, Maizuru Heidan). It was formed 16 January in Mudanjiang as a triangular division. It was a part of a batch of eight simultaneously created divisions comprising the 121st, 122nd, 123rd, 124th, 125th, 126th, 127th and 128th Divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the 4th Independent Border Group and the remnants of the 11th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008520-0002-0000", "contents": "122nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\nOn 30 March 1945 the 122nd Division formation was complete and it was assigned to the 1st Area Army. It was tasked with garrisoning Mudanjiang. In June\u2013July 1945, part of the division was moved to the Ning'an area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008520-0003-0000", "contents": "122nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\nAt the start of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria the headquarters of the 122nd division were on the west coast of the Jingpo Lake. The 122nd Division surrendered to the Red Army on 17 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008521-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 122nd Division (Chinese: \u7b2c122\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 11th Division, 4th Column of PLA Fourth Field Army. Its history could be trace to 6th Division of Shandong Military District, formed in August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008521-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was a part of 41st Corps. Under the flag of 122nd the division took part in several major battles during the Chinese Civil War, including the Laoshen and Pingjin Campaign. The division was composed of 364th, 365th and 366th Infantry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008521-0002-0000", "contents": "122nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn October 1952, 366th Infantry Regiment detached from the division and filled into 45th Division fighting in the bloody Battle of Triangle Hill. 392nd Infantry Regiment from 131st Division attached and redesignated as the new 366th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008521-0003-0000", "contents": "122nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1953 502nd Artillery Regiment activated. By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008521-0004-0000", "contents": "122nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn July 1953, the division took part in the Dongshan Island Campaign,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008521-0005-0000", "contents": "122nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1960 the division was renamed as 122nd Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c122\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008521-0006-0000", "contents": "122nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1962 the division was catalogued as a \"small division\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008521-0007-0000", "contents": "122nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1969, 502nd Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment, 122nd Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008521-0008-0000", "contents": "122nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1979, the division took part in the Sino-Vietnam War. During the conflict the division inflicted 2730 casualties to confronting PAVN units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008521-0009-0000", "contents": "122nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1985 the division was disbanded. 364th Infantry Regiment was transferred to 121st Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008522-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 122nd Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the Illinois Army National Guard. The regiment's 2nd Battalion is the cannon battalion assigned to the 33rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008522-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 2nd Battalion, 122nd Artillery was deployed to help suppress the April 1968 Chicago riots. Detachment 1, 1st Battalion, 122nd Artillery was deployed to Afghanistan in support of the 1-178 Infantry Battalion in support of Operation Freedoms Sentinel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008522-0002-0000", "contents": "122nd Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage & Honors, Lineage\nOrdered into active Federal service 2 October 2008 at home stations; released from active Federal service 5 November 2009 and reverted to state control", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008523-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Fighter Aviation Squadron\nThe 122nd Fighter Aviation Squadron (Serbo-Croatian: 122. lova\u010dka avijacijska eskadrila / 122. \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430) was an aviation squadron of Yugoslav Air Force established in April 1961 as part of 94th Fighter Aviation Regiment at Skopski Petrovac military airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008523-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd Fighter Aviation Squadron\nIt was equipped with US-made North American F-86E Sabre jet fighter aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008523-0002-0000", "contents": "122nd Fighter Aviation Squadron\nBy the end of 1964 the 83rd Fighter Aviation Regiment has been disbanded per the \"Drvar 2\" reorganization plan. The 122nd Fighter Aviation Squadron was also disbanded. Its personnel and equipment were attached to 123rd Fighter Aviation Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008524-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Fighter Wing\nThe 122nd Fighter Wing (122 FW sometimes 122nd) is a unit of the Indiana Air National Guard, stationed at Fort Wayne Air National Guard Station, Fort Wayne, Indiana. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008524-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd Fighter Wing, History\nThe 358th Fighter Group trained in the Mid-Atlantic United States with P-40 Warhawks, 1943. While in training also used for air defense of Philadelphia area. Moved to England during September and October 1943, they were equipped with P-47 Thunderbolts and began operations on 20 December 1943 and served in combat with Eighth and later, Ninth Air Forces until V-E Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008524-0002-0000", "contents": "122nd Fighter Wing, History\nIn 2005 the wing introduced the reconnaissance Theater Airborne Reconnaissance System, becoming one of the first units to fly with it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008524-0003-0000", "contents": "122nd Fighter Wing, History\nIn 2008, after having flown for 17 years with the block 25 aircraft, these F-16s were nearing the end of their planned operational lifespans. The aircraft the 122nd received were only somewhat newer; Block 30 F-16C/Ds, manufactured between 1987 and 1989. These models were provided by the Michigan Air National Guard 107th Fighter Squadron, which was then transitioning to the A-10 Thunderbolt II at the time. With the upgrade to the Block 30 aircraft, the tail code of the 163rd was changed from \"FW\" (Fort Wayne) to \"IN\" (Indiana) in 2009 when the 181st Fighter Wing at Hulman Field became a non-flying unit. However, only a few of the F-16s were re-coded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008524-0004-0000", "contents": "122nd Fighter Wing, History\nIn 2009 \u2013 the year the unit honored its predecessor unit \u2013 the 358th FG \u2013 with a heritage jet \u2013 it was decided that the squadron was to retire their 20-year-old F-16s and become an A-10 Thunderbolt II squadron. The conversion happened in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008525-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Fusilier Regiment (W\u00fcrttemberg)\nThe 122nd Fusiliers (4th W\u00fcrttemberg), named \"Kaiser Franz Josef von \u00d6sterreich, K\u00f6nig von Ungarn\" (Emperor Franz Josef of Austria, King of Hungary) were an infantry regiment of the Army of W\u00fcrttemberg. The regiment was formed as fusiliers in 1807. In 1906 it was named after Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria-Hungary. The regiment took part in Napoleon's Russian campaign, the Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian war. In World War I it was part of the 26th (1st W\u00fcrttemberg) Division. The regiment was disbanded 1 May 1919, 5th and 7th Company/13th Infantry were bearing its tradition in the new Reichsheer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008526-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Guards Rifle Division\nThe 122nd Guards Rifle Division was an elite infantry division of the Red Army. It was formed in June 1945 from the 2nd formation of the 249th Estonian Rifle Division. The division was stationed in Estonia and disbanded in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008526-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd Guards Rifle Division, History\nThe division was formed on June 28, 1945, from the re-designated 249th Estonian Rifle Division. On the same date the entire 8th Estonian Rifle Corps was raised to Guards status as the 41st Guards Rifle Corps. On its formation the 122nd Guards inherited the honorific title and decorations of the 249th, with its full title being 122nd Guards Rifle Estonian, Order of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner Division. Col. August Yulianovich Feldman was in command of the 249th up to the German surrender and likely continued in command of the 122nd Guards until he was appointed deputy commander of the 41st Guards Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008526-0002-0000", "contents": "122nd Guards Rifle Division, History\nThis re-designation took place nearly two months after V-E Day, but before the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, so technically the 122nd Guards can be considered a wartime formation, although it did not see combat in Manchuria. The division was stationed in Tartu and was disbanded there in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008527-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Hydroplane Liaison Squadron\nThe 122nd Hydroplane Liaison Squadron (Serbo-Croatian: 122. hidroavijacijska eskadrila za vezu / 122. \u0445\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0437\u0443) was an aviation squadron of Yugoslav Air Force formed on July 24, 1949, as 122nd Hydroplane Section (Serbo-Croatian: 122. hidroavijacijsko odeljenje/ 122. \u0445\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0435\u0459\u0435\u045a\u0435)  as part of Yugoslav Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008527-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd Hydroplane Liaison Squadron, History\nFormed at Divulje, squadron has been based during its whole existence. In the first period as section, it was part of Yugoslav Navy, but later on December 17, 1951, when it has merged with hydro base of 21st Aviation Division, being attached to same division of Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008527-0002-0000", "contents": "122nd Hydroplane Liaison Squadron, History\nSquadron was equipped with older captured German and newer Yugoslav-made and British hydroplanes. During the 1954, squadron has received two British-made Westland WS-51 Mk.1b \"Dragonfly\" helicopters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008527-0003-0000", "contents": "122nd Hydroplane Liaison Squadron, History\nIt was disbanded by order from June 8, 1968. It has become 3rd Section of 784th Anti-Submarine Helicopter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 122nd Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an Infantry Regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Organization\nThe 122nd Illinois was organized at Camp Palmer, Carlinville, Illinois, in August 1862, by Colonel John I. Rinaker, and was mustered into the service of the United States 4 September 1862, with 960 enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0002-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Organization\nThe Regiment remained in camp and was drilled until 8 October, and was then ordered and moved to Columbus, Kentucky. Upon its arrival at that post, it was ordered to go at once to Trenton, Tennessee, and report to General G. M. Dodge. The Regiment arrived at Trenton on 12 October and relieved the First Kansas Infantry, Colonel George W. Deitzler. Colonel Rinaker was assigned to the command of the post, and troops at that place, consisting of the One Hundred and Twenty-second Illinois Infantry, Seventh Tennessee Cavalry, Colonel Isaac R. Hawkins commanding; Fourth Illinois Cavalry, and Captain Sparstroms Battery, Second Illinois Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0003-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Organization\nThe Regiment continued on duty at Trenton till 12 November 1862, when Colonel Rinaker was ordered to take the right wing of the Regiment, companies A, D, and F, and proceed to Humboldt, Tennessee, and relieve the Eighty-first Illinois Infantry, and to take command of the post and troops remaining there, consisting of four companies: Fifty-fourth Illinois Infantry, a part of Fourth Illinois Cavalry, Seventh Wisconsin Battery. This order was at once executed. The remainder of the Regiment was left at Trenton under command of Lieutenant Colonel J. F. Drish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0004-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Organization\nThe force at Humboldt was to hold the Mobile and Ohio Railroad from Trenton to Jackson, Tennessee, and guard the ordnance, commissary and quartermaster's supplies stored at that place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0005-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Organization\nThis service was performed until 18 December, when the Regiment moved to Jackson to aid in defense of that place against an impending attack thereon by heavy forces of cavalry under lieutenant general Nathan Bedford Forrest. From Jackson, the One Hundred and Twenty-second Regiment, with the Forty-third and Sixty-first Illinois, moved out on 19 December, and had a skirmish with the enemy that day and moved on out to Lexington, Tennessee, and returned to Jackson on 21 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0006-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Organization\nThence moved to Trenton on the 23d of December, and the same night marched in obedience to orders to a point near Humboldt, to protect a force repairing Mobile and Ohio Railroad, which had just been destroyed by rebel cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0006-0001", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Organization\nDuring the time that the Regiment had been about Jackson, the rebel cavalry under Forrest had captured the hospital at Trenton, and had made prisoners of the sick and the guards on duty at Trenton, by which the One Hundred and Twenty-second for the time being lost Major James F. Chapman and Captain B. Cowan, W. W. Freeman, Regimental Quartermaster, and 60 enlisted men taken prisoner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0007-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Parker's Cross Roads\nOn 27 December, nine companies of the One Hundred and Twenty-second, nine companies of Thirty-ninth Iowa Infantry, Fiftieth Indiana Infantry, and a part of Seventh Wisconsin Battery, with three pieces of artillery, and 40 men of Eighteenth Illinois Infantry, the latter mounted, whole under command of Colonel Cyrus L. Dunham, Fiftieth Indiana, marched from Trenton to head off the cavalry force under Forrest then moving back from near Columbus, Kentucky, toward the Tennessee River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 82], "content_span": [83, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0007-0001", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Parker's Cross Roads\nMoved by way of Huntingdon, Tennessee, and on 30 December a skirmish occurred with the enemy, and on 31 December 1862, at about 11 A.M., the One Hundred and Twenty-second and Fiftieth Indiana and the 40 men of the Eighteenth Illinois Infantry, and a part of the Seventh Wisconsin Battery, constituting a force of 1,540 men, engaged in battle with the enemy under Forrest, numbering over 6,000 men with eighteen pieces of artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 82], "content_span": [83, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0007-0002", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Parker's Cross Roads\nThe fight continued till about 2 o\u2019clock P.M., when the enemy fell back leaving the field in possession of the little force that had fought them for nearly three hours, and had during that time captured eight pieces of artillery and 500 prisoners, among them Major Strange, Forrest's Adjutant General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 82], "content_span": [83, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0007-0003", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Parker's Cross Roads\nThe loss of the One Hundred and Twenty-second Regiment in killed were 22 enlisted and 1 officer, Lieutenant Bristow, in wounded 56 enlisted men and 2 officers, Colonel Rinaker, who received a severe wound in his right leg, and Captain William B. Dugger; one man missing, making a total loss of 80 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 82], "content_span": [83, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0008-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Parker's Cross Roads\nOn 31 January 1863, the Regiment returned to Trenton, Tennessee, and remained there on duty till 17 February, when it moved to Corinth, Mississippi, and was assigned to the First Brigade, Second Division, XVI Corps, Colonel Mersy, of Ninth Illinois, commanding Brigade, General Sweeney commanding Division; General Dodge commanding left wing of the XVI Corps. The Brigade was composed of Ninth, Twelfth, Sixty-sixth and One Hundred and Twenty-second Illinois, and Eighty-first Ohio Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 82], "content_span": [83, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0009-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Paducah\nFrom 15 to 25 April, the Regiment took part in expedition to Major Strange, and was engaged with a rebel force at Town Creek, Alabama. The Regiment was there commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Drish. 25 June, Mersy's Brigade was put in charge of Memphis and Charleston Railroad, from Corinth, Mississippi, to Grand Junction. The One Hundred and Twenty-second had that part from Middleton, Tennessee, to Grand Junction: headquarters of the One Hundred and Twenty-second at Saulsbury, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 69], "content_span": [70, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0009-0001", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Paducah\nDuring the ensuing months till 30 October 1863, the men were constantly on duty and often engaged in skirmishes with cavalry forces of the enemy threatening the railroad. Colonel Rinaker was in command of the post at Saulsbury and of the forces at that post, consisting of a part of One Hundred and Twenty-second Regiment, the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry and the Seventh Tennessee Cavalry. On 30 October, the Regiment moved from Saulsbury to Corinth, thence on 1 November, to Iuka, Mississippi. Colonel Rinaker was assigned to the command of post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 69], "content_span": [70, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0009-0002", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Paducah\nOn 5 November, the Regiment moved with the rest of the right wing, XVI Corps, to Eastport, Mississippi. At that point the One Hundred and Twenty-second was left in charge of that place. A depot of supplies was established there. Colonel Rinaker was assigned to the command of the post and troops, consisting of the First New Jersey Cavalry, Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth New Jersey Infantry, and Seventeenth and One Hundred and Seventy-eighth New York Regiment of Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 69], "content_span": [70, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0009-0003", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Paducah\nThe Regiment remained at Eastport till 8 December 1863, when it moved to Paducah, Kentucky, and thence on 19 January 1864, to Cairo, Illinois, Colonel Rinaker being assigned to the command of the post. On 24 March 1864, a considerable rebel force under Forrest attacked Paducah, and three companies of the One Hundred and Twenty-second, E, H and K, took part in the defense, and aided in repelling the enemy in the three several assaults they made on Fort Anderson at that place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 69], "content_span": [70, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0010-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Paducah\n26 June 1864, the Regiment after the defeat of Sturgis at Guntown, Mississippi, was ordered to join the command of General A. J. Smith, then at LaGrange, Tennessee. Smith's command at that time was the right wing of the XVI Corps. The Regiment proceeded via Memphis, Tennessee, and on the 3d of July 1864, reported to General A. J. Smith at LaGrange, and was assigned to the First Brigade, Second Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 69], "content_span": [70, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0011-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Paducah\nOn 4 July, the command started on the march for Okolona, Mississippi, for the purpose of attacking the force then concentrating at that place under the command of Lieutenant General S. D. Lee, of the Confederate army. Cavalry skirmishing took place every day. The march was long, toilsome, the weather was hot; many cases of sun stroke occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 69], "content_span": [70, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0012-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Tupelo\nOn the 11th the command reached Pontotoc, Mississippi, remained there till the 13th. Then the Regiment with the rest of the command marched to the village of Tupelo, and thus turned the right flank of the fortified position of the rebels in front of Okolona, compelling them to come out and attack us at Tupelo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0012-0001", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Tupelo\nOn 14 July, about 9 o\u2019clock A.M., the enemy, under General S. D. Lee, came forward in fine style and attacked General Smith's command posted in the rear of a crest of a ridge fronted by an open field, across which the rebels had to come. The One Hundred and Twenty-second was stationed with its right just covering the road leading into Tupelo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0012-0002", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Tupelo\nAs the enemy advanced across the open plain, covered by a heavy artillery fire, the One Hundred and Twenty-second and the rest of the Brigade moved forward from the opposite side, and met the enemy just at the crest of the ridge, and opened a destructive fire upon them with such effect that their ranks were shattered and the whole force driven back with heavy loss in men and officers. Three times the assault was repeated and repulsed with equally disastrous results to the rebel force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0012-0003", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Tupelo\nAt about 2 P.M., the enemy discomfited, withdrew, leaving the Union forces masters of the field, and in possession of the rebel dead. The loss of the One Hundred Twenty-second were 10 killed and 33 wounded. Among the killed was Captain Burrough, of Company K. Lieutenant J. M. Valentine, of Company A, was severely wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0013-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Tupelo\nThe Regiment with the rest of the command returned to Memphis on the 23d of July 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0014-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Tupelo\nAgain on 4 August the Regiment marched from Memphis, with the rest of General Smith's command, for Holly Springs, where after being detained a few days, the force moved on to Oxford, Mississippi. Near Abbeville they had a skirmish with the enemy without serious results to the Regiment. Reached Oxford only to find that the enemy had fallen back still farther.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0015-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Tupelo\nThence marched back to Memphis, reaching there on 31 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0016-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Tupelo\nOn 8 September, took boats for Cairo, Illinois Thence to Jefferson Barracks, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0017-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Tupelo\nThence marched to Ironton, Missouri., to meet a rebel force under General Sterling Price. The foxy old fellow turned aside and we had to return, and thence march into Western Missouri, in the vain attempt to meet the same rebel force. This march covered the distance of 700 miles going and returning to and from the vicinity of Kansas City. The weather was much of the time during the march, cold, and the ground rough and frozen, the shoes of the men worn out and much severe suffering was endured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0018-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Nashville\nUpon the return of the command to St. Louis on 18 November 1864, the men were supplied with new shoes and clothing. Then the command of General A. J. Smith was ordered to go to the defense of Nashville, Tennessee. This command then consisted of three Divisions of Infantry, and was called the \"Detachment Army of the Tennessee\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0018-0001", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Nashville\nThe One Hundred and Twenty-second Regiment proceeded to Nashville, where, on 15 and 16 December 1864, it took part in the battle of Nashville, capturing four pieces of artillery and a battle flag from the enemy; and losing in killed and wounded 26 men. The conduct of the Regiment in this battle was commended specially in the report of General Garrard, the Division command. The Regiment was commanded in the battle by Lieutenant Colonel James F. Drish. The Regiment took part in the pursuit of General Hood\u2019s Army from Nashville to Eastport, Miss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0019-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Nashville\nThence on 18 February with residue of the Detachment of the Army of the Tennessee, under General A. J. Smith, proceeded to New Orleans, Louisiana, arriving there on the --- of February. At that place other troops were added to the command, and it became thenceforth the SVI Corps, Army of the Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0020-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Fort Blakely\nOn 6 March the One Hundred and Twenty-second Regiment with the One Hundred and Nineteenth Illinois, Twenty-first Missouri Infantry, Eighty-ninth Indiana, constituting First Brigade, Second Division, XVI Army Corps, and Fifty-eighth Illinois, under command of Colonel Rinaker, went by ocean steamer to Dauphin Island, Alabama, near mouth of Mobile Bay. On the 23d of March, moved thence with the rest of the XVI Corps to assist in the investment of rebel fortifications at Blakely and Spanish Fort, these constituting the eastern defenses of Mobile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 74], "content_span": [75, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0020-0001", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Fort Blakely\nAnd on 9 April 1865, it occupied the center of the line formed by the First Brigade, General Garrard's Division, XVI Corps of the Army of the Tennessee, in the assault upon the rebel works at Blakely, and materially aided in capturing that place. The Brigade captured 10 pieces of artillery and the rebel General's headquarters, a number of rebel flags, and several hundreds of prisoners, among them Generals Liddell and Thomas and their staff officers. The Regiment was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Drish, who was seriously wounded by a piece of shell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 74], "content_span": [75, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0020-0002", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Fort Blakely\nThe loss of the Regiment was 20 men killed and wounded. Colonel Rinaker commanded the Brigade in the charge as he had done for a considerable time previous thereto. The Regiment with the rest of the XVI Corps on 12 April, left Blakely and marched thence to Montgomery, Alabama, arriving there on the 26th of that month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 74], "content_span": [75, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0021-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Muster Out\nOn 5 June, the Regiment returned to Mobile, Alabama, and on 15 July it was mustered out, and proceeded thence to Springfield, Illinois, where it was paid off and finally discharged at Camp Butler on 4 August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0022-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Muster Out\nColonel John I Rinaker promoted brevet brigadier general 13 March 1865, for meritorious service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008528-0023-0000", "contents": "122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nRegiment lost during service 2 Officers and 38 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 121 Enlisted men by disease. Total 161.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008529-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 122nd Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that failed to complete its organization to serve in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The enlisted men in the regiment were transferred to the 120th Indiana Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008530-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Infantry Division (France)\n122nd Infantry Division was an infantry division of the French Army during the First World War. It was deployed overseas, seeing action on the Salonika front, fighting alongside British troops. It was sent to the Crimea in December 1918 as part of the Army of the Danube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008530-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd Infantry Division (France), Chronology, 1915\nConstitution of the 112th Division between the 6 and 15 June 1915, using elements from the Division Provisoire Gu\u00e9rin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008530-0002-0000", "contents": "122nd Infantry Division (France), Chronology, 1915\n11 November\u00a0: fighting in the Tchitch\u00e9vo region . From the 12 November, defensive battles, then, on the 21st, retreat to the right bank of the Tch\u00e9rna. (From the 30 November, a brigade is brought to Pogradec with a view to establishing a defensive position).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008531-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 122nd Infantry Division (German: 122. Infanterie-Division) was a German division in World War II. It was formed on 5 October 1940", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008531-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation\nDivisional Supply Troops 122Administrative troops 122Transport Park Troops 122Fieldpost 122Veterinary Troops 122Medical troops 122", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008532-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 122nd Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the United States Army. It is a component of the Georgia Army National Guard and traces its roots back to the year 1857. It exists today as the 122nd Regiment\u2013Regional Training Institute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008532-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 122nd Infantry Regiment traces lineage to the Gate City Guards in Atlanta. At the time, Atlanta was known as \"The Gate City\" of the South, because it was a major railroad terminus in the region. In 1857, the Gate City Guard was founded as a private militia company which comprised 100 men and officers. In the American Civil War, Georgia voted to secede and join the Confederate States of America and the Gate City Guard was the first to offer their service to the governor, Joseph E. Brown. Traveling to Macon, they joined the 1st Georgia Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008532-0001-0001", "contents": "122nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nWhile in the regiment, they fought in the Western Virginia Campaign, particularly in the Battle of Laurel Hill. In early 1862, the regiment's initial period of service expired, but many men continued to fight in different units. The Gate City Guard was eventually reformed in 1877 after the war. In 1898, the Gate City Guard was formed into a part of the 5th Georgia Infantry for service in the Spanish\u2013American War, but never saw combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008532-0001-0002", "contents": "122nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nIn 1916, the 5th Georgia was redesignated the 122nd Infantry Regiment and was sent to the Mexico\u2013United States border to protect against raids from Pancho Villa. In 1917, the regiment was put into the 31st Infantry Division, the \"Dixie Division,\" for service in World War I. It went overseas in September 1918. Upon arrival in France, the 31st was designated as a replacement division. The personnel of the 122nd Regiment were withdrawn and sent to other organizations as replacements for combat casualties. The 122nd was part of the Army of Occupation in Southern Germany at Koblenz, at Fort Ehrenbreitstein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008532-0002-0000", "contents": "122nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nIn July 1939, the 122nd was reorganized and redesignated as the 179th Field Artillery Regiment and the 2nd Battalion, 214th Coast Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008532-0003-0000", "contents": "122nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nIn 1947, the 122nd Infantry Regiment was reorganized and assigned to the 48th Infantry Division until 1955, when it was redesignated as the 48th Armored Division. Since then, it has served as a training unit for the Army National Guard. It runs the modern Georgia Military Institute in Marietta, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008533-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Maine Senate\nBelow is the list of the 122nd Maine Senate, which was sworn into office on December 1, 2004 and left office in December 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008533-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd Maine Senate\nOn December 1, Beth Edmonds (D-Cumberland) and Paul Davis (R-Piscataquis) were nominated for President of the Maine Senate. After a secret ballot, Edmonds was elected Senate President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008534-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 122nd New York Infantry Regiment known as the \"Onondagas\", was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008534-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd New York Infantry Regiment, History\nA year into the American Civil War, additional troops were being raised in Onondaga County, New York. The county was named for the Onondaga people who lived in the area. It was the third regiment to be raised from the county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008534-0002-0000", "contents": "122nd New York Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was put under Colonel Silas Titus, and was sent immediately into combat action as part of the Army of the Potomac as part of the VI Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008534-0003-0000", "contents": "122nd New York Infantry Regiment, History\nIn its first engagement, the Battle of Antietam, they were kept in reserve and there were no losses. After a few other skirmishes, they saw heavy fighting at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863. Sickness also took its toll on the regiment. Several times Col. Titus was ill and Lieutenant Colonel Augustus Wade Dwight had led the troops until he died March 25, 1865. Titus was also called away to serve as Provost Marshal. Other times, both officers were unable to lead and command passed to Captain Horace Hall Wapole, who was later promoted to lead the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008534-0004-0000", "contents": "122nd New York Infantry Regiment, Awards and legacy\nAround April 1863, regiment Lieutenant William G. Tracy (born April 7, 1843) was assigned as aide-de-camp of Major General Henry Warner Slocum. On May 2 at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Tracy was sent with an urgent message to General Alpheus S. Williams about the attack by Stonewall Jackson. Finding himself behind enemy lines, he kept his nerve and made it through to Union lines despite being wounded. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for this action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008534-0005-0000", "contents": "122nd New York Infantry Regiment, Awards and legacy\nIn 1888, speeches were given to dedicate a monument for the regiment in at the Gettysburg Battlefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008534-0006-0000", "contents": "122nd New York Infantry Regiment, Awards and legacy\nWilliam Eugene Ruggles (1844\u20131907) enlisted as a private in the regiment. He collected a series of drawings depicting the regiment that appear to be the work of engraver Philip M. Ostrander (a private in another Syracuse-based regiment). The drawings were bequeathed to the University of Dundee in 1958 by Ruggles' daughter, and formed the basis of a book by Professor David Swinfen published in 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008534-0007-0000", "contents": "122nd New York Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe companies were recruited principally from these towns and organized by region:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008535-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd New York State Legislature\nThe 122nd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 4 to April 28, 1899, during the first year of Theodore Roosevelt's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008535-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, 50 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (seven districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008535-0002-0000", "contents": "122nd New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Labor Party, the Prohibition Party and the Citizens Union also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008535-0003-0000", "contents": "122nd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1898 was held on November 8. Theodore Roosevelt was elected Governor; and Lt. Gov. Timothy L. Woodruff was re-elected; both Republicans. The other five statewide elective office up for election were also carried by the Republicans. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Republican 662,000; Democratic 644,000; Socialist Labor 24,000; Prohibition 18,000; and Citizens Union 2,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008535-0004-0000", "contents": "122nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1899; and adjourned on April 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008535-0005-0000", "contents": "122nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nTimothy E. Ellsworth (R) was re-elected President pro tempore of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008535-0006-0000", "contents": "122nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 17, the Legislature elected Chauncey M. Depew (R) to succeed Edward Murphy, Jr. (D) as U.S. Senator from New York, for a six-year term beginning on March 4, 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008535-0007-0000", "contents": "122nd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: In 1897, New York County (the boroughs of Manhattan and Bronx), Kings County (the borough of Brooklyn), Richmond County (the borough of Staten Island) and the Western part of Queens County (the borough of Queens) were consolidated into the present-day City of New York. The Eastern part of Queens County (the non-consolidated part) was separated in 1899 as Nassau County. Parts of the 1st and 2nd Assembly districts of Westchester County were annexed by New York City in 1895, and became part of the Borough of the Bronx in 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008535-0008-0000", "contents": "122nd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Thomas H. Cullen, David Floyd Davis, Henry Marshall, Thomas F. Donnelly, Richard H. Mitchell, William J. Graney, Louis F. Goodsell and William W. Armstrong changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008536-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Twenty-second Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1997 and 1998. In this General Assembly, both the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives were controlled by the Ohio Republican Party. In the Senate, there were 21 Republicans and 12 Democrats. In the House, there were 60 Republicans and 39 Democrats. It used redistricted legislative districts from the 1990 United States Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008537-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 122nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 122nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 122nd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008537-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 122nd Ohio Infantry was organized at Zanesville, Ohio, and mustered in for three years service on September 30, 1862, under the command of Colonel William H. Ball. (Company C mustered in October 3, Company G mustered in October 5, Company F mustered in October 6, and Companies I and K mustered in October 8, 1862.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008537-0002-0000", "contents": "122nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Railroad Division, Western Virginia, to January 1863. Milroy's Command, Winchester, Va., VIII Corps, Middle Department, to February 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, VIII Corps, to June 1863. Elliott's Command, VIII Corps, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008537-0003-0000", "contents": "122nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 122nd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Washington, D.C. on June 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008537-0004-0000", "contents": "122nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Ohio for Parkersburg, Va., October 23; thence moved to Clarksburg and to New Creek November 15. Duty at New Creek, Va., November 15 to December 28, 1862. Expedition up the south branch of Potomac River December 28, 1862, to January 1, 1863. Moved to Romney, Va., and duty there until March 17, 1863. Skirmish near Romney February 16. Moved to Winchester March 17, and duty in that vicinity until June. Reconnaissance toward Wardensville and Strasburg April 20. Battle of Winchester June 13\u201315. Retreat to Harper's Ferry June 15\u201317. Garrison, Maryland Heights, until July 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008537-0004-0001", "contents": "122nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nGuard stores to Georgetown, thence moved to Frederick, Md., July 1\u20135. Pursuit of Lee to Manassas Gap, Va., July 5\u201324. Action at Wapping Heights, Va., July 23. Duty at New York City during draft disturbances August 17-September 5. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Kelly's Ford November 7. Brandy Station November 8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Payne's Farm November 27. Demonstrations on the Rapidan February 6\u20137, 1864. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James River May 3-June 15. Battles of the Wilderness May 5\u20137; Spottsylvania May 8\u201312; Spottsylvania Court House May 12\u201321.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008537-0004-0002", "contents": "122nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAssault on the Salient, \"Bloody Angle,\" May 12. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 17-July 6. Jerusalem Plank Road June 22\u201323. Moved to Baltimore, Md., July 6; thence to Monocacy July 8. Battle of Monocacy Junction, Md., July 9. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 29. Charlestown August 21, 22 and 29. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Kernstown until December. Skirmish at Kernstown November 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008537-0004-0003", "contents": "122nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Washington, D.C., December 3; thence to Petersburg, Va. Siege of Petersburg, Va., December 6, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9, 1865. Assault on and fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3\u20139. Sayler's Creek April 6. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. March to Danville April 17\u201327, and duty there until May. Moved to Richmond, Va., May 16; thence to Washington, D.C., May 24-June 1. Corps Review June 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008537-0005-0000", "contents": "122nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 230 men during service; 7 officers and 86 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 137 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008538-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Rajputana Infantry\nThe 122nd Rajputana Infantry were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. The regiment traces their origins to 1818, when they were raised as the 2nd Battalion, 11th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008538-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd Rajputana Infantry\nThe regiments first action was during the Boxer Rebellion, they also served in World War I", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008538-0002-0000", "contents": "122nd Rajputana Infantry\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. In 1922, the 122nd Rajputana Infantry became the 3rd (Prince of Wales's Own), 6th Rajputana Rifles. After independence they were one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008538-0003-0000", "contents": "122nd Rajputana Infantry, Regimental War Memorial\nA memorial to the Rajputana Rifles in the form of a marble Chhatri (canopy) was constructed in 1925 at Nasirabad after formation of Sixth Rajputana Rifle Group in 1921/22. This was to commemorate 2,058 of all ranks of the regiment who had been killed during World War I. The 20-foot high memorial is a Makrana marble dome supported by six pillars. Each pillar represented a battalion of the Rajputana Rifle Group and was engraved with the crest of the battalion. A complete roll of honour was buried beneath a central plaque on which was engraved 23 battle honours earned by the regiment during the war. The memorial was unveiled at Nasirabad on 28 January 1927 by Lieutenant General Sir John Shea, KCB, KCNG, DSO, the then Adjutant General in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008539-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Regiment (XPCC)\nThe 122nd Regiment (\u65b0\u7586\u751f\u4ea7\u5efa\u8bbe\u5175\u56e2\u7b2c122\u56e2), together with its reclamation area, commonly known as the 122nd Regiment Farm (\u5175\u56e2122\u56e2\u573a), is a historic agriculture and construction regiment of the 8th Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. The regiment was formerly known as the 73rd Regiment of the 25th Infantry Division of the 9th Army of the 22rd Corps of the PLA. It was amalgamated into the 121st Regiment in June 2006. The regiment was located in Shawan County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, and based in Dongye Twon (\u4e1c\u91ce\u9547).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008539-0000-0001", "contents": "122nd Regiment (XPCC)\nIts reclaimed land is located in the northern foot of the Tianshan Mountains, southwest of the Junggar Basin, and on the west bank of the Manas River. The geographical coordinates are 44\u00b037\u2032- 44\u00b048\u2032 north latitude, 85\u00b0 27\u2032- 85\u00b041\u2032 east longitude, 19.8 kilometers wide from east to west, 31 kilometers long from north to south, with a total area of 248.47 square kilometers. The cultivated land area is 9.733 thousand hectares. As of 2000 Census, the regiment had a population of 17,724.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008539-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd Regiment (XPCC), History\nThe regiment was formerly known as the 73rd Regiment of the 25th Infantry Division of the 9th Army of the 22rd Corps of the PLA. In June 1953, it was renamed the 19th Regiment of the 7th Agricultural Construction Division of the Xinjiang Military Region. In October 1954, it was formed into the 7th Division of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. In 1956, it moved from Paotai (\u70ae\u53f0) to the sast of Xiayedi (\u4e0b\u91ce\u5730) and changed its name to the 19th Regiment of 7th Xinjiang Agricultural Construction Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008539-0002-0000", "contents": "122nd Regiment (XPCC), History\nIn July 1969, the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) unified the designation of its regiments and divisions, the name of the regiment was changed to the 122nd Regiment from the 19th Regiment. With the abolishment of the XPCC in March 1975, the 7th Division was canceled in May of the same year, the 122nd Regiment was transferred to Shihezi Prefecture (\u77f3\u6cb3\u5b50\u5730\u533a), and renamed as the 122nd Regiment Farm of Shihezi Prefecture (\u77f3\u6cb3\u5b50\u5730\u533a\u4e00\u4e8c\u4e8c\u56e2\u573a). In August 1978, Shihezi Prefecture was abolished, the establishment of the Shihezi Agriculture, Industry and Commerce Joint Enterprise Group Corporation (\u77f3\u6cb3\u5b50\u519c\u5de5\u5546\u8054\u5408\u4f01\u4e1a), with Shihezi City co-office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008539-0002-0001", "contents": "122nd Regiment (XPCC), History\nIn December 1981, the XPCC's structure was restored, and in May 1982, the 8th Agricultural Construction Division was restored in Shihezi City, and the 122nd Regiment Farm of Shihezi was renamed the 122nd Regiment of  8th Agricultural Construction Division. The 122nd Regiment was amalgamated into the 121st Regiment in June 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008540-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Regiment of Foot (1762)\nThe 122nd Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1762 and disbanded in 1764.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008541-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Regiment of Foot (1794)\nThe 122nd Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1794 and disbanded in 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\nThe 122nd Siege Battery was a heavy howitzer unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) raised during  World War I. It saw active service on the Western Front at the Somme and Arras, against the German spring offensive, and in the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war in August 1914, units of the part-time Territorial Force (TF) were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and the majority of the Sussex Royal Garrison Artillery did so. This unit had mobilised as part of No 10 Coastal Fire Command, responsible for the defence of Newhaven. By October 1914, the campaign on the Western Front was bogging down into Trench warfare and there was an urgent need for batteries of siege artillery to be sent to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0001-0001", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nThe WO decided that the TF coastal gunners were well enough trained to take over many of the duties in the coastal defences, releasing Regular RGA gunners for service in the field. Soon the TF RGA companies that had volunteered for overseas service were also supplying trained gunners to RGA units serving overseas and providing cadres to form complete new units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0002-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nA cadre of 3 officers and 78 other ranks (ORs) of the Sussex RGA was assigned to 122nd Siege Battery, RGA, when it was formed at Dover on 22 March 1916. The battery was equipped with four modern 6-inch 26 cwt howitzers and had an ammunition column of Army Service Corps lorries attached to it, including four FWD Model B gun tractors. The battery went out to the Western Front on 18 July 1916", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0003-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service\nThe battery went to Beaufort near Arras where on 23 July it joined 8th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) supporting Third Army. Two days later it began firing to register targets such as Ficheux Mill, the villages of Beaurains and Ransart, the Slag Heap (a nest of machine gunners), a railway bridge and enemy batteries. The Arras sector was relatively quiet during the summer with the emphasis being on the Battle of the Somme further south, but deliberate shoots were carried out with aircraft or balloon observation when weather permitted. On 3 September the battery engaged enemy anti-aircraft batteries to support an attack by the Royal Flying Corps on enemy balloons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0004-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Somme\nIn mid-September 8th HAG was ordered to move south with its batteries to Bayencourt to join VII Corps. From 14 September the batteries were engaged in counter-battery (CB) tasks supporting the adjacent Reserve Army attacking on the Somme, particularly the attack on Miraumont on 28 September. On 16 October 122nd Siege Bty transferred to 25th HAG with II Corps in Reserve Army with which it continued CB work and joined in bombardments for the continuing Battle of the Ancre Heights. Reserve Army (renamed Fifth Army) kept attacking during November (the Battle of the Ancre) before the Somme offensive died out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0005-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Arras\nIn January 1917 122nd Siege Bty moved back to Third Army, intended to join 26th HAG with VI Corps, but actually joined 47th HAG (9 January) and immediately moved to 48th HAG (13 January). The battery was placed 'out of action' on 14 January and from then until 31 January the personnel were employed on ammunition fatigues, etc., then from 1 to 13 February they were engaged in training, overhauling the guns, etc.. By now the battery was commanded by W.F.H. Grinsted, who had been a lieutenant in No 1 Co Sussex RGA on the outbreak of war, promoted to captain on 4 November 1914, and seconded for duty with the Regular RGA from 28 April 1916. He was now an Acting Major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0006-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Arras\n122nd Siege Bty joined 78th HAG at Anzin-Saint-Aubin on 14 February and moved its guns into position north west of Arras two days later. Third Army was carrying out the artillery preparation for the Battle of Arras, with 78th HAG supporting XVII Corps. The main bombardment was planned to last for five days (V, W, X, Y and Z) beginning on 4 April. On 4 April one of 122nd Siege Bty's howitzers suffered a premature explosion of a shell in the barrel, destroying the gun, killing one gunner and wounding five others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0006-0001", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Arras\nThe zone bombarded was divided into small zones without overlapping fire, to help the forward observation officers (FOOs) spot the fall of shot of their own guns. The 6-inch howitzers concentrated on the German second and third defence systems, destroying trenches and strongpoints and cutting barbed wire. Fire on targets was maintained at an even rate in daylight, with pauses for air reconnaissance. Harassing fire (HF) tasks were carried out at night. However, visibility was poor on some of the days, so an additional day (Q) was inserted on 7 April and Z day for the attack (the First Battle of the Scarpe) became 9 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0007-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Arras\nZero hour was 05.30 on 9 April, when the 6-inch howitzers' role in the attack was to lay down a standing barrage on the German support trench. XVII Corps' attack was highly successful, with 9th (Scottish) and 34th Divisions pushing forward to the final objective (the 'Brown Line') as German resistance collapsed. The infantry advanced so quickly that they had to wait for their own standing barrage to lift. The Brown Line was over 7,000 yards (6,400\u00a0m) from the most advanced British guns, so 122nd Siege Bty had been ordered to move up as soon as possible. It fired up to 08.30, then packed up and moved to prepared forward positions at Saint-Nicolas just behind the British start line, and reported its guns in position by 12.00. It was reported back 'in action' at 14.15 and reopened fire at 15.24 on tagets given by HAG headquarters (HQ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 906]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0008-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Arras\nHowever, progress after 9 April was much slower, with bad weather and ground conditions making it difficult to move guns and supplies forward. The guns continued firing, and on 16 April 122nd Siege Bty moved forward into captured positions at Athies. It participated in bombardments during the continuing offensive, with a three-day bombardment (X, Y and Z) for a major attack on 23 April (the Second Battle of the Scarpe). This time the German artillery was hardly damaged, and the infantry suffered grievous losses in two days of bitter fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0008-0001", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Arras\n78th HAG's batteries continued firing daily on trenches, strongpoints and wire, then another three-day bombardment for 4th Division's attack on R\u0153ux in the Third Battle of the Scarpe. On Z day (3 May) the 6-inch howitzers provided a barrage 300 yards (270\u00a0m) in front of the attacking infantry, on the chemical works and the village, then switched to the target trenches codenamed Cyprus, Candy, Cow, Can, Carpet and Cyril. At 10.20 the guns returned to firing on R\u0153ux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0008-0002", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Arras\nHearing that the railway cutting was full of Germans, 78th HAG turned its guns onto that target, and at 14.10 the howitzers caught a German counter-attack, firing shells with instantaneous fuzes. Nevertheless, the operation failed. The guns kept up their bombardments through May until R\u0153ux and the chemical works were finally captured on 13 May by 4th and 51st (Highland) Divisions. From then until 25 May the guns continued hammering the same familiar trenches, especially the troublesome Cupid trench.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0009-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Arras\nOn 25 May, 122nd Siege Bty (still at Athies) was transferred to the command of 68th HAG. This was a designated CB group, though from 9 to 15 June the battery was attached to 22nd HAG for tactical purposes and continued firing at Cupid and other trenches. On 17 June the battery received orders to evacuate its positions, and it moved north to Aix-Noulette, where it came under the orders of 54th HAG. The battery had difficulty getting the guns into position: motor vehicles could not get closer than 400 yards (370\u00a0m) from the guns, and all the ammunition had to be carried in by hand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0010-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Flanders\nHowever, the battery's stay was short, and on 7 July it moved out again to join 19th HAG at Oostduinkerke on the Flanders coast with Fourth Army. The BEF's next planned operation was the Flanders Offensive, aiming to break through at Ypres, with a follow-up attack by Fourth Army along the coast supported by amphibious landings (Operation Hush).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0011-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Flanders\nThe construction of 122nd Siege Bty's new positions was hindered by accurate enemy shellfire (the wireless aerial was shot down), but the battery had its guns in position by 12 July and it began firing CB tasks. It was made up to an establishment of six howitzers when a section (1 officer and 55 ORs) of the newly arrived 382nd Siege Bty joined on 30 July 1917. This battery had been formed at Prees Heath Camp on 15 February and arrived on the Western Front on 18 July equipped with four 6-inch howitzers. It joined XV Corps on 29 July and was immediately split up, one section posted to 122nd Siege Bty, the other to 182nd Siege Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0012-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Flanders\nThroughout August and September the battery fired on hostile batteries with air observation or direct observation by FOOs, but regularly suffered damage and casualties from incoming CB fire. With the help of a tunnelling company of the Royal Engineers the battery constructed a tunnel under the sand dunes to its gun positions. The battery cleared a trainload of ammunition from another battery's abandoned position, but the railway being damaged the train had to be parked in a siding, where it was blown up by a German shell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0013-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Winter 1917\u201318\nThe Flanders coast operation had been frequently postponed while the Ypres Offensive failed to break through. By October it had been cancelled and many of the troops released from the coast to reinforce the fighting at Ypres. However, it was not until 1 December 1917 that the battery was ordered south to join 98th HAG. It was then sent for rest and training at Arques behind the lines, where it joined 31st HAG, the personnel transferring to 66th Brigade at Clairmarais aerodrome (converted to a rest camp) on 27 December, leaving the guns parked at Arques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0014-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Winter 1917\u201318\nBy now HAG allocations had become more fixed, and during the winter of 1917\u201318 they were converted into permanent RGA brigades. 66th HAG was retitled 66th Brigade on 21 December 1917 and 122nd Siege Bty remained with it until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0015-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Winter 1917\u201318\n122nd Siege Bty remained at rest until 15 January 1918. Next day the whole of 66th Bde began moving to the Amiens area to join III Corps with Fifth Army. It moved into the line on 31 January, with battery HQ at Roye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0016-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Spring Offensive\nWhen the German Spring Offensive opened on 21 March, 'the German barrage opened with a tremendous crash and practically smothered' all of 66th Bde's battery positions and cut most communications. At the time 122nd Siege Bty was deployed with two sections at Gibercourt and one in a wood at Ly-Fontaine, supporting 14th (Light) Division of Fifth Army, which was badly strung out. The battery's observation post (OP) in the front line was overrun by German infantry appearing out of the morning fog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0016-0001", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Spring Offensive\nThe section at Ly-Fontaine fired off all its ammunition (about 800 rounds) and was then put out of action by its crews when they found it impossible to get the guns out of the wood. The rest of the battery fired most of its ammunition to delay the enemy crossing their bridgehead at Mo\u00ff-de-l'Aisne but later was almost surrounded by German infantry who had broken through 14th Division's positions. The Battery Sergeant Major, with a few gunners, manned the anti-aircraft Lewis guns to defend the position while the howitzers fired over open sights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0016-0002", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Spring Offensive\nThe battery transport came up and was able to drag two of the guns away under short range rifle and machine gun fire. Another gun detachment was shot down trying to turn their gun around. The battery, with its two remaining howitzers, was back in action that night at Flavy-le-Martel and immediately received one new gun from the ordnance park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0017-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Spring Offensive\nThe BEF now began its 'Great Retreat'. 122nd Siege Bty went back to Cugny, where the inhabitants had to be evacuated. On 23 March, out of touch with 66th Bde HQ, the battery 'thought shooting was more useful than marching', so it engaged the Germans advancing on the village. Later, when the Germans had finally captured the village after an epic defence by the 2nd Royal Irish Rifles and 12th King's (Liverpool) Regiment, the battery shelled it until ammunition ran short. On 25 March the battery was ordered back to Lassigny, from where it fired until 31 March before being withdrawn south of Amiens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0018-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nHere 66th Bde re-assembled and was re-equipped; it was ready for action again on 19 April under VI Corps and spent the next three months exchanging fire with hostile batteries and engaging in HF tasks for VI Corps and 2nd Canadian Division. In late August, with the Allied Hundred Days Offensive under way, 66th Bde was transferred to XVII Corps and moved up to Arras to support Third Army's attacks at the Battles of the Scarpe (26\u201330 August) and the Drocourt-Qu\u00e9ant Switch Line (2-3 September).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0018-0001", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nOn the morning of the D-Q attack, the heavy artillery switched from CB work to a 75-minute concentration on a narrow triangle between the D-Q and Hindenburg Lines, allowing 2/4th South Lancashire Regiment and 1st Royal Munster Fusiliers to advance, each on a single-company front, along the length of both defence lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0019-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nFrom 23 September 122nd Siege Bty was firing to cut barbed wire for the Battle of the Canal du Nord, after which it moved up to forward positions close to the canal, where it received considerable hostile fire. Next it supported the capture of Niergnies near Cambrai on 8 October. During the Battle of the Selle on 20 October the battery was supporting the attack on the high ground east of Haussy when a single high-velocity shell killed six men instantly and wounded another 16, one of whom died. At the Battle of the Sambre on 4 November 66th Bde was at Vendegies-sur-\u00c9caillon, supporting XVII Corps' successful attack and then XXII Corps' movement to outflank Valenciennes. Third Army's next setpiece attack was cancelled when the Germans retreated. The brigade had reached Jenlain by the time of the Armistice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0020-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Disbandment\n66th Brigade was billeted at Terramesnil during the winter of 1918\u201319. 122nd Siege Battery was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 58], "content_span": [59, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008542-0021-0000", "contents": "122nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Disbandment\nThe Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists 37 members of the battery died on service, seven from the fighting in March 1918 and seven who died on 20 October 1918. (There may be other battery members who were recorded simply as 'RGA').", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 58], "content_span": [59, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008543-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd meridian east\nThe meridian 122\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, Australia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008543-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd meridian east\nThe 122nd meridian east forms a great circle with the 58th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008543-0002-0000", "contents": "122nd meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 122nd meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008544-0000-0000", "contents": "122nd meridian west\nThe meridian 122\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008544-0001-0000", "contents": "122nd meridian west\n122\u00b0W is the Seventh Meridian of the Dominion Land Survey in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008544-0002-0000", "contents": "122nd meridian west\nThe 122nd meridian west forms a great circle with the 58th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008544-0003-0000", "contents": "122nd meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 122nd meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008545-0000-0000", "contents": "122\u2013124 Colmore Row\n122\u2013124 Colmore Row is a Grade I listed building on Colmore Row in Birmingham, England. Built as the Eagle Insurance Offices it was later occupied by Orion Insurance and was Hudson's Coffee House until late 2011, It is currently Java Lounge Coffee House (as of July\u00a02015).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008545-0001-0000", "contents": "122\u2013124 Colmore Row\nCompleted in 1900, it was designed in an Arts and Crafts style by William Lethaby and Joseph Lancaster Ball. Pevsner's The Buildings of England: Warwickshire describes it as \"one of the most original buildings of its date in England\" and Foster's Birmingham (Pevsner Architectural Guides) as \"one of the most important monuments of the Arts and Crafts Free Style in the country\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008545-0002-0000", "contents": "122\u2013124 Colmore Row\nEvenacre acquired the building in 2011 and undertook a \u00a3500,000 renovation of the building including restoration of the stone fa\u00e7ade and interior works including a feature reception. In October 2014 CBRE started marketing the vacant building to potential tenants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008546-0000-0000", "contents": "123 (Nikki Laoye song)\n\"123\" is a song recorded by Nigerian singer Nikki Laoye for her second studio album The 123 Project (2014). The song was released on July 6, 2012 by Wahala Media Entertainment as the lead single from the album on the platform of the new African music distribution application Spinlet. It was written by Nikki Laoye and produced by her brother Xblaze (Ade Laoye).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008546-0001-0000", "contents": "123 (Nikki Laoye song), Background\nIn the summer of 2012 Laoye began working on her sophomore album, she had taken a brief hiatus from music following the loss of her father in 2011. Laoye teamed up with her younger brother and producer Xblaze, who had produced her earlier hits Taka Sufe and No Be Beans; to produce the single 123, which was to be the lead single to her sophomore studio album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008546-0002-0000", "contents": "123 (Nikki Laoye song), Background, Composition\n\"123\" is a pop and dance song with elements of Indian drums and thumping bass patterns. In the song Laoye switches from singing in English, to pidgin and yoruba languages. The song's chorus comprises an \"oya 1-2-3\" vocal hook laced in Laoye's signature harmonies. Lyrically, Laoye sings about letting loose and praising God with a dance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008546-0003-0000", "contents": "123 (Nikki Laoye song), Critical reception\nThe song received generally positive reviews from most music critics. Demola OG of Notjustok.com described \"123\" as having a \"dance feel that you can move to\". Priscilla Olubunmi-Awoseyi  of PraiseWorld Radio said 123 \"makes the aged nod their heads in rhythm\" and \"kids wriggle their bodies\" she also added that \"you just can't sit still when you hear this song\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008546-0004-0000", "contents": "123 (Nikki Laoye song), Commercial performance\n123 peaked at number 7 on the Spinlet Top 10 Best Selling singles of 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008546-0005-0000", "contents": "123 (Nikki Laoye song), Music video\nThe music video for \"123\" was shot on 9 March 2014, at the University of Lagos in Lagos, Nigeria. The video was directed by Tfrizzle for Frizzle and Bizzle Films and filmed on the grounds of the University, predominantly in front of the school library and by the waterfront. On 9 April 2014, Laoye released exclusive behind the scenes photographs from the video shoot, in order to create anticipation towards the release of the video on 11 April 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008546-0006-0000", "contents": "123 (Nikki Laoye song), Music video\nThe outdoor Video depicts Nikki singing and performing a catchy and energetic dance choreography alongside popular Nigerian dance group Alien Nation. It also features an exciting dance battle between Nikki and Steven of Imagneto Dance Company and several cameos from Nigerian entertainers including Kiki Omeili, Essence, J'odie, Ade Laoye, DJ Gosporella, Onos, Anny Ibrahim and Provabs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008546-0007-0000", "contents": "123 (Nikki Laoye song), Live performances\nLaoye's first major performance of 123 was at the 2013 Crystal Awards event in Lagos. Her performance alongside Alien Nation dance group was tagged as one of the best performances of the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008546-0008-0000", "contents": "123 (Nikki Laoye song), Live performances\nLaoye also performed to rave reviews at the Soul Sisters Concert headlined by Mary J. Blige as well as the Mandela Tribute Concert organized by EbonyLife TV in December, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008546-0009-0000", "contents": "123 (Nikki Laoye song), Live performances\nIn December 2014, Laoye performed \"123\" as a medley at the 2014 Rhythm Unplugged Event, which held at the Eko Hotels and Towers in Lagos, Nigeria. She also performed the song at The Headies 2014 Awards, as she opened the event show alongside the Alien Nation dance group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008547-0000-0000", "contents": "123 (film)\n123 (\u0b92\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc2 \u0ba4\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bc0 read as in English, One-Two-Three) is a 2002 Indian Trilingual romantic comedy film directed by K. Subash. It was made in 3 Languages such as Tamil, Kannada and Telugu simultaneously with a few changes. The film stars real-life brothers Prabhu Deva, Raju Sundaram and Nagendra Prasad in lead roles alongside Jyothika as the main female lead, while Deva composed the film's music. Based on the Marathi play All The Best, 123 released in June 2002 mixed to positive reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008547-0001-0000", "contents": "123 (film), Plot\nTirupathi (Prabhu Deva), Pazhani (Raju Sundaram) and Chidambaram (Nagendra Prasad) are physically impaired friends \u2013 Thirupathi is blind, Pazhani is deaf, and Chidambaram is mute. None of them has a family, and they begin to live under the same roof. Narmada (Jyothika) enters their lives, and all three fall in love with her. The story follows their attempts to win her hand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008547-0002-0000", "contents": "123 (film), Production\nIn December 2001, the three sons of prominent dance choreographer Sundaram were reported to be coming together to star in the Tamil film, and while Prabhu Deva was an established actor and Raju Sundaram had also appeared in films, it became the first substantial role for Nagendra Prasad. Karunas was selected to play a key role, while Sundaram was reported to be a choreographer in the film, which would be based on a Marathi play title All the Best. Sandeep Chowta was initially expected to be music director, but was later replaced by Deva.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008547-0003-0000", "contents": "123 (film), Production\nIn Telugu, the film was adapted under Siddesh Films with Uttej signed on to reshoot scenes which had featured Karunas in the Tamil version. The dialogues were written by Thotapalli Madhu and lyrics were written by Ponduri, Bhavanachandra and Rohini Krishna as the film was dubbed and released with a few reshot scenes. The mouth freshener brand, Pass Pass, teamed up with the film to put product placement into the venture. The film was released in Kannada under the supervision of Sundeep Malani, with another regional actor Komal Kumar chosen to replace Karunas as the thief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008547-0004-0000", "contents": "123 (film), Release\nThe Tamil version of the film opened on 1 June 2002 to mixed reviews with a critic noting \"Dilshad as the blind Tirupathy has done his role well but Raju Sundaram and Nagendra Prasad have to pick up the nuances of acting. Jyothika has very little to do. The comedy of Karnas is good. However, the highlight of the film are the dances and the choreography. The three brothers have tried to outbeat [ sic] each other when it comes to dancing. Music by Deva is very average.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008547-0004-0001", "contents": "123 (film), Release\nThe Hindu noted \"it is a tightrope walk for director K. Subhash because presenting physical impairment without hurting sentiments is not easy. And the director does come out unscathed. Much of it is situational humour and the dialogue, again by Subhash, accentuates the comic impact in some of the scenes.\" The Telugu version of the film released on the same day. Jeevi of Idlebrain.com gave the film \"two stars\", stating \"The only strength of the film is situation comedy based on the disabilities of three protagonists. Otherwise it's an avoidable film\". The Hindu cited \"The film keeps grip on the audience, because of the curiosity the subject kicks up, regarding the survival of the handicapped using their sixth sense. The characters are difficult to portray, but the three main artistes do it convincingly.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008547-0005-0000", "contents": "123 (film), Soundtrack\nThe soundtrack of the film, composed by Deva, was well received by the audience. Tamil lyrics were written by Thamarai, Kalaikumar and Victor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008548-0000-0000", "contents": "123 (interbank network)\nEgyptian Banks Co. for Technological Advancement (EBC) provides the banking community in Egypt with a shared cash network commercially called \"123\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008548-0001-0000", "contents": "123 (interbank network), Services\nThe \"123\" network links more than 30 Egyptian Banks supporting more than 1500 ATMs distributed all over Egypt. This network provides the banks' clients with direct access to their different accounts at any time and from anywhere through the ATMs carrying the \"123\" logo. This network is available 24 hours a day 7 days a week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008548-0002-0000", "contents": "123 (interbank network), Services\nIn addition, the \"123\" network is a gateway to MasterCard, Diners Club and American Express International networks. Moreover, it is linked to regional networks in the Persian Gulf states, NAPS in State of Qatar, Benefit in Kingdom of Bahrain and CSCBank SAL in Lebanon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008549-0000-0000", "contents": "123 (number)\n123 (one hundred [and] twenty-three) is the natural number following 122 and preceding 124. After 1 and 12 it is the 3rd number to be concatenation of first n integers. Here n=3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008549-0001-0000", "contents": "123 (number), In religion\nThe Book of Numbers says that Aaron died at the age of 123.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008550-0000-0000", "contents": "123 Albert Street\n123 Albert Street, also known as Rio Tinto Tower, is a commercial office development in Brisbane, Australia. The modern style office building is located in the Brisbane central business district at 123 Albert Street. The building was completed in July 2011 and opened in October 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008550-0001-0000", "contents": "123 Albert Street\nThe Premium grade office tower was designed by Hassell and is owned by Dexus. The tower consists of 26 levels of office space and eight levels of car parking (five above ground) which provide 388 car park spaces. The building has a two design ratings: a 6 Green Star rating and a 5 Star Australian Building Greenhouse Rating which are pending assessment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008550-0002-0000", "contents": "123 Albert Street\nOn 25 August 2010 a worker was injured during the construction of the tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008550-0003-0000", "contents": "123 Albert Street\nThe building was the first in Brisbane to employ a commercial concierge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008551-0000-0000", "contents": "123 BC\nYear 123 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Balearicus and Flamininus (or, less frequently, year 631 Ab urbe condita) and the Sixth Year of Yuanshuo. The denomination 123 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008552-0000-0000", "contents": "123 Brunhild\nBrunhild (minor planet designation: 123 Brunhild) is a stony S-type main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by German-American astronomer C. H. F. Peters on July 31, 1872, and named after Br\u00fcnnehilde, a Valkyrie in Norse mythology. Brunhild has been mistaken for the non-existent variable star KN Gem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008552-0001-0000", "contents": "123 Brunhild\nIn 1983, 123 Brunhild was observed photometrically from the Observatoire de Haute-Provence, producing an irregular light curve that showed eight extremes, including two minima and two maxima that were more accentuated than the others. This curve indicates an irregular shape or possibly areas with higher albedo, with a rotation period of 10.04 \u00b1 0.02 hours and a brightness variation of 0.16 \u00b1 0.01 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008552-0002-0000", "contents": "123 Brunhild\nBased upon IRAS observations, the estimated diameter of this asteroid is 47.97 \u00b1 2.6\u00a0km with a geometric albedo of 0.2134 \u00b1 0.026. A smaller diameter value of 41.33 \u00b1 1.73\u00a0km is obtained from the Midcourse Space Experiment observations, with an accordingly higher albedo of 0.2886 \u00b1 0.0247.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008553-0000-0000", "contents": "123 Democratic Alliance\n123 Democratic Alliance (Chinese: \u4e00\u4e8c\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u806f\u76df) was a pro-Kuomintang political party in Hong Kong. Established in 1994 by a group of pro-Taiwan, pro-democracy and pro-business politicians, it aims at striving for the  unification of China, to strive for a free, democratic, and wealthy China, and to establish a democratic and prosperous Hong Kong. It remained a small party until it was dissolved in 2000 due to the lack of financial support from the Taiwan government, after the Kuomintang's defeat in the presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008553-0001-0000", "contents": "123 Democratic Alliance, History\nThe party was formed by the supporters of the Kuomintang government on Taiwan in 1994. It was represented by Sin Ling Yum in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo) from 1995 to 1997. It was excluded from the Provisional Legislative Council, the interim body which largely controlled by the Beijing government. All candidates were defeated in the 1998 LegCo elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008553-0002-0000", "contents": "123 Democratic Alliance, History\nThe party won six seats in the 1999 District Council elections. Due to lack of funding, the party did not file any candidates in the 2000 LegCo elections (although some of the losers continued to take part as independent participants or supporters of other parties), and was subsequently dissolved on 3 December 2000 due to the lack of financial support from the Taiwan government. The last chairman of the alliance was Tai Cheuk-yin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008554-0000-0000", "contents": "123 Marseille\n123 Marseille or Collectif 123 Marseille is a Marseille-based French multicultural music collective established in 2009 through an initiative of DJ Mam's (Morad Mameri) and by Mounir Belkhir. It initially include six singers and musicians. The collective has expanded since then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008554-0001-0000", "contents": "123 Marseille\nIt incorporates various music trends and multicultural aspects Marseille culture represents and members and releases are promoted through the Collectif own website 123marseille.com and has grown to include even more musicians, producers, songwriters is an impressive mixture of singing artists from France, Algeria, Morocco, Senegal and elsewhere incorporating French Marseille music, Mediterranean, African, Latin and Oriental Arab sounds, disco, pop, rap, funk, and using various world music influences and trends. The collectif is also multilingual in its various releases using French, Spanish, English, Arabic language and North African dialects and African languages. It also uses creole languages relating to Andalusia as well as creoles related to Martinique and Guadeloupe and elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008554-0002-0000", "contents": "123 Marseille\nMost of the songs are produced by Mounir Belkhir and DJ Mam's himself. Many of the songs are tried out live to see how well they are received prior to inclusion in studio releases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008555-0000-0000", "contents": "123 Mission Street\n123 Mission Street, sometimes referenced as the Pacific Gas & Electric Building, is a 124\u00a0m (407\u00a0ft) 29 floor skyscraper in the SOMA neighborhood of San Francisco, California, completed in 1986. The tower was developed by Shorenstein Properties and designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008555-0001-0000", "contents": "123 Mission Street\nIn 2018, Northwood Investors of New York bought the building $290 million.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008555-0002-0000", "contents": "123 Mission Street, History\nCompleted in 1986, the tower was developed by Shorenstein Properties and designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008555-0003-0000", "contents": "123 Mission Street, History\nIt was owned by Northwood, LLC, which acquired it for $300 million from the Chinese insurance company, HNA Group in 2018. Juul announced in June 2019 that it had purchased 123 Mission Street, while maintaining an existing space on Pier 70. The deal was \"one of the largest in San Francisco history for a tech company that doesn't specialize in real estate.\" The building was worth an estimated $400 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008555-0004-0000", "contents": "123 Mission Street, History\nIn November 2019, Juul laid off 23 employees at its new 123 Mission Street Office and was considering selling the building, which it had acquired for $397 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008555-0005-0000", "contents": "123 Mission Street, Features\nThe tower is 28 stories, with 363,000 square feet of real estate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008556-0000-0000", "contents": "123 Money\n123 Money Ltd, trading as 123.ie, is an Irish insurance company with registered offices in Dublin. It sells personal insurance products online, including motor, home, health, life, pet and travel insurance. It became a subsidiary of RSA Insurance Ireland Ltd. in 2010 and it is regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland. In 2012, it reported sales worth \u20ac91 million and 270 employees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008556-0001-0000", "contents": "123 Money, History\nThe company was incorporated in March 2000 by Dublin insurance broker Derek Richardson. It was the first online broker in Ireland, selling motor insurance, home and pet policies under-written by the Irish office of US Travelers Insurance. By March 2010, it had a consumer base of 170,000 policyholders and annual income of \u20ac60 million. It was acquired by the RSA Insurance Group in July 2010 for \u20ac65 million. 123.ie became a tied insurance agent for Irish Life in 2013, offering mortgage life insurance  and lifelong insurance policies. In March 2013, it reported a \u20ac7m profit and an increase in turnover of 31%. In November 2013, it won Contact Centre Management Association awards for its customer retention programme and credit management team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008556-0002-0000", "contents": "123 Money, Acquisition by RSA\n123.ie was acquired by the RSA Insurance Group in July 2010 for \u20ac65 million. It had reported gross assets of \u20ac20m at the time. RSA became the underwriter of policies sold by 123.ie after the acquisition, and took on its online infrastructure and physical offices. 123.ie continues to trade under its own name branding after the acquisition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008557-0000-0000", "contents": "123 Mortlake High Street\n123 Mortlake High Street, also known as The Limes or Limes House and previously referred to as Mortlake Terrace, is a Grade II* listed 18th-century property in Mortlake in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. The building is now used as commercial office space. It was originally  a private house and in the 20th century it functioned as the local town hall. It is featured in two paintings by J. M. W. Turner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008557-0001-0000", "contents": "123 Mortlake High Street, History of the building\nThe house was built in about 1720 but the facade and porch were added later. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with nine bays: the central section features a porch with four Tuscan columns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008557-0002-0000", "contents": "123 Mortlake High Street, History of the building\nThe building was the seat of local government for the Barnes Urban District from 1895 to 1932 and then of the Municipal Borough of Barnes from 1932 until 1940, when it was damaged by wartime bombing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008557-0003-0000", "contents": "123 Mortlake High Street, History of the building\nThe house's 7 acres (2.8\u00a0ha) of grounds have now been completely built over, and the building itself has been converted to commercial office space. The exterior is still similar to what it was in two oil paintings that J. M. W. Turner (1755\u20131851) made while visiting the house in 1827.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008557-0004-0000", "contents": "123 Mortlake High Street, Artistic depictions\nTurner's two paintings were made for William Moffatt, whose house it then was. Mortlake Terrace: Early Summer Morning (1826) is in the Frick Collection, New York. It was shown in the Royal Academy exhibition of 1826 where it was praised for its \"lightness and simplicity\". Mortlake Terrace (1827) is in the National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008557-0005-0000", "contents": "123 Mortlake High Street, Artistic depictions\nThe Museum of London holds a wood engraving of people at The Limes, as it was then called, watching the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race. The Limes \u2013 Mortlake: 1872 is taken from London: A Pilgrimage by Blanchard Jerrold and Gustave Dor\u00e9, 1872. Jerrold describes how \"the towing paths presented to the view of the more fortunate people upon the private river-side terraces, a mixed population ...\" The house was, at the time, the residence of a Mr Marsh Nelson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008557-0006-0000", "contents": "123 Mortlake High Street, Former residents\nThe house's former residents include the Franks, a family of Jewish merchant bankers; Lady Byron, widow of the poet; the educational philanthropist Quintin Hogg; and Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley, who lived there from 1874 to 1875 and later became Commander-in-Chief of the Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008558-0000-0000", "contents": "123 Reg\n123 Reg is a British domain registrar and web hosting company founded in 2000. The company claims to be the UK's largest accredited domain registrar and provides Internet services to small- and medium-sized business. From 2003 to 2017, 123 Reg was part of Host Europe Group (HEG). In April 2017, American hosting company GoDaddy acquired HEG for 1.69 billion euros ($1.82 billion).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008558-0001-0000", "contents": "123 Reg, History\n123 Reg was founded in 2000 by Jonathan and Tim Beresford-Brealey, who prior to this had also set up Webfusion Internet Solutions Ltd in 1997. In 2003, 123 Reg and Webfusion were acquired by Host Europe Group (HEG). In 2004, 123 Reg became the UK's largest domain registrar, according to the company's parent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008558-0002-0000", "contents": "123 Reg, History\nIn 2009, Host Europe Group organised its UK operations under the Webfusion Ltd group but kept both brands. The same year, Webfusion became the first UK web host to offer Windows Server 2008 web hosting, and the company opened a \u00a32.5 million data centre in Leeds. Also in 2009, 123 Reg became the first UK domain registrar to have 2 million domain names on register. In 2010, Webfusion Ltd was included on The Sunday Times's list of Britain's fastest-growing private-equity backed companies, the Deloitte Buyout Track 100, and was the only hosting company on the list. In 2012, it became the first UK domain registrar to have 3 million domain names on register.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008558-0003-0000", "contents": "123 Reg, History\nOn 16 April 2016, 123 Reg admitted a major deletion of a large number of virtual private servers (VPSs) caused by an error during what should have been routine maintenance. The event deleted hundreds of websites, with users losing sites and access to data on their VPS service. By 24 April, the situation was still ongoing. During this period, 123 Reg had a further data breach, with customers being able to see the support tickets of other account holders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008558-0004-0000", "contents": "123 Reg, History\nIn April 2017, American hosting company GoDaddy acquired 123 Reg's parent company, HEG, for 1.69 billion euros ($1.82 billion).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008559-0000-0000", "contents": "123 Squadron (Israel)\n123 Squadron is a squadron of the Israeli Air Force also known as  Desert Birds Squadron  (formerly Southern Bells Squadron).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008559-0001-0000", "contents": "123 Squadron (Israel)\n123 Squadron is a helicopter squadron of S-70A Black Hawks based at Palmachim Airbase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008560-0000-0000", "contents": "123 km\n123\u00a0km (Russian: 123 \u043a\u043c) is a rural locality (a passing loop) in Osinogrivskoye Rural Settlement of Topkinsky District, Russia. The population was 29 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008560-0001-0000", "contents": "123 km, Geography\nThe passing loop is located on the Yurga-Tashtagol line, 30 km south of Topki (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008561-0000-0000", "contents": "123 series\nThe 123 series (123\u7cfb, 123-kei) is a single-car electric multiple unit (EMU) train type introduced in 1986 by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and later operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central), and West Japan Railway Company (JR-West).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008561-0001-0000", "contents": "123 series, Overview\nThe 123 series was created in 1986 from former KuMoNi 143 baggage cars which had become surplus to requirements. Some units were also converted from KuMoYuNi 147 postal cars (123-40 series, later 123-5000 series), and from KuMoYa 143 tractor cars (123-600 series).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008561-0002-0000", "contents": "123 series, Operations\nAs of 1 April 2012, one 123 series car (KuMoHa 123-1) is operated by JR East, based at Matsumoto Depot for use on the Chuo Main Line and Shinonoi Line. Five 123 series cars (KuMoHa 123-2 to 123-6) are operated by JR-West on the Ube Line, Onoda Line, and Sanyo Main Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008561-0003-0000", "contents": "123 series, Variants, KuMoHa 123-1\nThis car was converted from former baggage car KuMoNi 143-1 at Nagano Works in October 1986. It was re-liveried in March 1990 following conversion to wanman driver only operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008561-0004-0000", "contents": "123 series, Variants, KuMoHa 123-2 to 123-4\nThese three cars were converted in February 1987 at Hiroshima Works from former baggage cars KuMoNi 143-2, 143-3 and 143-6, respectively, originally for use on the Kabe Line. The two original pantographs were replaced with one PS16J lozenge-type pantograph at the No. 1 end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008561-0005-0000", "contents": "123 series, Variants, KuMoHa 123-2 to 123-4\nKuMoHa 123-4 in March 1987 before the addition of an end gangway", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008561-0006-0000", "contents": "123 series, Variants, KuMoHa 123-2 to 123-4\nJR-West KuMoHa 123-4 in \"Setouchi\" regional yellow livery in March 2014", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008561-0007-0000", "contents": "123 series, Variants, KuMoHa 123-5 and 123-6\nThese two cars were converted in April 1987 at Suita Works from former baggage cars KuMoNi 143-7 and 143-8, respectively, originally for use on Hanwa Line branch services. The original pantographs at the No. 1 end were removed on conversion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008561-0008-0000", "contents": "123 series, Variants, KuMoHa 123-5 and 123-6\nJR-West KuMoHa 123-5 in Hanwa Line branch livery in August 1987", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008561-0009-0000", "contents": "123 series, Variants, KuMoHa 123-5 and 123-6\nThe interior of JR-West car KuMoHa 123-6 in April 2014", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008561-0010-0000", "contents": "123 series, Variants, KuMoHa 123-41 to 123-45\nThese cars were converted from former post and baggage cars KuMoYuNi 147-1 to 147-5 in January 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008561-0011-0000", "contents": "123 series, Variants, KuMoHa 123-41 to 123-45\nJR Central KuMoHa 123-42 in original Minobu Line livery in May 1989", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008561-0012-0000", "contents": "123 series, Variants, KuMoHa 123-601 and 123-602\nThese two cars were converted in March 1988 by JR Central at Hamamatsu Works from former tractor cars KuMoYa 143-601 and 143-602, respectively, for use on the Minobu Line. These cars had gangway doors at the ends, three sliding doors per side, and two pantographs. Inverter-controlled air-conditioning was added in December 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008561-0013-0000", "contents": "123 series, Variants, KuMoHa 123-601 and 123-602\nJR Central cars KuMoHa 123-601 and 602 in February 2006", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008561-0014-0000", "contents": "123 series, Variants, KuMoHa 123-5041 to 123-5045\nThese cars were modified in June 1989 at Hamamatsu Works by JR Central from earlier KuMoHa 123-40 series cars, with the addition of inverter-controlled air-conditioning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008561-0015-0000", "contents": "123 series, Variants, KuMoHa 123-5145\nThese cars were modified by JR Central from earlier KuMoHa 123-5045 , for use on wanman driver only operation services on the Minobu Line. Gangway doors were also added on conversion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008561-0016-0000", "contents": "123 series, History\nThe last remaining 123 series car operated by JR East was withdrawn from the start of the revised timetable on 15 March 2013, with operations replaced by E127 series two-car EMUs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0000-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks\n123-125 George Street, The Rocks are heritage-listed shops and former residence located at 123-125 George Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built for Thomas Playfair during 1882. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0001-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, History\nWilliam Davis's tenements extended across the land granted to him in 1836. His Town grant of 12 perches on 29 October 1843 remained vacant except for houses to the rear of the property. Davis erected a shop to the George Street frontage of north corner of his 1836 Town grant in c.\u20091830. This brick walled and shingle roofed shop was added to in 1842 by a similar building to the northern side (extending into land grant of 1834)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0001-0001", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, History\nIn 1845 the Sydney Municipal Rate Books described the two single storey shops as having two rooms and the northern premises boundaries being 4 metres (13\u00a0ft) wide and 21 metres (68\u00a0ft) deep (no. 123) and the other (No. 125) being 4 metres (14\u00a0ft) wide and 9 metres (28\u00a0ft) deep. Both shops were \"in bad repair\". The tenements to the rear of 123 were described in 1863 as \"old, ruinous and unhealthy\". Davis's will of 1843 gave J. Edwards the title to property of the 1834 grant plus part of the 1836 grant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0001-0002", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, History\nJ Edwards conveyed the property to Henry Byrns in 1863. In 1870 W. Hooper, a greengrocer occupied No.123 and T. Barry, bootmaker occupied No.125. The shops continued as a greengrocer, J. Paddon and a bootmaker, J. McAuley, until September 1881 when they and the rear buildings were pulled down. Thomas Playfair purchased the properties from H. Byrns and in 1882 erected two two-storey four roomed shops out of brick and stone walls and iron roof on the sites of No. 123 and 125. J. Paddon continued as a fruiterer in the new shop No. 123 and C. W. Danielson, bootmaker in the other. Shop No. 125 became an outfitter and importer outlet in 1885. Playfair continued as landlord until the NSW Government resumed the property in 1900.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0002-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, History\nArchaeology notes: Hospital. Granted to William Davis as 12 perches on 29 October 1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0003-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nThree late Victorian two storey shops, built c.\u20091880 of stuccoed brick. Unusual plainly moulded Romanesque style windows of three bays to the first floor. Two of the shops retain their original shopfronts, while the third has been altered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0004-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nNos. 123 and 125 George Street are near-identical buildings, the timber shop front of 123 being new and a copy of 125 (original). Nos. 123 & 125 are connected internally and operate as one shop. The interior layout is original except for openings between rooms. Most ceilings are modern, original joinery generally remains. The decorative sheet metal parapet wall is a \"replica\" (c. 1970s?) of the damaged original masonry parapet. No. 121 is an original shop front of a different type to 123 & 125.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0005-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nStyle: Victorian Free Classical; Storeys: 2; Facade: Brick & stone walls; Roof Cladding: Corrugated iron; Floor Frame: Timber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0006-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Description, Condition\nAs at 27 April 2001, Archaeology Assessment Condition: Partly disturbed. Assessment Basis: Floors level with George Street, terraced up to former level of Nurses Walk. Recent building techniques (Bakehouse Place).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0007-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAs at 31 March 2011, this pair of shops and residence and site are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right. Numbers 123 to 125 are associated with Thomas Playfair, Mayor of Sydney in 1885. Playfair was involved in the profitable marine trade and invested in property in the local area, of which 121 George Street is one such property. Significant aspects of the building include the architectural form and detail including the original/recreated shopfronts. Internally, the remaining original layout and other features including joinery, fireplaces and stairs etc. which contribute to the significance of the pair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0008-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nShop and Residence was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0009-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0010-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThis pair of shops and residence and site are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right. Numbers 123 to 125 George Street were built in 1882 as commercial premises as part of the business precinct lining the harbour-side of The Rocks, and are associated with the evolving pattern of urban fabric in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0011-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0012-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nNumbers 123 to 125 are associated with Thomas Playfair, Mayor of Sydney in 1885. Playfair was involved in the profitable marine trade and invested in property in the local area, of which 121 George Street is one such property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0013-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0014-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe buildings' facades are fine examples of the Victorian Free Classical style, executed to give a sense of decorum to what would otherwise have been simple commercial / residential structures. The buildings have streetscape value as two buildings in a group of three that were designed to appear as one property. The buildings' scale and alignment to the street are typical of that found along the business precinct of George Street in The Rocks area. The street fa\u00e7ades have remained relatively intact since they were constructed in 1882.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0015-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0016-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe buildings have had a continuous commercial use since they were built in 1882. They have been used as fruit shops, ham and beef shops, smallgoods shops, a wine depot, a bookmaker's, importers' offices, outfitters, and, in 1933, No 123 was used by a pest extermination company. The site retains elements of combined shops and residences, once common throughout both The Rocks and Sydney in general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0017-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0018-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe fabric, although somewhat modified, has the ability to yield information on the configuration of late Victorian commercial/residential buildings and aspects of the way of life of the people who inhabited them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0019-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0020-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe site has high potential to reveal further subsurface archaeological deposits associated with the early European occupation of the site and the surrounding area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0021-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0022-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe buildings at 123 and 125 George street are expressive of the close weaving of the social fabric of The Rocks area in the nineteenth century, and demonstrate the close links between the residential and commercial activities of the community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008562-0023-0000", "contents": "123-125 George Street, The Rocks, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 1583 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 14 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008563-0000-0000", "contents": "123-125 Kent Street, Millers Point\n123-125 Kent Street, Millers Point are heritage-listed terrace houses located at 123 and 125 Kent Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008563-0001-0000", "contents": "123-125 Kent Street, Millers Point, History\nMillers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. This is one of a group of two early-mid Victorian facestone terraces with attics. First tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008563-0002-0000", "contents": "123-125 Kent Street, Millers Point, Description\nThis face stone early-mid Victorian terrace has two storeys plus attic and is well proportioned. There are stone entablatures to doors and ground floor windows. This residence has four bedrooms. Storeys: Two; Construction: Face stone walls, corrugated galvanised iron roof. Style: Victorian Georgian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008563-0003-0000", "contents": "123-125 Kent Street, Millers Point, Description, Modifications and dates\nExternal: Infill to rear verandahs, shutters removed - Last inspected on 19 February 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008563-0004-0000", "contents": "123-125 Kent Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nAs at 23 November 2000, these Victorian terraces are an important streetscape element.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008563-0005-0000", "contents": "123-125 Kent Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nIt is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of 19th century adaptation of the landscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008563-0006-0000", "contents": "123-125 Kent Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nTerrace was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008563-0007-0000", "contents": "123-125 Kent Street, Millers Point, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 901 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008564-0000-0000", "contents": "1230\nYear 1230 (MCCXXX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008565-0000-0000", "contents": "1230 (VAD23) aluminium alloy\n1230 Aluminium Alloy has aluminium as the major element, and has silicon, zinc, copper, titanium, vanadium, manganese and magnesium as minor elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008566-0000-0000", "contents": "1230 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1230\u00a0kHz: 1230 AM is a regional (Class B) frequency outside the coterminous United States (Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands) and a local (Class C) broadcast frequency within the coterminous 48 states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008567-0000-0000", "contents": "1230 Riceia\n1230 Riceia, provisional designation 1931 TX1, is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 October 1931, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory. The asteroid was named after Hugh Rice, amateur astronomer of New York and director of the Museum of Natural Sciences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008567-0001-0000", "contents": "1230 Riceia, Orbit and classification\nRiceia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,507 days; semi-major axis of 2.57\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008567-0002-0000", "contents": "1230 Riceia, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg on 17 October 1931, or eight days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008567-0003-0000", "contents": "1230 Riceia, Physical characteristics\nRiceia has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008567-0004-0000", "contents": "1230 Riceia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nIn 2016, a rotational lightcurve of Riceia was modeled from photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database. Lightcurve analysis gave a sidereal rotation period of 6.67317 hours as well as a spin axis of (37.0\u00b0, \u221263.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008567-0005-0000", "contents": "1230 Riceia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Riceia measures 6.19 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.318. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 7.46 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008567-0006-0000", "contents": "1230 Riceia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after American amateur astronomer Hugh Rice, director of the Museum of Natural Sciences (possibly AMNH). The naming was proposed by Irving Meyer and endorsed by German astronomer Gustav Stracke who mentioned on a postcard in February 1937, that his American college, Meyer, who himself did not discover any asteroids, requested the naming after the city of Rutherford, where a private observatory was located at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008567-0007-0000", "contents": "1230 Riceia, Naming\nThe official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 113).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008569-0000-0000", "contents": "12305 Fifth Helena Drive\n12305 Fifth Helena Dr. is a home in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California. The house is most famous as the final residence of Marilyn Monroe and the location of her death in 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008569-0001-0000", "contents": "12305 Fifth Helena Drive, Location\nThe property is located at 12305 Fifth Helena Drive in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008569-0002-0000", "contents": "12305 Fifth Helena Drive, Overview\nThe one-story, Hacienda-style home sits on 2,900 square feet at the end of a quiet cul-de-sac off Carmelina Ave. Built in 1929, the L-shaped property consists of four bedrooms and three bathrooms. In the backyard, a free-form pool is adjacent to a citrus grove and guest house. Its \"Cursum Perficio\" tiles on the front doorstep translate to \"I have completed my journey.\" It is unknown whether Monroe herself or a successive owner installed the tiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008569-0003-0000", "contents": "12305 Fifth Helena Drive, Ownership\nIn February 1962, Monroe purchased the property for $77,500. She reportedly paid for half of the home in cash and took out a mortgage for the second half. In the early morning of August 5, 1962, six months after purchasing the home, Monroe was found dead of a barbiturate overdose in her bedroom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008569-0004-0000", "contents": "12305 Fifth Helena Drive, Ownership\nIn 2017 the house was put for sale for $6.9 million and eventually sold for $7.25 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008570-0000-0000", "contents": "1230s\nThe 1230s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1230, and ended on December 31, 1239.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008571-0000-0000", "contents": "1230s BC\nThe 1230s BC is a decade which lasted from 1239 BC to 1230 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008574-0000-0000", "contents": "1230s in art\nThe decade of the 1230s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008575-0000-0000", "contents": "1231\nYear 1231 (MCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008576-0000-0000", "contents": "1231 Auricula\n1231 Auricula (prov. designation: 1931 TE2) is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 10 October 1931, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory. The likely elongated C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 3.98 hours. It was named after the flowering plant auricula and indirectly honors astronomer Gustav Stracke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008576-0001-0000", "contents": "1231 Auricula, Orbit and classification\nBased on recent HCM-analyses, Auricula is a non-family asteroid that belongs to the main belt's background population. On its osculating Keplerian orbital elements, it is located in the Eunomia region (502), where the prominent family of stony asteroids is located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008576-0002-0000", "contents": "1231 Auricula, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.4\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,593 days; semi-major axis of 2.67\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in October 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008576-0003-0000", "contents": "1231 Auricula, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the yellow flowered Alpine primrose, primula auricula. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 113). It honors German astronomer and diligent orbit computer Gustav Stracke (1887\u20131943), who had asked that no asteroid be named after him. The initials of the asteroids (1227) through (1234), all discovered by Karl Reinmuth, spell out \"G.\u00a0Stracke\". In this manner, Reinmuth was able to circumvent Stracke's desire and honor him nevertheless. The asteroid 1019\u00a0Strackea was later named after Stracke directly. In the 1990s, astronomer Brian Marsden was also honored by this method, see asteroids 5694 to 5699. The consecutive initial letters of these minor-planet names spell out \"MarsdenB\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008576-0004-0000", "contents": "1231 Auricula, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008576-0005-0000", "contents": "1231 Auricula, Physical characteristics\nIn the SDSS-based taxonomy, Auricula is a common, carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008576-0006-0000", "contents": "1231 Auricula, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn April 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Auricula was obtained from photometric observations by Colin Bembrick at the Mount Tarana Observatory (431) and other observers from Australia and New Zealand. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.9816\u00b10.0006 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.75 magnitude (U=3), indicative of a non-spherical, elongated shape. A modeled lightcurve using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database was published in 2016. It gave a concurring sidereal period of 3.981580\u00b10.000001 hours, as well as two spin axes at (57.0\u00b0, \u221257.0\u00b0) and (225.0\u00b0, \u221285.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008576-0007-0000", "contents": "1231 Auricula, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Auricula measures between 13.43 and 22.52 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.066 and 0.11. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0465 and a diameter of 22.37 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008578-0000-0000", "contents": "1231 property\n1231 Property is a category of property defined in section 1231 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. 1231 property includes depreciable property and real property (e.g. buildings and equipment) used in a trade or business and held for more than one year. Some types of livestock, coal, timber and domestic iron ore are also included. It does not include: inventory; property held for sale in the ordinary course of business; artistic creations held by their creator; or, government publications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008578-0001-0000", "contents": "1231 property, History\nThe 1954 version of the Internal Revenue Code included section 1231 covering certain property held by a business. The original section covering this matter - namely, section 117(j) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 - was enacted in 1942. The law was originally conceived as a way to help the shipping industry during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008578-0002-0000", "contents": "1231 property, History\nThe present version of the Internal Revenue Code has retained section 1231, with the provision now applying to both property lost in an involuntary conversion, and to the sale or exchange of certain kinds of business-use property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008578-0003-0000", "contents": "1231 property, Application\nA taxpayer can calculate net 1231 gains and losses, often referred to as the hotchpot, as capital gains, with the caveat that if the gain is less than any \u201cnon-recaptured losses\u201d from the preceding five years, it is re-characterized as ordinary income and is reported with Form 4797.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008578-0004-0000", "contents": "1231 property, Application\n\u201cNon-recaptured loss\u201d is covered by 1231(c). This provision refers to a situation when a taxpayer claims a 1231 loss in year one, but seeks a 1231 gain in any of subsequent years two through six. Any gain which is less than or equal to the loss in year one will be characterized as ordinary income rather than long-term capital gain (which has preferred tax rates).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008578-0005-0000", "contents": "1231 property, Application\nGains and losses under 1231 due to casualty or theft are set aside in what is often referred to as the fire-pot (tax). These gains and losses do not enter the hotchpot unless the gains exceed the losses. If the result is a gain, both the gain and loss enter the hotchpot and are calculated with any other 1231 gains and losses. If there are more casualty loss(es) than gains, the excess is treated as an ordinary loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008578-0006-0000", "contents": "1231 property, Impact\nSection 1231 treatment allows taxpayers to enjoy tax-favored treatment for 1231 property gains that are greater than 1231 property losses. This means that if the asset can be sold for a value greater than its basis, it can be taxed at a capital gains rate, which is lower than an ordinary income rate. However, if the 1231 property results in a loss then the taxpayer can treat it as an ordinary loss and such a loss may reduce the taxpayer's taxable income.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008578-0007-0000", "contents": "1231 property, Impact\nThis provision is said to give a taxpayer the \"best of both worlds\" as it allows the favorable capital gains tax rate on section 1231 property while avoiding the negative implications of capital loss treatment. Ordinary losses are 100% deductible, while capital losses are subject to an annual deduction limitation of $3,000 against ordinary income. Within this framework, if capital losses exceed capital gains by more than $3,000 in any given tax year, the portion of the deduction that may be used to offset ordinary income is limited to $3,000; the excess loss over $3,000 must be carried over to the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008578-0008-0000", "contents": "1231 property, Impact\nC Corporations are not allowed to deduct capital losses against ordinary income, and must instead deduct capital losses only against capital gains. If capital losses exceed capital gains in any given tax year, the excess loss may be carried back three years and carried forward five years where it is offset against capital gains of those years. When carrying a C corporation's capital loss back or forward, the loss does not retain its character as short-term or long-term. In other words, the loss is treated as a short-term capital loss even if it was originally a long-term capital loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008578-0009-0000", "contents": "1231 property, Impact\nSection 1231 does not reclassify property as a capital asset. Instead, it allows the taxpayer to treat net gains on 1231 property as capital gains, but to treat net losses on such property as ordinary losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008578-0010-0000", "contents": "1231 property, Impact\nCongress has decided not to let this \"best of both worlds\" treatment give taxpayers undesired benefits beyond its purpose. This treatment would compel a taxpayer to sell a Section 1231 loss asset at the end of a year to get an ordinary loss and hold a Section 1231 gain until the next taxable year to receive capital gains treatment. To limit the impact of this undesired result, Congress included 1231(c). This is a controversial topic in U.S. taxation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008578-0011-0000", "contents": "1231 property, Impact\nUnder 1231(c), the 1231 gain that was deferred until the second year in the example above will be recharacterized as ordinary income. This is done because the taxpayer has already received the benefit of having the loss in year one treated as an ordinary loss. Thus, if the 1231 gain is disposed of after year one, but before what becomes the seventh year under 1231(c)(2)(A), it will receive ordinary income treatment. If held onto and disposed of after the seventh year, it may be treated as a capital gain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008579-0000-0000", "contents": "1232\nYear 1232 (MCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008580-0000-0000", "contents": "1232 Cortusa\n1232 Cortusa, provisional designation 1931 TF2, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 10 October 1931, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The X-type asteroid has a rotation period of 25.2 hours. It was named after the plant Cortusa and indirectly honors astronomer Gustav Stracke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008580-0001-0000", "contents": "1232 Cortusa, Orbit and classification\nCortusa is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,073 days; semi-major axis of 3.18\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1930 OH at Johannesburg Observatory in July 1930, or 15 months prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008580-0002-0000", "contents": "1232 Cortusa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the flowering plant Cortusa, a species of plant in the primrose family. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 114). It honors German astronomer and diligent orbit computer Gustav Stracke (1887\u20131943), who had asked that no asteroid be named after him. The initials of the asteroids 1227 through 1234, all discovered by Karl Reinmuth, spell out \"G. Stracke\". In this manner, Reinmuth was able to circumvent Stracke's desire and honor him nevertheless. The asteroid 1019\u00a0Strackea was later named after Stracke directly. In the 1990s, astronomer Brian Marsden was also honored by this method, see asteroids 5694 to 5699. The consecutive initial letters of these minor-planet names spell out \"MarsdenB\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008580-0003-0000", "contents": "1232 Cortusa, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008580-0004-0000", "contents": "1232 Cortusa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Cortusa was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 25.16\u00b10.02 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.10 magnitude (U=2). Other period determinations were made by Ren\u00e9 Roy (<10\u00a0h) in December 2006 (U=1), and by the Spanish OBAS group (22.05\u00a0h) in June 2016 (U=2-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008580-0005-0000", "contents": "1232 Cortusa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Cortusa measures between 33.13 and 43.27 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.07 and 0.14. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1226 and a diameter of 33.05 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008581-0000-0000", "contents": "1232 KMS\n1232 KMS is a 2021 Indian Hindi-language documentary film directed by Vinod Kapri. It chronicles the Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of the lockdown on them. The film was released on Disney+ Hotstar on 24 March 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008581-0001-0000", "contents": "1232 KMS, Production\nIn March 2020, India went into a nationwide lockdown to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus. During that time, Kapri was helping seven migrant labourers from Ghaziabad with food and other essentials. But they would keep calling him after 3\u20134 days felt it was \"embarrassing\". The next time the ration ran out, they decided to leave for their village in Saharsa which was 1232\u00a0km away from Ghaziabad. On 27 April, seven of them had left. Kapri left with his assistant in a car the next morning and found them near Sambhal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008581-0002-0000", "contents": "1232 KMS, Production\nKapri said \"I advised them not to move out, holding them on for two weeks. When they decided to leave for Bihar, I wanted to document their journey.\" Over the next week, the labourers traveled to their village on bicycles and hitchhiked trucks with minuscule money. Kapri felt that society failed them during the crisis, \"these people build our homes, but when there was a crisis, we ignored them. This documentary gives them a face and tells their story\". Kapri shot the film with his assistant, without a proper crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008581-0003-0000", "contents": "1232 KMS, Music\nVinod Kapri contacted Vishal Bhardwaj to work on the background score after watching the documentary, as he insisted to support the cause \"musically and lyrically\". For this documentary, Vishal composed \"Marenge Toh Wahin Jaakar\" and \"O Re Bidesiya\" with Gulzar writing the lyrics. Gulzar initially had written a poem on the plight of the migrant labourers which he tweaked to make it lyrical. The album released on 28 March 2021, featured three tracks; one being a reprised version of \"O Re Bidesiya\". Sukhwinder Singh, Vishal and Rekha Bhardwaj contributed the vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 15], "content_span": [16, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008581-0004-0000", "contents": "1232 KMS, Release\nThe official trailer of 1232 KMS was released on YouTube on 17 March 2021, and opened to positive response from critics and viewers. The film was released through Disney+ Hotstar on 24 March 2021, as the announcement of the nationwide lockdown to curb COVID-19 pandemic, happened on the same date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008581-0005-0000", "contents": "1232 KMS, Reception\nTatsam Mukherjee of Firstpost opined \"In a country, where most news channels with far-reaching impact have let this crisis unfold in the background without any coverage, 1232 Kms lies in an enviable position without a contemporary film tackling a similar theme.\" Nandini Ramnath writing for Scroll.in said, \"The 86-minute documentary is a timely reminder of the perilous journeys of migrants during the 2020 lockdown\". Giving 4 out of 5 stars, Roktim Rajpal of Deccan Herald stated 1232 KMS documentary is \"hard-hitting\" and a wise approach as it makes the documentary a lot more relatable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008581-0005-0001", "contents": "1232 KMS, Reception\nShubham Kulkarni of Koimoi stated \"It isn\u2019t just another documentary that\u2019s preachy and self-indulgent. It is an effort to show you what the pandemic looked like for the people neglected.\" Film critic Rhea Srivatsava gave 3 out of 5 in her review for LetsOTT stating \"The film deserves one watch, even if it is to get off our privileged positions and see the damage and devastation of the pandemic beyond people\u2019s lives because it is one that will linger on for the unforeseeable future.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008584-0000-0000", "contents": "1233\nYear 1233 (MCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008585-0000-0000", "contents": "1233 ABC Newcastle\nABC Newcastle (call sign: 2NC) is an Australian radio station. It is the Newcastle station of the ABC local radio network, and is licensed to, and serving Newcastle and surrounding areas. It operates on the AM band at 1233 kilohertz. Formerly known by its callsign 2NC, the NC in the callsign is short for Newcastle, while the 2 represents the state of New South Wales. The station was established in 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008585-0001-0000", "contents": "1233 ABC Newcastle, History\n2NC was the very first regional radio station in Australia outside a capital city. It was set up by Adrian Jose. The first broadcast occurred 19 December 1930, and played the Newcastle Symphony Orchestra playing the William Tell Overture. James Fenton acting as the prime minister of Australia gave a speech. Local Newcastle content was limited to an hour a week and included news, market reports and church services. The station was heard in New Zealand. Its original frequency was 1245\u00a0kHz or wavelength of 241 meters. The power was 2\u00a0kW with a modulation of 85%. The transmitting equipment was established by Keith Thow of STC. The transmitting antenna is at Beresfield. It was designed to have a range of 25 miles, covering a population of 200,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008585-0002-0000", "contents": "1233 ABC Newcastle, History\nIn 1931 2YB in New Plymouth, New Zealand was interfering with 2NC causing a heterodyne whistle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008585-0003-0000", "contents": "1233 ABC Newcastle, History\nOther early local content included the Newcastle Steel Works Band, the Newcastle Choral Society and the Newcastle Revellers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008585-0004-0000", "contents": "1233 ABC Newcastle, History\nFor a time in the early 2000s, the ABC Newcastle website included a 5-day-a-week 5-minute TV news bulletin dedicated to Newcastle, shot in the ABC NSW studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008585-0005-0000", "contents": "1233 ABC Newcastle, History\nThe first studios were located behind the Old Strand Theatre on Market Street, before moving to 24 Wood Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008585-0006-0000", "contents": "1233 ABC Newcastle, Programs\nIts programs are also heard on ABC Upper Hunter, the ABC's station serving the Upper Hunter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008585-0007-0000", "contents": "1233 ABC Newcastle, Sports coverage\nIn addition to Grandstand's national coverage, 1233 ABC Newcastle and ABC Upper Hunter also broadcast Newcastle Knights rugby league and Newcastle Jets football  games as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008586-0000-0000", "contents": "1233 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1233 kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008587-0000-0000", "contents": "1233 Kobresia\n1233 Kobresia, provisional designation 1931 TG2, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 33 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 October 1931, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named for the grass-like flowering plant Kobresia, a genus in the sedge family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008587-0001-0000", "contents": "1233 Kobresia, Orbit and classification\nKobresia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.4\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,493 days; semi-major axis of 2.56\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008587-0002-0000", "contents": "1233 Kobresia, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1927 TB at Heidelberg in October 1927, or four years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008587-0003-0000", "contents": "1233 Kobresia, Physical characteristics\nKobresia has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008587-0004-0000", "contents": "1233 Kobresia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nTwo rotational lightcurves of Kobresia were obtained by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis of his photometric observations made in 2004 and 2006, gave a rotation period of 27.76 and 27.83 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.32 and 0.34 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2). While not being a slow rotator, Kobresia's period is longer than that of the average asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008587-0005-0000", "contents": "1233 Kobresia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Kobresia measures between 29.73 and 36.167 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0305 and 0.0475.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008587-0006-0000", "contents": "1233 Kobresia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0396 and a diameter of 33.45 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008587-0007-0000", "contents": "1233 Kobresia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after a genus in the family Cyperaceae, Kobresia, a grass-like flowering plant, commonly known as \"bog sedges\". The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names contacted Dutch astronomer Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld in order to confirm the meaning of this asteroid's name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008587-0008-0000", "contents": "1233 Kobresia, Naming, Meta-naming\nThe initials of the minor planets (1227) through (1234), all discovered by Reinmuth, spell out \"G. Stracke\". Gustav Stracke was a German astronomer and orbit computer, who had asked that no planet be named after him. In this manner Reinmuth was able to honour the man whilst honoring his wish. Nevertheless, Reinmuth directly honored Stracke by naming planet 1019 Strackea later on. The astronomer Brian Marsden was honored by the same type of meta-naming using consecutive initial letters in 1995, spelling out \"Brian M.\" in the sequence of minor planets (5694) through (5699).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008587-0009-0000", "contents": "1233 Kobresia, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008588-0000-0000", "contents": "1233 in Ireland, Events\nA fragment of that Holy rood was brought to Holy Cross Abbey, County Tipperary by the Plantagenet Queen, Isabella of Angoul\u00eame, around 1233.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008589-0000-0000", "contents": "1234\nYear 1234 (MCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0000-0000", "contents": "1234 (Feist song)\n\"1234\" is a song from Feist's third studio album, The Reminder. The song was co-written by Feist and Sally Seltmann, an Australian singer-songwriter who also recorded under the stage name New Buffalo. It remains Feist's biggest hit single in the US to date, and her only song to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 and UK Top 40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0001-0000", "contents": "1234 (Feist song), History\nI had been listening to Feist's album Let It Die. I thought my little song about lost love, and the hope to recapture what you once had, sounded too much like a Feist song for me to use for New Buffalo, so I shelved it. Then, in late 2005 I did a tour across Canada supporting Feist, and Broken Social Scene. After meeting Feist, I started to wonder whether she might like to do a cover of \"1234,\" but I was too shy to tell her about it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0001-0001", "contents": "1234 (Feist song), History\nAt the last Broken Social Scene show, I plucked up the courage to tell her that I had written a song which I thought she might like to use. We went onto the tour bus, and I recorded a simple version of the song into her laptop, with guitar and vocals. To my surprise, she loved the song, and started playing it live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0002-0000", "contents": "1234 (Feist song), History\nOn 14 December 2005, Feist played the song live at The Trabendo in Paris, France in a show broadcast on Europe2 TV, with the title \"Sally's Song\" and with somewhat different lyrics than in the commercially released version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0003-0000", "contents": "1234 (Feist song), History\nThe original version of the song was mixed by Renaud Letang. It was later remixed by Van She Tech, an offshoot of the band Van She.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0004-0000", "contents": "1234 (Feist song), Release\nThe song was digitally released through iTunes Store. It gained notice after its use in an iPod nano commercial. It also appeared in an Australian commercial for eBay. It has been released in the United Kingdom, in Canada and in other countries digitally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0005-0000", "contents": "1234 (Feist song), Chart performance\nSince its digital release, \"1234\" peaked at number four on the US Hot Digital Songs chart. The single also reached number eight on the US Hot 100, number 10 on the US Pop 100, and number 34 on the US Modern Rock Tracks chart. As of July 25, 2011, \"1234\" had sold 1.2 million downloads in the US. The single's unexpected success led to its release worldwide. In the UK it proved to be a huge hit, making the top 10 and peaking at number eight. It had a very successful release in Canada, making it to number two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0005-0001", "contents": "1234 (Feist song), Chart performance\nThe song also entered the top 10 in several European countries. The single's success made Feist famous globally and boosted sales of her other releases. It also managed to debut at number 67 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, as digital tracks were counted towards chart positions from November 5, 2007 onwards in Australia. It later entered the top 50 of the chart in late December and peaked at number 36. It also ranked number 34 in the Triple J Hottest 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0006-0000", "contents": "1234 (Feist song), Chart performance\nIn the 28 April 2008 episode of The Colbert Report where she was a guest, Feist said that she had planned to offer \"1234\" as the official campaign theme for Stephen Colbert's Presidential bid, before he dropped out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0007-0000", "contents": "1234 (Feist song), Chart performance\nAs of 2017 the single has been certified silver by BPI for 200,000 sold copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0008-0000", "contents": "1234 (Feist song), Awards and accolades\n\"1234\" was nominated for Grammy Awards in the categories of Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Short Form Music Video. Likewise, the success of the song largely contributed to Feist's other nominations that year for Best New Artist and Best Pop Vocal Album. It also won the Juno award for Single of the Year on 6 April 2008 in Calgary. Sally Seltmann also received a nomination at the 2008 APRA Awards for Song of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0009-0000", "contents": "1234 (Feist song), Awards and accolades\nThis song was number 19 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007, and number nine on the list of Readers' 25 Best Songs of 2007. It was also ranked number five on Amazon.com's Best Songs of 2007. Pitchfork Media deemed the video the fifth best video of the decade, and named the song number 16 on the top 100 tracks of 2007. Blender named the video number two on The Top 10 Music Videos of 2007. In France the video won Music video of the year at the Victoires de la Musique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0010-0000", "contents": "1234 (Feist song), Awards and accolades\nTime magazine named \"1234\" one of The 10 Best Songs of 2007, ranking it at number two after \"Rehab\" by Amy Winehouse. Writer Josh Tyrangiel called the song a \u201cmasterpiece\u201d, praising Feist for singing it \u201cwith a mixture of wisdom and exuberance that's all her own.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0011-0000", "contents": "1234 (Feist song), Cover versions\nThe song was rewritten as a counting song for a performance on Sesame Street, in which Feist counts chickens, monsters (Elmo, Zoe, Rosita, and Telly) and penguins to 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0012-0000", "contents": "1234 (Feist song), Cover versions\nBrooke White of American Idol fame performed a cover of \"1234\" during her set on the American Idols LIVE! Tour 2008, which ran from 1 July to 13 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0013-0000", "contents": "1234 (Feist song), Cover versions\nElectropop band Joy Electric released a cover of the song in 2009 on their album Favorites at Play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0014-0000", "contents": "1234 (Feist song), Parodies\nIt was parodied by MADtv for the continuous releases of new iPods, a commercial in which the song was originally used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0015-0000", "contents": "1234 (Feist song), In popular culture\nIt was sung by the character of Andy Bernard in \"Lecture Circuit\", an episode of The Office, in an attempt to woo a client he finds attractive. This attempt fails, and Dunder Mifflin loses the account. It was used in a trailer for the 2009 film New York, I Love You. It also features in The Inbetweeners season 1 episode, 'Bunk Off'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0016-0000", "contents": "1234 (Feist song), In popular culture\nSinger-songwriter Kenny Loggins covered the song for his 2009 album All Join In. The lyrics were changed because of dark subject material and the song also featured Kenny's 11-year-old daughter Hana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008590-0017-0000", "contents": "1234 (Feist song), In popular culture\nPianist Louis Durra recorded an instrumental trio version released on Mad World EP and Arrogant Doormats (2011).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008591-0000-0000", "contents": "1234 (Propaganda album)\n1234 is the second studio album by Propaganda. Released in 1990, Michael Mertens was the only remaining member of the group from their previous album A Secret Wish, though original member Susanne Freytag made a guest appearance on two tracks, and the album includes some songs co-written by Ralf D\u00f6rper. New group members included Derek Forbes and Brian McGee, both formerly of Simple Minds and whom had both toured with the first incarnation of the band, and vocalist Betsi Miller. The album was produced by Ian Stanley and Chris Hughes, most notable for their work with Tears For Fears in the 1980s. Hughes and Miller would later marry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008591-0001-0000", "contents": "1234 (Propaganda album)\nThe first single from the album, \"Heaven Give Me Words\", reached the UK Top 40 and also reached #22 on the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart. \"Your Wildlife\" reached #32 on the U.S. Dance Music/Club Play Singles chart. Both songs were co-written by Howard Jones. Another single, \"Only One Word\" (which featured Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour), peaked at #71 in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008591-0002-0000", "contents": "1234 (Propaganda album)\nThe album itself peaked at #46 on the UK Album Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008591-0003-0000", "contents": "1234 (Propaganda album)\nThe cover art is a close-up of part of the statue Unique Forms of Continuity in Space by Umberto Boccioni", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008592-0000-0000", "contents": "1234 (Ronnie Wood album)\n1234 is the fourth solo album by English musician Ronnie Wood, released in September 1981. In the United States, it spent five weeks on the Billboard 200, peaking at number 164. The album was co-produced by Andy Johns and features musical contributions from Ian McLagan, Charlie Watts, Bobby Womack, Waddy Wachtel and Nicky Hopkins, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008593-0000-0000", "contents": "1234 Elyna\n1234 Elyna /\u026a\u02c8la\u026an\u0259/, provisional designation 1931 UF, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 18 October 1931, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory. The asteroid was named after the flowering plant Elyna (Kobresia; bog sedges).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008593-0001-0000", "contents": "1234 Elyna, Orbit and classification\nElyna is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,913 days; semi-major axis 3.02\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, four days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008593-0002-0000", "contents": "1234 Elyna, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Elyna is a K-type asteroid, which agrees with the overall spectral type for members of the Eos family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008593-0003-0000", "contents": "1234 Elyna, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Elyna were obtained from photometric observations since 1983. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.421 hours with a consolidated brightness amplitude between 0.21 and 0.37 magnitude (U=3-/2/3/1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008593-0004-0000", "contents": "1234 Elyna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Elyna measures between 22.876 and 29.08 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.055 and 0.162.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008593-0005-0000", "contents": "1234 Elyna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1286 and a diameter of 26.00 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.77.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008593-0006-0000", "contents": "1234 Elyna, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the flowering plant Elyna, a subgenus of the genus Kobresia in the family Cyperaceae, sometimes called bog sedges. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 114).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008593-0007-0000", "contents": "1234 Elyna, Naming, Meta-naming\nThe initials of the minor planets (1227) through (1234), all discovered by Reinmuth, spell out \"G. Stracke\". Gustav Stracke was a German astronomer and orbit computer, who had asked that no planet be named after him. In this manner Reinmuth was able to honour the man whilst honoring his wish. Nevertheless, Reinmuth directly honored Stracke by naming planet 1019 Strackea later on. The astronomer Brian Marsden was honored by the same type of meta-naming using consecutive initial letters in 1995, spelling out \"Brian M.\" in the sequence of minor planets (5694) through (5699).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008593-0008-0000", "contents": "1234 Elyna, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008596-0000-0000", "contents": "1235\nYear 1235 (MCCXXXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008597-0000-0000", "contents": "1235 Schorria\n1235 Schorria (prov. designation: 1931 UJ), is a Hungaria asteroid, sizable Mars-crosser, and exceptionally slow rotator from the inner region of the asteroid belt. The carbonaceous C-type asteroid has an outstandingly long rotation period of 1265 hours (7.5 weeks) and measures approximately 5.5 kilometers (3.4 miles) kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany on 18 October 1931, and named after German astronomer Richard Schorr (1867\u20131951).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008597-0001-0000", "contents": "1235 Schorria, Orbit and classification\nSchorria is a Mars-crossing member of the Hungaria asteroids, which form the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.6\u20132.2\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 8 months (964 days; semi-major axis of 1.91\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 25\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg two weeks after its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008597-0002-0000", "contents": "1235 Schorria, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Richard Schorr (1867\u20131951), a German astronomer at Bergedorf Observatory, Hamburg, who discovered the minor planets 869\u00a0Mellena and 1240\u00a0Centenaria. After being named by ARI with the consent of the discoverer (RI 862), naming citation was later published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 114). The lunar crater Schorr is also named in the astronomer's honour. In 1913, asteroid 725\u00a0Amanda was already named after Schorr's wife by discovering astronomer Johann Palisa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008597-0003-0000", "contents": "1235 Schorria, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen taxonomy, Schorria' spectral type is closest to that of a carbonaceous C-type and somewhat similar to that of an X-type asteroid though with a noisy spectrum (CX:).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008597-0004-0000", "contents": "1235 Schorria, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nIn March 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Schorria was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomers Brian Warner and Robert Stephens. Light curve analysis of the two astronomer's combined data set of almost 2000 photometric observations revealed that this Mars-crosser is one of the slowest rotating asteroids known to exist. It has a rotation period of 1265\u00b180 hours, or about 52 days, with a high brightness variation of 1.40 in magnitude (U=3), which is indicative of a non-spheroidal shape. The body was also suspected to be in a tumbling state. However, no significant evidence of such a non-principal axis rotation could be found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008597-0005-0000", "contents": "1235 Schorria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the space-based survey by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Schorria measures (5.55\u00b11.11) kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of (0.486\u00b10.194). Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, the body measures between 7 and 15 kilometers, for an absolute magnitude at 13 and an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25, while Warner/Stephens estimated a diameter of approximately 9 kilometers in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008597-0006-0000", "contents": "1235 Schorria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link calculates a diameter of 5.04 kilometers based on an albedo of 0.40, which is contrary to an expected low albedo for dark, carbonaceous CX-type asteroids as classified by Tholen, but typical for the descendants of the E-belt, a hypothesized population of primordial asteroids, which the E-type Hungarian asteroids with high inclinations and a semi-major axis of 1.9\u00a0AU are thought to have originated from.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008599-0000-0000", "contents": "12359 Cajigal\n12359 Cajigal, provisional designation 1993 SN3, is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008599-0001-0000", "contents": "12359 Cajigal\nThe asteroid was discovered on 22 September 1993, by Venezuelan astronomer Orlando Naranjo at the Llano del Hato National Astronomical Observatory, M\u00e9rida, located in the Venezuelan Andes. It was named after Venezuelan politician and scientist Juan Manuel Cajigal y Odoardo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008599-0002-0000", "contents": "12359 Cajigal, Orbit and classification\nCajigal is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,091 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008599-0003-0000", "contents": "12359 Cajigal, Orbit and classification\nIn October 1976, t was first observed as 1976 UU2 at Crimea\u2013Nauchnij. The body's observation arc begins 2 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at Steward Observatory (Kitt Peak\u2013Spacewatch) in June 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008599-0004-0000", "contents": "12359 Cajigal, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nIn September 2010, a photometric lightcurve of Cajigal obtained in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California, gave a rotation period of 11.7664 hours with a brightness variation of 0.27 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008599-0005-0000", "contents": "12359 Cajigal, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Cajigal measures 11.69 and 13.052 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.098 and 0.095, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a C-type like standard albedo for members of the Themis family of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 10.5 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008599-0006-0000", "contents": "12359 Cajigal, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Venezuelan mathematician, engineer, and statesman, Juan Manuel Cajigal y Odoardo (1803\u20131856), who introduced the study of mathematics and engineering in his country with his founding of the Military Academy of Mathematics in 1831. He also installed the first astronomical telescopes in Caracas, where the Cajigal Observatory (\"El Observatorio Cajigal\") was later established in 1888. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 10 September 2003 (M.P.C. 49675).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008600-0000-0000", "contents": "1236\nYear 1236 (MCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008601-0000-0000", "contents": "1236 Tha\u00efs\n1236 Tha\u00efs /\u02c8\u03b8e\u026a.\u026as/ (prov. designation: 1931 VX) is a dark background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. The rare T-type asteroid has a notably long rotation period of 72 hours and measures approximately 18 kilometers (11 miles). It was discovered on 6 November 1931, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula, and named after the ancient Greek prostitute Tha\u00efs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008601-0001-0000", "contents": "1236 Tha\u00efs, Orbit and classification\nTha\u00efs is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,386 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory, one month after its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008601-0002-0000", "contents": "1236 Tha\u00efs, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Tha\u00efs, the famous Greek hetaera (ancient prostitute), who lived during the time of Alexander the Great (356\u2013323 BC) and accompanied him on his campaigns. It is also the name of the protagonist in the novel Tha\u00efs by French poet Anatole France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008601-0003-0000", "contents": "1236 Tha\u00efs, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nTha\u00efs is a dark and reddish T-type asteroid in the Tholen taxonomic scheme. It has also been classified as a L-type asteroid by PanSTARRS large-scale survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008601-0004-0000", "contents": "1236 Tha\u00efs, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2017, the only existing lightcurve of Tha\u00efs gives a rotation period of 72 hours with a brightness variation of 0.08 magnitude (U=1). The fragmentary light curve was obtained by Austrian astronomers from photoelectric observations in the early 1980s. While not being a slow rotator, it has a significantly longer-than average rotation period, if future observations confirm the tentative results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008601-0005-0000", "contents": "1236 Tha\u00efs, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Tha\u00efs measures between 14.43 and 22.34 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.06 and 0.11. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0599 and a diameter of 22.34 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.93.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008602-0000-0000", "contents": "1237\nYear 1237 (MCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008603-0000-0000", "contents": "1237 Genevi\u00e8ve\n1237 Genevi\u00e8ve (prov. designation: 1931 XB) is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 38 kilometers (24 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 2 December 1931, by French astronomer Guy Reiss at the Algerian Algiers Observatory in North Africa. The discoverer named it after his daughter Genevi\u00e8ve Reiss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008603-0001-0000", "contents": "1237 Genevi\u00e8ve, Orbit and classification\nGenevi\u00e8ve is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.4\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,542 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008603-0002-0000", "contents": "1237 Genevi\u00e8ve, Orbit and classification\nIn 1908, it was first identified as A908 HA at Taunton Observatory (803). A few days later, Genevi\u00e8ve was also observed at the U.S. Naval Observatory, which extended the body's observation arc by 23 years prior to its official discovery observation at Algiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008603-0003-0000", "contents": "1237 Genevi\u00e8ve, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the eldest daughter of the discoverer, Genevi\u00e8ve Reiss. The discoverer also named 1300\u00a0Marcelle and 1376\u00a0Michelle after his other two daughters. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 114).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008603-0004-0000", "contents": "1237 Genevi\u00e8ve, Physical characteristics\nIn May 1984, American astronomer Richard Binzel obtained a rotational lightcurve of Genevi\u00e8ve that gave a rotation period of 16.37 hours with a brightness variation of 0.23 magnitude (U=2). A divergent period of 24.82 hours with an amplitude of 0.07 magnitude was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Raymond Poncy in April 2005 (U=2-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008603-0005-0000", "contents": "1237 Genevi\u00e8ve, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Genevi\u00e8ve measures between 30.85 and 40.67 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.057 and 0.07 (without preliminary results).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008603-0006-0000", "contents": "1237 Genevi\u00e8ve, Physical characteristics\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) agrees with the results obtained by IRAS, and derives an albedo of 0.0484 and a diameter of 39.74 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.91.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008605-0000-0000", "contents": "12373 Lancearmstrong\n12373 Lancearmstrong, provisional designation 1994 JE9, is a bright Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 15 May 1994, by American astronomer and software engineer Charles de Saint-Aignan after examining films taken at Palomar Observatory, California, and named after American cyclist Lance Armstrong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008605-0001-0000", "contents": "12373 Lancearmstrong, Orbital and physical characteristics\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,401 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins in 1994, as no precoveries were taken prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008605-0002-0000", "contents": "12373 Lancearmstrong, Orbital and physical characteristics\nBased on an absolute magnitude of 14.2 and an assumed albedo of 0.20, which is typical for bodies with a silicaceous composition, Lancearmstrong measures between 4 and 6 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008605-0003-0000", "contents": "12373 Lancearmstrong, Orbital and physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures 3.3 kilometers in diameter due to an unusually high albedo of 0.449. As of 2016, its composition, shape and rotation period and shape remains unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008605-0004-0000", "contents": "12373 Lancearmstrong, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after American Lance Armstrong (born 1971), former professional road racing cyclist. Despite being diagnosed with metastatic testicular cancer, he recovered and returned to cycling. At the time this minor planet was named, he had won the Tour de France three times and encouraged athletes and cancer survivors worldwide. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 November 2001 (M.P.C. 43762). In 2012, Armstrong was stripped of his Tour de France victories after a doping scandal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008606-0000-0000", "contents": "12374 Rakhat\n12374 Rakhat (prov. designation: 1994 JG9) is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 4.5 kilometers (2.8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 15 May 1994, by American astronomer and software engineer Charles de Saint-Aignan at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was named for the fictional planet \"Rakhat\" in the novel The Sparrow", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008606-0001-0000", "contents": "12374 Rakhat, Orbit and classification\nRakhat is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,488 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008606-0002-0000", "contents": "12374 Rakhat, Orbit and classification\nA first precovery was taken at the discovering Palomar Observatory in November 1954, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 40 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008606-0003-0000", "contents": "12374 Rakhat, Naming\nThis minor planet was named \"Rakhat\" after the fictional planet in the novel The Sparrow by Mary Doria Russell. The novel begins in 2019, when SETI at the Arecibo, picks up radio broadcasts of music from this planet in the vicinity of Alpha Centauri. The first expedition is organized by the Jesuit order, known for its missionary, linguistic and scientific activities. The novel was followed by the sequel Children of God. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 28 March 2002 (M.P.C. 45234).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008606-0004-0000", "contents": "12374 Rakhat, Physical characteristics\nIn May 2010, a rotational lightcurve was obtained from photometric observations made astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. It gave a rotation period of 18.1702\u00b10.0205 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.31 in magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008606-0005-0000", "contents": "12374 Rakhat, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 4.6 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.21, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 4.4 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008607-0000-0000", "contents": "1238\nYear 1238 (MCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008608-0000-0000", "contents": "1238 Predappia\n1238 Predappia, provisional designation 1932 CA, is a dark Adeonian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 February 1932, by astronomer Luigi Volta at the Observatory of Turin in Pino Torinese, Italy. It was later named after the Italian village of Predappio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008608-0001-0000", "contents": "1238 Predappia, Orbit and classification\nPredappia is a member of the Adeona family (505), a large family of carbonaceous asteroids in the intermediary main belt, named after 145\u00a0Adeona. It is also dynamically classified as a member of the Eunomia family (502), the largest in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 stony asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008608-0002-0000", "contents": "1238 Predappia, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.3\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,591 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle in March 1941, more than 9 years after to its official discovery observation at Pino Torinese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008608-0003-0000", "contents": "1238 Predappia, Physical characteristics\nPredappia 's spectral type is unknown. Although the LCDB assumes an S-type (due to its dynamical classification to the stony Eunomia family), a low albedo of 0.0644 is derived (see below) which is typical for carbonaceous C-type asteroids and in agreement with the overall spectral type of the Adeona family (505).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008608-0004-0000", "contents": "1238 Predappia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nPhotometric observations of the asteroid during 2006 by Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado Springs, Colorado, were used to generate a lightcurve with a period of 8.94 \u00b1 0.02 hours and a variation in brightness of 0.03 \u00b1 0.01 magnitude (U=2-). Other observations obtained a poorly rated lightcurve with a divergent period of 6.13 and 24 hours, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008608-0005-0000", "contents": "1238 Predappia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Predappia measures between 19.96 and 32.14 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.02 and 0.0771.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008608-0006-0000", "contents": "1238 Predappia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0644 and a diameter of 19.91 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008608-0007-0000", "contents": "1238 Predappia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Italian village of Predappio near Forli, known for being the birthplace of  Benito Mussolini, the founder of Italian Fascism and Italian Dictatory until 1942. The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Lutz Schmadel, contacted Italian astronomer Paul G. Comba, who confirmed that this naming was \"another clear instance of homage to him\". Predappio has become a site of pilgrimage for Italian and other neofascists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008611-0000-0000", "contents": "1238 in poetry\nThe following events are associated with the year 1238 AD in poetry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008612-0000-0000", "contents": "1239\nYear 1239 (MCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008613-0000-0000", "contents": "1239 Queteleta\n1239 Queteleta (k\u0259tl\u025bta), provisional designation 1932 CB, is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 February 1932, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The asteroid was named after Adolphe Quetelet, a Belgian astronomer and mathematician.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008613-0001-0000", "contents": "1239 Queteleta, Discovery\nQueteleta was discovered on 4 February 1932, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. It was independently discovered by Louis Boyer at Algiers Observatory, Algeria, on the same night and by George Van Biesbroeck at Yerkes Observatory, United States, on 13 February 1932. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first mentioned discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008613-0002-0000", "contents": "1239 Queteleta, Orbit and classification\nQueteleta is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,585 days; semi-major axis of 2.66\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at with its official discovery observation at Uccle in 1932.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008613-0003-0000", "contents": "1239 Queteleta, Physical characteristics\nThe asteroid's spectral type has not been determined, but its low albedo (see below) is typical for that of a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008613-0004-0000", "contents": "1239 Queteleta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Queteleta measures 15.94 and 18.032 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.0695 and 0.051, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008613-0005-0000", "contents": "1239 Queteleta, Physical characteristics, Rotation period, poles and shape\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Queteleta has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, shape and poles remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 74], "content_span": [75, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008613-0006-0000", "contents": "1239 Queteleta, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Belgian astronomer and mathematician Adolphe Quetelet (1796\u20131874), whose research also encompassed several other scientific disciplines such as statistics, demography, sociology, criminology and the history of science. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 114). He was also honored by the lunar crater Quetelet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008614-0000-0000", "contents": "1239 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1239 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008615-0000-0000", "contents": "123Klan\n123Klan is a French graffiti crew, founded in 1992 by husband and wife Scien and Klor. Since 1994 the crew have also worked in graphic design, inspired by the work of Neville Brody, and started to apply it to their graffiti (and vice versa). They describe their art as 'when street knowledge meets technology and graffiti melds with graphic design'. Dean, Sper, Skam, Meric, and Reso 1 are the other crew members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008615-0001-0000", "contents": "123Klan\nNow based in Montr\u00e9al, Canada, 123Klan's studio specializes in character illustration, branding and toy design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008615-0002-0000", "contents": "123Klan\nThey have had exhibitions worldwide, including Lille, Dunkerque, Toulouse, Strasbourg, Paris, Brussels, London, Eindhoven, Roma, Munich, Barcelona, New York City, Singapore, and Zurich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008616-0000-0000", "contents": "123Movies\n123Movies, GoMovies, GoStream, MeMovies or 123movieshub was a network of file streaming websites operating from Vietnam which allowed users to watch films for free. It was called the world's \"most popular illegal site\" by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) in March 2018, before being shut down a few weeks later on foot of a criminal investigation by the Vietnamese authorities. As of August\u00a02021, the network is still active via clone sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008616-0001-0000", "contents": "123Movies, Development\nThe site went through several name changes after being shut down from different domains; sometimes the name appeared as \"123Movies\", and other times as \"123movies\". The original name, and URL, was 123movies.to, which changed to other domains including 123movies.is before redirecting to gomovies.to and later gomovies.is. It was changed to gostream.is, and then to memovies.to, before changing to 123movieshub.to/is and remaining there until shutdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008616-0002-0000", "contents": "123Movies, Development\nIn October 2016, the MPAA listed 123Movies in its Online Notorious Markets overview to the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR), stating that: \"The site has a global Alexa rank of 559 and a local rank of 386 in the U.S. 123movies.to had 9.26 million worldwide unique visitors in August 2016 according to SimilarWeb data\". In October 2016, Business Insider reported that 123movies.to was the \"most-used pirate website\" in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008616-0003-0000", "contents": "123Movies, Development\n123Movies included HD, HD-RIP, Blu-ray and camera qualities of films. The video hosters and players it used included Openload, Streamango, and MyCloud. During its existence and shutdown period, the site was covered by TorrentFreak regarding its features, uptime/downtime, shutdown, and reasons for shutdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008616-0004-0000", "contents": "123Movies, Development\nIn December 2017, the creators of 123movies launched another streaming site dedicated to anime, named AnimeHub.to, which remained online for months after 123Movies's shutdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008616-0005-0000", "contents": "123Movies, Shutdown\nIn March 2017, TorrentFreak reported that the US ambassador to Vietnam, Ted Osius, had been in talks with the local Minister of Information and Communications, Truong Minh Tuan, about shutting down illegal video streaming sites operating from Vietnam, and listed 123movies as one specific site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008616-0006-0000", "contents": "123Movies, Shutdown\nIn October 2017, the MPAA listed 123Movies (and GoStream.is) in its Online Notorious Markets overview to the Office of the United States Trade Representative, stating that while the site was technically hosted from Ukraine that: \"The site takes numerous steps to hide the identity of theoperator, including using Cloudflare, but there is strong reason to believe the operator is still in Vietnam; content is uploaded using cyberlockers from numerous email accounts originating from Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008616-0007-0000", "contents": "123Movies, Shutdown\nIn March 2018, the MPAA said that the site was the \"most popular illegal site in the world\", stated it was operated from Vietnam and estimated that it received 98 million visitors per month. On 19 March 2018, a note on the site's home page announced its shutdown, and urged users to \"respect filmmakers by paying for movies and TV-shows\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008616-0008-0000", "contents": "123Movies, Reappearance\nIn October 2018, the MPAA's update on Online Notorious Markets to the United States Trade Representative, said that the closure of 123movies, 123movieshub, gostream, and gomovies, on foot of a criminal investigation in Vietnam in 2018, was \"an important development\" in combatting illegal film piracy services. However, the MPAA report also noted that numerous copycat sites had emerged in at least eight other countries. In November 2018 TorrentFreak reported sites connected or similar to 123Movies such as WatchAsap had also been shut down by the FBI, but were re-directing to other file sharing sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 23], "content_span": [24, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008617-0000-0000", "contents": "123Net\n123.Net Inc., also known as 123Net, is a telephone, Internet, and colocation provider headquartered in Southfield, Michigan, in the United States. It was one of the first Competitive Local Exchange Carriers to interconnect with AT&T and Verizon for the purposes of offering services through the public switched telephone network. The company operates as an independent and privately held telecommunications provider with services in the midwestern United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008617-0001-0000", "contents": "123Net\n123Net is most known for its Southfield and Grand Rapids based data centers (DC1\u2013DC4) and its extensive Wireless and Fiber-optic network in Michigan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008617-0002-0000", "contents": "123Net, History\n123Net was founded primarily as a dialup ISP that focused on residential internet services. The company has since exited most residential service offerings and is now a business provider of telecommunications services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008617-0003-0000", "contents": "123Net, Acquisitions\n123Net has acquired assets or bought the following companies' networks:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008618-0000-0000", "contents": "123RF\n123RF (Part of Inmagine Group) is a stock photos agency founded in 2005 which sells royalty-free images and stock photography. In the past few years, 123RF expanded the portfolio to serve the growing market of the web-based content industry. In addition to over 170 million images in its library, the company also has a large collection of vector graphics, icons, fonts, videos and audio files. The marketing is mainly carried out by about 350 employees from 40 offices around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008618-0001-0000", "contents": "123RF, History\nIn 2000, the founder, Andy Sitt, had just quit his job at a British company that sold stock images in CDs while showing customers printed catalogues. Andy launched his e-commerce business by setting up Inmagine, which sold premium large-format photo prints. Together with Stephanie Sitt as a cofounder and current CEO, Inmagine Group is one of the few technology companies to have bootstrapped globally from Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008618-0002-0000", "contents": "123RF, History\nInmagine also produced proprietary content which required in-house photographers, graphic designers, make up artists and a sales team to cater to demand. In 2005, Inmagine set up 123RF, which offers royalty-free stock images, videos, as well as audio clips, from just US$1 to US$3 apiece. Unlike the previous business model, 123RF allows photographers around the world to sell their work on the platform on a royalty-free model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008618-0003-0000", "contents": "123RF, History\nSubsequently, Inmagine Group has expanded by building new businesses such as Stockunlimited.com, Designs.net and has also acquired TheHungryJPEG.com, Craftbundles.com, Pixlr.com, Vectr.com and Storyandheart.com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008618-0004-0000", "contents": "123RF, History\nIn November 2020, the company confirmed that it had been subject to a data breach, with 8.3 million customer records from the breach available for sale on the dark web.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008618-0005-0000", "contents": "123RF, Acquisitions\nIn March 2017, 123RF acquired TheHungryJPEG, a UK-registered font and graphics marketplace and its sister company Craftbundles for an undisclosed sum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008618-0006-0000", "contents": "123RF, Acquisitions\nIn April 2017, 123RF acquired Pixlr, an online web-based image editor from Autodesk for an undisclosed sum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008618-0007-0000", "contents": "123RF, Acquisitions\nIn November 2017, 123RF acquired Vectr, a web-based vector editor and Story & Heart, a video education platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0000-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing\nThe 123rd Airlift Wing (123 AW) is a unit of the Kentucky Air National Guard, stationed at Louisville International Airport (Louisville Air National Guard Base), Kentucky. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0001-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, Overview\nThe Kentucky Air National Guard's 123rd Airlift Wing mission is to provide worldwide theater airlift for U.S. military and humanitarian operations. The wing is equipped with eight C-130H Hercules aircraft. Multiple groups, squadrons and flights carry out the unit's mission by providing administrative and logistical support, including airlift operations, combat control, pararescue, maintenance, supply, transportation, contracting, communications, civil engineering, personnel, base services, security forces and medical functions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0002-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Korean War Federalization\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, the 123d Fighter Group and its component squadrons were mobilized into federal active duty at Godman Air Force Base at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Shortly after being federalized, the group and its support units of the 223d Air Service Group were reorganized under the wing base organization and the 123d Fighter-Bomber Wing was activated to control the operational and support elements that had been mobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0003-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Korean War Federalization\nAfter over a year of training at Godman, the 123rd deployed to RAF Manston, Kent, England to replace the Strategic Air Command (SAC) 12th Fighter-Escort Wing which returned to Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas. In England, the mission of the 123rd was to provide fighter escort for SAC Boeing B-50 Superfortress and Convair B-36 Peacemaker bombers while flying over Western European airspace on their deterrence alert missions. The 123rd left their F-51Ds at Godman AFB and the personnelboarded C-47s to Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts and later to transport ships to England. They arrived in early December, 1951 at Manston where they began conversion training on Republic F-84E Thunderjets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0004-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Korean War Federalization\nThe training program began with the inexperienced F-51D pilots experiencing training difficulties with the jet aircraft, with several aircraft being lost in accidents. However, by March 1952 the unit was judged to be 80% combat ready on the Thunderjets. However, the period of federalization for the 123rd was expiring and in July 1952, the unit personnel were returned to the United States, the aircraft at Manston being passed on to the active duty 406th Fighter-Bomber Wing took over its personnel and equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0005-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nAfter returning from England, the unit re-formed at Louisville. Because most jet aircraft were still in USAF use, the squadron received P-51D Mustangs and initially returned to its pre-federalization air defense mission, being designated as a fighter interceptor unit. However, with the P-51s, the Kentucky Air National Guard was limited to daylight training only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0006-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nOn 1 January 1953, the wing was transferred to Tactical Air Command jurisdiction and re-equipped with refurbished North American F-86A Sabre air superiority fighter. With the switchover to TAC, the unit designation was changed to \"Fighter-Bomber\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0007-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission\nThe wing only flew the Sabre for two years, when it was re-equipped with Martin RB-57A Canberra reconnaissance aircraft and became the 123d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing.. The 123rd became a Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, in which it would remain for the next thirty years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0008-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission\nThe wing would perform day and night, high and low, and visual and photographic reconnaissance. Unlike the Sabre fighters, the RB-57A was totally unarmed. The crew was two\u2014one pilot and one photo-navigator One of their major activities of the 123rd in the United States was to carry out photographic surveys of areas hit by natural disasters such as hurricanes or tornadoes. In 1965, the 123rd was awarded its second Spaatz Trophy for superior combat readiness and flight training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0009-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission\nIn 1965, the unit transferred its RB-57s to active duty to be deployed to South Vietnam. In return the 123rd was re-equipped, receiving the RF-101G Voodoo. The RF-101G was a derivative aircraft from twenty-nine ex-USAF F-101A Tactical Fighters that were withdrawn from fighter duty and were modified by Lockheed Aircraft Service Company of Ontario, California to serve as unarmed tactical reconnaissance aircraft for use by the Air National Guard. These aircraft were redesignated as RF-101G. As compared to the RF-101A dedicated photo-reconnaissance version of the F-101A, the RF-101G had a shorter and broader nose. These aircraft went to the Kentucky Air National Guard in July 1965, replacing the RB-57B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0010-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission\nOn 26 January 1968, the Pueblo Crisis precipitated the 123rd's recall to federal service. The unit flew just under 20,000 tactical flying hours with the RF-101G and delivered nearly 320,000 reconnaissance prints to requesting agencies. Assigned personnel served on active duty for 16 months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0011-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission\nThe 123rd experienced a rocky tour of active duty. The wing had not been rated combat-ready when mobilized on 26 January 1968 primarily due to equipment shortages. It was not part of Secretary McNamara's Selected Reserve Force. The unit was given an unsatisfactory ORI rating in October 1968. Despite those problems, the 123rd made a significant contribution to active force operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0011-0001", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission\nIt began functioning as the primary Air Force tactical reconnaissance unit in the continental U.S. Elements of its squadrons rotated temporary duty assignments in Japan and South Korea from July 1968 until April 1969 providing photo reconnaissance support to American forces in those areas, including service in South Vietnam flying combat reconnaissance missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0012-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission\nThe 123rd was released from active duty and returned to Kentucky state control on 8 June 1969. The wing earned its first Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for its exceptional performance during this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0013-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission\nIn 1971, there was a re-organization of Air National Guard tactical reconnaissance units, with all the RF-101Gs being sent to the Arkansas Air Nationsl Guard's 184th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. The Kentucky ANG transferred its RF-101Gs to the Arkansas ANG and transitioned to the RF-101H Voodoo, a follow-on to the RF-101G. Being derived from the F-101C tactical fighter, the RF-101H differed from the RF-101G in having a strengthened airframe designed to allow maneuvers at up to 7.33 G. and having different fuel pumps and fuel feed and control systems, increasing its maximum available afterburner time from six minutes to 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0014-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission\nDuring 1976, a no-notice conversion announced by the National Guard Bureau brought the two-seat RF-4C Phantom II to the Kentucky Air National Guard, with the RF-101Hs aircraft being retired to AMARC. The unit attained combat-ready status within seven months\u2014a record time. The Phantom years were marked with many overseas deployments, participation in international photo reconnaissance competitions and a remarkable flight safety record. In 1981, the unit placed first in the Air National Guard Photo Finish Competition and earned an unprecedented third Spaatz Trophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0015-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission\nIn May 1983 the unit reached another historic milestone when it earned the highest possible rating from Tactical Air Command during its Operational Readiness Inspection. This was the first time that a TAC unit had received an outstanding rating. On 1 January 1989 the unit was awarded its seventh Air Force Outstanding Unit Award\u2014a record for any Air National Guard unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0016-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical airlift\nThe collapse of the Soviet Union and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact led to accelerated retirement plans for active duty USAF RF-4Cs. In 1988, the Kentucky Air National Guard's Phantoms were sent to AMARC, and on 9 January 1989 the 123rd was officially re-designated the 123rd Tactical Airlift Wing and began conversion to the C-130B Hercules transport aircraft. By the end of the year, the unit had been involved in many worldwide airlift missions, including Exercise Volant Oak in Panama. The unit also participated in an airlift competition, Sentry Rodeo. The wing's first humanitarian airlift came in the aftermath of Hurricane Hugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0017-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical airlift\nAlthough the wing's 165th Tactical Airlift Squadron was not federally mobilized for Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, unit volunteers served during the conflict. From August 1990 to March 1991, the 165th flew 1,240 airlift sorties worldwide in direct support of the Gulf War\u2014the most for any Air National Guard unit. An additional 88 wing members were activated in support of Desert Shield/Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0018-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nIn May 1992 the 123rd received the 2000th C-130 straight off the assembly line as it began conversion to the C-130H Hercules. Eight months later, the 123rd deployed to Mombassa, Kenya, to fly relief missions into Somalia for Operation Restore Hope and Operation Provide Relief. Citizen-soldiers from the 123rd flew 150 sorties and transported 720 tons of relief supplies and 1,444 passengers into some of the hardest-hit areas in Somalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0019-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nWhen the world's attention shifted to Eastern Europe in February 1993, the 123rd responded again, deploying in support of Operation Provide Promise. The unit flew 1,082 airdrop and air-land sorties and delivered 2,215 tons of food and supplies into war-torn Bosnia-Herzegovina. To support the operation, the wing deployed 451 personnel into Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany, over several rotations until May 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0020-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nIn July 1994 the 123rd answered another call for help and deployed within 72 hours of notification to fly relief missions into Rwanda and Zaire for Operation Support Hope. Operating out of Mombassa, Kenya, unit personnel flew 147 sorties, transporting 652.5 tons of relief supplies to the beleaguered Rwandan refugees. Personnel from the unit's 205th Combat Communications Squadron also deployed to Haiti that year as part of Operation Uphold Democracy, providing satellite communications links for the theater commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0021-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nIn September 1994 the wing's sustained record of achievement was recognized by award of the 1993 Curtis N. Rusty Metcalf Trophy, presented annually to the best Air National Guard airlift or air refueling unit. The wing also earned the Air National Guard Distinguished Flying Unit Plaque and Air Force Flight Safety Plaque. In November 1994 the unit was granted its eighth Air Force Outstanding Unit Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0022-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nThe wing returned to Bosnia in 1996 to provide airlift for U.S. and NATO troops who were protecting the fragile peace. More than 170 Kentuckians volunteered for the mission, which delivered 913 tons of cargo and transported 2,296 passengers. The wing also achieved the highest readiness rate of any unit in the theater. That commitment to service continued in 1997, when the unit participated in several overseas deployments while offering a helping hand at home. More than 100 Kentucky Air Guard troops provided security forces, medical aid, communications links and civil engineering crews after record flooding ravaged several Kentucky communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0023-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nThe unit also made its presence felt overseas, offering civil engineering skills in Spain and airlift services in Saudi Arabia as part of Operation Southern Watch, which enforced the no-fly zone in Southern Iraq. Other wing members deployed to Egypt as part of a multinational training exercise that integrated 7,000 troops from every branch of the U.S. military and six foreign countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0024-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nIn February 1998, the 123rd Airlift Wing received its ninth Air Force Outstanding Unit Award. The following month, the wing accepted its sixth Distinguished Flying Unit Plaque, recognizing the 123rd Airlift Wing as one of the top five Air Guard flying units in the nation for 1997. A mere three months later, the wing as presented with the 15th Air Force Reserve Forces Trophy as the top reserve unit in the numbered Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0025-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era\n1998 continued the 123rd Airlift Wing's tradition of global deployments with missions to Panama as part of Operation Coronet Oak and Ecuador for Nuevos Horizontes '98. The latter operation, whose name means New Horizons in Spanish, was a Southern Command joint training exercise that gave Kentucky Army and Air Guard engineers the opportunity to fine-tune military skills while constructing clinics, schools, and latrines in rural areas of the South American nation. Nearly 1,300 of the Commonwealth's citizen-soldiers participated in the effort, which also provided impoverished Ecuadorians with basic dental and medical care.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0026-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nThe following year, the wing returned to Bosnia once more to provide theater airlift for the continuing peacekeeping mission, now called Operation Joint Forge. More than 350 Kentucky aircrew, maintainers, and support personnel deployed for the operation, along with about 200 members of the Ohio Air National Guard's 179th Airlift Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0027-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nThe two unit's C-130s flew nearly 500 sorties during the deployment, delivering 3,500 passengers and more than 1,000 tons of cargo to sites across Europe and inside Bosnia, including Sarajevo and Tuzla. The units also were tasked with helping stockpile equipment for what became Operation Allied Force, the NATO air campaign against Serbian forces in the former Republic of Yugoslavia. Working around the clock with the 37th Airlift Squadron at Ramstein Air Base, Germany, the Kentucky and Ohio crews flew more than 70 tons of fighter support equipment from U.S. bases in England and Germany to bases in Italy. The Kentucky Air Guard closed out 1999 by again deploying for Operation Southern Watch, providing theater airlift services from an air base in Muscat, Oman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0028-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Air Expeditionary deployments\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0029-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Air Expeditionary deployments\nShortly thereafter, the unit began planning for a 90-day deployment to Muscat, Oman, to again support U.S. troops enforcing the no-fly zone in Southern Iraq. More than 160 personnel were joined by members of the Ohio Air Guard's 179th Airlift Wing to support Operation Northern Watch. Together, the two units flew 345 sorties during their three-month tasking, delivering 895 tons of cargo and 1,122 passengers to destinations in Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The mission, which was part of the Air Force's first-ever Aerospace Expeditionary Force, concluded in December 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0030-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Air Expeditionary deployments\nBy April 2000 the 123rd Airlift Wing had received its 10th Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, and global deployments continued to mark the wing's activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0031-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Air Expeditionary deployments\nMore than 580 Kentucky Air Guard members deployed overseas from December 2000 to March 2001 as part of Air Expeditionary Forces based in Germany and Southwest Asia. Other unit members were sent to South America to participate in drug interdiction efforts. The largest contingent of Kentucky forces\u2014nearly 470 aircrew, maintenance and support personnel\u2014operated from Ramstein Air Base, Germany, in support of Operation Joint Forge, the multinational peacekeeping mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina. While there, unit members transported approximately 2,500 passengers and 410 tons of cargo to locations like Sarajevo and Tuzla, Bosnia; and Taszar, Hungary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0032-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Air Expeditionary deployments\nOther 123rd members deployed to Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Turkey in support of Operation Joint Forge, Operation Southern Watch and Operation Northern Watch. The latter two missions are responsible for enforcing no-fly zones imposed upon Iraq following the 1991 Gulf War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0033-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nAfter the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, unit members were tasked to participate in the war against terrorism and in homeland defense. Currently, more than 500 Kentucky ANG troops have been called to active duty for at least a year while scores of additional troops are serving on short-term duty as needed to support Operation Noble Eagle and Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0034-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn the first half of 2002, the wing received three major honors recognizing its superior performance in 2001. The awards were the 15th Air Force Solano Trophy, given each year to the top reserve unit in the 15th Air Force; the Metcalf Trophy, given annually to the best tanker or airlift unit in the Air National Guard; and the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award\u2014the wing's 11th such honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0035-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nA member of the wing's 123rd Special Tactics Squadron, MSG Keary Miller (retired) was awarded the Air Force Cross for his actions on 4 March 2002. During a 17-hour battle on an Afghan mountaintop, then TSG Miller, a special tactics pararescueman, against overwhelming odds and a barrage of heavy fire from al-Qaida militants, dashed through deep snow into the line of fire multiple times to assess and care for critically wounded fellow service members. Sergeant Miller was the combat search and rescue lead to recover two fellow special operations members from the top of Takur Ghar. During this mission, Miller is credited with saving the lives of 10 service members, and the recovery of seven others who were killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0036-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe wing also stood up the Air National Guard's first Contingency Response Group\u2014a rapid-reaction \"airbase in a box\" with all the personnel, training and equipment needed to deploy to a remote site, open up a runway and establish airfield operations so that aid and troops can begin to flow into affected areas after a disaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0037-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe group was instrumental in responding to the statewide ice storm last year that left nearly 770,000 households without power and water for days. All told, the wing deployed more than 380 Airmen across the Commonwealth to clear roads, distribute food and water and conduct house-to-house \"wellness checks\" credited with saving two people from death by carbon monoxide poisoning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0038-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe unit was equally engaged back home. When Hurricane Gustav began closing in on the Gulf Coast in August 2008, the 123rd Airlift Wing provided the facilities and support for relief agencies to evacuate more than 1,400 New Orleans residents to Louisville and then repatriate them after the danger had passed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0039-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn 2009, the Wing was awarded its 14th Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for accomplishments from 1 October 2007 to 30 September 2009. During those two years, the wing stepped up to perform numerous critical missions at home and abroad, deploying 759 personnel to 62 locations in 20 countries\u2014many of them in harm's way. For example, about 300 Kentucky Airmen and multiple C-130 aircraft were deployed to Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan, from March through May 2009 to provide key airlift support for U.S. forces engaged with the enemy in Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0040-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe unit maintained an unprecedented 100 percent mission-capable rate during the deployment, never missing a single scheduled flight due to aircraft maintenance issues while completing more than 1,500 combat sorties that delivered 3,900 tons of cargo and transported 20,000 troops throughout the theater of operations. The wing also deployed more than 120 Airmen and two C-130 aircraft to the Caribbean in support of Operation Coronet Oak, an ongoing U.S. Southern Command mission to provide theater airlift capability for U.S. military and government agencies in Central and South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0041-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nA third major overseas deployment saw more than 200 Kentucky Air Guardsmen and three C-130 aircraft deploy to Ramstein Air Base, Germany, from January through March 2008 and August through September 2009 as part of Operation Joint Enterprise. Kentucky aircrews transported more than 200 tons of cargo and 700 troops to 18 nations across Europe and Africa during their tours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0042-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, BRAC 2005\nIn its BRAC 2005 Recommendations, DoD recommended that Berry Field Air National Guard Base, Nashville, Tennessee, be realigned. This recommendation would distribute the C-130H Hercules aircraft of the 118th Airlift Wing (ANG) to the 123rd Airlift Wing (ANG), Louisville Air National Guard Base at Louisville Airport (four aircraft) and another installation. Military judgment was the predominant factor in this recommendation\u2014this realignment would create one right-sized squadron at Louisville (79) and would retain experienced ANG personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0043-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, History, C-130J upgrade\nOn 25 November 2020, Kentucky Governor Andy Beshear and the Kentucky congressional delegation jointly announced that the 123d would soon receive C-130J Hercules aircraft from the United States Air Force to replace the \"H\" model aircraft that have been in service for over 25 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008619-0044-0000", "contents": "123d Airlift Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0000-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron\nThe 123d Fighter Squadron is a unit of the Oregon Air National Guard 142d Fighter Wing located at Portland Air National Guard Base, Oregon. The 123d is equipped with the McDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0001-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the 123d Observation Squadron formed on 30 July 1940. It was activated on 18 April 1941. The squadron is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0002-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon National Guard\nAllocated to the Oregon National Guard in 1940, activated on 18 April 1941 at Portland Municipal Airport. The newly formed unit began operations with two officers, 108 enlisted men and two aircraft, a North American BC-1A (like the AT-6) and a Douglas O-46A. The squadron flew observation missions primarily along the Pacific Coast and occasionally made mail flights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0003-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nOrdered to active service in September 1941 as part of the pre-World War II buildup of the United States Army Air Corps and assigned to the 70th Observation Group of Fourth Air Force. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, flew antisubmarine patrols along the Pacific Coast from airfields in Oregon and Washington, later becoming part of the air defense forces of Southern California. This included one of the first missions flown from a U.S. base on 7 December 1941. Flew antiubmarine patrols until mid-1943 when the mission was turned over to the United States Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0004-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nReassigned to Third Air Force, sent first to Texas then to Oklahoma being trained for combat reconnaissance and aerial photography to support Army ground forces. Was deployed to Fourteenth Air Force in China as part of the China Burma India Theater, engaged in unarmed observation flights over Japanese-held territory supporting Chinese Nationalist forces. Flew North American B-25 Mitchells, Douglas A-20 Havocs and DB-7 Bostons originally built for the RAF. Flew from rough and remote airfields in China throughout the rest of the War, later flying unarmed high-speed long-range Lockheed P-38 Lightnings and F-5 reconnaissance Lightnings. The squadron received credit for participation in seven campaigns in World War II. Not all 123d personnel served with the 35th PRS, as some were diverted to other units as early as 1942 and served elsewhere in the Pacific and in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 922]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0005-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nAs part of the large drawdown of forces after the war, the 35th PRS inactivated on 7 November 1945, at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0006-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard\nThe wartime squadron, designated the 35th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron redesignated as the 123d Fighter Squadron, Single Engine and was allotted to the Oregon Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Portland Municipal Airport, Oregon, and was extended federal recognition on 26 June 1946 by the National Guard Bureau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0007-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard\nThe 123d FS was assigned to the 142d Fighter Group at Portland Municipal Airport. Thus the 142d FG began fighter operations for the first time in the North American North American F-51D Mustang with 75 officers and 800 enlisted men. The unit had a mission of the air defense of the State of Oregon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0008-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe squadron was called to active duty on 10 February 1951 as a result of the Korean War. It was redesignated the 123d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and assigned to the 325th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, which was stationed at McChord Air Force Base, Washington, although the squadron remained at Portland Municipal Airport. However, Air Defense Command was experiencing difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying its fighter squadrons to best advantage. As a result, in February 1952 the 123d was assigned to the 4704th Defense Wing, which was organized on a regional basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0009-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe squadron conducted air interception training missions with its F-51s until June 1952 when it was re-equipped with the North American F-86F Sabre daylight interceptor. On 1 November 1952, the 123rd was released back to the Oregon ANG and its personnel, mission and equipment were absorbed by the newly activated 357th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron.Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 445</ref>", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0010-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Cold War\nReformed as part of the 142d Fighter-Interceptor Group, retaining F-86F Sabres. It resumed its peacetime mission of the air defense of Oregon. Was upgraded by ADC in 1955 to the dedicated Lockheed F-94A Starfire all-weather interceptor. With this new aircraft, the mission of the 123d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron changed from day interceptor to day and night all-weather interceptor. In 1957 the 123d again upgraded to the improved Northrop F-89J Scorpion then in 1966 to the supersonic Convair F-102A Delta Dagger. In the summer of 1958, the 142d implemented the ADC Runway Alert Program, in which interceptors of the 123d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron were committed to a five-minute runway alert 24/7/365. The runway alert continues to this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0011-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1972 it received the Mach 2 McDonnell  F-101B Voodoo. As an example of the unit's readiness and capability, in 1976, the unit won top honors at a pair of Aerospace Defense Command competitions, the Weapons Loading Competition and the William Tell Air Defense Competition. In William Tell 1976, the 142nd garnered first place in the F-101 category and Lt. Col. Don Tonole and Maj. Brad Newell captured the overall \"Top Gun\" title flying the McDonnell F-101B Voodoo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0012-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Cold War\nAfter the inactivation of Aerospace Defense Command in 1979 and the reassignment to Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), the 123d began receiving McDonnell F-4C Phantom II aircraft used in the interceptor mission beginning in 1981. Success came again at William Tell 1984 when the unit placed first in the F-4 category flying the McDonnell-Douglas F-4C Phantom II and beat many of its McDonnell F-15 Eagle and Convair F-106 Delta Dart rivals in the overall competition. Majors Ron Moore and Bill Dejager were the overall F-4 \"Top Guns\" of the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0013-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1985, as part of the retirement of the F-4C from the inventory, the Oregon Air National Guard began to receive F-15A Eagles from active-duty units receiving the upgraded F-15C. Since the end of the Cold War, the 142d has served as the principal air defense unit of the Pacific Northwest. In 1992, as part of a large USAF reorganization, both the group and squadron were re-designated yet again as the 142d Fighter Group and the 123d Fighter Squadron, respectively. In 1995 the group was elevated to wing status, beginning its current designation as the 142d Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0014-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe wing participated in a wide variety of expeditionary and humanitarian assistance missions in the turbulent post-Cold War environment while providing air defense of the Pacific Northwest. These included major deployments to Turkey in 1998 for Operation Northern Watch and to Saudi Arabia in 2000 for Operation Southern Watch, patrolling the no-fly zones then in place over Iraq. The wing deployed aircraft to Panama in 1998 in support of counter=drug missions, helping stem the flow of the drug trade by air. Wing personnel deployed on various other missions, sending medical troops to Belize, civil engineers to Macedonia, and to such places around the globe as Cura\u00e7ao, Denmark, Germany, Guam, Kuwait, Spain and the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0015-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nOn 11 September 2001, the wing was one of the first units to respond to terrorist attacks on the east coast with increased air defense to enhance security on the west coast, and subsequently participated in Operation Noble Eagle, the national military response to homeland defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0016-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nIn the 50th Year of William Tell Anniversary Competition held in 2004, the 142d Fighter Wing was rated first in maintenance, element attack and gun categories. These William Tell successes demonstrate Oregon's long history of excellent performance and readiness to accomplish the real world mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0017-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nIn 2004, unit personnel provided humanitarian aid in the wake of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the 2007 floods in Vernonia, Oregon. The wing also supported ongoing contingency operations in Southwest Asia, including Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, such as in the 2004 deployment of medical personnel to Qatar and the 2009 deployment of Security Forces Squadron personnel to Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0018-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nIn 2005, the early 1970s F-15A model were retired and the squadron received its current aircraft, the F-15C Eagle. With more than 1,000 officers and airmen, the 142d Fighter Wing guards the Pacific Northwest skies from northern California to the Canada\u2013US border, on 24-hour Air Sovereignty Alert as part of Air Combat Command and the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The wing also stands ready to participate in state and federal contingency missions as required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0019-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nIn August 2010, two F-15 Eagles from this wing were dispatched in response to an airspace violation while the President visited Seattle, Washington. The jets produced two sonic booms over the Seattle skyline, the civilian Cessna 182 left restricted airspace before the jets arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0020-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nIn August 2018, a Horizon Airlines Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 was stolen from Sea-Tac Int'l Airport by a mechanic. The plane was airborne for about an hour, and during that time performed several stunt maneuvers including a barrel roll. Two F-15C Eagles scrambled to intercept this aircraft to ensure it did not fly over any populated areas. They maintained communication with the pilot during his time in the air, but within minutes of their intercept, the plane nosedived and crashed into nearby Ketron Island, a sparsely populated island in the Puget Sound. There were no passengers or crew on board the plane, and the pilot was killed in the crash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008620-0021-0000", "contents": "123d Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008621-0000-0000", "contents": "123people\nInitially, 123people was developed as a real time people search service, which gathered information from the deep web and over 200 external datasources, to present it in a structured search result dashboard view. 123people only gathers publicly available information from an extensive list of international as well as regional sources. Later additional services were Webcleaner which was designed to delete web content (such as pictures, comments, or articles) from the Internet, and also the Social Network Monitor which checked the user's Facebook profile towards privacy and reputation threats. 123people stopped trading in 2014 and is defunct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008621-0001-0000", "contents": "123people, History\n123people was a product of the 123people Internetservices GmbH. 123people Internetservices GmbH was founded in 2007 by European IT incubator i5invest with initial funding from Austrian venture capital company Gamma Capital Partners. The company was based in Vienna, Austria. Since March 2010, 123people was part of the French Solocal Group. At the beginning of 2012 the 123people Internetservices GmbH renamed itself into Yelster Digital GMBH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008621-0002-0000", "contents": "123people, History\nThis was also the starting point for the development of new activities by yelster digital: In January 2012 the company had announced the launch of 123pages in France, an online search service for businesses and services; in April 2012 123pages was launched in Austria. In January 2013 the company also gave a face lift and a product extension to the people search engine, 123people. Webcleaner and Social Network Monitor were the two new paid products that aimed to help web-users to monitor and protect their online reputation and personal safety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008621-0003-0000", "contents": "123people, Business model\n123people had a multi-tier business model offering standard and customized banner campaigns in all of its 12 top-level domains, applying traditional CPC and CPM pricing models. Affiliate partnerships were also a main focus to 123people. 123people integrated over 200 local and international partners providing content such as directory services, premium public records and social networks, as well as products such as wish lists and books. Partners were integrated via teasers or text links within each of its sections. 123people's pricing models for partners included CPC, CPM and CPA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008622-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 123rd Aviation Regiment was a regiment of the United States Army Aviation Branch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008622-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd Aviation Regiment (United States)\nIn the late 1980s 1st Battalion, 123rd Aviation was operating in Panama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008623-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Battalion (Royal Grenadiers), CEF\nThe 123rd Battalion, Royal Grenadiers, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Toronto, Ontario, they began recruiting in November 1915. After arriving in England, they continued to train as an infantry battalion for several months, but just before mobilizing to France in January 1917, the battalion was redesignated the 123rd Pioneer Battalion, Royal Grenadiers, CEF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008623-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd Battalion (Royal Grenadiers), CEF, History\nThe official authorization to raise the 123rd Overseas Battalion, Royal Grenadiers, CEF, was Militia General Order 151, dated December 6, 1915. However, orders had previously been issued by Militia District No. 2 on November 12, and by the time the official order was published, the recruitment for the battalion was virtually complete, although some members had signed up for service as early as September 1915. They were based in Toronto, Ontario. The battalion recruited, trained and mobilized as an infantry battalion in the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008623-0001-0001", "contents": "123rd Battalion (Royal Grenadiers), CEF, History\nMany senior members of the 123rd Battalion had served with the 10th Royal Grenadiers prior to attesting in the 123rd Battalion. Of the total 1,100 soldiers on strength on December 28, 1915, only 110 had come from the Central Recruiting Depot; all others had come from the direct recruitment efforts of the battalion itself. They had trained at home as infantry soldiers. The 10th Royal Grenadiers also contributed approximately 30% of the soldiers who attested in the 3rd Battalion (Toronto Regiment), CEF starting in September 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008623-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd Battalion (Royal Grenadiers), CEF, History\nThe battalion was separated into two groups in Halifax for mobilization to England, the first group sailing on the SS Cameronia under the command of Major Charles Armel Boone and the second group sailing on the SS Metagama, which departed Halifax harbour August 9, 1916, arriving in England August 17 and 18, 1916, respectively. Among other battalions in the convoy was the 124th Battalion (Governor General's Body Guard), CEF, which was also redesignated as a pioneer battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008623-0003-0000", "contents": "123rd Battalion (Royal Grenadiers), CEF, History\nOn January 17, 1917, five months after arrival in England, the battalion was repurposed as a pioneer battalion and redesignated as the 123rd Pioneer Battalion, Royal Grenadiers, CEF, but continued to report through the 3rd Infantry Division commanded by Major General Louis James Lipsett. While most of the other Canadian Pioneer Battalions reported through the Canadian Engineers, the 123rd (and 124th) continued to report through the infantry organization. They commenced training as pioneers, under the guidance of a major of the British Pioneers. Many of the original members were fully trained as infantry soldiers and later as pioneers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008623-0004-0000", "contents": "123rd Battalion (Royal Grenadiers), CEF, History\nThe 123rd Battalion was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Walter Bernard Kingsmill, who was the Commanding Officer of the 10th Royal Grenadiers at the time the 123rd Battalion was authorized on November 12, 1915, until May 25, 1918, when the battalion reorganized as the 3rd Canadian Engineer Brigade, comprising the 7th and 8th and 9th Canadian Engineer Battalions. Second in Command of the 123rd Battalion was Major Charles Armel Boone who had previously served in the British Armed Forces in Africa where he attained the rank of Major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008623-0004-0001", "contents": "123rd Battalion (Royal Grenadiers), CEF, History\nMajor Charles Armel Boone attended Upper Canada College in Toronto, RMC in Kingston and was an engineering graduate from the University of Toronto. Throughout 1917 and into mid-1918, the 123rd Battalion absorbed large contingents of reinforcements, primarily from the 180th Battalion, 129th Battalion, 3rd Canadian Pioneer Battalion and 3rd Reserve Battalion, and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008623-0005-0000", "contents": "123rd Battalion (Royal Grenadiers), CEF, History\nIn many cases the 123rd Battalion served with front line troops, and in fact, in front of the front line troops, to install barbed wire, improve roads, and establish battlements, fortification and dugouts for the front-line infantry troops to use and occupy. They suffered many casualties. Among their principal roles was to install bridge works and build plank roads to facilitate movement of troops, artillery pieces, and supply columns; only to have the Germans shell the roads, requiring immense efforts to get Canadians to and from the front. Many soldiers were wounded or died while serving with the 123rd Battalion, and many officers and men were decorated for their courageous acts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008623-0006-0000", "contents": "123rd Battalion (Royal Grenadiers), CEF, History\nThe 123rd Overseas Battalion, Royal Grenadiers, was demobilized and disbanded on September 15, 1920, at the same time the CEF was disbanded. The unit is perpetuated by The Royal Regiment of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008624-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Brigade\nThe 123rd Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 41st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008624-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd Brigade, Formation\nThe infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008625-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Contingency Response Group\nThe 123d Contingency Response Group (CRG) is a unit of the 123d Airlift Wing, Kentucky Air National Guard. Officially formed in 2009 it is the first of two Air National Guard CRG's along with the 108th CRG of the New Jersey Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008625-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd Contingency Response Group, Mission\nThe primary mission of the 123d CRG is to provide rapidly deployable forces to the United States Air Force to open forward airfields in an expeditionary environment as a completely self-contained unit. In addition, due to its unique mobile capability, the 123d CRG is also utilized to provide quick reaction logistical support for humanitarian missions including man-made and natural disasters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008625-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd Contingency Response Group, Mission\nThe 123d has been described as an \"air base in a box.\" The group acts as an early responder in the event of contingency operations worldwide. Its personnel are capable of deploying into remote airfields, providing command and control of aircraft, and establishing airfield operations so troops and cargo can flow into affected areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008625-0003-0000", "contents": "123rd Contingency Response Group, Mission\nUnit members represent a broad spectrum of specialties, including air traffic control, airfield security, ramp and cargo operations, aircraft maintenance, and command and control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008625-0004-0000", "contents": "123rd Contingency Response Group, Mission\nIn 2010, the group was one of two Air Force contingency response units to establish overseas airlift hubs supporting earthquake-recovery efforts in Haiti, directing the delivery of hundreds of tons of relief supplies into the Dominican Republic for subsequent trucking to Haiti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008625-0005-0000", "contents": "123rd Contingency Response Group, Organization\nThe 123d CRG is a subunit of the 123d Airlift Wing, Kentucky Air National Guard. The CRG has two squadrons, the 123d Global Mobility Squadron (GMS) and the 123d Global Mobility Readiness Squadron (GMRS). The 123d GMS provides operational support for forward airfields including the Airfield Operations Flight, Mobile Aerial Port Flight, and Aircraft Maintenance Flight. The 123d GMRS provides logistical support for forward airfields including the Logistics Flight, Intelligence Flight, and Security Forces Flight (Phoenix Fist).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008625-0006-0000", "contents": "123rd Contingency Response Group, Deployments\nMembers of the 123d CRG have deployed worldwide in support of many operations including Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Notably, many CRG members deployed on 12 hours notice in 2009 as a part of the largest activation of the Kentucky National Guard history during an ice storm that affected a majority of Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008625-0007-0000", "contents": "123rd Contingency Response Group, Deployments\nOn 21 January 2010, 40 members of the 123d CRG deployed to the Dominican Republic in support of Operation Unified Response. This was the first organizational deployment for the 123d CRG. Deployed as the 123d Contingency Response Element, the CRG established an airfield in Barahona Dominican Republic and then relieved a response element from the 572nd CRG, an active duty unit from Travis Air Force Base, at San Isidro AB, near Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008625-0008-0000", "contents": "123rd Contingency Response Group, Deployments\nThe 123d CRG was one of the first air force assets in Operation United Assistance, the US Response to the Ebola epidemic in West Africa. Deployed on 4 October 2014 to open an airfield for military cargo operations and to establish an aerial port of Debarkation at L\u00e9opold S\u00e9dar Senghor International Airport in Dakar, Senegal. Within 60 days they were to hand off to the 787th Air Expeditionary Squadron to follow-on forces. 77 members from the CRG deployed under the direction of the United States Agency for International Development designed to transfer shipments from KC-10 Extenders, C-17 Globemaster IIIs and civilian 747s into Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft for use across the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008625-0009-0000", "contents": "123rd Contingency Response Group, Deployments\nIn 2017, the unit deployed in support of Operation Inherent Resolve to Qayyarah Airfield West (also called Q-West or Key West) during the Battle of Mosul. The unit provided air operations, command and control, and logistics support for US and coalition fixed wing and rotary wing assets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008625-0010-0000", "contents": "123rd Contingency Response Group, Deployments\nOn 21 August 2021 the unit deployed a CRE (Contingency Response Element to Volk Field, WI in support of OPERATION ALLIES REFUGE assisting with the mass evacuation of refugees from Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008626-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Delaware General Assembly\nThe 123rd Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 5, 1965, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Governor Charles L. Terry, Jr. and Sherman W. Tribbitt as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008626-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on a court interpretation of the federal 1960 census. It resulted in a large shift in membership numbers to the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but could design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals. Subsequent census were adjusted such boundaries to continue such adjectives, the next being in 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008626-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 123rd Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Democratic majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008626-0003-0000", "contents": "123rd Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008626-0004-0000", "contents": "123rd Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008627-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (\u2192\u200etop: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008627-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 123rd Division (\u7b2c123\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakunij\u016bsan Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Matsukaze Division (\u677e\u98a8\u5175\u56e3, Matsukaze Heidan). It was formed on 16 January 1945 in Sunwu County as a triangular division. It was part a batch of eight simultaneously created divisions: the 121st, 122nd, 123rd, 124th, 125th, 126th, 127th and 128th Divisions. The nucleus of the formation was the 73rd Independent Mixed Brigade, which was formed in October 1944 from the headquarters of the 1st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008627-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\nOn 30 March 1945 the 123rd Division's formation was complete and it was assigned to the 4th Army. It was tasked with the garrison of Sunwu County, adjacent to the 135th Independent Mixed Brigade in Aihui District. The division fought and withstood the Soviet invasion of Manchuria with heavy casualties, but did not yield until the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945. The majority of division personnel were taken prisoner to the Soviet Union in September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008628-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 123rd Field Artillery Regiment is an active Field Artillery Branch regiment of the Illinois Army National Guard. The regiment's 2nd Battalion last served as a towed, 155mm cannon battalion assigned to the 169th Field Artillery Brigade, though administratively under the control of the 65th Troop Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008628-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd Field Artillery Regiment\nOn 31 August 2016, the 2nd Battalion was officially inactivated, after casing its colors on 13 August. It transitioned to the 123rd Engineer Battalion, which was activated on 22 September 2017. The 123rd Engineer Battalion was split in the Fall of 2018 resulting in the reactivation of the 2nd Battalion as a Field Artillery unit. The 2nd Battalion is currently assigned to the 45th Field Artillery Brigade and is under the administrative control of the 65th Troop Command Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008628-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage & Honors, Lineage\nwith Headquarters Battery and Service Battery, 210th Field Artillery Battalion (organized and Federally recognized 1 March 1954 at Monmouth), and consolidated unit designated as Headquarters Battery and Service Battery, 210th Field Artillery Battalion, elements of the 33d Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008629-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd IOC Session\nThe 123rd International Olympic Committee Session (or the 2011 International Olympic Committee Session, the 123rd IOC Session or the 2011 IOC Session) was held in July 2011 at the Inkosi Albert Luthuli International Convention Centre in Durban, South Africa. At the session, Pyeongchang, South Korea was announced as the host city of the 2018 Olympic Winter Games and Paralympic Winter Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008629-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd IOC Session, Events\nThe International Olympic Committee officially announced Durban as the host city of the 123rd IOC Session at the 120th IOC Session in Beijing, People's Republic of China on 7 August 2008, before the 2008 Summer Olympics. (In April 2008, the IOC had announced Hong Kong and Durban as the two candidates to host this 2011 IOC Session.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008629-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd IOC Session, Events\nIOC withdrew recognition of the NOC of the Netherlands Antilles following the formal dissolution of Netherlands Antilles on 10 October 2010. The athletes of the five islands comprising the Netherlands Antilles were allowed to qualify and compete in the 2012 Olympic Games as independent athletes under the Olympic flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 123rd Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, was an infantry and mounted infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. In 1863 and 1864 it was temporarily known as the 123rd Illinois Volunteer Mounted Infantry Regiment, as part of Wilder's Lightning Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThis regiment was organized at Camp Terry, Mattoon, Coles County, Illinois, by Colonel James Monroe, who at the time was major of the 7th Illinois Infantry. Companies A, C, D, H, I and K were from Coles County; B from Cumberland; E from Clark; F and G from Clark and Crawford. As a colonel in 1861, Ulysses S. Grant organized his first command, the 21st Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, in Mattoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nIt was mustered into service on September 6, 1862, with James Monroe as Colonel, Jonathan Biggs, of Westfield, Clark County, as Lieutenant Colonel, and James A. Connolly, of Charleston, Illinois, as Major. On 19 September 1862, the Regiment was loaded into freight cars at Mattoon, and transported to Louisville, Kentucky, where it was at once put to work, under Major General William \"Bull\" Nelson, to fortify the city against Confederate General Braxton Bragg, who was then advancing on it in pursuit of Union General Don Carlos Buell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0003-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nOn October 1, having been assigned to the Thirty-third Brigade (General William R. Terrill), Fourth Division (General James S. Jackson), in McCook's Corps, the regiment started on the march under Buell, southward through Kentucky, after Bragg, who had turned back, and up to this time the regiment never had battalion drill, and hardly an attempt at company drill, as all the officers, except the colonel, were \"raw recruits\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0004-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nJust 19 days after leaving Mattoon, the regiment engaged in the Battle of Perryville, where 36 men were killed in action and 180 wounded. Generals Terrill and Jackson were both killed immediately behind and within twenty feet of the line of the regiment. Among the wounded were Captain Coblentz of Company E, First Lieutenant S. M. Shepard of Company A and Adjutant Leander H. Hamlin. Following the devastating bloodshed the 123rd was assigned to protect the railroad bridge across the Green River at Munfordville, Kentucky, in November and December 1862. It has become known as the \"Battle for the Bridge,\" which began when the Union garrison led by John T. Wilder, prior to his assuming command of the 123rd, surrendered during the Battle of Munfordville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0005-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 123rd was initially assigned to the Army of the Ohio from September 1862 to November 1862, and then to the Army of the Cumberland from November 1862 to June 1865. The commanding general of the Army of the Cumberland was William Rosecrans. The regiment was in the 1st Brigade with Colonel Albert S. Hall, which was part of the 5th Division commanded by Brigadier General Joseph J. Reynolds, reporting to Major General George Henry Thomas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0006-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nIn February and March 1863, it was converted to mounted infantry. The 123rd Illinois' brigade became known as \"Wilder's Lightning Brigade\" commanded by Wilder. The brigade remained the 1st Brigade of the 5th Division, XIV Army Corps after its conversion. During this conversion, Spencer repeating rifles, invented by Christopher Spencer, were adopted as the command's primary weapon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0007-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe new increase in firepower that the Spencer gave, allowed the 123rd and its brigade mates to see off numerically superior Confederate infantry and cavalry in several engagements. The weapon was estimated to allow the regiment to deliver five t seven times the firepower of muzzle-loading opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0008-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 123rd first used its new rifles in the Battle of Hoover's Gap. The brigade showed the advantage of their speed despite the weather by reaching the gap nearly 9 miles ahead of Thomas's main body. Despite orders from the divisional commander, General Joseph J. Reynolds to fall back to his infantry, which was still six miles away, Wilder decided to take and hold the position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0009-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe brigade surprised Confederate Colonel J. Russell Butler's 1st (3rd) Kentucky Cavalry Regiment at the entrance of the gap. After driving them through the gap, the brigade found it outnumbered four-to-one. The brigade entrenched and held this position. The brigade, supported by Brig. Gen. Bushrod Johnson's brigade and some artillery, assaulted Wilder's position, but was driven back by the concentrated fire of the Spencers, losing 146 killed and wounded (almost a quarter of his force) to Wilder's 61. Colonel James Connolly, commander of the 123rd Illinois, wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0010-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nAs soon as the enemy opened on us with their artillery we dismounted and formed line of battle on a hill just at the south entrance to the \"Gap,\" and our battery of light artillery was opened on them, a courier was dispatched to the rear to hurry up reinforcements, our horses were sent back some distance out of the way of bursting shells, our regiment was assigned to support the battery, the other three regiments were properly disposed, and not a moment too soon, for these preparations were scarcely completed when the enemy opened on us a terrific fire of shot and shell from five different points, and their masses of infantry, with flags flying, moved out of the woods on our right in splendid style; there were three or four times our number already in sight and still others came pouring out of the woods beyond. Our regiment lay on the hill side in mud and water, the rain pouring down in torrents, while each shell screamed so close to us as to make it seem that the next would tear us to pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 1050]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0011-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nPresently the enemy got near enough to us to make a charge on our battery, and on they came; our men are on their feet in an instant and a terrible fire from the \"Spencers\" causes the advancing regiment to reel and its colors fall to the ground, but in an instant their colors are up again and on they come, thinking to reach the battery before our guns can be reloaded, but they \"reckoned without their host,\" they didn't know we had the \"Spencers,\" and their charging yell was answered by another terrible volley, and another and another without cessation, until the poor regiment was literally cut to pieces, and but few men of that 20th Tennessee that attempted the charge will ever charge again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0011-0001", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nDuring all the rest of the fight at \"Hoover's Gap\" they never again attempted to take that battery. After the charge they moved four regiments around to our right and attempted to get in our rear, but they were met by two of our regiments posted in the woods, and in five minutes were driven back in the greatest disorder, with a loss of 250 killed and wounded. The regiment served quite well through the remainder of the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0012-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nDuring the calamitous Chickamauga Campaign|Tullahoma Campaign, the 123rd and the rest of the Lightning Brigade, were one of the few positive results. The 123rd was sent to defend Alexander's Bridge over the Chickamauga on 17 September. The next day, 18 September, the Lightning Brigade blocked the crossing against the approach of W.H.T. Walker's Corps. Feeling quite confident in the advantage their Spencer repeating rifles gave them, the brigade held off a brigade of Brig. Gen. St. John Liddell's division, which suffered 105 casualties against Wilder's superior firepower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0013-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nAt around 14:00 on 19 September, the 123rd and its brigade spoiled the left column of the main rebel attack by severely mauling both Brig. Gen. John Gregg's brigade and Brig. Gen. Evander McNair's brigade. The attacking Confederates were surprised by the resolute, confident manner that the Lightning Brigade demonstrated in driving them back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0014-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nDuring the Siege of Chattanooga, the Lightning Brigade disbanded, and four of its regiments shifted to the Cavalry Corps where they served for the remainder of the war. The 123rd and the 72nd Indiana were sent to the 3rd Brigade of the 2nd Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0015-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nDuring the Battle of Selma, First Lieutenant O. J. McManus, Sergeants J. S. Mullen and Henry E. Cross, Corporal McMurry and Privates Daniel Cook, John Bowman, Marion White and Henry Woodruff were killed, with 50 wounded, including Lieutenant Colonel Biggs, Adjutant L. B. Bane, Captains W. E. Adams and Owen Wiley, Lieutenants Alex. McNutt and J. R. Harding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0016-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nLate in the war, the regiment pursued Confederate General John Bell Hood. The unit was instrumental in the capture of former Confederate capital Montgomery, Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0017-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nIn June 1865 new recruits and some veterans were transferred to the 61st Regiment as the 123rd prepared to disband. Those who remained were mustered out June 27, 1865, by Captain L. M. Hosea and formally discharged at Springfield, Illinois, on July 11, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0018-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment lost during service three officers and 82 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and one officer and 133 enlisted men by disease for a total of 219.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008630-0019-0000", "contents": "123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Commanders\nColonel James Monroe: September 6, 1862 - October 7, 1863 (killed at the Battle of Farmington)Brigadier General of Volunteers James S. Jackson: October 1, 1862 - October 8, 1862 (killed at the Battle of Perryville)Brigadier General of Volunteers William R. Terrill: September 9, 1862 - October 8, 1862 (killed at the Battle of Perryville)Lt. Colonel James A. ConnollyCaptain Oscar R. BaneColonel John T. Wilder: May 6, 1863 - November 1864 (resignation)Brigadier General Kenner Garrard: May 20, 1864 - October 28, 1864Major General James H. Wilson: October 28, 1864 - June 27, 1865", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008631-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 123rd Regiment Indiana Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008631-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 123rd Indiana Infantry was organized at Greensburg, Terre Haute, and Indianapolis, Indiana beginning December 25, 1863 and mustered in under the command of Colonel John Craven McQuiston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008631-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to June 1864. 4th Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, to December 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to February 1865, and Department of North Carolina to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008631-0003-0000", "contents": "123rd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 123rd Indiana Infantry mustered out of service August 25, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008631-0004-0000", "contents": "123rd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Indiana for Nashville, Tennessee, March 18, 1864. Marched to Charleston, Tennessee, April 7\u201324, 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstrations on Dalton, Georgia, May 8\u201313. Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Movements on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operations on Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Ruff's Mills July 3\u20134. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008631-0004-0001", "contents": "123rd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. Nashville Campaign November\u2013December. In front of Columbia November 24\u201327. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. At Clifton, Tennessee, until January 15, 1865. Movement to Washington, D.C.; then to Morehead City, North Carolina, January 15-February 24. Carolinas Campaign March 1-April 26. Advance on Kinston and Goldsboro March 1\u201321. Battle of Wyse Forks March 6\u20138. Kinston March 14. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Charlotte and Raleigh, North Carolina, until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 964]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008631-0005-0000", "contents": "123rd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 183 men during service; 4 officers and 47 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 131 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008632-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe 123rd Infantry Division (123. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on April 1, 1915, and organized over the next several weeks. It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008632-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe division was a Royal Saxon division, made up of troops from that kingdom. It was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of regular infantry divisions which were being triangularized. The division's 245th Infantry Brigade was the former 64th Infantry Brigade of the 32nd (3rd Royal Saxon) Infantry Division, and came to the division with the 178th Infantry Regiment. The 106th Reserve Infantry Regiment came from the 24th (2nd Royal Saxon) Reserve Division and the 182nd Infantry Regiment came from the 23rd (1st Royal Saxon) Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008632-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 123rd Infantry Division initially fought on the Western Front in World War I, entering the line in the Aisne region in mid-April 1915. Later in 1915, it fought in the Battle of Loos. It remained on the front in the Flanders and Artois regions into 1916, and in July entered the Battle of the Somme, where it reportedly lost 6,000 men. It was transferred to the Eastern Front at the end of the month, where it went into the line near Lake Nara\u010d until November 1917, when it returned to the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008632-0002-0001", "contents": "123rd Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIt went into the line near Verdun until May 1918. It later fought in the Second Battle of the Marne and then returned to the line near Verdun. Late in 1918, it faced the Allied Meuse-Argonne Offensive. It remained in the line until the end of the war. Allied intelligence rated the division as third class and of mediocre combat value.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008632-0003-0000", "contents": "123rd Infantry Division (German Empire), Order of battle on formation\nThe 123rd Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division. The order of battle of the division on April 1, 1915, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008632-0004-0000", "contents": "123rd Infantry Division (German Empire), Late-war order of battle\nThe division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war. The 182nd Infantry Regiment was sent to the newly formed 212th Infantry Division in 1916 and was replaced by the 425th Infantry Regiment, which was in turn replaced by the 351st Infantry Regiment. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion. The order of battle on June 3, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008633-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\n123rd Infantry Division (123. Infanterie-Division) was a unit of the Wehrmacht during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 123rd Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe designation was first used in World War I for an Alabama National Guard unit part of the 31st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nIn 1942, the 123rd was reactivated as a component of the Illinois Army National Guard and fought in World War II where it received acclaim for its jungle fighting against the Japanese in the Pacific Theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0003-0000", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nDuring the First World War, the 123rd Infantry Regiment was organized from previous Alabama militia units, and was assigned to the 31st Infantry Division. Upon arrival in France, the 31st became a depot division, and all the recruits from its regiments were sent out to replace combat casualties in depleted units on the front. In 1946, this unit was reconstituted and reorganized as the 200th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0004-0000", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe 123rd Infantry Regiment was activated for service in World War II on 28 September 1942, and joined the 33rd Infantry Division at Fort Lewis, Washington. The 33rd Division had released regiments to other commands, and now needed another infantry regiment to triangularize it. Thus, the 123rd regiment was attached to the division. Throughout the rest of 1942, and into March 1943, the regiment conducted thorough training at Fort Lewis until they moved to the Mojave Desert in early April 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0004-0001", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThey bivouacked near the Clipper Mountains and, along with other soldiers of the 33rd Division, had the distinction of being the first infantry trained in desert warfare without motorized vehicles. Originally trained in the desert for combat in North Africa, the 123rd Regiment, with the rest of the 33rd Division, was sent to duty in the Pacific. After 10 weeks of training in the Mojave, the regiment left for Camp Stoneman, CA, near San Francisco. The regiment departed California on 7 July 1943, and arrived in Hawaii on 13 July, where the 123rd was stationed on the island of Kauai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0004-0002", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe regiment was slated for a nine-month tour of duty as Kauai's defence force, taking over from elements of the 40th Infantry Division California Army National Guard, and began training. They trained on jungle warfare, usage of flamethrowers, amphibious assaults, and certain men were selected for Ranger training. On 25 April 1944, the 33rd Infantry Division's tenure as Hawaiian guards was over, and they set sail for New Guinea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0005-0000", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, New Guinea Campaign\nThe 33rd Division landed at Finschhafen, New Guinea, on 11 May 1944 and the units were spread out in bivouac areas. The 123rd set up camp about twelve miles up the coast. Here, the men continued training in the jungle, but despite their infantry role, they were mainly used to unload supply ships in the harbor. On 20 August 1944, the 123rd Infantry was detached for independent operations near Maffin Bay, and relieved the entire 31st Infantry Division in order to guard the Wakde airstrip from Japanese attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0005-0001", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, New Guinea Campaign\nNow designated as \"Task Force Tornado,\" the 123rd conducted 258 one-day patrols and 29 two-day patrols, along with the score or more of five-day patrols. Resistance from the Japanese was frequent, and on each of these engagements the enemy was rendered ineffective. By the use of these patrols, the Japanese were prevented from closing in on the perimeter and their artillery was kept out of range. The men of the 123rd, even during their \"baptism by fire,\" showed that quality training paid off, and they performed well even against a veteran enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0005-0002", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, New Guinea Campaign\nWhen the 123rd took over the Toem-Sarmi area, there were around 2,000 Japanese in the area with 1,400 of them identified as combat troops. When the Regiment left the area for combat on Luzon, the total number of enemy killed in that sector, including those accounted for by preceding troops, had been swelled to 4,005. The most bitter battle of the Sarmi area took place when Company C of the 1st Battalion (1-123), led by CPT Marchant, encountered heavy resistance at Sawaar Airfield. On the second morning of their five-day patrol, they were greeted by a burst of enemy shells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0005-0003", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, New Guinea Campaign\nThe next day, the patrol ran into machine-gun fire after trudging though the thick mud of the Sago palm swamps. Four Japanese patrols were surprised and five of the enemy killed. However, the real battle would take place the following day. Three enemy tanks had infiltrated behind C Company,s lines, and enemy mortar and machine gun fire supported the tanks. In the ensuing skirmish, which lasted all day, all three enemy tanks were knocked out, one of them by a well-aimed bazooka shot fired by Captain Marchant, and 25 Japanese dead were found laying around the jungle. This upped the total verified enemy casualties to 31, with only one member of the 123rd killed. He died from an aerial bomb booby-trap on the first day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0006-0000", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, New Guinea Campaign\nAlso of note during the combat at Maffin Bay were the heroics of individual soldiers. SGT Victor Highsmith became the first 123rd man to be awarded a combat medal, the Bronze Star. SGT Winfield Green, later receiving an officer's commission, was the first to earn the Silver Star. Lieutenant Walter Roper, leading a patrol deep in enemy territory, was the first man in both the regiment and the division to lose his life in combat. CPL Roy Adams, of the Regimental Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon, was credited with being the first member of the Regiment to kill a Japanese soldier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0006-0001", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, New Guinea Campaign\nAlso, the first men in the 33rd Division to receive Purple Hearts were with Task Force Tornado at Maffin Bay. Its mission fulfilled, the 123rd Infantry was relieved by elements of the 93rd Infantry Division. All strategic materials and constructions were destroyed before they departed, to prevent anything falling into enemy hands. The Regiment left Maffin Bay on 26 January 1945, joined other elements of the 33rd Division en route, and departed for Luzon in the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0007-0000", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign\nThe 123rd Infantry landed at Lingayen Gulf on 10 February 1945, and moved to the front lines three days later. They relieved the 158th Regimental Combat Team of the Arizona Army National Guard. The first shots fired by the 33rd Division on Luzon were by the 123rd's Regimental Cannon Company, which fired 105mm M3 howitzers in a direct-fire role, and inflicted heavy losses on the Japanese in the operations that followed. The first company to send out a patrol was B Company, 1-123. This patrol started out on 18 February and returned on the 24th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0007-0001", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign\nStrong enemy positions were encountered, and the patrol bypassed these areas to reach its objective. The first man to kill a Japanese soldier on Luzon was PFC Fay \"Tex\" Hough, a medic who was attached to C Company. He was attending a wounded man on the front when an enemy soldier popped up a short distance away. Hough finished him off and then completed his aid work. Unlike in Europe, it was common for aid-men to carry weapons in the Pacific Theater because the Japanese did not follow the Geneva Conventions and often killed Allied medics with indiscretion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0007-0002", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign\n1-123 advanced on Rosario and from there moved along a highway to the foothills of Twin Peaks on the Kennon Road. Assigned with capturing these rugged peaks, two companies advanced up the slopes. As they approached the top, fierce opposition was encountered from well-concealed Japanese emplacements and the companies were forced to hold their positions. The Japanese were making a valiant defense of this area as it controlled the last water points on the routes leading to Baguio. The Americans were soon relieved by a substantially larger force and the enemy retreated over the mountains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0007-0003", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign\nIntelligence reports later disclosed that an entire Japanese battalion had been operating against A Company. Moving by night, 1-123 arrived at San Luis near Pugo. B Company had already sent a patrol to secure the town. An interesting incident occurred here. LT Merle Fleenor was assigned with laying telephone wire as soon as the town had been secured. He and his crew arrived and found nobody there. He thought that the patrol had gone through the village and was continuing the advance. Once he installed his phones, he called back to headquarters when the patrol arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0007-0004", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign\nFleenor and his two wire section men had arrived ahead of the patrol and had taken over. 1-123 captured three more peaks the following day without the loss of a single man. 2nd Battalion (2-123) advanced up the other flank of Pugo in order to seize the high ground between Damortis and Rosario. The day that 1-123 took the three peaks, 2-123 captured strategic high ground just beyond Pugo. The RCP (Regimental Command Post) was moved to Pugo. The Third Battalion (3-123) operated along the coast towards San Fernando.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0007-0005", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign\n2-123 advanced toward Mount Calugong and Mount Santo Tomas through difficult terrain, and bulldozers followed them to clear the way for support troops. After 30 days of fighting, the regiment advanced 13 miles, but still had 7 miles to go before they reached Baguio. 3-123 relieved 2-123 and began the main effort. During the fighting in the mountains, units of 2-123 executed a brilliant night operation to capture strategic points on the route of advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0007-0006", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign\nThis night attack was so well undertaken that the Japanese were unaware that their strong emplacements had been occupied, and at daybreak the enemy was mowed down in great numbers as they emerged from their caves on the reverse side of the hill to man their positions. In the fight to the highest point of terrain, K Company 3-123 launched a well-coordinated attack after first having an artillery barrage laid down less than a hundred yards to the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0007-0007", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign\nTimed to perfection, the assault, which immediately followed the lifting of the barrage, caught the Japanese in their foxholes and the victory was achieved without any casualties. 1-123, which was in I Corps reserve, rejoined the fight and attacked near Galiano. After numerous attacks on the enemy controlled high ground, the 123rd finally dislodged the Japanese from their strongpoints and the \"race to Baguio\" entered its final phase. F and G Companies of 2-123 performed admirably and were given awards after the mountain fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0007-0008", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign\nThe 33rd Infantry Division and the 37th Infantry Division from the Ohio Army National Guard reached the outskirts of Baguio and the 123rd moved out of the mountains and into the valley near Tuba. G Company, sent to protect the regiment's left flank, annihilated two enemy companies as 3-123 neared the city limits. 3-123 nicknamed the brushy area near Baguio \"Times Square\" due to the heavy activity of enemy vehicles, including tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0007-0009", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign\nIn the race for Baguio, it was rumored that the 33rd and the 37th Divisions erected road blocks to slow up the progress of the other: A patrol of C Company of 1-123 was the first to enter Baguio, but the final glory of taking the Summer Capital of the Philippines was divided between the two beleaguered divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0008-0000", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign\nBefore the ultimate dash towards Baguio, A Company was designated as a special task force and sent to Dingalen Bay on the far side of Luzon to act as a security force for the installations there. This force was commanded by Major Robert V. Connolly and was called the \"Connolly Task Force.\" This 800-man task force included a reinforced rifle company of the 127th Infantry, 32d Division, one company of the 6th Ranger Infantry Battalion, a battery of 105-mm. howitzers, and engineer, medical, and port detachments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0008-0001", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign\nAssembling near Vigan, Connolly Task Force would follow Route 3 around the northwest tip of Luzon to the vicinity of Aparri, where a battalion of the 11th Infantry would join. Ordered to \u201cannihilate the enemy forces fleeing north\u201d by Gen. Krueger and to liberate, secure and occupy the Aparri region, the task force was also to prepare minor port facilities and a liaison plane airstrip along the coast west of Aparri. On 11 May 1945, a member of this force, PFC John R. McKinney, singlehandedly killed 40 Japanese soldiers in a half hour battle despite being wounded by a katana strike to the head. He was awarded the Medal of Honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0009-0000", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign\nGen. Krueger\u2019s estimate of the Japanese situation dictated the need to make a vertical envelopment of airborne troops to close the trap and prevent the enemy from all possibility of escaping from Aparri. Accordingly, on 21 June, Krueger directed a battalion combat team of the 511th Parachute Infantry, 11th Airborne Division, to drop near Aparri on 23 June. By that evening, elements of Maj. Connolly\u2019s task force and the 2d Battalion of the 11th Infantry were ten miles south along Route 5 from Aparri and had secured Camalaniugan Airstrip, three miles from Aparri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0009-0001", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign\nOn the very day that Krueger issued this order, the Connolly Task Force entered Aparri unopposed. There was no trap for the 511th Parachute Infantry to close. The Connolly Task Force was overwhelmingly successful in eliminating the remaining elements of the Japanese Imperial Army. Connolly reported 368 enemy dead and six prisoners taken. His losses for the operation were two killed and three wounded. Despite the great successes of the now reinforced Connolly Task Force, Krueger did not change his mind about the desirability and necessity for the airdrop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0009-0002", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign\nInstead, he concluded that the \"seizure of Aparri without opposition\u201d by elements of the Connolly Task Force on 21 June 1945, together with the almost unopposed advance of the 37th Division, indicated clearly that the time had come for mounting the airborne troops to \u201cblock the enemy's retreat in the Cagayan Valley.\" It is not clear just what retreat Krueger expected to block. The airborne force totaled about 1,030 men, including the reinforced 1st Battalion of the 511th Infantry and Battery C, 457th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion. Then Major (later LTC) Robert V. Connolly was awarded the Silver Star for Gallantry in Battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0010-0000", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign\nThe 123rd Infantry Regiment as a whole took part in some of the longest and bloodiest campaigns of the US Army during World War II and it suffered a total of 96 combat casualties. Its relatively low casualty rate is a testament to the long and intensive training the unit underwent before engaging in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0011-0000", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Japan and Demobilization\nThe main units of the 123rd Infantry arrived in Japan on 25 September 1945 to conduct occupation duty. They were garrisoned at Takarazuka and remained until 6 February 1946, when it was fully demobilized and sent home. At the time the regiment arrived in Japan, their strength was 140 officers and 3,311 enlisted men. About 1,000 of the men were replacements who had joined the Regiment on Luzon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008634-0012-0000", "contents": "123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), After World War II\nOn 5 July 1946, the 123rd was assigned to the 44th Infantry Division of the Illinois National Guard with headquarters at Springfield. It was organized and its headquarters federally recognized on 29 January 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008635-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Maine Senate\nThe 123rd Maine Senate had 35 members each elected to two-year terms in November 2006. The first regular session was sworn-in on December 6, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008636-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 123rd New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008636-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 123rd New York Infantry was organized at Salem, New York and mustered in for three years service on September 4, 1862 under the command of Colonel Archibald Livingston McDougall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008636-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1863, and Army of the Cumberland to April 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008636-0003-0000", "contents": "123rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 123rd New York Infantry mustered out of service June 8, 1865. Recruits and veterans were transferred to the 60th New York Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008636-0004-0000", "contents": "123rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D.C., September 5, 1862. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until September 29, 1862, and at Frederick, Md., and Sandy Hook until December 13, 1862. Moved to support Burnside at Fredericksburg, Va., December 10\u201314. At Stafford Court House until April 27, 1863. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. Pursuit of Lee to Manassas Gap, Va., July 5\u201324. Duty on line of the Rappahannock River until September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008636-0004-0001", "contents": "123rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Bealeton Station, Va., then to Stevenson, Ala., September 24-October 4. Guard duty along Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad until April 1864. Action near Tullahoma, Tenn., March 16, 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Operations against Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Near Cassville May 19. Advance on Dallas May 22\u201325. New Hope Church May 25. Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 26-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Gilgal or Golgotha Church June 15. Muddy Creek June 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008636-0004-0002", "contents": "123rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nNoyes' Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw Mountain June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peach Tree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2-November 15. March to the sea November 15-December 10. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Carolinas Campaign January to April 1865. Thompson's Creek, near Chesterfield Court House, S.C., and near Cheraw March 2. Averysboro, N.C., March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24, and of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 20. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008636-0005-0000", "contents": "123rd New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 167 men during service; 6 officers and 66 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 95 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008637-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd New York State Legislature\nThe 123rd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3 to April 6, 1900, during the second year of Theodore Roosevelt's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008637-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, 50 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (seven districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008637-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008637-0003-0000", "contents": "123rd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1899, was held on November 7. No statewide elective offices were up for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008637-0004-0000", "contents": "123rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1900, and adjourned on April 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008637-0005-0000", "contents": "123rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nS. Frederick Nixon (R) was re-elected Speaker, with 92 votes against 57 for J. Franklin Barnes (D).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008637-0006-0000", "contents": "123rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: In 1897, New York County (the boroughs of Manhattan and Bronx), Kings County (the borough of Brooklyn), Richmond County (the borough of Staten Island) and the Western part of Queens County (the borough of Queens) were consolidated into the present-day City of New York. The Eastern part of Queens County (the non-consolidated part) was separated in 1899 as Nassau County. Parts of the 1st and 2nd Assembly districts of Westchester County were annexed by New York City in 1895, and became part of the Borough of the Bronx in 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008637-0007-0000", "contents": "123rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008637-0008-0000", "contents": "123rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008637-0009-0000", "contents": "123rd New York State Legislature, State Assembly\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008638-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Twenty-third Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1999 and 2000. In this General Assembly, both the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives were controlled by the Republican Party. In the Senate, there were 21 Republicans and 12 Democrats. In the House, there were 59 Republicans and 40 Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008639-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 123rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 123rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 123rd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008639-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 123rd Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Monroeville in Huron County, Ohio, and mustered in for three years service on September 24, 1862, under the command of Colonel William Tecumseh Wilson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008639-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Railroad Division, West Virginia, to January 1863. Defenses of the Upper Potomac, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to March 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, VIII Corps, to July 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Department of the Susquehanna, to July 1863. McReynolds' Command, Martinsburg, West Virginia, to December 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, Department of West Virginia, to April 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Infantry Division, West Virginia, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, Independent Division, XXIV Corps, Army of the James, to June 1865", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008639-0003-0000", "contents": "123rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 123rd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service on June 12, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008639-0004-0000", "contents": "123rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Ohio for Parkersburg, Va., October 16, 1862; then moved to Clarksburg October 20. March from Clarksburg to Buckhannon, Va., October 27\u201330, 1862, and to Beverly November 3. Moved to Huttonville November 8; to Webster November 16, and to New Creek November 18. Duty at New Creek until December 12. Moved to Petersburg December 12. March to relief of Moorefield January 3, 1863. Duty at Romney January 10 to March 4, and at Winchester, Va., until June. Reconnaissance toward Wardensville and Strasburg April 20. Operations in Shenandoah Valley April 22\u201329. Scout to Strasburg April 25\u201330. Battle of Winchester June 13\u201315.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008639-0004-0001", "contents": "123rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nRegiment surrendered by Colonel Ely, Commanding Brigade, June 15, 1863. Exchanged August 1863. Provost duty at Martinsburg, W. Va., October 1863 to March 1864. Duty along Baltimore & Ohio Railroad from Harper's Ferry to Monocacy Junction until April. Sigel's Expedition from Martinsburg to New Market April 30-May 16. Battle of New Market May 16. Advance to Staunton May 24-June 5. Action at Piedmont June 5. Occupation of Staunton June 6. Hunter's Raid on Lynchburg June 10-July 1. Lynchburg June 17\u201318. Moved to Shenandoah Valley July 12\u201315. Snicker's Ferry July 15. Battle of Winchester, Kernstown, July 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008639-0004-0002", "contents": "123rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Berryville September 3. Battle of Opequon, September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Cedar Creek October 13. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Kernstown until December. Moved to Washington, D.C., December 19; then to Aikens' Landing, Va. Siege operations against Richmond and Petersburg December 1864 to April 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Hatcher's Run March 29\u201331. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3\u20139. Rice's Station April 6. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Duty in the Dept. of Virginia until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008639-0005-0000", "contents": "123rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 187 men during service; 1 officer and 90 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 92 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Operations Group\nThe 359th Fighter Group was a United States Army Air Force fighter unit that was active during World War II. Following organization and training in the United States, the group deployed to the European Theater of Operations, operating from RAF East Wretham. The fighter group flew 346 combat missions over continental Europe and claimed 373 enemy aircraft in aerial combat and strafing attacks; probable destruction of 23; and damage to 185. It was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation for its actions. The group flew its last mission on 20 April 1945, then returned to the United States for inactivation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd Operations Group\nThe group was redesignated the 123d Fighter Group and allotted to the National Guard in 1946. It was again activated in the fall of 1947 in the Kentucky Air National Guard. In the fall of 1950, the group was called to active duty and moved to Godman Air Force Base, Kentucky, where it became part of the 123d Fighter-Bomber Wing under the wing-base organization system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0001-0001", "contents": "123rd Operations Group\nIt returned to England in December 1951 and, as the 123d Fighter-Bomber Group, served until July 1952, when it transferred its mission, personnel and equipment to an active duty group, then moved without personnel or equipment back to the Kentucky Air National Guard, activating the same day. It served as a fighter unit in the 1950s, then became a tactical reconnaissance group, being called to active duty twice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0001-0002", "contents": "123rd Operations Group\nIt was inactivated in 1974, when the Air National Guard eliminated flying groups located on the same station as their parent wings, and its flying squadron was assigned directly to the 123d Wing. With the implementation of the Objective Wing organization in 1990s, the group was activated under its current name, the 123d Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd Operations Group, History, World War II, Organization and training\nThe group was activated in January 1943 at Westover Field, Massachusetts, with the 368th, 369th and 370th Fighter Squadrons assigned, although it apparently did not begin to receive personnel until March. After training with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts at Grenier Field, New Hampshire and Republic Field, New York, returning to Westover in August 1943. The group's personnel proceeded to Camp Kilmer, New Jersey on 2 October, where most of the group embarked on the USAT\u00a0Argentina on 8 October, although the 369th Squadron sailed on the USS\u00a0Thurston and SS Sloterdyjk, arriving at Liverpool and Clyde on 19 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0003-0000", "contents": "123rd Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe\nThe 359th entered combat in mid-December 1943 after five 359th pilots flew combat missions with the 78th Fighter Group. At first, the group engaged primarily in escort missions to cover Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers that attacked airfields in France. It also flew patrol, strafing, dive bombing and weather reconnaissance missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0004-0000", "contents": "123rd Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe\nIn April 1944, the group began converting to the North American P-51 Mustang, whose extended range permitted it  to provide escort for bombers that struck rail centers in Germany and oil targets in Poland. With the Mustang, the group supported Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, by patrolling the English Channel, escorting bomber formations to the French coast, and dive bombing and strafing bridges, locomotives, and rail lines near the battle area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0005-0000", "contents": "123rd Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe\nFrom July 1944 until February 1945, the group engaged chiefly in escorting bombers to oil refineries, marshalling yards, and other targets in such cities as Berlin, Brux, Frankfurt am  Main, Ludwigshafen, Merseburg and Stuttgart. The group received a Distinguished Unit Citation for operations over Germany on 11 September 1944 when the group protected a formation of heavy bombers against large numbers of enemy fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0006-0000", "contents": "123rd Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe\nIn addition to its escort duties, the 359th supported campaigns in France during July and August 1944, bombed enemy positions to support Operation Market-Garden, the airborne attempt to size a bridgehead across the Rhine near Nijmegen in September, and participated in the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944 and January 1945. The group flew missions to support Operation Varsity, the airborne attack to seize a bridgehead across the Rhine at Wesel in March 1945. It also escorted medium bombers attacking German lines of communication from February 1945 through April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0007-0000", "contents": "123rd Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe\nFollowing V-E Day, the 359th Fighter Group remained in England until November 1945, although most of its personnel were transferred to other unit, and its aircraft shipped to depots. It sailed on the RMS\u00a0Queen Mary on 4 November. It arrived at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, where it was inactivated on 10 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0008-0000", "contents": "123rd Operations Group, History, World War II, Notable pilots\nRay Wetmore was credited with 21.25 victories in aerial combat and ended the war as a 21-year-old major. His last victory was on March 15, 1945 near Wittenberg, destroying a Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet rocket fighter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0009-0000", "contents": "123rd Operations Group, History, World War II, Notable pilots\nAvelin P. Tacon Jr. was commander of the 359th Fighter Group and went on to become a major general in the US Air force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0010-0000", "contents": "123rd Operations Group, History, World War II, Notable pilots\nHoward L. Fogg, an American artist specializing in railroad art,  flew 76 combat missions with the 359th Fighter Group and was awarded the Air Medal with three clusters and the Distinguished Flying Cross with one cluster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0011-0000", "contents": "123rd Operations Group, History, Air National Guard\nThe group was redesignated 123d Fighter Group and allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Standiford Field, Louisville, Kentucky, and was extended federal recognition on 28 September 1947. Upon mobilization, he unit would be gained by Tenth Air Force of Continental Air Command. Upon activation, the group was assigned two of its former squadrons. The 165th Fighter Squadron (the former 368th Fighter Squadron) was located with group headquarters at Standiford Field and the 167th Fighter Squadron (the former 369th Fighter Squadron) was at Kanawha County Airport, West Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0011-0001", "contents": "123rd Operations Group, History, Air National Guard\nThe following year, the 156th Fighter Squadron at Morris Field, North Carolina was assigned as the group's third operational squadron. The group was again equipped with Mustangs. Administrative and logistics support for the group was supplied by the 223d Air Service Group, which had detachments at each operational squadron's location. In 1949, the unit earned its first Spaatz Trophy, an award given each year to the premier Air National Guard flying unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0012-0000", "contents": "123rd Operations Group, History, Air National Guard, Korean War mobilization\nAfter the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, the group was mobilized into federal active duty on 10 October 1950. The group and 165th Squadron moved to Godman Air Force Base, Kentucky at Fort Knox, where they were joined by the 156th and 167th Fighter Squadrons. A few days later, the group was assigned to the newly organized 123d Fighter-Bomber Wing, which combined the group's operational elements and the 223d Air Service Group's support elements under the wing base organization of the regular Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0012-0001", "contents": "123rd Operations Group, History, Air National Guard, Korean War mobilization\nIn December 1951, the group deployed with the wing to RAF Manston, England to replace a Strategic Air Command unit on temporary duty there. At Manston, the group transitioned into the Republic F-84E Thunderjet. On 20 July 1952, the group's federalization period expired and it was inactivated, transferring its personnel and equipment to the 406th Fighter-Bomber Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0013-0000", "contents": "123rd Operations Group, History, Air National Guard, Return to state control\nThe group was activated the same day in the Guard and returned to its familiar Mustangs. It again replaced them, this time with North American F-86 Sabres. In 1957, it transitioned into the reconnaissance role, initially with Martin RB-57A Canberras, but in 1965, with McDonnell RF-101 Voodoos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0014-0000", "contents": "123rd Operations Group, History, Air National Guard, Return to state control\nIn connection with the Pueblo Crisis, the group was again called to active duty in 1968. It was released to state control the following year. The group continued to operate Voodoos until 1974, when it was inactivated as the Air National Guard eliminated group headquarters that were located on the same stations as their parent wings, assigning their operational squadrons directly to the wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0015-0000", "contents": "123rd Operations Group, History, Air National Guard, Return to state control\nThe group was activated again as the 123d Operations Group when the Guard reorganized under the Objective Wing model in 1993. It now operates Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008640-0016-0000", "contents": "123rd Operations Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008641-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Outram's Rifles\nThe 123rd Outram's Rifles was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008641-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd Outram's Rifles, History\nIt traced its origins to the 12th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry, part of the British East India Company's Bombay Army. It fought in the Battle of Khadki on 5 November 1817 in the Third Anglo-Maratha War and became the regiment's 1st Battalion in 1820. It was made a separate regiment in 1824, titled the 23rd Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008641-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd Outram's Rifles, History\nThe regiment took part in the First Anglo-Afghan War in 1839 and was renamed as the 23rd Regiment of Bombay Native Light Infantry in 1841 . Just before the Indian Mutiny began in 1857, the 23rd took part in the Anglo-Persian War between 1856-1857. During the Indian Mutiny, the regiment remained loyal, like nearly all of the Bombay Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008641-0003-0000", "contents": "123rd Outram's Rifles, History\nThe regiment took part in the Second Anglo-Afghan War from 1879 and the Third Anglo-Burmese War from 1885 to the end of the war in 1887. It dropped \"native\" from its title in 1885 and was designated a rifle regiment in 1889, to become the 23rd Regiment (2nd Rifle Regiment) of Bombay Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008641-0004-0000", "contents": "123rd Outram's Rifles, History\nThe 1900s also brought change to its title. The regiment became the 23rd Bombay Rifles in 1901, but only two years later it became the 123rd Outram's Rifles in 1903 as part of the Kitchener reforms of the Indian Army. The renaming was in honour of Lieutenant-General Sir James Outram who had served with the regiment as its first adjutant. In the early 1900s the regiment saw service against Diiriye Guure and his followers in British Somaliland, where it was transferred in late 1902, while a company was sent to Aden in 1903.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008641-0005-0000", "contents": "123rd Outram's Rifles, History, First World War\nThe regiment raised further battalions during the course of the First World War, seeing extensive service in the Middle East, with some soldiers attached to other units. Many of the regiment's soldiers also saw service on the Western Front while attached to other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008641-0006-0000", "contents": "123rd Outram's Rifles, History, First World War\nAfter the Palestine campaign began in 1917, the regiment joined the 234th Brigade, 75th Division. Outram's Rifles were involved in, among others, the Third Battle of Gaza, begun on 31 October 1917, and the Megiddo Offensive in September 1918. War came to an end in the Middle East with the signing of an Armistice with the Ottomans on 30 October 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008641-0007-0000", "contents": "123rd Outram's Rifles, History, Post-War\nAfter the war ended, the regiment was involved in efforts to quell an Arab rebellion that broke out in 1920 in the British Mandate of Iraq against the British administration. As part of the reforms of the Indian forces, Outram's Rifles were amalgamated in 1922 with five other regiments, including the 125th Napier's Rifles, to form the 6th Rajputana Rifles. The 123rd became the 4th Battalion (Outram's).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008641-0008-0000", "contents": "123rd Outram's Rifles, History, Post-War\nThe 4th Battalion/6th Rajputana Rifles had the distinction of earning two Victoria Crosses during WWII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008642-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 123rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008642-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 123rd Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, and mustered in August 1862 for nine month's service under the command of Colonel John B. Clark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008642-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008642-0003-0000", "contents": "123rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Harrisburg, Pa., then to Washington, D.C., August 20-23, 1862. Maryland Campaign September 6-24, 1862. Duty at Sharpsburg, Md., until October 30. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12-15. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, \"Mud March,\" January 20-24, 1863. Duty at Falmouth until April 27. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1-5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008642-0004-0000", "contents": "123rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 72 men during service; 3 officers and 27 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 41 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008643-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Regiment of Foot (1762)\nThe 123rd Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1762 and disbanded in 1764. Its colonel was John Pomeroy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008644-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Regiment of Foot (Loyal Lincolnshire)\nThe 123rd Regiment of Foot (Loyal Lincolnshire) was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1794 and disbanded in 1796; it took its title from the 100th Foot, disbanded in 1785.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008645-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\n123rd Siege Battery was a unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) formed in 1916 during World War I. It served on the Western Front, including the Battles of Arras, Passchendaele, Cambrai and the crushing victories of the Allied Hundred Days Offensive in 1918. Post war, the battery was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008645-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\n123rd Siege Battery was formed at Portland under Army Council Instruction 701 of 31 March 1916, based upon a cadre of 3 officers and 78 other ranks drawn from the Dorsetshire Royal Garrison Artillery of the Territorial Force. It went out to the Western Front on 18 July 1916, manning four 6-inch 26 cwt howitzers, and joined 47th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) in Third Army on 23 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008645-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service\nThird Army was not engaged in any major operations during the second half of 1916, so this was a relatively quiet sector of the front. It was the policy to switch siege batteries from one HAG to another as the situation demanded, and the battery came under the command of 8th HAG on 12 September, to 46th HAG on 17 September, back to 8th on 1 October, back to 46th on 17 October, to 8th again on 20 October, then to 35th HAG on 1 December. The pattern continued in 1917: a return to 47th HAG on 11 January, then to 81st HAG on 18 February and 10th HAG on 24 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008645-0003-0000", "contents": "123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Arras\n10th Heavy Artillery Group had just joined Third Army as it prepared for the Battle of Arras and was assigned to VI Corps. The artillery part of this attack was a carefully planned barrage in great depth. After the preliminary bombardment, the howitzers laid a standing barrage on the German trenches at Zero hour. Then as the attacking infantry reached the first objective behind a creeping barrage fired by the field guns, the howitzers lifted to the Phase 2 objectives, the German fourth line trenches, known as the 'Blue Line'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008645-0003-0001", "contents": "123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Arras\nOnce the infantry reached this line, the field guns began moving forward into No man's land and the 6-inch howitzers moved up to take over the vacated field gun positions, to help shoot the infantry on to the Brown Line or final objective. The attack went in at 05.30 on 9 April 1917, and VI Corps had a successful day, seizing 'Observation Ridge', which denied it to German Observation Posts (OPs) and gave British OPs excellent views to bring down heavy gunfire onto German artillery packed into 'Battery Valley' beyond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008645-0004-0000", "contents": "123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Arras\nFighting continued in the Arras sector for VI Corps until the middle of May. 123rd Siege Bty came under 65th HAG from 12 April, and then went to 72nd HAG on 16 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008645-0005-0000", "contents": "123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres\nOn 2 July 1917 123rd Siege Bty moved to 57th HAG and then on to 10th HAG on 9 July; both these heavy groups were assigned to Fifth Army, whose heavy guns were engaged in a long artillery duel with the Germans throughout July in preparation for the Third Ypres Offensive. Slowly the British got the upper hand, and a large proportion of German guns were out of action when the infantry attacked on 31 July (the Battle of Pilckem).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008645-0005-0001", "contents": "123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres\nWhile the field guns and light howitzers fired their creeping and standing barrages, the 6-inch howitzers fired 'back barrages' behind the German second line to break up counter-attacks and destroy machine guns firing at long range. The attack was a partial success, but Fifth Army's guns were also suffering badly from German counter-battery (CB) fire, and the offensive bogged down. A second push on 16 August (the Battle of Langemarck) suffered from rushed artillery planning and was unsuccessful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008645-0006-0000", "contents": "123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres\n123rd Siege Bty was with II Corps on 26 August when it was joined by a section from the newly-arrived 414th Siege Bty, in preparation for bringing the battery up to a strength of six 6-inch howitzers; however it does not appear that the additional guns arrived until 19 February 1918. The offensive continued through the summer and autumn of 1917: gun batteries were packed into the Ypres Salient \u2013 II Corps had 36 RGA batteries in the Dickebusch area \u2013 where they were under observation and CB fire from the Germans on the higher ground. Casualties among guns and gunners were high, and II Corps failed to make much progress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008645-0007-0000", "contents": "123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres\nSecond Army HQ took over the faltering offensive in September, and 10th HAG came under its control. The Battles of the Menin Road, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde were highly successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions. But as the offensive continued with the Battle of Poelcappelle and First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire. 123rd Siege Bty was transferred to 7th HAG within Second Army on 5 October, and then to 71st HAG with Fifth Army on 29 October", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008645-0008-0000", "contents": "123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres\nOn 13 November the battery transferred to 88th HAG with XVII Corps. By now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and in December the 88th was converted into a permanent RGA brigade. 123rd Siege Bty stayed with 88th Bde until the Armistice a year later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008645-0009-0000", "contents": "123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Cambrai\nIn  November 88th HAG was assigned to Third Army, which was preparing for its surprise attack with tanks at the Battle of Cambrai. There was to be no preliminary bombardment or registration, and the guns were to open fire at Zero hour firing 'off the map' at carefully surveyed targets. When the battle began with a crash of artillery at 06.20 on 20 November the German defenders were stunned, and the massed tanks completed their overcome. In most areas the attack was an outstanding success. Exploitation over succeeding days was less spectacular, though some bombardments were set up to help the infantry take certain villages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008645-0010-0000", "contents": "123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Spring Offensive\nWhen the German spring offensive opened on 21 March 1918, 88th Bde RGA was with XVII Corps. Although the attacks primarily hit Fifth Army, part of Third Army's front was also attacked, VI Corps coming under especially heavy pressure. At 16.30 that afternoon, 88th Bde RGA was ordered to move from XVII Corps to assist VI Corps. Over the next two weeks, VI Corps and Third Army fought a series of rearguard actions through the 'Great Retreat', at Bapaume, Arras and the Ancre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008645-0011-0000", "contents": "123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\n88th Brigade was still with VI Corps when Third Army joined in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive at the Battle of Albert on 23 August. It was assigned to support 156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade of 52nd (Lowland) Division, which passed through after the attack started in order to form a firm flank. Although the planning of the operation was rushed, the artillery barrage was very good and the infantry were on their objective by 06.00, less than an hour after Zero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008645-0012-0000", "contents": "123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nTwo days later, XVII Corps took over that part of the front, including 52nd (L) Division and 88th Bde RGA, ready for the Battle of the Scarpe on 28 August. This time the brigade supported 172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade of 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division, shelling the objective while the infantry advanced behind a field artillery barrage. The objective was taken after considerable opposition. XVII Corps' next attack was the Battle of Drocourt-Qu\u00e9ant Line on 2 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008645-0012-0001", "contents": "123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nThe RGA brigades fired CB tasks until 06.00, when they switched to cocentrate on the triangle of ground between the Hindenburg Line and the Drocourt-Qu\u00e9ant Switch Line. 172nd Brigade captured both branches of the D-Q line, then 156th Bde passed through and took 1,300 yards (1,200\u00a0m) of the Main Hindenburg position; by the evening they were on to the Hindenburg Support Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008645-0013-0000", "contents": "123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\n88th Brigade and its batteries moved to V Corps on 15 September in time for the Battle of \u00c9pehy, but was back with VI Corps on 23 September to prepare for the Battle of the Canal du Nord on 28 September. VI Corps next took part in the Second Battle of Cambrai on 8 October. The assault was carried out by 2nd and 3rd Divisions; as well as CB fire, the heavy guns contributed a 30-minute incendiary bombardment on the village of S\u00e9ranvillers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008645-0014-0000", "contents": "123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nThird Army needed to gain a substantial bridgehead over the River Selle to prepare for the next major push, so it attacked on 20 October (the Battle of the Selle). The operation began with a surprise attack, without any preliminary bombardment, with Zero hour at 02.00 under a full moon. 123rd Siege Bty was with 88th Bde, one of six heavy brigades supporting VI Corps' assault crossing, attack on the village of Solesmes and then advance to the ridge behind. The heavy guns had to avoid firing on Solesmes itself, which was full of French civilians. The attacking divisions were on their objectives by the end of the morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008645-0015-0000", "contents": "123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nOn 1 November, 88th Bde was standing by to transfer to XVII Corps for the forthcoming operations, but the enemy were now retiring so rapidly that it was difficult to get heavy guns forward into range. The brigade's batteries hardly fired another shot before the Armistice with Germany came into force on 11 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008646-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Special Tactics Squadron\nThe 123rd Special Tactics Squadron is a special operations unit of the Kentucky Air National Guard 123d Airlift Wing stationed at Louisville International Airport (Louisville Air National Guard Base), Kentucky. The 123rd STS is one of only two Special Tactics Units in the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008646-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd Special Tactics Squadron, Mission\nThe squadron provides tactical air and ground integration force and the Air Force\u2019s special operations ground force leading global access, precision strike, personnel recovery operations and battlefield surgery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008646-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd Special Tactics Squadron, Mission\nMembers of the 123rd Special Tactics Squadron benefit from the extensive knowledge of their information technology support staff and these assets are considered \"force multipliers\" by both pararescuemen and combat control team members. They are trained in numerous infiltration methods that include: static-line and military free-fall parachuting, scuba, small boats, all-terrain vehicles, mountain ski and hiking, rappelling and fast rope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008646-0003-0000", "contents": "123rd Special Tactics Squadron, History\nThe Air Force Cross was awarded to 123rd STS Pararescueman then-Tech. Sgt . Keary Miller during the battle of Battle of Takur Ghar a.k.a. the Battle of Roberts Ridge on March 4, 2002. Kerry was part of a small US Air Force team embedded with US Army special forces during the operation in Afghanistan. During the 17-hour long battle Tech. Sgt . Miller repeatedly risked his life to administer critical first aid to several injured US servicemen during the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008646-0004-0000", "contents": "123rd Special Tactics Squadron, History\nThe squadron provided personnel during the aftermath of the devastating Hurricane Maria that hit the Caribbean in 2017. September 2018, The 123rd special operators were sent to the Carolinas after Tropical Storm Florence to provide search-and-rescue assistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008646-0005-0000", "contents": "123rd Special Tactics Squadron, History\nIn August 2019, Tech. Sgt . Daniel Keller, a combat controller in the 123rd Special Tactics Squadron, was awarded the Air Force Cross. Keller earned the award \u2014 second only to the Medal of Honor \u2014 for valor on the battlefield in Afghanistan whilst participating in Operation Freedom\u2019s Sentinel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008647-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd Street station\n123rd Street station is one of four Metra railroad stations in Blue Island, Illinois, along the Beverly Branch of the Rock Island District Line, and five within Blue Island generally. It is 15.2 miles (24.5\u00a0km) from LaSalle Street, the northern terminus of the line, and is named after and located on 123rd Street. In Metra's zone-based fare system, 123rd Street is in zone D. As of 2018, 123rd Street is the 211th busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 53 weekday boardings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008647-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd Street station\nParking is available on the northeast side of the tracks north along 123rd Street. The station is little more than an enclosed sheltered platform, and is a flag stop. No bus connections are available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008648-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd meridian east\nThe meridian 123\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, Australia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008648-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd meridian east\nThe 123rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 57th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008648-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 123rd meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008649-0000-0000", "contents": "123rd meridian west\nThe meridian 123\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008649-0001-0000", "contents": "123rd meridian west\nThe 123rd meridian west forms a great circle with the 57th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008649-0002-0000", "contents": "123rd meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 123rd meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008650-0000-0000", "contents": "124 (number)\n124 (one hundred [and] twenty-four) is the natural number following 123 and preceding 125.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008650-0001-0000", "contents": "124 (number), In mathematics\n124 is the sum of eight consecutive primes (5 + 7 + 11 + 13 + 17 + 19 + 23 + 29). It is a nontotient since there is no integer with 124 coprimes below it. It is an untouchable number since there is no integer whose proper divisors add up to 124.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008651-0000-0000", "contents": "124 Alkeste\nAlkeste (minor planet designation: 124 Alkeste) is a large main-belt asteroid, and it is an S-type (silicaceous) in composition. C.H.F. Peters discovered the asteroid on August 23, 1872, from the observatory at Hamilton College, New York State. The name was chosen by Adelinde Weiss, wife of the astronomer Edmund Weiss, and refers to Alcestis, a woman in Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008651-0001-0000", "contents": "124 Alkeste\nA 20 chord stellar occultation by Alkeste was observed when the asteroid passed in front of the third magnitude star Beta Virginis on June 24, 2003. The event was visible from Australia and New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008651-0002-0000", "contents": "124 Alkeste\nThe asteroid has been observed in 3 more stellar occultation events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008651-0003-0000", "contents": "124 Alkeste\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid in 2016 produced lightcurves indicating a rotation period of 9.9\u00a0hours with an amplitude variation of 0.18 in magnitude. This result matched previous determinations of the spin rate. The lightcurve was found to vary over the observation period as the viewing angle changed, suggesting the shadowing of topographic features.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008652-0000-0000", "contents": "124 BC\nYear 124 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Longinus and Calvinus (or, less frequently, year 630 Ab urbe condita) and the Fifth Year of Yuanshuo. The denomination 124 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008653-0000-0000", "contents": "124 East Bay Street\n124 East Bay Street is a historic building in Savannah, Georgia, United States. Located in Savannah's Historic District, parts of the building date to 1817. The Savannah Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and this building is a contributing property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008653-0001-0000", "contents": "124 East Bay Street, History\n\"Taking up an entire city block and wrapped around a gorgeous central atrium, the five-story structure first operated as a storing, grading, and exporting facility for cotton. The floors of the lower two levels were built in 1817 out of recycled ballast stone with wide, arched doorways to accommodate moving large bales of cotton, while the top three floors, added in 1853, have floor-to-ceiling windows to allow maximum light into what was once used as offices, for the factors.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008653-0002-0000", "contents": "124 East Bay Street, History, River Street Inn\nThe top four floors have been occupied since 1986 by River Street Inn, named for the street it backs onto, and which serves the lower three floors, the former warehouses. The inn is a member of the Historic Hotels of America program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The first floor (accessible from River Street) is given over to a restaurant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008654-0000-0000", "contents": "124 Horseferry Road\n124 Horseferry Road is the headquarters for the British television broadcaster, Channel 4. It is located in the City of Westminster, London and includes 100 residential apartments. The building was opened on 6 July 1994 and was designed by the Richard Rogers and Partners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008654-0001-0000", "contents": "124 Horseferry Road, Design and construction\nAfter a selection process during the autumn of 1990, Channel 4 invited three architectural firms to take part in a competition to design their 15,000\u00a0m2 (160,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) headquarters building on the south-eastern corner of Chadwick Street and Horseferry Road in a mixed development area of Westminster. The site consisted of an abandoned 10\u00a0m (33\u00a0ft) deep basement of a proposed 1970's post office building. The architectural brief also incorporated a requirement for a residential development of two blocks of flats including 100 apartments, an underground car park and a small public landscaped park. The three firms chosen were Bennetts Associates, Richard Rogers and Partners and James Stirling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008654-0002-0000", "contents": "124 Horseferry Road, Design and construction\nThe Richard Rogers Partnership was chosen from the shortlist. This was the first major building that they had designed since the Lloyd's building (1978-1986). Construction of the building began in 1990 and was completed in 1994. It was built on a design and build basis. The building consists of two four-storey office blocks that are connected to a central entrance block in an L shape. The entrance has a concave glazed wall. The building is finished in grey steel cladding, which is perforated by red-ochre steel struts. John Young, the project architect, said that the colour was \"taken from a paint sample provided by the City of San Francisco: it is the same colour as the Golden Gate Bridge\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008655-0000-0000", "contents": "124 Houston Street\n124 Houston Street is a historic building in Savannah, Georgia, United States. Built by Isaiah Davenport, it is located in the northwestern trust lot of Greene Square and was built in 1897. It is part of the Savannah Historic District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008655-0001-0000", "contents": "124 Houston Street\nThe property formerly extended to the north, right up to East State Street, but it has since been shortened by about one quarter. Its dormer windows have also been removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008656-0000-0000", "contents": "124 Ridge Street Gallery\nThe 124 Ridge Street Gallery was a collective gallery founded in New York's Lower East Side in 1985. Founding members were Susan Bachemin, Elizabeth Evers, Jane Fine, Matthew Harrison, Michael Kaniecki, Robert McGrath, Heidi Marben, Laurie Olinder, and Joe Vinson. Subsequent members included Amy Berniker, Ruth Pomerantz, Paul Rodriguez, Roger W. Sayre, Ann Shea, Paul Villinski and Carla Weisberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008656-0001-0000", "contents": "124 Ridge Street Gallery\nThe gallery exhibited art and film from local artists and filmmakers during the 1980s East Village art gallery scene, including Matty Jankowski\u2019s 1987 mail art show \"The Joke is in the Mail.\" The film screening series Film Crash was founded at the gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008657-0000-0000", "contents": "124 Squadron (Israel)\n124 Squadron is a squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as Rolling Sword Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008657-0001-0000", "contents": "124 Squadron (Israel)\n124 Squadron is a helicopter squadron of S-70A and UH-60 Black Hawks based at Palmachim Airbase. The squadron was briefly assigned two ex-United States Coast Guard Eurocopter HH-65 Dolphin until they were reassigned to the then new 193 Squadron (Israel) in June 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008658-0000-0000", "contents": "124 Street, Edmonton\n124\u00a0Street is an arterial road in north-central Edmonton, Alberta. It is known for being one Edmonton's main shopping districts and historical commercial corridor for the original west end of Edmonton; home to independent restaurants, art galleries, and boutiques, as well as 19th-century heritage houses. Prior to Edmonton adopting its present street numbering system in 1914, it was known as 24th Street with the unofficial name of Edward Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008658-0001-0000", "contents": "124 Street, Edmonton, Business association\nThe 124\u00a0Street Business Association is a business revitalization zone which includes the 124\u00a0Street corridor from 121\u00a0Street on Jasper Avenue to 111\u00a0Avenue. Considered one of the most sought after in districts Edmonton, the area is home to art galleries, speciality and antique stores, fashion boutiques, coffee houses, and independent restaurants. The wide ranging group of art galleries in the area collaborate to offer a Gallery Walk twice a year, and seasonal exhibits that focus on work by local artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008658-0002-0000", "contents": "124 Street, Edmonton, Route description\n124\u00a0Street begins at Jasper Avenue and travels north, forming the boundary between the neighbourhoods of Oliver and Westmount. It functions as the connection between Jasper Avenue and 102\u00a0Avenue, the east-west corridor between downtown and west Edmonton; formerly part of Highway\u00a016 (pre-1950s) and Highway\u00a016A (1950s-1980s). 124\u00a0Street continues north through mixed commercial and residential and at 109\u00a0Avenue it transitions to medium density residential, entering the neighbourhood of Inglewood north of 111\u00a0Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008658-0002-0001", "contents": "124 Street, Edmonton, Route description\nAt 118\u00a0Avenue, 124\u00a0Street downgrades to a residential street through the neighbourhood of Prince Charles with various traffic calming measures in place including barrier at 125\u00a0Avenue preventing through traffic; north-south commuter traffic is directed west to 127\u00a0Street. 124\u00a0Street presently has a signalized intersection with Yellowhead Trail, providing access to adjacent industrial areas; however it is slated for closure when the 127\u00a0Street interchange is constructed as part of the Yellowhead Trail freeway conversion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008658-0003-0000", "contents": "124 Street, Edmonton, Neighbourhoods\nList of neighbourhoods 124 Street runs through, in order from south to north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008659-0000-0000", "contents": "1240\nYear 1240 (MCCXL) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008660-0000-0000", "contents": "1240 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1240\u00a0kHz: 1240 AM is a regional (Class B) frequency outside the coterminous 48 United States (Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, & U.S. Virgin Islands), and a local frequency (Class C) within the coterminous 48 United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008661-0000-0000", "contents": "1240 Centenaria\n1240 Centenaria, provisional designation 1932 CD, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 60 kilometers (37 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 5 February 1932, by astronomer Richard Schorr at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany. The assumed C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 11.3 hours. It was named for the 100th anniversary of the discovering observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008661-0001-0000", "contents": "1240 Centenaria, Orbit and classification\nCentenaria is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,773 days; semi-major axis of 2.87\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A915 RF at the United States Naval Observatory in September 1915. The body's observation arc begins at Lowell Observatory in December 1930, or 14 months prior to its official discovery observation at Bergedorf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008661-0002-0000", "contents": "1240 Centenaria, Naming\nThis minor planet was named Centenaria to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the discovering Bergedorf Observatory on 31 October 1933. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 114).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008661-0003-0000", "contents": "1240 Centenaria, Physical characteristics\nCentenaria is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid. The asteroid's determined geometric albedo agrees with a characterization into the C-complex (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008661-0004-0000", "contents": "1240 Centenaria, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Centenaria was obtained from photometric observations by Julian Oey at the Kingsgrove Observatory (E19) in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 11.2907\u00b10.0007 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=3). The result supersedes previous period determinations of 11.2 hours with and amplitude of 0.12 by Laurent Bernasconi in March 2005 (U=2-), and a period of 14 hours by Mario Di Martino at Pino Torinese in September 1983 (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008661-0005-0000", "contents": "1240 Centenaria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Centenaria measures between 50 and 71 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.046 and 0.072. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0469 and a diameter of 58.61 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.1. An asteroid occultation from July 2007 measured as cross-section of 58.0\u00a0km \u00d7 58.0\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008663-0000-0000", "contents": "1240s\nThe 1240s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1240, and ended on December 31, 1249.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008664-0000-0000", "contents": "1240s BC\nThe 1240s BC is a decade which lasted from 1249 BC to 1240 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008667-0000-0000", "contents": "1240s in art\nThe decade of the 1240s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008668-0000-0000", "contents": "1241\nYear 1241 (MCCXLI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008669-0000-0000", "contents": "1241 Dysona\n1241 Dysona, provisional designation 1932 EB1, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 77 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 March 1932, by English astronomer Harry Edwin Wood at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named after English astronomer Frank Watson Dyson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008669-0001-0000", "contents": "1241 Dysona, Orbit and classification\nDysona is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,081 days; semi-major axis of 3.19\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 24\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008669-0002-0000", "contents": "1241 Dysona, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A908 DC at Taunton Observatory (803) in February 1908. The body's  observation arc begins with its observations as A920 EB at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1920, or 12 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008669-0003-0000", "contents": "1241 Dysona, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Dysona's spectral type is ambiguous, closest to a primitive P-type and somewhat similar to a D- and C-type asteroid (PDC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008669-0004-0000", "contents": "1241 Dysona, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nIn April 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Dysona was obtained by Julian Oey at Leura Observatory (E17) in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.6080 hours with a brightness variation of 0.24 magnitude (U=3-), superseding photometric observations by Jean-Gabriel Bosch and Laurent Brunetto in October 2010, who measured a period of 8.355 hours and an amplitude of 0.25 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008669-0005-0000", "contents": "1241 Dysona, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nIn 2016, a modeled lightcurve using data from UAPC, the Palomar Transient Factory survey, and individual observers, gave a concurring period of 8.60738 hours as well an astronomical pole of (125.0\u00b0, \u221268.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008669-0006-0000", "contents": "1241 Dysona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Dysona measures between 70.757 and 83.05 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.0585.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008669-0007-0000", "contents": "1241 Dysona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0425 and a diameter of 83.05 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.45.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008669-0008-0000", "contents": "1241 Dysona, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after English astronomer Frank Watson Dyson (1868\u20131939), Astronomer Royal of England, director of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, awarded the Bruce Medal in 1922, and president of the International Astronomical Union from 1928 to 1932. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 114). The lunar crater Dyson was also named in his honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008671-0000-0000", "contents": "1241 in Italy\nThe first Battle of Meloria took place on 3 May 1241 near Meloria islet, off Livorno, Italy. It was fought between the fleet of the emperor Frederick II, called Stupor Mundi, in alliance with Pisa, against a Genoese squadron bringing a number of English, French and Spanish prelates to attend the council summoned to meet at the Lateran by Pope Gregory IX. Three Genoese galleys were sunk and twenty-two taken. Several of the prelates perished, and many were carried prisoners to the camp of the emperor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0000-0000", "contents": "1241 papal election\nThe 1241 papal election (21 September to 25 October) saw the election of Cardinal Goffredo da Castiglione as Pope Celestine IV. The election took place during the first of many protracted sede vacantes of the Middle Ages, and like many of them was characterized by disputes between popes and the Holy Roman Emperor. Specifically, the election took place during the war between Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and the Lombard League and deceased pontiff, Pope Gregory IX, with Italy divided between pro-Papal and pro-Imperial factions known as the Guelphs and Ghibellines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0001-0000", "contents": "1241 papal election\nDuring the sede vacante, Frederick II surrounded Rome with his armies, blocking the arrival of some cardinal electors known to be hostile to his interests. Unable to reach a consensus, the cardinals were locked in a monastery called the Septasolium (corrupted in both medieval and modern narratives into Septizodium) by the Roman civic officials, eventually settling on one of their oldest and most feeble members. The conditions within the building were believed to have contributed to the death of one of the papabile and even to the death of Celestine IV soon after the election. Following Celestine IV's death, the war on the peninsula resumed and the cardinals dispersed for over a year and a half before coming together in Anagni to elect Pope Innocent IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0002-0000", "contents": "1241 papal election\nThe forced sequestration of the cardinals during the election was historically significant, and\u2014along with other papal elections of the 13th century\u2014contributed to the development of the papal conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0003-0000", "contents": "1241 papal election, Context\nThe papacy of Pope Gregory IX (1227\u20131241) and the kingship of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor took place at a time when centuries-old disputes between the popes and emperors were coming to a head. Frederick II had dedicated troops, but not his own leadership, to the failed Fifth Crusade, to the dismay of the church; following his marriage to Yolande of Jerusalem, he took up the Sixth Crusade but later abandoned it and returned to Italy, for a variety of political, economic, and military reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0003-0001", "contents": "1241 papal election, Context\nThis served as a pretext for his excommunication by Gregory IX, and thinly veiled skirmishes between supporters of the pope and emperor (Guelphs and Ghibellines, respectively) throughout the Italian peninsula, particularly in Lombardy. Before his death, Gregory IX had called for a synod to denounce Frederick II, and the emperor had gone to great lengths to disrupt the gathering, including the imprisonment of captured prelates and cardinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0004-0000", "contents": "1241 papal election, Context\nThe conclave took place under the threat of the surrounding army of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor\u2014before he pulled back to Apulia: Frederick II's retreat was meant to show that the Emperor \"had made war with Gregory IX, and not with the Church\"\u2014who had been at odds with Gregory IX and then Celestine IV. Two cardinals had been sent to England (Oddo de Monferrato) and France (Giacomo da Pecorara, OCist. ), in order to rally bishops and other prelates to attend Pope Gregory's Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0004-0001", "contents": "1241 papal election, Context\nSince Frederick and his army held the Lombard plain and Tuscany, travelers would have to take the sea route. A navy was assembled by the two cardinals at Nice and Genoa, and despite warnings from the Genoese, they insisted on setting sail. They were met by Frederick's fleet off the tiny island of Giglio on 3 May 1241. They were sent to imprisonment in the Kingdom of Naples. The election took place in the Saepta Solis ('enclosure of the Sun') near the Clivus Scauri, an ancient complex that had been turned into a monastery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0004-0002", "contents": "1241 papal election, Context\nThe cardinals were confined by Senator Matteo Rosso Orsini, the father of Giovanni Caetano Orsini (Pope Nicholas III), who had been appointed to his office by Pope Gregory IX. The conditions of the election were reported\u2014by a contemporary author hostile to the Orsini\u2014to have been stressful, with the urine of Orsini's guards on the rooftop leaking into the election chamber along with the rain. The actual forced confinement to the Saepta Solis took place only for the last two weeks of the conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0004-0003", "contents": "1241 papal election, Context\nIt is even alleged that the citizens of Rome, angered by rumors that a non-Cardinal would be elected, threatened to dig up the corpse of Pope Gregory IX and place it in the Saepta Solis with the cardinals. A different account states that Orsini himself threatened to have the corpse exhumed and displayed publicly in full papal regalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0005-0000", "contents": "1241 papal election, Cardinal electors\nAccording to different accounts, the College of Cardinals on the death of Gregory IX numbered between 12 and 14 cardinals. The number of cardinal electors who actually voted in the final scrutiny was only 10. At the time of Gregory IX's death, most of the cardinal electors who took part in the election were already present in Rome, and the two cardinals held prisoner by Frederick II were already captive in Naples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0005-0001", "contents": "1241 papal election, Cardinal electors\nThe two cardinals had been apprehended at sea aboard captured Genoese galleys, while traveling to a general council that Gregory IX had called for Easter 1241 to denounce Frederick II. Cardinal Colonna, however, was on one of his country estates near Palestrina when the Pope died. He had had a nasty fight with Gregory IX, and withdrew from the Curia. On his estate he had been holding . When Gregory died, the Emperor, who was with his army at Grottaferrata, gave permission (licentia) for all cardinals outside Rome to return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0006-0000", "contents": "1241 papal election, Proceedings\nThe main faction of cardinals was composed of the Gregorians (Rinaldo Conti de Segni, Sinibaldo Fieschi, and Riccardo Annibaldi, who supported the election of Romano Bonaventura), who wished to continue Gregory IX's hostility towards the Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick II naturally objected to the election of Cardinal Romano Bonaventura due to his \"persecution\" of the University of Paris while legate to France, his alleged debauching of Queen Blanche of Castile, and his role in the dispute between Gregory IX and the emperor. The majority, however, including the \"Moderates of the Opposition\", including Giovanni Colonna, Robert Somercotes, and Rainiero Capocci, supported Cardinal Goffredo Castiglione, who advised a policy of dealing with Frederick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0007-0000", "contents": "1241 papal election, Proceedings\nWhen neither side was able to reach a two-thirds majority, required by the Constitution of Alexander III, the cardinals wrote to Frederick II and requested him to release the two cardinals whom he held captive. After the conclave had begun, the Emperor Frederick had had the two cardinals brought from Naples to Tivoli. However, when summoned to the Emperor's presence, rather than agree to the Emperor's conditions, Cardinal Giacomo da Pecorara proceeded to excommunicate the Emperor yet once again. It was clear that the Cardinal would never cooperate, and he therefore remained in detention for two more years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0007-0001", "contents": "1241 papal election, Proceedings\nCardinal Oddone di Monferrato, however, was allowed to join the election, though he was required to leave hostages in his place and to promise to return to the Emperor's custody, unless he himself was elected pope or the deadlock continued. Frederick did not expect, of course, that the cardinals would elect Cardinal Oddo as pope; Frederick's own friends in the Conclave could and would prevent that. Nor did he want Cardinal Oddo to be elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0007-0002", "contents": "1241 papal election, Proceedings\nHis real opinion of the Cardinal is revealed in  after the Battle of Giglio:  as a Legate in England and France Oddo had conspired a good deal against the honor of the Emperor; he had raised a crowd of prelates to bring them to Rome to participate in Gregory IX's Council; in Genoa he had conspired against those Genoese who were supporters of Frederick; he had raised and armed a fleet to transport the prelates to Rome, and to reduce the Genoese. Cardinal Oddo was to be an instrument to break the deadlock in the meeting. Frederick II himself urged the cardinals to make a quick choice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0008-0000", "contents": "1241 papal election, Proceedings\nThe Emperor then, in September, returned to his kingdom by way of Campania, leaving the two cardinals at Tivoli under the custody of Tybboldus de Dragone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0009-0000", "contents": "1241 papal election, Proceedings\nThe heat and shortage of food may have contributed to the death of Cardinal Somercotes, although the other members of the pro-Imperial faction alleged that he had been poisoned. Cardinal Fieschi's health also deteriorated severely, apparently causing the future pope to inch closer to death. The remainder of the cardinals were not allowed to leave the Septisolium for the funeral, nor were physicians or servants allowed to enter the building (where a sizable amount of excrement had begun to build up). Bonaventura would also die some sixteen months after the election, which the vivid narrations gratuitously attribute to the effects of the Election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0010-0000", "contents": "1241 papal election, Proceedings\nCardinal Castiglione's advanced age and deteriorating health are thought to have contributed both to his status as papabile and his ultimate election, making him an ideal compromise candidate, \"stop-gap\", or \"provisional Pope\". More polemical sources describe Celestine IV as a \"feeble, ignorant, old fanatic\" who was \"destitute of any other qualification\". One commentator suggested that the cardinals \"escaped by electing a dying man\". Still others refer to him as \"Orsini's candidate\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0011-0000", "contents": "1241 papal election, Aftermath\nCelestine IV died on Sunday, 10 November 1241, just 17 days after his election, even before he had been enthroned. It is possible that the cause of death was dysentery, contracted in the Septasolium (Saepta Solis). It is speculated that had Celestine IV lived longer he \"would in all likelihood have proven friendly to the emperor\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0012-0000", "contents": "1241 papal election, Aftermath\nPope Celestine was buried on the day after his death, according to the custom. But, even before the funeral, certain cardinals fled the city, and headed for Anagni, the home of Cardinal Rinaldo dei Conti di Segni. It is said (by Matthew of Paris) that only six or seven cardinals were left in the city. Cardinal Colonna, however, was seized by the Roman populace, who supported the Orsini, and imprisoned due to his association with King Frederick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0013-0000", "contents": "1241 papal election, Aftermath\nWhen confronted by a group of begging friars bearing a message from the Archbishop of York and Bishop of Lincoln, Frederick II reportedly said: \"Who is hindering the welfare of the Church? Not I; but the stubborn pride and greediness of Romans. Who can wonder if I withstand the English and Roman Churches, which excommunicate me [as Oddone had done from England], defame me, and are always pouring forth money to do me wrong?\" Soon after the conclave, the hostilities between the Guelphs and Ghibellines resumed around the Italian peninsula, on both land and sea. Although Frederick II was now free to crush the Lombards without a pope to oppose him, he soon diverted much of his cavalry and infantry north of the Alps where the Tartars had begun to seriously threaten his lands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0014-0000", "contents": "1241 papal election, Aftermath\nThus began the longest sede vacante in the history of the Roman Catholic Church since the period between Pope Agatho and Pope Leo II (681-682). It took a year and a half before the cardinals were successful in reconvening in Anagni (Frederick II was in possession of Rome) and electing a successor to Celestine IV, due in no small part to Frederick II's continuing to keep da Pecorara and Oddone as hostages: choosing Cardinal Fieschi as Pope Innocent IV in 1243.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0014-0001", "contents": "1241 papal election, Aftermath\nInnocent IV breathed new life into the conflict against Frederick II, and after the emperor's death in 1250, excommunicated his son and heir, Conrad IV of Germany. Imperial influence in papal elections persisted until the papal election, 1268\u20131271, after which the Imperial party (then composed mostly of older cardinals) was all but extinguished within the College of Cardinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0015-0000", "contents": "1241 papal election, Problematical Accounts\nOne contemporary account of mixed reliability is that of British chronicler Matthew Paris (c. 1200\u20131259), who claims that both his compatriot, Robert Somercotes, and Celestine IV died of poisoning; his works are more prized for their accounts of the Hohenstaufen struggles. Matthew was a friend of Cardinal Somercotes (who had once presided over the audientia litterarum contradictarum in Rome), and further claimed that Somercotes would have soon been elected pope himself had he survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0015-0001", "contents": "1241 papal election, Problematical Accounts\nSuch speculation appears from time to time in English literature; e.g. \"the Italians were too hard for the honest Englishman, being made away by poison at the Holy Conclave, 1241,\" but it can be safely ignored. Accusations of poisoning of popes and cardinals, such as Innocent V and Adrian V, are a regular feature of chronicles in the 13th and 14th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008672-0016-0000", "contents": "1241 papal election, Legacy\nBy virtue of the cardinals being locked in, the election is sometimes referred to as the \"first conclave\" (even the \"first formal papal Conclave\"), although the formal procedures of the conclave were not developed until after the papal election, 1268\u20131271, in the Constitution \"Ubi Periculum\" of Pope Gregory X (1274). Its provisions were first implemented in the papal conclave, January 1276. In fact, the practice of seclusion of the cardinal electors can perhaps even be traced back to the papal election, 1216, where the people of Perugia locked in the cardinals after the death of Pope Innocent III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008673-0000-0000", "contents": "1242\nYear 1242 (MCCXLII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008675-0000-0000", "contents": "1242 Zambesia\n1242 Zambesia (prov. designation: 1932 HL) is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 48 kilometers (30 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 28 April 1932, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named for the large Zambezi basin in southern Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008675-0001-0000", "contents": "1242 Zambesia, Orbit and classification\nZambesia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,655 days; semi-major axis of 2.74\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008675-0002-0000", "contents": "1242 Zambesia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A908 BF at Taunton Observatory (803) in January 1908. The body's observation arc begins at the United States Naval Observatory (786) in February 1908, more than 26 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008675-0003-0000", "contents": "1242 Zambesia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Zambezi river valley, partially part of the former British Central Africa Protectorate. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 114). The large Zambezi basin stretches across modern Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008675-0004-0000", "contents": "1242 Zambesia, Physical characteristics\nIn both the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), , Zambesia is a common, carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008675-0005-0000", "contents": "1242 Zambesia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2015, a rotational lightcurve of Zambesia was obtained by a group of Spanish astronomers. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.72 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 magnitude (U=2). Previous photometric observations gave a divergent period of 17.305 and 24+ hours (U=1/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008675-0006-0000", "contents": "1242 Zambesia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Zambesia measures between 42.16 and 72.818 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0252 and 0.0708.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008675-0007-0000", "contents": "1242 Zambesia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0541 and a diameter of 47.54 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008677-0000-0000", "contents": "1243\nYear 1243 (MCCXLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008678-0000-0000", "contents": "1243 Pamela\n1243 Pamela, provisional designation 1932 JE, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 70 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 May 1932, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johnannesburg. The asteroid was named for Pamela Jackson, daughter of the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008678-0001-0000", "contents": "1243 Pamela, Orbit and classification\nPamela is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,990 days; semi-major axis of 3.10\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008678-0002-0000", "contents": "1243 Pamela, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed at Lowell Observatory in November 1929. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg in April 1932, or one month prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008678-0003-0000", "contents": "1243 Pamela, Physical characteristics\nPamela has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008678-0004-0000", "contents": "1243 Pamela, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 1999, a first rotational lightcurve of Pamela was obtained from photometric observations by Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 26.017 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.49 magnitude (U=2). Other lightcurves were taken by the Spanish amateur group OBAS in 2015 (U=2), as well as by Ren\u00e9 Roy and St\u00e9phane Charbonnel in France, and Roberto Crippa and Federico Manzini at Sozzago Astronomical Station (A12) in Piedmont, Italy, between 2005 and 2010 (U=2/1/2/2-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008678-0005-0000", "contents": "1243 Pamela, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pamela measures between 66.11 and 76.42 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.040 and 0.0484.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008678-0006-0000", "contents": "1243 Pamela, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0474 and a diameter of 70.06 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008678-0007-0000", "contents": "1243 Pamela, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Cyril Jackson's daughter, Pamela Jackson. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 114).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008680-0000-0000", "contents": "1243 papal election\nThe 1243 papal election (16 May \u2013 25 June) elected Cardinal Sinibaldo Fieschi of Genoa to succeed Pope Celestine IV. The conclave began after the Holy See had been vacant for 18 months and six days, therefore ca. May 16, 1243. There were nine cardinals present. Six votes were needed, therefore, for a canonical election. It took some five weeks for the cardinals to agree on an acceptable candidate. Fieschi took the name Innocent IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008680-0001-0000", "contents": "1243 papal election, Election of 1241\nThe election which took place around the death of Pope Gregory IX on August 22, 1241, was a particularly stressful one. There were military operations, both inside and outside the City of Rome, towns and properties were destroyed, Guelphs and Ghibellines warred against each other, and two of the cardinals were captured in battle and were held prisoner by the Emperor Frederick II. When the electoral meeting began, only ten of the twelve cardinals participated. The cardinals were tightly confined, on orders of the Senator of Rome, Matteo Rosso Orsini, and during that conclave one cardinal died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008680-0001-0001", "contents": "1243 papal election, Election of 1241\nAfter seven weeks of deadlocked negotiations in the summer heat of Rome, the cardinals finally managed to produce the required two-thirds majority on October 25 for Cardinal Goffredo Castiglione, who chose the name Celestine IV. Pope Celestine was never crowned. It is also said that he was never consecrated, which is pointless, since he was already a bishop, and that he never issued a bull, which is contested. He died, old and ill, only seventeen days after his election, on November 10, 1241.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008680-0002-0000", "contents": "1243 papal election, Election of 1241\nA second Election would have to be held. But, even though Pope Celestine was buried on the day after his death, according to custom, certain cardinals had already left Rome, being unwilling to endure the situation of September and October again. Matthew of Paris says that there were \"maybe six, maybe seven\" cardinals left in Rome, which would imply that one or two had left. He certainly includes Cardinal Raynaldus dei Conti and Cardinal Sinibaldo Fieschi in the minority. Matthew also reports that the cardinals who were still in Rome were in hiding with friends and relations, some of them ill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008680-0003-0000", "contents": "1243 papal election, No Election in 1242\nEmperor Frederick had left the neighborhood of Rome in September, 1241, while the Election was still in progress. He was back at his palace in Foggia in October. His third wife, Isabella of England, daughter of King John, died on 1 December 1241, and on 12 February (? ), 1242, his son King Henry of Germany died as well. He spent the entire year 1242 in the south in his own kingdom, mostly in Foggia, Capua, or Naples. He came nowhere near Rome or the cardinals. He was, however, in contact with the cardinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008680-0003-0001", "contents": "1243 papal election, No Election in 1242\nIn February 1242 he sent three ambassadors to Rome to the Papal Curia, to discuss a peace. Frederick wanted the cardinals to get together and make a pope. He also wrote directly to them, offering to release Cardinal Jacobus de Pecorara and Cardinal Oddo de Monferrato if the cardinals would proceed to an election. The Emperor wrote a second time, in May, an elaborate rhetorical exercise based on the topos of the Church as a ship without its steersman and the danger of shipwreck (schism). This was for public consumption. Another letter followed in July, more directly accusing the cardinals of driving the ship off-course:  how could they show the right path to those who had wandered from it, if they themselves were wandering off the right course?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008680-0004-0000", "contents": "1243 papal election, No Election in 1242\nIn the Spring of 1243, after a vacancy that had gone on for more than fifteen months, cardinals who had gathered at Anagni during that time, wrote a letter to an English prelate,  placing their names in the heading:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008680-0005-0000", "contents": "1243 papal election, No Election in 1242\nR[aynaldus] Ostiensis et Velletrensis, J[ohannes] tituli Sanctae Praxedis, S[inibaldus] tituli Sancti Luarentii in Lucina, S[tephanus] tituli Sanctae Mariae trans Tyberim, presbyteri; R[aynerius] Sanctae Mariae in Cosmedin, E[gidius] Sanctorum Cosmae et Damiani, O[tho] Sancti Nicholai in carcere Tulliano, diaconi; sanctae Ecclesiae Romanae Cardinales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008680-0006-0000", "contents": "1243 papal election, No Election in 1242\nCardinal Oddone di Monferrato was present in Anagni and signed the letter; he had been released by the Emperor in August 1242. Cardinal Romano Bonaventura did not sign; he had died on February 21, 1243. The names of these seven cardinals show who had left Rome by that time, and that the balance was shifting between the Imperial party (Ghibbelines) led by the Colonna, and the opposition, led by the Orsini.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008680-0006-0001", "contents": "1243 papal election, No Election in 1242\nThe \"maybe six, maybe seven\" cardinals left in Rome immediately after the death of Celestine IV did not represent a party, but merely those who had not yet decided on what course of action to take. If one adds to these seven named cardinals Jacobus de Pecorara, who was being held by the Emperor, then there was only one cardinal still not present in Anagni: Ricardus Hannibaldi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008680-0007-0000", "contents": "1243 papal election, No Election in 1242\nIn February 1243, the Emperor Frederick ordered the mustering of his army for April 1. He met the army at Capua, and in May he headed north toward Rome, where he began to attack and destroy castelli and cause as much destruction as he could. The two cardinals still in Rome fled to Anagni, and now that eight of the cardinals were assembled, they petitioned the Emperor who agreed to their request to return to his kingdom. Frederick then released Cardinal Jacobus de Pecorara, whom he had held prisoner since his capture in the Battle of Giglio in May 1241.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008680-0007-0001", "contents": "1243 papal election, No Election in 1242\nIn being accommodating, however, King Frederick expected the cardinals to be cooperative and produce a pope. And yet, they refused to start a conclave. Frederick showed his anger by launching his army against Rome. The Romans complained that the failure to elect a pope after so many months was not their fault, but that of the obstinate and quarrelsome cardinals, who were in hiding. Frederick therefore redirected his army toward the estates of the cardinals and of the Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008680-0008-0000", "contents": "1243 papal election, Cardinals\nNicolas de Curbio, the biographer of both Gregory IX and Innocent IV, says that it was a year, six months and six days before the cardinals finally sat down together for an Election, in the Cathedral of Anagni. That would be 16 May 1243. There were nine living cardinals:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008680-0009-0000", "contents": "1243 papal election, Election of 1243\nRomanus Bonaventura, Cardinal Bishop of Porto (1236-1243 died on February 21, 1243. The number of cardinals was reduced to nine. Six cardinals were needed to produce a canonical election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008680-0010-0000", "contents": "1243 papal election, Election of 1243\nThe Cardinals finally assembled at Anagni Cathedral around May 16, 1243, if Nicolaus de Curbio is accurate. Despite the vicissitudes they had suffered since the death of Gregory IX, and the devastation of the Emperor Frederick's army, it nevertheless took the cardinals over five weeks to choose a pope. Nothing is known about the deliberations during that period, except that they elected Cardinal Sinibaldo Fieschi of Genoa, a relative of the Counts of Lavania, as Pope Innocent IV on June 25, 1243 (Nicholas de Curbio) or on the Feast of St. John the Baptist, June 24 (Matthew of Paris). At the time of the election the Emperor Frederick was at Melfi, where, when he heard the news, he ordered the Te Deum to be sung throughout his kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008680-0011-0000", "contents": "1243 papal election, Election of 1243\nPope Innocent IV was consecrated and crowned on the Sunday following the Feast of St. John the Baptist, June 28. There is no specific testimony, but the right to consecrate the pope belonged to the Bishop of Ostia, Raynaldus dei Conti; and the right to crown him belonged to the senior cardinal-deacon (prior diaconum), the Cistercian Rainerius (Capocci).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008681-0000-0000", "contents": "1244\nYear 1244 (MCCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008682-0000-0000", "contents": "1244 Deira\n1244 Deira (prov. designation: 1932 KE) is a dark background asteroid and slow rotator from the inner region of the asteroid belt. The X-type asteroid has an exceptionally long rotation period of 210.6 hours and measures approximately 31 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 25 May 1932, by English-born South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, who named it after Deira, an old kingdom near his birthplace, the market town of Ossett, located in West Yorkshire, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008682-0001-0000", "contents": "1244 Deira, Orbit and classification\nDeira is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,310 days; semi-major axis 2.34\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observations as A908 TD at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1908, or more than 23 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008682-0002-0000", "contents": "1244 Deira, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer Cyril Jackson after his birthplace, the market town of Ossett, located in West Yorkshire, England (also see 2193 Jackson). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 115). While the naming citation reads that Deira is the ancient name for his birthplace, the Celtic Kingdom of Deira was actually much larger, encompassing at its height most of Yorkshire in Northern England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008682-0003-0000", "contents": "1244 Deira, Physical characteristics\nDeira has been characterized as a primitive P-type asteroid by the space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). While P-type bodies are common in the outermost asteroid belt and among the Jupiter trojans, they are rarely found in the inner main belt. In both the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), Deira is an X-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008682-0004-0000", "contents": "1244 Deira, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Deira was obtained from photometric observations by Julian Oey at his Leura Observatory (E17) in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 210.6 hours with a brightness variation of 0.5 magnitude (U=2), while Oey previously published a slightly longer period of 217.1 hours and an amplitude of 0.6 magnitude (U=n.a.). This makes Deira one of the Top 300 slow rotators known to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008682-0005-0000", "contents": "1244 Deira, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nIn 2016, an international study modeled a lightcurve with a concurring period of 216.98 hours and found two spin axis of (314.0\u00b0, \u221246.0\u00b0) and (107.0\u00b0, \u221256.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008682-0006-0000", "contents": "1244 Deira, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Deira measures between 28.816 and 35.19 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.0557.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008682-0007-0000", "contents": "1244 Deira, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0465 and a diameter of 30.89 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008684-0000-0000", "contents": "12444 Prothoon\n12444 Prothoon /\u02c8pr\u0252\u03b8o\u028a.\u0252n/ is a large Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 64 kilometers (40 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 15 April 1996, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at the La Silla Observatory in northern Chile. The assumed C-type asteroid is one of the 60 largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of 15.82 hours. It was named after Prothoon from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008684-0001-0000", "contents": "12444 Prothoon, Orbit and classification\nProthoon is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the trailering Trojan camp at Jupiter's L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind on the Gas Giant's orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). This asteroid is not a member of any asteroid family but belongs to the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9\u20135.6\u00a0AU once every 12.01 years (4,387 days; semi-major axis of 5.24\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 31\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at La Silla in March 1996, one month prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008684-0002-0000", "contents": "12444 Prothoon, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Prothoon was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Goat Mountain Astronomical Research Station (G79) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.82 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008684-0003-0000", "contents": "12444 Prothoon, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Prothoon measures between 62.41 and 64.31 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.039 and 0.052.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008684-0004-0000", "contents": "12444 Prothoon, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0467 and a diameter of 64.41 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008684-0005-0000", "contents": "12444 Prothoon, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008684-0006-0000", "contents": "12444 Prothoon, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Trojan warrior Prothoon, who was killed by Teucer during the Trojan War. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 January 2003 (M.P.C. 47300).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008685-0000-0000", "contents": "1245\nYear 1245 (MCCXLV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008686-0000-0000", "contents": "1245 Calvinia\n1245 Calvinia (prov. designation: 1932 KF) is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 26 May 1932, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The S-type asteroid is likely elongated and has a rotation period of 4.9 hours. It was named for the city of Calvinia in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008686-0001-0000", "contents": "1245 Calvinia, Orbit and classification\nAccording to Zappal\u00e0, Moth\u00e9-Diniz, as well as Milani and Kne\u017eevi\u0107, Calvinia is a member of the Koronis family (605), a very large outer asteroid family with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. Interestingly, in one of the most recent and complete synthetic HCM-analysis by Nesvorn\u00fd, Calvinia is not a Koronian asteroid but belongs to the background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008686-0002-0000", "contents": "1245 Calvinia, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,796 days; semi-major axis of 2.89\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A906 FB at the Heidelberg Observatory in March 1906. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in May 1932.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008686-0003-0000", "contents": "1245 Calvinia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the regional city Calvinia in the Cape Province of South Africa. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 115).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008686-0004-0000", "contents": "1245 Calvinia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Calvinia is a common stony S-type asteroid, which is also the overall spectral type for members of the Koronis family. In the Barucci taxonomy (1987), it is an S0-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008686-0005-0000", "contents": "1245 Calvinia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2017, a rotational lightcurve of Calvinia was obtained from photometric observations by Romain Montaigut, Christophe Gillier and Arnaud Leroy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.8523\u00b10.0001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008686-0006-0000", "contents": "1245 Calvinia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nOther rotational were obtained by (ordered by increasing period determinations ) Brines (4.73\u00a0h; \u03940.35\u00a0mag; U=3-) in 2016, by Lagerkvist (4.8\u00a0h; \u03940.52\u00a0mag; U=2) and (4.85\u00a0h; \u03940.7\u00a0mag; U=2) in 1975 and 1978, respectively, by Erikson (4.84\u00a0h; U=3) in 1990, by Slivan (4.8512\u00a0h; \u03940.37\u00a0mag; U=3) in 2002, by Roy (4.85129\u00a0h; \u03940.50\u00a0mag; U=3-), and by Tedesco (4.855\u00a0h; \u03940.63\u00a0mag; U=3) in 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008686-0007-0000", "contents": "1245 Calvinia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA modeled lightcurve using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database was published in 2016. It gave a concurring period of 4.85148\u00b10.00001 hours, as well as two spin axes at (52.0\u00b0, \u221251.0\u00b0) and (235.0\u00b0, \u221243.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008686-0008-0000", "contents": "1245 Calvinia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Calvinia measures between 26.84 and 30.95 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.214 and 0.2713. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2689 and a diameter of 26.83 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008688-0000-0000", "contents": "1246\nYear 1246 (MCCXLVI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008689-0000-0000", "contents": "1246 Chaka\n1246 Chaka, provisional designation 1932 OA, is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 18 kilometers (11 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 23 July 1932, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The uncommon A/Sl-type asteroid has a longer than average rotation period of 25.5 hours. It was named for the Zulu King Shaka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008689-0001-0000", "contents": "1246 Chaka, Orbit and classification\nChaka is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,549 days; semi-major axis of 2.62\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation at Johannesburg on 4 July 1932, three weeks prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008689-0002-0000", "contents": "1246 Chaka, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Shaka (c.\u20091787\u20131828), also Chaka or Tchaka, founder and one of the most influential monarchs of the Zulu Kingdom. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 115).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008689-0003-0000", "contents": "1246 Chaka, Physical characteristics\nChaka's spectral type has been determined during the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2). In the Tholen-like taxonomic variant of the survey, the asteroid is a rare A-type, while in the SMASS-like variant it is a Sl-subtype, that transitions between the common S- and uncommon L-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008689-0004-0000", "contents": "1246 Chaka, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Chaka was obtained from photometric observations by Joe Garlitz at his Elgin Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 25.462\u00b10.001 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.18 magnitude (U=3). Other period determinations were made by European astronomers (20\u00a0h; \u03940.2) at OHP and La Silla in October 1996 (U=2), and by Andrea Ferrero (25.44\u00a0h; \u03940.25) at the Italian Bigmuskie Observatory (B88) in November 2013 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008689-0005-0000", "contents": "1246 Chaka, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Chaka measures between 17.63 and 20.84 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.195 and 0.310. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.2351 and a diameter of 18.11 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008690-0000-0000", "contents": "1247\nYear 1247 (MCCXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008691-0000-0000", "contents": "1247 Memoria\n1247 Memoria, provisional designation 1932 QA, is a dark Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 37 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Marguerite Laugier at Uccle Observatory in 1932, who later named it Memoria in memory of her pleasant stay at the discovering observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008691-0001-0000", "contents": "1247 Memoria, Discovery\nMemoria was discovered on 30 August 1932, by French astronomer Marguerite Laugier at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. On the same night, it was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. One week later, on 6 September 1932, it was again independently discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008691-0002-0000", "contents": "1247 Memoria, Orbit and classification\nMemoria belongs to the Themis family (602), a very large family of typically carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24\u00a0Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,025 days; semi-major axis of 3.13\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008691-0003-0000", "contents": "1247 Memoria, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A905 WA at Heidelberg Observatory in November 1905. The body's observation arc begins as 1931 JU at Johannesburg Observatory in May 1931, or 15 months prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008691-0004-0000", "contents": "1247 Memoria, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Memoria's spectral type is ambiguous, closest to a carbonaceous C-type, and somewhat similar to an X- and F-type asteroid (CXF). The overall spectral type for members of the Themis family is that of a C-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008691-0005-0000", "contents": "1247 Memoria, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Memoria has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, shape and poles remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008691-0006-0000", "contents": "1247 Memoria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Memoria measures 35.97 and 38.906 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.0846 and 0.078, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008691-0007-0000", "contents": "1247 Memoria, Naming\nThis minor planet was named \"memoria\" (Latin for memory or remembrance) by the French discoverer Marguerite Laugier who remembered the pleasant relationships she had during her stay at the discovering Uccle Observatory, Belgium, in 1932. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 115).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008693-0000-0000", "contents": "1248\nYear 1248 (MCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008694-0000-0000", "contents": "1248 Jugurtha\n1248 Jugurtha (prov. designation: 1932 RO) is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 29 kilometers (18 miles) in diameter. Discovered by Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in 1932, the asteroid was named after Jugurtha, the ancient North African king of Numidia. The S-type asteroid is likely elongated in shape and has a rotation period of 12.9 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008694-0001-0000", "contents": "1248 Jugurtha, Discovery\nJugurtha was discovered on 1 September 1932, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. On 29 September 1932, it was independently by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008694-0002-0000", "contents": "1248 Jugurtha, Orbit and classification\nJugurtha is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,640 days; semi-major axis of 2.72\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as A901 VE at Heidelberg Observatory in November 1901, nearly 31 years prior to its official discovery, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008694-0003-0000", "contents": "1248 Jugurtha, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Jugurtha (160\u2013104 BC), a king of Numidia in North Africa, opposed to and defeated by Rome in the Jugurthine War (112\u2013106 BC). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 115).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008694-0004-0000", "contents": "1248 Jugurtha, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Jugurtha is a common, stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008694-0005-0000", "contents": "1248 Jugurtha, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Jugurtha were obtained from photometric observations since 2001. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve gave a rotation period of 12.190\u00b10.002 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.70 and 1.40 magnitude (U=3), indicative of an elongated, non-spherical shape. A modeled lightcurve, using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database, gave a concurring period of 12.19047 hours, as well as a spin axis of (254.0\u00b0, \u221289.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008694-0006-0000", "contents": "1248 Jugurtha, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Jugurtha measures between 27.46 and 33.559 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2073 and 0.282. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 31.12 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008697-0000-0000", "contents": "12482 Pajka\n12482 Pajka, provisional designation 1997 FG1, is a background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4.3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Slovak astronomers Adri\u00e1n Gal\u00e1d and Alexander Pravda at Modra Observatory on 23 March 1997. It was named after Paula Pravdov\u00e1 (\"Pajka\"), the daughter of the second discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008697-0001-0000", "contents": "12482 Pajka, Orbit and classification\nPajka is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,372 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008697-0002-0000", "contents": "12482 Pajka, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins 6 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at Steward Observatory (Kitt Peak\u2013Spacewatch) in October 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008697-0003-0000", "contents": "12482 Pajka, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Paula Pravdov\u00e1 (born 1990), whose familiar name is \"Pajka\". She is the daughter of the discovering astronomer Alexander Pravda and often visited Modra Observatory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 28 March 2002 (M.P.C. 45234).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008697-0004-0000", "contents": "12482 Pajka, Physical characteristics\nA rotational lightcurve of Pajka was obtained from photometric observations made by the discovering astronomer at Modra Observatory in January 2008. The lightcurve showed a rotation period of 3.9428 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.21 in magnitude (U=3-). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 4.3 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008698-0000-0000", "contents": "1249\nYear 1249 (MCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008699-0000-0000", "contents": "1249 Rutherfordia\n1249 Rutherfordia, provisional designation 1932 VB, is an elongated, stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in 1932, the asteroid was named after Rutherford, New Jersey a suburb of New York City, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008699-0001-0000", "contents": "1249 Rutherfordia, Discovery\nRutherfordia was discovered on 4 November 1932, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. On 29 November 1932, it was independently discovered by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Uccle Observatory in Belgium. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008699-0002-0000", "contents": "1249 Rutherfordia, Orbit and classification\nRutherfordia is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.4\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,211 days; semi-major axis of 2.22\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008699-0003-0000", "contents": "1249 Rutherfordia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as 1925 SF at Simeiz Observatory in September 1925. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg on 22 November 1932, or three weeks after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008699-0004-0000", "contents": "1249 Rutherfordia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Rutherfordia is an S-type asteroid, as is the overall spectral type of the Flora family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008699-0005-0000", "contents": "1249 Rutherfordia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Rutherfordia have been obtained from photometric observations since 2001. The so-far best-rated lightcurve with a rotation period of 18.242 hours and a brightness amplitude of 0.71 magnitude, was measured by the Spanish amateur astronomer group OBAS in December 2015 (U=3). The asteroid's elongated shape, indicated by its high brightness amplitude has previously been confirmed by physical modelling (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008699-0006-0000", "contents": "1249 Rutherfordia, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nIn 2013, an international study modeled a lightcurve from various data sources including the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue and the Palomar Transient Factory survey. The lightcurve gave a concurring period of 18.2183 hours and allowed for the determination of two spin axis of (32.0\u00b0, 74.0\u00b0) and (197.0\u00b0, 65.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008699-0007-0000", "contents": "1249 Rutherfordia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Rutherfordia measures between 12.41 and 15.77 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.172 and 0.2778.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008699-0008-0000", "contents": "1249 Rutherfordia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.2778 and a diameter of 12.41 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.54.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008699-0009-0000", "contents": "1249 Rutherfordia, Naming\nSeveral sources erroneously attributed the naming of this asteroid to famous New Zealand-born British physicist Ernest Rutherford (1871\u20131937). This minor planet, however, was named after the city of Rutherford, New Jersey, which is an inner suburb of metropolitan New York City. The naming was proposed by Irving Meyer and endorsed by German astronomer Gustav Stracke who mentioned on a postcard in February 1937, that his American college, Meyer, who himself did not discover any asteroids, requested the naming after the city of Rutherford, where a private observatory was located at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008700-0000-0000", "contents": "1249 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1249 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008701-0000-0000", "contents": "124th (Waterford) Regiment of Foot\nThe 124th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1794 and disbanded in 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008702-0000-0000", "contents": "124th Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 124th Division was a division of the PRC People's Liberation Army. During the Korean War, it was the first unit of the People's Republic of China to cross the Yalu River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 74], "section_span": [74, 74], "content_span": [75, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008702-0001-0000", "contents": "124th Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), History\nThe 124th Division was a military formation of the People's Volunteer Army (Chinese People's Volunteers (CPV) or Chinese Communist Forces (CCF)) during the Korean War with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men. It was a component of the 42nd Army, consisting of the 370th, 371st, and 372nd Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 74], "section_span": [76, 83], "content_span": [84, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008702-0002-0000", "contents": "124th Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), History\nWhile the 124th Division at first drove back the ROK troops it encountered, and then slowed the advance of the U.S. Marine troops that replaced them on the road to the reservoir, UNC intelligence indicated that it did not have the success that attended the CCF action against the ROK II Corps and part of the U.S. I Corps in the west. The 124th Division faced the 1st Marine Division at Sudong on November 2. However, 124th division and other units of 42nd corps were relieved by 20th corps on November 10, and attended battle of Chongchon River. This division and 125th division defeated ROK 8th division on November 26, then 125th was deployed as van guard, and 124th division was its reinforce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 74], "section_span": [76, 83], "content_span": [84, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008702-0003-0000", "contents": "124th Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), Current\nIn April 2017, The division was divided into two brigades: the 124th Amphibious Combined Arms Brigade and the 125th Amphibious Combined Arms Brigade. The 124th is transferred to the PLA 72nd Group Army (formerly 1st Group Army) under the Eastern Theater Command; the 125th is still part of the PLA 42nd Group Army, which is currently known as the 74th Group Army, under the Southern Theater Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 74], "section_span": [76, 83], "content_span": [84, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008703-0000-0000", "contents": "124th Attack Squadron\nThe 124th Attack Squadron is a unit of the Iowa Air National Guard 132d Wing. It is assigned to Des Moines International Airport (Des Moines ANGB), Iowa and was formerly equipped with F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft. The unit is reequipping with the MQ-9 Reaper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008703-0001-0000", "contents": "124th Attack Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the 124th Observation Squadron, established on 30 July 1940. It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008703-0002-0000", "contents": "124th Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nEfforts to form an Iowa National Guard aviation unit in Des Moines were led by a citizens' committee, which was formed in May 1940, to arrange for construction of an aircraft hangar and armory building at the Des Moines Airport. This non-profit committee consisted of local business, civic and military leaders. Through the work of this committee, which included conferences in Washington DC, and design and financing of the project, an Air Corps squadron for Des Moines was authorized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in January 1941. Recruiting of members for the new unit began the following month. The 124th Observation Squadron was organized on 25 February 1941 with an allotted strength of 31 officers and 116 enlisted personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008703-0003-0000", "contents": "124th Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 124th was a light observation squadron, flying North American O-47 twin-seat observation monoplanes. Ordered to active service in September was initially an aviation unit at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas as part of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. After the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, was attached to Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command and deployed to several airfields along the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast, flying Antisubmarine patrols, Apr 1942 \u2013 Jan 1943. After the Navy took over the antisubmarine mission performed replacement reconnaissance pilot training, Mar 1943 \u2013 Apr 1944 at Tullaholma, Tennessee with P-39 Airacobra, P-40 Warhawk and P-51 Mustangs. Inactivated as part of an administrative reorganization of training units in May 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008703-0004-0000", "contents": "124th Attack Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard\nWas transferred to the new Iowa Air National Guard in May 1946 and became a P-51D Mustang squadron, receiving federal recognition on 23 August 1946, one of the first Air National Guard squadrons activated. Assigned to Des Moines Municipal Airport, a former training field during World War II used as an Aircraft/Crew processing center for heavy bomber crews. Was assigned to the Iowa ANG 132d Fighter Wing, which consisted of the 124th, along with the 127th Fighter Squadron at Sioux City, and the Nebraska ANG 173d Fighter Squadron at Lincoln, Nebraska. Engaged in routine training exercises, and was upgraded to F-84B Thunderjet jet aircraft in early 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008703-0005-0000", "contents": "124th Attack Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard\nActivated to Federal Service during the Korean War, sent to Dow AFB, Maine Used by TAC to train replacement pilots in F-51D Mustang ground support operations, also deployed unit members to Japan and Korea to fly combat missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008703-0006-0000", "contents": "124th Attack Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard\nThe 132d was moved to Alexandria AFB, Louisiana in May 1952 again with F-51s replacing the federalized Oklahoma ANG 137th Fighter-Bomber Wing which was deployed to France. Performed training as a tactical fighter unit until relieved from active service and returned to Iowa ANG jurisdiction in January 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008703-0007-0000", "contents": "124th Attack Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard\nDuring 1952, over one million dollars of federally funded improvements were added to the Des Moines airport. The work included the addition of 1,800 feet to the main runway and 3,480 feet of taxiways to better accommodate the 124th receiving jet aircraft upon their return to peacetime service. After returning to Des Moines, was re-equipped with F-80C Shooting Star jet fighter-bombers and returned to normal peacetime training committed to Tactical Air Command. Was later upgraded to newer F-84E Thuderjets in 1955. Was transferred to Air Defense Command in July 1958, becoming an all-weather F-86L Sabre Interceptor squadron, its new mission being the air defense of Des Moines and eastern Iowa. The Sabres were replaced in 1962 with F-89J Scorpion Interceptors, which the squadron flew until the summer of 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008703-0008-0000", "contents": "124th Attack Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard\nWas transferred back to TAC in 1969, being re-equipped with second-line F-84F Thunderstreaks, the standard TAC aircraft for its Air National Guard-gained squadrons at the time. Upgraded to the F-100D Super Sabre, which were returning from South Vietnam in 1971 and being transferred to the ANG to replace the subsonic F-84s. Began receiving new and transferred A-7D Corsair II ground attack aircraft in 1976 when the National Guard Bureau began modernizing the ANG with frontline aircraft after the drawdown of the regular Air Force after the end of the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008703-0009-0000", "contents": "124th Attack Squadron, History, Modern era\nWith the retirement of the A-7Ds in the late 1980s, was upgraded to Block 42 F-16C Fighting Falcons in 1990. From 1998 to 2004 as part of the Air Expeditionary Force concept with an unprecedented six overseas contingency deployments to patrol the No-Fly Zone over Iraq in Operations Northern and Southern Watch. Two of the six contingency deployments occurred within a ten-month period, attesting to the unit\u2019s professionalism and high state of readiness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008703-0010-0000", "contents": "124th Attack Squadron, History, Modern era\nImmediately following the events of September 11, 2001, the 124th Fighter Squadron's F-16s, pilots, and maintenance members were placed on alert, poised to defend Iowans and all Americans against any possible attacks. After 9/11 the  unit\u2019s F-16s were prepared to launch within minutes in the event of a \u201cscramble\u201d order \u2013 24/7. The unit has also provided continuous Combat Air Patrols during Presidential visits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008703-0011-0000", "contents": "124th Attack Squadron, History, Modern era\nThe unit deployed to Al Udeid AB, Qatar in 2005 in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The squadron performed in an exceptional manner, exhibiting an impressive array of capabilities. Outstanding leadership and superb aircraft maintenance skills produced 456 sorties and 3145 flying hours in austere conditions. Total flying hours during this contingency equaled to over three-fourths of a year\u2019s normal flying allocation in only 52 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008703-0012-0000", "contents": "124th Attack Squadron, History, Modern era\nIn 2013, the 124th's 21 F-16s were transferred to the 119th Fighter Squadron, 177th Fighter Wing, New Jersey Air National Guard, at Atlantic City Air National Guard Base, bringing to an end 72 years of manned flight by the 124th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008703-0013-0000", "contents": "124th Attack Squadron, History, Modern era\nThe squadron is re-equipping with the MQ-9 Reaper unmanned aerial vehicle, and was redesignated the 124th Attack Squadron after 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008703-0014-0000", "contents": "124th Attack Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008704-0000-0000", "contents": "124th Battalion (Governor General's Body Guard), CEF\nThe 124th (Governor General's Body Guard) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Toronto, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was redesignated the 124th Pioneer Battalion, CEF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008704-0001-0000", "contents": "124th Battalion (Governor General's Body Guard), CEF\nThe battalion is perpetuated by The Royal Regiment of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008705-0000-0000", "contents": "124th Brigade\nThe 124th Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 41st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008705-0001-0000", "contents": "124th Brigade, Formation\nThe infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0000-0000", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States)\nThe 124th Cavalry Regiment (nicknamed \"Mars Men\") is a United States Army cavalry regiment, represented in the Texas Army National Guard by 1st Squadron, 124th Cavalry, part of the 56th Infantry Brigade Combat Team at Waco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0001-0000", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States)\nThe 124th was originally constituted and organized in 1929 in the Texas National Guard. It was Federalized in 1940 but remained stateside, patrolling the Mexico\u2013United States border, after the Attack on Pearl Harbor resulted in the United States entry into World War II. In 1944 it moved to Fort Riley, the last horse cavalry regiment in the army. The regiment was sent to India, where it arrived in August. After being redesignated as the 124th Cavalry, Special, it joined the Mars Task Force. Operating alongside Chinese troops, the 124th Cavalry and the task force recaptured the Burma Road from the Japanese in early 1945. The regiment was then sent to China to train Chinese troops, and was inactivated there in mid-1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0002-0000", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States)\nThe regiment was broken up in 1946 but became the 124th Armor in 1959. In 1963 it was redesignated the 124th Cavalry again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0003-0000", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Interwar period\nThe 124th was constituted on 13 February 1929 in the Texas National Guard and organized on 15 March 1929 from new and existing units. It initially consisted of two cavalry squadrons, each with two troops, and headquarters and support units. Its headquarters was organized at San Antonio. The regimental band was redesignated from the Band Section of the 112th Cavalry's Service Troop at Mineral Wells. Its Machine Gun Troop was redesignated from Troop B, 56th Machine Gun Squadron, Cavalry at San Antonio. The Medical Department Detachment was redesignated at Houston from the Medical Department Detachment of the 56th Machine Gun Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0004-0000", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Interwar period\nHeadquarters and Troops A and B of 1st Squadron were organized at Fort Worth. Troops A and B were redesignated from Troops E and G of the 112th Cavalry, respectively. 2nd Squadron headquarters was organized at Houston, while Troops E and F were organized at Brenham and Mineral Wells, respectively. Troop E was redesignated from Troop A of the 56th Machine Gun Squadron, while Troop F was redesignated from the 112th Cavalry's Service Troop. On 20 March, the regiment's Headquarters Troop was organized at Austin, completing the initial organization of the 124th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0005-0000", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Interwar period\nThe regiment was part of the 23rd Cavalry Division's 56th Cavalry Brigade, and was commanded by Colonel Louis S. Davidson, the former executive officer of the 56th Brigade. Each summer from 1929 to 1939, the 124th conducted training at Camp Wolters. The regiment's designated mobilization training station was Fort Bliss. Between September and October 1929, the regiment was called up for state duty to enforce martial law during the breaking up of the organized crime organization in Borger. In May 1930, it was called up to restore order after the Sherman race riot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0005-0001", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Interwar period\nBetween September 1931 and December 1932, the regiment was called up to enforce order and prevent illegal oil production in the East Texas Oil Field. On 29 November 1934, regimental executive officer Colonel Calvin B. Garwood took command of the regiment after Davidson was promoted to command the 56th Brigade. Between 1935 and 1939, the 124th was awarded the National Guard Association's Pershing Trophy for cavalry marksmanship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0006-0000", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Interwar period\nThe 56th Brigade became an independent unit after leaving the 23rd Division on 1 April 1939. On 30 June, Troops I and K of the new 3rd Squadron were organized at Corpus Christi and Seguin, respectively. 3rd Squadron's headquarters was organized at Houston almost a month later, on 23 July. Between 3 and 23 August, the regiment participated in the Third Army maneuvers in the Kisatchie National Forest in Louisiana, involving 70,000 troops. On 1 October 1940, 3rd Squadron headquarters was inactivated and Troops I and K became Troops C and G of the 1st and 2nd Squadrons, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0007-0000", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Interwar period\nThe 124th was called up for Federal service on 18 November at San Antonio. It was transferred to Fort Bliss, where it arrived on 28 November. The 56th Brigade became part of the Third Army upon Federalization. Headquarters and 1st Squadron transferred to Fort Brown on 5 February 1941, while 2nd Squadron simultaneously transferred to Fort Ringgold. The regiment relieved the 12th Cavalry of the Fort Brown Command sector of the Mexican Border Patrol. The 124th conducted border patrol duty along the Mexico\u2013United States border from Brownsville to Laredo. On 29 May, the regiment returned to Fort Bliss. Between 12 August and 2 October, it participated in the massive Second Army\u2013Third Army maneuver in the Louisiana Maneuver Area, which involved 342,000 troops. On 4 October, after the maneuvers ended, the regiment returned to Fort Brown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0008-0000", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II\nOn 5 June 1942, Colonel John H. Irving became regimental commander. Between 4 November and 22 December 1943, the regiment was stationed at Fort D. A. Russell. At the beginning of May 1944, Irving was replaced for health reasons by Colonel Milo H. Matteson. The 124th Cavalry remained on the Mexican border with the 56th Brigade until 12 May 1944, when they were moved to Fort Riley, the last horse cavalry regiment in the army. At Fort Riley, the regiment became part of Fourth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0008-0001", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II\nAfter turning in its horses, the regiment left Fort Riley on 10 July, staging through Camp Anza to the Los Angeles Port of Embarkation, from which it departed aboard the transport USS General Henry W. Butner for Bombay, India on 25 July. After arriving in India with 78 officers and 1,522 enlisted men on 26 August, the regiment was transported by rail to Ramgarh Training Center, where it conducted infantry, jungle, patrol, and long range penetration training. It was reorganized as the 124th Cavalry, Special on 20 September after being officially dismounted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0008-0002", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II\nFive days later, the 3rd Squadron was activated in India from other regimental personnel after being reconstituted on 20 September. The regiment became part of the newly activated 5332nd Brigade (Provisional), which became the Mars Task Force. As well as the 124th, the task force also included the 475th Infantry Regiment, the survivors of Merrill's Marauders, brought up to strength by replacements from the United States, and the elite American-trained and equipped 1st Chinese Regiment (Separate).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0009-0000", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II\nIn October, the regiment was flown to Myitkyina, entering combat with the task force. The regiment moved into the mountains of northern Burma on 15 December, and in subsequent months fought in numerous pitched battles with Japanese troops in and around the Burma Road. The 124th conducted long range operations deep behind Japanese lines, and used pack mules and aerial resupply. The 124th built roadblocks along the Burma Road during the campaign to wrest the road from Japanese control below Nankam. To block the road at Nampakka, it moved over 300 miles in Japanese-held territory, relying only on aerial resupply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0009-0001", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II\nOn 15 January 1945, the regiment met in battle with Japanese forces. Troop F commander 1st Lieutenant Jack L. Knight was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions on 2 February 1945 near Loi Kang, in which he singlehandedly knocked out two Japanese pill boxes and continued the attack despite having been blinded by a Japanese grenade. Knight was the only Army Ground Forces recipient of the Medal of Honor in the China-Burma-India Theatre of the war. The regiment subsequently moved south along the Burma Road, reaching Lashio by 23 March. Between 26 April and 14 May, the regiment was flown over The Hump to Kunming in China. There, its troops trained Chinese troops in the Chinese Combat Command. On 1 July 1945, the regiment was inactivated at Kunming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0010-0000", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Cold War\nThe 124th was broken up on 2 July 1946, with its headquarters and headquarters troop becoming the headquarters and headquarters company of the 49th Armored Division's Reserve Command. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Squadrons became the 124th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, the 147th Tank Battalion, and the 49th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, respectively. The 49th Squadron was organized at Fort Worth on 1 March 1946 and was redesignated as the 49th Reconnaissance Battalion on 1 March 1949. The 124th Squadron was organized at Pecos on 14 March 1947 and was redesignated as the 112th Armored Cavalry's 2nd Battalion on 15 September 1949. Both squadrons were part of the 49th Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0011-0000", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Cold War\nOn 16 March 1959, the 2nd Battalion of the 112th, the 49th Reconnaissance Battalion, and the 136th Tank Battalion (the former 636th Tank Destroyer Battalion) were consolidated as the 124th Armor, a Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS) parent regiment. The new parent unit consisted of the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron and the 2nd Medium Tank Battalion, both part of the 36th Infantry Division. On 15 March 1963, the 124th Armor was reorganized and redesignated as the 124th Cavalry, also a CARS parent regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0011-0001", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Cold War\nThe unit included the 1st Squadron, part of the 36th Division, and the 2nd Squadron, part of the 49th Armored Division. On 15 January 1968, the 124th was reorganized to consist of Troop A, part of the 71st Airborne Brigade; Troop E, part of the 36th Infantry Brigade; and Troop F, part of the 72nd Infantry Brigade. On 1 November 1973, the regiment was reorganized to consist of the 1st Squadron, part of the 49th Armored Division. It was withdrawn from CARS on 4 March 1987 and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System with headquarters at Waco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0012-0000", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), War on Terror\nOn 1 September 2001, three Brigade Reconnaissance Troops \u2014 Troops G, H and I (BRT) \u2014 were activated under the 124th Cavalry Regiment in Houston, Dallas and Fort Worth. Each BRT was respectively assigned to the three brigades comprising the 49th Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0013-0000", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), War on Terror\nThe 1st Squadron was mobilized in early 2004 to deploy to Iraq to participate in Operation Iraqi Freedom, and received two months military police training at Fort Dix before deploying. It deployed in March, attached to the 89th Military Police Brigade in Diyala Province near the Iranian border northeast of Baghdad. In Iraq, the squadron was responsible for providing convoy and area security and force protection operations. On 1 May, the 49th Armored was reflagged as the 36th Infantry Division. It also provided security for the early 2005 Iraqi elections. The squadron returned from the deployment by February 2005, without suffering casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0014-0000", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), War on Terror\n15 August 2008 the 1st Squadron was activated to provide stability and support operations in Baghdad, with the Alpha Troop assigned to base security to the victory base complex, Bravo Troop assigned to security in the \"green zone\" and Charlie Troop assigned to the Joint visitors bureau. SGT Christopher Loza was the squadron\u2019s only casualty during this deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0015-0000", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), War on Terror\nOn 1 April 2011, Task Force Raptor was established by reinforcing the 3rd Squadron with the 702nd and 712th Military Police Companies. It conducted pre-deployment training at Camp Swift and Camp Atterbury. In February 2012, the 3rd Squadron, as part of Task Force Raptor, took over the Combined Joint Task Force \u2013 Horn of Africa security role at Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti, from the 1st Battalion, 161st Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0016-0000", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), War on Terror\nAs of 2017, Headquarters and Troops A and B are based in Waco, and Troop C in Grand Prairie. On 8 July 2017, 3rd Squadron was inactivated at Wylie as part of National Guard restructuring. It was part of the 71st Expeditionary Military Intelligence Brigade (formerly the 71st Battlefield Surveillance Brigade).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0017-0000", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), War on Terror\nIn late August and early September of 2017, 1st Squadron participated in Hurricane Harvey relief efforts along with other Texas National Guard units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008706-0018-0000", "contents": "124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), War on Terror\nIn January 2018, 1-124 Cavalry deployed to the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt as multinational force and observers (MFO), tasked with ensuring peace between Israel and Egypt in accordance with the 1979 treaty between the two nations. The squadron redeployed to the United States in October 2018 after a nine-month tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008707-0000-0000", "contents": "124th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 124th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 3, 1967, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Governor Charles L. Terry, Jr. and Sherman W. Tribbitt as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008707-0001-0000", "contents": "124th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on a court interpreted interpretation of the federal 1960 census. It resulted in a large shift in membership numbers to the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but could design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals. Subsequent census were adjusted such boundaries to continue such adjectives, the next being in 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008707-0002-0000", "contents": "124th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 124th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008707-0003-0000", "contents": "124th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008707-0004-0000", "contents": "124th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008708-0000-0000", "contents": "124th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 124th Division (\u7b2c124\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakunij\u016byon Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Foresight Division (\u9060\u8b00\u5175\u56e3, Enbo Heidan). It was formed 16 January in Mudanjiang as a triangular division. It was a part of the 8 simultaneously created divisions batch comprising 121st, 122nd, 123rd, 124th, 125th, 126th, 127th and 128th divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the 1st, 2nd, 11th border guards groups and the parts of the 111th Division. The 124th division was initially assigned to 3rd army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008708-0001-0000", "contents": "124th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nIn March 1945, the 124th division was reassigned to the 5th army and took the positions of the 111th division which was being transferred to Jejudo island. The 124th division was initially severely understrength in men and equipment, with divisional artillery company instead of artillery regiment, and only the half complement of the infantry support guns, plus severe shortage of machine guns and ammunition. By July 1945, 116th artillery regiment comprising 24 guns, including Type 41 75 mm Mountain Guns, Type 90 75 mm Field Guns, and heavy Type 96 15 cm howitzers was organized. Also, over 4000 Koreans and local Chinese people were drafted and incorporated into the division ranks, bringing 124th division to nearly nominal strength. Nonetheless, the Kwantung Army headquarters has estimated the combat efficiency of the 124th division to be 35% of nominal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008708-0002-0000", "contents": "124th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nBy June 1945, the 124th division was mostly concentrated at Muling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008708-0003-0000", "contents": "124th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\n9 August 1945, the Soviet invasion of Manchuria has started. Rapid breakthrough by the Soviet Soviet 1st Far East Front have brought the 124th division to the spearhead of enemy advance, with the border defenses failing at Suifenhe. In the afternoon of the same day, the 124th division was reinforced by two infantry battalions from the 135th division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008708-0004-0000", "contents": "124th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\n10 August 1945, to prevent dissection and encirclement by the Soviet armoured columns, the 124th division was ordered to retreat. The division was reinforced by the following units: 20th heavy artillery regiment (7 batteries), Mudanjiang heavy artillery regiment (8 x Type 45 240 mm howitzers transferred from 34th army), Dongning heavy artillery regiment (2 batteries transferred from the 3rd army), 1st independent heavy artillery battery (150mm howitzers) and 13th mortar battalion, totalling 60 guns. Also, two engineer battalions and 31st independent anti-tank battalion (2 companies) were added. This meager force was pitted against whole of Soviet 5th army (2nd formation) and other formations, totalling 12 rifle divisions and 5 armoured brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008708-0005-0000", "contents": "124th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe fierce fighting has erupted 12 August 1945, and 273rd infantry regiment was nearly annihilated in the span of one day, while Red Army broke at Muling, approaching Modaoshi. The attack was finally stopped by the special officers units from the 5th army reserve, but 124th division has continued to crumple under the relentless attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008708-0006-0000", "contents": "124th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\n13 August 1945, the 20th heavy artillery regiment and Mudanjiang heavy artillery regiment were wiped out north of Modaoshi, and in evening the Red Army has resumed an advance from Modaoshi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008708-0007-0000", "contents": "124th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe surrender of Japan 15 August 1945 prevented an imminent rout of the 124th division. At that point, the division was concentrated around Dongjingcheng, Ning'an.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008708-0008-0000", "contents": "124th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 124th division has officially surrendered to the Red Army 23 August 1945 in Ning'an and was taken prisoner by the Soviet Union. Total of around 4000 men have died both during fighting and in the Siberian labour camps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008709-0000-0000", "contents": "124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry\nThe 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army raised in 1820 as the 2nd (Marine) Battalion 12th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry. It was designated as the 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry in 1903 and became 1st Battalion 10th Baluch Regiment in 1922. In 1947, it was allocated to Pakistan Army, where it continues to exist as 6th Battalion of The Baloch Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008709-0001-0000", "contents": "124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, Early history\nThe regiment was raised in June 1820 at Bombay as the 2nd (Marine) Battalion 12th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry by Captain Deschamps. In 1824, it was designated as the 24th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry. On 19 January 1839, it stormed and captured the city of Aden as part of a punitive expedition sent to rid the area of pirates. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857-58, the regiment, under the command of Major WG Duncan, operated in Central India against the Marathas led by Tatya Tope and the Rani of Jhansi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 68], "content_span": [69, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008709-0001-0001", "contents": "124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, Early history\nIn December 1857, it joined the Central India Field Force and during the next six months, fought in several major engagements, including the storming of the fortress of Rahatgarh, the Relief of Saugor, the capture of Jhansi and the Battle of Kalpi, where the Mahratta Army was decisively defeated. It remained employed in mopping up operations till 15 December 1858. During the campaign, it suffered a total of 52 casualties. In 1879-80, it participated in the Second Afghan War, where it was deployed on the line of communication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 68], "content_span": [69, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008709-0002-0000", "contents": "124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, Early history\nIn 1891,  the regiment was localized to the Province of Baluchistan and reconstituted with Balochis, Brahuis, Pathans and Punjabi Muslims. It adopted uniform of drab colour with red trousers and its designation was changed to 24th (Baluchistan) Regiment of Bombay Infantry. In 1895, the Duchess of Connaught was appointed the Colonel-in-Chief of the regiment. In 1896, it was dispatched to British East Africa under the command of Lieutenant Colonel AA Pearson to suppress a rebellion in areas now forming Kenya. In 1901, the regiment's designation was changed to 24th (Duchess of Connaught's Own) Baluchistan Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 68], "content_span": [69, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008709-0003-0000", "contents": "124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry\nSubsequent to the reforms brought about in the Indian Army by Lord Kitchener in 1903, all former Bombay Army units had 100 added to their numbers. Consequently, the regiment's designation was changed to 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry and it was delocalized from Baluchistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 108], "content_span": [109, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008709-0004-0000", "contents": "124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry\nOn the outbreak of the First World War, the regiment was sent to Persia in 1916, where it raised a second battalion later that year. The 2nd Battalion served with great gallantry in the Mesopotamian Campaign, where it fought in the Battles of Khudaira Bend, Jebel Hamrin and Tikrit. In 1918, it proceeded to Palestine and took part in the Battle of Megiddo, which led to the defeat of Turkish Army in Palestine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 108], "content_span": [109, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008709-0004-0001", "contents": "124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry\nIn the meantime, a third battalion was raised in 1917, which served in South Persia and later, in the Third Afghan War of 1919 and during the Arab uprising in Iraq in 1920. The 1st Battalion also served in the Third Afghan War. During the First World War, the three battalions of 124th DCO Baluchistan Infantry suffered a total of 1179 casualties including 459 killed or died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 108], "content_span": [109, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008709-0005-0000", "contents": "124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, Subsequent History\nIn 1921, the 3/124th DCO Baluchistan Infantry was disbanded, while the remaining two battalions were grouped with four other Baluch battalions: 126th Baluchistan Infantry, 127th Queen Mary's Own Baluch Light Infantry, 129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis and the 130th King George's Own Baluchis (Jacob's Rifles), to form the 10th Baluch Regiment in 1922. The 1/124th DCO Baluchistan Infantry became the 1st Battalion and 2/124th DCO Baluchistan Infantry the 10th (Training) Battalion of the new regiment. During the Second World War, 1/10th Baluch (DCO) served in Iran, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 73], "content_span": [74, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008709-0005-0001", "contents": "124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, Subsequent History\nIn 1943, the 10th Battalion became the 10th Baluch Regimental Centre. In 1945, the 10th Baluch Regiment lost its number and became The Baluch Regiment. On the independence of Pakistan in 1947, it was allocated to Pakistan Army. In 1956, on the merger of 8th Punjab and Bahawalpur Regiments with the Baluch Regiment, 1 Baluch was redesignated as 6 Baluch (now 6 Baloch). During the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965, the battalion served in the Rann of Kutch and Kasur Sectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 73], "content_span": [74, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0000-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing\nThe 124th Fighter Wing (124 FW) is a unit of the Idaho Air National Guard, stationed at Gowen Field Air National Guard Base, Boise, Idaho. It operates the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft conducting close air support missions. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0001-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, Mission\nThe federal mission of the 124th Fighter Wing under Title 10 United States Code is to properly equip and train personnel in a high state of readiness for immediate tasking as levied by higher headquarters as part of the Air Reserve Component (ARC) of the U.S. Air Force. Its state mission under Title 32 United States Code is to, at the call of the Governor of the State of Idaho, provide personnel and equipment to assist civil authorities prior to, during and after emergencies or disasters; to protect life, property, preserve peace, order and public safety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0002-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense\nOn 1 July 1955, the Idaho Air National Guard 190th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 124th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 190th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 124th Headquarters, 124th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 124th Combat Support Squadron, and the 124th USAF Dispensary. Also in 1955, the F-86A day interceptors were replaced by the F-94A Starfire all-weather interceptor. The 190th changed aircraft four more times over the next 23 years to fly the F-89C Scorpion, F-86L Sabre Interceptor and the F-102 Delta Dagger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0003-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense\nIn 1958, the 124th implemented the ADC Runway Alert Program, in which interceptors of the 190th FIS were committed to a five-minute runway alert, a task that would last until 1974. In 1968 Air Defense Command was re-designated as Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0004-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance\nIn November 1975, the 124th Fighter-Interceptor Group was transferred from Air Defense Command to Tactical Air Command (TAC). It was re-equipped by TAC with the RF-4C Phantom II Mach 2 high speed reconnaissance aircraft. Many of these planes were veterans of combat in Vietnam. F-4 Phantom jets would eventually spend 20 years on Gowen Field, longer than any other aircraft in the history of Idaho's Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0005-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance\nThe unarmed RF-4C carried high resolution cameras and electronic sensors, which soon proved their worth to thousands of people in Idaho. RF-4C jets tracked flood waters pouring from the ruptured Teton Dam within hours of the dam's collapse in 1976 to show officials where flood waters were headed in time to warn people living in endangered areas. Aerial photographs were also taken immediately after the 1983 Borah Peak earthquake near Challis. The Challis-Mackay region experienced rather thorough damage, with 11 commercial buildings and 39 homes with major damage; while another 200 houses were damaged, minor to moderate. The reconnaissance photos helped emergency response crews locate and evaluate the damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0006-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance\nThe RF-4C was still in service at the time of the 1991 Gulf War, Operation Desert Storm, although the 190th TRS did not deploy any aircraft to the Middle East. Following the end of Desert Storm, all of the remaining RF-4Cs were withdrawn from USAF service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0007-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Electronic Warfare\nIn 1991, Idaho's Air Guard changed aircraft and mission again, and began its conversion from the RF-4C to the F\u20114G Phantom II \"Wild Weasel\" Electronic Warfare aircraft in June 1991. The Idaho ANG was to be the only ANG unit to operate the F-4G.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0008-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Electronic Warfare\nThe F-4G was designed as an anti-Surface to Air Missile aircraft to jam and attack enemy radars when they were activated. \"Wild Weasel\" tactics and techniques were first developed in 1965 during the Vietnam War, and were later integrated into the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) a plan used by US air forces to establish immediate air control, prior to possible full-scale conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0009-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Electronic Warfare\nThe F-4Gs were received from the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing at George AFB, California as part of the closure of George AFB. The squadron was re-designated as the 190th Fighter Squadron with the changeover of its parent 124th to the Air Force Objective Wing organization. In 1992, the 124th Fighter Group became part of the new Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0010-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Electronic Warfare\nIn April 1993 the squadron's Wild Weasel jets were sent to Southwest Asia to support Operation Southern Watch, enforcing the no\u2011fly zone over southern Iraq. Twice 190th airmen were challenged by illegal Iraqi air defense radar near Basra. The threats were answered \u2013 and silenced \u2013 with AGM-88 High-Speed Anti- Radiation Missile (HARM) anti-radiation missiles. Less than six months after ending its first Southwest Asia tour, the squadron began a second Southern Watch deployment, followed by two back\u2011to\u2011back tours in support of Operation Provide Comfort, enforcing the northern no\u2011fly zone and protecting Kurds from Iraqi aggression. From 1993 to 1995 there were a total of four deployments to the Gulf. The last such deployment returned to Boise in December 1995. Idaho's airmen served longer in Southwest Asia than any other flying unit in the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 915]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0011-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Electronic Warfare\nThe 124th was named \"Best Flying Unit in the Air National Guard\" and received the prestigious Spaatz Trophy from the National Guard Association. Idaho airmen and Phantom jets went to Canada and Norway to provide critical tactical reconnaissance capabilities to U.S. and NATO forces", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0012-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Composite Wing\nIn the mid-1990s the mission of the 124th changed considerably. On 1 October 1995, the status of the 124th was changed from Group to Wing, and the organization became the 124th Fighter Wing on 1 October 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0013-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Composite Wing\nOn 20 April 1996, the Air Force withdrew the last F-4Gs from the 124th FW and the aircraft were consigned to storage at Davis Monthan AFB, Arizona. This marked the final retirement of the F-4 Phantom II from active service with any American military unit, and after 20 years of service with the Idaho Air National Guard. The Phantoms of the 190th Fighter Squadron were replaced by the A-10 Thunderbolt II air-ground support aircraft, better known as the \"Warthog\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0014-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Composite Wing\nThe 124th also became a composite wing, designated the 124th Wing on 1 September 1996 with the activation of the 189th Airlift Squadron at Boise ANGB. The squadron, assigned to the 124th Operations Group, was a tactical airlift squadron, equipped with Lockheed C-130E Hercules transports. The 124th Wing, consisted of 18 units \u2013 two flying squadrons, 15 support units at Gowen Field and an electronic combat training range control squadron assigned to Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0015-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Airlift\nPrior to its activation as a squadron in 1995, the 189th Airlift Squadron was initially formed on 1 April 1984 as the 189th Tactical Reconnaissance Training Flight. Its mission was a Formal Training Unit (FTU) for aircrews being assigned to the 124th Tactical Reconnaissance (later Fighter) group flying RF-4C Phantom II reconnaissance and later F-4G Phantom II electronic warfare aircraft. On 16 March 1992 it was re-designated as the 189th Fighter Flight. The flight used 190th TFS/FS aircraft for its training mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0016-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Airlift\nWith the retirement of the F-4Gs in 1995, the status of the unit was changed from a flight to a squadron, and it received C-130E aircraft for operational missions. The 189th supported countless deployments all over the world in support of the U.S. Southern Command, Operation Allied Force, Operation Southern Watch, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. They also responded to winter weather disasters New Mexico and provided humanitarian support for Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0017-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Airlift\nThe Airlift Squadron's awards include the Governor's Outstanding Unit Citation 1997, 1999, and 2005 as well as the Adjutant General Award 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0018-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Airlift\nThe 189th Airlift Squadron was inactivated as a result of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Act on 18 October 2009. Many of the members who were part of the squadron were absorbed within the wing. With the inactivation of the 190th, the wing's designation was returned to the 124th Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0019-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Close Air Support\nThe Warthog, famous for its success against Iraqi armor in the Gulf War, provides close air support to troops onthe ground. Idaho's A-10s were deployed during Operation Allied Force in 1999 when they flew combat missions over Kosovo and again in Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003. Already deployed to Kuwait in support of Operation Southern Watch, more than 250 personnel were mobilized in place. Idaho's A-10s led combat search and rescue and close air support missions in the initial weeks and months of the war. Two 190th pilots received the Distinguished Flying Cross for their efforts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0019-0001", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Close Air Support\nOn 8 April 2003, an A-10A (USAF Serial Number '78-0691') of 124th Wing/190th FS was shot down while on a combat mission, reportedly by an Iraqi Roland SAM. The pilot successfully ejected, and was soon rescued by USAF Pararescue forces of the 301st ARRS. The 190th Fighter Squadron also deployed in 2007 to Iraq, and 2008 to Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0020-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Close Air Support\nIn 2009, the 124th Fighter Wing was selected a key installation to perform a new Consolidated Install Program for the entire active duty, Guard and Reserve A-10 fleet. A crew of more than 50 full-time personnel performed severalimportant modifications and upgrades to more than 200 A-10 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008710-0021-0000", "contents": "124th Fighter Wing, History, Invasion of Iraq friendly fire incident\nAs part of the invasion of Iraq and supporting the British portion of that operation called Operation Telic, on 28 March 2003 two 124th Wing A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft from the 190th Fighter Squadron flew a mission to destroy artillery and rocket launchers from Iraq's 6th Armor Division, dug in 25 miles (40\u00a0km) north of Basra. During the mission, the two A-10 aircraft mistakenly attacked a patrol of four armored vehicles from D Squadron of the British Blues and Royals of the Household Cavalry that were supporting the 16 Air Assault Brigade in Operation Telic. As a result of the attack by the 190th A-10 aircraft, British Lance-Corporal of Horse Matty Hull was killed and five of his colleagues were injured, four seriously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008711-0000-0000", "contents": "124th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 124th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, also known as the Excelsior Regiment, was an exemplary infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008711-0001-0000", "contents": "124th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Background\nOn August 7, 1862, in response to President Abraham Lincoln's call for troops to fight in the American Civil War, a muster roll was begun in the office of Judge John H. Howe in Kewanee, in Henry County, Illinois. Company A and Company F were from the village of Kewanee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008711-0002-0000", "contents": "124th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Background\nCompany B was recruited in Batavia and Lodi, in Kane county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008711-0003-0000", "contents": "124th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Background\nCompany C, known as the Springfield Company, was raised in Springfield, Illinois and in Jersey county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008711-0004-0000", "contents": "124th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Background\nCompany D was raised from Colchester and Tennessee townships in the Illinois county of McDonough. It was consolidated with a band of Good Templars from Chicago and Dundee, Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008711-0005-0000", "contents": "124th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nAfter being mustered into federal service, the regiment moved south to begin its service in the Western Theatre. Upon reaching the front at Jackson, Tennessee, it became part of Grant's operations which culminated in the Siege of Vicksburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008711-0006-0000", "contents": "124th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nFollowing duties in the Vicksburg area, the regiment was sent via New Orleans to participate in action against the defenses of Mobile after the Battle of Mobile Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008712-0000-0000", "contents": "124th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 124th Regiment Indiana Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008712-0001-0000", "contents": "124th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 124th Indiana Infantry was organized at Richmond, Terre Haute, and Indianapolis, Indiana for three-years service beginning in November 1863 and mustered in March 10, 1864 under the command of Colonel James Burgess.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008712-0002-0000", "contents": "124th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to June 1864. 4th Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to February 1865, and Department of North Carolina to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008712-0003-0000", "contents": "124th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 124th Indiana Infantry mustered out of service April 30, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008712-0004-0000", "contents": "124th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Indiana for Louisville, Kentucky, March 19; then moved to Nashville, Tennessee. Marched to Charleston, Tennessee, April 5\u201324. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstrations on Dalton, Georgia, May 8\u201313. Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Movements on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25 \u2013 June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10 \u2013 July 2. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Assault on Kenesaw June 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008712-0004-0001", "contents": "124th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nNickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Siege of Atlanta July 22 \u2013 August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesborough August 25\u201330. Near Rough and Ready August 31. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29 \u2013 November 3. Nashville Campaign November\u2013December. In front of Columbia November 24\u201327. Columbia Ford November 29. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. At Clifton, Tennessee, until January 15, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008712-0004-0002", "contents": "124th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMovement to Washington, D.C.; then to Morehead City, North Carolina, January 15 \u2013 February 24. Carolinas Campaign March 1 \u2013 April 26. Advance on Kinston and Goldsboro March 1\u201321. Battle of Wyse Fork March 8\u201310. Kinston March 14. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Raleigh, Greensboro and Charlotte, North Carolina, until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008712-0005-0000", "contents": "124th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 155 men during service; 2 officers and 24 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 128 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0000-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 124th Infantry Regiment is a parent regiment of the United States Army, represented in the Florida Army National Guard by the 1st Battalion headquartered in Miramar and 2nd Battalion at Orlando. The two Battalions are elements of the 53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0001-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe regiment was organized 1884\u20131892 in the Florida State Troops from new and existing companies as the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th Battalions of Infantry, with headquarters at Jacksonville, Ocala, Pensacola, Gainesville, and Arcadia, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0002-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish\u2013American War\nThe battalions consolidated, reorganized, and mustered into federal service for the Spanish\u2013American War 20\u201325 May 1898 at Tampa. The reorganized unit became the 1st Florida Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Eight companies of the regiment mustered out 3 December 1898 at Tampa and four companies mustered out 27 January 1899 at Huntsville, Alabama. The regiment's coat of arms bears a sheathed Roman sword, derived from the Spanish War Service Medal, representing service during that war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0003-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish\u2013American War\nThe 1st Florida Volunteer Infantry was expanded and reorganized 17\u201318 August 1899 in the Florida State Troops as the 1st and 2nd Regiments of Infantry. The Florida State Troops were redesignated in 1909 as the Florida National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0004-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Punitive Expedition\nCommanded by Col. Albert H. Blanding, the 2nd Florida Infantry Regiment mustered into federal service in June 1916 at Camp Foster, Florida and then deployed to the Texas-Mexico border in support of the Punitive Expedition against Pancho Villa. The 2nd Florida mustered out of federal service in March 1917. The coat of arms bears a cactus symbolizing service on the border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0005-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe 1st and 2nd Regiments of Infantry were drafted into federal service 5 August 1917 at Jacksonville and Wauchula, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0006-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe 1st and 2nd Regiments were consolidated, reorganized, and redesignated 1 October 1917 as the 124th Infantry and assigned to the 31st Division, as part of the mobilization for World War I. After the regiment arrived in France, it was split up and its soldiers were used to fill other units as replacements. The regiment demobilized 14 January 1919 at Camp Gordon, Georgia. The coat of arms bears a fleur-de-lis to symbolize its service in France during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0007-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar years\nReconstituted and reorganized 1920\u20131921 in the Florida National Guard as the 1st Infantry; Headquarters federally recognized 4 June 1921 at Jacksonville. Redesignated 19 December 1921 as the 154th Infantry and assigned to the 39th Division. Redesignated 1 July 1923 as the 124th Infantry; concurrently relieved from assignment to the 39th Division and assigned to the 31st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0008-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar years\nIn this period, the regiment participated in the Carolina and Louisiana Maneuvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0009-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Organization on 25 November 1940\nThe 124th was inducted into federal service 25 November 1940 at home stations. The regiment trained at Camp Blanding, Florida, and then Fort Benning, Georgia. On 15 December 1941, the 124th was relieved from assignment to the 31st Division. The 124th Infantry was inactivated on 2 March 1944 at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. A new 124th Infantry was assigned 5 April 1944 to the 31st Infantry Division and reactivated in Australia with personnel from the 154th Infantry (constituted and activated in 1942 in the Army of the United States).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0010-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Organization on 25 November 1940\nThe 124th Regiment saw intense fighting on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines in 1945, especially in the Battle of Colgan Woods, named after Father Thomas Colgan, the Regimental Chaplain, who was killed in action while assisting wounded. Father Colgan was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his bravery. On 5 June, Corporal Harry R. Harr was killed covering a Japanese grenade with his body to save those around him. For this action, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. Lacking artillery support and facing an entrenched opponent, the 124th advanced for six days. The unit survived two banzai charges and inflicted heavy casualties on the Japanese. In the fighting, the 124th suffered 69 killed and 177 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0011-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Organization on 25 November 1940\nThe regiment was inactivated 16 December 1945 at Camp Stoneman, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0012-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nThe regiment was reorganized, and federally recognized 15 February 1946 in the Florida National Guard as the 124th Infantry, with headquarters at Jacksonville and relieved 13 June 1946 from assignment to the 31st Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0013-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nAssigned 5 July 1946 to the 48th Infantry Division. The 124th Infantry performed their first annual field training since reorganization at Fort Jackson from 18 July 18 to 1 August 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0014-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War, Organization in 1948\nThe regiment was broken up 1 November 1955 and its elements reorganized and redesignated as follows:  Headquarters and 1st Battalion as the 124th Armored Infantry Battalion and 3rd Battalion as the 154th Armored Infantry Battalion; both assigned to the 48th Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0015-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War, Organization in 1948\n124th and 154th Armored Infantry Battalions consolidated 15 April 1959 to form the 124th Infantry, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st and 2nd Armored Rifle Battalions, elements of the 48th Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0016-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War, Organization in 1948\nReorganized 15 February 1963 to consist of the 1st and 2nd Battalions, elements of the 53rd Separate Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0017-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War, Organization in 1948\nReorganized 1 March 1964 to consist of the 1st Battalion and the 2nd Battalion, an element of the 53rd Armored Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0018-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War, Organization in 1948\nReorganized 20 January 1968 to consist of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions, elements of the 53rd Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0019-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War, Organization in 1948\nWithdrawn 1 May 1989 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System with headquarters at Miami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0020-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nOn 26 December 2002, both 3rd and 2nd Battalions, 124th Infantry, were ordered into active federal service in support of the Global War on Terrorism. Ordered into active federal service 2\u201316 January 2003 at home stations; On the night of 19 March 2003, soldiers of C Company, 2nd Battalion, 124th Infantry, positioned in Jordan and both A and C Company, 3rd Battalion, 124th Infantry, positioned in Kuwait, were among the first U.S. soldiers to invade Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0021-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nReleased 11 April \u2013 21 May 2004 from active federal service and reverted to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0022-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nIn March 2005, elements of the 2nd Battalion were activated in support of the Global War on Terrorism and deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom to Afghanistan. In June 2006, D Company, 2nd Battalion, 124th Infantry, was activated and deployed as part of the Multi-National Force - Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0023-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nThe 2006\u20132007 Brigade Combat Team reorganization converted the 3rd Battalion, 124th Infantry into what is the 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry. The squadron was constituted entirely from the infantrymen of the 3rd Battalion, and so continue the 3rd Battalion's lineage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0024-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nThe 2nd Battalion, 124th Infantry Regiment is currently headquartered in Orlando, Florida. It consists of six companies: Headquarters Company in Orlando, Company A in Leesburg, Company B in Sanford, Company C in Ocala, Company D in Eustis, and an attached Forward Support Company (FSC) - Co H, 53rd Brigade Support Battalion in Haines City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0025-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Silver color metal and enamel device 1 3/16 inches (3.02\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned:  Argent, on a saltire Gules between in chief a Roman sword in sheath paleways point to base and in base a prickly pear cactus, both Vert, a fleur-de-lis of the first. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Silver scroll inscribed \"FLORIDA AND COUNTRY\" in Black letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0026-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is white, the old Infantry color. The saltire is taken from the Florida State flag. The sheathed sword, from the Spanish War service medal, represents service during that war. The cactus symbolizes service on the Mexican Border, and the fleur-de-lis, service during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0027-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 124th Infantry Regiment on 19 November 1927. It was redesignated for the 124th Armored Infantry Battalion on 20 April 1956. The insignia was redesignated for the 124th Infantry Regiment on 27 June 1960. It was amended to add a motto on 20 August 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0028-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), Regiment commanders\nCOL Vivian B. Collins, 124th Infantry Regiment, 9/30/1925 \u2013 5/25/1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008713-0029-0000", "contents": "124th Infantry Regiment (United States), Regiment commanders\nCOL Preston Ayers, 124th Infantry Regiment, 7/13/1934 \u2013 circa 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008714-0000-0000", "contents": "124th Maine Senate\nBelow is the list of the 124th Maine Senate, which was sworn into office on December 3, 2008 and left office in December 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008714-0001-0000", "contents": "124th Maine Senate\nOn December 3, Libby Mitchell (D-Kennebec) was the only candidate nominated for President of the Maine Senate and was subsequently elected Senate President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008714-0002-0000", "contents": "124th Maine Senate\nThe 124th Senate consisted of 21 Democrats and 14 Republicans. In April 2009, the Maine Senate approved LD 1020 with a 21-14 vote. The bill if enacted allowed same-sex couples to marry. The bill ultimately passed the Maine Legislature as a whole and was signed by Governor John Baldacci before being repealed via a people's veto in November 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008715-0000-0000", "contents": "124th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 124th New York Infantry Regiment, commonly known as the Orange Blossoms, was a volunteer regiment from Orange County, New York, during the American Civil War. Formed in Goshen during the summer of 1862, The unit was officially mustered into United States Service on September 5, 1862, by Col. Augustus van Horne Ellis, the regiment was made up of volunteers from the surrounding towns and a core of veterans from the 71st New York State Militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008715-0001-0000", "contents": "124th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization\nVolunteers were recruited by town and the 10 companies of the regiment were organized by region:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008715-0002-0000", "contents": "124th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nThe Orange Blossoms' first major engagement was at the Battle of Fredericksburg, in December 1862. Thomas W. Bradley, an Orange Blossom and future United States Representative, was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863. Colonel Ellis was killed at the Battle of Gettysburg, at Houck's Ridge. Three other officers and 31 enlisted men from the regiment also died during the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008715-0003-0000", "contents": "124th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nThe Orange Blossoms also took part in the Overland Campaign, taking losses in the Battle of the Wilderness, the Battle of Cold Harbor, and the Spotsylvania Court House. In June 1864 they were at the Siege of Petersburg. In 1865 they fought in the Appomattox Campaign, and were present during the Confederate surrender at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008716-0000-0000", "contents": "124th New York State Legislature\nThe 124th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 2 to April 23, 1901, during the first year of Benjamin B. Odell, Jr.'s governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008716-0001-0000", "contents": "124th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the body of the New York Constitution of 1894, 50 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (seven districts), chenango County (twenty four districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008716-0002-0000", "contents": "124th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Prohibition Party, the Socialist Labor Party and the Social Democratic Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008716-0003-0000", "contents": "124th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1900, was held on November 6. Gov. Theodore Roosevelt was elected U.S. vice president. Benjamin B. Odell, Jr. was elected Governor; and Lt. Gov. Timothy L. Woodruff was re-elected; both Republicans. The other five statewide elective offices up for election were also carried by the Republicans. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Republicans 805,000; Democrats 694,000; Prohibition 23,000; Socialist Labor 14,000; and Social Democrats 13,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008716-0004-0000", "contents": "124th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 2, 1901, and adjourned on April 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008716-0005-0000", "contents": "124th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nS. Frederick Nixon (R) was re-elected Speaker, with 104 votes against 42 for Daniel D. Frisbie (D).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008716-0006-0000", "contents": "124th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nTimothy E. Ellsworth (R) was re-elected President pro tempore of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008716-0007-0000", "contents": "124th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: In 1897, New York County (the boroughs of Manhattan and Bronx), Kings County (the borough of Brooklyn), Richmond County (the borough of Staten Island) and the Western part of Queens County (the borough of Queens) were consolidated into the present-day City of New York. The Eastern part of Queens County (the non-consolidated part) was separated in 1899 as Nassau County. Parts of the 1st and 2nd Assembly districts of Westchester County were annexed by New York City in 1895, and became part of the Borough of the Bronx in 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008716-0008-0000", "contents": "124th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Patrick F. Trainor, Samuel S. Slater, James B. Ewan, Michael Russell and Henry W. Hill changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008717-0000-0000", "contents": "124th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Twenty-fourth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 2001 and 2002. In this General Assembly, both the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives were controlled by the Republican Party. In the Senate, there were 21 Republicans and 12 Democrats. In the House, there were 60 Republicans and 39 Democrats. It was also the last General Assembly to use redistricted legislative districts after the 1990 United States Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008718-0000-0000", "contents": "124th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 124th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 124th Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 124th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008718-0001-0000", "contents": "124th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 124th Ohio Infantry was organized in Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in for three years service on January 1, 1863, under the command of Colonel Oliver Hazard Payne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008718-0002-0000", "contents": "124th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of Western Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to February 1863. Franklin, Tennessee, Army of Kentucky, Department of the Cumberland, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XXI Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, IV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008718-0003-0000", "contents": "124th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 124th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Nashville, Tennessee, on July 9, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008718-0004-0000", "contents": "124th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Ohio for Louisville, Ky., January 1; then moved to Elizabethtown, Ky., and duty there until February 10, 1863. Moved to Nashville, Tenn., February 10, 1863; then to Franklin February 21, and duty there until June. Action at Thompson's Station, Spring Hill, March 4\u20135. Thompson's Station June 2. Tullahoma Campaign June 23-July 7. Camp at Manchester until August 16. Passage of the Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River and Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22. At Poe's Tavern August 20-September 9. Passage of the Tennessee River September 10. Lee and Gordon's Mills September 11\u201313. Battle of Chickamauga September 19\u201320.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008718-0004-0001", "contents": "124th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Chattanooga, Tenn., September 24-November 23. Reopening Tennessee River October 26\u201329. Brown's Ferry October 27. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob November 23\u201324. Missionary Ridge November 25. March to relief of Knoxville, Tenn., November 28-December 8. Operations in eastern Tennessee until April 1864. Operations about Dandridge January 16\u201317. Atlanta  Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstrations on Rocky Faced Ridge and Dalton, Ga., May 8\u201313. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201316. Adairsville May 17. Near Kingston May 18\u201319. Near Cassville May 19. Advance on Dallas May 22\u201325.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008718-0004-0002", "contents": "124th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOperations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Pickett's Mills May 27. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Pursuit of Hood into Alabama October 3\u201326. At Athens, Ga., October 31 to November 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008718-0004-0003", "contents": "124th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMarch to Columbia, Tenn., November 23\u201324. Columbia, Duck River, November 24\u201327. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. Moved to Huntsville, Ala., and duty there until March 1865. Operations in eastern Tennessee March 15-April 22. Duty at Strawberry Plains and Nashville until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008718-0005-0000", "contents": "124th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 210 men during service; 7 officers and 78 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 124 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008719-0000-0000", "contents": "124th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 124th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008719-0001-0000", "contents": "124th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 124th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and mustered in August 1862 for nine month's service under the command of Colonel Joseph W. Hawley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008719-0002-0000", "contents": "124th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1862. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XII Corps, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XII Corps, to May 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008719-0003-0000", "contents": "124th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 124th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out May 16, 1863 at Harrisburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008719-0004-0000", "contents": "124th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Pennsylvania for Washington, D.C., August 12. Camp near Fort Albany, defenses of Washington, until September 7. March to Rockville, Md. Maryland Campaign September 7-24. Battle of Antietam September 16-17. Burying dead September 18. March to Pleasant Valley, Md., September 19-20. At Maryland Heights until October 30. At Loudon Heights until November 8. Reconnaissance up the Shenandoah Valley November 8-19. Near Harpers Ferry until December 10. March to Fredericksburg, Va., December 10-15; then to Fairfax Station. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, \"Mud March,\" January 20-24, 1863. At Stafford Court House until April 27. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1-5. Ordered to Harrisburg, Pa. for  muster out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008719-0005-0000", "contents": "124th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 54 men during service; 1 officer and 17 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 36 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008720-0000-0000", "contents": "124th Regiment of Foot (1762)\nThe 124th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1762 and disbanded in 1763. Its colonel was Robert Cuninghame, 1st Baron Rossmore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008721-0000-0000", "contents": "124th meridian east\nThe meridian 124\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, Australia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008721-0001-0000", "contents": "124th meridian east\nThe 124th meridian east forms a great circle with the 56th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008721-0002-0000", "contents": "124th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 124th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008722-0000-0000", "contents": "124th meridian west\nThe meridian 124\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008722-0001-0000", "contents": "124th meridian west\nThe 124th meridian west forms a great circle with the 56th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008722-0002-0000", "contents": "124th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 124th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008723-0000-0000", "contents": "125 (dinghy)\nThe 125 is a 12\u00a0ft 6\u00a0in (3.81\u00a0m) two person intermediate sailing dinghy complete with main, jib, spinnaker and trapeze. The 125 class has a strong following within Australia with national titles being held every year around the country and local state associations. The class was originally designed as an intermediate class for developing skills with the jib, spinnaker and trapeze but has become popular from novice to experienced sailors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008723-0001-0000", "contents": "125 (dinghy), History\nThe 125 was designed in 1969 by Simon Greig as a class that would sit between Jack Holt's 3.3\u00a0m (10\u00a0ft 10\u00a0in) Mirror and the larger Mirror 16 at 4.9\u00a0m (16\u00a0ft). As with the Mirrors, the 125 can be assembled from plywood using the \"stitch and glue\" method, and, as far as possible, the 125 uses Mirror parts in its design. The parallels between the boats go as far as the design of the sail insignia \u2013 the 125 employs a design based on the Mirror's symbol lying on its side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008723-0002-0000", "contents": "125 (dinghy), History\nNevertheless, initial sales were not good, and with the arrival of the Mirror 14 Greig had decided not to continue production. However, John Coomer had built one of the few kits that had been sold, and encouraged Greig to continue producing kits if buyers were available. A new sail plan was developed based on the Flying Junior, and Coomer developed class rules and a constitution for the 125. Yet while his 125, Beauty Bottla, was successful in racing, there was no real demand for the class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008723-0003-0000", "contents": "125 (dinghy), History\nThings changed in 1972 when Greig handed over the copyright for the design to Coomer to be used by any association that might be formed. Subsequently, the new association was developed, the boat was marketed by the association, and as a result sail numbers increased from 6 in 1970 (with Coomer's boat) to 21 in late 1972. By 1977 over 950 sets of plans had been sold, and the first National Championships were held that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008723-0004-0000", "contents": "125 (dinghy), History\nIn 1979, the 125 was also developed into the stretched 145 class and initially saw fast growth with an association and branches in all states and New Zealand. Ultimately the class proved less popular than its smaller cousin with 145 Associations disbanding in the early to mid 2000s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008723-0005-0000", "contents": "125 (dinghy), History\nThe class continued to develop under a strict set of rules, with various modifications being made to the specification over the years \u2013 including, in 1990, a provision for fiberglass hulls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008723-0006-0000", "contents": "125 (dinghy), Popularity\nAccording to the national association, there are a number of attributes of the class that may contribute to its popularity. In particular, the class caters to both intermediate sailors who have graduated from the sail trainers (such as the Sabot and Optimist dinghies), providing a more extensive sail plan and a trapeze on a relatively stable and forgiving hull, while also being suitable to both adult/child and adult/adult combinations. Furthermore, the 125 is a relatively low cost boat, making it suitable to sailing on a budget \u2013 especially if an older, wooden, hull is purchased. The boat can be sailed in all Australian states, and sailors can compete at both state and national levels of competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008723-0007-0000", "contents": "125 (dinghy), Popularity\nThe popularity of the class to sailors of varying ages and skill levels can be problematic, as it leaves race organisers with difficulties trying to have all sailors finish within a reasonable time. As of 2009 there are fleets of 125's in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008724-0000-0000", "contents": "125 (number)\n125 (one hundred [and] twenty-five) is the natural number following 124 and preceding 126.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008724-0001-0000", "contents": "125 (number), In mathematics\n125 is the cube of 5. It can be expressed as a sum of two squares in two different ways, 125 = 10\u00b2 + 5\u00b2 = 11\u00b2 + 2\u00b2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008724-0002-0000", "contents": "125 (number), In mathematics\n125 and 126 form a Ruth-Aaron pair under the second definition in which repeated prime factors are counted as often as they occur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008724-0003-0000", "contents": "125 (number), In mathematics\nLike many other powers of 5, it is a Friedman number in base 10 since 125 = 51 + 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008725-0000-0000", "contents": "125 BC\nYear 125 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Hypsaeus and Flaccus (or, less frequently, year 629 Ab urbe condita) and the Fourth Year of Yuanshuo. The denomination 125 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008726-0000-0000", "contents": "125 Greenwich Street\n125 Greenwich Street (also known as 22 Thames Street) is a residential skyscraper being built in the Financial District in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The tower is two blocks south of One World Trade Center on the site of the former Western Electric building, and directly across from the site of the demolished Deutsche Bank Building. The building was designed by architect Rafael Vi\u00f1oly, with interiors designed by British duo March & White. When complete, the tower will stand at a height of 912 feet (278\u00a0m), making it the 20th tallest building in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008726-0001-0000", "contents": "125 Greenwich Street, History\nIn September 2014, it was announced that the tower would stand 1,356 feet (413\u00a0m), with 77 floors and 128 residential units. The foundation of the building was completed in June 2016. In 2017, the building's height was revised to 912 feet (278\u00a0m), with 88 floors and 273 units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008726-0002-0000", "contents": "125 Greenwich Street, Design\nThe tower has distinctly rounded corners with curved floor-to-ceiling glass. The building is nearly column-free, and two I-beam-shaped shear walls that run vertically through the slender tower support the floors of the building. The top three floors contain amenities including entertainment space, private dining rooms, a fitness center, lap pool, and a spa. The building will contain 273 apartments that will come in studios through three-bedroom variants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008727-0000-0000", "contents": "125 Group\nThe 125 Group is a railway heritage group in England dedicated to the preservation of the InterCity 125s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008727-0001-0000", "contents": "125 Group\nThe 125 Group was founded in 1994 at a time when the InterCity 125 remained in daily use and under no threat of withdrawal. In 2006 it purchased 10 Paxman Valenta engines when the majority of the Class 43 powercars were repowered with a view to restoring some to original condition when withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008727-0002-0000", "contents": "125 Group\nIn 2011, it reached an agreement with the National Railway Museum to become the custodian of Class 41 prototype powercar 41001 and restore it to operational condition at Neville Hill TMD. This work was completed in 2014, with 41001 based at the Nottingham Heritage Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008727-0003-0000", "contents": "125 Group\nThe 125 Group purchased a number of Mark 3 carriages to operate with it. These were Mark 3B variants that were compatible with 41001's electrical system and had last been operated by Virgin Trains West Coast with Class 87 and Class 90 electric locomotives. In 2020 these were sold replaced by ex HST Mark 3s, three from East Midlands Railway and one ex First Great Western.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008727-0004-0000", "contents": "125 Group\nDuring 2019, the National Railway Museum terminated the lease of 41001. Upon being withdrawn in 2020, former East Midlands Railway Class 43 powercars 43048 and 43089 were donated by Porterbrook to the 125 Group. In 2021, the group purchased a third powercar, 43044, from Porterbrook. It is planned to replace its Paxman VP185 engine with a Paxman Valenta. In June 2021, Porterbrook donated a fourth powercar, 43159, that was involved in the record-breaking 148mph run on the East Coast Main Line in 1987. With this former First Great Western power car having a MTU engine, the group has examples of all three engine types used by the Class 43s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008728-0000-0000", "contents": "125 High Street\n125 High Street is a 30-floor postmodern highrise in the Financial District  of Boston, Massachusetts. Standing 452 feet (138 m) tall, the highrise is currently the 23rd-tallest building in the city. 125 High Street has approximately 1.8 million square feet (167,000 square meters) of Class A office space. It was designed by Jung Brannen Associates and is owned and operated by Tishman", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008728-0001-0000", "contents": "125 High Street, History\nNYNEX (now Verizon and formerly Bell Atlantic), one of Massachusetts' largest employers, wished to consolidate into a single headquarters facility. It was formerly the site of the Traveler's Insurance Building. The existing 16-story, 300,000 square foot (28,000 square meter) structure was demolished in 1988 to make room for 125 High Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008728-0002-0000", "contents": "125 High Street, Design and features, Architecture and layout\nThe exterior is of a unifying granite, with entrances to the building through the High Street Tower and Oliver Street Tower. The two towers are connected via a central 8-story atrium with skylights 150 feet (46 m) above the floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008729-0000-0000", "contents": "125 Jahre die Toten Hosen: Auf dem Kreuzzug ins Gl\u00fcck\n125 Jahre die Toten Hosen: Auf dem Kreuzzug ins Gl\u00fcck (125 years Die Toten Hosen: On the crusade to happiness) is the fifth studio album and a double album by the German punk band Die Toten Hosen. The title \"125 Jahre...\" comes from the ages of all band members combined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008729-0001-0000", "contents": "125 Jahre die Toten Hosen: Auf dem Kreuzzug ins Gl\u00fcck\nCD 1 contains mostly original material; it includes 2 covers, on which Honest John Plain also plays. CD 2 includes B-sides, remixes, a cover, a skit (\"Im Jet-Grill\") and a 3-song \"drama\" about Willi, about whom two songs had already been written and released. Before, between and after the Willi songs Gerhard Polt talks about Willi, playing different characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008730-0000-0000", "contents": "125 Jazz Breaks for Trombone\n125 Jazz Breaks for Trombone is a 1927 folio or songbook of compositions for trombone by Glenn Miller. The jazz breaks were included in a songbook published by the Melrose Brothers in Chicago and a UK edition by Herman Darewski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008730-0001-0000", "contents": "125 Jazz Breaks for Trombone, Background\nThe songbook was copyrighted in 1927 as Glenn Miller's 125 Jazz Breaks for Trombone by the Melrose Brothers Music Company: The House That Blues Built, 177 North State Street, Chicago, Illinois. The score was published in the UK in London by Herman Darewski Music Publishing Co., in 1941, established by the Polish-born composer and conductor. The songbook was softcover and measured 6 3/4 X 10 inches. It consisted of 22 pages. Glenn Miller is pictured on the cover in a black and white photograph. The cover illustration is signed with the initials N.E.K. The rear cover has ads for other Melrose Brothers Music Company publications including ones for Dixieland, Book of Blues, Benny Goodman, Louis Armstrong, and Jelly Roll Morton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008730-0002-0000", "contents": "125 Jazz Breaks for Trombone, Background\nIn the publisher's forward it discussed the art of playing jazz, mentioning \"Glenn Miller, feature trombonist of Ben Pollack's Victor Recording Orchestra, and author of this book, is recognized everywhere as a finished artist.\" The back cover contained the description: \"Glenn Miller is a feature trombonist with Ben Pollack's Victor Recording Orchestra. Professional musicians everywhere recommend this book. Price: $1.00.\" The sheet music was advertised in the 1928 Billboard, Volume 40, Page 202. \"The Jazz Breaks are works of recognized Jazz artists who have made national reputations. JAZZ BREAKS. Benny Goodman's 125 Jazz Breaks for Sax and Clarinet. $1.00. GLENN MILLER'S 125 Jazz Breaks for Trombone. $1.00.\" An ad for the sheet music also appeared in the 1928 Metronome, Volume 44, Page 42.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008730-0003-0000", "contents": "125 Jazz Breaks for Trombone, Background\nThe songbook contained the sheet music for 125 jazz breaks or improvisations for trombone with piano accompaniment in different keys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008730-0004-0000", "contents": "125 Jazz Breaks for Trombone, Background\nThe Melrose Bros. Music Company was founded by Walter Melrose and Lester Melrose. Melrose Music also published Louis Armstrong's 125 Jazz Breaks for Cornet and Benny Goodman's 125 Jazz Breaks for the Saxophone and Clarinet in 1928. These folios were also republished by Herman Darewski in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008731-0000-0000", "contents": "125 Liberatrix\nLiberatrix (minor planet designation: 125 Liberatrix) is a main-belt asteroid. It has a relatively reflective surface and an M-type spectrum. Liberatrix is a member of an asteroid family bearing its own name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008731-0001-0000", "contents": "125 Liberatrix\nIt was discovered by Prosper Henry on September 11, 1872, from Paris. Some sources give Paul Henry sole credit for its discovery. The asteroid's name is a feminine version of the word \"liberator\". Henry may have chosen the name to mark the liberation of France from Prussia during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. More specifically, it may honor Adolphe Thiers, the first President of the French Republic, who arranged a loan that enabled the Prussian troops to be removed from France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008731-0002-0000", "contents": "125 Liberatrix\nIn the late 1990s, a network of astronomers worldwide gathered lightcurve data to derive the spin states and shape models of 10 asteroids, including Liberatrix. Liberatrix's lightcurve has a large amplitude of 0.4 in magnitude, indicating an elongated or irregular shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008731-0003-0000", "contents": "125 Liberatrix\nThe spectrum of this asteroid matches a M-type asteroid. It may be the remnant of an asteroid that had undergone differentiation, with orthopyroxene minerals scattered evenly across the surface. There is no indication of hydration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008731-0004-0000", "contents": "125 Liberatrix\nTo date, there have been at least two observed occultations by Liberatrix. Early on December 11, 2014, Liberatrix occulted a 9th magnitude star and will be visible over the majority of Southern California and a swath of Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008732-0000-0000", "contents": "125 London Wall\n125 London Wall, also known as Alban Gate, is a postmodernist building on London Wall in the City of London. Along with Embankment Place and Vauxhall Cross, it has been described as one of the three projects that established designer Sir Terry Farrell's reputation in the late 1980s-to-early 1990s period. In 2004, writer Deyan Sudjic described it as \"postmodernism at its most exuberant\", placing it at number 5 in a list of Ten Triumphs of recent UK architecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008732-0001-0000", "contents": "125 London Wall, History\nThe district was once the northeast corner of the Roman settlement Londonium. Though one of the oldest settled parts of the city, the area was completely devastated during The Blitz. It was redeveloped in the postwar decades according to modernist planning principles centred on the automobile. London Wall became an \"unpleasant 1960s dual carriageway\", a \"mini-motorway which acted as divisively upon its surroundings as the old wall had\". The sites surrounding the roadway were developed under high-rise schemes including the Barbican Estate to the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008732-0001-0001", "contents": "125 London Wall, History\nThe site beside the road upon which Alban Gate was built was originally home to Lee House, a modernist office complex. In 1986, spurred by Margaret Thatcher's \"Big Bang\" deregulation of financial markets and the need for more large-floorplate modern office space, planning permission was granted for the demolition of Lee House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008732-0002-0000", "contents": "125 London Wall, Design\nConstruction of the complex began in 1990, and was completed in 1992 with 18 floors and a maximum height of 82\u00a0m (270\u00a0ft). Architects Terry Farrell and Partners sought to bridge the urban barrier of London Wall by utilising the air rights over the roadway. The complex is composed of two twin towers, set at a 90-degree angle to each other, with one straddling London Wall itself and offering pedestrian passage via an arcade housing shops and restaurants suspended over the road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008732-0003-0000", "contents": "125 London Wall, Design\nThe other tower sits on a heavily modelled podium meant to repair the urban fabric, countering the \"agoraphobia\" and poor pedestrian circulation of the earlier 1960s modernist schemes. The tower plinth and adjacent low romanesque block relate to the scale of surrounding buildings as well as shielding Monkwell Square, which had become a \"service yard\", from the motorway. Monkwell Square was redesigned and landscaped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008732-0004-0000", "contents": "125 London Wall, Design\nThough the towers are visually distinct, their floorplates are actually connected and share a central service core. The 18th floor of one tower houses a special meeting suite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008732-0005-0000", "contents": "125 London Wall, Tenants\nThe building is well known as the former UK headquarters of JPMorgan Chase, one of the world's leading investment banks. Nabarro LLP leased 138,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (12,800\u00a0m2) in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008732-0006-0000", "contents": "125 London Wall, Tenants\nMost of the building now holds Lloyds Banking Group offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008732-0007-0000", "contents": "125 London Wall, Ownership\nIn 2000, MEPC plc sold the building for around \u00a3160 million. In July 2010, it was part of a group of six landmark London properties sold to the Carlyle Group for \u00a3671\u00a0million following the default of Simon Halabi's property companies. In 2014, the building was purchased by Blackstone for \u00a3300 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008733-0000-0000", "contents": "125 Magazine\n125 Magazine is a London, England, based publication for work and ideas by photographers, illustrators and artists around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008733-0001-0000", "contents": "125 Magazine, Background\n125 Magazine's founding partners and the core editorial team are photographers Perry Curties and Jason Joyce, and art directors Rob Crane and Martin Yates who started 125 in 2003 after the realization that no unbiased platform for new work by both established and emerging talent existed. The first issue (themed Fashion) was released in the UK and received a nomination in the Magazine Design Awards but was not a commercial success. The magazine is now a 300-page, 2\u00a0kg 'gallery' of new work and ideas by photographers, stylists and illustrators around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008733-0002-0000", "contents": "125 Magazine, Print sales\n125 has a print-sales service which makes all the photography in the magazine available as limited edition art prints through its website. Inclusion in the service is not compulsory but all contributors are offered the chance to participate, with income divided equally between photographer and 125. According to the 125 website they have sold in excess of 8000 prints online and through exhibitions with companies and galleries including Paul Smith and St. Lukes advertising agency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008733-0003-0000", "contents": "125 Magazine, Contributors\nEach issue has a theme and contains the work of 20-25 contributors as well as interviews with creative talents such as Nick Knight, Glen Luchford, Sean Ellis, Don McCullin Rankin (photographer), and Magnum Photos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008733-0004-0000", "contents": "125 Magazine, Contributors\nHigh-profile names have been commissioned to shoot for 125, such as Rankin, Richard Kern, Perou, Christopher Griffith, Alice Hawkins, Mick Rock, Shinichi Maruyama, Ernst Fischer, and Tim Simmons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008733-0005-0000", "contents": "125 Magazine, Influences and competitors\nThe 125 founders have cited I-D, and particularly Rankin's Rank Magazine which was a short-lived independent showcase as proof that such a magazine was a viable proposition. In 2003 Tank, Exit and Big Magazine were the closest rivals to 125.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008734-0000-0000", "contents": "125 Park Road\n125 Park Road is a listed building in Westminster, London, England. Occupying a prominent site opposite the Hanover Gate entrance to Regent's Park, the 11 storey block of flats has 18 two bedroom, 18 one bedroom, four penthouse and one caretaker's flat. Three quarters of the 41 flats have views over the park. The block was one of the first funded and built on the co-ownership principle made possible by the formation of the Housing Corporation in 1964. Lessees contributed to a group mortgage and received a premium payment when they left. This was designed to reflect the increase in the value of the flat during their stay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008734-0001-0000", "contents": "125 Park Road, Architects\n125 Park Road was designed in the late 1960s by the architects Farrell/Grimshaw Partnership for the Mercury Housing Society. Both Sir Terry Farrell and Sir Nicholas Grimshaw were members of the society and lived in the block. It was their second scheme and, when listed in 2001, was commended for pioneering the British High Tech architecture movement. The block was completed in June 1970 at a contract cost of \u00a3227,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008734-0002-0000", "contents": "125 Park Road, Design\nThe building is widely known for its corrugated aluminium cladding, radiused corners and sloping glazed roof. The exterior belies the light and spacious interiors of the flats. Living space is maximised by concentrating bathrooms, lifts and stairs in a central structural core. Natural light is maximised by placing the freestanding perimeter columns behind continuous window glazing. Curved corners add the sensation of panoramic views over London. Most internal walls are non-loadbearing which allows flats to be combined as larger units. This shows the benefits of designing residential accommodation on the same principles as commercial offices where habitable space is freed by concentrating services in a central core.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008734-0003-0000", "contents": "125 Park Road, Recognition & reputation\nIn 1973, the flats were highly commended in the Housing Design Awards sponsored by the Secretary of State for the Environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008734-0004-0000", "contents": "125 Park Road, Recognition & reputation\nIncreasingly, features about the building and individual flats started to appear in Sunday colour supplements and architectural magazines such as Building Design and Architectural Design. One of the penthouses was used as a film location, other flats were used for magazine and advertisement shoots. The inclusion of 125 Park Road in guides to modern British and London architecture, in Elain Harwood's England: A Guide to Post-war Listed Buildings and in Colin Amery's monograph on the early work of Nicholas Grimshaw helped to make the block a destination for visiting architects and students. It is now widely recognised as the first residential block designed on the office block principle of maximising habitable space around an easily accessible central service core.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008735-0000-0000", "contents": "125 Rooms of Comfort\n125 Rooms of Comfort is a 1974 Canadian drama film directed by Patrick Loubert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008735-0001-0000", "contents": "125 Rooms of Comfort\nThe film stars Tim Henry as Billie Joyce, a gay and transvestite former musician who has been institutionalized in an asylum due to mental illness. Inheriting the smalltown hotel formerly owned by his deceased father, he returns home intending to sell the hotel to real estate developer Oscar Kidd (Robert A. Silverman), but soon finds himself in the position of defending the rights of the hotel's staff against Kidd's renovation plans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008735-0002-0000", "contents": "125 Rooms of Comfort, Awards\nThe film was a nominee for Best Picture at the Canadian Film Awards in 1975, but did not win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008736-0000-0000", "contents": "125 S. Fourth St.\n125 S. Fourth St. is the address of an unnamed historic building in the Ogle County, Illinois city of Oregon. The building is part of the Oregon Commercial Historic District and as such is part of the National Register of Historic Places. The district and its contributing properties were added to the Register in August 2006. The building has been altered somewhat from its original appearance including wood siding added to the first floor level and the addition of signage. It stands near the rest of the 100 Block of South Fourth Street, which includes other historic buildings at 127 S. Fourth St., 121-123 S. Fourth St., to which 125 is adjacent and the Masonic Temple Lodge No. 420.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008737-0000-0000", "contents": "125 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 125 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the  Light Helicopters Squadron, was a Bell 206B helicopter squadron based at Sde Dov Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008738-0000-0000", "contents": "125 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force\nThe 125 Squadron \"Puma\" is a helicopter squadron base at Sembawang Air Base, Republic of Singapore Air Force, the squadron goes by the motto of \"Swift in Support\", with the Puma as the squadron's motif.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008738-0001-0000", "contents": "125 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history\nFormed in February 1985, the 125 Squadron consisted of twenty-two newly purchased A\u00e9rospatiale AS332M Super Puma medium lift helicopters. This was the Republic of Singapore Air Force's third helicopter squadron, after 120 Sqn and 123 Sqn. The pilots for the new helicopters were drawn from the two squadrons and led by Major Chia Sin Kwong, were sent to France to undergo a conversion course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008738-0002-0000", "contents": "125 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history\nThe first Super Puma made its way to Singapore in July 1985 and the Squadron was officially inaugurated on 4 October 1985. The guest of honour for the ceremony was the then Chief of General Staff, Major-General (later Lieutenant-General) Winston Choo. Three of the Squadron's Super Pumas are permanently painted in red and white paint scheme for conducting Search and rescue (SAR) work, taking over the duty of SAR-configured Bell 212 Twin Huey helicopters from 120 Sqn, which were retired the same year, the motto of the SAR detachment is \"That others may live\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008738-0003-0000", "contents": "125 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history\nBased at Sembawang Air Base, the Super Pumas brought to the RSAF a new dimension in its operational capabilities. Prior to the acquisition of the CH-47 Chinook, SAF relied on the squadron's Super Puma helicopters to transport its light vehicles and troops around on various detachments and training grounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008738-0004-0000", "contents": "125 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history\nDuring Singapore's National Day, the Super Pumas take on a different, but no less important, role. Since 1986, they have been active participants of the parade, either flying the Singapore flag proudly or simply being part of the flypast. A Super Puma crashed landed on the compound at Sembawang Air Base, with no fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008738-0005-0000", "contents": "125 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history\nIn 2003 to 2007, then Commanding Officer LTC Yeap Hong Kiat led the squadron in the Banda Aceh Tsunami rescue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008738-0006-0000", "contents": "125 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history\nIn 2010, current Commanding Officer LTC Ong Jack Sen and the squadron celebrated the 25th anniversary of Super Puma operations in the RSAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008739-0000-0000", "contents": "125 West 55th Street\n125 West 55th Street, also known as Avenue of the Americas Plaza, is a 23-story, 575,000-square-foot (53,400\u00a0m2) office building located on 55th Street between the Avenue of the Americas (Sixth Avenue) and Seventh Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The building also has an entrance at 120 West 56th Street, across the street from the Le Parker Meridien Hotel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008739-0001-0000", "contents": "125 West 55th Street\nThe facility, with 570,000 square feet (53,000\u00a0m2) of rentable office space, was developed by The Macklowe Organization. The building, designed by Edward Larrabee Barnes and John MY Lee Architects, has 23,000-square-foot (2,100\u00a0m2) floorplates. The second floor of the building houses Air France's United States executive offices. Macquarie Bank houses its New York representative office in the building. Boston Properties currently owns and manages the building. The building also houses offices of Katz Media Group, a division of iHeartMedia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008739-0002-0000", "contents": "125 West 55th Street, History, Development\nThe building, constructed by Fisher Brothers, cost $60 million in 1988 dollars. The Saint Thomas Choir School previously occupied the site, and moved into a new building at 202 West 58th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008739-0003-0000", "contents": "125 West 55th Street, History, Development\nConstruction on 125 West 55th Street began in 1988. In order to capitalize on a City of New York zoning bonus, the developers planned to have the building's foundation installed by May 13, 1988; buildings in the area installed before a deadline in the northern hemisphere spring of 1988 received a 20% increase in size in order to spur development of western Midtown Manhattan. The developers planned to have tenants begin occupying the building in May 1989. The building was completed in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008739-0004-0000", "contents": "125 West 55th Street, History, Use\nIn 1991 Air France leased 29,500 square feet (2,740\u00a0m2) of space in the building. As of July 10, 1991, it was the largest lease in Manhattan in the year 1991. The airline had planned to move its Northeast United States headquarters, its U.S. reservation center, and its New York City ticket office to the building beginning in 1992. The lease included 27,000 square feet (2,500\u00a0m2) of office space on the building's second floor and 2,500 square feet (230\u00a0m2) of retail space on the first floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008739-0004-0001", "contents": "125 West 55th Street, History, Use\nAir France had its previous ticket office at 666 Fifth Avenue and its previous reservation department at 888 Seventh Avenue, and wanted a larger ticket office facility and overhauled reservation department offices. It moved both departments into 125 West 55th Street. Air France opted to move into 125 West 55th Street instead of spending $2.5 million to upgrade the telecommunications systems and remove asbestos at 888 Seventh Avenue; 125 West 55th Street came with the latest fiber optics systems and did not have asbestos. Air France has since closed the street-level retail ticket office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008739-0005-0000", "contents": "125 West 55th Street, History, Use\nAround the same time, Katz Media Group signed a lease for 170,000 square feet (16,000\u00a0m2) of space in the building. As of November 24, 1991, the Katz lease was the fourth largest lease in New York City. During that year the National Bank of Canada and Credietbank were tenants in the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008739-0006-0000", "contents": "125 West 55th Street, History, Use\nIn the summer of 1992, LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby & MacRae moved 1,200 employees into the building. The firm had consolidated from several previous locations, and occupied eight floors and the concourse level. The 20-year lease was for 224,000 square feet (20,800\u00a0m2) of space. The LeBouef deal, signed in 1991, was that year's second largest lease in New York City as of November 24, 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008739-0007-0000", "contents": "125 West 55th Street, History, Use\nBoston Properties acquired the building in 2008, for $444 million. In 2010, Katz Media Group renewed its lease until 2027, giving Katz more than one-third of the building space, with about 200,000 square feet (19,000\u00a0m2). In 2010 MetLife refinanced a portion of the debt of the building. As of 2011 the building was worth $345 million. In 2011 a former deputy of Harry Macklowe, former head of the Macklowe Group, filed a lawsuit against Macklowe, saying that Macklowe did not share the proceeds of the sale of 125 West 55th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008739-0008-0000", "contents": "125 West 55th Street, Design\nThomas L. Waite of The New York Times said in 1988, before the completion of the building, that the blue glass sheathing around it \"may give it a pastoral sheen.\" Waite said that the design of 125 West 55th Street is similar to that of the Metropolitan Tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008740-0000-0000", "contents": "125 Years\n125 Years is a public art installation at the University of Pennsylvania, made by Jenny Holzer in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008740-0001-0000", "contents": "125 Years, Installation\nIt is located at Hill Square, University of Pennsylvania, between Chestnut Street, Walnut Street, 33rd Street and 34th Street. The artwork celebrates the 125 years of women at the University of Pennsylvania, which was inaugurated on November 7, 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 23], "content_span": [24, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008741-0000-0000", "contents": "125 Years Memory\n125 Years Memory (\u6d77\u96e31890, Kainan 1890) is a 2015 drama film directed by Mitsutoshi Tanaka and written by Eriko Komatsu. Two historical incidents that deepened the friendship between Japan and Turkey are connected in this story of friendship and compassion: The sinking of the Turkish frigate Ertu\u011frul off the Japanese coast in 1890 and the evacuation of Japanese nationals from Iran in 1985. It received the Japan Academy Film Prize in ten categories, including Best Art Direction, Best Sound Recording, Excellent Film and Excellent Director. A Japanese-Turkish co-production, the film was produced by Japan's Creators' Union and Toei Company together with Turkey's B\u00f6cek Yap\u0131m. It was released in Japan by Toei Company on December 5, 2015 and in Turkey by CGV Mars on December 25, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008741-0001-0000", "contents": "125 Years Memory, Plot, Ertu\u011frul episode\nIn the night of 16 September 1890, while returning from a goodwill visit to Japan, the Turkish frigate Ertu\u011frul is caught up in a typhoon and sinks in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Kushimoto, Wakayama. Hearing the alarm bell the villagers of Kashino, a poor fishing village on Kushimoto's island of Kii Oshima, rush to the shore. They are confronted with the grisly spectacle of vast numbers of dead and dying. With more than 500 crew members dead, it is the largest sea accident in history at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008741-0001-0001", "contents": "125 Years Memory, Plot, Ertu\u011frul episode\nRisking their own lives, the villagers are able to rescue 69 Turkish sailors. Tamura (Seiyo Uchino), a doctor living in Kashino village, and his assistant Haru (Shioli Kutsuna) treat the injured. In the wake of her life rescuing efforts Haru builds a special bond with Mustafa (Kenan Ece), an officer on the Ertu\u011frul. Although being very poor and having hardly to eat, the villagers share what little they have with strangers from a country 9,000 kilometers away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008741-0002-0000", "contents": "125 Years Memory, Plot, Tehran episode\nIn the year 1985, during the Iran\u2013Iraq War, Iraq announces an indiscriminate attack and to shoot down any aircraft over Iranian air space. Japanese ambassador Nomura (Toshiyuki Nagashima) requests rescue flights from Japan, but is told that a quick response is not possible. While evacuation flights from other nations are arriving, more than 300 Japanese are stranded in Tehran. Harumi (Shioli Kutsuna), a teacher at a Japanese school, prevails upon Nomura to ask the Turkish ambassador for help. Turkish prime minister Turgut \u00d6zal (Deniz Oral) decides to evacuate the Japanese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008741-0002-0001", "contents": "125 Years Memory, Plot, Tehran episode\nIn the morning of 19 March, only a few hours before Iraq's ultimatum expires, a Turkish Airlines aircraft takes off for Tehran. Not only is Tehran already under heavy rocket fire. But the remaining Turks at Tehran Mehrabad Airport still need to be convinced that they won't be able to board their own country's evacuation flight. That's when Turkish embassy staff Murat (Kenan Ece) starts speaking out to his fellow citizens about the compassion and sacrifice Japanese villagers had shown to Turkish sailors shipwrecked far away a long time ago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008741-0003-0000", "contents": "125 Years Memory, Background\nThe film was initiated by the residents of Kushimoto, a coastal town in Wakayama Prefecture where the first episode of the film takes place. For a very long time they wanted to make a film about the Ertu\u011frul story and thus send a message of friendship and peace to the rest of the world. To pursue their goal, Kushimoto mayor Katsumasa Tashima contacted film director Mitsutoshi Tanaka and the NPO Ertu\u011frul Saves the World was established in the city of Wakayama. After more than ten years of work the film was completed in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008741-0004-0000", "contents": "125 Years Memory, Reception, Box office\nOn its opening weekend in Japan, the film was fourth in both admissions, with 88,295, and gross, with US$856,650. On its second weekend, it dropped to seventh, again both in admissions and in gross, with US$638,625. On its third weekend, it was tenth placed in both admissions and gross, with US$336,824. The film grossed US$4.13 million in Japan and US$1.53 million in Turkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0000-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition\nThe following is a list of ammunition fired by the 125\u00a0mm smoothbore gun series used in the T-64, T-72, T-80, M-84, T-90, PT-91, T-14 Armata, and other tanks derived from those designs, as well as the 2A45 Sprut anti-tank gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0001-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, APFSDS-T\nArmour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot tracer or APFSDS-T rounds. Typically used against other modern tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0002-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, APFSDS-T\nThere are different ways to measure penetration value. NATO uses the 50% (This means that 50% of the shell had to go through the plate), while the Soviet/Russian standard is higher (80% had to go through). According to authorities like Paul Lakowski, the difference in performance can reach as much as 8%", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0003-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, APFSDS-T, 3VBM6/3BM12/13\nEntered service (estimated) in 1968. Essentially the same as the 3BM9 projectile with a tungsten carbide plug.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0004-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, APFSDS-T, 3VBM8/3BM17/18\nEntered service (estimated 1972). An export version of the 3BM-15 without the tungsten carbide plug. Hence, it is an all-steel penetrator with inferior performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0005-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, APFSDS-T, 3VBM9/3BM22/23\nEntered service 1976. Tungsten carbide penetrator core sheathed in steel. Enlarged cap help to increase positive normalization and hold a much larger penetrator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0006-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, APFSDS-T, 3VBM11/3BM26/27\nEntered service 1983. Tungsten-nickel-iron alloy penetrator core sheathed in steel. Utilised new 4Zh63 high-energy propelling charge. Penetrator is base-installed to prevent deflection during penetration against multi-layered composite armour. Improved penetrator cap made of aluminium alloy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0007-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, APFSDS-T, 3VBM13/3BM32/33 (3BM32 \"Vant\")\nEntered service in 1985. The projectile is an integrated depleted uranium-nickel-zinc alloy penetrator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0008-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, APFSDS-T, 3VBM17/3BM42 (3BM42 \"Mango\")\nEntered service in 1986. The projectile is double tungsten alloy rod sheathed in low melting point alloy covered with steel, intended to increase penetration against non-explosive reactive armour (NERA) such as Chobham armour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0009-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, APFSDS-T, 3VBM19/3BM42M (3BM44M \"Lekalo\")\nEntered service in 1994Utilising an improved penetrator and a new sabot. Reported to be tungsten alloy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0010-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, APFSDS-T, 3VBM20/3BM46 (3BM48 \"Svinets\")\nEntered service in 1991. Utilising a new advanced high elongation uranium monoblock penetrator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0011-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, APFSDS-T, 3VBM22/3BM59 (3BM59 \"Svinets-1\")\nEntered service\u00a0: 2002. Utilising a new depleted uranium sabot. Used on 2A46M-5 with new autoloader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0012-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, APFSDS-T, 3VBM23/3BM60 (3BM60 \"Svinets-2\")\nEntered service: 2002. Utilizes a new sabot design. Uses a Tungsten Alloy penetrator of increased length compared to previous generation Russian APFSDS ammunition. Used on 2A46M-5 with new autoloader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0013-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, APFSDS-T, 3VBM?/3BM69 \"Vacuum-1\"\nEntered service in 2005Utilising a new sabot. Reported to be uranium alloy. For 2A82/2A82-1M cannon on T-80UM-2/T-14s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0014-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, APFSDS-T, 3VBM?/3BM70 \"Vacuum-2\"\nEntered service in 2005 utilising a new sabot. Reported to be tungsten alloy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0015-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, HEAT-FS\nHigh-explosive anti-tank fin stabilized or HEAT-FS rounds. Typically used against lighter or older tanks and armoured personnel carriers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0016-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, HEAT-FS, 3VBK7/3BK12, 3BK12M\nEntered service 1968, replacing steel liner with a copper liner. \"M\" means \u043c\u0435\u0434\u044c (\"copper\" in Russian) Uses 3V-15 detonator. Due to Soviet Union's copper economize policy production of the model is limited. Penetration performance claimed to be 10% higher than steel liner version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 58], "content_span": [59, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0017-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, HEAT-FS, 3VBK16/3BK18, 3BK18M\nImproved warhead. Entered service estimated 1978, replacing steel liner with a copper liner. Improved wave-shaping booster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0018-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, HEAT-FS, 3VBK17/3BK21\nEntered service estimated 1980. Enhancements to improve reliability of the copper jet formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0019-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, HEAT-FS, 3VBK17/3BK21, 3BK21B\nEntered service estimated 1982. \"Material B\" depleted uranium alloy liner to enhance penetration of advanced composite armours like Chobham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0020-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, HEAT-FS, 3VBK25/3BK29 \"Breyk\"\nEntered service estimated 1988. A new type of explosive-filling was applied, which improved focusing of the jet stream.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0021-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, HEAT-FS, 3VBK27/3BK31 \"Start\"\nFirst seen publicly in 1998. Reportedly a triple charge warhead intended to reduce efficiency of NERA elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0022-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, HE-frag-FS\nHigh explosive fragmentation fin stabilised. General purpose rounds, for use against infantry, bunkers and light vehicles and other \"soft\" targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0023-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, HE-frag-FS, 3VOF22/3OF19\nEntered service in 1962. Uses the 3V-21 detonator (mass = 0.431\u00a0kg, reliability = 0.98). The 90% lethal zone for infantry is reported to be 40 m wide and 20 m deep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0024-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, HE-frag-FS, 3VOF36/3OF26\nEntered service in 1970. Uses the 3V-21 detonator (mass = 0.431\u00a0kg, reliability = 0.98). The projectile creates between 600 and 2,000 fragments. The body is made up of 45Kh1 steel or 60S2 high-fragmentation steel for modern projectiles. Modern projectiles creates up to 2,500 effective fragments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0025-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, HE-frag-FS, 3VOF128/3OF82\nEntered service in 2014. Uses the 3VM-18 programmable detonator. The projectile contains 450 tungsten rods, each weighing 3 grams and creates 2,500 fragments in a cone formation ahead of the projectile when air burst mode is set. Air burst mode for use against infantry, light vehicles and helicopters, delayed mode use against bunkers and other constructions. Is currently used on the 2A46M-5 gun, mounted on the T-90M.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0026-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, Shrapnel-FS, 3VSh7/3Sh7 \"Voron\"\nEntered service in 1975. Uses the 3VM-17 time detonator. For use against wide area infantry and light vehicles. Time of detonation setting is mechanical, for modernization, the shell fuze could be set automatically by improved \"Ainet\" systems or \"Kalina\" systems, which are available on the T-90K commander tank or the regular main battle tanks such as the T-90A, T-90M, T-80UA, and the T-14 Armata main battle tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0027-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, Shrapnel-FS, 3VSh8/3Sh8 \"Ainet\"\nEntered service in 1988. Uses the 3VM-12 programmable detonator. A part of Remote detonation system \"Ainet\" on T-80UK commander tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0028-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, ATGW/ATGM, 9M112 Kobra\nThe 9K112 Kobra (NATO reporting name is AT-8 Songster) is also fired from the 125\u00a0mm main guns of the T-64 and T-80 series of tanks", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0029-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, ATGW/ATGM, 9M119 Refleks\nThe 9M119 Svir and 9M119M Refleks (NATO reporting name: AT-11 Sniper) anti-tank guided missile has semi-automatic laser beam-riding guidance and a tandem hollow-charge HEAT warhead. It has an effective range of 75\u00a0m to 5000\u00a0m, and takes 17.6 seconds to reach maximum range. Refleks can penetrate about 900 millimetres (35\u00a0in) of steel armour and can also engage low-flying air targets such as helicopters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0030-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, ATGW/ATGM, 3UBK21 Sprinter\nDesigned for the 2A82-1M gun on T-14 Armata tanks, the 3UBK21 Sprinter has  millimeter wave SACLOS guidance and a tandem shaped-charge HEAT warhead. It has an effective range of 50\u00a0m to 12000\u00a0m. and can penetrate 950 millimetres (37\u00a0in) of steel armour after explosive reactive armour. It can also engage low-flying air targets such as helicopters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0031-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, Guided shell, Sokol-1\nThe Sokol-1 guided shell is fired from the 125\u00a0mm main gun, it borrowed design from the 152mm artillery shell 3OF75 Santimetr-M and both have very similar appearance, but with an added shaped charge cap into its design similar to the M712 Copperhead, intended to defeat heavily armoured targets. It uses the technique that is referred to as the Russian concept of impulse corrections (RCIC), an impulse steering flight control system to correct the projectile's trajectory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008742-0032-0000", "contents": "125 mm smoothbore ammunition, Guided shell, 3UBK14F1/9M119F1\nThe 3UBK14F1 guided shell is fired from the 125\u00a0mm main gun, its design was modified from 9M119 missile, removing the rocket motor and replacing it with an extra Thermobaric warhead, turning it into a guided shell. Its range was decreased to 3.5\u00a0km, and it is claimed to be three times the explosive power of regular thermobaric variant 125\u00a0mm guided missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008743-0000-0000", "contents": "125 series\nThe 125 series (125\u7cfb, 125-kei) is a single-car DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR-West) on local services in Japan since March 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008743-0001-0000", "contents": "125 series, Design\nThe 125 series design is based on the 223-2000 series EMU design, with stainless bodies and steel front ends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008743-0002-0000", "contents": "125 series, Design\nThe cars have two pairs of sliding doors on each side, with provision for a third set of doors in the centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008743-0003-0000", "contents": "125 series, Design\nThe second-batch cars (KuMoHa 125-9\u201312) delivered in 2003 differ from the earlier batch by having enlarged front-end skirts and darker grey tinted windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008743-0004-0000", "contents": "125 series, Operations\nThe 125 series is used on wanman driver-only operation services, primarily on the Obama Line and Kakogawa Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008743-0005-0000", "contents": "125 series, Operations\nUp to five single cars can be operated together as a multiple car set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008743-0006-0000", "contents": "125 series, Formation\nCars KuMoHa 125-7/8/11/12 are equipped with a second de-icing pantograph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008743-0007-0000", "contents": "125 series, Interior\nPassenger accommodation consists of longitudinal bench seating at the ends, and 2+2 abreast transverse reversible seating in the centre of the cars. The first two batches of cars (KuMoHa 125-1\u201312) were delivered with 1+2 abreast seating, but this was increased to 2+2 seating during 2003 and 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008743-0008-0000", "contents": "125 series, History\nThe first eight cars (KuMoHa 125-1\u20138) were built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries in December 2002 for entry into service from 15 March 2003 on the newly electrified 84.3\u00a0km Obama Line between Tsuruga and Higashi-Maizuru. These sets were initially allocated to Fukuchiyama Depot, but were subsequently transferred to Tsuruga Depot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008743-0009-0000", "contents": "125 series, History\nFour more cars (KuMoHa 125-9\u201312) were built in September 2004 for entry into service from 19 December 2004 on the newly electrified 48.5\u00a0km Kakogawa Line between Kakogawa and Tanikawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008743-0010-0000", "contents": "125 series, History\nA further six cars (KuMoHa 125-13\u201318) were built in September 2006 to coincide with the conversion of Tsuruga area services from 20 kV AC to 1,500 DC electrification from 21 October 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008744-0000-0000", "contents": "1250\nYear 1250 (MCCL) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008745-0000-0000", "contents": "1250 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1250\u00a0kHz: 1250 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008746-0000-0000", "contents": "1250 Galanthus\n1250 Galanthus, provisional designation 1933 BD, is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 January 1933, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory. The asteroid was named for the herbaceous plant Galanthus, also known as \"snowdrop\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008746-0001-0000", "contents": "1250 Galanthus, Orbit and classification\nGalanthus is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,488 days; semi-major axis of 2.55\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg the night after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008746-0002-0000", "contents": "1250 Galanthus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn the early 1980s, a rotational lightcurve of Galanthus was obtained during a survey conducted by Richard P. Binzel at the McDonald Observatory, Texas. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.92 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=3). The period was confirmed from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in October 2015, which gave a similar period of 3.918 hours and an amplitude of 0.22 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008746-0003-0000", "contents": "1250 Galanthus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Galanthus measures between 17.18 and 21.00 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.06.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008746-0004-0000", "contents": "1250 Galanthus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0500 and a diameter of 21.0 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008746-0005-0000", "contents": "1250 Galanthus, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the herbaceous plant Galanthus, also known as \"snowdrop\". The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 115).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008746-0006-0000", "contents": "1250 Galanthus, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008747-0000-0000", "contents": "1250 Poydras Plaza\n1250 Poydras Plaza (also known as the Eni Building and formerly the Mobil Building), is a high-rise international-style office building located at 1250 Poydras Street in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana. It has 24 stories, and stands at a height of 342 feet (104 m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008747-0001-0000", "contents": "1250 Poydras Plaza\nIn June 2010, the Unified Command moved its headquarters from the Dutch Royal Shell Conference Center in Robert, Louisiana, to the building to deal with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008748-0000-0000", "contents": "1250 Ren\u00e9-L\u00e9vesque\n1250, boulevard Ren\u00e9-L\u00e9vesque is a 226-metre (741\u00a0ft), 47-storey skyscraper in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The building was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates for IBM Canada and Marathon Realty, hence the former name \"IBM-Marathon Tower\". It is now named for its address at 1250 Ren\u00e9 L\u00e9vesque Boulevard West, in the Ville-Marie borough of Downtown Montreal. It is adjacent to the Bell Centre and Windsor Station to the south, and stands on the site of the former American Presbyterian Church. It is connected to the Bonaventure metro station and the underground city network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008748-0001-0000", "contents": "1250 Ren\u00e9-L\u00e9vesque\n1250 is currently owned and managed by global real estate investor, developer and owner BentallGreenOak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008748-0002-0000", "contents": "1250 Ren\u00e9-L\u00e9vesque, Architecture\n1250 Ren\u00e9-L\u00e9vesque's architecture is based on another skyscraper by Kohn Pedersen Fox, the 51-story Westend Tower in Frankfurt, Germany. The design is partly dictated by the building's position at the former western edge of the downtown core, with its shape forming a boundary between the commercial center and the historically residential periphery (though since the building's construction the downtown area has advanced southwestward). As such it has a markedly rectangular footprint, being very elongated on a north-south axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008748-0002-0001", "contents": "1250 Ren\u00e9-L\u00e9vesque, Architecture\nLike its Frankfurt counterpart, emphasis is given to the east and west fa\u00e7ades, which have opposed yet complementary appearances that strongly relate to the urban area they face. The modern-style western fa\u00e7ade, facing the historically low-rise residential periphery, is a straight granite-clad wall covered with square windows, with irregular setbacks creating the appearance of several superimposed slabs. Conversely the postmodern-style eastern fa\u00e7ade, facing the commercial center, is dominated by an outwardly-curved glass curtain wall that extends past the southern edge, creating a suspended vertical \"fin\" that emphasizes the structure's impression of lightness and thrust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008748-0002-0002", "contents": "1250 Ren\u00e9-L\u00e9vesque, Architecture\nThe narrow north wall recesses in a series of setbacks, allowing the building to keep its human scale at street level. At the lowest setback, the 4-floor atrium includes a bamboo-planted winter garden, and a food court on a mezzanine. At the building top, a spire/antenna is integrated to the north walls of the last few floors and extends 31 metres beyond the mechanical penthouse above the 47th floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008748-0003-0000", "contents": "1250 Ren\u00e9-L\u00e9vesque, Architecture\nMontreal's downtown area is now expanding southwest of the building (that formally was an unofficial downtown \"boundary\"), with the two towers of the  Cit\u00e9 du commerce \u00e9lectronique in the west. The height of those towers increases towards the 1250 and the city center, creating a \"staircase effect\" in the skyline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008750-0000-0000", "contents": "1250 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1250 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008751-0000-0000", "contents": "1250s\nThe 1250s decade ran from January 1, 1250, to December 31, 1259.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008752-0000-0000", "contents": "1250s BC\nThe 1250s BC is a decade which lasted from 1259 BC to 1250 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008755-0000-0000", "contents": "1250s in art\nThe decade of the 1250s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008756-0000-0000", "contents": "1251\nYear 1251 (MCCLI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008757-0000-0000", "contents": "1251 Avenue of the Americas\n1251 Avenue of the Americas, formerly known as the Exxon Building, is a skyscraper on Sixth Avenue (also known as Avenue of the Americas), between 49th and 50th Streets, in Manhattan, New York City. It is owned by Mitsui Fudosan. The structure is built in the international style and looks like a simple cuboid devoid of any ornamentation. The vertical fa\u00e7ade consists of alternating narrow glass and limestone stripes. The glass stripes are created by windows and opaque spandrels, forming continuous areas that are washed by machines sliding down the fa\u00e7ade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008757-0000-0001", "contents": "1251 Avenue of the Americas\nA seven-floor base wraps around the western portion of the building, and there is a sunken plaza with a large two-tier pool and fountains facing Sixth Avenue. In the plaza stands the bronze statue named Out to Lunch by John Seward Johnson II\u2014of the same series as the one standing outside 270 Park Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008757-0001-0000", "contents": "1251 Avenue of the Americas, Background\nThe building was part of the later Rockefeller Center expansion (1960s\u20131970s) dubbed the \"XYZ Buildings\". Their plans were first drawn in 1963 by the Rockefeller family's architect, Wallace Harrison, of the architectural firm Harrison & Abramovitz. Their letters correspond to their height. 1251 Avenue of the Americas is the \"X\" Building as it is the tallest at 750\u00a0ft (229 m) and 54 stories, and was the first completed, in 1971. The \"Y\" is 1221 Avenue of the Americas, which was the second tower completed (1973) and is the second in height (674\u00a0ft and 51 stories). The \"Z\" Building, the shortest and the youngest, is 1211 Avenue of the Americas with 45 stories (592\u00a0ft). 1251 is the second-tallest building in the whole of Rockefeller Center, after 30 Rockefeller Plaza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008757-0002-0000", "contents": "1251 Avenue of the Americas, Background\nDespite being one of the 100 tallest buildings in the United States, 1251 Avenue of the Americas is almost impossible to see from more than just a few blocks away as it is flanked on all sides by buildings over 500 feet tall. The result is that even though 1251 Avenue of the Americas is approximately as tall as the tallest buildings in cities such as Boston or Minneapolis, it has almost no presence on the New York City skyline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008757-0003-0000", "contents": "1251 Avenue of the Americas, Background\nIn 1989, Exxon announced that it was moving its headquarters and around 300 employees from New York City to the Las Colinas area of Irving, Texas. Exxon sold the Exxon Building, its former headquarters, to a unit of Mitsui Real Estate Development Co. Ltd. in 1986 for $610 million. John Walsh, president of Exxon subsidiary Friendswood Development Company, stated that Exxon left New York because the costs were too high. Its New York offices moved to Brooklyn; it no longer retains a presence in Rockefeller Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008757-0004-0000", "contents": "1251 Avenue of the Americas, Background\nIn May 2013, the structure received silver certification under the U.S. Green Building Council\u2019s LEED for Existing Buildings Rating System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008757-0005-0000", "contents": "1251 Avenue of the Americas, Art\nInside, on the western end of 1251's atrium hangs an artist-authorized replica of a tapestry Pablo Picasso created for the ballet Mercure, the original of which hangs in the Mus\u00e9e National d'Art Moderne in Paris, France. It was created specifically for the building, as per the plaque beneath it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 32], "content_span": [33, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008758-0000-0000", "contents": "1251 Hedera\n1251 Hedera (prov. designation: 1933 BE) is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers (8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 25 January 1933, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named for the climbing plant Hedera, commonly known as \"ivy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008758-0001-0000", "contents": "1251 Hedera, Orbit and classification\nHedera is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.3\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,636 days; semi-major axis of 2.72\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A907 GD at Heidelberg in April 1907. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, the night after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008758-0002-0000", "contents": "1251 Hedera, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the evergreen woody plant Hedera (\"ivy\") a genus of climbing or ground-creeping woody plants in the aralia family (ivy family). The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 115).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008758-0003-0000", "contents": "1251 Hedera, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008758-0004-0000", "contents": "1251 Hedera, Physical characteristics\nHedera is an E-type and X-type asteroid in the Tholen and SMASS classification, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008758-0005-0000", "contents": "1251 Hedera, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Hedera have been obtained from photometric observations since 2007. Best-rated lightcurve by Julian Oey at Kingsgrove and Leura observatories, Australia, gave a rotation period of 19.9000 hours with a consolidated brightness amplitude between 0.41 and 0.61 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008758-0006-0000", "contents": "1251 Hedera, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nModeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD) and the robotic BlueEye600 Observatory, gave a concurring period of 19.9020 hours, Both studies determined two spin axes of (124.0\u00b0, \u221270.0\u00b0) and (266.0\u00b0, \u221262.0\u00b0), as well as (271.0\u00b0, \u221253.0\u00b0) and (115.0\u00b0, \u221262.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008758-0007-0000", "contents": "1251 Hedera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Hedera measures 13.239 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.636.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008758-0008-0000", "contents": "1251 Hedera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and consequently calculates a larger diameter of 44.22 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.50.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008760-0000-0000", "contents": "1252\nYear 1252 (MCCLII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008761-0000-0000", "contents": "1252 Celestia\n1252 Celestia, provisional designation 1933 DG, is a stony asteroid from the Palladian region, located in the central asteroid belt. It was discovered on 19 February 1933, by astronomer Fred Whipple at the Oak Ridge Observatory operated by the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Massachusetts, United States. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 10.6 hours and measures approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) in diameter. It was named after the discoverer's mother, Celestia MacFarland Whipple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008761-0001-0000", "contents": "1252 Celestia, Orbit and classification\nAccording to a synthetic HCM-analysis by Nesvorn\u00fd, Celestia is a member of the Pallas family (801), a small asteroid family of less than 200 known members with inclined orbits. The family is named after 2\u00a0Pallas. However, in a HCM-analysis by Milani and Kne\u017eevi\u0107, Celestia belongs to the background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008761-0002-0000", "contents": "1252 Celestia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,615 days; semi-major axis of 2.69\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 34\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the Yerkes Observatory in April 1933, or two months after its official discovery observation at Oak Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008761-0003-0000", "contents": "1252 Celestia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the mother of the discoverer, Celestia MacFarland Whipple. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 115).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008761-0004-0000", "contents": "1252 Celestia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen and SMASS classification, Celestia is a common stony S-type asteroid, while in SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), it is a Sl-subtype that transitions from the S-type to the L-type asteroids. Celestia's stony spectral type does not agree with those determined for the members of the Pallas family, which are typically \"bright\" carbonaceous B-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008761-0005-0000", "contents": "1252 Celestia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February and March 1195, a rotational lightcurve of Celestia was obtained from photometric observations at the Paul Feder Observatory by Walter Worman of Moorhead State University. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 10.636 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.26 magnitude (U=3). An alternative period determination by Ren\u00e9 Roy of 12 hours was based on a fragmentary lightcurve and received a poor rating (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008761-0006-0000", "contents": "1252 Celestia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Celestia measures between 17.39 and 21.56 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.167 and 0.2573. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.2573 and a diameter of 17.39 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.89.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008763-0000-0000", "contents": "1253\nYear 1253 (MCCLIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008764-0000-0000", "contents": "1253 Frisia\n1253 Frisia, provisional designation 1931 TV1, is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in 1931, the asteroid was later named after the region of Frisia and the Frisian Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008764-0001-0000", "contents": "1253 Frisia, Discovery\nFrisia was discovered on 9 October 1931, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. It was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Pelageya Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula on 6 November 1931. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg eleven days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008764-0002-0000", "contents": "1253 Frisia, Orbit and classification\nFrisia is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24\u00a0Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,054 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008764-0003-0000", "contents": "1253 Frisia, Physical characteristics\nFrisia is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, which corresponds to the overall spectral type of the Themis family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008764-0004-0000", "contents": "1253 Frisia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Frisia was obtained by astronomers at the University of North Dakota (730) and the Badlands Observatory in North Dakota, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 14.557 hours with a brightness variation of 0.16 magnitude (U=2). Photometric observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in September 2011, gave a somewhat similar period of 18.500 hours and an amplitude of 0.15 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008764-0005-0000", "contents": "1253 Frisia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Frisia measures between 19.09 and 24.00 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.0839.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008764-0006-0000", "contents": "1253 Frisia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 18.71 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008764-0007-0000", "contents": "1253 Frisia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after region of Frisia and its Frisian Islands, located on the southeastern coast of the North Sea. The region is the homeland of the Frisian people and mostly part of the Netherlands but its islands stretch along the coast up to Germany and Denmark. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 115).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008765-0000-0000", "contents": "1254\nYear 1254 (MCCLIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0000-0000", "contents": "1254 papal election\nThe 1254 papal election (11\u201312 December) took place following the death of Pope Innocent IV and ended with the choice of Raynaldus de' Conti, who took the name Pope Alexander IV. The election was held in Naples, in the former palazzo of Pietro della Vigna, and required only one day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0001-0000", "contents": "1254 papal election\nInnocent IV (Fieschi), who was elected on 25 June 1243, after a vacancy that had lasted more than nineteen months, undertook as his most important task the destruction of Frederick II, who had been excommunicated by his predecessor Gregory IX (Ugo dei Conti di Segni) on 20 March 1239, and by numerous other cardinals and bishops. He was compelled to flee from Rome on 7 June 1244; he reached Genoa on 7 July, suffering from a fever and dysentery. There he remained until October, 1244, when he crossed the Alps, reaching Lyons at the end of November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0001-0001", "contents": "1254 papal election\nThere he remained, living in exile, until the middle of April 1251. He held a church council at Lyons in 1245, with some 150 bishops, a disappointing number, and issued an order deposing Frederick from the Imperial throne, and his son Conrad as well. Louis IX of France attempted to mediate a peace, but was unsuccessful. Both parties wanted blood. There was even an assassination attempt against the life of Frederick, led by Tibaldo Francesco, a former Podest\u00e0 of Parma, who had been promised the Crown of Sicily (Only the Pope can invest a person with the fief of Sicily).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0001-0002", "contents": "1254 papal election\nWhen Frederick discovered the plot, 150 people were executed. In May, 1246, a new King of the Romans was elected in opposition to Frederick with the active support of the Pope, Henry Raspe Landgraf of Thurungia. Henry managed to defeat Conrad in battle at Nidda in August 1246, but death prevented him from following up on his success. A new emperor, William of Holland, was likewise elected, in October 1247, but he was defeated by Conrad in 1250.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0001-0003", "contents": "1254 papal election\nFrederick's best friend, Peter de la Vigne, was accused of attempting to assassinate Frederick through poison; he was tried and blinded, but before he could be confined for life (or worse), he committed suicide (1249). Frederick insisted that the moving force behind the plot had been the Pope. While campaigning in Italy, Frederick died of dysentery on 13 December 1250. He left the crown of Sicily, his initial inheritance, to his son Conrad IV, and, failing him, to his son Henry; or, if Henry was unavailable, in the last event to his legitimized son Manfred. Pope Innocent was impelled to eject the Hohenstaufen, and offered the rule to Richard of Cornwall, the brother of King Henry III of England, both before and after the death of Conrad, and then to Charles d'Anjou, the brother of Louis IX of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0002-0000", "contents": "1254 papal election\nNext April, Innocent began his homeward journey, by sea from Marseille to Genoa; he spent the summer in Lombardy, and arrived in Bologna in mid-October, 1251. He reached Perugia at the beginning of November, 1251, where he resided until the end of April, 1253, when he moved to Assisi. He left Assisi at the beginning of October, 1253, and finally reached Rome by 12 October. He stayed at the Lateran, until the end of April, 1254, when he returned to Assisi for the rest of the spring. He travelled next to Anagni, arriving by 2 June, where he stayed until 8 October, when he made a visit to Montecassino, Capua and Naples. He died in Naples on 7 December 1254.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0003-0000", "contents": "1254 papal election\nBut Innocent IV had not returned to Italy in 1251, to enjoy the peace and happiness consequent on the death of the Church's great enemy. The Church had been seriously damaged during the war between Frederick and Gregory IX and then Frederick and Innocent IV. Already in 1246, if Matthew of Paris is to be believed, there was a confrontation between Innocent and Cardinal Johannes Toletanus, who was defending the English who were refusing to pay the Pope's exorbitant tax demands, even under threat of interdict. Toletanus wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0004-0000", "contents": "1254 papal election\nMay God forgive you your wrath, Lord, if I may speak frankly, you should try to control your wild temper, since the times are so bad. The Holy Land has difficulties; the Greek Church is moving away from us; Frederick, who is equal to or more powerful than any Christian prince, opposes us. You and we, who are the support of the Church, are driven from the seat of the papacy, from Rome, and even from Italy. Hungary, with its great territory, awaits its destruction at the hands of the Turk. Germany is torn with civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0004-0001", "contents": "1254 papal election\nSpain is raging to the length of cutting out the tongues of bishops. France, already impoverished by us, is conspiring against us. England, frequently troubled by our injuries, now at length wounded by our blows and injured by our spurs, like Balaam's ass speaks and protests and complains that its burden is intolerable and that its injury is beyond remedy. We, like the Jews, hated by all, provoke all to hate us.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0005-0000", "contents": "1254 papal election, Innocent, Conrad, and Manfred\nInnocent had a major reconstructive task ahead of him, to recover the lands and goods of the Church, and to reinvigorate the hierarchy in Lombardy, Tuscany and the Kingdom of Naples. It would have to be pressed forward in the face of the opposition of Frederick's sons. As Innocent arrived in Bologna, Conrad, having arranged his affairs for the present in Germany, crossed the Brenner Pass, stopped at Verona and then at Goito, where he met the Imperial Vicars for Italy. The affairs of Lombardy were put in order for the moment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0005-0001", "contents": "1254 papal election, Innocent, Conrad, and Manfred\nWhatever Innocent had been able to achieve during his tour of Lombardy was nullified. Conrad then took ship and arrived at Siponto in January 1252. A diet was held in Frederick's capital of Foggia in February, 1252, where he worked to please the people, win over the barons, and do what he could to enter into friendly relations with the Universities at Naples and Salerno. The business was especially delicate since he had to deal with his younger brother Manfred, who had been regent of the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily for Frederick, and was still the powerful Prince of Taranto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0006-0000", "contents": "1254 papal election, Innocent, Conrad, and Manfred\nIn October 1253, Naples fell to Conrad. It was the last Hohenstaufen possession to hold out against the brothers. But suspicion between brothers caused Conrad to strip Manfred of nearly all of his gains, except the Principality of Taranto, which had been left him by his father the Emperor Frederick. Conrad, however, died suddenly, of malaria, on 21 May 1254.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0006-0001", "contents": "1254 papal election, Innocent, Conrad, and Manfred\nOn 8 October, Pope Innocent set off to the south, with a papal army commanded by his nephew, the Legate Cardinal Guglielmo Fieschi, intent upon putting an end to Manfred and end once and for all the Hohenstaufen threat to the Papacy. On 23 October 1254, Innocent, who was at Capua at the time, detached Amalfi from its traditional obedience to the Kings of Sicily and received it directly into his own power. This was a direct threat to Manfred and his control of the Kingdom of Naples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0006-0002", "contents": "1254 papal election, Innocent, Conrad, and Manfred\nOn 26 October, Manfred fled from Teano, whose loyalty was doubtful, and fled to his loyal Saracens in the town of Lucera. At Lucera he had access to the Imperial treasury, with which he could pay his troops. From Lucera he led an army, principally composed of Germans (and deserters from the papal army), against the papal army. The armies met at Foggia on 2 December, and the Papal army was soundly defeated. Four thousand papal mercenaries were killed. Cardinal Guglielmo fled to Naples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0006-0003", "contents": "1254 papal election, Innocent, Conrad, and Manfred\nFive days after the battle, on the Feast of S. Andrew, 7 December, around the time of Vespers, Innocent IV himself died, attended by the spiritual ministrations of Cardinal Rinaldo dei Conti di Segni. He and the Papal Curia had been staying in Naples, the Pope occupying the palazzo that had once belonged to Frederick II's secretary, Peter de la Vigne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0006-0004", "contents": "1254 papal election, Innocent, Conrad, and Manfred\nThe only evidence of the cause of his death comes from , who states that, on the road from Capua to Naples, the Pope suffered a sudden and sharp attack of pleurisy, which could have had any of a number of causes. Remarkably for the times, poison is not mentioned. He was treated by Cardinal John of Toledo, to no avail. On 8 December, the body was buried in the Cathedral of Naples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0007-0000", "contents": "1254 papal election, Election\nThe first to react to the disaster at Foggia was the Podesta of the city of Naples, Beretholinus Tavernerius, a citizen of Parma. He had the gates of the city closed immediately. It is said that he did this to prevent the cardinals from leaving the city and taking the Election anywhere else. This was not done out of anything so inane as city pride. He knew that Manfred was likely to attempt to capitalize on his unexpected victory, and that Naples would be the prime target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0007-0001", "contents": "1254 papal election, Election\nIt would require a pope, around whom the troops could rally, by whom the troops could be paid, whose troops would defend Naples as long as the Pope and Roman Curia were in residence. Closing the gates was not a step leading to the idea of a Conclave, but only a wise and prudent measure to defend everyone's best interests by getting a pope as soon as possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0007-0002", "contents": "1254 papal election, Election\nNews was brought to the remains of the papal army at Ariano that the Pope was dead, by certain cardinals (perhaps including Ottobono Fieschi whose family had much to lose and perhaps much to gain), who advised that the Legate, Cardinal Gulielmo Fieschi, should join them to elect a pope. They therefore left Ariano as quickly as possible and made for Naples. When they arrived, they were escorted to the tomb of Pope Innocent, and afterward to the palazzo where, with the rest of the Cardinals, they were enclosed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0008-0000", "contents": "1254 papal election, Election\nThe Mass of the Holy Spirit was sung on Friday morning, 11 December, and the ten Cardinals who were in Naples settled down to negotiate. Next morning, 12 December, around the third hour of the day, they reached agreement on their senior Cardinal Bishop, Raynaldus de' Conti, who chose the name Alexander IV. He was probably crowned on Sunday, 20 December 1254. The Interregnum had lasted only five days, according to Nicholas de Curbio, an eyewitness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0009-0000", "contents": "1254 papal election, Election\nThere is an alternate story. It comes from the pen of , O. Min., of Parma, who was a personal friend and sometimes host of Cardinal Ottaviano Fieschi. According to Fra Salimbene's account, the Election immediately ran into a stalemate. This is not unlikely. But Fra Salimbene alleges that the Cardinals chose to employ the rare option, that of the Way of Compromise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0009-0001", "contents": "1254 papal election, Election\nHe also says that the papal mantle was placed on the shoulders of Cardinal de' Conti by Cardinal Ottaviano Fieschi; this is unusual since the privilege of investing the new pope with the mantle belongs to the senior Cardinal-deacon, who was not Cardinal Ottaviano. Perhaps we are invited by Fra Salimbene to assume that Cardinal Ottaviano was the one who made the Compromise choice. But it can also be imagined that this tale of Fra Salimbene was one told in front of a fire in a monastic refectory, during a cardinalatial visit to Parma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0009-0002", "contents": "1254 papal election, Election\nThe tale takes no account of the Nicholas de Curbio account, and he was an eyewitness. It likewise flies in the face of the electoral manifesto, Quia fragilis, of Pope Alexander IV, which indicates that the problem was actually to get him to agree to accept the Papacy. In truth, it was a perilous position to be in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0010-0000", "contents": "1254 papal election, Cardinals, 1254\nPope Innocent IV had created fifteen cardinals during his reign; six died while he was still Pope. Three cardinals survived from previous reigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0011-0000", "contents": "1254 papal election, Aftermath\nCardinal Guglielmo Fieschi's career seems to have ended. He was replaced as Legate with the papal army by Cardinal Ottavio Ubaldini, who was also named Papal Vicar in Calabria and Sicily on 16 January 1255. Manfred's career, as Regent for his brother's infant son, Conradin, blossomed. After the victory at Foggia he conquered or reincorporated into his Kingdom of Sicily Barletta, Venusia, Acherunta, Rapolla, Amalfi, Trani and Bari. Cardinal Ottaviano's mission was to raise an army to oppose him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0012-0000", "contents": "1254 papal election, Aftermath\nManfred's initial impulse was to avoid contact with the Papal Court, lest any initiative of his might be taken, in the city of Naples and throughout the Kingdom of Sicily, as a sign of weakness. He resisted the advice offered to him by Thomas of Acerno and Richard Filangeli to open negotiations for a peace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0012-0001", "contents": "1254 papal election, Aftermath\nThe situation changed, however, when a bishop arrived from the Papal Court, with orders to cite Manfred to appear at the Curia by 2 February 1255, the Feast of the Purification, to answer charges of the murder of Burrellus of Anglono and of the injury done by the expulsion of the Papal Legate (Cardinal Guglielmo Fieschi) and the papal army of Apulia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0012-0002", "contents": "1254 papal election, Aftermath\nThe canonical period in which the citation had to be responded to makes it clear that Pope Alexander IV had taken the decision to pursue Manfred rather than seek peace with him shortly after his Coronation (20 December 1254). Manfred replied in writing, excusing himself on the grounds that it was for the sake of his nephew, and not in opposition to the Roman Church, that he had done what was charged. He continued to refuse to send personal ambassadors to the Pope, and he certainly had no intention of appearing in Naples personally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0012-0003", "contents": "1254 papal election, Aftermath\nThat would be suicidal\u2014a fact which is a valid rejoinder to the canonical requirement of personal appearance. A papal Notary who was friendly to Manfred, Master Jordanus of Terracina, however, advised that he send ambassadors nonetheless. Eventually Manfred gave way and sent ambassadors to Naples, but when they got to the Papal Court they found that the Pope had already appointed Cardinal Ubaldini as Legate and that Ubaldini had begun to raise an army. Clearly, peace was not part of papal policy, and judicial purgation of crimes nothing but a pretext.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008766-0013-0000", "contents": "1254 papal election, Aftermath\nIn choosing the course of confrontation with Manfred rather than conciliation, Pope Alexander IV had decided to continue the activist policy of Innocent IV, set in motion in 1251 when he returned to Italy, of completely rooting out the Hohenstaufen from Italy and Sicily. This policy would have consequences for the next thirty years and more. The resistance to Conrad, then Manfred, then Conradin, did not end until 1268, and then only at the cost of bringing the Angevin Charles, brother of Louis IX of France, to rule the Kingdom of Naples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008767-0000-0000", "contents": "1254th Air Transport Wing\nThe 1254th Air Transport Wing was a United States Air Force unit, existing between 1948 and 1966. It was last stationed at Andrews AFB, Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008767-0001-0000", "contents": "1254th Air Transport Wing\nThe 1254th Air Transport Wing was a wing of the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) which was first organized as a squadron in 1948. The mission of the 1254th Air Transport Wing was to manage the MATS Special Air Mission fleet of aircraft for Very Important Persons (VIP)s in the Washington, D.C. area. The wing reported directly to MATS Headquarters after 1952. It was discontinued on 8 January 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008767-0002-0000", "contents": "1254th Air Transport Wing, History\nFor the history of Special Air Missions after 1966 see 89th Airlift Wing", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008767-0003-0000", "contents": "1254th Air Transport Wing, History, Origins\nIn 1944 Air Transport Command (ATC) organized the 503d AAF Base Unit at Washington National Airport, Virginia and assigned it to its North Atlantic Division. The unit replaced the 26th Transport Group and the Washington National Airport Staff Squadron. Because of its frequent transport of high-ranking passengers, the unit was referred to as the \"Brass Hat Squadron.\" The 503d operated the first airplane designated as a presidential plane, the Douglas VC-54C known as the \"Sacred Cow.\" This aircraft was used by Presidents Roosevelt and Truman. It took President Roosevelt to the Yalta Conference in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008767-0003-0001", "contents": "1254th Air Transport Wing, History, Origins\nOn 26 July 1947, President Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 while on board this plane. This act established the Air Force as an independent service, making the Sacred Cow the \"birthplace\" of the USAF. In 1947 the unit began to operate the Douglas VC-118 named \"Independence\" after President Truman's home town as the primary presidential airplane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008767-0004-0000", "contents": "1254th Air Transport Wing, History, 1254th Squadron\nOn 1 June 1948 Military Air Transport Service (MATS) replaced ATC. MATS organized the 16th Air Transport Squadron at Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts. The squadron moved to Washington National Airport, Virginia on 1 September. Its mission was to provide air transportation for high-ranking United States government officials, and for designated individuals of foreign dignitaries visiting the United States. The Squadron also sent aircraft to Europe in support of the Berlin Airlift. In October the squadron was redesignated the 1254th Air Transport Squadron. From 1949 to 1951 the squadron also trained an attached Air Force Reserve unit, the 8522d Air Transport Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008767-0005-0000", "contents": "1254th Air Transport Wing, History, 1254th Squadron\nIn October 1950, President Truman flew a Lockheed VC-121 Constellation, also named \"Independence\" to the Wake Island Conference to meet with General Douglas MacArthur to confer on the progress of the Korean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008767-0006-0000", "contents": "1254th Air Transport Wing, History, 1254th Group\nThe squadron was expanded to group status on 1 August 1952. The following month, the 1111th Special Air Missions Squadron at Bolling Air Force Base, District of Columbia was transferred to MATS from Headquarters Command, redesignated the 1299th Air Transport Squadron (Special Missions) and assigned to the group, In January 1953 1298th Air Transport Squadrons (Special Missions) was organized under the group at Washington National.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008767-0007-0000", "contents": "1254th Air Transport Wing, History, 1254th Group\nOn 1 March 1957 the group was assigned two Bell H-13J helicopters, the first rotary wing aircraft assigned. The H-13s initial mission was to provide short range air transportation for the President to an alternate location in the event of an emergency evacuation. These helicopters remained on alert to perform this mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008767-0008-0000", "contents": "1254th Air Transport Wing, History, 1254th Group\nIn 1959 the group became the first USAF unit to operate jet aircraft for the transportation of personnel when it accepted three VC-137As. One of the more unusual passengers carried by the wing was Soviet prime minister Nikita Khrushchev who was transported on one of these aircraft during his 1959 tour of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008767-0009-0000", "contents": "1254th Air Transport Wing, History, 1254th Wing\nThe unit expanded to wing size and in 1961 all its units moved to Andrews Air Force Base from National Airport and Bolling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008767-0010-0000", "contents": "1254th Air Transport Wing, History, 1254th Wing\nVC-137C 62-6000 was used for Presidential transport during the Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon Administrations. It was the first aircraft popularly known as Air Force One. It was famously flown to Dallas, Texas, 22 November 1963.    it was on this aircraft that Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn into office as the President of the United States, following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and returned the body of President Kennedy to Washington, D.C. that evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008767-0011-0000", "contents": "1254th Air Transport Wing, History, 1254th Wing\nWith the inactivation of Military Air Transport Service, the 1254th Air Transport Wing was discontinued on 8 January 1966 and its personnel and equipment were reassigned to 89th Military Airlift Wing (MAW) of Military Airlift Command. Its 1298th Air Transport Squadron was replaced by the 98th Military Airlift Squadron and its 1299th Air Transport Squadron by the 99th Military Airlift Squadron. Because this was a MAJCON to AFCON unit conversion, the 89th wing and 98th and 99th squadrons were entitled to retain the honors (but not the history or lineage) of their predecessors. Following this provision 89th adopted the 1254th's emblem as its own on 28 April 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008767-0012-0000", "contents": "1254th Air Transport Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008768-0000-0000", "contents": "1255\nYear 1255 (MCCLV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008769-0000-0000", "contents": "1255 Schilowa\n1255 Schilowa, provisional designation 1932 NC, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 34 kilometers (21 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 8 July 1932, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid has a longer-than average rotation period of 29.5 hours. It was named after Mariya Zhilova (Schilowa), who was Russia's first professional female astronomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008769-0001-0000", "contents": "1255 Schilowa, Orbit and classification\nSchilowa is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,036 days; semi-major axis of 3.14\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008769-0002-0000", "contents": "1255 Schilowa, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A905 UC at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1905. The body's observation arc began one week later at Heidelberg in November 1905, almost 27 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008769-0003-0000", "contents": "1255 Schilowa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Mariya Vasilyevna Zhilova (1870\u20131934), also known Mariya Shilova or Schilowa, a Russian astronomer at the Pulkovo Observatory near Saint Petersburg. She was Russia's first professional female astronomer and awarded for her work on celestial mechanics by the Russian Astronomical Society in 1905. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 115).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008769-0004-0000", "contents": "1255 Schilowa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBetween 2005 and 2009, three rotational lightcurves of Schilowa were obtained from photometric observations by European astronomers Pierre Antonini, Laurent Bernasconi, Ren\u00e9 Roy, Reiner Stoss, Jaime Nomen, Salvador S\u00e1nchez, Raoul Behrend. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 29.536 hours (also 24\u00a0h and 29.7\u00a0h) with a brightness amplitude between 0.09 and 0.15 magnitude (U=2 and 2/2-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008769-0005-0000", "contents": "1255 Schilowa, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nIn 2013, an international study modeled a lightcurve from various data sources including the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue and the Palomar Transient Factory survey. The lightcurve gave a sidereal period of 29.4674 hours and allowed for the determination of two spin axis of (156.0\u00b0, \u22124.0\u00b0) and (338.0\u00b0, 15.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 50], "content_span": [51, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008769-0006-0000", "contents": "1255 Schilowa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Schilowa measures between 32.52 and 37.24 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.071 and 0.1389. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1273 and a diameter of 32.44 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008770-0000-0000", "contents": "1256\nYear 1256 (MCCLVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008771-0000-0000", "contents": "1256 Contract\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by XXBlackburnXx (talk | contribs) at 22:38, 29 February 2020 (Reverted edits by 2409:4042:271D:4A3A:0:0:24E0:80A4 (talk) to last version by Famspear). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008771-0001-0000", "contents": "1256 Contract\nA 1256 Contract, as defined in section 1256 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, is any regulated futures contracts, foreign currency contracts, non-equity options (broad-based stock index options (including cash-settled ones), debt options, commodity futures options, and currency options), dealer equity options, dealer security futures contracts. For U.S. Federal income tax purposes, mark-to-market accounting is used for each 1256 contract as of the end of each tax year, and such contracts are treated as dispositioned (i.e., as \"closed\") at year end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008771-0002-0000", "contents": "1256 Contract\nThe Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is not clear on whether QQQ, DIA and SPY options should be treated as section 1256 contracts. On one hand, these do not settle in cash (most Section 1256 contracts do), but on the other hand they meet the definition of a \"broad-based\" index option. Instead, the IRS grants penalty relief if a broker determines in good faith that an index is, or is not, a narrow-based index, following published guidelines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008771-0003-0000", "contents": "1256 Contract, Tax advantages\nAny gain or loss from a 1256 Contract is treated for tax purposes as 40% short-term gain and 60% long-term gain. Because most futures contracts are held for less than the 12-month minimum holding period for long-term capital gains tax rates, the gain from any non-1256 contract will typically be taxed at the higher short-term rate. Thus the 1256 Contract designation enhances the marketability based on the after-tax attractiveness of these products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008771-0003-0001", "contents": "1256 Contract, Tax advantages\nThe reason for the implementation of section 1256 was the fact that traders were hedging their short term futures contracts (going long and short at the same time) to transition to the next tax year without paying the short-term capital gains tax on these positions, and were effectively making these positions qualify for long-term tax treatment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008771-0004-0000", "contents": "1256 Contract, Tax advantages\nSection 1256 contract net losses can be carried back three years (instead of being carried forward to the following year), starting with the earliest year, but only to a year in which there is a net Section 1256 contracts gain, and only up to the extent of such gain (the carrying back cannot produce a net operating loss for the year), using Form 1045 or an amended return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008772-0000-0000", "contents": "1256 Normannia\n1256 Normannia (prov. designation: 1932 PD) is a dark Hilda asteroid and slow rotator from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 69 kilometers (40 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 8 August 1932, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in Germany. The asteroid was likely named after the Normans who gave their name to the region of Normandy in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008772-0001-0000", "contents": "1256 Normannia, Orbit and classification\nNormannia is a member of the Hilda group of asteroids, which are in 3:2 orbital resonance with the gas-giant Jupiter. When applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements, Normannia is a background asteroid that does not belong to neither the Hilda family (001) nor the Schubart family (002), the only two asteroid families known within the Hilda group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008772-0002-0000", "contents": "1256 Normannia, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 3.6\u20134.2\u00a0AU once every 7 years and 8 months (2,808 days; semi-major axis of 3.89\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as 1930 KO at Lowell Observatory in May 1930, more than two years prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008772-0003-0000", "contents": "1256 Normannia, Naming\nThis minor planet was probably named after the Normans (\"Norseman\"), mainly Danish and Norwegian Vikings who settled in the historical region of Normandy in northwestern France. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 115).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008772-0004-0000", "contents": "1256 Normannia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Normannia is a dark D-type asteroid. Observations by Pan-STARRS and by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) also characterized the asteroid as a D-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008772-0005-0000", "contents": "1256 Normannia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Normannia was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 488.063 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.39 magnitude (U=2). This makes it one of the Top-100 slow rotators known to exist. Other observations gave several poor lightcurves with a much shorter period between 6.4 and 18.8 hours (U=1/1/1/n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008772-0006-0000", "contents": "1256 Normannia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Normannia measures between 68.253 and 73.26 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.046 and 0.052.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008772-0007-0000", "contents": "1256 Normannia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0364 and a diameter of 69.02 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.02.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008773-0000-0000", "contents": "12564 Ikeller\n12564 Ikeller, provisional designation 1998 SO49, is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008773-0001-0000", "contents": "12564 Ikeller\nThe asteroid was discovered by German amateur astronomer Wolf Bickel at his private Bergisch Gladbach Observatory on 22 September 1998. It was named after the discoverer's wife, Ingeborg Bickel\u2013Keller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008773-0002-0000", "contents": "12564 Ikeller, Orbit and classification\nIkeller is a member of the Koronis family, a group of stony asteroids in the outer main-belt named after 158\u00a0Koronis. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 9 months (1,743 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008773-0003-0000", "contents": "12564 Ikeller, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins 10 years prior to its official discovery observation, with its identification as 1988 RA7 at ESO's La Silla Observatory in September 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008773-0004-0000", "contents": "12564 Ikeller, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Ikeller measures 5.4 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.22, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for Koronian asteroids of 0.24 and thus calculates a smaller diameter of 5.2 kilometers, as the higher the albedo (reflectivity), the smaller a body's diameter at a certain absolute magnitude (brightness).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008773-0005-0000", "contents": "12564 Ikeller, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nIn August 2012, a photometric lightcurve of Ikeller was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.0423 hours with a brightness variation of 0.44 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008773-0006-0000", "contents": "12564 Ikeller, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after his wife, Ingeborg Bickel\u2013Keller (born 1941). The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 16 January 2014 (M.P.C. 86713).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008774-0000-0000", "contents": "1257\nYear 1257 (MCCLVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008775-0000-0000", "contents": "1257 Imperial election\nThe Imperial election of 1257 was two imperial elections in the Holy Roman Empire held to select the emperor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008775-0001-0000", "contents": "1257 Imperial election, Background\nThe Imperial elections of 1257 took place during a period known as the Great Interregnum of The Holy Roman Empire. In July 1245, Pope Innocent IV declared Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor deposed, opening a split between the factions Guelphs and Ghibellines. This led to a period of chaos, as various figures tried to become King of the Romans. With the death of Conrad IV in 1254 and his rival claimant William of Holland in 1256, an imperial election became necessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008775-0002-0000", "contents": "1257 Imperial election, Background\nThe two leading candidates were Alfonso X of Castile and Richard of Cornwall. The pope and King Louis IX of France initially favored Alfonso, but they were convinced by the influential relatives of Richard's sister-in-law, the Eleanor of Provence, to support Richard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008775-0003-0000", "contents": "1257 Imperial election, Background\nWith seven electors, it was necessary to gain at least four votes. Richard was backed by three German Electoral Princes (Cologne, Mainz, and the Palatinate), while Saxony, Brandenburg, and Trier supported Alfonso X of Castile. Ottokar II of Bohemia at first backed Richard before switching his support to Alfonso, and finally returned to supporting Richard, giving Richard the required simple majority. This led to his election in 1256 as King of Germany. Richard had to bribe four of the electors to secure the election, at an enormous cost of 28,000 marks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008775-0004-0000", "contents": "1257 Imperial election, Election and aftermath\nRichard of Cornwall was elected but only after a highly partisan election. On May 27, 1257, Konrad von Hochstaden, archbishop of Cologne himself crowned Richard \"King of the Romans\" in Aachen; Like his lordships in Gascony and Poitou, his title of Germany never held much significance, and he made only four brief visits to Germany between 1257 and 1269.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008776-0000-0000", "contents": "1257 M\u00f3ra\n1257 M\u00f3ra, provisional designation 1932 PE, is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 August 1932, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after Hungarian astronomer K\u00e1roly M\u00f3ra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008776-0001-0000", "contents": "1257 M\u00f3ra, Orbit and classification\nM\u00f3ra orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 11 months (1,434 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Identified as 1928 QA, it was first observed at Heidelberg and Algiers Observatory in 1928, extending the body's observation arc by 4 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008776-0002-0000", "contents": "1257 M\u00f3ra, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAmerican astronomer Richard Binzel and French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy obtained three rotational light curves of M\u00f3ra from photometric observation taken in 1983 and 2009/11, respectively. Light curve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period between 2.28 and 2.30 hours with a change in brightness of 0.23 to 0.43 magnitude (U=3/2+/3). The short period is just above the threshold of 2.2 hours for the so-called fast rotators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008776-0003-0000", "contents": "1257 M\u00f3ra, Physical characteristics, Diameter, albedo and spectral type\nAccording to the space-based surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, M\u00f3ra measures between 14.72 and 21.47 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.051 and 0.10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 71], "content_span": [72, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008776-0004-0000", "contents": "1257 M\u00f3ra, Physical characteristics, Diameter, albedo and spectral type\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony S-type asteroids of 0.20 and derives a shorter diameter of 10.79 kilometers, while Richard Binzel classified it as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid during his photometric observations in the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 71], "content_span": [72, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008776-0005-0000", "contents": "1257 M\u00f3ra, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honour of Hungarian astronomer K\u00e1roly M\u00f3ra (1899\u20131938). The official naming citation was  mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 116). As a curiosity, astronomer Paul Wild reshuffled the letters and numbers of the designation \"1257 Mora\" to construct a name for his discovery 2517 Orma in 1968 (orma also means \"trace, track\" in Italian).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0000-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption\nIn 1257, a catastrophic eruption occurred at the Samalas volcano on the Indonesian island of Lombok. The event had a probable Volcanic Explosivity Index of 7, making it one of the largest volcanic eruptions during the current Holocene epoch. It created eruption columns reaching tens of kilometres into the atmosphere and pyroclastic flows that buried much of Lombok and crossed the sea to reach the neighbouring island of Sumbawa. The flows destroyed human habitations, including the city of Pamatan, which was the capital of a kingdom on Lombok. Ash from the eruption fell as far as 340 kilometres (210\u00a0mi) away in Java; the volcano deposited more than 10 cubic kilometres (2.4\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) of rocks and ash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0001-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption\nThe eruption was witnessed by people who recorded it on the Babad Lombok, a document written on palm leaves. It left behind a large caldera that contains Lake Segara Anak. Later volcanic activity created more volcanic centres in the caldera, including the Barujari cone, which remains active. The aerosols injected into the atmosphere reduced the solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, cooling the atmosphere for several years and leading to famines and crop failures in Europe and elsewhere, although the exact scale of the temperature anomalies and their consequences is still debated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0001-0001", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption\nThe eruption may have helped trigger the Little Ice Age, a centuries-long cold period during the last thousand years. Before the site of the eruption was known, an examination of ice cores around the world had found a large spike in sulfate deposition around 1257, providing strong evidence of a large volcanic eruption having occurred somewhere in the world. In 2013, scientists linked the historical records about Mount Samalas to these spikes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0002-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Geology, General geology\nSamalas (also known as Rinjani Tua) was part of what is now the Rinjani volcanic complex, on Lombok, in Indonesia. The remains of the volcano form the Segara Anak caldera, with Mount Rinjani at its eastern edge. Since the destruction of Samalas, two new volcanoes, Rombongan and Barujari, have formed in the caldera. Mount Rinjani has also been volcanically active, forming its own crater, Segara Muncar. Other volcanoes in the region include Agung, Batur, and Bratan, on the island of Bali to the west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0003-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Geology, General geology\nLombok is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands in the Sunda Arc of Indonesia, a subduction zone where the Australian plate subducts beneath the Eurasian plate at a rate of 7 centimetres per year (2.8\u00a0in/year). The magmas feeding Mount Samalas and Mount Rinjani are likely derived from peridotite rocks beneath Lombok, in the mantle wedge. Before the eruption, Mount Samalas may have been as tall as 4,200\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0100 metres (13,780\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0330\u00a0ft), based on reconstructions that extrapolate upwards from the surviving lower slopes; its current height is less than that of the neighbouring Mount Rinjani, which reaches 3,726 metres (12,224\u00a0ft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0004-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Geology, General geology\nThe oldest geological units on Lombok are from the Oligocene-Miocene, with old volcanic units cropping out in southern parts of the island. Samalas was built up by volcanic activity before 12,000 BP. Rinjani formed between 11,940 \u00b1 40 and 2,550 \u00b1 50 BP, with an eruption between 5,990 \u00b1 50 and 2,550 \u00b1 50 BP forming the Propok Pumice with a dense rock equivalent volume of 0.1 cubic kilometres (0.024\u00a0cu\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0004-0001", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Geology, General geology\nThe Rinjani Pumice, with a volume of 0.3 cubic kilometres (0.072\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) dense rock equivalent, may have been deposited by an eruption from either Rinjani or Samalas; it is dated to 2,550 \u00b1 50 BP, at the end of the time range during which Rinjani formed. The deposits from this eruption reached thicknesses of 6 centimetres (2.4\u00a0in) at 28 kilometres (17\u00a0mi) distance. Additional eruptions by either Rinjani or Samalas are dated 11,980 \u00b1 40, 11,940 \u00b1 40, and 6,250 \u00b1 40 BP. Eruptive activity continued until about 500 years before 1257. Most volcanic activity now occurs at the Barujari volcano with eruptions in 1884, 1904, 1906, 1909, 1915, 1966, 1994, 2004, and 2009; Rombongan was active in 1944. Volcanic activity mostly consists of explosive eruptions and ash flows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0005-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Geology, General geology\nThe rocks of the Samalas volcano are mostly dacitic, with a SiO2 content of 62\u201363 percent by weight. Volcanic rocks in the Banda arc are mostly calc-alkaline ranging from basalt over andesite to dacite. The crust beneath the volcano is about 20 kilometres (12\u00a0mi) thick, and the lower extremity of the Wadati\u2013Benioff zone is about 164 kilometres (102\u00a0mi) deep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0006-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Geology, Eruption\nThe events of the 1257 eruption have been reconstructed through geological analysis of the deposits it left. The eruption probably occurred during the northern summer in September (uncertainty of 2-3 months) that year, in light of the time it would have taken for its traces to reach the polar ice sheets and be recorded in ice cores and the pattern of tephra deposits. The eruption began with a phreatic (steam explosion powered) stage that deposited 3 centimetres (1.2\u00a0in) of ash over 400 square kilometres (150\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) of northwest Lombok.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0006-0001", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Geology, Eruption\nA magmatic stage followed, and lithic-rich pumice rained down, the fallout reaching a thickness of 8 centimetres (3.1\u00a0in) both upwind on East Lombok and on Bali. This was followed by lapilli rock as well as ash fallout, and pyroclastic flows that were partially confined within the valleys on Samalas's western flank. Some ash deposits were eroded by the pyroclastic flows, which created furrow structures in the ash. Pyroclastic flows crossed 10 kilometres (6.2\u00a0mi) of the Bali Sea, reaching the Gili Islands to the west of Samalas, while pumice blocks presumably covered the Alas Strait between Lombok and Sumbawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0006-0002", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Geology, Eruption\nThe deposits show evidence of interaction of the lava with water, so this eruption phase was probably phreatomagmatic. It was followed by three pumice fallout episodes, with deposits over an area wider than was reached by any of the other eruption phases. These pumices fell up to 61 kilometres (38\u00a0mi) to the east, against the prevailing wind, in Sumbawa, where they are up to 7 centimetres (2.8\u00a0in) thick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0007-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Geology, Eruption\nThe deposition of these pumices was followed by another stage of pyroclastic flow activity, probably caused by the collapse of the eruption column that generated the flows. At this time the eruption changed from an eruption-column-generating stage to a fountain-like stage and the caldera began to form. These pyroclastic flows were deflected by the topography of Lombok, filling valleys and moving around obstacles such as older volcanoes as they expanded across the island incinerating the island's vegetation. Interaction between these flows and the air triggered the formation of additional eruption clouds and secondary pyroclastic flows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0007-0001", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Geology, Eruption\nWhere the flows entered the sea north and east of Lombok, steam explosions created pumice cones on the beaches and additional secondary pyroclastic flows. Coral reefs were buried by the pyroclastic flows; some flows crossed the Alas Strait between Sumbawa and Lombok and formed deposits on Sumbawa. These pyroclastic flows reached volumes of 29 cubic kilometres (7.0\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) on Lombok, and thicknesses of 35 metres (115\u00a0ft) as far as 25 kilometres (16\u00a0mi) from Samalas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0007-0002", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Geology, Eruption\nThe phases of the eruption are also known as P1 (phreatic and magmatic phase), P2 (phreatomagmatic with pyroclastic flows), P3 (Plinian) and P4 (pyroclastic flows). The duration of the P1 and P3 phases is not known individually, but the two phases combined (not including P2) lasted between 12 and 15 hours. The pyroclastic flows altered the geography of eastern Lombok, burying river valleys and extending the shoreline; a new river network developed on the volcanic deposits after the eruption. The eruption column reached a height of 39\u201340 kilometres (24\u201325\u00a0mi) during the first stage (P1), and of 38\u201343 kilometres (24\u201327\u00a0mi) during the third stage (P3); it was high enough that SO2 in it and its S isotope ratio was influenced by photolysis at high altitudes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0008-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Geology, Eruption\nVolcanic rocks ejected by the eruption covered Bali and Lombok and parts of Sumbawa. Tephra in the form of layers of fine ash from the eruption fell as far away as Java, forming part of the Muntilan Tephra, which was found on the slopes of other volcanoes of Java, but could not be linked to eruptions in these volcanic systems. This tephra is now considered to be a product of the 1257 eruption and is thus also known as the Samalas Tephra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0008-0001", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Geology, Eruption\nIt reaches thicknesses of 2\u20133 centimetres (0.79\u20131.18\u00a0in) on Mount Merapi, 15 centimetres (5.9\u00a0in) on Mount Bromo, 22 centimetres (8.7\u00a0in) at Ijen and 12\u201317 centimetres (4.7\u20136.7\u00a0in) on Bali's Agung volcano. In Lake Logung 340 kilometres (210\u00a0mi) away from Samalas on Java it is 3 centimetres (1.2\u00a0in) thick. Most of the tephra was deposited west-southwest of Samalas. Considering the thickness of Samalas Tephra found at Mount Merapi, the total volume may have reached 32\u201339 cubic kilometres (7.7\u20139.4\u00a0cu\u00a0mi). The dispersal index (the surface area covered by an ash or tephra fall) of the eruption reached 7,500 square kilometres (2,900\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) during the first stage and 110,500 square kilometres (42,700\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) during the third stage, implying that these were a Plinian eruption and an Ultraplinian eruption respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0009-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Geology, Eruption\nPumice falls with a fine graining and creamy colour from the Samalas eruption have been used as a tephrochronological marker on Bali. Tephra from the volcano was found in ice cores as far as 13,500 kilometres (8,400\u00a0mi) away, and a tephra layer sampled at Dongdao island in the South China Sea has been tentatively linked to Samalas. Ash and aerosols might have impacted humans and corals at large distances from the eruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0010-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Geology, Eruption\nThere are several estimates of the volumes expelled during the various stages of the Samalas eruption. The first stage reached a volume of 12.6\u201313.4 cubic kilometres (3.0\u20133.2\u00a0cu\u00a0mi). The phreatomagmatic phase has been estimated to have had a volume of 0.9\u20133.5 cubic kilometres (0.22\u20130.84\u00a0cu\u00a0mi). The total dense rock equivalent volume of the whole eruption was at least 40 cubic kilometres (9.6\u00a0cu\u00a0mi). The magma erupted was trachydacitic and contained amphibole, apatite, clinopyroxene, iron sulfide, orthopyroxene, plagioclase, and titanomagnetite. It formed out of basaltic magma by fractional crystallization and had a temperature of about 1,000\u00a0\u00b0C (1,830\u00a0\u00b0F). Its eruption may have been triggered either by the entry of new magma into the magma chamber or the effects of gas bubble buoyancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0011-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Geology, Eruption\nThe eruption had a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 7, making it one of the largest eruptions of the current Holocene epoch. Eruptions of comparable intensity include the Kurile lake eruption (in Kamchatka, Russia) in the 7th millennium BC, the Mount Mazama (United States, Oregon) eruption in the 6th millennium BC, the Cerro Blanco (Argentina) eruption about 4,200 years ago, the Minoan eruption (in Santorini, Greece) between 1627 and 1600 BC, and the Tierra Blanca Joven eruption of Lake Ilopango (El Salvador) in the 6th century. Such large volcanic eruptions can result in catastrophic impacts on humans and widespread loss of life both close to the volcano and at greater distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0012-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Geology, Eruption\nThe eruption left the 6\u20137 kilometres (3.7\u20134.3\u00a0mi) wide Segara Anak caldera where the Samalas mountain was before; within its 700\u20132,800 metres (2,300\u20139,200\u00a0ft) high walls, a 200 metres (660\u00a0ft) deep crater lake formed called Lake Segara Anak. The Barujari cone rises 320 metres (1,050\u00a0ft) above the water of the lake and has erupted 15 times since 1847. A crater lake possibly already existed on Samalas before the eruption and supplied its phreatomagmatic phase with 0.1\u20130.3 cubic kilometres (0.024\u20130.072\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) of water. Alternatively, the water could have come from aquifers. 2.1\u20132.9 cubic kilometres (0.50\u20130.70\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) of rock from Rinjani collapsed into the caldera, leaving a collapse structure that cuts into Rinjani's slopes facing the Samalas caldera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0013-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Geology, Eruption\nThe eruption that formed the caldera was first recognized in 2003, and in 2004 a volume of 10 cubic kilometres (2.4\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) was attributed to this eruption. Early research considered that the caldera-forming eruption occurred between 1210 and 1300. In 2013, Lavigne suggested that the eruption occurred between May and October 1257, resulting in the climate changes of 1258. Several villages on Lombok are constructed on the pyroclastic flow deposits from the 1257 event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0014-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Research history\nA major volcanic event in 1257\u20131258 was first discovered from data in ice cores; specifically increased sulfate concentrations were found in 1980 within the Cr\u00eate ice core (Greenland, drilled in 1974) associated with a deposit of rhyolitic ash. The 1257\u20131258 layer is the third largest sulfate signal at Cr\u00eate; at first a source in a volcano near Greenland had been considered but Icelandic records made no mention of eruptions around 1250 and it was found in 1988 that ice cores in Antarctica \u2013 at Byrd Station and the South Pole \u2013 also contained sulfate signals. Sulfate spikes were also found in ice cores from Ellesmere Island, Canada, and the Samalas sulfate spikes were used as stratigraphic markers for ice cores even before the volcano that caused them was known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0015-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Research history\nThe ice cores indicated a large sulfate spike, accompanied by tephra deposition, around 1257\u20131259, the largest in 7,000 years and twice the size of the spike due to the 1815 eruption of Tambora. In 2003, a dense rock equivalent volume of 200\u2013800 cubic kilometres (48\u2013192\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) was estimated for this eruption, but it was also proposed that the eruption might have been somewhat smaller and richer in sulfur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0015-0001", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Research history\nThe volcano responsible was thought to be located in the Ring of Fire but could not be identified at first; Tofua volcano in Tonga was proposed at first but dismissed, as the Tofua eruption was too small to generate the 1257 sulfate spikes. A volcanic eruption in 1256 at Harrat al-Rahat near Medina was also too small to trigger these events. Other proposals included several simultaneous eruptions. The diameter of the caldera left by the eruption was estimated to be 10\u201330 kilometres (6.2\u201318.6\u00a0mi), and the location was estimated to be close to the equator and probably north of it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0016-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Research history\nWhile at first no clear-cut climate anomaly could be correlated to the 1257 sulfate layers, in 2000 climate phenomena were identified in medieval records of the northern hemisphere that are characteristic for volcanic eruptions. Earlier, climate alterations had been reported from studies of tree rings and climate reconstructions. The deposits showed that climate disturbances reported at that time were due to a volcanic event, the global spread indicating a tropical volcano as the cause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0017-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Research history\nThe suggestion that Samalas/Rinjani might be the source volcano was first raised in 2012, since the other candidate volcanoes \u2013 El Chich\u00f3n and Quilotoa \u2013 did not match the chemistry of the sulfur spikes. El Chichon, Quilotoa and Okataina were also inconsistent with the timespan and size of the eruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0018-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Research history\nAll houses were destroyed and swept away, floating on the sea, and many people died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0019-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Research history\nThe conclusive link between these events and an eruption of Samalas was made in 2013 on the basis of radiocarbon dating of trees on Lombok and the Babad Lombok, a series of writings in Old Javanese on palm leaves that described a catastrophic volcanic event on Lombok which occurred before 1300. These findings induced Franck Lavigne, a geoscientist of the Pantheon-Sorbonne University who had already suspected that a volcano on that island may be responsible, to conclude that the Samalas volcano was this volcano. The role of the Samalas eruption in the global climate events was confirmed by comparing the geochemistry of glass shards found in ice cores to that of the eruption deposits on Lombok. Later, geochemical similarities between tephra found in polar ice cores and eruption products of Samalas reinforced this localization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0020-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Climate effects, Aerosol and paleoclimate data\nIce cores in the northern and southern hemisphere display sulfate spikes associated with Samalas. The signal is the strongest in the southern hemisphere over the last 1000 years; one reconstruction even considers it the strongest of the last 2500 years. It is about eight times stronger than that of Krakatau. In the northern hemisphere it is only exceeded by the signal of the destructive 1783/1784 Laki eruption; The ice core sulfate spikes have been used as a time marker in chronostratigraphic studies. Ice cores from Illimani in Bolivia contain thallium and sulfate spikes from the eruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0020-0001", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Climate effects, Aerosol and paleoclimate data\nFor comparison, the 1991 eruption of Pinatubo ejected only about a tenth of the amount of sulfur erupted by Samalas. Sulfate deposition from the Samalas eruption has been noted at Svalbard, and the fallout of sulfuric acid from the volcano may have directly affected peatlands in northern Sweden. In addition, the sulfate aerosols may have extracted large amounts of the beryllium isotope 10Be from the stratosphere; such an extraction event and the subsequent deposition in ice cores may mimic changes in solar activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0020-0002", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Climate effects, Aerosol and paleoclimate data\nThe amount of sulfur dioxide released by the eruption has been estimated to be 158\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012 million tonnes. The mass release was greater than for the Tambora eruption; Samalas may have been more effective at injecting tephra into the stratosphere, and the Samalas magma may have had a higher sulfur content. After the eruption, it probably took weeks to months for the fallout to reach large distances from the volcano. When large scale volcanic eruptions inject aerosols into the atmosphere, they can form stratospheric veils.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0020-0003", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Climate effects, Aerosol and paleoclimate data\nThese reduce the amount of light reaching the surface and cause lower temperatures, which can lead to poor crop yields. Such sulfate aerosols in the case of the Samalas eruption may have remained at high concentrations for about three years according to findings in the Dome C ice core in Antarctica, although a smaller amount may have persisted for an additional time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0021-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Climate effects, Aerosol and paleoclimate data\nOther records of the eruption's impact include decreased tree growth in Mongolia between 1258 and 1262 based on tree ring data, frost rings (tree rings damaged by frost during the growth season), light tree rings in Canada and northwestern Siberia from 1258 and 1259 respectively, thin tree rings in the Sierra Nevada, California, U.S. lake sediments recording a cooling episode in northeastern China, a very wet monsoon in Vietnam, droughts in many places in the Northern Hemisphere as well as in southern Thailand cave records, and a decade-long thinning of tree rings in Norway and Sweden. Cooling may have lasted for 4\u20135 years based on simulations and tree ring data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0022-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Climate effects, Aerosol and paleoclimate data\nAnother effect of the eruption-induced climate change may have been a brief decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. A decrease in the growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations was recorded after the 1992 Pinatubo eruption; several mechanisms for volcanically driven decreases in atmospheric CO2 concentration have been proposed, including colder oceans absorbing extra CO2 and releasing less of it, decreased respiration rates leading to carbon accumulation in the biosphere, and increased productivity of the biosphere due to increased scattered sunlight and the fertilization of oceans by volcanic ash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0023-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Climate effects, Aerosol and paleoclimate data\nThe Samalas signal is only inconsistently reported from tree ring climate information, and the temperature effects were likewise limited, probably because the large sulfate output altered the average size of particles and thus their radiative forcing. Climate modelling indicated that the Samalas eruption may have reduced global temperatures by approximately 2\u00a0\u00b0C (3.6\u00a0\u00b0F), a value largely not replicated by proxy data. Better modelling with a general circulation model that includes a detailed description of the aerosol indicated that the principal temperature anomaly occurred in 1258 and continued until 1261.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0023-0001", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Climate effects, Aerosol and paleoclimate data\nClimate models tend to overestimate the climate impact of a volcanic eruption; one explanation is that climate models tend to assume that aerosol optical depth increases linearly with the quantity of erupted sulfur when in reality self-limiting processes limit its growth. The possible occurrence of an El Ni\u00f1o before the eruption may have further reduced the cooling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0024-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Climate effects, Aerosol and paleoclimate data\nThe Samalas eruption, together with 14th century cooling, is thought to have set off a growth of ice caps and sea ice, and glaciers in Norway advanced. The advances of ice after the Samalas eruption may have strengthened and prolonged the climate effects. Later volcanic activity in 1269, 1278, and 1286 and the effects of sea ice on the North Atlantic would have further contributed to ice expansion. The glacier advances triggered by the Samalas eruption are documented on Baffin Island, where the advancing ice killed and then incorporated vegetation, conserving it. Likewise, a change in Arctic Canada from a warm climate phase to a colder one coincides with the Samalas eruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0025-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Climate effects, Simulated effects\nAccording to 2003 reconstructions, summer cooling reached 0.69\u00a0\u00b0C (1.24\u00a0\u00b0F) in the southern hemisphere and 0.46\u00a0\u00b0C (0.83\u00a0\u00b0F) in the northern hemisphere. More recent proxy data indicate that a temperature drop of 0.7\u00a0\u00b0C (1.3\u00a0\u00b0F) occurred in 1258 and of 1.2\u00a0\u00b0C (2.2\u00a0\u00b0F) in 1259, but with differences between various geographical areas. For comparison, the radiative forcing of Pinatubo's 1991 eruption was about a seventh of that of the Samalas eruption. Sea surface temperatures too decreased by 0.3\u20132.2\u00a0\u00b0C (0.54\u20133.96\u00a0\u00b0F), triggering changes in the ocean circulations. Ocean temperature and salinity changes may have lasted for a decade. Precipitation and evaporation both decreased, evaporation reduced more than precipitation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0026-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Climate effects, Simulated effects\nVolcanic eruptions can also deliver bromine and chlorine into the stratosphere, where they contribute to the breakdown of ozone through their oxides chlorine monoxide and bromine monoxide. While most bromine and chlorine erupted would have been scavenged by the eruption column and thus would not have entered the stratosphere, the quantities that have been modelled for the Samalas halogen release (227\u00a0\u00b1\u00a018 million tonnes of chlorine and up to 1.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.3 million tonnes of bromine) would have reduced stratospheric ozone although only a small portion of the halogens would have reached the stratosphere. One hypothesis is that the resulting increase in ultraviolet radiation on the surface of Earth may have led to widespread immunosuppression in human populations, explaining the onset of epidemics in the years following the eruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0027-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Climate effects, Climate effects\nSamalas, along with the Kuwae eruption in the 1450s and Tambora in 1815, was one of the strongest cooling events in the last millennium, even more so than at the peak of the Little Ice Age. After an early warm winter 1257\u20131258 resulting in the early flowering of violets according to reports from France, European summers were colder after the eruption, and winters were long and cold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0028-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Climate effects, Climate effects\nThe Samalas eruption came after the Medieval Climate Anomaly, a period early in the last millennium with unusually warm temperatures, and at a time when a period of climate stability was ending, with earlier eruptions in 1108, 1171, and 1230 already having upset global climate. Subsequent time periods displayed increased volcanic activity until the early 20th century. The time period 1250\u20131300 was heavily disturbed by volcanic activity, and is recorded by a moraine from a glacial advance on Disko Island, although the moraine may indicate a pre-Samalas cold spell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0028-0001", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Climate effects, Climate effects\nThese volcanic disturbances along with positive feedback effects from increased ice may have started the Little Ice Age even without the need for changes in solar radiation, though this theory is not without disagreement. The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0029-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Climate effects, Climate effects\nOther regions such as Alaska were mostly unaffected. There is little evidence that tree growth was influenced by cold in what is now the Western United States, where the eruption may have interrupted a prolonged drought period. The climate effect in Alaska may have been moderated by the nearby ocean. In 1259, western Europe and the west coastal North America had mild weather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0030-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Social and historical consequences\nThe eruption led to global disaster in 1257\u20131258. Very large volcanic eruptions can cause significant human hardship, including famine, away from the volcano due to their effect on climate. The social effects are often reduced by the resilience of humans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0031-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Social and historical consequences, Lombok Kingdom and Bali (Indonesia)\nWestern and central Indonesia at the time were divided into competing kingdoms that often built temple complexes with inscriptions documenting historical events. However, little direct historical evidence of the consequences of the Samalas eruption exists. The Babad Lombok describe how villages on Lombok were destroyed during the mid-13th century by ash, gas and lava flows, and two additional documents known as the Babad Sembalun and Babad Suwung may also reference the eruption. They are also \u2013 together with other texts \u2013 the source of the name \"Samalas\" while the name \"Suwung\" - \"quiet and without life\" - may, in turn, be a reference to the aftermath of the eruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 94], "content_span": [95, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0032-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Social and historical consequences, Lombok Kingdom and Bali (Indonesia)\nMount Rinjani avalanched and Mount Salamas collapsed, followed by large flows of debris accompanied by the noise coming from boulders. These flows destroyed Pamatan. All houses were destroyed and swept away, floating on the sea, and many people died. During seven days, big earthquakes shook the Earth, stranded in Leneng, dragged by the boulder flows, People escaped and some of them climbed the hills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 94], "content_span": [95, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0033-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Social and historical consequences, Lombok Kingdom and Bali (Indonesia)\nThe city of Pamatan, capital of a kingdom on Lombok, was destroyed, and both disappeared from the historical record. The royal family survived the disaster according to the Javanese text, and there is no clear-cut evidence that the kingdom itself was destroyed by the eruption, as the history there is poorly known in general. Thousands of people died during the eruption although it is possible that the population of Lombok fled before the eruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 94], "content_span": [95, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0033-0001", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Social and historical consequences, Lombok Kingdom and Bali (Indonesia)\nIn Bali the number of inscriptions dropped off after the eruption, and Bali and Lombok may have been depopulated by it, possibly for generations, allowing King Kertanegara of Singhasari on Java to conquer Bali in 1284 with little resistance. The western coast of Sumbawa was depopulated and remains so to this day; presumably the local populace viewed the area devastated by the eruption as \"forbidden\" and this memory persisted until recent times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 94], "content_span": [95, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0034-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Social and historical consequences, Oceania and New Zealand\nHistorical events in Oceania are usually poorly dated, making it difficult to assess the timing and role of specific events, but there is evidence that between 1250 and 1300 there were crises in Oceania, for example at Easter Island, which may be linked with the beginning of the Little Ice Age and the Samalas eruption. Around 1300, settlements in many places of the Pacific relocated, perhaps because of a sea level drop that occurred after 1250, and the 1991 eruption of Pinatubo has been linked to small drops in sea level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0035-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Social and historical consequences, Oceania and New Zealand\nClimate change triggered by the Samalas eruption and the beginning of the Little Ice Age may have led to people in Polynesia migrating southwestward in the 13th century. The first settlement of New Zealand most likely occurred 1230\u20131280 AD and the arrival of people there and on other islands in the region may reflect such a climate-induced migration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0036-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Social and historical consequences, Europe, Near East and Middle East\nContemporary chronicles in Europe mention unusual weather conditions in 1258. Reports from 1258 in France and England indicate a dry fog, giving the impression of a persistent cloud cover to contemporary observers. Medieval chronicles say that in 1258, the summer was cold and rainy, causing floods and bad harvests, with cold from February to June. Frost occurred in the summer 1259 according to Russian chronicles. In Europe and the Middle East, changes in atmospheric colours, storms, cold, and severe weather were reported in 1258\u20131259, with agricultural problems extending to North Africa. In Europe, excess rain, cold and high cloudiness damaged crops and caused famines followed by epidemics, although 1258\u20131259 did not lead to famines as bad as some other famines such as the Great Famine of 1315\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 92], "content_span": [93, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0037-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Social and historical consequences, Europe, Near East and Middle East\nSwollen and rotting in groups of five or six, the dead lay abandoned in pigsties, on dunghills, and in the muddy streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 92], "content_span": [93, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0038-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Social and historical consequences, Europe, Near East and Middle East\nIn northwest Europe, the effects included crop failure, famine, and weather changes. A famine in London has been linked to this event; this food crisis  was not extraordinary and there were issues with harvests already before the eruption. The famine occurred at a time of political crisis between King Henry III of England and the English magnates. Witnesses reported a death toll of 15,000 to 20,000 in London. A mass burial of famine victims was found in the 1990s in the centre of London. Matthew Paris of St Albans described how until mid-August 1258, the weather alternated between cold and strong rain, causing high mortality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 92], "content_span": [93, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0039-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Social and historical consequences, Europe, Near East and Middle East\nThe resulting famine was severe enough that grain was imported from Germany and Holland. The price for cereal increased in Britain, France, and Italy. Outbreaks of disease occurred during this time in the Middle East and England. During and after the winter of 1258\u201359, exceptional weather was reported less commonly, but the winter of 1260\u201361 was very severe in Iceland, Italy, and elsewhere. The disruption caused by the eruption may have influenced the onset of the Mud\u00e9jar revolt of 1264\u20131266 in Iberia. The Flagellant movement, which is first recorded in Italy in 1260, may have originated in the social distress caused by the effects of the eruption, though warfare and other causes probably played a more important role than natural events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 92], "content_span": [93, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0040-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Social and historical consequences, Europe, Near East and Middle East, Long term consequences in Europe and the Near East\nOver the long term, the cooling of the North Atlantic and sea ice expansion therein may have impacted the societies of Greenland and Iceland by restraining navigation and agriculture, perhaps allowing further climate shocks around 1425 to end the existence of the Norse settlement in Greenland. Another possible longer term consequence of the eruption was the Byzantine Empire's loss of control over western Anatolia, because of a shift in political power from Byzantine farmers to mostly Turkoman pastoralists in the area. Colder winters caused by the eruption would have impacted agriculture more severely than pastoralism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 144], "content_span": [145, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0041-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Social and historical consequences, Four Corners region, North America\nThe 1257 Samalas eruption took place during the Pueblo III Period in southwestern North America, during which the Mesa Verde region on the San Juan River was the site of the so-called cliff dwellings. Several sites were abandoned after the eruption, which had cooled the local climate. The Samalas eruption was one among several eruptions during this period which may have triggered climate stresses, which in turn caused strife within the society of the Ancestral Puebloans; possibly they left the northern Colorado Plateau as a consequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 93], "content_span": [94, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0042-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Social and historical consequences, Altiplano, South America\nIn the Altiplano of South America, a cold and dry interval between 1200 and 1450 has been associated with the Samalas eruption and the 1280 eruption of Quilotoa volcano in Ecuador. The use of rain-fed agriculture increased in the area between the Salar de Uyuni and the Salar de Coipasa despite the climatic change, implying that the local population effectively coped with the effects of the eruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 83], "content_span": [84, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0043-0000", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Social and historical consequences, Northeast Asia\nProblems were also recorded in China, Japan, and Korea. In Japan, the Azuma Kagami chronicle mentions that rice paddies and gardens were destroyed by the cold and wet weather, and the so-called Sh\u00f4ga famine may have been aggravated by bad weather in 1258 and 1259. Other effects of the eruption include a total darkening of the Moon in May 1258 during a lunar eclipse, a phenomenon also recorded from Europe; volcanic aerosols reduce the amount of sunlight scattered into Earth's shadow and thus the brightness of the eclipsed Moon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 73], "content_span": [74, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008777-0043-0001", "contents": "1257 Samalas eruption, Social and historical consequences, Northeast Asia\nThe effects of the eruption may also have hastened the decline of the Mongol Empire, although the volcanic event is unlikely to have been the sole cause, and may have shifted its centre of power towards the Chinese part dominated by Kublai Khan which was more adapted to cold winter conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 73], "content_span": [74, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008778-0000-0000", "contents": "1257 in Ireland, Events\nA brave battle was fought by Godfrey O'Donnell, Lord of Tirconnell, in defence of his country, with the Lord Justice of Ireland, Maurice Fitzgerald, and the other English nobles of Connacht, at Creadran-Cille in Ros-cede, in the territory of Carbury, to the north of Sligo. A desperate and furious battle was fought between them: bodies were mangled, heroes were disabled, and the senses were stunned on both sides. The field was vigorously maintained by the Kinel-Connell, who made such obstinate and vigorous onsets upon the English that, in the end, they routed them with great slaughter. Godfrey himself, however, was severely wounded; for he met Maurice Fitzgerald face to face in single combat, in which they wounded each other severely. In consequence of the success of this battle, the English and the Geraldines were driven out of Lower Connacht.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008778-0001-0000", "contents": "1257 in Ireland, Events\nOn the same day Mac Griffin, an illustrious knight, was taken prisoner by O'Donnell's people; and Sligo was afterwards burned and totally plundered by them. Donough, the son of Cormac O'Donnell, was killed in the heat of this battle of Creadran. They (O'Donnell's people) then returned home in consequence of O'Donnell's wounds; but, were it not that his wounds had oppressed him, he would have routed his enemies to the River Moy. Godfrey, on his return, prostrated and demolished the castle which had been erected by the English a short time before, at Cael-uisce, to carry on the war against the Kinel-Connell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008778-0002-0000", "contents": "1257 in Ireland, Events\nMaurice Fitzgerald, for some time Lord Justice of Ireland, and the destroyer of the Irish, died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008780-0000-0000", "contents": "1258\nYear 1258 (MCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008781-0000-0000", "contents": "1258 Sicilia\n1258 Sicilia, provisional designation 1932 PG, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 44 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 August 1932, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the Italian island of Sicily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008781-0001-0000", "contents": "1258 Sicilia, Orbit and classification\nSicilia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 3.0\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,076 days; semi-major axis of 3.19\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in 1932.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008781-0002-0000", "contents": "1258 Sicilia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 2010, a first rotational lightcurve of Sicilia was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory (E09) in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 13.500 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.19 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008781-0003-0000", "contents": "1258 Sicilia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Sicilia measures between 36.83 and 52.529 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0369 and 0.07.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008781-0004-0000", "contents": "1258 Sicilia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link largely agrees with IRAS and derives an albedo of 0.0470 and a diameter of 44.39 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008781-0005-0000", "contents": "1258 Sicilia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Italian island of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 116).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008783-0000-0000", "contents": "1259\nYear 1259 (MCCLIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008785-0000-0000", "contents": "1259 \u00d3gyalla\n1259 \u00d3gyalla, provisional designation 1933 BT, is a Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 January 1933, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named for the Hurbanovo Observatory (551).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008785-0001-0000", "contents": "1259 \u00d3gyalla, Orbit and classification\n\u00d3gyalla is a member of the Themis family, the 9th largest main-belt asteroid family of nearly 5,000 asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (1,997 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1928 DJ1 and 1928 FO at the discovering observatory in 1928, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 5 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008785-0002-0000", "contents": "1259 \u00d3gyalla, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA rotational lightcurve of \u00d3gyalla was obtained by the Spanish Photometric Asteroid Analysis Group (OBAS) in June 2016. Light curve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 17.334 hours with a brightness variation of 0.41 magnitude (U=3). In September 2012, photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory gave a period of 17.2669 and 17.3038 hours with an amplitude of 0.27 and 0.25 in the R- and S-band, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008785-0003-0000", "contents": "1259 \u00d3gyalla, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThe first lightcurve was already obtained in 1974, by Swedish astronomer Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist at Uppsala Observatory from photographic photometry, but it was only fragmentary and gave a tentative period of 12 hours (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008785-0004-0000", "contents": "1259 \u00d3gyalla, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, \u00d3gyalla measures between 26.59 and 36.11 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.064 and 0.10 (without preliminary results). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) derives an albedo of 0.0916 and a diameter of 33.31 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.6. CALL also classifies it as a stony S-type asteroid (as it does with all Themistians).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008785-0005-0000", "contents": "1259 \u00d3gyalla, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the Hurbanovo Observatory (IAU code: 551; formerly known as O'Gyalla Observatory), a seismological, meteorological and astronomical observatory in the former Hungarian city of \u00d3gyalla. Since 1948, the city belongs to Slovakia and is now known as Hurbanovo. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 116).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008786-0000-0000", "contents": "125P/Spacewatch\n125P/Spacewatch, is a periodic Jupiter-family comet. It was discovered on September 8, 1991, by Tom Gehrels using the 0.91 m Spacewatch telescope at the Kitt Peak National Observatory. It has a diameter of 1.6\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0000-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade\nThe 125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army that saw active service during both the First and Second World Wars. It was assigned to the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division and served in the Middle East and later in the trenches of the Western Front in the First World War. In the Second World War the brigade, now redesignated 125th Infantry Brigade, fought in Belgium and France before being evacuated at Dunkirk and was then converted into 10th Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0001-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade\nThroughout its existence the brigade was composed almost entirely of battalions of the Lancashire Fusiliers, except for a few brief months in the early half of the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0002-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Formation\nUpon the creation of the Territorial Force in April 1908, the four Volunteer battalions attached to the Lancashire Fusiliers were organised into a brigade within the East Lancashire Division. The battalions were drawn from the Lancashire towns of Bury (5th Battalion), Rochdale (6th Battalion) and Salford (7th and 8th battalions), with Brigade HQ at Preston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0003-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War\nOn the outbreak of the First World War, the East Lancashire Division mobilised and was sent to Egypt to relieve Regular Army troops of the British Army. Those men who had not volunteered for overseas service were left behind, together with floods of recruits, to form 2nd Line battalions (2/5th\u20132/8th Lancashire Fusiliers) in a 2nd East Lancashire Division. The 1st Line battalions were then renumbered 1/5th\u20131/8th. On 26 May 1915 the East Lancashire Division was renamed 42nd (East Lancashire) Division, and the Lancashire Fusilier Brigade was numbered 125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade. (In August 1915 the 2nd Line brigade became 197th (2/1st Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade in 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0004-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War, Order of battle\nThe 125th Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:Brigadier-General C.H. FrithBrigadier-General H. Fargus from 23 June 1917", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0005-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War, Order of battle\nWhen British infantry brigades on the Western Front were reduced to three battalions in February 1918, 1/6th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers left and joined 197th (2/1st Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade of the 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division, where it merged with the 2/6th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers and became the 6th Battalion once again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0006-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War, Gallipoli\nIn early May 1915, the 42nd Division embarked from Alexandria for Cape Helles on the Gallipoli Peninsula, where Allied troops had landed a few days earlier. 125th Brigade was the first part of the division to go into action, at the Second Battle of Krithia under the command of the Regular 29th Division. It then reverted to 42nd Division, and took part in the Third Battle of Krithia and Battle of Krithia Vineyard. The fighting was 'a singularly brainless and suicidal type of warfare', and virtually nothing was achieved in any of these attacks, at the cost of heavy casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0006-0001", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War, Gallipoli\nTwo brigades (the other being 126th (1/1st East Lancashire) Brigade) of 42nd Division attacked on the second day of the Krithia Vineyard battle: 'By nightfall both brigades were back in their old lines, with the exception of some parties of the 6th and 7th Lancashire Fusiliers, who defended the Vineyard against repeated Turkish attacks until, after a bitter and pointless struggle during the following five days, a trench dug across the centre of this worthless tract of scrub became the British front line'. After this failure, the Helles front was shut down and no further attacks were made. Five months later, following repeated failures elsewhere, the whole Gallipoli Campaign ended in evacuation back to Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0007-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War, Recuperation\nThe 42nd Division returned to Egypt in January 1916 with less than half the strength with which it had set out. It was stationed in Egypt for the next year, defending the Suez Canal and taking part in the Battle of Romani (4\u20135 August).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0008-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nIn February and March 1917, the whole of 42nd Division moved from Egypt to France to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front, where it remained for the rest of the war. After re-equipping and training for trench warfare in a 'quiet sector' with Fourth Army, 42nd Division relieved 15th (Scottish) Division in Fifth Army in the Ypres Sector at the end of August. On 6 September 125th Brigade carried out an unsuccessful attack on strongly-held German pillboxes around Iberian, Borry, and Beck House Farms. The small amount of ground they took was given up the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0009-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nThe 42nd Division was then returned to holding quiet sectors, at Nieuport and then Givenchy. It was now part of IV Corps in Third Army, in which it remained for the rest of the war. During the German Army's Spring Offensive (Operation Michael or the First Battles of the Somme 1918), the troops of 42nd Division took part in the Battle of Bapaume (24\u201325 March), First Battle of Arras (28 March) and the Battle of Ancre (5 April).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0009-0001", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nThen, during the Allied Hundred Days Offensive, it participated in the Battle of Albert (21\u201323 August) where Lance Corporal Edward Smith of the 1/5th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers was awarded the Victoria Cross. The brigade later fought in the Second Battle of Bapaume (31 August\u20133 September) during the fighting on the Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0009-0002", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nOn the Hindenburg Line it was in the Battle of the Canal du Nord, where the Official History records that 125th Brigade's advance at 07.52 on 27 September 'was met by very heavy fire in front from machine guns which the barrage did not seem to have touched, and from Beaucamp on the right\u00a0... It reached an intermediate objective about five hundred yards from the front line and towards noon a little beyond this; but there it had to remain'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0009-0003", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nHowever IV Corps renewed the attack after dark: 'The night was very dark and rainy, but the attack was a complete success; the enemy was surprised; very little opposition was encountered and many prisoners were taken. Under barrages moving a hundred yards in 5 minutes, the front lines of the 125th and 127th Brigades of the 42nd Division\u00a0... went forward in succession'. 42nd Division resumed the attack the following afternoon (28 September), 'when the 125th and 126th brigades (the latter passing through the 127th), after some opposition, reached the top of Welsh Ridge, the objective of the division'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0010-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nThird Army's advance in Picardy culminated in the Battle of the Selle from 17 to 23 October. On 23 October 42nd Division was given the task of taking three successive objectives before the New Zealand Division passed through to continue the attack. 125th Brigade led the attack with two battalions in front, but in spite of a defensive smoke barrage they suffered considerably from enemy shelling during assembly. The defenders of Beaurain 'made a stout resistance and there was hard fighting in the early stages of the attack, men on both sides being killed by the bayonet'. The left of 125th Brigade reached its objective by 04.45, but the rest of the line did not do so until 08.00. The New Zealanders passed through and successfully reached their objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0011-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nThe division was then withdrawn into reserve and halted around Beauvois-en-Cambr\u00e9sis from 24 October until the advance was resumed on 3 November. On 7 November the 42nd Division was tasked to take the high ground west of Hautmont and if possible to capture the town. The division was held up by enfilade fire from the right, and 126th Brigade did no more than occupy some of the high ground. 125th Brigade was therefore ordered to pass through it the next morning and advance to the objective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0011-0001", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nBut the 126th, 'in an endeavour to atone for its slowness on the 7th', pushed on and reached Hautmont before 125th could catch up. The 125th was unable to cross the Sambre because the pontoons had not arrived, so it retraced its steps to its overnight billets near Pont sur Sambre and crossed there. The brigade then forced back the enemy rearguards, and after dark its patrols went forward and cleared them off the high ground near Fort d'Hautmont, one of the outer forts of the Fortress of Maubeuge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0011-0002", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nOn 9 November the brigade encountered no resistance in reaching its assigned objective, and by 10 November the most forward troops were  on the Maubeuge\u2013Avesnes-sur-Helpe road. This was the end of the fighting, because the Armistice with Germany came into the effect the following day. In December the division moved into quarters in the Charleroi area and by mid-March 1919 most of its troops had gone home for demobilisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0012-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Interwar years\nThe Territorial Force was disbanded after the Great War and so both the brigade and division were also disbanded. However, the division reformed in 1920 in the Territorial Army, which was formed on a similar basis as the Territorial Force. The brigade was also reformed, now as the 125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Infantry Brigade, again with all four Territorial battalions of the Lancashire Fusiliers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0013-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Interwar years\nUnlike the other infantry brigades in the division, the 125th Brigade's organisation remained much the same. However, in the late 1930s the Territorial Army's infantry was reorganised and, with a reduced need for so many infantry units, many of them were converted into other roles, mainly anti-aircraft or searchlight units, of either the Royal Artillery or Royal Engineers. As a result, the 7th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers was transferred to the Royal Engineers and converted into the 39th (The Lancashire Fusiliers) Anti - Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers, equipped with searchlights, and joined the 33rd (Western) Anti - Aircraft Group, 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division. It appears they were not replaced in the brigade. Shortly after, in 1939, the brigade was redesignated the 125th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0014-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade and division, and the rest of the Territorial Army, were mobilised on 1 September 1939, the day the German Army launched its invasion of Poland. The Second World War officially began two days later, on 3 September 1939, and the men of the brigade and division were called up for full-time war service. Once again the 125th Infantry Brigade was composed of three battalions of the Lancashire Fusiliers. Both the brigade and division immediately began training in preparation for eventual overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0015-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Second World War, France and Dunkirk\nThe 125th Brigade, commanded at the time by Brigadier George Sutton a Territorial officer, landed in France on 15 April 1940 with the rest of the 42nd Division and became part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The division came under command of III Corps, under Lieutenant-General Sir Ronald Adam, which also included the Regular 5th Infantry Division and Territorial 44th (Home Counties) Infantry Division. Both the 42nd and 44th Divisions had, before deployment to France, been held back from reinforcing the BEF in order to participate in potential operations in Northern Europe, although this had never came to fruition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 74], "content_span": [75, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0015-0001", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Second World War, France and Dunkirk\nIn early May the 1/8th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers was exchanged with the 1st Battalion, Border Regiment from 4th Infantry Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division, another Regular formation. This was part of the BEF's official policy of mixing the Regular and Territorial Armies and was intended to, in theory, strengthen the TA divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 74], "content_span": [75, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0016-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Second World War, France and Dunkirk\nAfter the defeat at the hands of the German Army during the Battle of France, the brigade, after sustaining very heavy casualties, was evacuated from Dunkirk on 30 May 1940. With the 42nd Division, the brigade would spend most of its time in the United Kingdom reforming and absorbing large numbers of men who had been conscripted into military service as replacements, on home defence and training to repel an expected German invasion. In December, the 1st Battalion, Border Regiment was transferred to 31st Independent Infantry Brigade and was replaced by 9th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers, a newly raised hostilities-only unit created only a few months before in June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 74], "content_span": [75, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0017-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Second World War, Conversion\nOn 1 November 1941, 42nd Division was converted to 42nd Armoured Division, and 125th Brigade was renamed 10th Armoured Brigade. 1/5th, 1/6th and 9th Lancashire Fusiliers (a war service battalion raised in June 1940) became respectively the 108th, 109th and 143rd regiments of the Royal Armoured Corps. Like all infantry units transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, they still maintained their infantry cap badges on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0018-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Second World War, Conversion\nWhen the 10th Armoured Brigade was scheduled for disbandment in late 1943, Members of Parliament for the Lancashire towns complained about the loss of their Territorial battalions. Nevertheless, the disbandment went ahead in November 1943. Of the battalions, only the 5th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers was reconstituted after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0019-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Second World War, Order of battle\nThe 125th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008787-0020-0000", "contents": "125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Second World War, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded 125th Infantry Brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008788-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal\nThe 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal (French: M\u00e9daille comm\u00e9morative du 125e anniversaire de la Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration du Canada) is a commemorative medal struck by the Royal Canadian Mint to commemorate the 125th anniversary of the Confederation of Canada and was awarded to Canadians who were deemed to have made a significant contribution to their fellow citizens, to their community, or to Canada. Nominations were submitted to lieutenant governors and territorial commissioners, senators, members of parliament, provincial governments, the Public Service Commission of Canada, the Canadian Forces, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and various federal government departments, as well as organizations throughout the country, and some 42,000 medals were awarded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008788-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal\nThe medal's design was approved by the Canadian monarch, Elizabeth II. It is in the form of a 36 millimetres (1.4\u00a0in) diameter, rhodium plated copper and zinc alloy disc with, on the obverse, the image of the Royal Cypher surmounted by a St. Edward's Crown (symbolising the sovereign as fount of honour) all superimposed on a large single maple leaf and circumscribed with the words CONFEDERATION \u2022 CONF\u00c9D\u00c9RATION above and the years 1867 \u2014 1992 below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008788-0001-0001", "contents": "125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal\nThe medal's reverse shows the shield of the Royal Arms of Canada encircled by the motto ribbon of the Order of Canada and ensigned by the crest of the Canadian arms (a crowned lion holding a maple leaf in the right front paw), all above the country's national motto, A MARI USQUE AD MARE. This medallion is worn at the left chest, suspended on a 31.8mm wide ribbon with blue edging and white between with five vertical red stripes arranged equally, each of those representing 25 year intervals, thus totalling 125 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008789-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Anniversary \u00c7ayyolu Stage\n125th Anniversary \u00c7ayyolu Stage (Turkish: 125. Y\u0131l \u00c7ayyolu Sahnesi), is a theatre in \u00c7ayyolu suburb of \u00c7ankaya district in Ankara, Turkey. It is operated by the Turkish State Theatres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008790-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Battalion, CEF\nThe 125th Battalion (1st Overseas Battalion of 38th Regiment Dufferin Rifles),  CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Brantford, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 throughout Brant County. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 8th Reserve Battalion on April 16, 1918. The 125th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008790-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Battalion, CEF\nThe 125th Battalion is perpetuated by the 56th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008791-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Brigade Support Battalion (United States)\n125 Brigade Support Battalion The 125th Forward Support Battalion was constituted in 1936 at the 3rd Battalion, 49th Quartermaster Regiment and activated on 1 April 1942 at Berkeley, California, as the 3rd Battalion, 49th Quartermaster Truck Regiment. The 3rd Battalion was broken up and separated in 1943 and its element reorganized and redesignated. On 17 December 1943 the Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment was redesignated as the Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 125th Quartermaster Battalion, Mobile. In 1946, the battalion was converted to the 125th Transportation Corps Truck Battalion and inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008791-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Brigade Support Battalion (United States)\nThe 125th was reactivated in Germany in 1955 and redesignated in 1957 as the 125th Transportation Battalion. While in Germany the unit was inactivated in 1959, activated in 1962 and deactivated in 1965. On 1 May 1987, the 125th Forward Support Battalion was activated in Germany along with Alpha, Bravo and Charlie companies. The 125th was assigned to the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Armored Division. The 125th Forward Support Battalion was temporarily moved to Fort Lewis, Washington and deactivated in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008791-0002-0000", "contents": "125th Brigade Support Battalion (United States)\nIt was not until 16 February 1996 that the 125th Forward Support Battalion with the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Armored Division found its home at Fort Riley, Kansas. At that time, the 596th Signal Company was attached to the 125th, allowing the battalion to provide logistics support, maintenance support, medical support and communication support for the entire Brigade. 125th FSB was included in operation Iraqi freedom in March 2003 \u2013 February 2004 Ramadia Iraq(Camp payne). Than again deployed to Iraq in 2005\u20132006 at Taji, Iraq. Inactivated on 15 March 2008 at Fort Riley, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008791-0002-0001", "contents": "125th Brigade Support Battalion (United States)\nThe 125th Brigade Support Battalion was redesignated and reactivated on 16 August 2009, at Fort Bliss, Texas in support of the 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division, the first BCT of its kind in the 1st Armored Division. On order, the 125th Brigade Support Battalion deploys to a designated theater, conducts full spectrum combat service support operations in a joint or combined environment and redeploys to home station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008792-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 125th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 7, 1969, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Governor Russell W. Peterson and Eugene Bookhammer as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008792-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on a court interpreted interpretation of the federal 1960 census. It resulted in a large shift in membership numbers to the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but could design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals. Subsequent census were adjusted such boundaries to continue such adjectives, the next being in 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008792-0002-0000", "contents": "125th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 124th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008792-0003-0000", "contents": "125th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008792-0004-0000", "contents": "125th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008793-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\n1st Independent Division of Guangdong Provincial Military District(Chinese: \u5e7f\u4e1c\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u7b2c1\u5e08) was formed in September 1966 from Artillery Firing Range of Guangzhou Military Region and twelve independent battalions of Guangdong Provincial Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008793-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division was composed of 3 infantry regiments (1st to 3rd) and 2 artillery battalions (artillery and antiaircraft artillery).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008793-0002-0000", "contents": "125th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1968 its 3rd regiment was detached and renamed as 114th Garrison Regiment. The division itself was transferred to 42nd Army Corps and renamed as 125th Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c125\u5e08). The division was composed of 373rd, 374th and 375th Infantry Regiments, and Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008793-0003-0000", "contents": "125th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn 1979 the division took part in the Sino-Vietnamese War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008793-0004-0000", "contents": "125th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn 1985 the division was disbanded. Its 373rd and 374th Infantry Regiments were transferred to 126th Infantry Division. In September 1989 374th Regiment was disbanded. 373rd Infantry Regiment is now 373rd Regiment, 126th Armed Police Mobile Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008794-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 125th Division (\u7b2c125\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakunij\u016bgo Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Eiki Division (\u82f1\u6a5f\u5175\u56e3, Eiki Heidan). It was formed 16 January in Heihe as a binary division, later upgraded to triangular division. It was a part of a batch of eight simultaneously created divisions: the 121st, 122nd, 123rd, 124th, 125th, 126th, 127th and 128th Divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the remnants of the transferred 57th Division plus the 7th and 13th Independent Border Guards units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008794-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\nThe 125th Division formation was complete in February 1945 and was initially assigned to the 4th Army. In June 1945, the division was sent to Tonghua, Jilin. In July 1945, the 274th Infantry Regiment, a divisional artillery company, a transport company, an ordnance company and a veterinary department were sent to Harbin to become the nucleus of the 149th Division. At the news of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria 9 August 1945 the 125th Division was reassigned to the 30th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008794-0002-0000", "contents": "125th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\nIn early August 1945, the 125th division was reinforced by 134th Independent Mixed Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008794-0003-0000", "contents": "125th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\n9-11 August 1945, the division has received contradictory orders, and did not move. The 125th Division was still building a fortifications at Tonghua at the time of the surrender of Japan. The division has surrendered to the Red Army 24 August 1945 and was completely disarmed 26 August 1945. Although parts of the division were taken prisoner by Soviet forces in September - October 1945, still a lot of personnel remained in Tonghua, until about 3000 Japanese soldiers and civilians either died in fighting or were summarily executed in the Tonghua Incident on 3 February 1946. This was an attempted Japanese rebellion with the goal of rescuing Empress Wanrong from the Eighth Route Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008795-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 125th Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the Minnesota Army National Guard. The regiment's 1st Battalion is the 155mm, self-propelled cannon battalion assigned to the 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron\nThe 125th Fighter Squadron (125 FS) is a unit of the Oklahoma Air National Guard 138th Fighter Wing located at Tulsa Air National Guard Base, Oklahoma. The 125th is equipped with the Block 42 F-16C Fighting Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the 125th Aero Squadron, established on 30 July 1940. It was one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0002-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History\nThe Oklahoma Air National Guard originated during the pre World War II formation of Army National Guard aviation units. In July 1940 the War Department allotted the 125th Observation Squadron to the Oklahoma National Guard. Organized in Tulsa, the squadron was equipped with 0-38 aircraft. It was federally recognized on 31 January 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0003-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nSeven months after its federal recognition, the 125th Observation Squadron was federalized and ordered into active service on 15 September 1941. The 125th was assigned to the 68th Observation Group at Fort Sill. In March 1942 the unit was transferred to the 77th Observation Group. It operated as the 125th Observation Squadron (Light) until July 1942, when it was again designated the 125th Observation Squadron. During the remainder of 1942 it trained with various aircraft at Fort Sill and other installations. In April 1943 the 125th was renamed the 125th Liaison Squadron. Transferred to Texas, it joined the Second Air Force Support Command and was re-equipped with L-5 Sentinel aircraft. In January 1944 the squadron became a part of the 76th Tactical Reconnaissance Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0004-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 125th arrived in England in June 1944 and was assigned to the Ninth Air Force. Deployed to the U.S. Ninth Army, units of the 125th arrived in France in August 1944 and served with the Twelfth and Sixth army groups. In November 1944 the 125th was assigned to the XIX Tactical Air Command (Provisional) and then to the IX Fighter Command. After V-E Day the 125th was transferred to the XII Tactical Air Command of the Army of Occupation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0005-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard\nThe wartime 125th Liaison Squadron was re-designated as the 125th Fighter Squadron and allotted to the Oklahoma Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Tulsa Municipal Airport, Oklahoma, and was extended federal recognition on 15 February 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 1125th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 125th Liaison Squadron and all predecessor units. The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustang Fighters and was assigned to the Missouri ANG 71st Fighter Wing, an umbrella unit of early ANG units in the midwest. The squadron was assigned the mission for air defense of the State of Oklahoma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0006-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard\nOn 18 December 1947, the 125th FS was transferred to the newly recognized Oklahoma ANG 137th Fighter Group and joined the 185th Fighter Squadron at Norman. The Norman-based 137th Fighter Group provided command and logistical support. The 125th then performed training missions over Northern Oklahoma and the panhandle; the 188th trained over Southern Oklahoma to the Texas border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0007-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard\nIn June 1950, the 125th began re-equipping from F-51D Mustangs to F-84B Thunderjets. The F-84s were received from Republic after refurbishing, the aircraft seeing previous service with the 14th or 20th Fighter Groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0008-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Korean War federalization\nThe 125th and its parent 137th Fighter Group were federalized and ordered to active service on 10 October 1950 due to the Korean War, becoming part of Ninth Air Force, Tactical Air Command (TAC). On 27 November 1950, it was moved to Alexandria AFB, Louisiana, where it was joined with the Kansas ANG 127th Fighter Squadron and Georgia ANG 128th Fighter Squadron. The 137th Fighter-Bomber Wing was scheduled for deployment to the new Chaumont-Semoutiers AB, France, as part of the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0009-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Korean War federalization\nAt Alexandria, the unit was scheduled for conversion training in the F-84G Thunderjet. Deployment of the wing was delayed, however, by the need to transfer its pilots to Korea from training and delays in receiving engines for the F-84Gs, as well as the ongoing construction at Chaumont AB. As no F-84Gs were available, F-84Ds were furnished by TAC and along with the F-84Bs, the unit trained in the jet aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0010-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Korean War federalization\nTraining and delays continued throughout 1951. Due to these delays, many of the activated National Guard airmen were released from active duty and never deployed to France. F-84G models were finally received in the spring of 1951 and the Guardsmen were able to train in long-range endurance missions. However, ongoing delays in France kept the 137th in Louisiana for over a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0011-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Korean War federalization\nWith mostly regular Air Force personnel and all the delays behind them, the remaining Guardsmen departed Louisiana on 5 May 1952 for Europe; however, the 128th inherited a base that was little more than acres of mud where wheat fields used to be. The only hardened facilities at Chaumont were a concrete runway and a handful of tarpaper shacks. The 127th wound up being stationed by USAFE at Neubiberg Air Base, West Germany until the facilities in France were suitable for military use. The aircraft arrived at Chaumont on 25 June, being the first USAF tactical air fighters to be based permanently in France, albeit working mostly in tents and temporary wooden buildings on their new base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0012-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Korean War federalization\nThe Guardsmen of the 125th ended their active-duty tour in France and returned to the United States in late June, leaving their F-84G Thunderjets in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0013-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Air Defense mission\nThe 125th returned from France and was reformed in Tulsa in July 1952, being assigned to Tactical Air Command as a Fighter-Bomber squadron. It was re-equipped with F-51D Mustangs, owing to the lack of jet aircraft available. The squadron continued to train in the Mustang until 1954 when obsolescent F-80C Shooting Star jets were received.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0014-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Air Defense mission\nIn 1957 the Oklahoma Air National Guard was given a fighter-interceptor mission in Air Defense Command (ADC), and on 1 August, the 125th Fighter-Bomber Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level. The 138th Fighter-Interceptor Group was authorized and extended federal recognition by the National Guard Bureau. The 125th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron becoming the group's flying unit. Other support squadrons assigned into the group were the 138th Headquarters, 138th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 138th Combat Support Squadron, and the 138th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0015-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Air Defense mission\nWith the Fighter-Interceptor mission assignment, the 125th also assumed ADC runway alert program on full 24-hour basis \u2013 with armed jet fighters ready to \"scramble\" at a moment's notice. This event brought the group into the daily combat operational program of the USAF, placing us on \"the end of the runway\" alongside regular USAF-Air Defense Fighter Squadrons. The obsolescent F-80 day fighters were upgraded to the all-weather/day/night F-86D Sabre Interceptor by the end of the year. In June 1959 the squadron traded their F-86Ds for the upgraded F-86L Sabre Interceptor with uprated afterburning engines and new electronics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0016-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Air Transport mission\nIn January 1960, the 138th FIS was reassigned to Military Air Transport Service (MATS), trading in its Sabre interceptors for 4-engined C-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the unit was re-designated the 138th Air Transport Wing (Heavy) with the 125th Air Transport Squadron. During the 1961 Berlin Crisis, both the Group and squadron were federalized on 1 October 1961. From Tulsa, the 125th ATS augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force\u2019s needs. It returned again to Oklahoma state control on 31 August 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0016-0001", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Air Transport mission\nThroughout the 1960s, the 125th flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to the Caribbean, Europe, Australia, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and during the Vietnam War, to both South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand. The C-97s were retired in 1968 and the unit was transferred to Military Airlift Command (MAC), being re-equipped with C-124C Globemaster II heavy transports. The Group continued to fly long-distance intercontinental airlift flights until the Globemasters were retired at the end of 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0017-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nWith the retirement of the Globemasters, the 138th was transferred to Tactical Air Command on 25 January 1973, with the 125th Tactical Fighter Squadron being re-equipped with veteran F-100D/F Super Sabre tactical fighter bombers that were returning from the Vietnam War. The Super Sabre was dedicated fighter-bomber, with no concession being made to a secondary air-superiority role and the squadron trained in using the fighter for ground support. Beginning in 1975, the 125th began a NATO commitment, with squadron aircraft and personnel deploying to the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) for Autumn Forge/Cold Fire/Reforger exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0018-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nIn 1978, the F-100s were being retired, and they were replaced with A-7D Corsair II subsonic tactical close air support aircraft from the 23d Tactical Fighter Wing, England AFB, Louisiana along with the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing, Myrtle Beach AFB, South Carolina which were converting to the A-10 Thunderbolt II. The aircraft had excellent accuracy with the aid of an automatic electronic navigation and weapons delivery system. Although designed primarily as a ground attack aircraft, it also had limited air-to-air combat capability. In 1980, the 125th received the new twin-seat A-7K trainer and also received the Low Altitude Night Attack modification to the A-7D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0019-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Modern era\nEarly in the 1990s with the declared end of the Cold War and the continued decline in military budgets, the Air Force restructured to meet changes in strategic requirements, decreasing personnel, and a smaller infrastructure. The 138th adopted the new USAF \"Objective Organization\" in early 1992, with the word \"tactical\" being eliminated from its designation and becoming the 138th Fighter Group. Tactical Air Command was inactivated on 1 June, being replaced by the new Air Combat Command (ACC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0020-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Modern era\nThe 125th Fighter Squadron flew A-7D's until 1993 when it began to receive Block 42 F-16C/D Fighting Falcons, replacing the venerable A-7D in the attack roles. Most of these aircraft came from the 51st Fighter Wing, Osan Air Base, South Korea and the 20th Fighter Wing, Shaw AFB, South Carolina, which units' were trading in Block 42 for more advanced F-16s. The 125th, although an Air National Guard unit, which were mostly tasked with air defense of US mainland, was tasked with a conventional attack mission. This was already the case in the A-7D and even in the F-100 era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0020-0001", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Modern era\nThe squadron was one of the first Air National Guard units to be equipped with the Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for Night, or LANTIRN system to be able to illuminate their own ground targets. At the time of conversion this unit was one of the most advanced within the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0021-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Modern era\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0022-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Modern era\nIn October 1996, the 125th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (125 EFS) was first formed from 138th FW personnel and aircraft and deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, to join with other active-duty and national guard squadrons as part of Operation Northern Watch. This mission was part of a multi-unit Air National Guard \"rainbow\" deployment involving the Air National Guard block 42 F-16 squadrons. Each squadron provided eight aircraft to a total of 24 aircraft deployed. The 125th EFS returned to Tulsa and was inactivated on 7 January 1997. Further Northern Watch activations of the 125th EFS and subsequent deployments to Incirlik AB occurred in the spring of 1998 and fall of 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008796-0023-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Squadron, History, Modern era\nThe 125th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron has also been deployed to Al Jaber Air Base, Kuwait for Operation Southern Watch in 2001, and  to Balad Air Base, Iraq in 2007 and 2008 as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 2011, the 125th EFS deployed to Al Assad Iraq for the final time, when more than 200 members deployed there to provide air support to the final drawdown of U.S. and coalition forces, being able to respond quickly to any needs troops in combat may have as they left the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing\nThe 125th Fighter Wing (125 FW) is a unit of the Florida Air National Guard, stationed at Jacksonville Air National Guard Base, Florida. If activated to federal service with the United States Air Force, the 125 FW is gained by the Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, Overview\nAs an Air National Guard unit, the 125th Fighter Wing has a dual mission - one state and one federal. The state mission under Title 32 of the United States Code (Title 32 USC) is to provide trained and equipped personnel to protect life and property and to preserve peace, order, and public safety under the Governor of the State of Florida as part of the Florida Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0001-0001", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, Overview\nThe federal mission under Title 10 USC is to provide fully trained and qualified personnel to the Commander, United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) / North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in time of war or national emergency for the defense of the North American continent, with operational responsibility for the 125 FW as a U.S. Air Force unit falling to the Air Combat Command (ACC). The 125 FW is also available to other combatant commanders for forward deployment in order to perform air superiority/air dominance missions in other theaters outside of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0002-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, Overview\nIn addition to its primary installation, the Jacksonville Air National Guard Base at Jacksonville International Airport, the 125 FW also maintains an alert detachment of F-15 Eagle fighter aircraft at Detachment 1, 125 FW, Operating Location AA (OL-AA) at Homestead Air Reserve Base in South Florida. The overall wing organization comprises over 1100 citizen airmen in a combination of full-time Active Guard and Reserve (AGR) and Air Reserve Technicians (ART) and traditional part-time drilling air guardsman (TG) categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0003-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History\nOn 1 July 1956, the Florida Air National Guard's 159th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 125th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 159th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 125th Headquarters, 125th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 125th Combat Support Squadron, and the 125th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0004-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History\nWith the establishment of the 125th FIG, the unit converted to the F-86D (Dog) Sabre with the primary mission of continental air defense of the southeastern United States. In 1958, the 125th became the first Air National Guard unit to earn the right to compete in the Air Defense Command's annual WILLIAM TELL Weapons Meet, and was the first team ever to fire a perfect score in that competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0005-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History\nIn July 1960, the 125th converted from the F-86D to the all-weather, supersonic F-102A and F-102B Delta Dagger. In 1968, following completion of the new Jacksonville International Airport, the 125 FIG relocated from the Jacksonville Imeson Airport to a newly constructed military installation, the current Jacksonville Air National Guard Base, at the new airport. With the concurrent closure of Imeson Airport to all flight operations and its conversion to an industrial park, the 125 FIG vacated its former facilities and turned over same to the City of Jacksonville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0006-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History\nIn 1965, given increased Soviet Air Force aircraft operations in Cuba, the 125 FIG established Operating Location Alfa Alfa (OL-AA) and 125 FIG, Detachment 1, at Homestead Air Reserve Base, Florida to provide air defense ready alert fighter aircraft in the southern portion of Florida. This same alert detachment continues operations today at the present day Homestead Air Reserve Base with 125th aircraft, pilots and support personnel periodically rotated from home station in Jacksonville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0007-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History\nIn January 1968, Air Defense Command was renamed Aerospace Defense Command (ADC) and continued to be the 125 FIG's gaining command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0008-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History\nIn July 1974, the 125 FIG converted to the F-106A and F-106B Delta Dart. Only one year after the F-106 conversion, the unit again earned the right to compete that year's annual Air Force air-to-air weapons competition, WILLIAM TELL '76, at Tyndall AFB, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0009-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History\nIn March 1980, ADC was inactivated and the air defense mission transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC). TAC then became the gaining command for the 125 FIG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0010-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History\nIn April 1987, the 125th converted to the F-16A and F-16B Fighting Falcon, a multi-role fighter that was subsequently modified as the F-16ADF, specifically designed for the Air Defense role. The 125th was the first ANG unit to assume NORAD Air Defense Alert with the F-16ADF, the first operational F-16ADF unit to employ the AIM-7 Sparrow III missile and the first F-16ADF unit to sit alert with the AIM-7 missile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0011-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History\nWith the disestablishment of Tactical Air Command (TAC) in 1992, the 125 FIG's gaining command changed to the newly created Air Combat Command (ACC). As part of this change, the unit's designation was changed to 125th Fighter Group (125 FG). With creation of the USAF \"objective wing\" construct in the early 1990s, the bulk of all Air National Guard groups with operational flying missions were redesignated as wings. As a result, the 125 FG was subsequently redesignated as the 125th Fighter Wing (125 FW), the designation it continues to hold today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0012-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History\nIn June 1995, the 125 FW converted to the F-15A and F-15B Eagle, a fighter which added air superiority capability to the Air Defense Mission. During the late 1990s, the 125 FW was also fully integrated into the USAF Air and Space Expeditionary Force (AEF) construct and routinely deployed aircraft and personnel to the 363rd Air Expeditionary Wing at Prince Sultan Air Base, Al Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in support of Operation SOUTHERN WATCH, enforcing the No Fly Zone over southern Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0012-0001", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History\nSince 11 Sep 2001, the wing has also been extensively involved in Operation NOBLE EAGLE, performing its historic continental air defense mission, as well as continuing to deploy aircraft and personnel to U.S. Central Command Air Forces (USCENTAF), later renamed U.S. Air Forces Central (USAFCENT), in Southwest Asia in support of Operations ENDURING FREEDOM and IRAQI FREEDOM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0013-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History\nOn a daily basis, the 125 FW is responsible for the maintenance of a USNORTHCOM / NORAD Air Defense Alert mission at both its home station in Jacksonville, Florida and at an additional operating location at Homestead Air Reserve Base, Florida. In this capacity, the wing provides armed F-15 aircraft capable of intercepting, identifying, and, if necessary, destroying unknown aircraft which penetrate sovereign U.S. airspace. In the past, this threat has included Soviet Tu-95 Bear bombers, various Soviet-built Cuban Air Force fighters, and civilian narcotics traffickers of various nationalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0014-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History\nWhen it initially converted to the Air Defense Fighter (ADF) variant of the F-16A, the 125 FW was the first operational NORAD Air Defense Alert unit to employ the AIM-7 Sparrow III missile, the first F-16ADF unit to sit alert with the AIM-7, and the first unit to deploy to the former Howard AFB, Panama in support of JCS-directed operation CORONET NIGHTHAWK using enhanced identification tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0014-0001", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History\nIn October 1995, the 125 FW became the first unit ever to complete a transition from one fourth generation fighter to another fourth generation fighter as it transitioned from the F-16ADF to the F-15A/B. In April 1997, the 125 FW became the first Air Defense Unit to employ as Blue Air in an Offensive Counter Air (OCA) role, integrated with an active duty unit during a Red Flag exercise at Nellis AFB, Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0015-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History\nThe 125 FW was rated \"Outstanding\" during an Alert Force Evaluation by the North American Aerospace Defense Command Inspector General in November 1997. This was the highest rating ever given by NORAD. In January 1998, the 125th Fighter Wing received an \"Outstanding\" on its Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI). During this period, the wing also participated in Operation Southern Watch, routinely deploying to Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia for operational relief of Regular Air Force F-15C/D units. In 2000, the wing began transitioning to the F-15A/B Multistage Improvement Program (MSIP) variant of the F-15A and F-15B Eagle, and in 2006 transitioned again to the newer F-15C and F-15D models of the Eagle that it currently flies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0016-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History\nThe 125 FW previously operated a single C-130E, followed by a single WC-130H Hercules aircraft (the latter with weather reconnaissance equipment removed) for logistical support of the wing, geographically separated units (GSUs) of the Florida Air National Guard and additional \"as needed\" airlift support to the Florida Army National Guard. This capability is currently gapped until another support aircraft can be assigned. The 125 FW also operates a C-26B aircraft in support of state and federal law enforcement agencies under Title 32 USC authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0016-0001", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History\nIn November 2014, in order to comply with Air Force Instruction 38-101, several geographically separated units (GSUs) of the Florida Air National Guard were administratively realigned under the 125th Fighter Wing. These included the 114th Space Control Squadron at Patrick Space Force Base, the 290th Joint Communications Support Squadron at MacDill AFB and the 202nd RED HORSE Squadron, 159th Weather Flight and 131st Training Flight at Camp Blanding. The 101st Air and Space Operations Group and HQ FLANG Detachment 1 at Tyndall AFB were unaffected by these changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0017-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History\nThe 125 FW regularly participates in RED FLAG at the USAF Warfare Center at Nellis AFB, Nevada, as part of its on-going readiness program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0018-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History\nThe 249th Special Operations Squadron was activated at Hurlburt Field on 28 August 2020. The squadron operates the CV-22B Osprey and is assigned to Air Force Special Operations Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008797-0019-0000", "contents": "125th Fighter Wing, History, Aircraft\nNOTE 1: Aircraft indicated by * were Operational Support Aircraft (OSA) in support of fighter mission. NOTE 2: Aircraft indicated by ** were Pilot Proficiency and Practice \"bogey\" Aircraft in support of fighter mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008798-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Guards Bomber Aviation Regiment\nThe 125th Borisov Guards Bomber Aviation Regiment named after Marina Raskova (Russian: 125-\u0439 \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439) was one of the three Soviet women's aviation regiments founded by Marina Raskova at the start of the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008798-0000-0001", "contents": "125th Guards Bomber Aviation Regiment\nThe unit was founded as the 587th Bomber Aviation Regiment in the 223rd Bomber Air Division, 2nd Bomber Aviation Corps of the 16th Air Army on 8 October 1941, and later honored with the guards designation, being renamed 125th Guards Bomber Aviation Regiment in September 1943 and reorganized into 4th Guards Bomber Aviation Division, 1st Bomber Aviation Corps, 3rd Air Army, in the 1st Baltic Front. Unlike the 46th Taman Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment, which used Polikarpov Po-2 utility aircraft, the unit was assigned modern Petlyakov Pe-2 aircraft, which caused some resentment among male units that had older aircraft. Throughout the course of the war, the unit flew 1,134 missions and dropped over 980 tons of bombs on the Axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008798-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Guards Bomber Aviation Regiment, Heroes of the Soviet Union\nFive members of the unit were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for their service in the war: Mariya Dolina, Galina Dzhunkovskaya, Nadezhda Fedutenko, Klavdia Fomicheva, and Antonina Zubkova. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union one member of the regiment, Valentina Kravchenko, was awarded the title Hero of the Russian Federation in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008799-0000-0000", "contents": "125th IOC Session\nThe 125th IOC Session took place at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 7\u00a0to 10\u00a0September 2013. On 7\u00a0September, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) elected Tokyo as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympic Games. Wrestling was restored to the Olympic sports program for 2020 and 2024. Thomas Bach was elected to an eight-year term as IOC President on 10\u00a0September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008799-0001-0000", "contents": "125th IOC Session, Session host city selection\nThe IOC received bids from two cities to host the 125th Session: the Argentine capital Buenos Aires and the Malaysian capital Kuala Lumpur made bids. Buenos Aires was elected at the 122nd IOC Session in Vancouver which took place prior to the 2010 Winter Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008799-0002-0000", "contents": "125th IOC Session, 2020 Olympic host city election\nThe members of the IOC elected the host city of the 2020 Olympic Games on 7\u00a0September 2013. The candidates were Tokyo, Istanbul, and Madrid. Prior to the vote, the contest was considered to be close between the three cities. Tokyo was awarded the 2020 Summer Olympics. The results of the exhaustive ballot were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008799-0003-0000", "contents": "125th IOC Session, 2020 Olympic host city election\nFollowing Madrid's elimination after a tie-breaking vote with Istanbul, the three Spanish IOC members were eligible to take part in the final round of voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008799-0004-0000", "contents": "125th IOC Session, 2020 Olympic host city election, Reaction\nThe announcement was met with jubilation from the Tokyo delegation and across Japan. Japanese prime minister Shinz\u014d Abe, who had given a personal address during the presentation stage, said \"I would like to thank everyone in the Olympic movement and we will host a wonderful Olympic Games.\" Japanese fencer Yuki Ota alluded to the 2011 earthquake in a statement to reporters, \"After the earthquake everyone in Japan was depressed but now we have to make a dream come true.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008799-0005-0000", "contents": "125th IOC Session, 2020 Olympic host city election, Reaction\nAbe's role in the final stages of the bid, including his reassurances to the IOC that Fukushima radiation would not affect Tokyo, was considered to be a major asset. Tokyo's bid had also received support from Princess Hisako and Sheikh Ahmad Al-Fahad Al-Sabah. Madrid's bid was considered to have been hampered by Spain's weak economy and Istanbul's was considered to have been damaged by recent internal political instability and doping scandals, as well as match fixing in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008799-0006-0000", "contents": "125th IOC Session, IOC presidential election\nOn 10 September 2013, Thomas Bach of Germany was elected to succeed Jacques Rogge as IOC President, winning in two rounds of voting, over five other candidates. The results of the vote were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008799-0007-0000", "contents": "125th IOC Session, Election of new IOC members\nNine individuals were elected IOC members at the 125th IOC Session on 10 September:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008799-0008-0000", "contents": "125th IOC Session, Olympic gold order\nKing Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands was awarded this highest IOC honor on Sunday 8 September after he relinquished his membership to focus on matters at home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008799-0009-0000", "contents": "125th IOC Session, Potential new sports\nThe IOC considered wrestling, squash and baseball/softball to the program for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Wrestling had been part of the Ancient Olympic Games and every Modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1900 Paris Games, however in February 2013 it was dropped from the 2020 Olympic Program. Wrestling successfully campaigned at the 125th Session to be re-included in the 2020 program. The results of the vote on 8\u00a0September 2013 were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008799-0010-0000", "contents": "125th IOC Session, Potential new sports, Baseball/softball\nBaseball was first included as a demonstration sport at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis. It was again played as a demonstration sport at the Summer Olympics in 1912, 1936, 1956, 1964, 1984, and 1988. It was first included as an official medal sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. Baseball then featured at every Summer Olympic Games until the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, where it made its last Olympic appearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008799-0011-0000", "contents": "125th IOC Session, Potential new sports, Baseball/softball\nSoftball was included at the Summer Olympics in 1996, 2000, 2004, and 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008799-0012-0000", "contents": "125th IOC Session, Potential new sports, Baseball/softball\nThe governing bodies for baseball (International Baseball Federation) and softball (International Softball Federation) merged in 2013 to form the World Baseball Softball Confederation. The two sports each had a separate bid for joining the Olympic program. Although Baseball and Softball were not successful in being included in the 2020 Olympic core program, in 2016 the Tokyo Olympic Organizing Committee and the WBSC successfully campaigned to have the two sports included in the 2020 Games as a one sport, two discipline event for a one-off appearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008799-0013-0000", "contents": "125th IOC Session, Potential new sports, Squash\nSquash is played in more than 185 countries and by millions of people worldwide. It has been played at various international sporting events, including the Pan American Games since 1995, and the All-Africa Games since 2003. Squash has also been played at both the Commonwealth Games and the Asian Games since 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008799-0014-0000", "contents": "125th IOC Session, Potential new sports, Wrestling\nWrestling is practiced all around the world, officially in 177 countries, some of which participate in the Olympic Games in this sport alone. It was first introduced in the ancient Olympic Games in 708 BC and was included in all the ancient Olympics from that date. Wrestling has featured at the modern Summer Games since the 1896 Olympics in Athens, and it has been a part of all modern Olympics except those in Paris in 1900. It was still included in the Olympic program at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. Wrestling was initially dropped from the 2020 Olympic program; however, it was given the opportunity to be reselected for the 2020 and 2024 Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008800-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 125th Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008800-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 125th Illinois Infantry was organized at Danville, Illinois, and mustered in for three years service on September 3, 1862, under the command of Colonel Oscar Fitzalan Harmon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008800-0002-0000", "contents": "125th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 36th Brigade, 11th Division, Army of the Ohio, to October 1862. 36th Brigade, 11th Division, III Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, Centre, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XIV Corps, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Reserve Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1863. 3rd Brigade. 2nd Division, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland and Army of Georgia, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008800-0003-0000", "contents": "125th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 125th Illinois Infantry mustered out of service on June 9, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008800-0004-0000", "contents": "125th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Covington, Kentucky, September 25, 1862. Pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1\u201316, 1862. Battle of Perryville, Kentucky, October 8. March to Nashville, Tennessee, October 16-November 7, and duty at Nashville until June 30, 1863. Moved to Murfreesboro, Tennessee. June 30. Return to Nashville July 18 and duty there until August 20. Moved to Chattanooga, Tennessee, via Brentwood, Columbia, Huntsville, Alabama, and Bridgeport, Alans,s, August 20-September 16. Battle of Chickamauga, September 19\u201321. Siege of Chattanooga, Tennessee, September 24-November 23. Ringgold September 26. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob November 23. Tunnel Hill November 24\u201325. Missionary Ridge November 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008800-0004-0001", "contents": "125th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nPursuit to Graysville November 26\u201327. March to relief of Knoxville, Tennessee. November 28-December 17. At Lee and Gordon's Mills until May 1864. Demonstration on Dalton, Georgia, February 22\u201327, 1864. Tunnel Hill, Buzzard's Roost Gap and Rocky Faced Ridge February 23\u201325. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Tunnel Hill May 6\u20137. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Buzzard's Roost Gap May 8\u20139. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Rome May 17\u201318. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008800-0004-0002", "contents": "125th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOperations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations against Hood and Forest in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. March to the Sea November 15-December 10. Louisville November 30. Cuyler's Plantation December 9. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008800-0004-0003", "contents": "125th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nCampaign of the Carolinas January to April 1865. Averysboro, Taylor's Hole Creek, North Carolina, March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Virginia, April 29-May 19. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008800-0005-0000", "contents": "125th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 204 men during service; 9 officers and 88 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 104 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008801-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 125th Infantry Division (German: 125. Infanteriedivision) was a German Army infantry division in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008801-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 125th Infantry Division was raised on October 5, 1940  as part of the 11th deployment wave,  in October 1940, where it remained in M\u00fcnsingen until April 1941, when it was moved to the Balkans as part of the 2nd Army's 52nd Corps in preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. The following June, the Army attacked through the Ukrainian SSR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008801-0002-0000", "contents": "125th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Barbarossa\nMoving to the front from Austria, where the division was registered with H\u00f6heres Kommando XXXIV, it was now organized into the 17th Army, part of Army Group South. For the remainder of the year the 125th Division stayed with Army Group South in Ukraine, assisting in both the battles at Uman and Kiev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008801-0003-0000", "contents": "125th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Case Blue\nIn July 1942 the division returned to the 17th Army from the 1st Panzer Army, now as Army Group A's 5th Corps, as it began an assault on the Black Sea city of Novorossiysk. Moving into the Caucasus, the division, along with the 3rd Romanian Army, served under Colonel-General Richard Ruoff in \"Army Group Ruoff\". Outside Rostov, Ruoff's forces were joined by the 5th SS-Panzer Regiment. Quickly eliminating the Soviets in Rostov, the division made its way into the outskirts of Krasnodar, some 300 kilometers away, in just over two weeks. Pushed back in the winter again, the division retreated to the Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008801-0004-0000", "contents": "125th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Capitulation\nThroughout the majority of 1943, the 125th remained along the Caucasian city Novorossiysk with the 17th Army before being transferred to Kuban in May. Despite some successes in Kuban with the Romanian units, the 125th was pulled back into the Lower Dnieper Sector. By October, 1943, the division was under heavy fire from Soviet forces in the Crimea, evident by five Tiger tanks being sent to their assistance on 2 October, and a group of the 653rd Heavy Tank Destroyer Battalion's Elefants a week later. Pulled back to Nikopol in the Ukraine with the 6th Army, the division came under further fire, eventually losing its distinction as a division, referred to instead as \"divisiongruppe 125\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008801-0005-0000", "contents": "125th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Aftermath\nThe remnants of the 125th were incorporated into the 302nd Infantry Division, becoming part of the 420th Grenadier Regiment, which only lasted until August, when the division met its own end in Romania. Lieutenant General Friebe, on the other hand, was moved over to the 22nd Airborne Division, where it was crushed by Titoist partisans in Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008802-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 125th Infantry Regiment, Michigan Army National Guard, is a regiment under the U.S. Army Regimental System, with headquarters now in Saginaw, Michigan. The regiment currently consists of the 1st Battalion, 125th Infantry, an infantry battalion in the 37th Infantry Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008802-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization\nThe 1st Battalion, 125th Infantry Regiment currently oversees A Headquarters and Headquarters Company and 5 companies within the Michigan Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008802-0002-0000", "contents": "125th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Early history and formation\nThe 125th traces its lineage back to the 1850s when on 24 December 1857 and 4 January 1858, two respective militia companies were formed; the East Saginaw Guards and the Flint Union Grays. On 25 April 1861 the two companies combined and expanded to form the 2nd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The regiment was mustered into federal service a month later on 25 May 1861 and fought for the duration of the Civil War. The regiment mustered out of Federal service on 29 June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008802-0002-0001", "contents": "125th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Early history and formation\nCompanies from the Saginaw and Flint areas withdrew from the regiment in 1876 and consolidated with elements of the 1st Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment to form the 3rd Infantry Regiment. In April 1915, the 3rd Infantry Regiment was designated as the 33rd Infantry. The regiment was mustered into federal service in June 1916 and was drafted in August 1917. The 33rd combined with the 1st Battalion, 31st Infantry to form the new 125th Infantry Regiment. The regiment was summarily assigned to the 32nd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008802-0003-0000", "contents": "125th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Recent history, 1-125th Infantry\nTask Force 1-125 Infantry began flowing into Afghanistan in December 2011. Inclement weather delayed many of the battalion soldiers entry into theater until late January. Relief-in-place was conducted with the 2nd Battalion, 18th Infantry Regiment, 170th Infantry Brigade Combat Team for Forward Operating Base Kunduz, Kunduz City, Kunduz Province, Afghanistan. Other battalion locations were in Imam Sahib City, Imam Sahib District, Kunduz Province; Shir Khan Bandar, Imam Sahib District; and Doshi District, Baghlan Province. Each company deployed with a security force assistance team, consisting of a senior advisor and senior noncommissioned officer, along with several subject matter expert enablers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008802-0003-0001", "contents": "125th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Recent history, 1-125th Infantry\nThe companies conducted security force missions to secure the advising teams during key leader engagements and other meetings with their Afghan National Security Force counterparts. The SFATs partnered, assisted and advised their counterparts initially on operations, rule of law, logistics, training/administration, government/development and maintenance/signal. The main effort switched to logistics, with the intent of enabling the ANSF to be self-sustaining to increase their operational capabilities. This effort met with mixed results and led to another change in priority to operations and rule of law being the main effort with logistics and human resource operations as supporting efforts. During the spring, elements of the battalion closed one combat outpost, with SFAT operations in that area ceasing shortly after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008802-0004-0000", "contents": "125th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Recent history, 1-125th Infantry\nHHC was responsible for base defense operations and Mayor Cell duties of Forward Operating Base Kunduz. They improved operations and upgraded security by implementing new procedures during searches for entering the FOB. They had more than 7,000 entries in the Biometrics Automated Toolset System and vehicles searched and processed through the entry control point. They also developed and coordinated more than 50 base improvement projects to improve the quality of life for all FOB tenants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008802-0005-0000", "contents": "125th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Recent history, 1-125th Infantry\nA Company was responsible for three distinct security force advisory missions: 3rd platoon provided security forces for the Khanabad District advising mission, which was successfully handed over to Afghan leadership; 2nd platoon provided SECFOR and helped strengthen the security and force protection measures for the Afghan Operations Coordination Center (Provincial), and the Provincial Headquarters in Kunduz; 1st platoon aided in teaching rule of law classes and provided SECFOR for the Gor Teppa area outside Kunduz City. Gor Teppa was the focal point and testing ground for the new evidence-based operations mission set that focused efforts on community-based policing and ANSF investigating and pursuing prosecution of crimes committed in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008802-0006-0000", "contents": "125th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Recent history, 1-125th Infantry\nB Company was responsible for the border crossing mission at Combat Outpost Shir Khan, along with supporting an SFAT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008802-0007-0000", "contents": "125th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Recent history, 1-125th Infantry\nC Company worked with an SFAT and the Afghan Uniform Police and National Directorate of Security in the Imam Sahib and Dasht-e Archi Districts. In late February, COP Fortitude was the scene of a peaceful demonstration that turned violent. Multiple soldiers were injured during this event. Company leadership demonstrated tactical restraint when they chose to use only non-lethal munitions and tactics to disperse the crowd of mostly peaceful demonstrators, with suspected insurgent agitators mixed in. In late May, the COP was dismantled and the area turned back over to the ANSF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008802-0008-0000", "contents": "125th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Recent history, 1-125th Infantry\nD Company conducted security force assistance for more than 300 Afghan Uniform Police in Baghlan province at the PHQ and Doshi district headquarters. As part of that mission, they conducted multiple combined dismounted patrols with the Doshi AUP. They also conducted multiple missions to the Salang Pass to ensure ISAF and civilian freedom of movement. During these missions, they aided in a security and recovery operation, as well as an assistance and humanitarian aid mission after an avalanche.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008802-0009-0000", "contents": "125th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Recent history, 1-125th Infantry\nH Company provided logistics and sustainment operations for the entire battalion. They brought the operational readiness rate of the battalion from 80 to 98 percent for more than 150 tactical vehicles. They also turned in more than $200 million of excess equipment and repair parts. The Distribution Platoon traveled more than 50,000 miles to ensure all locations had the necessary supplies and equipment to run their daily operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008802-0010-0000", "contents": "125th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Shield\nThe shield is blue and white to difference it from the former coat of arms of the 125th Infantry Regiment, parent organization, now redesignated for the 425th Infantry Regiment, Michigan National Guard. The palm tree, eleven mullets (stars), and the crowned lion\u2013all charges taken from this coat of arms\u2013are applicable to the organization's historical background. The palm tree represents service at Santiago during the Spanish\u2013American War, and the eleven mullets are for Civil War service. The crowned lion taken from the Arms of Hesse symbolize the organization's entrance into Germany during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008802-0011-0000", "contents": "125th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Crest\nThe crest is that of the Michigan Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008803-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Mixed Brigade\nThe 125th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army, integrated into the 28th Division, that participated in the Spanish Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008803-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe 125th Mixed Brigade was created on April 28, 1937 on the basis of the Ascaso Column. The resulting unit would be integrated into the 28th Division, also newly created, with Miguel Garc\u00eda Vivancos as head of the unit. Vicancos was later succeeded by Antonio Aguil\u00e1 Collantes and the latter, shortly after, by Juan Mayordomo Moreno. During the rest of the year the 125th MB was present at the Huesca front, contributing to the siege of the provincial capital and without taking part in other actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008803-0002-0000", "contents": "125th Mixed Brigade, History\nIn February 1938, while in the Monz\u00f3n area, it was sent to the Teruel front to aid the republican forces stationed there. After its arrival, on February 12 it attacked the nationalist positions in La Torana, without success. Between the 24th and 28th it had to face new nationalist attacks in this area, after which it withdrew to the plains of Valdecebro. Subsequently, the 125th MB took part in the Aragon and Levante offensives, where it had to withdraw on several occasions due to enemy pressure. By July 24, it was located at the XYZ Line, in Viver-J\u00e9rica. However, due to the heavy losses suffered, it had to be withdrawn to Chelva.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008803-0003-0000", "contents": "125th Mixed Brigade, History\nIn August the 125th Mixed Brigade was sent to the Estremadura front, now under the command of Ricardo Mel\u00e9ndez Ramos. To cover its losses on the Levante front, it received reinforcements from the 83rd Mixed Brigade. Upon arrival at Puebla de Alcocer, it was located as a reserve for the 28th Division, north of the \"Vertice Cabezuela\" - near the road that linked Cabeza del Buey with Zarza Capilla. The brigade took part in the republican attacks that tried to cut the nationalist lines in Cabeza del Buey. On September 21, it took over from the 191st Mixed Brigade on the road from Cabeza de Buey to Sancti-Sp\u00edritus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008803-0004-0000", "contents": "125th Mixed Brigade, History\nAt the beginning of December the 66th Mixed Brigade relieved it of its positions and the 125th MB was sent to Chill\u00f3n to be subjected to a reorganization. A few weeks later, in January 1939, it participated with the rest of the division in the Battle of Pe\u00f1arroya, where it remained until the beginning of February. During the fighting, the unit suffered casualties that affected 40% of its troops, so it was withdrawn from the front to be restructured. The brigade took part in no further actions for the remainder of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008804-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Napier's Rifles\nThe 125th Napier's Rifles was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. At various points in history it was also known as the 1st Extra Battalion Bombay Native Infantry, the 25th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry (1826\u20131889) and the 25th Bombay Rifles. Amalgamated with five other regiments in 1922, it is now the 5th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles. The Battalion celebrated its bicentenary on 17 Feb 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008804-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Napier's Rifles, History, Origins\nThe regiment traced its origins to the 1st Extra Battalion of Bombay Native Infantry, raised in 1820 out of the Poona Auxiliary Force as part of the Honourable East India Company's Bombay Army. In 1826, this battalion was elevated into a separate regiment called 'The 25th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008804-0002-0000", "contents": "125th Napier's Rifles, History, Origins\nAfter serving in Afghanistan and in the North-West Frontier Province, the regiment joined the Sindh Expedition, coming under the command of General Sir Charles James Napier, who conquered Sindh in 1843 and sent back to the Governor General the one-word message \"Peccavi\" \u2013 Latin for \"I have sinned\". At the Battle of Meeanee, a bond was cemented between Napier and the regiment, which sixty years later was given his name. Napier later wrote: \"The 25th played a distinguished part in the engagement. Had the 22nd (The Queen's Regiment) and the 25th given way, all would have been lost.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008804-0003-0000", "contents": "125th Napier's Rifles, History, Origins\nDuring the Indian Mutiny, the regiment was in Chanderi and at Gwalior. There, on 20 June 1858, two of its officers, Lieutenants Rose and W. F. F. Waller, organized a surprise attack by night on the Gwalior Fort, their party succeeding in breaking open a number of gates and, after hand-to-hand fighting, taking the fort. Rose was killed, but for his part in the action Waller was awarded the Victoria Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008804-0004-0000", "contents": "125th Napier's Rifles, History, Origins\nIn a despatch dated 5 September 1858, the regiment's commanding officer Lt Col. G. H. Robertson reported from a camp near Beejapoor that he had led a column of the 25th with men of other units out of Powree on 27 August in pursuit of Maun Singh, on the 29th engaged a party of Singh's infantry, and early on 5 September arrived near Beejapoor where he caught up with Singh, attacked him at 5.15 and had routed him by 7 a.m., destroying \"at least 450 mutineers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008804-0004-0001", "contents": "125th Napier's Rifles, History, Origins\nRobertson reported only four of his men killed, and twenty men and fifteen horses wounded. He recommended Havildars Ram Lal (10th Bengal Light Infantry) and Dowlut Sing of the 25th \"to the consideration of the Brigadier-General commanding\" as they had \"acted as spies and risked their lives in procuring information in a country where Maun Sing's influence is paramount\". On the advice of Brigadier-General Sir Robert Napier, commanding the Gwalior Division, the Commander in Chief recommended that the two Havildars should receive the Order of Merit, 3rd class, \"for their exertions in procuring intelligence of the movements of the enemy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008804-0005-0000", "contents": "125th Napier's Rifles, History, Origins\nCaptain W. Rice of the 25th Bombay Native Infantry, commanding the Goonah Column, wrote from camp at Arone to Sir Robert Napier on 23 December 1858 to report the success of his men, after a moonlight march through dense jungle, in breaking up the camp near Sypoor of rebels led by Feroz Shah, capturing \"100 horses, several camels, and many arms\", causing the enemy to \"flee with the utmost despatch, and seek shelter among the dense foliage, on all sides around their position\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008804-0005-0001", "contents": "125th Napier's Rifles, History, Origins\nNapier wrote to the Chief of the Staff on Christmas Day of this action \"Although they did not lose many men killed, the capture of their horses and property must tend greatly to cripple and break up the party. I hear that two of the elephants were left in the Arone jungles, and may be recovered; there are, therefore, only two remaining with the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008804-0006-0000", "contents": "125th Napier's Rifles, History, Origins\nIn 1861 the unit was constituted as a Light Infantry regiment, and in 1889 it was renamed 'The 25th Regiment (3rd Battalion Rifle Regiment) of Bombay Infantry', then in 1901 'The 25th Bombay Rifles'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008804-0007-0000", "contents": "125th Napier's Rifles, History, Origins\nAfter the Mutiny, the regiment went on to serve in Hyderabad, Poona, Aurangabad, Mhow, Indore and Dhar, remaining part of the army of the Bombay Presidency until a reorganization of the Indian Army by Lord Kitchener in 1903 (the Kitchener Reforms) gave it the new name; '125th Napier's Rifles'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008804-0008-0000", "contents": "125th Napier's Rifles, History, First World War\nDuring the First World War, the regiment fought in both the European and Middle Eastern theatres of the war, from France to Mesopotamia, and participated as part of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in General Allenby's march to take Jerusalem, getting the better of German and Ottoman opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008804-0009-0000", "contents": "125th Napier's Rifles, History, First World War\nAt the outbreak of the war, the regiment was an unbrigaded unit of the 5th (Mhow) Division of the Indian Army. However, in 1914 it joined the Army's 3rd (Lahore) Division as part of its 9th (Sirhind) Brigade, landing at Marseilles on 26 September 1914 and taking part in Winter Operations (1914\u20131915), the Battle of Neuve Chapelle (10\u201313 March 1915), the Battle of Aubers, the Battle of Festubert (15\u201325 May 1915), and the Battle of Loos subsidiary attack at the Moulin-du-Pi\u00e8tre on 25 September 1915. The 125th left the 3rd Division in 1915 to join the 7th (Meerut) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008804-0009-0001", "contents": "125th Napier's Rifles, History, First World War\nAs part of the 7th Division's 21st (Bareilly) Brigade, the regiment sailed from Marseilles to go to Mesopotamia, landing at Basra on 31 December 1915 and taking part in the attempt to relieve the besieged garrison of Kut al Amara. It proceeded under Allenby to Palestine, and arrived at Suez on 13 January 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008804-0010-0000", "contents": "125th Napier's Rifles, History, First World War\nThe unit suffered some problems and criticism during the First World War. A Rajput officer of the Indian Army, Amar Singh, who kept a diary in English from 1905 to 1921, paid particular attention to the regiment's wartime role. This diary was published in 2005 as Between Two Worlds: A Rajput Officer in the Indian Army, 1905\u201321.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008804-0011-0000", "contents": "125th Napier's Rifles, History, Later\nIn a further reorganization of the Indian Army in 1921\u20131922, the regiment was amalgamated with the 104th Wellesley's Rifles, 120th Rajputana Infantry, 122nd Rajputana Infantry and 123rd Outram's Rifles to become one of the six battalions of the new 6th Rajputana Rifles. The 125th was renamed 'The 5th Battalion (Napier's)'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008804-0012-0000", "contents": "125th Napier's Rifles, History, Later\nIn 1945, the regiments of the British Indian Army lost the numerals in their titles, and the Rajputanas arrived at their present name of Rajputana Rifles. In 1947, when the Empire of India gained independence from the British Empire and was partitioned into the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan, the regiment was allocated to India and is now the most senior rifle regiment of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0000-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 125th New York Infantry Regiment was a volunteer regiment from Rensselaer County, New York, during the American Civil War. Formed during the summer of 1862, the unit was officially mustered into United States Service on 27\u201329 August 1862, by Col. George L. Willard. He had seen previous service in the War of the Rebellion and in the Mexican War as well. Levin Crandall was commissioned lieutenant colonel, and James C. Bush major. The unit was mustered out on 5 June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0001-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nColonel John A. Griswold was authorized, 28 July 1862, to raise this regiment in Rensselaer county; on his resignation, Col. George L. Willard succeeded him 15 August 1862; the regiment was organized at Troy and there mustered in the service of the United States for three years 27\u201329 August 1862. The men not entitled to be mustered out with the regiment were on 5 June 1865, transferred to the 4th Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0002-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nThe regiment left Troy, 30 August 1862, and proceeded by rail to Martinsburg, Virginia, and a few days later it marched to and was engaged in the Battle of Harpers Ferry. A few of its number were killed and wounded during this battle, and the regiment together with the rest of the garrison, totaling over 11,500 men, surrendered to the Confederates on 15 September 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0003-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nWith the other captured troops, the men were sent under parole to Camp Douglas, Chicago, to remain there while awaiting exchange, which was effected 22 November. The regiment was then ordered back to Virginia, where it was attached to Maj. Gen. Silas Casey's Division, in the defenses of Washington at Maryland Heights, and encamped at Centreville until 24 June 1863, when it joined the Second Corps, Army of the Potomac, and marched away to Gettysburg. Gen. Alexander Hays, who commanded the brigade while at Centreville, was placed in command of the division, and Colonel George L. Willard took over command of the brigade, which was composed of four New York regiments\u00a0\u2014 the 39th, 111th, 125th, and 126th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0004-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nUnder command of Colonel Crandall, the 125th fought at Gettysburg where it lost 139 killed and wounded. Colonel Willard was killed while in command of the brigade, and Crandall was promoted colonel. Maj. A. B. Myer was made lieutenant colonel, and Capt. S. C. Armstrong, major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0005-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nThe regiment was actively engaged at Auburn and Bristoe Station in October, losing 36 men in those battles. Capt . William H. Plumb was mortally wounded at Bristoe Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0006-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nColonel Crandall was temporarily absent on recruiting service, and Lieut. Col. Aaron B. Myer was in command at the battle of the Wilderness. He was mortally wounded in this engagement, and the command devolved on Capt. George E. Lemon. Color Sergt. Harrison Clark carried his flag within ten feet of the enemy's line, where he fell with his leg shattered by a rifle ball. Colonel Myer, who at that time had not yet fallen, assisted in binding Clark's wound and promoted him to a lieutenancy on the field. As Clark fell the flag was seized by Philip Brady, of Company I, but he was soon killed while waving the colors in advance of the men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0007-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nA few days later, at Spotsylvania, the regiment was in the thick of the fight, forming part of a storming column that moved against the enemy's works at daybreak on 12 May 1864. Capt . E. P. Jones, commanding the regiment, was killed in this assault, and Lieutenants Clapp and Cleminshaw were mortally wounded. Michael Burke of Company D captured an enemy's battle flag, but was shot down in the act, falling with a bullet through his breast. In the two battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania, the 125th lost 118 in killed and wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0008-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nOn 26 May, Colonel Crandall returned from recruiting service and resumed command. The regiment was engaged at the Battle of North Anna, Battle of Totopotomoy Creek, and the Battle of Cold Harbor, with further losses in officers and men. Lieutenant Green was mortally wounded in the fight of 30 May at Totopotomoy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0009-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nIn the Battle of Petersburg on 16 June, the decimated ranks were thinned again. Forty-four men were casualties, one-third of whom were killed in action. Another color sergeant, A. B. Green, was killed during the battle. Colonel Crandall was wounded by a piece of shell that struck him in the face. Lieutenants Bryan and Coleman were fatally wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0010-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nIn the battle at the Weldon Railroad on 22 June, the regiment lost several men who were captured by the enemy, while three more officers\u2014Adjutant Miller, and Lieutenants Hull and Barnes\u2014died during a disastrous and badly led battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0011-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nIn addition to the minor battles of Reams' Station, Battle of Deep Bottom, Strawberry Plains, and Hatcher's Run, the regiment was daily engaged during the siege of Petersburg\u2014from 16 July 1864, to 1 April 1865\u2014on the picket line and in the trenches with frequent and continuous losses of men from wounds or by sickness caused by constant exposure. After the battle at Reams' Station, Capt. Nelson Penfield was placed in command, the colonel having been placed previously in charge of the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0012-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nColonel Crandall resigned 14 December 1864, after a distinguished and honorable term of service. He was succeeded by Lieut. Col. Joseph Hyde, who had entered the regiment originally as a lieutenant in Company H.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0013-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nOn 29 March 1865, the men broke camp and, crossing Hatcher's Run, entered on their last campaign. The regiment was still in the Third Brigade (Henry J. Madill 's), First Division (Miles's), Second Corps (Humphreys'). On April 2d, the regiment took part in the charge of Miles's Division on the Confederate works at Sutherland's Station, a bloody affair in which Capt. John Quay was killed. The brigade suffered severely in this attack, Colonel Madill being badly wounded. In the subsequent battles of the Second Corps prior to Lee's surrender at Appomattox, the regiment was present but suffered only a slight loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0014-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Regimental history\nAfter marching in the Grand Review at Washington it proceeded to Troy, N. Y., where the men received their final payment and were mustered out on 15 June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0015-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization\nVolunteers were recruited by town and the 11 companies of the regiment were organized by region:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0016-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nDuring the term of the unit's service in the Civil War, the 125th New York Volunteers saw the following service:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0017-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nDuring its various campaigns and battles the 125th New York sustained a loss of 15 officers and 112 enlisted men, killed or mortally wounded; 1 officer and 112 enlisted men who died of disease, accidents, or in Confederate prisons; total deaths, 240, out of a total enrollment of 1,248. Of the 113 who died of disease, 58 died in the hands of the enemy. The total of killed and wounded in all its battles amounted to 464.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0018-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nDuring its service the regiment lost by death, killed in action, 7 officers, 70 enlisted men; of wounds received in action, 8 officers, 42 enlisted men; of disease and other causes, 1 officer, 115 enlisted men; total, 16 officers, 227 enlisted men; aggregate, 243; of whom 3 officers, 61 enlisted men died in the hands of the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0019-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Michael Burke\nBurke was born in Ireland and like many immigrants joined the army. He enlisted at Troy, Rensselaer County, NY. A Private in Company D, 125th New York Infantry, at Battle of Spotsylvania Court House on 12 May 1864, he captured the enemy's flag while advancing over the enemy's works at Spotsylvania, Virginia, and sustained a bullet wound to the chest. His Medal of Honor was issued on 1 December 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0020-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Michael Burke, Harrison Clark\nHarrison Clark, born 10 April 1842 at Chatham, New York, entered Federal service in the US Army at Chatham. He earned The Medal of Honor during the Civil War for heroism on 2 July 1863 at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0021-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Michael Burke, Harrison Clark\nIt was about seven o'clock in the evening of 2 July 1863,\" Corporal HarrisonClark writes, \" as we moved down into the fight, the sun was sinking low in the west and the heavens were ablaze with its splendor, in marked contrast with the lurid fires of death towards which we were marching. We were halted amid a heavy cloud of smoke in front of a swale and a new growth of trees. Through the smoke covering the field we could dimly see the outlines of men moving about. We commenced to fire, but the word was shouted:  'firing on your own men,' and the command was given to 'cease firing.' We soon learned our mistake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0022-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Michael Burke, Harrison Clark\nThe color-bearer at my right fell, mortally wounded, and before the old flag could touch the ground, I caught it, and on we rushed with loud cries; on, with bullets whizzing by our ears, shells screaming and cannon balls tearing the air, now bursting above and around us, laying many of our comrades either low in death, or bleeding with terrible wounds. Most of our color guard were killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0023-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Michael Burke, Harrison Clark\nThe purpose was accomplished. The enemy had failed to break through our lines, and Little Round Top and Cemetery Hill were still ours. On the return march, as we were passing the swale, where over one hundred of our brave men had fallen in the space of half an hour, the regiment was again formed in line of battle, the colonel ordered me to step three paces in front of the regiment, promoted me color-bearer and, by his recommendation to Congress, I was awarded a Medal of Honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0024-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Michael Burke, Harrison Clark\n\"At the battle of the Wilderness, Color-Sergeant Clark displayed rare bravery and continued fighting, though shot in the leg. He was promoted lieutenant on the battlefield.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008805-0025-0000", "contents": "125th New York Infantry Regiment, Michael Burke, Harrison Clark\nHe died 18 April 1913 at the age of 71.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008806-0000-0000", "contents": "125th New York State Legislature\nThe 125th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 1 to March 27, 1902, during the second year of Benjamin B. Odell, Jr.'s governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008806-0001-0000", "contents": "125th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, 50 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (seven districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008806-0002-0000", "contents": "125th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008806-0003-0000", "contents": "125th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1901, was held on November 5. No statewide elective offices were up for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008806-0004-0000", "contents": "125th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 1, 1902; and adjourned on March 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008806-0005-0000", "contents": "125th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: In 1897, New York County (the boroughs of Manhattan and Bronx), Kings County (the borough of Brooklyn), Richmond County (the borough of Staten Island) and the Western part of Queens County (the borough of Queens) were consolidated into the present-day City of New York. The Eastern part of Queens County (the non-consolidated part) was separated in 1899 as Nassau County. Parts of the 1st and 2nd Assembly districts of Westchester County were annexed by New York City in 1895, and became part of the Borough of the Bronx in 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008806-0006-0000", "contents": "125th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Merton E. Lewis changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008806-0007-0000", "contents": "125th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008806-0008-0000", "contents": "125th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008807-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Twenty-fifth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 2003 and 2004. In this General Assembly, both the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives were controlled by the Republican Party. In the Senate, there were 22 Republicans and 11 Democrats. In the House, there were 63 Republicans and 36 Democrats. It is also the first General Assembly to use redistricted legislative districts after the 2000 Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008808-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 125th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 125th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 125th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008808-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 125th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Taylor, Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in three years of service on October 6, 1862, under the command of colonel Emerson Opdycke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008808-0002-0000", "contents": "125th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XXI Corps (Union Army), in Major General William S. Rosecrans' Army of the Cumberland, till October 1863. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, IV Corps (Union Army) of the Cumberland, till October, 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 4th Army Corps and Dept. of Texas, till September, 1865. The 125th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service on September 25, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008808-0003-0000", "contents": "125th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nPrimarily involved in long marches and skirmishes until Battle of Chickamauga, fighting against the odds. After Chickamauga, Gen. Rosecrans was replaced by Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, 'The Rock of Chickamauga'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008808-0004-0000", "contents": "125th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 125th then participated in the Battle of Missionary Ridge, and helped to push Braxton Bragg's men away from Chattanooga, Tennessee. In the spring of 1864, it joined William Tecumseh Sherman in his Atlanta Campaign. They fought all the way until the end, at the Battle of Jonesborough, and then preceded to follow confederate Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood North to  Nashville, Tennessee", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008808-0005-0000", "contents": "125th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nIn Colonel Opdycke's brigade, it fought in Battle of Franklin and the union victory at Nashville. The 125th OVI gained a high reputation for its fighting qualities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008808-0006-0000", "contents": "125th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 225 men during service; 7 officers and 104 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 114 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 125th Pennsylvania Infantry volunteered during the American Civil War and served a 9-month term from August 1862 to May 1863. It selected the motto In God We Trust. The Regiment fought at the Battle of Antietam under the leadership of Colonel Jacob C. Higgins less than six weeks after being recruited in Blair, Cambria and Huntingdon Counties. The Regiment was noted for its charge through the East Woods, along the Great Cornfield, down Smoketown Road, past the Dunker Church, and into the West Woods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0000-0001", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nWhile in formation beyond the Dunker Church in an 'overextended' position, the Regiment repulsed four counterattacks at a price of 229 casualties (33% of engaged) within 20 minutes. A fifth, heavily reinforced Confederate counterattack forced a retreat with a desperate struggle to retain the Regimental colors. Two weeks before the end of their enlistment, the 125th Pennsylvania also occupied the perimeter of Chancellorsville, Virginia, during the Battle of Chancellorsville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Composition\nAs the Civil War extended into its second year, President Abraham Lincoln appealed nationally for 300,000 additional men on July 1, 1862. In response on July 21, Governor A. G. Curtin called for 21 new regiments from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania with nine-month enlistments. Four regiments were expected from Blair and Huntingdon Counties, and the 125th Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers was recruited as ten companies from late July through early August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0002-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Composition\nThe great majority had no previous military experience and came from all walks of life. Although the draft would come to Pennsylvania in September, the members of the 125th enlisted earlier and primarily for \"patriotic motives\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0003-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nBattle of Antietam (1st Div, 1st Brigade)Mud March (1st Div, 2nd Brigade)Battle of Chancellorsville (2nd Div, 2nd Brigade)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0004-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Antietam\nAfter mustering at Harrisburg, the regiment was assigned to the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XII Corps in the Army of the Potomac while they trained at Washington, D.C. They marched from Washington to Frederick to Sharpsburg in response to the Confederate Army's crossing of the Potomac River into Maryland. Less than six weeks after mustering, with a minimum of training, and without combat experience they entered the battle on the morning of September 17, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0005-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Antietam\nAs the fighting effectiveness of General Hooker's First Corps waned, the Twelfth Corps marched into battle under the command of General Joseph K. F. Mansfield. Certain that the five new regiments of Williams' First Division would run away if deployed in line of battle, Mansfield ordered the First Brigade to lead in a tight formation known as close column of companies. This deterrent to flight transformed the massed troops into an ideal artillery target. As shot and shell began to fly over and drop nearby, a single strike could have killed dozens of men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0006-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Antietam\nWhile forming line of battle east of Smoketown road and 250 yards north of the East Woods, they observed a mortally wounded General Mansfield as he returned on his horse from a forward reconnaissance position. Three members of the 125th Pennsylvania (Coho, Edmundson, & Rudy, along with two others) helped him from his horse, carried him to the rear on a chair formed from muskets, and turned him over to a surgeon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0007-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Antietam\nAfter a delay for re-organization, the 125th Pennsylvania moved forward to support Monroe's First Rhode Island Battery (I Corps, 1 Div) diagonally across the intersection of Smoketown Road and Hagerstown Pike at about 8:45. They were then detached from the XII Corps, 1st Division, and making a stand with Tyndale's and Stainbrook's Brigades of Greene's 2nd Division (XII), and Confederates were forced to temporarily withdraw from the West Woods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0008-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Antietam\nBy 9:00 they moved 100 yards farther ahead but remained the lone Union element in the West Woods. By about 9:15 as the Confederates counter-attacked, the 34th NY (II,2) arrived to the 125th Pennsylvania's rear, while the 7th MI (II,2) arrived remotely to the 125th Pennsylvania's right, and Sumner's (II Corps) \"Disaster in the West Woods\" began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0009-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Antietam\nReceiving heavy fire from Kershaw's Brigade of McLaw's Division under Longstreet and Early's brigade of Ewell's Division under Stonewall Jackson, the outnumbered 125th Pennsylvania and 34th NY resisted for a few more minutes, during which time they sustained a very high rate of casualties, and were finally forced to retreat. Sensing a rout, the Confederates followed the retreating regiments and continued to administer fire until Union artillery elements stalled their pursuit. The 125th Pennsylvania remained with Monroe's Battery (now re-positioned near the intersection of Smoketown Road and Mumma Farm Lane) until the end of the Battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0010-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Antietam\nThe commander of II Corps, 2nd Division, 1st Brigade, Brigadier General Willis A. Gorman, observed the performance and fate of the 125th Pennsylvania and commented, \"On our left, in the woods, there was a force that told me they belonged to General Crawford's brigade, that were posted there when we first entered it. They fought handsomely until the heavy force of the enemy turned their left, when they retired rapidly, and by this movement in five minutes the enemy's fire came pouring hotly on our left flank and rear.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0011-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Antietam, Battle analysis\nIn his memoirs General William T. Sherman decried a systematic problem which the 125th Pennsylvania fell prey to at Antietam, along with many other Regiments in their initial battles:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 73], "content_span": [74, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0012-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Antietam, Battle analysis\nSignificantly, Antietam was the last battle fought in the east without the construction of field fortifications, although naturally occurring features, such as the Sunken Road and the quarry holes above the Burnside Bridge, were exploited as rifle pits. Three months after Antietam at Fredericksburg, several of Longstreet's divisions fought behind breastworks, and eight months after Antietam at Chancellorsville, both armies constructed hasty fortifications at every opportunity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 73], "content_span": [74, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0013-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Antietam, Battlefield monument\nKILLED AND DIED OF WOUNDS 54SERIOUSLY WOUNDED 91SLIGHTLY WOUNDED AND NOT REPORTED 84[TOTAL] 229", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0014-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Antietam, Battlefield monument\nThe 125th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Monument on the Antietam Battlefield was dedicated on September 17, 1904, and is located on Confederate Avenue behind (West) of the Dunker Church. During the 125th Pennsylvania's withdrawal from the indicated position in the West Woods, one of the most dramatic events in the regiment's history began with the regimental color-bearer, Sergeant George Simpson who stands immortalized in granite on top of the monument:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0015-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Mud March\nBy October 30, 1862, the 125th Pennsylvania had been reassigned to the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division (XII Corps) under Brigadier General Thomas L. Kane and newly positioned at Loudon Heights, VA, near Harper's Ferry, for extended drilling. Departing on December 10, one leg of the 125th Pennsylvania's march toward Fredericksburg was brilliantly fortunate (avoiding Burnside's signature disaster), but the second leg coincided with Burnside's fatal act of futility, the Mud March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0016-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Mud March\nEscorting the XII Corps' train of ammunition wagons from Dumfries (January 20) to Stafford Courthouse (January 24), the 125th Pennsylvania endured the same days of heavy rain which stalled the movement of the Army's Center Grand Division (III and V Corps) toward Banks' Ford. All participants in the Mud March moved very slowly or became stuck fast, and Burnside's aspirations for success at Fredericksburg expired with his command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0017-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Chancellorsville, April 27\u201330\nOn April 27\u201328, the initial three corps of the Army of the Potomac began their march under the leadership of General Henry W. Slocum. They crossed the Rappahannock and Rapidan rivers as planned and began to concentrate on April 30 around the hamlet of Chancellorsville, which was little more than a single large, brick mansion at the junction of the Orange Turnpike and Orange Plank Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0018-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Chancellorsville, April 27\u201330\nUpon reaching Chancellorsville on April 30, 1863, General Joseph Hooker deployed the Army of the Potomac in a defensive perimeter around the intersection. Slocum's Twelfth Corps held the center of the Union line, and for three days, his troops entrenched, creating a sturdy earthwork screened by a line of fallen trees known as abatis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0019-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Chancellorsville, May 1\nWhile Hooker still maintained the initiative, he commanded a three-pronged eastward thrust. The 1st & 3rd Divisions of the V Corps (Meade) advanced along River Road, the 2nd Division (Sykes) advanced along the Turnpike, and the entirety of the XII Corps (Slocum) advanced along the Plank Road. One mile out, Slocum (XII Corps, including the 125th Pennsylvania) encountered a Confederate picket post and reacted cautiously by deploying his two divisions in line of battle, one Division on each side of Plank Road. Advancing slowly for the next half mile in this formation, the XII Corps had just emerged onto high ground at the Alrich farm, favorable for an offensive, when a Hooker emissary, Colonel Joseph Dicksinson, reported the advance far short of objective and already engaging the enemy at about 1:30\u00a0p.m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0020-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Chancellorsville, May 1\nSimultaneously, Hooker received unfavorable reports about the progress of Sykes (V-2)(east of Chancellorsville on the Turnpike) and Sedgwick (VI)(east of Fredericksburg). Meade's (V) 1st & 3rd Divisions were advancing unimpeded toward a strategic imperative, occupation of Bank's Ford on the Rappahannock River; nonetheless, Hooker called a halt to all operations and ordered a retreat into defensive positions around Chancellorsville. Thereby, the initiative had been lost for the remainder of the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0021-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Chancellorsville, May 2\nBetween noon and 2 p.m., an armed, westward-moving force became visible and audible to the 125th Pennsylvania's 2nd Division. Private Hicks noted, \"From this force we could hear an occasional command, 'Close up,' 'Steady, men,' and like words, and now and then we could catch glimpses of the gray-clothed ranks moving with steady steps, with arms at right shoulder and paying no attention either to us or to our skirmish line in front\". The degree of subterfuge associated with the movement was noted by Captain Wallace:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0022-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Chancellorsville, May 2\nFollowing the failure of the Union command to recognize and respond to General Thomas J. Jackson's flanking movement and the subsequent attack, the entire XII Corps attempted to rally the panic-stricken fugitives of the XI Corps, but they would not stop until they were either captured or reached the Rappahannock River. Ultimately, intense night-fighting, especially artillery from Hazel Grove, stemmed the attack, but the 125th Pennsylvania, along with the most of their 2nd Division, was not involved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0023-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Chancellorsville, May 3\nFor two days of battle the Confederates did not test Slocum's position, but starting at 5:30\u00a0a.m. on May 3, Lee ordered a broad assault. While Virginians led by General William Mahone attacked the 2nd Division of the XII Corps, Confederate artillery on the Orange Plank Road and at Hazel Grove sent shells screeching into Slocum's line from the rear. The XII Corps gamely held its ground, but as the hours passed, its supply of ammunition ran low. At 9 a.m., Slocum ordered a retreat, and by 10a.m., fighting had essentially ceased with the Confederates in possession of Chancellorsville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0024-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle analysis\nConstructing effective breastworks near the Chancellor Mansion and Tavern, the 125th Pennsylvania's Regimental losses were limited (5 killed, 12 wounded, and 10 captured). On May 2, Stonewall Jackson's famous 'Flanking Maneuver' avoided the trap of breastworks placed by the III, XI and XII Corps and led to an attack on the XI Corps' rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0025-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle analysis\nThe fiercest fighting of the Chancellorsville Campaign occurred on May 3, including action at Salem Church and Fredericksburg, and produced the second bloodiest day of the Civil War. The smaller Confederate Army (60,892 CS men vs. 133,868 US men) experienced a significantly higher rate of casualties (22% CS vs. 13% US) than the enemy during General Robert E. Lee's 'Perfect Battle'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008809-0026-0000", "contents": "125th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Muster out and after\nShortly after the Regiment mustered out and returned home, the Confederate victory at the Second Battle of Winchester on June 13\u201315, 1863, opened the doorway for the invasion of Pennsylvania. Many of the Regiment reenlisted immediately at the State level as part of the Emergency and State Militia Troops of 1863. Others reenlisted for national service in units of infantry, cavalry or artillery, and some successively reenlisted at both levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008810-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Regiment of Foot\nThe 125th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, created in 1794 and disbanded in 1796. It was raised at Stamford, Lincolnshire, under the colonelcy of Newton Treen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008811-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Special Tactics Squadron\nThe 125th Special Tactics Squadron is a special operations force unit serving as part of the 142nd Fighter Wing of the United States Air National Guard. They are based at the Portland Air National Guard Base in Portland, Oregon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008811-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Special Tactics Squadron, Mission\nThe squadron provides tactical air and ground integration force and the Air Force's special operations ground force leading global access, precision strike, personnel recovery operations and battlefield surgery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008811-0002-0000", "contents": "125th Special Tactics Squadron, Mission\nMembers of the 125th Special Tactics Squadron are trained in numerous infiltration methods that include: static-line and military free-fall parachuting, scuba, small boats, all-terrain vehicles, mountain ski and hiking, rappelling and fast rope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008811-0003-0000", "contents": "125th Special Tactics Squadron, History\nThe 125th STS was officially constituted on 1 May 2005, and is one of only two Special Tactics Units in the Air National Guard. On 9 September 2006, the 244th Combat Communications Squadron was re-missioned creating the fully operational 125th Special Tactics Squadron in 2007 at Portland Air National Guard Base, Portland, Oregon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008812-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Street (Manhattan)\n125th Street, co-named Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, is a two-way street that runs east\u2013west in the New York City borough of Manhattan, from First Avenue on the east to Marginal Street, a service road for the Henry Hudson Parkway along the Hudson River in the west. It is often considered to be the \"Main Street\" of Harlem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008812-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Street (Manhattan)\nNotable buildings along 125th Street include the Apollo Theater, the Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building, the Hotel Theresa, the Studio Museum in Harlem, the Mount Morris Bank Building, Harlem Commonwealth Council, the Harlem Children's Zone, the Church of St. Joseph of the Holy Family, and the former West End Theatre, now home to the La Gree Baptist Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008812-0002-0000", "contents": "125th Street (Manhattan), History\nThe street was designated by the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 that established the Manhattan street grid as one of 15 east\u2013west streets that would be 100 feet (30\u00a0m) in width (while other streets were designated as 60 feet (18\u00a0m) in width).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008812-0003-0000", "contents": "125th Street (Manhattan), Neighborhoods\nThe western part of the street runs diagonally between the neighborhoods of Manhattanville and Morningside Heights from the northwest from the West Harlem Piers and an interchange with the Henry Hudson Parkway at 130th Street. East of Morningside Avenue it runs east\u2013west through central Harlem to Second Avenue, where a ramp connects it to the Robert F. Kennedy (Triborough) Bridge. However, 125th Street continues to First Avenue, where it connects to the southbound FDR Drive and the Willis Avenue Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008812-0004-0000", "contents": "125th Street (Manhattan), Neighborhoods\nWest of Convent Avenue, 125th Street was rerouted onto what was, prior to 1920, called Manhattan Street. What remains of the original alignment of 125th Street was renamed La Salle Street at that time. The remaining blocks run between Amsterdam Avenue and Claremont Avenue. The New York Times lamented the name changes, noting that the new names had \"somewhat doubtful nomenclature\", and that the City's \"Aldermen like French names\" but gave no rationale for the moves otherwise. A block of the original 125th Street in this area was de-mapped to make the super-blocks where the Grant Houses projects now exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008812-0005-0000", "contents": "125th Street (Manhattan), Neighborhoods\nA proposal to convert the street into a Trans-Harlem Expressway died when funds were diverted from the proposed 125th Street Hudson River bridge at the street's western end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008812-0006-0000", "contents": "125th Street (Manhattan), Neighborhoods\nBeginning in the late 1990s, many sections of 125th Street have been gentrified and developed with such stores as MAC Cosmetics, Old Navy, H&M, CVS/pharmacy, and Magic Johnson Theaters. In collaboration with the community, the city has developed a plan for the 125th Street corridor focusing on reinforcing and building upon its strengths as an arts and cultural corridor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008812-0007-0000", "contents": "125th Street (Manhattan), Fault line\nA rift in the crust runs along underneath this street from the East River to New Jersey and is known as the 125th Street Fault or the Manhattanville Fault. It is suspected to have caused a magnitude-5.2 earthquake in 1737, two smaller ones in 1981, and a 2.4 magnitude quake in 2001. The fault line skims across the top of Central Park and runs to Roosevelt Island to the southeast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008812-0007-0001", "contents": "125th Street (Manhattan), Fault line\nIt creates a fault valley deep enough to require the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line (1 train) to use a trestle between 122nd and 135th Streets, even though the line goes underground at either end and remains at the same elevation above sea level throughout. Riverside Drive also crosses over the fault valley on a high viaduct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008812-0008-0000", "contents": "125th Street (Manhattan), Public transportation\nThe following New York City Subway stations are located at 125th Street (west to east):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008812-0009-0000", "contents": "125th Street (Manhattan), Public transportation\nMetro-North Railroad's Harlem\u2013125th Street station is located at the street's intersection with Park Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008812-0010-0000", "contents": "125th Street (Manhattan), Public transportation\nThe planned second phase of the Second Avenue Subway, continuing north from the 116th Street station, will turn westward onto 125th Street, terminating at a station at Lexington Avenue. The new station would connect to the Metro-North and preexisting Lexington Avenue subway stations there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008812-0011-0000", "contents": "125th Street (Manhattan), Gallery\nHarlem Savings Bank, listed on theNational Register of Historic Places (NRHP)(123 East 125th St.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008812-0012-0000", "contents": "125th Street (Manhattan), Gallery\nSt. Joseph of the Holy Family Churchthe oldest existing church in Harlem and above 44th Street(401 West 125th St.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008812-0013-0000", "contents": "125th Street (Manhattan), Gallery\nHotel Theresa, now Theresa Towers,a NYC landmark and on the NRHP(West 125th St. and Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Blvd.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008812-0014-0000", "contents": "125th Street (Manhattan), Gallery\nVictoria Theater, now being renovated into a mixed-use building(237 West 125th St)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008812-0015-0000", "contents": "125th Street (Manhattan), Gallery\nAdam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building(163 West 125th Street)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008813-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Street Hudson River bridge\nThe 125th Street Hudson River bridge was a proposed bridge across the Hudson River between 125th Street in Manhattan, New York City and Cliffside Park or Fort Lee in New Jersey. It was never built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008813-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Street Hudson River bridge\nThe bridge was proposed by a study in 1954. Othmar H. Ammann designed a double-deck suspension bridge similar to the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which would build the bridge. A Cross Harlem Expressway was to run across the Manhattan neighborhood of Harlem to a second deck of the Triborough Bridge, also at 125th Street; this had also been proposed in 1929. The project never got beyond planning, since funds were transferred to the Verrazano Bridge, which Robert Moses's Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority had the power to build.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008814-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)\n125th Street is an express station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 125th Street and St. Nicholas Avenue in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, it is served by the A and D trains at all times, by the C train at all times except late nights, and by the B train on weekdays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008814-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)\nNearby landmarks and points of interest include the Apollo Theater and the Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008814-0002-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), History\nThe station opened on September 10, 1932, as part of the city-operated Independent Subway System (IND)'s initial segment, the Eighth Avenue Line between Chambers Street and 207th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008814-0003-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), History\nIn 1981, the MTA listed the station among the 69 most deteriorated stations in the subway system. The station was renovated in the 1980s, during which two stairs to each platform at the north end were removed and the platforms' original white floor tiling was replaced. The station was damaged in a water main break in 1989. Another renovation later restored the closed staircases and made the station ADA-accessible with the installation of elevators near the middle of the platforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008814-0004-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), History\nOn June 27, 2017, a southbound A train derailed just north of the station. This derailment, caused by improperly secured replacement rails, left 34 passengers injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008814-0005-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe outer track wall tiles have a Prussian green trim line with a black border with small \"125\" signs in white lettering on a black background beneath it. Both platforms have one line of green I-beam columns that run at regular intervals for their entire length except for a small section at either ends. Every other column has the standard black station name plate in white lettering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008814-0006-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe station has a mezzanine above the tracks at the Southern end and platforms that connect both fare control areas at either ends. There are five staircases to each platform and large-scale photos of Harlem in the 1920s and 1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008814-0007-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe next express station to the south, 59th Street\u2013Columbus Circle, is 3.35 miles (5.391\u00a0km) away with seven local stations in between, which is the longest distance between two express stops in the system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008814-0008-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nThe full-time fare control area is at the south end of the mezzanine, serving the 125th Street exits, and has a turnstile bank and token booth. It serves the exits at St. Nicholas Avenue and West 125th Street. The other fare control area at the north end, serving the 127th Street exits, is unstaffed, containing full height turnstiles. There is also evidence of closed exit stairs going up to 126th Street and 124th Street, one on each side of both mezzanines. One of the staircases led directly into the basement of a business that existed at street level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line)\n125th Street (formerly Manhattan Street) is a local station on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 125th Street and Broadway, at the border of the Manhattanville and Morningside Heights neighborhoods of Manhattan, it is served by the 1 train at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line)\nThe 125th Street station was constructed for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as part of the city's first subway line, which was approved in 1900. Construction of the line segment that includes 125th Street started on June 18 of the same year. The station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway. The station's platforms were lengthened in 1948, and the station was renovated in the 2000s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0002-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line)\nThe 125th Street station contains two side platforms and three tracks; the center track is not used in regular service. The station is the only one on the 2,174-foot-long (663\u00a0m) Manhattan Valley Viaduct, which carries the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line across a natural valley surrounding 125th Street. The platforms contain windscreens and canopies. The station house beneath the platforms contains exits to 125th Street and Broadway. The Manhattan Valley Viaduct is a New York City designated landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0003-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nPlanning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature authorized the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx. A plan was formally adopted in 1897, and all legal conflicts concerning the route alignment were resolved near the end of 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 90], "content_span": [91, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0004-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nThe Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 90], "content_span": [91, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0005-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nThe 125th Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's West Side Line (now the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line). While most of the original line was designed to be underground, the topology of Manhattanville necessitated the construction of a viaduct between 122nd and 135th Streets. Work began on the viaduct over Manhattan Valley on June 1, 1901. Work on the stone piers and foundations for the viaduct was done by E. P. Roberts, while other work was done by Terry & Tench Construction Company. According to Tramway and Railway World magazine, the viaduct was built within two weeks. Because of delays in constructing the masonry abutment, a portion of the parabolic arch span was built first, followed by the rest of the viaduct. Normally, the side spans would have been built before the arch was constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 90], "content_span": [91, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0006-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nThe section of the West Side Line around this station was originally planned as a two-track line, but in early 1901, was changed to a three-track structure to allow trains to be stored in the center track. A third track was added directly north of 96th Street, immediately east of the originally planned two tracks. The 125th Street station opened on October 27, 1904, as the Manhattan Street station, one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway from City Hall to 145th Street on the West Side Branch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 90], "content_span": [91, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0007-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nAfter the first subway line was completed in 1908, the station was served by West Side local and express trains. Express trains began at South Ferry in Manhattan or Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, and ended at 242nd Street in the Bronx. Local trains ran from City Hall to 242nd Street during rush hours, continuing south from City Hall to South Ferry at other times. In 1918, the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square\u201342nd Street, thereby dividing the original line into an \"H\"-shaped system. The original subway north of Times Square thus became part of the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line. Local trains were sent to South Ferry, while express trains used the new Clark Street Tunnel to Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0008-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nTo address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts, made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $41.7 million in 2020) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $13,888,000 in 2020) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0008-0001", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nThe northbound platform at the Manhattan Street station was extended about 98 feet (30\u00a0m) to the south, while the southbound platform was not lengthened. On January 24, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the West Side Line. Subsequently, the station could accommodate six-car local trains, but ten-car trains could not open some of their doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0009-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nFour stairways at the station were relocated, two stairways were added, and two passageways in the mezzanine were widened during Fiscal Year 1915. The station was renamed 125th Street in 1921, following a request from the Harlem Board of Commerce. A new mezzanine opened at the station on September 26, 1931, with three new escalators and a new staircase to and from the street. The span of escalator service was extended from 1 a.m. to 2 a.m. on November 2, 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0010-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nPlatforms at IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line stations between 103rd Street and 238th Street, including those at 125th Street, were lengthened to 514 feet (157\u00a0m) in 1948, allowing full ten-car express trains to stop at these stations. A contract for the platform extensions at 125th Street and five other stations on the line was awarded to the Rao Electrical Equipment Company and the Kaplan Electric Company in June 1946. The platform extensions at these stations were opened in stages. The platform extensions at 125th Street opened on June 11, 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0010-0001", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nSimultaneously, the IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of \"R-type\" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948. The route to 242nd Street became known as the 1. In 1959, all 1 trains became local.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0011-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nThe New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Manhattan Valley Viaduct, including the 125th Street station, as a city landmark in 1981. The New York City Planning Commission subsequently objected against the viaduct's designation, claiming that it would depress the neighborhood. The viaduct and station were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0012-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nIn April 1988, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) unveiled plans to speed up service on the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line through the implementation of a skip-stop service: the 9 train. As soon as the plan was announced, some local officials were opposed to the change. Initially, skip-stop service would have been operated north of 116th Street, with 1 trains skipping 125th Street, 157th Street, 207th Street, and 225th Street, and 9 trains skipping 145th Street, 181st Street, Dyckman Street, 215th Street and 238th Street. However, the plan was changed because riders did not want 125th Street to be a skip-stop station. When skip-stop service started in 1989, it was only implemented north of 137th Street\u2013City College on weekdays, and 125th Street was served by both the 1 and the 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 917]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0013-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 21st century\nIn June 2002, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) announced that ten subway stations citywide, including 103rd Street, 110th Street, 116th Street, 125th Street, and 231st Street on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, would receive renovations. As part of the project, fare control areas would be redesigned, flooring, and electrical and communication systems would be upgraded, and new lighting, public address systems and stairways would be installed. In addition, since 110th Street, 116th Street, and 125th Street had landmark status, historical elements would be replaced or restored, including wall tiles. Work on the ten citywide renovation projects was estimated to cost almost $146 million, and was scheduled to start later that year, and be completed in April 2004, in time for the 100th anniversary of the station's opening, and the 250th anniversary of Columbia University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 1018]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0014-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 21st century\nManhattan Community Board 9 was concerned about preserving the historic nature of the station during its renovation. Manhattan Community Board 7 got the MTA to agree to maintain the existing design of the wood paneling and windows in the station. The MTA was expected to decide whether preservation or speed would be prioritized in the station renovation projects by the end of the year. Columbia University provided funding to cover a portion of the cost of renovating the 125th Street station, as it did for the station renovations at 103rd Street, 110th Street, and 116th Street, and funded the substitution of the station's aluminum vents with glass windows to reflect the station's original design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0015-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 21st century\nBetween October 5 and November 17, 2003, the downtown platforms at 110th Street and 125th Street were closed to expedite work on their renovations. Skip-stop service ended on May 27, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0016-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout\nThis station was part of the original subway. It has two side platforms and three tracks; the center track is not used in revenue service. Both platforms have beige windscreens and red canopies. The windscreens have windows and green frames and outlines in the center that were installed in the station's 2003 renovation. On both ends of the platforms, which are not shaded by canopies, there are green, waist-high, ironwork fences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 71], "content_span": [72, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0017-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Viaduct\nThe 125th Street station is the only station on the 2,174-foot-long (663\u00a0m) Manhattan Valley Viaduct, which bridges Manhattanville from 122nd to 135th Streets. The viaduct allows the trains to remain relatively level and avoid steep grades while traversing the valley. An elevated steel structure with simple steel supports, as used in other parts of the IRT, was not feasible because the oblique intersection of Broadway and 125th Street would have required an expensive realignment of 125th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 80], "content_span": [81, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0018-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Viaduct\nThe steel arch across 125th Street is 168.5 feet (51.4\u00a0m) long and 54 feet (16\u00a0m) high, with foundations descending 30 feet (9.1\u00a0m) below street level. The arch is composed of three lattice-girder two-hinge ribs, whose centers are spaced 24.5 feet (7.5\u00a0m) apart. Each half rib supports six spandrel posts carrying the tracks. The chords of the ribs are 6 feet (1.8\u00a0m) apart with an H-section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 80], "content_span": [81, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0018-0001", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Viaduct\nMost of the remainder of the viaduct is a simple steel structure, similar to other early IRT lines, with each section measuring 46 to 72 feet (14 to 22\u00a0m) long with transverse girders 31.33 feet (9.5\u00a0m) wide. Each track was proportioned for a dead load of 330 pounds per foot (490\u00a0kg/m) and a live load of 25,000 pounds (11,340\u00a0kg) per axle. The approach ramps from 122nd to LaSalle Streets, and from 133rd to 135th Streets, are made of masonry. When the viaduct was completed, it was painted dark green.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 80], "content_span": [81, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0019-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Viaduct\nArchitectural critic Montgomery Schuyler praised the IRT viaduct above 125th Street as \"strictly an example of engineering, in which architectural conventions are not recognized at all\". Aside from a complaint that the vertical supports of the arch carried an aesthetic \"awkwardness\", Schuyler wrote that \"it is all the better architecturally\" for having been designed for utilitarian purposes. Architectural writers Norval White and Elliot Willensky wrote in the AIA Guide to New York City that the arch was \"worthy of Eiffel\", a reference to the lattice of the Eiffel Tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 80], "content_span": [81, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0020-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nThis station has one elevated station house at the center of the platforms and tracks. Two staircases from each side go down to a waiting area/crossunder, where a turnstile bank provides access to and from the station. Outside fare control, on the west side of the station house, is a token booth and an enclosed passageway, which leads to two escalators going down to the west side of Broadway. The escalators go in opposite directions: one leads north to 125th Street while the other leads south to Tiemann Place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 78], "content_span": [79, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008815-0020-0001", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nOn the east side of the station house, another enclosed passageway leads to an escalator facing south and going down to the southeast corner of Broadway and 125th Street. Adjacent to this passageway is an \"L\" shaped staircase with its upper half directly above Broadway and the lower half beneath the enclosed escalator going to the same corner of the intersection. When the station opened, drawings show that there were escalators descending to the median of Broadway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 78], "content_span": [79, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008816-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)\n125th Street is a station on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 125th Street (also known as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr Boulevard) and Lenox Avenue (also known as Malcolm\u00a0X Boulevard) in Harlem, it is served by the 2 and 3 trains at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008816-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)\nThe 125th Street station was constructed for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as part of the city's first subway line, which was approved in 1900. Construction on the tunnel segment that includes the 125th Street station started on October 2 of the same year. The station opened on November 23, 1904. The station platforms were lengthened in 1910.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008816-0002-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)\nThe 125th Street station contains two side platforms and two tracks. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations. The platforms contain exits to Lenox Avenue's intersection with 125th Street and are not connected to each other within fare control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008816-0003-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nPlanning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature authorized the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008816-0003-0001", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nA plan was formally adopted in 1897, and legal challenges were resolved near the end of 1899. The Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008816-0004-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nThe 125th Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's East Side Branch (now the Lenox Avenue Line). Farrell & Hopper began building the section from 110th Street to 135th Street on August 30, 1900, subcontracting the section north of 116th Street to John C. Rodgers. The excavation was relatively easy because the subway was under one side of Lenox Avenue and there were no street railway tracks to work around.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008816-0005-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nOn November 23, 1904, the East Side Branch opened to 145th Street. Initially, the station was served by East Side local and express trains. Local trains ran from City Hall to Lenox Avenue (145th Street). Express trains had their southern terminus at South Ferry or Atlantic Avenue and had their northern terminus at 145th Street or West Farms (180th Street). Express trains to 145th Street were eliminated in 1906, and West Farms express trains operated through to Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008816-0006-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nTo address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts, made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $41.2 million in 2019) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $13,719,643 in 2019) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent. The platforms at the 125th Street station were extended 55 feet (17\u00a0m) to both the north and south. On January 23, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the East Side Branch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 94], "content_span": [95, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008816-0007-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nIn 1918, the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square\u201342nd Street, thereby dividing the original line into an \"H\"-shaped system. Local trains were sent to South Ferry, while express trains used the new Clark Street Tunnel to Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 94], "content_span": [95, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008816-0008-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nThe IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of \"R-type\" rolling stock. These fleet contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948. The route to White Plains Road, formerly the route to West Farms, became known as the 2, while the route to Lenox Avenue\u2013145th Street became the 3. In 1959, all 2 and 3 trains became express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 94], "content_span": [95, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008816-0009-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nOn May 23, 1968, poet Henry Dumas was fatally shot by a New York City Transit Police officer on the station's southbound platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 94], "content_span": [95, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008816-0010-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nIn 1981, the MTA listed the station among the 69 most deteriorated stations in the subway system. Starting on March 2, 1998, the tunnel was reconstructed along with the cracked tunnel floor. This was done to correct a major water problem that had existed for many years due to the presence of the Harlem Creek and other underground streams, which caused extensive flooding, water damage, and seepage problems that occasionally contributed to severe service disruptions. The project cost $82 million and was finished on October 12, 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 94], "content_span": [95, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008816-0010-0001", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nDuring the reconstruction, many 2 trains were rerouted via the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, while the 3 trains were rerouted to the 137th Street\u2013City College station on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line. Each of the two Lenox Avenue Line tracks were alternately taken out of service and supplemental shuttle bus service connecting to other lines in the area were provided for much of this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 94], "content_span": [95, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008816-0011-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe station has two tracks and two side platforms. The 2 and 3 trains stop here at all times. The platforms were originally 350 feet (110\u00a0m) long, as at other stations north of 96th Street. The platform extensions are at the north ends of the original platforms. Fare control is at platform level. There are no crossovers or crossunders between the two side platforms to allow free transfer between directions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008816-0012-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nAs with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method. The tunnel is covered by a \"U\"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than 4 inches (100\u00a0mm) thick. The platforms consist of 3-inch-thick (7.6\u00a0cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The original platforms contain circular, cast-iron Doric-style columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m), while the platform extensions contain I-beam columns. Additional columns between the tracks, spaced every 5 feet (1.5\u00a0m), support the jack-arched concrete station roofs. There is a 1-inch (25\u00a0mm) gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4-inch (100\u00a0mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008816-0013-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nThe original decorative scheme consists of blue tile station-name tablets, pink tile bands, a green terracotta cornice, and dark blue terracotta plaques. The mosaic tiles at all original IRT stations were manufactured by the American Encaustic Tile Company, which subcontracted the installations at each station. The decorative work was performed by tile contractor Manhattan Glass Tile Company and terracotta contractor Atlantic Terra Cotta Company. Many of the original name tablets have since been replaced with newer renditions, but most of the plaques remain intact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008816-0014-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nThe artwork in the station is Flying Home: Harlem Heroes and Heroines, by Faith Ringgold, installed in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008816-0015-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nTwo staircases from each platform lead to the intersection of Lenox Avenue and West 125th Street. The staircases from the southbound platform lead to the western corners, while those from the northbound platform lead to the eastern corners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)\n125th Street is an express station with four tracks and two island platforms. It is the northernmost Manhattan station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at Lexington Avenue and East 125th Street (also known as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard) in East Harlem, it is served by the 4 and 6 trains at all times, the 5 train at all times except late nights, and the <6> train during weekdays in peak direction. This station was constructed as part of the Dual Contracts by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and opened in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)\nA planned northern extension of the Second Avenue Subway would connect with this station and with the Metro-North Railroad's Harlem\u2013125th Street station, located one block west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0002-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nFollowing the completion of the original subway, there were plans to construct a line along Manhattan's east side north of 42nd Street. The original plan for what became the extension north of 42nd Street was to continue it south through Irving Place and into what is now the BMT Broadway Line at Ninth Street and Broadway. In July 1911, the IRT had withdrawn from the talks, and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) was to operate on Lexington Avenue. The IRT submitted an offer for what became its portion of the Dual Contracts on February 27, 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0003-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nIn May 1912, it was decided to modify the planned layout of the station from three tracks and two island platforms on each level, to two tracks and one island platform per level, saving $1.25 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0004-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nIn 1913, as part of the Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19, 1913, the Public Service Commission planned to split the original Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) system from looking like a \"Z\" system (as seen on a map) to an \"H\"-shaped system. The original system would be split into three segments: two north\u2013south lines, carrying through trains over the Lexington Avenue and Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Lines, and a west\u2013east shuttle under 42nd Street. This would form a roughly \"H\"-shaped system. It was predicted that the subway extension would lead to the growth of the Upper East Side and the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0005-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\n125th Street station opened on July 17, 1918 as part of the extension of the original subway up Lexington Avenue to 125th Street and into the Bronx. Initially, service was provided only as a shuttle on the local tracks of the Lexington Avenue Line starting at Grand Central, continuing past this station and under the Harlem River to 167th Street on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0005-0001", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nOn August 1, the \"H system\" was put into place, with through service beginning on the new east and west side trunk lines, and the institution of the 42nd Street Shuttle along the old connection between the sides. Express service began on this date The cost of the extension from Grand Central was $58 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0006-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nThe opening of this station resulted in development of the surrounding neighborhood of East Harlem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0007-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Later years\nIn 1952 or 1953, a public address system was installed at this station, providing information to passengers and train crews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 70], "content_span": [71, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0008-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Later years\nIn late 1959, contracts were awarded to extend the platforms at Bowling Green, Wall Street, Fulton Street, Canal Street, Spring Street, Bleecker Street, Astor Place, Grand Central, 86th Street and 125th Street to 525 feet (160\u00a0m) to accommodate ten-car trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 70], "content_span": [71, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0009-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Later years\nIn 1981, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority listed the station among the 69 most deteriorated stations in the subway system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 70], "content_span": [71, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0010-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Later years\nThe station's elevators were installed in November 1989, making the station one of the earliest to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. This station was renovated in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 70], "content_span": [71, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0011-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe station is unusual in design, as a bi-level station with island platforms but not configured in the standard express-local lower-upper configuration. Instead, the upper platform serves northbound (uptown) trains and the lower level serves southbound (downtown) trains. Adding to the unusual design is the local track on each level having train doors open to the right; the express tracks likewise have doors opening to the left. North of the station, just after crossing the Harlem River, the line splits into the IRT Jerome Avenue Line (heading north) and the IRT Pelham Line (heading east).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0011-0001", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Station layout\nOn the lower platform, each track comes from one line, and a flying junction south of the station allows trains to be diverted to the local or express track. Throughout the station's history, this station has been one of the more important on the line as it is the northernmost transfer point between express trains to the IRT Jerome Avenue and White Plains Road Lines, and local trains to the IRT Pelham Line. The 4 and 6 stop here at all times, and the 5 stops here at all times except late nights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0012-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Station layout\nThere is an active tower at the north end of the upper platform; it is a satellite to the tower at Grand Central\u201342nd Street, which controls the entire length of the Lexington Avenue Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0013-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nThis station has a mezzanine with two separate turnstile banks. The northern turnstile bank leads to two staircases going to both northern corners of Lexington Avenue and 125th Street, and an elevator going to the northeastern corner of Lexington Avenue and 125th Street. The southern turnstile bank has two exits leading to both southern corners of Lexington Avenue and 125th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0014-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nA fifth entrance will be built as part of the proposed Second Avenue Subway station here. It would be located on the southern side of 125th Street in the median of Park Avenue, and an ancillary facility would be located one block south. The proposed fifth exit is right underneath Metro-North Railroad's Harlem\u2013125th Street station on Park Avenue, which is one block west of the Lexington Avenue exits. An ancillary facility would also be built at the southeast corner of 125th Street and Third Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0015-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Planned Second Avenue Subway station\nHarlem\u2013125th Street is the planned northern terminal for Phase 2 of the Second Avenue Subway. It would be built underneath 125th Street, below and perpendicular to the existing Lexington Avenue Line station. Phase 2 would stretch from 96th Street to 125th Street, with the next station south being 116th Street. Phase 2 would also include a station at 106th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 86], "content_span": [87, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0015-0001", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Planned Second Avenue Subway station\nA station at Lexington Avenue and 125th Street was not on the original Second Avenue Subway proposed as part of the New York City Transit Authority's 1968 Program for Action; instead, a Second Avenue Subway station would be built at 126th Street and Second Avenue. The line was to be built in two phases\u2014the first phase from 126th to 34th Streets, the second phase from 34th to Whitehall Streets. When opened, it will initially be served by the Q train, with the T providing service when phase 3 of the line is built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 86], "content_span": [87, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0016-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Planned Second Avenue Subway station, Introduction of the station to plans\nIn March 2007, the Second Avenue Subway was revived. The line's first phase, the \"first major expansion\" to the New York City Subway in more than a half-century, included three stations in total and cost $4.45 to $4.5 billion, spanning from 105th Street and Second Avenue to 63rd Street and Third Avenue. Phase 1 opened on January 1, 2017, with the line's northern terminal at 96th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 124], "content_span": [125, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0017-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Planned Second Avenue Subway station, Introduction of the station to plans\nThe second phase, between 125th and 96th Streets, was allocated $525 million in the MTA's 2015\u20132019 Capital Plan for planning, design, environmental studies, and utility relocation. This phase will complete the project's East Harlem section. The alignment will run under Second Avenue to 124th Street, before turning west on 125th Street. On October 18, 2016, the de Blasio administration announced a rezoning plan for East Harlem. One of the three Special Transit Land Use (TA) districts is for the area of the 125th Street station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 124], "content_span": [125, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0018-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Planned Second Avenue Subway station, Introduction of the station to plans\nOn November 21, 2016, the MTA requested that the Phase 2 project be entered into the Project Development phase under the Federal Transit Administration's New Starts program. On December 15, several elected officials for the area announced that they were seeking $6 billion of funding for Phase 2 of the line, including $2 billion from the federal government. These officials wished to secure funding from the presidential administration of Barack Obama before Obama's term ended on January 20, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 124], "content_span": [125, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0018-0001", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Planned Second Avenue Subway station, Introduction of the station to plans\nIn their request for funding, they cited that they wanted to avoid an uncertain response from the administration of Donald Trump and start construction on Phase 2 as soon as possible. The FTA granted this request in late December 2016. Under the approved plan, the MTA would complete an environmental reevaluation by 2018, receive funding by 2020, and open Phase 2 between 2027 and 2029. In January 2017, it was announced that Phases 2 and 3, which are expected to cost up to a combined $14.2 billion, were on the Trump administration's priority list of 50 most important transportation projects nationwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 124], "content_span": [125, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0019-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Planned Second Avenue Subway station, Introduction of the station to plans\nIn July 2018, the MTA released a supplemental environmental assessment for Phase 2 of the Second Avenue Subway. The updated report indicated that the 125th Street station would be relocated about 118 feet (36\u00a0m) west and 20 feet (6.1\u00a0m) below what had been proposed in the 2004 FEIS, in order to reduce impacts on nearby buildings. The proposed three-track station was reduced to two tracks. The modification would reduce flexibility, but would allow the section under 125th Street to be mined, rather than being constructed as cut-and-cover, thereby reducing impacts on nearby buildings. Simulations showed that a two-track layout could support the same level of service that the three-track layout could have provided: 28 trains per hour. To make up for the loss of the track, the tail tracks west of the station would be lengthened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 124], "content_span": [125, 960]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0020-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Planned Second Avenue Subway station, Current plans\nWhen built, this platform will be the permanent northern terminal of the Second Avenue Subway. It will be five levels below street level, or two levels below the lower-level IRT Lexington Avenue Line platform. The station was originally proposed to have a three-track, two-island platform layout with a mezzanine above it and switches to the east of the platforms. The July 2018 plans call for two tracks and one island platform, with switches both to the west and the east. The tail tracks would extend to Lenox Avenue to allow for six trains to be stored, three per track. This would also provide a provision for a future expansion of the line along 125th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 101], "content_span": [102, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0021-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Planned Second Avenue Subway station, Current plans\nExtra transfer capacity to the existing Lexington Avenue Line station would be provided as part of the construction of the Harlem\u2013125th Street terminal. In its July 2018 supplemental report, the MTA indicated that it wanted to build new escalator entrances to the subway station complex on two of the corners at Lexington Avenue and 125th Street, replacing the existing entrances there. Entrance 1 would be located on the southeast corner, while entrance 2 would tentatively be located on the northwest corner, although this has yet to be confirmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 101], "content_span": [102, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0021-0001", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Planned Second Avenue Subway station, Current plans\nThe original 2004 plans had called for entrance 2 to be located on the southwest corner, but the MTA stated that the location was comparatively small. The Second Avenue Subway station will include a new exit leading directly from the Second Avenue Line platform to the median of Park Avenue at the south side of 125th Street, allowing for a quick connection to the Metro-North station. In the 2018 report, the MTA stated that it also wanted to include a property on the intersection's southeast corner within the construction site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 101], "content_span": [102, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0021-0002", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Planned Second Avenue Subway station, Current plans\nThe ancillaries were also shifted from the locations proposed in the 2004 FEIS. Ancillary 1 and Ancillary 2, which were respectively supposed to be located at Third and Park Avenues on 125th Street, were both moved south to 124th Street. The ancillary buildings were also shifted west because the station cavern had been relocated west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 101], "content_span": [102, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008817-0022-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Planned Second Avenue Subway station, Second Avenue Subway Community Information Center\nA Second Avenue Subway Community Information Center for Phase 2, along 125th Street between Park and Madison Avenues, was originally planned to open in May 2017. The center's opening was delayed to September 18, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 137], "content_span": [138, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008818-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)\n125th Street was an express station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had three tracks and two island platforms. It opened on September 17, 1879 and closed on June 11, 1940. The next southbound stop was 116th Street for all trains. The next northbound local stop was 130th Street. The next northbound express stop was 145th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008819-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Second Avenue Line)\n125th Street was an express station on the demolished IRT Second Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had three tracks and two island platforms. The next stop to the north was 129th Street for terminating trains and 133rd Street for through trains. The next stop to the south was 121st Street for local trains and 86th Street for express trains. The station closed on June 11, 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008820-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line)\n125th Street was an express station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City as part of the extension of the Third Avenue Line north of 67th Street. It opened on December 30, 1878, and had three tracks and two levels. The lower level was built first and had two tracks and two side platforms for local trains. The upper level, built as part of the Dual Contracts, had one track and two side platforms for express trains. Simultaneously during the dual contracts period, IRT also expanded the Lexington Avenue Subway which included a station one block west of the el station. This station closed on May 12, 1955, with the ending of all service on the Third Avenue El south of 149th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008821-0000-0000", "contents": "125th Weather Flight\nThe United States Air Force's 125th Weather Flight (125th WF) is a combat weather team located at Tinker AFB in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008821-0001-0000", "contents": "125th Weather Flight, Mission\nThe mission of the 125th WF is to provide strategic meteorological information within an adequate amount of time, after given appropriate notice of changing meteorological elements. Being a combat team, the team's mission also includes five additional primary missions: unconventional warfare, foreign internal defense, special reconnaissance, direct action, and counter-terrorism. Although not specifically a part of the Special Operations Force (SOF) of the United States Army, the 125th Weather Flight does directly support it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008822-0000-0000", "contents": "125th meridian east\nThe meridian 125\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, Australia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008822-0001-0000", "contents": "125th meridian east\nThe 125th meridian east forms a great circle with the 55th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008822-0002-0000", "contents": "125th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 125th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008823-0000-0000", "contents": "125th meridian west\nThe meridian 125\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008823-0001-0000", "contents": "125th meridian west\nThe 125th meridian west forms a great circle with the 55th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008823-0002-0000", "contents": "125th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 125th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008824-0000-0000", "contents": "126 (number)\n126 (one hundred [and] twenty-six) is the natural number following 125 and preceding 127.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008824-0001-0000", "contents": "126 (number), In mathematics\nAs the binomial coefficient (94){\\displaystyle {\\tbinom {9}{4}}}, 126 is a central binomial coefficient and a pentatope number. It is also a decagonal number and a pentagonal pyramidal number. As 125\u00a0+\u00a01 it is \u03c33(5), the fifth value of the sum of cubed divisors function, and is a sum of two cubes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008824-0002-0000", "contents": "126 (number), In mathematics\nThere are exactly 126 crossing points among the diagonals of a regular nonagon, 126 binary strings of length seven that are not repetitions of a shorter string, 126 different semigroups on four elements (up to isomorphism and reversal), and 126 different ways to partition a decagon into even polygons by diagonals. There are exactly 126 positive integers that are not solutions of the equation", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008824-0003-0000", "contents": "126 (number), In mathematics\nwhere a, b, c, and d must themselves all be positive integers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008824-0004-0000", "contents": "126 (number), In mathematics\nIt is the fifth Granville number, and the third such not to be a perfect number. Also, it is known to be the smallest Granville number with three distinct prime factors, and perhaps the only such Granville number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008824-0005-0000", "contents": "126 (number), In physics\n126 is the seventh magic number in nuclear physics. For each of these numbers, 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126, an atomic nucleus with this many protons is or is predicted to be more stable than for other numbers. Thus, although there has been no experimental discovery of element 126, tentatively called unbihexium, it is predicted to belong to an island of stability that might allow it to exist with a long enough half life that its existence could be detected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008825-0000-0000", "contents": "126 Artist-run Gallery\n126 Artist-run Gallery is an artist-run space located in Galway City, Ireland. It was founded in 2005 and \"has built an international reputation for ambitious programming.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008825-0001-0000", "contents": "126 Artist-run Gallery, History\n126 was founded by artists Austin Ivers and Ben Geoghegan in the living room of their home in 2005. The gallery was named after the number of the house. The two aimed to create more exhibition opportunities in the city, and to highlight artists who had a connection to Galway. After 2 years, they curated a large \"quality\" survey show of contemporary Irish art in the Galway Art Centre in the autumn of 2006. After, in late 2006, the gallery moved to a white cube space in an industrial estate outside of Galway City showing the work of Benjamin de Burca for the Tulca Festival of Visual Arts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008825-0002-0000", "contents": "126 Artist-run Gallery, History\nIn January 2007, it was re-constituted directly on the ethos of Catalyst Arts and the Transmission Gallery democratic, artist-run model \u2013 which have their origins in the Scottish New 57 Gallery. This included a membership and annual members show, a non-commercial orientation, a voluntary board, 2-year term limits on board members, and a requirement that board members not show their own work. \"The new gallery aims to provide a venue for younger, emerging artists, thus fulfilling an obvious need\" and was considered \"tremendously innovative\" by The Irish Times art critic Aidan Dunne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008825-0003-0000", "contents": "126 Artist-run Gallery, History\nIn 2009, with its future in doubt, the gallery moved to Galway City centre near the docks. Since, the gallery has experienced several struggles for survival in its bids for consistent funding from both local authorities and the Arts Council of Ireland. It has moved 2 additional times, and is now in Hidden Valley, for a total of 5 locations in 15 years. Its most recent location also houses studio spaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008825-0004-0000", "contents": "126 Artist-run Gallery, History\n126 has worked regularly with the Galway International Arts Festival, Tulca, and the Burren College of Art. As well as with the Royal Hibernian Academy, Catalyst Arts, ARTFarm, and National Women's Council of Ireland. It has come to be seen as a progressive example of an artist led project, while simultaneously providing important training for its voluntary board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008826-0000-0000", "contents": "126 BC\nYear 126 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lepidus and Orestes (or, less frequently, year 628 Ab urbe condita) and the Third Year of Yuanshuo. The denomination 126 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008827-0000-0000", "contents": "126 Madison Avenue\n126 Madison Avenue (also known as 15 East 30th Street and Madison House) is a residential skyscraper under development by Fosun Property in NoMad, Manhattan, New York City. The building will rise 47 stories and 730 feet (220\u00a0m), and is expected to be completed by 2021. J.D. Carisle Development Corp. is co-developing the project with Fosun Group, while Handel Architects is the architect. Construction began in 2017. The building is actually located on Fifth Avenue, rather than on Madison Avenue as indicated by its name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008827-0001-0000", "contents": "126 Madison Avenue, History\nJ.D. Carlisle purchased the building's site for $102 million in March 2015 with plans to build a 53 story residential building. The developers received $350 million in construction financing from Bank OZK in May 2018. The structure topped out in June 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008828-0000-0000", "contents": "126 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force\nThe 126 Squadron \"Cougar\" is a helicopter squadron of the Republic of Singapore Air Force. Its motto is \"Ready and Able\", with the Cougar adopted as the squadron's motif.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008828-0001-0000", "contents": "126 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history\nFormed initially on 16 September 1992 at Sembawang Air Base, the 126 Squadron consisted of fourteen newly purchased A\u00e9rospatiale AS532UL Cougar medium lift helicopters, which were an upgraded version of the Super Puma helicopters then used by its sister squadron\u00a0\u2013 125 SQN. The squadron is  based at Oakey Airbase, supporting the SAF's training need in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008829-0000-0000", "contents": "126 Tauri\n126 Tauri (126 Tau) is a blue subgiant star in the constellation Taurus. Its apparent magnitude is 4.83. It is also a binary star, with an orbital period of 111 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008830-0000-0000", "contents": "126 Velleda\nVelleda (minor planet designation: 126 Velleda) is a main-belt asteroid. It is probably a rather typical, albeit sizable, S-type asteroid. Named for Veleda, a priestess and prophet of the Germanic tribe of the Bructeri. It was discovered by Paul Henry on November 5, 1872, in Paris, France. It was his first credited discovery. He and his brother Prosper Henry discovered a total of 14 asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008830-0001-0000", "contents": "126 Velleda\nThis body is orbiting the Sun with a period of 3.81 years and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.11. The orbital plane is inclined by 2.9\u00b0 to the plane of the ecliptic. It has an cross-section diameter of ~45\u00a0km. This asteroid rotates once every 5.36\u00a0hours. During each rotation the brightness varies by 0.22 magnitudes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008831-0000-0000", "contents": "126 Windsor Street, Richmond\n126 Windsor Street, Richmond is a heritage-listed residence at 126 Windsor Street, Richmond, City of Hawkesbury, New South Wales, Australia. It is also known as the Home of John Town and Heritage Cottage. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008831-0001-0000", "contents": "126 Windsor Street, Richmond, History, Indigenous history\nThe lower Hawkesbury was home to the Dharug people. The proximity to the Nepean River and South Creek qualifies it as a key area for food resources for indigenous groups. The Dharug and Darkinjung people called the river Deerubbin and it was a vital source of food and transport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008831-0002-0000", "contents": "126 Windsor Street, Richmond, History, Colonial history\nGovernor Arthur Phillip explored the local area in search of suitable agricultural land in 1789 and discovered and named the Hawkesbury River after Baron Hawkesbury. This region played a significant role in the early development of the colony with European settlers established here by 1794. Situated on fertile floodplains and well known for its abundant agriculture, Green Hills (as it was originally called) supported the colony through desperate times. However, frequent flooding meant that the farmers along the riverbanks were often ruined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008831-0003-0000", "contents": "126 Windsor Street, Richmond, History, Colonial history\nOn 1 January 1810, Lachlan Macquarie replaced William Bligh as Governor of New South Wales. Under Macquarie's influence the colony prospered. His vision was for a free community, working in conjunction with the penal colony. He implemented a substantial public works program, completing 265 public buildings, establishing new public amenities and improving existing services such as roads. Under his leadership Hawkesbury district thrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008831-0003-0001", "contents": "126 Windsor Street, Richmond, History, Colonial history\nHe visited the district on his first tour and recorded in his journal on 6 December 1810: \"After dinner I chrestened the new townships...I gave the name of Windsor to the town intended to be erected in the district of the Green Hills...the township in the Richmond district I have named Richmond...\" the district reminded Macquarie of those towns in England, whilst Castlereagh, Pitt Town and Wilberforce were named after English statesmen. These are often referred to as Macquarie's Five Towns. Their localities, chiefly Windsor and Richmond, became more permanent with streets, town square and public buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008831-0004-0000", "contents": "126 Windsor Street, Richmond, History, 126 Windsor Street\n126 Windsor St was built c. 1840 for ex-convict turned successful businessman John Town (senior) and his wife Mary Pickett. Town had arrived in Australia in 1800 and after gaining his freedom had operated a milling business at Kurrajong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008831-0005-0000", "contents": "126 Windsor Street, Richmond, History, 126 Windsor Street\nIn the late 1970s, the building was threatened with demolition for a planned car yard. Demolition had already commenced when the building was purchased by the state government on the advice of the Heritage Council of New South Wales, the first to be acquired under new heritage preservation powers. The work on 126 Windsor Street was intended to serve as an example of the way a building in poor condition which was threatened by demolition can be restored and given a new lease of life at a moderate cost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008831-0006-0000", "contents": "126 Windsor Street, Richmond, History, 126 Windsor Street\nThe Heritage Council auctioned the property in 1985. It was at some stage used as \"Heritage Cottage\", a museum and coffee shop, but this is no longer operating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008831-0007-0000", "contents": "126 Windsor Street, Richmond, Description\n126 Windsor Street is a single-storey cottage of three bays with a two-storey wing running parallel to the side street. It is constructed of brick, stuccoed and painted on exterior. Main roof is hipped and of iron, verandah roof is supported on turned timber columns. Exterior joinery is mostly intact. Particularly fine is the reeded panelling of the French windows. The grounds retain some mature trees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008831-0008-0000", "contents": "126 Windsor Street, Richmond, Significance\nA fine example of a mid-nineteenth century Australian colonial town dwelling. It is also a very important part of the townscape of Richmond as it is the only such dwelling remaining on the Sydney approaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008831-0009-0000", "contents": "126 Windsor Street, Richmond, Heritage listing\n126 Windsor Street, Richmond was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008832-0000-0000", "contents": "126 film\n126 film is a cartridge-based film format used in still photography. It was introduced by Kodak in 1963, and is associated mainly with low-end point-and-shoot cameras, particularly Kodak's own Instamatic series of cameras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008832-0001-0000", "contents": "126 film\nAlthough 126 was once very popular, as of 2008 it is no longer manufactured, and few photofinishers will process it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008832-0002-0000", "contents": "126 film, History and technical details\nIn 1963, Kodak introduced a new film, encased in a plastic cartridge, for which they re-introduced the \"126\" designation. (The number was originally used for the unrelated 126 roll film format from 1906 to 1949). The term \"126\" was intended to show that images were 26\u00a0mm square, using Kodak's common 1xx film numbering system. However the image size is actually 28\u00d728\u00a0mm, but usually reduced to approximately 26.5\u00d726.5\u00a0mm by masking during printing or mounting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008832-0003-0000", "contents": "126 film, History and technical details\nThe 126 film format was defined in ISO 3029, which has since been withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008832-0004-0000", "contents": "126 film, History and technical details\nLike the 120 format, there is a continuous backing paper, and the frame number is visible through a small window at the rear of the cartridge. Cameras for this type of film are equipped with a large rectangular window in the back door, through which is visible not only the frame number, but also a portion of the label showing the film type and speed. The cartridge has a captive take-up spool, but no supply spool: the film and backing paper are simply coiled tightly and placed in the supply end of the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008832-0004-0001", "contents": "126 film, History and technical details\nThe positioning of the image is fixed by the cartridge. The film is 35\u00a0mm wide, but unlike 135 film, it is unperforated, except for one registration hole per image, similar to the earlier 828 film. The camera is equipped with a sensing pin which falls into this hole when the film is fully advanced to the next frame, at which point the winding knob or lever is locked, so as to prevent winding past the pre-exposed frame lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008832-0005-0000", "contents": "126 film, History and technical details\nThe top edge of the cartridge above the film gate has a square notch in a specific position corresponding to the speed of the film in the cartridge. Some of the higher-end cameras used this notch to determine the correct exposure, or to set the light meter, if so equipped. Although only film with speeds between ISO 64/19\u00b0 and ISO 400/27\u00b0 were ever manufactured in this format, the standard defined 20 different speeds, from ISO 20/14\u00b0 to ISO 1600/33\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008832-0006-0000", "contents": "126 film, History and technical details\nThe film was originally available in 12 and 20 image lengths; at the time regular production stopped it was only available in 24 exposure cartridges. The film does not need to be rewound, and is very simple to load and unload.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008832-0007-0000", "contents": "126 film, History and technical details\nThe format was introduced by Kodak under the brand name Kodapak, together with the Instamatic camera. Although the Instamatic name is sometimes treated as synonymous with the 126 format, Kodak also used it on its later 110-format cameras, which they called Pocket Instamatic and on its \"M\" series 8\u00a0mm movie cameras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008832-0008-0000", "contents": "126 film, History and technical details\nAround ten million cameras were made by Kodak and other companies. However, with a few exceptions, the format was mainly used for fairly simple amateur cameras. (Makers of the few high-end models included Kodak, Minolta, Rollei, Yashica and Zeiss Ikon.) Kodak officially discontinued the format on 31 December 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008832-0009-0000", "contents": "126 film, Current availability and usage\nFerrania in Italy, was the last factory producing 126 film. Their product was an ISO 200 colour print film marketed under their Solaris brand. The last scheduled production run took place in April 2007, but an unscheduled production run in late 2007 surprised industry observers and raised hopes that it had not actually been discontinued. Ferrania's subsequent bankruptcy meant that there was no longer any large-scale factory source for 126 film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 40], "content_span": [41, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008832-0010-0000", "contents": "126 film, Current availability and usage\nUnused, outdated 126 films continue to show up at thrift stores, estate sales, and online auctions. Unless they have been stored frozen, they are probably deteriorated and are suitable only for experimenting. Amateur photographers sometimes salvage the plastic cartridge and backing paper from outdated 126 films and reload them with fresh 35mm film. The process is not difficult, but it is not entirely practical since the two films have significantly different perforations. 126 cameras have a film-advance mechanism that relies on one edge perforation per image, and 35mm camera film has eight perforations per image, on both edges of the film. The photographer must use the film-advance mechanism several times between images, and one edge of each image will have visible perforations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 40], "content_span": [41, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008832-0011-0000", "contents": "126 film, Current availability and usage\nBecause it is 35\u00a0mm wide and is developed in industry-standard C-41 process chemistry, processing of 126 films is readily available, as long as the photofinisher knows that it is standard, 35\u00a0mm, C-41 film. Printing the photos can present problems, because modern film processing equipment often cannot handle the square format of 126 film. Some specialist photographic printers can correctly handle it. Standard flatbed scanners that have a light source for scanning film can be used to scan 126 negatives, perhaps using a mask made with black paper. Note that older film may require other processes such as C-22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 40], "content_span": [41, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008833-0000-0000", "contents": "1260\nYear 1260 (MCCLX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008834-0000-0000", "contents": "1260 (computer virus)\n1260, or V2PX, was a demonstration computer virus written in 1989 by Mark Washburn that used a form of polymorphic encryption. Derived from Ralf Burger's publication of the disassembled Vienna Virus source code, the 1260 added a cipher and varied its signature by randomizing its decryption algorithm. Both the 1260 and Vienna infect .COM files in the current or PATH directories upon execution. Changing an authenticated executable file is detected by most modern computer operating systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008835-0000-0000", "contents": "1260 (skateboarding)\nThe 1260 is a skateboarding trick, performed on a mega ramp, in which the skateboarder makes three-and-half revolutions (1260 degrees of rotation) while airborne. It was first completed successfully on a mega ramp in August 2019 by American skateboarder Mitchie Brusco,. This trick has not been performed on the classical vert ramp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008836-0000-0000", "contents": "1260 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1260\u00a0kHz: There are 55 stations in the United States which broadcast on 1260 AM; the Federal Communications Commission classifies 1260 AM as a regional frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008837-0000-0000", "contents": "1260 in Ireland, Deaths\nTadhg Mac Conchubair mic Donncaidh I Briain. His death recorded in Mac Carthaigh's Book as \"a fortunate event for the Galls\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008839-0000-0000", "contents": "1260s\nThe 1260s is the decade starting January 1, 1260 and ending December 31, 1269.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008840-0000-0000", "contents": "1260s BC\nThe 1260s BC is a decade which lasted from 1269 BC to 1260 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008842-0000-0000", "contents": "1260s in art\nThe decade of the 1260s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008843-0000-0000", "contents": "1261\nYear 1261 (MCCLXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008844-0000-0000", "contents": "1261 Legia\n1261 Legia, provisional designation 1933 FB, is a dark Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 23 March 1933, by astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The asteroid was named for the Belgian city of Li\u00e8ge (Luke).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008844-0001-0000", "contents": "1261 Legia, Orbit and classification\nLegia is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24 Themis. It is, however, a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008844-0002-0000", "contents": "1261 Legia, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,030 days; semi-major axis of 3.14\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008844-0003-0000", "contents": "1261 Legia, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins at Uccle in March 1933, five days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008844-0004-0000", "contents": "1261 Legia, Physical characteristics\nLegia has been characterized as a primitive and reddish P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008844-0005-0000", "contents": "1261 Legia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Legia was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.693 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.13 magnitude (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008844-0006-0000", "contents": "1261 Legia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Legia measures between 31.26 and 36.56 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.048 and 0.0719.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008844-0007-0000", "contents": "1261 Legia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0601 and a diameter of 31.20 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008844-0008-0000", "contents": "1261 Legia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named \"Legia\", the Latin name of the Belgian city of Li\u00e8ge (Luik). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 116).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008847-0000-0000", "contents": "1261 papal election\nThe 1261 papal election (26 May \u2013 29 August) took place after the death of Pope Alexander IV on 25 May and chose Pope Urban IV as his successor. Since Pope Alexander had been resident in Viterbo since the first week of May 1261, the meeting of the cardinals to elect his successor took place in the Episcopal Palace at Viterbo, which was next to the Cathedral of S. Lorenzo. The actual date of the beginning of the  Electoral Meeting (there were, as yet, no Conclaves) is unknown. If the canon of Pope Boniface III (A.D. 607) were still in effect (and there is no reason to think that it was not), then the Election could not begin until the third day after the Pope's burial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008847-0001-0000", "contents": "1261 papal election, Background\nAlexander IV had unwisely continued to pursue the policy of hostility against the Hohenstaufen dynasty which had been begun by Pope Gregory IX. In 1261 the claimant was Conradin, King of Sicily since 1254, but he had been supplanted by his uncle and guardian, Manfred. This was not to the liking of Pope Alexander, who claimed the overlordship of south Italy and Sicily and the guardianship over young Conradin. Immediately on his accession Alexander excommunicated Manfred. Manfred had himself crowned King of Sicily at Palermo on August 10, 1258.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008847-0002-0000", "contents": "1261 papal election, Cardinals, 1261\nPope Alexander IV (1254-1261), sensitive to charges of nepotism made against his predecessor, Innocent IV (Fieschi), had appointed no cardinals at all. Two cardinals besides Alexander himself had died since the last Election in 1254 (Aegidius (Gil Torres) and Guilelmo Fieschi); otherwise the electors were the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008848-0000-0000", "contents": "1262\nYear 1262 (MCCLXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008849-0000-0000", "contents": "1262 Sniadeckia\n1262 Sniadeckia, provisional designation 1933 FE, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the asteroid belt's outer regions, approximately 54 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 23 March 1933, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The asteroid was named for Polish astronomer Jan \u015aniadecki. It has a notably low eccentricity of only 0.005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008849-0001-0000", "contents": "1262 Sniadeckia, Orbit and classification\nSniadeckia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.99\u20133.00\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 2 months (1,900 days; semi-major axis of 3.00\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of only 0.005 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008849-0002-0000", "contents": "1262 Sniadeckia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A907 GU at Heidelberg Observatory in April 1907. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle in 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008849-0003-0000", "contents": "1262 Sniadeckia, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Sniadeckia is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008849-0004-0000", "contents": "1262 Sniadeckia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 1984, the first and best-rated rotational lightcurve of Sniadeckia was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 17.57 hours with a brightness variation of 0.16 magnitude (U=3). French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi measured an alternative period of 21.2 with an amplitude of 0.10 magnitude in April 2006 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008849-0005-0000", "contents": "1262 Sniadeckia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Sniadeckia measures between 51.34 and 71.011 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.028 and 0.0529.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008849-0006-0000", "contents": "1262 Sniadeckia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0563 and a diameter of 51.55 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008849-0007-0000", "contents": "1262 Sniadeckia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by Tadeusz Banachiewicz after Jan \u015aniadecki (1756\u20131830), a Polish professor of mathematics and astronomy, who founded the Krak\u00f3w Observatory (055). The lunar crater Sniadecki is also named in his honor. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 116).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008850-0000-0000", "contents": "12621 Alsufi\n12621 Alsufi, provisionally designated 6585 P-L, is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by astronomers during the Palomar\u2013Leiden survey in 1960, and named for medieval Persian astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008850-0001-0000", "contents": "12621 Alsufi, Discovery\nAlsufi was discovered on 24 September 1960, by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, on photographic plates taken by Dutch\u2013American astronomer Tom Gehrels at the U.S. Palomar Observatory, California. No precoveries were taken prior to its discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008850-0002-0000", "contents": "12621 Alsufi, Discovery, Palomar\u2013Leiden survey\nThe survey designation \"P-L\" stands for Palomar\u2013Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar\u2013Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand minor planets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008850-0003-0000", "contents": "12621 Alsufi, Classification and orbit\nIt is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical group of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. The C-type asteroid is also classified as a rather rare L-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS' large-scale survey. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,000 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008850-0004-0000", "contents": "12621 Alsufi, Physical characteristics\nA rotational lightcurve of this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations made at the U.S. Palomar Transient Factory, California, in January 2012. It gave a rotation period of 4.7194\u00b10.0024 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.71 in magnitude (U=2). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 6.8 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008850-0005-0000", "contents": "12621 Alsufi, Naming\nThis minor planet is named in honor of 10th-century Persian astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (A.D. 903\u2013986), also known by his western name, Azophi. Working in Isfahan, he produced his influential star atlas around A.D. 963. The atlas is based on both, Ptolemy's Almagest and on pre-Islamic star lore, and contains the earliest description of the Andromeda Galaxy. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 22 January 2008 (M.P.C. 61764). The lunar crater Azophi is also named in his honour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008851-0000-0000", "contents": "1263\nYear 1263 (MCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008852-0000-0000", "contents": "1263 Varsavia\n1263 Varsavia, provisional designation 1933 FF, is an asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 40 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 23 March 1933, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at Uccle Observatory in Belgium. It is named for the city of Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008852-0001-0000", "contents": "1263 Varsavia, Orbit and classification\nVarsavia orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,589 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 29\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle in 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008852-0002-0000", "contents": "1263 Varsavia, Physical characteristics\nVarsavia is an X-type asteroid in the Tholen taxonomy. In the SMASS classification, it is a Xc-type, that transitions to the carbonaceous C-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008852-0003-0000", "contents": "1263 Varsavia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2003, the first rotational lightcurve of Varsavia was obtained by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Station in Colorado. Revised data gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.1639 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008852-0004-0000", "contents": "1263 Varsavia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAnother well defined period of 7.1680 hours (\u03940.15 mag) was derived from photometric observations taken by Australian astronomer Julian Oey at Leura Observatory in February 2011 (U=3). Concurring results were also obtained by Robert Stephens in April 2003 (7.231 h; \u03940.15 mag; U=2), from the Palomar Transient Factory in June 2012 (7.1659 h; \u03940.28 mag; U=2), and by the \"Spanish Photometric Asteroid Analysis Group\" (OBAS) in May 2016 (7.163 h; \u03940.12 mag; U=3-). Observations made with the TESS space telescope in 2018 gave a period of 7.1615 hours with an amplitude of 0.05 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008852-0005-0000", "contents": "1263 Varsavia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Varsavia measures between 34.15 and 51.44 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.042 and 0.10. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0874 and adopts a diameter of 41 kilometers, obtained from modeled data and a directly observed minor planet occultation of a star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008852-0006-0000", "contents": "1263 Varsavia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nOn July 18, 2003, a stellar occultation by 1263 Varsavia was observed at multiple sites. The measured chords yielded an equivalent diameter of 41\u00b18\u00a0km. The profile best matched a spin vector of (\u03bbp, \u03b2p) = (341\u00b0, \u221214\u00b0) in elliptical coordinates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008852-0007-0000", "contents": "1263 Varsavia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by Tadeusz Banachiewicz after the Latin name of the city of Warsaw, capital of Poland. The naming citation includes a note of thanks for the support given by the city's observatory. Naming citation was first published in German by Astronomisches Rechen-Institut (RI 843).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008854-0000-0000", "contents": "1263 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1263 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008855-0000-0000", "contents": "1263 in poetry, Deaths\nThis year in poetry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008856-0000-0000", "contents": "1264\nYear 1264 (MCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008857-0000-0000", "contents": "1264 Letaba\n1264 Letaba, provisional designation 1933 HG, is a carbonaceous asteroid and possible tumbler from the background population of the outer asteroid belt, approximately 70 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 April 1933, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named for the Letaba River in eastern South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008857-0001-0000", "contents": "1264 Letaba, Orbit and classification\nLetaba is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,773 days; semi-major axis of 2.87\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 25\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008857-0002-0000", "contents": "1264 Letaba, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1930 WC at Simeiz Observatory in November 1930. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg, the night before its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008857-0003-0000", "contents": "1264 Letaba, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Letaba is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008857-0004-0000", "contents": "1264 Letaba, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Letaba have been obtained from photometric observations since 2002. The best-rated lightcurve was measured by the Spanish amateur astronomer group OBAS in July 2016. It gave a longer-than average rotation period of 32.74 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=3). It might be a tumbler due to the lightcurve's inconsistent slope segments (T?). Based on its current diameter estimate, Letaba would be the second-largest tumbler just behind the Hildian asteroid 1512\u00a0Oulu (see List of tumblers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008857-0005-0000", "contents": "1264 Letaba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Letaba measures between 66.040 and 74.74 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0407 and 0.093.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008857-0006-0000", "contents": "1264 Letaba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0462 and a diameter of 74.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008857-0007-0000", "contents": "1264 Letaba, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Letaba River, located in eastern South Africa. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 116).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008859-0000-0000", "contents": "1264\u20131265 papal election\nThe 1264\u20131265 papal election (12 October 1264 \u2013 5 February 1265) was convened after the death of Pope Urban IV and ended by electing his successor Pope Clement IV. It met in Perugia, where Urban IV had taken refuge after being driven out of Orvieto. He had never been in Rome as Pope, but spent his entire reign in exile. It was the second election in a row where a pope was elected in absentia; the phenomenon would be repeated in the Conclave of 1268\u20131271, and again in the Conclave of 1292\u20131294. In the last two cases, the person elected was not even a Cardinal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008859-0001-0000", "contents": "1264\u20131265 papal election\nAccording to Salimbene di Adam, the archbishop of Ravenna, Filippo da Pistoia, had hopes of being elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008859-0002-0000", "contents": "1264\u20131265 papal election, Cardinals\nAt the time of Pope Urban's death there were twenty-one cardinals. At least two did not attend the Election, Cardinal Simon de Brion, Legate to King Philip III of France, and Cardinal Guido Grosso Fulcodi, Legate to King Henry III. Cardinal Simon Paltineri, governor of Campania for Urban IV and later for Clement IV, might or might not have attended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008860-0000-0000", "contents": "1265\nYear 1265 (MCCLXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008861-0000-0000", "contents": "1265 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1265 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008862-0000-0000", "contents": "1266\nYear 1266 (MCCLXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008863-0000-0000", "contents": "1266 Tone\n1266 Tone /\u02c8to\u028ani/ is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 80 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by astronomer Okuro Oikawa at the Tokyo Observatory in 1927, it was assigned the provisional designation 1927 BD. The asteroid was later named after the Tone River, one of Japan's largest rivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008863-0001-0000", "contents": "1266 Tone, Discovery\nIt was discovered by Japanese astronomer Okuro Oikawa at the Tokyo Observatory (389) on 23 January 1927. On the following night, it was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer. In August 1899, the asteroid was first identified as A899 PH at the Boyden Station of the Harvard Observatory in Arequipa, Peru.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008863-0002-0000", "contents": "1266 Tone, Orbit and classification\nTone is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 3.2\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 6 years and 2 months (2,250 days; semi-major axis of 3.36\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 17\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008863-0003-0000", "contents": "1266 Tone, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1933 BM at the German Heidelberg Observatory in January 1933, or four years after its official discovery observation at Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008863-0004-0000", "contents": "1266 Tone, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Tone is a primitive and dark P-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008863-0005-0000", "contents": "1266 Tone, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 1999, two rotational lightcurves of Tone were obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave two divergent rotation periods of 7.40 and 11.82 hours with a brightness variation of 0.06 and 0.12 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2). Observation by Italian astronomers Roberto Crippa and Federico Manzini in October 2005, gave another tentative period of 12.9 hours and an amplitude of 0.07 magnitude (U=2-). The LCDB currently adopts a period of 7.40 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008863-0006-0000", "contents": "1266 Tone, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Tone measures between 70.70 and 94.10 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.039 and 0.0566.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008863-0007-0000", "contents": "1266 Tone, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0566 and a diameter of 73.34 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.41.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008863-0008-0000", "contents": "1266 Tone, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Tone River (Tone-gawa), Japan's second-largest river after the Shinano River. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 116).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008865-0000-0000", "contents": "1266 in Italy\nEvents (incomplete) which happened on the Italian peninsula in 1266:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008866-0000-0000", "contents": "1266 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1266 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008867-0000-0000", "contents": "1267\nYear 1267 (MCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008868-0000-0000", "contents": "1267 Geertruida\n1267 Geertruida, provisional designation 1930 HD, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by astronomer Hendrik van Gent at Johannesburg Observatory in 1930, the asteroid was later named after Geertruid Pels, sister of Dutch astronomer Gerrit Pels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008868-0001-0000", "contents": "1267 Geertruida, Discovery\nGeertruida was discovered on 23 April 1930, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. Five nights later, it was independently discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory on 28 April 1930. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer. The asteroid was previously identified as 1926 GV at Heidelberg Observatory in April 1926.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008868-0002-0000", "contents": "1267 Geertruida, Orbit and classification\nGeertruida is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 11 months (1,417 days; semi-major axis of 2.47\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in April 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008868-0003-0000", "contents": "1267 Geertruida, Physical characteristics\nGeertruida is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, which agrees with its measured albedo (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008868-0004-0000", "contents": "1267 Geertruida, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 1977, a rotational lightcurve of Geertruida was obtained from photometric observations by Swedish astronomer Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist at the Uppsala Southern Station in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.50 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.5 magnitude (U=2). In October 2016, a refined period of 5.5087 hours with an amplitude of 0.35 magnitude (U=3) was obtained at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory (E09).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008868-0005-0000", "contents": "1267 Geertruida, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Geertruida measures between 15.621 and 23.572 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.030 and 0.095.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008868-0006-0000", "contents": "1267 Geertruida, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0510, typical for that of a carbonaceous asteroid, and a diameter of 23.43 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008868-0007-0000", "contents": "1267 Geertruida, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by Dutch astronomer Gerrit Pels after his sister Geertruid (or Geertruida) Hamerslag Pels. Gerrit Pels, who was an assistant astronomer at Leiden Observatory, computed the body's orbit. The minor planet 1667 Pels was named in his honor. The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Lutz Schmadel learned about the meaning of this asteroid from Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld, who was a long-time astronomer at Leiden Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008869-0000-0000", "contents": "1268\nYear 1268 (MCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008870-0000-0000", "contents": "1268 Cilicia earthquake\nThe Cilicia earthquake occurred northeast of the city of Adana in 1268. Over 60,000 people perished in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in southern Asia Minor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008871-0000-0000", "contents": "1268 Libya\n1268 Libya, provisional designation 1930 HJ, is a dark Hildian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 95 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 April 1930, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named for the country Libya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008871-0001-0000", "contents": "1268 Libya, Orbit and classification\nLibya belongs to the dynamical Hilda group of asteroids, which reside in, or closely inside the 3:2 orbital resonance with the giant planet Jupiter at 4.0\u00a0AU. However, the asteroid belongs to the background population as it is not a member of any known asteroid family within the Hildian dynamical group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008871-0002-0000", "contents": "1268 Libya, Orbit and classification\nLibya orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.6\u20134.4\u00a0AU once every 7 years and 11 months (2,893 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as 1929 EA at Uccle Observatory in March 1929, and its observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008871-0003-0000", "contents": "1268 Libya, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Libya is a primitive P-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008871-0004-0000", "contents": "1268 Libya, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn June 1994, a rotational lightcurve of Libya was obtained from photometric observations by Swedish astronomer Mats Dahlgren (see 6945) at ESO's La Silla Observatory using the Dutch 0.9-metre Telescope. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 14.05 hours with a brightness variation of 0.08 magnitude (U=3). In October 2011, observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy also gave a period of 14.05 hours and a low amplitude of 0.06 magnitude (U=n.a.). A low brightness amplitude typically indicates that the body has a spheroidal rather than an elongated or irregular shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008871-0005-0000", "contents": "1268 Libya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Libya measures between 93.44 and 96.708 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.043 and 0.046.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008871-0006-0000", "contents": "1268 Libya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0449 and a diameter of 94.10 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008871-0007-0000", "contents": "1268 Libya, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the North African country of Libya, bordering the Mediterranean Sea. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 116).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008872-0000-0000", "contents": "1268 in Ireland\nThis page lists events from the year 1268 in Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 69]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008872-0001-0000", "contents": "1268 in Ireland, Deaths\nConchobar \u00d3 Cellaigh, 43rd King of U\u00ed Maine and 10th Chief of the Name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008873-0000-0000", "contents": "1268 in Italy\nA list of events which happened in 1268 in Italy:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 63]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0000-0000", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election\nThe 1268\u20131271 papal election (from November 1268 to 1 September 1271), following the death of Pope Clement IV, was the longest papal election in the history of the Catholic Church. This was due primarily to political infighting between the cardinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0000-0001", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election\nThe election of Teobaldo Visconti as Pope Gregory X was the first example of a papal election by \"compromise\", that is, by the appointment of a committee of six cardinals agreed to by the other remaining ten (this method was attempted once before, in the 1227 papal election, but the choice of the committee refused the honor and the full group of cardinals proceeded to elect the pope). The election occurred more than a year after the magistrates of Viterbo locked the cardinals in, reduced their rations to bread and water, and removed the roof of the Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo where the election took place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0001-0000", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election\nAs a result of the length of the election, during which three of the twenty cardinal-electors died and one resigned, Gregory X promulgated the papal bull Ubi periculum on 7 July 1274, during the Second Council of Lyon, establishing the papal conclave, whose rules were based on the tactics employed against the cardinals in Viterbo. The first election held under those rules is sometimes viewed as the first conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0002-0000", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election, Cardinal electors\nThe dynamic of the conclave was divided between the French Angevin cardinals, mostly created by Pope Urban IV, who were amenable to an invasion of Italy by Charles of Anjou, and the non-French (mostly Italian) cardinals whose numbers were just sufficient to prevent a French pope from being elected. Clement IV's crowning of Charles of Anjou as King of Naples and Sicily, previously a papal fief, had cemented the influence of the French monarchy in the Italian peninsula and created an intense division within the College of Cardinals between those who opposed and supported French influence, and by extension, ultramontanism. Conradin, the last ruler of the House of Hohenstaufen, had been beheaded in Naples just a month before the death of Clement IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0003-0000", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election, Cardinal electors\nAt the death of Clement IV there were twenty cardinals in the Sacred College. One cardinal (Rodolphe of Albano) was absent throughout and died during the vacancy. The other nineteen cardinals participated in the election in 1269, but two died before the cardinals settled on a new pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0004-0000", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election, Cardinal electors\n\u2020 denotes a cardinal elector who died during the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0005-0000", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election, Parties in the College of Cardinals\nAccording to contemporary accounts in the Annales Piacentines the College of Cardinals was divided into adherents of Charles d'Anjou (pars Caroli) and the Imperial party (pars Imperii), but the exact reconstruction of these parties is very difficult. It is almost certain that this account is inaccurate when it claims that pars Caroli had six (or seven, in another place in that account) members, including Giovanni Gaetano Orsini and Ottobono Fieschi, while pars Imperii had eleven (or ten) members, Riccardo Annibaldi, Ottaviano Ubaldini and Uberto Coconati among them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0005-0001", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election, Parties in the College of Cardinals\nCertainly five cardinals, namely Ottobono Fieschi, Guillame de Bray, Anchero Pantaleone, Simon Monpitie de Brie and Odo of Ch\u00e2teauroux belonged to the Angevin faction. But if Giovanni Gaetano Orsini was really one of their leaders, then his relatives Matteo Orsini Rosso and Giacomo Savelli should also be added here, and since Henry of Segusio is also likely to have belonged to this faction, its true size would have amounted to nine cardinals. The imperial party, on the contrary, could not have had more than ten members, including two who had died during the sede vacante.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0006-0000", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election, Parties in the College of Cardinals\nAccording to Sternfeld it is possible to identify not only two, but as many as four parties in the Sacred College, of which two were pars Caroli and pars Imperii in the strict sense, while the remaining two represented the factions inside the Roman aristocracy:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0007-0000", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election, Parties in the College of Cardinals\nNevertheless, it seems that these four parties actually formed two blocs in the election: Annibaldi joined pars Imperii, while Orsini aligned himself with pars Caroli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0008-0000", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election, Procedure\nThe cardinals began the election by meeting and voting once a day in the Episcopal Palace in Viterbo, before returning to their respective residences; tradition dictated that the election should take place in the city where the previous pope died, if the late pontiff had died outside Rome. There is little reliable data about the candidates proposed during almost three years of deliberations; certainly cardinals Odo of Ch\u00e2teauroux, John of Toledo, Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, Ottaviano Ubaldini, Riccardo Annibadi and Ottobono Fieschi were counted among the papabili.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0008-0001", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election, Procedure\nAccording to later accounts, not supported by the contemporary sources, after two months, the cardinals nearly elected Philip Benizi, general of the Servite Order, who had come to Viterbo to admonish the cardinals, but fled to prevent his election. Also the candidature of Saint Bonaventure had allegedly been proposed. Modern scholars treat these accounts with scepticism, considering them as products of invention of the hagiographers of these two saints. Charles of Anjou was in Viterbo for the entirety of the election; Philip III of France visited the city in March 1271.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0009-0000", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election, Procedure\nIn late 1269, after several months of deadlock during which the cardinals had met only intermittently, Ranieri Gatti, the Prefect of Viterbo, and Albertus de Montebono, the Podesta, ordered (some sources say, at the urging of Saint Bonaventure) the cardinals sequestered in the Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo until a new pope was elected. On 8 June 1270, the cardinals addressed a Diploma to the two magistrates asking that Henry of Segusio, Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia, be dismissed from the \"Palatio discooperto\" (\"the uncovered Palace\") owing to his ill health and his having already renounced his right to vote. Some sources say that a makeshift roof was reassembled after the cardinals threatened to put the entire city of Viterbo under interdict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0010-0000", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election, Procedure\nAccording to the account of Onofrio Panvinio, Cardinal John of Toledo suggested that the roof be removed (\"Let us uncover the Room, else the Holy Ghost will never get at us\"\u2014the first recorded reference to the notion that the Holy Spirit should guide cardinal electors), which the two magistrates readily obliged. Other sources say it was Charles of Anjou who orchestrated the reduction of the diet of the cardinals to bread and water and removal the roof of the Papal Palace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0011-0000", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election, Procedure, The Committee\nUnder pressure from Philip III of France and other rulers, on 1 September 1271, the cardinals agreed to cede their authority to a committee of six. The committee included two cardinals of the faction of Orsini (Giovanni Gaetano Orsini and Giacomo Savelli), three Ghibelines (Simone Paltinieri, Ottaviano Ubaldini and Guy de Castella) and Cardinal Riccardo Annibaldi, while Angevin cardinals seem to have been entirely marginalized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0012-0000", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election, Procedure, The Committee\nThe committee chose an Italian from Piacenza, Teobaldo Visconti, a non-cardinal, who was then in Acre with the retinue of Edward (the eldest-son of Henry III of England) as papal legate to the Ninth Crusade. Informed of his election, Visconti departed on 19 November 1271 and reached Viterbo on 12 February 1272, where he took the name Gregory X. He entered Rome on 13 March 1272 and was ordained a priest on 19 March 1272. He was consecrated a bishop and crowned on 27 March 1272 in St. Peter's Basilica. During the final leg of his journey, from Brindisi on 11 January 1272, Visconti was accompanied by Charles of Anjou.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0013-0000", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election, Legacy\nThe techniques employed against the dilatory cardinals in Viterbo formed the basis for the canon law of papal conclaves as laid out in the papal bull Ubi periculum of Pope Gregory X, promulgated during the Second Council of Lyon on 7 July 1274. Popular accounts of the conclave, as early as those of French historian Georges Goyau, neglect to mention the political intrigue of Charles I of Naples or his nephew, Philip III of France, as the masterminds of the hardships employed by the \"citizens of Viterbo.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0014-0000", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election, Legacy\nDesigned both to accelerate future elections and reduce outside interference, the rules of Ubi periculum provide for the cardinal electors to be secluded for the entirety of the conclave, including having their meals passed through a small opening, and for their rations to be reduced to a single meal at the end of three days, or bread and water (with a little wine) after eight days. Cardinals also do not collect from the Apostolic Camera any payments they might otherwise receive during the conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0015-0000", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election, Legacy\nThe stringent rules of Ubi periculum were used in the conclaves that elected Pope Innocent V (January 1276) and Pope Adrian V (July 1276), lasting one and nine days respectively. However, at the urgings of the College, the newly elected Adrian V suspended those rules on 12 July 1276\u2014indicating that he wished to revise it\u2014and died on 18 August without having promulgated a revised version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008874-0016-0000", "contents": "1268\u20131271 papal election, Legacy\nTherefore, the election of Pope John XXI (August\u2013September 1276) did not follow Ubi periculum, and John XXI promulgated another bull, Licet felicis recordationis, formally revoking Ubi periculum. The next five papal elections\u20141277 (Pope Nicholas III), 1280\u20141281 (Pope Martin IV), 1285 (Pope Honorius IV), 1287\u20141288 (Pope Nicholas IV), and 1292\u20141294 (Pope Celestine V)\u2014occurred sans conclave, often at great length. Celestine V, whose election took two years and three months, reinstated the conclave with a series of three decrees, and his successor, Pope Boniface VIII restored the conclave by his \"Regulae Iuris\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008875-0000-0000", "contents": "1269\nYear 1269 (MCCLXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008876-0000-0000", "contents": "1269 Rollandia\n1269 Rollandia, provisional designation 1930 SH, is a dark Hildian asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 105 kilometers (65\u00a0mi) in diameter. It was discovered on 20 September 1930, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after French writer Romain Rolland. The D-type asteroid has a rotation period of 17.4 hours. It was one of the last 100-kilometer sized asteroids discovered in the main belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008876-0001-0000", "contents": "1269 Rollandia, Orbit and classification\nRollandia is a member of the orbital Hilda group, which stay in a 3:2 orbital resonance with Jupiter and are located in the outermost main belt. It is however not a member of the collisional Hilda family (001) but a non-family asteroid of the background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008876-0002-0000", "contents": "1269 Rollandia, Orbit and classification\nRollandia orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.5\u20134.3\u00a0AU once every 7 years and 9 months (2,816 days; semi-major axis of 3.9\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A902 EA at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1902. The body's observation arc also begins at Heidelberg in November 1917, with its observation as A907 WB, almost 13 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008876-0003-0000", "contents": "1269 Rollandia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after French writer Romain Rolland (1866\u20131944), who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1915 (see list). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 116).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008876-0004-0000", "contents": "1269 Rollandia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Rollandia is a D-type asteroid. This spectral type is common among outermost asteroids and Jupiter trojans and is known for its very low albedo (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008876-0005-0000", "contents": "1269 Rollandia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2016, a rotational lightcurve of Rollandia was obtained from photometric observations by Brian Warner, Robert Stephens and Dan Coley at the Center for Solar System Studies at Landers, California (U80\u2212U82). Analysis gave a bimodal lightcurve with a rotation period of 19.98 hours and a low brightness amplitude of 0.06 magnitude. An alternative monomodal period solution of 9.99 hours is also possible, and becomes more likely if the object is nearly spheroidal (U=2). In April 2019, Warner re-visited the object an obtained a period of 17.36 hours. This result supersedes previous observations that gave a period of 15.32, 15.4 and 30.98 hours, respectively (U=2/2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008876-0006-0000", "contents": "1269 Rollandia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Rollandia measures between 104.893 and 107.85 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.045 and 0.048.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008876-0007-0000", "contents": "1269 Rollandia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0473 and a diameter of 105.19 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 8.82. Based on current estimates, Rollandia was the penultimate asteroid discovered in the outer asteroid belt that was larger than 100 kilometers. The last such body was 1390 Abastumani (101\u00a0km), discovered in 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008878-0000-0000", "contents": "12696 Camus\n12696 Camus, provisional designation 1989 SF1, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008878-0001-0000", "contents": "12696 Camus\nIt was discovered on 26 September 1989, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile, and named after French Nobel Prize laureate in literature Albert Camus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008878-0002-0000", "contents": "12696 Camus, Classification and orbit\nCamus is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,551 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins with its discovery, as no precoveries were taken and no identifications were made before 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008878-0003-0000", "contents": "12696 Camus, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after French philosopher, author, and journalist, Albert Camus (1913\u20131960), who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008878-0004-0000", "contents": "12696 Camus, Naming\nCamus is best known for his novels L'Etranger (The Stranger) and La Peste (The Plague). His main interests were justice, ethics, and politics. As a liberal humanist, he was against the doctrines of Christianity as well as Marxism. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 March 2000 (M.P.C. 39658).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008878-0005-0000", "contents": "12696 Camus, Physical characteristics\nCamus has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008878-0006-0000", "contents": "12696 Camus, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn October 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Camus was obtained from photometric observations by Julian Oey at the Leura Observatory (E17) in Australia. The lightcurve rendered a rotation period of 3.78\u00b10.04 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.40 in magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008878-0007-0000", "contents": "12696 Camus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Camus has an albedo of 0.07 and 0.13 with a corresponding diameter of 9.3 and 7.7 kilometers, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a larger diameter of 11.1 kilometer with an absolute magnitude of 13.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0000-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States)\nThe 1269th Engineer Combat Battalion was an engineer combat battalion that served in the United States Army in the European Theater of Operations during World War II. It saw action in France and Germany, serving notably with the Army's T-Force intelligence assault force in the capture of German atomic weapons facilities and personnel as part of Operation Big.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0001-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, Formation\nThe 1269th Engineer Combat Battalion was activated at Camp Chaffee, Arkansas on 30 March 1944. A senior cadre was organized under the command of Major Willard White. In April a core unit of 18-year-old ASTP volunteers and Army Air Corps trainees arrived for five months of combat engineer basic training. Many of that group were promoted to round out NCO cadre vacancies, after which replacements were brought in to fill the unit to T/O strength. The battalion moved by train to Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, arriving 18 October 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 68], "content_span": [69, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0002-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, France\nThe battalion departed New York POE on 27 October and crossed the Atlantic unescorted aboard the converted luxury liner SS Mariposa, docking in Marseille, France on 6 November 1944. The unit marched to a staging area near Aix-en-Provence for three weeks of advanced training, mainly in demolitions, while waiting for equipment and vehicles. While there it was attached to the U.S. Seventh Army of the U.S. Sixth Army Group in the European Theater of Operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0003-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, France\nOn 29 November the battalion motor convoyed to Nice, France. From 30 November 1944 to 23 March 1945 it was attached to the 44th AAA Brigade, in support of the famed Japanese-American 442nd Regimental Combat Team, and later the Puerto Rican 65th Infantry Regiment on combat duty in the Maritime Alps, on the southern Maginot Line above Nice and Menton. While there the 3rd platoon of Company A built a timber trestle bridge under fire, naming it in honor of Pfc. George I. Bernay, the first among the unit to be killed in action (7 December 1944).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0004-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, France\nCompany A line platoons were located at Peira Cava, St. Martin Vesubie, and La Bollene\u2014engaged in minefield work, demolitions, bridge building, road work, patrol activities and other combat engineer assignments, confronting the enemy-held forts Mille Fourches and La Forca, on the Alpine heights of l'Authion above the Turini forest. HQ units were in Nice and St. Martin-du-Var. Early in March 1945 Company A units were pulled back to duty on the C\u00f4te d'Azur, guarding key points on the shore between Nice and Menton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0005-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, France\nCompany B units were in Menton and Sospel and Company C was at Nice and l'Escarene. Battalion HQ was located at Beaulieu-sur-Mer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0006-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, France\nOn 18 March 1945 the battalion began the move from Southern France to Germany, going by way of Montelimar, Lyon, Dijon, Rosieres-aux-Salines, and Sarreguemines, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0007-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, Germany\nThe battalion reached the battle front at Frankenthal, Germany on 23 March 1945. Operating under the command of the 6th Army Group T-Force intelligence assault force, the 1269th advanced to the Rhine River at Ludwigshafen on 24 March. Under a heavy artillery barrage it seized and held T-Force targets there, including the I. G. Farben factory. At 08:00 on 29 March the battalion decamped, crossed the Rhine on a pontoon bridge near Worms, and advanced to T-Force targets in Mannheim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0007-0001", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, Germany\nIn the weeks thereafter the battalion moved with the battle front, rushing forward with assault forces to secure vital intelligence targets with their records, equipment, and personnel intact. Heidelberg, an open city, was entered on 1 April\u2014the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute being a main target there. W\u00fcrzburg followed on 10 April, then Heilbronn the 16th, and on 22 April the column brushed the outskirts of Stuttgart, heading for the Black Forest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0008-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, Germany\nThe 1269th was now functioning as the combat arm of the Alsos Mission, a military Intelligence assault force commanded by Colonel Boris Pash directed against the Nazi atomic weaponry program. In the final rush to seize the atomic research center at Haigerloch, Alsos and the 1269th ECB, less Company B, crossed through the French First Army's spearhead column en route to Sigmaringen and Stuttgart (contrary to Sixth Army Group command).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0009-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, Germany\nOn 22 April at Haigerloch, and for six days thereafter in the towns of Hechingen, Bisingen, Tailfingen, and Thanheim, the 1269th ECB participated in taking atomic scientists into custody, seizing laboratory records and equipment, and securing uranium, heavy water, and other items and materials important to the U.S./British Manhattan Project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0010-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, Germany\nLeaving the Alsos Mission on 28 April, the battalion became one of the first combat units to enter Munich, advancing with Company C, 30th Regiment of the 3rd Infantry Division. Elements of the battalion were among the first troops to come upon the concentration camp at Dachau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0011-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, Germany\nIn Munich the 1269th was responsible for exploiting and guarding T-Force targets, disarming mines and booby traps, and other combat engineer duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0012-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, Germany\nUnits of Company A were sent to Berchtesgaden in support of the 101st Airborne Division on 5 May and thereafter, to exploit intelligence targets in that area. While there it played an important role in uncovering art treasures hidden in a cave near Reichsmarschall Hermann G\u00f6ring's home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0013-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, Germany\nThe unit's commander, Lieutenant Colonel Willard White returned to Austin, Texas after the war. In August, 1945 he hosted a dinner party that featured table linens and over one hundred pieces of silverware looted from the site. White has been called the \"a strong candidate for the top souvenir collector at Berchtesgaden.\" Later in life, he sold his collection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0014-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, Germany\nThe battalion's work in Munich and the pre-Alpine region completed, the 1269th began a series of moves westward. On 14 May, H&S and C Companies moved to Augsburg to open a camp for some 250 to 300 special T-Force investigators. Company A moved from Munich to Bad Rappenau on 16 June. Company C moved to Neckargemund on 10 July. On 13 July, H&S Company and the Medical Detachment moved to Heidelberg. B Company was instrumental in collecting data used in the 1946 Nuremberg trials. On 16 June that company moved to Heinsheim, then to Waibstadt on the 19th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0015-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, Germany\nChanges of location and assignments continued, with Company A moving from Bad Rappenau to St. Ilgen on 15 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0016-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, Germany\nThe battalion was ordered to work with a German contractor charged with building a bridge across the Neckar river at Heidelberg. Company A spent three days, beginning 27 July, crossing the Neckar with a Treadway bridge and then dismantling it, to fulfill that Seventh Army assignment. On 31 July Company A moved from St. Ilgen to Seckenheim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0017-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, Germany\nOn 3 August, the 1269th ECB was relieved from attachment to the Seventh Army T-Force, under orders that the battalion be depleted and its personnel transferred to the 3rd Reinforcement Depot, near Marburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0018-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, Germany\nOn 4 August, B Company personnel were transferred to the 3rd Reinforcement Depot, except for the company CP, which moved to Heidelberg. On 5 August, A and C Companies followed suit. Then on 6 August, the battalion HQ and H&S Company CP, plus some other personnel, were transferred to the Reinforcement Depot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0019-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, Repatriation\nMost of Company A troops were moved by train in 40 & 8 boxcars dating from the 1st World War from 14 through 16 August to Camp Tophat near Antwerp, by way of Kassel, Maastricht, and Liege. Other companies of the 1269th made a similar trip at about the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0020-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, Repatriation\nMost of Company A sailed from Antwerp on 19 August aboard the SS NYU Victory, reaching New York Harbor on 29 August. From there, a ferry boat took the troops up the Hudson river to Camp Shanks, where they were welcomed with a lavish feast, then swiftly sent home on furloughs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0021-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, In the ETO, Repatriation\nOther battalion members sailed from Antwerp in August 1945 as conditions permitted on various ships, including the SS Samuel Ashe, SS Mariposa, and SS Claymont Victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008879-0022-0000", "contents": "1269th Engineer Combat Battalion (United States), History, Deactivation\nThe battalion remnant was deactivated at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, on 2 March 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0000-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade\nThe 126th (East Lancashire) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army during the First World War and the Second World War. It was assigned to the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division and served in the Middle East and on the Western Front in the Great War. In the Second World War, now as the 126th Infantry Brigade, it served again with the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division in France and was evacuated at Dunkirk and then later converted into 11th Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0001-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade\nFor most of its existence the brigade was composed of battalions of the East Lancashire Regiment and the Manchester Regiment, although in the late 1930s and the Second World War it was composed of battalions of the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) and the Border Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0002-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, Formation\nOn the creation of the Territorial Force in 1908, two Volunteer battalions from the East Lancashire Regiment, the 4th and 5th, and two from the Manchester Regiment, the 9th and 10th, were organised into an East Lancashire Brigade within the East Lancashire Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0003-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, First World War\nOn the outbreak of the First World War, most of the men volunteered for overseas service and the division embarked at Southampton and sailed for Egypt on 10 September 1914, the first TF division to leave England for foreign service. The division began disembarking at Alexandria on 25 September and the bulk (including the East Lancashire Brigade) concentrated at Cairo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0004-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, First World War, Order of battle\nDuring the war, the East Lancashire Brigade was constituted as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0005-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, First World War, Order of battle\nWhen British infantry brigades were reduced to three battalions in February 1918, 1/4th East Lancs and 1/9th Manchesters transferred to the 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division where they merged with their 2nd line battalions. 126th Brigade received 1/8th Manchesters from 127th Brigade in 42nd Division. At the same time, the machine gun company left to join a new divisional machine gun battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0006-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, First World War, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the East Lancashire Brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0007-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, First World War, Egypt and Gallipoli\nThe East Lancashire Division remained in Egypt training and manning the Suez Canal defences until 1 May 1915 when it embarked at Alexandria for Gallipoli. The East Lancashire Brigade first went into action at the Third Battle of Krithia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0008-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, First World War, Egypt and Gallipoli\nIn late May 1915 the division was numbered as 42nd (East Lancashire) Division \u2013 taking the lowest number of any TF division in recognition that it was the first to go overseas \u2013  and the brigades were also numbered, the East Lancashire becoming 126th (1/1st East Lancashire) Brigade. The battalions adopted the prefix '1/' (becoming 1/4th East Lancs, for example) to distinguish them from their 2nd Line duplicates then training in the United Kingdom as the 198th (2/1st East Lancashire) Brigade in 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0009-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, First World War, Egypt and Gallipoli\nThe 126th Brigade participated in the Battle of Krithia Vineyard (6\u201313 August), where Lieutenant William Thomas Forshaw of the 1/9th Battalion, Manchester Regiment was awarded the Victoria Cross, and then for the rest of 1915 was engaged in trench warfare. After the evacuation from Gallipoli, the division returned to Egypt in January 1916 with less than half the strength with which it had set out. It remained in the Canal Defences for the whole of 1916, rebuilding its strength, and taking part in the Battle of Romani (4\u20135 August).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0010-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nIn January 1917, 42nd Division was ordered to France, the move being completed by mid-March. It spent the remainder of the war on the Western Front. During 1917 it formed part of Fourth Army in 'quiet sectors' (though the brigade commander was wounded in September that year) and taking part in some minor operations along the Flanders coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0011-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nIn 1918 the division became part of IV Corps in Third Army, in which it remained for the rest of the war. During the German Army's Spring Offensive (Operation Michael or the First Battles of the Somme 1918), the troops of 42nd Division took part in the Battle of Bapaume (24\u201325 March), First Battle of Arras (28 March) and the Battle of Ancre (5 April). Then, during the Allied Hundred Days Offensive, it participated in the Battle of Albert (21\u201323 August) and the Second Battle of Bapaume (31 August\u20133 September) during the fighting on the Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0012-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nWhen the Hindenburg Line was breached during the Battle of the Canal du Nord on 27 September, 126th Brigade was holding the forward outpost line, but withdrew before Zero Hour for the rest of 42nd Division to attack through it. 125th Brigade's attack was only partially successful, but the advance was renewed after dark, and the following afternoon 126th Brigade passed through 127th to take Welsh ridge, the final objective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0013-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nThird Army's advance in Picardy culminated in the Battle of the Selle on 20 October. On 42nd Division's front, 1/5th East Lancashires (with its band playing) and 1/10th Manchesters of 126th Brigade led the attack over footbridges laid by the engineers over the River Selle. The Official History records that  'Very fierce fighting took place on the strongly held railway line, and it was two and a half hours before it was finally mopped up by the companies detailed for the purpose. The portion to the north of the attack up to the edge of Solesmes was dealt with by a company of the Manchester'. The rest of the division then moved on towards the final objective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0014-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nAfter the Selle, 42nd Division was withdrawn into reserve and halted around Beauvois-en-Cambr\u00e9sis from 24 October until the advance was resumed on 3 November. On 7 November the 42nd Division was tasked to take the high ground west of Hautmont and if possible to capture the town. The division was held up by enfilade fire from the right, and 126th Brigade did no more than occupy some of the high ground. 125th Brigade was therefore ordered to pass through it the next morning and advance to the objective. But the 126th, 'in an endeavour to atone for its slowness on the 7th', pushed on and reached Hautmont before 125th could catch up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0015-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nBy 10 November the most forward troops were on the Maubeuge\u2013Avesnes-sur-Helpe road. This was the end of the fighting, because the Armistice with Germany came into the effect the following day. In December the division moved into quarters in the Charleroi area and by mid-March 1919 most of its troops had gone home for demobilisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0016-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, Between the wars\nThe division and brigade were both disbanded shortly after the end of the war, along with the rest of the Territorial Force. However, in the 1920s, the TF was reformed as the Territorial Army and both the 42nd Division and the 126th (East Lancashire) Infantry Brigade were themselves also reformed, with the brigade including the same battalions as it had before the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0017-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, Between the wars\nHowever, the brigade's order of battle saw many changes over the years: in 1921 the 4th and 5th battalions of the East Lancashire Regiment were amalgamated into the 4th/5th Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment. The 9th Battalion, Manchester Regiment was transferred to the 127th (Manchester) Infantry Brigade, of the 42nd Division, and the brigade received the 4th (Westmorland) and 5th (Cumberland) battalions of the Border Regiment in exchange, both of which had previously been attached to the division, but not part of it, as Army Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0017-0001", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, Between the wars\nThe 10th Battalion, Manchester Regiment became a battalion of the Royal Tank Regiment in 1938, becoming the 41st (Oldham) Royal Tank Regiment, later to serve with the 24th Army Tank Brigade. In the same year, the 4th/5th Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment transferred to the 127th Brigade and received the 5th Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) in return, previously from the 164th (North Lancashire) Infantry Brigade, of the 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division. Sometime in 1939, the brigade was redesignated as the 126th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0018-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, Second World War\nThe 42nd Division, along with the rest of the Territorial Army, was mobilised in late August 1939, and days later the German Army launched its invasion of Poland. When the Second World War began, on 3 September 1939, the 126th Infantry Brigade was once again fully mobilised and embodied for full-time war service as a 1st Line Territorial Army brigade and the units were soon brought up to their War Establishment strength as some, in particular the 5th Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster), were under-strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0019-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, Second World War\nSoon after mobilisation, the 4th Battalion, Border Regiment was posted away to become part of 25th Infantry Brigade on lines of communications duties in France. They were replaced by the 1st Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment, a Regular Army unit that had been stationed in Northern Ireland, under command of Northern Ireland District. The brigade and the rest of the division then began training for war, although, with most of the British Army at the time, with obsolete tactics in trench warfare dating from the 1914-1918 war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0020-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, Second World War, Order of battle\nThe 126th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0021-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, Second World War, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded 126th Infantry Brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0022-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, Second World War, France and Dunkirk\nThe 126th Infantry Brigade, under the command of Brigadier Eric Miles DSO MC\u2013a tough but highly competent Regular Army officer of the King's Own Scottish Borderers, with the nickname of \"Miles the soldier\"\u2013landed, with most of the rest of the division, in France on 15 April 1940 to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Franco-Belgian border. The 42nd Division, led by Major-General William Holmes DSO, came under command of III Corps, serving alongside the 5th Division, a Regular Army formation, and the 44th (Home Counties) Division, a Territorial. The latter division had, along with the 42nd, initially been held back from reinforcing the BEF sooner to participate in potential operations in Northern Europe, although this plan had never come to fruition and both were sent overseas in the same month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0023-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, Second World War, France and Dunkirk\nDuring the Battle of France in May 1940 42nd Division helped to hold the line of the River Escaut and the canals, until, with the rest of the BEF, it was forced to withdraw to Dunkirk. When most of the 42nd Division was evacuated from Dunkirk, 126th Brigade remained behind, transferring to the 1st Division for the final part of the battle and only being evacuated on 2 June. After arriving back in England the brigade rejoined the 42nd Division, then serving in Northern Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0023-0001", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, Second World War, France and Dunkirk\nDuring the evacuation Captain Marcus Ervine-Andrews, Officer Commanding (OC) B Company of the 1st Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment, was awarded the regiment's, the brigade and division's first and only Victoria Cross of the war. He was also the first of eight Irish military personnel to be awarded the VC throughout the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0023-0002", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, Second World War, France and Dunkirk\nAfter returning to England, the brigade was reorganised and, due to the very heavy losses sustained in France, absorbed large numbers of conscripted men as replacements, most of whom had no prior military experience, and was tasked mainly with coastal and home defence and training in an anti-invasion role to repel a potential German invasion of England. The invasion never arrived, mainly due to events that happened during the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940, and the brigade was able to begin training for offensive operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008880-0024-0000", "contents": "126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, Second World War, Conversion\nOn 1 November 1941, the 42nd Division was converted into 42nd Armoured Division, and 126th Brigade was converted into and redesignated 11th Armoured Brigade. Its infantry battalions became tank regiments of the Royal Armoured Corps as 107th Regiment RAC (King's Own) (previously 5th King's Own), 110th Regiment RAC (Border Regiment) (formerly 5th Borders) and 111th Regiment RAC (Manchester Regiment) (5th Manchesters, transferred from 127th Brigade, replacing 1st East Lancs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0000-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 126th Air Refueling Squadron is a unit of the 128th Air Refueling Wing of the Wisconsin Air National Guard stationed at General Mitchell Air National Guard Base, Wisconsin. The 126th is equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0001-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron\nThe squadron was first organized in the Wisconsin National Guard as the 126th Observation Squadron in 1940. It is one of 29 National Guard Observation Squadrons formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0002-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was first organized as the 126th Observation Squadron in November 1940 as part of the build-up of the United States military after the Fall of France. The 126th trained for reconnaissance with the Wisconsin National Guard. The squadron was called to active service in June 1941 and moved to Hyannis Army Air Field, Massachusetts. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the squadron performed antisubmarine patrols off the New England coast, using a variety of single engine observation aircraft. In October 1942, as two and four engine bombers took over more of the antisubmarine mission, the squadron moved to Birmingham Army Air Field, Alabama, where it was inactivated and its personnel dispersed to other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0003-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was reactivated at Fort Myers Army Air Field, Florida as part of Third Air Force in March 1943 and initially trained, as the 126th Reconnaissance Squadron to be a tactical reconnaissance squadron. In August, its mission changed to photographic reconnaissance and it was redesignated the 34th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron and converted to the Lockheed F-5 Lightning high speed reconnaissance aircraft. The unit deployed to the European Theater of Operations, where it became part of Ninth Air Force in England. The squadron performed aerial reconnaissance of enemy-held territory in Occupied Europe prior to the Normandy Invasion. It supported Operation Overlord, the Normandy invasion in June 1944 by performing visual and photographic reconnaissance of bridges, artillery, road and railway junctions, traffic centers, airfields, and other targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0004-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron moved to France in August 1944, aiding the United States Third Army and other Allied organizations in the liberation of France and the battle to breach the Siegfried Line by flying reconnaissance missions in the combat zone. It flew reconnaissance missions over Germany from January 1945 to V-E Day, assisting the advance of Third Army across the Rhine, to Czechoslovakia and into Austria. It had moved forward to F\u00fcrth Airfield, Germany by the time hostilities ended. It then became part of the United States Air Forces in Europe and part of the occupation forces in Germany and was inactivated at F\u00fcrth in November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0005-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nThe wartime 34th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron was redesignated the 126th Fighter Squadron and allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at General Mitchell Field, Milwaukee, Wisconsin and extended federal recognition on 25 June 1947. The squadron was assigned to the newly formed 128th Fighter Group and equipped with North American F-51D Mustangs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 88], "content_span": [89, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0006-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nThe squadron upgraded to Lockheed F-80A Shooting Star jet aircraft in 1949. The squadron was federalized during the Korean War on 1 March 1951 and Was redesignated the 126th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron the following day. The 126th moved to Truax Field, Madison where it flew air defense missions. In February 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 88], "content_span": [89, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0006-0001", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nAs part of a major Air Defense Command (ADC) reorganization that replaced its fighter wings with regional air defense wings, responding to ADC's difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying fighter squadrons to best advantage, the squadron's parent 128th Fighter-Interceptor Group was inactivated and the squadron was reassigned to the 31st Air Division. In April, the unit converted to North American F-86 Sabres and flew them until it was released from active duty and inactivated on 1 December 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 88], "content_span": [89, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0007-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nThe squadron was activated in the Wisconsin Air National Guard the same day and began to equip with the earlier F-86A model of the Sabre. It continued its air defense mission though the 1950s, being upgraded to radar equipped Northrop F-89 Scorpion interceptors in 1954. Its initial equipment was the 20mm cannon armed F-89C, but in 1960 it upgraded to the F-89J, which was armed with the AIR-2 Genie and equipped with data link or interception control through the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 88], "content_span": [89, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0008-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air refueling\nThe squadron was designated the 126th Air Refueling Squadron and, along with its parent group, equipped with Boeing KC-97 Stratotankers. The 126th was the first Air National Guard tanker unit to become fully operational. This occurred in December 1963. The squadron participated in a historic operation in a foreign land, when on 2 June 1967, members of the squadron and its support units deployed for a sustained period of time without being mustered into federal service. The 126th, along with four other Air National Guard refueling units, stationed a contingent of KC-97s at Rhein-Main Air Base, West Germany. European deployments, designated Operation Creek Party, were destined to last for 10 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0009-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air refueling\nIn 1976, the squadron began conversion to the Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers, a newer and faster jet tanker. On 4 October 1976, the 126th completed its first mission with the new aircraft and became fully operational with the KC-135 on 2 December 1977. In January 1979 the unit began a 24-hour-per-day Strategic Air Command (SAC) alert commitment. This commitment would be maintained for the next 12 years until President Bush ended the SAC alert in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0010-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air refueling\nIn 1982 the unit converted to a newer model of the Stratotanke, the KC-135E, with more fuel efficient turbofan engines. In April 1983 the 126th Air Refueling Squadron was involved in the Pacific Tanker Task Force, with flights to Guam, South Korea and Australia. In the spring of 1984 the unit participated in Operation Coronet Giant, an exercise which entailed a direct flight from the United States to West Germany by 12 Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II attack fighters, refueled along the way by three squadron KC-135s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0010-0001", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air refueling\nThe route spanned 3600 miles, and was the largest mission of this type undertaken by a National Guard force to date. On 21 March 1986 a unit aircraft departed Fargo, North Dakota, with 40 civilian VIP's on board for Tempelhof Central Airport in West Berlin. This was the first Air National Guard flight transporting civilians outside the Continental United States, and was also the first KC-135 authorized to fly into West Berlin through the Berlin Corridors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0011-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air refueling\nDuring Operation Desert Shield, the squadron was partially activated on 20 December 1990. All aircraft, aircrews and a number of support personnel were dispatched to Cairo West Air Base, Egypt between 27 and 29 December 1990. They became the basis for the 1706th Air Refueling Wing (Provisional). Other unit personnel were mobilized to replace troops sent forward or for other overseas destinations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0012-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Post-Cold War era\nThree aircraft and 47 volunteer guard members departed for Moron Air Base, Spain on 28 December 1992 in support of Operation Restore Hope, a humanitarian mission to restore order and provide food and medical supplies to Somalia. At Moron the planes became part of the Moron Tanker Task Force. Over 16 million pounds of fuel were unloaded during the deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 86], "content_span": [87, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0013-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Post-Cold War era\nDuring a 24 February 1994 trip to the Azores the unit performed its first \"roller mission.\" Steel rollers were placed on the floor of squadron aircraft making to facilitate loading and unloading cargo. The KC-135 always had a dual mission; refueling and transport, but this modification improved the KC-135's cargo handling capability. On this flight squadron aircraft refueled a Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit stealth bomber and a Boeing C-17 Globemaster III for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 86], "content_span": [87, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0014-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Post-Cold War era\nDuring July 1996 squadron members deployed to Pisa Airport, Italy for Operation Decisive Endeavor, the American contribution to the United Nations peace enforcement force in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Over 5,500 personnel from 13 NATO countries formed the Implementation Force (IFOR) air component. Unit members performed deployment rotations from 1 July to 3 August 1996. The 126th had the opportunity to work with tanker units from Mississippi and Nebraska, along with the Italian Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 86], "content_span": [87, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0015-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Post-Cold War era\nOn 30 April 1999, the 126th Squadron was called to active duty due to the crisis in Kosovo. President Clinton authorized the call for 33,000 reserve personnel to be placed on active duty for up to 270 days. The squadron and elements of the 117th Air Refueling Wing of the Alabama Air National Guard deployed together to Europe to support Operation Allied Force, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation military operation against Serbian forces in Kosovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 86], "content_span": [87, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0016-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nFollowing the terrorist attacks on the United States the squadron was tasked to provide air refueling support for fighter combat air patrols over major U.S. cities. Dubbed Operation Noble Eagle (ONE), the 126th flew its first ONE mission on 12 September 2001. From September to December 2001, the squadron flew 64 sorties and offloaded over 100,000 pounds of fuel to 156 aircraft. The highest sortie rate occurred in November when fighter combat air patrols occurred every four hours over most of the major U.S. cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 92], "content_span": [93, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0016-0001", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nIn addition to supporting ONE, the 126th also provided support for Operation Enduring Freedom, deploying aircraft and personnel to Spain to support combat air operations from late September 2001 until the spring of 2002. In 2004, it deployed eight aircraft and 204 personnel to Istres-Le Tub\u00e9 Air Base, France in support of Operation Joint Forge, aimed at maintaining stability in Bosnia-Herzegovina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 92], "content_span": [93, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008881-0017-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0000-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing\nThe 126th Air Refueling Wing (126 ARW) is a unit of the Illinois Air National Guard, stationed at Scott Air Force Base, Belleville, Illinois. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0001-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing\nThe 108th Air Refueling Squadron, assigned to the Wing's 126th Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the World War I 108th Aero Squadron, established on 27 August 1917. It was reformed on 1 July 1927, as the 108th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0002-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, Mission\nThe primary mission of the 126th Air Refueling Wing is to provide air refueling support to major commands of the United States Air Force, as well as other U.S. military forces and the military forces of allied nations. Additionally, the unit can support airlift missions. The unit is also tasked with supporting the nuclear strike missions of the Single Integrated Operational Plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0003-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, Mission\nDuring peacetime, the 126th ARW receives direction through the adjutant general of Illinois, the governor of Illinois and the National Guard Bureau. Upon federal mobilization, the wing is assigned to Air Mobility Command and the 15th Expeditionary Mobility Task Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0004-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, Units\nThe 126 ARW also has two associate partners: the Active Associate 906th Air Refueling Squadron with the 126 ARW serving as the host organization for this Total Force Initiative association, and the Classic Associate 126th Supply Chain Management Squadron as part of a regionalized Air Mobility Command supply facility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0005-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nThe 344th Bombardment Group (Medium) was constituted on 31 August 1942, and activated on 8 September 1942 at Drane Field in Lakeland, Florida, an auxiliary facility to MacDill Field in Tampa. Initially, the group was equipped with Martin B-26 Marauders and served as a replacement training unit. Moved to RAF Stansted, England, January\u2013February 1944 and assigned to Ninth Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0006-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nThe 344th BG began operations in March 1944, attacking airfields, missile sites, marshaling yards, submarine shelters, coastal defenses, and other targets in German-occupied France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Beginning in May, the 344th helped prepare for the Normandy invasion by striking vital bridges in France. The Pathfinders were a provisional squadron equipped with the top-secret Pff (Oboe) navigational equipment. The Pathfinders would lead a group of 17 planes over the target. The 344th Bombardment Group was selected to lead the IX Bomber Command formations on D-Day, with the first aircraft taking off at 04:12 hours, attacking coastal batteries at Cherbourg, and during the remainder of June, it supported the drive that resulted in the seizure of the Cotentin Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0007-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nThe unit also defended positions to assist British forces in the area of Caen and received a Distinguished Unit Citation for a three-day action against the enemy in late July when the group struck troop concentrations, supply dumps, a bridge, and a railroad viaduct to assist advancing ground forces at Saint-L\u00f4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0008-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nAnother action of the 344th was to knock out bridges to hinder the German Army's withdrawal through the Falaise gap, and bombed vessels and strong points at Brest during August and September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0009-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nOn 30 September the 344th moved to their Advanced Landing Ground at Cormeilles-en-Vexin, France, France (A-59). While at Stansted the group flew over 100 missions, and lost 26 aircraft in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0010-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nAfter V-E Day the group moved to Schleissheim, Germany for occupation duty and began training with Douglas A-26 Invaders, but continued to use B-26 aircraft. It was transferred, without personnel and equipment, to the United States on 15 February 1946 where it was inactivated on 31 March 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0011-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War\nRedesignated 126th Bombardment Group (Light). Allotted to Illinois Air National Guard on 24 May 1946 and assigned to Chicago Municipal Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0012-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War\nExtended federal recognition on 29 June 1947. Redesignated 126th Composite Group in November 1950, and 126th Bombardment Group (Light) in February 1951. The unit was ordered to active service on 1 April 1951 as a result of the Korean War. The unit was initially assigned to Tactical Air Command at Langley AFB, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0013-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War\nThe wing moved to Bordeaux-Merignac Air Base, France with the first elements arriving in November 1951. The 126th BW was assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe. By 10 November, Bordeaux was considered an operational base and was assigned to the 12th Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0014-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War\nAt Bordeaux, the 126th BW consisted of the 108th, 168th and 180th Bomb Squadrons (Light). The aircraft were marked by various color bands on the vertical stabilizer and rudder. Black/Yellow/Blue for the 108th; Black/Yellow/Red for the 168th, and Black/Yellow/Green for the 180th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0015-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War\nIt flew B-26's for training and maneuvers and stayed at Bordeaux AB until being transferred Laon AB, France on 25 May 1952 where it remained for the balance of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0016-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War\nThe 126th was relieved from active duty and transferred, without personnel and equipment, back to the control of the Illinois ANG on 1 January 1953 as the 126th Fighter-Bomber Group and assigned to Tactical Air Command. Flew F-86 Sabres. In 1955, redesignated as the 125th Fighter-Interceptor Group, equipped with F-86Ds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0017-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War\nOn 1 July 1961, the 125th's mission was changed to an air refueling one and was redesignated as the 126th Air Refueling Group, being assigned the KC-97 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0018-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War\nReassigned to Strategic Air Command 1 July 1976 at Chicago O\u2019Hare International Airport and redesignated as the 126th Air Refueling Wing. The 126th AREFW flew KC-97Ls for a brief time before converting to KC-135As. It was composed of the 108th Air Refueling Squadron and the 145th Air Refueling Squadron from the Ohio ANG along with the 126th Air Refueling Squadron from the Wisconsin ANG. In 1978 the KC-97s were sent to AMARC. Many of the 126th AREFW's KC-97Ls became gate guards and one is on the field of the former Grissom AFB, Indiana, where the 126th AREFW conducted many hours of transition practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0019-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War\nIn 1983 the wing began receiving the KC-135E as a replacement for the \"A\" model water-wagons, a named used because of 110 seconds of water injection, used to increase thrust for take-off power. With the inactivation of SAC, the group was assigned to Air Mobility Command on 1 June 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0020-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, History, Post Cold War\nThe 126th moved from the former Air Reserve Station at O'Hare International Airport in 1999 as recommended by the Base Realignment and Closure Commission's Report to Congress in conjunction with the closure of the Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard facilities at O'Hare. In 2000, the unit's KC-135E aircraft were upgraded with the new Pacer CRAG (Compass, Radar & GPS) avionics systems. In 2008, the unit completed a transition to KC-135R aircraft as the KC-135E fleet was retired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008882-0021-0000", "contents": "126th Air Refueling Wing, History, Stations\nNote: ALG = \"Advanced Landing Ground\" designation of temporary airfields constructed or used by the Allies in Europe following the D-Day landings in 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008883-0000-0000", "contents": "126th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 126th Division was a division deployed by the People's Republic of China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008883-0001-0000", "contents": "126th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China), History\nThe 126th Division was a military formation deployed by the People's Republic of China as part of the People's Volunteer Army (Chinese People's Volunteers (CPV) or Chinese Communist Forces (CCF)) during the Korean War. It had a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men. It was a component of the 42nd Army, consisting of the 376th, 377th, and 378th Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008884-0000-0000", "contents": "126th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 126th Aviation Regiment  is a unit of the U.S. Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008884-0001-0000", "contents": "126th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nFrom 1963 the 26th Aviation Battalion had been associated with the 26th Infantry Division. A company of the battalion was established in Florida as part of the Florida Army National Guard. Changes to the regimental system in the late 1980s led to the superseding of the battalion by a regiment, itself part of the Aviation Brigade, 26th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008884-0002-0000", "contents": "126th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nThe 126th's lineage includes that of the 122d Aviation Battalion due to consolidation. The battalion was originally organized and Federally recognized on 18 November 1946 in the Rhode Island National Guard at Providence as the Medical Detachment, 43d Division Artillery. It was ordered into active Federal service on 5 September 1950 at Providence during the Korean War. With the division, the detachment was deployed to Germany to defend against a possible Soviet attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008884-0002-0001", "contents": "126th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nTo replace the detachment at home stations, a National Guard of the United States (NGUS) unit with the same designation was organized and Federally recognized on 2 December 1952. On 15 June 1954, the Medical Detachment was released from active Federal service and reverted to state control, and Federal recognition was withdrawn from the NGUS unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008884-0003-0000", "contents": "126th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nOn 1 April 1959, it was converted and redesignated as the 43d Aviation Company, still part of the 43d Division, and relocated to Warwick. It was relieved from its assignment to the 43d Division on 18 March 1963, just before the division was inactivated on 1 May. On 1 January 1965, the company became Battery F of the 103d Artillery, and was further redesignated as the 43d Medical Company on 1 March 1966. On 22 December 1967, the 43d Cavalry, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, was constituted in the Rhode Island Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008884-0003-0001", "contents": "126th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nTroop E was organized at Warwick from the 43d Medical Company and Federally recognized on 1 January 1968. Troop E became Troop D of the 26th Cavalry's 1st Squadron in the 26th Infantry Division on 1 May 1971. It was relocated to North Kingstown on 1 June 1974. On 1 October 1986, it was expanded into the 122d Aviation Battalion and relieved from its assignment to the 26th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008884-0004-0000", "contents": "126th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nThe 126th Aviation was constituted 1 October 1987 in the Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island Army National Guard as a parent regiment under the United States Army Regimental System; concurrently organized from the 164th and 963rd Aviation Companies, the 1220th Transportation Company, and the 122d Aviation Battalion to consist of the 1st Battalion and Companies D, E, and F, elements of the 26th Infantry Division, and Company G.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008884-0005-0000", "contents": "126th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nIn the mid-late 1980s the Aviation Brigade, 26th Infantry Division was reported to consist of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008884-0006-0000", "contents": "126th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nThe 126th Aviation Regiment was reorganized 1 September 1990 in the Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Vermont Army National Guard to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions and Company F, elements of the 26th Infantry Division, and Company G. Reorganized 1 September 1993 to consist of the 1st Battalion, Company F, and the 2d Battalion, an element of the 42d Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008884-0007-0000", "contents": "126th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nThe 1st Battalion, 126th Aviation, is now part of the 56th Troop Command, Rhode Island Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008884-0008-0000", "contents": "126th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nThe 3d Battalion is part of the Massachusetts Army National Guard. Its Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment is located on Camp Edwards, which is part of the Massachusetts Military Reservation in Bourne, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008885-0000-0000", "contents": "126th Baluchistan Infantry\nThe 126th Baluchistan Infantry was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army raised in 1825 as the 2nd Extra Battalion of Bombay Native Infantry. It was designated as the 126th Baluchistan Infantry in 1903 and became 2nd Battalion 10th Baluch Regiment in 1922. In 1947, it was allocated to the Pakistan Army, where it continues to exist as 7th Battalion of The Baloch Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008885-0001-0000", "contents": "126th Baluchistan Infantry, Early history\nThe regiment was raised in 1825 at Bombay as the 2nd Extra Battalion of Bombay Native Infantry. In 1826, it was designated as the 26th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry. In 1856, it was dispatched to Persia, where it took part in the Battle of Kooshab during the Anglo-Persian War of 1856-57. In 1891,  the regiment was localized to the Province of Baluchistan and reconstituted with Balochis, Brahuis, Pathans and Punjabi Muslims. It adopted uniforms of drab colour with red trousers and its designation was changed to 26th (Baluchistan) Regiment of Bombay Infantry. In 1900 it was sent to China to suppress the Boxer Rebellion. In 1901, the regiment's designation was changed to 26th Baluchistan Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008885-0002-0000", "contents": "126th Baluchistan Infantry, 126th Baluchistan Infantry\nSubsequent to the reforms brought about in the Indian Army by Lord Kitchener in 1903, all former Bombay Army units had 100 added to their numbers. Consequently, the regiment's designation was changed to 126th Baluchistan Infantry and it was delocalized from Baluchistan. On the outbreak of the First World War, the regiment was sent to Aden, where it remained during the war except for brief stays in Egypt in 1915 and Mesopotamia in 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008885-0003-0000", "contents": "126th Baluchistan Infantry, Subsequent History\nIn 1922, the regiment was grouped with five other Baluch battalions: 1st & 2nd Battalions of 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, 127th Queen Mary's Own Baluch Light Infantry, 129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis and the 130th King George's Own Baluchis (Jacob's Rifles), to form the 10th Baluch Regiment. The 126th Baluchistan Infantry was redesignated as the 2nd Battalion of the new regiment. During the Second World War, 2/10th Baluch fought with great gallantry in the Malayan Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008885-0003-0001", "contents": "126th Baluchistan Infantry, Subsequent History\nThe battalion was taken prisoner by the Japanese on Singapore Island after the surrender of British forces on 15 February 1942. It suffered a total of 1596 casualties in the war and during the Japanese captivity. The battalion won distinction for resisting intense enemy pressure to join the Japanese-sponsored Indian National Army. Prominent among them was Lieutenant Abrar Hussain, who was awarded the MBE for his heroic conduct whilst a Prisoner of War. On its return from captivity, the battalion was reformed in 1946. On the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the Baluch Regiment was allocated to Pakistan Army. In 1956, on the merger of 8th Punjab and Bahawalpur Regiments with the Baluch Regiment, 2 Baluch was redesignated as 7 Baluch (now 7 Baloch). During the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965, the battalion fought with distinction in the Kasur Sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008886-0000-0000", "contents": "126th Battalion (Peel), CEF\nThe 126th Battalion (Peel), CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Toronto, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Peel County. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 109th and 116th Battalions, CEF, and the 8th Reserve Battalion on October 13, 1916. The 126th Battalion (Peel), CEF, had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008886-0001-0000", "contents": "126th Battalion (Peel), CEF\nThe 126 Battalion (Peel), CEF is perpetuated by The Lorne Scots (Peel, Dufferin and Halton Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008887-0000-0000", "contents": "126th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 126th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 5, 1971, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Governor Russell W. Peterson and Eugene Bookhammer as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008887-0001-0000", "contents": "126th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on a court interpreted interpretation of the federal 1960 census. It resulted in a large shift in membership numbers to the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but could design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals. Subsequent census were adjusted such boundaries to continue such adjectives, the next being in 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008887-0002-0000", "contents": "126th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 126th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008887-0003-0000", "contents": "126th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008887-0004-0000", "contents": "126th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008888-0000-0000", "contents": "126th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 126th Division (\u7b2c126\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakunij\u016broku Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Resolution Division (\u82f1\u65ad\u5175\u56e3, Eidan Heidan). It was formed 16 January in Mishan as a triangular division. It was a part of the 8 simultaneously created divisions batch comprising 121st, 122nd, 123rd, 124th, 125th, 126th, 127th and 128th divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the 12th border guards group in Miaoling fortress, Mizuki fortress garrisoned by parts of the 11th independent border guards group, parts of 3rd cavalry brigade and left-behind elements of the 25th Division. The 126th division was permanently assigned to 5th army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008888-0001-0000", "contents": "126th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nIn July 1945, the division was brought to the nearly full strength, expanding artillery company to 126th artillery regiment and adding 126th Airborne (Assault) battalion, expanding by 9 August 1945 from 12500 to 19000 men in ranks. Nothetheless, the artillery was understrength. Artillery regiment has just 21 Type 38 10 cm Cannons, while infantry regiments has only half the required complement of the Infantry support guns. Also, the lack of machine guns, ammunition, and low quality of personnel led the Kwantung Army command to estimate the 126th division being only 20% combat effective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008888-0002-0000", "contents": "126th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 126th division was tasked with protecting a border of Mudanjiang from 9 June 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008888-0003-0000", "contents": "126th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\n9 August 1945, at the start of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria the 126th division was standing against 6 rifle divisions and 3 armoured brigades of the Red Army. On the retreat to the Linkou County, parts of the 126th artillery regiment were involved in the Asayama incident - a forced suicide of the Japanese refugees, resulting in 1300 civilian deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008888-0004-0000", "contents": "126th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe division has stopped at Mudanjiang together with the 135th division and set up a defensive lines, after being reinforced by 31st independent anti-tank battalion, 18th engineer regiment and 2nd company of the 20th heavy artillery regiment. The massed Red Army attack has started 14 August 1945, but the 126th division held the defences until 16 August 1945, buying time for population of Mudanjiang to flee. As the result of heavy Japanese resistance, Soviet forces have stopped the attempts to storm the Mudanjiang and bypassed the city on the southern flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008888-0005-0000", "contents": "126th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 126th division has surrendered to the Red Army 17 August 1945 and was disarmed 18 August 1945. Most of personnel was taken prisoner by the Soviet Union. About 4000 men have died either during fighting or in the Siberian labour camps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008889-0000-0000", "contents": "126th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 126th Field Artillery Regiment was a regiment in the United States Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008889-0001-0000", "contents": "126th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nConstituted in the National Guard of Wisconsin as the 1st Cavalry and partially organized by redesignation of Light Horse Squadron of Milwaukee as Troop A (constituted 25 March 1880 as Light Horse Squadron and organized 26 April 1880 at Milwaukee). Troop B organized 24 June 1916 at Milwaukee; remainder of regiment organized April\u2013July 1917 at locations as follows-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008889-0002-0000", "contents": "126th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nMustered into federal service 31 July 1917; drafted on 5 August 1917. reorganized and redesignated 120th Field Artillery and assigned to the 32nd Infantry Division (United States)28 September 1917. Demobilized 16 May 1919 at Camp Grant, Il.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008889-0003-0000", "contents": "126th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized 1 April 1929 as a three squadron regiment with elements activated or redesignated as follows-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008889-0004-0000", "contents": "126th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nRelieved from the 23rd Cavalry Division converted and redesignated as the 126th Field Artillery, 1 October 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008889-0005-0000", "contents": "126th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nFollowing conversion from the 105th Cavalry Regiment, the 126th FA Regiment was subordinated to the 32nd Infantry Division. The regiment was initially equipped with 75-mm field guns. The 126th FA Regiment, less its second battalion, was redesignated the 126th Field Artillery Battalion on 31 January 1942. The regiment's second battalion had been redesignated as the 1st Battalion, 173rd FA Regiment on 16 January 1942. The 126th FA Battalion was reequipped with 105-mm howitzers during World War II and saw service in Australia, Goodenough Island, New Guinea, and the Philippines with the 32nd Division. On 28 February 1946, the 126th FA Battalion was inactivated in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008889-0006-0000", "contents": "126th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 126th FA Battalion was reorganized on 23 June 1947 as part of the Wisconsin Army National Guard. Consolidation with the 132nd Anti - Aircraft Battalion in 1959 resulted in the reemergence of the 126th FA Regiment, with one missile battalion and one field artillery battalion. The FA battalion was called to active duty for ten months during 1961\u20131962. A further reorganization on 5 November 1963 designated the regiment's second battalion as the 1st Battalion, 126th Field Artillery. The missile battalion became a battery and was later relieved of assignment to the regiment in 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008889-0006-0001", "contents": "126th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nAfter riot control duty in Milwaukee in July 1967, the 1-126 FA Battalion was released from assignment to the 32nd Division in December of the same year. The reorganization of 1 July 1971 reduced the regiment to a single battalion and, on 1 May 1972, redesignated the regiment as the 126th Field Artillery. Subsequent assignments for the battalion were to the 257th FA Group and finally to the 57th FA Brigade. In 2007, the 1st Battalion, 126th Field Artillery was converted to the 257th Brigade Support Battalion, which inherited the regimental lineage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008889-0007-0000", "contents": "126th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nA Silver color metal and enamel device 1 3/64 inches (2.66\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned:  Per pale Or and Gules, two chevronels counterchanged in dexter chief a horse's head Sable, eyed of the first within an annulet of the third. Attached above on a wreath Or and Gules a badger couchant Proper. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Gold scroll inscribed \u201cFOLLOW ME\u201d in Black letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008889-0008-0000", "contents": "126th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nYellow (Or) for the Cavalry service, is impaled with the scarlet for the Regiment's conversion into Field Artillery during World War I. The two chevronels represent the two chevrons of a year's overseas service. The ringed horse's head device is that of the Light Horse Squadron, organized in Milwaukee in 1880, in which the regiment had its origin. The motto \u201cFollow me\u201d is the keynote of modern cavalry tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008889-0009-0000", "contents": "126th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 126th Field Artillery Regiment on 7 June 1973. It was redesignated effective 1 September 2008, for the 257th Support Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008889-0010-0000", "contents": "126th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon\nPer pale Or and Gules, two chevronels counterchanged in dexter chief a horse's head erased with an annulet Sable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008889-0011-0000", "contents": "126th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the Wisconsin Army National Guard: On a wreath of the colors Or and Gules, a badger couchant Proper. Motto FOLLOW ME.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008889-0012-0000", "contents": "126th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon\nYellow (Or) for the Cavalry service, is impaled with the scarlet for the Regiment's conversion into Field Artillery during World War I. The two chevronels represent the two chevrons of a year's overseas service. The ringed horse's head device is that of the Light Horse Squadron, organized in Milwaukee in 1880, in which the regiment had its origin. The motto \u201cFollow Me\u201d is the keynote of modern Cavalry tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008889-0013-0000", "contents": "126th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon\nThe crest is that of the Wisconsin Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008889-0014-0000", "contents": "126th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 105th Cavalry Regiment (1st Wisconsin National Guard) on 30 January 1923. It was redesignated for the 126th Field Artillery Battalion on 19 May 1942. It was redesignated for the 126th Artillery Regiment on 30 December 1963. The insignia was redesignated for the 126th Field Artillery Regiment on 27 September 1972. It was redesignated effective 1 September 2008, for the 257th Support Battalion. It was amended to correct the crest symbolism on 28 March 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008889-0015-0000", "contents": "126th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive trimming\nA twisted silk cord, 1/4 inch in Diameter, or scarlet and gold strands, worn in a single snug loop around the left sleeve-band, passing under the shoulder loop of the service coat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008890-0000-0000", "contents": "126th Guards Rifle Division\nThe 126th Guards Rifle Division was a Red Army division from 1945 to 1946, part of the Southern Group of Forces. The 126th Guards Rifle Division was originally the 10th Guards Airborne Division (10-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u043e-\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f), which was transformed into a rifle division on 20 December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008890-0001-0000", "contents": "126th Guards Rifle Division\nAfter briefly becoming part of 9th Mechanised Army (after 57th Army was reorganised within the Southern Group of Forces, the division was disbanded on 30 November 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008890-0002-0000", "contents": "126th Guards Rifle Division, History\nThe 10th Guards Airborne Division was formed on 8 December 1942 from the 3rd and 4th Maneuver Airborne Brigades in Dimitrov in the Moscow Military District. Until 5 February 1943, the division conducted training. The 10th Guards Airborne Division became part of the 68th Army. The division took up positions on the Lovat River. On 22 July, the division was withdrawn from the line in preparation for battles south of Staraya Russa. On 17 August, the division was in its positions. The 18th Army started the offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008890-0002-0001", "contents": "126th Guards Rifle Division, History\nThe 10th Guards Airborne was in reserve and was to expand gains made by the 1st Guards Airborne Division and 26th Rifle Division. The 19th Guards Airborne Regiment temporarily captured Derekovo while the 24th Guards Airborne Regiment attacked Chirikov. On 19 August, the division again attempted to capture Derekovo and Chrikov, but failed. After reinforcement, the division tried again on 22 August, but attacks stalled against fierce resistance. On 26 August, the division withdrew and concentrated at Parfino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008890-0003-0000", "contents": "126th Guards Rifle Division, History\nOn 6 September, the division arrived at Kharkov, where it became part of the 82nd Rifle Corps of the 37th Army. On 1 October, the division crossed the Dnieper. The 30th Guards Airborne Regiment captured the village of Mishurin Horn. The division fought battles to hold its bridgehead until 14 October. On 16 October, the division attacked in the direction of Krivoi Rog, which it captured. On 26 February 1944, the 10th Guards Airborne was awarded the title 'Krivoi Rog' for its successful capture of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008890-0004-0000", "contents": "126th Guards Rifle Division, History\nThe division crossed the Inhulets River at Inhul-Radionovka on 27 February. Between 13 and 14 March, the division pursued German troops in the direction of Kazanka on the Southern Bug. On 16 March, the division led the  offensive in the direction of Voznesensk. The division captured Yelanets on 18 March and Voznesensk on 23 March. Crossing the Southern Bug, the division continued to advance, capturing Kotovsk, Bogunskiy and Oskarovku. On 4 April, during the Odessa Offensive, the division captured Rozdilna. For its performance during the offensive, the division was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008890-0005-0000", "contents": "126th Guards Rifle Division, History\nThe division reached the Dniester on 11 April in the area of Caraga\u0219. It crossed the river on the next day and fought to hold its bridgehead until 18 April. From 18 to 26 April, the division was transferred to Tiraspol, where it was replenished. On 27 April, it went back into combat around Varni\u021ba, fighting to hold another bridgehead. On 8 May, it was withdrawn from combat again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008890-0006-0000", "contents": "126th Guards Rifle Division, History\nOn 2 June, the division was concentrated near Caragas, where it conducted training until 15 August. On 20 August, the division, as part of the 37th Army fought in the Second Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive. In the offensive, the division captured Comrat, Basarabeasca and Leova. The division surrounded and eliminated a large group of enemy soldiers. Between 28 August and 6 September, the division mopped up German survivors on the Prut, taking 4,000 prisoner. On 10 September, the division crossed the Danube and entered Romanian territory. On 28 September, the division was awarded the Order of Suvorov 2nd class for its actions during the Second Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008890-0007-0000", "contents": "126th Guards Rifle Division, History\nAdvancing southwards, the division entered Bulgarian territory at Serdement and advanced through Dobrych, Pereslav and Sliven. On 29 September the division was in the village of Golubnitsy, where it stayed until 30 October. On 4 November, the 10th Guards Airborne began a march to Belgrade, where it arrived on 9 November. On 18 November, it was in Sambir, where it became part of the 57th Army's 6th Guards Rifle Corps. On 23 November, the division crossed the Danube near Botin. By 25 November, it was advancing along the line of Dushevitsa and Knyajevo, breaking through German defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008890-0007-0001", "contents": "126th Guards Rifle Division, History\nThe division captured the city of Koposhvar on 2 December. On 5 December, the division advanced to Nadbayom, where it went on the defensive. Between 14 December and 6 January 1945, the division fought German counterattacks in order to hold its gains. On 6 January, the 19th and 24th Guards Airborne Regiments were awarded the Order of Kutuzov 3rd class for their actions in the crossing of the Danube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008890-0008-0000", "contents": "126th Guards Rifle Division, History\nOn the same day, the division replaced the 73rd Rifle Division in another position, which it defended until 25 March. After repulsing German counterattacks, the division went on the offensive on 29 March. Breaking through German defences, the division pursued the German troops into Austria. On 4 April, the division was on the Hungarian-Yugoslav border at Kri\u017eevci. On 7 April, it entered Austrian territory and was in the area of Feringa on the next day. On 19 April, it took positions in Raabau, which it held to 8 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008890-0008-0001", "contents": "126th Guards Rifle Division, History\nOn 9 May, the division entered Graz, where it ended the war. In June and July, the division marched back through Alba Iulia, Tulcea to the Soviet Union, where it became the 126th Guards Rifle Division on 20 December. It was part of the 6th Guards Rifle Corps of the 57th Army in the Southern Group of Forces. It was stationed in Buda. The division was disbanded on 30 November 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008890-0009-0000", "contents": "126th Guards Rifle Division, Composition\nThe following units were part of the 10th Guards Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008891-0000-0000", "contents": "126th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 126th Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008891-0001-0000", "contents": "126th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 126th Illinois Infantry was raised in response to President Abraham Lincoln's call for 300,000 volunteers in the late summer of 1862. The recruits were all from Moultrie, Shelby, Montgomery, Mercer, and Rock Island Counties. It was organized in Alton, Illinois beginning on September 2, 1862 and mustered in for three years service on September 4 under the command of Colonel Jonathan Richmond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008891-0002-0000", "contents": "126th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment took the field on November 20, 1862, manning the fortifications along the Mississippi River at Columbus for a week before joining Ulysses S. Grant's army at LaGrange, and being attached to the XIII Corps. They spent the winter guarding supply lines and railroads around Jackson and Humboldt. Staying behind while the main force advanced down the Mississippi River and against Jackson, the regiment eventually joined in the Siege of Vicksburg on May 28, 1863. They were present for the Confederate surrender on July 4 and were then assigned to duty in Helena. From August 1 to early September 1863 they joined General Frederick Steele and his expedition against Little Rock. There they saw action at the Battle of Bayou Fourche where the Confederate forces under General Sterling Price were defeated and Union forces exercised control over most of Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008891-0003-0000", "contents": "126th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nAfter the Little Rock expedition, the 126th was stationed at DeValls until August 1864. During this time they saw little combat and simply endured the monotony of daily life in the army. The lone action was some light skirmishing that occurred on June 25\u201326, 1864 at the tiny settlement of Clinton. The regiment spent the rest of the war in the vicinity of Pine Bluff in central Arkansas. After spending almost their entire service serving in a rear echelon role the 126th Illinois was mustered out of service on July 12, 1865 at Pine Bluff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008891-0004-0000", "contents": "126th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nFrederick H. Dyer in his Compendium of the War of the Rebellion wrote of the 126th Illinois: Duty at LaGrange, Tenn., till January, 1863. (6 Companies moved to Jackson, Tenn., December 19, 1862; thence moved to Humboldt, Tenn. R.R. crossing at Fork Deer River December 20. Action at Humboldt December 21.) 4 Companies on duty at Jackson, Tenn., and 6 Companies at Humboldt, Tenn., January to March 25; then at Jackson till May 25, 1863. Moved to Vicksburg, Miss., May 25\u201328. Siege of Vicksburg May 28 - July 4. Moved to Helena. Ark., July 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008891-0004-0001", "contents": "126th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nExpedition against Little Rock, Ark., August 1 - September 10. Bayou Fourche and capture of Little Rock September 10. Moved to Duvall's Bluff October 24, and duty there till August 19, 1864. Action at Clinton June 25\u201326. Moved to Pine Bluff, Ark., August 19, and duty there till February 12, 1865. Scouts from Pine Bluff toward Camden and Monticello January 26\u201331. At mouth of White River, Ark., till June 12, and at Pine Bluff till July 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008891-0005-0000", "contents": "126th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 6 men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 192 enlisted men dying of disease for a total of 202 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008892-0000-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 126th Infantry Division (German: 126. Infanterie-Division) was a German division in World War II. It was formed on 15 October 1940 in M\u00fcnster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008893-0000-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (France)\nThe 126th Infantry Regiment is a regiment first constituted during the French Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008893-0001-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (France), History, World War I\nGarrison: Brive-la-Gaillarde, 48th Infantry Brigade, 12th Army Corps. Assigned to the 24th Infantry Division (French: 24e Division d'Infanterie) from August 1914 to November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008893-0002-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (France), History, Interwar period\nThe 126e RI was in garrison at Brive-la-Gaillarde in January 1939, and recalled to apply the \"barrage plan\" in the Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Orientales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008893-0003-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (France), History, World War II\nThe regiment illustrated capability in June 1940 to halt offensives, while record marching 350\u00a0km in two weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008893-0004-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (France), History, World War II\nThe regiment was reconstituted in 1944 from marquis of Corr\u00e8ze and P\u00e9rigord and participated in the liberation of Alsace, then entered the Black Forest. In January 1945, the 126th Infantry Regiment was integrated into the First Army, which was first at the disposition of the 2nd Brigade of the 1st Free French Division 1re DFL, where the 126th reinforced the 2nd Brigade during the period of the defensive mounted on Strasbourg, and the surveillance of left wing of the Rhin. Then, with the 2nd Moroccan Infantry Division 2e DIM, and participating with the 9th Colonial Infantry Division 9e DIC to campaign battles, combat of Karlsruhe, Ruppur, Rastadt with the 23e RIC and 6e RIC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008893-0005-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (France), Traditions, Insignia of the 126e RI\nWhite Buffalo since 1937, on the background of a blue Cross of Lorraine since 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 69], "content_span": [70, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008893-0006-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (France), Traditions, Insignia of the 126e RI\nLieutenant-colonel Godefroy, regimental commander of the 126e RI endowed the regiment with an insignia featuring the ruins of Oradour, to evoke the 134th Infantry Regiment (French: 134e R\u00e9giment d'Infanterie, 134e RI) which was integrated to the 126e RI in October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 69], "content_span": [70, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008893-0007-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (France), Traditions, Insignia of the 126e RI\nThe actual insignia of the regiment was endowed by colonel Mestelan, regimental commander from 1979 to 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 69], "content_span": [70, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008893-0008-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (France), Traditions, Decorations\nThe regimental colors of the 126e RI are decorated with:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0000-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 126th Infantry Regiment (\"Second Michigan\") is a United States military unit of the Michigan Army National Guard. The 126th was originally an infantry regiment, then was converted into an armoured role, and then was converted to a light cavalry reconnaissance unit, with subordinate units stationed in Cadillac, Wyoming, Dowagiac, and Manistee. It was converted back to an infantry unit in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0001-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Early history\nThe 126th Infantry existed for its first 144 years as an infantry unit. The 126th Infantry dates back as early as 12 July 1855 when the Grand Rapids Light Guard and Grand Rapids Artillery companies were organized. The first officers of the Grand Rapids Light Guard included Wright L. Coffinberry as captain; Frederick W. Worden, E.T. Nelson, and A.L. Gage as lieutenants; Milton S. Littlefield, Benjamin B. Church, S.S. Porter, and G.M. McCray as sergeants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0001-0001", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Early history\nOther charter members of the Light Guard included Edward A. Earle, Joseph C. Herkner, Benjamin Luce, Henry Spring, Miles Adams, E. H. Hunt, Dr. Willard Bliss, Frank Earle, Warren P. Mills, James Sargeant, J.E. Earle, John Grady, C.B. Hinsdill, Charles D. Lyon, George E. Judd, Henry Whipple, Robert M. Collins, F. Shriver, Byron R. Pierce, B. D. Ball, Edwin S. Pierce, John Seymour, Samuel Judd, Thomas Sargeant, G. W. Remington, William Livingston, Henry Ely, and Joseph Houseman. Later that year Ringgold\u2019s Light Artillery was organized, and four years later in 1859, the Grand Rapids Rifles came into existence. These companies along with several others from Ionia formed the 51st Volunteer Uniformed Michigan Militia Regiment prior to the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0002-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), American Civil War\nThe four companies formed the core of the 3rd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment that joined the Civil War on 13 June 1861. The regimental commander at the time was Colonel Daniel McConnell. The Third Michigan fought in twelve campaigns before it was mustered out in June 1864. Besides five Grand Rapids companies, the Third included companies from Boston and Lyons in Ionia County, Lansing, Muskegon, and Georgetown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0003-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), American Civil War\nOn 13 June 1861 the Third Regiment marched out of Cantonment Anderson in Grand Rapids, Michigan towards the recently constructed railroad depot near Leonard and Plainfield streets, where it boarded and departed the area for the war. While attached to Richardson\u2019s brigade of Colonel Miles\u2019s Division, the Third participated in its first engagement against Confederate forces just thirty-eight days after being federalized. It began as a part of a reconnaissance in force towards Blackburn\u2019s Ford along Bull Run (the term \"run\" is southern for creek or small river).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0003-0001", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), American Civil War\nOn 21 July, the Third marched with Richardson\u2019s brigade back to Blackburn\u2019s ford to keep the rebels occupied while the rest of McDowell\u2019s army hit the Confederate\u2019s left flank. After desultory firing at the ford, Richardson learned of the Federal rout on the right and was recalled to Centreville. What they saw was utter chaos and confusion as the Confederate forces, now reinforced, literally cut through the advancing and then retreating Union forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0004-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), American Civil War\nMorale by the close of that first summer was presumably low in the Third Michigan. During the next few months a number of officers including Colonel McConnell resigned and returned home to Grand Rapids. Major Champlin, who had originally organized Ringgold's Light Artillery back in 1855, assumed command of the regiment on 28 October 1861, and under him, the Third went into winter quarters at Alexandria, Virginia. That next March, the Third Michigan was assigned to General Berry\u2019s Brigade of the Third Red Diamond Division and entered the Peninsula campaign. A few months later at Fair Oaks, the regiment\u2019s losses were severe\u2014thirty killed, one hundred and twenty-four wounded, and fifteen missing. Included among the dead was Captain Samuel Judd, and Colonel Champlin had been severely wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0005-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), American Civil War\nSeveral months following Lee's surrender in April 1865, a great homecoming by the citizens of Grand Rapids was held for the returning heroes. On 4 July 1865, tables were set the entire length of the Pearl Street Bridge for a welcome-home celebration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0006-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, Medal of Honor recipients\nTwo soldiers in the Third earned the Medal of Honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 86], "content_span": [87, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0007-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, After the Civil War\nIn the months and years that followed, veterans' groups were formed under the banner of the Grand Army of the Republic; however, the Old Third Michigan didn't organize an association until 23 February 1871. When they did, they elected Colonel Edwin S. Pierce, president; John H. Sumner, secretary; and Colonel George E. Judd, treasurer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0008-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, After the Civil War\nIn Grand Rapids, the earliest of the new, independent companies was the Valley City Zouaves, organized first in 1866 and reorganized on 14 March 1873. However, this company did not remain in existence for long and was never actually mustered into state service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0009-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, After the Civil War\nSeveral years after the end of the Civil War, the Grand Rapids Guard company was organized by veterans of the Third and other regiments. The company was mustered into state service in 1872 as part of the Michigan State Troops. It was called out to aid authorities during a riot at the Muskegon County jail in 1873 and to quell a disturbance at Greenville during the Flat River labor dispute in 1874. That year the Grand Rapids Guard became Company B 2nd Infantry Regiment when the regiment was organized at Grand Rapids. Over the course of the next 24 years through various reorganizations the 2nd Infantry included companies from Coldwater, Kalamazoo, Flint, Bay City, East Saginaw, Port Huron, Marquette, Niles, Ionia, Manistee, Big Rapids, Three Rivers, and Grand Haven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0010-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, After the Civil War\nThe Michigan State Troops were redesignated as the Michigan National Guard on 31 December 1894, in response to a growing use of that designation across the country. It was first applied to the New York state militia in 1824 as a compliment to General Lafayette, who had been visiting the United States at that time. Lafayette had commanded the Garde Nationale in Paris around 1789.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0011-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), War with Spain\nIn 1898, the 2nd Infantry was mobilized for the war with Spain as one of five Michigan regiments. It was redesignated the 32nd Volunteer Infantry Regiment and included twelve battalions: four from Grand Rapids, four from Detroit, and one each from Coldwater, Grand Haven, Kalamazoo and Battle Creek. The 32nd rendezvoused at Island Lake and was sent to Tampa, Florida with Colonel William T. McGurrin in command. It was just about to embark for Cuba when hostilities ceased and the 32nd returned home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0012-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), War with Spain\nBack at home, the regiment resumed its 2nd Infantry designation and moved into a new armory. This was the first time since 1855 that all four Grand Rapids companies were located in one armory. The remaining companies were located at Coldwater, Kalamazoo, Big Rapids, Lansing, Manistee, Muskegon and Battle Creek. Owing to poor showings in annual inspections, the Manistee company was dropped for Grand Haven and a new company was organized at Manistee. The Battle Creek company also was disbanded and Adrian joined the regiment. The Lansing company was eventually redesignated as artillery, and an Ionia company joined the 2nd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0013-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), War with Spain\nThe Clark Building armory in Grand Rapids was thought in its day to be one of the finest armories in the state. Its furnishings and equipment had a value estimated at $11,000. The drill hall was rather large, and the armory included ample equipment rooms, assembly rooms, billiard rooms, reading rooms, officers' rooms, an indoor target range eighty feet in length, a cafe, club rooms, elegantly furnished parlors, and a library.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0014-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), War with Spain\nIn 1903, Congress passed the Militia Act of 1903, which had a huge impact on the Second Michigan and all other militia units in the United States. The bill and its amendments in effect served to nationalize the militia and reduce its status as a state volunteer force. Under terms of the act, the organized militia was uniformly redesignated as the National Guard and organized along army lines, with provisions for federal weapons and equipment. Twenty-four training sessions per year plus a summer encampment were now required for all units. Federal instruction and inspection were authorized and provisions made which elevated the status of Guard officers to equality with their federal counterparts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0015-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), War with Spain\nOn 3 September 1912, in response to a request from officials at the state prison in Jackson, the governor directed that Companies C and M, Second Infantry from Kalamazoo, join companies of the First Infantry in aiding civil authorities in quelling the riot and protecting the institution from outside attack or interference with the discipline of the convicts. Within two hours of receiving the order, both companies were ready to leave the armory. The entire regiment saw service in the 1913 copper strike in the Upper Peninsula, serving in copper country from 24 July to the first of November. During the regiment\u2019s stay, there was no loss of life and negligible property damage for any of citizen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0016-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Mexican Border War\nOn 19 June 1916, the entire Michigan National Guard was called out for service on the Mexican border instigated by raids on American border towns by the Mexican Pancho Villa. The Thirty-second was mustered into federal service on the first of July. The organization of the 2nd included four companies from Grand Rapids, two from Kalamazoo, and one each from Coldwater, Adrian, Ionia, Grand Haven, Muskegon and Big Rapids. This war also became known as the Pancho Villa Expedition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0017-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Mexican Border War\nShortly thereafter, the regiment departed for El Paso, Texas, arriving at Camp Cotton on 12 July, located a mere three hundred yards from the Mexican border. Upon its arrival, regular army inspectors took note of the excellent condition of the regiment and the short amount of time it took to get settled into camp. The next four weeks were spent in intensive training. During this time, details were organized to guard important points in the vicinity of El Paso. On 15 August, the regiment took over the entire outpost along the Rio Grande and the boundary line in New Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0017-0001", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Mexican Border War\nThis consisted of a line stretching from Fort Hancock, 50 miles (80\u00a0km) southeast of El Paso, to Las Cruces, New Mexico, for a total of 47 miles (76\u00a0km) in length. While the Grand Rapids battalion was on the border, construction work on the new Michigan Street armory was completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0018-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Mexican Border War\nOn Saturday, 13 January 1917, the final inspection of the regiment had been conducted. The regiment struck camp on Thursday and returned to Fort Wayne, where it was mustered out of service on 15 February. Under federal laws Congress adopted in June 1916 the regiment reverted to its National Guard status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0019-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War One\nThe 32nd returned home that spring only to find itself being activated for the World War. In September, it was ordered to Camp MacArthur, Texas, where it underwent another major reorganization to become part of the 32nd Division, which included Michigan and Wisconsin troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0020-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War One\nUnder the command of Colonel Joseph Westnedge, the 32nd became the 126th Infantry Regiment. The new regiment included the following companies: A-Coldwater, B-Adrian, C-Kalamazoo, D-Ionia, E-Ann Arbor, F-Jackson, G-Detroit, H-Detroit, I-Big Rapids/Muskegon, K-Grand Rapids, L-Grand Haven/Muskegon, and M-Grand Rapids. In addition, the regimental headquarters, machine gun company, supply company, sanitary detachment and band were all from Grand Rapids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0021-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War One\nThe regiment left the United States on 19 February 1918 bound for France. When it first arrived it was used for replacements and supply duty. Soon, the regiment, along with the 32nd Division, was sent into battle. When the war was over on 11 November, the 126th had seen service in four major campaigns and earned the French Croix de Guerre. The 126th returned in May 1919 but without its dearly beloved Colonel Westnedge who had died that previous fall from the effects of mustard gas. PFC Joseph William Guyton, the first American killed on German-held territory in WWI, was posthumously awarded the French Croix de guerre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0022-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War One\nFollowing the war, Colonel Earl R. Stewart reorganized the 126th with units coming from many of the same towns as those of the pre-war 32nd. The only actions the unit participated in between the World Wars were the 1936 Second Army maneuvers across Allegan County and the 1937 Flint Sit-Down Strike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0023-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War Two\nOn 15 October 1940, before the United States involvement in the Second World War, the 126th headed to Louisiana along with the rest of the Red Arrow Division. The makeup of the 126th included the following units: Headquarters, Headquarters Company & Anti-Tank Platoon, Service Company, Band-Grand Rapids; 1st Battalion Headquarters Detachment-Adrian, Co A-Coldwater, Co B-Adrian, Co C-Kalamazoo, Co D-Holland; 2nd Battalion Headquarters Detachment-Muskegon, Co E-Big Rapids, Co F-Grand Haven, Co G-Muskegon, Co H-Ionia; 3rd Battalion Headquarters Detachment, Co I, Co K, Co L, Co M-all Grand Rapids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0024-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War Two\nDuring the summer of 1941, the regiment participated in the Third and Fourth Army maneuvers\u2014nicknamed the Louisiana Maneuvers\u2014which provided the army high command a good look at the preparedness of the regiment. The first test, which was held in the vicinity of Camp Beauregard, was conducted from 16 June through the 27 and included the Thirty-second Division as well as the Thirty-seventh from Ohio. From 16\u201330 August, the maneuvers expanded to include the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-eighth divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0024-0001", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War Two\nDuring September, the largest maneuvers were held with the Seventh Corps of the Second Army, opposing the Fourth, Fifth, and Eighth corps of the Third Army. The Grand Rapids Guard was part of the Fifth Corps. It was the largest maneuver of its kind in the history of the army and included some one hundred thousand men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0025-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War Two, Redirected to Pacific\nInitially trained for the war in Europe, they were turned around in late March and told to be in San Francisco in three weeks. On 18 April 1942, the 32nd Division boarded a convoy of seven Matson Line ships, and the 126th boarded the S.S. Lurline, a luxury liner converted to transport duty, and four days later sailed for the South Pacific. The regiment crossed the equator on 30 April, and the international date line on 7 May, reaching Adelaide, Australia, seven days later. There, the 126th unloaded and moved to Camp Sandy Creek some 18 miles (29\u00a0km) outside the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0026-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War Two, Redirected to Pacific\nIn August 1942, the 126th moved 900 miles (1,400\u00a0km) to Brisbane and was billeted at Camp Cable. The camp was named in honor of Corporal Gerald Cable, the first member of the 32nd Division killed by the Japanese during World War II. Cable, a member of Service Company, 126th Infantry, along with approximately twenty other men, were on board a ship transporting trucks and other equipment from Brisbane to Adelaide when a torpedo hit the ship in the stern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0027-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War Two, Move to New Guinea\nThe 126th was organized into a regimental combat team composed of the entire 126th Infantry Regiment; Company A, 107th Medical Battalion; Company A, 114th Engineer Battalion; 1st Platoon, Company D, 107th Medical Detachment; Section C, 10th Evacuation Hospital; 107th Quartermaster Company; and a number of other support forces. Colonel Lawrence A. Quinn was in command of the combat team. First, Second, and Third battalions were under the command of Lt. Col. Edmund Carrier, Lt. Col. Henry Geerds, and Lt. Col. Clarence Tomlinson, respectively. The regiment was the first U.S. force to be dispatched to Port Moresby in New Guinea in September 1942. Once in Port Moresby the Regiment was put to work constructing the American base camp, once again missing out on valuable training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0028-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War Two, Trek across Owen Stanley Range\nIn October 1942 the 2nd Battalion, assisted by several hundred natives carriers, was sent across the Owen Stanley Ranges via the Kapa Kapa Trail toward Jaure, where they were to flank the Japanese retreating towards the coast on the Kokoda Trail. The total distance over the mountains to the Japanese positions was over 130 miles (210\u00a0km), and most of the trail was rarely used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 86], "content_span": [87, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0029-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War Two, Trek across Owen Stanley Range\nThey were completely unprepared; the Battalion suffered greatly from exposure to the elements in the mountains. The troops also suffered from malaria, dengue fever, bush typhus, trenchfoot, and tropical dysentery. The men carried only six days rations, expecting to be resupplied en route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 86], "content_span": [87, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0030-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War Two, Trek across Owen Stanley Range\nSome of their rations included including hardtack, rice, and Australian bully beef which had become rancid. Many men got food poisoning. They had leather toilet seats but no machetes, insect repellent, waterproof containers for medicine or personal effects, and it rained heavily every day. It was \"one of the most harrowing marches in American military history.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 86], "content_span": [87, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0031-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War Two, Trek across Owen Stanley Range\nThe Battalion took 42 days to cross the mountains and reach the coast. They never saw a Japanese soldier during their trek, and the battalion reached the north coast after the Australians who had fought the Japanese down the Kokoda Trail. During their march, the remainder of the Regiment was flown across the Owen Stanley Range, arriving before the 2/126th. The battalion earned the nickname \"The Ghost Battalion\" during the march, referring not only to the ghost-like conditions encountered when they passed 3,080 metres (10,100\u00a0ft)-high Mount Obree, which they nicknamed Ghost Mountain, but to their condition upon arrival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 86], "content_span": [87, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0032-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War Two, Battle of Buna-Gona\nLt . Gen. Robert Eichelberger found that when the soldiers of 2/126th arrived at the front they were not ready for combat. Nonetheless, after a week's rest, the men were ordered to the front where they were key players in the extremely difficult Battle of Buna-Gona. The unit was decimated by the battle. The 126th Infantry was the hardest-hit of the three regiments of the 32nd Infantry Division . It had 131 officers and 3,040 enlisted men when it entered combat against the Japanese in mid-November. At the conclusion of the battle on 22 January, the unit had been decimated by disease as well as battle. Only 32 officers and 579 enlisted men were left, less than a full battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0033-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War Two, Other campaigns\nAfter taking part in the Western New Guinea campaign, the unit later fought in Leyte and Luzon. The 32nd Division logged a total of 654 days of combat during World War II, more than any other United States Army division. The unit was inactivated in 1946 after occupation duty in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0034-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War Two, Recognition\nThree soldiers in the 126th earned the Medal of Honor:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0035-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Cold War\nFollowing the War, the 126th returned to its home stations, but over the course of the next 45 years it underwent many transformations and reorganizations. It lost its attachment to towns such as Adrian, Coldwater, Muskegon, Ionia, and Kalamazoo. For a time, Greenville, Alma and South Haven were elements of the 126th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0036-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Cold War\nIn March 1953, Wisconsin Highway 32, as well as a portion of former U.S. Route 12 in Michigan, was named in honor of the 32nd Infantry Division, and all Highway 32 shields carry the Red Arrow insignia. A memorial plaque describing the division is located at southern end of WI-32 on Sheridan Road in Kenosha County, Wisconsin. Ceremonies were held along the route and included veterans of the Grand Rapids Guard, which had been part of the Thirty-second Division during both world wars. Although US-12 was later moved when Interstate 94 was built, portions of the Red Arrow Highway still exist between Kalamazoo and New Buffalo", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0037-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Cold War\nA devastating tornado struck the Hudsonville, Standale, Comstock Park, and northern Grand Rapids areas on 3 April 1956. More than eight hundred members of the regiment were called to state duty to protect lives and property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0038-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Cold War\nOn 15 March 1959, the regiment reorganized into two Battle Groups, the First and Second Battle Groups 126th Infantry, with both organizations' headquarters located at Grand Rapids. This dramatic reorganization in the U.S. Army was in effect the termination of the regimental system, an old tradition in military forces worldwide. This new \"pentomic\" system created five such battle groups in the Forty-sixth Division. The 126th Infantry, heroic in two world wars, ceased to exist less than forty-two years after its organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0039-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Cold War\nRecognizing the problems of the \"pentomic\" divisional alignment in a nuclear era, the U.S. Army reorganized under the new ROAD (Reorganization Objectives Army Division) concept on 15 March 1963. Both First and Second Battle Groups were carved up to reform First, Second, and Third battalions 126th Infantry along with the new Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Second Brigade, Forty-sixth Infantry Division headquartered in Grand Rapids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0040-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Cold War\nOn Palm Sunday, 11 April 1965, a series of tornadoes struck the southern part of the Lower Peninsula. The deadly twisters first struck north of Grand Rapids in the Alpine township area. Companies A and C, Third Battalion, 126th Infantry were called into action almost immediately and joined the Kent County Civil Defense Force, as well as other state, county, and city law enforcement agencies. The two companies managed to secure the affected area, prevent looting, and assisted with other disaster response duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0041-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Cold War\nThe new Grand Valley Armory in Wyoming, Michigan was dedicated on 31 May 1965, providing a permanent home to the Second Brigade Headquarters, along with First and Third battalions 126th Infantry, and the Forty-sixth Infantry Division Band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0042-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Cold War\nOn 15 November 1965, the most radical reorganization in the history of the National Guard took place on orders of Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara creating a Selected Reserve Force (SRF or \"super-ready force\"). The Second Brigade, Forty-sixth Infantry Division, under command of Colonel Robert T. Williams, was designated the headquarters for SRF units in Michigan, with the Third Battalion 126th Infantry designated as West Michigan\u2019s SRF battalion. All Michigan elements of the SRF were additionally assigned to the Thirty-eighth Infantry Division of Indiana, an SRF division in the event of mobilization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0043-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Maintaining civil order and reorganization\nThe Third Battalion 126th Infantry was ordered to state active duty on 31 August 1966, following four nights of racial violence at Benton Harbor, Michigan. A total force of four hundred officers and men were assembled. The force was reduced the next day to a total of 175, and training was undertaken to prepare for any deployment into the problem area. On Labor Day, the fifth of September, the battalion was stood down as the situation came under control without the use of troops. On 23 July 1967, the Grand Rapids Guard was called to active state duty once again, this time in response to rioting in the city of Detroit where arsonists and sniper fire had caused extensive damage from fires, resulting in deaths to both rioters and civilian authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0044-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Maintaining civil order and reorganization\nWith the loss of the 46th Infantry Division in 1968, the 126th was scaled down to a single Infantry battalion, and the 1st and 2nd battalions' colors were retired. The reorganization redesignated the Second Brigade as the Forty-sixth Brigade assigned to the Thirty-eighth Infantry \"Cyclone\" Division, headquartered in Indianapolis. Some elements of the First and Third battalions were reorganized as divisional support elements such as Co. D 113th Engineer Battalion, Co. D (FS) 738th Maintenance Battalion, Second Platoon Thirty-eighth MP Company, Second Truck Platoon Co. B Thirty-eighth Supply and Transportation Battalion, and Brigade Admin Section Thirty-eighth Admin Co.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0045-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Maintaining civil order and reorganization\nOn 4 April 1968, Martin Luther King Jr., a leader of the Civil Rights Movement, was assassinated. The Michigan National Guard was ordered to state active duty the next day, to prevent possible outbreaks of violence similar to the previous summer (such as those in Detroit, Newark, Tampa, Buffalo, Plainfield). Headquarters Forty-sixth Brigade and Third Battalion, 126th Infantry proceeded to Detroit and established round-the-clock patrols to prevent any incidents. The brigade\u2019s separate units remained at the Grand Valley Armory and were reinforced by units from Muskegon and Greenville in the event of outbreaks in other western state cities. These units were released two days later. The Forty-sixth Brigade and Third Battalion moved to Belle Isle for two days before being released from state duty on the tenth of April and returning to their home stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 946]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0046-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Maintaining civil order and reorganization\nOn 13 October 1990, fifty years after being mobilized for World War II, the 126th Infantry Regiment, including veterans of many of the \"old 126th\" and \"Red Arrow\" units, paraded through the city of Grand Rapids and were honored by many state and local dignitaries. The occasion marked the anniversary of the mobilization of National Guard troops prior to World War II, and the grand old 126th Infantry\u2019s 135th birthday. On 3 June 1991, the city of Wyoming, under Mayor Harold Voorhees, passed a resolution designating Forty-fourth Street as 126th Infantry Memorial Boulevard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0046-0001", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Maintaining civil order and reorganization\nStreet signs that included the regimental crest were placed along the Wyoming portion of the street. On 20 August 1992, the Michigan Historical Commission placed the 126th Infantry on the State Register of Historic Sites. A marker was commissioned and dedicated in front of the Grand Valley Armory on 11 November 1992, prior to the start of the traditional Grand Rapids Veterans Day parade. The Grand Rapids Guard, Incorporated, underwrote the $2,200 expense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0047-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Maintaining civil order and reorganization\nDuring the summer of 1996, The 126th Infantry was mobilized to provide security for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0048-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), Maintaining civil order and reorganization\nIn the spring of 1991, the 126th Infantry learned it might be inactivated along with the rest of the Forty-sixth Infantry Brigade as part of a post\u2013cold war reorganization plan by the Pentagon. A minor reorganization followed and resulted in bringing Alma back into the battalion as Company A Third Battalion 126th Infantry. Units at Grand Haven and Holland consolidated and were redesignated as Det. 1 Co. B and Company B (-). In the late 1990s, the units at Grand Haven and Holland were disbanded. In 1999, the 3rd Battalion 126th Infantry ended 144 years of Infantry tradition when it was reorganized and redesignated as the 1st Battalion, 126th Armor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0049-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), War on Terror\nFollowing the attack on the United States on 11 September 2001, elements of the 126th Armor were mobilized stateside under Operation Noble Eagle for Airbase Security Enforcement at both TACOM and Selfridge Air National Guard Base. Later, other members were deployed to Texas and California with the mission of loading and unloading ships in support of the War On Terror. In 2004, a small contingent was sent to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom with the task of training Afghan soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0049-0001", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), War on Terror\nOn 4 January 2005, a company-sized element of the battalion was mobilized at Fort Dix, New Jersey for (Security Forces) training, and then later deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. This particular unit was stationed in the Green Zone in central Baghdad with the primary mission of providing security for Iraq's top-tier one government personnel, while also having a minor role in conducting route security missions in Western Baghdad. The company returned home to Grand Rapids, Michigan on 26 February 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0050-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), War on Terror\nOn 12 August 2005, a permanent memorial to the 126th was dedicated at Camp Grayling, Michigan. In October 2006 the 1\u2013126 Armor transitioned to the 1\u2013126 Cavalry, consisting of scout, infantry, and headquarters troops. In April 2007 the unit was alerted for service in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The unit was mobilized to Fort Hood, Texas in January 2008 and deployed to Kuwait and Iraq in April 2008. During their deployment they have served as a Security Force (SECFOR) unit, providing convoy security to distribution operations in Kuwait and Iraq. They returned to Michigan on 12 December 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0051-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), War on Terror\nIn early January 2012 they deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and returned home in late 2012. On 20 May 2012, two vehicles from C-Troop 1\u2013126 hit Improvised Explosive Devices (IED's) while conducting combat and security patrols in the Shah Wali Kot district of Afghanistan. 10 members of the unit received Purple Hearts for their injuries. The unit received the Valorous Unit Award as an attached unit to the 2nd Battalion, 17th Field Artillery Regiment via permanent order 274-04 on 2 October 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008894-0052-0000", "contents": "126th Infantry Regiment (United States), War on Terror\nIn March 2016, the unit began transitioning back to infantry. In January 2017, it joined the 32nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, as the Army added a third maneuver battalion to its brigade combat teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008895-0000-0000", "contents": "126th Machine Gun Artillery Division\nThe 126th Machine Gun Artillery Division was a division of the Soviet Army and the Russian Ground Forces. It existed from 1989 to 1998. The division was originally formed as the 192nd Motor Rifle Division in Blagoveshchensk during 1969. It became the 126th Machine Gun Artillery Division in 1989 and was disbanded in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008895-0001-0000", "contents": "126th Machine Gun Artillery Division, History\nIn 1969, the 192nd Motor Rifle Division was activated in Blagoveshchensk. It was subordinated to the 35th Army. During the Cold War, the division was maintained at 70% strength. On 1 October 1989, it became the 126th Machine Gun Artillery Division. The 684th Motorized Rifle Regiment was disbanded and replaced by the 57th Machine Gun Artillery Regiment. In 1998, the division was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008896-0000-0000", "contents": "126th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 126th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008896-0001-0000", "contents": "126th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 126th New York Infantry was organized at Geneva, New York, and mustered in for three years service on August 22, 1862, under the command of Colonel Eliakim Sherrill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008896-0002-0000", "contents": "126th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Miles' Command, Harpers Ferry, Virginia, September 1862. Camp Douglas, Chicago, Illinois, to December 1862. 3rd Brigade, Casey's Division, Defenses of Washington, D.C., to February 1863. 3rd Brigade, Casey's Division, XXII Corps, to April 1863. 3rd Brigade, Abercrombie's Division, XXII Corps, to June 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps, to June 1864. Consolidated Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps, to November 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008896-0003-0000", "contents": "126th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 126th New York Infantry mustered out of service June 3, 1865. Recruits and veterans were transferred to the 4th New York Heavy Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008896-0004-0000", "contents": "126th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe regiment left New York for Baltimore, Maryland, then moved to Martinsburg, Virginia on September 2, 1862. Retreat to Harper's Ferry, September 11\u201312. Defense of Harpers Ferry, September 12\u201315, 1862. Maryland Heights September 12\u201313. Bolivar Heights September 14\u201315. Regiment surrendered September 15. Paroled September 16 and sent to Annapolis, Maryland, then to Camp Douglas, Chicago, Illinois, and duty there guarding prisoners until November. Declared exchanged November 22, 1862. Moved to Washington, D.C., November 23\u201325. Camp at Arlington Heights, Virginia, defenses of Washington, to December 3, 1862, and at Centreville, Virginia, until June 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008896-0004-0001", "contents": "126th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to join Army of the Potomac in the field and joined II Corps June 25. Gettysburg Campaign June 25-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. Pursuit of Lee to Manassas Gap, Va., July 5\u201324. Duty on line of the Rappahannock and Rapidan until October. Advance from the Rappahannock to the Rapidan September 13\u201317. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Auburn and Bristoe October 14. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Brandy Station November 8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Duty near Brandy Station, Virginia, until May 1864. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6\u20137. Morton's Ford February 6\u20137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008896-0004-0002", "contents": "126th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nCampaign from the Rapidan to the James May 3-June 15. Battles of the Wilderness May 5\u20137; Spotsylvania May 8\u201312; Po River May 10; Spottsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient, \"Bloody Angle,\" May 12. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road, Weldon Railroad, June 22\u201323, 1864. Demonstration north of James River July 27\u201329. Deep Bottom July 27\u201328. Demonstration north of James River August 13\u201320.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008896-0004-0003", "contents": "126th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nStrawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14\u201318. Ream's Station August 25. Reconnaissance to Hatcher's Run December 9\u201310. Dabney's Mills February 5\u20137, 1865. Watkins' House March 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. On line of Hatcher's and Gravelly Runs March 29\u201330. White Oak Road March 31. Sutherland Station and fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3\u20139. Deatonville Road, Sailor's Creek, April 6. High Bridge and Farmville April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. At Burkesville until May 2. Moved to Washington, D.C., May 2\u201312. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008896-0005-0000", "contents": "126th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 276 men during service; 16 officers and 137 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 122 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008897-0000-0000", "contents": "126th New York State Legislature\nThe 126th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 7 to April 23, 1903, during the third year of Benjamin B. Odell, Jr.'s governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008897-0001-0000", "contents": "126th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, 50 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (seven districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008897-0002-0000", "contents": "126th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Social Democratic Party, the Prohibition Party, the Socialist Labor Party, and a \"Liberal Democratic\" faction also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008897-0003-0000", "contents": "126th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1902, was held on November 4. Gov. Benjamin B. Odell, Jr. was re-elected; and State Senator Frank W. Higgins was elected Lieutenant Governor; both Republicans. Of the other six statewide elective offices up for election, four were carried by the Republicans and two by the Democrats. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Republicans 665,000; Democrats 656,000; Social Democrats 23,000; Prohibition 20,000; Socialist Labor 16,000; and Liberal Democrats 2,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008897-0004-0000", "contents": "126th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 7, 1903; and adjourned on April 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008897-0005-0000", "contents": "126th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJohn Raines (R) was elected president pro tempore of the State Senate with 25 votes for and 24 against him. Republican senators Edgar T. Brackett, Walter L. Brown and Nathaniel A. Elsberg voted against Raines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008897-0006-0000", "contents": "126th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 20, the Legislature re-elected Thomas C. Platt (R) to a second term as U.S. Senator from New York, for a six-year term beginning on March 4, 1903.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008897-0007-0000", "contents": "126th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: In 1897, New York County (the boroughs of Manhattan and Bronx), Kings County (the borough of Brooklyn), Richmond County (the borough of Staten Island) and the Western part of Queens County (the borough of Queens) were consolidated into the present-day City of New York. The Eastern part of Queens County (the non-consolidated part) was separated in 1899 as Nassau County. Parts of the 1st and 2nd Assembly districts of Westchester County were annexed by New York City in 1895, and became part of the Borough of the Bronx in 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008897-0008-0000", "contents": "126th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Luke A. Keenan, Jotham P. Allds and Albert T. Fancher changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008897-0009-0000", "contents": "126th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008897-0010-0000", "contents": "126th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008898-0000-0000", "contents": "126th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Twenty-sixth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 2005 and 2006. In this General Assembly, both the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives were controlled by the Republican Party. In the Senate, there were 22 Republicans and 11 Democrats. In the House, there were 60 Republicans and 39 Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008899-0000-0000", "contents": "126th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 126th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 126th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 126th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008899-0001-0000", "contents": "126th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 126th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Steubenville in Steubenville, Ohio, and mustered in for three years service on September 4, 1862, under the command of Colonel Benjamin Franklin Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008899-0002-0000", "contents": "126th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Railroad Division, Western Virginia, to January 1863. Martinsburg, Virginia, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to March 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, VIII Corps, to June 1863. 3rd Brigade, French's Command, VIII Corps, to July 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008899-0003-0000", "contents": "126th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 126th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Washington, D.C. on June 25, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008899-0004-0000", "contents": "126th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Detailed service, 1862\nMoved to Parkersburg, Va., September 16, 1862. Moved to Cumberland, Md., October 17, 1862, and to North Mountain December 12. Guard duty on Baltimore & Ohio Railroad from North Mountain to Martinsburg December 12\u201320, and duty at Martinsburg until June 14, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008899-0005-0000", "contents": "126th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Detailed service, 1863\nExpedition to Greenland Gap April 15\u201322. Action at Martinsburg June 14 (Company B). Retreat to Harper's Ferry June 15\u201317. Guard stores to Washington, D.C.; thence to Frederick, Md., July 1\u20135. Pursuit of Lee to Manassas Gap, Va., July 5\u201324. Action at Wapping Heights, Va., July 23. Duty in New York City during draft disturbances August 18-September 5. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Kelly's Ford November 7. Brandy Station November 8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008899-0006-0000", "contents": "126th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Detailed service, 1864\nDemonstration on the Rapidan February 6\u20137, 1864. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James River May 3-June 15. Battles of the Wilderness May 5\u20137. Spotsylvania May 8\u201312; Spotsylvania Court House (where a monument to the regiment stands) May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient \"Bloody Angle\" May 12. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 18-July 6. Jerusalem Plank Road June 22\u201323. Ordered to Baltimore, Md., July 6. Battle of Monocacy Junction, Md., July 9. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Kernstown until December. Moved to Washington, D.C., December 3; thence to Petersburg, Va. Siege of Petersburg December 9, 1864, to April 2, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 927]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008899-0007-0000", "contents": "126th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Detailed service, 1865\nAppomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Assault on and fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3\u20139. Sayler's Creek April 6. Guard prisoners at Burkesville April 6\u201315. March to Danville April 15\u201327, and duty there until May 16. Moved to Richmond, Va., May 16; thence to Washington, D.C., May 24-June 2. Corps Review June 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008899-0008-0000", "contents": "126th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 296 men during service; 9 officers and 111 enlisted men killed, 10 officers and 379 enlisted men wounded, 2 officers and 142 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008900-0000-0000", "contents": "126th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 126th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers was an infantry regiment of the Union Army of the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008900-0001-0000", "contents": "126th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 126th Pennsylvania was recruited in Juniata, Fulton, and Franklin counties during the summer of 1862. Its term of enlistment was nine months. Many of the men and officers had served in the 2nd Pennsylvania Infantry, a regiment whose term had expired. James G. Elder became the colonel of the 126th, D. Watson Rowe lieutenant colonel, and James C. Austin major. The regiment was mustered into service at Camp Curtin between August 6 and 10, after which it was ordered to Northern Virginia. It was there assigned to the 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps in the Army of the Potomac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008900-0002-0000", "contents": "126th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe division arrived too late to participate in the Battle of Antietam. While encamped near the battlefield in the weeks afterward, the 126th received its regimental flags and was reviewed by President Abraham Lincoln. The regiment's first battle came three months later at Fredericksburg, where it lost 27 killed, 50 wounded, and 3 missing. Following the battle, the 126th served as part of the rearguard while the rest of the Army retreated across the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008900-0003-0000", "contents": "126th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nAt the Battle of Chancellorsville on May 2, 1863, the division remained on the Union left flank near the Rappahannock River. The next day, the regiment was moved to the right flank, where it came under attack. After two hours of fighting and subsequently running out of ammunition, the 126th was forced to retreat to the protection of artillery. Its losses were 9 killed, 49 wounded, and 11 captured. Rowe was among those wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008900-0004-0000", "contents": "126th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nShortly afterwards, the regiment was ordered back to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, where it was mustered out on May 20, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008901-0000-0000", "contents": "126th Regiment of Foot\nThe 126th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, created in 1794 and disbanded in 1796. It was raised under the colonelcy of Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Mountnorris, 8th Viscount Valentia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008902-0000-0000", "contents": "126th meridian east\nThe meridian 126\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, Australia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008902-0001-0000", "contents": "126th meridian east\nThe 126th meridian east forms a great circle with the 54th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008902-0002-0000", "contents": "126th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 126th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008903-0000-0000", "contents": "126th meridian west\nThe meridian 126\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008903-0001-0000", "contents": "126th meridian west\nThe 126th meridian west forms a great circle with the 54th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008903-0002-0000", "contents": "126th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 126th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008904-0000-0000", "contents": "127 (band)\n127 (Persian: \u0661\u0662\u0667) is an Iranian five piece band\u00a0\u2013 guitar, piano, trombone, bass and drums\u00a0\u2013 with roots in Iranian melodies and jazz with an alternative sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008904-0001-0000", "contents": "127 (band)\nMembers include Sohrab Mohebbi (guitar/vocals), Sardar Sarmast (piano), Salmak Khaledi (trombone), Alireza Pourassad (bass), Yayha Alkhansa (drums) and Shervin Shahamipour (back vocals, setar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008905-0000-0000", "contents": "127 (number)\n127 (one hundred [and] twenty-seven) is the natural number following 126 and preceding 128. It is also a prime number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008906-0000-0000", "contents": "127 BC\nYear 127 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Ravilla and Cinna (or, less frequently, year 627 Ab urbe condita) and the Second Year of Yuanshuo. The denomination 127 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008907-0000-0000", "contents": "127 Corridor Sale\nThe Highway 127 Corridor Sale, also called the 127 Yard Sale, is an outdoor second-hand sale held annually for four days beginning the first Thursday in August along U.S. Route 127 (US\u00a0127). The event has been promoted as \"The World's Longest Yard Sale.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008907-0001-0000", "contents": "127 Corridor Sale, History\nThe original idea came from Fentress County, Tennessee, county executive Mike Walker, and was established in 1987. When it began, the sale route followed US\u00a0127 from Covington, Kentucky, to Chattanooga, Tennessee. A few years after the event was established, the Lookout Mountain Parkway was added to the route, extending it from Chattanooga southward through northwestern Georgia and northeastern Alabama to Gadsden. In 2006, the route was extended northward from Covington, through Ohio to the Michigan border, making its last major stops around Bryan, Ohio, and points northward. In 2010, the sale was extended northward to Hudson, Michigan. In 2012, it was extended again to five miles (8.0\u00a0km) north of Addison, Michigan, totaling an approximate end-to-end distance of 690 miles (1,110\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008907-0002-0000", "contents": "127 Corridor Sale, History, Southern extension of the yard sale route\nThe Lookout Mountain Parkway extension of the yard sale route through Alabama and Georgia include the roadways listed below. In DeKalb County, Alabama:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 69], "content_span": [70, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008907-0003-0000", "contents": "127 Corridor Sale, History, Southern extension of the yard sale route\nDowntown Chattanooga is the only area along the yard sale route that is not participating in the yard sale due to high volume of traffic. Bargain hunters/travelers looking to continue shopping are to use I-124/US 27 north to exit at the Signal Mountain Road exit, where US 127 begins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 69], "content_span": [70, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0000-0000", "contents": "127 Hours\n127 Hours is a 2010 biographical survival drama film co-written, produced and directed by Danny Boyle. The film stars James Franco, Kate Mara, Amber Tamblyn and Cl\u00e9mence Po\u00e9sy. In the film, canyoneer Aron Ralston must find a way to escape after he gets trapped by a boulder in an isolated slot canyon in Bluejohn Canyon, southeastern Utah, in April 2003. It is a British and American venture produced by Path\u00e9, Everest Entertainment, Film4 Productions, HandMade Films and Cloud Eight Films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0001-0000", "contents": "127 Hours\nThe film, based on Ralston's memoir Between a Rock and a Hard Place (2004), was written by Boyle and Simon Beaufoy, co-produced by Christian Colson and John Smithson, and scored by A. R. Rahman. Beaufoy, Colson, and Rahman had all previously worked with Boyle on Slumdog Millionaire (2008). 127 Hours was well received by critics and audiences and grossed $60 million worldwide. It was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Actor for Franco and Best Picture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0002-0000", "contents": "127 Hours\nThe film's title refers to the period of non-stop activity from when Ralston was stranded in Blue John Canyon once his arm was trapped underneath a boulder, to when he was rescued and resuscitated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0003-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Plot\nIn April 2003, avid mountaineer Aron Ralston goes hiking at Utah's Canyonlands National Park without telling anyone, which is a very unwise decision. He befriends hikers Kristi and Megan, and shows them an underground pool before they head home. After that, Aron continues on through a slot canyon in Bluejohn Canyon. While climbing, he loses grip and falls, knocking a boulder which traps his right arm against the wall. Aron attempts to move the boulder but it won't budge; he also soon realizes he is alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0003-0001", "contents": "127 Hours, Plot\nHe shortly begins recording a video diary using his camcorder to maintain morale, as he chips away parts of the boulder with a pocket knife. Over the next five days, Aron rations his food and remaining 150ml of water, struggles to keep warm at night, and is forced to drink his urine when his water runs out. He also sets up a pulley using his climbing rope in a futile attempt to lift the boulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0004-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Plot\nThroughout the days, Aron becomes desperate and depressed, and begins hallucinating about escape, relationships, and past experiences including his family and his former girlfriend, Rana. During one hallucination, Aron realizes that his mistake was that he did not tell anyone where he was going or for how long, and decides that destiny has trapped him with the boulder. On the sixth day, Aron has a vision of his future son, spurring his will to survive. He fashions a tourniquet from CamelBak tube insulation and uses a carabiner to tighten it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0004-0001", "contents": "127 Hours, Plot\nThen, using his knowledge of torque, he breaks the bones in his arm and, using the multi-tool, slowly amputates it. Aron then wraps the stump to prevent exsanguination, and takes a picture of the boulder before rappelling down a 65\u00a0ft (20\u00a0m) rockface. He then finds some rain water collected while descending down, and drinks the stagnant water due to dehydration and continues. Back in the desert, he spots a family on a hike and calls for help. They give him water and alert the authorities; a Utah Highway Patrol helicopter brings him to a hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0005-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Plot\nDuring the end credits, it is revealed that years later, Aron got married and had a son (as seen in his vision). He also continues climbing, and always leaves a note telling his family where he has gone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0006-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Cast\nRalston himself, his wife, and his son make cameo appearances at the end of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0007-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Authenticity\nThe scenes early in the film of Ralston's encounter with the two hikers were altered to portray Ralston showing them a hidden pool, when in reality he just showed them some basic climbing moves. Despite these changes, with which he was initially uncomfortable, Ralston says the rest of the film is \"so factually accurate it is as close to a documentary as you can get and still be a drama.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 23], "content_span": [24, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0008-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Authenticity\nOther changes from the book include omissions of descriptions of Ralston's efforts after freeing himself: his bike was chained to itself, not to the tree as depicted at the beginning of the movie; he had to decide where to seek the fastest medical attention; he took a photo of himself at the small brown pool from which he really did drink; he had his first bowel movement of the week; he abandoned many of the items he had kept throughout his confinement; he got lost in a side canyon; and he met a family from the Netherlands (not an American family), Eric, Monique, and Andy Meijer, who already knew that he was probably lost in the area, thanks to the searches of his parents and the authorities. (The actor who plays Eric Meijer, Pieter Jan Brugge, is Dutch.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 23], "content_span": [24, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0009-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Authenticity\nFranco is never shown uttering even an \"Ow\"; Ralston wrote that this is accurate. Ralston did send Monique and Andy to run ahead to get help, and Ralston did walk seven miles before the helicopter came, although this trek is shown in the film's alternative ending.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 23], "content_span": [24, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0010-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Production\nDanny Boyle had been wanting to make a film about Ralston's ordeal for four years; he wrote a film treatment and Simon Beaufoy wrote the screenplay. Boyle describes 127 Hours as \"an action movie with a guy who can't move.\" He also expressed an interest for a more intimate film than his previous film, Slumdog Millionaire (2008): \"I remember thinking, I must do a film where I follow an actor the way Darren Aronofsky did with The Wrestler. So 127 Hours is my version of that.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0011-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Production\nBoyle and Fox Searchlight announced plans to create 127 Hours in November 2009. Cillian Murphy was reportedly approached by Boyle to play Ralston. In January 2010, James Franco was cast as Ralston. In March 2010, filming began in Utah; Boyle intended to shoot the first part of the film with no dialogue. By 17 June 2010, the film was in post-production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0012-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Production\nBoyle made the very unusual move of hiring two cinematographers to work first unit, Anthony Dod Mantle and Enrique Chediak, each of whom shot 50 percent of the film by trading off with each other. This allowed Boyle and Franco to work long days without wearing out the crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0013-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Production\nBoyle enlisted makeup effects designer Tony Gardner and his effects company, Alterian, Inc., to re-create the character's amputation of his own arm. Boyle stressed that the realism of the arm as well as the process itself were key to the audience's investing in the character's experience, and that the makeup effects' success would impact the film's success. The false arm rigs were created in layers, from fiberglass and steel bone, through silicone and fibrous muscle and tendon, to functional veins and arteries, and finally skinned with a translucent silicone layer of skin with a thin layer of subcutaneous silicone fat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0013-0001", "contents": "127 Hours, Production\nGardner states that the effects work was extremely stressful, as he wanted to do justice to the story; he credits James Franco equally with the success of the effects work. Three prosthetics were used in all, with two designed to show the innards of the arm and another to emulate the outside of it. Franco would later note that seeing blood on the arm was difficult for him and his reactions in those scenes were genuine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0014-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Production\nFranco admitted that shooting the film was physically hard on him: \"There was a lot of physical pain, and Danny knew that it was going to cause a lot of pain. And I asked him after we did the movie, 'How did you know how far you could push it?' ... I had plenty of scars...Not only am I feeling physical pain, but I'm getting exhausted. It became less of a fa\u00e7ade I put on and more of an experience that I went through.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0015-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Release\n127 Hours was screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on 12 September 2010, following its premiere at the 2010 Telluride Film Festival. The film was selected to close the 2010 London Film Festival on 28 October 2010. It was given a limited release in the United States by Fox Searchlight Pictures on 5 November 2010. It was released in the United Kingdom by Path\u00e9's then-theaterical distributor Warner Bros. Entertainment UK on 7 January 2011, and in India on 26 January 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0016-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Release\nThere were many published reports (not all confirmed) that the trailer and film made audience members ill. The Huffington Post, in November 2010, wrote that it \"has gotten audiences fainting, vomiting and worse in numbers unseen since The Exorcist \u2013 and the movie has not even hit theaters yet.\" During the screenings at Telluride Film Festival, two people required medical attention. At the first screening, an audience member became lightheaded and was taken out of the screening on a gurney. During a subsequent screening, another viewer suffered a panic attack. Similar reactions were reported at the Toronto International Film Festival and a special screening hosted by Pixar and Lee Unkrich, director of Toy Story 3 (2010) and Coco (2017). The website Movieline published \"Armed and Dangerous: A Comprehensive Timeline of Everyone Who's Fainted (Or Worse) at 127 Hours.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0017-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Release, Critical response\nOn review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film currently has an approval rating of 93% based on 238 critic reviews, with an average rating of 8.30/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"As gut-wrenching as it is inspirational, 127 Hours unites one of Danny Boyle's most beautifully exuberant directorial efforts with a terrific performance from James Franco.\" On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, the film has an average score of 82 out of 100, based on 38 critic reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0018-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Release, Critical response\nWriting for DVD Talk, Casey Burchby concluded that \"127 Hours will stay with you not necessarily as a story of survival, but as a story of a harrowing interior experience\". Richard Roeper of The Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four stars, said he believed Franco deserved an Oscar nomination for his performance, and called the film \"one of the best of the decade.\" Roger Ebert also awarded the film four stars out of four and wrote that \"127 Hours is like an exercise in conquering the unfilmable\". Gazelle Emami wrote for The Huffington Post, describing Franco's performance as \"mesmerizing\" and \"incredible.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0019-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Release, Accolades\n127 Hours was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards, including Best Actor, Best Screenplay and Best Original Score.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0020-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Release, Accolades\nThe film was nominated for nine British Academy Film Awards, including Outstanding British Film, Best Direction, Best Actor in a Leading Role, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Best Editing, and Best Film Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0021-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Release, Accolades\nThe film got six nominations at the 83rd Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Original Score, Best Original Song, and Best Film Editing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0022-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Release, Accolades\nIt was also nominated for eight Broadcast Film Critics Association, including Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Best Editing, Best Song, and Best Sound. Its main theme song \"If I Rise\" won the Critics Choice award for Best Song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008908-0023-0000", "contents": "127 Hours, Release, Accolades\nJames Franco was awarded Best Actor by the New York Film Critics Online and the Dallas\u2013Fort Worth Film Critics Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008909-0000-0000", "contents": "127 Hours (soundtrack)\n127 Hours: Music from the Motion Picture is the soundtrack to Danny Boyle's 2010 film of the same name. It was composed by  Academy Award Winner A. R. Rahman, Boyle's previous collaborator on Slumdog Millionaire. The score, centred on guitar, was recorded mainly in London and was completed in three weeks. The soundtrack was released digitally on 2 November and physically on 22 November, by Interscope Records. The score is briefly orchestral and the song's main theme, \"If I Rise\" features Rahman playing the Harpejji.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008909-0001-0000", "contents": "127 Hours (soundtrack)\nThe soundtrack album includes original score and the theme song composed by Rahman, the tracks \"Never Hear Surf Music Again\" by Free Blood, \"Lovely Day\" by Bill Withers, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin's Nocturne No.2 in E flat, Op.9 No.2, \"\u00c7a plane pour moi\" by Plastic Bertrand, \"If You Love Me\" by Esther Phillips, and \"Festival\" by Sigur R\u00f3s. The original theme song of the film, \"If I Rise\", is written by A. R. Rahman (music), Dido and Rollo Armstrong (lyrics) and performed by Dido along with Rahman. It was featured in the climax scene of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008909-0002-0000", "contents": "127 Hours (soundtrack)\nThe film's subject Aron Ralston's favourite band, Phish, is mentioned in the film. During production, Boyle asked Ralston how Phish lyrics could be included in the film. Ralston sings lines from the Phish song \"Sleeping Monkey\" when swimming in one of the early scenes of the movie. But the soundtrack album did not feature this song. Another song \"The Funeral\" from Band of Horses is not in the soundtrack album, but is used in the end of the trailer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008909-0003-0000", "contents": "127 Hours (soundtrack), Development\nRahman collaborated with Danny Boyle for the second time. Their previous association, Slumdog Millionaire was a great critical and commercial success to Rahman, who was described by Time magazine as India's most prominent movie songwriter, in 2005. After the scripting finished, Boyle handed over the script to Rahman, who says when he first got the script and the screenplay, even before the shoot, some kind of sounds came into his mind and he put some stuff down and sent it to Boyle when he was cutting the movie. Rahman wanted the score to feel very much like something the cinematic Ralston might be listening to, a mix of heavily layered acoustic and electric guitars, brightened with digital effects. About the selection of guitar as the major instrument, Rahman says:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008909-0004-0000", "contents": "127 Hours (soundtrack), Development\n\"My thing was to have one instrument, one instrument that was very close to this character. He was single, he was very confident and young. So I thought the guitar would be perfect.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008909-0005-0000", "contents": "127 Hours (soundtrack), Development\nRahman says that he was able to complete the score within a short period of three to four weeks. After completing the score, when asked about the scoring experience and challenges, Rahman said:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008909-0006-0000", "contents": "127 Hours (soundtrack), Development\n\"The idea was not to make the music sad or self-pitying at all. The idea was to go to Aron's frame of mind where he was happy and confident. Aron has this energy and charm about him, which inspired the movie. The music could have easily gone into a dark zone where you feel uncomfortable sitting in the movie. Danny loves stuff which drives and has a love for surreal, futuristic sounding things.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008909-0007-0000", "contents": "127 Hours (soundtrack), Development\n\"At first, it felt a little bit too harsh, but I went to the computer and went for something meditative rather than harsh. It was a very difficult scene. I had to see it more than 40 times. We started pulling things out of the score. We wanted to make it more human.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008909-0008-0000", "contents": "127 Hours (soundtrack), Reception\nThe soundtrack received generally favourable critical reviews. Philip French of The Observer commented that \"The music is subtly varied; the soundtrack makes admirable use of silence and natural sound.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008909-0009-0000", "contents": "127 Hours (soundtrack), Reception\nSarah Kurchak of ChartAttack reviewed the music saying \"There's something about the way Danny Boyle uses popular music in his films that's really exciting for anyone who genuinely cares about the medium. Plenty of directors are good with a score, and he's no slouch in that department, but the use of songs is a different beast. In both score and songs, Boyle seems to have an inherent ability to understand the moods and emotions music can inspire in people and uses it to augment his storytelling.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008909-0010-0000", "contents": "127 Hours (soundtrack), Reception\nThe soundtrack was rated five out of five in the review by Danny Graydon of Empire magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008909-0010-0001", "contents": "127 Hours (soundtrack), Reception\nHis review reads: \"Following their Oscar-winning collaboration on Slumdog Millionaire, A. R. Rahman provides Danny Boyle\u2019s tale of a mountaineer in dire straits with an affecting core of slow-burn, reflective cues that ultimately penetrate in a big way, supported by a typically eclectic array of exterior tracks from the likes of Free Blood, Bill Withers and, most effectively, Sigur R\u00f3s. Rahman\u2019s nine cues are anchored on acoustic guitar and generate a suitably meditative tone, augmented by ethnic pipes (Acid Darbari) and ethereal vocals (R. I. P.). Rahman\u2019s collaboration with singer Dido, If I Rise, closes proceedings with a cathartic and quietly optimistic tone which almost prompts a tear.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008909-0011-0000", "contents": "127 Hours (soundtrack), Reception\nMargaret Wappler, in the review published in Los Angeles Times, said that \"In his last movie, Slumdog Millionaire, director Danny Boyle showed a sophisticated sense of how music and image can intertwine and intensify each other. With his latest, 127 Hours, he proves his skill again, reenlisting composer A.R. Rahman, who won two Academy Awards for his racing, kinetic score to Boyle's violent fairy tale set in Mumbai, India.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008909-0012-0000", "contents": "127 Hours (soundtrack), Reception\nDaniel Schweiger of Film Music Magazine said that \"Danny Boyle and A.R. Rahman are going for a far more interior moment of transcendence, one that tells us the often-awful fight for life is more than worth it- especially in this haunting fever dream that take a filmmaker and musician to new heights while pondering their way out of a man's darkest hours.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008909-0013-0000", "contents": "127 Hours (soundtrack), Reception\nThe review published by Christian Clemmensen at Filmtracks commented that \"Whether or not you can stomach this film or its equally challenging album, the music serves as even more evidence that the diversity of Rahman's talents can compete favourably in an otherwise arguably stale film scoring environment in the United States.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008909-0014-0000", "contents": "127 Hours (soundtrack), Reception\nJonathan Broxton of Movie Music UK gave a favourable review and called the score an \"unconventional one\". He also praised Rahman for his ability to score in multiple genres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008909-0015-0000", "contents": "127 Hours (soundtrack), Reception\nDirector Shekhar Kapur, after a special screening of the movie, commented through Twitter that \"Rahman's score adds depth to Danny Boyle's deft and energetic direction in 127 hours. Rahman certainly deserves another Oscar for 127 hours, Danny Boyle and Rahman are proving to be a great combination.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008909-0016-0000", "contents": "127 Hours (soundtrack), Reception\nAron Ralston, on whom the movie is based, praised Rahman for the music and posted a hand-written note on Facebook and Twitter, which reads:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008909-0017-0000", "contents": "127 Hours (soundtrack), Reception\n\"For A.R, Thank you for bringing your amazing music to my story \u2013 if only I had your soundtrack in the canyon, I could've lasted another 127 hours. Best Wishes, A.R. (Aron Ralston).\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008910-0000-0000", "contents": "127 Johanna\nJohanna (minor planet designation: 127 Johanna) is a large, dark main-belt asteroid that was discovered by French astronomers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on 5 November 1872, and is believed to be named after Joan of Arc. It is classified as a CX-type asteroid, indicating the spectrum shows properties of both a carbonaceous C-type asteroid and a metallic X-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008910-0001-0000", "contents": "127 Johanna\nA photoelectric study was performed of this minor planet in 1991 at the Konkoly Observatory in Hungary. The resulting light curve showed a synodic rotation period of 6.94 \u00b1 0.29 hours with a brightness variation of 0.2 in magnitude. It was estimated to have an absolute magnitude of 8.459 \u00b1 0.013 with a diameter of 96\u2013118\u00a0km and an albedo of 0.06\u20130.04.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008910-0002-0000", "contents": "127 Johanna\nInfrared observations made in 1982 at Konkoly showed a rapid variation that seemed to suggest a shorter rotation period of 1.5 hours; one of the fastest known at the time. However, an irregular shape was suggested as an alternative cause of the rapid variation. The present day established rotation period of this object is 12.7988 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008910-0003-0000", "contents": "127 Johanna\nDuring 2001, 127 Johanna was observed by radar from the Arecibo Observatory. The return signal matched an effective diameter of 117 \u00b1 21\u00a0km. A larger diameter value of 123.41 \u00b1 4.07\u00a0km was obtained from the Midcourse Space Experiment observations, with an albedo of 0.0557 \u00b1 0.0039. A 2012 study gave a refined diameter estimate of 116.14 \u00b1 3.93\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008911-0000-0000", "contents": "127 Rose Avenue\n127 Rose Avenue is the fifty-first studio album from country music singer Hank Williams, Jr. This album was released June 16, 2009 on Curb Records, his last for the label. It includes the single \"Red, White & Pink Slip Blues\", which peaked at #43 on the U.S. country singles charts shortly before the album's release. The album title \"127 Rose Avenue\" is a reference to the boyhood home of Hank  Williams Sr in Georgiana, AL. One of the co-writers Bud McGuire was inspired after a visit to the home, whose actual address is 127 Rose Street. The album debuted at #7 on the Billboard country chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008912-0000-0000", "contents": "127 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force\nThe 127 Squadron is a helicopter squadron of the Republic of Singapore Air Force. The squadron goes by the motto of \"Strength, Courage, Swiftness\", the motto is supported by the squadron motif, a white horse in full battle armour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008912-0001-0000", "contents": "127 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history\nFormed at Sembawang Air Base in 1996, the 127 Squadron consisted of six newly purchased CH-47D initially with another ten CH-47SD Chinooks added to the squadron strength by 1999. The squadron was set up to provide the RSAF with much needed help in the heavylift/support role of troop-lift and equipment transportation. Occasionally, the squadron's Chinooks are used to augment 125 Sqn & 126 Sqn in Search & Rescue (SAR) operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008912-0002-0000", "contents": "127 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history\nOne such incident happened on 18 December 2008 at 1612hrs (Singapore Standard Time), when a multi-role survey vessel of the Royal Navy\u2014 HMS\u00a0Echo, made a call for assistance to the RSAF's Air operation centre (AOC) requesting for emergency evacuation of an unconscious crew. As HMS Echo was then outside the normal operational range of 125 Sqn's SAR Super Pumas, LTC Vincent Chin of AOC decided to launch one of 127 Sqn's Chinook helicopter to undertake the task of long-range medical evacuation (Medevac).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008912-0002-0001", "contents": "127 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history\nWithin 45 minutes from the time of activation, the squadron's commanding officer\u2014LTC Low Chung Guan along with co-pilot MAJ Andy Lim and Medical Officer CPT (Dr) Charles Goh was in the air. The unconscious casualty, Leading rating (LH) Cleary, was subsequently airlifted to National University Hospital in Singapore for medical treatment, whereupon he made a full recovery. On 29 December 2008, while docked at Singapore, Commander Gary Brooks of HMS Echo commented that \"if LH Cleary had not received medical attention for just another four to six hours, he might not have survived. \"; Commander Brooks then thanked the RSAF and 127 Sqn for their prompt response and professionalism demonstrated during this medical emergency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008912-0003-0000", "contents": "127 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history\nDuring Singapore's annual National Day Parade, the Chinooks of 127 Sqn have flown the national flag over the parade venue since 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008912-0004-0000", "contents": "127 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, Training detachment\nFrom 1996 until 2018, the squadron maintained a training detachment (Peace Prairie CH-47 Training) at Redmond Taylor AHP in (Grand Prairie, Texas) with six CH-47Ds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 80], "content_span": [81, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008912-0005-0000", "contents": "127 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, Training detachment\nIn June 2018, the entire detachment was relocated to Oakey Army Aviation Centre in Queensland, Australia following a decision by the Singaporean Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) to consolidate and enhance the training process between the RSAF and the Singapore Army in Shoalwater Bay training area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 80], "content_span": [81, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008912-0006-0000", "contents": "127 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, Replacement\nOn 7 November 2016, a press release by MINDEF was issued after a decision was made to acquire ten new build CH-47Fs to replace the six older D-models which has been in service since 1996. Concurrently, the ten CH-47SDs were to undergo a modernisation process to bring them up to the same standard as the CH-47Fs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008912-0007-0000", "contents": "127 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Aircraft operated\n127 Sqn's CH-47SD lands aboard USS\u00a0Rushmore during Exercise CARAT 2001", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008912-0008-0000", "contents": "127 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Aircraft operated\nSingapore Air Show 2010: A CH-47SD of 127 Sqn on static display", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008913-0000-0000", "contents": "127 film\n127 is a roll film format for still photography introduced by Kodak in 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008913-0001-0000", "contents": "127 film\nThe film itself is 46\u00a0mm wide, placing it between 35\u00a0mm and 120 \"medium format\" films in terms of size. The image format normally used is a square 4\u00a0cm\u00a0\u00d7\u00a04\u00a0cm. However, rectangular 4\u00a0cm\u00a0\u00d7\u00a03\u00a0cm and 4\u00a0cm\u00a0\u00d7\u00a06\u00a0cm are also standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008913-0002-0000", "contents": "127 film\n127 enjoyed mainstream popularity until its usage began to decline from the 1960s onwards in the face of newer, cartridge-based films. However, as of 2020 it survives as a niche format and is still in production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008913-0003-0000", "contents": "127 film, Technical details\n127 is a roll film, 46\u00a0mm wide. Frame number markings for the 4\u00d74 and 4\u00d76 image formats are printed on the backing paper, while 4\u00d73 cameras typically have two frame counter windows, exposing the left and right halves of the 4\u00d76 frame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008913-0004-0000", "contents": "127 film, Technical details\nUsing the square format, there are 12 exposures per roll; 4\u00d73 and 4\u00d76 give 16 and 8, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008913-0005-0000", "contents": "127 film, Technical details\nLess commonly, other frame sizes have been used. For its \"Alfax\" model (circa 1940), Kimura K\u014dgaku had 4\u00a0cm\u00a0\u00d7\u00a04.5\u00a0cm frames, spaced by markings on the wind knob. In addition, the manufacturer C. F. Foth & Co. used an image format of 3.6\u00a0cm\u00a0\u00d7\u00a02.4\u00a0cm (the same size as is standard for 135) for initial versions of their 127-based \"Derby\" camera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008913-0006-0000", "contents": "127 film, History\nThe format was introduced by Kodak in 1912, along with the \"Vest Pocket Kodak\" folding camera, as a compact alternative to larger portable cameras using 120 film. The folding \"127s\" were in fact smaller than most 35\u00a0mm cameras today. The 127 format made a comeback during the 1950s as the format of choice for small inexpensive cameras such as the Brownie and Satellite, and continued in wide use until surpassed by the 126 film and 110 film \"Instamatic\" cartridges (introduced in 1963 and 1972 respectively), and especially by 35\u00a0mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008913-0006-0001", "contents": "127 film, History\n127 cameras from that era were often characterized by simple box-like construction. Slides shot on 127 slide film were often preferred over 35\u00a0mm for example for sets of slides sold at tourist gift shops, because of the larger photo area (hence the advertised name \"Superslides\") and completely square dimensions of a 127 slide. The format was part of the ISO 732 standard until it was dropped in the third (1991) edition of that standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008913-0007-0000", "contents": "127 film, Variations\nNot all 127 films were labelled as such. After 1913, many Kodak cameras included the Autographic feature, and Kodak's 127 films which had Autographic backing were identified as \"A127\". Other film manufacturers did not produce Autographic films, for which Kodak held a patent. Other camera manufacturers did make Vest Pocket-format cameras, however, and 127 film at the time was often labeled \u201cVest Pocket Film\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008913-0008-0000", "contents": "127 film, Uses\nThe format was mainly used for amateur cameras like the Brownie or the Zeiss Ikon Kolibri, with the Exakta SLR, the \u201cBaby\u201d Rolleiflex, the Yashica 44 TLR, the Komaflex-S SLR and the Primo jr as possible exceptions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008913-0009-0000", "contents": "127 film, Uses\n127 color transparencies can be mounted in standard 2\u201d square slide mounts, and projected in an ordinary 35\u00a0mm projector. Because of their much greater area, the projected image is larger and more brilliant than a 35\u00a0mm slide, and they are popularly called \"Superslides\", a name once reserved for 40 \u00d7 40\u00a0mm slides cut down from 120 film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008913-0010-0000", "contents": "127 film, Production\nKodak stopped producing 127 film in July 1995, with all but one manufacturer following suit shortly thereafter. Fotokemika of Samobor, Croatia, continued to make 127 film, which it sold under its own Efke brand, as well as custom-packaged for other sellers, until 2012. Macophoto UP100 and Jessops 200 were made and packaged by Fotokemika. Chromazone 127 film is also sold intermittently on eBay. In September 2006, Bluefire Laboratories of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, began packaging 127 color print film, cutting Kodak or Agfa film to size from bulk rolls, and assembling the rolls of film from their own components.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008913-0011-0000", "contents": "127 film, Production\nIn July 2009, Rollei (Maco Photo Products, Hans O. Mahn GmbH & Co. KG) introduced Rollei Retro 80S film, available in 127 format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008913-0012-0000", "contents": "127 film, Production\nIn August 2014, Maco announced that they will be selling black-and-white 127 film under the Rera Pan brand. This film is manufactured in Japan by EZOX Corporation, who are better known for manufacturing agricultural equipment and bicycles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008914-0000-0000", "contents": "1270\nYear 1270 (MCCLXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1270th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 270th year of the 2nd millennium, the 70th year of the 13th century, and the 1st year of the 1270s decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008915-0000-0000", "contents": "1270 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1270\u00a0kHz: 1270 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008916-0000-0000", "contents": "1270 Datura\n1270 Datura, provisional designation 1930 YE is a stony asteroid and namesake of the young Datura family, located in the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers (5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 December 1930, by Belgian\u2013American George Van Biesbroeck at the Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, United States. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 3.4 hours. It was named after the flowering plant Datura.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008916-0001-0000", "contents": "1270 Datura, Orbit and classification\nDatura is the principal body of the tiny Datura family (411) located within the Flora family region (402), which is one of the largest clans of asteroid families. The Datura family is thought to have recently formed from the collisional destruction of a larger parent body some 450\u2013600 thousand years ago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008916-0002-0000", "contents": "1270 Datura, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,220 days; semi-major axis of 2.23\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In November 1913, Datura was first observed as A913 VB at Winchester Observatory (799) in Massachusetts, United States. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Williams Bay in December 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008916-0003-0000", "contents": "1270 Datura, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Datura, a genus of poisonous flowering plants. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 116).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008916-0004-0000", "contents": "1270 Datura, Physical characteristics\nDatura's spectrum is similar to that of an old S-type asteroid, thought to consist of silicate rocks covered with regolith with composition known from ordinary chondrite. This is in agreement with the overall spectral type of both the Datura and the encompassing Flora family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008916-0005-0000", "contents": "1270 Datura, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Datura was obtained from photometric observations by Naruhisa Takato using the Subaru telescope on Hawaii. Lightcurve analysis gave a sidereal rotation period of 3.359\u00b10.001 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.46 magnitude (U=3). The result is similar to observations by Wisniewski (3.2\u00a0h), Vokrouhlick\u00fd (3.3583\u00a0h), and Sz\u00e9kely (3.4\u00a0h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008916-0006-0000", "contents": "1270 Datura, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2013, lightcurve modelling by an international study using photometric data from the US Naval Observatory, the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue and the Palmer Divide Observatory, gave a concurring rotation period of 3.358100 hours as well as a spin axis of (0\u00b0, 59.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2). An improved spin-axis determination by Vokrouhlick\u00fd gave two poles at (60.0\u00b0, 76.0\u00b0) and (264.0\u00b0, 77.0\u00b0), respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008916-0007-0000", "contents": "1270 Datura, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Datura measures 7.83 and 8.20 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.291 and 0.288, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 taken from 8\u00a0Flora, the principal body of the Flora family \u2013 and derives a diameter of 8.15 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.61.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008919-0000-0000", "contents": "1270s\nThe 1270s is the decade starting January 1, 1270, and ending December 31, 1279.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008920-0000-0000", "contents": "1270s BC\nThe 1270s BC  is a decade which lasted from 1279 BC to 1270 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008921-0000-0000", "contents": "1270s in England, Incumbents\nMonarch \u2013 Henry III (to 16 November 1272), Edward I", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008923-0000-0000", "contents": "1270s in art\nThe decade of the 1270s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008924-0000-0000", "contents": "1271\nYear 1271 (MCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0000-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas\n1271 Avenue of the Americas  is a 48-story skyscraper on Sixth Avenue (Avenue of the Americas), between 50th and 51st Streets, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Designed by architect Wallace Harrison of Harrison, Abramovitz, and Harris, the building was developed between 1956 and 1960 as part of Rockefeller Center. It was originally known as the Time & Life Building for its main tenant, Time Inc., which also published Life magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0001-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas\n1271 Avenue of the Americas contains an eight-story base that partially wraps around the main shaft, as well as a plaza with serpentine pavings and water fountains. The facade consists of glass panels between limestone columns. The lobby contains large murals by Josef Albers and Fritz Glarner and originally also included La Fonda del Sol, a Latin American-themed restaurant. Each of the upper floors measures 28,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (2,600\u00a0m2) and consists of a column-free space around a mechanical core. The 48th floor originally contained the Hemisphere Club, a members-only restaurant during the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0002-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas\nAfter Time Inc. expressed its intention to move from 1 Rockefeller Plaza in the 1950s, Rockefeller Center's owners proposed the skyscraper to meet the company's needs while retaining it as a tenant. Construction started in May 1957, the building was topped out during November 1958, and occupants began moving into their offices in late 1959. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Time-Life Building's lobby as a city landmark in 2002. Time Inc. moved away in 2014 and the building was renovated between 2015 and 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0003-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Site\n1271 Avenue of the Americas is on the western side of Sixth Avenue (officially Avenue of the Americas), between 50th and 51st Streets, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The land lot is rectangular and covers 82,340\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (7,650\u00a0m2). The site has a frontage of 410\u00a0ft (120\u00a0m) on 50th and 51st Streets and a frontage of 200\u00a0ft (61\u00a0m) on Sixth Avenue. Nearby buildings include The Michelangelo to the west, the Axa Equitable Center to the northwest, 75 Rockefeller Plaza to the northeast, Radio City Music Hall to the east, 30 Rockefeller Plaza to the southeast, and 1251 Avenue of the Americas to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0004-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Site\nJust prior to the development of 1271 Avenue of the Americas, most of the site was occupied by a parking lot, which had previously served as a New York Railways Company trolley barn. There was also a four-story building facing Sixth Avenue and a collection of single-story shops on 50th Street. Rockefeller Center Inc. bought the plots on 50th and 51st Streets in the first week of August 1953, followed by those on Sixth Avenue the next week. One building on the site reportedly cost $2 million after its owner had held out. Rockefeller Center's managers originally wanted to build an extra NBC studio or a Ford vehicle showroom on the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0005-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design\nThe building was designed by Harrison & Abramovitz, a firm composed of Wallace Harrison and Max Abramovitz. It was constructed by John Lowry and the George A. Fuller Company. In addition, Syska Hennessy was hired as the mechanical engineer and Edwards & Hjorth was hired as the structural engineer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0006-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design\n1271 Avenue of the Americas was planned as a 48-story slab, measuring around 310 by 104\u00a0ft (94 by 32\u00a0m). The slab is flanked by shorter segments with setbacks at the third and eighth stories. The north and west edges of the tower are flanked by a seven-story section of the base. An auditorium designed by Gio Ponti, with colored triangles, was installed on the eighth-floor setback. The neighboring Roxy Theater was acquired as part of the building's development, allowing the building's floor area to be increased under the limits set by the 1916 Zoning Resolution. Furthermore, a provision under the 1916 Zoning Resolution had allowed structures to rise without setbacks above a given level if all subsequent stories covered no more than 25 percent of the land lot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0007-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Facade\n1271 Avenue of the Americas' facade is made mostly of glass, which at the time of the building's construction cost the same as a wall made mostly of limestone. The use of a glass facade permitted a higher degree of flexibility on each story compared to a limestone wall of the same size. Before the current facade design was selected, several alternatives were considered. Time Inc. wanted a flush exterior wall, but this was rejected because exterior columns would protrude into the floor area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0007-0001", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Facade\nAnother alternative entailed an \"accordion wall\" with windows that sloped inward toward their tops, juxtaposed with spandrels that sloped outward. The accordion wall, which would have been framed by flat columns, was unfeasible because it reduced floor area, required modifications to drapes and air-conditioning, and was not aesthetically desirable to the architects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0008-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Facade\nAt ground level, there is a canopy over the 51st Street entrance. The glass curtain wall covers either 450,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (42,000\u00a0m2) or 626,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (58,200\u00a0m2) in total. On all stories, the facade includes structural columns with limestone cladding. The limestone columns frame the glass curtain wall and also serve as an architectural allusion to the other buildings at Rockefeller Center. In addition, more than 40,000\u00a0ft (12,000\u00a0m) of stainless-steel flashing was placed on the facade. The stainless-steel flashing was meant to last for as long as the building existed; on the setbacks at the base, the flashing was buried inside corners along the roof deck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0009-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Facade\nThe limestone columns are spaced at intervals of 28\u00a0ft (8.5\u00a0m). There are five vertical bays of windows between each set of limestone columns, each separated by two narrow aluminum mullions flanking the center pane and two larger air-conditioning risers between the outer panes. Originally, each glass pane measured 52\u00a0in (1,300\u00a0mm) wide and 56\u00a0in (1,400\u00a0mm) tall. The spandrels between the windows on different stories consist of a 0.25\u00a0in-thick (6.4\u00a0mm) plate, behind which is a screen made of aluminum mesh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0009-0001", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Facade\nMechanical pipes and ducts, as well as the floor plates, are hidden behind the spandrels. The windows had initially been planned as square panes, but the windowsills were lowered so they were only 2.5\u00a0ft (0.76\u00a0m) above each floor slab. This also allowed each spandrel to be covered by a standard glass pane. In the late 2010s, new low-emissivity glazed panels with thermal breaks were installed. The new glass panes retain the original width but measure 87\u00a0in (2,200\u00a0mm) high.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0010-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Plaza\nThe eastern part of the site was planned with a plaza. The plaza measures 170\u00a0ft (52\u00a0m) long and 83\u00a0ft (25\u00a0m) wide and is flanked by the eight-story base. The southern part of the site also has a promenade that is about 30\u00a0ft (9.1\u00a0m) wide. The plaza is paved with serpentine pavers similar to those found on the sidewalks of Rio de Janeiro's Copacabana Beach, a tribute to its location along Avenue of the Americas. Harrison had believed the pavers would bring variety to the building's design. The original pavers, designed by Port Morris Tile & Marble Corporation, were removed in 2001 because they were too slippery; the same company reproduced the pattern in rougher terrazzo. In the late 2010s, the sidewalk pattern was extended from the lot line to the curb line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0011-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Plaza\nA seating parapet in the plaza surrounded a pool with four jets, measuring about 110 by 30\u00a0ft (33.5 by 9.1\u00a0m). Another six pools, measuring 33.5 by 6\u00a0ft (10.2 by 1.8\u00a0m) each, were placed within the plaza. Each pool had a mat made of lead for waterproofing, which in turn was covered by cement and terrazzo. After the late-2010s renovation, the 50th Street pools were removed and a fountain was installed at the corner of 50th Street and Sixth Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0011-0001", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Plaza\nTrees and shrubs were originally also planted on the 50th Street side, while three flagpoles were placed on the section of the plaza facing Sixth Avenue. Also within the plaza is an entrance to the New York City Subway's 47th\u201350th Streets\u2013Rockefeller Center station, serving the B, \u200bD, \u200bF, <F>, and \u200bM trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0012-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Plaza\nIn 1972, the Association for a Better New York hired William Crovello to create a sculpture called Cubed Curve. The sculpture was supposedly inspired by a fluid brush stroke. According to The New York Times, the sculpture marked Time Inc.'s \"presence at the center of the media universe\". It was moved in 2018 to Ursinus College in Collegeville, Pennsylvania, because the building was being renovated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0013-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Interior\n1271 Avenue of the Americas was built with about 1,400,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (130,000\u00a0m2) of rentable space. According to the New York City Department of City Planning, the building has a gross floor area of 1,962,900\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (182,360\u00a0m2). The interior design was contracted to a variety of architects such as Alexander Girard, Gio Ponti, Charles Eames, William Tabler, and George Nelson & Company. Thirty elevators serve the building within the mechanical core.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0014-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Interior\nInternally, 1271 Avenue of the Americas was divided into eight zones for air-conditioning. Floors 8, 9, and 16 through 34 were occupied by Time Inc. and contained their own thermostats to accommodate the nonstandard working hours of Time Inc. employees. In conjunction with the building's construction, Rockefeller Center's central air-conditioning system was upgraded in 1957 to provide 6,000 tons of cooling capacity to the building every hour. The cooling systems had to operate all year because Time Inc.'s equipment generated large amounts of heat. The original cooling system was powered by steam, but electric and natural gas cooling systems had been added by 2000. The mechanical spaces are concealed by partial-width windows on the facade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0015-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Interior\nThere are three basement stories. The first basement has a passageway leading to Rockefeller Center's underground concourse and the 47th\u201350th Streets\u2013Rockefeller Center station. The two other basements are not accessible to the public and are used for storage, maintenance, and service functions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0016-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Interior, Lobby\n1271 Avenue of the Americas' lobby is surrounded by commercial spaces on all sides; with the superstructure incorporated in the core and exterior, Harrison could design the lobby with more flexibility. Originally, the lobby was proposed to include a covered shopping and exhibit hall on 50th Street and a north\u2013south passage between 50th and 51st Streets. These details were changed significantly in the final plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0016-0001", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Interior, Lobby\nAs built, the lobby has two sets of entrances to the south on 50th Street, one each to the east and west of the core, as well as an entrance to the north on 51st Street, along the east side of the core. The core itself has two west\u2013east passages connected by elevator banks. The more northerly of the east\u2013west passages has stairs and escalators to the second story and the basement. A \"breezeway\" led east to Sixth Avenue, but this had been closed by 2002. Time Inc.'s reception area was within the lobby behind the fountain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0017-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Interior, Lobby\nThe lobby has the same pavement as the plaza outside the building. This pavement consists of white serpentine terrazzo tiles bordered with stainless steel and aligned from west to east. The pavement, installed by the American Mosaic & Tile Company, was meant to relate with the plaza. The walls are largely made of plate-glass windows and white marble panels. Around the core, the walls are made of stainless steel rectangular panels. The steel panels are designed to complement the floor colors and are arranged in a checkerboard pattern. The ceiling throughout the lobby is 16\u00a0ft (4.9\u00a0m) high. The ceiling is made of  dark maroon glass tiles, finished in a matte covering, with white lighting coves in some tiles. Manufactured by American-Saint Gobain Corporation, the glass tiles are suspended from washers at each corner and are designed to be removed for maintenance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 925]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0018-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Interior, Lobby\nThe lobby walls contain large murals by Josef Albers and Fritz Glarner, both of whom Harrison had known for many years. Glarner's mural, entitled Relational Painting No. 88, measures 40 by 15\u00a0ft (12.2 by 4.6\u00a0m) and is mounted east of the elevators. It includes overlapping red, yellow, blue, gray, and black geometric shapes on a white background. Albers's mural, entitled Portals, measures 42 by 14\u00a0ft (12.8 by 4.3\u00a0m) and is mounted west of the elevators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0018-0001", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Interior, Lobby\nPortals includes alternating bands of white and brown glass, which surround a set of bronze and nickel plates in a way that gives the impression of depth. Relational Painting No. 88 was installed in April 1960, while Portals was installed twelve months later. Another artwork by Fortune art director Francis Brennan was installed north of the elevators in January 1965. Brennan's work consists of a relief measuring 13 by 6\u00a0ft (4.0 by 1.8\u00a0m), which contains all the letters of the alphabet in the Caslon 471 typeface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0019-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Interior, Lobby\nWhen 1271 Avenue of the Americas opened, there was a Manufacturers Trust bank branch within the northeast corner of the base, next to the lobby. Along the lobby's west side was La Fonda del Sol (the Inn of the Sun), a Latin American-themed restaurant operated by Joseph Baum of Restaurant Associates. The interiors were designed by Alexander Girard and furniture by Charles Eames. La Fonda had an elaborate entry foyer and a set of dining spaces leading to the largest dining room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0019-0001", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Interior, Lobby\nThe dining rooms were decorated with Latin American artifacts, and each of the dining rooms was furnished in vivid colors with at least two hues of fabrics. It closed in 1971 and was replaced with a bank branch. The branch, originally for the Seaman's Bank for Savings, had round steel columns as well as green marble counters with flecks of white. The businesses in the modern lobby include The Capital Grille and Ted's Montana Grill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0020-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Interior, Offices\nThe seven lowest stories each have about 62,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (5,800\u00a0m2). Each of the upper stories has around 28,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (2,600\u00a0m2) of space, largely uninterrupted by columns. These were among the largest floor plates of any office building in New York City since World War II. This arrangement was inspired by the PSFS Building in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. All stairs and elevators are placed in a service core, leaving the outer section of each floor available for use. This improved the efficiency of each floor by allowing an open plan for the offices. The arrangement of the building allowed high flexibility in planning interior offices. An office module in the building generally measured 48 by 56\u00a0in (1.2 by 1.4\u00a0m), though these could be combined as necessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0021-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Interior, Offices\nThe firm Designs for Business was responsible for the design of Time Inc.'s space, which originally spanned 21 stories. Time Inc. had to fit multiple small rooms and cubicles on each of its floors, but the company was largely able to fit these rooms and cubicles within the modular system. Square aluminum posts were installed in Time Inc.'s space, through which partition panels could be installed. The panels themselves were made of a myriad of materials including wood, plastic, burlap, and glass, though they were initially not soundproof. Mockups of the offices were manufactured at Astoria, Queens, as well as in Time Inc.'s earlier headquarters at 1 Rockefeller Plaza. The elevator lobbies on each of Time Inc.'s stories had different decorations. The 28th floor also had a photo gallery where photojournalist Alfred Eisenstaedt worked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 898]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0022-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Interior, Offices\nAfter Charles Eames designed the chairs for Time Inc.'s offices, he created a new chair design in 1961, which was nicknamed the Time-Life Chair. Eames designed them as a favor to Henry Luce, who had allowed Eames to use photos from the Time-Life archives for the pavilion he designed at the 1959 American National Exhibition in Moscow. The chairs remain in production, though the original design with four legs at the base has been revised to include a fifth leg for stability and to meet updated product codes. In 2015, one original Time-Life Chair cost $6,000, while the five-legged replicas retailed for $3,000 each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0023-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Interior, Offices\nOther offices in the building originally included the second-story offices of the Gilman Paper Company, designed by SLS\u2010Environetics and connected to the lobby by an escalator. The vestibule at the top of the escalators had stainless-steel wall and a carpet that extended across the floor and part of the walls. Gilman's reception area had an angular reception desk and lighting fixtures made of stainless steel. Gilman's offices had ceilings measuring 13 feet (4.0\u00a0m) tall, with angular furniture, sculpted ducts and lighting elements, exposed structural beams, and a color-coding scheme to distinguish the different departments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0024-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Interior, Auditorium\nGio Ponti designed an auditorium at the setback above the eighth floor, along with an adjoining kitchen, dining room, reception area, and lounge. This space was meant for meetings with advertisers and corporate and sales functions. The space was arranged with walls at irregular angles and originally had colored glass-block walls and Sicilian paintings. The auditorium itself had a domed ceiling, while the ceiling in the adjoining spaces contained brass motifs. The floors were yellow with green and blue streaks, and geometric wooden furniture was specially designed for the space. The auditorium was closed by 1981, when the furniture was sold; it was redesigned by Davis, Brody & Associates in 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0025-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Interior, Hemisphere Club and Tower Suite\nThe Hemisphere Club and Tower Suite shared a space on the 48th floor and was designed by George Nelson & Company. During the day, the Hemisphere Club was a 250-seat private club for executives that, when the building opened, charged $1,000 for initiation and $360 in annual fees thereafter. This made the Hemisphere Club one of several private clubs at the tops of New York City skyscrapers. In the evenings, the restaurant space opened to the public as the Tower Suite, which originally offered meals for $8.50 per person. The restaurant was operated by Restaurant Associates. George Nelson designed special chairs for the restaurant, which apparently were never manufactured. Since the windows split the view from the 48th floor into many sections, the space was designed with window embrasures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 78], "content_span": [79, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0026-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Interior, Hemisphere Club and Tower Suite\nThe New Yorker reported several years after the Tower Suite's opening that \"a butler in a black tailcoat and a maid in a fluffy white apron\" visited every table seven days a week. When the restaurant opened, Craig Claiborne of The New York Times called it \"for the most part, excellent\"; by 1970, New York magazine called it \"the baneful cumulus atop Time Inc.\" According to New York Times food critic Florence Fabricant, the Tower Suite may have originated the trend of servers introducing themselves to guests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 78], "content_span": [79, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0026-0001", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Design, Interior, Hemisphere Club and Tower Suite\nWhen business at the Hemisphere Club declined with the construction of taller buildings in the area, the space was renovated so it could function as a dining hall at night. Dinners at the Tower Suite cost $11.50 per person in 1970, but they had increased to $70\u2013130 per person by 1990. The Hemisphere Club closed in the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 78], "content_span": [79, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0027-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, History\nTime Inc. had been housed at 1 Rockefeller Plaza since 1937, when that building had opened as part of the construction of Rockefeller Center. As early as 1946, it had sought to develop the site of the Marguery Hotel at 270 Park Avenue for a 35-story headquarters designed by Harrison & Abramovitz, though the plans did not come to fruition. By 1953, Time Inc. was set to outgrow its existing space in 1 Rockefeller Plaza within a year, and it wanted to have its headquarters in a single building. Time Inc. seriously considered relocating to Westchester County, a northern suburb of New York City, as well as to a suburb of Philadelphia. By November 1955, the company decided to stay in New York City because of the large number of transportation options there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0028-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, History, Construction\nOnce Rockefeller Center Inc.'s managers learned of Time Inc.'s predicament, they hired Harrison & Abramovitz to create plans for a building on Rockefeller Center Inc's vacant plot that could house both NBC and Time. The plans involved creating several elevation drawings as well as a 15-minute film. NBC ultimately dropped out of the project because its CEO, David Sarnoff, dissented. Rockefeller Center Inc. acquired the Roxy Theater in August 1956. That December, officials announced the construction of the Time-Life Building. When the plans were announced, Time had leased 600,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (56,000\u00a0m2) in the building, and American Cyanamid, Shell Oil Company, McCann-Erickson, and Esso had already made lease agreements for other floors. The developers had already ordered 27,000 tons of structural steel to be delivered in early 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0029-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, History, Construction\nTime Inc. and Rockefeller Center formed a joint venture, Rock-Time Inc., to share the tower's rent income; Rockefeller Center had the majority stake of 55 percent and Time Inc. had the remaining 45 percent. Harrison & Abramovitz filed plans for the building in March 1957. A groundbreaking ceremony occurred on May 16, 1957, marking the start of excavation. By the following month, the building was 70 percent leased, and Curtiss-Wright and Westinghouse Electric Corporation had become tenants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0029-0001", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, History, Construction\nThe Rockefeller Center Sidewalk Superintendents' Club, composed of members of the public who wanted to observe Rockefeller Center's construction, was revived after having been dormant for seventeen years. The actress Marilyn Monroe presided over the club's inaugural ceremonies that July. The excavations involved blasting rock to the layer of Manhattan schist 40\u00a0ft (12\u00a0m) deep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0030-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, History, Construction\nBy November 1957, the excavations were largely complete; the Rockefeller Foundation had leased offices and two tenants had expanded their lease commitments. Rockefeller Center Inc. chairman Nelson Rockefeller and Time Inc. president Roy E. Larsen announced details of the design the same month. Construction on the Time-Life Building's superstructure started in April 1958. That August, the Equitable Life Assurance Society loaned the project's developers $50 million. At the time, it was the largest-ever financing on a single real-estate parcel. The structure topped out in November of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0030-0001", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, History, Construction\nThe next April, Time Inc. sublet six of the 21 floors under its control. The building was 92 percent leased by then, including the space that was being sublet. The Time-Life Building's cornerstone was laid in June 1959, at the southeast corner of the building, after the superstructure had been completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0031-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, History, Late 20th century\nThe first tenant, the American Cyanamid Company, began moving into the tower in October 1959. Over the next couple of months, tenants began moving into the building and the final interior design elements were installed. By that December, the construction fence around 1271 Avenue of the Americas had been dismantled and several companies had occupied their space. Additional leases were announced in January 1960, including one storefront. A passageway from the basement to the subway station opened the next month. Life magazine moved into the building that April, writing that its new headquarters was \"a victory in the fight to improve down-at-the-heels Sixth Avenue\". Ultimately, Time Inc. was able to sublet part of its space to more than forty firms. By late 1961, the building was almost completely occupied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0032-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, History, Late 20th century\nLa Fonda del Sol had moved out of the Time & Life Building to a smaller location by early 1971. The restaurant space was replaced by a Seaman's Trust bank branch. The bank was so popular that, in three weeks, it performed six months' worth of transactions. Although Life magazine shuttered in 1972, the building retained its name and the former Life space was quickly taken by the company's other publications, such as People and Money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0032-0001", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, History, Late 20th century\nA U.S. Steakhouse restaurant designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects opened in the building in 1975 and was slightly renovated a few years later. By 1981, Time Inc. occupied about 1,000,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (93,000\u00a0m2) of space and some of its divisions, such as HBO, had to be housed in other buildings. The eighth-floor auditorium was renovated in 1983. An electric cooling system was also added in the early 1980s to supplement the original steam-powered cooling system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0033-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, History, Late 20th century\nTime Inc. sold its 45 percent ownership stake in December 1986 to the Rockefeller Group, which by then was the majority owner, for $118 million. Time Inc. planned to use some of the proceeds from the sale for other purchases such as stock buybacks. In the same transaction, Time Inc. extended its lease from 1997 to 2007, with an option to extend its lease by another ten years, to 2017. Time Inc. executed its option to extend its lease in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0033-0001", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, History, Late 20th century\nAt the time, the company occupied 80 percent of the Time & Life Building and it had rented space at the adjacent 135 West 50th Street. The two buildings were to be connected internally on the second floor as part of a $190 million renovation. A natural-gas cooling system was added in 2000; at the time, it was New York City's only building with three cooling sources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0034-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, History, 21st century\nBy August 2001, Time Inc. was part of AOL Time Warner and occupied 98 percent of the building's space. That month, AOL Time Warner subsidiary CNN and the Rockefeller Group agreed to convert a former Chase Manhattan Bank branch at the base into a two-story CNN television studio. In July 2002, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the lobby interior as a city landmark. Municipal Art Society executive director Frank E. Sanchis III prompted Rockefeller Center's owner at the time, the Rockefeller Group, to support the preservation of the lobby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0034-0001", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, History, 21st century\nAt the time, the lobby was being renovated by Swanke Hayden Connell Architects for $40 million. The renovation involved combining two storefronts into a waiting lounge, as well as creating a secure area around the elevators. The CNN studio opened in September 2002, with scenic design by Production Design Group. The Ted's Montana Grill restaurant opened in 2006 on the ground level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0035-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, History, 21st century\nIn May 2014, Time Inc. announced it was planning to leave the Time & Life Building for the Brookfield Place complex in lower Manhattan. The following year, the Rockefeller Group announced a $325 million renovation for the entire building, designed by Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. As part of the renovation, the architects created a new entrance on Sixth Avenue, repaved the plaza, and replaced the facade. The Rockefeller Group also restored the lobby and renamed the building to its address. Time Inc. removed a time capsule that had been embedded in the building since its cornerstone was laid. The building was completely vacated by the beginning of 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0036-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, History, 21st century\nThe renovation was nearly completed by 2019 and was fully leased at that time. However, with the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City the following year, the building stood largely empty for months. Following the completion of the renovation, the building received a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold certification in 2020, and the Greek restaurant Avra Estiatorio leased a space at the base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0037-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Impact\nUpon the building's completion, Architectural Forum wrote: \"The building's character reflects a joining of partners, a marriage of uses, a meld of design, and a union between New York's two generic office-building types. [ ...] In skyscraper society, the Time & Life Building is upper-middle-class.\" New York Times critic Ada Louise Huxtable, writing in 1960, said that 1271 Avenue of the Americas, 28 Liberty Street, and 270 Park Avenue all had a \"still too-rare esthetic excellence\". Huxtable also characterized 1271 Avenue of the Americas' spaces as \"flexible architectural anarchy\". 1271 Avenue of the Americas' completion spurred the construction of other buildings along Sixth Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008925-0038-0000", "contents": "1271 Avenue of the Americas, Impact\n1271 Avenue of the Americas has also been shown in works of popular culture. The building was prominent in the television series Mad Men as the fictional headquarters of the advertising agency Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce (later Sterling Cooper & Partners). In 2015, AMC, the network on which Mad Men airs, unveiled a bench in front of the building, which features a sculpture of the iconic black silhouette of lead character Don Draper in the show's opening credits. In addition, the 2013 film The Secret Life of Walter Mitty was partially set within the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008926-0000-0000", "contents": "1271 Isergina\n1271 Isergina, provisional designation 1931 TN, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 45 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 October 1931, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Crimean physician and friend of the discoverer, Pyotr Isergin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008926-0001-0000", "contents": "1271 Isergina, Orbit and classification\nIsergina is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,039 days; semi-major axis of 3.15\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008926-0002-0000", "contents": "1271 Isergina, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A906 HD at Heidelberg Observatory in April 1906. The body's observation arc begins at Simeiz with its official discovery observation in 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008926-0003-0000", "contents": "1271 Isergina, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Isergina is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as both an X- and L-type by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008926-0004-0000", "contents": "1271 Isergina, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nDuring 2016\u20132017, three rotational lightcurves of Isergina were obtained from photometric observations (U=3-/3-/2+). Lightcurve analysis of the adopted result gave a rotation period of 7.59932 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.25 and 0.36 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008926-0005-0000", "contents": "1271 Isergina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Isergina measures between 39.58 and 52.15 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.031 and 0.08.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008926-0006-0000", "contents": "1271 Isergina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0677 and a diameter of 44.47 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008926-0007-0000", "contents": "1271 Isergina, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Crimean physician Pyotr Vasilyevich Isergin (1870\u20131936), a friend of the discoverer who was treated by him. The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names learned about the naming circumstances from Crimean astronomers I. I. Neyachenko and Galina Kastel' (see 3982 Kastel'). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 117).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008929-0000-0000", "contents": "12714 Alkimos\n12714 Alkimos /\u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u0252s/ is a large Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 54 kilometers (34 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 15 April 1991, by American astronomer couple Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at the Palomar Observatory in California. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 28.5 hours. It was named from Greek mythology after Alcimus, son of Ares and companion of Achilles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008929-0001-0000", "contents": "12714 Alkimos, Orbit and classification\nAlkimos is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the leading Greek camp at the Gas Giant's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008929-0002-0000", "contents": "12714 Alkimos, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.0\u20135.4\u00a0AU once every 12 years (4,370 days; semi-major axis of 5.23\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation at the La Silla Observatory in February 1990, or 14 months prior to its official discovery observation at Palomar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008929-0003-0000", "contents": "12714 Alkimos, Physical characteristics\nAlkimos is an assumed C-type asteroid, while most larger Jupiter trojans are D-types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008929-0004-0000", "contents": "12714 Alkimos, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Alkimos was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at GMARS (G79) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 28.48\u00b10.01 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.27 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008929-0005-0000", "contents": "12714 Alkimos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the Japanese Akari satellite and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Alkimos measures between 47.82 and 61.04 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.036 and 0.070. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0431 and a diameter of 61.13 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008929-0006-0000", "contents": "12714 Alkimos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008929-0007-0000", "contents": "12714 Alkimos, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the hero Alcimus, son of Ares. After Patroclus had died, he and Automedon were the two most favored by Achilles. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 October 2000 (M.P.C. 41386).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008930-0000-0000", "contents": "1272\nYear 1272 (MCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008931-0000-0000", "contents": "1272 Gefion\n1272 Gefion, provisional designation 1931 TZ1, is a stony asteroid and parent body of the Gefion family from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 October 1931, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in Germany. The asteroid was named after Gefjon from Norse mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008931-0001-0000", "contents": "1272 Gefion, Orbit and classification\nGefion is the namesake and parent body of the Gefion family (516), a large family of stony asteroids in the intermediate main belt. The family is also a suspected source of the L chondrites, common group of meteorites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008931-0002-0000", "contents": "1272 Gefion, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,697 days; semi-major axis of 2.78\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008931-0003-0000", "contents": "1272 Gefion, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A917 SF at Heidelberg in September 1917. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, six days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008931-0004-0000", "contents": "1272 Gefion, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Gefion is a Sl-subtype that transitions from the common stony S-type asteroids to the rather rare L-types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008931-0005-0000", "contents": "1272 Gefion, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2010 and 2011, two rotational lightcurves of Gefion were obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California . Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.900 and 3.087 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.22 and 0.20 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008931-0006-0000", "contents": "1272 Gefion, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Gefion measures between 6.965 and 7.016 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2489 and 0.252. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and consequently calculates a much larger diameter of 12.62 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008931-0007-0000", "contents": "1272 Gefion, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Gefjon a goddess in Norse mythology. It is also named for the Gefion Fountain in Copenhagen, Denmark. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 117).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008932-0000-0000", "contents": "1273\nYear 1273 (MCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008933-0000-0000", "contents": "1273 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1273 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on October 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008933-0001-0000", "contents": "1273 Imperial election, Background\nThe Holy Roman Empire was in the midst of a period known as the Great Interregnum. In July 1245, the pope Pope Innocent IV had declared the then emperor, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, deposed, opening a split between two factions, the Guelphs and Ghibellines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008933-0002-0000", "contents": "1273 Imperial election, Background\nThe previous King of the Romans, Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall, died on April 2, 1272 in Berkhamsted following a stroke he had suffered in December 1271. The seven prince-electors called to Frankfurt were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008933-0003-0000", "contents": "1273 Imperial election, Background\nHowever, strictly speaking, Ottokar's marriage with the heiress of the Arch-Pincerna dynasty had already ended in annulment, Ottokar was holding as usurper her duchies the Carantanian territories, duchy of Styria and Austria. King Ottokar II did not arrive. The six electors convened on 29 September and summoned the Bavarian Duke to exercise the Carantanian-Bavarian vote instead of the absent King Ottokar  or anyone else better entitled to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008933-0004-0000", "contents": "1273 Imperial election, Background\nThere were 4 candidates: the favourites Rudolf, Count of Habsburg and Ottakar II of Bohemia (an elector himself), and lesser candidates Siegfried I, Prince of Anhalt and Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008933-0005-0000", "contents": "1273 Imperial election, Election and aftermath\nCount Rudolf was elected without opposition after Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria's promotion to elector instead Ottakar II. Rudolf's principal voters, Albert II of Saxony and Louis II of Palatinate, were assured by marrying his daughters to the two electors. He was crowned at Aachen Cathedral on October 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008933-0006-0000", "contents": "1273 Imperial election, Election and aftermath\nRudolf was the first member of the House of Habsburg to rule the Holy Roman Empire. The house would occupy the seat continuously from 1438 to 1740 and produce emperors and kings of Bohemia, England, Germany, Hungary, Croatia, Mexico, Ireland, Portugal and Spain, as well as rulers of several Dutch and Italian principalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008935-0000-0000", "contents": "1274\nYear 1274 (MCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008936-0000-0000", "contents": "1274 Delportia\n1274 Delportia, provisional designation 1932 WC, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 November 1932, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium. It was named after the discoverer himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008936-0001-0000", "contents": "1274 Delportia, Orbit and classification\nDelportia is a stony S-type asteroid on the Tholen taxonomic scheme. As a member of the Flora family, one of the largest families of the main belt, it orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,216 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A918 RA at Heidelberg Observatory in 1918. The body's observation arc begins 6 years prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle, when it was identified as 1926 AA at Heidelberg in 1926.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008936-0002-0000", "contents": "1274 Delportia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA rotational light curve of Delportia was obtained by American astronomer Edwin E. Sheridan in March 2007. Light curve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.615 hours with a brightness variation of 0.05 magnitude (U=3), superseding a period of 5.5 hours with an amplitude of 0.09 magnitude obtained by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy in December 2005 (U=2). In February 2010, photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory gave a period of 5.6204 hours and an amplitude of 0.26 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008936-0003-0000", "contents": "1274 Delportia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, and the Japanese Akari satellite, Delportia measures 9.61 and 12.95 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.46 and 0.20, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 12.85 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 11.82.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008936-0004-0000", "contents": "1274 Delportia, Naming\nBased on a suggestion by Gustav Stracke, this minor planet was named for its discoverer, Eug\u00e8ne Delporte (1882\u20131955), prolific discoverer of minor planets, astronomer and director at the discovering Uccle Observatory during 1936\u20131947. The lunar crater Delporte is also named in his honor. The official naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 117).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008937-0000-0000", "contents": "1275\nYear 1275 (MCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008938-0000-0000", "contents": "1275 British earthquake\nOn 11 September 1275, an earthquake struck the south of Great Britain. The epicentre is unknown, although it may have been in the Portsmouth/Chichester area on the south coast of England or in Glamorgan, Wales. The earthquake is known for causing the destruction of St Michael's Church on Glastonbury Tor in Somerset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008938-0001-0000", "contents": "1275 British earthquake, Earthquake\nThe annals of Waverley report that the earthquake occurred \"between the first hour of the day and the third\" on 11 September 1275. It was felt in London, Canterbury, Winchester and Wales, and may have been felt across the rest of England. One account described how it was felt \"chiefly in the west\". Neither foreshocks nor aftershocks are reported as having occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008938-0002-0000", "contents": "1275 British earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake caused the destruction of the 11th-century timber Church of St Michael atop Glastonbury Tor. It is likely that other buildings across the country were destroyed, and the annals of Osney reported that people were killed in the earthquake\u2014\"domus et ecclesiae in diversis locis Angliae subvertebantur et homines interficiebantur\" (\"homes and churches in different areas of England [were] overthrow[n]; the people being killed\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008938-0002-0001", "contents": "1275 British earthquake, Earthquake\nThe annals of Winchester state that the tremors were felt across the sea, which may imply it was felt in France, although the lack of corroboration from French sources may suggest this is a confusion with a different event. One account described how \"a great earthquake happened in many kingdoms, and chiefly in England, and floods of water also about maritime towns\". Similarly, Walter de Hemingburgh observed that \"there was a general earthquake in London and in the kingdom of England, both in camps and towns, habitations and fields\". It is possible that the coastal effects of the earthquake are better attributed to unrelated inclement weather, as the word \"earthquake\" may have archaically referred to thunder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008938-0003-0000", "contents": "1275 British earthquake, Earthquake\nThe British Geological Survey hypothesises that the extent and spread of damage suggests an intensity of at least 7 on the Medvedev\u2013Sponheuer\u2013Karnik scale (\"very strong\"), or 8 on the European macroseismic scale (\"heavily damaging\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008938-0004-0000", "contents": "1275 British earthquake, Earthquake, Epicentre\nThe epicentre of the earthquake is unknown. Despite contemporary reports that assume the damage at Glastonbury Tor prove a Somerset epicentre, it is unlikely that the epicentre was in the county, and the destruction of the church is more likely attributed to the church's exposed position atop a steep and narrow hill. A possible location is in the area of Portsmouth and Chichester. This area is notable for frequency of earthquakes due to the presence of a deep north-south strike-slip fault. This hypothesis is strengthened by the report of Thomas Wykes, who wrote that the shock was more intense on the south coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008938-0005-0000", "contents": "1275 British earthquake, Earthquake, Epicentre\nA possible alternative epicentre is in South Wales. Edward Gamage, the rector in St Athan, Glamorgan, described an earthquake causing immense damage to Glamorgan and Somerset. Gamage, an antiquarian in the 18th century, wrote a history of the Strandling family of Bristol where he described the earthquake as occurring in the time of Sir John Strandling, which is probably the same as the 1275 event. This suggests an epicentre closer to Swansea and implies an intensity of 6 Mw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008938-0006-0000", "contents": "1275 British earthquake, Earthquake, Epicentre\nSome sources cite the earthquake as being a Cornish or French event, mistaking a reference to the destruction at \"St Michael on the Mount\" (the church on Glastonbury Tor) for occurring at St Michael's Mount or Mont-Saint-Michel. The annals of Waverley refer to an earthquake affecting the whole country and destroying the church called \"St Michael of [the] Mount\", although no specific mention of the location of the church is made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008939-0000-0000", "contents": "1275 Cimbria\n1275 Cimbria (prov. designation: 1932 WG) is a Eunomia asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers (17 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 30 November 1932, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southern Germany. The asteroid was named after the Cimbri, an ancient Germanic tribe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008939-0001-0000", "contents": "1275 Cimbria, Orbit and classification\nCimbria is a member of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of typically stony asteroids and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008939-0002-0000", "contents": "1275 Cimbria, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,603 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A914 TG at Simeiz Observatory in October 1914. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in 1932.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008939-0003-0000", "contents": "1275 Cimbria, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Cimbri, an ancient Proto-Germanic tribe that fought the Romans together with the Teutons and the Ambrones. At first victorious, they were destroyed by Gaius Marius in the Cimbrian War (113\u2013101 BC). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 117).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008939-0004-0000", "contents": "1275 Cimbria, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Cimbria is an X-type asteroid, rather than a stony S-type asteroid, which is the overall spectral type for members of the Eunomia family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008939-0005-0000", "contents": "1275 Cimbria, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November and December 2002, two rotational lightcurves of Cimbria were obtained from photometric observations by Italian amateur astronomers Silvano Casulli, Antonio Vagnozzi, Marco Cristofanelli and Marco Paiella. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.65 hours with a brightness variation of 0.40 and 0.57 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3-). In December 2012, astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California measured a period of 5.655 hours and an amplitude of 0.26 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008939-0006-0000", "contents": "1275 Cimbria, Physical characteristics, Poles\nThe asteroid's lightcurve has also been modeled using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database. It gave a concurring period of 5.65454 hours and determined two spin axis of (85.0\u00b0, \u221261.0\u00b0) and (271.0\u00b0, \u221231.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008939-0007-0000", "contents": "1275 Cimbria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Cimbria measures between 18.70 and 33.599 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0807 and 0.25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008939-0008-0000", "contents": "1275 Cimbria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.1109 and a diameter of 28.65 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.72.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008940-0000-0000", "contents": "1276\nYear 1276 (MCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008941-0000-0000", "contents": "1276 Ucclia\n1276 Ucclia (prov. designation: 1933 BA) is a carbonaceous Alauda asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 31 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 24 January 1933 by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. Two nights later, the body was independently discovered by Richard Schorr at Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany. It was named for the Belgium city of Uccle and its discovering observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008941-0001-0000", "contents": "1276 Ucclia, Orbit and classification\nUcclia is a member of the Alauda family (902), a large family of typically bright carbonaceous asteroids and named after its parent body, 702\u00a0Alauda. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,069 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 23\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. No precoveries were taken prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008941-0002-0000", "contents": "1276 Ucclia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Uccle, in honor of both, the city and the discovering observatory (H 117).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008941-0003-0000", "contents": "1276 Ucclia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA rotational lightcurve of Ucclia was obtained from photometric observations by Italian and French astronomers Silvano Casulli, Federico Manzini and Pierre Antonini in March 2007. It showed a well-defined rotation period of 4.90768 hours with a brightness variation of 0.40 in magnitude (U=3). In June 2008, a second light-curve by Slovak astronomer Adri\u00e1n Gal\u00e1d at Modra Observatory, gave a concurring period of 4.9073 hours with an amplitude of 0.29 in magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008941-0004-0000", "contents": "1276 Ucclia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Ucclia measures between 30.1 and 40.0 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.05 and 0.14. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.08 and a diameter of 30.3 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008943-0000-0000", "contents": "1277\nYear 1277 (MCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008944-0000-0000", "contents": "1277 Dolores\n1277 Dolores (prov. designation: 1933 HA) is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers (17 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 18 April 1933, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Spanish communist Dolores Ib\u00e1rruri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008944-0001-0000", "contents": "1277 Dolores, Orbit and classification\nDolores is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central main belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,621 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as 1925 SE at Simeiz Observatory in September 1925. The body's observation arc begins at Yerkes Observatory (or Simeiz) in June 1933, approximately 2 months after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008944-0002-0000", "contents": "1277 Dolores, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Spanish communists Dolores Ib\u00e1rruri (1895\u20131989). Known as \"La Pasion\u00e1ria\" (Passionflower), she co-founded the communist party in Spain in 1920, and lead the party while in exile. Dolores Ib\u00e1rruri returned to Spain in 1977, and became a member of the parliament. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 117).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008944-0003-0000", "contents": "1277 Dolores, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Dolores is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid, while in the SMASS classification, it is classified as a Cb-subtype, that transitions to the brighter B-type asteroids. It has also been characterized as a C-type by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008944-0004-0000", "contents": "1277 Dolores, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 2000, a rotational lightcurve of Dolores was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Robert Stephens. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 17.19 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.45 magnitude (U=3), indicative of a somewhat elongated shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008944-0005-0000", "contents": "1277 Dolores, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Dolores measures between 23.72 and 32.59 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.063 and 0.095. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the result obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0879 and a diameter of 27.64 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008945-0000-0000", "contents": "1277 papal election\nThe 1277 papal election (May 30 \u2013 November 25), convened in Viterbo after the death of Pope John XXI, was the smallest papal election since the expansion of suffrage to cardinal-priests and cardinal-deacons, with only seven cardinal electors (following the deaths of three popes who had not created cardinals). Because John XXI had revoked Ubi periculum, the papal bull of Pope Gregory X establishing the papal conclave, with his own bull Licet felicis recordationis, the cardinal electors were able to take their time. After six months of deliberation, the cardinals eventually elected their most senior member Giovanni Gaetano Orsini as Pope Nicholas III. From the end of the election until Nicholas III's first consistory on March 12, 1278, the number of living cardinals\u2014seven\u2014was the lowest in the history of the Roman Catholic Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008945-0001-0000", "contents": "1277 papal election, Cardinal electors\nThe seven cardinal electors were evenly divided between three supporters of Charles of Anjou and three cardinals from prominent Roman families, who opposed the interests of Charles in Italy, and there was one uncommitted cardinal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008945-0002-0000", "contents": "1277 papal election, Procedure\nInitially, the cardinals met only once a day for balloting and returned to their respective habitations after the scrutinies. For two months, voting proceeded uneventfully along national lines with the French and Roman cardinals evenly divided.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008945-0003-0000", "contents": "1277 papal election, Procedure\nAfter six months the impatient magistrates of Viterbo locked the cardinals in the town hall (once elected, Nicholas III moved the papacy back to Rome).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008946-0000-0000", "contents": "1278\nYear 1278 (MCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008947-0000-0000", "contents": "1278 and 1530 AM West Yorkshire\n1278 and 1530 AM West Yorkshire was a temporary name used for the AM sister station of The Pulse of West Yorkshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008947-0001-0000", "contents": "1278 and 1530 AM West Yorkshire, History\nThe station began life as Pennine Radio which was part of the Yorkshire Radio Network, but when it split its AM and FM frequencies, the medium wave licence became Classic Gold. Following a take over it was then relaunched as Great Yorkshire Radio, and then Great Yorkshire Gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008947-0002-0000", "contents": "1278 and 1530 AM West Yorkshire, History\nHowever, in 1997 promotional trailers began running across all three stations in the network saying that they would be soon converting to become Magic, despite the fact that this would not be the case in West Yorkshire, where negotiations were underway to take GWR's Classic Gold service. Unhappy with the confusion, bosses in Bradford decided to create an emergency local service, hence the name 1278 and 1530 AM West Yorkshire which ran for a short period until Classic Gold started. The station later became West Yorkshire's Big AM, Pennine's Big AM, West Yorkshire's Classic Gold, Pulse Classic Gold and Pulse 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008948-0000-0000", "contents": "1279\nYear 1279 A.D (MCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008949-0000-0000", "contents": "1279 in Ireland, Events\nDuarc\u00e1n mac \u00cdomhaor M\u00e1g Tighearn\u00e1n the Second (anglicised Durcan McKiernan) became chief of the McKiernan Clan and Baron or Lord of Tullyhunco barony, County Cavan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0000-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade\nThe 127th (Manchester) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service during both the First and Second World Wars. It was assigned to the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division and served in the Middle East and on the Western Front in the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0001-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade\nIn the Second World War, as the 127th Infantry Brigade, it fought in France and was evacuated at Dunkirk. Once back in the United Kingdom, the brigade was converted into an armoured support group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0002-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade\nThroughout its existence the brigade was composed mainly of battalions of the Manchester Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0003-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, Early history\nThe Volunteer Force of part-time soldiers was created following an invasion scare in 1859, and its constituent Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs) were progressively aligned with the Regular British Army and Militia during the later 19th Century. Under the 'Localisation of the Forces' introduced by the Cardwell Reforms, existing RVCs were brigaded with Regular and Militia regiments in their district. Sub-District No 16 (Lancashire) formed in 1873 included the 63rd and 96th Regiments, the 6th Royal Lancashire Militia, the 4th and 7th Administrative Battalions of Lancashire RVCs and the 6th (1st Manchester), 33rd (Ardwick), 40th (3rd Manchester) and 56th (Salford) Lancashire RVCs, all from the Manchester, Salford and Ashton-under-Lyne area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0004-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, Early history\nThe 1881 Childers Reforms took Cardwell's scheme a stage further, the linked battalions converting into single two-battalion regiments. The 63rd and 96th were amalgamated to create the Manchester Regiment, and the Manchester and Ashton RVCs were formally attached to it as its 1st\u20135th Volunteer Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0005-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, Early history\nWhile the sub-districts were later referred to as 'brigades', they were purely administrative organisations and the Volunteers were excluded from the mobilisation part of the Cardwell system. But under the reforms introduced by Edward Stanhope in 1888, a comprehensive Mobilisation Scheme was brought in for Volunteer units, which would assemble in their own Volunteer Infantry Brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime these brigades provided a structure for collective training. The five (later six) Volunteer Battalions of the Manchester Regiment constituted the Manchester Brigade, based at 55 Market Street, Manchester, and initially under the command of retired Colonel H.B.H. Blundell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0006-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the Volunteer Battalions became the 5th\u201310th Battalions of the Manchester Regiment. The Manchester Brigade comprised the 5th\u20138th Battalions and formed part of the East Lancashire Division of the TF:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0007-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, First World War\nOn the outbreak of the First World War, the majority of the men volunteered for overseas service. On 31 August 1914, the formation of Reserve or 2nd Line units was authorised for each TF unit going overseas. Initially these were formed from men who had not volunteered for overseas service, and the recruits who were flooding in. Later they were mobilised for overseas service in their own right. From now on, the original battalions and brigades were designated with a '1/' prefix and the 2nd Line duplicate by a '2/'. Eventually the 2nd Manchester Brigade went overseas as the 199th (Manchester) Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0008-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, First World War\nThe East Lancashire Division embarked at Southampton and sailed for Egypt on 10 September 1914, the first complete TF division to leave England for foreign service. The division began disembarking at Alexandria on 25 September and the bulk (including the Manchester Brigade) concentrated at Cairo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0009-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, First World War, Order of battle\nDuring the war, the Manchester Brigade was constituted as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0010-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, First World War, Order of battle\nWhen British infantry brigades were reduced to three battalions in February 1918, 1/8th Manchesters transferred to 126th Brigade in 42nd Division. At the same time, the machine gun company left to join a new divisional machine gun battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0011-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, First World War, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the East Lancashire Brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0012-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, First World War, Egypt and Gallipoli\nThe East Lancashire Division remained in Egypt training and manning the Suez Canal defences until 1 May 1915 when it embarked at Alexandria for Gallipoli. The Manchester Brigade first went into action at the Third Battle of Krithia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0013-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, First World War, Egypt and Gallipoli\nIn late May 1915 the division was numbered as 42nd (East Lancashire) Division \u2013 taking the lowest number of any TF division in recognition that it was the first to go overseas \u2013  and the brigades were also numbered, the Manchester becoming 127th (1st Manchester) Brigade. The battalions adopted the prefix '1/' (becoming 1/5th Manchesters, for example) to distinguish them from their 2nd Line duplicates then training in the United Kingdom as the 199th (2/1st Manchester) Brigade in 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0014-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, First World War, Egypt and Gallipoli\nThe 127th Brigade participated in the Battle of Krithia Vineyard (6\u201313 August) and then for the rest of 1915 was engaged in trench warfare. After the evacuation from Gallipoli, the division returned to Egypt in January 1916 with less than half the strength with which it had set out. It remained in the Canal Defences for the whole of 1916, rebuilding its strength, and taking part in the Battle of Romani (4\u20135 August).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0015-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nIn January 1917, 42nd Division was ordered to France, the move being completed by mid-March. It spent the remainder of the war on the Western Front. During 1917 it formed part of Fourth Army in 'quiet sectors' (though the brigade commander was killed in May that year) and taking part in some minor operations along the Flanders coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0016-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nIn 1918 the 42nd Division became part of IV Corps in Third Army, in which it remained for the rest of the war. During the German Army's Spring Offensive (Operation Michael or the First Battles of the Somme 1918), the troops of 42nd Division took part in the Battle of Bapaume (24\u201325 March), First Battle of Arras (28 March) and the Battle of Ancre (5 April). Then, during the Allied Hundred Days Offensive, it participated in the Battle of Albert (21\u201323 August) and the Second Battle of Bapaume (31 August\u20133 September) during the fighting on the Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0017-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nWhen the Hindenburg Line was breached during the Battle of the Canal du Nord on 27 September 1918, 127th Brigade's attack was completely successful. The rest of 42nd Division then passed through to continue the attack. 125th Brigade's follow-up was only partially successful, but the advance was renewed after dark, and the following afternoon 126th Brigade passed through 127th to take Welsh ridge, the final objective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0018-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nThird Army's advance in Picardy culminated in the Battle of the Selle on 20 October.126th Brigade led the division's attack over footbridges laid by the engineers over the River Selle. 1/5th and 1/6th Manchesters of 127th Brigade then followed up to an intermediate objective. The division then had to wheel right, and was held up. But in the afternoon the attack was resumed and 127th Brigade pushed on to the final objective, which 1/6th Manchesters took after dark without much difficulty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0019-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, First World War, Western Front\nAfter the Selle, 42nd Division was withdrawn into reserve and halted around Beauvois-en-Cambr\u00e9sis from 24 October until the advance was resumed on 3 November. On 7 November the 42nd Division captured Hautmont and the high ground to its west. By 10 November the most forward troops of 42nd Division were on the Maubeuge\u2013Avesnes-sur-Helpe road. This was the end of the fighting, because the Armistice with Germany came into the effect the following day. In December the division moved into quarters in the Charleroi area and by mid-March 1919 most of its troops had gone home for demobilisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0020-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, Between the wars\nThe Territorial Force was disbanded after the war as was the brigade and the 42nd Division but both were reconstituted in the Territorial Army, which was formed on a similar basis as the Territorial Force. The brigade reformed as the 127th (Manchester) Infantry Brigade with the same units as it had before the First World War, with all four battalions of the Manchester Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0021-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, Between the wars\nHowever, the 6th and 7th Manchesters were merged, in 1921, to create the 6th/7th Battalion, Manchester Regiment. To fill the gap left by the absence of the 7th Battalion, the 9th Battalion, Manchester Regiment was transferred from the 126th (East Lancashire) Infantry Brigade and this remained the structure of the brigade until 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0022-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, Between the wars\nIn the late 1930s the United Kingdom's air defences were greatly increased, mainly by converting a number of infantry battalions of the Territorial Army into anti-aircraft or searchlight units of the Royal Artillery or Royal Engineers. As a result, in 1936, the 6th/7th Battalion, Manchester Regiment was transferred to the Royal Artillery and became 65th (The Manchester Regiment) Anti - Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery, joining the 33rd (Western) Anti - Aircraft Group, 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0023-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, Between the wars\nIn 1938 a further reorganisation of the composition of Territorial divisions saw them reduced from four to three infantry battalions and so the 9th Battalion, Manchester Regiment left the brigade to become the machine gun battalion for the 42nd Division. They were replaced by the 4th/5th Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment from the 126th (East Lancashire) Infantry Brigade. Shortly afterwards, in 1939, the brigade was redesignated the 127th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0024-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade was mobilised, along with the rest of 42nd Division and the Territorial Army, in late August 1939 due to the worsening situation in Europe. On 1 September 1939 the German Army launched its invasion of Poland. The Second World War began on 3 September 1939, and 127th Infantry Brigade was embodied for full-time war service and all units were soon brought up to full strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0025-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, Second World War, Order of battle\nThe 127th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0026-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, Second World War, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded 127th Infantry Brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0027-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, Second World War, France and Dunkirk\nCommanded at the time by Brigadier Sir John George Smyth, VC, an Indian Army officer, the 127th Infantry Brigade landed in France on 24 April 1940 and became part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The 42nd Division came under command of III Corps, which also included 5th Infantry Division and 44th (Home Counties) Division. The 44th had, along with the 42nd Division, initially been held back from joining the BEF sooner for potential operations in Northern Europe although, as it turned out, this plan never came to anything and both were sent to France at around the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0027-0001", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, Second World War, France and Dunkirk\nSoon after arrival the 8th (Ardwick) Battalion, Manchester Regiment were sent on to Malta (one of many British Army garrisons around the Empire) and the brigade received the 1st Battalion, Highland Light Infantry, a Regular Army unit, in exchange. The battalion had arrived from Highland Area in Scottish Command and joined in order to strengthen the brigade, as part of the BEF's official policies, and took place in all the 1st Line Territorial divisions that joined the BEF (except the three 2nd Line divisions that arrived in April and were subsequently mauled in the fighting to come).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0028-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, Second World War, France and Dunkirk\nWhen the German attack on France and the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands began on 10 May 1940, 127th Brigade was assigned to 'Macforce', a scratch force commanded by the Director of Military Intelligence with the BEF, Lieutenant-General Noel Mason-Macfarlane. Macforce assembled on 17 May with the role of covering the crossings over the River Scarpe As German pressure increased, the BEF was forced to withdraw to Dunkirk and 127th Brigade returned to 42nd Division on 20 May. It was evacuated from Dunkirk on 30 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008950-0029-0000", "contents": "127th (Manchester) Brigade, Second World War, Conversion\nOn 1 November 1941, 42nd Division was converted into 42nd Armoured Division, and 127th Brigade was renamed 42nd Support Group. Apart from 1st Battalion, East Lancashires, its infantry battalions were replaced by artillery regiments. On 1 June 1942 the support group was disbanded, its headquarters becoming the Royal Artillery HQ for the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0000-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance\nThe 127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance was a Royal Army Medical Corps unit of the British airborne forces during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0001-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance\nThe 127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance (127 PFA) was originally a pre war Territorial Army unit and served alongside the 125th and 126th Field Ambulances, and 5th (Western) General Hospital RAMC (Now 207 \"Manchester\" Field Hospital) in the North West of England. It was converted to parachute duties, becoming the second parachute field ambulance in the British Army. As such it was assigned to the 2nd Parachute Brigade at the time part of the 1st Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0002-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance\nAs part of the 1st Airborne Division it moved to North Africa in 1942, in preparation for the Allied invasion of Sicily. A lack of suitable transport negated their use it that campaign, but they did take the lead in Operation Slapstick, which was an amphibious landing at Taranto in Italy. Remaining in Italy with 2nd Parachute Brigade when the 1st Airborne Division returned to England, 127 PFA took part in the fighting of the Italian campaign. Their first offensive parachute jump was in the Allied landing in the south of France, Operation Dragoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0002-0001", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance\nLater, it was planned for the brigade to be sent to the Far East to take part in operations against the Japanese Empire, however, they became involved in the Greek civil war during Operation Manna, and remained in Greece until 1945. Relieved by a larger force, 127 PFA returned to Italy where they remained until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0003-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance\nWith the war over 127 PFA returned to England and, still part of the 2nd Parachute Brigade, they were assigned to the 6th Airborne Division. Their next assignment was in the British mandate of Palestine, following which 127 PFA became part of the British Army of the Rhine. In 1947, when the Territorial Army was reformed, 127 PFA was re-designated as the 23rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance because the number 127 was a reserve designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0004-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Background\nImpressed by the success of German airborne operations during the Battle of France, the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, directed the War Office to investigate the possibility of creating a corps of 5,000 parachute troops. In September 1941 the 1st Parachute Brigade began forming, comprising three parachute infantry battalions. In keeping with British Army practice at the same time as the infantry battalions were being raised, airborne supporting arms were formed including Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0005-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Background\nThe war establishment of a Parachute Field Ambulance was 177 all ranks, made up of thirteen doctors in two surgical teams and four sections. The doctors could deal with 330 cases in a twenty-four-hour period. Each surgical team could handle 1.8 operations an hour. However this was not sustainable and if they were required to operate the following day, the team had to be relieved after twelve hours. It was envisaged that during airborne operations, it would not be possible to evacuate casualties until the ground forces had linked up with them. To accommodate this, the field ambulance had the ability to treat all types of wounds, and provide post operative care for up to fourteen days. They also had the transport required to evacuate casualties from the Regimental Aid Post (RAP) to the Main Dressing Station (MDS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0006-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Background\nAn airborne field ambulance was commanded by a lieutenant-colonel, with a major as the second in command and a regimental sergeant major as the senior non-commissioned rank. Headquarters staff included two specialist surgeons and a specialist anaesthetist, a pharmacist and an Army Dental Corps dentist. To assist in the operating theatre and with post operative care, there were six operating room assistants, a sergeant nursing orderly and six nursing orderlies. Other medical staff were a sergeant sanitary assistant, a masseur, a dental orderly and five stretcher bearers, one of whom was trained as a shoemaker. The rest of the headquarters consisted of a Quartermaster, clerks, cooks, storemen, an Army Physical Training Corps instructor, a barber and a joiner from the Royal Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0007-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Background\nThere were four sub units of twenty men known as sections. Each section comprised an officer (doctor) and a staff sergeant (nursing orderly); under their command were three nursing orderlies, a clerk, a dutyman and thirteen stretcher bearers. A section was normally attached to a parachute battalion to supplement their own medical officer and medics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0008-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Background\nThe last component of the Field Ambulance was the Royal Army Service Corps detachment, commanded by a captain, with a company sergeant major as second in command. They had fifty men under them: an electrician, a clerk, thirty-eight drivers, four motorcyclists and five vehicle mechanics. It was normal to have at least two RASC drivers with two jeeps and a trailer attached to each section; the remaining men and vehicles stayed with the headquarters surgical teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0009-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Background\nAll members of the Field Ambulance had to undergo a twelve-day parachute training course, which was carried out at No. 1 Parachute Training School, RAF Ringway. Initial parachute jumps were undertaken from a converted barrage balloon before progressing on to five jumps from an aircraft. Anyone failing to complete a descent was returned to his old unit. Those men who successfully completed the parachute course, were presented with their maroon beret and parachute wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0010-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Background\nAirborne operations were in their infancy in the Second World War and the British Army medical services had to design and develop a range of special medical airborne equipment. These included the Don pack, the Sugar pack, the folding airborne stretcher, the folding trestle table, the folding suspension bar, the airborne operating table, the airborne inhaler and special containers for blood and plasma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0011-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance\nOn 17 July 1942 the 127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance (127 PFA) was formed from a pre-war Territorial Army unit. It was the second RAMC parachute unit raised, and on formation the Field Ambulance was assigned to the 2nd Parachute Brigade in the 1st Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0012-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Italy\nAfter Operations Ladbroke and Fustian in Sicily, the 1st Airborne Division returned to North Africa. On 6 September the division was informed that they would be carrying out an amphibious landing at the Italian port of Taranto three days later. The landings were carried out by the 2nd and 4th Parachute Brigades, with the understrength 1st Parachute and 1st Airlanding Brigades in reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 75], "content_span": [76, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0013-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Italy\nWhile approaching the port, the minelayer HMS Abdiel, struck a mine and was blown up, killing 130 men and wounding the commanding officer Lieutenant-Colonel M. J. Kohane, two other medical officers and fifteen other ranks of 127 PFA. All the unit's medical equipment, which had been carried on board, was also lost. Otherwise the landing was unopposed; 2nd Parachute Brigade secured Taranto while the 4th Brigade pushed inland. So it was not until 26 September that the re-equipped 127 PFA was able to open a Main Dressing Station (MDS) at Canossa. Following the division's advance on 30 September 127 PFA had moved to Acquaviva taking over a school and converting it into a 100-bed hospital. During this time the division's four field ambulances treated 1,728 casualties, with the surgeons conducting 194 operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 75], "content_span": [76, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0014-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Italy\nOn 20 November, the\u00a01st Airborne Division returned to England, leaving the 2nd Parachute Brigade in Italy as an independent brigade. Now under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel P. Parkinson, 127 PFA also remained with the brigade. The brigade was ordered to the Sangro river area. Informed they would only be in the front line for around three weeks, only two sections and a surgical team with the headquarters moved forward. The brigade stayed in the line until May, and the 127 PFA sections took the opportunity to rotate between the front and rear areas. The brigade fought on the Adriatic coast until they were relieved at the end of March 1944. After a short rest they returned to the front in the Monte Cassino sector, remaining there until the end of May 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 75], "content_span": [76, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0015-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, South of France\nThe 2nd Parachute Brigade next came under command of the 1st Airborne Task Force for an airborne landing in the south of France in the area of Frejus. The landing took place in the early hours of 15 August 1944; the commanding officer and three other ranks parachuted in with the brigade headquarters. No.3 Section and No.1 Surgical Team dropped together but landed well off the drop zone (DZ) in the La Mote area. The airborne containers with their medical supplies were all lost or looted before they were located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0015-0001", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, South of France\nIt was not until 07:30 that they reached the DZ, and had to set up an operating theatre to treat the wounded from the parachute drop. The team remained here until 19:30 when they moved to a better location at St Michel. An hour later the surgical team was operating again, this time dealing with a number of casualties from the following glider force that had just landed, including a number of Americans who had no medical support with them. Between 15 and 18 August the surgical team performed forty-two operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0015-0002", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, South of France\nOn the morning 18 August units of the American 36th Infantry Division advancing from the coast reached Le Muy. The brigade then moved to the Frejus area on 20 August and Cannes was liberated on 25 August. The brigade sailed from Cannes the next day arriving in Naples on 28 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0016-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Greece\nThe 2nd Parachute Brigade was warned for an operation in Greece, to replace the retreating German Army and ensure law and order was maintained until a government could be formed. The 127 PFA plan was for a small detachment of one officer and nine other ranks to be attached to each of the parachute battalions. A section and a surgical team would accompany brigade headquarters in the first lift and a section would come in with the second lift. Two jeeps with medical equipment would come in with the brigade's glider force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0017-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Greece\nThe advance party from the 4th Parachute Battalion landed on 12 October on Megara airfield 28 miles (45\u00a0km) from Athens. Adverse weather affected the drop and caused a number of casualties, and prevented the remainder of the brigade landing. Plans were formed for a surgical team to travel by glider the next day to support the 4th Battalion's medical officer on the airfield. By 14 October the weather had improved and the majority of the brigade less the glider force, was able to parachute onto the airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0017-0001", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Greece\nHigh winds caused a number of casualties; from the 1,900 men taking part three were killed and ninety-seven wounded. The 127 PFA detachment with the 6th (Royal Welch) Parachute Battalion set up a dressing station to treat the wounded. The 4th and 6th Battalions set out for Athens taking their 127 PFA detachments with them, leaving only the commanding-officer and twenty-five men at the dressing station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0018-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Greece\nThe brigade became responsible for policing Athens and keeping both sides in the fledgling Greek Civil War apart. However, on 17 October 4 Battalion, with No.3 Section attached, was ordered to Thebes to follow up the retreating German Army. On 18 October 127 PFA moved into Athens from Megara, and took over the Evangelismos Hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0019-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Greece\nOn 4 November 6 Battalion moved to Thebes, while the 5th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion with brigade headquarters and 127 PFA moved to Salonika. It had been intended to withdraw the brigade but the situation deteriorated and they were sent back to Athens, where by 5 November 127 PFA had established a hospital in the Rouf barracks. The 2nd Parachute and 2nd Armoured Brigade moved into the city holding the Acropolis of Athens and strategic junctions. In the sporadic fighting casualties were light but constant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0019-0001", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Greece\nAt the end of 1944, it had been planned for the 2nd Parachute Brigade to go to India, to join the 44th Indian Airborne Division. However their continued involvement in Greece put those plans on hold and they were eventually cancelled. On 7 December war was officially declared on the ELAS forces. On 14 December 127 PFA moved to the university in the city centre and became the only unit capable of performing surgery. Between 14 October and 23 January 1945, when the fighting ended, 127 PFA treated 628 wounded and conducted 214 operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0020-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Palestine\nIn February 1945, the brigade was relieved and returned to Italy from Greece. They were prepared for further operations in the spring offensive and the crossing of the River Po. From March until the end of the war, over thirty airborne operations were planned but all were later cancelled. With the war over the brigade returned to England in May 1945. They were based at Greenham Lodge in Newbury, Berkshire, until 26 October when, along with the rest of 2nd Parachute Brigade, they sailed from Liverpool to join the 6th Airborne Division in Palestine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 79], "content_span": [80, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0021-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Palestine\nOn their arrival in Palestine they were deployed in the Gaza district. By July 1946 the situation in the country had deteriorated to such an extent that the complete division was deployed to Tel Aviv, with the field ambulance units taking over the running of the city's hospitals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 79], "content_span": [80, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008951-0022-0000", "contents": "127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Legacy\nIn January 1947, 2nd Parachute Brigade returned to England, and was stationed in Aldershot. When the Territorial Army was reformed on 1 April 1947, 127 PFA was renumbered 23rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance (23 PFA) because the number 127 was a reserve designation. Since then the British airborne force has been reduced to a single brigade group based on the 2nd Parachute Brigade, which was itself renumbered as the 16th. With them, 23 PFA has participated in a number of conflicts including the last battalion-sized parachute landing undertaken at Suez in 1956, where a section and a surgical team of 23 PFA jumped with the 3rd Parachute Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008952-0000-0000", "contents": "127th Air Refueling Group\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Lineagegeek (talk | contribs) at 15:28, 15 April 2020 (-Category: Airlift groups of the United States Air Force; +Category:Air refueling groups of the United States Air Force using HotCat). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008952-0001-0000", "contents": "127th Air Refueling Group\nThe 127th Air Refueling Group is a unit of the Michigan Air National Guard, assigned to the 127th Wing, Selfridge Air National Guard Base, Michigan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008952-0002-0000", "contents": "127th Air Refueling Group, History\nEstablished in 1962 when the Michigan ANG 171st Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was expanded to a Group. Was primarily a training unit flying second-line RF-84F Thundersteak reconnaissance aircraft for Tactical Air Command, upgrading to the newer RF-101 Voodoo in 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008952-0003-0000", "contents": "127th Air Refueling Group, History\nReassigned to Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM) in 1973, equipped with F-106 Delta Dart interceptors. Performed air defense duties of the Great Lakes and Detroit area until 1978 when ADCOM was merged into Tactical Air Command. Continued air defense mission for ADTAC component of TAC with F-4 Phantom IIs, transferring to First Air Force when ADTAC was replaced in 1985. Upgraded to F-16A Fighting Falcons in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008952-0004-0000", "contents": "127th Air Refueling Group, History\nTransferred to Air Mobility Command in 1993 when the group became a C-130 Hercules Tactical Airlift unit. Inactivated in April 1996 when the 127th Fighter Wing and 191st Airlift Group were merged due to the One-Base, One Wing policy. Reactivated in May 1999 as a group under the 127th Wing, operating the C-130 airlift element of the composite wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008952-0005-0000", "contents": "127th Air Refueling Group, History\nInactivated in September 2007 with the realignment of Selfridge and transfer of the C-130s and the transition to the KC-135 Stratotanker due to BRAC 2005. The 191st Group was inactivated, however the 191st Operation Support Flight, 191st Maintenance Squadron, 191st Aircraft Maintenance Squadron, 191st Maintenance Operations Flight and the 171st Air Refueling Squadron were reassigned to the 127th Air Refueling Group, 127th Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008953-0000-0000", "contents": "127th Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union\nThe 127th Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) was hosted in Quebec City, Canada from October 21 to 26, 2012. Approximately 1,500 delegates from 162 member parliaments, 10 associate members and observing organizations were invited to attend the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008953-0001-0000", "contents": "127th Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union\nThe Assembly's overall theme was: Citizenship, identity, and linguistic and cultural diversity in a globalized world. It included different discussion panels on issues such as: multilateralism and parliamentary diplomacy, peak oil and the prospects for energy security, peace consolidation after conflict, youth participation in today's global economy, and gender sensitive parliaments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008953-0002-0000", "contents": "127th Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union\nThe 127th Assembly was the fourth IPU Assembly hosted by the Parliament of Canada since it was formally affiliated with the IPU in 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008954-0000-0000", "contents": "127th Baluch Light Infantry\nThe 127th Queen Mary's Own Baluch Light Infantry was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army raised in 1844 as The Scinde Bellochee Corps. It was designated as the 127th Baluch Light Infantry in 1903 and became 3rd Battalion (Queen Mary's Own) 10th Baluch Regiment in 1922. In 1947, it was allocated to the Pakistan Army, where it continues to exist as the 10th Battalion of The Baloch Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008954-0001-0000", "contents": "127th Baluch Light Infantry, Early history\nIn 1843, the British conquered Sindh after defeating the ruling confederacy of Baloch chieftains. General Sir Charles Napier, the British commander, was much impressed by the ferocious courage of his Balochi opponents and decided to recruit two irregular battalions of Bombay Army for local service within Sindh. The first of these was raised at Karachi as the Scinde Bellochee Corps or the Bellochee Battalion by Major F. Jackson in 1844. Its manpower was mostly drawn from Balochis, Sindhis and Pathans from Sindh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008954-0001-0001", "contents": "127th Baluch Light Infantry, Early history\nLater, it also recruited Brahuis and Punjabi Muslims, while the recruitment area was extended to include Baluchistan, North-West Frontier Province and the Punjab. On the raising of the 2nd Battalion in 1846, the regiment was designated as the 1st Belooch Battalion. When the Indian Mutiny broke out in 1857, the 1st Belooch Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Farquhar was dispatched across the Sindh desert to join the Delhi Field Force. It was engaged in several actions during the siege and capture of Delhi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008954-0001-0002", "contents": "127th Baluch Light Infantry, Early history\nDuring the next two years, it fought in numerous engagements in Oudh and Rohilkhand, as the British systematically stamped out all resistance. The regiment was brought into line for its services in North India as the 27th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry or the 1st Belooch Regiment. In 1868, it took part in the long and arduous Expedition to Abyssinia. The splendid performance of 1st Belooch Regiment in Abyssinia was much appreciated and as a reward, it was converted into Light Infantry. In 1879-80, the 1st Beloochees participated in the Second Afghan War, followed by the Third Burmese War of 1885-87, where they earned the nickname of Capital Campaigners for their excellent performance. In 1897-99, the regiment was sent to British East Africa to quell an insurgency in areas now forming Uganda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008954-0002-0000", "contents": "127th Baluch Light Infantry, 127th Queen Mary's Own Baluch Light Infantry\nSubsequent to the reforms brought about in the Indian Army by Lord Kitchener in 1903, all former Bombay Army units had 100 added to their numbers. Consequently, the regiment's designation was changed to 127th Baluch Light Infantry. In 1906, the Princess of Wales (later Queen Mary) was appointed Colonel-in-Chief of the regiment. The regimental full dress uniform in 1914 included a rifle green turban and kurta (knee length tunic) piped in red, worn with red trousers and white gaiters. The red trousers were a distinctive feature of all five Baluch infantry regiments then serving in the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008954-0002-0001", "contents": "127th Baluch Light Infantry, 127th Queen Mary's Own Baluch Light Infantry\nOn the outbreak of the First World War, the regiment served in German East Africa and Persia. In 1918, it raised the 2nd Battalion 127th Queen Mary's Own Baluch Light Infantry, which served in the Palestine and took part in the Battle of Megiddo that led to the defeat of the Turkish Army in Palestine. The 2nd Battalion was disbanded in 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008954-0003-0000", "contents": "127th Baluch Light Infantry, Subsequent History\nIn 1922, the regiment was grouped with five other Baluch battalions: 1st & 2nd Battalions of 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, 126th Baluchistan Infantry, 129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis and the 130th King George's Own Baluchis (Jacob's Rifles), to form the 10th Baluch Regiment. The 127th Queen Mary's Own Baluch Light Infantry was redesignated as the 3rd Battalion (Queen Mary's Own) 10th Baluch Regiment. During the Second World War, 3/10th Baluch served in Iran, Iraq, North Africa, Sicily, Italy and Greece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008954-0003-0001", "contents": "127th Baluch Light Infantry, Subsequent History\nIn 1946, it was selected for conversion into an airborne battalion, but the events of 1947 intervened and on the Partition of India, the battalion, along with the Baluch Regiment was allocated to Pakistan Army. In 1956, on the merger of 8th Punjab and Bahawalpur Regiments with the Baluch Regiment, 3 Baluch was redesignated as 10 Baluch (now 10 Baloch). During the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971, the battalion fought with distinction in Kashmir and took part in the capture of Chhamb in 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008955-0000-0000", "contents": "127th Battalion (12th York Rangers), CEF\nThe 127th (12th York Rangers) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Toronto, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in York County. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was redesignated the 2nd Battalion, Canadian Railway Troops on November 8, 1916. The 127th (12th York Rangers) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008955-0001-0000", "contents": "127th Battalion (12th York Rangers), CEF\nAs railway troops, the battalion specialized in building light railway lines close to the front (a Canadian specialty) for the rapid movement of troops and supplies from established railway heads. The battalion prided itself on its rapid bridge-building skills and an improvised turntable it crafted on several occasions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008955-0002-0000", "contents": "127th Battalion (12th York Rangers), CEF\nIn April 1918 as the second great German offensive of the year rolled back over the old Somme battlefield, the 127th was pressed into service as infantry near Amiens. Although initially trained as infantry, the battalion had not been employed as such but the men were apparently eager to show they could fight even if they were only armed with rifles. Combing through the chaos of Amiens, a large number of 'surplus' Lewis guns were 'acquired' and the battalion entered the line with considerably more firepower than might have been expected. At any rate, the German advance was being slowed up by exhausted troops and the usual logistical problems created in moving over First World War battlefields. The attempt to dislodge the 127th was not a determined one and the battalion's inordinate firepower debarred further attempts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008955-0003-0000", "contents": "127th Battalion (12th York Rangers), CEF\nThe position they secured remained the Allied frontline until the Amiens Offensive of August 8, 1918. Once relieved, the 127th returned to its previous duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008955-0004-0000", "contents": "127th Battalion (12th York Rangers), CEF\nThe battalion is perpetuated by The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0000-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron\nThe 127th Command and Control Squadron (127 CACS) was a unit of the Kansas Air National Guard 184th Intelligence Wing stationed at McConnell Air Force Base, Wichita, Kansas. The 127th was a non-flying squadron operating the Distributed Common Ground System. The unit was inactivated on 29 September 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0001-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the Kansas National Guard 127th Observation Squadron, established on 30 July 1940. It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0002-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, Overview\nThe mission of the 127 CACS was to provide communication support to the U.S. Government at all levels, including United States Department of Defense, Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency, state, and local agencies. These agencies are provided redundant communities during Peace Time, Natural Disasters and National Emergencies. Equipment utilized in support of the mission is flexible and state of the art, enabling the 127th to provide services in a full spectrum of situations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0003-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History\nEstablished by the National Guard Bureau on 30 July 1940 as the 127th Observation Squadron, and activated in August 1941. Initially the squadron had 115 men in its ranks. It was, however, still short of officers since it only had nine officers but was authorized a total of thirty-one. Moved to Sherman Field at Fort Leavenworth, by November 1941 the squadron had one BE-1, one O-47A, one O-38E and several L-1's. All of the aircraft were single engine observation/liaison planes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0004-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 127th was ordered to federal service on 6 October 1941, became a training unit for observation and liaison pilots. According to the original plans, the squadron was to be based at Brownwood Army Airfield, Texas until the \"emergency\" was over and it could return to its home base at Wichita. The 7 December 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor changed all plans for American military units. A number of 127th personnel were off the base that Sunday (7 December) and returned to find it almost impossible to get back on base. Was moved to Tullahoma Army Air Base, Tullahoma, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0005-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II\nTullahoma Army Air Base was situated in close proximity to Camp Forrest, Tennessee, the site of a major infantry center. Trained on missions cooperating with the 33d and 80th Infantry divisions, both of which were stationed in the vicinity. At the same time the 124th Observation Squadron from the Iowa National Guard was stationed at Tullahoma. Beginning in 1942, the squadron was assigned to the 75th Observation Group (headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama) for its higher headquarters. The squadron left Tullahoma on 5 September 1942, for Barksdale Army Airfield, Shreveport, Louisiana to participate in the largest war games ever staged by the United States Army. During the Louisiana Maneuvers the 127th worked in close cooperation with their higher headquarters, the 75th Observation Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0006-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II\nOn 19 August 1943, the 127th was reassigned to the First Air Support Command (headquarters at Morris Field, Charlotte, North Carolina). This command would soon become the First Tactical Air Division. Beginning in April 1944 the squadron received indications that it would not remain a training organization much longer. on 10 November 1944, three years after mobilization, the squadron left the United States for the Pacific Theater. Docked at Bombay, India on 10 December 1944 being assigned to the Tenth Air Force in the China Burma India Theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0007-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II\nSquadron pilots were constantly involved in duties supporting the British Army. Their missions included such activities as photographic and reconnaissance duties, evacuation of wounded, supply drops, courier duties, and cargo flights. They were entrusted with secret messages, regular mail and with transporting fresh blood to the front. Their operations were directed from the Tactical Air Command headquarters of the Fifteenth Corps of the British Army (their actual higher headquarters in this period was the Second Air Commando Group, United States Army Air Corps).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0007-0001", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 127th Liaison Squadron (Commando) cooperated with the British Army from the beginning of the Burma offensive in February until the latter part of April 1945. Through this campaign, every pilot that participated (with one exception) flew sufficient hours and missions to entitle him to an Air Medal with one Oak Leaf Cluster, the Distinguished Flying Cross, and most of the pilots were eligible for a second Oak Leaf Cluster to the Air Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0008-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II\nAfter the end of the war, was moved to Okinawa where the unit was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0009-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard\nThe wartime 127th Liaison Squadron was re-designated as the 127th Fighter Squadron and was allotted to the Kansas Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Wichita Army Airfield, and was extended federal recognition on 7 September 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 127th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 127th Liaison Squadron. The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was assigned to the Missouri ANG 131st Fighter Group for administration, however it was placed under the Kansas Military Department for operational control. The F-51 was flown until December 1949, when the unit received the F-84C Thunderjet fighter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 70], "content_span": [71, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0010-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe 127th was federalized on 10 October 1950 due to the Korean War. It was assigned to the federalized Oklahoma ANG 137th Fighter-Bomber Wing and equipped with F-84G Thunderjets. Along with the Oklahoma ANG 125th Fighter Squadron and Georgia ANG 128th Fighter Squadron, the wing was scheduled for deployment to the new Chaumont-Semoutiers AB, France, as part of the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 93], "content_span": [94, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0011-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nby 27 November, the wing assembled at Alexandria Municipal Airport, Louisiana for conversion training in the newer F-84Gs. Deployment of the wing was delayed, however, by the need to transfer pilots to Korea from training and delays in receiving engines for the F-84Gs, as well as the ongoing construction at Chaumont AB. Training and delays continued throughout 1951. Due to these delays, many of the activated National Guard airmen were released from active duty and never deployed to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 93], "content_span": [94, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0012-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nWith mostly regular Air Force personnel and all the delays behind them, the remaining Guardsmen departed Louisiana on 5 May 1952 for Europe, however, the 128th inherited a base that was little more than acres of mud where wheat fields used to be. The only hardened facilities at Chaumont was a concrete runway and a handful of tarpaper shacks. The 127th wound up being stationed by USAFE at Neubiberg Air Base, West Germany until the facilities in France were suitable for military use. The aircraft arrived at Chaumont on 25 June, being the first USAF tactical air fighters to be based permanently in France, albeit working mostly in tents and temporary wooden buildings on their new base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 93], "content_span": [94, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0013-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe Guardsmen of the 127th ended their active-duty tour in France and returned to the United States in late June, leaving their F-84 Thunderjets in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 93], "content_span": [94, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0014-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, Cold War\nUpon the squadrons return to Wichita, the 127th Fighter-Bomber squadron was again assigned F-51D aircraft due to the shortage of jets created by the Korean War. In June 1954, F-80C Shooting Star jet fighters were assigned, followed by designation of the unit to the 127th Fighter Interceptor Squadron, and assignment of the F-86L Sabre all-weather interceptor in January 1958 being used in an air defense mission for Air Defense Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 80], "content_span": [81, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0015-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe unit converted to the F-100C Super Sabre, and was designated the 127th Tactical Fighter Squadron in April 1961, being assigned to Tactical Air Command. On 1 October 1962, the 127th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 184th Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 127th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 184th Headquarters, 184th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 184th Combat Support Squadron, and the 184th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 80], "content_span": [81, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0016-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn January 1968, following the North Korea seizure of the USS\u00a0Pueblo\u00a0(AGER-2), the unit was ordered to extended active duty, and deployed to Kunsan Air Base, South Korea. The unit was assigned as part of the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing until release from active duty and return to state control in June 1969. On 25 March 1971, the 184th was designated the 184th Tactical Fighter Training Group and acquired the F-105 Thunderchief aircraft, receiving Vietnam War returning aircraft. As the USAF Combat Crew Training School, the unit conducted pilot training in the F-105 for nine years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 80], "content_span": [81, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0017-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, Cold War\nOn 1 October 1973, the 184th assumed the responsibility of operating and maintaining the Smoky Hill Weapons Range at Salina, Kansas. With over 36,000 acres, Smoky Hill is the Air National Guard's largest weapons range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 80], "content_span": [81, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0018-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, Cold War\nOn 7 August 1979, the unit received its first F-4D Phantom II, and on 8 October 1979, was designated as the 184th Tactical Fighter Group, equipped with 50 F-4D's. In April 1982, the 184th was tasked to develop a F-4D Fighter Weapons Instructor Course to meet the needs of the Air Reserve Forces and the USAF Tactical Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 80], "content_span": [81, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0019-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn January 1987, the 184th was tasked to activate a squadron of F-16A/B Fighting Falcon aircraft, and conduct conversion and upgrade training in the F-16. On 8 July 1987, the 161st Tactical Fighter Training Squadron was established as the third flying squadron at the 184th TFG. Formal activation ceremonies for the 161st occurred on 12 September 1987, with the unit flying 10 F-16s and conducting its first student training class. In August 1988, the 127th Tactical Fighter Squadron graduated its final Fighter Weapons Instructor Course Class. The 127th TFS converted as the second F-16 training squadron. The last F-4D departed from the 184th TFG on 31 March 1990. The 161st TFTS began converting to the F-16 C/D when the first C/D model arrived at the 184th TFG in July 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 80], "content_span": [81, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0020-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nIn July 1993, the 184th Fighter Group changed gaining commands and became part of the new Air Education and Training Command. In July 1994, the 184th Fighter Group was designated at the 184th Bomb Wing and again became part of the Air Combat Command, flying the B-1B Lancer. The 184th was the first Air National Guard unit to fly bombers. It received its B-1Bs from the former 28th Bomb Squadron/384th Bomb Wing at McConnell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 89], "content_span": [90, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0021-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nIn order to save money, the USAF agreed to reduce its active fleet of B-1Bs from 92 to 60 aircraft. The first B-1B was flown to storage at AMARC on 20 August 2002. In total, 24 B-1Bs were consigned to storage at AMARC, with ten of these being retained in \"active storage\" which means that they could be quickly returned to service should circumstances dictate. The remaining 14 in storage at AMARC will be scavenged for spare parts to keep the remainder flying. The remaining 8 aircraft to be withdrawn from service were placed on static display at various museums. In exchange for retiring its B-1s, the 184th was redesigned the 184th Air Refueling Wing on 16 September 2002, flying the KC-135R tanker. In addition to the tanker mission, the 184th also took on several new missions within the information operations mission set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 89], "content_span": [90, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0022-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, BRAC 2005\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign McConnell Air National Guard (ANG) Base by relocating the 184th Air Refueling Wing (ANG) nine KC-135R aircraft to the 190th Air Refueling Wing at Forbes Field AGS, which would retire its eight assigned KC-135E aircraft. The 184th Air Refueling Wing 's operations and maintenance manpower would transfer with the aircraft to Forbes. Realigning ANG KC-135R aircraft from McConnell to Forbes would replace the 190th's aging, higher maintenance KC-135E aircraft with newer models while retaining the experienced personnel from one of the highest-ranking reserve component tanker bases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0023-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, History, Kansas Air National Guard, BRAC 2005\nIn June 2007, the 190 ARW gained custody of all KC-135R aircraft from the 184th ARW. This action consolidated all of the Kansas ANG's KC-135R assets into a single wing located at Forbes Field. In April 2008, the 184th Air Refueling Wing was designated the 184th Intelligence Wing making it the first Intelligence Wing in the Air National Guard. With the loss of the flying mission the \"Flying Jayhawks\" are now the \"Fighting Jayhawks\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008956-0024-0000", "contents": "127th Command and Control Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008957-0000-0000", "contents": "127th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 127th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 2, 1973, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Governor Sherman W. Tribbitt and Eugene Bookhammer as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008957-0001-0000", "contents": "127th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1970 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008957-0002-0000", "contents": "127th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 127th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008957-0003-0000", "contents": "127th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008957-0004-0000", "contents": "127th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008958-0000-0000", "contents": "127th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 127th Division (\u7b2c127\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakunij\u016bnana Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Eimai Division (\u82f1\u9081\u5175\u56e3, Eimai Heidan). It was formed on 16 January 1945 in Hunchun as a triangular division. It was a part of the eight simultaneously created divisions including the 121st, 122nd, 123rd, 124th, 125th, 126th, 127th and 128th Divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the 9th Border Guards Group and some personnel from the 112th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008958-0001-0000", "contents": "127th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\nThe 127th Division was assigned to the Third Army on 26 February 1945. By the end of March 1945, the 280th and 281st Infantry Regiments were combat ready, and the 282nd Infantry Regiment was formed from a couple of independent infantry battalions diverted from the Fujin City area. In the middle May 1945, the division formation was officially complete. The 127th Division was reinforced by the 2nd Heavy Artillery Regiment and the 2nd Independent Heavy Artillery Battery, both  armed with Type 45 240 mm howitzers. In July 1945, the 37th Artillery Regiment and the 127th Airborne Battalion were added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008958-0002-0000", "contents": "127th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\nThe 127th Division was used primarily as a labor unit to dig the defenses to be used by the more combat-ready units, therefore it was transferred several times, first from Hunchun to Tumen, Jilin, then to Longjing, Jilin. By 9 August 1945, the divisional headquarters were at Helong (Pataohotzu), while the 281st Infantry Regiment was quartered at Yanji. The majority of the troops were deployed west of the Tumen River. The divisional fortifications were mostly cave-type, and approximately 1/3 complete by 9 August 1945. Combat training was sporadic due to the need for concealment and diversion for labor duties, with reported low self-confidence of the non-commissioned officers by the end of July 1945. The combat efficiency of the 127th Division was estimated to be 20%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008958-0003-0000", "contents": "127th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\nThe 127th Division was the first Japanese unit to come under attack by the Red Army during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. The shelling of the positions of the 280th Infantry Regiment on the north flank of the 127th Division started immediately after midnight 9 August 1945. Immediately afterwards, the Third Army reinforced the 127th Division with the 101st Independent Mixed Regiment. The 280th Infantry Regiment managed to retreat and disengaged on 11 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008958-0004-0000", "contents": "127th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\nThe announcement of the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945 was dismissed as false by the commanders of the 127th Division. The division participated in preparations for a counterattack to Soviet armor units' breakthrough at Yanji on 15\u201316 August 1945, but the hostilities ceased before units sent were engaged. The division surrendered on 19 August 1945 while still in their initial defensive positions. The total losses of the 127th Division during the invasion were 853 men, the majority of them forward scouts declared missing in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008958-0005-0000", "contents": "127th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History, Equipment\nThe 127th Division had some shortage of equipment prior to the start of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008958-0006-0000", "contents": "127th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History, Equipment\nLack of anti-tank weapons resulted in the 127th Ordnance Company fabricating improvised explosive devices that were intended to be thrown, out of stock of aerial bombs in Hoeryong stores. Metal-tipped bamboo spears were also manufactured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008958-0007-0000", "contents": "127th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History, Equipment\nThe division was supplied with 2 weeks' worth of ammunition, of which 75% was concentrated in the forward positions. Although general supply levels were adequate, automotive fuel and electrical batteries for the radios were in short supply. Also, supply of engineering equipment for digging the fortifications was inadequate despite tools and machinery requisitioned from the local coal mines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008959-0000-0000", "contents": "127th IOC Session\nThe 127th IOC Session took place in December 2014 in Monte Carlo, Monaco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008959-0001-0000", "contents": "127th IOC Session, Olympic Agenda 2020\nAll provisions in the Olympic Agenda 2020 reform package were approved by the full IOC membership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008959-0002-0000", "contents": "127th IOC Session, 130th IOC Session host election\nOn December 9, 2014, the IOC members voted for the city that will host the 131st IOC Session in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008959-0003-0000", "contents": "127th IOC Session, 130th IOC Session host election, Recognition of Kosovo\nThe IOC approved Kosovo's inclusion as a full member of the Committee, allowed the country to participate in Rio 2016 under its national flag. The IOC code for Kosovo Olympic Team is KOS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 73], "content_span": [74, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008960-0000-0000", "contents": "127th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 127th Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008960-0001-0000", "contents": "127th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 127th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Douglas in Chicago, Illinois, and mustered in for three years service on September 6, 1862, under the command of Colonel John Van Arman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008960-0002-0000", "contents": "127th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 4th Brigade, 5th Division, District of Memphis, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, November 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIII Corps, to December 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Sherman's Yazoo Expedition, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XV Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to September 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XV Corps, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008960-0003-0000", "contents": "127th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 127th Illinois Infantry mustered out of service June 4, 1865, and was discharged at Chicago on June 17, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008960-0004-0000", "contents": "127th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Memphis, Tennessee, November 9\u201313, 1862. Duty at Camp Douglas, Illinois, guarding prisoners, September 6 to November 9, 1862. Grant's Mississippi Central Campaign. \"Tallahatchie March\" November 26-December 13. Sherman's Yazoo Expedition December 20, 1862 to January 3, 1863. Chickasaw Bayou December 26\u201328, 1862. Chickasaw Bluff December 29. McClernand's Expedition to Arkansas Post, Arkansas, January 3\u201310, 1863. Assault and capture of Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, January 10\u201311. Moved to Young's Point, Louisiana, January 22, and duty there until March. Expedition to Rolling Fork, via Muddy. Steele's and Black Bayous and Deer Creek March 14\u201327. Deer Creek March 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008960-0004-0001", "contents": "127th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDemonstrations on Haines' and Drumgould's Bluffs April 29-May 2. Movement to Jackson, Mississippi, via Grand Gulf, May 2\u201314. Jackson May 14, Champion Hill May 16. Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi, May 18-July 4. Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22. Surrender of Vicksburg July 4. Advance on Jackson, Mississippi, July 4\u201310. Siege of Jackson July 10\u201317. At Big Black until September 22. Moved to Memphis, Tennessee; then marched to Chattanooga, Tennessee, September 22-November 20. Operations on Memphis & Charleston Railroad in Alabama October 20\u201329. Bear Creek, Tuscumbia, Alabama, October 27. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Foot of Missionary Ridge November 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008960-0004-0002", "contents": "127th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nTunnel Hill November 24\u201325. Missionary Ridge November 26. Pursuit to Graysville November 26\u201327. March to relief of Knoxville November 28-December 8. At Larkinsville, Alabama, until May 1864. Atlanta Campaign May to September. Demonstration on Resaca May 8\u201313. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Movement on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Chattahoochie River July 6\u201317. Battle of Atlanta July 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008960-0004-0003", "contents": "127th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Ezra Chapel, Hood's second sortie, July 28. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. March to the Sea November 15-December 10. Clinton November 23. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Assault and capture of Fort McAllister December 13. Campaign of the Carolinas January to April 1865. Salkehatchie Swamps, South Carolina, February 2\u20135. South Edisto River February 9. North Edisto River February 12\u201313. Columbia February 16\u201317. Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina, March 20\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Virginia, April 29-May 19. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 993]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008960-0005-0000", "contents": "127th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 218 men during service; 2 officers and 47 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 168 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0000-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 2nd Battalion, 127th Infantry Regiment  traces its origins to the 4th Infantry Battalion, Wisconsin National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0001-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization\nThe 4th Infantry Battalion, Wisconsin National Guard, was organized on 25 April 1884, from Milwaukee companies, expanded and redesignated in 1890 as the 4th Infantry Regiment (four companies transferred to 1st Infantry Regiment 28 April 1898).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0002-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization\nThe four regiments of the Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry in federal service for the War with Spain were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0003-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization\nThey were reorganized on 10 June 1899, as 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Infantry Regiments in the Wisconsin National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0004-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, Mexico Border War\nThe 1st, 2nd, 3rd Infantry Regiments were mustered into federal service on 30 June 1916, for service on the Mexican Border Service and mustered out at Fort Sheridan, Illinois, on 19 January 1917, (1st Battalion), 28 February 1917, (2nd Battalion), and 14 December 1916 (3rd Battalion).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0005-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, World War I\nThe regiments were again called into federal service for World War I on 15 July 1917, and drafted into federal service on 5 August 1917. They were reorganized and redesignated as the 128th and 127th Infantry on 24 September 1917 at Camp MacArthur, Texas, and assigned to the 32nd Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0006-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, World War I\nThe units were disbanded at Camp Grant, Illinois, on 18 May 1919, (127th) and 19 May 1919 (128th). The 32d Division demobilized on 23 May 1919, at Camp Custer, Michigan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0007-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe 127th Infantry was reconstituted and was reorganized on 1 April 1921, in the eastern portion of Wisconsin and assigned to 32nd Division. It was inducted into federal service on 15 October 1940, at Crandon. (The 32nd Division was redesignated on 1 August 1942, as 32nd Infantry Division).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0008-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nOn 26 November 1942, the 127th disembarked at Port Moresby after a period of training in Australia. The 3rd Battalion, 127th Infantry Regiment now took over on the Urbana front at Buna during the battle of Buna\u2013Gona. Not able to be supported by tanks due to the terrain and swampy land, the fighting was a desperate tree-by-tree, bunker-by-bunker struggle. On 24 December 1942, First Sergeant, Elmer J. Burr was posthumously awarded first Medal of Honor of the campaign by throwing himself onto a grenade and absorbing the explosion protecting his commanding officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0008-0001", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nLater the same day Sergeant, Kenneth E. Gruennert was awarded the Medal of Honor for knocking out two enemy bunkers single-handedly, and after being severely wounded in his attack against the first bunker, attacked the second bunker before being killed by a sniper. Cpl . Clarence \"Inky\" J. Jungwirth (Ret.) is the last surviving 2nd battalion combat veteran from the battle of Buna\u2013Gona, et al. residing in Oshkosh, WI as of 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0009-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe unit inactivated on 28 February 1946, at Fukuoka, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0010-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), Post-World War II\nIt was reorganized and federally recognized on 18 August 1949 with headquarters in Waukesha, Wisconsin. It was reorganized on 15 February 1959, as the 127th Infantry, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System. The 127th Infantry consisted of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battle Groups, elements of the 32d Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0011-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), Post-World War II\nThe 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battle Groups, 127th Infantry were ordered to active federal service on 15 October 1961, at Appleton, Oshkosh, and Milwaukee, respectively. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battle Groups, 127th Infantry were released from active federal service and reverted to State control on 10 August 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0012-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), Post-World War II\nThe 127th Infantry reorganized on 1 April 1963, to consist of 1st, 2nd, and, 3rd Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0013-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), Unit insignia\nShield:  Azure, on a pale Argent the shoulder sleeve insignia of the 42d Division (the fourth quadrant of a rainbow of three bands, Red, Yellow and Blue) surmounted by the shoulder sleeve insignia of the 32d Division (a Red arrow having shot through a line), both Proper; on a chief of the second three fountains. Crest:  That for the regiments of the Wisconsin National Guard:  On a wreath of the colors (Argent and Azure) a badger couchant Proper. Motto:  LES TERRIBLES.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0014-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), Unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was approved on 16 June 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0015-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nAzure, on a pale Argent the shoulder sleeve insignia of the 42d Division (the fourth quadrant of a rainbow of three bands, Red, Yellow and Blue) surmounted by the shoulder sleeve insignia of the 32d Division (a Red arrow having shot through a line), both Proper; on a chief of the second three fountains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0016-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments of the Wisconsin National Guard:  On a wreath of the colors (Argent and Azure) a badger couchant Proper. Motto LES TERRIBLES.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0017-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nThe shield is blue for Infantry. The silver of the pale and chief indicates the 127th Infantry is numerically senior to the 128th Infantry in the 64th Infantry Brigade. The 127th Infantry was federally recognizes 14 July 1920, and the 128th Infantry 16 April 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0017-0001", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nTradition is that the name Wisconsin means \"wild rushing waters,\" therefore, the three fountains, heraldic symbols for water, are used to symbolize the three Wisconsin regiments - The First, Second and Third National Guard Regiments - which were combined and from which organizations were drawn to make up the 127th Infantry; they also signify that the unit has been called into federal service three times \u2013 for the Spanish\u2013American War, Mexican Border duty and World War I, at the time the coat of arms was approved. The red arrow was the shoulder sleeve insignia of the 32d Division and the rainbow that of the 42d Division, during World War I. The motto \"LES TERRIBLES\" is the nom-de-guerre conferred upon the 127th Infantry during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0018-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nThe crest is that of the Wisconsin Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008961-0019-0000", "contents": "127th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nThe coat of arms was approved on 17 June 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008962-0000-0000", "contents": "127th Maine Senate\nThe 127th Maine Senate had 35 members each elected to two-year terms in November 2014. The first regular session was sworn-in on December 3, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008963-0000-0000", "contents": "127th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 127th Light Mechanized Infantry Division is the primary maneuver element of the 82nd Group Army in the Central Theater Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008963-0001-0000", "contents": "127th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 127th Light Mobile Mechanized Infantry Division is one of the most famous and best-equipped PLA formations. Its three main regiments, the 371st, 379th, and 380th, are all Red Army Infantry Regiments. The 379th regiment is the famed Ye Ting independent regiment, a nationalist armored train unit that was once commanded by Dr Sun Yat-Sen, with Zhou Enlai as its political commissar during the 1911 Xinhai Revolution. The \"Iron Army\" title was an honor for its Armored Train roots. It also acted as vanguard in the battle to seize the Luding Bridge during the Long March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008964-0000-0000", "contents": "127th Mixed Brigade\nThe 127th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army, belonging to the 28th Division, created during the Spanish Civil War. It operated on the Arag\u00f3n and Extremadura fronts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008964-0001-0000", "contents": "127th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe unit was created on April 28, 1937, on the Huesca front, from the old Red and Black Column. Command of the brigade fell to M\u00e1ximo Franco Cavero, with Ram\u00f3n de la Torre Mart\u00edn as Chief of Staff and the anarcho-syndicalist Manuel Lozano Guill\u00e9n as political commissioner. It was integrated into the 28th Division, which was the former Ascaso Column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008964-0001-0001", "contents": "127th Mixed Brigade, History\nIn June it took part in the Huesca Offensive and a few months later it also participated in the Zaragoza Offensive, attacking the town of Zuera \u2014without success\u2014. During the Battle of Teruel, while the 125th and 126th mixed brigades participated in the fighting, the 127th MB remained located in Upper Arag\u00f3n as a reserve force for the Eastern Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008964-0002-0000", "contents": "127th Mixed Brigade, History\nOn March 9, 1938, after the start of the nationalist offensive on the Aragon front, the brigade was ordered to march to the threatened sector to try to contain the enemy attack. On March 11, however, the brigade disbanded due to contact with the enemy in the area of Alag\u00f3n-Oliete. On March 13, it lost the towns of Andorra, Ari\u00f1o and Alloza, having to retreat to the area between Teruel and Escorihuela, where it was located until April 23rd. Its remains ended up being reintegrated into the old division. The 127th Brigade, which suffered a major loss, had to be withdrawn to Calles to undergo a reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008964-0003-0000", "contents": "127th Mixed Brigade, History\nIn August 1938 it was sent as reinforcement to the Extremadura front, now under the command of the militia major Esteban Serra Colobrans. The brigade intervened in the Republican counterattack that followed the Franco offensive in the Battle of Merida pocket. After crossing the Z\u00fajar river, it continued advancing until it was in the vicinity of Castuera. It remained in this sector until it was withdrawn to cover losses suffered. In January 1939 it intervened in the Battle of Pe\u00f1arroya, participating in the breakdown of the front and managing to advance to the Patuda and Trapera mountains. The unit was dissolved at the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008965-0000-0000", "contents": "127th Motor Rifle Division (Russia)\nThe 127th Order of Kutuzov Motor Rifle Division (Russian: 127-\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) is a division of the Russian Ground Forces. It was reformed from the 59th and 60th Motor Rifle Brigades in 2018, and was the 127th Machine-Gun Artillery Division (127 \u043f\u0443\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0451\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) from 1990 to 2009. The division traces its history to the 66th Rifle Division of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008965-0001-0000", "contents": "127th Motor Rifle Division (Russia), Formation and World War II\nThe division was originally formed on 14 May 1932 in village of  Lutkovka-Medveditskoye in the Shmakovsky raion of the Ussuriisk Oblast, Far Eastern Military District, as the 2nd Collective Farm Division. It was renamed the 66th Rifle Division on 21 May 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008965-0002-0000", "contents": "127th Motor Rifle Division (Russia), Formation and World War II\nThe division formed part of the 35th Army of the Maritime Group of Forces in the Far East in May 1945. In August 1945 the division, as a part of 1st Far East Front, participated in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. On 9 August 1945 the division began operations as part of 35th Army, advancing 12 kilometers, having forced the Songacha River in northern Heilongjiang. The division fought on the Ussuri River at Khotunsky (\u0425\u043e\u0442\u0443\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e), Mishan, Border (\u041f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e), and Duninsky (\u0414\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e)  fortified districts, capturing the cities of Mishan, Jilin, Jantszy, and Harbin. For its valour in combat and courage on 19 September 1945 the 66th Rifle Division was awarded the Order of Kutuzov, Second Degree. Three Hero of the Soviet Union medals, 1266 awards, and 2838 medals were given to the division's personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008965-0003-0000", "contents": "127th Motor Rifle Division (Russia), Postwar\nOn 29 November 1945 it was reorganised as the 2nd Tank Division, but was renamed again in 1957 as the 32nd Tank Division and in 1965 as the 66th Tank Division. On 30 March 1970 the division became the 277th Motor Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008965-0004-0000", "contents": "127th Motor Rifle Division (Russia), Postwar\nIn May 1981 the division headquarters was relocated to Sergeyevka. On 1 June 1990 the 277th Motor Rifle Division was reorganised as the 127th Machine Gun Artillery Division. The 702nd Motor Rifle Regiment was disbanded and replaced by the 114th Machine-Gun Artillery Regiment. It incorporated the 114th and 130th Machine Gun Artillery Regiments, the 314th Motor Rifle Regiment, 218th Tank Regiment, 872nd Artillery Regiment, and 1172nd Anti- Aircraft Rocket Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008965-0005-0000", "contents": "127th Motor Rifle Division (Russia), Postwar\nIn mid-2008 the division, under a new commander, Sergey Ryzhkov, replaced some of its former cadre units with higher-readiness units. A regiment arrived from Sergeevka and two regiments of constant readiness from Kamen-Rybolov (438th Motor Rifle Regiment?) on the western shore of Khanka Lake, and Ussuriysk (the 231st Motor Rifle Regiment). These changes effectively made the division a motor rifle formation though its designation was still that of a static defence formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008965-0006-0000", "contents": "127th Motor Rifle Division (Russia), Postwar\nIn 2009, as part of the Russian Ground Forces' transition to brigades, the division appears to have been reorganised as the 59th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade at Sergeevka from the main body of the division, equipped with BMPs, and the 60th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade at Lipovtsy, Primorsky Krai from the 218th Tank Regiment of the division, also equipped with BMPs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008965-0007-0000", "contents": "127th Motor Rifle Division (Russia), 127th Motorized Rifle Division (2018)\nAccording to a Krasnaya Zvezda article, the division was reformed by 1 December 2018 from the 59th and another brigade and began combat training in March 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008966-0000-0000", "contents": "127th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 127th New York Infantry Regiment (a.k.a. \"National Volunteers\" and \"Monitors\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008966-0001-0000", "contents": "127th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 127th New York Infantry was organized at Staten Island, New York beginning July 10, 1862, and mustered in for three-years service on September 8, 1862, under the command of Colonel William Gurney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008966-0002-0000", "contents": "127th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Abercrombie's Brigade, Defenses of Washington, D.C., to October 1862. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, and 4th Brigade, 1st Division, XII Corps, to October 1862. 3rd Brigade, Abercrombie's Division, Defenses of Washington, D.C. to February 1863. 3rd Brigade, Abercrombie's Division, XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to April 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to July 1863. 1st Brigade. 1st Division, XI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to August 1863. 1st Brigade, Gordon's Division, Folly Island, South Carolina, X Corps, Department of the South, to January 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008966-0002-0001", "contents": "127th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\n1st Brigade, Folly Island, South Carolina, Northern District, Department of the South, to April 1864. Morris Island, South Carolina, Northern District, Department of the South, to October 1864. District of Beaufort, South Carolina, 2nd Separate Brigade, Department of the South, to November 1864. 1st Brigade, Coast Division, Department of the South, to January 1865. 1st Separate Brigade, Northern District, Department of the South, to March 1865. 1st Separate Brigade, District of Charleston, South Carolina, Department of the South, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008966-0003-0000", "contents": "127th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 127th New York Infantry mustered out of service June 3, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008966-0004-0000", "contents": "127th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D.C., September 10, 1862. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until April 1863. Moved to Suffolk, Virginia, April 18. Siege of Suffolk, April 20\u00a0\u2013 May 4. Dix's Peninsula Campaign, June 24\u00a0\u2013 July 7. Ordered to Washington, D.C., July 10. Pursuit of Lee to Berlin, Maryland, July 13\u201322. Moved to Folly Island, South Carolina, August 1\u20138. Siege operations against Forts Wagner and Gregg on Morris Island and against Fort Sumter and Charleston, South Carolina, August 9\u00a0\u2013 September 7. Bombardment of Fort Sumter, August 17\u201323.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008966-0004-0001", "contents": "127th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOperations against Charleston and duty on Folly and Morris Islands, South Carolina, until October 1864. Assault on Fort Johnson and Battery Simpkins, James Island, South Carolina, July 3, 1864. Duty at Beaufort, South Carolina, until November 1864. Hatch's Expedition up Broad River, November 28\u201330. Battle of Honey Hill, November 30. Demonstration on Charleston & Savannah Railroad, December 6\u20139. Deveaux's Neck, Tullifinney River, December 6. Tullifinney River, December 9. Charleston & Savannah Railroad, December 19 and 29. Duty in the Northern District and at Charleston, South Carolina, Department of the South, until June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008966-0005-0000", "contents": "127th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 130 men during service; 35 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, one officer and 94 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008967-0000-0000", "contents": "127th New York State Legislature\nThe 127th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6 to April 15, 1904, during the fourth year of Benjamin B. Odell, Jr.'s governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008967-0001-0000", "contents": "127th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, 50 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (seven districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008967-0002-0000", "contents": "127th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party, the Prohibition Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008967-0003-0000", "contents": "127th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1903, was held on November 3. The only statewide elective office up for election was a judgeship on the New York Court of Appeals. The incumbent Democrat Denis O'Brien was re-elected with Republican endorsement. The Socialist candidate received about 33,000 votes, the Prohibition candidate about 19,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008967-0004-0000", "contents": "127th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1904; and adjourned on April 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008967-0005-0000", "contents": "127th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: In 1897, New York County (the boroughs of Manhattan and Bronx), Kings County (the borough of Brooklyn), Richmond County (the borough of Staten Island) and the Western part of Queens County (the borough of Queens) were consolidated into the present-day City of New York. The Eastern part of Queens County (the non-consolidated part) was separated in 1899 as Nassau County. Parts of the 1st and 2nd Assembly districts of Westchester County were annexed by New York City in 1895, and became part of the Borough of the Bronx in 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008967-0006-0000", "contents": "127th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008968-0000-0000", "contents": "127th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Twenty-seventh Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 2007 and 2008. The biennium corresponded with the final days the Bob Taft administration, and the first two years of Ted Strickland's tenure as Ohio Governor. The districts were drawn in accordance to the 2000 United States census and the 2002 redistricting process. Both the Ohio Senate and Ohio House of Representatives were retained by the Ohio Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008969-0000-0000", "contents": "127th Regiment of Foot\nThe 127th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, created in 1794 and disbanded in 1796. It was raised under the colonelcy of General John Cradock, 1st Baron Howden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008970-0000-0000", "contents": "127th Rifle Division (May 1943 formation)\nThe May 1943 formation of the 127th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, the third unit to bear the designation during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008970-0001-0000", "contents": "127th Rifle Division (May 1943 formation), History\nThe 127th Rifle Division was formed on 10 May 1943 from the 52nd and 98th Separate Rifle Brigades, part of the 28th Army of the Southern Front. The division included the 547th, 549th, and 555th Rifle Regiments, the 1034th Artillery Regiment, and smaller elements, reusing the numbers of previous formations of the 127th. Colonel Fyodor Maximovich Rukhlenko, deputy commander of the 315th Rifle Division, was appointed commander. On 6 August, for \"making a false report on the combat actions of the division,\" Rukhlenko was relieved of command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008970-0001-0001", "contents": "127th Rifle Division (May 1943 formation), History\nThe division was part of the 28th Army on 9 August when Colonel Margazian Galliulovich Krymov, commander of the 387th Rifle Division of the army, transferred to command it. The division went on the offensive against the German fortified Mius-Front on 24 August in the region of Saur-Mogila, the key to the German defense of the Donbass. After capturing Saur-Mogila, the division captured Chistyakovo on 2 September and Gorlovka on 4 September. On 8 September, for distinguishing itself in the battles for the capture of the Donbass the division received the name of Chistyakovo as an honorific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008970-0001-0002", "contents": "127th Rifle Division (May 1943 formation), History\nContinuing the offensive, the division fought its way to the Dnieper. The division was pulled from the front on 21 September and two days later transferred to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. The 127th, as part of the 1st Guards Army, arrived on the 1st Ukrainian Front in the Kiev region on 12 November. In early December, Krymov was relieved of command of the division for \"poor leadership and lack of care for the living conditions and supply of personnel.\" Lieutenant Colonel Vladimir Ivanovich Katrich, deputy commander of the 328th Rifle Division of the army, temporarily commanded the division from 12 December to 11 January 1944, leading it in the Zhitomir\u2013Berdichev offensive. During the offensive, the division participated in the capture of Zhitomir as part of the 1st Guards Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008970-0002-0000", "contents": "127th Rifle Division (May 1943 formation), History\nColonel Ivan Pavlovich Govorov, deputy commander of the 99th Rifle Division of the army, took command of the 127th on 12 January. At the time, the division was on the defensive near Kraspol. From March the division successfully fought in the Proskurov\u2013Chernovitsy Offensive. For the capture of Proskurov, the division was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 3 April. From 19 July the division fought in the Lvov\u2013Sandomierz offensive, during which it fought in the capture of Berezhany, Rogatin, Khodorov, and Zhidechuv.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008970-0002-0001", "contents": "127th Rifle Division (May 1943 formation), History\nFrom 5 August the division was in reserve and fought in the suppression of Banderites in the rear of the 1st Ukrainian Front. Major General Semyon Ivanovich Mladentsev took command of the 127th on 25 September. In October, the division fought in the final stage of the Battle of the Dukla Pass as part of the 38th Army. Its units attacked from the north of the fortified point of Polyany, ensuring the capture of Dukla Pass. On 30 October the division was pulled out of the fight, then from 29 November joined the 3rd Guards Army in the defense of the Sandomierz bridgehead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008970-0003-0000", "contents": "127th Rifle Division (May 1943 formation), History\nFrom January 1945 the 127th attacked during the Vistula\u2013Oder, Sandomierz\u2013Silesian, Lower Silesian, and Berlin Offensives. On 25 April Mladentsev was transferred to serve as deputy commander of the 120th Rifle Corps, and Colonel Nikolai Viktorovich Krasovsky, commander of the 197th Rifle Division of the army, took command of the 127th. During the Berlin Offensive, the division broke through German defenses on the Neisse and Spree, fighting in the destruction of the Halbe pocket in the region of Luckenwalde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008970-0003-0001", "contents": "127th Rifle Division (May 1943 formation), History\nThe division ended the war in the Prague offensive and for its \"exemplary completion of combat missions, valor and courage\" during the capture of Prague was awarded the Order of Kutuzov, 2nd class, on 4 June. On the same day, the three rifle regiments and artillery regiment of the division were awarded the Order of Alexander Nevsky and the 411th Separate Anti-Tank Battalion the Order of the Red Star for their contributions to the destruction of the Halbe pocket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008970-0004-0000", "contents": "127th Rifle Division (May 1943 formation), History\nAfter the end of the war, the division was disbanded in June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008971-0000-0000", "contents": "127th United States Colored Infantry Regiment\nThe 127th United States Colored Infantry was an American infantry regiment which fought with the Union Army during the American Civil War. Staffed by African American enlisted men who were placed under the command of white officers, the regiment was formed and trained at Camp William Penn near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania between August 23 and September 10, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008971-0001-0000", "contents": "127th United States Colored Infantry Regiment\nFollowing training, the regiment joined the 10th Corps, within the Army of the James, and later took part in some of the final battles of the war including the Battle of Chaffin's Farm, the Battle of Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road and the fighting  around the Appomattox Court House. After the war, the regiment undertook  occupation duties as part of the 25th Corps in Texas along the Mexican frontier and the Rio Grande River before its personnel were mustered out in September and October 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008971-0002-0000", "contents": "127th United States Colored Infantry Regiment\nThis regiment's battle flag was one of eleven designed by African American ornamental artist and portraitist David Bustill Bowser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008971-0003-0000", "contents": "127th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 127th U.S. Colored Infantry was formed on August 23, 1864, at Camp William Penn, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The regiment's enlisted personnel were African Americans, under the command of white officers. Its first central command staff included: Colonel Benjamin F. Tracy, Lieutenant Colonel James Given, Major Arthur M. Greene, Quartermaster John W. Taylor, Surgeon William C. Powell, Assistant Surgeon Eugene A. Chapman, and Chaplain Thomas S. Johnson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008971-0004-0000", "contents": "127th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, History\nAfter completing training on September 10, the regiment was ordered to City Point, Virginia. The regiment was attached to the 1st Brigade, 3rd Division of the U.S. Army's 10th Corps (Army of the James) until November 1864 when it was transferred to the 10th Corps' 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division. According to historian Samuel P. Bates, during this period of service, this regiment sustained only a single casualty, and that occurred during Union Army actions associated with the Second Battle of Deep Bottom, Virginia and the Siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008971-0004-0001", "contents": "127th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, History\nOther historians have noted, however, that these actions occurred later in the siege, and were related to the Battle of Chaffin's Farm (September 29\u201330), Battle of Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road (October 13 and October 27\u201328), trench duties outside of Richmond (until March 1865), operations near Hatcher's Run (March 29\u201331), and the Appomattox Campaign and Confederate States Army's surrender by Robert E. Lee (April 1865).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008971-0005-0000", "contents": "127th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, History\nAccording to U.S. National Park Service historians, the 127th U.S. Colored Infantry was one of the Union regiments which \"made the journey all the way to Appomattox Court House with Major General Edward Ord's Union Army of the James and arrived in time to be involved in the final fighting.... On the morning of the 9th at Appomattox Court House, the black units were sent forward to support other Federal units in the closing phase of the battle....\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008971-0006-0000", "contents": "127th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, History\nAfterward, the 127th was assigned to post-war duties at City Point. In June 1865, the regiment was shipped south to Brazos Santiago, Texas, where it was attached to the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, of the U.S. Army's 25th Corps (Department of Texas), and was assigned to duties along the Mexican frontier and Rio Grande River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008971-0007-0000", "contents": "127th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, History\nFollowing the honorable discharge of a significant number of the 127th's members and the members of other Union infantry units, the remaining infantrymen from the 127th were merged with other Union troops into a three-company-strength battalion on September 11, 1865. On October 20, of that same year, these men were also then honorably mustered out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008971-0008-0000", "contents": "127th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Battle flag, uniforms and other equipment\nThe regiment's battle flag (shown above) was one of 11 designed by African American ornamental artist and portraitist David Bustill Bowser,  and was \"one of the first widely viewed, positive images of African Americans painted by an African American,\" according to historians at the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 88], "content_span": [89, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008972-0000-0000", "contents": "127th meridian east\nThe meridian 127\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, Australia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008972-0001-0000", "contents": "127th meridian east\nThe 127th meridian east forms a great circle with the 53rd meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008972-0002-0000", "contents": "127th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 127th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008972-0003-0000", "contents": "127th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nGyeonggi Province Passing through Seoul  Gyeonggi Province - Passing through of Suwon  South Chungcheong Province  North Jeolla Province - Passing just west of Jeonju  South Jeolla Province  Passing just east of Gwangju  South Jeolla Province", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008973-0000-0000", "contents": "127th meridian west\nThe meridian 127\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008973-0001-0000", "contents": "127th meridian west\nThe 127th meridian west forms a great circle with the 53rd meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008973-0002-0000", "contents": "127th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 127th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008974-0000-0000", "contents": "128 (number)\n128 (one hundred [and] twenty-eight) is the natural number following 127 and preceding 129.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008974-0001-0000", "contents": "128 (number), In mathematics\n128 is the seventh power of 2. It is the largest number which cannot be expressed as the sum of any number of distinct squares. But it is divisible by the total number of its divisors, making it a refactorable number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008974-0002-0000", "contents": "128 (number), In mathematics\nThe sum of Euler's totient function \u03c6(x) over the first twenty integers is 128.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008974-0003-0000", "contents": "128 (number), In mathematics\n128 can be expressed by a combination of its digits with mathematical operators thus 128 = 28 - 1, making it a Friedman number in base 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008974-0004-0000", "contents": "128 (number), In mathematics\n128 is the only 3-digit number that is a 7th power (27).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008975-0000-0000", "contents": "128 AD Missile Regiment\n128 Air Defence Missile Regiment is an Air Defence regiment of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008975-0001-0000", "contents": "128 AD Missile Regiment, Formation\nThe regiment was raised on 1 April 1951 as a territorial army regiment at Arakkonam, Tamil Nadu. The first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Atma Singh Pannu, MBE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008975-0002-0000", "contents": "128 AD Missile Regiment, History\nAt the time of its formation, the Regiment was equipped with Bofors 40 mm L-60 anti-aircraft guns. The unit served at Arakkonam,  Ferozepur and  Madhopur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008975-0003-0000", "contents": "128 AD Missile Regiment, History\nOn 15 September 1973, the unit was converted into a regular air defence regiment. It was equipped with L/70 guns and SFM radar. It served in Bombay, Udhampur, Jamnagar, Ferozepur, Srinagar and Surat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008975-0004-0000", "contents": "128 AD Missile Regiment, History\nThe war cry of the regiment is Ek Sau Atthai Karo Chadhai, Ek Sau Atthai Do or Die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008976-0000-0000", "contents": "128 BC\nYear 128 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Octavius and Rufus (or, less frequently, year 626 Ab urbe condita) and the First Year of Yuanshuo. The denomination 128 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008977-0000-0000", "contents": "128 Nemesis\nNemesis (minor planet designation: 128 Nemesis) is a large 180\u00a0km main-belt asteroid, of carbonaceous composition. It rotates rather slowly, taking about 78 hours to complete one rotation. Nemesis is the largest member of the Nemesian asteroid family bearing its name. It was discovered by J. C. Watson on 25 November 1872, and named after Nemesis, the goddess of retribution in Greek mythology. Nemesis was also the name of a hypothetical companion star of the Sun, which does not exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008977-0001-0000", "contents": "128 Nemesis\nThis object is orbiting the Sun with a period of 4.56 years and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.13. The orbital plane is inclined by 6.2\u00b0 to the plane of the ecliptic. It is categorized as a C-type asteroid, indicating a primitive carbonaceous composition. Based on IRAS data Nemesis is about 188\u00a0km in diameter and is around the 33rd largest main-belt asteroid, while WISE measurements yield a size of ~163\u00a0km. The 77.81\u2011hour rotation period is the second longest for an asteroid more than 150\u00a0km in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008977-0002-0000", "contents": "128 Nemesis\nBetween 2005 and 2021, 128 Nemesis has been observed to occult eight stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008978-0000-0000", "contents": "128 New King's Road\n128 New King's Road is a Grade II listed house at 128 New King's Road, Fulham, London, built in the early 18th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008978-0001-0000", "contents": "128 New King's Road\nIt is a few doors away from Northumberland House and Claybrook House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008979-0000-0000", "contents": "128-bit computing\nIn\u00a0computer\u00a0architecture, 128-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are  128 bits (16 octets) wide. Also, 128-bit CPU and ALU architectures are those that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008979-0001-0000", "contents": "128-bit computing\nWhile there are currently no mainstream general-purpose processors built to operate on 128-bit integers or addresses, a number of processors do have specialized ways to operate on 128-bit chunks of data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008979-0002-0000", "contents": "128-bit computing, Representation\n128-bit processors could be used for addressing directly up to 2128 (over 3.40\u00d71038) bytes, which would greatly exceed the total data captured, created, or replicated on Earth as of 2018, which has been estimated to be around 33\u00a0zettabytes (over 274\u00a0bytes).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008979-0003-0000", "contents": "128-bit computing, Representation\nA 128-bit register can store 2128 (over 3.40 \u00d7 1038) different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 128 bits depends on the integer representation used. With the two most common representations, the range is 0 through 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,455 (2128 \u2212 1) for representation as an (unsigned) binary number, and \u2212170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,728 (\u22122127) through 170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,727 (2127 \u2212 1) for representation as two's complement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008979-0004-0000", "contents": "128-bit computing, Representation\nQuadruple precision (128-bit) floating-point numbers can store 113-bit fixed-point numbers or integers accurately without losing precision (thus 64-bit integers in particular). Quadruple precision floats can also represent any position in the observable universe with at least micrometer precision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008979-0005-0000", "contents": "128-bit computing, Representation\nDecimal128 floating-point numbers can represent numbers with up to 34 significant digits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008979-0006-0000", "contents": "128-bit computing, History\nThe IBM System/370 could be considered the first simple 128-bit computer, as it used 128-bit floating-point registers. Most modern CPUs feature single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) instruction sets (Streaming SIMD Extensions, AltiVec etc.) where 128-bit vector registers are used to store several smaller numbers, such as four 32-bit floating-point numbers. A single instruction can then operate on all these values in parallel. However, these processors do not operate on individual numbers that are 128 binary digits in length; only their registers have the size of 128\u00a0bits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008979-0007-0000", "contents": "128-bit computing, History\nThe DEC VAX supported operations on 128-bit integer ('O' or octaword) and 128-bit floating-point ('H-float' or HFLOAT) datatypes. Support for such operations was an upgrade option rather than being a standard feature. Since the VAX's registers were 32\u00a0bits wide, a 128-bit operation used four consecutive registers or four longwords in memory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008979-0008-0000", "contents": "128-bit computing, History\nThe ICL 2900 Series provided a 128-bit accumulator, and its instruction set included 128-bit floating-point and packed decimal arithmetic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008979-0009-0000", "contents": "128-bit computing, History\nA CPU with 128-bit multimedia extensions was designed by researchers in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008979-0010-0000", "contents": "128-bit computing, History\nThe Dreamcast and the PlayStation 2 among the Sixth generation of video game consoles used the term \"128-bit\" in their marketing to describe their capability. The Playstation 2's CPU had 128-bit SIMD capabilities. Neither console supported 128-bit addressing or 128-bit integer arithmetic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008979-0011-0000", "contents": "128-bit computing, Hardware\nThe RISC-V ISA specification from 2016 includes a reservation for a 128-bit version of the architecture, but the details remain undefined intentionally, because there is yet so little practical experience with such large memory systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008979-0012-0000", "contents": "128-bit computing, Hardware\nGraphics processing unit (GPU) chips commonly move data across a 128-bit bus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008979-0013-0000", "contents": "128-bit computing, Software\nIn the same way that compilers emulate e.g. 64-bit integer arithmetic on architectures with register sizes less than 64 bits, some compilers also support 128-bit integer arithmetic. For example, the GCC C compiler 4.6 and later has a 128-bit integer type __ int128 for some architectures. GCC and compatible compilers signal the presence of 128-bit arithmetic when the macro __SIZEOF_INT128__ is defined. For the C programming language, 128-bit support is optional, e.g. via the int128_t type, or it can be implemented by a compiler-specific extension. The Rust programming language has built-in support for 128-bit integers (originally via LLVM), which is implemented on all platforms. A 128-bit type provided by a C compiler can be available in Perl via the Math::Int128 module.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008980-0000-0000", "contents": "1280\n1280 (MCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008981-0000-0000", "contents": "1280 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1280\u00a0kHz: 1280 AM is a regional North American broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008982-0000-0000", "contents": "1280 Baillauda\n1280 Baillauda, provisional designation 1933 QB, is a dark background asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 52 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at Uccle Observatory in 1933, the asteroid was named after French astronomer Jules Baillaud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008982-0001-0000", "contents": "1280 Baillauda, Discovery\nBaillauda was discovered by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle on 18 August 1933. On the following night, it was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008982-0002-0000", "contents": "1280 Baillauda, Discovery\nThe asteroid was first identified as A912 GB at Heidelberg Observatory in April 1912. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle in August 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008982-0003-0000", "contents": "1280 Baillauda, Orbit and classification\nBaillauda is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 3.2\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 6 years and 4 months (2,304 days; semi-major axis of 3.41). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008982-0004-0000", "contents": "1280 Baillauda, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Baillauda is an X-type asteroid. The Lightcurve Data Base amends this Tholen spectral type and derives a primitive P-type based on the asteroid's low albedo (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008982-0005-0000", "contents": "1280 Baillauda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 1990, a rotational lightcurve of Baillauda was obtained from photometric observations by Swedish astronomer Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist in a collaboration with other European astronomers. The observations were taken with the 1.5-meter telescope at the Loiano Observatory in Italy (598). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.6 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.25 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008982-0006-0000", "contents": "1280 Baillauda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the Japanese Akari satellite, Baillauda measures 50.83 and 53.97 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.0505 and 0.045, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.0505 and a diameter of 50.83 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.33.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008982-0007-0000", "contents": "1280 Baillauda, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after French astronomer Jules Baillaud (1876\u20131960), who led the Pic du Midi Observatory in the French Pyrenees (1937\u20131947), after his stay at the observatories at Paris and Lyons (513). Jules was the son of prolific astronomer Benjamin Baillaud (1848\u20131934), after whom the lunar crater Baillaud was named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008982-0008-0000", "contents": "1280 Baillauda, Naming\nThe official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 117).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008984-0000-0000", "contents": "1280 in Norway\nThis is a list of events that occurred in the year 1280 in Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008985-0000-0000", "contents": "1280s\nThe 1280s is the decade starting January 1, 1280 and ending December 31, 1289.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008986-0000-0000", "contents": "1280s BC\nThe 1280s BC was a decade which lasted from 1289 BC to 1280 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008988-0000-0000", "contents": "1280s in art\nThe decade of the 1280s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008988-0001-0000", "contents": "1280s in art, Paintings\nCimabue Crucifix, 1287-1288, Panel, 448 x 390\u00a0cm  Basilica di Santa Croce, Florence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008989-0000-0000", "contents": "1280\u20131281 papal election\nThe 1280\u20131281 papal election (September 22 \u2013 February 22) elected Simon de Brion, who took the name Pope Martin IV, as the successor to Pope Nicholas III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008989-0001-0000", "contents": "1280\u20131281 papal election\nThe protracted election is unique due to the violent removal of two cardinals\u2014Matteo Orsini and Giordano Orsini\u2014by the magistrates of Viterbo on the charges that they were \"impeding\" the election. Only a decade earlier, the magistrates of Viterbo had intervened in the papal election, 1268\u20131271 by removing the roof tiles of the Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo to speed up another deadlocked contest. The expulsion of the Orsini and the subsequent election of Simon was due to the influence of Charles I of Naples (\"Charles of Anjou\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008989-0002-0000", "contents": "1280\u20131281 papal election, Context\nThe previous meeting of the cardinals, the papal election, 1277, had dragged on for six months as the six cardinal electors (the fewest in the history of the Roman Catholic Church), were evenly divided between the Roman and Angevin factions. The aged Giovanni Gaetano Orsini was elected Pope Nicholas III, to the dissatisfaction of Charles I of Naples (whose interests were supported by the three French cardinals).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008989-0003-0000", "contents": "1280\u20131281 papal election, Context\nPreviously, Pope Clement IV had crowned Charles I the King of Naples and Sicily (previously a papal fief), but had failed to sufficiently stack the College of Cardinals with like-minded cardinals. Following Clement's death, the papal election, 1268\u20131271,  was the longest in the history of the Roman Catholic Church, eventually electing outsider Teobaldo Visconti as Pope Gregory X, who concerned his papacy with little more than the advocacy of the Crusades (having been elected while not a cardinal on the Crusades). Although Gregory X had issued a papal bull Ubi Periculum (1274), mandating the stricture of the papal conclave to accelerate disputed papal elections, the bull was not in force at the time of this election, having been suspended by Pope Adrian V and  revoked by Pope John XXI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008989-0004-0000", "contents": "1280\u20131281 papal election, Proceedings\nFrom the start of the conclave, the anti-Angevin faction, mostly cardinals created by Nicholas III, who controlled many key positions in the College and included three Orsini cardinals, had consolidated themselves as an unbreakable voting block.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008989-0005-0000", "contents": "1280\u20131281 papal election, Proceedings\nThe breakthrough in the deadlock came when Charles I replaced Orso Orsini, the podest\u00e0 of Viterbo, with Riccardello Annibaldi, who proceeded to burst into the election and arrest and remove the Orsini cardinals, allowing the pro-Angevin faction and the Aldobrandeschi partisans to push through the election of Simon de Brion, the favored candidate of Charles, as Pope Martin IV. Giordano, the leader of the anti-French faction, and his nephew Matteo, were imprisoned, actions that ensured that the new French pope would find no welcome in returning to Rome. In fact, Martin IV never set foot in Rome during his papacy of forty-nine months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008989-0006-0000", "contents": "1280\u20131281 papal election, Aftermath\nThe imprisonment of the cardinals caused an interdict to be placed on the city of Viterbo. As a result of the interdict, and of the hostility of the city of Rome to a pontiff favorable to the Angevins, Martin IV was compelled to move the Roman Curia to Orvieto, where he was crowned on March 23, 1281. Among the first acts of Martin IV were to remove from prominent positions the Orsini cardinal-nephews of his predecessor, Nicholas III, and to replace them with French and pro-French candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008989-0007-0000", "contents": "1280\u20131281 papal election, Aftermath\nMartin IV remained dependent on Charles throughout his papacy; soon after his coronation, on 29 April he named Charles a Roman Senator and assisted in his attempts to restore the Latin Empire, including through the excommunication of Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. The latter act resulted in the undoing of the fragile union of East and West brokered at the Council of Lyons in 1274. Martin IV's support of Charles continued after the Sicilian Vespers, when Martin IV excommunicated Peter III of Aragon, recently elected by the Sicilians as king, and further declared null his kingship in Aragon and ordered a crusade against him, which resulted in the ensuing War of the Sicilian Vespers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008989-0008-0000", "contents": "1280\u20131281 papal election, Aftermath\nThe first seven cardinals appointed by Martin IV were French, but the fact that Martin IV's death coincided with that of Charles I inevitably began to weaken the French influence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008990-0000-0000", "contents": "1281\nYear 1281 (MCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008991-0000-0000", "contents": "1281 Jeanne\n1281 Jeanne (prov. designation: 1933 QJ) is a dark asteroid from the background population of the intermediate asteroid belt. It was discovered on 25 August 1933, by astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, who named it after his daughter, Jeanne. The likely P-type asteroid has a rotation period of 15.2 hours and measures approximately 22 kilometers (14 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008991-0001-0000", "contents": "1281 Jeanne, Orbit and classification\nJeanne is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,492 days; semi-major axis of 2.56\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified in July 1904, as A904 NA at Heidelberg Observatory, where the body's observation arc begins in September 1929, almost four years prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008991-0002-0000", "contents": "1281 Jeanne, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Jeanne Arend, daughter of Belgian discoverer Sylvain Arend. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 117).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008991-0003-0000", "contents": "1281 Jeanne, Physical characteristics\nJeanne has been characterized as both an X-type and P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and Pan-STARRS photometric survey, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008991-0004-0000", "contents": "1281 Jeanne, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn May 2002, a rotational lightcurve of Jeanne was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Christophe Demeautis. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.18 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.45 magnitude (U=2). A lightcurve was also modeled using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database. It gave a concurring sidereal period of 15.30379\u00b10.00001 hours and two spin axes at (153.0\u00b0, 19\u00b0) and (338.0\u00b0, 32.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008991-0005-0000", "contents": "1281 Jeanne, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Jeanne measures between 14.26 and 27.620 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.053 and 0.17. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0863 and a diameter of 21.65 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008992-0000-0000", "contents": "1282\nYear 1282 (MCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008993-0000-0000", "contents": "1282 Utopia\n1282 Utopia /ju\u02d0\u02c8to\u028api\u0259/ is a dark asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 55 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 August 1933, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, and given the provisional designation 1933 QM1. The asteroid was named after the fictional island of Utopia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008993-0001-0000", "contents": "1282 Utopia, Orbit and classification\nUtopia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,010 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 18\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008993-0002-0000", "contents": "1282 Utopia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1930 CA at Simeiz Observatory in February 1930. The body's observation arc begins at the Johannesburg Observatory in September 1933, about three weeks after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008993-0003-0000", "contents": "1282 Utopia, Physical characteristics\nUtopia has been characterized as a dark an primitive P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. It is also an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008993-0004-0000", "contents": "1282 Utopia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nIn November 2000, photometric observations by Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado Springs, Colorado, were used to build a lightcurve for Utopia. The asteroid displayed a rotation period of 13.61 hours and a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude, revised from a previous publication that gave 13.60 hours and an amplitude of 0.29 (U=3/3). In September 2005, French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi, Raymond Poncy and Pierre Antonini obtained a lightcurve with a concurring period of 13.623 hours and an amplitude of 0.36 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008993-0005-0000", "contents": "1282 Utopia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nIn 2011, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue (UAPC) and other sources gave a sidereal period 13.6228 hours, as well as a fragmentary spin axis of (n.a., -39.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008993-0006-0000", "contents": "1282 Utopia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Utopia measures between 53.07 and 64.71 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.035 and 0.0627.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008993-0007-0000", "contents": "1282 Utopia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0479 and a diameter of 52.91 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008993-0008-0000", "contents": "1282 Utopia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Utopia, the imaginary place that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens, especially in laws, government, and social conditions. The term \"utopia\" was coined from Greek by English statesman and author Sir Thomas More (1478\u20131535) for his 16th century book Utopia, describing a fictional island society in the south Atlantic Ocean off the coast of South America. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 117).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008994-0000-0000", "contents": "1283\nYear 1283 (MCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008995-0000-0000", "contents": "1283 Komsomolia\n1283 Komsomolia (prov. designation: 1925 SC) is a metallic background asteroid and potentially slow rotator from the outer regions of the asteroid belt. Discovered by Vladimir Albitsky in 1925, it was later named after Komsomol, a political youth organization of the former Soviet Union. The M-type asteroid has roughly a rotation period 96 hours of and measures approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008995-0001-0000", "contents": "1283 Komsomolia, Discovery\nKomsomolia was discovered on 25 September 1925, by Soviet astronomer Vladimir Albitsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. It was independently discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory on 10 October 1925. Only the first discoverer is officially recognized. The asteroid was first observed as A902 TE at Heidelberg in October 1902.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008995-0002-0000", "contents": "1283 Komsomolia, Orbit and classification\nKomsomolia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.9\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,075 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in October 1902, almost 23 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008995-0003-0000", "contents": "1283 Komsomolia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Komsomol (\"All-Union Leninist Young Communist League\"), the youth wing of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in November 1952 (M.P.C. 838).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008995-0004-0000", "contents": "1283 Komsomolia, Physical characteristics\nKomsomolia has been characterized as a metallic M-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). The Asteroid Lightcurve Database assumes it to be a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008995-0005-0000", "contents": "1283 Komsomolia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 2006, a fragmentary rotational lightcurve of Komsomolia was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 96 hours with a brightness amplitude of 1.03 magnitude (U=1+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008995-0006-0000", "contents": "1283 Komsomolia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Komsomolia measures between 26.87 and 36.09 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.071 and 0.1856. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1703 and a diameter of 26.78 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008997-0000-0000", "contents": "1283 in Italy\nAn incomplete list of events which occurred in 1283 CE on the Italian peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008999-0000-0000", "contents": "12838 Adamsmith\n12838 Adamsmith, provisional designation 1997 EL55, is a stony Koronis asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 9 March 1997, by Belgian astronomer Eric Walter Elst at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile. It was named after Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008999-0001-0000", "contents": "12838 Adamsmith, Orbit and classification\nAdamsmith is a member of the Koronis family, a group of co-planar, stony asteroids in the outer main-belt, named after 158\u00a0Koronis. It orbits the Sun  at a distance of 2.7\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,789 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008999-0002-0000", "contents": "12838 Adamsmith, Orbit and classification\nIt was first identified as 1987 DX6 at the discovering observatory in 1987, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 10 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008999-0003-0000", "contents": "12838 Adamsmith, Physical characteristics\nIn January 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Adamsmith was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 10.9090 hours with a brightness variation of 0.48 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008999-0004-0000", "contents": "12838 Adamsmith, Physical characteristics\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony Koronian asteroids of 0.24 and calculates a diameter of 6.2 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00008999-0005-0000", "contents": "12838 Adamsmith, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the economist Adam Smith (1723\u20131790), Scottish moral philosopher and principal figure in the Scottish Enlightenment. Known for his works The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), he introduced the concept of the division of labour which represents a qualitative increase in productivity, and suggested that self-interest and competition can lead to economic prosperity. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center 30 July 2007 (M.P.C. 60299).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009000-0000-0000", "contents": "1284\nYear 1284 (MCCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009001-0000-0000", "contents": "1284 Latvia\n1284 Latvia, provisional designation 1933 OP, is a rare-type asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 37 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 27 July 1933, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named after the Republic of Latvia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009001-0001-0000", "contents": "1284 Latvia, Orbit and classification\nLatvia orbits the Sun in the middle main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,572 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009001-0002-0000", "contents": "1284 Latvia, Orbit and classification\nIt was first identified as 1925 WK at Moscow Observatory (105) in 1925, and then as 1931 DW at Lowell Observatory in 1931. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009001-0003-0000", "contents": "1284 Latvia, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nLatvia is classified as a rare T and L type asteroid in the Tholen and SMASS taxonomy scheme, respectively, both indicating a featureless spectra of a dark and reddish body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009001-0004-0000", "contents": "1284 Latvia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThe so-far best rated rotational lightcurve of Latvia was obtained by the \"Spanish Photometric Asteroid Analysis Group\" (OBAS) in September 2015. Lightcurve analysis gave it a rotation period of 9.55 hours with a brightness variation of 0.23 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009001-0005-0000", "contents": "1284 Latvia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nPrevious photometric observations by James W. Brinsfield at Via Capote Observatory (G69) and French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi gave a period of 9.552 and 9.644 hours with an amplitude of 0.10 and 0.21 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2). The first rotational lightcurve obtained by Richard P. Binzel in the 1980s gave a twice a long period solution of 18 hours (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009001-0006-0000", "contents": "1284 Latvia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Latvia measures between 33.27 and 41.47 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.083 and 0.13 (without preliminary results). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.1045 and a diameter of 36.81 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009001-0007-0000", "contents": "1284 Latvia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Republic of Latvia. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 118).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009003-0000-0000", "contents": "12848 Agostino\n12848 Agostino, provisional designation 1997 NK10, is a stony Eunomia asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009003-0001-0000", "contents": "12848 Agostino\nThe asteroid was discovered on 10 July 1997, by Italian astronomer Andrea Boattini at the Campo Imperatore Observatory in the Gran Sasso massif of central Italy. It was named after the father of the discoverer, Agostino Boattini.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009003-0002-0000", "contents": "12848 Agostino, Orbit and classification\nAgostino is a member of the Eunomia family, a large group of stony S-type asteroids and the most prominent family in the  intermediate main-belt. It orbits the Sun  at a distance of 2.4\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,534 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009003-0003-0000", "contents": "12848 Agostino, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins 47 years prior to its official discovery observation with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in June 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009003-0004-0000", "contents": "12848 Agostino, Physical characteristics\nTwo rotational lightcurves of Agostino were obtained in the R-band from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in August 2010, and February 2012, respectively. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.3350 and 6.3225 hours with a respective brightness variation of 0.51 and 0.84 in magnitude (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009003-0005-0000", "contents": "12848 Agostino, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Agostino measures 4.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.23. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21 \u2013 derived from 15\u00a0Eunomia, the family's largest member and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 4.6 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.02.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009003-0006-0000", "contents": "12848 Agostino, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Agostino Boattini (born 1932), the father of the discoverer. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 May 2001 (M.P.C. 42673).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009004-0000-0000", "contents": "1285\nYear 1285 (MCCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009005-0000-0000", "contents": "1285 papal election\nThe 1285 papal election, convened in Viterbo after the death of Pope Martin IV, elected Cardinal Giacomo Savelli, who took the name of Honorius IV. Because of the suspension of the Constitution Ubi periculum by Adrian V in 1276, this election was technically, perhaps, not a papal conclave. In fact, for the first time since the tedious Election of 1268\u20131271, the meetings were dominated neither by the Hohenstaufen nor Charles I of Naples (who had died on January 7, 1285). It may even be that the cardinals proceeded so swiftly to an election with the intention of forestalling any intervention from Naples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009005-0001-0000", "contents": "1285 papal election, Participants\nPope Martin IV, who was living at Perugia, never having visited the city of Rome,  was stricken ill with a slow fever on Easter Sunday, March 25, and died on March 28, 1285. At that time, there were 18 living cardinals in the Sacred College, though three of them were away as Legates and were not notified in time. Fifteen of them participated in the election of his successor:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009005-0002-0000", "contents": "1285 papal election, The election of Pope Honorius IV\nFifteen cardinals assembled in the episcopal residence at Perugia on April 1, three days after the death of Martin IV. This was according to the ancient custom, rather than the Constitution \"Ubi Periculum\" (1274) of Pope Gregory X. In the first scrutiny on the following day, they unanimously elected Cardinal Giacomo Savelli, prior Diacanorum of the College of Cardinals. Although he was already 75 years old, Savelli accepted his election and took the name of Honorius IV. His election and acceptance were even more surprising since he was suffering from a severe case of arthritis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009005-0002-0001", "contents": "1285 papal election, The election of Pope Honorius IV\nHe could only get around on crutches, and he had to have a special chair designed for him so that he could be seated at the altar during Mass, and have his arm supported so that he could raise the host at the consecration. He left Perugia for Rome at some point after April 25, 1285, where his election had been welcomed because he was a leading aristocrat of the Eternal City. His father had been Senator of Rome in 1266. He took up residence at the family estate on the Aventine Hill, next to the Church of Santa Sabina. On May 19 the new Pope was ordained to the priesthood in the Vatican Basilica. On the following day, he was consecrated bishop by Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia Latino Malabranca Orsini and solemnly crowned by Cardinal Goffredo da Alatri, who became new protodeacon of the Sacred College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009006-0000-0000", "contents": "1286\nYear 1286 (MCCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009007-0000-0000", "contents": "1286 Banachiewicza\n1286 Banachiewicza (prov. designation: 1933 QH) is an elongated Eos asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 25 August 1933, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The stony S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 8.6 hours and measures approximately 21 kilometers (13 miles) in diameter. It was named after Polish astronomer Tadeusz Banachiewicz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009007-0001-0000", "contents": "1286 Banachiewicza, Orbit and classification\nBanachiewicza is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,921 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1928 SE at Heidelberg Observatory in September 1928, almost five years prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009007-0002-0000", "contents": "1286 Banachiewicza, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Polish astronomer Tadeusz Banachiewicz (1882\u20131954), who was also a prominent mathematician and geodesist, as well as the director of the Krak\u00f3w Observatory (055) and vice-president of the International Astronomical Union in the 1930s. The subsequently numbered asteroid 1287\u00a0Lorcia \u2013 also discovered by Sylvain Arend, and also an Eoan asteroid \u2013 was named after his wife. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 118). The lunar crater Banachiewicz was also named in his honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009007-0003-0000", "contents": "1286 Banachiewicza, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Banachiewicza is a stony S-type asteroid, while the overall spectral type of the Eos family is that of a K-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009007-0004-0000", "contents": "1286 Banachiewicza, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn August 2008, the best-rated rotational lightcurve of Banachiewicza was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi, Cyril Cavadore and St\u00e9phane Charbonnel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.631 hours with a brightness variation of 0.54 magnitude, indicative for an irregular, elongated shape (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 71], "content_span": [72, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009007-0005-0000", "contents": "1286 Banachiewicza, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nOther observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in California, and by a collaboration of Hungarian astronomers gave a period of 8.628 and 5 hours with an amplitude of 0.36 and 0.4 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2). In 2013, an international study modeled a lightcurve with a concurring period of 8.63043\u00b10.00005 hours and found two spin axis of (214.0\u00b0, 62.0\u00b0) and (64.0\u00b0, 60.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2) (Q=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 71], "content_span": [72, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009007-0006-0000", "contents": "1286 Banachiewicza, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Banachiewicza measures between 21.474 and 22.569 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1554 and 0.171. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 19.82 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.88.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009009-0000-0000", "contents": "1286 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1286 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009010-0000-0000", "contents": "1287\nYear 1287 (MCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009011-0000-0000", "contents": "1287 Lorcia\n1287 Lorcia, provisional designation 1933 QL, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle on 25 August 1933. The asteroid was named for Laura de So\u0142ohub Dikyj, wife of Polish astronomer Tadeusz Banachiewicz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009011-0001-0000", "contents": "1287 Lorcia, Orbit and classification\nLorcia is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,909 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009011-0002-0000", "contents": "1287 Lorcia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Lorcia has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009011-0003-0000", "contents": "1287 Lorcia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lorcia measures 21.678 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.140.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009011-0004-0000", "contents": "1287 Lorcia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by Polish astronomer Tadeusz Banachiewicz (1882\u20131954) after his wife Laura de So\u0142ohub Dikyj. Banachiewicz was also a prominent mathematician and geodesist, as well as the vice-president of the International Astronomical Union in the 1930s. The asteroid 1286\u00a0Banachiewicza, also discovered by Sylvain Arend, was named in his honor. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 118).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009014-0000-0000", "contents": "1287\u20131288 papal election\nThe 1287\u20131288 papal election (April 4 \u2013 February 22) was the deadliest papal election in the history of the Roman Catholic Church, with six (or five) of the sixteen (or fifteen) cardinal electors perishing during the deliberations. Eventually, the cardinals elected Girolamo Masci, O.Min. as Pope Nicholas IV, almost a year after the death of Pope Honorius IV, who died on April 3, 1287. Nicholas IV was the first Franciscan pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009014-0001-0000", "contents": "1287\u20131288 papal election\nThe cardinals' deaths are usually attributed to malaria. After the deaths of the six cardinals, the remaining electors\u2014with the exception of Masci\u2014left Rome and reassembled on 15 February 1288. When the Cardinals reassembled in February, 1288, there were seven electors left: Latino Malabranca, Bentivenga de Bentivengis, Girolamo Masci, Bernard de Languissel, Matteo Rosso Orsini, Giacomo Colonna, and Benedetto Caetani. Upon finding that Masci had remained at Santa Sabina in Rome the reassembled cardinals immediately elected him, but he refused until he was re-elected on February 22. It was thought at the time that Masci had survived by keeping a fire burning in his room to \"purify\" the pestilential vapors, or mal aria thought to cause the disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009014-0002-0000", "contents": "1287\u20131288 papal election\nThe election was held near Santa Sabina on Aventine Hill in the Savelli palace, Corte Savella, which Honorius IV had built and used as the de facto papal residence. According to Smith, Nicholas IV was, like his predecessor, \"an undisguised partisan of the French interest\" and \"another example of the dishonest use of spiritual authority for political ends, by releasing Charles II of Naples from an inconvenient oath to Alfonso III of Aragon\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009015-0000-0000", "contents": "1288\nYear 1288 (MCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009017-0000-0000", "contents": "1289\nYear 1289 (MCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009018-0000-0000", "contents": "1289 (number)\nThe number 1289 (twelve hundred eighty-nine) is the natural number following 1288 and preceding 1290.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009018-0001-0000", "contents": "1289 (number), In mathematics\nThe number 1289 is an odd prime number, following 1283 and preceding 1291. It is classified as an apocalyptic power, a deficient number, and an evil number:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009019-0000-0000", "contents": "1289 Kuta\u00efssi\n1289 Kuta\u00efssi (prov. designation: 1933 QR) is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt. Discovered by Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory in 1933, it was later named after the Georgian city of Kutaisi. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 3.6 hours and measures approximately 22 kilometers (14 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009019-0001-0000", "contents": "1289 Kuta\u00efssi, Discovery\nKuta\u00efssi was discovered on 19 August 1933, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. It was independently discovered a few days later by Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Belgian Uccle Observatory on 25 August, as well as by Cyril Jackson at the South African Johannesburg Observatory on 11 September 1933. It was first observed as A893 GA at Heidelberg in 1893. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1928 QD at Simeiz in 1928, or 5 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009019-0002-0000", "contents": "1289 Kuta\u00efssi, Orbit and classification\nKuta\u00efssi is a stony member of the Koronis family, a group consisting of about 200 known bodies, thought to have been formed at least two billion years ago in a catastrophic collision between two larger bodies. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,766 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009019-0003-0000", "contents": "1289 Kuta\u00efssi, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the city of Kutaisi, now the legislative capital of Georgia, and its second largest city, after the capital Tbilisi. The official naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 118).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009019-0004-0000", "contents": "1289 Kuta\u00efssi, Physical characteristics\nKuta\u00efssi is a common stony S-type asteroid in the Tholen classification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009019-0005-0000", "contents": "1289 Kuta\u00efssi, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThe first rotational light curve of Kuta\u00efssi was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Richard Binzel in February 1984. It gave a rotation period of 3.60 hours with a brightness variation of 0.40 magnitude (U=3). In 1987 and 2004, a group of American astronomers obtained concurring light curves with a period of 3.624\u00b10.001 and 3.624\u00b10.006 hours and an amplitude of 0.30 and 0.42 magnitude, respectively (U=2/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009019-0006-0000", "contents": "1289 Kuta\u00efssi, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Kuta\u00efssi measures between 19.20 and 25.62 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.1374 and 0.245. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1216 and a diameter of 25.53 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.87.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009020-0000-0000", "contents": "1289 in Italy\nThe Battle of Campaldino was a battle between the Guelphs and Ghibellines on 11 June 1289.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009020-0001-0000", "contents": "1289 in Italy\nThe Battle of Colle Val d'Elsa took place between 16 and 17 June 1287 at Colle di Val d'Elsa between the Ghibellines troops of Siena and the Guelph troops of Charles of Anjou and Florence, represented by fewer than 200 knights controlled by Neri de'Bardi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009021-0000-0000", "contents": "128P/Shoemaker\u2013Holt\n128P/Shoemaker\u2013Holt, also known as Shoemaker-Holt 1, is a periodic comet in the Solar System. The comet passed close to Jupiter in 1982 and was discovered in 1987. The comet was last observed in March 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009021-0001-0000", "contents": "128P/Shoemaker\u2013Holt\nThe nucleus was split into two pieces (A+B) during the 1997 apparition. Fragment A was last observed in 1996 and only has a 79-day observation arc. Fragment B is estimated to be 4.6\u00a0km in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009022-0000-0000", "contents": "128th (Moose Jaw) Battalion, CEF\nThe 128th Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city and the surrounding district. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 15th and 19th Reserve Battalions on August 24, 1916. The 128th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009023-0000-0000", "contents": "128th Air Control Squadron\nThe 128th Air Control Squadron (ACS) is one of the units of the Wisconsin Air National Guard based at Volk Field Air National Guard Base, located in Camp Douglas, WI. Originally established as the 128th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron in 1947 at General Billy Mitchell Field, it was subsequently re-designated as a Control and Reporting Post, and a Forward Air Control Post-Heavy. In October 1991, the unit was transferred to its current base as the 128 Air Control Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009023-0001-0000", "contents": "128th Air Control Squadron\nThe 128th ACS may be deployed worldwide to provide tactical air control, data links, and data transfer in the Theater Battle Management arena. The squadron provides picture from multiple sensors to the commander, including radar control, early warning, and deduction and tracking of surveillance data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009023-0002-0000", "contents": "128th Air Control Squadron\nIn 2016, the 128th ACS received an award as the best in the Air Force from fall 2011 to fall 2013, the fifth in their history. The unit was selected for exceptional command and control operations when in the Middle East, supporting Operation Enduring Freedom. They provided airspace surveillance, threat warning capabilities, and theater command and control. During this period, the unit also received the Air Force's First Sergeant of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0000-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing\nThe 128th Air Refueling Wing (128 ARW) is a unit of the Wisconsin Air National Guard, stationed at General Mitchell Air National Guard Base, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. If activated to federal service in the United States Air Force, the wing is operationally gained by the Air Mobility Command (AMC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0001-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, Overview\nThe 128th Air Refueling Wing principal mission is air refueling. The wing enhances the Air Force's capability to accomplish its primary missions of Global Reach and Global Power. It also provides aerial refueling support to Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps aircraft as well as aircraft of allied nations. The wing is also capable of transporting litter and ambulatory patients using patient support pallets during aeromedical evacuations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0002-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, Units\nThe 128th Air Refueling Wing consists of the following individual Units", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0003-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nTrained for combat with P-47's. Moved to England in November 1943. Assigned to Eighth Air Force. flew first mission, escorting B-24's that attacked V-weapon launching sites near Pas de Calais, on 8 February 1944. Until April 1944, engaged chiefly in escorting bombers that struck factories, railroads, airfields, and other targets on the Continent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0004-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nReassigned to Ninth Air Force on 13 April 1944 and repeatedly attacked communications in northern France and in Belgium during Apr and May, in preparation for the invasion of Normandy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0005-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nEscorted C-47's that dropped paratroops over Normandy on 6 and 7 June Afterward, engaged primarily in interdictory and close-support activities, flying strafing and dive-bombing missions designed to assist the operations of ground forces. Moved to the Continent early in July 1944 and bombed enemy troops to aid the Allied breakthrough at St Lo later that month. Supported the subsequent advance of ground forces toward the Rhine by attacking railroads, trucks, bridges, power stations, fuel dumps, and other facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0006-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nReceived a DUC for a mission against the harbor at Brest on 25 August 1944 when, in spite of heavy overcast and intense enemy fire, the group attacked at low altitude, hitting naval installations, cruisers, troop transports, merchant vessels, and other objectives. Bombed and strafed such targets as flak positions, armored vehicles, and troop concentrations during the Battle of the Bulge, December 1944\u2013 January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0007-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nReceived second DUC for action over the Moselle-Rhine River triangle despite the intense antiaircraft fire encountered while flying armed reconnaissance in close cooperation with infantry forces in that area on 16 March 1945, the group hit enemy forces, equipment, and facilities, its targets including motor transports, armored vehicles, railroads, railway cars, and gun emplacements. Continued operations until May 1945 then was assigned to occupation duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0008-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nThe group was reassigned back to the United States in August\u2013September 1945, and assigned to First Air Force at Seymour Johnson Field, North Carolina, being programmed for deployment to Okinawa to take part in the planned Invasion of Japan. As a result of the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the sudden end of the Pacific War, the deployment plans were canceled, however the unit was retained as part of the Second Air Force under Continental Air Forces and reassigned to Biggs Field, Texas, being equipped with P-51 Mustangs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0009-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nThe 362nd became one of the original groups of the postwar Tactical Air Command when the command was activated on 21 March 1946, however was inactivated on 1 August due to postwar budget restrictions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0010-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard\nThe wartime 362d Fighter Group was re-designated as the 128th Fighter Group, and was allotted to the Wisconsin Air National Guard, on 2 August 1946. It was organized at General Mitchell Field, Milwaukee, Wisconsin and was extended federal recognition on 29 June 1948 by the National Guard Bureau. The 128th Fighter Group was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 362d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0011-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard\nThe 126th Fighter Squadron and 176th Fighter Squadrons were assigned as the group's flying squadrons. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 128th Headquarters, 128th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 128th Combat Support Squadron, and the 128th USAF Dispensary. The 176th FS operated from Truax Field, near Madison. The group was allocated to the Air Defense Command with a mission of air defense of the lower Great Lakes. It was re-designated as the 128th Fighter-Interceptor Group on 1 November 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0012-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard\nFederalized during the Korean War in February 1951, and was moved to Truax Field, Madison where both the 126th and 176th FIS flew air defense training missions under the ADC 30th Air Division until being returned to Wisconsin state control in February 1952. The Group and 126th returned to Milwaukee. On 15 April 1956, the 176th FIS was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 115th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 176th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. The Group continued its air defense mission though the 1950s, being upgraded to F-86F Sabres in 1957, and dedicated F-89 Scorpion interceptors in 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0013-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission\nThe 128th Fighter-Interceptor Wing was transferred to Strategic Air Command (SAC) on 1 August 1961 and was equipped with second-line KC-97 Stratotankers. The 128th was the first Air National Guard tanker unit to become fully operational. This occurred in December 1963 when combat ready status was achieved. The group participated in a historic operation in a foreign land for a sustained period of time without a call up. The 128th ARG, along with four other Air National Guard refueling units, stationed a contingent of its KC-97's at Rhein-Main Air Base, West Germany. It was designated Operation \"Creek Party\" and was destined to last for 10 years. This operation began on 2 June 1967, when 24 Wisconsin Air Guard members departed for Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 86], "content_span": [87, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0014-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission\nIn July 1976, the squadron received KC-135 Stratotankers; a newer and faster jet tanker. On 4 October 1976, the 126th completed its first mission with the new aircraft. After a year and a half of preparation, the conversion to KC-135s had begun. The first functional KC-135 arrived at Mitchell Field on 2 December 1977. In January 1979 the unit began the 24-hour-per-day Strategic Air Command (SAC) alert commitment. This commitment would be maintained for the next 12 years until President George Bush ended the SAC Alert Force in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 86], "content_span": [87, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0015-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission\nThe 1980s found the group involved in many training exercises as well as \"real World\" flying missions. In 1982 the unit converted to a newer version model aircraft\u2014the KC-135E. In April 1983 the 128th Air Refueling Group was involved in the first Pacific Tanker Task Force, with flights to Guam, South Korea and Australia. Spring of 1984 brought a very large \"first\" for the 128th ARG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 86], "content_span": [87, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0015-0001", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission\nThe unit participated in Coronet Giant, an exercise which entailed a direct flight from the United States to West Germany by 12, A-10 Thunderbolt II attack fighters, refueled along the way by three KC-135's from the 128th ARS. The route spanned 3600 miles, and was the largest mission of this type ever undertaken by a guard force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 86], "content_span": [87, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0016-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission\nA deployment to Wake Island was accomplished between 25 March and 3 April 1986 by aircraft and 130 personnel. A total of eight air refueling sorties were flown from Wake Island, with 458,000 pounds of fuel being off-loaded. Early Spring of 1987 saw another significant accomplishment by the squadron. On 21 March 1986 one aircraft departed Fargo, North Dakota, with 40 civilian VIP's on board. The destination: Tempelhof Central Airport, West Berlin. This was the first ever sanctioned Air National Guard civilian flight outside the Continental United States, and was also the first KC-135 authorized into West Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 86], "content_span": [87, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0017-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission\nDuring Operation Desert Shield, the squadron received orders for a partial activation on 20 December 1990. All aircraft, aircrews and a number of support personnel were dispatched to the newest forward operating base at Cairo West Airport, Egypt on 27\u201329 December 1990. They became the basis for the 1706th Air Refueling Wing (Provisional). Other unit personnel were mobilized for use as stateside \"backfill\" (replacing troops sent forward) or sent to overseas destinations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 86], "content_span": [87, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0018-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission\nConversion from KC-135E to KC-135R model aircraft began on 3 July 1991 when the 128th transferred aircraft to the Pennsylvania Air National Guard. The first permanently assigned KC-135R, arrived on 7 August 1991. The 128th ARG was the first Air National Guard or Air Force Reserve unit in the country to receive the \"R\" model tanker. The \"E\" model era came to an end on 9 February 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 86], "content_span": [87, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0019-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission\nThree aircraft and 47 volunteer guardmembers departed for Spain on 28 December 1992, in support of Operation Restore Hope. Our tankers became part of the Moron Tanker Task Force, based out of Moron Air Base, Spain. Over 16 million pounds of fuel were unloaded during the mission. The purpose of this humanitarian mission was to restore order and provide food and medical supplies needed to stop suffering in Somalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 86], "content_span": [87, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0020-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission\nThe 128th Air Refueling Group proved once again how capable the unit is at quickly deploying anywhere in the world. On 5 November 1993, four KC-135R's, along with 172 guardmembers deployed to Yokota Air Base, Japan. The deployment was designed to train American and Japanese Air Self Defense Forces for the defense of the Northern Japanese Islands, in the event of an attack by another country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 86], "content_span": [87, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0021-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission\nOn 10 December 1993, the unit suffered a tragedy when a KC-135R, 57-1470, exploded while undergoing routine ground maintenance at General Mitchell Air National Guard Base due to an overheated fuel pump. Six NCO maintenance personnel were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 86], "content_span": [87, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0022-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission\nDuring a 24 February 1994 trip to the Azores the unit completed its very first \"roller mission.\" The steel rollers are placed on the floor of the aircraft making it very easy to load and unload cargo. This gave the aircraft a dual mission; refueling and cargo transport. This was a flight of firsts, not only did the 128th Air Refueling Group have its very first roller mission, but their aircraft refueled a B-2 Stealth Bomber and a C-17, the newest Air Force Cargo hauler. On 16 October 1995 the 128th Air Refueling Group was redesignated as a Wing due to the Air National Guard Realignment Programming Plan. The gaining command of the 128th Air Refueling Wing was Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 86], "content_span": [87, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0023-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission\nThe 128 ARW joined an elite group of Air National Guard units in April 1996, when the KC-135 simulator became operational. The simulator allows the 128th flight crews to be trained more safely and at a lower cost than the KC-135 aircraft. During the month of July 1996 over 400 members of the 128th deployed to Pisa Air Base, Italy for Operation Decisive Endeavor. Over 5500 personnel from 13 NATO countries joined the 128th as part of IFOR (Implementation Force) air component. Unit members had the opportunity to perform their job during deployment rotations from 1 July \u2013 3 August 1996. This deployment gave the 128th the opportunity to work with other tankers units from Mississippi and Nebraska, along with the Italian Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 86], "content_span": [87, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0024-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission\nSoon after the summer flooding of 1997, portions of Southeastern Wisconsin were declared a federal disaster area by President Clinton. This opened the door for the Federal Emergency Management Agency to step in. Five unit members volunteered for the state activation in order to help process claims and checks to people whose lives were upended following the disastrous flash floods in the Milwaukee area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 86], "content_span": [87, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0025-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission\nOn 30 April 1999, the 128 ARW was tasked for a Presidential Reserve Call Up due to the crisis in Kosovo. President William Clinton authorized the call up of 33,000 reserve personnel for up to 270 days. The 128 ARW and the 117 ARW (Alabama Air National Guard) deployed together to Europe to support Operation Allied Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 86], "content_span": [87, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0026-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nFollowing the terrorist's attacks on the U.S., the 128 ARW was tasked to provide aerial refueling support for the countless fighter combat air patrols performed over major U.S. cities. Dubbed Operation Noble Eagle (ONE), the 128 ARW flew their first ONE mission on 12 September 2001. From Sep to Dec 2001, the 128ARW flew 64 sorties in 333.6 hours. A total of 100,956.6 pounds of fuel was off-loaded to 156 aircraft in support of ONE. The highest sortie production occurred in November when fighter combat air patrols occurred every four hours over most of the major U.S. cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0026-0001", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn addition to supporting ONE, the 128 ARW also provided support for Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), deploying aircraft and personnel to Spain to support combat air operations from late Sep 2001 until the spring of 2002. Throughout 2002, most of the personnel assigned to the 128 Security Forces Squadron (SFS) were mobilized since 11 September 2001 in support of Operation Noble Eagle and Operation Enduring Freedom. Members were deployed to Bagram AB, Afghanistan, Guantanemo Bay, Cuba, Southwest Asia, and several Continental U.S. locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0026-0002", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn addition, three 128 SFS personnel deployed on numerous classified Raven missions throughout the entire year of 2002. No other unit assigned to the 128 ARW was tasked as much as the 128 SFS. The Wing also actively supported the Global War on Terrorism with aircraft, aircrew and support personnel both in CONUS and OCONUS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0027-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Current operations\nWhile the 128 ARW continued to support Operations Noble Eagle and Enduring Freedom during 2003, in March the unit also began major support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The 128 ARW deployed to several different theaters of operation ranging from total bare base conditions to fully operational bases. The deployed unit members worked under various commanders, as well as commands, providing top-notch refueling support of combat air operations in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0027-0001", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Current operations\nThe 128 ARW, along with the 126th Air Refueling Squadron (ARS) were tasked to perform at a very high OPSTEMPO during 2004, deploying eight aircraft and 204 personnel to Istres AB, France in support of Operation Joint Forge (OJF). In addition, six unit members from the 128 Civil Engineering Squadron (CES) transportation unit deployed to Iraq to provide convoy security along with two members of the 128 Security Forces Squadron (SFS) who provided training for Iraqi police officers and the Iraqi Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009024-0028-0000", "contents": "128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Current operations\nThe 128 ARW also had several 126 Weather Flight members deployed in various places throughout the globe, including: South America, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Qatar. The 128 ARW continues to successfully support many on-going operations abroad, along with continuing to accomplish its mission at home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0000-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron\nThe 128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron is a unit of the Georgia Air National Guard 116th Air Control Wing located at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia. The 128th is equipped with the E-8C Joint STARS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0001-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron\nThe squadron's first predecessor is the World War I 840th Aero Squadron, which was organized on 1 February 1918 and, after training in Texas, served in France as a depot unit. It returned to the United States in the March 1919 and was demobilized .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0002-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron\nThe 128th Observation Squadron was allotted to the Georgia National Guard and was organized in May 1941. Four months later it was mobilized, and trained in aerial reconnaissance. In June 1942, the squadron began antisubmarine patrol missions over the Gulf of Mexico, being redesignated as the 21st Antisubmarine Squadron in the spring of 1943. After the Navy assumed control of the squadron's mission, it began training as a heavy bomber unit as the 818th, then the 840th Bombardment Squadron. It deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations in 1944, and engaged in strategic bombing until the end of World War II, earning two Distinguished Unit Citations before being inactivated in September 1945 at Pisa Airport, Italy. During the war, it was consolidated with the World War I aero squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0003-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron\nIn May 1946, the squadron was allotted to the National Guard as the 128th Fighter Squadron. It was mobilized again for the Korean War, but deployed to France to reinforce United States Air Forces Europe's fighter force. When its activation was ended in July 1942, it was inactivated and transferred its personnel and planes to the 494th Fighter-Bomber Squadron, activating the same day in the Georgia Air National Guard as the 128th Fighter-Bomber Squadron. The squadron trained as a fighter unit until 1961, when it assumed the airlift mission as the 128th Air Transport Squadron. In 1973, the squadron returned to the fighter mission as the 128th Tactical Fighter Squadron. It became the 128th Bomb Squadron in 1996, and assumed its current role in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0004-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War I\nThe 128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron traces its origins to the 840th Aero Squadron, which was organized at Rich Field, Waco, Texas on 4 February 1918. However, the 840th's history itself dates to the middle of December 1917 when many of the squadron members first enlisted in the Army at Fort Slocum, New York and the Columbus Barracks, Ohio. Just before Christmas, 1917, the men were transported to Kelly Field, near San Antonio, Texas where they began indoctrination into the Army as an unorganized unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 65], "content_span": [66, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0004-0001", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War I\nMany men were transferred into and out of the unit in its first weeks at Kelly. On 8 January, the men was transferred to Rich Field, and placed in temporary squadrons. Time was taken up by drills, hikes, physical training and other exercises. Also the men attended various lectures about military courtesies and customs. Finally, on 4 February 150 men from the group were selected and formed into the 840th Aero Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 65], "content_span": [66, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0005-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War I\nAfter several more weeks of Army indoctrination training, the squadron was ordered for overseas service, being transferred to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island. It arrived at Mineola Field on 4 March 1918 where it was prepared and equipped for overseas duty. On 15 April, the squadron was ordered to the Port of Embarkation, Hoboken, New Jersey where it boarded the former White Star Line liner SS\u00a0Canopic. After an uneventful Atlantic crossing, the squadron arrived at Liverpool, England where it boarded a train headed south to Winchester, where it arrived at the Romney Rest Camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 65], "content_span": [66, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0005-0001", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War I\nThere, the 840th was detached to the Royal Flying Corps for technical training, arriving at the No. 3 Western Aircraft Depot, RFC Yatesbury, Wiltshire, on 4 May. There squadron personnel were placed in different departments of the depot and were engaged in the production and repair of airplanes. The 840th was the second American squadron assigned to the depot, and there was quite a curiosity by the English about them. The men were warmly received in the villages around the depot and celebrated the 4th of July in Bristol. On 13 August, training ended and the squadron moved to Southampton for transport across the English Channel to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 65], "content_span": [66, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0006-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War I\nThe 840th arrived at Le Havre, France on 18 August, where the squadron was greeted by a German air-raid on its \"rest\" camp. The squadron was hurriedly moved during the raid to a race track, where some ammunition was stored. However, after the \"All Clear\" was given, it returned to its barracks. After three days, the squadron was transported to Courban Aerodrome, in eastern France where it was assigned to the No. 3 Aircraft Depot, Independent Air Force, RAF. There, the squadron began work on Handley Page and de Havilland planes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 65], "content_span": [66, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0006-0001", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War I\nThe squadron had the distinction of turning out the first Handley Page aircraft to be assembled in France. It also saw its first United States-built Liberty Engine at the depot. The 840th was one of only three Air Service squadrons assigned to the British depot. The squadron remained at Courban until the end of the war. The squadron turned out two squadrons of Dayton-Wright DH-4 aircraft, prepared for the attack on Metz that was about to commence at the time of the Armistice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 65], "content_span": [66, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0007-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War I\nThe squadron was moved to Latrecey Aerodrome, on 20 November 1918 where it waited for orders to return home. It finally moved to the port of Brest on 1 February, where it sailed on a troop ship for the United States, moving to Langley Field, Virginia in early March 1919. There the squadron was demobilized and returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 65], "content_span": [66, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0008-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II, Antisubmarine operations\nThe 128th Observation Squadron was allotted to the Georgia National Guard, activated in May 1941 at Atlanta Airport as an army observation squadron, and equipped with several types of observation aircraft. The squadron was called into federal service in September 1941 and assigned to II Air Support Command, which moved it to Lawson Field, Georgia as the United States mobilized prior to World War II. It continued to train as an observation unit after the Pearl Harbor Attack, standardizing on North American O-47s, until June 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 92], "content_span": [93, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0009-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II, Antisubmarine operations\nOn 20 June 1942, the squadron moved to New Orleans Army Air Base, Louisiana, where it was attached to the Gulf Task Force and began antisubmarine patrols over the Gulf of Mexico. It was attached to Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command in the fall of 1942, and was assigned to the command in March 1943, when it was redesignated the 21st Antisubmarine Squadron. 1943 also saw the conversion of the squadron to the more capable North American B-25 Mitchell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 92], "content_span": [93, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0010-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II, Antisubmarine operations\nThe squadron moved to Gulfport Army Air Field, Mississippi in May 1943 and ended antisubmarine operations. In July 1943, the Army Air Forces and the Navy reached an agreement to transfer the coastal antisubmarine mission to the Navy. This mission transfer also included an exchange of AAF long-range bombers equipped for antisubmarine warfare for Navy Consolidated B-24 Liberators without such equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 92], "content_span": [93, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0011-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II, Heavy bomber operations\nLike many antisubmarine units flying heavy bombers, the 21st became part of Second Air Force. It moved to Ephrata Army Air Base as the 818th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 28 September 1943, where it became the 818th Bombardment Squadron, helping form the cadre for the new 483d Bombardment Group. In November, the squadron moved to MacDill Field, Florida, where it trained with Flying Fortresses under Third Air Force. At MacDill, it exchanged designations with another squadron, becoming the 840th Bombardment Squadron, and was consolidated with the World War I 840th Aero Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 91], "content_span": [92, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0012-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II, Heavy bomber operations\nThe 840th deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where it became part of Fifteenth Air Force at Sterparone Airfield in Southern Italy. The squadron's air element flew its Flying Fortresses to Sterparone via Tortorella Airfield, while the ground element moved to Sterparone via troop ship. It began operations in April 1944 with an attack on a cement factory in Split, Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 91], "content_span": [92, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0013-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II, Heavy bomber operations\nThe squadron engaged in long-range strategic bombardment of enemy military, industrial and transport targets, including factories, oil refineries, marshalling yards, airfields, and troop concentrations in Italy, France. Southern Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and the Balkans. In June 1944, the squadron participated in a shuttle mission, departing Italy and landing in the Soviet Union, attacking targets en route and on the return flight. This enabled attacks on targets too far from the squadron's base to strike and return home. The squadron received a Distinguished Unit Citation for combat action two months later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 91], "content_span": [92, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0013-0001", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II, Heavy bomber operations\nOn 18 July 1944 the squadron, along with the other elements of the 483d Group, bombed the objective, an airfield and installations at Memmingen, engaging numerous enemy aircraft in the target area despite a lack of cover from its planned fighter escort. It received a second citation for braving fighter assaults and flak to bomb tank factories at Berlin on 24 March 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 91], "content_span": [92, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0014-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II, Heavy bomber operations\nThe squadron was occasionally diverted from the strategic attack on Germany. It struck targets in southern France in preparation for Operation Dragoon, the invasion of August 1944. The group also supported ground forces in northern Italy during the Allied offensive in April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 91], "content_span": [92, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0015-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II, Heavy bomber operations\nAfter V-E Day, the unit moved to Pisa Airfield, where it operated under the control of Air Transport Command's Green Project which was the movement of troops back to the United States. The squadron carried troops from Pisa to a staging area in Morocco. Its B-17s were disarmed with flooring and seats for 25 passengers installed. It carried passengers from Pisa to Port Lyautey Airfield, French Morocco for further movement them across the Atlantic. The squadron was inactivated in Italy in September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 91], "content_span": [92, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0016-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard\nThe wartime 840th Bombardment Squadron was re-activated and re-designated as the 128th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Georgia Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Marietta Army Airfield, Georgia, and was extended federal recognition on 20 August 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 128th Fighter Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 840th Bombardment Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 80], "content_span": [81, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0017-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard\nThe squadron was equipped with Republic F-47 Thunderbolts and was temporarily assigned to the 54th Fighter Wing on 20 August, then permanently to the 116th Fighter Group on 9 September 1946. The 116th Fighter Group consisted of the 128th and the 158th Fighter Squadron at Chatham Army Air Field, near Savannah. As part of the Continental Air Command Fourteenth Air Force, the unit trained for tactical fighter missions and air-to-air combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 80], "content_span": [81, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0018-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nThe 128th was federalized on 10 October 1950 due to the Korean War. It was assigned to the federalized Oklahoma Air National Guard 137th Fighter-Bomber Wing and equipped with Republic F-84G Thunderjets. Along with the Oklahoma 125th Fighter Squadron and Kansas Air National Guard 127th Fighter Squadron, the wing was scheduled for deployment to the new Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base, France, as part of the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 107], "content_span": [108, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0019-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nBy 27 November, the wing assembled at Alexandria Air Force Base, Louisiana for conversion training in the newer F-84Gs. Deployment of the wing was delayed, however, by the need to transfer pilots to Korea from training and delays in receiving engines for the F-84Gs, as well as the ongoing construction at Chaumont Air Base. Training and delays continued throughout 1951. Due to these delays, many of the activated National Guard airmen were released from active duty and never deployed to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 107], "content_span": [108, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0020-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nWith mostly regular Air Force personnel and all the delays behind them, the remaining Guardsmen departed Louisiana on 5 May 1952 for Europe; however, the 128th inherited a base that was little more than acres of mud where wheat fields used to be. The only hardened facilities at Chaumont were a concrete runway and a handful of tar-paper shacks. The 128th wound up being stationed by USAFE at Neubiberg Air Base, West Germany until the facilities in France were suitable for military use. The aircraft arrived at Chaumont on 25 June, being the first USAF tactical air fighters to be based permanently in France, albeit working mostly in tents and temporary wooden buildings on their new base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 107], "content_span": [108, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0021-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nThe Guardsmen of the 128th ended their active-duty tour in France and returned to the United States in late June, leaving their F-84 Thunderjets in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 107], "content_span": [108, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0022-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nThe 116th Fighter-Bomber Group designation was returned to the Georgia Air National Guard on 10 July at Dobbins AFB. At this time the Group was restructured to include the 128th and 158th Fighter Squadrons. Initially upon their return to State Control both squadrons were equipped with the long-range F-51H Mustang and given an air defense mission. The 116th was assigned to Air Defense Command (ADC), being assigned to the 35th Air Division with a mission of the air defense of the Southeastern United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 101], "content_span": [102, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0023-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nCommencing in February 1953 the 128th began conversion to F-84D Thunderjets, yet most were not received until mid summer. During the summer of 1955 the 128th was re-designated as the 128th Fighter Interceptor Squadron and converted the swept-wing Republic F-84F Thunderstreak. Strangely enough, it was not until March 1957 that the surviving D models were dispatched for salvage, with eleven of those aged D models having been lost in accidents while serving with the 128th FBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 101], "content_span": [102, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0024-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nIn 1958, the 116th implemented the ADC Runway Alert Program, in which interceptors of the 128th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron were committed to a five-minute runway alert. In 1960 the F-84s were again replaced by the North American F-86L Sabre, a day/night/all-weather aircraft designed to be integrated into the ADC SAGE interceptor direction and control system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 101], "content_span": [102, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0025-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Air Transport\nIn 1961, the 116th FIG was reassigned to Military Air Transport Service (MATS), trading in its Sabre interceptors for 4-engines Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the squadron was redesignated the 128th Air Transport Squadron, Heavy. The 116th was assigned to the MATS Eastern Transport Air Force, (EASTAF), and the squadron flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to the Caribbean, Europe Greenland, and the Middle East in support of Air Force requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 95], "content_span": [96, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0026-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Air Transport\nIn 1966 MATS became the Military Airlift Command (MAC) and EASTAF became the MAC Twenty-First Air Force. The 116th was upgraded to the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II strategic heavy airlifter, being the first Air National Guard unit to receive the aircraft. Due to requirements generated by the Vietnam War, missions were flown across the Pacific to Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 95], "content_span": [96, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0027-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Post-Vietnam\nIn the years after the Vietnam War, the transport requirements of MAC along with the retirement of the C-124 led the 116th to be reassigned back to Tactical Air Command in 1974 and was re-equipped with North American F-100 Super Sabre tactical fighter-bombers, many aircraft being veterans of the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 94], "content_span": [95, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0027-0001", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Post-Vietnam\nThe 116th was changed in status from a Group to a Wing with the reassignment to TAC, and the 128th flew the Super Saber jets for six accident-free years until May 1979 when the last aircraft left Dobbins AFB to be retired as part of the phaseout of the F-100 from the inventory. The F-100s were replaced with other Vietnam-era hand-me-down combat veteran aircraft by TAC during the early 1980s, as F-105G Thunderchief Wild Weasel electronic warfare aircraft were assigned, then retired and McDonnell F-4D Phantom II fighter bombers in their final years of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 94], "content_span": [95, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0028-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Post-Vietnam\nIn 1986 the 116th retired the last of its Vietnam War Phantoms and received McDonnell Douglas F-15A Eagle air superiority fighters. The F-15A was introduced into the inventory in the mid-1970s and now were being upgraded in the active duty by the improved F-15C. The 128th flew the F-15 for the next ten years. The 116th Tactical Fighter Wing developed an impressive record of accomplishment and was awarded nine Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 94], "content_span": [95, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0029-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, B-1B Lancer\nIn 1992 as part of the post Cold-War reorganizations of the Air Force, the 116th converted to the Air Force Objective organization and the 128th was assigned to the new 116th Operations Group. In 1992 Tactical Air Command was inactivated and the 116th was assigned to the new Air Combat Command (ACC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 93], "content_span": [94, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0030-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, B-1B Lancer\nAfter calling Dobbins AFB home for 50 years, the 116th was presented with a new challenge in 1996. The wing simultaneously converted from the F-15 Eagle fighters to the Rockwell B-1B Lancer strategic bomber and moved 110 miles south to Robins Air Force Base east og Warner Robins, Georgia. As part of the post Cold-War drawdown, the active-duty fleet of B-1Bs were being reduced for budget reductions and being taken off Alert Status by the former Strategic Air Command (SAC), which itself was inactivated in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 93], "content_span": [94, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0031-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, B-1B Lancer\nHaving to make the most of the available facilities, including the former Strategic Air Command alert facility at Robins, the 116th Bomb Wing was quickly up and running and participated in a number of deployments and exercises around the world in the B-1B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 93], "content_span": [94, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0032-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Airborne Command and Control\nIn order to save money, in 2002 the USAF agreed to reduce its fleet of B-1Bs from 92 to 60 aircraft. The 116th Bomb Wing, having older aircraft was ordered to send its aircraft to \"active storage\" which meant that they could be quickly returned to service should circumstances dictate. Its first B-1B was flown to AMARC storage at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona on 20 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 110], "content_span": [111, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0033-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Airborne Command and Control\nUnder the Air Force's Total Force Initiative as a \"blended\" wing. America's first \"Total Force\" wing, the former 93d Air Control Wing, an active-duty Air Combat Command unit, and the 116th Bomb Wing, a Georgia Air National Guard unit, were inactivated effective 1 October 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 110], "content_span": [111, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0034-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Airborne Command and Control\nThe 116th was immediately reactivated and redesignated as the 116th Air Control Wing. The 116th was a blend of active-duty and national guard Airmen into a single unit. The 116th ACW was equipped with the new E-8C Joint STARS airborne battle management aircraft. Its mission is command and control, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. Its primary mission is to provide theater ground and air commanders with ground surveillance to support attack operations and targeting that contributes to the delay, disruption and destruction of enemy forces. The E-8C evolved from Army and Air Force programs to develop, detect, locate and attack enemy armor at ranges beyond the forward area of troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 110], "content_span": [111, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0035-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Airborne Command and Control\nThe 128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron has flown more than 82,000 combat hours in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation New Dawn, Operation Odyssey Dawn, and Operation Unified Protector. Beginning in 2011, its operational resume expanded to include support of five Combatant Commands including U.S. Pacific Command, U.S. Northern Command and U.S. Southern Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 110], "content_span": [111, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009025-0036-0000", "contents": "128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Airborne Command and Control\nOn 1 October 2011 the 128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron was inactivated as a Joint Air National Guard/United States Air Force Unit. The 116th ACW was returned to the sole jurisdiction of the Georgia Air National Guard on 1 October 2011 and reactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 110], "content_span": [111, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009026-0000-0000", "contents": "128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 128th Division(Chinese: \u7b2c128\u5e08) was a military formation of the People's Liberation Army, which was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by the Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 17th Division, 6th Column of the Northeastern Field Army. Its origin can be traced back to the 3rd Detachment of the Shandong People's Anti- Japanese Guerilla Force of the Eighth Route Army, activated in June 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009026-0001-0000", "contents": "128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was a part of the 43rd Corps and was composed of the 382nd, 383rd, and 384th Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009026-0002-0000", "contents": "128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1950, the division participated in the Hainan Island Campaign along with the corps. After the campaign, the division garrisoned in Hainan island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009026-0003-0000", "contents": "128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn January 1953, the 508th Artillery Regiment and the 333rd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment were activated and attached to the Division. By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009026-0004-0000", "contents": "128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1960, the division was redesignated as the 128th Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c128\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009026-0005-0000", "contents": "128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn January 1961, the division was put under the Hainan Military District's control after the disbandment of the 43rd Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009026-0006-0000", "contents": "128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn October 1961, the division exchanged its 333rd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment with the 127th Army Division's 332nd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009026-0007-0000", "contents": "128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn November 1964 the division moved to Huiyang, Guangdong and attached to the 42nd Army Corps; the 332nd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment left the division and maintained on Hainan Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009026-0008-0000", "contents": "128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn July 1968, the 43rd Army Corps was reactivated. The 128th Army Division then moved to Liuzhou, Guangxi and attached to the 43rd Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009026-0009-0000", "contents": "128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn October 1968, the division moved to Gong County, Henan along with the army corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009026-0010-0000", "contents": "128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn June 1969, 508th Artillery Regiment was redesignated as the Artillery Regiment, 128th Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009026-0011-0000", "contents": "128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nFrom February to March 1979, the division was deployed into the Sino-Vietnamese War along with the army corps. The division was mainly engaged in the Battle of Cao B\u1eb1ng. The division returned to its barracks in April 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009026-0012-0000", "contents": "128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1985, the division was reconstituted as the 128th Infantry Division(Chinese: \u6b65\u5175\u7b2c128\u5e08) and transferred to the 20th Army's control after 43rd Army Corps' disbandment. The division maintained as a northern infantry division, category B. By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009026-0013-0000", "contents": "128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1996, the division was transferred to People's Armed Police's control and redesignated as the 128th Armed Police Mobile Division(Chinese: \u6b66\u8b66\u673a\u52a8\u7b2c128\u5e08). The division was then composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009026-0014-0000", "contents": "128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 2017 the division was inactivated along with the other PAP mobile divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009027-0000-0000", "contents": "128th Aviation Brigade (United States)\nThe 128th Aviation Brigade is an aviation brigade of the United States Army under the United States Army Aviation Center of Excellence at Fort Rucker, Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009028-0000-0000", "contents": "128th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 128th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 2, 1973, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Governor Sherman W. Tribbitt and Eugene Bookhammer as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009028-0001-0000", "contents": "128th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1970 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009028-0002-0000", "contents": "128th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 128th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Democratic majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009028-0003-0000", "contents": "128th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009028-0004-0000", "contents": "128th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009029-0000-0000", "contents": "128th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (\u2192\u200etop: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009029-0001-0000", "contents": "128th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 128th Division (\u7b2c128\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakunij\u016bhachi Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Eibu Division (\u82f1\u6b66\u5175\u56e3, Eibu Heidan). It was formed 16 January 1945 in Mudanjiang as a triangular division. It was a part of the 8 simultaneously created divisions batch comprising 121st, 122nd, 123rd, 124th, 125th, 126th, 127th and 128th divisions. The nucleus for the formation were the 1st, 2nd, and parts of 11th border guards group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009029-0002-0000", "contents": "128th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nInitially, the 128th division was assigned to the 3rd army. The 128th division headquarters were established in March 1945 at Luozigou (Lotzukou), replacing the 120th division transferred to the south of Korea. The division combat efficiency was estimated to be 20%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009029-0003-0000", "contents": "128th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nImmediately after the start of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria 9 August 1945 the 128th division was subordinated directly to 1st area army as planned. At the same time, 132nd Independent Mixed Brigade was attached to the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009029-0004-0000", "contents": "128th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nInitial Soviet attack was parred by 132nd Independent Mixed Brigade at Dongning, Heilongjiang, but 11 August 1945 the Red Army column outflanked Dongning defenders from the south and penetrated deeply into Japanese-held territory. In the evening 12 August 1945, the 128th division fell back to the second line of defenses around Huadian, Jilin where it stayed until surrender of Japan news reached units 16 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009029-0005-0000", "contents": "128th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nAlthough the estimated number of soldiers of 128th division killed in action during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria was only 1095 men, the 128th division was severely disorganized, retaining only half of combat efficiency after the brief conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009029-0006-0000", "contents": "128th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nMajority of the troops of the division were taken prisoner by the Red Army and were taken to Siberian labour camps in September - October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009030-0000-0000", "contents": "128th Georgia General Assembly\nThe 128th Georgia General Assembly convened its first session on January 13, 1965, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. The 128th Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 127th and served as the precedent for the 129th General Assembly in 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009030-0001-0000", "contents": "128th Georgia General Assembly\nGovernor Carl Sanders, who was elected in 1962 as the first governor elected by popular vote since 1908, spearheaded a massive reapportionment of Georgia's General Assembly and 10 U.S. Congressional districts, providing more proportional representation to the state's urban areas. This, as well as passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 had opened voter registration to blacks, saw eleven African Americans elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in special elections in 1965 and 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009030-0001-0001", "contents": "128th Georgia General Assembly\nBy ending the disfranchisement of blacks through discriminatory voter registration, African Americans regained the ability to vote and entered the political process. This was the first time that African-Americans had sat in the House since W. H. Rogers of McIntosh resigned his seat in 1907 during the 99th Assembly. Among them were six from Atlanta (William Alexander, Julian Bond, Benjamin Brown, J. C. Daugherty, J. D. Grier, Grace Towns Hamilton, John Hood) and one each from Columbus (Albert Thompson) and Augusta (Richard Dent). Horace T. Ward also joined Leroy Johnson as the second African-American in the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009030-0002-0000", "contents": "128th Georgia General Assembly, Controversy\nOn January 10, 1966, Georgia state representatives voted 184\u201312 not to seat Julian Bond, one of the eleven African-American members, because he had publicly endorsed SNCC's policy regarding opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. They disliked his stated sympathy for persons who were \"unwilling to respond to a military draft\". A three-judge panel on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ruled in a 2\u20131 decision that the Georgia House had not violated any of Bond's constitutional rights. In 1966, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled 9\u20130 in the case of Bond v. Floyd (385 U.S. 116) that the Georgia House of Representatives had denied Bond his freedom of speech and was required to seat him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009031-0000-0000", "contents": "128th IOC Session\nThe 128th IOC Session took place from July 30 \u2013 August 3, 2015, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia at the Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre. The host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics and the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics were elected during the 128th IOC Session on July 31, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009031-0001-0000", "contents": "128th IOC Session, Bidders\nKuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Lima, Peru placed bids to host the 128th IOC Session. Kuala Lumpur bid to host the 125th IOC Session which took place in 2013, but they lost out to Buenos Aires. Lima's bid to host the IOC Session was ruled out by the evaluation report which resulted in Kuala Lumpur becoming the host city. Lima later hosted the 131st IOC Session two years after Kuala Lumpur hosted the meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009031-0002-0000", "contents": "128th IOC Session, 2022 Winter Olympics host city election\nThe host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics was elected during the 128th IOC Session. Bids for the games were due to the IOC in 2013. In 2014, the IOC decided that Almaty and Beijing (as Oslo withdrew its bid), would become candidate cities, a year before the host city was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009031-0003-0000", "contents": "128th IOC Session, 2020 Winter Youth Olympics host city election\nThe host city of the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics was also chosen during the same IOC session. The two candidate cities, Lausanne, Switzerland, and Bra\u0219ov, Romania, were shortlisted in early December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009031-0004-0000", "contents": "128th IOC Session, Other agendas, New sports\nParticipants of session have considered the sports to be added to the Tokyo 2020 program. A new shortlist of eight sports were unveiled on June 22, 2015. These sports include baseball/softball, bowling, karate, roller sports, sport climbing, squash, surfing, and wushu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009031-0005-0000", "contents": "128th IOC Session, Other agendas, New sports\nThe federations of the eight sports made their presentations in Tokyo on August 7\u20138, 2015. In September 2015, organisers will recommend one or more of the sports to the International Olympic Committee for inclusion in 2020 Olympic program, with the final decision in August 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009031-0006-0000", "contents": "128th IOC Session, Other agendas, Recognition of South Sudan\nThe IOC approved South Sudan's inclusion as a full member of the Committee, allowed the country to participate in Rio 2016 under its national flag. The IOC code for South Sudan Olympic Team is SSD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009032-0000-0000", "contents": "128th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 128th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009032-0001-0000", "contents": "128th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 128th Illinois was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, and mustered into Union service on November 4, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009032-0002-0000", "contents": "128th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was assigned to District of Columbus, XVI Corps, Department of Tennessee from November 1862 to April 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009032-0003-0000", "contents": "128th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service, Losses\nThe regiment suffered 1 officer and 34 men killed by disease and 700 men by desertion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009032-0004-0000", "contents": "128th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service, Disbanded\nFollowing the Emancipation Proclamation, the regiment suffered 700 desertions. The regiment was disbanded on April 1, 1863, by order the War Department. Citing \"an utter want of discipline\" in the regiment, Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas dismissed the regiment's commanding officer Colonel Robert M. Hundley, 29 other officers, and the regimental chaplain, from Union service on April 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009032-0005-0000", "contents": "128th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service, Disbanded\nThe few remaining men of the 128th Illinois were consolidated into a detachment under command of First Lieutenants W. A. Lemma, William M. Cooper, and Assistant Surgeon George W. French and reassigned to 9th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment (3 Years).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009033-0000-0000", "contents": "128th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 128th Regiment Indiana Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009033-0001-0000", "contents": "128th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 128th Indiana Infantry was organized at Michigan City, Indiana for three-years service beginning December 15, 1863 and mustered in March 18, 1864 under the command of Colonel Richard P. De Hart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009033-0002-0000", "contents": "128th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to June 1864. 4th Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1864. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to February 1865, and Department of North Carolina to August 1865. Department of North Carolina to April 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009033-0003-0000", "contents": "128th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 128th Indiana Infantry mustered out of service April 10, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009033-0004-0000", "contents": "128th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Indiana for Nashville, Tennessee, March 23. March to Charleston, Tennessee, April 5\u201324, 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstrations on Dalton, Georgia, May 8\u201313. Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Movements on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25\u2013June 5. Allatoona Pass June 1\u20132. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10\u2013July 2. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009033-0004-0001", "contents": "128th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nChattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Siege of Atlanta July 22\u2013August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesborough August 25\u201330. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29 \u2013 November 3. Nashville Campaign November\u2013December. In front of Columbia November 24\u201327. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. At Clifton, Tennessee, until January 15, 1865. Movement to Washington, D.C.; then to Morehead City, North Carolina, January 15 \u2013 February 24. Carolinas Campaign March 1 to April 26. Advance on Kinston and Goldsboro March 1\u201321. Battle of Wyse Fork March 8\u201310. Kinston March 14. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Goldsboro and Raleigh until April 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 992]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009033-0005-0000", "contents": "128th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 144 men during service; 4 officers and 27 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 112 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009034-0000-0000", "contents": "128th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 128th Infantry Regiment (\"Les Terribles\") is a United States military unit of the Wisconsin National Guard, currently represented by the 1st Battalion, 128th Infantry Regiment. The 128th has served as part of the American Civil War, Spanish\u2013American War, Mexican Civil War, World War I, World War II and the Iraq War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009034-0001-0000", "contents": "128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 1st Battalion, 128th Infantry, traces its history to the spring of 1861, when the 2nd Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, comprising independent companies from throughout the state, was organized and activated into federal service. The 2nd Wisconsin was joined by several other regiments to form the famous \"Iron Brigade,\" which soon became one of the most feared and respected units on either side in the Civil War for its performance in such battles as Antietam and Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009034-0001-0001", "contents": "128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nAdditionally, Eau Claire was home to the soldiers that comprised Company C of the 8th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, otherwise known as the \"Eagle Regiment,\" because of its famous mascot \"Old Abe,\" a pet bald eagle who accompanied the regiment into battle. The 8th Wisconsin fought in the western theater at places such as Vicksburg, MS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009034-0002-0000", "contents": "128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nIn 1898, four infantry regiments from Wisconsin were formed and activated at the outbreak of the Spanish\u2013American War. During that brief conflict, Wisconsin Guardsmen participated in the capture of Puerto Rico. A letter from a member of the 2nd Wisconsin describes some of the details of the guardsmen's role in the conflict:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009034-0003-0000", "contents": "128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\n\"We landed here at Ponce Friday without opposition by the Spaniards. They fled to the hills when we came in sight. But it has been skirmish every day since we landed. We have captured 200 prisoners. The 3rd Wisconsin [National Guard] got into battle yesterday and one man was wounded in the hip, and one of the Massachusetts boys got shot in the neck, and went a mile, and a half before he fell. There was a skirmish last night but have heard of no one being wounded, or killed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009034-0004-0000", "contents": "128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\n3 members of the Wisconsin Infantry Regiments died of fever:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009034-0005-0000", "contents": "128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nIn 1916, Wisconsin infantry units served with General Pershing to chase Pancho Villa along the Texas border and into northern Mexico. The Wisconsin troops were again activated in 1917 as the United States declared war on Germany. After a period of intensive training, the Wisconsin Guardsmen were redesignated as the 128th Infantry, assigned to the 32nd Division and sent to France. In the closing months of the war, the 128th Infantry participated in several major campaigns including Alsace, Aisne-Marne, Oise-Aisne and Meuse-Argonne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009034-0005-0001", "contents": "128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nFor their fury in combat, the nickname \"Les Terribles\" or \"The Terrible Ones\" was given to them by the French. As they pierced the famed Hindenburg Line, the 32d Infantry Division became known as the \"Red Arrow\" Division \u2013 a name that has remained to the present day and is reflected in shoulder patch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009034-0006-0000", "contents": "128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\n21 years later, the 128th, as part of the 32d Division, was called to federal service on 15 October 1940. After training in Louisiana, the unit was moved by convoy to Port Adelaide, Australia. In 1942 the 128th, as part of the 32d, broke through the Japanese lines at the Battle of Buna (\"Bloody Buna\"), New Guinea; in 1944 defeated Japanese General Adachi's divisions at Saidor and Aitape, New Guinea; defeated the Japanese Imperial First Marines in Leyte (Imperial First Marines only loss in 200 years); and pierced the Yamashita Line in Luzon. The 128th Regiment and 32d Division were still in combat action when the cease fire order came on 15 August 1945. The 32d Infantry Division had been in combat 654 days \u2013 more than any United States division in any war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009034-0007-0000", "contents": "128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nWhen the cold war peaked with the Soviet blockade of Berlin in October 1961, President Kennedy became the third United States president in the 20th Century to call the 128th, as part of the 32d Infantry Division, to federal active service. The division trained at Ft. Lewis, WA, for 10 months, maintaining a high level of readiness until the crisis abated. In August 1962 its soldiers returned home and resumed their status as Wisconsin National Guardsmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009034-0008-0000", "contents": "128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 2nd Battalion, 128th Infantry, was formed as a result of the transitioning of the 32d Infantry Brigade from a mechanized unit to a separate light infantry brigade in September 2001. It was reorganized as the 1st Squadron, 105th Cavalry Regiment on 1 September 2007 when the 32nd became a modular brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009034-0009-0000", "contents": "128th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA metal and enamel device 1 1/16 inches (2.70\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned as follows: Azure, on a pale Or the shoulder sleeve insignia of the 32d Division Proper (a Red arrow having shot through a line), on a chief of the second three fountains. Attached above on a wreath of the colors Or and Azure, a badger couchant Proper. Attached below and to the sides a Gold scroll inscribed \"LES TERRIBLES\" in Blue letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009034-0010-0000", "contents": "128th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is blue for Infantry. The pale, dividing the shield into thirds, alludes to three of the major offensive engagements in which the organization as an element of the 32d Division participated in World War I. The red arrow is the design of the shoulder sleeve insignia of the 32d Division. Traditionally, the word \"Wisconsin\" means \"wild rushing waters,\" thus the three fountains, heraldic symbols for water, appropriately stand for the Wisconsin Army National Guard regiments: First, Second and Third, from which elements stemmed to make up the organization during World War I. The motto translates to \"The Terrible Ones.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009034-0011-0000", "contents": "128th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was approved on 15 March 1926. It was amended to revise the description on 20 April 1926.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009035-0000-0000", "contents": "128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 128th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment (128th LAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery during World War II. The regiment was formed in March 1942 from the short-lived 87th Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, which had only been raised in the previous year as part of the rapid expansion of Anti- Aircraft (AA) defences. It served in AA Command until near the end of the war, when it was converted into an infantry battalion for garrison duties in North West Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009035-0001-0000", "contents": "128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 87th Searchlight Regiment, RA\n87th Searchlight Regiment (87th S/L Rgt) was created during the rapid expansion of AA defences during The Blitz. Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was formed at Burnley in Lancashire on 23 January 1941 and it was allocated four S/L batteries numbered 529, 532, 533 and 534. The batteries came from different training regiments, where each had been formed on 14 November around a cadre of experienced men drawn from an existing S/L regiment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 82], "content_span": [83, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009035-0002-0000", "contents": "128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 87th Searchlight Regiment, RA\nAfter training, the regiment was assigned to 53rd Light AA Brigade, commanding the S/L units of 4th AA Division across the North Midlands. The night Blitz was coming to an end, but Luftwaffe raids continued to overfly en route to Merseyside, including seven nights in May (the Liverpool Blitz), and Nottingham was raided on the night of 8/9 May (the Nottingham Blitz).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 82], "content_span": [83, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009035-0003-0000", "contents": "128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 87th Searchlight Regiment, RA\nThe role of the S/L units was to track and illuminate raiders for the Heavy AA (HAA) guns of the Gun Defence Areas (GDAs) and for the few available Royal Air Force (RAF) night fighters. In November 1940 AA Command had adopted a system of clustering three S/Ls together to improve illumination, but this meant that the clusters had to be spaced 10,400 yards (9,500\u00a0m) apart. This layout was an attempt to improve the chances of picking up enemy bombers and keeping them illuminated for engagement by AA guns or night fighters. Eventually, one light in each cluster was to be equipped with Searchlight Control radar (SLC) and act as 'master light', but the radar equipment was still in short supply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 82], "content_span": [83, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009035-0004-0000", "contents": "128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 87th Searchlight Regiment, RA\n87th Searchlight Rgt remained with 53rd LAA Bde until the end of the year. By October 1941 the availability of SLC was sufficient to allow AA Command's S/L sites to be 'declustered' into single-light sites spaced at 6,000 yards (5,500\u00a0m) intervals in 'Indicator Belts' in the approaches to the GDAs, and 'Killer Belts' at 6,000 yards (5,500\u00a0m) spacing to cooperate with the RAF's night fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 82], "content_span": [83, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009035-0005-0000", "contents": "128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA\nAfter its rapid expansion, AA Command was now over-provided with S/L units and under-provided with LAA units, for which suitable guns (the Bofors 40 mm) were becoming available in quantity. The command began a programme of converting some S/L regiments to the LAA role. One of those chosen was 87th S/L Rgt, which became 128th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment on 3 March 1942, with 421, 422, 423, 424 LAA Btys. 424 LAA Battery was under direct War Office (WO) control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 91], "content_span": [92, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009035-0006-0000", "contents": "128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA, Mid-War\nThe new regiment initially remained in 53rd LAA Bde, but by early April it had become unbrigaded as it completed retraining. In late May it joined 67th AA Bde in 11th AA Division. In June it transferred within the division to 54th AA Bde, and then in July it switched again to 68th AA Bde. 11th Anti - Aircraft Division's responsibility was the defence of Birmingham and the industrial West Midlands. During this period the Luftwaffe carried out a series of night attacks, the co-called Baedeker Blitz, including raids on Birmingham in June and July. On 16 June 424 LAA Bty returned from WO conyro, then in August the battery was loaned back to 4th AA Division, and then in the autumn to 54th AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 100], "content_span": [101, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009035-0007-0000", "contents": "128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA, Mid-War\nA reorganisation of AA Command in October 1942 saw the AA divisions disbanded and replaced by a smaller number of AA Groups more closely aligned with the groups of RAF Fighter Command. 11th and 4th AA Divisions merged to form 4 AA Group based at Preston and cooperating with No. 9 Group RAF. Shortly afterwards 128th LAA Rgt (with all four of its batteries) transferred to 60th AA Bde in 3 AA Group covering South West England, where LAA guns were urgently required to combat daylight raids by small formations of Luftwaffe fighter bombers against coastal towns and small ports. These raids continued until mid-1943", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 100], "content_span": [101, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009035-0008-0000", "contents": "128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA, Operations Overlord and Diver\nWith the lower threat of attack by the weakened Luftwaffe, AA Command was forced in early 1944 to release manpower for the planned invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). Many Home Defence AA regiments were reduced, and 128th LAA Rgt lost 424 LAA Bty, which began disbanding at Torquay, on 17 February 1944, completing by 16 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 122], "content_span": [123, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009035-0009-0000", "contents": "128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA, Operations Overlord and Diver\nIn the early part of 1944, 3 AA Group had responsibilities for protecting 'Overlord' camps and embarkation ports, and at the same time preparing for the expected onslaught of V-1 flying bombs ('Divers'). An elaborate anti-Diver plan was drawn up to protect Bristol, with belts of LAA guns and S/Ls across the predicted flight path. The V-1 offensive began on 13 June, a week after the 'Overlord' convoys had left harbour and the D Day landings had begun. In the event, the Bristol defences were not needed: US forces quickly sealed off the launching sites in the Cherbourg peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 122], "content_span": [123, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009035-0009-0001", "contents": "128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA, Operations Overlord and Diver\nThe story in the London area was different, and as efforts to combat them (Operation Diver) progressed, AA units and formations were stripped from the West Country and repositioned along the coast of South East England. 3 AA Group HQ moved from Bristol to London, and 60th AA Bde was left as a skeleton force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 122], "content_span": [123, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009035-0010-0000", "contents": "128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 628th Infantry Regiment, RA\nBy the end of 1944, 21st Army Group fighting in North West Europe was suffering a severe manpower shortage, particularly among the infantry. At the same time, the Luftwaffe was suffering from such shortages of pilots, aircraft and fuel that serious conventional air attacks on the United Kingdom could be discounted. The WO began to reorganise surplus AA regiments into infantry battalions, primarily for line of communication and occupation duties, thereby releasing trained infantry for front-line service. 128th LAA Regiment was among those chosen, becoming 628th Infantry Rgt, RA on 23 January 1945, consisting of five batteries, A to E.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 80], "content_span": [81, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009035-0011-0000", "contents": "128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 628th Infantry Regiment, RA\nOn 28 January the new regiment joined 306th Infantry Brigade (itself converted from 55th AA Bde). After training the brigade deployed to North West Europe on 4 May. The war in Europe ended on 8 May (VE Day), but the converted artillery units served in the occupation forces for several months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 80], "content_span": [81, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009036-0000-0000", "contents": "128th Maine Senate\nThe 128th Maine Senate had 35 members each elected to two-year terms in November 2016. The first regular session was sworn in on December 6, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009037-0000-0000", "contents": "128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine)\nThe 128th Mountain Assault Brigade is a formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009037-0001-0000", "contents": "128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine)\nThe full title of the brigade is 128th Separate  Mountain Zakarpattia Brigade, (Ukrainian: 128-\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0433\u0456\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u0456\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430). It the second oldest serving formation of the UGF, being raised in 1922. It participated in the invasions of Hungary and Czechoslovakia by Soviet troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009037-0002-0000", "contents": "128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History\nThe 128th Mechanized Division was first formed within the then USSR's Red Army as the 1st Turkmenistan Rifle Division on July 12, 1922, in the city of Poltoratsk (now Ashgabat, Turkmenistan). (Other sources give the original name as the 1st Turkmenistan Mountain Division). It was a Turkmen national formation. Sergiy Tumoshkov became the division's first commander. The division was renamed 83rd Mountain Rifle Division on July 1, 1935. On June 22, 1941, the 83rd Mountain Rifle Division was part of 58th Rifle Corps, Central Asia Military District. Between 1 September and 1 October 1941 the division was assigned to the 53rd Army, still located within the Central Asia Military District. By January 1942 the division, still with 58th Rifle Corps, had been dispatched to Iran as part of the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009037-0003-0000", "contents": "128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History\nFrom January 1, 1943, the division fought near the area of Krasnodar where it was assigned to the 56th Army. After successfully liberating the region of Kuban and the Taman Peninsula, the division was awarded the Guards designation on October 8, 1943, and renamed as the 128th Guards Turkmenistan Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009037-0004-0000", "contents": "128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History\nOn April 24, 1944, for participation in the battles for Crimea, the division was awarded its first Order of the Red Banner. During the month of August, the division participated in battles for Carpathian Mountains. The division liberated Zakarpattya and on October 12, 1944, crossed the border with Czechoslovakia. Units of the division liberated Ostrava, Olomouc and other cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009037-0005-0000", "contents": "128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History\nPostwar, the division was stationed in Mukacheve and became part of the 38th Army. During October and November 1956, it took part in Operation Whirlwind, the crushing of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. The division captured Debrecen and Szolnok and J\u00e1szber\u00e9ny. Advancing westward, it participated in the storming of Budapest. On 15 December 1956, the division became the 128th Guards Motor Rifle Division at Esztergom. In July 1958, the division was moved back to Mukacheve. In 1968, the division participated in Operation Danube, the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. During the operation, eleven soldiers of the division were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009037-0005-0001", "contents": "128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History\nIn May 1976, it was given the title \"named for Marshal of the Soviet Union A.A. Grechko\". In December 1979, its 149th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment was transferred to the 201st Motor Rifle Division and replaced by the newly activated 487th Motor Rifle Regiment. On May 8, 1985, the division was awarded its second Order of the Red Banner in honor of the 40th anniversary of Victory Day. In January 1992, the division was taken over by Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009037-0006-0000", "contents": "128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History\nOn 31 December 1992, in Decree 642/92, the President of Ukraine promoted the commander of the 128th Guards Motor Rifle Division of the Carpathian Military District, Colonel Vyacheslav Zabolotny, to Major-General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009037-0007-0000", "contents": "128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History\nIn accordance with a decree of 23 August 1998, Colonel Oleksandr Maslenchuk \u2013 commander of the 128th Mechanised Division of the 38th Army Corps of the Operational Command West; was promoted to major-general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009037-0008-0000", "contents": "128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History\nOn May 27, 2000, the Minister of Defense of Ukraine, General of the Army Oleksandr Kuzmuk presented the division with its Battle Banner, and read the Order of the President of Ukraine awarding the division the honorable name \"Zakarpattia\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009037-0009-0000", "contents": "128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History\nIn 2002 the division was under 38th Army Corps. After 38th Army Corps was disbanded, the division became part of 13th Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009037-0010-0000", "contents": "128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History\nOn June 18, 2004, the 128th Guards Motor Rifle Division was reorganized into a brigade by the order of Minister of Defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009037-0011-0000", "contents": "128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History\nIn 2014\u201315 the brigade fought in the War in Donbass, taking part in the Battle of Debaltseve. For his leadership in the Battle of Debaltseve, brigade commander Colonel Serhiy Shaptala was awarded the title Hero of Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009037-0012-0000", "contents": "128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History\nThe brigade has a training ground near the city of Vynohradiv.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009037-0013-0000", "contents": "128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History\nOn 18 November 2015, the brigade's honorifics \"Turkestan twice Red Banner\" were removed as part of an Armed Forces-wide removal of Soviet awards and honorifics. The \"Zakarpattia\" battle honour, awarded for the liberation of the area in 1945, through, remained. On 22 August 2016, its Guards title was also removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009037-0014-0000", "contents": "128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), Division order of battle\nThe 327th Mechanized Regiment was reorganized to form the 15th Mountain Infantry Battalion, which became the first Mountain Infantry formation in the current Ukrainian Ground Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0000-0000", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 128th New York Infantry Regiment, nicknamed Old Steady, was a volunteer regiment from Dutchess County and Columbia County in upstate New York, during the American Civil War. Formed in Hudson, New York, on September 5, 1862, by Col. David S. Cowles, the regiment was made up of volunteers from the surrounding towns and villages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0001-0000", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization\nVolunteers were recruited by town and the 11 companies of the regiment were organized by region:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0002-0000", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nOrganized at Camp Kelly on the fairgrounds in Hudson, New York (a marker can be found today in the town indicating the location of the camp). The regiment was mustered into service on September 4, 1862, and left for Washington D.C. September 5, 1862, aboard the steamship Oregon which took them to New York City. From here the regiment rode aboard railroad cars to Baltimore. Camp Millington, where the regiment practiced drill, was set up just outside Baltimore. The 128th's first attempt to engage the enemy took them on a rapid jaunt to Gettysburg in an effort to confront General J.E.B. Stuart's Confederates. This proved uneventful however as Stuart retreated upon learning of the Union Army's approach; History would not be made in Pennsylvania until the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0003-0000", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nThe regiment was attached to defenses of Washington D.C. and Baltimore, Maryland, until December 1862 when the regiment boarded a ship, destination unknown, and headed south. The regiment soon learned they would be attached to General Nathaniel Banks' Department of the Gulf whose ultimate goal would be to open the Mississippi River to the Union. While aboard the ship Arago, sickness and disease infested the ranks. After a stop at Fortress Monroe where the regiment witnessed some of the famous Union ships including the ironclad Monitor, the regiment made its way to New Orleans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0004-0000", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nThe regiment was attached to the 1st Brigade, Sherman's Division, Department of the Gulf, until January, 1863 and saw duty at Camps Parapet and Chalmette until March 1863. Their first true engagement with the rebels took place at Pontachoula, Louisiana, on May 13; The soldiers confiscated Confederate wares including cotton bales and a small steamboat. The regiment moved to New Orleans, and thence to Port Hudson, Louisiana, May 21\u201323. The regiment would then play a major part in the Siege of Port Hudson from May 24 through July 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0004-0001", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nThis included skirmishing on Slaughter's Field on May 26, followed by the major assaults on the parapets of Port Hudson on May 27 and June 14. The regiment participated in the surrender of Port Hudson on July 9. The 128th lost many men wounded and killed including their Colonel David S. Cowles. During this time they were part of the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 19th Army Corp, Department of the Gulf to July 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0005-0000", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nAfter the siege of Port Hudson was over and the Union Army took full control of the Mississippi River, the regiment moved to Baton Rouge July 11, thence to Donaldsonville July 15. The regiment performed provost and guard duty there and at Baton Rouge until March 1864. The 128th would then participate in the Red River Campaign from March 23 - May 22. Initial duty placed them in the rear of the assault at Alexandria from March 25 - April 12 and Grand Ecore April 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0005-0001", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nThe regiment then were swept up in the Union Army's retreat to Alexandria from April 21\u201326. This included an engagement at Cane River Crossing on April 23; The regiment's new colonel, James Smith, would later be breveted general for bravery in this fight. Men then assisted with the construction of the famous dam needed to save the Union fleet of ships at Alexandria April 30- May 10. Once the fleet was rescued the army continued its retreat to Morganza Bend from May 13\u201320.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0005-0002", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nThis would include two additional engagements at Mansura Plains on May 16 and at Atchafalaya on May 17. The regiment then remained at Morganza Bend until July 3 as part of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, 19th Army Corp, to February 1864 and 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, 19th Army Corp, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0006-0000", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nFrom Morganza the men moved to New Orleans, and thence to Fortress Monroe, Virginia, and then quickly to Washington D.C. July 3\u201329.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0007-0000", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nThe regiment then participated in General Phil Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign from August 7 - November 28 as part of the Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to January 1865. At this time they were starting on a campaign to stop Confederate General Jubal Early's pestering of Washington and also to lay waste to the Valley, then considered the \"breadbasket\" of the South.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0008-0000", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nIn the Valley, the 128th fought first at the Battle of Opequon or (Third Winchester) on September 19, 1864; The Confederates were beaten and chased south \"up\" the valley. Several days later there was another major engagement at Fisher's Hill on September 22, 1864, and again the Rebels were beaten and pursued still further south. The Union army gave chase for a considerable distance with the cavalry doing most of the fighting. When Sheridan felt the Confederates had been pushed sufficiently south and were no longer a threat, he then turned the army about and proceeded to carry out the second part of the plan; To lay waste to the Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0009-0000", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nMoving north \"down\" the Valley, the Union troops burned crops, food, barns and anything that might be useful to the Confederate Army. The Rebels stayed close at their heels. When the Army reached the northern end of the Valley just over Cedar Creek, they encamped awaiting next steps from the leadership. Sheridan left the Army here while he went to Washington to discuss plans with General Grant. The 128th were encamped on the north side of Cedar Creek just off the main north-south route, the \"Valley Pike\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0009-0001", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nBeing in this position, the 128th were the regiment to have many men stationed as advanced pickets on the other side of Cedar Creek some distance out on the pike, guarding the approach. By now the Confederates were desperate, having lost two large battles and being seriously low on food and supplies as well as men of fighting capability. One of their top generals, John Brown Gordon made a trip to the top of a nearby mountain during the day and looking down had a birdseye view of the entire Union Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0009-0002", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nFrom here he was able to devise a plan whereby the Confederates would leave behind everything that might make noise, and at night march around the base of the mountain, cross the Shenandoah and attack the Union army at first light. The rebels main attack fell on the left flank at approximately 5:00\u00a0a.m. with smaller thrusts at the center and on the right. It was a chilly and foggy morning, October 19, 1864; The majority of the soldiers were still sleeping when the attack began to start the Battle of Cedar Creek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0010-0000", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nThe 128th being on the Pike, were off to the right of the main attack. The loud shock of the assault on their left startled the pickets and left them wondering what was going on. Very shortly after this bullets started flying at them, and the men began to return fire, but, realizing they had no support and that they were quickly being cut off from any chance of escape, they ran for the bridge. Many of the men made it back across but a majority of them were caught.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0011-0000", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nThe fight continued on with the Confederates routing the Union Army in the morning attack. The Union troops retreated a mile or so and began to reform and regroup. The Confederates slowed their chase, taking time to stop and plunder the Union camps. Meanwhile, the Union General Sheridan, who'd been asleep twenty miles north of Middletown and Cedar Creek in Winchester, gallantly raced to rejoin his army. Once there, Sheridan rallied his troops, attacked and retook the camps lost in the morning fight. The Confederates were routed and once again chased south on the Valley Pike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0011-0001", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nUnfortunately for those Union prisoners captured in the morning fighting, including the men of the 128th, the Union Army never caught up to them as they chased the fleeing rebels. After capture these prisoners were marched out right away and traveled nearly 90 miles to Staunton, Virginia. where they boarded trains for Richmond. There the men were taken to the infamous Libby Prison. For the most part, higher-ranking officers remained here and were shortly paroled while the men of the ranks were taken further south to Salisbury Prison in North Carolina. Here they remained for close to five months until February 22, 1865, at which time they were released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0012-0000", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Mail-in ballot fraud scheme\nIn the fall of 1864, Orville Wood, a merchant from Clinton County and supporter of Abraham Lincoln in the 1864 presidential election, was tasked to visit hometown troops and \"look after the local ticket.\" After seeing evidence of mail-in ballot fraud in another regiment and a hospital, Wood gained the trust of Moses Ferry, representative of Democratic Governor Horatio Seymour in Baltimore, and set out to expose the fraud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0012-0001", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Mail-in ballot fraud scheme\nThe scheme extended beyond Washington, D.C. and Baltimore, back to New York\u2014in one example, a General J.A. Ferrell wrote to political operative Edward Donahue Jr.: \"Inclosed in this package you will find tickets, also a list of names of the actual residents of Columbia County, now members of the 128th Regiment. With my best wishes for your success.\" Wood reported multiple such operations he discovered to authorities, and less than two weeks before the election on October 27, 1864, Ferry and Donahue were tried before a military commission. Ferry confessed and offered up names of other conspirators, while Donahue continued to trial and was convicted, partly on Wood's testimony. Both were sentenced to life in prison, with Lincoln's approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009038-0013-0000", "contents": "128th New York Infantry Regiment, Legacy\nThe 128th has a monument on the battlefield at Cedar Creek in Middletown, Virginia, in the location of their camp preceding the Battle of Cedar Creek. Additionally there is a monument to the regiment in Poughkeepsie, New York, on Reservoir Square at S. Clinton St. and Cannon St.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009039-0000-0000", "contents": "128th New York State Legislature\nThe 128th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 4 to July 20, 1905, during the first year of Frank W. Higgins's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009039-0001-0000", "contents": "128th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, 50 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (seven districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009039-0002-0000", "contents": "128th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Social Democratic Party, the Prohibition Party, the Socialist Labor Party and the People's Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009039-0003-0000", "contents": "128th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1904, was held on November 8. Lt . Gov. Frank W. Higgins was elected Governor; and Matthew Linn Bruce was elected Lieutenant Governor; both Republicans. Of the other seven statewide elective office up for election, six were carried by the Republicans, and one by a Democrat. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Republicans 813,000; Democrats 732,000; Social Democrats 36,000; Prohibition 21,000; Socialist Labor 9,000; and People's Party 6,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009039-0004-0000", "contents": "128th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1905; and adjourned on May 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009039-0005-0000", "contents": "128th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJohn Raines (R) was re-elected President pro tempore of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009039-0006-0000", "contents": "128th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 17, the Legislature re-elected Chauncey M. Depew (R) as U.S. Senator from New York for a second six-year term, beginning on March 4, 1905.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009039-0007-0000", "contents": "128th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nClerk of the Senate James S. Whipple was appointed Forest, Fish and Game Commissioner, and resigned on May 20. Assistant Clerk Lafayette B. Gleason was appointed by Lieutenant Governor M. Linn Bruce as Acting Clerk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009039-0008-0000", "contents": "128th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany to consider the removal from office of New York Supreme Court Justice Warren B. Hooker. Hooker was acquitted by the Legislature, remained on the bench and the Legislature adjourned July 20, 1905.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009039-0009-0000", "contents": "128th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn June 21, Gleason was elected Clerk of the Senate for the special session, and the session of 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009039-0010-0000", "contents": "128th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: In 1897, New York County (the boroughs of Manhattan and Bronx), Kings County (the borough of Brooklyn), Richmond County (the borough of Staten Island) and the Western part of Queens County (the borough of Queens) were consolidated into the present-day City of New York. The Eastern part of Queens County (the non-consolidated part) was separated in 1899 as Nassau County. Parts of the 1st and 2nd Assembly districts of Westchester County were annexed by New York City in 1895, and became part of the Borough of the Bronx in 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009039-0011-0000", "contents": "128th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. James J. Kehoe changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009040-0000-0000", "contents": "128th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Twenty-eighth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio from January 5, 2009 until December 31, 2010. Ted Strickland was Ohio Governor for its entirety. It was composed of the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives. The apportionment of districts was based on the 2000 United States Census. It marked the first time in fourteen years that the Ohio Democratic Party controlled the House of Representatives, while the Ohio Republican Party maintained control of the Ohio Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009041-0000-0000", "contents": "128th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 128th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 128th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 128th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009041-0001-0000", "contents": "128th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 128th Ohio Infantry was organized in Columbus and Johnson's Island, Ohio and mustered in for three years service under the command of Colonel Charles W. Hill. Companies A through E were organized January through September 1862; Companies E through K were organized December 1863 through January 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009041-0002-0000", "contents": "128th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment moved from Columbus to Sandusky, Ohio, January 1864. It performed guard duty at Sandusky and at Johnson's Island, Sandusky Bay, until July 1865. Portions of the regiment served on detached duty in West Virginia. The regiment moved to Camp Chase July 10, and mustered out of service on July 17, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009041-0003-0000", "contents": "128th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 64 men during service; 1 officer and 63 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009042-0000-0000", "contents": "128th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 128th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009042-0001-0000", "contents": "128th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 128th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Camp Curtin near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and mustered in August 14, 1862 under the command of Colonel Samuel Croasdale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009042-0002-0000", "contents": "128th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009042-0003-0000", "contents": "128th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Pennsylvania for Washington, D.C., August 16, and duty there until September 6. Moved to Frederick, Md., September 6\u201314. Battle of Antietam, Md., September 16\u201317. At Sandy Hook and Maryland Heights September 22 to December 10. Moved to Fairfax Station, Va., December 10\u201314. Duty there until January 19, 1863. Moved to Stafford Court House January 19\u201323, and duty there until April 27. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27 \u2013 May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009042-0004-0000", "contents": "128th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 59 men during service; 2 officers and 31 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 26 enlisted men died of disease. More than half the regiment was surrounded and captured at the Battle of Chancellorsville (9 officers and 225 men).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009043-0000-0000", "contents": "128th Pioneers\nThe 128th Pioneers were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. The regiment traces their origins to 1846, when they were raised as the 28th Bombay Native Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009043-0001-0000", "contents": "128th Pioneers\nThe regiments first action was in Afghanistan during the Second Afghan War in the Battle of Kandahar. In 1885, they were sent to Egypt to take part in the Sudan Campaign. They played an active part in the Battle of Tofrek and the Battle of Suakin. On their return to India they were part of the force gathered for the Tirah Campaign in 1897. During World War I they were sent to Egypt, to guard the Suez Canal from Turkish forces. They were originally attached to the 10th Indian Division but moved to the 11th Indian Division in 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009043-0002-0000", "contents": "128th Pioneers\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. In 1922, the 128th Pioneers became the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Bombay Pioneers. The regiment was disbanded in 1932.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009043-0003-0000", "contents": "128th Pioneers, William St. Lucien Chase\nWilliam St. Lucien Chase was awarded the Victoria Cross when a lieutenant in the 28th Bombay Native Infantry during the Second Afghan War when, on 16 August 1880, at Deh Khoja, near Kandahar, Afghanistan, Chase, with the help of Private Thomas Elsdon Ashford, rescued and carried, for a distance of over 200 yards, under enemy fire, a wounded soldier who had taken shelter in a block house. Several times they were compelled to rest, but they persevered and finally brought the wounded man to a place of safety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009044-0000-0000", "contents": "128th Regiment of Foot\nThe 128th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, created in 1794 and disbanded in 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009045-0000-0000", "contents": "128th meridian east\nThe meridian 128\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, Australia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009045-0001-0000", "contents": "128th meridian east\nThe 128th meridian east forms a great circle with the 52nd meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009045-0002-0000", "contents": "128th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 128th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009046-0000-0000", "contents": "128th meridian west\nThe meridian 128\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009046-0001-0000", "contents": "128th meridian west\nThe 128th meridian west forms a great circle with the 52nd meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009046-0002-0000", "contents": "128th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 128th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009047-0000-0000", "contents": "129 (barge)\n129 (also known as Barge 129, or No.129) was an American whaleback barge in service between 1893 and 1902. Built between December 1892 and May 1893, in Superior, Wisconsin, (or West Superior, Wisconsin), by Alexander McDougall's American Steel Barge Company, for McDougall's fleet of the same name, based in Buffalo, New York. She was one of a class of distinctive and experimental class of ships designed and built by McDougall. The whalebacks were designed to be more stable in high seas. They had rounded decks, and lacked the normal straight sides seen on traditional lake freighters. 129 entered service on May 22, hauling wheat from Superior. She was sold to the Bessemer Steamship Company of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1900. In 1901, she became owned by the Pittsburgh Steamship Company of Duluth, Minnesota, when the Bessemer fleet merged into it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009047-0001-0000", "contents": "129 (barge)\nOn October 13, 1902, 129 was downbound, loaded with iron ore, in tow of the bulk freighter Maunaloa. The two vessels encountered rough seas while about 30 miles (48.3\u00a0km) northwest of Vermilion Point. 129 broke away, Maunaloa turned around, and attempted to retrieve 129. However, the heavy seas pushed Maunaloa against 129; her port anchor sliced into 129's starboard side. 129 took on water and sank fast. All of her crew were rescued by Maunaloa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009047-0002-0000", "contents": "129 (barge), History, Background\n129 was a whaleback, an innovative but unpopular ship design of the late 1880s, designed by Alexander McDougall. A Scottish immigrant, Great Lakes captain, inventor and entrepreneur, McDougall developed the idea of the whaleback as a way to improve the ability of barges to follow a towing vessel in heavy seas. Whalebacks were characterized by distinctive hull shapes with rounded tops, lacking conventional vertical sides, and conoidal ends. Their rounded hulls enabled water to easily slide off their decks, minimising friction, and letting them sail quickly and smoothly through the water. Their superstructure was located on turrets mounted on the main deck. The rounded contours of whalebacks gave them an unconventional appearance, and McDougall's ship and barge designs were received with considerable skepticism, resistance, and derision. As they had porcine-looking snouts for bows, some observers called them \"pig boats\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 965]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009047-0003-0000", "contents": "129 (barge), History, Background\nAfter McDougall was unable to persuade existing shipbuilders to try his designs, he founded the American Steel Barge Company in Superior, Wisconsin in 1888 and built them himself. McDougall actively promoted his design and company by sending the steamer Charles W. Wetmore to London and starting another shipyard in Everett, Washington, which built the steamer City of Everett. Despite McDougall's further efforts to promote the design with the excursion liner Christopher Columbus, whalebacks never caught on, with only 44 of them being built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009047-0004-0000", "contents": "129 (barge), History, Design and construction\n129 (also known as Barge 129 or No.129) was constructed between 1892 and 1893 in Superior, Wisconsin, (or West Superior, Wisconsin), by the American Steel Barge Company. Her first hull frames were laid down on December 5, 1892. She was launched on May 13, 1893. 129 was the first of six identical whaleback barges launched in spring and summer of 1893. 129 and her sister ships (130, 131, 132, 133 and 134) were the only whalebacks built by the American Steel Barge Company in 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009047-0004-0001", "contents": "129 (barge), History, Design and construction\nShe had an overall length 306 feet (93.3\u00a0m) (292 feet (89.0\u00a0m) between perpendiculars), a beam of 36 feet (11.0\u00a0m) and a depth of 22 feet (6.7\u00a0m). She had a gross tonnage of 1,310 (or 1,311) tons and a net tonnage of 1,265 (or 1,266) tons. She was an unrigged barge and was towed by a steam-powered ship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009047-0005-0000", "contents": "129 (barge), History, Service history\n129 was built by the American Steel Barge Company for the fleet of the same name based in Buffalo, New York. She was given a temporary enrollment in Marquette, Michigan on May 12, 1893, and was given the US official number 53276. She received a permanent enrollment on June 3 in Buffalo, her home port. 129 entered service on May 22, carrying wheat from Superior, Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009047-0006-0000", "contents": "129 (barge), History, Service history\n129 had no recountable incidents during her career. In 1895, management of the American Steel Barge Company fleet was taken over by Pickands Mather & Company of Cleveland, Ohio. In 1900, 129 and the entire American Steel Barge Company fleet was sold to the Bessemer Steamship Company of Cleveland. When sold, 129's home port was changed to Duluth, Minnesota. 129 and the Bessemer Steamship Company fleet merged into the Pittsburgh Steamship Company of Duluth, managed by Augustus B. Wolvin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009047-0007-0000", "contents": "129 (barge), History, Final voyage\nOn October 13, 1902, while in tow of the 452 feet (137.8\u00a0m) steel bulk freighter Maunaloa, 129 was downbound, with 2,300 tons of iron ore in her cargo hold. Maunaloa and 129 encountered rough seas while about 30 miles (48.3\u00a0km) northwest of Vermilion Point on Lake Superior. In the gale, the towline between 129 and Maunaloa was severed. Maunaloa turned around and attempted to retrieve 129. However, the heavy seas pushed Maunaloa against 129; her port anchor sliced into 129's starboard side. 129 took on water quickly and rapidly sank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009047-0007-0001", "contents": "129 (barge), History, Final voyage\nThere was no loss of life, as Captain Bailey and his crew were picked up by Maunaloa. Maunaloa sustained no major damage in the collision. 129 was a total loss, being valued at $60,000, while her cargo was valued at $10,000. Her enrollment surrendered on March 25, 1903, in Duluth, Minnesota. She was the fourth whaleback to be lost on the Great Lakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009047-0008-0000", "contents": "129 (barge), History, Final voyage\nThe wreck of 129 has not been located. Maritime historian and author Cris Kohl has described her as one of the \"100 most hunted Great Lakes shipwrecks\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009048-0000-0000", "contents": "129 (number)\n129 (one hundred [and] twenty-nine) is the natural number following 128 and preceding 130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009048-0001-0000", "contents": "129 (number), In mathematics\n129 is the sum of the first ten prime numbers. It is the smallest number that can be expressed as a sum of three squares in four different ways: 112+22+22{\\displaystyle 11^{2}+2^{2}+2^{2}}, 102+52+22{\\displaystyle 10^{2}+5^{2}+2^{2}}, 82+82+12{\\displaystyle 8^{2}+8^{2}+1^{2}}, and 82+72+42{\\displaystyle 8^{2}+7^{2}+4^{2}}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009048-0002-0000", "contents": "129 (number), In mathematics\n129 is the product of only two primes, 3 and 43, making 129 a semiprime. Since 3 and 43 are both Gaussian primes, this means that 129 is a Blum integer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009049-0000-0000", "contents": "129 Antigone\nAntigone (minor planet designation: 129 Antigone) is a large main-belt asteroid. Radar observations indicate that it is composed of almost pure nickel-iron. It and other similar asteroids probably originate from the core of a shattered Vesta-like planetesimal which had a differentiated interior. It was discovered by German-American astronomer C. H. F. Peters on February 5, 1873, and named after Antigone, the Theban princess in Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009049-0001-0000", "contents": "129 Antigone\nIn 1979 a possible satellite of Antigone was suggested based on lightcurve data. A model constructed from these shows Antigone itself to be quite regularly shaped. In 1990, the asteroid was observed from the Collurania-Teramo Observatory, allowing a composite light curve to be produced that showed a rotation period of 4.9572 \u00b1 0.0001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.34 \u00b1 0.01 in magnitude. The ratio of the lengths of the major to minor axes for this asteroid were found to be 1.45 \u00b10.02.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009049-0002-0000", "contents": "129 Antigone\n10\u00b5 radiometric data collected from Kitt Peak in 1975 gave a diameter estimate of 114\u00a0km. Since 1985, a total of three stellar occultations by Antigone have been observed. A favorable occultation of a star on April 11, 1985, was observed from sites near Pueblo, Colorado, allowing a diameter estimate of 113.0 \u00b1 4.2\u00a0km to be calculated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009050-0000-0000", "contents": "129 BC\nYear 129 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Tuditanus and Aquillius (or, less frequently, year 625 Ab urbe condita) and the Sixth Year of Yuanguang. The denomination 129 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009051-0000-0000", "contents": "129 Die in Jet!\n129 Die in Jet! is a painting created by American Pop artist Andy Warhol in 1962, made with acrylic and pencil on canvas, 100 x 72 inches (254 x 182.9 cm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009051-0001-0000", "contents": "129 Die in Jet!, Interpretation\nWarhol created this work after the Air France Flight 007 accident in which 129 (later 130 after one died of injuries) people aboard were killed with only 2 (initially 3) survivors. The Atlanta Art Association had sponsored a month-long tour of the art treasures of Europe, and 106 of the passengers were art patrons heading home to Atlanta on this charter flight. The tour group included many of Atlanta's cultural and civic leaders. Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen Jr. went to Orly to inspect the crash site where so many important Atlantans perished. The work is a memorial to those who died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009052-0000-0000", "contents": "129 West Trade\n129 West Trade is a 227 feet (69\u00a0m) skyscraper in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was built in 1958 and has 15 floors. The building is clad with 3,822 - 2,000 pound (890\u00a0kg) precast concrete facade panels which measure 5.5 by 6 feet (1.6 by 1.8 m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009052-0001-0000", "contents": "129 West Trade\nThis building was home to the Wachovia Charlotte office prior to 1975, when the bank moved to 400 South Tryon. The Charlotte Chamber of Commerce occupied the building from 1975 to 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009053-0000-0000", "contents": "1290\nYear 1290 (MCCXC) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009054-0000-0000", "contents": "1290 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1290\u00a0kHz: 1290 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009055-0000-0000", "contents": "1290 Chihli earthquake\nThe 1290 Chihli earthquake occurred on 27 September with an epicenter near Ningcheng, Zhongshu Sheng (Zhili or Chihli), Yuan Empire. This region is today administered as part of Inner Mongolia, China. The earthquake had an estimated surface wave magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum felt intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale. One estimate places the death toll at 7,270, while another has it at 100,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009055-0001-0000", "contents": "1290 Chihli earthquake, Damage\nThe earthquake destroyed 480 storehouses and countless houses in Ningcheng. Changping, Hejian, Renqiu, Xiongxian, Baoding, Yixian and Baixiang County were also affected. It severely damaged the Fengguo Temple in Yixian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009057-0000-0000", "contents": "1290s\nThe 1290s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1290, and ended on December 31, 1299.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009058-0000-0000", "contents": "1290s BC\nThe 1290s BC is a decade which lasted from 1299 BC to 1290 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009060-0000-0000", "contents": "1290s in art\nThe decade of the 1290s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009060-0001-0000", "contents": "1290s in art, Paintings\nPietro Cavallini The Last Judgement (detail of the Apostles) 1295", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009061-0000-0000", "contents": "1291\nYear 1291 (MCCXCI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009062-0000-0000", "contents": "1291 Phryne\n1291 Phryne, provisional designation 1933 RA, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 September 1933, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The asteroid was named after the ancient Greek courtesan Phryne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009062-0001-0000", "contents": "1291 Phryne, Orbit and classification\nPhryne is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,911 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as A907 TA at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1907.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009062-0002-0000", "contents": "1291 Phryne, Physical characteristics\nPhryne is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, while the Eon family's overall spectral type is that of a K-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009062-0003-0000", "contents": "1291 Phryne, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 1984, a rotational lightcurve of Phryne was obtained by astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.55 hours with a brightness variation of 0.86 magnitude (U=3). In August 2006, from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini gave a period of 5.58410 hours and an amplitude of 0.38 magnitude (U=3)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009062-0004-0000", "contents": "1291 Phryne, Physical characteristics, Poles\nIn 2011, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue (UAPC) and other sources gave a period 5.58414 hours, as well as two spin axis of (106.0\u00b0, 35.0\u00b0) and (277.0\u00b0, 59.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2). In 2017, a new study of the same international collaboration about the rotational states of Eoan asteroids gave a revised shape model with a period of 5.584139 hours and two spin axis of (109.0\u00b0, 33.0\u00b0) and (281.0\u00b0, 56.0\u00b0).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009062-0005-0000", "contents": "1291 Phryne, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Phryne measures between 24.954 and 31.13 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.127 and 0.1818.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009062-0006-0000", "contents": "1291 Phryne, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1355 and a diameter of 26.52 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.67.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009062-0007-0000", "contents": "1291 Phryne, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Phryne, the beautiful ancient Greek courtesan (hetaira) of the 4th century B.C. Supposedly, she was the model for the statue Aphrodite of Knidos by ancient Greek sculptor Praxiteles (see asteroid 5983), who was also her lover. It was the first nude statue of a woman from ancient Greece. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 118).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009063-0000-0000", "contents": "1291 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1291 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009064-0000-0000", "contents": "1292\nYear 1292 (MCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009065-0000-0000", "contents": "1292 Advanced Programmable Video System\nThe 1292 Advanced Programmable Video System is a second-generation home video game console released by European company Audiosonic in 1978. It is part of a group of software-compatible consoles which include the Interton VC 4000 and the Voltmace Database. The 1292 Advanced Programmable Video System included its power pack inside the console instead of an exterior power pack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009065-0001-0000", "contents": "1292 Advanced Programmable Video System, Specifications, User programming\nAn expensive (\u00a349 in the UK in 1977) Hobby Module was available which gave 6.5 kb of user-programmable memory and had a 5 pin DIN socket to allow software to be saved to a cassette tape player. This converted the unit into a halfway house between a home computer and an ordinary gaming console.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009065-0002-0000", "contents": "1292 Advanced Programmable Video System, Specifications, User programming\nThe user had to be familiar with programming in Signetics 2650 assembly language and the unconventional ways and register architecture of the Signetics 2650 processor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009065-0003-0000", "contents": "1292 Advanced Programmable Video System, Released versions\nThe console was produced by different companies and sold with different names. Not every console is compatible with others due to differences in the shapes and dimensions of the cartridge slots (but all of the consoles are software compatible). Here's a table of the consoles grouped by compatibility family (due to the slots).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009065-0004-0000", "contents": "1292 Advanced Programmable Video System, Released versions, Games\nAlthough, not much information is known about the release dates of the cartridges, the total number of the games should be 59 (33 games released by Radofin between 1977\u20131978, 19 games for the Interton VC 4000 and compatibles after 1978, and 7 more games released around 1980).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009066-0000-0000", "contents": "1292 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1292 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on May 5. Emperor Rudolf I of Germany had died on 15 July 1291.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009066-0001-0000", "contents": "1292 Imperial election\nKing Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, despite his late father-in-law Rudolf's recognition of the electoral vote to him, refused to support Rudolf's son, Albert of Austria, his wife's brother. King Wenceslaus succeeded in bringing the Electors of Brandenburg and Saxony over to his side: Albert II, Duke of Saxony signed an electoral pact on 29 November 1291 that he would vote the same way as Wenceslaus; Otto IV, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal made a similar commitment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009066-0002-0000", "contents": "1292 Imperial election\nSiegfried II of Westerburg, Archbishop of Cologne, believed that the Emperor should not receive the crown as an inheritance from his father, but should be freely selected by the College of Electors. He convinced Gerhard II. von Eppstein, the Archbishop of Mainz, to seek a candidate who would principally serve their interests. Gerard in turn recruited the new Archbishop of Trier, Bohemund I. Thereupon, the Elector Palatine, originally a supporter of Albert of Austria, was forced to submit to the majority of the College of Electors. Siegfried therefore proposed to the Electoral College to select Adolf of Nassau, a count, as king. They were ready to elect him, provided he make extensive concessions to the Electors and follow their political demands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009066-0003-0000", "contents": "1292 Imperial election\nOn 5 May 1292 in Frankfurt am Main, the Archbishop of Mainz, in the name of all the electors, elected Adolf King of the Germans (Emperor-Elect). As a result of the election, Adolf of Germany was named King of the Romans. He was crowned in Aachen on 24 June by the Archbishop of Cologne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009066-0004-0000", "contents": "1292 Imperial election\nThis Holy Roman Empire\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009068-0000-0000", "contents": "1292 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1292 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009069-0000-0000", "contents": "12923 Zephyr\n12923 Zephyr (prov. designation: 1999 GK4) is a stony asteroid, classified as potentially hazardous asteroid and near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 11 April 1999, by astronomers of the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search at Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona. The asteroid was named after the deity Zephyrus from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009069-0001-0000", "contents": "12923 Zephyr, Orbit and classification\nZephyr orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.0\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 9 months (1,003 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.49 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in April 1955, almost 44 years prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009069-0002-0000", "contents": "12923 Zephyr, Orbit and classification, Close encounters\nThis near-Earth asteroid has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0211\u00a0AU (3,160,000\u00a0km), which corresponds to 8.2 lunar distances. This short distance as well as its sufficiently large size makes it a potentially hazardous asteroid. On September 2010, the asteroid approached Earth at 0.2546\u00a0AU (38,100,000\u00a0km); it will make close encounters with Earth again in 2021, 2032 and 2043.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 56], "content_span": [57, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009069-0003-0000", "contents": "12923 Zephyr, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the god of the west wind, Zephyrus, from Greek mythology. The name was suggested by M. Smitherman. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 28 September 2004 (M.P.C. 52768).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009069-0004-0000", "contents": "12923 Zephyr, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Zephyr is a common S-type asteroid. The body is also characterized as a stony asteroid by the Infrared Telescope Facility, and in the Tholen classification (noisy spectrum).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009069-0005-0000", "contents": "12923 Zephyr, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 1999, a rotational lightcurve of Zephyr was obtained from photometric observations by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.891 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.18 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009069-0006-0000", "contents": "12923 Zephyr, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and the ExploreNEOs survey of the Spitzer Telescope, Zephyr measures between 1.86 and 2.062 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1764 and 0.21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009069-0007-0000", "contents": "12923 Zephyr, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE data, with albedo of 0.1764 and a diameter of 2.06 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 15.93.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009070-0000-0000", "contents": "12929 Periboea\n12929 Periboea, provisional designation: 1999 TZ1, is a dark Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 54 kilometers (34 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 2 October 1999, by American astronomer Charles W. Juels at the Fountain Hills Observatory in Arizona. Originally considered a centaur, this now re-classified Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 9.3 hours and belongs to the 80 largest Jupiter trojans. It was named from Greek mythology after Periboea, mother of Pelagon by the river-god Axius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009070-0001-0000", "contents": "12929 Periboea, Orbit and classification\nPeriboea is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009070-0002-0000", "contents": "12929 Periboea, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.0\u20135.4\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 12 months (4,378 days; semi-major axis of 5.24\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and a high inclination of 43\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in September 1953, or 46 years prior to its official discovery observation at Fountain Hills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009070-0003-0000", "contents": "12929 Periboea, Orbit and classification, Classification as centaur\nPeriboea was originally listed by the Minor Planet Center (MPC) as a centaur. However, its location close to L5, its low albedo and spectral slope, as well as its estimated dynamical lifetime of more than a billion years, led to the conclusion that the formerly classified centaur is indeed a Jupiter trojan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 67], "content_span": [68, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009070-0004-0000", "contents": "12929 Periboea, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the MPC on 22 December 1999 (M.P.C. 22480). On 14 May 2021, the object was named by the Working Group Small Body Nomenclature (WGSBN), after Periboea, a mortal woman and eldest daughter of Acessamenus from Greek mythology. Periboea was the mother of Pelagon who she conceived by way of the river god Axius. Her grandson was the Trojan ally Asteropaios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009070-0005-0000", "contents": "12929 Periboea, Physical characteristics\nPeriboea is an assumed C-type asteroid. It has a V\u2013I color index of 0.88.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009070-0006-0000", "contents": "12929 Periboea, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2007, four rotational lightcurves of Periboea have been obtained from photometric observations with a period of 10.4 and 10.422 hours (U=2/2/2/2-). Best-rated lightcurve, obtained by Stefano Mottola at the Calar Alto Observatory over seven nights from May to June 2009, gave a rotation period of 9.2749\u00b10.0016 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.17 magnitude (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009070-0007-0000", "contents": "12929 Periboea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, and observations by French and Spanish astronomers, Periboea measures between 51.5 and 55.34 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.053 and 0.110. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo of a carbonaceous asteroid 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 61.04 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009070-0008-0000", "contents": "12929 Periboea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009071-0000-0000", "contents": "1292\u20131294 papal election\nThe 1292\u20131294 papal election (from 5 April 1292 to 5 July 1294), was the last papal election which did not take the form of a papal conclave (in which the electors are locked in seclusion cum clave\u2014Latin for \"with a key\"\u2014and not permitted to leave until a new Bishop of Rome has been elected). After the death of Pope Nicholas IV on 4 April 1292, the eleven surviving cardinals (a twelfth died during the sede vacante) deliberated for more than two years before electing the third of six non-cardinals to be elected pope during the Late Middle Ages: Pietro da Morrone, who took the name Pope Celestine V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009071-0001-0000", "contents": "1292\u20131294 papal election\nContemporary sources suggest that Morrone was hesitant to accept his election when word of the cardinals' decision reached his mountain-top hermitage. His ascetic life left him largely unprepared for the day-to-day responsibilities of the papacy, and he quickly fell under the influence of the Neapolitan monarchy of Charles of Anjou, to the dissatisfaction of even the pro-Angevin cardinals within the College. Celestine V resigned on 13 December 1294.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009071-0002-0000", "contents": "1292\u20131294 papal election, Cardinal electors\nTwelve cardinal electors began the election, but one\u2014Jean Cholet\u2014died before it was completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009071-0003-0000", "contents": "1292\u20131294 papal election, Deliberation\nThe eleven electors were relatively evenly divided between the factions of Colonna and Orsini, two powerful Roman families, led by Giacomo Colonna and Matteo Orsini, respectively. The three Orsini cardinals were pro-French and pro-Angevin, while the two Colonna cardinals supported competing Aragonese claims in Sicily. James II of Aragon had bankrolled the Colonna faction with gold, but it is unknown whether simony actually transpired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009071-0004-0000", "contents": "1292\u20131294 papal election, Deliberation\nAfter ten days of balloting in Rome, without any candidate approaching the requisite two-thirds, the cardinals adjourned until June and changed the location of the election from Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore to Santa Maria sopra Minerva. After a summer epidemic in the city, and the death of Cholet in August, they dispersed until late September. The non-Roman cardinals went to Rieti (except Caetani, who went to his native Anagni) while the Roman cardinals remained in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009071-0004-0001", "contents": "1292\u20131294 papal election, Deliberation\nAs balloting continued into the next summer, the disorder in Rome increased dramatically (even by the standards of a sede vacante, during which, based on the biblical example of Barabbas, all prisoners were released). The deaths of newly elected Roman Senators Agapitus Colonna and Ursus Orsini around Easter 1293 further exacerbated the anarchy within the city, which had been marked by the destruction of palaces, the slaying of pilgrims, and the sacking of churches. After the summer of 1293, the cardinals dispersed and agreed to reconvene in Perugia on October 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009071-0005-0000", "contents": "1292\u20131294 papal election, Deliberation\nThe College continued to deliberate fruitlessly in Perugia, where they were addressed by Charles II of Naples in March 1294. By  the summer of 1294, cardinals had begun to disperse, leaving only six in Perugia for their final meeting, where a letter was read aloud from a hermit,  Pietro de Morrone, stating that God had revealed to him that the cardinals would be punished for any further delay. Latino Malabranca Orsini, the senior cardinal, suddenly nominated Morrone\u2014who would have been well known by the cardinals as a saintly figure\u2014and the other cardinals rapidly agreed and recalled the departed electors to consent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009071-0006-0000", "contents": "1292\u20131294 papal election, Deliberation\nConsensus was achieved by 5 July  1294, when Morrone was elected. As with the selection of Gregory X by the papal election, 1268\u20131271, the choice of an outsider, non-cardinal, in this case an \"octogenarian hermit,\" was seen as the only way to break the stalemate between the deadlocked cardinals. That election also could have resulted in the selection of a hermit, had Saint Philip Benizi not fled to avoid his election after he urged the cardinals to speed up their deliberations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009071-0007-0000", "contents": "1292\u20131294 papal election, Coronation\nPietro Colonna and three bishops brought the news of Morrone's election to his mountain-top hermitage. Contemporary sources are emphatic in noting Morrone's reluctance to accept his election; for example, Petrarch recounts his attempt to flee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009071-0008-0000", "contents": "1292\u20131294 papal election, Coronation\nInstead of coming to Perugia (the site of the election), Celestine insisted that the cardinals join him in L'Aquila (in Neapolitan territory) for his coronation, rather than crossing into the bordering Papal States. Imitating the entry of Christ into Jerusalem, Celestine rode a donkey, led by the bridle by Charles II of Naples and his son Charles Martel of Anjou to the L'Aquila basilica, which was the nearest cathedral to his hermitage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009071-0008-0001", "contents": "1292\u20131294 papal election, Coronation\nLatino Orsini died on August 10 in Perugia, but many of the other cardinals had second thoughts because of the perceived degree of Angevin control of the new pope. Because only three cardinals were present at the ceremony on August 29, it was repeated a few days later when more arrived, making Celestine the only pope to be crowned twice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009071-0009-0000", "contents": "1292\u20131294 papal election, Coronation\nThe Angevin-Neapolitan influence of Celestine was evident in his first consistory, during which he created twelve cardinals, including seven Frenchmen and three (or five) Neapolitans. This was the first time in history where a single consistory had swung the College of Cardinals so decidedly in one nationalist partisan direction. The cardinals who were not French or Angevin were members of Celestine's former order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009071-0009-0001", "contents": "1292\u20131294 papal election, Coronation\nCelestine also moved to the Castel Nuovo in Naples, where he continued to live much like a hermit until he resigned, as advocated by many Roman cardinals, including Benedetto Gaetani (who, a former lawyer, suggested that Celestine first publish a decree establishing the permissibility of papal abdication). Gaetani, elected Pope Boniface VIII following Celestine's abdication, proceeded to have Celestine imprisoned while the legality of his abdication remained a prominent subject, and Celestine died a prisoner in 1296.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009071-0010-0000", "contents": "1292\u20131294 papal election, Legacy\nBefore abdicating, Celestine re-enacted Ubi Periculum, the Apostolic Constitution of Pope Gregory X, which has governed all subsequent papal elections under the laws of the conclave. Two subsequent papal elections may be considered possible exceptions, although they adhered to the laws of the conclave to a great degree: the Council of Constance, which elected Pope Martin V to end the Western Schism, and the papal conclave, 1799-1800, for which Pope Pius VI suspended Ubi Periculum due to the interference of Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009072-0000-0000", "contents": "1293\nYear 1293 (MCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009073-0000-0000", "contents": "1293 Kamakura earthquake\nThe 1293 Kamakura earthquake in Japan occurred at about 06:00 local time on 27 May 1293. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.1\u20137.5 and triggered a tsunami. The estimated death toll was 23,024. It occurred during the Kamakura period, and the city of Kamakura was seriously damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009073-0001-0000", "contents": "1293 Kamakura earthquake\nIn the confusion following the quake, H\u014dj\u014d Sadatoki, the Shikken of the Kamakura Shogunate, carried out a purge against his subordinate Taira no Yoritsuna. In what is referred to as the Heizen Gate Incident, Yoritsuna and 90 of his followers were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009073-0002-0000", "contents": "1293 Kamakura earthquake\nIt has been suggested that the reference to a large tsunami may be incorrect, although a tsunami deposit has been found that is consistent with this age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009074-0000-0000", "contents": "1293 Sonja\n1293 Sonja, provisional designation 1933 SO, is a stony asteroid and bright Mars-crosser from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 September 1933, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium. Two nights later, Sonja was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz on the Crimean peninsula. The origin of the asteroid's name is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009074-0001-0000", "contents": "1293 Sonja, Orbit and classification\nIn the SMASS taxonomy, Sonja is classified as a Sq-type, an intermediary between the abundant S and rather rare Q-type asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.6\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,214 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Sonja's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle, as no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009074-0002-0000", "contents": "1293 Sonja, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral well-defined rotational lightcurves of Sonja were obtained from photometric observations during 2003\u20132016. Light-curve analysis gave a concurring rotation period of 2.876\u20132.879 hours with a brightness variation between 0.14 and 0.21 magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009074-0003-0000", "contents": "1293 Sonja, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2006, the first lightcurve was obtained by David Higgins (U=3), followed by Federico Manzini and Vladimir Benishek (U=3/3-). Photometric observations continued in August 2008, by Petr Pravec at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory (U=3), and in 2016, four more lightcurves were obtained by Peter Ku\u0161nir\u00e1k and Petr Pravec, as well as by Robert Stephens, Daniel Klinglesmith and Isaac Aznar (U=3/3/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009074-0004-0000", "contents": "1293 Sonja, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Sonja measures 3.65 and 7.80 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an exceptionally high albedo of 0.53 and 0.46, respectively. This would make Sonja one of the brightest known Mars-crossing asteroids. However, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1226 and a diameter of 7.23 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009074-0005-0000", "contents": "1293 Sonja, Naming\nIt is unknown as to whether the name \"Sonja\" refers to any known place, person or occurrence. It was speculated that \"Sonja\" could have been chosen based on the two letter of its provisional designation, 1933 SO. It is also speculated, that the name \"Sonja\" might have been on a list of generic German female names sent by the German ARI to several discoverers of minor planets in 1913, requesting the immediate naming of their discoveries in order to avoid confusion and possible errors (RI 1039; AN 196 and 137).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009074-0006-0000", "contents": "1293 Sonja, Naming, Unknown meaning\nAmong the many thousands of named minor planets, Sonja is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009075-0000-0000", "contents": "1294\nYear 1294 (MCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009076-0000-0000", "contents": "1294 Antwerpia\n1294 Antwerpia (prov. designation: 1933 UB1) is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 24 October 1933, by astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The carbonaceous C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 6.6 hours and measures approximately 35 kilometers (22 miles) in diameter. It was named for the Belgian city of Antwerp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009076-0001-0000", "contents": "1294 Antwerpia, Orbit and classification\nAntwerpia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central main belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,608 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. the asteroid was first observed as A917 DB at Heidelberg Observatory in February 2017, where the body's observation arc begins one month later in March 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009076-0002-0000", "contents": "1294 Antwerpia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the city of Antwerp in Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 118).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009076-0003-0000", "contents": "1294 Antwerpia, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Antwerpia is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. It is also a C-type in both the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009076-0004-0000", "contents": "1294 Antwerpia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Antwerpia have been obtained from photometric observations since 2005. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.63 hours with a brightness variation of 0.42 magnitude (U=1/3/3-/3-/3/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 67], "content_span": [68, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009076-0005-0000", "contents": "1294 Antwerpia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nA 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD), gave a concurring period of 6.62521 hours (U=n.a. ), as well as two spin axis of (128.0\u00b0, \u221266.0\u00b0) and (246.0\u00b0, \u221276.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 67], "content_span": [68, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009076-0006-0000", "contents": "1294 Antwerpia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Antwerpia measures between 27.82 and 40.717 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0887 and 0.125. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0783 and a diameter of 34.40 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009078-0000-0000", "contents": "1294 papal conclave\nThe 1294 papal conclave (23\u201324 December) was convoked in Naples after the resignation of Pope Celestine V on 13 December 1294. Celestine V had only months earlier restored the election procedures set forth in the papal bull Ubi periculum of Pope Gregory X, which had been suspended by Pope Adrian V in July 1276. Every papal election since then has been a papal conclave. It was the first papal conclave held during the lifetime of the preceding pontiff, an event not repeated until the papal conclave of 2013 following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009078-0001-0000", "contents": "1294 papal conclave, Abdication of Celestine V\nCelestine V, founder of the Order of Celestines, widely esteemed and venerated for his holiness, was elected to the papacy on 7 July 1294, as a compromise choice after an over two-years long sede vacante. It quickly became clear that this saintly eremite was wholly incompetent and unsuited for a job as pope. Admitting his own incompetence soon after his election, Celestine expressed the wish to abdicate and return to his solitary cave in the Abruzzi Mountains. However, before doing so he issued two bulls. The first bull established the regulations concerning the abdication of a pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009078-0001-0001", "contents": "1294 papal conclave, Abdication of Celestine V\nThe second bull (Quia in futurum, 28 September 1294) restored the constitution Ubi periculum, which established the papal conclave; the constitution had been suspended by Pope Adrian V in July 1276. During his short papacy, he also created 13 cardinals. Eventually, on 13 December 1294, Celestine V abdicated the papacy at Naples, three days after confirming the restoration of the institution of the papal conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009078-0002-0000", "contents": "1294 papal conclave, Abdication of Celestine V\nIt has been widely stated that the alleged great influence of the ambitious Cardinal Benedetto Caetani and the pressure he applied on Celestine V were important factors in Celestine's decision to abdicate, but it seems nearly as certain that it was an entirely voluntarily step of the Pope, with the role of Caetani limited to participation in the solution of the legal problems connected with the resignation of a pope. In particular, there were doubts whether a pope could resign at all, and who would be authorized to accept such a resignation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009078-0003-0000", "contents": "1294 papal conclave, List of participants\nAll 22 living cardinals participated in the conclave; 12 of them were created by Celestine V, five by Nicholas IV, two by Nicholas III, one by Urban IV and one by Honorius IV:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009078-0004-0000", "contents": "1294 papal conclave, Election of Pope Boniface VIII\nOn 23 December 1294, the cardinals assembled in the Castel Nuovo at Naples for the election of the successor of Celestine V.  On the next day, Christmas Eve, Cardinal Benedetto Caetani  received the required two-thirds majority and took the name of Boniface VIII. Caetani's nephew, who was an eyewitness, says that Caetani was elected after one scrutiny and an accessio: scrutinio accessioneque eligitur. Soon after his election he returned to Rome, where on 23 January 1295 he received his episcopal consecration from Cardinal Hugh Aycelin, Bishop of Ostia. He was  crowned by Matteo Rosso Orsini, who was prior Diaconorum of the Sacred College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009079-0000-0000", "contents": "1295\nYear 1295 (MCCXCV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009080-0000-0000", "contents": "1295 Deflotte\n1295 Deflotte, provisional designation 1933 WD, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 48 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 November 1933, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa. The asteroid was named after the discoverer's nephew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009080-0001-0000", "contents": "1295 Deflotte, Orbit and classification\nDeflotte is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 6 years and 3 months (2,281 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009080-0002-0000", "contents": "1295 Deflotte, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1932 RE at Heidelberg Observatory in September 1932. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Algiers in November 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009080-0003-0000", "contents": "1295 Deflotte, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Deflotte was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 14.64 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009080-0004-0000", "contents": "1295 Deflotte, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Deflotte measures between 45.67 and 51.048 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0390 and 0.049. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0402 and a diameter of 47.99 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009080-0005-0000", "contents": "1295 Deflotte, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Louis Boyer's nephew. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 118).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009082-0000-0000", "contents": "1296\nYear 1296 (MCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009083-0000-0000", "contents": "1296 Andr\u00e9e\n1296 Andr\u00e9e, provisional designation 1933 WE, is a stony Nysian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 November 1933, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the North African Algiers Observatory, Algeria, and named after the discoverer's niece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009083-0001-0000", "contents": "1296 Andr\u00e9e, Orbit and classification\nAndr\u00e9e is a member of the Nysa family, named after its namesake 44 Nysa and one of the smaller asteroid families in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,373 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1925 TA at Heidelberg Observatory in 1925, extending the body's observation arc by 8 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009083-0002-0000", "contents": "1296 Andr\u00e9e, Lightcurves\nIn January 2002, a rotational lightcurve of Andr\u00e9e was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.178 hours with a brightness variation of 0.27 magnitude (U=3). In October 2004, a concurring lightcurve with a period of 5.18366 hours and an amplitude of 0.23 was obtained by French astronomers Cyril Cavadore and Pierre Antonini (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009083-0003-0000", "contents": "1296 Andr\u00e9e, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Andr\u00e9e measures between 20.66 and 28.045 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of between 0.06 and 0.121. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0849 and a diameter of 25.07 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009083-0004-0000", "contents": "1296 Andr\u00e9e, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer in honor of his niece, Andr\u00e9e. Naming citation was first published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 118).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009085-0000-0000", "contents": "1297\nYear 1297 (MCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009086-0000-0000", "contents": "1297 Quadea\n1297 Quadea, provisional designation 1934 AD, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 January 1934, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in Germany. The asteroid was named for the parents-in-law of the discoverer's brother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009086-0001-0000", "contents": "1297 Quadea, Orbit and classification\nQuadea is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 known asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,917 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009086-0002-0000", "contents": "1297 Quadea, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins more than six years prior to its official discovery observation with its first identification as 1927 VB at Heidelberg in November 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009086-0003-0000", "contents": "1297 Quadea, Physical characteristics\nQuadea has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by PanSTARRS photometric survey. The asteroid is also an assumed S-type asteroid, while the overall spectral type for members of the Eos family is that of a K-type, with albedos in-between the S-and C-types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009086-0004-0000", "contents": "1297 Quadea, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSince 2006, several rotational lightcurves of Quadea have obtained by astronomers Pierre Antonini and Brian Warner, as well as from photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory, California, and the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory (E09) in Australia. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.267 hours and a brightness variation of 0.35 magnitude (U=3/3/3/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009086-0005-0000", "contents": "1297 Quadea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Quadea measures between 19.62 and 22.42 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1551 and 0.200, while the Japanese Akari satellite found a diameter of 24.7 kilometers with an albedo of 0.142. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.14 and calculates a diameter of 23.47 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009086-0006-0000", "contents": "1297 Quadea, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after the parents-in-law of his brother, E. Reinmuth. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 119).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009088-0000-0000", "contents": "1298\nYear 1298 (MCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009089-0000-0000", "contents": "1298 Nocturna\n1298 Nocturna, provisional designation 1934 AE, is a dark asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 40 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 January 1934, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid's name is the Feminine adjective of nocturnus, \"nightly\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009089-0001-0000", "contents": "1298 Nocturna, Orbit and classification\nNocturna is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,018 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009089-0002-0000", "contents": "1298 Nocturna, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A904 RA at Heidelberg in September 1904. The body's observation arc begins 30 years later, with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009089-0003-0000", "contents": "1298 Nocturna, Physical characteristics\nNocturna has been characterized as an X-type asteroid by PanSTARRS photometric survey. It is also an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009089-0004-0000", "contents": "1298 Nocturna, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Nocturna was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 34.80 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.11 magnitude (U=2). Nocturna has a longer-than-average period, as most asteroids rotate within less than 20 hours once around their axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009089-0005-0000", "contents": "1298 Nocturna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Nocturna measures between 37.80 and 44.62 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.0578.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009089-0006-0000", "contents": "1298 Nocturna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0441 and a diameter of 39.93 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009089-0007-0000", "contents": "1298 Nocturna, Naming\nThis minor planet was named \"Nocturna\" after the feminine adjective of nocturnus which means \"nightly\". The name was proposed by German astronomer Gustave Stracke after whom an entire sequence of asteroids, (1227) to (1234), had been named indirectly. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 119).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009090-0000-0000", "contents": "1298 in Italy\nAn incomplete series of events and deaths which occurred in Italy or to Italians in 1298:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009091-0000-0000", "contents": "1299\nYear 1299 (MCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009092-0000-0000", "contents": "1299 Mertona\n1299 Mertona (prov. designation: 1934 BA) is a bright background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 18 January 1934, by French astronomer Guy Reiss at Algiers Observatory, Algeria, in northern Africa. The likely stony asteroid with an unknown spectral type has a rotation period of 5.0 hours and measures approximately 14 kilometers (8.7 miles) in diameter. It was named after English astronomer Gerald Merton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009092-0001-0000", "contents": "1299 Mertona, Orbit and classification\nMertona is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,713 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As neither precoveries nor prior identifications were obtained, Mertona's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Algiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009092-0002-0000", "contents": "1299 Mertona, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after English astronomer Gerald Merton (1893\u20131983), who was president of the British Astronomical Association between 1950 and 1952. The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 119).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009092-0003-0000", "contents": "1299 Mertona, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Mertona were obtained during 2003\u20132016. Photometric observations were taken by astronomers Andy Monson and Steven Kipp (4.977\u00b10.003 hours; \u03940.55 mag; U=3) in November 2003, by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy (4.981\u00b10.002 hours; \u03940.46 mag; U=3) in March 2005, by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory (4.9787\u00b10.0013 hours, \u03940.48 mag, U=2) in August 2012, and by Daniel Klinglesmith (4.978\u00b10.002 hours, \u03940.59 mag, U=3) at Etscorn Observatory (719) in Socorro, New Mexico. In addition, a 2016-published lightcurve, modelling data from the Lowell photometric database, gave a concurring period of 4.97691\u00b10.00001 hours and a spin axis of (73.0\u00b0, 35.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009092-0004-0000", "contents": "1299 Mertona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Mertona measures between 14.14 and 14.90 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.219 and 0.243. Although such a high albedo is typical for stony asteroids, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.057, which it uses as the generic albedo for all carbonaceous C-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009092-0004-0001", "contents": "1299 Mertona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nIt therefore calculates a larger diameter of 27.90 kilometers (as the lower the albedo or reflectivity, the larger a body's diameter at an unchanged absolute magnitude or brightness). Carbonaceous asteroids are the predominant type in the outer main-belt, while stony asteroids are mostly found in the inner regions of the asteroid belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009093-0000-0000", "contents": "1299 in Italy\nThe naval Battle of Cape Orlando took place on 4 July 1299 at St Marco di Val Demone, north-western Sicily, when an Aragonese and Angevin galley fleet commanded by Roger of Lauria defeated a Sicilian galley fleet commanded by Conrad d'Oria. Both leaders, James II and Frederick III, were present. There was a small attack on 3 July also.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009093-0001-0000", "contents": "1299 in Italy\nThe Battle of Falconaria (also La Falconara or Falconeria) was a battle of the latter days of the War of the Sicilian Vespers. Fought on 1 December 1299 between the forces of Frederick II of Sicily and Philip I of Taranto of the Kingdom of Naples, it was a momentous victory for Frederick and a disaster for Philip, who was captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009095-0000-0000", "contents": "12999 Toru\u0144\n12999 Toru\u0144, provisional designation 1981 QJ2, is a carbonaceous Baptistina asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 August 1981, by British\u2013American astronomer Edward Bowell at Lowell Observatory's Anderson Mesa Station in Flagstaff, Arizona, and named after the Polish city of Toru\u0144.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009095-0001-0000", "contents": "12999 Toru\u0144, Orbit and classification\nToru\u0144 is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid and a member of the small Baptistina family. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,252 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Goethe Link Observatory in 1957, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 24 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009095-0002-0000", "contents": "12999 Toru\u0144, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA rotational lightcurve of Toru\u0144 was obtained from photometric observations at the U.S. Palomar Transient Factory in December 2009. The provisional lightcurve gave a rotation period of 3.5521\u00b10.0026 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.09 in magnitude (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009095-0003-0000", "contents": "12999 Toru\u0144, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Toru\u0144 measures 3.5 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a very high albedo of 0.39. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) disagrees with the findings by the space-based mission and assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057, with a correspondingly larger diameter of 8.0 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.22. As with 1696\u00a0Nurmela, another member of the Baptistina family, CALL assumes this asteroid's composition (also see carbonaceous chondrites) to differ significantly from the much brighter asteroid 298\u00a0Baptistina, which is considered to be an interloper in its own family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009095-0004-0000", "contents": "12999 Toru\u0144, Naming\nIn 2008, this minor planet was named after the city of Toru\u0144, Poland. It is the birthplace of Nicolaus Copernicus, significant to Polish and European history, a UNESCO World Heritage listed Old Town, and the main site of the Nicolaus Copernicus University, where its observatory at Piwnice, the largest in Poland, is located. The naming followed a suggestion by Polish astronomer T. Micha\u0142owski. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center 21 March 2008 (M.P.C. 62354).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009096-0000-0000", "contents": "129P/Shoemaker\u2013Levy\n129P/Shoemaker\u2013Levy, also known as Shoemaker\u2013Levy 3, is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It fits the definition of an Encke-type comet with (TJupiter > 3; a < aJupiter), and is a quasi-Hilda comet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009096-0001-0000", "contents": "129P/Shoemaker\u2013Levy\nThis comet should not be confused with Comet Shoemaker\u2013Levy 9 (D/1993 F2), which spectacularly crashed into Jupiter in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009097-0000-0000", "contents": "129th (Wentworth) Battalion, CEF\nThe 129th (Wentworth) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Dundas, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Wentworth County. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 123rd and 124th Battalions, CEF and the 12th Reserve Battalion in October 1916. The 129th (Wentworth) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009097-0001-0000", "contents": "129th (Wentworth) Battalion, CEF\nThe 129th Battalion is perpetuated by The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009098-0000-0000", "contents": "129th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 129th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 4, 1977, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Republican Governor Pierre S. du Pont, IV from New Castle County and the first year for Republican Lieutenant Governor James D. McGinnis from Kent County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009098-0001-0000", "contents": "129th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1970 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009098-0002-0000", "contents": "129th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 129th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Democratic majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009098-0003-0000", "contents": "129th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009098-0004-0000", "contents": "129th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009099-0000-0000", "contents": "129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 125th Division was a division deployed by the People's Republic of China during the Chinese Civil War and the Korean War. After series of redesignations and conversions, the division ends its fate as 13th Armored Brigade in April 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009099-0001-0000", "contents": "129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History\nThe 125th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c125\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 14th Division, 5th Column of Fourth Field Army. Its history could be traced to Tonghua Detachment of Liaodong Military District, formed in November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009099-0002-0000", "contents": "129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History\nIn the composition of 42nd Corps it took part in the Chinese civil war, including the Liaoshen Campaign and Pingjin Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009099-0003-0000", "contents": "129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History\nIn October 1950 the division entered Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army (Chinese People's Volunteers (CPV) or Chinese Communist Forces (CCF)) with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men. It was a component of the 42nd Army, consisting of the 373rd, 374th, and 375th Regiments. During its deployment in Korea Artillery Regiment, 125th Division was activated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009099-0004-0000", "contents": "129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History\nIn November 1952 the division returned from Korea and was redesignated as 125th Infantry Division(Chinese: \u6b65\u5175\u7b2c125\u5e08), activating its tank regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009099-0005-0000", "contents": "129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History\nIn April 1960 the division was redesignated as 125th Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c125\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009099-0006-0000", "contents": "129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History\nIn December 1962, 330th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment was transferred to 200th Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009099-0007-0000", "contents": "129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History\nIn August 1964 the division was inactivated. By the same time Border Defense Division of Guagnzhou Military Region(Chinese: \u5e7f\u5dde\u519b\u533a\u8fb9\u9632\u5e08) was activated in Tianyang, Guangxi from headquarters of the 129th Army Division, 373rd, 375th infantry regiments, and 505th Artillery Regiment. All infantry battalions of 373rd and 375rd infantry regiments were transferred to Guangdong Provincial Military District's control, and 374th Infantry Regiment was transferred to 126th Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009099-0008-0000", "contents": "129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History\nIn early 1965 Headquarters, Border Defense Division moved to Tiandong. Guangxi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009099-0009-0000", "contents": "129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History\nIn February 1967 the division was redesignated as 220th Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c220\u5e08). All its regiments were redesignated as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009099-0010-0000", "contents": "129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History\nIn July 1968, 659th Infantry Regiment, 220th Army Division (Military Unit 6912) took part in the military operations against Red Guards faction \"Guangxi April 22 Revolutionary Action Command\" in Nanning, Guangxi. In the operation at least 3911 were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009099-0011-0000", "contents": "129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History\nIn August 1968, 658th Infantry Regiment, 220th Army Division (Military Unit 6911) took part in the military operations against Red Guards faction \"July 29 Corps Army\" (a branch of \"April 22\") in Fengshan County, killing at least 1016 civilians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009099-0012-0000", "contents": "129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History\nIn September 1968, the division was transferred to newly-activated 43rd Army Corps and redesignated as 129th Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c129\u5e08). All its regiments were redesignated as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009099-0013-0000", "contents": "129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History\nThe division then moved to Guiyang, Guizhou for \"three supporting and two militarization\" missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009099-0014-0000", "contents": "129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History\nIn February to March 1979 the division took part in the Sino-Vietnamese War under the command of 42nd Army Corps. During the operations the division neutralized 875 enemies at the cost of 574 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009099-0015-0000", "contents": "129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History\nIn July 1984, Reconnaissance Company, 129th Army Division took part in the Battle of Laoshan as 4th Company, 2nd Reconnaissance Group. After the battle the company received the honorific title of \"Heroic Reconnaissance Company\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009099-0016-0000", "contents": "129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), Armored Brigade\nIn October 1985 the 129th Army Division was inactivated. Headquarters. 129th Army Division was merged with 44th Tank Regiment, 11th Tank Division as Tank Brigade, 54th Army(Chinese: \u7b2c54\u96c6\u56e2\u519b\u5766\u514b\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 75], "content_span": [76, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009099-0017-0000", "contents": "129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), Armored Brigade\nIn 1998, the brigade was exchanged with 11th Tank Division and became Armored Brigade, 20th Army(Chinese: \u7b2c20\u96c6\u56e2\u519b\u88c5\u7532\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 75], "content_span": [76, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009099-0018-0000", "contents": "129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), Armored Brigade\nIn 2012, the brigade received the designation of 13th Armored Brigade(Chinese: \u88c5\u7532\u7b2c13\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 75], "content_span": [76, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009100-0000-0000", "contents": "129th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (\u2192\u200etop: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009100-0001-0000", "contents": "129th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 129th Division (\u7b2c129\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakunij\u016bky\u016b Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Shinbu Division (\u632f\u6b66\u5175\u56e3, Shinbu Heidan). It was formed 12 April 1945 in Daya Bay as a type C(hei) security division, simultaneously with the 130th division. The nucleus for the formation was the parts of the 19th Independent Mixed Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009100-0002-0000", "contents": "129th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\n14 May 1945, the 91st infantry brigade organization was complete at Huiyang District, and 20 May 92nd infantry brigade was incorporated around Daya Bay, but overall organization was incomplete by the time of surrender of Japan 15 August 1945. The 129th division was expected to counter Allied attack on Hong Kong, but the invasion has failed to materialize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009100-0003-0000", "contents": "129th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 91st brigade of the 129th division has sailed from Port of Humen 2 April 1946 and 12 April 1946, arriving to Uraga, Kanagawa 19 May 1946 and 18 May 1946, respectively. The 92nd brigade of the 129th division has sailed the same route 9 April 1946, arriving to Uraga, Kanagawa 17 May 1946. The disembarkation was delayed until 20 May 1946 because of cholera outbreak on board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009101-0000-0000", "contents": "129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis\nThe 129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army raised in 1846 as the 2nd Bellochee Battalion. It was designated as the 129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis in 1903, and became 4th Battalion (Duke of Connaught's Own) 10th Baluch Regiment in 1922. In 1947, it was allocated to Pakistan Army, where it continues to exist as 11th Battalion of The Baloch Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009101-0001-0000", "contents": "129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis, Early history\nThe regiment was raised on 6 May 1846 at Karachi on the orders of General Sir Charles Napier, the British Governor of Sindh. Its manpower was mostly drawn from Balochis, Sindhis and Pathans of Sindh. Later, it also recruited Brahuis and Punjabi Muslims, while the recruitment area was extended to include Baluchistan, North-West Frontier Province and the Punjab. In 1856, the battalion was dispatched to Persia and fought in the Anglo-Persian War. In the post-Mutiny realignment, it was brought into line in 1861 and became the 29th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry or the 2nd Belooch Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009101-0001-0001", "contents": "129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis, Early history\nIn 1862, the regiment went to China to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Two years later, they became the first foreign troops to be stationed in Japan, when two companies were sent to Yokohama to guard the British legation. In 1878\u201380, the 2nd Belooch Regiment fought in the Second Afghan War, followed by the Anglo-Egyptian War of 1882. In 1883, the Duke of Connaught was appointed their Colonel-in-Chief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009101-0002-0000", "contents": "129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis, Early history\nSubsequent to the reforms brought about in the British Indian Army by Lord Kitchener in 1903, all former Bombay Army units had 100 added to their numbers. Consequently, the regiment's designation was changed to 129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis. In 1912, General Sir Garrett O'Moore Creagh, VC, GCB, GCSI, Commander-in-Chief, British Indian Army was appointed Colonel of the 129th DCO Baluchis. He was a former Commanding Officer of the regiment. The regimental full dress uniform in 1914 included a rifle green turban and kurta (knee length tunic) piped in red, worn with red trousers and white gaiters. The red trousers were a distinctive feature of all five Baluch infantry regiments then serving in the British Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009101-0003-0000", "contents": "129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis, Early history\nDuring the First World War, the 129th DCO Baluchis served on the Western Front in France and Belgium, where they became the first Indian regiment to attack the Germans. At Hollebeke, during the First Ypres, Sepoy Khudadad Khan became the first Pakistani to win the Victoria Cross; Britain's highest decoration for valour. The regiment also fought in the Battles of Messines 1914, Armenti\u00e8res 1914, Festubert 1914, Givenchy 1914 and Neuve Chapelle 1915. From France, the regiment proceeded to German East Africa and again distinguished itself in the long and difficult campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009101-0003-0001", "contents": "129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis, Early history\nThe German commander, General von Lettow-Vorbeck, said of them: \"... the 129th Baluchis ... were without a doubt very good\". The regiment suffered a staggering 3585 casualties out of the 4447 officers and men, who served with it in the First World War. Out of these casualties 348 died, including 45 attached men from the 127th Baluchi Light Infantry and 6 men from the 124th Baluchis. In 1918, the regiment raised a second battalion. Both 1st & 2nd Battalions 129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis fought in the Third Afghan War of 1919, while the 2nd Battalion also served in Iraq during the Iraqi revolt against the British in 1920. The 2nd Battalion was disbanded in 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009101-0004-0000", "contents": "129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis, Subsequent history\nIn 1922, the regiment was grouped with five other Baluch battalions: 1st & 2nd Battalions of 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, 126th Baluchistan Infantry, 127th Queen Mary's Own Baluch Light Infantry and the 130th King George's Own Baluchis (Jacob's Rifles), to form the 10th Baluch Regiment. The 129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis were designated as the 4th Battalion (Duke of Connaught's Own) 10th Baluch Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009101-0005-0000", "contents": "129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis, Subsequent history\nDuring the Second World War, 4/10th Baluch served in Italian East Africa, North Africa and Italy. The battalion's performance in the war was once again highly commendable. It suffered a total of 1677 casualties and received numerous gallantry awards. On the Partition of India in 1947, the battalion, along with the Baluch Regiment was allocated to Pakistan Army. In the 1948 Indo-Pakistan War, the battalion captured the strategic heights of Pandu in Kashmir. In 1956, on the merger of 8th Punjab and Bahawalpur Regiments with the Baluch Regiment, 4 Baluch was redesignated as 11 Baluch (now 11 Baloch). During the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971, the battalion fought with distinction in the Lahore and Zafarwal Sectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009101-0006-0000", "contents": "129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis, Uniforms\nThroughout its existence as a separate regiment the 129th Baluchis wore a full dress comprising dark green turban and tunic, the latter with red facings. Trousers were red and cut wide in \"knickerbocker\" style. Gaiters were white and equipment of brown leather. British officers wore green tunics of rifle regiment pattern with silver ornamented pouch-belts and red trousers. Khaki drill field service uniforms were introduced about 1880 and replaced the green and red for most occasions after 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009102-0000-0000", "contents": "129th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 129th Field Artillery Regiment is a regiment of the Field Artillery Branch of the United States Army. Only the 1st Battalion is constituted as an active unit, and is assigned to the Missouri Army National Guard, with its headquarters in Maryville, Missouri, and has subordinate elements located in armories in Albany, Independence, and Chillicothe, Missouri. As a part of the Missouri National Guard, the 1st Battalion, 129th FA is a subordinate unit of the 130th Field Artillery Brigade located in Manhattan, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009102-0001-0000", "contents": "129th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 129th is notable for its service in World War I with its D Battery under the command of then-Captain Harry S. Truman, later President of the United States (1945\u201353). In recognition of this fact, this unit has the official designation \"Truman's Own.\" The distinction of having had a battery that was commanded by a future U.S. President is also recognized by the presence of a battery designated \"D\", being the letter assigned to the battery Truman commanded, in lieu of a C Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009102-0002-0000", "contents": "129th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1 3/32\u00a0inches (2.78\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Per bend Or and Gules, in chief a prickly pear cactus Vert and in base three fleurs-de-lis in bend of the first. Attached below the shield a Red scroll inscribed \u201cSEND YOUR MISSION\u201d in Gold letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009102-0003-0000", "contents": "129th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe colors red and yellow are for Artillery. The prickly pear cactus is symbolic of the organization\u2019s Mexican Border service. The three fleurs-de-lis represent the three battle honors (Meuse-Argonne, Alsace and Lorraine) awarded the battalion for service during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009102-0004-0000", "contents": "129th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 129th Field Artillery Battalion on 28 August 1952. It was redesignated for the 129th Artillery Regiment on 26 October 1961. The insignia was redesignated for the 129th Field Artillery Regiment on 17 July 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009102-0005-0000", "contents": "129th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon\nPer bend Or and Gules, in chief a prickly pear cactus Vert and in base three fleurs-de-lis in bend of the first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009102-0006-0000", "contents": "129th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the Missouri Army National Guard: On a wreath of the colors Or and Gules, a grizzly bear standing rampant Proper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009102-0007-0000", "contents": "129th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe colors red and yellow in the Shield are for Artillery. The prickly pear cactus is symbolic of the organization\u2019s Mexican Border service. The three fleurs-de-lis represent the three battle honors (Meuse-Argonne, Alsace and Lorraine) awarded the battalion for service during World War I. The crest is that of the Missouri Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009102-0008-0000", "contents": "129th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 129th Field Artillery Battalion on 28 August 1952. It was redesignated for the 129th Artillery Regiment on 26 October 1961. The insignia was redesignated for the 129th Field Artillery Regiment on 17 July 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0000-0000", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division\nThe 129th Guards Rifle Division was formed as an elite infantry division of the Red Army in October 1943, based on the 1st formation of the 176th Rifle Division. It was the highest-numbered Guards division designated by the Red Army, although not the last to be formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0001-0000", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division\nFollowing the German 17th Army's evacuation of the Kuban bridgehead the Soviet 18th Army, where the 129th Guards was formed, was transferred to 1st Ukrainian Front which was in need of reinforcements during a partly-successful German counteroffensive west of Kiev. The division was instrumental in the re-capture of the city of Zhitomir on December 31, for which it was awarded a battle honor. In the spring it was moved to the 1st Guards Army and remained under that command for the duration of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0001-0001", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division\nDuring the Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive the division was transferred to the 107th Rifle Corps and would remain there for the duration; shortly after the 1st Guards Army became part of 4th Ukrainian Front. Under these commands the 129th Guards fought through the Carpathian Mountains into Slovakia and eventually southern Poland and its subunits won several battle honors and decorations in the course of this difficult campaigning, including the Order of Lenin by its artillery regiment. In spite of its fine record of service and many distinctions the division was disbanded in May 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0002-0000", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nOn October 9, 1943 the 176th officially became the 129th Guards in the 18th Army of North Caucasus Front where it was serving as a separate rifle division; it would be presented with its Guards banner on October 24. Once the division completed its reorganization its order of battle was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0003-0000", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nThe division remained under the command of Maj. Gen. Sergei Mikhailovich Bushev who had been in command of the 176th since November 20, 1942. It inherited the Order of the Red Banner that the 176th had been awarded on December 13, 1942 in recognition of its role in the fighting in the Caucasus, particularly counterattacks against 1st Panzer Army near Mozdok and Ordzhonikidze, as did the 299th Guards Artillery Regiment. In addition, the 320th Guards and 330th Guards Rifle Regiments retained the Orders of the Red Banner that they had been presented under their previous designations on March 27, 1942 and February 8, 1943 respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0004-0000", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nBy the start of November the 129th Guards was under 20th Rifle Corps and on November 19 it was transferred to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command along with the rest of 18th Army and began moving northwest from the Taman Peninsula to the northern Ukraine where it joined the 1st Ukrainian Front west of Kiev on November 30, being reassigned to 22nd Rifle Corps. At about this time the division's personnel were noted as being roughly 60 percent of several Caucasian nationalities and roughly 40 percent Russian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0005-0000", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine\n1st Ukrainian Front had liberated Kiev on November 6 and had continued its offensive westward toward Fastov, Korosten, Zhitomir and Berdichev; Fastov was taken the following day and Zhitomir fell to 38th Army on November 12. The defending 4th Panzer Army was reinforced by the XXXXVIII Panzer Corps and went over to the counteroffensive, recapturing Zhitomir and Korosten before being halted. The commander of the Front, Army Gen. N. F. Vatutin, appealed for reinforcements and was sent both the 18th Army and 1st Tank Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0005-0001", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine\nMeanwhile the commander of Army Group South, Field Marshal E. von Manstein, suspended the counteroffensive on December 24, hours before he received news that elements of 1st Tank Army and 1st Guards Army were advancing west on both sides of the Kiev\u2013Zhitomir road. This offensive expanded over the next two days and by early on December 28 18th Army had joined it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0005-0002", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine\nWhile von Manstein wrangled with Hitler over tactics the left flank of 4th Panzer Army was in full retreat west of Korosten and an early 60km-wide gap had opened in its lines north of Zhitomir, which the German forces soon evacuated. In recognition of its role in the re-liberation of the city the division was granted an honorific:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0006-0000", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine\nZHITOMIR... 129th Guards Rifle Division (Major General Bushev, Sergei Mikhailovich)... The troops who participated in the liberation of Zhitomir, by the order of the Supreme High Command of 1 January 1944, and a commendation in Moscow, are given a salute of 20 artillery salvoes from 224 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0007-0000", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine\nThrough January and February the Front continued trekking westward via Novohrad-Volynskyi, Shepetivka and Rovno, reaching Lutsk and Dubno by March 1. By the beginning of April the 18th Army had only the three divisions of 22nd Corps (161st and 317th Rifle, 129th Guards) under its command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0008-0000", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive\nLater that month the 129th Guards was transferred to the 30th Rifle Corps of 1st Guards Army, joining the 141st and 30th Rifle Divisions. The division would remain in this Army for the duration of the war. On June 7 General Bushev advanced to command of 30th Rifle Corps but within weeks took over the 52nd Rifle Corps for the duration. He was replaced by his deputy commander, Lt. Col. Efim Vasilevich Fesenko for several weeks until Col. Timofei Ustinovich Grinchenko took over on July 6; this officer had previously commanded the 276th Rifle Division and would be promoted to the rank of major general on September 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0009-0000", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive\nWhen the Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive began on July 13 the 1st Guards Army was deployed on a 118km-wide sector with 17 rifle divisions, of which 5 were in reserve. 30th Corps was roughly in the center of the Army's front, west of the Seret River and east of Pidhaitsi, facing the German 371st Infantry Division. The Army was assigned a supporting role in the offensive, prepared to back up 38th Army to its north with its reserve divisions and the 4th Guards Tank Corps once that Army penetrated the German front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0010-0000", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive\nFrom July 14-20 the Front's northern armies successfully penetrated the deep German defenses on the Rava-Ruska and Lvov axes and with all available German reserves committed or already destroyed the Front prepared to expand the offensive on the direction of Drohobych. 1st Guards and 18th Armies had been fighting local actions during this first week in order to pin German forces in place while the reserve 107th Rifle Corps and 4th Guards Tanks had shifted to 38th Army's sector to exploit its breakthrough toward Lvov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0010-0001", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive\nOn the night of July 19/20 forward elements of the 30th and 74th Rifle Corps conducted a reconnaissance-in-force to determine German dispositions; 20 prisoners were taken and on several sectors the forward defenses were penetrated. In order to exploit these successes the forward detachments of 30th Corps, including those of the 129th Guards, went over to the offensive after noon and soon determined that the German forces had begun to withdraw to the west, covered by strong rearguards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0011-0000", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive\n1st Guards Army went over to the general offensive on the morning of July 21 and after dislodging the rearguards advanced from 6-22km during the day. The Army's commander, Col. Gen. A. A. Grechko, was now ordered to develop an aggressive offensive and capture Stanislav by the end of July 24. During July 23 units of 30th Corps forced a crossing of the Dniestr River near Petryluv and fought to expand the bridgehead while driving back German counterattacks. From July 24-26 the Army continued to advance against stubborn resistance and took Stanislav on the 26th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0011-0001", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive\nAt about this time the 129th Guards was transferred to 107th Corps. In order to prevent any German regrouping in the Drohobych\u2013Borislav region, Grechko was ordered on the morning of the 27th accelerate his drive even further, up to 70km in three days. Despite these directions the advance on Drohobych slowed in the face of a stubborn defense along the Dniestr and repeated counterattacks by tanks and infantry. Effective at 2400 hours on August 5 the 1st Guards Army came under command of 4th Ukrainian Front, where it would remain for the duration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0011-0002", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Ukraine, Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive\nThe next day Drohobych was finally liberated and the 330th Guards Rifle Regiment (Lt. Col. Ryabov, Aleksandr Vasilevich) was awarded its name as a battle honor. On August 16 the 320th Guards Rifle Regiment would receive the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 3rd Degree, while the 124th Guards Sapper Battalion was given the Order of the Red Star, both for their roles in this victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0012-0000", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Carpathians\n4th Ukrainian Front had been transferred from the Crimea following the liberation of Sevastopol to the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains in part because many of its formations, having fought in the Caucasus, were experienced in mountain warfare. The 129th Guards, as the former 176th Rifle Division, had such experience. 107th Corps at the start of September had the 129th Guards, the 167th and 276th Rifle Divisions under command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0013-0000", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Carpathians\nBeginning on September 9 the Front attempted to break through the positions of First Panzer Army into the Dukla Pass in the Laborec Highlands toward Uzhhorod. This made slow progress to begin with but by the start of October began to make headway in part due to the removal of a panzer division and on October 6 the pass was taken. By the 14th the Front was on the move again, slowly advancing south of Dukla Pass through German fortified positions; 1st Guards Army was attempting to force some of the smaller passes farther east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0013-0001", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Carpathians\nIn recognition of its part in this fighting, on October 31 the 325th Guards Rifle Regiment would be decorated with the Order of the Red Banner. Through November and into December, as the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts encircled Budapest, the 107th Corps pushed on toward the towns of Humenn\u00e9 and Michalovce and on December 16 the 325th Guards Regiment would also receive the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 2nd Degree, for its role in taking these towns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0014-0000", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Carpathians, Western Carpathian Offensive\nGeneral Grechko launched his Army on its next operation on January 18, 1945 against the German XI Army Corps over the Ondava River through such mountainous terrain that only 42 tanks could be effectively used. The 107th and 11th Rifle Corps heavily damaged the 253rd Infantry Division, throwing back its remnants up to 22km and on January 20 took the city of Pre\u0161ov; the 320th Guards Rifle Regiment (Col. Fokin, Andrei Petrovich) was recognized with its name as an honorific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 79], "content_span": [80, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0014-0001", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Carpathians, Western Carpathian Offensive\nFor their roles in the same victory on February 19 the 325th Guards Regiment would be awarded the Order of Suvorov, 3rd Degree, while the 330th Guards Regiment received the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 2nd Degree. On the same date the 115th Guards Antitank Battalion was granted the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 3rd Degree, for its part in the fighting for Nowy Targ. Near the end of the offensive the division took part in the capture of the city of Bielsko; in an unusual distinction the 299th Guards Artillery Regiment was awarded the Order of Lenin on April 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 79], "content_span": [80, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0015-0000", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Moravia\u2013Ostrava Offensive and Postwar\nThe 129th Guards' last offensive began on March 24 into what is now the eastern part of the Czech Republic. The advance crossed the upper reaches of the Oder River but was then held up by German resistance east of Fren\u0161t\u00e1t pod Radho\u0161t\u011bm until April 5. By the time of the German surrender the division was on the approaches to Olomouc; its personnel were now noted as being about 50 percent Russian, 30 percent Ukrainian and 20 percent Bessarabian. On May 28 it was awarded the Order of Suvorov, 2nd Degree, for its part in the capture of Ostrava.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 66], "content_span": [67, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009103-0015-0001", "contents": "129th Guards Rifle Division, Moravia\u2013Ostrava Offensive and Postwar\nThe men and women of the division now shared the full title of 129th Guards Rifle, Zhitomir, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov Division. (Russian: 129-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0416\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f.) On June 29 Colonel Fokin of the 320th Guards Rifle Regiment would be made a Hero of the Soviet Union. The division was transferred to 38th Army and soon moved to Ternopil where it was disbanded in May 1946 along with the 107th Rifle Corps; General Grinchenko retired from the Red Army in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 66], "content_span": [67, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009104-0000-0000", "contents": "129th IOC Session\nThe 129th Session of the International Olympic Committee, was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from August 1st to August 4th, 2016, prior to the Games of the XXXI Olympiad, being held in Rio. Some key moments of the session included a keynote address from Professor Muhammad Yunus and the election of new sports for the 2020 Olympic program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009104-0001-0000", "contents": "129th IOC Session, The Election of New Sports for the 2020 Olympic Games\nAfter the introduction of Olympic Agenda 2020 in 2014, the IOC granted Olympic host city organizing committees, the ability to propose other sports in addition to the core olympic sports to be included in their respective Olympic Games. Several International Sports Federations campaigned to the Tokyo Organizing Committee to be included in the 2020 program, eventually the Tokyo OCOG made the decision to propose the inclusion of baseball/softball(as one sport, two disciplines), karate, skateboarding, sport climbing and surfing. The 2020 organizing committee presented the five sport package to the full International Olympic Committee at the IOC session in Rio on August 3, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 72], "content_span": [73, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009104-0002-0000", "contents": "129th IOC Session, The Election of New Sports for the 2020 Olympic Games\nThe IOC, unanimously approved the proposal of the inclusion of the five sports for a one-off appearance in the Tokyo Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 72], "content_span": [73, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009105-0000-0000", "contents": "129th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 129th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an American infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009105-0001-0000", "contents": "129th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 129th Illinois Infantry was organized at Pontiac, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on September 8, 1862, for a three-year enlistment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009105-0002-0000", "contents": "129th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on June 8, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009105-0003-0000", "contents": "129th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 50 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 2 officers and 128 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 180 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009106-0000-0000", "contents": "129th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 129th Regiment Indiana Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009106-0001-0000", "contents": "129th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 129th Indiana Infantry was organized at Kendallville and Michigan City, Indiana beginning December 16, 1863 and mustered in March 1, 1864 under the command of Colonel Charles Case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009106-0002-0000", "contents": "129th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to June 1864. 4th Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, to December 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to February 1865, and Department of North Carolina to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009106-0003-0000", "contents": "129th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 129th Indiana Infantry mustered out of service August 29, 1865 at Charlotte, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009106-0004-0000", "contents": "129th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty at Michigan City until March 30. Moved to Nashville, Tennessee, March 30 \u2013 April 7. March to Charleston, Tennessee, April 7\u201324, 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstrations on Dalton, Georgia, May 8\u201313. Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Movements on Dallas May 18\u201325. Cartersville May 24. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25 \u2013 June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10 \u2013 July 2. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009106-0004-0001", "contents": "129th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAssault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Ruff's Mills July 3\u20134. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Siege of Atlanta July 22 \u2013 August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29 \u2013 November 3. Nashville Campaign November\u2013December. In front of Columbia November 24\u201327. Columbia Ford November 29. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. At Clifton, Tennessee, until January 15, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009106-0004-0002", "contents": "129th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMovement to Washington, D.C.; then to Morehead City, North Carolina, January 15 \u2013 February 24. Carolinas Campaign March 1 \u2013 April 26. Advance on Kinston and Goldsboro March 1\u201321. Battle of Wyse Fork March 8\u201310. Kinston March 14. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Provost duty at Charlotte, North Carolina, May 9 \u2013 August 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009106-0005-0000", "contents": "129th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 189 men during service; 2 officers and 19 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 166 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009107-0000-0000", "contents": "129th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 129th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that served during both the First and Second World Wars. In both wars the brigade was part of 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009107-0001-0000", "contents": "129th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Formation\nThe brigade was originally formed in 1908 in the Territorial Force (TF) as the South Western Brigade attached to the Wessex Division. It was composed of four TF infantry battalions, the 4th and 5th of the Prince Albert's (Somerset Light Infantry), the 4th Battalion of the Dorsetshire Regiment, and the 4th Battalion of the Duke of Edinburgh's (Wiltshire Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009107-0002-0000", "contents": "129th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nThe division was mobilised in August 1914, shortly after the outbreak of the First World War. The division was sent overseas to India to free up Regular Army troops for service on the Western Front in France and Belgium. In 1915 the division was numbered as the 43rd (Wessex) Division and the brigade became the 129th (1/1st South Western) Brigade. However, the division, and the brigade, never saw action and were disbanded later in the war but many of the division's units saw service with mainly British Indian Army brigades and divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009107-0003-0000", "contents": "129th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Between the wars\nThe Territorial Force was disbanded shortly after the end of the Great War. It was, however, reformed as the Territorial Army in 1920 and both the 43rd Division and the brigade were also reformed. The brigade was now known as 129th (South Western) Infantry Brigade, composed of the same battalions it had before the Great War and this was the composition of the brigade for most of the inter-war years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009107-0004-0000", "contents": "129th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Between the wars\nIn 1938 all infantry brigades were reduced from four to three battalions and so, as a result, the 4th Battalion, Dorset Regiment was transferred to the 128th (Hampshire) Infantry Brigade. In 1939 the brigade was redesignated as 129th Infantry Brigade and the 4th Dorsets was transferred to the 130th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009107-0004-0001", "contents": "129th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Between the wars\nIn the same year, the 5th Battalion, Wiltshire Regiment, formed as a 2nd Line duplicate of the 4th Wilts when the Territorials were doubled in size, also joined the brigade and the 5th Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry was transferred to 135th Infantry Brigade, part of 45th (Wessex) Infantry Division, which was formed as a 2nd Line duplicate of the 43rd (Wessex).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009107-0005-0000", "contents": "129th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nThe brigade served with the division throughout the Second World War and spent from 1939 until June 1944 in intensive training throughout the United Kingdom, particularly in Kent. They were training for the invasion of France and landed in Normandy in late June 1944. They fought in the Normandy Campaign, Operation Market Garden, the Battle of the Bulge and the Rhine Crossing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009107-0006-0000", "contents": "129th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Postwar\nThe TA was reconstituted from 1 January 1947 and its units and formations including 43 (Wessex) Infantry Division were reformed. 129 Brigade then had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009108-0000-0000", "contents": "129th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 129th Infantry Division (German: Hessen-Thuerinische 129. Infanterie-Division) was an Infantry Division of the German Army during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009108-0001-0000", "contents": "129th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 129th Infantry Division was formed in Hanau, in Wehrkreis XI on 20 October 1940 as Division 11 and incorporated personnel from Hessen and Thuringia. Elements of 9th, 33rd and 251st Infantry Divisions formed approximately 30% of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009108-0002-0000", "contents": "129th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nAfter the training of the division ended in April 1941, it was sent to East Prussia and took part in Operation Barbarossa. As part of Army Group Center, the division fought in several battles of the central sector of the Eastern Front, such as those in Bia\u0142ystok, Smolensk and Vyazma. In October\u2013November 1941 the division suffered heavy casualties defending the Kalinin Bridgehead and on 25 December it absorbed the 326th and 369th Regiments of the destroyed 162nd Infantry Division. The 236th Artillery Regiment of 162nd Infantry Division was incorporated into the 129th Artillery Regiment of the Division as well. The following year it took part in the heavy fighting near Rzhev, where it remained from November 1941 to early March 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009108-0003-0000", "contents": "129th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nAfter the retreat from Rzhev, the division fought in Bryansk, Mogilev and Vitebsk, while it was reinforced with the 566th Grenadier Regiment of the 390th Field Training Division. Due to the high losses suffered in central Belorussia, namely in Bobruisk and Baranovka, it was reorganised in July 1944. In January 1944, the division was still fighting near Narew, in R\u00f3\u017can, but was soon forced to retreat. The 129th Infantry Division was eventually destroyed in East Prussia and disbanded around February. The surviving elements were transferred into the 4th Army and fought in the last battles in East Prussia. The Headquarters of the division served as the Kommandatur of Frisches Haff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009109-0000-0000", "contents": "129th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 129th Infantry Regiment is a United States military unit of the Illinois National Guard. The 129th served in World War I and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009109-0001-0000", "contents": "129th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nInitially part of the 33rd Infantry Division during World War I, the 129th Infantry Regiment was detached on 31 July 1943, sent as the Espiritu Santo garrison force and later attached to the 37th Infantry Division on Bougainville during the Bougainville campaign on 13 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009109-0002-0000", "contents": "129th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 129th Infantry Regiment participated during the Philippines campaign and was detached and attached to the 33rd Infantry Division between 26 March and 10 April 1945, before rejoining the 37th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009109-0003-0000", "contents": "129th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe regiment is now known as the 129th Regiment (Regional Training Institute), providing training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009109-0004-0000", "contents": "129th Infantry Regiment (United States)\n129th Infantry Drive in Joliet, Illinois is named in honor of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009110-0000-0000", "contents": "129th Maine Senate\nThe 129th Maine Senate had 35 members each elected to two-year terms in November 2018. The first regular session was to be sworn in on December 5, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009111-0000-0000", "contents": "129th New York State Legislature\nThe 129th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3 to May 3, 1906, during the second year of Frank W. Higgins's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009111-0001-0000", "contents": "129th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, 50 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (seven districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009111-0002-0000", "contents": "129th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. In New York City, the Municipal Ownership League also nominated candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009111-0003-0000", "contents": "129th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1905, was held on November 7. No statewide elective offices were up for election this time. Special elections were held to fill the vacancies in the 16th and 24th senatorial districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009111-0004-0000", "contents": "129th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1906; and adjourned on May 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009111-0005-0000", "contents": "129th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJames Wolcott Wadsworth, Jr. (R) was elected Speaker with 106 votes against 34 for George M. Palmer (D) and 6 for Thomas F. Long (M.O.L. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009111-0006-0000", "contents": "129th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn April 27, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate districts, increasing the number to 51. The apportionment was then contested in the courts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009111-0007-0000", "contents": "129th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature also re-apportioned the number of assemblymen per county. Nassau County was separated from the remainder of Queens County; Albany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oswego and Rensselaer counties lost one seat each; Erie, Monroe and Westchester gained one each; and Kings and Queens counties gained two each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009111-0008-0000", "contents": "129th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn August 13, the new Senate apportionment was upheld by Supreme Court Justice Howard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009111-0009-0000", "contents": "129th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn April 3, 1907, the new Senate and Assembly apportionment was declared unconstitutional by the New York Court of Appeals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009111-0010-0000", "contents": "129th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: In 1897, New York County (the boroughs of Manhattan and Bronx), Kings County (the borough of Brooklyn), Richmond County (the borough of Staten Island) and the Western part of Queens County (the borough of Queens) were consolidated into the present-day City of New York. The Eastern part of Queens County (the non-consolidated part) was separated in 1899 as Nassau County. Parts of the 1st and 2nd Assembly districts of Westchester County were annexed by New York City in 1895, and became part of the Borough of the Bronx in 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009111-0011-0000", "contents": "129th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009112-0000-0000", "contents": "129th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Twenty-ninth Ohio General Assembly was a meeting of the Ohio state legislature, composed of the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives. It met in Columbus, Ohio from January 3, 2011 until December 20, 2012. While Ted Strickland was Ohio Governor for the first week of the biennium, John Kasich was sworn in during the second week. The apportionment of districts was based on the 2000 United States Census. This was the last time the 2000 census was used by the General Assembly to determine the apportionment of legislative districts. While the Ohio Senate was retained by the Ohio Republican Party, they won control of the Ohio House of Representatives from the Ohio Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009113-0000-0000", "contents": "129th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 129th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 129th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 129th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009113-0001-0000", "contents": "129th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 129th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Cleveland near Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in August 10, 1863, for six months service under the command of Colonel Howard D. John.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009113-0002-0000", "contents": "129th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to DeCourcy's Brigade, Willcox's Left Wing Forces, Department of the Ohio, to October 1863. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, IX Corps, Army of the Ohio, to January 1864. District of the Clinch, Department of the Ohio, to March 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009113-0003-0000", "contents": "129th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 129th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Cleveland, Ohio, on March 11, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009113-0004-0000", "contents": "129th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Camp Nelson, Ky., August 10. Expedition under DeCourcy to Cumberland Gap, Tenn., August 20-September 8, 1863. Capture of Cumberland Gap September 9. Duty at Cumberland Gap picketing and foraging until December 1. March toward Clinch River December 1\u20132. Patrol duty along Clinch River until December 29. Moved to Tazewell, then to Cumberland Gap, and duty there until January 11, 1864. Ordered to Camp Nelson, Ky. Skirmish at Barbourville, Ky., February 8. Ordered to Cleveland, Ohio, March 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009113-0005-0000", "contents": "129th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 25 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009114-0000-0000", "contents": "129th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 129th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009114-0001-0000", "contents": "129th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 129th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Camp Curtin near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and mustered in August 15, 1862 under the command of Colonel Jacob Gellert Frick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009114-0002-0000", "contents": "129th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009114-0003-0000", "contents": "129th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Washington, D.C., August 16, and duty there until September 12. Moved to Sharpsburg, Md and duty there until October 30. Reconnaissance from Sharpsburg to Smithfield, Va., October 16\u201317. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30 \u2013 November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12\u201315. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, \"Mud March,\" January 20\u201324, 1863. At Falmouth until April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27 \u2013 May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009114-0004-0000", "contents": "129th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 83 men during service; 3 officers and 37 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 42 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009115-0000-0000", "contents": "129th Regiment of Foot\nThe 129th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army. It was created in 1794 and disbanded in 1796. The regiment was raised at Coventry, and was originally titled the Gentlemen of Coventry's Regiment of Foot, being retitled the 129th a few days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009116-0000-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Squadron\nThe 129th Rescue Squadron (129 RQS) is a unit of the California Air National Guard 129th Rescue Wing located at Moffett Federal Airfield, Mountain View, California. The 129th is equipped with the HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopter. If activated to federal service, the 129 RQS is gained within the United States Air Force by the Air Combat Command (ACC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009116-0001-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Squadron, Overview\nThe primary mission is to prepare for wartime taskings as specified by applicable gaining commands. The peacetime mission is under the control of the Governor of California. Upon mobilization, primary specified mission is combat search and rescue (CSAR). When directed by the California State Office of Emergency Services (OES) and/or the Department of Defense (DoD), the mission is to provide disaster relief support as required. This includes search and rescue (SAR) assistance to civil authorities, including International Civil Aeronautics Organization (ICAO) signatories, and foreign governments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009116-0002-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Squadron, Overview\nFederal Mission (United States Air Force): To provide manpower, material and equipment resources to conduct and complete combat search and rescue operations on a worldwide basis. To provide manpower, material and equipment to conduct and complete peacetime search operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009116-0003-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Squadron, Overview\nState Mission (California Air National Guard): To furnish trained personnel to respond to state emergencies, such as natural disasters, and to assist civil authorities in the enforcement of the law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009116-0004-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Squadron, History, Special operations\nThe California Air National Guard's introduction to the world of special operations began when Air Force leaders decided to phase out active duty air commando units (Known as Air Resupply units) in 1954. Despite the decision, there was still a need to maintain a limited number of crews and aircraft to support unconventional warfare missions. After lengthy deliberations, the Air Force decided in 1955 to establish four special air warfare units within the Air National Guard: the 129th in California, the 130th in West Virginia, the 143d in Rhode Island, and the 135th Air Resupply Group in Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009116-0005-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Squadron, History, Special operations\nThe 129th Air Resupply Squadron was established in April 1955 as a new California Air National Guard unit with no previous United States Air Force history or lineage by the National Guard Bureau. Activated on 4 April at Hayward Municipal Airport, the squadron was assigned to the 129th Air Resupply Group. Allocated to Military Air Transport Service (MATS), and equipped with C-46 Commando transports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009116-0006-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Squadron, History, Special operations\nThe 129th was designated at the time as a \"Psychological Warfare\" unit which supported USAF unconventional warfare (guerrilla warfare), direct action (commando-type raids), strategic reconnaissance (intelligence gathering), and PSYWAR operations. The C-46 was supplemented by SA-16 Albatross amphibious aircraft beginning in 1956. The SA-16 (later redesignated HU-16) completely replaced the C-46s in 1963. Training for water landings with the SA-16 was extremely hazardous. To make matters worse, doctrine required pilots to land their aircraft on water at night, with no landing lights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009116-0007-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Squadron, History, Special operations\nUltimately, the 129th's mission included counterinsurgency, military civic action, psychological operations, tactical air operations, and unconventional warfare. In addition to blacked-out water landings, the SA-16 crews practiced pulling personnel from the ground by means of the Fulton Recovery System, which was \"like bungee jumping in reverse.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009116-0008-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Squadron, History, Special operations\nReassigned to Tactical Air Command in 1963 and re-designated as Air Commando unit, following the revival of an active duty air commando unit at Hurlburt Field, Florida in line with President John F. Kennedy's initiative to bolster the United States military special forces during the early involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1963, the 129th participated in Exercise Swift Strike III, one of the largest military maneuvers since World War II. During the exercise, the unit not only flew a variety of special air warfare missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009116-0009-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Squadron, History, Special operations\nContinuing its mission and training with the Active duty 1st Air Commando Group in Northern Florida, in 1968 HQ USAF directed all Air Commando organizations be re-designated as \"Special Operations\" units to be more descriptive of their mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009116-0010-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Squadron, History, Rescue and recovery\nIn May 1975 after the end of the Vietnam War, the mission of the 129th was realigned, and the unit became part of the Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service, Military Airlift Command. In 1980 the unit moved from Hayward to Naval Air Station Moffett Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009116-0011-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Squadron, History, Rescue and recovery\nThe 129th has been assigned to support operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009116-0012-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Squadron, History, Rescue and recovery\nIn 2003 by the Air Force Special Operations Command re-organized Air National Guard rescue units and created separate squadrons for fixed-wing, helicopter and pararescue elements of the 129th Rescue Squadron. The HH-60 helicopter flight became 129th Rescue Squadron; the HC-130P Hercules flight become the 130th Rescue Squadron, and the pararescue flight became the 131st Rescue Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009116-0013-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Squadron, History, Rescue and recovery\nThe 129th RQS has been assigned to support Operation Iraqi Freedom (Iraq) and Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan) in support of the Global War on Terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0000-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing\nThe 129th Rescue Wing (129 RQW) is a unit of the California Air National Guard, stationed at Moffett Federal Airfield in Sunnyvale, California. The wing is equipped with the HC-130J Combat King II and the HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopter. If activated to federal service, the wing is assigned to the United States Air Force's Air Combat Command (ACC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0001-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing, Overview\nLocated in the heart of Silicon Valley, the 129th Rescue Wing's mission is to train and prepare to perform its wartime mission of combat search and rescue anywhere in the world. The unit also works closely with the Coast Guard and various civil agencies on state missions. Equipped with  HC-130J Combat King II variants of the C-130 Hercules, HH-60G Pave Hawk rescue helicopters, and the , the 129th has performed a wide variety of civilian search and rescue missions, including distressed persons aboard ships, lost or injured hikers, and medical evacuations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0002-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing, Overview\nThe primary mission is to prepare for wartime taskings as specified by applicable gaining commands. The peacetime mission is under the control of the Governor of California. Upon mobilization, primary specified mission is combat search and rescue (CSAR). When directed by the California State Office of Emergency Services (OES) and/or the Department of Defense (DoD), the mission is to provide disaster relief support as required. This includes search and rescue (SAR) assistance to civil authorities, including International Civil Aeronautics Organization (ICAO) signatories, and foreign governments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0003-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing, Overview\nFederal Mission (United States Air Force): Train, prepare and conduct worldwide combat search and rescue operations, over land or water, in both hostile and permissive environments. The 129th Rescue Wing also provides Agile Combat Support capabilities to Combatant Commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0004-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing, Overview\nState Mission (California Air National Guard): Support the Governor's office during state emergencies and contingencies by providing a wide range of capabilities, to include specialized search/rescue and aerial fire-fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0005-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing, Insignia\nThe Air Force Shield, bordered in white, a gold and blue background with two elongated stars in the blue field. A silver braid sword with red handle and hand protector divides the gold and blue fields. Superimposed over the sword and both fields is an olive wreath in green. The unit name is in blue on a white scroll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0006-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing, Insignia\nThe emblem bears the colors of deep blue and gold for the Air Force and the colors red, white and blue for the United States of America. The sword symbolizes strength in war; the wreath symbolizes the peacetime mission. The deep blue field with the two stars and the gold field signify the nighttime and daytime environments in which the wing operates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0007-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing, History\nFormed on 3 April 1955 as the 129th Air Resupply Group by the California Air National Guard. The 129th was a new organization with no prior history or lineage. It was granted recognition by the National Guard Bureau and was stationed at Hayward Airport, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0008-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing, History, Special operations\nThe 129th ARG was initially assigned to the Military Air Transport Service. It was designated at the time as a \"Psychological Warfare\" unit which supported USAF unconventional warfare (guerrilla warfare), direct action (commando-type raids), strategic reconnaissance (intelligence gathering), and PSYWAR operations. Later in 1955, control was transferred to Fourth Air Force, Continental Air Command. The unit's mission was airlift of personnel and material using C-46 aircraft. In 1958, control was transferred to Eighteenth Air Force, Tactical Air Command with the mission remaining the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0009-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing, History, Special operations\nIn 1963 the first major mission change for the 129th occurred. Situations around the world produced a need for specialized units which could insert a small group of trained combat troops on land or sea anywhere at a moment's notice. The 129th was tasked as one of the representatives of the National Guard in the Air Force's Air Commando Group structure. The C-46 was replaced with Helio U-10A and U-10D Couriers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0009-0001", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing, History, Special operations\nDuring a three-year period starting in 1965, the U-10s belonging to the 143d and other Air National Guard units were transferred back to the Air Force for use in South Vietnam, during which the \"Helio\" was replaced by DeHavilland U-6 \"Beavers\". The 129th later acquired C-119 Flying Boxcars and was renamed the Special Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0010-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing, History, Aerospace Rescue and Recovery\nIn April 1975, the 129th received a new mission, designation and Air Force Command. Shortly afterward, the Wing also changed aircraft and commenced changing operating bases. The 129th's name became the 129th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Group (129 ARRG) and it commenced an incremental relocation / programmed move in 1975 to what was then Naval Air Station Moffett Field, California as a tenant command, totally completing said move by 1984. In October 1989, the 129 ARGG was designated as the 129th Air Rescue Group (ARG). Operations began to convert from HH-3E Jolly Green Giant helicopter to the HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopter. The conversion was complete in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0011-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing, History, Aerospace Rescue and Recovery\nThough the mission of search and rescue has continued, the Group has continued to reflect reorganizations within the USAF. In March 1992, the name of the 129th Air Rescue Group was shortened to simply 129th Rescue Group (129 RQG) and in June 1992, it became the 129th Rescue Wing (129 RQW). Following the closure of NAS Moffett Field due to BRAC action in 1994 and its transfer from the U.S. Navy to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as Moffett Federal Airfield, the 129th remained at Moffett as a tenant command. In April 1997, Air Combat Command evaluated the 129th Rescue Wing's war capability as an overall Excellent during its Operational Readiness Inspection. Today, the 129th Rescue Wing continues its search and rescue operations on a global scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0012-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing, History, Aerospace Rescue and Recovery\nThe motto of the 129th Rescue Wing, \"That Others May Live\", refers to the primary mission of the wing - to save lives. The members of the 129th have performed rescues under a variety of conditions - from rough Pacific seas to the rugged Sierra Nevada, using its combination of MC-130 tankers and HH-60 helicopters. Many high-risk lifesaving missions involved long-range, over-water flights, air refueling of helicopters by the HC-130 aircraft, and skilled maneuvering by ships and helicopters to recover patients from the decks of these vessels. On 3 September 1991, the 129th recovered a sailor from the merchant ship White Mana, the Group's 200th \"save\". Since its designation as a rescue unit in 1975, the 129th has directly saved the lives of 300 people", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0013-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing, History, Aerospace Rescue and Recovery\nIn 1990, the 129th began supporting U.S. Customs in the seizure of illegal drugs, as well as illegal animal and plant products, during cargo inspections. The unit has performed a number of humanitarian missions to foreign countries. From 1989-1991, the 129th deployed to sites in South America to assist in constructing hospital and school facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0014-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing, History, Aerospace Rescue and Recovery\nDuring Desert Shield/Storm in 1990 and 1991, the 129th deployed personnel to both overseas and stateside locations. Three pararescuemen volunteered for combat operations and teams from the 129th Medical Squadron deployed to England, Saudi Arabia and Travis AFB. Individual members of the 129th volunteered to backfill for deployed active duty members. In July 1993, 129th members deployed to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait as part of rescue force coverage for Southwest Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0015-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing, History, Aerospace Rescue and Recovery\n2 July 2008, crews from the 129th Rescue Squadron were certified to perform water bucket operations, making the 129th the only rescue unit in the Air Force and Air National Guard qualified to fight fires. On April 6 2018 the squadron received the first of four new HC-130J Combat King II aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0016-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing, History, Aerospace Rescue and Recovery\nThe 129th has been routinely assigned to support Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0017-0000", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing, History, California state support missions\nAs an Air National Guard unit, many of the 129th's missions involved supporting the Governor's office during times of State emergencies, including earthquakes, chemical spills, fires and floods. The 129th provided aid during floods along the Yuba River in 1959 and the Eel River in 1964-1965. During record flooding in Sonoma, Sutter and Yuba counties in Northern California, 33 lives were saved in 5 days, from 18\u201322 February 1986. In all, 44 lives were saved in 1986, a record rescue for the 129th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009117-0017-0001", "contents": "129th Rescue Wing, History, California state support missions\nDuring the aftermath of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, the 129th established Command Post operations and was chosen to coordinate all military aircraft activities within the Bay Area. The 129th provided air transportation for State and Federal government officials to survey damage from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and the 1991 Oakland Hills fire. The unit has also been tasked with mutual aid to state law enforcement during the 1965 Watts (Los Angeles) riots and the 1992 civil disturbance in Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009118-0000-0000", "contents": "129th Street station\n129th Street was a transfer station on the IRT Third Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City, shared by elevated trains of both the Third Avenue Line and IRT Second Avenue Line. The next stop to the north was 133rd Street for the main line and Willis Avenue for the Willis Avenue spur, both of which were across a swing bridge above the Harlem River in the Bronx. The next stop to the south was 125th Street\u2212Third Avenue for Third Avenue Line trains and 125th Street\u2212Second Avenue for Second Avenue Line trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009118-0001-0000", "contents": "129th Street station, Station layout\nThe station was located between Second and Third Avenues, oriented west-to-east above and on the south side of 129th Street. The station was double-decked, with four island platforms for passengers and numerous tracks. The northernmost platform was used by shuttle service via the Willis Avenue Spur to Willis Avenue station, connecting to the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. The next platform south was for through-service from the Third Avenue Line to and from the Bronx. The southern two island platforms were used for terminating trains, specifically those of the Second Avenue Line and some local Third Avenue trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009118-0001-0001", "contents": "129th Street station, Station layout\nThe Second Avenue Line fed into the southernmost platform, while the Third Avenue Line fed into both terminal platforms. All four platforms featured shelters. The platforms were connected by a covered bridge. A bi-directional flyover express track from the Third Avenue El bypassed the station. Adjacent to the south of the station was a storage yard, extending south to 128th Street. An additional side platform was located at the north end of the yard, used only by employees. North of the station, Third Avenue, Willis Avenue, and Second Avenue trains (the latter of which came from 125th Street and bypassed 129th Street) would use the bi-level swing bridge at the north end of Second Avenue, crossing the Harlem River towards the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009118-0002-0000", "contents": "129th Street station, Station layout\nThe exit to the station was located at Third Avenue and East 129th Street. The station also served as the terminal for numerous streetcar routes from the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009118-0003-0000", "contents": "129th Street station, History\nThe station originally opened on December 30, 1878, as part of the extension of the Third Avenue Line north of 67th Street. The station was originally a two-track island platform terminal located above Third Avenue. It served as the original terminal for the line, until it was extended across the Harlem River to the Bronx on May 17, 1886.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009118-0003-0001", "contents": "129th Street station, History\nOn November 25, 1886, the station gained a connection to the Willis Avenue Spur which took commuters to a terminal station in the Bronx that served commuters using the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad and later to the New York, Westchester and Boston Railway interurban lines. This added a second platform oriented west-to-east for Willis Avenue trains, which was connected to the Third Avenue El platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009118-0004-0000", "contents": "129th Street station, History\nThe Willis Avenue shuttle ended service on December 18, 1887, but was restored on July 19, 1891. On August 1, 1891, the New Haven began running rapid transit cars from 129th via the Willis Spur and the New York and Harlem Railroad (today's Harlem Line). On August 15, 1898, a new and enlarged 129th Street station was opened between Second and Third Avenue. The 129th Street Yard was also opened at this time. Both the yard and station were constructed from 1886 to 1898. The original station was abandoned and eventually razed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009118-0004-0001", "contents": "129th Street station, History\nAround 1907, the IRT planned to add a bi-directional express track to both the Second and Third Avenue lines, and build a new double-decked bridge with four tracks over the Harlem River. This was carried out during the Dual Contracts in the 1910s, adding 129th Street station's flyover express track. Express service began on January 17, 1916. All service via the Willis Avenue Spur ended on April 14, 1924, when a pedestrian bridge was opened between the Willis Avenue and 133rd Street stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009118-0005-0000", "contents": "129th Street station, History\nThe opening of the lines of the New York City Subway, particularly the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, in the early 20th century led to declining ridership on the elevated lines. The Els were also scapegoated for blight and urban ills in the surrounding neighborhoods. The 129th Street station in particular had low ridership, due to its proximity to the busy 125th Street station. It was also criticized for its uninspired design compared to the other stations on the lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009118-0005-0001", "contents": "129th Street station, History\nFollowing unification of the transit system under the city's Board of Transportation, the Second Avenue Line stopped serving the station on June 11, 1940 when it was closed north of 57th Street. With reduced service and low ridership, the 129th Street station was closed prematurely on July 1, 1950. Passengers were redirected to the 125th Street station, while express trains between Manhattan and the Bronx bypassed the station. The rest of the line south of 149th Street in the Bronx closed on May 12, 1955. The site became part of Harlem River Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009119-0000-0000", "contents": "129th meridian east\nThe meridian 129\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, Australia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009119-0001-0000", "contents": "129th meridian east\nThe 129th meridian east forms a great circle with the 51st meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009119-0002-0000", "contents": "129th meridian east\nIn Australia, the meridian defines the eastern border of Western Australia, and the western borders of the Northern Territory and South Australia. The border of Western Australia meets the Northern Territory border and South Australian border at the 26th parallel south, at what is known as Surveyor Generals Corner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009119-0003-0000", "contents": "129th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 129th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009120-0000-0000", "contents": "129th meridian west\nThe meridian 129\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009120-0001-0000", "contents": "129th meridian west\nThe 129th meridian west forms a great circle with the 51st meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009120-0002-0000", "contents": "129th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 129th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009121-0000-0000", "contents": "12: The Elements of Great Managing\n12: The Elements of Great Managing is a 2006 New York Times bestseller written by Rodd Wagner and James K. Harter. It is the sequel to First, Break All the Rules, although the first book was written by Marcus Buckingham and Curt Coffman. Both books are based on The Gallup Organization's research on employee engagement and database of employee opinions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009121-0001-0000", "contents": "12: The Elements of Great Managing, Content\n12 tells the story of a dozen managers selected from Gallup's global database of 10 million interviews with managers and employees. Each of the chapters in 12 is based on one of the \"Q12\" statements that emerged from Gallup's meta-analysis comparing employee attitudes with workgroup performance. These range from employee's \"knowing what's expected\" and having the needed \"materials and equipment\" to more emotional assessments such as whether employees feel their opinion counts and chances to \"learn and grow.\" The story of each manager profiled in the book is interrupted mid-chapter to describe the psychology behind the particular question Gallup asks in its employee surveys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009121-0002-0000", "contents": "12: The Elements of Great Managing, Content\nThe most controversial of the statements, write Wagner and Harter, is the tenth: \"I have best friend at work.\" The authors claim friendships, in combination with the other \"elements,\" create better customer scores, better retention, better safety, and higher productivity and profitability. \"In the battle between company policy and human nature, human nature always wins,\" states the book. \"Companies do far better to harness this kind of social capital than to fight against it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009121-0003-0000", "contents": "12: The Elements of Great Managing, Content\nThe book also includes a chapter on compensation. The authors assert that pay is such a \"status-laden, envy-inspiring, politically charged monster\" that it cannot be measured in the same way as the aspects that make up the bulk of the book. Being based in research on how people react in real life, rather than in theory, 12 is a mainstream application of behavioral economics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009122-0000-0000", "contents": "12:00 (Loona EP)\n[ 12:00] (read as \"midnight\") is the third extended play by South Korean girl group Loona. It was released on October 19, 2020, by Blockberry Creative and distributed by Kakao M. Like their previous album [#], the EP was produced by SM Entertainment founder and producer Lee Soo-man, and the group's leader HaSeul once again did not take part in this album release to focus on her health.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009122-0001-0000", "contents": "12:00 (Loona EP), Background\nOn September 16 Blockberry Creative announced Loona's new mini-album titled  [12:00] scheduled to be released in October. A teaser was released on the same day which opens with a shot of a clock reading 11:59 p.m. in Seoul. The teaser then shows the time in other cities, including Tokyo and London, before the clock in Korea turns to midnight. Blockberry also confirmed that member Haseul will continue her hiatus and will not be involved in the comeback, out of her own decision to focus on the recovery of her health.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009122-0002-0000", "contents": "12:00 (Loona EP), Background\nOn September 24 the official track list was released and \"Why Not?\" was announced as the lead single with a music video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009122-0003-0000", "contents": "12:00 (Loona EP), Singles\n\"Why Not?\" was released as the lead single and title alongside the EP on October 19, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009122-0004-0000", "contents": "12:00 (Loona EP), Singles\nOn November 15, a music video teaser for \"Star\" was uploaded to the group's YouTube channel. The video was released on November 18, 2020, making it the second single from the EP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009122-0005-0000", "contents": "12:00 (Loona EP), Critical reception\nNeil Z. Yeung from AllMusic gave the EP 4 out of 5 stars calling it another set of expertly crafted and energetic dance-pop songs. He said \"From the bubble-bounce electroclash of \"Why Not?\" and \"Hide & Seek\" to the sleek \"Voice\" (which receives an English translation on \"Star\"), [12:00] wastes little time getting the body moving. Harder-edged rap anthem \"OOPS!\" and the yearning vocal showcase \"Fall Again\" offer some variety, making this effort one of the more enjoyable experiences in their catalog.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009122-0006-0000", "contents": "12:00 (Loona EP), Commercial performance\nIn the US, the album entered various charts. It debuted and peaked at number 112 on the US Billboard 200, becoming the fourth highest-peaking album by a Korean female artist on the chart and making Loona the sixth South Korean female artist to break into the chart, after BoA, Girls' Generation, 2NE1, Blackpink and Twice. They were also the first artist from a small to mid-sized South Korean agency make an appearance on the chart. It also entered at number 7 on the US World Albums Chart, earning the group their sixth top ten entry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009122-0006-0001", "contents": "12:00 (Loona EP), Commercial performance\nIn its second week, the album peaked at number 4, becoming their highest-peaking album on the chart. It also entered at number 3 on the US Heetseekers Albums, becoming their highest-charting album on the chart and becoming their best-selling project in the country. It peaked atop the chart the following week, becoming their first effort top top the chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009122-0007-0000", "contents": "12:00 (Loona EP), Commercial performance\nIn South Korea, [12:00] debuted and peaked at number 4 for the week ending October 24, 2020. In its second week, the EP dropped to number 10 and to number 38 in its third week. The album also entered at number 9 on the Gaon Album Chart for the month of October 2020 with less than half a month of tracking and selling 85,624 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009122-0008-0000", "contents": "12:00 (Loona EP), Commercial performance\nIn the UK, the album debuted at number 15 on the Official Album Downloads Chart for the week ending October 23, 2020 becoming the group's first ever top twenty entry on the chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0000-0000", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m.\n\"12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m.\" is the pilot episode of the Fox television series 24. It was written by series creators Joel Surnow and Robert Cochran and directed by Stephen Hopkins. It premiered in the United States on Fox at 9:00\u00a0p.m. on Tuesday, November 6, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0001-0000", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m.\nThe episode takes place between midnight and 1:00\u00a0a.m. on the day of the California Presidential Primary. It chronicles one hour in the day of Jack Bauer, a government agent called into work at the Counter Terrorist Unit, his daughter Kim who has snuck out of the house, his wife Teri who goes out searching for Kim, and a Senator named David Palmer who is seeking to become the first African-American President of the United States. CTU believes that David Palmer is being targeted for assassination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0002-0000", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m.\nThe 24 pilot was originally scheduled to air on October 31, 2001, but was preempted due to the September 11 attacks. A quick scene of an explosion was also cut from the episode after the attacks. It was met with very positive critical reception. Joel Surnow and Robert Cochran received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for this episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0003-0000", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m., Plot\nThe pilot episode intercuts five different storylines, all occurring simultaneously in real-time. It takes place between Midnight and 1:00\u00a0a.m. in Los Angeles on Super Tuesday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0004-0000", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m., Plot\nJack Bauer is trying to work through and repair his relationship with his wife, Teri (from whom he was briefly separated) and his teenage daughter Kim, who blames Teri for their separation. Just as Teri and Jack realize that Kim has snuck out of the house, Jack gets a call from his co-worker Nina Myers, who informs him of an emergency briefing at the Counter Terrorist Unit. Jack reluctantly leaves his worried wife and heads to CTU. When Jack arrives there, Richard Walsh, Jack's mentor, informs the staff that African-American presidential candidate David Palmer is a primary target for assassination. Walsh takes Jack aside for a private conversation, in which Walsh tells Jack that someone inside CTU is a mole working for the assassins. \"Trust no one,\" he tells Jack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0005-0000", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m., Plot\nTeri Bauer receives a call from a man named Alan York, the father of Janet York, who is worried that his daughter has snuck out of the house. Teri and Alan decide to go looking for Kim and Janet by themselves. Alan picks up Teri in his car and they search through the city of Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0006-0000", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m., Plot\nKim Bauer and her friend Janet York meet with a couple of boys, Dan and Rick, at the empty furniture store where Dan works. Kim and Rick engage in playful flirting and connect over shared experiences, while Janet and Dan get high and have sex in one of the show beds. After the two boys refuse to drive Kim home, Kim begins to feel uneasy about her situation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0007-0000", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m., Plot\nSenator David Palmer is preparing for a 7 AM speech when he gets a call from a journalist named Maureen Kingsley. His wife, Sherry, overhears him lose his temper with the journalist. When Sherry asks what the journalist said, David halfheartedly assuages her and walks out onto his hotel balcony to look over the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0008-0000", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m., Plot\nIn a 747 flying towards Los Angeles, a photographer, Martin Belkin, has sex with a lustful woman named Mandy in the bathroom of the airplane. After the two finish, Martin ignores her and returns to his seat. Martin is scheduled to photograph Palmer at the 7 AM breakfast speech. When he returns to his seat, Martin realizes that his wallet is missing. Mandy has stolen it. Mandy drugs the main flight attendant and retrieves a bomb hidden in the plane. She puts on a parachute and jumpsuit hidden in her luggage, and blows open the plane door. She parachutes out. Seconds later, her bomb explodes, killing everyone on the plane. (A shot of the 747 exploding in mid-air was edited out of the episode, in light of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks which had occurred just two months before.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0009-0000", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m., Production, Casting\nWhen Kiefer Sutherland took the project, he did not understand that the series was set in real-time, having skipped the line that said, \"All events take place in real time.\" Kiefer said it was, in fact, the interaction between the characters that prompted him to take the pilot. Sutherland was sent the script by director Stephen Hopkins, with whom he had a previous relationship. Sutherland was attracted to the shades of grey in the Jack Bauer character, as well as his status as a \"normal guy\", citing Jack's inability to handle his own teenage daughter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0009-0001", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m., Production, Casting\nThe Tony Almeida character was originally called \"Geller\" in the original Pilot script, who Bernard called a \"backbiting Jewish techie guy\". Bernard didn't understand why they had sent him the script, given his Hispanic ethnicity. Carlos and the crew came up with the Tony Almeida name fifteen minutes before shooting, but the legal department wouldn't let them use it. Legal told the crew that they could use the name 'Tonio', which Carlos found underwhelming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0009-0002", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m., Production, Casting\nBernard said, \"So we were filming the very first scene, Kiefer walking down CTU, and he turns to me and says, 'Sorry man, I can't call you Tonio, I'm just gonna call you Tony.' I owe Kiefer everything: Tonio's the name of a guy who gets killed in the first episode.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0010-0000", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m., Production, Filming\nThe episode had a $4 million budget with filming in March 2001, mostly done in an old Chatsworth pencil factory. The set of CTU was initially done in a Fox Sports office, with the set reproduced once the series was picked up for the season. The series was supposed to be filmed in Toronto, but due to the variability of Canadian weather, Los Angeles was chosen as a filming location. Director Stephen Hopkins referred to the Los Angeles as presented in the first season as \"an unfinished western mining town, a city of one-story warehouses and dirty and dusty\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0010-0001", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m., Production, Filming\nHandheld cameras were used to make the series look less glamorous and to create the feeling that the viewer was in the scene. Lights were used sparingly so as to keep the actors from looking too visually pleasing. Hopkins referred to certain scenes as being shot like \"live theatre\". The camera was never placed outside the fourth wall or where a person could not be, to keep the viewer \"within the room\", used notably during the scene where Mandy has sex with Martin Belkin in the bathroom of the plane. Hopkins said he was wary of the real-time element, as the few real-time films that had tried it \"didn't work that well\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0011-0000", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m., Production, Editing\nThe use of splitscreens were created in response to the amount of phone calls in the first episode, with Hopkins using it as a way to show the viewer where to pay attention. Editor David Thompson said, \"Splitscreens are great, boxes are even cooler\" and began editing in asymmetrical boxes to the Pilot episode. The \"boxes\" were first used as a necessity during the scene where Jack calls Kim's ex-boyfriend, Vincent. Surnow explained, \"It became an artistic element. [ ..] It made sense in the story we were telling.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0011-0001", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m., Production, Editing\nJoel Surnow came up with the idea for the onscreen ticking clock. \"Jack's Theme\" was the first theme that Sean Callery wrote for the series with having only read the script. Callery received the 24th cut of the 24 pilot on April 24, 2001, which was the final cut of the episode. The first cut of the Pilot episode was not received well by test groups, prompting the editors to move scenes, including moving the introduction of the David Palmer character closer to the beginning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0012-0000", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m., Reception, Critical reception\nThe series premiere won outstandingly positive reviews from the television critical community. The premiere episode was cited by The New York Times as a \"Critic's Pick\" by Caryn James, who noted that it was \"a drama sleek, suspenseful and absorbing enough to overcome its blatant gimmick\". She added that of the 2001 fall season's new government series that \"24 is the most daring and promising\" and that \"Mr. Sutherland is an unexpectedly sympathetic hero\". Ain't It Cool News gave the premiere episode five stars, saying it features \"Loads of edgy, complex, compelling characters. Intricate, unpredictable plotting. Lightning-like pacing. A stellar cast. A near-constant, electric undercurrent of sex. It keeps asking questions you\u2019ll be dying to see answered. And, perhaps best of all, it feels like no TV show you\u2019ve ever seen.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0013-0000", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m., Reception, Critical reception\nTime magazine praised the series, saying \"Forget sleeping through this one--you won't even want to blink. 24 is the most distinctive, addictive new TV series this season. As an old-fashioned thriller, it's relentless, tense and deliciously paranoiac, with more twists than a Twizzler. But it's also boldly different. Most notably, there's its clever visual signature: picture-in-picture screens that show two, three and even four different scenes simultaneously.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0013-0001", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m., Reception, Critical reception\nTime also noted that \"The show takes to the next level the trend of serial story 'arcs', which began with '80s dramas like Hill Street Blues and Wiseguy and which continues on The West Wing and The Sopranos.\" Time also praised the performances of Kiefer Sutherland and Dennis Haysbert, saying that \"It helps that there's a strong cast driving the train. Haysbert is commanding, if a tad underutilized in the pilot, as an idealist with a dangerous secret. And Sutherland plays the gravel-voiced Bauer with an assurance that belies his teen-movie-star past; his overstressed agent is stalwart but weary, a haunted spook.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0014-0000", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m., Reception, Critical reception\nTV Barn called the first episode \"not to be missed\", adding that \"Although there really are only two main story lines, each episode has no fewer than six stories to keep track of, full of suspense and action-packed (without seeming like a big-bang action movie). There's a lot going on in 24, but you have to pay attention to truly appreciate it. I predict 24 will have a lot of viewers' undivided attention this fall.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009123-0015-0000", "contents": "12:00 a.m. \u2013 1:00 a.m., Reception, Awards\nJoel Surnow and Robert Cochran won the Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series award at the 54th Primetime Emmy Awards. Stephen Hopkins was also nominated for Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series for his directorial work on this episode. Hopkins was also nominated for a Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing \u2013 Drama Series at the Directors Guild of America Awards 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009124-0000-0000", "contents": "12:01 (1993 film)\n12:01 is a 1993 science fiction television film directed by Jack Sholder and starring Helen Slater, Jonathan Silverman, Jeremy Piven, and Martin Landau. It originally aired on the Fox Network in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009124-0001-0000", "contents": "12:01 (1993 film)\nIt is an adaptation of Richard Lupoff's short story \"12:01 PM,\" published in the December 1973, issue of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction. The story had previously been adapted into the 1990 short film 12:01 PM starring Kurtwood Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009124-0002-0000", "contents": "12:01 (1993 film), Plot\nBarry Thomas is bored with his job and moons over high-profile scientist Lisa Fredericks, who is working on a particle accelerator that accelerates faster than the speed of light, but is about to be shut down because of potential risks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009124-0003-0000", "contents": "12:01 (1993 film), Plot\nOn the way home, Barry sees Lisa fatally shot and takes it very hard. While at home at midnight, he receives a strong electrical shock. The next morning the events of the previous day are repeating themselves and Barry is the only one who realizes that the world is stuck in a time loop. During several repetitions, Barry figures out how to save Lisa and get closer to her. His actions also get him fired and arrested for knowing too much about events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009124-0003-0001", "contents": "12:01 (1993 film), Plot\nBarry and Lisa eventually learn that her boss, Dr. Thadius Moxley, has been conducting illegal and unethical experiments with the faster-than-light particle accelerator in the hopes of harvesting its extreme cheap energy with the intention of earning a lot of money with it. These experiments caused the time loop. In fact, it was Lisa's partial knowledge of Dr. Moxley's illegal activities that resulted in her murder by his henchmen. After getting involved with an undercover government agent, they must stop her boss from starting his experiment at the end of a loop or the world will be trapped forever repeating the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009124-0004-0000", "contents": "12:01 (1993 film), Plot\nExpanding on the original's premise of a one-hour time loop, this version saw the main character reliving the same 24-hour period, which would restart at one minute past midnight (rather than midday as in the other versions). It also contains a happy ending, as the protagonist ultimately finds a way to correct the time loop over the course of the film\u2019s 92-minute running time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009124-0005-0000", "contents": "12:01 (1993 film), Release\nThe film was released on DVD in the United States on November 28, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009124-0006-0000", "contents": "12:01 (1993 film), Legal action\nThe film Groundhog Day, which has a similar time loop premise, was also released in 1993. The writers and producers of 12:01 believed their work was stolen by Groundhog Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009125-0000-0000", "contents": "12:01 P.M.\n\"12:01 P.M.\" is a short story by American writer Richard A. Lupoff, which was published in the December 1973 edition of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. The story was twice adapted by Hollywood, first in 1990 as a short film, and again in 1993 as a television movie. Lupoff appeared in both films as an extra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009125-0001-0000", "contents": "12:01 P.M.\nThe major plot device is a time loop or time bounce, and bears great similarity to that of 1993's Groundhog Day. Lupoff and Jonathan Heap, director of the 1990 film, were \"outraged\" by the apparent theft of the idea, but after six months of lawyers' conferences, they decided to drop the case against Columbia Pictures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009125-0002-0000", "contents": "12:01 P.M.\nDecades later, Lupoff returned to the story with two sequels, \"12:02 P.M.\", published in the January/February 2011 edition of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, and \"12:03 P.M.\", published in the September/October 2012 edition of the same magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009125-0003-0000", "contents": "12:01 P.M., Plot summary\nIt is 12:01 PM and Myron Castleman, an executive in New York City, finds that he is reliving the same hour of the same day, over and over. His time loop starts at 12:01 PM and lasts until 1:00 PM, when he is somehow returned to the same place where he began the hour. All the people around him are unaware of the loop, and everyone repeats their actions exactly over the course of the hour, except insofar as they interact with Castleman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009125-0003-0001", "contents": "12:01 P.M., Plot summary\nIn one of his loops, Castleman learns of a local physicist's theory that appears to describe his situation. The physicist, Nathan Rosenbluth, theorized a \"disfiguration of time\" that could cause the universe to snap backward and repeat the period of one hour. Over his next three time-loops, Castleman tries desperately to contact Rosenbluth and ask him for advice. In the last of these attempts, Castleman collapses, suffering a heart attack. He realizes he is dying, but is grateful that this will finally break the loop and free him. He dies, and the hour of 1:00 PM arrives. Castleman awakens and sees he has been returned to the place where he begins every hour. The time is 12:01 PM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009125-0004-0000", "contents": "12:01 P.M., Adaptations, 1990 film\n\"12:01 PM\" was first adapted into an Academy Award\u2013nominated 1990 short film starring Kurtwood Smith. Directed by Jonathan Heap, it originally aired on the cable television network Showtime in 1990 as part of their 30-Minute Movie anthology series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009125-0005-0000", "contents": "12:01 P.M., Adaptations, 1990 film\nIn this version, Kurtwood Smith plays Myron Castleman, an everyman-type who keeps repeating the same hour of his life, from 12:01pm to 1:00pm. The character is fully aware that the time loop is occurring, and nobody else appears to be aware of it. Each time the hour resets, Myron retains his memory (or as the film puts it, his consciousness), and despite his best attempts to understand what is happening, he ultimately realizes that he is entirely helpless to prevent the time bounce. Myron cannot even break the loop by killing himself, as he reappears, alive, at the next iteration; he is trapped in the loop for eternity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009125-0006-0000", "contents": "12:01 P.M., Adaptations, 1990 film\nThis version has not been released on DVD or VHS in the United States, but 12:01 PM is available on DVD in the UK, collected with seven other short films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009125-0007-0000", "contents": "12:01 P.M., Adaptations, 1993 film\n12:01 is an adaptation of the same short story, produced as a television movie in 1993. It stars Helen Slater, Jonathan Silverman, Jeremy Piven and Martin Landau, and it originally aired on the Fox Network in the United States. In this version, Silverman\u2019s character, Barry Thomas, keeps reliving the same 24-hour period (which in this case restarts at one minute past midnight, rather than midday as in the other versions). Slater plays his romantic interest, and Piven provides comic relief as his best friend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009125-0007-0001", "contents": "12:01 P.M., Adaptations, 1993 film\nThis version differs from the short film in that it features a much lighter and more comedic tone, and that the protagonist ultimately finds a way to correct the time loop over the course of the film. This version was released on DVD in the United States on November 28, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009126-0000-0000", "contents": "12:01 PM (1990 film)\n12:01 PM is a 1990 short film directed by Jonathan Heap and starring Kurtwood Smith. It aired on cable television in 1990 as part of the Showtime 30-Minute Movie anthology series. It was nominated for an Academy Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009126-0001-0000", "contents": "12:01 PM (1990 film)\nIt is the first film adaptation of the short story \"12:01 PM\" by Richard A. Lupoff, which was published in the December 1973 edition of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. The major plot device is a time loop or time bounce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009126-0002-0000", "contents": "12:01 PM (1990 film), Plot\nMyron Castleman is an everyman stuck in a loop that forces him to constantly relive the same hour of his life over and over. He is the only person aware of this. During one loop, he discovers that a scientist named Nathan Rosenbluth has predicted an event that matches his experience. Castleman calls him and explains what is going on, however, Rosenbluth is highly skeptical of his claims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009126-0002-0001", "contents": "12:01 PM (1990 film), Plot\nOver the next loops, Myron struggles to get into contact with Rosenbluth again, and in the process becomes frustrated to the point of screaming at his secretary and throwing his suitcase into traffic. Eventually, he does manage to talk to Rosenbluth, who initially dismisses Myron as crazy until Myron describes the transition as the scientist had predicted (including the phrase \"Consciousness is an independent variable,\" which is central to Rosenbluth's theories). The professor sadly informs Castleman that there is nothing that can be done, causing Myron to become hysterical and shoot himself. There is a brief pause until Myron finds himself back at the beginning of the loop, realizing that he is trapped for eternity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009126-0003-0000", "contents": "12:01 PM (1990 film), Home media\n12:01 PM was released on DVD in the United States late in 2006, and is also available on DVD in the UK, collected on a DVD with other short films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009127-0000-0000", "contents": "12:08 East of Bucharest\n12:08 East of Bucharest (Romanian: A fost sau n-a fost? ; lit. ' Was it or was it not?') is a 2006 Romanian film directed by Corneliu Porumboiu, released in 2006 and winner of the Cam\u00e9ra d'Or Prize (for best first film) at the Cannes Film Festival. It was also released in the United States under the abridged titles East of Bucharest and 12:08 Bucharest. The film is set in a small town far away from the capital city of Bucharest, and centers on a group of characters who revisit the Romanian Revolution of 1989 which brought an end to the communist regime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009127-0001-0000", "contents": "12:08 East of Bucharest\nThe full English title refers to the setting of the film and the time of day at which Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu fled following the revolution, 12:08 pm on 22 December 1989. The original Romanian title roughly translates to \"Was it, or was it not? \", referring to the film's central issue: did Vaslui have any part in the 1989 revolution? The answer depends on whether the city registered any protest before the moment of Ceau\u0219escu's flight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009127-0002-0000", "contents": "12:08 East of Bucharest, Plot\nVaslui, Romania: Eastern. A few years after the fall of the Communist regime, some inhabitants of a city discuss how to celebrate the anniversary of the event. They then decide to organize a television broadcast on a local broadcaster and make a celebratory talk show, involving people by telephone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009127-0003-0000", "contents": "12:08 East of Bucharest, Plot\nSo Virgil Jderescu, director of the local television station, really wants to organize a live talk show to answer a simple question: has there really been a revolution in this city? Did people take to the streets before or after Ceausescu's escape and therefore the fall? Because if they took to the streets later, then it is not about the Revolution but about simple celebrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009127-0004-0000", "contents": "12:08 East of Bucharest, Plot\nBut the two expected guests decline the commitment, perhaps because the topic is more thorny than Jderescu thinks. But he manages to overcome those absences and invites two other people. The first is Tiberiu Manescu, a drunkard and penniless professor who has always boasted that he was the first in town to challenge the men of the dictator. The other guest is Emanoil Piscoci, a rigorous and paranoid old man who at that time used to dress up as Santa Claus for children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009127-0005-0000", "contents": "12:08 East of Bucharest, Plot\nThe broadcast begins and Professor Manescu proudly exposes his experience as a revolutionary, but immediately two viewers call live denying his presence in the square that day and accusing him of speaking under the influence of alcohol, without however having evidence that Manescu really lies. The calm confrontation begins to become embarrassing when Manescu, unnerved, begins to blurt out the flaws of some local \"notables\", including the same editor / presenter Virgil Jderescu who apparently is not a journalist but a textile engineer on loan to television. The talk-show, initially feel-good and formal, takes a grotesque and scurrile turn, given that even the elderly Piscoci, hitherto silent, pretends to be a \"philosopher\" of the situation and begins to say nonsense in bursts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009127-0006-0000", "contents": "12:08 East of Bucharest, Reception\nThe American review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 96% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 47 reviews with an average rating of 7.79/10. The website's critics consensus reads: \"With a witty script full of satirical overtones and dry humor, 12:08 East of Bucharest is a thoroughly enjoyable Romanian comedy.\" Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 77 out of 100, based on 15 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009127-0007-0000", "contents": "12:08 East of Bucharest, Reception\nThe film has garnered positive press in the United States; J. Hoberman of The Village Voice called it, \"a casually bleak and neatly structured ensemble comedy\u2014at once deadpan and bemused.\" Noel Murray of The A.V. Club said \"the story and the situation are slight, but in the best possible way.\" Richard Brody of The New Yorker called it a \"wise and gentle comedy of political realism.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009127-0007-0001", "contents": "12:08 East of Bucharest, Reception\nWendy Ide of The Times described the film as \"one of the best of the new wave of Romanian cinema\" and \"a droll delight that questions the nature of historical record and the realities of postcommunist Romania with a slyly comic and disarmingly self-mocking tone.\" It also received 4 stars out of 4 from the New York Post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009127-0008-0000", "contents": "12:08 East of Bucharest, Reception\nV.A. Musetto of the New York Post named 12:08 East of Bucharest the best film of 2007. A. O. Scott of The New York Times named it the 6th best film of 2007 (along with Live-In Maid).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009128-0000-0000", "contents": "12:34\n12:34 is the third album released by punk band Authority Zero. It was released on January 30, 2007 on Big Panda Records. Music Videos were made for the songs, \"The Bravery\" and \"No Regrets\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009128-0001-0000", "contents": "12:34, Reception\nPUNKnews.org reported that the album was \"a step up from Andiamo, and on par with A Passage in Time. Authority Zero has delivered a solid, standout album once again.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009129-0000-0000", "contents": "12:5\n12:5 is the first live album by Swedish band Pain of Salvation. It was released in 2004 and was recorded from a concert in the band's home town of Eskilstuna, Sweden, on 12 May (12.5) 2003. It was an \"unplugged\" show, meaning that there were only acoustic instruments, i.e. no electric guitars; grand piano and harpsichord instead of synthesizers. It features songs from all the band's albums to that date except One Hour by the Concrete Lake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009129-0001-0000", "contents": "12:5, Outline\nThe songs of 12:5 are not simply the original studio versions played with acoustic instruments. Most have been rearranged and have new parts layered over the top of old ones. The reasoning behind this is that the band did not want to simply release \"Pain of Salvation Live\", but rather a performance of the band taking a more personal and different approach to the material. Reactions to the album were mainly positive, and the band was applauded for its ability to re-interpret their own material. Of particular note is the 12:5 version of \"Ashes\" which begins with its original intro (in A minor), but then continues in an uplifting major key.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009129-0002-0000", "contents": "12:5, Outline\n\"Reconciliation\" contains a short excerpt from the Imperial March theme from the Star Wars trilogy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009129-0003-0000", "contents": "12:5, Track listing\nAt the actual concert the band played an encore song, \"Ashes\" (in the original key).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009130-0000-0000", "contents": "12:51 (Krissy & Ericka song)\n12:51 is the first official single by pop-acoustic duo Krissy & Ericka, taken from their second studio album Twelve: Fifty One (2012).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009130-0001-0000", "contents": "12:51 (Krissy & Ericka song), Background and composition\nKrissy originally wrote the song. She wrote the entire song over the course of three weeks only working between 12:51:00 and 12:51:59, hence the title. It took her two years to finish the song. She also said that the background behind the song was about moving on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009130-0002-0000", "contents": "12:51 (Krissy & Ericka song), Music video\nThe artists first created a premiere of the music video through YouTube. The music video of the song was first uploaded on January 30, 2012 on their YouTube account, and was first premiered on MYX as a television preview.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009130-0003-0000", "contents": "12:51 (Krissy & Ericka song), Live performance\nIn a video in YouTube, Krissy and Ericka perform 12:51 at Music Comes Alive, Venice Piazza at McKinley Hills. Krissy & Ericka also performed in David Choi's live tour in Manila, Philippines as an opening act for the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009130-0004-0000", "contents": "12:51 (Krissy & Ericka song), Chart performance\nThe song charted in the Philippine Charts and debuted at 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009131-0000-0000", "contents": "12:51 (The Strokes song)\n\"12:51\" is a song by American rock band the Strokes. It was released on October 6, 2003, as the first single from their second studio album, Room on Fire (2003). The track was written by Julian Casablancas and produced by Gordon Raphael. It peaked at number 7 on the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009131-0001-0000", "contents": "12:51 (The Strokes song), Critical reception\n\"12:51\" received positive reviews from critics. Billboard's Wes Orshoski wrote of the song: \"Julian Casablancas' sleepy vocals arrive in synch with a nerdy, very '80s keyboard [Nick Valensi's guitar] that sounds so much cooler than it probably should against guitarists Nick Valensi and Albert Hammond Jr.'s raw, fast strumming, the throbbing bass of Nikolai Fraiture and drummer Fabrizio Moretti's cool swing beat.\" AllMusic's Heather Phares wrote that \"its whistling, synth-like guitars and handclaps are undeniably catchy, but at first, the song seems to be searching for a structure. Eventually, though, it becomes sneakily addictive -- it's a stealth pop song.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009131-0002-0000", "contents": "12:51 (The Strokes song), Critical reception\nThe song peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009131-0003-0000", "contents": "12:51 (The Strokes song), Music video\nThe music video for \"12:51\" was directed by Roman Coppola and was inspired by the 1982 film Tron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009132-0000-0000", "contents": "12AT7\n12AT7 (also known in Europe by the Mullard\u2013Philips tube designation of ECC81) is a miniature 9-pin medium-gain (60) dual-triode vacuum tube popular in guitar amplifiers. It belongs to a large family of dual triode vacuum tubes which share the same pinout (EIA 9A), including in particular the very commonly used low-mu 12AU7 and high-mu 12AX7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009132-0001-0000", "contents": "12AT7\nThe 12AT7 has somewhat lower voltage gain than the 12AX7, but higher transconductance and plate current, which makes it suitable for high frequency applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009132-0002-0000", "contents": "12AT7\nOriginally the tube was intended for operation in VHF circuits, such as TV sets and FM tuners, as an oscillator/frequency converter, but it also found wide use in audio as a driver and phase-inverter in vacuum tube push\u2013pull amplifier circuits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009132-0003-0000", "contents": "12AT7\nThis tube is essentially two 6AB4/EC92s in a single envelope. Unlike the situation with the 6C4 and 12AU7, both the 6AB4 and the 12AT7 are described by manufacturer's data sheets as R.F. devices operating up to VHF frequencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009132-0004-0000", "contents": "12AT7\nThe tube has a center-tapped filament so it can be used in either 6.3V 300mA or 12.6V 150mA heater circuits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009132-0005-0000", "contents": "12AT7\nAs of 2012 the 12AT7 was manufactured in Russia (Electro-Harmonix brand), Slovakia (JJ Electronic), and China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009133-0000-0000", "contents": "12AU7\nThe 12AU7 and its variants are miniature nine-pin (B9A base) medium-gain dual triode vacuum tubes. It belongs to a large family of dual triode vacuum tubes which share the same pinout (RETMA 9A). 12AU7 is also known in Europe under its Mullard\u2013Philips tube designation ECC82. There are many equivalent tubes with different names, some identical, some designed for ruggedness, long life, or other characteristics; examples are the US military 5814A and the European special-quality ECC82 and E182CC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009133-0001-0000", "contents": "12AU7\nThe tube is popular in hi-fi vacuum tube audio as a low-noise line amplifier, driver (especially for tone stacks), and phase-inverter in vacuum tube push\u2013pull amplifier circuits. It was widely used, in special-quality versions such as ECC82 and 5814A, in pre-semiconductor digital computer circuitry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009133-0001-0001", "contents": "12AU7\nUse of special-quality versions outside of the purpose they were designed for may not be optimal; for example, a version for digital computers may be designed for long life without cathode poisoning when mostly switched to low-current mode in switching applications, but with little attention to parameters of interest only for linear applications such as linearity of transfer characteristic, matching between the two sections, microphony, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009133-0002-0000", "contents": "12AU7\nThis tube is essentially two 6C4/EC90s in the same envelope. However, this latter type is officially described in manufacturer's data as \"a special quality R.F. power amplifier or oscillator for frequencies up to 150\u00a0MHz\". The 12AU7, on the other hand, is described as an \"A.F. double triode\". Data sheets suggest an upper frequency limit of 30\u00a0kHz for the 12AU7/ECC82 and it is not described as a \"special quality\" device. This contrasts with the 6AB4/EC92 and 12AT7/ECC81 which are both R.F. devices operating up to VHF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009133-0003-0000", "contents": "12AU7\nDouble triodes of the 12AU7 family have a center-tapped filament for use in either 6.3V 300mA or 12.6V 150mA heater circuits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009133-0004-0000", "contents": "12AU7\nAs of 2012 the 12AU7 continued to be manufactured in Russia, Slovakia (JJ Electronic), and China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009134-0000-0000", "contents": "12AX7\n12AX7 (also known as ECC83) is a miniature dual-triode 6AV6 vacuum tube with high voltage gain. Developed around 1946 by RCA engineers in Camden, New Jersey, under developmental number A-4522, it was released for public sale under the 12AX7 identifier on September 15, 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009134-0001-0000", "contents": "12AX7\nThe 12AX7 was originally intended as replacement for the 6SL7 family of dual-triode amplifier tubes for audio applications. As a popular choice for guitar tube amplifiers, its ongoing use in such equipment makes it one of the few small-signal vacuum tubes in continuous production since it was introduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009134-0002-0000", "contents": "12AX7, History\nThe 12AX7 is a twin triode basically composed of two of the triodes from a 6AV6, a double diode triode. The 6AV6 is a miniature repackaging (with just a single cathode) of the triode and twin diodes from the octal 6SQ7 (a double-diode triode used in AM radios), which itself is very similar to the older type 75 triode-diode dating from 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009134-0003-0000", "contents": "12AX7, Application\nThe 12AX7 is a high-gain (typical amplification factor 100), low-plate-current triode best suited for low-level audio voltage amplification. In this role it is widely used for the preamplifier (input and mid-level) stages of audio amplifiers. It has relatively high Miller capacitance, making it unsuitable for radio-frequency use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009134-0004-0000", "contents": "12AX7, Application\nTypically a 12AX7 triode is configured with a high-value plate resistor, 100 kohms in most guitar amps and 220 k\u03a9 or more in high-fidelity equipment. Grid bias is most often provided by a cathode resistor. If the cathode resistor is unbypassed, negative feedback is introduced and each half of a 12AX7 provides a typical voltage gain of about 30; the amplification factor is basically twice the maximum stage gain, as the plate impedance must be matched. Thus half the voltage is across the tube at rest, half across the load resistor. The cathode resistor can be bypassed to reduce or eliminate AC negative feedback and thereby increase gain; maximum gain is about 60 times with a 100k plate load, and a center biased and bypassed cathode, and higher with a larger plate load.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009134-0005-0000", "contents": "12AX7, Application\nAv{\\displaystyle A_{v}} = \u03bc * Rtot / ( rP + Rtot + ( RK * ( \u03bc + 1 )))", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009134-0006-0000", "contents": "12AX7, Application\nWhere Av{\\displaystyle A_{v}} = voltage gain, \u03bc is the amplification factor of the valve, rP is the internal plate resistance,RK is the cathode resistor and Rtot is the parallel combination of RP (external plate resistor) and Rload. If the cathode resistor is bypassed, use RK = 0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009134-0007-0000", "contents": "12AX7, Application\nThe initial \u201c12\u201d in the designator implies a 12-volt heater requirement; however, the tube has a center-tapped heater so it can be used in either 6.3-V or 12.6-V heater circuits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009134-0008-0000", "contents": "12AX7, Similar twin-triode designs\nThe 12AX7 is the most common member of what eventually became a large family of twin-triode vacuum tubes, manufactured all over the world, all sharing the same pinout (EIA 9A). Most use heaters which can be optionally wired in series (12.6V, 150\u00a0mA) or parallel (6.3V, 300\u00a0mA). Other tubes, which in some cases can be used interchangeably in an emergency, include the 12AT7, 12AU7, 12AV7, 12AY7, and the low-voltage 12U7, plus many four-digit EIA series dual triodes. They span a wide range of voltage gain and transconductance. Different versions of each were designed for enhanced ruggedness, low microphonics, stability, lifespan, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009134-0009-0000", "contents": "12AX7, Similar twin-triode designs\nThose other designs offer lower voltage gain (traded off for higher plate current) than the 12AX7 (which has a voltage gain or Av{\\displaystyle A_{v}} of 100), and are more suitable for high-frequency applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009134-0010-0000", "contents": "12AX7, Similar twin-triode designs\nAlthough commonly known in Europe by its Mullard\u2013Philips tube designation of ECC83, other European variations also exist including the low-noise versions 12AX7A, 12AD7, 6681, 7025, and 7729; European versions B339, B759, CV492, CV4004, CV8156, CV8222, ECC803, ECC803S, E2164, and M8137; and the lower-gain low-noise versions 5751 and 6851, intended for avionics equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009134-0011-0000", "contents": "12AX7, Similar twin-triode designs\nIn European usage special-quality valves of some sort were often indicated by exchanging letters and digits in the name: the E83CC was a special-quality ECC83. In the US a \"W\" in the designation, as in 12AX7WA, designates the tube as complying with military grade, higher reliability specifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009134-0012-0000", "contents": "12AX7, Similar twin-triode designs\nThe 'E' in the European designation classifies this as having a 6.3 volt heater, whereas the American designation of 12AX7 classifies it as having a 12.6 volt heater. It can, of course, be wired for operation off either voltage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009134-0013-0000", "contents": "12AX7, Manufacturers\nAs of 2018 versions of the 12AX7/ECC83 are available from the following manufacturers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009134-0014-0000", "contents": "12AX7, Gallery\nVarious brands of 12AX7, with measuring tape to indicate size", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009135-0000-0000", "contents": "12B\n12B is a 2001 Indian Tamil-language romance film that was directed and written by cinematographer Jeeva; it is his directorial debut. The film stars Shaam in his debut, Simran and Jyothika. Hindi actors Suniel Shetty and Moonmoon Sen play cameo roles, and the music was composed by Harris Jayaraj. The film was released on 28 September 2001 to above-average reviews. Critics praised the new concept but criticised the narrative, which they found confusing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009135-0001-0000", "contents": "12B\nThe plot of 12B is loosely based on the 1998 British-American romantic drama film Sliding Doors. The film introduced the use of dual narrative to Tamil cinema; it depicts events in a man's life that depend on whether he catches a bus. The film gained attention for its casting of Simran and Jyothika, who were two of the leading female actors of Tamil cinema; it is also the first Tamil film in which Shetty and Sen appear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009135-0002-0000", "contents": "12B, Plot\nOne morning, Shakthivel alias Shakthi leaves his house for a job interview when he sees a beautiful woman, Jyothika alias Jo, walking down the street. Shakthi is distracted by Jo and begins to follow her. He misses his bus and gets mugged. The film then pauses as a voice-over tells the audience they are about to examine the impact of missing the bus on Shakthi's life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 9], "content_span": [10, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009135-0003-0000", "contents": "12B, Plot\nShakthi the bank manager arrives on time for the job interview and is offered the job of a bank manager, and a beautiful young colleague Priya falls in love with him. Shakthi, however, is still in love with Jo but something repeatedly prevents him from meeting her. The obstacle turns out to be his alternate self (the mechanic). Shakthi the bank manager is well-off in life but is miserable because he cannot win the affections of Jo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 9], "content_span": [10, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009135-0004-0000", "contents": "12B, Plot\nThe Shakthi who missed the bus arrives late at the interview and is thrown out. On his way home, he passes by a junkyard, where he meets his friend Madhan, who gives him a job as a mechanic. The next day, while crossing the street, he sees Jo and again follows her. He gains her attention and they begin a relationship. One day, Jo's uncle Aravind visits, and it is revealed he too is in love with Jo and wants to marry her, much to Jo's dislike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 9], "content_span": [10, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009135-0005-0000", "contents": "12B, Plot\nDue to a misunderstanding, Jo and Shakthi the mechanic separate. Priya expresses her love for the Shakthi the bank manager who, while reciprocating his love for Priya, has an accident. At the same moment, Shakthi the mechanic is also seriously hurt in the same accident while he tries to repair his relationship with Jo. Both Shakthis are admitted to the hospital. While Priya is crying over the death of Shakthi the bank manager, she glimpses Shakthi the mechanic making up with Jo. The film ends with a voice-over concluding the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 9], "content_span": [10, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009135-0006-0000", "contents": "12B, Production\n\"It's been a big thrill, directing a film, being captain of the ship. Having been a cinematographer definitely helped, I could execute the film faster. And also, I've drawn a lot of inspiration from the directors I've worked with, like Shankar, Surya, and my all-time favourite, Priyadarshan\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009135-0007-0000", "contents": "12B, Production\n12B marked the directorial debut of cinematographer Jeeva and is narrated in a dual narrative format, one if Shakthi (the main hero) catches the 12B bus to his job interview and one if he misses the same bus. Jeeva said the film would be titled 12B after a bus he used to take during his college days. The basic premise of the film was taken from the 1998 English film Sliding Doors by Peter Howitt, which also follows the lead character's alternate timelines. Film producer Vikram Singh opted to make his first foray into Tamil film production after being encouraged to by director Priyadarshan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009135-0008-0000", "contents": "12B, Production\nMadhavan was initially considered for the lead role, but the actor was busy with other projects. Newcomer Srikanth also auditioned for the role, but fellow rookie actor Shaam was selected to play the lead role. Shaam had worked as a model in Bengaluru for four years before model coordinator Biju Jayadevan introduced him to director Jeeva, who was auditioning a debutant actor for his debut venture, 12B. Shaam had unsuccessfully auditioned for the lead role in Kadhalar Dhinam (1999); he said during his first meeting with Jeeva, he handed over his portfolio and introduced himself in English. Jeeva said: \"Repeat what you just said, in Tamil\". Shaam did so and was signed on next day after a meeting with producer Vikram Singh. In 12B, Shaam's voice was dubbed; an uncommon practice for male actors in Tamil cinema at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009135-0009-0000", "contents": "12B, Production\nSimran and Jyothika, two of the leading Tamil female actors at the time, were cast in the other lead roles; Jyothika got more screen time. National Film Award winner Thotta Tharani worked as the art director for the film. The promos of the film were critically praised; Shaam signed on to appear in several projects before 12B was released. The film also featured Jeeva's assistant director, Srinath, in a supporting role. After the first filming schedule, another actor tried to fill the lead role but Jeeva insisted on retaining Shaam. Parthiban provided a voiceover for the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009135-0010-0000", "contents": "12B, Production\nA leading Hindi actor was revealed to play a cameo in the film. The actor was later revealed to be Sunil Shetty, who was cast to play Jyothika's uncle. Bengali actor Moon Moon Sen, mother of Riya Sen, was signed on to play Jyothika's mother in the film. The appearance of Sunil Shetty in a prominent role led the filmmakers to release it in Hindi. Shiva, who later starred in Chennai 600028 (2007), made his acting debut with this film in a minor role. Chennai-based model Manish Borundia made a cameo appearance in the film. Deepak Bhojraj, edited the trailer in four days, which was the fastest trailer editing in Tamil cinema at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009135-0011-0000", "contents": "12B, Soundtrack\nThe soundtrack of 12B was composed by Harris Jayaraj. The soundtrack gained recognition upon release, although the film was made on a moderate budget. The songs became popular before the film was released. A critic from New Straits Times said; \"Since [Jeeva] is also the cameraman of this movie, all of the songs are colourful\". He also said Jothi Niranjava is the best song but criticised the placement of songs in the film. A critic from The Hindu stated \"'Poovae Vai Pesum...' is a melodious number that has traces of a couple of songs you've heard before\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009135-0012-0000", "contents": "12B, Reception\nThe film received pre-release publicity because it brought together Simran and Jyothika, two of the Tamil film industry's leading female actors of the period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009135-0013-0000", "contents": "12B, Reception\n12B opened to above-average reviews; a critic from The Hindu said the film is like \"moving through a maze, because for many it could be confusion confounded, at least for the most part of the first half\". The critic added; \"Shyam in the hero's garb is an apt choice and looks more like a Madhavan clone and for a newcomer, Shyam is absolutely at ease in dance and fights\" and \"Simran does a commendable job in the climax\". New Straits Times wrote; \"The presence of Jyotika, Simran and Shyam saves this movie from boredom\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009135-0014-0000", "contents": "12B, Reception\nRediff concluded its review; \"full marks to the intention\u00a0\u2013 considerably less for the execution\", praised the film's performances and technical aspects and said a \"drawback would be the languid pace\u2014there is not enough tension built into the film and, for large chunks of time, the story remains static, with the result that you do not empathise with the characters\". The reviewer said  Simran's portrayal \"continues with her policy of shifting gradually from glam roles to the more sedate, serious ones and proves to have what it takes\". Sify wrote; \"Ultimately it is very difficult for the audience to understand this superficial tale, as they cannot follow the thin line between reality and imagination. It is total confusion\". The reviewer praised the Jayaraj's music for the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009135-0015-0000", "contents": "12B, Reception\n12B  performed modestly at the box office with average collections reported. Jeeva later stating he felt the film had not been properly promoted and could have done better business if it had been. The film was dubbed and released in Hindi as Do Raaste 12B and in Telugu under the same name in October 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009135-0016-0000", "contents": "12B, Legacy\n12B introduced the concept of dual narrative to Tamil cinema. The film also helped establish Shaam as a chocolate boy; he acquired a fan following after the film's release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009135-0017-0000", "contents": "12B, Legacy\nShaam was cast in the lead role in S. P. Jananathan's debut film Iyarkai before 12B was released and later received further film offers including Vasanth's Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukke! and Priyadarshan's Lesa Lesa (2003). He was also set to work with K. Balachander after Paarthale Paravasam (2001) but the project did not materialise. Shaam and the producer of 12B collaborated again on Lesa Lesa (2003). Shaam considers Jeeva as his mentor. Jeeva went on to make other films in the romance genre including Ullam Ketkumae (2005) with Shaam in the lead and Unnale Unnale (2007), both of which were successful at the box office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009135-0018-0000", "contents": "12B, Legacy\nIn a scene in Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukey! (2002), Subbu (Vivek) tells Hari (Shaam) to take any bus but 12B. In Thirumalai (2003), Palani (Vivek) enroute to his interview falls in a drain and tells a man that he is waiting for the 12B bus. In 2009, a film titled Sariya Thavara based on the song of the same name with Faisal Saif as the director and starring Shaam was announced but the film was later abandoned. The storyline of the film Oh My Kadavule (2020) contains an alternative version of the story that is similar to that of 12B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009136-0000-0000", "contents": "12BET\n12BET (also known as \u58f9\u8d30\u535a) is an online gaming brand that specialises in providing Sports Betting and Casino products and services in multiple languages across European and Asia Pacific markets. 12BET is well-known brand in Asia while it ranking 17th globally according to eGaming Review Magazine's Annual Power 50Ranking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009136-0001-0000", "contents": "12BET, History\n12BET, a brand that is run by Pacific Sea Invests, started its full operation in 2007. It is licensed and regulated by Cagayan Economic Zone Authority of the Philippine Government. First Cagayan Leisure and Resort Corporation also owns a remote UK license under PACIFIC SEA MARKETING INTERNATIONAL LTD, a British Virgin Islands company, managed and regulated by the Gambling Commission in Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009136-0002-0000", "contents": "12BET, Sponsorship\n12BET started in 2007 and since then, they have been well known brand with a rich history of sponsoring reputed sports events and various Football clubs as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009136-0003-0000", "contents": "12BET, Awards\nIn the prestigious eGaming Review Magazine's Power Ranking, 12BET have moved up to 17th Best Online Gaming Operator in the world from their previous ranking of 28th because of its best and competitive odds and extensive coverage of the world's biggest sporting events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009136-0004-0000", "contents": "12BET, Controversy\nShortly after signing a stadium sponsorship deal with Crystal Palace, talks about renaming Selhurst Park to 12BET Stadium spread and ignited different reactions from its supporters. However, Crystal Palace's management appeased its fans by stating that the stadium's name will not be changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009136-0005-0000", "contents": "12BET, Controversy\nFollowing the 2016 Cheltenham Horse Racing festival, 12BET voided a large number of winning Cheltenham bets and closed the accounts of customers. 12BET argued that they had been subject to widespread bonus abuse by customers opening multiple accounts and claiming bonuses. However, after a furious response on social media, the bookie brand apologised and agreed to refund 75% of the affected customers. While ruling out a criminal investigation, the Isle of Man Constabulary continues to monitor allegations of withheld funds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009137-0000-0000", "contents": "12BV7\nThe 12BV7, 12BY7, 12BY7A, and equivalents were a class of medium-low gain, pentode vacuum tube amplifiers using the Noval socket configuration. Although originally marketed as pentode tubes for use in early television receivers, they found additional uses in audio and radiotelephone equipment. The series shares the EIA 9BF pinout with a number of other miniature pentode tubes of the era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009137-0001-0000", "contents": "12BV7\nThe most successful tube in this series, 12BY7A was introduced by General Electric in June 1955 as a demodulated video signal amplifier for television receivers. Its design specifications called for linear gain along a wide bandwidth (approximately 4\u00a0MHz) with low transconductance (13 Millimhos (Millisiemens)) and high sensitivity. This combination of sensitivity, bandwidth and price lead to its popularity in audio amplification systems during the tube era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009137-0002-0000", "contents": "12BV7, Functional Equivalents\nLike other vacuum tubes of US and Japanese manufacture, the RETMA tube designation system was used to designate identical tubes across different manufacturers. Any variations from the original electrical design specifications required a change to the tube designation code. As a result, a number of cross-reference resources exist. In some cases, multiple tube designation numbers were marked on the tube itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009137-0003-0000", "contents": "12BV7, Functional Equivalents, 12BY7\n12BY7 was an immediate successor to the 12BV7 and provided the same overall amplification values, but had slightly higher screen dissipation and voltage ratings. The tube exhibited slightly lower transconductance ratings (11 mS vs the original specification of 13 mS) as a result of this change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 36], "content_span": [37, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009137-0004-0000", "contents": "12BV7, Functional Equivalents, 12BY7A\nThe most popular variant from the original 12BV7 was the 12BY7A. In this case, the A suffix is used to indicate a backwards-compatible revision to the original specification. Specifically, the heater filament had been redesigned to further protect it from the potentially damaging voltage spikes which were known to occur when the tube heater circuits were wired in series rather than parallel. All of the other design specifications, including warmup time, were identical to the 12BY7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 37], "content_span": [38, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009137-0005-0000", "contents": "12BV7, Functional Equivalents, 12DQ7\nThe 12DQ7 was the final backwards compatible update to the 12BV7. It offered higher maximum screen and plate voltages of 330VAC. The transconductance value was further reduced from 11 mS to 10.5 mS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 36], "content_span": [37, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009137-0006-0000", "contents": "12BV7, Functional Equivalents, 7733\nThe 7733 is listed as a premium version of the 12BY7A variant suitable for industrial or instrument service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009137-0007-0000", "contents": "12BV7, Functional Equivalents, EL180\nThis is the European Mullard\u2013Philips tube designation number for the 12BY7A variant. The code breakdown is as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 36], "content_span": [37, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009137-0008-0000", "contents": "12BV7, Usage Outside of Television Reception, High-Fidelity Audio Equipment\nAlthough intended for video signal pre-amplification, the relatively high Mu to bandwidth ratio of the 12BY7 and 12BY7A variants lead to their adoption in audio amplification equipment during the Hi-Fi era. There is some dispute in the audio community as to whether the 12DQ7 and 12BV7 variants are acceptable substitutes when discussing the psychoacoustics of various amplifiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 75], "content_span": [76, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009137-0009-0000", "contents": "12BV7, Usage Outside of Television Reception, Radio Transceivers\nThe tube series' wide-bandwidth characteristics lead a number of manufacturers to utilize later variants, such as the 12BY7A as a transmit exciter and/or receive preamplifier in the RF stages of their radios. This RF design remained in use throughout the 1970s and early 1980s even as the other stages were replaced with Solid State components. Equipment using mixed tube & solid-state technologies came to be known as \"Hybrid\" or \"Hybrid Solid State\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 64], "content_span": [65, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009137-0010-0000", "contents": "12BV7, Usage Outside of Television Reception, Radio Transceivers, Partial List of Amateur Radio Equipment Manufacturers Using the 12BV7, 12BY7A or Equivalents\nGonset Communicator GC-105, G28Trio (later Kenwood) - TS-520, TS-820, TS-530, TS-830, R-820R.L. Drake Company - TR4, 2-NTYaesu Musen (later Yaesu) - FT-101, FT-200 (Also resold as the Henry Tempo One)Side-Band Engineers - SBE-34Hallicrafters - HT-37", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 158], "content_span": [159, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009137-0011-0000", "contents": "12BV7, Usage Outside of Television Reception, Electronic Test Equipment\nThe Tektronix 555 Modular Oscilloscope utilized a total of six 12BY7 and 12BY7A tubes. Four 12BY7s were specified for the main chassis as vertical amplifiers for the CRT beams (V1014, V1024, V2014, V2024), and one 12BY7A each in the Type 21 and Type 22 time-base modules (V145)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 71], "content_span": [72, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009138-0000-0000", "contents": "12P/Pons\u2013Brooks\n12P/Pons\u2013Brooks is a periodic comet with an orbital period of 71 years. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet with (20 years < period < 200 years). The next perihelion passage is 20\u201321 April 2024, with closest approach to Earth being 1.54\u00a0AU (230\u00a0million\u00a0km) on 2 June 2024.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009138-0001-0000", "contents": "12P/Pons\u2013Brooks\n12P/Pons\u2013Brooks may be the parent body of the December \u03ba-Draconids meteor shower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009138-0002-0000", "contents": "12P/Pons\u2013Brooks\nComet Pons-Brooks was discovered at Marseilles Observatory in July 1812, and then later recovered in 1883.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009138-0003-0000", "contents": "12P/Pons\u2013Brooks\nOn 10 June 2020 Pons\u2013Brooks was recovered at apparent magnitude 23 by the Lowell Discovery Telescope when the comet was beyond the orbit of Saturn at 11.9\u00a0AU (1.78\u00a0billion\u00a0km) from the Sun. The uncertainty in the comet's heliocentric distance is roughly \u00b110000 km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009138-0004-0000", "contents": "12P/Pons\u2013Brooks, Discovery\nComet 12P/Pons\u2013Brooks was discovered on July 12, 1812, by Jean-Louis Pons. Independently, this comet was later found by Vincent Wisniewski on August 1, and Alexis Bouvard on August 2 the same year. At the time no-one had brought these observations together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009138-0005-0000", "contents": "12P/Pons\u2013Brooks, Discovery\nIn 1883 a (faint) comet was accidentally discovered by William Robert Brooks and later identified with the comet of 1812. Shortly after its initial discovery it was found to have an orbital period of about 70 years with an error of about 5 years. Johann Franz Encke determined a definitive orbit with a period of 70.68 years. This orbit was used to generate an ephemeris for the 1883-4 return, but searches were unsuccessful, until it was rediscovered by Brooks. This year it traveled from Scheat and Markab in western Pegasus, 13 January 1884; southward (through Pisces) to reach perihelion below Iota and Beta Ceti (~RA 0h, Dec. -10\u00b0) around 24 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009138-0006-0000", "contents": "12P/Pons\u2013Brooks, Orbit\nLibration is locked at a 6:1 resonance with Jupiter. The Tisserand invariant with respect to Jupiter (J) is 0.60. Aphelion (furthest point from the Sun) is just beyond the orbit of Neptune at 33\u00a0AU (4.9\u00a0billion\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009138-0007-0000", "contents": "12P/Pons\u2013Brooks, Orbit\nWith a steep orbital inclination of 74.2\u00b0 this comet does not spend a lot of time near the ecliptic. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory's (JPL) website shows that between the years 1900 and 2200, that the comet was and will be most significantly perturbed by Saturn on July 29, 1957. At that point it passed within 1.6AU of the giant planet's influence; even this approach had negligible effect. The comet's orbit appears to be stable between 1740 and 2167, with no strong perturbations by any of the planets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009138-0008-0000", "contents": "12P/Pons\u2013Brooks, Orbit\nKirkwood in 1884 noticed that Pons-Brooks shares elements with De Vico's comet of 1846. He suggested that the latter had calved off Pons-Brooks some centuries prior. Later he identified the two comets' capture into their elliptical orbits (or their parent body's capture) with their shared aphelion close to Neptune 991 CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009138-0009-0000", "contents": "12P/Pons\u2013Brooks, Speculations, Bonilla's comet\nOn August 12-13th of 1883, Mexican astronomer Jos\u00e9 Bonilla observed 447 bodies cross the solar disc, from an observatory in Zacatecas. Mexican astronomers in 2011 suggested that a comet may have split into several pieces. These objects were estimated to have had a size of between 46 and 1022\u00a0meters, and to have passed only 538 to 8062\u00a0km from the Earth. They raised Pons-Brooks as one possibility, in which case Earth barely avoided multiple Tunguska events or even a mass extinction. This was reported in the media October 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009138-0010-0000", "contents": "12P/Pons\u2013Brooks, Speculations, Bonilla's comet\nBut the source of these objects could also have been comet C/1883 D1 (Brooks-Swift) or even a third, unknown comet that year. The event also coincided with the annual Perseids meteor shower. Even migrating birds cannot be ruled out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009138-0011-0000", "contents": "12P/Pons\u2013Brooks, Speculations, Ancient times\nChinese historiography records, although long after the fact, its first comet around 1500 BCE. This \"broom-star\" is said to have heralded the sweeping-away of the as tyrannically described Xia dynasty (and its replacement with the Shang dynasty).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009138-0012-0000", "contents": "12P/Pons\u2013Brooks, 1954\nPons\u2013Brooks came to perihelion on May 22, 1954 when it was 1.7 AU from Earth. On 10 December 1954, the meteor stream of comet Pons\u2013Brooks passed about 0.12\u00a0AU (18\u00a0million\u00a0km) from Earth, resulting in potential meteors impacting Earth`s atmosphere at relative velocity 45 km/s. The comet was recovered in June 2020, and perihelion passage is in April 2024.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009138-0013-0000", "contents": "12P/Pons\u2013Brooks, 1954\nOther comets with a similar orbital period include 13P/Olbers, 23P/Brorsen-Metcalf, 122P/de Vico and 1P/Halley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009139-0000-0000", "contents": "12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral\n12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral is a visual novel video game developed by KID, CyberFront, and SDR Project, and released on March 13, 2008, for the PlayStation 2 and April 16, 2009, for the PlayStation Portable. There is a regular edition, and a special edition which included  the game's original soundtrack. KID are known for producing the Memories Off series, and the Infinity series which includes Never 7: The End of Infinity, Ever 17: The Out of Infinity, and Remember 11: The Age of Infinity. When KID declared bankruptcy in November 2006, production on the game was halted until CyberFront took over and resumed production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009139-0001-0000", "contents": "12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral\nThe game had two different PC releases on April 4, 2008. It was released as a standalone product and as a part of the Infinity Plus pack (which includes PC versions of Never 7: The End of Infinity, Ever 17: The Out of Infinity, Remember 11: The Age of Infinity and 12Riven). A port for Android and iOS was announced by Cyberfront in 2012 but was ultimately not released as Cyberfront was dissolved in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009139-0002-0000", "contents": "12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral, Gameplay\n12Riven is a visual novel in which the player makes progress by reading the game's story. At certain points during conversations with other characters, the player is given a set of choices. Depending on what the player chooses, the story diverges into different branches, eventually leading to different endings; there is only one \"true ending\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009139-0003-0000", "contents": "12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral, Plot, Story\nThe story of 12Riven takes place on May 20, 2012, with high school student Renmaru Miyabid\u014d biking his way speedily towards the abandoned Integral (\u30a4\u30f3\u30c6\u30b0\u30e9\u30eb, Integuraru) building after receiving a message on his cellphone that My\u016b, an old friend of his, would die at the building's top level today at noon. When he gets there, he checks his wristwatch and sees that it is 11:24 AM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009139-0004-0000", "contents": "12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral, Plot, Story\nElsewhere, police detective Narumi Mishima is on her motorcycle heading towards the same location. She has received a request from a friend and coworker asking her to help save a girl named \"My\u016b\" at Integral. Narumi must save My\u016b to prevent the execution of the \"Second Eclipse Plan\" (\u7b2c\u5f10\u30a8\u30af\u30ea\u30d7\u30b9\u8a08\u753b, Daini Ekuripusu Keikaku). Narumi has never heard of this phrase before, moreover, the message was sent with the \"XXX Lv6\" marking. This was a rating scale for the severity of a situation and a level 6 marking has never been used. Even a large scale terrorist threat was set at level 5. The message also indicated to Narumi that someone named Renmaru may be there, that he will be on her side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009139-0005-0000", "contents": "12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral, Plot, Story\nRenmaru finds nothing at the observation deck of the building, but when he goes outside onto the opening of the building, he finds My\u016b injured on the ground. Renmaru also finds her attacker there but is unable to defeat him because every time Renmaru tries to connect a blow, he is thrown onto the ground himself by some unknown force. At this point, My\u016b's attacker draws out a gun, he takes My\u016b and threatens Renmaru to leave the place quietly after he counts to ten with his eyes closed. Renmaru does not know what to do and stands there hopelessly. Right as the attacker counts down to one, Narumi arrives at the scene and points her gun at him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009139-0006-0000", "contents": "12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral, Development and release\nThe game was developed by KID and SDR Project. 12Riven and Memories Off 5: Encore, another game that was under development by KID, were originally in danger of not being released when KID filed for bankruptcy in 2006. Both games were resurrected in 2007 by Cyberfront when they acquired KID's intellectual properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009139-0007-0000", "contents": "12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral, Development and release\nThe game's music was composed by Takeshi Abo. Both the game's opening theme, \"Third Bridge\", and ending theme, \"Process\" (\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9, Purosesu), are performed by Kaori. Both theme songs were included in a CD single that was sold on April 23, 2008, and debuted on Oricon at 144th place. Chomaru Shikura composed and wrote the lyrics to both tracks and K\u014dji Ueno handled their arrangements. For the release on PSP, new opening and ending themes sung by Yui Sakakibara were recorded. The opening theme is named \"Toki no Nai Sekai\" (\u6642\u306e\u306a\u3044\u4e16\u754c) and the ending theme is named \"Distance\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009139-0008-0000", "contents": "12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral, Development and release\n12Riven was originally set to be released on December 6, 2007, but it was delayed to February 14, 2008. It was once again delayed further to its final release date on March 13, 2008. Both the standalone PC version and the bundled version with the Infinity Plus package was released on April 4, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009139-0009-0000", "contents": "12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral, Reception\nOn its first week of release, 12Riven was the thirteenth best selling video game in Japan, and the third best selling PlayStation 2 game. By the end of 2009, the PlayStation Portable version was the 908th best selling video game of the year in Japan, with 4,745 copies sold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009139-0010-0000", "contents": "12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral, Reception\nNeal Chandran at RPGFan said that the Infinity series' atmosphere, story, setting, and themes had gotten progressively more sophisticated, dark, and deep with each installment. He felt that the music had followed this progression, and that 12Riven's music was among the most sophisticated music Abo had ever composed; he said that while there was nothing that stepped outside of Abo's comfort zone, the music was \"highly refined\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0000-0000", "contents": "12Stone\n12Stone Church (also known simply as \"12Stone\") is an American multi-site church with multiple locations in Gwinnett County, Georgia. Kevin Myers is the founder and senior pastor of 12Stone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0001-0000", "contents": "12Stone\nAs of September 2021, there are seven physical 12Stone campuses located in Gwinnett County, Georgia, and Hall County along with several home churches called \"12Stone Home\". 12Stone was listed in late 2010 as the #1 fastest growing church in America and as the fortieth largest church in the United States with an attendance of 9,636. 12Stone is the daughter church of Kentwood Community Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0002-0000", "contents": "12Stone, History\n1987 - On November 1, 12Stone Church was founded as Crossroads Community Church by Kevin Myers, his wife Marcia, and three other couples that relocated from Michigan to Greater Gwinnett County to plant a church that would be relevant, fun, challenging and impacting for generations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0003-0000", "contents": "12Stone, History\n1993 \u2013 After 5 years of worshiping in several temporary facilities, 12Stone relocated to 1625 Collins Hill Road, in Lawrenceville, GA. The Collins Hill worship center allowed 12Stone to put down roots and serve hundreds in the community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0004-0000", "contents": "12Stone, History\n1995 \u2013 Doug Edwards, who did not attend 12Stone Church, donated 13 acres on the corner of Calvin Davis Circle and Highway 20. 800 people relocated onto the new campus and attendance doubled in size within months of moving in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0005-0000", "contents": "12Stone, History\n1999 \u2013 12Stone purchased 69 acres (280,000\u00a0m2) adjacent to the donated property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0006-0000", "contents": "12Stone, History\n2001 \u2013 12Stone built a new 1,000 seat worship center, renovated the original building into a Children's Ministry Center, and paid off the $2.6M mortgage on the adjacent 69 acre property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0007-0000", "contents": "12Stone, History\n2003 - 12Stone opened the Edwards Center and renovated the Collins Hill building into a Student Center for the expanding High School, Middle School and College Ministries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0008-0000", "contents": "12Stone, History\n2007 \u2013 In March, 12Stone opened their first satellite campus in the Hamilton Mill community. The 350 seat worship center, with video teaching and a live worship band brings a small church feel to big church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0009-0000", "contents": "12Stone, History\n2007 \u2013 The church is officially renamed from Crossroads Community Church to 12Stone. Additionally, 12Stone took possession of their Highway 20 Campus and their expanding mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0010-0000", "contents": "12Stone, History\n2008 \u2013 In January, 12Stone opened their Central Campus at the Highway 20 location. The campus includes five worship environments: a 2,600 seat worship center for the adults, a 450 seat high school worship center, a 300-seat middle school worship center, and two additional worship centers for younger children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0011-0000", "contents": "12Stone, History\n2010- The online campus launched. The online campus experience includes worship music, teaching notes, a live chat feature, and prayer opportunities to connect with a pastor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0012-0000", "contents": "12Stone, History\n2011 \u2013 Average weekly attendance surpassed 10,000, making 12Stone the first Wesleyan Church to surpass this milestone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0013-0000", "contents": "12Stone, History\n2012- In January 2012, 12Stone opened the Sugarloaf campus in a temporary location - Peachtree Ridge High School. In May 2012, the church broke ground on the permanent Sugarloaf location, and home of the John Maxwell Leadership Center. Also in 2012, 12Stone broke ground  on a new Hamilton Mill location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0014-0000", "contents": "12Stone, History\n2013- May 17, 2013 12Stone celebrated its 25th anniversary at the Gwinnett Arena, and announced plans to launch 5 new campuses in 5 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0015-0000", "contents": "12Stone, History\n2014- The Sugarloaf location opened doors in February. The location has a 1,000-seat worship center and large spaces for children's and student ministries. In March 2014 the John Maxwell Leadership Center officially opened. In April, the Hamilton Mill campus opened doors to its new facility while converting the old facility into a space for offices and a student center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0016-0000", "contents": "12Stone, History\n2015- In January, 12Stone simultaneously launched 5 campuses. The campuses, in Bethlehem, Buford, Braselton, and Snellville, are housed in local schools in each of the areas, with fully functioning adult, student, and children's worship areas at each service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0017-0000", "contents": "12Stone, History\n2016- In September 2016 12Stone opened permanent facilities in Braselton & Snellville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0018-0000", "contents": "12Stone, History\n2018- In August 2018 12Stone opened permanent facilities in Buford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0019-0000", "contents": "12Stone, Worship\n12Stone features a casual dress code, with many attendees wearing jeans and casual attire. The worship service includes coffee before and after the services, the music style is pop-rock and praise-worship, with the performances amplified concert style and lyrics shown on projector. The worship team writes and records their church's music and released their album \"Greater Than Life\" on November 16, 2012 www.worship.12stone.com. The lobby of the Central Campus has a Phoenix Roasters Coffee cafe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0020-0000", "contents": "12Stone, Locations\nThere are currently six physical 12Stone campuses in Gwinnett and Hall counties and 2 temporary locations in Gwinnett and Barrow counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0021-0000", "contents": "12Stone, Affiliation\n12Stone is a congregation of the Wesleyan Church and its pastors are licensed/ordained under Wesleyan, Lutheran, Baptist, and Independent denominations and their spiritual authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0022-0000", "contents": "12Stone, Affiliation\n12Stone is aligned in ministry style and philosophy with the Willow Creek Association, which is an umbrella organization of churches who are dedicated to turning irreligious people into fully devoted followers of Jesus Christ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0023-0000", "contents": "12Stone, Controversies\nIn 2014, 12Stone church was involved in the arrest and false conviction of David Justin Freeman, who had been a volunteer minister at the church. Freeman was arrested after 12stone pastor Jason Berry claimed Freeman had given him the middle finger, but Berry's testimony was impeached at trial. Freeman's conviction was ultimately overturned in 2017 on free speech grounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009140-0024-0000", "contents": "12Stone, Controversies\nIn 2016, 12Stone church was struck by vandals (whom the church reports did $10,000 worth of damage). The vandals left behind pamphlets describing their displeasure with the church's operations, and spray-painted scripture references suggesting that 12Stone church had turned God's house into a \"market.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009141-0000-0000", "contents": "12Twelve\n12Twelve is a post-rock band from Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) formed by Jaume L. Pantale\u00f3n (guitar), Javier Garc\u00eda (doublebass), Jos\u00e9 Rosell\u00f3 (drums) and Jens Neumaier (sax and keyboards).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009141-0001-0000", "contents": "12Twelve, History\nFormed in 1998, they recorded their first demo in December 1998 with David from Beef as a producer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009141-0002-0000", "contents": "12Twelve, History\nIn June 2001, they released the first album, called Tears, Complaint and Spaces, published by BOA Music. It was a big surprise in Spain and the band played with bands like 90 Day Men, Do Make Say Think, and Mogwai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009141-0003-0000", "contents": "12Twelve, History\nIn 2002, they recorded a split album with the Bilbao band Ya te digo. The album was released by Astro Discos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009141-0004-0000", "contents": "12Twelve, History\nIn 2003, the band went to Chicago to record their new album with Steve Albini, after winning the best band prize in the prestigious Villa de Bilbao Contest. They recorded the album in June, and released it in October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009141-0005-0000", "contents": "12Twelve, History\nIn 2006 they released their fourth album with the label Acuarela. With this album, the band played in the same year in all the important festivals in Spain: Festival Internacional de Benic\u00e0ssim, S\u00f3nar, Primavera Sound and Metrorock. They were cover of Rockdelux Magazine in March 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009141-0006-0000", "contents": "12Twelve, History\nIn November 2006, they made an Italian tour with a great success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009141-0007-0000", "contents": "12Twelve, History\nOn December the 10th 2008, before playing on the Primavera Club Festival at Apolo concert hall, they announced it was the last concert in Barcelona and confirmed the band is officially splitting up after 10 years of being together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009141-0008-0000", "contents": "12Twelve, History\nMembers of the band were working on several projects as AtletA, Rebuig, and Gambardella. In 2019, the band reencountered for AMFest for a unique concert. However, they announced more concerts after the reencounter. On March 21st, they participated in the Basque festival MAZ Basauri and launched a live video of its track Leroy, recorded in the AMFest 2019. They also were in Barcelona's festival BAM (Barcelona Acci\u00f3 Musical).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009142-0000-0000", "contents": "12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009142-0001-0000", "contents": "12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholanate and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5beta-cholanate, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009142-0002-0000", "contents": "12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 12alpha-hydroxysteroid:NADP+ 12-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 12alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase, 12alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase, NAD+-dependent 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and NADP+-12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. This enzyme is involved in a metabolic pathway that degrades bile acids into cholesterol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009143-0000-0000", "contents": "12beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 12beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009143-0001-0000", "contents": "12beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3alpha,7alpha,12beta-trihydroxy-5beta-cholanate and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5beta-cholanate, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009143-0002-0000", "contents": "12beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 12beta-hydroxysteroid:NADP+ 12-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 12beta-hydroxy steroid (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), and dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009144-0000-0000", "contents": "12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada\nThe 12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada (a translation of its former name, the \"12th Canadian Armoured Regiment\") is a Canadian Army armoured regiment based in CFB Valcartier, on the outskirts of Quebec City. The regiment has both a Regular Force and a Primary Reserve unit. The 12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada's abbreviation is 12e RBC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009144-0001-0000", "contents": "12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada\nIn the Regular Force regiment, all three Squadrons are based on the LAV family of vehicles and are designated as light armoured cavalry squadrons. Each squadron is currently organized into troops of four vehicles each. C Squadron, 12e RBC is equipped with the Leopard 2 tank, and is located at CFB Gagetown as part of C Squadron, the Royal Canadian Dragoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009144-0002-0000", "contents": "12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada, Operational history, The Great War\nThe 178th Battalion (Canadien-Fran\u00e7ais), CEF was authorized on 15 July 1916 and embarked for Britain on 3 March 1917, where, on 16 March 1917, its personnel were absorbed by the 10th Reserve Battalion, CEF to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion disbanded on 21 May 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009144-0003-0000", "contents": "12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada, Operational history, The Great War\nThe 259th Battalion, Canadian Rifles, CEF (Siberia) was authorized on 1 November 1918 and embarked for Russia on 22 and 26 December 1918. There, it served with the 16th Infantry Brigade as part of the Allied Forces in eastern Russia until 19 May 1919. The battalion disbanded on 6 November 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009144-0004-0000", "contents": "12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada, Operational history, The Second World War\nThe regiment mobilized  as The Three Rivers Regiment (Tank), CASF, for active service on 1 September 1939. It was redesignated as The Three Rivers Regiment (Tank), CAC, CASF, on 13 August 1940. It was converted to armour on 23 November 1940, and to an army tank battalion on 11 February 1941, designated as the 12th Army Tank Battalion (The Three Rivers Regiment (Tank)), CAC, CASF. It was redesignated as the 12th Army Tank Regiment (Three Rivers Regiment (Tank)), CAC, CASF, on 15 May 1942; as the 12th Armoured Regiment (Three Rivers Regiment), CAC, CASF, on 26 August 1943; and as the 12th Armoured Regiment (Three Rivers Regiment), RCAC, CASF on 2 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009144-0005-0000", "contents": "12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada, Operational history, The Second World War\nOn 21 June 1941 it embarked for Britain. The regiment landed in Sicily on 10 July 1943 and in Italy on 12 September 1943 as part of the 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade. On 8 March 1945 the regiment moved with the I Canadian Corps to North-West Europe as part of OPERATION GOLDFLAKE. There it fought until the end of the war. The overseas regiment disbanded on 30 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009144-0006-0000", "contents": "12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada, Operational history, Post-war\nThe Regular Force regiment served on peacekeeping duty in CYPRUS as part of OPERATION SNOWGOOSE from August 1990 to March 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009144-0007-0000", "contents": "12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada, Operational history, Afghanistan\nThe Regular regiment provided several reconnaissance squadrons and troops and tank troops to the Canadian Task Forces that served in Afghanistan from 2002 to 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009144-0008-0000", "contents": "12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada, History\nIts origins are in The Three Rivers Regiment, a militia (Reserve Force) regiment based in Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, a town halfway between Montreal and Quebec City. It originally formed in 1871 as the Three Rivers Provisional Battalion of Infantry. This was a new battalion headquarters that united four previously independent infantry companies that had been formed in 1869 at Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Rivi\u00e8re-du-Loup-en-Haut, Berthier-en-Haut and Saint-Gabriel-de-Brandon. The battalion was given a number in 1880 (86th \"Three Rivers\" Battalion of Infantry) and raised to regiment status in 1900 (86th Three Rivers Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009144-0009-0000", "contents": "12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada, History\nIn the First World War, the Canadian militia infantry units were not mobilized, but instead new units were formed from volunteers from the militia and new recruits. The militia units generally became organizations for recruiting, induction and preliminary training. The 86th Regiment recruited the 178th \"Overseas\" Battalion, CEF, in 1916. The 178th Battalion was broken up in England in 1917, but enough of its former members fought at the Battle of Amiens (1918) that the battalion qualified for a battle honour, which the 12e RBC perpetuates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009144-0010-0000", "contents": "12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada, History\nThe regiment also perpetuates the 259th Battalion, Canadian Rifles, Canadian Expeditionary Force (Siberia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009144-0011-0000", "contents": "12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada, History\nIn the post-war reorganization of the Militia, the 86th Regiment lost its number, becoming simply The Three Rivers Regiment. In the 1936 reorganization, it became an infantry tank unit, The Three Rivers Regiment (Tank).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009144-0012-0000", "contents": "12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada, History\nIn the Second World War, the regiment mobilized an armoured regiment, which sailed to England in 1941. After two years of training, the 12th Armoured Regiment (Three Rivers Regiment) landed in Sicily, where it supported 1st Canadian Infantry Division throughout Operation Husky almost exclusively and gained a reputation for tenacity and courage. The 12th CAR was the first Canadian armoured regiment to destroy panzers in battle; a Panzer III and one of the Mark IV \"Specials\" were destroyed by its men at Grammichele on July 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009144-0012-0001", "contents": "12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada, History\nThe regiment also took part Operation Baytown, landings on the Italian mainland in September 1943, as well and were often called upon to support British infantry battalions based on their quiet professionalism. Though the formation it was part of was originally known as 1st Tank Brigade, the name was changed to 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade later on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009144-0013-0000", "contents": "12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada, History\nAfter the war, the regiment was given a (partially) French name: Le R\u00e9giment de Trois-Rivi\u00e8res (24th Armoured Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009144-0014-0000", "contents": "12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada, History\nIn 1968 the regiment was renamed and expanded to include a new Regular Force regiment in addition to the original Militia regiment. The Regular Force unit is called 12e\u00a0R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada, and the Militia unit is named 12e\u00a0R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada (Militia) (or in French, 12e\u00a0R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada (Milice)). The number in the regimental title commemorates the Second World War unit, 12th Armoured Regiment (Three Rivers Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009144-0015-0000", "contents": "12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada, Battle honours\nIn the list below, battle honours in capitals were awarded for participation in large operations and campaigns, while those in lowercase indicate honours granted for more specific battles. Those battle honours in bold type are emblazoned on the regimental guidon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009144-0016-0000", "contents": "12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res Military Museum\nThe museum collects, preserves, researches, interprets and exhibits artifacts which reflect the military history of Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, the 12th Armoured Regiment (Three Rivers Regiment) story and the history of the Canadian Militia. The museum serves as a training medium to teach regimental history, and to stimulate and foster within the general public an ongoing interest in the regiment, its activities and accomplishments. The Museum is affiliated with: CMA,  CHIN, OMMC and Virtual Museum of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009144-0017-0000", "contents": "12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada, Order of precedence, Regular Force\nWhile the regiment is the oldest of the Regular Force armoured regiments, its Regular Force component takes its precedence from its date of entry into the Regular Force (1968). The Reserve Force component continues to take its precedence from 1871 within the Reserve Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009145-0000-0000", "contents": "12ft Skiff\nThe 12\u00a0ft Skiff is a development dinghy class dating back to the early 20th century. It is sailed in Australia and New Zealand. It is 12\u00a0ft (3.7\u00a0m) in length, hence the name, and is a two-man boat. Both the crew and the helm are able to use the trapeze at the same time. It has an asymmetrical spinnaker and a jib, in addition to the mainsail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009145-0001-0000", "contents": "12ft Skiff, History\nThe origin of the 12\u00a0ft Skiff is dubious, but it is thought to have roots in the smaller skiffs sailed on Sydney Harbour in the late 1800s. The skiff became a class in its own right in 1926 when, at a meeting between Lane Cove 12ft Sailing Skiff Club, Greenwich 12\u00a0ft Flying Squadron, The Spit 12\u00a0ft Skiff Sailing Club and Vaucluse Amateur 12\u00a0ft Sailing Skiff Club,  the 12\u00a0ft Sailing Skiff Council was formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009145-0001-0001", "contents": "12ft Skiff, History\nAt this time the skiff was manned by a crew of five, but around the 1940s it changed to a three-man boat, and then became the two man boat that is used today. In 1947 the Council changed its name to the NSW 12\u00a0ft Sailing Skiff Association. After the 1940s the skiff went international.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009145-0002-0000", "contents": "12ft Skiff, Sailing and Racing\nToday the 12\u00a0ft Skiff is primarily sailed in Australia and New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009145-0003-0000", "contents": "12ft Skiff, Sailing and Racing\nCampaigning a 12 requires a range of skills, including boat handling, tuning, boat maintenance, organisation and training. However, with recent equipment developments, and the introduction of carbon masts, 12\u00a0ft Skiffs are very manageable boats and any sailor with relative experience, such as Cherubs or Moths, would quite easily adapt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009145-0004-0000", "contents": "12ft Skiff, Performance\nThe 12\u00a0ft Skiff is similar to the larger and better known 18ft Skiff. Of all skiffs the 12 footer is known for being the most difficult to sail, primarily due to its short and narrow hull relative to its large sail area. A 12\u00a0ft Skiff is capable of sailing at speeds of up to 25 knots (46\u00a0km/h; 29\u00a0mph).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009145-0005-0000", "contents": "12ft Skiff, Performance\nThe 12\u00a0ft Skiff generates considerable power by having two persons on the trapeze wire, suspended from the mast of the boat. This adds leverage to the crews' weight, allowing the larger areas of sail to be carried.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009145-0006-0000", "contents": "12ft Skiff, Performance\nThe modern 12\u00a0ft Skiffs also have fixed bowsprits to from which they carry their spinnakers. This is a relatively recent innovation, with the older style of skiff having an 'end to end' spinnaker pole which would need to be positioned by the crew, and would be stored against the skiff's boom when it was not being used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009146-0000-0000", "contents": "12k\n12k is an American independent record label, based in Pound Ridge, New York, United States. It was founded on January 1, 1997, by Taylor Deupree. The label focuses on experimental electronic music, specifically on digital minimalism and contemporary forms; as of January 2007, it released over 40 CDs and became one of \"the most consistent, and consistently excellent, record companies in the electronic music world.\" Notable artists appearing in the label's catalogue include Alva Noto and Frank Bretschneider (co-founder of the Raster-Noton label).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009147-0000-0000", "contents": "12th & Delaware\n12th & Delaware is a documentary film set in a crisis pregnancy center (named Pregnancy Care Center) and an abortion clinic (named A Woman's World Medical Center) across the street from it in Fort Pierce, Florida. The film was produced and filmed by Rachel Grady and Heidi Ewing and covers the center and its patients over the period of a year. The film shows interviews of staff at both facilities, as well as pregnant women who are going to them. 12th & Delaware premiered on January 24, 2010 at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival in the U.S. Documentary Competition. It won a Peabody Award that same year \"for its poignant portrait of women facing exceedingly difficult decisions at a literal intersection of opposing ideologies.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009147-0001-0000", "contents": "12th & Delaware\nOne of the interviewees was president of the Pregnancy Care Centre, Father Thomas J. Euteneuer. In January 2011, Euteneuer issued a statement disclosing that he had \"violat[ed] the boundaries of chastity with an adult female ... I take full responsibility for my own poor judgment, my weakness and my sinful conduct that resulted from it\". and then in June 2012, it was reported that a woman had filed a lawsuit accusing Euteneuer of sexual abuse during what were supposed to be exorcisms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009148-0000-0000", "contents": "12th & I station\n12th & I is a light rail stop on the Sacramento Regional Transit District's Blue Line. It is located at the intersection of 12th and I Streets in Downtown Sacramento, California. Nearby are a variety of downtown offices and the Sacramento Convention Center Complex. Due to the revenue tracks running in both directions on a one-way thoroughfare (12th Street is one-way southbound), wheelchair users can only access northbound trains from the adjacent curbside platform. The stops are located adjacent to the former Sacramento Union Station, where Sacramento Northern Railroad interchanged with Central California Traction Company interurban services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009149-0000-0000", "contents": "12th & Imperial Transit Center\n12th & Imperial Transit Center is a San Diego Trolley station in Downtown San Diego, California. It is located in the East Village neighborhood of the city and serves the high-density residential developments that surround the stop. It is one of two stations from which Petco Park can be reached (the other being Gaslamp Quarter station). The station has historically been used as a major transfer point between the various Trolley lines and is the only station that is directly served by all four Trolley lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009149-0001-0000", "contents": "12th & Imperial Transit Center, Service, San Diego Trolley\nThe Blue Line and the Orange Line are served by the station's island platforms, and the two lines split just south of this station to serve South Bay and East County, respectively. To the north, both lines run parallel to each other through downtown on Park Boulevard and turn west at City College to run along C Street towards America Plaza and the Courthouse Station, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009149-0002-0000", "contents": "12th & Imperial Transit Center, Service, San Diego Trolley\nThe Bayside Terminal platform of the 12th & Imperial station marks the western terminus of the Green Line, which upon departing from 12th & Imperial goes through the Gaslamp Quarter, Convention Center and Seaport Village stations to the Santa Fe Depot, and then on to the Old Town Transit Center and its destination at Santee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009149-0003-0000", "contents": "12th & Imperial Transit Center, Service, San Diego Trolley\nThe Silver Line uses the platform directly adjacent to the 1255 Imperial Avenue building as the start of its clockwise circular route around Downtown San Diego.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009149-0004-0000", "contents": "12th & Imperial Transit Center, Service, San Diego Trolley\nThis station was renovated in two stages  as part of the Trolley Renewal Project: in summer 2011 for the Bayside Terminal platform, and from late October 2012 until June 2013 for the main station platforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009149-0005-0000", "contents": "12th & Imperial Transit Center, Service, San Diego Trolley\nPrior to September 2, 2012, Orange Line trolleys used to loop around Downtown San Diego to terminate at the Bayside Terminal platform of this station until a system redesign rerouted the western terminus of the line to Santa Fe Depot and extended the Green Line's terminus from Old Town Transit Center to the Bayside Terminal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009149-0006-0000", "contents": "12th & Imperial Transit Center, Service, Bus service\nSan Diego MTS bus routes 4, 12, 901, and 929 stop at the 12th & Imperial Transit Station. The bus stops are to the east of the northbound Blue Line/Orange Line Trolley platform, on the west side of National Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009149-0007-0000", "contents": "12th & Imperial Transit Center, Service, Bus service\nThe San Diego station used by Greyhound Bus Lines is currently located adjacent to the southeast corner of the station, at 1313 National Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009149-0008-0000", "contents": "12th & Imperial Transit Center, Location\nThe 12th & Imperial Transit Center is built into the James R. Mills Building, a 10-story office tower that houses the headquarters of the San Diego Metropolitan Transit System. It is also located approximately two blocks east of Petco Park, just south of the San Diego Central Library that opened in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009149-0009-0000", "contents": "12th & Imperial Transit Center, Location\nThis station is directly adjacent to the San Diego Trolley maintenance yard,  thus, it is usually where the trolleys from the yard start their trips for the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009150-0000-0000", "contents": "12th & Midtown\n12th and Midtown is a four-block commercial real estate development project in Midtown Atlanta along Peachtree Street and Crescent Avenue between 11th and 13th Streets. The development currently contains three of the tallest buildings in Midtown, with more buildings planned in the coming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009150-0001-0000", "contents": "12th & Midtown\nGround was broken in 2006. The developer, Selig, had an original plan for nine towers and 3,000,000 square feet (280,000\u00a0m2) of residential and commercial space. The project was to be an anchor in the \"Midtown Mile\", a 2007 ambitious plan for upscale development along Peachtree Street in Midtown. The plan was scaled back significantly in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009150-0002-0000", "contents": "12th & Midtown\nAs of January 2013 the project includes the following buildings:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009150-0003-0000", "contents": "12th & Midtown\nIn late 2012, developers Daniel and Selig acquired an additional 4 acres (approx. )within a five-block radius of 12th & Midtown, including tracts along Peachtree Street, West Peachtree Street and Crescent Avenue. In January 2013, Selig announced that it expects the amount of retail space in the development to increase from the existing 130,000 square feet (12,000\u00a0m2) to 200,000 square feet (19,000\u00a0m2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009150-0004-0000", "contents": "12th & Midtown\nIn August 2014, C AND J ATLANTA LLC, an entity controlled by Florida real estate investor John Joyce, acquired 77 12th Street, the apartment tower at 12th & Midtown. The purchase price was $121 million, or $367,000 a unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009151-0000-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Division\nThe 12th (Eastern) Division was an infantry division raised by the British Army during the First World War from men volunteering for Kitchener's New Armies. The division saw service in the trenches of the Western Front from June 1915 to the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009151-0001-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Division, Formation and First World War\nThe 12th (Eastern) Division, was one of the first Kitchener's Army divisions raised from volunteers by Lord Kitchener. It was formed within Eastern Command as a result of Army Order No. 324 of 21 August 1914, as part of the K1 wave of divisions. It fought on the Western Front for the duration of the First World War. One of its most notable actions was the Battle of \u00c9pehy where there is a memorial cross to the 12th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009151-0002-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Division, Formation and First World War\nIn the First World War, the division's insignia was the Ace of Spades, which has since been adopted by the present 12th Armoured Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0000-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division\nThe 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division was an infantry division of the British Army, which fought briefly in the Battle of France during the Second World War. In March 1939, after the re-emergence of Germany as a European power and its occupation of Czechoslovakia, the British Army increased the number of divisions within the Territorial Army by duplicating existing units. The 12th\u00a0(Eastern) Infantry Division was formed in October 1939, as a second-line duplicate of the 44th\u00a0(Home Counties) Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0001-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division\nIt was intended that the division would remain in the United Kingdom to complete training and preparation, before being deployed to France within twelve months of the war breaking out. The division was dispersed to defend Kent and guard strategically important and vulnerable locations. In France, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was suffering from a manpower shortage among rear-line units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0001-0001", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division\nTo boost morale, provide additional labour for the rear echelon of the BEF, and acquire political capital with the French Government and military, the division was sent to France in April 1940, leaving behind most of its administration and logistical units as well as its heavy weapons and artillery. The men were assigned to aid in the construction of airfields and pillboxes. Edmund Ironside, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, secured a promise from the BEF that the division would not be used in action owing to it being untrained and incomplete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0002-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division\nWhen Germany invaded the Netherlands and advanced into northern Belgium, the BEF and French armies moved to meet the attack, leaving  the 12th\u00a0Division behind. The main German attack came through the Ardennes, in southern Belgium beyond the main Allied armies, and then rapidly advanced into France. This move intended to cut off the British and French forces in northern France and Belgium, from other formations along the Franco-German border as well as the Allied supply centres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0002-0001", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division\nWith no other reserves available, the 12th\u00a0Division was ordered to the front line to defend several towns blocking the way between the main German assault and the English Channel. This resulted in the division being widely spread out. A brief skirmish occurred on 18\u00a0May, in which one of the division's battalions repulsed the German vanguard. However, on 20\u00a0May, three German panzer divisions  attacked the division in several isolated actions. Without the means to stop the attacking Germans, the division was overwhelmed and destroyed. The survivors were evacuated to England, and the division was broken-up. Its assets were transferred to other formations to help bring them up to strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0003-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, Background\nDuring the 1930s, tensions increased between Germany and the United Kingdom and its allies. In late 1937, German policy towards Czechoslovakia became hostile. During 1938, Germany demanded the annexation of the Sudetenland, the border areas of Czechoslovakia that were primarily inhabited by German-ethnic people. These demands led to an international crisis. To avoid war, the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met with German chancellor Adolf Hitler in September and brokered the Munich Agreement. The agreement averted a war and allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland. Although Chamberlain had intended for the agreement to further a peaceful resolution of issues, relations between the two countries soon deteriorated. On 15 March 1939, Germany breached the terms of the agreement by invading and occupying the remnants of the Czech state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 899]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0004-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, Background\nOn 29 March, British secretary of state for war Leslie Hore-Belisha announced plans to increase the Territorial Army (TA) from 130,000 to 340,000 men and double the number of TA divisions. The plan was for existing TA divisions, referred to as the first-line, to recruit over their establishments (aided by improved pay and conditions) and then form a new division, known as the second-line, from cadres around which the new divisions could be expanded. This process was dubbed \"duplicating\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0004-0001", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, Background\nThe 44th\u00a0(Home Counties) Infantry Division provided cadres to create a second line \"duplicate\" formation, which became the 12th\u00a0(Eastern) Infantry Division. Despite the intention for the army to grow, a lack of central guidance on the expansion and duplication process and a dearth of facilities, equipment and instructors complicated the programme. In April 1939, limited conscription was introduced. At that time 34,500 men, all aged 20, were conscripted into the regular army, initially to be trained for six months before being deployed to the forming second line units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0004-0002", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, Background\nThe War Office had envisioned that the duplicating process and recruiting of the required number of men would take no more than six months. The process varied widely between the TA divisions. Some were ready in weeks while others had made little progress by the time the Second World War began on 1\u00a0September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0005-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Formation\nOn 7\u00a0October, the 12th\u00a0(Eastern) Infantry Division became active. The division took control of the 35th, the 36th, and the 37th\u00a0Brigades, as well as divisional support units, which the 44th\u00a0(Home Counties) Infantry Division had administered previously. Because of the lack of official guidance, the newly constituted formations were at liberty to choose numbers, styles, and titles. The division adopted the number of their First World War counterpart: the 12th\u00a0(Eastern) Division. The division did not use their predecessor's divisional insignia, adopting a plain white diamond instead, which was painted on the division's vehicles but not worn on uniforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0006-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Formation\nThe 35th\u00a0Brigade consisted of the 2/5th, the 2/6th, and the 2/7th\u00a0Battalions, Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey). The 36th\u00a0Brigade comprised the 2/6th\u00a0Battalion, East Surrey Regiment (2/6th\u00a0Surrey), and the 6th and the 7th\u00a0Battalions, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment (6th\u00a0RWK and 7th\u00a0RWK). The 37th\u00a0Brigade had the  5th\u00a0Battalion, Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment) (5th\u00a0Buffs), and the 6th and the 7th\u00a0Battalions, Royal Sussex Regiment (6th and 7th\u00a0Sussex). On 25\u00a0October, the 2/6th\u00a0East Surrey Regiment and the 5th\u00a0Buffs were exchanged between the 36th and the 37th\u00a0Brigades. The division was assigned to Eastern Command, and Major-General Roderic Petre became the General Officer Commanding. Petre's prior experience included commanding the Sudan Defence Force during the inter-war period before being made commandant of the Senior Officers' School in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0007-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Initial service and transfer to France\nThe war deployment plan for the TA envisioned its divisions being sent overseas, as equipment became available, to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) that had already been dispatched to Europe. The TA would join regular army divisions in waves as its divisions completed their training, the final divisions deploying one year after the war had begun. In October 1939, Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces, General Walter Kirke, was tasked with drawing up a plan, code named \"Julius Caesar\", to defend the United Kingdom from a potential German invasion. As part of this plan, the division was assigned to defend northern Kent. In addition, its forces were dispersed to guard strategically important locations known to be vulnerable points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 81], "content_span": [82, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0008-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Initial service and transfer to France\nIn early 1940, the division became caught up in an effort to address manpower shortages among the BEF's rear-echelon units. More men were needed to work along the line of communication, and the army had estimated that by mid-1940 it would need at least 60,000 pioneers for engineering and construction tasks. The lack of such men had taxed the Royal Engineers (RE) and the Auxiliary Military Pioneer Corps (AMPC), and had also impacted frontline units that had to divert men from training to help construct defensive positions along the Franco-Belgian border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 81], "content_span": [82, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0008-0001", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Initial service and transfer to France\nTo address this issue, it was decided to deploy untrained territorial units as an unskilled workforce, thereby alleviating the strain on the existing pioneer units and freeing up regular units to complete their training. As a result, the decision was made to deploy the 12th\u00a0(Eastern), 23rd\u00a0(Northumbrian), and the 46th\u00a0Infantry Divisions to France. Each division would leave their heavy equipment and most of their logistical, administrative, and support units behind. In total, the elements of the three divisions that were transported to France amounted to 18,347 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 81], "content_span": [82, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0008-0002", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Initial service and transfer to France\nThe divisions were to aid in the construction of airfields and pillboxes. The intent was that by August their job would be completed and they could return to the United Kingdom to resume training before being redeployed to France as front-line soldiers. The Army believed that this diversion from guard duty would also raise morale. Lionel Ellis, the author of the British official history of the BEF in France, wrote that while the divisions \"were neither fully trained nor equipped for fighting\u00a0... a balanced programme of training was carried out so far as time permitted\". Historian Tim Lynch commented the deployment also had a political dimension, allowing \"British politicians to tell their French counterparts that Britain had supplied three more infantry divisions towards the promised nineteen by the end of the year\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 81], "content_span": [82, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0009-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Initial service and transfer to France\nGeneral Edmund Ironside, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, opposed this use of these divisions. He reluctantly caved to the political pressure to release the divisions, having been assured by General Sir John Gort (commander of the BEF) that the troops would not be used as frontline combat formations. The 12th left the United Kingdom on 20\u00a0April 1940, arrived in France two days later, and was placed under the direct command of the BEF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 81], "content_span": [82, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0010-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, German invasion of France\nOn 10\u00a0May 1940, the Phoney War\u2014the period of inactivity on the Western Front since the start of the conflict\u2014ended as the German military invaded Belgium and the Netherlands. As a result, the majority of the BEF along with the best French armies and their strategic reserve moved forward to assist the Belgian and Dutch armies. While these forces attempted to stem the tide of the German advance, the main German assault pushed through the Ardennes Forest and crossed the River Meuse. This initiated the Battle of Sedan and threatened to split the Allied armies in two, separating those in Belgium from the rest of the French military along the Franco-German border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0011-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, German invasion of France\nOnce the Allied commanders realised that the German crossing of the Meuse had turned into a breakthrough, the BEF and French armies began a fighting withdrawal from Belgium back to France. On 17\u00a0May, the 12th\u00a0(Eastern) Infantry Division was ordered to assemble around Amiens. The next day, Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Bridgeman, in charge of the BEF's rear headquarters, requested that Petre take command of an ad hoc force that included his 36th\u00a0Brigade, a makeshift garrison in Arras and the 23rd\u00a0(Northumbrian) Division. This collection of troops was dubbed Petreforce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0011-0001", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, German invasion of France\nPetreforce, along with the 12th\u00a0Division, were the only troops blocking the German route to the sea and the defeat of the BEF. On being appointed to this command, Petre was provided with an over-optimistic report that he then passed on to his subordinates: the French were resilient on either side of the German breakthrough, and that only small German units had penetrated deep into French territory. With this information, it was expected that Petreforce could handle the German incursion. However, the 12th Division was woefully under-equipped for the task assigned to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0011-0002", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, German invasion of France\nOn average, there were only four Boys anti-tank rifles and one ML 3-inch mortar per each of the divisions nine battalions. In comparison, a fully equipped division was to have 361 anti-tank rifles and 18 three-inch mortars spread over these units. Some units were issued with training rounds for the anti-tank rifles, which were not effective against tanks. Within the 35th Brigade, there was only five such rifles and a total of 35 rounds. At the platoon level, there was an average of one Bren light machine gun instead of three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0012-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Demise of the division\nThe 12th\u00a0(Eastern) Infantry Division was widely dispersed across four areas, unable to support each other, and this further eroded the division's limited fighting power. The 35th Brigade took up positions along the eastern side of Abbeville. The 36th\u00a0Brigade dispatched the 6th\u00a0RWK and the 5th\u00a0Buffs to Doullens. The 7th\u00a0RWK, supplemented by four field guns obtained from a Royal Artillery training school, occupied Cl\u00e9ry-sur-Somme to block the exits from P\u00e9ronne, which had a bridge across the Canal du Nord. French troops were supposed to hold it, but they never arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0012-0001", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Demise of the division\nThe 37th\u00a0Brigade was caught-up in a German bombing raid on Amiens, which resulted in between 60\u2013100 casualties. It then dispatched the 6th\u00a0Sussex and the 7th\u00a0Sussex to take up positions south of the town. The 2/6th\u00a0Surrey's were ordered to move south to join the 51st\u00a0(Highland) Infantry Division, but ended up being allocated to an ad hoc composition called Beauforce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0013-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Demise of the division\nThe German 1st\u00a0Panzer Division reached P\u00e9ronne during the evening of 18\u00a0May. They crossed the canal and attempted to carry on their advance, but the 7th\u00a0RWK and their four field guns stopped them. Fighting continued until dark, when the Germans fell back into P\u00e9ronne and the 7th\u00a0RWK fell back to Albert. The next day saw no German activity along the division's front. On 20\u00a0May, the 12th\u00a0(Eastern) Infantry Division was engaged in a series of isolated battles. The 1st\u00a0Panzer Division advanced on Albert and overran the 7th\u00a0RWK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0013-0001", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Demise of the division\nIt then moved towards Amiens and destroyed the 37th\u00a0Brigade's 7th\u00a0Sussex in the process. The 6th\u00a0Panzer Division reached Doullens and was held up by the 36th Brigade for two and a half hours, before they overwhelmed the brigade. The 2nd Panzer Division arrived at Abbeville and occupied the town after defeating the 35th\u00a0Brigade. Ellis wrote that the 12th\u00a0Division \"had practically ceased to exist\", as a result of the fighting that saw the \"whole tract of country between the Scarpe and the Somme\" fall into German hands, and left the way to the English Channel open.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0014-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Demise of the division\nThe German XXXXI\u00a0Panzer Corps war diary reported that the 6th\u00a0Panzer Division was \"only able to gain ground slowly and with continual fighting against an enemy who defended himself stubbornly\". Historians have praised the division for delaying the German advance for several hours, despite being under-equipped, un-prepared and fighting against unfavourable odds. The historian Gregory Blaxland was more critical, and wrote \"it was both tragic and wasteful to have committed these men of little training but great spirit to battle at such hopeless disadvantage.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0014-0001", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Demise of the division\nBoth Blaxland and the historian Julian Thompson cited the praise delivered upon these battalions by the Germans, in their war diaries. However, they argued that the British Army had not heeded the lessons of the invasion of Poland nor given enough thought into how infantry should counter tanks. They believe had the battalions been concentrated and placed in more defensible positions, such as behind the Canal du Nord, they would have held greater tactical value and delayed the Germans longer than they achieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0014-0002", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Demise of the division\nThe BEF had intended to deploy the 12th Division behind this canal, but this intention was not acted upon prior to the division being dispersed. Blaxland highlighted that the overall lack of training within the territorial soldiers should not have been an issue, as all levels of command were held by regular soldiers who should have been able to impress their greater experience upon the recruits. Thompson noted, however, \"it has to be borne in mind that a delay of even one hour was of huge benefit\" to the BEF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0015-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Demise of the division\nMost of Petreforce suffered a similar fate. The 23rd\u00a0(Northumbrian) Division was overrun by the 8th\u00a0Panzer Division on 20\u00a0May. Meanwhile, the 5th\u00a0Infantry Division and the 50th (Northumbrian) Motor Division had taken up positions in Arras, and the 5th\u00a0Division took command of the garrison. On 25\u00a0May, Petreforce was officially abolished. The remnants of the 12th\u00a0Division were evacuated back to England. The 36th Brigade evacuated via Dunkirk, and the rest of the division was largely evacuated via Cherbourg during Operation Aerial. Divisional casualty information is sparse. The 35th Brigade started the campaign with 2,400 men, and was reduced to 1,234 after their encounter with the 2nd Panzer Division. Within the 36th Infantry Brigade, the 6th\u00a0RWK was reduced from 578 men to 75, and the 605 strong 5th\u00a0Buffs was reduced to 80.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0016-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Disbandment\nAs soon as the Allied troops returned from France, the British Army began implementing lessons learnt from the campaign. This involved the decision to abandon the two-brigade motor division concept and for the basic infantry division to be based around three brigades. This entailed the break up of four second-line TA divisions to reinforce depleted formations and aid in transforming the Army's five motor divisions into infantry divisions. Consequently, the 12th\u00a0(Eastern) Infantry Division was disbanded on 11\u00a0July, and its units dispersed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0017-0000", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Disbandment\nThe 35th\u00a0Infantry Brigade (along with the 113th\u00a0Field Regiment and the 67th\u00a0Anti-Tank Regiment) were transferred to the 1st\u00a0London Division, a motor formation. The arrival of the brigade was part of the division's re-organisation into an infantry division. With little change to the composition of the brigade, it would fight in the Italian Campaign between 1943 and 1945. The 36th\u00a0Infantry Brigade was briefly attached to the 2nd\u00a0London Division (another motor formation), before becoming an independent infantry brigade directly under the command of either the War Office or as a corps-level asset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0017-0001", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Disbandment\nIt was eventually transferred to the 78th\u00a0Infantry Division, and the brigade (with some changes) fought in the North African Campaign in 1942, the invasion of Sicily in 1943, and in the Italian Campaign from 1943 through to the end of the war. The 37th\u00a0Infantry Brigade became an independent formation under corps level command. It was re-designated the 7th\u00a0Infantry Brigade in 1941, before being assigned to a variety of divisions based in the United Kingdom throughout the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009152-0017-0002", "contents": "12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Disbandment\nThe 114th\u00a0Field Regiment also joined the 2nd\u00a0London Division and stayed with the division until the end of 1941. It was then transferred to India and attached to the 20th\u00a0Indian Infantry Division and fought in the Burma Campaign. The 118th\u00a0Field Regiment was transferred to the 18th\u00a0Infantry Division, to bring it up to strength in artillery. They would fight and surrender following the Battle of Singapore in 1942. The division's engineers became the XII\u00a0Corps Troops, Royal Engineers, and served as part of the Second Army in the North-West Europe campaign in 1944\u20131945. The survivors of the divisional signals unit were allocated to signal units based within the United Kingdom, Sudan, and units in the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009153-0000-0000", "contents": "12th (Howitzer) Brigade Royal Field Artillery\nXII (Howitzer) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery was a brigade of the Royal Field Artillery which served in the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009153-0001-0000", "contents": "12th (Howitzer) Brigade Royal Field Artillery\nIt was originally formed with 43rd, 86th and 87th (Howitzer) Batteries, each equipped with 4.5-inch howitzers, and attached to 6th Infantry Division. In August 1914 it mobilised and in September was sent to the Continent with the British Expeditionary Force, where it saw service with 6th Division until broken up. 86th Battery was withdrawn in May 1915, and assigned to 127th (Howitzer) Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009153-0002-0000", "contents": "12th (Howitzer) Brigade Royal Field Artillery\nIn May 1916, the artillery brigades of infantry divisions were reorganised; the pure howitzer brigades were disbanded, and their batteries attached individually to field brigades, in order to produce mixed brigades of three field batteries and one howitzer battery. Accordingly, the brigade was broken up and the batteries dispersed; 43rd to 24th Brigade, and 87th Battery to 2nd Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009154-0000-0000", "contents": "12th (Otago) Mounted Rifles\nThe 12th (Otago) Mounted Rifles was formed 17 March 1911. During World War I they formed part of the Otago Mounted Rifles Regiment and saw service during the Battle of Gallipoli, afterwards they were withdrawn to Egypt and later were the only New Zealand Mounted troops to serve in France with the New Zealand Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009154-0001-0000", "contents": "12th (Otago) Mounted Rifles, Between the wars\nThey amalgamated with the 5th Mounted Rifles (Otago Hussars) and the 7th (Southland) Mounted Rifles to become the 5th New Zealand Mounted Rifles in 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0000-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own)\nThe 12th (Service) Battalion (Bristol's Own) of the Gloucestershire Regiment (the 'Glosters') was a 'Pals battalion' of 'Kitchener's Army' raised immediately after the outbreak of World War I through the initiative of the City of Bristol. It saw action at the Somme, Arras and Ypres, before moving to the Italian Front. It returned to the Western Front to fight in the German spring offensive and the victorious Allied Hundred Days Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0001-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Recruitment\nOn 6 August 1914, less than 48 hours after Britain's declaration of war, Parliament sanctioned an increase of 500,000 men for the Regular British Army, and the newly-appointed Secretary of State for War, Earl Kitchener of Khartoum issued his famous call to arms: 'Your King and Country Need You', urging the first 100,000 volunteers to come forward. This group of six divisions with supporting arms became known as Kitchener's First New Army, or 'K1'. A flood of volunteers poured into the recruiting offices across the country and were formed into 'Service' battalions of the county regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 79], "content_span": [80, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0001-0001", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Recruitment\nHowever, the Bristol Chamber of Commerce considered that the city's response was inadequate and formed a Bristol Citizens' Recruiting Committee under the leadership of the former Lord Mayor, Sir Herbert Ashman, to encourage enlistment. The city's Colston Hall was opened as a recruiting centre on 14 August, and 2274 men enlisted by 2 September. Eighty men calling themselves the Weston Comrades Company also joined from Weston-super-Mare. It was clear that many of these men wanted to serve together in a special Bristol battalion, similar to other 'Pals battalions' being formed around the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 79], "content_span": [80, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0001-0002", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Recruitment\nThe War Office (WO) gave the committee authority to form the Bristol Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment, on 30 August. Later in the year it became part of Kitchener's Fifth New Army (K5) and was officially numbered as the 12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol), but the subtitle was usually rendered as 'Bristol's Own'. The recruiting committee encouraged 'mercantile and professional' men to apply, both through reasons of social exclusiveness and with a view to Kitchener's directive that workers in vital industries could not be spared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 79], "content_span": [80, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0001-0003", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Recruitment\nThe first commanding officer (CO) was William Burges, who had retired from command of the 3rd Militia Battalion of the Gloucestershire Regiment some years before. Several of the other officers appointed had experience in the Regular or Auxiliary forces, and a number of junior officers had been members of their school or university Officer Training Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 79], "content_span": [80, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0002-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Training\nThe rush of recruits had overwhelmed the Army's ability to absorb them, so the Pals Battalions of K5 were left for some time in the hands of the recruiting committees. Initially the Bristol men lived at home and drilled by squads at Colston Hall in their civilian clothes, distinguished only by a lapel badge bearing the words 'New Bristol Battalion Gloucestershire Regt'. They then began battalion drills at the Artillery Grounds in Whiteladies Road, the headquarters of the I South Midland (Gloucestershire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery of the Territorial Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 76], "content_span": [77, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0002-0001", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Training\nBut in late September the recruiting committee persuaded the WO to buy up the site of the abandoned Bristol International Exhibition in Greville Smyth Park, the buildings of which were converted into barracks by the Royal Engineers and Army Service Corps. The 'Weston Comrades' joined the rest of the battalion here in November and were posted to D Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 76], "content_span": [77, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0002-0002", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Training\nSome of the battalion's best men were already being posted away, for officer training for example, and on 30 November the WO authorised the recruiting committee to raise a fifth, reserve company (E Company); F Company was raised as a further reserve in April 1915. Old rifles had been issued to the battalion for drill purposes, with just a few modern Lee-Enfield .303 SMLE rifles for musketry training. Uniforms were finally received in December 1914. In March 1915 the battalion began field training by companies at Chipping Sodbury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 76], "content_span": [77, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0003-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Training\nThe locally raised units to form K5 were assigned to brigades on 10 December 1914: the Bristol Battalion was brigaded with the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Birmingham Pals (later 14th, 15th and 16th (Service) Battalions, Royal Warwickshire Regiment). The brigade wasinitially numbered 116th Brigade in 39th Division, but in April 1915 the WO decided to convert the K4 battalions into reserve units to train reinforcements for the K1\u2013K3 units, and on 27 April the K5 divisions were renumbered to take up the designations of the K4 formations. The short-lived 39th Division thus became 32nd Division and 116th Brigade became 95th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 76], "content_span": [77, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0004-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Training\nIn May 1915 the brigade was to have gathered in Shropshire, but the ground selected at Prees Heath proved unsuitable for brigade training and on 23 June the 12th Gloucesters left Bristol to join 95th Brigade at Wensley, North Yorkshire. The two reserve or depot companies joined those of the Birmingham Pals at Sutton Coldfield to continue training. Brigade training started in earnest at Wensley, and 12th Gloucesters was finally adopted by the WO on 23 June 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 76], "content_span": [77, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0004-0001", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Training\nPreviously, most of the shooting had been on miniature ranges with .22 ammunition; now the men began weekly musketry courses (12th Gloucesters at Whitburn) although many of the rifles were worn and defective. In August 32 Division gathered on Salisbury Plain to begin final battle training, with 12th Gloucesters in camp at Codford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 76], "content_span": [77, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0005-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Training\nThe battalion's strength at this time was about 1550, or more than 50 per cent over establishment; during August a large number of skilled men were transferred to other arms, others went to officer cadet training units, and older or unfit men were sent to the 15th (Reserve) Battalion at Sutton Coldfield into which the depot companies had been absorbed. Now that the battalion was almost ready to go overseas, the 59-year-old Lt-Col Burges was ordered to remain in the UK. He was succeeded in command by Lt-Col Martin Archer-Shee, DSO, a former Regular Army officer who was now Member of Parliament for Finsbury Central.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 76], "content_span": [77, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0006-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service\nOn 11 November 1915 32nd Division was ordered to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front and 12th Gloucesters landed at Boulogne on 21 November. By 28 November the division had concentrated round Ailly-le-Haut-Clocher, north of the River Somme. For its initiation into trench warfare with experienced units of 5th Division, 12th Gloucesters moved into a section of trenches thick with mud at Maricourt on 6 December. A Company was with 1st Bn East Surrey Regiment for instruction, and B Company with 2nd Bn Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 75], "content_span": [76, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0006-0001", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service\n95th Brigade was exchanged with a brigade from 5th Division on 26 December as part of a policy to even-up experience levels between formations. The Pals battalions were scattered among 5th Division's brigades; although 12th Gloucesters remained with 95th Brigade, it was now brigaded with three Regular Army battalions that had been fighting since the beginning of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 75], "content_span": [76, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0007-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Somme\n5th Division moved to the Arras sector in mid-February 1916, and 12th Gloucesters took over dry, well-made trenches with deep dug-outs, and lived in cellars in Arras when out of the line. Steel helmets began to be issued to British troops early in 1916, but there were great shortages: Lt-Col Archer-Shee used his position as an MP and own observations in the trenches to ask embarrassing questions of the Under-Secretary of State for War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0008-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Somme\nThe battalion's first real taste of offensive warfare came during the Battle of the Somme. The offensive had begun on 1 July, and 5th Division took over part of the line in the Delville Wood sector near Longueval between 18 and 20 July, where 95th Brigade was to deal with German strongpoints in the orchards. When the commander of 95th Brigade, Brigadier-General C.R. Ballard, was wounded on 20 July, Lt-Col Archer-Shee took temporary command until Brig-Gen Lord Esme Gordon-Lennox arrived to take over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0008-0001", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Somme\nFrom 23 to 26 July the battalion was in the front line and was heavily shelled, with high explosive, shrapnel and gas, suffering many casualties. It went back into Longueval on 28 July, when the line was advanced to 'Duke Street' without opposition, but shelling was heavier than ever. At 15.30 next day 95th Brigade attacked to complete the capture of Longueval in support of the main attack (the Battle of Delville Wood). 12th Gloucesters put in two companies on the left of the brigade after a half-hour bombardment, and they successfully advanced the line some 500 yards (460\u00a0m) beyond Duke Street. The battalion held these positions until relieved next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0009-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Somme\nThe phase of the offensive that began on 22 July culminated in the Battle of Guillemont. The village of Guillemont had withstood repeated British attacks, but 5th Division made a new attempt on 3 September. The bombardment began at 08.30 and the attack began at 12.00, with the men advancing behind a Creeping barrage (a recent innovation) moving at 50 yards (46\u00a0m) a minute; the men were instructed to keep within 25 yards (23\u00a0m) of the bursting shells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0009-0001", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Somme\nHowever, a flanking position at Falfemont Farm, which should have been captured in the morning, was still in enemy hands and threatened 95th Brigade's advance. The two leading companies of 12th Gloucesters took their first objective, a sunken lane, and found the dugouts beyond to be unoccupied. But then they came under enfilade fire from a machine gun off to the right in the Falfemont direction, which caused numerous casualties before A Company eliminated it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0009-0002", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Somme\nAt 12.50 the battalion moved on to its second objective, the German line between Wedge Wood and the south of Guillemont village, which was taken without too much trouble. It then moved on at 14.50 to the third objective, a sunken lane running north from Wedge Wood towards Ginchy. Amidst the devastation of the battlefield C Company mistook Leuze Wood for Wedge Wood, got too far ahead and were caught by their own artillery fire. Although no enemy could be seen at Leuze Wood, the battalion was ordered to halt and consolidate its position rather than push into an awkward salient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0010-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Somme\nThe 12th Gloucesters was now only 300 strong and took no active part in the Flers-Courcelette (18\u201322 September) though the battalion was later awarded it as a Battle honour. Although the battalion had been told that it would not have to go back into the line, it received a draft of 116 reinforcements and was given a role in 95th Brigade's next attack, the Battle of Morval on 25 September. The battalion was in support while 1st Bn Devonshire Regiment and 1st Bn East Surreys suffered heavy casualties taking the first and second objectives. 12th Gloucesters and 2nd King's Own Scottish Borderers then moved through the village of Morval itself and dug in on the far side. The battalion's casualties were 12 killed and 61 wounded. The next night the battalion was relieved and went into camp in Happy Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0011-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Somme\nAccording to Lt-Col Archer-Shee, of the 950 members of 12th Gloucesters who entered the Battle of the Somme, 736 became casualties. After the end of the Somme offensive the battalion continued to do duty in the appalling trenches in the area, alternating with tents in devastated Mametz Wood. 5th Division moved to the B\u00e9thune sector in October and spent the next six months in this quieter area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0011-0001", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Somme\nOn 22 October Lt-Col Archer-Shee returned to the UK for treatment to an old wound and was succeeded on 20 November by Lt-Col Robert Rawson, a Regular officer of the Gloucesters who had commanded 6th Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders for two years. Rawson also acted as 95th Brigade's commander during the winter. Archer-Shee returned to the battalion in January 1917, but resigned his command on 10 February 1917 to devote himself to his parliamentary duties. Rawson returned from Brigade HQ on 18 March and took over full command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0012-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Arras\n12th Gloucesters was in reserve to the Canadian Corps for the Battle of Vimy Ridge on 9 April. Then on the night of 4/5 May, as the Arras Offensive continued, 95th Brigade relieved a Canadian Brigade that had captured Fresnoy. Because of casualties, 12th Gloucesters was reduced to three companies, so it had two companies of 1st Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry (DCLI) under its command in order to hold the wood north of the town. During 7 May the British trenches were heavily bombarded, then that night two successive attacks came in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0012-0001", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Arras\n12th Gloucesters repulsed the first at 03.45 (which may have been an unplanned clash as the German storm troops moved into position) but the battalion was overwhelmed by the second attack at 05.45, which completely broke through the British lines and recaptured Fresnoy. Rawson sent up D Company DCLI and his own C Company to try to restore the situation, followed later by D Company 12th Gloucesters, but all they could do was hold a sunken lane behind the lost positions until relieved at 10.00. The battalion lost 389 casualties, including 94 dead; A and B Companies had completely disappeared, killed or captured, and there were no officers left in the frontline companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0013-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Ypres\nThe battered battalions were slowly built up to strength and trained hard, but 12th Gloucesters did not see major action again until the latter stages of the Third Ypres Offensive. 5th Division moved into X Corps' area on the night of 2/3 October during the Battle of Polygon Wood, then attacked on 4 October (the Battle of Broodseinde). Launched at 06.00, 95th Brigade advanced 500 yards (460\u00a0m) with the help of a tank to deal with German pillboxes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0013-0001", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Ypres\n12th Gloucesters had been in reserve to the attacking battalion, 1st East Surreys, and moved three companies up into the Surreys' forming-up trenches 40 minutes after Zero hour, where they suffered badly from the German counter-barrage. Later in the morning C Company was sent up to help 1st Devons. The following day the battalion held the captured line, under continuing artillery fire. In preparation for the next attack (the Battle of Poelcappelle on 9 October), 12th Gloucesters was in Sanctuary Wood, where it was under observation and artillery fire from the enemy and movement was restricted to duckboard tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0013-0002", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Ypres\nOn 8 October the battalion was split, with two companies providing carrying parties and the other two in the support line behind 1st Bn Cheshire Regiment. When the attack was delivered, the companies in Sanctuary Wood provided carrying and burial parties, while the two in the support line were pinned by artillery and could not be relieved until 10/11 October. Despite not actually attacking itself, 12th Gloucesters lost 359 casualties (150 from gas), of whom 88 died, in the period 1\u201312 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0014-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Ypres\nWhile 5th Division continued to attack (the Second Battle of Passchendaele), 12th Gloucesters remained out of the line after Poelcapelle, resting, absorbing a few reinforcements, and training. It spent two short spells holding the line, suffering only light casualties, and then the whole division was pulled out. At the end of October Lt-Col Rawson left the battalion for a six-month tour of duty in the UK and the second-in-command, Maj H.A. Colt, was promoted to succeed him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0015-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Italy\nFollowing the Austro-German breakthrough at the Battle of Caporetto, the BEF was required to release divisions to reinforce the Italian Army. On 23 November, 5th Division was warned that it would be moved to the Italian Front. Entrainment began at Hesdin on 27 November, but after A and C Companies were got away, B and D were held back under orders to move at a moment's notice to the Cambrai sector, where the German counter-attack following the Battle of Cambrai threatened to break through. The fighting died down after 3 December, and the two companies were released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0015-0001", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Italy\n5th Division completed its concentration to the east of the River Brenta, not far from Padua, by 20 December. When 5th Division took over part of the line along the River Piave on 27 January 1918 12th Gloucesters relieved an Italian unit, and was ordered to wear Italian helmets to conceal the fact that British troops had taken over. The battalion carried out several fighting patrols against the opposing Hungarian units until 5th Division was relieved on 18 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0016-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Spring Offensive\nThe Germans began their Spring Offensive on the Western Front on 21 March and achieved rapid successes. On 24 March 5th Division was warned that it would return to France. Entrainment began on 1 April, 12th Gloucesters started on 2 April, and the division completed its concentration between Doullens and Fr\u00e9vent on 9 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 93], "content_span": [94, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0017-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Spring Offensive\nThe second phase of the Spring Offensive (Operation Georgette, or the Battle of the Lys) had opened on 7 April and 5th Division took up positions from the Lys Canal to the Forest of Nieppe, where it came under immediate attack (the Battle of Hazebrouck). On 13 April 12th Gloucesters held off one German attack for the loss of 76 casualties, including 18 killed. By 15 April the battalion was well dug in and held off another attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 93], "content_span": [94, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0017-0001", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Spring Offensive\nThe battalion was out of the line from 16 to 21 April, and then carried out an attack of its own on 22 April. Close behind a creeping barrage it captured Le Vert Bois Farm (later renamed 'Gloucester Farm') without serious opposition, but it took all day to take Le Vert Bois itself. The battalion captured three German machine guns and 39 prisoners. The Germans abandoned Operation Georgette a few days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 93], "content_span": [94, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0018-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Spring Offensive\nOn 28 June the British launched a limited operation to improve their positions along the edge of the Nieppe Forest. 12th Gloucesters was tasked with capturing Le Cornet Perdu, moving up in darkness to attack at 06.00. It took all its objectives by 09.30, and pushed patrols up to the Plate Becq river, though a handful of German machine guns had caused 164 casualties, of whom 45 died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 93], "content_span": [94, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0019-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nThe Allies launched their own Hundred Days Offensive on 8 August 1918, when 5th Division was in reserve. It then came into action at the Third Battle of Albert on 21 August. This was a three-phase attack, with 5th Division passing through 37th Division for the second phase. 95th Brigade led, with 12th Gloucesters as its reserve. Once the second objective had been taken, 12th Gloucesters took over and despite having lost the barrage advanced over a mile of open country with some of 1st East Surreys and just reached the Arras\u2013Albert railway before meeting stronger opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 99], "content_span": [100, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0019-0001", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nMist now hampered the artillery and tanks and the battalion was unable to push beyond the railway to the final objective. It had lost an officer and 11 other ranks killed, and nearly 100 wounded. Next day the battalion consolidated, then drove off a German counter-attack at 17.30, capturing 180 prisoners and five machine guns in the process. On 23 August, reinforced by two companies of 1st DCLI, the battalion launched an attack at 11.00 behind a creeping barrage to capture the railway line itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 99], "content_span": [100, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0019-0002", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nThe Germans had numerous machine gun nests along it and caused numerous casualties before they were overrun. Having lost the barrage, the battalion was unable to advance beyond the ridge to Irles, and requested reinforcements. Before they arrived, the neighbouring brigade attacked, so Lt-Col Colt led a charge by the remainder of 12th Gloucesters and the DCLI companies to capture the village, though losses were heavy: 30 men were killed and nine officers and 170 men wounded, including Lt-Col Colt (who was awarded the DSO). The previous CO, Lt-Col Rawson, returned to command the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 99], "content_span": [100, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0020-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nThe weakened battalion was withdrawn into reserve while the rest of 95th Brigade attacked on 30 August (the Battle of the Scarpe) and then took over holding part of the front line. 95th Brigade was relieved on 4 September after the conclusion of the Second Battle of Bapaume. Part of 5th Division went into action at the Battle of \u00c9pehy on 18 September, and  12th Gloucesters later received the battle honour despite not being engaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 99], "content_span": [100, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0021-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nAll the Allied armies began a rolling offensive all the way along the Western Front on 26 September. The BEF's Third Army stormed across the Canal du Nord on 27 September, and next morning 5th Division launched a follow-up attack. Because the designated assault brigade (13th Brigade) had suffered heavy casualties, 95th Brigade was substituted for it at short notice and only just got to the jumping-off position in time for Zero hour at 02.40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 99], "content_span": [100, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0021-0001", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nIt ran into considerable opposition and 12th Gloucesters found both its flanks were open; 1st DCLI came up on the left later, but the right remained  exposed and isolated German machine gun posts had to be dealt with using rifle grenades. It was not until 08.00 that the first village was taken. The brigade then had to resort to trench warfare methods to work its way up to the second objective on the slopes of Welsh Ridge by evening. 95th Brigade was also hung up when it attacked again next day, finding the pace of the creeping barrage too fast over broken ground. By the time it was relieved on 30 September 12th Gloucesters' casualties amounted to 52, 24 of them fatal, though it had taken about 120 prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 99], "content_span": [100, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0022-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Disbandment\nWhile 5th Division had been in Italy, the BEF's manpower shortage led to infantry brigades being reduced from four to three battalions. 5th Division's brigades had retained the four-battalion establishment, but by late 1918 the shortage of manpower was critical, and the division had to fall in line. As the only New Army battalion in 95th Brigade, 12th Gloucesters was ordered to disband and the remaining men were drafted to other units. 12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment, (Bristol's Own) commenced disbandment on 19 October 1918 while the Battle of the Selle was raging. Most of D Company was posted to 14th Warwicks, which became the divisional pioneer battalion. Others went to 1st Devons and 1st DCLI. The war ended less than a month later when the Armistice with Germany came into effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 79], "content_span": [80, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0023-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Disbandment\nDuring its service the battalion had suffered losses of 32 officers and 754 other ranks killed. Of the original 990 men who landed in France in November 1915, 205 had died with the battalion, and over 100 more after being posted to other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 79], "content_span": [80, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0024-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), 15th (Reserve) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment\n15th (Reserve) Battalion was formed at Sutton Coldfield on 31 August 1915 from the depot companies of the 12th (Bristol's Own) and 14th (West of England) Battalions of the Gloucesters. The 14th (Service) Battalion was a 'Bantam' battalion that had been raised by the Bristol Citizens' Recruiting Committee on 22 April 1915. The 15th Battalion moved to Chiseldon Camp and joined 22nd Reserve Brigade. The CO from 10 August 1915 to 31 August 1916 was Lt-Col Stephen Willcock. On 1 September 1916 it became 93rd Training Reserve Battalion in 22nd Reserve Bde and on 4 July 1917 it was redesignated 262nd (Infantry) Battalion of the Training Reserve. When the Training Reserve was reorganised in late 1917, the battalion became 51st (Graduated) Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 118], "content_span": [119, 899]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0025-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Memorials\nIn 1921 Lt-Col Archer-Shee, the 12th Gloucesters' former CO, paid for a memorial to be erected at Longueval on the Somme, where the battalion had first attacked on 29 July 1916. The memorial, in the form of an oak cross known as 'Gloster Cross', disappeared during World War II, but was replaced in 1986 and restored in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 77], "content_span": [78, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0026-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Memorials\nIn 1951 the Bristol's Own Old Comrades Association unveiled a bronze memorial plaque in the crypt of St Nicholas Church, Bristol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 77], "content_span": [78, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009155-0027-0000", "contents": "12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Battle Honours\n12th Gloucesters was awarded 22 Battle Honours for its service:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0000-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion\nThe 12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion was an airborne infantry battalion of the Parachute Regiment, raised by the British Army during the Second World War. The battalion was formed by the conversion of the 10th (East Riding Yeomanry) Battalion, Green Howards to parachute duties in May 1943. They were then assigned to the 5th Parachute Brigade, alongside the 7th and 13th Parachute battalions, which was part of the 6th Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0001-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion\nThe battalion took part in Operation Tonga during the D-Day landings, capturing Ranville and held it against several German counter-attacks. It later fought in the Battle of Breville, and played a part in the 6th Airborne Division advance to the River Seine, after which it was returned to England in September 1944. The battalion was deployed to the River Meuse with the 5th Parachute Brigade during the German Ardennes offensive in December. Its final mission in Europe was Operation Varsity, the River Rhine crossing in March 1945. They then advanced further into Germany, and had reached the Baltic Sea, when Germany surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0002-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion\nAfter the war in Europe the battalion was sent to the Far East, taking part in operations in Malaya and Java. In 1946 the battalion rejoined the 6th Airborne Division in Palestine, where it was disbanded. In 1947 a new 12th Battalion was raised as part of the 16th Airborne Division in the reformed Territorial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0003-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Formation\nIn May 1943, the 10th (East Riding Yeomanry) Battalion, Green Howards was converted to parachute duties becoming the 12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel R.G. Parker. The battalion was then assigned to the 5th Parachute Brigade, part of the 6th Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0004-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Formation\nUpon formation, the battalion had an establishment of 556 men in three rifle companies. The companies were divided into a small headquarters and three platoons. The platoons had three Bren machine guns and three 2-inch mortars, one of each per section. The only heavy weapons in the battalion were a 3\u00a0inch mortar and a Vickers machine gun platoon. By 1944 a headquarters or support company, was added to the battalion comprising five platoons: motor transport, signals, mortar, machine-gun and anti-tank. With eight 3\u00a0inch mortars, four Vickers machine guns and ten PIAT anti-tank projectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0005-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Formation\nAll members of the battalion had to undergo a twelve-day parachute training course carried out at No. 1 Parachute Training School, RAF Ringway. Initial parachute jumps were from a converted barrage balloon and finished with five parachute jumps from an aircraft. Anyone failing to complete a descent was returned to his old unit. Those men who successfully completed the parachute course, were presented with their maroon beret and parachute wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0006-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Formation\nAirborne soldiers were expected to fight against superior numbers of the enemy, armed with heavy weapons, including artillery and tanks. So training was designed to encourage a spirit of self-discipline, self-reliance and aggressiveness. Emphasis was given to physical fitness, marksmanship and fieldcraft. A large part of the training regime consisted of assault courses and route marching. Military exercises included capturing and holding airborne bridgeheads, road or rail bridges and coastal fortifications. At the end of most exercises, the battalion would march back to their barracks. An ability to cover long distances at speed was expected: airborne platoons were required to cover a distance of 50 miles (80\u00a0km) in 24 hours, and battalions 32 miles (51\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0007-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Normandy\nOn 6 June 1944, the 12th Parachute Battalion landed in Normandy at 00:50. The battalion was first tasked with securing the village of Le Bas de Ranville, despite the battalions' drop being heavily dispersed (only two thirds could be accounted for), the village was secured by 04:00 and the battalion began digging in around the village. The 12th held their ground until relieved by the 3rd British Infantry Division advancing from the beaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0007-0001", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Normandy\nDuring this time the 12th Parachute Battalion was bombarded with heavy mortar and artillery fire, and repelled two German counter-attacks by the 125th Panzer Grenadier Regiment; the first was defeated after destroying a Tiger tank and taking a number of prisoners, and the second was repulsed with the help of an air-landed anti-tank battery which had recently arrived. The battalion then relieved the Glider-borne infantry of 2nd Battalion, Ox and Bucks Light Infantry at the River Orne and Caen canal bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0008-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Normandy\nOn 7 June the battalion held a defensive line protecting the bridgeheads south of Ranville when they came under attack by eight Panzer IV tanks and an infantry company of the 21st Panzer Division. The attack was beaten off for the loss of three tanks, but caused several casualties amongst 'A' Company, including the crew of their only supporting 6 pounder anti-tank gun. The battalions' commanding officer Lieutenant Colonel Anthony Johnson was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Order for the action, Private Francis James Hall of the battalion was awarded the Military Medal for destroying two of the Panzers in quick succession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0009-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Normandy\nOn 9 June two companies of the battalion were ordered to support the Royal Ulster Rifles in their assault on Honorine la Chardonnerette. The village proved too heavily defended and R.U.R. were order to withdraw. During the withdrawal Lance-Sergeant John Fennell Nankivell of the 12th Battalion Mortar platoon was awarded the Military Medal for continuing to man the battalion Mortar while under heavy sniper fire to cover the withdrawal of the rest of the company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0010-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Normandy\nOn 12 June the battalion, now under strength and being held in reserve was ordered to assault the village of Breville with the support of one company from the 12th Battalion Devonshires and the 22nd Independent Parachute Company. The successful capture of the village prevented the German army from using it as a staging area to launch attacks on the River Orne and Caen canal bridgeheads. The Germans never seriously attempted to break through the 6th division's lines again. However the attack cost 12th Parachute Battalion 126 killed (including Lieutenant Colonel Johnson. Lord Lovat who came to observe the battle was wounded at the same time as Johnson was killed. Shelled by Allied Artillery whilst on the start line). This left its three rifle companies with only thirty-five men between them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0011-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, River Seine\nAfter a period of rest and reorganisation the battalion rejoined the 5th Parachute Brigade in preparation for the breakout offensive towards the River Seine. On 20 July, the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division moved into the line between the 6th Airborne Division and the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division. On 7 August GOC Richard Nelson Gale was ordered to prepare the 6th Airborne to move onto the offensive, they would be advancing on the left flank of the 49th Division, with their objective being the mouth of the River Seine. The three divisions east of the Orne together became I Corps; its commander, Lieutenant-General John Crocker, knowing that the 6th Airborne had almost no artillery, vehicles or engineer equipment, did not expect it to advance very quickly. To reach the Seine, the division would have to cross three major rivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 916]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0012-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, River Seine\nOn 17 August the 3rd Parachute Brigade led the division's breakout from the start line, by 18 August the brigade had crossed the River Dives and reached the outskirts of Goustranville. Here the division halted, and the 5th Parachute Brigade took over the attack, their first objective being the village of Putot en Auge. The 13th Parachute Battalion attempted to carry out a bayonet assault on Hill 13 however they were forced to withdraw under heavy fire after a German counterattack. The 7th Parachute Battalion secured the area east of Putot en Auge, while the 12th Parachute Battalion assaulted the village itself, taking 120 German prisoners and several heavy weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0013-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, River Seine\nOn 21 August, the 3rd Parachute Brigade advanced towards the River Touques at Pont-l'\u00c9v\u00eaque facing very heavy resistance from German infantry and armour. Here the brigade held firm while the 5th Parachute Brigade advanced through them, and reached Pont-l'\u00c9v\u00eaque on 22 August. Both the 12th and 13th battalions attempted to force bridge heads across the Touques river. Under the cover of a smoke barrage, the 12th Battalion attempted to cross at a railway embankment at Saint Jean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0013-0001", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, River Seine\nThe Germans opened fire when they were around 400 yards (370 m) from the river; only ten men from the battalion succeeded in crossing, and then became trapped on the far bank. Running low on ammunition, and without support, they eventually withdrew. Sergeant Dennis Edmund Griss of 'A' Company was awarded the Croix de Guerre for the action. The 13th battalion attempted to cross the first branch of the river but facing fierce German resistance they also withdrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0013-0002", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, River Seine\nThe next day, patrols from the 7th Parachute Battalion discovered that the Germans had withdrawn during the night, and they therefore crossed the river and secured the high ground to the north, closely followed by the rest of the brigade. On 26 August 5 Parachute Brigade and the Dutch Motorized Brigade raced to capture Pont Audemer the crossing over the River Seine, however the Germans blow up the bridge just 20 minutes before their arrival. Despite being \"quite inadequately equipped for a rapid pursuit\", in nine days of fighting the 6th Airborne Division had advanced 45 miles (72\u00a0km) and captured 400 square miles (1,000 km2) of enemy held territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0014-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Ardennes\nThe 6th Airborne Division was called to intervene in the German offensive through the Ardennes on 20 December 1944. On the 29th of that month they attacked the tip of the German thrust and the 5th Parachute Brigade was ordered towards Grupont. The battalion was involved for several months of heavy patrolling, in Belgium and, in February, the Netherlands opposed to the 7th Parachute Division (Fallschirmj\u00e4ger), the 6th Airborne Division was then withdrawn to England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0015-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Germany\nBy March 1945 the 12th Parachute Battalion had returned to England for reorganisation and training. Now under the command of Lt Col K. T. Darling it was next participating in the Rhine Crossing, Operation Varsity. At 10:14, 24 March the battalion dropped west of Hamminkeln, north west of Wesel, amidst considerable 88mm fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0016-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Germany\nThe drop had left the battalion dispersed and disorientated, they first assembled at a similar but incorrect rendezvous. Upon realising their mistake and proceeding to the correct area, they suffered casualties after coming under fire from German troops dug in along the drop area. The battalion located the German positions, countered them and took several prisoners. The 12th and 13th battalions then made their way off the drop zone and, after a struggle, established themselves on the Brigade's main objective, covering the road to Hamminkeln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0017-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Germany\nOn 26 March the battalion advanced through Hamminkeln where HQ was established. ' A' Company of the 12th also took 40 POWs who surrendered without resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0018-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Germany\nDuring the night of 28 March, 13th Parachute Battalion captured the high ground above the village of Erle. Simultaneously 12th Battalion marched 20 miles (32\u00a0km) across country, and were ready to assault Erle once daylight came. The battalion then assaulted at dawn capturing the village after an hour's fight and taking 100-200 POWs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0019-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Germany\nOn 6 April advancing in the direction of the River Leine, the 12th Parachute Battalion maintained an advance for 30 hours, including 30 miles in 10 hours, and as a result of four major skirmishes, had killed or captured three hundred enemy troops and a considerable amount of war materiel. Following this advance they were furthest troops into Germany of any in British 2nd Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0020-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Germany\nThe 5th Parachute Brigade continued its advance through Germany towards the Baltic sea, often supported by tanks of the 6th Guards Tank Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0021-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Far East\nFollowing the war in Europe the battalion deployed with the 5th Brigade to Far East. The end of the war precluded any combat operations against Japanese forces. The brigade took part in the unopposed liberation of Malaya and Singapore. The battalion was then deployed to Malaya under the command of the 23rd Indian Infantry Division. In December 1945 the 23rd Indian Division and 5th Parachute Brigade successfully occupied civil administration buildings in Batavia, including all police stations. Many public officials were suspected of collaboration with the nationalist insurgents and were quickly interrogated and dismissed from the force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0022-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Palestine\nIn 1946 the 5th Brigade was sent to join the 6th Airborne Division in Palestine, upon arrival in August news was received the 5th Parachute Brigade would be disbanded. Members of the 12th Parachute Battalion were distributed among other parachute units of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009156-0023-0000", "contents": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Territorial Army\nWhen the Territorial Army was reformed after the war, a new 12th Battalion, Parachute Regiment (TA) was formed in 1947. The battalion was re-designated 12 PARA (TA) in 1948, and again became part of the 5th Parachute Brigade, attached to 16th Airborne Division (TA). In October 1956, the 12th Battalion was amalgamated with the 13th Battalion as the 12/13 PARA (TA). A further amalgamation with 17 PARA in 1967, formed the present day 4th Battalion, Parachute Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 75], "content_span": [76, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009157-0000-0000", "contents": "12th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards\nThe 12th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, presented by AARP the Magazine, honored films released in 2012 and were announced on February 4, 2013. Susan Sarandon was the winner of the annual Career Achievement Award, and Dustin Hoffman won the award for Breakthrough Achievement for his first directorial effort, Quartet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009157-0001-0000", "contents": "12th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, Awards, Winners and Nominees\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009158-0000-0000", "contents": "12th ALMA Awards\nThe 12th ALMA Awards honored the accomplishments made by Hispanics in film, television, and music in 2010. This ceremony marked the return of the ALMA Awards after being cancelled the prior year and the first of two consecutive years the show aired on NBC after having previously aired on ABC for 9 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009158-0001-0000", "contents": "12th ALMA Awards\nThe ceremony was held on September 10, 2011 at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium. The awards were hosted by George Lopez and Eva Longoria, with musical performances by Pitbull, Demi Lovato and Gloria Estefan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009158-0002-0000", "contents": "12th ALMA Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe following is a list of the nominees from film, television, and music. Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009159-0000-0000", "contents": "12th AVN Awards\nThe 12th AVN Awards ceremony, organized by Adult Video News (AVN) took place on January 7, 1995, at Bally's Hotel and Casino, Paradise, Nevada beginning at 7:45\u00a0p.m. PST / 10:45\u00a0p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AVN presented AVN Awards (commonly referred to as the Oscars of porn) in 89 categories honoring the movies released during the period December 1, 1993 to November 30, 1994. The ceremony was produced by Gary Miller, Mark Stone and Marco Polo. Actor Steven St. Croix hosted the show for the first time, with co-hosts Dyanna Lauren and Tera Heart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009159-0001-0000", "contents": "12th AVN Awards\nMichael Ninn\u2019s Sex won nine awards, including Best Film. Other winners included Dog Walker and Shame with five each. Flashpoint and Idol Country were the top gay movies with four trophies apiece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009159-0002-0000", "contents": "12th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominees for the 12th AVN Awards were announced at the AVN nominations luncheon 30 days prior to the awards ceremony. Dog Walker and Michael Ninn's Sex earned the most nominations with fourteen. They were the most nominated movies since the awards began in 1984. Shame, an avant-garde western, earned ten nominations while Body & Soul and The Dinner Party had nine apiece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009159-0003-0000", "contents": "12th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe winners were announced during the awards ceremony on January 7, 1995. John Leslie won best director in both the film and the video categories, the first time that had happened. He joined previous winners Cecil Howard and Henri Pachard as the only people to have won three best director awards. Ashlyn Gere won Best Actress in both the film and the video categories, just as she had done two years earlier. Asia Carrera became the first person to win the AVN Award for Female Performer of the Year in her first year in the industry. Kylie Ireland was crowned Starlet of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009159-0004-0000", "contents": "12th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Major awards\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009159-0005-0000", "contents": "12th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Additional award winners\nThese awards were also announced at the awards show, in two winners-only segments read by T. T. Boy, Dyanna Lauren and Tera Heart. Some of the gay awards were announced by Gender and Chris Green.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009159-0006-0000", "contents": "12th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Honorary AVN Awards, Hall of Fame\nAVN Hall of Fame inductees for 1995 were: Robert Bullock, Karen Dior, Chi Chi LaRue, Scotty Fox, Ryan Idol, Sean Michaels, Kelly Nichols, Nikki Randall, Jim South, Sheri St. Clair, Samantha Strong", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 72], "content_span": [73, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009159-0007-0000", "contents": "12th AVN Awards, Presenters and performers\nThe following individuals, in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers or magical acts. The show's trophy girls were Lexus Locklear and Lisa Ann.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009159-0008-0000", "contents": "12th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nActor Steven St. Croix hosted the show for the first time following a three-year stint by actor Randy West. His co-host for the first half of the show was Dyanna Lauren while Tera Heart co-hosted the last half of the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009159-0009-0000", "contents": "12th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nMidway through the show, AVN executive editor Gene Ross introduced a montage of scenes of humorous moments from a variety of movies, \u201cGreat Moments in Adult Video History\u201d, featuring actor Randy West and dozens of others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009159-0010-0000", "contents": "12th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nSeveral other people were involved with the production of the ceremony. Gary Miller and Mark Stone served as producer and director for the show while Marco Polo served as director of the broadcast. Stone also served as musical director.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009159-0011-0000", "contents": "12th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nThere were several new categories for this year's awards show, including: Best Ethnic-Themed Video, Best Special Effects, the Hot Vid\u00e9o Award (Best European Release), Most Outrageous Sex Scene and a couple more awards in gay categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009159-0012-0000", "contents": "12th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nJohn Wayne Bobbitt: Uncut was announced as the movie with the most sales and also the most rentals over the 12 months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009159-0013-0000", "contents": "12th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nA VHS videotape of the show was also published and sold by VCA Pictures, which had hardcore clips of the winning movies interspersed with the awards presentations. A softcore version was made available on VHS for promotional purposes by NightVision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009159-0014-0000", "contents": "12th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Critical reception\nThe show received a mixed reception from media publications. Erotic X-Film Guide called the show \u201ca gala, star-studded event equal in glitz and glamor to any mainstream film awards show.\u201d However, Oui magazine and Adult Cinema Review said the video montage didn't work and some of the other entertainment was long, boring and tedious.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 57], "content_span": [58, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009159-0015-0000", "contents": "12th AVN Awards, In Memoriam\nAVN publisher Paul Fishbein shared a moment of remembrance for industry performers who died over the past 12 months:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009159-0016-0000", "contents": "12th AVN Awards, Notes\nThe wrong winner was announced at the show. Adult Video News magazine corrected the mistake: \"A program misprint and the fact that Tammi Ann's name was inadvertently dropped, might have caused some confusion in this category. Buttslammers 3 was announced from the program dais, however Buttslammers 4 is the official winner.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Academy Awards\nThe 12th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best in film for 1939. The ceremony was held on February 29, 1940, at a banquet in the Coconut Grove at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. It was hosted by Bob Hope (in his first of nineteen turns as host).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Academy Awards\nDavid O. Selznick's production Gone with the Wind received the most nominations of the year with thirteen. Other films receiving multiple nominations included: Mr. Smith Goes to Washington; Wuthering Heights; Goodbye, Mr. Chips; Stagecoach; Love Affair; The Wizard of Oz; The Rains Came; The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex; Ninotchka; Of Mice and Men; and Dark Victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Academy Awards\nThis was the first year in which an Academy Award (also known as an Oscar) was awarded in the category of special effects (previously, however, \"special achievement\" awards for effects had occasionally been conferred), and the first time that two awards for cinematography were presented (one for a color film and another for a black-and-white film). This event also marked the first time that more than one film had received ten or more Oscar nominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Academy Awards\nHattie McDaniel became the first African-American to receive an Academy Award, winning in the Best Supporting Actress category for Gone with the Wind. Mickey Rooney became the second-youngest nominee for Best Actor in a Leading Role at 19, and the first teenager to be nominated for an Academy Award for his performance as Mickey Moran in the musical Babes in Arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Academy Awards, Academy Awards of Merit\nAMPAS presented Academy Awards of Merit in 20 categories. Nominees for each award are listed below; award winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Academy Awards, Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award\nThe Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award was presented to David O. Selznick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Academy Awards, Academy Juvenile Award\nThe Academy Juvenile Award was presented to Judy Garland for The Wizard of Oz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Academy Awards, The lead-up to the awards ceremony\nPrior to the announcement of nominations, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington and Gone with the Wind were the two films most widely tipped to receive a significant number of nominations. Mr. Smith Goes to Washington premiered in Washington with a premier party hosted by the National Press Club who found themselves portrayed unfavourably in the film; the film's theme of political corruption was condemned and the film was denounced in the U.S. Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0007-0001", "contents": "12th Academy Awards, The lead-up to the awards ceremony\nJoseph P. Kennedy, the U.S. Ambassador to Britain urged President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the studio head Harry Cohn to cease showing the film overseas because \"it will cause our allies to view us in an unfavourable light\". Among those who campaigned in favour of the film were Hedda Hopper who declared it \"as great as Lincoln's Gettysburg speech\", while Sheilah Graham called it the \"best talking picture ever made\". Screen Book magazine stated that it \"should win every Academy Award\". Frank Capra, the director, and James Stewart, the film's star were considered front runners to win awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Academy Awards, The lead-up to the awards ceremony\nGone with the Wind premiered in December 1939 with a Gallup poll taken shortly before its release concluding that 56.5 million people intended to see the film. The New York Film Critics Award was given to Wuthering Heights after thirteen rounds of balloting had left the voters deadlocked between Mr. Smith Goes to Washington and Gone with the Wind. The press were divided in their support for the nominated actors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0008-0001", "contents": "12th Academy Awards, The lead-up to the awards ceremony\nTime magazine favoured Vivien Leigh and used her portrait for their Christmas 1939 edition, and The Hollywood Reporter predicted a possible win by Leigh and Laurence Olivier with the comment that they \"are, for the moment, just about the most sacred of all Hollywood's sacred cows\". West Coast newspapers, particularly in Los Angeles, predicted Bette Davis would win for Dark Victory. Observing that Davis had achieved four box office successes during the year, one paper wrote, \"Hollywood will stick by its favourite home-town girl, Bette Davis\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Academy Awards, Ceremony\nCapra was the incumbent President of the Academy, and in a first for Academy Awards ceremonies, sold the rights for the event to be filmed. Warner Bros. obtained the rights, for $30,000 to film the banquet and the presentation of the awards, to use as a short, and it was shot by the cinematographer Charles Rosher. Variety noted the stars in attendance were conscious of being filmed at the event for the first time and the event was marked by glamour with fashion-conscious actresses wearing the best of gowns, furs and jewellery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Academy Awards, Ceremony\nThe Los Angeles Times printed a substantially accurate list of winners, despite a promise to withhold the results of the voting, so many of the nominees learned before arriving at the ceremony who had won. Among these were Clark Gable and Bette Davis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Academy Awards, Ceremony\nFollowing the banquet, Capra opened proceedings at 11pm with a short speech before introducing Bob Hope who made his first appearance as host of the awards. Looking at a table laden with awards awaiting presentation, he quipped, \"I feel like I'm in Bette Davis' living room\". Mickey Rooney presented an Academy Juvenile Award to Judy Garland, who then performed Over the Rainbow, a \"Best Song\" nominee from The Wizard of Oz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Academy Awards, Ceremony\nAs the evening progressed, Gone with the Wind won the majority of awards, and Bob Hope remarked to David O. Selznick, \"David, you should have brought roller skates\". Making a speech, Selznick paused to extend praise and gratitude to Olivia de Havilland, a \"Best Supporting Actress\" nominee, and made it clear in his speech he knew she had not won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0012-0001", "contents": "12th Academy Awards, Ceremony\nFay Bainter presented the awards for Best Supporting Actor and Actress, prefacing her presentation of the latter award with the knowing comment, \"It is a tribute to a country where people are free to honor noteworthy achievements regardless of creed, race or color\". Hattie McDaniel became the first black performer to win an Academy Award and in expressing her gratitude promised to be \"a credit to my race\" before bursting into tears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0012-0002", "contents": "12th Academy Awards, Ceremony\nDe Havilland was among those to make their way to McDaniel's table to offer congratulations, though it was reported de Havilland then fled to the kitchen, where she burst into tears. The press reported an irritated Irene Mayer Selznick followed her, and told her to return to their table and stop making a fool of herself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Academy Awards, Ceremony\nRobert Donat, the winner for \"Best Actor\", was one of three nominated actors not present (the others were Irene Dunne and Greta Garbo). Accepting the award for Donat, Spencer Tracy said he was sure Donat's win was welcomed by \"the entire motion-picture industry\" before presenting the \"Best Actress\" award to Vivien Leigh. The press noted Bette Davis was among those waiting to congratulate Leigh as she returned to her table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Academy Awards, Post-awards discussion\nFurther controversy erupted following the ceremony, with the Los Angeles Times reporting that Leigh had won over Davis by the smallest of margins and that Donat had likewise won over James Stewart by a small number of votes. This led Academy officials to examine ways that the voting process, and more importantly, the results, would remain secret in future years. They considered the Los Angeles Times publication of such details as a breach of faith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Academy Awards, Post-awards discussion\nHattie McDaniel received considerable attention from the press with Daily Variety writing, \"Not only was she the first of her race to receive an Award, but she was also the first Negro ever to sit at an Academy banquet\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0016-0000", "contents": "12th Academy Awards, Post-awards discussion\nCarole Lombard was quoted as comforting Gable after his loss, with the comment \"Don't worry, Pappy. We'll bring one home next year\". Gable replied that he felt this had been his last chance to which Lombard was said to have replied, \"Not you, you self-centered bastard. I meant me.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009160-0017-0000", "contents": "12th Academy Awards, Academy Award ceremony presenters\nThe ceremony presenters are listed below in the sequence of awards presented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron\nThe 12th Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron\nThe squadron was assigned as a Corps Observation Squadron, performing short-range, tactical reconnaissance over the I Corps, United States First Army sector of the Western Front in France, providing battlefield intelligence. After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron was assigned to the United States Third Army as part of the Occupation of the Rhineland in Germany. It returned to the United States in June 1919 and became part of the permanent United States Army Air Service in 1921, being redesignated as the 12th Squadron (Observation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron\nThe 12th Reconnaissance Squadron, United States Air Force, now at Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota, traces its lineage and history to the 12th Aero Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I\nThe 12th Reconnaissance Squadron originated at Kelly Field, Texas in May 1917 when the unit was organized from men picked from about 5,000 aviation recruits being drilled in provisional training companies. Those men formed \"H\" Company and were selected for their mechanical ability and experience. On 2 June, the unit was given its official designation, 12th Aero Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I\nAfter several weeks of classes on aircraft engines and parts, the squadron went to Wilbur Wright Field at Fairfield, Ohio. Arriving on 5 July 1917, the men began assembling Standard J-1 and Curtiss JN-4 training airplanes shipped direct from the factory, and they took part in the training of the flying cadets that began pouring into the field in late July. The squadron\u2019s first flight is supposed to have been made by a Captain Christy on 17 July 1917 in a Curtiss JN-4 \"Jenny\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I\nAt the end of October, preparations for overseas movement were made. The squadron left Wright Field on 31 October, for the Aviation Concentration Center, Camp Mills, Garden City, New York, arriving at Field No. 1 on 2 November. At Garden City, the squadron remained for about a month awaiting transportation. On 5 December it boarded the SS Northland sailing from Philadelphia. After a week waiting at Halifax Nova Scotia, the trans-Atlantic crossing was made without incident, and the ship arrived at Liverpool, England on 25 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0005-0001", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I\nThe squadron then took a train to Southampton, and made the cross-channel crossing to Le Havre, France, arriving at a British Rest Camp the next day. After a few days, it was moved by a French train south to the large American base at St. Maixent Aerodrome on 1 January 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I\nAfter two weeks at St. Maixent, where the squadron largely performed guard duty and drills, orders were received to move to Chaumont-Hill 402 Aerodrome, arriving on 16 January. where its mechanics took charge of maintenance on French Nieuports and SPAD aircraft. On 2 February, the 12th finally began its combat training, being moved to Amanty Airdrome in Lorraine where it joined the 1st, 91st and 88th Aero Squadrons. At Amanty, the squadron was equipped with Avion de Reconnaissance 1 (AR 1) trainers. classes were held in radio and machine-gun work and ground training was conducted by French officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0006-0001", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I\nIn addition the squadron helped in airfield construction projects. The AR-1s were inferior, obsolete machines, called \"Antique Rattletraps\" by the pilots, which the French had retired to training duties. However, they were suitable for training and after several weeks of making do with the training provided, on 3 May orders were received to head to the front, being assigned to the I Corps Observation Group at Ourches Aerodrome, where the 12th was designated as a Corps Observation squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nAt Ourches, the 12th joined the 1st Aero Squadron and began active operations over the front. It was equipped with SPAD S.XIA.2s aircraft. In combat, the mission of the 12th Aero Squadron was general surveillance of the enemy rear areas by means of both visual and photographic reconnaissance. These missions were carried out for the purpose of intelligence-gathering and informing First Army headquarters informed of enemy movements and preparations for attacks or retreats of its infantry forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0007-0001", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nThe 12th identified enemy activity along roads and railroads, ground stations, various storage dumps and airfields; the numbers of fires and activities of enemy aircraft, and the amount of anti-aircraft artillery was also monitored and reported. Due to the nature of the missions and the depths of enemy area which was penetrated, the missions were carried out at high altitudes, usually between 4,500 and 5,500 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nWith few exceptions, the 12th\u2019s pilots had never flown combat, but most of the observers had spent a number of weeks flying with French squadrons on active missions. One of these, Lieutenant Stephen W. Thompson, was at the 1st Squadron Gunnery School at Cazaux Airdrome, near Bordeaux when he was loaned on 5 February to the 123d French Breguet Squadron due to a shortage of observers in that unit. Returning from a bombing raid on Saarbr\u00fccken, the aircraft in which Lt Thompson was operating the rear guns was attacked by German Albatross pursuit ships. He shot one down, becoming the first man in an American uniform to shoot down an enemy airplane. Later, on 28 July 1918, as a member of the 12th, he was credited with two more \"kills.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nThe 12th\u2019s operations in the Toul Sector was a seasoning period for the squadron as it gained experience over a relatively inactive front with almost no enemy air opposition. \"On the other hand,\" according to an Air Service report after the war, \"the enemy antiaircraft fire in the sector was exceedingly dense, active and accurate. Pilots of the Group were adept at evading antiaircraft fire after a month in the sector.\" On 10 June, the 12th Aero Squadron moved to the Baccarat Sector and to the unfinished Flin Aerodrome, from which they supported the 42d American and 167th French Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0009-0001", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nThere, the 12th began to receive the latest in French observation aircraft, the Salmson 2A2. This front, too, was considered \"stabilized\" or quiet, but the opposing German air force, while not flying the latest types, was active and aggressive. The 12th flew visual and photographic reconnaissance, adjusted artillery fire, and staged \"infantry-contact patrols\" to locate the front lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nBy 29 June, the squadron had relocated to Saints Aerodrome in the Marne Sector to participate in the Battle of Ch\u00e2teau-Thierry. The 12th encountered intense opposition in the air from a concentration of German squadrons equipped with the most advanced Fokker aircraft. Encounters with up to 20 enemy aircraft on a patrol was a daily occurrence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0010-0001", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nOn 5 July, the squadron moved again to a neighboring field at Francheville in support of the 26th Division, but because of its distance from the front, what would later be known as a \"forward operating location,\" or FOL, was established at Ferme de Moras Aerodrome. Two 12th Squadron aircraft and two from the 88th Aero Squadron were flown to it at daybreak each day and held ready for developing requirements. The Allied counteroffensive was launched on 18 July and the squadron's support was vital in photographing targets ahead of the advance according to priorities set by corps intelligence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0010-0002", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nIt was during this operation that oblique photography, sometimes from as low as 400 meters, began to be used; previously all photos had been vertical. The Ferme de Moras location was upgraded to a full airfield on 22 July when the squadron occupied it to participate in the Chateau-Thierry offensive, during which it lost five officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0010-0003", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nOn 28 July 1918 the Squadron had two Salmson Observation aircraft shot down near Villers Sur Fere:2/Lt AP Baker WIA/PoW and 2/Lt JC Lumsden KIA, {shot down by German ace Karl Bolle (27th victory); and  Pilot John C. Miller died of wounds and Observer Lt. Stephen W. Thompson was shot in the leg. (Shot down by Lt Sergy  Frommherz,(10th Victory) of Jagdstaffel 2", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nIn the first half of August, the unit moved three times, finally being withdrawn from the sector on 12 August for a brief rest at Chailly-en-Brie Aerodrome. The 12th moved to Croix de Metz Airdrome near Toul on 23 August and operated in support of the St. Mihiel offensive. During that offensive, 12\u201313 September, the unit was equipped with 16 additional Salmsons and flew continuously to support the rapidly advancing 5th Division. Two aircraft, one piloted by Major Lewis Brereton, commander of the I Corps Observation Group and former 12th C.O., were lost, but all four crewmembers survived after landing inside friendly lines. Immediately after the St. Mihiel salient was reduced, the squadron was assigned to support the 90th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nOn 20 September, the 12th was transferred to Remicourt Aerodrome to prepare for the Meuse-Argonne offensive which began on 26 September. During the Argonne operation the 12th Aero Squadron was very much in demand. One morning after many assignments had been made, a call came in for a photographic mission. Five planes were ordered for the flight, but only four observers were available. Eddie Foy, a radio officer, volunteered to serve as an observer for the mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0012-0001", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nThe planes encountered a large formation of Germans near the target and three were shot down, one carrying Eddie Foy, who had been wounded. It is believed that he had the distinction of being the only non-flyer in the Air Service to be wounded and taken prisoner as a result of aerial combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nIn the last few months of the war, the 12th was called in many times to help locate Allied troops that had been cut off from their units. On one such occasion during the Argonne offensive, the 82d Division reported that troops near Verpel, just east of Grand Pre were out of contact with division headquarters. Because of the foul weather and approaching darkness, Captain Steve N. Noyes, squadron commander of the 12th would not send any of his pilots on the mission, going himself instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0013-0001", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nFlying in dense fog and rain, Captain Noyes located the troops and landed near the division HQ after dark. The information proved to be exact, and the squadron was highly commended for this as well as many other missions. The 12th completed its World War I operations from Julvecourt Aerodrome, where it moved on 5 November in order to operate closer to the front lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I, Third Army of occupation\nAfter the signing of the Armistice on 11 November 1918, the 12th Aero Squadron became a part of the Army of Occupation. The unit was located at several different places in France and Germany until 30 December, when it went to Fort Alexander (Feste Kaiser Alexander) at Koblenz, Germany, to take part in construction work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I, Demobilization\nThe squadron received orders from Third Army on 16 April 1919 to demobilize. It was ordered to report to the 1st Air Depot at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's Salmson aircraft were delivered to the American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0016-0000", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, History, World War I, Demobilization\nPersonnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the Commanding General, Services of Supply and ordered to report to the Le Mans, France, staging camp on 5 May 1919. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the Base Ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization. Orders were received to report to the port at Brest, France, 20 May. The squadron sailed aboard the USS Liberator on 3 June, arriving at Garden City, New York, on 17 June 1919. There, most members of the squadron were demobilized and returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009161-0017-0000", "contents": "12th Aero Squadron, Lineage, Notable personnel\nDSC: Distinguished Service Cross; SSC: Silver Star Citation; KIA: Killed in Action KIFA: [Killed in Flying Accident]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009162-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron\nThe 12th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron in an inactive United States Air Force unit. From 1956 through 1969, it flew aeromedical evacuation missions from McGuire Air Force Base. In 1985, the squadron was consolidated with two World War II units, but remained inactive. The consolidated squadrons were the 12th Ferrying Squadron, which ferried aircraft to Europe and from factories to flying units from 1942 and 1944; and the 162d Liaison Squadron, which tested equipment and developed tactics for liaison units between 1944 and 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009162-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, Ferrying\nThe first predecessor of the squadron, the 12th Air Corps Ferrying Squadron, was activated on 8 April 1942 at Logan Field, Massachusetts, but moved the following month to New Castle Army Air Base, Delaware. While stationed in the Northeast, the squadron was primarily involved with delivering aircraft to the European Theater of Operations. In early 1943, the squadron moved to Love Field, Texas, and concentrated on ferrying aircraft from manufacturers to operational and training units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009162-0001-0001", "contents": "12th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, Ferrying\nAt the end of March 1944, Air Transport Command (ATC) reorganized its units in the United States under the Base Unit system, and the 12th was disbanded and with all other ATC units at Love Field was reorganized into the 555th AAF Base Unit. It was reconstituted and consolidated with the other predecessor units in September 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009162-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, Liaison tactics development\nThe squadron's second predecessor is the 162nd Liaison Squadron, which was activated at Aiken Army Air Field, South Carolina on 15 May 1944. Like most liaison squadrons, it was equipped with the Stinson L-5 Sentinel. The squadron developed tactics and tested equipment for liaison units in the Army Air Forces. In particular, during 1945, it tested the suitability of Sikorsky helicopters for the liaison mission. In December 1945, it moved to Brooks Field, Texas, where it operated with the 69th Reconnaissance Group through July. The squadron inactivated on 3 October 1946 and was consolidated with the other predecessor units in September 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 71], "content_span": [72, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009162-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, Medical evacuation\nThe 12th Aeromedical Transport Squadron was activated at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey on 8 November 1956, when the 1st Aeromedical Transport Group, which was stationed at Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, replaced the 1706th Air Transport Group. The group was responsible for aeromedical evacuation missions throughout the United States. The 12th Squadron was equipped with Convair C-131 Samaritans and was primarily responsible for evacuation missions in the northeastern United States. In June 1964, Military Air Transport Service (MATS) reorganized its medical evacuation squadrons under the 1405th Aeromedical Transport Wing, stationed at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois. In 1965, mission responsibility expanded to included Newfoundland and Labrador.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009162-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, Medical evacuation\nWhen Military Airlift Command (MAC) replaced MATS in January 1966, the 375th Aeromedical Airlift Wing replaced the 1405th Wing and the squadron became the 12th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron. It continued its mission until inactivating in June 1969 as the more capable Douglas HC-9 Nightingale permitted consolidation of the medical evacuation mission in the United States into one location, Scott Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009162-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, Medical evacuation\nThe three squadrons were consolidated into one in September 985, retaining the 12th Airlift designation, but have remained inactive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009162-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009163-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Africa Movie Academy Awards\nThe 2016 Africa Movie Academy Awards ceremony was held on Saturday 11 June 2016 at the Obi Wali International Conference Center in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The ceremony recognized and honored excellence among directors, actors, and writers in the film industry. The awards night was hosted by Chris Attoh, Mike Ezuruonye and Kgopedi Lilokoe. It aired live on NTA to over 100 million viewers worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009163-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Africa Movie Academy Awards\nAs part of the pre-AMAA activities, Rivers State Ministry of Culture and Tourism collaborated with the Africa Film Academy to host a sponsorship night to mobilize corporate sponsors for the awards. Other media partners included Africa Magic, OHTV, SABC and ONTV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009163-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Africa Movie Academy Awards, Nominees and winners\nThe nominees for the 12th Africa Movie Academy Awards ceremony were announced on 15 May 2016. The Cursed Ones led with 13 nominations while South African films Tell Me Sweet Something and Ayanda were tied with 9 nods each. Ghana had a total of 15 nominations with 5 films including The Cursed Ones, Rebecca, Cursed Treasure, Daggers of Life and The Peculiar Life of a Spider.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009163-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Africa Movie Academy Awards, Nominees and winners\nWinners were announced during the ceremony on 11 June 2016 at the Obi Wali International Conference Center. Eye of the Storm won in the categories Best Film, Achievement in Costume Design and Best Actor in a Supporting Role. Drama-thriller The Cursed Ones took home three awards on that same night, including awards for Best Director (Nana Obiri Yeboah), Achievement in Production Design, as well as Cinematography (Nicholas K. Lory).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009163-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Africa Movie Academy Awards, Dignitaries\nDignitaries present during the occasion were Governor of Rivers State Ezenwo Nyesom Wike, first lady Eberechi Wike, former Senate President David Mark, Minister of Information Lai Mohammed and veteran actor Pete Edochie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009164-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Air Corps (Germany)\n12th Air Corps (XII. Fliegerkorps) was formed 1 August 1941 in Zeist from the Stab of the 1. Nachtjagd-Division and was redesignated as I. Jagdkorps on 15 September 1943. The unit was subordinated to Luftwaffenbefehlshaber Mitte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009165-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Air Division\nThe 12th Air Division an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the Eighth Air Force, based at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota. It was inactivated on 31 July 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009165-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Air Division, History\nThe division was established as the 12th Pursuit Wing in the Panama Canal Zone on 20 November 1940. The organization commanded pursuit groups and squadrons for Sixth Air Force until 6 March 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009165-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Air Division, History\nIt was reassigned to Eighth Air Force in England during November 1942 as a bombardment wing, but never made operational . All personnel and equipment were withdrawn in January 1943, and the organization did not serve in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009165-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Air Division, History\nReactivated in 1951, the 12th Air Division was an intermediate command echelon of Strategic Air Command. It conducted training for worldwide bombardment operations. From 1963\u20131984 and 1988\u20131990. It maintained an intercontinental ballistic missile capability, conducted staff assistance visits, and monitored programs such as retention, domestic actions, and medical capabilities of its subordinate units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009165-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Air Division, History\nIts mission was to assure unit Emergency War Order (EWO) capability and combat crew training conducted at Castle and Dyess Air Force Bases, continually evaluate qualification training, direct correction or improvement when appropriate, and represent training concerns to higher headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009165-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Air Division, History\nIt was inactivated in 1990 as part of the military drawdown of the USAF after the end of the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009165-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Air Division, Lineage, Heraldry\nOr, a globe azure grid lined of the first between in dexter an airplane palewise ascending argent, exhaust gules and in sinister a missile palewise of the like, overall a gauntlet of the third, grasping an olive branch vert and a lightning flash of the fourth bend sinisterwise and two lightning flashes of the last bendwise, on a chief of the second per chevron inverted seme of mullets argent; all within a diminished bordure of argent (silver gray).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009165-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Air Division, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009166-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Air Group\nThe 12th Air Group (\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u6d77\u8ecd\u822a\u7a7a\u968a, Dai-j\u016bni Kaigun K\u014dk\u016btai) was a unit of the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (IJNAS) during the Second Sino-Japanese War that operated mainly in the campaigns in the Central China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009166-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Air Group, History\nThe unit was formed on 11 July 1937 at the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War. It was initially a mixed-role unit equipped with 12 Nakajima A4N fighters, 12 Aichi D1A dive bombers and 12 Kugisho B3Y torpedo bombers. In August it moved to Zhoushuizi airfield at Dalian and in September to Kunda airfield near Shanghai. Between October and November, it converted to new  Mitsubishi A5M fighters. After the capture of Nanking the unit moved to Dajiaochang airfield at Nanking, where it conducted missions against Nanchang and Hankou.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009166-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Air Group, History\nIn March 1938, it was designated as fighter-only unit and assimilated fighters from the 13th Air Group, which in turn became a medium-bomber unit. The strength of the 12th Air Group then became 30 A5M fighters. On 29 April, while operating from Anqing and escorting medium bombers to Hankou, the unit's pilots claimed 30 Chinese aircraft show down and seven more probables. Attacks on Hankou continued until July, during which the unit claimed 100 aircraft destroyed and 12 probables for the loss of five fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009166-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Air Group, History\nAfter the capture of Hankou, the unit transferred to an airbase near Hankou. Nevertheless, due to the lack of range to escort the medium bombers into the inland China, they did not see much action. This changed in summer 1940, when the first batch of new Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters arrived in China theater. On 13 September, 13 Zeros led by Lieutenant Sabur\u014d Shind\u014d engaged 30 Chinese fighters in a dogfight and claimed 27 of them shot down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009166-0003-0001", "contents": "12th Air Group, History\nFrom then until summer 1941, the 12th Air Group in Central China and the 14th Air Group in South China made a combined claim of 103 aircraft shot down and further 163 destroyed on the ground for the loss of three aircraft. Both naval units were disbanded on 15 September 1941, which left air operations in China entirely to Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009166-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Air Group, History\nThe unit at some point or another included many future fighter aces, like Tetsuz\u014d Iwamoto, Saburo Sakai, Ayao Shirane, Tadashi Kaneko, Shigetaka \u014cmori, Kaname Harada, Kenji Okabe and Akira Yamamoto. In addition, many prominent bomber pilots and aircrew also served with the unit, such as Shigeharu Murata, Sadamu Takahashi, Kiyoto Furuta, Keiichi Arima and J\u016bz\u014d Mori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron\nThe 12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron is a United States Air Force flying unit, assigned to the 461st Air Control Wing, stationed at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia. The squadron flies the Northrop Grumman E-8 Joint STARS (Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System), providing airborne battle management, command and control, surveillance, and target acquisition. The J-STARS radar system detects, locates, classifies, tracks and targets ground movements, communicating information through secure data links with other command posts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Antisubmarine warfare\nThe first predecessor of the squadron was activated at Langley Field, Virginia in October 1942 as the 523d Bombardment Squadron, one of the original squadrons of the 378th Bombardment Group. One month later, it was redesignated the 2d Antisubmarine Squadron. The squadron was initially equipped with a number of different types of bombers, but by the end of the year had standardized on the Consolidated B-24 Liberator. With the 378th, the squadron engaged in antisubmarine patrols off the east coast of the United States. When the 378th Group was inactivated in December, the unit was assigned directly to the 25th Antisubmarine Wing, which was responsible for Army Air Forces antisubmarine operations off the Atlantic coast of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Antisubmarine warfare\nIn January 1943, it moved to RAF St Eval, Cornwall, being the first of four antisubmarine squadrons to arrive there to participate in the Battle of the Atlantic. From St Eval it began flying antisubmarine patrols around England. Although the squadron remained assigned to the 25th Wing, at St Eval, it was attached to the provisional 1st Antisubmarine Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Antisubmarine warfare\nIn March 1943, the squadron moved to Craw Field, near Port Lyautey, French Morocco, where it was attached to the 2037th Antisubmarine Wing, another provisional organization, until being reassigned to the newly activated 480th Antisubmarine Group. Its mission was to patrol an area of the Atlantic north and west of Morocco. Its antisubmarine activity reached a peak in July, when German U-boats concentrated off the coast of Portugal to intercept Allied convoys bound for the Mediterranean. Its actions protected supply lines for forces involved in Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0003-0001", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Antisubmarine warfare\nThe unit most frequently attacked enemy subs 700 miles off the coast of Spain, in what was termed, the \"Coffin Corner.\" This was an area in which the subs surfaced to recharge their batteries. It was also possible to attack them in this location before they joined up into wolfpacks. The 2d Squadron earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for its combat contributions in the Battle of the Atlantic against German submarines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Antisubmarine warfare\nThe squadron returned to the United States at end of 1943 and was disbanded at Clovis Army Air Field in January 1944. Most of the unit's aircrews became cadres for Boeing B-29 Superfortress unit at Clovis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Airlift operations in the Mediterranean Theater\nThe 327th Ferrying Squadron, which was activated at Capodichino Air Base, Italy on 31 May 1944 is the second forerunner of the squadron. The 327th flew cargo, passengers, and mail to destinations in Italy, Sardinia, Corsica, North Africa, and southern France. It moved to the United States in late September 1945 and was inactivated in October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 100], "content_span": [101, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Operation Ranch Hand\nIn the fall of 1966 Operation Ranch Hand expanded its size with the delivery of eleven additional Fairchild UC-123B Provider aircraft that had been authorized earlier in the year. As a result, the Special Aerial Spray Flight of the 309th Air Commando Squadron expanded to a full squadron at Tan Son Nhut Airport, being replaced by the 12th Air Commando Squadron on 15 October 1966. Sixteen days later, the squadron suffered its first loss when an aircraft was shot down in the Iron Triangle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0006-0001", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Operation Ranch Hand\nThe expansion to squadron strength led to the expansion of the unit's defoliation mission to area targets, such as War Zone C, War Zone D and the Mekong Delta, in addition to clearing lines of communication. Due to crowding at Tan Son Nhut, also Saigon's commercial airport, the squadron moved to Bien Hoa Air Base in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Operation Ranch Hand\nIn October 1966, the squadron also began flying insecticide missions. These missions focused on killing malaria spreading mosquitos. A single aircraft was dedicated to this mission, since the application rate of insecticide was much lower than that for herbicides and one mission could cover a large area. Because of the corrosive effects of the insecticide on aircraft camouflage paint, an uncamouflaged aircraft was eventually settled on to fly these missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Operation Ranch Hand\nIn February 1967, the squadron flew its first mission in the southern portion of the Demilitarized zone (DMZ) between North and South Vietnam. Infiltration through the DMZ posed a significant threat to forces in the I Corps area, but the sensitivity of defoliation in an area so near North Vietnam had delayed operations there. By the late summer, selected targets in the northern portion of the DMZ and nearby infiltration routes within North Vietnam had been added to the target list. DMZ operations were flown from the operating location the squadron maintained at Da Nang Air Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Operation Ranch Hand\nThe squadron participated in Operation Pink Rose in late 1966 and early 1967. Pink Rose was an attempt to burn forested areas. In this operation, the unit applied two treatments to the target areas with defoliants. Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses then dropped incendiary bombs to ignite fires in the area. Results were disappointing and no further efforts were made to use forest fire as a method of stripping jungle canopies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Operation Ranch Hand\nIn addition to defoliation, the 12th also flew crop destruction missions. Crop destruction missions were flown with planes displaying South Vietnamese markings, and a Republic of Vietnam Air Force member flew on board the lead aircraft. These missions were intended to reduce the amount of food available to Viet Cong forces and to increase the cost of food procurement. Seventh Air Force also found that the missions caused the Viet Cong to divert forces from combat and devote them to raising food. In contrast, a study by the RAND Corporation questioned the effectiveness of these missions, and concluded they increased hostility toward Americans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Operation Ranch Hand\nIn January 1968, the squadron flew 589 sorties on target, the most it would fly during the war. However, on 31 January, its base at Bien Hoa was subjected to intense rocket and mortar attack as part of the Tet Offensive, halting operations. On 2 February, the squadron resumed operations, including emergency airlift missions. Six days later, Military Assistance Command Vietnam directed that the spray tanks be removed from the squadron's aircraft and its planes be devoted to airlift. No operations were flown on 28 February, when another rocket attack destroyed four buildings housing squadron aircrew and heavily damaged another. The squadron flew 2866 airlift sorties during the Tet Offensive before returning to the defoliation mission in mid-March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Operation Ranch Hand\nLater in 1968, the unit added Nha Trang Air Base and Phu Cat Air Base to Da Nang as staging areas for defoliation operations as missions clearing friendly lines of communication again took precedence over the area targets of the previous two years. Targets also shifted away from the heavily populated III Corps zone. In May, the squadron received its first UC-123K, equipped with two additional General Electric J85 engines, which greatly reduced the planes' vulnerability to loss of an engine. This conversion was completed by April 1969. By this time, the squadron had lost six UC-123Bs on combat missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Operation Ranch Hand\nDuring February 1969, in anticipation of a repeat of the previous year's offensive, the squadron deployed to Phan Rang Air Base, returning to Bien Hoa in early March. As the Nixon administration implemented its plan for American withdrawal from Vietnam, pressure to reduce the squadron's operations increased. Squadron sorties were to be reduced by 30% by July 1970 and in view of the reduction, eleven Providers were transferred to other units in the 315th Special Operations Wing in November. The squadron also lost Nha Trang as a staging base when it was transferred to the South Vietnamese air force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0013-0001", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Operation Ranch Hand\nIn April 1970, the squadron was notified that the Joint Chiefs of Staff had decided that Agent Orange was no longer to be used. On 9 May, the 12th exhausted its supply of Agent White and flew its last defoliation mission. From 11 May to 6 July, the squadron flew leaflet and flare missions over Cambodia. The reduced insecticide and crop destruction missions no longer required a separate squadron, so the unit moved to Phan Rang, where its personnel and equipment were absorbed by Flight A of the 310th Special Operations Squadron. It became non-operational at the end of July and was inactivated in September 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Operation Ranch Hand\nIn its four years of operations, the 12th was awarded four Presidential Unit Citations, an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat \"V\" Device and several Vietnamese Gallantry Cross with Palm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Airborne command and control\nIn September 1985, the 2d Antisubmarine Squadron and 327th Ferrying Squadron were reconstituted and consolidated with the 12th Special Operations Squadron, and the consolidated unit designated the 12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron. However, the squadron remained inactive until January 1996, when it was activated to fly Northrop Grumman E-8 Joint STARS aircraft as part of the 93d Operations Group for air control and target attack radar system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0016-0000", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Airborne command and control\nIn 2002, the JSTARS mission was transferred to the Georgia Air National Guard and the squadron was transferred to the Guard as part of the 116th Operations Group. This arrangement was reversed in 2011, and the squadron returned to the regular Air Force in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0017-0000", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, Commanders of the 12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron\nThe commander of the 12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron is an air force position held by a lieutenant colonel. The 12 ACCS is responsible for organizing, equipping, and ensuring the combat capability of more than 200 airmen in the Air Force's first E-8CJoint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System operational squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 104], "content_span": [105, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009167-0018-0000", "contents": "12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 68], "content_span": [69, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009168-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Airlift Flight\nThe 12th Airlift Flight is an inactive United States Air Force unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009168-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Airlift Flight\nAs the 12th Troop Carrier Squadron it served with the 322d Air Division stationed at Dreux-Louvilliers Air Base, France, where it was inactivated on 8 January 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009168-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Airlift Flight, History, World War II\nEstablished as part of the Army Air Corps in January 1938 at Olmsted Field, Pennsylvania but not activated until 1 December 1940. Not equipped or manned. Unit designation transferred to Westover Field, Massachusetts, but not equipped or manned until after the Pearl Harbor Attack. Equipped with Douglas C-47 Skytrain transports and trained for combat resupply and casualty evacuation mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009168-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Airlift Flight, History, World War II\nWas ordered deployed to England, assigned to Eighth Air Force in June 1942. Performed intra-theater transport flights of personnel, supply and equipment within England during summer and fall of 1942, reassigned to Twelfth Air Force after Operation Torch invasion of North Africa, stationed at Tafaraoui Airfield, Algeria. In combat, performed resupply and evacuation missions across Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia during North African Campaign. During June 1943, the unit began training with gliders in preparation for Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily. It towed gliders to Syracuse, Sicily and dropped paratroopers at Catania during the operation. After moving to Sicily, the squadron airdropped supplies to escaped prisoners of war in Northern Italy in October. Operated from Sicily until December until moving to Italian mainland in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009168-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Airlift Flight, History, World War II\nSupported Italian Campaign during balance of 1944 supporting partisans in the Balkans. Its unarmed aircraft flew at night over uncharted territory, landing at small unprepared airfields to provide guns, ammunition, clothing, medical supplies, gasoline, and mail to the partisans. It even carried jeeps and mules as cargo. On return trips it evacuated wounded partisans, evadees and escaped prisoners. These operations earned the squadron the Distinguished Unit Citation. It also dropped paratroopers at Megava, Greece in October 1944 and propaganda leaflets in the Balkans in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations until end of combat in Europe, May, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009168-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Airlift Flight, History, World War II\nAfter hostilities ended, was transferred to Waller Field, Trinidad attached to the Air Transport Command Transported personnel and equipment from Brazil to South Florida along the South Atlantic Air Transport Route. Squadron picked up personnel and equipment in Brazil or bases in Northern South America with final destination being Miami, Boca Raton Army Airfield or Morrison Fields in South Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009168-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Airlift Flight, History, European service\nWas reassigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), September 1946, performing intro-theater cargo flights based at Munich Air Base. Transferred to Kaufbeuren Air Base when Munich Air Base became a civilian airport. Was re-equipped with Douglas C-54 Skymaster aircraft and deployed to RAF Fassberg during 1948 Berlin Airlift. Flew continuous missions across hostile Soviet Zone of Germany in Berlin Air Corridor, transporting supplies and equipment to airports in West Berlin, 1948-1949. Later operated from Rhein-Main Air Base and Wiesbaden Air Base in American Zone of Occupation, later part of West Germany, until blockade ended. Remained as part of USAFE until 1961, being upgraded to Fairchild C-82 Packet and later Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar transports as part of USAFE 322d Air Division based in West Germany and France. Inactivated as part of downsizing of USAFE bases in France, 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 957]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009168-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Airlift Flight, History, Executive airlift\nThe squadron was redesignated the 11th Airlift Flight and activated at Langley Air Force Base in May 1993. It was equipped with C-21 Learjets to provide airlift for high ranking officers of Air Combat Command and other headquarters in the Norfolk-Hampron Roads area. In 1997, this mission was transferred to Air Mobility Command. The flight continued the mission until it was inactivated at the end of July 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009168-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Airlift Flight, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009169-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Alberta Legislature\nThe 12th Alberta Legislative Assembly was in session from February 19, 1953, to May 12, 1955, with the membership of the assembly determined by the results of the 1952 Alberta general election held on August 5, 1952. The Legislature officially resumed on February 19, 1953, and continued until the third session was prorogued and dissolved on May 12, 1955, prior to the 1955 Alberta general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009169-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Alberta Legislature\nAlberta's twelfth government was controlled by the majority Social Credit Party for the fifth time, led by Premier Ernest Manning who would go on to be the longest serving Premier in Alberta history. The Official Opposition was led by James Harper Prowse a member of the Alberta Liberal Party. The Speaker was Peter Dawson who would serve until his death during the 15th legislature on March 24, 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009170-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Alpini Regiment\nThe 12th Alpini Regiment (Italian: 12\u00b0 Reggimento Alpini) is an inactive regiment of the Italian Army's mountain infantry speciality, the Alpini, which distinguished itself in combat during World War I and World War II. First formed on 15 February 1936 to command the units of the 7th Alpini Regiment, which did not participate in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, the regiment was disbanded on 1 July 1937 upon the 7th Alpini Regiment's command return to Italy. Formed again on 8 August 1992 as unit of the Alpine Brigade \"Cadore\", the regiment was inactivated 31 January 1997", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009170-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Alpini Regiment, History\nThe regiment was formed again on 8 August 1992 by elevating the existing Alpini Battalion \"Pieve di Cadore\" to regiment. Between 1 August 1887 and 11 November 1975 the battalion was part of the 7th Alpini Regiment. After the 7th Alpini Regiment was disbanded during the 1975 Italian Army reform the battalion, based in Tai di Cadore, became one the battalions of the Alpine Brigade \"Cadore\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009170-0001-0001", "contents": "12th Alpini Regiment, History\nAs the traditions and war flag of the 7th Alpini Regiment were assigned to the \"Feltre\" battalion, the Pieve di Cadore battalion was granted a new war flag on 12 November 1976 by decree 846 of the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009170-0001-0002", "contents": "12th Alpini Regiment, History\nThe Silver Medal of Military Valour awarded to the 7th Alpini Regiment for the regiment's service in the Greco-Italian war, the Gold Medal of Civil Valour awarded to the 7th Alpini Regiment for its service after the Vajont disaster and the Messina earthquake Medal of Merit awarded to the 7th Alpini Regiment in 1908, were duplicated for the new flag of the Pieve di Cadore battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009170-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Alpini Regiment, History\nWith the downsizing of the Italian Army after the end of the Cold War the 12th Alpini Regiment and its battalion were disbanded on 31 January 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009170-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Alpini Regiment, Structure\nWhen the regiment was disbanded it had the following structure:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009171-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Annual Grammy Awards\nThe 12th Annual Grammy Awards were held on March 11, 1970. They recognized accomplishments of musicians for the year 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009172-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Annual Honda Civic Tour\nThe 12th Annual Honda Civic Tour was a concert tour headlined by American pop rock band Maroon 5, alongside special guest, American pop rock singer Kelly Clarkson. Sponsored by Honda Motor Company, the tour also featured Rozzi Crane and The Voice second season contestant Tony Lucca, as well as American R&B singer PJ Morton as its supporting acts. With 34 dates, the 12th installment of the tour was the longest, which began on August 1, 2013, in Maryland Heights, Missouri at the Verizon Wireless Amphitheater and ended on October 6, 2013, at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009172-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Annual Honda Civic Tour, Tour dates, Box office\nOn June 4, 2013, it was announced that the Maryland Heights, Burgettstown, Mansfield, Holmdel, Wantagh, Clarkston, Austin, The Woodlands, Denver, Irvine and Los Angeles show were sold out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009173-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nThe 12th Annual Latin Grammy Awards was held on Thursday, November 10, 2011, at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas and was hosted by Lucero and Cristi\u00e1n de la Fuente. The eligibility period for recordings to be nominated is July 1, 2010 to June 30, 2011. The show will be aired on Univision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009173-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nPuerto Rican band Calle 13 were the big winners of the night with nine awards (breaking the previous record of five wins in a single ceremony) including Album of the Year for Entren Los Que Quieran; and Record of the Year and Song of the Year for \"Latinoam\u00e9rica\". The Best New Artist award went to Sie7e. Shakira was honored as the Person of the Year the night before the telecast and she also won the award for Best Female Pop Vocal Album for Sale El Sol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009173-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, General\nCalle 13 featuring Tot\u00f3 la Momposina, Susana Baca and Maria Rita \u2013 \"Latinoam\u00e9rica\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009173-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, General\nRafa Arcaute and Calle 13 \u2013 \"Latinoam\u00e9rica\" (Calle 13 featuring Tot\u00f3 la Momposina, Susana Baca and Maria Rita)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009173-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Urban\nRafa Arcaute and Calle 13 \u2013 \"Baile de los Pobres\" (Calle 13)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009173-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Alternative\nRafa Arcaute and Calle 13 \u2013 \"Calma Pueblo\" (Calle 13 featuring Omar-Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009173-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Tropical\nRub\u00e9n Blades and Seis Del Solar \u2013 Todos Vuelven Live", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009173-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Regional Mexican\nLa Arrolladora Banda El Lim\u00f3n \u2013 Todo Depende De T\u00ed", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009173-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Regional Mexican\nLos Tigres del Norte \u2013 MTV Unplugged: Los Tigres del Norte and Friends", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009173-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Traditional\nMercedes Sosa \u2013 Deja La Vida Volar \u2013 En Gira", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009173-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Recording Package\nJavier Mariscal \u2013 Chico & Rita (Various Artists)Alejandro Ros \u2013 Solo Un Momento (Vicentico)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009173-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Production\nBenny Faccone, Thom Russo and Tom Baker \u2013 Drama y Luz (Man\u00e1)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)\n12th Anti - Aircraft Brigade (12 AA Bde) was an air defence formation of the British Army during World War II. It specialised in providing anti-aircraft (AA) protection for forward airfields, for the Advanced Air Striking Force in the Battle of France and the Desert Air Force in the North African Campaign. It landed at Salerno in 1943 and fought through the Italian Campaign, its guns often engaging ground targets as well as aircraft. It was reformed postwar and continued for a few years in Anti- Aircraft Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Origin\nOn 9 October 1939 the War Office ordered the formation of a brigade headquarters (HQ) to be responsible for defending the airfields of the Advanced Air Striking Force (AASF) then being assembled in France by the Royal Air Force (RAF). Brigadier W.T.O Crewdson, at that time commanding the Territorial Army's 38th Light Anti- Aircraft Brigade in the London area, was appointed to form the new HQ, which became 12th Anti - Aircraft Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 51], "content_span": [52, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0001-0001", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Origin\nCrewdson and his immediate staff left for France on 11 October while the rest of the HQ assembled at the Duke of York's Headquarters, Chelsea, (HQ of 38 LAA Bde) and landed at Cherbourg on 18 October. By 23 October Brigade HQ was established at Chateau Polignac near the AASF's HQ at Reims. A brigade workshop section of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC) was set up at \u00c9pernay and a brigade transport section of the Royal Army Service Corps (RASC) was at Reims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 51], "content_span": [52, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0001-0002", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Origin\nThe brigade had no signal section yet, its communications being handled by 2nd Air Formation Signals of the Royal Corps of Signals attached to AASF HQ. The first two units to come under 12 AA Bde's command were the 53rd (City of London) and 73rd Anti- Aircraft Regiments of the Royal Artillery, TA units recruited from London and Birmingham respectively. Both units were equipped with semi-mobile 3-inch guns of 1918 pattern and were deployed to defend the initial five airfields round Reims from which Bristol Blenheims of the AASF began reconnoitring and raiding over Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 51], "content_span": [52, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Phoney War\nThere was no action while the British forces in France (the British Expeditionary Force, with its Air Component, and the independent AASF) were building up through the winter of 1939\u201340. Crewdson deployed 53rd AA Rgt to protect the AASF's northern airfields while 73rd took the southern group. Early in 1940 12 AA Bde was reinforced by 5 AA Battery from 2nd AA Regiment with the new 3.7-inch heavy AA (HAA) guns, and 162 Bty from 54th (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders) Light AA Regiment with the new Bofors 40 mm light AA (LAA) guns. A battery of searchlights (S/Ls) was distributed across the airfields. The first four GL Mk. I gunlaying radar sets also arrived amidst much secrecy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 55], "content_span": [56, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Phoney War\nThe first intimation that the Phoney War was about to end came in late April when a lone Junkers Ju 88 bombed a hospital next to Reims Cathedral; it was engaged by British and French AA guns but escaped. From then on bombing raids were frequent. The joint AASF/12 AA Bde HQ received some damage, and 5 AA Bty was deployed to defend AASF HQ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 55], "content_span": [56, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Phoney War, Order of Battle May 1940\n12 AA Brigade had the following dispositions when the Battle of France began in May 1940:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 81], "content_span": [82, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Battle of France\nWhen the German offensive in the west opened on 10 May, 12 AA Bde was not involved in the BEFs advance into Belgium and subsequent retreat after the German Army broke through the Ardennes. However, the AASF flew many missions and took heavy casualties against the Ardennes breakthrough, while its airfields were subjected to dive-bombing and low-level attacks with which the old 3-inch guns and their Vickers Predictor No 1 and height-finders could not cope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0005-0001", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Battle of France\nAt Cond\u00e9 Vraux the Luftwaffe destroyed six of 114 Squadron's Blenheims and damaged the remaining 12, as well as the airfield and petrol dump, putting the whole squadron and airfield out of service at the beginning of the battle, although the ground defences accounted for over half the attacking aircraft. By late May the BEF was cut off and was being evacuated from Dunkirk, while the AASF's airfields were being rolled up by German Army Group A as it advanced to the Somme. The AASF then became a mobile force, moving south to Troyes to continue supporting the French, followed by a further move back to the Blois area. 12 AA Brigade redeployed to defend these new airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Battle of France\nEven after the Dunkirk evacuation ended a number of fighting formations and a large number of rear echelon units were still in France south of the Somme, and fresh British forces were being landed at France's western ports, covered by 3 AA Bde. The AASF's remaining bombers flew back to the UK, while its fighters moved to Nantes to cover this new concentration. 12 AA Brigade set off towards Nantes, its regiments 'trundling their old 3-inch guns at their maximum speed of 10 to 12\u00a0mph, though Vend\u00f4me, Le Mans and Rennes on the long haul westwards'. Sections of 53rd and 73rd AA Rgts provided temporary cover along the line of retreat. On arrival at Nantes 157 and 159 Btys, each with seven guns, and 7 S/L Bty (without searchlights), occupied positions on either side of the River Loire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Battle of France\nOn 6 June the brigade was ordered to detach part of 53rd AA Rgt to southern France for an unspecified task. Together with a Troop of 162/54 LAA Bty, 157 and 159 Btys moved 630 miles (1,010\u00a0km) to Marseille where they joined 'Haddock Force', manning airfields to launch bombing raids by RAF Wellingtons against Italian targets. However, the surrender of France meant that Haddock Force was evacuated from Marseille to Gibraltar aboard a merchant ship with the remaining Bofors guns mounted on its decks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Battle of France\nThe situation in France was now beyond remedy, and the British government decided to evacuate its remaining troops from the Atlantic ports between 15 and 17 June (Operation Ariel). Detachments of 73rd AA Rgt maintained temporary cover for 72 hours along the route of the evacuation, and two of its precious GL radar sets were got away from Saint-Nazaire by 79th (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) AA Rgt of 3 AA Bde, but the rest of the equipment had to be destroyed on the dockside. Half of 12 AA Bde HQ embarked at Nantes, the remainder went to La Rochelle where the last vehicles and two GL sets were destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Battle of France\nPersonnel embarked under air attack and the RMS Lancastria, with thousands of servicemen and civilians aboard, including half of 12 AA Bde HQ and parties of 53rd and 73rd AA Rgts, was sunk off Saint-Nazaire with heavy loss of life. Three of brigade HQ's men were killed while 15 were pulled from the water, several of them wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Home Defence\nThe surviving personnel of 12 AA Bde HQ landed at Plymouth and Swansea. Crewdson was ordered to reassemble the HQ at Towyn in North Wales; then moved to Tadcaster in North Yorkshire, where it joined the brigade signal section that had been formed too late for service in France. At Tadcaster the brigade was under Northern Command, which gave it responsibility for some anti-invasion defence measures in Lincolnshire between the Humber and the Wash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Home Defence\nIn October 1940 12 AA Bde HQ was ordered to proceed to Paignton and re-mobilise for overseas service. However, embarkation was postponed, and the HQ was instead sent to Coventry to reorganise the AA defences after the devastating air raid of 14/15 November. Embarkation orders were finally received on 1 February 1941 and the headquarters, including the signal section and RASC company, embarked at Gourock, without Brig Crewdson, who had been injured in an accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert\n12 AA Brigade HQ arrived at Suez on 23 April and moved up to the Nile Delta. On 5 May Brig B.E. Floyd arrived from Malta, where he had been Brigadier, AA (BAA), to take command. The plan had been for the brigade to go to Greece, but the troops there had already been evacuated, and instead it was given the task of administering the AA personnel returning from Greece and Crete. Finally, on 16 July, 12 AA Bde moved up to join the Western Desert Force (WDF). Floyd was appointed BAA of the WDF, and his brigade was given responsibility for AA defence of the port of Mersa Matruh and several airfields. Air raids took place almost nightly, and the AA defences available were wholly inadequate:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 59], "content_span": [60, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert\nIn September 1941 the WDF made a small advance to Halfaya Pass and 12 AA Bde moved up to Sidi Barrani to protect nearby landing grounds (LGs), with 2nd LAA Rgt coming under its command. Eighth Army was now formed to take over from the WDF, and 12 AA Bde became directly responsible to Army HQ. Shortly afterwards the newly-formed Desert Air Force took over the air units. In October 12 AA Bde HQ moved to Sanyat Amad Ali, where it was also given responsibility for protecting the railway that was being extended across the desert. 88th HAA and 27th LAA Rgts came under its command, while Axis aircraft continued to raid. Brigadier Floyd was evacuated sick and replaced by Brig E.G. Campbell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 59], "content_span": [60, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert, Operation Crusader\nEighth Army's new offensive into Libya (Operation Crusader) began on 18 November. 12 AA Brigade HQ moved up to Fort Maddelena on the Libyan\u2013Egyptian frontier, and Troops of 2nd LAA Rgt took up positions on new LGs occupied west of the frontier while 27th LAA Rgt covered the Desert Rail Head. General Erwin Rommel's counter-attack caused confusion, with retreating units driving through the LGs and both Eighth Army and 12 AA Bde's HQs. The LGs were evacuated, one Troop of 2nd LAA driving in convoy with advancing German troops, thinking them to be Afrikaans-speaking South Africans. The front was re-established while brigade HQ's clerks manned Boys anti-tank rifles for local defence and Brig J.N. Slater, BAA of Eighth Army, organised a temporary mobile column of  LAA guns and light trucks (known as 'Slatforce') to operate behind enemy lines and cause disruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 949]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert, Operation Crusader\nEighth Army attacked again, capturing Sidi Rezegh and the LGs around Gambut  on 23 November. 12 AA Brigade set up at Sidi Rezegh, with HQ personnel assisting in burying the dead. During the move the brigade HQ pennant was lost, so a pair of PT shorts was flown as a marker flag. The garrison of Tobruk, including 4 AA Bde, was relieved a few days later. 12 AA Brigade HQ moved up to an abandoned German camp (nicknamed 'Sidi Loot') on the coast about 20 miles from Tobruk, and its defence platoon combed the coast for stray Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0016-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert, Operation Crusader\nIn December the brigade left 68th HAA Rgt (ex-4 AA Bde) to defend Benghazi and moved forward to Antelat. Here in mid-January 1942 the LG suffered the fiercest air attack of the campaign so far when 10 German fighter-bombers attacked, destroying several RAF fighters, though the AA guns shot down three attackers. Because of heavy rain, the RAF decided to evacuate Antelat and concentrate at Msus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0016-0001", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert, Operation Crusader\nBrigade HQ was  just pulling out when Rommel launched his counter-offensive on 20 January, and the HQ convoy came under shellfire; two troops of 261/94 HAA Bty were unable to move their guns in the mud and they were captured. Reaching Msus that evening, the brigade found the enemy already approaching, so the retreat continued: 12 AA Bde had to abandon the forward LGs and Benghazi, moving back through Gambut to the airfield at El Adem, which was one of the fortified 'boxes' in Eighth Army's Gazala Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0017-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert, Battle of Gazala\nThe Battle of Gazala began on 26 May, and Rommel's Axis forces quickly broke into the British position. As 12 AA Bde fell back from the advanced LGs in a series of defensive deployments, its guns joined the garrisons of the boxes, eight 3.7-inch guns of 88th HAA Rgt and Bofors troops of 2nd LAA Rgt joining 29th Indian Infantry Brigade in El Adem. Although the box was isolated by Axis troops, it held out, with the HAA guns in two-gun detachments engaging tanks, vehicles and guns at close range with High explosive, Armour-piercing and Shrapnel shells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0017-0001", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert, Battle of Gazala\nThe brigade also lent troops of Bofors guns to roving  'Jock columns'. Eventually, Eighth Army was forced to evacuate the boxes and retreat towards Egypt, the garrison of El Adem slipping away during the night of 17 June. Tobruk was captured on 21 June, including 4 AA Bde HQ and a number of 12 AA Bde's detached units (RHQ, 277 and 282 Btys of 88th HAA Rgt, 107 Bty of 27th LAA Rgt). Conversely, 14th (West Lothian, Royal Scots) LAA Rgt of 4 AA Bde was outside the perimeter and. escaped capture: it was 'picked up' by 12 AA Bde during the retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0018-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert, Battle of Gazala\nDuring the long retreat to the El Alamein position, 12 AA Bde, now under Brig Percy Calvert-Jones fell back in a series of rearguard actions at LGs, in the course of which it concentrated a sizeable body of troops: 88th and 94th HAA Rgts, 2nd, 14th, 15th (Isle of Man), 16th, 27th and 42nd LAA Rgts, two S/L troops and some motorised infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0018-0001", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert, Battle of Gazala\nEighth Army seized upon this collection to act as a blocking force, giving Calvert-Jones two infantry brigades in addition. 'Calforce' held defensive positions at 10 LGs, providing its own artillery support from AA guns sited for ground tasks. It also developed dummy LGs, complete with fake AA positions. Calforce remained in position during the First Battle of El Alamein, had 9th Independent Armoured Bde under its command from 26 August to 8 September, and was not withdrawn from the front line until later in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0019-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert, Order of Battle, October 1942\nAfter 12 AA Bde was withdrawn from its front line commitments, it reorganised for the planned offensive (the Second Battle of El Alamein) as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0020-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert, Order of Battle, October 1942\n12 AA Bde was directly subordinate to Eighth Army, which placed 21 Indian Infantry Bde under its command:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0021-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert, Alamein to Tunis\n12 AA Brigade's role once again was to move up behind Eighth Army's advance and defend the DAF's LGs as they came into use, with batteries working under the command of the DAF tactical wing to which they were allocated. The 11-day battle to break through the Axis lines opened on 23 October, and after the break-out the airfields at Gambut and El Adem were quickly secured, 12 AA Bde's units following close behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0021-0001", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert, Alamein to Tunis\nThe brigade developed an efficient system of providing rolling support for the DAF's tactical wings as they made long shifts forwards to maintain contact with the advancing army. This involved the RAF, Royal Engineers (RE) airfield construction teams, and local ground defence units as well as the AA units; all were represented in the joint reconnaissance parties that followed closely behind the leading battalions. They selected new sites for landing strips or renovated old ones, maintaining radio contact through RAF or RA channels with the main body so that movement orders could be passed to the following AA batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0021-0002", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert, Alamein to Tunis\nMovement was usually by 'leap frogging' from previously occupied LGs, though sometimes an AA battery was waiting in a hidden concentration area ready to move forward. RAF transport aircraft flew ground staff, equipment and battery staffs to the new locations. Within a few hours the AA positions were manned and the fighter squadrons would arrive. 12 AA Brigade had 20\u201330 separate convoys moving on any given day, and by November it was providing cover for six RAF wings and one US Army Air Force (USAAF) Group, and also manning dummy airstrips, compete with flare-paths, aircraft, flash simulators and people. As the advance progressed the retreating Germans took greater pains to make abandoned LGs unusable; at one field near 'Marble Arch', 2000 mines had to be lifted by the RA/RE/RAF teams. On 21 January two squadrons of RAF Kittyhawk fighters prevented the enemy from ploughing up Castel Benito airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 989]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0022-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert, Alamein to Tunis\n12 AA Brigade followed Eighth Army all the way to Tripoli, which fell on 23 January 1943. By now, the brigade had 57th (Wessex) HAA Rgt (16 x 3-inch; 8 x 3.7-inch), 88th HAA Rgt (16 x 3.7-inch), 14th LAA Rgt (36 x Bofors), 16th LAA Rgt (24 x Bofors) and 27th LAA Rgt (48 x Bofors), with responsibility for Castel Benito, Buerat, Hamriet and various LGs, while 2 AA Bde followed up behind to protect the lines of communication, taking over responsibility for 94th HAA Rgt in Tripoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0023-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert, Alamein to Tunis\nThe last phase of Eighth Army's operations in North Africa was the advance from Tripoli into Tunisia. 12 AA Brigade continued to conduct airfield defence, against increasing opposition. The typical mobile group allocated to an airfield contained one HAA and two LAA batteries. To avoid detection, the groups moved by night, being allotted special priority for routes. For the Battle of the Mareth Line in late March 1943 12 AA Bde covered nine forward LGs for five RAF wings, all within 20 miles (32\u00a0km) of enemy positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0023-0001", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert, Alamein to Tunis\nThe AA batteries were sited to engage potential attacks by tanks as well as aircraft, and to be tightly integrated with the ground defence units. If the airfield was considered especially vulnerable to enemy ground attack, an inner 'Keep' was formed between the runways with HAA guns in two-gun positions interlaced with Bofors guns. Air raid engagements could be complicated by the presence of friendly aircraft using the airfield. After Mareth the units of 12 AA Bde also began to take on responsibility for ports on the Tunisian coast. The RA regimental historian records that '[", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0023-0002", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert, Alamein to Tunis\ni]t became a point of honour for AA batteries to be among the first in; at Gab\u00e8s, for instance, RHQ 88th HAA Regiment, with one HAA and three LAA batteries, entered the town two hours after its capture'. The advance ended with 12 AA Bde at Enfidaville when the Axis surrendered on 13 May 1943, after seven months and 1,500 miles (2,400\u00a0km) of continuous movement. The AA gunners began a programme of rest and refitting, while contributing to the AA defence of the ports from which the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) was launched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0023-0003", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Western Desert, Alamein to Tunis\n12 AA Brigade was not involved in 'Husky', but under the command of the leading archaeologist and TA gunner officer, Brig Mortimer Wheeler, who took over from Calvert-Jones on 30 April, it was given a leading role in Operation Buttress (later renamed Operation Avalanche), the Allied landings at Salerno on mainland Italy in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0024-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Order of Battle September 1943\nOn 25 July 1943 12 AA Bde came under the command of X Corps and began to concentrate around Tripoli. By the time 'Avalanche' was launched on 9 September the brigade had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 82], "content_span": [83, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0025-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Order of Battle September 1943\nIn addition, the following units were under command for the initial stages of the operation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 82], "content_span": [83, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0026-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Operation Avalanche\nThe brigade (except 52nd LAA Rgt, due to arrive from the Nile Delta) underwent intensive training in combined operations. X Corps had the task of capturing the Port of Salerno and Montecorvino Airfield, then turning north to capture Naples; 12 AA Bde was to begin landing in the first wave to provide AA cover for the beaches and objectives. For this the brigade organised a number of beach groups:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0027-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Operation Avalanche\nMindful of problems reported after the Sicily landings, Wheeler ordered his HAA units to take all their GL radar sets with them and to pay particular attention to waterproofing the guns and radar sets. All the equipment was transported on Landing Craft Tank (LCTs) while some of the personnel travelled on Landing Craft Infantry (LCIs). The brigade's convoy sailed from Tripoli on 3 September. The 'Avalanche' convoys were located by the Luftwaffe and attacked from the air during their approach to the beaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0027-0001", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Operation Avalanche\nWhen they began landing on 9 September there was no surprise, and with good observation the German shore defences opened heavy fire on the landing craft, causing casualties and delays in unloading. An LST carrying one of the brigade's batteries was among those hit. All the AA beach groups landed successfully, however, with the first LAA guns reported in action within 20 minutes, and the first HAA battery 2 hours later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0028-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Operation Avalanche\nThe landings had not been easy. No 35 Beach Group, for example, was landed on 'Sugar Beach', 2,500 yards (2,300\u00a0m) long, but with only two 200 yards (180\u00a0m) stretches suitable for disembarkation from LSTs. The infantry landed at 03.30, the first AA reconnaissance parties at 05.30, but at dawn it was obvious that one of the two landing stretches was still being contested. Nonetheless, the first AA LST came in at 07.00, the first Bofors came ashore and went straight into action on the beach under shellfire; the first 3.7s came in around midday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0028-0001", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Operation Avalanche\nUSAAF Lightning long-range fighters kept off the early air attacks, but small numbers of Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter-bombers made low-level attacks at noon and in the afternoon, one of which was destroyed by 328/99 LAA Bty. A night bombing raid at 22.30 was engaged with barrage fire by 305/100 HAA Bty. By 23.00, 35 Beach Group had 17 Bofors guns ashore, three of them deployed in anti-tank positions, and six 3.7s without radar. That night the rest of the 3.7s arrived and the area behind the beach was cleared for 3,000 yards (2,700\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0029-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Operation Avalanche\n57th HAA Regiment was to land after the beach groups to secure the immediate objectives along with the infantry divisions' LAA:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0030-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Operation Avalanche\nThe first major hitch occurred when Montecorvino Airfield was not captured in the first rush, and continued to be fought over for the next four days. Among the follow-up units on D+1, 14th LAA Rgt's task had been to take over defence of the airfield, but it was not able to deploy its guns there until 13 September (D+4). For 10 days the beachhead battle raged within 3,000 yards (2,700\u00a0m) of the shore and it was impossible to implement the second stage of the planned AA deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0030-0001", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Operation Avalanche\nEnemy fighter-bombers attacked in small numbers day and night, and those batteries already in position were heavily engaged in warding off multiple attacks delivered with little warning. The AAOR received inadequate reports from RAF and Royal Navy  radar, and had to rely on the batteries' own GL radar plots. 12 AA Brigade's HQ radar instructor controlled AA concentrations covering the inland approaches, and a ring of concentrations over the bay was prepared against torpedo-dropping aircraft. Smokescreens laid by 12 AA Bde's pioneers eased the situation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0031-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Operation Avalanche\nIn the meantime two batteries of 57th HAA and one of 87th HAA Rgt joined in the fighting to supplement the field and medium artillery with ground fire directed by the infantry divisions' Observation Post (OP) parties. 57th HAA Regiment fired 6000 rounds on enemy positions, road junctions, buildings and troops. The AA gunners proved expert at placing their rounds to burst at tree-top height. When a German armoured counter-thrust broke through the right flank of X Corps during the night of 15/16 September, 12 AA Bde was urgently called upon to help out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0031-0001", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Operation Avalanche\nWheeler went down to the beach where 9th HAA and 52nd LAA Rgts were landing, and formed a 400-strong infantry force ('Gunnerforce') from them, equipped with rifles and a large number of automatic weapons, under the command of Lt-Col Patrick Dayrell-Browning of 52nd LAA Rgt. This group moved up near Montecorvino and deployed along the road and railway. At 03.00 the 25 HAA Bty group under Maj Sir Basil McFarland opened fire on enemy patrols infiltrating along the railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0031-0002", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Operation Avalanche\nThe situation having been restored, Gunnerforce was relieved the following morning but remained on hand for the next four days as a mobile reserve, attached first to the motorised 1/6th Battalion Queen's Regiment and then to 5th Royal Tank Regiment. 12 AA Brigade's Tactical HQ moved next to X Corps' HQ at Pontecagnano, but on 16 September it was mortared out of this position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0032-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Operation Avalanche\nOn 17 September the brigade sent 195/52 LAA Bty to protect landing beaches at Maiori where 23rd Armoured Brigade was making a 'left hook' round the Sorrento Peninsula, and next another was placed to protect the medium guns of 2nd Army Group Royal Artillery (AGRA). The battle for the Salerno beachhead went on for 10 days before the Germans began to withdraw slowly to a position north of the Volturno river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0033-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Operation Avalanche\nAccording to the RA regimental history, 'the regiments of 12th AA Brigade were, by now, raring to go on the long-planned move to Naples. Brigadier Wheeler, indeed, prepared a scheme to break out with a column of AA troops along the coast to Pompeii', but the bold plan was vetoed by X Corps. On 26 September 12 AA Bde was relieved at Salerno by 45th US AA Brigade and left for Naples. Part of the brigade drove through the traffic-clogged Maiori Pass, suffering casualties from mortar fire, while the remainder re-embarked on LSTs for the short voyage to Castellammare di Stabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0034-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Defence of Naples\nThe brigade's units began to arrive in Naples on 1 October and by 5 October they were deployed around the Bay of Naples in the area Naples\u2013Castellammare\u2013Torre Annunziata, with brigade HQ in the Royal Palace in Naples. As well as the vital port, the vulnerable area included the airfields at Pomigliano and Capodichino, for which the resources available were inadequate:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 69], "content_span": [70, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0035-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Defence of Naples\nThe brigade experienced difficulties in finding suitable gun and GL radar sites, some of which had to be bulldozed, and in establishing communications. The airfields were not cleared of the enemy until 6 October. For the first few days early warning depended on the batteries' own GL radar sets; later the HQ ship HMS Hilary arrived in the bay and was able to pass naval radar information to the AAOR. When Hilary left, the brigade put its own personnel into the  local RAF fighter wing's operations room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 69], "content_span": [70, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0036-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Defence of Naples\nWhile at Naples the brigade only experienced one serious raid, of 20+ aircraft. They were kept to the north and west of the harbour by the AA barrage and scored no damage to vital targets but a direct hit on an HAA gun, with 16 killed and 8 wounded; four enemy aircraft were shot down by guns and fighters and a further one by 87th HAA Rgt further north on the River Volturno. The defence of Naples was only intended to be a temporary task for the brigade and lasted three weeks, when 2 AA Bde arrived to relieve it. 12 AA Brigade then moved forwards to rejoin X Corps along the Volturno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 69], "content_span": [70, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0037-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Volturno to Garigliano\n87th HAA Regiment had already moved up to the river on 10 October, with 278 and 279 Btys  occupying camouflaged gun pits to conduct counter-battery (CB) fire, joined by 280 Bty on 12 October, the day X Corps began crossing. During the assault crossing, LAA guns were used to sweep the crossing points. Half the smoke company's pioneers were withdrawn to help the RE with bridging, but two US smoke companies were later added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0037-0001", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Volturno to Garigliano\nNext, 87th HAA Rgt's batteries moved up to provide AA protection to the engineers' bridges, with 252/80 HAA Bty arriving on 17 October to cross the bridge at Capua and take up AA positions on the far side. The Luftwaffe was very active in trying to prevent X Corps' crossing, particularly using Bf 109s and Fw 190s as fighter-bombers, and 252/80 HAA Bty, with its 3-inch guns, was sent to 56th (L) Division's area to deal with Bf 109's flying reconnaissance missions above the range of the division's Bofors guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0037-0002", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Volturno to Garigliano\nOn 23 October another air raid on Naples developed, with some bombers taking evasive action over Capua, where three were destroyed by 12 AA Bde's guns. After the rest of the brigade completed its move on 1 November, as well as providing AA cover for routes, bridges, LGs, field gun positions and the Aversa railway yards, it also took on ground firing tasks, 214/57 HAA Bty with 2nd AGRA and 215/57 HAA Bty with 7th Armoured Division laying down harassing fire on the coast road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0038-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Volturno to Garigliano\nBetween the landing at Salerno and 1 November, the brigade destroyed 17 enemy aircraft and claimed another 6 'probables', at a cost of 32 killed, 90 wounded, and three missing. When Wheeler left on 6 November for an important archaeological posting in India, Lt-Col Gerald Eastwood was promoted from 14th LAA Rgt to command 12 AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0039-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Volturno to Garigliano\nOnce across the Volturno, operations slowed down as the Allies faced the German Winter Line. 12 AA Brigade then had a comparatively stable period of deployment until the end of the year, based on Capua, Cancello and Grazzanise, its batteries frequently engaging corps' targets in the forward area with ground fire. In January 1944 the brigade moved forward to cover the assembly areas and ferry sites for the crossing of the Garigliano, while 87th HAA Rgt left, crossing Italy to reinforce 62 AA Bde defending the ports of Bari and Brindisi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0039-0001", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Volturno to Garigliano\nOn 16 March 12 AA Bde moved up to Venafro, taking over two additional HAA regiments and coming under the command of Eighth Army once more. Its units were still defending the Garigliano bridges against Luftwaffe fighter-bomber attacks, now with GL sets deployed well forward to supplement the new Local Warning (LW) radar sets in providing the only AA early warning coverage across the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0039-0002", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Volturno to Garigliano\n57th HAA Regiment, operating in a dual AA/field role, reported a particularly busy time involving 16 AA engagements, in which there were two Category 1 'kills' for the expenditure of 222 rounds, intermixed with firing 10,880 rounds against counter-bombardment and opportunity targets on the ground. Continuous rapid fire led to overheating and twice the usual amount of barrel wear for the guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0040-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Cassino to Rome\nDuring March and April 1944 12 AA Bde was regrouped for the final assault on Monte Cassino:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 67], "content_span": [68, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0041-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Cassino to Rome\nGun positions along the Garigliano front were under direct enemy observation and had to be screened by smoke. Communications in the mountainous area were difficult, and on X Corps' front the HAA batteries were strung out in a line with gun positions about 5 miles (8.0\u00a0km) apart. At one point the gunners of an LAA battery carried supplies up to these gun positions at night and under mortar fire. The guns were also in need of maintenance and spares were short: REME artificers cut the pintles out of the wrecked Naples-Rome express train to replace worn gun pintles, while other spares were fabricated by Royal Navy workshops at Naples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 67], "content_span": [68, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0042-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Cassino to Rome\nThe renewed attack on Cassino began on the night of 11/12 May, with HAA guns supplementing the artillery barrage (one regiment fired 23,000 rounds in a week), particularly for counter-mortar shoots. The brigade's LAA regiments were committed to bridges, defiles, assembly areas and artillery positions, and enemy aircraft were active in low-level strafing and bombing. There were severe problems in getting the AA guns forward along the heavily congested routes. X Corps in the mountains had little use for HAA guns, requiring LAA to defend vital bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 67], "content_span": [68, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0042-0001", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Cassino to Rome\nXIII Corps, on the other hand, after crossing the Rapido river, advanced along Highway 6 up the Liri Valley (Operation Diadem) on a narrow front, with continual demands for HAA guns in the medium artillery role. 12 AA Bde found itself stretched along 80 miles (130\u00a0km) of roads protecting the long 'tail', though the Luftwaffe made only a few nuisance raids. After the breakout from the Anzio beachhead and the capture of Rome in early June, the Germans pulled back to the Gothic Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 67], "content_span": [68, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0043-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Order of Battle July 1944\nAfter the capture of Rome, 12 AA Bde provided one HAA battery to each divisional artillery in X Corps, the remainder guarding airfields and river crossings in the Tiber Valley, with the following organisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0044-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Order of Battle July 1944\nIn August, 12 AA Bde and its units were transferred to Eighth Army on the Adriatic front. Over the next six months the army advanced only 100 miles (160\u00a0km), finally reaching the main Gothic Line positions. During this period the brigade mainly supported II Polish Corps. AA units were hampered by lack of early warning radar, while enemy aircraft were initially very active. However, Luftwaffe activity declined towards the end of the year, and the Allied forces in Italy were suffering an acute manpower shortage, so surplus AA gunners were transferred to other roles (97th HAA and 99th LAA Rgts became infantry) and several units disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0045-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Order of Battle July 1944\nIn January 1945 12 Bde HQ moved up to Forli. Its remaining units were spread thinly to defend a large number of roads, ports and railheads for Eighth Army and landing grounds for the DAF. Luftwaffe intrusions were rare, but from April were increasingly made by jet aircraft which were difficult AA targets (the necessary advanced radar, predictors, fuse setters etc all being sent to AA units in North West Europe to deal with V-1 flying bombs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0046-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Order of Battle January 1945\nThe brigade's organisation during the final months of the war was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 80], "content_span": [81, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0047-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Order of Battle January 1945\nIn addition, 12 AA Bde also had II Polish Corps' HAA and LAA, three Italian LAA batteries and an RAF Regiment LAA battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 80], "content_span": [81, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0048-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Spring Offensive\nEighth Army began its Spring offensive Operation Grapeshot on 6 April with carpet bombing by aircraft guided by a line of HAA bursts at 15,000 feet (4,600\u00a0m) fired by 12 AA Bde's guns. Attacks by the Luftwaffe were now rare, and the AA guns were primarily used for ground firing. Because of an general shortage of ammunition, the 40\u00a0mm Bofors guns were tried in ground roles, proving useful in hitting pinpoint targets such as enemy OPs, sniper or mortar positions, and buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 68], "content_span": [69, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0048-0001", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Spring Offensive\nOn 22 April the brigade was given the responsibility for protecting the pontoon bridge built across the River Po. The defence force comprised one HAA and one LAA battery for AA protection, one LAA battery to destroy concrete barges floated down by the Germans to damage the bridge, 12 0.5-inch Brownings manned by HAA gunners, and an S/L troop. Attached to it were an anti-tank battery and a platoon of Vickers guns, while Bren guns and PIATs were deployed to increase firepower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 68], "content_span": [69, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0048-0002", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Spring Offensive\nOne LAA battery was formed into 'Mystery Force', manning Brownings on landing craft to simulate a night armoured landing operation on the German flank, but this was called off. Another LAA battery after a single week's training manned Oerlikon 20 mm cannons mounted on LVT amphibious vehicles known as 'Fantails' in support of 9th Armoured Brigade's operations around the Comacchio lagoon in Operation Roast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 68], "content_span": [69, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0049-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Italy, Spring Offensive\nAs Eighth Army advanced rapidly through northern Italy, 12 AA Brigade moved up to Ferrara where it was ordered to stand down on 1 May; hostilities on the Italian front ended with the Surrender of Caserta the following day. Immediately, the brigade formed a transport column to bring up supplies for the army and collect Prisoners of War (PoWs). From 11 May this was based at Padua, where brigade HQ was also given responsibility for an assortment of other RA units in the area. The AA units settled down to traffic control and guarding installations and PoWs while awaiting demobilisation. 12 AA Brigade began disbanding at Spilimbergo on 15 November 1945 and the process was complete by 20 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 68], "content_span": [69, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0050-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Postwar\n12 AA Brigade was reformed on 1 January 1947 at South Queensferry to command the Regular units in AA Command's 3 AA Group covering the Clyde and Forth areas of Scotland. (These units had been under 36th (Scottish) AA Bde, which reformed in the TA as 62 AA Bde.) It had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009174-0051-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Postwar\nThe 1947 plan was never fully implements. In 1948, 46 LAA Rgt was reformed in the south of England as an HAA regiment and 82 HAA Rgt was disbanded. After AA Command was disbanded on 10 March 1955, 12 AA Bde was placed in suspended animation on 31 October, leaving 69 HAA Rgt to be converted into a medium artillery regiment. 12 AA Brigade was formally disbanded on 31 December 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009175-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)\n12th Anti - Aircraft Division (12th AA Division) was an air defence formation of the British Army during the early years of the Second World War. It defended Western Scotland and Northern Ireland, including the period of the Clydebank Blitz and Belfast Blitz, but only had a short career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009175-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mobilisation\nThe 12th Anti - Aircraft Division was one of five new divisions created on 1 November 1940 by Anti- Aircraft Command to control the expanding anti-aircraft (AA) defences of the United Kingdom. The  division was formed by separating responsibility for Western Scotland (particularly the industrial areas of Clydeside and Ayrshire) and Northern Ireland from the existing 3rd AA Division, which continued to be responsible for the rest of mainland Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009175-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mobilisation\nThe divisional headquarters (HQ) was at Glasgow and the General Officer Commanding (GOC), appointed on 15 November 1940, was Major-General Gerald Rickards, promoted from command of 44th AA Brigade. The 12th AA Division formed part of III AA Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009175-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), The Blitz\nThe division's fighting units, organised into three AA Brigades, consisted of Heavy (HAA) and Light (LAA) gun regiments and Searchlight (S/L) regiments of the Royal Artillery (RA). The HAA guns were concentrated in the Gun Defence Areas (GDAs) at Belfast and Glasgow, LAA units were distributed to defend Vulnerable Points (VPs) such as factories and airfields, while the S/L detachments were disposed in clusters of three, spaced 10,400 yards apart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009175-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), The Blitz\nThe approved scale of HAA guns for the Clyde had been 80 in 1939, and this was raised to 120 in 1940 and again to 144 in March 1941, but by the end of February 1941, the 12th AA Division still only had 67 guns in place, rising to 88 (11 batteries) in late March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009175-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), The Blitz\nGlasgow and Clydeside received heavy raids on the nights of 13 and 14 March 1941 (the Clydebank Blitz), and again on 7 April, while Belfast was hit on 15 April and 4 May. The Luftwaffe returned to Clydeside on 5 and 6 May, before The Blitz petered out in mid-May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009175-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War\nNewly formed AA units joined the division, the HAA and support units increasingly becoming 'Mixed' units, indicating that women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) were fully integrated into them. At the same time, experienced units were posted away to train for service overseas; in some cases they joined the 12th AA Division temporarily while they trained in Scotland; others remained with AA Command as unbrigaded units. This led to a continual turnover of units, which accelerated in 1942 with the preparations for the invasion of North Africa (Operation Torch) and the need to transfer AA units  to counter the Baedeker raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009175-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War\nAt the end of 1941 S/Ls were declustered to form 'killer zones' for night fighters, and the S/L requirement for Northern Ireland was reduced to three batteries. As a result, 91st S/L Rgt could be converted into an LAA Rgt for the field army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009175-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War\nIn May 1942, the 57th AA Brigade HQ was transferred to the 12th AA Division from the 7th AA Division; some units from the 42nd AA Brigade were transferred to it, together with newly formed units. In August, to deal with the Luftwaffe 's hit-and-run attacks, the 3rd AA Division's HQ was moved from Scotland to the South Coast of England and the 12th AA Division took over command of 51st AA Brigade and its units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009175-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War, Order of Battle 1941\u201342\nDuring this period the division was composed as follows (temporary attachments omitted):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009175-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War, Order of Battle 1941\u201342\nThe increased sophistication of Operations Rooms and communications was reflected in the growth in support units, which attained the following organisation by May 1942:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009175-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War, Order of Battle 1941\u201342\nThe RAOC companies became part of the new Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) during 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009175-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Disbandment\nA reorganisation of AA Command in October 1942 saw the AA divisions disbanded and replaced by a smaller number of AA Groups more closely aligned with the groups of RAF Fighter Command. The 12th AA Division amalgamated with the 3rd and the 7th AA Divisions to form the 6th AA Group, based at Edinburgh and cooperating with No. 14 Group RAF, while Northern Ireland became the 7th AA Group based at Belfast and working with No. 9 Group RAF. Major-General Rickards retired. The 12th AA Divisional Signals was amalgamated back into its parent 3rd AA Divisional Signals as the 6th AA Group (Mixed) Signals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009176-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion\nThe 12th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion (12th AAA Bn) was a United States Marine Corps antiaircraft unit that served during World War II. Formed in 1942 as the 12th Defense Battalion, its original mission was providing air and coastal defense for advanced naval bases. During the war the battalion defended the Russell Islands and took part in combat operations at Woodlark Island, Cape Gloucester, and Peleliu. The battalion remained on Peleliu for the duration of the war and was finally decommissioned on Guam on 22 September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009176-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History\nThe 12th Defense Battalion was commissioned on August 1, 1942 at San Diego, California. On January 19, 1943 the battalion embarked on the USS Pinkney and the SS Robin Wentley and sailed for the Territory of Hawaii. It arrived at Pearl Harbor on January 29 and immediately set up camp at and began training at Camp Catlin on Oahu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009176-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History\nThe battalion sailed from Pearl Harbor on May 14, 1943 on board the SS Robin Wentley. They arrived at Townsville, Australia on 1 June however it was not there long. The 12th Defense Battalion departed Australia on 13 June en route to their objective area. Between 30 June and 1 July the battalion landed at Woodlark Island and Milne Bay. Their mission was to provide area air defense for the United States Army units tasked with seizing these islands. The battalion remained at Woodlark Island until December 7, 1943 when it set departed for Oro Bay, New Guinea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009176-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History\nThe 12th Defense Battalion came ashore on Cape Gloucester between 26 & 27 December 1943. Once ashore the battalion was initially tasked with establishing air and seacoast defense of Beaches Yellow 1 & 2. As the battalion was unloading on 26 December the first Japanese air raids occurred. A few hastily placed guns let loose against 88 Japanese aircraft that were strafing and bombing the beachhead. With no real threat of an amphibious counterattack, the battalion's coastal guns were utilized for deep fired against Japanese supply ships and staging areas. The battalions radars and guns provided early warning and anti-aircraft fires against Japanese planes flying out of Rabaul that continued to harass the beachhead over the next few months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009176-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History\nA majority of the battalion departed Cape Gloucester via the SS Santa Monica on 1 June 1944. It arrived at Banika in the Russell Islands on 9 June. As the war progressed, the Marine Corps removed coastal artillery from the defense battalions in order to form additional heavy artillery units for the Fleet Marine Force. Because of the divestiture of the coastal defense mission, the battalion was re-designated as the 12th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 15 June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009176-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History\nAt the end of August 1944 the battalion participated in landing rehearsals at Guadalcanal and on 8 September they set sail for Peleliu. The battalion went ashore at Peleliu on 15 September 1944 and, along with the 7th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion was tasked with providing air defense for the landing force once ashore. The battalion guns were also utilized in direct fire mission in support of Marine assault forces attempting to dislodge dug in Japanese defenders. After the battle, the battalion remained on Peleliu for the duration of the war. In March 1945, the unit's heavy guns section was sent to the northern Palau Islands in order to engage enemy targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009176-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History\nOn 13 September 1945 the 12th AAA Battalion departed Peleliu arriving on Guam on 16 September. On 22 September 1945 the battalion was decommissioned on Guam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009176-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. The 12th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009177-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Arabian Gulf Cup\nThe 12th Arabian Gulf Cup (Arabic: \u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u200e) was held in the UAE, in November 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009177-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Arabian Gulf Cup\nThe tournament was won by Saudi Arabia for the first time", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009177-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Arabian Gulf Cup\nIraq were banned from the tournament because of invasion of Kuwait in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009177-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Arabian Gulf Cup, Tournament\nThe teams played a single round-robin style competition. The team achieving first place in the overall standings was the tournament winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, Preamble\nIn the 1867 a tradition of holding Archeological Conferences known as Congresses was established in the Russian Empire. The aim of these conferences was to discuss and to make public studies dealing with matters of antiquity and ethnography. The Conferences were hosted by a different city of the Russian Empire every three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, Preamble\nThe Third Archeological Congress was held in Kiev in 1873 and featured the renowned kobzar - Ostap Veresai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, Preamble\nIn 1902 the XIIth Archeological Congress was held in Kharkiv. By that time Ostap Veresai had died and ethnographers had come to the mistaken conclusion that he was the last kobzar. Bandurist Hnat Khotkevych was invited to give a presentation at the Congress. He organized a concert to demonstrate the various studies which included the performance by a number of kobzars from a number of regions of Ukraine. The concert was extremely successful and changed the status of the kobzars who up till then were persecuted by the Russian tsarist authorities treated as common street beggars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, Preamble\nThe XIIIth Archeological Congress took place in Katerynoslav in 1905. Interest in the performance of the kobzari was very high. Attempts to repeat the performance of the kobzars at the XIIth Congress were not successful. It was attended by Tereshko Parkhomenko and two other kobzars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress\nThe XIIth all-Russian Archeological Congress that took place from August 14\u201327, 1902. It took on an epochal importance, which is worthy of more detailed investigation. Initially the scientific community in Ukraine became interested in the art of the kobzars in 1873, when the matter of the Poltava kobzar Ostap Veresai was raised at a special meeting of the South-Western chapter of the Russian Imperial Geographic Society. Apart from a number of papers presented regarding the kobzar, the participants also had the chance to listen to his renditions. The performance of the 70-year-old kobzar left a great impression on the participants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, The decision to focus on the legacy of the kobzars\nThe next set of Archeological Conferences, were organized outside of Ukraine, and the matter of kobzar art was not discussed. The XIIth Archeological Congress however was planned to take place in Kharkiv - a region that was a major hub for kobzar art. This was one of the reasons why the art of kobzars was included in the program of the proceedings. There are indications that professor M. Dashkovych, the head of the Nestor the Chronicler Society, made the suggestion that the conference focus its attention to the art of the kobzars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 101], "content_span": [102, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, The decision to focus on the legacy of the kobzars\nThe organizational committee of the conference was led by Kharkiv University professor and noted ethnographer M. Sumtsov who decided to liven up the discussions and papers about the kobzars with the inclusion of live performances. The committee turned to Hnat Khotkevych to co-ordinate the performances during the conference and to also give a short paper on the current state of the art form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 101], "content_span": [102, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, The decision to focus on the legacy of the kobzars\nKhotkevych agreed whole-heartedly. He used the forum to turn the participants awareness to the difficult lifestyle of these blind folk musicians and the persecution they underwent from the local police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 101], "content_span": [102, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Preparation of the kobzars\nFor the conference six kobzars were invited; four from the regions around Kharkiv: Petro Drevchenko, Pavlo Hashchenko, Ivan Kuchuhura Kucherenko, Hrytsko Netesa; one from Poltava province; Mykhailo Kravchenko; and one from Chernihiv province: Terentiy Parkhomenko. To this group of six were added three lirnyks. Later, in order to balance the voices which had a tendency of being made up exclusively of basses (apart from Parkhomenko who was a tenor), a local street singer was invited. He usually performed without an instrument, however, knew the repertoire of the kobzars. (It was not possible then to find a kobzar in the Kharkiv environs who sang tenor).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Preparation of the kobzars\nAll the participants were housed in one of the university buildings - a basement which was dry and warm where preparations took place. On the first day, as Khotkevych would write, each of the participants became acquainted with each other. Initially they showed off what each knew how to sing and play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Preparation of the kobzars\nThe demonstrations started with the host group from Kharkiv. They were very nervous. It is noteworthy that each of them was an artist, and had become used to performing in front of various audiences. But this was at bazaars, marketplaces and dwellings. But here was a new environment, a different auditorium made up of other kobzars - all of which had become very agitated. After the Kharkiv kobzars finished performing, it was M. Kravchenko's turn from Poltava. His music and method of performance was the most artistic of all the participants, but... Mykhailo did not receive the highest honours at that gathering of blind minnesingers. The simple-minded auditorium, even though it was made up exclusively of musicians, enjoys performances that are loud, bright and confident, These characteristics were heard in the performance by the Chernihiv kobzar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 933]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Preparation of the kobzars\n\"So that is how you play .... we play like this!\" So saying he struck his strings. His bandura was huge, the method he used to play was totally different from that of the Kharkiv players (a form of tremolo in thirds, where the fingers move in the direction of the finger pads, and then the direction of the nail). A high clear tenor, confidence in himself and on top of this a song that stunned the listeners. And thus Terentiy Parkhomenko was acclaimed as the best kobzar of the gathering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0011-0001", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Preparation of the kobzars\nAfter this the daily grind began for the preparation of the concert commenced. Our work was energetic. All day we rehearsed, especially the ensemble pieces. This was the first time that these blind men had played in such a large group. Those who sat on the right flank, could not hear the person sitting on the left flank. The orchestral members could not see the conductor, so there is no way of correcting problems during the performance. We had to learn all the pieces to perfection, which we did.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Preparation of the kobzars\nThere has been some discussion in recent times as to the amount in which Khotkevych had interfered with the kobzars \"authentic\" performances. His paper and his methodology was thought of as being invasive of the traditional art form. However, had he not taken such a stand it is possible that traditional bandura playing would have disappeared much earlier, and contemporary bandura playing may not have happened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Preparation of the kobzars\nThe program included solo performances, duets, trios and other ensembles, something akin to an orchestra of folk instruments. The group of kobzars and lirnyky was supplemented by a traditional folk ensemble known as a \"troyista myzyky\" (two violins and a cello), which were invited to participate from the village of Derkachi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Preparation of the kobzars\nThis meeting during the conference, which officially was called \"the Conference of the 2nd division of the historic-geographic and ethnographic antiquities\", took place in the public library. The higher administration of the city as well as the governor were also invited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Preparation of the kobzars\nThe meeting was opened by the chairman of the conference, professor of the University of Kharkiv - A. Krasnov. In his opening address he noted: \"the collection of folk songs is difficult, because such a collector required not only the understanding of the regional ethnography and a keen sense of observation, but also had to have musical training in order to correctly notate the song, and to correctly recreate it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0015-0001", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Preparation of the kobzars\nThe final task is particularly difficult, so this conference decided to take an easier route, and to hear the performance of these works by the carriers of this music directly, in this case from the kobzars and lirnyks .... To this live antiquity, which is gradually disappearing, the conference is dedicated. \"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0016-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Preparation of the kobzars\nA short paper \"About the kobzars and lirnyks of the Kharkiv province\" was read by professor M. Sumtsov. After this was another short paper - \"The association of the blind, their organization and current state\" which was read by V. Ivanov. He completed the reading with the following word: \"The nelips -(that is what he called the blind singer-kobzars) this is live walking archeology. Let us all preserve the clean and good, and disregard all that which is bad and offensive. People sometimes can be born blind but no-one is born a beggar. Begging is an offensive industry. Let us wish our singers recognition for their humanity and dignity. Let a person born blind continue to be a man.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0017-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nThe final paper before the concert was read by Hnat Khotkevych. It was read out, \"in a manner unusual for an Archeological meeting, and for the members of the ultra-polite academics in general.\" The second section of the paper, which was dedicated to the persecution and oppression of the kobzars by the organs of the state administration was considerably severe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0018-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\n\"Almost every nation, particularly on the European continent, gave music a divine source. It is certain that people did not look upon it as a form of unsophisticated culture. The general thought was that music was the thread that unites human beings with the unknown beauties of this world, far from hustle and bustle of daily life. They say that only the old and the young say the truth \u2013 and it is certain: civilization in the early times called music: \"the language of the gods.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0018-0001", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nUnfortunately we are currently in a state, we can say a more adult state, or a more mature state, and for us music is a method \"pour passer le temps\". Even professional people \"do not understand what they create.\" One can expect, that in time when humanity grows more mature and rather than instinctively, they will through derived knowledge move music to its proper place in society, where it again will become a heavenly divine gift, worthy of adoration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0019-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\n\"The singer does not sing from himself, this gift was given him by Zeus\" is what is stated in the Odyssey. And our Ukrainian rhapsodies even today, despite the musical and moral degeneration, have preserved within themselves the concept that they are the people that should elevate the ethical life of the people to a higher level, singing occasionally for their listeners religious-moral materials from the past. As an example, Kulish wrote that the kobzar Andriy Shut thought that the profession of a kobzar is a matter of salvation, because the kobzar exists to remind people about God and about benevolence and charity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0020-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nThe genealogical tree of our Ukrainian bandurists is very high. Its direct ancestor was the prophetic Boyan-- \"the nightingale of ancient times\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0021-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nAs the people developed and changed, so did the expression of their spirit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0021-0001", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nThe Boyan, in the past a pagan priest, a wizard, a foretell of supernatural events, was all-mighty and wise, a leader of the people, an indicator of the direction one's life would take or an advisor to the tsar; later an organ for the statement of community feeling, a rhapsody of heroic epics and an igniter of national ferment for the lifting of national spirit and self-awareness\u2014he has only now, in recent times been reborn in the guise of a blind beggar, who puts up with hunger and cold on the beaten path and believes more in his unhappy lot, than the sound of his poor instrument.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0022-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nWe have little information about the early period of the musical life of our people unfortunately, but still history has left us with these singer-rhapsodies with unblemished epic purity, as if they were the true carriers of truth, the singers of heroic deeds, fed and inspired the folk masses. Shevyriov wrote about the Boyan: \"He knew well his poetic destiny, he was a singer of independence and easily put together songs in the praise of princes, not giving up his inspiration for anyone else.\" All this can be applied to the moral face of our old kozak bandurist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0022-0001", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nIt should be considered, that this rich period of Ukrainian history allowed itself to be distorted by all sides, and in particular the musical dissipations of the people. In those times all Kozaks were bandurists. The kozak era was a very generous era for the creation of songs. The folk lived in all is fibres; happiness and sadness were intertwined and influenced every soul. There was no rest for the nerves, and artistic souls always found a way to express themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0022-0002", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nA so it was: in this period a huge body of songs and dumy were created; women would poetically speak about their feelings, Kozaks sang about war and chivalry. One can be assured that on a rich soil would grow fantastic fruit\u2014folk poet-rhapsodies, genius bandurists: these are the creators of these songs and dumy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0023-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nThen came the destruction of the Sich, feudalism \u2013 and the people felt the full weight of Moscovy's hand. All who stood in its way were quashed. This persecution did not evade the kobzar. In captivity he no longer became a singer of the Kozaks, because they no longer existed. Now he sang only about the past, which was sacred to the Ukrainian soul. Years passed and the retelling of stories of the past began to disappear one by one from the memory of the people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0023-0001", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nLife took on different forms, and that which interested the folk in the past slowly lost its value. Because of this so did the bandurists. One after the other they began to forget dumy, and gradually became accustomed to their new conditions of existence. Today in front of us we have the contemporary kobzar and lirnyk, the contemporary carrier of the richness of folk song. Let us investigate what this is.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0024-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nHe is known to all of us, the contemporary singer. He comes into our courtyards, scratches something out on the lira or plucks something out on the bandura, and they give him a scrap of bread. He bows down and thanks the people, and goes on to the next building,..... and that is all\u2014a blindman, a beggar and that is it. But there is more to him, than this. Firstly the bandurists disdregard the fact that the Kozaks are now gone and will never return. They do not consider the fact that the previous way of life will never return. The Kobzars are still are a repository of the memory of the past\u2014each of them knowing a number of dumy, and ancient kozak songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0025-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nAbout the kobzars of the Chernihiv province I would like to say somewhat more, because this is a new type of bandurist, who is being currently formed and has a great future. This is Terentiy Makarovych Parkhomenko, from the Chernihiv province, Sosnytsia region, from the settlement of Burkivka, (which is pronounced by the Chernihivites Bourkwuwka). He is 30 years old and initially studied from Andriy Haidenko. Haidenko in his turn learned the kobzar art from some old man named Danylo. Terentiy however had not managed to learn any dumy at all from his teacher, nor from his friends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0025-0001", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\n\"No matter how much horilka I gave them, nothing would come out\" he states. In the meantime, Tereshko wanted to learn dumy very badly; something called out to his soul and I have not seen a bandurist who would listen with such interest to historic songs and dumy, like this Parkhomenko. And that drive to learn about the past did not end without results. He met up with various Ukrainian intellectuals, who as a result of his queries about dumy, purchased books and songbooks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0025-0002", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nHe chose a literate lead boy specifically in order to have him read out the texts of dumy and historic songs. \"I came to the conference not so much to be a participant, but more so to learn something\"\u2014he told me. Now he knows nine dumy, many historic songs (one of theme about Morozenko he will perform this evening). Taking the motives for his songs from the intelligentsia who can write and print, Terentiy does not step into the art form blindly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0025-0003", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nDespite using modes and scales which are not traditional, he adds to them his individuality, and returns them from forgotteness into live performance. He inserts into them a lost feeling, so that the song in this rendition does not have a bookish feeling. In such a manner in this bandurist we can observe that the intelligentsia has begun to return the borrowed treasures, and although it was not looked after very well, it was indeed saved for posterity. Let God grant Terentiy the fulfillment of his wishes\u2014the future is his.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0026-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nI will say a few words about the extinction of the kobzars. In the general public there exists a well-established thought that Ostap Veresai was the last of the Ukrainian Bandurists. This is an erroneous idea; the kobzars, are not dying out, and if they are, are doing so very, very slowly. I did not do a systematic inquire about live kobzars, but I do have the following statistics; in Kharkiv province in the Bohodukhiv and Akhtyrka region live 28 bandurists and 37 lirnyks. The Chernihiv bandurist stated, that he knows in the Sosnytsia region and in the surrounding areas 9 kobzars and 15 lirnyks, and such figures can indicate many things\u2014but do not indicate extinction in anyway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0027-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nFinally I would like to raise the matter about the persecution of the kobzars by local town and village administrators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0028-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nOnce upon a time one of the major concerns of the orthodox clergy was the \"persecution of lay singers of songs, the players of music, dancers and acrobats.\" In those times they were sure \"the husli would make sound \u2013 and just as bees are chased out by smoke - so are angels of God chased out by such music, and such cacophony makes the devil happy.\" Apart from this, they believed that music was one of the main problems in the country, and that \"it is worth incarcerating in the name of God and to punish such law breakers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0028-0001", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nIt is not unusual that the government mirroring the actions of the clerics \"attempted to destroy this accursed devil worship\". Even the \"quiet spoken\" Tsar Oleksiy Mykhailovych sent out a draconian proclamation \"to destroy the instruments of the skomorokhy, and to beat them with sticks without mercy\" and their innocent \"surmas, drums and domras are to be broken up to the last and to be thrown into the fire.\" But at that time everything was possible....", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0029-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nWhat can one think when even today, after many centuries they are \"beating musicians\" but this time not the skomorokhy, but the unfortunate blind Ukrainian bandurists. What can one think when they destroy their simple instruments? This is not a rhetorical formula: two years ago one of the bandurists came to me in tears. What had happened? A simple matter: his kobza was smashed against a post by some police officer and the unfortunate blindman had lost his last method of earning an income.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0029-0001", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nJust 30 years ago, the eminent Mr. Rusov at the meeting of the South-western section of the Imperial Russian Geographic Society stated, that this blindman was difficult to tell apart from a standard beggar, and no-one paid any attention to these words. It is easy to differentiate: A beggar can work but does not, but the blindman wants to work but cannot. Each of them apart from playing his instrument, tries to learn some sort of trade: one plies ropes, another weaves baskets a third makes nets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0029-0002", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nThe kobzar Mykhailo Kravchenko for example stated: \"When you wind those ropes for a month or two, twenty layers of skin peel off your fingers.\" Another of the bandurists present can ring church bells very well. Tears form in his eyes when he recounts how he once came slightly late to take up his position as the bell ringer in one of the churches in his village. \"Now there is a sighted person \u2013 he states \u2013 but a sighted person can find many other tasks to do.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0029-0003", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nIt is the true that he does not want to be pictured as being lazy. He wanders from house to house, adhering to those laws which apply to us all which no-one opposes. He needs only to feed his hunger. But maybe this fundamental need is a crime, as one of the blind kobzars O. Bar stated: \" Eh - what happens when one comes across one of those city dwellers, government officials, civil servants etc.!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0029-0004", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nHe'll tear the strings on your bandura, and he will threaten to smash your instrument, and if you argue with him - he'll box in your sides - just don't walk around.\" ...\" Where will I, your eminence, get that piece of daily bread? It is understood that no-one will bring it to me at my home?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0030-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\n\"Such it is, die, but do not wander round here, because it is forbidden.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0031-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nAnd this is not a rare occurrence, but unfortunately, a chronic one, which has been occurring for many tens of years. \"So we hide from them - says Kravchenko - as if we, let God forgive, are some sort of criminals or something. When we hear that one is coming or riding, you turn away in any direction, and often you may fall, just in order that this misfortune passes you by.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0031-0001", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nSo what sort of times have come: young Jews can walk around with barrel organs, and they are allowed, even those who are so loud that you can hear the noise through the whole neighborhood, but here we sing about God, we turn people away from sin - no that is not allowed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0032-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nA characteristic answer by the kobzar Mykhailo Kravchenko when he was asked before traveling to Saint Petersburg: \"Well Uncle Mykhailo, if you were able to sing in front of the Tsar like that biliny singer Riabinin - what would you say to him?\" To this the blindman answered - \"For me personally, I need nothing, and if the Lord God made it so that I would indeed have a chance to speak to his eminence the Tsar, I would ask that he allow my brothers to walk freely everywhere\". To such statements comments are superfluous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0033-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nHow to understand and clarify for oneself such persecution - I do not know, but I feel that no one else but men of science should turn their attention to it, because not only the bandurists have to put up with such persecution, but also science. Organizations are created for the collection of ethnographic materials, but what will they collect if, all these kobzars \" \"throw out from their heads\" all their song riches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0033-0001", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nMykhailo Kravchenko for example has already forgotten a number of dumy, not being able to expect any improvement of matters, he has prematurely uttered incantations to himself that have meant the premature death of himself and his music. But the bandurists themselves? Many of them have to starve, not only by themselves but with their families -because that unlucky kobza or lira which was the only breadwinner of many mouths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0034-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nBeaten by nature itself, and placed in a position in which it is impossible to fight for the elements of life - what do they think of the need for their art when their bandura is smashed against a post?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0034-0001", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nWe become angry when thickheaded sons of landowners shoot at crosses placed on kozak burial mounds; we get even more upset when we discover that some unsophisticated people are killing off some nice birds somewhere, we write books, read lectures - why do we not take to this matter, when the same thing is happening with live people .... a kobzar - this is the same good bird, feeding itself it does good for those around him - and to science, passing on good in their dumas and psalms. Let us look after and conserve these good singing birds!.... Let us expect that the XIIth Archeological conference will not leave their work just at a discussion, but will make inquiries to the higher administration. In such a manner each of the people present can help our Ukrainian kobzars with their kind words.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0035-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nSuch an open accusation to the government, spoken out with young hot-headedness and at such a large gathering of people in the conference hall, and in front of the governor and high police officials, was unheard of, and no-one could expect to know how this would end up, had not the concert of these above mentioned kobzars discussed by the orator started up immediately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0035-0001", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, Khotkevych's presentation\nThe concert was so unique and made such a huge impression on everyone, in particular those in high administration, that if anyone wanted to take up the matter against the daring free thinking orator, such ideas were neutralized by the concert. All that happened as a consequence was that such a \"free thinking\" paper was not included in the publication of the \"Conference papers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0036-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, The kobzar concert\nThe program of the concert was made up of two sections. In the first were historic pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0037-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, The kobzar concert\nWhen the first half of the concert ended, as Khotkevych wrote - \"you could not recognize the hall. You could not recognize the people who had filled the hall. All of them had delighted faces, all of them crowded around the blindmen, they shook their hands, noted down their addresses and invited then to visit as guests. The blind men themselves were excited no less: the powerful feeling of winning over the audience overfilled their hearts. For a moment they forgot that they were blind, they were filled with life. And it was pleasing to look at their re-animated joyous faces. These moments were truly unforgettable. \"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0038-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, The kobzar concert\nThe first subsection was made up of religious and moralistic songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0039-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, The kobzar concert\nPhoto: A kobzar trio - M. Kravchenko, T. Parkhomenko and P. Drevchenko'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0040-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, The kobzar concert\nThe second subsection consisted of ritual and traditional folk songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0041-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, The kobzar concert\nThe third subsection was the collection of various instruments into a musical ensemble, despite the unclear sound of the liras and the somewhat unblended voices. This produced such a round of open applause rarely is awarded even to the performance of the best symphonic orchestras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0042-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, The kobzar concert\nAnd the final section was made up of instrumental works:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0043-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, The Twelfth Congress, The kobzar concert\nThe concert ended but the audience did not leave the hall. It is difficult to describe the euphoria - impossible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0044-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, Aftermath\nA review of the concert appeared in the journal \"Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie\". \"The Great Hall of the Kharkiv Public Library, where the meeting took place, was full, despite the fact that entrance to the hall was extremely restricted. The kobzars and the lirnyks, these carriers of south-Russian songs, were met by loud applause of those in the hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0044-0001", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, Aftermath\nTheir artistic renditions of folk songs, about which the participants had only heard about, left such a huge impression, that the choir of the Society of Russian-Ukrainian artists directed by M. Sadowsky seemed to be quite poor in comparison to the original performance of the blind kobzars and lirnyks. The non-synthetic folk poesy, the singing of the bandurists and the soft, full of rich and textured harmony of the sounds of the bandura surpassed the performance by the professional artists and created a spark of love to folk poetry and to its carriers and people.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0045-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, Aftermath\nThe expectations set by Khotkevych in the organization of this event were met. The performance demonstrated the high value of kobzar art, and in the preceding speech had shown that for the performance of such songs and creations, the blind kobzars were being harassed by the police officials. This created an unusual paradox. As a result, the conference put forward a proposition to lobby the Imperial Ministry of Internal Affairs to give the kobzars and lirnyks protection, to give these last survivors of the carriers of these ancient songs the right to sing their songs without repercussions and harassment. This petition was forwarded by the Moscow chapter of the archeological society to the then minister of Internal Affairs - V. Pleve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0046-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, Aftermath\nBecause of the authority of the Archeological Conference the persecution of the kobzars ceased for a short period of time. The community began to be more interested in the kobzars and began to invite them to various conferences, exhibitions and private performances. As Khotkevych wrote - \"the preservation of kobzardom became a cause; it became clear to all, that the bandura would not die. This was accomplished by the XII Archeological Conference in Kharkiv \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0047-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, Aftermath\nA second important side of the work done by Khotkevych as a result of the conference lay in the professional preparation of performances by the various kobzars, and the organization of these performers into a kobzar ensemble. This demonstration showed that the bandura was an instrument with huge technical potential. The Bandura could be used not only as an instrument for the individual accompaniment of the voice, but also in an ensemble and orchestral setting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0047-0001", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, Aftermath\nThis meant that the bandura could now move from being played in the market places and the village and city streets and began its migration to the stage. Professional musical instrument makers began to gradually make improvements, and in its new incarnations was able to win over new audiences and fans, gradually moving towards an instrument that waIvan Kuchuhura Kucherenkos capable of general acclaim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0048-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, Aftermath\nAll this came about because of the XII Archeological Conference, although it may be fairer to say that all this is due to Hnat Khotkevych realized through the XII Archeological Conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009178-0049-0000", "contents": "12th Archeological Congress, Aftermath\nHnat Khotkevych had the desire to repeat the concert performances in a large concert tour of Ukraine. Unfortunately this was not possible, because his appeals to get permission from each of the governors of all the provinces in Ukraine resulted in blatant refusals. Even in Kharkiv he was unable to get permission to repeat the concert for the general public. This first kobzar concert was a nationally arousing experience and was not in the interests of the Imperial Tsarist administration. This became very evident in the governor's letter where he wrote: \"If it were to take place in Tambov (in the ethnographic centre of European Russia), I would allow the concert to take place, but here \u2013 no.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009179-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Arizona State Legislature\nThe 12th Arizona State Legislature, consisting of the Arizona State Senate and the Arizona House of Representatives, was constituted from January 1, 1935 to December 31, 1936, during Benjamin Baker Moeur's second term as Governor of Arizona, in Phoenix. The number of senators remained constant, while the number of representatives in the house decreased from 63 to 51. The Republicans broke the Democrats complete domination in the senate, managing to obtain a single seat, that of Apache County, however the house was entirely in Democratic hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009179-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Arizona State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the Non regular session at the State Capitol in Phoenix on January 14, 1935; and adjourned on March 21. There was a special session which ran from November 5\u201324, 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009179-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Arizona State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009179-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Arizona State Legislature, House of Representatives, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. The House shrank by twelve seats from the 11th Legislature: 4 in Maricopa County, 2 each in Cochise and Gila counties, and 1 each in Greenlee, Pima, Yavapai and Yuma counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009180-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Arizona Territorial Legislature\nThe 12th Arizona Territorial Legislative Assembly was a session of the Arizona Territorial Legislature which convened on January 8, 1883, in Prescott, Arizona Territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009180-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nLawlessness was rampant across sections of the territory. While the Apache Wars were largely over, \"cowboy\" troubles in and around Cochise county had resulted in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and Arizona War. Added to this issue was banditry along the Mexican border and sporadic Indian uprisings. As a result of these and other issues, President Chester A. Arthur had accepted John C. Fr\u00e9mont's resignation and appointed Frederick Augustus Tritle as Governor of Arizona Territory. To deal with the outlaws, Tritle had requested permission to create a group of Arizona Rangers, modeled upon the Texas Rangers, but been denied authorization from the U.S. Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009180-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nThe other big issue of the day was progress on bringing the railroads to the territory. The Southern Pacific Railroad had completed building across the southern portion of Arizona while the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad was preparing to build across the northern part of the territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009180-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nGovernor Frederick Augustus Tritle gave his address to the session at 7:30 pm on January 9, 1883. In regards to the criminal activity in the southern sections of the territory he said, \"The recent feuds in Cochise County make it incumbent upon, not only officials, but all good citizens as well, to take such positive measures as will speedily rid this section of that murderous, thieving element which has made up a reproach before the world, as so seriously retarded the industry and progress of our country.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009180-0003-0001", "contents": "12th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nMuch of the speech emphasized Arizona's future opportunities and sought ways to develop the territory's natural resources. The governor highlighted the facts that mine production was increasing, transportation infrastructure improving, and an ample supply of timber was available to harvest. To insure adequate future supplies, Tritle  asked for restrictions on the export of timber from Arizona. To ensure needed access to water, the governor requested federal funds for construction of artesian wells. He also asked for a survey of mineral springs in the hope that some would be found to have therapeutic value. In other matters, Tritle called for recreation of the territorial attorney general position, revision of voter registration laws, and reapportionment of the territorial legislature. Finally, to end the need of sending mentally ill residents to California, the governor called for building a territorial insane asylum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 1009]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009180-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nUpon the advice of Governor Tritle, the session issued a memorandum thanking President Chester A. Arthur for his assistance dealing with lawless elements in and around Cochise County. They then prohibited carrying a deadly weapon within town boundaries in Apache and Graham counties. The position of territorial attorney general was recreated during the session. Meanwhile, Maricopa and Graham counties were given permission to each build a jail and courthouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009180-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nDealing with the territory's organization, the section of Yavapai County north of the Colorado River and west of Kanab Creek was transferred to Mohave County. The territorial capital, Prescott, was incorporated. The seat of Graham County was moved to Solomonville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009180-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nIn other matters, the territorial bullion tax was repealed. Before session all members of the legislature who had expressed an opinion had opposed its repeal. Despite this the legislation made it through both houses without trouble. Finally, the session authorized a US$500 prize for the person who could produce, in 1883, the largest cotton yield on a 5 acres (2.0\u00a0ha) parcel with a stipulation that a minimum yield of 200 pounds (91\u00a0kg) per acre was required for the prize. The prize was claimed by Felix G. Hardwick of Tempe who had produced 3,390 pounds (1,540\u00a0kg) of cotton on his 5-acre plot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009181-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment\nThe 12th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (1864\u20131865) was a Confederate Army cavalry regiment during the American Civil War. The unit was first organized as the 2nd Battalion, Arkansas State Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009181-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment, Organization\n12th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment was originally organized as a group of Volunteer Companies raised from the militia regiments of southern Arkansas, immediately following the fall of Little Rock, Arkansas, to Union forces in September 1863. Governor Harris Flanagin began organizing a new force of state troops issuing a proclamation on August 10, 1863, just a month before the capitol fell, announcing that he had been authorized to raise new regiments of state troops and that by special agreement these new units could not be transferred out of the state by Confederate authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009181-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment, Organization\nAfter the fall of Little Rock, recruiting was far more difficult than it had been in the first years of the war. The constant transfer of Arkansas troops into the eastern theater of the war, across the Mississippi River from their homes, was a major objection by the remaining population of men eligible for military service. With Federal forces now occupying the state capitol, the Confederate state government had no way of enforcing conscription laws in the counties behind the Union lines, except during raids by Generals Sterling Price and Joseph O. Shelby in 1864. The remaining Confederate regiments were plagued by desertions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009181-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment, Organization\nOn September 16, 1863, in the immediate aftermath of the fall of the state capitol, Governor Flanagin issued General Order No. 6 from Arkadelphia, which called into service the militia regiments of the counties of Clark, Hempstead, Sevier, Pike, Polk, Montgomery, La Fayette, Ouachita, Union, and Columbia in order to resist the Federal army. The Governor's order directed the regiments to march to Arkadelphia, Arkansas, at the earliest possible day. Companies were to be mounted and commanders were to compel persons evading the call to come to the rendezvous. The intent was to form companies of twelve-month mounted volunteers. Only six physicians, one druggist, millers to supply the wants of the country, clerks, sheriffs, postmasters, and persons in the employ of the Confederate States were exempted from the order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009181-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment, Organization\nIn describing this call in a letter to General Theophilus H. Holmes dated October 18, 1863, from Washington, Arkansas, the new Confederate state capitol, Flanagin stated that he issued the order calling out the militia, as an experiment, expecting to get volunteers. The order succeeded so well as to get companies organized in the counties where the call for the militia was enforced which resulted in seven companies being collected under the call. Flanagin also stated that \"the troops raised by the State are more than double all the troops raised by volunteering, or by the conscript law, within the past few months\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009181-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment, Organization, 2nd Battalion, Arkansas State Troops\nJohn Crowell Wright, lieutenant colonel of the 26th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, resigned from that regiment to take command of a newly organized battalion of cavalry. On December 17, 1863, the 2nd Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, was organized with seven companies from southern Arkansas. There is one extant muster roll for the Field and Staff, covering the period January 1 to February 29, 1864, when the regiment was stationed at Cut Off, Drew County, Arkansas. The other regimental officers were Lieutenant Colonel James W. Bowie, Major George M. Wright, Surgeon John H. Saunders, Assistant Quartermaster Algernon S. Crute and Sergeant-Major Howell Johnson. The unit was composed of the following volunteer companies raised from southern Arkansas:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009181-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment, Organization, 2nd Battalion, Arkansas State Troops\nThere is one extant muster roll for each company covering the period January 1\u2013February 29, 1864, when the regiment was stationed at Cut Off, Drew County, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009181-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment, Organization, 12th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment\nBy mid-January, 1864, three additional companies had been attached to Wright's battalion, and, on February 15, 1864, the battalion was officially enrolled in Confederate service as the 12th (Wright's) Regiment Arkansas Cavalry. The regiment was assigned to Colonel William A. Crawford's Brigade of Brigadier-General James F. Fagan's Cavalry Division in Major-General Price's Cavalry Corps of the Confederate Army of the Trans-Mississippi Department. The other units assigned to the brigade were the 1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Crawford's), Poe's Arkansas Cavalry Battalion and McMurtrey's Arkansas Cavalry Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009181-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment, History\nWright's Cavalry was engaged in the battles associated with the Camden Expedition in the spring of 1864, particularly in the actions at Poison Spring and Marks' Mills. The regiment took part in Price's Raid in Missouri during the fall of 1864. During this operation, it engaged in the following battles:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009181-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment, Surrender\nReturning to southwestern Arkansas in November, 1864, following Price's Raid, the regiment served in that area until the end of the war. The 12th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment was included in the general surrender of Confederate forces in the Trans-Mississippi Department on May 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th Arkansas Infantry (1861\u20131865) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. The regiment spent much of its service defending Confederate strong points along the Mississippi River. The unit participated in the defense of Island No. 10 in early 1862 and later became part of the garrison of Port Hudson in 1863. Following the capitulation of the garrison of Port Hudson, the survivors of the 12th were eventually paroled and exchanged back to Arkansas where the regiment was consolidated with the remnants of several other Arkansas regiments to become the 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\n12th Infantry Regiment was organized July 27, 1861, by Edward. W. Gantt. Many of the men were recruited in Dallas County. Gantt had been a close political ally Congressman Thomas Hindman and s staunch supporter of secession before the war. He was elected to Congress in 1860 but never took his seat due to secession. The original regimental officers were:.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe unit was composed of volunteer companies from the following counties:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 12th Arkansas served in the Western Department, and later at Beall's Brigade, Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana. The regiment had the unfortunate distinction of being captured in two engagements: Battle of Island Number Ten, and the Siege of Port Hudson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Island Number Ten\nAfter serving in the garrison at Columbus Kentucky, the regiment moved to New Madrid, Missouri. Island Number Ten was a strategic location with an island at the base of a tight double turn in the course of the Mississippi river, near the town of New Madrid, Missouri. The 12th Arkansas, brigaded together with the 11th Arkansas Infantry, under the command of Colonel Gantt, originally acted as the garrison for Fort Thompson, one of two forts that guarded New Madrid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0004-0001", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Island Number Ten\nDue to his role as a brigade commander, On December 7, 1861, General Leonidas Polk nominated Gantt to become a Brigadier General, but he was never confirmed at that rank by the Confederate Congress. Union forces began a siege in March 1862, shortly after the Confederate Army abandoned their position at Columbus, Kentucky. The Union Army of the Mississippi under Brigadier General John Pope, made the first probes, coming overland through Missouri and occupying the town of Point Pleasant, Missouri, almost directly west of the island and south of New Madrid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0004-0002", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Island Number Ten\nPope's army then moved north and soon brought siege guns to bear on New Madrid. The Confederate commander, Brig. Gen. John P. McCown, decided to evacuate the town after only one day of heavy bombardment, moving most of his troops to Island No. 10, abandoning his heavy artillery and most of his supplies. Gantt's Brigade now included the 11th and 12 Arkansas Infantry Regiments, the 4th Arkansas Infantry Battalion, may of whom were manning guns on Island No. 10. and the 55th Tennessee Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0004-0003", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Island Number Ten\nTwo days after the fall of New Madrid, Union gunboats and mortar rafts sailed downstream to attack Island Number Ten. Over the next three weeks, the island's defenders and forces in the nearby supporting batteries were subjected to a steady bombardment by the flotilla, mostly carried out by the mortars. At the same time, the Union forces at New Madrid were digging a canal across the neck of land east of the town to bypass Island No. 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0004-0004", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Island Number Ten\nSeveral transports were sent to the Army of the Mississippi when the canal was finished, which provided the army with a way to cross the river and attack the Confederate troops on the Tennessee side. Pope persuaded Flag Officer Andrew Hull Foote to send a gunboat past the batteries, to assist him in crossing the river by keeping off any Southern gunboats and suppressing Confederate artillery fire at the point of attack. The USS Carondelet, under Commander Henry Walke, slipped past the island on the night of April 4, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0004-0005", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Island Number Ten\nThis was followed by the USS Pittsburg, under Lieutenant Egbert Thompson two nights later. With the support of these two gunboats, Pope was able to move his army across the river and trap the Confederates opposite the island, who by now were trying to retreat. Outnumbered at least three to one, the Confederates realized their situation was hopeless and decided to surrender. The bulk of the 12th Arkansas was captured at Island Number Ten and sent to prisoner of war camps with the other captured regiments from that post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0004-0006", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Island Number Ten\nAt the prison camps, they joined with those regiments previously captured at Ft Donelson. As was the case with other regiments, there were escapees from the surrender of Island Number Ten, including those in hospital or on detached duty, etc. The members of the 12th Arkansas who avoided capture at Island Number Ten were consolidated into two companies assigned on June 16, 1862, as second companies D and F of the 6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment. These two companies from the 12th Arkansas, accompanied the 6th Arkansas on Bragg's Kentucky campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0004-0007", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Island Number Ten\nThe two companies that accompanied the 6th Arkansas on the Kentucky Campaign were unable to rejoin the exchanged regiment until about December 1862: Still other escapees of the 12th Arkansas were consolidated with the 14th and 23rd Arkansas regiments on September 10, 1862, at Saltillo, MS, to form the 12th/14th/23rd Arkansas consolidated regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Island Number Ten\nPrisoners of the 12th Arkansas were delivered to Vicksburg, Mississippi, on or about September 16, and/or September 23, 1862. The regiment was then reorganized by the election of new officers on October 2, 1862, at Jackson, Mississippi. The 12th Arkansas was officially \"exchanged\" on November 10, 1862. Because Col. Gantt was confined as a prisoner at Fort Warren, when the 12th Arkansas was exchanged and reorganized at Jackson, T. J. Reid Jr, was elect to the Colonelcy. The other regimental officers elected at the reorganization were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Island Number Ten\nAfter the surrender of Island Number Ten, many of the soldiers refused to return to the command. A number of soldier returned to Arkansas and were caught up in Major General Thomas Hindman's aggressive recruiting and conscription efforts in the summer if 1862 and were enlisted into the newly formed 33rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment. There were too few men to bring the regiment up to effective strength, so the officers were granted leave to return to Arkansas to recruit replacements, while the enlisted men were temporarily attached to the 11th Arkansas under the command of Colonel Logan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0006-0001", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Island Number Ten\nWhen the officers returned to the regiment, the added recruits brought its strength up to approximately 500 men in the ranks. Colonel Gantt remained imprisoned until where he stayed until his negotiated release in August 1862. He then returned to south Arkansas and awaited the offer of a new command, but this offer never came. Apparently Gantt had been criticized for drinking and flirting with officers wives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0006-0002", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Island Number Ten\nAfter waiting for more than a year for the offer of a new commission in the Confederate Army, Gantt, surrendered himself to General Grant at Vicksburg and quickly became a force in the move to organize a new loyal, pro Union Government in Arkansas. Following the war, during Reconstruction, he would become general superintendent of the Southwest District of Arkansas of the Freedmen's Bureau, a federal agency created at the end of the war to help former slaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Port Hudson\nThe reorganized regiment underwent several field consolidations during the months following its exchanged and was eventually incorporated the garrison of Port Hudson, on the Mississippi river. The regiment, once it regained sufficient strength to operate independently, became a part of Brig. Genl. William Beall's Center Brigade in the Port Hudson entrenchments. The regiment endured forty-eight day siege, and was surrendered to General Nathaniel P. Banks on July 9, 1863. Following the capitulation of Port Hudson, the enlisted men were paroled, but the officers were sent to Johnson's Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Camden Expedition, Red River Campaign\nThere are few records of the 12th Arkansas after the fall of Port Hudson. After being paroled, the enlisted personnel of the 12th Arkansas made their way to parole camps near Camden in south Arkansas and were eventually declared exchanged. They served as mounted infantry as a part of Colonel Thomas Pleasant Dockery's Brigade during the Camden Expedition in the Spring of 1864. As part of Dockery's Brigade, remnants of the regiment saw action at the Battles of Prairie D'Ane, Marks' Mills, and Jenkins Ferry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 79], "content_span": [80, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Final year of the war\nIn the summer of 1864, the survivors of the 12th Arkansas were consolidated with the remains of several other regiments surrendered at Port Hudson or at the Siege of Vicksburg and formed into the 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment. T. J. Reid Jr, originally from the 12th Arkansas, became the Colonel of the new consolidated regiment. The consolidated regiment was assigned along with the 1st and 3rd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiments to the 2nd (McNair's) Arkansas Brigade, 1st (Churchill's) Arkansas Division, 2nd Corps, Trans-Mississippi Department, from September 1864 to May 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Final year of the war\nOn 22 January 1865, Major General Churchill was ordered to move his division to Minden, Louisiana, and occupy winter quarters. Union commanders in the Department of the Gulf reported on March 20, 1865, that General McNair's brigade was located at Minden, Louisiana, with the rest of Churchill's Division. In early April 1865, the division concentrated near Shreveport Louisiana, and then moved to Marshall Texas by mid April 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009182-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Surrender\nThe 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry was surrendered with the Department of the Trans-Mississippi, General Kirby Smith commanding, May 26, 1865. When the Trans-Mississippi Department surrendered, most of the Arkansas infantry regiments were encamped in and around Marshall, Texas (war-ravaged Arkansas no longer being able to subsist the army). The regiments were ordered to report to Shreveport, Louisiana, to be paroled. Virtually none of them did so. Some soldiers went to Shreveport on their own to be paroled, but for the most part, the regiments simply disbanded without formally surrendering. A company or two managed to keep together until they got home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009183-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe 12th Tank Division (Chinese: \u5766\u514b\u7b2c12\u5e08) was formed on October 12, 1969, from 12th Independent Tank Regiment, 264th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment of Academy of Armored Troops and 2nd Tank School Training Regiment. After its formation the division was soon moved to Jiuquan and Jiayuguan City in Gansu province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009183-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn the early 1970s, the division maintained as a reduced tank division, which consisted of 3 under-equipped tank regiments, under the command of the 19th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009183-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nSince May 1975 the division was put under the direct command of the Lanzhou Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009183-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nSince 1978 the division maintained as a tank division, catalogue B. In December, 46th Tank Regiment exchanged its designation and positions with Tank Regiment, 19th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009183-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn July 1983 the Artillery Regiment and the Armored Infantry Regiment were activated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009183-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nSince September 1985, the division was attached to the 21st Army. Its Armored Regiment absorbed the 419th Regiment of the 140th Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009183-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1998, the division was renamed the 12th Armored Division (Chinese: \u88c5\u7532\u7b2c12\u5e08). Armored Infantry Regiment was disbanded and absorbed into now armored regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009183-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn late 2011 the division was split into two: the division itself became 12th Armored Brigade (Chinese: \u88c5\u7532\u7b2c12\u65c5), while half of its battalions formed the 62nd Mechanized Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009183-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 2017 the brigade was reorganized as the 12th Heavy Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: \u91cd\u578b\u5408\u6210\u7b2c12\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States)\nThe 12th Armored Division was an armored division of the United States Army in World War II. It fought in the European Theater of Operations in France, Germany and Austria, between November 1944 and May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States)\nThe German Army called the 12th Armored Division the \"Suicide Division\" for its fierce defensive actions during Operation Nordwind in France, and they were nicknamed the \"Mystery Division\" when they were temporarily transferred to the command of the Third Army under General George S. Patton Jr., to cross the Rhine River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States)\nThe 12th Armored Division was one of only ten U.S. divisions (and only one of two U.S. armored divisions) during World War II that had African-American combat companies integrated into the division. One of the African American soldiers, Staff Sergeant Edward A. Carter Jr. was awarded The Distinguished Service Cross for gallantry in combat during World War II, and was later awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History\nThe 12th Armored Division was activated on 15 September 1942. Organization and initial training was at Camp Campbell, Kentucky, and continued at Camp Barkeley in Abilene, Texas. The division consisted of approximately 11,000 soldiers, and was composed of tank, field artillery, motorized infantry battalions and other support units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History\nIn early 1943 the division adopted the nickname \"The Hellcats\", symbolizing its toughness and readiness for combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History\nWhile at Camp Barkeley, the 44th Tank Battalion was sent to the Pacific Theater of Operations on a special mission and later distinguished itself as the first unit to enter Manila. The 44th was replaced by the 714th Tank Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History\nWalt Disney himself designed a logo for the 714th Tank Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, Origin of Combat Units\nThe 12th was originally organized as a heavy armored division with two armored regiments, the 43rd and 44th, and one armored infantry regiment, the 56th Armored Infantry Regiment. In 1943, it was reorganized from a heavy division to a light division as part of a general streamlining of all armored divisions, except the 2nd Armored Division and the 3rd Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, Origin of Combat Units, Tank Battalions\nThe original 43rd and 44th Armored Regiments assigned to the 12th AD were re-designated to become the 23rd, 43rd, 44th, 714th and 779th Tank Battalions during the reorganization the 12th Armored Division underwent while at the Tennessee Maneuver Area in Watertown, Tennessee, in November 1943. The 714th Tank Battalion was sent to Fort Jackson, SC and the 779th Tank Battalion went to Fort Knox, KY as separate tank battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0008-0001", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, Origin of Combat Units, Tank Battalions\nThe 44th Tank Battalion was detached from the 12th AD and sent to the Pacific Theater of Operations, where it distinguished itself as the first tank battalion to enter the city of Manila and liberated American and Allied civilian prisoners interred in the Santo Tomas Internment Camp. It was replaced by the 714th Tank Battalion, which rejoined the 12th AD in November 1943. The 779th Tank Battalion was sent to the Philippines late in the war, but did not see any combat action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, Origin of Combat Units, Armored Infantry Battalions\nThe 56th Armored Infantry Regiment (AIR) traced its historical origin back to the 17th Infantry Regiment of Maj. Gen. George Sykes' 2nd Division of the 5th Army Corps, of the Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War. During World War I, soldiers from the reconstituted 17th Infantry Regiment were used to form the 56th Infantry Regiment on 15 May 1917, which was involved in the battle around Metz in Alsace-Lorraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 99], "content_span": [100, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0009-0001", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, Origin of Combat Units, Armored Infantry Battalions\nIronically, when reconstituted as the 56th Armored Infantry Battalion during World War II, they were back in Alsace-Lorraine, fighting with the 12th Armored Division to liberate the same region of France from Nazi occupation in 1944-1945. On 7 July 1942, the unit was reconstituted as the 56th Armored Infantry Regiment and assigned to the 12th Armored Division, which was activated as a division at Camp Campbell, KY on 15 September 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 99], "content_span": [100, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0009-0002", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, Origin of Combat Units, Armored Infantry Battalions\nOn 11 November 1943 while at Watertown, Tennessee, the 12th Armored Division was reorganized and the 56th Armored Infantry Regiment was reorganized to form the 17th, 56th and 66th Armored Infantry Battalions (AIB). The 1st Battalion of the 56th AIR became the 66th AIB and the 2nd Battalion of the 56th AIR became the 17th AIB of the 12th Armored Division. The 3rd Battalion of the 56th AIR became the 56th AIB. Companies G, H and I of the 56th AIR became Companies A, B and C of the 56th AIB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 99], "content_span": [100, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat chronicle\nAfter completing training the division left Abilene and departed from Camp Shanks, New York, for the European Theater of Operations on 20 September 1944. It landed at Liverpool, England on 2 October 1944. While awaiting replacement armor which had been borrowed by the U.S. Third Army, the 12th was sent to Tidworth Barracks in Wiltshire, UK. It crossed the English Channel from Southampton, arrived at Le Havre, France, on 11 November 1944 and then traveled up the Seine River to Rouen to join the Seventh Army under Lieutenant General Alexander Patch. Advance elements met the enemy near Weisslingen in Alsace on 5 December, and the entire division moved against the Maginot Line fortifications two days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat chronicle\nIn its advance, Rohrbach-l\u00e8s-Bitche and towns surrounding Bettviller were liberated by 12 December 1944, and Utweiler, Germany was seized on 21 December. After a short period of rehabilitation and maintenance, the 12th rolled against the Rhine bridgehead at Herrlisheim that the Germans had established as part of their Operation Nordwind offensive. In order to seal the Battle of the Bulge, units of the Seventh Army were diverted north to assist the Third Army in capturing Bastogne. Due to this, the remainder of the Seventh Army, including the 12th Armored Division, was stretched thin holding a 126 miles (203\u00a0km) long front line with only eight divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat chronicle\nGerman defenders repulsed two division attacks in the most violent fighting in the history of the division, during 8 to 10 January and 16 to 17 January 1945. The division's attacks at Herrlisheim failed to use combined-arms tactics and were defeated in detail, resulting in two tank and two armored infantry battalions taking heavy losses. Poor tactics were compounded by terrain that was almost tabletop-flat, offering the German defenders excellent fields of fire. However, enemy counterattacks failed also, in part because of the firm leadership of the commander of Combat Command B, Colonel Charles Bromley, who declared his headquarters expendable and ordered all personnel in the headquarters to prepare a hasty defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat chronicle\nThe division was subsequently relieved by the U.S. 36th Infantry Division. The 12th Armored Division suffered over 1,700 battle casualties during the fighting in and around Herrlisheim. As a consequence, when African-American soldiers who were in non-combat positions were able to volunteer to become combat troops, Major General Roderick R. Allen was one of only ten division commanders who allowed them to join the combat ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0013-0001", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat chronicle\nAfter recovering from the bruising experience at Herrlisheim, the 12th went over to the offensive and attacked south from Colmar, after being assigned to the French First Army under General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny. In a lightning drive, the 12th effected junction with French forces at Rouffach, on 5 February, sealing the Colmar Pocket and ending German resistance in the Vosges Mountains. Except for elements acting as a protective screen, the division withdrew to the St. Avold area for rest and rehabilitation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0013-0002", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat chronicle\nThe division was attached to the Third Army under General George S. Patton Jr., on 17 March 1945 through its crossing of the Rhine on 28 March. The soldiers were ordered to remove their identifying unit insignias and vehicle markings were painted over, disguising the fact that Patton had an additional tank division under his command. Thus the 12th was given the nickname the \"Mystery Division\". The attack resumed on 18 March 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat chronicle\nIn a quick drive to the Rhine, Ludwigshafen fell on 21 March, and two other important river cities, Speyer and Germersheim, were secured on 24 March, clearing the Saar Palatinate. Maintaining the rapid pace, the 12th crossed the Rhine River at Worms on 28 March over pontoon bridges, advanced toward W\u00fcrzburg, and captured that city along with elements of the famed 42nd Infantry Division (United States). After assisting in the seizure of Schweinfurt, the division continued toward Nuremberg on 13 April, taking Neustadt, then shifted south toward Munich on 17 April. Elements of the 12th raced from Dinkelsb\u00fchl to the Danube, where they found the bridge at Lauingen had been blown. Moving quickly they captured the bridge at Dillingen intact before demolition men could destroy it. This bridge provided a vital artery for Allied troops flooding into southern Bavaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 948]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat chronicle\nThe division spearheaded the Seventh Army drive, securing Landsberg, on 27 April and clearing the area between the Ammer and W\u00fcrm Lakes by 30 April. The 12th Armored Division is recognized as a liberating unit of the Landsberg concentration camps near the Landsberg Prison, sub-camps of Dachau concentration camp on 27 April 1945. On 29 April 1945, the 12th AD liberated Oflag VII-A Murnau, a German Army POW camp for Polish Army officers interned north of the Bavarian town of Murnau am Staffelsee during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0016-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat chronicle\nElements crossed the Inn River and the Austrian border at Kufstein on 3 May. The 12th Armored Division was relieved by the 36th Infantry Division on 4 May. On 5 May, Lieutenant (later Captain) John C. Lee Jr., Co. B, 23rd Tank Battalion, organized the rescue of VIP French prisoners from an Alpine castle in Bavaria during the Battle for Castle Itter. Under Lee's command were members of the German Wehrmacht, who combined forces with 2 tanks from the 12th to fight the SS Commander and soldiers guarding the prisoners. For leading the successful rescue of these prisoners, Lee was promoted to captain and awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0017-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat chronicle\nThe 12th Armored Division engaged in security duty around Ulm until 22 November 1945, when it left Marseille, France, for home. Some members of the 12th attended the US Army University, in either Biarritz, France or Shrivenham, England during this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0018-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat chronicle\nIt was deactivated on 3 December 1945, and on 17 December 1945, its battle flags were turned in at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0019-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, POWs captured\nDuring its deployment the 12th Armored Division captured 72,243 enemy prisoners of war. Among them were Adolf Eichmann and Wernher von Braun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 75], "content_span": [76, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0020-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, POWs captured\nNearly 8,500 Allied POWs, including 1,500 Americans, and an additional 20,000 non-military prisoners, were liberated by the 12th AD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 75], "content_span": [76, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0021-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Casualties\nTotal 12th Armored Division complement: 10,937 at end of 1944;17,000 assigned to the division between activation and deactivation", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0022-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Assignments of the 12th AD to Higher Commands\nDate \tAssigned to Corps \tAssigned to Army \tAttached to Army \tAssigned to Army Group \tAttached to Army Group", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 107], "content_span": [108, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0023-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, Memorials Recognizing the 12th Armored Division\nMonument at the top of Mont de Sigolsheim honors the American soldiers who fought for the liberation of Alsace at the site of the Battle of Sigolsheim in Dec. 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0024-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, Memorials Recognizing the 12th Armored Division\nIn Appreciation (by the people of) Alsace to the 1st French Army of the Rhine and Danube and their American Comrades (who) liberated Alsace 1944-1945. The U.S. 21st Army Corps, U.S. 12th Armored Division, the U.S. 3rd, 28th, 75th, 36th, 45th, 63rd, 103rd Infantry Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0025-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, Memorials Recognizing the 12th Armored Division\nThe insignias of the U.S. Divisions that fought in Alsace are emblazoned on the Sigolsheim monument: the U.S. 21st Army Corps, U.S. 12th Armored Division (bottom row, 2nd from left), the U.S. 3rd, 28th, 75th, 36th, 45th, 63rd, 103rd Infantry Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0026-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, Memorials Recognizing the 12th Armored Division\nPlace Colonel Meigs is located in Rohrbach, France near where Lt. Col. Montgomery C. Meigs died while commanding the 23rd Tank Bn, 12th AD. He was posthumously awarded the Silver Star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0027-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, Memorials Recognizing the 12th Armored Division\nGrave marker of Lt. Col Meigs, commander of the 23rd Tank Bn., 12th AD, Lorraine American Cemetery, Saint-Avold, Departement de la Moselle, Lorraine, France. Photo courtesy of Command Sergeant Major Dwight \"Andy\" Anderson (ret), American Battle Monuments Commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0028-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), History, Memorials Recognizing the 12th Armored Division\nPlaque on the 50th Anniversary of World War II Memorial, Herrlisheim, France", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0029-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), 12th Armored Division Association\nThe 12th Armored Division Association was founded on 15 September 1945 at Heidenheim, Germany, on the occasion of the third anniversary of the division's activation. Website:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0030-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), 12th Armored Division Association, The Hellcat News (newspaper)\nThe Hellcat News, the newspaper of the 12th Armored Division, was first published in 1942 as an information sheet. Initial publication was part of the public relations duties of the Special Services unit of the 12th Armored Division while the division trained at Camp (later Fort) Campbell, Kentucky. In 1943, after the division was transferred to Camp Barkeley in Abilene, Texas, the division commander, Major General Carlos Brewer, assigned three men to Special Services to continue the newspaper. The first official issue of the newspaper was published at Camp Campbell, Kentucky, although the byline reads \"Somewhere in Tennessee\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 102], "content_span": [103, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0030-0001", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), 12th Armored Division Association, The Hellcat News (newspaper)\nThis was because Camp Campbell was in the Tennessee Maneuver Area located on the Kentucky-Tennessee border between Hopkinsville, Kentucky, and Clarksville, Tennessee. Due to its close proximity to Clarksville, Tennessee, the War Department on 6 March 1942, designated Tennessee as the official address of the new camp. This caused a great deal of confusion, since the Headquarters was in Tennessee and the post office was in Kentucky. After many months of mail delivery problems, Colonel Guy W. Chipman requested that the address be changed to Camp Campbell, Kentucky. The U.S. War Department officially changed the address on 23 September 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 102], "content_span": [103, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0031-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), 12th Armored Division Association, The Hellcat News (newspaper)\nThe newspaper continued to be published by the division Special Services after transfer of the division to Camp Barkeley in Abilene, Texas, from February 1944 through the final issue published in the U.S during the war on 10 August 1944 (Vol. 2, No. 26), when the entire division was shipped to Europe to join the 7th Army in France. Publication resumed with Volume 3, Issue 1 on 18 May 1945, in Heidenheim, Germany, following cessation of combat operations in the ETO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 102], "content_span": [103, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0031-0001", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), 12th Armored Division Association, The Hellcat News (newspaper)\nThe Special Services of the division published the first issues in Europe on a weekly basis when conditions permitted, until the deactivation of the division in 1946. The Hellcat News is one of two U.S. military newspapers that has been continuously published since World War 2, the other being the older \"Stars and \"Stripes\", which began publication on 9 November 1861 in Bloomfield, Missouri. The \"Hellcat News\" is the oldest U.S. Armed Forces divisional newspaper still being published since World War 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 102], "content_span": [103, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0032-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), 12th Armored Division Association, The Hellcat News (newspaper), Content\nWartime publications contained division news stories, cartoons and photographs. The later editions of the 12th Armored Association contain information about former members of the division, organizational news including information about the yearly reunion, original cartoons, and photographs both from the war years and afterwards. A series relating the history of the division is also recounted in the newspaper. In addition, the president of the association and the secretary included messages of interest in most issues. These messages contain information about the division's Medal of Honor recipient, Staff Sergeant Edward A. Carter Jr. The Hellcat News is published by the 12th Armored Division Association. Archived copies of the Hellcat News from the first issue in 1943 through 2012 are available online through the West Texas Digital Archive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 111], "content_span": [112, 964]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0033-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), 12th Armored Division Memorial Museum\nIn October 2001 the 12th Armored Division Memorial Museum opened its doors to the public in Abilene, Texas, with the stated mission to serve as a display and teaching museum for the study of World War II and its impact on the American people. \"The Twelfth Armored Division Memorial Museum is located in Abilene, Texas, near (9 miles south of) the site of the former Camp Barkeley where the Division trained prior to being sent overseas into the European Theater of Operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0033-0001", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), 12th Armored Division Memorial Museum\nThe Museum holds collections of the 12th Armored Division, World War II archives, memorabilia, and oral histories, along with selected equipment and material loaned or donated by others. The education plan focuses on expanding academic access to World War II historical materials, veterans, and their families; preserving the history of the 12th Armored Division for study, research, and investigations by future generations; providing training in public history professions, developing new education programs for students and establishing a technology bridge between the 12th Armored Division Historical Collection and the public.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0034-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), 12th Armored Division Memorial Museum\nAs part of an ongoing venture to become a larger part of the West Texas community and the greater Abilene area, 12th Armored Division Memorial Museum has partnered with the West Texas Digital Archives, providing access to copies of the \"Hellcat News\" from first edition to 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009184-0035-0000", "contents": "12th Armored Division (United States), 12th Armored Division Memorial Museum\nThis Website (\"Humans of the 12th Armored\") Accesses the Texas Archives from the Roster of the Veterans from the 12th Armored Museum Website:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009185-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team (United Kingdom)\nThe 12th Armoured Brigade Combat team, formerly the 12th Armoured Infantry Brigade, is a regular brigade of the British Army which has been in almost continuous existence since 1899 and now forms part of 3rd (United Kingdom) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009185-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team (United Kingdom), History, Second Boer War\nThe brigade was first formed in December 1899 as 12th Infantry Brigade and saw action at the Battle of Rensburg, Battle of Norval's Point, Battle of Biddulph's Berg and Battle of Slabbert's Nek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 76], "content_span": [77, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009185-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nDuring the First World War, the 12th Brigade, a regular army formation, was assigned to the 4th Infantry Division. It was dispatched to France, crossing the English Channel on 22 August 1914, as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and saw action in the First Battle of the Marne beginning in September 1914. It then spent much of the rest of the conflict engaged in trench warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 76], "content_span": [77, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009185-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team (United Kingdom), History, First World War, Order of battle\nThe 12th Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 93], "content_span": [94, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009185-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team (United Kingdom), History, First World War, Order of battle\nFrom early November 1915 until February 1916 the 12th Brigade was swapped with the 107th (Ulster) Brigade of the 36th (Ulster) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 93], "content_span": [94, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009185-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nDuring the Second World War, except for a few brief periods of detachment, the brigade formed part of the 4th Infantry Division, as in the First World War. It was part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and took part in Battle of France and the subsequent Dunkirk evacuation in May\u2013June 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 77], "content_span": [78, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009185-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nThe brigade remained in the United Kingdom for the next two years, preparing and training to repel Operation Sea Lion, the German invasion of England, although that never arrived. It moved to North Africa in February 1943 to take part in the later stages of the Tunisian Campaign and saw action at the Battle of Oved Zara, the Battle of Medjez Plain and the Battle of Tunis. It then took part in the Italian Campaign, moving to Naples in February 1944 and saw further action at the Fourth Battle of Monte Cassino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 77], "content_span": [78, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009185-0006-0001", "contents": "12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nBy October 1944 the 4th Division was taking part in the British Eighth Army's battle on the Gothic Line but was withdrawn in November to spend the rest of the war in Greece, part of the Allied force tasked to prevent civil unrest as rival factions attempted to fill the political vacuum when the Germans withdrew from the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 77], "content_span": [78, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009185-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team (United Kingdom), History, Second World War, Order of battle\nThe 12th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 94], "content_span": [95, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009185-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team (United Kingdom), History, Post-1945\nThe brigade was disbanded in March 1947, but reformed from 91 Lorried Infantry Brigade in April 1956. During the 1970s, it was one of two \"square\" brigades assigned to 2nd Armoured Division. After being briefly converted to \"Task Force Delta\" in the late 1970s, the brigade was reinstated in 1981, assigned to 1st Armoured Division and based at Quebec Barracks at Osnabr\u00fcck. It remained with 1st Armoured Division, apart from a spell under HQ 3rd Armoured Division during Operation Granby, until disbandment under Options for Change. Following the Strategic Defence Review in 1998, the brigade was reformed in mechanized form under 3rd Mechanised Division at Aldershot Garrison: it relocated to Ward Barracks in Bulford Camp in February 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 70], "content_span": [71, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009185-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team (United Kingdom), Current Organisation, Army 2020\nThe brigade headquarters, with two battle groups \u2013 the 1st Battalion The Royal Anglian Regiment and the 1st Battalion The Grenadier Guards \u2013 deployed to Afghanistan in 2007 to form the headquarters and main infantry combat units of Task Force Helmand as a part of the NATO International Security Assistance Force. Under Army 2020, its headquarters remains at Bulford and it forms part of the Reaction Force. It has been renamed 12th Armoured Infantry Brigade and includes the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 83], "content_span": [84, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009185-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team (United Kingdom), Current Organisation, Army 2020 Refine\nThe current organisation of the brigade under the Army 2020 Refine is:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 90], "content_span": [91, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009185-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team (United Kingdom), Current Organisation, Army 2020 Refine\nAlthough not part of the brigade, the following units support the brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 90], "content_span": [91, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009185-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team (United Kingdom), Current Organisation, Army 2020 Refine\nUnder the Defence in a Competitive Age programme and subsequent Future Soldier, the brigade will in due time be redesignated as the 12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 90], "content_span": [91, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009186-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Regiment (Australia)\nThe 12th Armoured Regiment was an armoured regiment of the Australian Army, which served during World War II. The regiment was formed in May 1942 as part of the 6th Australian Armoured Brigade. It was  originally a Citizens Military Force unit which was converted from the 18th Motor Regiment, formerly the 18th Machine Gun Regiment and previously the 18th Light Horse Regiment (Adelaide Lancers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009186-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nThe 12th Armoured Regiment was formed from the 18th Motor Regiment and was transferred from the Australian Light Horse to the Australian Armoured Corps on 8 May 1942. The regiment, along with the 13th and 14th Armoured Regiments, 9th Motor Regiment and 3rd Reconnaissance Squadron, was allocated to the newly-raised 6th Armoured Brigade, itself part of the newly-converted 2nd Armoured Division. The 12th Armoured Regiment was initially based in Adelaide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009186-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nIn July 1942, the regiment moved to Puckapunyal with the rest of the 6th Armoured Brigade. At the Armoured Fighting Vehicles School the regiment conducted Officer and Senior NCO leadership and tactics course, prior to conducting specialised training in driving and maintenance, gunnery and wireless for each squadron. The regiment trained on M3 Grant medium tanks and M3 Stuart light tanks, with support elements equipped with a range of carriers, trucks and weapons. Upon completion of elementary training, the regiment conducted squadron and regimental exercises in the Seymour district. At the completion of these manoeuvres the 12th Armoured Regiment, and the 6th Armoured Brigade in general, was at a high standard of training and was well equipped at close to war establishment. The unit achieved AIF status, with at least 65% of its members volunteering for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 926]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009186-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nHowever, by December 1942 the strategic threat to Australia had lessened as the Japanese advance had been halted following the battles of the Coral Sea and Guadalcanal, and the Kokoda Track campaign. Consequently, it was assessed that the large numbers of armoured units created for the defence of Australia were no longer required, and the 2nd Armoured Division was ordered to disband. While elements of the 6th Armoured Brigade were reallocated to other divisions, the 12th Armoured Regiment was disbanded on 13 February 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009187-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Regiment (India)\nThe 12th Armoured Regiment, is an armoured regiment which is part of the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army. The regiment was raised as an all-class regiment on 1 October 1984 by Lt Col L.R. Vaid at Kapurthala with Vijayanta tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009187-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Regiment (India), History\nThe regiment was subsequently converted to T-90 tanks. The regiment has served in Operation Trident, Operation Rakshak I and Operation Rakshak II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009187-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Regiment (India), History\nThe regiment has adopted the nickname Barasinghas (meaning 12-point stag), and representing the Barasingha, or swamp deer (Rucervus duvaucelii), a deer species endemic  to India. This was inspired by the statue of a barasingha stag in full cry in the palace of the Maharaja of Kapurthala. Each of the tines of the antlers is said to symbolise one of the 12 tank troops of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009187-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Regiment (India), History\nThe Regiment had the honour of participating in the annual Republic Day parade in 2004 and 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009187-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Regiment (India), History\nThe Regiment was presented the \u2018President\u2019s Standards\u2019 at Babina on 19 October 2010 by the then President of India, Mrs Prathiba Patil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009187-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Armoured Regiment (India), Regimental Insignia\nThe cap badge of the unit has crossed lances and pennons, with the numeral 12 at the crossing, with the regimental motto inscribed on a scroll below in Devanagari script. The cap badge is in silver plate for officers and nickel plate for other ranks. The motto of the regiment is \"Shauryamev Jeevnam\" which means 'life with valour'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009188-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Austria-Hungary)\nThe 12th Army was a field army-level command of the Austro-Hungarian Army that existed only for one month during World War I, led by Archduke Karl Franz Joseph. It had been formed in response to the success of the Russian Empire's Brusilov Offensive, and was dissolved upon the formation of Army Group Archduke Karl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009188-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Austria-Hungary), History\nThe Austro-Hungarian 12th Army was formed on the Eastern Front on 4 July 1916, and its commander was Archduke Karl Franz Joseph, the future Emperor of Austria. The 12th Army was again disbanded on 13 August 1916, around the time when the Archduke became commander of the Army Group Archduke Karl, fighting against the Russian Empire and Romania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009189-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Army (German Empire)\nThe 12th Army (German: 12. Armee / Armeeoberkommando 12 / A.O.K. 12) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I formed in August 1915 by the redesignation of Armee-Gruppe Gallwitz. It served exclusively on the Eastern Front and was dissolved on 9 October 1916 when its commander, General der Infanterie Max von Fabeck, was transferred to 8th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009189-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Army (German Empire), History\nOn 9 February 1915 Guards Reserve Corps was redesignated Armee-Gruppe Gallwitz. Its commander was raised to the status of an Army Commander on 18 March 1915 and his Armee-Gruppe was redesignated as 12th Army on 7 August 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009189-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Army (German Empire), History\nOn 22 July, the armies of Central Powers crossed the Vistula river. In August, the Russian Fourth Army left the Ivangorod fortress. With the continuing Russian retreat, Warsaw became isolated, and the 12th Army seized the opportunity and conquered it on 4\u20135 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009189-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Army (German Empire), Commanders\nArmee-Gruppe Gallwitz was redesignated as 12th Army on 7 August 1915 with von Gallwitz remaining in command. The 12th Army was dissolved on 9 October 1916 when its commander was transferred to 8th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009190-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Army (RSFSR)\nThe 12th Army was a field army of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War, which was formed twice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009190-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Army (RSFSR), First formation\nThe 12th Army was formed on October 3, 1918 in the region of Astrakhan and the Eastern part of the Northern Caucasus. It was part of the Southern Front since November 3, 1918 and then of the Caspian-Caucasian Front, with which it fought the Northern Caucasus Operation (1918\u20131919), between December 8, 1918 and March 13, 1919 when it was disbanded. It was composed of the 45th and 58th divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009190-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Army (RSFSR), Second formation\nOn June 16, 1919, a new 12th Army was formed from the troops of the 1st and 3rd Ukrainian Soviet Army. It fought in Ukraine against Anton Denikin's Volunteer Army, and then against the troops of Semen Petlura, which it pushed back behind the town of Zbrucz. Here it encountered troops of the Polish Army. It 1919, it was composed of the 44th, 47th, 58th and 60th divisions, as well as of the 9th Cavalry division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009190-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Army (RSFSR), Second formation\nIn the spring of 1920, as part of the Southwestern Front, the 12th Army was deployed against the Polish offensive in Ukraine and was pushed back over the Dnieper. In the counteroffensive of the Red Army in summer 1920, it reached the Bug. At the end of the Polish-Soviet War, the 12th Army had suffered heavy losses and was disbanded on December 25, 1920. It 1920, it was composed of the 7th, 44th, 47th, 58th divisions and 17th Cavalry division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009191-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Russian Empire)\nThe 12th Army was a field army of the Imperial Russian Army during World War I that fought on the Eastern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009191-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Russian Empire)\nIts field headquarters was established in January 1915. In August 1915, the entire staff of the 12th Army was replaced by that of the 13th Army, which itself ceased to exist. The unit was assigned to the Northwestern Front and later to the Northern Front, being disbanded by the end of 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009191-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Russian Empire), Commanders\nFrom 29 December 1917 to April 1918, the 12th Army was nominally commanded by a board of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009191-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Russian Empire), Organisation\nAt the end of the war, the field army included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009192-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Soviet Union)\nThe Soviet Union's 12th Army was a field army formed multiple times during the Russian Civil War and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009192-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Soviet Union), Civil War & Polish-Soviet War\nThe 12th Army (Russian Civil War 1st Formation) of the Soviet Red Army was first formed from Soviet forces in the north-eastern Caucasus in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009192-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Soviet Union), Civil War & Polish-Soviet War\nThe 12th Army (Russian Civil War 2nd Formation) was formed from the 1st and 3rd Ukrainian Red Armies in central Ukraine in the summer of 1919. In July 1920 Simon Aralov was chief of intelligence with this unit. it was disbanded in 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009192-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Soviet Union), Second World War\nThe 12th Army (1st Formation) (RKKA) of the Soviet Red Army was formed from the Southern (Cavalry-Mechanised) Army Group of the Kiev Special Military District during 1939-40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009192-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Soviet Union), Second World War\nIt was then involved in the Soviet invasion of Poland (1939). It entered the Second World War as part of the Soviet Southwestern Front, comprising the", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009192-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Soviet Union), Second World War\nIt participated in the frontier battle to the west of Stanislau. In the second half of July as part of the Soviet Southern Front it conducted defensive fights in the direction of Uman. During the Battle of Uman, the Twelfth Army was caught in a huge encirclement south of Kiev along with the 6th Army. Thus the army's headquarters was disbanded on 10 August 1941, after the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009192-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Soviet Union), Second World War\nThe 12th Army was reformed in August 1941 as part of the Soviet Southern Front on the basis of 17th Rifle Corps. On 1 September 1941 its structure included 270th and 274th Rifle Divisions, the 11th Tank Division, 268th and 374th Corps Artillery Regiments, 64th and 181st Fighter Aviation Regiments, and a number of separate formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009192-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Soviet Union), Second World War\nThe Army defended the left coast of the Dnepr around Zaporozhye, from the end of September to the beginning of December, 1941. It participated in the Donbass defensive, Rostov defensive and offensive, in January, 1942 in the Barvenkovo\u2013Lozovaya Offensive operations, in the subsequent conducted defensive fights in Donbass and on Northern Caucasus (part of the Battle of the Caucasus). In the middle of April 1942 the 261st Rifle Division under Colonel A.M. Ilina, the 4th Rifle Division (Colonel I.P.Roslogo), the 74th Rifle Division under General F.E.Sheverdina, the 176th Rifle Division (General V.N.Martsinkevicha) and 54th Tank Brigade (\u0442\u0431\u0440) under Colonel K.S. Minarova were assigned to the Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009192-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Soviet Union), Second World War\nIt was later in 1942 reorganised as a defensive zone HQ, but then reformed again by conversion of the previous 5th Tank Army in mid April 1943. It joined the Southwestern Front. Its structure included the 172nd, 203rd, 244th, 333rd and 350th Rifle Divisions and other formations. In April - July the Army was in Front reserve, and then participated in the Donbass and Zaporozhye offensive operations. In November the army HQ was disbanded, with its forces transferred to other armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009193-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Wehrmacht)\nThe 12th Army (German: 12. Armee) was a World War II field army of the Wehrmacht.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009193-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 12th Army was activated on October 13, 1939, with General Wilhelm List in command. First seeing defensive action along the Siegfried Line, the army was involved in the invasion and occupation of France. The army was then relocated to Romania as part of the Axis offensive in the Balkans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009193-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nIn February 1941, an agreement between Field Marshal List and the Bulgarian General Staff allowed the passage of German troops. On the night of February 28, German Army units crossed the Danube from Romania and took up strategic positions in Bulgaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009193-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nOn 6 April, units of the 12th army advanced into Yugoslavia and Greece. The Yugoslavians crumbled first. But, after six months of fighting the Italians, the Greeks could not stand up to the 12th Army's fifteen divisions, four of which were armored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009193-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nThe British subsequently rushed four divisions from Libya to aid the Greeks but they, like the Greeks, were overwhelmed by the German panzers and by Luftwaffe strikes. The northern Greek armies surrendered to the Germans on April 23. Four days later German tanks entered Athens and hoisted the swastika over the Acropolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009193-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 12th Army became Army Group E (Heeresgruppe E) on January 1, 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009193-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 12th Army was reconstituted on the Western Front near the Elbe River on April 10, 1945. Under General Walther Wenck, the 12th Army made the last attempt by a German Army to relieve German F\u00fchrer Adolf Hitler in the besieged German capital during the Battle of Berlin. Although it successfully reached Potsdam, the 12th Army was stopped by numerically superior Soviet Red Army forces and forced to abandon the effort to relieve Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009193-0006-0001", "contents": "12th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 12th Army then linked up with the remnants of General Theodor Busse's decimated 9th Army south of Beelitz and, in the confusion of the Soviet breakthrough, provided a corridor to the west for soldiers and refugees alike to reach and cross the partially destroyed Elbe River bridge at Tangerm\u00fcnde and surrender to American forces between May 4 and May 7, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009194-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Army Aviation Brigade (Ukraine)\nThe 12th Army Aviation Brigade is an army aviation formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces. The brigade is directly subordinated to the Ukrainian Ground Forces command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009194-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Army Aviation Brigade (Ukraine)\nThe brigade was formed as 340th Separate Combat-Transport Helicopter Breslavlsk Regiment. From August 21, 1968 to June 1991 the Regiment was stationed in Czechoslovakia. After 1992 the Regiment was redesignated to be 7th Separate Breslavlsk Army Aviation Regiment. In 2016 it became the 12th Army Aviation Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009194-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Army Aviation Brigade (Ukraine), History\nThe brigade was first formed in April 1943 as the 340th Long-Range Aviation Regiment. On 26 December 1944 it became a bomber aviation regiment. On 27 April 1946 it became a transport aviation regiment. On 12 October 1955 it became a military-transport aviation regiment. It was converted to a separate helicopter regiment on 17 November 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009194-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Army Aviation Brigade (Ukraine), History\nThe regiment's honorific \"Breslau (Breslavlsk)\" was removed on 18 November 2015 as part of an Armed Forces-wide removal of Soviet awards and honorifics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009194-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Army Aviation Brigade (Ukraine), Deployments\nSince November 2007, 300 members of the Regiment are deployed to Liberia, supporting the United Nations Mission in Liberia, as part of the 56th Separate Helicopter Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009194-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Army Aviation Brigade (Ukraine), Structure\nDuring the 1970s the Regiment included 4 Squadron's with a total of 55-60 helicopters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009194-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Army Aviation Brigade (Ukraine), Structure\nIn 2004 the Brigade consisted of 2 Squadron's flying Mi-24, Mi-26 and Mi-8 helicopters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009194-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Army Aviation Brigade (Ukraine), Structure\n2nd Squadron is intended to carry out missions under UN and NATO command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009195-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Army Corps (France)\n12th Army Corps (French: 12e Corps d'Arm\u00e9e) was an army corps in the French Army. Commanded by G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Lebrun in the Franco-Prussian War then by General Galliffet from 1882 to 1886.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009195-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Army Corps (France), World War I\nOn the outbreak of the First World War it was subordinated to Fourth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009195-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Army Corps (France), World War I\nIt became part of the Tenth Army and was deployed in Italy from November 1917. It was later in action at the Second Battle of the Piave River and the Battle of Vittorio Veneto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009196-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Army Corps (Russian Empire)\nThe 12th Army Corps was an Army corps in the Imperial Russian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009197-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Asia Pacific Screen Awards\nThe 12th Asia Pacific Screen Awards were held on 29 November 2018 in Brisbane, Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009197-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Asia Pacific Screen Awards, Winners and nominees\nDan Kleinman and Sameh Zoabi \u2013 Tel Aviv on Fire", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009198-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Asian Film Awards\nThe 12th Asian Film Awards are the 2018 edition of the Asian Film Awards. The ceremony was held on March 17, 2018 at the Venetian Hotel in Macau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009199-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Asianet Film Awards\nThe 12th Asianet Film Awards, honors the best films in 2009 and was held on 16 January 2010 at Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram. The winners were announced on 3 January 2010 by Asianet senior vice-president R. Sreekantan Nair. The title sponsor of the event was Ujala. The award were given in 25 categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009200-0000-0000", "contents": "12th BRICS summit\nThe 2020 BRICS summit was the twelfth annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference attended by the heads of state or heads of government of the five member states Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The meeting was originally scheduled to take place in Saint Petersburg from July 21 to 23, 2020, but was changed to a video conference held on November 17 due to the outbreak of the global COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009200-0001-0000", "contents": "12th BRICS summit\nRussia last chaired 7th BRICS summit, Ufa. The 1st Sherpa meeting was held in Saint Petersburg between 11-13 February 2020, under chairmanship of Sergei Ryabkov, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation and Russian Sherpa for BRICS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009201-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Bangladesh National Film Awards\nThe 12th Bangladesh National Film Awards, presented by Ministry of Information, Bangladesh to felicitate the best of Bangladeshi Cinema released in the year 1987. The ceremony took place in Dhaka and awards were given by then President of Bangladesh. The National Film Awards are the only film awards given by the government itself. Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in Dhaka. 1987 was the 12th National Film Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009201-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Bangladesh National Film Awards, List of winners\nThis year awards were given in 17 categories. Awards for Best Lyricist was not given in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009202-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 12th Battalion was an infantry battalion originally raised for the First Australian Imperial Force during the First World War. The battalion was recruited from Tasmania, South Australia  and Western Australia and formed part of the 3rd Brigade, 1st Division. It served throughout the war, firstly during the Gallipoli Campaign and then on the Western Front. During the interwar years, the 12th Battalion was re-raised as a part-time military unit and during the Second World War undertook garrison duties in Australia, but did not see combat. Today its lineage is perpetuated by the 12th/40th Battalion, Royal Tasmania Regiment, a unit which continues to serve in the Australian Army Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009202-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nThe battalion was raised as part of the all volunteer Australian Imperial Force (AIF) within three weeks of the declaration of war in August 1914, and left Australia just two months later. Part of the 3rd Brigade, 1st Division it was formed from recruits from Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Lancelot Clarke, the battalion proceeded to Egypt on HMAT A2 Geelong, arriving on 2 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009202-0001-0001", "contents": "12th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nA period of training in the desert followed to prepare the Australian forces for their eventual transfer to Europe, but in late April they were committed to the Gallipoli Campaign. The 3rd Brigade was the covering force for the Anzac landing on 25 April 1915, and went ashore at around 4.30\u00a0am. During the early fighting on the first, the battalion's commanding officer was killed by a sniper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009202-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nAfter the initial landing, a stalemate developed around the beachhead and in August the Allies sought to break the deadlock by launching the August Offensive. As a part of this, the 12th contributed two companies to the diversionary attack on Lone Pine. The offensive failed, but the campaign continued and the battalion remained served on the Gallipoli Peninsula until early December when it was withdrawn to Lemnos Island for rest. While there, Lieutenant Colonel John Gellibrand took command of the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009202-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nIn late December, the Allied forces were evacuated from Gallipoli and the battalion returned to Egypt in January 1916, where the AIF was reorganised and expanded. During this process, the 12th Battalion provided an experienced cadre of troops to the newly raised 52nd Battalion. In March 1916, the AIF's infantry divisions were transferred to the Western Front, and after arriving in France, the 12th Battalion deployed to the Somme. The battalion's first major action in France was at Pozi\u00e8res in July 1916. Later the battalion fought at Ypres, in Belgium, before returning to the Somme in winter. In 1917, the battalion returned to Belgium to take part the Third Battle of Ypres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009202-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nIn 1918, the battalion helped to stop the German Spring Offensive that was launched in March and April. The battalion subsequently participated in the last Allied offensive of 1918, launched near Amiens on 8 August 1918. After Amiens, a series of advances followed as the Allies broke through the Hindenburg Line. The battalion continued operations until late September 1918 when it was withdrawn from the line for rest. Following the end of the war members of the battalion began returning to Australia in November for demobilisation and discharge. The 12th Battalion was disbanded in 1919 having sustained casualties of 1,135 killed and 2,422 wounded. Two members of the battalion received the Victoria Cross for their actions during the war: James Newland and John Whittle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009202-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter war years and subsequent service\nIn 1921, the battalion was re-raised as part the re-organisation of the Australian military that took place at that time. Upon re-forming, the battalion formed part of the 12th Brigade, which was formed within the 6th Military District headquartered in Tasmania. In 1927, it received the title \"The Launceston Regiment\". The battalion was subsequently amalgamated with the 50th Battalion as the \"12th/50th Battalion (The Launceston Regiment/The Tasmanian Rangers)\" on 1 December 1936. During the Second World War, the two battalions remained linked, serving as part of York Force and undertaking garrison duties in the Northern Territory. On 2 May 1945 the 12th/50th Battalion was amalgamated with the 40th Battalion (\"The Derwent Regiment\") and became the 12th/40th Battalion. The battalion was disbanded in 1946, having not seen combat during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 929]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009202-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter war years and subsequent service\nReformed in 1948 as part of the Citizens Military Force, the 12/40th Battalion was unlinked in 1953 with both battalions being reformed in their own right at that time. In 1961, the 12th Battalion was awarded the Second World War battle honours of the 2/12th Battalion (AIF). The battalion was granted the freedom of the City of Launceston in May 1960. In the early 1960s, the Australian Army adopted the Pentropic divisional establishment, which resulted in the regionally-based regiments being subsumed into larger State-based regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009202-0006-0001", "contents": "12th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter war years and subsequent service\nAs a result, the 12th Battalion formed 'A' Company within the Pentropically-organised 1st Battalion, The Royal Tasmania Regiment (1 RTR). In 1972, 1 RTR was split up and the 12th and 40th Battalions reformed, but this was only short lived as both formations were reduced to independent rifle companies in 1975. The 12th and 40th Independent Rifle Companies were amalgamated in 1987 as part of a reorganisation of Australia's reserve infantry force, forming the 12th/40th Battalion, Royal Tasmania Regiment, a unit which continues to serve in the Australian Army Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009203-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Battalion, CEF\nThe 12th Battalion, CEF was an infantry battalion of the First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force. It was authorized on 10 August 1914 and embarked for Britain on 30 September 1914, where it was redesignated the 12th Reserve Infantry Battalion, CEF on 29 April 1915, to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion was reduced during the summer of 1916 and ultimately dissolved. Its residual strength was absorbed on 4 January 1917 into a new 12th Reserve Battalion, upon re-organization of the reserve units of the Canadian Infantry. The battalion was officially disbanded on 30 August 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009203-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Battalion, CEF\nThe 12th Battalion formed part of the Canadian Training Depot at Tidworth Camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009203-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Battalion, CEF\nThe 12th Battalion, CEF, had two Officers Commanding and two acting Officers Commanding:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009203-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Battalion, CEF\nThe 12th Battalion was awarded the battle honour \"THE GREAT WAR 1914-17\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009203-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Battalion, CEF\nThe 12th Battalion, CEF, is perpetuated by The Royal New Brunswick Regiment and The Royal Rifles of Canada, the latter currently on the Supplementary Order of Battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009204-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Beijing College Student Film Festival\nThe 12th Beijing College Student Film Festival (simplified Chinese: \u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u5c4a\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u7535\u5f71\u8282; traditional Chinese: \u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u5c46\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b78\u751f\u96fb\u5f71\u7bc0) took place in Beijing, China in May 2005. Kekexili: Mountain Patrol was the biggest winner, receiving two awards, including Best Director and Grand Prix Award. Xia Yu won Best Actor for his performance in Waiting Alone, and Zhang Jingchu for her role in Huayao Bride In Shangri-la. Golden Rooster-winner Lu Chuan's Kekexili: Mountain Patrol won Best Director Award, and A Story of Dun Zi was declared Best Film Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009205-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Belarusian Supreme Council\nThe Supreme Council (Soviet) of the Republic of Belarus of the 12th convocation is the Belarusian parliament, which was elected in 1990 as the Supreme Council of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic of the 12th convocation. It became a national parliament of Belarus after the proclamation of independence. The Supreme Council adopted the Declaration of Independence of Belarus on July 27, 1990. It is widely regarded as the final democratically-elected Parliament of Belarus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009205-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Belarusian Supreme Council\nThe first round of voting to the Supreme Council was held on March 4, 1990. Following the elections, 360 deputies were elected to the parliament. For the first time the opposition took place in Parliament. As a result, the Belarusian Popular Front opposition faction with 26 deputies was formed. The total number of deputies was 328 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009205-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Belarusian Supreme Council\nThe successor of the Supreme Soviet of the 12th convocation was the newly elected Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus of the 13th convocation, which began its work January 9, 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009206-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Berlin International Film Festival\nThe 12th annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 22 June \u2013 3 July 1962. The Golden Bear was awarded to the British film A Kind of Loving directed by John Schlesinger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009206-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Berlin International Film Festival, Jury\nThe following people were announced as being on the jury for the festival:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 45], "content_span": [46, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009206-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Berlin International Film Festival, Films in competition\nThe following films were in competition for the Golden Bear award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009207-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Bersaglieri Regiment\nThe 12th Bersaglieri Regiment (Italian: 12\u00b0 Reggimento Bersaglieri) is an inactive unit of the Italian Army last based in Trapani in Sicily. The regiment is part of the army's infantry corps' Bersaglieri speciality and was last operationally assigned to the Mechanized Brigade \"Aosta\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009207-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Bersaglieri Regiment, History\nThe Regiment was raised on 16 September 1884 in Verona with the existing XXI, XXIII and XXXVI battalions. The XXIII Battalion had distinguished itself during the Third Italian War of Independence at Castel di Borgo in Borgo Valsugana earning a Silver Medal of Military Valour, which the battalion transferred to the newly raised regiment. The regiment participated in the First Italo-Ethiopian War and the Italo-Turkish War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009207-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I\nAt the outbreak of World War I the regiment was garrisoned in Milan and sent to the front along the Isonzo, where the regiment earned its second Silver Medal of Military Valour and a Bronze Medal of Military Valour. On 31 January 1917 the regiment's depot in Milan raised the 18th Bersaglieri Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009207-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I\nAfter the war the 12th Bersaglieri Regiment was disbanded, but it was raised again in 1923 with two cyclist battalions, which were exchanged on 11 March 1926 with the XXI and XXIII Bersaglieri battalions. At the outbreak of World War II the regiment consisted of the XXI Motorcyclists Battalion, the XXIII Auto-transported Battalion, the XXXVI Auto-transported Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009207-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II\nIn spring 1941 the regiment participated in the Invasion of Yugoslavia. In early 1942 the regiment was sent to Libya to join the 133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\" for the Western Desert campaign. The regiment entered the line on 20 June 1942 at the end of the Battle of Gazala and was heavily engaged six days later at the Battle of Mersa Matruh. Reduced to a strength of 1,000 men the regiment fought in the Second Battle of El Alamein. Forced to retreat the remnants of the regiment reached Tripoli on 12 November 1942, where on 8 December 1942 the 12th Bersaglieri Regiment was disbanded and the survivors integrated in the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009207-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War\nOn 24 May 1961 the XXIII Bersaglieri Battalion was raised again as mechanized infantry unit of the 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\". On 1 March 1964 the 32nd Tank Regiment was raised again and the XXIII Bersaglieri Battalion became its mechanized infantry battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009207-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War, 23rd Bersaglieri Battalion \"Castel di Borgo\"\nDuring the 1975 Italian Army reform the 32nd Tank Regiment was disbanded on 1 October 1975 and the XXIII Bersaglieri Battalion was renamed 23rd Bersaglieri Battalion \"Castel di Borgo\" and received the war flag and traditions of the 12th Bersaglieri Regiment. The battalion was based in Tauriano and part of the 32nd Armored Brigade \"Mameli\". Bersaglieri battalions created during the reform were named, with two exceptions, for battles in which Bersaglieri units had distinguished themselves: the 23rd Bersaglieri Battalion was named for its conduct at Castel di Borgo during the Third Italian War of Independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 90], "content_span": [91, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009207-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War, 23rd Bersaglieri Battalion \"Castel di Borgo\"\nFor its conduct and work after the 1976 Friuli earthquake the battalion was awarded a Silver Medal of Army Valour, which was affixed to the battalion's war flag and added to the battalion's coat of arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 90], "content_span": [91, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009207-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Recent times\nAfter the end of the Cold War the Italian Army began to draw down its forces and the Mameli was the first brigade to be disbanded. On 1 April 1991 the brigade was officially deactivated and the 23rd Bersaglieri Battalion was transferred to the 132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\". On 31 March 1992 the Castel di Borgo was transferred to Trapani in Sicily, where the battalion joined the Mechanized Brigade \"Aosta\". On 2 September 1992 the battalion was renamed 12th Bersaglieri Regiment without changing size or composition. On 15 April 2005 the regiment was renamed 6th Bersaglieri Regiment and its battalion renamed 6th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Palestro\". Afterwards the war flag of the 12th Bersaglieri Regiment was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009208-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Brigade (Australia)\nThe 12th Brigade was an infantry brigade of the Australian Army. Formed in 1912 as a Militia formation, it was later re-raised in 1916 as part of the all volunteer First Australian Imperial Force that was raised for overseas service during the First World War. The brigade was part of the 4th Division and fought on the Western Front until the end of the war in November 1918. During the inter-war years, the brigade was re-formed in Australia as a part-time unit; during the Second World War, it was mobilised for full-time service, but did not serve overseas, undertaking garrison duties in Australia until 1945 when it was used to raise Timor Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009208-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Brigade (Australia), History\nThe 12th Brigade traces its origins to 1912, when it was formed as a Militia brigade as part of the introduction of the compulsory training scheme, assigned to the 3rd Military District. At this time, the brigade's constituent units were located at various locations throughout Victoria, including Oakleigh, Sale, Caulfield, Balaclava, Brighton, Toorak, Armadale, Auburn and Camberwell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009208-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Brigade (Australia), History\nDuring World War I, the 12th Brigade was re-raised in early 1916 as part of the expansion of the all volunteer First Australian Imperial Force. The brigade was formed in Egypt from a cadre of experienced personnel who had served during the Gallipoli Campaign as part of the 4th Brigade. Attached to the 4th Division and consisting of four infantry battalions\u2014the 45th, 46th, 47th and 48th Battalions\u2014it served in the trenches of the Western Front from June 1916 onwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009208-0002-0001", "contents": "12th Brigade (Australia), History\nDuring this time, the brigade fought in several significant battles including the Battle of Pozi\u00e8res, the First Battle of Bullecourt, the Battle of Messines, the Battle of Passchendaele, and the German spring offensive. During the German spring offensive, the brigade fought a defensive action around Dernancourt. In May 1918, the brigade was one of three that was selected to disband one of its battalions in order to provide reinforcements to other units in the Australian Corps and it was at this time that the 47th Battalion was disbanded. The 12th Brigade's remaining battalions continued to fight after this, taking part in the final Allied offensive of the war, the Hundred Days Offensive, which was launched around Amiens in August and followed by a series of advances as the Allies broke through the Hindenburg Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009208-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Brigade (Australia), History\nFollowing the end of hostilities, the brigade was disbanded in early 1919 as part of the demobilisation of the AIF. In 1921, the Australian government decided to reorganise the nation's part-time military forces in order to replicate the numerical designations and structure of the AIF. As a result, the 12th Brigade was re-raised at this time as part of the 6th Military District in Tasmania as a unit of the Citizens Force. Headquartered Hobart, the brigade consisted of the 12th, 40th, 51st, and 52nd Infantry Battalions, and the 22nd Light Horse Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009208-0003-0001", "contents": "12th Brigade (Australia), History\nIn 1924, the 12th Brigade was reorganised as the 12th Mixed Brigade, consisting of several infantry, artillery, engineer and light horse units. However, by 1928, the brigade consisted of only two infantry battalions: the 12th and 40th. Initially, the Citizens Forces units were maintained by a mixture of voluntary and compulsory service, but in 1929, the compulsory training scheme was suspended and the Citizens Force was re-formed as the \"Militia\", staffed on an all volunteer basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009208-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Brigade (Australia), History\nUpon the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, the brigade was stationed in Tasmania, where it served in a garrison role. At this time it consisted of two infantry battalions, an artillery regiment, an engineer field company and a light horse regiment. The brigade was mobilised for full time defensive service in December 1941, and was initially assigned to the defence of Hobart. By early 1943, the threat of invasion in the area had passed and the brigade was transferred to Yorkforce around Townsville, Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009208-0004-0001", "contents": "12th Brigade (Australia), History\nThe brigade was assigned to the 4th Division between April and June 1943, and then assigned to the Northern Territory Force, where it replaced the 23rd Brigade and served in a defensive capacity around Darwin. During this time the brigade's establishment was reduced from four battalions to three; however, the brigade's establishment changed a number of times. The following units were attached to the brigade at various times during the war: 22nd Light Horse, 40th Battalion, 12th/50th Battalion, 22nd Motor Regiment, 36th Battalion, 55th/53rd Battalion, 38th Battalion, 10th/48th Battalion, 12th/40th Battalion. As the war progressed, the size of the Darwin garrison was greatly reduced as other formations were disbanded or transferred to take part in combat operations in the Pacific. At war's end in August 1945, the 12th Brigade was used to form Timor Force, accepting the Japanese surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 933]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009209-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Brigade (Japan)\nThe 12th Brigade (Air Assault) (Japanese: \u7b2c12\u65c5\u56e3) is one of six active brigades of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. The brigade is subordinated to the Eastern Army and is headquartered in Shint\u014d, Gunma. Its responsibility is the defense of Gunma, Nagano, Niigata and Tochigi prefectures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009209-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Brigade (Japan)\nThe brigade was formed on 13 March 2001 with units from the disbanded 12th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009210-0000-0000", "contents": "12th British Academy Film Awards\nThe 12th British Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1959, honoured the best films of 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009211-0000-0000", "contents": "12th British Academy Games Awards\nThe 12th British Academy Game Awards awarded by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, is an award ceremony that was held on 7 April 2016 at Tobacco Dock in London. The ceremony honoured achievement in video gaming in 2015 and was hosted by Dara \u00d3 Briain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009211-0001-0000", "contents": "12th British Academy Games Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominees for the 12th British Academy Games Awards were announced on 10 March 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009211-0002-0000", "contents": "12th British Academy Games Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe winners were announced during the awards ceremony on 7 April 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009212-0000-0000", "contents": "12th CPLP Summit\nThe VII Conference of Heads of State and Government of the CPLP (Portuguese: Confer\u00eancia de Chefes de Estado e de Governo da CPLP), commonly known as the 7th CPLP Summit (VII Cimeira da CPLP) was the 7th biennial meeting of heads of state and heads of government of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, held on the Ilha do Sal, in Cabo Verde, on 17\u201318 July 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009212-0001-0000", "contents": "12th CPLP Summit, Outcome\nThe summit elected Ambassador Francisco Ribeiro Telles of Portugal to serve as CPLP Executive Secretary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009213-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Cabinet of North Korea\nThe 12th Cabinet of North Korea was elected by the 1st Session of the 12th Supreme People's Assembly on 9 April 2009. It was replaced on 9 April 2014 by the 13th Cabinet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009214-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Canadian Comedy Awards\nThe 12th Canadian Comedy Awards, presented by the Canadian Comedy Foundation for Excellence (CCFE), honoured the best live, television, film, and Internet comedy of 2010. The ceremony was hosted by Steve Patterson and held at the Isabel Bader Theatre in Toronto, Ontario, on 17 October 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009214-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Canadian Comedy Awards\nCanadian Comedy Awards, also known as Beavers, were awarded in 24 categories. Winners in 5 categories were chosen by the public through an online poll and others were chosen by members of industry organizations. The awards ceremony was held during the five-day Canadian Comedy Awards Festival which ran from 13 to 17 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009214-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Canadian Comedy Awards\nThe film Peepers led with five nominations followed by the films Good Neighbours and Summerhood with four each. The CBC show The Debaters, which moved from radio to television, was nominated twice for audio and twice for television. Good Neighbours and Summerhood each won two Beavers, as did the TV series Less Than Kind, and Ron Pederson won twice for his improvisation work with National Theatre of the World. Samantha Bee won the Beaver for Canadian Comedy Person of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009214-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony\nThe Canadian Comedy Awards (CCA) was held in Toronto, Ontario, for a fifth non-consecutive year. The awards ceremony was hosted by Steve Patterson and held on 17 October 2011 at the Isabel Bader Theatre, concluding the Canadian Comedy Awards Festival. The five-day festival, held from 13 to 17 October, featured live comedy performances by nominees at five Toronto venues including Yuk Yuk's, Second City, and Comedy Bar. Shaun Majumder hosted a showcase performance of the top stand-up acts at the Panasonic Theatre. The festival also included workshops by leading comedy professionals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009214-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony\nThe CCA's parent organization, the Canadian Comedy Foundation for Excellence (CCFE), had partnered with Canada's Walk of Fame to produce an evening of Canadian comedy as part of the three-day Walk of Fame Festival. Federal grant money went toward producing the event, which in turn had helped support and promote the CCA festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009214-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Canadian Comedy Awards, Winners and nominees\nNominees submitted to the Canadian Comedy Awards were considered by 170 jury members. The jury reduced the list of submissions to a top-five in each category which was announced on 9 June 2011 at Toronto's Second City theatre. Online voting was held from 15 June to 5 July. Six to seven thousand members of the public viewed brief performance clips on the website and voted for best TV show, best film, best web clip, best radio program or clip, and comedy person of the year. The other categories were voted on by industry members from the Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists (ACTRA), Canadian Actors' Equity Association, the Directors Guild of Canada, the Writers Guild of Canada, and the Comedy Association. The jury's choices counted for 30% of the total marks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009214-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Canadian Comedy Awards, Winners and nominees\nGigcity noted that Edmonton was well-represented at this year's CCAs, with three nominations to locally-produced Caution: May Contain Nuts, two nominees each for best male improvisor and for best improv troupe, and a nominee for best radio show. This was credited to the city's strong improv scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009215-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Canadian Film Awards\nThe 12th Canadian Film Awards were held on June 3, 1960 to honour achievements in Canadian film. The ceremony was hosted by Albert Trueman, the director of the Canada Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009216-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Canadian Folk Music Awards\nThe 12th Canadian Folk Music Awards were presented in Toronto, Ontario on December 3, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009217-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Canadian Ministry\nThe Twelfth Canadian Ministry was the first cabinet chaired by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King. It governed Canada from 29 December 1921 to 28 June 1926, including the 14th Canadian Parliament and most of the 15th. The government was formed by the Liberal Party of Canada. Mackenzie King was also Prime Minister in the Fourteenth and Sixteenth Canadian Ministries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009218-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Canadian Parliament\nThe 12th Canadian Parliament was in session from 15 November 1911 until 6 October 1917. The membership was set by the 1911 federal election on 21 September 1911, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1917 election. At 5 years, 10 months and 22 days, it was the longest parliament in Canadian history. The parliament was extended beyond the normal limit of five years by the British North America Act, 1916 as a result of World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009218-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Canadian Parliament\nIt was controlled by a Conservative/Liberal-Conservative majority under Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden and the 9th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Liberal Party, led by Wilfrid Laurier. The last year of the wartime parliament was dominated by the Conscription Crisis of 1917. At the end of the parliament, a new ministry, the Union Government, was formed by Borden as a wartime coalition government including Liberals. Laurier refused to join and those Liberals who supported Borden took the name Liberal Unionists. The Union Government went on to win the 1917 federal election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009218-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Canadian Parliament\nThe Speaker was first Thomas Simpson Sproule, and later Albert S\u00e9vigny. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1907-1914 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009218-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Canadian Parliament, List of members\nFollowing is a full list of members of the twelfth Parliament listed first by province, then by electoral district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009218-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Canadian Parliament, List of members\nElectoral districts denoted by an asterisk (*) indicates that district was represented by two members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009219-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry (Frontier Force)\nThe 12th Cavalry (Frontier Force) is an armoured regiment of Pakistan Army. It was formed in the British Indian army in 1922 by the amalgamation of 22nd Sam Browne's Cavalry (Frontier Force) and 25th Cavalry (Frontier Force).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009219-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 22nd Sam Browne's Cavalry (Frontier Force)\nThe 22nd Sam Browne's Cavalry (Frontier Force) was raised in 1849 at Lahore by Lieutenant Samuel J. Browne as the 2nd Punjab Irregular Cavalry. It was one of five regiments of Punjab Cavalry raised to guard the North West Frontier of India, soon part of the Punjab Frontier Force or the \"Piffers\". Over the next decades, the regiment saw extensive service on the Frontier. During the Indian Mutiny of 1857, the regiment was engaged in the Siege of Delhi, Relief of Lucknow, the Battle of Agra and the Campaign in Rohilkhand. In one of the actions, their commandant, Captain Sam Browne was awarded the Victoria Cross. His citation reads:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009219-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 22nd Sam Browne's Cavalry (Frontier Force)\nIt was the loss of his arm that caused Browne to invent the famous Sam Browne belt, still in the use of many of today's armies. The original belt is on display in the India Room at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009219-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 22nd Sam Browne's Cavalry (Frontier Force)\nMeanwhile, Captain Dighton Probyn was also awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry, while serving with the 2nd Punjab Cavalry. His citation reads:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009219-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 22nd Sam Browne's Cavalry (Frontier Force)\nDuring the Second Anglo-Afghan War of 1878\u201380, the 2nd Punjab Cavalry was with the Kandahar Field Force, and fought at the Battle of Ahmed Khel in April 1880. During the First World War, the regiment served in the Mesopotamia Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009219-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 25th Cavalry (Frontier Force)\nThe 25th Cavalry (Frontier Force) was raised by Captain Robert Fitzgerald as the 5th Punjab Irregular Cavalry at Multan in 1849, with Risaldar Gurmukh Singh Dhillon of Bahmaniwala village,  Patti Sub Division of Amritsar district of the Punjab, as the first native Commandant of 5th Punjab Irregular Cavalry. The troops of the Sikh Squadron were mostly taken from the disbanded Khalsa Army which was recently defeated by the British in the Second Anglo-Sikh War of 1848. During the Indian Mutiny they were part of the besieging army at Delhi and took part in the Relief of Lucknow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009219-0005-0001", "contents": "12th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 25th Cavalry (Frontier Force)\nThe troops of 5th Punjab Irregular Cavalry were now avenging themselves on the mutinous Bengal Army for the defeat of the Khalsa's Sikh Army in the Anglo Sikh Wars. One squadron fought at Bareilly, where two of its Indian officers won the Order of British India and nine other ranks received the Indian Order of Merit. The regiment was involved in a number of small actions on the North West Frontier with the Punjab Frontier Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009219-0005-0002", "contents": "12th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 25th Cavalry (Frontier Force)\nIn March 1860, 150 men under an Indian officer attacked a 3,000 strong armed force of Mahsuds and Waziris at Tank, killing 300 and dispersing the others. In January 1867, an Indian officer with 27 sowars charged a body of 1,000 tribesmen, killed 150 and captured most of the rest. During the Second Afghan War, the 5th Punjab Cavalry were present at the capture of Charasiah and Frederick Roberts the Commanding General ordered that they and the 9th Lancers should have the honour of escorting him into Kabul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009219-0005-0003", "contents": "12th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 25th Cavalry (Frontier Force)\nDuring the attack on the Asmai Heights in December 1879, near Kabul, Captain William John Vousden made repeated charges with a small body of men of the 5th Punjab Cavalry, passing through the ranks of an overwhelming force again and again until the enemy fled. Vousden received a Victoria Cross and his ten surviving men the Indian Order of Merit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009219-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 25th Cavalry (Frontier Force)\nFor their excellent record in the Indian Mutiny and the Second Afghan War, the 5th Punjab Cavalry was among the units honoured during the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria's celebrations in London in June and July 1897. Risaldar-Major Kesar Singh Dhillon of Bahmaniwala Dhillons represented the 5th Punjab Cavalry as part of Indian Native Cavalry. For the acts of valour during the Indian Mutiny and during the Second Afghan War, the troops of 5th Punjab Cavalry were awarded grants of agricultural land in Lyallpur District in 1904. Most of the Sikh troops of Kanhayia Misl shifted from Amritsar District to Lyallpur on being granted lands there. During the First World War, it served in German East Africa, followed by service in the Third Afghan War of 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009219-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 12th Cavalry (Frontier Force)\nAfter the First World War, the number of Indian cavalry regiments was reduced from thirty-nine to twenty-one. However, instead of disbanding the surplus units, it was decided to amalgamate them in pairs. This resulted in renumbering and renaming of the entire cavalry line. The 22nd Sam Browne's Cavalry (Frontier Force) and 25th Cavalry (Frontier Force) were amalgamated in 1921 to form 12th Cavalry. The uniform of 12th Cavalry was scarlet with blue facings. The badge showed a mounted figure within a circle carrying the title 'Sam Browne's Cavalry XII FF' with a crown above. Its class composition was one squadron each of Punjabi Muslims, Sikhs and Dogras. In 1937, 12th Cavalry became the training regiment of 2nd Indian Cavalry Group at Ferozepur. It was converted into a training centre in 1940 by amalgamating it with 15th Lancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009219-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 12th Cavalry (Frontier Force)\nOn the partition of India in 1947, this training centre was transferred to Pakistan. On 15 January 1955, 12th Cavalry (Frontier Force) was re-raised at Rawalpindi as a Reconnaissance Regiment of Pakistan Armoured Corps. The regiment served with distinction during the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistani Wars. During the 1965 War, the regiment fought in four different sectors simultaneously when all four squadrons of the regiment operated independently at Chawinda, Bedian, Khemkaran and Sialkot. Lt.Col Muhammad Asaf Hussain Khan was awarded the Sitara-e-Jurat for outstanding gallantry in the Khemkaran sector during the 1965 war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009219-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 12th Cavalry (Frontier Force)\nCaptains Ahmed Arsalan Asaf and Nadeem Ahmad Raja were the Siachin Warriors of 12th Cavalary, Asaf participating in Operation Naveed Top during the Siachen conflict in April 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009219-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 12th Cavalry (Frontier Force)\nCaptain Mearaj Muhammad of the 12th Cavalary was killed on 4 June 2009 while fighting with Taliban militants in Buner District. He was awarded the Sitara-e-Basalat by the Government of Pakistan for his bravery and sacrifice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009220-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)\nThe North Midland Mounted Brigade (later numbered as the 22nd Mounted Brigade) was a yeomanry brigade of the British Army, formed as part of the Territorial Force in 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009220-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)\nIt served in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009220-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)\nIn April 1918, it was merged with elements of the 2nd (Sialkot) Cavalry Brigade to form 12th Cavalry Brigade. It remained in Palestine after the end of the war on occupation duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009220-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), Formation\nUnder the terms of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9), the brigade was formed in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force. It consisted of three yeomanry regiments, a horse artillery battery and ammunition column, a transport and supply column and a field ambulance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009220-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), Formation\nAs the name suggests, the units were drawn from the northern part of the English Midlands, predominantly Leicestershire, Lincolnshire and Staffordshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009220-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, North Midland Mounted Brigade\nThe brigade was embodied on 4 August 1914 and assigned to Third Army of the Central Force. It moved to Norfolk and joined 1st Mounted Division in September 1914 replacing the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade. It remained with 1st Mounted Division until October 1915 when it departed (as a mounted formation) for the Mediterranean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 90], "content_span": [91, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009220-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, North Midland Mounted Brigade\nThe Leicestershire Yeomanry left the brigade in late October 1914 and was posted to the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), joining the 7th Cavalry Brigade. It was initially replaced by the Welsh Horse Yeomanry before it transferred to the Eastern Mounted Brigade in February 1915. In May 1915, the East Riding of Yorkshire Yeomanry joined to bring the brigade back up to a three regiment strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 90], "content_span": [91, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009220-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, North Midland Mounted Brigade\nThe brigade was replaced in 1st Mounted Division by its 2nd Line. On 27 October 1915, the brigade departed Southampton on RMS Victorian, Mercian and Nessian for Salonika. The destination was changed at sea, and the brigade disembarked at Alexandria between 10 and 20 November 1915, then moved to Cairo. On arrival in Egypt, the North Midland Mounted Brigade was assigned to the Western Frontier Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 90], "content_span": [91, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009220-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 22nd Mounted Brigade\nOn 31 March 1916, the remaining Mounted Brigades were numbered in a single sequence. As a consequence, the North Midland Mounted Brigade was redesignated as 22nd Mounted Brigade. The 18th Machine Gun Squadron was formed on 8 January 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009220-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 22nd Mounted Brigade\nThe brigade joined the ANZAC Mounted Division in February 1917 and took part in the First and Second Battles of Gaza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009220-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 22nd Mounted Brigade\nThe complete brigade was transferred to the newly formed Yeomanry Mounted Division on 6 July 1917, joining it at el Fuqari. From 31 October it took part in the Third Battle of Gaza, including the Battle of Beersheba and the Capture of the Sheria Position. It took part in the Battle of Mughar Ridge on 13 and 14 November and the Battle of Nebi Samwil from 17 to 24 November. From 27 to 29 November, it withstood the Turkish counter-attacks during the Capture of Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009220-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 12th Cavalry Brigade\nIn March 1918, the 1st Indian Cavalry Division was broken up in France. The British units (notably 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons, 17th Lancers, 1/1st Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons and A, Q and U Batteries RHA) remained in France and the Indian elements were sent to Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009220-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 12th Cavalry Brigade\nBy an Egyptian Expeditionary Force GHQ Order of 12 April 1918, the mounted troops of the EEF were reorganised when the Indian Army units arrived in theatre. On 24 April 1918, the Yeomanry Mounted Division was indianized and its title was changed to 1st Mounted Division, the third distinct division to bear this title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009220-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 12th Cavalry Brigade\nOn 24 April 1918, the 22nd Mounted Brigade was merged with elements of the 2nd (Sialkot) Cavalry Brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009220-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 12th Cavalry Brigade\nOn 22 July 1918, the 1st Mounted Division was renumbered as the 4th Cavalry Division and the brigade as 12th Cavalry Brigade. The sub units (Signal Troop, Combined Cavalry Field Ambulance and Mobile Veterinary Section) were renumbered on the same date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009220-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 12th Cavalry Brigade\nThe brigade remained with 4th Cavalry Division for the rest of the war, taking part in the Battle of Megiddo and the Capture of Damascus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009220-0016-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 12th Cavalry Brigade\nAfter the Armistice of Mudros, the brigade remained with 4th Cavalry Division in Palestine as part of the occupation forces. However, demobilization began immediately and by May 1919 most of the British units had been repatriated. The division was finally broken up in 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009220-0017-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), Commanders\nThe North Midland Mounted Brigade / 22nd Mounted Brigade / 12th Cavalry Brigade had the following commanders:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009221-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 12th Cavalry Division (Russian: 12-\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, 12-ya Kavaleriiskaya Diviziya) was a cavalry formation of the Russian Imperial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 12th Cavalry is a cavalry regiment of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History\nOn 2 February 1901, Congress authorized the organization of the Twelfth Regiment of Cavalry, Army of the United States. Under this authority, the regiment was formed at Fort Sam Houston, Texas on 8 February 1901.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History\nFrom 1901 until 1911, the regiment served posts in Texas, Georgia, and the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History\nDuring World War II the 12th Cavalry served as an infantry regiment within the 1st Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was deactivated prior to the 1st Cavalry Division's service in the Korean War, but its lineage was resurrected in with the creation in 1957 of the Combat Arms Regimental System, in which the battalions listed below were created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History\nDuring the Cold War 3rd Squadron 12th Cavalry was assigned to the 3rd Armored Division in Germany as the divisional cavalry squadron. The 4th Squadron 12th Cavalry was assigned to the 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized) at Fort Carson, CO, in the 1960s and at Fort Polk, LA. A Troop of the 4th Squadron served in Vietnam with the 1st Brigade, 5th Infantry Division in Vietnam from 1968 to 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History\nAfter Operation Iraqi Freedom II, the 12th Cavalry Regiment underwent a major transition as elements from 2/7CAV, 1/9CAV, and 3/8CAV were reflagged and combined with the regiment to create the battalions currently in service. The 2nd Battalion, Twelfth Cavalry Regiment, as well as 2/7CAV and 1/9CAV moved to the 4th Brigade of the 1st Cavalry Division. 4th \"Long Knife\" Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division cased its colors in an inactivation ceremony Thursday, 17 Oct. 2013, at Fort Hood's Cooper Field. The 1st Battalion, Twelfth Cavalry Regiment, 2/7CAV, and 3/8CAV now operate at Fort Hood, Texas, and are now with the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nThe regiment returned to Texas to conduct border patrol duty in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. There the 1st Squadron engaged small detachments of raiding bandits until 22 February 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nThe 1st Squadron then reported for duty to Corozal in the Panama Canal Zone. The squadron remained in Corozal until 1921 when the regiment was reorganized during the drawdown following the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nOn 3 January 1933 the Twelfth Cavalry was assigned to the 1st Cavalry Division and participated in division maneuvers. The unit was reorganized as an infantry regiment in preparation for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nThe Twelfth Cavalry arrived in Australia on 26 July 1943 and began six months of jungle and amphibious training. The Regiment's first assault in the Pacific War came on 29 February 1944 when her soldiers assaulted the Los Negros Islands in the Admiralty Islands, north of New Guinea. The Twelfth Cavalry was assigned to the Leyte-Samar Campaign and helped liberate those islands from Japanese control in spite of stubborn resistance. Continuing the attack onto the island of Luzon, Regimental history was highlighted on 3 February 1945 when a flying column of Cavalrymen cut a 100-mile path through enemy-held territory to be the \"First in Manila\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nAfter World War II, the Twelfth Cavalry settled in for occupation duty in Japan and was inactivated on 29 March 1949. The Twelfth Cavalry was reactivated on 15 February 1957 as part of the 1st Armored Division at Fort Polk, Louisiana. The 1st Squadron was designated \"1st Reconnaissance Squadron.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nThe Twelfth was again inactivated on 3 February 1962. On 1 September 1963 the squadron was redesignated the First Battalion and reactivated and assigned to the First Cavalry Division in Korea. In June 1965, the battalion's colors were returned to Fort Benning, Georgia and assigned to a battalion of the 11th Air Assault Division (Test), in preparation for duty in the Republic of Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nDuring the Vietnam War units of the battalion participated in 12 campaigns and earned three Presidential Unit Citations and three Valorous Unit Awards for actions against the Viet Cong and the People's Army of Vietnam. In June 1972 the battalion returned from Vietnam to its new home at Fort Hood, Texas where it was organized as an M113A1 equipped mechanized infantry battalion, a maneuver battalion of the 1st Brigade of the Army's 1st Cavalry Division (TRICAP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0013-0001", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nSignificant during the battalion's TRICAP period in 1972, it participated in a massive removal of unexploded ordnance in the impact area of Ft. Hood, much of it dating to WW II, in preparation for the conduct of a several week multi division force on force exercise pitting the TRICAP Division against 2nd Armored Division in Operation Gallant Hand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0013-0002", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nThe 1st Battalion's work during this exercise was a further extension of work done by the 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry with other units of the 1st Brigade during Air Cavalry Combat Brigade Tests 1 and 2 to evaluate the TRICAP organization of armor, air assault, assault helicopter and mechanized infantry as a combined arms force operating against Soviet style ground forces. LTC Kelley commanded the battalion at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nOn 15 June 1983, the 1st Battalion was relieved of its assignment to the First Cavalry Division and was inactivated at Fort Hood, Texas. Three years later, on 4 October 1986, the battalion was reactivated as the 1st Squadron at Fort Knox, Kentucky. There, the squadron assumed the mission of training new armor soldiers. On 16 December 1992 the Squadron was redesignated the First Battalion and moved to Fort Hood, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nThe 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry was deployed to Camp McGovern, Bosnia from March to September 1999 in support of Operation Joint Forge Stabilization Force (SFOR) 5B. 1-12 CAV patrolled the areas around Br\u010dko in northern Bosnia, and enforced the Dayton Peace Accords. This rotational tour included patrolling the Zone of Separation established as a buffer between the warring factions, Weapon Storage Site (WSS) inspections and inventories, and joint patrols with other NATO units. During this rotational deployment, 1-12 CAV witnessed the final UN arbitration decision regarding control of the key city of Br\u010dko, and the NATO airstrikes in Serbia in support of initial NATO operations in Kosovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0016-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nAs of May 2002, the 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry transitioned to the M1A2 SEP tank \u2013 the first unit in the 1st Cavalry Division to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0017-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nIn March 2004, 1st Battalion deployed as part of 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division to East Baghdad, Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom II. Organized as a task force with attached infantry and engineer companies and operating from Camp Eagle outside Sadr City, 1\u201312 CAV battled the Mahdi Army of Muqtada al-Sadr throughout 2004. Task Force 1\u201312 Cavalry was commanded by LTC Tim Meredith, with senior NCO CSM Donald Battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0018-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nOctober 2006 \u2013 December 2007 1st Battalion deployed as part of 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division to Baqubah, Iraq. Under the command of LTC Goins and CSM Harris. While in Baqubah the battalion was spread then across the Diayla Province, then known as a safe haven for ISI (Islamic State of Iraq) and AQI (Al Queda in Iraq). Baqubah was announced to be the capital of the ISI and the coalition forces were to be routed out. After 7 months, Operation Arrowhead Ripper was initiated. The operation was success, with the city and infrastructure becoming more secure. The 1\u201312 CAV was in Baqubah for 15 months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0019-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nThe battalion deployed again in December 2008 to the volatile Ninewa Province, Iraq, this time, under the command of LTC Michael Fadden and CSM Eddie Delvalle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0020-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nFrom  February\u2013December  2011, 1st Battalion was deployed to southern Iraq with 3rd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division in support of Operation New Dawn under LTC Andrew Poznick and CSM Darryl Gill. Although the main effort was situated in Basrah, the Soldiers of Delta Company were tasked to man a remote Combat Outpost named COP Minden near the Iraq-Iran border which was a key target for insurgent fighters in the region. They were among the last American soldiers to exit Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0021-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nFebruary 2014 1st Battalion deployed about 800 \"combat-ready\" soldiers to Camps Hovey and Stanley, Republic of Korea, for nine months. This included the entire battalion and its forward support company. The deployment was part of the Army Force Generation rotational plan to increase theater readiness and maneuver capabilities. The battalion was attached to the 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division. (The \"Second to None\" division is the only permanent forward-deployed division in the U.S. Army. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0022-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nAs of 1933, the squadron was headquartered at Fort Ringgold, near Rio Grande City, the Second of the 12th rode patrols along the southern border for almost forty years under different headquarters. Late in 1940, the battalion returned to Fort Bliss and trained for war as part of the 1st Cavalry Division's Second Brigade and participated in the Louisiana Maneuvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0023-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nThe battalion traded its horses for jeep and amphibious assault vehicles in February 1943. In mid-June 1943, the Division shipped out for Australia, where it trained in preparation for combat on the Pacific Rim. The battalion saw its first combat on Los Negros Island in March 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0024-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nThe battalion also participated in the invasion of the Philippines. Landing on Leyte on 20 October 1944, the regiment was assigned the most difficult terrain in the central mountain ranges and faced fierce fighting. The fight was characterized by the bloody fight for Hill 2348 on 15 November. After being cut off from their supply lines, the battalion held off waves of suicide attacks. Finally on the night of 2 December, the troopers counterattacked and took the hill. The First Team lost 241 killed in action during the fighting on Leyte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0025-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nOn 27 January, the battalion stormed ashore on Luzon. It took six months, but on 30 June 1945, the entire island was secured. Selected by MacArthur to be the first into Japan, the battalion took on occupation duty near Yokohama until its deactivation in 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0026-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nReactivated in 1957, the battalion deployed to Vietnam in 1965 and fought the division's first engagement from 18 to 20 September as part of Operation Gibraltar. On 2 February 1968 during the Battle of Hu\u1ebf the battalion was deployed from Camp Evans to PK-17 to launch an attack towards La Chu to close off the PAVN supply routes west of Hu\u1ebf. The 2/12th Cavalry was pinned down by superior PAVN forces and eventually broke out on the night of 3 February leaving their dead behind. The battalion participated in the Cambodian Incursion and earned its 16th campaign streamer for the Sanctuary Counteroffensive. Serving as battalion signal officer during the Battle of Khe Sanh was future U.S. Senator Max Cleland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0027-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nOn 26 March 1971, the battalion stood down after five and a half years in Vietnam and returned to the United States at Fort Hood, Texas for permanent duty for the first time since 1943. In May 1971 the 2nd Battalion became a maneuver battalion in 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division (TRICAP). Organized as an M113A1 equipped mechanized infantry battalion, from May 1971 through most of the remaining year, elements of the battalion were deployed in support of Air Cavalry Combat Brigade Tests 1 and 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0027-0001", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nThese important tests evaluated the integration of attack helicopter capability with armored, mechanized and air assault, evaluating the ability of these elements in combination to defeat a Soviet ground force opponent. LTC Milford Marshall commanded during much of this period. Later, the battalion participated in several deployments on REFORGER as well as having been tasked as one of the test beds for the 1st Cavalry Division's Restructure Study (DRS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0027-0002", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nFor the next several years, 2-12 Cav (Mech) was thoroughly engaged in the peacetime training and preparation of its officers, NCOs, and enlisted soldiers in the eventuality of a combat deployment to Europe during the Cold War against Warsaw Pact forces. Shortly after the arrival of the M1 Tank at Fort Hood in 1981, the \"Last of the Blue Lancers\" [taken from s words uttered by an anonymous staff sergeant] finally faded away when 2-12 Cav (Mech) was re-flagged as 3-10 Cav (Armor). Shortly before it completed its transition to armor\u20142-12 Cav (Mech) was the only mechanized infantry battalion in the US Army that was tank-gunnery qualified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0028-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nThe unit was reactivated in 1986, with the mission of training Armor officers at Fort Knox. The battalion's colors were later moved to the First Team (i.e. 1st Cavalry Division) at Fort Hood, Texas in December 1992. Since then, the Chargers have served at places like the National Training Center at Fort Irwin, California. In the summer of 1995, Alpha company was called out with Task Force 1\u20135 CAV on a contingency response to hostilities in the Persian Gulf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0028-0001", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nA year later, from September to December 1996, Bravo and Charlie company deployed with Task Force 1\u20135 Cavalry again, this time as a part of 3rd Brigade for Operation Desert Strike. Despite not being on an alert status, Bravo and Charlie companies mustered, deployed, drew propositioned equipment and occupied defensive battle positions in 96 hours. Meanwhile, with two companies plus their support slices deployed, the remainder of the battalion turned in the battalion's 58 M1A1 HC tanks to General Dynamics War Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0029-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nIn January 1997, the 2nd Battalion drew the new M1A2 tanks. In June 1997 the entire task force deployed to Kuwait, drew propositioned equipment, and initiated a rigorous two and a half-month training cycle known as Intrinsic Action 97-02. The Chargers battled blowing sand, 130-plus degree temperatures, and 50-mile an hour winds, all while maintaining an above 90% operational readiness rate and a high quality of life for the soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0030-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nIn the fall of 1998 2nd Brigade was organized into a Task Force with 1\u20135 Inf and 1\u201312 Armor, to go to Bosnia as SFOR5. To avoid complication of two battalions of 'Chargers' 2\u201312 Armor was redesignated as the 'ThunderHorse' Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0031-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nIn January 2004, 2nd Battalion deployed as part of 2nd Brigade in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The battalion conducted a relief in place with 2\u201370 Armor and assumed responsibility for a portion of western Baghdad including the Abu Ghraib district. In Abu Ghraib, Task Force 2\u201312 CAV included Annihilator A/1-5 CAV, Blackhawk B/2-12 CAV, Cold Steel C/2-12 CAV, Hound HHC/2-12 CAV, and a platoon of soldiers from the Estonian Scouts Battalion. TF", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0031-0001", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nThunder operated in the Abu Ghraib area from January to October 2004 before conducting operations in support of the 39th BCT in the vicinity of Taji and subsequently the 1st Marine Division in the vicinity of Falluja from October to December 2004. In January 2005, Task Force Thunder began operations in the North Babil provence to support Iraqi elections. After elections, TF Thunder conducted a relief in place and moved to Kuwait to conduct redeployment operations. LTC Tim Ryan and CSM Robert Booker led the Task Force throughout the deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0032-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nIn October 2006, 2nd Battalion deployed as part of 4th BCT, 1st Cavalry Division out of Ft. Bliss Texas to support Operation Iraqi Freedom. The battalion was attached to 2nd BCT, 1st Infantry Division in western Baghdad. As part of Task Force Dagger, 2nd Battalion patrolled the Baghdad neighborhoods of Gazyaliyah and Shulla. 2\u201312 CAV redeployed to Ft. Bliss in December 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0033-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nIn March 2008, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry was reflagged as 1st Battalion, 77th Armor. 3rd Battalion, 67th Armor, 4th Brigade Combat Team, 4th Infantry Division from Ft. Hood, Texas was then reflagged as 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry. The new 2d Battalion, 12th Cavalry then deployed to Tallil in southern Iraq in support of OIF 08-10 on 11 June 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0034-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nIn September 2010 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry deployed in support of \"Operation New Dawn\", this time to Kirkuk, Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0035-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nIn November 2012 2nd Battalion deployed to Laghman Province, Afghanistan (RC-East) as part of the 4th Security Forces Assistance Brigade. In October 2013, the 4th Brigade Combat Team was deactivated and 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry joined the 1st Brigade Combat Team at Fort Hood, TX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009222-0036-0000", "contents": "12th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry\nIn October and November 2014, 2nd Battalion mobilized to Germany with the rest of 1st Brigade Combat Team and participated in Operation Atlantic Combined Resolve III. Their mission was to reinforce multinational partnerships while gaining experience working directly with allied forces in simulated combat exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009223-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in session from September 1982 to November 1987. It held seven plenary sessions. It was securely succeeded by the 13th Central Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009223-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\nIt elected the 12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party in 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009224-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nThe 12th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam was elected at the 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam in January 2016. The 12th Central Committee elected the 12th Politburo and the 12th Secretariat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009224-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Members, Alternate members\nThe first plenum of the 12th PCC elected the Politburo, the Party General Secretary, the PCC Secretariat, the PCC Commission on Inspection and Head of the PCC Commission on Inspection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 84], "content_span": [85, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009225-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Chess Olympiad\nThe 12th Chess Olympiad, organized by the FIDE and comprising an open team tournament, as well as several other events designed to promote the game of chess, took place between August 31 and September 25, 1956, in Moscow, Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009225-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Chess Olympiad\nThe host nation were double defending champions and naturally huge favourites, and they lived up to expectations. Although their victory margin wasn't as big as two years before, they still won comfortably, with Yugoslavia and Hungary taking home the silver and bronze medals, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009225-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nA total of 34 teams entered the competition and were divided into four preliminary groups of eight or nine teams. The top three from each group advanced to Final A, the teams placed 4th\u20136th to Final B, and the rest to Final C. All groups and finals were played as round-robin tournaments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009225-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nGroup 1 was won by the Soviet hosts, well ahead of Bulgaria and Switzerland. Poland, Sweden, and Norway took the places 4\u20136, while Puerto Rico and Saar finished at the bottom of the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009225-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nYugoslavia took first place in group 2, ahead of Israel and Denmark. Netherlands, Austria, and France made up the middle part of the group, while Mongolia and Scotland had to settle for the bottom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009225-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nGroup 3 was won by Argentina, ahead of West Germany and England. Iceland, Chile, and Finland took the places 4\u20136, while India, Luxembourg, and Ireland finished at the bottom of the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009225-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nHungary clinched group 4, ahead of Romania and Czechoslovakia. East Germany, Colombia, and Belgium made up the middle part of the group, while the Philippines, Greece, and Iran completed the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009225-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Chess Olympiad, Results, Individual medals\nDue to a special rule for the top board at Olympiads, Larsen's result automatically earned him the GM title (the rule has since been abolished).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate\nThe 12th Chief (or \"Main\") Directorate of the Ministry of Defense (12 GU MO) of the former USSR and of the modern Russian Federation (Russian: 12 \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u041e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420/\u0420\u0424 (\u042f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0411\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c)) is a department within the Russian (ex-Soviet) Ministry of Defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0000-0001", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate\nIt is responsible for the safe-keeping, technical maintenance, transportation, delivery, issuance, disposal, etc. of the nuclear arsenal of the state, as well as the testing of nuclear charges, which includes ensuring ecological safety of such tests and the maintenance of Soviet/Russian testing grounds, known in Russian as \"polygons\" \u2013 in Semipalatinsk (Semipalatinsk Test Site, now Kazakhstan) and on Novaya Zemlya Archipelago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate\nUnlike the GRU (Chief Directorate of Intelligence), the 12th GU MO is not a chief directorate of the General Staff, but a chief directorate of the Ministry of Defense. As such it is not subordinated to the Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet/Russian Armed Forces, but directly to the Minister of Defense, which makes it higher in status compared to the GRU. Position of the Chief of the 12th GU MO is equal to that of the commander of a military district, and supposed to be occupied by a 4-star General or by a Marshal of Artillery. However, in practice, out of seven chiefs of this Organization, only one (E.V. Boichuk) has held such a high rank \u2013 the other six were only three-star Generals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Officers\nOfficers, or cadres, for the 12th GU MO are supplied mainly by a special nuclear weapons faculty of the Peter the Great Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces situated in Serpukhov, near Moscow, and by a special faculty of the Dzerzhinsky Military Academy. The 12th GU MO maintains its own training facility for commissioned officers and for warrant-officers at Sharapovo village, near the city of Sergiev Posad, where commissioned officers possessing other military specialties are educated in nuclear arsenal maintenance skills in 6-month-long courses. Non", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0002-0001", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Officers\n-essential specialists (those commissioned and non-commissioned officers and soldiers who perform general tasks unrelated to nuclear weapons) could be supplied by other military colleges and academies, but these people can not obtain positions in the 12th GU MO or in either of its subordinated units unless they (as well as their family) could get a special security clearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Officers\nIn the USSR only members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union could be appointed to serve in the 12th GU MO or in any of its subordinated units, including its Special Control Service (even young conscripts who served there only two years without actually knowing anything about nuclear weapons must obtain special security clearance and must necessarily be members of the Communist Union of Youth, a.k.a. \"Komsomol\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Structure and tasks\nIn its main part the 12th GU MO consists of the headquarters, or the \"directorate of the Chief of the 12 Chief Directorate\", located in central Moscow \u2013 Znamenskiy Pereulok 19, unit number 31600. There was also a central archive, popularly known as \"the nuclear registrar,\" where any and every piece of the Soviet or Russian nuclear munitions is registered. Besides, it consists of a network of nuclear arsenal bases both central and \"dedicated\" where nuclear warheads/munitions are actually being kept. These bases are called \"Special-Technical Formations\", but their whole is called \"Special Troops of Supreme Command Reserve\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Structure and tasks\nEach base is typically the size of a regiment, sometimes the size of a brigade, but it is usually commanded by a major-general or sometimes by a rear admiral rather than by a colonel because their importance and elevated status makes them technically equal to that of a regular infantry or other division. Many of commanding officers serving at its Moscow headquarters bear general's and admiral's ranks, since almost all of them are being promoted from among remote arsenal base commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0005-0001", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Structure and tasks\nThat is why percentage of generals and admirals among commissioned officers in the 12th GU MO is considerably higher than in any other military organization of the Russian Army or the Russian Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0005-0002", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Structure and tasks\nSuch nuclear arsenal bases are usually located far enough from big cities (at least 50\u00a0kilometres), but close enough to the military units that would use these nuclear warheads in case of war (primarily it is Intercontinental Ballistic Missile batteries, but also missile batteries with shorter range, theatre and tactical missile units, navy and aviation units armed with nuclear weapons, units of military saboteurs and engineers that were supposed to use portable nuclear munitions, anti-aircraft and anti-ballistic missile defences that use nuclear-tipped missiles, etc.).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0005-0003", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Structure and tasks\nSo the main purpose of the 12th Chief Directorate's existence is to securely separate \"end-users\" of nuclear weapons from their actual nuclear weapons during times of peace. Only in case of real necessity those who are supposed to have nuclear weapons would get them and it could only happen when authorized by the top political leadership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0005-0004", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Structure and tasks\nPresently only some small number of nuclear warheads are always issued to end-users, such as warheads attached to ballistic missiles currently at service, but most of the Russian nuclear arsenal is being securely kept by the 12th Chief Directorate units and could only be issued to others in case of emergency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Structure and tasks\nMoreover, this organization is tasked to collect currently issued nuclear warheads back from their end-users for a reason of replacement or upgrading, and to conduct technical maintenance on nuclear weapons currently issued to end-users at their territories. For this reason each military unit that armed with nuclear warheads currently in service also has some permanently attached representatives of the 12th GU MO nearest arsenal bases whose main duty is to supervise prescribed handling and to conduct required technical maintenance of these issued nuclear warheads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0006-0001", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Structure and tasks\nThe 12th GU MO nuclear arsenal bases' staff is additionally trained for being able to attach nuclear warheads to their carriers, ballistic and other missiles, to strategic bombers and to other kind of aircraft, a task which usually assigned to special units of end-users. Such additional training is conducted for a reason that 12th GU MO specialists could replace specialists of the end-users in this capacity in case of emergency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Structure and tasks\nAnother task of the 12th GU MO is to prevent so-called \"nuclear terrorism,\" but this is a relatively modern task, which did not exist formerly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Structure and tasks\nBesides these nuclear arsenal bases, the 12th Chief Directorate maintains several nuclear weapons research institutes in Moscow and in Sergiev Posad, near Moscow, with their subsidiaries located at nuclear testing grounds in Semipalatinsk-21 and on Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, and in several other cities (Saint Petersburg, for example). It also maintains a separate research institute tasked with developing nuclear explosions detection technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Structure and tasks\nAnother function of the 12th GU MO is to serve as a link between the Armed Forces and those branches of Soviet/Russian industry and science related to nuclear weapons developing and manufacturing. It is actually the 12th Chief Directorate that develops detailed plans for required nuclear armament and its improvements and places orders for nuclear weapons production before civilian manufacturers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Secrecy\nThe 12th GU MO is probably the most secretive organization of the Soviet/Russian Armed Forces, even more than the GRU or the Strategic Rocket Forces. Even though today Russia has become more open and even some articles appear in its mass-media openly describing the \"Nuclear Technical Service\" Directorate, this organization remains off-limits. However, during Soviet times the most of commissioned officers, even though highly educated ones, had little or no knowledge that the 12th Chief Directorate existed. In the Soviet times it was considered taboo to talk about it outside of secured premises. When talking to strangers, even to other commissioned officers of the Armed Forces, one could only refer to their unit by its coded number. For example, you could say that \"I serve as a tank platoon commander at the military unit 31600,\" but nothing more than that.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 898]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Secrecy\nMost of officials of the 12th GU MO headquarters wear gunnery uniforms and bear military ranks typical to artillery, since this organization is considered being primarily an \"arsenal.\" However, when it comes to its personnel serving in its remote nuclear arsenal bases, it could wear various military uniforms, ranging from aviation and navy to even tank-crews and marines, because it is a long-time policy of the 12th GU MO to disguise its remote units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0011-0001", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Secrecy\nAll service personnel of the 12th GU MO are explicitly forbidden to reveal to anyone, even to their spouses, that they serve in the Nuclear Technical Service, in the 12th Chief Directorate, or that they have anything to do with nuclear weapons. Moreover, a majority of non-essential staff of nuclear arsenal bases do not know that they actually maintain nuclear weapons. Every unit of this organization has its own cover story based on its location and its currently worn uniform and all its personnel must strictly adhere to this story when dealing with strangers. Some bases also use \"civilian legends.\" For example, nuclear arsenal base unit number 62047 in Krasnokamianka, Kizil-Tash, Crimea, was masquerading as a \"wine-making enterprise\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Secrecy\nActive disinformation measures to this effect are meticulously planned and are regularly conducted not only in order to create a wrong impression among local population and neighbouring military units, but even to misinform conscripts and other unrelated staff serving at actual arsenal bases. For example, tanks and artillery pieces that are maintained as a part of the cover story could be seen by neighbours on daily \"routine\" exercises in corresponding bogus \"tank\" or \"artillery\" regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0012-0001", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Secrecy\nIn order to minimize spreading of information about these bases, their commissioned staff was encouraged to serve at one location for as long as possible and not to seek promotions outside their bases (while it was typical for Soviet military in general to move officers every 3\u20135 years to various places and to promote them exclusively outside of their former military units).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Nuclear arsenal base structure\nEach nuclear arsenal base typically consists of the following main services and units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Nuclear arsenal bases functioning and training\nThe main arsenal service, its ETS, and all attached to it transportation and communication detachments, guards, and sappers are subdivided into several so-called Special Tactical Groups (STGs). These were highly mobile units trained to deliver nuclear warheads to designated end-users in various circumstances, including those during ongoing battles and even during unfolding nuclear war. These STGs are mostly based on various automobile transport, but also on rail-way transport, and sometimes, on helicopter transport. Even those auxiliary tanks that are designed to serve as a cover for the arsenal base could be used to reinforce these STGs on their full march.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Nuclear arsenal bases functioning and training\nThe 12th Chief Directorate maintains its own secure communication system, independent of others, that links its peace-time and war-time headquarters with all its bases and with other subordinated units. Additional local communication systems of each arsenal base securely link its main command post with its multiple mobile STGs. The main communication system of the 12th GU MO has its own unique coded commands that could be used to instantly transmit orders to elevate readiness and to begin loading, delivering, and issuing nuclear warheads and other nuclear munitions to their end-users. Such commands must be transmitted via at least three different communication channels simultaneously to guarantee their delivery. Delivery of such commands must be practiced at least once a day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0016-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Nuclear arsenal bases functioning and training\nMore extended exercises that include execution of alerts of a \"higher readiness\" and \"combat readiness,\" with actual loading of warheads into transport and dispatching the STGs towards the end-users, must be conducted at least several times per year. All nuclear arsenal bases are linked by their own railways to the vast Russian railway system (nuclear warheads/munitions are being moved from production plants to the 12th Chief Directorate units and between these units usually by railway).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0017-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Security\nEach base is heavily guarded. The guards belong to two independent organizations: some to the FSB, and some to the 12th Chief Directorate itself. This arrangement is made in such a way that guards could not make any sinister agreements among themselves. Moreover, guards from the 12th GU MO are organized into a separate battalion which makes them independent from those dealing with nuclear weapons inside. Each arsenal base is encircled by barbed wire carrying current, by various electronic and laser movement detection devices, by border furrow, and sometimes even by mine fields in between.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0017-0001", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Security\nGuard dogs are also used in some cases. In addition to an outer guarding perimeter there is also an inner guarding perimeter, which encircles the nuclear depot (its \"technical zone\"), where only authorized officers could have access. Even when it is needed to bring in some truck to load or to unload, the truck\u2019s driver has to get out and then some authorized officer would replace the driver to drive the truck into the technical zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0018-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Security\nThe technical zone itself is also separated into several restricted zones of various levels of access in accordance with actual levels of security clearance of staff admitted there. Inside such an inner perimeter all technical premises where nuclear warheads are being kept and maintained, are normally buried deep underground and usually equipped with full anti-atomic protection; for example, typical weight of steel safe-like hermetic doors to the inner premises is over 40 tons. These premises, as well as command posts, could likely survive a thermo-nuclear explosion and the officers there could still be able to deliver their warheads in such conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0019-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, History\nThe 12th Chief Directorate was formerly known as the \"Special Department of the General Staff\", and later \u2013 as the \"6th Directorate of the Ministry of Defense\". It has been created on September 4, 1947, based on \"KB-11\" (in Russian: \"\u041a\u0411-11\" - \"Design Buhhkkvccreau 11\", also known in Russia as off-limits town \"Arzamas-16\", later \"Sarov\"); its first chief was Major-General-Engineer (later \u2013 full General) Viktor Bolyatko.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0020-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, History\nThe first curator of this organization was Lavrentiy Beria, the then mighty chief of the Soviet NKVD. It is widely believed until today that if not for Beria\u2019s personal efforts, neither the Nuclear Technical Service, nor actual nuclear weapons would ever be created in the Soviet Union. In fact, it was Beria who spearheaded the campaign for creating the USSR's own nuclear weapons program and who contributed to it, including supplying some nuclear technology stolen by his intelligence service from the United States researchers. For this reason, Beria is considered to the god-father of this organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0020-0001", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, History\nEven though for the rest of the Soviet Union Beria was declared an \"enemy of the people\", relegated to \"unperson\" status and excluded from the 30-volumed Great Soviet Encyclopedia, he remains a highly revered figure within the off-limits structure of the 12th GU MO, and especially within its scientific research institutions. Beria\u2019s portraits and statues are still maintained in some premises and flowers are laid to his statures on his birthdays and on some other occasions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0020-0002", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, History\nEven in the post-Soviet times when the entire communist past was declared criminal, the alleged \"top of the top communist criminal\" Lavrentiy Beria continued to enjoy similar reverence among nuclear weapons specialists. For example, the 6-volumes collective work named \"Nuclear Testing in the USSR\" published few years after the USSR disappearance still features seditious Beria\u2019s portrait first in this book, before any other photos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0021-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, History\nThe 12th Chief Directorate in its current capacity was formed in February 1959. Three years later the Organization managed to effectively and secretly delivered numerous combat-ready nuclear warheads of six different types to Cuba during an infamous strategic Operation Anadyr, a move that resulted in the most dangerous nuclear stand-off between the United States and the Soviet Union. On the next stage of its development the Nuclear Technical Service was headed by General Nikolai Pavlovich Yegorov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0021-0001", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, History\nThe next and the most well-known chief was Marshal of Artillery Yefim Boychuk, who held this position from February 1974 until November 1985 and was credited with transforming the organization into the most effective nuclear weapons protection, delivery, and maintenance system. During his command the 12th GU MO lost its initial \"warehouse image\" and became a real effective branch of the Soviet Armed Forces, in some respects surpassing by its effectiveness of well-known Soviet special purpose forces such as \"Spetsnaz\" and the \"VDV\" (Russian Airborne Troops). The last chief of this organization during the Soviet Union was General Vladimir Gerasimov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0022-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, History\nThe 12th Chief Directorate was re-created as a part of Russian Armed Forces on September 2, 1993, by a special order No.68 of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation. The first post-soviet chief of the 12th GU MO was General Yevgeny Maslin. In September 1997 he was replaced by General Igor Valynkin. Valynkin was succeeded in December 2005 by Vladimir Verkhovtsev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0023-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Special Control Service\nThere is a smaller autonomous organization within the main 12th GU MO structure \u2013 \"the Special Control Service of the Defense Ministry,\" Military Unit Number 46179, \"atomic intelligence,\" or \"nuclear intelligence\" of the former Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0024-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Special Control Service\nThe Special Control Service (SSK, Russian: \u0421\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0430 \u0421\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0430) is tasked with gathering intelligence on nuclear weapons and particularly on nuclear testing of various adversaries of the former USSR by all means \u2013 ranging from six technical control methods to analyzing radio-intercepts and periodicals. The Special Control Service was not a part of the 12th GU MO from very beginning, but was formerly a part of the GRU, its 6th Directorate\u2019s department of special observation. However, it was later detached from the GRU and made an independent Special Observation Service of the Defense Ministry. Then it was renamed into a Special Control Service and re-subordinated first to the Directorate of the Commander of the Chemical Troops (the analogue of a standard ABC service in the Soviet Army), and then again re-subordinated to the 12th GU MO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 903]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0025-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Special Control Service\nThe Special Control Service has its own network of military units, named \"detection laboratories\", each headed by a Colonel, which are situated in many spots inside and outside of the Soviet Union and are all linked to the Service headquarters and to its computation centres by its own secure communication network which is totally independent from the communication network of the 12th GU MO itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0026-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Special Control Service\nTo mark the 60th anniversary of the Special Control Service, in May 2018, the Ministry of Defence released a video recounting the tasks of the service. Apart from nuclear explosion monitoring for the Russian Government itself, the SCS also coordinates activities by the Russian Federal Government and the Academy of Sciences to carry out Russian obligations to implement the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009226-0027-0000", "contents": "12th Chief Directorate, Tactical nuclear munitions\nAs of 1989 year in all USSR republics there were tactical nuclear munitions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009227-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Cinema Express Awards\nThe 12th Cinema Express Awards were held on 22 April 1992, and honoured the best of South Indian films released in 1991. The awards were announced in March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009227-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Cinema Express Awards, Solidaire excellency awards\nAwards in this field were given to film producer G. Venkateswaran, playback singer S. Janaki, art director Thota Tharani and special effects artist Venky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009228-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival\nThe 12th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival was held from August 5\u201314, 2016 in Metro Manila, Philippines. This marks the return of full-length films after their absence in last year's edition. A total of nine full-length features and ten short films competed. The festival was opened by Carlo Obispo's 1-2-3 and was closed by Gil Portes' Ang Hapis at Himagsik ni Hermano Puli. At the awards night, both Pamilya Ordinaryo and Tuos dominated, with each receiving five awards. Pamilya Ordinaryo won Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009228-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, Entries\nThe winning film is highlighted with boldface and a dagger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009228-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, Awards\nThe awards ceremony was held on August 14, 2016 at the Tanghalang Nicanor Abelardo, Cultural Center of the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009229-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Coast Artillery (United States)\nThe 12th Coast Artillery Regiment was a Coast Artillery regiment in the United States Army, constituted in the Regular Army on 27 February 1924. It served in the Harbor Defenses of the Chesapeake with headquarters at Fort Monroe, Virginia from 1924 to 1932. At that point the regiment effectively became the 2nd Coast Artillery; on paper the 2nd Coast Artillery was transferred from the Harbor Defenses of Cristobal in the Panama Canal Zone and the 12th was transferred (less personnel and equipment) to that harbor defense. However, the 12th was never activated again, and on 19 June 1944 was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009229-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage\nConstituted in the Regular Army on 27 February 1924 as 12th Coast Artillery (Harbor Defense) (HD), and organized 1 July 1924 at Fort Monroe by redesignating the following companies of the Coast Artillery Corps (CAC): 112th, 58th, 139th, 158th, 164th, 103rd, 166th, and 169th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009229-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA gold griffin statant wing wings elevated and addorsed within a red ring bearing the motto \"IMPIGER ET ANIMOSUS\" in gold. Due to the lack of artwork, tools, drawings and having no sample, we are unable to determine the exact design of the insignia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009229-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe griffin is a fictitious heraldic animal noted for watchfulness and strength, half eagle and half lion, and emphasizes the motto which translates to \"Alert and Courageous.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009229-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was approved on 10 November 1924. It was rescinded on 14 March 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009230-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Coastal Defense Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 87th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c87\u5e08) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 33rd Brigade, 11th Column of the Huadong Field Army, which was activated in April 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009230-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Coastal Defense Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was part of the 29th Corps. Under the flag of the 87th Division, it was engaged in several battles in the Chinese Civil War, including the Shanghai Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009230-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Coastal Defense Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn October 1950 the division was transferred to Fujian Military Region's control with the disbandment of the 29th Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009230-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Coastal Defense Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn July 1952, the division was reconstituted as the 13th Public Security Division(Chinese: \u516c\u5b89\u7b2c13\u5e08). The division was mainly tasked with the defense of Pingtan Island and Nanri Island in Fujian. The division was under the control of Public Security Troops Command, Huadong Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009230-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Coastal Defense Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn June 1956, the division was reconstituted into a garrison formation. In February 1957 the division was reorganized as the 13th Garrison Division(Chinese: \u5b88\u5907\u7b2c13\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009230-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Coastal Defense Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn November 1969, the division was renamed as 2nd Garrison Division of Fuzhou Military Region(Chinese: \u798f\u5dde\u519b\u533a\u5b88\u5907\u7b2c2\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009230-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Coastal Defense Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1985, following the disbandment of Fuzhou Military Region, the division was redesignated as 12th Garrison Division of Nanjing Military Region(Chinese: \u5357\u4eac\u519b\u533a\u5b88\u5907\u7b2c12\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009230-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Coastal Defense Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1992, the division was reconstituted as 12th Coastal Defense Division(Chinese: \u6d77\u9632\u7b2c12\u5e08). The division was then composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009230-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Coastal Defense Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 2017 the division was reduced as the 303rd Coastal Defense Brigade(Chinese: \u6d77\u9632\u7b2c303\u65c5). It is now serving as a coastal defense formation of the Eastern Theatre Command Ground Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade\nThe 12th Combat Aviation Brigade is a Combat Aviation Brigade of the United States Army. It was first organized as the 12th Aviation Group at Fort Benning, Georgia, on 18 June 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade, Vietnam\nThe unit deployed to Vietnam in August 1965 to command non-organic Army aviation units, and by November 1965, the group consisted of 11,000 personnel and 34 aviation units. Between 1965 and 1966 the group doubled in size and was used to form the 1st Aviation Brigade in March 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade, Vietnam\nAssigned to the Military Region III in Vietnam, the 12th Group was the largest unit of its type to serve in combat. Its colors, emblazoned with 18 campaign streamers, give lasting testimony to its role. The unit earned the Meritorious Unit Commendation, two Vietnamese Crosses for Gallantry with Palm, and the Vietnamese Civic Action Medal, First Class while in Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade, Cold War\nUpon its return in March 1973, the 12th Aviation Group became a major subordinate command of the XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. In November 1979, the 12th Aviation Group deployed to Lindsey Air Station, Wiesbaden, Germany as a major subordinate command of the V Corps, providing command and control of aviation units throughout the V Corps area of operation. In April 1984, Headquarters Company, 12th Aviation Group moved to Wiesbaden Air Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0003-0001", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade, Cold War\nIn October 1987, under army-wide restructuring, the 12th Aviation Group was re-designated as the 12th Aviation Brigade, along with its subordinate units: 5th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment; C Company, 7th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment; and B Company, 6th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment. In the latter part of 1988, the Brigade re-structured again when the 5th Squadron (AH 64), 6th Cavalry Regiment arrived in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade, Cold War\nDuring the Cold War years the 12th had a 12-man pathfinder platoon assigned to the group headquarters. The authorization for the pathfinder unit was deleted around the time the group was redesignated a brigade and the pathfinders departed as their tours ended. Their beret flash and parachute wing trimming can be seen on the Institute of Heraldry website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade, Middle East\nIn August 1990, the Brigade deployed to Southwest Asia for Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm with 2\u20133 Aviation Regiment (Attack) attached. During Desert Storm the Brigade provided a highly mobile and lethal maneuver force to the multi-national forces in Saudi Arabia. Initially attached to the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), the Brigade became a major subordinate command of XVIII Airborne Corps in January 1991. During the four-day coalition ground offensive, the Brigade flew nearly 400 flight hours, transporting 390 tons of cargo to forward deployed units and providing essential combat and combat support services for the ground offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post-Cold War\nOn 15 June 1992, the 5th Squadron, 6th Cavalry Regiment was de-activated as part of the downsizing of U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR). The 3rd Battalion, 58th Aviation Regiment (Air Traffic Services) joined the Brigade on 16 June 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post-Cold War\nSince the end of the Cold War, the Brigade has played a major role in America's peacekeeping operations. From 1991 until 1996, 12th Brigade ensured the safety of Kurdish citizens during Operation Provide Comfort. The Brigade operated the Beirut Air Bridge from 1993 until 1998, providing a logistical lifeline to the US Embassy in Beirut from Cyprus. The Brigade also deployed soldiers to Hungary and Bosnia in 1995 to enforce the peace during Operations Joint Endeavor and Joint Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post-Cold War\nIn April 1999, the Brigade deployed to Tirana, Albania as part of Task Force Hawk in support of NATO Operation Allied Force. The Brigade Task Force consisted of 65 aircraft including UH-60 Black Hawks, CH-47 Chinooks, AH-64 Apaches, and UH-60 MEDEVAC aircraft. When peace was declared in June 1999, the Brigade transported elements of the 82nd Airborne Division into Macedonia and Kosovo, moving 390 personnel, 24 vehicles, and 13 pallets of equipment in less than 48 hours of the signing of the Military Technical Agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0008-0001", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post-Cold War\nThe Brigade flew in excess of 6,000 hours and conducted 22,185 aircraft movements in support of operations in Albania, Macedonia, and Kosovo, with CH-47 and Air Traffic Control elements supporting Task Force Falcon until March 2001 and June 2000, respectively. After returning from Task Force Hawk and Task Force Falcon, 12th Brigade prepared for re-structuring and re-stationing initiatives. USAREUR Movement Directive 5-00 directed all of the Aviation Brigade elements stationed at Wiesbaden Army Airfield to move to Giebelstadt Army Airfield. On 30 June 2000, 5th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment, the largest aviation battalion in theater consisting of 840 soldiers, split into two separate battalions, 3-158 Aviation Regiment and 5-158 Aviation Regiment. On 31 August 2000, all units from Wiesbaden closed on Giebelstadt Army Airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade, War on Terror\nIn support of the Global War on Terror, the 12th Aviation Brigade conducted full spectrum combat operations during its year-long deployment to Operation Iraqi Freedom. The brigade flew thousands of hours, moved over 25,000 personnel, and controlled over 230,000 air movements. In February 2005 the 12th Aviation Brigade deployed to Afghanistan in support Operation Enduring Freedom and to Pakistan in support of International Earthquake Humanitarian Relief Operations. While in support of Operation Enduring Freedom Task Force Griffin flew in excess of 52,000 hours, transported 105,000 personnel, and moved over 25 million pounds of cargo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0009-0001", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade, War on Terror\nOn 7 August 2006, the units of Aviation Brigade, 1st Infantry Division combined with units of both the 12th Aviation Brigade and the former 11th Aviation Group (inactivated 9 June 2005) and reflagged as the 12th Aviation Brigade (Combat), attached to the 1st Armored Division. On 20 March 2007 the 12th became a separate brigade under V Corps. Most recently, the 12th deployed to Iraq in the summer of 2007, organized as Task Force XII in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. TF XII served in Balad, Iraq as the Corps Aviation Brigade under Multi-National Corps-Iraq over a four-month period before relocating to Taji as the aviation brigade under Multi-National Division-Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade, War on Terror\nIn May 2012, the CAB deployed five of its seven battalions to Afghanistan, while at the same time sending one attack battalion, 3-159th ARB, to Kuwait to support Operation Spartan Shield in the Persian Gulf. Only 1-214th remained in Germany. The aviation battalions were organized into similarly equipped task forces, each capable of providing the same mission and support to units operating in RC East, RC West and RC North. 3-58 AOB, known as TF Guardian, deployed to manage the airfield at Tarin Kowt in RC South.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0010-0001", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade, War on Terror\nWhile the brigade headquarters redeployed in September as part of the drawdown of surge forces, the battalion task forces Storm, Gunslinger, Guardian, Ready and Pirate remained in Afghanistan providing direct support to units across the country. Task Force Pirate, 1/211 ARB from the Utah Army National Guard joined the Griffin Brigade for this deployment, providing seamless integration with their active duty counterparts in RC North and RC West. At the height of the deployment, 12th CAB had Soldiers and helicopter crews operating from more than 30 different locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade, Montenegro\nIn February 2012, a sudden winter storm struck Montenegro, leaving hundreds of people stranded in the mountains of the Eastern European country. While the bulk of the Brigade was preparing for an upcoming deployment, 1-214th GSAB sent two UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters, with pilots, aircrews and medical personnel to respond. The deployed team was under the command of COL Robert Levalley of the 361st Civil Affairs unit (Army Reserve), based in Kaiserslautern, Germany. While there, the crews worked with Montenegrin pilots and civilians and combined efforts with helicopters from Croatia, Slovenia and Greece to deliver food and livestock feed, as well as to transport injured civilians to medical facilities there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade, Current Role\nThe brigade is currently based around Ansbach, Bavaria, in Germany, and headquartered in Katterbach Kaserne, with subordinate units at Katterbach Army Airfield, Grafenwoehr Army Airfield, and Wiesbaden Army Airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade, Current Role\nIn March 2013, for the first time since 2007, the entire 12th CAB returned to Germany, where they continue to train and operate in support of EUCOM and AFRICOM contingency missions. The 12th CAB is currently reorganizing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade, Current Role\nThe 12th Combat Aviation Brigade currently consists of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009231-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Combat Aviation Brigade, Current Role\nAn article in the Stars & Stripes on 1 March 2013 stated 1-214th Aviation would be reduced at Clay Kaserne, Wiesbaden, by 190 soldier spaces and at Landstuhl Regional Medical Center by 50 soldier spaces in 2016. Additionally, 3-158th Aviation would return to CONUS in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009232-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of Deputies\nThe 12th Congress of Deputies was a meeting of the Congress of Deputies, the lower house of the Spanish Cortes Generales, with the membership determined by the results of the 2016 general election held on 26 June 2016. The congress met for the first time on 19 July 2016 and was dissolved prematurely on 5 March 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009232-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of Deputies, Election\nThe 12th Spanish general election was held on 26 June 2016. At the election the conservative People's Party remained the largest party in the Congress of Deputies but fell short of a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009232-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of Deputies, History\nThe new congress met for the first time on 19 July  2016 and after two rounds of voting Ana Pastor (PP) was elected as President of the Congress of Deputies with the support of the Cs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009232-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of Deputies, History\nOther members of the Bureau of the Congress of Deputies were also elected on 19 July  2016: Ignacio Prendes (Cs), First Vice-President; Micaela Navarro (PSOE), Second Vice-President; Rosa Romero (PP), Third Vice-President; Gloria Elizo (Podemos), Fourth Vice-President; Alicia S\u00e1nchez-Camacho (PP), First Secretary; Juan Luis Gordo (PSOE), Second Secretary; Marcelo Exp\u00f3sito (ECP), Third Secretary; and Patricia Reyes (Cs), Fourth Secretary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009232-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of Deputies, History\nAfter a protracted government formation and four rounds of voting, Mariano Rajoy (PP) was re-elected Prime Minister with the support of the Cs on 29 October 2016 after the PSOE leadership chose to abstain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009232-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of Deputies, History\nIn June 2017, following a series of corruption scandals involving the PP, Podemos submitted a motion of no confidence in Rajoy's government but on 14 June 2017 Congress rejected the motion after the PSOE leadership chose to abstain again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009232-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of Deputies, History\nIn May 2018, following another corruption scandal involving the PP, PSOE submitted a motion of no confidence in Rajoy's government and on 1 June 2018 Congress approved the motion after Podemos and various separatist, nationalist and regionalist parties chose to support the motion. As a result of the vote PSOE leader Pedro S\u00e1nchez became Prime Minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009232-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of Deputies, History\nAfter the PSOE government refused to discuss right to self-determination for Catalonia, Catalan separatists joined the PP and Cs in voting down the 2019 General State Budget on 13 February 2019. On 15 February 2019 Prime Minister S\u00e1nchez announced that a snap election would be held on 28 April 2019. The 12th Cortes Generales was formally dissolved on 5 March 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009232-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of Deputies, Deaths, disqualifications and resignations\nThe 12th congress saw the following deaths, disqualifications and resignations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 69], "content_span": [70, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009233-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia\nThe 12th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian Latin: dvanaest kongres Saveza komunista Jugoslavije, Cyrillic: \u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0421\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0408\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0435) was held from 26 to 29 June 1982, in the Belgrade Sava Centar. The highest organ of both the government and the party, it was the first Congress of League of Communists of Yugoslavia convened since Josip Broz Tito's death in 1980. It was attended by delegates from all the republics and provinces, as well as a party delegation from the Yugoslav People's Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009233-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, Background\nThe congress was organized in the backdrop the two years of the morning following the death of Josip Broz Tito.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009233-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, Number of participants\nThe congress was attended by 1721 delegates, 323 high-level state officials and 118 different delegations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 79], "content_span": [80, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009233-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, The Congress\nAt the Twelfth Congress, a new Central Committee was elected, consisting of 163 members, a 24-member Statutory Committee and a 15-member Supervisory Committee. Mitja Ribi\u010di\u010d was elected for the new presidency of the CK SKJ. Members of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia elected at the Twelfth Congress:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 69], "content_span": [70, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009233-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, The Congress\nRamiz Abduli, Roman Albrecht, Du\u0161an Alimpi\u0107, \u015eahin Arif, Krste Atanasovski, Milorad Babi\u0107, Vladimir Bakari\u0107, Er\u017eebet Bala\u017eevi\u0107, Milutin Balti\u0107, Dim\u00eb Belovski, P\u00e1l Benak, Jure Bili\u0107, Jakov Bla\u017eevi\u0107, Du\u0161an Bogdanov, Slobodan Bojanic, Lojze Bri\u0161ki, Nevena Bubanja, Marinko Bulatovi\u0107, Vera Bunteska, Ilija Vaki\u0107, Danilo Vasi\u0107, \u017divan Vasiljevi\u0107, Du\u0161an Veljkovic, Andrej Verbi\u010d, Dobrivoje Vidi\u0107, Tihomir Vilovi\u0107, Radovan Vlajkovi\u0107, Azem Vllasi, Tihomir Vla\u0161kali\u0107, Anton Vratu\u0161a, Josip Vrhovec, Vuko Vukadinovi\u0107, Bo\u0161ko Vukov, Miodrag Vukovi\u0107, Bruno Vuleti\u0107, Spiro Galovi\u0107, Majda Gaspari, Dusan Gligorijevic, Brake Glomazi\u0107-Lekovic, Happy Gogh, Peter Gra\u010danin, Alexander Grlickov, Boro Denkov, Veli Deva, Stojan Dimovski, Nijaz Dizdarevic, Stane Dolenc, Zvone Dragan, Dusan Dragosavac, Milojko Drulovi\u0107, Rato Dugonji\u0107, Marko \u0110uri\u010din, Predrag Djuric, Vidoje \u017darkovi\u0107, Silvia \u017dugi\u0107-Rijavec, Anton Zupan\u010di\u010d, Ljubi\u0161a Igi\u0107, Trpe Jakovlevski, Petar Jak\u0161i\u0107, Slavojka Jankovic, Vlado Jan\u017ei\u0107, Georgije Jovi\u010di\u0107, \u0160aban Kevri\u0107, Nikola Kmezi\u0107, Rudi Kolak, Lazar Koli\u0161evski, Kemal Korajli\u0107, Dragutin Kosovac, \u0110or\u0111e Kosti\u0107, Sergej Krajger, Anica Kristan, Bo\u0161ko Kruni\u0107, Milan Ku\u010dan, Ivica Kuko\u010d, Iljaz Kurteshii, Todo Kurtovi\u0107, \u0110or\u0111e Lazovi\u0107, Marko Loli\u0107, Milojko Lucic, Nikola Ljubicic, Nandor Major, Branko Mamula, Zivko Marceta, Slavko Mari\u0107evi\u0107, Andrej Marinc, Dragoslav Markovic, Coffins Markovski, Petar Mati\u0107, Rudolf Matosevic, Ahmet Mehovi\u0107, Munir Mesihovi\u0107, Fatima Mid\u017ei\u0107, Niko Mihaljevic, Cvijetin Mijatovi\u0107, Branko Mikuli\u0107, Obren Milacic, Slavka Miladinovic, Veljko Milatovic, Luka Miletic, Smiljka Milojevic, Milos Minic, Lazar Mojsov, Joy Morina, Bogoljub Nedeljkovic, Mirko Ostojic, Day Pasic, Milan Pavic, Ivo Peri\u0161in, Dragoljub Petrovi\u0107, Milka Planinc, France Drink, Du\u0161an Popovi\u0107, Mihajlo Popovic, Miran Potr\u010d, Hamdi Pozderac, Radenko Puzovic, Ivica Racan, Ilija Radakovi\u0107, Miljan Radovic, Mi\u0107o Raki\u0107, Hisen Ramadani, Nikola Ra\u017enatovi\u0107, Mitja Ribi\u010di\u010d, Marjan Ro\u017ei\u010d, Alenko Rube\u0161a, Zorka Sekulovi\u0107, Boro Simi\u0107, Jakov Sirotkovi\u0107, Janko Smole, Aleksandar Spirkovski, Vojislav Srzenti\u0107, Petar Stamboli\u0107, Metodija Stefanovski, Nikola Stojanovic, Stanislav Stojanovic, Stojan Stojcevski, Vlado Strugar, Taip Taipi, Arif Tanovi\u0107, Branko Trpenovski, Dane \u0106ui\u0107, Dobroslav \u0106ulafi\u0107, Fadil Quranoli, Igor Ur\u0161i\u0107, Ivo Fabinc, Marko Filipovi\u0107, Nikica Franovi\u0107, Kiro Had\u017ei-Vasilev, Sinan Hasani, Franjo Herljevi\u0107, Sanije Hiseni, Ivan Ho\u010devar, Fadil Hoxha, Jo\u017ee Ciuha, Marijan Cvetkovic, Angel \u010cemerski, Du\u0161an \u010ckrebi\u0107, Milan Dzajkovski, Bo\u0161ko \u0160iljegovi\u0107, Kol\u00eb Shiroka, Drago \u0160ofranac, Mika \u0160piljak, Ali Shukria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 69], "content_span": [70, 2657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009234-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of the Philippines\nThe Twelfth Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Ikalabindalawang Kongreso ng Pilipinas) was the national Lower House of the legislature of the Republic of the Philippines, composed of the Senate of the Philippines and House of Representatives of the Philippines. The convening of the 12th Congress follows the 2001 elections, which replaced half of the Senate membership, and the entire membership of the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009234-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of the Philippines, Members, House of Representatives\nThe term of office of the members of the House of Representatives is from June 30, 2001, to June 30, 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009235-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was held during 17\u201325 April 1923 in Moscow. The congress elected the 12th Central Committee. It was attended by 408 delegates with deciding votes and 417 with consultative votes, representing 386,000 party members. This was the last congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (RCP(b) during Vladimir Lenin's leadership, though Lenin was unable to attend due to illness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009235-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Brief overview\nMuch of this Congress was taken up with Joseph Stalin's struggle against the Georgian Bolshevists. Stalin dominated the Congress with Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze and Mamia Orakhelashvili, moving against the Old Bolsheviks Budu Mdivani and Filipp Makharadze. Stalin accused the latter of the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 73], "content_span": [74, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009235-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Aftermath\nMirs\u00e4yet Soltan\u011f\u00e4liev attended this Congress, but he was subject to attack immediately afterwards in the Tartar newspaper Eshche and arrested during May 1923. He was roundly condemned by Stalin at the Fourth Conference of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (b) with the Workers of the National Republics of the Regions, held 9\u201312 June 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 68], "content_span": [69, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009235-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Aftermath\nAt this Congress, the RCP(b) redefined the problems of nationalism identifying local chauvinism as the main problem rather than Great Russian chauvinism. The Congress was the beginning of the so-called policy of Korenizatsiya. The main idea was to grow national cadres for every nationality so that the party line could be pursued everywhere by representatives of the local nationality and the national proletariat could be raised against its own exploiters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 68], "content_span": [69, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009236-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Connecticut Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009236-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 12th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was organized at Hartford, Connecticut, beginning November 19, 1861, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on December 3, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009236-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, Department of the Gulf, to October 1862. Weitzel's Reserve Brigade, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to August 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, to February 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to April 1865. 2nd Brigade, 1st Provisional Division, Army of the Shenandoah, April 1865. 2nd Brigade, Dwight's Division, Department of Washington, to June 1865. District of Savannah, Department of the South, to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009236-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 12th Connecticut Infantry mustered out of service August 12, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009236-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe regiment left Connecticut for Ship Island, Mississippi on February 24, 1862. They arrived there March 9. They filled duty assignments at Ship Island, Mississippi, until April 15, 1862. Operations against Fort St. Phillip and Jackson, Mississippi River, April 15\u201328. Occupation of New Orleans, Louisiana, May 1, the first regiment to land. Duty at Camp Parapet and Carrollton until October. Expedition to Lake Pontchartrain, Pass Manchac, and up Tchefuncta and Pearl rivers July 25-August 2. Skirmishes at Madisonville and near Covington July 27. Operations in District of La Fourche October 24-November 6. Occupation of Donaldsonville October 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009236-0004-0001", "contents": "12th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAction at Georgia Landing, near Labadieville, October 27. Duty in District of La Fourche until February 1863. Expedition to Bayou Teche January 13\u201315. Action with steamer Cotton January 14. Moved to Brashear City, Louisiana February and duty there until March. Operations against Port Hudson March 7\u201327. Pattersonville March 28 (detachment). Operations in western Louisiana April 9-May 14. Bayou Teche Campaign April 11\u201320. Port Bisland, near Centreville, April 12\u201313. Irish Bend April 14. Opelousas April 20. Expedition to Alexandria and Simsport May 5\u201318. Near Cheyneyville May 18. Movement to Bayou Sara, then to Port Hudson May 22\u201325.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009236-0004-0002", "contents": "12th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Port Hudson May 25-July 9. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Operations in western Louisiana July to September 1863. 2nd Battle of Sabine Pass September 4\u201311. Teche Campaign October 3-November 30. Duty at New Iberia until January 1864. Moved to New Orleans and on veteran furlough until May. Duty at Carrollton until July. Moved to Fortress Monroe, Virginia, then to Washington, D.C., July 5\u201313. Snicker's Gap expedition July 14\u201323. Philip Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, August to December. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Winchester, Newtown, and Summit Point until April 1865. Moved to Washington, D.C., April 21, and duty there until June. Grand Review of the Armies May 23\u201324. Moved to Savannah, Georgia, June 1\u20135 and duty there until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 942]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009236-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 273 men during service; 6 officers and 65 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 8 officers and 196 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009236-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Notable Members\nIn late-September 1862 while stationed at Camp Parapet, a lieutenant in the 12th Connecticut, George H. Hanks, was detailed as aide-de-camp for Brigadier General Thomas W. Sherman for the superintendence of the many contraband arriving at the camp. He organized six colonies of freedmen at Camp Parapet each led by a non-commissioned officer and directed black labor in the repair and fortification of the camp and surroundings. Hanks was transferred out of the regiment January 1, 1863 and made a member of the Army officer corps. He expanded the scheme, which became the Bureau of Negro Labor, and the bureau was one of the organizations which would eventually become the Freedmen's Bureau. Hanks's assistant superintendent was another member of the regiment, Philip Bacon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009237-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Continental Regiment\nThe 12th Continental Regiment was raised April 23, 1775, as a Massachusetts militia regiment at Cambridge, Massachusetts, under Colonel Moses Little. The regiment would join the Continental Army in June 1775. The regiment saw action during the Siege of Boston, the New York Campaign and the Battle of Trenton. The regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1777, at Morristown, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009238-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Cook Islands Parliament\nThe 12th Cook Islands Parliament was a term of the Parliament of the Cook Islands. Its composition was determined by the 2006 elections, held on September 27, 2006. It was dissolved for the 2010 election on 24 September 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009238-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Cook Islands Parliament\nDue to an electoral petition declaring the election of Robert Wigmore invalid, the 12th Parliament initially consisted of only 23 members. A by-election was held for the vacant Titikaveka seat on 7 February 2007, and Wigmore was re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009238-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Cook Islands Parliament\nDue to a large number of electoral petitions and the need for a by-election to resolve the tied seat of Akaoa, the Parliament did not meet for the first time until December 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009238-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Cook Islands Parliament\nOf the 24 Members of Parliament, three were women. The Speaker of the 12th Parliament was Mapu Taia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009238-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Cook Islands Parliament, Initial party standings\nThe electorate of Akaoa was tied, resulting in a by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009239-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Corps (Yugoslav Partisans)\nThe 12th Corps (Serbo-Croatian Latin: 12. Korpus) was a corps of the Yugoslav Partisans that fought against the Germans, Independent State of Croatia (NDH) and Chetniks in occupied Democratic Federal Yugoslavia during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009239-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Corps (Yugoslav Partisans)\nIt was formed on 1 July 1944 with the 16th Vojvodina Division and 36th Vojvodina Division and subsequently took the 51st Vojvodina Division under command. It was subordinated to the Partisan 3rd Army on 1 January 1945. The 12th Corps spent the latter half of 1944 engaged in hard fighting against the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian) in eastern Bosnia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009239-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Corps (Yugoslav Partisans)\nThe Corps also participated in the Belgrade Offensive (October 1944) and Battle of Batina (November 1944).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009240-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Critics' Choice Awards\nThe 12th Critics' Choice Awards were presented on January 20, 2007, honoring the finest achievements of 2006 filmmaking. The event was held at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California and was broadcast on E!.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009240-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nForest Whitaker \u2013 The Last King of Scotland as Idi Amin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009241-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Cruiser Squadron\nThe 12th Cruiser Squadron  also known as Cruiser Force G  was a formation of cruisers of the British Royal Navy from 1914 to 1915 and then again from 1939 to 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009241-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Cruiser Squadron, History, First formation\nThe squadron was first formed 1 August 1914 and was initially assigned to the Channel Fleet as Cruiser Force G patrolling the western Channel until February 1915. The squadron was then reassigned to the Grand Fleet where it remained before being disbanded in February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009241-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Cruiser Squadron, History, Second and Third formations\nThe squadron reformed in August 1939 initially part of the Northern Patrol of the Home Fleet based at Scapa Flow but was re-designated 11th Cruiser Squadron in October 1939. It re-formed as part of the Mediterranean Fleet in July 1942. It was reassigned from 29 January 1943 to 2 July 1943 when it became a component of Force H and again from 1 October 1943 to December 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009242-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Cuirassier Regiment (France)\nThe 12th Cuirassier Regiment (French: 12e R\u00e9giment de Cuirassiers, 12e RC) is an armoured cavalry (tank) regiment of the French Army. It provides the armoured component of the 2nd Armoured Brigade. Currently stationed at Quartier Valmy, Olivet, Loiret, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009242-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Cuirassier Regiment (France), Formation to the First World War\nThe Dauphin's Regiment of Cavalry (R\u00e9giment du Dauphin Cavalerie) was established in 1688 under the Ancien R\u00e9gime. It fought in the Revolutionary Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009242-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Cuirassier Regiment (France), Formation to the First World War\nDuring the Napoleonic Wars, the regiment took part in most of the major battles, including Austerlitz (1805), Jena (1806), Friedland (1807), Wagram (1809), Borodino (1812), Leipzig (1813) and Waterloo (1815).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009242-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Cuirassier Regiment (France), Formation to the First World War\nDuring the post-revolution reorganisations of the army, it was redesignated as the 12th Regiment of Cavalry (12\u00e9me R\u00e9giment de Cavalerie). It saw service in Germany, Italy, and later for a short time in Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009242-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Cuirassier Regiment (France), Formation to the First World War\nThe writer Louis-Ferdinand C\u00e9line volunteered for this regiment in 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009242-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Cuirassier Regiment (France), First World War\nGarnison de D\u00e9part\u00a0: Rambouillet. Turned into the 12e r\u00e9giment de cuirassiers \u00e0 pied", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009242-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Cuirassier Regiment (France), Interwar Period\nBecame the 12e R\u00e9giment de cuirassiers again in 1919. It was disbanded in 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009242-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Cuirassier Regiment (France), Recent\nAfter having been a garrison force at M\u00fcllheim in Germany for a long time in the post-1945 period, it was amalgamated, in 1994, with the 6th Cuirassier Regiment to form the 6th-12th Cuirassier Regiment, based at Olivet in Loiret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009242-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Cuirassier Regiment (France), Recent\nIn 2009, the two units were delinked and the 6th Cuirassiers deactivated; the 12th Cuirassiers was re-established as an individual unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009242-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Cuirassier Regiment (France), Symbol\nTheir symbol is a white dolphin on a blue shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009242-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Cuirassier Regiment (France), Organization\nThe regiment is composed of around 940 personnel organization into 10 squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009242-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Cuirassier Regiment (France), Battle honours, garrisons, campaigns, events, French Revolutionary Wars\nAs part of the Army of the Rhine from 1792 to 1800:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 106], "content_span": [107, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009242-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Cuirassier Regiment (France), Battle honours, garrisons, campaigns, events, Napoleonic Wars\nColonels killed and wounded in command of the 12e Cuirassiers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 96], "content_span": [97, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009242-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Cuirassier Regiment (France), Battle honours, garrisons, campaigns, events, Napoleonic Wars\nOfficers killed and wounded whilst serving in the 12e Cuirassiers during the 1805-1815 period:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 96], "content_span": [97, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009242-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Cuirassier Regiment (France), Quotations about the regiment\nThis regiment, long known as one of the best trained cavalry regiments, entirely merits the reputation it has gained in that sphere. (Ce r\u00e9giment, qui depuis longtemps passe pour l'un des mieux exerc\u00e9s de la cavalerie, m\u00e9rite toute la r\u00e9putation qu'il s'est acquise dans ce genre.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 64], "content_span": [65, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009242-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Cuirassier Regiment (France), Quotations about the regiment\nA regiment of the highest morale and proudly held under fire. (R\u00e9giment d'un moral tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9 et d'une superbe tenue au feu.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 64], "content_span": [65, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009242-0016-0000", "contents": "12th Cuirassier Regiment (France), Quotations about the regiment\nThanks to an elite personnel and despite heavy losses, it knew how to preserve a high morale and a magnificent aggressive fervor (Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un personnel d'\u00e9lite et malgr\u00e9 de lourdes pertes, a su conserver un moral \u00e9lev\u00e9 et une ardeur combative magnifique.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 64], "content_span": [65, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009242-0017-0000", "contents": "12th Cuirassier Regiment (France), Quotations about the regiment\nA tank regiment impregnated with the purest traditions of the cavalry, that distinguished itself by the rapidity and audacity of its actions (R\u00e9giment de chars impr\u00e9gn\u00e9 des plus pures traditions de la cavalerie, qui s'est distingu\u00e9 par la rapidit\u00e9 et l'audace de ses actions.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 64], "content_span": [65, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009243-0000-0000", "contents": "12th C\u00e9sar Awards\nThe 12th C\u00e9sar Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Arts et Techniques du Cin\u00e9ma, honoured the best French films of 1986 and took place on 7 March 1987 at the Palais des Congr\u00e8s in Paris. The ceremony was chaired by Sean Connery and hosted by Michel Drucker and Pierre Tchernia. Th\u00e9r\u00e8se won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009244-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Dalai Lama\nTrinley Gyatso (also spelled Trinle Gyatso and Thinle Gyatso; 26 January 1857 \u2013 25 April 1875) was the 12th Dalai Lama of Tibet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009244-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Dalai Lama\nHis short life coincided with a time of major political unrest and wars among Tibet's neighbours. Tibet particularly suffered from the weakening of the Qing Dynasty which had previously provided it with some support against the British Empire, which was aiming to influence Tibet as an expansion from its colonisation of India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009244-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Dalai Lama\nHe was recognised as a reincarnation of the Dalai Lama in 1858 and enthroned in 1860. During his period of training as a child, Tibet banned Europeans from entering the country because of wars Britain was fighting against Sikkim and Bhutan, both of whom were controlled to a considerable degree by the lamas in Lhasa. These wars were seen as efforts to colonise Tibet\u2014something seen as unacceptable by the lamas. Also, with missionaries threatening to enter Tibet via the Mekong and Salween Rivers, Tibetans tried to emphasize the Qing Dynasty's authority over Tibet in the 1860s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009244-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Dalai Lama\nTrinley Gyatso was fully enthroned as Dalai Lama on 11 March 1873 but could not stamp his full authority on Tibet because he died of a mysterious illness on 25 April 1875.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009245-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Daytime Emmy Awards\nThe 12th Daytime Emmy Awards were held on Thursday, August 1, 1985, on CBS to commemorate excellence in daytime programming from March 6, 1984-March 5, 1985. Two new categories were added: Outstanding Young Man in a Daytime Drama Series and Outstanding Ingenue in a Daytime Drama Series. Seven awards were given in all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009245-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Daytime Emmy Awards\nBroadcast from 3-4:30 p.m., it preempted Guiding Light and Body Language. The telecast marked the last time the Daytime Emmys would preempt any network programming airing at 4 p.m. EST.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009246-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 12th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Legislative Council and the Delaware House of Assembly. Elections were held the first day of October and terms began on the twentieth day of October. It met in Dover, Delaware, convening October 20, 1787, and was the second year of the administration of President Thomas Collins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009246-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Delaware General Assembly\nThe apportionment of seats was permanently assigned to three councilors and seven assemblymen for each of the three counties. Population of the county did not affect the number of delegates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009246-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Legislative Council\nCouncilors were elected by the public for a three-year term, one third posted each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009246-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Assembly\nAssemblymen were elected by the public for a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009247-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Delta Operations Squadron\nThe 12th Delta Operations Squadron (12 DOS) is a United States Space Force unit assigned to Space Training and Readiness Command's Space Delta 12. It leads the delta's headquarters staff and manages cross-functioning processes of squadrons across the delta. It is headquartered at Schriever Space Force Base, Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009248-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Destroyer Flotilla\nThe British 12th Destroyer Flotilla  also known as the Twelfth Destroyer Flotilla was a naval formation of the Royal Navy from November 1915 to March 1919 and again from September 1939 to 2 July 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009248-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Destroyer Flotilla, History, World War One\nThe flotilla was first formed in November 1915 and was assigned to the Grand Fleet. Between 31 May and 1 June 1916 it was present at the Battle of Jutland then commanded by Captain Anselan J. B. Stirling. It remained with the Grand Fleet until November 1918 and was disbanded in March 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009248-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Destroyer Flotilla, History, Second World War\nIn September 1939 the flotilla was re-established and allocated to the Western Approaches Command and stationed at Portland till December 1939 when it was reassigned to the Home Fleet till May 1941 when its ships were dispersed among other formations. It reformed again on 29 January 1943 as part of the Mediterranean Fleet and was part of forces covering the East Mediterranean area till 2 July 1943 when it was abolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009249-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Directors Guild of America Awards\nThe 12th Directors Guild of America Awards, honoring the outstanding directorial achievements in film and television in 1959, were presented in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009250-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Division (German Empire)\nThe 12th Division (12. Division) was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was formed in Nei\u00dfe (now Nysa, Poland) on September 5, 1818. The division was subordinated in peacetime to the VI Army Corps (VI. Armeekorps). The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was recruited primarily in the Province of Silesia, mainly in the region of Upper Silesia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009250-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 12th Division fought in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, including the Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, the division fought in several battles and engagements, including the Siege of Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009250-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIn World War I, the division served initially on the Western Front. It spent most of this period in various parts of the trenches and suffered heavily in the 1916 Battle of the Somme. At the end of December 1916, it was sent to the Eastern Front, where it did not participate in any major actions. The division returned to the Western Front in May\u2013June 1917. At the end of September 1917, it was sent to the Italian Front, where it fought in the Battle of Caporetto. After returning to the Western Front, the division saw action in the German spring offensive of 1918, including the Battle of the Lys, and the subsequent Allied counteroffensives, including the 1918 Battle of Cambrai. The division was rated as a good second-class division by Allied intelligence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009250-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Division (German Empire), Order of battle in the Franco-Prussian War\nDuring wartime, the 12th Division, like other regular German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division. The organization of the 12th Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009250-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Division (German Empire), Pre-World War I organization\nGerman divisions underwent various organizational changes after the Franco-Prussian War. The organization of the 12th Division in 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009250-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nOn mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 12th Division was again renamed the 12th Infantry Division. Its initial wartime organization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009250-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Division (German Empire), Late World War I organization\nDivisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a \"square division\"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 12th Infantry Division's order of battle in 1918 was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009251-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 12th Division (\u7b2c12\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai J\u016bni Shidan) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its ts\u016bsh\u014dg\u014d code name was the Sword Division (\u5263\u5175\u56e3, Ken-heidan), and its military symbol was 12D. The 12th Division was one of six new infantry divisions raised by the Imperial Japanese Army after the First Sino-Japanese War (1894\u20131895). The division received its colors on 1 October 1898 and disbanded in September 1945. Its troops were recruited primarily from communities in the northern portion of the island of Ky\u016bsh\u016b  and it was originally headquartered within Kokura Castle (now part of the city of Kitaky\u016bsh\u016b, Fukuoka)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009251-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nDuring the Russo-Japanese War, under the command of Lieutenant General Inoue Hikaru, the division deployed to Manchuria as part of the 1st army. It returned to Kokura after the war, and was deployed again to the continent during the Japanese intervention in Siberia from 19 August 1918. The divisional arsenal in Kokura Castle was used meanwhile to supply other units. The participation in the Siberian Intervention has ended 19 July 1919, but resumed again briefly in 1921. The 12th Division headquarters was relocated to Kurume, another city in Fukuoka prefecture in 1925.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009251-0001-0001", "contents": "12th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nIn February 1932, following the First Shanghai Incident, the IJA 24th Infantry Regiment of the 12th Division was reinforced with additional artillery units, becoming the 24th Mixed Brigade, which was deployed to Shanghai, and which was later (from April 1936) assigned to Manchukuo. During that period, the 12th division was an elite unit, sporting an disproportionately large amount of firepower and heavy equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009251-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nIn 1940, the division was reorganized into a triangular division, with its IJA 14th Infantry Regiment joining the IJA 25th Division. The 12th Division, under Lieutenant General Masakazu Kawabe was then permanently relocated to Manchukuo from July 1940, coming under the control of the Japanese Third Army in Dongning and was used primarily for policing and anti-partisan activities. The 56th division took the now vacant Kurume headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009251-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nHowever, in 1944 as the Pacific War situation became increasing unfavorable for Japan, the 12th Division was transferred to Hsinchu, Taiwan, where it bolstered the defenses of the 10th area army (and to the 40th army in time it was based on Taiwan in early 1945) against a possible Allied invasion. However, the Allies bypassed Taiwan and landed on Okinawa instead, so the 12th Division ended World War II as a garrison force in Taiwan without having seen combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009252-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Division (Iraq)\nThe 12th Light Infantry Division is a formation of the Iraqi Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009252-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Division (Iraq)\nThe 12th Division was originally activated in the 1970s or 1980s, and probably disbanded after 1991 (it was not listed in a Jane's Intelligence Review survey of September 1997). It was an armoured division during the 1991 Persian Gulf War. It was part of the armoured reserves in the rear of the Kuwaiti theatre, as part of the Jihad Corps alongside the 10th Armoured Division. U.S. Army analysts believed the two divisions retained an average \"combat effectiveness percentage\" of 59%. Among the division's brigades was the 50th Armoured Brigade, under the command of Colonel Mohammed Ashad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009252-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Division (Iraq)\nAfter the ground offensive began, the U.S. 1st Infantry Division (Mechanized), the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment, and Task Force 1-41 Infantry destroyed most of the division, destroying no less than 80 combat vehicles. Other elements of the division were destroyed by British forces during the Battle of Norfolk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009252-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Division (Iraq), After 2003 invasion of Iraq\nThe 12th Division was planned to be established in July 2008 by doubling the 4th Division. Its home base was planned to be at Tikrit and take into account the province of Salah ad-Din Governorate. It was to be initially made up of three trained strategic infrastructure brigades and was to receive the 4th Brigade, 4th Division. A new 4th Brigade was to have been formed for the 4th Division from effective excess staff from the other three brigades of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009252-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Division (Iraq), After 2003 invasion of Iraq\nThe 49th Brigade, former 4th Brigade of the 4th Division, the more operational brigade of 12th Division is currently (July 2008) deployed to Baghdad to take part in the battles of Sadr City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009252-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Division (Iraq), After 2003 invasion of Iraq\nThe 48th Brigade is now part of the 4th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009253-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Division (North Korea)\nThe 12th Infantry Division was a division of the Korean People's Army during the 20th century. Originally, it was the 156th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c156\u5e08), which was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 6th Independent Division, PLA Northeastern Field Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009253-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Division (North Korea), PLA Period\nThe 156th Division was a Korean-Chinese unit, composing of both Chinese and Korean soldiers and formed part of 43rd Corps. Under the flag of 156th division it took part in the Chinese Civil War. On June 25, 1949, the division was disbanded and reorganized as Jiujiang and Nanchang military sub-district. In February 1950, all Korean soldiers from 156th Division regrouped in Nanchang and moved to North Korea, where it was re-organized as 7th Division(later 12th Division) of the Korean People's Army. Its divisional HQ was re-organized as HQ, 2nd Forestry Engineering Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009253-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Division (North Korea), North Korea Period\nIt was activated in Wonsan and was initially composed of Korean-personnel regiments of the PLA 156th Division and was initially composed of the 30th, 31st and 32nd Infantry Regiments. The unit was initially equipped with vehicles transferred to North Korea from the Soviet Union shortly after April 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009253-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Division (North Korea), North Korea Period\nIn April 1950, the People's Republic of China returned 12,000 more veterans of the PVA to Korea where they formed the 7th Division (redesignated the 12th about July 2, 1950).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009253-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Division (North Korea), North Korea Period\nArtillery units of the 12th Division, at the time of the division's activation at Wonsan in April or May 1950, were composed of battle-seasoned Korean veterans from the Chinese Communist Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009253-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Division (North Korea), Korean War\nThe 12th Division part of the North Korean advance from Seoul to Taejon during the Korean War. It also fought in the Battle of Pusan Perimeter. During this fight it suffered such heavy losses it merged with the NK 766th Infantry Regiment to regain its strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009253-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Division (North Korea), Korean War\nOn September 16, in the I Corps sector, elements of the Capital Division fought their way through the streets of An'gang-ni. The next day, advancing from the west in the II Corps sector, a battalion of the ROK 7th Division linked up with elements of the Capital Division, closing a two-week-old gap between the ROK I and II Corps. The NKPA's 12th Division waged a series of stubborn delaying actins against the Capital Division in the vicinity of Kigye as the North Koreans retreated northward into the mountains. Kigye fell back under South Korean control on September 22, 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009253-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Division (North Korea), Korean War\nIn 2009 the location of the 7th Division was reported as Anbyeong-gun (Anbyon County), Kangwon Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009254-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Division (United States)\nThe 12th Division was an infantry division of the United States Army, active in 1918\u20131919. Established at Camp Devens, Massachusetts, training was interrupted by the World War I Armistice and the division was quickly afterwards disestablished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009254-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Division (United States)\nThe division was organized on July 12, 1918. The Regular 36th Infantry and 42d Infantry were ordered to Camp Devens in the latter part of July to become part of the 12th Division. (The 42nd Infantry had been assigned to the division on 5 July 1918). A certain number of non-commissioned officers and privates was taken from each company of the two regiments and assigned to the 73rd Infantry and 74th, both war-raised National Army, as a nucleus. The 12th Field Artillery Brigade, which was to become the divisional artillery, was organized and trained at Camp McClellan, Ala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009254-0001-0001", "contents": "12th Division (United States)\nIt never actually joined the division at Camp Devens. It consisted of the 34th, 35th, and 36th Field Artillery Regiments and a trench mortar battery. By 1 September 1918 the training of the division for overseas service was well under way. Only after the Armistice of 11 November 1918 did orders arrive for the demobilization of the division. By 31 January 1919, all non-Regular commissioned and enlisted personnel had been discharged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009254-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Division (United States)\nMajor-General Henry P. McCain commanded this division from the time of its organization until it was demobilized. McCain remained in command of Camp Devens after the division was disestablished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009255-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Division (Yugoslav Partisans)\nThe 12th Slavonia Assault Division (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Dvanaesta slavonska udarna divizija) was a Yugoslav Partisan division formed on 30 December 1942. Upon formation it consisted of the 12th Slavonia Brigade, the 16th Youth Brigade and the 17th Slavonia Brigade with total of around 2700 soldiers. On 17 May 1943 it became a part of the 6th Corps. It operated mostly in the Slavonia region. During the war the division lost two if its commanders: Nikola Demonja and Milan Stanivukovi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009256-0000-0000", "contents": "12th ECO Summit\nThe 2012 ECO summit was the twelfth Economic Cooperation Organization summit, held on 16 October 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009257-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Electoral Unit of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HoR FBiH)\nThe twelfth electoral unit of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is a parliamentary constituency used to elect members to the House of Representatives of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2000. It consists of Canton 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 74], "section_span": [74, 74], "content_span": [75, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009258-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Empire Awards\nThe 12th Empire Awards ceremony (also known as the Empire Readers Awards), presented by the British film magazine Empire, honored the best films of 2006 and took place on 27 March 2007. During the ceremony, Empire presented Empire Awards in 12 categories. The Best Newcomer was split this year into two awards, \"Best Male Newcomer\" and \"Best Female Newcomer\" awards. Other changes include Best British Film being renamed this year only to \"Sky Movies Best British Film\" and the Scene of the Year Award losing the \"Sony Ericsson\" prefix; The award was presented for the last time. No honorary awards were presented this year. As an exception to previous years, this year had no award ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009258-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Empire Awards\nCasino Royale won the most awards with three including Best Film. Other winners included Hostel, Little Miss Sunshine, Mission: Impossible III, Pan's Labyrinth, Superman Returns, The Departed, The Prestige, United 93 and Volver with one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009259-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Engineer Battalion (United States)\nThe  12th Engineer Battalion was activated 1 July 1940, at Ft. Jackson, South Carolina as an organic element of the 8th Infantry Division In July 1944 the battalion deployed to the European Theatre, landing at Omaha Beach in support of the greatest landing operation in history. Subsequently, the Battalion participated in campaigns in Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, and Central Europe, and Luxembourg", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009259-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Engineer Battalion (United States)\nAfter World War II the Battalion was inactivated on 25 October 1945 at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. It was reactivated on 17 August 1950 at Ft. Jackson, South Carolina again as an organic element of the 8th Infantry Division. The Battalion moved with the  8th Infantry Division to Nuremberg, Germany in October 1956. In December 1957 the Battalion was restationed at Anderson Barracks, Dexheim, Germany. Simultaneously with the relocation of the 8th Infantry Division Headquarters to Bad Kreuznach, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009259-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Engineer Battalion (United States), Full history of unit\nThis is a brief History of the 12th Engineer Combat Battalion, an integral part of the 8th Infantry Division:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009259-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Engineer Battalion (United States), Full history of unit\nThis is the story of the men who \u201ccleared the way.\u201d This is the episode of the GI Combat Engineers; of the man who, when asked \u201cCan you place a cable across the Rohr River?\u201d answered, \u201cSir, it is impossible to get a cable across the Rohr and keep it there, but we will do it somehow!\u201d They did.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009259-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Engineer Battalion (United States), Full history of unit\nIn The Beginning........ The Battalion was organized at Ft. Jackson, S.C. on July 1, 1940, under General orders no. 12, Headquarters, Fourth Corps Area. The cadre was picked from the 1st Engineers at Fort DuPont, Del., and from the 7th Engineers at Ft. Custer, MI. The remainder of personnel was received through voluntary enlistments, and the Selective Service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009259-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Engineer Battalion (United States), Full history of unit\nAt that time billets consisted of huts in the National Guard area of Fort Jackson. The first Commanding Officer was Major Patrick H. Tansey. Major Charles H.Mason took over the command in August 1941 and was subsequently followed by Major Edmund M. Fry. This change took place on August 22, 1942, and from December 1942 until February 1943, when Major Fry was sent to Engineer School, the command of the Battalion was administered by Major James C. Taylor. However, Major Fry returned to the outfit to remain the guiding hand through all the Battalion's campaigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009259-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Engineer Battalion (United States), Full history of unit\nThe usual basic training was given the Battalion while at Ft. Jackson, and it was here that they also received their foretaste of what real combat would be like while they were on Carolina maneuvers in the fall of 1941. However, this proved to be a very minute taste of the real thing, although the combat test at the time was very convincing to a majority of the men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009259-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Engineer Battalion (United States), Full history of unit\nCompletion of the maneuvers found the outfit on the way back to Fort Jackson Where they were given more intensive training, and then used to supply the cadre for two new divisions. In the fall of 1942 the Battalion moved out amidst of many murmurings on the part of the men as to when in h__ __ things would really roll. This move involved large scale maneuvers in Tennessee. The Battalion was lodged at Camp Forest, Tennessee in a tent city, While its strength was brought almost up to normal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009259-0007-0001", "contents": "12th Engineer Battalion (United States), Full history of unit\nThe weather at this time was bitterly cold, And right in the middle of one of the worst cold spells, the Battalion moved to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. This move was accomplished by truck, And by the time the organization reached their destination, it seemed problematical in the minds of many of the men whether they would ever again resume a semblance of straight posture. The weather remained icy during the whole of their stay at Fort Leonard Wood, and those who returned from the European war claim that even after the fighting on the other side they were last being thawed out from the Paul Bunyan cold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009259-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Engineer Battalion (United States), Full history of unit\nThe next move was a distinct change. The battalion took to the road again and ended up in the lively and bustling Laguna Desert Camp in Arizona. While at this camp-site, Id Perficiemus  \u2014 \"We Shall Consummate the task\"\u2014 is the motto that has inspired the 12th Engineer Battalion since it was constituted at Ft. Jackson, South Carolina on July 1, 1940. For the past two decades, the 12th Engineers have proven time and time again that it is capable of performing any task, in war or peace. Today the 12th engineer Battalion with its headquarters in Dexheim, undertakes Engineer construction throughout the 8th Infantry Division. The battalion is heavily equipped with a vast array of construction machinery capable of supporting any engineer task required to support the 8th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009259-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Engineer Battalion (United States), Full history of unit\nIn its role as the division Engineer Battalion the 12th has the mission of providing general engineer support to the various elements of the division. Four Combat Engineer Companies support the three infantry brigades with the construction of barriers, laying and clearing of minefields, demolition operations and limited construction operations. In addition, each of the four companies is equipped with a Combat Engineer vehicle which carries a bulldozer blade and a 165\u00a0mm demolition gun capable of destroying enemy barricades,  and fortified positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009259-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Engineer Battalion (United States), Full history of unit\nA bridge company provides the Division with its river-crossing capability. Equipped with Mobile Assault Bridge (MAB) units which can be driven on land, and then launched into water to link up with one another (to form a complete bridge, or a series of ferries) the MAB's enable the entire division to cross the Rhein River. The bridge company is also equipped with Armored Vehicle Launched Bridges, which can be used to bridge 60-foot streams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009259-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Engineer Battalion (United States), Full history of unit\nThe 12th Engineers has a platoon of heavy earth moving equipment, including 5-ton dump trucks, rough terrain cranes, and road graders. In addition, an atomic demolition munitions platoon gives the division an added defense capability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009259-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Engineer Battalion (United States), Full history of unit\nThe 12th Engineers are constantly training in their Engineer Support Role, conducting bridge operations on the Rhein, performing earth-moving tasks in community assistance projects, and constantly demonstrating readiness to live up to their motto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009260-0000-0000", "contents": "12th European Film Awards\nThe 12th European Film Awards were presented on December 4, 1999, in Berlin, Germany. The winners were selected by the members of the European Film Academy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 12th Field Artillery Regiment is a unit of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive insignia, Description and symbolism\nThe unit's insignia is a gold color metal and enamel device 1\u00a0inch (2.54\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned:  Gules, a Fleur-de-lis Argent crowned Or; on a canton of the like an Aztec banner Vert garnished of the second. The single fleur-de-lis of silver is taken from the arms of Soissons, where the regiment performed such distinguished service that it was cited by the French in Orders of the Army, shown by the pendant Croix de guerre. The regiment had its baptism of fire near Verdun, the arms of which have one fleur-de-lis crowned all gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 78], "content_span": [79, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0001-0001", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive insignia, Description and symbolism\nThe crown on these arms is for Verdun. The canton carried the Aztec banner from the crest of the parent organization, the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment. The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 12th Field Artillery Regiment on 17 April 1923. It was re-designated for the 12th Field Artillery Battalion on 14 February 1941. It was re-designated for the 12th Artillery Regiment on 10 February 1958. The insignia was re-designated effective 1 September 1971, for the 12th Field Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 78], "content_span": [79, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon\nThe shield is a Gules, a fleur-de-lis Argent crowned Or; on a canton of the like an Aztec banner Vert garnished of the second. The crest is on a wreath of the colors Argent and Gules, the shoulder sleeve insignia of the regiment Proper (a horizontal oblong of Black charged with the White star and Indian head of the Second Division).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe shield is the single fleur-de-lis of silver is taken from the arms of Soissons, where the regiment performed such distinguished service that it was cited by the French in Orders of the Army, shown by the pendant Croix de guerre. The regiment had its baptism of fire near Verdun, the arms of which have one fleur-de-lis crowned all gold. The crown on these arms is for Verdun. The canton carried the Aztec banner from the crest of the parent organization, the 3rd Field Artillery. The crest of the 12th Field Artillery is self-explanatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0003-0001", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 12th Field Artillery Regiment on 24 June 1921. It was amended to include the motto on 16 August 1921. It was re-designated for the 12th Field Artillery Battalion on 13 February 1941. It was re-designated for the 12th Artillery Regiment on 10 February 1958. The insignia was re-designated effective 1 September 1971, for the 12th Field Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, 1st Battalion\nThe 1st Battalion, 12th Field Artillery was constituted on 3 June 1916 as an element of the 2nd Division. The 12th Regiment arrived in France and fought bravely in four offenses in World War I. Following the armistice, the 12th joined the U.S. Army of Occupation, stationed in the Colenz area, then later returned to Fort Sam Houston, Texas, and inactivated. On 1 May 1939, the regiment was reactivated as a 155mm howitzer battalion. The 12th joined the armies staging in England for the invasion of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0004-0001", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, 1st Battalion\nOn D-Day plus three, the 12th landed on Omaha Beach in Normandy and participated in the breakout from the beachhead. Later, the 12th was in the thick of the fighting of the Battle of the Bulge and it joined in the race across Germany and on VE Day was in Pilson, Czechoslovakia. The 12th returned to Fort Lewis, Washington where it remained until it was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, 1st Battalion\nWhen the Korean War broke out, the 12th was reactivated and in July 1950, departed for Korea where it participated in the fighting on the Pusan Perimeter. Later it face the Red Chinese at the Chong-chon river. The unit became Battery A, 12th field Artillery Battalion, an element of the 2nd Infantry Division. A year later, the battalion endured some of the bloodiest fighting of the Korean War at T-bone Mountain, the Battle of Old Baldy, White Horse Mountain, and the Battle of Pork Chop Hill. In 1954, following the Korean Armistice Agreement, the battalion returned to Fort Lewis, Washington and then moved to Fort Benning, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, 1st Battalion\nIn 1965, with its Honest John Rockets and 8\u00a0inch howitzers, the 1-12th returned to Korea. On 20 February 1971, the unit inactivated at Fort Lewis, Washington, and immediately reactivated at Fort Sill, Oklahoma on 1 April 1971. The 1st Battalion, 12th Field Artillery became the world's first Lance Missile Battalion with a wartime mission to provide nuclear and non-nuclear fires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, 1st Battalion\nThe 1-12th began converting to the Multiple Launch Rocket System in August 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, 1st Battalion\nDuring the year 2000, the Raider 1-12 FA (MLRS) conducted many battalion and battery-level FTXs and EXEVALs at Fort Sill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, 1st Battalion\n1-12 FA also deployed its 0&1 to Fort Stewart, Georgia, and the NTC for a successful rotation with the 3d BCT, 3d IN Division, in April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, 1st Battalion, Campaigns, World War I\nAisne, Aisne-Marne, St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne, Lorraine 1918, Ile de France 1918", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 68], "content_span": [69, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, 1st Battalion, Campaigns, Korean War\nUN Defensive, UN Offensive, CCF Intervention, First UN Counteroffensive, CCF Spring Offensive, UN Summer-Fall Offensive, Second Korean Winter, Korea: Summer-Fall 1952, Third Korean Winter, Korea: Summer 1953", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, 2nd Battalion\nFirst constituted 1 July 1916 in the Regular Army as Battery B, 12th Field Artillery. It was later organized 7 June 1917 at Fort Myer, Virginia, as an element of the 2nd Division (later redesignated as the 2nd Infantry Division). From here the unit was reorganized and redesignated 1 October 1940 as Battery B, 12th Field Artillery Battalion (B-12th FAB). On 15 October 1948 the unit was inactivated at Fort Lewis, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0012-0001", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, 2nd Battalion\nOn 10 November 1951 Battery B consolidated with Battery B, 503rd Field Artillery Battalion (B-503rd FAB) (active), and consolidated unit designated as Battery B, 12th Field Artillery Battalion (B-12th FAB). The unit inactivated on 20 June 1957 at Fort Lewis, Washington, and relieved from assignment to the 2nd Infantry Division; concurrently, redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 2nd Battalion, 12th Artillery (HHB, 2-12th Artillery). Later it redesignated on 1 May 1960 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 2nd Howitzer Battalion, 12th Artillery, assigned to the 8th Infantry Division, and activated in Germany (organic elements concurrently constituted and activated).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0012-0002", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, 2nd Battalion\nThe battalion inactivated 1 April 1963 in Germany and relieved from assignment to the 8th Infantry Division. 13 September 1969 the battalion redesignated as the 2nd Battalion, 12th Artillery, and activated in Vietnam. The battalion inactivated 29 August 1971 at Fort Lewis, Washington. Three days later (1 September 1971 ) it redesignated as the 2nd Battalion, 12th Field Artillery. Activated once again on 1 April 1976 at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. The unit inactivated on 15 September 1984 at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0012-0003", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, 2nd Battalion\nThe unit moved overseas and activated on 16 July 1987 in Herzogenaurach, Germany as a LANCE missile Battalion but was later inactivated on 15 April 1992. The battalion once again redesignated on 1 October 2005 as the 2nd Battalion, 12th Field Artillery Regiment. The battalion was assigned on 1 June 2006 to the newly formed 4th Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division, and activated at Fort Lewis, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, 2nd Battalion, Campaigns, World War I\nAisne, Aisne-Marne, St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne, Lorraine 1918, Ile de France 1918", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 68], "content_span": [69, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, 2nd Battalion, Campaigns, Korean War\nUN Defensive, UN Offensive, CCF Intervention, First UN Counteroffensive, CCF Spring Offensive, UN Summer-Fall Offensive, Second Korean Winter, Korea: Summer-Fall 1952, Third Korean Winter, Korea: Summer 1953", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009261-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Field Artillery Regiment, 2nd Battalion, Campaigns, Vietnam\nSummer-Fall 1969, Winter-Spring 1970, Sanctuary Counteroffensive, Counteroffensive: Phase VII, Consolidation I", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 64], "content_span": [65, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009262-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Fighter Aviation Division (People's Liberation Army Air Force)\nThe 12th Fighter Aviation Division (\u7b2c12\u6b7c\u51fb\u673a\u5e08) was an air division of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLA-AF). It was established in 1950, and disestablished by 2016-18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009262-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Fighter Aviation Division (People's Liberation Army Air Force)\nPLA-AF fighter divisions generally consisted of about 17,000 personnel and 70-120 aircraft. Among its notable members was Lu Min.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009262-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Fighter Aviation Division (People's Liberation Army Air Force)\nIt was part of the Jinan PLAAF Base, and joined the Northern Theatre Command, but by 2016-18, it had been broken up into three new brigades:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009262-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Fighter Aviation Division (People's Liberation Army Air Force)\nA typical single-seat air brigade holds 32-34 aircraft, in three battalion leader-grade flight groups (each of 8 aircraft), six spare aircraft, and a company leader-grade flight squadron of 2-4 training aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009263-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Filmfare Awards\nSangam led the ceremony with 11 nominations, followed by Dosti with 7 nominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009263-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Filmfare Awards\nDosti won 6 awards, thus becoming the most-awarded film at the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009264-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Filmfare Awards South\nThe 12th Filmfare Awards South Ceremony honoring the winners of the best of South Indian cinema in 1964 is an event held on 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009264-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Filmfare Awards South\nThe awards were introduced in 1954, around the films released in 1953. Filmfare Awards initially recognizing the Hindi film industries. In 1964 Awards extended to Best Picture in Tamil, Telugu, Bengali & Marathi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009265-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Five-Year Plan (India)\n12th Five Year Plan of the Government of India (2012\u201317) was India's last Five Year Plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009265-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Five-Year Plan (India)\nWith the deteriorating global situation, the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission Mr Montek Singh Ahluwalia has said that achieving an average growth rate of 8 per cent in the next five years is not possible. The final growth target has been set at 8% by the endorsement of plan at the National Development Council (NDC) meeting held in New Delhi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009265-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Five-Year Plan (India)\n\"It is not possible to think of an average of 9 per cent (in 12th Plan). I think somewhere between 8 and 8.5 per cent is feasible\", Mr Ahluwalia said on the sidelines of a conference of State Planning Boards and departments. The approached paper for the 12th Plan, approved last year, talked about an annual average growth rate of 9 per cent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009265-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Five-Year Plan (India)\n\"When I say feasible...that will require major effort. If you don't do that, there is no God given right to grow at 8 per cent. I think given that the world economy deteriorated very sharply over the last year...the growth rate in the first year of the 12th Plan (2012-13) is 6.5 to 7 per cent.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009265-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Five-Year Plan (India)\nHe also indicated that soon he would share his views with other members of the commission to choose a final number (economic growth target) to put before the country's NDC for its approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009265-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Five-Year Plan (India)\nThough the 12th Plan has taken off, it is yet to be formally approved. The Planning Commission set a deadline of September for taking the approval of the NDC. The council is expected to meet after July, subject to the convenience of the Prime Minister. It is mainly focused on health. The status of the 12th Plan is in question due to the dissolution of the Planning Commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009265-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Five-Year Plan (India), Poverty\nThe government intends to reduce poverty by 10 per cent during the 12th Five-Year Plan. Mr Ahluwalia said, \"We aim to reduce poverty estimates by 2 per cent annually on a sustainable basis during the Plan period\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009265-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Five-Year Plan (India), Poverty\nAccording to the Tendulkar methodology, the percentage of population below the poverty line was 29.8 per cent at the end of 2009\u201310. This number includes 33.8 per cent in the rural areas and 20.9 per cent in the urban areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009265-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Five-Year Plan (India), Poverty\nEarlier, addressing a conference of State Planning Boards and Planning departments, he said the rate of decline in poverty doubled during the 11th Plan. The commission had said, while using the Tendulkar poverty line, the rate of reduction in the five years between 2004\u201305 and 2009\u201310, was about 1.5 percentage points each year, which was twice that when compared to the period between 1993\u201395 to 2004\u201305.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009266-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Flight Training Wing (JASDF)\nThe 12th Flying Training Wing (\u7b2c12\u98db\u884c\u6559\u80b2\u56e3 (dai-12-hik\u014d-ky\u014diku-dan)) is a wing of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force. It is also sometimes known as the 12th Flight Training Wing. It comes under the authority of Air Training Command. It is based at H\u014dfu-kita Air Base in Yamaguchi Prefecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009266-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Flight Training Wing (JASDF)\nIt has two squadrons, both equipped with Fuji T-7 aircraft:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009267-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Flying Training Wing\nThe 12th Flying Training Wing is a United States Air Force unit assigned to Air Education and Training Command's Nineteenth Air Force. It is headquartered at Joint Base San Antonio, Texas. The wing is the parent organization for the 479th Flying Training Group, located at NAS Pensacola, Florida and the 306th Flying Training Group,  at The United States Air Force Academy, Colorado. The 12th Wing is the only unit in the Air Force conducting both pilot instructor training and combat systems officer training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009267-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Flying Training Wing\nThe wing fought in combat as the 12th Tactical Fighter Wing during the Vietnam War and was the host unit at two major air bases in South Vietnam. Its McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II aircraft flew thousands of combat missions between 1965 and 1971 before being withdrawn as part of the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam and Southeast Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009267-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Flying Training Wing\nThe current commander of the 12th Flying Training Wing is Colonel Scott Rowe. The current Command Chief Master Sergeant is Chief Master Sergeant Joseph A. Stuart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009267-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Flying Training Wing, Units\nThe wing consists of three flying groups and a maintenance directorate spanning more than 1,600 miles from JBSA-Randolph, Texas to Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, to Pueblo Memorial Airport and the U.S. Air Force Academy in Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009267-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Flying Training Wing, Units\nThe 12th Operations Group controls all Instructor Pilot Training and airfield operations at Randolph AFB and Randolph AFB Auxiliary Field/Seguin Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009267-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Flying Training Wing, Units\nThe 479th Flying Training Group is a geographically separated unit located at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida and conducts Undergraduate Combat Systems Officer Training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009267-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Flying Training Wing, Units\nThe 306th Flying Training Group is a geographically separated unit located at the United States Air Force Academy, Colorado. The 306 FTG conducts powered flight training, soaring, and parachute training for Air Force Academy cadets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009267-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Flying Training Wing, History, Strategic Fighter\nThe wing was first organized at Turner Air Force Base, Georgia on 1 November 1950 as the 12th Fighter-Escort Wing, but moved a month later to Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 53], "content_span": [54, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009267-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Flying Training Wing, History, Combat in Vietnam\nThe wing was reactivated as the 12th Tactical Fighter Wing and organized in April 1962 at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 53], "content_span": [54, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009267-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Flying Training Wing, History, Flying Training, Background\nThe wing was redesignated the 12th Flying Training Wing and activated on 1 May 1972, when the personnel, mission and equipment of the 3510th Flying Training Wing were assumed by the wing, while the 3510th was simultaneously inactivated", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 63], "content_span": [64, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009267-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Flying Training Wing, History, Flying Training, 1990s\nIn 1992, due to the impending closure of Mather Air Force Base, California, the 12 FTW also assumed responsibility for Undergraduate Navigator Training (UNT) and Interservice Undergraduate Navigator Training (IUNT) from the 323d Flying Training Wing (323 FTW) at Mather when that organization inactivated, with most T-43A aircraft and some of the 323 FTW squadrons reforming at Randolph AFB under the 12 FTW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 58], "content_span": [59, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009267-0010-0001", "contents": "12th Flying Training Wing, History, Flying Training, 1990s\nIn 2009, with the transition of UNT to undergraduate Combat Systems Officer training (UCSOT) and pursuant to earlier Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) directives, the 12 FTW established a new organization, the 479th Flying Training Group (479 FTG), with two new flying training squadrons and an operations support squadron, as a GSU at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida. Although NAS Pensacola is the principal base for student Naval Flight Officer (SNFO) training for the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps, the 479 FTG operates independently of this program with its own USAF T-6 Texan II and T-1 Jayhawk aircraft. Upon establishment of the 479 FTG at NAS Pensacola, the remaining \"legacy\" navigator training squadrons that had relocated from the former Mather AFB to Randolph AFB in 1992 were inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 58], "content_span": [59, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009267-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Flying Training Wing, History, Flying Training, The 2010s\nIn the second decade of the 21st century, the wing's mission is to provide instructor pilot training in the Raytheon-Beech T-6A Texan II, the Northrop T-38 Talon and the Beech T-1A Jayhawk jet trainers. Previously, the wing also conducted Introduction to Fighter Fundamentals (IFF) in the Northrop AT-38 Talon, a role now performed with T-38s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 62], "content_span": [63, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009267-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Flying Training Wing, History, Flying Training, The 2010s\nUntil late 2010, the wing also conducted Joint Specialized Undergraduate Navigator Training (JSUNT) and electronic warfare officer (EWO) training in the T-1A Jayhawk and Boeing T-43A medium-range turbofan jet at Randolph AFB. With the retirement of the T-43 in September 2010, this training merged with extant USAF weapons systems officer (WSO) training that had been conducted jointly with the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida since 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 62], "content_span": [63, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009267-0012-0001", "contents": "12th Flying Training Wing, History, Flying Training, The 2010s\nThe navigator, EWO and WSO training tracks were then merged and all three specialties (which wear the same type of uniform insignia wings upon completion of flight training) became known as Combat Systems Officer (CSO). This updated CSO training is now conducted by the 479th Flying Training Group as a Geographically Separated Unit (GSU) of the 12 FTW at NAS Pensacola utilizing T-6 Texan II and T-1A Jayhawk aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 62], "content_span": [63, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009267-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Flying Training Wing, History, Flying Training, The 2010s\nThe wing is responsible for numerous aviation training programs. These programs include Pilot Instructor Training, Combat Systems Officer Training, Remotely Piloted Aircraft Pilot Indoctrination, Basic Sensor Operator Qualification, Airmanship programs for U.S. Air Force Academy cadets, and Introductory Flight Screening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 62], "content_span": [63, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009267-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Flying Training Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009268-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Foreign Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th Foreign Infantry Regiment (French: 12e R\u00e9giment \u00e9tranger d'infanterie, 12e REI) was an infantry regiment of the French Foreign Legion which existed from 1939 to 1940 at the beginning of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009268-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Foreign Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was sent from its training camp at La Valbonne straight into action at Soissons, Picardy on 11 May 1940. After fighting its way out of encirclement it was broken as a unit by 6 June 1940. By the Armistice the remaining men, only 300 of the 2,800 men that had completed training, had reached Limoges in central France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009269-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Frontier Force Regiment\nThe 12th Frontier Force Regiment was formed in 1922 as part of the British Indian Army. It consisted of five regular battalions; numbered 1 to 5 and the 10th (Training) Battalion. During the Second World War a further ten battalions were raised. In 1945, the prenominal \"12th\" was dropped when the British Indian Army dispensed with prenominal numbering of its regiments. After the independence in 1947, it was formed into the Frontier Force Regiment, part of the army of Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009269-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Frontier Force Regiment, History, Early history\nThe 12th Frontier Force Regiment's origins lie in the four infantry regiments of the Frontier Brigade authorised in 1846 and raised by Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Lawrence, the agent (and brother) of the Governor-General of the Punjab frontier region (John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence), from veterans of disbanded opposition forces after the First Anglo-Sikh War. The 1st Sikhs were raised by Captain J. S. Hodgson at Hoshiarpur, the 2nd Sikhs by Captain J.W.V. Stephen at Kangra, the 3rd Sikhs by Captain F. Winter at Ferozpur and the 4th Sikhs by Captain C. MacKenzie at Ludhiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009269-0001-0001", "contents": "12th Frontier Force Regiment, History, Early history\nEven at the start the Sikhs, although in the majority, were not in the preponderance, the unit names referring to their origins in the disbanded Sikh Army rather than their racial mix. The nuclei of the regiments consisted of a few men from the regular Native Infantry regiments of the line and police officers. The Governor-General issued a regulation in September 1847 which included the discontinuation of the term \"Frontier Brigade\" and renamed the four regiments the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Regiments of Sikh Local Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009269-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Frontier Force Regiment, History, Early history\nAt the same time, Lawrence also ordered irregular force of mixed cavalry and infantry: the Corps of Guides to be raised at Mardan by Lieutenant Harry D. Lumsden. In 1851 the four Sikh regiments and the Corps of Guides became part of the Punjab Irregular Force. Men of these regiments (or their successors) are to this day known as Piffers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009269-0002-0001", "contents": "12th Frontier Force Regiment, History, Early history\nThe four Sikh regiments also went through a number of minor name changes over the next 45 or so years: in 1857 they became \"Regiment of Sikh Infantry, Punjab Irregular Force\" and in 1865 \"Regiment of Sikh Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force\" (reflecting the change in name of the PIF to Punjab Frontier Force). In 1901, they became \"Sikh Infantry\". In 1876, the Corps of Guides became one of the first regiments in the Indian Army to be conferred royal status as Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009269-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Frontier Force Regiment, History, Early history\nIn 1903, the reorganisation of the British Indian Army caused the four Sikh regiments to be re-designated the 51st, 52nd, 53rd and 54th Sikhs (Frontier Force) while the Corps of Guides infantry became Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides (Frontier Force) Infantry, and was renamed again in 1911 as Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides (Frontier Force) Lumsden's Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009269-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Frontier Force Regiment, History, Formation of 12th Frontier Force Regiment\nIn the 1922 reorganisation of the British Indian Army, the four Sikh regiments became the first four battalions of the newly constituted 12th Frontier Force Regiment. The two infantry battalions of the Corps of Guides became its 5th and 10th (training) battalions. At the same time the first battalion became the 1st battalion (Prince of Wales' Own Sikhs) whilst the 3rd battalion was made the 3rd Royal Battalion (Sikhs) in 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 80], "content_span": [81, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009269-0004-0001", "contents": "12th Frontier Force Regiment, History, Formation of 12th Frontier Force Regiment\nThe Corps of Guides, being the senior unit, were entitled to have become the 1st battalion but agreed to allow the four Sikh battalions to retain their historical 1 to 4 numbering although in a later incarnation the precedence was restored in the 1957 reorganisation of the Pakistan Army when the Guides battalion became the 2nd battalion of the new regiment, following the Scinde Rifles battalion from the Frontier Force Rifles regiment. The location of the training battalion, later to grow into the Regimental Centre, was first at Mardan but moved to Sialkot in 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 80], "content_span": [81, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009269-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Frontier Force Regiment, History, Second World War\nDuring the Second World War the regiment's battalions (expanded in number by seven war-formed units) saw service in East Africa, North Africa and the Middle East, Italy, India, Malaya and Burma. The Regiment's casualties in the war totalled 1,444 dead and 3,503 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009269-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Frontier Force Regiment, History, Regular battalions\nIn 1939, the 1/12th Frontier Force Rifles were part of the Bannu Brigade based in Bannu India and took part in operations in the Ahmedzai Salient in February and March 1940 while under command of the Jhelum Brigade. In the autumn of 1940 the battalion transferred to the Delhi Cantonment and on 15 May 1941, the battalion was transferred to the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade, part of the 8th Indian Infantry Division which was being raised in Bombay, and with which it remained for the rest of the war. The 1/12th served in Iraq and Syria before it was sent to fight in the Italian Campaign on 24 September 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009269-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Frontier Force Regiment, History, Regular battalions\nThe 2/12th FFR, also part of the Bannu Brigade, before being sent to Malaya in April 1941 where it became part of the 22nd Indian Infantry Brigade. This battalion fought a successful, but doomed, defence of the eastern coast of Malaya, during the Battle of Malaya, before it was forced to surrender with the rest of the Allied forces in Singapore on 15 February 1942. The commanding officer of the 2/12th FFR, Lt.Col.Arthur Edward Cumming, received the Victoria Cross during this campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009269-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Frontier Force Regiment, History, Regular battalions\nThe 3/12th FFR was part of the 5th Indian Infantry Division during the East African and Western Desert Campaigns. The 3/12th FFR was all but destroyed at El Adem on 15 June 1942. It was reformed in Egypt before transferring to the 4th Indian Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009269-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Frontier Force Regiment, History, Regular battalions\nThe 4/12th FFR served throughout the war in the Burma Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009269-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Frontier Force Regiment, History, Regular battalions\nThe 5/12th FFR served throughout the Second World War as part of the 6th Indian Infantry Division on garrison duties in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009269-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Frontier Force Regiment, Later history\nIn 1945, the regiment was renamed the Frontier Force Regiment, dropping the numerical designation \"12\", and on the independence in 1947, it was allocated to Pakistan. In 1957, the Frontier Force Rifles and The Pathan Regiment (which had been formed after independence from the 14th battalion Frontier Force Regiment and the 14th and 15th battalions Frontier Force Rifles) were amalgamated with it to form a new Frontier Force Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009270-0000-0000", "contents": "12th G-15 summit\nThe Twelfth G-15 summit was held in Caracas, Venezuela on February 27\u201328, 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009270-0001-0000", "contents": "12th G-15 summit\nThe summit agenda of the Group of 15 (G-15) encompassed a range of issues. The summit theme was \"Energy and Development.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009270-0002-0000", "contents": "12th G-15 summit\nThe gathering brought together leaders, representatives and policymakers from non-aligned nations. African G-15 nations are Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, and Zimbabwe. Those from Asia are India, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. Latin American G-15 nations include Argentina, Brazil, Chile,  Jamaica, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009270-0003-0000", "contents": "12th G-15 summit, Overview\nThe Group of 15 was established at the Ninth Non-Aligned Movement summit in Belgrade, Yugoslavia in September 1989. The name of the group is unchanging, but its composition has expanded to 18 countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009270-0004-0000", "contents": "12th G-15 summit, Overview\nThe G-15 is composed of countries from Africa, Asia, North America and South America. These non-aligned nations joined together to create a forum to foster cooperation and develop information which can be presented to other international groups, such as the World Trade Organization and the Group of Eight. The G-15 nations have a common goal of enhanced growth and prosperity. The group aims to encourage cooperation among developing countries in the areas of investment, trade, and technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009270-0005-0000", "contents": "12th G-15 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThose G-15 nations represented at the summit were Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iran,  Jamaica, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Sri Lanka, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. The group's membership has expanded to 18 countries, but the name has remained unchanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009270-0006-0000", "contents": "12th G-15 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe leaders of G-15 nations are core contributors in summit meetings. but only some of the heads-of-state were at the Caracas event:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009270-0007-0000", "contents": "12th G-15 summit, Leaders at the summit, Guest participants\nThe Group of 77 was represented by Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser of Qatar . United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Secretary General Rubens Ricupero attended the summit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009270-0008-0000", "contents": "12th G-15 summit, Priorities\nThe G-15 nations perceive an ongoing need to expand dialogue with the G8 nations. The G-15 want to help bridge the gap between developing countries and the more developed and industrialized nations. For example, the G-15 converted this venue into an opportunity to express concern about the delays and limited progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009270-0009-0000", "contents": "12th G-15 summit, Issues\nG-15 nations are united by shared perceptions of global economic issues; and the G-15 provides a structure for developing common strategies for dealing with these issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009270-0010-0000", "contents": "12th G-15 summit, Issues\nG15 nations have joined together in hopes of escaping from the more polemical atmosphere in other multinational groups and organizations, such as the Group of 77 (G-77).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009270-0011-0000", "contents": "12th G-15 summit, Schedule and agenda\nThe summit provides an opportunity to focus on the importance of cooperation in facing challenges of food, energy, climate change, health and trade. Delegations from 19 nations met to discuss energy cooperation between member states and fighting poverty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009270-0012-0000", "contents": "12th G-15 summit, Schedule and agenda\nFollowing bilateral meetings between the Venezuelan and Iranian presidents, the Iranian President announced that US$700 million would be invested by Iran in Venezuela's state-owned aluminum industry and the corollary transfer of Venezuelan aluminum-processing technology to Iran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009270-0013-0000", "contents": "12th G-15 summit, Schedule and agenda\nVenezuelan President Hugo Ch\u00e1vez announced his intention to create an international television network that would present information and films created in the South. Telesur was launched the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009270-0014-0000", "contents": "12th G-15 summit, Security\nAn estimated 11,000 soldiers and national guards were deployed in security operations for the summit. Violence broke out in the streets of Caracas. Clashes involving antigovernment demonstrators caused at least 2 deaths and 14 wounded by gunfire. Demonstrators tried to break a security perimeter established by the Venezuelan Army a kilometer away from where the G-15 leaders were meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009271-0000-0000", "contents": "12th G7 summit\nThe 12th G7 Summit was held in Tokyo, Japan between May 4 and May 6, 1986. The venue for the summit meetings was the State Guesthouse in Tokyo, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009271-0001-0000", "contents": "12th G7 summit\nThe Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (since 1976) and the President of the European Commission (starting officially in 1981).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009271-0001-0001", "contents": "12th G7 summit\nThe summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six (G6) summit in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009271-0002-0000", "contents": "12th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe G7 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009271-0003-0000", "contents": "12th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe 12th G7 summit was the last summit for Italian Prime Minister Bettino Craxi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009271-0004-0000", "contents": "12th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit, Participants\nThese summit participants are the current \"core members\" of the international forum:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009271-0005-0000", "contents": "12th G7 summit, Issues\nThe summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009271-0006-0000", "contents": "12th G7 summit, Gallery\nEuropean CommunityRuud Lubbers, Prime Minister of the Netherlands, rotating Council President", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009272-0000-0000", "contents": "12th GMA Dove Awards\nThe 12th Annual GMA Dove Awards were held on 1981 recognizing accomplishments of musicians for the year 1980. The show was held in Nashville, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009273-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Gemini Awards\nThe 12th Gemini Awards were held on March 1, 1998, to honour achievements in Canadian television. It was broadcast on CBC. This would be the first of two Gemini awards that broadcast in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009274-0000-0000", "contents": "12th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe members of the 12th General Assembly of Newfoundland were elected in the Newfoundland general election held in November 1874. The general assembly sat from 1875 to 1878.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009274-0001-0000", "contents": "12th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe Conservative Party led by Frederick Carter formed the government. After Carter resigned in early 1878, William Whiteway became party leader and Premier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009274-0002-0000", "contents": "12th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nPrescott Emerson was chosen as speaker, serving until 1877. James S. Winter succeeded Emerson as speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009274-0003-0000", "contents": "12th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nSir Stephen John Hill served as colonial governor of Newfoundland until 1876. Sir John Hawley Glover succeeded Hill as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009274-0004-0000", "contents": "12th General Assembly of Newfoundland, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1874:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009275-0000-0000", "contents": "12th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nThe 12th General Assembly of Nova Scotia represented Nova Scotia between 1820 and 1826.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009275-0001-0000", "contents": "12th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nThe assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of Nova Scotia, James Kempt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009275-0002-0000", "contents": "12th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nSimon Bradstreet Robie was chosen as speaker for the house. Samuel George William Archibald became speaker after Robie was named to the Council in 1824.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009276-0000-0000", "contents": "12th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe 12th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island represented the colony of Prince Edward Island between January 14, 1825, and 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009276-0001-0000", "contents": "12th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe Assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of Prince Edward Island, John Ready. John Stewart was elected speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009276-0002-0000", "contents": "12th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Members\nThe members of the Prince Edward Island Legislature after the general election of 1825 were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009277-0000-0000", "contents": "12th General Convention of the Nepali Congress\nThe twelfth general convention of the Nepali Congress party was held in Kathmandu from September 17\u201321, 2010. Elections were held for the posts of President, General Secretary and Treasurer. The convention also elected 61 members to the party's Central Working Committee (CWC). 14th General Convention will be held in Bhadra of 2078.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009277-0001-0000", "contents": "12th General Convention of the Nepali Congress, Election results\nElections to the 61 CWC seats were held in three categories\u00a0: 25 seats were contested under the open category, 14 seats under the zonal category and 22 seats under reserved quotas for  women, Dalit, Madeshi, Muslim and  Janajati  categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009278-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Genie Awards\nThe 12th Genie Awards were held on November 26, 1991, and honoured Canadian films released in 1990 and 1991. The awards were moved from their previous March date after the disastrous ratings of the previous awards. The format was also changed and the eligible voters reduced to 130; in addition, because of the change of scheduling, the awards covered a longer eligibility period and a larger number of eligible films than any previous Genie Award ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009278-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Genie Awards\nThe ceremony was hosted by Leslie Nielsen, and was held at the Pantages Theatre in Toronto. They were dominated by the Canadian/Australian co-production Black Robe, which was nominated for ten awards and won six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009279-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Golden Globe Awards\nThe 12th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1954, were held on February 24, 1955, in the Cocoanut Grove at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009280-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Golden Horse Awards\nThe 12th Golden Horse Awards (Mandarin:\u7b2c12\u5c46\u91d1\u99ac\u734e) took place on  October 30, 1975, at Zhongshan Hall in Taipei, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009281-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Golden Laurel Awards\nThe 12th Golden Laurel Awards (also known as 2001 Golden Laurel Awards), honoring the best film and television producers of 2000, were held at The Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles, California on March 3, 2001. The nominees were announced on January 10, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009282-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Golden Melody Awards\nThe 12th Golden Melody Awards ceremony was held at the Chiang Kai-shek Cultural Center in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, on 5 May 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009283-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Golden Raspberry Awards\nThe 12th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 29, 1992, at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel to recognize the worst the movie industry had to offer in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009284-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Government of Slovenia\nEU Member State(Eurozone Member State)(Schengen Area Member State)NATO Member StateCouncil of Europe Member StateOECD Member State", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009284-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Government of Slovenia\nThe 12th Government of Slovenia, led by Prime Minister Miro Cerar, was announced on 18 September 2014. It was formed following the 2014 parliamentary election won by the centre-left Party of Miro Cerar; it was the third government formed over four years. At 51 years, Cerar was the second oldest Prime Minister of Slovenia since Independence, following Andrej Bajuk at 56 years. The cabinet had on the day of inauguration the highest number of women ministers representatives, as there were seven women ministers out of sixteen ministers in total. Cerar's cabinet was the highest educated cabinet to date, with six members with a doctorate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009284-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Government of Slovenia\nAfter the resignation of Alenka Bratu\u0161ek's cabinet, President Borut Pahor determined that the new elections would take place on 13 July 2014. With 34.49% Cerar won by the highest percentage on any parliamentary elections since Independence. It was decided not to cooperate with the Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS), as its leader Janez Jan\u0161a was sentenced to two years imprisonment. On 28 July 2014 Cerar sent an outline of the coalition agreement to all other parties that attended the coalition talks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009284-0002-0001", "contents": "12th Government of Slovenia\nThe first to agree was the president of Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia (DeSUS) Karel Erjavec, with whom Cerar gathered the necessary 45+ seats in Parliament. The next and last to join the coalition was Dejan \u017didan with his Social Democrats (SD) party. The coalition agreement was signed on 3 September 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009284-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Government of Slovenia\nCabinet members came from three parties of the new coalition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009284-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Government of Slovenia\nOn the 14 March 2018, following the verdict of the Supreme Court of Slovenia to annul the referendum on the so-called \"Second Railway track\", Miro Cerar announced his resignation as Prime Minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009284-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Government of Slovenia, Changes from the preceding cabinet\nThe number of ministries rose to 16, up from 13 in the preceding Cabinet of Alenka Bratu\u0161ek. Anja Kopa\u010d Mrak, Gorazd \u017dmavc, Dejan \u017didan and Karel Erjavec have retained their position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009285-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Goya Awards\nThe 12th Goya Awards were presented in Madrid, Spain on 31 January 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009286-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Grey Cup\nThe 12th Grey Cup was played on November 29, 1924, before 5,978 fans at Varsity Stadium at Toronto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009286-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Grey Cup\nQueen's University defeated the Toronto Balmy Beach Beachers 11 to 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009287-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Guam Legislature\nThe 12th Guam Legislature was a meeting of the Guam Legislature. It convened in Hagatna, Guam on January 1, 1973 and ended on January 6, 1975, during the 3rd and 4th years of Carlos Camacho's elected Gubernatorial Term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009287-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Guam Legislature\nIn the 1972 Guamanian general election, the Democratic Party of Guam won a fourteen-to-seven (14-7) supermajority of seats in the Guam Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009288-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Corps\nThe 12th Guards Rifle Corps was a corps of the Soviet Union's Red Army. Formed in 1942, the corps fought in the Vistula\u2013Oder Offensive, East Pomeranian Offensive and Berlin Offensive. The corps was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for its actions during the storming of Berlin. It was disbanded in Germany in June 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009288-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Corps, History\nThe corps was first formed on the Northwestern Front in December 1942, on the basis of the 384th Rifle Division. It was commanded by Major General Nikanor Zakhvatayev. In May 1944, Zakhvatayev was transferred to command the 1st Shock Army. He was replaced by Major General Mikhail Siyazov. On 29 July, Siyazov became 67th Army deputy commander and was replaced by Major General Stepan Bunkov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009288-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Corps, History\nOn November 3, 1944 the corps included the 23rd Guards, 52nd Guards and 33rd Rifle Divisions as part of the 3rd Shock Army. It was the main force moving forward to the railway line Auce \u2013 Layzhuva. On 2 December, the corps was part of Stavka Reserve and received orders to concentrate south of Jelgava for loading onto troop transports at the Jelgava, Platone, Meitene and Joni\u0161kis. At the beginning of January 1945, trains carrying elements of the corps arrived at Mrozy, 50 kilometers east of Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009288-0002-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Corps, History\nThe corps was concentrated 25 kilometers east of Warsaw, in the area of Mi\u0144sk Mazowiecki, Ka\u0142uszyn, Liw and Dobre. On 14 January, the Vistula\u2013Oder Offensive was launched. The corps was part of the army reserve in the early days of the offensive. On 19 January, the corps moved to bypass Warsaw from the north. On the morning of 20 January, the corps was in the area of Sochaczew, Lovach and Skierniewice. By the end of 25 January, it was in the area of Izbica, Kolo and Klodawa. By the end of January, the corps had reached Bromberg. The 33rd and 52nd Guards Rifle Divisions positioned themselves at Bushkovo, Tsempelburg and Kline-Visnevka. The 23rd Guards Rifle Division was stationed in the second echelon. The 32nd and 15th SS Infantry Divisions made several attacks against the corps, supported by tanks. These attacks were repulsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009288-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Corps, History\nBunkov was sent to study at the Military Academy of the General Staff on 12 February and replaced by Lieutenant General Alexander Kazankin. The 23rd and 52nd Guards Rifle Divisions took up defensive positions on the east bank of the Oder between Nieder-Krenina and Alt-Rudnitz. From 16 April, the corps was involved in the Battle of Berlin. Kazankin was wounded on 27 April during the fighting for Berlin. He was replaced by 3rd Shock Army deputy commander Major General Alexander Filatov. On the morning of 2 May, the German troops began to surrender and the fighting ended soon after. On 11 June, the corps was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for its actions at Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009288-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Corps, History\nThe corps appears to have been disbanded in June 1946, still part of the 3rd Shock Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division\nThe 12th Guards Rifle Division was reformed as an elite infantry division of the Red Army in January, 1942, based on the 1st formation of the 258th Rifle Division and served in that role until after the end of the Great Patriotic War. It was in 50th Army when it was redesignated but was soon assigned to the 49th Army, then to the 10th Army and finally to the 16th Army near the end of that month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0000-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division\nIn June it was assigned to the 9th Guards Rifle Corps of 61st Army where it remained almost continually for the duration of the war, serving under several Front commands but always on the central sector of the front. During the summer offensive in 1943 it fought through western Russia and into Belarus during the winter campaigns there. Along with the rest of 61st Army it took part in the second stage of Operation Bagration in the summer of 1944, advancing into the Pripyat marshes region, winning a battle honor and shortly thereafter the Order of the Red Banner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0000-0002", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division\nAfter a short time in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command it was moved to the 3rd Baltic and later the 1st Baltic Front driving into Latvia and Lithuania, being decorated with the Order of Suvorov for its part in the liberation of Riga. In December it was returned to the 1st Belorussian Front and took part in the offensives that propelled the Red Army into Poland and eastern Germany. After the fall of Berlin the division advanced to the Elbe River where it linked up with the US 84th Infantry Division. Following the German surrender it was disbanded in July, 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nThe division was officially raised to Guards status on January 5, 1942 in recognition of its role in the liberation of Kaluga on December 30. Its sub-units would not receive their Guards redesignations until February. The 258th had been one of the first divisions formed after the German invasion with a distinct \"national\" or ethnic identity; it was known as the Uzbek division. Its order of battle, based on the first wartime shtat (table of organization and equipment) for rifle divisions, was eventually as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nMaj. Gen. Mikhail Aleksandrovich Siyazov, who had led the 258th Rifle Division since November 17, 1941 and had been promoted to that rank three days earlier, remained in command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, Battle of Moscow\nThe division was in 50th Army of Western Front when it was redesignated. During January 7\u20138 the Army attacked along its entire front against German forces that were organized for all-round defense. The division was on its right flank and, in cooperation with the 290th Rifle Division, advanced successfully and reached a line from Verteby to Karavai to Dvortsy by January 12 before running into stiffer opposition. On January 14 the adjacent 49th Army began an attack along its entire front against stubborn resistance in an effort to reach, among other objectives, a fortified line from Kondrovo to Polotnyany Zavod. On the same date Front directive No. 412 assigned the 12th Guards to the 49th with the tasks of accelerating to offensive and simultaneously put pressure on the rear of German units operating against its former Army along the Yukhnov axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, Battle of Moscow\nThe division moved to concentrate in the area of Ozerna and Subbotino, 1\u00a0km north of Davydovo and joined the resumed offensive on January 16. During the next day it was fighting along the western bank of the Ugra River, attacking in the direction of Malaya Rudnya with its main forces, while a detachment was simultaneously blocking Sabelnikovo from the north and east. Meanwhile, the 133rd and 173rd Rifle Divisions were taking heavy casualties in frontal attacks against the fortified line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0004-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, Battle of Moscow\nBy January 18 the 173rd and 238th Rifle Divisions were attacking to outflank the line and cut off the defenders' retreat to the west and the 12th Guards completed its concentration before advancing in the direction of Pogorelovo. During the next day it was involved in heavy fighting for the villages of Matovo and Rudnya (3\u00a0km west of Sabelnikovo) and captured them. Under intense pressure and in danger of encirclement the German forces began to withdraw from the Kondrovo area. On January 20 the division was transferred to the 10th Army and moved to the Sukhinichi region for operations against German forces attacking from the Zhizdra-Zikeevo area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, Battle of Moscow\nBy the beginning of February the 12th Guards had been transferred yet again, now to the 16th Army, still in Western Front. The counteroffensive in front of Moscow had mostly run out of steam by this point. On March 26 General Siyazov was appointed as deputy commander of 5th Army and handed the division to Maj. Gen. Konstantin Maksimovich Erastov. In April it was moved to the 58th Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for much-needed rebuilding before returning to 16th Army in May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0005-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, Battle of Moscow\nIn June it was finally assigned to 61st Army, still in Western Front, where it became the main formation of the new 9th Guards Rifle Corps, along with four rifle brigades: the 104th, 108th, 110th and 257th; the division also provided the supporting cadre to form the Corps' headquarters. Remarkably, the division would remain in this Army for the duration of the war, mostly in 9th Guards Corps but occasionally under direct Army command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Second Winter Offensive and Operation Kutuzov\nDuring the latter half of 1942 the 61st Army was involved in battles of local significance while the main fighting went on around Stalingrad and Rzhev. In November Col. Porfirii Martinovich Gudz, who had previously commanded the 31st Guards Rifle Division before being wounded, became deputy commander of 12th Guards and from January to March, 1943 served as acting commander until General Erastov returned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0006-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Second Winter Offensive and Operation Kutuzov\nFollowing the German defeat at Stalingrad, in February 1943 the Army was transferred to Bryansk Front and on February 12 assaulted the defenses of the German 2nd Panzer Army's 112nd Infantry Division in the Ulanova and Merkulavsky sector along with the 342nd and 356th Rifle Divisions, supported by the 68th Tank Brigade. Within hours the assault faltered in the face of heavy German fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Second Winter Offensive and Operation Kutuzov\nThe 16th Army launched a new attack against 2nd Panzer Army on February 22, supported by 61st and 3rd Armies north and east of Bolkhov. The main attack was mounted by six rifle divisions backed by three tank brigades attacking along the Zhizdra axis but only managed to gain 7\u00a0km by February 25 due to rain and muddy roads and a skilful defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0007-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Second Winter Offensive and Operation Kutuzov\nMeanwhile the commander of 61st Army, Lt. Gen. P. A. Belov, planned to lead his attack with the 12th Guards supported by the 68th Tank Brigade once again against the defenses of 112th Infantry about 18\u00a0km north of Bolkhov. If the attack succeeded it would be reinforced by the 342nd and 356th Divisions but in the event one regiment of the 112th repulsed the division with relative ease and at considerable cost in casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0007-0002", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Second Winter Offensive and Operation Kutuzov\nBryansk Front acknowledged the failure on this sector and ordered Belov to transfer the three divisions to the 3rd Army to reinforce its bridgehead on the west bank of the Oka River. In the event the 12th Guards was the last of the three to arrive, one of its rifle regiments never actually left the 61st Army sector, and by March 1 German counterattacks had eliminated the bridgehead, so it is possible the division never actually left the Army's command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Second Winter Offensive and Operation Kutuzov\nDuring the following five days Bryansk Front attempted to renew its offensive, but with little success. The Front command reported to the STAVKA on March 6, among other items, that \"The 61st Army fought stubborn battles during the day with units of the 12th Guards Rifle Division against enemy forces attacking in the Sivkovo and Gorodishche sector.\" The division, with its Army, remained in much the same positions until Operation Kutuzov began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0008-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Second Winter Offensive and Operation Kutuzov\nIn April the division was under direct command of the Army headquarters; as of May 1 it was back in 9th Guards Corps with the 76th Guards Rifle Division in the Army reserves and by July 1 the Corps was in the front line with the addition of the 77th Guards Rifle Division. On June 26 General Erastov had been transferred to command of the 46th Rifle Corps, and was replaced in command of the division by Col. Dmitrii Kuzmich Malkov, who would remain in command for the duration of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Second Winter Offensive and Operation Kutuzov, Operation Kutuzov\nThe Soviet offensive against the German-held salient centered on the city of Oryol began with limited, local reconnaissance thrusts on July 11 with the full assault beginning the next day, just as Hitler was deciding to shut down Operation Citadel. Following a three-hour artillery preparation three armies of Bryansk Front, including the 61st, plus the 11th Guards Army of Western Front, attacked against three sectors on the northern flank of the salient. 61st Army was still on the Bolkhov sector, now facing the German 208th Infantry Division with four rifle divisions in the first echelon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 92], "content_span": [93, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0009-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Second Winter Offensive and Operation Kutuzov, Operation Kutuzov\nBy evening the Soviet troops had managed to advance 5\u20136\u00a0km. 11th Guards Army made much more substantial progress in the early going and on July 18 the Soviet command committed the fresh 25th Tank Corps into that Army's sector at Ulyanovo but instead of driving into the open gap between two German army corps most of the 25th Tank was directed towards Bolkhov, which was still in German hands until it was liberated, mostly by units of 61st Army, on July 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 92], "content_span": [93, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0009-0002", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Second Winter Offensive and Operation Kutuzov, Operation Kutuzov\nOn the same day Gen. W. Model gave the order for his combined 2nd Panzer and 9th Armies to prepare to withdraw to the Hagen position at the base of the salient. In mid-August the forces of Bryansk Front attempted to break through to Karachev but only succeeded after the German forces withdrew further west. On August 18 their withdrawal to the Hagen line was completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 92], "content_span": [93, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus\n61st Army was advancing on Bryansk in the late summer before it was moved to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command by the beginning of September. By the start of the next month it had been moved once again to Central Front where the 12th Guards rejoined 9th Guards Corps as the campaign moved into Belarus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0010-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus\nIn the last days of September the Army arrived along the Dniepr River on a broad front extending from Loev to south of Liubech, and the division seized a small bridgehead on the western bank in the latter vicinity; its Corps-mates, the 76th and 77th Guards, failed to do likewise farther south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0010-0002", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus\nOn September 28 and again on October 2 General Belov attempted to expand the 12th Guards' bridgehead with the help of the two other divisions against the positions of the German 251st and 86th Infantry Divisions but only managed an advance of a further 2\u20133\u00a0km before being halted by strong artillery and machine-gun fire from the dominating heights west of the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Gomel - Rechitsa Offensive\nIn preparation for the Gomel - Rechitsa Offensive Central Front underwent a major regrouping from October 8\u201314, during which 9th Guards Corps was fully concentrated in the bridgehead. It was to form the 61st Army's shock group along with the 29th Rifle Corps, backed by the 89th Rifle Corps from positions south of Liubech, when the offensive began on October 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0011-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Gomel - Rechitsa Offensive\n9th Guards Corps was supported by a heavy artillery barrage by 4th Artillery Penetration Corps following which the 12th Guards, with the 29th Guards Regiment on the right, the 37th in the center and the 32nd on the left, assaulted and broke through the positions of 251st Infantry and seized Hill 114.0, a vital position that dominated the Soviet enclave, by the end of the day. The two other Guards divisions expanded the bridgehead on both flanks and the 81st Rifle Division of 29th Corps crossed the Dniepr to the right of 77th Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0011-0002", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Gomel - Rechitsa Offensive\nBy the end of October 18 the bridgehead had been expanded to 20\u00a0km wide and 4\u20135\u00a0km deep, but due to its still-limited size and irregular configuration Belov was unable to commit his mobile forces (7th Guards Cavalry Corps and 9th Tank Corps) and the arrival of 2nd Panzer Division from the Chernobyl region managed to contain the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Gomel - Rechitsa Offensive\nOn October 20 the commander of the just-renamed Belorussian Front, Army Gen. K. K. Rokossovsky, ordered Belov to regroup his Army and resume his attack on October 22. Accordingly Belov shifted his 9th Guards Corps northward from its bridgehead west of Liubech into 29th Corps' smaller bridgehead opposite Novaia and Staraia Lutava, situated 4\u20137\u00a0km north of Liubech precisely at the boundary between the 251st and 7th Infantry Divisions. 29th Corps then concentrated in a smaller bridgehead south of Radul on 9th Guards right flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0012-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Gomel - Rechitsa Offensive\nThe objective was to link up with 65th Army farther north and then to exploit northwestward towards Kalinkavichy and Mazyr. Heavy fighting raged for more than a week, prompting German 2nd Army to order its Group Lubbe to begin a phased withdrawal to new positions in the rear. 9th Guards Corps seized Novaia and Staraia Lutava on October 23 and then with the assistance of 29th Corps advanced more than 10\u00a0km westward from Radul and linked up with 65th Army near the village of Nikolaevka. However by October 30 both Armies had \"shot their bolt\"; although both sides took considerable losses the Soviets had not been able to achieve a clean operational breach. Rokossovsky halted the attacks on November 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Gomel - Rechitsa Offensive\nThe Armies regrouped again over the next eight days before renewing the assault on November 10. General Belov again chose to lead with the 9th Guards Corps, now supported by 89th Corps on its left flank. 12th Guards and 77th Guards Divisions were in the first echelon with 68th Tank Brigade while the 76th Guards was in second echelon, all in the Borshchovka - Kuchaevka sector. The two Corps faced the 7th and 137th Infantry Divisions, both operating as battlegroups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0013-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Gomel - Rechitsa Offensive\nIn the first three days 65th Army tore an 8\u201312\u00a0km gap in the German lines and was almost halfway to Rechitsa, which was liberated on November 15. 9th Guards Corps made less spectacular progress, but by November 13 had forced the defenders to withdraw to new lines 20\u00a0km to the west; furthermore the advance of 65th Army had unhinged all the defenses of Army Group Center in southern Belarus and under continuing pressure further withdrawals were inevitable. By November 20 the defenders had been reinforced from other sectors but were still sagging under pressure from 9th Guards and 89th Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Gomel - Rechitsa Offensive\n... Rokossovsky's [forces] had turned west behind Rechitsa toward Kalkinovichi, the railroad junction controlling all of the Second Army supply lines. On 20 November Weiss shifted two of the divisions that had taken part in the counterattack west, to screen Kalinkovichi... The next morning Weiss reported that Soviet tanks and cavalry with strong infantry support were within 19 miles [30km] of Kalinkovichi. If they took the town the army would be out of motor fuel in two days and out of ammunition in four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Gomel - Rechitsa Offensive\nOn November 22 Rokossovsky launched his Front on a renewed offensive that included the 9th Guards Corps, backed by the 68th Tanks, 9th Tank and 2nd Cavalry Corps, in an attack that shattered the German front south of Malodusha and started a sweep to the southwest that threatened to envelop German 2nd Army's right flank. The assault split apart the German 216th and 102nd Infantry Divisions and opened an immense gap in their defenses that allowed lead elements to reach Dubrovitsa on the Rechitsa - Khoiniki road by day's end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0015-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Gomel - Rechitsa Offensive\nThat afternoon Hitler finally accepted the inevitable and finally allowed Weiss to take his front back to a line just east of Kalinkavichy. The ensuing withdrawal lasted six days during which the two Soviet rifle corps and supporting units made spectacular progress, swinging southward and then westward through the Sholb Swamp and reaching as far as 45\u00a0km east of Mazyr. Only the last-minute arrival of elements of 4th and 5th Panzer Divisions prevented the fall of Kalinkavichy; 9th Guards Corps and 7th Cavalry Corps were finally halted 12\u00a0km east of there on November 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0016-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Gomel - Rechitsa Offensive\nMeanwhile, Gomel had been evacuated by German 9th Army and liberated by the right-flank forces of Belorussian Front on November 26. By now most Soviet rifle divisions were reduced to 3,500 to 4,500 personnel each and a break for rebuilding and replenishment was necessary. Rokossovsky attempted a new offensive on Kalinkavichy on December 8 with 61st and 65th Armies but this made almost no progress and was called off on the 12th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0017-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Kalinkovichi - Mozyr Offensive\nNearly a month passed until a new effort to liberate Mazyr and Kalinkavichy began on January 8, 1944. Once again the 9th Guards Corps was to lead the 61st Army's attack with 12th Guards in the center and the other two Guards divisions on each flank. Colonel Malkov later described the Corps' mission and the German defenses:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0018-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Kalinkovichi - Mozyr Offensive\nCorps Group \"E\", 5th Panzer Division [in fact, only one battalion], and 292nd Infantry Division were defending opposite 9th Guards Rifle Corps' front. The forward edge of the Germans' defenses, which extended 200-300 meters east of the Osipova Rudnia and Aleksandrovka road, were covered with barbed wire obstacles and, in some sectors, antitank and antipersonnel minefields. Pillboxes were constructed for firing points and bunkers with strong cover for the personnel. The villages of Aleksandrovka and Golevitsy Station were organized into powerful strongpoints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0019-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Kalinkovichi - Mozyr Offensive\nThe 292nd, in common with most of the German divisions, was at the strength of a reinforced regiment and Corps Group \"E\" was a composite of remnants of even weaker divisions. Using the 356th Rifle Division as a screen, General Belov had the Corps regrouped somewhat southward with the mission of penetrating the German defense and advancing to the west to capture Kalinkavichy in concert with 65th Army advancing from the north and northeast. The Corps would again be supported by 68th Tanks as well as the SU-76s of the 1459th SU Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0019-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Kalinkovichi - Mozyr Offensive\n61st Army also had the support of the 6th Artillery Penetration Division and 1st Tank Destroyer Brigade. At the insistence of Belov, Colonel Malkov had deployed his division in a single echelon with all three rifle regiments in line, leaving him with very few reserves. The attack began at dawn on January 8 after a 45-minute artillery preparation. The division captured the forward trenches of the 292nd Division's defenses and advanced 1.5\u20132\u00a0km before being halted by intense German fire. The 77th Guards on the division's right gained about 2\u00a0km before also being halted, while the 76th Guards was stopped in its tracks; both had also been deployed in a single line. Malkov wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0020-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Kalinkovichi - Mozyr Offensive\nDespite launching attacks both during the day and at night, from 8 through 11 January, the corps' formations were not able to penetrate the enemy's defenses. Since each and every attack was preceded by and artillery preparation, in this case it represented a signal to the enemy, forewarning them of the attack... Over the course of three days, they launched 19 counterattacks, mainly from the region of Hill 128.4, where they committed fresh reinforcements at the boundary between the 77th and 12th Guards Rifle Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0020-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Kalinkovichi - Mozyr Offensive\nThe subunits of these divisions turned out to be in flat, open and swampy terrain, where there was no cover... Several times each day... Belov... demanded insistently that our troops penetrate the enemy's defense and capture Kalinkovichi at all cost. However, these demands did not alter the situation. Reserves were needed... and beside the ski battalions, there were no reserves in the divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0021-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Kalinkovichi - Mozyr Offensive\nOn January 12 General Rokossovsky intervened to demand the use of a more imaginative approach. By this time 65th Army was advancing from the north after similar initial difficulties, and three Guards cavalry corps had made a spectacular advance south of the Pripyat River which made the German position untenable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0022-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Kalinkovichi - Mozyr Offensive\nOvernight on January 12\u201313 each division's ski battalion began infiltrating through the German defenses. There was no artillery preparation; instead the divisions concentrated their direct and mortar fire on narrow sectors to suppress German fire and the guns were reserved to hit targets identified by the advancing skiers who were mostly armed with machine guns, sub-machine guns and light mortars. After 15\u201320 minutes the main forces of the divisions went into the attack, by which time the 12 Guards' ski battalion was already 2\u00a0km deep and had cut the road from Buda and Kalinkavichy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0022-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Kalinkovichi - Mozyr Offensive\nJust as the ski detachments were beginning their operation the 292nd and 7th Divisions had been ordered back to new lines and the next day the German XX Army Corps ordered all its units to fall back to the Ipa River line. At 0400 hours on January 14 the 1st Guards Tank Corps entered the northern outskirts of the city and joined hands with 12th Guards which had just entered from the east. That evening Mazyr was liberated by the 15th Guards Cavalry and the 55th and 415th Rifle Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0023-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Kalinkovichi - Mozyr Offensive, Ozarichi - Ptich Offensive\nRokossovsky almost immediately began a new drive to the west although there is little information on it in the historical record. The 12th Guards divisional history states:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 100], "content_span": [101, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0024-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Kalinkovichi - Mozyr Offensive, Ozarichi - Ptich Offensive\nUnits of the division entered battle northwest of Kalinkovichi on 20 January and, after smashing enemy resistance, began a slow but persistent advance forward. In February the corps' forces reached the Ptich River in the Ivashkovichi region and, by order of the army commander, went on the defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 100], "content_span": [101, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0025-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Kalinkovichi - Mozyr Offensive, Ozarichi - Ptich Offensive\nBased on German staff maps the 9th Guards Corps entered combat early on January 26 with the 76th and 77th Guards in first echelon and the 12th Guards in second, although this is not entirely clear from the maps alone. The Corps passed through the lines of 89th Rifle Corps and attacked towards XX Corps' second defensive line, anchored on Svobodka No. 1 Sovkhoz in the rear of 5th Panzer Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 100], "content_span": [101, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0025-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Kalinkovichi - Mozyr Offensive, Ozarichi - Ptich Offensive\nAlthough the withdrawing 5th Panzer ultimately contained the attackers short of the Ptich it was clear that the remaining defenses of XX Corps on the lower Ipa were no longer tenable and late on January 27 General Weiss ordered it back to a new line along the Ptich. Later in February the 61st Army was reassigned to the 2nd Belorussian Front (1st formation) and remained on much the same lines through the spring, before rejoining Rokossovsky's renamed 1st Belorussian Front in April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 100], "content_span": [101, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0026-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration\nThe main part of offensive against Army Group Center began on June 23, but the left flank forces of 1st Belorussian Front did not enter the fighting until early July. As of the first of that month 61st Army consisted of just six rifle divisions and 9th Guards Corps had just the 12th Guards and 212nd Rifle Divisions. Furthermore the Army was badly stretched out along the Pripyat and was facing a German grouping in and around Polesye. Its first efforts to begin active operations during July 3\u20135 were not successful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0026-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration\nOn the 7th the 9th Guards Corps began an attack towards Pinsk while the 89th Corps, along with the Dniepr Flotilla, began to press along the Pripyat from the east to the west. The adjacent 28th Army launched an attack with one division on Luninets and the German forces began to hurriedly retreat to the west. On July 14 the division shared in the liberation of Pinsk and was given its name as an honorific:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0027-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration\n\"PINSK\" - 12th Guards Rifle Division (Colonel Malkov, Dmitrii Kuzmich)... The troops who participated in the liberation of Pinsk, by the order of the Supreme High Command of 14 July 1944, and a commendation in Moscow, are given a salute of 20 artillery salvoes from 224 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0028-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration, Brest - Siedlce Offensive\nOn July 17 the Front began a drive towards Brest and Siedlce as the offensive began to slow due to logistics and German reinforcements. 61st Army launched its main attack with its right flank in the direction of Strigovo and Chernavchitsi and aided by the success of the left flank of 28th Army broke through the German defense along the Mukhavets River and on July 20 captured the major rail and road junction of Kobryn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0028-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration, Brest - Siedlce Offensive\nIn recognition on July 25 the 12th Guards was decorated with the Order of the Red Banner, while the 29th (Lt. Col. Ivan Petrovich Mokhov) and 37th Rifle Regiments (Lt. Col. Ivan Stepanovich Kolesnikov) and the 31st Artillery Regiment (Col. Daniil Afanasevich Avralov) all received the town's name as a battle honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0029-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration, Brest - Siedlce Offensive\nLater on July 20 the bulk of 61st Army was removed to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command but due to still-stubborn German resistance Rokossovsky was authorized to retain 9th Guards Corps to assist the 28th and 70th Armies in the ongoing offensive towards Brest. Over the next four days of heavy fighting the Corps managed to advance from 16\u201320\u00a0km due west and there appeared to be a developing opportunity to encircle the German Brest grouping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0029-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration, Brest - Siedlce Offensive\nOn July 25 and 26 the Corps continued advancing slowly while repelling counterattacks while 70th Army's right flank broke through the first positions of the Brest fortified area. By the end of July 27 the Corps was on a line from Zadworce to Wulka-Zastavska and Brest was encircled while the German force was seeking at any price to break out. The town and fortress were both liberated the next day and only small groups of defenders managed to break out to the west while most were captured or destroyed in the woods west of the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0029-0002", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration, Brest - Siedlce Offensive\nThe 12th Guards received considerable recognition for its part in the victory; 32nd Rifle Regiment (Lt. Col. Nikolai Terentevich Volkov) was given \"Brest\" as an honorific, while the other three regiments were all awarded the Order of the Red Banner on August 10. Soon afterwards the 9th Guards Corps rejoined 61st Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0030-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Baltic Campaign\n61st Army returned to the front in September, now in the 3rd Baltic Front. As of the middle of the month the division was in the area of Aluksne in Latvia. By the beginning of October it had advanced westward past Valmiera in the direction of Riga. On October 31 the 12th Guards was awarded the Order of Suvorov, 2nd Degree, for its part in the liberation of that city. When 3rd Baltic was disbanded shortly after Riga was taken the Army was reassigned to 1st Baltic Front until nearly the end of November. On November 29 the commander of the 1st Belorussian Front received the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0031-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Baltic Campaign\n\"By order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, the following are being transferred to you by railroad:... b)  61st Army, consisting of:... 9th Guards Rifle Corps (12th and 75th Guards Rifle and 415th Rifle Divisions)... along with reinforcements, service establishments and rear organs. The army will arrive approximately between 9 December and 1 January at the Lukow station.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0032-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Baltic Campaign\nA further directive on December 7 ordered that the personnel strength of the Army's nine rifle divisions be reinforced to 6,500 men each, as well as 900 horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0033-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany\nIn the plan for the Vistula-Oder offensive the task of finally liberating Warsaw fell to the 47th Army (attacking from the north), 1st Polish Army, and two corps of 61st Army (from the south). After reaching and clearing the northern bank of the Pilica River that force was to move in the direction of B\u0142onie), while the 9th Guards Corps was to help clear a path for the commitment of 2nd Guards Tank Army on the third day and then advance towards Sochaczew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0033-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany\nWhen the offensive began at 0855 hours on January 14, 1945 after a 25-minute artillery preparation the Army's forward battalions were halted by German fire in front of the switch position along the line of the Pilica and could not force a crossing. An additional two-hour preparation (which was supplemented by all the artillery on the 3rd Shock Army), and the commitment of the Army's main forces at 1100 hours was required to overcome resistance. As a result the 61st advanced only 2\u20134\u00a0km during the day. Once the breakthrough was achieved and 2nd Guards Tank entered the battle progress increased rapidly and the 415th Division led 9th Guards Corps into Sochaczew on January 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0034-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany\nOn January 26 the commander of 1st Belorussian Front, Marshal G. K. Zhukov, reported to the STAVKA on his plans to develop the offensive and to force the Oder River. 61st Army was directed towards Schloppe and Berlinchen, reaching the Oder on the sixth day and subsequently forcing a crossing. Subsequently in mid-February the Army was one of those shifted northward towards Stargard in reaction to the German Operation Solstice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0035-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nIn the buildup to the offensive on Berlin in April the 61st Army was deployed on the east bank of the Oder from Nipperwiese to Alt Rudnitz. The Army was to launch its main attack with its left flank, forcing the river along a 2.5\u00a0km sector from Hohenwutzow to Neuglitzen. The 12th Guards was one of six divisions, including the rest of 9th Guards and the 89th Rifle Corps, grouped along the axis of the main attack. Within its Corps, the division was in the first echelon with the 75th Guards while the 415th Division was in second echelon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0035-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nAlthough the main offensive began on April 16, 61st Army did not attack until the next day, when it won a bridgehead 3\u00a0km wide and up to 1,000m deep. By the 22nd the Army had cleared the Oder and Alte Oder and had turned its front completely to the north; three days later it had reached points 55\u00a0km west of the Oder. On April 29 it forced the Havel River in the area of Zehdenick against minimal resistance. Finally, on May 2, having advanced 60\u00a0km during the day against no resistance, it reached the Elbe River in the area of Havelberg, and the next day met up with elements of the U.S. 84th Infantry Division near Gnefsdorf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009289-0036-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Rifle Division, Postwar\nWhen the fighting stopped the division held the full title of 12th Guards Rifle, Pinsk, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov Division. (Russian: 12-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u041f\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f). In a final round of awards for the Berlin operation all four regiments of the division received decorations on May 28: the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 2nd Degree, went to the 31st Guards Artillery; the 32nd Guards Rifle got the Order of Kutuzov, 3rd Degree; and the 29th and 37th Guards Rifle each received the Order of Suvorov, 3rd Degree. Maj. Gen. Nikolai Fedorovich Andonev, former commander of the recently-disbanded 397th Rifle Division, took over the division in July and remained in command until February, 1946. Despite its distinguished record the 12th Guards was disbanded in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009290-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Tank Division\nThe 12th Guards Uman Orders of Lenin Red Banner and Suvorov Tank Division was a tank division of the Soviet Ground Forces. It drew its history from the World War II 16th Tank Corps. It was redesignated successively as 12th Guards Tank Corps (1943) and 12th Guards Tank Division (1946).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009290-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Tank Division, History\nThe division was initially formed as 16th Tank Corps in the Kiev Military District. It became part of the 2nd Tank Army upon the army's formation. During the war, it participated in fighting at Kharkov, Stalingrad, Kursk, Grel, Uman-Botoshany Offensive, Targul-Frumos, Lublin-Brest Offensive, Vistula-Oder and other operations and actions. From December 1943 to August 1944 it was commanded by Major General Ivan Vasilievich Dubovoy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009290-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Tank Division, History\nIt took part in the counter-attacks against the Germans advancing on Stalingrad in the later summer of 1942, the winter counter-offensives of 1942/43, the Battle of Kursk in July (as part of the Central Front), then across Ukraine with the Central, Belorussian, and 1st Belorussian Fronts. In the summer of 1944, it was with the 2nd Tank Army, and took part in the offensives, reaching the outskirts of Warsaw. On 20 November 1944, it was awarded \u2018Guards\u2019 status and re-designated the 12th Guards Tank Corps. The Corps took part in the Vistula-Oder and Berlin Operations, ending the war in the Berlin area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009290-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Tank Division, History, Cold War\nAs part of the occupation forces, it was assigned to the 2nd Guards Tank Army. On 6 July 1945, it was reorganized into the 12th Guards Tank Division at Neuruppin. In June 1946 the 2nd Guards Tank Army became the 2nd Guards Mechanized Army. On 6 May 1954, the division was reorganized. The 34th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment became the 145th Guards Mechanized Regiment. The 226th Guards Mortar Regiment and separate howitzer artillery battalion were combined into the 843rd Guards Artillery Regiment. The 18th Separate Guards Motorcycle Battalion became a reconnaissance battalion. Also, the Chemical Defence Company was formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009290-0003-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Tank Division, History, Cold War\nIn 1957, the 2nd Guards Mechanized Army became a tank army again. On 25 June 1957, the 49th Guards Tank Regiment transferred to the 26th Guards Tank Division. The 66th Guards Tank Regiment was renamed the 353rd Guards Tank Regiment. The 71st Guards Heavy Tank Self-Propelled Regiment became the 332nd Guards Heavy Tank Regiment. The 145th Guards Mechanized Regiment became the 803rd Guards Motor Rifle Regiment. The 186th Separate Guards Communications Battalion was renumbered as the 490th. The 75th Guards Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiment moved to the 207th Motor Rifle Division in 1958. It was replaced by the 933rd Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009290-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Tank Division, History, Cold War\nIn 1960, the 59th Separate Tank Training Battalion was disbanded. The 639th Separate Missile Battalion was formed in 1961. On 19 February 1962, the 64th Separate Equipment Maintenance and Recovery Battalion was created. The 136th Separate Guards Sapper Battalion became an engineer-sapper unit in 1968. In November of that year, the 803rd Guards Motor Rifle Regiment and 843rd Guards Artillery Regiment moved from the 25th Tank Division. That division's 400th Motor Rifle Regiment and 117th Artillery Regiment were transferred to the 12th Guards Division. The chemical defence company became the 129th Separate Chemical Defence Battalion in 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009290-0004-0001", "contents": "12th Guards Tank Division, History, Cold War\nThe motor transport battalion became the 1074th Separate Material Supply Battalion in 1980. The 400th Motor Rifle Regiment was replaced by the 200th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment in January 1983. The division  became part of the 3rd Red Banner Army in May 1983. The army headquarters was located in the city of Magdeburg. Other divisions of the army were the 10th Guards Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Division, the 47th Guards Tank Division, and the 207th Motor Rifle Division. In September 1987 the 639th Separate Missile Battalion was transferred to the 442nd Missile Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009290-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Tank Division, History, Cold War\nDivision headquarters was located in the town of Neuruppin. On the outskirts of town, closer to Altruppin was the location of the three regiments: 48th Guards Tank Regiment, the 353rd Guards Tank Regiment and 332nd Guards Tank Regiment. After the withdrawal from Germany, the 12th Guards Tank Division was disbanded. The commander of the 48th Guards Tank Regiment in 1989 was  Colonel Kuhnovets. It was to be deactivated in the Moscow Military District, and the division actually disbanded around 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009290-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Guards Tank Division, History, Cold War\nIn December 1990, the division moved to Vladikavkaz and became part of the North Caucasus Military District. It was disbanded in February 1991. The 200th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment and 18th Separate Guards Reconnaissance Battalion were transferred to the 19th Motor Rifle Division. The 933rd Anti- Aircraft Missile Regiment was directly subordinated to the 42nd Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009291-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Guldbagge Awards\nThe 12th Guldbagge Awards ceremony, presented by the Swedish Film Institute, honored the best Swedish films of 1975 and 1976, and took place on 13 September 1976. Release the Prisoners to Spring directed by Tage Danielsson was presented with the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa\nThe 12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Jigmet Pema Wangchen (Tibetan: \u0f60\u0f47\u0f72\u0f42\u0f66\u0f0b\u0f58\u0f7a\u0f51\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f51\u0fa8\u0f0b\u0f51\u0f56\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f7a\u0f53\u0f0b, Wylie: vjigs med pad+ma dbang chen, born 1963), is the head of the Drukpa Lineage school, which is one of the independent Sarma (new) schools of Tibetan Buddhism. In Drukpa, druk means 'dragon' which is a symbol of love and peace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Drukpa Lineage\nThe Drukpa lineage was founded in 1206 after Drogon Tsangpa Gyare, (Drogon - 'Protector of Beings'; Tsang - 'born in the land of Tsang'; Gya - 'from the noble clan of Chinese (Gya) origin'; Re - 'a cotton-clad yogi') after he saw nine dragons fly into the sky from the ground at Namdruk. He is known as the First Gyalwang Drukpa and is recognized as the indisputable emanation of Naropa (1016\u20131100).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Drukpa Lineage\nJigme Pema Wangchen is the twelfth and present incarnation of the Gyalwang Drukpa. He was born while his parents were on pilgrimage in Tso Pema (Rewalsar, Mandi) Himachal Pradesh, a sacred place of Padmasambhava, during the festival and a major ceremony of lama dances and a holy fest celebrating Guru Padmasambhava's birthday, in 1963. His father, Zhichen Bairochana, is a Dzogchen Master, these days commonly called Bairo Rinpoche. His mother, Kelsang Yudron, commonly known as Mayumla, came from Lhodrak, in southern Tibet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Drukpa Lineage\nThe name Jigmet Pema Wangchen was given right after his birth by Dudjom Rinpoche, at that time head of the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism: \"My name, Jigmet Pema Wangchen was given by the holy Master Dudjom Yeshe Dorje with his traditional congratulations and divine blessings. Ever since then, I am blessed and entirely protected by him and Guru Padmasambhava forever.\" He was enthroned as a reincarnation of the 11th Gyalwang Drukpa at the age of four at Druk Thupten Sangag Choeling Monastery in Darjeeling, his main monastery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Humanitarian activities and recognitions\nThe Gyalwang Drukpa is an active environmentalist, educator and the spiritual head of the Drukpa Lineage, one of the main Buddhist schools of the Himalayas founded by the great Indian saint Naropa (1016\u20131100CE) with a thousand-year legacy in India. He applies ancient Buddhist philosophy to resolve today's problems and has millions of followers worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 62], "content_span": [63, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Humanitarian activities and recognitions\nOne of the Gyalwang Drukpa's main focuses is on environmental preservation and education, which puts into action the core Buddhist principle that all beings are interconnected and interdependent. His mission is to promote universal harmony and inner peace by integrating the spiritual tenets of love and appreciation into daily life. His work also includes encouraging gender equality, establishing educational institutions, medical clinics and meditation centres and rebuilding heritage sites in the Himalayas. He is the founder and spiritual director of the award-winning Druk White Lotus School in Ladakh, India, which provides its students with a modern education while preserving their local culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 62], "content_span": [63, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Humanitarian activities and recognitions\nEmphasizing that everyone can have a dramatic positive impact on the community around them, the Gyalwang Drukpa teaches that we should put compassion into action. In recognition of these activities, the Gyalwang Drukpa received the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG) Honour in September 2010 and three months later in December 2010, he received Green Hero Award, presented by the President of India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 62], "content_span": [63, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Humanitarian activities and recognitions\nHistorically, women in the Himalayas have struggled to receive equal treatment, sometimes being ostracised for seeking to practise spirituality. The Gyalwang Drukpa is working to change this and has established the Druk Gawa Khilwa Nunnery \u2013 a modern and green abbey outside Kathmandu, Nepal with a satellite abbey in Ladakh, India. There, women receive a modern education, as well as spiritual training historically reserved for men. In an effort to instill self-confidence, the Gyalwang Drukpa has also authorized them to learn kung fu, training that was off-limits to women for over two centuries. These kung fu nuns are gaining worldwide recognition. A BBC News documentary featured them. In addition, they have performed at the Olympic Park in London and at the CERN in Geneva.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 62], "content_span": [63, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Humanitarian activities and recognitions\nThe Gyalwang Drukpa regularly addresses the international community on contemporary issues including environmental protection, gender equality and religious tolerance. He attends the annual United Nations week in New York, where he speaks at different UN Women's forums meeting with like-minded women leaders such as Cherie Blair, Geena Davis and Her Royal Highness Princess Basmah bint Saud, attends high-level meetings concerning world conflicts, and participates at various discussions on climate change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 62], "content_span": [63, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Humanitarian activities and recognitions\nThe Gyalwang Drukpa also collaborates with well-respected international organizations to promote the message of active compassion as well as to find effective and sustainable solutions to bridge materialism and spirituality. Most recently, the Gyalwang Drukpa visited the CERN in Switzerland with several of his kung fu nuns to discuss the seeming tension of religion and science in society, as well as the improvement of gender equality. He often meets with several United Nations branches, including the World Health Organization, to discuss, among other things, potential cooperation in improving health worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 62], "content_span": [63, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Humanitarian activities and recognitions, Live to Love\nIn his effort to use Buddhist approaches to solve modern day problems, the Gyalwang Drukpa founded the Live to Love global humanitarian movement in 2007. Live to Love is an international consortium of secular, non-profit organizations working together to achieve five aims: Education, Environmental Protection, Medical Services, Relief Aid and Heritage Preservation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 76], "content_span": [77, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Humanitarian activities and recognitions, Live to Love\nBeyond its formal aims, Live to Love hopes to inspire others to integrate acts of love \u2013 big and small \u2013 into their daily lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 76], "content_span": [77, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Humanitarian activities and recognitions, Live to Love, Environmental protection\nThe Himalayan region, known as the 'third pole' supplies water to nearly one-half of the world's population and is disproportionately impacted by global warming. Live to Love sponsors several unique and world-renowned projects focused on environmental protection of this fragile eco-system. For example, every year, Live to Love hosts the 'Eco Pad Yatra,\u2019 ('Pad' means 'foot' and 'Yatra' means journeying, 'Pad Yatra' means 'journey on foot') a trek in which hundreds of volunteers hike hundreds of miles collecting plastic waste.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 102], "content_span": [103, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0012-0001", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Humanitarian activities and recognitions, Live to Love, Environmental protection\nLive to Love also plants literally tens of thousands of trees in the region, cleaning the air of toxins and stabilizing the soil. In September 2013, during the UN week, the Gyalwang Drukpa was named 'The Guardian of the Himalayas' by Waterkeeper Alliance, founded in 1999 by environmental lawyer Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and several Waterkeeper organisations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 102], "content_span": [103, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Humanitarian activities and recognitions, Live to Love, Environmental protection\nIn 2010, the Gyalwang Drukpa launched an initiative to plant one million trees in Ladakh, as part of the 'one million trees' campaign initiated by Wangari Maatha\u00ef, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004. As part of this initiative, the Gyalwang Drukpa led the Live to Love volunteers to break the Guinness World Record twice for most trees planted simultaneously. In October 2012, over 9,800 volunteers planted nearly 100,000 trees, safeguarding villages from mudslides and cleaning polluted air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 102], "content_span": [103, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Humanitarian activities and recognitions, Live to Love, Education\nThe people of Ladakh, India, preserve a unique Buddhist lifestyle. As modernization occurs, they are losing their indigenous culture and are having difficulty competing in the new economy. With approximately 1,000 students, the Druk White Lotus School seeks to provide its students a modern education while instilling a respect for the unique indigenous culture of this region. This curriculum includes courses in English and computer skills, as well as the local language and art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 87], "content_span": [88, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0014-0001", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Humanitarian activities and recognitions, Live to Love, Education\nThe school has won multiple accolades for its sustainable design including three World Architecture Awards and the Inspiring Design Award from the British Council for School Environments. The school has been the subject of an acclaimed PBS documentary (USA), narrated by Brat Pitt, and has been featured in the Bollywood blockbuster film, '3 Idiots' starring Aamir Khan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 87], "content_span": [88, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Humanitarian activities and recognitions, Live to Love, Medical services\nMany remote Himalayan communities lack basic medical services. The Druk White Lotus Clinic, recently opened and operational, is located on Druk Amitabha Mountain outside of Kathmandu, Nepal, and provides regular medical care for the community living on the mountain. At the guidance of the Gyalwang Drukpa Live to Love also hosts temporary medical clinics in Ladakh, India, including an annual eye clinic in which doctors replace the corneas of individuals who have lost sight due to eye disease. After a relatively simple surgery, patients who were blind can see. Further, Live to Love seeks to train amchis, practitioners of traditional Himalayan medicine, to provide basic medical care to very remote communities and liaise with allopathic doctors to treat more serious illnesses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 94], "content_span": [95, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0016-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Humanitarian activities and recognitions, Live to Love, Relief aid\nIn August 2010, a flash flood from an unexpected cloudburst devastated Ladakh, killing hundreds and leaving thousands homeless. The Gyalwang Drukpa's Live to Love international and domestic volunteers distributed necessities to those in need. They provided nearly 300 units of LPG gas tanks and cooking stoves to displaced families to replace more dangerous portable kerosene stoves. The Druk White Lotus School took in children left homeless because of the flash flood. In light of this disaster, Live to Love seeks to train local Himalayan volunteers in disaster relief expertise in the coming years to provide a rapid, formal response to future events. The Gyalwang Drukpa himself visited, on foot, 50 remote villages affected by the flash flood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 88], "content_span": [89, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0017-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Humanitarian activities and recognitions, Live to Love, Heritage preservation\nThe culture and art of Ladakh, India is primarily Buddhist. Because Ladakh is located along the Silk Route, many locations present rare examples of Gandhara and Bamiyan style Buddhist art, which synthesizes Byzantine, Roman-Greco, Scytho-Parthian and Indian elements. Most examples of this style of art have been destroyed in Afghanistan and Pakistan. At the instruction of the Gyalwang Drukpa, Live to Love seeks to preserve this unique art. In addition, Live to Love is beginning an initiative to digitally archive blockprints, manuscripts and texts found in community buildings and homes that reflect and chronicle the culture and history of Ladakh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 99], "content_span": [100, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0018-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Indian government-issued commemorative stamp\nOn 14 May 2014, Department of Posts-Government of India celebrated Buddha Purnima with the release of a commemorative stamp on the Drukpa Buddhists, a rare and perhaps first recognition given by the Indian government to a particular Buddhist lineage. The commemorative stamp celebrating the 999 years of Drukpa Lineage was released by Shri SK Sinha, Member (HRD), Department of Posts in the presence of the Gyalwang Drukpa, spiritual head of Drukpa Buddhists and Drukpa Thuksey Rinpoche, spiritual regent of the lineage, at Ashok Hotel in Delhi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 66], "content_span": [67, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0019-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Humanitarian projects\nThe Gyalwang Drukpa is the founder of The Druk White Lotus School in Ladakh, India, an award-winning environmentally friendly institution that provides a blend of traditional and modern education for the children of Ladakh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009292-0020-0000", "contents": "12th Gyalwang Drukpa, Humanitarian projects\nIn 2010 he was awarded the Bharat Jyoti Award of the India International Friendship Society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009293-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Helpmann Awards\nThe 12th Annual Helpmann Awards was held on 24 September 2012 at the Sydney Opera House, in Sydney, New South Wales. Administered by Live Performance Australia (LPA), accolades were presented for achievements in disciplines of Australia's live performance sectors, for productions during the season between 1 March 2011 \u2013 31 May 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009293-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Helpmann Awards\nAwards were handed out in forty-two categories for achievements in theatre, musicals, opera, ballet, dance and concerts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009293-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Helpmann Awards\nWith the 2012 edition, LPA established the Helpmann Awards Travel Fund which seeks to provide a greater opportunity for productions outside of Melbourne and Sydney to become Nominated for an Award. The Fund provides travel assistance to members of the voting panel, allowing them to attend productions outside of their home states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009293-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Helpmann Awards, Winners and nominees\nIn the following tables, winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009293-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Helpmann Awards, Special awards\nThe JC Williamson Award, a lifetime achievement award, was awarded to the late Indigenous Australian musician Jimmy Little (1 March 1937 \u2013 2 April 2012) and Katharine Brisbane, a theatre journalist and publisher. The Brian Stacey Award, for emerging conductors of live theatre, opera and ballet, was given to Daniel Carter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009294-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Himachal Pradesh Assembly\nIn the election for the Twelfth Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh, held 4 November  2012, the Congress Party secured a victory. The Congress won 36, while the Bharatiya Janata Party won 26 of the 68 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009295-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Hong Kong Film Awards\nThe 12th Hong Kong Awards ceremony, honored the best films of 1992 and took place on 23 April 1993 at Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, Wan Chai, Hong Kong. The ceremony was hosted by Lydia Shum and John Sham, during the ceremony awards are presented in 16 categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009295-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Hong Kong Film Awards, Awards\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009295-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Hong Kong Film Awards, Awards\nThe Special Commemoration Award was a special award presented in memoriam of actor Cho-Fan Ng", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009296-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Hundred Flowers Awards\nCeremony for the 12th Hundred Flowers Awards was held in 1989, Beijing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009297-0000-0000", "contents": "12th IIFA Awards\nThe 2011 IIFA Awards, officially the 12th International Indian Film Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the International Indian Film Academy honoured the best films of 2010 and took place between 23\u201325 June 2011. The official ceremony took place on 25 June 2011, at the Rogers Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. During the ceremony, IIFA Awards were awarded in 24 competitive categories. The ceremony was televised in India and internationally on Star Plus. Actors Boman Irani and Ritesh Deshmukh co-hosted the ceremony for the fourth time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009297-0001-0000", "contents": "12th IIFA Awards\nIn related events, the IIFA Music and Fashion Extravaganza took place on 24 June 2011 at the Ricoh Coliseum. The event was hosted by Karan Johar (Best Director winner) and Anushka Sharma (Best Performance in a Leading Role Female winner). During the event, all technical awards and one musical award were presented to the winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009297-0002-0000", "contents": "12th IIFA Awards\nDabangg won ten awards, three of which were popular awards: (Best Picture, Best Performance in a Negative Role and Female Debutant Star.) Both Band Baaja Baaraat and Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai won five awards. Other multiple winners included Guzaarish with six awards and I Hate Luv Storys, Robot and Udaan, with three awards each. In addition, Housefull and Love Sex aur Dhokha, each received one award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009297-0003-0000", "contents": "12th IIFA Awards, Background\nThis was the first time the IIFA Awards were held in Canada and North America. Toronto's large South Asian population likely influenced the choice as a host city (Ontario is the province with the most Indo-Canadians at 573,250 with 484,655 in the Greater Toronto Area). The award ceremonies are held in various places around the world and has not necessarily been held in locale with a large South Asian population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009297-0004-0000", "contents": "12th IIFA Awards, Background\nThe awards ceremony was telecasted on 24 July 2011 on Star Plus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009297-0005-0000", "contents": "12th IIFA Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe list of winners of the awards is given below. Winners are listed first, and highlighted in boldface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009297-0006-0000", "contents": "12th IIFA Awards, Controversies, Shahrukh Khan and stage crasher\nWhile co-hosting the Music Awards, a man jumped on stage and clamped himself to Shahrukh Khan's injured leg. He was later removed from the stage, when Shahrukh said  \"You're hurting my leg. Please move!\". But, Shahrukh did agree to meet after the show upon the request of the man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 64], "content_span": [65, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009298-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Illinois Cavalry Regiment\nThe 12th Illinois Cavalry Regiment was a volunteer cavalry regiment which served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009298-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 12th Cavalry was organized at Camp Butler in February 1862. It was part of the Army of the Potomac from September 1862 to November 1863; the Department of the Gulf from March 1864 to February 1865; and the Department of Texas from July 1865 to May 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009298-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 4th Illinois Cavalry was consolidated with the 12th Illinois Cavalry on June 14, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009298-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, History\nAt the Gettysburg Battlefield, the monument to the unit is west of Gettysburg on Reynolds Avenue between the Railroad Cut and Chambersburg Road. It was dedicated in 1891 by the State of Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009298-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 38 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 4 officers and 192 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 234 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009299-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment (3 months) was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army between May 2, 1861 and August 1, 1861, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009299-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe infantry regiment was organized at Springfield, Illinois and mustered in on May 2, 1861 for a three-month service. The regiment was transferred to Cairo, Illinois, for garrison duty until August 1861. By the time the regiment was mustered out on August 1, 1861, they had lost four to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009300-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Illinois Infantry Regiment (3 Year)\nThe 12th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, known as the \"1st Scotch Regiment,\" was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009300-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Illinois Infantry Regiment (3 Year), Service\nThe 12th Illinois Infantry was mustered into  Federal service for a three-year enlistment on August 1, 1861, at Cairo, Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009300-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Illinois Infantry Regiment (3 Year), Service\nThe regiment was mustered out on July 18, 1865, at Camp Butler National Cemetery Camp Butler, Illinois", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009300-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Illinois Infantry Regiment (3 Year), Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 5 officers and 143 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded and 3 officers and 109 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 260 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009301-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery\n12th Indiana Battery Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009301-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was organized at Jeffersonville and Indianapolis, Indiana, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on January 25, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009301-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery served unattached, Army of the Ohio, to June 1862. Reserve Artillery, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. Post and Defenses of Nashville, Tennessee, Department of the Ohio, to November 1862, and Department of the Cumberland to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009301-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe 12th Indiana Battery Light Artillery mustered out of service on July 7, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009301-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 24 men during service; 2 officers and 22 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009302-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Independent Battery, Wisconsin Light Artillery\nThe 12th Independent Battery, Wisconsin Light Artillery, was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009302-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Independent Battery, Wisconsin Light Artillery, Service\nThe 12th Independent Battery was mustered into service at St. Louis, Missouri, in February, 1862 as a part of a Missouri light artillery regiment under the authority of Governor Henry but was transferred to Wisconsin state service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009302-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Independent Battery, Wisconsin Light Artillery, Total strength and casualties\nThe 12th Independent Battery initially recruited 99 officers and men. An additional 212 men were recruited as replacements, for a total of 311men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 82], "content_span": [83, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009302-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Independent Battery, Wisconsin Light Artillery, Total strength and casualties\nThe battery suffered 1 officer and 10 enlisted men killed in action or died of wounds, and 23 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 34 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 82], "content_span": [83, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009302-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Independent Battery, Wisconsin Light Artillery, Total strength and casualties\nMost of the battle losses occurred at the Battle of Allatoona Pass, October 5, 1864, where the 12th was the only Union artillery present. First Lieutenant Marcus Amsden, who commanded the battery in this fight, fell mortally wounded; Sergeant Sylvester Bartow, Corporal Alva P. Hamilton, and Private David C. Davey were killed in action, and Privates Charles C. Baker, Joseph W. Chase, and Samuel H. Doolittle also died of their wounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 82], "content_span": [83, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009303-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Independent Spirit Awards\nThe 12th Independent Spirit Awards, honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 1996, were announced on March 22, 1997. It was hosted by Samuel L. Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009304-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Indian Brigade\nThe 12th Indian Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Indian Army that saw active service in the First World War. It served in the Mesopotamian Campaign on the Euphrates Front throughout its existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009304-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Indian Brigade, History\nThe 12th Indian Brigade was formed at Nasirabad in 5th (Mhow) Division in January 1915. It was transferred to Mesopotamia and joined the 12th Indian Division on formation at the end of March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009304-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Indian Brigade, History\nWith the division, the brigade took part in the Actions for Nasiriya (5, 13\u00a0\u2013 14, 24 July) and the Occupation of Nasiriya (25 July) in 1915 and the Affair of Butaniya on 14 January 1916. The division never reached full strength as units were constantly detached to support the efforts to relieve the 6th (Poona) Division besieged at Kut. The division was broken up on 10 March 1916 and the brigade was posted to the new 15th Indian Division in May 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009304-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Indian Brigade, History\nThe 15th Indian Division was formed on 7 May 1916 to replace the 12th Indian Division on the Euphrates Front; the brigade joined the division on formation. It remained with the division on the Euphrates Front until the end of the war. The brigade took part in the action of As Sahilan (11 September 1916), the Capture of Ramadi (28 and 29 September 1917), the Occupation of H\u012bt (9 March 1918) and the action of Khan Baghdadi (26 and 27 March 1918).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009304-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Indian Brigade, History\nAt the end of the war, the division was rapidly run down and it (along with the brigade) was disbanded in March 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009304-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Indian Brigade, Order of battle\nThe brigade commanded the following units in the First World War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009305-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Indian Cavalry Brigade\nThe 12th Indian Cavalry Brigade was a cavalry brigade of the British Indian Army that formed part of the Indian Army during the First World War. It remained in India throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009305-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Indian Cavalry Brigade, History\nThe 12th Indian Cavalry Brigade was formed under 4th (Quetta) Division in June 1918. It took command of three newly formed cavalry regiments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009305-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Indian Cavalry Brigade, History\nThe brigade remained with the division throughout the First World War. It was commanded from 27 June 1918 by Brigadier-General H.B. Birdwood. All three constituent regiments were disbanded in 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009306-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Indian Division\nThe 12th Indian Division was formed in March 1915 from units of the British Indian Army. It formed part of the Tigris Corps, for service during the Mesopotamia Campaign of World War I. The Division arrived in Mesopotamia in April 1915 and remained there until it was broken up in March 1916. The Division's brigades remained in Mesopotamia as independent formations until forming part of the 15th Indian Division in May 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009306-0000-0001", "contents": "12th Indian Division\nDuring its short existence it fought in a number of actions including the Battle of Shaiba between April 12\u201314, 1915, the  Battle of Khafajiya between May 14\u201316, 1915, the Battle of Nasiriya between July 5, 13-14, 24 1915, where 400 British and Indian soldiers were killed in the battle and up to 2,000 Turkish Soldiers. The Occupation of Nasiriya and the affair at Butanuja, January 14, 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009306-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Indian Division, Order of battle\nThe division included the following units; not all of them served at the same time:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009307-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Indian Infantry Brigade\nThe 12th Indian Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade at the outbreak of the Indian Army during World War II. It was sent to Singapore in August 1939 and took part in the Malayan Campaign before going into captivity with the Fall of Singapore in February 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009307-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Indian Infantry Brigade, History\nThe 12th Indian Infantry Brigade was one of the regular units based in Malaya before the Japanese invasion in December 1941. During the Battle of Malaya which ended with the surrender of a British Army at Singapore in February 1942, the 12th Brigade performed better than most units. One of its units, 2nd Bn, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, was considered to be the best jungle fighters at the time and the Argylls' commander, Lt.Col . Ian Stewart, one of the better leaders during the campaign. The brigade were among the first troops to face the Japanese when they landed on 7 December 1941 (See Japanese Invasion of Malaya).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009307-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Indian Infantry Brigade, History\nWhile the rest of the British and Indian forces were thrown in disarray by the rapid encircling and flanking attacks of the Japanese, the 12th Brigade under Brigadier Archie Paris, was able to inflict casualties and slow down the Japanese forces during the fighting in Northern Malaya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009308-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th Regiment Indiana Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army between May 11, 1861, and June 24, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009308-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 12th Indiana Infantry was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana May 11, 1861, and mustered in for one year's service; it was transferred to U.S. service on July 18, 1861. The regiment was attached to Abercrombie's Brigade, Banks' Department of the Shenandoah, to October 1861. Abercrombie's Brigade, Bank's Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. 2nd Brigade, Williams' 1st Division, Banks' V Corps, to April 1862, and Department of the Shenandoah to May 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009308-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Evansville, Indiana, June 11. Left Indiana for Baltimore, Maryland, July 23; then moved to Sandy Hook, Maryland, July 28. Duty at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, Williamsport, and Sharpsburg, Maryland, until March 1862. Advance on Winchester, Virginia, March 1\u201312. Skirmished at Stephenson's Station, near Winchester, March 11. Operations in the Shenandoah Valley until April. Duty at Warrenton Junction, Virginia, April 3-May 5. Reconnaissance to Rappahannock River and skirmish at Rappahannock Crossing April 18. March to Washington, D.C., May 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009308-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 24 enlisted men, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009309-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Indiana Infantry Regiment (3 years)\nThe 12th Regiment Indiana Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009309-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Indiana Infantry Regiment (3 years), Service\nThe 12th Indiana Infantry was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana May 27 through August 27, 1862, and mustered in August 17, 1862, for three year's service under the command of Colonel William H. Link.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009309-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Indiana Infantry Regiment (3 years), Service\nThe regiment was attached to Cruft's Brigade, Army of Kentucky, August 30. Attached to 2nd Brigade, District of Memphis, Tennessee, XIII Corps, to December 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, District of Memphis, XIII Corps, December 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XVII Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XVI Corps, to July 1863. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XV Corps, to September 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XV Corps, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009309-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Indiana Infantry Regiment (3 years), Service\nThe 12th Indiana Infantry mustered out of service after June 24, 1865. Veterans and recruits were transferred to the 48th Indiana Infantry and 59th Indiana Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009309-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Indiana Infantry Regiment (3 years), Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 295 men; 8 officers and 92 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 193 enlisted men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009310-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Brigade (Hungary)\nThe 12th Infantry Brigade was a formation of the Royal Hungarian Army that participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009311-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division \"Sassari\"\nThe 12th Infantry Division \"Sassari\" (Italian: 12\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Sassari\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II named after the city of Sassari. After World War I the Royal Italian Army disbanded all brigades raised during the war with the exception of the infantry brigades \"Sassari\", \"Liguria\", \"Arezzo\", and \"Avellino\", which had distinguished themselves during the war. The Sassari moved to Trieste as part of the 12th Infantry Division \"Timavo\". In 1926 the brigade gained the 12th Infantry Regiment \"Casale\" and changed its name to XII Infantry Brigade \"Timavo\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009311-0000-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Division \"Sassari\"\nAlong with the 34th Artillery Regiment the brigade was the only units of the 12th Division. In 1939 the brigade was disbanded and the 12th Infantry Regiment left the division, which changed its name to 12th Infantry Division \"Sassari\". The division consisted of two infantry regiments (151st and 152nd), the 34th Field Artillery Regiment, and minor units. To increase the division's strength the 73rd CC.NN. Legion Boiardo\", a militia unit of Italy's Fascist Party, joined the division in 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009311-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division \"Sassari\", Action\n10 June 1940, the Sassari division was deployed on border defence duties at Venezia Giulia valley (near Borjana)As part of the Italian V Corps the division remained in Istria on garrison duty until 6 April 1941 when Axis forces began the invasion of Yugoslavia. The first Yugoslav cities to fall were Prezid and \u010cabar on 12 April, followed Novi Lazi and Borovec on 14 April. On 19 April the division reached Delnice, the following day Knin. For the next two years the division command remained in Knin, while the divisions units were continuously employed in anti-Partisan operations: in \u0160ibenik, Brod na Kupi, Gra\u010dac, Petrovac and Drvar. The heaviest fighting occurred during July 1942 when the division tried to clean the Velebit mountains of Partisan forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009311-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division \"Sassari\", Action\nIn March 1943, after the Battle of the Neretva, the division transferred to Rome to aid in the defense of the city in case of an Allied attack. During this time the division was reorganized along the lines of the Mod.43 reform of the Italian Army and was augmented with the XII Mortar Battalion and the XII Semovente Battalion which was equipped with 24 Semovente 75/18 self-propelled guns. In total the division fielded 14,500 troops, 24 Semovente and 80 artillery pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009311-0002-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Division \"Sassari\", Action\nAfter the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces of 8 September 1943 the division found itself fighting Italy's former allies the Germans and along with the 21st Infantry Division Granatieri di Sardegna and 135th Armored Division Ariete II the Sassari defended Rome for two days. On 10 September 1943 the remnants of the Sassari joined the 21st Infantry Division Granatieri di Sardegna and the 8th Cavalry Regiment Lancieri di Montebello and hundreds of civilian volunteers at Porta San Paolo for a last stand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009311-0002-0002", "contents": "12th Infantry Division \"Sassari\", Action\nCivilians at Porta San Paolo included communist leader Luigi Longo, lawyer Giuliano Vassalli, writer Emilio Lussu, unionist leader Vincenzo Baldazzi,  Mario Zagari, retired Air Force generals Sabato Martelli Castaldi and Roberto Lordi, and 18-year-old future partisan leader Marisa Musu. The future Italian president Sandro Pertini brought a detachment of Socialist resistance fighters to Porta San Paolo and around 12:30 the Catholic Communist movement arrived with further reinforcements including famed actor Carlo Ninchi. However by 17:00 the Germans broke the line of the Italian defenders, who had suffered 570 dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009311-0002-0003", "contents": "12th Infantry Division \"Sassari\", Action\nSoon after the Italian military units surrendered to the Germans as the flight of the Italian King Victor Emmanuel III from Rome had made further resistance senseless. However the Italian soldiers handed thousands of weapons over to the civilian population, which was quick to form an organized resistance movement in the city of Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009311-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division \"Sassari\", Action\nIn 1988 the Sassari Mechanized Brigade was formed, which continues the tradition of the Sassari Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009311-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division \"Sassari\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nThe names of 8 men attached to the Sassari Division can be found in the CROWCASS List established by the Anglo-American Allies of the individuals wanted by Yugoslavia for war crimes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009312-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Belgium)\nThe 12th Infantry Division (12de Infanterie Divisie) was an infantry division of the Belgian Army that existed during the Battle of Belgium during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009312-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nAt the start of the war on May 10, 1940, the 12th Division was assigned the southernmost position of the Fortified Position of Antwerp, covering a portion of the anti-tank canal between St-Job-int-Goor and the Albert Canal at Massenhoven. Contrary to the Namur and Li\u00e8ge Positions, the forts of the Antwerp Positions were unmodernized forts of World War One vintage. Moreover, its artillery batteries were not replaced after being stripped down by the Germans during that conflict. Only some light and heavy machine gun positions were installed to support the infantry of the 12th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009312-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nDuring the first days of the conflict, the 12th's units saw elements of the French 7th army pass through its positions on their way to the Netherlands. When these units were defeated they hurriedly passed the Belgian line again, along with units of the 18th Belgian division which fought delaying actions in the Turnhout area. The French 4th 'dragons port\u00e9s' where the last to pass through on the 15th of may. At this point, the 12th Division found itself in the first line of Allied forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009312-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nAs the Germans closed in, the order was given to abandon the Antwerp Position due to the French defeat in Sedan. The 12th was to regroup behind the Scheldt river, and then proceed to a reserve position at the Leie canal near Ursel. This withdrawal was seriously delayed due to intensive Luftwaffe bombing of remaining Belgian railway infrastructure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009312-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nWhen the Germans reached the English Channel on 22nd May, the Belgian Army, along with the BEF and elements of the French Army, was cut off. It was decided to make a last ditch defense at the Lys and the canal, where the 12th was already in position. The division took up position between Veldekens and Ronsele, digging itself in behind the canal. The 2nd and 23rd regiments occupied the first echelon, the 22nd stood in reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009312-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nOn May 24, the Germans undertook several attempts to cross the canal. A final attempt was successful after capturing a makeshift bridge prepared for a counterattack by surprise. Although the Germans quickly gained a foothold in the sector of the 2nd regiment, the commander of its neighbouring 23rd regiment staged a successful counterattack with the help of two battalions of the 22nd and 2nd regiments. Using a T-13 tank destroyer, the Belgians reached the canal again, took out German machine gun nests and destroyed the bridge. On the 25th, the remaining 235 German troops surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009312-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nOn the 26th, the Germans attacked again after hours of bombardment by artillery and Luftwaffe units. This time their attack was successful, especially in the sector of the 23rd. Division headquarters threw the remaining two battalions of the 22nd in the fight, with mixed success. At the end of the day, only the 2nd regiment held on to parts of its positions along the canal. The following day, the 12th Division was ordered to retreat east of Knesselaere. Only the 2nd and 22nd regiments did so in relatively good order, as the 23rd was nearly destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009312-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nBy the Belgian surrender on the 28th of May, at least 199 officers, NCO and enlisted were killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009312-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Belgium), Structure 1940\nStructure of the division at the eve of the Battle of Belgium:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France)\n12th Infantry Division (12e division d'infanterie or 12e DI) was an infantry division of the French Army which took part in the Napoleonic Wars, World War I and World War II. It fought at the Battle of the Nations in 1813. It was converted to a motorised infantry role at Mourmelon-le-Grand in 1939 a few days before the French declaration of war on Germany and renamed 12th Motorised Infantry Division (12e division d'infanterie motoris\u00e9e or 12e DIM)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, World War I\nIt belonged to 6th Army Corps and had its headquarters at the Reims garrison as of 1 August 1914 and was mobilised in the 6th Region. Between 1 and 14 August it was taken by train to Vigneulles-l\u00e8s-Hattonch\u00e2tel and ordered to defend the region around Heudicourt and Thillot. From 14 August it began to move a position near Fresnes-en-Wo\u00ebvre, then near Etain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0001-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, World War I\nIt went on the offensive towards Chiers on 21 August as part of the Battle of the Ardennes and the following day fought its way towards Ugny and Doncourt-l\u00e8s-Longuyon, followed by fighting on the Crusnes and near the farm at Puiseaux and near R\u00e8vemont on 23rd and near Arrancy on the 24th. On 25 August it withdrew to the west towards the River Meuse and new positions near Damvillers and Consenvoye. From 27 August it defended the river crossings around Gercourt and Brieulles-sur-Meuse and from 2 September resumed its withdrawal, this time south towards Montfaucon, Jub\u00e9court and finally Rembercourt-aux-Pots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0001-0002", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, World War I\nThere it took part in the First Battle of the Marne from 6 to 20 September, including around Sommaisne and Rembercourt-aux-Pots during the battle of Revigny - one of the German officers attacking it was Erwin Rommel. On 14 September it began to be pursued towards Nix\u00e9ville and Charny before it was able to hold its position around Ville-devant-Chaumont in bois d'Haumont. On 20 September it was taken out of the front-line and moved to Mouilly and Rupt-en-Wo\u00ebvre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0001-0003", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, World War I\nFrom 21 September it manned the front in the Braquis region opposite \u00c9tain until being urgently ordered to the trenches at Calonne to stop the German offensive. It marched towards Saint-Mihiel and the Hauts de Meuse and on 22 September arrived at Rupt in Wo\u00eavre and fought at Mouilly, the Calonne trench, Saint-Remy, positions in Les \u00c9parges and in front of the Calonne trench-line. The front then stabilised and it was placed in a sector around the bois Loclont and Tr\u00e9sauvaux. It made an attack on the Calonne trench on 26 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, World War I\nFrom 17 to 21 February 1915 it was involved in fierce fighting during the battle of Les \u00c9parges, where it was also engaged resumed on 18th, 19 and 27 March. On 18\u201320 March it carried out a joint attack on Verdun with the Marche Infantry Division, originally planned for 10\u201311 March. 12th Division was ordered to capture two bastions to its west and east, joined by a trench - the trench and eastern bastion formed two intersecting lines of fire, whilst the western bastion formed three, all reinforced with underground bunkers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0002-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, World War I\nThe French would attack from part of a spur taken in previous attacks, 50 metres away from the German positions. The explosion of mines made little effect, as did a 45-minute bombardment from 15:15 hours on 18 March. 132nd Line Infantry Regiment led the attack at 16:05, taking spur C fifteen minutes later but the German response meant the attack was bogged down by 17:00.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0002-0002", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, World War I\nBy 19:00 132nd Regiment had reached a mid-point between points O and X and the attack resumed at 4:45 the following morning, but was held off by German machine-gunners at point X. French artillery opened fire on the eastern point of bois des Sapins from point N at 8:30 and the attack resumed again at 9:25, but was again held off. A German counter-attack was unsuccessful at 10:00 and an hour later the line stabilised. A fresh French artillery bombardment led to new attacks at midday and 16:00, but these both proved unsuccessful. The attack resumed again on 20 March at 4:00 and by 10:00 21st Division asked 24th Brigade to organise its positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, Second World War\nOn the declaration of war on 3 September 1939 the division at Thionville in northern France and was placed on the border opposite the German troops advancing towards K\u0153nigsmacker near the end of the Maginot Line. After a month of fighting it was relieved and went into reserve near Hirson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, Second World War\nOn 10 May 1940 the division was attached to 5th Army Corps, which formed part of 1st Army. Most of the division was sent to the Saint-Quentin area on that date, although 3e GRDI were stationed to the south of Maubeuge in accordance with the Dyle Plan, Plan Yellow and the order to occupy the Gembloux sector near Namur. 3e GRDI and the engineers of 2nd Engineer Regiment were soon moved to fight delaying actions in advance of the defensive positions between Rhisnes and Temploux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0004-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, Second World War\nOn the night of 10\u201311 May reconnaissance parties from these detachments advanced into Belgium and from 18:00 took up positions to the rear of the Cavalry Corps, which was holding the Tirlemont-Huy line. Meanwhile, the other elements of 12th Division set off at 17:00 to avoid the Luftwaffe, which had already gained air superiority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, Second World War\nOn the morning of 12 May the first elements of the division arrived and its units deployed immediately into their positions, despite continued air attack in the Dyle region, particularly at Rhisnes and Temploux. Ahead of the positions the engineers prepared a line of twenty demolition charges, but on 13 May air attacks became more targeted and more frequent. Rhisnes and Temploux were attacked again, as was the divisional command post at Spy, Belgium, forcing it to move elsewhere. The infantry dug in and placed a line of anti-tank mines all along its front line, with artillery in camouflaged positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0005-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, Second World War\nBy evening the division was the only French unit in the area which had arrived and was ready to fight. To the east the Germans had crossed the Albert Canal, refugees were flooding west, several cut-off Belgian units were falling back and 2nd French Cavalry Corps (made up of 2nd and 3rd Light Mechanised Divisions) was preparing to fall back after fighting all day at Hannut and Merdorp against German tanks and Stukas - 3e GRDI took over the liaison between these two light mechanised divisions. To the south the 9th French Army had lost several bridges over the Meuse and would have to counter-attack on 14 May alongside the powerful, armoured, 1re division cuirass\u00e9e (1st Division of Cuirassers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, Second World War\nOn 14 May Perwez was abandoned by the Belgian Chasseurs Ardennais, who fell back behind the positions held by 12th Division. The French cavalry corps under general Prioux also withdrew, using its last tanks to protect 12th Division's engineers, enabling them to blow the demolition charges between Hanret and Saint-Germain and regroup at Onoz. 3e GRDI covered the final part of the cavalry corps' withdrawal and suffered heavy losses. In the afternoon German light tanks attacked 150th Infantry Regiment's positions but rapidly withdrew under fire from 225th Artillery Regiment. At the end of the afternoon 150th Regiment's 1st Battalion and the 3e GRDI were given the order to turn south and hold the crossings of the Sambre Sambre \u00e0 Floriffoux between Namur and Auvelais.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, Second World War\nFrom dawn on 15 May the Luftwaffe resumed its attack on the crossroads, forests and marshalling points. That morning the 8th Zouave Regiment was attacked by German tanks, who were initially sent into retreat thanks to artillery fire. However, at the end of the morning the division received the order to withdraw towards the French border. To avoid air attack it abandoned its positions at night and the division fortified a line along the Charleroi canal running through Spy, Velaine and Fleurus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0007-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, Second World War\nAt the end of the night 3e GRDI covered the withdrawal of 5e DINA before destroying eleven bridges between Floreffe and Ham-sur-Sambre and rendering one more impassible to road traffic. At dawn on 16 May the division gathered at Orneau, where it received orders to rush to the area between Godarville and Motte-Courcelles on the canal to meet a German push across the Sambre to the south. At midday the division continued to withdraw, but the routes were clogged by refugees and other troops and still under constant air attack. At the end of the day the forward parties had only just reached Gosselies and Jumet. A detachment made up of elements of 106th Line Infantry Regiment and 3e GRDI under colonel Parent fought rearguard actions against advanced German units before retiring under cover of night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, Second World War\nDuring the night of 16\u201317 May most of the division's infantry regiments crossed the canal via the bridges at Roux and Courcelles and immediately deployed. The enemy penetrated the front in force across the Luttre bridge, which Belgian engineer units had failed to destroy, attacking and pressing 150th Regiment and 8th Zouaves, who formed the vanguard. 38e Combat Tanks Battalion and a group of reconnaissance squadrons from 3e GRDI under captain de Lannoy were given artillery support and managed to push the enemy back to the east bank of the canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0008-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, Second World War\nThe front was re-established at 19:00, but a new order to withdraw came in and during the night of 17\u201318 May 12 Division took up new positions on high ground at Bavai. After German tanks attacked at Ciply on 19 May, the division's infantry was ordered to withdrew to Hainaut. The divisional commander had lost contact with his superior Ren\u00e9 Altmayer and decided to withdraw again towards Valenciennes by a night march, with 153 DIM taking up the rearguard position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0008-0002", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, Second World War\nOn the evening of 20 May 12e DIM was switched to 3rd Army Corps and on 21 May 12 Division regrouped and headed for Bruay-en-Artois under cover of darkness. 106th Line Infantry Regiment was detached from the division on 22 May and taken north by truck to hold a fortified position between Cysoing and Mouchin, while the rest of 12th Division marched on foot from Bruay-en-Artois to Avelin. Fighting by day and marching by night, they managed to pass through encircling German troops to finally reach Dunkirk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0008-0003", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, Second World War\nOnly 8,000 men of the division remained by this point and they were ordered to hold the French sector of the perimeter for nine days during the Operation Dynamo evacuation, holding off an overwhelmingly larger German force. The division's survivors were captured on the morning of 4 June on the beach at Malo-les-Bains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), History, Postwar\nIn 1960 during the Algerian War the division was part of the Oran Corps Area, responsible for the West Oran Zone, with its headquarters in Tlemcen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009313-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (France), Structure, 1940\nIt totalled around 26,000 men at full strength, consisting of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009314-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (India)\nThe 12th Indian Infantry Division is a division of the Indian Army. It was formed during World War II in January 1943, in Persia. It was renamed South Persia Area in January 1945. During the war it had 34th Indian Infantry Brigade, 39th Indian Infantry Brigade, and 60th Indian Infantry Brigade under command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009314-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (India)\nThe division was formed again on 3 November 1966 from forces in the Barmer sector of the border with Pakistan. In December 1971 the 12th was under Southern Command, with the 30th, 45th and 322nd Infantry Brigades. Today the Arjun MBT is entering service with 140th Armoured Brigade, 12th Infantry Division in Jaisalmer. The two Arjun units have been reported as the 43 Armoured Regiment (Suratgarh) and 75 Armoured Regiment (Jaisalmer).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009315-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Pakistan)\n12th Infantry Division, the largest Pakistani Army infantry division, is currently based in Murree, Punjab close to Azad Kashmir. The Chinar Division's headquarters are located in the Murree Hills Cantonment. The brigades of 12th Division are deployed all across Azad Jammu Kashmir and the Line of Control. With 6 Infantry Brigades, 1 Divisional Artillery brigade and a number of supporting units of Air Defence, Supply, Engineering, Signals and Remount & Veterinary Corps under its command, 12th Infantry division is the largest division of Pakistan Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009315-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Pakistan), History\nThe division was formed in 1948, from troops allocated to Pakistan from the old British Indian Army. It was the first division sized formation to be created by the Pakistan Army (the three prior ones, 7th (Golden Arrow), 8th and 10th infantry divisions predated Pakistan).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009315-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Pakistan), 1948 Kashmir War\nThe division went into combat against the Indian army in Kashmir. A notable action was the recapturing of Skardu from the Indian forces, accomplished with help from tribesmen from the tribal areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009315-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Pakistan), 1965 Indo-Pakistani War\nIn between the wars the division was active on the ceasefire line, where fighting broke out on several occasions. In 1965 the division undertook Operation Grand Slam, whereby under the command of  7th Infantry Division, it attacked and captured Chamb, and then moved on and captured territory beyond the river Tawi, ending up in a position 6\u00a0km ahead of Jammu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009315-0003-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Pakistan), 1965 Indo-Pakistani War\nAlthough its performance was greatly lauded at the time, its commander Maj-Gen Akhtar Hussain Malik was privately criticised by General Ayub Khan, for abandoning several posts in Kashmir which were then taken by the Indian forces, and for losing the strategically vital Hajir Pir Pass (this would not be retaken until after the ceasefire).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009315-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Pakistan), 1971 Bangladeshi War\nSix years later, the division went into action again, this time in Poonch-Ranjouri sector. Despite being outnumbered by Indian forces, the formation managed to advance nearly 50\u00a0km, all the way to Ranjouri. Unfortunately dogged Indian resistance meant that it was unable to capture Poonch itself. During the war, it was commanded by Maj-Gen Mohammad Akbar Khan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009315-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Pakistan), Recent history\nSince 1971, the formation had been deployed on the Line of Control, dividing the Indian and Pakistani-administered Kashmir, where sporadic fights break out with Indian forces, and occasionally full-fledged actions develop. In 1991, the division defeated an Indian incursion into the Neelum Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009316-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 12th Infantry Division (Russian: 12-\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, 12-ya Pekhotnaya Diviziya) was an infantry formation of the Russian Imperial Army that existed in various formations from the early 19th century until the end of World War I and the Russian Revolution. The division was based in Lutsk in the years leading up to 1914. It fought in World War I and was demobilized in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009316-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Russian Empire), Organization\nThe 12th Infantry Division was part of the 12th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009317-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 12th Infantry Division (German: \"12. Infanteriedivision\") \u2013 later known as the 12th Volksgrenadier Division \u2013 was a Wehrmacht military unit of Nazi Germany that fought during World War II. The division was formed in 1934. It participated in the invasion of Poland in 1939 and the 1940 campaign in France and the Low Countries. In the Soviet Union, the division joined Operation Barbarossa. The division was destroyed in the Soviet Operation Bagration in the summer of 1944. The division was re-activated in September 1944 and posted to the newly created Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009317-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History and organisation, Formation\nThe division was formed in 1934 from Pomerania's Mecklenburger population, with its home station being in Schwerin. In order to hide Germany's remilitarisation \u2013 a breaking of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles \u2013 the unit was codenamed Infanterief\u00fchrer II to disguise its size. It did not assume its bona-fide designation until the creation of the Wehrmacht was announced in October 1935, where it was redesignated as the 12th Infantry Division. Alongside the name change, Lieutenant General Wilhelm Ulex was placed in charge of the division, before being replaced by Major General Albrecht Schubert the following October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 71], "content_span": [72, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009317-0001-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History and organisation, Formation\nSchubert was promoted to Lieutenant General in March 1938. In November, the command over the 89th Infantry Regiment's 1st Battalion was given to Helmuth Beukemann. In July 1939, the division was moved to Koenigsburg, East Prussia as Germany prepared for the upcoming invasion of Poland, ordered into the 1st Army's I Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 71], "content_span": [72, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009317-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History and organisation, Actions 1939\u201341\nThe 12th Infantry took part in the invasion of Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 77], "content_span": [78, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009317-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History and organisation, Actions 1939\u201341\nDuring the 1940 assault on France and the Low Countries, the division helped beat back an Anglo-French assault on an associated Panzer column in the hopes of relieving troops besieged in Belgium during their full-on retreat. Following the campaign, the division remained stationed in the region until May 1941 in an occupational capacity, when it was ordered to return to East Prussia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 77], "content_span": [78, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009317-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History and organisation, Actions in the Soviet Union\nIn June 1941 the division joined Operation Barbarossa under Army Group North as an element of the 16th Army. It took part in Army Group North's capture of the Latvian city of Daugavpils, sweeping north-eastward to Leningrad where it was finally stopped in its tracks during the siege effort. During the early months of 1942, the II Army Corps was subject to a Soviet counteroffensive to relieve Leningrad, resulting in five army divisions (the 12th, included) and the SS-Totenkopf division being encircled along with several other elements of the 16th Army in the Demyansk Pocket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 89], "content_span": [90, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009317-0004-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History and organisation, Actions in the Soviet Union\nWith support from Hermann G\u00f6ring, planes containing supplies were flown in to aid the divisions while they were in the pocket for some 81 days between 8 February and 20 March. G\u00f6ring would later gloat about his success in freeing the pocket during the Battle of Stalingrad later that year, when a similar airlift concept was applied. While liberated, the 12th Infantry had left the pocket in a much-weakened state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 89], "content_span": [90, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009317-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History and organisation, Actions in the Soviet Union\nIn 1943, with the German Army on the retreat, the division fought in the Belarussian city of Vitebsk. This resulting deterioration of effectiveness led to its capitulation during the Soviets' Summer Offensive in July 1944, soon after Army Group Centre's collapse in Operation Bagration. None of the division's men escaped capture; its commanding officer Lieutenant General Rudolf Bamler, who had been in command for only a few weeks, was also captured, but later chose to work for the Soviets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 89], "content_span": [90, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009317-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History and organisation, Re-activation\nThe division was re-activated in September 1944, where it was sent to the newly created Western Front. Again placed under the command of Colonel Gerhard Engel, the division \u2013 at some point being redesignated the \"12th Volksgrenadier Division\" (German: 12. Volksgrenadier-division) \u2013  was at a strength of some 12,800 men. With Allied forces approaching the Siegfried Line, the division was made a line division against the Siegfried Line near Aachen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 75], "content_span": [76, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009317-0006-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History and organisation, Re-activation\nOn September 15, elements of the division arrived at the command post of LXXXI Corps where; in the evening they were given orders by the 7th Army to continue the defence of Aachen and to launch a counterattack on the building Allied forces crossing the Ruhr, by first staging near Eschweiler. The following day, elements of the 9th Panzer Division were added to the 12th Volksgrenadier, which was now well-equipped \u2013 at least in comparison to other, starving divisions. It then proceeded to take command of the immediate area around D\u00fcren. A meeting between chiefs of staff of the 12th Volksgrenadier and the 9th Panzer Divisions took place on the evening to decide on how to plan their joint-attack on the river Mausbach set for the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 75], "content_span": [76, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009317-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History and organisation, Re-activation\nThe division later saw action in the Western Front in the Ardennes as part of the 6th Panzer Army's I SS-Panzer Corps, where it took part in the Battle of the Hurtgen Forest. On January 1, Lieutenant General Engel was seriously wounded by Allied forces, and Colonel Rudolf Langhaeuser assumed temporary command until Engel's return in February. When the offensive failed, the 6th Panzer Army left for Hungary, leaving the division behind to fight off the approaching Americans. The division was encircled near Wuppertal with Army Group B within the Ruhr Pocket. On April 12, Major General Koenig assumed command of the division, having also assumed command of the 272nd Volksgrenadier Division. As the Pocket collapsed, Koenig was captured at Wuppertal on April 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 75], "content_span": [76, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009318-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (Poland)\n12th Infantry Regiment (Polish language: 12 Pulk Piechoty, 12 pp) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army. It existed from 1918 until 1939. Garrisoned in Wadowice, the unit belonged to the 6th Infantry Division from Krak\u00f3w.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009318-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (Poland)\nThe regiment celebrated its holiday on August 1, the anniversary of the 1920 Battle Of Leszniow, against the Red Army. During the 1939 Invasion of Poland, it belonged to Krak\u00f3w Army, together with the 6th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009318-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Symbols\nThe flag of the regiment, funded by the residents of Wadowice, Andrychow and Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, was handed to the unit by General Stanis\u0142aw Szeptycki, on August 1, 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009318-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Symbols\nThe badge was accepted on 1931. It was in the shape of the shield, with a cross in the middle, and the initials 12 PP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 12th Infantry Regiment is a unit of the United States Army. The 1st Infantry has fought in seven wars from the Civil War to the Global War on Terrorism and has been awarded 19 Presidential Unit Citations, five Valorous Unit Awards, a Joint Meritorious Unit Award, two citations in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army, Nine Republic of Vietnam Crosses of Gallantry, the Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal Third Class, a Meritorious Unit Commendation, and the Belgian Fourragere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nLess than a month after the first shots of the Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter in South Carolina, the 12th Infantry Regiment was constituted 3 May 1861 in the Regular Army as the 1st Battalion, 12th Infantry. It was organized 20 October 1861 at Fort Hamilton in New York. The battalion saw extensive combat during the Civil War, participating in twelve campaigns with the Army of the Potomac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nDuring the Peninsula Campaign, the 12th Infantry distinguished itself in its first combat action at the Battle of Gaines' Mill in June 1862, while sustaining fifty percent casualties. The regiment also participated in such historic battles as Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and six additional campaigns culminating with the Siege of Petersburg, Virginia, from late summer 1864 through April 1865 and the war's end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nDuring the war it suffered a total of 319 fatalities; 8 officers and 118 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, and another 3 officers and 190 enlisted men who died from accident or disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Indian Wars\nThe battalion was reorganized and redesignated as the 12th Infantry Regiment on 7 December 1866. In April 1869, having been ordered to the Presidio of San Francisco, California, the regiment entrained at Omaha, Nebraska, on the Union Pacific Railroad portion the not yet finished transcontinental railroad; rode to Corinne, Utah; detrained and marched to the Central Pacific railhead; and re-entrained to complete the journey to Sacramento, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0004-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Indian Wars\nIn the 1870s, the regiment took part in three campaigns of the Indian Wars; against the Modoc tribe in California during 1872\u20131873, against the Bannocks in the Northwest in 1878, and against the Sioux at Pine Ridge, South Dakota from 1890\u201391. During these campaigns, six soldiers performed acts deemed worthy of the Medal of Honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish\u2013American War and Philippine\u2013American War\nDuring the Spanish\u2013American War, the 12th Infantry was sent to Cuba, in June 1898, and participated in the storming of the Spanish fortress in the Battle of El Caney, where the 12th had the distinction of capturing the Spanish colors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 97], "content_span": [98, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish\u2013American War and Philippine\u2013American War\nAt the conclusion of the War with Spain, the regiment was immediately deployed in February 1899 to the Philippine Islands to reinforce other Army units fighting elements of the Filipino Army that resisted the United States after they defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Manila. There, the regiment participated in three campaigns (Malolos, Tarlac, and Luzon 1899) of what was to be known as the Philippine\u2013American War and then served as garrison troops, not returning to the United States until 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 97], "content_span": [98, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Garrison duty\nDeployed along the Mexican border, the regiment repulsed Villista harassing attacks during the Battle of Nogales in 1915. On 17 December 1917 the 12th Infantry was assigned to the 8th Division at Camp Fremont, California, but was not sent overseas in World War I. In August 1918 most of the regiment volunteered for duty in Siberia and the regiment was skeletonized until replacements were received and trained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0007-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Garrison duty\nAs part of the 15th Infantry Brigade, the regiment moved to its pre-embarkation staging location at Camp Mills, New York, between 23 October and 31 October 1918, but entrained while quarantined at Camp Fremont for Spanish influenza. After its arrival, the regiment remained in strict quarantine until after its convoy had sailed, and was not released until 11 November, the day the armistice ended the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Garrison duty\nThe regiment remained assigned to the 8th Division until 15 August 1927 when it was reassigned to the 4th Division. During May\u2013July 1932, 12th IR and 3rd Cavalry Regiment participated in the ejection of the Bonus Army marchers from Washington, D.C. The 12th was once again reassigned to the 8th Division on 1 October 1933 and stationed at Fort Howard, Maryland under the command of Colonels Walter L. Reed (January 1933 \u2013 October 1934) and James Garesche Ord (October 1934 \u2013 1936). On 10 October 1941 the regiment was transferred to Fort Benning, Georgia, and assigned to the 4th Motorized Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe 12th Infantry Regiment was reorganized as a motorized infantry regiment on 29 September 1942. Less than a year later, on 1 August 1943, the 12th was reorganized as a standard infantry regiment when the 4th Division was converted from motorized to dismounted infantry. The regiment along with the rest of the 4th Infantry Division arrived in England on 29 January 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0009-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nOn D-Day, 6 June 1944, the 12th Infantry saw its first action of the war when, as part of the 4th Infantry Division, it spearheaded the assault landing on Utah Beach under the command of Colonel Russell \"Red\" Reeder. Between 9 and 12 August 1944, the regiment helped defeat the Germans in Operation L\u00fcttich. The regiment fought in five European campaigns through France, Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany. The 12th Infantry was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for valor in action at Luxembourg during the Battle of the Bulge. The regiment was also awarded the Belgian Fourragere. After Germany's surrender, the 12th Infantry, along with the 4th Infantry Division, returned to the United States on 12 July 1945 and was inactivated 27 February 1946 at Camp Butner, North Carolina. During this time famed author J. D. Salinger served with the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 912]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nOn 15 July 1947, the 12th Infantry Regiment was reactivated as a training regiment when 4th Infantry Division was given the mission of basic training at Fort Ord, California. In July 1951, the 4th Division was returned to line status and rotated to Germany as part of Operation Gyroscope. In 1956, the Division returned to the United States and was stationed at Fort Lewis, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nIn 1957, the Army decided that in the era of battlefield atomic weapons, tactical infantry regiments were obsolete. To preserve the historic infantry regiments the Army set up the Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS) whereby the line companies of a regiment would form new elements of the regiment. The 12th Infantry was selected as one of the historic regiments to be preserved. On 1 August 1957, Company A was redesignated and activated as Headquarters Company, 1st Battle Group, 12th Infantry (with organic companies of the battle group constituted and activated) and assigned to the 4th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0011-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nCompany B formed the 2nd Battle Group, 12th Infantry assigned in Germany to the 8th Infantry Division until 1959 when it was reassigned to the 1st Infantry Division also in Germany. Company C was allocated to the Army Reserves and formed the 3rd Battle Group, 12th Infantry assigned to the 79th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nBy the time the Berlin Wall went up in August 1961, the 2nd Battle Group, 12th Infantry along with the rest of the 1st Infantry Division had been transferred back to Fort Riley, Kansas. To reinforce NATO, the 1st Division was directed to begin Operation Long Trust whereby the individual battle groups were rotated on temporary duty to West Germany. In July 1962, the 2nd Battle Group, 12th Infantry was airlifted to West Germany where it undertook several months of tactical training and testing at Wildflecken, West Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0012-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nIt was then ordered to proceed to Berlin overland through East Germany using the Helmstedt-Berlin autobahn to test the Warsaw Pact's willingness to allow NATO forces to continue to use it. Arriving without incident in Berlin to reinforce the U.S. Army's Berlin Brigade, the 2nd Battle Group was quartered at Andrews and McNair Barracks. Because of the ongoing Cuban Missile Crisis, the battle group was almost on constant alert in October 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nIn 1963, the Army concluded that the battle group was not the answer and reorganized the infantry and airborne divisions into a quasi-regimental structure of three brigades of three infantry battalions each. Consequently, on 1 October 1963, the 2nd Battle Group, 12th Infantry was reorganized and redesignated as the 2nd Battalion, 12th Infantry and reassigned to the 4th Infantry Division at Fort Carson, Colorado where it joined the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the 12th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam\nThree 12th Infantry battalions deployed to South Vietnam with the 4th Division from August through October 1966. The 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, to which the 2nd Battalion, 12th Infantry was assigned, set up base camp at D\u1ea7u Ti\u1ebfng in III Corps while the rest of the 4th Division was assigned to the Central Highlands in II Corps alongside the 3rd Brigade of the 25th Division which had arrived in December 1965. On 1 August 1967, the two divisions swapped 3rd Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0014-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam\nSubsequently, the 2nd Battalion, 12th Infantry served with the 25th through 10 of the Battalion's 11 Vietnam campaigns and received the Presidential Unit Citation for gallantry in action at Suoi Tre. As part of the U.S. draw-down, the 2nd Battalion, 12th Infantry was returned to Fort Lewis, WA, and inactivated on 17 April 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam\nThe 4th Battalion, 12th Infantry was activated and assigned to the 199th Light Infantry Brigade in June 1966 and went with the Brigade to Vietnam in December, 1966, where it was based at Long Binh near Saigon. In November 1967, the 5th Battalion, 12th Infantry was activated at Fort Lewis, WA and sent to Vietnam to join the 199th Brigade. This made the 12th Infantry unique in that the regiment had more battalions deployed in Vietnam than any other infantry regiment. In October 1970, the 4th and 5th Battalions returned to Fort Benning, Georgia and were inactivated. The 1st and 3rd Battalions returned in December 1970 with the 4th Division to Fort Carson, CO. Three soldiers from the 1st Battalion, one from the 2nd Battalion, two soldiers from the 4th Battalion, and one soldier from the 5th Battalion, were awarded the Medal of Honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 898]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0016-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-Vietnam\nThe CARS system was replaced by the US Army Regimental System in 1985 when the army contemplated shifting to a unit replacement system. Under the new system four battalions of the 12th Infantry were activated. The 1st and 2nd Battalions were assigned to the 4th Infantry Division at Fort Carson and the 3rd and 4th Battalions were assigned to the 8th Infantry Division in Germany. The concept was for members of the regiment to spend the majority of their army careers rotating between assignments with regimental battalions at Fort Carson and in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0017-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-Vietnam\nBy the early 1990s, the Army draw-down and its expanding worldwide peace-keeping commitments led to a decision to scrap the unit replacement concept before it was fully implemented. The 3rd and 4th Battalions were transferred to the 1st Armored Division and served in Bosnia before being inactivated in Germany in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0018-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Sea Signal\nThe 1st Battalion, 12th Infantry Regiment \"Warriors\" of the 4th Infantry Division deployed from 29 August 1994 \u2013 25 February 1995 to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba in support of Joint Task Force 160 to provide refugee camp security at Camp Alpha, Camp Bravo, Camp Golf, Camp Mike, Camp Quebec, Camp Romeo, Camp Sierra, and Camp X-Ray. The unit also served as a quick reaction force to quell any refugee uprisings, built refugee housing camp facilities, escorting refugees for medical treatment, repatriation of Haitian refugees, distribution of food and supplies, and main base security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0018-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Sea Signal\nThe battalion was housed in a tent city located on the football field of the base high school with the exception of Charlie Company who was housed in tents in the nursery. Awards for participation in Joint Task Force 160 include the Humanitarian Service Medal, and the Joint Meritorious Unit Award. The 1st Battalion was inactivated at Fort Carson in September 1995, after returning from deployment to Guantanamo Bay as a part of Operation Sea Signal. The 2d Battalion was then reflagged as the 1st Battalion in 1996 after having soldiers from the inactivated 1st Battalion added to the ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0019-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe 1st Battalion, 12th Infantry Regiment was formerly assigned to the 3d Brigade Combat Team of the U.S. 4th Infantry Division at Fort Carson and deployed with the 3rd BCT in March 2003 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom I. From May 2003 to February 2004, the battalion and elements of 1-68 Armor and 4th Engineers was attached to 173rd Airborne Infantry Brigade while B/1-12 remained with 1-68 Armor under 3rd Brigade/4th Infantry Division. The battalion redeployed back to Fort Carson in March 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0019-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nAs a result of the transformation of the brigade to the modular concept, elements of the battalion were changed to a cavalry squadron, the 2nd Squadron, 9th Cavalry Regiment in November 2004. 1st Battalion, 12th Infantry Regiment was reactivated at Fort Hood as part of the 4th BCT, 4th Infantry Division and deployed to Baghdad, Iraq, in fall of 2005 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. It was replaced in the fall of 2006 by the 2nd BCT, 2nd Infantry Division from Fort Carson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0019-0002", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThis unit was temporarily assigned to 1st Cavalry Division to which the 2d Battalion, 12th Infantry Regiment was attached until February 2007 when the 4th BCT, 1st Infantry Division was assigned tactical control of Baghdad. On 6 April 2015 the 1st and 2nd Battalions, 12th Infantry Regiment were re-flagged under the 2nd IBCT, 4th Infantry Division, Fort Carson, Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0020-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nIn December 2001, Companies B and C of the 1st Battalion deployed to Kuwait in support of Intrinsic Action 01-02 and later in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. Elements of other units from within the 3d BCT, 4th Infantry Division made up the remainder of Task Force 1-12. The task force redeployed to Fort Carson in May 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0021-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nIn May 2009, 1st and 2nd Battalions, 12th Infantry Regiment, 4BCT, 4th Infantry Division, deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom X. 1st Battalion was based in the Arghandab River Valley, west of Kandahar City, for the latter eight months of the deployment. Task Force 1-12's area of responsibility was referred to as the \"Heart of Darkness\" due to its significance as the birthplace of the Taliban, and also due to the inherent complexity of their mission. Much of their fighting was conducted in notoriously dense grape fields, which provided excellent concealment for insurgent forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0021-0001", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nThe 2nd Battalion was based in the Pech River Valley, Kunar Province, home to the Korengal, Waygal, Shuriak, and Wata Pour Valleys. During its time in the Pech Valley, the 2nd Battalion saw heavy fighting throughout their area of responsibility at the foothills of the Hindu Kush mountains. In June 2010, Task Force 1-12 and Lethal Warrior (2-12), 4th BCT, 4 ID redeployed to Fort Carson, Colorado, after 12 months in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0022-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nIn March 2012, 1st and 2nd Battalions, 12th Infantry Regiment, 4BCT, 4 ID, again deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. This time, both battalions were based out of Regional Command East. Both battalions returned by December 2012, after nine months in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0023-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nIt was deployed to Afghanistan in February 2014 to assist in efforts to withdraw the last troops and equipment from this theater. The elements of the unit began to return to Ft Carson in Septemberwith the last unit arriving in December 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009319-0024-0000", "contents": "12th Infantry Regiment (United States), Legacy\nSeveral photographers and journalists were embedded with the 1st Battalion 12th Infantry Regiment during their 2009\u20132010 tour to Kandahar. A series of articles published by David Philipps in the Colorado Springs Gazette chronicles the 2nd Battalion of the 12th Infantry Regiment. The series inspired the book Lethal Warriors - When the New Band of Brothers Came Home. which follows the lives of Lethal Warriors members after returning to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009320-0000-0000", "contents": "12th International Emmy Awards\nThe 12th Annual International Emmy Awards took place on November 19, 1984, in New York City, United States, and hosted by Regis Philbin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009320-0001-0000", "contents": "12th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nThe United Kingdom was the big winner of the 12th edition of the International Emmy Awards, taking all five prizes up for grabs in the competition, including best drama for Granada Television with Jewel in the Crown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009320-0002-0000", "contents": "12th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nThe award ceremony was organized by the International Council of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, and with the participation of 144 programs from 25 countries, excluding the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009320-0003-0000", "contents": "12th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nIn addition to winning the award for drama Jewel in the Crown, Britain won the best documentary award for Channel 4 by The Heart of the Dragon, and The Tragedy of Carmen in the category of best performing arts. The Thames Television won the awards for best folk popular arts with Fresh Fields, and the best children's program Wind in the Willows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009320-0004-0000", "contents": "12th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nThe International Academy honored him with the Founder Award the TV producer, David L. Wolper. The Directorate Award was presented to Lord Bernstein, president of the Granada Group and founder of Granada Television. The ceremony was attended by actresses Jean Simmons, Ellen Burstyn, and Angie Dickinson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009321-0000-0000", "contents": "12th International Film Festival of India\nThe 12th International Film Festival of India was held from 10-24 January 1989 in New Delhi. The festival was made non-competitive following a decision taken in August 1988 by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting that festivals in future will be non-competitive and all festivals would be called International Film Festival of India (IFFI). The \"Filmotsavs\" and IFFI 90-91-92 together constituted 23 editions of the festival. From the 24th edition, the IFFI was decided to be held for 10 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009322-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Iowa Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th Iowa Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009322-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Iowa Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 12th Iowa Volunteer Infantry was organized at Dubuque in October and November 1861, and was mustered in at intervals during those two months. It left Iowa late in November 1861, and went into quarters at Benton Barracks, St. Louis, for two months. Like its predecessors at the Barracks, the 12th suffered greatly there from diseases. Seventy-five members of the regiment died of measles, pneumonia or typhoid contracted there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009322-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Iowa Infantry Regiment, History\nAt Smithland, Kentucky, it joined General Ulysses Grant for the movement upon Fort Henry, was present at the capture of the Fort. It then moved to Fort Donelson, where it took part in the fight and assault which resulted in victory. It won glory for itself at the Battle of Shiloh on the battle's bloody first day (April 6, 1862). It did so by fighting in the advance until sundown, and by holding back the enemy while other regiments withdrew to a new point and waited the arrival of Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell. The regiment, together with the 8th and 14th Iowa Infantry Regiments, comprised four-fifths of that advance line, and surrendered only when surrounded by ten times their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009322-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Iowa Infantry Regiment, History\nThose members of the regiment who escaped capture at Shiloh, including future Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives David B. Henderson, were assigned to the \"Union Brigade.\" The Union Brigade fought in the Second Battle of Corinth and others, before being sent to Davenport, Iowa, for re-organization, and remaining there during the winter of 1862-63. Meanwhile, many of the members of the regiment who were captured at Shiloh were paroled on January 1, 1863, and exchanged at Benton Barracks, and soon thereafter went to Rolla, Missouri, which was threatened by the forces of Brigadier General John S. Marmaduke. They returned on the January 15, 1863, to St. Louis, where they were again stationed. Lieut. Col. John P. Coulter resigned and was succeeded by Major John A. Edgington, and the latter as major by Capt. John H. Stibbs of D Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009322-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Iowa Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was reorganized about April 1, 1863, and became part of General Sherman's command. It participated in the movements of that division during the Vicksburg Campaign, though it was in reserve at the May 22 assault. After Vicksburg surrendered, the regiment was engaged at Jackson, Mississippi, and was in the skirmish at and capture of Brandon, Mississippi. It went into camp near Bear Creek on July 23 and remained there until October  10. Lieut. Col. Edgington resigned, Maj. Stibbs became a lieutenant colonel and was succeeded as major by Capt. Edward M. Van Duzee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009322-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Iowa Infantry Regiment, History\nIn October 1863, the regiment was in a skirmish at Brownsville, Arkansas. It then proceeded to Vicksburg, Memphis, Tennessee, La Grange, Tennessee, and Chewalla, where it remained on railroad guard duty until near the close of January 1864. While there, it broke up the guerrilla bands that were pillaging the country, and built a strong fort. It was ordered to join the forces for the Meridian raid, but reached Vicksburg too late to take part, and went into camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009322-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Iowa Infantry Regiment, History\nHaving been mustered in as a veteran organization, the reenlisted men were sent home on a furlough in March 1864. In their absence, the non-veterans, numbering about 70, accompanied the 35th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regimenton the Red River Campaign and was in battle at Lake Chicot. On their return from home the men reached Memphis on May 2, 1864, and were joined by the detachment in mid-June 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009322-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Iowa Infantry Regiment, History\nIn May 1864, six companies under Lieut. Col. Stibbs, went to the mouth of the White River, established a military post and left A and F Companies under Captain J. R. C. Hunter. The command proceeded to Tupelo, Mississippi, where it was engaged in July. The regiment while acting as a train guard, was attacked by a Confederate brigade, but repelled it. In the subsequent fighting, it occupied the most dangerous post and received special commendations of the commanding general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009322-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Iowa Infantry Regiment, History\nReturning to Memphis, the regiment moved to La Grange, then to Holly Springs, Mississippi (via Lumpkin's Mills), remaining on duty there for some time. In the meantime, the detachment at White River was protecting the residents of that section and building a stockade. Before daybreak on June 5, 1864, the small force of fewer than fifty men was attacked by a force of 400, in an attack so sudden that the men were compelled to fight in their shirts only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009322-0008-0001", "contents": "12th Iowa Infantry Regiment, History\nA number of the enemy gained the stockade at one side, but Sergeant Isaac Cottle and Corporal George Hunter, armed with revolvers, attacked them and drove them out in confusion. Hunter was shot dead and Cottle was so severely wounded that he died soon thereafter. The entire besieging force was finally driven off, with over fifty killed (including their commanding officer), wounded or taken prisoner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009322-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Iowa Infantry Regiment, History\nJoining the regiment at Holly Springs, this detachment accompanied it to Oxford, Mississippi, then to Memphis, and eventually to De Valls Bluff, Arkansas, and Brownsville in search of Maj. Gen. Sterling Price. With ten days' rations it marched 350 miles in nineteen days to Cape Girardeau, Missouri, via Jacksonport, Arkansas, and Jackson, Missouri. From St. Louis it proceeded to the Missouri cities of Jefferson City, Smithton, Sedalia, Lexington and Independence, into Kansas. It pursued Price to Harrisonville, Missouri, but was unable to catch him, and returned to St. Louis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009322-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Iowa Infantry Regiment, History\nThe non-veterans and some of the officers were mustered out, with Lieut. Col. Stibbs remaining as commanding officer. Moving to Nashville, the regiment aided in the defense of that city, and captured two flags in a December 1864 battle. It joined in the pursuit of Nashville's attackers as far as Clinton, Tennessee, then proceeded to Eastport, Mississippi, where it assisted in building quarters and fortifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009322-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Iowa Infantry Regiment, History\nMaj. Samuel G. Knee took command after Lieut. Col. Stibbs was called to Washington, D.C. in January 1865 to become a member of a military tribunal. Stibbs' tribunal tried Capt. Henry Wirz, who was held responsible for the inhumane conditions of Camp Sumter, the Confederate prisoner of war camp in Andersonville, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009322-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Iowa Infantry Regiment, History\nIn February 1865 the regiment was ordered to assist with the siege of Mobile, Alabama, where it was engaged at Spanish Fort, Alabama. In the Battle of Spanish Fort the regiment fought in the front line and occupied an exposed position for thirteen days and nights. After the siege of Mobile, it moved to Montgomery, then to Selma. It remained in guard and garrison duty until early 1866, when it was mustered out. Lieut. Col. Stibbs received a merited promotion to colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009322-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nTotal enrollment was 1473. The original strength of the regiment was 926 soldiers. Gaining 55 recruits, it grew to 981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009322-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment lost 5 officers and 114 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 4 officers and 205 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 328 fatalities. 222 were wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009323-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Irish Film & Television Awards\nThe IFTA Film & Drama Awards took place at the Mansion House on May 24, 2015 in Dublin, honouring Irish film and television released in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009323-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Irish Film & Television Awards\nJim Sheridan received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the  Awards Ceremony which was presented by Sean Bean. Caroline Morahan hosted the film awards ceremony on 24 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009323-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Irish Film & Television Awards, Film Awards\nThe nominations for the IFTA Film & Drama Awards were announced on 29 April 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009323-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Irish Film & Television Awards, Television Awards\nThe nominations for the Television Awards were announced on 2 October 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009324-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Japan Film Professional Awards\nThe 12th Japan Film Professional Awards (\u7b2c12\u56de\u65e5\u672c\u6620\u753b\u30d7\u30ed\u30d5\u30a7\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u5927\u8cde) is the 12th edition of the Japan Film Professional Awards. It awarded the best of 2002 in film. The ceremony did not take place in this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009325-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Japan Record Awards\nThe 12th Japan Record Awards took place at the Imperial Garden Theater in Chiyoda, Tokyo, on December 31, 1970, starting at 7:00PM JST. The primary ceremonies were televised in Japan on TBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009326-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Jungle Cazadores Company\nThe 12th Jungle Cazadores Company (Spanish: Compa\u00f1\u00eda de Cazadores de Monte 12) is a unit of the Argentine Army specialized in jungle warfare. This company is part of the 12th Jungle Brigade, and is based in Puerto Iguaz\u00fa, province of Misiones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009327-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Jutra Awards\nThe 12th Jutra Awards were held on March 28, 2010 to honour films made with the participation of the Quebec film industry in 2009. The nominees were announced on February 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009328-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Kansas Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th Kansas Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009328-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 12th Kansas Infantry was organized at Paola, Kansas, in September 1862. It mustered in for three years under the command of Colonel Charles W. Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009328-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Department of Kansas to June 1863. Unattached, District of the Border, Department of Missouri, to January 1864. Unattached, District of the Border, VII Corps, Department of Arkansas, to March 1864. 2nd Brigade, Frontier Division, VII Corps, to May 1864. 1st Brigade, District of the Frontier, VII Corps, to February 1865. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, VII Corps, February 1865. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, VII Corps, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009328-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 12th Kansas Infantry mustered out at Little Rock, Arkansas, on June 3, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009328-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe regiment was assigned to duty by detachments on line between Kansas and Missouri until November 1863. At Olathe, Paola, Wyandotte, Mound City, Shawnee Trading Post, Fort Scott, Leavenworth, and Fort Riley, Kansas. Company H was at Fort Larned until January 1864, then rejoined regiment at Fort Smith, Arkansas, also occupy Kansas City, Westport, and Hickman Mills, Kansas City, guarding trains and operating against guerrillas. Operations in Jackson County against Quantrill November 2\u20135, 1862 (Company A). Baxter Springs October 6, 1863 (detachment). Companies B, E, and F escort train to Fort Smith, Arkansas, October 28-November 17, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009328-0004-0001", "contents": "12th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nCompanies A, C, D, G, I, and K concentrated at Fort Scott November 1863, and march to Fort Smith, Arkansas, December 13\u201328, 1863. Duty there until March 1864. Steele's Expedition to Camden March 23-May 3, 1864. Prairie D'Ann April 9\u201313. Jenkins' Ferry, Saline River, April 29\u201330. Return to Fort Smith May 3\u201316, and duty there until February 1865. Fort Smith September 1864. Moved to Little Rock February 24, 1865, and duty there until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009328-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 135 men during service; 2 officers and 10 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 121 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009329-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th Kansas Militia Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009329-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 12th Kansas Militia Infantry was called into service on October 9, 1864. It was disbanded on October 29, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009329-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe unit was called into service to defend Kansas against Maj. Gen. Sterling Price's raid. The regiment saw action at Byram's Ford, Big Blue, October 22. Westport October 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009330-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 12th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009330-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 12th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment was organized at Caseyville and Owensboro, Kentucky and mustered in on November 17, 1862, for three years under the command of Colonel Quintus C. Shanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009330-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of Western Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to August 1863. Independent Cavalry Brigade, XXIII Corps, to November 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Cavalry Corps, Department of the Ohio, to April 1864. 3rd Brigade, Cavalry Division, District of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, May 1864. 1st Brigade, Cavalry Division, XXIII Corps, to June 1864. Detached Cavalry Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1864. Dismounted Brigade, Cavalry Division, XXIII Corps, to September 1864. 1st Brigade, Cavalry Division, XXIII Corps, September 1864. District of Louisville, Kentucky, to November 1864. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to March 1865. 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, District of East Tennessee, to July 1865. Cavalry Brigade, District of East Tennessee, to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 944]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009330-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 12th Kentucky Cavalry mustered out of service on August 23, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009330-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nAction at Owensboro, Kentucky, September 18, 1862. Sutherland Farm September 19. Action at Calhoun, Kentucky, November 25, 1862. Operations against Morgan's Raid into Kentucky December 22, 1862 to January 2, 1863. Bear Wallow, Kentucky, December 23, 1862. Near Glasgow December 24. Bear Wallow and near Munfordville December 25. Bacon Creek near Munfordville December 26. Johnson's Ferry, Hamilton's Ford, Rolling Fork, December 29. Boston, Kentucky, December 29. Duty in District of Western Kentucky until April 1863. Creelsborough April 19. Expedition to Monticello and operations in southeastern Kentucky April 26-May 12. Narrows, Horse Shoe Bottom, April 28\u201329.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009330-0004-0001", "contents": "12th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nHorse Shoe Bend, Greasy Creek, May 10. Pursuit of Morgan through Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio July 2\u201326. Marrowbone July 2. Buffington's Island, Ohio, July 19, Surrender of Morgan near Cheshire, Ohio, July 20. New Lisbon, Ohio, July 26. Ordered to Glasgow, Kentucky, August 4. Burnside's march into eastern Tennessee August 16-October 17. Operations about Cumberland Gap September 7\u201310. Carter's Station September 20\u201321. Jonesboro September 21. Watauga River Bridge September 21\u201322. Philadelphia October 20. Knoxville Campaign November 4-December 23. Little River November 14\u201315. Stock Creek November 15. Near Knoxville November 16. Siege of Knoxville November 17-December 4. Clinch Mountain December 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009330-0004-0002", "contents": "12th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nRutledge December 7. Bean's Station December 9\u201317. Rutledge December 16. Blain's Cross Roads December 16\u201319. Bean's Station and Rutledge December 18. Bend of Chucky Road near Dandridge January 16\u201317. About Dandridge January 16\u201317. Dandridge January 17. About Dandridge January 26\u201328. Flat Creek and Muddy Creek January 26. Fair Garden January 27. Dandridge January 28. Moved to Lebanon, Kentucky, February 3\u201312. At Mt. Sterling until April. March from Nicholsville, Kentucky, to Dalton, Georgia, April 29-May 11. Atlanta Campaign May 11-September 8. Vernell Station May 11. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Pine Log Creek May 18. Cassville May 19\u201322.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009330-0004-0003", "contents": "12th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nEutaw River May 20. About Dallas May 25-June 5. Burned Church May 26\u201327. Mt. Zion Church May 27\u201328. Allatoona May 30. Pine Mountain June 10. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Lost Mountain June 11\u201317. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. McAffee's Cross Roads June 20. Cheyney's Farm June 22. Olley's Cross Roads June 26\u201327. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Lost Mountain July 1\u20132. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Chattahoochie River July 6\u201317. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009330-0004-0004", "contents": "12th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nOrdered to Louisville, Kentucky, September 14. Duty there at Lexington and Camp Nelson, Kentucky, until November. Rally Hill November 29. Burbridge's Saltville Expedition December 10\u201329. Kingsport December 13. Bristol December 14. Near Glade Springs December 15. Marion and capture of Wytheville, Virginia, December 16. Mt. Airey December 17. Near Marion December 17\u201318. Capture and destruction of salt works at Saltville, Virginia, December 20\u201321. Operations against Sue Mundy's guerrillas near Elizabethtown, Kentucky, and in Green River counties January and February 1865. Moved to Knoxville, Tennessee, March 20 and joined General Stoneman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009330-0004-0005", "contents": "12th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nStoneman's Raid in southwest Virginia and western North Carolina March 20-April 27. Boone, North Carolina, March 28. Statesville April 10\u201311. Shallow Ford and near Mocksville April 11. Grant's Creek and Salisbury April 12. Catawba River near Morgantown April 17. Howard's Gap, Blue Ridge Mountains, April 22. Near Hendersonville April 23. Asheville April 25. Return to eastern Tennessee and duty at Sweetwater until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009330-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 233 men during service; 3 officers and 22 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 204 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009331-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Kentucky Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009331-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nCompany A of the 12th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Dick Robinson on September 26, 1861, while the remaining nine companies were organized near Waitsboro, Kentucky, from December 1861 through January 1862 and mustered at Clio, Kentucky, in January 1862 for a three-year enlistment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009331-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Thomas' Command, Camp Dick Robinson, Kentucky, to November 1861. 1st Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to December 1861. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, III Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, Center, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to December 1862. District of Western Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to August 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to June 1864. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to February 1865, and Department of North Carolina to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009331-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 12th Kentucky Infantry mustered out of service on July 11, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009331-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nActions at Albany and Travisville, Ky., September 29, 1861 (Company A). Operations in Wayne and Clinton Counties and at Mill Springs, Ky., November 1861. At Camp Hoskins until December. Operations about Mill Springs December 1\u201313. Action with Zollicoffer December 2. Moved to Somerset and duty there until January 1862. Battle of Mill Springs January 19\u201320. Regiment mustered in at Clio, Ky., January 1862. Moved to Louisville, Ky.; thence to Nashville, Tenn., February 11-March 2. March to Savannah, Tenn., March 20-April 8. Advance on and Siege of Corinth, Miss., April 29-May 30. Pursuit to Booneville June 1\u20136.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009331-0004-0001", "contents": "12th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBuell's Campaign in northern Alabama and middle Tennessee June to August. March to Nashville, Tenn.; thence to Louisville, Ky., in pursuit of Bragg, August 20-September 25. Pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1\u201315. Battle of Perryville, Ky., October 8 (reserve). March to Lebanon, Ky., and duty there until April 1863. Operations against Morgan December 22, 1862, to January 2, 1863. Moved to Bowling Green, Ky., April 10. Duty there and at Russellville until August. Moved to Camp Nelson and Danville and Join Gen. Burnside. Burnside's march over Cumberland Mountains and Campaign in eastern Tennessee August 16-October 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009331-0004-0002", "contents": "12th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOccupation of Knoxville September 3. Watauga River, Blue Springs, October 10. Knoxville Campaign November 4-December 23. Siege of Knoxville November 17-December 5. Blain's Cross Roads December 15\u201316. At Strawberry Plains until January 1864. Regiment veteranized and moved to Louisville, Ky. Veterans on furlough until April 1. At Burnside's Point until May. March to Chattanooga, thence to Burnt Hickory, Ga., May 1\u201324. Burnt Hickory May 25. Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Raccoon Bottom June 2. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Burnt Hickory June 13. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009331-0004-0003", "contents": "12th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMuddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Cheyney's Farm June 22. Near Marietta June 23. Olley's Farm June 26\u201327. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Chattahoochie River July 6\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. Cedar Bluff, Ala., October 27. Moved to Nashville, thence to Pulaski. Nashville Campaign November\u2013December. Columbia, Duck River, November 24\u201327. Columbia Ford November 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009331-0004-0004", "contents": "12th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. At Clifton, Tenn., until January 16. Moved to Washington, D.C.; thence to Federal Point, N. C., January 16-February 9. Operations against Hoke February 12\u201314. Fort Anderson February 18\u201319. Town Creek February 19\u201320. Capture of Wilmington February 22. Campaign of the Carolinas March 1-April 26. Advance on Goldsboro March 6\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201313. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Greensboro, N. C., until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009331-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 239 men during service; 1 officer and 40 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 5 officers and 193 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009332-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Kisei\nThe 12th Kisei was the 12th edition of the Kisei tournament for the game of Go. Since Koichi Kobayashi won the previous year, he was given an automatic place in the final. Eleven players battled in a knockout tournament to decide the final two. Those two would then play each other in a best-of-3 match to decide who would face Kobayashi. Masao Kato became the challenger after beating Hideo Otake 2 games to 0, but would lose to Kobayashi 4 games to 1 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009333-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Korea Drama Awards\nThe 12th Korea Drama Awards (Korean:\u00a0\ucf54\ub9ac\uc544 \ub4dc\ub77c\ub9c8 \uc5b4\uc6cc\uc988) is an awards ceremony for excellence in television in South Korea. It was held on October 2, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009333-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Korea Drama Awards, Nominations and winners\nNominations were announced on September 27, 2019. Winners are denoted in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009334-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Lambda Literary Awards\nThe 12th Lambda Literary Awards were held in 2000 to honour works of LGBT literature published in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009335-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Landwehr Division (German Empire)\nThe 12th Landwehr Division (12. Landwehr-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)\nThe 12th Light Horse Regiment was a mounted unit of the Australian Army. It was raised in New South Wales in 1915 as part of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) for service during the First World War. After fighting at Gallipoli as reinforcements, the regiment served in the Sinai and Palestine campaign against the Ottoman Empire, seeing action in several notable battles including Beersheba, the capture of Jerusalem, Megiddo and the capture of Damascus. In the aftermath of the war, the regiment was used to suppress the 1919 Egyptian Uprising, before being disbanded in late 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)\nIn 1921, as part of a re-organisation of Australia's military following the disbandment of the AIF, the regiment was re-raised as a part-time unit of the Citizens Force based in New South Wales. It remained in existence throughout the inter-war years until it was amalgamated with the 24th Light Horse Regiment in 1936 as a result of manpower shortages. The 12th Light Horse Regiment was re-formed in 1938 and undertook garrison duties in Australia during the Second World War, having been converted first to a motor regiment and then to an armoured car regiment. It was disbanded in 1943 without having seen action and was never re-raised. Its honours and traditions are perpetuated in the 12th/16th Hunter River Lancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Formation and training\nThe 12th Light Horse Regiment was established on 1 March 1915 at Liverpool, New South Wales, and two days later began forming at Holsworthy as part of the all-volunteer Australian Imperial Force (AIF), which was raised for service overseas during the First World War. Drawing the majority of its personnel from outback New South Wales, the regiment was assigned to the 4th Light Horse Brigade along with the 11th and 13th Light Horse Regiments and was placed under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Percy Abbott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0002-0001", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Formation and training\nUpon establishment, the regiment had an authorised strength of 25 officers and 497 other ranks, who were organised into a regimental headquarters and three squadrons, each of which consisted of six troops. Armed usually with standard infantry weapons instead of swords or lances, and mounted on Australian Waler horses, the Australian light horse regiments performed several roles and were similar to both cavalry and mounted infantry. They mainly fought dismounted, using their horses to obtain mobility that foot soldiers did not possess, but they could also conduct certain cavalry roles, such as scouting and screening, while mounted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Formation and training\nFollowing this, the regiment undertook basic training including weapons handling, ceremonial drill, mounted and dismounted tactics and regimental manoeuvres. In late April, they marched through the centre of Sydney as part of a farewell before deploying overseas. On 11 June, after the brigade had concentrated, the regiment embarked upon the troopship SS Suevic. After four days steaming, the ship put into Adelaide, South Australia, where the regiment disembarked their horses due to concerns about death rates among horses travelling at that time of year. The men continued on their journey three days later, undertaking rifle and signals training on deck during the day. They crossed the equator in the early afternoon on 5 July; a short time later an epidemic of measles broke out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Formation and training\nOn 11 July, the 4th Light Horse Brigade received orders to interrupt its journey to Egypt and instead disembark at Aden, where an Ottoman attack was expected. They were briefly put ashore during this time and conducted a reconnaissance to the frontier, before undertaking a 6\u00a0mi (9.7\u00a0km) route march. The expected attack did not come and on 18 July the regiment re-embarked, arriving at Suez on 23 July. Moving into a camp at Heliopolis, near Cairo, after receiving a draft of 54 reinforcements and about 350 replacement horses, the regiment began a period of intense training and guard duties as they acclimatised to the local conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Gallipoli\nElsewhere, the Gallipoli campaign had developed into a stalemate. The regiments of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Light Horse Brigades had already been sent to the peninsula as reinforcements; however, the failed August Offensive had resulted in heavy casualties for the Australians and further reinforcements were required. As a result, the regiments of the 4th Light Horse Brigade were broken up to make up the losses in the other brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0005-0001", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Gallipoli\nThe troops were not initially informed of this, and following a train trip to Alexandria on 25 August they embarked upon the transport SS Marquette and sailed to Lemnos Island where they were transferred to Prince Abbas. Early on the morning of 29 August, the regiment went ashore at Anzac Cove upon lighters, and later that afternoon received the news that they were to be broken up and distributed among the other New South Wales light horse regiments that were already ashore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0005-0002", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Gallipoli\nThe Machine-Gun Section and 'A' Squadron were sent to the 1st Light Horse Regiment around \"Walker's Ridge\", becoming that regiment's 'B' Squadron; 'B' Squadron went to the 7th Light Horse Regiment at \"Ryrie's Post\", adopting the designation of 'D' Squadron; and 'C' Squadron went to the 6th Light Horse Regiment around \"Holly Spur\" and \"Lone Pine\", becoming their 'D' Squadron. The Regimental Headquarters was absorbed by the 3rd Light Horse Brigade's headquarters, while Abbott took command of the 10th Light Horse Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Gallipoli\nFor the remainder of the campaign, about 600 men from the regiment\u00a0\u2013 including a batch of reinforcements that arrived in early October\u00a0\u2013 carried out mainly defensive duties before leaving with the last Australian troops to be evacuated from the peninsula on 20 December. They did not take part in any large-scale battles, but were involved in fighting off a number of sharp attacks. The exact number of casualties suffered is not known, but 18 men from the regiment are known to have been killed in this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Sinai\nFollowing their evacuation from Gallipoli, the regiment was reconstituted on 22 February 1916 when all three squadrons assembled at Heliopolis. Under a new commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel John Royston\u00a0\u2013 a veteran of the Boer War who had replaced Abbott after the latter had been sent to England\u00a0\u2013 the regiment began to re-form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0007-0001", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Sinai\nAt the time of re-forming, it had been intended that the 12th would be assigned to the 5th Division as its divisional light horse regiment; however, it was decided to reduce the size of divisional light horse components to a squadron, and the 12th were removed from the 5th Division's order of battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0007-0002", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Sinai\nAlthough other units, such as part of the 4th and all of the 13th Light Horse Regiment, were sent to Europe to fight on the Western Front, the 12th, along with the bulk of the Australian light horse units, were to remain in the Middle East, where they would take part in the Sinai and Palestine campaign. Initially, the regiment was not brigaded and served as a detached unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Sinai\nAfter conducting infantry training around Tel-el-Kebir in early April, the regiment crossed the Suez Canal along a new railway that was being constructed through the Sinai towards Palestine. Here it was established around Kantara and a position known as \"Hill 70\". The following month, Ottoman forces clashed with positions around the railhead and on 14 May, a British garrison was attacked at Dueidar, about 9\u00a0mi (15\u00a0km) away from the regiment's positions at Hill 70. Tasked with relieving the Royal Scots Fusiliers, two squadrons were dispatched. Delayed by a navigational error, and suffering from heat, the regiment arrived in some disorder. After this, they began work on constructing defences, while one squadron was detached to garrison Kasr-el-Nil; in early July they were sent on to Moascar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Sinai\nLater that month, the 12th were relieved at Dueidar and moved back to Heliopolis. While there, Lieutenant Colonel Harold McIntosh took command of the regiment following Royston's elevation to temporary commander of the 2nd Light Horse Brigade. On 27 July the regiment, without its machine-gun section which had been detached to the 2nd Light Horse Brigade, was sent to Gebel Habeita to relieve the 9th Light Horse Regiment. After undertaking the first part of the journey to Seraphum by train, they marched the rest of the way. In early August, Ottoman forces launched an attack in the Battle of Romani. During this fighting, the 12th Light Horse Regiment provided flank protection, carrying out patrols, and was not directly engaged except for its machine-gun section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Sinai\nIn early September, the regiment moved to Bayoud where they were attached to a British column along with the 11th Light Horse Regiment, a regiment from the City of London Yeomanry, and an artillery battery. Under the command of Major General A.G. Dallas, they carried out a raid in the Maghara Hills on an Ottoman position 37\u00a0mi (60\u00a0km) away. Upon arrival, after discovering that the Ottoman force was greater than expected, Dallas decided to limit the operation to a demonstration rather than a full attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0010-0001", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Sinai\nWithin this plan, the 12th was allocated the task of advancing on the right flank during the attack. They proceeded to advance across the open ground on their horses, before dismounting to ascend towards the high ground. As the Ottoman fire increased, the 12th provided covering fire with machine-guns and rifles while the 11th came forward using their bayonets to clear the defenders from the forward position. The light horsemen were then ordered to withdraw, instead of assaulting the main position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Sinai\nIn early October, while at Mageibra, the regiment received orders that they were to be remounted on camels and be re-designated as the \"2nd Australian Camel Regiment\", but largely the regiment continued to refer to itself by its old designation. This was due to a plan to convert both the 11th and 12th Light Horse Regiments to cameleers; however, it did not occur. In late October, the 12th were sent to the rear to rest, arriving at the railhead at El Ferdan on the Suez. ' A' Squadron established itself there, while 'B' and 'C' Squadrons and the Machine-Gun Section were sent to Ferry Post. During this time they undertook frequent patrols, with 'A' Squadron permanently detaching a troop to Badar Mahadat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Palestine\nIn early 1917, the 4th Light Horse Brigade was reconstituted at Ferry Post on 13 February under the command of Brigadier General John Meredith. Assigned to the brigade along with the 4th and 11th Light Horse Regiments, the regiment's time of operating as a detached unit came to an end; they officially readopted the designation of 12th Light Horse Regiment at this time. For the next month they undertook training exercises before joining the advance into Palestine, while some men from the regiment were also detached to join Dunsterforce in Persia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0012-0001", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Palestine\nIn April, the regiment took part in the Second Battle of Gaza. Assigned the task of attacking the Atawineh Redoubt early in the morning of 19 April, the regiment dismounted about 2\u00a0mi (3.5\u00a0km) from it and advanced on foot. Initially, they made good progress and captured a ridge about 1\u00a0mi (1.8\u00a0km) from their objective without even firing a shot. As the defensive fire grew more intense, the men were forced to the ground and began fire and movement drills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0012-0002", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Palestine\nSpread thinly across a 1,000\u00a0yd (900\u00a0m) front with just 500 men, the 12th was dangerously exposed as machine-gun fire began to inflict casualties, checking the Australians' advance. Nevertheless, the regiment held its position throughout the day until being withdrawn to a nearby hill that night, by which time it had suffered more than 30 percent casualties. These included the commanding officer, McIntosh, who was gravely wounded and subsequently died of his wounds. He was replaced by the second-in-command, Major Donald Cameron, who was later promoted to lieutenant colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Palestine\nThe day after the attack, the 12th Light Horse Regiment dug-in and sent out patrols in preparation for a possible Ottoman counterattack. Although they were harassed throughout the day with sniper fire, the attack never came. After three days they were withdrawn back to Shaquth, where they worked to improve defences and conducted patrols for the next fortnight before dispatching two squadrons in early May to attack an Ottoman foraging party at Esani. The attack proved unsuccessful, as the Australians' approach was spotted, allowing the Ottomans and their Bedouin workers to withdraw before they could be engaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Palestine\nA period of stalemate followed, during which time the regiment, along with the rest of the brigade, rotated between the forward position at Fara and other positions in support and reserve at Kukhari and Marakeb as preparations were made for a future offensive. The regiment's next major action came in October 1917. Conceived as part of an attack towards the Jerusalem to Jaffa line, the regiment took part in the Battle of Beersheba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0014-0001", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Palestine\nDuring this battle, along with the 4th Light Horse Regiment, the 12th Light Horse carried out a successful mounted charge, advancing over open ground late in the afternoon to get under the Ottoman guns and capture the town and its vital water supplies. Late in the afternoon, the 12th Light Horse Regiment advanced, according to historian Henry Gullett, on a \"squadron frontage in three lines\" 300\u2013500\u00a0yd (270\u2013460\u00a0m) apart, with the 4th Light Horse Regiment to launch a \"pure cavalry\" charge, the troopers advancing with bayonets in their hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0014-0002", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Palestine\nAdvancing over 6,600\u00a0yd (6,000\u00a0m), the light horsemen were subjected to rifle and machine-gun fire and artillery bombardment from the flanks and trenches to their front. Supporting artillery helped suppress the machine-gun fire from the flanks, and the speed of the charge made it difficult for the Ottoman gunners to adjust their range. The Ottoman trenches were not protected with wire and after jumping over the trenches, the light horsemen dismounted and hand-to-hand fighting followed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0014-0003", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Palestine\nWhile most of the 4th Light Horse and some of the 12th Light Horse dismounted, the remainder stayed mounted, continuing their charge into the town. The British official historian claims \"more than half the dismounted troops in the town were captured or killed,\" while 15 of the 28 guns in the town were captured by the Desert Mounted Corps and XX Corps. Over 700 Ottoman soldiers were captured and, more significantly for the Australians, over 400,000 litres of water secured. In achieving this, the 12th lost 24 men killed and 15 wounded; 44 horses were also killed, while another 60 were wounded or became sick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Palestine\nThe success at Beersheba significantly reduced Ottoman resistance, but heavy fighting continued around Gaza and elsewhere, including the Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe, and the regiment remained at Beersheba for four days to receive remounts. Gaza fell in early November and, as Ottoman forces fell back, the British Empire troops followed them in pursuit. The 12th advanced further into Palestine as part of the plan to capture Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0015-0001", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Palestine\nOn 7 November, during the Battle of Hareira and Sheria, the regiment joined the 11th Light Horse Regiment in an attack in support of the 60th Division around Khurbet Buteihah, but was forced to halt their charge and dismount amidst artillery and machine-gun fire as their horses needed water. The following day, the 12th was sent to Beit Hanun to contact the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade, before searching for water around Sin Sin and Faluje, where they captured a number of Ottoman troops before rejoining the Australian Mounted Division at Huj.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0015-0002", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Palestine\nOn 10 November, the 12th provided support to the 11th Light Horse Regiment when they came under attack at Hill 248 by a strong Ottoman counterattack, which was turned back. After moving on to Summeil the next day, one of the regiment's squadrons received heavy fire while providing flank protection to the 54th Division as it attacked to the south of Et Tine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0016-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Palestine\nEarly on 14 November, in the aftermath of the Battle of Mughar Ridge, a reconnaissance patrol to Et Tine found it had been evacuated and the 12th occupied the town. In doing so, they secured a water source and a quantity of supplies, although a large amount of equipment was lost to a fire that had been set by the withdrawing garrison. The 12th then took up an observation position at El Dhenebbe to support the British flank before moving to Wadi Menakh on 18 November to water their horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0016-0001", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Palestine\nThey were then ordered to launch an attack around Latron during the Battle of Nebi Samwil, but after moving to Abu Shushen where they dismounted, the regiment was recalled to Junction Station. From there, the following day amidst heavy rain they moved to Deiran. Three days later, the 12th encamped at Mejdel for a week of rest along with the majority of the Australian Mounted Division. After a brief respite, as the 4th Light Horse Brigade was sent to El Burj to relieve British forces there, the 12th went into reserve; the horses were sent back to Deiran, and dismounted patrols and reconnaissance parties were sent out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0017-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Palestine\nIn early December, the 12th relieved the Scots Fusiliers in the Judean Hills to the north of Jerusalem. Supported by artillery, the regiment advanced and on 6 December established itself along the Khed\u2013Daty\u2013Kureisnneh line. Upon arrival, they moved into a defensive position about 900\u00a0yd (800\u00a0m) from Ottoman positions. Initially, it had only been planned for the unit to stay there for one night and as a result most of the cold weather equipment had been left behind. Nevertheless, the stay was extended and as winter came to Judea, heavy rain set in and the temperature dropped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0017-0001", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Palestine\nRedoubts were established along the front for shelter, while the men also took to caves in the hills briefly to escape the elements, although these were soon abandoned when they were found to contain lice. On 11 December, the 4th Light Horse Brigade, having been relieved by the 3rd Light Horse Brigade, was withdrawn back to Khed Daty, where they became the Australian Mounted Division's reserve formation. On 28 December, the brigade advanced to the Jurdeh\u2013Kuddis\u2013Nalin line to hold ground that had been captured as part of the advance on Jerusalem, and the 12th established itself at Kuddis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0018-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Palestine\nIn early in January 1918, the regiment received orders to move to Belah, on the coast near Gaza. For the next three months they undertook training there. In March, the 4th Light Horse Brigade, commanded by Brigadier General William Grant, was inspected by the Duke of Connaught who, according to author Kenneth Hollis, likened the \"snap and automatic precision\" of their ceremonial drill to \"a battalion of Grenadiers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0018-0001", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Palestine\nThe following month they moved to Selmeh, near Jaffa, to support the attack on the Ottoman position that had been established around Jiljulah and Kalkileh on the railway line that stretched north in the direction of Haifa. Although the 74th Division made some progress on the flank, the regiment's involvement in the attack was called off due to heavy resistance and the 12th, along with the rest of the 4th Light Horse Brigade, was sent to the Jordan Valley, which had been occupied by British Empire forces. Taking up positions near Jericho, they then sent out patrols to the Jordan and the river el Auja.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0019-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Jordan and Syria\nIn late April 1918, the regiment joined an attack on Es Salt, which was undertaken as part of a plan to capture the village so it could be used as a staging point for a further advance towards the railway junction at Deraa. The regiment's role in the raid was to advance up the eastern side of the Jordan River to capture a crossing 19\u00a0mi (31\u00a0km) to the north of Es Salt at Jisr ed Damieh to stop Ottoman reinforcements being sent to Es Salt from Nablus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0019-0001", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Jordan and Syria\nInitially, the operation met with success, and although two of the 12th's squadrons met strong resistance and were stopped at the bridge on the Es Salt track, the village was secured by dusk on 30 April by troops of the 3rd Light Horse Brigade. Throughout the night, the 4th Light Horse Brigade assumed defensive positions: the 12th in the centre with the 4th on their left and the 11th on their right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0019-0002", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Jordan and Syria\nThe following day, they were confronted by a force of around 4,000 Ottoman infantry along the Es Salt track, while another force of 1,000 infantry and 500 cavalry were further south, ready to force a second crossing. After coming under attack, and finding themselves hard pressed, the 4th Light Horse Brigade was forced back to the south, exposing the rear of the troops holding Es Salt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0019-0003", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Jordan and Syria\nOver the course of next few days little progress was made by the British Empire troops and, despite the arrival of reinforcements, the commander of the operation, Lieutenant General Harry Chauvel, decided that it was necessary to withdraw from the position on 3 May. The regiment crossed the Jordan and two days later had returned to its previous positions around Jericho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0020-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Jordan and Syria\nThroughout May the regiment constructed defences around Musallabeh in temperatures as high as 50\u00a0\u00b0C (122\u00a0\u00b0F), and flies, scorpions, spiders and snakes also infested the regiment's camp. Many men from the 12th became sick with malaria and other conditions, before they were moved to Solomon's Pools, where the climate was more bearable. In late June, the regiment manned defences in the Jordan Valley before being sent to a camp amongst the olive groves at Ludd in early August. While there, the regiment received cavalry training and was issued swords, along with the rest of the Australian Mounted Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0021-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Jordan and Syria\nThe regiment departed Ludd on 18 September, taking up camp near Jaffa. Before dawn the next morning, the regiment led the Australian Mounted Division's advance towards Semakh and Tiberias, moving by day to a position near Nahr Iskanderun where they rested until midnight. The 12th then trotted on to Liktera, 37\u00a0mi (60\u00a0km) behind the original Ottoman front line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0021-0001", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Jordan and Syria\nThere the regiment rested again until midday before making for Keikur Beidas; encountering a number of surrendering Ottoman troops along the way, it arrived there in the afternoon but halted only briefly before continuing on to the mouth of the Plain of Esdraelon, where they bivouacked for the night. The next morning, the regiment moved to support the 3rd Light Horse Brigade, which had taken between 8,000 and 9,000 prisoners during the capture of Jenin. They also sent out patrols to the outlying villages and hills and established signal stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0022-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Jordan and Syria\nOn 22 September, following the 4th Light Horse Brigade's relief by the 5th Light Horse Brigade, the regiment was tasked with escorting 5,000 prisoners to El Lejjun before moving to Jisr ed Mejamie, along the Jordan River near its confluence with the Sea of Galilee at Lake Tiberias. From there, in the early hours of 25 September, the 12th Light Horse Regiment, along with the rest of the brigade and one regiment from the 5th Light Horse Brigade, departed to conduct a dawn attack during the Battle of Samakh before rejoining the division's advance to Tiberias.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0022-0001", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Jordan and Syria\nIt was still dark when the advancing Australians came under heavy rifle and machine-gun fire from German and Ottoman positions near the railway station about 0.9\u00a0mi (1.5\u00a0km) away. In response, the 11th Light Horse Regiment conducted a mounted charge that was checked just short of the objective, and one squadron from the 12th advanced along the left flank on horseback, while the other squadrons attempted to draw fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0022-0002", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Jordan and Syria\nOnce close enough, the squadron from the 12th dismounted and attacked with their bayonets, which forced most of the defenders out of the village, except the Germans defending the fortified railway station house. At this point, the defenders raised a white flag of truce, and as several Australians from the 11th and 12th Light Horse advanced to take their surrender, the Germans manning the station killed them. The Australians then attacked, clearing the building, and later refused to bury the German dead, which amounted to 98, leaving their bodies to be looted by villagers. In the battle, the regiment lost one man killed and 10 wounded; losses suffered by the horses amounted to 61 killed and 27 injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0023-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Jordan and Syria\nThe regiment then moved towards the high ground on the western side of the Jordan River. Mid -morning on 25 September they reached El Menarah. In the afternoon, after the garrison was seen to withdraw, they advanced in concert with a number of armoured cars and at 3:00\u00a0pm the regiment entered Tiberias, capturing 200 German and Ottoman troops and a large amount of stores. From there, on 27 September, they began the final advance to Damascus, crossing the Jordan River and, early the following day, established a divisional bridgehead around Et Min during the Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0023-0001", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Jordan and Syria\nOn 30 September, about 9\u00a0mi (15\u00a0km) from their objective, the 12th, along with the 4th, mounted a charge at Kaukab. Forming up with the 4th on their left, the regiment attacked across a maize field towards a spur near the Jebel es Aswad, advancing on a position that they believed was strongly held. In the end, the defenders did not fire a shot before withdrawing and the Australians took the position without suffering a casualty, capturing 12 machine-guns and taking 22 prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0023-0002", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Jordan and Syria\nThe 12th then spent the night south-west of the city and the following day, 1 October 1918, it was one of the first Australian units to enter Damascus, sending patrols in ahead of the main advance. A period of guard duty followed before the regiment was withdrawn to the city's outskirts, suffering heavily from illness. Shortly after this, on 30 October, while the regiment was moving towards Homs, the Armistice of Mudros came into effect, ending the fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0024-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Disbandment\nFollowing the end of the war, the 12th Light Horse Regiment remained in the Middle East for a number of months, during which time, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Phillip Chambers, they were used to suppress the 1919 Egyptian Uprising. During the uprising, the 12th carried out security operations to protect infrastructure in the Ismailia area. As the situation was resolved, the regiment handed back its stores and equipment in preparation for repatriation back to Australia and most of their horses were transferred to the Australian Remount Depot at Moascar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0024-0001", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Disbandment\nDue to concerns about costs, availability of shipping and quarantine restrictions, the decision was made that the horses would not be returned to Australia, but that they would be sold to the British Indian Army for further service, or to local Egyptians. According to Hollis, though, many were also put down by the troopers due to concerns they might be mistreated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0025-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Disbandment\nMid -morning on 22 July the 12th Light Horse Regiment's personnel embarked upon the transport Morvada at Kantara. Cruising via Colombo, in Ceylon, the regiment made landfall at Fremantle on 17 August 1919. There the men were granted a brief period of leave before the ship continued on to Sydney. After stops at Adelaide and Melbourne, they arrived on 28 August, and the regiment was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0026-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Disbandment\nDuring the war, the regiment lost 67 men killed and 401 men wounded. Members of the regiment received the following decorations: three Distinguished Service Orders (DSOs) and one Bar; five Military Crosses with one Bar; nine Distinguished Conduct Medals with one Bar; 14 Military Medals and 17 Mentions in Despatches. Two members of the regiment, Major Eric Hyman and Major Cuthbert Fetherstonhaugh, were nominated for the Victoria Cross for their involvement in the fighting around Beersheba. The awards were never approved and instead they both received the DSO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0027-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Inter-war years and subsequent service\nIn 1921, the Citizens Force was reorganised to replicate the numerical designations of the AIF units and perpetuate their honours and traditions. As a result, the 12th Light Horse Regiment was re-raised in the New England region of New South Wales and headquartered at Armidale. In re-forming, the regiment drew lineage from the Citizens Forces' 12th (New England) Light Horse, which had existed parallel to the AIF light horse regiment and had remained in Australia during the war. This regiment, through a complex series of reorganisations, traced its lineage to the 6th Australian Light Horse Regiment, which had been raised in 1903 and perpetuated units that had contributed personnel to fight in South Africa during the Boer War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 86], "content_span": [87, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0028-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Inter-war years and subsequent service\nDuring this time, the regiment was assigned to the 2nd Cavalry Brigade, along with the 15th and 16th Light Horse Regiments. In 1927, when territorial designations were adopted, the 12th Light Horse Regiment became known as the \"New England Light Horse\". At the same time, the regiment adopted the motto of Virtutis Fortuna Comes (\"Fortune is the Companion of Valour\"). Initially, the strength of part-time units was maintained through both voluntary and compulsory service, but after the election of the Scullin Labor government in 1929\u201330, compulsory service ended and the Citizens Force was replaced with the all-volunteer \"Militia\". The economic hardships of the Great Depression and reduced training opportunities resulted in a decline in the number of volunteers and consequently a number units were disbanded or amalgamated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 86], "content_span": [87, 917]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0029-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Inter-war years and subsequent service\nAmidst the austerity of the inter-war years, the regiment remained in existence until 1 October 1936 when it was merged with the 24th (Gwydir) Light Horse to form the 12th/24th Light Horse. These two units were later delinked in 1938 as the Militia was expanded following increased political tensions in Europe. In March 1942, during the Second World War, the 12th Light Horse was converted to a motor regiment, known as the 12th Motor Regiment. In September 1942, it was redesignated the 12th Armoured Car Regiment, and assigned to the 3rd Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 86], "content_span": [87, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0029-0001", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Inter-war years and subsequent service\nDuring this period a process of mechanisation resulted in the last of the light horse units giving up their horses. Throughout 1943, the Australian Army was faced with a manpower shortage and as the Japanese threat to mainland Australia decreased many Militia armoured units were broken up and their personnel sent to other units as reinforcements. As a result, the regiment was disbanded on 19 October 1943, having only undertaken garrison duty within Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 86], "content_span": [87, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0030-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), History, Inter-war years and subsequent service\nWhen Australia's part-time military force was reformed in 1948 as the Citizens Military Force, the regiment was not re-raised in its own right, although an amalgamated unit known as the 12th/16th Hunter River Lancers was established. Through this unit the 12th Light Horse Regiment's honours and traditions are perpetuated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 86], "content_span": [87, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009336-0031-0000", "contents": "12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following is a list of the 12th Light Horse Regiment's commanding officers from 1915 to 1919:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009337-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Light Infantry Brigade (Airmobile)\n12th Light Infantry Brigade (Airmobile) - 12\u00aa Bda Inf L (Amv) is a major elite unit of the Brazilian Army. Its headquarters is located in Cacapava in S\u00e3o Paulo. Its catchment area covers the whole country. It is framed by the 2nd Division Army / Military Command Southeast, based in S\u00e3o Paulo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009337-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Light Infantry Brigade (Airmobile)\nThe 12th Light Infantry Brigade is organized, equipped and trained for deployment on short notice and at any point of the country. Can move by air, for business jets and civilian or military aircraft and helicopters Air Force, but their primary means of transportation are the rotorcraft Command Army Aviation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009337-0001-0001", "contents": "12th Light Infantry Brigade (Airmobile)\nFrom bases located near their barracks, their main means of transport is by helicopter, means of transport by which performs its main function, the airmobile assault, the Light Brigade constitutes an effective instrument of strategic reach permanently available to the Land Force, being an integral unit of the Rapid Action Force and Strategic (FAR) in the Brazilian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009337-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Light Infantry Brigade (Airmobile), History\nOn June 18, 1919, the 4th Infantry Brigade was created, based in the city of S\u00e3o Paulo, and after successive transformations, gave rise to the current Light Brigade. In September 1919 the Brigade was transferred to Cacapava, having been temporarily extinguished in November 1930. In October 1932 Command of the 4th Inf Brigade was reactivated in May and 1934 becomes organic 2nd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009337-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Light Infantry Brigade (Airmobile), History\nIn 1938 it was opened the Command Infantry divisional (ID / 2), replacing the 4th Inf Brigade, which is extinct. Remains under that name until 1971, when a change occurs to the 12th Infantry Brigade and becomes part of the 2nd Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009337-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Light Infantry Brigade (Airmobile), History\nFifteen years later had his name changed again, and began to form in the 12th Motorized Infantry Brigade, finally, by Ministerial Reserved No. 023, of June 19, 1995, was transformed in the 12th Light Infantry Brigade (Airmobile), maintaining its headquarters in Cacapava.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009337-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Light Infantry Brigade (Airmobile), Kind of Organic Units\nLight Infantry Battalion (Motorized) - Anti-tank and anti-air capable, 54 wheeled motorized fast vehicles, all weather combat, airmobile / air-dropableInfantry Battalion (Mechanized) - Anti-tank and anti-air capable, 54 wheeled light armoured fast vehicles, all weather combat, airmobileLight Cavalry Mechanized Battalion (Airmobile) - Fast light armoured, anti-tank / recognition / security, 54 combat vehicles, airmobileLight Field Artillery Group (Airmobile) - Field artillery, airmobile, 24 fast mountable / unmountable howitzer artillery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009338-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Lok Sabha\nThis is the list of members of the 12th Lok Sabha, (10 March 1998 \u2013 26 April 1999) after the 1998 Indian general election held during February\u2013March 1998. This was the second consecutive Lok Sabha, like the 11th Lok Sabha elections that did not provide the country with a stable government. Atal Bihari Vajpayee became the 16th Prime Minister of India but the government lasted for only about thirteen months due to no clear mandate. Also, the party was not able to get support from other parties, after the withdrawal of support by AIADMK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009338-0000-0001", "contents": "12th Lok Sabha\nAfter his resignation, then President K. R. Narayanan asked Sonia Gandhi, the leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha to form the government; however, Gandhi responded that the UPA would not be able to form a government at the center, following which President Narayanan dissolved the House. The next General elections of 1999 for 13th Lok Sabha provided India a stable government that lasted for full five years. Nine sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 12th Lok Sabha after the 1998 Indian general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009338-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Lok Sabha, List of members by state\nThe list of members as published by the Election Commission of India:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009339-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Louisiana Regiment Infantry (African Descent)\nThe 12th Louisiana Regiment Infantry (African Descent) was a regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009339-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Louisiana Regiment Infantry (African Descent), African Brigade\nThe regiment was organized between May and July 1863 and was attached to the African Brigade in the  Northeast Louisiana District until July 1863. The unit was posted at Vicksburg, Mississippi until  March 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 67], "content_span": [68, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009339-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Louisiana Regiment Infantry (African Descent), 50th Regiment Infantry U.S. Colored Troops\nThe designation of the regiment was changed to 50th Regiment Infantry, U.S. Colored Troops on March 11, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 94], "content_span": [95, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009340-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Luftwaffe Field Division (Germany)\nThe 12th Luftwaffe Field Division (German: 12. Luftwaffen-Feld-Division) was a major military organization of the Wehrmacht during the Second World War. The Luftwaffe Field Division was formed  from Flieger-Regiment 12 at the end of 1942, and was assigned to Army Group North in early 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009340-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Luftwaffe Field Division (Germany)\nAfter being decimated during the fighting in the area in the Courland Pocket, the division was moved by ship to Danzig, and employed there between Danzig and Zoppot until the beginning of May 1945 when it had been almost completely wiped out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009341-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Lumi\u00e8res Awards\nThe 12th Lumi\u00e8res Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Lumi\u00e8res, was held on 5 February 2007, at the Espace Pierre Cardin in Paris. The ceremony was chaired by Isabelle Mergault. Tell No One won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009342-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Lux Style Awards\nThe 2013 Lux Style Awards, officially known as the 12th Lux Style Awards ceremony, presented by the Lux Style Awards honours the best films of 2012 and took place between October 12, 2013. This year, the city of Pakistan played host to the Pakistani Film Industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009342-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Lux Style Awards\nThe official ceremony took place on October, 12 2013, at the Expo Centre, in Lahore. During the ceremony, Lux Style Awards were awarded in 27 competitive categories. The ceremony was televised in Pakistan and internationally on ARY Digital. Actor Ahmed Ali Butt hosted the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009342-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Lux Style Awards, Background\nThe Lux Style Awards is an award ceremony held annually in Pakistan since 2002. The awards celebrate \"style\" in the Pakistani entertainment industry, and honour the country's best talents in film, television, music, and fashion. Around 30 awards are given annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009342-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Lux Style Awards, Winners and nominees\nWinners are listed first and highlighted in boldface. Best Film was not Awarded at 13th lux style awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009342-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Lux Style Awards, Special\nBest Dressed Celebrity (Female) Aamina SheikhBest Dressed Celebrity (Male) Ali Zeeshan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009343-0000-0000", "contents": "12th MMC \u2013 Montana\n12th Multi-member Constituency \u2013 Montana is a constituency whose borders are the same as Montana Province in Bulgaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009343-0001-0000", "contents": "12th MMC \u2013 Montana, Background\nIn the 2009 Bulgarian parliamentary election the 12th Multi-member Constituency \u2013 Montana elected 6 members to the Bulgarian National Assembly: 5 of which were through proportionality vote and 1 was through first-past-the-post voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009344-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Macau International Movie Festival\nThe 12th Macau International Movie Festival (simplified Chinese: \u7b2c12\u5c4a\u6fb3\u95e8\u56fd\u9645\u7535\u5f71\u8282; traditional Chinese: \u7b2c12\u5c46\u6fb3\u9580\u570b\u969b\u96fb\u5f71\u7bc0) were held in Macau by the Macau Film and Television Media Association in December 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009345-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Maine Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th Maine Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009345-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Maine Infantry Regiment, Formation\nThe 12th Maine Regiment, formed in November 1861, was one of the 10 regiments Major General Benjamin F. Butler of Massachusetts received permission to form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009345-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Maine Infantry Regiment, Formation\nGeorge F. Shepley a Democrat and a noted Portland lawyer and U.S. Attorney for Maine, headed the new regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009345-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Maine Infantry Regiment, Formation\nOn Oct. 1, 1861, Shepley wrote to Maine Gov. Israel Washburn to report that he expected the new 12th Maine Regiment to be filled soon \"with the very best men in the State.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009345-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Maine Infantry Regiment, Formation\nShepley also reported, \"I have abandoned every other thought and pursuit, and have embarked in this movement all my hopes energies and efforts and, if need be my fortune and my life.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009345-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Maine Infantry Regiment, Accounts of engagements\nAccording to the New York Times, \"The town of Madisonville, La., on the other side of Lake Pontchartrain, has been captured without resistance and is now garrisoned by our forces. The expedition consisted of a portion of the Maine Twelfth, the Connecticut Ninth, two battalions from the convalescent camp of the Thirteenth Corps, the Massachusetts Fifteenth battery, battery of the United States artillery and a company of the Louisiana Second cavalry, the whole under the command of Col. Kimrall, of the Maine Twelfth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009345-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Maine Infantry Regiment, Accounts of engagements\nThe 8th of January was observed by a salute at meridian by order of Gen. Banks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009345-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Maine Infantry Regiment, Accounts of engagements\nThe great Union mass meeting was held here the same night at the St. Charles Theatre, which was crowded from pit to dome, including a large number of planters from up and down the river. Speeches were made by Messrs. Flandres, L. Madison Day, and Thos. J. Durant.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009345-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Maine Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment lost 3 officers and 49 enlisted men killed in action or died of wounds. 2 officers and 237 died of disease for a total of 291 fatalities from all causes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009345-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Maine Infantry Regiment, Mascots\n\"The oddest pets we have yet seen were two bears, which the 12th Maine regiment of the 19th Corps, led through the city recently. These bears were brought all the way from Louisiana, and have been in several fights. They have become perfectly tame and tractable, and march along at the head of the band, with an air that indicates they feel themselves veteran soldiers of the bruin order, and that they have a character to sustain.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009346-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Malaysian Parliament\nThe 12th Malaysian Parliament is the last meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Malaysia, the Parliament, comprising the directly elected lower house, the Dewan Rakyat, and the appointed upper house, the Dewan Negara. It met for the first time at the Malaysian Houses of Parliament on 28 April 2008 and met for the last time on 29 November 2012. The King then dissolved the Parliament on 3 April 2013. The dissolution was announced by the Prime Minister Najib Razak after it consented by the King.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009346-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Malaysian Parliament\nThe 12th Parliament was the first to meet where the governing Barisan Nasional coalition does not have a 2/3 supermajority in the Dewan Rakyat necessary to amend the Constitution. In the 2008 general election, opposition parties won a record 82 of the 222 seats in the Dewan Rakyat, quadrupling the share they held previously. On 1 April, leaders from Parti Keadilan Rakyat, the Democratic Action Party and PAS announced the formation of the Pakatan Rakyat, a coalition comprising the three main opposition parties in Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009346-0001-0001", "contents": "12th Malaysian Parliament\nThey also announced that Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, president of PKR, would be the new Leader of the Opposition, making her the first woman to assume the post. The 12th Parliament was also the first to have regular live broadcasts of Dewan Rakyat debates on national public television, and saw the first instance of a supply bill approved by division instead of a voice vote. In June 2008, the two members of parliament from the Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP, a BN component party) announced they would be filing a motion of no confidence against the Prime Minister, a first in Malaysian Parliamentary history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009346-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Malaysian Parliament, Events\nThe 12th Parliament set a number of firsts in Malaysian history, in addition to being the first where the Barisan Nasional government sat without its customary 2/3 majority in the Dewan Rakyat. New Information Minister Ahmad Shabery Cheek announced that 30\u00a0minutes of each question time would be broadcast live on public television, with the possibility of a complete broadcast if demand was sufficient. Wan Azizah became the first woman leader of the opposition, with 24 women MPs total, 10 from the opposition ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009346-0002-0001", "contents": "12th Malaysian Parliament, Events\nMeanwhile, for the first time two chief ministers of opposition states\u2014Lim Guan Eng of Penang and Khalid Ibrahim of Selangor\u2014would also sit as members of the Dewan Rakyat. A record number of Indian Malaysians, 10, sit in the Dewan Rakyat, while 99 of the 222 members of the Dewan Rakyat are first-time MPs. The Speaker and all his deputies, for the first time, hailed from East Malaysia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009346-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Malaysian Parliament, Events, First sitting\nThe election of the Deputy Speakers sparked a minor controversy, as Lim Kit Siang of the opposition Democratic Action Party nominated Tan Seng Giaw for one of the two posts. The election of the Speaker had been unanimous, as no other candidates were nominated. Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar received 157 votes, while Ronald Kiandee obtained 140 votes. Tan came in third with 81 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009346-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Malaysian Parliament, Events, First sitting\nAfter the MPs were sworn in on the first day of the first session of the Dewan Rakyat, all except Opposition Leader Wan Azizah received personal invitations for them and their spouses to attend the official opening of Parliament by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong Mizan Zainal Abidin the next day. Wan Azizah demanded an explanation as to why she only received a letter, and why her husband Anwar Ibrahim, a controversial former Deputy Prime Minister and now the de facto leader of Pakatan Rakyat, was not officially invited to attend the ceremony. They later received an official invitation; Anwar's attendance the following day was the first time he had been in the Houses of Parliament since his sacking in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009346-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Malaysian Parliament, Events, First sitting\nThe first full day Parliament sat was fraught with controversy. Karpal Singh of the DAP delayed proceedings by protesting that several MPs had not been validly sworn in because they had not raised their right hands, a claim the Speaker rejected. Karpal subsequently exchanged heated words with Bung Mokhtar Radin, calling him \"big foot\", with Bung retorting that he was a \"big monkey\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009346-0005-0001", "contents": "12th Malaysian Parliament, Events, First sitting\nDuring question time, the Speaker gave one question for the Prime Minister to Razali Ibrahim and refused to permit supplementary follow-up questions, a decision Lim Kit Siang denounced as \"making a mockery\" of the House, branding it as part of \"a conspiracy to silent the opposition MPs\". After the Prime Minister personally intervened, the Speaker permitted Abdul Hadi Awang of PAS to ask one follow-up question. Azmin Ali of PKR also protested the Speaker's allocation of questions, arguing that as Leader of the Opposition, Wan Azizah had the right to first ask the Prime Minister a question, and that BN backbenchers received a disproportionate number of questions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009346-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Malaysian Parliament, Events, First sitting\nThe controversial debate led Information Minister Ahmad Shabery Cheek to suggest that the government would review live broadcasts of the first 30\u00a0minutes of question time because \"it was misused to seek cheap publicity and raise trivial matters\". He later said that he would propose to the Cabinet that plans to broadcast future question times be shelved. In response, Deputy Speaker Wan Junaidi said it was too early to make a firm decision about the future of live broadcasts: \"I feel the government should determine if this is a first-day phenomenon or if it will continue.\" Prime Minister Abdullah also called for the cancellation of the live broadcasts, but the Cabinet decided to continue them for the time being.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009346-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Malaysian Parliament, Events, First sitting\nOn 28 May, controversy arose in the Dewan Rakyat after Pakatan Rakyat MPs protested that the outcome of a voice vote on part of the Supplementary Supply Bill 2008 (2007) had been unclear. Some observers suggested that the number of Pakatan Rakyat MPs in the chamber at the time had actually exceeded the number of Barisan Nasional MPs, indicating that the motion could actually have failed. After fifteen of the PR MPs requested a recorded vote, the Deputy Speaker announced a division on the question of the motion, a first in living memory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009346-0007-0001", "contents": "12th Malaysian Parliament, Events, First sitting\nMany BN MPs were forced to rush to the chamber to vote, including the Prime Minister; the motion ultimately passed, 92 in favour and 60 against. Education Minister Hishammuddin Hussein later criticised the request for a division, saying that \"all the fuss from them (opposition MPs) is just to disturb and disrupt the proceedings\". PKR whip Azmin Ali however called the vote a moral victory for the opposition, saying \"This is the first I have seen the prime minister running into the House.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009346-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Malaysian Parliament, Events, First sitting\nAs the first sitting of the Dewan Rakyat neared its close at the end of May, The Malaysian Insider pronounced that it was \"a different House for all who enter,\" citing how now Cabinet members' lives revolved around Parliamentary sessions, with Ministers being forced to attend to answer questions and participate in votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009346-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Malaysian Parliament, Events, No-confidence vote\nOn 18 June 2008, Chua Soon Bui and Eric Enchin Majimbun, both MPs from the Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP, a BN component) announced they would be supporting a motion of no confidence against the Prime Minister the following Monday (23 June 2008), citing the federal government's failure to control illegal immigration into Sabah, poor economic management and a loss of confidence in Abdullah's leadership. The party president, Yong Teck Lee, suggested the party could quit the BN coalition by the end of the week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 53], "content_span": [54, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009346-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Malaysian Parliament, Events, No-confidence vote\nFormer opposition leader Lim Kit Siang of the DAP expressed doubt about the motion's viability, saying \"There is no provision for a no-confidence motion under the standing orders.\" As of 18 June 2008, there is no provision for whether a simple majority or a 2/3 supermajority is required to pass a motion of no confidence. Since the motion would not be privileged in the agenda of the Dewan Rakyat, for it to be debated on Monday the government would have to set aside its scheduled business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 53], "content_span": [54, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009346-0010-0001", "contents": "12th Malaysian Parliament, Events, No-confidence vote\nIn addition, the Standing Orders require the house to be given advance notice of any motions, ordinary or substantive. Lim suggested that the only way the motion could be tabled and debated on Monday was if the Speaker ruled it was a \"substantive and extraordinary\" motion, giving it precedence over other business in the Order Paper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 53], "content_span": [54, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009346-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Malaysian Parliament, Changes in membership\nOn 26 August 2008, Wan Azizah Wan Ismail's seat was officially filled in by her husband Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim, after he claimed victory over UMNO candidate Arif Shah in Permatang Pauh. With his entrance into Parliament, Anwar Ibrahim will become the Opposition Leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009347-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Manitoba Dragoons\nThe 12th Manitoba Dragoons is an armoured regiment of the Canadian Army that is currently on the Supplementary Order of Battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009347-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Manitoba Dragoons, Operational history, North West Rebellion\nThe 95th Battalion Manitoba Grenadiers was mobilized for active service on 10 April 1885, when \"a Battalion at Winnipeg\" was authorized to be formed. The battalion served in the Alberta Column of the North West Field Force and was removed from active service on 18 September 1885. The battalion was retained on the Non-Permanent Active Militia order of battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009347-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Manitoba Dragoons, Operational history, South African War\nThe Manitoba Dragoons contributed volunteers for the Canadian contingents in the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009347-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Manitoba Dragoons, Operational history, The Great War\nDuring the Great War, the Regiment raised two battalions for the Canadian Expeditionary Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009347-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Manitoba Dragoons, Operational history, The Great War\nThe 6th Battalion (Fort Garry Horse), CEF was authorized on 10 August 1914, and embarked for Britain on 29 September 1914. It formed the nucleus of the Remount Depot on 20 January 1915, and the remainder of the battalion's personnel were absorbed by the Canadian Cavalry Depot, CEF, on 6 March 1915 to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion was disbanded on 5 April 1918. The battalion recruited in Portage la Prairie, Roblin, Pipestone and Winnipeg, Manitoba, Lloydminster, Saskatchewan and Pincher Creek, Alberta, and was mobilized at Camp Valcartier, Quebec. The 6th Battalion was awarded the battle honour \"THE GREAT WAR 1914-15.\" The 6th Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. J.G. Rattray", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009347-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Manitoba Dragoons, Operational history, The Great War\nThe 32nd Battalion, CEF, was authorized on 3 November 1914 and embarked for Britain on 23 February 1915. It was redesignated the 32nd Reserve Battalion, CEF, on 18 April 1915 and on 4 January 1917 its personnel were absorbed by the 15th Reserve Battalion, CEF, to provide reinforcements for Canadian Corps units in the field. The battalion recruited in Manitoba and Saskatchewan and was mobilized at Winnipeg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009347-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Manitoba Dragoons, Operational history, The Great War\nThe battalion was awarded the battle honour \"THE GREAT WAR 1915-17.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009347-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Manitoba Dragoons, Operational history, The Second World War\nDuring the Second World War the Regiment mobilized the 18th (Manitoba) Reconnaissance Battalion, CAC, CASF, for active service on 10 May 1941. It was redesignated the 18th (Manitoba) Armoured Car Regiment, CAC, CASF, on 26 January 1942; the 18th Armoured Car Regiment (12th Manitoba Dragoons), CAC, CASF, on 16 December 1942; and 18th Armoured Car Regiment (12th Manitoba Dragoons), RCAC, CASF on 2 August 1945. It embarked for the Great Britain on 19 August 1942. On 8 and 9 July 1944 it landed in Normandy, France as a unit attached directly to II Canadian Corps, where it fought in North-West Europe until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009347-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Manitoba Dragoons, Battle honours\nIn the list below, battle honours in capitals were awarded for participation in large operations and campaigns, while those in lowercase indicate honours granted for more specific battles. Those battle honours followed by a \"+\" are emblazoned on the regimental guidon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009347-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Manitoba Dragoons, Cadet corps\n2528 Royal Canadian Army Cadet Corps is the only organization that perpetuates the name and insignia of the regiment. The cadet corps formed October 19, 1954, as the Virden Collegiate Cadet Corps affiliated to and using the insignia of the 12th Manitoba Dragoons. When the regiment disbanded the corps affiliation changed to that of the 71st Field Battery and shortly after the 26th Field Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery. Branch Number 8 of Royal Canadian Legion became sponsor of the corps May 26, 1975, and housed the unit on its premises. October 3, 1994, the corps resumed its original affiliation and was renamed the XII Manitoba Dragoons Cadet Corps. The corps continues to parade in the Virden Legion Hall and is composed of youth from many surrounding communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009347-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Manitoba Dragoons, Photo gallery\nT17E1 Staghound armoured cars of the 18th Armoured Car Regiment (12th Manitoba Dragoons) crossing the Seine River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009347-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Manitoba Dragoons, Photo gallery\nT-17E1 Staghound armoured car of the 12th Manitoba Dragoons crossing a Bailey bridge, Elbeuf, France, 28 August 1944. Soldiers are offloading railway ties to reinforce or smooth out the road surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009347-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Manitoba Dragoons, Photo gallery\nT-17E1 Staghound armoured cars of \"A\" Squadron, 12th Manitoba Dragoons, in the Hochwald, Germany, 2 March 1945. The first car has tire chains on all four wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009347-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Manitoba Dragoons, Photo gallery\nMemorial Stained Glass window, 2770 LCol KL Jefferson is wearing a pre-1914 brass spiked helmet of the 12th Manitoba Dragoons, Royal Military College of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009347-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Manitoba Dragoons, Photo gallery\nMemorial of the liberation of Zeebrugge (Belgium) on 3 November 1944 by the 12th Manitoba Dragoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009348-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Manitoba Legislature\nThe members of the 12th Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in March 1907. The legislature sat from January 2, 1908, to June 30, 1910.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009348-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Manitoba Legislature\nCharles Mickle of the Liberal Party served as Leader of the Opposition. After Mickle was named a judge in 1909, Tobias Norris became party leader and leader of the opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009348-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Manitoba Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1907:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009349-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Marine Regiment\nThe 12th Marine Regiment is an artillery regiment of the United States Marine Corps based at Camp Smedley Butler, Okinawa, Japan. Nicknamed \"Thunder and Steel,\" the regiment falls under the command of the 3rd Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009349-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Marine Regiment, Mission\nProvide close and continuous fire support by neutralizing, destroying, or suppressing targets which threaten the success of the supported unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009349-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Marine Regiment, Current Units\nThe regiment is made up of two artillery battalions and one headquarters battery:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009349-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Marine Regiment, History\nActivated October 4, 1927, at Tientsin, China and assigned to the 3rd Marine Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009349-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Marine Regiment, History, World War II\nThe regiment was reactivated September 1, 1942, at San Diego, California, as the 12th Marines and assigned to the 3rd Marine Division. It relocated during October 1942 to Camp Dunlap, California. From there it deployed during March 1943 to Auckland, New Zealand. In July 1943 it moved to Guadalcanal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009349-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Marine Regiment, History, World War II\nThe regiment participated in the following World War II campaigns:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009349-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Marine Regiment, History, World War II\nFollowing the war, the 12th Marines relocated in December 1945 to Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009349-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Marine Regiment, History, Post World War II history\nReactivated March 17, 1952, at Camp Pendleton, California, and assigned to the 3rd Marine Division. Deployed during August 1953 to Camp McNair, Japan. Redeployed during February 1956 to Okinawa. Redeployed from March\u2013July 1965 to the Republic of Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009349-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Marine Regiment, History, Post World War II history\nParticipated in the War in Vietnam, May 1965 \u2013 November 1969, operating from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009349-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Marine Regiment, History, Post World War II history\nRelocated during August 1971 to Camp Hauge, Okinawa. Elements participated in the Southeast Asia Evacuations, April\u2013June 1975. Elements participated in the recovery of the SS Mayaguez in May 1975. Relocated during August 1976 to Camp Zukeran, Okinawa. Camp Zukeran renamed Camp Foster during March 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009349-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Marine Regiment, History, Post World War II history\nElements participated in the Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm, Southwest Asia, September 1990-April 1991. Relocated during July 1998 to Camp Hansen, Okinawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009349-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Marine Regiment, History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nOperation Enduring Freedom is an ongoing war in Afghanistan entering its twelfth year. Marines from the battalion took part in the Helmand Province Campaign, particularly the Battle of Sangin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009350-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Massachusetts Battery\nThe 12th Massachusetts Battery (or 12th Battery Massachusetts Light Artillery) was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The unit was organized at Camp Meigs near Boston during the fall of 1862. Its members were mustered in at various times over the fall and the officers mustered into federal service on December 8, 1862. It was assigned to the Department of the Gulf under Major General Nathaniel P. Banks and departed Massachusetts by steamship on January 3, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009350-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Massachusetts Battery\nAfter a difficult voyage due to storms, the battery arrived in New Orleans a month later on February 3. For the next several months, the battery was posted in New Orleans and for a time in Baton Rouge, taking a position in the defenses of that city during March. For a short time in April, they were mounted and outfitted as cavalry. On April 17, the battery, without their guns, moved to Brashear City, Louisiana acting as infantry in defending transports moving to and from that city during the First Bayou Teche Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009350-0001-0001", "contents": "12th Massachusetts Battery\nThey returned to New Orleans on May 23, were resupplied with guns and were posted again as light artillery in the city defenses until October. During June and July 1863, two sections (consisting of four guns and roughly two-thirds of the enlisted men) took part in the Siege of Port Hudson though not heavily engaged. After the Confederates surrendered Port Hudson on July 9, the sections returned to New Orleans and the battery was reunited. On October 15, the 12th Massachusetts battery moved to Port Hudson and would remain there on garrison duty until the end of their service. Their duty in Port Hudson and the vicinity during 1864 and 1865 was light, consisting mostly of foraging expeditions and reconnaissances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009350-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Massachusetts Battery\nAfter the close of the war, the unit returned to Massachusetts in July 1865 and was mustered out on July 25. The unit lost 25 men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009351-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union army during the American Civil War. It was formed on June 14, 1861, in Boston, Massachusetts. Its original commander was Colonel Fletcher Webster, son of the famed U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, Daniel Webster. The unit was known as the \"Webster Regiment\" after its first colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009351-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Organization and early duty\nCol. Webster began recruiting in April 1861 shortly after the attack on Fort Sumter. At that time, most recruits in Massachusetts were used to fill up the ranks in the existing state militia regiments, therefore it was several weeks before Webster had managed to recruit a full regiment. The unit was trained at Fort Warren in Boston harbor. On July 19, 1861, the regiment was reviewed by Governor John Albion Andrew on Boston Common and presented with its colors. On July 23, the 12th Massachusetts departed Boston for the war front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009351-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Organization and early duty\nThe regimental surgeon was Jedediah Hyde Baxter, son of Congressman Portus Baxter. J. H. Baxter later served as Surgeon General of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009351-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Organization and early duty\nThe regiment was first assigned to the Army of the Shenandoah under the command of Major General Nathaniel P. Banks. Until the spring of 1862, the regiment was employed in uneventful picket duty in the vicinity of Frederick, Maryland. In late February, the 12th Massachusetts, as part of Brigadier General John Abercrombie's brigade, moved into Virginia. On April 18, 1862, while on picket duty along the Rappahannock River the men of the 12th Massachusetts exchanged sporadic fire with Confederates on the other side of the river. This was the first time the unit was engaged in hostile fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009351-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Organization and early duty\nAt the Battle of Antietam, the regiment lost 67% of its strength, or 224 of 334 men. It was the highest percentage casualty rate of any Union regiment in the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009351-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Notable members\nJohn Gilman is in left handed picture in the center row", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009352-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Massachusetts Regiment\nThe 12th Massachusetts Regiment, also known as 18th Continental Regiment and Phinney's Regiment, was raised on April 23, 1775, under Colonel Edmund Phinney outside of Boston, Massachusetts. The regiment saw action at the Battle of Bunker Hill, Battle of Valcour Island, Battle of Saratoga and the Battle of Monmouth. The regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1781, at West Point, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009353-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Maxim Cup\nThe 12th Maxim Cup began on 2 November 2010 and concluded on 5 April 2011. Pak Yeong-hun defeated Lee Chang-ho 2\u20130 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009354-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanised Division (Poland)\nThe 12th Boles\u0142aw Krzywousty Szczecin Mechanised Division (Polish: 12 Szczeci\u0144ska Dywizja Zmechanizowana im. Boles\u0142awa Krzywoustego (12 DZ, 12 SDZ)) is a division of the Polish Armed Forces, headquartered in Szczecin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009354-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanised Division (Poland)\nIt traces its heritage back to the 1919 formation of the 6th Polish Rifle Division of the Blue Army in France. The division returned to Poland and was redesignated as the 12th Infantry Division (Polish: 12 Dywizja Piechoty) later that year, fighting in the Polish\u2013Soviet War. During the September 1939 Invasion of Poland, the division was part of the southern group of the Prusy Army and was surrounded and destroyed by German forces during the Battle of Radom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009354-0001-0001", "contents": "12th Mechanised Division (Poland)\nIt was briefly reformed in 1944 as part of the Home Army, and later that year the Polish People's Army briefly formed a 12th Infantry Division as part of the abortive 3rd Polish Army, but it was quickly broken up. The Polish People's Army reformed the division in Pozna\u0144 during the final weeks of World War II, and it was sent to Szczecin to secure the area and expel the German population in the immediate postwar period. The division has remained headquartered at Szczecin since then, and was converted into a mechanised division in 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009354-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanised Division (Poland), Interwar period\nBetween the wars, the division was stationed in Tarnopol. It consisted of several regiments, scattered in towns of Podolia:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009354-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanised Division (Poland), Polish September Campaign\nIn June 1939 the Division, under General Gustaw Paszkiewicz, was ordered to remain in reserve and became part of the southern wing of the Prusy Army. In early September 1939, it was transported from Tarnopol to the area of Kielce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009354-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanised Division (Poland), Polish September Campaign\nOn September 7, 12th I.D. left its positions by Skar\u017cysko-Kamienna and headed towards I\u0142\u017ca. There, it engaged in combat with 3rd Light Division of the Wehrmacht. In the following days, the unit fought a bloody battle with German XV Light Corps of General Hermann Hoth. On September 9, Polish soldiers got to German positions but were stopped by tanks. As a result, the Poles panicked, the Division was cut off from the line of the Vistula and as such ceased to exist. Its remnants crossed the river and were recreated as brigades, taking part in the Battle of Tomasz\u00f3w Lubelski, where they capitulated on September 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009354-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanised Division (Poland), Home Army\nIn the first half of 1944, when Operation Tempest was prepared, the 12th I.D. was recreated in the area of Tarnopol and Lw\u00f3w.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009354-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanised Division (Poland), Polish People's Army\nThe 12th Infantry Division was formed by the Polish People's Army in the Zamo\u015b\u0107 region beginning on 6 October 1944. It was intended to become part of the 3rd Polish Army, and included the 19th, 21st, and 25th Infantry Regiments, the 41st Light Artillery Regiment, and the 8th Self-Propelled Artillery Battalion equipped with the SU-76, among other support units. The attempt to create the 3rd Polish Army was abandoned on 15 November, and the personnel of the 12th, still beginning their organization, were dispersed to units of the 2nd Polish Army, while the weapons and equipment were returned to the storage of the 1st Belorussian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009354-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanised Division (Poland), Polish People's Army\nThe second 12th Infantry Division of the Polish People's Army began forming on 15 March 1945 under the command of Red Army officer Colonel Viktor Lemantovich. Its headquarters, 41st Rifle Regiment, 34th Light Artillery Regiment, and 15th Anti-Tank Artillery Battalion, with other support units, formed in Pozna\u0144, while the 43rd Rifle Regiment formed in Biedrusko and the 39th Rifle Regiment and remaining support units formed in Gniezno. It completed its formation by May. After the end of the war, the elements of the division left their places of formation on 9 June and became part of the 2nd Polish Army in Western Pomerania. There, they participated in agricultural work and mine clearance, securing the region and organizing military settlement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009354-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanised Division (Poland), Polish People's Army\nIts main task was to protect the border in the region of Szczecin. A combined infantry regiment from the division took part in Operation Vistula in 1947, against the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009354-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanised Division (Poland), Polish People's Army\nIn December 1958 the 12th Infantry Division was reorganized as a mechanised division (pl:12 Dywizja Zmechanizowana). Headquarters was located as Szczecin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009354-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanised Division (Poland), Current Structure\nOn 19 April 1994, the division received the honorific Szczecin in honor of its headquarters location, and Medieval Duke of Poland Boles\u0142aw III Wrymouth was made its patron. By a 16 March 2009 decision of the Polish Minister of National Defence, the 12th Mechanised Division inherited the traditions of the 6th Polish Rifle Division, 12th Infantry Division, 12th Infantry Division of the Home Army, in addition to those of the 12th Infantry Division of the Polish People's Army. Its feast day was changed to 28 June, the anniversary of the establishment of the 6th Polish Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009354-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanised Division (Poland), Current Structure\nThe division is part of the NATO-aligned Multinational Corps North East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009355-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)\nThe 12th Mechanized Corps was a formation in the Soviet Red Army during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009355-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)\nFormed in March 1941 in response to the German victories in the West, it served with the 8th Army and was held in reserve near \u0160iauliai in Lithuania 75\u00a0km northwest of Kaunas  in the Special Baltic Military District. Under the command of Major General N.M.Shestopalov when the German Operation Barbarossa began in June 1941, it initially consisted of the 23rd and 28th Tank Divisions and the 202nd Mechanized Division. After the invasion began the Special Baltic Military District was renamed Northwestern Front, commanded by Colonel General Kutznetsov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009355-0001-0001", "contents": "12th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)\nThe front fielded the 8th and 11th Armies along with the 27th Army in its second echelon. The 12th Mechanized was heavily engaged in the first battles of Operation Barbarossa, particularly during the Baltic Operation (1941) and at the Battle of Raseiniai, and by early July it had virtually ceased to exist as a formation, although remnants rejoined Soviet lines later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009355-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)\nBy the end of 22 June, the German armoured spearheads had crossed the Niemen and penetrated 80 kilometres (50\u00a0mi). The next day, Kutznetsov committed his armoured forces to battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009355-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)\nNear Raseiniai, the XLI Panzer Corps was counter-attacked by the tanks of the Soviet 3rd and 12th Mechanised Corps. But this concentration of Soviet armour was detected by the Luftwaffe, which immediately directed heavy air attacks from Fliegerkorps I Ju 88s against tank columns of the 12th Mechanised Corps south-west of \u0160iauliai. These attacks went in unopposed by any Soviet fighters and were carried out with great success. The Soviet 23rd Tank Division sustained particularly severe losses, with 40 tanks or lorries set ablaze. On 25 June, the Germans reportedly destroyed another 30 tanks and 50 lorries. The 28th Tank Division alone lost 84 tanks. The battle would last four days. After escaping the encirclement at Raseiniai and making a fighting retreat through Estonia during July, the remnants of the 12th Mechanized Corps were disbanded in August 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009355-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)\nHowever, the 28th Tank Division was reported as part of the Novgorod Operational Group (seemingly a reformation of the 1939-40 Novgorod Army Operational Group) on 1 September 1941, while the 202nd Rifle Division was reported with 11th Army", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009356-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanized Infantry Division (Greece)\nThe 12th Mechanized Infantry Division \"Evros\" (Greek: \u03a7\u0399\u0399 \u039c\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u00ab\u0395\u0392\u03a1\u039f\u03a3\u00bb Dodekati Mihanokiniti Merarhia Pezikou \u00abEVROS\u00bb) is a military formation of the Hellenic Army, based at Alexandroupoli, Thrace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009356-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanized Infantry Division (Greece), History\nThe division was formed in the reorganization and expansion of the Hellenic Army following the Balkan Wars of 1912\u201313. It was activated on 23 December (O.S.) 1913 at Kozani, comprising the 31st, 32nd, 33rd Infantry Regiments and the XII Mountain Artillery Battalion. It formed part of III Army Corps. The original formation was disbanded during the National Schism and did not take part in any engagements during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009356-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanized Infantry Division (Greece), History\nIn February 1920, the  Xanthi Division (\u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u039e\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c2 Merarkhia Xanthis) was formed at Thessaloniki from Thracian recruits, whence its naming after the city of Xanthi. Commanded by Major General Konstantinos Mazarakis-Ainian, it comprised the 13th, 14th, 15th Infantry Regiments, the XII Mountain Artillery Regiment and other divisional units. In May 1920, the division took part in the Greek takeover of Western Thrace, after which it was shipped to Anatolia where it took part in the Greek offensive operations against the Turkish nationalist forces. In July it was withdrawn from the Anatolian front and re-shipped to take part in the operations for the capture of Eastern Thrace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009356-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanized Infantry Division (Greece), History\nFollowing the 1920 elections and the victory of the anti-Venizelist royalist coalition, the Xanthi Division was renamed as the 12th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009356-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanized Infantry Division (Greece), History\nIn early 1921, it was reformed under the command of Prince Andrew and, comprising the 14th, 41st and 46th Regiments, was transferred once again to the Anatolian front, landing in Smyrna between 29 May and 6 June 1921. The division took part in the Battle of K\u00fctahya\u2013Eski\u015fehir and the Greek advance to Ankara, which ended in the Battle of Sakarya. The division was commanded from 15 July by Colonel Periklis Kallidopoulos. The division remained in Anatolia under I Army Corps until the great Turkish offensive in August 1922. The division was practically destroyed as a fighting force after the Battle of Dumlup\u0131nar; its remnants\u2014155 officers, 2,240 men, 1,010 animals, 18 guns and 15 machine-guns\u2014embarked at \u00c7esme for Chios on 31 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009356-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanized Infantry Division (Greece), History\nIn Greece, its remnants were merged with the Independent Division to form the new 12th Division at Feres as part of the Army of the Evros (October 1922). It remained in Western Thrace after the signature of the Treaty of Lausanne, based at Komotini. Upon the outbreak of the Greco-Italian War in October 1940, the division remained in Thrace, and provided the cadre for several reserve regiments, which were transferred to other divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009356-0005-0001", "contents": "12th Mechanized Infantry Division (Greece), History\nOn 6 March 1941, with the expected German invasion of Greece looming, the division was transferred to the Central Macedonia Army Section, and was placed under the British Commonwealth troops holding the Vermion\u2013Aliakmon line. Coming under German attack at the Battle of Siatista Pass, the division retreated to the southwest and lost much of its force to desertion; finally, with the Greek capitulation on 24 April, the division, by now reduced to some 1,000 men, was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009356-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanized Infantry Division (Greece), History\n12th Infantry Division was reformed on 26 August 1964 at Alexandroupoli, with the 29th, 30th and 31st Regiments and other divisional units. In June 1996 it was converted into a mechanized infantry division, and in 2009 it received the honorific title \"Evros\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009356-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Mechanized Infantry Division (Greece), Emblem and motto\nThe division's emblem depicts two roosters confronting each other. It and the divisional motto, \u0388\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5\u03af\u03bd Eos an ton eteron propesin (\"Until one of them falls\") are inspired by a quote of the historian Polybius, describing the Romans and Carthaginians during the First Punic War: \"We may compare the spirit displayed by both states to that of game cocks engaged in a death-struggle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009356-0007-0001", "contents": "12th Mechanized Infantry Division (Greece), Emblem and motto\nFor we often see that when these birds have lost the use of their wings from exhaustion, their courage remains as high as ever and they continue to strike blow upon blow, until closing involuntarily they get a deadly hold of each other, and as soon as this happens one or the other of the two will soon fall dead.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009357-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards\nThe 12th Meril Prothom Alo Awards ceremony, presented by Prothom Alo took place on April 9, 2010, at the Bangabandhu International Conference Center in Dhaka, Bangladesh as a part of 2009-10 film awards season. The evening began with editor of Prothom Alo, Matiur Rahman delivering a welcome speech, followed by that of managing director of Square Toiletries Limited, Anjan Chowdhury. Meril-Prothom Alo Awards-2009 were distributed among TV and film stars, musicians and singers amid a union of cultural personalities. The nominations for the popular awards were open to public voting while the prestigious critic awards were there in line with.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009357-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Awards and winners\nA total of 12 awards were given at the ceremony. Following is the list of the winners:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009357-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Host\nDhallywood star Ferdous who has previously anchored this event twice over, along with five Bangladeshi artistes\u2014Monalisa, Momo, Badhon, Munmun, Prova; four foreign artistes\u2014Sofi, Adwina, Jessica, Diana and a number of professional dance artistes participated in a show mingling both eastern and western tunes. Followed the spirited performance, Ferdous unveiled two 'Bagher Bachcha' (tiger cubs) -- Chanchal Chowdhury and Mosharraf Karim and assigned them to anchor the program. The fun-loving audience gave them a hearty round of applause. To make it more happening, Lux-Channel i stars Ishana and Orsha assisted them in anchoring. Subtle humour, satire, jokes and even poetic anchoring, nothing was left out from the bags of the witty anchors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009358-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Michigan Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th Michigan Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009358-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 12th Michigan Infantry was organized at Niles, Dowagiac, and Buchanan, Michigan, and was mustered into Federal service for a three-year enlistment between December 9, 1861, and March 5, 1862 .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009358-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 1 officer and 52 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded and 3 officers and 372 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 428fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009359-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Military Transport Aviation Division\nThe 12th Mginskaya Red Banner Military Transport Aviation Division (12-\u044f \u041c\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) is a formation of the 61st Air Army of the Supreme Command of the Air Forces of the Russian Federation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009359-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Military Transport Aviation Division\nThe division was formed on 5 May 1943 as the 12th Air Division Long Range at Monino, equipped with Li-2 aircraft. On 1 August 1943 it was subordinate of the 7th Aviation Corps Long Range. It received its name for the successful accomplishment of combat missions in the battle against the Nazi invaders and the release of Mga, Leningrad Oblast. On 26 December 1944, it became the 12th Bomber Aviation Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009359-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Military Transport Aviation Division\nRenamed 12th Transport Aviation Division in 1946, then 12th Military-Transport Aviation Division on 12 October 1955 and subsequently became part of Military Transport Aviation (VTA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009359-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Military Transport Aviation Division\nIn 1998, with the rest of VTA became part of 61st Air Army, based at the Migalovo Air Base (Tver). The division used An-22, Il-76, and An-124 transport aircraft. It was disbanded in 2009 but restored in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009360-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Minnesota Legislature\nThe twelfth Minnesota Legislature first convened on January 4, 1870. The 11 members of the Minnesota Senate who represented even-numbered districts were chosen in the General Election of November 3, 1868, while the 11 members of the Minnesota Senate who represented odd-numbered districts, and the 47 members of the Minnesota House of Representatives, were chosen in the General Election of November 2, 1869.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009360-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Minnesota Legislature, Sessions\nThe legislature met in a regular session from January 4, 1870 to March 4, 1870. There were no special sessions of the 12th Minnesota Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009361-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Mirchi Music Awards\nThe 12th Smule Mirchi Music Awards or simply Mirchi Music Awards 2020, was the 12th edition of the Mirchi Music Awards and took place on 19 February 2020. The award ceremony was hosted by Aparshakti Khurana, Neeti Mohan, and Shekhar Ravjiani at Yash Raj Studios, Mumbai. The title sponsor was Smule, replacing Pepsi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009362-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Missile Squadron\nThe 12th Missile Squadron is a United States Air Force unit. It is assigned to the 341st Operations Group, stationed at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana. The squadron is equipped with the LGM-30G Minuteman III intercontinental ballistic missile, with a mission of nuclear deterrence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009362-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Missile Squadron, Mission\nThe mission of the 341st Missile Wing is to provide combat-ready people and aerospace forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009362-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Missile Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 12th Bombardment Squadron was organized and activated at Langley Field, Virginia on 1 February 1940, as a member of the 25th Bombardment Group. The unit moved from Langley where it trained initially, to Borinquen Field, Puerto Rico, where it became part of Caribbean Air Force on 1 November 1940. Following the initial deployment to Puerto Rico. The squadron participated in various training and familiarization flights with its small complement of Douglas B-18 Bolo medium bombers, until 8 November 1941 when it was ordered to deploy to Benedict Field, St. Croix, temporarily until September 1942, then at St. Nicholas, and Antigua.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009362-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Missile Squadron, History, World War II\nFollowing the Pearl Harbor Attack, the squadron commenced operations out of Benedict with its tiny force of three B-18s. However, these were exchanged for four slightly more capable B-18As by 16 January 1942. By mid-February, these had been augmented by a further B-18 (while one of the B-18As was away at the Mobile Air Depot being fitted with one of the earliest airborne radar systems) and the squadron had a total of four crews, three of whom had more than 12 months experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009362-0003-0001", "contents": "12th Missile Squadron, History, World War II\nOperations continued out of Benedict Field until 10 October 1942, when it moved to Dakota Field, Aruba, and the following month came under the operational control of the Antilles Air Task Force and VI Fighter Command. By 11 December, the unit had six B-18Bs and four Douglas A-20A Havocs while Flight D of the squadron was at distant Borinquen Field with two further B-18Bs and a B-18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009362-0003-0002", "contents": "12th Missile Squadron, History, World War II\nApparently this aircraft dispersal proved too much for the unit to handle and, by January 1943, strength on report had dropped to a more reasonable total of just five B-18Bs and a single B-18C at Dakota Field, although Flight D remained at Borinquen as late as June, and Flight C moved from Dakota to Rio Hato Field, Panama, from 1 June till 20 July 1943. In addition, several 59th Bombardment Squadron aircraft were attached to the 12th at this point, as were two Bell P-39D Airacobras of the 22d Pursuit Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009362-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Missile Squadron, History, World War II\nAll of this shuffling of aircraft was due, of course, to the exigencies of the antisubmarine campaign, which had been re-initiated in early January 1943. By October 1943, operational control of the now very experienced unit had passed to Commander, All Forces, Aruba and Cura\u00e7ao (CAFAC), and the United States Navy assumed command and the unit, together with the Lockheed PV-1 Venturas of a Navy unit there provided continuous coverage for, amongst others, convoy GAT94 and its route from the time it entered the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009362-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Missile Squadron, History, World War II\nAs the anti-submarine war continuously shifted, the squadron moved to follow, leaving Dakota Field on 23 November to move to Coolidge Field on Antigua, at which time its attachment to CAFAC ended. While there, it provided continuous coverage for Convoy TAG95. By the end of December, the unit had started to reequip, and had two of the B-18Bs, but also three North American B-25D Mitchells and not fewer than 12 B-25Gs at Coolidge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009362-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Missile Squadron, History, World War II\nAs the antisubmarine campaign eased, the unit became, essentially, a crew training outfit, although patrols were still flown in conjunction with this tasking. The Squadron ended its Caribbean tour on 24 March 1944 when it was transferred back to the United States and became a B-25 Mitchell Operational Training Unit at Alamogordo Army Air Field, New Mexico. On 20 June 1944, the 12th Bombardment Squadron was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009362-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Missile Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command\n\"Eleven years later, on [1 September] 1955, the 12th Bombardment Squadron, Medium, was activated at Abilene Air Force Base, Texas. Before being inactivated once more in 1961, the 12th\u2019s Boeing B-47 Stratojet Stratojets engaged in training that made it a powerful element of the nation\u2019s strategic air power.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009362-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Missile Squadron, History, Intercontinental ballistic missile squadron\nOrganized on 1 March 1962 as the 12th Strategic Missile Squadron, an intercontinental ballistic missile squadron assigned to the 341st Missile Wing at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana. Initially equipped with 50 LGM-30A Minuteman Is in early 1962. \"Upon organization, it became the second Minuteman ICBM squadron in the Air Force. During the mid-1960s the 12th replaced its 50 Minuteman I missiles with Minuteman IIs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009362-0008-0001", "contents": "12th Missile Squadron, History, Intercontinental ballistic missile squadron\nThe 12th was the first squadron at Malmstrom to undergo weapon system upgrade to Minuteman Mod; and on [22 April] 1967, it was the first squadron to become fully operational with the new Minuteman II missiles under this program. The 12th was also the first squadron in the wing to undergo silo upgrade. By 1978, the Improved Launch Control System had replaced the Minuteman Mod system and the 12th SMS once again had the state-of-the-art weapon system.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009362-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Missile Squadron, History, Intercontinental ballistic missile squadron\n\"In 1994, the 12 reorganized under the objective squadron concept. This reorganization took the three combat disciplines, ICBM operations, security police, and electromechanical maintenance, and combined them under the \"one hat\" of the missile squadron commander. In early June 1995, electromechanical Maintenance returned to the 341st Logistics Group.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009362-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Missile Squadron, History, Intercontinental ballistic missile squadron\nThe 12th Missile Squadron led the way in removing Minuteman II missiles and replacing them with LGM-30G Minuteman III silos from the inactivating 321st Missile Wing at Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota in 1996; Minuteman IIs being retired. The new missile enhances capability, increases flexibility, and marks yet another system upgrade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009362-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Missile Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009363-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 12th Missouri Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War and American Indian Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009363-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 12th Missouri Cavalry Regiment was organized in St. Louis, Missouri from November 3, 1863, to March 23, 1864. Attached to the District of Saint Louis, Missouri, Department of Missouri, to July, 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, District of West Tennessee, Department Tennessee, to November, 1864. 1st Brigade, 5th Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division Mississippi, to May, 1865. Department of Missouri, Eastern Division, Powder River Indian Expedition, and District of the Plains to April, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009363-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nDuty at St. Louis, Missouri until June 1, 1864. Ordered to Memphis, Tennessee, and duty there until August 1. Smith's Expedition to Oxford, Mississippi, August 1\u201330. Holly Springs August 1, and Elkshute August 4. Tallahatchie River August 7\u20139. Hurricane Creek and Oxford August 9. Abbeville August 13. Hurricane Creek August 13\u201314 and 19. College Hill, Oxford, August 23. At White's Station until September 30. March to Clifton and Lawrenceburg in pursuit of Nathan Bedford Forest September 30-October 8. At Clifton until October 27. Franklin\u2013Nashville Campaign November\u2013December. March to Pulaski, Tennessee, October 27-November 6. Expedition to Moscow November 9\u201313.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009363-0002-0001", "contents": "12th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nShoal Creek November 11. Eastport, Mississippi, November 10\u201311. On line of Shoal Creek November 16\u201320. Lawrenceburg November 22. Campbellville and Lynnville November 24. In front of Columbia and Battle of Columbia November 24\u201327. Crossing of Duck River November 28. Present at Battle of Spring Hill November 29. In reserve during Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood December 17\u201328. Richland Creek December 24. Battle of Anthony's Hill or King's Gap, near Pulaski, Tennessee, December 25. At Gravelly Springs, Alabama, and Eastport, Mississippi Scouting in Northern Mississippi and Alabama until May, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009363-0002-0002", "contents": "12th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nMoved to St. Louis, Missouri May 12\u201317, thence to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and to Omaha, Nebraska. Powder River Indian Expedition against Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians, in Nebraska, Dakota Territory, and Montana Territory, July 1-September 20, 1865. Actions with Indians on the Powder River September 1\u201311. March from Fort Connor to Fort Laramie September 25-October 4. Engaged in frontier duty until April, 1866, and mustered out on April 9, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009363-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 263 men during its entire service; one officer and 35 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, and one officer and 226 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009364-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate)\nThe 12th Missouri Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. After mustering into Confederate service on October 22, 1862, as White's Missouri Infantry, the regiment, as Ponder's Missouri Infantry, fought in the Battle of Prairie Grove on December 7, where it charged the Union lines several times. On May 3, 1863, the regiment was named the 9th Missouri Infantry Regiment, and fought under that name until December 15, 1863, when it was renamed the 12th Missouri Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009364-0000-0001", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate)\nOn July 4, 1863, the regiment, as part of Brigadier General Mosby M. Parsons' brigade, broke through the Union lines at the Battle of Helena. However, Parsons' flanks were exposed, and the Confederates were driven from the field, suffering heavy losses. After Helena, only 168 men remained in the regiment. On November 22, 1863, the survivors of the regiment were combined into two companies, which were then attached to the 10th Missouri Infantry Regiment, although the 12th Missouri Infantry was still treated as a separate unit for reporting purposes. In April 1864, the 12th Missouri Infantry fought at the battles of Pleasant Hill and Jenkins' Ferry. On September 29, 1864, the survivors of the 12th Missouri Infantry were officially merged into the 10th Missouri Infantry, ending the 12th's separate service career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009364-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Background and formation\nIn 1861, at the outbreak of the American Civil War, the state of Missouri, which was strategically located, did not vote to secede despite being a slave state. However, Governor Claiborne F. Jackson, who supported secession, organized like-minded state militia into a camp outside of St. Louis. On May 10, Nathaniel Lyon, a brigadier general in the Union Army, dispersed Jackson's camp, although a riot in St. Louis followed. Jackson responded on May 12 by forming the Missouri State Guard and placing Sterling Price, a major general of state troops, in charge of it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009364-0001-0001", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Background and formation\nOn June 15, Lyon's force moved against the state capital of Jefferson City, causing Jackson and the pro-secession elements of the state legislature to evacuate to Boonville. Lyon took Boonville two days later by forcing out a group of Missouri State Guard soldiers led by Colonel John S. Marmaduke. Price and Jackson then fell back into the southwestern portion of the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009364-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Background and formation\nPrice then joined forces with Brigadier General Ben McCulloch's Confederate States Army force. In August, the two forces, under the command of McCulloch, were encamped near Springfield. On August 10, Lyon attacked the Confederate camp, in the ensuing Battle of Wilson's Creek, the Union forces were defeated and Lyon killed. After Wilson's Creek, Price and the Missouri State Guard moved north, capturing a Union garrison at Lexington after a siege in September. However, Union forces gathered at Tipton, and Price fell back into southwestern Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009364-0002-0001", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Background and formation\nIn November, Jackson and the pro-secession legislators held a vote approving secession while at Neosho; Missouri joined the Confederate States of America as a government-in-exile. The anti-secession legislators had previously held their own convention in Jefferson City, rejecting secession. In February 1862, Union pressure led Price to leave Missouri for Arkansas, where he joined forces with Major General Earl Van Dorn. In March, Price joined the Confederate States Army, receiving a commission as a major general. Later that month, Van Dorn was defeated at the Battle of Pea Ridge, establishing Union control of Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009364-0002-0002", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Background and formation\nMost of the men of the Missouri State Guard eventually left the unit to join Confederate States Army formations. Union control of Missouri seemed secure enough that one officer stated that \"[there was] no Rebel flag now flying in Missouri\". However, this was disproved when Confederate recruiters and raiders entered the state later that summer. White's Missouri Infantry was first organized in late August 1862 from veterans of the Missouri State Guard. James D. White, the regiment's first colonel, had been authorized to form a regiment for service in the Confederate States Army by Major General Thomas Hindman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009364-0002-0003", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Background and formation\nThe unit was originally based in Pocahontas, Arkansas; it fought in a small skirmish near the town in September. On October 22, the regiment officially entered Confederate service while at Yellville, Arkansas. Willis M. Ponder was the regiment's first lieutenant colonel, and Thomas B. Sandford was the first major. As of the date of muster, the regiment contained 10 companies, designated by the letters A\u2013I and K. All were Missouri-raised, except for Company G, which also contained men from Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009364-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1862\nAfter mustering into Confederate service, the regiment transferred to a camp near Van Buren, Arkansas. The regiment was assigned to Colonel Alexander E. Steen's brigade in November, although Steen was later replaced by Brigadier General Mosby M. Parsons. On November 30, the regiment began moving towards Prairie Grove, Arkansas. Ponder commanded the regiment during the movement, as White was ill.   During the early stages of the Battle of Prairie Grove on December 7, the regiment (under the name Ponder's Missouri Infantry) aligned with the rest of Parsons' brigade in a position supporting the Confederate left flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009364-0003-0001", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1862\nLate in the battle, Ponder's regiment, along with the rest of Parsons' brigade and Clark's Missouri Infantry Regiment, attacked a Union position. The Confederate attack eventually forced the Union line back, but was halted by Union artillery fire. A further Confederate attack drove back a reformed Union line, with Ponder's regiment and Steen's Missouri Infantry Regiment turning the Union left flank. The Confederates made another attempt against the Union line, but in the advance to attack, Caldwell's Missouri Regiment and Hunter's Missouri Infantry Regiment had their lines of advance cut off by other units, preventing them from joining the charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009364-0003-0002", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1862\nPonder's regiment was on the right of the Confederate attack along with Steen's regiment, but heavy fire from two Union artillery batteries and the 11th Kansas Infantry Regiment repulsed the two regiments. Steen was killed and the two regiments routed, ending the Battle of Prairie Grove. At Prairie Grove, Ponder's regiment suffered 72 casualties. After the defeat at Prairie Grove, the regiment returned to Van Buren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009364-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1863\nIn January 1863, the regiment transferred from Van Buren to Little Rock, Arkansas. On May 3, the regiment was given the name of 9th Missouri Infantry Regiment by Price's headquarters. By June 11, White had recovered enough from his illness to regain command of the regiment. On July 4, the 9th Missouri Infantry was part of a Confederate assault against a Union force occupying Helena, Arkansas. Parsons' brigade attacked Graveyard Hill and captured it; the regimental flag of the 9th Missouri Infantry was raised over the captured position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009364-0004-0001", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1863\nHowever, the brigade's success left both of its flanks exposed, and Union troops were able to concentrate against the brigade. After a five-hour fight, the Confederates were driven back from Graveyard Hill with heavy losses, including many men captured. The 9th Missouri Infantry lost 62 men killed or wounded in the battle; the number of missing men was not reported. Shortly after the battle, the regiment had only 168 men available for duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009364-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1863\nBeginning in August, the regiment built fortifications designed to defend Little Rock against Union attack. On August 28, White left the regiment to serve as a provost marshal and was replaced as regiment commander by Ponder, who was promoted to colonel. In September, Union forces advanced against Little Rock, but moved around the Confederate fortifications. In response, the regiment retreated to southern Arkansas without fighting. On November 22, the survivors of the regiment were combined into two companies, which were then attached to the 10th Missouri Infantry Regiment. Despite being attached to the 10th Missouri Infantry, the 9th Missouri Infantry was still treated as a separate regiment for reporting purposes. On December 15, the 9th Missouri Infantry was renamed the 12th Missouri Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009364-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1864\nIn March 1864, Parsons was elevated to divisional command. Parsons' division contained two brigades: one commanded by Colonel John Bullock Clark Jr. and the other commanded by Colonel Simon P. Burns. As part of Burns' brigade, the 12th Missouri Infantry moved to the support of Major General Richard Taylor in April; Taylor was threatened by a Union advance against Shreveport, Louisiana. The unit reached Taylor's position on April 9, and fought in the Battle of Pleasant Hill later that day. Parsons' division was aligned on the Confederate right flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009364-0006-0001", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1864\nWithin Parsons' division, Burns' brigade was on the left and Clark's brigade was on the right. The Confederate attack was initially successful, breaking a portion of the Union line. However, a Union flank attack drove back Parsons' line, causing the units to Parsons' left to fall back. The Confederates put up firm resistance at first, but eventually the fighting retreat turned into a rout. However, the Union troops retreated from the field, despite repulsing the Confederate attack. The 12th Missouri Infantry lost 14 men at Pleasant Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009364-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1864\nAfter a brief rest, the regiment then began moving north towards Camden, Arkansas, which was held by Major General Frederick Steele's Union force. Steele retreated in the face of the Confederate advance, but was caught at the crossing of the Saline River. At the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry on April 30, Parsons' division deployed at around 10:00 a.m., having arrived on the field an hour earlier. Burn's brigade, including the 12th Missouri Infantry, was the left brigade in Parsons' alignment. When Burns' brigade attacked the Union lines, it encountered the 33rd Iowa Infantry and the 12th Kansas Infantry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009364-0007-0001", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1864\nEventually, Burns' brigade was able to outflank the two Union regiments, forcing them to retreat. However, Union reinforcements soon arrived, and a counterattack drove Burns' brigade from the field. Burns' brigade later aligned to support a Texas division, but Steele retreated across the Saline River before Burns' brigade was reengaged. The regiment reported three casualties from the Jenkins' Ferry fighting. Jenkins' Ferry was the 12th Missouri Infantry's last major fight. On September 29, the regiment was officially consolidated into the 10th Missouri Infantry while stationed in Arkansas, ceasing to exist as a separate unit. General Edmund Kirby Smith surrendered the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department on June 2, 1865. On June 8, the men of the 10th Missouri Infantry were paroled at Shreveport; they were later shipped back to Missouri via steamboat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 936]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009365-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union)\nThe 12th Missouri Infantry Regiment  was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was organized by Colonel Peter J. Osterhaus, a veteran of the respected 2nd Missouri Volunteer Infantry (3 months, 1861). The majority of the soldiers in the 12th were ethnic Germans. This intermixed German-American unit also had a large portion of its ranks filled by volunteers from Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009365-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nOrganized at St. Louis, Missouri, August 1861. Attached to Fremont's Army of the West to January 1862. 2nd Brigade, Army of Southwest Missouri, to February 1862. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Army of Southwest Missouri, to May 1862. 3rd Division, Army of Southwest Missouri, to July 1862. District of Eastern Arkansas, Dept. of Missouri, to December 1862. 1st Brigade, 11th Division, Right Wing 13th Army Corps (Old), Dept. of the Tennessee, to December 1862. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, Sherman's Yazoo Expedition, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, to September 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 15th Army Corps, to December 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, 15th Army Corps, to November 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009365-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nFremont's advance on Springfield, Missouri, September to November 1861. Moved to Jefferson City, thence to Sedalia and Springfield. To Wilson's Creek October 6\u20138. Duty at Rolla until January, 1862Expedition to Danville December 26, 1861. Curtis' Campaign in Missouri and Arkansas against Price January to March 1862. Advance on Springfield February 2\u201316. Pursuit of Price into Arkansas February 14\u201329. Battles of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, March 6\u20138. March to Batesville April 5-May 3; thence to Helena, Arkansas, May 25-July 14. Expedition from Helena to mouth of White River August 5\u20138. Moved to Ironton-Pilot Knob, Missouri, September 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009365-0002-0001", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nTo St. Genevieve November 12, and return to Helena November 23. Sherman's Yazoo Expedition December 22, 1862, to January 3, 1863. Chickasaw Bayou December 26\u201328. Chickasaw Bluff December 29. Expedition to Arkansas Post, Arkansas, January 3\u201310, 1863. Assault and capture of Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, January 10\u201311. Moved to Young's Point, La., January 17\u201323. Duty there until March and at Milliken's Bend until April. Expedition to Greenville, Black Bayou and Deer Creek April 2\u201314. Demonstration on Haines and Drumgould's Bluffs April 29-May 2. Moved to join army in rear of Vicksburg, Mississippi, via Richmond and Grand Gulf May 2\u201314.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009365-0002-0002", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nMississippi Springs May 12\u201313. Jackson May 14. Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi, May 18-July 4. Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22. Advance on Jackson, Mississippi, July 4\u201310. Siege of Jackson July 10\u201317. Bolton's Depot July 16. Brier Creek, near Canton, July 17, Clinton July 18. Camp at Big Black until September 27. Moved to Memphis, Tennessee, thence march to Chattanooga, Tennessee, September 27-November 21. Operations on Memphis & Charleston Railroad in Alabama October 20\u201329. Cherokee Station October 21 and 29. Cane Creek October 26. Tuscumbia October 26\u201327. Battles of Chattanooga November 23\u201327. Lookout Mountain November 23\u201324. Mission Ridge November 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009365-0002-0003", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nRinggold Gap, Taylor's Ridge, November 27. March to relief of Knoxville, November 28-December 8. Garrison duty in Alabama at Woodville and Scottsboro, Alabama, and at Cleveland, Tennessee, to May 1864. Atlanta (Georgia) Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstration on Resaca May 8\u201313. Battle of Resaca May 13\u201315. Advance on Dallas May 18\u201325. Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kenesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Bushy Mountain June 15\u201317. Assault on Kenesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Chattahoochie River July 6\u201317. Battle of Atlanta July 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009365-0002-0004", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nSiege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Ezra Chapel, Hood's 2nd Sortie, July 28. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Lovejoy Station September 2\u20136. Pursuit of Hood into Alabama October 1\u201321. Mustered out by Companies from August 12 to November 14, 1864. Consolidated with Detachments from 3rd and 17th Missouri Volunteer Infantry and subsequently transferred to 15th Missouri Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009365-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Casualties\nThe regiment lost during service 10 officers and 102 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 2 officers and 94 enlisted men by disease. Total 208.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009366-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Moscow International Film Festival\nThe 12th Moscow International Film Festival was held from 7 to 21 July 1981. The Golden Prizes were awarded to the Brazilian film O Homem que Virou Suco directed by Jo\u00e3o Batista de Andrade, the Vietnamese film The Abandoned Field: Free Fire Zone directed by Nguyen Hong Shen and the Soviet-French-Swiss film Teheran 43 directed by Aleksandr Alov and Vladimir Naumov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009367-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Motor Rifle Division\nThe 12th Motor Rifle Division was a motorized infantry division of the Soviet Army, formed twice. It was formed in 1957 from the 12th Rifle Division and disbanded in 1958. The division was reformed in 1960 and moved to Baganuur in Mongolia in 1979. It pulled out of Mongolia in 1990 and became a storage base in 1992. The storage base was disbanded in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009367-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Motor Rifle Division, History, First formation\nThe 12th Motor Rifle Division was first formed on 17 May 1957 in Belogorsk, Amur Oblast from the 12th Amur Rifle Division. The division included the 192nd, 214th and 394th Motor Rifle Regiments and the 138th Guards Tank Regiment. Part of the Far Eastern Military District, it was disbanded on 15 October 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009367-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Motor Rifle Division, History, Second formation\nIn June 1960, the division was reformed in Divizionnaya (in Ulan-Ude), Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. It was part of the Transbaikal Military District and did not inherit the honorifics of the previous division. On 19 February 1962, the 964th Separate Missile Battalion was formed. In June 1967, the army became part of the 44th Army Corps. In 1968, the 1156th Separate Sapper Battalion became a sapper-engineer unit. In May 1970, the division was subordinated to the 29th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009367-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Motor Rifle Division, History, Second formation\nOn 15 March 1979, the division moved to Baganuur, Mongolia, and became part of the 39th Army due to increased tensions caused by the Sino-Vietnamese War. It was upgraded to 65% strength from its previous 15% manning. In 1980, the motor transport battalion became the 1161st Separate Material Supply Battalion. In April of that year, the 34th Separate Tank Battalion was attached to the division. It was previously part of the 138th Separate Tank Regiment in East Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009367-0003-0001", "contents": "12th Motor Rifle Division, History, Second formation\nThe 523rd Motor Rifle Regiment transferred to the 51st Tank Division in the same year and was replaced by that division's 189th Motor Rifle Regiment. In 1985, the 189th moved back to the 51st and the 523rd became part of the 12th Motor Rifle Division again. The 34th Separate Tank Battalion was disbanded around this time. In 1989, the 189th once again returned to the division and the 523rd transferred back to the 51st Tank Division. In May 1990, after the Mongolian Revolution of 1990, the 598th Motor Rifle Regiment returned to Divizionnaya. The rest of the division soon followed and its headquarters moved to Divizionnaya in June 1992, becoming part of the 57th Army Corps. There, the division became the 5517th Weapons and Equipment Storage Base. The storage base was disbanded in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009368-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Motorised Brigade (South Africa)\nThe 12th Motorised Brigade (South Africa) was a South African brigade-level infantry unit that served with the Allies in the Italian Campaign of World War II under the 6th South African Armoured Division. It was the first South African unit to enter combat in Italy. The unit was activated in 1943 and had generally deactivated by 8 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009368-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Motorised Brigade (South Africa), Formation\nThe 12th Motorized Brigade was officially formed under the 6th Armoured Division (South Africa) on 8 February 1943 as a mismatched collection of volunteers from various units previously serving in North Africa, as interest in fighting in Italy was low among South African soldiers. The unit was led by Brig. R.J. Palmer, and sailed, along with the rest of the 6th, to Port Tewfik on the Suez Canal on 30 April 1943. The brigade received training in the Kataba desert in the northwest of Cairo, Egypt, culminating in the three-day \"Exercise Durban\", which ran from 5\u20137 December 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009368-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Motorised Brigade (South Africa), Italian Campaign\nAfter receiving orders, the 6th sailed from Alexandria, Egypt on 16 April 1944 and arrived in Taranto, Italy, on the 20th. After arrival, 12th Brigade was detached from the 6th and ordered to move to S. Elia, a mountainous region north of Monte Cassino that featured a section of the Gustav Line, to relieve the 11th Canadian Infantry Brigade. Under the command of the 2nd New Zealand Division of the British X Corps, the 12th took over the sector on 6 May and held it until 23 May, after the fall of Monte Cassino, when they were reincorporated into 6th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009368-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Motorised Brigade (South Africa), Italian Campaign\nAs part of the Allied drive northwards in Italy, the 12th took the town of Paliano on 3 June. After the Allies took Rome on 4 June, the 6th Armoured was ordered to push upwards on the Via Casilina to take over the spearhead of the British XIII Corps, passing through Rome on 6 June. After continuing to march with the 6th Armoured Division up through Italy, a regiment of the 12th, the First City / Cape Town Highlanders, took the lead and captured the important Orvieto road junction on 14 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009368-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Motorised Brigade (South Africa), Italian Campaign\nNext, 6th Division met the LXXVI Panzer Corps on the Georg Line north of Route 73. 12th Brigade took one side of the attack, advancing along the road and eventually helping capture Radda on 17 July. On 20 July, the 12th attacked and took Mt. St. Michele, an important strategic position for control over the Arno Valley and Allied advances into France. After taking over part of the front at Arno River with Prince Arnold's Guard and the 74th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, the 12th eventually crossed the Arno on the night of 28\u201329 August 1944. At this point, the 12th was tasked with sending armed patrols to determine the extent of German withdrawal from the region, which was undertaken by the Royal Natal Carbineers and the FC/CTH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009368-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Motorised Brigade (South Africa), Italian Campaign\nC Company of the RNC liberated the town of Artimino on 1 September. The RNC liberated Pistoia on 8 September. On 11 September, the 6th Armoured regrouped, with the 12th Motorised Brigade put in the center of the formation. The 12th moved up Highway 64, with the FC/CTH crossing the Apennine watershed at Collin on 27 September. On 8 October, the 12th was moved up to hold the Mt. Vegese-Montevolo area. The RNC had been separated from the brigade several weeks earlier to capture Mt. Vegese with the 11th Motorised Brigade. Next, the brigade was assigned the task of taking Mt. Stanco, which it accomplished by 13 October, with the Witwatersrand Rifles reaching the summit by 05:59 that morning. FC/CTH was assigned to take Point 650, which they accomplished by mid-afternoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009368-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Motorised Brigade (South Africa), Italian Campaign\nSeveral units from the 12th were assigned to take Mt. Salvaro and Mt. Pezza, which they accomplished by 25 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009368-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Motorised Brigade (South Africa), Italian Campaign\nAfter a slow winter, 12th Brigade once again moved up to the front on the night of 31 March 1945. To capture Mt. Sole and Mt. Caprara, the brigade's next objectives, the 12th advanced along the ridge of Mt. Sole. WR/DLR and FC/CTH attacked on 15 April and had captured the summits of the mountains by the evening of the next day, although WR/DLR suffered 168 casualties in the process. On 22 April 1945, the 12th Motorised Brigade reached Camposanto, which had been previously liberated by American troops. On the afternoon of 24 April, the 12th reached the banks of the Po River, rounding up 487 German prisoners in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009368-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Motorised Brigade (South Africa), Post-War Activity\nAfter the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, the 12th was assigned occupation duty in the Aosta Valley on the Franco-Italian border. An official announcement was made by the Union Defence Force on 9 August that South Africans abroad would be sent home in waves, with priority given to those who had served abroad for the longest time. As demobilisation took place on an individual basis, unit structure was lost. By 26 February 1946, all South African soldiers had been sent home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009368-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Motorised Brigade (South Africa), Retirement\nSeparate units of the 12th Motorised Brigade demobilised on different dates. The 1st Witwatersrand Rifles and Regiment de la Rey disbanded on 30 June 1943, forming the combined WR/DLR regiment that lasted until 8 May 1945. The First City Regiment disbanded on 5 October 1943. FC/CTH, RB/RPS, and RNC all demobilised on 8 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009369-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Mounted Rifles\nThe 12th Mounted Rifles were a light cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army. The regiment was formed 1 October 1913 in St. Avold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009371-0000-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was convened from September 1\u201311, 1982, five years before the 13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party convened. The path of modernization through socialism was laid out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009371-0001-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nIt was preceded by the 11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. It coincided with the time in which leader Deng Xiaoping was Chairman of the Central Advisory Commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0000-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nThe 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam (Vietnamese: \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XII, 12th National Congress of Delegates) was the twelfth party congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam that was held at the My Dinh National Convention Centre, Hanoi. The party convened on January 18, 2016 and lasted until January 20. The Congress elected the 200-member Party Central Committee, composed of 180 official members and 20 alternate members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0001-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nThe new committee then elected 19 members of the Central Politburo and the Central Committee in the First Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee, which included four key government positions: Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng was re-elected as General Secretary\u2014the head of the Politburo, Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1i Quang was nominated as the President of Vietnam\u2014the head of the state and ranked second in the Politburo, Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Ph\u00fac was elected as the Prime Minister\u2014the head of the government and ranked third in the Politburo, and Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Kim Ng\u00e2n was elected as Chairwoman of the National Assembly of Vietnam\u2014the legislative speaker of National assembly, ranked fourth in the Politburo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0002-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nThe 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam included an assessment of the country's national leadership and development that had occurred over the past 30 years of reform. At the same time, the party evaluated the implementation of the 11th National Congress' policies from 2011 to 2015, and set new policies to be implemented over the period from 2016 to 2020. The Doi Moi economic reforms have benefited Vietnam's society, resulting in an ongoing transformation of the state. Vietnam experienced a shift regarding the basis of regime legitimacy, with a change from nationalism and socialist ideology to performance, as well as a shift towards a diversified foreign policy through strategic partnerships and economic cooperation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0003-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations, Central Committee's nomination\nThe 12th Congress elected the Central Committee on January 26, 2016, but the committee's membership was effectively decided five weeks earlier at the 13th Plenum of the 11th Central Committee (December 14-21, 2015). Following this, the 14th Plenum, held one week before the 12th Congress, finalised the 11th Central Committee's recommendations for the top posts in the party-state. A few months later, the National Assembly formally appointed the General Secretary, President, Prime Minister and Chairman of the National Assembly for the next five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 102], "content_span": [103, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0004-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations, Central Committee's nomination\nBefore the Politburo's nominations were published, Trong was considered to have a disadvantage as he exceeded the age limit of sixty for incumbent members. However, the final declaration showed his success not only because of a power struggle between Nguyen Tan Dung and Nguyen Phu Trong, but also an equilibrium of domestic politics between different factions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 102], "content_span": [103, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0005-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations, New leadership, General Secretary\nPhuong Nguyen noted that \"Trong\u2019s reappointment was a crucial development which set the tone for Vietnam\u2019s politics and direction in the wake of the congress,\" and that, after a competition with Dung, these political developments are viewed as signs that public opinion and elite factionalism will play an increasing role in Vietnam's foreign policy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 105], "content_span": [106, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0005-0001", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations, New leadership, General Secretary\nThis is supported by the fact that during the 2013 National Assembly confidence vote, Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung won the full support of just 42% of the national assembly and was given \u201clow confidence\u201d ratings by about a third of the house, in contrast to President Truong Tan Sang, who won 330 high-confidence votes from the 498 lawmakers and only 28 low-confidence ballots. Dung's low confidence vote was a reaction to his promotion of centralized leadership; Dung's intention of being a strong General Secretary would undermine the Central Committee, which favors a division of power at the top. Party chief Nguyen Phu Trong, who had led an \"anybody but Dung\" coalition, emerged to squash Dung's ambition by attacking his loyalty to the party, management track record, and fitness to lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 105], "content_span": [106, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0006-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations, New leadership, General Secretary\nDung's aggressive politics turned many people against him. National Assembly Chair Nguyen Sinh Hung, a rent seeker, joined Trong's camp because Dung constantly expanded his control of the banking sector, which could have potentially unveiled corruption on Hung's part. This directly resulted in the imbalance between Trong's and Dung's camps, leaving Dung relatively isolated in the Politburo. Consequently, in 2015, Dung failed to gain the Politburo's support for his General Secretary candidacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 105], "content_span": [106, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0007-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations, New leadership, Politburo\nThe Politburo is elected by the Central Committee during its first session. The Politburo members are ranked in the official order of precedence every time the body is elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 97], "content_span": [98, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0008-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations, New leadership, Politburo\nOn May 9, 2018, the Seventh Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee dismissed him from the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 97], "content_span": [98, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0009-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Preparations, New leadership, Politburo\nAfter the 12th National Congress, the Politburo made several adjustments, including a vote on the nomination of Nguyen Phu Trong as president on October 3, after the death of Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1i Quang's in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 97], "content_span": [98, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0010-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Evaluation of the new leadership\nTrong's reappointment was an important development that set the tone for Vietnam's politics and direction after the conference. The primary task of his mission was to reaffirm the authority of the party in all decisions, to alleviate corruption and rent-seeking behavior, and to provide a sense of direction for the next phase of Vietnam's doi moi efforts. The new leadership suggests that the party and government leadership is now more united in fighting corruption and promoting economic reforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 90], "content_span": [91, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0010-0001", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Evaluation of the new leadership\nAs such, several powerful figures have entered the politburo and are playing a significant role into the state's development plan: Nguyen Xuan Phuc, a former Deputy Prime Minister and economist by training, was appointed Prime Minister; Nguyen Thi Kim Ngan, former Vice-Chair of the National Assembly became Chairwoman of the legislature, making her the first woman to ever hold that post; Vuong Dinh Hue, a former head of the party central economic committee, became the Deputy Prime Minister; Dinh The Huynh, the previous party's propaganda chief took the position of Executive Secretary of the party secretariat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 90], "content_span": [91, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0010-0002", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Evaluation of the new leadership\nPhuc and Hue are responsible for setting a broad economic restructuring agenda and comprehensive financial sector reforms for 2016 \u2013 2020. Huynh supports Trong's party-building efforts by preventing and rooting out elements seen as ideologically deviant or too corrupt. However, the behavior of Trong can be seen as a further attack on rent-seeking people who previously supported Dung in the name of anti-corruption. There are three main camps of speculations regarding Dung's retreat from the politburo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 90], "content_span": [91, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0011-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Evaluation of the new leadership\nThe first one thinks that Dung's strategic retreat was a temporary one for a balance between the North and South. Chinese scholar Zhao Weihua and Jin Dongli announced: \"Nguyen Tan Dung actively chose to \u2018slow and retreat\u2019 and did not oppose the continued retention of Trong, but in exchange for the political ally of the southern faction, Nguyen Xuan Phuc, Tran Dai Quang and Nguyen Th\u1ecb Kim Ngan.\" The three were pushed to the top leadership positions to balance the power of the Northern Part.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 90], "content_span": [91, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0011-0001", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Evaluation of the new leadership\nIn the new 19-member Politburo, the number of Southern, pro-Southern members and the North faction have reached a balance. General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong endorsed Nguyen Ba Thanh and Vuong Dinh Hue, who were either political rivals or non-allies of Dung, as additional Politburo members, the Central Committee elected Nguyen Thien Nhan and Nguyen Thi Kim Ngan instead. Both Nhan and Ngan are from the South and are seen as Dung's close allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 90], "content_span": [91, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0012-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Evaluation of the new leadership\nThe second is rooted in the traditional political struggle between four parties: conservatives, modernizers, rent-seekers, and moderates. Scholars like Vuving see the victory as a concession between conservatives and modernizers as well as a broader coalition between policy currents by arguing that Dung's allies included mostly rent-seekers, modernizers, and moderates. Trong was backed by an even more heterogeneous coalition that comprised conservatives, modernizers, and moderates, with some rent-seekers in the mix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 90], "content_span": [91, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0013-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Evaluation of the new leadership\nThe third is centered around corruption, which arouses distrust within the party and society and caused the Central Committee to turn their support to Trong's idea of economic reform and anti-corruption proposal. The economic reforms implemented by Dung are opposed by the Conservatives, who worry that excessive economic openness will cause the market to be taken away by foreign capital and cause the domestic economy to weaken. Conservatives accused Dung of being involved with economic misconduct, causing state-owned companies to close down, being unable to control large public debts, and condoning corruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 90], "content_span": [91, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0013-0001", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Evaluation of the new leadership\nDuring the Dung's reign, despite economic reform by introducing foreign investment, Vietnam had also faced serious economic problems and a series of financial corruption incidents, which led to him being criticized. Some parties even asked him to step down. For Trong's faction, the anti-corruption drive and stamping out remaining elements within Dung's patronage network are two sides of the same coin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 90], "content_span": [91, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0014-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth\nDue to Vietnam's current economic situation, it does not rush to privatization reform. Although privatization is conducive to the development of Vietnamese polities, the grassroots' masses still rely on state-owned enterprises in Vietnam. Privitization suffers from at least three serious shortcomings: a focus on micro-efficiency through regulation at the expense of SOE\u2019s social and public functions; laggard implementation due to misalignments of political incentives; and the shaky equitization process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 130], "content_span": [131, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0015-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth\nThese three shortcomings hinder the improvement of the country's three aspects: first, the recent reforms have little concern for the social or public functions of state-owned enterprises, but rather focus on allowing state-owned enterprises to perform limited business functions. Second, the central government wants to accelerate and control the reform of state-owned enterprises, while other parts of the state \u2013 especially local, provincial, or departmental \u2013 are resistant to these efforts. Third, the process of the fairness of instability and instability - the process of fairness is mainly concentrated in small state-owned enterprises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 130], "content_span": [131, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0016-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth\nAfter Trong came into power, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) still account for about 40% of Vietnam\u2019s economic output. Trong with his cabinet started to take measures to cut red tape, streamlining the bureaucracy, clean up the banking system, reform the SOEs, and carry out political reform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 130], "content_span": [131, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0017-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Cutting red tape\nCutting red tape means to provide a favourable environment for investment, one of the most important factors is the reduction of regulations and paperwork. In June, Prime Minister Phuc instructed various government ministries and offices to create the \u201cmost favourable conditions\u201d for investment and eliminate \u201cunnecessary investment requirements\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 148], "content_span": [149, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0018-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Cutting red tape\nIn September 2017, by Phuc's instructions, the Ministry of Industry and Trade decided to reduce and simplify investment requirements within the jurisdiction of the ministry for 2017\u201318. This decision cut 675 investment requirements\u2014the largest cut in the history of the ministry. After the cut, only 541 investment requirements remained. Government resolution 112/NQ-CP tabled on 30 October 2017 abolishing the registration book (so ho khau) to manage and control people's place of residence. The primary intention of cutting red tape is to simplify SOE privatization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 148], "content_span": [149, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0019-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Cleaning up banking system\nCleaning up the banking system is closely related to the anti-graft campaign, which also engages in part of the political reform in Vietnam. The anti-graft campaign began with a move against the \u201cbiggest case\u201d of economic corruption involving Vietnam Construction Joint Stock Commercial Bank (VNCB), where the bank's CEO Pham Cong Danh and his associates were charged with embezzlement and loss totalling over 401 million dollars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 158], "content_span": [159, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0019-0001", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Cleaning up banking system\nFurthermore, in 2017, the anti-corruption campaign affected the Communist Party such that Dinh La Thang, member of the Politburo and party secretary of Ho Chi Minh City, was the first person to be removed from the Politburo for corruption on the grounds of committing serious mistakes and violations while leading Petro Vietnam. After this event, the Politburo issued regulations to inspect the assets of approximately 1,000 senior officials regardless of activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 158], "content_span": [159, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0020-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Cleaning up banking system\nMore upper-level personnel have been involved in this campaign. The decision to punish a retired official \u2014 unprecedented in Vietnamese politics \u2014 was a warning signal to currently serving officials. Government ministries are reported to be working on new legislation that would allow for the \u201cfair and strict punishment\u201d of state officials retroactively. According to previous speculation on Trong's vigorous anti-corruption campaign, power will be more concentrated on the general secretary, which is one of the various reforms that the Central Committee hopes to avoid but cannot oppose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 158], "content_span": [159, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0021-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Streamlining the bureaucracy\nStreamlining the bureaucracy began with SOE restructure and reducing their number and importance in the national economy through privatization. Conventional wisdom in post-Cold War economics favored privatization reforms and cast a pessimistic light on Vietnamese SOEs, noting that SOEs still account for about 40% of Vietnam's economic output. According to patron-client theory, rent-seekers benefited by supporting Dung's cabinet; for example, Nguyen Sinh Hung was a rent-seeker who was financially and operationally backed by businesses under his patronage. To strike corruption, Trong requires \"scaling down the role it plays in the economy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 160], "content_span": [161, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0022-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Streamlining the bureaucracy\nDue to Vietnam's current economic situation, it is not rushing to privatization reform, although the data is sufficient to show that privatization is beneficial to the development of Vietnamese polities. Privatization suffers from at least three serious shortcomings: a focus on micro-efficiency through regulation at the expense of SOE\u2019s social and public functions, laggard implementation due to misalignments of political incentives, and the shaky equitization process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 160], "content_span": [161, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0023-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Streamlining the bureaucracy\nMeanwhile, a Vietnam scholar suggests that \"the firms who were managed more leanly (e.g. lower cost structures, lower buffer liquidity holdings), with a greater tolerance or appetite for risk (material capital expenditures funded chiefly through debt) and with a greater capacity to expand at a rate commensurate with demand, given easier access to capital notwithstanding the concerns we expressed above to how that capital was typically structured.\" The firms refer to the privatized SOEs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 160], "content_span": [161, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0024-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Political reform\nPham Quy Ngo said that enabling government could only succeed if its institutional reform in the economy was carried out in parallel with institutional reform in politics. To him, laws must be changed to guarantee private ownership, equality between economic sectors and components, and \u201ccivil, economic and political rights, such as freedom of association, freedom of information, the right to demonstrate and peaceful expression \u2026 together with personal responsibilities must be regulated by law in a civilized manner\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 148], "content_span": [149, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0024-0001", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Political reform\nAt the fifth plenum of the CCP on 5 \u2013 10 May 2017, the Central Committee resolved to pursue three objectives: \u201ccompleting the socialist-oriented market economy institution; continuing to re-organize, renovate and improve the efficiency of State-owned enterprises; and develop the private economy into an important driving force of the socialist-oriented market economy\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 148], "content_span": [149, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0025-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Foreign Policy\nFour major themes form Vietnam's foreign policy framework: independence and self-reliance, multilateralism and diversification of external relations, struggle and cooperation, and pro-active international integration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 118], "content_span": [119, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0026-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Foreign Policy\nVietnam's policy of multilateralism and diversifying its foreign relations was endorsed by all subsequent national party congresses from the eighth (1996) onward. The Political Report to the 12th National Congress held in January 2016 stated, \u201cTo ensure successful implementation of foreign policy and international integration \u2026 consistently carry out the foreign policy of independence, autonomy, peace, cooperation, and development \u2026 [and] diversify and multilateralism external relations.\u201d and \u201cto ensure successful implementation of foreign policy and international integration\u2026 [Vietnam must] be proactive and active in international integration; to be a friend, reliable partner, and a responsible member of the international community\u2026\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 118], "content_span": [119, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0027-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Foreign Policy\nThe practice of Vietnamese successful foreign policy depends on two important factors: the presence and credible commitment of the United States to serve as a counterweight to the increasing assertiveness of China, and ASEAN unity to provide Vietnam with some sort of bargaining power in dealing with major powers. The foreign policy maintains their relationships with both countries to prevent bigger conflicts with the other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 118], "content_span": [119, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0028-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Foreign Policy\nVietnam's foreign policy is shifting to protect a constant development in the region and a continuous benefit from international integration. After Trump's presidency, some scholars made comparisons and concluded that Trump's foreign policy may make it difficult for Vietnam to place itself between China and the United States. Nguyen Manh Hung pointed out that Trump exerts an unstable factor in this region: \"Trump's well-known unpredictability, his administration's policy towards China introduced uncertainty in the future of U.S.\u2013Vietnam relations and renewed Vietnam's fear of possible collusion between the United States and China at its expense.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 118], "content_span": [119, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009372-0029-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Foreign Policy\nAt the same time, the discussion on Vietnam's Sino-US relations was abandoned by interpreting the ideological norms of Vietnam's foreign policy in different eras, which made Vietnam's diplomatic norms even more unpredictable and this manifestation is closer to the assertion of realist scholars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 118], "content_span": [119, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009373-0000-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Kuomintang\nThe 12th National Congress of the Kuomintang (Chinese: \u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u6b21\u5168\u570b\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a) was the twelfth national congress of the Kuomintang, held on 29 March \u2013 4 April 1981 in Chung-Shan Building, Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009373-0001-0000", "contents": "12th National Congress of the Kuomintang, Results\nImportant resolutions passed were the \"Unify China with the Three Principles of the People\" and Chiang Ching-kuo reelection as Chairman of the Kuomintang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009374-0000-0000", "contents": "12th National Defence Commission\nThe 12th National Defence Commission (NDC) of North Korea was elected by the 1st Session of the 12th Supreme People's Assembly on 9 April 2009. It was replaced on 9 April 2014 by the 13th NDC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009375-0000-0000", "contents": "12th National Film Awards\nThe 12th National Film Awards, then known as State Awards for Films, presented by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India to felicitate the best of Indian Cinema released in 1964. Ceremony took place at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi on 31 May 1965 and awards were given by then Governor of Maharashtra, P. V. Cherian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009375-0001-0000", "contents": "12th National Film Awards\nStarting with 12th National Film Awards, a new award was introduced at All India level for Best Story Writer. Also awards for films made in English and Kashmiri language are also considered for the President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in the respective language at the regional level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009375-0002-0000", "contents": "12th National Film Awards, Awards\nPresident's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film is now better known as National Film Award for Best Feature Film, whereas President's Gold Medal for the Best Documentary Film is analogous to today's National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film. For children's films, Prime Minister's Gold Medal is now given as National Film Award for Best Children's Film. At the regional level, President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film is now given as National Film Award for Best Feature Film in a particular language. Certificate of Merit in all the categories is discontinued over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009375-0003-0000", "contents": "12th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films\nFeature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level. For 12th National Film Awards, a Bengali film Charulata won the President's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film. Following were the awards given:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009375-0004-0000", "contents": "12th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films, All India Award\nFor 12th National Film Awards, none of the films were awarded from Children's Films category as no film was found to be suitable. Following were the awards given in each category:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 65], "content_span": [66, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009375-0005-0000", "contents": "12th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films, Regional Award\nThe awards were given to the best films made in the regional languages of India. With 12th National Film Awards, two more awards were introduced for the feature films made in English and Kashmiri language. These newly introduced categories includes President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film and Certificate of Merit for second and third best film, although former was not given as no film was found suitable for the award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009375-0006-0000", "contents": "12th National Film Awards, Awards, Non-Feature films\nNon -feature film awards were given for the documentaries, educational films and film strips made in the country. For 12th National Film Awards, no award was given in the filmstrip category and only Certificate of Merit was awarded for Educational Films. Following were the awards given for the non-feature films category:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009375-0007-0000", "contents": "12th National Film Awards, Awards, Awards not given\nFollowing were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009376-0000-0000", "contents": "12th National Geographic Bee\nThe 12th National Geographic Bee was held in Washington, D.C. on May 24, 2000, sponsored by the National Geographic Society. The final competition was moderated by Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. The winner was Felix Peng of Elisabeth Adams Middle School in Guilford, Connecticut, who won a $25,000 college scholarship. The 2nd-place winner, George Thampy, of St. Louis, Missouri, won a $15,000 scholarship. The 3rd-place winner, Jonathan Janus, of Ravenel, South Carolina, won a $10,000 scholarship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009377-0000-0000", "contents": "12th National Hockey League All-Star Game\nThe 12th National Hockey League All-Star Game took place at the Montreal Forum on October 4, 1958. The hometown Montreal Canadiens defeated the NHL All-Stars 6\u20133.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009377-0001-0000", "contents": "12th National Hockey League All-Star Game, Richard Brothers Lead Canadiens to Victory\nMaurice \"Rocket\" Richard scored the first and last goals of the game, and brother Henri Richard scored the winning goal and added two assists to lead the Stanley Cup champion Montreal Canadiens to a 6\u20133 victory over the all-stars. Andy Bathgate of the New York Rangers scored twice for the All-Stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 85], "content_span": [86, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009377-0002-0000", "contents": "12th National Hockey League All-Star Game, Richard Brothers Lead Canadiens to Victory\nDuring the game, the Canadiens' Bernie \"Boom Boom\" Geoffrion had to be helped off the ice, after receiving a crushing body-check from Red Kelly of the Detroit Red Wings. Geoffrion suffered pulled chest and neck muscles, but was back in the line-up for the Canadiens' home opener a few days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 85], "content_span": [86, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009378-0000-0000", "contents": "12th National People's Congress\nThe 12th National People's Congress was elected in national congressional conferences from October 2012 to February 2013 and was in session from 2013 to 2018. It succeeded the 11th National People's Congress. It held five plenary sessions in this period, occurring around early March every year. It was succeeded by the communing of the 13th National People's Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009378-0001-0000", "contents": "12th National People's Congress, The 1st session\nThe first session was held in March 2013. All top national posts were up for election and were filled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009379-0000-0000", "contents": "12th National Television Awards\nThe 12th National Television Awards ceremony was held at the Royal Albert Hall on 1 November 2006 and was hosted by Sir Trevor McDonald.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009380-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress\nThe 12th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress (Turkish: 12. Milliyet\u00e7i Hareket Partisi Ola\u011fan Kongresi) was a political party convention held by the Turkish right-wing Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) on 18 March 2018. The Congress resulted in the re-election of Devlet Bah\u00e7eli as party leader, having been the only candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009380-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, Background, Inner-party split\nFollowing the November 2015 general election, MHP leader Devlet Bah\u00e7eli had faced several calls for his resignation after his poor election results. The dissidents, consisting predominantly of Meral Ak\u015fener \u00dcmit \u00d6zda\u011f, Yusuf Hala\u00e7o\u011flu and Koray Ayd\u0131n, began collecting delegate signatures to change the MHP constitution and allow for leadership challenges. A constitutional congress was held by the dissidents on 19 June 2016, with the changes being approved by delegates, although the congress was not recognised by the MHP executive and was eventually annulled by the courts. The dissidents were later suspended from the MHP by the party disciplinary committee. The MHP lost further support following Bah\u00e7eli's declaration of support for a 'yes' vote in the 2017 constitutional referendum, with the dissidents openly campaigning for a 'No' vote and arguably carrying most of the Turkish nationalist vote with them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 80], "content_span": [81, 997]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009380-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, Background, People's Alliance with the AKP\nWith the dissidents forming a new, centrist party (namely the \u0130Y\u0130 Party) under the leadership of Ak\u015fener, the MHP announced that it would support the re-election of Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan in forthcoming presidential elections and seek to form an electoral alliance with Erdo\u011fan's Justice and Development Party (AKP). The People's Alliance between the two parties was later launched in February 2018. On 18 April, Erdo\u011fan called early parliamentary and presidential elections for 24 June 2018 after a call from Bah\u00e7eli to have them brought forward from their original date of 3 November 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 93], "content_span": [94, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009380-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, Leadership election, Candidates\nOnly Bah\u00e7eli put his name forward for the leadership, receiving 1,176 signatures from 1,207 delegates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 82], "content_span": [83, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009381-0000-0000", "contents": "12th New Brunswick Legislature\nThe 12th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between December 28, 1837, and December 1, 1842.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009381-0001-0000", "contents": "12th New Brunswick Legislature\nThe assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick John Harvey. William MacBean George Colebrooke became governor in April 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009383-0000-0000", "contents": "12th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009383-0001-0000", "contents": "12th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 12th New Hampshire Infantry was organized in Concord, New Hampshire, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on September 10, 1862, under the command of Colonel Joseph Haydn Potter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009383-0002-0000", "contents": "12th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Casey's Division, Military District of Washington, to December 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to July 1863. Marston's Command, Point Lookout, Maryland, District of St. Mary's, to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XVIII Corps, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to December 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIV Corps, Department of Virginia, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009383-0003-0000", "contents": "12th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 12th New Hampshire Infantry mustered out of service June 21, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009383-0004-0000", "contents": "12th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service at Gettysburg\nOn July 2, 1863, the 12th New Hampshire was heavily engaged north of the Klingel Farm, facing attack by Wilcox's Alabama brigade. The regiment had 224 men on the field that day, of whom 26 were killed and 73 were wounded (an additional six men would die of their wounds). Captain John F. Langley (Company F) was in command, and was wounded when the regiment was ordered to withdraw. Lieutenant William H. H. Fernel (Company I) took command and was able to rescue some 50 Union soldiers who were captured during the withdrawal. The following day, only 50 men were fit for duty under the command of Captain Thomas E. Barker (Company B). Placed near the center of the Union line, they helped repulse Pickett's charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009383-0005-0000", "contents": "12th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 320 men during service; 11 officers and 170 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 138 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009384-0000-0000", "contents": "12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment was a Union Army regiment from New Jersey that fought in the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009384-0001-0000", "contents": "12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, Foundation\nThe 12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Stockton in Woodbury, New Jersey, in the summer of 1862  in response to President Abraham Lincoln's call for an additional 300,000 men for the Union Army. After training through the summer, it was officially mustered into the Union Army on September 4, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009384-0002-0000", "contents": "12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, Early service\nThe regiment's first assignment was guard duty in Ellicott Mills, Maryland. It first went on duty there on September 8, and remained until December 10. It then moved to Washington, D.C. where it joined the II Corps of the Army of the Potomac. It then moved with the corps to Falmouth, Virginia, reporting there on December 20 and remaining encamped there for the winter. This posting lasted until April 27, 1863, when it led the corps's crossing of the Rappahannock River just prior to the Battle of Chancellorsville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009384-0002-0001", "contents": "12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, Early service\nIn the course of that battle, it engaged Confederate forces east of the town of Chancellorsville on the morning of May 1. The next day, the regiment joined with the rest of II Corps in forming a defensive line. On May 3, the regiment fell back to protect the corps's artillery units and sustained heavy fire. After the conclusion of the battle, it was ordered back to Falmouth and remained there until the beginning of the Gettysburg Campaign in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009384-0003-0000", "contents": "12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, Gettysburg Campaign\nAfter Confederate cavalry was reported near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, the regiment was ordered north to help screen Washington, D.C. It then moved toward Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, arriving early on July 2. Soon afterward, Company I of the regiment was sent to the skirmish line, but full combat had not yet begun and it sustained only minimal casualties. Throughout that day, intense fighting raged around a farm owned by William Bliss. By the mid-afternoon, the Union held the barn and the Confederacy held the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009384-0003-0001", "contents": "12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, Gettysburg Campaign\nThe 1st Delaware regiment and Company I of the 12th New Jersey relieved the New York troops holding the area and moved past the farm to a fence near the house. At approximately 4 p.m., the regiment's Captain Henry Chew observed that Confederate General Carnot Posey was gradually bringing in reinforcements so that he could build a force sufficient to dislodge the Union forces holding the barn without drawing attention to it. He reported this to the 1st Delaware's Lieutenant Colonel Edward Harris, but his warning was rebuffed and ignored. His report was, however, accurate: Posey had gathered nearly 700 men, which proceeded to attack and force the Union forces into retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009384-0004-0000", "contents": "12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, Gettysburg Campaign\nAt 5 p.m that day, Union general Alexander Hays ordered the barn retaken. Companies B, E, H, and G of the 12th New Jersey, under the command of Captain Samuel Jobes, were chosen for the task. They were fired upon by both sharpshooters in the Bliss buildings and artillery batteries on the nearby Seminary Ridge and sustained heavy casualties. However, they were able to reach the farmyard and, upon so doing, fired a volley of buck and ball into the barn. They then surrounded and seized control of it, capturing about 50 of the sharpshooters within.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009384-0004-0001", "contents": "12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, Gettysburg Campaign\nHowever, the Confederacy retained control of the house and had sharpshooters there that continued to harry Union troops. General Hays ordered that the soldiers in the barn capture the house. A company of the 12th New Jersey proceeded to do so, capturing more enemy troops. In total, the regiment captured 92 men, including seven officers. The farm was held overnight and through the next morning, until the regiment burned it prior to rejoining the II Corps lines at the commencement of Pickett's Charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009384-0005-0000", "contents": "12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, After Gettysburg\nAfter the end of the Battle of Gettysburg and the subsequent pursuit of the Confederate Army, the regiment was assigned to duty on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad. This lasted until September 12, when it was part of an advance from the Rapidan to the Rappahannock River. The regiment then participated in the Bristoe and Mine Run campaigns, the latter ending on December 2. Afterward, the regiment encamped for the winter at Stevensburg, Virginia, until May 3, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009384-0006-0000", "contents": "12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, After Gettysburg\nAfter wintering, the regiment was a part of the newly promoted Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's southern attack in the Battle of the Wilderness. Although the regiment was not fully engaged during this battle, it took serious casualties, with one officer killed and several others wounded. It then participated in the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, where it suffered similarly. Lieutenant Colonel Davis, one of the wounded from the Wilderness, led the regiment in this battle and was killed. Command was assumed by Captain McCoomb, who was subsequently killed during the Battle of Cold Harbor. Moving on with Grant's southern push, the regiment was a part of the Siege of Petersburg from June 16 to April 2, 1865. Soon afterward, it was present at Battle of Appomattox Court House and Robert E. Lee's surrender to Grant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009384-0007-0000", "contents": "12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, After Gettysburg\nAfter the surrender, the regiment marched to Washington, D.C., and served duty there until it officially mustered out on July 15. Over the course of the war, 9 of the regiment's officers and 168 of its enlisted men were killed or suffered mortal wounds, and 99 enlisted men died from disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009384-0008-0000", "contents": "12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Monument\nIn 1886, a  monument to the regiment was dedicated at Gettysburg National Military Park. The monument is located on North Hancock Avenue, near the site of the regiment's fighting at Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009385-0000-0000", "contents": "12th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009385-0001-0000", "contents": "12th New York Infantry Regiment, Service, 3 Month Service of the 12th New York State Militia\nThe 12th New York Volunteer Infantry is sometimes confused with the 12th New York State Militia, a distinguished regiment formed in 1847 and which left New York City on April 21, 1861, for three months' service under the command of Colonel Daniel Butterfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 92], "content_span": [93, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009385-0002-0000", "contents": "12th New York Infantry Regiment, Service, 3 Month Service of the 12th New York State Militia\nThe 12th New York State Militia was not the same regiment as the 12th New York volunteers, though in February 1862 it did furnish a five-company battalion for the 12th Volunteers, and Henry A. Weeks of the militia regiment took command of the 12th Volunteers as a result. Remaining 12th New York militiamen stayed in New York City with their regiment, which was activated for federal service twice more during the war. Compounding the 12th Volunteers/12th Militia confusion is the fact that Butterfield at one point commanded the brigade in which the 12th New York Volunteers served. Also, as indicated by inscriptions on the 12th New York's monument at Gettysburg, at least some of its veterans considered the two 12th New York regiments to be one and the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 92], "content_span": [93, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009385-0003-0000", "contents": "12th New York Infantry Regiment, Service, 2 Year\nThe 12th New York Volunteer Infantry was organized at Elmira, New York and mustered in May 8, 1861 for two years' state service under the command of Colonel Ezra L. Walrath. On May 13, 1861 the regiment was re-mustered for three months' federal service and again re-mustered on August 2, 1861 for two years' state service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009385-0004-0000", "contents": "12th New York Infantry Regiment, Service, 2 Year\nThe regiment was attached to Richardson's Brigade, Tyler's Division, McDowell's Army of Northeast Virginia, June to August 1861. Richardson's Brigade, Division of the Potomac, to October 1861. Wadsworth's Brigade, McDowell's Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. Butterfield's 3rd Brigade, Porter's 1st Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May 1862. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, V Corps, to May 1863. Headquarters, V Corps, to June 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009385-0005-0000", "contents": "12th New York Infantry Regiment, Service, 2 Year\nThe 12th New York Infantry mustered out of the service on May 17, 1863. Men who had enlisted for three years' service were consolidated into two companies and served duty as Provost Guard for Headquarters of V Corps under the command of Captain Henry W. Ryder. These two companies ceased to exist on June 2, 1864 when their members were transferred to the 5th New York Infantry as Companies E and F. Although transferred to the 5th, the two former 12th New York companies remained on duty at corps headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009385-0006-0000", "contents": "12th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Washington, D.C., May 29, 1861. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until July 16, 1861. Advance on Manassas, Va., July 16\u201321. First Battle of Bull Run July 21. Upton's Hill August 27. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C. until March 10, 1862. Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10. Moved to the Virginia Peninsula March 22\u201324. Warwick Road April 5. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Before Yorktown April 11. Reconnaissance up the Pamunkey May 10. Reconnaissance to Hanover Court House May 26. Battle of Hanover Court House May 27. Operations about Hanover Court House May 27\u201329.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009385-0006-0001", "contents": "12th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSeven Days before Richmond June 25-July 1. Battle of Gaines's Mill July 27. White Oak Swamp and Turkey Bend June 30. Malvern Hill July 1. Duty at Harrison's Landing until August 16. Movement to Fort Monroe, then to Centreville August 16\u201328. Pope's Campaign in northern Virginia August 28-September 2. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201322. Battle of Antietam September 16\u201317. Shepherdstown September 19. At Sharpsburg, Md., until October 30. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12\u201315. Expedition to Richard's and Ellis' Fords December 29\u201330. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009385-0006-0002", "contents": "12th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAt Falmouth until April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Participated in the Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24, 1863. Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James May 3-June 2. Battle of the Wilderness May 5\u20137. Spotsylvania May 8\u201312. Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009385-0007-0000", "contents": "12th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 124 men during service; 3 officers and 61 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 59 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009386-0000-0000", "contents": "12th New York Light Artillery\nThe 12th Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009386-0001-0000", "contents": "12th New York Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was organized at Albany, New York and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on January 14, 1862 under the command of Captain William H. Ellis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009386-0002-0000", "contents": "12th New York Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was attached to Whipple's Brigade, Wadsworth's Command, Military District of Washington, to February 1863. XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to July 1863. Artillery Brigade, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. 2nd Brigade, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to May 18, 1864. Artillery Brigade, II Corps, to September 1864. Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009386-0003-0000", "contents": "12th New York Light Artillery, Service\nThe 12th New York Light Artillery mustered out of service on June 14, 1865 at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009386-0004-0000", "contents": "12th New York Light Artillery, Detailed service\nMoved to Washington, D.C., January 17, 1862. Duty at Artillery Camp, defenses of Washington, D. C., to February 1863, and in the defenses of Washington, until July. Pursuit of Lee July 6\u201324. Wapping Heights, Va., July 23. On line of the Rappahannock till October. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Auburn and Bristoe October 14. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Kelly's Ford November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Payne's Farm November 27. Mine Run November 28\u201330. Rapidan Campaign May 3-June 15, 1864. Battle of the Wilderness May 5\u20137. Spotsylvania May 8\u201312. Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009386-0004-0001", "contents": "12th New York Light Artillery, Detailed service\nHarris Farm or Fredericksburg Road May 19. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864 to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road, Weldon Railroad, June 22\u201323, 1864. Demonstration on north side of the James River July 27\u201329. Deep Bottom July 27\u201328. Ream's Station August 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9, 1865. Assault and capture of Petersburg April 2. Moved to Washington, May. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009386-0005-0000", "contents": "12th New York Light Artillery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 19 men during service; 1 officer and 4 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 14 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009387-0000-0000", "contents": "12th New York State Legislature\nThe 12th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from December 11, 1788, to March 3, 1789, during the twelfth year of George Clinton's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009387-0001-0000", "contents": "12th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1777, the State Senators were elected on general tickets in the senatorial districts, and were then divided into four classes. Six senators each drew lots for a term of 1, 2, 3 or 4 years and, beginning at the election in April 1778, every year six Senate seats came up for election to a four-year term. Assemblymen were elected countywide on general tickets to a one-year term, the whole assembly being renewed annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009387-0002-0000", "contents": "12th New York State Legislature, Background\nIn March 1786, the Legislature enacted that future Legislatures meet on the first Tuesday of January of each year unless called earlier by the governor. No general meeting place was determined, leaving it to each Legislature to name the place where to reconvene, and if no place could be agreed upon, the Legislature should meet again where it adjourned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009387-0003-0000", "contents": "12th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe State election was held from April 29 to May 1, 1788. Senators Ezra L'Hommedieu (Southern D.) and Peter Van Ness (Western D.) were re-elected; and Paul Micheau, Isaac Roosevelt (both Southern D.), and Assemblyman James Clinton (Middle D.) were also elected to the Senate. Assemblyman Edward Savage (Eastern D.) may have been elected at the same time to the State Senate (Eastern D.) and to the Assembly (Washington Co.) but was seated in the Assembly; the Senate seat vacated by the expiration of  Ebenezer Russell's term remained vacant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009387-0004-0000", "contents": "12th New York State Legislature, Elections\nAt the same time, delegates to a Convention to deliberate upon the adoption of the U.S. Constitution were elected. This was the first time that the politicians were divided into two opposing political parties: those who advocated the creation of a stronger federal government and the adoption of the US Constitution, as drafted, were henceforth known as Federalists, those who advocated stronger State governments and demanded many changes to the proposed Constitution as Anti-Federalists, or Democratic-Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009387-0005-0000", "contents": "12th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Convention met from June 17 to July 26, 1788, at Poughkeepsie, and ratified the U.S. Constitution by a vote of 30 to 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009387-0006-0000", "contents": "12th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe State Legislature met on December 11, 1788, at the Old City Hall in Albany; and adjourned on March 3, 1789.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009387-0007-0000", "contents": "12th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 27, 1789, the Legislature divided the State of New York into six congressional districts, and the first congressional elections in New York were held on March 3 and 4, 1789.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009387-0008-0000", "contents": "12th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nIn February and March 1789, the Legislature debated at length \"An act for prescribing the times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators of the United States of America, to be chosen in this State\" but the Anti- Federalist Assembly majority and the Federalist Senate majority could not agree, and they adjourned without having elected U.S. Senators. Both parties hoped to win the next State election, to be held in April 1789, and agreed to adjourn earlier than usual, leaving it to the new members to find a way out of the deadlock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009387-0009-0000", "contents": "12th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009387-0010-0000", "contents": "12th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. James Clinton changed from the Assembly to the Senate. The vote of the members of this Legislature who had been delegates to the US Constitution ratifying convention is marked either \"For ratification\" or \"Against ratification\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009387-0011-0000", "contents": "12th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009387-0012-0000", "contents": "12th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature. The vote of the members of this Legislature who had been delegates to the US Constitution ratifying convention is marked either \"For ratification\" or \"Against ratification\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009388-0000-0000", "contents": "12th New Zealand Parliament\nThe 12th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the New Zealand Parliament. It was elected at the 1893 general election in November and December of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009388-0001-0000", "contents": "12th New Zealand Parliament, 1893 general election\nIn the 1892 electoral redistribution, population shift to the North Island required the transfer of one seat from the South Island to the north. The resulting ripple effect saw every electorate established in 1890 have its boundaries altered, and 14 new electorates were established. Of those, eight electorates were established for the first time: Bay of Plenty, Otaki, Pareora, Patea, Riccarton, Waiapu, Waimea-Sounds, and Wellington Suburbs. The remaining six electorates had existed before, and they were re-established for the 12th Parliament: Caversham, Chalmers, Lyttelton, Rangitata, Waihemo, and Waipa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009388-0002-0000", "contents": "12th New Zealand Parliament, 1893 general election\nThe 1893 general election was held on Tuesday, 28 November in the general electorates and on Wednesday, 20 December in the M\u0101ori electorates, respectively. A total of 74 MPs were elected; 30 represented North Island electorates, 40 represented South Island electorates, and the remaining four represented M\u0101ori electorates. 302,997 voters were enrolled and the official turnout at the election was 75.3%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009388-0003-0000", "contents": "12th New Zealand Parliament, Sessions\nThe 12th Parliament sat for three sessions, and was prorogued on 14 November 1896.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009388-0004-0000", "contents": "12th New Zealand Parliament, Ministries\nThe Liberal Government of New Zealand had taken office on 24 January 1891. John Ballance, who had been leading the Ballance Ministry, had died on 27 April 1893 and had been succeeded by the Seddon Ministry under Richard Seddon. The Seddon Ministry remained in power for the whole term of this Parliament and held power until Seddon's death on 10 June 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009388-0005-0000", "contents": "12th New Zealand Parliament, Initial composition of the 12th Parliament\n74 seats were created across 66 electorates. 62 electorates returned a single member and four electoral districts had three representatives each. The Liberal party was the only established party structure at the time, many independent conservative MPs coalesced as a semi-formal Opposition under the leadership of William Russell. Key", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009388-0006-0000", "contents": "12th New Zealand Parliament, By-elections during 12th Parliament\nThere were a number of changes during the term of the 12th Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009389-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Nongshim Cup\nThe 12th Nongshim Cup was the twelfth edition of the continental team tournament, Nongshim Cup. The cup was won by Team Korea for the tenth time in team history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009390-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly\nThe 12th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly was the 19th assembly of the territorial government and lasted from 1991 until it was dissolved in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009390-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly\nThis was the first legislature to meet in the body's permanent home when that building was completed in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009392-0000-0000", "contents": "12th OTO Awards\nThe 12th OTO Awards, honoring the best in Slovak popular culture for the year 2011, took time and place on March 9, 2012 at the Opera of the Slovak National Theater in Bratislava. The ceremony broadcast live RTVS on Jednotka. The hosts of the show were Mari\u00e1n \u010cekovsk\u00fd and Michal Hud\u00e1k.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009392-0001-0000", "contents": "12th OTO Awards, Winners and nominees, Main categories\n\u2605 Panel\u00e1k \u2013 JOJ Profesion\u00e1li \u2013 JOJ Ho\u010f svi\u0161\u0165om \u2013 JOJ", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009392-0002-0000", "contents": "12th OTO Awards, Reception, TV ratings\nThe show has received a total audience of more than 464,000 viewers, making it the second most watched television program within prime time in the region, yet the lowest rated in the TV poll's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009393-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Observation Group\nThe 12th Reconnaissance Group is a disbanded United States Army unit. It was last active as the 12th Observation Group, United States Army Air Corps, assigned to the Eighth Corps Area at Brooks Field, Texas. It was inactivated on 30 June 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009393-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Observation Group\nThe group's origins date to the 62d Aero Squadron, which was organized as a construction squadron at Kelly Field, Texas in August 1917. The squadron was transferred to the Aviation General Supply Depot, Camp Morrison, Virginia, in Oct 1917; redesignated the 474th Aero Squadron, Feb 1918; and dispatched to France with the American Expeditionary Force Jan 1918 \u2013 Jun 1919. Its duties consisted of constructing temporary airfields for the First Army Air Service. It was demobilized in July 1919, Mitchell Field, New York", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009393-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Observation Group\nThe 12th Group (Composite) was then constituted in 1923, but did not take physical form until 1 October 1930 as the 12th Observation Group. The 12th Obs Group commanded O-1, O-2 and O-19 observation squadrons in the Western United States. In 1936 its headquarters was combined with its support squadron, the 62d Service Squadron. Prior to its activation, these squadrons has been assigned to various Army ground units. Upon its inactivation, its personnel were transferred to the 82d Observation Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009393-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Observation Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009394-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Ohio Cavalry Regiment\nThe 12th Ohio Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009394-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 12th Ohio Cavalry Regiment was organized at Camp Taylor in Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in November 24, 1863, for a three years under the command of Colonel Robert Wilson Ratliff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009394-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 5th Division, XXIII Corps, District of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to July 1864. 4th Brigade, 1st Division, District of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to February 1865. 1st Brigade, Cavalry Division, District of East Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to July 1865. Cavalry Brigade, District East Tennessee, to November 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009394-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 12th Ohio Cavalry mustered out of service November 14, 1865, at Nashville, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009394-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty at Camp Chase, Ohio, until February 1864, Johnson's Island (Company C as Guards) and at Camp Dennison until March. Ordered to Nashville, Tenn., March 31, 1862. Operations against Morgan's invasion of Kentucky May 31-June 20, 1864. Action at Mt. Sterling, Ky., June 9. Cynthiana June 12. Skirmish at Lebanon, Ky., July 30 (1 company). Burbridge's Expedition into southwestern Virginia September 20-October 17. McCormack's Farm September 23. Laurel Mountain September 29. Action at Saltville, Va., October 2. Stoneman's Raid from Bean's Station, Tenn., into southwestern Virginia, December 10\u201329. Bristol December 14. Marion December 17\u201318. Saltville December 20\u201321.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009394-0004-0001", "contents": "12th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nStoneman's Raid into southwestern Virginia and western North Carolina March 21-April 25, 1865. Wilkesborough March 29. Wilkinsville N.C., April 8. Danbury April 9. Statesville and Salem April 11. Salisbury April 12. Dallas and Catawba River April 17. Swannanoah Gap April 20. Howard's Gap, Blue Ridge Mountains, April 22. Asheville April 25. Duty in middle Tennessee, eastern Tennessee, and North Carolina, until November 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009394-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 164 men during service; 50 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 112 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009395-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery\n12th Ohio Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009395-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 12th Ohio Battery was created from Company G, 25th Ohio Infantry Regiment (which originally entered service on July 27, 1861) and permanently detached on March 17, 1862, under Captain Aaron C. Johnson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009395-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe battery was attached to Milroy's Independent Brigade, Department of the Mountains, to June 1862. Milroy's Independent Brigade, I Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. Artillery, 2nd Division, XI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to January 1863. Provost Guard, Army of the Potomac, to May 1863. Unattached, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to June 1863. Camp Barry, Defenses of Washington, D.C., XXII Corps, to September 1863. Artillery Brigade, XI Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to December 1863. 2nd Division, Artillery Reserve, Department of the Cumberland, to April 1864. Garrison Artillery, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to July 1864. 1st Brigade, Defenses Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, Department of the Cumberland, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009395-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 12th Ohio Battery mustered out of service on July 12, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009395-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nPrior to being detached as artillery the company was ordered to western Virginia July 29, 1861, and attached to 1st Brigade, Army of Occupation West Virginia, to November 1861, then attached to Milroy's Cheat Mountain District, West Virginia, to March, 1862. It performed duty along the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad from Grafton to the Ohio River until August 21, 1861. Moved to Cheat Mountain Summit August 21. Action at Cheat Mountain September 12\u201317. Cheat Mountain Pass September 14\u201315. Greenbrier October 3\u20134. Moved to Huttonsville November 25, and duty there until February 27, 1862. Expedition to Camp Baldwin December 11\u201313, 1861. Buffalo Mountain December 12\u201313. Raid to Huntersville December 31-January 5, 1862. At Elkwater until March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009395-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nAfter being detached as artillery, the battery participated in the expedition on the Seneca April 1\u201312. At Staunton to May 7. Battle of McDowell May 8. Franklin May 10\u201312. Battle of Cross Keys June 8. Pope's Campaign in northern Virginia August 16-September 2. Fords of the Rappahannock August 21\u201323. Freeman's Ford and Hazel Run August 22. Battle of Groveton August 29. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until December. Moved to Fredericksburg, Va., December 12\u201316. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until September. Moved to Bridgeport, Ala., September 25-October 6. Garrison duty at Nashville, Tenn., until April 1864, and at Murfreesboro, Tenn., until July 1865. Defenses of Murfreesboro December 5\u201312, 1864. Wilkinson's Pike December 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 933]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009395-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 20 enlisted men during service; 3 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 17 enlisted men died due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009396-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Ohio Infantry Regiment\n12th Ohio Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009396-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Ohio Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 12th Ohio Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Dennison, Cincinnati, Ohio, on May 3, 1861, for three-months service, and reorganized on June 28 for three years, under Colonel John W. Lowe, who was killed early in the war and was succeeded by Col. Carr B. White. The 12th Ohio served in western Virginia until August 1862, when it was transferred to the Army of the Potomac and participated in the battles of Second Bull Run, South Mountain and Antietam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009396-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Ohio Infantry Regiment, History\nIn the fall of 1862, it was again transferred to western Virginia and did efficient service until the spring of 1864, when it joined Hunter's expedition to Lynchburg, Virginia. The regiment returned to Columbus, Ohio, and was mustered out July 11, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009396-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Ohio Infantry Regiment, History\nUnion Army Brigadier General Jacob Ammen began his Civil War service as a captain in the 12th Ohio Infantry before being promoted to command the 24th Ohio Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009396-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Ohio Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 12th Ohio Infantry sustained 455 men killed, wounded and missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009397-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Oklahoma Legislature\nThe Twelfth Oklahoma Legislature was a meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma, composed of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The state legislature met in Oklahoma City, in regular session from January 8 to March 30, 1929, and in one special session. State legislators successfully impeached Governor Henry S. Johnston during the legislative session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009397-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership\nC.S. Storms served as President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate in 1929. James C. Nance served as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009398-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Open Russian Festival of Animated Film\nThe 12th Open Russian Festival of Animated Film was held from March 1\u20135, 2007, in Suzdal, Russia. The winners for the main award categories were announced on March 4. The jury consisted of 33 professionals in professions related to animation. The Encyclopedia of Domestic Animation, the first attempt to cover the full history of Russian and Soviet animation, was premiered at the festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009398-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Open Russian Festival of Animated Film, Jury rating\nEach jury member was asked to list their top five films of the festival. Five points were given for a 1st place vote and so on, down to one point for a 5th place vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 56], "content_span": [57, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group\nThe 12th Operations Group is the flying component of the 12th Flying Training Wing of United States Air Force's Air Education and Training Command. The group headquarters is located at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas. . The unit's main missions include aircraft instructor pilot training in Beechcraft T-6 Texan II, Northrop T-38C Talon and Raytheon T-1 Jayhawk aircraft, Air Force and Navy undergraduate combat systems officer training and fighter fundamentals student pilot instructor training in the Northrop AT-38C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group\nThe group was first activated in January 1941 as the 12th Bombardment Group. After training and flying antisubmarine patrols off the Pacific Coast, moved to Egypt in July 1942. In the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, it took part in the Western Desert campaign and Italian campaign, earning a Distinguished Unit Citation. In 1944, it moved to the China Burma India Theater and participated in the Burma campaign before the war's end. The unit returned to the United States in January 1946 and was inactivated on arriving at the Port of Embarkation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group\nThe group was briefly active in 1947 to 1948, but was not manned or equipped due to budgetary restrictions. It was activated on 1 November 1950 as the 12th Fighter-Escort Group, but transferred its resources to the 12th Fighter-Escort Wing in February 1951 and was inactivated in June 1952 as Strategic Air Command adopted the dual deputy organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group\nWith the implementation of the Objective Wing Organization, the unit was activated on 15 December 1991, as the 12th Operations Group and assigned to the 12th Flying Training Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, Organization and initial operations\nThe group was first activated as the 12th Bombardment Group at McChord Field, Washington on 15 January 1941 as the United States began building up its armed forces after the beginning of World War II in Europe, drawing its initial cadre from the 17th Bombardment Group. The 81st, 82d, and 83d Bombardment Squadrons were the group's first components, while the 19th Reconnaissance Squadron was attached to the 12th. Although designated a light bomber group, the unit was initially equipped with a mix of Douglas B-18 Bolo and Douglas B-23 Dragon medium bombers and a few Stearman PT-17 trainers. In August 1941, the Air Corps converted its reconnaissance squadrons attached to light bomber groups and the 19th Reconnaissance Squadron became the 94th Bombardment Squadron and was assigned to the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, Organization and initial operations\nAt the time of the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, The 12th was the only Air Corps bombardment group on the Pacific Coast north of the San Francisco Bay area and the group began flying antisubmarine patrols and watching for signs of an invasion. At the end of December 1941, the group was designated a medium bomber unit, consistent with its equipment. This resulted in the 94th Squadron again becoming a reconnaissance unit, as the 94th Reconnaissance Squadron. In February, the group moved to Esler Field, Louisiana, where it began converting to the North American B-25 Mitchell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0005-0001", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, Organization and initial operations\nWith the Mitchells, the 94th resumed the bombardment mission, this time as the 434th Bombardment Squadron in April. In early May, the group deployed to Stockton Army Air Field, California, where half its crews stood alert during daylight hours. After the defeat of the Japanese Navy in the Battle of Midway, the group returned to Esler Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, Organization and initial operations\nIn June 1942, while in the United States for a conference with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill received word that the British Eighth Army had been defeated in a tank battle with Field Marshal Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps near Tobruk, Libya, and was retreating back toward Alexandria, Egypt. Churchill immediately made an urgent plea for military aid to help stop Rommel from over-running Egypt, the Suez Canal and the Arabian oil fields. The United States dispatched the 12th and two other groups to the Middle East to reinforce the British forces there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, Organization and initial operations\nThe 12th was the second of the three groups to leave the United States. Between 14 July and 2 August, aircrews departed Morrison Field, Florida for Egypt via the South Atlantic ferry route to Egypt by way of Brazil, Ascension Island, across Africa to the Sudan, and then north to Egypt. by mid-August, all crews had arrived in Egypt without a single loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0007-0001", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, Organization and initial operations\nGround personnel of all three groups and supporting units sailed from New York City on 16 July 1942 on the SS\u00a0Pasteur, a fast French ocean liner that had been impressed by the British, for a month-long trip around South Africa and up the Red Sea to Suez, Egypt, arriving on 16 August 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign\nAs soon as they arrived in Egypt, group headquarters and the 81st and 82d Squadrons moved to RAF Deversoir, while the 83d and 434th Squadrons were at RAF Ismailia, about 15 miles apart on the Suez Canal. It began training with Royal Air Force (RAF) and South African Air Force Boston units in desert warfare tactics and navigation. A month of training included five combat missions in combined formations with the Bostons. The group flew its first mission on its own on 31 August against enemy airfields at Daba (LG 105) and Fuka (LG 17) and port facilities at Matruh, Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign\nThe group's first missions were night attacks. However, the lack of flame dampeners on its Mitchells made them easy targets for flak defenses and night fighters. Losses, which included the group commander, Colonel Goodrich, caused the withdrawal of the unit from night operations until its planes could be modified with \"finger exhausts\". The unit's first missions were flown to support forces opposing Rommel's final effort to break through to the Suez Canal at the Battle of Alam Halfa between 31 August and 4 September 1942. These missions helped the British Eighth Army repel the Afrika Corps attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0009-0001", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign\nRommel attributed this defeat to air attacks enabled by the air superiority established by the RAF and Allied forces Both Allied and enemy forces had learned that the open nature of the western desert made it easy to disperse armored forces, making pinpoint bombing ineffective. As a result, the group adopted the RAF tactic of pattern bombing. Group Mitchells would fly at medium altitude, flying spaced apart to saturate a target area with bombs spaced to damage any vehicles or other objectives in a defined target area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign\nDuring the battles in north Africa, the RAF had established numerous Landing Grounds, identified by LG plus a number. These stretched across northern Egypt and Libya and were used by both sides as the front moved. These landing grounds had no defined runways, and as many as eighteen bombers could take off at the same time, headed directly into the wind. In early October, intelligence reports reported that Regia Aeronautica and Luftwaffe airplanes at two of these landing grounds, near Daba (LG 105) and Qattafa (LG 104), had been trapped by heavy rains. The 12th Group and RAF forces attacked the airfields on 9 October, destroying ten enemy aircraft and damaging an additional 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign\nA few days later, the operational elements of the group, consisting of the combat crews and a few essential ground personnel needed to keep the B-25s flying, began flying missions from LG 88, about 20 miles from the front lines. This move made them immediately available for strikes requested by the Eighth Army. The bulk of each squadron and headquarters remained behind at their bases near the Suez Canal. Operations from LG 88 began on the night of 19/20 October, just before the Second Battle of El Alamein began on 23 October with a tremendous artillery bombardment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0011-0001", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign\nThe 12th Group began a week-long shuttle missions, attacking targets phoned in to Eighth Army Air Liaison Officers attached to the group. Eighteen ship formations took off or landed every half-hour during daylight on 24 October. There was little rest as ground crews rushed to refuel, reload bombs and ammunition, and patch flak holes, with operations peaking on 27 October. By 4 November, Rommel began withdraw and main targets became columns of tanks, trucks and troops retreating to the west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0011-0002", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign\nGroup operational elements advanced to new Landing Grounds to keep up with ground troops, sometimes having to ferry munitions from their old bases to their new stations. Support equipment could not keep up with this rapid advance, and the forward elements depended on commandeered German and Italian materiel until rains bogged down the advance, permitting Rommel to withdraw to Tunisia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign\nBy 14 December, the advanced elements of the group were operating from Magrun Landing Ground (LG 142), also called Gambut No. 2, a satellite of RAF Gambut (LG 139), stretching the group over 1200 miles of north Africa. The new base was within range of German bases on Crete, and a raid was planned for 2 January 1943. However to reach this target, dust filters had to be removed from the attack force's engines to increase range. Just as the Mitchells were taking off, a dust storm hit the Landing Ground and only twelve planes were able to fly the mission, which had little effect on enemy forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign\nAmerican forces under General Dwight D. Eisenhower landed in Algeria and Morocco, and were met by German divisions under Rommel's command. The situation became desperate as they drove the Americans back through the Kasserine Pass. To reinforce Twelfth Air Force, the 81st and 82d Squadrons of the 12th Group were dispatched to reinforce the 310th Bombardment Group at Berteaux Airfield, Algeria on 3 and 4 February 1943. These two squadrons continued operating under the Twelfth Air Force until the fall of Tunis in May 1943, when they were returned to the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0013-0001", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign\nMeanwhile, the 83d and 434th Squadrons helped break up an attack along the Mareth Line. After the fall of Tunis, the 12th was reunited at Hergla Airfield, Tunisia, and all of the personnel of its squadrons were together again for the first time since their advance parties moved out into the desert eight months earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign\nThe group's actions during the north African campaign earned it a Distinguished Unit Citation for its operations from primitive landing grounds under difficult weather and terrain conditions and, despite repeated enemy attacks on its advanced positions and limited resources, mad a major contribution to the defeat of enemy forces in the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Italian Campaign\nFrom Hergla, the group attacked targets on Pantellaria and Sicily. Little more than a month later, Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily, was executed and the 12th flew missions supporting the advances on that island. The group's advance party boarded LSTs for Licata Sicily, where they set up their first base in Europe at Ponte Olivo Airfield, flying the group's first mission from Italy on 5 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0015-0001", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Italian Campaign\nAn attack on Randazzo on 13 August was the last significant action of the 12th as part of the Ninth Air Force, which moved to England, while the 12th became part of Twelfth Air Force. Major personnel changes occurred as most of the group's aircrews had served enough time in theater that they were rotated back to the United States and replaced by new aircrews fresh from the States. Later in August, the group moved to Gerbini Airfield on Sicily, from which it struck bridges, tunnels and other targets to support Operation Baytown, the invasion of southern Italy. In September, the group flew missions every day to support the foothold around Salerno established during Operation Avalanche.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0016-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Italian Campaign\nThe group began operating out of Foggia Airfield, Italy in November 1943. The 12th attacked German targets in support of the American Fifth Army, and in eastern Italy supporting the British Eighth Army. It attacked aerodromes, docks, marshaling yards, bridges, and other targets in Italyand the Balkans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0017-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Italian Campaign\nShortly after the group's combat elements moved to Gaudo Airfield in January 1944, the group was directed to prepare for movement out of the Mediterranean Theater. On 8 February, the group sailed on the SS\u00a0Dilwara and the MS\u00a0Batory from Taranto. Although some in the group hoped the move was a withdrawal from combat, the ships sailed east, passing through the Suez Canal on the way to India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0018-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Burma Campaign\nThe 12th Group moved to India to help the British Fourteenth Army repel a Japanese invasion from Burma toward Imphal, threatening the whole subcontinent and the Indian Ocean. The group's advance element arrived at Bombay on 12 March 1944, and after a four-day train trip to Calcutta and a day on a river boat to Dacca in eastern Bengal, group headquarters and the 81st and 82d Squadrons were established at Tezgaon Airfield, India, while the 83d and 434th Squadrons were at Kurmitola Airfield. The rear echelon of the unit did not arrive at the new bases in India until 24 April. In April, new B-25H and B-25J models began to arrive. The group equipped each of its squadrons with a 50/50 mix of the two models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0019-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Burma Campaign\nThe 12th flew its first mission as part of Tenth Air Force, bombing Japanese supply dumps at Mogaung, Burma, on 16 April 1944. The lessened threat of flak in the new theater and added firepower of the updated Mitchells the group now flew resulted in a change of tactics. Rather than the medium altitude pattern bombing the group specialized in the Mediterranean, the group now focused on low altitude bombing and strafing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0020-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Burma Campaign\nIn April, Japanese forces that had broken out of the Burma mountains the previous month surrounded two Indian divisions at Imphal. The British still controlled the Imphal Airfield, however, and the 12th flew ammunition to the besieged troops, unloading the ammunition carried in the bomb bays of its Mitchells. The \"ammo\" runs continued for three weeks, until British forces repelled the Japanese invasion of India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0021-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Burma Campaign\nIn June, the group and two squadrons moved to Pandaveswar Airfield, India, while the 81st and 434th Squadrons moved to nearby Madhaiganj Airfield. This move added to the distance the group had to fly when attacking targets in Burma, sometimes requiring returning bombers to land at Comilla Airfield to refuel on their return flight. The logistics problems created by this move was lessened when the group moved to Fenny Airfield, while the 434th began to operate from Comilla. This reduced the distance to most targets in Burma, but the group also flew missions to targets in northern Burma that tested the range of their B-25s. The first of these missions flown from Fenny was to Myitkyina to support Merrill's Marauders on 26 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0022-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Burma Campaign\nAfter some vicious fighting, the British captured Meiktila on 3 March and swept down the road to Mandalay, which was defended by 400-year-old Fort Dufferin complete with high thick walls and a wide moat. The 12th was called upon to bomb the fort on 9 March 1945, which they did successfully with 2000-pound bombs dropped from 200 feet by four Mitchells, followed by attacks from 6000 feet by another squadron, and a 35-ship blasting of the entire area of the fort to complete the job.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0023-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Burma Campaign\nThe last major mission of the 12th was an overnight where the crews spent the night under the wings of their B-25s at Rameree, near Rangoon, and took off the next morning to bomb Ban-Takli airfield north of Bangkok, Thailand. The group began to equip with Douglas A-26 Invaders and were still training when the war ended. The group's aircrews flew the A-26s to Frankfurt, Germany, and the rest of the group waited at Fenny Airfield until they went to Karachi Airport in December to return to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0024-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Burma Campaign\nOn return to United States in January 1946, the 12th Bombardment Group was inactivated at the Port of Embarkation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0025-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, Assignment to Tactical Air Command\nThe unit was again designated the 12th Bombardment Group, Light and was activated on 19 May 1947 under Tactical Air Command as part of the Air Force's expansion to its peacetime goal of 70 combat groups. Although nominally stationed at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, the unit was neither manned or equipped and only existed on paper. President Truman's reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of Air Force groups to 48, and the 12th was inactivated on 10 September 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 66], "content_span": [67, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0026-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, Fighter escort operations\nThe 12th Fighter-Escort Group was activated at Turner Air Force Base, Georgia on 1 November 1950 as the flying element of the 12th Fighter-Escort Wing under the wing base organization system. The 559th, 560th and 561st Fighter-Escort Squadrons were assigned to the group. The group's mission was to fly fighter escort for Strategic Air Command strategic bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0027-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, Fighter escort operations\nAs the group was organizing, the 27th Fighter-Escort Wing at Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas deployed to Japan. The 12th Group moved to Bergstrom in December, and was filled out by personnel from the 27th that had not deployed and personnel that had been transferred from the 31st Fighter-Escort Group at Turner. On 12 December the group received its first Republic F-84E Thunderjets. These aircraft, however, were rejected as Republic Aviation had equipped them with an engine that was incapable of supporting the extended bomber escort missions projected by SAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0028-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, Fighter escort operations\nStrategic Air Command (SAC)'s mobilization for the Korean War highlighted that SAC wing commanders focused too much on running the base organization and were not spending enough time on overseeing combat preparations. To allow wing commanders the ability to focus on combat operations, the air base group commander became responsible for managing the base housekeeping functions. Under the plan finalized in June 1952, the wing commander focused primarily on the combat units and the maintenance necessary to support combat aircraft by having the combat and maintenance squadrons report directly to the wing and eliminating the intermediate group structures. In February 1951, the group's three squadrons were attached to the wing and the group was reduced to paper status. When the reorganization was finalized, the group was inactivated and the squadrons reassigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 926]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0029-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, History, Flying training\nThe group was reactivated at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas on 9 December 1991 as the 12th Operations Group and assigned to the 12th Flying Training Wing as part of the Objective Wing reorganization by the Air Force. The new group performed flight screening and undergraduate pilot training. Due to impending closure of Mather Air Force Base, California, in 1992 group assumed undergraduate navigator training which was moved from Mather. Also, conducted specialized undergraduate pilot training. In 1995, began transition to joint navigator training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009399-0030-0000", "contents": "12th Operations Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009400-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 12th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the  12th Central Committee, in the immediate aftermath of the 12th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009401-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Panzer Division (Bundeswehr)\nThe 12th Panzer Division (German: 12. Panzerdivision) was a West German armoured formation. It was part of the III Corps of the Bundeswehr, which also incorporated in 1985 the 5th Panzer Division and 2nd Panzergrenadier Division. III Corps was part of NATO's Central Army Group (CENTAG), along with the Bundeswehr's II Corps and the American V and VII Corps. In the wake of military restructuring brought about by the end of the Cold War, the 12th Panzer Division was disbanded in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009401-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Panzer Division (Bundeswehr)\nThe division was constituted as the 12th Panzergrenadier Division in Tauberbischofsheim on January 1, 1961, as part of the II Corps of the Bundeswehr. At that time, it commanded the 35th Panzergrenadier Brigade, and in 1963 the 36th Panzer Brigade was also subordinated to the division. Subsequently, the 12th was re-designated a panzer (armoured) division. In 1970, the division was relieved from assignment to the II Corps and assigned to the III Corps. A third active brigade was not authorized for the division until 1975 during the \"Heeresstruktur III\" reforms. By 1977, the division's main components were the 14th Panzer, the 35th Panzergrenadier, and the 36th Panzer Brigades. In 1981, the 14th Panzer Brigade became the 34th Panzer Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009401-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Panzer Division (Bundeswehr)\nFollowing the end of the Cold War, the 12th Panzer Division was disbanded in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009402-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 12th Panzer Division was an armoured division in the German Army, the Wehrmacht, during World War II, established in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009402-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nIn October 1940 the 2nd Motorised Infantry Division was reorganized as the 12th Panzer Division, and in June 1941 it joined Operation Barbarossa, fighting in the battles of Minsk and Smolensk. It fought the rest of the war on the Eastern Front and surrendered to the Red Army in the Courland Pocket in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009402-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe division was formed from the 2nd Infantry Division, itself formed in 1921. The division was motorised in 1936\u201337 and participated in the invasions of Poland and France. It was reorganised as a Panzer Division in October 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009402-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 12th Panzer Division participated in Operation Barbarossa, taking part in the drive towards Leningrad. Suffering heavy casualties during the Soviet counter offensive in the winter of 1941\u201342, the division was withdrawn to Estonia for a refit. It remained with Army Group North for the most part of the war except for a brief spell south while participating in the battle of Kursk in July 1943 and the following defensive operations and retreat after the German failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009402-0003-0001", "contents": "12th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe division returned to the northern sector in January 1944 but came too late to play any role in the unsuccessful German efforts to prevent the Siege of Leningrad from being broken by the Red Army. It was eventually entrapped in the Courland Pocket after the successful Soviet offensive in July 1944, Operation Bagration. It remained in Courland where it surrendered to Soviet forces in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009402-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), References, Bibliography\nNote: The Web references may require you to follow links to cover the unit's entire history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009403-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of British Columbia\nThe 12th Legislative Assembly of British Columbia sat from 1910 to 1912. The members were elected in the British Columbia general election held in November 1909. The British Columbia Conservative Party led by Richard McBride formed the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009403-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of British Columbia, Members of the 12th General Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1909.:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009403-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections\nBy-elections were held for the following members appointed to the provincial cabinet, as was required at the time:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009403-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections\nBy-elections were held to replace members for various other reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009404-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Catalonia\nThe 12th Parliament of Catalonia was the meeting of the Parliament of Catalonia, with the membership determined by the results of the 2017 regional election held on 21 December 2017 after its dissolution on 27 October in application of direct rule. The parliament met for the first time on 17 January 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009404-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Catalonia, Election\nThe 12th Catalan parliamentary election was held on 21 December 2017. At the election Catalan secessionists retained a slim majority in the Catalan Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009404-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Catalonia, Election\nFive of the elected MPs - Toni Com\u00edn (ERC\u2013CatS\u00ed), Clara Ponsat\u00ed (JuntsxCat), Llu\u00eds Puig (JuntsxCat), Carles Puigdemont (JuntsxCat) and Meritxell Serret (ERC\u2013CatS\u00ed) - were in exile whilst another three - Joaquim Forn (JuntsxCat), Oriol Junqueras (ERC\u2013CatS\u00ed) and Jordi S\u00e0nchez (JuntsxCat) - were in jail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009404-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Catalonia, History\nThe new parliament met for the first time on 17 January 2018 and elected Roger Torrent as President of the Parliament. Other members of Board of the Parliament were also elected on 17 January 2018: Josep Costa i Rossell\u00f3 (First Vice-President); Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Espejo-Saavedra Conesa (Second Vice-President); Eusebi Campdepadr\u00f3s i Pucurull (First Secretary); David P\u00e9rez i Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez (Second Secretary); Joan Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez (Third Secretary); and Alba Verg\u00e9s (Fourth Secretary).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009404-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Catalonia, History\nAlba Verg\u00e9s (ERC\u2013CatS\u00ed) resigned as Fourth Secretary on 4 June 2018 after being appointed Minister of Health. Her replacement Adriana Delgado i Herreros (ERC\u2013CatS\u00ed) was elected on 6 June 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009404-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Catalonia, Deaths, resignations and suspensions\nThe 12th parliament has seen the following deaths, resignations and suspensions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009405-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Kenya\nThe 12th Parliament of Kenya is the meeting of the legislative branch of the national government of Kenya, which began on 31 August 2017. The National Assembly is made up of 350 members comprising 290 members elected from constituencies, 47 women representatives, 12 nominated members. and the Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009405-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Kenya\nThe senate is made up of 67 members, comprising 47 members elected from the counties, and 20 nominated members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009405-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Kenya\nThe members took office following the 2017 Kenyan general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009406-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Lower Canada\nThe 12th Parliament of Lower Canada was in session from January 8, 1825, to July 5, 1827. Elections to the Legislative Assembly in Lower Canada had been held in July 1824. All sessions were held at Quebec City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009407-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Ontario\nThe 12th Legislative Assembly of Ontario was in session from June 8, 1908, until November 13, 1911, just prior to the 1911 general election. The majority party was the Ontario Conservative Party  led by Sir James P. Whitney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009408-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Singapore\nThe 12th Parliament of Singapore was the previous Parliament of Singapore. The first session commenced on 10 October 2011 and was prorogued on 25 August 2015. The membership was set by the 2011 Singapore General Election on 7 May 2011 and changed three times due to expulsion of Hougang Single Member Constituency MP in 2012 and resignation of Punggol East Single Member Constituency MP and Speaker of Parliament over extra-marital affairs in 2013, as well as the death of Lee Kuan Yew, former Prime Minister of Singapore and MP of Tanjong Pagar Group Representation Constituency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009408-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Singapore\nThe 12th Parliament was controlled by a People's Action Party majority, led by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and members of the cabinet, which assumed power on 7 May 2011. The Opposition was led by the Secretary General of the Worker's Party of Singapore, Mr Low Thia Khiang. The Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore was Halimah Yacob, of the People's Action Party. She was elected as the 9th Speaker of the House for the 12th Parliament on 14 January 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009408-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Singapore, Result of the 2011 Singaporean general election\nThe Workers' Party and the Singapore People's Party, being the best performing opposition parties were awarded 2 and 1 Non-Constituency Member of Parliament Seat respectively in accordance with the Constitution. The NCMP Seats were held by Gerald Giam Yean Song and Yee Jenn Jong of the Workers' Party and Lina Chiam of Singapore People's Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009409-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Sri Lanka\nThe 12th Parliament of Sri Lanka was a meeting of the Parliament of Sri Lanka, with the membership determined by the results of the 2001 parliamentary election held on 5 December 2001. The parliament met for the first time on 19 December 2001 and was dissolved prematurely on 7 February 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009409-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election\nThe 12th parliamentary election was held on 5 December 2001. The United National Front (UNF), a newly formed opposition alliance, became the largest group in Parliament by winning 109 of the 225 seats. The incumbent People's Alliance (PA) won 77 seats. The Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) won 16 seats and the Tamil National Alliance (TNA), a new alliance of Tamil parties, won 15 seats. Smaller parties won the remaining 8 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009409-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election, Results\nThe new parliament was sworn in on 19 December 2001. M. Joseph Michael Perera was elected Speaker unopposed. The post of Deputy Speaker was left vacant after the PA refused to nominate anyone. Siri Andrahennady was elected Deputy Chairman of Committees unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009409-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nThe UNF was able to form a government with the support of the five SLMC MPs elected under their party's name (the SLMC contested under its name in three districts and with the UNF in all other districts).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009409-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nOn 9 December 2001, President Chandrika Kumaratunga appointed Ranil Wickremasinghe, the leader of the UNF, as the new Prime Minister. The rest of the government, comprising 24 Ministers, 28 Project Ministers and 8 Deputy Ministers, were sworn in on 12 December 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009409-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nThe 12th parliament saw the only significant period of co-habitation in Sri Lanka since the executive presidency was introduced in 1978. There were numerous disputes between President Kumaratunga and Prime Minister Wickremasinghe, particularly over the handling of the peace process with the rebel Tamil Tigers. The political tension came to a head in early November 2003 when, as Prime Minister Wickremasinghe was out of the country, President Kumaratunga prorogued parliament, declared a state of emergency, sent troops into the streets of the capital and took control of three important ministries (defence, interior and media).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009409-0005-0001", "contents": "12th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nOn 20 January 2004 the Sri Lanka Freedom Party, President Kumaratunga's party and the main constituent of the opposition People's Alliance, and the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna formed a new political alliance called the United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA). A few days later on 7 February 2004 the president dissolved parliament, nearly four years ahead of schedule and despite the government having the support of the majority of parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009410-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Turkey\nThe 12th Grand National Assembly of Turkey existed from 15 October 1961 to 1o October 1965. Actually there is one other parliament between the 11th Parliament of Turkey and the 12th parliament of Turkey. But the members of the chamber of deputies in 1960\u201361 term were appointed members rather than elected members and usually chamber of deputies is not included in the list of the parliaments in Turkey. According to the new constitution, there were two houses in the parliament .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009410-0000-0001", "contents": "12th Parliament of Turkey\nThere were 450 MPs in the lower house\u00a0; Republican People's Party (CHP) with 173 MPs, Justice Party (AP)with 158 MPs, New Turkey Party (YTP) with 65 MPs and Republican Villagers Nation Party with 54 MPs. Since no party was able to win the majority of seats, this term witnessed four coalition governments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009410-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Turkey, Main parliamentary milestones\nSome of the important events in the history of the parliament are the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009411-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Upper Canada\nThe 12th Parliament of Upper Canada was opened 15 January 1835. Elections in Upper Canada had been held in October 1834. All sessions were held at York, Upper Canada. This parliament was dissolved 28 May 1836 by the new Lieutenant Governor, Sir Francis Bond Head. Head ordered a new election because the House of Assembly, dominated by reformers, had refused to pass any new money bills. The assembly also labelled Head a deceitful tyrant after he had invoked his right to consult them (the representatives of the people) only on certain specific matters. It was succeeded by the 13th Parliament of Upper Canada in November 1836.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009411-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Upper Canada\nThe House of Assembly of the 12th Parliament of Upper Canada had two sessions 4 February 1817 to 7 March 1820:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009411-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Parliament of Upper Canada\nBoth the House and Parliament sat at the third Parliament Buildings of Upper Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009412-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Peacekeeping Brigade\nThe 12th Peacekeeping Brigade (Armenian: 12-\u0580\u0564 \u053d\u0561\u0572\u0561\u0572\u0561\u057a\u0561\u0570 \u0562\u0580\u056b\u0563\u0561\u0564) is a military unit of the Armed Forces of Armenia. Sometimes referred to as the Blue Berets due to its role (and its similarities to the Armenian Airborne Forces), it solely specializes in peacekeeping in foreign countries as part of international initiatives. It is commanded by Major General Artak Tonoyan. In early 2016, Defence Minister Seyran Ohanyan said that he considers the brigade to be the \"basis for the establishment of a professional army\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009412-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Peacekeeping Brigade, History\nIn July 2001, a memorandum on Armenian peacekeeping was signed at the Headquarters of the United Nations in New York, being the catalyst for the formation of a peacekeeping unit. Captain Artak Tonoyan was appointed the first commander of the battalion. The battalion was subsequently reformed into a brigade. In February 2004, the first group of Armenian peacekeepers (consisting of 34 soldiers under the command of Lieutenant Artem Avdalyan) were deployed to Kosovo for six months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009412-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Peacekeeping Brigade, History\nIn March 2008, the brigade was relocated to the former base of the Capital Regiment. In 2016, its personnel carried the flags of the United States, Germany, Italy, Poland and Greece while taking part in the Independence Day parade on Republic Square. In November 2017, the unit opened a peacekeeping training center (known as the Zar Peacekeeping Area) in Zar. A women\u2019s platoon was established that same year as part of the cooperation program between the unit and the United Nations Population Fund.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009412-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Peacekeeping Brigade, History, Participation in the Armenian Revolution\nIn April 2018, it was reported that members of the brigade marched alongside antigovernmental forces in the 2018 Armenian revolution. The Armenian Defense Ministry condemned what it described as an illegal action, saying that \"The harshest legal measures will be taken against the soldiers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 76], "content_span": [77, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009412-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Peacekeeping Brigade, Deployments\nThe Armenian army has collaborated in several international missions with the West. The first peacekeeping mission of the unit was in Kosovo, carried out as part of the Greek contingent in the town of Ferizaj. On February 12, 2004, Armenia deployed a platoon-sized unit (three squads) to Kosovo as a part of the mission. It was headquartered in Camp \"REGAS FEREOS\" as a part of the Multi-National Task Force East and is tasked with maintaining vehicle check points, providing security for the base but also serves as a quick reaction force and crowd and riot control. In 2008, the KFOR unit was expanded, adding a second platoon plus company staff (bringing Armenia's contingent to about 85 personnel). It left Kosovo in 2011 only to return in 2012, with its new garrison being stationed at a base of United States Army Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009412-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Peacekeeping Brigade, Deployments, Other deployments, Iraq\nIn January 2005, having received the consent of the National Assembly of Armenia, a group of 45 peacekeepers went to Iraq together with a Polish Army unit. The contingent consisted of sappers, engineers and doctors as part of the Multi-National Force \u2013 Iraq. On November 10, 2006, Senior Lieutenant Georgy Nalbandyan was injured in a mine explosion in Iraq but survived after being transported for surgery to a hospital in Landstuhl, Germany, near Ramstein Air Base. On October 6, 2008, due to improving security conditions, the contingent's tour of duty came to an end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 63], "content_span": [64, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009412-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Peacekeeping Brigade, Deployments, Other deployments, Afghanistan\nIn July 2009, the Defense Minister of Armenia, Seyran Ohanyan, announced that Armenia would send a force from the brigade to participate with the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in the War in Afghanistan by the end of the year. He did not mention how large the force would be but did note that it probably would include munitions experts and communications officers. A MOD spokesmen also stated that the force would include medical specialists and translators as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 70], "content_span": [71, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009412-0006-0001", "contents": "12th Peacekeeping Brigade, Deployments, Other deployments, Afghanistan\nOhanyan added that Armenian officers who served in the Soviet military during the Soviet\u2013Afghan War also expressed the desire to return there as members of the new force. In November 2009, a NATO official affirmed that an Armenian contingent numbering 30 troops will join the ISAF sometime in early 2010. That number was revised to 40 in early December, when the Armenian parliament overwhelmingly voted in approval of the contingent's deployment. The servicemen arrived in Afghanistan in February 2010, where they carried out a mission jointly with the German Bundeswehr, being tasked to defend the regional airport in Kunduz. They also served in Kabul and Mazar-e-Sharif. There are currently 126 servicemen in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 70], "content_span": [71, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009412-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Peacekeeping Brigade, Deployments, Other deployments, Lebanon\nDuring the mission, an Armenian chapel was opened. Since December 2014, the brigade sent a platoon in Lebanon as part of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009412-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Peacekeeping Brigade, Deployments, Other deployments, Syria\nThe brigade became the base of the Armenian contingent in Syria, a task force consisting of 83 medics, demining experts, force protection and other military personnel. This was the first independent foreign deployment of the Armenian military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009412-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Peacekeeping Brigade, Commanders\nDuring the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, it was reported by the Azerbaijani Army that Tonoyan was killed in action, although these reported were later deemed as false.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009413-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment\nThe 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry (113th Volunteers) was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009413-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry was organized at Camp McReyonlds in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania November 1861 through April 1862. The regiment was accepted for state and federal service as the \"113th Volunteers\" and its designation changed to the 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry on November 13, 1861. It mustered in for three years service under the command of Colonel William Frishmuth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009413-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Military District of Washington, to September 1862. 4th Brigade, Pleasanton's Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac, to October 1862. Averill's Cavalry Command, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to November 1862. Defenses Upper Potomac, VIII Corps, to February 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, VIII Corps, to June 1863. Pierce's Brigade, Department of the Susquehanna, to July 1863. McReynold's Command, Department of the Susquehanna, to August 1863. Martinsburg, West Virginia, Department of West Virginia, to October 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, Department of West Virginia, to February 1864. Reserve Division, Department of West Virginia, to July 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, West Virginia, to August 1864. Reserve Division, Department of West Virginia, to January 1865. 3rd Infantry Division, West Virginia, to April 1865. Cavalry, Army of the Shenandoah, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 959]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009413-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Washington, D.C., April 1862. Duty at Washington, D.C., until June 20, 1862. Moved to Manassas Junction, Va., and guard Orange & Alexandria Railroad until August. Moved to Bristoe, then to Alexandria, and picket north bank of the Potomac River from Chain Bridge to Edward's Ferry until September. Maryland Campaign September-October. Frederick, Md., September 12. Battle of Antietam, September 16-17. Assigned to duty on line of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, Headquarters at Sir John!s Run and Bath. Martinsburg, W. Va., November 6. Moorefield November 9. Newtown November 24. Kearneysville December 26. Bunker Hill January 1, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009413-0003-0001", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nNear Smithfield and Charlestown February 12. Millwood Road near Winchester April 8. Reconnaissance from Winchester to Wardensville and Strasburg April 20. Operations in the Shenandoah Valley April 22-29. Strasburg Road, Fisher's Hill, April 22. Scout to Strasburg April 25-30. Cedarville and Winchester June 12. Winchester June 13-15. McConnellsburg, Pa., June 24 Cunningham's Cross Roads July 5. Greencastle, Pa., July 5 (detachment). Near Clear Springs, Md., July 10. Moved to Sharpsburg, Md., then to Martinsburg August 3, and duty there until July 1864. Jeffersonton, Va., October 10, 1863. Near Winchester February 5, 1864. Middletown February 6. Winchester April 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009413-0003-0002", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nAffair in Loudoun County June 9 (detachment). Charlestown and Duffield Station June 29, Bolivar Heights July 2. Near Hillsboro July 15-16. Charlestown July 17. Snicker's Ferry July 17-18. Ashby's Gap and Berry's Ford July 19. Near Kernstown July 23. Winchester July 24. Bunker Hill and Martinsburg July 25. Cherry Run July 28. Winchester July 29. Guard and garrison duty at Charlestown, covering railroad from Harpers Ferry to Winchester until March 1865. Charlestown September 27, 1864. Halltown November 12. Mount Zion Church November 12. Newtown November 24. Charlestown November 29 (detachment). Affair at Harpers Ferry February 3, 1865 (detachment). Scout from Harpers Ferry into Loudoun County March 20-23. Near Hamilton March 21. Goose Creek March 23. Duty at Winchester and in the Shenandoah Valley until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009413-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 142 men during service; 2 officers and 32 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 107 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009414-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment of the Union Army in the American Civil War. Raised in Pittsburgh and its surrounding counties in April 1861 for three months of service, the regiment spent its first month in training, then guarded the Northern Central Railway in Maryland until it was mustered out. Many of its men went on to serve in subsequent Pennsylvania regiments during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009414-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 12th Pennsylvania was raised in Pittsburgh in April 1861 for a three-month term in response to President Abraham Lincoln's call for 75,000 men, under the supervision of Brigadier General James S. Negley. It was organized in that city on 22 April when its field officers were elected, with David Campbell, former captain of the Duquesne Grays, becoming its colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009414-0001-0001", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was partially based on the preexisting Pittsburgh militia companies known as the Duquesne Grays (Company B) and Jackson Independent Blues (Company A), some of whose members were Mexican\u2013American War veterans, and the recently established Zouave Cadets (Company I) and City Guards (Company K). The remaining companies were formed from inexperienced volunteers: Company E (Washington Invincibles)  at Washington, Companies F (Lawrence Guards)  and H (Lawrence Guards)  at New Castle, Company G (Monongahela Artillery) at Monongahela City, and Companies C (Firemen Legion) and D (Union Guards) at Pittsburgh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009414-0001-0002", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 12th became the first regiment to depart the city on 24 April and arrived at Harrisburg on the next day, being quartered in churches and the Pennsylvania State Capitol. It was reviewed by state Governor Andrew Gregg Curtin in the afternoon alongside the 13th Pennsylvania Infantry before being mustered into Federal service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009414-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment promptly entrained on the Northern Central Railway for Camp Scott near York, where it spent the next several weeks training. Conditions at Camp Scott, described by Samuel Penniman Bates' postwar official history as a \"field of mud,\" made many of its men eager for action. The 12th received uniforms and equipment on 19 May, and relieved the 1st Pennsylvania Infantry along the Northern Central from the Pennsylvania\u2013Maryland border to Baltimore on 25 May; the Northern Central provided an important connection between Harrisburg and points further north, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C. to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009414-0002-0001", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nRegimental headquarters and Companies I and K were located at Cockeysville, while the remaining companies were spread out along the railroad; it was assigned to the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Division of Patterson's Army (the Department of Pennsylvania). Though the regiment had initially been thrilled at the news of its movement, it quickly found guarding the railroad monotonous, and desired action. The regiment did not train as a unit while guarding the railroad due to its dispersed positions, although Companies I and K conducted daily drill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009414-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nAt the end of its term of service, the regiment was mustered out at Harrisburg on 5 August; it had suffered no losses during it service. Major Alexander Hays of the regiment eventually became a brigadier general and was killed at the Battle of the Wilderness, one of many officers and men of the regiment who saw further service in the Union Army during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009414-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Notable personnel\nRegimental quartermaster James A. Ekin became a brevet brigadier general by the end of the war and served on the military tribunal that tried the Lincoln assassination conspirators. Private George K. Brady became an officer in the Regular Army and fought in the American Indian Wars. Private Charles Oliver of Company G later reenlisted in the 100th Pennsylvania Infantry and was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Fort Stedman in 1865, having served through most of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009414-0004-0001", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Notable personnel\nCompany K Private Samuel Baldwin Marks Young served through the war as an officer and joined the Regular Army, ultimately becoming the first Chief of Staff of the United States Army. Another Company K Private, Joseph Barr Kiddoo, became an officer and rose to brevet brigadier general by the end of the war. Private Robert Patterson Hughes of Company E also joined the Regular Army postwar, holding command positions in the Philippine\u2013American War. Jonas R. McClintock, the 8th mayor of Pittsburgh was the first captain of the Duquesne Grays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009415-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Regiment\nThe 12th Pennsylvania Regiment also known as Northampton and Northumberland Defense Battalion was an American infantry unit that fought during the American Revolutionary War as part of the Continental Army. The regiment was raised 23 August 1776 at Sunbury, Pennsylvania as a state militia regiment and later renamed the 12th Pennsylvania. In January 1777 the 12th was commanded by Colonel William Cooke at Princeton. Assigned to Thomas Conway's 3rd Pennsylvania Brigade, the regiment would see action at Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. The regiment was merged into the 3rd Pennsylvania Regiment shortly after Monmouth and went out of existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009416-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment\nThe 12th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment also known as the 41st Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army as part of the Pennsylvania Reserves infantry division during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009416-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Service\nThe 12th Pennsylvania Reserves was organized at Camp Curtin in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania beginning August 1861 and mustered in August 10, 1861 under the command of Colonel John H. Taggart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009416-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade, McCall's Pennsylvania Reserves Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April 1862. 3rd Brigade, McCall's Division, Department of the Rappahannock, to June 1862. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac, to August 1862. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to February 1863. 3rd Brigade, Pennsylvania Reserves Division, XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to June 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009416-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Detailed service\nAt Camp Curtin until August 10. Moved to Washington, D.C., then to Tennallytown, Md., August 10\u201313. Duty at Tennallytown, Md., August 13 to October 10, 1861, and at Camp Pierpont, near Langley, Va., to March 1862. Expedition to Grinnell's Farm December 6, 1861. Action at Dranesville December 20, 1861. Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10\u201315, 1862. McDowell's advance on Falmouth April 9\u201319. Duty at Fredericksburg until June. Moved to White House June 9\u201312. Seven Days before Richmond June 25 \u2013 July 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009416-0003-0001", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Detailed service\nBattle of Mechanicsville June 26, Battle of Gaines's Mill June 27, Battle of Charles City Cross Roads, Glendale June 30, and Battle of Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing until August 16. Movement to join Pope August 16\u201326. Battle of Gainesville August 28. Battle of Groveton August 30. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201324. Battle of South Mountain September 14. Battle of Antietam September 16\u201317. Duty in Maryland until October 30. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30 \u2013 November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12\u201315. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009416-0003-0002", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Washington, D.C., February 6, and duty there and at Alexandria until June 25. Ordered to rejoin the Army of the Potomac in the field. Battle of Gettysburg, July 1\u20133. Pursuit of Lee July 5\u201324. Duty on the Rapidan until October. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Rappahannock Station November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26 \u2013 December 2. Guarded the Orange & Alexandria Railroad until April 1864. Rapidan Campaign May 4\u201331. Battle of the Wilderness May 5\u20137. Laurel Hill May 8. Spotsylvania May 8\u201312. Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient May 12. Harris Farm May 19. North Anna River May 23\u201326. Jericho Mills, or Ford, May 25. Line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009416-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 181 men during service; 1 officer and 110 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 69 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009417-0000-0000", "contents": "12th People's Choice Awards\nThe 12th People's Choice Awards, honoring the best in popular culture for 1985, were held in 1986. They were broadcast on CBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009418-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Pioneers\nThe 12th Pioneers (The Kelat-i-Ghilzie Regiment) were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. They could trace their origins to 1838, when they were raised as the 3rd Battalion, Shah Shuja's Force. In 1842 the battalion distinguished itself at the battle of fort Kelat-i-Ghilzie for which it was allowed to retain the name as an honour title. Designated the 12th Pioneers in 1903, it was merged with the 2nd Bombay Pioneers in 1922, finally being disbanded in 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009419-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Planet (musician)\nJohn Christopher Dadzie (born June 7, 1982), better known by his stage names 12th Planet and Infiltrata, is an American dubstep producer and DJ hailing from Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009419-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Planet (musician), Biography\nBorn John Christopher Dadzie, he grew up in South Los Angeles, the youngest of four children. He was first introduced to the electronic music scene in high school. After forming Imperial Recordings with DJ Lith, he launched his production skills on his own terms, originally producing drum and bass under the alias Infiltrata. In 2006, he decided that he was going to make dubstep. It was then that his new alias 12th Planet was created, in reference to Zecharia Sitchin's book, 12th Planet. All production under the name 12th Planet is original. As one of the first individuals to bring the dubstep culture to America (in one of the USA's electronic meccas, Los Angeles) 12th Planet has frequently been cited as the General of the Riddim Gang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009419-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Planet (musician), Biography\n12th Planet worked frequently with Orange County producer Flinch and LA Local Skrillex (on tracks \"Needed Change\" And \"Burst\" Along with Kill The Noise). He has also collaborated with various dubstep producers including Datsik, Doctor P, Plastician, Virtual Riot and Skream. Many well-known dubstep DJs (such as Rusko, Skream, Skrillex and more) use 12th Planet's productions and remixes in their live DJ sets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009419-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Planet (musician), Biography\nAs a DJ, 12th Planet has toured globally in London, Sydney, Auckland, and across the US. He has also played at many American dance festivals such as Electric Daisy Carnival, Together As One, SXSW, Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, Ultra Music Festival, Nocturnal, and Beyond Wonderland. He is represented by AM Only, one of the largest agencies in the electronic music industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009419-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Planet (musician), Biography\nIn 2007, 12th Planet helped in the re-launch and re-branding of SMOG Records, which was previously an event production company, and has since been its head. In 2009, 12th Planet was listed as one of URB.com's \"Next 100\", and had a special feature in their 25 Now! supplemental issue. 2010 marked the release of his music video for \"Reasons\", presented by Scion A/V, which was premiered and cycled on MTV 2. Diplo's label Mad Decent included 12th Planet's remix of Little Jinder's \"Youth Blood\" on their dubstep compilation \"Blow Your Head\", released in November. 12th Planet has also been described by Skrillex as Skrillex's Mentor at a show at Ultra Music", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009419-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Planet (musician), Biography\n12th Planet finished in 20th place in the 2013 America's Best DJ competition-a vote and promotion to find out the country's most popular DJ conducted by DJ Times magazine and Pioneer DJ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009419-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Planet (musician), Biography\nIn 2017, he signed with Myro and Dodge & Fuski's Disciple Recordings, becoming the head of the sub-label Disciple Round Table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009420-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment\n12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment (Polish language: 12 Pu\u0142k U\u0142an\u00f3w Podolskich, 12 pu\u0142) was a cavalry unit of the Polish Army. It was officially formed in 1919, and existed in various forms until 1947. The regiment fought in Polish-Soviet War and World War II. In the Second Polish Republic, it was garrisoned in the village of Bialokrynica near Krzemieniec, Volhynia (current Ukraine). The regiment was part of Wolynska Cavalry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009420-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment, Origins\nThe 12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment is rooted in the Duchy of Warsaw. On June 8, 1809, the 5th Galician-French Cavalry Regiment was formed by Colonel Gabriel Rzyszczewski. Soon afterwards, it was renamed the 12th Uhlan Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009420-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment, Origins\nDuring the November Uprising of 1830-31, the regiment was re-formed by the rebels in former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It fought the Russians in the region of Samogitia, and was disbanded in late 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009420-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment, Second Polish Republic\nIn February 1919, the regiment was formed once more. It was based on cavalry units of the former Imperial Russian Army, in which ethnic Poles were in the majority, such as the 1st Guards Cuirassier Regiment. Commanded by Rotmistrz Antoni Czudowski, it was initially called the 1st Polish Cuirassier Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009420-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment, Second Polish Republic\nIn late 1918, during the Polish-Ukrainian War, a volunteer cavalry squadron was formed in the area of Lwow. After a merger with a similar unit formed in Warsaw, it was named the 12th Relief of Lwow Regiment. On May 7, 1919, the unit was awarded its flag, funded by the Polish noble family of Belina-Brzozowski, which resided in Podolia. Two days later, its two squadrons set off to fight in eastern Austrian Galicia, capturing the towns of Boryslaw and Bolechow. On October 25, 1919, the regiment was officially named Podolian, after the region in which it fought. Soon afterwards, it was transferred to Pomerelia, where it took part in Poland's Wedding to the Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009420-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment, Second Polish Republic\nDuring the Polish-Soviet War, Podolian Uhlans, as part of Third Cavalry Brigade, fought in Volhynia, an eastern part of former Austrian Galicia. On August 12, 1920, the 1st Cavalry Division was formed. It consisted of elite cavalry regiments of the Polish Army: 1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, 12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment and 14th Regiment of Jazlowiec Uhlans. The division fought in the Battle of Radziechow and then in the great cavalry Battle of Komarow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009420-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment, Second Polish Republic\nAfter the wars had ended, the regiment was garrisoned in the village of Bialokrynica near Krzemieniec, Volhynia (current Ukraine). On February 2, 1921, a new flag was handed to the regiment by Marshal Jozef Pilsudski. The flag was founded by regimental officer, Rotmistrz Michal Grocholski. Two years later, a regimental holiday was established on May 7. A delegation of the unit took part in the funeral of Marshal Pilsudski, in May 1935 in Warsaw. On April 1, 1937, the Second Independent Cavalry Brigade was renamed the Kresowa Cavalry Brigade. The regiment was part of this brigade until its mobilization in August 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009420-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nDuring the mobilization of the Polish Army (summer 1939), 12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment was transferred from Kresowa Cavalry Brigade to Wolynska Cavalry Brigade, commanded by Colonel Julian Filipowicz. As part of the brigade, the regiment fought against the advancing panzer Wehrmacht units in the Battle of Mokra and other battles of the Polish defensive war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009420-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nIn early September 1939, Colonel Andrzej Kuczek, who commanded the regiment, ordered the flag to be transported back to the barracks in Bialokrynica, Volhynia. On the morning of September 17, 1939, when news of Soviet Invasion of Poland reached Bialokrynica, the flag was taken southwards, but it did not reach Romania, as on September 19 in the morning near Zloczow, it was burned by Rotmistrz Jan Chojnacki, who did not want the flag to fall into Soviet hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009420-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nThe regiment fought until early October 1939, and its commandant, Colonel Kuczek, was murdered in the Katyn massacre. After the campaign, the regiment was awarded the Virtuti Militari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009420-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment, Podolian Uhlans in the Soviet Union and Italy\nFollowing the Sikorski\u2013Mayski agreement, the so-called Anders' Army was created in the Soviet Union, out of Poles who had forcibly been resettled in Siberia and other provinces of the country. Among other units, Personal Squadron of General Anders was created, under Rotmistrz Czeslaw Florkowski. In January 1942, the squadron was transported to Tashkent, and in October of that year, by which time it was in Iran, it was renamed the 12th Armoured Cavalry Regiment. In May 1943, the regiment was attached to the 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division, and in December it was renamed the 12th Podolian Rifles Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009420-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment, Podolian Uhlans in the Soviet Union and Italy\nAs part of II Corps (Poland), the regiment was first transported to Palestine, and then to North Africa. In January 1944, it was conveyed to Italy, and later fought in the Battle of Monte Cassino, during which the Podolian Uhlans were the first to capture the strategic hill. The regiment continued fighting until the end of the Italian Campaign. After the war, the regiment remained in Italy until October 1946. A new flag was handed to it during a special ceremony, which took place on November 11, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009420-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment, Podolian Uhlans in the Soviet Union and Italy\nIn October 1946 the regiment was loaded on a ship in Naples, and transported to Great Britain. It was dissolved on May 6, 1947. On the next day, the Association of Soldiers of the 12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment was formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009420-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment, Symbols and traditions\nThe first flag of the regiment was burned by its officers on September 19, 1939. A second flag, founded by airmen of the Polish Airforce in the West, was handed to General Anders, on November 11, 1945, in Italy. The flag, which featured Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn, is now kept at the Polish Institute and General Sikorski Museum in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009420-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment, Symbols and traditions\nThe regimental badge, accepted by Polish military authorities on February 28, 1922, featured the yellow Podolian sun and the Maltese cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009420-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment, Symbols and traditions\nOn May 7, 1997, the 12th Recce Battalion of Podolian Uhlans, garrisoned in Szczecin, officially took over the symbols and traditions of the Podolian Uhlans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009421-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Politburo and the 12th Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 12th Politburo and 12th Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) were elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee, in the immediate aftermath of the 12th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 83], "section_span": [83, 83], "content_span": [84, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009422-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee on September 13, 1982, consisting of 25 members and 3 alternate members. It served until 1987. It was preceded by the 11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. This politburo was reorganized in September 1985, with a retirement of senior members and election of new members. It was succeeded by the 13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009422-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, Members elected in September 1985 (6)\nat the 5th Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009423-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nThe 12th Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam (B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam Kho\u00e1 XII) is the current Politburo of the ruling Communist Party in Vietnam. It was selected by the Central Committee of the Party at the 12th National Congress of the CPV on January 27, 2016, and is expected to serve until the 13th National Congress, tentatively scheduled for early 2021. The 19-member committee comprises 12 newcomers and seven returning members. Within Vietnam's one-party political system, the Politburo de facto occupies the apex of the political system, with important government positions (president, prime minister, chair of the National Assembly) and leadership of the military and security forces almost always held by its members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009423-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nSince the incumbent president, prime minister, and chair of the National Assembly (Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea5n Sang, Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng, and Nguy\u1ec5n Sinh H\u00f9ng, all members of the 11th Politburo) were not selected to partake in the 12th Politburo, they were expected to retire when the National Assembly confirmed their successors in late 2016. The incumbent general secretary of the CPV, Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng, was re-elected to his post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009423-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nAt the 11th session of the 13th National Assembly, a number of members of the new Politburo were confirmed as new leaders of state institutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009423-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Members\nA \"*\" indicates that the position was confirmed at the 11th session of the 13th National Assembly, convened from late March 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009424-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly\nThe 12th Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) was elected by the 1st Session of the 12th Supreme People's Assembly on 9 April 2009. It was replaced on 9 April 2014 by the 13th SPA Presidium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009425-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Primetime Emmy Awards\nThe 12th Emmy Awards, later referred to as the 12th Primetime Emmy Awards, were held on June 20, 1960, to honor the best in television of the year. The ceremony was held at the NBC Studios, in Burbank, California. It was hosted by Fred Astaire. All nominations are listed, with winners in bold and series' networks are in parentheses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009425-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Primetime Emmy Awards\nThe ceremony's format was a sharp contrast to the previous year's. Several Acting categories were either combined or simply removed, and nearly every category had only three nominees, as opposed to the traditional five or six. Due to the relatively small crop of categories, no show received more than two major awards. The NBC anthology Startime received the most major nominations with five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009426-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Public Security Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 147th Division(Chinese: \u7b2c147\u5e08) was a military formation of the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009426-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Public Security Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was designated in November 1948 according to the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948. from 36th Division, 12th Column of People's Liberation Army of Northeastern China. Its history could be traced to 5th Independent Division of Northeastern Democratic Coalition formed in July 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009426-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Public Security Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was a part of 49th Corps. Under the flag of 147th division it took part in several major battles during the Chinese Civil War, including the siege of Changchun, Liaoshen campaign, Pingjin campaign and Guangxi campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009426-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Public Security Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was then composed of 439th, 440th and 441st Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009426-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Public Security Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1952, the division was reorganized as 12th Public Security Division(Chinese: \u516c\u5b89\u7b2c12\u5e08). The division was then composed of 34th, 35th, 36th and 37th Public Security Regiments, stationing in Guangxi as a garrison unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009426-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Public Security Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1955 the division was disbanded. Headquarters, 12th Public Security Division was converted to Headquarters, 1st Air Defense Corps, and all its 4 regiments were attached to Guangxi Military District's control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009427-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Quartermaster Regiment\nThe 12th Quartermaster Regiment was a regiment of the United States which was charged with quartermaster duties such as supplying all necessary ordnance, food, clothing, and supplies to the Philippine Division. Their colors were the only ones saved \u2013 entrusted to one of the \"Angels of Bataan\" who tricked a captor into thinking they were a cape and saved them through more than three years of internment \u2013 after the Division was forced to surrender after the invasion of the Philippines by the Japanese forces during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009428-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Quebec Legislature\nThe 12th Legislative Assembly of Quebec was the provincial legislature in Quebec, Canada that existed from June 8, 1908, to May 15, 1912. The Quebec Liberal Party led by Lomer Gouin was the governing party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009428-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Quebec Legislature, Member list\nThis was the list of members of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec that were elected in the 1908 election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009428-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Quebec Legislature, New electoral districts\nThe electoral map was reformed in 1912 just a few months prior to the general elections later that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron\nThe 12th Reconnaissance Squadron is a United States Air Force squadron, assigned to the 319th Operations Group at Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota, and operates from Beale Air Force Base, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron\nThe squadron traces its lineage to the United States Army Air Service 12th Aero Squadron, activated on 2 June 1917 at Kelly Field, Texas. It earned seven Campaign Streamers in World War I flying the French Salmson 2A2 aircraft as a Corps Observation squadron. The squadron again flew tactical reconnaissance missions in France and Northern Europe during World War II as part of Ninth Air Force. As a United States Air Force squadron, it flew reconnaissance missions in the Korean War, Vietnam War, Operation Desert Storm and the Global War on Terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron\nAircrews of the 12th have flown over 40 different aircraft since its beginnings in 1917, fought in more than 25 major campaigns, operated from over 60 stations, and received more than 20 unit citations. Today, it continues its history of reconnaissance, now equipped with the RQ-4 Global Hawk Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, Mission\nThe 12th Reconnaissance Squadron plans and executes worldwide high-altitude combat surveillance and reconnaissance missions including peacetime intelligence gathering, contingency operations and conventional warfare. Operating the RQ-4B Global Hawk Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA), the 12 RS provides signals intelligence and near real-time imagery intelligence to fulfill operational requirements generated by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in support of the Secretary of Defense and unified commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I\nThe 12th Reconnaissance Squadron is one of the oldest United States Air Force squadrons, having been involved in every armed conflict the United States has deployed forces into combat since World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I\nThe 12th Aero Squadron was established in June 1917, shortly after the United States' entry into World War I. Formed at what would become Kelly Field, Texas, the squadron trained at Wilbur Wright Field, Ohio during the summer of 1917 before deploying to France in December 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I\nAfter a period of training in France, the 12th became an early photo-reconnaissance unit, flying over the trenches of the Western Front. Was attached to the French IV Army Corps and American I Army Corps; squadron moved frequently from one area of the front to another, usually staying at one location no more than a week or two, taking air photos and gathering intelligence. After the Armistice with Germany in November 1918, the squadron remained in France and later Germany as part of the IV Army Corps with the Rhineland Occupation forces. Returned to the United States in June 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Inter-War era\nArriving at Mitchell Field, New York in June 1919, most squadron members were separated from the Air Service and returned to civilian life. A small cadre of members remained on duty, and on 8 October, Lt Alexander Pearson in a 12th Squadron De Havilland DH-4 took off from Roosevelt Field on Long Island in the first transcontinental air race, a round trip to Crissy Field, San Francisco, California, which he won with a flying time of 48 hours, 37 minutes, and 16 seconds, or an average speed of 111.3\u00a0mph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Inter-War era\nAfter a brief attachment to Scott Field, Illinois, the 12th was transferred back to Kelly Field, where it immediately began preparations for service along the Mexican Border. By February 1920, the squadron (less A Flight, which was detached to Douglas Field, Arizona) was settling in at Biggs Field, near El Paso, equipped with De Havilland DH-4s. Later that month, a terse telegram described one incident of this service: Lts G. L. Usher and L. M. Wolfe, \"lost direction on patrol. Made forced landing near Nacozari Sonora Mexico. Plane reported broken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0008-0001", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Inter-War era\nCommanding General Southern Department making arrangements for officers release from Mexico.\" Wolfe and Usher, on a flight from Columbus Airfield New Mexico to Nogales, Arizona on 2 February 1920, lost their way due to a bad compass and poor visibility, mistakenly following a railway some 80 miles (130\u00a0km) into Mexico. In landing near the village of La Noira, 15 miles (24\u00a0km) south of Nacozari, a wing was damaged. They were detained by Mexican authorities, although they were given the freedom of Nacozari and spent most of their time at the club of an American copper company. They were finally released on 24 February. Between 4\u201311 April, the 12th moved to Nogales, where it operated for nearly a year until it joined the detached flight at Douglas Field, Arizona. On 28 September the squadron, reduced in numbers, returned to Biggs Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 898]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Inter-War era\nIn February 1921, the same Lt Pearson and the 12th were again involved in a record-setting attempt, this time a planned transcontinental flight with only two stops to be completed in less than 24 hours. The flight was to be from Pablo Beach, Florida (near Jacksonville), to Rockwell Field, San Diego, with en route servicing at Fort Worth and Biggs Field. Lt Pearson left Douglas for Florida on 7 February, but he was forced down in the desert with a broken crankshaft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0009-0001", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Inter-War era\nRepairs were made the next day on the scene, and he flew on Biggs Field on the 9th, departing the next day for Kelly Field, San Antonio, but he didn't make it. For the next six days, aircraft from five Texas bases searched for him in vain. Then, on the 16th, he arrived at Sanderson Border Patrol station on horseback, having made his way across country from his crash site in Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Inter-War era\nIn June, the Border Patrol operation ended, with all airfields except Biggs Field being closed and most units returning to their permanent stations. The 12th Squadron, less A Flight again, which returned to Kelly Field, which remained in El Paso as part of the 1st Cavalry Division. On 30 September 1922, the unit was re-designated as the 12th Observation Squadron and in September 1923, it participated in maneuvers with the division at Marfa, Texas. It was during this period, from 1922 to 1923, that Captain Claire Chennault, of later Flying Tiger fame, served with the 12th as aviation engineer officer. In June 1926, the squadron went to Charlotte, Texas, for maneuvers, and in August it moved to Bayside Beach, Texas, for gunnery and bomb practice. The 12th returned to Bayside Beach in May 1932 and April 1933 for practice in aerial gunnery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Inter-War era\nIn 1934, the 12th took part when the Army was given responsibility for flying the mail after President Franklin Roosevelt cancelled all civilian contracts because of alleged rate-fixing by the airlines. 12th pilots were assigned to the difficult and dangerous CAA Route 18, from Salt Lake City, Utah to Oakland, California, via Elko, Nevada, and Sacramento, California. The aircraft they flew were primarily Douglas Y1B-7 bombers. On 1 June 1937, the 12th Observation Squadron left Texas to operate with the 7th Cavalry Brigade, the mechanized forerunner of the First Armored Division, at Fort Knox, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0011-0001", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Inter-War era\nWhile stationed at Fort Knox, the squadron participated in field maneuvers with the mechanized cavalry near Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, and at Fort Riley, Kansas, in 1938; in the First Army maneuvers at Plattsburgh, New York in 1939; and in the Third Army maneuvers in Louisiana in 1940. In the summer of 1940, the squadron was the first to be attached to an armored division \u2013 the First \u2013 and on 2 December, a base detachment was formed at For. Knox to manage Goodman Field, a new and modern airfield still under construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0011-0002", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Inter-War era\nCaptain Robert M. Lee, commanding officer of the 12th, was also detachment commander. Along with the First Armored Division, the 12th Squadron played an active role in the Carolina and Louisiana Maneuvers from July to December 1941. After those maneuvers, the 12th returned to the recently completed Godman Field, where the unit supplied a cadre to organize the Headquarters Squadron of the 73d Observation Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II\nAfter the Pearl Harbor Attack, the squadron left Godman Field on 17 March 1942 to join the 67th Observation Group at Esler Field, Louisiana. There it received extensive training in combat aircraft under Third Air Force. In late July the squadron was ordered overseas and split into a ground echelon and an air echelon. The ground echelon left Elser Field on 12 August 1942, and sailed for England on 28 August from Fort Dix, New Jersey aboard the RMS\u00a0Queen Elizabeth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0012-0001", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II\nIt arrived at Gourock, Scotland, on 6 September 1942 and proceeded to its new station at RAF Membury, Berkshire, England. Meanwhile, the air echelon had remained at Elser Field, until 21 September. On that day it left by train for Fort Dix, where it sailed aboard the Dutch Troop Ship Marnix van St. Aldegonde on 26 September, arriving at Gurock on 7 October to join the rest of the squadron at Membury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Operations from England\nIn England, the squadron went through an intensive training program with the Royal Air Force. On 17 October 1942, it was assigned Spitfire PR Mk XIs, and late in January 1943, it received its first A-20 Havoc. During those months the squadron participated in several maneuvers and became a very efficient organization. On 8 July, the unit was re-designated the 12th Reconnaissance Squadron (Fighter). A little later, on 13 July, a reorganization took place and the A-20s, gunners, liaison pilots, and most of the observers of the squadron were transferred to the 153rd Liaison Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0013-0001", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Operations from England\nThe 12th was then equipped with North American P-51 Mustangs and F-6 reconnaissance Mustangs. Late in October, the 12th Squadron was transferred from the VIII Air Support Command to the IX Fighter Command. The unit became highly mobile and proficient at changing airfields on short notice. It would fly from eight English bases before moving to the Continent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Operations from England\nOn 13 November, the squadron was re-designated again, to the 12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. Although the pilots of the 12th engaged in operations against the enemy while on detached service with the Royal Air Force, it was not until 2 January 1944 that the squadron began operations as a unit when Capt James L. Rose flew its first operational mission, a weather reconnaissance over France. On 4 January, the squadron, as part of the 67th Group, was assigned to the IX Air Support Command (re-designated IX Tactical Air Command in April 1944).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0014-0001", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Operations from England\nAfter its first operational mission, the 12th helped to photograph 160 miles (260\u00a0km) of French coast and two inshore strips, each 120 miles (190\u00a0km) long using the Merton Oblique camera. On 20 March, after 19 days of extremely hazardous operation, the task was completed. Eighty-three missions were flown; 18 were aborted, 14 due to weather. The maps and photographs were an important contribution to the success of Operation Overlord, the invasion of the continent of Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0014-0002", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Operations from England\nThe 12th shared a Distinguished Unit Citation with the 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Group for the \"most extensive low altitude oblique photographic assignment ever undertaken over enemy territory.\" Now the 12th TRS turned to photographing targets over Belgium and France \u2013 targets from Le Havre to Luxembourg, and from Leige to Lorient. One day it was marshalling yards in Belgium, another day bridges along the Seine River, then gun emplacements on the \"Rocket Coast\" plus targets in the Pas-de-Calais area. In May 1944, 66 out of 75 missions were successful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Northern France Campaign\nOn 6 June 1944, D-Day, and for days afterwards, the 12th TRS performed area and route reconnaissance missions as well as artillery adjustment missions over and immediately behind the front lines. The squadron flew 250 missions during the month and operated around the clock. Reconnaissance was a major factor in allied strategy, and the 12th TRS kept higher echelons informed of enemy convoy and troop movements, and the location of troop concentrations. Effective 13 June, the 12th was transferred to the 10th Photographic Reconnaissance Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0015-0001", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Northern France Campaign\nHowever, about 5 July 1944, the squadron moved with the 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Group to ALG A-9 Le Molay-Littry \u2013 the first of five airfields from which it would operate in France \u2013 and began supporting the United States First Army, which was massing for a breakthrough near Saint-L\u00f4. After the breakthrough, the 12th followed General George S. Patton's Third Army in its drive across France and supported him for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0016-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Northern France Campaign\nOn 1 August 1944, the squadron was assigned to the XIX Tactical Air Command. Since no French airfield was ready for the 10th Group, the 12th had to handle the reconnaissance load for the first several days, flying 26 missions in five days with a 100 percent success rate. Although bad weather hampered its operations during the rest of the year, several outstanding missions were flown. On the 11th, the squadron was the first from the 10th Reconnaissance Group to move onto the newly captured Rennes Airfield (A-27).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0016-0001", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Northern France Campaign\nDuring September, in addition to its regular missions, the 12th flew 170 missions in nineteen days reconnoitering the area along and beyond the Siegfried Line where German armies were building up reserves. The pilots also spotted and photographed areas the Germans were strengthening and reconnoitered marshalling yards to see if reinforcements were being sent in from other parts of Germany. During November and December, missions were flown over the Ruhr and Rhine valleys and over such cities as Frankfurt, Mannheim, Wiesbaden, Koblenz, and Ludwigshafen, many of which were heavily defended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0017-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Northern France Campaign\nDuring the German retreat after the Battle of the Bulge, the 12th kept its planes in the air, spotting enemy vehicles, troops, and supplies. Medium bombers had knocked out so many roads and bridges that thousands of German vehicles were trying to escape, but had no way to move. On 26 January, 12th TRS pilots spotted 4,000 vehicles and called in P-47 Thunderbolt fighter-bombers in to finish the job. The 12th Squadron was commended by Generals Carl Spaatz and Weyland for its work during the German withdrawal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0018-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Invasion of Germany\nThe 12th moved to Vogelsang Airfield (Y-61) Euren, Germany on 2 March 1945. During March, 320 missions were flown in support of the Third Army's break through of the Siegfried Line. At this point, the squadron received an order stressing the fact that the 12th was a reconnaissance squadron and that engagements with the enemy should not be encouraged. Reconnaissance areas changed rapidly in keeping pace with Patton. During the first part of April, targets included Frankfurt, Darmstadt, W\u00fcrzburg, and Kassel. Later they were farther east \u2013 Gotha, Erfurt, Leipzig, and Chemnitz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0018-0001", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Invasion of Germany\nThen the 12th moved south to Munich, Regensburg, and Nuremberg, and it finished the month by making long flights (with wing tanks) into Austria and Czechoslovakia, reconnoitering Prague, Pilsen, Linz, and Vienna. Although hostilities in general ceased in Europe on 7 May 1945, the 12th Squadron continued to fly photographic missions in support of Allied forces in Czechoslovakia, where the fighting did not stop until 10 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0019-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Invasion of Germany\nThe 12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron made a very impressive record during World War II. The unit's historian reported that 2,732 missions were flown, 26 enemy planes destroyed, three probably destroyed, and ten damaged. The 12th Squadron lost nine planes. After the war, the 12th became part of the occupation air force in Europe. It remained at F\u00fcrth Airfield, Germany, assigned to the 10th Reconnaissance Group of the XII Tactical Air Command. The squadron demobilized during late 1945 and early 1946, being reduced to an administrative unit. On 12 February 1946 it moved to Bolling Field, Washington DC where it was inactivated on 31 March 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0020-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, United States Air Force, Postwar Era\nThe squadron was reactivated at March Field, California on 31 August 1946 as the 12th Reconnaissance Squadron, Photo (Jet Propelled). It was assigned to the 363d Reconnaissance Group, Ninth Air Force. However, because the rest of the group was stationed at Brooks Field, Texas, and later at Langley Field, Virginia, it was attached to Twelfth Air Force. The squadron, receiving FP-80 Shooting Star aircraft, claimed to be the first unit in the Air Force to use jet-photo equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0020-0001", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, United States Air Force, Postwar Era\nExtensive aerial photography was performed by the 12th, including maps and layouts for the United States Department of Agriculture, the Army Corps of Engineers, and many other agencies. On 24 July 1947, the 12th was reassigned once again to the 67th Reconnaissance Group, and in the months that followed, the 12th participated in many exercises and maneuvers. The squadron filled many requests for aerial photographs. Many layouts of dams and waterways were made for the Army Corps of Engineers, Army Mapping Service, and the Department of Agriculture's Soil Conservation Service", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0021-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, United States Air Force, Korean War\nOn 5 February 1951, the unit was re-designated the 12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, Night Photo. On 25 February, eight months after the Korean War started, it was activated at Komaki Air Base, Japan, and assigned to the 67th Group once more. The 67th was part of the 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, which had been formed in a reorganization of reconnaissance assets in Fifth Air Force. Personnel and equipment (RB-26s) came from the inactivated 162d Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron which returned to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0021-0001", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, United States Air Force, Korean War\nOn 15 March 1951, the unit moved to Taegu Air Base (K-2), South Korea, where the operations section had been located since the first part of the month. The primary mission of the squadron during the Korean War was to provide the night reconnaissance capability for the wing, both photographic and visual. During hours of darkness, the 12th Squadron was tasked to collect information on enemy activities, to make visual searches and perform route reconnaissance, to perform targeting, and bomb damage assessments, to determine the accuracy of SHORAN coordinates. In emergencies, the 12th was expected to assist the two-day visual and photo recon squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0022-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, United States Air Force, Korean War\nIn March 1951, the squadron's first month in South Korea, the 12th flew a total of 256 effective sorties. One of its early tasks was to provide photographs of all enemy airfields in North Korea. It also flew sorties in conjunction with the preparation and execution of a parachute drop on 23 March. On 21 August, the squadron moved to Kimpo Air Base (K-14) at Seoul and remained there for the remainder of the war. The equipment complement of the 12th Squadron necessarily influenced its performance of mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0022-0001", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, United States Air Force, Korean War\nThe squadron was authorized 27 RB-26 Invaders for night reconnaissance missions, but it seldom possessed so many planes and several of the authorized aircraft were EB-26s modified for electronic reconnaissance. In the summer of 1953, the RB-26s covered the three main supply routes of the enemy each night: one route on each coast and one in the center of the peninsula. Special night photo missions were also flown against pre-briefed targets at which some particular enemy activity, was suspected on occasions the night photo planes photographed targets that for some reason could not be covered during daylight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0023-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, United States Air Force, Korean War\nDuring the period 1 January to 30 June 1953, the unit's pilots flew 1,117 missions and sighted 88,795 enemy vehicles. In July, the last months of the war, the 12th flew 334 missions, including several daylight runs. Aerial reconnaissance seems to have been of even greater importance in the Korean fighting than in any previous war. According to a survey made shortly after hostilities ceased, air reconnaissance accounted for a considerable part of all intelligence used by ground units and for a high percentage used by the United Nations air forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0024-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, United States Air Force, Service in Japan\nFollowing the end of the Korean War, the 12th TRS continued to operate from Kimpo until 8 November 1954, when it moved to Itami Air Base, Japan. The 12th maintained at least one RB-26 and crew on temporary duty at Kimpo until 28 July 1956 to provide the U.S. Army and the Republic of Korea Army with photo reconnaissance of South Korea and the demilitarized zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 80], "content_span": [81, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0025-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, United States Air Force, Service in Japan\nOn 14 August 1956, the squadron moved from Itami to Yokota Air Base, which could accommodate the twin jet Douglas RB-66B Destroyers with which the 12th was soon to be equipped. The 12th was the first squadron in Pacific Air Forces to receive the RB-66B. On 22 December the first of the 12th's new planes arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 80], "content_span": [81, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0025-0001", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, United States Air Force, Service in Japan\nIn April 1958, two of the 12th's aircraft deployed to Bangkok, Thailand, to fly reconnaissance missions for a Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) exercise, and in the following June its RB-66s took part in a joint Navy-Air Force exercise, providing navigational aid and escort for F-100Ds attacking the naval task force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 80], "content_span": [81, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0026-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, United States Air Force, Service in Japan\nDuring January 1960, crews of the 12th ferried their planes to the United States, refueling from tankers over Wake Island and Hawaii. Not long after, on 8 March, the squadron was inactivated at Yokota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 80], "content_span": [81, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0027-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, United States Air Force, Vietnam War\nOn 3 November 1965, the outfit was redesignated the 12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (Photographic) and assigned to Tactical Air Command. It was reactivated at Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho on 1 July 1966, and organized there about 8 July, assigned again (temporarily) to the 67th Wing. At this time the unit was equipped with McDonnell RF-4C Phantom II reconnaissance aircraft. On 2 September of that year, the unit deployed to Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Republic of Vietnam, where it became a part of the 460th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing on 9 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0028-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, United States Air Force, Vietnam War\nIn the first four full months of operation in Southeast Asia, crews of the 12th TRS flew 2,014 combat sorties against pinpoint, strip, and area cover targets in North Vietnam, South Vietnam, and Laos. Approximately two-thirds of these were flown at night. Continuous information on enemy supply movements, troop concentrations, and fortifications was obtained from aerial photography taken by the 12th. In addition, photography taken by the unit was used in bomb damage assessment, base defense planning, and enemy air defense site detection. The 12th flew more than 26,000 combat sorties and 53,000 hours over a 5-year period. This was more than in both World Wars and Korea combined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0029-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, United States Air Force, Post-Vietnam\nThe 12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron moved to Bergstrom AFB, Texas, on 20 August 1971, where it became \u2013 once again \u2013 a component of the 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing. The unit made annual Salty Bee exercise deployments to USAFE bases in Europe, participated in exercises throughout North America, and was actively involved in the Peacetime Aerial Reconnaissance Program (PARPRO). Modifications to the RF-4C added the capability to designated targets for laser guided munitions. Crews and aircraft from the 12th deployed to the Middle East to take part in Operation Desert Storm in 1991. On 28 August 1992 with the retirement of the RF-4C Phantom, the 12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was inactivated at Bergstrom AFB, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0030-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, United States Air Force, Twenty-first century\nReactivated at Beale Air Force Base, California in 2001 operating RQ-4 Global Hawk remotely piloted aerial reconnaissance aircraft as part of the Global War on Terror. In March 2013, the squadron was reassigned to the reactivated 69th Reconnaissance Group as part of the consolidation of the USAF Global Hawk mission. In June 2019 the squadron was reassigned to reactivated 319th Operations Group. The 12th Reconnaissance Squadron still operates from Beale Air Force Base in California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009429-0031-0000", "contents": "12th Reconnaissance Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009430-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Regiment Royal Artillery\n12 Regiment Royal Artillery is a regiment of the Royal Artillery in the British Army. It currently serves in the air defence role, and is equipped with the Starstreak missile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009430-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nThe regiment was established in 1947 when 7th Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery was retitled 12th Anti -Tank Regiment Royal Artillery. It was deployed to Palestine that year, to Libya in 1948 and Trieste in 1950. It also saw action in Malaya in 1963 and Borneo in 1964. Units saw tours in Northern Ireland during the Troubles in 1971, 1974, 1977, 1979 and 1988. T Battery and 9 Battery were sent to the South Atlantic during the Falklands War in 1982. T Battery and 58 Battery saw action during the Gulf War in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009430-0001-0001", "contents": "12th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nDec 1996 saw G Troop, 58 Battery deploy to Cyprus for 6 months with 32 Regiment Royal Artillery. The remainder of 58 Battery deployed to Bosnia with 4 Regiment Royal Artillery as a part of SFOR. 12 Regiment Royal Artillery deployed complete for 6 months to South Armagh, Northern Ireland 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009430-0001-0002", "contents": "12th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nJan 2003 saw 12 Regiment deploy to South Kent for fire fighting duties covering the fire strike during that period and shortly after 12 Battery Group was created from elements of 12, 9 & 58 Battery's and deployed for the 2003 invasion of Iraq.T Headquarter Battery also separately deployed its Divisional Air Defence Cell to support Divisional Headquarters. Once warfighting had completed 12 Battery Group reformed as 12 Regiment Royal Artillery under T Headquarter Battery to carry out a peace keeping role in the Basra area. 58 Battery deployed to Belfast, Northern Ireland as part of Op Faction in 2004", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009430-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nIn January 2008, the regiment moved to the Baker Barracks, Thorney Island upon its return from Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009430-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nUnder Army 2020 Refine, T Battery was re-roled from The headquarters battery to form a further Stormer HVM battery while 170 (Imjin) Battery was brought out of suspended animation to take their place as headquarters battery. The Regiment is currently part of 7 Air Defence Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009431-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Reserve Division (German Empire)\n12th Reserve Division (12. Reserve-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 as part of VI Reserve Corps. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was recruited in the Province of Silesia, mainly Upper Silesia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009431-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 12th Reserve Division fought on the Western Front, participating in the opening German offensive which led to the Allied Great Retreat. Thereafter, the division remained in the line in the Verdun region until February 1916, when it entered the Battle of Verdun. The division later fought in the Battle of the Somme. It remained in the Flanders-Artois region for the rest of the war, and fought in the Battle of Passchendaele in 1917. Allied intelligence rated the division as second class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009431-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nThe order of battle of the 12th Reserve Division on mobilization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009431-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on February 20, 1918\nThe 12th Reserve Division was triangularized in April 1915. Over the course of the war, other changes took place, including the formation of artillery and signals commands and a pioneer battalion. The order of battle on February 20, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 75], "content_span": [76, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009432-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment\n12th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment raised during the US Civil War saw service between Oct 1862 and Jul 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009432-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 12th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment was organized at Providence and mustered for nine months from October 18, 1862. Left State for Washington, D. C., October 21. Attached to 1st Brigade, Casey's Division, Military District of Washington, to December, 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 9th Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April, 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Dept. Ohio, to May, 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 23rd Army Corps, Dept. Ohio, to July, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009432-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment, Service\nCamped at Arlington Heights and at Fairfax Seminary, Va., Defences of Washington, D. C., till December 1, 1862. Marched to Falmouth, Va., December 1\u20138. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12\u201315. Burnside's second Campaign, \"Mud March,\" January 20\u201324, 1863. Moved to Newport News, Va., February 9, thence to Lexington, Ky., March 25\u201331. On duty at Lexington, Winchester, Boonsboro, Richmond, Paint Lick and Lancaster, Ky., till April 23. Moved to Crab Orchard April 23, and duty there till June 3. Marched from Nicholasville to Somerset June 3\u20139. On duty at Stigall's Ferry, Jamestown and guarded fords of the Cumberland River till July 5. Moved to Somerset July 5, thence to Crab Orchard, and started home July 11. On duty at Cincinnati, Ohio, July 15\u201319. Moved to Providence July 19\u201322. Finally mustered out July 29, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009432-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment, Losses\nRegiment lost during service 1 Officer and 11 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 2 Officers and 45 Enlisted men by disease. Total 59.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009433-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Corps\nThe 12th Rifle Corps (Russian: 12-\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441) was an infantry corps of the Red Army during the interwar period and World War II, formed four times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009433-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Corps\nThe corps headquarters was briefly active between late 1922 and early 1923 as part of the Separate Caucasus Army, and again between early 1923 and early 1924 in Western Siberia. Reformed in 1930 and stationed in the Volga Military District, the corps headquarters moved to the Transbaikal in 1939. There, it was used to form the 36th Army in July 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009433-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Corps\nThe corps was again reformed in late 1942 as part of the Transcaucasian Front, spending the war guarding the Soviet\u2013Turkish border. From 1946 it was stationed in the North Caucasus Military District, and briefly became a mountain rifle corps between 1949 and 1954. The last formation of the 12th Rifle Corps became the 12th Army Corps in 1957, and was expanded into the 49th Army in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009433-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Corps, Prewar formations\nThe corps was formed as part of the Separate Caucasus Army with headquarters at Yerevan by an order of 16 November 1922, and included the 3rd Caucasian and Armenian Rifle Divisions. It was disbanded by orders of the army of 15 January and 1 February 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009433-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Corps, Prewar formations\nThe 12th Rifle Corps was again formed as part of the Western Siberian Military District by an order of 30 January 1923 with headquarters at Novonikolayevsk. It included the 26th and 35th Rifle Divisions and fought in the suppression of the Yakut revolt between January and December. Kasyan Chaykovsky commanded it between January and September. The corps was disbanded by an order of the district of 14 February 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009433-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Corps, Prewar formations\nThe 12th Rifle Corps was formed for a third time as part of the Volga Military District by an order of 28 November 1930, headquartered at Saratov at the former headquarters building of the 16th Rifle Corps. Its formation was completed by 22 January 1931, when the corps headquarters issued its first order; the corps initially included the 31st (Stalingrad) and 32nd (Saratov) Rifle Divisions. Georgy Sofronov began the formation of the corps, but was transferred to another unit in December 1930; the formation of the corps was completed by Semyon Turovsky, who commanded it from 9 January 1931. The corps commander also oversaw the XII Corps District, formed to facilitate wartime mobilization in Lower Volga Krai, which controlled the local military commissariats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009433-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Corps, Prewar formations\nThe corps began forming the 53rd (Pugachyov) and 61st (Balashov) Territorial Rifle Divisions during September 1931, along with the Saratov-based 12th Artillery Regiment, 12th Separate Communications Battalion, and 12th Separate Sapper Battalion, and the corps artillery range at Tatishchevo. These units comprised locals residing closest to their bases, and were fully formed by 31 December. Turovsky transferred on 11 February 1932, being replaced by Ivan Tkachev. The corps training center opened in May, ultimately graduating four classes of reserve officers and holding five territorial training camps. During 1933, the 53rd and 61st Divisions were reorganized as experimental territorial brigades, but in September of that year pilot exercises with the latter revealed that they were inadequate for speedy mobilization, and the brigades became divisions again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009433-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Corps, Prewar formations\nThe 32nd Division was transferred to the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army during March 1934, leaving the corps with three divisions. The Saratov-based 22nd Aviation Detachment joined the corps on 1 October of that year. Corps units repaired track and restored telegraph communications damaged by a November 1935 landslide at a station of the Ryazan-Ural Railway. During the mid-1930s, Tkachev was succeeded in command by Mikhail Yefremov, Stepan Kalinin, and Vladimir Kolpakchi. By 1935, it included the 31st (Stalingrad) and 53rd (Engels) Territorial Rifle Divisions, in addition to the 12th Corps Artillery Regiment at Saratov. The corps headquarters was transferred to the Transbaikal Military District in September 1939 due to rising tensions with Japan and located at Borzya. Among its units was the 109th Rifle Division, which became a motorized division in early 1940 and transferred to the 5th Mechanized Corps in midyear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 969]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009433-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Corps, Prewar formations\nIt was commanded by Major General Daniil Petrov from 18 January 1941. By 22 June it included the 65th and 94th Rifle Divisions and was directly controlled by the district headquarters. During a reorganization of the forces stationed in the Transbaikal Military District, the corps was disbanded on 27 July. The units of the corps were used to form the 36th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009433-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Corps, Second wartime formation and postwar\nThe corps headquarters was formed by an order of 13 October 1942, and by 1 November was assigned the 77th, 261st, 349th, and 351st Rifle Divisions, directly controlled by the headquarters of the Transcaucasian Front. In November the 406th Rifle Division joined the corps while the 77th transferred to the 58th Army. Major General Georgy Kuparadze, who led it for the rest of the war, took command on 6 December. The corps guarded the Soviet\u2013Turkish border for the remainder of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009433-0009-0001", "contents": "12th Rifle Corps, Second wartime formation and postwar\nCorps support units included the 132nd Separate Communications Battalion, 126th Field Office of the State Bank, and the 2329th Field Postal Station. The corps joined the 45th Army in December with the 392nd and 406th Rifle Divisions. The 261st and 349th Rifle Divisions transferred to the corps from direct army subordination during January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009433-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Corps, Second wartime formation and postwar\nFrom April, the corps was directly subordinated to the headquarters of the Transcaucasian Front, where it would remain for the rest of the war, with the 392nd and 406th Rifle Divisions, leaving the 261st and 349th with the 45th Army. By April, the corps was headquartered at Kutaisi with the 392nd at Batumi and the 406th at Akhalkalaki. The 51st (Batumi) and 151st (Akhalkalaki) Fortified Regions were operationally subordinated to the corps. It was 83% Georgian, 9% Russian, 4% Ukrainian, and 4% other nationalities by September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009433-0010-0001", "contents": "12th Rifle Corps, Second wartime formation and postwar\nThe 296th Rifle Division at Kutaisi (operationally subordinated to the corps from its formation in July 1943) transferred to the corps from the 13th Rifle Corps during January 1944, and remained with the corps for the rest of the war. The 392nd transferred to the 13th Rifle Corps during August, leaving the corps with the 296th and 406th Rifle Divisions for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009433-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Corps, Second wartime formation and postwar\nIn 1946, its headquarters was transferred to Ordzhonikidze in the North Caucasus Military District, where it included the 3rd Guards and 11th Separate Rifle Brigades. Between 28 July 1949 and September 1954, it was a mountain rifle corps with the 24th Guards and 19th Mountain Rifle Divisions, formed from the 3rd Guards and 11th Brigades, respectively. When it reverted to the 12th Rifle Corps, the two divisions became rifle divisions again. The corps became the 12th Army Corps on 25 June 1957, with the 24th Guards becoming the 42nd Guards Motor Rifle Division and the 19th the 92nd Motor Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009433-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Corps, Second wartime formation and postwar\nDuring the early 1960s, the 42nd Guards became a training unit and was subordinated to the North Caucasus Military District, and by the end of the decade the corps headquarters relocated to Krasnodar, replacing that of the 29th Army Corps. At Krasnodar, the corps controlled the 9th Motor Rifle Division at Maykop and two mobilization motor rifle divisions \u2013 the 62nd (co\u2013located with the 9th) and the 156th at Novorossiysk. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the corps became part of the Russian Ground Forces and was expanded into the 49th Army in May 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009433-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Corps, Second wartime formation and postwar, Commanders\nThe following officers are known to have commanded the second wartime formation of the 12th Rifle Corps and the 12th Army Corps:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 66], "content_span": [67, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009434-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Division\nThe 12th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, formed twice. The division's first formation fought in the Russian Civil War and Polish\u2013Soviet War. It was disbanded in 1921. The division formed again in 1923 at Omsk and spent World War II in Siberia. It participated in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and was converted into a motor rifle division in 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009434-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Division, History, First formation\nThe division was formed on 22 October 1918 from the 1st Voronezh Infantry Division. It fought on the Southern Front of the Russian Civil War. In December 1919, it fought in the Donbass Operation as part of the 1st Cavalry Army. After fighting in the Kuban campaign in February and March 1920, the division was sent to the Western Front in April. Between May and August, it fought in the Polish\u2013Soviet War, participating in the Battle of Warsaw. In November it transferred to Ukraine and fought against Symon Petliura's army. The division was given the honorific \"on behalf of the Petrograd Soviet\" on 13 December 1920. On 31 March 1921, it became the border troops division of the Cheka of Ukraine and Crimea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009434-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Division, History, Second formation\nIt was formed 5 October 1923 in Omsk (order the troops of the West Siberian MD No. 563). On 18 February 1924, it was given the name of the Siberian Revolutionary Committee. It was part of the Western Siberian Military District from its formation until 1924. From 1924 until 1934 it was part of the Siberian Military District. It then joined the 18th Rifle Corps of the Special Far Eastern Army, with which it served from 1934 to 1938. In 1938 it was reassigned to the 2nd Red Banner Army. It took part in active fighting from 9 August 1945 to 5 September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009434-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Division, History, Second formation\nAt the beginning of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, it was stationed in the Blagoveshchensk area, and did not participate in the fighting on the Eastern Front of World War II. On 9 August 1945 it participated in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, crossing the River Amur and Ussuri, and capturing several cities in China, defeating Kwantung Army. Destroy large Maolantun sky site of resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009434-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Division, History, Second formation\nOn 14 September 1945, it was given the honorific 'Amur,' and thus its full name became '12th Rifle Division behalf of Amur Siberian Revolutionary Committee.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009434-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Rifle Division, History, Second formation\nIt became the 12th Motor Rifle Division on 17 May 1957 at Belogorsk, Amur Oblast with the Far Eastern Military District. It disbanded on 15 October 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009435-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Robert Awards\nThe 12th Robert Awards ceremony was held in 1995 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Organized by the Danish Film Academy, the awards honoured the best in Danish and foreign film of 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009436-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Royal Lancers\nThe 12th (Prince of Wales's) Royal Lancers was a cavalry regiment of the British Army first formed in 1715. It saw service for three centuries, including the First World War and the Second World War. The regiment survived the immediate post-war reduction in forces, but was slated for reduction in the 1957 Defence White Paper, and was amalgamated with the 9th Queen's Royal Lancers to form the 9th/12th Royal Lancers (Prince of Wales's) in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009436-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Royal Lancers, History, Early wars\nThe regiment of dragoons was raised in Reading by Brigadier-General Phineas Bowles as the Phineas Bowles's Regiment of Dragoons in July 1715 as part of the response to the Jacobite rebellion. It was employed escorting prisoners to London later in the year. In 1718, the regiment was placed on the Irish establishment and posted to Ireland, where it remained for 75 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009436-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Royal Lancers, History, Early wars\nIn 1751, the regiment was officially styled the 12th Dragoons. In 1768, King George III bestowed the badge of the three ostrich feathers and the motto \"Ich Dien\" on the regiment and re-titled it as the 12th (Prince of Wales's) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons. A young Arthur Wesley (later Duke of Wellington) joined the regiment as a subaltern in 1789. The regiment took part in the siege of Bastia in April 1794, which took place in Corsica, during the French Revolutionary Wars. Pope Pius VI was impressed by the conduct of the regiment and ordered that medals be awarded to its officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009436-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Royal Lancers, History, Early wars\nThe regiment landed at Alexandria in March 1801 and, although its commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Mervyn Archdall, was seriously injured in skirmishes, it saw action at the Battle of Alexandria later in the month. The regiment, under a new commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel John Doyle, captured 28 officers and 570 other ranks of the French Dromedary Regiment (French: R\u00e9giment de Dromadaires) in an action in the Egyptian desert in May 1801. It took part in the siege of Cairo securing the city in June 1801 and then participated in the siege of Alexandria taking that city in September 1801. The regiment next deployed for the disastrous Walcheren Campaign in autumn 1809.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009436-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Royal Lancers, History, Early wars\nIn June 1811 the regiment embarked for Lisbon and, under the command of Colonel Frederick Ponsonby, took part in the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo in January 1812, the siege of Badajoz in March 1812 and the Battle of Villagarcia in April 1812 during the Peninsular War. It also undertook two charges at the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812 before taking part in the siege of Burgos in September 1812, the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813 and the siege of San Sebasti\u00e1n in autumn 1813. The regiment next advanced into France and supported the infantry at the Battle of Nivelle in November 1813. The regiment marched through France and arrived in Calais in July 1814 from where it returned to England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009436-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Royal Lancers, History, Early wars\nDuring the Waterloo Campaign, the regiment was attached to Sir John Vandeleur's light cavalry brigade. At the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815, the regiment charged down the slope to support the Union Brigade of medium cavalry. Ponsonby was seriously wounded in the melee but survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009436-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Royal Lancers, History, Early wars\nIn 1816, the 12th Light Dragoons was armed with lances after the cavalry of Napoleon's Army had shown their effectiveness at Waterloo and were re-titled 12th (The Prince of Wales's) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons (Lancers). In 1855, it reinforced the Light Cavalry Brigade in the Crimea after the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava. In 1861, the regiment was renamed 12th (The Prince of Wales's) Royal Regiment of Lancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009436-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Royal Lancers, History, Early wars\nThe regiment was stationed in India between 1857 and 1860 in response to the Indian Rebellion and in Ireland from 1865 to 1870, before fighting in the Second Anglo-Afghan War in the late 1870s. It was deployed to South Africa for service in the Second Boer War in October 1899, and took part in the relief of Kimberley and the ensuing Battle of Paardeberg in February 1900. The commanding officer of the regiment, the 11th Earl of Airlie, was killed at the Battle of Diamond Hill in June 1900. Following the end of the war in 1902 they went to India. Almost 530 officers and men left Cape Town on the SS Lake Manitoba in September 1902, arriving at Bombay the following month and was then stationed at Ambala in Punjab.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009436-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Royal Lancers, History, First World War\nThe regiment, which had been based in Norwich at the start of the war, landed in France as part of the 5th Cavalry Brigade in the 2nd Cavalry Division in August 1914 for service on the Western Front. On 28 August 1914, 'C' Squadron of the 12th Lancers, led by Lieutenant-Colonel Frank Wormald, made a successful charge against a dismounted squadron of Prussian Dragoons at Mo\u00ff-de-l'Aisne during the Great Retreat. The 9th/12th Royal Lancers celebrated Mons/Moy Day annually, which commemorated the last occasions on which each predecessor regiment charged with lances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009436-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Royal Lancers, History, Inter-war era\nIn 1921 the regiment was re-titled the 12th Royal Lancers (Prince of Wales's). In 1928, it gave up its horses and was equipped with armoured cars, taking over vehicles left in Egypt by two Royal Tank Corps armoured car units, the 3rd and 5th Companies. Late in 1934, the 12th exchanged equipment and station with the 11th Hussars, taking over 34 Lanchester 6x4 armoured cars at Tidworth. Its strength would have been 12 officers and 141 other ranks, organised in a company headquarters and three sections, each with five cars. Total numbers were sixteen cars, six motorcycles, a staff car, four 3-ton (3\u00a0t) and seven 30-cwt (1,520\u00a0kg) lorries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009436-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Royal Lancers, History, Inter-war era\nIn January\u2013February 1935 a provisional D squadron of the 12th Lancers with eight armoured cars served as a peacekeeping force in the Saar region. On 31 December B and C squadrons were sent again to Egypt with 29 armoured cars as a response to the Italian invasion of Abyssinia and strengthening garrisons in Libya. By the end of 1936 the squadrons were returned to Britain, where the regiment was re-equipped with Morris Light Reconnaissance Cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009436-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Royal Lancers, History, Second World War\nThe 12th Lancers served as an armoured car regiment equipped with the Morris CS9, during the 1940 campaign in France and Flanders, playing a key part in shielding the retreat to Dunkirk. After evacuation (without their vehicles) from Malo-les-Bains on dredgers, they were first equipped with Beaverettes, then, in June 1941, with Humbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009436-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Royal Lancers, History, Second World War\nThe Lancers landed in Port Tewfik, Egypt, in November 1941. Subsequently, the regiment fought as divisional troops for the 1st Armoured Division at the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942 and then served as a corps-level reconnaissance unit in the Italian Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009436-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Royal Lancers, History, Post-war era\nThe regiment was deployed to Palestine in August 1946 before returning home in April 1947. It was sent to Malaya in September 1951 during the Malayan Emergency and, having been posted to Harewood Barracks in Herford in January 1955 moved on to Northampton Barracks in Wolfenb\u00fcttel in March 1956. It returned home again in March 1959 and deployed to Cyprus in May 1959. The regiment was amalgamated with the 9th Queen's Royal Lancers to form the 9th/12th Royal Lancers (Prince of Wales's) in September 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009436-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Royal Lancers, Regimental museum\nThe Derby Museum and Art Gallery incorporates the Soldier's Story Gallery, based on the collection, inter alia, of the 12th Royal Lancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0000-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend\nThe SS Division Hitlerjugend or 12th SS Panzer Division \"Hitlerjugend\" (German: 12. SS-Panzerdivision \"Hitlerjugend\") was a German armoured division of the Waffen-SS during World War II. The majority of its junior enlisted men were drawn from members of the Hitler Youth, while the senior NCOs and officers were from other Waffen-SS divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0001-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend\nThe division committed several war crimes while en route to and during the early battles of the Allied Normandy landings, including the Ascq and Ardenne Abbey massacres. It first saw action on 7 June 1944 as part of the German defensive operations at Caen, and suffered great casualties during the Battle of the Falaise Pocket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0002-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend\nIn December 1944, the division was committed against the US Army in the Ardennes offensive. After the operation's failure, which became known as the Battle of the Bulge, the division was sent to Hungary to participate in fighting around Budapest. The division eventually retreated into Austria and surrendered to the 7th US Army on 8 May 1945. After the war several members of the division, including its commander Kurt Meyer, were convicted of war crimes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0003-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Formation and training\nThe idea for the Waffen-SS division was first proposed by Artur Axmann, the leader of the Hitler Youth, to Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS Heinrich Himmler in early 1943. The plan for a division made up of Hitler Youth members born in 1926 was passed on to Adolf Hitler for his approval. Hitler approved the plan in February and SS-Gruppenf\u00fchrer Gottlob Berger was ordered to recruit the personnel. SS-Oberf\u00fchrer Fritz Witt of 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH) was appointed the divisional commander. Personnel from the LSSAH provided the regimental, battalion and most of the company commanders for the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0004-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Formation and training\nAbout 2,000 personnel were transferred from the LSSAH and in September 1943, the division had over 16,000 recruits on its roster, undergoing training in Beverloo Camp in Leopoldsburg, Belgium. The indoctrination was often brutal; while in Allied captivity, an SS man from the division recalled: \"In the Waffen-SS you couldn't do anything if an Unterfuhrer hit you during the training. The purpose of the training is to make you just as they are; it's pure sadism\". (The comments have also been taken from similar transcripts).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0005-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Formation and training\nIn March 1944 the 12th SS was attached to the I SS Panzer Corps and transferred to Caen in Normandy. At the beginning of June, the division had over 150 tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0006-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Ascq massacre\nThe division committed its first massacre while en route to Normandy. The division executed 86 French men on 1 April 1944 in Ascq, France, in a reprisal against the civilian population after the railway they were on was sabotaged. The commander of the convoy, SS-Obersturmf\u00fchrer Walter Hauck, ordered troops to search and arrest all male members of the houses on both sides of the track. Altogether, 70 men were shot beside the railway line and another 16 killed in the village. In 1949, Hauck was put on trial in Lille, France, and was sentenced to death. His sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment. He was freed in 1957 after a further sentence reduction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0007-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Normandy\nOn 6 June 1944, the division, along with the 21st Panzer Division, were the closest Panzer divisions to the landing beaches but they were unable to move until ordered by the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW, armed forces high command). The division was ordered to the front at 14:30 hours on 6 June, over twelve hours after the first reports of the landings. Prior to this Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt had ordered over half of the division to deal with a parachute landing on the coast near Lisieux which was found to be dummies from Operation Titanic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0008-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Normandy\nThe division's advance to the areas near the British\u2013Canadian landing beaches of Sword and Juno Beaches proceeded slowly due to Allied air attacks. The first units of the 12th SS finally reached their assembly area near Evrecy at 22:00 hours on 6 June but the Panther battalion ran out of fuel east of the Orne River. According to Marc Milner, \"[t]his was just the first example of sloppy staff work and command and control that characterized 12th SS Division's experience in the beachhead battles\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0009-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Normandy\nAt 10:00 hours on 7 June, the 25th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment, along with 50 Panzer IV tanks of the 12th SS Panzer Regiment, arrived and moved into position north-west of Caen. Supported by a battalion of artillery (3rd Battalion, 12th SS Panzer Regiment), this battle group was ordered to stop the Canadian advance and drive through to the coast, a few kilometres away. They failed to break through the Canadians around Buron, a kilometre to the north. Meyer countermanded the divisional commander's order on his own initiative, feeling that objective unrealistic and hoped merely to stop the flow of Canadian units inland until the situation could be stabilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0010-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Normandy\nThe attack by the division was supposed to have been supported by the 21st Panzer Division but they could not disengage from fighting the British 3rd Infantry Division and were still at Couvre. Casualties of the 25th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment amounted to about 300 men, while 15 tanks from the 12th SS Panzer Regiment were also destroyed. Late on 7 June, the 26th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment under command of then SS-Obersturmbannfuhrer Wilhelm Mohnke arrived on the battlefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0010-0001", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Normandy\nMeyer had pushed back one part of the Canadian advance but to the west, the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade had occupied a group of small villages three kilometres into the German line. The 26th Panzergrenadier Regiment crossed behind Meyer's regiment and took post to the west. The 1st Battalion launched an attack towards Norrey-en-Bessin, defended by the Regina Rifles, 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade, 3rd Canadian Division. Their orders were to overrun the Canadians and force a deep wedge between them and the British to the west. No reconnaissance of the Canadian positions was done and the infantry met intense defensive fire from firmly established positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0011-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Normandy\nThe attack at 03:30 hours on 8 June had little initial success. The various companies in the attacking battalion failed to coordinate effectively and suffered many casualties. Facing Canadian artillery and the supporting heavy machine guns of the Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa, the 1st Battalion of the 12th SS was forced to fall back. Despite suffering losses themselves, the Regina Rifles stood their ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0011-0001", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Normandy\nThe Hitlerjugend division was criticized for performing inadequately in the opening days of the Normandy campaign, with Canadian Brigadier Harry Foster later noting that \"no use was made of the fact that the Reginas' flanks were exposed; instead, the enemy flung himself straight against the strongest points and utterly failed to exploit the undoubted weakness of his opponent's position\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0012-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Normandy\nOn the Canadian right, the 2nd Battalion attacked the Royal Winnipeg Rifles defending the village of Putot-en-Bessin at 06:30 hours. The battalion managed to break into the village and surround several companies, pushing the Winnipeg Rifles out of the village by 13:00 hours and inflicting 256 casualties \u2013 of which 175 were taken prisoner. Later that day, a counter-attack by the Canadian Scottish Regiment, with artillery, tank and tank-destroyer support, re-took Putot with the SS giving up the struggle for the town and withdrawing around midnight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0013-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Normandy\nOliver Haller concluded that \"It is evident that the 12th SS was not capable of conducting successful offensive operations against prepared positions in Normandy. Artillery and anti-tank guns were the key to victory, and the Allies possessed large numbers of these effective weapons. All of the German assaults were checked and defeated in detail. The 3rd Canadian Division had won a decisive victory.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0014-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Normandy\nThe 3rd Canadian Division ceased major combat operations until July, with only one day of major operations, on 11 June, at Le Mesnil-Patry. This saw the 12th SS inflict many casualties on the Queen's Own Rifles of Canada and the 1st Hussars (6th Armoured Regiment) which lost 51 Sherman tanks during the attack. Also on 11 June the 46th Royal Marine Commando assaulted Rots. The official historian of Le R\u00e9giment de la Chaudi\u00e8re, described the \"ferocious battle\" including hand-to-hand fighting and \"smoldering\" tanks: \"from each blackened turret hangs the charred corpse of a machine gunner\". The following two weeks was a period of relative quiet, as both sides were exhausted. What did not stop was the constant Allied artillery, naval bombardment and air attacks. Major operations for both sides began again in July, including Operation Windsor and Operation Charnwood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0015-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Normandy\nDuring Charnwood, the division was driven from its positions in Buron and nearby villages of Gruchy and Cussy and the divisional command post in the Ardenne Abbey, which had been occupied since before D-Day, was lost. Witt was killed in action by a Royal Navy naval artillery barrage which hit the divisional command post at Venoix on 14 June 1944. Kurt Meyer was placed in command of the division. During their retreat from France, members of the LSSAH and the Hitlerjugend division murdered 34 French civilians in the towns of Tavaux and Plomion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0015-0001", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Normandy\nThe units in the division that were not fit for combat were ordered to pull back to Germany on 8 September, leaving behind a small Kampfgruppe attached to the SS Division Das Reich. The division losses during the fighting in Normandy, in the three months from June to September, amounted to ca. 8,000 men, over 80% of its tanks, 70% of its armored vehicles, 60% of its artillery and 50% of its motor vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0016-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Ardenne Abbey massacre\nAnother massacre was committed by the division on its second day of operations during Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of France. During the evening of 7 June, 11 Canadian prisoners of war from the North Nova Scotia Highlanders and the 27th Armoured Regiment (The Sherbrooke Fusilier Regiment), were shot in the back of the head. After a year of investigations from August 1944 to August 1945, the Canadian War Crimes Commission (CWCC) strove to discover the details of the murders. As commander of the regiment, Kurt Meyer was the prime suspect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0016-0001", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Ardenne Abbey massacre\nAt Meyer's war crimes trial in December 1945, he was found guilty of inciting his troops to commit murder and of being responsible as a commander for the killings at the Abbey. He was sentenced to death on 28 December 1945; his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in 1946. He was released in 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0017-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Ardennes offensive\nIn September, SS-Obersturmbannf\u00fchrer Hubert Meyer was placed in command of the division. In November 1944, the division was sent to Nienburg in Germany, where it was to be reformed. The majority of reinforcements were transferred from Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine personnel. Hubert Meyer was replaced by SS-Obersturmbannf\u00fchrer Hugo Kraas, and the division was attached to the 6th SS Panzer Army of SS-Oberstgruppenf\u00fchrer Sepp Dietrich, which was forming up for Operation Wacht am Rhein (the Second Battle of the Ardennes, popularly known as the Battle of the Bulge), a large-scale offensive to recapture Antwerp and halt the Allied advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0017-0001", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Ardennes offensive\nThe operation opened on 16 December 1944, with Kampfgruppe Peiper from the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler breaking through the American lines with some difficulty. After the 12th SS reached the front, it was met with heavy resistance from American troops stationed on the Elsenborn Ridge. Despite repeated efforts, the division could not budge the American defenders. As a result, the division was ordered to swing left and follow the advance line of the remainder of the 1st SS Panzer Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0017-0002", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Ardennes offensive\nAmerican troops prevented the division from reaching its objective, and after the destruction of Kampfgruppe Peiper from the LSSAH, the advance of Dietrich's forces was altogether stopped. On 8 January Hitler gave the authorization to withdraw. The attack was ultimately a failure. The 12th SS had been severely mauled, with only 26 tanks and assault guns and an average of 120 men remaining in each battalion. In total during the offensive the division had lost 9,870 men which included 328 officers and 1,698 NCO's. By 28 January 1945, the 12th SS, along with all the German forces, had been pushed back to its starting positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0018-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, 1945\nOn 14 January 1945, Dietrich's 6th SS Panzer Army was ordered to Hungary where it was to take part in an offensive to recapture the Hungarian oilfields and open the way to Budapest, where 45,000 men of the IX SS Mountain Corps had been encircled. While the division was in transit, the IV SS Panzer Corps launched several unsuccessful relief operations. The division, alongside the LSSAH as a part of I SS Panzer Corps arrived in Hungary in early February 1945, a few days before the city fell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 42], "content_span": [43, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0018-0001", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, 1945\nThe division next took part in Operation Spring Awakening, another operation to retake the Hungarian oilfields. The attack got underway on 6 March 1945; after initial success, the combination of the muddy terrain and strong Soviet resistance ground them to a halt. On 16 March, the Soviet forces counterattacked in strength, driving the entire southern front into a retreat towards Vienna. The Soviet forces took Vienna on 13 April. Retreating through Odenburg and Hirtenberg, the division reached Linz, Austria near the American lines. On 8 May 1945, 10,000 men of the division surrendered near the town of Enns to the troops of the 65th Infantry Division commanded by Major General Stanley Eric Reinhart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 42], "content_span": [43, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009437-0019-0000", "contents": "12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, Organization\nThe organization structure of this SS formation was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009438-0000-0000", "contents": "12th SS Police Regiment\nThe 12th SS Police Regiment (German: SS-Polizei-Regiment 3) was initially named the 12th Police Regiment (12. SS-Polizei-Regiment) when it was formed in 1942 from existing Order Police units (Ordnungspolizei) in Germany. It was redesignated as an SS unit in early 1943. The regimental headquarters was disbanded in early 1944, but its battalions remained in service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009438-0001-0000", "contents": "12th SS Police Regiment, Formation and organization\nThe regiment was formed in July 1942 in Hamburg as the 12th Police Regiment. Police Battalion 103 (Polizei-Batallion 103), Police Battalion 104 and Police Battalion 105 were redesignated as the regiment's first through third battalions, respectively. All of the police regiments were redesignated as SS police units on 24 February 1943. The regiment's third battalion was redesignated as the third battalion of the 3rd SS Police Regiment in 1943 and was reformed. In April, I battalion was reformed into a SS Police Infantry Battalion (SS-Polizei-Infanterie Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009438-0001-0001", "contents": "12th SS Police Regiment, Formation and organization\nIII Battalion was sent to Italy in October where it was attached to the 15th SS Police Regiment and remained in Italy through December 1944. The headquarters was disbanded on 11 April 1944. II Battalion was transferred to Hungary that same month and was redesignated as the first battalion of the 1st SS Police Regiment in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009438-0002-0000", "contents": "12th SS Police Regiment, War crimes\nThe regiment has been implicated in eight incidents of war crimes in Italy from March to September 1944 with an estimated 85 civilians killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009438-0003-0000", "contents": "12th SS Police Regiment, War crimes\nMembers of the unit served as guards on Holocaust trains from Italian transit camps, taking political prisoners and captured partisans to camps in Germany and Jewish prisoners to Auschwitz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009439-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Sarasaviya Awards\nThe 12th Sarasaviya Awards festival (Sinhala: 12\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db8\u0dcf\u0db1 \u0d8b\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc5), presented by the Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited, was held to honor the best films of 1983 Sinhala cinema on July 21, 1984, at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka. Honorable Speaker of the Parliament E. L. Senanayake was the chief guest at the awards night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009439-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Sarasaviya Awards\nThe film Dadayama won the most awards with seven including Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009440-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Saskatchewan Legislature\nThe 12th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan was elected in the Saskatchewan general election held in June 1952. The assembly sat from February 12, 1953, to May 8, 1956. The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) led by Tommy Douglas formed the government. The Liberal Party led by Walter Adam Tucker formed the official opposition. After Tucker returned to federal politics in 1953, Asmundur Loptson served as interim Liberal Party leader. Alexander Hamilton McDonald became Liberal Party leader and leader of the opposition in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009440-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Saskatchewan Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1952:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009441-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Satellite Awards\nThe 12th Satellite Awards, honoring the best in film and television of 2007, were given on December 16, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009441-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nAuteur Award (for his work on the film The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (Le scaphandre et le papillon)) \u2013 Julian Schnabel", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009441-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nMary Pickford Award (for outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry) \u2013 Kathy Bates", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009441-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nNikola Tesla Award (for his visual effects in films, especially with computer digital rendering and compositing) \u2013 Dennis Muren", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009441-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees, Best Cinematography\nThe Diving Bell and the Butterfly (Le scaphandre et le papillon) \u2013 Janusz Kami\u0144ski", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009441-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees, Best Director\nJoel Coen and Ethan Coen \u2013 No Country for Old Men", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 73], "content_span": [74, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009441-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees, Best Original Song\n\"Grace Is Gone\" written by Clint Eastwood and Carole Bayer Sager \u2013 Grace Is Gone", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009441-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees, Best Supporting Actor\nCasey Affleck \u2013 The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (TIE)  Tom Wilkinson \u2013 Michael Clayton (TIE)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009442-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Saturn Awards\nThe 12th Saturn Awards, honoring the best in science fiction, fantasy and horror film in 1984, were held on June 9, 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009442-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Saturn Awards, Winners and nominees\nBelow is a complete list of nominees and winners. Winners are highlighted in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009443-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe 12th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ceremony, honoring the best in film and television acting achievement for the year 2005, took place on January 29, 2006 at the Los Angeles Shrine Exposition Center, in Los Angeles, California. It was the 10th consecutive year the ceremony was held at the Center. The nominees were announced on January 5, 2006 and the event was televised live by both TNT and TBS. It was the first ever year TBS televised the ceremony, while it was the 9th consecutive year that TNT had aired it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009443-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nAmong the contenders for the film awards Brokeback Mountain received the highest number of nominations with four. Capote and Crash received the second highest number with three each. No film however received more than one award. In the television categories the mini-series Empire Falls and the spin-off series Boston Legal led the nominees with four nominations each. Desperate Housewives was the only series which won more than one award, two in total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009443-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award was presented to the former child actress Shirley Temple Black.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009443-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Screen Actors Guild Awards, In Memoriam\nSamuel L. Jackson presented a visual salute to the members of the guild who died in 2005:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009444-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe 12th National Spelling Bee was held in Washington, D.C. on May 26, 1936, at the National Museum. Scripps-Howard did not sponsor the Bee until 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009444-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe winner was Jean Trowbridge, age 13, of Stuart, Iowa, with the word eczema. Thirteen-year-old Bruce Ackerman, of Tazewell County, Illinois, who took 3rd the prior year, came in second. Catherine Davis, 13, of Indiana took third, falling on \"shrieking\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009444-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nIn the final rounds, Trowbridge was first disqualified for \"numskull\", which Ackerman then spelled as \"numbskull\" followed by \"gnome\" for the apparent win. The judges then realized that \"numskull\" was an acceptable spelling, and the contest continued. Ackerman misspelled \"predilection\" a few words later, which Trowbridge spelled correctly followed by \"eczema\" for the win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009444-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe final hour of the competition was broadcast on radio on the Columbia broadcasting system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009444-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nAs of 2014, winner Jean Trowbridge (married name Tyler) was living in Grand Junction, Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009444-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Scripps National Spelling Bee, First Black finalists\nMacNolia Cox, a 13-year-old girl from Akron, and Elizabeth Kenny, a 15 year old from Plainfield, New Jersey, were the first African-American children to compete as finalists in the National Spelling Bee\u2014and Cox made it to the final five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009444-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Scripps National Spelling Bee, First Black finalists\nDue to segregation, Cox had to move into a black-only train car when she crossed into Maryland, and was unable to stay at the Willard Hotel with the other spellers. Cox and her mother were also placed at a separate table at the contestants banquet. Cox was eliminated on the word \"nemesis\", and her schoolteacher and newspaper sponsor representative both protested the word as being a proper noun (Nemesis being a Greek goddess of retribution). However, the protest was denied as the word can also be used as a common noun. It's important to note that she did spell the word \"Nemnesis\". Some have since suggested that Cox was intentionally given an unapproved word (a capitalized word); any claims of racial bias were denied at the time, but are not surprising considering the segregated treatment that she received.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009444-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Scripps National Spelling Bee, First Black finalists\nIn 2004, poet A. Van Jordan published the book of poems \"M-A-C-N-O-L-I-A\" based on Cox's life experiences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009445-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Seiyu Awards\nThe 12th Seiyu Awards was held on March 3, 2018 at the JOQR Media Plus Hall in Minato, Tokyo. The winners of the Merit Awards, the Kei Tomiyama Award and the Kazue Takahashi Award were announced on February 16, 2018. The rest of the winners were announced on the ceremony day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009446-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Shorty Awards\nThe 12th Shorty Awards were held on May 3, 2020 via an online live stream event. The event was originally scheduled to be held at 1515 Broadway Theater in New York City, however, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was held virtually. The digital show was hosted by American actor and comedian J. B. Smoove, and Fetty Wap provided a musical performance. The show was streamed on Periscope and YouTube with presenters including Lindsey Vonn, Bobby Berk and Jaime Camil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009446-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Shorty Awards, Influencer finalists and winners\nThe full nominations were announced on January 21, 2020 before voting and academy rankings determined the finalists. The finalists were announced on March 10, 2020. Winners were announced at the ceremony on May 3, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009446-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Shorty Awards, Influencer finalists and winners, Phenom Award\nThe Phenom Award is given to those that used social media to make a significant impact benefiting the community. The following received the 2020 Phenom Award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009447-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Siberian Rifle Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 12th Siberian Rifle Division was an infantry formation of the Russian Imperial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009447-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Siberian Rifle Division (Russian Empire), History\nThe division was formed between 18 July and 31 August 1914 in Irkutsk from a mobilization division, the 7th Siberian Rifle Division. The division included the 45th and 46th Siberian Rifle Regiments in its 1st Brigade, and the 47th and 48th Siberian Rifle Regiments in its 2nd Brigade. Artillery support was provided by the 12th Siberian Artillery Brigade, and the division was commanded by Lieutenant General Nikolai Sulimov. The division was part of the 7th Siberian Army Corps for the duration of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009447-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Siberian Rifle Division (Russian Empire), History\nIt was disbanded in March 1918 in the Central Black Earth Region, along with the rest of the corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009448-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Signal Brigade\nThe 12th Signal Brigade was a military communications formation of the British Army. In the event of war with the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc it would have provided second line communications in the Low Countries, under the overall control of the British Army of the Rhine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009448-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Signal Brigade, History\n12 Signal Group was originally formed in 1967 to control the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve signal regiments that were to carry out rear area duties in the British Army of the Rhine lines of communication in Belgium and the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009448-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Signal Brigade, History\nIn 1982 it was renamed to 12 Signal Brigade. In 1992 the brigade was disbanded as a result of the Options for Change review.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009449-0000-0000", "contents": "12th South Carolina Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th South Carolina Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009449-0001-0000", "contents": "12th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, Formation\nIn answer to the call of President of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis, on or around the 1 July 1861, companies of volunteers from all over the Secessionist States began to bring themselves forward. The volunteers from South Carolina rendezvoused at Columbia, South Carolina, and were sent to a camp of instruction. This camp was located around five miles from Columbia, at Lightwoodknot Springs; there the men were allowed to elect their field officers. The first regiment to be formed was numbered as the 12th South Carolina Volunteers. The regiments' officers were, at its beginning:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009450-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Soviet Antarctic Expedition\nThe Twelfth Soviet Antarctic Expedition was an expedition by the Soviet Union to Antarctica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009450-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Soviet Antarctic Expedition\nDuring this expedition, a new method was used for measuring the thickness of the ice cap of Antarctica using radar. Glaciologists on the team surveyed the area around Mirny Station and measured the thickness of the glacier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009450-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Soviet Antarctic Expedition\nThe investigations discovered that the central part of the glacial cap in Eastern Antarctica is the largest and most ideal elevated plain in the world. Soviet geologists also did surveys of Queen Maud Land and Enderby Land where they found deposits of coal and iron ore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009451-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Space Warning Squadron\nThe 12th Space Warning Squadron is a United States Space Force ground-based radar used for missile warning, missile defense, and space situation awareness, stationed at Thule Air Base, Greenland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009451-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Space Warning Squadron, Overview\nThe primary mission of the 12th SWS is to provide critical, real-time missile warning, defense, and space surveillance to the President of the United States, Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff,  NORAD, and unified commands by operating a phased-array radar\u2014which continuously provides warning of submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) and intercontinental ballistic missile attacks against North America\u2014and detect, track, and identify earth-orbiting objects in support of USSTRATCOM's space control mission, thus \"knitting a blanket of freedom\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009451-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Space Warning Squadron, Overview\nThe 12th Space Warning Squadron is a unit of the 21st Operations Group, which is part of the 21st Space Wing under Air Force Space Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009451-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Space Warning Squadron, Overview\nTo accomplish its mission, the squadron operates the solid-state phased-array radar located at the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS), Site I. The BMEWS site is located approximately 11 miles northwest of Thule AB . It provides early warning detection of intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) launches from the Russian land mass and submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launches from the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans against North America. Additionally, BMEWS keeps track of polar orbiting satellites. The operational crews report through the Missile Warning Center to the NORAD/USNORTHCOM Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009451-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Space Warning Squadron, Overview\nThe Operation Support Flight (DOO) provides direct operational support to the missile warning crews. The flight's Operations Training Section (DOT) provides all crew force initial, recurring, and supplemental training. Other flight responsibilities include hardware, software and maintenance support (MA), operational test and evaluation (DOV), and crew force management (DOU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009451-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Space Warning Squadron, History\nThe 12th SWS was formed in January 1967 as a successor organization to the Air Defense Command 931st Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, which was inactivated at the end of 1965. The 931st AC&WS operated a series of Ground-Control Intercept (GCI) radar sites in Greenland to detect intrusion of unknown aircraft. The squadron relayed information to the 64th NORAD Region Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system DC-31 Direction Center, and interceptor squadrons stationed at Thule Air Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009451-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Space Warning Squadron, History\nWith the development of ICBM and SLBM technologies, the mission to monitor aircraft coming over the horizon from the Soviet Union was transferred to other units, and the 931st AC&WS at Thule AB was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009452-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Special Forces Group\nThe 12th Special Forces Group (Airborne) traces its lineage from the 6th Company, 2nd Battalion, First Regiment, 1st Special Service Force, a joint Canadian-American special operations unit from World War II. The 12th Special Forces Group stood up as a Regular Army special operations unit under the 1st Special Forces in 1960 and was subsequently moved into the Army Reserve in 1969 where it reminded until deactivation in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009452-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Special Forces Group, History\nActivated 9 July 1942 at Fort William Henry Harrison, Montana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009452-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Special Forces Group, History\nReconstituted 15 April 1960 in Regular Army; concurrently, consolidated with Company C, 2d Infantry Battalion and consolidated unit designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 12th Special Forces Group, 1st Special Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009452-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Special Forces Group, History\nWithdrawn 14 December 1969 from the Regular Army and allotted to the Army Reserve (organic elements concurrently constituted).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009452-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Special Forces Group, History\nGroup activated 24 March 1961 with headquarters at Chicago, Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009452-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Special Forces Group, History\nLocation of headquarters changed 19 January 1964 to Oak Park, Illinois; changed 1 September 1970 to Arlington Heights, Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009452-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Special Forces Group, History\nElements Located at Richards Gebauer AFB in Kansas City Missouri in 1978\u201380, Northern California (Hamilton AFB), and San Diego, California (Van Deman Hall \u2013 USAR)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009452-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Special Forces Group, History\nThe Group was deactivated, along with the 11th Special Forces Group, on 15 September 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009452-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Special Forces Group, History\nMany members of the 12th SFG transferred to 20th SFG following the group's inactivation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron\nThe 12th Special Operations Squadron is assigned to the 27th Special Operations Group at Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico. Its mission is the launch and recovery of MQ-9 Reaper Remotely Piloted Aircraft from unprepared locations throughout the world. The squadron was activated in 2015 to replace a detachment that had been performing the same mission since October 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron\nThe squadron was previously active at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska as the 12th Fighter Squadron, part of the 3d Operations Group. The squadron operated the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle aircraft conducting air superiority missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron\nThe mission of the 12th is to launch and recover Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) operationally employed by the 2d, 3d and 33d Special Operations Squadrons. To avoid the inherent delay in transmitting commands through satellite communications to RPAs from distant stations, the squadron deploys to locations where it can operate the craft for takeoff and landing using line of sight signals. This minimizes risk during critical flight operations, while permitting mission operations to be performed from more remote secure locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 12th Special Operations Squadron was first activated at Selfridge Field, Michigan as the 12th Pursuit Squadron, one of the original squadrons of the 50th Pursuit Group. in January 1941 when the United States expanded its military forces on the eve of World War II. After training with Seversky P-35s and Curtiss P-36 Hawks, the squadron moved with its parent 50th Pursuit Group to Key Field, Mississippi in October, where it began to equip with Curtiss P-40 Warhawks. It was located there when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on 8 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nResponding to the critical need for fighters in the Pacific, in February 1942 the squadron deployed to Christmas Island. The 12th flew patrols over the Indian Ocean from Christmas Island between February and October 1942. During this time the squadron was equipped with P-39 and P-400 aircraft. It began combat operations from Fighter Strip No.2 on Guadalcanal on 19 November 1942, moving to Guadalcanal in February. The squadron was subsequently equipped with P-38 Lightning aircraft at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0004-0001", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron participated in Operation Vengeance, the successful operation to kill Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto of the Imperial Japanese Navy on 18 April 1943. Operations during this time were frequently split. Although based on Guadalcanal until August 1944, flight operations were conducted from Mono Airfield on Stirling Island. The 12th moved to Mar Drome, Sansapor, Netherlands East Indies that month although starting on 8 November, a portion of the squadron operated from Morotai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0004-0002", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nThe split operation lasted until 10 January 1945, and three days later the squadron moved to Lingayen Airfield in the Philippines, although the squadron moved to Hill Strip little more than a week later, its rear echelon continued to operate from Lingayen until 24 April 1945, when it leapfrogged forward to become the advanced echelon at Moret Field on 24 April, being joined by the rest of the squadron on 4 May. Combat operations continued until 14 August 1945 from Moret (and from Puerto Princesa Airfield between 26 April and 11 May 1945).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nFollowing the surrender of Japan, the squadron remained in the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron, History, Korean War\nWhen the North Korean People's Army crossed the 38th parallel to invade South Korea in June 1950, Far East Air Forces looked to its resources in the Philippines to reinforce its forces in Korea and the squadron was moved from the Philippines to Taegu Air Base in late July. However, as United Nations forces withdrew into the Pusan Perimeter, the squadron was forced to move to Ashiya Air Base, Japan eleven days after arriving in the theater of war, after flying only a handful of missions from Taegu with North American P-51 Mustangs. The following month it returned to Korea and Pusan East (K-9) Air Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron, History, Korean War\nAfter the Inchon Landings, United Nations forces rapidly moved north and the squadron was able to establish a detachment at Pyongyang East Air Base on 5 November 1950, with the entire squadron arriving just over two weeks later. However, Chinese intervention in Korea forced the squadron to withdraw in December, first to Suwon Air Base, then to Chinhae Air Base (although a detachment of the squadron continued to operate from Suwon until 4 January 1951). Part of the squadron resumed Suwon operations again on 24 March 1951, while another part flew out of Pusan West Air Base Suwon operations lasted until 4 May 1951, while those in Pusan lasted only until 23 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron, History, Korean War\nAlthough still stationed at Chinhae, The squadron operated from Seoul Air Base, closer to the front lines, from 8 May to 9 August 1951 and again from 18 August until 30 September, after which it began operations at Hoengseong Air Base. It moved entirely to Hoengseong on 2 June 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron, History, Korean War\nIt continued to fly combat missions in Korea from until 8 January 1953 and again, after re-equipping with the North American F-86 Sabre, from 25 February to 27 July 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron, History, Korean War\nThe 12th Fighter-Bomber Squadron Deployed to Tainan Air Base, Taiwan from 27 January \u2013 19 February 1955, 3 September \u2013 30 November 1955, from 18 \u2013 25 April 1961, 18th Tactical Fighter Wing deployed a detachment of 12th Tactical Fighter Squadron aircraft to Kung Kuan Air Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nThe 12th deployed to Vietnam twice in 1965, first from 1 February to March 1965 and 15 June to 25 August 1965. It supported air defense alert capability in Southeast Asia between 1968 and 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nThe squadron stood alert in South Korea from 23 January to 13 June 1968, after the seizure of the USS Pueblo by North Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron, History, Operations in the Pacific\nThe squadron was unmanned and unequipped from May 1972 until November 1975. It remanned and reequipped with McDonnell F-4 Phantom II aircraft in late November 1975. Through 1980, it flew offensive and defensive exercises in support of its wing, the 313th Air Division, and Pacific Air Forces. It converted to McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle aircraft in 1980. In 1981, the 12th earned the Hughes Trophy in recognition as the outstanding fighter squadron in the USAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron, History, Operations in the Pacific\nOn 5 November 1999, the squadron moved without personnel or equipment to Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska where it joined the 3d Wing on 28 April 2000. Between 2000 and 2008, it performed offensive and defensive counter-air missions with current air-to-air weaponry, including night vision goggles (NVG), to achieve air superiority in support of taskings from 3 Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron, History, Operations in the Pacific\nAt Elmendorf Air Force Base, the squadron employed the F-15C air superiority fighter in global expeditionary support of war-fighting commands. The squadron was inactivated in September 2006, due to the Base Realignment and Closure of 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0016-0000", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron, History, Remotely piloted vehicles\nThe 12th was redesignated the 12th Special Operations Squadron and activated at Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico to operate RPVs from forward deployed locations during critical flight maneuvers when operating the craft by transmitting signals through satellites could potentially endanger them due to the delay in signal transmission. It absorbed the personnel and equipment of a small detachment that had been performing the same mission at Cannon since October 2013. The squadron is the first of its kind in the United States Air Force, and is being considered as a model for similar units by Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009453-0017-0000", "contents": "12th Special Operations Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009454-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Sri Lankan Television State Awards\nThe 12th Television State Awards festival (Sinhala: 12 \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0dbb\u0dd6\u0db4\u0dc0\u0dcf\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dd3 \u0dbb\u0dcf\u0da2\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db8\u0dcf\u0db1 \u0d8b\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc5), was held to honor the television programs of 2014 Sinhala television on December 28, 2015, at the Nelum Pokuna Mahinda Rajapaksa Theatre, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka. The event was organized by the Ministry of Culture and the Arts, State Television Advisory Council and Arts Council of Sri Lanka. His Excellency The President of Sri Lanka Maithripala Sirisena was the chief guest. A total of were received for the Best Sinhala and Tamil Artists in 35 categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009454-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Sri Lankan Television State Awards\nAt the award ceremony, veteran broadcaster Shan Wickremesinghe received the Lifetime Achievement Award. Meanwhile, the 9th issue of the Rupavahini Survey Book for the Rupavahini State Awards was also launched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009455-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Street Bridge\n|carries= 2 lanes of 12th Street|crosses= [ [ ] ]|locale= Kansas City, Missouri|open= 1909 (first bridge), 1930 (second bridge), 2000 (third and current bridge)|design= Deck Truss (first bridge), Thru-Truss (second bridge,) Girder (current bridge)|image=|caption= The bridge in 1985, as a two lane thru-truss, this bridge was removed in 2000", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009455-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Street Bridge\nThe 12th Street Bridge is an automobile crossing of the [] in Kansas City, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009455-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Street Bridge, History\nThe 12th Street Bridge dates back to the early 1900s, when it was an iron bridge. Swept away by a 1903 flood, it was rebuilt at the cost of $75,000. A judge ordered the bridge rebuilt again in 1923 and it was reopened April 22, 1926.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009455-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Street Bridge, History\nA 1940 fire damaged the center span of the bridge and its wooden floor fell into the river. In about a year, it reopened after being rebuilt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009455-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Street Bridge, History\nIn 2000, the thru-truss was removed and replaced with a girder, due to problems with the substructure. It is just west of the 7th Street Trafficway Bridge, and east of the 18th Street Expressway Bridge over the Kansas River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009456-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Street Jump\n12th Street Jump is a weekly public radio series, which is broadcast in the United States as well as over internet radio stations around the world. The show is based in Kansas City, where it began broadcasting from in 2009. The show focuses on two genres, Jazz and Blues, while including regular comedy segments. David Basse and Eboni Fondren (Pearl McDonald prior to 2014) are the show's hosts. They regularly have guests on the show, and interview leading Jazz and Blues artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009456-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Street Jump\nIn 2015, the show had spread its reach to over 115 stations across the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009456-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Street Jump, History\n12th Street Jump began broadcasting in 2009. It is produced by Theater League in Kansas City. The public radio show is a weekly show, focusing on Jazz, Blues and also comedy segments. The show is recorded at the Green Lady Lounge, 1809 Grand Avenue, on Wednesday nights from 7:30 to 9:00pm in Kansas City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009456-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Street Jump, History\nIt was first broadcast on KCUR FM89.3, Kansas City's public radio station. Its first broadcast came from the Mutual Musicians Foundation, a historic building in the Historic 18th and Vine Jazz district, where Dizzy Gillespie is rumored to have met Charlie Parker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009456-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Street Jump, History\nIn 2010, the show moved to 12th Street Rag, a club located in downtown Kansas City. A renovation of the hotel where the club is located forced the show to move to its current location. It is now recorded live at the Broadway Jazz Club for subsequent broadcast on stations across the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009456-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Street Jump, History\nIn 2017, the show was aired on 60 public radio stations in the United States on a weekly basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009456-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Street Jump, Background\nThe weekly show is one hour long, combining Jazz and Blues with topical sketch comedy, similar to shows such as Saturday Night Live and Prairie Home Companion. The show is hosted by Pete Weber and Eboni Fondren (Pearl McDonald prior to 2014), who regularly interview Jazz and Blues musicians on their show. 12th Street Jump celebrates the birthday of a major jazz or blues musical influence on each show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009456-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Street Jump, Background\nThe show commonly features the music of various Jazz and Blues artists including John Coltrane, Thelonious Monk, Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong as well as composers like George Gershwin and Johnny Mercer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009456-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Street Jump, Background, Guests\nThe show regularly features guests from a variety of backgrounds, including vocalists, drummers, trumpet players, saxophonists and guitarists. The variety of guests gives the show diversity. Guests have included Karrin Allyson, Kevin Mahogany, Jeff Hamilton, Joe Sample, Randy Brecker, Wycliffe Gordon, Sean Jones,  Christian McBride, and Rod Fleeman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009456-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Street Jump, Background, Comedy\nEach week comedy sketches are presented on each weekly broadcast, incorporating Jazz and Blues themes. Their weekly \"Blues in the News\" feature spoofs celebrities and politicians and has received national coverage. Other sketches include \"Dr Pearl\", \"Eboni,\" \" Ask the Professor,\" Serena's School for Scat,\" \"The Jazz Mechanics,\" \"So What's Your Question\", \"Sonny Zoot Reedman \u2013 Sax Therapist\" and \"Who's Got the Blues\". Each Sketch has a unique approach, more often than not relating back to Blues or Jazz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009457-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Street Oakland City Center station\n12th Street/Oakland City Center station is an underground Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) station located under Broadway between 12th Street and 14th Street in Downtown Oakland, adjacent to the Oakland City Center. It is the second-busiest BART station in both Oakland and the East Bay (just after 19th Street Oakland), and the 6th busiest BART station overall, with a daily ridership of approximately 13,900 in February 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009457-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Street Oakland City Center station\nThe station has three underground levels, with tracks on the second and third levels. It is served by the Richmond\u2013\u200bMillbrae + SFO Line, Berryessa/\u200bNorth San Jos\u00e9\u2013\u200bRichmond Line, and Antioch\u2013\u200bSFO + Millbrae Line, as well as by AC Transit buses on the surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009457-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Street Oakland City Center station\nOakland City Center/12th Street station opened in 1972 as part of the first section of BART. In 1980\u20131986, the KE Track project added the third track to the station. From 1992 to 2002, and 2004 to 2010, it was the timed transfer point between northbound trains. Tempo bus rapid transit service began in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009457-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Street Oakland City Center station, Station layout\nThe station has three underground levels. The first level is a concourse with ticket machines and faregates. An island platform and two main tracks (C1 and CX) for northbound trains (bound for Richmond and Antioch) are on the second level. A side platform with one track (C2) for southbound trains (bound for Berryessa/\u200bNorth San Jos\u00e9 or San Francisco) is on the third level. The station has red brickwork, contrasting with the blue of nearby 19th Street Oakland station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009457-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Street Oakland City Center station, Station layout\nThe station has eight public entrances: two at 12th Street, three at 13th Street, and two at 14th Street (one from Frank H. Ogawa Plaza), plus one from the belowground plaza of Oakland City Center near 13th Street. Surface elevators are located at the Ogawa Plaza entrance and at the southwest 12th Street entrance, while the platform elevator is at the south end of the station. An unused passage leads directly to the Central Bank Building at the north end of the station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009457-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Street Oakland City Center station, History\nOakland City Center/12th Street station, along with 19th Street Oakland and Daly City stations, was designed by Gerard McCue and Associates. By 1967, owners of three Oakland buildings were considering paying for private entrances from the station mezzanine. Only one was actually constructed: an entrance from the Central Bank Building (1400 Broadway) was approved in February 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009457-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Street Oakland City Center station, History\nThe station opened on September 11, 1972, as part of the first section of BART to open; service was extended to Richmond the next year. Service to Concord was added on May 21, 1973, and extended to San Francisco through the Transbay Tube on September 16, 1974. Richmond\u2013San Francisco service was added on April 19, 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009457-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Street Oakland City Center station, History\nThe station initially had one side platform on each level, with one track on the east side of each platform. The KE Track project, begun in 1980 and completed on March 17, 1986, converted the upper platform to an island platform with a new west track (Track CX). The new track was originally used for peak hour service (southbound towards San Francisco in the morning, and northbound in the evening).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009457-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Street Oakland City Center station, History\nSchedule changes on June 22, 1992, introduced timed transfers between Richmond\u2013Fremont line and Concord\u2013Daly City line trains. Oakland City Center/12th Street was the transfer point between northbound (Richmond-bound and Concord-bound) trains, while MacArthur station was the transfer point between southbound trains. Timed transfers were discontinued in 2002, but resumed on February 9, 2004. Four of the six entrances were closed from April 13, 2020, to June 12, 2021, due to low ridership during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009457-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Street Oakland City Center station, History\nThe station was renamed to 12th Street Oakland City Center around 2008. On September 13, 2010, the northbound transfer location was changed to 19th Street Oakland station. Sunday-only service to the station on the Dublin/Pleasanton line was operated from February 11, 2019 to February 10, 2020 due to construction work in the Transbay Tube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009457-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Street Oakland City Center station, History\nConstruction of the Oakland\u2013San Leandro East Bay Bus Rapid Transit line (later branded Tempo) began in August 2016. Tempo route 1T service began on August 9, 2020, with surface stations at 14th Street and City Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009457-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Street Oakland City Center station, Bus connections\nDowntown Oakland is a major transfer point for AC Transit buses, which stop at various locations on Broadway and cross streets near the station:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009457-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Street Oakland City Center station, Bus connections\nRoute 1T stops at dedicated platforms at two locations: 14th Street on Broadway at the north end of the station, and City Center just east of Broadway on 12th Street (northbound) and 11th Street (southbound) at the south end of the station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009458-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Street station (DART)\nThe 12th Street station is a future DART Light Rail and commuter rail station along the Red Line and the Silver Line in Plano, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009458-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Street station (DART)\nThe station has two levels, with the ground-level at 12th Street & K Avenue serving the Silver Line and the elevated level (two blocks west at 1000 12th Street) serving the Red Line. The City of Plano approved the purchase of a piece of land in February 2015 in anticipation of its construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009458-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Street station (DART)\nThe two platforms will be connected by a sidewalk about 500 feet (150\u00a0m) long. The station's bus bays and parking lots will be next to the Silver Line platform: the bus bays and a small parking lot on its north side and a larger parking lot on its south side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009459-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Street/Jefferson and 12th Street/Washington stations\n12th Street/Jefferson station and  12th Street/Washington station, also collectively known as Eastlake Park, is a pair of light rail stations on Valley Metro Rail in Phoenix, Arizona, United States. It is the fourteenth stop westbound and the fifteenth stop eastbound on the initial 20-mile (32\u00a0km) starter line. This station is split between two platforms, the westbound platform which is located on Washington Street at 12th Street and the eastbound platform located on Jefferson Street at 12th Street, approximately 500 feet (150\u00a0m) apart from one another.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009460-0000-0000", "contents": "12th TCA Awards\nThe 12th TCA Awards were presented by the Television Critics Association in a ceremony hosted by Heidi Swedberg. The ceremony was held on July 20, 1996, at the Ritz-Carlton Huntington Hotel and Spa in Pasadena, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009461-0000-0000", "contents": "12th TVyNovelas Awards\nThe 12th TVyNovelas Awards, is an Academy of special awards to the best of soap operas and TV shows. The awards ceremony took place on April 29, 1994 in the M\u00e9xico D.F.. The ceremony was televised in the Mexico by Canal de las estrellas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009461-0001-0000", "contents": "12th TVyNovelas Awards\nRa\u00fal Velasco hosted the show. Coraz\u00f3n salvaje won 7 awards including Best Telenovela of the Year, the most for the evening. Other winners Los Parientes Pobres and Dos mujeres, un camino won 2 awards and Capricho, and Entre la vida y la muerte won one each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009461-0002-0000", "contents": "12th TVyNovelas Awards, Winners and nominees, International Segment\nThis segment is transmitted only in the United States for Univisi\u00f3n:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009461-0003-0000", "contents": "12th TVyNovelas Awards, Winners and nominees, Missing\nPeople who did not attend ceremony wing and were nominated in the shortlist in each category:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009462-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (ROCAF)\nThe 12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (12th TRS) is an active unit of the Republic of China Air Force. It is part of the 401st Tactical Composite Wing and operates the General Dynamics F-16A/B Fighting Falcon, Northrop RF-5E Tigergazer and Northrop F-5F Tiger II from Hualien Air Force Base, Hualien County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009462-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (ROCAF), History, 1997 to present\nUp until 1998, the 12th TRS were operating the Lockheed TF/RF-104G Stargazer and Northrop F-5E/F Tiger II from Taoyuan Air Base, Taoyuan. With the forthcoming retirement of the Starfighter, the 12th TRS began to convert to the Northrop RF-5E Tigergazer, with deliveries first arriving in August 1997. On 22 May 1998, the last two TF-104Gs (4186 and 4196) were retired in a ceremony at Ching Chuan Kang Air Base, Taichung.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009462-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (ROCAF), History, 1997 to present\nOn 1 July 1998, the 12th TRS relocated to Hualien Air Force Base, Hualien County, and converted to the General Dynamics F-16A/B Fighting Falcon, which replaced the F-5Es. The squadron's RF-5Es were also transferred to the 4th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron during this time. The 12th TRS' F-16As are equipped with Phoenix Eye reconnaissance pods, leading to an unofficial designation of RF-16A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009462-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (ROCAF), History, 1997 to present\nIn May 2011, the 12th TRS began to receive the RF-5E back from the 4th TRS, starting with 5503 and 5506. On 13 September 2011, 5506 and F-5F 5401 of the 4th TRS both crashed into a mountain during a night-time sortie, killing all crew. The squadron completed its conversion to the RF-5E on 12 June 2013, operating them alongside the F-16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009462-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (ROCAF), History, 1997 to present\nIn October 2019, it was announced by the Minister of National Defence Yen Teh-fa that Taiwan is looking to replace the Phoenix Eye recon pod with the UTC Aerospace Systems MS-110 pod which would be carried by the RF-16 fleet, allowing for the retirement of the RF-5Es.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009463-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Tamil Nadu Assembly\nTwelfth Assembly of Tamil Nadu was instituted after the victory of AIADMK and allies, in the 2001 state assembly election. O. Panneerselvam officially became the 13th and J. Jayalalithaa became the 14th Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu due to the election. Even though Jayalalithaa was the Chief Minister between 14 May and 21 September 2001, the Supreme Court of India, declared that she did not legally hold the post, due to corruption charges from her previous Chief ministership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009464-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 12th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009464-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 12th Tennessee Cavalry was organized at Nashville, Tennessee and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on August 24, 1863, under the command of Colonel George Spalding. As late as February 22, 1864, only six companies had completed organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009464-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of Nashville, Department of the Cumberland, to January 1864. Defenses of Nashville & Northwestern Railroad to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, Cavalry Corps, Department of the Cumberland, to October 1864. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division Mississippi, to December 1864. 2nd Brigade, 5th Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division Mississippi, to February 1865. 1st Brigade, 5th Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division Mississippi, to May 1865. Department of the Missouri to October 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009464-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 12th Tennessee Cavalry mustered out of service at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, on October 7, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009464-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nScout to Florence, Alabama, July 20\u201325, 1863 (detachment). Duty at Nashville and on Nashville & Northwestern Railroad at Pulaski, Tennessee, until November 1864. Duck River April 22, 1864. Scout in Hickman and Maury Counties May 2\u201312. Lincoln County June 14. Scout from Pulaski to Florence, Alabama, July 20\u201325 (detachment). Triune August 3\u20134. Florence August 10. Operations against Forrest in northern Alabama and middle Tennessee September 16-October 10. Richland Creek, near Pulaski, September 26. Pulaski September 26\u201327. Nashville Campaign November\u2013December. On line of Shoal Creek November 5\u201320. Campbellsville and Lynnville November 24. In front of Columbia November 24\u201327. Franklin November 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009464-0004-0001", "contents": "12th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nBattle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. West Harpeth River December 17. Spring Hill December 18. Rutherford Creek December 19. Curtis Creek December 19. Lawrenceburg December 22. Lynnville and Richland Creek December 24. King's Gap, near Pulaski, December 25. At Gravelly Springs, Alabama, until February 1865. At Eastport, Mississippi, until May. Moved to St. Louis, Missouri, May 15\u201317, thence to Rolla, Missouri, June 20\u201326, and to Fort Riley, Kansas, June 29-July 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009464-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 226 men during service; 5 officers and 28 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 191 enlisted men died of disease or accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009465-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Tennessee Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th Regiment, Tennessee Infantry was an infantry regiment from Tennessee that served with the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009465-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Service\nIt was mustered in 1861, consisting mostly of men from Gibson County. Colonel Tyree Harris Bell was its commanding officer. Robert Porter Caldwell was the major for the regiment. The regiment fought in notable battles, including the Battle of Shiloh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009466-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Territorial Defence Brigade (Poland)\nThe 12th Territorial Defence Brigade is a military unit of the Territorial Defence Force of the Polish Armed Forces. The brigade is based in Pozna\u0144, Greater Poland Voivodeship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009467-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Texas Cavalry Regiment\nThe 12th Texas Cavalry Regiment was a unit of mounted volunteers recruited in Texas that fought in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was enrolled in state service in September 1861 and in Confederate service the following month. The regiment fought at Whitney's Lane, Cotton Plant, and L'Anguille Ferry in 1862, Goodrich's Landing in 1863, and Blair's Landing and Yellow Bayou in 1864. The unit also participated in numerous skirmishes and scouts. It disbanded in May 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009467-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Texas Cavalry Regiment, Formation\nSoon after the war started in April 1861, William Henry Parsons, a Waco newspaper editor, began recruiting men for a cavalry regiment. On 11 September 1861 the unit organized at Rockett Springs near Waxahachie as the 4th Texas Dragoons with Parsons elected colonel. On 28 October the regiment was mustered into the Confederate Army as the 12th Texas Cavalry. A number of Texas counties were represented as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009467-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History\nOn 25 March 1862, Earl Van Dorn received an order from Albert Sidney Johnston to transfer his Army of the West to Corinth, Mississippi. Van Dorn proceeded to shift all available soldiers, ammunition, food, and weapons to the east side of the Mississippi River. In May 1862, the Union Army of the Southwest under Samuel Ryan Curtis invaded eastern Arkansas and captured Batesville. Thomas C. Hindman, the newly appointed Confederate commander in Arkansas, was appalled to find almost no soldiers or military equipment to defend Little Rock. Hindman began improvising an army and a logistical base. Before Hindman's arrival, John Selden Roane started to detain Texas cavalry regiments as they crossed Arkansas headed for Memphis, Tennessee. The 12th Texas Cavalry was one of the units appropriated to defend the state of Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009467-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe regiment fought at the Battle of Whitney's Lane on 19 May 1862. Before this skirmish, the local Union commander Peter J. Osterhaus reported to Curtis that Confederates and irregulars were harassing his division. At Whitney's Lane, the Texas cavalrymen surrounded a Union foraging party from the 17th Missouri Volunteer Infantry near Searcy. The Federals admitted losses of 15 killed, 32 wounded, and two missing; they claimed to have killed 18 Confederates. The Missourians complained that when they tried to surrender, their attackers yelled, \"Damn you, we want no prisoners\", and killed some of the Federal wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009467-0003-0001", "contents": "12th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History\nCurtis and Osterhaus called their attackers \"armed bandits\" and \"outlaws\" and threatened to shoot any prisoners taken. Another source stated that 100 troopers of the 12th Texas under Major Emory Rogers plus 50 local militia attacked a group of Union foragers at the intersection of Whitney's Lane and the West Point Road a few miles east of Searcy. They claimed to have inflicted losses of 22 killed and 33 wounded on their enemies while capturing a surgeon and four ambulance wagons. The Confederates reported losing four killed and several wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009467-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 12th Texas took part in the Battle of Cotton Plant on 7 July 1862. Unable to march to Little Rock due to breakdown of his supply line, Curtis moved his army south down the White River. He was opposed by Albert Rust with 5,000 Arkansas infantry and Texas cavalry. While crossing the Cache River, Curtis sent Charles Edward Hovey with 400 men and one gun to scout ahead. Near Parley Hill's plantation, the Federals bumped into 1,000 men from the 12th Texas and 16th Texas Cavalry Regiments under Parsons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009467-0004-0001", "contents": "12th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History\nAfter some fighting, the Texans gained the upper hand and forced part of Hovey's troops to retreat. But when the Texas cavalry galloped after their enemies, they were ambushed by three companies of the 33rd Illinois Infantry Regiment concealed in a cornfield. After a lull, 200 Union troops and two more cannons arrived as reinforcements to push back the Texans. Later in the day another Union brigade under William P. Benton appeared as additional reinforcements. Rust's troops withdrew behind another river and destroyed their boats. One Texan wrote that the 12th Texas lost 14 killed, 20 seriously wounded, 16 slightly wounded, and two missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009467-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe regiment attacked Curtis's supply line in the Battle of L'Anguille Ferry on 3 August 1862. On 29 July, the 1st Battalion of the 1st Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry Regiment led by Lieutenant Colonel Oscar Hugh La Grange reached Marianna on the L'Anguille River. That same day, the 2nd Battalion of the 1st Wisconsin Cavalry under Major Henry S. Eggleston left Wittsburg with a convoy, heading south, and reached the L'Anguille Ferry near Marianna on 2 August. Eggleston's force included 130 troopers, numbers of escaped slaves, 27 wagons, and 100 seized horses and mules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009467-0005-0001", "contents": "12th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History\nAt dawn, Parsons led 600 horsemen of the 12th Texas in a surprise attack on the Union camp. After a half-hour of heavy fighting, the surviving Federals scattered into the woods. The Texans inflicted losses of 17 killed, 40 wounded, and 25 captured. They made off with seven wagons and the livestock and burned everything else. Parsons reported that the 12th Texas lost two killed and 10 wounded. Later that day, La Grange rode to the rescue with 200 troopers, but the Texans were gone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009467-0005-0002", "contents": "12th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History\nAt this time four cavalry regiments were dismounted because there was not enough feed for the horses. This caused a number of cavalrymen to desert. Because it had distinguished itself, the 12th Texas was allowed to remain mounted. Union soldiers began calling it the \"Swamp Fox Regiment\" because of its habit of traveling through swamps and attacking at night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009467-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History\nParsons began leading a cavalry brigade that included the 12th Texas, 19th Texas, and 21st Texas Cavalry Regiments, and Joseph H. Pratt's Tenth Texas Field Battery. Parsons was replaced in command of the regiment by Lieutenant Colonel John W. Mullen, and after he resigned, by Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Bell Burleson. In 1863, the 12th Texas was transferred to northeast Louisiana to fight along with General John George Walker's Texas division, known as Walker's Greyhounds. Walker's Texas Division was about 4,000-strong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009467-0006-0001", "contents": "12th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History\nAt the Battle of Goodrich's Landing on 29 June 1863, Parsons left Gaines Landing, Arkansas with the 12th Texas, 19th Texas, and 15th Louisiana Cavalry Regiments, and Cameron's Arkansas and Ralston's Mississippi Batteries. Parson's brigade surrounded a small Union-held fort and accepted the surrender of its garrison. The Confederates seized large amounts of supplies and burned the cotton that was accumulated in the warehouses. Parsons then drove off a few companies of the 1st Kansas Mounted Infantry. The next day, Union reinforcements under Alfred W. Ellet were landed and, after some skirmishing, Parsons withdrew. After the Federals successfully concluded the Siege of Vicksburg, the regiment returned to Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009467-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 12th Texas fought at the Battle of Blair's Landing on 12 April 1864 during the Red River Campaign. After the Union defeat at the Battle of Mansfield on 8 April, the Union fleet reversed course and began to move downstream. Thomas Green took his cavalry division to Blair's Landing to intercept the Federal gunboats and transports as they descended the river. The Confederate forces claimed to have inflicted heavy losses on Union soldiers in the transports as they passed, but Green was killed by a shot from one of the gunboats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009467-0007-0001", "contents": "12th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History\nThomas Oliver Selfridge Jr., the commanding officer of the monitor USS Osage reported that the Confederates lined the high banks of the river and fired their rifles at the vessels as they passed within 100\u00a0yd (91\u00a0m). The Osage fired canister shot in reply, and when that was exhausted, the gun crews fired shrapnel shell with the fuses cut to one second. The battle lasted one hour and a half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009467-0007-0002", "contents": "12th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History\nSelfridge reported that everything aboard made of wood was riddled by bullets, and the armor plate of his ship's pilot house had 60 bullet marks in it, but his crew only lost seven wounded. The Confederates reported negligible losses, except for Green, and about 50 Union soldiers on the transports became casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009467-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 12th Texas continued to harass the retreating Federal troops and fought in the last action of the campaign at the Battle of Yellow Bayou on 18 May 1864. In this final action, the Federals sustained 267 casualties while the Confederates lost 452. The regiment then returned to southern Arkansas. In early 1865 it was ordered to march to Texas. On 23 May 1865 the 12th Texas Cavalry disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009468-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Tony Awards\nThe 12th Annual Tony Awards took place at the Waldorf-Astoria Grand Ballroom on April 13, 1958. Bud Collyer was the Master of Ceremonies. For the second year the program was not telecast, due to a strike against WCBS-TV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009468-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Tony Awards, The ceremony\nPresenters: Sydney Chaplin, Greer Garson, Judy Holliday, Celeste Holm, Nancy Kelly, Mary Martin, Elsa Maxwell, Laurence Olivier, Tyrone Power, Martha Scott, Phil Silvers, Walter Slezak. Performers were Mindy Carson and Bill Hayes. Music was by Meyer Davis and his Orchestra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009469-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Transgender Erotica Awards\nThe 12th Annual Transgender Erotica Awards was a pornographic awards event recognizing the best in transgender pornography form the previous year from  November 16, 2018 \u2013 October 1, 2019. Pre -nominations were open from October 2 to October 16, 2019. The public-at-large was able to suggest nominees using an online form. Nominees were announced on January 3, 2020, online on the theteashow.com website, with fan voting opening on the same day. The eligibility period for the fan award was 1 January to 31 December 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009469-0000-0001", "contents": "12th Transgender Erotica Awards\nThe awards open to fan voting were the fan award which was open to all and site-specific awards which were open to members of the forums of the specific sites who met specific criteria regarding; a number of postings and a date to have been a member before. The winners were announced during the webcast on May 10, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009469-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Transgender Erotica Awards, Rescheduling of event\nThe TEA's were originally scheduled to be hosted by Domino Presley at the Avalon Hollywood of March 15, 2020. On March 12 as a result of legal advice following restriction in place on events in excess of 250 people being recommended to be cancelled by Governor of California Gavin Newsom, the event was indefinitely postponed, as a result of the Avalon cancelling all events in March 2020. On April 20, 2020, it was announced that the award show would be held as an online production, broadcast for free on grooby247.com. The awards were presented with winners notified in advance after signing non-disclosure agreements. Each winner gave a pre-recorded acceptance speech. Award trophies were mailed out to recipients after the award show was broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009469-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Transgender Erotica Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominations for the 12th Transgender Erotica Awards were announced online on January 3, 2020, and fan voting opened on the same day, when pre-nominations closed, online on the theteashow.com website. The originally scheduled to be announced during the awards on March 15, 2020, but were later publicly announced on May 10, 2020, during the pre-recorded webcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009470-0000-0000", "contents": "12th U-boat Flotilla\nThe 12th U-boat Flotilla (German 12. Unterseebootsflottille) was a German U-boat flotilla formed on 15 October 1942 at Bordeaux under the command of Korvettenkapit\u00e4n Klaus Scholtz. The flotilla was disbanded on 25 August 1944 due to the imminent arrival of Allied forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009470-0001-0000", "contents": "12th U-boat Flotilla, Assigned U-boats\nThe following U-boats were assigned to 12th U-boat Flotilla at Bordeaux at various times during their service life:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009470-0002-0000", "contents": "12th U-boat Flotilla, Assigned U-boats\nThirty-nine of the forty-two U-boats assigned to 12th Flotilla were destroyed during their assignment. Before the base at Bordeaux was captured by the Allies, U-861, U-862 and U-1061 managed to escape, and were transferred to other U-boat flotillas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009470-0003-0000", "contents": "12th U-boat Flotilla, Assigned ex-Italian submarines\nThe following Italian submarines were captured after the Italian capitulation in September 1943 and assigned to the 12th U-boat Flotilla:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009471-0000-0000", "contents": "12th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment\nThe 12th Regiment Heavy Artillery U.S. Colored Troops was formed at Camp Nelson, Kentucky. It was one of 175 regiments of African American men during the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009471-0001-0000", "contents": "12th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment, Overview\nDuring the Civil War, Kentucky, was the last state to accept African American men into their army. In February 1864 there were 400 men who wanted to enlist and Col. Andrew H. Clark began enlisted the men. By June of that year there were 1,500 enlisted colored soldiers. June 13, 1864, restrictions were lifted requiring men to be free or have their owner's written permission to engage in the war; From that point forward anyone that enlisted was emancipated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009471-0002-0000", "contents": "12th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment, Overview\nThe 12th Regiment Heavy Artillery U.S. Colored Troops was organized on July 15, 1864, at Camp Nelson. Until January 1865 it was attached to the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, District of Kentucky, Dept. of the Ohio. It was then attached to the Military District of Kentucky and Dept. of Kentucky, to April, 1866. The regiment was responsible for garrison duty at Bowling Green, Camp Nelson and other points until April, 1866. It mustered out April 24, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009471-0003-0000", "contents": "12th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment, Overview\nIt was the largest regiment that was organized at Camp Nelson. From June 1864 through April 1865 there were a total of 1,418 men enlisted. In one day there were 322 men who enlisted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009471-0004-0000", "contents": "12th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment, Overview\nInformation about the regiment has been published in Peter Bruner's A Slave's Adventures Toward Freedom and the memoir of Elijah P. Marrs, a sergeant in company L. Camp Nelson became the third largest recruiting and training center for African American men: More than 10,000 African American men were recruited at Camp Nelson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009472-0000-0000", "contents": "12th United States Colored Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th United States Colored Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was composed of African American enlisted men commanded by white officers and was authorized by the Bureau of Colored Troops which was created by the United States War Department on May 22, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009472-0001-0000", "contents": "12th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 12th U.S. Colored Infantry was recruited in Tennessee July 24 through August 14, 1863 and mustered in for three-year service under the command of Colonel Charles Robinson Thompson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009472-0002-0000", "contents": "12th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Defenses of Nashville & Northwestern Railroad, Department of the Cumberland, to October 1864. 2nd Colored Brigade, District of the Etowah, Department of the Cumberland, to January 1865. Defenses of Nashville & Northwestern Railroad, District of Middle Tennessee, to May 1865. 3rd Sub-District, District Middle Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to January 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009472-0003-0000", "contents": "12th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 12th U.S. Colored Infantry mustered out of service in January 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009472-0004-0000", "contents": "12th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nRailroad guard duty at various points in Tennessee and Alabama on line of the Nashville & Northwestern Railroad until December 1864. Repulse of Hood's attack on Johnsonville November 2, 4 and 5. Action at Buford's Station, Section 37, Nashville & Northwestern Railroad, November 24. March to Clarksville, Tenn., and skirmish near that place December 2. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. Action at Decatur, Ala., December 27\u201328. Railroad guard and garrison duty in the Department of the Cumberland until January 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009472-0005-0000", "contents": "12th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 284 men during service; 4 officers and 38 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded,  242 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009473-0000-0000", "contents": "12th United States Congress\nThe 12th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1811, to March 4, 1813, during the third and fourth years of James Madison's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Second Census of the United States in 1800. Both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009473-0001-0000", "contents": "12th United States Congress, Party summary\nThe count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the \"Changes in membership\" section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009473-0002-0000", "contents": "12th United States Congress, Party summary, Senate\nDuring this congress, two new Senate seats were added for the new state of Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009473-0003-0000", "contents": "12th United States Congress, Party summary, House of Representatives\nDuring this congress, one new House seat was added for the new state of Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009473-0004-0000", "contents": "12th United States Congress, Members\nThis list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009473-0005-0000", "contents": "12th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nSenators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 1814; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1816; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1812", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009473-0006-0000", "contents": "12th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives\nThe names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009473-0007-0000", "contents": "12th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Maryland\nThe 5th district was a plural district with two representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009473-0008-0000", "contents": "12th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, New York\nThere were two plural districts, the 2nd & 6th each had two representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009473-0009-0000", "contents": "12th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Pennsylvania\nThere were four plural districts, the 1st, 2nd, & 3rd had three representatives each, the 4th had two representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009473-0010-0000", "contents": "12th United States Congress, Changes in membership\nThe count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009474-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Base\nThe 12 Baza Bezza\u0142ogowych Statk\u00f3w Powietrznych (English: 12th Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Base) is a Polish Air Force base, located 5\u00a0km north of Miros\u0142awiec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009474-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Base\nIt was constituted as 12 Baza Lotnicza on 1 January 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009474-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Base\nIn 2008, it was the site of the Miros\u0142awiec air accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009475-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Vanier Cup\nThe 12th Vanier Cup was played on November 19, 1976, at Varsity Stadium in Toronto, Ontario, and decided the CIAU football champion for the 1976 season. The Western Mustangs won their third championship by defeating the Acadia Axemen by a score of 29-13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009476-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Venice International Film Festival\nThe 12th annual Venice International Film Festival was held from 20 August to 10 September 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009477-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Vermont Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th Vermont Infantry Regiment was a nine months' infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in the eastern theater, predominantly in the Defenses of Washington, from October 1862 to July 1863. It was a member of the 2nd Vermont Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009477-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 12th Vermont Infantry, a nine months regiment, raised as a result of President Lincoln's call on August 4, 1862, for additional troops due to the disastrous results of the Peninsula Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009477-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nIt was composed of volunteers from ten volunteer militia companies as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009477-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nColonel Asa P. Blunt, previously of the 3rd and 6th Vermont regiments, was selected to command the regiment. Lieutenant Colonel Roswell Farnham and Major Levi G. Kingsley had held commissions in the 1st Vermont Infantry, along with a total of 65 officers and men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009477-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment went into camp at Brattleboro on September 25, 1862, and was mustered into United States service on October 4. It left Vermont on October 7, and arrived in Washington, D.C. on October 10, and went into camp on East Capital Hill. On October 30 it became part of the 2nd Vermont Brigade, which also included the 13th, 14th, 15th and 16th Vermont Infantry regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009477-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nColonel Blunt, as ranking colonel, commanded the brigade until the arrival of Brigadier General Edwin H. Stoughton, on December 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009477-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nStoughton was not popular with the officers and men of the brigade, so when he was captured by Confederate partisan John S. Mosby on March 9, 1863, few mourned his loss. Colonel Blunt assumed command of the brigade again, turning it over to the new brigade commander, Brigadier General George J. Stannard, on April 20, who led the brigade until the Battle of Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009477-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment marched to Munson's Hill on October 30, and Hunting Creek the next day, where it stayed until December 12, in 'Camp Vermont.' It was engaged in picket duty near Fairfax Courthouse from December 12 to January 20, 1863, participating in a repulse of J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry on December 29. The regiment was stationed at Wolf Run Shoals from January 20 to May 1, performed railroad guard duty at Warrenton Junction until May 7, and camped near Rappahannock Station until May 18. From then until June 1, it camped near Bristoe and Catlett's Station. For the majority of June, it was at Union Mills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009477-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nOn June 25, the brigade was assigned as the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, I Corps, and ordered to form the rear guard of the Army of the Potomac as it marched north after Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. The 12th marched with the brigade from Wolf Run Shoals on June 25, crossed the Potomac river on June 27, at Edward's Ferry, and moved north through Frederick City and Creagerstown, Maryland. It was drawing near Gettysburg on July 1, when the 12th and 15th regiments were detached to guard the corps trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009477-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment accompanied the corps trains to Rock Creek Church, near the battlefield, and two companies of the 12th went forward to protect ammunition trains on the Taneytown road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009477-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nAfter the battle, the regiment moved south to Westminster, Maryland, then served as guards for a train of 2,500 Confederate prisoners who were taken to Baltimore, Maryland. Departing Baltimore, the regiment traveled to Brattleboro, Vermont, where it arrived on July 9. It was mustered out on July 14, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009477-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nDozens of newly discharged members of the regiment enlisted again, predominantly in the regiments of the 1st Vermont Brigade, and the 17th Vermont Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009478-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Vietnam Film Festival\nThe 12th Vietnam Film Festival was held from March 25 to March 28, 1999, in Hu\u1ebf, Vietnam, with the slogan: \"For an advanced Vietnam cinema imbued with national identity\" (Vietnamese: \"V\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009478-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nThe festival that year had its own way of organizing, not bustling but very grandiose, imbued with national identity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009478-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nThere are 114 films in attendance at the Film Festival (16 feature films, 19 direct-to-video feature films, 17 animated films, 62 documentary/science films). The closing night was a fierce competition between the two films \"H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng n\u0103m 46\" and \"Ng\u00e3 ba \u0110\u1ed3ng L\u1ed9c\" causing the audience to wait and discuss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009478-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nIn the end, 3 Golden Lotuses were awarded for categories: feature film (1 film), documentary film (1 film) and direct-to-video documentary (1 film). For the first time, there are awards for actor/actress in supporting roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009479-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe 12th Virginia Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009479-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History\nVirginia's 12th Cavalry Regiment (originally called 10th Regiment) was organized at Conrad's Store, Virginia, in June 1862, with ten companies from the 7th Virginia Cavalry regiment, which consisted of twenty-nine companies at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009479-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe unit served in W.E. Jones', Rosser's, and J. Dearing's Brigade, Army of Northern Virginia. It fought in Northern Virginia, in the Maryland Campaign, at Brandy Station, then was involved in various conflicts in the western part of Virginia. The regiment continued the fight at Bristoe and Mine Run, in the battles around The Wilderness and Cold Harbor, and in Early's operations in the Shenandoah Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009479-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History\nDuring mid-April, 1865, it disbanded. The field officers were Colonel Asher W. Harman, Lieutenant Colonels Richard H. Burks and Thomas B. Massie, and Major John L. Knott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment mostly raised in Petersburg, Virginia, for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, but with units from the cities of Norfolk and Richmond, and Greensville and Brunswick counties in southeastern Virginia. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th Virginia was organized at Norfolk in May, 1861, using the 4th Battalion Virginia Volunteers as its nucleus. Its members were mostly from Petersburg, with some men from Richmond and Norfolk. The regiment initially protected the main ports at Norfolk and Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nIn response to the federal Peninsular Campaign in the spring 1862, it joined General William Mahone's Brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia, then participated in many conflicts from Seven Pines to Wilderness. It was involved in the nearly year-long Siege of Petersburg, and conclusion of the Appomattox Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe field officers were Colonels Everard M. Feild and David A. Weisiger; Lieutenant Colonels John R. Lewellen and Fielding L. Taylor; and Majors Edgar L. Brockett, Richard W. Jones, and John P. May. Future Virginia governors William E. Cameron and William Hodges Mann served in the 12th Virginia. Cameron had been a staff officer under Gen. Mahone and won election as a member of the Readjuster Party. Mann would be the last governor of Virginia to have fought in the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nColonel D. A. Weisiger on left, with Lt. Louis Leoferick Marks in 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nPetersburg City Guard in formation at Poplar Lawn Petersburg, Va. February 1861. Capt . J. P. May front center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Companies\nBy 1860, the Petersburg City Guard (that became Company A) was led by Col. David Weisiger, associated with the commission merchant firm John Rowlett and Company. He also was a prominent Freemason, the grand commander of the Appomattox Commandery, Knights Templar No. 6. Company A formally enlisted in the Virginia militia on April 19, 1861, shortly after the Virginia Secession Convention of 1861 approved a secession resolution. The Petersburg City Guard and the older established militia company, the Petersburg Grays (Company B) had been sent to Harper's Ferry, Virginia in 1859 to guard against civil unrest during the trial and execution of abolitionist John Brown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Companies\nUpon their return, Petersburg expanded the Old Grays, and formed another unit, dubbed the \"new\" Petersburg Grays (Company C). Three additional companies were recruited within the city and began training. The Lafayette Guards became Company D, and the Petersburg Riflemen became Company E. Eventually, all five Petersburg companies would become part of this unit, and would be joined by companies from Norfolk (a militia unit dating from 1802) and Richmond (a militia unit formed in 1844).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0007-0001", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Companies\nIn March 1862, before this regiment's combat service began, many men transferred from the Lafayette Guards into the new Petersburg Artillery (under Captain Branch), so that unit received many recruits from rural Patrick County in southwest Virginia. The final Petersburg-recruited company, \"Archer's Rifles\" was raised in May 1861 by Fletcher H. Archer, who had commanded a volunteer company in the Mexican War. Archer soon became lieutenant colonel of the 3rd Virginia Infantry Regiment, while his company became Company K of the 12th Virginia Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Companies\nThe regiment was unusual in the Confederate army as a whole, because most of its members were educated and from cities, only Companies F and I were from rural counties (both served by a railroad line from Petersburg). The Huger Grays (Company F) and Meherrin Grays (Company I) were recruited mainly from Greensville and Brunswick Counties. The Richmond Grays had been Company A of the 1st Virginia Infantry, but became Company G of the 12th Virginia on July 12, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0008-0001", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Companies\nThe oldest militia volunteers in Norfolk (founded in 1802), the Norfolk Junior Volunteers enlisted on April 19, 1861, for one year. When their home city fell to the Union Army & Navy in 1862, many deserted and rejoined their families. On July 1, 1861, this company was transferred from the 6th Virginia Infantry Regiment, to become Company H of the 12th Virginia Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Companies\nOne soldier reminisced about their first assignment after their April 1861 enlistment, a train ride to Norfolk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Companies\nThe next morning I volunteered in the \"B\" Grays of Petersburg, and on the 20th of April, 1861, we boarded a train enroute to Norfolk. Our organization was then known as the \"Petersburg Battalion,\" comprising two companies of Grays (A and B), each 108 men, the \"City Guard,\" \"Petersburg Rifles,\" \"The Lafayette Guards,\" and the \"Nichols Battery of Artillery,\" The whole of Petersburg seemed to have turned out on that eventful April morning to bid us farewell, and mingled with tears, banners and handkerchiefs waving, we sped away over the Petersburg and Norfolk Railroad, as it was then known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Companies\nCapt. Daniel Dodson of the Petersburg Riflemen, dress uniform circa 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Uniforms during the war\nThroughout the war, the regiment went through inconsistent reequipping, tending to leave the men with proper accoutrements and weapons, but without uniforms. The men were first supplied by the City of Petersburg, in April 1861, with new grey uniforms. However, that would be the only equipment that would be distributed throughout the regiment, until Christmas of 1862, again by the City Council of Petersburg. The men captured the weapons off of the dead and wounded U.S. Soldiers from the Seven Days battles, and had little proper clothing during the winter of 1862-1863, even into the spring. The 12th Virginia, again took new equipment from the federal dead at the Battle of Chancellorsville, but there is no mention of new uniforms issued even after the Battle of Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Timeline of events, Formation of the regiment\nThe majority of the Regiment came from the cities and received formal education, unlike the majority of Confederate Army units, whose ranks consisted mainly of country men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Timeline of events, Military Actions\nMay. Col. Weisinger returns to duty, having recovered from wounds of Second Manassas", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Officers and profiles of the 12th Virginia, Fletcher H. Archer\nFletcher Harris Archer was born on February 6, 1817, in Petersburg, one of the youngest of five sons and four daughters of Allen Archer, a prosperous miller, and Prudence Whitworth Archer. He attended school in Petersburg before entering the University of Virginia, where he received his bachelor of law degree on July 3, 1841. He then returned to his native city and established his practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0016-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Officers and profiles of the 12th Virginia, Fletcher H. Archer\nOn April 2, 1842, Archer was elected captain of the 7th Company, 39th Virginia Militia Regiment. He held that rank in December 1846, when he raised the Petersburg Mexican Volunteers, which became Company E of the 1st Virginia Volunteer Regiment. His was one of the few Virginia units that saw active military service during the Mexican War. The regiment reached Mexico early in 1847 and served on General Zachary Taylor's line until the end of the war. By August 1, 1848, the company was back in Petersburg, where Archer resumed his law practice. He married Eliza Ann Eppes Allen and they had one daughter, born shortly before her mother's death in April 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0017-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Officers and profiles of the 12th Virginia, Fletcher H. Archer\nWithin two days of Virginia's secession from the Union, Archer raised a company of one hundred men that was designated Company K, \"Archer Rifles,\" 12th Virginia Infantry Regiment. He was elected its captain. Shortly thereafter, on May 5, 1861, he was appointed lieutenant colonel in the 3rd Virginia Infantry Regiment. After brief intervals of service in command of the Naval Hospital in Norfolk, as lieutenant colonel of the 5th Battalion Virginia Infantry, and as commander of the 1st Brigade, Department of Norfolk, Archer retired in May 1862 to civilian life in Petersburg. On March 31, 1863, he married Martha Georgianna Morton Barksdale, a widow with three sons and one daughter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0018-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Officers and profiles of the 12th Virginia, Fletcher H. Archer\nAs the armies moved ever closer to the Richmond-Petersburg front, Archer again offered his military expertise to the Confederacy. On May 4, 1864, he was commissioned a major commanding the 3rd, or \"Archer's Battalion,\" Virginia Reserves. Composed of men between the ages of sixteen and eighteen and between forty-five and fifty-five from Petersburg and the counties of Dinwiddie and Prince George, the reserves were to be used for state defense and detail duty. They participated in Archer's greatest military accomplishment, his defense of Petersburg on June 9, 1864, in what has come to be called the Battle of Old Men and Young Boys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0019-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Officers and profiles of the 12th Virginia, Fletcher H. Archer\nAs more than 1,300 Union cavalry troops led by Brigadier General August Kautz attempted to ride into Petersburg from the south and Union infantry threatened the defenses east of the city, 125 members of Archer's unit and 5 men and one gun from an artillery unit answered a call for reserves and militia to assemble at Battery 29 on the Jerusalem Plank Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0019-0001", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Officers and profiles of the 12th Virginia, Fletcher H. Archer\nLater Archer recalled that details for special service and guard duty in Richmond had left him with barely a company of inadequately armed men in civilian clothes, combining those \"with head silvered o'er with the frosts of advancing years\" and others who \"could scarcely boast of the down upon the cheek.\" His command repelled the first attack by the Northern troops but a second assault forced him back into the city. The arrival of Confederate cavalry and artillery put a check to further Union movement, but at the cost of 76 casualties to the reserves, more than half of those who had gone into action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0020-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Officers and profiles of the 12th Virginia, Fletcher H. Archer\nPromoted to lieutenant colonel, Archer led his unit in the defense of Petersburg during the subsequent Union attack of June 15\u201318 and throughout the nine-and-one-half-month siege of the city. Wounded in the arm at Petersburg, he was hit again during the retreat to Appomattox, where his combined force of the 3rd and 44th Battalions of Virginia Reserves surrendered sixty-five men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0021-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Officers and profiles of the 12th Virginia, Fletcher H. Archer\nAfter the war ended Archer returned to Petersburg and began to rebuild his law practice. Active in the local Conservative Party, he eventually became its chairman. He sought the party's nomination for mayor in 1876 and 1878 but lost both times to William E. Cameron, who had remained with the 12th Virginia until war's end and later aligned himself with General Mahone and even later with the Readjuster movement. In 1879 Archer and tobacconist Charles A. Jackson were the Conservative nominees for seats in the House of Delegates, but both lost as the Readjusters carried the city with 55 percent of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0022-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Officers and profiles of the 12th Virginia, Fletcher H. Archer\nFollowing this citywide defeat, Archer won election to the Petersburg City Council and fellow councillors elected him their president. By virtue of this position Archer became mayor on January 2, 1882, when Cameron was sworn in as governor. At this point the council still had a Conservative majority, but Readjusters controlled all of the elective executive offices in Petersburg except the mayor's office and vowed to oust Archer in the May 1882 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0023-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Officers and profiles of the 12th Virginia, Fletcher H. Archer\nTo counter a Readjuster\u2013Fusionist Republican coalition, the Conservatives formed an alliance with the Straightout Republicans and ran as the Citizens' Party. Archer received their nomination for mayor but lost to Thomas J. Jarratt, and the Readjusters won a narrow majority on the city council. The Conservatives then tried to keep the Readjusters from taking their seats by alleging a violation of the city charter, and on July 1 Archer refused to vacate his office at the end of his term. He did not finally step down as mayor until a lawsuit confirmed Jarratt in the office on March 23, 1883.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0024-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Officers and profiles of the 12th Virginia, Fletcher H. Archer\nIn 1884 Archer was a delegate to the state Democratic convention in Richmond and tried to encourage dissident white Readjusters to rejoin the Democratic Party. He did not run for another public office thereafter. Archer died at his home on High Street on August 21, 1902, after having been in \"feeble health by reason of his advanced age for some months.\" He was interred in Petersburg's Blandford Cemetery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0025-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Officers and profiles of the 12th Virginia, Finlay F. Ferguson\nCaptain of Company H, the Norfolk Junior Volunteers, from April 1861 to May 1862. Born in 1804, married in 1842, had 3 children in 1860. Mayor of Norfolk in 1860. (According to the Norfolk Public Library, he served from June 24, 1856, to 1858.) Died in 1863, and buried in Elmwood Cemetery, Norfolk, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0026-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Officers and profiles of the 12th Virginia, William Crawford Smith\nEnlisted on May 17, 1861, in Company B, the Petersburg Greys. Brother of Hugh Ritchie Smith and James Smith. Born in Petersburg on November 26, 1837. Moved to Nashville Tenn. before 1861, returned to enlist that year. Wounded at Crampton's Gap on September 14, 1862, captured and taken to the U.S. Army 6th Corps Hospital, in Burkittsville, Md. Date not recorded for parole/exchange to Confederacy. In Richmond Hospital, October to November, 1862. Promoted to Corporal on March 1, then Sergeant on August 1st, 1863. Wounded during the Wilderness campaign, May 6, 1864, no recorded dates for hospital stay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 99], "content_span": [100, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0026-0001", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Officers and profiles of the 12th Virginia, William Crawford Smith\nParoled at Appomattox after Lee's Surrender, he returned to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1865, becoming a building contractor and architect, built the early buildings at Vanderbilt University and the reproduction of the Parthenon in Nashville for the state centennial. Granted Colonelship of the 1st Tennessee Militia in 1896. Organized the 1896 Tennessee State Exposition. Became Colonel of the 1st Tennessee Infantry, U.S. Volunteers, from 1898 to 1899. Led his regiment in combat against Aguinaldo's Philippine insurrectionists in 1899. Fell dead from his horse, attributed to heat stroke, near Manila on February 5, 1899. He was known to be a Mason and a great reader. Buried at Mt. Olivet Cemetery, Nashville Tennessee, on April 19, 1899, following a huge state funeral, one of the largest ever seen in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 99], "content_span": [100, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0027-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Officers and profiles of the 12th Virginia, William Hodges Mann\nWilliam Hodges Mann was born in Williamsburg on July 31, 1843; as the son of John Mann and Mary Hunter Bowers. Went to Williamsburg Academy, and Brownsburg Academy in Rockbridge County. Became deputy clerk of the circuit court of Nottoway County, from 1859 to 1861. Enlisted on June 20, 1861, in Company E, the Petersburg Riflemen. Wounded at Seven Pines, on June 1, 1862. While recuperating, became temporary clerk to Confederate Treasury Dept. Served as a spy, behind Gen U.S. Grant's lines, during the Siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 96], "content_span": [97, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0027-0001", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Officers and profiles of the 12th Virginia, William Hodges Mann\nAfter the war, in 1865, he was elected to clerk of the Virginia Circuit Court of Dinwiddie County. Admitted to the Bar in 1867. Married twice. Served as Judge of Nottoway County, from 1870 to 1892. Virginia State Senator from 1898 to 1910 and a Member of the Democratic State Executive Committee. Prominent Prohibitionist, and a promoter of public high schools. Established Bank of Crewe Va, was president to 1910. Owned a dairy farm in Burkeville. Was a Presbyterian elder, and friend to Rev. Theodorick Pryor, father of General Richard Pryor. Governor of Virginia from 1910 to 1914. Lawyer in Petersburg from 1914 to his death 1927. Past away, on December 21, 1927, from a stroke at his law office desk. Buried in Blandford cemetery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 96], "content_span": [97, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0028-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, The Legacy of the 12th Virginia\nVeterans of the 12th Virginia gained political power in Petersburg during Reconstruction, and such continued as the Re-Adjuster Party took power. Former Sergeant of Company E, William E. Hinton, became a local financier and political leader, first as a Conservative, then as a Re-Adjuster, including a term in the Virginia General Assembly. His brother, Drury A. Hinton, former captain of Virginia's 41st Infantry, served as the city's prosecutor (elected and re-elected as Commonwealth Attorney), and won a seat on the Virginia Supreme Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 64], "content_span": [65, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009480-0029-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Infantry Regiment, The Legacy of the 12th Virginia\nThe 12th Virginia Infantry lives on today in the form of an incorporated living history and reenactment unit bearing its designation. Modern Companies 'B' and 'C' live on in the Richmond-Petersburg region of the Commonwealth of Virginia; with one company not associated having formed in California as company 'G'. The Virginia unit is a family-friendly, non-profit organization, and participates in numerous events in Virginia and bordering states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 64], "content_span": [65, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009481-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Regiment\nThe 12th Virginia Regiment was raised on September 16, 1776, at Williamsburg, Virginia, for service with the (U.S.) Continental Army. The regiment saw action in the Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Germantown, Battle of Monmouth and the Siege of Charleston. Most of the regiment was captured at Charlestown, South Carolina, on May 12, 1780, by the British and the regiment was formally disbanded on January 1, 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009481-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Regiment\nFrom at least October 1777 until June 1778, the 12th Virginia Regiment was under the command of Colonel James Wood and contained companies under the command of the following captains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009481-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Regiment\nOctober 1777 12th Virginia Regiment Company CommandersCaptain Andrew WaggonerCaptain Steven AshbyCaptain Michael BowyerCaptain Thomas BowyerCaptain Rowland MadisonCaptain William VauseCaptain Andrew WallaceCaptain Samuel LapsleyCaptain Joseph MitchelCaptain Johnathan Langdon", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009481-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Regiment\nNovember 1777 12th Virginia Regiment Company CommandersCaptain Andrew WaggonerCaptain Steven AshbyCaptain Michael BowyerCaptain Thomas BowyerCaptain Rowland MadisonCaptain William VauseCaptain Andrew WallaceCaptain Samuel LapsleyCaptain Joseph MitchelCaptain Johnathan Langdon", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009481-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Regiment\nDecember 1777 12th Virginia Regiment Company CommandersCaptain Andrew WaggonerCaptain Steven AshbyCaptain Michael BowyerCaptain Thomas BowyerCaptain Benjamin CaseyCaptain Rowland MadisonCaptain William VauseCaptain Andrew WallaceCaptain Samuel Lapsley", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009481-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Regiment\nJanuary 1778 12th Virginia Regiment Company CommandersCaptain Andrew WaggonerCaptain Steven AshbyCaptain Michael BowyerCaptain Thomas BowyerCaptain Benjamin CaseyCaptain Rowland MadisonCaptain William VauseCaptain Andrew WallaceCaptain Samuel Lapsley", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009481-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Regiment\nFebruary 1778 12th Virginia Regiment Company CommandersCaptain Andrew WaggonerCaptain Steven AshbyCaptain Michael BowyerCaptain Thomas BowyerCaptain Benjamin CaseyCaptain Rowland MadisonCaptain William VauseCaptain Andrew WallaceCaptain Samuel Lapsley", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009481-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Regiment\nMarch 1778 12th Virginia Regiment Company CommandersCaptain Andrew WaggonerCaptain Steven AshbyCaptain Michael BowyerCaptain Thomas BowyerCaptain Benjamin CaseyCaptain Rowland MadisonCaptain William VauseCaptain Andrew WallaceCaptain Samuel Lapsley", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009481-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Regiment\nApril 1778 12th Virginia Regiment Company CommandersCaptain Andrew WaggonerCaptain Steven AshbyCaptain Michael BowyerCaptain Thomas BowyerCaptain Benjamin CaseyCaptain Rowland MadisonCaptain William VauseCaptain Andrew WallaceCaptain Samuel Lapsley", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009481-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Virginia Regiment\nMay 1778 12th Virginia Regiment Company CommandersCaptain Andrew WaggonerCaptain Steven AshbyCaptain Michael BowyerCaptain Thomas BowyerCaptain Benjamin CaseyCaptain Rowland MadisonCaptain William VauseCaptain Andrew WallaceCaptain Samuel Lapsley", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards\nBest Visual Effects in a Visual Effects Driven Motion Picture:Gravity", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards\nThe 12th Visual Effects Society Awards was held in Los Angeles at the Beverly Hilton Hotel on February 12, 2014, in honor to the best visual effects in film and television of 2013. Patton Oswalt was the host.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nGravity \u2013 Tim Webber, Nikki Penny, Chris Lawrence, Richard Mcbride", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Lone Ranger \u2013 Tim Alexander, Gary Brozenich, Shari Hanson, Kevin Martel", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nFrozen \u2013 Chris Buck, Jennifer Lee, Peter Del Vecho, Lino Di Salvo", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug \u2013 Smaug \u2013 Eric Reynolds, David Clayton, Myriam Catrin, Guillaume Francois", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nFrozen \u2013 Bringing the Snow Queen to Life \u2013 Alexander Alvarado, Joy Johnson, Chad Stubblefield, Wayne Unten", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0007-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nGravity \u2013 Exterior \u2013 Paul Beilby, Kyle Mcculloch, Stuart Penn, Ian Comley", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0008-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nFrozen \u2013 Elsa's Ice Palace \u2013 Virgilio John Aquino, Alessandro Jacomini, Lance Summers, David Womersley", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0009-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nGravity \u2013 Tim Webber, Emmanuel Lubezki, Richard Mcbride, Dale Newton", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0010-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nGravity \u2013 ISS Exterior \u2013 Ben Lambert, Paul Beilby, Chris Lawrence, Andy Nicholson", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0011-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nGravity \u2013 Parachute and ISS Destruction \u2013 Alexis Wajsbrot, Sylvain Degrotte, Horacio Mendoza, Juan-Luis Sanchez", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0012-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nFrozen \u2013 Elsa's Blizzard \u2013 Eric W. Araujo, Marc Bryant, Dong Joo Byun, Tim Molinder", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0013-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nGravity \u2013 Mark Bakowski, Anthony Smith, Theodor Groeneboom, Adrian Metzelaar", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0014-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 Valar Dohaeris \u2013 Steve Kullback, Joe Bauer, J\u00f6rn Gro\u00dfhans, Sven Martin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0015-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nBanshee \u2013 Pilot \u2013 Armen Kevorkian, Mark Skowronski, Jeremy Jozwik, Ricardo Ramirez", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0016-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nPETA: 99% Human \u2013 Angus Kneale, Vince Baertsoen, Colin Blaney, Kyle Cody", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0017-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nPETA \u2013 98% Human \u2013 Vince Baertsoen, Alex Allain, Henning Koczy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0018-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 The Climb \u2013 Patrick Zentis, Mayur Patel, Nitin Singh, Tim Alexander", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0019-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nThe Crew \u2013 Dominique Boidin, R\u00e9mi Kozyra, L\u00e9on B\u00e9relle, Maxime Lu\u00e8re", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0020-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nPETA: 98% Human \u2013 Vince Baertsoen, Jimmy Gass, Dave Barosin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0021-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 The Climb \u2013 Kirk Brillon, Steve Gordon, Geoff Sayer, Winston Lee", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0022-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nCall of Duty: Epic Night Out \u2013 Chris Knight, Daniel Thuresson, Nick Tayler, Dag Ivarsory", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0023-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Other categories\nCall of Duty: Ghosts \u2013 Mark Rubin, Richard Kriegler, David Johnson, Alessandro Nardini", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009482-0024-0000", "contents": "12th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Other categories\nSpace Shuttle Atlantis \u2013 Daren Ulmer, John Gross, Cedar Connor, Christian Bloch", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009483-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Ward of New Orleans\nThe 12th Ward or Twelfth Ward is a division of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, one of the 17 Wards of New Orleans. The Ward was formerly part of the old Jefferson City annexed by New Orleans in 1870.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009483-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Ward of New Orleans, Boundaries\nThe roughly wedge-shaped Ward stretches back from the Mississippi River. The lower boundary is Toledano Street, across which is the 11th Ward; the upper boundary is Napoleon Avenue, across which is the 13th Ward, and the back boundary is South Broad, across which is a portion of the 14th Ward. It includes a section of Uptown New Orleans, part of the Broadmoor neighborhood, and the neighborhoods of Milan and Touro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009483-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Ward of New Orleans, Landmarks\nLandmarks include Touro Infirmary, Saint Charles General Hospital. Down from Napoleon Avenue is a series of streets perpendicular to the River named after the victories of Napoleon I. Other streets in this series are named after cities Napoleon dreamed of conquering but never reached (Constantinople) or at which his armies were defeated (Cadiz). Constantinople Street was the home of the fictitious New Orleans character Ignatius J. Reilly in John Kennedy Toole's novel A Confederacy of Dunces. Multi-platinum selling and Grammy-nominated recording artist Mystikal grew up in the 12th Ward near Tchoupitoulas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009483-0002-0001", "contents": "12th Ward of New Orleans, Landmarks\nSaint Charles Avenue, with the famous St. Charles Avenue Streetcar, cuts through the neighborhood, and is the route of many New Orleans Mardi Gras parades. The Columns Hotel, a small hotel converted from a 19th-century mansion, on St. Charles, was used as a location in the film Pretty Baby. The Ward contains two branches of the New Orleans Public Library. The old Carnegie library on Napoleon just back from Magazine is now the city's Children's Resource Center library, and the Rosa Keller Branch at Broad & Napoleon. Portions of the Magnolia Projects along Louisiana Avenue are in the Ward. Other 12th Ward landmarks are Tipitina's music venue on Napoleon at Tchoupitoulas Street and Walter L. Cohen Senior High School on Dryades Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009483-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Ward of New Orleans, Hurricane Katrina\nThe majority of the Ward back from St. Charles Avenue flooded in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009484-0000-0000", "contents": "12th West Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was particularly distinguished for its successful attack on Fort Gregg during the 1864 to 1865 Siege of Petersburg, receiving a golden eagle for its flagstaff as a token of appreciation from corps commander John Gibbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009484-0001-0000", "contents": "12th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 12th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was organized at Wheeling in western Virginia on August 30, 1862, and was assigned to duty in the Shenandoah Valley as part of the VIII Army Corps's Middle Department until January 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009484-0002-0000", "contents": "12th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Service\nFor much of the first half of 1864, the regiment served at Winchester, Virginia, under Maj. Gen. Robert H. Milroy, and were defeated in their first significant combat action during the Second Battle of Winchester, being pushed off a wooded ridgeline near Kernstown, Virginia, by elements of the Confederate brigade of John B. Gordon on June 13. Two days later, they were scattered by Robert E. Rodes' attack and reassembled at Bloody Run, Pennsylvania. The 12th then served in Col. Andrew T. McReynolds' command at Martinsburg, West Virginia, until December 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009484-0003-0000", "contents": "12th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was a part of the Department of West Virginia until December 1864, and it saw action in several fights during the Valley Campaigns of 1864, including the Battle of Opequon or Third Winchester, not far from the scene of its first combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009484-0004-0000", "contents": "12th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Service\nAt the end of the year, the 12th West Virginia joined the Army of the James's 2nd Brigade, Independent Division, XXIV Army Corps. The regiment served in the Siege of Petersburg, and on April 2, 1865, distinguished itself for gallantry in a desperate hand-to-hand conflict that resulted in the seizure of Confederate-held Fort Gregg. Maj. Gen. John Gibbon, commanding the XXIV Corps, presented the regiment an engraved golden eagle for their flagstaff, with the inscription \"Presented by Maj.-Gen'l John Gibbon to the 12th W. Va. Volunteer Infantry, for Gallant Conduct in the Assault upon Fort Gregg, April 2, 1865.\" Corporal Andrew O. Apple of Company I was also later awarded the U.S. Medal of Honor for saving the regiment's flag that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009484-0005-0000", "contents": "12th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 12th West Virginia mustered out of military service on June 16, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009484-0006-0000", "contents": "12th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 12th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment suffered 3 officers and 56 enlisted men killed in battle or died from wounds, and 131 enlisted men dead from disease, for a total of 190 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009485-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment\nThe 12th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009485-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 12th Wisconsin was raised at Madison, Wisconsin, and mustered into Federal service October 18, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009485-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out on July 20, 1865, at Louisville, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009485-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Total enlistment and casualties\nThe 12th Wisconsin lost 3 officers and 93 enlisted men killed in action or who later died of their wounds, plus another 3 officers and 224 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 323 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009486-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Wisconsin Legislature\nThe Twelfth Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 12, 1859, to March 21, 1859, in regular session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009486-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Wisconsin Legislature\nSenators representing odd-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first year of a two-year term. Assembly members were elected to a one-year term. Assembly members and even-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 2, 1858. Senators representing even-numbered districts were serving the second year of their two-year term, having been elected in the general election held on November 3, 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009486-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Wisconsin Legislature, Members, Members of the Senate\nMembers of the Wisconsin Senate for the Twelfth Wisconsin Legislature (30):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009487-0000-0000", "contents": "12th World Festival of Youth and Students\nThe 12th World Festival of Youth and Students was a festival held in Moscow from July 27 to August 3, 1985. The festival was attended by 26,000 people from 157 countries. The slogan of the festival was \"For anti-imperialist solidarity, peace and friendship\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009487-0001-0000", "contents": "12th World Festival of Youth and Students, Objective\nThe political goal of the festival was to show positive aspects of life in Soviet society. The political program of the festival included the establishment of a new international economic order, discussion of the problems of economic assistance to backward and developing countries, combating poverty and unemployment, and raising environmental issues. Anti - Soviet elements, just as before the 1980 Summer Olympics, were expelled from Moscow before the opening of the festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009487-0002-0000", "contents": "12th World Festival of Youth and Students, Events\nThe main organizer of the festival events was the Soviet Preparatory Committee, chaired by Vladimir Fedosov, secretary of the Central Committee of the Komsomol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009487-0003-0000", "contents": "12th World Festival of Youth and Students, Events\nThe Komsomol relied heavily on the infrastructure of the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics for the festival venues, including the Luzhniki Olympic Complex and the Cosmos Hotel, which accommodated 3,000 foreign participants. The opening of the festival took place at a four hour parade and ceremony at Luzhniki stadium and was broadcast live on Soviet television. The festival was opened with a welcome speech from the newly-elected General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Mikhail Gorbachev:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009487-0004-0000", "contents": "12th World Festival of Youth and Students, Events\nHere, in the homeland of the great Lenin, you can directly feel how deeply our young people are devoted to the noble ideals of humanity, peace and socialism. I think we all agree that there is no more important and urgent task for humanity today than saving and strengthening peace. To this we are bound by the concern for the future and the memory of the past.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009487-0004-0001", "contents": "12th World Festival of Youth and Students, Events\nYour forum takes place in the year of the 40th anniversary of the defeat of Hitler's fascism and Japanese militarism, the end of the Second World War - the most bloody and brutal war. After it there was so much suffering and grief, affecting the lives of several generations - it urgently demands that we prevent the recurrence of such a disaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009487-0005-0000", "contents": "12th World Festival of Youth and Students, Events\nThe festival included an exhibition of young artists, a photo exhibition, and concerts by amateur and ethnic groups, as well as professional performers from the socialist states such as Zemlyane, Mashina Vremeni, Tsvety, Integral, Dean Reed, Bajaga i Instruktori, Bijelo Dugme and Western musicians Bob Dylan, and Everything but the Girl. \"Waltz of Silence\", a song by Yuri Livshits, was the final melody of the festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009487-0006-0000", "contents": "12th World Festival of Youth and Students, Commemorative Merchandise\nBefore the festival, posters, postage stamps with festival symbols, a commemorative coin were issued and a special promotional campaign was held by the Soviet state lottery. The poster and symbols of the festival were approved by the Central Committee of the CPSU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009487-0007-0000", "contents": "12th World Festival of Youth and Students, Commemorative Merchandise\nThe emblem of the festival was chosen as a result of a competition in 1984 in which more than 200 professional artists from different countries took part. The winning designer of the festival's emblem was People's Artist of Ukraine Rafael Zeynurovich Masautov. The emblem was used in more than 80 countries. In the USSR the emblem of the festival, at the order of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, was used to produce more than 7,000 souvenir items. The emblem brought the USSR a net profit of 450,000,000 Soviet rubles (through surcharges for products with festival symbols).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009487-0008-0000", "contents": "12th World Festival of Youth and Students, Commemorative Merchandise\n\"Katyusha\", the mascot of the festival, was conceived by Soviet artist Vyacheslav Yermakov, photographer Yuri Alekseevich Zharov and artist Ekaterina Afanasyevna Dunaeva, who was also depicted on the official poster of the festival for the Central Committee of the CPSU youth publication \"Plakat\". \"Katyusha\" was sketched by Mikhail Veremenko, an artist from Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009487-0009-0000", "contents": "12th World Festival of Youth and Students, Commemorative Merchandise\nAt the first meeting of the International Preparatory Committee of the XIX World Festival of Youth and Students of 2017, which will be held in Sochi, Russia, the logo of the event was chosen to be an updated version of the logos of the two previous Moscow world festivals of youth and students in 1957 and 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009488-0000-0000", "contents": "12th World Science Fiction Convention\nThe 12th World Science Fiction Convention, also known as SFCon, was held September 3\u20136, 1954, at the Sir Francis Drake Hotel in San Francisco, California, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009488-0001-0000", "contents": "12th World Science Fiction Convention\nThe chairmen were Lester Cole and Gary Nelson. The guest of honor was John W. Campbell, Jr., the editor of Astounding magazine. Total attendance was approximately 700.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009488-0002-0000", "contents": "12th World Science Fiction Convention, Awards\nThe 11th Worldcon was the first one in which Hugo Awards were awarded. The 12th convention did not continue the tradition, but since the 13th convention, Hugo Awards have been a permanent fixture of Worldcons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009489-0000-0000", "contents": "12th World Scout Jamboree\nThe 12th World Scout Jamboree was held July 31 to August 9, 1967, and was hosted by the United States at Farragut State Park, in the Rocky Mountains of Idaho. It was the second World Scout Jamboree to take place in North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009489-0001-0000", "contents": "12th World Scout Jamboree, History\nWith its theme For Friendship, the 12th World Jamboree attracted 12,011 Scouts from 105 countries. The latter included Scouts from Somalia, and 1,300 representatives from the United Kingdom, the largest Scouting contingent from outside North America. For the British Scouts, dressed in their new uniforms, it was a highlight to their Diamond Jubilee Year. Other countries represented included Canada, France, Indonesia, Jamaica, the Philippines, and Sweden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009489-0002-0000", "contents": "12th World Scout Jamboree, History\nAmongst the distinguished visitors were World Chief Guide Olave Baden-Powell, actor James Stewart and Vice President of the United States, Hubert H. Humphrey. Memorable features of the Jamboree included a reconstruction of Baden-Powell's Brownsea Island campsite, arena shows, Skill-o-Rama, adventure trail, the specially stocked fishing area and boating and other water activities on Lake Pend Oreille, in addition to a visit to a rodeo and a repeat of the Friendship Wide Game introduced at the 11th World Scout Jamboree in 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009490-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Writers Guild of America Awards\nThe 12th Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best film writers and television writers of 1959. Winners were announced in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009491-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Yokohama Film Festival\nThe 12th Yokohama Film Festival (\u7b2c12\u56de\u30e8\u30b3\u30cf\u30de\u6620\u753b\u796d) was held on 10 February 1991 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009492-0000-0000", "contents": "12th Youth in Film Awards\nThe 12th Youth in Film Awards ceremony (now known as the Young Artist Awards), presented by the Youth in Film Association, honored outstanding youth performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television and music for the 1989-1990 season. The exact date of the 12th annual ceremony is unknown, however, using the dates of the 11th and 13th annual awards, the 12th annual ceremony is believed to have taken place in late 1990 or early 1991 in Hollywood, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009492-0001-0000", "contents": "12th Youth in Film Awards\nEstablished in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press Association member, Maureen Dragone, the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theater and music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009492-0002-0000", "contents": "12th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Motion Picture, Best Young Actress Starring in a Motion Picture\n\u2605 Robin Weisman - Three Men and a Little Lady (Touchstone)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 116], "content_span": [117, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009492-0003-0000", "contents": "12th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a TV Movie, Pilot or Special, Best Young Actor Starring in a TV Movie, Pilot, or Special\n\u2605  Stephen Dorff - Always Remember I Love You (CBS)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 139], "content_span": [140, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009492-0004-0000", "contents": "12th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Best Young Actress Starring in a New Television Series\n\u2605  Tatyana M. Ali - The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (NBC)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 126], "content_span": [127, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009492-0005-0000", "contents": "12th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Ensemble Performance, Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast in a Motion Picture\n\u2605  Kindergarten Cop (Universal Pictures) - Christian and Joseph Cousins, Justin Page, Peter Rakow, Sarah Rose Karr, Miko Hughes, Marissa Rosen, Ben Diskin, Tameka Runnels, Emily Ann Lloyd, Tina Hart and class", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 111], "content_span": [112, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009492-0006-0000", "contents": "12th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, The Michael Landon Award, Outstanding Contribution to Youth Through Television\n\u2605 Ann Eldridge, Producer - Girl of the Limberlost, PBS WonderWorks Drama\u2605 George Taweel, Producer - McGee and Me!, TLC Productions Video series", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 137], "content_span": [138, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009493-0000-0000", "contents": "12th ZAI Awards\nThe 12th ZAI Awards, honoring the best in the Slovak music industry for individual achievements for the year of 2011, took time and place on April 26, 2012 at the Hotel Crowne Plaza in Bratislava. The annual ceremony hosted Martin Sarva\u0161, the chairman of the ZAI organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009493-0001-0000", "contents": "12th ZAI Awards, Winners and nominees, Main categories\n\u2605 R\u00e1dio Alig\u00e1tor \u2013 Bratislava (now Aligator \u2013 Classic Rock Radio)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009493-0002-0000", "contents": "12th ZAI Awards, Winners and nominees, Main categories\n\u2605 Du\u0161an Drobn\u00fd \u2013 Agent\u00fara Duna, Pie\u0161\u0165any (tie) \u2605 Tibor Zelenay \u2013 Blue Note, Nov\u00e9 Mesto (tie) Rudolf Ho\u0161na \u2013 Ateli\u00e9r Babylon, Bratislava Benjamin Pascoe \u2013 Next Apache, Bratislava Juraj \u0160ebo \u2013 Bigb\u00edtov\u00e9 Vianoce, Bratislava", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009494-0000-0000", "contents": "12th arrondissement of Marseille\nThe 12th arrondissement of Marseille (French: 12e arrondissement de Marseille, \"douzi\u00e8me\", [duzj\u025bm\u203fa\u0281\u0254\u0303dism\u0251\u0303 d\u0259 ma\u0281s\u025bj]), commonly known as Marseille 12, is one of the 16 arrondissements of Marseille. It is governed locally together with the 11th arrondissement, with which it forms the 6th sector of Marseille.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009495-0000-0000", "contents": "12th arrondissement of Paris\nThe 12th arrondissement of Paris (XIIe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements, or boroughs, of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as douzi\u00e8me (\"twelfth\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009495-0001-0000", "contents": "12th arrondissement of Paris\nThe arrondissement, called Reuilly, is situated on the right bank of the River Seine. The district has been significantly reorganized in recent decades, especially in the areas of Cour Saint-\u00c9milion and Bercy, which now contain the French Ministry of Finances and the Bercy arena, now renamed Accorhotels Arena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009495-0002-0000", "contents": "12th arrondissement of Paris\nThe 12th arrondissement contains the Op\u00e9ra de la Bastille, the second largest opera house in Paris. It was inaugurated in 1989, on the 200th anniversary of the storming of the Bastille. The Bois de Vincennes is also located in this arrondissement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009495-0003-0000", "contents": "12th arrondissement of Paris, Geography\nThe land area of this arrondissement is 16.324\u00a0km2 (6.303 sq. miles, or 4,034 acres), two-thirds of which consists of the Bois de Vincennes park. Excluding the Bois de Vincennes, its land area is 6.377\u00a0km2 (2.462 sq. miles, or 1,576 acres).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009495-0004-0000", "contents": "12th arrondissement of Paris, Demographics\nThe peak of population of Paris's 12th arrondissement occurred in 1962 and was followed by three decades of decline. Recently, however, the population has begun to grow again, since the restructuring of the 1990s. As of the last census, in 1999, the population was 136,591 inhabitants. The same census showed that the 12th arrondissement, heavily involved in business activity, contained 112,336 jobs, mainly around the new district of Bercy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009495-0005-0000", "contents": "12th arrondissement of Paris, Demographics, Immigration\n2 An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009495-0006-0000", "contents": "12th arrondissement of Paris, Economy\nThe Derichebourg Group, the parent company of Servisair, has its head office in the arrondissement. Foster Wheeler has its Foster Wheeler France division offices in the 12th arrondissement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009495-0007-0000", "contents": "12th arrondissement of Paris, Education\nEnsemble Scolaire Saint Michel de Picpus has two campuses in this arrondissement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009496-0000-0000", "contents": "12th arrondissement of the Littoral Department\n12th arrondissement is an arrondissement in the Littoral department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Cotonou. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 76,217.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009497-0000-0000", "contents": "12th century\nThe 12th century is the period from 1101 to 1200 in accordance with the Julian calendar. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages and is sometimes called the Age of the Cistercians. The Golden Age of Islam experienced a significant development, particularly in Islamic Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009497-0001-0000", "contents": "12th century\nIn Song dynasty China an invasion by Jurchens caused a political schism of north and south. The Khmer Empire of Cambodia flourished during this century, while the Fatimids of Egypt were overtaken by the Ayyubid dynasty. Following the expansions of the Ghaznavids and Ghurid Empire, the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent took place at the end of the century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009498-0000-0000", "contents": "12th century BC\nThe 12th century BC is the period from 1200 to 1101 BC. The Late Bronze Age collapse in the ancient Near East and eastern Mediterranean is often considered to begin in this century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009498-0001-0000", "contents": "12th century BC, Sovereign states\nSee : List of sovereign states in the 12th century BC", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009500-0000-0000", "contents": "12th century in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the century 1101\u20131200 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009501-0000-0000", "contents": "12th century in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in the 12th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009501-0001-0000", "contents": "12th century in literature\nThe 12th century in Western Europe saw an increase in the production of Latin texts and a proliferation of literate clerics from the multiplying cathedral schools. At the same time, vernacular literatures ranging from Proven\u00e7al to Icelandic embodied in lyric and romance the values and worldview of an increasingly self-conscious and prosperous courtly aristocracy. These two trends contributed to a sweeping revival of letters with a lasting influence on the development of literature in the following centuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009502-0000-0000", "contents": "12th century in philosophy\nThis is a list of philosophy-related events in the 12th century. Philosophy at the time was influenced by the ongoing crusades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009503-0000-0000", "contents": "12th edition of Systema Naturae\nThe 12th edition of Systema Naturae was the last edition of Systema Naturae to be overseen by its author, Carl Linnaeus. It was published by Laurentius Salvius in Holmi\u00e6 (Stockholm) in three volumes, with parts appearing from 1766 to 1768. It contains many species not covered in the previous edition, the 10th edition which was the starting point for zoological nomenclature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009503-0001-0000", "contents": "12th edition of Systema Naturae, Starting point\nOnly five editions of Systema Naturae were written by Linnaeus himself, namely the first, second, sixth, tenth and twelfth. When a \"starting point\" for zoological nomenclature was first considered, in the Strickland Code of 1843, the 12th edition of Systema Naturae was chosen, so that any names which Linnaeus had altered from previous editions would be recorded in their final state. It was later replaced by the 10th edition as the starting point for most zoological nomenclature. The starting point for most names in botanical nomenclature is the 1753 work Species Plantarum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009503-0002-0000", "contents": "12th edition of Systema Naturae, Format\nLinnaeus divided the 12th edition into three volumes, the first of which was published in two parts. Volume 1 covered Regnum Animale \u2013 the animal kingdom \u2013 with the first 532 pages appearing as Part 1 in 1766, and pages 533\u20131327 appearing as Part 2 in 1767. Volume 2 covered Regnum Vegetabile \u2013 the plant kingdom; it comprised 736 pages and appeared in 1767, with an additional 142-page Mantissa Plantarum. Volume 3 covered Regnum Lapideum \u2013 the mineral kingdom \u2013 and appendices to all three volumes; it comprised 236 pages and was published in 1768. Including appendices, front matter and back matter, the three volumes cover around 2,400 pages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009503-0003-0000", "contents": "12th edition of Systema Naturae, Novelties\nMany species were included in the 12th edition which had not been included in earlier editions. For example, Linnaeus had included 700 species of mollusc in the 10th edition, and added a further 100 species for the 12th edition. Similarly, the number of bird species in the 12th edition was twice the number in the 10th edition. Sponges were included in the 12th edition, in the class \"Zoophyta\", having been omitted from previous editions. The 12th edition also included the hundred insect species published separately in Centuria Insectorum, and omitted a claim which Linnaeus had made in earlier editions, that new species do not form, implicitly allowing speciation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009504-0000-0000", "contents": "12th government of Turkey\nThe 12th government of Turkey (3 April 1939 \u2013 9 July 1942) governed Turkey during the early years of the Second World War. It is also known as the second Saydam government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009504-0001-0000", "contents": "12th government of Turkey, Background\nThe government was formed after the general elections held on 26 March. The prime minister was Refik Saydam, secretary general of the Republican People\u2019s Party. He was also the prime minister of the previous caretaker government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009504-0002-0000", "contents": "12th government of Turkey, The government\nIn the list below, the cabinet members who served only a part of the cabinet's lifespan are shown in the column \"Notes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009504-0003-0000", "contents": "12th government of Turkey, Aftermath\nRefik Saydam died on 7 July 1942. He is the only prime minister in the history of Turkey who has died while serving as the prime minister. Ahmet Fikri T\u00fczer served as the acting prime minister for two days, and another cabinet was formed by \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Saraco\u011flu on 9 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009505-0000-0000", "contents": "12th km\n12th km (Russian: 12-\u0439 \u043a\u043c) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Luchkinskoye Rural Settlement of Khorolsky District, Russia. The population was 7 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0000-0000", "contents": "12th man (football)\nThe 12th man or 12th player is a collective term for fans of sports teams in many eleven-a-side games, in particular association football or American football. As most football leagues allow a maximum of eleven players per team on the playing field at a time, referring to a team's fans as the 12th man implies that they have a potentially helpful and significant role in the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0001-0000", "contents": "12th man (football)\nThe presence of fans can have a notable impact on how the teams perform, an element in the home advantage. Namely, the home team fans would vocally support and urge on their team to win the game. Thus these fans will often create loud sounds or chant in the hope of encouraging their team; or of distracting, demoralizing or confusing the opposing team while they have possession of the ball; or to persuade a referee to make a favorable decision to the team. Noises are made by shouting, singing, whistling, stomping, clapping and various other techniques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0002-0000", "contents": "12th man (football)\nIn Canadian football, 12 players from each team are usually on the field at one time and the term 13th man is often used to refer to fans. Similarly, in Australian rules football 18 players are on the field and the fans are often referred to as the 19th man. However, in basketball, where five players are on the court, the term Sixth man generally refers to an energetic substitute player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0002-0001", "contents": "12th man (football)\nSimilarly, in rugby sevens, with seven players from each team on the field, \"Eighth man\" is not used to refer to fans as the term refers to the eighth forward in rugby union  The term Twelfth Man has a specifically different meaning in cricket, referring instead to the nominated first substitute player who fields when a member of the fielding side is injured during play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0003-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), History\nThe first recorded use of the term \"twelfth man\" was a magazine published by the University of Minnesota in September, 1900, that referred to \"the mysterious influence of the twelfth man on the team, the rooter.\" Later, in the November 1912 edition of The Iowa Alumnus, an alumni publication of the University of Iowa (then known as State University of Iowa), E.A. McGowan described the 1903 game between Iowa and the University of Illinois. In his article, titled \"The Twelfth Player\" McGowan wrote: \"The eleven men had done their best; but the twelfth man on the team (the loyal spirited Iowa rooter) had won the game for old S.U.I.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0004-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), History\nThe 1922 Dixie Classic served as the setting for an event later referred to as \"The story of the 12th Man.\" This football game featured the top-ranked Centre College and The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (later known as Texas A&M). During the game, A&M coach Dana X. Bible realized that one more injury would leave him without another backfield player to send into the game. Bible called E. King Gill, a sophomore basketball player, down from the stands to stand ready as a substitute. Gill was ready in uniform on the sidelines if his team ever needed him. Gill never went into the game, but it is his spirit that lives on in the \"12th Man.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0005-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), History\nIndividuals have occasionally been labeled by local media as the \"Twelfth Man\" of their team. In 1930, W. H. Adamson, Principal of Oak Cliff (Dallas) High School was called the \"Twelfth Man\" of the school's American football team by a local reporter due to the rousing pre-game speeches he would give to the players. Likewise, sometimes, fans of both teams in an annual contest have been described as the 12th man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0006-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), History\nIn the 1935 Princeton-Dartmouth game before 56,000 fans who braved the snow and cold, spectator Mike Mesco was initially reported to have left his seat from the stands to join the Dartmouth defensive line and was referred to in a local newspaper as the \"Twelfth Dartmouth Man\", though later was found to be not Mesco, but George Larsen of Cranford, N.J.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0007-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Use in football (soccer)\nThe term \"12th man\" is commonly used in football to refer to the fans and occasionally the manager. A notable club famous for the twelfth man reference comes from Aston Villa, referring to the Holte End stand at Villa Park. Large European teams such as Bayern Munich, Malm\u00f6 FF, Hammarby IF, Helsingborgs IF, Werder Bremen, Aberdeen, Rangers, Paris Saint-Germain, Lazio, Feyenoord, PSV, Ferencv\u00e1rosi TC, FC Red Star, Fenerbah\u00e7e S.K., and Sporting CP have officially retired the number 12 to the fans. Stockport County fans are registered as official members of their squad with the number 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0007-0001", "contents": "12th man (football), Use in football (soccer)\nPortsmouth F.C. has also retired its number 12 shirt, and lists the club's supporters, \"Pompey Fans\", as player number 12 on the squad list printed in home match programmes, while Plymouth Argyle have theirs registered to the Green Army (the nickname for their fans). Number 12 is also reserved for the fans at many other clubs, including CSKA Moscow and Zenit Saint Petersburg in Russia, Bristol Rovers and Grimsby Town in England, as well as Aarhus Gymnastikforening (AGF), Odense Boldklub, also known as OB, in Denmark, Malm\u00f6 FF and Hammarby IF in Sweden and Perth Glory in Australia. On Hammarby IF's, Helsingborgs IF, Malm\u00f6 FF, Feyenoord and Werder Bremen's home games, the stadium speaker announces number 12 as \"the fans\" during team lineup announcements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0008-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Use in football (soccer)\nDynamo Dresden in Germany also keeps number 12 for their fans, as well as the official team anthem being \"We are the 12th man\". Aberdeen F.C. supporters commonly display a large banner in the shape of a football shirt with the text \"Red Army 12\" in place of a player's name and number. The fans of the Northern Ireland national football team and Derry City are referred to as the 12th man as well. In the League of Ireland, Shamrock Rovers F.C. retired the number 12 jersey in recognition of the fans who took over the club in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0008-0001", "contents": "12th man (football), Use in football (soccer)\nCork City F.C., Clube Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro and Clube de Regatas do Flamengo also retired the number 12 for the fans. The most vociferous fans of Boca Juniors in Argentina are known as the \"Jugador Numero 12\" (Spanish for \"Player Number 12\") or simply \"La Doce\" (\"The 12\"). On September 18, 2004, U.S. Lecce, an Italian team currently playing in Serie B, retired the number 12 to the fans, which was handed to them by the former captain Cristian Ledesma. They symbolically represent a 12th Man in the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0008-0002", "contents": "12th man (football), Use in football (soccer)\nIn the beginning of 2009/2010 season, Happy Valley AA introduced the club's mascot, a panda, on squad list as the fan club captain wearing the number 12 jersey. As of the end of the 2011/2012 season, Rangers F.C announced that the number 12 jersey would be retired in honour of the fans support throughout a period of financial difficulty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0009-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Use in American football\nThe term has been used by various American football teams including the University of Minnesota, the University of Iowa, Baylor University, Dartmouth College, Simmons College, Texas A&M and the NFL's Seattle Seahawks, Green Bay Packers, Buffalo Bills, Denver Broncos, Washington Redskins, Indianapolis Colts, Miami Dolphins, and Chicago Bears in marketing practices in reference to their supporters. The Bears currently use the phrase \"4th Phase\" (with the first three phases being offense, defense, and special teams), and the Seahawks currently use the phrase \"The 12s.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0010-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Use in American football, 12th Man clubs\nMany high schools in the United States incorporate 12th Man language into their booster, supporter, or rooter clubs. Examples of such \"12th Man Clubs\" include the Alta Loma Braves, Dana Hills Dolphins, Washington Panthers, Richwood Knights, Diamond Bar Brahmas, Fairfield Falcons, and Brentwood Bruins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0011-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Use in American football, 12th Man clubs\nThe Campbellsville University Tigers of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics also have a 12th Man Club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0012-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Use in American football, Buffalo Bills\nOn December 12, 1992, (12/12/1992) the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League honored their 12th Man as the seventh inductee into the Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame, located inside New Era Field. Their fans were inducted because of their loyal support during the team's early '90s Super Bowl runs. In 2008, the Bills renamed their \"12th Man Walk of Fame\" as \"Tim Russert Plaza,\" in honor of the Buffalo native and lifelong fan. The team continues to refer to its fans as the \"12th Man,\" with their independent, international fan clubs known as \"Bills Backers Chapters.\" The Bills have a licensing agreement with Texas A&M over the use of the \"12th Man\" term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0013-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Use in American football, Indianapolis Colts\nFans of the Indianapolis Colts of the NFL were known as the 12th Man. The Colts created a Ring of Honor on September 23, 1996, after playing 13 seasons in Indianapolis, Indiana. In 2007, the Colts inducted their 12th Man as the sixth entrant into the team's Ring of Honor, then located on the interior facade of the RCA Dome. The Ring of Honor currently encircles Lucas Oil Stadium, the team's home venue. The organization also designates a \"12th Man Fan of the Game\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 65], "content_span": [66, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0013-0001", "contents": "12th man (football), Use in American football, Indianapolis Colts\nOn November 12, 2015, Texas A&M announced the filing of a lawsuit against the Colts based on the team's usage of the term. On February 17, 2016, the lawsuit was settled with the Colts agreeing to remove the phrase from their Ring of Honor and to immediately cease all other uses of the trademarked phrase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 65], "content_span": [66, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0014-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Use in American football, Seattle Seahawks\nThe Seattle Seahawks retired the number 12 jersey on December 15, 1984, in honor of their fans. In 2003, the Seahawks installed a giant flagpole in the south end zone of what is now Lumen Field, and began a tradition of raising a giant flag with the number 12 on it in honor of the fans, one of whom is Sam Adkins, the former Seahawks quarterback who did wear the number 12. Usually, a local celebrity or a season ticket holder raises the flag during pregame ceremonies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 63], "content_span": [64, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0014-0001", "contents": "12th man (football), Use in American football, Seattle Seahawks\nIn recent years, 12th Man flags have been seen all over Seattle whenever the Seahawks make the playoffs, including atop the Space Needle. In 2014, Boeing painted a Boeing 747-8 freighter with a special Seahawks livery, with the number 12 on the tail, and they later flew it over eastern Washington in a flight path spelling the number 12. When the Seahawks took the field for Super Bowl XLVIII, they were led by LB Heath Farwell carrying the team's 12th Man flag per team tradition. In May 2016, mountaineer David Lia\u00f1o Gonz\u00e1lez displayed a 12th Man flag at the summit of Mount Everest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 63], "content_span": [64, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0015-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Use in American football, Seattle Seahawks\nThe Seahawks' 12th Man has twice set the Guinness World Record loudest crowd noise at a sporting event, first on September 15, 2013, registering 136.6 dB during a game against the San Francisco 49ers and again on December 2, 2013, during a Monday Night Football game against the New Orleans Saints, with a roar of 137.6\u00a0dB. As per an agreement struck between the Seahawks and Texas A&M in 2016, the Seahawks have virtually ceased from referring to their fans as the \"12th Man\", and instead are using the term \"12s\" or the 12 Fan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 63], "content_span": [64, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0016-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Use in American football, Texas A&M\nThe first known instance of Texas A&M referring to its fanbase as the \"12th Man\" is contained on page 17 of the November 25, 1921 edition of The Battalion, the Texas A&M campus newspaper. Ever since the day E. King Gill left the stands in 1922, the entire student body has stood throughout the game to symbolize their \"readiness, desire, and enthusiasm\" to take the field if needed. A statue of E. King Gill stands on the campus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0017-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Use in American football, Texas A&M\nFootball coach Jackie Sherrill created the \"12th Man Kick-Off Team\" in the 1980s, composed of non-athletic scholarship students who tried out for the team. Coach Sherrill has written a book entitled \"No Experience Required\" which details this team and the tradition. These students were placed on the roster for the sole purpose of kickoffs. The squad was nicknamed \"the suicide squad\". These students often had little regard for their safety and were determined to make a tackle at any cost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0017-0001", "contents": "12th man (football), Use in American football, Texas A&M\nThe 12th Man Kick-Off Team was extremely successful and eventually held opponents to one of the lowest yards-per-return average in the league during kickoffs. Later, head coach R. C. Slocum changed the team to allow only one representative of the 12th Man on the kick off team who wears uniform number 12. The player is chosen based on the level of determination and hard work shown in practices. Under Dennis Franchione, the 12th Man Kick-Off Team composed of walk-ons was brought back, though used only rarely when the team was up by quite a few points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0018-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Use in American football, Texas A&M\nOn June 30, 2014, Texas A&M bought the domain name 12thman.com, which then became its official athletics website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0019-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Use in American football, Washington Redskins\nIn 1986, the Washington Redskins (now known tentatively as the Washington Football Team since 2020) released a video entitled \"Thanks to the 12th Man\". A blogger on NFL.com considered it to be among the worst sports videos of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0020-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Other usage\nIn American football, the sideline is sometimes also referred to as the \"12th man\" or \"12th defender\": since a player is considered down when he steps out of bounds, the sideline effectively acts as an extra defender. This usage is less common than the one referring to the fans. In most sports the term can also be construed to mean the referee, implying that the match official favours one team and is not impartial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0021-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Effects\nThe effects of the \"12th man\" vary widely, but can be put in two categories. The first is simply psychological, the effect of showing the home team that they are appreciated, and showing the away team that they are somewhat unwelcome. The second directly relates to the deafening effects of a loud crowd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0022-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Effects\nIn association football, the crowd can be very passionate and often sing throughout the whole match. Some occasions where the crowd noise is extra loud can be before kickoff; during the buildup to and scoring of a goal; when encouraging the team to come back from defeat; to discourage an opposition penalty taker; or to harass a referee giving a free kick to the opposition team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0023-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Effects\nIn American football, fans are most incited by physical play, especially good plays made by the defense. Additionally, the home team can derive energy from the loud noise of their fans; former American football players have described the feeling of their adrenaline pumping after hearing the fans yell, which is \"like you have a reserve energy tank.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0024-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Effects\nThe noise of the crowd can have a significant impact on the players on the field. In American football, an extremely loud crowd can prevent the offensive linemen from hearing the snap count. This can have the effect of making the player slower to react when the ball is snapped, and his eventual response may be weaker than normal because each play is begun \"with some indecision and doubt\". The noise can also prevent players from hearing audibles and can make it difficult for the team's offense to coordinate plays in the huddle. The effect of the noise can often be measured in mistakes, such as false start penalties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0025-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Effects\nCoaches can take steps to minimize the effect of the crowd noise on their teams. Some American football teams bring large speakers to their practice fields and broadcast loud noises such as jet engines to prepare their teams for the anticipated noise level. Crowd noise tends to diminish after a long lull in play, such as a pause for instant replay. Former NFL player Brian Baldinger speculates that some coaches draw out reviews as part of a coaching strategy to quiet the crowd for their next play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0026-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Effects\nA researcher from Harvard University discovered in a study that some football referees appeared to be impacted by crowd noise. His studies revealed that a home team acquired an additional 0.1\u00a0goal advantage for every 10,000\u00a0fans in the stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0027-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Effects\nDelia Smith, Norwich City's joint major shareholder, received some attention when she took to the pitch during a half time interval, with a microphone in hand and Sky TV cameras in tow, to tell fans the side \"need their twelfth man\". \"Where are you?\" she cried. Norwich City lost the game in the final seconds, but Smith's passion worked to increase the affection the fans held for her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0028-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Effects\nThe current naturally loudest football stadium is the Turk Telecom Arena, in Turkey, host of the Galatasaray team. As a prepared attempt, the current world record for crowd noise at an athletic event was set on September 29, 2014, when the Kansas City Chiefs hosted the New England Patriots. Noise during that event reached a high of 142.2 decibels during a timeout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0029-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Texas A&M trademark\nTexas A&M University applied on December 26, 1989, for trademark U.S. Ser. No. related to usage of the term. The United States Patent and Trademark Office issued the  September 4, 1990, to Texas A&M. Four additional Trademark claims related to the \"12th Man\" term were also filed and granted at later dates by Texas A&M University (See U.S. Ser. Nos. , ,  and ), the first three of which have achieved Incontestable Status as a result of its section 15 affidavit with the Patent and Trademark Office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0029-0001", "contents": "12th man (football), Texas A&M trademark\nAccording to former Texas A&M Athletic Director Bill Byrne, he contacted the Chicago Bears and Buffalo Bills about halting their \"12th Man\" themes. Byrne stated that, \"they responded quickly with our requests to stop using our Twelfth Man trademark.\" Texas A&M sent requests to stop using the phrase to the Seattle Seahawks in both 2004 and 2005. The Seahawks did not respond to the requests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0030-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Texas A&M trademark\nIn January 2006, Texas A&M filed a trademark infringement lawsuit against the Seattle Seahawks and in May 2006, the dispute was settled out of court. Neither side admitted any fault or liability. In the agreement, the Seahawks licensed the phrase in exchange for $100,000, along with public acknowledgement as to Texas A&M's ownership rights of the phrase, and an additional annual fee. The compensation amounted to $5,000 per year. The agreement, which expired in 2016, limited the Seahawks' usage to seven western states and forbid them from selling any \"12th Man\" merchandise. In August 2015, the Seahawks shifted towards calling their fans the \"12s\", and replaced their \"Home of the 12th Man\" stadium sign with a new \"Home of the 12s\" sign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0031-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Texas A&M trademark\nOn November 12, 2015, Texas A&M filed suit against the Indianapolis Colts after repeated cease and desist requests were ignored by the NFL club. On February 17, 2016, the lawsuit was settled with the Colts agreeing to remove the phrase from their Ring of Honor and to immediately cease all other uses of the trademarked phrase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009506-0032-0000", "contents": "12th man (football), Texas A&M trademark\nIn August 2016, the Seahawks agreed to a new five-year trademark licensing agreement with Texas A&M. As part of the agreement, the Seahawks agreed to pay Texas A&M $140,000 for limited rights to use the trademarked term. This agreement, like the previous agreement, prohibits the Seahawks from using the \"12th Man\" term on any merchandise. The new agreement, however, also prohibits Seattle from using the term on social media, nor are they allowed to use the term on any signage within their stadium, including their Ring of Honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009507-0000-0000", "contents": "12th meridian east\nThe meridian 12\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009507-0001-0000", "contents": "12th meridian east\nThe 12th meridian east forms a great circle with the 168th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009507-0002-0000", "contents": "12th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 12th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009508-0000-0000", "contents": "12th meridian west\nThe meridian 12\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009508-0001-0000", "contents": "12th meridian west\nThe 12th meridian west forms a great circle with the 168th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009508-0002-0000", "contents": "12th meridian west\nPart of the border between Western Sahara and Mauritania is defined by the meridian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009508-0003-0000", "contents": "12th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 12th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009509-0000-0000", "contents": "12th of Never (novel)\n12th of Never is the twelfth book of the James Patterson's Women's Murder Club series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009509-0001-0000", "contents": "12th of Never (novel), Plot\nThis book has three major plots and at least two minor ones. The first begins with the birth of police detective Lindsay Boxer's  daughter, which had to be at home during a major power outage. The less than sterile condition of the baby's birth causes medical complications that keep Boxer away from her job during part of the investigation into a strange series of murders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009509-0002-0000", "contents": "12th of Never (novel), Plot\nThe second plot revolves around the series of murders. These murders take place after an eccentric college professor has vivid dreams about murders that end up coming true much in the manner he dreams them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009509-0003-0000", "contents": "12th of Never (novel), Plot\nThe third major plot involves a murder case Assistant District Attorney Yuki Castellano is trying in court. Castellano and Boxer are members of an informal group known as the Women's Murder Club. Castellano's court case has many twists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009509-0004-0000", "contents": "12th of Never (novel), Reviews\nReviewing the novel at BookReporter.com, Joe Hartlaub wrote, \"12th of Never is a book you should read, you'll find it moving and compelling from beginning to end.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009510-0000-0000", "contents": "12th parallel north\nThe 12th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 12 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Africa, the Indian Ocean, South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Central America, South America and the Atlantic Ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009510-0001-0000", "contents": "12th parallel north\nAt this latitude the sun is visible for 12 hours, 50 minutes during the summer solstice and 11 hours, 25 minutes during the winter solstice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009510-0002-0000", "contents": "12th parallel north, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 12\u00b0 north passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009511-0000-0000", "contents": "12th parallel south\nThe 12th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 12 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009511-0001-0000", "contents": "12th parallel south, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 12\u00b0 south passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009512-0000-0000", "contents": "12th/16th Hunter River Lancers\nThe 12th/16th Hunter River Lancers is an Australian Army Reserve cavalry regiment. It was formed on 1 May 1948, although it draws its lineage from units that were originally formed in the 1880s. It is currently a Light Cavalry unit equipped with Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicles. The regiment forms part of the 11th Brigade, attached to the 2nd Division and draws its members from regional centres in northern New South Wales, hence the reference to the Hunter River. Since 2000 the regiment has provided individuals as reinforcements to round-out Regular Army units deploying overseas on peacekeeping operations and in the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009512-0001-0000", "contents": "12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Before World War I\nThe origins of the Hunter River Lancers can be traced back to 1885 when cavalry enthusiasts in Sydney first obtained permission to form a Cavalry troop. Interest soon stirred and shortly thereafter troops were formed in many country areas, one of which was in the Hunter River area. All these Cavalry troops were to some extent independent and were known as the 'Cavalry Reserves'. In 1889 these troops were welded into a Regiment called, 'New South Wales Cavalry Regiment', which was subsequently renamed the 'New South Wales Lancers' in 1894.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009512-0001-0001", "contents": "12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Before World War I\nIn June 1897, a volunteer cavalry regiment of bushmen was raised and designated the 'Australian Horse'. Some of the sub units from this regiment were the forerunners of the New England Light Horse (NELH). In 1900, E Squadron was raised from Gunnedah, Boggabri, Tamworth and Armidale and rapidly mobilised a detachment to serve in the South African War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009512-0002-0000", "contents": "12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Before World War I\nAfter Federation in January 1901, the colonial military forces were reorganised. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd Australian Light Horse Regiments were formed in New South Wales at this time. In 1907, the 1st Australian Light Horse was split to form two regiments: the 1st and 4th, with the 4th assuming the designation of the Hunter River Lancers, while the 2nd Australian Light Horse was split to form the 2nd and 5th New South Wales Mounted Rifles, and the 3rd Australian Light Horse was split to form the 3rd and 6th Australian Horse. In 1912, the 6th Australian Horse became the 5th Light Horse (New England Light Horse), while the 4th Hunter River Lancers became 6th Light Horse (Hunter River Lancers). Each regiment received their own badges and mottoes and remained on the order of battle until 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009512-0003-0000", "contents": "12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, World War I\nAt the outbreak of World War I, new light horse regiments were formed as part of the Australian Imperial Force. Distinct from the Australian Military Forces regiments, they were raised specifically for overseas service. The 5th and 6th Regiments virtually ceased to exist as most of their available manpower joined the AIF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009512-0004-0000", "contents": "12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, World War I\nThe 12th Light Horse Regiment (AIF) was raised at Liverpool in early 1915 and was deployed as part of the 1st AIF to continue its training in Egypt. Most of its members were from the areas covered by both the 4th and 6th ALH. In July 1915 the regiment trained as infantry in preparation for deployment to Gallipoli. In late August 1915 the regiment departed Egypt to support the ANZAC forces at Gallipoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009512-0004-0001", "contents": "12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, World War I\nUpon landing at Anzac Cove the regiment were split up to reinforce the three other Light Horse regiments from New South Wales (1st, 6th & 7th) already in place. Following the Gallipoli campaign, the regiment was redeployed to Egypt, where it took part in the Sinai campaign of 1916\u20131917 and the Palestine campaign of 1917\u20131918. In 1917 the regiment saw extensive service in Palestine where it took part in the Battle of Beersheba, the last great cavalry charge in modern warfare. Following this the regiment continued to be heavily involved in the Palestine campaign until the cessation of hostilities in October 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009512-0005-0000", "contents": "12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Interwar and World War II\nAfter the war, the designation of the pre-war regiments was altered to maintain the traditions and battle honours of the AIF Light Horse regiments. In 1918, the 5th Light Horse Regiment became the 12th Light Horse Regiment (New England Light Horse), and in 1927 was awarded the battle honours won by the 12th Light Horse Regiment (AIF). The 6th ALH (HRL) became the 16th Light Horse Regiment (Hunter River Lancers), and was awarded battle honours for the Middle East campaign, despite never having seen overseas service. This was because many of the members of the regiment had seen active service with other regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009512-0006-0000", "contents": "12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Interwar and World War II\nIn 1936, the 12th Light Horse regiment was designated the 12th/24th Light Horse Regiment and then in early 1939 the regiment was split to form the 12th Light Horse Regiment (New England Light Horse) and the 24th Light Horse Regiment (Gwydir Light Horse). The Gwydir Regiment had its headquarters at Moree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009512-0007-0000", "contents": "12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Interwar and World War II\nWith the outbreak of World War II, the 12th and the 16th were called up for one month's training and raised to their war establishment. In early 1940 both regiments attended a three-month training activity. Towards the end of 1941 the 12th and the 16th were placed on full-time duty with new designations \u2013 the 12th Light Horse Regiment (NELH), was now the 12th Motor Regiment (NELH) (effective 14 March 1942) and the 16th was renamed the 16th Light Horse (Machine Gun) Regiment (HRL) (effective December 1941). In 1942, the 12th Motor Regiment was re-designated as the 12th Australian Armoured Car Regiment (NELH). At the same time 16th Light Horse (Machine Gun) Regiment was re-designated the 16th Motor Regiment (HRL).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009512-0008-0000", "contents": "12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Interwar and World War II\nBy 1942, the threat of Japanese invasion had passed and with island warfare not generally suited to armour, it was apparent three Australian armoured divisions, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd, would be disbanded. As a result, on 3 July 1943 the 16th Motor Regiment (HRL) was disbanded and the 12th Australian Armoured Car Regiment (NELH) followed on 19 October 1943, with the last men being marched out in March 1944. However, most of their soldiers from the 12th and 16th were posted to active service in other armoured, anti-tank, field artillery, infantry and service units of the Second Australian Imperial Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009512-0009-0000", "contents": "12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Postwar to current\nIn 1948, the 12th/16th Armoured Regiment (Hunter River Lancers) was raised as part of the new Citizen Military Force (CMF), which replaced the pre-war militia, and it was equipped with Matilda tanks, Staghound Armoured Cars and Canadian Scout Cars (known as \"doodle bugs\")\u2014similar to the British Daimler Dingo but manufactured in Canada. The first regimental camp was held in February 1949 and the Regiment was the first CMF unit to go into camp. Regimental Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron was located at Muswellbrook with tank squadrons in Newcastle, Tamworth and Armidale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009512-0010-0000", "contents": "12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Postwar to current\nThe regiment was retitled 12th/16th Hunter River Lancers on 31 July 1949, forming part of the 1st Armoured Brigade. In the following years Regimental HQ was moved to Tamworth and the Regiment was re-roled in the reconnaissance role. The regiment was still equipped with Staghounds and Canadian Scout Cars (the Canadian Scout Cars were replaced by Ferret scout cars, in the late 1950s). In the 1960s the regiment was again reorganised, this time as an Armoured Personnel Carrier regiment equipped with Humber 4\u00a0\u00d7\u00a04 trucks, Ferret scout cars, M3 Personnel Carriers and a solitary Saracen APC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009512-0011-0000", "contents": "12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Postwar to current\nBy 1970, the regiment was operating M113A1 APCs. In 1976, the regiment received M113A1 Medium Reconnaissance Vehicles and became a Medium Reconnaissance Regiment. 12/16 HRL reverted to the APC role in 1987, a role which it maintained until 2005 when it was announced that 12/16 HRL would become a Light Cavalry Regiment, and be equipped with new Bushmaster PMVs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009512-0012-0000", "contents": "12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Postwar to current\nSince 2000 many members of the regiment have been attached to regular RAAC units and seen active service in East Timor, Solomon Islands, Iraq and Afghanistan. In September 2007, the regiment received 11 Bushmasters. From 1 January 2018 the regiment went through a number of organisational changes. It was removed from the 8th Brigade and came under the command of the 11th Brigade, Support Squadron in Tamworth was removed from the regiment's ORBAT and at the same time B Squadron was relocated from Muswellbrook in NSW to Caboolture in Queensland. However, no soldiers were involved in this move. All soldiers in the Tamworth, Armidale and Muswellbrook depots became members of A Squadron and the personnel of the new B Squadron were all sourced/recruited from the South-East Queensland region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009513-0000-0000", "contents": "12x12 Original Remixes\n12x12 Original Remixes is a remix album by Talk Talk released initially in 1999 and again in 2001 with a new cover and artwork as Remixed. It contains the same songs as disc 1 of the earlier album Asides Besides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009513-0001-0000", "contents": "12x12 Original Remixes\nIt is the band's third remix album, following It's My Mix from 1985 and the controversial History Revisited from 1991. The album cover is a collage of various images associated with the band's previous albums. It features the same style Talk Talk logo as on History Revisited, the hanging goose from Asides Besides, the butterfly \"face\" from The Colour of Spring, the canary from The Very Best of Talk Talk, the tree of birds from Spirit of Eden, as well as numerous other animal related images. Remixed, the 2001 edition, features more simple artwork of blue and orange circles on the cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009513-0002-0000", "contents": "12x12 Original Remixes, Reception\nAllmusic described the cover as \"ugly collage work\". Allmusic gave the album , saying that, despite the content being good, \"you'd be better off shelling out the extra cash for Asides Besides. You'd be getting everything this disc offers, in addition to its second disc of demos and excellent B-sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009514-0000-0000", "contents": "12\u201313 Tammuz\nYud Beis\u2013Yud Gimmel Tammuz, the 12th and 13th days of Tammuz on the Hebrew calendar, are celebrated as a holiday by the Chabad Hasidic community. The holiday commemorates the liberation of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, the sixth Chabad Rebbe, from Soviet imprisonment. Schneersohn was born June 21, 1880 (12 Tammuz 5640). The day is marked by public gatherings, additional study and prayer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009514-0001-0000", "contents": "12\u201313 Tammuz, History\nOn Wednesday, June 15, 1927 (Sivan 15, 5687) Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, the sixth Rebbe of the Chabad Hasidic movement, was arrested and incarcerated by the Soviet communist regime for \"counter-revolutionary activities\". The main allegations against Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak were that he continued to maintain a network of religious schools where Torah and Jewish religion were taught. Initially sentenced to death, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak received a sentence of three years exile in the city of Kostroma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009514-0002-0000", "contents": "12\u201313 Tammuz, History\nOn Tuesday, July 12, 1927 (Tammuz 12, 5687) the Rabbi Schneersohn was ordered to register as a prisoner at the Russian government offices in Kostrama. At that time, he was notified that the order had been received to grant him complete freedom. However, due to bureaucratic delays he was released the following day on Wednesday, July 13, 1927 (Tammuz 13, 5687).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009514-0003-0000", "contents": "12\u201313 Tammuz, History, Celebrations\nEach year on the Hebrew dates of Yud Beis and Yud Gimmel Tammuz, Chabad Hasidim celebrate Rabbi Schneersohn's release. The two-day celebration is called a \"Chag HaGeulah\" and public gatherings (\"farbrengens\") are held and the story is retold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009515-0000-0000", "contents": "12\u201313th & Locust station\n12\u201313th & Locust station is a PATCO Lindenwold Line subway station in Washington Square West, Center City, Philadelphia. The station has a single island platform, with a fare mezzanine above. The mezzanine level connects to the Center City Pedestrian Concourse, which connects subway and regional rail stations in the Center City area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009516-0000-0000", "contents": "12\u201316 Church Street, Monmouth\n12\u201316 Church Street in Monmouth, Wales, is a row of three shop houses designed by the architect George Vaughan Maddox and constructed c.\u20091837. They form part of Maddox's redevelopment of the centre of Monmouth and stand on Church Street, to the rear of Maddox's Priory Street. The architectural historian John Newman has written that Maddox's work \"gives Monmouth its particular architectural flavour\" and Cadw describes the grouping of 12\u201316 Church Street as \"the best preserved early 19th century shopfront in Monmouth.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009516-0001-0000", "contents": "12\u201316 Church Street, Monmouth, History\nIn the early 19th century, the main thoroughfare out of Monmouth towards London was along Church Street, a relatively narrow street now pedestrianised. Increasing traffic on the street led to a number of accidents and demands for the construction of a new road. At the same time, developments at the Shire Hall in Agincourt Square meant that the market, previously located there, required new accommodation. In 1834, the Town Council offered a prize for a redevelopment scheme, which was won by George Vaughan Maddox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009516-0001-0001", "contents": "12\u201316 Church Street, Monmouth, History\nMaddox, the son of another Monmouthshire architect, John Maddox, had already established a reputation within the town. Maddox's proposals envisaged a new road, described by John Newman as, \"a remarkably early inner bypass\", that would run north of Church Street along the west bank of the River Monnow. This would allow the redevelopment of Church Street and here Maddox constructed the block comprising 12\u201316, with an entry into White Swan Court CADW is of the view that the building has probably held a dispensary since the time of its construction, a period of 180 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009516-0002-0000", "contents": "12\u201316 Church Street, Monmouth, Description\nNumbers 12\u201316 Church Street form a single block of three storeys and four bays. The building backs onto Priory Street and has an arched entranceway into White Swan Court. Architectural elaboration includes a \"heavy\" architrave and a cornice at the roofline. The grouping is designated a Grade II* listed building, the high listing for \"its exceptional architectural interest as part of an important piece of early 19th century town planning in the Monmouth centre.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009517-0000-0000", "contents": "12\u201318 Brunswick Square, Gloucester\n12\u201318 Brunswick Square is a set of seven 19th-century terraced houses on the west side of Brunswick Square in the English city of Gloucester. The buildings were completed in 1825 as part of the development of Brunswick Square led by Thomas Reece. In the 1930s Princess Mary visited the YMCA at 18 Brunswick Square. It has since been converted into offices and flats, and has been a Grade II listed building since 21 January 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009517-0001-0000", "contents": "12\u201318 Brunswick Square, Gloucester, Architecture\nThe three-storey buildings have stuccoed brick at the front and sides, whilst the back is plain brick. The roofs consist of slate tiles and a large chimney stack with multiple chimneys. All the buildings are set back from the street with small gardens at the front. At the back they have extensions in varying sizes, and a couple of the buildings have small back gardens. All of them have semi-basements with small street level windows. The entrance of number 12 is set back from the rest of the buildings and number 15 protrudes forward slightly more than the others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009517-0001-0001", "contents": "12\u201318 Brunswick Square, Gloucester, Architecture\nAt the front the basement and ground floors are styled with continuous rustication, which can be seen as a painted brick effect. The ground and first floors are separated by a continuous concrete band. From the first floor upwards the walls are stuccoed with embedded pillars separating each building topped with a square capital. The pillars support the coped parapet roof. In front of the entrance to each doorway is a flight of stone steps, with wrought iron railings. The doorways of 13\u201318 are recessed slightly and have semi-circular arched tops, which are filled with decorated metal fanlights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009517-0001-0002", "contents": "12\u201318 Brunswick Square, Gloucester, Architecture\nThe doorway of number 12 isn't recessed and has a plain semi-circular fanlight. To the left of each doorway is a sash window on the ground floor, there are two sash windows to each of the upper floors. The first floor windows have decorative cast iron window guards, and all other windows have plain stone sills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009517-0002-0000", "contents": "12\u201318 Brunswick Square, Gloucester, Architecture\nThe houses are generally regarded to have the original staircases and other joinery. The ceilings have molded plaster coving, and there are original fireplaces throughout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009518-0000-0000", "contents": "12\u20136 curveball\nThe 12\u20136 curveball is one of the types of pitches thrown in baseball. It is categorized as a breaking ball because of its downward break. The 12\u20136 curveball, unlike the normal curveball (also referred to as the \"11 to 5 curve\" or a \"2 to 8 curve\" for its motion), breaks in a downward motion in a straight line. This explains the name \"12\u20136\", because the break of the pitch refers to the ball breaking from the number 12 to the number 6 on a clock. While the 11\u20135 and 2\u20138 variations are very effective pitches, they are less effective than a true 12\u20136, because the ball will break into the heart of the bat more readily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009518-0001-0000", "contents": "12\u20136 curveball\nThe pitch is used throughout Major League Baseball. It has several nicknames, including the \"yellow hammer\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009518-0002-0000", "contents": "12\u20136 curveball, Movement\nThe 12 to 6 curveball is the toughest type of curveball to hit, because it moves vertically, and has no horizontal break. The difference of the speed from a fastball and the break make the pitch difficult to hit if a pitcher uses it correctly in a pitching sequence. The 12 to 6 curveball is usually pitched from the overhand motion, as a three-quarters or sidearm delivery would cause the ball to break 2 to 8 instead of 12 to 6. The sharp vertical break on the 12\u20136 curveball is created when pitchers apply topspin to the ball with their fingers in the process of releasing it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009518-0003-0000", "contents": "12\u20136 curveball, Effectiveness\nDepending on the situation and the type of pitcher, the 12\u20136 curveball may be more or less effective. Against a batter with the same handedness as the pitcher, the 12 to 6 curveball has been proven to be a very effective pitch in general, but the pitch is much easier to hit if the batter is the opposite handedness of the pitcher, making an 11 to 5 curveball the more effective pitch type in that situation. The effectiveness of the pitch also depends on the ability of the pitcher to apply topspin to the ball, creating movement. When stats for a high level pitcher's average 12 to 6 curveball are factored in, the 12 to 6 and the 11 to 5 are much more effective than Major League Baseball's average throwers of the pitch due to the pitcher's high level of ability for that pitch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009518-0004-0000", "contents": "12\u20136 curveball, Throwing mechanics\nThe 12\u20136 curveball is thrown similarly to most curveballs. The pitch is generally thrown using a four-seam grip, in which the middle finger on the pitcher's throwing hand is placed in the gap between the two seams on the right side, and the index finger is placed directly next to it. The pitcher's thumb is placed directly on the bottom of the baseball. This grip allows the pitcher to create a high amount of topspin while still having a good control of the pitch. The pitch is then thrown with an exaggerated 12\u20136 motion with both the middle finger and the thumb simultaneously helping move the baseball towards home plate, while the pitcher's index finger giving the ball topspin. This extensive combination of mechanics makes this one of the most difficult pitches to master.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009519-0000-0000", "contents": "12\u20136 elbow\nA 12\u20136 elbow, referred to in commentary as a \"twelve to six elbow\" and officially \"downward elbow strikes\", is a strike used in the combat sport of mixed martial arts (MMA). The name of the 12\u20136 elbow is based on the concept of a clock on the wall with the bringing of an elbow from straight up (12 o'clock) to straight down (6 o'clock).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009519-0001-0000", "contents": "12\u20136 elbow\n12\u20136 elbow strikes are illegal under the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts, defined as \"striking downwards using the point of the elbow\". Such bans were justified for medical and safety reasons, due to the possibility of serious injuries to opponents that could result from their use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009519-0002-0000", "contents": "12\u20136 elbow, Definition\nThe most commonly accepted definition of a 12\u20136 elbow was originally based on a principle by referee John McCarthy of a clock on the wall. This came about after it was felt that the official definition of the foul was too broad. A 12\u20136 elbow was defined as bringing the elbow from \"twelve o'clock\" to \"six o'clock\", which is where the name comes from. Similar elbow movements from a fighter on their back does not count as a 12\u20136 elbow, because as explained by McCarthy, \"the clock doesn't move\". McCarthy's definition became accepted as the official definition of 12\u20136 elbows under the Unified Rules and MMA referees were encouraged to use this definition when making judgments on elbow strikes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009519-0003-0000", "contents": "12\u20136 elbow, Definition\nGenerally for usage of 12\u20136 elbows, the fight is stopped and fighters are given a warning. However, there have been occasions where points have been deducted or the fighter using that strike in competition has been disqualified due to the move incapacitating fighters. In 2009, Matt Hamill defeated Jon Jones by disqualification due to Jones using 12\u20136 elbows. Hamill said that he was unable to defend against the elbows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009519-0004-0000", "contents": "12\u20136 elbow, In mixed martial arts\nBefore 2000, MMA had a number of different rule sets, with each one differing in ruling on downward elbow strikes (12\u20136 elbows). In UFC 1, the first UFC event where there were very few rules, Kevin Rosier used 12\u20136 elbows on Zane Frazier. In 2000, the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts were drawn up to try to make the sport more mainstream. The meeting consisted of representatives of a number of major MMA organisations including Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), Pride Fighting Championships and International Fighting Championships (IFC) as well as doctors and referees in New Jersey, United States. In the meeting, doctors raised concerns about 12\u20136 elbows after seeing an IFC match where 12\u20136 elbows were used to the back of a fighter's head. One doctor argued that they could be life-threatening, and refused to sanction any set of rules that didn't prohibit them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009519-0005-0000", "contents": "12\u20136 elbow, In mixed martial arts\nMcCarthy argued that the rules already prohibited strikes to the back of the head and questioned if it was just the 12\u20136 elbow strike that was the problem. Following this discussion, Nick Lembo wrote the Unified Rules, including a rule prohibiting downward elbow strikes. McCarthy felt that Lembo wrote the rule relating to downward elbow strikes \"poorly\" as he felt the definition was broad and left the rule open to interpretation. Pride eventually did not adopt the Unified Rules; however, their ruleset prohibited any elbow strikes to the head. Eventually the rule on 12\u20136 elbows meant that very few fighters attempted them, which could also be attributed to the fact that it is difficult for fighters to get into a position where they could use them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009519-0006-0000", "contents": "12\u20136 elbow, In mixed martial arts\nThe primary justification for banning 12\u20136 strikes was the damage that could result from such a strike on the orbital bone, and the potential for spinal injuries if 12\u20136 elbows were used in certain positions, due to size differences between fighters. This was before weight classes were standardised. There was a popular story, often repeated by Joe Rogan in UFC commentary, that the 12\u20136 elbows were banned because representatives of Athletic Commissions had seen traditional martial artists breaking hard objects with downward elbow strikes and felt that those strikes could be lethal and banned them. However Keith Kizer of the Nevada State Athletic Commission dismissed this as being \"revisionist history\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009519-0007-0000", "contents": "12\u20136 elbow, In mixed martial arts\nIn 2006, the Association of Boxing Commissions (ABC) held a committee meeting to revise the Unified Rules. During it, Kizer and Lembo proposed altering the rule on downward elbow strikes to permit 12\u20136 elbows to anywhere except the head of a downed opponent. However, the proposal was strongly rejected by doctors on the committee on the grounds that 12\u20136 elbows could still cause serious injury, even when not done on the head. The ABC, despite endorsing the Unified Rules, does not have statutory authority over the individual state athletic commissions in the United States but instead governs through influence. As a result, in some states such as Mississippi, 12\u20136 elbows are permitted in MMA fights. As a result, a commission was set up by ABC to look at the regional MMA rule variations, including 12\u20136 elbows, to standardise MMA in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009519-0008-0000", "contents": "12\u20136 elbow, Criticism\nThe 12\u20136 elbow has often been criticized for its brutality, however, the rules prohibiting them have also been criticized. In particular, it has been argued that the term \"downward elbow strikes\" is too strict, as it only applies to straight motions and does not make elbows on an arc illegal. Matt Hume, chief referee of the One Fighting Championship, explained that while 12\u20136 elbows were illegal, \"if you change the time to 11:59, it is no longer illegal.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009519-0008-0001", "contents": "12\u20136 elbow, Criticism\nHume felt that the authors of the Unified Rules did not have an understanding of MMA, with McCarthy affirming that view by stating that Lembo \"wasn't a big MMA guy at the time\". Hume also argued that the rule meant that other elbow strikes that could gain more velocity than 12\u20136 elbows were legal yet were hitting with the same point of the elbow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009519-0009-0000", "contents": "12\u20136 elbow, Criticism\nBecause of the initially broad definition of 12\u20136 elbows in the Unified Rules, referees often had differences in interpretation of what was classed as one. Referee Herb Dean differed from McCarthy's definition and argued that elbow strikes parallel with the floor in side control (sometimes called 9\u20133 elbows) were classed as 12\u20136 elbows, as he considered 12\u20136 elbows as being based on where the fighter throwing them was positioned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009520-0000-0000", "contents": "13 & God\n13 & God is a collaboration between American indie hip hop duo Themselves and German indie rock band The Notwist. The group is signed both to Anticon and Alien Transistor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009520-0001-0000", "contents": "13 & God, History\nThe band's name 13 & God stems from the concept of the 12 apostles and Jesus Christ forming a group that comprises 13 mortal men as well as God. Distinguishing between Themselves and The Notwist in the context of which group is '13' and which is 'God' is thus disingenuous. In the example above, God is inherently contained within '13', creating a symbiotic relationship so strong it is unable to be severed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009520-0001-0001", "contents": "13 & God, History\nAs 13 & God are not a Christian group, but do explore elements of philosophy, spirituality and existentialism, the name 13 & God is generally considered to be more of a reflection of those elements, as well as the concept of 'identity' itself. Alternatively, it may just be a play on words with the prematurely sexy track by Boogie Down Productions titled '13 and Good' '", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009520-0002-0000", "contents": "13 & God, History\nThey are joined live by Jordan Dalrymple who now plays Dax Pierson's parts following a 2005 Subtle tour accident which left Dax quadriplegic. As of 2010, Jordan has officially joined, and has been contributing in the studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009520-0003-0000", "contents": "13 & God, History\nIn a 2009 interview with Pitchfork, Doseone was quoted as saying \"in 2010 there will be a brand new shiny 13 & G record out in the world.\" On February 3, 2011, the second album Own Your Ghost was announced to be released on Anticon on May 17, 2011. The album is set to feature ten tracks, including \"Sure As Debt\" which is a song written and performed on the 2007 tour. This announcement was accompanied by a preview clip of the song \"Armored Scarves\" from the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009521-0000-0000", "contents": "13 & God (album)\n13 & God is the first studio album by 13 & God, a collaboration between American hip hop group Themselves and German rock band The Notwist. It was released on Anticon and Alien Transistor in 2005. \"Men of Station / Soft Atlas\" was released as a single from the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009521-0001-0000", "contents": "13 & God (album), Critical reception\nAt Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 80% based on 20 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009521-0002-0000", "contents": "13 & God (album), Critical reception\nTim DiGravina of AllMusic gave the album 4 stars out of 5, describing it as \"a decidedly dark and murky musical excursion into a realm of percolating electronics, moody jazz elements, bizarre raps, ethereal acoustic guitars, and sad pianos.\" Melissa Wheeler of Exclaim! called it \"a gorgeous, pensive and gently dark album of rap-sprinkled mutated electronic indie rock\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009521-0003-0000", "contents": "13 & God (album), Critical reception\nAdrien Begrand of PopMatters gave the album 7 stars out of 10, saying, \"It's an album that requires patience from both hip-hop devotees and IDM enthusiasts, but once it's allowed to grow on the listener, its own distinct beauty begins to surface with each subsequent listen.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009521-0004-0000", "contents": "13 & God (album), Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Adam Drucker, except \"Men of Station\", \"Perfect Speed\", and \"If\" by Adam Drucker and Markus Acher; all music is composed by 13 & God.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009522-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (2010 film)\n13 is a 2011 American psychological crime thriller film directed by G\u00e9la Babluani (who also directed the original), stars Sam Riley, Ray Winstone, 50 Cent, Mickey Rourke and Jason Statham. It is a remake of the 2005 Georgian-French film 13 Tzameti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009522-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (2010 film), Plot\nVincent \"Vince\" Ferro overhears people talking about a dead man who was going to start a well-paid job. Ferro, in need of money, steals an envelope containing the instructions for the job. He arrives at an event in a secluded place. He is ordered to strip, and his boot heels are cut off, in order to check for surveillance equipment. The organizers accept him for the job instead of the dead man. The job is participation in a series of Russian roulette games. There are several participants, identified by number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009522-0001-0001", "contents": "13 (2010 film), Plot\nIn each round, the participants have to spin the cylinder of their revolver, and shoot when the light of a special light bulb is switched on. The event is organized for the enjoyment of rich spectators, one of these spectators being Jasper Bagges, who places bets on who will survive. Bagges bets on his brother Ronald, who was brought from the mental institution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009522-0002-0000", "contents": "13 (2010 film), Plot\nIn the first round, the participants each get one bullet in their revolver, they are arranged into a circle, and each has to aim his revolver at the man in front of him. Ferro tries to back out, but he is forced to participate. As #13, he survives the first round and fires his gun only after being threatened with death. In the second round, in which two bullets are placed in each gun, Ferro survives only because the man behind him is killed before he could fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009522-0002-0001", "contents": "13 (2010 film), Plot\nIn the third round, with three bullets in each gun, Ferro again survives, along with four other men. Ferro is one of two survivors randomly chosen to participate in a duel. The three others are finished and get a large sum of money. One of them, Patrick Jefferson, who was brought from prison to compete, is surprised that he is free to go, and he is escorted out by Jimmy, one of the employees. Jimmy then tries to kill Jefferson, attempting to steal a map Jefferson has, leading to money he has stashed from a robbery. Another employee catches Jimmy in the act, and demands that he stop, insisting that nobody is allowed to harm the surviving players. Jefferson collects his belongings and leaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009522-0003-0000", "contents": "13 (2010 film), Plot\nAgainst the odds, Ferro wins the duel and gets $1,850,000 (USD). He also learns that his opponent won his last 3 duels. He collects his winnings and sneaks away from the mansion, arriving at a train station. When he spots police closing in on him, he stashes his winnings in a garbage can. After being interrogated by the police, he retrieves the money and sends it to his family, via registered mail, and buys a toy for his sister's birthday. However, on the way home, he is shot by Jasper, partly in revenge for Ferro having killed Ronald, and partly to steal the money, as he thinks Ferro still has the money with him. Jasper escapes with the money bag, not knowing that it only contains the toy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009522-0004-0000", "contents": "13 (2010 film), Cast\nThe film features Mickey Rourke, Jason Statham and David Zayas, who all starred in The Expendables which was released before this film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009522-0005-0000", "contents": "13 (2010 film), Production\nThe film was directed and written by G\u00e9la Babluani, who directed and wrote the original film. A trailer was released in August 2010. Filming began on November 17, 2008 in and around New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009522-0006-0000", "contents": "13 (2010 film), Reception\n13 received critically negative reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an 8% rating, stating that only 1 out of the 13 reviews for the film was positive, with an average score of 3.8/10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009522-0007-0000", "contents": "13 (2010 film), Reception\nThe New York Times film critic Stephen Holden considered 13 \"a blustering, bad cartoon.\" V.A. Musetto of the New York Post criticized the film for being shot in color rather than the original's black and white, and for the addition of character back stories, \"which serve only to slow the film\u2019s momentum.\" The Hollywood Reporter said \"G\u00e9la Babluani's English-language remake of his French debut loses the source's gritty, mysterious gloom.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009523-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (Armstrong novel)\n13 is the finale novel in Women of the Otherworld series by Kelley Armstrong. It was published in 2012 by Orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009523-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (Armstrong novel), Plot\n13 centers around Savannah Levine, who is experiencing a new and dark magic inside of her that gives her abilities that seem foreign and thrilling. She cannot tell if this ability is a blessing, or a curse. Meanwhile, the nefarious cult, known as the Supernatural Liberation Movement is determined to expose Supernaturals for what they are, destroying them in their path\u2014and this plan affects all types of supernaturals, from demons, to witches, to vampires. On the eve of the battle between the Otherworld and Supernatural Liberation Movement, the major supernaturals must come together to fight for their lives and for the existence of the Otherworld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009523-0002-0000", "contents": "13 (Armstrong novel), Reception\nDear Author gave the book a \"B\" rating, writing that \"Overall, despite some issues, I found Thirteen to be a satisfying conclusion to the Otherworld universe. (On the adult side anyway).\" The Library Journal also reviewed the work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009524-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (BMT rapid transit service)\n13 was the BMT's designation for service on the BMT Fulton Street Line, not to be confused with today's IND Fulton Street Line, which uses a portion of the old BMT line at its east end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009524-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, 1924\nWhen the BMT assigned numbers in 1924, 13 was assigned to trains between Park Row in Manhattan and Lefferts Avenue\u2013119th Street, via the Brooklyn Bridge and BMT Fulton Street Line. Service patterns were rather complicated, with the following services running:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009524-0002-0000", "contents": "13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, 1925\nBy 1925, local morning trains were added from Grant Avenue to Fulton Ferry or Park Row. Between 1925 and 1931, afternoon rush hour service was changed to the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009524-0003-0000", "contents": "13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, 1930s\nBetween 1931 and 1937, local morning trains were shifted from beginning at Atlantic and Grant Avenues to beginning at Grant and Lefferts Avenues. Afternoon service became the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009524-0004-0000", "contents": "13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, 1930s\nExtra service during all rush hours and Saturday mornings ran only from Lefferts Avenue to Atlantic Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009524-0005-0000", "contents": "13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, 1930s\nSpecial 14th Street\u2013Fulton Street Express service began on September 23, 1936, running over the BMT 14th Street-Canarsie Line from Eighth Avenue to Atlantic Avenue and over the Fulton Street Line between Hinsdale Street and Lefferts Avenue in Queens on weekdays and Saturdays during rush hours. These trips eliminated the need for riders to transfer at Atlantic Avenue. Ridership counts at the time found that during rush hours, 5,000 passengers transferred between Fulton Street and 14th Street\u2013Canarsie trains. Four trips ran in each direction, running non-stop on the 14th Street Line between Lorimer Street and Myrtle Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009524-0005-0001", "contents": "13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, 1930s\nInitially, these trains bypassed all stops between Hinsdale Avenue and Hudson Street. Once the platform extensions at stations in between were completed on October 4, 1937, these trains began making these bypassed stops. This service could be run because of the introduction of lightweight Multi-section cars, which were light enough to run on the original elevated structure between Hudson Street and Hinsdale Avenue while being constructed of metal to run in the subway. These trains were carried signs reading \"16\u20138th Ave.\" toward Manhattan and signs reading \"13\u2013Lefferts Ave.\" toward Queens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009524-0006-0000", "contents": "13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, 1930s\nBetween 1937 and 1939, local morning trains were truncated at Sands Street (with some still going to Fulton Ferry).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009524-0007-0000", "contents": "13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, Discontinuation\nThe BMT Fulton Street Line was closed west of Rockaway Avenue on May 31, 1940, with free transfers to the IND Fulton Street Line. Service from then on was limited to trains running the remaining length, as well as 14th Street\u2013Fulton Street trains and the new Fulton\u2013Lexington Avenue service provided by 12 trains).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009524-0008-0000", "contents": "13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, Discontinuation\nOn June 26, 1952, Rockaway Avenue was closed overnights, and on weekends. During these hours, 13 trains terminated at Eastern Parkway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009524-0009-0000", "contents": "13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, Discontinuation\nOn April 26, 1956, the BMT Fulton Street Line was abandoned west of Hudson Street; the rest became part of the IND Fulton Street Line on April 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album)\n13 is the nineteenth and final studio album by English heavy metal band Black Sabbath. It was released on 10 June 2013 through Vertigo Records, acting as their first studio album in 18 years, following Forbidden (1995). It was the band's first studio recording with original singer Ozzy Osbourne and bassist Geezer Butler since the live album Reunion (1998), which contained two new studio tracks. It was also the first studio album with Osbourne since Never Say Die! (1978), and with Butler since Cross Purposes (1994).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album)\nBlack Sabbath's original line-up first began work on a new studio album in 2001 with producer Rick Rubin. The album's development was delayed over a 10-year period, as Osbourne resumed his solo career while the rest of the band members went on to pursue other projects, including GZR and Heaven & Hell. When Black Sabbath announced the end of its hiatus on 11 November 2011, the band announced that they would restart work on a new album with Rubin. In addition to original members Osbourne, Butler and guitarist Tony Iommi, the band was joined at the recording sessions by drummer Brad Wilk, of Rage Against the Machine and Audioslave, following original drummer Bill Ward's decision to not participate in the reunion, due to a \"contractual dispute.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0002-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album)\nThe singles \"God Is Dead? \", \"End of the Beginning\", and \"Loner\" were released in promotion of the album. 13 received positive reviews from critics; praise was directed at the band's songwriting and performance abilities several decades after their formation, though the album has been cited as a product of the loudness war, having a compromised sound quality as a result of an overly compressed dynamic range. At the 56th Annual Grammy Awards in 2014, the band won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance for \"God Is Dead?\". Commercially, 13 was a number-one album in several countries, including the United Kingdom and United States. It was later certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for selling 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The album was also certified platinum in four countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0003-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Background\nBlack Sabbath released its 18th studio album, Forbidden, in 1995, to negative reviews. It had been 15 years since the last studio track. The following months left the group at a crossroads. After a series of reunion tours from 1997 to 1999 \u2013 mostly with Ozzfest \u2013 the original line-up began work on a new album with producer Rick Rubin in the spring of 2001. These sessions were halted when Ozzy Osbourne was called away to finish tracks for his album Down to Earth, released in October that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0003-0001", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Background\nTony Iommi recalled: \"It just came to an end\u2026 It's a shame because [the songs] were really good.\" \"It's quite different recording now\u2026\" he added. \"In [the early] days there was no mobile phone ringing every five seconds. When we first started, we had nothing. We all worked for the same thing. Now everybody has done so many other things. It's great fun and we all have a good chat, but it's just different, trying to put an album together.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0004-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Background\n\"We got very scratchy stuff,\" Ozzy explained in late 2001. \"It never really materialised into much. It may be great, but I haven't heard it since, apart from the one song we were doing live ['Scary Dreams', played on Ozzfest 2001]. We produced our own stuff and then we handed the tapes over to Rick Rubin and that was the last I heard of it. I must confess\u2026 it wasn't the same way, anyhow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0004-0001", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Background\nGeezer wasn't writing the lyrics anymore, I was having real big problems coming up with melody lines and topics to sing about\u2026 Tony was still firing off these amazing heavy metal riffs. He just goes, 'Here you go,' and comes out with one better than you've ever heard in your life. You'd think he'd run out of things to play. But, for all that, the chemistry just wasn't there.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0005-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Background\nAfter one more reunion tour in mid-2001, where they again headlined Ozzfest, Sabbath went back on hiatus. In March 2002, Osbourne's Emmy-winning reality TV show The Osbournes debuted on MTV, and quickly became a worldwide hit. It introduced Osbourne to a broader audience; and, to capitalise, Sanctuary Records (who own Sabbath's back catalogue) released the live album Past Lives, featuring material recorded in the 1970s, including the Live at Last album. The band remained on hiatus until mid-2004, when they returned to headline Ozzfest 2004 and 2005. In November 2005, Black Sabbath were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame, and in March 2006, after eleven years of eligibility, the band were inducted into the US Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0006-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Background\nWhile Osbourne was working on his new solo album in 2006, Rhino Records released Black Sabbath: The Dio Years, a compilation culled from the four Sabbath releases featuring Ronnie James Dio. For the release, Iommi, Geezer Butler, Dio and Vinny Appice reunited to write and record three new songs as Black Sabbath. The Dio Years was released on 3 April 2007, reaching No.54 on the Billboard 200, while the single \"The Devil Cried\" reached No. 37 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0006-0001", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Background\nPleased with the results, Iommi and Dio decided to reunite the Heaven and Hell era line-up for a world tour. Because the line-up of Osbourne, Butler, Iommi and Bill Ward were still officially called Black Sabbath, the new line-up dubbed themselves Heaven & Hell, after the album of the same name. Ward was to participate, but dropped out before the tour began due to musical differences with \"a couple of the band members\" as well as a \"contractual dispute\". He was replaced by former drummer Vinny Appice, reuniting the line-up that had featured on Mob Rules and Dehumanizer. After their only studio album The Devil You Know in 2009, Dio died after a battle against stomach cancer on 16 May 2010. Following a tribute concert with former Sabbath vocalist Glenn Hughes, Heaven & Hell disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0007-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Background\nOn 11 November 2011, Sabbath hosted a private announcement ceremony at the Whisky a Go Go in Hollywood, California. Hosted by former Black Flag vocalist Henry Rollins, the event featured all four original Sabbath band members. At the event, Sabbath announced they would be officially reuniting, following months of rumours. The reunion was said to feature an appearance at the 2012 Download Festival, and a newly recorded studio album by Rubin expected to be released in late 2012. When Rollins asked the band why they chose to reunite, Iommi responded, \"It's now or never. We get along great.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0007-0001", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Background\nEverything's really good.\" Butler commented that the new material was the \"old Sabbath style and sound.\" Osbourne said he was \"blown away\", and, \"I don't understand why it's happening. I mean, 45 years down the road and we've got a really great album to put out.\" On 18 November 2011, Black Sabbath announced that they would be touring Europe in May and June 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0008-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Recording\nOn 9 January 2012, it was announced Iommi had been diagnosed with the early stages of lymphoma, which was not expected to impede the group's activity. Because of his cancer diagnosis, work sessions for 13, which were supposed to take place in Los Angeles, California, were moved to Iommi's home in England. On 2 February 2012, Ward publicly announced that he would not participate in the Black Sabbath reunion unless he was given a \"signable contract.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0008-0001", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Recording\nThe following day, the other group members announced they had \"no choice but to continue recording without him,\" but also said \"our door is always open\" for Ward to return to the band. In February 2012, the band announced that they would not continue the world tour but would play the Download festival in June 2012. Instead of Black Sabbath, the tour would feature Osbourne and a revolving line-up of guest musicians, billed as \"Ozzy and Friends\". On 11 April, Lollapalooza founder Perry Farrell announced that Black Sabbath would perform at Lollapalooza 2012. Farrell said this would be Black Sabbath's only American concert in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0009-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Recording\nOn 15 May 2012, Ward posted on his website that \"after a final effort to participate in the upcoming Sabbath shows a failure to agree has continued\" and that he would not be participating in the reunion shows, but would \"remain with an open mind and a position of willingness to negotiate 'signable' terms with Sabbath's representatives in the future.\" On 18 May 2012, Ward was cropped out of photos on blacksabbath.com. On 19 May 2012, Butler released a statement expressing sadness at Ward's decision. He further unveiled that drummer Tommy Clufetos was rehearsing with them in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0010-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Recording\nOn 2 June 2012, Osbourne told NME that Black Sabbath had written \"about 15 songs so far.\" He also said that 2013 was a good clue as to what the album would be called. The band returned to the studio to continue work on the album on 23 August 2012. An interview that October confirmed the title of one of the new songs, \"God Is Dead?\". On 12 January 2013, Black Sabbath announced that the album would be called 13 and was expected to be released in June. It was also announced that drummer Brad Wilk of Rage Against the Machine and Audioslave joined in during the recording sessions to complete the drum tracks for the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0011-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Recording\nIn a January 2013 interview at NAMM, which took place at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, California, Butler stated that 13 was not the final title of the album and it would possibly be changed; however, this turned out not to be the case. The band released a brief documentary on their time in the studio via YouTube in February 2013. In it, the group stated that they felt excited to work with producer Rubin and emphasized their desire for a \"raw\" sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0012-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Artwork and title\nOn 4 April 2013, Black Sabbath unveiled the cover artwork for 13. The artwork was created by Nick Dart and Neil Bowen of Zip Design in London. Zip commissioned sculptor Spencer Jenkins to create an 8-foot-tall \"13\" from wicker, which was then set on fire in the Buckinghamshire countryside. The flames were visible for miles. The image was shot by photographer Jonathan Knowles. A behind-the-scenes video, also shot by Jonathan Knowles's team, was released by Zip Design, showing the numbers' construction. According to bassist Geezer Butler, the title 13 comes from the record company pressuring the band to write thirteen songs but they wanted to stop at ten; however, only eight tracks made the final cut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0013-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Touring and promotion\nPrior to the album's release, Black Sabbath embarked on their first tour of Australia (initially kicking off in New Zealand) since 1974 in April and May 2013. They also headlined Ozzfest Japan on 12 May 2013. These dates had been arranged to allow Iommi to return to the UK for lymphoma treatment once every six weeks. From late July to early September 2013, Black Sabbath embarked on their first North American tour in eight years. After that, they toured Latin America in October, followed by Europe in November and December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0014-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Touring and promotion\nThe first single, \"God Is Dead? \", was released to radio on 18 April 2013, and as a digital download and on YouTube on 19 April. Black Sabbath appeared on the season 13 finale of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, in which they performed another new song, \"End of the Beginning\". The song also plays during the end credits of the 2013 comedy film This Is the End, although it is not listed on the film's official soundtrack. The album became available for streaming on iTunes on 3 June 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0015-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Release\n13 was released on 10 June 2013. It reached No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart after its first week of sales. It is the band's first album to top the UK chart since Paranoid (1970). With a gap of nearly 43 years, it beat the previous record held by Bob Dylan, who released his first chart topping album, Together Through Life (2009), since New Morning (1970). Osbourne was said to be \"in shock\" at the album's success, remarking that the band has \"never had a record climb the charts so fast\" before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0015-0001", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Release\nIn another first for the band, the album also reached No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 charts, selling 155,000 copies in the first week. Osbourne said, \"There have been so many amazing highlights in our long career. To finally have our first #1 album in the U.S. is another incredible milestone for Black Sabbath.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0016-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Release\nIn its second week of release, the album fell to No. 5 in the US, selling 46,000, totalling 201,000 copies, and in its third week, 13 sold over 26,000 bringing its total sales to 227,000 copies in the US. As of April 2014, 13 has sold over 360,000 copies in the United States. The album also debuted at No. 1 on the Canadian Albums Chart with 25,000 units sold. As of July 2014, the album has surpassed over 1 million copies sold worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0017-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Release\nAforementioned lead single \"God Is Dead?\" received a great deal of airplay both in Canada and in the United States. For example, the track hit the #26 spot on the Billboard top rock songs chart. The band additionally released a related music video for the single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0018-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Reception\n13 has received mostly positive reviews. On Metacritic, it has a score of 72 out of 100, based on 32 reviews. Fred Thomas of AllMusic praised 13, calling it \"unexpectedly brilliant, apocalyptic, and essential for any die-hard metal fan\". Geoff Barton of Metal Hammer observed how the heavy metal genre had developed ever since the band originally started it, and concluded that the classic line-up of the band has proven their relevance in modern-day music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0019-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Reception\nHowever, 13 has been criticised for having compromised sound quality, due to an overly compressed dynamic range, during a process called peak limiting, which leads to audible distortion. Jon Hadusek of Consequence of Sound said of the production, \"Rubin...deserves disparagement for the way he mixed the audio levels, which are crushed by distortion and compression. Otherwise well-recorded songs are blemished, an affliction all too pervasive in the modern music industry\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0019-0001", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Reception\nBen Ratliff of The New York Times also disliked the album's mastering, saying, \"The new Black Sabbath album was produced by Rick Rubin, who some believe to be a prime offender in the recent history of highly compressed and loudly mastered music \u2014 a major cause of ear fatigue...13 is mastered loudly, too; Mr. Iommi's guitar tone planes outward, leaving very little space, and the drums stay high and present in the mix. Your ears aren't given room to breathe\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0020-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Reception, Awards and accolades\nThe album's lead single \"God Is Dead?\" won Black Sabbath their first Grammy Award in 14 years for Best Metal Performance in 2014. In 2013, the album won a Metal Hammer Golden God Award for Best Album and a Classic Rock Roll of Honours Award for Album of the Year. It also won the 2014 Revolver Golden Gods Award for Album of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0021-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Geezer Butler except \"Methademic\" by Ozzy Osbourne; all music is composed by Tony Iommi, Osbourne and Butler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009525-0022-0000", "contents": "13 (Black Sabbath album), Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (Blur album)\n13 is the sixth studio album by English alternative rock band Blur, released on 15 March 1999. Continuing the stylistic shift away from the Britpop sound of the band's early career, 13 explores experimental, psychedelic and electronic music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (Blur album)\nRecording took place from June to October 1998 in London and Reykjav\u00edk. The album marks a departure of the band's longtime producer, Stephen Street, with his role being filled by William Orbit, who they had chosen after the release of the remix album, Bustin' + Dronin' (1998). Relationships between the band members were reported to be strained, with members frequently missing from the sessions. Lyrically, the album is significantly darker and more innovative than Blur's previous efforts, being heavily inspired by Damon Albarn's breakup with long-term girlfriend, Justine Frischmann, which followed an increasingly strained relationship. This album was the last in over a decade to feature the original line-up as Coxon left the band during the sessions of their next album Think Tank (2003), but Coxon would return for The Magic Whip (2015).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0002-0000", "contents": "13 (Blur album)\n13 was released on 15 March 1999 and entered the UK Albums Chart at number one, making it Blur's fourth consecutive studio album to reach the top spot. The album was later certified Platinum. 13 also reached number one in Norway and charted within the top 20 in many other countries. The album produced three singles \u2013 \"Tender\", \"Coffee & TV\" and \"No Distance Left to Run\" \u2013 which charted at number 2, number 11 and number 14 respectively on the UK Singles Chart. 13 met with favourable reviews and received a nomination for the Mercury Prize, as well as for Best Album at the 2000 NME Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0003-0000", "contents": "13 (Blur album), Background\nBlur's previous studio album, Blur (1997), had seen the band move away from the Britpop movement and take on a more alternative rock-influenced direction, primarily under the suggestion of guitarist Graham Coxon. The press and the industry had feared that the change in style would not be taken well with the public, and therefore the album would be commercially unsuccessful as a result. Despite these concerns, Blur was an unexpected success, particularly in America, where the album was certified Gold. However, the band still wanted to innovate, so they decided to embrace a different sound. Bassist Alex James stated, \"I think you just have to keep changing. That sort of thinking was, sort of, key.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0004-0000", "contents": "13 (Blur album), Background\nThe band's leader Damon Albarn had been in a long-term relationship with Justine Frischmann, of the Britpop band Elastica. Their relationship was highly publicised, the couple being described by John Harris as \"proto-Posh and Becks for the indie-rock constituency.\" However, their relationship became strained over time, stated reasons including Albarn's desire to have children as well as Frischmann's continued friendship with ex-boyfriend Brett Anderson of Suede, who had shared a musical rivalry with Albarn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0004-0001", "contents": "13 (Blur album), Background\nAlbarn's lyrics and attitude had reflected this in the eyes of the other band members, with Coxon pointing out, \"I didn't have much of a clue that things were going wrong between Damon and Justine but it was probably easy to guess.\" After one last holiday together in Bali in late 1997 in an attempt to rekindle their relationship, the couple finally split. Albarn later commented, \"That relationship just absolutely crashed. I mean, it really was a spectacularly sad end.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0005-0000", "contents": "13 (Blur album), Background\nAfter his breakup, Albarn started sharing a flat with artist Jamie Hewlett whom he had met through Coxon. Around this time, Albarn had started to broaden his musical output. Whilst he was working on 13, there were various reports that he and Hewlett were working on a secret project, which turned out to be Gorillaz, a virtual band. Albarn also started working on film soundtracks, including Ravenous, Ordinary Decent Criminal and 101 Reykjav\u00edk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0006-0000", "contents": "13 (Blur album), Recording\n13 is Blur's first album without longtime producer Stephen Street. Instead the band 'unanimously' decided that they wanted electronic music artist, William Orbit to produce the album after being impressed by his remix of their track, \"Movin' On\", included on the remix compilation, Bustin' + Dronin' (1998). Albarn commented that \"it was such a personal thing going on, we needed to have someone who didn't really know us\". He also described Orbit as being \"like a psychiatrist\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0006-0001", "contents": "13 (Blur album), Recording\nWhen asked if his replacement had come as a shock, Street stated, \"I just think they wanted to stretch out a bit more and, having made five albums with me, the best way to do that was to work with someone different who would approach the project in a different way. I understand that perfectly and certainly wasn't offended. I did five albums with the band and I must admit I thought each one would be the last because they were bound to want to try something new.\" Albarn described the decision to not work with Street as \"difficult\", going on to say \"he'll be forever part of what we are, and ironically, he gave us the tools we needed to go it alone.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0007-0000", "contents": "13 (Blur album), Recording\nTension in the studio ran high during the recording sessions. In Orbit's words, \"There was a battle between Damon's more experimental direction, and Graham's punk one, and Graham prevailed. If that tension had been growing on previous LPs, it came to a head here.\" \"Things were starting to fall apart between the four of us,\" drummer Dave Rowntree later revealed. \"It was quite a sad process making it. People were not turning up to the sessions, or turning up drunk, being abusive and storming off.\" \"I had songs,\" Alex James remarked. \"I played them to William. He liked them. But I was sulking. I didn't play them to the others\u2026 Now I know how George Harrison felt.\" Coxon admitted, \"I was really out there around 13, which made for some pretty great noise but I was probably a bit of a crap to be around.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0008-0000", "contents": "13 (Blur album), Recording\n\"1992\" had originally been recorded as a demo in 1992 and was lost until Albarn found it again on a tape six years later. \"Mellow Song\" was demoed as a jam session known as \"Mellow Jam\" that was later included as the B-side of \"Tender\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0009-0000", "contents": "13 (Blur album), Musical style and composition\n13 sees the band moving further away from their Britpop past into more cerebral and denser musical territory. Some of the songs, however, are evocative of songs from their previous efforts, such as \"Bugman\", \"Coffee & TV\" and \"1992\". The instrumental closer \"Optigan 1\" was created using an Optigan optical organ. The album is in the style of a loose concept album, much like other Blur albums, in this case about life and relationships. Much of the album was inspired by Albarn's breakup with Elastica singer Justine Frischmann.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0009-0001", "contents": "13 (Blur album), Musical style and composition\nTwo of the singles, \"Tender\" and \"No Distance Left to Run\", describe Albarn's love for Frischmann and his struggle to move on. The album features several short hidden tracks at the end of songs, stretching the playing time out; examples of this are \"Coffee & TV\", \"B.L.U.R.E.M.I. \", \"Battle\" and \"Caramel\", the latter of which features two hidden tracks. The album is named after the band's recording studio as well as the number of tracks on the album (bar the hidden tracks).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0010-0000", "contents": "13 (Blur album), Artwork\nThe cover is a portion of an oil painting by Graham Coxon called Apprentice. The album's singles also have cover art by Coxon. The numbers 1 and 3 have been painted so they also form the letter \"B\" \u2013 revealed on the back cover to be for Blur. This was not present on the original Apprentice, nor was the \"shine\" on the figure's head, which appears on 13. These additions were made long after the original Apprentice, which was painted in 1996. The band's logo does not appear on the album in any form, aside from a sticker on the CD packaging. The logo is also absent from the single covers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0011-0000", "contents": "13 (Blur album), Release and reception\n13 holds an overall approval rating of 79 out of 100 on online review aggregator Metacritic based on 17 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Tom Doyle of Q called 13 \"a dense, fascinating, idiosyncratic and accomplished art rock album\", while an enthusiastic Brent DiCrescenzo of Pitchfork stated that \"Blur have finally found a sound to match their name.\" PopMatters' Sarah Zupko praised Blur's new musical approach and wrote that \"proving they have the goods of a truly exceptional band, Blur has done what the greats have done before them\u2014evolved.\" Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone called the album \"their sloppiest, most playful set, spiking the mix with church organ, electric piano and shambling drum loops.\" Record Collector's Jason Draper described 13 as a \"masterpiece\" that stands as arguably the band's \"greatest work\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0012-0000", "contents": "13 (Blur album), Release and reception\nIn a more mixed assessment, Heather Phares of AllMusic felt that \"the group's ambitions to expand their musical and emotional horizons result in a half-baked baker's dozen of songs, featuring some of their most creative peaks and self-indulgent valleys.\" Keith Cameron of NME concluded that 13 was \"Blur's most inconsistent and infuriating statement thus far. Infuriating, because divested of four solid-gone clunkers 13 could pass muster as the best of Blur.\" Robert Christgau gave the album a three-star honorable mention rating, indicating \"an enjoyable effort consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well treasure\", and remarked that \"halfway there, it sits down in the middle of the road and won't budge.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0013-0000", "contents": "13 (Blur album), Release and reception\nThe music video for the hit single \"Coffee & TV\" cemented Blur's reputation as a cult band in the US with its protagonist Milky. The video gained heavy airplay on many modern rock channels in America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0014-0000", "contents": "13 (Blur album), Accolades\n13 was nominated in the Album of the Year category at the 2000 NME Awards, losing to The Soft Bulletin by The Flaming Lips. 13 was also nominated for the 1999 Mercury Prize, being Blur's second album to receive a nomination. The award was eventually given to Talvin Singh for OK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0015-0000", "contents": "13 (Blur album), Accolades\n13 has received accolades from music critics, which ranks it among the greatest albums of the 1990s, according to Acclaimed Music. Some of these can be found below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0016-0000", "contents": "13 (Blur album), Accolades\nThe album is ranked number 773 in All-Time Top 1000 Albums (3rd. edition, 2000).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0017-0000", "contents": "13 (Blur album), Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Damon Albarn, except where noted; all music is composed by Blur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009526-0018-0000", "contents": "13 (Blur album), Production\nAll tracks produced by William Orbit, except \"Trailerpark\" produced by Blur and \"I Got Law\" (demo version) produced by Damon Albarn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009527-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (Brian Setzer album)\n13 is the thirteenth solo album from American musician Brian Setzer. It was released in 2006 on Surfdog Records, and contained the Japanese hit single \"Back Streets Of Tokyo\". Setzer had originally intended for the album to have one direction, or sound, but after thinking about how The Beatles' albums were so diverse, he decided to include many different styles on the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009527-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (Brian Setzer album)\nBrian Setzer and Slim Jim Phantom, who appears on \"Really Rockabilly\", were both in the Stray Cats. \"We Are The Marauders\" was written by Brian Setzer for the rockabilly band The Marauders, who opened for the Brian Setzer Orchestra in 2006. The song appears on their self-titled album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009527-0002-0000", "contents": "13 (Brian Setzer album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Brian Setzer, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009527-0003-0000", "contents": "13 (Brian Setzer album), Track listing, Limited Edition\nSpecial edition 12\" LPs of the album were available from May 2007. These were available in three colours (red, white and blue) in a red, embossed cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009528-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (Ces Cru EP)\n13 is the first EP by American hip hop duo Ces Cru. The EP was released on August 28, 2012, by Strange Music. The EP debuted at number 156 on the Billboard 200 chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009528-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (Ces Cru EP), Commercial performance\nThe album debuted at number 156 on the Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 2,900 copies in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009529-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (Denzel Curry EP)\n13 is the second extended play (EP) by American rapper Denzel Curry, released on June 26, 2017, by PH Recordings and Loma Vista Recordings. The EP features guest appearances by Ronny J and Lil Ugly Mane. It also features production by FNZ, Eric Dingus, Vae Cortez, and Ronny J, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009529-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (Denzel Curry EP)\nThe EP serves as a prelude to his third studio album, Ta13oo, released in July 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009529-0002-0000", "contents": "13 (Denzel Curry EP), Background\nIn a press statement, Curry explained the meaning behind the numerical title and the EP's theme by saying,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009529-0003-0000", "contents": "13 (Denzel Curry EP), Background\nThe ideology behind 13 the number is actually the representation of B and B is the letter beginning of the word Black (13LACK). 13 is seen as an unfortunate and unlucky number due to superstition that's plagued society for generations. I'm considered misfortune due to the fact that I'm not only a black person but I've always felt that my heart and soul was black due to certain circumstances in life that I have yet to get over and you don't have to be African American to feel that way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009529-0003-0001", "contents": "13 (Denzel Curry EP), Background\n13 is all around us, for example 13 is a difficult age for most because it's our path to adult hood. Jesus and 12 disciples make 13 according to big rube and lastly the 13th floor was always seen as something to be afraid of world wide. 13 is the part of an unfortunate distorted life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009529-0004-0000", "contents": "13 (Denzel Curry EP), Background\nIn an interview with XXL, Curry explained the EP's sudden release, by stating,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009529-0005-0000", "contents": "13 (Denzel Curry EP), Background\nThe reason why I put out the 13 EP is because I got bored. I wanted to supply my fans with something. I knew I couldn't give them the stuff from the album. The album's not even done yet. It's almost done, but it's not done yet, and I want to make sure it's perfect to a tee before I even think about releasing anything.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009529-0006-0000", "contents": "13 (Denzel Curry EP), Singles\nThe EP was supported by three promotional singles: \"Equalizer\" featuring Ronny J, \"Hate Government\", and \"Zeltron 6 Billion\" featuring Lil Ugly Mane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009530-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (Die \u00c4rzte album)\n13 is the eighth studio album by German rock band Die \u00c4rzte, released on 25 May 1998. It is their most successful album, going platinum in Germany and gold in Austria and Switzerland. The 13th track, \"M\u00e4nner sind Schweine\", is their most successful single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009530-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (Die \u00c4rzte album)\nThe CD version of the album features a hidden track in the pregap of the first song. This technique was later used frequently\u2014on Ger\u00e4usch, Jazz ist anders, Farin Urlaub's Am Ende der Sonne, and Bela B. 's Bingo. On vinyl versions of Jazz ist anders and Am Ende der Sonne though, the hidden tracks are not lost, but put after the last track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009530-0002-0000", "contents": "13 (Die \u00c4rzte album)\nThe album features many film and TV samples. Samples are used on tracks 1, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, and on the hidden track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009530-0003-0000", "contents": "13 (Die \u00c4rzte album), Track listing, Hidden track\nThe song \"Lady\" is hidden in the pregap of \"Punk ist...\". It was composed by Gonz\u00e1lez with lyrics by Gonz\u00e1lez and Felsenheimer. To hear it, one has to rewind the record from the first track to -3:55.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009531-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (HLAH album)\n13 is the first full-length album released by New Zealand band, HLAH. The album peaked at #17 on the New Zealand albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009532-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (Havoc album)\n13 is the third solo studio album by American rapper Havoc, one-half of the hip hop duo Mobb Deep. The album was released on May 7, 2013 by Nature Sounds. The singles \"Tell Me to My Face\", \"Gone\" and \"Life We Chose\" have been released. The album features guest appearances from Styles P, Raekwon, Lloyd Banks, Masspike Miles, Royce da 5'9\" and Twista.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009532-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (Havoc album), Background\nDuring 2012 beef broke out between the hip hop group Mobb Deep. On April 9, 2012, Havoc sent out a slew of Twitter insults towards Prodigy. Havoc would later deny the messages being his, saying he had lost his phone. However, he would later confirm that the tweets did in fact come from himself, also saying that Mobb Deep was on hiatus indefinitely. This would result in a self-produced, diss track being released by Havoc titled, \"Separated (Real from the Fake)\". The song was originally set for 13. The feud would die down by the beginning of 2013 resulting in Mobb Deep reuniting for an international tour to celebrate the 20th anniversary of their debut album, Juvenile Hell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009532-0002-0000", "contents": "13 (Havoc album), Background\nHavoc chose the title because 13 is his lucky number. He describes the album as being characterized by his own unique sound, with some coloration added from music of the 1990s. \"I wasn\u2019t trying to go crazy just to sound different to get radio spins. People will hear some of that classic Mobb Deep sound and the features I have on the album pretty much sums that up,\" he commented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009532-0003-0000", "contents": "13 (Havoc album), Guests and production\nIn January 2013 Havoc confirmed Royce da 5'9\" as a guest on the album along with saying he has \"many other dope guest appearances\" on the album. Once the track list was released it revealed features from Styles P, Raekwon, Lloyd Banks, Twista and Masspike Miles. It is also the first Havoc solo album to not feature Mobb Deep comrade, Prodigy. The album was primarily produced by Havoc himself along with a couple minor co-producers on some of the tracks. Statik Selektah would also produce the album's bonus track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009532-0004-0000", "contents": "13 (Havoc album), Release and promotion\nOn February 7, 2013 Havoc released an instrumental EP titled Beats Collection. On February 16, 2013 Havoc announced a release date for the album as May 7, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009532-0005-0000", "contents": "13 (Havoc album), Release and promotion\nFollowing the album's release, starting May 9 through June 9, 2013 Mobb Deep toured the United States on their 20th Anniversary tour. Then they toured Europe from mid-June to the end of August 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009532-0006-0000", "contents": "13 (Havoc album), Singles\nIn January 2013 Havoc announced the first single to be, \"Tell Me to My Face\" which features fellow rapper Royce da 5'9\". The song was premiered on January 23 and released for digital download on March 5, 2013. It was produced by Havoc and co-produced by FMG. The second single \"Gone\" was released along with the lead single on March 5, 2013 also self-produced by Havoc. On March 20, 2013, the music video was released for \"Gone\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009532-0007-0000", "contents": "13 (Havoc album), Singles\nOn April 16, 2013, the third single \"Life We Chose\" featuring Lloyd Banks was released. On May 2, 2013, the music video was released for \"Life We Chose\" featuring Lloyd Banks. The remix was released on May 7, featuring the reunited Mobb Deep. On September 16, 2013, the music video was released for \"Eyes Open\" featuring Twista.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009532-0008-0000", "contents": "13 (Havoc album), Critical response\nUpon release 13 received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 72, based on 5 reviews. David Jeffries of AllMusic gave the album four out of five stars saying, \"13 already feels more vital than anything the Mobb has done since Amerikaz Nightmare from 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009532-0008-0001", "contents": "13 (Havoc album), Critical response\nAdd the worthy single \"Tell Me to My Face\" with Royce da 5'9\" and the ridiculously good, strange, and solid solo cut \"Hear Dat\" to the second half of the album and Havoc's solo effort seems like a cathartic kiss-off or kinetic gangster celebration.\\\" Ronald Grant of HipHopDX gave the album three out of five stars, saying \"Appearances from kindred spirits such as Styles P, Raekwon, Royce Da 5\u20199 and Mysonne help add variety. But Havoc\u2019s talents and willingness to experiment with his tried and true production formula can\u2019t overcome the monotony of the subject matter in his rhymes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009532-0009-0000", "contents": "13 (Havoc album), Critical response\nLuke Fox of Exclaim! gave the album a six out of ten, saying \"Even if you appreciate Havoc's reliability, you'll miss Prodigy's unpredictable diction. But as Hav and P (who also has a new disc on deck) squash their beef and celebrate the 20th anniversary of their '93 debut, Juvenile Hell, it's comforting to know a Mobb member can still churn out solid, steely-eyed murda music.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009532-0009-0001", "contents": "13 (Havoc album), Critical response\nReed Jackson of XXL gave the album an L, saying \"The project is another solid effort to add to the impressive Mobb Deep catalogue, even though it\u2019s the first that doesn\u2019t feature contributions from both MCs. Unfortunately, Hav never really digs that deep here, and the elephant in the room prevents him from taking that next step forward.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009533-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (Indochine album)\n13 is the 13th studio album by the French band Indochine, mixed by Mick Guzauski and released on 8 September 2017. The album topped the French, Swiss and Belgian French (Wallonia) charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009534-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (Marta Savi\u0107 album)\n13 is the thirteenth studio album by Bosnian Serb turbo folk recording artist Marta Savi\u0107. It was released 24 October 2011 through the record label K::CN Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009534-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (Marta Savi\u0107 album), Singles\n\"Na istoj sam adresi\" was the album's lead single, released 23 September 2010. The second single was \"Ja nisam tavka\", released 20 August 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009534-0002-0000", "contents": "13 (Marta Savi\u0107 album), Singles\n\"Idiot\", the album's third single, was released 15 September 2011 along with the music video. The video was removed from YouTube for its graphic sex scenes and a censored version was re-uploaded in its place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009534-0003-0000", "contents": "13 (Marta Savi\u0107 album), Singles\nThe fourth single was \"Mama\" featuring Azis and Mirko Gavri\u0107. The music video for \"Mama\" was filmed 18 September 2011 for \u20ac12,000. It premiered 5 December 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009535-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (Norman Westberg album)\n13 is a solo album by American musician and Swans guitarist Norman Westberg. Originally released as a handmade limited edition disc, the album officially released on November 13, 2015 through Lawrence English's Room40 record label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009535-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (Norman Westberg album), Background\nRecorded in 2013, the album was released as a handmade limited edition of only 75 copies. The album was subsequently remastered and edited for a CD and digital release. The opening track, \"Frostbite Falls,\" was released for streaming on September 18, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009535-0002-0000", "contents": "13 (Norman Westberg album), Background\n\"His guitar, as singular source, becomes transformed through a web of outboard processes. He transforms vibrating strings completely, taking singular gesture and reshapes it through webs of delay, reverb and other treatments. To me, these works echo many of the concerns of American minimalism and sprawl towards the work of bands such as Stars of the Lid. Norman has created a very dense and powerful statement of intent with these recordings and I couldn't be more pleased to have some small part in helping to share them.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009536-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (Second Coming album)\n13 is the third and final studio album by the band Second Coming, and the only one to feature guitarist Eric Snyder. Before releasing 13, the band put out a companion acoustic EP featuring five of the tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009536-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (Second Coming album), Track listing\nAll tracks written by Bacolas, Bergstrom, Bracht and Snyder, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009537-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (Six Feet Under album)\n13 is the sixth studio album by death metal band Six Feet Under. The album was released in 2005 on Metal Blade Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009538-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (Solace album)\n13 is the second album by American heavy metal band Solace. Considered heavier, angrier and musically more aggressive than its predecessor Further, 13 continued to raise Solace above their stoner rock stereotype with its heavy metal and doom metal influences, this time with help from Scott \"Wino\" Weinrich (The Obsessed, Saint Vitus, Spirit Caravan). With comparisons made between 13 and albums from heavy bands Black Sabbath and Led Zeppelin, Solace was dubbed \"one of the freshest sounds the metal scene has ever cultivated\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009538-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (Solace album)\n13 was released in 2003 on both CD and vinyl; the CD version contained 13 tracks, while the vinyl version featured two additional songs. The cover art was supplied by artist, fan and friend of Solace, Paul Vismara. It took Solace three years to complete the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009538-0002-0000", "contents": "13 (Solace album), Title\n13's title was derived from the bad luck the band felt they endured during the production of this album. Problems included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009538-0003-0000", "contents": "13 (Solace album), Track listing, European vinyl edition\n(Has different running order of the tracks, \"Untitled\" is mentioned as \"Shit Kisser\" and spins without the silence in the beginning.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009538-0004-0000", "contents": "13 (Solace album), Track listing, Vinyl edition\nThe lyrics to the original songs on this album have never been officially released. It is commonly believed that their intensely personal nature prevents vocalist Jason from allowing their publication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009538-0005-0000", "contents": "13 (Solace album), Track listing, Vinyl edition\nThe song \"Once Around the Sun (Deep Through Time)\" has an introduction that features dialogue from the 1962 film The Creation of the Humanoids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album)\n13 is the eleventh studio album by the American crossover thrash band Suicidal Tendencies. It was released on March 26, 2013. The album was recorded over a ten-year period at the band's studio \"ST Studio\", while additional recording took place at Interscope Studios, Stall #2 and Titan Studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album)\n13 is Suicidal Tendencies' first album containing original material since 2000's Free Your Soul and Save My Mind, although they had re-recorded their older material and released a handful of new songs on Friends & Family, Vol. 2 (2001), Year of the Cycos (2008) and No Mercy Fool!/The Suicidal Family (2010). 13 is also the band's only studio album with guitarist Nico Santora, bassist Stephen Bruner and drummer Eric Moore, and features five of Suicidal Tendencies' former members (Mike Clark, Ron Brunner, Dave Hildago, Josh Paul and Tim \"Rawbiz\" Williams), who are credited as \"additional musicians\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0002-0000", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Background and recording\nSince at least 2002, there had been speculation of a Suicidal Tendencies album featuring all-new original material, with extensive reports that many tracks had been recorded with longtime producer Paul Northfield, known for his work with progressive metal bands like Dream Theater, Queensr\u00ffche and Rush. On September 11, 2002, Muir posted a message on the band's official website, stating that they would be in the studio \"working on new ST songs\", although he said the band was already in the studio before their European tour and were \"really happy with the results\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0002-0001", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Background and recording\nHe also mentioned that the band would \"record some new songs\" before he would \"go leave town on a business trip\" and was hoping for an early 2003 release. In January 2003, it was reported that Suicidal Tendencies were set to enter the studio later in the month to begin work on the album. The band explained, \"We've got a number of meetings and people coming from all over. We'll leave it at that for now.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0002-0002", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Background and recording\nHowever, by the end of the month we should have a good idea as to how we plan on proceeding, and what we hope to accomplish musically and individually in the coming year. When decisions are made, we'll let you know.\" On October 10, 2003, Suicidal Tendencies mentioned on their official website that the band would be releasing \"at least one, and possible two ST CDs\" in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0003-0000", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Background and recording\nOn October 21, 2004, Suicidal Tendencies announced on their official website that they were still working on the new album and stated that this had \"been a major highlight, proud spot and focal point for the band in terms of creativity and ability to move forward with its various musical and visual projects.\" The band also stated that they were working producer Paul Northfield on both the Suicidal album and new Infectious Grooves album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0003-0001", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Background and recording\nLater that month, the band issued the following statement in an effort to clear up possible misunderstandings with regards to their new project Return to Venice and the Suicidal Tendencies album. The band explained, \"Return to Venice will be released before the real new Suicidal Tendencies album.\" Because of Mike Muir's back status, the band decided to release the compilation first. Obviously this album will have different artwork than the \"new-cover-photo-idea\", which has just been sent out to the guy who's gonna finalize the cover concept. Also, Return to Venice will feature a compilation of bands attached to Suicidal Records and/or Venice and will contain no re-recordings of the classic 1985 Welcome to Venice.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0004-0000", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Background and recording\nOn January 16, 2006, Muir posted an update on the band's official website that Suicidal Tendencies had returned to the studio again to begin work on the album, stating that Northfield had \"flown back into town\" and work had \"started on the new Suicidal Tendencies CD\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0004-0001", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Background and recording\nHe also stated that the band would be \"sorting, working on and finishing up all the projects\" that the band hoped \"to released in the next year...of course starting with the new Suicidal Tendencies CD\" and wouldn't \"be rushing back to do any shows or making any touring plans 'till after\" the album would be completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0005-0000", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Background and recording\nOn March 3, 2006, Suicidal Tendencies posted the following update on the new album on their official website:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0006-0000", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Background and recording\nThe new stuff is sounding great. We're real excited at how it's all come together. Paul Northfield flew home and we're gonna live with the tracks for awhile, and he'll be back next month to make any changes and do the final mixes. We've been getting a lot of emails about the title of the record. We have a couple ideas for title and artwork, but we're gonna wait till the music is all done and deal with it then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0007-0000", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Background and recording\nAsked in February 2008 when the new album was expected to be released, Muir replied:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0008-0000", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Background and recording\nSuicidal goes to Argentina next week and does a couple of festivals, so we do that then Infectious comes to Australia and does the Soundwave festival, then in April we do a month in Europe, then June and July we do another month and a half with Infectious Grooves, then about September the next Suicidal comes out then before that we put out a CD that is basically a compilation of all the stuff that's gonna be coming out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0009-0000", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Background and recording\nIn February 2010, Mike Muir had noted that the new Suicidal Tendencies album would be released in late 2010, although this release date had already passed and at the band's performance at the FunFunFun Fest lineup at Waterloo Park in Austin, TX on November 7, 2010, he informed the crowd that a new album would be released in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0009-0001", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Background and recording\nHowever, in May 2011, Muir told KillYourStereo.com that the new album would likely be released in 2012 as he was working on a Cyco Miko album in October, which would have a \"taste of new Suicidal, old unreleased Suicidal, new Infectious Grooves, old Infectious Grooves and a bunch of other stuff as well.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0010-0000", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Background and recording\nIn November 2011, Mike Muir stated that Suicidal Tendencies had completed three new albums and they were \"just putting them together in a time frame.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0011-0000", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Background and recording\nOn May 31, 2012, rhythm guitarist Mike Clark received a head injury during an incident at their May 31 concert in Santa Cruz, resulting in a concussion that also required nine staples to a gash on his head. Clark was replaced by Nico Santora.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0012-0000", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Background and recording\nOn December 5, 2012, Muir told Australia's Tone Deaf that Suicidal Tendencies were tracking drums at Dr. Dre's exclusive Interscope Studio, and recording \"hundreds and hundreds of tracks\" that they like.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0013-0000", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Background and recording\nOn February 21, 2013, it was reported that Suicidal Tendencies would release their new album, now called 13, on March 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0014-0000", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Title\nThe album's title has various meanings. The album's title is a reference to the fact that it contains 13 songs, and that it is Suicidal Tendencies' first full-length in 13 years. Also, 13 is Suicidal Tendencies' 13th studio release (counting Controlled by Hatred/Feel Like Shit...D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu, Still Cyco After All These Years, Six the Hard Way and No Mercy Fool!/The Suicidal Family) and was released in 2013, the 13th year of the 21st century. It shares the same title as Black Sabbath's 13, which was released three months later, and Megadeth's TH1RT3EN, which was released in 2011. The title is also similar to Anvil's 2007 album This Is Thirteen. The number is also a reference to the alleged gang affiliation of the band, as \"13\" is heavily used in California Mexican-American Sure\u00f1o gang culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0015-0000", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Reception\nFred Thomas of AllMusic rated the album three-and-a-half stars out of five, and states, \"Thirty years after their debut, they return with 13, their first album of new material in 13 years and coincidentally their 13th album. Produced by Suicidal frontman Mike Muir, the album includes 13 tracks of the type of petulant, cathartic, thrashy hardcore the band is known for and includes cameos by Larry Linkogle and Jimmy Fitzpatrick of Metal Mulisha as well as a gang of professional skaters adding their voices to the track \"Show Some Love... Tear It Down.\"\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009539-0016-0000", "contents": "13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), Reception\n13 was Suicidal Tendencies' first album since 1994's Suicidal for Life to enter the Billboard 200; however, the album debuted at #187, making it Suicidal Tendencies' lowest chart position at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009540-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (The Doors album)\n13 is the first compilation album by American rock band the Doors, released by Elektra Records on November 30, 1970. The title refers to the thirteen tracks included, which feature a variety of songs from their five studio albums released up to that point and the cover shrinkwrap originally featured a clear sticker that read: \"A Collection of Thirteen Classic Doors Songs\". It is the band's only compilation album released while lead singer Jim Morrison was alive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009540-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (The Doors album)\nThe album reached No. 25 on the Billboard 200. It has been superseded by later Doors compilations, such as the highly successful The Best of the Doors (1985), and has not been reissued on CD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009540-0002-0000", "contents": "13 (The Doors album), Background\n13 was a project instigated by Elektra Records, who wanted product from the band for the Christmas season, to which the band reluctantly agreed. Morrison even agreed to shave off his beard for the album cover's photo shoot, but the label opted for a younger photo of the singer, which they had also done for the group's live album Absolutely Live, released in July of that year. As author Danny Sugerman observed in his memoir of the band, No One Here Gets Out Alive, \"Elektra obviously wanted the 'pretty' Jim Morrison.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009540-0002-0001", "contents": "13 (The Doors album), Background\nMorrison's image is also much larger than those of guitarist Robby Krieger, keyboardist Ray Manzarek, and drummer John Densmore, and Sugerman noted that, \"Although Ray, Robby, and John had become accustomed to the attention directed towards their lead singer, it upset Jim.\" The album's back cover features the band posing with a small bust of Ludwig van Beethoven (some have mistakenly claimed it is of occultist Aleister Crowley).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009540-0003-0000", "contents": "13 (The Doors album), Critical reception\nIn a contemporary review in 1971, music critic Dave Marsh wrote that although the album does indeed contain \"thirteen classic songs,\" it fails to deliver on any purpose other than compiling the most radio-friendly hits in one place. Marsh added that \"no magnum opuses\" were included in the collection. \"No 'The End', no 'When the Music's Over', no 'Soft Parade'\u00a0... [ it] would have been decidedly uncommercial to have them included here\u00a0... Of course 'Five to One' isn't here; funny thing, outside of 'Unknown Soldier' none of the Doors' more controversial subject matter is included.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009540-0004-0000", "contents": "13 (The Doors album), Track listing\nDetails are taken from the 1970 U.S. Elektra album, which lists different songwriter credits than other Doors albums; other releases may show different information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009541-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (Zeitoun novel)\n13 is the debut novel of Canadian author Mary-Lou Zeitoun, first published in 2002 by Porcupine's Quill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009541-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (Zeitoun novel)\nThe novel tells the story of a John Lennon obsessed 13-year-old girl called Marnie Harmon growing up in Ottawa in 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009541-0002-0000", "contents": "13 (Zeitoun novel), Plot\nMarnie Harmon is a 13-year-old girl growing up in Ottawa. Initially she attends an ordinary high school, where she is alienated from her peers, who don't understand her angst, her rejection of fashionable clothes. She experiences unwelcome attention from a male teacher, and when she tries to retaliate, she is the one who is punished, being sent to a Roman Catholic high school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009541-0003-0000", "contents": "13 (Zeitoun novel), Plot\nIt is at the more controlled school that Marnie makes friends, among the schools other rebels. They engage in rebellious behavior, like underage drinking, and hanging out in strip clubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009541-0004-0000", "contents": "13 (Zeitoun novel), Plot\nHer dream of running away to New York City, to meet her hero, John Lennon, is the narrative arc that cements the story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009541-0005-0000", "contents": "13 (Zeitoun novel), Reception\nIn 2002 The Globe and Mail named Zeitoun one of their 10 \"Writer's to Watch\" based on 13 praising the novel and saying reading it was \"like going through adolescence all over again\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009541-0006-0000", "contents": "13 (Zeitoun novel), Reception\nRay Robertson praised the novel's sparse narrative style, writing: \"Whereas a less plot-conscious writer might have let Marnie marinate for 140 pages in her own emotional juices, stewing in the sop of her oh-so-sensitive soul, Zeitoun cleverly uses Marnie's obsession with meeting Lennon as a simple but effective storyline to hang a series of witty observations about the life of a properly alienated teenager.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009541-0007-0000", "contents": "13 (Zeitoun novel), Reception\nQuill and Quire wrote: \"First-time novelist Mary-Lou Zeitoun's 13 wryly evokes an unavoidable time and place in everyone's life \u2013 the teenage years \u2013 without rendering the experience into saccharine nostalgia.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (musical)\n13 is a musical with music and lyrics by Jason Robert Brown and book by Dan Elish and Robert Horn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (musical)\nFollowing a move from New York City to small-town Indiana, young Evan Goldman grapples with his parents' divorce, prepares for his impending Bar Mitzvah, and navigates the complicated social circles of a new school. 13 is the only Broadway musical ever with a cast and band entirely made of teenagers. It originally began previews on September 16, 2008 and officially opened on October 5, 2008 at the Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0002-0000", "contents": "13 (musical)\nThe Broadway production closed on January 4, 2009 after a total of 105 performances. The show was directed by Jeremy Sams and starred Graham Phillips as Evan Goldman and Allie Trimm as Patrice. It also starred Corey Snide as Evan on the matinee performances, Aaron Simon Gross as Archie, Eric Nelsen as Brett, and Delaney Moro as Kendra. The 2008 Broadway production is notable for being the professional debuts of Ariana Grande as Charlotte and Elizabeth Gillies as Lucy, who would later go on to star together in the Nickelodeon television series Victorious.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0003-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Plot synopsis\nTwelve-year-old New Yorker Evan Goldman is soon to have his Bar Mitzvah. He wants his party to be amazing, but that might not happen because his parents are splitting up as his father starts to fall in love with a stewardess, causing his mother to file a divorce against her husband (\"Thirteen/Becoming A Man\"). Just as Evan thinks that maybe things will be fine, his mother calls to tell him they are moving to Appleton, Indiana. Once there, Evan finds a friend in his neighbor, Patrice, who develops a crush on Evan while telling him about Appleton, Indiana (\"The Lamest Place in the World\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0004-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Plot synopsis\nLater that month, Evan meets Brett Sampson, the most popular kid in school, along with his goons, Malcolm and Eddie, and tells Brett and his friends to take Kendra, a very pretty girl whom Brett wants to date, to a scary movie where Brett can do \"The Tongue\". Brett nicknames Evan \"Brain\" because of his idea. Later, Brett asks out Kendra, but Lucy, her jealous friend who has a crush on Brett, tries to tell Kendra she can't go (\"Hey, Kendra\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0004-0001", "contents": "13 (musical), Plot synopsis\nWhen Brett tells Evan that the idea seems to have worked, Evan is thrilled; this means that Brett will come to his Bar Mitzvah, and if Brett comes, everyone else will come. Patrice, however, is displeased. If she goes to the Bar Mitzvah, nobody else will go because the other kids don't like her and Evan will be viewed as \"uncool\" for hanging out with her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0004-0002", "contents": "13 (musical), Plot synopsis\nEvan does not think that it will be that bad, but when he hands out the invitations, he sees that Patrice is right, and in a moment of panic, rips up her invitation so the popular kids will come (\"13 (Reprise)\"). As the other kids express their excitement over Evan's party, Archie, a boy with muscular dystrophy, enters and introduces himself. He is upset at Evan for humiliating Patrice \u2013 his best and only friend \u2013 but promises to help make it up to her if Evan gets him a date with Kendra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0004-0003", "contents": "13 (musical), Plot synopsis\nWhen Archie's attempts to use his degenerative illness to guilt Evan into getting him the date do not work, Archie tries to convince him that Evan is the only one who can get Archie the date and if he doesn't, Archie will show up to Evan's Bar Mitzvah and ruin it (\"Get Me What I Need\"). Evan finally relents. Later, at cheerleading practice, Kendra teaches a new cheer while Lucy resolves to make Brett her boyfriend (\"Opportunity\"). Archie tries to talk Patrice into giving Evan a second chance, especially since she has a crush on him, but she has lost faith in him and is still upset at what he did to her (\"What It Means To Be A Friend\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0005-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Plot synopsis\nIn class, Brett tells Evan to get his mother to buy them all tickets to \"The Bloodmaster.\" Evan protests that his mother will not buy them tickets to an R-rated movie, but Brett points out that if she doesn't, nobody will go to his Bar Mitzvah and Evan will be uncool. Evan cycles through possible plans, eventually realizing that he will have Archie use his illness to guilt Evan's mother (\"All Hail the Brain/Terminal Illness\"). To make things better with Patrice, Evan asks her to go to the movie with him as a date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0005-0001", "contents": "13 (musical), Plot synopsis\nHe then realizes that he \"just set Brett and Archie up to be on dates with the same girl, on the same night, in the same place....\" Evan makes Archie promise to do nothing more than sit next to Kendra so as not to screw up Brett's date. Archie agrees, and everyone prepares for Friday night (\"Getting Ready\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0006-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Plot synopsis\nEveryone gets to the movie and Brett prepares for \"The Tongue.\" Lucy is on \"Tongue Patrol\" and Kendra waits for it along with Eddie and Malcolm. Amidst it all, Patrice is upset because Evan is not sitting with her; he is saving a seat for Archie (\"Any Minute\"). When Archie gets there, he pokes Brett with a crutch, and panic ensues: Archie squeezes his face, closes his eyes, and goes in to kiss Kendra, while Brett at the same time, turns his head, sticks out his tongue, and goes in for the kiss. Evan sees, and as he mouths \"Nooooo!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0006-0001", "contents": "13 (musical), Plot synopsis\n\", reaches to pull Kendra back, while Lucy reaches for Kendra, too, but only so she can stop Kendra from getting the tongue. When Brett and Archie don't realize that Kendra is out of their way, their mouths meet. Kendra knees Brett in the crotch, trying to stop him from hurting Evan or Archie, after Archie reveals how Evan set him up on a date with Kendra. Brett breaks up with Kendra, and Lucy asks if Brett's \"tongue is still available.\" Meanwhile, Evan is left alone by Patrice (\"Good Enough\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0007-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Plot synopsis\nAs Lucy and Brett begin dating, she forces him to spend more time with her. Brett's friends recognize that Lucy is good neither for Brett nor for them at all (\"Bad News\"). Evan promises to help to get Brett and Kendra back together so that he can get back on everyone's good side. Archie, fearing that this is a lost cause, begs Patrice to help Evan. She tells Archie she is not going, but he knows she's lying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0007-0001", "contents": "13 (musical), Plot synopsis\nWhen Patrice gets there, she surprises Evan by helping him help Brett, but instead of telling Brett what to say to Kendra, they end up telling each other that they are sorry, but Brett is oblivious (\"Tell Her\"). Brett takes their advice, and when he learns that Lucy and Kendra are fighting over him, he interferes and makes a feeble attempt to get Kendra back, and to his surprise, she forgives him. Meanwhile, Lucy learns of it and won't take the hit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0007-0002", "contents": "13 (musical), Plot synopsis\nShe spreads a rumor that Kendra is cheating on Brett with Evan, and then gets Evan and Kendra in the same place so that Brett can catch them (\"It Can't Be True\"). Her plan works, and Brett lashes out at Evan. Evan, finally having enough of Brett, stands up to him and says that Archie and Patrice are his real friends. After Brett insults Archie and Patrice, Evan shoves him, and Brett punches him in the nose, giving him a nosebleed. Patrice immediately rushes to Evan's aid. Kendra shows kindness towards Archie before running after Brett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0007-0003", "contents": "13 (musical), Plot synopsis\nEvan wants to call off the Bar Mitzvah because it would only be him, Patrice, and Archie, but Patrice and Archie point out it that won't be that bad, and Evan starts to agree. He surprises Patrice with a kiss, and she surprises him back (\"If That's What It Is\"). Evan has his Bar Mitzvah after all; he is starting to understand what growing up means, and the characters tell of what surprises turning thirteen brought for each of them (\"A Little More Homework\"). Evan tells the audience that he is \"thirteen years old. And [he's] just getting started.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0008-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Plot synopsis\nAn encore is performed to end the show and the band is brought onstage (\"Brand New You\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0009-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Musical numbers\n\"Good Enough\" was included in the Original Broadway Production, but was not on the Cast Recording.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0010-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Musical numbers\n\"Opportunity\" and \"Here I Come\" were both included on the Original Broadway Cast Recording, but were cut from the production before opening night. The song \"Here I Come\" originally came after \"Good Enough\", followed by \"Opportunity\", which was retooled and included in the MTI Version with new lyrics and a new spot in the show. \"Being a Geek\" was likewise not included in the Original Broadway Production, but took the place of \"Here I Come\" in the MTI Version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0011-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Productions, Pre-Broadway, Los Angeles\nThe musical premiered on January 7, 2007 at The Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles, California, and ran through February 18, 2007. The production was directed by Todd Graff, with choreography by Michele Lynch, and the cast and band were all teenagers. This production received a nomination for the 2007 LA Stage Alliance Ovation Awards, World Premiere Musical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0011-0001", "contents": "13 (musical), Productions, Pre-Broadway, Los Angeles\nThe cast and band for the Mark Taper Forum production: Ricky Ashley, Caitlin Baunoch, Molly Bernstein, Jen\u00e1e Burrows, Emma Degerstedt, Jamie Eblen, Julia Harriman, Jordan Johnson, Tinashe Kachingwe, Tyler Mann, Sara Niemietz, Ryan Ogburn, J.D. Phillips, Ellington Ratliff, Chris Raymond, Charlie Rosen, Alex Scolari, Chlo\u00e9 Smith, Christian Vandal, Nehemiah Williams and Seth Zibalese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0012-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Productions, Pre-Broadway, Goodspeed\nThe musical was next presented at the Norma Terris Theatre in Chester, Connecticut, by Goodspeed Musicals from May 9, 2008 through June 8, 2008, with direction by Jeremy Sams and choreography by Christopher Gattelli. It starred most of the original Broadway cast, except that it featured Ashton Smalling as Kendra, Taylor Bright as Cassie, Matthew McGinn as Eddie and Kyle Crews as Malcolm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0013-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Productions, Broadway\nThe musical opened on Broadway at the Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre on September 16, 2008 in previews, with an official opening on October 5, 2008 and closed on January 4, 2009 after 105 performances and 22 previews. The director and choreographer were the same as at Goodspeed, and most of the Broadway cast was also in the Goodspeed production (except Moro, Hammond and Williams). There was a teen band, as in prior productions. The production received one Drama Desk Award nomination, for Outstanding Lyrics by Brown. 13 is the first and only all Teenager Cast and Band to ever hit Broadway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0014-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Productions, Post-Broadway productions\nRevivals featuring revisions to the show made by Brown, Dan Elish and Robert Horn were staged at French Woods Performing Arts Camp in summer 2009, Theatre Under the Stars, Houston, in the fall 2009, and Indian Head camp in summer 2010. In 2010, Ransom Everglades Theatre staged a revival in Miami from March 19\u201322, directed and choreographed by Angelica Torres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0015-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Productions, Post-Broadway productions\nThe musical opened Off-Broadway at the McGinn/Cazale Theatre on April 23, 2011, in a production by the Children's Acting Company. This six-performance engagement used the revisions by Brown, Elish and Horn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0016-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Productions, Post-Broadway productions\n13 had its first production in Seattle at Nathan Eckstein Middle School in May 2010. It was produced the following year by Broadway Bound Children's Theatre at ACT Theatre in Seattle Washington, under the direction of the company's artistic director, Jimmy Nixon. It was performed twice by that company, first in December 2011, and later in July 2015. In 2009\u20132010, show was performed in several productions in Jerusalem, Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0017-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Productions, Post-Broadway productions\nThe first UK production of 13 was given by The Rival Theatre company at Cecil Hepworth playhouse in April 2010. Jason Robert Brown gave his blessing and a quote for the poster. Riverside Theatre Company of Cambridgeshire and very closely followed by Young Performers Theatre Company, of Shrewsbury, both in June 2010. The West End production of 13, by the National Youth Music Theatre, premiered at the Apollo Theatre in Westminster, London on August 22, 2012 and ran for 6 performances. The production was directed by Jason Robert Brown. As with the Broadway production, the cast were all teenagers. A West End cast recording was made at Sphere Recording Studios in Battersea, London and released on December 18, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0018-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Productions, Post-Broadway productions\nIn 2011, Theatre Noir presented the first Hong Kong productions in both English and Cantonese. The premiere of the Cantonese version took place at Jockey Club Auditorium, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 7 October 2011. In September 2014, Theatre Noir presented a re-run in both English and Cantonese in Yuen Long Theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0019-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Productions, Post-Broadway productions\nIn March 2012, 13 made its South Australian debut when it was performed by Adelaide Youth Theatre for the Adelaide Fringe Festival at the Adelaide College of the Arts. It was directed by Rodney Hutton and musically directed by Michelle Nightingale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0020-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Productions, Post-Broadway productions\nA West Australian production of 13 opened on February 4, 2015 as part of the Fringeworld Festival. Presented by Playlovers at Hackett Hall, Floreat,  it was directed by Kimberley Shaw with musical direction by Stepnhen Beerkens and Madeleine Shaw. In December 2013, a Flemish/Dutch version was mounted by Jeugdtheater Ondersteboven, a youth theatre company in Sint-Niklaas, Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0021-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Film adaptation\nIn 2014, CBS Films announced that they intended to produce a film adaption of the musical. The screenplay was expected to be written by Bert V. Royal, with producers Laurence Mark, Bob Boyett and executive producer David Blackman. Jason Robert Brown is expected to oversee the adaptation's music and lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0022-0000", "contents": "13 (musical), Film adaptation\nHowever, in 2019 it was announced that 13 would become a Netflix original film with Neil Meron producing. The screenplay is now expected to be written by Robert Horn and directed by Tamra Davis. In October 2020, Neil Meron issued an open casting call for the teen roles, with rehearsals set to begin in March 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009542-0022-0001", "contents": "13 (musical), Film adaptation\nIn April 2021, it was announced that Davis, Jason Robert Brown, Horn, Bob Boyett and Mark Nicholson will produce the film with Eli Golden, Gabriella Uhl, JD McCrary, Frankie McNellis, Lindsey Blackwell, Jonathan Lengel, Ramon Reed, Nolen Dubuc, Luke Islam, Shechinah Mpumlwana, Kayleigh Cerezo, Wyatt Moss, Liam Wignall, and Khiyla Aynne set to star. In May 2021, it was announced that Debra Messing is set to star in the film. In June, they cast Rhea Perlman, Josh Peck and Peter Hermann.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (number)\n13 (thirteen) is the natural number following 12 and preceding 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (number)\nStrikingly folkloric aspects of the number 13 have been noted in various cultures around the world: one theory is that this is due to the cultures employing lunar-solar calendars (there are approximately 12.41 lunations per solar year, and hence 12 \"true months\" plus a smaller, and often portentous, thirteenth month). This can be witnessed, for example, in the \"Twelve Days of Christmas\" of Western European tradition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0002-0000", "contents": "13 (number), In mathematics\nSince 52 + 122 = 132, (5, 12, 13) forms a Pythagorean triple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0003-0000", "contents": "13 (number), In mathematics\nThere are 13 Archimedean solids as normally counted, although some include the Elongated square gyrobicupola as a fourteenth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0004-0000", "contents": "13 (number), In mathematics\nA standard torus can be sliced into 13 pieces with just 3 plane cuts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0005-0000", "contents": "13 (number), In mathematics\nThere are also 13 different ways for the three fastest horses in a horse race to finish, allowing for ties, a fact that can be expressed mathematically by 13 being the third ordered Bell number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0006-0000", "contents": "13 (number), In mathematics, In Other Bases\nIn base 4 and 83, thirteen is equal to the sum of its own square's squared digits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 43], "content_span": [44, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0007-0000", "contents": "13 (number), In languages, Grammar, Folklore\nIn Germany, according to an old tradition, 13 (dreizehn), as the first compound number, was the first number written in digits; the numbers 0 (null) through 12 (zw\u00f6lf) were spelled out. The Duden (the German standard dictionary) now calls this tradition (which was actually never written down as an official rule) outdated and no longer valid, but many writers still follow it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0008-0000", "contents": "13 (number), In languages, In English\nThirteen is one of two numbers within the teen numerical range (13-19), along with fifteen, not derived by cardinal numeral (three) and the teen suffix; instead, it's derived from the ordinal numeral (third).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0009-0000", "contents": "13 (number), In religion, Islam\nIn Shia, 13 signifies the 13th day of the month of Rajab (the Lunar calendar), which is the birth of Imam Ali. 13 also is a total of 1 Prophet and 12 Shia Imams in the Islamic School of Thought.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0010-0000", "contents": "13 (number), In religion, Catholicism\nThe apparitions of the Virgin of F\u00e1tima in 1917 were claimed to occur on the 13th day of six consecutive months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0011-0000", "contents": "13 (number), In religion, Catholicism\nIn Catholic devotional practice, the number thirteen is also associated with Saint Anthony of Padua, since his feast day falls on June 13. A traditional devotion called the Thirteen Tuesdays of St. Anthony involves praying to the saint every Tuesday over a period of thirteen weeks. Another devotion, St. Anthony's Chaplet, consists of thirteen decades of three beads each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0012-0000", "contents": "13 (number), In religion, Sikhism\nAccording to famous Sakhi (Evidence) or story of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, when he was an accountant at a town of Sultanpur Lodhi, he was distributing groceries to people. When he gave groceries to the 13th person, he stopped because in Gurmukhi and Hindi the word 13 is called Terah, which means yours. And Guru Nanak Dev Ji kept saying, \"Yours, yours, yours...\" remembering God. People reported to the emperor that Guru Nanak Dev Ji was giving out free food to the people. When treasures were checked, there was more money than before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0013-0000", "contents": "13 (number), In religion, Sikhism\nThe Vaisakhi, which commemorates the creation of \"Khalsa\" or pure Sikh was celebrated on April 13 for many years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0014-0000", "contents": "13 (number), In religion, Zoroastrianism\nSince beginning of the Nowruz tradition, the 13th day of each new Iranian year is called Sizdah Be-dar, a festival dedicated to pranks and spending time outdoors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0015-0000", "contents": "13 (number), Luck, Bad\nThe number 13 is considered an unlucky number in some countries. The end of the Mayan calendar's 13th Baktun was superstitiously feared as a harbinger of the apocalyptic 2012 phenomenon. Fear of the number 13 has a specifically recognized phobia, triskaidekaphobia, a word coined in 1911. The superstitious sufferers of triskaidekaphobia try to avoid bad luck by keeping away from anything numbered or labelled thirteen. As a result, companies and manufacturers use another way of numbering or labelling to avoid the number, with hotels and tall buildings being conspicuous examples (thirteenth floor). It is also considered unlucky to have thirteen guests at a table. Friday the 13th has been considered an unlucky day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0016-0000", "contents": "13 (number), Luck, Bad\nThere are a number of theories as to why the number thirteen became associated with bad luck, but none of them have been accepted as likely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0017-0000", "contents": "13 (number), Luck, Other\nColgate University also considers 13 a lucky number. They were founded in 1819 by 13 men with 13 dollars, 13 prayers and 13 articles. (To this day, members of the Colgate community consider the number 13 a good omen.) In fact, the campus address is 13 Oak Drive in Hamilton, New York, and the male a cappella group is called the Colgate 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0018-0000", "contents": "13 (number), Luck, Other\nIn the Mayan Tzolk'in calendar, trecenas mark cycles of 13-day periods. The pyramids are also set up in 9 steps divided into 7 days and 6 nights, 13 days total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0019-0000", "contents": "13 (number), Luck, Other\nIn the standard 52-card deck of playing cards there are four suits, each of 13 ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0020-0000", "contents": "13 (number), Luck, Other\nA baker's dozen, devil's dozen, long dozen, or long measure is 13, one more than a standard dozen. The thirteenth loaf is called the vantage loaf because it is considered advantageous overall to get 13 loaves for the price of 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0021-0000", "contents": "13 (number), Luck, Other\nIn Arthurian legend, which was recorded in Medieval texts, King Arthur is resting in Avalon with the twelve greatest knights of the Round Table, totalling 13, and will return when his country is in peril.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0022-0000", "contents": "13 (number), Luck, Other\nThe Thirteen Treasures of Britain are a series of magical items listed in late Medieval texts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0023-0000", "contents": "13 (number), Luck, Other\nThe Thirteen Postures of Tai Chi are thirteen postures (consisting of Eight Gates and Five Steps) which are considered to be of fundamental importance in the practice of Tai Chi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0024-0000", "contents": "13 (number), Luck, Other\nIn astronomy there are 13 star constellations in the zodiac (including Ophiuchus); this can be compared with astrology where there are 12 signs of the zodiac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0025-0000", "contents": "13 (number), Luck, Other\nIn Judaism, 13 signifies the age at which a boy matures and becomes a Bar Mitzvah, i.e., a full member of the Jewish faith (counts as a member of Minyan). The number of principles of Jewish faith according to Maimonides. According to Rabbinic commentary on the Torah, God has 13 Attributes of Mercy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009543-0026-0000", "contents": "13 (number), Luck, Other\nIn a tarot card deck, XIII is the card of Death, usually picturing the Pale horse with its rider.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009544-0000-0000", "contents": "13 (play)\n13 is a 2011 play by Mike Bartlett. It premiered at the National Theatre, London, in October 2011 and centres around John, a christ-like figure, who returns from absence to preach an anti-war movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009544-0001-0000", "contents": "13 (play), Production history\nThe play premiered at the National Theatre, London, on October 18, 2011, directed by Thea Sharrock, with Trystan Gravelle as John and Shane Zaza as Zia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009544-0002-0000", "contents": "13 (play), Production history\nIn 2014, the play premiered at the Chapter Arts Centre, Cardiff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009544-0003-0000", "contents": "13 (play), Reception\nMichael Billington of The Guardian awarded the play four stars and stating that Bartlett had written a \"powerful, disturbing play\", and described the set design of the production as \"excellently served\" by Thea Sharrock and Tom Scutt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009544-0004-0000", "contents": "13 (play), Reception\nCharles Spencer of The Telegraph gave the play three stars, stating his main problem with it was the Jesus-like hero, John, believing that he'd never gain such a following and describing him as a \"sanctimonious Welsh windbag\". Spencer also found the set design of the National Theatre production failing to capture the atmosphere of modern London. He compared the play to Bartlett's previous one, Earthquakes in London, which made him feel spellbound, whilst '13' made him feeling fidgety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009544-0005-0000", "contents": "13 (play), Print\nThe play was published by Bloomsbury Methuen, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing, on October 16, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009545-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Above the Night\n13 Above the Night is the fourth studio album by industrial disco band My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult. It was originally released in 1993 on Interscope Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009545-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Above the Night, Recording\n13 Above the Night was the band's first album for Interscope and also their first album recorded with their touring band members Levi Levi (bass), Otto Matrix (drums), Trash Kavity (guitar) and \"Chicago House Diva\" singer Shawn Christopher. Lydia Lunch also co-wrote and contributed vocals to the song \"Dirty Little Secrets\". It was recorded at Ground Control Studios and Mixed at Starlust Studios, both in Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009545-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Above the Night, Samples\nOn the track \"Disko Fleshpot\", the spoken words \"Who do you think you're dealing with, some old slut on 42nd Street?\" and \"In case you didn't happen notice this, I'm one hell of a gorgeous chick!\" are samples from the 1969 movie Midnight Cowboy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009545-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Above the Night, Release\n13 Above the Night was released on cassette and digipack CD on September 7, 1993. It was later reissued with two bonus remixes on Rykodisc in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009545-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Above the Night, Touring\nThe band toured the U.S. in support of the album from October to December 1993. The support act on the 13 Above the Night Tour was Machines of Loving Grace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009546-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Above the Night (anthology)\n13 Above the Night is an anthology of science fiction short stories edited by American anthologist Groff Conklin. It was first published in paperback by Dell Books in October 1965; it was reprinted in November 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009546-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Above the Night (anthology)\nThe book collects thirteen novelettes and short stories by various science fiction authors, together with an introduction by the editor. The stories were previously published from 1951-1963 in various science fiction magazines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009546-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Above the Night (anthology), Notes\nThis article about a collection of science fiction short stories published in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009547-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Ah Visnaa Dhehaas\n13 Ah Visnaa Dhehaas is a 2012 Maldivian political comedy short film directed by Abdulla Muaz. Produced by Mohamed Abdulla under Dhekedheke Ves Productions, the film stars Abdulla, Niuma Mohamed, Ismail Rasheed and Fathimath Azifa in pivotal roles. The entire film was shot in R. Ungoofaaru. At the 3rd Maldives Film Awards ceremony, the film was nominated in eight categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009547-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Ah Visnaa Dhehaas, Premise\nThe film revolves around the conflict of two political parties, Maldives Democratic Party (MDP) and Progressive Party of Maldives (PPM) where two couples representing each party involves in political and personal complications in regards to the 2013 Presidency of Maldives. The film also incorporates several actual footage from the campaign events held by MDP. The film ends with PPM activist, Hussein Fulhu (Mohamed Abdulla) and MDP activist, Ismail Fulhu (Ismail Rasheed) unintentionally divorcing their respective wives, Zuleykha (Fathimath Azifa) and Mariyam Zeeniya (Niuma Mohamed).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009548-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Air Assault Support Regiment RLC\n13 Air Assault Support Regiment RLC is a regiment of the Royal Logistic Corps of the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009548-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Air Assault Support Regiment RLC, History\nThe regiment was formed in 1999, upon the formation of 16 Air Assault Brigade, in order to provide logistical support to the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009549-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey\n13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey is a book first published in 1969 by folklorist Kathryn Tucker Windham and Margaret Gillis Figh. The book contains thirteen ghost stories from the U.S. state of Alabama. The book was the first in a series of seven Jeffrey books, most featuring ghost stories from a Southern state. Jeffrey in the book's title refers to a ghost that allegedly haunts Windham's home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009549-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey, Origins of the book and Jeffrey\nThe foreword of the book describes how Windham came to be interested in ghost stories. It began with ghostly incidents in the Windham family home in Selma that Windham attributed to a spirit she dubbed \"Jeffrey\". At first, the family heard footsteps in rooms that would later be found empty. A supposed photograph of Jeffrey, included in the book, was taken inside the home. On the night the picture was made, some young people visiting the house decided to play with a Ouija board, trying to contact Jeffrey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009549-0001-0001", "contents": "13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey, Origins of the book and Jeffrey\nWhen they developed the photos taken that night, a shadowy vaguely human-like shape was seen beside a girl in the photograph. Soon after it was taken Windham contacted Figh, who was a noted collector of ghost stories, to ask about Jeffrey. Out of that meeting, the idea of 13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey was born.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009549-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey, Origins of the book and Jeffrey\nIn the preface to the book, Windham says that although there are many ghost stories in Alabama, she wanted to choose stories for her book that had \"entertained many generations\" and were \"a treasured part of Southern folklore\". Windham sought stories from which she could describe not only the ghost, but also the community and lifestyles of the people who first reported the haunting. Windham spends as much time describing the people and places around the ghost stories as she does the ghost itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009549-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey, Controversy\nDespite being very popular in Alabama, the book attracted some controversy from certain Christians in the state who said that the book promoted beliefs incompatible with Christianity. In fact, Windham said that she had received letters from people telling her she is doomed to hell for writing the Jeffrey books. In an interview with The Birmingham News, Windham responded to these claims, saying \"If I'm going to hell \u2014 and I can't deny that, because it's not for me to judge \u2014 it won't be for telling ghost stories; I have far greater shortcomings than that.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009549-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey, Adaptations\n13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey has been adapted into a stage musical by Don Everett Garrett and Kevin Francis Finn. Kathryn Tucker Windham gave her blessing for the adaptation and saw the premiere at Red Mountain Theatre Company's Cabaret Theatre in October 2010, prior to her death. The musical is now available to schools and arts organizations from the authors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009550-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Andromedae\n13 Andromedae, abbreviated 13 And, is a single, blue-white hued variable star in the northern constellation of Andromeda. 13 Andromedae is the Flamsteed designation, while it bears the variable star designation V388 Andromedae. With a typical apparent visual magnitude of around 5.75, it is dimly visible to the naked eye under good seeing conditions. The distance to this star can be directly estimated from its annual parallax shift of 10.9\u00a0mas, yielding a range of 300\u00a0light years. At that distance, its brightness is diminished by an extinction of 0.13\u00a0magnitude due to interstellar dust. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u22128\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009550-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Andromedae\nThis is a magnetic chemically peculiar star that has been assigned stellar classifications of B9\u00a0III or B9\u00a0Mn. It is a variable star of the Alpha2\u00a0Canum Venaticorum type, ranging in magnitude from 5.73 down to 5.77 with a period of 1.47946\u00a0days. The star has a high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 75\u00a0km/s. 13 Andromedae is around 345\u00a0million years old and shines with 43 times the Sun's luminosity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009551-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (1963 film)\n13 Assassins (Japanese: \u5341\u4e09\u4eba\u306e\u523a\u5ba2, romaji: J\u016bsan-nin no shikaku) is a 1963 Japanese jidaigeki (period drama) film directed by Eiichi Kudo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009551-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (1963 film), Plot\nIn 1844, the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan is in a period of transition, and one of the high ranking lords,  Lord Matsudaira, has become tainted by his dissolute and reprobate misconduct. Many leaders in the governing community of the current government feel that the code of honor, bushido, of the samurai is being disgraced by Matsudaira. His reprobate, egotistical, and feckless lifestyle is disgusting to those who come into close contact with him. After receiving reports, Sir Doi is convinced that Matsudaira represents a severe threat to the entire code of honor for the samurai tradition. Sir Doi decides, because of the severity of Matsudaira's misconduct, to take a blood oath to assassinate the reprobate Lord Matsudaira. He enlists a troop of assassins to swear a similar blood oath to do away with Matsudaira in order to restore his country's wellbeing and code of honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009551-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (1963 film), Remake\nThe film was remade in 2010 by Takashi Miike. The remake was met with critical acclaim. BFI, in an assessment of the top ten samurai films, compared the remake of the film to the original version stating: \"Set in 1844, 13 Assassins follows the Seven Samurai template, featuring a band of samurais who come together to overthrow a despotic lord for the greater good of society. Miike\u2019s version benefits from a far more generous budget, with a wonderful attention to period sets and costumes and some inventively choreographed fight scenes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film)\n13 Assassins (Japanese: \u5341\u4e09\u4eba\u306e\u523a\u5ba2, Hepburn: J\u016bsannin no Shikaku) is a 2010 samurai film directed by Takashi Miike and starring K\u014dji Yakusho, Takayuki Yamada, S\u014dsuke Takaoka, Hiroki Matsukata, Kazuki Namioka, and Gor\u014d Inagaki. A remake of Eiichi Kudo's 1963 Japanese period drama film 13 Assassins, it is set in 1844 toward the end of the Edo period in which a group of thirteen assassins\u2014comprising twelve samurai and a hunter\u2014secretly plot to assassinate Lord Matsudaira Naritsugu, the murderous leader of the Akashi clan, to thwart his appointment to the powerful Shogunate Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film)\nThe film marks the third time in which Yamada and Takaoka co-starred, the first two being Crows Zero and Crows Zero 2, both directed by Miike. Principal photography on 13 Assassins took place in the course of two months in Tsuruoka, Yamagata, in northern Japan, in the period from July to September 2009. The film opened in Japan on 25\u00a0September 2010 and in the United States on 29\u00a0April 2011. It received critical acclaim from western critics and compared it favorably with Kurosawa's work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Plot\nIn the year 1844 of the Edo Period, as the Tokugawa Shogunate is in decline, the sadistic Lord Matsudaira Naritsugu of Akashi rapes, tortures, mutilates and murders nobles and commoners at will. He is shielded because the Sh\u014dgun is his half-brother. Sir Doi Toshitsura, the Sh\u014dgun's Justice Minister, realizes that when Naritsugu ascends to the Shogunate Council, civil war will break out between the Sh\u014dgun and the many feudal lords Naritsugu has offended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0002-0001", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Plot\nThen, the feudal lord of the Mamiya clan publicly commits seppuku as a protest against the Sh\u014dgun's refusal to punish Lord Naritsugu, who has personally murdered the feudal lord's entire family. When the Sh\u014dgun still insists upon Naritsugu's promotion, Sir\u00a0Doi seeks out a trusted older samurai, Shimada Shinzaemon, who served under the former sh\u014dgun, and secretly hires him to assassinate Naritsugu. However, Naritsugu's loyal retainers led by Hanbei, an old contemporary of Shinzaemon, learn of the plot by spying on Doi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Plot\nShinzaemon gathers eleven trusted samurai including Shinzaemon's nephew, Shinrokur\u014d, who together plan to ambush Naritsugu on his official journey from Edo to his lands in Akashi. Just before they leave, Hanbei arrives and warns his old colleague that he will suffer grave consequences if he tries to kill Naritsugu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Plot\nThe group, with the legal authority and financial assistance of Doi, buy the help of the town of Ochiai in order to create a trap. They also enlist the help of Makino, a feudal lord whose daughter-in-law was raped and son murdered by Naritsugu. With troops, Makino blocks the official highway, forcing Naritsugu to head into the trap; Makino then disembowels himself to conceal his own involvement in the conspiracy. During the assassins' journey to the town, they are attacked by r\u014dnin who have been paid off by Hanbei to kill the plotters. The group decides to head through the mountains but end up getting lost. In the process they encounter a hunter named Kiga Koyata who becomes their guide and later the thirteenth assassin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Plot\nThe town is converted into an elaborate maze of booby traps and camouflaged fortifications. When Naritsugu and his retinue arrive, their numbers have been augmented by additional troops. The 13 assassins are no longer facing 70 men-at-arms; now they face at least 200. A lengthy battle follows, with Naritsugu and his guards trapped inside the village and attacked on all sides by arrows, explosives, knives, and swords - with the exception of Koyata, who fights with rocks in slings and with sticks. In the midst of the carnage, the sadistic Naritsugu is aroused by the bloodshed of the battle. He tells Hanbei that when he ascends to the Sh\u014dgun's council he will bring back the wars of the Sengoku Period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Plot\nThe assassins are killed one by one, but not before they kill nearly all of the Akashi forces. Eventually, Naritsugu and Hanbei, along with two retainers, are the last remaining of the Naritsugu's party, and are confronted by Shinzaemon and Shinrokur\u014d. After Shinzaemon kills Hanbei, Naritsugu kicks his loyal retainer's head away, insulting the samurai who has given his life for him. Contemptuously, he announces that the people and the samurai have only one purpose: to serve their lords.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0006-0001", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Plot\nShinzaemon counters by telling Naritsugu that lords cannot live without the support of the people and that, if a lord abuses his power, the people will always rise up against him. Naritsugu and Shinzaemon mortally wound each other. Crying, crawling in the mud, and experiencing fear and pain for the first time, the lord thanks Shinzaemon for showing him excitement. Shinzaemon then decapitates him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Plot\nShinrokur\u014d wanders through the carnage and meets the hunter Koyata who, having suffered a fatal injury earlier, runs up to him with characteristic vigor, unharmed. They make their separate ways out of the town after they briefly discuss how they intend to live their lives from then onwards. An epilogue states that the Sh\u014dgun and his government covered up what really occurred, announcing that Naritsugu died of illness on the journey back to his lands. Twenty-three years later, the Tokugawa Shogunate would be overthrown during the Meiji Restoration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Production\n13 Assassins was produced through Toshiaki Nakazawa's film outfit, Sedic International, and Jeremy Thomas's Recorded Picture Company. Nakazawa had previously worked with director Takashi Miike on The Bird People in China and Andromedia (both in 1998), Yakuza Demon (2003), and Sukiyaki Western Django (2007). At the start of production, Thomas said he was pleased to be working again with \"wonderful Japanese filmmakers like Toshiaki Nakazawa and Takashi Miike, whose work speaks for itself as being amongst the most successful and innovative coming from Japan\". Nakazawa replied that he would like Thomas \"to wear a sword also, and with one more assassin, together we will send out the fourteen assassins over there\". Of his approach in directing the film, Miike said:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0009-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Production\nI felt that all of us working on our remake of 13 Assassins had to honour the original director, Eiichi Kudo, and everyone else who created the original. It was important to avoid doing what most modern-day chanbara do, which is to insert a love story, or interpose modern-day mindsets. Over the years, people have remade Kurosawa movies, but failed every time because they have not been able to adapt the story into something young audiences can understand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0010-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Production\nHaving been a fan of K\u014dji Yakusho's acting, Miike made it a priority that he be cast in the leading role. In addition, he sought younger actors to play the assassins, in particular Sousuke Takaoka and Takayuki Yamada, with whom Miike had worked in his two films, Crows Zero (2007) and its sequel Crows Zero 2 (2009). The film's screenplay was written by Daisuke Tengan, who had also written the screenplay for Miike's film Audition (1999).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0011-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Production\nThe film entered production over a two-month period. Principal photography began in July 2009 on a large open-air set in Tsuruoka in the Yamagata Prefecture in northern Japan. The filming of the action scenes took about three weeks and was met with minor weather-related difficulties. Miike had strayed from the use of CGI in the film as well as planning the scenes via storyboarding, insisting on shooting the scenes right away. In a separate interview, however, Miike said that some CGI were used, albeit minimal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0011-0001", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Production\nOver half of the thirteen actors playing the assassins were reportedly inexperienced in sword fighting and horseback riding, and Miike wanted them to be just that, explaining, \"If the actors had been skilled from the beginning, and had been in several samurai movies before, the way they approached the action would've been different; they probably would've ended up being something they were doing to look good or be beautiful, or to fall into the trappings of the stereotypical form that they had.\" Filming concluded in early September 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0012-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Release, Theatrical run\nJeremy Thomas's London-based company HanWay Films handled international sales. Toho had prebought the rights to distribute the film in Japan, and released it on 25 September 2010. The film competed for the Golden Lion at the 67th Venice International Film Festival on 9 September 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0013-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Release, Theatrical run\nMagnet Releasing, a genre arm of Magnolia Pictures, acquired North American distribution rights for the film. The film streamed video on demand in March 2011, and was released in theaters in the United States on 29\u00a0April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0014-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Release, Theatrical run\nAt the box office, 13 Assassins grossed $802,778 in the US and Canada. From an estimated budget of $6 million, it grossed $17,555,141 worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0015-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Release, Critical reception\n13 Assassins drew good reviews from critics, many of whom praised its final battle sequence (which runs 45 minutes). Rotten Tomatoes gives a score of 95%, with an average rating of 7.9 out of 10, based on reviews from 128 critics. The website's \"Critics Consensus\" for the film reads, \"Takashi Miike's electric remake of Eiichi Kudo's 1963 period action film is a wild spectacle executed with killer, dizzying panache.\" On Metacritic the film received \"Universal acclaim\" and was awarded its \"Must-See\" badge, with a weighted average of 84 out of 100 based on 33 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0016-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Release, Critical reception\nRoger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, who gave the film 31/2 stars out of 4, praised the film as \"terrifically entertaining, an ambitious big-budget epic, directed with great visuals and sound\", and compared it favorably with other action films in its subtle use of CGI effects. Ebert also praised the way the film \"focuses on story in the midst of violence\", as well as incorporating characters and drama with a skill that most blockbuster action films lack. Ebert later included it in his Best Films of 2011 list as an addendum to his top 20. Manohla Dargis chose 13 Assassins as her Critic's Pick for The New York Times, describing it as \"A stirring, unexpectedly moving story of love and blood\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0017-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Release, Critical reception\nV.\u00a0A. Musetto of the New York Post said the film complements Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai (1954) and Ran (1985), describing Miike's film as \"a pulse-quickening masterpiece that would please the mighty Kurosawa\". Mark Schilling of The Japan Times commended Miike's direction and the performance of the ensemble cast (including K\u014dji Yakusho's). Schilling gave the film 4 stars out of 5, but, notwithstanding other favorable comparisons, he noted that it barely \"strike[s] the deeper chords\" of Seven Samurai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0017-0001", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Release, Critical reception\nTom Mes of Film Comment said the film \"culminates in a riveting, ingeniously plotted, and inventively shot 45-minute battle scene that few contemporary Japanese directors besides Miike could pull off, either logistically or artistically\". Leslie Felperin of Variety praised the film's technical aspects, describing Kenji Yamashita's editing as \"gracefully executed\", Kazuhiro Sawataishi's costume design as \"terrific, character-defining\", and K\u014dji End\u014d's soundtrack as \"rousing, propulsive score\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0018-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Release, Home media\nThe film's DVD and Blu-ray versions were released in the United States on 5\u00a0July 2011 by Magnet Releasing, and in the United Kingdom on 5\u00a0September by Artificial Eye. The DVD version was the 12th-bestselling DVD in its first week of availability in the US, selling 41,593 copies. In its second week, it dropped to 30th place, selling 13,922 copies. The Blu-ray version was the third-bestselling Blu-ray, selling 33,142 copies in its first week. In its second week, it dropped to 10,335 copies and was placed 20th. The Blu-ray version garnered positive reviews from IGN, DVD Talk, Slant Magazine, and HuffPost UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009552-0019-0000", "contents": "13 Assassins (2010 film), Release, Accolades\nIn Japan, the film won four of its ten nominations at the 34th Japan Academy Prize, and won both of its two nominations at the 32nd Yokohama Film Festival. In 2014 Time Out polled several film critics, directors, actors, and stunt actors to list their top action films. 13 Assassins was listed at 94th place on the list. Rotten Tomatoes ranked the film at No. 70 on its list of the \"140 Essential Action Movies To Watch Now\", and was ranked at No. 5 on Screen Rant's \"12 Best Action Movies You've Never Heard Of\". 13 Assassins made the British Film Institute's list of 10 great samurai films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009553-0000-0000", "contents": "13 BC\nYear 13 BC was either a common year starting on Friday, Saturday or Sunday or a leap year starting on Friday or Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Nero and Varus (or, less frequently, year 741 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 13 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009554-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Bankers\n13 Bankers: The Wall Street Takeover and the Next Financial Meltdown is a 2010 book written by economist Simon Johnson and historian James Kwak. According to economist C. Fred Bergsten, the book offers an analysis of the financial crisis of 2007\u20132009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved\n13 Beloved (Thai: 13 \u0e40\u0e01\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e07 or 13 Game Sayong, also 13: Game of Death) is a 2006 Thai horror comedy film written and directed by Chukiat Sakveerakul and starring Krissada Sukosol Clapp. The story, about a man who is led through progressively challenging, degrading, and dangerous stunts by mysterious callers from an underground reality game show, is adapted from the 13th Quiz Show episode in the My Mania comic-book series by Eakasit Thairaat. It was the second feature-length film for Chukiat, who previously directed the horror film Pisaj.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved\nThe film won several awards in Thailand and from film festivals. Remake rights for the film were purchased by The Weinstein Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Plot\nA Boy Scout is standing at the crosswalk of a busy intersection in Bangkok and sees an elderly woman carrying some bags, struggling to make her way across the street. The woman drops some of her belongings, and as the seconds tick away before the lights will change, the boy runs out to assist the woman. In the confusion, he drops his mobile phone, and leaves it in the street while he helps the woman to safety. Just as the light changes and traffic starts to rush forward, the boy runs out to retrieve his phone, where he is hit by a bus and killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Plot\nThe scene then shifts to protagonist Phuchit Puengnathong (\u0e20\u0e39\u0e0a\u0e34\u0e15 \u0e1e\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e19\u0e32\u0e17\u0e2d\u0e07) (Krissada Sukosol Clapp), a struggling Yamaha Corporation salesman. He arrives at a potential client's school to find that a co-worker from his firm has already made the sale. His girlfriend, Maew, has recently dumped him to become a pop star. He lives alone in a small apartment. The next morning, he finds that his car has been repossessed. He arrives at work and is called into his boss's office, and is forced to resign due to his lack of sales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Plot\nHe goes out to the stairwell to gather his thoughts and have a cigarette. He then discovers he has no more. He has a big stack of overdue bills from credit companies. However, his mobile phone is still working. His mother calls. She needs some money to pay for his younger brother's schooling. Puchit agrees to send her some money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Plot\nAngrily, he crumples his credit-card statements and bills and throws them to the floor. His phone rings again. The caller says Phuchit has a chance to win 10,000 baht. Phuchit is ready to hang up, thinking the call is cruel joke being played on him by his co-workers or friends. But then the caller tells Phuchit his full name, age, employment status and other details that makes Phuchit stay on the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0005-0001", "contents": "13 Beloved, Plot\nTo win the 10,000 baht, all he has to do is swat a fly which is at that very moment buzzing around him and has been pestering him the whole time he's been sitting in the stairwell. The caller even says there is a rolled up newspaper nearby. Phutchit grabs the paper and swats the fly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Plot\nHe immediately receives a message that 10,000 baht has been transferred to his bank account. His phone immediately rings again. The caller says Phuchit will win more money if he eats the dead fly. He goes back to his desk, holding the fly while debating whether to eat it. One of his co-workers, a friend, Tong (Achita Sikamana), comes to see him, just as he pops the fly into his mouth. She is stunned and is not sure what to say to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Plot\nPhuchit receives another phone call. The caller explains that if he completes 11 more tasks, he will win 100 million baht. Needing the money, Phuchit reluctantly agrees to the play the game. The caller explains that if he quits the game or anyone discovers that he's playing the game, he'll forfeit all his winnings so far.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Plot\nFor the third stunt, he is told he must make some children cry. This act makes Phuchit recall his childhood, in which his father crushed his toys by stomping on them; Phuchit's father, a farang named John Adams (Philip Wilson), had married his Thai mother (Sukulya Kongkawong). Next, Phuchit must steal coins from a beggar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0009-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Plot\nFor his fifth stunt, Phuchit is told to go to a fine Chinese restaurant. He is brought a covered plate that contains feces and he is told that he must eat it. This makes Phuchit recall when some bullies tried to make him eat dog feces when he was a child.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0010-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Plot\nThe stunts grow increasingly degrading, unlawful and deadly. His sixth is to fight with a gang of school-age thugs while riding a public bus in order to get another mobile phone. He must jump down a well and drag up the corpse of a dead man. He has to beat up his ex-girlfriend Maew's new boyfriend with a chair. Next, he must break an elderly woman (the same old woman from the first scene) out of a hospital. The game causes Phuchit to recall his childhood, when he was beaten by his cruel farang father, was taunted by bullies and other bad memories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0011-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Plot\nMeanwhile, Phuchit's friend Tong is concerned about the strange behavior she witnessed earlier in the office and later in the Chinese restaurant, and putting together clues overheard at the police station, she goes to her computer at work and gets on the internet. A computer expert, she manages to hack into a website for a game called 13. However, unbeknownst to her, she is being watched, and unwittingly, she is made part of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0012-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Plot\nA police detective, Surachai, also becomes involved, and comes close to catching Phuchit. He believes the crime spree is linked to something much larger, and it is hinted he has suspicions about the existence of the game. However, Phuchit evades capture, and a higher-ranking police official orders Surachai to call off the pursuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0013-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Plot\nEventually, Tong's life is put at risk. She discovers the place where the game is being run from, and confronts the game's mastermind, a young boy named Kie, who tells Tong he is powerless to stop the game, saying he is \"just a component\" in the live, underground reality game involves players and viewers that perhaps number in the thousands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0014-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Plot\nPhuchit finds himself confronted by his abusive father, John Adams, who is strapped in a wheelchair, wearing a straitjacket and appears to be unconscious. To win the 100 million baht, Phuchit must stab Adams with a butcher knife. Phuchit is unable to do this, recalling that what guided him through his painful childhood and disappointing life was his mother's desire that he never become a bad person like his father. Adams wakes up and stabs Phuchit to death, therefore winning his own game. Tong screams at Kie, and Kie leaves as his minions hold her. Tong later wakes up on a bus bench and is found by Surachai as he continues to investigate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0015-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Production\n13 Beloved is adapted from the 13th Quiz Show episode in the My Mania graphic novel (or \"pocket book\" as it is called in Thailand) series by Eakasit Thairaat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0016-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Production\nDirector Matthew Chookiat Sakveerakul said the film is a reflection on what he views as materialism in Thai society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0017-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Production\n\"There are plenty of movies out there that are only for fun,\" Chukiat said in an interview. \"I am more interested in political and social issues, so my movies address these and human issues as well. All in all, movies do address the state of being human, with themes such as love, and obsessions of one kind or another. But some just scratch the surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0018-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Production\nThailand's prime minister at the time, Thaksin Shinawatra, is directly referenced in the film \u2013 his photo is on the newspaper that Phuchit uses to swat a fly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0019-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Production\nThe film covers one day but actually took about seven months to film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0020-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Production\nThe fifth stunt involved Phuchit eating a plate of feces, which in reality was a mix of durian, syrup and peanuts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0021-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Prequel and Sequel\nA short film prequel, 12 Begin, was made as part of the film's pre-release promotional campaign. It was shown in limited screenings at SF Cinema City theaters. A sequel called 14 Beyond has been planned for several years, but has yet to start production. Commuan Studios began producing a manga version of the sequel in the leadup to the planned production, but it no longer appears to be available online.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0022-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Release\nThe film opened in wide release in Thai cinemas on October 5, 2006. It was also screened commercially in Japan and Singapore in June 2007. Its North American premiere was at the 2007 Fantasia Festival in Montreal. It also screened at the 2007 Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival, where it won the European Fantastic Film Festivals Federation Asian Film Award. It also screened at the 2007 Bangkok International Film Festival in the non-competition \"Thai Panorama\" program. The film has been released on Region 3 DVD in Singapore, with English subtitles. It released theatrically in Hong Kong on January 24, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0023-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Release, Box office\n13 Beloved was number one in Thai cinemas on opening weekend, earning US$266,218 and edging out the previous week's number one film, Rob-B-Hood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0024-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, Release, Critical reception\nThe film was hailed critically as well, with the Bangkok Post's Kong Rithdee calling it a \"smart, ambitious commercial film\" with shortcomings that \"are the results of risk-taking rather than of incompetence.\" Maggie Lee, writing for The Hollywood Reporter, called 13 Beloved \"one of those accomplished suspense thrillers that mount the tension stage by stage without running out of steam at the end, it is also an unyieldingly cynical exploration of the human heart of darkness with an oedipal climax that makes it a field-day for Freudians.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009555-0025-0000", "contents": "13 Beloved, American remake\nRemake rights for the film were purchased by The Weinstein Company. The remake was released in 2014 titled 13 Sins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009556-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Block\n13 Block is a French hip hop group originating from Sevran, Seine-Saint-Denis. It was formed in 2012, and is made upof the artists Stavo, Zed, Zefor and OldPee, all from the Beaudottes area in Sevran. It is inspired by American-based drill from Chicago and trap from Atlanta. They have released two albums and a number of mixtapes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009556-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Block, Discography, Singles\n*Did not appear in the official Belgian Ultratop 50 charts, but rather in the bubbling under Ultratip charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009556-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Block, Discography, Featured in\n*Did not appear in the official Belgian Ultratop 50 charts, but rather in the bubbling under Ultratip charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009556-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Block, Discography, Other songs\n*Did not appear in the official Belgian Ultratop 50 charts, but rather in the bubbling under Ultratip charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009557-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Blues for Thirteen Moons\n13 Blues for Thirteen Moons is the fifth full-length album by the Canadian post-rock group, Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra & Tra-La-La Band. The album was released in March 2008. The album consists of an instrumental feedback intro, split into twelve extremely short tracks, and four full songs, which had been played live on recent tours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009557-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Blues for Thirteen Moons\nThe liner notes are found in the CD booklet titled Himnos de Sion\u2014Spanish for \"Hymns of Zion\". The booklet also contains lyric sheets, presented in the block-capital handwriting familiar with owners of other Silver Mt. Zion records. As such, this is the first album package by the band to contain conventional lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009558-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Bo\u00f6tis\n13 Bo\u00f6tis is a solitary variable star in the northern constellation of Bo\u00f6tes, and is positioned near the western constellation border with Ursa Major. It has the variable star designation CF Bo\u00f6tis, often abbreviated CF Boo, while 13 Bo\u00f6tis is the star's Flamsteed designation. This star has a reddish hue and is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude that fluctuates around 5.26. It is located at a distance of approximately 700\u00a0light years from the Sun based on parallax, but is drifting closer with a radial velocity of \u221214\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009558-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Bo\u00f6tis\nThis is an aging red giant star on the asymptotic giant branch with a stellar classification of M1.5III, which is interpreted by stellar evolutionary models to mean it has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core then cooled and expanded off the main sequence. It is classified as an slow irregular variable of the Lb type, and its brightness has been observed to vary from +5.29 down to +5.38. The star has ~74 times the girth of the Sun and is radiating 1,114 times the Sun's luminosity from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,889\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009558-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Bo\u00f6tis\nThere is a magnitude 11.05 visual companion located at an angular separation of 76.40\u00a0arcseconds from the brighter star, along a position angle of 270\u00b0. This was first reported by William Herschel in 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009558-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Bo\u00f6tis, Possible planetary system\nIn 1991, Duquennoy & Mayor reported the possible presence of a low-mass object (of likely substellar nature) orbiting the red giant 13 Bootis. They set a minimum mass of 30 times that of Jupiter (likely a brown dwarf) and estimated an orbital period of 1.35 years. So far there has been no confirmation about the presence a substellar object.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009559-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Bullets\n13 Bullets is a vampire novel by David Wellington, published in serial online in March, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009559-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Bullets, Plot introduction\n13 Bullets takes place in Pennsylvania in the year 2003, in a setting similar to the real world, but where vampires and other supernatural forces are rare but accepted phenomena. It is widely believed that vampires were all but wiped out twenty years ago by Special Deputy Jameson Arkeley. The last vampire still in existence, Justinia Malvern, long imprisoned in a nearly abandoned sanitarium, has somehow managed to bestow her vampiric curse to the outside world and is working to free herself of human confinement. Pennsylvania State Trooper Laura Caxton is assigned to assist Arkeley hunt down the vampires running loose in rural Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009559-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Bullets, Vampire nature in 13 Bullets\nThe vampires in David Wellington's novel seem to lose all their human appearances once turned. Their ears become pointed, their hair falls out, all teeth become wickedly sharp, and skin color always becomes pale white, regardless of ethnicity and pigmentation in life. The vampire must remain in a coffin during the day, as their bodies literally die each sunrise, and flesh melts into a noxious fluid, with dead skin and maggots. They are put together when dusk comes, thus getting a new body at night. Physical damage, such as mangled ears, is repaired each morning, but atrophy due to blood-starvation is not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009559-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Bullets, Vampire nature in 13 Bullets\nThe method of transferring the curse is very different from the \"traditional\" way. To transfer the curse one must accept the vampire's invitation to undeath, and then kill one's self to be reborn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009559-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Bullets, Vampire nature in 13 Bullets\nVampires also have the power to resurrect their victims from the dead to create undead servants. These \"half-deads\" quickly decay, and thus have weak and fragile bodies. In one scene, Arkeley tells Caxton, that the half-deads are \"cowards\" and are very easily frightened, though they seem to stand their ground despite massive casualties in later encounters. In combat, they typically use knives and other hand-to-hand weapons, as their hand-eye coordination is too poor to properly use firearms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009559-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Bullets, Vampire nature in 13 Bullets\nVampires are nearly unstoppable. They exhibit increased speed and vastly enhanced physical strength (enough to twist open a steel padlock using bare hands). As long as they have a supply of blood, they can heal grievous wounds, including massive brain injuries, in seconds. The only way to kill one is by destroying the heart, which is protected by an area of steel-hard skin. The vampire is weakest when it regurgitates blood - usually to feed another vampire - and can potentially be killed with a single shot at this moment. Arkeley himself uses a Glock .23 with cross-pointed bullets, which fragment within the target's body. It is suggested that a vampire with reserves of consumed blood in its body may be able to heal damage to its heart in time to prevent its death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009559-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Bullets, Vampire nature in 13 Bullets\nUnlike most traditional vampires, Wellington's vampires do age to a degree, with the result that their need for blood increases significantly as their body decays over time; the oldest vampire in the series, at over three centuries of age, has reached a point where she will allegedly require five to six gallons of blood just to walk on her own, with younger vampires taking on the responsibility of 'feeding' their elders by bringing them blood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009559-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Bullets, Release details\n13 Bullets was printed in book form in 2007 by Three Rivers Press.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009559-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Bullets, Reception\n13 Bullets has gathered mostly positive reviews from horror fans. Flamesrising.com called the novel a \u201cmodern action adventure with deadly vampires, great writing and a few clever plot twists\u201d. Revish stated that Wellington's work was \u201ca worthy addition to an overcrowded genre\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009560-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Cameras\n13 Cameras is a 2016 American horror film written and directed by Victor Zarcoff. The film was originally titled Slumlord, before being renamed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009560-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Cameras, Synopsis\nThe film revolves around a newlywed couple who move into a new house across the country, only to find out that their landlord has been spying on them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009560-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Cameras, Critical Reception\nOn Rotten Tomatoes the film has a 77% approval rating from critics based on 13 reviews. Dennis Harvey of Variety gave a positive review, writing that it \"ratchets up a fair amount of suspense and intrigue\" and declaring that it did \"a good job building tension\", while criticising the lack of characterisation given to the villain. Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter gave a mixed review, declaring that it was somewhat suspenseful, while criticising its characterisation as shallow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009561-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Cancri\n13 Cancri (abbreviated to 13 Cnc) is a K-type giant star in the constellation Cancer. It has an apparent magnitude of +6.41 and is approximately 970 light years from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009561-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Cancri\nIts designation is unusual as it is one of a very few stars which have a Bayer designation and are not in the Bright Star Catalog, although the designation \u03c81 Cancri is rarely used. It is one of the few stars with a Flamsteed designation that are not listed in the Bright Star Catalogue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009562-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Carat Diamond and Other Stories\n13 Carat Diamond and Other Stories is a collection of short stories by Khin Myo Chit. It was published in 1969, with a second edition (ISBN\u00a01-933570-52-0) released in October 2005. The collection contains glimpses of the author's life and the culture of Burma, as well as fiction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009562-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Carat Diamond and Other Stories\nThe title story, The 13 Carat Diamond, first appeared in The Guardian magazine in 1955, and was later included in 50 Great Oriental Stories, published by Bantam Classics. The story describes the author's own experiences in war-time Burma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009563-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Ceti\n13 Ceti is a triple star system in the equatorial constellation of Cetus. It is dimly visible to the naked eye with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.20. The system is located at a distance of approximately 69\u00a0light years from the Sun based on stellar parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +10.4\u00a0km/s. It shares a common motion with the Hyades moving group, although it is too old to be a member.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009563-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Ceti\nThis star was identified as a visual binary system by G. W. Hough in 1844 and given the identifier HO 212. The pair have an orbital period of 6.9 years and an eccentricity of 0.77. The brighter member, designated component A, is an F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F6\u00a0V and a visual magnitude of 5.61. It appears to have an active chromosphere and is classified as an RS Canum Venaticorum variable with a variable star designation of BU Cet. The star was detected as a source of soft X-ray emission by EXOSAT. It has 18% more mass than the Sun and is estimated to be about four\u00a0billion years old.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009563-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Ceti\nIn 1907, E. B. Frost discovered the primary is a spectroscopic binary, making this a triple star system. This is a double-lined spectroscopic binary with a period of 2.1\u00a0days and a circularized orbit. The companion signature was confirmed using the separated fringe packet technique with the CHARA array. It is most likely a K-type main-sequence star with a class of K3.5\u00a0V and 70% of the mass of the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009563-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Ceti\nThe secondary member of the visual binary, designated component B, is a G-type main-sequence star with a class of G4\u00a0V. It has 90% of the Sun's mass and a visual magnitude of 6.90. A distant visual companion to this system was detected by S. W. Burnham in 1877. Designated component C, this star is a background object of magnitude 12.50. As of 1999, it was located at an angular separation of 24.0\u2033 from the primary along a position angle of 322\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009564-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Chapters\n13 Chapters is a compilation album of Sweetbox with singer and songwriter Jade Villalon as frontwoman. It was released in 2004 in Europe, and in 2005 in Taiwan. It has a blend of various hit songs both from her new album After the Lights and her previous one, Adagio. The Taiwanese edition comes with a VCD. Its main purpose was to blend an array of popular songs from albums, Adagio and upcoming After the Lights, for promotion purposes, and to sell in a region Sweetbox had not released many albums in. Many of Adagio's songs were left out, with only 3 from Adagio on making it to this album, and some songs from After The Lights, such as \"Girl from Tokyo\", \"Crown of Thorns\", \"Don't Wanna Kill You\", and others did not make it as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009565-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Colorful Character\n13 Colorful Character (\u246c\u30ab\u30e9\u30d5\u30eb\u30ad\u30e3\u30e9\u30af\u30bf\u30fc, J\u016bsan Karafuru Kyarakuta) is the thirteenth studio album by the Japanese girl group Morning Musume. It was released on September 12, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009565-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Colorful Character, Background\nIt is the first album to feature tenth generation members Haruna Iikubo, Ayumi Ishida, Masaki Sato and Haruka Kudo and the last album to feature sixth generation member Reina Tanaka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009565-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Colorful Character, Background\nThe album was released in two versions: Limited Edition (CD+DVD) and Regular Edition (CD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009566-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Comae Berenices\n13 Comae Berenices is a probable binary star system in the northern constellation of Coma Berenices. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.17, which is bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. With an annual parallax shift of 12.33\u00a0mas, it is located around 260\u00a0light years from the Sun. It is member of the nearby Coma Star Cluster (Melotte 111).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009566-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Comae Berenices\nBased on measured changes in the star's motion, this is most likely an astrometric binary system. The visible component is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A3\u00a0V. It is catalogued as an Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variable with the designation GN\u00a0Com. Rensom (1990) listed it as a suspected Am star. The system is a source of X-ray emission, which may be coming from the companion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009567-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Commandments\n13 Commandments (Dutch: 13 Geboden) is a 2017 Dutch-language (Flemish) television series starring Dirk van Dijck, Marie Vinck and Karlijn Sileghem. The plot revolves around Peter Devriendt (Dirk van Dijck), a divorced father and veteran cop working for Belgium\u2019s Federal Criminal Police, and his new partner Vicky Degraeve (Marie Vinck). A serial killer begins a crime spree with the mission to punish individuals who have committed acts that counter the Ten Commandments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009567-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Commandments, Plot\nThe body of a 16-year old Turkish teenage girl is found in the town of Aalst, her throat cut. The police assume it to be an honour killing committed by her uncle but are stymied by the family's refusal to testify. Within a day, the suspect himself is found under a bridge, badly burned but alive. On the bridge above him, someone has sprayed the words \"Thou shalt have no other gods\", referencing the first commandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009567-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Commandments, Plot\nThis is the first in a series of crimes, committed by someone going by the name of Moses, each of which is in some way inspired by one of the Ten Commandments. Those who have been perceived to have violated the Commandments are hunted down and punished without mercy. Two police detectives, Vicky Degraeve (Marie Vinck) and Peter Devriendt (Dirk Van Dijck) are assigned to find the vigilante but are increasingly hindered by the public opinion, which supports Moses despite his excesses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009567-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Commandments, Release\n13 Commandments was released on September 10, 2018 on VTM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009568-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Daughters\n13 Daughters was a short-lived Broadway musical with book, music and lyrics by Eaton Magoon, Jr, starring Don Ameche. It played for 28 performances in 1961. The story was influenced by the life of Magoon's great-grandparents Chun Afong and his wife Julia Fayerweather Afong and their twelve daughters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009568-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Daughters, Plot\nSet in 19th century Hawaii, the plot involves a Chinese merchant, Chun, and Hawaiian princess, Emmaloa, who wed and have 13 daughters. A prophecy predicts the daughters will not be married until the couple's 13 calabash trees bloom. Tradition dictates the oldest daughter must be the first to marry, but she is more interested in missionary work and no tree has yet blossomed. Soon the daughters' luck will change, however, despite the prophecy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009568-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Daughters, Productions\nAfter a month-long tryout in Philadelphia and one preview on Broadway, 13 Daughters opened on March 2, 1961, at the 54th Street Theatre in New York, and closed on March 25, 1961, after 28 performances. The large cast included Don Ameche as Chun, Monica Boyar as Emmaloa, Sylvia Syms, Richard Tone, Stanley Grover, George Lipton, Gina Viglione, John Battles, Isabelle Farrell, Diana Corto, Ed Kenney and many others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009568-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Daughters, Productions\nPrior to the opening, Gloria Gabriel, who  portrayed one of the daughters,  appeared on an episode of To Tell The Truth as an imposter, where Don Ameche was a panelist, noting that she had not yet met Ameche.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009568-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Daughters, Productions\nThe show was nominated for two Tony Awards, for Pembroke Davenport as Conductor and Musical Director, and George Jenkins as Scenic Designer (Musical). A cast album of a follow-up production in Honolulu was recorded on", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009568-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Daughters, Productions\nThere was a performance in New Zealand in April 1968  by the  followed two decades later by a revival concert production in 1987 at McKinley High School Auditorium, Honolulu. In 1989 a fully staged production was mounted with Joe Layton as director/choreographer, at the Hawaii Theatre, Honolulu. Arrangements for the Honolulu revival were commissioned from  who was also musical director, arranger/orchestrator for the 1981 world premiere and 1985 revival production of Magoon's later work, Aloha, a Musical of the Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009569-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Days to Die\n13 Days to Die (German: Der Fluch des schwarzen Rubin, lit. ' The Curse of the Black Ruby') is a 1965 Italian and West German spy film drama, directed by Manfred R. K\u00f6hler and Alberto Cardone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009569-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Days to Die\nThe film was based on an updated pre-World War II German pulp fiction character named Rolf Torring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009570-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Dead End Drive\n13 Dead End Drive is a murder-themed board game originally released by Milton Bradley in 1993. It was followed in 2002 by a spinoff, 1313 Dead End Drive. Currently, Winning Moves Games USA publishes the game in the USA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009570-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Dead End Drive\nThe story behind the game involves the death of a wealthy old woman triggering a feud over her will. The players utilize traps located on the game board, which represents a mansion, to kill characters controlled by other players in order to claim the estate for themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009570-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Dead End Drive, Gameplay\nAt the start of gameplay, players are dealt \"Character cards\" which correspond to matching pawns on the board. Since there are 12 characters, it is often the case that players control more than one character. However, which player controls which character is not revealed. Along with the character cards, there are also Portrait Cards, which determine who the current favorite for the inheritance is, and Trap Cards, which are used to spring traps and knock off other players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009570-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Dead End Drive, Gameplay\nDuring each turn, a player rolls two dice and moves two pawns, one pawn for each die. It is legal for players to move a pawn that is not theirs in order to bring it closer to or onto a Trap Space. All pawns must be moved off the red chair spaces before any pawns can be moved a second time or onto a trap space. If a pawn is moved onto a trap space by exact roll only, the player must have the corresponding trap card in his or her possession in order to spring the trap. Springing traps is not mandatory, however. After that, play proceeds on to the next player. A pawn can not pass through or land on the same space as another pawn during the same turn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009570-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Dead End Drive, Gameplay\nDuring the game, a Portrait Card is displayed in the picture frame above the fireplace. That character is now the current favorite to inherit the fortune. At that moment, for all intents and purposes, that character is now marked for death and must try to escape the mansion before he or she is either knocked off or the portrait changes (see \"Special Spaces and Rules\" below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009570-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Dead End Drive, Gameplay\nAlso, during the game, a Detective is waiting outside, slowly advancing toward the front door. His arrival signifies the reading of the will and the announcement of the winner. The Detective can only move one space at a time, and only when a Detective Card (hidden inside the Trap Card pile) is drawn. There are 13 steps to the front door. If the Detective makes it to the front door before all other characters have been eliminated, the game is over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009570-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Dead End Drive, Gameplay, Ways to win\nThere are three ways to win 13 Dead End Drive:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009570-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Dead End Drive, Gameplay, Traps\n13 Dead End Drive has five different booby traps that are used to dispose of other characters. In the story of the game, the traps are designed to make deaths appear accidental. The traps are the Chandelier, the Bookcase, the Stairs, a Statue in a suit of armor, and the Fireplace: if a pawn has the misfortune to land on the trap space in front of or under one of these traps, the Trap card is played and the trap is sprung in the following ways:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009570-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Dead End Drive, Gameplay, Traps\nWhen a player moves a pawn onto a Trap Space, they must draw a card from the Trap Card pile (if they do not already have the matching trap card in their possession). If the player draws the matching Trap Card, they can either play it immediately or hold the card for future use. If the player does not have the matching Trap Card, the trap cannot be sprung, but the card can be saved for future use. There are also \"Wild\" Trap Cards which permit all traps to be used anytime a pawn is in that space. If, however, the player draws a Detective card, the Detective is moved one space forward, but the player is permitted to draw another Trap Card before ending the turn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009570-0009-0000", "contents": "13 Dead End Drive, Gameplay, Traps\nOnce a trap is sprung, that pawn and the matching Character Card are laid down on the \"Discard\" pile on the board (the couch). If during the course of play, a Portrait Card comes up for a character that has been knocked off, that card is immediately taken down and placed on the \"Discard\" pile, revealing a new Portrait. The Portrait cards are shuffled at the beginning of gameplay and concealed by an \"Aunt Agatha\" portrait card to hide the known deck order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009570-0010-0000", "contents": "13 Dead End Drive, Gameplay, Characters\nThe players take the roles of the twelve suspects who compete for the will. They are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009570-0011-0000", "contents": "13 Dead End Drive, Spinoffs, 1313 Dead End Drive\n1313 Dead End Drive is an updated version with 16 heirs in a mansion who are going to kill each other. The players can steal moneybags by killing rivals. There are slightly different booby traps such as the chandelier being replaced by a large boar head, the bookcase being replaced by a safe that releases a big steel piggy bank that slams into the heir's face and instead of falling into the fire you're spun into it. The game ends rather differently and the winner is the one with the most moneybags.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009571-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Dead Men\n13 Dead Men is a 2003 action crime thriller film written and directed by Art Camacho and starring rapper Mystikal and Lorenzo Lamas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009571-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Dead Men, Premise\nMaster diamond thief Malichi is framed for murder and put on death row. When the corrupt warden finds that he has hidden diamonds, he tries anything he can to get him to reveal the location of the diamonds, including extending his sentence. When Malichi realizes he is not going to find justice, he turns to Caj, a belligerent inmate who agrees to help him in order to gain his own freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009572-0000-0000", "contents": "13 December 2013 Iraq attacks\nOn Friday 13 December 2013, multiple attacks killed at least 36 people and wounded 46 in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009572-0001-0000", "contents": "13 December 2013 Iraq attacks\nA gunman killed at least 18 people, including 15 Iranians and another 7 were wounded, including 5 Iranians in Diyala Governorate, Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009572-0002-0000", "contents": "13 December 2013 Iraq attacks\nIn Ramadi, a car bomb killed at least 6 people and another 10 were wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009572-0003-0000", "contents": "13 December 2013 Iraq attacks\nAt least 5 people die and another 14 were injured after a car exploded in Nahrawan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009572-0004-0000", "contents": "13 December 2013 Iraq attacks\nA car bomb killed at least 5 people and 13 others were wounded in Madain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009572-0005-0000", "contents": "13 December 2013 Iraq attacks\nInsurgents shoot dead at least 2 people in Ghazaliyah, Baghdad Governorate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009573-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Demon Street\n13 Demon Street is a horror anthology TV series that aired between 1959 and 1960 in American syndication. Thirteen 25-minute episodes were produced in Sweden, although the language, and cast, is English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009573-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Demon Street\nLon Chaney Jr. was the host, introducing each episode from his 'home' at 13 Demon Street. Condemned for some shockingly atrocious crime, Chaney's purpose in relating the series' stories was to convince viewers that the crimes presented in them were worse than his, thus freeing him from his purgatory. This was hard for audiences to judge, however, because Chaney's original crime was never specified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009573-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Demon Street\nThe series was originated by Curt Siodmak, who also wrote some of the scripts and directed several episodes. He had previously written Chaney's 1941 film The Wolf Man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009573-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Demon Street\nThree episodes of the series were edited together to make a theatrical feature called The Devil's Messenger in 1961, in which Chaney's character was reconfigured as Satan himself. Chaney filmed new wraparound segments as Satan in Hell to link the chosen episodes, which were \"The Photograph\", \"The Girl in the Glacier\" and \"Condemned in Crystal\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009573-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Demon Street\nSeveral of the show's stories were derivative in nature. \"The Black Hand\", for example, was modelled on The Hands of Orlac, while \"The Photograph\" is an updated version of the M R James story \"The Mezzotint\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009573-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Demon Street, Availability on home video\nThe series is available on grey market home video. In addition, two episodes - 'The Vine of Death' and 'The Black Hand' - were included as bonus features on the Image DVD release of the 1958 Hal Roach/ Boris Karloff series The Veil. Odeon's UK release of the same series featured four - the Image episodes, plus 'The Photograph' and 'Fever'. The episode \"The Girl in the Glacier\" was included on the DVD of Terror in the Midnight Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009573-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Demon Street, Availability on home video\nAlthough numerous dealers offer the series on DVD or VHS, every existing set is missing most of the Lon Chaney footage, removed by some unknown individual for unknown reasons. Episodes were intended to open and close in Lon Chaney's character's dilapidated home, where he would act as host and comment on each individual story. However, most episodes have obvious jump cuts, almost completely eliminating Lon Chaney's presence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009573-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Demon Street, Cultural references\nThe name of the Swedish hardcore punk band D.S.-13 is a play on that of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009574-0000-0000", "contents": "13 East Street\n13 East Street is a 1952 British crime thriller film directed by Robert S. Baker and starring Patrick Holt,  Sandra Dorne and Sonia Holm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009574-0001-0000", "contents": "13 East Street\nIt was shot at Twickenham Studios with some location shooting around London. The film's sets were designed by the art director Andrew Mazzei. It was produced as a second feature by Tempean Films which specialised in producing films designed to support the main feature on a double bill during the early 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009574-0002-0000", "contents": "13 East Street, Synopsis\nIn order to break up a gang trading in stolen goods, a Scotland Yard detective goes undercover. He robs a jewellery shop and is sentenced to prison so that he can gain the confidence of the gang's leaders and infiltrate their organisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009575-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Eerie\n13 Eerie is a 2013 Canadian horror film directed by Lowell Dean, making his feature film debut. It is also produced by Don Carmody, Kevin DeWalt, Mark Montague and David Cormican and written by Christian Piers Betley. The film stars Katharine Isabelle, Michael Shanks, Brendan Fehr, Brendan Fletcher, Nick Moran and Jesse Moss. It entails the story about six forensic undergrads completing a university field exam on a deserted island, oblivious that the island was previously used for illegal biological experiments on life-term prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009575-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Eerie, Plot\nSix forensic undergrads, Megan (Katharine Isabelle), Daniel (Brendan Fehr), Josh (Brendan Fletcher), Patrick (Jesse Moss), Kate (Kristie Patterson) and Rob (Michael Eisner), are assigned to complete a scientific field exam on a deserted island known as Eerie Strait, where life-term prisoners were once held and corpses lay dead. With cameras set up, Professor Tomkins (Michael Shanks) dispatches them into pairs to examine corpses in different areas as part of staged murders, restricting the pairs from interacting, only allowing their use of walkie talkies to report back to him. Unfortunately these have been accidentally damaged. He also monitors their activities from a surveillance cabin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009575-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Eerie, Plot\nShortly, Larry (Nick Moran), an ex-con who transported the group, warns partners, Megan and Kate, about finding the unexpected corpse of a skinhead female in a jumpsuit which soon comes alive in their working area. Rob spots the zombie in the woods and tries to warn his partner, Daniel, who dismisses it. Due to the earlier damage, all of the walkie talkies lose battery life, and communication is broken. While in the woods alone, the zombie pursues Kate and cannibalizes parts of her. Josh and Patrick hear her screams and see a figure's movements in the woods, suspecting there is a problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009575-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Eerie, Plot\nAs Larry tries to inform an initially skeptical Tomkins, who is upset with Larry for inadvertently destroying much of the equipment, Megan finds Kate injured, carrying her back to the student cabin before she dies. Rob, believing something is up, leaves Daniel to go out on his own. As Kate revives as a zombie and Rob approaches her as one after being bitten to death by the tattoo zombie (Ryland Alexander) and thug zombie (Jason Truong), Megan is forced to gruesomely kill the two of them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009575-0003-0001", "contents": "13 Eerie, Plot\nThe remaining crew splits up and searches for the missing others, and Daniel finds Megan. Back at the main cabin, as the zombies attack, Tomkins shoots the skinhead zombie that is outside and inside where Larry botches a molotov cocktail, the thug zombie is able to pull Larry underneath the cabin to bite him to death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009575-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Eerie, Plot\nTomkins tells Megan and Daniel to hide in a school bus. Chased by the zombies, Josh and Patrick seek safety in a prison bus, honking the horn that alerts the others to their location. Leaving the school bus, Megan and Daniel see zombie Larry coming after them. Megan accidentally fires a shot that injures Daniel, but she shoots Larry dead. They are found and they join Josh and Patrick on the prison bus. The zombies attack the bus, and they crash the tattoo zombie into a nearby cabin, resulting in Patrick's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009575-0004-0001", "contents": "13 Eerie, Plot\nThe thug zombie comes after them and it is shot down. They drive away, but the bus starts to smoke and it tips over a branch and crashes, though Megan, Daniel and Josh, who sustains a knee injury, all survive. Not long after, the tattoo zombie catches up to them and Megan shoots it, but runs out of bullets. As she is about to be bitten, Josh saves her, driving an arrow through the zombie's head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009575-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Eerie, Plot\nThe next day Tomkins finds them. Captain Veneziano (Lyndon Bray) drives by and they have him pull over. Megan, Daniel and Josh get into the car as Tomkins attacks Veneziano, who is pressured to admit the island was used for conducting biological experiments on prisoners sentenced to death row and turned into a death camp when the testing went wrong years ago. The tattoo zombie approaches from behind and Tomkins sacrifices Veneziano to save his own life. He attempts to drive off with his students, only to realize the keys are clenched between the teeth of the zombie. The final scene shows Megan, Daniel, Josh and Tomkins looking terrified about their fates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009575-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Eerie, Production\nThe film is a Canadian production produced by Don Carmody Productions and Minds Eye Entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009575-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Eerie, Release\n13 Eerie was released on home video April 2, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 68]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009575-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Eerie, Reception\nGenerally, critical reception for 13 Eerie were mixed to negative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009575-0009-0000", "contents": "13 Eerie, Reception\nDVD Verdict stated that the film \"13 Eerie is a respectable entry into the zombie genre. If you find this one in the discount bin, snatch it up\". On an opposite perspective, DVD Talk stated that \"An unusual setup isn't enough to save 13 Eerie from falling into the pit of clich\u00e9s created by its zombie and slasher forefathers. Once you get past the idea of watching something truly novel and settle in for another helping of the usual, you'll find a competently staged and acted production.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009576-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Egeria\nEgeria (minor planet designation: 13 Egeria) is a large main-belt G-type asteroid. It was discovered by Annibale de Gasparis on November 2, 1850. Egeria was named by Urbain Le Verrier, whose computations led to the discovery of Neptune, after the mythological nymph Egeria of Aricia, Italy, the wife of Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009576-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Egeria\nEgeria occulted a star on January 8, 1992. Its disc was determined to be quite circular (217\u00d7196\u00a0km). On January 22, 2008, it occulted another star, and this occultation was timed by several observers in New Mexico and Arizona, coordinated by the . The result showed that Egeria presented an approximately circular profile to Earth of 214.8\u00d7192\u00a0km, well in agreement with the 1992 occultation. It has also been studied by radar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009576-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Egeria\nIn 1988 a search for satellites or dust orbiting this asteroid was performed using the UH88 telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatories, but the effort came up empty. Spectral analysis of Egeria shows it to be unusually high in water content, 10.5\u201311.5% water by mass. This makes Egeria a prominent candidate for future water-mining ventures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009577-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Engines\n13 Engines was a Canadian alternative rock band active in the 1980s and 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009577-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Engines, Overview\nFormed in 1985 as The Ikons, the band consisted of four York University students: vocalist John Critchley, guitarist Mike Robbins, bassist Jim Hughes and drummer Grant Ethier. They released a self-titled independent cassette in 1986 before changing their name to 13 Engines. This name was a reference to the automobile industry in Windsor, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan, which were the first two markets to embrace the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009577-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Engines, Overview\n13 Engines released two independent albums: Before Our Time in 1987 and Byram Lake Blues in 1989, before signing to SBK Records in the United States and EMI in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009577-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Engines, Overview\nIn 1991, the band released their major label debut, A Blur to Me Now. The band received airplay for the album's singles \"King of Saturday Night\" and \"Big Surprise\", however, SBK dropped them soon afterward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009577-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Engines, Overview\n1993's Perpetual Motion Machine, produced by Critchley, was the band's breakthrough in Canada, spawning the hit singles \"More\", \"Bred in the Bone\" and \"Smoke & Ashes\", and led to a spot on The Tragically Hip's Another Roadside Attraction tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009577-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Engines, Overview\nThey followed up with Conquistador in 1995, which gave them another hit, Beneath My Hand. While the album is generally hailed as 13 Engines' finest work, it did not do well commercially and two members left the band. Critchley contemplated carrying on under the 13 Engines name, but elected to retire the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009577-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Engines, Post-breakup\nFollowing the break-up of 13 Engines, Critchley continued as a solo artist and, in 2000, recorded an album with ex-13 Engines guitarist Scott Stevenson, Crooked Mile. Both Critchley and Ethier went on to careers as producers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009578-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Faces of Death\n13th Faces of Death was an album released by the death metal band Embalmer on October 13, 2006. It was the band's first and only full-length album. A number of songs, including \"Rotten Body Fluids,\" \"There Was Blood Everywhere,\" and \"Into the Oven,\" were re-recorded for this full-length album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009578-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Faces of Death\nReviews weren't generally positive, such as one from CD Baby that claimed that 13 Faces Of Death is \"guaranteed to peel back your eggs.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009579-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Fanboy\n13 Fanboy is an upcoming American meta-slasher film directed by Deborah Voorhees and co-written by her and Joel Paul Reisig. The film focuses on numerous actors that starred in a popular slasher film franchise who find themselves as the target of an obsessed fan that wants to replicate their death scenes in real life. It stars Hayley Greenbauer as Kelsie Voorhees, with Dee Wallace, Deborah Voorhees, C.J. Graham, Kane Hodder, Corey Feldman, Lar Park Lincoln, Judie Aronson, and Tracie Savage as fictionalized versions of themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009579-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Fanboy\nThe film was conceived during the notable Friday the 13th lawsuit that prevented further films to be made. Although featuring an ensemble cast of Friday the 13th actors, it is wholly disparate in terms of tone and style and has no connections to the mythology of the Jason Voorhees saga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009579-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Fanboy\nThe film is set to be released in theaters and VOD on October 22, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009579-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Fanboy, Synopsis\nAfter witnessing the murder of her grandmother Deborah Voorhees, a famous Friday the 13th actress, Kelsie Voorhees is left traumatized as a child. When other Friday the 13th actresses begin to fall victim to the killer, an adult Kelsie finds herself as the target of the deranged fan that wants to replicate the horror franchise's death scenes in real life after risking her life to save her grandmother's best friend Dee Wallace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009580-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Feku Ostagar Lane\n13 Number Feku Ostagar Lane is a Bangla film, which was released in 1966. This film is the first pure comedy film of Dhallywood. This is the first film of Razzak in Dhallywood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009581-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Field Squadron, Royal Australian Engineers\n13 Field Squadron is a Reserve unit of the Royal Australian Engineers of the Australian Army. 13 Field Squadron provide the combat engineering capability of the Western Australia based reserve 13th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009581-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Field Squadron, Royal Australian Engineers, History\n13 Field Squadron trace their origins to the 7th Field Company formed in 1907. In 1909 it was renamed the 4th Field Company and changed again to the 6th Field Company in 1910, and finally the 13th Field Company on 1 July 1912. The unit's first major operation was constructing a suspension bridge over the Helena River at Guildford in Western Australia. The Company was not deployed during the First World War, although 100 of its personnel were attached to the First Australian Imperial Force and served at Gallipoli with the 2nd Field Company and in Palestine and France with the 6th Field Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009581-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Field Squadron, Royal Australian Engineers, History\nIn the Second World War the Company served in Darwin in March 1943 before being deployed to New Britain in October 1944, where its major assignment was the construction of a 10,000 ton jetty. It was disbanded after the war in 1946 until it was reraised as the 13th Field Squadron, Citizens Military Force (the precursor to the Army Reserve). It adopted the mascot of a 'little red devil' in the early 1960s, and was made part of the 13th Brigade on 1 February 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009581-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Field Squadron, Royal Australian Engineers, Structure\nThe 13 Field Squadron is structured with two combat engineer troops, a training troop and a support troop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009581-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Field Squadron, Royal Australian Engineers, Structure\nThe Squadron's primary role is to provide support to the elements of 13th Brigade, most often the Royal Western Australia Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009582-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Fighting Men\n13 Fighting Men is a 1960 American drama film directed by Harry W. Gerstad and written by Robert Hamner and Jack W. Thomas. The film stars Grant Williams, Brad Dexter, Carole Mathews, Robert Dix, Richard Garland and Richard Crane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009582-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Fighting Men\nThe film was released in April 1960, by 20th Century Fox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009582-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Fighting Men, Production\nThe film was announced in September 1959. Filming started in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009583-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Flames Empire\n13 Flames Empire is an independent comic book publisher based in Victoria, British Columbia founded by Ira Hunter and Robin Thompson in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009583-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Flames Empire, Overview\nOriginally named Hunter Thompson Unlimited, the company changed its name to 13 Flames Empire in 2006. Ira met Robin Thompson in 1999 through an ad he put in the paper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009583-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Flames Empire, Overview\n13 Flames Empire's titles include Champions of Hell, Zombie Jesus, and Undead Inbreds. 13 Flames Empire's comics target Mature Readers as they contain disturbing, horrifying, obscene, profane, and immoral material; they often have satanic or horror themes. However, they \"are tongue in cheek, Evil Dead kind of funny\"; Ira says that he has \"a pretty sick and twisted, over-the-top sense of humour.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009583-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Flames Empire, Overview\nChampions of Hell came out of a horror movie screenplay of the same name that Ira had been working on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009583-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Flames Empire, Overview\nZombie Jesus came out of a local filmmaking contest in Victoria, called Scrapshots. The criteria were that the movies had to be done entirely in one shot, with no postproduction whatsoever. Ira entered one called CORPUS DELECTI (THE PASSION OF ZOMBIE JESUS), and surprised everyone by taking first place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009583-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Flames Empire, Overview\nUndead Inbreds was created by Joel Shelton, with dialog by Ira Hunter and Lawrence Denvir. It debuted at the 2010 San Diego Comic Convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009583-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Flames Empire, Overview\nWriting for the comics is done mainly using the Marvel Method of writing with Ira Hunter supplying the outline and the dialog. Sequential artwork for Champions of Hell is provided by Robin Thompson, and artwork for the covers is provided by Tim Vigil of Faust fame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009583-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Flames Empire, Overview\nThe format of 13 Flames Empire's comics is black and white 8\"x11\" with \"bright and violent red covers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009583-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Flames Empire, San Diego Comic Convention\n13 Flames Empire has had booth H02 in the small press section of the San Diego Comic Convention since 2000. In 2006, Robin Thompson dressed as the 13 Flames Empire character Zombie Jesus and wandered around the convention floor saying \"If you love zombies and you love Jesus, then you have to love Zombie Jesus.\" Later at the Eisner Awards ceremony, Chip Kidd stated that this was his favorite quote that he had overheard at the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009584-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Flavours of Doom\n13 Flavours Of Doom is an album by Canadian hardcore punk band D.O.A. It was released in 1992 on band member Joe Keithley's own record label, Sudden Death Records, and also in the UK on Alternative Tentacles. In spite of its title, the album actually had fourteen tracks \u2013 the last one not being numbered on the CD inlay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009584-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Flavours of Doom, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Joe Keithley, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009585-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Frightened Girls\n13 Frightened Girls (also known as The Candy Web) is a 1963 Path\u00e9color Cold War spy film directed and produced by William Castle. Kathy Dunn stars as a teenage sleuth who finds herself embroiled in international espionage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009585-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Frightened Girls\nCastle was famous for promoting his films with gimmicks, and this one was no exception. He generated publicity by advertising for girls from 13 countries to compete for parts as daughters of diplomats. Not all of the 15 young actresses were from the countries they represented (i.e. U.S. actress Judy Pace played a Liberian).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009585-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Frightened Girls, Plot\nAfter a 16-year-old girl Candy Hull (Kathy Dunn) develops a crush on an intelligence agent Wally Sanders (Murray Hamilton), she helps him to uncover a plot against the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009585-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Frightened Girls, Reception\nBosley Crowther of The New York Times noted that \"The young Mata Hari is vigorously played by pretty Kathy Dunn\" and suggested that the film would be a good double bill with another Columbia release, Gidget Goes to Rome. Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club called it \"a fun cold war relic\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009585-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Frightened Girls, Home media\nThe film was released on DVD in 2009 as part of The William Castle Film Collection. Sony also released a DVD of the film by itself. The film was released on Blu-ray in 2016 by Mill Creek Entertainment as part of a double feature disc with the 1960 William Castle movie '13 Ghosts'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009586-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Ghosts\n13 Ghosts is a 1960 American supernatural horror film produced and directed by William Castle, written by Robb White, and starring Jo Morrow, Rosemary DeCamp, Martin Milner, Donald Woods, Charles Herbert, and experienced character actress Margaret Hamilton. 13 Ghosts was released in 1960 on a double bill with either 12 to the Moon, The Electronic Monster, or Battle in Outer Space, depending on the film market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009586-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Ghosts, Plot\nWhen occultist uncle Dr. Plato Zorba bequeaths a large house to his nephew Cyrus and his impoverished family, they are shocked to find the house is haunted by 12 ghosts. Their furnished residence comes complete with a creepy housekeeper Elaine, and a hidden fortune concealed somewhere on the property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009586-0001-0001", "contents": "13 Ghosts, Plot\nThe spirits include: a wailing lady, clutching hands, a fiery skeleton, an Italian chef continuously murdering his wife and her lover in the kitchen, a hanging lady, an executioner holding a severed head, a fully grown lion with its headless tamer, a floating head, and of Plato Zorba himself, all held captive in the eerie house looking for an unlucky 13th ghost to free them. Dr. Zorba leaves a set of special goggles, the only way of seeing the ghosts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009586-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Ghosts, Plot\nThe executor of Zorba's will, Benjamin Rush, knows of the hidden money and wants it for himself. He tricks Cyrus' son, Buck, into searching for the money secretly, then attempts to kill Buck after the boy finds the cash, using the same method he used to kill Plato Zorba, a 4-poster bed which has been designed to have the canopy crush the body. Zorba's ghost appears driving the terrified Rush under the canopy as Buck wakens and escapes. The next morning, Cyrus and his family count the discovered money and decide to stay in the house. Buck keeps the mask Benjamin used earlier to scare Buck's older sister and Elaine states that the ghosts have left for now, but will be back. The special goggles are blown into smithereens by an unknown force witnessed by Elaine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009586-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Ghosts, Illusion-O\nAs with several of his more famous productions, Castle used a gimmick to promote 13 Ghosts. Audience members were given a choice: the \"brave\" ones could watch the film and see the ghosts in 3D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009586-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Ghosts, Illusion-O\nIn the theaters most scenes were black-and-white, but scenes involving ghosts were shown in a \"process\" dubbed \"Illusion-O.\" The filmed elements of the actors and the sets \u2014 everything except the ghosts \u2014 had a blue filter applied to the footage, while the ghost elements had a red filter and were superimposed over the frame. Audiences received viewers with red and blue cellophane filters. Unlike early 3D glasses, where one eye is red and the other is cyan or blue, the Illusion-O viewer required people to look through a single color with both eyes. Choosing to look through the red filter intensified the images of the ghosts, while the blue filter \"removed\" them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009586-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Ghosts, Illusion-O\nTelevision and home video releases are edited to simulate the effect without the need for special glasses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009586-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Ghosts, Reception\nHoward Thompson of The New York Times called the film \"a simple, old-fashioned haunted house yarn\" that \"would be a lot better off without this gimmick.\" Variety wrote, \"The idea is sound and exploitable, but the execution doesn't fully come off,\" explaining the ghosts \"lack personality and aren't frightening, so that there isn't sufficient tension in the sequences during which the 'ghost viewer' comes into play.\" The Monthly Film Bulletin called it \"a workmanlike but not very frightening horror film ... the ghosts, which are a dull red colour, are far less effective when witnessed than when their presence is merely suggested, especially when their viewability depends on a process as unremarkable as Illusion-O.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009586-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Ghosts, Remake\nThe film was remade in 2001 with a spelled-out title, Thirteen Ghosts, and was directed by Steve Beck. Like the original, the film was distributed by Columbia Pictures, except in the United States and Canada, where it was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30\n13 Going on 30 (released as Suddenly 30 in some countries) is a 2004 American fantasy romantic comedy film written by Josh Goldsmith and Cathy Yuspa, directed by Gary Winick, and starring Jennifer Garner. It follows a 13-year-old girl who dreams of being popular. During her birthday party, she is humiliated by her classmates and wishes that she was 30 years old. Shortly after wishing this, she awakens, 30 years old and in 2004, uncertain how she got there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30\nThe film received generally positive reviews from critics, with many praising Garner's performance and its nostalgic environment. It was also praised for its humorous plot and self-empowering message. The film was also a commercial success, earning $22 million in its first week and grossing over $96 million, becoming one of the year's biggest-selling DVD rental titles. Additionally, the soundtrack charted inside the top 50 on the US Billboard 200 chart. Garner's acting earned her nominations from both the MTV Movie Awards and the Teen Choice Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Plot\nIn 1987, geeky Jenna Rink yearns to be popular, but can only persuade the \"Six Chicks\" \u2013 the ruling clique led by \"Tom-Tom\" \u2013 to attend her 13th-birthday party by doing their homework. Jenna's best friend, Matt \"Matty\" Flamhaff, who likes her, gifts her a pink dollhouse he made himself, and a packet of \"magic wishing dust\" he sprinkles on the dollhouse roof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Plot\nThe Six Chicks arrive with the cutest boys in class, and trick Jenna into playing \"seven minutes in heaven\". While Jenna waits blindfolded in a closet, expecting to kiss one of the boys, the Six Chicks and the boys leave with their completed homework, and Matty finds Jenna alone. Humiliated, she tearfully wishes to be \"30, flirty, and thriving\", as the wishing dust falls on her. The next morning, Jenna awakens in a luxurious Fifth Avenue apartment \u2013 her wish has come true - it is now 2004, and Jenna is 30, with no memory of the intervening 17 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Plot\nJenna discovers she works as an editor for her favorite fashion magazine Poise, with her co-editor and best friend, Lucy Wyman. Poise has been scooped so often by rival magazine Sparkle that editor-in-chief Richard believes someone is tipping them off. Jenna finds Matty's address and races to Greenwich Village where the adult Matt, a struggling photographer, is unable to fill her in on her past, as she apparently had become the head of the \"Six Chicks\" and stopped speaking to him. Lucy is revealed to be the adult Tom-Tom, having had plastic surgery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Plot\nWhile delighting in her freedom, Jenna stumbles through adult life, learning enough to advise the 13-year-olds she prefers to spend time with. She saves a dull and awkward Poise party by leading the guests, including Matt, in an impromptu \"Thriller\" line dance. The following night, he introduces Jenna to his fianc\u00e9e, Wendy. Her slowly emerging past reveals that the adult Jenna is nothing like the sweet, shy girl she was before - the adult Jenna plagiarizes ideas, refuses to speak to her parents, and had office sex with a co-worker's husband. The struggling magazine is forced to redesign, and Jenna overhears Lucy planning to cut her out of her redesign presentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Plot\nJenna returns to her childhood home in New Jersey, weeping in the same closet and reuniting with her parents. She apologizes to Matt, and hires him for her yearbook-inspired redesign photoshoot. Even though Wendy is eager for Matt to move to Chicago, he and Jenna begin to fall for each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Plot\nJenna's plans to save Poise are a rousing success, while Lucy's presentation fails. Lucy lies to Matt, claiming Jenna decided not to use his photos. While looking for Matt to deliver the good news, Jenna finds Wendy, who reveals that their wedding is the next day. Richard informs Jenna that Lucy has become the new editor-in-chief of Sparkle after presenting them with Jenna's material, including Matt's photographs. Jenna confronts Lucy, who scornfully reveals that Jenna was the one conspiring with Sparkle and sabotaging Poise; Lucy merely stole the job Jenna was to receive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Plot\nJenna rushes to Matt's childhood home, where the wedding will soon be underway. She declares that she is not the bad person she seems to be and begs Matt to give their relationship a chance. Matt realizes though that Jenna is from the past and although he still cares for her, too much time has passed, but returns to Jenna the dollhouse he made her that he has kept for the past 17 years, and confesses that he has always loved her. As Jenna sits outside with the dollhouse, she looks inside to see a young Matt and herself. She begins to cry as the wedding begins, but as she cries, remnants of the wishing dust begins to swirl around her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0009-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Plot\nJenna reawakens to find herself back in 1987 on her 13th birthday. This time, when Matt finds her alone in the closet, she embraces and kisses him, and realizes that Lucy was never a true friend. She rips up the homework she did for them and with this second chance, Jenna lives the intervening 17 years differently, with her and Matt emerging in 2004 as a newly married couple. They share their favorite childhood candy, Razzles, while moving into a pink house identical to the dollhouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0010-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Cast\nGarner filmed the picture while on break from filming her TV series Alias. Christa B. Allen, who portrays 13-year-old Jenna, would later \"reprise\" her role as a younger version of Jennifer Garner by portraying the teenaged version of Jenny Perotti in Ghosts of Girlfriends Past.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0011-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Production\nIn October 2002, American director Gary Winick was in negotiations to direct 13 Going on 30. It was also announced that Susan Arnold and Donna Arkoff Roth were producing the project with the writers' manager, Gina Matthews. On May 13, 2003, it was reported that filming for the movie was underway in Los Angeles on Revolution Studios. It was filmed in Los Angeles, California, New York City, and South Pasadena, California. Interiors shots were filmed in Los Angeles. The crew moved to New York City, where they shot exteriors for 17 days. Principal photography took place from May to November 2003. Written by Josh Goldsmith and Cathy Yuspa, the script was \"polished\" by Niels Mueller (who lost an initial writing credit in a subsequent dispute arbitrated by the Writers Guild of America).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0012-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Production\nAmerican actress Jennifer Garner was cast for the movie's lead role. In order to film the picture, Garner shot it while on break from filming her TV series Alias. Gwyneth Paltrow, Hilary Swank, and Ren\u00e9e Zellweger were all considered for the lead role. Judy Greer was cast to play Lucy, Garner's best friend; Kathy Baker and Phil Reeves were invited to be Garner's mother and father, respectively. Later, Andy Serkis was selected to play Garner's boss; while Samuel Ball was announced as Garner's boyfriend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0012-0001", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Production\nChrista B. Allen, who portrayed 13-year-old Jenna, later \"reprised\" her role as a younger version of Jennifer Garner by portraying the teenaged version of Jenny Perotti in Ghosts of Girlfriends Past. In October 2016, it was announced 13 Going on 30 was going to be adapted on Broadway in late 2017, but as 2017 came and went, no such adaptation ever occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0013-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Music, Soundtrack\nThe 13 Going on 30 soundtrack was released on April 20, 2004 from Hollywood Records. The album mostly contains music from the 1980s with a range of hits from famous recording artists such as Talking Heads, Billy Joel, Madonna, Michael Jackson, Pat Benatar and Whitney Houston. There is also a handful of songs performed by contemporary artists, such as Tatu and Liz Phair. It was released on April 20, 2004 by Hollywood Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0014-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Music, Other songs featured in the film\nThe songs \"Breathe\" by Michelle Branch and \"Iris\" by the Goo Goo Dolls were featured in promotional trailers, but were not featured in the movie or on the soundtrack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0015-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Release, Home media\nThe film became one of the five biggest DVD rentals of the year, with over $57 million in rentals alone according to the Internet Movie Database. The film's success on DVD granted it a re-release (The Fun and Flirty Edition) in 2006 with special packaging. The picture grossed $96,455,697, going on to become one of the year's biggest DVD rentals and sellers. The Blu-ray version of 13 Going on 30 was released on January 20, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0016-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Reception, Box office\nThe film opened on April 23, 2004, with an initial box office take of US$22 million in its first weekend, debuting at number 2, almost tied with Denzel Washington's thriller Man on Fire. In its second week, it dropped to number 3, earning US$10 million. In its third week, it fell to number 5, earning US$5.5 million. In its fourth week, it took sixth place with an estimated $4.2 million. In its fifth week, it only fell to number 7, with an estimated $2.5 million. In its sixth week, the film fell to number 9, earning $1 million. It ended with nearly $60 million at the domestic box office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0017-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Reception, Critical response\nOn Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 65% based on reviews from 179 critics, with an average rating of 6.20/10. The site's critics consensus reads, \"Although the plot leaves a lot to be desired, 13 Going on 30 will tug at your inner teenager's heartstrings thanks in large part to a dazzling performance from Jennifer Garner.\" On Metacritic the film has a score of 57% based on reviews from 35 critics, indicating \"Mixed or average reviews\". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade A-, on a scale of A to F.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0018-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Reception, Critical response\nOwen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a very positive review with a grade of \"A-\", writing \"13 Going on 30 is the rare commercial comedy that leaves you entranced by what can happen only in the movies.\" Gleiberman also praised Jennifer Garner's performance, writing: \"She cuts out all traces of adult consciousness, of irony and flirtation and manipulation, reducing herself to a keen, goggle-eyed earnestness that's utterly beguiling.\" Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote: \"The possibilities of Jenna's confusion are exploited for full comic effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0018-0001", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Reception, Critical response\nGarner, who turns out to be a charming, abandoned comedian, makes Jenna's incredulousness and innocence very funny and occasionally even touching.\" Joe Leydon of Variety also praised her performance, writing \"Garner throws herself so fully and effectively into the role that in a few key scenes, she vividly conveys Jenna's high spirits and giddy pleasure through the graceful curling of her toes.\" Leydon praised the director Gary Winick for \"bringing a fresh spin to most of the script's clich\u00e9s and emphasizing nuggets of emotional truth provided by Goldsmith and Yuspa.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0018-0002", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Reception, Critical response\nWesley Morris of The Boston Globe wrote that \"The movie is tailor-made for women who openly lust for dream houses, dream jobs, and dream hubbies.\" He also wrote that \"the best stuff involves the childhood preamble. (The young actors playing Jenna, Matt, and Lucy are terrific.) Those moments feel painfully, comically true.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0019-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Reception, Critical response\nClaudia Puig of USA Today gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, commenting, \"This romantic comedy is intended as a cautionary fairy tale. The silly humor works with the movie's gentle message of self-empowerment and avoids sappiness in a tender interlude where the adult Jenna returns to her childhood home. Amusing, charming and pleasantly nostalgic, 13 Going on 30 should fall easily onto moviegoers' wish lists.\" Mick Martin and Marsha Porter's 2005 DVD and Video Guide called it a \"shameless rip-off of the Tom Hanks' classic Big\", adding that it was \"weak, but predictable and is sparked by the excellent performance of Jennifer Garner\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0020-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Reception, Critical response\nElvis Mitchell of The New York Times wrote: \"The performances give the movie more flavor and life than the situation does; it often feels like prechewed Bubble Yum. The message of the plot is that a lack of sophistication is the key to success, even at a fashion magazine that attracts readers through sexy exhibitionism. The movie would have shown some daring savvy if it had played more with the role-playing aspect of fashion spreads. Instead, it is content to eat its retro snack cake and have it, too.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0020-0001", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Reception, Critical response\nRoger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 2 out of 4 and wrote: \"You buy the magic because it comes with the territory. What I couldn't buy was the world of the magazine office, and the awkward scenes in which high-powered professionals don't seem to notice that they're dealing with a 13-year-old mind.\" Andrea Gronvall of the Chicago Reader wrote that \"The formula works, thanks in large part to star Jennifer Garner, who's so radiant theaters should be stocking sunblock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0020-0002", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Reception, Critical response\nUnderlying the shenanigans and the pop-psychology moral\u2014self-love is a prerequisite for true love\u2014there's a touching wistfulness about roads not taken.\" Jorge Morales of The Village Voice commented: \"The thirtysomething in me was all, gag me with a spoon, but the kid in me was like, this movie's rad to the max.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009587-0021-0000", "contents": "13 Going on 30, Reception, Accolades\nGarner was nominated for MTV Movie Award and Teen Choice awards for her role as Jenna Rink.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009588-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Great Stories of Science Fiction\n13 Great Stories of Science Fiction is an anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Groff Conklin. It was first published in paperback by Fawcett Gold Medal in May 1960 and reprinted by Fawcett Gold Medal in September 1962, 1964, December 1969, and July 1979. The first hardcover edition was published by White Lion in 1972. The first British edition was issued by Coronet in 1967 and reprinted in 1972 and 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009588-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Great Stories of Science Fiction\nThe book collects thirteen novelettes and short stories by various science fiction authors, together with an introduction by the editor. The stories were previously published from 1946-1957 in various science fiction and other magazines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009588-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Great Stories of Science Fiction, Notes\nThis article about a collection of science fiction short stories published in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 42], "content_span": [43, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009589-0000-0000", "contents": "13 G\u00e5rden\n13 G\u00e5rden is the sixth studio album by Swedish recording artist Titiyo. It was released on 16 October 2015 on Telegram Records and Warner Music Sweden, marking her first full-length album in seven years. Named after her childhood address in the Solna Municipality, outside of Stockholm, it was Titiyo's first album to be recorded entirely in Swedish language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009590-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Hedgehogs (MxBx Singles 1994\u20131999)\n13 Hedgehogs (MxBx Singles 1994\u20131999) is the first compilation album by Melt-Banana. It features their first 13 singles, EPs and split records on one CD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009590-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Hedgehogs (MxBx Singles 1994\u20131999)\nSince Melt-Banana's very first release was a 7-inch EP called Hedgehog they refer to all their minor releases (singles, EPs and splits) as hedgehogs. This contains the first 13, and so far they have released 23 \"hedgehogs\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009591-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Hours (book)\n13 Hours: The Inside Account of What Really Happened in Benghazi is a 2014 historical book by American author Mitchell Zuckoff that depicts the terrorist attack by Islamist militants at the American diplomatic compound in Benghazi, Libya on September 11, 2012. The book is an account from the point of view of the compound's defenders and does not address any of the political controversy surrounding the attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009591-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Hours (book), Reception\nKaren DeYoung of The Washington Post stated, \"Like other recent bestsellers of the Special Operations genre \u2014 \"Lone Survivor,\" about a Navy SEAL mission in Afghanistan, or \"No Easy Day,\" about the raid that killed Osama bin Laden \u2014 \"13 Hours\" is an action story that does not dwell on matters of U.S. foreign or security policy, or even the specific cauldron of Libya. It provides little that is new for those still stoking the Benghazi controversy and no real answers to whatever mystery may remain.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009591-0001-0001", "contents": "13 Hours (book), Reception\nRoman Augustoviz of Star Tribune wrote, \"'13 Hours' is a jarring narrative at times, but well-flowing. It dwells mostly on the six security operators, who they were, how they prepared for their jobs and how they reacted in a crisis and depended on one another.\" Glenn C. Altschuler of The Boston Globe   commented, \"Zuckoff focuses on the Benghazi security men... 13 Hours is a suspenseful (and often violent) account of their competence and courage, written with the hope that their actions will be \"understood on their own terms, outside of partisan or political interests.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009591-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Hours (book), Film\nIn 2016, the book was adapted into a major feature film directed by Michael Bay and starring James Badge Dale, John Krasinski, and Max Martini. The film received mixed reviews based on its perceived political stance, but nevertheless grossed a total of $69.4 million worldwide against a production budget of $50 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009592-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Hours by Air\n13 Hours by Air (also known as 20 Hours by Air) is a 1936 drama film made by Paramount Pictures and directed by Mitchell Leisen. The film stars Fred MacMurray and Joan Bennett. The screenplay was written by Kenyon Nicholson and Bogart Rogers, based on story Wild Wings by Bogart Rogers and Frank Mitchell Dazey. 13 Hours by Air was also the forerunner of the disaster film, a genre featuring a complex, heavily character-driven ensemble cast film, exploring the personal dramas and interactions that develop among the passengers and crew as they deal with a deadly onboard emergency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009592-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Hours by Air, Plot\nAirline pilot Jack Gordon (Fred MacMurray) on a flight from New York to San Francisco, is immediately attracted to beautiful passenger Felice Rollins (Joan Bennett). Known as a \"lady's man\", he bets stewardess Vi Johnson (Ruth Donnelly) that he will take Felice out to dinner that evening. A jewel robbery is in the news and a beautiful blonde is implicated, with Jack suspecting that Felice may be the culprit. On a stop over in Chicago, Jack learns instead that his passenger is a wealthy socialite at odds with another passenger, Count Stephani (Fred Keating). Jack worries that he may have a crisis involving the Count when he finds Stephani has a gun aboard. Other passengers include Dr. Evarts (Brian Donlevy) and Curtis Palmer (Alan Baxter), both of whom seem to be harboring a secret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009592-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Hours by Air, Plot\nFelice is trying to get to San Francisco in order to prevent her sister from marrying the Count's brother, but the flight runs into bad weather. Jack and Freddie Scott (John Howard), his co-pilot, are persuaded to fly on, but are eventually forced to make an emergency landing. Dr. Evarts tells Jack he is a federal agent pursuing Palmer, a notorious criminal. Palmer shoots Freddie and Dr. Everts and hijacks the aircraft. Jack manages to overcome Palmer, and with the help of Felice, is able to take off and fly to San Francisco. When the flight lands, he is able to have his dinner with Felice, collecting his bet, knowing that he will need the money for a marriage licence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009592-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Hours by Air, Production\nUnder the working title of 20 Hours by Air, the production changed its name to more closely approximate the actual flying time to fly cross-country in the United States, based on the recent exploits of pilots such as Wiley Post. Filmed at the Alhambra Airport, California, in Cleveland, Ohio, and Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, using United Air Lines Boeing 247 airliners. Second unit filming involved a flight from Newark to Los Angeles to obtain actual footage to be used in the film. An aircraft assigned to the production was also involved in a minor accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009592-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Hours by Air, Production\nThe pairing of MacMurray and Bennett brought together two dependable leads who worked as Paramount Studios contract players. They were sometimes loaned out to other concerns, but steadily climbed up from films such as 13 Hours by Air to more prestigious fare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009592-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Hours by Air, Reception\nFilm reviewer Frank S. Nugent, in his review for The New York Times, called 13 Hours by Air \"pleasant\". \"... there is no disputing the liveliness of the melodrama. The device of tossing a miscellany of humans and motives together on a bus, plane, train or airliner and letting them work out their destiny is as formular as the Bartender's Guide and has been used as often, but Bogart Rogers's and Frank Mitchell Dazey's story has been screened with a shrewd sense of pace, with a purposeful preservation of suspense and a knack for comic interlude.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009592-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Hours by Air, Reception\n13 Hours by Air is one of over 700 Paramount Productions, filmed between 1929 and 1949, which were sold to MCA/Universal in 1958. The Paramount catalogue was destined for television distribution, and have been owned and controlled by Universal ever since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009593-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Hours in Islamabad\n\"13 Hours in Islamabad\" is the tenth episode of the fourth season of the American television drama series Homeland, and the 46th episode overall. It premiered on Showtime on December 7, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009593-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Hours in Islamabad, Plot\nCarrie (Claire Danes) and Saul (Mandy Patinkin) are pulled from the damaged van by the Marines, but John Redmond (Michael O'Keefe) didn't survive. Quinn (Rupert Friend) uses the radio to ask the Marines to return, but Taliban soldiers shoot from nearby buildings, pinning them down. Martha (Laila Robins), Dennis (Mark Moses), and Lockhart (Tracy Letts) hide in the vault, a secure lockdown room, with a package containing the names of all CIA informants in Pakistan. Haissam Haqqani (Numan Acar) and his Taliban soldiers arrive. They gun down many embassy personnel and keep the survivors as hostages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009593-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Hours in Islamabad, Plot\nAs Marines are hit around Carrie, she phones Col. Aasar Khan (Raza Jaffrey), asking him to send the Pakistani military. However, Tasneem Qureishi (Nimrat Kaur) reveals that the ISI is helping the Taliban, to Khan's disapproval. Tasneem asks Khan to delay the soldiers by 10 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009593-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Hours in Islamabad, Plot\nQuinn and a Marine succeed in killing some of the Taliban. Haqqani goes to the vault and demands it be opened and demands the package of informants. He executes several embassy personnel. Against Martha's wishes, Lockhart yields and opens the vault. The package is handed over. However, Haqqani executes Fara Sherazi (Nazanin Boniadi) regardless. Before he can execute the others, Quinn and the Marine open fire on the group; Haqqani is wounded but escapes. Carrie, Saul, and the bodies of Marines are brought back to the embassy by the Pakistani military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009593-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Hours in Islamabad, Plot\nThe White House cuts relations with Pakistan and prepares to evacuate the surviving embassy personnel. Dennis asks Martha for a belt to commit suicide with, in order to lower the impact on Martha's career, but he changes his mind. Max grieves over Fara's death. Quinn decides to take matters into his own hands. He abducts Farhad Ghazi, the ISI agent who kidnapped Saul, and prepares to torture him in a warehouse. Carrie is given permission to stay behind for five more days, in order to find Quinn and bring him home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009593-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Hours in Islamabad, Production\nThe episode was directed by Dan Attias and written by series co-creators Alex Gansa and Howard Gordon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009593-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Hours in Islamabad, Reception, Ratings\nThe original broadcast of the episode was watched by 1.95 million viewers, an increase of over 200,000 from the previous episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009593-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Hours in Islamabad, Reception, Critical response\n\"13 Hours in Islamabad\" received critical acclaim. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating from critics based on 13 reviews. The website's consensus reads, \"Homeland continues to impress this season, as \"13 Hours in Islamabad\" is a tense, action-packed installment that features outstanding performances and some shocking plot turns.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009593-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Hours in Islamabad, Reception, Critical response\nJoshua Alston of The A.V. Club graded the episode an \"A-\", stating \"'13 Hours In Islamabad' is the liveliest, most startling, and emotionally bruising episode in the show's post-Brody phase.\" IGN writer Scott Collura gave the episode a high score of 9 out of 10 (signifying \"amazing\") and wrote \"Homeland continues to thrill this season with another tense episode that killed off a couple of well-liked supporting characters while also taking others to gratifying new places.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009593-0009-0000", "contents": "13 Hours in Islamabad, Reception, Critical response\nA former intelligence expert noted numerous issues with the behaviour of characters in the episode, noting the real-life training that embassy staff and CIA officers receive which is designed to prevent some of the scenarios depicted in the episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009593-0010-0000", "contents": "13 Hours in Islamabad, Reception, Accolades\nFor this episode, Dan Attias was nominated for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing \u2013 Drama Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi\n13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi (also known simply as 13 Hours) is a 2016 American action thriller film directed and produced by Michael Bay and written by Chuck Hogan, based on Mitchell Zuckoff's 2014 book of the same name. The film follows six members of Annex Security Team who fought to defend the American diplomatic compound in Benghazi, Libya after waves of attacks by militants on September 11, 2012. The film stars James Badge Dale, John Krasinski, Pablo Schreiber, Max Martini, David Denman and Dominic Fumusa with supporting roles by Toby Stephens, Alexia Barlier and David Costabile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi\nFilming began on April 27, 2015 in Malta and Morocco. Known colloquially as \"the Benghazi movie\", the film was released on January 15, 2016, by Paramount Pictures. Upon release, 13 Hours grossed $69 million worldwide against a production budget of $50 million (not including advertising and distribution), becoming Bay's lowest-grossing film to date, and received mixed reviews from critics. While the film was praised for its acting performances, action sequences, and dark tone, the script was criticized for its historical liberties. Bay's direction also received a mixed response, with many criticizing his emphasis on over-the-top action, but some also noting it as one of his most mature and grounded films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi\nThe film received an Oscar nomination for Best Sound Mixing at the 89th Academy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Plot\nIn 2012, Benghazi in Libya is named one of the most dangerous places in the world, and countries have pulled their diplomatic offices out of the country in fear of an attack by militants. The United States still has a diplomatic compound, not an official consulate, open in the city. Less than a mile away is a CIA outpost, \"the Annex,\" which is protected by a team of private military contractors from Global Response Staff (GRS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 47], "content_span": [48, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0003-0001", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Plot\nNew to the detail is Jack Silva, who arrives in Benghazi and is picked up by Tyrone \"Rone\" Woods, the commander of the GRS team and a personal friend of Silva. Arriving at the Annex, Silva is introduced to the rest of the GRS team and the CIA Chief of Station, who constantly gives the team strict reminders to never engage the citizens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 47], "content_span": [48, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Plot\nPrior to the US Ambassador's arrival, the GRS team members visit the Special Mission, where the Ambassador will be staying. They review the location and warn its Diplomatic Security (DS) agents about the risk of minimal-security arrangements and the high probability of a surprise attack due its volatile circumstances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 47], "content_span": [48, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0004-0001", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Plot\nUS Ambassador Chris Stevens arrives in Benghazi to maintain diplomatic connections amid the political and social chaos, with limited protection from five DS agents, principally Scott Wickland and Dave Ubben, along with guards hired from the local February 17th Martyrs Brigade militia, nicknamed \"17-Feb.\" On the morning of the eleventh anniversary of the September 11 attacks, Stevens notices suspicious men taking pictures of the compound and notifies his security detail. Back at the Annex, Silva finds out that his wife is pregnant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 47], "content_span": [48, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Plot\nThat night, a group of militants from Ansar al-Sharia assault the compound. The 17-Feb guards are quickly overrun, which allows the attackers easy access to the compound. Wickland takes Stevens and Smith, an IT specialist, to the safe room. Unable to breach the safe room, the attackers set the building on fire hoping to burn the men out. Wickland escapes but loses both Stevens and Smith. At the Annex, the GRS team desperately wants to go to the compound to help, but the Chief refuses for fear that the team's departure would expose the Annex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 47], "content_span": [48, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0005-0001", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Plot\nHowever, the team dispatches to the compound and meets up with the DS agents. Silva and Woods enter the building searching for Stevens and Smith but find only Smith's body. After an intense firefight inside the compound against the militants, the DS team retreats, but after Wickland goes the wrong way, they are followed by militants on their way back to the Annex. Later, the GRS team also retreats to the Annex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 47], "content_span": [48, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Plot\nKnowing that an attack by the militants is imminent, the CIA staff of the Annex makes several desperate calls for help, but only Glen \"Bub\" Doherty, a GRS officer in Tripoli, helps. He forms a team, including two Delta operators, that flies to Benghazi after several delays. Meanwhile, the GRS team fends off the militants as they try to breach the Annex perimeter. After repelling the largest attack wave, the Annex receives word from ISR that help is coming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 47], "content_span": [48, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Plot\nThe Tripoli GRS reinforcements arrive and begin to prepare the CIA and DS staff for their departure to the airport. The militants launch a mortar attack in which DS agent Ubben and GRS team member Geist are wounded, and Geist's left arm is partially severed. Woods rushes to aid Geist and is killed by another mortar round. Doherty is also killed when a third mortar detonates directly in front of him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 47], "content_span": [48, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Plot\nWith the GRS team compromised and the Annex now vulnerable, the remaining GRS operators watch as a convoy of vehicles rolls toward the Annex. Fearing the worst, the operators prepare to make a final stand until it is revealed that the convoy is an element of the Libya Shield Force militia that is escorting the GRS reinforcements. They also find out that Stevens had been found behind the compound but was pronounced dead at the hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 47], "content_span": [48, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0009-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Plot\nAt the airport, the CIA staff and the wounded Geist board the plane to Tripoli while the remainder of the GRS team waits for the next plane with the bodies of Stevens, Smith, Woods, and Doherty. Closing titles reveal that all of the surviving members of the Annex security team received contractor medals at a private ceremony, have since retired from the GRS team, and live with their families and that Geist was able to save his arm after several surgeries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 47], "content_span": [48, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0010-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Production, Development\nOn February 10, 2014, it was announced that Paramount Pictures was in talks with 3 Arts Entertainment to acquire the film rights to the book 13 Hours, written by Mitchell Zuckoff, with Erwin Stoff to produce. Chuck Hogan was set to adapt the book, based on the true events of the Benghazi attack by militants on the American diplomatic compound in Benghazi, Libya, on the evening of September 11, 2012. The film would focus on six members of a security team that fought to defend the Americans stationed there. On October 29, 2014, Michael Bay was set to direct and produce the thriller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 66], "content_span": [67, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0011-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Production, Casting\nOn January 14, 2015, John Krasinski was cast in the film, to play one of the lead roles, a former US Navy SEAL. On February 3, Pablo Schreiber also signed on to star in the film, playing Kris \"Tanto\" Paronto, one of the six-man security team. On February 6, James Badge Dale was set to star, as the leader of the security team. Max Martini was cast as another member of the security team on February 17, 2015. David Denman signed on to star in the film on March 3, 2015, playing Boon, an elite sniper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0011-0001", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Production, Casting\nOn March 5, 2015, THR reported that Dominic Fumusa also signed on, to play John \"Tig\" Tiegen, one of the members of the security team, who is also a former Marine with weapons expertise. Freddie Stroma was added to the cast on March 17, 2015 to play the role of an undercover CIA officer in Libya. On May 7, 2015, Toby Stephens was set to play Glen \"Bub\" Doherty, another of the security team members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0012-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Production, Filming\nPrincipal photography began on April 27, 2015 in Malta and Morocco. A large film set was built in March 2015 in Ta' Qali, Malta at .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0013-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Release\nOn June 30, 2015, Paramount announced that the new title would be 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, and set the film to be released on January 15, 2016, on the MLK Holiday weekend. The film premiered on January 12, 2016, at the AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas, benefiting the Shadow Warriors Project, which supports private military security personnel and other groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0014-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Release\nUnusual for a major American film, the film was given only a limited release in Canada during its American wide opening weekend, playing in select theatres in Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Edmonton, Calgary and Ottawa. The film expanded to a wide release in Canadian theatres the following weekend, January 22\u201324.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0015-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Release\nParamount specifically marketed the film to conservatives, in a method similar to previous films Lone Survivor and American Sniper, both of which had beaten box office expectations. This included screening the film for key Republican Party figures in order to generate endorsement quotations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0016-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Release, Home media\n13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi was released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 7, 2016. Likely due to a boost from the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election, the film made $40 million in DVD and Blu-ray sales by August 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0017-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Release, Home media\n13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on June 11, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0018-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Reception, Box office\n13 Hours grossed $52.9 million in North America and $16.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $69.4 million, against a production budget of $50 million, making it Michael Bay's lowest-grossing directorial film to-date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0019-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Reception, Box office\nThe film was projected to earn around $20 million in its four-day Martin Luther King weekend debut. It faced competition from fellow newcomer Ride Along 2, as well as holdovers The Revenant and Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Other films in a similar vein that had opened on the MLK weekend in previous years, American Sniper ($107.2 million in 2015) and Lone Survivor ($37.8 million in 2014), found success, although they had faced weaker competition, and were considered less politically divisive. However, The Hollywood Reporter noted that the film could outperform expectations if it was buoyed by waves of patriotism. The film made $900,000 from 1,995 theaters during its Thursday previews and $16.2 million in its opening weekend, finishing fourth at the box office. The film added 528 theaters in its second weekend and grossed $9 million, a 39.8% drop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 923]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0020-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Reception, Critical response\n13 Hours received mixed reviews from critics, though some viewed it as a welcomed tame effort from Michael Bay. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 51% based on 222 reviews, with an average rating of 5.60/10. The site's consensus reads, \"13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi is a comparatively mature and restrained effort from Michael Bay, albeit one that can't quite boast the impact its fact-based story deserves.\" On Metacritic the film has a score of 48 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 71], "content_span": [72, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0021-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Reception, Critical response\nSoren Andersen, writing for The Seattle Times, gave the film 3 stars out of 4, criticizing the lack of distinctive characters but ultimately summarizing 13 Hours as \"engrossing\" and \"a ground-level depiction of heroism in the midst of the fog of war\". Richard Roeper similarly praised 13 Hours in his review for the Chicago Sun-Times. Although he lamented the script, Roeper found the film to be a \"solid action thriller with well-choreographed battle sequences and strong work from the ensemble cast\". Like Roeper's review, New York Daily News' Joe Dziemianowicz was less receptive toward the script, but applauded the film's focus on the real-life attack, summarizing: \"War is gritty here, not glamorous... [ Michael Bay] delivers a gripping, harrowing, and heartfelt film.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 71], "content_span": [72, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0022-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Reception, Critical response\nIn a mixed review, Inkoo Kang of TheWrap praised 13 Hours for its action scenes, but panned Bay's direction as \"myopic\". She writes, \"13 Hours is the rare Michael Bay movie that wasn't made with teenage boys in mind. But that doesn't make his latest any less callously juvenile.\" Lindsey Bahr of the Associated Press was critical of the film's direction and cinematography, and found the screenplay to be confusing. Similarly, The Economist described the film as \"a sleek, poorly scripted and largely meaningless film\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 71], "content_span": [72, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0023-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Reception, Libyan response\nThe film caused controversy in Libya. Many Libyans believed it ignored the contributions of local people who attempted to save the US ambassador. Libya's Foreign Ministry spokesman, Salah Belnaba, denounced the film's portrayal of the Libyan people and described it as \"fanatical and ignorant.\" Culture and Information Minister, Omar Gawaari, also criticized the film saying: \"the movie shows the US contractors who actually failed to secure the ambassador [...] as heroes\", adding that Michael Bay \"turned America's failure to protect its own citizens in a fragile state into a typical action movie all about American heroism\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0024-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Reception, Accolades\nAt the 89th Academy Awards, 13 Hours received a nomination for Best Sound Mixing. However, Greg P. Russell (one of the four nominees from the film) had his nomination rescinded when it was discovered that he had contacted voters for the award by telephone in violation of campaigning regulations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0025-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Historical accuracy\nThe film's historical accuracy has been disputed. In the film's most controversial scene, the CIA chief in Benghazi (identified only as \"Bob\") tells the military contractors there when they seek permission to go defend the embassy to \"stand down\" and thus denies them permission. The real-life CIA chief stated that there was no stand-down order, but multiple sources who were willing to identify themselves have refuted the still-unnamed CIA chief. However, no help was sent even though officials at the highest levels had found out about the attack within the first few hours out of the 13. Also, the National Review commentator David French argues that the Senate committee cited above found plenty of evidence of the \"stand down\" order in the form of personal testimony from multiple witnesses but chose to rule that the contrary testimony outweighed it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0026-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Historical accuracy\nKris \"Tanto\" Paronto, a CIA contractor who was involved in action during the event, said, \"We were told to 'stand down'. Those words were used verbatim\u2014100 percent. If the truth of it affects someone's political career? Well, I'm sorry. It happens.\" The CIA base chief portrayed in the film has directly contradicted Paronto's claims, saying \"There never was a stand-down order.... At no time did I ever second-guess that the team would depart.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009594-0027-0000", "contents": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Historical accuracy\nAlso disputed is the film's portrayal that air support was denied. A House Armed Services Committee report found that air support was unavailable or that it would have arrived too late to make a difference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009595-0000-0000", "contents": "13 JG 52\n13. Staffel (slowakisches) Jagdgeschwader 52 (13. (slovak)/ JG 52) was a front-line unit of the Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe made up of Slovak personnel during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009595-0001-0000", "contents": "13 JG 52\nThey operated on the Eastern Front using Messerschmitt Bf 109s (E,F and G), between 1941 and 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009595-0002-0000", "contents": "13 JG 52, Formation\nThe 13th Fighter Flight of the Slovak Air Force was formed in late 1939 as part of a re-organisation of the Air Force to cope with reducing manpower as Czech personnel left for the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. It was equipped with Avia B-534 biplane fighters. In July 1941, Slovakia sent troops to Ukraine to take part in the German invasion of the Soviet Union, and the Slovak Air Force, including the 13th Fighter Flight, was sent into the Soviet Union in support of the Slovak ground forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009595-0002-0001", "contents": "13 JG 52, Formation\nThe Slovak fighters escorted Slovak Letov \u0160-328s and German Henschel Hs 126 reconnaissance aircraft, and attacked ground targets during the advance towards Kiev, but the Slovaks had problems supporting the B-534s owing to shortages of spares and the special fuel used by the fighter's engine, and the 13th Fighter Flight was withdrawn back to Slovakia in August 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009595-0003-0000", "contents": "13 JG 52, Operations with the Luftwaffe\nOn 25 February 1942 18 Slovak pilots were sent to Karup, Denmark for conversion training to the Bf 109. In July that year, the pilots returned to Slovakia, where they joined the 13th Fighter Flight based at Pie\u0161\u0165any. After re-equipping with Bf 109Es diverted from the Luftwaffe, on 27 October the 13th Flight was deployed to the Eastern Front, where it was attached to the German fighter Geschwader, Jagdgeschwader 52, becoming its 13th Staffel, or 13. (Slow)/JG 52. The unit, equipped with 12 Bf 109Es, operated over the Crimea and the Kuban. It made its first aerial claim on 28 November 1942 when a pair of Bf 109s attacked nine Polikarpov I-153 biplanes, the Slovaks claiming three without loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009595-0004-0000", "contents": "13 JG 52, Operations with the Luftwaffe\nIn January 1943, as the Bf 109E was becoming increasingly obsolete, the unit received more modern Bf 109Fs on loan from the Luftwaffe, and in March these were supplemented by Bf 109Gs. As these aircraft were on loan, they retained standard German markings, distinguished by white, red and blue propeller spinners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009595-0005-0000", "contents": "13 JG 52, Operations with the Luftwaffe\n13 Staffel flew some 2000 sorties while part of JG 52, claiming between 204 and 215 enemy aircraft shot down, for the loss of seven pilots killed, although the claims may have been exaggerated for propaganda purposes, it being stated post-war by surviving pilots that most of the victories had been fabricated. Three of the unit's pilots defected to the Soviets. The leading aces were J\u00e1n Re\u017e\u0148\u00e1k with 32 confirmed victories and Izidor Kov\u00e1rik with 28 confirmed victories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009595-0006-0000", "contents": "13 JG 52, Return to Slovakia\nThe Slovak unit, which was suffering from poor morale, was withdrawn back to Slovakia in October 1943, leaving the Luftwaffe-owned Bf 109Fs and Gs with JG 52. The 13th Fighter Flight was equipped with a mixture of Bf 109Es and Avia B-534s on its return to Slovakia, where it was based at Vajnory and then Pie\u0161\u0165any, tasked with the defense of Bratislava. It re-equipped with factory-fresh Bf 109G-6s in early 1944, operating under the control of the Jagdfliegerf\u00fchrer Ostmark (Fighter Leader Austria).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009595-0007-0000", "contents": "13 JG 52, Return to Slovakia\nOn 26 June 1944 eight Bf 109s of the 13 Fighter Flight engaged an American heavy bomber formation near Bratislava. They  managed to shoot down a B-24, and damaging two others before five 109s were shot down by the escorts and two more badly damaged. Three pilots were killed, including the unit commander. These losses virtually wiped out the 13th Fighter Flight, and its surviving aircraft were transferred to the 12th Fighter Flight. This was itself disbanded when German forces disarmed Slovak forces as a result of the Slovak National Uprising.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009596-0000-0000", "contents": "13 June 2012 Iraq attacks\nThe 13 June 2012 Iraq attacks were a series of simultaneous bombings and shootings that killed 93 people and wounded over 300 others. The attacks were carried out in seven different locations throughout Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009596-0001-0000", "contents": "13 June 2012 Iraq attacks, Background\nExtra security had been put in place to cope with the large crowds of pilgrims expected in Baghdad. Two days before the attacks, six people were killed and almost 40 injured in a mortar attack near the Moussa al-Kadhim shrine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009596-0002-0000", "contents": "13 June 2012 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nMost of the attacks were car bombings and appeared to be aimed primarily at Shi'ite pilgrims gathered to commemorate the death of imam Moussa al-Kadhim. The first car bomb, aimed at a group of pilgrims, exploded in Taji, a town north of Baghdad. It was followed by four blasts across Baghdad. According to an eyewitness, the bombs were aimed at pilgrims but also killed people working in the area. In all, ten blasts were reported across the Baghdad area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009596-0003-0000", "contents": "13 June 2012 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nTwo bombs in Hilla appear to have been aimed at security forces. The perpetrators targeted a restaurant frequented by police, killing 22 people and leaving 38 wounded. According to eyewitness reports, the car bomb was detonated right as a minibus full of police officers pulled up to the restaurant. \"It's heart-breaking. It's just sirens, and screams of wounded people,\" remarked an eyewitness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009596-0004-0000", "contents": "13 June 2012 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nIn Kirkuk three bombs exploded, with one targeting the headquarters of Kurdish President Massoud Barzani. A civilian was killed in that explosion. Two car bombs exploded near simultaneously in Balad, north of the capital, killing seven pilgrims and injuring 34 others. Bombings were also reported in Mosul and Karbala. Three federal policemen were shot dead by unidentified gunmen in the Baghdad's Saidyiah district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009596-0005-0000", "contents": "13 June 2012 Iraq attacks, Perpetrators\nThere were no immediate claims of responsibility for the bombings. However, reports suggested the participation of the Islamic State of Iraq, as the attacks mostly appeared to target Shi'ite pilgrims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009596-0006-0000", "contents": "13 June 2012 Iraq attacks, Reactions, Domestic\nThe speaker for the Iraqi parliament Usama al-Nujayfi called the attacks a \"move to provoke sectarian strife\". Dhia al-Wakeel, the Baghdad military command spokesperson, said that while the attacks are intended to initiate clashes between sects, \"Iraqis are fully aware of the terrorism agenda and will not slip into a sectarian conflict\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009596-0007-0000", "contents": "13 June 2012 Iraq attacks, Reactions, Domestic\nAbdul-Sataar al-Jumaili, of the Sunni-majority political bloc Iraqiya, was quoted by journalists as saying that the \"violent acts reflect the depth of the political crisis in the country and the escalation of political differences among blocks\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009597-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Kensington Palace Gardens\n13 Kensington Palace Gardens, also known as Harrington House, is the former London townhouse of the Earls of Harrington. It is now the official residence of the Russian Ambassador. There were earlier Harrington Houses in London, located at Craig's Court, Charing Cross and at Stable Yard, St James's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009597-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Kensington Palace Gardens, Earls of Harrington, Construction\nThe land on which Harrington House is constructed previously belonged to the gardens of Kensington Palace. In 1841, an Act of Parliament allowed 28 acres of the palace's kitchen garden to be divided from the palace's gardens; two rows of \"rich private residences\" were then constructed on this street, which would come to be known as Kensington Palace Gardens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009597-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Kensington Palace Gardens, Earls of Harrington, Construction\nNo. 13, Harrington House, was constructed for Leicester Stanhope, 5th Earl of Harrington, who is described as \"an important landowner in South Kensington\". Lord Harrington had applied for permission to build in March 1851. He was granted the lease of the plot until 1942 (91 years), for a rent of \u00a3147 a year, on condition that before January 1853, he construct a house costing no less than \u00a36,000. Construction began in October 1851 and by July 1853, the Earl was living at the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009597-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Kensington Palace Gardens, Earls of Harrington, Critical appraisal\nHarrington House was one of the largest houses on the road and was constructed in the Earl's favourite Gothic style; it cost around \u00a315,000 to construct. The exterior of the house was designed by Decimus Burton, following plans sketched by the Earl. Works were carried out under the supervision of Charles James Richardson, who was the surveyor to the Earl's South Kensington estate. Details and the final plans are thought to have been left to Richardson; he did, however, acknowledge the \"great measure\" the Earl was involved in the design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009597-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Kensington Palace Gardens, Earls of Harrington, Critical appraisal\nRichardson was not entirely complimentary of the Earl's contributions, pointing out that the flat outline of the building and low roofs were not usually part of the Gothic style. He also criticised the windows, complaining they were \"more eccentric than beautiful\" and blasting the use of \"common sash frames\". Richardson also moaned that despite the Earl spending over double what he was required to, he spent as little as possible on decoration, leading to an interior that was \"very plain\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009597-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Kensington Palace Gardens, Earls of Harrington, Critical appraisal\nRichardson's criticisms were by no means isolated; contemporary publications lambasted the house for being \"by no means elegant\" and \"somewhat German in character\". One particularly harsh criticism stated: \"Were I to express my opinion of it without reserve, I should be compelled to make use of language and epithets which, however justly merited, would be deemed as illiberal as they would be disagreeable... Instead of \"repose\" we have actual torture \u2014 the very thumbscrew of design.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009597-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Kensington Palace Gardens, Earls of Harrington, Critical appraisal\nRichardson did however defend the building's \"convenience, comfort and complete suitability for all domestic purposes\". Lord Harrington seems to have been happy with his house, thanking Richardson for building him \"a house without a fault\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009597-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Kensington Palace Gardens, Earls of Harrington, Appearance and layout\nThe house is built using \"buff-coloured bricks with Bath stone dressings\" and has a symmetrical front facade. The house has two principal stories, a ground level \"part storey\" (which originally contained the female servants' quarters), and a 14-foot high fireproof basement which extended under the courtyard to the rear of the house. The front entrance of the house is a three-storey tower, originally topped with a bell-turret demolished in the 1920s. Above the front entrance is an oriel window and quatrefoil parapet. To the south, the house has a conservatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009597-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Kensington Palace Gardens, Earls of Harrington, Appearance and layout\nFrom the front door there was a small entrance hall, with a library and dining room either side. The entrance hall lead to the saloon, at the centre of the house, which was two storeys high and topped by a skylight incorporating \"embosed and coloured glass\" featuring \"shields, coats of arms, mottoes and monograms\". The saloon originally contained a stone staircase which was replaced with a double oak one in 1924. Also in 1924, the saloon was redecorated in oak panelling, and cantilevered landings added around three sides of the second storey of the room. The saloon was flanked by a serving room (adjacent to the dining room), a dressing room, the second (servants') staircase, and a waiting room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009597-0009-0000", "contents": "13 Kensington Palace Gardens, Earls of Harrington, Appearance and layout\nThe saloon led onto a large picture gallery at the back of the house, which was flanked either side by two drawing rooms, one of which gave access through to the conservatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009597-0010-0000", "contents": "13 Kensington Palace Gardens, Earls of Harrington, Appearance and layout\nWith the exception of the saloon, the rooms were \"very plain\", the only design features being Gothic cornices. None of the original decorations survive in the principal rooms, however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009597-0011-0000", "contents": "13 Kensington Palace Gardens, Earls of Harrington, Appearance and layout\nThe basement was 14 feet tall and extended underneath the courtyard to the south of the house: this contained the kitchen, scullery, pastry-room, stillroom, dairy, wash-house, laundry, butler's pantry, steward's room, servants' hall, men's cellars, dust-pit and closets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009597-0012-0000", "contents": "13 Kensington Palace Gardens, Earls of Harrington, Appearance and layout\nThe property remained with the Stanhope family (Earls of Harrington) until the First World War. The inscription \"Harrington House\" remained over the door until the Soviet Embassy took possession, at which time it was painted over and replaced with the number 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009597-0013-0000", "contents": "13 Kensington Palace Gardens, Current use\nFor 50 years prior to the United Kingdom suspending its relations with the USSR in May 1927, the Russian Embassy had been located at Chesham House, close to Belgrave Square at the corner of Chesham Place and Lyall Street. With the reestablishment of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union in 1929, a new home was needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009597-0014-0000", "contents": "13 Kensington Palace Gardens, Current use\nIn 1924, Sir Lewis Richardson, a South African millionaire businessman, acquired Harrington House. Following designs by Sidney Parvin, Sir Lewis spent over \u00a325,000 altering the house. These alterations including the demolition of the house's bell-turret, changing the windows of the conservatory, and replacing the original sloping roof with a flat one. Sir Lewis also made \"considerable changes\" inside the house. Despite the work he undertook, Sir Lewis offered the house to the United Kingdom in 1930 for use as the Soviet Embassy, donating the house to the British Crown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009597-0015-0000", "contents": "13 Kensington Palace Gardens, Current use\nThe Russian Embassy is currently located further down the road, at numbers 4\u20135 Kensington Palace Gardens (consular department) and numbers 6\u20137 (the Chancery). Harrington House (number 13) is currently used as the official residence of the Russian Ambassador. The Soviet Diplomatic Mission previously also occupied numbers 10, 16 and 18, but these have since been returned to private use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009597-0016-0000", "contents": "13 Kensington Palace Gardens, Current use\nIn 1991, the British government extended the Russian government's lease on the house for 99 years. The Russian government pays a token rent of \u00a31 per year for the house; in return, Britain pays only one rouble per year rent for the British embassy in Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009598-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Kiddie Favorites\n13 Kiddie Favorites is a compilation album by the punk rock band Jughead's Revenge, released in 1995. It is a collection of b-sides and never-before material. Although it is often referred to as the band's follow-up to Elimination, this appears to be factually incorrect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009599-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Kohanic cities\nThe 13 Kohanic Cities are the 13 cities/villages and their respective peripheral territory listed in the Book of Joshua () as having been allocated by Elazar and Joshua to the kohanim (Israelite priesthood) and their families. The Kohanic cities are a sub-set of the 48 Levitical cities allocated to sections of the Tribe of Levi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009599-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Kohanic cities, Biblical references\nThe Kohanic cities all come along with the detail \u05d5\u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05d2\u05e8\u05e9\u05d4 (\"the peripheral land around the city\") - presumably, this amount is 2000 amah in all directions. These 13 cities are the primary land allotments for kohanim in the Land of Israel and were in use from the initial entry of the children of Israel into the land of Israel up until they were depopulated by Nebuchadnezzar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009599-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Kohanic cities, Biblical references\nAccording to the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah, these 13 cities where re-inhabited by the kohanim upon their return from the 70-year term of the Babylonian exile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009600-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Lakes\n13 Lakes is a 2004 16mm film by American independent filmmaker James Benning. It is an instance of slow cinema, placing emphasis on introspection and contemplation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009600-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Lakes, Summary\nThe film is 135 minutes long and consists of 13 ten-minute static shots of lakes from throughout the United States. There is no conventional plot, characters or dialogue. The composition has been described as \"symmetrical, minimalistic and repetitive\", encouraging \"sensory and sensuous engagement\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009600-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Lakes, Summary\nIn several cases, boats can be seen and sounds such as waves, motors, bird calls, thunder and rain can be heard. Benning has said that he does not intend the work to be about environmentalism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009600-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Lakes, Legacy\nThe film was added to the US National Film Registry as a \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant film\" in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009601-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Lead Soldiers\n13 Lead Soldiers is a 1948 American mystery film directed by Frank McDonald and starring Tom Conway as Capt. Hugh 'Bulldog' Drummond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009601-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Lead Soldiers, Plot\nDr Stedman is murdered by an intruder in his study and two toy soldiers are stolen from his desk. The next day, Hugh Drummond reads about the murder in the newspaper. He is approached by a friend, Phillip Coleman, who tells him that he owns two similar figures and that he has received first offers, then threats to sell them. According to Coleman, the soldiers are 900 years old, dating back to the time of William the Conqueror. Coleman leaves the two painted lead figures with Drummond for safety and asks him to look into the affair. To flush out whoever is trying to get the figurines they plant a press story that Drummond has bought them from Coleman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009601-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Lead Soldiers, Plot\nWhen a woman, who introduces herself as journalist Estelle Gorday, visits Drummond's apartment, she recognizes the right figures out of a collection that Drummond has assembled on his mantle piece. Drummond and his friend Longworth then visit Stedman Manor and meet the daughter of the victim, Cynthia. She tells them that her father's figures were very similar to those brought by Drummond but different in detail and that they were part of a set of 13 soldiers that Dr Stedman bought at auction together with an Anglo-Saxon palimpsest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009601-0002-0001", "contents": "13 Lead Soldiers, Plot\nHe was translating that when he was killed and the scroll was also taken. Dr Stedman was convinced that the statues were exceedingly valuable and he received an offer to buy them from a man called Vane. Vane offered a multiple of what Stedman has paid and left very angry when rejected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009601-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Lead Soldiers, Plot\nDrummond and Longworth follow an invitation by Ms Gorday. While they are there, Vane breaks into Drummond's apartment and steals the two soldiers. Coleman and Seymour, another friend of Drummond's, shadow him to a Soho flat. Seymour fetches Drummond and they return to Soho. Drummond and Longworth go up. A knife is thrown at them and they find Vane dead and the soldiers missing. The next day, Drummond and his friends are at Inspector McIver's office when  Ms Stedman identifies the dead man as Vane. Drummond visits Gorday and tells her that he smelled her perfume at the Soho flat. He searches her place and finds the palimpsest. She admits to working for Vane, who was a collector who owned the other soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009601-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Lead Soldiers, Plot\nDrummond next shows the palimpsest to Ms Stedman in the presence of Coleman. He tells them that he has done research on the soldiers: the figurines show the 13 last leaders of the Anglo-Saxons before the Norman Conquest. Before being defeated, King Harold hid his treasure at a manor near London and had the parchment with a map and instructions written, whilst the figures served as the cipher/key to find the hiding place. After the battle of Hastings, the soldiers were dispersed. Monks overwrote the parchment and the original writing was only rediscovered by Dr Stedman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009601-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Lead Soldiers, Plot\nDrummond, Cynthia Stedman and Coleman go to the spot shown on the map. The current house dates to King George I and is occupied by an antiques store. Inside, they discover a medieval fireplace and walls. When they inquire about the soldiers, the store owner asks them to leave. Later, Ms Gorday visits Drummond and threatens him with a gun, demanding the palimpsest. She admits to being the daughter of the shop keeper, Mr Prager. He owns the other nine soldiers and wants the four others and the palimpsest. Prager and his daughter hired Vane to find them but were horrified when he killed Dr Stedman. She admits to being at Soho and to throwing the knife at Drummond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009601-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Lead Soldiers, Plot\nMs Stedman comes to the store with the parchment, shadowed by Seymor and Longworth. They wait outside and meet Ms Gorday/Prager and Drummond when they arrive. Entering, they find Prager dead. Drummond discovers Coleman with all 13 soldiers inside the shop. Coleman attacks but is overpowered. They call the police and find Cynthia, who said Coleman had asked her to come and that she had been hit on the head on arrival. Drummond arranges the soldiers on a pedestal just like in the drawing and their weight distribution opens a secret door. They find the treasure. The arriving McIver takes a figure, causing the stone door to start closing. Coleman tries to flee but is shot and then trapped and crushed by the door. The others manage to leave the secret room when the figure is replaced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009602-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Letters\n13 Letters is the second compilation album by the Christian hip hop group 116 Clique. It charted at No. 29 on the Billboard Christian Albums chart and No. 10 on the Billboard Gospel Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009603-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Little Blue Envelopes\n13 Little Blue Envelopes is a 2005 realistic fiction young adult novel by Maureen Johnson. It tells the story of a young woman who embarks on a journey throughout Europe by following instructions left to her in letters from her aunt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009603-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Little Blue Envelopes, Plot summary\nVirginia (Ginny) Blackstone, a seventeen-year-old girl who is on summer break before her final year of high school, has received 13 blue envelopes from her self-proclaimed \"Runaway Aunt\" Peg, who has passed away. Ginny is told that she is about to leave for several weeks and will travel to foreign lands. Her aunt leaves her four rules to follow: she can only bring what fits into a backpack, she cannot bring any kind of journal or foreign language aid, she cannot bring extra money of any kind, and she cannot use or bring anything electronic with her. Ginny is only allowed to open the next envelope once she has reached the destination or has completed the task set in the previous letter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009603-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Little Blue Envelopes, Plot summary\nThe envelopes lead her to London, where she meets a \"starving\" artist/creep named Keith, and Aunt Peg's best friend and roommate, Richard. She realizes she has a crush on Keith, and they go to Scotland to meet her aunt's guru, artist Mari Adams. After she has an argument with Keith, they part ways, though they meet again briefly in Paris. Later, she encounters a horrible hotel in Amsterdam and finds shelter under a very hyperactive family. Following the letters, she goes to Denmark and meets four Australian students, Emmett, Bennett, Nigel, and Carrie. Together they form the \"Blue Envelope Gang\" and follow the second-to-last envelope to Greece. On the way, the 12th envelope tells her she can open the last one whenever she feels ready.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009603-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Little Blue Envelopes, Plot summary\nWhile in Greece, her backpack is stolen, along with the 13th envelope. She enlists Richard's help to return to England as she discovers her bank card is out of balance. Upon arriving there, Richard tells her that he and Peg were married during her final days with her fatal illness, which makes Richard Ginny's uncle, even though they both thought the other was marrying for the insurance for the aunts illness. This last bit of information completely unsettles the already-distressed girl, who runs to Keith's house for the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009603-0003-0001", "contents": "13 Little Blue Envelopes, Plot summary\nReturning to Richard's apartment the next day, she manages to discover a trove of her aunt's final paintings in the attic of Harrods, a large department store in London, which her aunt used as a private art studio. The painting collection is sold at auction, and the proceeds become her inheritance. While wondering if selling the paintings was the right decision or not, a conversation with Keith makes her realize that Peg wanted Richard to know that she loved him. She writes a letter to her aunt, letting her know that even though she never read the 13th envelope, she knows what it said. Ginny finally makes her way back home to New Jersey, after leaving half the inheritance to Richard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009603-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Little Blue Envelopes, Reception\nCritical reviews for 13 Little Blue Envelopes have been mostly positive. The School Library Journal positively reviewed 13 Little Blue Envelopes, calling it a \"quick read\" and \"the novel drives home the importance of family, love, and the value of connections that you make with people\". RT Book Reviews praised Johnson's originality, saying that she \"puts an original twist on the genre and leaves some wonderful surprises for the end as well\". Booklist wrote that the idea of a young girl traveling alone on an undefined journey \"stretches plausibility\", but that the book also had \"sensitive, authentically portrayed experiences\". Publishers Weekly and Kirkus Reviews both positively reviewed the book, with Kirkus calling Johnson's writing \"sophisticated and humorous\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009604-0000-0000", "contents": "13 May 1945 German deserter execution\nThe 13 May 1945 German deserter execution occurred five days after the capitulation of Nazi Germany along with the Wehrmacht armed forces in World War\u00a0II, when an illegal court martial, composed of the captured and disarmed German officers kept under Allied guard in Amsterdam, Netherlands imposed a death sentence upon two of the former German deserters from the Kriegsmarine, Bruno Dorfer and Rainer Beck. The show trial occurred in an abandoned Ford Motor Company assembly plant outside Amsterdam, which at the time was a prisoner-of-war camp run by the Canadian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009604-0001-0000", "contents": "13 May 1945 German deserter execution\nThe Nazi German prisoners of war formed a firing squad which carried out the sentence. They were supplied with captured German rifles and a three-ton truck by the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada, and escorted by a platoon of Canadian soldiers led by Captain Robert K. Swinton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009604-0002-0000", "contents": "13 May 1945 German deserter execution\nUnder a dubious interpretation of international law, Canadian military authorities permitted a continuation of the German military structure after the demise of the Third Reich. German assistance was indispensable in the disarmament, concentration, and evacuation of the German armed forces within Holland. Unfortunately, disinterested Canadian military authorities also left the German military in control of order and discipline. German commanders and military judges applied a military law warped by National Socialism. \u2014 Chris Madsen, Victims of Circumstance. [ p.109]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009604-0003-0000", "contents": "13 May 1945 German deserter execution\nIn an analysis of the incident the historian Chris Madsen notes that the Canadian military authorities felt obliged to work with their German counterparts, faced with the huge task of disarming and evacuating the German armed forces in the Netherlands, under discipline, and without disorder. As a matter of mutual convenience the German command hierarchy was allowed to continue to function following the surrender, and this included the sentencing and execution of individuals such as Dorfer and Beck under the Allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0000-0000", "contents": "13 May incident\nThe 13 May 1969 incident was the Sino-Malay sectarian violence that took place in Kuala Lumpur (then part of the state of Selangor), Malaysia on that  date in 1969. The riot occurred in the aftermath of the 1969 Malaysian general election when opposition parties made gains at the expense of the ruling coalition, the Alliance Party. Official reports put the number of deaths due to the riots at 196, although Western diplomatic sources at the time suggested a toll of close to 600, with most of the victims Chinese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0000-0001", "contents": "13 May incident\nThe racial riots led to a declaration of a state of national emergency or Darurat by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong resulting in the suspension of the Parliament by the Malaysian government, while the National Operations Council (NOC), also known as the Majlis Gerakan Negara (MAGERAN), was established as a caretaker government to temporarily govern the country between 1969 and 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0001-0000", "contents": "13 May incident\nThe event is significant in Malaysian politics as it led to the first Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman stepping down from office to be succeeded by Tun Abdul Razak, and eventually resulted in a change in government policy that would favour Malays by the implementation of the New Economic Policy (NEP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0002-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Precursors, Ethnic divide\nOn 31 August 1957, Malaya gained its independence from colonial rule. The country however suffered from a sharp division of wealth between the Chinese who dominated most urban areas and were perceived to be in control of a large portion of the country's economy, and the Malays, who were generally poorer and more rural. The special privileged position of Malay political power however is guaranteed under Article 153 of the Constitution written during Malayan independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0003-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Precursors, Ethnic divide\nThere were heated debates between Malay groups wanting radical measures to institutionalise Malay Supremacy (Ketuanan Melayu), while Chinese groups called for their 'racial' interest to be protected, and non-Malay opposition party members argued for a 'Malaysian Malaysia' rather than Malay privilege. Amid an undercurrent of racial tensions, in 1963, Malaysia was formed as a federation that incorporated Malaya (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0004-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Precursors, Ethnic divide\nThere had been several incidents of racial conflict between Malays and Chinese before the 1969 riots. For example, in Penang, hostility between the races turned into violence during the centenary celebration of George Town in 1957 which resulted in several days of fighting and a number of deaths, and there were further disturbances in 1959 and 1964, as well as a riot in 1967 which originated as a protest against currency devaluation but turned into racial killings. In Singapore, the antagonism between the races led to the 1964 Race Riots which contributed to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia on 9 August 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0005-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Precursors, 1969 national election\nIn the 1969 election, the governing coalition the Alliance Party faced a strong challenge from the opposition parties, in particular the two newly formed and mainly Chinese parties Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Parti Gerakan. The election was preceded by outbreaks of racial incidents that contributed to a tense atmosphere. A Malay political worker was killed by a Chinese gang in Penang, while a Chinese youth was shot and killed by police in Kuala Lumpur. Radical opponents called for the boycott of the election and threatened violence, but the funeral procession of the shot youth which was held before the election day passed peacefully.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0006-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Precursors, 1969 national election\nThe general election was held on 10 May 1969, the election day itself passed without any incidents. The result showed that the Alliance had won less than half of the popular vote, a large setback for the ruling coalition. On the national level, the Alliance had gained a majority in the number of seats in the Parliament, albeit a significantly reduced one. The number of seats won by the Chinese component of the Alliance, the Malaysian Chinese Association, had been reduced by half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0006-0001", "contents": "13 May incident, Precursors, 1969 national election\nOn the state level, the Alliance had only gained the majority in Selangor by co-operating with the sole independent candidate as the Opposition had tied with the Alliance for control of the Selangor state legislature (although at that time immediately after the election it was unclear that the Alliance would still have control). The Alliance lost control of Kelantan (to PAS) and Perak, and the opposition Gerakan won control of the state government in Penang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0007-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Precursors, Post-election celebrations\nOn the night of 11 and 12 May, the Opposition parties DAP and Gerakan celebrated their success in the election. In particular, a large Gerakan procession welcomed the Gerakan leader V. David. The parades by the opposition parties were alleged to be highly provocative, with non-Malays taunting Malays. Some supporters of the opposition were said to have driven past the residence of the Selangor chief minister and demanded that he abandon the residence in favour of a Chinese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0008-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Precursors, Post-election celebrations\nThe celebrations by the opposition parties were seen as an attack on Malay political power. Although the election results still favoured the Malays despite losses, the Malay newspaper Utusan Melayu suggested in an editorial that the results had jeopardised the future of Malay rule, and that prompt action was required to shore it up. On 12 May members of UMNO Youth indicated to Selangor Menteri Besar Dato' Harun Haji Idris that they wanted to hold a victory parade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0009-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Precursors, Post-election celebrations\nUMNO then announced a procession, which would start from the Harun bin Idris's residence. Tunku Abdul Rahman would later call the retaliatory parade \"inevitable, as otherwise the party members would be demoralised after the show of strength by the Opposition and the insults that had been thrown at them\". Malays were brought from the rural areas into Kuala Lumpur, which was then a predominantly Chinese city. Thousands of Malays, some of them armed, arrived to join the parade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0010-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Rioting, Early events\nThe UMNO procession was planned for the evening at 7.30 pm on Tuesday 13 May. On the morning of 13 May, Malays began to gather at the residence of Selangor Menteri Besar Dato' Harun Haji Idris on Jalan Raja Muda on the edge of Kampung Baru, although some were already there as early as Sunday evening. The Malays came from various parts of Selangor such as Morib (Harun's constituency) and Banting, and some may have came from parts of Perak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0010-0001", "contents": "13 May incident, Rioting, Early events\nAccording to the NOC official report, at around 6 pm, fist fights broke out in Setapak between a group of Malays from Gombak travelling to the rally and Chinese bystanders who taunted them, and this escalated into bottle and stone throwing. News of the fighting then reached the gathering crowd in Jalan Raja Muda, and shortly before 6.30 pm, many Malays broke off from the rallying point at the Chief Minister's house and headed through adjoining Chinese sections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0010-0002", "contents": "13 May incident, Rioting, Early events\nThe Malays, armed with parangs and kris, burned cars and shops, killed and looted in the Chinese areas; according to Time, at least eight Chinese were killed in the initial attack. Once violence broke out, it spread rapidly and uncontrollably throughout the city within 45 minutes, to Jalan Campbell, Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman (Batu Road), Kampung Datuk Keramat, Kampung Pandan, Cheras and Kampung Kerinchi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0011-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Rioting, Retaliations and armed response\nAccording to John Slimming, who wrote an account of the riot in 1969, the Chinese were taken by surprise and did not retaliate for more than an hour. The NOC official report, however, suggested that Chinese secret society elements had prepared for trouble and were in action when the violence started in Kampung Baru. In Batu Road, Chinese and Indian shopkeepers began to form themselves into an improvised defence force, while a Malay mob attempting to storm the Chow Kit Road area were met with armed secret society gang members and ran. The Chinese attacked Malays who were found in Chinese areas, and Malay patrons in cinemas were singled out and killed. They also attempted to burn down the UMNO headquarters on Batu Road and besieged Salak South Police Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 57], "content_span": [58, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0012-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Rioting, Retaliations and armed response\nEarly in the evening the rioters were met by police, who used tear gas in an attempt to control them. A 24-hour curfew for Kuala Lumpur was announced on the radio at 7.35 pm and repeated on television at 8 pm. Later, between 8.30 and 9.00 pm, a shoot-to-kill order was given by Inspector General of Police Mohamed Salleh bin Ismael. This was followed by another shoot-to-kill order from the Chief of Armed Forces, General Tunku Osman Jiwa. The army was deployed and they entered the areas affected by rioting at around 10 pm. Many people who were unaware of the curfew order were shot. Some were also shot while standing in their own doorways and gardens. Foreign correspondents reported seeing members of the Royal Malay Regiment firing into Chinese shop-houses for no apparent reason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 57], "content_span": [58, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0013-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Rioting, Retaliations and armed response\nBy 5 am the next morning, the authorities at Kuala Lumpur General Hospital reported that there were about 80 dead at the hospital. Members of the hospital staff also reported that the initial casualties between 7 and 8.30 pm had all been Chinese suffering from parang slashes and stab wounds, but that between 8.30 and 10.30 pm the victims were equally divided between Chinese and Malays. However, after about 10.30 pm the casualties were almost all Chinese, with nearly all of them suffering from gunshot wounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 57], "content_span": [58, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0014-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Rioting, Later events\nThe army gathered at crucial road junctions and patrolled the main streets, but even though a curfew had been announced, young men in areas such as Kampung Baru and Pudu ignored the order. Although most of the killings occurred on Tuesday night and Wednesday morning, the burning and looting of Chinese shops and houses by Malays continued with most incidences of serious arson occurring on Thursday night and Friday. Over 450 houses were burnt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0014-0001", "contents": "13 May incident, Rioting, Later events\nPeople displaced by the riots, most of them Chinese, were sent to official refugee centres in different parts of town \u2013 the Malays to Stadium Negara, and the Chinese to Stadium Merdeka, Chinwoo Stadium, and Shaw Road School. By Sunday, the number of Chinese refugees had increased to 3,500 in Merdeka Stadium, 1,500 in Chinwoo Stadium, and 800 in Shaw Road School, while the Malays in Stadium Negara had decreased from 650 on Thursday to 250 on Sunday. Over a thousand refugees were still left in Merdeka Stadium a month after the riot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0015-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Rioting, Later events\nThe curfew was relaxed briefly but quickly reimposed on Thursday morning. It was lifted again for three hours on Saturday morning. The curfew was gradually relaxed as the situation slowly returned to normal, but by the end of the month the curfew was still in force from 3 in the afternoon until 6.30 in the morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0016-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Rioting, Later events\nThe violence was concentrated in urban areas, and except for minor disturbances in Malacca, Perak, Penang and neighbouring Singapore, where the populations of Chinese people were similarly larger, the rest of the country remained calm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0017-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Rioting, Later events\nOn 28 June 1969, rioting broke out again in Sentul when Malays attacked Indians, and 15 were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0018-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Rioting, Casualties\nAccording to police figures which are disputed, 196 people were killed in the riots. The official figures gave 143 of the dead as Chinese, 25 Malay, 13 Indian, and 15 others (undetermined), although unofficial figures suggested higher number of Chinese deaths. The police were authorised to bury any dead bodies found or disposed of them any way they could without inquests or inquiries, which made estimation of the number of deaths difficult as many of the dead were disposed of undocumented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0018-0001", "contents": "13 May incident, Rioting, Casualties\nSome were reported to have been thrown into the Klang River, and some were believed to have been disposed of in pools in tin mines. A mass burial of the victims was also captured on film at the Sungai Buloh leper colony near Kuala Lumpur. Western diplomatic sources at that time put the toll at close to 600, and John Slimming estimated the number of deaths to be around 800 in the first week by including hundreds who were officially missing, while other observers and correspondents suggested four-figure numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0019-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Rioting, Casualties\nAccording to official figures 439 individuals were also recorded as injured. 753 cases of arson were logged and 211 vehicles were destroyed or severely damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0020-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Immediate effects\nImmediately after the riot, the government assumed emergency powers and suspended Parliament, which would reconvene again only in 1971. It also suspended the press and established a National Operations Council (NOC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0021-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Immediate effects, Declaration of emergency\nThe government ordered an immediate curfew throughout the state of Selangor. Security forces comprising some 2,000 Royal Malay Regiment soldiers and 3,600 police officers were deployed and took control of the situation. On 14 and 16 May, a state of emergency and accompanying curfew were declared throughout the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0022-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Immediate effects, Declaration of emergency\nOn 15 May, the National Operations Council (NOC) headed by Tun Abdul Razak was established following a Proclamation of Emergency by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia) Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah. Parts of the constitution were also suspended. With Parliament suspended, the NOC became the supreme decision-making body for the next 18 months. State and District Operations Councils took over state and local governments. The NOC implemented security measures to restore law and order in the country, including the establishment of an unarmed Vigilante Corps, a territorial army, and police force battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0023-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Immediate effects, Declaration of emergency\nNewspaper publications were suspended on 15 May, but resumed on 18 May, and censorship was then applied on 21 May. Foreign publications were banned, citizens found in possession of foreign news clippings were detained, and foreign reporters were criticised over allegations of racial bias by the army. The restoration of order in the country was gradually achieved. Curfews continued in most parts of the country, but were gradually scaled back. Peace was restored in the affected areas within two months. In February 1971 parliamentary rule was re-established. The Proclamation of Emergency and the act enacted (Emergency Ordinance 1969) however were never revoked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0024-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Official assessment\nThe NOC released a report on 9 October 1969, and it cited \"racial politics\" as the primary cause of the riots, but was reluctant to assign blame to the Malays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0025-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Official assessment\nThe Malays who already felt excluded in the country's economic life, now began to feel a threat in their place in the public services. No mention was ever made by non-Malay politicians of the almost closed-door attitude to the Malays by non-Malays in large sections of the private sector in this country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0026-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Official assessment\nCertain non-Malay racialist election speakers constantly worked up non-Malay passions against Malay policemen and officers, alleging partial treatment of the enforcement of the law. They contributed directly to the breakdown in respect for the law and authority amongst sections of the non-Malay communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0027-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Official assessment\nIt also attributed the cause of the riots in part to both the Malayan Communist Party and secret societies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0028-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Official assessment\nThe eruption of violence on 13 May was the result of an interplay of forces...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0028-0001", "contents": "13 May incident, Official assessment\nThese include a generation gap and differences in interpretation of the constitutional structure by the different races in the country...; the incitement, intemperate statements and provocative behaviours of certain racialist party members and supporters during the recent General Election; the part played by the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) and secret societies in inciting racial feelings and suspicion; and the anxious, and later desperate, mood of the Malays with a background of Sino-Malay distrust, and recently, just after the General Elections, as a result of racial insults and threat to their future survival in their own country'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0029-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Official assessment\nIt however said that the \"trouble turned out to be a communal clash between the Malays and the Chinese\" rather than an instance of Communist insurgency. The report also denied rumours of lack of evenhandedness by the security forces in their handling of the crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0030-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Official assessment\nTunku Abdul Rahman, in a book released two weeks before the report, blamed the opposition parties for the violence, as well as the influence of the Communists, and thought that the incidents were sparked off by Chinese Communist youths. He absolved the majority of the Malays, Chinese and Indians of any responsibility, and considered the Malays who converged in Kuala Lumpur on May 14 to be merely responding to \"intolerable provocations\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0031-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Aftermath\nThe Rukunegara, the de facto Malaysian pledge of allegiance, was a reaction to the riot. The pledge was introduced on 31 August 1970 as a way to foster unity among Malaysians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0032-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Aftermath\nThe Malay nationalist politician Mahathir Mohamad, who was then little-known and lost his seat as an UMNO candidate in the 10 May election, blamed the riot on the government especially the then Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman for being \"simple-minded\" and not planning for a prosperous Malaysia where the Malays have a share of the economic stake. The Tunku in turn blamed \"extremists\" such as Mahathir for the racial clashes, which led to the expulsion of Mahathir from UMNO. It propelled Mahathir to write his seminal work The Malay Dilemma, in which he posited a solution to Malaysia's racial tensions based on aiding the Malays economically through an affirmative action programme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0033-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Aftermath\nThe affirmative action policies included the New Economic Policy (NEP), and the creation of Kuala Lumpur as a Federal Territory out of Selangor state in 1974, five years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0034-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Aftermath\nAfter the riots, Tunku Abdul Rahman was forced into the background, with the day-to-day running of the country handed to the deputy Prime Minister, Tun Abdul Razak, who was also the director of the National Operations Council. On 22 September 1970 when the Parliament reconvened, the Tunku resigned his position as Prime Minister, and Tun Abdul Razak took over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0035-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Aftermath\nIn an attempt to form a broader coalition, the Barisan Nasional was formed in place of the Alliance Party, with former opposition parties such as Gerakan, PPP, and PAS invited to join the coalition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009605-0036-0000", "contents": "13 May incident, Aftermath\nAfter the 1969 riot, UMNO also began to restructure the political system to reinforce its power. It advanced its own version of Ketuanan Melayu whereby \"the politics of this country has been, and must remain for the foreseeable future, native [i.e. Malay] based: that was the secret of our stability and our prosperity and that is a fact of political life which no one can simply wish away.\" This principle of Ketuanan Melayu had been repeatedly used in successive election by UMNO to galvanise Malay support for the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009606-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Men and a Gun\n13 Men and a Gun is a 1938 British-Italian war film directed by Mario Zampi and starring Arthur Wontner, Clifford Evans and Howard Marion-Crawford. It is an English-language version of the Italian film Tredici uomini e un cannone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009606-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Men and a Gun, Premise\nDuring the First World War, Russian forces attempt to take out an Austrian artillery position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009607-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Minutes\n13 Minutes (German: Elser \u2013 Er h\u00e4tte die Welt ver\u00e4ndert) is a 2015 German drama film directed by Oliver Hirschbiegel that tells the true story of Georg Elser's failed attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler in November 1939. The title of the film is drawn from the fact that Elser's bomb detonated in a venue that Hitler had left just 13 minutes before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009607-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Minutes\nIt was screened out of competition at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival. It was one of eight films shortlisted by Germany to be their submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards, but it lost out to Labyrinth of Lies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009607-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Minutes, Plot\nIn November 1939, after planting a home-made bomb inside a column of a Munich Bierkeller, Georg Elser (Christian Friedel) attempts to cross into neutral Switzerland but is caught at the border. His bomb detonates but misses killing German leader Adolf Hitler by just 13 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009607-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Minutes, Plot\nThe German security services find incriminating evidence on Elser and link him to the assassination attempt. They believe Elser must have been working with a group of conspirators and proceed to torture Elser. They also round up members of his family from his home village, including Else H\u00e4rlen (Katharina Sch\u00fcttler), a married woman Elser has been seeing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009607-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Minutes, Plot\nWhen Else is brought before Elser, he fears for her life and tells Kripo police chief Arthur Nebe (Burghart Klau\u00dfner) and Gestapo head Heinrich M\u00fcller (Johann von B\u00fclow) that he acted alone, procuring detonators from a steel factory and stealing dynamite from a nearby quarry. He outlines the two clockwork mechanisms he built to time the explosion and hopefully kill Hitler as he made a speech. Still not believed to have attempted the assassination alone, Elser is once more tortured using drugs (Pervitin), but with the same result as before\u2014he insists that he acted alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009607-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Minutes, Plot\nThrough flashbacks it is learned that Elser came to despise the Nazis and saw that Hitler needed to be removed to save Germany. Following his arrest, Elser was kept in concentration camps for five years and was shot a few days before American forces liberated Dachau concentration camp, a few weeks before the war ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009607-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Minutes, Plot\nElser is now regarded as a German resistance hero of the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009607-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Minutes, Critical reception\nThe film has been received generally positively by critics, holding a 60% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The review in The Guardian newspaper noted the film as \"...a heartfelt study of a man who tried to kill Hitler\" The newspaper was also very complimentary about Christian Friedel's performance as Elser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009607-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Minutes, Critical reception\nHowever, the entertainment magazine Variety were less impressed, saying \"... the absence of subtlety combined with predictable dollops of sentimentalism once again trivialize events in the name of making them understandable\". In  The Daily Telegraph's review, the reviewer noted the film as having an \"...overbearing sentimentalism and lacquered, Oscar-hungry sheen\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009608-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Monocerotis\n13 Monocerotis (13 Mon) is a class A0 Ib (white supergiant) star in the constellation Monoceros. Its apparent magnitude is 4.5 and it is approximately 780 parsecs (2,500\u00a0ly) away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009608-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Monocerotis\n13 Mon lies within the Monoceros OB1 stellar association, halfway between the Rosette Nebula and NGC 2264, at a distance of about 780 parsecs. It is surrounded by a small reflection nebula listed as Van den Bergh 81 (VdB\u00a081).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009608-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Monocerotis\n13 Monocerotis has been used as a standard star for the A0 Ib spectral class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009608-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Monocerotis\nExtended photometry of 13 Monocerotis from 1997 to 2000 shows irregular variation of up to 0.04 magnitudes and also a slight trend to become fainter over the period. All the bright A0 - A5 supergiants analysed using Hipparcos satellite data were found to be variable, but 13 Mon was the least variable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009609-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Moons\n13 Moons is a 2002 comedy-drama film directed by Alexandre Rockwell. The title is a reference to the saying of a minor character's mother, who suggested that if nights of the full moon are strange, then \"this must be the night of thirteen moons.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009609-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Moons, Plot\nThe film opens with a clown (Buscemi) whose wife (Beals) and stripper girlfriend (Parsons) just discovered each other's existence. When his wife is jailed for trying to run him over, the stripper, the clown and his partner (Dinklage) contact a bail bondsman (Proval) whose wife just left their sickly son Timmy (Wolff) in his care. On the way, they are accosted by a crazed drug addict named Slovo (Stormare) who is hit by a car soon after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009609-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Moons, Plot\nAt the jail, the five meet up with an angry record producer (Mitchell) and the girlfriend he believes to be pregnant (Rollins) whom he plans to make a star, despite her protestations of not having any talent. Also along for the ride are two priests (Vince and Williams), one of whom has begun to doubt the wisdom of the Roman Catholic Church, and who are trailing to bail out a third priest (Messina) who was goaded into a fight by the proprietor of a strip club (Rockwell).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009609-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Moons, Plot\nWhen the nine characters intersect, they discover that Timmy has a defective kidney and is slowly dying. However, he has just been paged, as there is a donor at the hospital: Slovo. The three caring characters immediately take Timmy to the hospital, with the others in pursuit. By the time they arrive, Slovo partially recovered and escapes to wander the streets, cheerfully ignoring his internal bleeding and must be tracked down, before both he and Timmy die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009610-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Most Beautiful: Songs for Andy Warhol's Screen Tests\n13 Most Beautiful...Songs for Andy Warhol's Screen Tests (2010) is the third studio album by Dean & Britta. It was commissioned by the Pittsburgh Cultural Trust and The Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and was written to accompany a collection of screen tests filmed in the 1960s by Andy Warhol featuring stars from The Factory including Lou Reed, Nico, and Edie Sedgwick. The album consists of 21 tracks, including several remixes, and is heavily influenced by the sound of the Velvet Underground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009611-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Organis\u00e9\n13 Organis\u00e9 (French pronunciation:\u00a0\u200b[t\u0281\u025bz\u0254\u0281\u0261anize]), stylized as 13'Organis\u00e9, is a French rap album through a collaboration of around 50 French rappers mainly from Marseille. The album was released on Rien 100 Rien label on 9 October 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009611-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Organis\u00e9, 13 Organis\u00e9 collective\nThe project was launched by rapper Jul in mid-August 2020, when he announced it naming the initial participants as SCH, Naps, Soprano, Alonzo, Soso Maness, Kofs, L'Alg\u00e9rino and groups and collectives like IAM, Fonky Family and Ghetto Ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne, and mentioning the album launch on 9 October 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009611-0001-0001", "contents": "13 Organis\u00e9, 13 Organis\u00e9 collective\nOthers added later included Elams, Solda, Houari, Stone Black, Le Rat Luciano, Veazy, Many, Moubarak, Jhonson, As, Fahar, Friz, Vincenzo, Drime, Oussagaza, Don Choa, SAF, 2Bang, Youzi, Sysa, Thabiti, Zbig, AM La Scampia, Keny Arkana, Graya, 100 Blaze, Sauzer, Sat L'Artificier, Banguiz, Kamikaz, Moh, 100 Blaze, Dadinho, A-Deal & Zak, Diego, Tonyno, Kara, Daz, Bylk, Djiha, Akhenaton, Shurik'n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009611-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Organis\u00e9, Release\nOn 15 August 2020, Jul released the single \"Bande organis\u00e9e\" with SCH, Kofs, Naps, Soso Maness, Elams, Houari and Solda. The single, a prelude for the album was an immediate success and topped the French Singles Chart for several weeks. the single went platinum and then diamond becoming the fastest single being classified diamond in French music history. It also attracted around 148 million views on YouTube until 25 October 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009611-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Organis\u00e9, Release\nIn three days, the album 13 Organis\u00e9 sold more than 20,000 copies reaching 36,000 copies in a week being certified gold just 2 weeks after release. The album topped the French Albums Chart in its first week of release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009612-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Other Dimensions\n13 Other Dimensions was released by The Giraffes through the Seattle label My Own Planet, on CD and vinyl in 1998. It is essentially a solo effort by Chris Ballew (ex-Presidents of the United States of America), recorded in Ballew's basement. The album was published as being a work by a fictional band composed of Ballew's childhood stuffed animals. Ballew's name appears nowhere on the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009612-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Other Dimensions\nThe Giraffes record was the first of a planned series of six made under a volume agreement with Ballew's main label, Columbia however only two albums were made, the second was released by Orange Recordings. Roni Sarg, in Tucson Weekly's Rhythm and Views section, postulates that the putative stars of the Giraffes were chosen for their \"photogenic cuteness\" .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009613-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Queens Boulevard\n13 Queens Boulevard is an American sitcom that aired from March 20 until July 24, 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009613-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Queens Boulevard, Premise\nThe series was about the diverse residents of a Queens apartment complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009613-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Queens Boulevard, Premise\nThe major residents of the complex were Felicia and Steven Winters (Eileen Brennan and Jerry Van Dyke) who have been happily married for over 15 years. Also living in the complex were Elaine Dowling (Marcia Rodd), a divorcee who was Felicia's best friend; and the Capestros, which included Mildred (Helen Page Camp) and her daughters, Annie (Susan Elliott) and Jill (Louise Williams). Others in the complex included Camille (Karen Rushmore) and Lois (Frances Lee McCain).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009614-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Rajab\n13 Rajab is the thirteenth day of the seven month (Rajab) of the Islamic calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009614-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Rajab\nIn the conventional Lunar Hijri calendar, this day is the 190th day of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why\n13 Reasons Why is an American teen drama streaming television series developed for Netflix by Brian Yorkey, based on the 2007 novel Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher. The series revolves around high school student Clay Jensen and the aftermath of high school student Hannah Baker's suicide. Before her death, she leaves behind a box of cassette tapes in which she details the reasons why she chose to end her life as well as the people she believes are responsible for her death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why\nThrough its various storylines, the show explores and depicts a wide range of social issues affecting modern youth. The series was produced by July Moon Productions, Kicked to the Curb Productions, That Kid Ed Productions, Anonymous Content and Paramount Television, with Yorkey and Diana Son serving as showrunners. Dylan Minnette and Katherine Langford star as Clay Jensen and Hannah Baker, respectively, alongside an ensemble cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0001-0001", "contents": "13 Reasons Why\nA film from Universal Pictures based on Thirteen Reasons Why began development in February 2011, with Selena Gomez set to star as Hannah, before being shelved in favor of a television series and Netflix ordering an adaptation as a limited series in October 2015, with Gomez instead serving as an executive producer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why\nThe first season was released on Netflix on March 31, 2017. It received positive reviews from critics and audiences, who praised its themes, subject matter and acting, particularly the performances of Minnette and Langford. For her performance, Langford received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress \u2013 Television Series Drama. However, its graphic depiction of issues such as suicide, sexual assault, bullying, and rape (along with other mature content) prompted concerns from mental health professionals. In response, Netflix added a warning card on March 2018 that plays at the start of each season warning viewers about the themes of each season. In July 2019, Netflix edited out the suicide scene in the first season's final episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why\nIn May 2017, Netflix renewed 13 Reasons Why for a second season due to the success of the initial 13 episodes; the second season was released on May 18, 2018, and received mixed reviews from audiences and negative to mixed critical reviews. Coinciding with the release of the second season, Netflix released a video with the cast that cautioned viewers on some of the topics covered in the show and provided a support website with crisis numbers for people affected by depression, anxiety and other mental health issues. A third season was ordered in June 2018 and was released on August 23, 2019. In August 2019, the series was renewed for a fourth and final season, which premiered on June 5, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Plot\nThe series is set in the late 2010s in the fictional county of Evergreen, California. Most of the main characters in the series are students of Liberty High School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Plot\nThe first season follows Liberty High student Clay Jensen, who receives a set of cassette tapes at his front porch. These tapes were recorded by Hannah Baker, a former Liberty High student who had killed herself and recorded thirteen reasons why she did so on the tapes. Each tape includes a reason for the following people: Justin Foley, Jessica Davis, Alex Standall, Tyler Down, Courtney Crimsen, Marcus Cole, Zach Dempsey, Ryan Shaver, Sheri Holland, Clay himself, Hannah herself, Bryce Walker, and Kevin Porter (a school guidance counselor who is the only non-student among the tape subjects). The season features flashbacks viewed from Hannah's perspective that offer increasing clarity as to the trauma she faced during her time as a student and what ultimately led up to her own death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Plot\nIn the second season, Hannah's parents sue the school district after Hannah's tapes are released online. The fallout from the events of the first season and the toll it has taken on the lives of Liberty High's students is further shown. At the end of the season, Tyler attempts a school shooting after he is severely traumatized by the bully Monty, but is stopped by Clay and Tony with Tyler's gun given to Clay as Tony drives Tyler away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Plot\nIn the third season, which introduces a new main character Ani Achola and takes place eight months after the events of the previous season, Clay and his friends struggle to keep Tyler's cover of his attempted school shooting and helping him in his recovery. Tensions rise with the tape subjects after Bryce is killed with Clay as a suspect. In the wake of his death, Bryce's past actions and the person he has become in the aftermath of the release of Hannah's tapes is examined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Plot\nIn the fourth and final season, Clay begins to develop mental health issues following the deaths of Bryce and Monty, while the students are planning for their college interviews and nearing graduation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0009-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Background and production, Development\nUniversal Studios purchased film rights to the novel on February 8, 2011, with Selena Gomez cast to play Hannah Baker. On October 29, 2015, it was announced that Netflix would be making a television adaptation of the book with Gomez instead serving as an executive producer. Tom McCarthy was hired to direct the first two episodes. The series was produced by Anonymous Content and Paramount Television with Gomez, McCarthy, Joy Gorman, Michael Sugar, Steve Golin, Mandy Teefey, and Kristel Laiblin serving as executive producers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0010-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Background and production, Development\nOn May 7, 2017, it was announced that Netflix had renewed the series for a second season, which was released on May 18, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0011-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Background and production, Development\nOn June 6, 2018, Netflix renewed the series for a third season, which was released on August 23, 2019. It was dedicated to executive producer Steve Golin (founder and CEO of Anonymous Content), who died of Ewing's sarcoma on April 21, 2019, four months before the third season's release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0012-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Background and production, Development\nOn August 1, 2019, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a fourth and final season, which was released on June 5, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0013-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Background and production, Casting\nIn June 2016, Dylan Minnette, Katherine Langford, Christian Navarro, Alisha Boe, Brandon Flynn, Justin Prentice, Miles Heizer, Ross Butler, Devin Druid and Brian d'Arcy James were cast as the main leads. In September, Amy Hargreaves, Kate Walsh and Derek Luke were cast. Langford exited the show after the second season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0014-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Background and production, Casting\nIn August 2017, Jake Weber, Meredith Monroe, R. J. Brown, Anne Winters, Bryce Cass, Chelsea Alden, Allison Miller, Brandon Butler, Samantha Logan, Kelli O'Hara, and Ben Lawson were cast for season two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0015-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Background and production, Casting\nIn September 2018, Timothy Granaderos and Brenda Strong were promoted to series regulars for season 3 after recurring in the previous seasons. On September 5, 2019, Gary Sinise was cast as a series regular for the fourth season. On February 11, 2020, Jan Luis Castellanos joined the cast as a series regular for the fourth season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0016-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Background and production, Filming\nFilming for the series took place in the Northern Californian towns of Vallejo, Benicia, San Rafael, Crockett and Sebastopol during the summer of 2016. The 13-episode first season and the special were released on Netflix on March 31, 2017. Therapy dogs were present on set for the actors because of the intense and emotional content of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0017-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Background and production, Filming\nFilming for the second season began on June 12, 2017, but was briefly halted in October in response to the then-ongoing Northern California wildfires happening around the areas where the series was being filmed. Production on the second season wrapped in December 2017. The second season was released on May 18, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0018-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Background and production, Filming\nFilming for the third season began on August 12, 2018, but was halted due to another wildfire until December 17. Filming was scheduled to be completed on February 6, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0019-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Background and production, Filming\nThe fourth season began filming in July 2019 and finished in December 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0020-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Release\nThe first season was released on Netflix on March 31, 2017. It received positive reviews from critics and audiences, who praised its subject matter and acting, particularly the performances of Minnette and Langford. For her performance, Langford received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress \u2013 Television Series Drama. However, its graphic depiction of issues such as suicide and rape (along with other mature content) prompted concerns from mental health professionals. In response, Netflix added a warning card and from March 2018 on, a video that plays at the start of each season warning viewers about its themes. In July 2019, Netflix edited out the suicide scene in the first season's final episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0021-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Release\nNetflix renewed 13 Reasons Why for a second season in May 2017 due to the success of the initial 13 episodes; filming of the second season began the next month and concluded that December. The second season was released on May 18, 2018, and received mixed reviews from audiences. Coinciding with the release of the second season, Netflix released a video with the cast that cautioned viewers on some of the topics covered in the show and provided a support website with crisis numbers for people affected by depression, anxiety and other mental health issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0021-0001", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Release\nA third season was ordered in June 2018 and was released on August 23, 2019. In August 2019, the series had been renewed for a fourth and final season, which premiered on June 5, 2020. Critical and audience reaction to the series has been divided, with the program generating controversy between audiences and industry reviewers alongside acquiring a loyal following.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0022-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 1\nThe first season has received positive reviews, with praise for the acting (particularly that of Minnette, Langford, and Walsh), directing, story, visuals, themes, improvements upon its source material, and mature approach to dark and adult subject matter. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 78% approval rating with an average rating of 7.14/10, based on 63 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, \"13 Reasons Why complements its bestselling source material with a gripping look at adolescent grief whose narrative maturity belies its YA milieu.\" Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 76 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating generally favorable reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0023-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 1\nJesse Schedeen of IGN praised 13 Reasons Why, giving it a 9.2 out of 10, \"Amazing\", stating that the series is \"a very powerful and hard-hitting series\" and \"ranks among the best high school dramas of the 21st century\". Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe gave a glowing review for the series, saying, \"The drama is sensitive, consistently engaging, and, most importantly, unblinking.\" Maureen Ryan of Variety asserts that the series \"is undoubtedly sincere, but it's also, in many important ways, creatively successful\" and called it \"simply essential viewing\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0023-0001", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 1\nLeah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the entire season a score of B+, calling the series \"a frank, authentically affecting portrait of what it feels like to be young, lost and too fragile for the world\". Daniel Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the series, calling it \"an honorably mature piece of young-adult adaptation\", and citing its performances, direction, relevance and maturity as some of the series' strongest points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0024-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 1\nThe acting, particularly Katherine Langford as Hannah and Dylan Minnette as Clay, was frequently praised in reviews. Schedeen of IGN praised the cast, particularly Minnette and Langford, stating: \"Langford shines in the lead role\u00a0... [ and] embodies that optimism and that profound sadness [of Hannah's] as well. Minnette's Clay is, by design, a much more stoic and reserved character\u00a0... and does a fine job in what's often a difficult role.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0024-0001", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 1\nGilbert of The Boston Globe praised the chemistry of Langford and Minnette, saying that \"watching these two young actors together is pure pleasure\", while Schedeen of IGN also agreed, saying that they are \"often at their best together, channeling just the right sort of warm but awkward chemistry you'd expect from two teens who can't quite admit to their feelings for one another\". Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also praises both actors: \"Langford's heartbreaking openness makes you root for a fate you know isn't possible. The actress' performance is full of dynamic range, setting it against Minnette's often more complicated task in differentiating between moods that mostly go from uncomfortable to gloomy to red-eyed, hygiene-starved despair.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0025-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 1\nRyan of Variety also gave praise to not only the two leads, but also the supporting cast of actors, particularly Kate Walsh's performance as Hannah's mother, which Ryan describes as \"career-best work\". Positive mentions from various critics, such as Ryan, Feinberg and Schedeen, were also given to the supporting cast of actors (most particularly Alisha Boe, Miles Heizer and Christian Navarro's respective performances as Jessica, Alex and Tony). Liz Shannon Miller of Indiewire, who enjoyed the series and gave it a positive score of B+, gave praise to the racial, gender and complex diversity of its supporting cast of teens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0026-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 1\nAnother aspect frequently mentioned within reviews was the series's mature and emotional approach to its dark and adult subject matter. This was favorably reviewed by critics, such as Miller of Indiewire, particularly her statement that \"the adult edges to this story ring with honesty and truth.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0026-0001", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 1\nMiller, and Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter, also stated that the series can be difficult to watch at times, while Schedeen of IGN states that it is \"an often depressing and even uncomfortable show to watch\u00a0... a pretty emotionally draining experience, particularly towards the end as the pieces really start to fall into place.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0027-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 1\nCritics also praised several other aspects of the series. Feinberg highlighted the series' directors, saying: \"A Sundance-friendly gallery of directors including Tom McCarthy, Gregg Araki and Carl Franklin keeps the performances grounded and the extremes from feeling exploitative\", while Gilbert of The Boston Globe praised the storytelling: \"The storytelling techniques are powerful\u00a0... [as it] builds on the world established in the previous hour, as we continually encounter new facets of Hannah's life and new characters. The background on the show keeps getting deeper, richer.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0028-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 1\nConversely, the series has also received criticism over its portrayal of teen angst. Mike Hale of The New York Times wrote a critical review, writing, \"the show doesn't make [Hannah's] downward progress convincing. It too often feels artificial, like a very long public service announcement.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0028-0001", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 1\nHe also criticized the plot device that has Clay listening to the tapes one by one instead of all in one sitting like the other teens did, which Hale felt was unbelievable: \"It makes no sense as anything but a plot device, and you'll find yourself, like Clay's antagonists, yelling at him to listen to the rest of tapes already.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0029-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 1\nWriting for The Guardian, Rebecca Nicholson praised some aspects of the series, including the performances from Minnette and Walsh, but was troubled by much of the plot, writing, \"a storyline that suggests the love of a sweet boy might have sorted all this out added to an uneasy feeling that stayed with me\". Nicholson was skeptical that the series would appeal to older viewers, unlike other series set in high school such as Freaks and Geeks and My So-Called Life: \"It lacks the crossover wit of its forebears\u00a0...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0029-0001", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 1\nIt's too tied up in conveying the message that terrible behaviour can have horrible consequences to deal in any subtleties or shades of feeling. It's largely one-note \u2013 and that note is horrifying. ' It has to get better,' implores one student towards the end, but given its fairly open ending, an apparent season two setup, it does not seem as if there's much chance of that happening.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0030-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 1\nThe Washington Post television critic Hank Stuever wrote a negative review, finding 13 Reasons Why \"contrived\" and implausible: \"There are 13 episodes lasting 13 super-sullen hours \u2013 a passive-aggressive, implausibly meandering, poorly written and awkwardly acted effort that is mainly about miscommunication, delivering no more wisdom or insight about depression, bullying and suicide than one of those old ABC Afterschool Specials people now mock for being so corny.\" He also wrote that he found Hannah's suicide tapes \"a protracted example of the teenager who fantasizes how everyone will react when she's gone. The story\u00a0... strikes me as remarkably, even dangerously, naive in its understanding of suicide, up to and including a gruesome, penultimate scene of Hannah opening her wrists in a bathtub.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0031-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 1\nDavid Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the series a tepid review, saying that it was plagued by character inconsistencies, particularly in Hannah's character. He praised Langford's \"stunning performance\" but noted, \"There are times when we simply don't believe the characters, when what they do or say isn't consistent with who we've been led to believe they are\u00a0... At times, [Hannah] is self-possessed and indifferent at best to the behavior of the popular kids. At other times, though, relatively minor misperceived slights seem to send her into an emotional tailspin. No doubt, teenagers embody a constant whirl of conflicting emotions, but the script pushes the bounds of credibility here and there.\" He noted that overall, the series worked: \"The structure is gimmicky and the characters inconsistent, but there are still at least 13 Reasons Why the series is worthy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 940]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0032-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 2\nThe second season received largely negative to mixed reviews from critics, with many praising the performances (particularly that of Boe, Luke, and Walsh) but criticism aimed at the poor execution of its topics; many declared it unnecessary. Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 27% with an average rating of 5.31/10, based on 51 reviews. The site's critical consensus states, \"By deviating from its source material, 13 Reasons Why can better explore its tenderly crafted characters; unfortunately, in the process, it loses track of what made the show so gripping in the first place.\" On Metacritic, the season has an average score of 49 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0033-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 2\nCatherine Pearson from DigitalSpy wrote a negative review, calling the season \"even more problematic\" than the first. She ends the review saying that, \"Unrelenting depression seems to shroud the season, briefly lifted only to collapse back down as the show's thirteenth episode, once again, delivers a deeply disturbing scene of suffering.\" Jordan Davidson from The Mighty wrote that he \"felt sick\" after watching the final episode of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0034-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 2\nA scene in which the character Tyler is attacked and sexually assaulted with a mop handle during the finale also caused controversy from fans and critics of the series, with some describing it as \"unnecessary\" and \"traumatizing\". Series showrunner Brian Yorkey defended the scene, saying that it was included in an attempt to \"[tell] truthful stories about things that young people go through in as unflinching a way as we can\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0035-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 3\nSeason 3 received overwhelmingly negative reviews by both critics and audiences, with criticism aimed at the lack of necessity and talk about suicide, poor execution of its topics, including the rape of Tyler in the final episode of the previous season, the new character of Ani, the sympathetic redemption of Bryce, genre changing from drama to mystery, and the conclusion. However, some praised the technical aspects and the performances (particularly those of Prentice, Druid, and Granaderos).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0036-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 3\nReview aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 12%, with an average rating of 1.43/10, based on 17 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: \"13 Reasons Why attempts to break away from its first two seasons only to become a melodramatic mess of a murder mystery.\" On Metacritic, the season has an average score of 23 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating \"generally unfavourable reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0037-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 4\nSeason 4 received generally negative reviews from critics, who criticized the poor execution of its topics, the writing, time jumps and story, while the ending was met with a divided reception. However, some called it an improvement over its previous season, and praised the performances of the cast\u00a0\u2013 particularly those of Minnette, Navarro, Flynn, and Heizer\u00a0\u2013 the brief return of Hannah Baker, and technical aspects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0038-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 4\nReview aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 25%, with an average rating of 5.33/10, based on 12 reviews. The site's critical consensus states: \"13 Reasons Why closes with a chaotic final chapter that betrays what little dignity remained in the tragic lives of its central teens.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0038-0001", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Critical response, Season 4\nEpisode six, in which the school runs a \"drill\" where the students are made to believe there is an active shooter was heavily criticized, with many fans and critics describing the episode as \"too realistic\", \"triggering\" and \"traumatising\" although some reviewers noted that the show had tackled a topic that is relevant to many American school students. The storyline of Justin Foley being diagnosed with and killed by complications of AIDS generated controversy, with many calling it unfair. Minnette defended the scene, saying that he and Flynn had pushed showrunner Brian Yorkey to kill Justin, as they \"both felt that it would have the biggest emotional impact on the series as [Justin] had the most emotional impact out of all of the characters\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0039-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Reception, Audience viewership\nThe marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the first season was the second-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered, garnering 48% of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received, which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot. The series also showed an 18% increase in week-over-week viewership from week one to week two. Jumpshot, which \"analyzes click-stream data from an online panel of more than 100\u00a0million consumers\", looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company's U.S. members, factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0040-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy\nThe release of the show caused public concern about the risk of suicide contagion among teenagers \u2013 particularly in those who have suicidal thoughts. The portrayal of sensitive content such as teen suicide, self-harm, rape and bullying raised criticism, especially for its graphic content, primarily the scene in which Hannah kills herself. Some researchers and medical professionals argue that the series violated guidelines for depicting suicide in the media and might trigger \"imitative\" behaviors among high school students and vulnerable people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0041-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy\nPrior to the series' release, scholars had studied the influence of the media on suicide for decades. Evidence to support the existence of a relationship between fictional media exposure and suicide behaviors remained weak and a strict causality had never been established. The effect that fiction can have on suicidal thoughts and behaviors is probably smaller than that of other psychological and social risk factors for suicide. It has been argued that censoring fiction may do more harm than good;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0042-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy\nAfter the series' release, a study published in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry found that suicide among teenagers rose by 28.9% in the month after Netflix launched the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0043-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy, Criticism\nSeveral health professionals, educators and advocates linked the show to self-harm and suicide threats among young people. This community also expressed major concerns about the series like romanticizing suicide, not providing adequate resources at the conclusion of each episode, targeting a young vulnerable audience, and painting mental health professionals as unhelpful and not worth seeing. Mental health experts are also educating the general public on what to do in the situations Hannah Baker goes through, disseminating accurate information surrounding teen suicide, depression, and youth that experience traumatic events through research surrounding the show and mental health resources for help-seeking youth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0044-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy, Criticism\nThe release of 13 Reasons Why corresponded with between 900,000 and 1.5\u00a0million more suicide-related Google searches in the United States, including a 26% increase in searches for \"how to commit suicide,\" an 18% increase for \"commit suicide,\" and a 9% increase for \"how to kill yourself.\" After an initial spike in calls to the Crisis Text Line after the first episode, there was an overall reduction in crisis call volume for the remainder of the series. Although the link between searching for suicide information and suicide risk is unclear, increases in self-harm admissions to one children's hospital were observed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0045-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy, Criticism\nThe superintendent of Palm Beach County, Florida schools reportedly told parents that their schools had seen an increase in suicidal and self-harming behavior from students, and that some of those students \"have articulated associations of their at-risk behavior to the 13 Reasons Why Netflix series\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0046-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy, Criticism\nThe Australian youth mental health service for 12\u201325 year-olds, Headspace, issued a warning in late April 2017 over the graphic content featured in the series, due to the increased number of calls to the service following the series' release in the country. Netflix however, demonstrably complied with the Australian viewer ratings system, by branding the series as \"MA15+\" when streamed via its own interface. They accompanied its presentation with additional warnings and viewer advice, and ensured that counselling referrals were included and not easily skipped at the conclusion of each episode. Each warning voice over is read by a different cast member at the end of the episode, with Katherine Langford reading in her native Australian accent in her voice-overs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0047-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy, Criticism\nIn response to the graphic nature of the series and New Zealand's high youth suicide rate, which was the highest among the 34 OECD countries during 2009 to 2012, the Office of Film & Literature Classification in the country created a new rating, \"RP18\", allowing individuals aged 18 and over to watch the series alone and those below having to watch it with supervision from a parent or guardian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0048-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy, Criticism\nWe stayed very true to the book and that's initially what [author] Jay Asher created was a beautifully tragic, complicated yet suspenseful story and I think that's what we wanted to do\u00a0... We wanted to do it justice and, yeah, [the backlash is] gonna come no matter what. It's not an easy subject to talk about, but I'm very fortunate with how it's doing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0049-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy, Criticism\n\u2014Executive producer Selena Gomez, in defense of the controversy surrounding the series", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0050-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy, Criticism\nIn April 2017, the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) in the United States released a statement regarding the series, saying: \"Research shows that exposure to another person's suicide, or to graphic or sensationalized accounts of death, can be one of the many risk factors that youth struggling with mental health conditions cite as a reason they contemplate or attempt suicide.\" NASP sent a letter to school mental health professionals across the country about the series, reportedly a first for NASP in response to a television series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0050-0001", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy, Criticism\nThe following month, the United States Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (SCCAP) released a statement also noting how strongly the series may serve as a trigger for self-injury among vulnerable youth. They lamented the depiction of mental health professionals as ineffective for youth who have experienced trauma and may have been considering suicide. The statement implored Netflix to add a tag following each episode with mental health resources, and a reminder that depression and suicidal thoughts can be effectively treated by a qualified mental health professional, such as a clinical child psychologist, using evidence-based practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0051-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy, Criticism\nSimilarly, clinical psychologists such as Daniel J. Reidenberg and Erika Martinez, as well as mental health advocate MollyKate Cline of Teen Vogue magazine, have expressed concerns regarding the risk of suicide contagion. However, Eric Beeson, a counselor at The Family Institute at Northwestern University noted that \"it's unlikely that one show alone could trigger someone to attempt suicide.\" Mental health professionals have also criticized the series' depiction of suicide itself, much of which violates widely promulgated recommendations for reporting on actual suicides or not depicting them in fiction, in order to not encourage copycat suicides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0051-0001", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy, Criticism\nThe season finale, which depicts Hannah's suicide in graphic detail, has been particularly criticized in this regard. Nic Sheff, a writer for the series, has defended it as intended to dispel the myth that suicides \"quietly drift off\", and recalled how he himself was deterred from a suicide attempt by recalling a survivor's account of how painful and horrifying it was.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0052-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy, Criticism\nThe NASP statement also criticized the series' suggestion that bullying alone led Hannah to take her life, noting that while it may be a contributing factor, suicide far more often results from the bullied person having a \"treatable mental illness and overwhelming or intolerable stressors\", along with a lack of adequate coping mechanisms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0052-0001", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy, Criticism\nAlex Moen, a school counselor in Minneapolis, took issue with the series' entire plotline as \"essentially a fantasy of what someone who is considering suicide might have\u2014that once you commit suicide, you can still communicate with your loved ones, and people will suddenly realize everything that you were going through and the depth of your pain\u00a0... That the cute, sensitive boy will fall in love with you and seek justice for you, and you'll be able to orchestrate it, and in so doing kind of still be able to live.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0052-0002", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy, Criticism\nOther counselors criticized the depiction of Hannah's attempt to reach out to Mr. Porter as dangerously misleading, since not only does he miss obvious signs of her suicidal ideations, but says he cannot report her sexual assault to the police without her identifying the assailant. School counselors are often portrayed as ineffective or clueless in popular culture, Moen says, but Porter's behavior in the series goes beyond that, to being unethical and possibly illegal. \"It's ridiculous! Counselors are not police. We don't have to launch an investigation. We bring whatever information we do have to the police\", she told Slate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0053-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy, Criticism\nIn May 2017, the Canadian Mental Health Association (CMHA) along with the Centre for Suicide Prevention (CSP) released a statement with similar concerns to the ones raised by NASP. CMHA believed that the series may glamorize suicide, and that some content may lead to distress in viewers, particularly in younger viewers. Furthermore, the portrayal of Hannah's suicide does not follow the media guidelines as set out by the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention (CASP) and the American Association of Suicidology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0053-0001", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy, Criticism\nCMHA and CASP did praise the series for raising awareness about \"this preventable health concern,\" adding that, \"Raising awareness needs to be done in a safe and responsible manner. A large and growing body of Canadian and international research has found clear links between increases in suicide rates and harmful media portrayals of suicide.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0053-0002", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy, Criticism\nWays in which the portrayals of suicide may cause harm, according to CMHA and CASP, include the following: \"They may simplify suicide, such as, by suggesting that bullying alone is the cause; they may make suicide seem romantic, such as, by putting it in the context of a Hollywood plot line; they may portray suicide as a logical or viable option; they may display graphic representations of suicide which may be harmful to viewers, especially young ones; and/or they may advance the false notion that suicides are a way to teach others a lesson.\" A 2019 study showed the overall suicide rate among 10- to 17-year-olds increased significantly in the month immediately following the release of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0054-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy, Netflix response\nNetflix responded to criticism adding strong advisory warnings prior to the ninth, twelfth, and thirteenth episodes in the first season, the first two due to rape and the last due to the suicide scene. In July 2019, before the release of season three, Netflix edited the suicide scene of the season one finale. Originally, the episode included a bloody depiction of Hannah slitting her wrists in a bathtub. However, it has been argued support to vulnerable viewers should be inspired by an ethical commitment toward the audience, rather than the moral panic for suicide contagion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 45], "content_span": [46, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0055-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Controversy, Beyond the Reasons\nWith the release of the first season of the series, Netflix also released 13 Reasons Why: Beyond the Reasons, an aftershow documentary television film. The 29-minute documentary featured the cast and crew of the series and mental health professionals discussing their experiences working on the series and dealing with different issues including bullying, depression and sexual assault. Two more Beyond the Reasons specials were released with the second and third seasons respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009615-0056-0000", "contents": "13 Reasons Why, Soundtrack\nCompilation soundtracks have been released for the first three seasons, as well as score albums featuring the show's original score by Eskmo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009616-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Reloaded (album)\n13 Reloaded is the fourth solo studio album by American rapper Havoc, one-half of the hip hop duo Mobb Deep. The album was released on November 18, 2014 by Hclass Entertainment, Inc. The album features guest appearances from Prodigy, Sheek Louch, Cormega, Ferg Brim and Mysonne. Album artwork by John Katehis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009616-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Reloaded (album), Background\nThe project serves as Havoc's fourth solo album, and the 1/2 of Mobb Deep tells us the focus for this album isn't the rapping, but rather, the production. \"Not many guest appearances, it's all about the production. It's an album for the fans of Havoc's sound,\" he says.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009617-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Rivers\n13 Rivers is the eighteenth solo studio album by British singer/songwriter Richard Thompson. It was released on 14 September 2018 by New West Records in the US and by Proper in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009617-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Rivers, Background\n13 Rivers was written after a period of difficulty for Thompson's family with songs that stick \"close to a vision of darkness, gloom, and noise\". Thompson explains that the songs were written in a \"fairly tight time period of about six months\", giving them a sense of commonality. He states that \"many of these songs came to him as a pleasant surprise and that feeling of grabbing the creative urge and running with it is what comes across throughout the running time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009617-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Rivers, Background\nThe album was self-produced by Thompson with the album and some minor overdubs being recorded entirely on analogue equipment over a 10 day period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009617-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Rivers, Background\nThe album title derives from the song count, with Thompson explaining that \"there are 13 songs on the record, and each one is like a river. Some flow faster than others\". This is illustrated further by the album's internal artwork which features a map, \"showing the individual songs on the album flowing into a central lake\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009617-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Rivers, Critical reception\nOn Metacritic, which aggregates reviews from critics and assigns a normalised rating out of 100, 13 Rivers received a score of 81, based on 1 mixed and 6 positive reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009617-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Rivers, Critical reception\nThe album received generally favourable reviews from the press, with it being described as \"brilliant\" and \"engaging\" by PopMatters who state that 13 Rivers is \"a raw, unfiltered affair from a veteran artist who shows no signs of slowing down\". Folk Radio UK call 13 Rivers \"a toothy energetic album\" and Uncut write that \"13 Rivers is a sparse, raging and noisy record\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009617-0005-0001", "contents": "13 Rivers, Critical reception\nThe Irish Times agreed that \"the tone is ominous from the get-go\"\" and Mojo write that \"this may be Richard Thompson's most creative album in decades\" describing the record as being \"driven along by a renewed sense of urgency and purpose\". NPR feel that the album has captured Thompson's live sound, explaining that \"the live show is always spectacular, and on 13 Rivers, Thompson more than manages to bring that live energy and those searing and soaring guitar solos to life in the studio\". AllMusic write that \"Thompson's vocals are superb throughout\" claiming that \"13 Rivers is striking music from a musician who remains fresh, contemporary, and peerless\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009618-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Roses\n13 Roses (Spanish: Las 13 Rosas) is a 2007 Spanish war film directed by Emilio Mart\u00ednez L\u00e1zaro. It stars Pilar Lopez de Ayala, Ver\u00f3nica S\u00e1nchez and Marta Etura. The plot, based on a true story, follows the tragic fate of Las Trece Rosas, fighting for their ideals in the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009618-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Roses, Plot\nIn Madrid in 1939 during the final days of the Spanish Civil War, Virtudes and Carmen, two young idealistic Republican militants, are encouraging their neighbours to keep faith in the cause of the Second Republic. However, the entry of Franco's Nationalist troops into the city is eminent. Fearing the bloody repression that was coming, many Republicans are fleeing the country while others are unable or unwilling to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009618-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Roses, Plot\nJulia, a streetcar attendant, and her friend Adelina, a Red Cross worker, are also active sympathizers of the Spanish Republic. While spending an evening in a nightclub watching musicians perform, one of the last bombings of the city takes place. In those dire circumstances they befriend Blanca, whose husband Enrique is the musicians' band leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009618-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Roses, Plot\nThe triumph of the Nationalist troops marks a dark turning point in the lives of those who sympathized with the Republic. Canepa, one of the musicians in Enrique's band, is a Republican militant. Fearing for his life, he decides to leave the country. Blanca, Enrique's wife, gives him some money to help him on his way. Meanwhile, Julia strikes up a relationship with dapper young nationalist soldier Perico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009618-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Roses, Plot\nIt is rumoured that there was a plot to assassinate Franco on his victorious entry into the capital, and the nationalists are seeking revenge. Although the girls have nothing to do with it, they have been targeted for their propagandistic leftist activities. The first to be arrested is Julia, who, before too long, is being sadistically tortured by the orders of Fontenla, the cold-hearted officer in charge of the interrogations. Adelina, Virtudes' co-worker, like most of the others is a member of a socialist group. She is turned in by her well-meaning father in the na\u00efve belief that nothing serious will happen to her and that she is just wanted for questioning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009618-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Roses, Plot\nCanepa and Teo are turned in by friends and neighbours and are tortured. Canepa commits suicide while under arrest. Teo has better luck and is eventually released on the condition that he has to secretly help to identify and capture his friends, sympathisers of the Republic. With Teo's help, one by one the girls are arrested, and soon they have all been jailed. Only Carmen, the youngest of the girls of the group, realises Teo's double-crossing, but she is also arrested. Blanca also suffers the same fate. Her crime is to have given Canepa some money. After suffering heavy police interrogations, the young group of women are eventually transferred to an overcrowded prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009618-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Roses, Plot\nThe reunion of the girls in jail serves as a consolation to their dire circumstances. At one point, they even enjoy a bit of tap-dancing. Their families, including Adelina's grief-stricken father, are hoping that they will eventually be released. Blanca is worried about her small son that she was forced to leave behind. Her admirable behaviour and her serenity while in jail made her gain the respect of the woman in charge of the prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009618-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Roses, Plot\nHowever, their situation worsens when the group of women complain of the terrible sanitary condition for the children imprisoned with their mothers. As a protest they jointly refused to sing the praises of the Franco regime. The fate of the 13 young women is sealed when two military officers and an innocent woman are killed in cold blood by a group of leftist militants. As a punishment, the regime orders the execution of some of the prisoners, though they have nothing to do with what has happened while they are in jail. A military court condemns the 48 men and 13 women to death in less than 48 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009618-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Roses, Plot\nCarmen, the youngest of all, is the only survivor of the group. Desolated, she listens to the shots that killed her terrified friends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009618-0009-0000", "contents": "13 Roses, Plot\nThe final frame of the film asserts that the bulk of the content is verifiable from documentation and that the script relies heavily on actual dialogue or writings from the central characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009618-0010-0000", "contents": "13 Roses, Reception\nThe film had a limited release in the USA in New York City. The review in Variety praised the cinematography and art direction, but remarked: \"The 13 Roses largely withers on the vine. [ The film] is further let down by its psychological superficiality\u2026 an uncertain treatment which convinces neither historically nor dramatically\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009618-0011-0000", "contents": "13 Roses, Reception, Accolades\n13 Roses received 14 nominations to the Goya Awards. It won four Goyas: Best Cinematography, best Costume design, best original score and best supporting actor (Jos\u00e9 Manuel Cervino).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009619-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Rue Madeleine\n13 Rue Madeleine is a 1947 World War II spy film directed by Henry Hathaway and starring James Cagney, Annabella, Richard Conte and Frank Latimore. Allied volunteers are trained as spies in the leadup to the invasion of Europe, but one of them is a German double agent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009619-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Rue Madeleine, Plot\nBob Sharkey is put in charge of the 77th group of American espionage candidates. However, he is informed by his boss Charles Gibson that one of his students is a German Abwehr agent. He accepts the challenge of identifying him. He correctly chooses \"Bill O'Connell\". Gibson reveals that O'Connell is actually Wilhelm Kuncel, one of Germany's top spies. He tells Sharkey to pass him through the course, as they know his mission is to determine the date and location of Operation Overlord (the Allied invasion of Europe). They assign him a job in London that gives him full access to false information about \"Plan B\", the invasion of Germany through the Lowlands, hoping he will pass it along to his superiors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009619-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Rue Madeleine, Plot\nAt the end of their training, three of the new agents\u2014Frenchwoman Suzanne de Beaumont, American Jeff Lassiter, and Kuncel\u2014are sent to Great Britain. There, they prepare to fly into German-occupied territory. Kuncel is given a mission in Holland, supposedly because of his familiarity with the region. Lassiter is assigned to kidnap and bring back to England the French collaborator Duclois. Duclois designed and built the main assembly and supply depot for V-2 rockets that will be used against the key Allied invasion port of Southampton, and what he knows will be vital for achieving its destruction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009619-0002-0001", "contents": "13 Rue Madeleine, Plot\nSuzanne goes along as Lassiter's radio operator. Sharkey tells Lassiter about Kuncel and orders him to kill his friend and former roommate if he thinks Kuncel has not been deceived. However, on the airplane, Lassiter cannot conceal his uneasiness from Kuncel. Kuncel sabotages his parachute, and when the trio are sent to Holland, Lassiter plummets to his death. Gibson and Sharkey realize that Kuncel knows that the information he was given is false.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009619-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Rue Madeleine, Plot\nWith no time to brief another agent, Sharkey volunteers to take Lassiter's place. Gibson is reluctant to do so, as Sharkey knows the date and location of the invasion, but finally agrees. With the help of the local French resistance led by the town's mayor, Sharkey takes Duclois prisoner. However, in stopping Kuncel from interfering with the airplane taking off with Duclois, Sharkey is captured. Suzanne is killed while transmitting the news to England. Kuncel takes Sharkey to Gestapo headquarters at 13 Rue Madeleine in Le Havre and supervises his torture when Sharkey refuses to talk. Back in Great Britain, Gibson has no choice but to order a bombing raid to destroy the building before Sharkey cracks. When the bombing starts, Sharkey laughs in triumph in Kuncel's face. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009619-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Rue Madeleine, Production\nProhibited from mentioning the OSS during the war due to secrecy, several Hollywood studios made their own films about the agency after the war, such as Paramount's O.S.S., Warner Bros./United States Pictures Cloak and Dagger, and RKO's Notorious directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Though 13 Rue Madeleine was originally written to showcase the O.S.S., with Cagney playing a character based on William Donovan and featuring Peter Ortiz as a technical advisor, Donovan raised major objections to the film, including the idea that his agency had been infiltrated by an enemy agent. The spy group was renamed \"O77\" and Cagney's character had no similarities to Donovan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009619-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Rue Madeleine, Production\nThe film followed Fox's The House on 92nd Street, a true story of Federal Bureau of Investigation counter espionage, which shared the same director, producer, and one of the writers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009619-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Rue Madeleine, Production\nMuch of the filming was done in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The scene where Sharkey is leaving the \"local French HQ\" on his way to meet with the local resistance was shot on rue Donnacona, with the Ursulines School in the background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009619-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Rue Madeleine, Production\nThe Breen Office objected to the Americans bombing a building solely to kill Sharkey. But Sy Bartlett, one of the film's scriptwriters, had been in the Army Air Corps during World War II and such an incident did take place, though in a different context. According to Henry Hathaway, the film's director, that actual occurrence was the basis for the film's final scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009620-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Sagittae\n13 Sagittae is a single star in the northern constellation of Sagitta. The designation comes from the star catalogue of John Flamsteed, first published in 1712. It can be viewed with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 5.33. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 5.94\u00a0mas as seen from Earth's orbit, it is located at a distance of around 170 parsecs (550\u00a0ly). It is moving closer to the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221217.56\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009620-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Sagittae\nThis is an evolved red giant with a stellar classification of M4\u00a0III \u2013 a star that has used up its core hydrogen and has expanded \u2013 and is currently on the asymptotic giant branch. Classified as a semiregular variable and given the variable star designation VZ Sagittae, it varies between apparent magnitudes 5.27 and 5.57. The measured angular diameter, after correction for limb darkening, is 3.3\u00b11.1\u00a0mas. At its estimated distance, this yields a physical size of about 60 times the radius of the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009620-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Sagittae\nThere is a magnitude 9.96 companion located at an angular separation of 112.6\u00a0arcseconds along a position angle of 297\u00b0, as of 2013. Designated  HD 351107, this is a class F0 star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009621-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Scorpii\n13 Scorpii, also known by its Bayer designation c2 Scorpii, is a binary star in the constellation Scorpius. Its apparent magnitude is 4.57, meaning it can be faintly seen with the naked eye. Based on parallax estimates made by the Hipparcos spacecraft, the system is located about 480 light-years (147 parsecs) away. It is located within the Upper Scorpius subgroup of the Scorpius\u2013Centaurus Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009621-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Scorpii\n13 Scorpii is a spectroscopic binary, meaning the two stars are too close to be individually resolved, but periodic Doppler shifts in the star's spectrum indicate there must be orbital motion. In this case, light from only one of its stars can be detected and it is a double-lined spectroscopic binary. The two have an orbital period of 5.7805 days and an eccentricity of 0.19. The primary star, at 11 million years old, is a B-type main-sequence star with a spectral type of B2V. While the primary's mass is estimated to be about 7.8\u00a0M\u2609, its companion is thought to have a mass of 1.12\u00a0M\u2609.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009622-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Seconds to Love\n13 Seconds to Love is the third album by Filipino rock band, Kjwan. It was first launched on digital format on 6 February 2009 at A. Venue Mall (Makati), preloaded on Nokia 5800 XpressMusic cellphones. Although the album was released around 21 July 2009 through MCA Music Philippines, it was only until exactly a month later that the CD was officially launched at Saguijo (Makati).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009622-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Seconds to Love, Album information\nA Malaysian DJ/producer once told Kjwan that he can tell whether a song will be a hit within the first thirteen seconds. It stuck with the band and brought this along with their song writing with love as the common theme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009622-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Seconds to Love, Album information\nKjwan focused mainly on the album's songwriting and put flashy guitar solos, drum fills, and complicated odd-time bits on the backseat resulting to a different sound from the band's two previous albums. 13 Seconds to Love also marks Jorel's break with the band to pursue his studies at Berklee College of Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009623-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Semester\n13 Semester is a German comedy film from 2009. The subtitle (caption) \u201eDer fr\u00fche Vogel kann mich mal\u201d (literatally \u201cscrew the early bird\u201d) indicates that some students are not happy about the \u2018early bird\u2019. 13 semesters is longer than the standard period of study.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009623-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Semester\nThe film is about two friends, Moritz and Dirk, who move from a small village in the state of Brandenburg to Darmstadt to study mathematical economics at the Technische Universit\u00e4t (TU). The Movie was first shown at the Zurich Film Festival and was also shown at the Internationale Hofer Filmtage on 29 September 2009. It started running in German cinemas on 7 January 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009623-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Semester, Plot\nThe friends Moritz and Dirk are accepted at the Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt and leave their small home village in Brandenburg to set out for the big town to study mathematical economics. Having arrived, their lives change in completely different ways. While Dirk becomes a successful student and masters tutorials and term papers with ease, Moritz is distracted from his studies by the university lifestyle and soon falls behind. Following the slogan \u201cScrew the early bird\u201d Moritz prefers to party with his roommate Bernd and gets himself through life with various side jobs. On one of Bernd's parties he meets Kerstin, the woman of his dreams, with whom he ends up in a relationship after some indirections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009623-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Semester, Plot\nDue to a lack of motivation he is thrown out of his and Dirk's study group. This fuels him with new ambition and together with his Indian fellow student Aswin, who lives his life in discipline, Moritz picks himself up and passes his intermediate diploma. In gratitude he shows Aswin the more enjoyable side of university life and takes him along to drink beer. This leads to Aswin's life taking a yet unexpected turning as well. After his intermediate diploma Moritz spends a semester abroad in Australia. These scenes are expressed through multiple photo sequences that are commented by Moritz. The story he tells differs considerably according to whom he is talking to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009623-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Semester, Plot\nWhen he arrives back in Germany, he meets Kerstin in a laundromat and soon gets together with her. At first, the relationship is harmonic but soon the mood changes because Moritz is dissatisfied with himself and his life. This leads to Kerstin breaking up with him and Moritz moving out of the apartment he shared with Bernd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009623-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Semester, Plot\nAt this event the movie takes a turning point. Moritz meets his old friend Dirk again, who is working in Frankfurt now. In a conversation with him, it becomes clear that while Dirk has always gone directly for the goal he is ultimately unsure whether this was the best way. Moritz takes heart and decides to finally finish his studies. He takes off like a rocket and passes his diploma. In the end, Moritz and Dirk are in Australia, where they lead a successful chain of restaurants for Maultaschen, a special German dish. However, the film only hints at what happens between Moritz and Kerstin, thus leaving the ending open.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009623-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Semester, Background\nThe main models for the film were experiences made by co-author Oliver Ziegenbalg. He studied mathematical economics and even achieved a diploma in his field of study. According to the director, there are more connections to real life that result from memories of his own life as a student. Frieder Wittich got to know the band Bonaparte at a small concert in Berlin and spontaneously invited them to take part in the shooting of 13 Semester. Thus, the song \u201cAnti, Anti\u201d became the film's theme song. The band cancelled a concert for this film and specially wrote a new song that is played over the end credits. At the beginning of the shooting, Amit Shah, who plays Aswin, could barely speak German. He figured it out himself while shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009623-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Semester, Production\nThe shooting for 13 Semester took place in the city of Darmstadt from March, 31 to May 13 in 2008. Darmstadt, the fourth-biggest city in the state of Hessen, had won in a casting against M\u00fcnster, Karlsruhe and Konstanz, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009623-0007-0001", "contents": "13 Semester, Production\nAmong other places in the near surroundings, several facilities of the Technical University of Darmstadt (Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt), the canteen of the Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule Darmstadt), the University- and state library, the students dormitory Karlshof as well as the bar of the Kammerspiele of the local state theater, the inner-city lake \u201cGro\u00dfer Woog\u201d, the Herrngarrten, Frankfurt and Offenbach am Main served as setting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009623-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Semester, Reception\nReviews of 13 Semester were mostly favourable: Kulthit.de praises the film as equivalent to the many US American student comedies. Filmszene.de highlights the character development, and kino.de talks about a successful Coming-of-Age comedy that very well depicts real students\u2019 life, whereas Cinema thinks the film to be more \u201cauthentic\u201d than funny and labels 13 Semester a tragic comedy. \u201c\u201913 Semester\u2018 is an entertaining and loveable German students\u2018 comedy. After some initial difficulties, director Wittich does not stick his foot in his mouth as often as could have been expected. It authentically, emphatically and humorously deals with really essential questions, such as \u201cWhy\u201d and \u201cWhere to\u201d in life and also gives differentiated answers. Here and there, it pleasantly makes fun of some cinematic stereotype which means that what is expected is not what happens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009623-0009-0000", "contents": "13 Semester, Success\n13 Semester had its debut performance on September, 29 in 2009 during the Zurich Film Festival. It had its first release in Germany on the International Hofer Movie Days (Internationale Hofer Filmtage) on October, 28 the same year. Finally, the official theatrical release was on January, 7 in 2010. In Germany, the film attracted 56,700 viewers on the first screening weekend and thereby got on place 7 of the cinema charts. Until March 2010 a total of 174,600 viewers watched the film. It made about 1,333,750 $ (1,068,950 \u20ac) at the box offices. The movie thereby in turn got on place 29 of the most successful German productions of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim\n13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim is a 2019 video game developed by Vanillaware and published by Atlus for the PlayStation 4. It was released in Japan in November 2019 and worldwide in September 2020. The game is divided between side-scrolling adventure segments and real-time strategy (RTS) battles, and follows thirteen high-school students in a fictionalized 1980s Japan who are dragged into a futuristic war between mechas and hostile Kaiju in a nonlinear narrative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim\nDirector and writer George Kamitani conceived the game in 2013 following the completion of Dragon's Crown, originally pitching it for a toy line. 13 Sentinels began production two years later, discarding the toy line element under Atlus. The production proved challenging for Vanillaware, as the studio dealt with workload and development challenges. Contrary to previous works, Kamitani both worked on the script alone and handed character design duties to Yukiko Hirai and Emika Kida. Hitoshi Sakimoto and his studio Basiscape, who handled the music for Vanillaware's past games, revisited their roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim\nOriginally scheduled for a 2018 release on both the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita, the game was delayed to 2019 with the Vita version being canceled. The English localization by Atlus West proved challenging due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It saw a slow start in sales upon its release in Japan before eventually exceeding Atlus's expectations, going on to sell over 400,000 copies worldwide. Critical reception has been generally positive, with praise going to its narrative and art design, though several reviewers faulted the RTS segments as the weakest part of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Gameplay\n13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim is a video game where players take control of thirteen different characters, who interact with each other to build a larger narrative. The gameplay is split into three sections: Remembrance, with exploration and dialogue taking priority and advancing the narrative; Destruction, where characters equip mecha and engage in pausable real-time battles against enemies; and Analysis, a glossary which documents event scenes and important items and characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Gameplay\nDuring the Remembrance segments, the player explores two-dimensional (2D) side-scrolling environments, interacting with elements of those environments in a non-linear manner. Several elements move in real-time regardless of the player's actions, and choices can be made which alter the outcome of some scenes. Keywords spoken by characters and obtained items are added to a Thought Cloud database, which can be accessed to trigger both internal monologues and initiate new dialogue. Once learned, keywords are carried over into other earlier or parallel scenes, which in turn unlock further story routes and options.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0004-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Gameplay\nThe character stories are tracked with a flowchart, with players able to jump between scenes to try different keywords from the Thought Cloud. If a wrong choice is made during one section, the game rewinds back to the beginning of the day so players can select the right choice. To reach that point faster, events the player has already seen can be fast forwarded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Gameplay\nThe battle system of the Destruction mode takes the form of a real-time strategy scenario, with up to six chosen characters using Sentinels to fight off waves of enemies called Kaiju defending a terminal. The terminal's health is determined by which units are in place, and if all units are defeated, the hub is overwhelmed and the game ends. Gameplay can be paused, allowing for Sentinels to be moved and actions such as combat and support abilities to be carried out. The section is completed when the hub is successfully defended against all waves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0005-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Gameplay\nBattles pit Sentinels against Kaiju with differing strengths and abilities such as flight or extra defence, requiring one of the four Sentinel types; some Sentinels are strong against flying enemies, while others do better against large ground-based forces. They also have different attack ranges and movement speeds. Sentinels have at least one basic attack that costs nothing, and additional abilities that cost a resource called EP; EP can be recovered by defending. After acting, each Sentinel has a cooldown timer before it can act again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0005-0002", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Gameplay\nDamage can be repaired by Sentinel pilots, but this requires leaving the Sentinel and leaving them vulnerable to attack. The player can also trigger limited-use \"Terminal Commands\", special field-wide abilities such as an EMP which use up a dedicated energy gauge. Characters level up with experience points and gain passive bonus effects, while Sentinel abilities and attributes can be raised using Meta-chips gained during battles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Gameplay\nAnalysis takes the form of an index where event scenes and information on people, items and concepts are archived. Mystery Points, earned through Destruction mode, are used to unlock new index entries in Analysis. As the player advances, character narratives are locked off until something else has taken place in another section of the game. These unlock conditions can include unlocking entries in Analysis, advancing stories in Remembrance, or tackling particular battles in Destruction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Setting and characters\n13 Sentinels is primarily set during a fictionalized version of 1985 in the Sh\u014dwa period, but also jumps between 1945 during the later years of World War II, 2025, 2065, and the distant future of 2105. The story follows the perspective of thirteen characters. While several characters are native to the 1980s period, several come from either the future or the era of World War II. The storyline is split between these characters, and by following each the player aims to avert a disastrous future for mankind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0007-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Setting and characters\nA recurring location is Sakura High School, which multiple characters attend across different time periods. The story is told using nonlinear narrative, switching both between different protagonists and the events of the final battle against an army of Kaiju, otherwise known as the \"Deimos\", giant monsters who arrive in 1985 and attack Japan. Each of the thirteen protagonist's arcs culminate in summoning a Sentinel, a mecha designed to fight the Deimos which also has the ability to travel between different eras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Setting and characters\nThe thirteen protagonists are Juro Kurabe, an otaku who is troubled by strange dreams; Iori Fuyusaka, an outgoing student who likewise has dreams similar to Juro; Ei Sekigahara, an amnesiac young man pursued by a mysterious organization; Keitaro Miura, a young man from World War II-era Japan; Takatoshi Hijiyama, Miura's upperclassman from the same time period; Nenji Ogata, a good-hearted delinquent; Natsuno Minami, a track team member fascinated by the occult and UFOs; Shu Amiguchi, a playboy with a kind heart who discusses his dreams with Juro and Iori; Yuki Takamiya, a notorious sukeban (delinquent girl) and childhood friend of Natsuno; Tomi Kisaragi, a girl from 2025 sent to 1985; Megumi Yakushiji, another girl from 2025 who is in love with Juro; Ryoko Shinonome, a sickly girl tasked with pursuing an escaped prisoner dubbed \"426\"; and Renya Gouto, a stern young man from 2065 who ultimately leads the Sentinel pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 990]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0009-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Setting and characters\nThere are several notable supporting characters. Chihiro Morimura is both the school nurse and the teacher for Kurabe and Fuyusaka's class. Tsukasa Okino is a genius student with deep knowledge of the Sentinels, who frequently cross-dresses as a girl. \"Chihiro\" is a mysterious girl who Miura considers his sister but who later accompanies Gouto during several sections. Kyuta Shiba is one of Juro's best friends, but possesses a hidden agenda. Erika Aiba is a student who tags along with Takamiya as they solve mysteries surrounding the Sentinels. Tamao Kurabe is a woman from the 1940s who closely resembles Aiba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0009-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Setting and characters\nTetsuya Ida, while ostensibly a part-time instructor, is the chairman of the covert Special Investigations Unit (SIU) in 1985. The small robot BJ accompanies Natsuno on her journeys through time. Fluffy, a talking cat, strikes a deal with Megumi to \"save\" Juro. Miyuki Inaba is a famous idol within the 1980s period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0010-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Plot\nIn 1985 Japan; Kurabe, Fuyusaka and Amiguchi experience shared dreams, either of themselves fighting previous wars against the Kaiju or of what appear to be older versions of themselves in the future. They are later seen by Morimura, who Kurabe learns is administering an unknown medication to some students; Kurabe is referred to in Morimura's notes as \"Juro Izumi\", an identity he cannot remember. Takamiya is blackmailed by SIU member Ida into monitoring students at Sakura High School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0010-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Plot\nYuki's friend Minami finds a robot called BJ; assumed to be an alien, BJ is an AI robot from 2105 searching for its Sentinel. Yakushiji, from 2025, is approached by Fluffy, who says he can bring back \"Izumi\" if she shoots select people with a special gun. Gouto and Shinonome both work for the SIU, recruiting Kisaragi from 2025 after the Deimos attack her time period. At a later point, an amnesiac Sekigahara wakes up next to the murdered Morimura, ending up pursued by SIU operatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0010-0002", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Plot\nIn 1945; Miura and his little sister Chihiro live with Tamao Kurabe, and are friends with Hijiyama and newcomer \"Kiriko Doji\", later revealed to be the cross-dressing Okino. Shortly after Okino takes Hijiyama to 1985, the Deimos attack 1945. Tamao vanishes upon being \"killed\", Gouto kidnaps Chihiro, and Miura accidentally travels to 1985 using a Sentinel. Each playable character has dedicated intertwining story arcs, revealing more about individual pieces of the plot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0011-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Plot\nIt is gradually revealed that rather than time periods, the protagonists inhabit five different areas, or \"Sectors\", which replicate a specific era. In the real-world 2188, a nanomachine virus ravaged the Earth, leaving only fifteen survivors; the thirteen protagonists, Okino and Tamao. The survivors initiated Project Ark, sending their DNA and records of their history to a new planet where they would restart humanity. The events of the game are happening on a distant terraformed planet and the simulation housing and training their minds is otherwise populated by human-like AIs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0011-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Plot\nProject Ark and its population are managed by Universal Control, an AI which erases inconsistencies and falsifies information to preserve the simulation. The 2188 Shinonome, disillusioned with humanity, secretly implemented the Deimos Code; this would cause Shikishima, a mega-corporation that exists in all Sectors, to produce the Deimos. Once the Deimos invades all five Sectors, the simulation resets to sixteen years prior to protect Universal Control, with the fifteen humans losing their memories of the events, trapping them in an endless loop. Some characters survive loops with their memories intact using \"Sector 0\", a non-spatial area at the system's core.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0012-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Plot\nSome key plot threads are scattered through each character's narrative. Ida, an earlier version of Amuguchi, seeks to perpetuate the loops in an attempt to restore an earlier version of his lover Kisaragi, who exists in the current world as Inaba. He loses hope and is killed after learning that Sector 0 will be erased in the next reset. Juro Izumi, the original version of Kurabe, uses extreme measures to change events and is dubbed Prisoner 426, going on to use the avatars of Aiba, Fluffy and Shiba to further his plans and ending up directly aiding the thirteen pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0012-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Plot\nThe current Morimura\u2014a former associate and lover of Izumi\u2014is determined to trigger Operation Aegis, which will cut off Universal Control from the Deimos while trapping them in the ruined simulation. She is killed by the preserved personality of the original Chihiro Morimura, who exists in the avatar of Miura's sister. Initially pessimistic of their chances, she is persuaded by Gouto to aid them. Fuyusaka is revealed to be another avatar of Morimura. Minami, Takamiya, Kisaragi, Ogata and Miura cross paths repeatedly and end up discovering several aspects of the backstory through travels to different sectors. In Hijiyama's route, it is revealed that the originals in the space colony eventually descended into violence over resource disputes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0013-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Plot\nEach arc concludes with the protagonist joining the final battle. When the Deimos arrive, the 13 pilots band together to fight them, with remote assistance from Inaba and Chihiro. The pilots fend the Deimos off long enough for Inaba to contact Universal Control and shut down the simulation, allowing the pilots, together with Okino and Tamao, to awaken from their hibernation pods in the real world. Five years later, the pilots have formed families with their loved ones on the new planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0013-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Plot\nThey restore the simulation and all its inhabitants, and plan to use the pods to create bodies for the AI humans so they can all live in the real world. Inaba and Ida plan to live in Universal Control, while Izumi and Morimura are reunited in the simulation. A secret cutscene shows self-replicating machines sent into space by Project Ark have colonized at least one other planet, where the game's events are repeating with some differences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0014-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development\n13 Sentinels was developed by Vanillaware, a Japanese game developer who also worked on Odin Sphere, Dragon's Crown and Muramasa: The Demon Blade; notable for their usage of 2D art in an industry predominated by the usage of 3D graphics. Vanillaware founder George Kamitani, who also directed Odin Sphere and Dragon's Crown, returned to serve as director for the game while handing the character design duties to Yukiko Hirai and Emika Kida. The game was produced by Akiyasu Yamamoto of Atlus, a role he had fulfilled for Odin Sphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0014-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development\nIt was the team's first game to use a contemporary or science fiction setting, as all their previous projects had used high fantasy settings. The concept originated in 2013 following the completion of Dragon's Crown. Tired of spending so long in fantasy worlds, Kamitani wanted to create a science-fiction story set in the time of his youth in the 1980s. He also wanted something on a much smaller scale, as Dragon's Crown was a huge project for him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0015-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development\nThe game was originally pitched to an unnamed media company on the basis that it would be used as a basis for a toyline, with the marketing focused exclusively on Japan and having a small budget and low sales margins. As part of the initial pitch, Kamitani created mechas with hulking designs inspired by Robot Jox, then created a \"gap in expectations\" by having a setting and characters inspired by sh\u014djo manga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0015-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development\nHe was about to push forward with the project in this form when he remembered Atlus had been given right of first refusal as part of their contract to fund Dragon's Crown. Frustrated with the other company's demands and uncertain that Atlus would approve of the concept, Kamitani nevertheless showed it to them. Atlus, who was searching for a game to market internationally, immediately accepted it without the need to incorporate the toy line marketing. Despite these changes, the overall story concept remained intact and the final scene was unchanged from the original draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0016-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development\nFull production began in the summer of 2015 following the completion of remakes of Muramasa (Muramasa Rebirth) and Odin Sphere (Odin Sphere Leifthrasir). The entire production period, including early concept work, lasted six years. The game was originally in production for PlayStation 4 (PS4) and PlayStation Vita (Vita). At the time of its announcement, the game had only just entered full development and there were very few assets to show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0016-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development\nThe game was originally scheduled for release in 2018, but in November of that year Atlus delayed the game and cancelled the Vita version due to the longer time needed for development. In response to this, so players would experience what to expect from the game's characters and narrative, a demo-type release called 13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim Prologue was developed. Based on feedback from Prologue, the development team were able to make adjustments and additions to the main game. Kamitani described the game as \"truly, recklessly ambitious\". He referred to the project as the culmination of his work and skills up to that point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0017-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Scenario\nThe concept for a story featuring multiple protagonists was drawn from the long-running television series Ch\u016bgakusei Nikki. Kamitani's original concept had seven or eight characters, but as the first artwork for the concept was published in 2013, he decided to increase the number to thirteen; this exponentially increased the company's workload. Prior to incorporating mechas, the story revolved around young people with superpowers inspired by the TV drama series Night Head. Due to lacking excitement and overt science fiction elements, he rewrote the premise. Kamitani based the narrative on the original video animation Megazone 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0017-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Scenario\nHe was originally planning to use the Jules Verne novel Two Years' Vacation as inspiration. In the final product, the characters Gouto and Yakushiji are based respectively on the novel's characters Gordon and Cross. The narrative structure also drew inspiration from Western thriller fiction. In contrast to his work on Odin Sphere, where he had created the overall story while other writers worked on the game scenario, Kamitani wrote the entire scenario of the game himself both in and out of office hours over the course of three years. Kamitani chose to set the game in 1980s Japan due to his own experience; his knowledge of the modern Japanese school system was limited, and the lack of mobile phones in that era allowed for more face-to-face conversations between characters in-game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0018-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Scenario\nThe original scenario timeline ran from the 1940s to the 1980s, but when Atlus took over the project Kamitani expanded the scope into the near and distant future. Kamitani wanted to create a mecha-themed story for a modern audience, as many of the most memorable genre works (Mobile Suit Gundam, Neon Genesis Evangelion) were by that time several decades old. At one point, each of the thirteen protagonists had twelve possible story paths, making for a total of 165 possible variations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0018-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Scenario\nDue to the production timeline and the need to reveal the story mysteries, Kamitani had to cut a lot of planned optional comedic and bonding scenes between characters. Several of the surviving routes went through extensive revisions, with some planned scenes such as a coffee shop location being cut, but a key surviving theme that came with its sh\u014djo manga inspiration was romance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0019-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Scenario\nEach protagonist's storyline drew inspiration from a particular outside source, ranging from Japanese anime and manga to Western movies and classic works of science fiction. Sekigahara's route originally had a sh\u014djo-style romantic choice between Fuyusaka and Shinonome, but this was changed to make Fuyusaka the only choice. One of the core mysteries were the characters of Fuyusaka, Morimura and Chihiro, who were different incarnations of the same character, with her designs and portrayal showing the alternating charms of different ages. This section of the plot, which was a key part of Gouto's scenario, underwent major revisions late in production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0019-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Scenario\nOkino, created by Kamitani on Hirai's request for a \"unique\" character, was based on a soft-spoken character from Tottemo Hijikata-kun, a 1980s manga series. The complex relationship between Hijiyama and Okino, which used both comedic and romantic elements, was inspired by the manga series Stop!! Hibari-kun!. Kamitani cited several storylines as technically difficult to write, such as Takamiya's detective-themed narrative, Shinonome's amnesia plotline and Ogata's train sequences. Amiguchi's story was the most straightforward and thus easiest to complete, while the dark tone of Yakushiji's narrative often left him depressed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0020-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Art and game design\nKamitani, who handed character designs himself in previous games, handed duties to Hirai and Kida due to the writing workload. In the same way, he originally wanted to handle the mecha and kaiju designs, but only created a few drafts before handing over their designs to other staff members. The character design was influenced by the work of mangaka Akira Kagami, a favorite of Kamitani in his youth. Hirai was given the stylistic direction of \"girls and robots\" for the character designs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0020-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Art and game design\nUnlike past Vanillaware games like Odin Sphere and Muramasa, which repeatedly used the same 2D background environments for their event scenes, the team created different backgrounds for several event scenes in the game and experimented with using some 3D assets for additional layering in these scenes, increasing development time. The added depth also created problems for the team with conveying emotions during cutscenes. During production, the character designs of Shinonome and Yakushiji were switched to better fit their emerging story personalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0021-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Art and game design\nThe team's aim was to push the boundaries they had previously established for 2D artwork in video games. In contrast to the fantasy landscapes of earlier Vanillaware titles, 13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim was set in drabber modern environments featuring concrete and metal. To ensure a similar vibrancy to their earlier projects, the team leveraged the lighting effects to create an equivalent atmospheric effect. As with previous titles, during adventure segments the camera was fixed to mimic the experience of watching a stage play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0021-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Art and game design\nTo achieve a suitable depth of field, Vanillaware \"[placed] objects within a layered three-dimensional space\" and adjusted the lighting to create the illusion of distance. The battle level designs were directly based on the graphic design of Gunparade March and Fantavision, with the blue-hued character portraits being based on the monitor displays and lighting of Alien.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0022-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Art and game design\nThe gameplay concepts drew from Vanillaware's earlier game GrimGrimoire, with the balance of adventure and battle sections in 13 Sentinels being based on GrimGrimoire's original pitch. The adventure sections were designed to feel like the gameplay of Shenmue, expressing the classic style of adventure games with a more intuitive interface design and response, for which the Cloud system was designed. Though Kamitani thought the Cloud system would be simple, its implementation proved extra challenging. An original plan for a strict time limit was scrapped after negative feedback from staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0022-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Art and game design\nAs the StarCraft-based battles of GrimGrimoire had met with a mixed response in Japan, Kamitani combined it with elements of the tower defense genre popular in the region. These elements were mostly handled by the programming team, led by Kentaro Ohnishi. The Archive was suggested by staff member Kouichi Maenou as a means for players to explore the game's mysteries. This aspect was handled by other staff, as Kamitani was in the middle of scenario writing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0022-0002", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Art and game design\nHe reminisced that due to the various development challenges and his own workload, he felt like an absentee compared to the other staff as there was comparatively little interaction during development. The increased workload, scope, and challenges for the game's development led to significant changes in the studio's usual development cycle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0023-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Audio, Music\nThe music and sound design for the game were handled by Basiscape, a music company led by Hitoshi Sakimoto who had collaborated on other Vanillaware projects. The music was composed and arranged by a team led by Sakimoto, and included Yukinori Kikuchi, Mitsuhiro Kaneda, Yoshimi Kudo, Rikako Watanabe, Kazuki Higashihara and Azusa Chiba. All other aspects of the game's sound design were handled by Masaaki Kaneko.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0024-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Audio, Music\nSakimoto was contacted by Kamitani at the beginning of development when the New Year image was designed. The first track composed was the opening theme \"Brat Overflow\", which featured in the reveal trailer and would inform the game's musical style from that point on. He wrote the theme as a \"lean motif\" that could be incorporated into multiple tracks. The game featured a vocal theme, \"Seaside Vacation\", performed by singer Hu Ito who was the singing voice for in-game idol Miyuki Inaba. The song was written by Sakimoto. In keeping with the main setting, the song's style was based on Showa-era pop songs, though there were no particular inspirations behind the song and singer. The lyrics were written by Watanabe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0025-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Audio, Music\nThe musical style of the game was driven mostly by Basiscape based on the game's premise. Compared to his earlier work with Vanillaware, Sakimoto worked more on keeping a unified musical image. The music was themed around techno, but the team worked to keep melodic balance in the score. Its theme was \"juvenile\", with Sakimoto needing to redo his early work with Kamitani's help. Though Kikuchi and Watanabe was new to Vanillaware titles, both Kudo and Kaneda had worked with the studio on Odin Sphere and Muramasa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0025-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Audio, Music\nKudo, Kaneda and Kikuchi handled the battle tracks based on Sakimoto's direction for tracks which changed based on the player's progress through the stage. A recurring need for the score was to balance electronic and orchestral elements throughout the score. The two gameplay modes had different musical styles; the adventure sections used \"analog\" sounds and a focus on atmosphere, while battles made heavy use of electronic elements and rhythm. Some of the earlier tracks overtly used Showa-style composition, but as the setting was already heavily based around the Showa period, the music shifted to be less period-specific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0025-0002", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Audio, Music\nAnother difference compared to earlier Vanillaware projects was that more of the tracks were designed with a specific story-based theme, such as shopping in the high street. Due to the changes made to the game, the themes consequently needed a lot of adjustment during production. The placement of some songs within particular scenes, such as a sombre piece accompanying a comedic moment, were done by Kaneko based on his interpretation of a scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0026-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Audio, Music\nA soundtrack album was released on February 27, 2020, the physical version being exclusive to Atlus's online store. The album features four discs, and has a cover art drawn by Hirai. The album also released digitally worldwide through iTunes. The album included the full version of \"Seaside Vacation\", and versions of the battle tracks which ran through all their variations before segueing into the victory theme. A mini soundtrack featuring ten tracks from the game was packaged with the special edition of 13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim Prologue. An arrange album, featuring two new tracks and a new cover design by Hirai, was released on February 27, 2021. It was also released as a worldwide digital release on iTunes. The album was described by Kudo as \"a musical expression of another aspect\" of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0027-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Audio, Voice acting\nVoice recording for the script ran concurrently with the scriptwriting and revision process, with six different recording sessions for various actors happening during production. Voice recording ran on until very close to the game's retail release. Several of the actors were fans of Vanillaware's titles, and enjoyed voicing the characters. Due to the plot point surrounding Fuyusaka, Morimura and Chihiro, all three shared the same voice actress: Atsumi Tanezaki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0027-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Audio, Voice acting\nAs scenes were recorded out of story order, the recording team needed a dedicated worksheet showing which scene called for what emotion so the actors would not make any serious mistakes with characterizations. Kaneko had a difficult task balancing out the music and dialogue in different scenes, made more complicated by the scenario's complex structure. Full voice acting, including the Thought Cloud dialogue sections, was a later addition chosen to promote player immersion. Due to this task, Kaneko had to carefully sync voice clips with keywords from the Thought Cloud so that it would not sound like random noise, along with filtering the music and environmental effects so the voice work came through clearly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0028-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Release\n13 Sentinels was announced at the 2015 Tokyo Game Show. Prior to the announcement, the game was teased in a preview video in July 2015 as a collaboration project between Atlus and Vanillaware following the public reveal of Odin Sphere: Leifthrasir. The delay and cancellation of the Vita version was announced in November 2018. 13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim Prologue was released in Japan on March 14, 2019. It came in both a standalone edition and a special edition which included artwork and a mini soundtrack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0028-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Release\nA demo that allows players to access the first three hours of the game was released in Japan on October 30, 2019. The game was released in Japan on November 28, 2019. An Asian release for Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia was published by Sega on March 19, 2020. A manga anthology based on the game, featuring stories from each character's perspective, was released on September 10, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0029-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Release\n13 Sentinels was originally set to be released outside of Japan on September 8, 2020 before being delayed until September 22. Pre -orders included an artbook, with limited quantities for the game's physical edition. The localization was led by Atlus West's Allie Doyon. She commented that the project's voice director had a difficult time explaining the complicated storyline to the actors, saying she lost count of the number of times they used the phrase \"wibbly-wobbly, timey-wimey\" to explain it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0029-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Release\nAs there was no lead protagonist, each actor only got their own side of the narrative and the team had to integrate the recordings with this separation in mind. The complexity of the plot, the continual adjustments to voicework in the Japanese version, and the way dialogue was delivered in small pieces during scenes rather than in a dedicated dialogue box all presented challenges for the localization. For the European localization co-managed by Sega's regional branch, the team used the Japanese script rather than the English one for translations into French, German, Italian and Spanish. The game was published in the region by Sega.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0030-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Release\nThe team were beginning English dub recording when the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted their schedule. The only actor to finish recording before the pandemic forced Atlus West to close their sound studios was Kaiji Tang, who voiced Hijiyama. The studio heads, voice actors and localizers collaborated on a solution, with the actors doing the rest of their recording using conference call software within makeshift sound studio environments set up within their homes. Due to the makeshift recording conditions, the sound editing department at Atlus West had a greater workload cleaning up recordings to ensure uniform sound quality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0030-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Release\nShorter recording sessions, together with connection problems that occurred from time to time and the toll of isolation on both actors and sound staff, also proved difficult. The voice acting took a collaborative effort between Atlus, Sega, Vanillaware and Basiscape. Doyon referred to 13 Sentinels as one of her favorite video game project up to that point in her career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0031-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Reception\nReview aggregate website Metacritic garnered a score of 85 points out of 100 based on 69 critic reviews, indicating a \"generally positive\" reception. The narrative and characters were universally praised for their complexity and compelling nature, though a few found it difficult to follow or overly reliant on jargon, or cited uneven character writing and occasional pacing issues. The gameplay met with generally positive comments, though the RTS sections were seen as the weaker part of the experience. The visuals also met with general praise, though the battle displays were faulted compared to the adventure segments. The music also met with praise, while the localization saw positive responses from Western reviewers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0032-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Reception\nJapanese magazine Famitsu lauded the game's presentation and narrative, with two of the four reviewers giving it a perfect score. Destructoid's CJ Andriessen lauded the game as intriguing, feeling that only the RTS battle sections held the game back from being Vanillaware's best game to date. Malindy Hetfeld of Eurogamer compared the attention to detail in its worldbuilding to the work of Hideo Kojima, and generally enjoyed the game although she faulted the lack of central plot and portrayal of both straight and LGBT romance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0032-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Reception\nJoe Juba, writing for Game Informer, praised the narrative delivery and art style of the adventure sections despite finding the RTS sections weaker in both gameplay and presentation. Heidi Kemps of GameSpot called it an unforgettable experience and \"a unique, genre-mixing experiment\", lauding its narrative and art style while again faulting the RTS gameplay as weaker overall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0033-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Reception\nIGN's Matt Kim called the RTS gameplay style \"commendable\", but cited the storytelling and adventure art style as the main reasons for buying the game. Robert Ramsey of Push Square gave the title a near-perfect score, lauding the experience overall despite pacing issues with the narrative. Alex Fuller, writing for RPGamer, enjoyed the game's combat and felt that the narrative, while enjoyable, was not interactive enough and took up too much of the gameplay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0033-0001", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Reception\nAlana Hagues of RPGFan\u2014referencing a 2009 interview with Kamitani on his ideal game\u2014felt that Kamitani and Vanillaware had \"have achieved their ultimate goal\", lauding the overall game design and strength of narrative. Josh Torres of RPG Site gave the game a perfect score, lauding it as a new landmark in video game storytelling and praising the overall package despite its RTS elements appearing weaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0034-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Reception, Sales and accolades\nDuring its opening week, all retail versions of the game sold just over 34,200 units, debuting in fifth place in the charts. These low sales were blamed by Kamitani on the game's blend of genres, difficult production, and releasing alongside other popular titles. While initial sales were low, positive word of mouth from both players and other industry figures caused sales to increase, resulting in stock shortages. It remained in the top 30 best-selling titles into January, with total physical sales of nearly 59,500 units. By this point, physical and digital sales had reached 100,000 units. In their fiscal report, Atlus said that 13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim exceeded their sales expectations. By January 2021, the game had sold over 300,000 copies worldwide. That number had jumped to 400,000 by mid-March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009624-0035-0000", "contents": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Reception, Sales and accolades\nThe game won the awards for \"Best Scenario\" and \"Best Adventure Game\" at the Famitsu/Dengeki Game Awards 2019, whereas its other nominations were for \"Game of the Year\", \"Best Graphics\", and \"Best Rookie Game\". It received a nomination in the \"Media\" category for the 51st annual Seiun Awards in 2020, the only video game nominee that year. The game was also nominated for \"Best Narrative\" at The Game Awards 2020. In IGN's \"Best of 2020\", 13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim was one of the nominees in their \"Best Adventure/Puzzle\" and \"Best Video Game Art Design\" categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009625-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Septembrie\n13th of September (Romanian: 13 Septembrie) is a district in the south of Bucharest, Romania in Sector 5, close to the city center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009625-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Septembrie, History\nThe name comes from the main street in the area: Calea 13 Septembrie, which is named after the date of the closing battle of the 1848 Wallachian Revolution which was fought on the nearby Dealul Spirii between the Ottoman troops and the Firemen division of Bucharest. The 13th of September is the Firefighter's Day in Romania since then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009626-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Signal Group (United Kingdom)\nThe 13th Signals Group was a military communications brigade sized formation of the British Army. The group was established in 1967 to control the territorial signals regiments with national communication duties in the United Kingdom. It was later disbanded in 1974, when it merged with the 2nd Signal Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009626-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Signal Group (United Kingdom), History\nThe group was formed in 1967 for the overall command of the territorial signal regiments with \"National Communication\" duties. Its units were specifically tasked with helping local and national signals with helping governmental and military major organizations; I.e. Ministry of Defence and 2nd Infantry Division. Because of cuts later on, It was later absorbed into the 2nd Signal Group, in 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009626-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Signal Group (United Kingdom), Structure\nThe structure of the group stayed the same its entire history. Upon formation, it included the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009627-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Signal Squadron\nIn April 1978, the South African Minister of Defence authorized the formation of 44 Signal Squadron. From 24 September 1980 until October 1986, 44 Signal Squadron supported 44 Brigade in all aspects of signals, e.g., the supply of communication and the manning of a Communication Centrum (Comcen). From 2 October 1986, the Squadron was upgraded to a Signal Unit with Commandant Lombard as commander and tasked to supply the Brigade with communication and establish a full-strength Unit. The unit's second in command was Maj P. Drotsky and the RSM P. Snyders. The signal unit flag was authorized in 1986. After the restructuring of the SADF as the SANDF in 1994, the unit was renamed 13 Signals Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009628-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Sins\n13 Sins is a 2014 American horror-thriller film directed by Daniel Stamm. The film is a remake of the 2006 Thai comedy horror film 13 Beloved. Mark Webber stars as Elliot, a meek salesman who accepts a series of increasingly disturbing and criminal challenges. It premiered at the 2014 SXSW film festival and was released theatrically in the United States on April 18, 2014. This was the final film appearance of George Coe before his death in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009628-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Sins, Plot\nElliot Brindle, a meek salesman, loses his job despite his debt and the people who depend on him: Michael, his mentally disabled brother; Shelby, his pregnant fianc\u00e9e; and Samson, his abusive father. Elliot receives a mysterious phone call that offers him $1,000 to assertively kill a fly that has been harassing him. After Elliot checks his bank account online and sees that he has been credited, he accepts the next challenge: to eat the dead fly. The caller explains that he will be offered a series of thirteen challenges, each of which will result in greater rewards. If he fails to complete any of them, interferes in the game, or reveals the game, he will forfeit all the money, including any he already won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009628-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Sins, Plot\nThe next few challenges attract police attention: making a young girl cry, arson, and scamming a homeless person with an ostrich. When the child identifies Elliot in the police station based on wanted posters, Detective Chilcoat takes over the case. Shelby becomes concerned about Elliot's secretive and odd behavior, and he explains that he is planning a surprise. For his sixth challenge, Elliot is forced to take a corpse of a man who committed suicide out for coffee. Given a strict deadline, Elliot panics and brazenly steals a cup of coffee from a table of on-duty police officers. When confronted, Elliot notices that they are drinking alcohol and threatens to file a complaint which forces them to back off. Elliot is rewarded two challenge completions for this feat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009628-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Sins, Plot\nAfter he flees the scene, the caller tells Elliot that he has left behind his library card as evidence; however, if he wins the game, his record will be purged. At the same time, Chilcoat follows Vogler, a conspiracy theorist that has been investigating the game. Paranoid, Vogler flees Chilcoat but advises him to kill Elliot at his first opportunity. Chilcoat eventually tracks down Vogler at a bar and discuss that the game's sole purpose is turning players into monstrosities at the promise of millions of dollars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009628-0003-0001", "contents": "13 Sins, Plot\nVogler states his wife once played the game, resulting in her eating their dog. For his next challenge, Elliot receives no instructions and is taken to a rural motel. There, a man identifies himself as a former childhood bully, and the caller tells Elliot to sever the man's arm. Elliot initially refuses but does so once the man taunts him. After driving the man to the hospital, Elliot beats the man's brother with a chair as revenge for him bullying Elliot and Michael, including urinating in Michael\u2019s face. As a result, he is credited with two more completed challenges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009628-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Sins, Plot\nWhen the police arrive at the banquet hall where Elliot and Shelby are having their rehearsal dinner, Elliot is surprised to discover that they are interested in Michael, who says he revealed himself to a young woman partially due to his medication being cut off. To give Michael time to escape, he accepts his next challenge, to destroy the banquet hall while singing The Internationale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009628-0004-0001", "contents": "13 Sins, Plot\nDisappointed in his reluctance to break social norms, the caller then instructs Elliot to surrender to the police, from whom Elliot learns that another person has been playing the game while committing other acts such as pushing an elder down the stairs and burning down an entire shrine. Elliot takes and accidentally wounds a hostage to escape and complete the game before the other competitor. As he escapes, he's forced to leave behind his cell phone. Desperate, he takes an old woman hostage when she shows up, sure that she is involved in his next challenge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009628-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Sins, Plot\nAfter feigning ignorance, the old woman reveals his next challenge: to set a stainless steel wire across the road. Elliot is horrified when he realizes that a group of bikers have been instructed to speed down the road. Although he disarms the trap in time, the other competitor arms a similar trap down the road, and the cyclists are decapitated. Disgusted and mortified, Elliot quits the game, tossing the phone away before he's told the last challenge and, when he returns home, discovers that Michael is the other competitor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009628-0005-0001", "contents": "13 Sins, Plot\nMichael reveals that the final challenge is to kill a family member. Although Elliot originally tries to talk Michael out of killing their father, Elliot becomes homicidal when their father reveals he won the game by killing their mother, which led to a miserable life despite his victory. To prevent his sons from experiencing the horror of losing everything closest to them from winning the game, Samson slices his neck and commits suicide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009628-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Sins, Plot\nHowever, Michael refuses to stop playing the game and attempts to kill Elliot. Elliot kills Michael in self-defense, though he is stabbed multiple times. Elliot is credited for his final challenge, but he forfeits all the money when he interferes with the game by shooting Chilcoat, who had murdered the conspiracy theorist and has now arrived to clean up the crime scene, thus revealing his involvement with the game. Later, Elliot learns that Shelby has declined to play the game, and he collapses laughing happily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009628-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Sins, Production\nThe themes of the film were written to reflect drug addiction, and Stamm used a drug addiction specialist to emphasize those parallels in Elliot's character arc. Stamm wanted Elliot to grow assertive and strong, then slowly become addicted to both the game and his new persona, which causes him to not notice the increasingly negative effects on his life. Two endings were shot: a more upbeat ending and a highly nihilistic ending. The alternate ending is available on the Blu-ray release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009628-0007-0001", "contents": "13 Sins, Production\nJason Blum bought the rights to 13: Game of Death and offered the remake to Stamm, who enjoyed the original film. The studio gave him complete freedom, which Stamm said allowed him to explore his interpretation of the film and tweak tasks that he felt did not work. Perlman did not see the original film, as he did not want it to influence his performance. Several of the tasks are new; Stamm wanted to include enough new content to keep fans of the original film interested in the remake while retaining the original film's most iconic tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009628-0007-0002", "contents": "13 Sins, Production\nFor the story, Stamm was influenced by Falling Down, which he said invited the audience to identify with a protagonist who becomes increasingly assertive, only to reveal later that he is \"a racist and dangerous\". Stamm wanted the actors to feel comfortable with each other and their roles, so he had them perform improvisational scenes together. Although initially eager to show off for the sake of impressing Perlman, of whom he is a fan, Stamm eventually backed off and allowed the actors to improvise their lines during filming, too.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009628-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Sins, Release\n13 Sins premiered at SXSW on March 7, 2014. It was released to video on demand March 14 and theatrically April 18, 2014, in the United States. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 17, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009628-0009-0000", "contents": "13 Sins, Reception\nRotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 65% of 43 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 5.8/10. The site's consensus reads, \"13 Sins may be derivative of other horror films that made their moral points with more finesse, but it atones with a grim sense of humor and sleek style\". Metacritic rated it 44/100 based on eleven reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009628-0010-0000", "contents": "13 Sins, Reception\nVariety wrote that it \"achieves a modest degree of tension and dark humor before it unravels.\" Fearnet wrote that the film's greatest weakness was its similarity to earlier films, but that overall \"there's more than enough here for a 'psychological horror' fan to get behind.\" The Austin Chronicle was more positive in their review, in which they said that the movie would have a wide appeal to both genre and mainstream viewers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009628-0011-0000", "contents": "13 Sins, Reception\nJeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times wrote, \"A study of desperation and the evil within, Daniel Stamm's 13 Sins is an empty, efficient thriller that leaves you as cold as most of its characters.\" Martin Tsai of the Los Angeles Times called it \"a Saw knock-off without the torture porn\". Staci Layne Wilson of Dread Central rated it 3/5 stars and called it \"a fun enough time waster\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009628-0012-0000", "contents": "13 Sins, Reception\nBears Font\u00e9 of AMFM Magazine said the film was the best of all the midnighters at SXSW and \"provides a nice commentary on materialism and ease at which someone will shed their carefully crafted image when provided with a chance to score some cash.\" Patrick Cooper of Bloody Disgusting rated it 3/5 stars and wrote that it is \"tonally uneven\" but \"darkly comic\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009629-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Songs (Fugazi album)\n13 Songs is a compilation of all the songs from the American post-hardcore band Fugazi's first two EPs. It was released on 1st September 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009629-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Songs (Fugazi album), Background\nThe EPs compiled were Fugazi (1988), which was recorded at Inner Ear Studios in June 1988 with Ted Niceley & Don Zientara, and Margin Walker (1989), which was recorded in December 1988 at Southern Studios in London with John Loder handling production duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009629-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Songs (Fugazi album), Background\nThe EPs had been on Ian MacKaye's Dischord Records as numbers 30 and 35, respectively. 13 Songs was number 36. A remastered version was released in February 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009629-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Songs (Fugazi album), Release\n13 Songs is Fugazi's most successful release. While certain sources report the album's total worldwide sales as being over 3 million, Alan O'Connor in his 2008 book Punk Record Labels and the Struggle for Autonomy: The Emergence of DIY lists the figure as 750,000 (based on an interview with Dischord Records).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009629-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Songs (Fugazi album), Reception\nThe album has gone on to receive critical acclaim, despite being a compilation, with many calling it one of the best albums of the post-hardcore genre. Stereogum called it \"as auspicious as punk debuts come\", further noting that on the album, \"most of the Fugazi elements were in place from the jump, albeit in a somewhat less-developed form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009629-0004-0001", "contents": "13 Songs (Fugazi album), Reception\nIf the concept of a punk band writing a song from the perspective of a woman being hooted at by sexist loudmouths seems revolutionary now, imagine what it sounded like in 1988, when the canon of classic punk still consisted largely of songs dealing with beating on brats, lynching landlords, and the ritual impaling of cats.\" In a 5-star review for Allmusic, Andy Kellman called the album \"timeless\" and wrote that \"the importance of this record can perhaps be more suitably measured by the number of people who remember the first time they heard it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009629-0004-0002", "contents": "13 Songs (Fugazi album), Reception\n13 Songs is usually among the first records that spring to mind when defining alternative rock. Furious, intelligent, artful, and entirely musical, it's a baker's dozen of cannon shots to the gut -- not just a batch of emotionally visceral and defiant songs recorded by angry young men, but something greater.\" Consequence of Sound called it \"a solid classic, instantly grabbing the ear with a timeless quality that you just don\u2019t find every day. [ ...] I know this music is over 20 years old, but it sounds like it\u2019s pouring out of someone\u2019s garage down the street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009629-0004-0003", "contents": "13 Songs (Fugazi album), Reception\nYou can\u2019t fake this kind of timeless authenticity, though God knows many have tried.\" According to Popmatters, the album (along with Repeater) \"remain the band's most widely successful and consistently praised work. 13 Songs, for instance, has sold over three million copies -- all without radio singles, music videos, or any of the tools of corporate publicity that help musicians reach that stratospheric level of success.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009629-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Songs (Fugazi album), Reception, Accolades\nIn 2005, 13 Songs was ranked 29 in Spin's \"100 Greatest Albums, 1985\u20132005\". NME ranked it #284 in their list of \"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\" in 2014. Paste ranked it at #57 on their list of \"The 80 Best Albums of the 1980s\". In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked it 35th on their list of the \"40 Greatest Punk Albums of All Time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009629-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Songs (Fugazi album), Influence\nAccording to Kathleen Hanna of Bikini Kill: \"13 Songs is to underground music what Led Zeppelin IV is to suburban potheads.\" According to Conrad Keely of ... And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, the album along with Unwound's Fake Train \"epitomized America's disaffected, self-hating white middle-class guilt victims screaming about the fact that they have nothing to do with their time other than be bored, nothing to speak out against other than their own ennui and unwarranted discontent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009629-0006-0001", "contents": "13 Songs (Fugazi album), Influence\nAnd although that might sound like a criticism or an indictment, the fact is that this sentiment existed, it was shared by a lot of us, and it found its voice in albums like [13 Songs].\" \"Looking back upon the arc of alternative rock, punk and indie throughout the decade,\" writes Treble, \"from Nirvana to Jawbox, Shudder to Think, Sunny Day Real Estate, Quicksand and The Afghan Whigs, there\u2019s a line that traces back to the jittery funk and searingly melodic hardcore of Fugazi\u2019s first two EPs, which comprise 13 Songs.\" Both Jack Johnson and Eddie Vedder have named 13 Songs as one of their favorite albums of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009630-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Steps Lead Down\n\"13 Steps Lead Down\" is a song written and performed by new wave musician Elvis Costello that was first released on his 1994 album Brutal Youth. Written quickly during a day-long session, the song features lyrics referencing El Escorial and the twelve-step recovery movement. The track is one of those on Brutal Youth that features the reunited Attractions, Costello's longtime backing band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009630-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Steps Lead Down\n\"13 Steps Lead Down\" was released as the second single from Brutal Youth, reaching number 59 in the UK. It has since been lauded by critics as a return to his punk origins and it has become a live favorite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009630-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Steps Lead Down, Background\n\"13 Steps Lead Down\" was written quickly during a one-day writing spree by Costello; during this same day, Costello wrote \"Rocking Horse Road,\" \"Pony St.,\" \"Clown Strike,\" \"Still Too Soon to Know,\" and \"Just About Glad.\" Costello recalled, \"I would work for about half an hour with the guitar cranked up really loud, and make a tape of just anything that came into my head. I did it in bursts, and then I listened to see if any of it was interesting. A lot of it was gibberish\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009630-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Steps Lead Down, Background\nThe song's title, according to Costello, \"refers to that number being used to instill dread in those entering the Tomb of the Spanish Kings at El Escorial\". He elaborated on the song's lyrical content, \"Not that the song continues much with that theme \u2014 it was more for those who could not subscribe to the new fashion of sobriety\". Critics have pointed to the song as critical of the twelve-step recovery movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009630-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Steps Lead Down, Background\nThe track was one of the songs on Brutal Youth that featured Costello's reunited backing band the Attractions. Costello later named \"13 Steps Lead Down\" and \"Sulky Girl\" as \"reminders that [the Attractions] could also be a pretty great rock and roll band\". The song closes with what Rick Anderson of AllMusic describes as \"one of his patented atonal solos\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009630-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Steps Lead Down, Release and reception\n\"13 Steps Lead Down\" was released as the second single from Brutal Youth in the UK, following \"Sulky Girl\". The B-side to the single was \"Do You Know What I'm Saying?\" The single was moderately successful, reaching number 59 in the UK. The song also reached number 15 on the Billboard Bubbling Under chart as well as number six on the Billboard Modern Rock chart. The song has since appeared on an EP of the same name as well as on the compilation album Extreme Honey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009630-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Steps Lead Down, Release and reception\n\"13 Steps Lead Down\" has generally seen positive reception from critics. AllMusic's Stewart Mason called the song \"the best and most Attractions-like song\" from Brutal Youth, while Neil Strauss of The New York Times named it as one of the songs from Brutal Youth that \"hold up to the band's best work from the late 1970's, but ... also dared to be different\". Noel Murray and Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club dubbed the song \"one of Costello\u2019s all-time best fist-pumping stingers\" and Jeremy Allen of The Guardian called it a \"classic\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009630-0006-0001", "contents": "13 Steps Lead Down, Release and reception\nJ. D. Considine of The Baltimore Sun named the song as a moment on Brutal Youth \"where you could almost close your eyes and imagine that it's 1978 again\", while Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic described the song as a highlight of the album that \"rock[s] with the infectious charge\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009630-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Steps Lead Down, Release and reception\nBrian Hiatt of Entertainment Weekly named the song as one of Costello's top ten tracks, stating, \"This insistent, noisy punk track stands up against Costello and the Attractons' early landmarks\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009630-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Steps Lead Down, Performance history\n\"13 Steps Lead Down\" has been performed live by Costello since the Brutal Youth tour. Costello and the reunited Attractions debuted the song live on Late Show with David Letterman in 1994, ending the song with the closing to \"Radio Radio\"; Letterman, a longtime Costello fan, was so impressed by the band's performance of the song that he brought the band back to perform again within months. Costello also performed the song for a scene in a season 3 episode of The Larry Sanders Show before trashing his dressing room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009631-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Stitches\n13 Stitches is a 7-inch EP by NOFX. An electric version of the A-side appeared on The War on Errorism. The B-side appeared on the 2004 Warped Tour compilation, and an instrumental version plays on the menu of the DVD Ten Years Of Fuckin' Up. The back cover contains a collage of classic punk albums by bands such as Minor Threat, Misfits and Bad Religion. It was limited to 7,179 copies on yellow vinyl. It is currently out of print.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009631-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Stitches\nThe title song is about bands that Fat Mike had seen and what he thought about them; the bands referenced in this song are (in particular order) Descendents, The Alley Cats, D.O.A., Millions Of Dead Cops, Ill Repute, and DRI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009632-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Stories\n13 Stories is an Atlanta, Georgia based pop-band. Keyboards and leading vocals are provided by Cheri D, lead guitar is by Cat, bass guitar is by J3, and drums are by Max. They have released a CD entitled FunkyPopSexyHouseRap with the single Beep! Beep!. Beep! Beep! was used in 2006 for a series of television commercials for Ford automobiles which featured not only the song, but also the band playing it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009633-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Stories (A Prelude)\n13 Stories (A Prelude) is a studio album by Canadian hip hop producer Factor. It was released on Side Road Records in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009633-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Stories (A Prelude), Critical reception\nWriting for Potholes in My Blog, Zach Cole gave the album 3 stars out of 5, saying, \"13 Stories is interesting in that the productions are more rooted in traditional hip-hop, and they are certainly not Factor's most abstract by any means, yet the album remains challenging \u2013 in a good way.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009634-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Stories and 13 Epitaphs\n13 Stories and 13 Epitaphs is a book of short stories written by William T. Vollmann first published in the UK in 1991. The stories, which are both fictional and semi-autobiographical, traverse a wide range of themes and are punctuated by short mediations on death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009635-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Streets\nThe 13 Streets (Chinese: \u5341\u4e09\u8857) is an area in Ma Tau Kok, Kowloon City District, Hong Kong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009635-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Streets, Orientation\nIt consists of 11 parallel short streets, bordered by Kowloon City Road (west), To Kwa Wan Road (east), Mok Cheong Street (north) and Ma Tau Kok Road (south). Their names are mostly related to auspicious animals, namely dragon, phoenix, deer, unicorn, eagle, lark, egret, cicada, swallow, horse and crane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009635-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Streets, Orientation\nThere are 83 buildings in the 13 Streets area, built between 1958 and 1960. They contain a total of about 2,500 residential flats and 418 shops at the street level. Due to lack of maintenance, the buildings are a in dilapidated condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009636-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Themes for a Triskaidekaphobic\n13 Themes for a Triskaidekaphobic is a live album by The Jeff Kaiser Ockodektet, released in 2003 on pfMENTUM \u2013 CD013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009636-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Themes for a Triskaidekaphobic, Credits\nAcoustic Guitar [Prepared] \u2013 Ernesto Diaz-InfanteAlto Saxophone \u2013 Jason MearsConductor, Trumpet, Composed By, Arranged By, Recorded By, Mastered By, Design, Layout \u2013 Jeff KaiserContrabass \u2013 Hal Onserud, Jim ConnollyDrums \u2013 Billy Mintz, Richie WestElectric Guitar \u2013 Tom McNalleyElectric Guitar, Electronics \u2013 G.E. StinsonEuphonium, Valve Trombone \u2013 Eric SbarFlute [Flutes] \u2013 Emily HayOrgan, Theremin, Electronics \u2013 Wayne PeetPercussion \u2013 Brad DutzPercussion, Drums [Drum Set] \u2013 Richie WestSaxophone [Saxophones], Clarinet [Clarinets] \u2013 Lynn JohnstonSaxophone [Saxophones], Clarinet [Clarinets], Flute [Flutes] \u2013 Vinny GoliaSoprano Saxophone, Tenor Saxophone \u2013 Eric BarberTrombone \u2013 Michael VlatkovichTrumpet \u2013 Dan Clucas, Kris TinerTuba \u2013 Mark Weaver", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense\n13 Things That Don't Make Sense is a non-fiction book by the British writer Michael Brooks, published in both the UK and the US during 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense\nThe British subtitle is \"The Most Intriguing Scientific Mysteries of Our Time\" while the American is \"The Most Baffling...\" (see image).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense\nBased on an article Brooks wrote for New Scientist in March 2005, the book, aimed at the general reader rather than the science community, contains discussion and description of a number of unresolved issues in science. It is a literary effort to discuss some of the inexplicable anomalies that after centuries science still cannot completely comprehend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 1\nThe Missing Universe. This chapter deals with astronomy and theoretical physics and the ultimate fate of the universe, in particular the search for understanding of dark matter and dark energy and includes discussion of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 2\nThe Pioneer Anomaly. This discusses the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 space probes, which appear to be veering off course and drifting towards the sun. At the time of writing of the book there was a growing speculation as to whether this phenomenon could be explained by a yet-undetermined fault in the rockets' systems or whether this was an unidentified effect of gravity. The lead investigator into the progress of the rockets is physicist Slava Turyshev of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California who is analysing the data of the rockets' launch and progress and \"reflying\" the missions as computer simulations to try to find a solution to the mystery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 2\nHowever, in 2012, after the book was published, Turyshev was able to give an explanation to the Pioneer Anomaly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 3\nVarying Constants. This chapter discusses the reliability of some physical constants, quantities or values that are held to be always fixed. One of these, the Fine-structure constant, which calculates the behaviour and amount of energy transmitted in subatomic interactions from light reflection and refraction to nuclear fusion, has been called into question by physicist John Webb of the University of New South Wales who may have identified differences in the behaviour of light from quasars and light sources today. According to Webb's observations quasar light appears to refract different shades of colour from light waves emitted today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0006-0001", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 3\nBrooks also discusses the Oklo natural nuclear fission reactor, in which the natural conditions in caves in Gabon 2 billion years ago caused the uranium there to react. It may be that the amount of energy released was different from today. Both sets of data are subject to ongoing investigation and debate but, Brooks suggests, may indicate that the behaviour of matter and energy can vary radically and essentially as the conditions of the universe changes through time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 4\nCold Fusion. A review of efforts to create nuclear energy at room temperature using hydrogen that is embedded in a metal crystal lattice. Theoretically, this should not happen, because nuclear fusion requires a huge activation energy to get it started. The effect was first reported by chemists Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons in 1989, but attempts to reproduce it over the ensuing months were mostly unsuccessful. Cold fusion research was discredited, and articles on the subject became difficult to publish. But according to the book, a scattering of scientists around the world continue to report positive results, with multiple, independent verifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 5\nLife. This chapter describes efforts to define life and how it emerged from inanimate matter (abiogenesis) and even recreate artificial life including: the Miller\u2013Urey experiment by chemists Stanley Miller and Harold Urey at the University of Chicago in 1953 to spark life into a mixture of chemicals by using an electrical charge; Steen Rasmussen's work at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to implant primitive DNA, peptide nucleic acid, into soap molecules and heat them up; and the work of the Institute for Complex Adaptive Matter at the University of California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0009-0000", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 6\nViking. A discussion of the experiments by engineer Gilbert Levin to search for life on Mars in the 1970s as part of the Viking program. Levin's Labeled Release experiment appeared to conclusively show that life does exist on Mars, but as his results were not supported by the other three Viking biological experiments, they were called into question and eventually not accepted by NASA, which instead hypothesized that the gases observed being generated may not have been a product of living metabolism but of a chemical reaction of hydrogen peroxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0009-0001", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 6\nBrooks goes into detail on some of Levin's other experiments and also describes how NASA's subsequent missions to Mars have focused on the geology and climate of the planet rather than looking for life on the planet. (Several missions are searching for water and geological conditions which could support life on Mars currently or in the past.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0010-0000", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 7\nThe Wow! Signal. Brooks discusses whether or not the signal spotted by astronomer Jerry R. Ehman at the Big Ear radio telescope of Ohio State University in 1977 was a genuine indication of intelligent life in outer space. This was a remarkably clear signal and Big Ear was the largest and longest running SETI (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence) radio-telescope project in the world. Brooks goes on to discuss the abandonment of NASA's Microwave Observing Program after government funding was stopped by the efforts of senator Richard Bryan of Nevada. There is no public funding for similar observations today while the SETI Institute, which continues NASA's work, is funded by private donation, as are a number of other initiatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0011-0000", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 8\nA Giant Virus. Brooks describes the huge and highly resistant Mimivirus found in Bradford, England in 1992 and whether this challenges the traditional view of viruses being inanimate chemicals rather than living things. Mimivirus is not only much larger than most viruses but it also has a much more complex genetic structure. The discovery of Mimivirus has given weight to the theories of microbiologist Philip Bell and others that viral infection was indeed the reason for the emergence from primitive life forms of complex cell structures based on a cell nucleus. (See viral eukaryogenesis.) Study of the behaviour and structure of viruses is ongoing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0012-0000", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 9\nDeath. Beginning with the example of Blanding's turtle and certain species of fish, amphibians and reptiles that do not age as they grow older, Brooks discusses theories and research into the evolution of ageing. These include the studies of Peter Medawar and George C. Williams in the 1950s and Thomas Johnson, David Friedman and Cynthia Kenyon in the 1980s claiming that ageing is a genetic process that has evolved as organism select genes that help them to grow and reproduce over ones that help them to thrive in later life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0012-0001", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 9\nBrooks also talks about Leonard Hayflick, as well as others, who have observed that cells in culture will at a fixed point in time stop reproducing and die as their DNA eventually becomes corrupted by continuous division, a mechanical process at cell level rather than part of a creature's genetic code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0013-0000", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 10\nSex. This chapter is a discussion of theories of the evolution of sexual reproduction. The provided explanation is that although asexual reproduction is much easier and more efficient for an organism it is less common than sexual reproduction because having two parents allows species to adapt and evolve more easily to survive in changing environments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0013-0001", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 10\nBrooks discusses efforts to prove this by laboratory experiment and goes on to discuss alternative theories including the work of Joan Roughgarden of Stanford University who proposes that sexual reproduction, rather than being driven by Charles Darwin's sexual selection in individuals, is a mechanism for the survival of social groupings, which most higher species depend on for survival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0014-0000", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 11\nFree Will. Discusses the experimental investigations into the Neuroscience of free will by Benjamin Libet of the University of California, San Francisco and others, which show that the brain seems to commit to certain decisions before the person becomes aware of having made them and discusses the implications of these findings on our conception of free will.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0015-0000", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 12\nThe Placebo Effect. This is a discussion of the role of the placebo in modern medicine, including examples such as Diazepam, which, Brooks claims, in some situations appears to work only if the patient knows they are taking it. Brooks describes research into prescription behaviour which appears to show that use of placebos is commonplace. He describes the paper by Asbj\u00f8rn Hrobjartsson and Peter C. G\u00f8tzsche in the New England Journal of Medicine that challenges use of placebos entirely, and the work of others towards an understanding of the mechanism of the effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009637-0016-0000", "contents": "13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 13\nHomeopathy. Brooks discusses the work of researcher Madeleine Ennis involving a homeopathic solution which once contained histamine but was diluted to the point where no histamine remained. Brooks conjectures that the results might be explained by some previously unknown property of water. Brooks supports the investigation of documented anomalies even though he is critical of the practice of homeopathy in general, as are many of the scientists he cites, such as Martin Chaplin of South Bank University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009638-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Treasures\n13 Treasures is a 2009 juvenile fantasy novel written by Michelle Harrison; it is the first entry in the trilogy \"The Thirteen Treasures\". It features the story of a young girl named Tanya, who has the ability to see mythical creatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009638-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Treasures, Synopsis\n13 Treasures follows its lead character, 13-year-old girl Tanya, who has the rare ability to see and hear the fairies and other creatures who inhabit the woods and many other places. But over the years Tanya has learned to lie about the fairies if something is wrong to anyone, because she has landed herself on a therapist and doctor's couch by this ability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009638-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Treasures, Synopsis\nTanya summers with her grandmother in Elvesden Manor as a punishment for having another fairy incident in Essex. The manor has been given down to all family members up until now. Fabian, the son of Warwick also lives in Elvesden Manor, and with Warwick's father, Amos. Amos has been under suspicion for the 5 decade old disappearance of a young girl named Morwenna Bloom in the nearby woods. He was the last person to see her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009638-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Treasures, Synopsis\nAt first, Tanya and Fabian are unsympathetic to each other, but as they spend time together they start becoming friends. In Tickey End - the local village - Tanya meets the reclusive 'witch', Mad Morag, who gives her an old compass. Tanya finds a unique silver bracelet while cleaning out an old library one day. On this bracelet there are thirteen charms. She also finds newspaper clippings about a girl named Morwenna Bloom who mysteriously disappeared 50 years ago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009638-0003-0001", "contents": "13 Treasures, Synopsis\nAs Tanya and Fabian team up, and they decide to investigate this disappearance and to prove that Fabian's grandfather, Amos, is innocent. Tanya also finds and befriends a girl named Red (or Rowan) who saves changelings, or fairy babies exchanged with human babies, from dying in a hospital because their disguise spells wear off and they are killed for their looks. It is revealed that one can only have the \"second sight\" of being able to see fairies by having a changeling in their family. The changeling in Tanya's family turns out to be Elizabeth Elvesden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009638-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Treasures, Synopsis\nTanya, Red, and Fabian go out into the woods following Morwenna's hidden instructions in a poem, but it turns out Morwenna went into the fairy world 50 years ago and now wants to come back. The reason Tanya's grandmother doesn't like Morwenna is because Tanya's grandmother (Florence) almost went into the fairy world herself, but didn't at the last second. Morwenna thought critically of her for that and threatened to take Tanya's mom into the fairy world. However, Florence tricked her into giving her 28 more years. Now Morwenna wants Tanya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009638-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Treasures, Synopsis\nBound in vines at midnight, Red causes a distraction and Tanya's dog eats Morwenna's fairy, Feathercap. Red immediately starts to work on cutting the vines, but realizes it is too late. Meanwhile, Fabian runs back to the house to find Morwenna's lock of hair in the human world that is keeping her from aging. It turns out Amos loved Morwenna and blames himself for her disappearance. It is also revealed that Warwick is a fairy hunter who took a special potion to be able to see fairies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009638-0005-0001", "contents": "13 Treasures, Synopsis\nFabian and Warwick take the hair to the middle of the forest and burn it. As Tanya is about to get dragged into the fairy world, Red cuts her own hand and the vines take her instead. Tanya goes back to the mansion, but sees Morwenna on the way. Having her lock of hair destroyed, Morwenna suddenly ages 50 years and the shock kills her. Morag finds her the next morning dead from heart failure. Tanya returns to the mansion and talks with her grandmother, and they forgive each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009639-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Trianguli\n13 Trianguli is the Flamsteed designation for a star in the northern constellation of Triangulum. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.89, so according to the Bortle scale it is faintly visible from dark suburban skies. The star is located at a distance of 103\u00a0light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +41\u00a0km/s. It made a close approach to the Sun some 665,000\u00a0years ago at an estimated separation of 34.3 light-years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009639-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Trianguli\nA stellar classification of G0\u00a0V indicates this is a main sequence star that is generating energy by fusing hydrogen into helium at its core. It has about 110% of the Sun's mass, 186% of the Sun's radius, and shines with 3.72 times the luminosity of the Sun. The stellar atmosphere has an effective temperature of 5,846\u00a0K, giving it the yellow hue of a G-type star. It appears to be older than the Sun, with an estimated age of 6.45 billion years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009639-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Trianguli\nIn 1994, an astrometric companion was reported at an angular separation of 0.020\u2033. However, follow-up observations reported in 2005 not only failed to recover this object but also returned a null result on a search for planetary companions. The star has been examined for an infrared excess that could indicate the presence of an orbiting debris disk, but no such excess was found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009640-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Tzameti\n13 Tzameti is a 2005 suspense thriller film written, produced, and directed by Georgian filmmaker G\u00e9la Babluani. \"Tzameti\" (\u10ea\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8; tsameti) is the Georgian word for thirteen. 13 Tzameti is the feature-length directorial debut for Babluani. It also marks the acting debut of his younger brother Georges, who plays the film's protagonist S\u00e9bastien. The music was composed by East (Arnaud Taillefer) from the French band Troublemakers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009640-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Tzameti\nThe film tells the story of a destitute immigrant worker who steals an envelope containing instructions for a mysterious job that could pay out a fortune. Following the instructions, the young man unwittingly becomes trapped in a dark and dangerous situation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009640-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Tzameti, Plot\nThe film follows 22-year-old S\u00e9bastien, a Georgian immigrant living in France and working construction jobs to support his poor family. S\u00e9bastien works on the home of Godon, a feeble morphine-addict who is under police surveillance. After Godon dies of an overdose, his widow informs S\u00e9bastien that she is unable to pay him. S\u00e9bastien then overhears the widow talking with one of Godon's friends, describing a mysterious \"job\" that Godon had lined up before his death. The destitute S\u00e9bastien steals an envelope containing the instructions for the job. The police begin following S\u00e9bastien as he uses the train ticket contained in the envelope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009640-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Tzameti, Plot\nThe police lose track of S\u00e9bastien as he follows the instructions and is brought to a secluded house in a forest. At the house, a deadly gambling event is being organized by a powerful criminal. Though S\u00e9bastien's contacts immediately recognize that he is not Godon and has no idea what he is getting into, they force him to participate in the game. Thirteen men identified by number must undergo a series of Russian roulette games, arranging themselves into a circle and pointing their revolver at the man in front of them. Spectators place bets on who will survive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009640-0003-0001", "contents": "13 Tzameti, Plot\nS\u00e9bastien, as #13, survives the first round and fires his gun only after threatened with death. On the second round, in which two bullets are placed in each gun, S\u00e9bastien survives only because the man behind him is killed before he could fire. On the third round, with three bullets in each gun, Sebastien survives along with three other men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009640-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Tzameti, Plot\nThough he believes that he is finished, S\u00e9bastien is selected for the final \"duel\" game against #6, a cruel man who is managed by his own brother. S\u00e9bastien wins the duel and survives the game. He collects \u20ac850,000 out of the winnings his handlers have made from him, then flees the house. Fearing for his life, he sends the money home in a parcel before the police catch up with him. He tells the detective that he was turned away from the game and received no money, but gives the license plate number of a particularly unpleasant gambler in attendance. The police release him, but the brother of #6 spots him as he boards a train. The brother shoots S\u00e9bastien and steals his empty satchel. S\u00e9bastien collapses into a seat as the train begins to move.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009640-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Tzameti, Reception\nAs of June\u00a02020, the film holds an 84% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 67 reviews with an average rating of 7.04 out of 10. The website's critics consensus reads: \"This starkly minimalist nail-biter of a thriller relentlessly builds up the tension and keeps the audience guessing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009640-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Tzameti, Awards\nThe film won the World Cinema Jury Prize at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival. It also won two awards at the 62nd Venice Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009640-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Tzameti, Remake\nThere is an American remake in color of the film, but Babluani intended to \"change a lot of the storyline\" to avoid merely reshooting the original film. The film stars Mickey Rourke, Ray Winstone, Jason Statham, Sam Riley, and 50 Cent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009641-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Unlucky Numbers\n13 Unlucky Numbers is the second album by Wax, and their major label debut. The recording sessions took place during the summer of 1993 at Fort Apache Studios and were produced by Paul Q. Kolderie and Sean Slade. The album spawned the singles \"California\" and \"Who is Next\", both with music videos directed by Spike Jonze, who is also credited for the album's photography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009641-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Unlucky Numbers\nAlthough the album lists 13 tracks, it only includes 10 songs, as the last three tracks are silent. The LP version released on independent label Shattered Records includes \"Hangin' On\" as a bonus track, as well as being pressed on colored vinyl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire\n13 Vend\u00e9miaire Year 4 in the French Republican Calendar (5 October 1795 in the Gregorian calendar) is the name given to a battle between the French Revolutionary troops and Royalist forces in the streets of Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire\nThis battle was part of the establishing of a new form of government, the so-called Directory, and it was a major factor in the rapid advancement of Republican General Napoleon Bonaparte's career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire, Background\nThe social reforms of the French Revolution had been well received by the majority of the populace of France, but the Revolution's strongly anti-Catholic stance had created anti-republican sympathies in many Roman Catholics. In March 1793, this sentiment boiled over into an armed insurrection in the fiercely Catholic Vend\u00e9e region of western France. A rebel army titled Arm\u00e9e catholique et royale now proved to be a thorn in the side of the Revolutionary Government in Paris, under leaders such as Fran\u00e7ois de Charette de la Contrie and Maurice d'Elb\u00e9e. The rebels were known as Chouans, a title which comes from early royalist leader Jean Cottereau's nickname Jean Chouan. He was known for his perfect imitation of an owl's cry, a noise which had become the rallying cry of the insurgents of Vend\u00e9e.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire, Background\nThe Arm\u00e9e catholique et royale quickly garnered British support and got off to a promising start, severely defeating several Revolutionary Armies. The Revolutionary Committee of Public Safety ordered General Jean-Baptiste Carrier to pacify the region, and over several months Carrier ruthlessly decimated the populace of the Vend\u00e9e. The local population dubbed Carrier's forces the colonnes infernales (hellish columns). On 22 December 1793, the Chouan rebellion subsided following a major defeat at the Battle of Savenay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire, Background\nFollowing the 9th Thermidor, those Chouans willing to lay down arms were granted amnesty by the reformed National Convention. The Chouans responded by attacking the Republican-held town of Gu\u00e9men\u00e9 on 28 January 1795. The Convention immediately ordered General Hoche to proceed to the Vend\u00e9e and force the Chouans to agree to a cessation of hostilities. Hoche quickly defeated the Chouan army and on 17 February Fran\u00e7ois de Charette de la Contrie signed a very generous peace settlement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire, Background\nA small contingent of Royalists under the command of General Stofflet and the fanatical Abb\u00e9 Bernier refused to accept the peace settlement and continued to offer resistance to Hoche's Army. They were supported by the British in the form of 4,000 \u00e9migr\u00e9s, 80,000 muskets, and 80 cannons, along with food, clothing, and even a large quantity of counterfeit assignats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire, Background\nThis large force was placed under the command of \u00e9migr\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rals Puisaye and Hermilly. Hearing of this, de Charette de la Contrie broke the peace agreement and reopened hostilities. On 26 June, the \u00e9migr\u00e9 force landed at Carnac. Hermilly quickly advanced on Auray before engaging and being defeated by Hoche at Vannes. By early July, Hemilly had been forced out of Auray and was besieged in the Fortress of Penthi\u00e8vre. This meant that the entire insurgent army was now trapped on the Quiberon peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0006-0001", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire, Background\nOn 15 July, an additional \u00e9migr\u00e9 division arrived to bolster the defense, under the command of G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Sombreuil, but Hermilly was killed in action on 16 July. By the 20th, the fortress had fallen and Hoche swiftly advanced down the peninsula, defeating the hopelessly trapped \u00e9migr\u00e9 army. Only G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Puisaye and a small force were able to escape with the British fleet; the remainder were killed in action, taken prisoner, or executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire, Background\nDespite the failure of the \u00e9migr\u00e9 army, de Charette de la Contrie continued to offer resistance. In early September, a popular revolt broke out in the area around Dreux, but it was defeated in battle at Nonancourt. De Charette de la Contrie himself suffered a major defeat at Saint-Cyr on 25 September. Despite this, the Comte d'Artois landed at \u00cele d'Yeu with 1,000 \u00e9migr\u00e9s and 2,000 British troops. Bolstered by this force, the Royalist troops began marching on Paris in early October 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0007-0001", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire, Background\nThe arrival of the Comte d'Artois excited the jeunesse dor\u00e9e royalist supporters in the Le Peletier section of the capital (named for the Rue Le Peletier in what is now the Second Arrondissement), and they began demonstrations in the form of felling Liberty Trees and trampling cockades of France. Rumours began to circulate regarding the likely defection of the entire Paris National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire, Vend\u00e9miaire\nThe Convention quickly realised that it was in severe danger, and that an enemy force was on French soil; indeed, the uprising in Paris meant that there was now an enemy force within the capital itself. The Convention declared its intention to remain in their meeting rooms until the crisis was resolved. It called for the formation of three battalions of patriots to be raised from the Jacobin military staff dismissed after 9 Thermidore. G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Menou was given command of the defence of the capital, but he was severely outnumbered with only 5,000 troops on hand to resist the Royalist Army of 25,000 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0009-0000", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire, Vend\u00e9miaire\nOn 12 vend\u00e9miaire (4 October 1795), the National Guard arrived in Le Peletier in an attempt to put down the unrest. The Military Committee of the Sections of the Capital under the command of Richer de S\u00e9vigny announced that the decrees of the Convention were no longer recognised. G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Danican took command of the National Guard in the Le Peletier section. The Convention ordered Menou to advance into Le Peletier, to disarm the entire area, and to close Danican's headquarters. Generals Despierres and Verdi\u00e8re were sent to Menou to assist him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0009-0001", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire, Vend\u00e9miaire\nMenou divided his force into three columns and planned an advance into Le Peletier on the evening of 12 vend\u00e9miaire. When the advance was set to begin, Despierres reported that he was unwell and unable to proceed, and Verdi\u00e8re refused to advance. Menou timidly advanced towards the Royalist force, inviting the rebels to discuss terms of their dispersal. He withdrew after receiving the insurgents' promise to disarm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0010-0000", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire, Vend\u00e9miaire\nThe Le Peletier section, seeing this as a sign of weakness on the part of the Convention, called upon the other sections of Paris to rise up. Menou realised his mistake, and launched a cavalry attack down the Rue du Faubourg-Montmartre, temporarily clearing the area of royalists. The Convention dismissed Menou from the command and ordered Paul Barras to take over the defence of the Convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0011-0000", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire, A whiff of grapeshot\nYoung General Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte was aware of the commotion, and he arrived at the Convention around this time to find out what was happening. He was quickly ordered to join Barras' forces mustering for the defence of the Republic. Bonaparte accepted, but only on the condition that he was granted complete freedom of movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0012-0000", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire, A whiff of grapeshot\nAt 1\u00a0am on 13 Vend\u00e9miaire (5 October), Bonaparte overrode Barras, who was content to let him do as he wished. Bonaparte ordered Joachim Murat, a sous-lieutenant in the 12\u00e8me R\u00e9giment de Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval, to ride to the plain of Sablons and to return with the 40 cannons which Menou had indicated were located there. Murat's squadron retrieved the cannons before the Royalists arrived and Bonaparte organised their arrangement, placing them in commanding areas with effective fields of fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0013-0000", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire, A whiff of grapeshot\nAt 5\u00a0am, a probing attack by the royalist forces was repulsed. Five hours later, the major Royalist assault by 7,000 men began. The Republican forces held their perimeter, the cannons firing grapeshot into the massed royalist forces. The \"patriot battalions\" supporting the artillery also cut down the advancing Royalist ranks. Bonaparte commanded throughout the two-hour engagement, and survived unscathed despite having his horse shot from under him. The effect of the grapeshot and the volleys from the patriot forces caused the Royalist attack to waver. Bonaparte ordered a counterattack led by Murat's squadron of Chasseurs. At the close of the battle, around three hundred royalists lay dead on the streets of Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0014-0000", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire, A whiff of grapeshot\nScottish philosopher and historian Thomas Carlyle later famously recorded that, on this occasion, Bonaparte gave his opponent a \"Whiff of Grapeshot\" and that \"the thing we specifically call French Revolution is blown into space by it.\" That is, 13 Vend\u00e9miaire marks the ending of the French Revolution. (The phrase is often ascribed to Bonaparte himself, but the words are probably Carlyle's.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0015-0000", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire, Aftermath\nThe defeat of the Royalist insurrection extinguished the threat to the Convention. Bonaparte became a national hero, and was quickly promoted to G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de Division. Within five months, he was given command of the French army conducting operations in Italy. The defeated royalists, in an effort to portray the Republican defense as a massacre, nicknamed Bonaparte G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Vend\u00e9miaire, a title which he later claimed would be his first title of glory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009642-0016-0000", "contents": "13 Vend\u00e9miaire, In film\nThe first episode of the 2002 miniseries Napol\u00e9on portrays the battle of 13 Vend\u00e9miaire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009643-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Violets\n13 Violets is the sixth Studio recording from Mother Superior and the second of two to be produced by MC5 legend Wayne Kramer. This is Mother Superior's last record featuring Jason Mackenroth on drums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009644-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Voices\n13 Voices is the sixth studio album by Canadian rock band Sum 41, released on October 7, 2016. It is the first Sum 41 album to be released through independent label Hopeless Records after the band fulfilled their contract with major label Island Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009644-0000-0001", "contents": "13 Voices\nIt is also Sum 41's first album to feature drummer Frank Zummo, who replaced original drummer Steve Jocz and their first album since the return of guitarist Dave Baksh (who left the band in 2006) in 2015, as well as their first as a five-piece, as Tom Thacker, who replaced Baksh in 2009, remained with the band. On May 11, 2016, the band announced that they had signed to Hopeless Records to release the crowd-funded project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009644-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Voices, Background\nOn July 9, 2015, the band launched a PledgeMusic campaign for its comeback album. On July 23, 2015, the band played its comeback show at the Alternative Press Music Awards, which featured former lead guitarist Dave Baksh, joining the group on stage nine years after officially leaving the band. Sum 41 announced Baksh\u2019s official return on August 14, 2015, and also announced that he will join the band in the studio. On December 26, 2015, Sum 41 teased two new songs on its Instagram account. On January 1, 2016, Deryck Whibley revealed that the album was nearing completion via the band's social media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009644-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Voices, Background\nThe band performed on the 2016 Warped Tour. On April 19, 2016, Whibley published that Sum 41 was finishing the album. On May 11, 2016, Sum 41 announced its signing to Hopeless Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009644-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Voices, Background\nThe release's final song \"Twisted by Design\" replaces \"With Me\" (from 2007's Underclass Hero) as the band's longest song to date, with a running time of 5 minutes and 28 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009644-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Voices, Development\nOn November 26, 2012, the band members revealed that they were taking a break from touring in 2013 to begin work on a new record. On April 18, 2013, drummer Jocz announced he would be leaving the band via his official Facebook page, leaving Whibley as the sole founding member of the band. In an interview on February 7, 2014, Deryck revealed that the band has possibly found a new drummer and would be premiering new music \"soon\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009644-0004-0001", "contents": "13 Voices, Development\nThe expected sixth album would have been the band's first with Whibley and McCaslin as the only two remaining members from the group's \"classic line-up\", until Baksh's return in 2015, which also marks his first album with Sum 41 since 2004's Chuck. The album is the band's first to feature drummer Frank Zummo, as well as their first album as a five-piece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009644-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Voices, Development\nOn May 16, 2014, Deryck Whibley posted on an entry on his personal website, explaining that he had a liver and kidney failure due to extensive drinking. He has explained that he has been in treatment in the hospital for a month, and now upon release, he will be taking care of his health, while continue working on new music. He also stated that he had some ideas for new songs already, and that the band would be soon starting to make a new album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009644-0005-0001", "contents": "13 Voices, Development\nOn June 9, 2014, Deryck Whibley has stated on his personal Facebook page that he was working on new Sum 41 music out of his home studio to get ready to record some new music soon. On June 29, 2014, Whibley posted an entry on his website, entitled \"getting ready to record drums\", with photos of him setting up the drum kit for recording.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009644-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Voices, Promotion and release\nOn June 6, 2016, Sum 41 announced that the group's sixth studio album would be titled 13 Voices and that the album is scheduled for release on October 7, 2016. The cover art and tracklist were also revealed that same day. \"Fake My Own Death\", the band's first new song in five years, was released on June 28, 2016. The song was released as an instant grat for pre-ordering the album on iTunes. The song was performed on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on October 3, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009644-0006-0001", "contents": "13 Voices, Promotion and release\nDeryck stated that the first official single had not yet been picked and the band wanted to put out new music to hold the fans over. The album's first official single \"War\", was released on August 25, 2016. The album's eighth track, \"God Save Us All (Death to Pop)\" was released (along with a live music video) on September 29, 2016. In early 2017, Sum 41 invited fans via Facebook and Instagram for the shooting of the music video for \"Goddamn I'm Dead Again\" in San Pedro, CA released May 3, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009644-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Voices, Promotion and release, Tour\nThe Don't Call It a Sum-Back Tour is a concert tour that was announced on August 8, 2016. It started October 5 and concluded on March 19, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 38], "content_span": [39, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009644-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Voices, Musical style\n13 Voices has been stated as being heavy metal, punk rock, alternative metal, alternative rock, and as moving even further away from their pop punk roots. Bradley Zorgdrager of Exclaim! described it as \"a fusion between metal and radio-friendly pop punk\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009644-0009-0000", "contents": "13 Voices, Critical reception\n13 Voices has received positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 76 out of 100, which indicates \"generally favorable reviews\" based on 5 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009644-0010-0000", "contents": "13 Voices, Commercial performance\nThe album debuted at number 22 on the US Billboard 200, with first week sales of 16,100 copies. The album was the ninth highest selling album of the week (pure sales). It has reached higher positions than the band's sophomore album, especially in the UK where it was their first Top 20 albums since \"All Killer No filler\". Impalaawarded the album with a double gold award for 150,000 sold copies across Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009644-0011-0000", "contents": "13 Voices, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Deryck Whibley, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009645-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Vulpeculae\n13 Vulpeculae is a blue giant with a stellar classification of class B9.5III in the northern constellation Vulpecula. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.57 and it is approximately 339 light years away from the Sun based on parallax. The star is radiating 180 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,801\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009645-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Vulpeculae\nThere is one reported companion, designated component B, with a magnitude of 7.37, an orbital period of roughly 615\u00a0years, and an angular separation of 1.55\u2033. The system is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221228\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009646-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Washington Square\n13 Washington Square is a 1928 American silent romantic comedy drama film directed by Melville W. Brown, written by Harry O. Hoyt and Walter Anthony, and starring Jean Hersholt, Alice Joyce, and George J. Lewis. It is based on a 1914 play of the same name by Leroy Scott. The film was released on April 8, 1928 by Universal Pictures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009646-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Washington Square, Preservation\nA copy of 13 Washington Square is housed at UCLA Film and Television Archive and the Library of Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009647-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Ways to Bleed on Stage\n13 Ways to Bleed on Stage is the second studio album by American rock band Cold, released on September 12, 2000. With four popular singles, it gained substantial commercial success, achieving gold status, and landed Cold in the mainstream rock scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009647-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Ways to Bleed on Stage, Background and recording\nAbout a year prior to recording 13 Ways, the band enlisted guitarist Terry Balsamo; frontman Scooter Ward, who had sung and played guitar, wanted to focus solely on singing. After trying a few musicians from Los Angeles, Cold chose fellow Jacksonville native Balsamo, who'd played with its members since the age of 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009647-0002-0000", "contents": "13 Ways to Bleed on Stage, Background and recording\nThe main song structures for 13 Ways were written prior to entering the studio. Using C tuning (the main tuning used in Cold's catalog), the band then experimented with various sounds and dynamics in the studio. Balsamo primarily used an Ibanez RG570 and Mesa Boogie Triple Rectifier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009647-0003-0000", "contents": "13 Ways to Bleed on Stage, Background and recording\nOften considered Cold's darkest record. The album has a Parental advisory on the cover art for strong language and dark graphic themes such as drug addiction and its consequences, relationship troubles, and social indifference. Guest vocalists include Aaron Lewis of Staind and Sierra Swan who would also appear on the band's next album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009647-0004-0000", "contents": "13 Ways to Bleed on Stage, Album art\nCold's second album marked the first appearance of the band's spider logo and corresponding text. Its CD booklet design depicts a tattered old book held shut with rubber bands. The liner notes feature morbid figure illustrations and imagery of X-Acto knives and other cutting utensils.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009647-0005-0000", "contents": "13 Ways to Bleed on Stage, Touring and promotion\nFollowing the album's release, Cold toured for a year and a half to promote it. They embarked on a three-week tour with 3 Doors Down and a month with Marilyn Manson before joining Limp Bizkit and DMX on the Anger Management Tour for a few weeks. Cold (along with The Offspring, Weezer, Social Distortion, Incubus and Adema) was on the bill for the first annual Inland Invasion, which took place on August 25, 2001 and was hosted by the Los Angeles radio station KROQ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009647-0006-0000", "contents": "13 Ways to Bleed on Stage, Touring and promotion\nSingles for the album included \"Just Got Wicked\", \"End of the World\", \"No One\" and \"Bleed\". All of the said tracks had music videos which saw moderate airplay on MTV2. The majority of singles from 13 Ways also received significant radio play and were instrumental in launching Cold into the mainstream music scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009647-0007-0000", "contents": "13 Ways to Bleed on Stage, Touring and promotion\n\"Just Got Wicked\" appears on MTV: The Return of the Rock, Vol. 2, ECW: Extreme Music Vol. 2 : Anarchy Rocks, and the soundtrack to the video game Jet Grind Radio. \"No One\" is featured on the soundtrack to the film A Walk to Remember.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009647-0008-0000", "contents": "13 Ways to Bleed on Stage, Acoustic EP\nAn acoustic EP was released as a free bonus disc with the purchase of 13 Ways to Bleed on Stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009648-0000-0000", "contents": "13 West Street\n13 West Street is a 1962 American neo noir crime film directed by Philip Leacock and starring Rod Steiger and Alan Ladd whose own production company produced the film. It was based on the 1957 novel The Tiger Among Us (1957) by Leigh Brackett, who called the film \"very, very dull\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009648-0001-0000", "contents": "13 West Street, Plot\nFor no discernible reason, scientist Walt Sherill is assaulted and viciously beaten by a group of well-dressed young men, the opposite of a slum dwelling street gang, when he is walking alone on a deserted street. When the police, including investigating juvenile officer Detective Koleski, are in his opinion too slow and too busy in finding the culprits, Sherill decides to go after them on his own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009648-0002-0000", "contents": "13 West Street, Plot\nSherill hires Finney, a private investigator, whose work leads him to Chuck Landry, the gang's leader. Sherill's non-stop search for revenge causes one member of the gang to commit suicide. Landry counters by luring Finney to a dangerous section of road where he is killed, then coming to Sherill's home where he menaces his wife, then plans to shoot Sherill when he returns home. Landry escapes from the police but as Sherill knows his address, he goes directly to the boy's home and beats him savagely. On the verge of killing him by drowning him in his family's swimming pool, Sherill finally relents, turning Landry over to Koleski to be placed under arrest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009648-0003-0000", "contents": "13 West Street, Production\nLeigh Brackett's novel The Tiger Among Us was originally published in 1957. Film rights were purchased by producer Charles Schnee, who had just left MGM and signed a deal with Columbia Pictures. He hired John Michael Hayes to write the script. John Wayne was announced as a possible star. It was then reported that Valentine Davies was working on the script, which had been retitled Fear No Evil. Production plans were delayed when Schnee announced he was leaving Columbia, claiming he was unable to get any of his films in development made because of \"almost insurmountable casting difficulties.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009648-0003-0001", "contents": "13 West Street, Production\nThe project stayed with Columbia and was assigned to producer Boris Kaplan. Roger Presnell wrote a version of the script. Philip Leacock was given the job as director and Alan Ladd and Rod Steiger were cast in the leads. The title The Tiger Among Us was changed out of fear audiences might expect a jungle film. The new title was 13 East Street then Alan Ladd requested \"east\" be changed to \"west\". \"The story concerns a teenage gang from Los Angeles east side but I suggested the locale be switched to the swank purlieu of Bel Air\", said Ladd. \"I have nothing against Bel Air but I want to show that juvenile delinquency can breed in exclusive areas too.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009649-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Years (Best Of)\n13 Years (Best Of) is a greatest hits album released in 1993 by New Zealand reggae group, Herbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009650-0000-0000", "contents": "13 Years, 13 Minutes\n13 Years, 13 Minutes (Polish: 13 lat 13 minut) is a Polish historical film. It was released in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009650-0001-0000", "contents": "13 Years, 13 Minutes\nRomek Strza\u0142kowski and Peter Mansfeld were young boys during the Pozna\u0144 1956 protests and Budapest 1956. Romek was the youngest victim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0000-0000", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street\n13 and 15 West 54th Street (also the William Murray Residences) are two commercial buildings in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. They are along 54th Street's northern sidewalk between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue. The four-and-a-half-story houses were designed by Henry Janeway Hardenbergh in the Renaissance-inspired style and were constructed between 1896 and 1897 as private residences. They are the two westernmost of five consecutive townhouses erected along the same city block during the 1890s, the others being 5, 7, and 9\u201311 West 54th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0001-0000", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street\nThe buildings were designed as a nearly identical pair of houses. The facade is made of limestone with rusticated blocks on the first story and smooth blocks on the upper stories. The houses contain a rounded oriel facing 54th Street and a central pair of entrances above the raised basement. The houses are nearly identical except for their roofs; the eastern house at number 13 has a mansard roof while the western house at number 15 has a balustrade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0002-0000", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street\nThe houses were commissioned for businessman William Murray, who respectively sold 13 and 15 West 54th to Jessie Neilson and James B. Dickson. Number 13 was purchased by John D. Rockefeller Sr. in 1906 and served as the home of his son and daughter-in-law, John D. Rockefeller Jr. and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, until 1913, after which it was leased by various families through the 1950s. Ownership of number 15 was much more stable, as the Dicksons occupied the site until 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0002-0001", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street\nNelson Rockefeller used number 13 as an office from the 1940s until his death in 1979, and he bought number 15 and operated it as the Museum of Primitive Art from 1957 to 1979. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the house as an official landmark in 1981, and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 as part of the 5\u201315 West 54th Street Residences historic district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0003-0000", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, Site\n13 and 15 West 54th Street are in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. They are along the northern sidewalk of 54th Street between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue. The land lots are both rectangular and each cover 2,513 square feet (233.5\u00a0m2), with a frontage of 25 feet (7.6\u00a0m) on 54th Street and a depth of 100.42 feet (30.61\u00a0m). The buildings are the westernmost of five consecutive townhouses erected along the same city block; from east to west, the other houses are 5, 7, and 9\u201311 West 54th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0003-0001", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, Site\nThe five townhouses are adjoined by the Rockefeller Apartments to the west, The Peninsula New York and the St. Regis New York hotels to the northeast, the University Club of New York and 689 Fifth Avenue to the east, the William H. Moore House and Saint Thomas Church to the southeast, and the Museum of Modern Art to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0004-0000", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, Site\nFifth Avenue between 42nd Street and Central Park South (59th Street) was relatively undeveloped through the late 19th century. The surrounding area was once part of the common lands of the city of New York. The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 established Manhattan's street grid with lots measuring 100 feet (30\u00a0m) deep and 25 feet (7.6\u00a0m) wide. Upscale residences were constructed around Fifth Avenue following the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0004-0001", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, Site\nThe two-block stretch of West and East 54th Street from Madison Avenue to Sixth Avenue, bisected by Fifth Avenue, was developed with the houses of prominent figures such as William Henry Moore, John R. Platt, and John D. Rockefeller Sr. The sites of the five houses at 5\u201315 West 54th Street, along with the University Club, were formerly occupied by St. Luke's Hospital, which moved out during 1896.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0005-0000", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, Design\nThe houses at 5\u201315 West 54th Street, all developed in the late 1890s for wealthy clients, were designed as a cohesive grouping, unlike other residences in the neighborhood. According to The New York Times, the houses form the sole remaining \"real strip of mansions\" in Midtown Manhattan. The houses at 5, 7, 9\u201311, and 13 and 15 West 54th Street all had different architects. The twin houses at 13 and 15 West 54th Street were designed by Henry Janeway Hardenbergh in the Renaissance-inspired style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0006-0000", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, Design, Facade\nThe buildings are both three bays wide on their street facade. The exteriors are nearly mirror images of each other, except that number 13 has an attic story and number 15 does not. The basement and first floor of both buildings are clad with rusticated blocks of limestone, while the three upper floors are clad with smooth limestone. The houses' original exteriors are intact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0006-0001", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, Design, Facade\nIn front of both houses, there is a depressed areaway, with steps descending to the basement level on the outer end of the shared facade (corresponding to the left side of number 15 and the right side of number 13). At the top of each depressed areaway are two brackets with carvings of grotesques, which support double-story oriels above them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0007-0000", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, Design, Facade\nThe center of the shared facade, corresponding to the right side of number 13 and left side of number 15, has a symmetrical pair of curved stoops. The stoops are doglegs that run east from the middle of number 15 and west from the middle of number 13. On the portion of the stoop wall facing the sidewalk are oval vents with iron grilles, above which are cartouches. At the top of each stoop is an archway with a wood-and-glass double door. Above either door is an ornate cartouche.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0007-0001", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, Design, Facade\nThe cartouches support second-story balconies with stone balustrades, which are curved outward. Behind each of these balconies are windows topped by eared architraves that flank ornate keystones. The double-story oriels occupy the first and second stories on the left side of number 15 and the right side of number 13. Each oriel contains three windows per story. The windows on the second story of the oriel are flanked by vermiculated blocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0008-0000", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, Design, Facade\nThe third story of each house has three windows that are centered to their respective facades. The third-story windows are flanked by vermiculated blocks and topped by lintels with elaborate scrolled keystones. Below the fourth floor is a stone string course that doubles as the sill for the fourth-story windows. There are also three windows on the fourth story of each house, as well as a carved plaque at the center of the facade between numbers 15 and 13. The windows and plaque are flanked by Ionic pilasters with pedestals at the bottom and volutes at the top. An additional pilaster, pedestal, and volute are at either extreme end of the shared facade. Above the fourth floor is a denticulated cornice. Number 13 has a copper mansard roof with three dormer windows, while number 15 has a balustrade above the cornice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0009-0000", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, Design, Interior\nThe interiors of the houses contain ceilings that range from 10 to 17 feet (3.0 to 5.2\u00a0m) high. As of 2013, the basement and first floor are used by Italian restaurant Il Gattopardo. The basement contains the restaurant's party room while the first story contains the main dining area. The top two stories of the two townhouses are connected to 20 West 55th Street, a 13-story office building, at their rears. Construction of the office building, designed by Emery Roth & Sons, involved replacing the rear walls of numbers 13 and 15 with glass, overlooking the office building's five-story atrium. Including the office addition, the structures occupy a total of 97,500 square feet (9,060\u00a0m2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0010-0000", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Residences\nIn 1896, with the relocation of St. Luke's Hospital from Midtown to Morningside Heights, Manhattan, the hospital's former site on the northern side of 54th Street west of Fifth Avenue became available for development. The University Club, whose construction commenced the same year, was the first structure to be built on the former hospital plot. Unlike the other three mansions on 5\u201315 West 54th Street, the houses at 13 and 15 West 54th Street were developed as speculative developments instead of being purposefully built for a specific family. William Murray had bought two of the St. Luke's lots in July 1895 for $125,000. Henry J. Hardenbergh was commissioned to design a pair of houses on the two lots. The architect filed plans for the house with the New York City Department of Buildings around 1896.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0011-0000", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Residences\nThe houses were completed circa 1898. Murray conveyed number 13, approximately 275 feet (84\u00a0m) west of Fifth Avenue, to Jessie L. Nielson in January 1898. Financier and oil heir John D. \"Junior\" Rockefeller Jr., along with Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, rented number 13 in 1901, around the same time they were married. The house was just across from the residence of Junior's father, John D. Rockefeller, at 4 West 54th Street. At the time of the lease, a columnist for the New-York Tribune wrote, \"John D. Rockefeller, Jr. certainly has no regard for unlucky thirteen.\" Next door, Murray retained ownership of number 15 until late 1905, when the firm Pease & Elliman sold that house. The buyer was Johnson & Higgins Insurance Company president James B. Dickson, who finalized his purchase in January 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0012-0000", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Residences\nFour of John and Abby Rockefeller's children were born while the Rockefellers lived at number 13, starting with their eldest child, Abby, in 1903. John D. Rockefeller III was born at number 13 in March 1906. The same month, Murray sold the land under the east wall of number 13 to Jessie Neilson. She filed plans for an expansion of number 13, to be designed by Delano & Aldrich. The plans called for the addition of the fifth-story attic, a sun parlor at the rear, and a new window and elevator at a cost of $10,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0012-0001", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Residences\nNielson sold the house to Junior's father shortly afterward in May 1906. John Sr, in turn, gave the house to Junior in 1909. Two more Rockefeller children were born while the Rockefellers lived at number 13: Nelson in 1908, at their New England summer home, and Laurance in 1910, in New York City. By 1912, the Rockefellers desired a new house for their four young children. The family moved to 10 West 54th Street, across the street from number 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0013-0000", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Residences\nJunior leased his old residence to Mrs. William W. Borden of Chicago in 1913. Borden leased number 13 in 1918 to Howard W. Maxwell, an Atlas Portland Cement Company vice president and New York Trust Company director. Maxwell and his wife used number 13 as their city residence and kept a country residence on Long Island. The surrounding neighborhood rapidly became a commercial zone after World War I, and many neighboring townhouses were converted to commercial use, but the Rockefellers and Dicksons respectively retained ownership of their houses. The Rockefellers leased number 13 to Robert Abel-Smith in 1932, and the surgeon Charles W. Depping had an office there by 1936. After James B. Dickson's death at an unknown date, his widow Harriet continued to live at number 15 until her death in March 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0014-0000", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Rockefeller museum and offices\nIn October 1953, Nelson Rockefeller, who already owned number 13, acquired the twin townhouse at number 15. The next year, Nelson established the Museum of Primitive Art, a collection of ancient art that he intended to display in number 15. The art collection had been assembled over the previous decade but had never been shown together. Rockefeller wished to renovate a portion of the townhouse and anticipated expanding it with the growth of his collection. In 1955, Rockefeller acquired number 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0014-0001", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Rockefeller museum and offices\nOver the next two years, the interior of the residence was extensively renovated, with space for the collection's items on the lowest two floors, as well as library space on the upper two floors. The Museum of Primitive Art opened to the public in February 1957. The museum's collection of over a thousand pieces was transferred to the Metropolitan Museum of Art (Met) in 1969. The Museum of Primitive Art closed in 1976 and its collections were transferred to the Met.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0015-0000", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Rockefeller museum and offices\nNelson Rockefeller maintained a luncheon space and private office next door at number 13, which was connected by a passageway to his offices on 20\u201322 West 55th Street. During the 1960s, when Rockefeller served as the Governor of New York, the 55th Street buildings were described by The New York Times as the \"unofficial Capitol of New York State\", and 13 West 54th Street served as a rear entrance and exit to his 55th Street offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0015-0001", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Rockefeller museum and offices\nRockefeller retained the office throughout the rest of his life, even when he served as the Vice President of the United States from 1974 to 1977. A little more than two years after leaving the vice presidency, Rockefeller suffered from a heart attack and died at his 54th Street office in January 1979. The heart attack occurred in the presence of aide Megan Marshack, who called a friend to report Rockefeller's heart attack to emergency operators. In his will, \"no specific disposition\" of the houses at 13\u201315 West 54th Street was recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0016-0000", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Later use\nBy late 1979, the Mendik Realty Company had acquired 13\u201315 West 54th Street, along with the rear properties at 20\u201322 West 55th Street. Though the Museum of Modern Art was occupying the houses while its own structure was being rebuilt, there were rumors that the four properties would be demolished to make way for an office building. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the five houses at 5\u201315 West 54th Street as city landmarks, including 13 and 15 West 54th Street, on February 3, 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0016-0001", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Later use\nThe Committee for the Preservation of West 54th and West 55th Streets had pushed for the landmark designation. At the time, the five houses were in various states of preservation: even as 13 and 15 West 54th Street had been proposed for demolition, the double house at 9\u201311 West 54th Street was being restored. The landmark designation made it harder for any of the houses to be demolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0017-0000", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Later use\nDeveloper Feldman Brothers took over the four properties at 13\u201315 West 54th .and 20\u201322 West 55th Street. In December 1981, Feldman Brothers announced plans to build a 32-story tower at 22 West 55th Street and convert 13 and 15 West 54th Street to office use. After objections from neighborhood residences, in 1983 the developers agreed to build a 13-story building instead. Danish bank Privatbanken bought the office building and leased the 54th Street houses in 1985 for close to $30 million, with an option to buy the houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0017-0001", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Later use\nUnder the arrangement, Feldman Brothers would complete the office building's construction and renovate the two houses, which were being refurbished by Haines Lundberg Waehler. The bank's name was installed in gold letters outside the houses. In 1986, Tore Wretman and H\u00e5kan Swahn announced they would open a Swedish restaurant, Restaurant Aquavit, in the lower two stories of number 13. Aquavit opened the next year. On January 4, 1990, the buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Residences at 5\u201315 West 54th Street historic district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0018-0000", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Later use\nThe next occupant of the houses, Danish bank Unibank, would leave several stories unused for several months on end before it moved out by 2000. Early in 2001, the Emmes Group of Companies paid $30 million for 13\u201315 West 54th and 20\u201322 West 55th Street. The company hired Helpern Architects to redesign the lobby of the office unit. After Aquavit's lease expired in 2004, it relocated from 13 to 15 West 54th Street to a nearby building on 65 East 55th Street. Both houses were sold in 2004 for $23 million to Rock 54, LLC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009651-0018-0001", "contents": "13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Later use\nGray Kunz subsequently opened the Grayz restaurant in the former Aquavit space in 2007. After two years, Grayz was replaced by Atria, which only operated for another four months. La Petite Maison then took the restaurant space in 2010. The Il Gattopardo restaurant opened in the townhouses' restaurant space in 2013. Eagle's View Capital Management leased the third floor of the houses in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009652-0000-0000", "contents": "13 anys i un dia\n13 anys i un dia (English: 13 years and one day) was a Catalan sitcom which was broadcast on TV3 at Thursday nights. 24 episodes were aired between 2008 and 2009. It was produced by Televisi\u00f3 de Catalunya and directed by Jes\u00fas Font.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009653-0000-0000", "contents": "13 at a Table\n13 at a Table (Italian: 13dici a tavola, also known as Tredici a tavola) is a 2004 Italian comedy film written and directed by Enrico Oldoini.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009653-0001-0000", "contents": "13 at a Table\nIt was entered into the main competition at the 2005 Tokyo International Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009654-0000-0000", "contents": "13 chansons d\u00e9cadentes et fantasmagoriques\n13 chansons d\u00e9cadentes et fantasmagoriques is the first album by experimental French singer Brigitte Fontaine, released in 1966 on the Productions Jacques Canetti label. Fontaine has disowned the album, which she states is merely a \"draft\" compared to her later works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009655-0000-0000", "contents": "13 chansons nouvelles\n13 chansons nouvelles is the seventh French studio album by Joe Dassin. It came out in 1973 on CBS Disques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009656-0000-0000", "contents": "13 dita\n13 dita is the first solo album by Italian pianist Giovanni Allevi, released in 1997 by Soleluna Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009657-0000-0000", "contents": "13 heures\nJournal de 13 heures or 13 heures (French: The 1PM Journal, stylized on-screen as 13h) is France 2's afternoon news program, seen weekdays at 1:00 pm (13:00) Central European Time in Metropolitan France. It has been broadcast since 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009657-0001-0000", "contents": "13 heures\nThis France 2 news program is seen opposite the similarly named news program on commercial broadcaster TF1, TF1 13 Heures, which has twice the viewership of France 2's program. As a result, France 2's 13 heures has seen a frequent turnover of news anchors for the program\u201415 in the last ten years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009657-0002-0000", "contents": "13 heures\n\u00c9lise Lucet host the 13 heures from 2005 to 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 59]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009657-0003-0000", "contents": "13 heures\nMore generally, many French television channels offer a newscast at or around 1:00 pm: TF1, France 2,  France 3, C8 and M6. In Belgium, La Une broadcasts a news bulletin at 1:00 pm, as well as La Premi\u00e8re (RTI) in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire. Ivorian presenters of the series include Habiba Demb\u00e9l\u00e9, Awa Ehoura, Alberic Niango, Pascal Aka Brou, David Mobio, Lancin\u00e9 Fofana, Viviane Ahimain and Amidou Doukour\u00e9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009657-0004-0000", "contents": "13 heures\nIn the UK, an equivalent newscast is the BBC One O'Clock News, shown at 1:00 pm UK time and formerly anchored by George Alagiah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009657-0005-0000", "contents": "13 heures\nIt is also shown on SBS in Australia 6am weekdays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 60]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009658-0000-0000", "contents": "13 jours en France\n13 jours en France is a documentary about the 1968 Winter Olympic Games in Grenoble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009659-0000-0000", "contents": "13 km\n13\u00a0km (Russian: 13 \u043a\u043c) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Topkinskoye Rural Settlement of Topkinsky District, Russia. The population was 41 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009659-0001-0000", "contents": "13 km, Geography\n13 km is located 36 km west of Topki (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009660-0000-0000", "contents": "13 let Kasakhstan\n13 let Kasakhstan (Kazakh: \u049a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u049b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0493\u0430 13 \u0436\u044b\u043b, Russian: 13 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430) is a village located in the Martuk District of Aktobe Region in northwestern Kazakhstan. Population: 123 (2009 Census results);.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009661-0000-0000", "contents": "13 mm caliber\nThis is a list of firearm cartridges which have bullets that are 13 millimetres (0.51\u00a0in) caliber or larger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009662-0000-0000", "contents": "13 posterunek\n13 posterunek (literally translated as Precinct No. 13) is a Polish sitcom series directed and scripted by Maciej \u015alesicki, starring Cezary Pazura and Marek Perepeczko. The whole series is made of eighty-three episodes and divided into two seasons of which the first is made of 41 and the second - named 13 posterunek 2 - of 42 episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009662-0001-0000", "contents": "13 posterunek, Plot\nThe series is focused on clumsy policemen working at a small police station on Warsaw's outskirts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009663-0000-0000", "contents": "13 steps\nThe 13 steps are identified in a paragraph of the Final Document (agreed by consensus) of the 2000 Review Conference of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, providing a set of 'practical steps for the systematic and progressive efforts to implement Article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons'. Article VI is the part of the Treaty that provides for disarmament, including nuclear disarmament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009663-0001-0000", "contents": "13 steps\nIt was adopted mainly on the initiative of the New Agenda Coalition, a group of countries favouring early nuclear disarmament, including Brazil, Egypt, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, Slovenia, South Africa, and Sweden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009663-0002-0000", "contents": "13 steps, Text\nEach of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009663-0003-0000", "contents": "13 steps, Text\nThe paragraph containing the 13 steps may be found in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference in the section 15. It says:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009663-0004-0000", "contents": "13 steps, Text\nThe Conference agrees on the following practical steps for the systematic and progressive efforts to implement Article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and paragraphs 3 and 4(c) of the 1995 Decision on \"Principles and Objectives for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009663-0005-0000", "contents": "13 steps, Text\n1. The importance and urgency of signatures and ratifications, without delay and without conditions and in accordance with constitutional processes, to achieve the early entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009663-0006-0000", "contents": "13 steps, Text\n2. A moratorium on nuclear-weapon-test explosions or any other nuclear explosions pending entry into force of that Treaty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009663-0007-0000", "contents": "13 steps, Text\n3. The necessity of negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament on a non-discriminatory, multilateral and internationally and effectively verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices in accordance with the statement of the Special Coordinator in 1995 and the mandate contained therein, taking into consideration both nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation objectives. The Conference on Disarmament is urged to agree on a programme of work which includes the immediate commencement of negotiations on such a treaty with a view to their conclusion within five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009663-0008-0000", "contents": "13 steps, Text\n4. The necessity of establishing in the Conference on Disarmament an appropriate subsidiary body with a mandate to deal with nuclear disarmament. The Conference on Disarmament is urged to agree on a programme of work which includes the immediate establishment of such a body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009663-0009-0000", "contents": "13 steps, Text\n5. The principle of irreversibility to apply to nuclear disarmament, nuclear and other related arms control and reduction measures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009663-0010-0000", "contents": "13 steps, Text\n6. An unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament to which all States parties are committed under Article VI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009663-0011-0000", "contents": "13 steps, Text\n7. The early entry into force and full implementation of START II and the conclusion of START III as soon as possible while preserving and strengthening the ABM Treaty as a cornerstone of strategic stability and as a basis for further reductions of strategic offensive weapons, in accordance with its provisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009663-0012-0000", "contents": "13 steps, Text\n8. The completion and implementation of the Trilateral Initiative between the United States of America, Russian Federation and the International Atomic Energy Agency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009663-0013-0000", "contents": "13 steps, Text\n9. Steps by all the nuclear-weapon States leading to nuclear disarmament in a way that promotes international stability, and based on the principle of undiminished security for all:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009663-0014-0000", "contents": "13 steps, Text\n10. Arrangements by all nuclear-weapon States to place, as soon as practicable, fissile material designated by each of them as no longer required for military purposes under IAEA or other relevant international verification and arrangements for the disposition of such material for peaceful purposes, to ensure that such material remains permanently outside of military programmes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009663-0015-0000", "contents": "13 steps, Text\n11. Reaffirmation that the ultimate objective of the efforts of States in the disarmament process is general and complete disarmament under effective international control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009663-0016-0000", "contents": "13 steps, Text\n12. Regular reports, within the framework of the NPT strengthened review process, by all States parties on the implementation of Article VI and paragraph 4 (c) of the 1995 Decision on \"Principles and Objectives for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament\", and recalling the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice of 8 July 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009663-0017-0000", "contents": "13 steps, Text\n13. The further development of the verification capabilities that will be required to provide assurance of compliance with nuclear disarmament agreements for the achievement and maintenance of a nuclear-weapon-free world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009664-0000-0000", "contents": "13 x 13\n13 x 13 was a Catalan TV series which aired in TV3. It described some adaptations of Catalan literature. 13 episodes were aired between 1987 and 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009665-0000-0000", "contents": "13's Reborn\n13's Reborn is the debut album released by Girugamesh on September 27, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009666-0000-0000", "contents": "13, Rue del Percebe\n13, Rue del Percebe (13, Barnacle Street) is a Spanish comic book created by Francisco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez that debuted in the pages of T\u00edo Vivo magazine on March 6, 1961, and quickly became highly popular. The last strip was published in 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009666-0001-0000", "contents": "13, Rue del Percebe\n13, Rue del Percebe is a single panel that takes up the whole page that represents an humorous view of a building and the people who inhabits it. Each apartment is a panel in itself, with fixed characters with defined personalities. Usually each panel is not related to the others and can be read in any order, but sometimes an event affects more than one neighbor, and read in order the comic effect is more pronounced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009666-0002-0000", "contents": "13, Rue del Percebe, The inhabitants\nThe flat roof is inhabited by a debtor that is always imagining ingenious ways to evade his creditors, and by a poor black cat that is always been tortured by a cruelly ingenious mouse. The debtor is inspired by Manuel V\u00e1zquez Gallego, another Bruguera cartoonist who also drew a self-parodic character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009666-0003-0000", "contents": "13, Rue del Percebe, The inhabitants\nThe third floor is inhabited by a clumsy thief who's always stealing useless things and his long-suffering wife. Next door, there are a family with three mischievous young boys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009666-0004-0000", "contents": "13, Rue del Percebe, The inhabitants\nIn the second floor there lives an elderly woman that's always having trouble with the animals she buys or adopts (usually dogs, but she also had others, including a whale), and a hopeless tailor with a lot of nerve (before this, a crazy scientist lived there with his monster, in an obvious parody of the monster of Frankenstein).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009666-0005-0000", "contents": "13, Rue del Percebe, The inhabitants\nIn the first floor dwell an incompetent veterinarian with an equally impossible clientele, and an overcrowded guesthouse run by a stingy woman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009666-0006-0000", "contents": "13, Rue del Percebe, The inhabitants\nIn the ground, there's a grocery run by Mr. Sen\u00e9n, a distrustful and stingy man who's always cheating on his clients with the weight and genuineness of his merchandise (though sometimes he does get his comeuppance). At his side, there's the porter's lodge with its gossiping porter. Mr. Hur\u00f3n (Spanish for \"ferret\") lives in the sewer's entrance in front of the building, and is often seen chatting with the porter or fending off the hazards which come with living in the sewer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009666-0007-0000", "contents": "13, Rue del Percebe, The inhabitants\nLastly, there's the elevator. Through inanimate, the elevator's troubles are a running gag on the strip. Either it does not work properly, it's stolen, removed for repairs (and replaced with alternative elevation methods like a cannon or a bellow), or replaced by newer versions commissioned to a mixed list of builders (like a maker of chess pieces or a glassworker).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009666-0008-0000", "contents": "13, Rue del Percebe, The inhabitants\nSometimes, another of Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez characters, Rompetechos, also visits the building, mostly causing Mr. Hur\u00f3n some form of grief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009666-0009-0000", "contents": "13, Rue del Percebe, Other media\nSome of the characters from this strip appear in the movie La gran aventura de Mortadelo y Filem\u00f3n, based on Iba\u00f1ez's most well-known characters, Mortadelo y Filem\u00f3n. In the movie, Filem\u00f3n's mother lives in 13, Rue del Percebe and her neighbors are the strip characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009666-0010-0000", "contents": "13, Rue del Percebe, Other media\nThis strip has been said to be the inspiration for the successful TV series Aqu\u00ed no hay quien viva, but both the author of the comic and the authors of the series have denied this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009667-0000-0000", "contents": "13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet\nThe 13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet \u300a\u914c\u5b9a\u897f\u85cf\u5584\u540e\u7ae0\u7a0b\u5341\u4e09\u6761\u300bdefined the political system of Tibet approved by the Qianlong Emperor in the Qing Dynasty in 1751, the last imperial dynasty of China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009667-0001-0000", "contents": "13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet\nIn 1793, the 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet \u300a\u6b3d\u5b9a\u85cf\u5167\u5584\u5f8c\u7ae0\u7a0b\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u689d\u300b was also published to define specific responsibilities of government officials including the Dalai Lama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0000-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid\n13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) is the commonly used term for 13(S)-hydroxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13(S)-HODE). The production of 13(S)-HODE is often accompanied by the production of its stereoisomer, 13(R)-hydroxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13(R)-HODE). The adjacent figure gives the structure for the (S) stereoisomer of 13-HODE. Two other naturally occurring 13-HODEs that may accompany the production of 13(S)-HODE are its cis-trans (i.e., 9E,11E) isomers viz., 13(S)-hydroxy-9E,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13(S)-EE-HODE) and 13(R)-hydroxy-9E,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13(R)-EE-HODE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0000-0001", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid\nStudies credit 13(S)-HODE with a range of clinically relevant bioactivities; recent studies have assigned activities to 13(R)-HODE that differ from those of 13(S)-HODE; and other studies have proposed that one or more of these HODEs mediate physiological and pathological responses, are markers of various human diseases, and/or contribute to the progression of certain diseases in humans. Since, however, many studies on the identification, quantification, and actions of 13(S)-HODE in cells and tissues have employed methods that did not distinguish between these isomers, 13-HODE is used here when the actual isomer studied is unclear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0001-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid\nA similar set of 9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE) metabolites (i.e., 9(S)-HODE), 9(R)-HODE, 9(S)-EE-HODE), and 9(R)-EE-HODE) occurs naturally and particularly under conditions of oxidative stress forms concurrently with the 13-HODEs; the 9-HODEs have overlapping and complementary but not identical activities with the 13-HODEs. Some recent studies measuring HODE levels in tissue have lumped the four 9-HODEs with the four 13-HODEs to report only on total HODEs (tHODEs). tHODEs have been proposed to be markers for certain human diseases. Other studies have lumped together the 9-(S), 9(R), 13 (S)-, and 13(R)-HODEs along with the two ketone metabolites of these HODEs, 13-oxoODE (13-oxo-9Z,12E-octadecadienoic acid) and 9-oxoODE, reporting only on total OXLAMs (oxidized linoleic acid metabolites); the OXLAMs have been implicated in working together to signal for pain perception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0002-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Pathways making 13-HODEs, 15-Lipoxygenase 1\n15-lipoxygenase 1 (ALOX15), while best known for converting the 20 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid, into a series of 15-hydroxylated arachidonic acid metabolites (see 15-hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid), actually prefers as its substrate the 18 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid, over arachidonic acid, converting it to 13-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13-HpODE). The enzyme acts in a highly stereospecific manner, forming 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13(S)-HpODE) but comparatively little or no 13(R)-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13(R)-HpODE) -. In cells, 13(S)-HpODE is rapidly reduced by peroxidases to 13(S)-HODE. ALOX15 is fully capable of metabolizing the linoleic acid that is bound to phospholipid or cholesterol to form 13(S)-HpODE-bound phospholipids and cholesterol that are rapidly converted to their corresponding 13(S)-HODE-bound products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 1001]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0003-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Pathways making 13-HODEs, 15-lipoxygenase 2\n15-lipoxygenase type 2 (ALOX15B) strongly prefers arachidonic acid over linoleic acid and in consequence is relatively poor in metabolizing linoleic acid to 13(S)-HpODE (which is then converted to 13(S)-HODE) compared to 15-lipoxygenase 1; nonetheless, it can contribute to the production of these metabolites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0004-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Pathways making 13-HODEs, Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2\nCyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) metabolize linoleic acid to 13(S)-HODE with COX-2 exhibiting a higher preference for linoleic acid and therefore producing far more of this product than its COX-1 counterpart; consequently, COX-2 appears to be  the principle COX making 13(S)-HODE in cells expressing both enzymes. Concurrently with their production of 13(S)-HODE, these enzymes also produce smaller amounts of 9(R)-HODE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0005-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Pathways making 13-HODEs, Cytochrome P450\nCytochrome P450 microsomal enzymes metabolize linoleic acid to a mixture of 13-HODEs and 9-HODEs; these reactions produce racemic mixtures in which the R stereoisomer predominates, for instance by a R/S ratio of 80%/20% for both 13-HODE and 9-HODE in human liver microsomes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0006-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Pathways making 13-HODEs, Free radical and singlet oxygen oxidations\nOxidative stress in cells and tissues produces Free radical and singlet oxygen oxidations of linoleic acid to generate 13-HpODEs, 9-HpODEs, 13-HODEs, and 9-HODEs; these non-enzymatic reactions produce or are suspected but not proven to produce approximately equal amounts of their S and R stereoisomers. Free radical oxidations of linoleic acid also produce 13-EE-HODE, 9-hydroxy-10E,12-E-octadecadienoic acid, 9-hydroxy-10E,12-Z-octadecadienoic acid, and 11-hydroxy-9Z,12Z-octadecaenoic acid while singlet oxygen attacks on linoleic acid produce (presumably) racemic mixtures of 9-hydroxy-10E,12-Z-octadecadienoic acid, 10-hydroxy-8E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid, and 12-hydroxy-9Z-13-E-octadecadienoic acid. 4-Hydroxynonenal (i.e. 4-hydroxy-2E-nonenal or HNE) is also a peroxidation product of 13-HpODE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 100], "content_span": [101, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0006-0001", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Pathways making 13-HODEs, Free radical and singlet oxygen oxidations\nSince oxidative stress commonly produces both free radicals and singlet oxygen, most or all of these products may form together in tissues undergoing oxidative stress. Free radical and singlet oxygen oxidations of linoleic acid produce a similar set of 13-HODE metabolites (see 9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid). Studies attribute these oxidations to be major contributors to 13-HODE production in tissues undergoing oxidative stress including in humans sites of inflammation, steatohepatitis, cardiovascular disease-related atheroma plaques, neurodegenerative disease, etc. (see oxidative stress).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 100], "content_span": [101, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0007-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Metabolism of 13(S)-HODE\nLike most polyunsaturated fatty acids and mono-hydroxyl polyunsaturated fatty acids, 13(S)-HODE is rapidly and quantitatively incorporated into phospholipids; the levels of 13(S)-HODE esterified to the sn-2 position of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine in human psoriasis lesions are significantly lower than those in normal skin; this chain shortening pathway may be responsible for inactivating 13(S)-HODE. 13(S)-HODE is also metabolized by peroxisome-dependent \u03b2-oxidations to chain-shortened 16-carbon, 14-carbon, and 12-carbon products which are released from the cell; this chain-shortening pathway may serve to inactive and dispose of 13(S)-HODE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0008-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Metabolism of 13(S)-HODE\n13(S)-HODE is oxidized to 13-oxo-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13-oxo-HODE or 13-oxoODE) by a NAD+-dependent 13-HODE dehydrogenase, the protein for which has been partially purified from rat colon. The formation of 13-oxo-ODE may represent the first step in 13(S)-HODEs peroxisome-dependent chain shortening but 13-oxo-ODE has its own areas of biological importance: it accumulates in tissues, is bioactive, and may have clinically relevance as a marker for and potential contributor to human disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0008-0001", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Metabolism of 13(S)-HODE\n13-Oxo-ODE itself may react with glutathione in a non-enzymatic Michael reaction or a glutathione transferase-dependent reaction to form 13-oxo-ODE products containing an 11 trans double bound and glutathione attached to carbon 9 in a mixture of S and R diastereomers; these two diastereomers are major metabolites of 13(S)-HODE in cultured HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Colonic mucosal explants from Sprague-Dawley rats and human colon cancer HT29 cells add glutathione to 13-oxo-ODE in a Michael reaction to form 13-oxo-9-glutatione-11(E)-octadecaenoic acid; this conjugation reaction appears to be enzymatic and mediated by a glutathione transferase. Since this conjugate may be rapidly exported from the cell and has not yet been characterized for biological activity, it is not clear if this transferase reaction serves any function beyond removing 13-oxo-ODE from the cell to limit its activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 960]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0009-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Activities, Stimulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors\n13-HODE, 13-oxoODE, and 13-EE-HODE (along with their 9-HODE counterparts) directly activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR\u03b3). This activation appears responsible for the ability of 13-HODE (and 9-HODE) to induce the transcription of PPAR\u03b3-inducible genes in human monocytes as well as to stimulate the maturation of these cells to macrophages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 102], "content_span": [103, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0009-0001", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Activities, Stimulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors\n13(S)-HODE (and 9(S)-HODE) also stimulate the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta (PPAR\u03b2) in a model cell system; 13-HODE (and 9-HODE) are also proposed to contribute to the ability of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to activate PPAR\u03b2l: LDL containing phospholipid-bound 13-HODE (and 9-HODE) is taken up by the cell and then acted on by phospholipases to release the HODEs which in turn directly activate PPAR\u03b2l.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 102], "content_span": [103, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0010-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Activities, Stimulation of TRPV1 receptor\n13(S)-HODE , 13(R)-HODE and 13-oxoODE, along with their 9-HODE counterparts, also act on cells through TRPV1. TRPV1 is the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 receptor (also termed capsaicin receptor or vanilloid receptor 1). These 6 HODEs, dubbed, oxidized linoleic acid metabolites (OXLAMs), individually but also and possibly to a greater extent when acting together, stimulate TRPV1-dependent responses in rodent neurons, rodent and human bronchial epithelial cells, and in model cells made to express rodent or human TRPV1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0010-0001", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Activities, Stimulation of TRPV1 receptor\nThis stimulation appears due to a direct interaction of these agents on TRPV1 although reports disagree on the potencies of the (OXLAMs) with, for example, the most potent OXLAM, 9(S)-HODE, requiring at least 10 micromoles/liter or a more physiological concentration of 10 nanomoles/liter to activate TRPV1 in rodent neurons. The OXLAM-TRPV1 interaction is credited with mediating pain sensation in rodents (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0011-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Activities, Stimulation of GPR132 receptor\n13(S)-HpODE, and 13(S)-HODE directly activate human (but not mouse) GPR132 (G protein coupled receptor 132, also termed G2A) in Chinese hamster ovary cells made to express these receptors; they are, however, far weaker GPR132 activators than 9(S)-HpODE or 9(S)-HODE. GPR132 was initially described as a pH sensing receptor; the role(s) of 13(S)-HpODE and 13(S)-HODE as well as 9(S)-HpODE, 9(S)HODE, and a series or GPR132-activating arachidonic acid hydroxy metabolites (i.e. HETEs) in activating G2A under the physiological and pathological conditions in which G2A is implicated (see GPR132 for a lists of these conditions) have not yet been determined. This determination, as it might apply to humans, is made difficult by the inability of these HODEs to activate rodent GPR132 and therefore to be analyzed in rodent models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0012-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Activities, Involvement in mitochondria degradation\nIn the maturation of the red blood cell lineage (see erythropoiesis) from mitochondria-bearing reticulocytes to mature mitochondria-free erythrocytes in rabbits, the mitochondria accumulate phospholipid-bound 13(S)-HODE in their membranes due to the action of a lipoxygenase which (in rabbits, mice, and other sub-primate vertebrates) directly metabolizes linoleic acid-bound phospholipid to 13(S)-HpODE-bound phospholipid which is rapidly reduced to 13(S)-HODE-bound phospholipid. It is suggested that the accumulation of phospholipid-bound 13(S)-HpODE and/or 13(S)-HODE is a critical step in rendering mitochondria more permeable thereby triggering their degradation and thence maturation to erythrocytes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 83], "content_span": [84, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0012-0001", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Activities, Involvement in mitochondria degradation\nHowever, functional inactivation of the phospholipid-attacking lipoxygenase gene in mice does not cause major defects in erythropoiesis. It is suggested that mitochondrial degradation proceeds through at least two redundant pathways besides that triggered by lipoxygenase-dependent formation of 13(S)-HpODE- and 13(S)-HODE-bound phospholipids viz., mitochondrial digestion by autophagy and mitochondrial exocytosis. In all events, formation of 13(S)-HODE bound to phospholipid in mitochondrial membranes is one pathway by which they become more permeable and thereby subject to degradation and, as consequence of their release of deleterious elements, to cause cell injury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 83], "content_span": [84, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0013-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Activities, Stimulation of blood leukocytes\n13-HODE (and 9-HODE) are moderately strong stimulators of the directed migration (i.e. chemotaxis) of cow and human neutrophils in vitro whereas 13(R)-HODE (and 9(R)-HODE, and 9(S)-HODE) are weak stimulators of the in vitro directed migration of the human cytotoxic and potentially tissue-injuring lymphocytes, i.e. natural killer cells. These effects may contribute to the pro-inflammatory and tissue-injuring actions ascribed to 13-HODEs (and 9-HODEs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0014-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Atherosclerosis\nIn atherosclerosis, an underlying cause of Coronary artery disease and strokes, atheromatous plaques accumulate in the vascular tunica intima thereby narrowing blood vessel size and decreasing blood flow. In an animal model and in humans 13-HODE (primarily esterified to cholesterol, phospholipids, and possibly other lipids) is a dominant component of these plaques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0014-0001", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Atherosclerosis\nSince these studies found that early into the progression of the plaques, 13-HODE consisted primarily of the S stereoisomer while more mature plaques contained equal amounts of S and R stereoisomers, it was suggested that 15-LOX-1 contributes to early accumulation while cytochrome and/or free radical pathways contributes to the later accumulation of the plaques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0014-0002", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Atherosclerosis\nFurther studies suggest that 13(S)-HODE contributes to plaque formation by activating the transcription factor, PPAR\u03b3 (13(R)-HODE lacks this ability), which in turn stimulates the production of two receptors on the surface of macrophages resident in the plaques, 1) CD36, a scavenger receptor for oxidized low density lipoproteins, native lipoproteins, oxidized phospholipids, and long-chain fatty acids, and 2) adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), a fatty acid binding protein; this may cause macrophages to increase their uptake of these lipids, transition to lipid-laden foam cells, and thereby increase plaque size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0014-0003", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Atherosclerosis\nThe 13(S)-HODE/PPAR\u03b3 axis also causes macrophages to self-destruct by activating apoptosis-inducing pathways;, this effect may also contribute to increases in plaque size. These studies suggest that 13-HODE-producing metabolic pathways, PPAR\u03b3, CD36, and aP2 may be therapeutic targets for treating atherosclerosis-related diseases. Indeed, Statins, which are known to suppress cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting an enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase HMG-CoA reductase, are widely used to prevent atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-related diseases. Statins also inhibit PPAR\u03b3 in human macrophages, vascular endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells; this action may contribute to their anti-atherogenic effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0015-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Asthma\nIn guinea pigs, 13(S)-HODE, when injected intravenously, causes a narrowing of lung airways and, when inhaled as an aerosol, mimics the asthmatic hypersensitivity to agents that cause bronchoconstriction by increasing airway narrowing responses to methacholine and histamine. In a mouse model of allergen-induced asthma, 13-HODE levels are elevated, in the latter mouse model, the injection of antibody directed against 13(S)-HODE reduced many of the pathological and physiological features of asthma,.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0015-0001", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Asthma\nmouse forced to overexpress in lung the mouse enzyme (12/15-lipoxygenase) that metabolizes linoleic acid to 13(S)-HODE exhibited elevated levels of this metabolite in lung as well as various pathological and physiological features of asthma, and the instillation of 13(S)HODE replicated many of these features of asthma,  In the mouse model of asthma and in the human disease, epithelial cells of lung airways show various pathological changes including disruption of their mitochondria  13(S)-HODE causes similar disruptive changes in the mitochondria of cultured Beas 2B human airway epithelial cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0015-0002", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Asthma\nFurthermore, human suffers of asthma exhibit increased levels of 13-HODE in their blood, sputum, and washings form their lung alveola (i.e. bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of BAL) and human eosinophils, which are implicated in contributing to human asthma, metabolize linoleic acid to 13-HODE (and 9-HODE) to a far greater extent than any other type of leukocyte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0015-0003", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Asthma\nThe mechanism responsible for 13-HODE's impact on airway epithelial cells may involve its activation of the TRPV1 receptor (see previous section on TRPV1): this receptor is highly expressed in mouse and human airway epithelial cells and in Beas 2B human airway epithelial cells and, furthermore, suppression of TRPV1 expression as well as a TPRV1 receptor inhibitor (capsazepan) block mouse airway responses to 13(S)-HODE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0015-0004", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Asthma\nWhile much further work is needed, these pre-clinical studies allow that 13(S)-HODE, made at least in part by eosinophils and operating through TRPV1, may be responsible for the airways damage which occurs in the more severe forms of asthma and that pharmacological inhibitors of TRPV1 may eventually proved to be useful additions to the treatment of asthma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0016-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Cancer, Colon cancer\nFamilial adenomatous polyposis is a syndrome that includes the propensity to develop colorectal cancer (and other cancers) due to the inheritance of defective mutations in either the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) or MUTYH gene. These mutations lead to several abnormalities in the regulation of the growth of colon epithelial cells that ultimately lead to the development of intestinal polyps which have a high risk of turning cancerous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 83], "content_span": [84, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0016-0001", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Cancer, Colon cancer\nOne of the abnormalities found in the APC disease is progressive reductions in 15-lipoxygenase 1 along with its product, 13-HODE (presumed but not unambiguously shown to be the S  stereoisomer) as the colon disease advances from polyp to malignant stages; 15-HETE, 5-lipoxygenase, 12-lipoxygenase, and 15-lipoxygenase-2, and selected metabolites of the latter lipoxygenases show no such association. Similarly selective reductions in 15-lipoxygenase 1 and 13-HODE occur in non-hereditary colon cancer. 13(S)-HODE inhibits the proliferation and causes the death (apoptosis) of cultured human colon cancer cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 83], "content_span": [84, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0016-0002", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Cancer, Colon cancer\nAnimal model studies also find that the 15-lipoxygenase 1 / 13-HODE axis inhibits the development of drug-induced colon cancer as well as the growth of human colon cancer cell explants. These results suggest that 15-lipoxygenase 1 and its 13(S)-HODE product are factors in promoting genetically-associated and -non-associated colon cancers; they function by contributing to the suppression of the development and/or growth of this cancer and when reduced or absent allow its unrestrained, malignant growth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 83], "content_span": [84, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0017-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Cancer, Breast cancer\n13(S)-HODE stimulates the proliferation of human MCF-7 estrogen receptor positive and MBA-MD-231 estrogen receptor negative human breast cancer cell lines (see List of breast cancer cell lines) in culture); its production appears necessary for epidermal growth factor and tumor growth factor \u03b1 to stimulate cultured BT-20 human breast cancer cells to proliferate and for human breast cancer xenografts to grow in mice. ; and among a series of 10 polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites quantified in human breast cancer tissue, only 13-HODE (stereoisomer not defined) was significantly elevated in rapidly growing, compared to slower growing, cancers. The results of these studies suggest that 13(S)-HODE may act to promote the growth of breast cancer in humans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0018-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Cancer, Prostate cancer\n15-LOX 1 is overexpressed in prostate cancerous compared to non-cancerous prostate tissue and the levels of its expression in cultured various human prostate cancer cell lines correlates positively with their rates of proliferation and increases the proliferation response of prostate cancer cells to epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor 1); its levels in human prostate cancer tissues also correlates positively with the cancers' severity as judged by the cancers' Gleason score; and overexpressed 15-LOX 1 appears to not only increase prostate cancer cell proliferation, but also promotes its cell survival by stimulating production and of insulin-like growth factor 1 and possibly altering the Bcl-2 pathway of cellular apoptosis as well as increases prostate tumor vascularization and thereby metastasis by stimulating production of vascular endothelial growth factor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 977]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0018-0001", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Cancer, Prostate cancer\nThese 15-LOX 1 effects appear due to the enzyme's production of 13(S)-HODE. The 15-LOX 1/13(S)-HODE axis also promotes the growth of prostate cancer in various animal models. In one animal model the pro-growth effects of 15-LOX 1 were altered by dietary targeting: increases in dietary linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid, promoted while increases in dietary stearidonic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid reduced the growth of human prostate cancer explants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0018-0002", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Cancer, Prostate cancer\nThese effects could be due to the ability of the linoleic acid diet to increase the production of the 15-Lox 1 metabolite, 13-HODE, and the ability of the stearidonic acid to increase the production of docosahexaenoic acid and the 15-LOX-1 metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid, 17S-hydroperoxy-docosa-hexa-4Z,7Z,10Z,13 Z,15E,19Z-enoate(17-HpDHA, 17S-hydroxy-docosahexa-4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z-enoate(17-HDHA), 10S,17S-dihydroxy-docosahexa-4Z,7Z,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-enoate(10,17-diHDHA, protectin DX), and 7S,17S-dihydroxy-docsahexa-4Z,8E,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z-enoate(7,17-diHDHA, protectin D5), all of which are inhibitors of cultured human prostate cancer cell proliferation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0019-0000", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Markers for disease\n13-HODE levels are elevated, compared to appropriate controls, in the low density lipoproteins isolated from individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, in the high-density lipoprotein fraction of patients with diabetes, in the serum of individuals with polycystic kidney disease. or chronic pancreatitis, and in the plasma of individuals with alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The level of total HODEs, which includes various 13-HODE and 9-HODE isomers, are elevated in the plasma and erythrocytes of patients with Alzheimer's disease and in the plasma but not erythrocytes of patients with vascular dementia compared to normal volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009668-0019-0001", "contents": "13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Markers for disease\nSee 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid section on 9-HODEs as markers of disease involving oxidative stress for further details. These studies suggest that high levels of the HODEs may be useful to indicate the presence and progression of the cited diseases. Since, however, the absolute values of HODEs found in different studies vary greatly, since HODE levels vary with dietary linoleic acid intake, since HODEs may form during the processing of tissues, and since abnormal HODE levels are not linked to a specific disease, the use of these metabolites as markers has not attained clinical usefulness. HODE markers may find usefulness as markers of specific disease, type of disease, and/or progression of disease when combined with other disease markers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009669-0000-0000", "contents": "13-Methyltetradecanoic acid\n13-Methyltetradecanoic acid (13-MTD) is a fatty acid known to induce apoptosis or \u201cprogrammed cell death\u201d of certain human cancer cells. 13-MTD was originally purified from a soy fermentation product and can be chemically synthesized; however, the synthesized form contains the same biological property of its natural form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009669-0001-0000", "contents": "13-Methyltetradecanoic acid, Background\nDecades ago, Pentagenic Pharmaceuticals (Diamond Bar, CA) engineered a soy fermentation product named Yang Zhen Hua 851 through a process of bacterial fermentation. Beginning in 1985, thousands of cancer patients have accepted Yang Zhen Hua 851 as an alternative to traditional chemotherapy and experienced improvements in their health and clinical conditions. Once exclusive to China, the soy fermentation product is now used in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009669-0002-0000", "contents": "13-Methyltetradecanoic acid, Background\nMore recently, research has indicated that the component most likely responsible for the anticancer agency in Yang Zhen Hua 851 is 13-Methyltetradecanoic acid. The fatty chain acid is most abundant in Yang Zhen Hua 851 and responds aggressively towards tumor cells through apoptosis. (Essentially, apoptosis is a process of cell death initiated by the presence or absence of certain stimuli.) Thus 13-MTD has become of great interest to the scientific community, and research has been conducted in an effort to understand how 13-MTD  induces apoptosis on a molecular level; moreover, the medical implications of 13-MTD as an alternative to drug chemotherapy are currently being considered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009669-0003-0000", "contents": "13-Methyltetradecanoic acid, Recent discoveries\nTo understand how 13-MTD actually induces apoptosis, researchers studied the fatty chain acid's anticancer activity on tumor cells developing in T Cell Lymphomas. The tests were conducted in vitro (in the lab) and in vivo (in body). The results showed that 13-MTD inhibits tumor cell growth by \u201cdown-regulating\u201d p-AKT. AKT is a serine\u2013threonine kinase that regulates cell survival. However, AKT's regulation of cells becomes dysfunctional as cancerous cells develop. Essentially, cancerous cells attack the AKT and manage to switch and keep AKT's signals \u201con,\u201d resulting in cell dysfunction. 13-MTD helps down-regulate AKT, allowing stability in cells and inducing programmed cell death to the tumor cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009669-0004-0000", "contents": "13-Methyltetradecanoic acid, Bladder cells\nIn a related study, researchers investigated 13-MTD's anticancer activity in bladder cells. The results indicated that 13-MTD inhibits the growth of human bladder cancer cells through \u201cmitochondrial-mediated\u201d apoptosis. Moreover, data indicated that apoptosis was achieved by 13-MTD regulating the AKT and MAPK pathways. (The MAPK pathway is a chain of cell proteins that transfer information from the cell's surface, through a receptor, to the cell's DNA.) 13-MTD brings stability to the cell by down-regulating signals that the cell receives and sends, and also by activating necessary agents to combat cancer cells. For these reasons, 13-MTD has been considered a possible chemotherapeutic supplement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009669-0005-0000", "contents": "13-Methyltetradecanoic acid, Medical implications\nThe results from the scores of studies conducted on 13-MTD indicate that 13-MTD can be a possible chemotherapeutic supplement. The fatty chain acid's ability to resist and inhibit cancerous cells through apoptosis is impressive; however, what separates 13-MTD from chemical drugs and other fatty acids is the lack of toxicity levels and minimal side effects presented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009669-0006-0000", "contents": "13-Methyltetradecanoic acid, Medical implications\nPublished work documents the treatment of both rats and humans with 13-MTD throughout a 42-day period. The researchers studied adipose (body fat) tissue turnover and noted that 13-MTD did not harm participants. Furthermore, since 13-MTD is not produced in the human body like other fatty chain acids, its effectiveness does not depend on the body's environmental state or stress levels. Being a foreign agent, 13-MTD works effectively against a host of cancerous mutations in the body, whereas other fatty acids fail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009669-0007-0000", "contents": "13-Methyltetradecanoic acid, Medical implications\nThe research gathered on 13-MTD and the benefits it provides have helped introduce the fatty chain acid to the scientific community as a possible chemotherapeutic agent against cancer. Considering 13-MTD's effective apoptosis of certain human cancer cells and the low toxicity levels it presents, the medical implications of 13-MTD will continue to be studied and developed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009670-0000-0000", "contents": "13-Point Program to Destroy America\n13-Point Program to Destroy America is the debut album by the American post-hardcore band Nation of Ulysses. The album's title is in reference to the Black Panther Party's Ten Point Program and J. Edgar Hoover's propaganda pamphlet \"Red China's Secret Plan to Destroy America.\" The title of track #13 was inspired by Frank Sinatra's album Love is a Kick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009670-0001-0000", "contents": "13-Point Program to Destroy America\nTracks 14-16 on the CD are not on the original album, and are taken from their 1991 self-titled 7\" debut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009670-0002-0000", "contents": "13-Point Program to Destroy America, Critical reception\nTrouser Press wrote that \"singer Ian Svenonius (who doubles on occasional bleating trumpet) has a deeper, throaty quality to his delivery than most DC-style barkers \u2014 not quite a Stax/Volt Rollins but a striking combination of ardor and menace that elevates his breathless rage above mere harangue.\" The Washington Post called the album \"so brattily self-conscious that only the ferocity of its attack keeps it from curdling.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009671-0000-0000", "contents": "13-centimeter band\nThe 13 centimeter, 2.3\u00a0GHz or 2.4\u00a0GHz band is a portion of the UHF (microwave) radio spectrum internationally allocated to amateur radio and amateur satellite use on a secondary basis. The amateur radio band is between 2300\u00a0MHz and 2450\u00a0MHz, and thereby inside the S-band. The amateur satellite band is between 2400\u00a0MHz and 2450\u00a0MHz, and its use by satellite operations is on a non-interference basis to other radio users (ITU footnote 5.282). The license privileges of amateur radio operators include the use of frequencies and a wide variety of modes within these ranges for telecommunication. The allocations are the same in all three ITU Regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009671-0001-0000", "contents": "13-centimeter band\nIn the 2300-2400\u00a0MHz range the band is also allocated to the Mobile service on a Primary basis which in practice leads to some challenging sharing scenarios and inconsistent allocations to amateurs at national level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009671-0002-0000", "contents": "13-centimeter band\nAbove 2400\u00a0MHz the band overlaps with the 2.4\u00a0GHz ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) band, and amateur stations must accept harmful interference caused by ISM equipment operating in the band, such as microwave ovens. The ISM band is also used by unlicensed devices, such as WiFi and Bluetooth, which must not cause interference to amateur stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009671-0003-0000", "contents": "13-centimeter band, United States\nIn the United States, the 13\u00a0cm band comprises frequencies in two segments stretching from 2.300 to 2.310 GHz, and from 2.390 to 2.450\u00a0GHz. (The segment from 2.310 to 2.390\u00a0GHz was withdrawn from the amateur service and reallocated to direct satellite radio broadcasting, e.g., Sirius XM Radio.) The segment, 2.390 to 2.417\u00a0GHz, is domestically allocated amateur radio on a primary basis, while the remainder of the band is only available on a secondary basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009671-0003-0001", "contents": "13-centimeter band, United States\nIt is authorized to all amateur radio licensees who hold a  Technician or higher class license (US), or a Basic or higher license (Canada). The band is allocated on a shared basis with other services, and U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Rules specify that amateurs may not cause interference to and must accept interference from other services authorized by other nations, and by radio-location, fixed, and mobile stations (except aeronautical) authorized by the FCC. As in the rest of the world, US stations in the amateur service are not protected from interference caused by industrial, scientific, and medical equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009671-0004-0000", "contents": "13-centimeter band, United States\nThe bandplan published by the American Radio Relay League recommends frequencies based on intended activity in the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009672-0000-0000", "contents": "13-hydroxydocosanoate 13-beta-glucosyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 13-hydroxydocosanoate 13-beta-glucosyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction. This reaction is part of sophorosyloxydocosanoate biosynthesis. Extracts for research are frequently obtained from Candida yeasts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009672-0001-0000", "contents": "13-hydroxydocosanoate 13-beta-glucosyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-glucose and 13-hydroxydocosanoate, whereas its two products are UDP and 13-beta-D-glucosyloxydocosanoate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009672-0002-0000", "contents": "13-hydroxydocosanoate 13-beta-glucosyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-glucose:13-hydroxydocosanoate 13-beta-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include 13-glucosyloxydocosanoate 2'-beta-glucosyltransferase, UDP-glucose:13-hydroxydocosanoic acid glucosyltransferase, uridine diphosphoglucose-hydroxydocosanoate glucosyltransferase, and UDP-glucose-13-hydroxydocosanoate glucosyltransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009673-0000-0000", "contents": "13-hydroxylupinine O-tigloyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 13-hydroxylupinine O-tigloyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009673-0001-0000", "contents": "13-hydroxylupinine O-tigloyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (E)-2-methylcrotonoyl-CoA and 13-hydroxylupinine, whereas its two products are CoA and 13-(2-methylcrotonoyl)oxylupinine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009673-0002-0000", "contents": "13-hydroxylupinine O-tigloyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (E)-2-methylcrotonoyl-CoA:13-hydroxylupinine O-2-methylcrotonoyltransferase. Other names in common use include tigloyl-CoA:13-hydroxylupanine O-tigloyltransferase, and 13-hydroxylupanine acyltransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009674-0000-0000", "contents": "13-inch/35-caliber gun\nThe 13\"/35 caliber gun Mark 1 (spoken \"thirteen-inch-thirty-five-caliber\") was used for the primary batteries on eight of the first nine battleships in the United States Navy, Indiana-class, Kearsarge-class and Illinois-class; USS\u00a0Iowa\u00a0(BB-4) used the 12-inch (305\u00a0mm)/35 caliber gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009674-0001-0000", "contents": "13-inch/35-caliber gun\nThe Navy's Policy Board called for a variety of large caliber weapons in 1890, with ranges all the way up to 16-inch (406\u00a0mm). A 16-inch caliber gun was beyond US manufacturing capabilities at this time though and the largest gun possible was the 13-inch (330\u00a0mm)/35 caliber. The Navy intended to use this gun in short-range action against heavily armored targets and was fitted to the first true battleship in the US Navy, Indiana. This turned out to be the only 13-inch gun developed for the US Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009674-0002-0000", "contents": "13-inch/35-caliber gun, Design\nThe 13-inch Mark 1, gun Nos. 1\u201312, was a built-up gun constructed in a length of 35 caliber, Mod 0 and Mod 1. The Mod 0 had a tube, jacket, and nine hoops while the Mod 1 had a nickel-steel liner and only eight hoops. The Mark 2, gun Nos. 13\u201334, was of similar construction as the Mark 1 Mod 0 but had only seven hoops and two locking ring. Two Mark 2 guns, Nos. 23 and 33, were converted into experimental guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009674-0002-0001", "contents": "13-inch/35-caliber gun, Design\nThe first, No. 23, was converted in 1923, into a 16-inch/28.8 caliber Mark A Mod 0 experimental gun. The barrel was bored out to 16-inch and hooped to the muzzle. The gun was tested a total of seven times in July 1923, but then set aside until 1956. The gun was used for bomb tests between October and December 1956, and fired another 19 times. This gun is now on display at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Dahlgren, Virginia. The other Mark 2, No. 33, was also bored out, but only to 14-inch (356\u00a0mm), sometime prior to 1923, and again used as an experimental gun, this one is at Plate Battery. In 2005, it too was still located at the NSWC, Dahlgren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009674-0003-0000", "contents": "13-inch/35-caliber gun, Incidents\nGun No. 2, mounted on Indiana, suffered from erosion at the front slope of the chamber and was replaced with another gun. It was first reported in September 1897, after only 32 rounds had been fired. In May 1902, No. 2 was sent back to the US Naval Gun Factory to be relined. After having had 71 rounds fired through it, and finding that guns built at the same time and fired the same number of rounds showed no sign of erosion, it was determined that the erosion was due to a defect in the manufacture of the forging.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009674-0004-0000", "contents": "13-inch/35-caliber gun, Incidents\nGun No. 13, mounted on  Kearsarge, was injured in January 1901, when a shell exploded prematurely in the barrel. It was repaired with a lining tube inserted into the barrel and used at the Naval Proving Grounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009674-0005-0000", "contents": "13-inch/35-caliber gun, Incidents\nGun No. 18, mounted on Kentucky, suffered an injury while on Asiatic station, probably from a shell exploding in the bore. It was replaced with another gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009674-0006-0000", "contents": "13-inch/35-caliber gun, Incidents\nGun No. 34 was completely disable by an accident to its tube, it was reassembled with new forgings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009675-0000-0000", "contents": "13. Soba\n13. Soba...  (trans. 13th room) is the second studio album by Bosnian rock band Zona Iskljuchenja (trans. Exclusion Zone), released on November 13, 2008, by Hayat Production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009675-0001-0000", "contents": "13. Soba\nNumber \"13\" in the title was symbolizing period of the band's existence, while \"room\" was referred to the state of mind, closing into own room, into the own exclusion zone. On this album, band turned their trust to the producer Marin Mestrovic, who worked on mastering and postproduction on the first album. Therefore this material was completely recorded, mixed and produced in Marin's owned studio \"Amadeus\" and unlike the previous album, songs were more balanced, in hard rock genre with elements of Bosnian folklore and modern sounds", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009675-0002-0000", "contents": "13. Soba\nZona released an early single and music video \"Boje jeseni\" (trans. colors of autumn), an acoustic song that presented the band in completely different environment. Upon release of the album, Zona has published yet another music video \"Grad\" (\"the town\"). The album contains 13 songs with few curiosities. Track No.8 called \"Tisina\" (trans. silence) is actually 13 seconds of silence, and the following track is called \"Poslusaj pjesmu pod rednim brojem 8\" (trans. listen to the song under the track number 8), which is the only song that is motivated by the bad socio-political situation in post-war Bosnia and HerzegovinaJust like on the previous album, this one also contains Zona's rock version of yet another Bosnian sevdalinka, Emina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009676-0000-0000", "contents": "13.0.0.0.0\n13.0.0.0.0 is the second studio album by British math rock band This Town Needs Guns, released 22 January 2013, on Sargent House. This is the band's first album with new vocalist Henry Tremain, and last release with bassist Jamie Cooper. Before its official release, the tracks \"Cat Fantastic\", \"Left Aligned\" and \"I'll Take The Minute Snake\" were available on Sargent House's SoundCloud account. The album's title refers to the Maya Calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009677-0000-0000", "contents": "13.13\n13.13 is the second album by American artist Lydia Lunch, released in June 1982 by record label Ruby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009677-0001-0000", "contents": "13.13, Content\nTrouser Press writes that the album \"[revives] the grind-and-caterwaul of Teenage Jesus as filtered through Metal Box-era PiL, all deviant guitar and rolling rhythms\". UK magazine Fact wrote that \"sonically it comes over like a more droning, dissolute Stateside cousin of Siouxsie & the Banshees' Juju\". The musicians who played on and co-wrote the album had been members of first wave  Los Angeles punk band the Weirdos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009677-0002-0000", "contents": "13.13, Reception\n13.13 has divided critics. Trouser Press wrote that \"Like her previous stuff, it manages to be simultaneously fascinating and annoying.\" In its retrospective review, Fact magazine qualified it as a \"masterpiece\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009677-0003-0000", "contents": "13.13, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by 13.13 (Dix Denney, Lydia Lunch, Cliff Martinez and Gregg Williams), except as noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009678-0000-0000", "contents": "13.2mm TuF\nThe Mauser 13.2mm TuF (German: Tank und Flieger; lit. \"tank and aircraft\", known also as 13.2\u00d792mmSR) cartridge, was a major step in the development of anti-tank cartridges, being the first one designed for the sole purpose of destroying armored targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009678-0001-0000", "contents": "13.2mm TuF, History\nThe cartridge was used in the Mauser 1918 T-Gewehr rifle. Its use was also planned in a new machine gun scheduled for deployment in 1919, the MG 18 TuF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009678-0002-0000", "contents": "13.2mm TuF, History\nThe 13.2\u00a0mm Tuf was designed to counter early British tanks which made their appearance during late World War I. Since a tank's path was difficult to determine prior to its deployment near the front, land mines were difficult to employ as a deterrent to their forward passage. Light artillery pieces pressed into service as anti-tank guns were very effective, but cumbersome and difficult to bring into action quickly enough. Thus, another means of combating these early armored vehicles needed to be found. Since early plate armor was relatively thin due to the need to reduce vehicle weight for low-powered drive trains to propel the unit (and since tanks were mainly designed to protect from machine-gun fire), large-bore rifles could be used to harass and kill tank crews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009678-0003-0000", "contents": "13.2mm TuF, History\nWhen word of the German anti-tank round spread, there was some debate as to whether it should be copied and used as a base for the new machine gun cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009678-0003-0001", "contents": "13.2mm TuF, History\nHowever, after some analysis, an exact copy of the German ammunition was ruled out, its performance was inferior to the later .50 BMG (which some maintain is just enlarged .30-06 Springfield round, which in itself is a modification of an earlier German Mauser round), and because it was a semi-rimmed cartridge, making it sub-optimal for an automatic weapon despite it being designed for that purpose, although others have stated the .50 BMG is nothing more than a rimless necked down copy of the German round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009678-0003-0002", "contents": "13.2mm TuF, History\nThat said, when the U.S. military learned of the German round the .50 BMG was still on the drawing boards and the fact that the .50 BMG was started prior to discovery of the German round can in no way rule out the often stated belief that the German round played a significant part in formulating the .50 BMG round, even if the latter emerged with significantly different ballistic characteristics. Despite an effort by some to claim the .50 BMG was without any outside influences many sources still continue to mention the association between the two rounds, which seems to have at least some merit given the documentary evidence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009678-0004-0000", "contents": "13.2mm TuF, Design\nThe 13.2 Tuf utilized a 92 mm-long semi-rimmed case featuring a shallow bottle-neck. It was developed by the Polte ammunition factory in Magdeburg, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009679-0000-0000", "contents": "13.5 cm K 09\nThe 13.5\u00a0cm Kanone 09 (13.5\u00a0cm K 09) was a heavy breech-loading field artillery gun used by Germany in World War I. Built by Friedrich Krupp AG, in Essen, Germany, this gun was intended to supplement the 10 cm K 04. Only four of the sixteen built were in service at the outbreak of the war. It was withdrawn from service in 1915 as it was deemed to be too much gun for too little shell, but it was returned to service later in the war when the Allied blockade began to affect German ammunition production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009679-0001-0000", "contents": "13.5 cm K 09, War trophies\nOne of these guns was captured during the Battle of the Canal du Nord, on 29 September 1918, by the New Zealand Division. Two battalions of the Wellington Regiment were engaged in this action, which was part of an Allied attack on the Hindenburg Line. At the end of the war, the captured gun, Nr 4, and many other captured German weapons were sent to New Zealand as war trophies. In 1920, Nr 4 was given to the city of Wellington in honor of its soldiers. The gun, believed to be one of a few remaining in existence, is currently on public display in the Wellington Botanic Garden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009679-0002-0000", "contents": "13.5 cm K 09, War trophies\nIn 1921 the Channel Island of Guernsey received its share of the Allies\u2019 spoils of war, four K09 Kanon. Displayed near Victoria Tower in Saint Peter Port until in 1938 two having badly deteriorated, were scrapped. The remaining two were quickly buried in 1940 before the Island was occupied by German forces. Forgotten about, they were dug up in 1978 and are now again on display next to Victoria Tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009680-0000-0000", "contents": "13/13/13\n13/13/13 is a 2013 American horror film written and directed by James Cullen Bressack for The Asylum. It stars Trae Ireland, Erin Coker, Jody Barton, Jared Cohn, Calico Cooper, and Jessica Cameron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009680-0001-0000", "contents": "13/13/13, Plot\nFor a thousand years man has been adding a day to the calendar every 4 years and in doing so violated mankind's interpretation of the Mayan Calendar's prediction that the world would end in 2012. On the 13th day of the 13th month of the new millennium, survivors confront a world of demons. On 13/13/13 the entire human race (with the exception of those born on a leap year) go insane. Those who were born on a leap year are stuck to battle the demons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009680-0002-0000", "contents": "13/13/13, Critical response\nFangoria panned the film, noting that The Asylum took a break from its fare of oversized monsters to present this film \"devoid of any creatures that instead tries its hand at suspense\u2014and ultimately leaves one wishing for more shark tales.\" Director James Cullen Bressack presented his supernatural take on The Crazies but, being backed by The Asylum meant \"a tiny budget, brief shooting schedule and lack of quality talent\", resulting in a film that failed to give a compelling story. The dialogue was considered \"groan-inducing\" and the score \"grating\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009680-0002-0001", "contents": "13/13/13, Critical response\nThe storyline had characters going \"bonkers\" and the film was weakened by simply spending \"too much time showing people sitting around and laughing at each other\". Add Trae Ireland's lead character of Jack offering a \"pointless backstory at the wrong time, and you\u2019ve got a film where everyone is going insane, but perhaps none more than the viewer.\" They offered that the film missed its intended mark. \"The photography, audio and editing are all inconsistent\u2014though they\u2019re what one might expect from a film whose DVD cover image never appears in the movie itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009680-0002-0002", "contents": "13/13/13, Critical response\nInteresting fact about the Mayan calendar: On the date of 13/13/13, there won\u2019t be any color correction. The unimpressive special features include a making-of segment, a gag reel and some trailers\", and concluded \"13/13/13 is an effort that offers very little worth. If only the Mayans could have seen this coming, they might have adjusted their calendar accordingly\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009680-0003-0000", "contents": "13/13/13, Critical response\nStarburst Magazine noted that despite Bressack having a strong background in film 13/13/13 \"is a bad film. It is a poorly conceived, ill-judged piece of filmmaking that relies entirely on disappointingly tiresome shock tactics to draw any cohesive response from its audience\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009680-0004-0000", "contents": "13/13/13, Critical response\nContrarily, Ain't It Cool News felt that despite some weaknesses the film contained enough expected surprises to be worth a watch, writing \"one of the things that makes Bressack\u2019s films appealing to me is the personal level which he is unafraid to venture to.\" The film contained \"some very effective scenes, mostly involving kids who get either caught in the m\u00eal\u00e9e or affected by the disease, but for the most part it doesn\u2019t plumb the depths to which Bressack\u2019s other films dare go\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009681-0000-0000", "contents": "13/8 (album)\n13/8 is a live album by Iranian singer-songwriter Mohsen Namjoo.13/8 recorded before a live audience at Berkeley, California on April 28, 2012. The album Released in October 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009682-0000-0000", "contents": "130 (number)\n130 (one hundred [and] thirty) is the natural number following 129 and preceding 131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009682-0001-0000", "contents": "130 (number), In mathematics\n130 is a sphenic number. It is a noncototient since there is no answer to the equation x - \u03c6(x) = 130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009682-0002-0000", "contents": "130 (number), In mathematics\n130 is the only integer that is the sum of the squares of its first four divisors, including 1: 12 + 22 + 52 + 102 = 130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009682-0003-0000", "contents": "130 (number), In mathematics\n130 is the largest number that cannot be written as the sum of four hexagonal numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009682-0004-0000", "contents": "130 (number), In mathematics\n130 equals both 27 + 2 and 53 + 5 and is therefore a doubly strictly adsurd number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009682-0005-0000", "contents": "130 (number), In religion\nThe Book of Genesis states Adam had Seth at the age of 130. The Second Book of Chronicles says that Jehoiada died at the age of 130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009683-0000-0000", "contents": "130 53 TK\n130 53 TK or 130 TK (\"130 mm rifled, 53 length caliber, turret gun\") is a Finnish fixed, heavy artillery piece, manufactured by Tampella. The caliber is 130\u00a0mm. The 130 53 TK is the main weapon of the Finnish coastal artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009683-0001-0000", "contents": "130 53 TK\nThe maximum range with high-explosive fragmentation shells is 25 kilometers and with special sea target shells it is over 30\u00a0km. The initial velocity of the shot is around 860\u00a0m/s depending on the shell and amount of propellant used. When firing temporary bursts with auto-loader the gun can fire 3 shots in 20 seconds and up to 6 shots per minute during sustained firing. The gun weighs 16 tons (including shield) and the length of the barrel is 6\u00a0818\u00a0mm. The gun is operated by 3 NCOs and 7 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009683-0002-0000", "contents": "130 53 TK\nThe development of the 130 TK started in the 1970s and lasted for 10 years. In 1971, the Finnish national defence committee suggested that the then main current coastal artillery gun (152/50 T) would be replaced by the end of the 1970s. A development contract was signed with Tampella in 1975. It was decided that the calibre would be 130\u00a0mm, since the mobile coastal artillery used towed guns of same calibre (130 K 54). A prototype was constructed on the island of Isosaari in 1980, where test firing was conducted until 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009683-0003-0000", "contents": "130 53 TK\nThe Finnish Defence Forces signed a series production contract with Tampella in 1982. The first battery was installed in 1984 and the final in 1990. The spaces required for the gun, such as room for the gun crew and ammunition storage was built inside the base rock with concrete casemates for shaping. The 130 53 TK will probably be the last fixed coastal defence gun in the Finnish inventory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009683-0004-0000", "contents": "130 53 TK\nInitially, there were no special sea target shells, instead, regular fragmentation shells were used with timed, immediate and delayed fuses for differences in desired effect. A first attempt to develop sea target shells failed in the 1980s, with the company going bankrupt. A fresh start was done in the beginning of the 1990s for payload shells similar to some anti-tank shells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009683-0005-0000", "contents": "130 53 TK\nTargeting for these guns is done by a targeting team either using a laser range and direction finder or optically with triangulation (requiring two teams). The triangulation method is safer as there is nothing transmitted towards the target as in the laser rangefinder case. The coordinates (if laser acquired) or directional information in the case of triangulation are sent to a calculation unit which then calculates the targeting solution for the guns. This is a continuous (tracking) operation since the targets are moving. The gun itself can be directed manually with the data coming from the central calculation unit or fully automatically based on the data received via a data bus from the central calculator. The gun is also fully capable of autonomous operation with its own laser rangefinder and firing solution computer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009684-0000-0000", "contents": "130 BC\nYear 130 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus/Pulcher and Perperna (or, less frequently, year 624 Ab urbe condita) and the Fifth Year of Yuanguang. The denomination 130 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009685-0000-0000", "contents": "130 Cedar Street\n130 Cedar Street, formerly known as the Green Exchange Building, is a mid-rise building in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City. It is located between Cedar Street and Albany Street running along Washington Street, sharing a block with 90 West Street. It was built in 1931 and was designed by Renwick, Aspinwall & Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009685-0001-0000", "contents": "130 Cedar Street, September 11 attacks\nWhen the South Tower of the World Trade Center collapsed on September 11, 2001, 130 Cedar Street was completely ravaged. Hundreds of tons of fiery debris rained down onto the building. The top of the building's northeast corner completely collapsed under the debris. A column section from WTC 2 penetrated the 10th floor roof slab. The projectile impacts also lit fires, which occurred primarily above the 9th floor. Fire damage was evident on the 11th and 12th floors in the northwest corner. The Amish Market located on the ground floor was completely destroyed and burned, later relocating further uptown. Several concrete columns were cracked, possibly from the impact. Several bays at the northeast corner were severely damaged from debris impact. After the attacks, the building was uninhabitable and lost all of its tenants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009685-0002-0000", "contents": "130 Cedar Street, Renovation\nLike many buildings in the area, 130 Cedar Street had to be thoroughly decontaminated after the damage it sustained. In 2004, it was announced that the office building would be transformed into a hotel, despite rumors that the building would be demolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009685-0003-0000", "contents": "130 Cedar Street, Renovation\nAfter many years of revitalization, the building was finally reopened as a Club Quarters hotel. During the restoration process, seven new floors were added, making the building 19 stories tall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009686-0000-0000", "contents": "130 Colmore Row\n130 Colmore Row  is a Grade II listed building in the city centre of Birmingham, England. The building was built in 1903 as the main office for Alliance Assurance by architecture firm Goddard & Co. of Leicester. The building served as an office and banking hall for Alliance Assurance until the 1990s when it was bought by Birmingham City Council and became a tourist information office and later a careers centre. In 2013 the building was sold to a Chinese Investment Consortium who have planned to turn the vacant building into a restaurant named 'Nosh and Quaff'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009686-0001-0000", "contents": "130 Colmore Row, Nosh & Quaff\nThe restaurant Nosh and Quaff opened in July 2015 after a \u00a31 million internal fit out by Keane Design Associates. The restaurant is run by Aktar Islam's Lasan Group and specialises in lobster and beer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009687-0000-0000", "contents": "130 Elektra\nElektra (minor planet designation: 130 Elektra) is a large outer main-belt asteroid. It was discovered on 17 February 1873, by astronomer Christian Peters at Litchfield Observatory, New York, and named after Electra, an avenger in Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009687-0001-0000", "contents": "130 Elektra, Description\nThe spectrum of 130 Elektra is of the G type; hence it probably has a Ceres-like composition. Spectral signatures of organic compounds have been seen on Elektra's surface and it displays evidence of aqueous alteration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009687-0002-0000", "contents": "130 Elektra, Description\nIn the late 1990s, a network of astronomers worldwide gathered lightcurve data that was ultimately used to derive the spin states and shape models of 10 new asteroids, including (130) Elektra. The light curve of (130) Elektra forms a double sinusoid while the shape model is elongated and the derived rotation axis is perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009687-0003-0000", "contents": "130 Elektra, Description\nOptical observations have found two satellites of this asteroid. Once the orbits are known, Elektra's mass can be reliably found. The value of 6.6\u00d71018 kg indicates a density of 1.3 \u00b1 0.3 g/cm3. Optical observations have also determined that Elektra's shape is quite irregular, as well as giving indications of albedo differences of 5-15% on its surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009687-0004-0000", "contents": "130 Elektra, Occultations\nElektra has been observed to pass in front of a dozen stars since 2007, most notably on April 21, 2018 when over 30 mostly citizen astronomers spread across five European countries recorded the sudden drop in light of an 11th magnitude star. The sky-plane plot of the chords reveals a peanut-shaped body, possibly the result of a two-body merger early in the history of the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009687-0005-0000", "contents": "130 Elektra, Satellites\nIn 2003, a small moon of (130) Elektra was detected using the Keck II telescope. The diameter of the satellite is 4\u00a0km and it orbits at a distance of about 1170\u00a0km. It was given the provisional designation S/2003 (130) 1. Due to only a few observations to date, its orbit is still relatively loosely constrained. In December 2014 a smaller inner moon, about 2 km across and orbiting Elektra about three times closer than S/2003 (130) 1, was discovered using the SPHERE instrument on the VLT's Melipal (UT3) telescope. It was provisionally named S/2014 (130) 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009688-0000-0000", "contents": "130 K 90-60\nThe 130 K 90-60 is a Finnish towed 130\u00a0mm coastal artillery piece, manufactured in the 1980s by Vammas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009688-0001-0000", "contents": "130 K 90-60, History\nThe development process for the 130 K 90-60 began in 1960 when the Finnish company Tampella presented their concept of a new 122\u00a0mm gun for the Finnish Army. This gun was called 122 K 60. It was a sound concept, but quite a heavy gun. It was only ordered in small numbers and it was never part of the war-time inventory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009688-0002-0000", "contents": "130 K 90-60, History\n15 guns were later modified by Vammas in the late 1980s, giving it a 130\u00a0mm calibre barrel. This was done in order to standardize the calibre for the mobile coastal artillery. The new gun was given the designation 130 K 90-60.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009688-0003-0000", "contents": "130 K 90-60, History\nThe gun carriage design was used for Tampella's 155\u00a0mm series, as well as for the Israeli Soltam M-68 gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009689-0000-0000", "contents": "130 West 30th Street\n130 West 30th Street, aka \u201cThe Cass Glibert,\u201d was designed by the American architect, Cass Gilbert (November 24, 1859 \u2013 May 17, 1934). The 18-story building was originally designed for offices, showrooms and manufacturing space in New York\u2019s fur district (Fifth to Seventh Avenues from 23rd to 42nd Streets), just south of the garment district (between Fifth and Ninth Avenues from 34th to 42nd Streets). It is located on 30th Street between the Avenue of the Americas (Sixth Avenue) and Seventh Avenue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009689-0001-0000", "contents": "130 West 30th Street\nThe building was originally known as the S.J.M Building, named for Salomon J. Manne, a fur trader with whom Gilbert shared a box at the Metropolitan Opera. It was renamed \u201cThe Cass Gilbert\u201d in 2004. The building is also included in the AIA Guide to New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009689-0002-0000", "contents": "130 West 30th Street\nAbove the doorways are terra-cotta decorative friezes set in marble and based on Assyrian stone reliefs which feature hunters, horses and stylized lions. The animal motif, perhaps an acknowledgement to the fur district, can also be found in the brass elevator doors in the lobby. Additional terra-cotta friezes with winged beasts which encircle the building at various levels accentuate the modern skyscraper set backs that reflect the 1916 zoning rules to allow more light and sunlight. The doorway panels have been cited in Ephemeral New York as \u201ctriumphant\u201d and \u201cexotic.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009689-0003-0000", "contents": "130 West 30th Street\n130 West 30th Street was designated as a Landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2001. The building was converted to a residential condominium in 2003, comprising 45 residential units as well as four commercial units which were later combined into one, housing Beit Simchat Torah, an LGBT synagogue, which was finished in 2016 and the NYTimes called \u201cmystical.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009689-0004-0000", "contents": "130 West 30th Street\nOther New York City buildings designed by Cass Gilbert include the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House erected in Bowling Green in 1902 to 1907; the Woolworth Building, opened in 1913 at which time it was the tallest building in the world until 1930; Rodin Studios, also known as 200 57th Street, built from 1916 to 1917 as studios and residences for artists; the Brooklyn Army Base building at the Brooklyn Army Terminal completed in 1919; and the New York Life Insurance Building (1926) which was built around the same time as 130 West 30th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0000-0000", "contents": "130 West 57th Street\n130 West 57th Street is an office building on 57th Street between Sixth Avenue and Seventh Avenue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It was built from 1907 to 1908 and designed by Pollard and Steinam, who also simultaneously designed the neighboring, nearly identical building at 140 West 57th Street. The buildings are among several in Manhattan that were built in the early 20th century as both studio and residences for artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0001-0000", "contents": "130 West 57th Street\n130 West 57th Street is fifteen stories tall, with fourteen stories facing 57th Street, as well as a penthouse. The lowest two stories of the primary facade along 57th Street are clad in limestone, while the upper stories are clad in brick. The facade contains both broad and narrow bays with metal-framed studio windows, some of which are double-height. Along 57th Street, there are cornices above the second and fourteenth stories. There were double-height studios on the 57th Street side and smaller residences at the back of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0002-0000", "contents": "130 West 57th Street\n130 West 57th Street was developed upon land owned by artist Robert Vonnoh. Although marketed as artists' studios, 130 West 57th Street was also home to lawyers, stock brokers, teachers, and other professionals. The building was converted into a rental-apartment structure in 1937, and was subsequently converted into an office building during the late 20th century. 130 West 57th Street was designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0003-0000", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, Site\n130 West 57th Street is on the southern side of 57th Street between Sixth Avenue and Seventh Avenue, two blocks south of Central Park in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. According to the New York City Department of City Planning, the lot measures 80 feet (24\u00a0m) wide along 57th Street and is 100 feet (30\u00a0m) deep. The building abuts 140 West 57th Street to the west and the Parker New York hotel to the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0003-0001", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, Site\nOther nearby buildings include Metropolitan Tower, Russian Tea Room, Carnegie Hall Tower, and Carnegie Hall to the west; the Louis H. Chalif Normal School of Dancing and One57 to the northwest; the Nippon Club Tower and Calvary Baptist Church to the north; 111 West 57th Street to the northeast; and CitySpire, New York City Center, and 125 West 55th Street to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0004-0000", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, Site\n130 and 140 West 57th Street are part of an artistic hub that developed around the two blocks of West 57th Street from Sixth Avenue west to Broadway during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, following the opening of the nearby Carnegie Hall in 1891. Several buildings in the area were constructed as residences for artists and musicians, such as 130 and 140 West 57th Street, the Rodin Studios, and the Osborne Apartments, as well as the demolished Sherwood Studios and Rembrandt. In addition, the area contained the headquarters of organizations such as the American Fine Arts Society, the Lotos Club, and the American Society of Civil Engineers. The sites occupied by 130 and 140 West 57th Street were historically occupied by brownstone townhouses in the late 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0005-0000", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, Design\n130 West 57th Street was designed by Pollard and Steinam, who also designed the neighboring studios at 140 West 57th Street. Both structures were constructed simultaneously and were designed nearly identically as studio apartments for artists. 130 West 57th Street is 150 feet (46\u00a0m) tall; the front portion along 57th Street contains 14 stories while the rear portion contains 12 stories. It is one of a few remaining artists' studio buildings in New York City with distinct living and working spaces for artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0006-0000", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, Design, Facade\nThe main facade overlooking 57th Street consists of five vertical bays, which contain metal windows and are separated by brick piers. The westernmost, center, and easternmost bays are wider, and alternate with two narrower bays. The rear facade is made of brick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0007-0000", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, Design, Facade\nThe base is composed of the first and second stories. At the base, the central bay contains a slightly projecting entrance pavilion clad with rusticated and vermiculated limestone blocks. Within this entrance pavilion is an arch with voussoirs flanking a volute above the top of the arch, and a double door approached from a small stoop. A metal and glass canopy, installed in 2000, extends from the entrance into the sidewalk. The remainder of the base contains storefronts or store entrances on the first story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0007-0001", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, Design, Facade\nThe westernmost wide bay contains a double-height display window, while the other second-story bays contain either pairs of sash windows or multi-pane rectangular windows. Atop the second story is a projecting terracotta cornice, which contains a frieze with alternating circles and triglyphs, as well as a pattern of mutules alternating with rosettes or lozenges on the underside of the cornice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0008-0000", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, Design, Facade\nThe twelve upper stories are similar in design to each other and contain several types of windows. The windows in the outermost wide bays, and on the third through tenth stories of the center bay, project slightly from the facade and contain trapezoidal frames. The outermost bays contain double-height windows. The windows in the narrow bays, and in the eleventh through fourteenth stories of the center bay, do not project. In all bays, there are geometric olive-painted spandrels between the windows on each story, and the windows have olive mullions. There is another cornice above the fourteenth story, with modillions beneath it. The cornice rests on six large pairs of iron brackets, which are aligned with the tops of the brick piers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0009-0000", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, Design, Interior\nThe building was designed with 36 studios. Its location on the south side of 57th Street, a major road that was wider than parallel streets, ensured that the interiors would be brightly lit by sunlight from the north, for the benefit of the artists working there. The interiors  contained double-height studios, characterized by House Beautiful magazine as \"a splendid backdrop for tapestry or painting\". The double-height studios were behind the wide bays facing 57th Street, and each contained a living room, kitchen, four bedrooms, and servants' rooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0009-0001", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, Design, Interior\nBehind the narrow bays were studio rooms, some of which could be used as separate apartments. There were smaller apartments in the rear, which contained two bedrooms and a kitchenette. The building had separate elevators for passengers and freight, as well as resident amenities such as a vacuum cleaning facility, a laundry room, a mail chute, dumbwaiters, and telephone service in each residence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0010-0000", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, Design, Interior\n130 West 57th Street was altered in 1987 and reclassified as a mid-rise office building with commercial units. According to the Department of City Planning, the building has a gross floor area of 73,444 square feet (6,823.2\u00a0m2) and has 46 units, of which 10 are zoned for residential use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0011-0000", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, History\nCooperative apartment housing in New York City became popular in the late 19th century because of overcrowded housing conditions in the city's dense urban areas. When 140 West 57th Street was constructed, there were some co-ops in the city that catered specifically to artists, including the Bryant Park Studios and the Carnegie Studios, but these were almost always fully occupied and did not provide adequate space for artists to both live and work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0011-0001", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, History\nThe 67th Street Studios, constructed between 1901 and 1903 at 23\u201329 West 67th Street near Central Park, were the first artists' cooperatives in the city that were also specifically designed to provide duplex working and living areas for artists. The success of the 67th Street Studios prompted the development of other artists' studios in that area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0012-0000", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, History, Artists' studios\nRobert Vonnoh, an artist residing in one of the 67th Street Studios, bought four brownstone townhouses at 126\u2013132 West 57th Street in early 1907. Ownership of the brownstones was transferred to the 130 West 57th Street Corporation that June. The corporation was operated by president Walter G. Merritt and secretary Payson McL. Merrill. Pollard and Steinam were hired to design a $500,000 apartment house at the site, with seven double-height stories in the front and twelve single-height stories in the rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0012-0001", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, History, Artists' studios\nThe architects were also hired for the nearly identical, adjacent development at 140 West 57th Street, developed by the same individuals. Building permits for 130 West 57th Street were filed with the New York City Department of Buildings in September 1907. The construction contract was awarded to William J. Taylor, and funded with a $475,000 loan from the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. The building was completed in October 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0013-0000", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, History, Artists' studios\nAlthough marketed as artists' studios, 130 West 57th Street was also home to lawyers, stock brokers, teachers, and other professionals. The novelist William Dean Howells lived in the building; his son, architect John Mead Howells, also resided there until 1927. William Dean Howells's firm Howells & Stokes designed a basement store one year after the building's completion. Another resident, painter Childe Hassam, sometimes depicted the building's trapezoidal windows in his Impressionist paintings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0013-0001", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, History, Artists' studios\nMarion Wilson, the spouse of Richard Thornton Wilson Jr., also lived at 130 West 57th Street; her late-night parties prompted Hassam and other residents to unsuccessfully file nuisance complaints against her. The building's basement store was removed in 1922 and the entrance staircases were recessed as part of a project to widen West 57th Street. The facade otherwise saw few modifications during the 20th century, except for the installation of ground story storefronts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0014-0000", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, History, Later use\nThe building was converted to a rental apartment in 1937, and Met Life bought 130 West 57th Street at auction the next year for $300,000. Paul S. Hitlin bought the building in 1945, and ownership subsequently passed to Abram Jedwabnik. Upon Abram's death four years later, his brother David, who lived at 130 West 57th Street with his wife and daughter, continued to operate the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0015-0000", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, History, Later use\nThrough the mid-20th century, tenants at 130 West 57th Street included Ray Charles, The Rolling Stones, and the studios of Woody Allen's production company. The singer Tony Bennett also lived in the building, on the ninth floor. During the 1970s, the ground-floor retail space housed a restaurant called the Irish Pavilion, named after a pavilion at the 1964 New York World's Fair. David Jedwabnik's daughter Mira Van Doren, along with her son Daniel, started managing the building in the 1980s, and renovated the hallways and mosaic tiles in the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0015-0001", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, History, Later use\nPlanet Hollywood opened a location at 140 West 57th Street's base in 1991, and the Motown Cafe and Planet Hollywood's Merch Shop occupied the storefronts at 130 and 140 West 57th Street. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated 130 West 57th Street as an official city landmark on October 19, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009690-0016-0000", "contents": "130 West 57th Street, History, Later use\nThe building was largely used by office tenants by 2000, when there were only seven residential tenants in 55 total units. The Planet Hollywood at the building's base had closed by late 2000, when the restaurant moved to Times Square. In February 2016, H. Huntsman & Sons opened a location at 130 West 57th Street, becoming the first tailor from London's Savile Row to open a permanent location in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009691-0000-0000", "contents": "130 William\n130 William is a residential high-rise tower located in the Financial District of Manhattan. The building is being developed by Lightstone and was designed by Ghanaian architect Sir David Adjaye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009691-0001-0000", "contents": "130 William, History\nLightstone purchased the former 12-story office building at 130 William Street in May 2014 for $60 million after the previous owner defaulted on a mortgage from East West Bank. Eight months later, the company unveiled Hill West Architects' plans for a 50-story tall mixed-use building that would reach a height of 581 feet (177\u00a0m) and contain a hotel and 188 apartments. However, new plans filed in early 2017 removed the hotel portion and increased the building's size to its current height.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009691-0002-0000", "contents": "130 William, History\nIn March 2017, the project secured $305 million in financing and began construction. Facade installation began in October 2018. The building topped-out in May 2019. 130 William has also been recognized as the fastest selling luxury condominium development in New York City in 2018 and 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009691-0003-0000", "contents": "130 William, Architecture and design\n130 William's custom hand-cast fa\u00e7ade features large-scale arched windows and bronzed detailing. It will rise approximately 800 feet (240\u00a0m) tall at 66 stories and will consist of 242 residences and over 22,000 square feet (2,000\u00a0m2) of amenities. The building will also incorporate a new public plaza park, also designed by Adjaye, as well as over 20,000 square feet (1,900\u00a0m2) of retail, both located at the building's base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009691-0004-0000", "contents": "130 William, Architecture and design\n130 William is adjacent to the Fulton Center transit hub of the New York City Subway. The building is also immediately adjacent to Tribeca, South Street Seaport, the Brooklyn Bridge, as well as some of New York City's top restaurants and elite shopping and cultural venues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009692-0000-0000", "contents": "130 departments of the First French Empire\nThis is a list of the 130 departments (French: d\u00e9partements), the conventional name for the administrative subdivisions of the First French Empire at the height of its territorial extent, circa 1811.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009692-0001-0000", "contents": "130 departments of the First French Empire\nNote that the Illyrian Provinces were also part of France, but were not organised into departments, and so are not included in this list. Similarly, four additional French departments were also created in Catalonia (annexed from Spain in 1812); their juridical status remained incomplete until the French lost their grip on Spain in 1814. Those departments were: Bouches-de-l'\u00c8bre, Montserrat, S\u00e8gre, and Ter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009692-0002-0000", "contents": "130 departments of the First French Empire\nThe names of departments formed from territories annexed to France after 1791 have been colour-coded as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009692-0003-0000", "contents": "130 departments of the First French Empire\nMoreover, the Tanaro department was established in 1802 and disbanded in 1805; it was one of the six original d\u00e9partments which took the place of the Subalpine Republic. Its territory was divided between the three d\u00e9partments of Marengo, Stura, and Montenotte (the latter was created after the annexation of the Ligurian Republic).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009693-0000-0000", "contents": "130 km\n130\u00a0km (Russian: 130 \u043a\u043c) is a rural locality (a passing loop) in Cheremichkinskoye Rural Settlement of Topkinsky District, Russia. The  population was 47 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009693-0001-0000", "contents": "130 km, Geography\nThe passing loop is located on the Yurga-Tashtagol line, 37 km south of Topki (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009694-0000-0000", "contents": "130 mm air defense gun KS-30\nThe KS-30 is a Soviet 130mm anti-aircraft gun that appeared in the early 1950s, closely resembling the German wartime 12.8 cm FlaK 40 antiaircraft gun. The KS-30 was used for the home defense forces of the USSR and some other Warsaw Pact countries. Recognition features are the heavy dual-tire carriage, a firing platform which folds up to a 45 degree angle when the piece is in travel, and the long clean tube without a muzzle brake. The breechblock is of the semi-automatic horizontal sliding-wedge type, and the piece is fitted with a power rammer and an automatic fuze setter. Fire control is provided by the PUAZO-30 director and the SON-30 radar. The ammunition is of the fixed-charge, separated type. It is not interchangeable with that of the 130mm field or coastal guns. The KS-30 is now held in war reserve since it was replaced by surface-to-air guided missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009695-0000-0000", "contents": "130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)\nThe 130\u00a0mm towed field gun M-46 (Russian: 130-\u043c\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 M-46) is a manually loaded, towed 130\u00a0mm artillery piece, manufactured in the Soviet Union in the 1950s. It was first observed by the west in 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009695-0001-0000", "contents": "130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)\nFor many years, the M-46 was one of the longest range artillery systems around, with a range of more than 27\u00a0km. (16.7 mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009695-0002-0000", "contents": "130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Design history\nThe order was given in April 1946 to design a \"duplex\" artillery system to replace the obsolete 122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20) and other World War II era field guns, such as 122\u00a0mm Model 1931, 152\u00a0mm Model 1910/30, 152\u00a0mm Model 1935 (BR-2). The new systems, designed by the factory No 172 (MOTZ), shared the same carriage and were given the designators M-46 (130\u00a0mm) and M-47 (152\u00a0mm). The respective GRAU designators are 52-P-482 and 52-P-547. The development phase was finished in 1950 and one year later series production started. Many M-46s were exported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009695-0003-0000", "contents": "130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Design history\nA second \"duplex\" artillery system was subsequently designed by FF Petrov's design bureau at Artillery Factory No 9. This comprised a 122\u00a0mm Gun and a 152\u00a0mm Howitzer. The 122\u00a0mm Gun D-74 was a competitor to the M-46; and while many were produced, the M-46 became the only long range Gun in Soviet service until new 152\u00a0mm Guns in the 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009695-0004-0000", "contents": "130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Description\nThe M-46 was developed from the M-36 130\u00a0mm naval gun used on ships and for coast defence. It is a true gun, being unable to fire much above 45\u00b0 and having a long barrel and a single propelling charge. In contrast, most Western field guns of this period had a dual high and low angle fire capability, a gun-howitzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009695-0005-0000", "contents": "130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Description\nIt has a 39 calibre barrel with a tied jaw horizontal sliding-block breach and 'pepperpot' muzzle brake. The latter is not notably efficient, but subjective reports suggest that it is quite effective in reducing muzzle flash. The hydro-pneumatic recoil system comprises a buffer below the barrel and a recuperator above the barrel. The long barrel enables a substantial propelling charge by providing more length in which to achieve 'all-burnt' and hence projectile acceleration space and thus achieve its 930\u00a0m/s muzzle velocity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009695-0006-0000", "contents": "130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Description\nThe barrel is mounted on a split-trail carriage, with deep box section trails and foam filled road wheels on the ground when firing and 50\u00b0 of top traverse. The small shield protects little more than the sights, possible including from the effects of muzzle blast, and some protection from machine gun fire in anti-tank engagements. The gun has long and robust trails to provide stability when firing, a large detachable spade is fitted to the end of each when the gun is brought into action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009695-0007-0000", "contents": "130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Description\nNon -reciprocating sights are standard Soviet pattern, designed for one-man laying. Included are a direct fire anti-tank telescope, a panoramic periscopic indirect-fire sight (a dial sight) in a reciprocating mounting, an angle of sight scale, and a range drum engraved with the range (distance) scale, coupled to a mounted elevation levelling bubble. The range drum enables the standard Soviet technique of semi-direct fire when the piece is laid visually on the target and the range set on the range drum. An APN-3 was later provided for direct fire at night in place of the day telescope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009695-0008-0000", "contents": "130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Description\nFor travel, the gun is towed via a two-wheeled limber fitted to the end of the closed trails, with the spades removed and carried on each trail. Simple jacks on the trails just behind the main wheels are used to lift and support the closed trails so that the limber can be connected. The barrel and recuperator are pulled back between the closed trails and locked in a travelling position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009695-0008-0001", "contents": "130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Description\nThere is a large bicycle chain arrangement on the right trail for this, and a compressed air cylinder, charged by the gun firing, is used to bring the barrel forward when the gun is brought back into action. It takes about four minutes to bring the gun into action, the normal detachment is eight strong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009695-0009-0000", "contents": "130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Description\nPropelling charges are in metal cartridge cases and loaded separately from the projectile. Projectiles originally included HE fragmentation, Armour Piercing solid shot, smoke, illuminating and chemical. HE shells weigh some 33\u00a0kg. Illuminating shells have a substantially lower muzzle velocity. APHE and extended range shells were introduced later. Maximum rate of fire is probably 6-7 rounds/minute, and about 70 rounds/hour. The standard Soviet unit of fire was 80 rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009695-0010-0000", "contents": "130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Operational history\nThe M-46 was first seen openly at the 1954 May Day Parade in Moscow. It initially replaced the 100\u00a0mm BS-3 field and anti-tank gun. However, its long range made it well suited for counter-battery actions \u2013 some western troops on its receiving end have reported poor fragmentation, and large fragments would be consistent with the counter-battery purpose. Its Soviet use with an integrated fire-control system including SNAR-2 radars has also been reported. In Soviet service, M-46 battalions were in Army and Front artillery brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009695-0011-0000", "contents": "130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Operational history\nIt is or has been in service with at least 25 countries and has been license manufactured in China as the Type 59. It was replaced in Soviet/Russian inventory by the 2A36 Giatsint-B and the self-propelled 2S5 Giatsint-S. Several companies, like Soltam and RDM Technology BV, have presented upgrade packages for the gun. These include, for instance, an upgrade to a 45 caliber 155\u00a0mm gun. Its long range made it especially useful in the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009695-0012-0000", "contents": "130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Operational history\nThe M-46 saw extensive combat service with the People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) during the Angolan Civil War and South African Border War. From the mid to late 1970s Angolan M-46s were deployed with some success in the counter-battery role against South African artillery units, which possessed comparatively short-ranged BL 5.5-inch Medium Guns. South Africa later acquired six M-46s from Israel for evaluation purposes; this likely influenced its development of the G5 howitzer, which was adopted to counter the range and effectiveness of the FAPLA field guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009695-0012-0001", "contents": "130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Operational history\nCuba also deployed M-46 batteries of its own in support of FAPLA operations during its lengthy military intervention in Angola. Cuban and FAPLA M-46s were used most notably during the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale, where individual guns were deployed in ones or twos rather than concentrated in single positions to reduce the threat posed by counter-battery fire from South African G5s. Cuban tacticians were able to repeatedly stall a South African mechanized and armored offensive by using minefields to channel the attackers into bottlenecks where the M-46s could concentrate their fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009695-0013-0000", "contents": "130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Operational history\nTanzania People's Defence Force fielded some M-46 guns during Uganda\u2013Tanzania War in 1978\u20131979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009695-0014-0000", "contents": "130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Operational history\nA version of this gun, possibly the Chinese-manufactured Type 59-1, is suspected to have been used by North Korea for shelling the South Korean island of Yeonpyeong in the Yellow Sea on 23 November 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009695-0015-0000", "contents": "130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Variants, Democratic People's Republic of Korea\nThe US Defense Intelligence Agency has reported the existence of a number of locally designed self-propelled artillery systems, including the SPG 130\u00a0mm M1975, the SPG 130\u00a0mm M1981 and the SPG 130\u00a0mm M1991. Details are not available, but they appear to be M-46/Type 59s mounted on a tracked chassis \u201cTokchon\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 84], "content_span": [85, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009695-0016-0000", "contents": "130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Variants, Romania\nType 59-1 was manufactured by Arsenal Resita under the designation A412 Model 1982 between 1982 and 1989. A maximum range of 33 kilometers was reached Using NORINCO's Base Bleed ammunition. The A412 cannon can fire a 7-8 rounds per minute. The A412 was exported to four other countries: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Cameroon, Guinea, and Nigeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009696-0000-0000", "contents": "130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936\nThe 130\u00a0mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936 was a 130\u00a0mm (5.1\u00a0in) 50 caliber Soviet naval gun. The gun was used as a standard destroyer weapon during World War II, and it was also used as a coastal gun and railway gun. The gun was produced in three different versions which all had incompatible ammunition and range tables. Mountings for the weapon included single open mounts and twin turrets. Besides the Soviet Union, the gun was used on ships sold or donated to Poland, People's Republic of China, Egypt and Indonesia. Finland captured five guns during Continuation War and used them until the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009696-0001-0000", "contents": "130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Background\nIn 1929 design work began in the Soviet Union for a new 130\u00a0mm 45 caliber submarine deck gun that would have the same external ballistics as the older 130 mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913 gun. It was intended for the gun to use a wedge lock and fixed ammunition, but the plans were changed already before the prototype was ordered. Blueprints and a prototype was ordered from Bolshevik Plant no. 232 in 1930. The design bureau director was N.\u00a0N.\u00a0Magdasijev and project leader G.\u00a0N.\u00a0Rafalovits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009696-0001-0001", "contents": "130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Background\nOthers involved in the design were S.\u00a0A.\u00a0Morozov, S.\u00a0A.\u00a0Zalazaev, B. A. Lever, V.\u00a0M.\u00a0Rosenberg and V.\u00a0I.\u00a0Kudrjashov. The gun design was changed from submarine to destroyer weapon using separate instead of fixed ammunition and in 1932 new specifications included a change from 45 to 50 calibers and a screw breech block instead of wedge block. During test firing in 1934\u201435 several shortcomings were found in the gun design, particularly with the breech and loading mechanism. Because the Leningrad-class destroyers that were supposed to use the guns were already under construction the 130\u00a0mm B-13 gun was accepted for mass production in 1935 and the first twelve guns were finished during the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009696-0002-0000", "contents": "130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Models\nIn order to match the performance of the longer barreled 130\u00a0mm/55 Pattern 1913 gun it was necessary to use a higher barrel pressure in the 130\u00a0mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936. This led to such a rapid barrel wear that the Leningrad and Gnevny class destroyers using the first gun versions could not even empty their magazines a single time before needing to change out the barrel. The solution to the excessive barrel wear was found to be deeper rifling grooves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009696-0002-0001", "contents": "130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Models\nThe original design had 1.0 millimetre (0.039\u00a0in) deep grooves and a barrel life of 130 rounds; a modified version with 2.7 millimetres (0.11\u00a0in) deep grooves had a barrel life of 1100 rounds. Additionally there existed a model with 1.95 millimetres (0.077\u00a0in) deep grooves. The gun had 40 grooves with a constant twist. All three gun models with different groove depths had different, mutually incompatible, ammunition, sights and range tables. A loading platform that could be rotated next to the gun barrel was used to deliver the shell to a pneumatic loading mechanism. The gun could be loaded on any elevation angle, but the rate of fire was reduced on elevations higher than +25\u00b0. A modified dual-purpose model with 55 caliber barrel suitable for anti-aircraft fire was planned but the project was stopped due to the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009696-0003-0000", "contents": "130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Models, Mountings\nEarly destroyers and coastal guns used single open mountings protected by a Gun shield. An enclosed twin turret was developed for later destroyer classes and monitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009696-0004-0000", "contents": "130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Models, Mountings\nB-13 was the earliest mounting. This was a single mounting open from the rear and protected by a 13-millimetre (0.51\u00a0in) gun shield against shrapnel and bullets. This mounting was used in the destroyers constructed the before Second World War and in coastal and railway guns. The weight of the mount was 12 metric tons (11.8 long tons) and it was equipped with indicators for a central fire control system, but had hand-operated training and elevation. To fire the gun, a string would be attached to a hole at the end of the gun, as was the standard system at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009696-0005-0000", "contents": "130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Models, Mountings\nB-2LM was a twin turret used in later destroyer classes. It was intended to use this turret to arm the Soviet destroyer\u00a0Opytny, but the ship was equipped with B-13 mounts instead. The destroyer leader Tashkent was initially equipped with B-13 mounts, but received the planned B-2LM turrets during a refit. Additionally the lead ship of the  Storozhevoy-class destroyers, Storozhevoy, was also refitted with a single B-2LM turret forward. The turret was used to arm the post-war  Ognevoy-class and  Skoryy-class destroyers. The weight of the turret was 49 metric tons (48.2 long tons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009696-0006-0000", "contents": "130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Models, Mountings\nB-2LMT twin turret was used as the armament on the monitors Sivash and Perekop and with Shilka-class monitors. Weight 90.9 metric tons (89.5 long tons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009696-0007-0000", "contents": "130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Models, Mountings\nB-28 twin turret was used on the monitor Khasan, weight 83.7 metric tons (82.4 long tons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009696-0008-0000", "contents": "130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Models, Mountings\nB-2-U was a planned dual-purpose universal twin turret (U = Universal'naya) that could have been used effectively also as an anti-aircraft weapon. This turret was planned to use a new 55-caliber model of the B-13 gun and to have a maximum elevation of 85\u00b0 with a weight of 48.4 metric tons (47.6 long tons). Due to the war the project was stopped and neither the turret nor the guns were produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009696-0009-0000", "contents": "130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Service in Soviet Union\n130\u00a0mm/50 B13 gun was the standard armament of the newest destroyers of Soviet Union during World War II and it was used to arm the destroyers built in Soviet Union until 1954. The destroyers classes armed with 130\u00a0mm/50 B-13 gun were the Leningrad-class (project 1 and modified project 38 Minsk class), Tashkent, Gnevny class, Soobrazitelny class, Opytny, Ognevoy class and Skoryy class. The mass production of the gun resulted in more than one thousand guns being built, and the gun was also used to arm smaller warships and as a coastal gun. The coastal guns remained in use until the fall of the Soviet Union, and in the 1970s 90 guns in 20 batteries were installed in Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula to protect Vladivostok from a possible Chinese attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009696-0010-0000", "contents": "130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Service in Finland\nFinland captured several 130\u00a0mm/50 B13 guns during the Battle of Hanko. The captured guns were known in Finland as 130/50 N or 130 mm 50 kaliiperin merikanuuna mallia N (130 mm 50 caliber coastal gun model N). Soviet Union had four batteries of B-13 guns in Hanko, but they were damaged or blown up when the Russians evacuated Hanko. Valtion Tykkitehdas (State Artillery Factory) and Helsinki Naval Base ordance personnel succeeded in repairing five guns. Only a few hundred rounds of ammunition were captured, so Finns began manufacturing suitable ammunition domestically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009696-0010-0001", "contents": "130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Service in Finland\nCaptured Russian ammunition included modern high explosive fragmentation shells with point and base fuzes and semi-armour piercing shells, while the Finnish produced ammunition were older style high explosive shells. Three captured guns were used for short periods of time in Pihlajasaari and Miessaari forts by Uusimaa Coastal Brigade. Two guns were used to arm the auxiliary gunboats Aunus and Viena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009696-0011-0000", "contents": "130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Service in Finland\nThree guns were converted into railway guns 130/50 NRaut (Raut = rautatietykki, railway gun) in 1964 in the Hanko Coastal Artillery Battalion. The railway wagon was attached to rails with clamps and supported from the sides by wooden planks and support beams on track sides. In 1972 the three guns were converted back to static coastal guns and installed on Glosholma fort of the Suomenlinna Coastal Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009696-0011-0001", "contents": "130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Service in Finland\nThree spare gun shields were used on 152/46 VLo guns installed in Sommar\u00f6 fort on Replot and two other gun shields as armoured observation posts on the test fire sites at Puolustusvoimien Tutkimuskeskus (Finnish Defense Forces Research Facility) and Keuruun Pioneerivarikko (Keuruu Engineering Depot). In the 1980s it was attempted to convert the ammunition of the 130/50 N guns as sea target shells for 130 TK turret guns, but the project failed. The three guns in Glosholma were removed from service in the 1990s, but left on their positions. Additionally two spare guns were in storage. One gun was placed on display in Kuivasaari in 2005. The origin of the designation N (also Nl or NI) is uncertain, but most likely stood for Neuvostoliittolainen (from Soviet Union). The gun had a nickname Nikolajev in Finland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009696-0012-0000", "contents": "130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Service in other countries\nTwo Skoryy class destroyers were transferred to the Polish Navy in the late 1950s. Additionally 130\u00a0mm B-13 guns were used as coastal guns in Hel Fortified Area. Skoryy-class destroyers were also sold to Egypt (six ships) and Indonesia (seven ships). Four Gnevny-class destroyers were donated by Soviet Union to People's Republic of China as Anshan-class destroyers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009696-0013-0000", "contents": "130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Modifications\nIn the early 1940s an attempt was made in the Soviet Union to mount the 130\u00a0mm B-13 gun on a tank chassis. After Winter War one of the T-100 tank prototypes was refitted with a hull mounted 130\u00a0mm B-13 gun. This vehicle was known as SU-100Y and the prototype was used in action during the Battle of Moscow. The prototype survived the war and is now on display in Kubinka Tank Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009697-0000-0000", "contents": "130 mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913\nThe 130mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913 naval gun  was a 5.1-inch naval gun used predominantly on ships of the Imperial Russian Navy and later by the Soviet Navy. It was manufactured mainly by the Obukhov State Plant (OSP) in St. Petersburg, as well as under licence by Vickers Limited in Great Britain. The gun was used as medium artillery on several Russian dreadnoughts and as main artillery on cruisers, as well as coastal artillery. It was succeeded by the 130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936 naval gun, which became the standard destroyer gun of the Soviet Navy during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009697-0001-0000", "contents": "130 mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913, History\nIn 1911 OSP received an order to design a semi-automatic 130\u00a0mm/60 caliber naval gun for the Main Shipping Administration. The order asked for two prototypes, one for cartridges, one for rounds. On 12 July 1912 the cartridge-version with a 55 caliber barrel was approved. In September 1912 it was decided to go with the hydro-spring rather than the hydro-pneumatic recoil system. Earlier an OSP designed semi-automatic breech mechanism was rejected in favor of a Vickers design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009697-0002-0000", "contents": "130 mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913, History\nIn 1913 an initial order of 471 guns was placed with OSP. By 1 January 1917 143 guns had been delivered, with 96 due until the end of that year. The remaining 282 guns were supposed to be delivered in 1918. The first charge of guns was used to equipped the cruiser Svetlana and the Imperatritsa Mariya-class battleships of the Black Sea Fleet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009697-0003-0000", "contents": "130 mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913, History\nAnother order of 100 guns was placed in 1913 with Vickers Ltd., of which 24 were ready for delivery by 16 September 1914. Of these 7 were shipped to Arkhangelsk in October 1914. A further 12 guns destined  for Russian cruiser Varyag were delivered to Russia on the same route as the repairs of Varyag were delayed, where they were put to the defense of Saaremaa island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009697-0004-0000", "contents": "130 mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913, History\nThe Soviet Navy retained the 130mm/55 Pattern 1913 naval gun and produced additional guns under the designation B-7, as the OSP had been renamed Works No. 232 \"Bolshevik\" in 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009697-0005-0000", "contents": "130 mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913, History\nIn 1923, 12 guns had been placed in four coastal batteries, one in Odessa and three along the Caucasian coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009697-0006-0000", "contents": "130 mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913, History\nIn 1930 a minor modernizations were made to a few guns at the \"Bolshevik\" works, improving the loading mechanism and enhancing elevation to +40\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009698-0000-0000", "contents": "130 mood: TRBL\n130 mood\u00a0: TRBL is the debut extended play by South Korean singer Dean. It was released by Joombas and Universal Music Group on March 24, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009698-0001-0000", "contents": "130 mood: TRBL, Background and release\nOn March 21, Dean released a music video for \"Bonnie & Clyde\", the first track from 130 Mood\u00a0: TRBL, in which he plays the role of Clyde in a reenactment of Bonnie and Clyde. On March 23, a music video for another track, \"D (Half Moon)\" featuring Gaeko was released and a showcase was held in Gangnam, Seoul. The seven-track EP was released the following day, its title named after the racing number '130', which James Dean had painted on his car, and which embodies the same experimental spirit he feels about music. The 'TRBL' portion of the title is a stylisation of 'trouble'. The album is intended to narrate a love story through its consecutive tracks and was written and produced by Dean along with collaborators, with several of the tracks previously released as singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009698-0002-0000", "contents": "130 mood: TRBL, Critical reception\nBillboard K-Town columnist Jeff Benjamin described the chart position on the Heatseekers Albums chart uncommon for a K-pop act, and especially for a debut release. He said that the album was an \"impressive debut creatively that pushes R&B ahead into the future with its compositions and collaborations \u2013 notably the woozy \"Pour Up\" featuring Zico of Block B, the Weeknd-recalling \"21\" and \"What 2 Do\" with Korean R&B star Crush and L.A. singer Jeff Bernat.\" The album was picked number 5, as one of the 10 Best K-Pop Albums of 2016 by Billboard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009698-0002-0001", "contents": "130 mood: TRBL, Critical reception\nThe Star gave the album 8 stars out of 10, and praised the album, saying it \"soothes and tantalises\", and is an \"impressive debut album.\" Bandwagon gave the album a positive review, \"His songwriting in 130 Mood: TRBL shows. His future R&B production is top-class, and his ability to write memorable hooks and sultry, resonant melodies is on full display through the short seven-track record.\" IZM praised Dean's vocals and melody of the album, especially the track \"21\", noticing that his talent reaches its peak on that track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009698-0003-0000", "contents": "130 mood: TRBL, Commercial performance\nThe EP charted at No. 10 on the Gaon Album Chart, No. 3 on the Billboard World Albums chart, and No. 22 on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart, while \"Bonnie & Clyde\" entered Billboard's World Digital Songs chart at No. 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009699-0000-0000", "contents": "130 nm process\nThe 130\u00a0nm (0.13 \u00b5m) process refers to the level of MOSFET (CMOS) semiconductor process technology that was commercialized around the 2001\u20132002 timeframe, by leading semiconductor companies like Fujitsu, IBM, Intel, Texas Instruments, and TSMC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009699-0001-0000", "contents": "130 nm process\nThe origin of the 130\u00a0nm value is historical, as it reflects a trend of 70% scaling every 2\u20133 years. The naming is formally determined by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009699-0002-0000", "contents": "130 nm process\nSome of the first CPUs manufactured with this process include Intel Tualatin family of Pentium III processors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009699-0003-0000", "contents": "130 nm process, Background\nTheir first MOSFET demonstrated by Egyptian engineer Mohamed Atalla and Korean engineer Dawon Kahng in 1960 had a gate length of 20\u00a0\u03bcm and a gate oxide thickness of 100\u00a0nm. In 1984, a MOSFET based on NMOS logic was fabricated with a 100\u00a0nm channel length by Toshio Kobayashi, Seiji Horiguchi and K. Kiuchi at Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009699-0004-0000", "contents": "130 nm process, Background\nIn 1990, a 100\u00a0nm CMOS process was demonstrated by an IBM T.J. Watson Research Center team led by Iranian engineers Ghavam G. Shahidi and Bijan Davari and Taiwanese engineer Yuan Taur. In 2001, 100\u00a0nm CMOS nodes were commercialized by Fujitsu and IBM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009700-0000-0000", "contents": "1300\nYear 1300 (MCCC) was a century leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1300th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 300th year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 13th century, and the 1st year of the 1300s decade. The year 1300 was not a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009701-0000-0000", "contents": "1300 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1300\u00a0kHz: The Federal Communications Commission classifies 1300 AM as a Regional broadcast frequency. See List of broadcast station classes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009702-0000-0000", "contents": "1300 Corporals\n1300 corporals (Serbian Cyrillic: 1300 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0430) is the name for the 1300 untrained officers that were sent as a reinforcement to the Serbian First Army at the Battle of Kolubara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009702-0001-0000", "contents": "1300 Corporals\nAt the start of the war, many young men from both Serbia and Austria-Hungary left school and made themselves available to the High Command of the Serbian army. They were sent to the military school in Skopje. Even though their training wasn't yet completed, the development of the events forced the High Command to dispatch them to battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009702-0002-0000", "contents": "1300 Corporals\nThe Serbian army was in retreat, demoralized, in shortage of ammunition, Belgrade was in the enemy's hands, so the world already came to terms with the complete breakdown of Serbia. All available forces were needed for the crucial battle, which is why the corporal ranks were distributed to the youngsters in Skopje (hence the name), and were sent for Kolubara and Suvobor the next morning. There, the Serbian army, led by \u017divojin Mi\u0161i\u0107, pulled off one of the most important victories in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009702-0003-0000", "contents": "1300 Corporals\nDuring 1916 and 1917, a group of around 500 corporals were in Jausiers, France, for a military training, from where they returned to the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009702-0004-0000", "contents": "1300 Corporals\n1300 corporals symbolize a battle for freedom of their country and people, mainly because most of them were youngsters who went into the battle on their own initiative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009703-0000-0000", "contents": "1300 Lafayette East Cooperative\nThe 1300 Lafayette East Cooperative is a large, 336 unit luxury housing cooperative in the Lafayette Park neighborhood of the near-east side of Detroit, Michigan. The building is notable for its address \"1300\" displayed in giant numerals on the North and South sides of the roof which are visible for miles in Detroit and Windsor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009703-0001-0000", "contents": "1300 Lafayette East Cooperative, History\nConstructed in 1961 and completed in 1964, 1300 Lafayette East stands at 30 floors. The building incorporates a ground floor with 2 story marble lobby,  meeting rooms, conference room, and offices. A mezzanine houses a fitness center and commercial offices, and above it rise 28 residential floors. The building is constructed atop a two-floor underground parking garage. Apartments in the building have unobstructed views of the surrounding cityscape, downtown, the Detroit River and Windsor, Ontario. Designed by Gunnar Birkerts, the building incorporates a number of innovative and elegant construction and modern architectural design elements in its reinforced concrete construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009703-0002-0000", "contents": "1300 Lafayette East Cooperative, History\nThirteen Hundred was originally designed as the first phase of a two building complex, with the second phase twin apartment building facing Earned Street at the corner of Rivard, immediately south of Lafayette Boulevard. However, market conditions existing at the time of completion resulted in the cancellation of the second project. Eventually this site was developed as the Carlton Apartments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009703-0003-0000", "contents": "1300 Lafayette East Cooperative, History\nThirteen Hundred has always had an impeccable reputation which has attracted a number of notable residents, among them the singer Diana Ross. The building's owners fell on hard times in the 1970s due to a declining city population and a mixture of extremely spacious studio to four bedroom apartments, which were not favorable in the rental market at the time. After a mortgage default by the owner, the building briefly became the property of the U.S. in an unusual manner - without the involvement of the Department of Housing and Urban Development, who had insured the mortgage. In 1979 the building was subsequently converted to co-op ownership - on the initiative of the tenants, who organized to avoid a sale to commercial interests or to the City of Detroit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009703-0004-0000", "contents": "1300 Lafayette East Cooperative, Zoned schools\nThe community is zoned to Detroit Public Schools. Residents are zoned to Chrysler Elementary School, Duffield K-8 for middle school, and Martin Luther King High School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009704-0000-0000", "contents": "1300 Marcelle\n1300 Marcelle, provisional designation 1934 CL, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 February 1934, by French astronomer Guy Reiss at the North African Algiers Observatory in Algeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009704-0001-0000", "contents": "1300 Marcelle, Orbit and classification\nMarcelle orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,694 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.01 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle Observatory, four days after its official discovery at Algiers, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009704-0002-0000", "contents": "1300 Marcelle, Physical characteristics\nMarcelle is a dark C-type asteroid. On the SMASS taxonomic scheme, it is classified as a Cg-subtype, an intermediate to the rather rare G-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009704-0003-0000", "contents": "1300 Marcelle, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThe so-far only rotational lightcurve of Marcelle was obtained from photometric observations taken by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy in January 2008. Light-curve analysis gave a rotation period of 12 hours and a low brightness variation of 0.05 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009704-0004-0000", "contents": "1300 Marcelle, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Marcelle measures between 27.84 and 33.92 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.010 (ignoring preliminary results). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0637 and a diameter of 27.64 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009704-0005-0000", "contents": "1300 Marcelle, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Marcelle Reiss, the third daughter of the discoverer. He also named his discoveries 1237\u00a0Genevi\u00e8ve and 1376\u00a0Michelle, after his two other daughters, Genevi\u00e8ve and Michelle, respectively. The official naming citation was also mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 119).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009705-0000-0000", "contents": "1300 Oslo\n1300 Oslo (active from 1979 in Oslo, Norway) was a Norwegian jazz band originally called Oslo 13 (1979\u201393), founded and operated the first two years by Bror Hagemann and continuated by Jon Balke. In 1994 the band got a joint leadership with Trygve Seim, Morten Halle and Torbj\u00f8rn Sunde, and changed their name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009705-0001-0000", "contents": "1300 Oslo\nThe band's first release was the album Anti-therapy (1981). Oslo 13 was awarded Spellemannprisen in 1988 for the album Off balance. The follow up Nonsentration (1992) also was an acclaimed album. The last album from Oslo 13 was a live album from 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009707-0000-0000", "contents": "1300 in Italy\nEvents which occurred in Italy or Italian territory in 1300:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009708-0000-0000", "contents": "13003 Dickbeasley\n13003 Dickbeasley, provisional designation 1982 FN, is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by American astronomer Edward Bowell at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station on 21 March 1982. The asteroid was named in memory of American NAU administrator Dick Beasley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009708-0001-0000", "contents": "13003 Dickbeasley, Orbit and classification\nDickbeasley is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,495 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 27\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009708-0002-0000", "contents": "13003 Dickbeasley, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of American Richard \"Dick\" E. Beasley (1934\u20131992), a teacher and administrator at Northern Arizona University. He was also a multi-media artist and a preeminent figure in the calligraphic world. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 February 2009 (M.P.C. 65122).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009708-0003-0000", "contents": "13003 Dickbeasley, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2015, a rotational lightcurve of Dickbeasley was obtained from photometric observations made at the Phillips Academy Observatory (I12). It gave a rotation period of 3.502 hours with a brightness variation of 0.44 magnitude (U=3-). One month later, in May 2015, observations at Texas Tech's Preston Gott Observatory gave a concurring period of 3.4999 hours with an amplitude of 0.30 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009708-0004-0000", "contents": "13003 Dickbeasley, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThese results supersede the first obtained lightcurve at the Palomar Transient Factory from September 2012, which gave a period of 3.4992 hours and an amplitude of 0.42 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009708-0005-0000", "contents": "13003 Dickbeasley, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Dickbeasley measures 8.2 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.07, while he Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 5.4 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009709-0000-0000", "contents": "13006 Schwaar\n13006 Schwaar, provisional designation 1983 AC1, is a stony Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 January 1983, by American astronomer Brian Skiff at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station in Flagstaff, Arizona. The asteroid was named after amateur astronomer Pierre\u2013Yves Schwaar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009709-0001-0000", "contents": "13006 Schwaar, Orbit and classification\nSchwaar is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a rather small group of asteroids with similar orbital characteristics, named after its largest member, 25\u00a0Phocaea. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,252 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 29\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. No precoveries were taken. The asteroid's observation arc begins 20 days after its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009709-0002-0000", "contents": "13006 Schwaar, Physical characteristics\nSchwaar has been characterized as a S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009709-0003-0000", "contents": "13006 Schwaar, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nA rotational lightcurve of Schwaar was obtained from photometric observations made at the Hunters Hill Observatory (E14), Australia, and collaborating stations in December 2006. The lightcurve gave a rotation period of 6.8 hours with a brightness variation of 0.17 in magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009709-0004-0000", "contents": "13006 Schwaar, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Schwaar measures 5.3 and 5.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.182 and 0.185, respectively, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for members of the Phocaea family of 0.23, and calculates a diameter of 5.0 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009709-0005-0000", "contents": "13006 Schwaar, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory amateur astronomer Pierre\u2013Yves Schwaar (1946\u20132000), member of the Saguaro Astronomy Club (SAC), telescope maker, and photographer of the night sky. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 January 2001 (M.P.C. 41939). The native Swiss amateur astronomer and immigrant to the U.S. was also an inventor and master craftsman, a model rocketeer, an USAF aircraft mechanic, a Vietnam veteran, and an eclipse chaser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009710-0000-0000", "contents": "1300s (decade)\nThe 1300s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1300, and ended on December 31, 1309.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009711-0000-0000", "contents": "1300s BC (decade)\nThe 1300s BC is a decade which lasted from 1309 BC to 1300 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009712-0000-0000", "contents": "1300s in England, Incumbents\nMonarch \u2013 Edward I (to 7 July 1307), Edward II", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009713-0000-0000", "contents": "1300s in art\nThe decade of the 1300s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009713-0001-0000", "contents": "1300s in art, Works\nDuccio The Calling of the Apostles Peter and Andrew (from the Maest\u00e0) 1308", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 19], "content_span": [20, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009714-0000-0000", "contents": "1300s in music\nThe 1300s in music was a decade involving some events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 69]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009715-0000-0000", "contents": "1300s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009715-0001-0000", "contents": "1300s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009715-0002-0000", "contents": "1300s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009716-0000-0000", "contents": "1300th Anniversary of the Bulgarian State\nThe 1300th Anniversary of the Bulgarian State was a yearlong celebration in 1981 when the Bulgaria celebrated the 1300th anniversary of the establishment of the first Bulgarian state in modern history. There were 23,000 events connected with the 1300th anniversary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009716-0001-0000", "contents": "1300th Anniversary of the Bulgarian State, The military parade\nThe parade took place on Sofia's September 9th Square. The parade inspector was the Minister of People's Defence of Bulgaria, General of the Army Dorbri Dzhurov. The parade commander was Colonel General Hristo Dobrev, the Commander of the Land Forces of the Bulgarian People's Army. Attending the parade was the General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party Todor Zhivkov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009716-0002-0000", "contents": "1300th Anniversary of the Bulgarian State, The military parade, Full order of the march past\nOther units present included: the National Guards Unit of Bulgaria and the Central Brass Band of the Bulgarian People's Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 92], "content_span": [93, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009716-0003-0000", "contents": "1300th Anniversary of the Bulgarian State, Commemorative coins and awards\nAt least 20 commemorative coins were made in 1981 honoring the anniversary. An award, the Order \"13 Centuries of Bulgaria\", and a medal, Medal \"1300th Anniversary Of Bulgaria\" were issued on October 16, 1981 in honor of the anniversary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0000-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion\nFashion in fourteenth-century Europe was marked by the beginning of a period of experimentation with different forms of clothing. Costume historian James Laver suggests that the mid-14th century marks the emergence of recognizable \"fashion\" in clothing, in which Fernand Braudel concurs. The draped garments and straight seams of previous centuries were replaced by curved seams and the beginnings of tailoring, which allowed clothing to more closely fit the human form. Also, the use of lacing and buttons allowed a more snug fit to clothing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0001-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion\nIn the course of the century the length of male hem-lines progressively reduced, and by the end of the century it was fashionable for men to omit the long loose over-garment of previous centuries (whether called tunic, kirtle, or other names)  altogether, putting the emphasis on a tailored top that fell a little below the waist\u2014a silhouette that is still reflected in men's costume today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0002-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Fabrics and furs\nWool was the most important material for clothing, due to its numerous favourable qualities, such as the ability to take dye and its being a good insulator. This century saw the beginnings of the Little Ice Age, and glazing was rare, even for the rich (most houses just had wooden shutters for the winter). Trade in textiles continued to grow throughout the century and formed an important part of the economy for many areas from England to Italy. Clothes were very expensive, and employees, even high-ranking officials, were usually supplied with, typically, one outfit per year, as part of their remuneration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0003-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Fabrics and furs\nWoodblock printing of cloth was known throughout the century, and was probably fairly common by the end;this is hard to assess as artists tended to avoid trying to depict patterned cloth due to the difficulty of doing so. Embroidery in wool, and silk or gold thread for the rich were used for decoration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0003-0001", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Fabrics and furs\nEdward III established an embroidery workshop in the Tower of London, which presumably produced the robes he and his Queen wore in 1351 of red velvet \"embroidered with clouds of silver and eagles of pearl and gold, under each alternate cloud an eagle of pearl, and under each of the other clouds a golden eagle, every eagle having in its beak a Garter with the motto hony soyt qui mal y pense embroidered thereon.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0004-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Fabrics and furs\nSilk was the finest fabric of all. In Northern Europe, silk was an imported and very expensive luxury. The well-off could afford woven brocades from Italy or even further afield. Fashionable Italian silks of this period featured repeating patterns of roundels and animals, deriving from Ottoman silk-weaving centres in Bursa, and ultimately from Yuan Dynasty China via the Silk Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0005-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Fabrics and furs\nA fashion for mi-parti or parti-coloured garments made of two contrasting fabrics, one on each side, arose for men in mid-century, and was especially popular at the English court. Sometimes just the hose would be different colours on each leg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0006-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Fabrics and furs\nCheckered and plaid fabrics were occasionally seen; a parti-coloured cotehardie depicted on the St. Vincent altarpiece in Catalonia is reddish-brown on one side and plaid on the other, and remains of plaid and checkered wool fabrics dating to the 14th century have also been discovered in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0007-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Fabrics and furs\nFur was mostly worn as an inner lining for warmth; inventories from Burgundian villages show that even there a fur-lined coat (rabbit, or the more expensive cat) was one of the most common garments. Vair, the fur of the squirrel, white on the belly and grey on the back, was particularly popular through most of the century and can be seen in many illuminated manuscript illustrations, where it is shown as a white and blue-grey softly striped or checkered pattern lining cloaks and other outer garments; the white belly fur with the merest edging of grey was called miniver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0007-0001", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Fabrics and furs\nA fashion in men's clothing for the dark furs sable and marten arose around 1380, and squirrel fur was thereafter relegated to formal ceremonial wear. Ermine, with their dense white winter coats, was worn by royalty, with the black-tipped tails left on to contrast with the white for decorative effect, as in the Wilton Diptych above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0008-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Shirt, doublet and hose\nThe innermost layer of clothing were the braies or breeches, a loose undergarment, usually made of linen, which was held up by a belt. Next came the shirt, which was generally also made of linen, and which was considered an undergarment, like the breeches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 70], "content_span": [71, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0009-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Shirt, doublet and hose\nHose or chausses made out of wool were used to cover the legs, and were generally brightly colored, and often had leather soles, so that they did not have to be worn with shoes. The shorter clothes of the second half of the century required these to be a single garment like modern tights, whereas otherwise they were two separate pieces covering the full length of each leg. Hose were generally tied to the breech belt, or to the breeches themselves, or to a doublet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 70], "content_span": [71, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0010-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Shirt, doublet and hose\nA doublet was a buttoned jacket that was generally of hip length. Similar garments were called cotehardie, pourpoint, jaqueta or jub\u00f3n. These garments were worn over the shirt and the hose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 70], "content_span": [71, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0011-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Tunic and cotehardie\nA robe, tunic, or kirtle was usually worn over the shirt or doublet. As with other outer garments, it was generally made of wool. Over this, a man might also wear an over-kirtle, cloak, or a hood. Servants and working men wore their kirtles at various lengths, including as low as the knee or calf. However, the trend during the century was for hem-lengths to shorten for all classes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0012-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Tunic and cotehardie\nHowever, in the second half of the century, courtiers are often shown, if they have the figure for it, wearing nothing over their closely tailored cotehardie. A French chronicle records: \"Around that year (1350), men, in particular, noblemen and their squires, took to wearing tunics so short and tight that they revealed what modesty bids us hide. This was a most astonishing thing for the people\". This fashion may well have derived from military clothing, where long loose robes were naturally not worn in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0012-0001", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Tunic and cotehardie\nAt this period, the most dignified figures, like King Charles in the illustration, continue to wear long robes\u2014although as the Royal Chamberlain, de Vaudetar was himself a person of very high rank. This abandonment of the robe to emphasize a tight top over the torso, with breeches or trousers below, was to become the distinctive feature of European men's fashion for centuries to come. Men had carried purses up to this time because tunics did not provide pockets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0013-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Tunic and cotehardie\nThe funeral effigy and \"achievements\" of Edward, the Black Prince in Canterbury Cathedral, who died in 1376, show the military version of the same outline. Over armour he is shown wearing a short fitted arming-coat or jupon or gipon, the original of which was hung above and still survives. This has the quartered arms of England and France, with a rather similar effect to a parti-coloured jacket. The \"charges\" (figures) of the arms are embroidered in gold on linen pieces, appliqu\u00e9d onto coloured silk velvet fields. It is vertically quilted, with wool stuffing and a silk satin lining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0013-0001", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Tunic and cotehardie\nThis type of coat, originally worn out of sight under armour, was in fashion as an outer garment from about 1360 until early the next century. Only this and a child's version (Chartres Cathedral) survive. As an indication of the rapid spread of fashion between the courts of Europe, a manuscript chronicle illuminated in Hungary by 1360 shows very similar styles to Edward's English version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0014-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Tunic and cotehardie\nEdward's son, King Richard II of England, led a court that, like many in Europe late in the century, was extremely refined and fashion-conscious. He himself is credited with having invented the handkerchief; \"little pieces [of cloth] for the lord King to wipe and clean his nose,\" appear in the Household Rolls (accounts), which is the first documentation of their use. He distributed jeweled livery badges with his personal emblem of the white hart (deer) to his friends, like the one he himself wears in the Wilton Diptych (above).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0014-0001", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Tunic and cotehardie\nIn the miniature (left) of Chaucer reading to his court both men and women wear very high collars and quantities of jewelry. The King (standing to the left of Chaucer; his face has been defaced) wears a patterned gold-coloured costume with matching hat. Most of the men wear chaperon hats, and the women have their hair elaborately dressed. Male courtiers enjoyed wearing fancy-dress for festivities; the disastrous Bal des Ardents in 1393 in Paris is the most famous example. Men, as well as women, wore decorated and jewelled clothes; for the entry of the Queen of France into Paris in 1389, the Duke of Burgundy wore a velvet doublet embroidered with forty sheep and forty swans, each with a pearl bell around its neck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0015-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Tunic and cotehardie\nA new garment, the houppelande, appeared around 1380 and was to remain fashionable well into the next century. It was essentially a robe with fullness falling from the shoulders, very full trailing sleeves, and the high collar favored at the English court. The extravagance of the sleeves was criticized by moralists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0016-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Headgear and accessories\nDuring this century, the chaperon made a transformation from being a utilitarian hood with a small cape to becoming a complicated and fashionable hat worn by the wealthy in town settings. This came when they began to be worn with the opening for the face placed instead on the top of the head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 71], "content_span": [72, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0017-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Headgear and accessories\nBelts were worn below waist at all times, and very low on the hips with the tightly fitted fashions of the latter half of the century. Belt pouches or purses were used, and long daggers, usually hanging diagonally to the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 71], "content_span": [72, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0018-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Headgear and accessories\nIn armour, the century saw increases in the amount of plate armour worn, and by the end of the century the full suit had been developed, although mixtures of chain mail and plate remained more common. The visored bascinet helmet was a new development in this century. Ordinary soldiers were lucky to have a mail hauberk, and perhaps some cuir bouilli (\"boiled leather\") knee or shin pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 71], "content_span": [72, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0019-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Underwear\nThe innermost layer of a woman's clothing was a linen or woolen chemise or smock, some fitting the figure and some loosely garmented, although there is some mention of a \"breast girdle\" or \"breast band\" which may have been the precursor of a modern bra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0020-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Underwear\nWomen also wore hose or stockings, although women's hose generally only reached to the knee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0021-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Underwear\nAll classes and both sexes are usually shown sleeping naked\u2014special nightwear only became common in the 16th century\u2014yet some married women wore their chemises to bed as a form of modesty and piety. Many in the lower classes wore their undergarments to bed because of the cold weather at night time and since their beds usually consisted of a straw mattress and a few sheets, the undergarment would act as another layer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0022-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Dresses and outerwear\nOver the chemise, women wore a loose or fitted dress called a cotte or kirtle, usually ankle or floor-length, and with trains for formal occasions. Fitted kirtles had wide skirts made by adding triangular gores to widen the hem without adding bulk at the waist. Kirtles also had long, fitted sleeves that sometimes reached down to cover the knuckles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 70], "content_span": [71, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0023-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Dresses and outerwear\nVarious sorts of robes were worn over the kirtle, and are called by different names by costume historians. When fitted, this garment is often called a cotehardie (although this usage of the word has been heavily criticized) and might have hanging sleeves and sometimes worn with a jeweled or metalworked belt. Over time, the hanging part of the sleeve became longer and narrower until it was the merest streamer, called a tippet, then gaining the floral or leaflike daggings in the end of the century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 70], "content_span": [71, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0024-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Dresses and outerwear\nSleeveless dresses or tabards derive from the cyclas, an unfitted rectangle of cloth with an opening for the head that was worn in the 13th century. By the early 14th century, the sides began to be sewn together, creating a sleeveless overdress or surcoat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 70], "content_span": [71, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0025-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Dresses and outerwear\nOutdoors, women wore cloaks or mantles, often lined in fur. The houppelande was also adopted by women late in the century. Women invariably wore their houppelandes floor-length, the waistline rising up to right underneath the bust, sleeves very wide and hanging, like angel sleeves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 70], "content_span": [71, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0026-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Headdresses\nAs one might imagine, a woman's outfit was not complete without some kind of headwear. As with today, a medieval woman had many options- from straw hats, to hoods to elaborate headpieces. A woman's activity and occasion would dictate what she wore on her head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0027-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Headdresses\nThe Middle Ages, particularly the 14th and 15th centuries, were home to some of the most outstanding and gravity-defying headwear in history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0028-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Headdresses\nBefore the hennin rocketed skywards, padded rolls and truncated and reticulated headdresses graced the heads of fashionable ladies everywhere in Europe and England. Cauls, the cylindrical cages worn at the side of the head and temples, added to the richness of dress of the fashionable and the well-to-do. Other more simple forms of headdress included the coronet or simple circlet of flowers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0029-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Headdresses, Northern and western Europe\nMarried women in Northern and Western Europe wore some type of headcovering. The barbet was a band of linen that passed under the chin and was pinned on top of the head; it descended from the earlier wimple (in French, barbe), which was now worn only by older women, widows, and nuns. The barbet was worn with a linen fillet or headband, or with a linen cap called a coif, with or without a couvrechef (kerchief) or veil overall. It passed out of fashion by mid-century. Unmarried girls simply braided the hair to keep the dirt out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0030-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Headdresses, Northern and western Europe\nThe barbet and fillet or barbet and veil could also be worn over the crespine, a thick hairnet or snood. Over time, the crespine evolved into a mesh of jeweler's work that confined the hair on the sides of the head, and even later, at the back. This metal crespine was also called a caul, and remained stylish long after the barbet had fallen out of fashion. For example, it was used in Hungary until the beginning of the second half of the 15th century, as it was used by the Hungarian queen consort Barbara of Celje around 1440.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0031-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Headdresses, Italy\nUncovered hair was acceptable for women in the Italian states. Many women twisted their long hair with cords or ribbons and wrapped the twists around their heads, often without any cap or veil. Hair was also worn braided. Older women and widows wore a veil and wimple, and a simple knotted kerchief was worn while working. In the image at right, one woman wears a red hood draped over her twisted and bound hair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0032-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Style gallery\n9 - Hungarian fashion (Elizabeth of Poland, Queen of Hungary and her children. Chronicon Pictum)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0033-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Footwear\nFootwear during the 14th century generally consisted of the turnshoe, which was made out of leather. It was fashionable for the toe of the shoe to be a long point, which often had to be stuffed with material to keep its shape. A carved wooden-soled sandal-like type of clog or overshoe called a patten would often be worn over the shoe outdoors, as the shoe by itself was generally not waterproof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009717-0034-0000", "contents": "1300\u20131400 in European fashion, Working class clothing\nImages from a 14th-century manuscript of Tacuinum Sanitatis, a treatise on healthful living, show the clothing of working people: men wear short or knee-length tunics and thick shoes, and women wear knotted kerchiefs and dresses with aprons. For hot summer work, men wear shirts and braies and women wear chemises. Women tuck their dresses up when working.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009718-0000-0000", "contents": "1301\nYear 1301 (MCCCI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009719-0000-0000", "contents": "1301 Yvonne\n1301 Yvonne (prov. designation: 1934 EA) is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the background population of the intermediate asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers (13 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 7 March 1934, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory in North Africa. The asteroid was named for the discoverer's sister, Yvonne Boyer", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009719-0001-0000", "contents": "1301 Yvonne, Orbit and classification\nYvonne is a non-family of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,682 days; semi-major axis of 2.77\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 34\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Algiers in March 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009719-0002-0000", "contents": "1301 Yvonne, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Yvonne Boyer, sister of discoverer. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009719-0003-0000", "contents": "1301 Yvonne, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Yvonne is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. PanSTARRS photometric survey also characterized the asteroid as a C-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009719-0004-0000", "contents": "1301 Yvonne, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nBetween 2003 and 2017, four rotational lightcurves of Yvonne have been obtained from photometric observations. Analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 7.320 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.52 and 0.90 magnitude (U=3/3/3/3). In 2011, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue (UAPC) and other sources gave a concurring period 7.31968\u00b10.00005 hours, as well as a spin axis of (39.0\u00b0, 41.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009719-0005-0000", "contents": "1301 Yvonne, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Yvonne measures between 18.693 and 22.77 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.10 and 0.201.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009719-0006-0000", "contents": "1301 Yvonne, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1054 (which is untypically high for a carbonaceous body) and a diameter of 22.50 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009720-0000-0000", "contents": "1301PE\n1301PE is a gallery in Los Angeles founded by Brian D. Butler in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009720-0001-0000", "contents": "1301PE, Brain Multiples\nButler began Brain Multiples in 1991 to finance, edit, publish and distribute artists\u2019 editions. Rather than representing artists, Butler collaborated with them on projects in which he found interest. Artists who have produced Brain Multiples with Butler include John Baldessari, Rachel Khedoori, Paul McCarthy, Jorge Pardo, Philippe Parreno, Jason Rhoades, Katy Schimert, Diana Thater and Rirkrit Tiravanija, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 23], "content_span": [24, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009720-0002-0000", "contents": "1301PE, 1301\nThe original incarnation of 1301PE was as 1301, which was located at Butler\u2019s apartment, 1301 Franklin Street, Santa Monica, CA. The founding principle was to present world class exhibitions of artists primarily based in Los Angeles. The first show at 1301 was Raw Material by Kate Ericson and Mel Ziegler, which opened on 29 April 1992. Shows at 1301 featured work by artists Jamey Bair, Angela Bulloch, Meg Cranston, Sarah Seager and Thaddeus Strode, as well as a group show called Into the Lapse which presented video work by artists General Idea, Sean Landers, Jim Shaw, Diana Thater, Bruce and Norman Yonemoto and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009720-0003-0000", "contents": "1301PE, 1301\nIn 1996, 1301 became 1310PE, standing for Projects and Editions. For a period 1301PE had no permanent location, and Butler curated exhibitions in other galleries, such as an exhibition of the artist Angela Bulloch at the gallery owned by Marc Foxx. Other projects curated during this time included a collaboration between an Iranian carpet weaver and the artist Mike Kelley, the work Ranch by Jorge Pardo and Jason Rhoades, and Diana Thater\u2019s presentation of The best animals are the flat animals and The best space is the deep space at MAK Center for Art and Architecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009720-0004-0000", "contents": "1301PE, 1301\nIn 1998, 1301PE reopened in its current location on the Miracle Mile in Los Angeles. Since its reopening, 1301PE has continued to exhibit the work of Los Angeles-based as well as internationally acclaimed artists. In addition to established artists whom the gallery has represented, such as Fiona Banner, Uta Barth, Charline von Heyl, Jack Goldstein, Ann Veronica Janssens, Judy Ledgerwood, Philippe Parreno, John Reynolds, Jessica Stockholder, Pae White, and Paul Winstanely, 1301PE also works with young artists including Jan Albers, Fiona Connor, Kirsten Everberg, Jorge Mendez Blake, Blake Rayne, SUPERFLEX,, Petra Cortright, and Kerry Tribe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009721-0000-0000", "contents": "1302\nYear 1302 (MCCCII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009722-0000-0000", "contents": "1302 Werra\n1302 Werra, provisional designation 1924 SV, is a Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 September 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory. The asteroid was named for the river Werra in central Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009722-0001-0000", "contents": "1302 Werra, Orbit and classification\nWerra is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after its parent body 24\u00a0Themis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009722-0002-0000", "contents": "1302 Werra, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,006 days; semi-major axis of 3.11\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg with its official discovery observation in September 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009722-0003-0000", "contents": "1302 Werra, Physical characteristics\nWerra is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, which is the overall spectral type for members of the Themis family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009722-0004-0000", "contents": "1302 Werra, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2009, a fragmentary lightcurve of Werra was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a poorly constraint rotation period of 2 days with a brightness amplitude of less than 0.1 magnitude. The result was later retracted at the Lightcurve Data Base (U=n.a.). As of 2017, no secure period has been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009722-0005-0000", "contents": "1302 Werra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Werra measures between 24.35 and 35.041 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0710 and 0.102.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009722-0006-0000", "contents": "1302 Werra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 31.04 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009722-0007-0000", "contents": "1302 Werra, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the river Werra in central Germany. It confluences with the Fulda in Hannoversch-M\u00fcnden, Lower Saxony, to form the river Weser. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955  (H 119).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009725-0000-0000", "contents": "13025 Z\u00fcrich\n13025 Z\u00fcrich, provisional designation 1989 BA, is a stony Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 January 1989, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland, and later named for the Swiss city of Z\u00fcrich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009725-0001-0000", "contents": "13025 Z\u00fcrich, Orbit and classification\nThe stony S-type asteroid is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a rather small group of asteroids with similar orbital characteristics, named after its largest member, 25\u00a0Phocaea. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,343 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 24\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was obtained at the Australian Siding Spring Observatory in 1975, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 14 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009725-0002-0000", "contents": "13025 Z\u00fcrich, Lightcurve\nIn November 2006, American astronomer Brian Warner obtained a rotational lightcurve from photometric observations taken at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. The lightcurve showed a rotation period of 18.53\u00b10.02 hours and a brightness variation of 0.24 in magnitude (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009725-0003-0000", "contents": "13025 Z\u00fcrich, Diameter and albedo estimates\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures 4.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.32, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.23 and hence calculates a somewhat larger diameter of 5.3 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 43], "content_span": [44, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009725-0004-0000", "contents": "13025 Z\u00fcrich, Naming\nThe minor planet is named after Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland's largest city and economic center, located at the northwestern tip of Lake Z\u00fcrich. It was founded by the Romans in the 1st century BC on the rivers Sihl and Limmat and was then called Turicum. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 November 2001 (M.P.C. 43762).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009726-0000-0000", "contents": "1303\nYear 1303 (MCCCIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009727-0000-0000", "contents": "1303 Crete earthquake\nThe 1303 Crete earthquake occurred at about dawn on 8 August. It had an estimated magnitude of about 8, a maximum intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and triggered a major tsunami that caused severe damage and loss of life on Crete and at Alexandria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009727-0001-0000", "contents": "1303 Crete earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe Hellenic arc, the most likely location for this earthquake, is an arcuate tectonic feature related to the subduction of the African Plate beneath the Aegean Sea Plate. It is one of the most active seismic zones in western Eurasia and has a history of large earthquakes that also affect Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009727-0002-0000", "contents": "1303 Crete earthquake, Damage\nThe earthquake and the tsunami are recorded as having a devastating impact on Heraklion, Crete. Detailed information is available from reports made by representatives from Heraklion (then Candia) to the controlling Venetian administration, written on the day of the earthquake and twenty days later. They describe the extent of damage to the main public buildings of Candia and castles over the whole island. The reports also mention that most of the victims were women and children, without giving numbers. There was also massive flooding at Alexandria. Many ships were destroyed, some of them carried up to 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) inland. The port city of Acre, on the Levantine coast, was also affected; buildings were destroyed and people swept to their deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009727-0003-0000", "contents": "1303 Crete earthquake, Damage\nIn Egypt the earthquake caused severe damage in Cairo, dislodging much of the Great Pyramid's white limestone casing and toppling minarets on many mosques. In Alexandria the city walls were mostly destroyed and the lighthouse was badly damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009727-0004-0000", "contents": "1303 Crete earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake\nAlthough the precise location of the epicenter is uncertain, it is generally agreed that the earthquake ruptured the eastern segment of the Hellenic arc somewhere between Crete and Rhodes. The earthquake caused damage over a wide area including Crete, the Peloponnese, Rhodes, Cairo, Acre, Damascus, Antioch, and Cyprus and was felt as far away as Constantinople (1,000\u00a0km, 620\u00a0mi) and possibly Tunis (1,500\u00a0km, 930\u00a0mi). The exact magnitude is unknown but is estimated to have been about 8.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009727-0005-0000", "contents": "1303 Crete earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami\nModelling of the tsunami predicts a maximum 9 m run-up at Alexandria, with about a 40-minute delay from the time of the earthquake to the arrival of the first wave in Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009728-0000-0000", "contents": "1303 Hongdong earthquake\nThe 1303 Hongdong earthquake occurred in Yuan China of the Mongol Empire, on September 25. The shock was estimated to have a moment magnitude of 7.6 and it had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). With catastrophic damage, it was one of the deadliest recorded earthquakes of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009728-0001-0000", "contents": "1303 Hongdong earthquake, Geology\nBecause of the time period in which it struck, very little is known about the nature of the earthquake. However, its epicentre was almost certainly located somewhere in what is now Shanxi (\u5c71\u897f) province, near the present-day towns of Hongdong (\u6d2a\u6d1e) and Zhaocheng (\u8d75\u57ce). The earthquake likely occurred on the Taigu fault zone in Shanxi, and several scarps and uplifts of local faults were seen as evidence of this; the Taigu fault zone has not experienced any measurable activity since the 1303 earthquake. The magnitude was calculated by modern seismologists to be 8.0 on the moment magnitude scale, though it is impossible to say for sure due to lack of accurate geological data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009728-0002-0000", "contents": "1303 Hongdong earthquake, Damage and casualties\nDevastation was widespread throughout the area struck by the earthquake. In the nearby towns of Zhaocheng and Hongdong, every major temple and school building collapsed and over half the towns' populations perished. Every building in Huo county, Shanxi was destroyed. In Taiyuan and Pingyang, nearly 100,000 houses collapsed and over 200,000 people died from collapsing buildings and loess caves in a similar manner to the situation that would be experienced 253 years later in the 1556 Shaanxi earthquake (\u9655\u897f). Cracks in the ground turned into miniature rivers, and many canals in Shanxi Province were destroyed, along with city walls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009728-0002-0001", "contents": "1303 Hongdong earthquake, Damage and casualties\nSome reports stated that the earthquake even levelled mountains and hills, altering the topographic makeup of the region. Landslides and soil subsidence and liquefaction triggered by the shaking were a likely root cause of these large-scale environmental changes. Rebuilding was generally slow, owing to the destroyed infrastructure of Shanxi and was interrupted by several other earthquakes in the following years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009728-0003-0000", "contents": "1303 Hongdong earthquake, Damage and casualties\nThe 1303 Hongdong earthquake, though currently the last to have occurred on its fault system, marked the start of a centuries-long episode of heightened earthquake activity throughout China, the first of several to occur up to the end of the twentieth century. It was also the first of many examples of earthquakes that demonstrated the tendency of earthquakes in China to strike near loess plateaus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009729-0000-0000", "contents": "1303 Luthera\n1303 Luthera, provisional designation 1928 FP, is a dark asteroid and the parent body of the Luthera family, located in the outermost regions of the asteroid belt. It measures approximately 90 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 16 March 1928, by astronomer Friedrich Schwassmann at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany, and later named after German astronomer Robert Luther.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009729-0001-0000", "contents": "1303 Luthera, Orbit and classification\nLuthera is the parent body of the Luthera family (904), a smaller asteroid family of less than 200 known members. It orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 10 months (2,120 days; semi-major axis of 3.23\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 19\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009729-0002-0000", "contents": "1303 Luthera, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A917 KC at Simeiz Observatory in May 2017. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg Observatory in April 1928, or one month after its official discovery observation at Bergedorf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009729-0003-0000", "contents": "1303 Luthera, Physical characteristics\nDue to its low geometric albedo, Luthera is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, while the overall spectral type for members of the Luthera family is that of an X-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009729-0004-0000", "contents": "1303 Luthera, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Luthera was obtained from photometric observations by Mexican astronomer Pedro Sada at the University of Monterrey, Mexico. Lightcurve analysis gave a short rotation period of 5.878 hours with a low brightness variation of 0.05 magnitude, indicative for a nearly spherical shape (U=3). A lower-rated lightcurve with a period of 7.92 hours and an amplitude of 0.06 magnitude was obtained by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini in May 2009 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009729-0005-0000", "contents": "1303 Luthera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Luthera measures between 81.685 and 112.74 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.024 and 0.059.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009729-0006-0000", "contents": "1303 Luthera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0387 and a diameter of 85.08 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009729-0007-0000", "contents": "1303 Luthera, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after German astronomer Karl Theodor Robert Luther (1822\u20131900), who was a discoverer of minor planets himself, most notably 17\u00a0Thetis, 90\u00a0Antiope (binary) and 288\u00a0Glauke (slow rotator). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 119). The lunar crater Luther has also been named after him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009730-0000-0000", "contents": "1303 papal conclave\nThe 1303 papal conclave elected Pope Benedict XI to succeed Pope Boniface VIII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009730-0001-0000", "contents": "1303 papal conclave, Proceedings\nPope Boniface VIII was buried at St. Peter's Basilica on 12 October 1303, in a tomb which he had prepared for himself. The manhandling of Boniface VIII by the forces of France and the Colonna family before his death gave the cardinals second thoughts about electing anyone hostile to the interests of Philip IV of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009730-0002-0000", "contents": "1303 papal conclave, Proceedings\nThe Conclave took place at the Vatican Palace next to St. Peter's, where Pope Boniface VIII had died on 11 October 1303. The Conclave began with the Mass of the Holy Spirit on 21 October, and voting began the next morning. A Dominican, and the Order's former Master General (1296-1298), Niccol\u00f2 Boccasini was unanimously elected Pope Benedict XI on the first scrutiny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009730-0002-0001", "contents": "1303 papal conclave, Proceedings\nNiccol\u00f2 Boccasini and Pedro Rodriguez were the only cardinals, of the seventeen or eighteen, who had stayed with Boniface VIII at Anagni when the papal residence was invaded by the French and the Colonna, and the Pope seized and imprisoned. Benedict's choice of numbering indicates that Antipope Benedict X was considered a legitimate pope at that time. Benedict XI was crowned at the Vatican Basilica on Sunday, 27 October 1303 by Cardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini, the prior Diaconorum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009730-0003-0000", "contents": "1303 papal conclave, Proceedings\nThe new pope, Niccol\u00f2 Boccasini of Treviso, was Italian but not Roman, and thus considered neutral in the disputes between the Roman clans, and the international struggle between Charles II and Philip IV. Benedict XI refused to excommunicate Philip IV or the Colonna, but also refused to restore to the Colonna their properties that had been seized by Boniface VIII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009730-0004-0000", "contents": "1303 papal conclave, Proceedings\nPope Benedict left a detailed account of the conclave that elected him, describing how it closely adhered to the procedures mandated in the papal bull Ubi periculum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009730-0005-0000", "contents": "1303 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nTwo other cardinals, Giacomo and Pietro Colonna (uncle and nephew), had been deposed by Pope Boniface VIII and were thus ineligible to participate in the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009731-0000-0000", "contents": "1304\nYear 1304 (MCCCIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009732-0000-0000", "contents": "1304 Arosa\n1304 Arosa, provisional designation 1928 KC, is a metallic asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 40 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 May 1928, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. It was named after the Swiss mountain village of Arosa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009732-0001-0000", "contents": "1304 Arosa, Orbit and classification\nArosa is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,089 days; semi-major axis of 3.20\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 19\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A908 YC at the discovering observatory in 1908, extending the body's observation arc by 20 years prior to its official discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009732-0002-0000", "contents": "1304 Arosa, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS taxonomy, Arosa is classified as a generic X-type asteroid. The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) groups it into the metallic M-type asteroid subcategory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009732-0003-0000", "contents": "1304 Arosa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves were obtained from photometric observations between 2002 and 2006. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.74 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.32 and 0.38 magnitude (U=3/3/3/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009732-0004-0000", "contents": "1304 Arosa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's WISE space telescope with its NEOWISE mission, Arosa measures between 31.47 and 57.443 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.1961 and 0.409. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2125 and a diameter of 41.67 kilometers, using an absolute magnitude of 9.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009732-0005-0000", "contents": "1304 Arosa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the Swiss mountain village of Arosa, a summer and a winter tourist resort in the Swiss Alps. The official naming citation was also mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 119).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009733-0000-0000", "contents": "1304\u20131305 papal conclave\nThe 1304\u20131305 papal conclave (from July 10 or 17, 1304, to June 5, 1305), held in Perugia, was the protracted papal conclave that elected non-cardinal Raymond Bertrand de Got as Pope Clement V. This immediately preceded the beginning of the Avignon Papacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009733-0001-0000", "contents": "1304\u20131305 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nRome was in disorder due to the ongoing conflict between the Colonna and the Orsini. As soon as Holy Week was over, to escape the violence, Benedict XI withdrew to Perugia, where he died that summer, probably of dysentery. As the Curia had accompanied the Pope, the conclave was held in the city where he died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009733-0002-0000", "contents": "1304\u20131305 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nOf the 19 living cardinals, only 15 were present in the conclave. Exactly 10 of these, constituting the minimum two-thirds necessary, voted for Bertrand de Got, who became Clement V. Two other cardinals, Giacomo and Pietro Colonna (uncle and nephew), had been deposed by Pope Boniface VIII and were thus ineligible to participate in the election; their cardinalates were subsequently restored by Clement V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009733-0003-0000", "contents": "1304\u20131305 papal conclave, Cardinal electors, Absentee cardinals\nAll four cardinals left early as a result of illness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009733-0004-0000", "contents": "1304\u20131305 papal conclave, Politics\nThe Sacred College of Cardinals was divided into two factions: pro-French and anti-French (\"Bonifacians\"). The smaller, pro-French party counted six cardinals under the leadership of cardinals Napoleone Orsini Frangipani and Niccol\u00f2 Alberti. They looked for the reconciliation with France and Colonna. The larger party, anti-French, led by Cardinal Matteo Orsini Rosso and Francesco Caetani, cardinal-nephew of Boniface VIII, demanded atonement for the outrage committed on the person of Boniface VIII by French Chancellor Nogaret at Anagni, and rejected any concessions towards Philip IV of France. It counted 10 electors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009733-0004-0001", "contents": "1304\u20131305 papal conclave, Politics\nAt the beginning of the conclave the cardinals arbitrarily decided to annul the most restrictive rules of the Constitution Ubi periculum about the conclave, which made it possible to prolong the proceedings. During the first months of the conclave both parties voted mainly for their leaders: Matteo Orsini and Napoleone Orsini. But old Matteo Orsini (aged 74) fell ill and couldn't take an active part in the conclave. Lack of effective leadership eventually led to division in the anti-French party. Some of its members, looking for a compromise, proposed archbishop Bertrand de Got of Bordeaux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009733-0004-0002", "contents": "1304\u20131305 papal conclave, Politics\nNapoleone Orsini initially was sceptical about this candidature but finally he had accepted it. His opinion was decisive for the result, because an alliance of pro-French party with the \"Bonifacian dissidents\" gave exactly the required majority of two thirds. On June 5, 1305, after 11 months of deliberations, Bertrand de Got was elected to the Papacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009733-0005-0000", "contents": "1304\u20131305 papal conclave, Politics\nAt the time of his election de Got was Archbishop of Bordeaux, and thus a subject of Edward I, King of England (who had recently conquered Normandy), although he was a childhood friend of Philip IV of France (\"the Fair\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009733-0006-0000", "contents": "1304\u20131305 papal conclave, Sources\nOne eyewitness to the conclave was Florentine historian Giovanni Villani (Hist. Florent., VIII, 80, in Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, XIII, 417; cf. Raynaldus, Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici, 1305, 2-4).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009733-0007-0000", "contents": "1304\u20131305 papal conclave, Aftermath\nThe cardinals besought de Got upon his election to join them in Perugia and thereafter to travel to Rome for his papal coronation; however, he ordered them to travel to Lyon for his coronation on November 4, 1305, at which Philip IV of France (\"the Fair\") was present. During the ensuing public procession a collapsing wall knocked Clement V from his horse (resulting in the loss of a carbuncle from the Papal Tiara) and killed both the brother of Clement V and the aged Matteo Orsini Rosso (a participant in twelve conclaves). The next day, another brother of Clement V was killed in a dispute between his servants and the retainers of the College of Cardinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009733-0008-0000", "contents": "1304\u20131305 papal conclave, Aftermath\nPhilip IV immediately demanded of Clement V that the memory of Pope Boniface VIII be condemned, that his name be stricken from the list of popes, that his bones be disinterred and burned, that his ashes be scattered to the wind, and that he be declared a heretic, blasphemer, and immoral priest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009733-0008-0001", "contents": "1304\u20131305 papal conclave, Aftermath\nClement V delayed such an action without explicitly refusing it and in the meantime made several important concessions to Philip IV: he extended the absolution granted by Benedict XI, created nine French cardinals (a mix of crown-cardinals and cardinal-nephews), restored the cardinalates of Giacomo and Pietro Colonna (which had been deprived by Boniface VIII), gave Philip IV a five-year title to a variety of church property, withdrew the papal bull Clericis laicos (1296) and limited the bull Unam sanctam (1302, both of Boniface VIII), granted some church revenues to Charles of Valois, pretender to the Byzantine throne, and made concessions weakening the Knights Templar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009733-0008-0002", "contents": "1304\u20131305 papal conclave, Aftermath\nHowever, Philip IV wanted to a see a process similar to the Cadaver Synod initiated against Boniface VIII, which Clement V seemingly yielded to, setting a date of February 2, 1309; however, as this process proved to be dilatory and likely favorable to the deceased pontiff, Philip IV moved to cancel it in February 1311; by the time the Council of Vienne (which ultimately sided with Boniface VIII) had been called, Philip IV demanded only that he be absolved of responsibility for the various processes against Boniface VIII, which he was.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009733-0009-0000", "contents": "1304\u20131305 papal conclave, Aftermath\nBetween 1305 and 1309, Clement V moved from Bordeaux to Poitiers to Toulouse before taking up residence as a guest in the Dominican monastery of Avignon (at the time, a fief of Naples, and part of the Comtat Venaissin, a territory directly subject to the Holy See since 1228). Clement V's decision to relocate the papacy to France was one of the most contested issues in the papal conclave, 1314\u20131316 following his death, during which the minority of Italian cardinals were unable to engineer the return of the papacy to Rome. Avignon remained a territory of Naples until Pope Clement VI purchased it from Joan I of Naples for 80,000 gold gulden in 1348.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009734-0000-0000", "contents": "1305\nYear 1305 (MCCCV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009735-0000-0000", "contents": "1305 Pongola\n1305 Pongola, provisional designation 1928 OC, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 July 1928, by English astronomer Harry Edwin Wood at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named for the South African Pongola River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009735-0001-0000", "contents": "1305 Pongola, Orbit and classification\nPongola is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,910 days; semi-major axis of 3.01\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009735-0002-0000", "contents": "1305 Pongola, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1927 FD at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1927, or 16 months prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009735-0003-0000", "contents": "1305 Pongola, Physical characteristics\nPongola is a suspected carbonaceous C-type asteroid. The space-based survey gave an albedo (see below) that is not in-line with a carbonaceous spectral type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009735-0004-0000", "contents": "1305 Pongola, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurve of Pongola have been obtained from photometric observations since 1984. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve gave a rotation period of 8.335 hours and a consolidated brightness amplitude between 0.14 and 0.19 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009735-0005-0000", "contents": "1305 Pongola, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pongola measures between 24.110 and 25.124 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.157 and 0.169.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009735-0006-0000", "contents": "1305 Pongola, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a much lower standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and consequently derives a much larger diameter of 41.45 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.64.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009735-0007-0000", "contents": "1305 Pongola, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after the Pongola River (Pongola; Pongolarivier) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 119).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009736-0000-0000", "contents": "1305 in Ireland, Deaths\nThis year in Ireland article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009737-0000-0000", "contents": "1305 in Scotland\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 11:10, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009737-0001-0000", "contents": "1305 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1305 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009738-0000-0000", "contents": "13058 Alfredstevens\n13058 Alfredstevens, provisional designation 1990 WN3, is a stony Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at ESO's La Silla Observatory in Northern Chile, on 19 November 1990. The asteroid was named for Belgian painter Alfred Stevens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009738-0001-0000", "contents": "13058 Alfredstevens, Orbit and classification\nBased on its orbital elements, Alfredstevens is a member of the Vesta family, a group of asteroids that originated from a massive impact on the Southern Hemnisphere of 4\u00a0Vesta, the family's namesake. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,324 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009738-0002-0000", "contents": "13058 Alfredstevens, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins just five days prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory on 14 November 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009738-0003-0000", "contents": "13058 Alfredstevens, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn January 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Alfredstevens was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.2993 hours with a brightness variation of 0.45 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009738-0004-0000", "contents": "13058 Alfredstevens, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Alfredstevens measures 2.6 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.34, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a larger diameter of 3.1 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.93.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009738-0005-0000", "contents": "13058 Alfredstevens, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Belgian painter Alfred Stevens (1823\u20131906), known for his paintings of elegant modern women. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 2010 (M.P.C. 68446).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009739-0000-0000", "contents": "1306\nYear 1306 (MCCCVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009740-0000-0000", "contents": "1306 Scythia\n1306 Scythia, provisional designation 1930 OB, is a dark Ursula asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 72 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 July 1930, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named for the historic region of Scythia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009740-0001-0000", "contents": "1306 Scythia, Orbit and classification\nScythia is a member of the Ursula family (631), a mid-sized asteroid family in the outer main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.9\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,041 days; semi-major axis of 3.15\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Simeiz in July 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009740-0002-0000", "contents": "1306 Scythia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Scythia is a stony S-type asteroid, unlike the overall spectral type of the Ursula family which is that of a C- and X-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009740-0003-0000", "contents": "1306 Scythia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2003, a rotational lightcurve of Scythia was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Santana Observatory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.05 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 magnitude (U=2). In August 2008, Pierre Antonini measured a better period solution of 7.525 hours (or half the period) and an amplitude of 0.25 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009740-0004-0000", "contents": "1306 Scythia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Scythia measures between 66.780 and 83.65 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.034 and 0.052.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009740-0005-0000", "contents": "1306 Scythia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0512 and a diameter of 67.14 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.71.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009740-0006-0000", "contents": "1306 Scythia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the ancient region of Scythia, located east of the Black Sea. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 119).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009742-0000-0000", "contents": "1306 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1306 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009742-0001-0000", "contents": "1306 in Scotland, Events\nThe killing of Comyn in the Greyfriars church in Dumfries, as imagined by Felix Philippoteaux, a 19th-century illustrator a highly inaccurate imagining as it shows them in kilts which were not worn by medieval Scots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009742-0002-0000", "contents": "1306 in Scotland, Events\nIsabella MacDuff, Countess of Buchan, crowning Robert the Bruce at Scone in 1306; from a modern tableau at Edinburgh Castle", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009743-0000-0000", "contents": "13062 Podarkes\n13062 Podarkes /p\u0259\u02c8d\u0251\u02d0rki\u02d0z/ is a mid-sized Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 29 kilometers (18 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 19 April 1991, by American astronomer couple Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at the Palomar Observatory, California. The dark Jovian asteroid is the principal body of the proposed Podarkes family. It was named after Podarkes from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009743-0001-0000", "contents": "13062 Podarkes, Orbit and classification\nThe orbit of this Trojan asteroid is unstable. It is orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.1\u20135.2\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 9 months (4,283 days; semi-major axis of 5.16\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.01 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first used precoveries were taken by Spacewatch of the Steward Observatory at Kitt Peak, extending the asteroid's observation arc by just two weeks prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009743-0002-0000", "contents": "13062 Podarkes, Orbit and classification, Podarkes family\nFernando Roig and Ricardo Gil-Hutton identified Podarkes as the principal body of a small Jovian asteroid family, using the hierarchical clustering method (HCM), which looks for groupings of neighboring asteroids based on the smallest distances between them in the proper orbital element space. According to the astronomers, the Podarkes family belongs to the larger Menelaus clan, an aggregation of Jupiter trojans which is composed of several families, similar to the Flora family in the inner asteroid belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009743-0003-0000", "contents": "13062 Podarkes, Orbit and classification, Podarkes family\nHowever this family is not included in David Nesvorn\u00fd's HCM-analysis from 2014. Instead, Podarkes is listed as a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population on the Asteroids Dynamic Site (AstDyS) which based on another analysis by Milani and Kne\u017eevi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009743-0004-0000", "contents": "13062 Podarkes, Naming\nThis minor planet is named after the Greek warrior Podarkes from Greek mythology, who took 40 ships to the Trojan War. He is the son of Ares and brother of Protesilaos, after whom the Jupiter trojan, 3540 Protesilaos, is named. Protesilaos was the first Greek to set foot on the shores of Troy and to die in the war. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 October 2000 (M.P.C. 41386).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009743-0005-0000", "contents": "13062 Podarkes, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Podarkes measures 28.96 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.084, while a generic diameter estimate, based on an absolute magnitude of 11.1 and an albedo at 0.05 gives a larger diameter of approximately 40 kilometers. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Podarkes has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009743-0006-0000", "contents": "13062 Podarkes, Physical characteristics\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009744-0000-0000", "contents": "1307\nYear 1307 (MCCCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009745-0000-0000", "contents": "1307 Cimmeria\n1307 Cimmeria, provisional designation 1930 UF, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 October 1930, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula, and later named after the Cimmerians, the ancient people of Crimea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009745-0001-0000", "contents": "1307 Cimmeria, Orbit and classification\nCimmeria orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,233 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first unused observation was made at the Lowell Observatory the night before its discovery. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory, the night after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009745-0002-0000", "contents": "1307 Cimmeria, Physical characteristics\nOn the Tholen taxonomy, Cimmeria is a common stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009745-0003-0000", "contents": "1307 Cimmeria, Physical characteristics, Rotation and pole\nIn September 2004, the best rated rotational lightcurve of Cimmeria was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-define rotation period of 2.820 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.31 magnitude (U=3). Astronomer Daniel Klinglesmith obtained a similar period of 2.821 hours with an amplitude of 0.29 magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 58], "content_span": [59, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009745-0004-0000", "contents": "1307 Cimmeria, Physical characteristics, Rotation and pole\nIn addition a modeled lightcurve, using photometric data from various sources, gave a period of 2.820723 hours, as well as a spin axis of (63.0\u00b0, n.a.) in ecliptic coordinates (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 58], "content_span": [59, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009745-0005-0000", "contents": "1307 Cimmeria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Cimmeria measures between 7.85 and 10.058 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2218 and 0.371, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 10.54 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009745-0006-0000", "contents": "1307 Cimmeria, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Cimmerians, ancient inhabitants of the Crimea peninsula expelled by the Scythians in the 7th century B.C. (also see the preceding asteroid 1306 Scythia). The official naming citation is based on a private communications between the author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Lutz Schmadel, and Soviet\u2013Moldavian astronomer Alexander Deutsch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009747-0000-0000", "contents": "1307 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1307 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009748-0000-0000", "contents": "13070 Seanconnery\n13070 Seanconnery, provisional designation 1991 RO2, is a background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 September 1991, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at Haute-Provence Observatory, St. Michael, in southeast France. The asteroid was named after actor Sean Connery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009748-0001-0000", "contents": "13070 Seanconnery, Orbit and classification\nSeanconnery is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,382 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins 20 years prior to its official discovery observation, with its identification 1127 T-1 made during the first Palomar\u2013Leiden Trojan survey in 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009748-0002-0000", "contents": "13070 Seanconnery, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Seanconnery was obtained from photometric observations made at the Hunters Hill Observatory (E14) in Ngunnawal, Australia. The lightcurve gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.085 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.18 in magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009748-0003-0000", "contents": "13070 Seanconnery, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Seanconnery has an outstandingly high albedo of 0.90 and a diameter of 1.8 kilometers. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter 3.6 kilometers, as the lower the albedo (reflectivity), the larger an asteroid's diameter for a certain absolute magnitude (brightness).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009748-0004-0000", "contents": "13070 Seanconnery, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for celebrated Scottish actor and Academy Award winner Sean Connery (1930\u20132020), famous for portraying the character James Bond \u2013 after which the minor planet 9007 James Bond is named, starring in seven Bond films between 1962 and 1983. With this minor planet, he is especially honored by the discoverer for his performance as the Franciscan friar William of Baskerville in The Name of the Rose. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 March 2001 (M.P.C. 42362).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009749-0000-0000", "contents": "1308\nYear 1308 (MCCCVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009750-0000-0000", "contents": "1308 Halleria\n1308 Halleria, provisional designation 1931 EB, is a carbonaceous Charis asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 43 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 March 1931, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory. The asteroid was named after Albrecht von Haller a Swiss physician, botanist and poet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009750-0001-0000", "contents": "1308 Halleria, Orbit and classification\nHalleria belongs to the carbonaceous Charis family (616), a family of more than 800 members, named after its parent body 627\u00a0Charis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.87\u20132.94\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 12 months (1,812 days; semi-major axis 2.91\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.01 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009750-0002-0000", "contents": "1308 Halleria, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A901 DB at Heidelberg Observatory in February 1901. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in March 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009750-0003-0000", "contents": "1308 Halleria, Physical characteristics\nHalleria is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, which agrees with the overall spectral type for members of the Charis family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009750-0004-0000", "contents": "1308 Halleria, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBetween 2005 and 2011, three rotational lightcurves of Halleria were obtained from photometric observations by Donald Pray, Ren\u00e9 Roy, and Pierre Antonini (U=3/3-/3). Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 6.028 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.14 and 0.17 magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009750-0005-0000", "contents": "1308 Halleria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Halleria measures between 39.33 and 50.046 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0338 and 0.05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009750-0006-0000", "contents": "1308 Halleria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0415 and a diameter of 43.13 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009750-0007-0000", "contents": "1308 Halleria, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Albrecht von Haller (1708\u20131777) a Swiss physician, botanist and poet. The naming took place during the 1935 meeting of the Astronomische Gesellschaft in Bern, Switzerland. The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names learned about the naming circumstances from Dutch astronomer Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009752-0000-0000", "contents": "1308 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1308 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009753-0000-0000", "contents": "1309\nYear 1309 (MCCCIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009754-0000-0000", "contents": "1309 Hyperborea\n1309 Hyperborea/ha\u026ap\u0259r\u02c8b\u0254\u02d0ri\u02d0\u0259/ is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 57 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 October 1931, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula, and given the provisional designation 1931 TO. The asteroid was named after Hyperborea, the northern homeland of a Greek mythical race of giants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009754-0001-0000", "contents": "1309 Hyperborea, Orbit and classification\nHyperborea is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,098 days; semi-major axis of 3.21\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009754-0002-0000", "contents": "1309 Hyperborea, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg Observatory with its first observations as A919 RB in September 1919, or 12 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009754-0003-0000", "contents": "1309 Hyperborea, Physical characteristics\nHyperborea has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009754-0004-0000", "contents": "1309 Hyperborea, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBetween 2002 and 2017, four rotational lightcurves of Hyperborea were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Francisco Sold and Pierre Antonini, as well as by astronomers at the Oakley Southern Sky and Rozhen Observatory in Australia and Bulgaria, respectively (U=2+/n.a./3/2). The consolidated lightcurve gave a rotation period of 13.88 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.34 and 0.41 magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009754-0005-0000", "contents": "1309 Hyperborea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Hyperborea measures between 55.14 and 64.40 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.0450.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009754-0006-0000", "contents": "1309 Hyperborea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0411 and a diameter of 57.11 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009754-0007-0000", "contents": "1309 Hyperborea, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Hyperborea, the homeland of the Hyperboreans, a Greek mythical race of giants associated with the cult of Apollo. Herodotus placed the region far to the north of Thrace beyond the North Wind. It was therefore believed to be a region of perpetual sunshine. Lutz Schmadel, the author of the Dictionary of Minor Planets, learned about the naming from Russian astronomer Nataliya Sergeevna Samoilova-Yakhontova (see 1653 Yakhontovia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009756-0000-0000", "contents": "1309 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1309 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009757-0000-0000", "contents": "130P/McNaught\u2013Hughes\n130P/McNaught\u2013Hughes is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It takes 6.65 years to orbit the Sun and is 4.2\u00a0km in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009758-0000-0000", "contents": "130s\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 10:36, 12 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009758-0001-0000", "contents": "130s\nThe 130s decade ran from January 1, 130, to December 31, 139.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 66]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009759-0000-0000", "contents": "130s BC\nThis article concerns the period 139 BC \u2013 130 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 57]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009760-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Squadron\nThe 130th Airlift Squadron (130 AS) is a unit of the West Virginia Air National Guard 130th Airlift Wing located at Charleston Air National Guard Base, Charleston, West Virginia. 130th is equipped with the C-130J Super Hercules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009760-0001-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Squadron, History\nThe West Virginia Air National Guard was authorized to expand to two squadrons in 1955 by the National Guard Bureau. On 1 October, the 130th Troop Carrier Squadron was organized at Kanawha Airport, Charleston and was extended federal recognition. The squadron was assigned to Tactical Air Command, which placed it under its Eighteenth Air Force. It was equipped with Grumman HU-16 Albatross amphibians and C-46 Commando troop transports. The mission of the 130th TCS was primarily Air Commando special operations missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009760-0002-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Squadron, History\nOn 1 July 1960 the 130th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 130th Air Commando Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 130th was re-designated as an Air Commando squadron and became the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the group headquarters, 130th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 130th Combat Support Squadron, and the 130th USAF Dispensary. Aircraft assigned to the new group were upgraded to C-119 Flying Boxcars and U-10D Super Courier combat observation aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009760-0003-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Squadron, History\nContinuing its mission and training with the active duty 1st Air Commando Group in northern Florida, in 1968 HQ USAF directed all Air Commando organizations be re-designated as \"Special Operations\" units to be more descriptive of their mission. Through the 1960s and into the 1970s the 130th participated in many international missions and received recognition for its performance. This included the 130th being awarded the Spaatz Trophy four times as the \"Outstanding Flying Unit in the Country \" and the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award five times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009760-0004-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Squadron, History\nIn 1975 the Flying Boxcars were retired, the 130th received the far more capable C-130E Hercules transport, and the unit was redesignated as a \"Tactical Airlift\" unit. The transition to the C-130 moved the gaining organization from Tactical Air Command to Military Airlift Command with the primary mission of the Group becoming tactical airlift, with the Special Operations mission becoming secondary with the end of the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009760-0005-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Squadron, History\nA model upgrade to the C-130H in 1986 was completed and in August and September 1990, the 130th TAG commanded a \"volunteer\" package of 16 C-130s and support personnel from WV, TN, TX, MO and DE ANG units in support of Operation Desert Shield. October 1990 saw the Presidential Call of selected members from the 130th Tactical Airlift Squadron combining with the 181st Tactical Airlift Squadron, TX ANG to form the functional staff of the 1630th Tactical Airlift Squadron (Provisional) at Al Ain International Airport, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009760-0005-0001", "contents": "130th Airlift Squadron, History\nIn December 1990, the 130th Tactical Clinic and the 130th Mobile Aerial Port Squadron had selective members activated. They deployed to RAF Bicester, UK and Dover AFB, Delaware respectively, subsequent to Operation Desert Storm. All members were released from active duty by June 1991. The members of the group located in the United Arab Emirates received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with valor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009760-0006-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Squadron, History\nIn April 1992, some unit members and aircraft deployed to Rhein-Main AB, Germany in support of the Bosnian Airlift called \"Operation Provide Promise.\" The 130th has deployed several times since this date for \"Provide Promise,\" the latest being from 21 September 1998 to 29 October 1998. In August 1993, one aircraft and 2 crews were sent to Operation \"Operation Support Hope\" for 30 days in Rwanda, Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009760-0007-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Squadron, History\nOrganizationally, the 130th was expanded to a wing in 1995. From January to March 1996, the unit deployed two aircraft, six crews and maintenance support to Daharan, Saudi Arabia, in support of Operation Southern Watch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009760-0008-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Squadron, History\nAs of mid-2000, the 130th AW had recently sent several aircraft and support personnel to Panama for Coronet Oak. While there, wing personnel were heavily involved in Hurricane Mitch relief to Honduras and Nicaragua.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009761-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Wing\nThe 130th Airlift Wing (130 AW) is a unit of the West Virginia Air National Guard, stationed at McLaughlin Air National Guard Base, Charleston, West Virginia. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009761-0001-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Wing, Overview\nThe 130th Airlift Wing provides tactical airlift in support of the United States Air Force and the State of West Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009761-0002-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Wing, History\nOn 1 July 1960, the West Virginia Air National Guard 130th Troop Carrier Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 130th Air Commando Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 130th being re-designated as an Air Commando squadron and becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 130th Headquarters, 130th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 130th Combat Support Squadron, and the 130th USAF Dispensary. Aircraft assigned to the new group were C-119 Flying Boxcars and U-10D Super Courier combat observation aircraft. The mission of the 130th ACG was primarily Air Commando special operations missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009761-0003-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Wing, History\nContinuing its mission and training with the Active duty 1st Air Commando Group in Northern Florida, in 1968 HQ USAF directed all Air Commando organizations be re-designated as \"Special Operations\" units to be more descriptive of their mission. Through the 1960s and into the 1970s the 130th participated in many international missions and received recognition for their performance. This included the 130th being awarded the Spaatz Trophy four times as the \"Outstanding Flying Unit in the Country \" and the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award five times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009761-0004-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Wing, History\nIn 1975, the Flying Boxcars were retired, the 130th receiving the far more capable C-130E Hercules transport, and being designated as a \"Tactical Airlift\" unit. The transition to the C-130 moved the gaining organization from Tactical Air Command to Military Airlift Command, with the primary mission of the Group becoming tactical airlift, with the Special Operations mission becoming secondary with the end of the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009761-0005-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Wing, History\nA model upgrade to the C-130H in 1986 was completed and in August and September 1990, the 130th TAG commanded a \"volunteer\" package of 16 C-130s and support personnel from WV, TN, TX, MO and DE ANG units in support of Operation Desert Shield. October 1990 saw the Presidential Call of selected members from the 130th Tactical Airlift Squadron combining with the 181st Tactical Airlift Squadron, TX ANG to form the functional staff of the 1630th Tactical Airlift Squadron (Provisional) at Al Ain International Airport, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009761-0005-0001", "contents": "130th Airlift Wing, History\nIn December 1990, the 130th Tactical Clinic and the 130th Mobile Aerial Port Squadron had selective members activated. They deployed to RAF Bicester, UK and Dover AFB, Delaware respectively, subsequent to \"Operation Desert Storm\". All members were deactivated by June 1991. The members of the group located in the United Arab Emirates received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with valor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009761-0006-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Wing, History\nIn April 1992, some unit members and aircraft deployed to Rhein-Main AB, Germany in support of the Bosnian Airlift called \"Operation Provide Promise\". The 130th has deployed several times since this date for \"Provide Promise\", the latest being from 21 September 1998 to 29 October 1998. In August 1993, one aircraft and 2 crews were sent to Operation \"Operation Support Hope\" for 30 days in Rwanda, Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009761-0007-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Wing, History\nOrganizationally, the 130th was expanded to a Wing status in 1995. From January to March 1996, the unit deployed 2 aircraft, 6 crews and maintenance support to Daharan, Saudi Arabia, in support of Operation Southern Watch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009761-0008-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Wing, History\nAs of mid-2000, the 130th AW had recently sent several aircraft and support personnel to Panama for Coronet Oak. While there, wing personnel were heavily involved in Hurricane Mitch relief to Honduras and Nicaragua.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009761-0009-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Wing, History\nOn 8 Aug 2021, the wing commenced transition from the C-130H to the C-130J Super Hercules with the arrival of the first of an eventual eight C-130J-30 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009761-0010-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Wing, History, BRAC 2005\nOn 13 May 2005, the United States Department of Defense released its Base Realignment and Closure, 2005 (BRAC) report, and the 130th Airlift Wing was one of the units slated to be eventually decommissioned. Its complement of eight C-130H aircraft would be transferred to Pope Air Force Base, and its complement of expeditionary combat support (ECS) personnel to the 167th Airlift Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009761-0011-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Wing, History, BRAC 2005\nUpon learning of this, several former commanders of the 130th Airlift Wing along with members of the local Kanawha County Commission and the Yeager Airport Board of Directors and formed the  grassroots organization to try to prevent the unit from being decommissioned. Following an outpouring of community support, money was raised for newspaper and radio ads and to hire analysts familiar with BRAC, all in an attempt to save the unit. Funds were contributed from Yeager Airport, the Kanawha County Commission and the local economic development organization, the Charleston Area Alliance. On 13 June 2005, members of the BRAC commission came to Charleston to evaluate the base and talk to General Tackett, Governor Joe Manchin, Senator Robert Byrd, Congresswoman Shelley Moore Capito and Col Bill Peters Jr, former commander of the 130th and chair for Keep 'Em Flying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 908]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009761-0012-0000", "contents": "130th Airlift Wing, History, BRAC 2005\nFollowing this visit, and taking in all the information that was presented to them during that time, the BRAC commission voted unanimously, 9\u20130, to keep the unit intact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009762-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 130th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009763-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Baluchis\nThe 130th King George's Own Baluchis (Jacob's Rifles) was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army raised in June 1858 as the 1st Belooch Rifles; re-designated as 1st Regiment Jacob's Rifles in September. It was designated as 130th Jacob's Baluchis in 1903 becoming 5th Battalion (King George's Own) 10th Baluch Regiment (Jacob's Rifles) in 1922. In 1947, it was allotted to Pakistan Army, where it continues to exist as 12th Battalion of The Baloch Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009763-0001-0000", "contents": "130th Baluchis, Early history\nIn 1858, Major John Jacob raised two local 'silladar' infantry battalions known as Belooch Rifles (re-designated as Jacob's Rifles soon after); the only silladar infantry to have existed in the Indian Army. These battalions soon earned a formidable reputation in and around Jacobabad for keeping the peace on the Sindh frontier as part of the Sind Frontier Field Force. In 1861, the first of these was accorded regular status, becoming the 30th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry or Jacob's Rifles, while the second was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009763-0001-0001", "contents": "130th Baluchis, Early history\nThe regiment fought in the Second Afghan War of 1878\u201380 and suffered heavy casualties at the Battle of Maiwand. In 1881, it was reconstituted as a Baluch battalion and re-designated as the 30th Regiment (Jacob's) Bombay Native Infantry or 3rd Belooch Regiment. In 1900, it was sent to China to suppress the Boxer Rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009763-0002-0000", "contents": "130th Baluchis, 130th King George's Own Baluchis (Jacob's Rifles)\nSubsequent to the reforms brought about in the Indian Army by Lord Kitchener in 1903, all former Bombay Army units had 100 added to their numbers, and the regiment's designation was changed to 130th Jacob's Baluchis. In 1906, the Prince of Wales (later George V) was appointed Colonel-in-Chief of the regiment. The regimental full dress uniform in 1914 included a rifle green turban and kurta (knee length tunic) piped in red, worn with red trousers and white gaiters. The red trousers were a distinctive feature of all five Baluch infantry regiments then serving in the Indian Army. During the First World War the regiment served in German East Africa and Palestine. In 1918 it raised a second battalion, which was disbanded in 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 65], "content_span": [66, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009763-0003-0000", "contents": "130th Baluchis, Subsequent History\nIn 1922, the regiment was grouped with the five other Baluch battalions: 1st & 2nd Battalions of 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, 126th Baluchistan Infantry, 127th Queen Mary's Own Baluch Light Infantry and the 129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis, to form the 10th Baluch Regiment. The regiment's new designation was 5th Battalion (King George's Own) 10th Baluch Regiment (Jacob's Rifles). During the Second World War, 5/10th Baluch served in Burma Campaign. The battalion's performance in the war was highly commendable. It suffered a total of 575 casualties and received a number of gallantry awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009763-0003-0001", "contents": "130th Baluchis, Subsequent History\nOn the Partition of India in 1947, the battalion, along with the Baluch Regiment was allocated to Pakistan Army. In 1956, the 8th Punjab and Bahawalpur Regiments were merged with the Baluch Regiment and 5 Baluch was redesignated as 12 Baluch (now 12 Baloch). During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the battalion fought in the Kasur Sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009764-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Battalion (Lanark and Renfrew), CEF\nThe 130th (Lanark and Renfrew) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Perth, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Lanark and Renfrew Counties. After sailing to England in September 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 12th Reserve Battalion on October 6, 1916. The 130th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009764-0001-0000", "contents": "130th Battalion (Lanark and Renfrew), CEF\n130th Battalion (Lanark and Renfrew), CEF, is perpetuated by the 42nd Field Artillery Regiment (Lanark and Renfrew Scottish), RCA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009765-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 130th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 2, 1979, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Republican Governor Pierre S. du Pont, IV from New Castle County and the third year for Republican Lieutenant Governor James D. McGinnis from Kent County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009765-0001-0000", "contents": "130th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1970 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009765-0002-0000", "contents": "130th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 130th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009765-0003-0000", "contents": "130th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009765-0004-0000", "contents": "130th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009766-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009766-0001-0000", "contents": "130th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 130th Division (\u7b2c130\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakusanj\u016b Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Shoki Division (\u937e\u9997\u5175\u56e3, Shoki Heidan). It was formed 12 April 1945 in Daya Bay as a type C(hei) security division, simultaneously with the 129th division. The nucleus for the formation was the parts of the 19th Independent Mixed Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009766-0002-0000", "contents": "130th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 93rd infantry brigade was garrisoning Zhongshan while 94th infantry brigade (organized 5 May 1945) was garrisoning Shantou.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009766-0003-0000", "contents": "130th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nParts of the 130th division were sent to Shunde District for labour in October 1945. The bulk of 130th division was evacuated back to Japan in March - April 1946, arriving to Tanabe, Wakayama and Kagoshima. The headquarters of the 130th division have departed Port of Humen 26 March 1946, arrived to Uraga, Kanagawa 2 April 1946, and were dissolved 5 April 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009767-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Battalion\nThe 130th Engineer Battalion (130th EN BN) is a combat engineer battalion of the Puerto Rico Army National Guard allocated to the 101st Troop Command. The 130th is one of the most decorated battalions of the Puerto Rico National Guard with two Presidential Unit Citations, one Meritorious Unit Commendation, thirty five Purple Hearts, one Silver Star Medal, twenty six Bronze Star Medals, and four hundred and sixty nine Army Commendation Medals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009767-0001-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Battalion, History\nConstituted 6 February 1959 in the Puerto Rico Army National Guard as the 126th Engineer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009767-0002-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Battalion, History\nOrganized and Federally recognized 15 February 1959 from existing units with headquarters in Carolina, Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009767-0003-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Battalion, History\nLocation of headquarters changed 31 December 1967 to Vega Baja.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009767-0004-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Battalion, History\nOrdered into active Federal service 11 February 2003 at home stations; released from active Federal service 21 May 2003 and reverted to territorial control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009767-0005-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Battalion, History\nOrdered into active Federal service 23 July 2006 at home stations; released from active Federal service 18 January 2008 and reverted to territorial control. The 130th Eng. Bn. completed more than 1,500 combat patrol missions in Iraq, more than 44,000 miles of roads traveled and recon, 16,500 interrogations conducted, 7,300 hours expended in IED search throughout Baghdad and found and deactivated more than 280 IEDs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009767-0006-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Battalion, History\nReorganized 1 September 2008 to consist of the headquarters and the Support Company (Companies A, B, C and D concurrently reorganized and redesignated as the 1013th Engineer Company, the 1014th Engineer Company, the 1011th Engineer Company, the 1010th Engineer Company and the 215th Fire Fighter Engineer Detachment, respectively hereafter separate lineages).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States)\nThe 130th Engineer Brigade is an engineer brigade of the United States Army headquartered in Schofield Barracks, Hawaii that provides engineering support to the United States Army Pacific. The brigade specializes in combat engineering, construction, and bridging operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0001-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States)\nThe brigade traces its lineage back to an engineering regiment active during World War II, but the brigade itself did not see real-world action until the mid-1990s. As a part of the V Corps for most of the Cold War, the brigade was stationed in western Europe as a deterrent to a possible Soviet aggression and/or invasion. It finally saw action during Operation Joint Endeavor, providing bridging assistance for the international force in the Bosnia region. Several years later, the brigade was the primary engineering component during the invasion of Iraq in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0001-0001", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States)\nWith numerous difficulties, the brigade was forced to take on several unexpected missions during its year in Iraq. It saw a second tour in 2005 and a third in 2009 in which it once again was the primary engineering component in the country. The brigade deployed to Afghanistan as the Theater Engineer Brigade in support of Operation Enduring Freedom from 2013 to 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0002-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States)\nThe brigade had a long history of supporting V Corps of United States Army Europe from 1969 until 2007, during which it was based at Warner Barracks in the Bavarian town of Bamberg, Germany. That ended when the brigade was relocated to Hawaii to support United States Army Pacific as part of a major restructuring plan of the United States Army. Reactivated in 2008, the brigade is currently based out of Schofield Barracks in Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0003-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), Organization\nThe 130th Engineer Brigade is a subordinate unit of the 8th Theater Sustainment Command which is operationally controlled by United States Army Pacific. It provides engineering assistance to United States forces stationed throughout the Indo-Pacific region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0004-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), Organization\nThe Brigade's Headquarters and Headquarters Company is stationed at Schofield Barracks and permanently commands two subordinate battalions. The 11th Engineer Battalion located at Camp Humphreys, Korea, and the 84th Engineer Battalion located at Schofield Barracks. The total force of the brigade is approximately 1,600 personnel. As the brigade is modular in nature, it is able to take command and control of more units when deployed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0005-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Origins\nThe 130th Engineer Brigade traces its lineage to the 1303rd Engineer General Service Regiment which saw action in World War II. The regiment was activated on 15 July 1943 at Camp Ellis, Illinois. It was deployed to the European Theatre where it participated in the Battle of Normandy and subsequent invasion of Germany before being transferred to the Pacific after V-E Day. The 1303rd received campaign streamers for Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe, and the Asian-Pacific theatre. It was deactivated in Japan on 31 January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0006-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Origins\nThe regiment was re-designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 130th Engineer Aviation Brigade in Japan on 8 July 1955 before being activated in September of that year. Only a few months later, this brigade was inactivated on 25 June 1956 without having seen any deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0007-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Origins\nOn 16 June 1969, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 130th Engineer Aviation Brigade was re-designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 130th Engineer Brigade and activated in Pioneer Kaserne, Hanau, Germany. The 130th Engineer Brigade was a consolidation of V Corps' 37th and 11th Engineer Groups into a single unit that would provide more efficient command and control. It was subsequently put under the command of V Corps, as part of the US Army's force in Europe. The brigade received its shoulder sleeve insignia on 23 September 1969, and its distinctive unit insignia on 3 November 1969. Brigade members specially designed these with images alluding to the 1303rd Regiment's battle honors in World War II using scarlet and white, colors signifying US Army engineer units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0008-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Origins\nThe brigade remained in Germany in support of V Corps for almost 25 years, seeing no deployments. It underwent a shuffling of units as several of its battalions were reassigned elsewhere following the end of the Cold War in 1990, and it gained new battalions from units deactivating elsewhere. Though three of the brigade's subordinate battalions deployed to support Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm, the brigade headquarters itself remained in Germany along with the rest of V Corps. The operations were conducted by VII Corps and XVIII Airborne Corps, which had significant engineer assets of their own. Throughout the early 1990s, the brigade would continue to see units come and go from its command as they were transferred from the restructuring 18th Engineer Brigade and the deactivating 7th Engineer Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0009-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Joint Endeavour\nFrom December 1995 to January 1996, all units in the brigade, except the 320th Engineer Company (Topographic), deployed to Croatia or Bosnia and Herzegovina in support of Operation Joint Endeavor. The 320th Engineer Company deployed their topographic surveying platoon the following year. The 130th Engineer Brigade was tasked with building an assault bridge over the Sava River. Despite severe flooding conditions around the river and international pressure against such a structure, the brigade sent its units to begin work on the bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0009-0001", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Joint Endeavour\nIn December 1995, the 502nd Engineer Company deployed to Zupanja, Croatia and placed the historic ribbon bridge over the river. This bridge, at 2,239 feet (682\u00a0m) was the longest assault floating bridge in military history. The company operated 24-hours a day for three months crossing critical traffic in support of Task Force Eagle and NATO's Implementation Force. The company also assisted in the construction of a second bridge over the Sava River in Br\u010dko-Gunja. The 502nd Engineer Company redeployed in May 1996, with a rafting section remaining at Slavonski Brod to support the force restructuring of Task Force Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0009-0002", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Joint Endeavour\nThe 130th Engineer Brigade would go on to construct seven fixed bridges in support of the operation. During the deployment, the brigade was also tasked with creating and maintaining maps and overlays of the area of operations. It would produce over 300,000 such maps. The 130th Engineer Brigade was also tasked with repairing and maintaining much of the Task Force's infrastructure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0010-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Joint Endeavour\nThe brigade returned to Germany after the operation was complete. Throughout 1998\u20132002 it would train with German engineers, including German units from Lahnstein and Speyer, as well as the German Engineering School. The brigade also set up marksman competitions with German units, to give US soldiers the chance to earn the German Armed Forces Badge of Marksmanship, the German Sports Badge, and other badges. Over 2,500 of these badges would be earned by soldiers of the 130th over the years that it served in Germany. It also trained extensively in bridging operations at rivers throughout Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0010-0001", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Joint Endeavour\nIn summer of 2000, the brigade participated in a joint engineering exercise in Moldova with US Navy Seabees and the 505th Engineer Brigade of the North Carolina Army National Guard. The exercise was the first ever conducted in Moldova and featured numerous training scenarios as well as the construction of a medical clinic. Several other such exercises were conducted in nations throughout Europe including Albania, Romania, Georgia, Latvia, Bulgaria and Macedonia. They also performed annual humanitarian missions to Poland, working on community projects around the country with the assistance of Polish Armed Forces every September, as a training exercise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0011-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe 130th Engineer Brigade mobilized in support of the Global War on Terrorism in 2003. It was commanded by Colonel Gregg F. Martin. As preparations were being made for Operation Iraqi Freedom, the 130th Engineer Brigade was placed in charge of the largest engineering force in the theater. This included seven different engineering battalions as well as several separate group and company-sized elements. Units of the brigade were then deployed to Kuwait in early 2003, along with much of V Corps' staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0011-0001", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThey would provide command and assistance for the 3rd Infantry Division, 82nd Airborne Division and 101st Airborne Division as they crossed the border to Iraq and attacked to the capitol region of Baghdad from the south. Coupled with the landings of the 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team to the north, the operation would see the US Forces surround and destroy Iraqi forces in and around the capitol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0012-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe first obstacle facing the brigade was \"the berm\", a 10-kilometer-deep defensive obstacle complex that spanned Iraq's border with Kuwait. The berm consisted of large tank ditches, berms of dirt, electrified fencing, and razor wire. It was decided that the 3rd Infantry Division's Brigade Combat Teams would breach this berm in eight locations and move through. The 130th Engineer brigade analyzed the berms and provided a layout of them to coalition forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0012-0001", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe 130th Engineer Brigade then conducted the actual breaches in late March, using armored combat earthmovers to build roads for tracked vehicles, while armored vehicle-launched bridges set up for wheeled vehicles. The 130th worked with Kuwati engineers to breach the berm in 12 places, and the 3rd Infantry Division's Brigade Combat Teams moved through, starting the Iraq War. After combat forces moved through, the brigade and the Kuwatis then sealed off ten of these breaches to prevent Iraqi forces from using then, leaving two open for US forces that followed from the 82nd and 101st.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0013-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nAfter the breach, the 130th moved into Iraq. They provided support for the divisions as they advanced along the path to Baghdad. When a large sandstorm grounded aviation and large dust clouds became a problem, the brigade repurposed oil for use in dust abatement around airfields, allowing the 101st's fleet of AH-64 Apaches to take off and engage Iraqi ground forces on 24 March. Retreating Iraqi units detonated many bridges to slow the 3rd Infantry Division's advance. The 130th Engineers conducted rapid repairs to allow the brigades to continue to move through.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0013-0001", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe brigade supported combat elements moving through An Najaf, clearing roads and pathways of debris and obstacles to allow rapid movement through the city. The 565th Engineer Battalion built the \"birthday bridge\" \u2013 the longest float bridge constructed in a combat theatre with a span of 580\u00a0meters \u2013 over the Tigris River in Tikrit on Saddam Hussein's birthday, 28 April 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0014-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nAfter the invasion was over, the brigade was supposed to support the operation with bridging and infrastructure support. During the planning for the invasion, the engineers of the brigade were told that reconstruction in Iraq would be conducted by Department of Defense contractors and Iraqi civilians. They were not originally prepared to conduct major reconstruction efforts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0014-0001", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nWhen V Corps became the commanding element for the task force to rebuild Iraq, much of the invasion force, including the 130th Engineer Brigade, was sent to do jobs they had not been originally planned for, as basic utilities and sanitation conditions in Iraq were far below what was expected. Throughout the rest of 2003 and 2004, the engineers engaged in a large number of initial reconstruction projects on basic utilities, including schools, water treatment plants, waste removal, and the nation's power grid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0014-0002", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIt was determined that the scale of these projects was much greater than what the US had expected or what had been encountered in previous contingencies. It was also decided that reconstruction was essential to the coalition since it would help win over the Iraqi people. By May 2003, the brigade had been completely repurposed. Though originally tasked with demolishing obstacles, building fortifications, and bridging operations, the brigade was tasked entirely with construction projects. This conversion was a difficult process, as the brigade did not have the equipment and specialist units designed to handle reconstruction on a national scale. As more US military reconstruction units arrived in Iraq, the brigade grew to eight battalions and three groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0015-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe 130th Engineer Brigade focused on bridging projects as was its specialty, but it ultimately found itself undertaking numerous different projects throughout the country for much of 2003 and into 2004. Not all of its units were confined entirely to construction, though. The 502nd Engineer Company also conducted river patrol operations in Baghdad and Tikrit. This new mission for the company was essential for force protection, troop transportation, search and cordon operations, and to protect against sabotage on fixed bridges. In September 2003, with the inactivation of the 38th Engineer Company (Medium Girder Bridge), the 502nd Engineer Company became a multi-role bridge company with both float and fixed bridging capabilities and the only active bridge company in USAREUR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0016-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe 130th was headquartered at Logistical Support Area Anaconda for the majority of the deployment. Throughout Operation Iraqi Freedom, the headquarters commanded up to 15,000 engineers at one time, conducting missions including bridging, humanitarian assistance, topographic missions, dive missions, firefighting, base construction, river patrols, mine detection, missile removal and many more. Brigade units redeployed to Hanau in late 2003 and early 2004. Most of the brigade's soldiers returned to Hanau on 5 February 2004 after numerous logistical delays. Most of the 130th Engineer Brigade's subordinate units would receive Meritorious Unit Commendation for their roles in the invasion of Iraq, though the Brigade's headquarters did not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0017-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Second tour in Iraq\nThe 502nd Engineer Company became the first V Corps company-sized unit to return for a second tour in Iraq when it deployed in September 2004. The company returned to Hanau in September 2005. In December 2004, the 130th Engineer Brigade's headquarters was informed that it would be deployed back to Iraq the next year. The brigade mobilized and began this new deployment in September 2005; it began operating in the country the next month. The 54th Engineer Battalion followed in October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0017-0001", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Second tour in Iraq\nThe brigade eventually replaced the 130th, 194th, and 20th Engineer Brigades, becoming the only engineer brigade operating in the country. By December 2006, the brigade commanded all engineering formations in Multi-National Corps - Iraq, including engineers from other branches of the US Military, for a total of 3,300 soldiers. During the tour they were supported by the 412th Engineer Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0018-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Second tour in Iraq\nThe 130th Engineers had a variety of reconstruction tasks during their second tour in Iraq. The top priority of the brigade was to \"maintain and upgrade lines of communications\" to \"insure uninterrupted ground movement through the area of operations.\" This duty also included detection and removal of Improvised Explosive Devices. The brigade undertook numerous construction projects, primarily in building coalition forward operating bases, but they were tasked with construction projects for the Iraqi army and civilians as well. Many of the units of the brigade were integrated with military from other branches for projects. US Navy and US Marine Corps engineers operated side by side with 130th Engineer Brigade soldiers, and though commanders reported a \"culture clash\" between different branches of service, the soldiers, sailors, and Marines were able to adapt to the situation quickly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 963]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0019-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Second tour in Iraq\nThe brigade's Headquarters Company managed the engineer battalions but it also undertook its own missions, including humanitarian missions and public affairs assignments. It was supported by the brigade's Special Troops Battalion which provided a wide range of duties for the Headquarters. The task of detecting and removing IEDs proved particularly difficult for the brigade, as IEDs were a serious issue for coalition forces and the leading cause of casualties at the time. The 54th Engineer Battalion under the 130th was specially tasked with counter-IED operations on the over 300\u00a0kilometers of roads that the brigade was responsible for.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0019-0001", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Second tour in Iraq\nThe 249th Engineer Battalion was charged with maintaining the power grid throughout Iraq. They were required to assess 200 power stations throughout the country and make repairs to each one individually. The 84th Engineer Battalion was tasked with most construction projects in the Forward Operating Bases. These projects involved expansion of many of the larger FOBs as smaller ones were shut down and consolidated. One of the main focuses of the Battalion was the expansion of living quarters at Al Asad Air Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0019-0002", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Second tour in Iraq\nThe 565th Engineer Battalion was responsible for maintaining the supply yards housing building materials for the rest of the Brigade's battalions, and to ensure that the materials were dispersed and used as efficiently as possible. The brigade's mechanical and vehicle maintenance duties were provided by civilian contractors. These contractors also handled transportation of construction vehicles and vehicle parts to the theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0020-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Second tour in Iraq\nDuring the year of its deployment in Iraq, the brigade reported progress in numerous areas. Brigade commander Colonel Thomas Kula reported that \"greater than 50 percent\" of IEDs found on roads used by the Corps were recognized and disarmed before they could be used against coalition forces. The brigade also cleared 700\u00a0kilometers of road from trash and debris and filled more than 600 potholes caused by explosions. It also completed 1,800 mapping projects in the theater. The brigade also finished numerous building projects around Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0020-0001", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Second tour in Iraq\nSoldiers of the 130th Engineer Brigade completed 345 construction projects during the year in the country, including emplacing four bridges and maintaining eight more, well digging projects throughout western Iraq, maintaining the power grid to 25 coalition bases, repairing and expanding services at FOBs throughout the region, and construction of outposts and checkpoints throughout the country's roadways with the assistance of Iraqi engineers. During the deployment, a total of 15 soldiers from the brigade were killed in action. The 130th Engineer Brigade returned to Hanau from its second tour in Iraq in October 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0021-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation in Hawaii\nWith Army forces in Europe experiencing draw-downs and re-deployments, it was announced that V Corps would be eliminated, and the 130th Engineer Brigade would be moved elsewhere. The brigade formally left Hanau with a Casing of the Colors ceremony at Pioneer Kaserne on 4 May 2007. Casing the unit's colors was a tradition formally signifying its inactivation and, for all official purposes, the brigade had ceased to be an active Army unit. The brigade headquarters became part of U.S. Army Pacific on 16 June 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0022-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation in Hawaii\nThe brigade had originally been slated to relocate to Fort Lewis, Washington to replace the 555th Engineer Brigade, which was scheduled to be inactivated. But with the announcement of the Grow the Army plan in early 2007, it was decided that no engineer brigades would be inactivated permanently, and the 130th Engineer Brigade would be moved to Hawaii instead. Both the 130th and 555th Engineer Brigades remained on active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0023-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation in Hawaii\nThe brigade was inactive for a year while it was reconstructed in Hawaii. As a part of the transformation of the US Army, the brigade was reorganized into a modular force with new and updated equipment and new personnel. The Brigade stood up provisionally on 27 June 2008 as it neared ready status. On 23 October, the brigade's colors were formally uncased at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii. This signified the end of the brigade's relocation to Hawaii as well as its completion and readiness to take on new missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0024-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation in Hawaii\nThe brigade took command of the 6th, 65th and 84th Engineer battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0025-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Third tour in Iraq\nThe brigade was alerted for another deployment to Operation Iraqi Freedom in summer 2009. There, its missions will once again include construction, route clearance, and training of Iraqi engineers. Since being alerted for deployment, the brigade began conducting vigorous Mission Rehearsal Exercise (MRE) training at Schofield Barracks. Among this training has been updated strategies for detection and clearance of Improvised Explosive Devices. The brigade began its deployment on 17 July 2009, uncasing its colors in Mosul and taking command of construction projects in the area from the 18th Engineer Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0026-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Third tour in Iraq\nThe 130th Engineer Brigade returned to Schofield Barracks Hawaii from Iraq on 4 June 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0027-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Theater Security Cooperation Program Exercises\nUpon the 130th Engineer Brigade's return from Iraq in 2010, the 130th Engineer Brigade served as the Theater Engineer Brigade in the PACOM AOR. In this capacity, the brigade provided combat engineering, construction engineering and dive operations support to joint and combined partners at more than 30 Theater Security Cooperation Program (TSCP) exercises and multiple company sized deployments to Operations New Dawn and Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0028-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Theater Security Cooperation Program Exercises\nThe 130th Engineer Brigade served as the Combined Joint Civil Military Operations Task Force (CJMOTF) for Balikatan 2011 in the Philippines. For over two months, the brigade headquarters along with platoons from the 84th Engineer Battalion built schools and all-purpose facilities. Meanwhile, the brigade's subordinate joint partners conducted veterinarian and medical events to help improve the lives of the Filipino people. This event sharpened the brigade's skills at responding to humanitarian aid and disaster response (HADR) events throughout the region. Upon completion of BK11, the brigade shifted its training focus from stability operations to major combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0028-0001", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Theater Security Cooperation Program Exercises\nSpecifically, the brigade initiated a 9-month train-up plan for its MCTP graded war-fighter with the 2nd Infantry Division in Korea. Through a series of individual and collective training events the brigade honed, sharpened and in some cases re-learned the skills necessary to achieve victory in a high-intensity conflict. Through UFG12, 2ID's War-Path II Exercise, and finally the Full Spectrum Exercise in November 2011, the 130th Engineer Brigade earned some of the highest marks and accolades ever given to a brigade by the MCTP during a certification war-fighter exercise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0028-0002", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Theater Security Cooperation Program Exercises\nThrough these series of exercises, the 130th Engineer Brigade helped USFK, 8th Army, and 2ID refine and improve their most significant OPLANs by updating TPFDDs, task organizations, engineer concepts of operations, and combined arms gap-crossing plans. The 130th Engineer Brigade, along with 8th Army and 2ID remain ready to \"Fight Tonight\" if called upon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0029-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nThe 130th Engineer Brigade Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), and one of their subordinate battalions, the 65th Engineer Battalion (Combat Effects), deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in September and October 2013. This marked the brigade headquarters' first deployment to Afghanistan. After a two-week handover period, the 130th Engineer Brigade officially took over on 2 October 2013 from the 555th Engineer Brigade (from Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA), Joint Task Force Triple Nickel, thus becoming Joint Task Force Sapper, overseeing U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force engineer units across Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0029-0001", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nA direct subordinate element of ISAF Joint Command and U.S. Forces-Afghanistan, JTF Sapper constituted the fourth largest command in theater, behind only regional commands. The 130th Engineer Brigade became the core of a provisional multi-role brigade headquarters for engineer operations in Afghanistan with seven subordinate battalions, one Naval Mobile Construction Battalion, and one Engineer Prime Beef Squadron consisting of over 4,200 Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen operating in each Regional Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0030-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nFrom September to December 2013, Joint Task Force Sapper's mission in theater was \"The Theater Engineer Brigade trains, certifies and advises the ANA Engineers on construction, facility management, and assured mobility capabilities while supporting the retrograde of Coalition Forces through expeditionary construction and assured mobility across the CJOA-A.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0031-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nFrom January to May 2014, Joint Task Force Sapper's mission in theater was \"Joint Task Force Sapper partners with ANA engineers to enable their independent operations and support the redeployment and retrograde of Coalition Forces through expeditionary construction and deconstruction across the CJOA-A in order to set the conditions for the resolute support mission.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009768-0032-0000", "contents": "130th Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nThe 130th Engineer Brigade turned over responsibility as Operation Enduring Freedom's Theater Engineer Brigade to the 2nd Engineer Brigade (from Joint Base Elmedorf-Richardson, AK), Joint Task Force Trailblazer, on 29 May 2014. The 130th Engineer Brigade returned to Schofield Barracks, Hawaii from Afghanistan on 4 June 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009769-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Field Artillery Brigade\nThe 130th Field Artillery Brigade is a field artillery brigade of the United States Army, provided by the Kansas Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009769-0001-0000", "contents": "130th Field Artillery Brigade\nThe 130th Field Artillery history in the Kansas Army National Guard dates back to 1917, where its lineage as part of the 35th Infantry Division can be traced through both World Wars, the Korean War and, most recently, the war in Iraq 2003-2011. On June 1, 1978, the 130th was redesignated as the 130th Field Artillery Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009769-0002-0000", "contents": "130th Field Artillery Brigade\nIn 1985, it was again designated as the 35th Division Artillery with the reactivation of the 35th Infantry Division. The 130th was reconstituted again on Sept. 2, 1997, in the Kansas Army National Guard in Topeka. Following its Operation Iraqi Freedom deployment, the brigade was inactivated on Nov. 10, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009769-0003-0000", "contents": "130th Field Artillery Brigade, Current Structure\nThe brigade now comprises the following units of the Kansas Army National Guard:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009770-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 130th Field Artillery Regiment is a United States Army field artillery regiment, represented in the Kansas Army National Guard by the 2nd Battalion, 130th Field Artillery, part of the 130th Field Artillery Brigade at Hiawatha, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009770-0001-0000", "contents": "130th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe regiment was originally organized in 1917 after the United States entry into World War I as the 1st Field Artillery of the Kansas National Guard. Later that year, it mustered into Federal service and was reorganized as the 130th Field Artillery, fighting with the 35th Division in the American Expeditionary Forces in France. After the end of World War I the regiment returned home and was demobilized, briefly reverting to its state designation. In 1921 it became the 130th Field Artillery again and was assigned to the 35th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009770-0001-0001", "contents": "130th Field Artillery Regiment\nInducted into Federal service on 23 December 1940 for eventual service in World War II, the regiment was broken up on 1 March 1942 into the 130th (the former 1st Battalion) and 154th (the former 2nd Battalion) Field Artillery Battalions, which were relieved from the 35th Division on 27 January and 12 January 1943, respectively .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009770-0002-0000", "contents": "130th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 130th Field Artillery Battalion remained stateside until 2 December 1944, when it was sent to Europe, serving in Germany in the final months of the war. The 154th was sent to Alaska on temporary duty on 27 July 1942, fought in the Aleutian Islands Campaign, and after its official relief from the 35th Division was later deployed to the Pacific Theater. Postwar, both battalions returned to state service, with the 130th becoming the 130th Armored Field Artillery Battalion. In 1959 both battalions consolidated as the 130th Artillery under the Combat Arms Regimental System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009771-0000-0000", "contents": "130th IOC Session\nThe 130th IOC Session  took place on 11 July 2017 at the SwissTech Convention Centre in Lausanne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009771-0001-0000", "contents": "130th IOC Session, Host city elections\nThe session authorised the IOC Executive Board to conclude an agreement with Los Angeles and Paris and their respective NOCs for the simultaneous election of the host cities of the Olympic Games 2024 and 2028 during the 131st IOC Session in Lima later in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009772-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 130th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009772-0001-0000", "contents": "130th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 130th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on October 25, 1862, for a three-year enlistment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009772-0002-0000", "contents": "130th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on August 15, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009772-0003-0000", "contents": "130th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 2 officers and 18 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 4 officers and 153 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 177 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009773-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 130th Regiment Indiana Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009773-0001-0000", "contents": "130th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 130th Indiana Infantry was organized at Kokomo, Indiana beginning in December 1863 and mustered in March 12, 1864 under the command of Colonel Charles Sherman Parrish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009773-0002-0000", "contents": "130th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to June 1864. 4th Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, to December 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to February 1865, and Department of North Carolina to August 1865. Department of North Carolina to December 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009773-0003-0000", "contents": "130th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 130th Indiana Infantry mustered out of service December 2, 1865 at Charlotte, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009773-0004-0000", "contents": "130th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Indiana for Nashville, Tenn., March 16. Marched to Charleston, Tenn., April 5\u201324, 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstrations on Dalton, Ga., May 8\u201313. Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Movement on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operations on Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25 \u2013 June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10 \u2013 July 2. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Ruff's Mills July 3\u20134.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009773-0004-0001", "contents": "130th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nChattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Siege of Atlanta July 22 \u2013 August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29 \u2013 November 3. Nashville Campaign November\u2013December. In front of Columbia November 24\u201327. Centreville November 27. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. At Clifton, Tenn., until January 15, 1865. Movement to Washington, D.C.; then to Morehead City, N.C., January 15 \u2013 February 24. Carolinas Campaign March 1 \u2013 April 26. Advance on Kinston and Goldsboro March 1\u201321. Battle of Wyse Fork March 6\u20138. Kinston March 14. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Charlotte, N.C., May 8 to December 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 998]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009773-0005-0000", "contents": "130th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 185 men during service; 2 officers and 36 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 146 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 130th (Devon & Cornwall) Brigade, originally the Plymouth Brigade was an infantry formation of Britain's Volunteer Force, Territorial Force, and later Territorial Army (TA). In the First World War the brigade was in British India for most of the war and did not see service as a complete formation, but many of its battalions fought in the Middle East campaigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0000-0001", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe brigade (without its Devon or Cornwall battalions) did see action during the campaign in North West Europe of the Second World War, distinguishing itself at actions such as Operation Jupiter (Hill 112), the capture of Mont Pin\u00e7on, Operation Market Garden, at 'Dorset Wood' and at Hengelo. As 130 (West Country) Brigade it continued in the postwar TA until 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0001-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Volunteer Force\nThe Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888 proposed a comprehensive Mobilisation Scheme for the part-time Volunteer units, which would assemble in their own brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime these Volunteer Infantry Brigades provided a structure for collective training. On 9 February 1889 Lieutenant-Colonel the Earl Mount Edgcumbe, commanding officer (CO) of the 2nd (Prince of Wales's) Volunteer Battalion, Devonshire Regiment, was appointed Colonel in command of the Plymouth Brigade, consisting of the volunteer battalions of the Devonsand the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry (DCLI), which was charged with defending the Royal Navy's base at Plymouth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0001-0001", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Volunteer Force\nThe brigade commander was assisted by a retired Regular officer acting as Brigade major. Later staff appointments were filled by officers from the volunteer battalions. Lord Mount Edgcumbe commanded the Plymouth Brigade until 1893; he was succeeded as Colonel Commandant by a retired Regular officer, Major-General M.A.H.J. Heriot. By 1895 the Plymouth Brigade had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0002-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Volunteer Force\nLewis, 9th Lord Clifford of Chudleigh, VD, the CO of the 5th (Hay Tor) VB, Devons, took command of the Plymouth Brigade as a Temporary Colonel in 1901, and shortly afterwards it was renamed the Devonshire Brigade when the HQ moved to Exeter and the two DCLI battalions transferred to the Cornwall & Somerset Brigade (also headquartered at Exeter).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0003-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the brigade carried on as the Devon and Cornwall Brigade in the TF's Wessex Division. Lord Clifford  continued in command and retained the temporary rank of colonel. The reorganised brigade had the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0004-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Territorial Force\nThe 6th Battalion, Devonshire Regiment, (from the 4thVB) at Barnstaple was not part of the brigade, but was designated as 'Army Troops' attached to the Wessex Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0005-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nOn 29 July 1914 the Wessex Division was on Salisbury Plain carrying out its annual training camp when 'precautionary orders' were received, and next day the division took up emergency war stations in Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. The order to mobilise arrived on the evening of 4 August. Between 10 and 13 August the division concentrated on Salisbury Plain and began war training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0006-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nOn the outbreak of war, TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and on 15 August  the War Office issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0006-0001", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nIn this way duplicate battalions, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas. The Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry experienced a shortfall in volunteers, and so many Overseas Service men had to be transferred from the 1/5th DCLI to bring the 1/4th up to strength that the 1/5th was withdrawn from the Devon & Cornwall brigade and replaced by the 1/6th Devons on 16 September; 1/5th DCLI later became a pioneer battalion on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0007-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nOn 24 September, at the special request of the Secretary of State for War, Earl Kitchener of Khartoum, the Wessex Division accepted liability for service in British India to relieve the Regular units there for service on the Western Front. The division's infantry battalions (without their brigade headquarters) embarked at Southampton on 8 October and the were convoyed to Karachi (the Devon battalions) and Bombay (1/4th DCLI). They were immediately distributed to garrisons across India, reverting to peacetime service conditions, and the Devon & Cornwall Brigade never saw service as a whole, though it was formally numbered the 130th (Devon and Cornwall) Brigade in May 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0008-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nAs soon as the Wessex Division had left for India, the 2nd Wessex Division and its brigades began to be organised from the 2nd Line battalions being raised by the home depots. Recruitment and training of the 2nd Wessex Division proceeded so well that it was also sent to India in December 1914, and later received the notional titles of 45th (2nd Wessex) Division and 136th (2/1st Devon and Cornwall) Brigade. Brigadier-General R.J. Pinney, who had commanded the Devon & Cornwall Brigade since 16 July 1913, took temporary command of the 2nd Wessex Division on its formation and Brig-Gen Lord St Levan (a retired colonel in the Grenadier Guards) commanded the 2/1st Devon and Cornwall Brigade until it embarked for India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0009-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nBy early 1915 the need was growing for troops to be sent from India to various theatres of war, and the first drafts and formed units from the Wessex Divisions began to go on active service, particularly to the Mesopotamian Front. By the end of the war only one battalion remained in India from the two Devon & Cornwall brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0010-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Interwar\nThe TF (reorganised as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921) began to reform on 7 February 1920. 130th (Devon and Cornwall) Infantry Brigade in 43rd (Wessex) Division was composed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0011-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Mobilisation\nAfter the Munich Crisis in late 1938, when the possibility of another European conflict loomed, the TA was doubled in size, and once again its units formed duplicates. The TA's infantry units mobilised on 1 September 1939, two days before war was declared. At the time of mobilisation the duplicate 45th Division was still being organised, so both 1st and 2nd Line units were administered by 43rd (Wessex) Division HQ. Once the two were separated, the Devon and DCLI battalions were all assigned to 45th Division and 130th Infantry Brigade (the 'Devon and Cornwall' subtitle having been dropped) in 43rd (W) Division had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0012-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Home Defence\nIn May 1940 43rd (W) Division was preparing to go overseas to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France, but the German invasion of the Low Countries on 10 May ended the 'Phoney War' before the division was ready. When the Battle of France was lost and the BEF was being evacuated from Dunkirk, 43rd (W) Division was one of the few reasonably well-equipped formations left in Home Forces to counter a German invasion of the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0012-0001", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Home Defence\nIt formed part of the mobile GHQ Reserve disposed on the line from Northampton through North London to Aldershot, from which brigade groups could be despatched to any threatened area. During the period when invasion was most feared, the division was stationed just north of London. By the end of 1940 the division was stationed in East Kent, where it remained for the next four years, first in defensive mode, later training intensively for the Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). It was later noted that its habitual training area round Stone Street, Kent, bore a marked resemblance to the Bocage countryside in Normandy where it would later fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0013-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Normandy\n130th Brigade landed in Normandy on 24 June 1944, and for the rest of the North West Europe campaign its normal organisation for mobile operations was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0014-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Normandy\nUnits from the supporting armoured brigade (31 Tank Brigade at Hill 112, usually 8 Armoured Brigade thereafter) would also be attached for specific operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0015-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Hill 112\n130 Brigade was in reserve for the division's first action, Operation Epsom on 26 June, but it was assigned a leading role on 10 July in Operation Jupiter, to take Hill 112. As the divisional historian remarked, the brigade's introduction to battle was 'both bloody and abrupt'. The attack was supported by all the divisional artillery and mortars, plus the artillery of 15th (Scottish) Division and 11th Armoured Division and two Army Groups Royal Artillery (AGRAs). 130 Brigade was to advance through Ch\u00e2teau de Fontaine to capture \u00c9terville and Maltot and the high ground to the south-east of Hill 112.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0015-0001", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Hill 112\nIt was accompanied by Churchill tanks from 9th Royal Tank Regiment (9th RTR), M10 Achilles tank destroyers from 86th (5th Devon) A/T Regiment and Churchill Crocodile flamethrowing tanks from 79th Armoured Division. The advance began at 05.00 and at first the brigade's attack went well, 5th Dorsets and C Squadron, 9th RTR, making good progress against the farms on the lower ground and taking the ruins of Ch\u00e2teau de Fontaine by 06.15. Brigadier Leslie then launched 4th Dorsets into \u00c9terville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0015-0002", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Hill 112\nCasualties at first were light and the battalion began to consolidate the position, but a 'grim struggle for the far side of the village then developed'. Meanwhile, 7th Hampshires began the attack on Maltot. They got into the village, but many of the supporting tanks and M10s had been knocked out by crossfire from the uncaptured Hill 112 and from beyond \u00c9terville. The leading Hampshires penetrated the village, leaving strongpoints to be mopped up later by the following Dorsets, but they were driven out by counter-attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0015-0003", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Hill 112\n4th Dorsets, making their second attack of the day, suffered heavy casualties advancing to reach the isolated Hampshires without artillery support. A troop of towed anti-tank guns of 86th A/T Regiment was brought up to place an anti-tank screen round the south of the village while 4th Dorsets fought to suppress the strongpoints inside the village. The anti-tank troop was overrun by a German counter-attack, and after firing all their small arms ammunition the crews had to remove the breechblocks from their guns and retreat to the infantry's slit trenches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0015-0004", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Hill 112\nThe situation in Maltot became untenable, and the surviving troops were withdrawn. 5th Dorsets and 7th Somerset Light Infantry (SLI) from 214 Brigade had a tough fight until the following morning to maintain the positions round \u00c9terville. The division then had to hold its positions under mortar fire for another 14 days, described by the divisional history as comparable only 'to the bombardment at Passchendaele'. Only on 22 July did a final set-piece attack by 129 Brigade (Operation Express) finally succeed in capturing Maltot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0016-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Mont Pin\u00e7on\nAfter a short rest 43rd (Wessex) Division moved west to launch an attack towards the dominating height of Mont Pin\u00e7on as part of Operation Bluecoat. Starting at 08.00 on 30 July, the division was to force its way through enemy positions at Briquessard and advance through Cahagnes towards Ondefontaine. 130 Brigade led, reinforced by 4th SLI and Sherman tanks of the Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry, followed by the other brigades. Initial casualties were heavy, particularly from mines, and 5th Dorsets attacking on the right soon ran into trouble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0016-0001", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Mont Pin\u00e7on\nOn the left 4th Dorsets opened the way for 7th Hampshires to advance on Cahagnes, but it took the accompanying tanks several hours to negotiate the difficult country. The advance achieved only 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) on the first day. and it took until the following morning to clear the mines and restart the advance with 214 Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0017-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Mont Pin\u00e7on\nThe division fought its way forward during the next few days to the foot of Mont Pin\u00e7on. 130 Brigade got into Ondefontaine on 3 August, and next day pushed through the woods beyond. A new attack was planned for 6 August, with 130 Brigade making a feint to the north, while 129 Brigade continued from the west. During the day 130 Bde made substantial progress, diverting German defenders from the main thrust. It continued next day, while the dominating position of Mont Pin\u00e7on fell to a surprise attack, by 129 Bde and its supporting tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0017-0001", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Mont Pin\u00e7on\nHaving taken Mont Pin\u00e7on, 43rd (W) Division participated in the pursuit of the broken enemy, who were soon caught in the Falaise pocket. However, the divisional commander, Maj-Gen Ivor Thomas, considered that Brig Leslie was dilatory in attacking on 13 August and sacked him. He was temporarily replaced by the senior battalion commander, Lt-Col Basil Coad ('Daddy Coad') from 5th Dorsets, until Brig. B.B. Walton arrived three days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0018-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Vernon Bridge\nAfter the breakout from the Normandy beachhead, 43rd (W) Division was sent ahead to make an assault crossing of the River Seine at Vernon. US troops had already reached the west bank of the Seine, so the convoys of assault troops and bridging material moving eastwards had to be carefully coordinated to cross with US convoys repositioning to the south. 130 Brigade was in Group 3, a convoy of just over 1000 vehicles including 15th (Kent) GHQ Troops Royal Engineers who were to operate tank rafts and build a heavy Bailey Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0018-0001", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Vernon Bridge\nThe leading group arrived at Vernon on the afternoon of 25 August and began the assault that evening. By 10.00 on 27 August a bridgehead had been secured, the first light bridge (named 'David') was ready, tanks were being ferried across and 130 Bde was assembling in Vernon to be passed across the river when required. The troops in the bridgehead drove off a determined counter-attack, the light bridge (damaged by shellfire) was repaired, and the first 40-ton Bailey ('Goliath') was completed by 19.30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0018-0002", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Vernon Bridge\nSome of the brigade's troops had already crossed on 'David'; now the rest of the brigade streamed across 'Goliath' and next morning began the breakout. 4th Dorsets cleared the high ground of Germans who had troubled the bridgehead, then 5th Dorsets passed through to capture the villages beyond. 7th Hampshire fought the remains of the defending German battlegroup and captured Tilly. That afternoon, XXX Corps passed through and resumed the pursuit. After the Seine crossing, 43rd (W) Division was 'grounded' while the rest of XXX Corps raced across northern France and Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0019-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Market Garden\nBy the time 43rd (W) Division next moved, the war was already 250 miles (400\u00a0km) away. The first element of 130 Bde to move up was 7th Hampshires, sent on 8 September to reinforce the garrison of liberated Brussels. The whole of the brigade was near Brussels by 11 September, and then 43rd (W) Division concentrated at Diest to take part in Operation Market Garden, beginning on 17 September. In 'Garden', the ground part of the operation, XXX Corps was to link river crossings up to the Nederrijn at Arnhem via a 'carpet' of airborne troops. 43rd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0019-0001", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Market Garden\n(W) Division accompanied by 8 Armoured Bde was to follow Guards Armoured Division, carrying out assault crossings if any of the bridges were found to be destroyed, and protecting the 'corridor' to Arnhem. The division waited as the advance got under way, then on 20 September 130 Bde received orders to move up. The advance up the only road ('Club Route') was painfully slow for the infantry, who were being carried in amphibious DUKWs ready for river crossings, and night found the head of the brigade group still at the great bridge at Grave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0019-0002", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Market Garden\nNext morning 4th Dorsets took over responsibility for the bridges at Grave and Neerbosch while the rest of 130 Bde caught up with the Guards at Nijmegen. There were no Germans left in Nijmegen and by early afternoon 5th Dorsets had established a tight bridgehead on the north bank of the Waal, while 7th Hampshires guarded the south bank. 214 Brigade passed through at dawn next day and  followed the  Guards who were held up by fierce resistance on 'The Island' between the Waal and the Nederrijn. 130 Brigade was then relieved at Nijmegen and followed up in DUKWs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0019-0003", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Market Garden\nAt Valburg on 23 September its leading battalion, 5th Dorsets, was cut in half by a German tank attack supported by artillery. While the head of the battalion carried on to link up with the Polish Parachute Brigade at Driel, the rest of the brigade had to fight hard to clear Valburg crossroads. When they got through, 4th Dorsets delivered assault boats to the Poles, a few of whom managed to get across the river. On 24 September the decision was made to evacuate the survivors of 1st Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0019-0004", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Market Garden\nThat night, under an intense barrage, 4th Dorsets and the Polish crossed the river to establish a new bridgehead from which to carry out the evacuation. The Dorsets' crossing was a disaster; the assault boats were late arriving, the opposite bank was strongly defended and the two leading companies were scattered and destroyed. The rest of the battalion was pinned down, and the DUKWs carrying stores could not mount the river banks. The following night the final evacuation of the airborne bridgehead was carried out by the Royal Engineers, covered by 130 Bde; around 2300 survivors of 1st Airborne and the Poles were ferried back to the south bank; few of 4th Dorsets made it back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0020-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Market Garden\nIn the aftermath of Market Garden, 43rd (W) Division was stationed on The Island, with 130 Bde still in its exposed positions along the Nederrijn, subject to mortar, machine gun and shell fire. On the night of 26/27 September German troops infiltrated the outposts of 43rd (Wessex) Reconnaissance Regiment to the left (west) and a sharp fight broke out. Brig Walton ordered 7th Hampshires to intervene and recapture Randwijk. Heavy losses were sustained among the houses as the battle escalated, but by midday the ad hoc group of units from 43rd (W) Division had eliminated the German bridgehead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0021-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Market Garden\nThe Germans launched more a serious counter-attack from the east on 1 October, with 116th Panzer Division attacking 130 Bde. 5th Dorsets beat off  this attack, but a German party infiltrated into some factory buildings and fortified themselves in brick kilns. 7th Hampshires had to dislodge these troops with the help of RAF Typhoons. On 5 October 43rd (W) handed most of its positions over to the US 101st Airborne Division, but 5th Dorsets had difficulty extricating themselves from their exposed positions round Driel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0021-0001", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Market Garden\nThe battalion left its anti-tank and mortar platoons to help the Americans and fighting continued for another day before the offensive ended. 130 Brigade then relieved the US 82nd Airborne Division on the Groesbeek heights that it had  captured during Market Garden. As 43rd (W) Division settled down to hold this static line during the autumn, it rotated its brigades every seven days. Basil Coad was promoted to brigadier and took permanent command of 130 Bde on 7 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0022-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Dorset Wood\nIn November 43rd (W) Division was shifted east for Operation Clipper to capture the Geilenkirchen salient. 130 Brigade's task was to capture Bauchem on the afternoon of 18 November. The village was first subjected to a massive bombardment to protect the flank of 214 Bde attacking Gilrath and Neiderheide, then 130 Bde was due to pass through Gilrath at 15.30 to begin its own attack. The leading battalion, 5th Dorsets, found the village so congested that its supporting tanks from 13th/18th Hussars could not get through. The CO found a route round the village and the attack went in promptly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0022-0001", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Dorset Wood\nThe battalion took the village and 182 prisoners for just four casualties. However, progress elsewhere was slow on the second day and 130 Bde's attack was cancelled. Instead, 5th Dorsets with the 13th/18th Hussars tanks were tasked with clearing the woods between Tripsrath and Hatterath to secure 214 Bde's position. The battalion advanced under cover of smoke, but once in the woods it was pinned down at a clearing until nightfall when it completed its objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0022-0002", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Dorset Wood\nThe fighting in the woods next day was vicious: once 5th Dorsets reached the edge of the woods they could see the open country behind, but were forced to dig in under heavy fire. Next day the battalion was relieved by 4th Dorsets, who continued the grim defence of what became known as 'Dorset Wood'. Once Geilenkirchen had been captured, 43rd (W) Division then had to defend the ground in conditions resembling the worst of the Western Front in the First World War. The division was moved to the Maas as a reserve during the German Ardennes Offensive but was not engaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0023-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Roer Triangle\n43rd (Wessex) Division returned to the offensive in early 1945 in Operation Blackcock to reduce the Roer Triangle. The operation was launched on 16 January and 43rd (W) Division came up on the right of 52nd (Lowland) Division on 20 January. 130 Brigade launched 4th Dorsets at Schier Waldenrath at dawn the next day behind an impressive barrage and carried by Kangaroo Armoured personnel carriers (APCs) of  1st Canadian APC Regiment. Opposition was light, the main problems coming from booby-traps and mines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0023-0001", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Roer Triangle\n5th Dorsets then marched up to relieve 4th SLI at Langbroich while the Kangaroos returned to bring up 7th Hampshires for next day's attack on Waldenrath. The attack by 7th Hampshires on 22 January was a major success: supported by a massive barrage and by Crocodile flamethrowers, the APC-borne infantry swept through Putt and fought their way into Waldenrath, taking 200 prisoners at a cost of 30 casualties. The rest of 43rd (W) Division then continued the advance, though exploitation was prevented by bad weather. 130 Brigade pushed on again on 25 January, but was stopped by ice and mines. The brigade then established defensive positions hidden on reverse slopes and came under the temporary command of 52nd (L) Division from 28 January to 2 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0024-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Reichswald\nXXX Corps was next tasked with clearing the Reichswald up to the Rhine as part of Operation Veritable. Five divisions made the initial assault on 8 February, with 43rd (W) Division due to pass through on the second day to capture Goch. Although 15th (S) Division achieved all its objectives on 8 February, the roads collapsed into mud and progress was held up on the second day. By the time 43rd (W) was launched, only one congested road was open through the heavily bombed town of Kleve, and the whole division was strung out, with 130 Bde still in Nijmegen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0024-0001", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Reichswald\nIt was left as a reserve for 53rd (Welsh) Division, and it was not until 15 February that it got through to join in the fighting. At first light 4th Dorsets in the lead passed through the exhausted 129 Bde and found itself in a fierce fight with fresh German troops. It pushed on slowly until 7th Hampshires took over the lead in the afternoon, followed in turn by 5th Dorsets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0024-0002", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Reichswald\n5th Dorsets arrived just as a night counter-attack came in against 7th Hampshires, but put in a fresh attack with tanks at 09.30 next morning, just in time to clear the start line for 214 Bde's follow-up attack. On 17 February 130 Bde cleared Forst Kleve, but there was little opposition after the wood had been blasted by RAF Typhoons and Canadian rocket projectors (the Land mattress). 43rd (W) Division had now 'rolled up' 10 miles (16\u00a0km) of the Siegfried Line defences and cleared the escarpment overlooking Goch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0025-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Reichswald\nOn 20 February 130 Bde was pulled out and sent to relieve a Canadian brigade holding a 'watery wilderness' north of Kleve, where the troops had to be taken in aboard Buffalo amphibious vehicles and contact patrols between the isolated companies had to be carried out by boat. The brigade remained here until 11 March, while the rest of the division completed the advance to Xanten on the Rhine. Contact with the enemy was close, but 130 Bde had no artillery support other than Bofors guns of 110th LAA Regiment firing in a ground role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0026-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Across the Rhine\n43rd (Wessex) Division was given a follow-up task in the assault crossing of the Rhine (Operation Plunder). 130 Brigade crossed the river in Buffaloes on 25 March behind 51st (Highland) Division, which had carried out the assault on the night of 23/24 March. 5th Dorsets found themselves in immediate combat without time to reconnoitre, but captured Androp with a night attack, allowing the rest of the brigade to clear Millingen next day. The remainder of the division crossed the bridges that had been erected and advanced to the Ijssel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0026-0001", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Across the Rhine\n130 Brigade then retook the lead on 28 March, with 4th Dorsets capturing Landford on the west bank of the Ijssel before nightfall while 7th Hampshire protected the flank. 5th Dorsets then carried out an opposed landing by assault boats in the dark and its pioneer platoon built a light bridge to allow the battalion anti-tank guns to cross. By 08.30 on 29 March the divisional Royal Engineers had completed a Class 40 Bailey Bridge and the pursuit across Germany could begin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0027-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Across the Rhine\nDuring the subsequent pursuit, 43rd (Wessex) Division was given the task of opening 'Club Route' for XXX Corps. The division was divided into five battle groups for the first 25 miles (40\u00a0km) drive, incorporating units of 8 Armoured Brigade. 130 Brigade constituted the fourth group. The leading group reached the Twente Canal on 2 April, finding the bridges destroyed. 130 Brigade was therefore brought up to make a crossing at Hengelo, with the tanks of the Sherwood Rangers and 12th Battalion King's Royal Rifle Corps (KRRC) attached from 8 Armoured Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0027-0001", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Across the Rhine\nRather than a frontal assault, the brigade was sent round to attack from Enschede. The divisional history records that the flank march by cross-country tracks in pouring rain and pitch darkness was a 'remarkable achievement'. At 09.00 next morning 5th Dorsets were launched straight down the road into Hengelo, sweeping aside the resistance while 7th  Hampshires enveloped the town from the north. With the canal defences turned, and a bridging site captured, there was no need for an artillery bombardment: the grateful townsfolk later named some of their streets 'Dorset', 'Hampshire' and 'Wessex'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0028-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Across the Rhine\nThe pursuit continued through April, 130 Bde with the Sherwood Rangers and 12th KRRC taking the direct road, 'Heart Route' and reaching L\u00f6ningen on 11 April. Here a deliberate attack had to be made by 4th Dorsets against a company of German officer cadets. Then 7th Hampshires pushed ahead on foot, filling cratered roads as they went. Next day 5th Dorsets and the Sherwood Rangers advanced against rearguards. With several British divisions converging on Bremen 43rd (W) was squeezed out, but 130 Bde continued under the command of 52nd (L) Division, which was now in the lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0028-0001", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Across the Rhine\nBremen having ignored a summons to surrender, XXX Corps pushed on into the outskirts, 130 Bde reverting to 43rd (W) Division's command to advance through spasmodic resistance to cut the Hamburg\u2013Bremen Autobahn. Bremen was secured by 28 April and next day XXX Corps continued its drive into the Cuxhaven peninsula. 130 Brigade led 43rd (W) Division, following immediately behind the Reconnaissance Regiment. 5th Dorsets ran into heavy shellfire from the rearguard of  15th Panzergrenadier Division and fighting went on all night. Further progress was hampered. by cratered roads and blown bridges. 130 Brigade had secured a bridgehead over the Hamme Canal on 4 May and the rest of the division was preparing to move on Bremerhaven next day when news arrived of the German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0029-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Across the Rhine\nAfter a period as occupation forces in XXX Corps' district, with 130 Bde coming under the temporary command of  51st (H) Division (6\u201318 May), 43rd (Wessex) Division's HQ and TA units were demobilised at the war's end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0030-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded 130th Infantry Brigade during the Second World War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0031-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Postwar\nWhen the TA was reformed on 1 January 1947, 130 (West Country) Infantry Brigade was reformed in 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division with the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0032-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Postwar\nOn 15 May 1950 all three TA battalions of the Devons merged to form a single 4th Bn, reducing 130 Bde to the normal three-battalion establishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009774-0033-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Postwar\nIn 1961 the division was reduced to a district headquarters as 43rd Division/District, and it was disbanded on the reduction of the TA into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve in 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009775-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 130th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment in the Army National Guard. It is one of several Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009775-0001-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nConstituted 1 March 1809 as the Volunteer Militia of Illinois Territory and organized thereafter as independent companies", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009775-0002-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\n(Illinois Territory Militia redesignated 26 August 1818 as the Illinois Militia)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009775-0003-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nMustered out of federal service 2 July 1831 at Rock Island and elements reverted to independent status in the Illinois Militia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009775-0004-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nMustered out of federal service 28 May 1832 at the mouth of the Fox River; veterans concurrently reorganized and mustered into federal service as Colonel Jacob Fry\u2019s Regiment of Illinois Volunteer Militia; mustered out of federal service 15 June 1832 at Ottawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009775-0005-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nRelieved 5 July 1946 from assignment to the 33d Infantry Division and assigned to the 44th Infantry Division (United States)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009775-0006-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nOrdered into active federal service 15 February 1952 at home stations; released 10 October 1954 from active federal service and reverted to state control; concurrently relieved from assignment to the 44th Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009775-0007-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nWithdrawn 5 February 1987 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System with headquarters at Urbana", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009775-0008-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nOrdered into active federal service 5 January 2005 at home stations; released from active federal service 1 September 2006 and reverted to state control; concurrently, relieved from assignment to the 35th Infantry Division and assigned to the 33d Infantry Brigade Combat Team", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009775-0009-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive Unit Insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned:  Argent, a fess Gules of the first and Vert fesswise between, in chief two arrows Or saltirewise behind a Black hawk and in base a fleur-de-lis of the second, overall a saltire Azure. Attached below the shield a Gold scroll inscribed \"ALWAYS READY\" in Black letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009775-0010-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive Unit Insignia\nThe shield is white, the old Infantry color. Service in the Black Hawk War is symbolized by the Black Hawk and the two red arrows, service in the Mexican War by the horizontal belt across the shield of red, white and green, the colors of the Mexican flag. The Civil War service is indicated by the blue saltire cross from the Confederate flag. The service in France during World War I is indicated by the fleur-de-lis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009775-0011-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive Unit Insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was approved on 3 February 1925.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009775-0012-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nArgent, a fess Gules of the first and Vert fesswise between, in chief two arrows of the second saltirewise behind a Black hawk Proper and in base a fleur-de-lis of the second, overall a saltire Azure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009775-0013-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the Illinois Army National Guard:  On a wreath Argent and Azure, upon a grassy field the blockhouse of old Fort Dearborn Proper. Motto:  ALWAYS READY.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009775-0014-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nThe shield is white, the old Infantry color. Service in the Black Hawk War is symbolized by the Black Hawk and the two red arrows, service in the Mexican War by the horizontal belt across the shield of red, white and green, the colors of the Mexican flag. The Civil War service is indicated by the blue saltire cross from the Confederate flag. The service in France during World War I is indicated by the fleur-de-lis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009775-0015-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nThe crest is that of the Illinois Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009775-0016-0000", "contents": "130th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nThe coat of arms was approved on 17 June 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009776-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Maine Senate\nThe 130th Maine Senate had 35 members each elected in the 2020 Maine State Senate election to two-year terms in November 2020. The first regular session was to be sworn in on December 2, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009777-0000-0000", "contents": "130th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 130th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009777-0001-0000", "contents": "130th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 130th New York Volunteer Infantry was mustered into service at Portage, New York, by Lt. Col. Thomas J. Thorp in September 1862. Consisting of ten companies, the men were recruited from Allegany, Livingston, and Wyoming counties and placed under the command of Col. Alfred Gibbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009777-0002-0000", "contents": "130th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left New York on August 6, 1862, and arrived in Suffolk, Virginia, on August 13 where it was assigned to the 1st Division, VII Corps of the Army of the Potomac. The 1st Division was commanded by Gen. Michael Corcoran. The 130th New York was engaged at the Battle of Deserted House and took part in the Siege of Suffolk in April and May 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009777-0003-0000", "contents": "130th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was converted to cavalry on July 28, 1863, and designated as the 19th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry. The 19th Cavalry was officially re-designated as the 1st Regiment New York Dragoons on September 10, 1863. The 130th New York had the distinction of being the only Union army volunteer regiment which was converted entirely from infantry to cavalry during the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009778-0000-0000", "contents": "130th New York State Legislature\nThe 130th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 2 to July 26, 1907, during the first year of Charles Evans Hughes's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009778-0001-0000", "contents": "130th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1906, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (eight districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009778-0002-0000", "contents": "130th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn April 27, 1906, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate districts, increasing the number to 51. The apportionment was then contested in the courts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009778-0003-0000", "contents": "130th New York State Legislature, Background\nThe Legislature also re-apportioned the number of assemblymen per county. Nassau County was separated from the remainder of Queens County; Albany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oswego and Rensselaer counties lost one seat each; Erie, Monroe and Westchester gained one each; and Kings and Queens counties gained two each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009778-0004-0000", "contents": "130th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn August 13, 1906, the new Senate apportionment was upheld by Supreme Court Justice Howard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009778-0005-0000", "contents": "130th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Democrats and the Independence League nominated a fusion ticket headed by William Randolph Hearst. The Socialist Party, the Prohibition Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009778-0006-0000", "contents": "130th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1906, was held on November 6. Republican Charles Evans Hughes was elected Governor with about 749,000 votes against 691,000 for Hearst. The other six statewide elective offices were carried by the nominees on the Democratic/Independence League fusion ticket with about 720,000 votes against 710,000 for the Republican candidates. The approximate strength of the other parties was: Socialist 22,000; Prohibition 16,000; and Socialist Labor 5,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009778-0007-0000", "contents": "130th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 2, 1907; and adjourned on June 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009778-0008-0000", "contents": "130th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn April 3, 1907, the new Senate and Assembly apportionment was declared unconstitutional by the New York Court of Appeals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009778-0009-0000", "contents": "130th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on July 8, 1907; and adjourned on July 26. This session was called to enact a new legislative apportionment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009778-0010-0000", "contents": "130th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature re-apportioned the Senate districts, and re-enacted the 1906 Assembly apportionment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009778-0011-0000", "contents": "130th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Dennis J. Harte, Otto G. Foelker, James A. Thompson, George B. Agnew, John P. Cohalan, William J. Grattan, H. Wallace Knapp, William W. Wemple, S. Percy Hooker changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009779-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Thirtieth Ohio General Assembly was a meeting of the Ohio state legislature, composed of the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives. It convened in Columbus, Ohio on January 7, 2013 and adjourned December 30, 2014. This General Assembly coincided with the last two years of John Kasich's first term as Ohio Governor. The apportionment of legislative districts was based on the 2010 United States Census and 2011 redistricting. Both the Ohio Senate and Ohio House of Representatives were retained by the Ohio Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009780-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 130th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 130th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 130th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was originally organized as the 1st Ohio National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009780-0001-0000", "contents": "130th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 130th Ohio Infantry was organized in Sandusky, Ohio, and mustered in May 13, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Charles B. Phillips.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009780-0002-0000", "contents": "130th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, X Corps, Army of the James.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009780-0003-0000", "contents": "130th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 130th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Toledo, Ohio, on September 22, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009780-0004-0000", "contents": "130th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nPerformed guard duty at Johnson's Island, Sandusky Bay, until June 4. It then moved to Washington, D.C., June 4 and to Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, June 8. Picket duty at Bermuda Hundred and at Point of Rocks until June 21. March to Deep Bottom June 21, and duty there until August 11. Duty in lines at Bermuda Hundred and at Fort Powhatan August 11 to September 16, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009780-0005-0000", "contents": "130th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009780-0006-0000", "contents": "130th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 23 men during service; 1 officer and 22 enlisted men, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009781-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 130th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009781-0001-0000", "contents": "130th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 130th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in August 1862 and mustered in under the command of Colonel Henry I. Zinn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009781-0002-0000", "contents": "130th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009781-0003-0000", "contents": "130th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Washington, D.C., August 18, and duty there until September 7. Marched to Rockville, Md., September 7-12. A Maryland Campaign. Battle of Antietam September 16-17. Moved to Harpers Ferry, Va., September 22, and duty there until October 30. Advance up Loudon Valley and movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12-15. Duty at Falmouth until April, 1863. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1-5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009781-0004-0000", "contents": "130th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 92 men during service; 4 officers and 56 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 32 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009782-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Regiment of Foot\nThe 130th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, created in 1794. After being raised it was sent to the West Indies, where it suffered heavy losses from tropical disease. The unit was disbanded at Santo Domingo in 1796, with the survivors drafted into other regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009782-0001-0000", "contents": "130th Regiment of Foot, Background\nThe 130th Regiment of Foot was raised as part of a rapid expansion of the British Army from 1793 as a reaction to the French Revolutionary Wars, which had begun in 1792. More than 40 regiments of foot and cavalry were added to the establishment; many of these units were short lived. British Army regiments are given a number, according to the seniority in which they were raised, but the numbering of these units is somewhat erratic. The supposedly junior 131st Regiment of Foot was accepted onto the Army List a full 18 months before the 130th Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009782-0001-0001", "contents": "130th Regiment of Foot, Background\nThis probably represents differences in the speed of recruitment to individual regiments (units were not accepted onto the list until they had reached a certain \"establishment\" strength). The naming of the new units is also varied. Some were granted formal names but others were known by their commander's names or by number alone. Most of the new regiments disbanded by 1797.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009782-0002-0000", "contents": "130th Regiment of Foot, History\nIn 1794 Captain George Pigot, formerly of the 38th Regiment of Foot was promised promotion to lieutenant-colonel\u2014and command of the new 130th Regiment of Foot if he could recruit the men to establish the unit. The 130th Regiment of Foot was formed at Wolverhampton, Staffordshire, in 1794 and was titled the \"Loyal Staffordshire Volunteers\". It was also known as \"Pigot's\" or \"Meyrick's\" Regiment. Pigot was appointed to command the 130th Regiment on 21 March 1795 and the unit was entered onto the Army List on 12 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009782-0003-0000", "contents": "130th Regiment of Foot, History\nThe 130th Regiment was posted to the West Indies in 1795, at a time when the British were fighting the Second Maroon War against the revolt of the Jamaican Maroons. The unit suffered badly from tropical disease. It numbered 166 fit men at Santo Domingo in November but by December numbered only 7 men fit and 11 sick. The regiment was disbanded at Santo Domingo in 1796 by drafting the survivors into other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009782-0003-0001", "contents": "130th Regiment of Foot, History\nShoulder belt plates bearing the insignia of the Stafford Knot and the inscription \"Loyal Staffordshire Volunteers\" found in Dominica and Haiti and sometimes identified as belonging to the 80th Regiment of Foot (Staffordshire Volunteers), are instead probably associated with the 130th Regiment. Colonel Pigot was placed on half pay and afterwards rose, by a series of brevet promotions, to the rank of general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009783-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Rescue Squadron\nThe 130th Rescue Squadron (130 RQS) is a unit of the California Air National Guard 129th Rescue Wing located at Moffett Federal Airfield, Mountain View, California. The 130th is equipped with the HC-130J Combat King II. If activated to federal service, the 130 RQS is gained within the United States Air Force by the Air Combat Command (ACC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009783-0001-0000", "contents": "130th Rescue Squadron, Overview\nThe 130th flies four MC-130P Combat Shadows, a version of the C-130 specially modified for probe-and-drogue aerial refueling and combat search-and-rescue missions. These aircraft extend the range of the wing's HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopters with an air refueling capability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009783-0002-0000", "contents": "130th Rescue Squadron, Overview\nEstablished on 1 October 2003 by the Air Force Special Operations Command as part of a re-organization of Air National Guard rescue units which created separate squadrons for fixed-wing, helicopter and pararescue elements of the 129th Rescue Wing. All three squadrons are assigned to the 129th Operations Group. The HH-60 helicopter flight became 129th Rescue Squadron; the HC-130P Hercules flight become the 130th Rescue Squadron, and the pararescue flight became the 131st Rescue Squadron. On 6 April 2018 the squadron received the first of four new HC-130J Combat King II aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009783-0003-0000", "contents": "130th Rescue Squadron, Operations\nWhen in a theater of combat, squadron members operate at the direction of the overall theater combatant commander and the theater's commander of air forces. In these situations, the 130th is primarily assigned to conduct personnel recovery operations\u2014rescuing downed airmen or other isolated personnel from enemy territory, for example. In addition to combat search-and-rescue missions like these, the 130th may also conduct collateral missions: noncombatant evacuation operations, inter- and intra-theater airlift, and support of special operations forces, for example.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009783-0004-0000", "contents": "130th Rescue Squadron, Operations\nBack at home, the 130th Rescue Squadron furnishes trained personnel to respond to state emergencies, such as natural disasters, and to assist civil authorities in the enforcement of the law. Other 130th missions include non-combat search and rescue (SAR), emergency aeromedical evacuations, humanitarian relief, international aid, counter-drug activities, and support for NASA flight operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009783-0005-0000", "contents": "130th Rescue Squadron, Operations\nThe 130th RQS has been assigned to support Operation Iraqi Freedom (Iraq) and Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan) in support of the Global War on Terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009784-0000-0000", "contents": "130th Street station\n130th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had two levels. The lower level was built first and had two tracks and two side platforms and served local trains. The upper level was built as part of the Dual Contracts and had one track that served express trains that bypassed this station. It opened on September 17, 1879 and closed on June 11, 1940. The next southbound stop was 125th Street. The next northbound stop was 135th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009785-0000-0000", "contents": "130th meridian east\nThe meridian 130\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, Australia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009785-0001-0000", "contents": "130th meridian east\nThe 130th meridian east forms a great circle with the 50th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009785-0002-0000", "contents": "130th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 130th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009786-0000-0000", "contents": "130th meridian west\nThe meridian 130\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009786-0001-0000", "contents": "130th meridian west\nThe 130th meridian west forms a great circle with the 50th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009786-0002-0000", "contents": "130th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 130th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009787-0000-0000", "contents": "130th station\n130th is a proposed rapid transit station for the Red Line as part of the Red Line Extension. The station is planned to open in 2029 if the CTA can get the funding for the $2.3\u00a0billion project. The station will be constructed in Chicago's Riverdale neighborhood. It will serve as the southern terminus of the Red Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009788-0000-0000", "contents": "130\u2013136 Piccotts End\n130\u2013136 Piccotts End is a medieval timber framed building in Piccotts End in Hertfordshire, England. Originally a hall house, the structure has been divided into a row of cottages. Two of the cottages are of interest for the art they contain. Important 15th century murals were discovered, at 132, in 1953 and the entire building was listed Grade I the following year. Later murals have been recorded at 134.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009788-0001-0000", "contents": "130\u2013136 Piccotts End, Location\nPiccotts End is a village in the north of the parish of Hemel Hempstead. The original function of the building is not known. It has been suggested that the building was connected with Ashridge Priory, which was in existence from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009788-0002-0000", "contents": "130\u2013136 Piccotts End, Murals\nInside the house at number 132 are a number of fifteenth-century religious wall paintings, which are of particular interest to historians as a rare example of pre-Reformation English Catholic art. The paintings are thought to originate from around 1470\u20131500. Following the English Reformation, religious art came to be regarded as a form of idolatry and many works were obliterated or destroyed; for this reason, some of the faces in the Piccotts End murals were mutilated and the paintings subsequently covered over by whitewash. They remained hidden for over 400 years until they were uncovered in 1953 by a resident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009788-0003-0000", "contents": "130\u2013136 Piccotts End, Murals\nThe origins of the paintings are unknown. Historians surmise that the Piccotts End house may have served as a hospice for pilgrims, as it was located close to a pilgrim trail which went via the nearby Monastery of the Bonhommes at Ashridge. At Ashridge, pilgrims could venerate a phial of the Blood of Christ before proceeding to St Albans Abbey to venerate the holy relics of Saint Alban. The art historian E. Clive Rouse has noted that the murals exhibit a technique of woodcut illustration dating from the late 15th and early 16th centuries, suggesting the influence of the artistic style of the Low Countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009788-0004-0000", "contents": "130\u2013136 Piccotts End, Murals\nThe wall paintings consist of five panels, arranged in a type of iconostasis, resembling a large screen covered with icons, set in tiers. In the centre panel is Christ in Majesty, with the \"IHS\" Sacred Monogram in the halo. In the right panel is depicted the  Baptism of Jesus by Saint John the Baptist; in the background an archangel holds Christ's robes. On the extreme right is a badly damaged image of Saint Clement, the third Pope with a symbolic anchor on each shoulder and the Papal cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009788-0004-0001", "contents": "130\u2013136 Piccotts End, Murals\nThe left panel contains a Piet\u00e0 (the Virgin Mary holding the dead Christ), and on the far left is a representation of Saint Peter wearing the Papal Tiara, with a Papal cross and the Keys of Heaven. In the two lower panels are paintings of figures of St Catherine of Alexandria (with her Catherine wheel)  and Saint Margaret of Antioch emerging from the belly of a dragon. Many figures are depicted wearing typical Tudor dress. They are decorated with orange-red, grey and blue and white foliation with yellow fruit and flowers. A blank space in the lower wall suggests the former presence of an altar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009788-0005-0000", "contents": "130\u2013136 Piccotts End, Murals\nIt has been suggested that some of the symbolism contained in the wall paintings indicate connections with the doctrines of Catharism, a sect considered heretical by the Catholic Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009788-0006-0000", "contents": "130\u2013136 Piccotts End, Hospital\nIn the 1820s the building was converted for use as a cottage hospital by the anatomist and surgeon Sir Astley Cooper. In the early 1830s the number of patients increased because of injuries to workers constructing the London to Birmingham railway. Accordingly, the hospital moved to larger premises at Cheere House in Hemel Hempstead in 1832.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009788-0007-0000", "contents": "130\u2013136 Piccotts End, Access\nIn recent years there has been limited opening of No. 132, which is privately owned. The public has been able to visit under the Heritage Open Days scheme. In 2014 a local conservation charity, the Dacorum Heritage Trust, launched an appeal to raise funds to buy the property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009789-0000-0000", "contents": "130\u201330 fund\nA 130\u201330 fund or a ratio up to 150/50 is a type of collective investment vehicle, often a type of specialty mutual fund, but which allows the fund manager simultaneously to hold both long and short positions on different equities in the fund. Traditionally, mutual funds were long-only investments. 130\u201330 funds are a fast-growing segment of the financial industry; they should be available both as traditional mutual funds, and as exchange-traded funds (ETFs). While this type of investment has existed for a while in the hedge fund industry, its availability for retail investors is relatively new.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009789-0001-0000", "contents": "130\u201330 fund\nA 130\u201330 fund is considered a long-short equity fund, meaning it goes both long and short at the same time. The \"130\" portion stands for 130% exposure to its long portfolio and the \"30\" portion stands for 30% exposure to its short portfolio. The structure usually ranges from 120\u201320 up to 150\u201350 with 130\u201330 being the most popular and is limited to 150/50 because of Reg T limiting the short side to 50%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009789-0002-0000", "contents": "130\u201330 fund, The Mathematics of 130\u201330\nThe 130\u201330 funds also known as 1X0/X0 funds give ordinary investors a taste of an investing strategy that has been popular among hedge funds, lightly regulated investment pools for institutions and high-net-worth individuals. Like other \"long-short\" mutual funds, the 130\u201330 funds have traditional \"long\" holdings of stocks but also sell other stocks \"short\" in a bet that prices will fall. In a short sale, investors sell borrowed shares with the hope of repurchasing them later at a lower price.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009789-0003-0000", "contents": "130\u201330 fund, The Mathematics of 130\u201330\nThe 130\u201330 funds work by investing, say, $100 in a basket of stocks. They then short $30 in stocks that they believe to be overvalued. Proceeds from that short sale are then used to purchase an additional $30 in stocks thought to be undervalued. The name reflects the fact that the manager ends up with $130 invested in traditional long positions and $30 invested short. A common strategy is to use a traditional index, such as the S&P 500 or NASDAQ-100, and then rate the stocks comprising that index by a proprietary method; the top stocks would be held long, the bottom stocks short.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009789-0004-0000", "contents": "130\u201330 fund, What are 130\u201330 active-extension funds?\n130\u201330 strategies share three investment techniques with hedge funds; they are allowed to use short selling, they are leveraged vehicles and they typically have a performance-linked compensation. There are also vast differences, firstly they do not seek absolute returns regardless of the performance of the market. Instead 130\u201330 strategies aim at outperforming an index or another benchmark just like a traditional investment fund. Johnson et al. (2007) argue that despite the similarities to hedge funds, a 130\u201330 strategy is more like a long-only strategy because it is managed to abenchmark and has a 100 percent exposure to the market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009789-0004-0001", "contents": "130\u201330 fund, What are 130\u201330 active-extension funds?\nTherefore, a 130\u201330 strategy\u2019s performance should be evaluated similar to a long-only strategy and compared with its benchmark. Market exposure is also called beta, and 100 percent exposure equals a beta of one. For this reason both long-only and 130\u201330 are often referred to as beta-one strategies. In contrast, hedge funds with a market-neutral long-short strategy, by definition, have a beta of zero. Secondly, 130\u201330 funds are typically regulated under the jurisdiction of traditional investment funds, and for this reason they are allowed to market themselves to the general public. This, in combination with the fact that the risk andreturn profile of 130\u201330 structures is similar to the long-only framework, makes them suitable to attract long-only money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009789-0005-0000", "contents": "130\u201330 fund, What are 130\u201330 active-extension funds?\nThe primary purpose of the 130\u201330 funds is to tap into the large pool of assets allocated to long-only managers, while the primary rationale of the strategy is to attempt to construct more efficient portfolios by allowing limited short selling. The world\u2019s 500 largest long-only fund managers have a total of assets under management of $63.7 trillion. In comparison global hedge fund assets are estimated to $2.48 trillion, or 3.9 percent of that. It is obvious that the long-only funds manage a large chunk of money that everyone is interested in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009789-0005-0001", "contents": "130\u201330 fund, What are 130\u201330 active-extension funds?\nThe global assets of 130\u201330 funds are in perspective very small, approximately $53.3 billion. Nevertheless, the fund segment is growing rapidly; assets increased with 78.5 percent over the first nine months of 2007. The fee structure of 130\u201330 funds is, as mentioned above, closer related to that of hedge funds than that of long-only funds. In general, the performance fee is on average very similar to the hedge fund average, while the management fee is typically lower, and in-between long-only and hedge funds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009789-0006-0000", "contents": "130\u201330 fund, Comparison with other investment vehicles\nThe trade-off between long-only, 130\u201330 and market neutral long-short funds depends on two factors: 1) If one has a neutral or negative market view and does not want any beta exposure, then one should invest into a market neutral long-short hedge fund. However, if one has a positive market view and wants beta exposure, then one should invest into either a long-only or 130\u201330 strategy. 2) If one believes that the fund manager can generate alpha from the short leg, then it is better to invest into a 130\u201330 strategy rather than a long-only strategy. However, if one believes, that the manager cannot generate alpha from short selling or that the higher gross exposure of a 130\u201330 fund is unbearable, then one should invest into a long-only strategy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009789-0007-0000", "contents": "130\u201330 fund, Comparison with other investment vehicles\nThe greater part of hedge funds describe themselves as market neutral long-short equity strategies. The purpose of all market neutral long-short funds is to run an absolute-return strategy. Consequently, the aim of the investment strategy is to produce profits regardless of market direction. Many hedge funds and market neutral long-short funds were started following the last bear market from 2000 to 2002, endorsed by a prolonged bear market that sparked interest in absolute returns and the separation of alpha and beta management.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009789-0007-0001", "contents": "130\u201330 fund, Comparison with other investment vehicles\nThe worldwide growth in hedge funds was driven by three factors: the equity bear market; investor interest in absolute returns due to heavy losses and the flow of top talent into those hedge funds notching up absolute returns. Typically, market neutral long-short funds will have a beta exposure between 30 percent net longto 10 percent net short. Since market neutral long-short returns often move in a different direction from the overall market, it can help investors to diversify their portfolios. In neutral or bear market scenarios, the advantages of market neutral long-short are prevailing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009789-0007-0002", "contents": "130\u201330 fund, Comparison with other investment vehicles\nIn bull markets, market neutral long-short strategies tend not to be able to generate better returns than other investment strategies. In comparison, it would be advantageous to invest into a 130\u201330 fund in a strong bull market. The main obvious similarity between these strategies and 130\u201330 is that both strategieshave both long and short positions. Market neutral hedge funds typically charge a performance fee, inline with most 130\u201330 funds. On the other hand they are not managed to an index, but instead use the risk-free interest rate as their benchmark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009789-0008-0000", "contents": "130\u201330 fund, Comparison with other investment vehicles\nThe holy grail of alpha hunting and absolute returns is a zero-sum game, producing winners and losers. A fact that often seems to be overlooked is that performance fees, besides aligning the interest of fund managers with investors, also attain top talent. Since alpha is difficult to extract, the single most important factor of active management is the talent of the fund manager. According to a hedge fund survey in 2005, the three key risks for the fund segment is overcrowding, poor returns and mis-pricing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009789-0008-0001", "contents": "130\u201330 fund, Comparison with other investment vehicles\nIn effect, the argument is that due to overcrowding the alpha available for capture by hedge funds has tospread over more funds, resulting in lower returns. Furthermore, the study concluded that two in three pension funds believe that worldwide overcapacity will drive down the returns. One should underline that these risks are also noteworthy for 130\u201330 strategies. As an asset class hedge funds have recorded an annual return of 10.7 percent since 1994, according to CSFB/Tremont, which tracks about 400 hedge funds. That is marginally ahead of Standard & Poor\u2019s 500 annual gains over the period of 10.4 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009789-0008-0002", "contents": "130\u201330 fund, Comparison with other investment vehicles\nIn this perspective, beta seems to offer rather attractive risk-adjusted returns over time. Conclusively, one could argue that it might be desirable to invest in a strategy that can offer both beta and the potential upsides of long-short strategies in terms of alpha generation. Nevertheless, 130\u201330 is first and foremost not competing with market neutral long-short funds as an investment vehicle. Instead, they should be viewed as an alternative to long-only funds, where managers can use short selling as a possible additional source of alpha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009789-0009-0000", "contents": "130\u201330 fund, ETF Available for 130/30 Strategy\nCredit Suisse developed 130/30 index. In partnership with Professor Andrew Lo of MIT, Philip Vasan formerly of Credit Suisse and now BlackRock and Pankaj Patel formerly of Credit Suisse and now Cirrus Research  launched the first passive and investible 130/30 Equity index to compare performance of 130\u201330 fund. They also created first and only one 130/30 ETF in partnership with ProShares.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009789-0010-0000", "contents": "130\u201330 fund, ETF Available for 130/30 Strategy\nProShares Large Cap Core Plus that track the performance of the Credit Suisse 130/30 Large Cap Index (CSM). The performance of the index matches their study published in \"The Journal of Portfolio Management. They have applied for patent for the 130/30 index. They received Jacobs Levy Award: The Tenth Annual Bernstein Fabozzi / Jacobs Levy Award Awards of Excellence for Outstanding Article 130/30: The New Long-Only , Appearing in The Journal of Portfolio Management, Winter 20008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009790-0000-0000", "contents": "131 (album)\n131 is the fourth studio album by American rock band Emarosa. The album was released on July 8, 2016 through Hopeless Records and was produced by Casey Bates. It is the band's first album to be released on this label. It is also the last album to feature founding keyboardist Jordan Stewart and the first to feature rhythm guitarist Matthew Marcellus, who has been touring with the band since 2014. The sculpture image featuring on the album cover and also on other merchandise to promote the album is made by artist Beth Cavener.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009791-0000-0000", "contents": "131 (number)\n131 (one hundred [and] thirty-one) is the natural number following 130 and preceding 132.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009791-0001-0000", "contents": "131 (number), In mathematics\n131 is a Sophie Germain prime, an irregular prime, the second 3-digit palindromic prime, and also a permutable prime with 113 and 311. It can be expressed as the sum of three consecutive primes, 131 = 41 + 43 + 47. 131 is an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and real part of the form 3n\u22121{\\displaystyle 3n-1}. Because the next odd number, 133, is a semiprime, 131 is a Chen prime. 131 is an Ulam number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009791-0002-0000", "contents": "131 (number), In mathematics\n131 is a full reptend prime in base 10 (and also in base 2). The decimal expansion of 1/131 repeats the digits 007633587786259541984732824427480916030534351145038167938931 297709923664122137404580152671755725190839694656488549618320 6106870229 indefinitely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009792-0000-0000", "contents": "131 AD Regiment\n131 Air Defence Regiment is an Air Defence regiment of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009792-0001-0000", "contents": "131 AD Regiment, Formation\nThe regiment was raised on 24 September 1968 as a territorial army regiment at Siliguri, West Bengal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009792-0002-0000", "contents": "131 AD Regiment, History\nAt the time of its formation, the Regiment was equipped with Bofors 40 mm L-60 anti-aircraft guns, it had inherited from 106 Heavy Anti Aircraft Territorial Army. On 15 September 1973, the regiment was converted into a regular air defence regiment. In due course, it was equipped with the 40 mm L/70 gun and the Super Fledermaus radar. It presently also has the Flycatcher (KL/MSS-6720) radar system and the Tactical Control Radar (TCR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009793-0000-0000", "contents": "131 BC\nYear 131 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Mucianus and Flaccus (or, less frequently, year 623 Ab urbe condita) and the Fourth Year of Yuanguang. The denomination 131 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009794-0000-0000", "contents": "131 Charles Street\n131 Charles Street is a Federal style townhouse on Charles Street and near Greenwich Street in the West Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. The red brick Federal two-story-over-raised-basement townhouse with a dormer attic was built in 1834 by David Christie, a stone cutter, for about $2,600. The brick is laid in the Flemish bond pattern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009794-0001-0000", "contents": "131 Charles Street\n\"These residences of the 1820s were almost all builder's, carpenter's, or stonemason's homes, and there were several blocks of them at one time. in 1899 Montgomery Schuyler, the critic, wrote that they were 'the most respectable and artistic pattern of habitation New York has ever known.'\" The house was listed April 19, 1966, as a New York City Landmark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009794-0002-0000", "contents": "131 Charles Street\nThe structure retains all original window frames and lintels (except in the dormers) At least until 1971, when the property was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places, the trim was white and many original interior features of the house remained. Some minor exterior changes were made during the Victorian period. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 for its architecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0000-0000", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers\n131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers is an Army Reserve unit and part of 24 Commando Regiment Royal Engineers. It provides engineering support to 3 Commando Brigade Royal Marines (3 Cdo Bde RM) and is the largest Army Reserve Commando unit. The squadron has deployed worldwide to provide combat engineer support to 3 Cdo Bde RM, often deploying in small sub-units. 131 was first raised in 1947 as an airborne engineer regiment, and reached a strength of over 1,000 trained parachute engineers by the early 1960s. Between 1 April 1978 and 1 October 2015, the unit was an independent Commando squadron under operational command of HQ 3 Cdo Bde RM. On 2 October 2015, it formally became the third squadron of 24 Commando Engineer Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0001-0000", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1940s: Airborne Forces Role\nWith the reformation of the Territorial Army (TA) in 1947, the unit was raised as 131 Airborne Engineer Regiment in support of 16th Airborne Division. The division, taking its number from the wartime 1st and 6th Airborne Divisions, was commanded at first by Major-General Roy Urquhart (who had led 1st Airborne Division at Arnhem in 1944) and consisted of three TA parachute brigades (44, 45 and 46 Parachute Brigades), each of three parachute battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 75], "content_span": [76, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0002-0000", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1940s: Airborne Forces Role\nWith all volunteers going through 'P Company' to gain their Red Berets and earning their Parachute Wings at RAF Abingdon, the regiment provided a squadron of parachute engineers to support each brigade: 299 Airborne Field Squadron in Hull; 300 Airborne Field Squadron in Liverpool, later Glasgow; and 301 Airborne Field Squadron in Croydon. The regimental headquarters was in Pont Street in Knightsbridge, with 302 Airborne Field Park Squadron based in Hendon. Manning a regiment of this size presented no problems, with many recently demobilised World War II soldiers, including many former paratroopers, willing to join the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 75], "content_span": [76, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0002-0001", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1940s: Airborne Forces Role\nIndeed, it was one of the fullest of all units within the brigade. Experienced leadership was also readily available. 299 Squadron was raised by Major George Widdowson, previously of the Green Howards, who had fought at Arnhem as second-in-command of the decimated 10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, whilst at Surrey-based 301 Squadron Major Beverley Holloway became Officer Commanding and later regimental second-in-command. His World War II service included parachuting into Normandy on D Day as a troop commander with 3rd Parachute Squadron RE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 75], "content_span": [76, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0003-0000", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1950s\nTerritorial Army reorganisations took place in 1956, with 16 Airborne Division being disbanded and replaced by a single TA parachute brigade, 44 Independent Parachute Brigade Group. 131 Regiment was sufficiently well established to ensure that it was retained in size but redesignated as 131 Parachute Engineer Regiment, with all squadron titles replacing the term \"Airborne\" with \"Parachute\". RHQ moved half a mile to the Duke of York's Headquarters in the King's Road, Chelsea, co-located with Brigade Headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0003-0001", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1950s\nTroop locations evolved through the 1950s too, with 301 Squadron moving to Guildford and gaining a Birmingham based troop as a result of the demise of 18th Battalion The Parachute Regiment. The Liverpool-based troop also went on to become part of 299 Squadron, whilst 300 Squadron, gained troops in Edinburgh and Falkirk to become wholly Scottish. One final change saw 302 Squadron move from Hendon to nearby Kingsbury, with its Luton-based Plant Troop also relocating to Kingsbury, in 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0004-0000", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1960s\nIn the early 1960s, 131 fielded over 1,000 trained parachute engineers and was believed to have the largest number of men earning their annual bounty in the whole of the Territorial Army. Many of the unit's members were also members of the Emergency Reserve, giving them a higher call-out obligation. Basic training was only beginning to be introduced because, up until this time, almost all unit members were either ex-regulars, ex-WW2 volunteers or ex-National Servicemen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0004-0001", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1960s\nThroughout this period of the regiment's existence, squadron-sized detachments served their annual camps in many overseas theatres, carrying out close support and construction engineer tasks as well as parachuting with United States, Canadian, French and Italian forces. A major regimental event during the 1960s was Exercise Sea Splash, during which its soldiers would parachute into the harbour in St Peter Port in Guernsey, awaited by a fleet of small boats and cheering islanders. 131's first Honorary Colonel, Lieutenant General Sir Philip Neame VC, KBE, CB, DSO, had initiated the regiment's involvement with the island when he served as its governor after the war, and the parachute foray was always treated as a celebration of the liberation from German control in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0005-0000", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1960s\nIn 1965, the bulk of the regiment carried out its Annual Camp in Aden Protectorate and in 1966 elements of the regiment deployed to the country again. During the 1965 deployment ('Ex Jockey Club') on the night of 12 April, 300 Parachute Squadron was attacked by guerrillas whilst working with 24 Field Squadron on the construction of the Dhala Road at Al-Milah near the Yemen frontier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0005-0001", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1960s\nSquadron Sergeant Major John Lonergan of 300 Squadron and Sergeant Atfield, the pay sergeant of 24 Field Squadron, were both killed during the action and are buried at the Ma-Allah Cemetery, now within the Republic of Yemen. Major Clive Samuel, the Regimental Medical Officer, was awarded the MBE for gallantry after he risked his life to attend to those wounded and rescued two badly wounded men caught out in the open. The incident became known as the Battle of Dhala. 131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers's base is named Lonergan Lines in honour of SSM Lonergan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0006-0000", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1960s\nThe second major post-war reorganisation of the TA in 1967 saw the regiment reduced to a single independent squadron of 250 personnel on 1 April 1967. 131 Independent Parachute Squadron Royal Engineers (Volunteers) maintained its role in support of the three parachute battalions of 44 Parachute Brigade (Volunteers). Squadron Headquarters and the Support Troop was based in Kingsbury in London, with Troops in Birmingham, Hull and Grangemouth. Troops took the names of the Squadrons they had replaced, with 299 Troop in Hull, 300 Troop in Grangemouth, 301 Troop in Birmingham and 302 Troop (Support Troop) in Kingsbury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0007-0000", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1970s\nThe three field troops each continued to support a TA parachute battalion, with 299 Troop linked to the 4th (Volunteer) Battalion The Parachute Regiment, 300 Troop to the 15th (Scottish Volunteer) Battalion and 301 Troop to the 10th (Volunteer) Battalion. Overseas travel, with associated opportunities for engineer support, construction and parachuting continued. At times, troops carried out annual camps in direct support of their battalions, such as 299 Troop's 1972 camp with 4 Para in Jamaica, whilst on other occasions the squadron exercised as a whole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0007-0001", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1970s\nIn 1973, the squadron undertook Exercise Sacristan in the United Arab Emirates, which saw 180 members of the squadron deploy for between two and six weeks, carrying out a variety of construction tasks and desert training exercises. Close ties with 9 Independent Parachute Squadron RE, then based at Church Crookham, also continued throughout the period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0008-0000", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1970s\nOn 28 September 1975, during Exercise Trent Chase, while the squadron was conducting its annual watermanship-based section competition on the River Trent in Nottinghamshire, an assault boat containing eleven Sappers of 300 Troop was swept over the Cromwell Weir near Newark. Ten of the eleven men were drowned, including two brothers, Sappers Stuart and Peter Evenden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0008-0001", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1970s\nAfter the military funerals, which took place in various parishes around Scotland, a memorial service was held at the site of the accident, and a stone of Scottish granite bearing the names of those killed was laid in a small commemorative garden close to the lock. Another memorial was established near Grangemouth, at Falkirk Cemetery, and the men are also commemorated at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire. A bridge over the River Toscaig was built in their memory in 1996 at Toscaig near Applecross in Wester Ross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0009-0000", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1978: Commando Role\nIn 1977, reductions in the regular and TA Airborne Forces were announced and on 31 March 1978, 44 Parachute Brigade (Volunteers) was disbanded in a parade at Altcar Ranges, near Liverpool. Although the three parachute battalions were retained, support arms and services were to be disbanded. On 1 April 1978, the squadron was accepted into the order of battle of 3 Commando Brigade Royal Marines. Exchanging Maroon Berets for Green, but retaining a significant parachute capability across its four locations, it was renamed 131 Independent Commando Squadron Royal Engineers (Volunteers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0010-0000", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1980s and 1990s\nIn 1982, it was decided to raise a field troop in Plymouth to capitalise on the significant number of ex-regular Commando-trained personnel living in the area and the fact that 131's new sister-Squadron, 59 Independent Commando Squadron RE, was based within the town at Crownhill Fort (later Seaton Barracks). This sub-unit was to become the new 300 Troop, but whilst Grangemouth and Plymouth were both on the Squadron's order of battle, Plymouth used the old Support Troop number, 302 Troop, for a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0010-0001", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1980s and 1990s\nRecruiting at Plymouth was buoyant, and the then-Permanent Staff Instructor was awarded the British Empire Medal for his leadership in helping to establish the new Troop. Finally, in 1983, at a ceremony in Grangemouth, the Scottish 300 Troop was re-roled as a Royal Marines Reserve Assault Engineer Troop, and Plymouth took on the 300 Troop title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0011-0000", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 21st Century\n2001's annual training exercise took place in Oman (Ex Saif Sareea), setting the tone for more than a decade of operational activity by the squadron in the Middle East and Afghanistan. Fourteen personnel mobilised for service in Afghanistan with 3 Cdo Bde RM the following year (Op Jacana). The squadron was compulsorily mobilised in January 2003 and deployed in Iraq as part of Operation TELIC 1, returning to the UK in May. A significant proportion of the unit was mobilised for a second time in Autumn 2006 for service in Helmand Province in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0011-0001", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 21st Century\nFollowing the end of this deployment in Spring 2007, the squadron has supported a further nine tours of the province. Tasks and responsibilities were wide and varied as befits the extensive range of skills held within the unit, ranging from reconstruction advice through to close support engineering by sections embedded within Royal Marines rifle companies. Small teams also deployed to Iraq on Operation TELIC 4 in 2004/5 and to the Bagh region of Pakistan during humanitarian operations (Op Maturin) following the Kashmir earthquake in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0012-0000", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 21st Century\nDuring 2006, the squadron effectively split in two to form 299 Parachute Squadron, centred on the very strongly recruited Hull-based 299 Troop, whilst retaining the three other locations within 131 and growing a new troop in Bath (302 Troop).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0013-0000", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 21st Century\nOn 2 October 2015, 131 formally became the third squadron of 24 Commando Engineer Regiment the Squadron retained the three previous field troop locations and Squadron Headquarters at Kingsbury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0014-0000", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, Current role\nAs a Commando unit, the majority of the squadron's personnel have completed the Reserve Forces Commando Course, run by the Royal Marines at the Commando Training Centre at Lympstone. This demanding course is the foundation for all further training. As an engineer unit, the squadron trains for a variety of tasks from demolitions to construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0015-0000", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, Structure\nThe squadron consists of four troops based in the following locations around the UK:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009795-0016-0000", "contents": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, Structure\nHull-based 299 Troop, which was part of 131 until 2007, later become the heart of the re-formed 299 Parachute Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009796-0000-0000", "contents": "131 Ponce de Leon Avenue\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Liverpoolpics (talk | contribs) at 10:37, 17 December 2019. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009796-0001-0000", "contents": "131 Ponce de Leon Avenue\n131 Ponce de Leon Avenue, also known as the Gulf Oil Building, is the name of a former building in Midtown Atlanta at the southeast corner of Ponce de Leon Avenue and Juniper Street, as well as the name of a mixed-use development which incorporates portions of the Pei building's fa\u00e7ade, adding 321 apartments and 8,600 square feet (800\u00a0m2) of retail space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009796-0002-0000", "contents": "131 Ponce de Leon Avenue\nThe building was architect I. M. Pei's first project, built in 1949, a 50,000 square feet (4,600\u00a0m2) two-story \"box that invoked the lean rectilinearity of Mies van der Rohe\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009796-0003-0000", "contents": "131 Ponce de Leon Avenue\nThe mixed-use development incorporates the entire block bounded by Ponce de Leon Avenue, North Avenue, Piedmont Avenue and Juniper Street, except for St. Paul's church. A joint venture between real estate investment company Sereo Group Inc. and developer Faison Enterprises bought the 2.5-acre (10,000\u00a0m2) site in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009796-0004-0000", "contents": "131 Ponce de Leon Avenue\nIn 2008, the block had been proposed for redevelopment as the \"Fountain on Ponce\" complex, but that project did not go through.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009796-0005-0000", "contents": "131 Ponce de Leon Avenue\nThe building was demolished in February 2013, but the Atlanta Preservation Center stated that its understanding that a portion of the fa\u00e7ade was to be \"resurrected as a shell\" and incorporated into the new complex. The demolition involved taking apart the building piece by piece. The front portion of the building was then reconstructed for use as the clubhouse and offices of the mixed use development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009797-0000-0000", "contents": "131 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 131 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Yellow Bird Squadron, is a C-130E and KC-130H squadron based at Nevatim Airbase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009798-0000-0000", "contents": "131 Vala\nVala (minor planet designation: 131 Vala) is an inner main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on 24 May 1873, and named after V\u00f6lva, a prophetess in Norse mythology. One observation of an occultation of a star by Vala is from Italy (26 May 2002). 10-\u03bcm radiometric data collected from Kitt Peak in 1975 gave a diameter estimate of 34\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009798-0001-0000", "contents": "131 Vala\nIn the Tholen classification system, it is categorized as an SU-type asteroid, while the Bus asteroid taxonomy system lists it as a K-type asteroid. Photometric observations of this asteroid during 2007 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico were used to create a \"nearly symmetric bimodal\" light curve plot. This showed a rotation period of 10.359 \u00b1 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.09 \u00b1 0.02 magnitude during each cycle. The result is double the 5.18-hour period reported in the JPL Small-Body Database.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009798-0002-0000", "contents": "131 Vala\nOn 2028-Apr-05, Vala will pass 0.0276\u00a0AU (4,130,000\u00a0km; 2,570,000\u00a0mi) from asteroid 2 Pallas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009799-0000-0000", "contents": "1310\nYear 1310 (MCCCX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009800-0000-0000", "contents": "1310 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1310\u00a0kHz: The Federal Communications Commission classifies 1310 AM as a regional frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009801-0000-0000", "contents": "1310 G Street\n1310 G Street is a high-rise skyscraper building located in Washington, D.C., United States. Its construction was completed in 1992. With its completion, the building rose to 154 feet (47\u00a0m), and featured 12 floors with 59,652 m2 in total floor area. The architect of the building was Skidmore, Owings & Merrill who designed the postmodern architectural style of the building. The high-rise serves as an office building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009801-0001-0000", "contents": "1310 G Street\n1310 G Street is located in the East End neighborhood of Washington, DC. The East End has transformed over the last two decades into a hub for retail, hospitality, and public and private sector offices. It is also home to Capital One Arena, the home of the NBA's Washington Wizards and the NHL's Stanley Cup-winning Washington Capitals, as well as the region's premier concert venue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009801-0002-0000", "contents": "1310 G Street\n1310 G Street is just a 1/2 block from one of the Metro system's three major hubs, Metro Center. The neighborhood is also home to Gallery Place-Chinatown which combined provide access to every Metro line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009802-0000-0000", "contents": "1310 Villigera\n1310 Villigera, provisional designation 1932 DB, is a stony asteroid and large Mars-crosser from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 February 1932, by German astronomer Friedrich Schwassmann at Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany. The asteroid was named after astronomer Walther Villiger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009802-0001-0000", "contents": "1310 Villigera, Orbit and classification\nVilligera is a Mars-crossing asteroid, a dynamically unstable group between the main belt and the near-Earth populations, crossing the orbit of Mars at 1.666\u00a0AU. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.5\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,352 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.36 and an inclination of 21\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. No precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made. The body's observation arc begins 10 days after its official discovery observation with its first used observation at Uccle Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009802-0002-0000", "contents": "1310 Villigera, Physical characteristics\nVilligera is a common S-type asteroid on the Tholen taxonomic scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009802-0003-0000", "contents": "1310 Villigera, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn October 2001, a first rotational lightcurve of Villigera was obtained by astronomer Robert Koff at Thornton Observatory (713) in Colorado. Light curve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.830 hours with a brightness variation of 0.39 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009802-0004-0000", "contents": "1310 Villigera, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nPhotometric observations by astronomers Ren\u00e9 Roy, Raoul Behrend and Pierre Antonini in February 2006, gave a concurring period of 7.834 hours and an amplitude of 0.36 magnitude (U=3). In 2016, a modeled lightcurves using photometric data from various sources, rendered an identical period of 7.830 and a spin axis of (3.0\u00b0, 63\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009802-0005-0000", "contents": "1310 Villigera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Villigera measures 13.76 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.245. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 15.24 kilometers, with an absolute magnitude of 11.45. Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, Villigera measures between 13 and 30 kilometers for an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009802-0006-0000", "contents": "1310 Villigera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThis makes Villigera one of the largest mid-sized Mars-crossing asteroids comparable with 1065\u00a0Amundsenia (9.75\u00a0km), 1139\u2009Atami (9.35\u00a0km), 1474\u00a0Beira (8.73\u00a0km), 1011\u00a0Laodamia (7.5\u00a0km), 1727\u00a0Mette (est. 9\u00a0km), 1131\u00a0Porzia (7\u00a0km), 1235\u00a0Schorria (est. 9\u00a0km), 985\u00a0Rosina (8.18\u00a0km) and 1468 Zomba (7\u00a0km), but smaller than the largest members of this dynamical group, namely, 132\u00a0Aethra, 323\u00a0Brucia, 1508\u00a0Kemi, 2204\u00a0Lyyli and 512\u00a0Taurinensis, which are all larger than 20 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009802-0007-0000", "contents": "1310 Villigera, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honour of Swiss astronomer Walther Villiger (1872\u20131938), who himself discovered the main-belt asteroid 428 Monachia at Munich in 1897. The official naming citation was also mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 120).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009804-0000-0000", "contents": "1310 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1310 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009805-0000-0000", "contents": "1310s\nThe 1310s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1310, and ended on December 31, 1319.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009806-0000-0000", "contents": "1310s BC\nThe 1310s BC is a decade which lasted from 1319 BC to 1310 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009808-0000-0000", "contents": "1310s in art\nThe decade of the 1310s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009810-0000-0000", "contents": "1310s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009810-0001-0000", "contents": "1310s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009810-0002-0000", "contents": "1310s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009811-0000-0000", "contents": "1311\nYear 1311 (MCCCXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009813-0000-0000", "contents": "1311 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1311 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009814-0000-0000", "contents": "1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate\nIn 1311, the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji ordered a mass massacre of the \"New Muslims\" (Mongols who had recently converted to Islam), after some Mongol amirs of Delhi conspired to kill him. According to chronicler Ziauddin Barani, 20,000 or 30,000 Mongols were killed as a result of this order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009814-0001-0000", "contents": "1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate, Background\nThe Khalji dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate was of Turko-Afghan ethnicity and had fought several wars against the Mongol invaders from Central Asia. In 1292, the Delhi Sultan Jalaluddin Khalji had permitted several thousand Mongols to settle in his empire after they converted to Islam. These Mongol converts were called New Muslims (or Neo-Muslims), and by 1311, more than 10,000 of them lived in the capital Delhi alone. Several of them served in the Delhi army, and during the 1299 Gujarat campaign of Jalaluddin's successor Alauddin, some of them had staged an unsuccessful mutiny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009814-0001-0001", "contents": "1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate, Background\nAfter facing three other rebellions (not by Mongols), Alauddin had taken several measures to prevent further rebellions, including prohibition and confiscation of wealth from his subjects. His administration had greatly reduced salaries and inams (feudal land grants) of the Mongol amirs, and some of them had lost their employment. All these factors caused discontent among the leading Mongols of Delhi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009814-0002-0000", "contents": "1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate, Conspiracy against Alauddin\nIn 1310-1311, Alauddin had sent his general Malik Kafur on a campaign to the southern Hoysala and Pandya kingdoms. During Kafur's invasion of the Pandya kingdom, his Mongol commander Abachi (or Abaji Mughal) conspired to betray the imperial forces and to kill Kafur. The plot failed, and Abachi was brought as a prisoner to Delhi, where Alauddin ordered him to be executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 76], "content_span": [77, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009814-0003-0000", "contents": "1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate, Conspiracy against Alauddin\nAbachi's execution prompted the already-resentful Mongols to conspire against Alauddin. The conspirators made a plan to kill Alauddin when he would come out to fly his hawks, wearing a cloak without any armour. Alauddin's attendants at this time would be unarmed, so the Mongols thought that a contingent of 200-300 Mongol horsemen could easily overpower them. The conspirators planned to set up a government after killing Alauddin. They believed that the general public would support them for liberating the people from Alauddin's tyranny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 76], "content_span": [77, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009814-0004-0000", "contents": "1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate, Alauddin's order\nBefore the Mongol amirs could put their plan into action, Alauddin's agents came to know about the conspiracy. Alauddin then issued a confidential order, instructing his royal officers to kill all the Mongol men in his empire on a specified day. The wives and children of the victims were to be handed over to the assassins. This event has been mentioned by the 14th century chroniclers Ziauddin Barani and Isami. The later chronicler Yahya also mentions the event in Tarikh-i-Mubarakshahi, but he confuses it with the Mongol mutiny during Alauddin's Gujarat campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 65], "content_span": [66, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009814-0005-0000", "contents": "1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate, Alauddin's order\nA manuscript of Barani's Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi states that Alauddin's order was to kill the New Muslims who held jagirs (feudal land grants). However, the term jagir was not used in Barani's days, and seems to be a copyist's addition. Alauddin ordered all New Muslim men of Delhi Sultanate to be killed. According to Barani, 20,000 or 30,000 Mongol men were massacred as a result of Alauddin's orders. Their women and children were turned into destitutes. Most of the victims were unaware of the conspiracy against Alauddin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 65], "content_span": [66, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009814-0006-0000", "contents": "1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate, Alauddin's order\nAccording to historian Peter Jackson, the victims of this massacre may have included Ali Beg and Tartaq, the Mongol commanders who had led the 1305 Mongol invasion of India. Isami states that after being defeated and imprisoned, they had been recruited into Aluaddin's service (probably because of their high ranks), but they were later killed on Alauddin's orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 65], "content_span": [66, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009815-0000-0000", "contents": "1312\nYear 1312 (MCCCXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009816-0000-0000", "contents": "1312 Vassar\n1312 Vassar, provisional designation 1933 OT, is a carbonaceous Alauda asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 27 July 1933, by Belgian\u2013American astronomer George Van Biesbroeck at Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin, United States. The asteroid was named for the American Vassar College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009816-0001-0000", "contents": "1312 Vassar, Orbit and classification\nVassar is a member of the Alauda family (902), a large family of typically bright carbonaceous asteroids and named after its parent body, 702\u00a0Alauda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009816-0002-0000", "contents": "1312 Vassar, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,988 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 22\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1908, it was first identified as A908 CD at Heidelberg Observatory. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Yerkes in 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009816-0003-0000", "contents": "1312 Vassar, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nIn November 2011 American amateur astronomer David Higgins obtained a rotational lightcurve of Vassar from photometric observations taken at the Hunters Hill Observatory (E14) in Australia. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.932 hours with a brightness variation of 0.35 magnitude (U=3). In 2016, two modeled lightcurves were derived using data from the Lowell photometric database and other sources, giving a concurring period of 7.93189 and 7.93190 hours and a spin axis of (104.0\u00b0, \u221250\u00b0) and (251.0\u00b0, \u221223.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates, respectively (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009816-0004-0000", "contents": "1312 Vassar, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Vassar measures between 27.56 and 36.28 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.064 and 0.09. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by IRAS and derives an albedo of 0.0703 and a diameter of 36.32 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009816-0005-0000", "contents": "1312 Vassar, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by American astronomer Maud Worcester Makemson (1891\u20131977) after the U.S Vassar College (formerly: Vassar Female College), located in New York state. Makemson, who computed the asteroid's orbit, was a teacher at the private elite school and director of its Vassar College Observatory. Naming citation was first published in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 120).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009818-0000-0000", "contents": "1312 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1312 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009819-0000-0000", "contents": "13123 Tyson\n13123 Tyson, provisional designation 1994 KA, is a stony Phocaea asteroid and an asynchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on May 16, 1994, by American astronomer Carolyn Shoemaker and Canadian astronomer David Levy at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was named for Neil deGrasse Tyson, American astrophysicist and popular science communicator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009819-0001-0000", "contents": "13123 Tyson, Orbit and classification\nThe stony S-type asteroid is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a rather small group of asteroids with similar orbital characteristics, named after its largest member, 25\u00a0Phocaea. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,324 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 23\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Palomar's Digitized Sky Survey (DSS) in 1953, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 41 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009819-0002-0000", "contents": "13123 Tyson, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2015, a rotational lightcurve was obtained by astronomer Petr Pravec at the Astronomical Institute, Czech Republic. It showed a well-defined rotation period of 3.3303 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 in magnitude (U=3). A previous photometric observation in August 2009, at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory, Australia, gave a lightcurve with a similar period of 3.329 hours and a brightness variation of 0.35 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009819-0003-0000", "contents": "13123 Tyson, Physical characteristics, Satellite\nTyson is an asynchronous binary asteroid, with a minor planet moon, designated S/2015 (12123) 1 in its orbit. The satellite has a rotation period of 3.862 hours. No other physical properties for this binary system has been published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009819-0004-0000", "contents": "13123 Tyson, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures 10.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.197, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.23 and calculates a smaller diameter of 8.2 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.64.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009819-0005-0000", "contents": "13123 Tyson, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of American astrophysicist and popular science communicator, Neil deGrasse Tyson (b. 1958). In 1996, he became director of New York's Hayden Planetarium and was the chief scientist for its complete renovation. At the time, Tyson was also a research affiliate at Princeton University. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 11 November 2000 (M.P.C. 41572).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009820-0000-0000", "contents": "1313\nYear 1313 (MCCCXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009821-0000-0000", "contents": "1313 (album)\n1313  is the first album by Belgian RIO band Univers Zero released in 1977. The original vinyl release (and 2008 remix by Didier de Roos, with bonus live track) was simply titled Univers Zero \u2013 it acquired the name 1313 because of its original catalog number. The name stuck due to its connection with the later Present release entitled Triskaidekaphobie (fear of the number 13).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009821-0001-0000", "contents": "1313 (album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Daniel Denis, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009822-0000-0000", "contents": "1313 Berna\n1313 Berna, provisional designation 1933 QG, is a background asteroid and synchronous binary system from the Eunomian region in the central asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers (8.7 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 24 August 1933, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Uccle Observatory in Belgium. The assumed S-type asteroid has a longer-than average rotation period of 25.5 hours and is likely elongated in shape. It was named for the Swiss capital of Bern. The discovery of an 11-kilometer-sized companion was announced in February 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009822-0001-0000", "contents": "1313 Berna, Orbit and classification\nAccording to modern HCM-analyses by Nesvorn\u00fd, as well as by Milani and Kne\u017eevi\u0107, Berna is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009822-0002-0000", "contents": "1313 Berna, Orbit and classification\nBased on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, it is located in the region of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,584 days; semi-major axis of 2.66\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1911, Berna was first identified as A911 OA at Johannesburg. Its observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009822-0003-0000", "contents": "1313 Berna, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Swiss capital city of Bern. The name was proposed by Sigmund Mauderli (1876\u20131962), astronomer and director of the Astronomical Institute at the University of Bern, after whom 1748 Mauderli is named. He computed the definitive orbit of the body, and also insisted to rename the minor planet to its current name, after it had been originally published as \"Bernia\". The official naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 120).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009822-0004-0000", "contents": "1313 Berna, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nA network of astronomers at several observatories including Raoul Behrend at Geneva Observatory, Switzerland, obtained the so-far best rated rotational light-curve of Berna. Light-curve analysis gave a rotation period of 25.464 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=3). In November 2007, photometric observations at Cerro Tololo, Chile, using its 0.9-meter Prompt5 telescope in combination with the Spitzer Space Telescope gave a concurring period of 25.46 hours with an amplitude of 0.5 magnitude (U=n.a.). Other light-curves were also obtained by several amateur astronomers giving a period of 6, 25.4 and 25.45 hours, respectively (U=1/2-/3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009822-0005-0000", "contents": "1313 Berna, Physical characteristics, Asteroid moon\nIn February 2004, a satellite orbiting the asteroid was discovered. The moon, designated S/2004 (1313) 1, measures about 11 kilometers in diameter and orbits Berna at a distance of 35 kilometer once every 25 hours and 28 minutes. Since the lightcurve is synchronized with the eclipse events, at least one body of the binary system rotates synchronously with the orbital motion. It was identified based on light-curve observations taken in February 2004 by several astronomers, including Raoul Behrend at Geneva Observatory, Stefano Sposetti, Ren\u00e9 Roy, Donald Pray, Christophe Demeautis, Daniel Matter, Alain Klotz and others. Although the IAUC was released on 23 February 2004, the announcement was already made on 12 February 2004. There are several hundreds of asteroids known to have satellites (also see Category:Binary asteroids).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009822-0006-0000", "contents": "1313 Berna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Berna measures between 13.12 and 19.96 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.13 and 0.25. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21 \u2013 derived from 15\u00a0Eunomia, the parent body of the Eunomia family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 13.88 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009823-0000-0000", "contents": "1313 Mockingbird Lane\n1313 Mockingbird Lane is an American garage rock band whose name was inspired by the fictional address of the Munster Mansion in the 1964\u20131966 television series The Munsters. The group formed in the late 1980s in Albany, New York, touring extensively, and releasing at least nine different 45 rpm records, LP records, and CD recordings. The band had a full-page narrative dedicated to them in Timothy Gassen's book The Knights of Fuzz, about the garage rock and psychedelic music phenomenon of 1980\u20131995. Of thousands of bands covered in the book, Gassen listed 1313 Mockingbird Lane on his \"all time Hot 100\" list, which also included The Chesterfield Kings and the Flamin' Groovies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009823-0001-0000", "contents": "1313 Mockingbird Lane, History\nThe music of 1313 Mockingbird Lane was said to keep to the basics of fuzz guitar, Farfisa organ, and screaming. The original line-up featured Haunted Hausmann (guitar, vocals), Kim13 (organ), Jay \"Robin Graves\" Howlett (bass, vocals), and Steve E. Luv (drums). The first of several \"must have 45s\" was a debut single produced on Scarab Records in 1989, titled Hornets Nest b/w My Hearse Is Double Parked. With later songs like \"Dig Her Up\" and an anti-Beatles tune called \"I Don't Wanna Hold Your Hand\", the prominent lyrical themes of gloom and doom presented by the band were combined with a healthy dose of tongue-in-cheek garage humor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009823-0002-0000", "contents": "1313 Mockingbird Lane, History\nDrummer Steve E. Luv quickly departed and was replaced by former Link Wray Live In '85 drummer Marty Feier. The band's second release, the four-song EP The Second Coming Of 1313 Mockingbird Lane (Scarab Records 1989) was voted by both Schenectady Gazette and Albany's Metroland as one of the \"top local recordings of 1989\" and was distributed internationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009823-0003-0000", "contents": "1313 Mockingbird Lane, History\nShortly after the release of that EP, the band signed with Sundazed Records. Sundazed Records releases rare and previously unreleased tracks by different garage rock and surf music bands including The Knickerbockers and The Five Americans. The band's first full-length LP Have Hearse Will Travel was released by Sundazed in 1990. The vinyl was pressed in a distinct slime green color. The liner notes for the 13-song album were written by Blotto lead singer, Sergeant Blotto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009823-0004-0000", "contents": "1313 Mockingbird Lane, History\nFrom this point, the band line-up changed again with the eventual departure of both bassist Robin Graves and drummer Marty Feier, who was replaced by Rusty \"Krusty\" Nales, then by drummer OP, and replaced again by Dave Pollack. As organist Kim commented, \"We go through more drummers than Spinal Tap\". Feier departed the band for a full-time touring gig in The Cast of Beatlemania, which starred members of the Broadway show Beatlemania. 1313 Mockingbird Lane would perform multiple double bills with Boston-based garage rock legends, Lyres. In early 1994, the band caught some media attention by issuing a simultaneous triple release of their new recordings. In September 1994, Brian Goodman of Rochester, New York band The Projectiles replaced drummer Dave Pollack for the final two singles, released in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009823-0005-0000", "contents": "1313 Mockingbird Lane, History\nThe band split up in 1996, playing the last show at Pauly's Hotel in their hometown of Albany. That night, Susan Yasinski from Susan and the Surftones was in the crowd and recruited Brian Goodman to join her band, with Kim13 soon to follow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009823-0006-0000", "contents": "1313 Mockingbird Lane, History\nThe band recently successfully completed a PledgeMusic campaign which resulted in the April 2015 Cacaphone Records re-release of the debut LP on vinyl, CD, and cassette, remastered with bonus tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009825-0000-0000", "contents": "1313 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1313 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009826-0000-0000", "contents": "1314\n1314 (MCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1314th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 314th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 14th  year of the 14th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1310s decade. As of the start of 1314, the Gregorian calendar was 8 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009828-0000-0000", "contents": "1314 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1314 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009829-0000-0000", "contents": "1314\u20131316 papal conclave\nThe 1314\u201316 papal conclave (May 1, 1314 to August 7, 1316), held in the apostolic palace of Carpentras and then the Dominican house in Lyon, was one of the longest conclaves in the history of the Roman Catholic Church and the first conclave of the Avignon Papacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009829-0000-0001", "contents": "1314\u20131316 papal conclave\nThe length of the conclave was due to the division of the cardinals into three factions: Italian (Orsini, Alberti, Stefaneschi, Caetani, Longhi, Fieschi, and both Colonna), Gascon (de Pellegrue, de Foug\u00e8res, Nouvel, Teste, de Farges, de Garve, Daux, du Four, Raymond, and Godin), and French/Proven\u00e7al (both Fredol, de Bec, Caignet de Fr\u00e9auville, de Mandagot, and d'Euse).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009829-0001-0000", "contents": "1314\u20131316 papal conclave\nThe Italian faction wished to return the papacy to Rome, the Gascon faction\u2014mostly composed of the relatives of the previous pope, Clement V, wished to retain the privileges and powers they had enjoyed during his rule, and the French/Proven\u00e7al opposed these aims of the Italian and Gascon factions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009829-0002-0000", "contents": "1314\u20131316 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nAmong the cardinal electors there were an unusually high number of cardinal-nephews for two reasons: the previous pontiff, Clement V, had just set a record for the number of cardinal-nephews elevated by a single pontiff\u2014soon to be surpassed by Pope Clement VI\u2014and Clement V had reigned long enough that the only surviving Italian cardinals were those who were elevated at a younger age, who tended to be relatives of their elevator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009829-0003-0000", "contents": "1314\u20131316 papal conclave, Procedure\nHad the conclave taken place according to the rules prescribed by Clement V in Ne Romani (1312) and Pope Gregory X in Ubi periculum (1274), the cardinal electors would have had to meet in the diocese where the Curia was in residence (the place where letters and apostolic causes were heard), and the local magistrates would have had the authority to compel the departing cardinals to stay. Indeed, the election did begin in that location, the episcopal palace of Carpentras (north-east of Avignon), with 23 of the 24 eligible cardinals present (Fieschi was still in Italy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009829-0004-0000", "contents": "1314\u20131316 papal conclave, Procedure\nThe Italian cardinals opened by conclave by attempting to gain the support of the Proven\u00e7al cardinals, proposing the candidacy of Languedocian jurist and fellow cardinal Guillaume de Mandagot (who had promised to restore the papacy to Rome and end the Gascon domination), whom the Gascons were able to defeat because of the personal opposition of Languedocian cardinal Berenguer Fredol, seniore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009829-0004-0001", "contents": "1314\u20131316 papal conclave, Procedure\nAn impasse thereafter formed quickly and disputes between the servants of the Italian and Gascon cardinals broke out in the streets, aggravated by mercenary bands hired by the Gascon cardinal-nephews of Clement V and by the body of Clement V, still lying in the town square. Once the mercenaries openly besieged the conclave and the home in which the Italian cardinals were living, the Italian cardinals fled on July 24, 1314, and the rest of the College of Cardinals dispersed to Avignon, Orange, and Valence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009829-0005-0000", "contents": "1314\u20131316 papal conclave, Procedure\nWith both the Gascon and Italian cardinals threatening to hold their own elections (and thus begin another schism), Philip IV of France (\"the Fair\") convened a group of jurists to decide the matter, only to die on November 29, 1314. His son, Louis X of France sent a mission to disperse the Gascon cardinals and arranged for the cardinals to meet again in Lyon, through the emissary of his brother, Philip, Count of Poitiers (future Philip V of France), in March 1316.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009829-0005-0001", "contents": "1314\u20131316 papal conclave, Procedure\nHowever, Louis X died, and Philip\u2014forced to return to Paris to pursue his own interests\u2014locked the cardinals in the Dominican convent of Lyon, leaving the Count of Forez to guard the conclave, on June 28, 1316 (previously, to get the cardinals to assemble, Philip had promised the cardinals that he would not lock them in, but he declared that the threat of schism annulled this promise).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009829-0006-0000", "contents": "1314\u20131316 papal conclave, Procedure\nAt this point, the Gascon faction put forward the candidacy of a moderate member of their ranks, Arnaud Fournier, whose candidacy was rejected by the Count on Philip's instructions. The conclave proceeded to deadlock around the candidacies of Pellegrue, Mondagout, and Fredol. After a falling out between Napoleone Orsini and Pietro Colonna, the latter threw his support behind the Gascons, breaking the deadlock. This conclave was the last in which a compromise committee was tasked with selecting a candidate to present to the assembled cardinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009829-0006-0001", "contents": "1314\u20131316 papal conclave, Procedure\nThey proposed Jacques d'Euse as a compromise candidate with the votes of some of the Italian faction (who had begun to fear the influence of the Colonna), some of the Gascons, the Count, and Robert of Naples. The vote was made unanimous after an accessus, that is, allowing electors to change their votes. A final point in d'Euse's favor with all factions was the fact that he was 72. When d'Euse was elected on 7 August, he took the name John XXII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009829-0007-0000", "contents": "1314\u20131316 papal conclave, Aftermath\nWith Pope John XXII reopening the disputed cases before the curia on October 1 in Avignon, the location of the papacy within France appeared to be secured permanently, as the percentage of Italians within the College was only expected to decline further. Although John XXII had been expected to die quickly, he lived until 1334, reaching the age of 90.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009829-0007-0001", "contents": "1314\u20131316 papal conclave, Aftermath\nJohn XXII's early disputes with the Franciscans, whom he persecuted due to their views on poverty, and Ludwig of Bavaria, whose claim to the Holy Roman Empire he disputed, merged when Louis proclaimed John XXII deposed in Rome and, with the assistance of an electorate of thirteen Roman clergy, chose a Franciscan Pietro da Corbara as Antipope Nicholas V on April 18, 1328. John XXII's standing in the Curia further diminished late in his papacy when he promoted the unpopular theological view that saints would not meet God until the Last Judgment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009829-0008-0000", "contents": "1314\u20131316 papal conclave, Aftermath\nWhile Clement V had lived as a guest in the Dominican monastery of Avignon, John XXII began the construction of the Palais des Papes on the bank of the Rhone in the Comtat Venaissin. Five more French popes were elected in succession\u2014Benedict XII (1334\u20131342), Clement VI (1342\u20131352), Innocent VI (1352\u20131362), Urban V (1362\u20131370), and Gregory XI (1370\u20131378)\u2014remaining in Avignon and growing the French super-majority within the College. When the papacy did revert to Rome after the return of Gregory XI to Italy to pursue his property claims in the Papal States during the War of the Eight Saints, the result was the Western Schism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009830-0000-0000", "contents": "1315\nYear 1315 (MCCCXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009832-0000-0000", "contents": "1315 in Italy\nAn incomplete list of events which occurred in Italy in 1315:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009833-0000-0000", "contents": "1315 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1315 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009834-0000-0000", "contents": "13154 Petermrva\n13154 Petermrva, provisional designation 1995 RC, is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4.2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 September 1995, by Slovak astronomers Adri\u00e1n Gal\u00e1d and Alexander Pravda at the Modra Observatory in the Bratislava Region of Slovakia. The asteroid was named after Slovak amateur astronomer Peter Mrva.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009834-0001-0000", "contents": "13154 Petermrva, Orbit and classification\nPetermrva is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest families of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,200 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Crimea-Nauchnij in 1972, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 23 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009834-0002-0000", "contents": "13154 Petermrva, Physical characteristics\nTwo well-defined rotational lightcurves of Petermrva were obtained from photometric observations at the Modra and Ond\u0159ejov Observatory rendered a rotation period of 2.98502\u00b10.00004 and 2.9848\u00b10.0002 hours, with a brightness amplitude of 0.18 and 0.14 in magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009834-0003-0000", "contents": "13154 Petermrva, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the thermal observation carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Petermrva measures 4.2 kilometer and has an untypically low albedo of 0.15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009834-0004-0000", "contents": "13154 Petermrva, Naming\nThis minor planet is named after Slovak amateur astronomer Peter Mrva (born 1962) who participated in the construction the discovering Modra Observatory, after which the minor planet 11118 Modra is named. He was also one of the first observers at the newly installed observatory. The second discoverer, Alexander Pravda, is thankful for his explanation and inspiration in some fields of astronomy and computer graphics. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 27 April 2002 (M.P.C. 45338).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009835-0000-0000", "contents": "1316\nYear 1316 (MCCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009836-0000-0000", "contents": "1316 Kasan\n1316 Kasan, provisional designation 1933 WC, is a stony asteroid and sizable Mars-crosser on an eccentric orbit from the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 November 1933, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named for the city of Kazan, Russia, and its nearby Engelhardt Observatory (Kazan Observatory).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009836-0001-0000", "contents": "1316 Kasan, Orbit and classification\nKasan is a Mars-crossing asteroid, a dynamically unstable group between the main-belt and the near-Earth populations, crossing the orbit of Mars at 1.666\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009836-0002-0000", "contents": "1316 Kasan, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid is on an eccentric orbit around the Sun, at a distance of 1.6\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,369 days; semi-major axis of 2.41\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.32 and an inclination of 24\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg Observatory on 20 November 1933, three days after its official discovery observation at Simeiz Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009836-0003-0000", "contents": "1316 Kasan, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Kasan is an Sr-subtype that transitions from the common S-type to the uncommon R-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009836-0004-0000", "contents": "1316 Kasan, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Kasan was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Robert Stephens. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.82 hours with a brightness variation of 0.25 magnitude (U=3). Previously, a period of 5.83 hours with an amplitude of 0.26 magnitude was measured by Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory in September 2004 (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009836-0005-0000", "contents": "1316 Kasan, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Kasan measures 6.86 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.216. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 7.13 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009836-0006-0000", "contents": "1316 Kasan, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThis makes Kazan one of the largest mid-sized Mars-crossing asteroids comparable with 1065\u00a0Amundsenia (9.75\u00a0km), 1139\u00a0Atami (9\u00a0km), 1474\u00a0Beira (8.73\u00a0km), 1508\u00a0Kemi (17\u00a0km), 1011\u00a0Laodamia (7.5\u00a0km), 1727\u00a0Mette (est. 9\u00a0km), 1131\u00a0Porzia (7.13\u00a0km), 1235\u00a0Schorria (est. 9\u00a0km), 985\u00a0Rosina (8.18\u00a0km), 1310\u00a0Villigera (15.24\u00a0km) and 1468 Zomba (7\u00a0km), but smaller than the largest members of this dynamical group, namely, 132\u00a0Aethra, 2204\u00a0Lyyli and 512\u00a0Taurinensis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009836-0007-0000", "contents": "1316 Kasan, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the city of Kazan, the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. It was also named in honor of the nearby Kazan Observatory (Engelhardt Observatory). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 120).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009839-0000-0000", "contents": "1316 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1316 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009840-0000-0000", "contents": "1317\nYear 1317 (MCCCXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009842-0000-0000", "contents": "1317 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1317 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009843-0000-0000", "contents": "1318\nYear 1318 (MCCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009844-0000-0000", "contents": "1318 Nerina\n1318 Nerina (/n\u026a\u02c8ra\u026an\u0251\u02d0/), provisional designation 1934 FG, is a Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers (8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 24 March 1934, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The possibly metallic X-type asteroid has a notably short rotation period of 2.5 hours. It was named for the flowering plant Nerine, also known as \"Guernsey lily\" or \"Jersey lily\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009844-0001-0000", "contents": "1318 Nerina, Orbit and classification\nNerina is a core member of the stony Phocaea family (701), an asteroid family with nearly two thousand members, named after its largest member, 25\u00a0Phocaea. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,280 days; semi-major axis of 2.31\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 25\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in March 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009844-0002-0000", "contents": "1318 Nerina, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the bulbous herb Nerine, native to South Africa (it is also known as Guernsey lily, spider lily or Jersey lily) a genus of flowering plants within the family Amaryllidaceae. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 120). Several asteroids were named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009844-0003-0000", "contents": "1318 Nerina, Physical characteristics\nDerived from the Phocaea family's overall spectral type, Nerina is an assumed S-type asteroid, while the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) characterized it as a metallic M-type asteroid. In the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), however, Nerina is an X- and Xe-subtype that transitions to the bright E-type asteroids, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009844-0004-0000", "contents": "1318 Nerina, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA large number of rotational lightcurves of Nerina have been obtained from photometric observations since 2004. The best-rated lightcurve by Robert Stephens at the Santana Observatory (646) gave a rotation period of 2.5280\u00b10.0005 hours and a consolidated brightness amplitude between 0.06 and 0.32 magnitude (U=3). Notably for an asteroid of its size, Nerina is a near-fast rotator, which have periods below of 2.2 hours and are typically much smaller bodies (see List of fast rotators).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009844-0005-0000", "contents": "1318 Nerina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Nerina measures between 7.87 and 13.379 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1721 and 0.376. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1397 and a diameter of 12.91 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009846-0000-0000", "contents": "1318 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1318 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009847-0000-0000", "contents": "13184 Augeias\n13184 Augeias /\u0254\u02d0\u02c8d\u0292i\u02d0\u0259s/ is a Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 34 kilometers (21 miles) in diameter. It was discovered by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile on 4 October 1996. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 11.9 hours. It was named after Augeas from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009847-0001-0000", "contents": "13184 Augeias, Orbit and classification\nAugeias is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the leading Greek camp at the Gas Giant's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9\u20135.4\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 9 months (4,288 days; semi-major axis of 5.17\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1992 GQ7 at La Silla in April 1992, or four and a half years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009847-0002-0000", "contents": "13184 Augeias, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after King Augeas, father of Epicaste. The fifth Labour of Heracles was to clean the king's stables. Heracles solved the difficult and humiliating feat by rerouting two rivers to wash out the enormous amount of dung. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 January 2003 (M.P.C. 47300).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009847-0003-0000", "contents": "13184 Augeias, Physical characteristics\nAugeias is an assumed C-type asteroid, while most larger Jupiter trojans are D-types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009847-0004-0000", "contents": "13184 Augeias, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA first rotational lightcurve of Augeias was obtained from by Linda French and Lawrence Wasserman in April 2014. Lightcurve analysis gave a tentative rotation period of 50.54\u00b10.05 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.15 magnitude (U=2-). In August 2015, photometric observations by the Kepler space telescope during its K2 mission determined a refined period of 11.934\u00b10.119 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 magnitude (U=2-). One week later, a second, lower-rated lightcurve by Kepler gave a concurring period of 11.96\u00b10.10 hours with an amplitude of 0.16 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009847-0005-0000", "contents": "13184 Augeias, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Augeias measures 33.96 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.067, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 35.12 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009847-0006-0000", "contents": "13184 Augeias, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009848-0000-0000", "contents": "1319\nYear 1319 (MCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009849-0000-0000", "contents": "1319 Disa\n1319 Disa, provisional designation 1934 FO, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 March 1934, by English-born, South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It is named for the orchid Disa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009849-0001-0000", "contents": "1319 Disa, Orbit\nDisa orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 2 months (1,884 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A908 EA at Heidelberg Observatory in 1908. The body's observation arc begins in 1929, when it was identified as 1929 GE at the discovering observatory, 6 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009849-0002-0000", "contents": "1319 Disa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA rotational lightcurve of Disa was obtained by American astronomer Brian D. Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in March 2006, and by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini in February 2011, respectively. Analysis of both lightcurves gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.08 hours with a brightness variation of 0.26 and 0.27 magnitude (U=3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009849-0003-0000", "contents": "1319 Disa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2013, photometric observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory gave a concurring lightcurve of 7.082 hours and an amplitude of 0.24 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009849-0004-0000", "contents": "1319 Disa, Physical characteristics, Diameter, albedo and spectral type\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, and the 2014-results by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Disa measures 24.00 and 25.65 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.116 and 0.097, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 71], "content_span": [72, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009849-0005-0000", "contents": "1319 Disa, Physical characteristics, Diameter, albedo and spectral type\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous C-type asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 40.33 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.7. Preliminary results by NEOWISE also characterized the body as a dark and reddish P-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 71], "content_span": [72, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009849-0006-0000", "contents": "1319 Disa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Disa, also known as \"African weed-orchid\", a large genus of more than a hundred tropical orchids, common in southern Africa. In 1955, this naming citation was also published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets (H 120).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009852-0000-0000", "contents": "1319 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1319 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009853-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Armored Division \"Centauro\"\nThe 131st Armored Division \"Centauro\" (Italian: 131\u00aa Divisione corazzata \"Centauro\") was an armored division of the Italian Army during World War II. It was formed in February 1939, by upgrading the 1st armored Brigade (1\u00aa Brigata Corazzata). It took part in operations in Albania, Greece and Yugoslavia before returning to Italy. Sent to North Africa in August 1942, it surrendered in Tunisia on 13 May 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009853-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Armored Division \"Centauro\", History\nThe 1st armored Brigade was formed in April 1937, and, along with the 132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", formed an Armored Corps. The two divisions took part in the first corps-level exercises in the Po Valley in the late 1930s. In February 1939, Centauro was re-designated a division. It was initially and briefly attached to the reserve Army of the Po.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009853-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Armored Division \"Centauro\", History, World War II, Balkans Campaign\nWhen Italy invaded Albania in April 1939, the Centauro was equipped with L3/33 and L3/35 tankettes. The division also participated in the Greco-Italian War in 1940, just before it received its first M13/40 tanks in December 1940, and deployed with them at K\u00eblcyr\u00eb in January 1941, losing many of them to the Greek artillery fire. In April, the Centauro was deployed into Yugoslavia, together with the 4th Division \"Littorio\", where they performed well despite their outdated equipment. In June 1941 they were recalled to Italy to be re-equipped with german heavy and medium tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009853-0003-0000", "contents": "131st Armored Division \"Centauro\", History, World War II, North Africa\nWith the experience obtained from fighting in the Western Desert Italian armored Divisions were now re-organized into a three tank, three infantry battalion structure, combined with a large artillery regiment which included two small battalions of self-propelled guns and one anti-aircraft battalion and organic reconnaissance and engineer battalions. In August 1942, the 131st were ordered to prepare to move to Libya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 70], "content_span": [71, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009853-0004-0000", "contents": "131st Armored Division \"Centauro\", History, World War II, North Africa\nThe Centauro missed both the First and Second Battles of El Alamein, and arrived during the retreat from Egypt back into Libya in late 1942. On 13 December, during the Battle of El Agheila, the Centauro - along with a strong formation from the 132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\"-  forced the British 7th Armoured Division to retreat. Rommel gave significant praise of Italian conduct during this action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 70], "content_span": [71, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009853-0005-0000", "contents": "131st Armored Division \"Centauro\", History, World War II, North Africa\nThey were involved in several actions in Tunisia and, according to US historian Brian John Murphy, overran a part of the US forces defending Highway 13 during the Battle of the Kasserine Pass: \"Axis forces also made a breakthrough on Highway 13, where the Italians of the Centauro Division spearheaded the attack. In the early morning hours, the Italians pressed their offensive, broke through the remains of the American line, and continued up Highway 13.\" The Centauro remained in Tunisia as part of the Italian 1st Army until the end of the campaign, surrendering in May 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 70], "content_span": [71, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009853-0006-0000", "contents": "131st Armored Division \"Centauro\", History, Post War, Reconstitution\nThe division was raised again after World War II on 1 April 1951. At first named Centauro Armored Brigade the division reached its full complement of troops in fall of 1952 and became the Armored Division \"Centauro\" on 1 November 1952. The division was based around Milan with the headquarters in the city of Verona. The division was initially part of the 4th Army Corps and consisted of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009853-0007-0000", "contents": "131st Armored Division \"Centauro\", History, Post War, Reconstitution\nIn fall of 1955 the division moved its headquarters to Novara and joined 3rd Army Corps. The units of the Centauro moved to Milan and Bellinzago Novarese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009853-0008-0000", "contents": "131st Armored Division \"Centauro\", History, Post War, Cold War\nIn 1963 all Italian divisions adapted their organization to NATO standards and thus added a brigade level to the divisions structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009853-0009-0000", "contents": "131st Armored Division \"Centauro\", History, Post War, Cold War\nOn 1 October 1968 the brigade headquarters were disbanded and the divisions returned to its former structure. The Armored Division \"Centauro\" was part of the 3rd Army Corps based in North-Western Italy. The 3rd Army Corps was tasked with defending Lombardy and Piedmont in case the 4th Alpine Army Corps and 5th Army Corps would have failed to stop attacking Warsaw Pact forces east of the Adige river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009853-0010-0000", "contents": "131st Armored Division \"Centauro\", History, Post War, Cold War\nBefore the major reorganization of 1975 the division consisted of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009853-0011-0000", "contents": "131st Armored Division \"Centauro\", History, Post War, Cold War\nIn 1975 the Italian Army undertook a major reorganization of it forces: the regimental level was abolished and battalions came under direct command of newly formed multi-arms brigades. The 3rd Bersaglieri Regiment became the 3rd Mechanized Brigade Goito and the 31st Tank Regiment became the 31st Armored Brigade Curtatone. The units of the 1st Armored Bersaglieri Regiment were transferred to the Granatieri di Sardegna Mechanized Brigade in Rome. Thus on 21 October 1975 the Centauro took command of the two newly created brigades and additional units to bring it up to full strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009853-0012-0000", "contents": "131st Armored Division \"Centauro\", History, Post War, Cold War\nOn 31 October 1986 the Italian Army abolished the divisional level and brigades came under direct command of the Army Corps. As the Armored Division \"Centauro\" carried a historically significant name, the division ceased to exist on 31 October in Novara, but the next day in the same location the Centauro Armored Brigade was activated as part of 3rd Army Corps. The new brigade took command of the units of the Curtatone Armored Brigade, whose name was stricken from the roll of active units of the Italian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009854-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 131st Aviation Regiment is a regiment of the United States Army, constituted under the United States Army Regimental System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009854-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 131st Aviation Regiment traces its history to the 31st Aviation Battalion. The battalion was organized 1 October 1986 from new and existing units in the Alabama, District of Columbia, and Florida Army National Guard as the 31st Aviation Battalion with headquarters at Montgomery, Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009854-0001-0001", "contents": "131st Aviation Regiment (United States)\nReorganized and redesignated 1 October 1987 as the 131st Aviation, a parent regiment under the United States Army Regimental System, to consist of the 1st Battalion and Companies E and F. Reorganized 1 September 1990 in the Alabama and Colorado Army National Guard to consist of the 1st Battalion and Companies E and F. Reorganized 1 September 1995 in the Alabama, Colorado, and Georgia Army National Guard to consist of the 1st Battalion and Companies E and F.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009854-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 1/131st flew the CH-47 Chinook and UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters in the late 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009854-0003-0000", "contents": "131st Aviation Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion\nThe 1st Battalion (Assault), 131st Aviation Regiment is a U.S. Army helicopter battalion. The unit first deployed to Kuwait in 1998 in support of \"Operation Desert Fox.\" After several rotations in Kuwait the unit then entered Kosovo in 2003 (KFOR-5A) in support of \"Operation Enduring Freedom\". It deployed to Iraq in September 2006 as a subordinate unit of Task Force Mustang as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom and also in June 2011 as a part of Task Force Nomad in support of Operation New Dawn. The battalion currently flies UH-60 Blackhawk aircraft. It is home based at Dannelly Field, Alabama, and Mobile, Alabama as part of the Alabama Army National Guard 122d Troop Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009854-0004-0000", "contents": "131st Aviation Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion\nAfter several months of Theater Immersion Training at Fort Hood, Texas and Fort Sill, Oklahoma, the composite battalion deploying to Iraq were certified \"Fit to Fight\" by Lt. Gen. Russel L. Honor\u00e9, commanding general, First U.S. Army, on 30 July 2006. The unit shipped to Kuwait in late summer 2006, completed  \"boots on the ground\" training at Camp Buehring, and entered Iraq in September as one of five battalions of Task Force Mustang in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The battalion principally flew out of Balad Air Base (AKA) Camp Anaconda) and flew missions all over Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009854-0005-0000", "contents": "131st Aviation Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion\nAs a unit of Task Force Mustang, the 1st Battalion 131st Aviation consisted primarily of Alabama Army National Guard personnel, but also includes Army aviation guard personnel from additional states including an entire company from Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009854-0006-0000", "contents": "131st Aviation Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion\nWhilst in Iraq their command chain included Combat Aviation Brigade, 36th Infantry Division  4th Infantry DivisionIII Corps (United States).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009855-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Battalion (Westminster), CEF\nThe 131st Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in New Westminster, British Columbia, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city. After sailing to England in November 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 30th Battalion, CEF on November 14, 1916. The 131st Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. James Davis Taylor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing\nThe 131st Bomb Wing is a unit of the Missouri Air National Guard, stationed at Whiteman Air Force Base, Knob Noster, Missouri. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by the United States Air Force Global Strike Command. It is an associate unit of the active-duty 509th Bomb Wing, which falls under the Eighth Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing\nThe 131st Bomb Wing is the only Air National Guard wing to fly the B-2 Spirit, as well as the only nuclear-capable Air National Guard bomb wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing\nThe 110th Bomb Squadron, which is assigned to the wing's 131st Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the World War I 110th Aero Squadron, established on 14 August 1917. Demobilized in November 1918, it was re-established on 23 June 1923 as the 110th Observation Squadron. The unit is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II. It is the oldest unit in the Missouri Air National Guard, with over 90 years of service to the state and nation. Charles Lindbergh was a pilot of the 110th, Missouri National Guard, when he made his famous 1927 flight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0003-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, Mission\nThe 131st Bomb Wing's mission is to train and equip skilled and proud Airmen who provide full spectrum, expeditionary, B-2 global strike combat support capabilities to geographic commanders and the US Strategic Command combatant commander. The wing also organizes, trains, and prepares a community-based force of ready Citizen-Airmen to defend and serve the people of Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0004-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, History, Missouri Air National Guard\nThe 131st Composite Wing was activated on 1 November 1950, when Continental Air Command converted its Air National Guard combat units under the Wing Base organization. Its combat units remained under the 131st Composite Group, while former elements of the 231st Air Service Group were assigned to the wing's 131st Air Base Group and 131st Maintenance & Supply Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0005-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nOn 1 March 1951 the 110th was federalized and brought to active-duty due to the Korean War. It was initially assigned to Strategic Air Command (SAC) and transferred to Bergstrom AFB, Texas. The 131st Fighter-Bomber Group was composed of the 110th Fighter Squadron, the 192d Fighter Squadron (Nevada ANG), the 178th Fighter Squadron (North Dakota ANG), and the 170th Fighter Squadron (Illinois ANG). At Berstrom, its mission was a filler replacement for the 27th Fighter-Escort Group which was deployed to Japan as part of SAC's commitment to the Korean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 76], "content_span": [77, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0006-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe unit was at Bergstrom until November when it was transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and moved to George AFB, California. At George, the unit was scheduled to be re-equipped with F-84D Thunderjets and was programmed for deployment to Japan, however the F-84s were instead sent to France and the 131st Fighter-Bomber Wing remained in California and flew its F-51 Mustangs for the remainder of its federal service. The 110th Fighter-Bomber Squadron was released from active duty and returned to Missouri state control on 1 December 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 76], "content_span": [77, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0007-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nReturning to Lambert Field, the 131st was re-formed as a light bombardment squadron in January 1953 and came under Tactical Air Command. It received B-26 Invaders that returned from the Korean War and trained primarily in night bombardment missions, which the aircraft specialized in while in Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 75], "content_span": [76, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0008-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nWith the removal of the B-26 from bombing duties in 1957 as they neared the end of their service lives, the 110th entered the \"Jet Age.\" The 110th received its first jet aircraft in the spring of 1957 when it received some F-80 Shooting Stars, then in June 1957, it transitioned to the F-84F Thunderstreak fighter-bomber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 75], "content_span": [76, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0009-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nOn 1 October 1961, as a result of the 1961 Berlin Crisis, the mobilized Missouri Air National Guard 131st Tactical Fighter Wing deployed to Toul-Rosi\u00e8res Air Base, France as the 7131st Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional). When activated as the 7131st TFW, it consisted of the 110, 169 and 170 TFS, from Lambert Field, St. Louis MO, Peoria Municipal Airport, Peoria IL, and Capitol Airport, Springfield IL, respectively. The designation 7131st was used as the Wing, composed of three federalized ANG squadrons, only deployed the 110th Tactical Fighter Squadron to France. The 169th and 170th TFS rotated personnel to Toul during their period of activation due to budget restraints, however only one squadron's worth of aircraft and personnel were at Toul at any one time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 75], "content_span": [76, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0010-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nWhile in France, guardsmen assumed regular commitments on a training basis with the U.S. 7th Army as well as maintaining a 24-hour alert status. The 7131st exchanged both air and ground crews with the Royal Danish Air Force's 730th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Skydstrup Air Station, Denmark, during the month of May 1962. As the Berlin situation subsided, all activated ANG units were ordered to be returned to the United States and released from active duty. The 7131st TFW was inactivated in place in France on 19 July 1962, and left its aircraft and equipment to USAFE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 75], "content_span": [76, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0011-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nAfter returning to St. Louis, the unit was re-equipped with F-100C Super Sabres in late 1962. It trained with the F-100s for the next 17 years, and upgraded to the improved F-100D in 1971. Although not activated during the Vietnam War, many of the squadron's pilots were sent to F-100 squadrons in South Vietnam between 1968 and 1971. In 1977, Charles Lindbergh's widow gave permission to designate 110th Tactical Fighter Squadron as \"Lindbergh's Own.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 75], "content_span": [76, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0012-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1978, the unit acquired the \"home grown\" McDonnell Douglas F-4C Phantom II, the aircraft primarily associated with the Vietnam War. It again upgraded to the more advanced F-4E Phantom II in 1985, and in 1991 was again upgraded to the F-15A/B Eagle air superiority aircraft with the retirement of the F-4s. The 131st was one of the last Air National Guard units to convert to the F-15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 75], "content_span": [76, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0013-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nMore than 500 members from the 131st Fighter Wing and the tenant units located at Lambert International Airport were called into service to battle the Great Flood of 1993. In the post-Cold War era, the unit deployed to Incirlik AB, Turkey in support of Operation Northern Watch in 1996, 1997 and 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 73], "content_span": [74, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0014-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nMembers of the 131st returned in October 2000 from duty rotations in Southwest Asia and Europe, while other unit members were still stationed overseas. Eventually, a total of about 430 wing members were scheduled to deploy, with the majority leaving in October 2000 for Prince Sultan AB, Saudi Arabia, in support of Operation Southern Watch. A little more than half of the deployed 131st Fighter Wing members and 12\u00a0F-15s made up the AEF-9's 110th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (EFS). The 110th EFS primarily provides air superiority for Operation Southern Watch. AEF-9 was deployed from September through November 2000. In 2004, the improved F-15C Eagle arrived, replacing the older aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 73], "content_span": [74, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0015-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nOn 16 March 2006, the Air Force announced that elements of the 131st Fighter Wing would become an associate unit assigned to the active duty 509th Bomb Wing. Consequently, the 131st Fighter Wing transitioned from flying and maintaining the F-15C Eagle fighter to the B-2 Spirit bomber. The final flight of the F-15C Eagle by the 131st occurred in June 2009 from Lambert International Airport in St. Louis. The unit was redesignated as the 131st Bomb Wing on 1 October 2008. The 509th and the 131st joined forces according to what is known as a \"classic associate wing\" structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 73], "content_span": [74, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0015-0001", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn a classic association, the active duty 509th retains ownership of the operational assets, including aircraft, maintenance facilities, and so on. However, each wing maintains its own chain-of-command and organizational structure, while the members of each unit perform their duties in a fully integrated manner. As a result, active duty and Air National Guard pilots and maintainers fly B-2 missions and sustain the aircraft as though they were one unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 73], "content_span": [74, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0016-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nOn the morning of Wednesday, 30 May 2007, a Missouri Air National Guard F-15 pilot ejected safely from his aircraft just before it crashed during a training mission in rural Knox county, Indiana. The plane went down just before 11\u00a0am EDT south of Vincennes, near the Illinois border, as it conducted standard training maneuvers, according to a release from the National Guard. Investigators said the plane was flying at about 20,000\u00a0feet prior to the crash. The pilot had been with the 131st Fighter Wing for 12 years and was highly experienced, officials said. The unit had most recently enforced no-fly zones in Iraq. This crash decreased the 131st's aircraft strength from 20 to 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 73], "content_span": [74, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0017-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nOn 2 November 2007, another F-15C from the 131st crashed in Mark Twain National Forest near Boss, Missouri. No property was damaged and no people on the ground were hurt, however the pilot broke an arm and a shoulder, despite ejecting from the plane. The pilot also was said to be in \"shock\" by the landowners who found him. After investigation, the crash was attributed to a flaw in a part of the plane's fuselage; this led to all F-15 aircraft being grounded between November and January 2008. After the accidents, the 131st's flights were reduced, which was also due to the wing's transition to flying B-2s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 73], "content_span": [74, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0018-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn its 2005 BRAC recommendations, the Department of Defense recommended realignment of the 131st Fighter Wing. The 110th's F-15s (15 aircraft) were to be distributed to the 57th Wing, Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada (nine aircraft), and 177th Fighter Wing, Atlantic City International Airport AGS, New Jersey (six aircraft). The BRAC distribution recommendation to New Jersey was later rescinded and the 177th Fighter Wing remained equipped with F-16 aircraft. Following F-15 divestment, the 131st moved to Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri and became the first Air National Guard B-2 Spirit bomb wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 73], "content_span": [74, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0019-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nThe F-15s began to leave Lambert on 15 August 2008, and by January 2009 most of the 13 remaining aircraft were in the main hangar being stripped of markings. The final two F-15Cs departed on 13 June 2009 after a closing ceremony titled \"The End of an Era,\" which was attended by over 2,000 people. Some pilots had already begun B-2 training, while others chose to move to different units or retire early. The 131st Fighter Wing was the most experienced F-15 Fighter Wing in the United States; out of the four pilots that flew over 4,000\u00a0F-15 flight hours, three of them were from the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 73], "content_span": [74, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0020-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Global Strike Command\nThe 131st Bomb Wing's transition to Air Force Global Strike Command occurred on 4 October 2008 when the 131st Bomb Wing held a ribbon-cutting ceremony at Whiteman AFB. The ceremony celebrated the first official drill for traditional guardsmen at Whiteman and the grand opening of building 3006, the 131st Bomb Wing's first headquarters there. On 16 June 2009, the last F-15 departed Lambert Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 76], "content_span": [77, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0021-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Global Strike Command\nIn August 2013, the 131st Bomb Wing was deemed fully mission-capable, meaning that it fully completed the transition to Whiteman Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 76], "content_span": [77, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009856-0022-0000", "contents": "131st Bomb Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009857-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Cavalry Regiment (United States)\nThe 131st Cavalry Regiment was a regiment of the Alabama National Guard. It was authorized the special designation \"Southern Leaders\" and its motto was \"Taught to Lead\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009857-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Cavalry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 131st Armor Regiment was activated in 1959 and was granted the coat of arms of its component unit, the 193rd Tank Battalion, the following year. The regiment was redesignated the 131st Cavalry Regiment in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009857-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Cavalry Regiment (United States), History\nIn 2015 the 1st Squadron of the 131st Cavalry deployed to Romania where it participated in the \"Red Dragon\" exercise with the 528th Light Reconnaissance Battalion of the Romanian Land Forces as part of the State Partnership Program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009857-0003-0000", "contents": "131st Cavalry Regiment (United States), History\nOn September 11, 2016, the regiment was deactivated and its only component unit - the 1st Squadron - was redesignated the 1st Battalion of the 173rd Infantry Regiment. The 131st Cavalry Regiment's heraldry, special designation, and motto were subsequently reassigned to the newly created 173rd Infantry Regiment. The battalion was aligned with the 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009858-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Delaware General Assembly\nThe 131st Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 6, 1981, which was two weeks before the beginning of the fifth administrative year of Republican Governor Pierre S. du Pont, IV from New Castle County and the first year for Republican Lieutenant Governor Michael N. Castle, also from New Castle County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009858-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1970 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009858-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 131st Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009858-0003-0000", "contents": "131st Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009858-0004-0000", "contents": "131st Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009859-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 131st Division (Chinese: \u7b2c131\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 20th Division, 7th Column of the PLA Northeastern Field Army. Its history can be traced to 2nd Security Brigade of Liaoji Military District formed in December 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009859-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division is part of 44th Corps. Under the flag of 132nd division it took part in several major battles during the Chinese Civil War. The division was composed of 391st, 392nd and 393rd Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009859-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn October 1952 the division was transferred to the Navy after 44th Corps' disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009859-0003-0000", "contents": "131st Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1953 the division was inactivated. Its division HQ was converted to HQ, 3rd Naval Aviation Division; its 391st Infantry was transferred to newly-formed 54th Corps as 391st Regiment, 134th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009860-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\n27th Garrison Division({zh|\u5b88\u5907\u7b2c27\u5e08}) was formed in summer 1964 in Tunchang, Hainan. The division acted as a mobile defense force of northern Hainan island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009860-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn 1970 the division was reorganized and renamed as 131st Army Division({zh|\u9646\u519b\u7b2c131\u5e08}). The division was then composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009860-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn December 1979, 391st Infantry Regiment was detached and converted to 1st Marine Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009860-0003-0000", "contents": "131st Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nFrom July 1982 to March 1983, 392nd Infantry Regiment was deployed to Guangxi to take part in the Sino-Vietnam War. During its deployment the regiment inflicted about 50 casualties to confronting PAVN units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009860-0004-0000", "contents": "131st Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn 1985 the division was disbanded. All remnants were absorbed into 132nd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009861-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (\u2192\u200etop: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009861-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 131st Division (\u7b2c131\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakusanj\u016bichi Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Shusui Division (\u79cb\u6c34\u5175\u56e3, Sh\u016bsui Heidan). It was formed 1 February 1945 in Wuhan as a type C(hei) security division, simultaneously with the 132nd and 133rd divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the small parts of the 27th and 40th divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009861-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nTroops were battle-ready only 20 April 1945 in Qujiang District, Shaoguan and Hengyang. The 131st division was a primarily railroad defense force, stretched along rail lines from Anhui to Guangdong. It participated in the mopping-up phase of the Operation Ichi-Go. 17 June 1945, the 131st division was assigned directly to China Expeditionary Army, and reinforced by artillery company 10 July 1945. It then transfer guard duties to the 8th independent infantry brigade in Anqing and moved to the Xianning where it meet the day of surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009861-0003-0000", "contents": "131st Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe division was disarmed 15 September 1945. The parts of 131st division were transported from Anqing to Shanghai 2 February 1946, and from Nanjing to Shanghai 16 February 1946. Over parts arrived to Shanghai 4 March 1946 and 8 March 1946. The majority of division except transport company was dissolved from 28 March 1946 to 13 May 1946. The last detachment of 131st division sailed from Shanghai 31 May 1946, and landed in Sasebo, Nagasaki 6 June 1946, to be dissolved immediately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron\nThe 131st Fighter Squadron is a unit of the Massachusetts Air National Guard 104th Fighter Wing located at Barnes Air National Guard Base, Westfield, Massachusetts. The 131st is equipped with the F-15C/D Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was first established in August 1942 at Bellows Field, Hawaii Territory as the 333d Fighter Squadron. It was initially part of the air defense of Hawaii, equipped with P-39 Airacobras. It also served as a Replacement Training Unit (RTU) and flew reconnaissance patrols over Hawaii until late 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 333d deployed to the Central Pacific as part of the Thirteenth Air Force island hopping campaign against Japanese in late 1943. It engaged in combat with the Japanese until April 1944, returning to Hawaii and being re-equipped and trained with long-range P-51 Mustangs. The squadron redeployed to the Western Pacific, and was stationed on Iwo Jima while the battle for the island was still ongoing and engaged in long-range B-29 Superfortress escort missions over Japan. It continued that mission until the end of hostilities in August 1945. The unit was reassigned to the Mariana Islands, as a Far East Air Forces fighter squadron, and was inactivated there in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0003-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard\nThe wartime 333d Fighter Squadron was redesignated the 131st Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Massachusetts Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Barnes Municipal Airport, Westfield, Massachusetts, and was extended federal recognition on 24 February 1947. The squadron was equipped with P-47D Thunderbolts and was assigned to the Massachusetts National Guard 102d Fighter Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0004-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard\nIn 1950, the Massachusetts ANG converted to the wing-base (Hobson Plan) organization. As a result, the 67th Fighter Wing was withdrawn from the Air National Guard and inactivated on 31 October 1950. In its place, the 102d Fighter Group was assigned to the newly activated 102d Fighter Wing, however there was no change in mission to the 131st and it remained assigned to the 102d Fighter Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0005-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard, Air Defense Mission\nThe mission of the 131st Fighter Squadron was the air defense of Massachusetts. With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. The 131st was retained by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to maintain the air defense mission. In 1951, the F-47s were retired to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base and the 131st was re-equipped with the F-51H Mustang Very Long Range fighter. With its air defense mission, the 131st was redesignated as the 131st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0006-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard, Air Defense Mission\nBeginning on 1 March 1953, the 131st placed two F-51H fighters and five pilots on air defense \"runway alert\" from one hour before sunrise to one hour after sunset. The runway alert program was the first broad effort to integrate reserve forces into a major Air Force operational mission on a volunteer basis during peacetime. In 1954, the Mustangs were reaching the end of their service life, and the 131st entered the Jet Age when it received F-94A Starfire interceptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0007-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard, Air Defense Mission\nAfter the Korean War, the Massachusetts Air Guard began to modernize and expand. On 1 May 1956 the 102d wing was redesignated as the 102d Air Defense Wing and the Guard units at Barnes were authorized to expand to a group level, and the 104th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established, with the 131st becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 104th Material Squadron, 104th Air Base Squadron, and the 104th USAF Infirmary. The 104th, along with the 102d Fighter Group (Air Defense) at Logan Airport, Boston began attending annual training at Otis Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0008-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe squadron's air defense mission ended on 10 November 1958 when the Massachusetts Air Guard and its units were reassigned to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and converted to F-86H Sabre fighter-bombers. During the 1950s and early 1960s, better training and equipment, and closer relations with the Air Force improved the readiness of the Massachusetts Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 87], "content_span": [88, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0009-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nDuring the summer of 1961, as the 1961 Berlin Crisis unfolded, the 131st Tactical Fighter Squadron was notified on 16 August of its pending federalization and call to active duty. On 1 October the 131st was federalized and assigned to the 102d Tactical Fighter Wing, which was federalized and placed on active duty at Otis Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 87], "content_span": [88, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0010-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe mission of the 102d wing was to reinforce the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) and deploy units to Phalsbourg-Bourscheid Air Base, France. In France, the units were to provide close air support and air interdiction to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ground forces. This involved keeping its aircraft on 24/7 alert. Between 28 and 30 October, wing elements departed Otis AFB for Phalsbourg. The wing deployed 82 F-86H Sabres. In addition 2 C-47 Skytrain and 6 T-33 Shooting Star aircraft were assigned to the wing for support and training purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 87], "content_span": [88, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0011-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nStarting on 5 December, the 131st began deploying to Wheelus Air Base Libya for gunnery training. During its time in Europe, the squadron participated in several USAF and NATO exercises, including a deployment to Leck Air Base, West Germany near the Danish border. At Leck, ground and support crews from both countries exchanged duties, learning how to perform aircraft maintenance and operational support tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 87], "content_span": [88, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0012-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nOn 7 May 1962, Seventeenth Air Force directed that the elements of the 102d wing deploy back to the United States during the summer, and the unit returned to the United States in July 1962. Regular USAF personnel, along with a group of Air National Guard personnel who volunteered to remain on active duty formed the 480th Tactical Fighter Squadron of the newly activated 366th Tactical Fighter Wing. The last of the ANG aircraft departing on 20 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 87], "content_span": [88, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0013-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nAfter the Berlin Crisis, the readiness status of the 104th Tactical Fighter Group improved under the \"gaining command concept\", whereby the regular Air Force Tactical Air Command was responsible for overseeing the training of the group. Operational readiness inspections also honed the edges of the wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 87], "content_span": [88, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0014-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1964, the 131st switched from F-86H Sabres to the F-84F Thunderstreak. Exactly why this equipment change was made can not be determined. The F-86H was a viable aircraft in the ANG's inventory, with the Sabres from both the 101st and 131st Tactical Fighter Squadrons being sent to the New Jersey ANG, and the 119th and 141st Tactical Fighter Squadrons sending their F-84Fs to the Massachusetts squadrons. The 131st flew the Thunderstreaks throughout the 1960s, and although the squadron was not activated during the Vietnam War, several of its pilots volunteered for combat duty in Southeast Asia. In 1971, the 104th began re-equipping with the F-100D Super Sabre; the Air Guard was always one generation of fighter aircraft behind the Air Force during this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 87], "content_span": [88, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0015-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe 104th remained as a tactical fighter unit flying the F-100 until July 1979 when the F-100s were retired and the unit was re-equipped with new A-10 Thunderbolt IIs as part of the \"Total Force\" concept which equipped ANG units with front-line USAF aircraft. This marked the first time the 131st had received new aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 87], "content_span": [88, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0016-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nFor most of its existence, the Air Guard had been a reserve force for federal use only in wartime or national emergency. By the 1980s, the Air Guard was an integral part of daily Air Force operations in what was called \"The Total Force Policy\" of the United States Department of Defense (DoD). As a result, the Massachusetts Air Guard took on more missions. With the receipt of the A-10, the 131st began a commitment to USAFE, beginning frequent deployments to West Germany, England, Italy, Turkey, and other NATO bases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 87], "content_span": [88, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0017-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1990 the 131st was programmed to receive the specialized Block 10 F-16A/B Fighting Falcon, also referred to as the F/A-16 due to its close air support configuration. The 1990 Gulf Crisis, however, delayed this transition. During Operation Desert Storm, the F/A-16 was battle tested and it was discovered that the close air support F-16 project was a failure. Subsequently, the conversion of the squadron was cancelled in 1993, and the 131st remained an A-10 Thunderbolt II close air support squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 87], "content_span": [88, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0018-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn March 1992, the unit was redesignated as the 131st Fighter Squadron. In June, Tactical Air Command was inactivated and was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC). In 1995, the 104th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan and the 104th Fighter Group became a Wing, and the 131st was assigned to the new 104th Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0019-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nFrom August to October 1995, some 400 Airmen of the 104th Fighter Wing deployed to Aviano Air Base, Italy as part of the NATO mission to repel Serbian forces in Bosnia. This was the first time that the 131st Fighter Squadron flew combat sorties since World Wat II. Four years later, in 1999, elements of the 104th mobilized and flew sorties over the skies of the former Republic of Yugoslavia. As part of an Air Guard A-10 group, the 131st attacked Serb forces in Kosovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0020-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force, instead of entire permanent units deploying as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0021-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nAs a result of the Global War on Terrorism, in 2003, the 131st Expeditionary Fighter Squadron flew hundreds of combat missions with the A-10 in support of U.S. Army and Marine operations in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom) and Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom). During March and April 2003, as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, 131st Fighter Squadron A-10s supported the U.S. Army by flying combat missions that interdicted enemy forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0022-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended that the 131st send its A-10s to the Maryland Air National Guard 104th Fighter Squadron at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Maryland. In return, the 131st received the F-15C/D Eagles of the 102d Fighter Wing at Otis AFB, which was to convert into a non-flying Intelligence Wing. The realignment marked the end for the 131st's nearly 30-year mission of flying close-air support missions with the A-10. The 131st took over the homeland security mission of the 102d. In 2007, the A-10s began flying to Maryland and the F-15s began arriving from Otis AFB. By the end of 2007, eighteen F-15C and a trainer F-15D had arrived at Barnes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0023-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, History, Massachusetts Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn addition to the air defense mission, the men and women of the 131st Fighter Squadron deploy on air expeditionary missions to the Middle East in support of combat operations as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. The last such deployment was completed in July 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009862-0024-0000", "contents": "131st Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009863-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\n131st Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery formed during World War II. It was organised as the first 'Mixed' regiment in which women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service were integrated into the unit's personnel, though it later reverted to an all-male organisation. It defended the United Kingdom against aerial attack for two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009863-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nBy 1941, after two years of war Anti- Aircraft Command, tasked with defending the UK against air attack, was suffering a manpower shortage. In April its commander-in-chief, Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick 'Tim' Pile, proposed to overcome this by utilising the women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The ATS was by law a non-combatant service, but it was decided that Defence Regulations permitted the employment of women in anti-aircraft (AA) roles other than actually firing the guns. They worked the radar and plotting instruments, range-finders and predictors, ran command posts and communications, and carried out many other duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009863-0001-0001", "contents": "131st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nWith the increasing automation of heavy AA (HAA) guns, including gun-laying, fuze-setting and ammunition loading under remote control from the predictor, the question of who actually fired the gun became blurred as the war progressed. The ATS rank and file, if not always their officers, took to the new role with enthusiasm and 'Mixed' batteries and regiments with the ATS supplying two-thirds of their personnel quickly proved a success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009863-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nThe first of these new batteries took over an operational gun site in Richmond Park, south-west London, in August 1941, and the first full regiment of converted batteries soon followed: 131st (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, whose regimental headquarters (RHQ) formed at Bitterne, near Southampton, on 25 August. On 4 September it was joined by three existing HAA batteries that had been converted to the Mixed organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009863-0003-0000", "contents": "131st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nFollowing the departure of 251 HAA Bty, 458 HAA Bty (an unmixed unit) joined on 28 October 1941. It served with the regiment until 2 April 1942 when it was reduced to a cadre to form the basis of a mixed battery at 205th HAA Training Rgt, Arborfield, but once it had completed conversion 458 (M) HAA Bty did not return to the regiment and instead joined a new 160th (M) HAA Rgt forming at Fort Fareham, Hampshire. 428 HAA Battery, also all-male, joined 131st (M) HAA Rgt from 54th (City of London) HAA Rgt on 29 December 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009863-0004-0000", "contents": "131st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\n131st HAA Regiment supplied a cadre to 207th HAA Training Rgt at Devizes as the basis of a new 520 (M) HAA Bty formed on 15 January 1942; this joined 152nd (M) HAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009863-0005-0000", "contents": "131st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nAfter formation, 131st (M) HAA Rgt was assigned to 35th Anti- Aircraft Brigade, part of 5th Anti- Aircraft Division tasked with defending Southampton and Portsmouth. However, 310 and 368 (M) HAA Btys came under the control of 8th Anti - Aircraft Division defending the area west of Southampton. In late 1941 and early 1942 RHQ only had 428 and 458 HAA Btys under its direct command, and lost its 'Mixed' designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009863-0006-0000", "contents": "131st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nThe Blitz had ended in May 1941 and there were fewer air raids thereafter. Even during the Baedeker Blitz of 1942, the Luftwaffe avoided heavily defended targets such as Portsmouth and Southampton. Southampton was raided on 17 April and 21 June, Portsmouth on 20 August. After 458 HAA Bty left for conversion, and 428 Bty came under the control of 72nd (Hampshire) HAA Rgt, RHQ had no batteries under its direct command until it was joined on 10 July 1942 by another all-male battery, 376 HAA Bty from 97th (London Scottish) HAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009863-0007-0000", "contents": "131st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nThe regiment and its four batteries (310, 368, 376, and 428), now all-male, left for 37 AA Bde in 6th Anti- Aircraft Division in July 1942. 37 AA Brigade operated the 'Thames North' AA layout in Essex, a key part of the AA defences of London against raiders flying up the Thames Estuary; 376 HAA Bty was under the operational command of 71 AA Bde, which was newly forming in 6 AA Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009863-0008-0000", "contents": "131st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nHowever, this deployment did not last long, and in August 1942 the regiment moved again, to 70 AA Bde in 4th Anti- Aircraft Division in North West England, with 376 and 428 HAA Btys attached to 33 (Western) AA Bde in Liverpool, 376 later coming under 44 AA Bde at Manchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009863-0009-0000", "contents": "131st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nIn October 1942, 4th AA Division had been replaced by 4 AA Group and by March 1943 the regiment had moved to 53 AA Bde within that group. North West England was hardly threatened by the Luftwaffe by this stage of the war, and AA Command began redeploying its inadequate manpower to other sectors. First 310 and then 428 HAA Btys were attached for a time to 5 AA Group in North East England and then on 3 August 1943 the regiment began to disperse. The four batteries became independent on 6 August and RHQ completed its disbandment by 31 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009863-0010-0000", "contents": "131st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Insignia\nWhile the male members of the regiment wore the Royal Artillery's 'gun' cap badge, the women wore the ATS cap badge, but in addition they wore the RA's 'grenade' collar badge as a special badge above the left breast pocket of the tunic. Both sexes wore the white RA lanyard on the right shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009864-0000-0000", "contents": "131st IOC Session\nThe 131st IOC Session  took place between September 13 \u2013 September 16, 2017 at the Lima Convention Centre in Lima, Peru. The host cities for the 2024 Summer Olympics and the 2028 Summer Olympics were elected during the 131st IOC Session on September 13, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009864-0001-0000", "contents": "131st IOC Session, Bidders\nLima, Peru, was selected as session host by the IOC general assembly over Helsinki, Finland, by 54 votes to 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009864-0002-0000", "contents": "131st IOC Session, Host city elections\nTwo Olympic host city elections took place at the 131st IOC Session. The host cities of the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympics were elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009864-0003-0000", "contents": "131st IOC Session, Host city elections, 2024 Summer Olympics\nThe only candidate city for the 2024 Summer Olympics, Paris, France, was elected during the 131st IOC Session. The two French IOC members, Guy Drut and Tony Estanguet were not eligible to vote in this host city election under the rules of the Olympic Charter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009864-0004-0000", "contents": "131st IOC Session, Host city elections, 2028 Summer Olympics\nThe only candidate city for the 2028 Summer Olympics, Los Angeles, United States, was elected during the 131st IOC Session. The three American IOC members, Anita DeFrantz, Angela Ruggiero and Larry Probst were not eligible to vote in this host city election under the rules of the Olympic Charter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009864-0005-0000", "contents": "131st IOC Session, Host city elections, 134th IOC Session\nMilan was elected as the host city of the 134th IOC Session in 2019. The 134th IOC Session would decide the host city for the 2026 Winter Olympics. Milan eventually decided to bid along with Cortina D'Ampezzo for the 2026 Winter Olympics, thereby forfeiting the 134th Session to Lausanne, Switzerland, as under Olympic Charter rules, the IOC Session deciding the host city of an Olympic Games, cannot take place in the same country that is bidding to host the Olympic Games being decided at that session. Milan and Cortina, won the rights to host the 2026 Winter Games at the 134th Session in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009864-0006-0000", "contents": "131st IOC Session, Election of the new IOC Executive Board members\nTwo IOC members were elected to the IOC Executive Board at the session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 66], "content_span": [67, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009864-0007-0000", "contents": "131st IOC Session, Election of the new IOC Executive Board members\nDenis Oswald and Nicole Hoevertsz were elected to the executive board. Anita DeFrantz was elected to a four-year term as a vice-president, succeeding John Coates, who concluded his term as a vice-president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 66], "content_span": [67, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009865-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 131st Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009865-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 131st Illinois Infantry was organized at Old Fort Massac, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on November 13, 1862, for a three-year enlistment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009865-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was consolidated with the 29th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment on November 15, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009865-0003-0000", "contents": "131st Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\n1 enlisted man killed, 11 officers and 282 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 294 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009865-0004-0000", "contents": "131st Illinois Infantry Regiment, Further reading\nThis article about a specific military unit of the American Civil War is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 131st Infantry Brigade, originally the Surrey Brigade was an infantry formation of Britain's Territorial Army that saw service during both the First and the Second World Wars. In the First World War the brigade was in British India for most of the war and did not see service as a complete unit but many of its battalions would see service in the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe brigade, assigned to the 44th (Home Counties) Division, saw extensive service in the Second World War, in France and was later evacuated at Dunkirk in May 1940. It later saw service in the North African Campaign in late 1942 at El Alamein and Tunisia, Salerno in Italy, both in late 1943, and the invasion of Normandy and throughout North-west Europe from June 1944 until May 1945. From late 1942, when 44th Division was broken up, the brigade served with the 7th Armoured Division. Some sources call the brigade the 131st (Queen's) Brigade, due it being composed solely composed of battalions from the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Origin\nThe Volunteer Force of part-time soldiers was created following an invasion scare in 1859, and its constituent units were progressively aligned with the Regular British Army during the later 19th Century. The Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888 introduced a Mobilisation Scheme for Volunteer units, which would assemble in their own brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime these brigades provided a structure for collective training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0003-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Origin\nThe Surrey Brigade was one of the formations organised at this time. Brigade Headquarters was at 71 New Street in Kennington Park (later at 97 Barkston Gardens) and the commander was Colonel Alexander Hamilton (later 10th Lord Belhaven and Stenton), a retired officer in the Royal Engineers. The assembly point for the brigade was at Caterham Barracks, the Brigade of Guards' depot conveniently situated for the London Defence Positions along the North Downs. The brigade's original composition was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0004-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Origin\nIn the reorganisation after the end of the 2nd Boer War in 1902, separate East and West Surrey Brigades were formed, under command of the respective regimental districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0005-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms in 1908, the battalions in North Surrey, whose recruiting areas had fallen in the County of London since its formation 1889, became part of the all-Territorial London Regiment. These became the 21st to 24th Battalions and constituted the 6th London Brigade in the 2nd London Division. The four remaining battalions became battalions of their parent regiments and formed a single Surrey Brigade once more, as part of the Home Counties Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0006-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Order of Battle\nOn the outbreak of war the Surrey Brigade was composed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0007-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Moblisation\nOn the outbreak of the First World War, most of the men of the division accepted liability for overseas service to go to British India to relieve Regular Army troops for the fighting fronts. However, the brigade staffs and Regular adjutants of the battalions remained behind. The division embarked at Southampton and sailed on 30 October 1914, disembarking at Bombay on 1\u20133 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0008-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Service in India\nOn arrival, the division's units were distributed to various peacetime stations across India, Aden and Burma to continue their training for war. For a time the two East Surrey battalions were attached to the Allahabad Brigade in 8th (Lucknow) Division, where they were joined by the 4th Queens. In May 1915, the division was numbered 44th (Home Counties) Division and the brigade formally became 131st (1/1st Surrey) Brigade (though without a commander or staff). The TF battalions had all taken the prefix '1' (1/4th Queen's etc) to distinguish them from their 2nd Line battalions forming in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0009-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Service in India\nDuring 1915 there was a regular drain on the battalions as they lost their best Non-Commissioned Officers for officer training, sent detachments to various places in India, and provided drafts to replace casualties among units fighting in Mesopotamia. 1/5th Queens was transferred to Mesopotamia at the end of the year, landing at Basra on 10 December and transferring to 15th Indian Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0010-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Service in India\nBy early 1916 it had become obvious that the Territorial Divisions in India (there were two others in addition to the 44th, the 43rd (Wessex) Division and 45th (2nd Wessex) Division were never going to be able to reform and return to Europe to reinforce the Western Front as had been originally intended. They continued training in India for the rest of the war, providing drafts and detachments as required. 1/6th East Surreys served in garrison at Aden from February 1917 to January 1918, and 1/5th East Surreys was transferred to Mesopotamia at the end of 1917, landing at Basra on 27 December and joining 55th Indian Brigade, 18th Indian Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0011-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Service in India\nThe only battalion of the 131st Brigade that had not deployed outside India at any time during the war, 1/4th Queen's, finally saw active service in 1919 during the Third Anglo-Afghan War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0012-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Between the wars\nDuring 1919 the remaining units were gradually reduced and was finally disbanded, along with the rest of the Territorial Force, which was reformed as the Territorial Army in 1920. The division was also reconstituted as the 44th (Home Counties) Division. The brigade reformed as the 131st (Surrey) Infantry Brigade with the same composition it had before the First World War, with two battalions of the Queen's and two of the East Surreys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0013-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Between the wars\nHowever, in the late 1930s there was an increasing need to strengthen the anti-aircraft defences of the United Kingdom, particularly in London and Southern England. As a result, in 1938, the 4th Battalion, Queen's was converted into the 63rd (Queen's) Searchlight Regiment. In the same year, all infantry brigades in the British Army were reduced from four to three battalions and so the 5th East Surreys was transferred to the Royal Artillery, converted into the 57th (East Surrey) Anti -Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, becoming the anti-tank regiment for the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0013-0001", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Between the wars\nThe 6th East Surreys were at the same time transferred to 132nd (Middlesex and Kent) Infantry Brigade. They were replaced in the brigade by the 6th (Bermondsey) and 7th (Southwark) battalions of the Queen's Royal Regiment, previously the 22nd and 24th battalions of the London Regiment, both from the now disbanded 142nd (6th London) Infantry Brigade of 47th (2nd London) Infantry Division (converted into 1st AA Division). In 1939 the brigade was redesignated the 131st Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0014-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe brigade was mobilised in late August 1939, as was most of the rest of the Territorial Army, due to the worsening situation in Europe. The German Army invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 and the Second World War began two days later, on 3 September 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0015-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nUpon mobilisation in September 1939, 131st Brigade HQ became HQ Eastern Sub-Area in the United Kingdom and the units of the brigade were temporarily under the command of other formations until the brigade reassembled in 44th (Home Counties) Infantry Division on 7 October 1939. Initially, it comprised the three 1st Line Territorial Army battalions of the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0016-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nThe 131st Infantry Brigade, commanded at the time by Brigadier John Utterson-Kelso, landed in France with the rest of 44th Division on 3 April 1940 to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France. The division came under command of III Corps, serving alongside the 5th and 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Divisions. Both the 42nd and 44th Divisions had been kept back from strengthening the BEF sooner for potential operations in Northern Europe which, as it turned out, did not come to anything.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0016-0001", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nIn early May the brigade was bolstered by the 2nd Battalion, Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment), a Regular Army unit, replacing the 1/7th Queen's which transferred to 25th Infantry Brigade, under 5th Division at the time. This was one of the BEF's official policies and was intended to strengthen the inexperienced Territorial divisions, giving them much-needed experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0017-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nAfter fighting in the Battle of France in May 1940, the brigade retreated to Dunkirk and was evacuated on 31 May 1940, after the German Army threatened to cut off the BEF from the French Army. During the fighting the brigade, together with the rest of 44th Division, had sustained heavy losses, with 1/6th Queen's losing 9 officers and 400 other ranks, 3 of the officers and 130 men taken as prisoners of war (POWs) and 1/5th 125 casualties. Back in England, the brigade was reformed in numbers and re-equipped and positioned in Southeast England to defend what the divisional commander, Major-General Brian Horrocks, regarded as 'the No 1 German invasion area, stretching from the Isle of Thanet to Dover and on to Folkestone'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0018-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nThe brigade (now with 1/7th Queen's reunited), along with the rest of the 44th Division, now under Major-General Ivor Hughes (who had commanded the 1/6th Queen's at Dunkirk), was sent to North Africa in May 1942 where, shortly after arrival in August, they became part of the British Eighth Army, under Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery, and fought at the Battle of Alam el Halfa in late August. In late September the brigade fought in Operation Braganza with fairly light casualties, except the 1/5th Queen's which suffered heavy casualties of 12 officers and 260 other ranks killed, wounded or missing. The brigade later played a large part in the Second Battle of El Alamein and, again, suffered heavy casualties: 1/5th Queen's had 118 casualties, 1/6th had 197 and the 1/7th had had similar losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0019-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nWhen the 44th Division was broken up to provide infantry for other units (and Headquarters disbanded on 31 January 1943) 131st Brigade was redesignated as, on 1 November 1942, 131st Lorried Infantry Brigade and transferred to the 7th Armoured Division, nicknamed \"The Desert Rats\", and would remain with them for the rest of the war. The 7th Armoured was under command of XXX Corps, under Lieutenant-General Oliver Leese. The brigade, now under command of Brigadier Lashmer Whistler (nicknamed \"Private Bolo\" by men of the brigade), fought throughout the rest of the Tunisian Campaign until it ended in mid-May 1943, when the Germans and Italians fighting in North Africa finally surrendered, with the Allies capturing over 230,000 POWs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0020-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nAfter the victory in Tunisia, the brigade did not take part in the Allied invasion of Sicily but instead the whole division rested at Homs and trained in amphibious warfare for the invasion of Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0020-0001", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nThe brigade landed in Italy on 16 September 1943 during the early stages of fighting in the Italian theatre with British X Corps, commanded by Lieutenant-General Richard McCreery, temporarily under command of U.S. Fifth Army during the Battle for the Salerno beachhead where the brigade relieved its duplicate 169th (London) Infantry Brigade (consisting of the three 2nd Line duplicate battalions: 2/5th, 2/6th, and 2/7th, formed when the TA was doubled in size in 1939), part of the 56th (London) Infantry Division. The assembly of six battalions of a single regiment in two brigades is believed to be a unique event in the history of the British Army and is now a special Regimental Day, called Salerno Day, in the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment (the successor regiment to the Queen's).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0021-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nThe brigade later helped breach the Volturno Line and saw little major action thereafter and, with the rest of the 7th Armoured Division, returned to the United Kingdom in early January 1944 and Brigadier Whistler was soon transferred to take command of the inexperienced 160th Infantry Brigade, part of the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division, and was replaced by Brigadier Maurice Ekins. With the rest of the 7th Armoured Division, the brigade was brought back up to strength again and began training for operations to open the Second Front. On 4 March 1944 the brigade was redesignated again as 131st Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0022-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nThe brigade fought in North West Europe with the rest of 7th Armoured Division from June 7, the day after the D-Day landings, until Victory in Europe Day, fighting in particular throughout the Battle of Normandy in the Battle for Caen in Operation Perch, Villers-Bocage, Operation Goodwood and Operation Bluecoat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0022-0001", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nIn December 1944, due to recent heavy losses suffered by the brigade, the 1/6th and 1/7th Queen's were exchanged for the 2nd Battalion, Devonshire Regiment (from 231st (Malta) Brigade) and 9th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry (from 151st (Durham) Brigade), which were both formerly part of the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division that was being sent back to the United Kingdom to serve as a training division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0022-0002", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nBoth the 1/6th and 1/7th Queen's were reduced to a small cadre, each of 100 officers and men, and the remainder of the men were transferred to fill gaps in the 1/5th Queen's, now commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Ian Freeland, or transferred to the 4th King's Shropshire Light Infantry or 1st Herefordshire Light Infantry of 159th Infantry Brigade, 11th Armoured Division. The reorganised 131st Brigade then fought through the battles after Operation Blackcock and the Rhine crossing in March 1945. The brigade took part in the Berlin Victory Parade of 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0023-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Battles\n131st Brigade participated in the following actions during the Second World War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009866-0024-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Post-war\nThe brigade was disbanded after the war in 1946 and reformed in 1947, as the 131st (Surrey) Infantry Brigade, in the post-war reorganisation of the Territorial Army, consisting of the 5th, 6th (Bermondsey) and 7th (Southwark) battalions of the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey), after amalgamating with the 2nd Line units. However, the 7th Queen's, after absorbing the duplicate 2/7th Battalion, was converted into 622nd Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (7th Battalion, The Queen's Royal Regiment). The 6th Battalion, East Surrey Regiment replaced it but was disbanded in 1961 when the divisions amalgamated with the districts, and the 44th Division became 44th (Home Counties) Division/District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009867-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 131st Infantry Division (German: 131. Infanteriedivision) was a German Army infantry division in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009867-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe 131st Infantry Division was activated in October 1940, primarily out of other divisions - it included soldiers from the 31st and 269th Infantry Divisions, and cavalry from the 19th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009868-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 131st Infantry Regiment is an Infantry Regiment in the Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009868-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nConstituted in the Illinois State Guard as the 1st Battalion of Infantry and organized 14 September 1874 in Chicago from the following companies raised entirely by subscription:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009868-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive Unit Insignia\nA Silver color metal and enamel device 1 1/4 inches (3.18\u00a0cm) in height consisting of a shield blazoned:  Azure, a closet between two wavy barrulets, surmounted by a pairle, Argent; overall the old insignia of the First Regiment of Infantry, Illinois National Guard, (wheel within a diamond) Proper; in chief four fleurs-de-lis, three and one, of the second. Attached above the shield on a wreath, upon a grassy field the blockhouse of old Fort Dearborn, all Silver Gray. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Silver scroll inscribed \"DUCIT AMOR PATRIAE\" in Blue letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009868-0003-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive Unit Insignia\nThe shield is blue \u2013 the present Infantry color, and the main charges are silver or white \u2013 the old Infantry facing color. The pairle is taken from the Chicago seal:  the first wavy barrulets represents Spanish\u2013American War service, the closet Mexican Border duty, and the second wavy barrulets the second time the organization was in Federal service overseas. The four fleurs-de-lis represent the engagements during World War I. The charge in the fess point is the insignia of the old First Regiment of Infantry, Illinois National Guard. The motto translates to \"Led By Love Of Country.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009868-0004-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive Unit Insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 131st Infantry Regiment on 19 April 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009868-0005-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nAzure, a closet between two wavy barrulets, surmounted by a pairle, Argent; overall the old insignia of the First Regiment of Infantry, Illinois National Guard, (wheel within a diamond) Proper; in chief four fleurs-de-lis, three and one, of the second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009868-0006-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the Illinois Army National Guard:  On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure, upon a grassy field the blockhouse of old Fort Dearborn Proper. Motto:   DUCIT AMOR PATRIAE (Led By Love Of Country).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009868-0007-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nThe shield is blue \u2013 the present Infantry color, and the main charges are silver or white \u2013 the old Infantry facing color. The pairle is taken from the Chicago seal:  the first wavy barrulets represents Spanish\u2013American War service, the closet Mexican Border duty, and the second wavy barrulets the second time the organization was in Federal service overseas. The four fleurs-de-lis represent the engagements during World War I. The charge in the fess point is the insignia of the old First Regiment of Infantry, Illinois National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009868-0008-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nThe crest is that of the Illinois Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009868-0009-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nThe coat of arms was approved on 19 April 1927", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009868-0010-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Regiment (United States), Campaign streamers\nPresidential Unit Citation (Navy), streamer embroidered GUADALCANALPhilippine Presidential Unit Citation, streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 to 4 JULY 1945", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009868-0011-0000", "contents": "131st Infantry Regiment (United States), Campaign streamers\nCompany B (Machesney Park), 1st Battalion is entitled to Presidential Unit Citation (Army), streamer embroidered BOUGAINVILLE", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009869-0000-0000", "contents": "131st New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 131st New York Infantry Regiment (a.k.a. \"1st Regiment Metropolitan Guard\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009869-0001-0000", "contents": "131st New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 131st New York Infantry was organized at New York City, New York beginning July 10, 1862, and mustered in for three-years service on September 6, 1862, under the command of Colonel Charles S. Turnbull.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009869-0002-0000", "contents": "131st New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of Annapolis, Maryland, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to December 1862. Grover's Division, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to February 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to January 1865. 2nd Brigade, Grover's Division, District of Savannah, Department of the South, to March 1865. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, X Corps, Army of the Ohio, Department of North Carolina, to April 1865. District of Savannah, Department of the South, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009869-0003-0000", "contents": "131st New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 131st New York Infantry mustered out of service July 26, 1865 at Savannah, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009869-0004-0000", "contents": "131st New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Annapolis, Maryland, September 14, 1862. Duty at Annapolis, Maryland, until November 18, 1862. Ordered to New Orleans, Louisiana, November 18; then moved to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, December, and duty there until March 1863. Operations against Port Hudson March 7\u201327. Moved to Donaldsonville March 27, then to Brashear City, Louisiana Operations in Western Louisiana April 9\u00a0\u2013 May 14. Bayou Teche Campaign, April 11\u201320. Fort Bisland, April 12\u201313. Madam Porter's Plantation, Indian Bend, April 13. Irish Bend, April 14. Bayou Vermillion, April 17. March to Opelousas, April 19\u201320. Moved to New Iberia, April 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009869-0004-0001", "contents": "131st New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Port Hudson, May 24\u00a0\u2013 July 9. Assaults on Port Hudson, May 27 and June 14. Action at Plaquemine, June 18 (detachment). Surrender of Port Hudson, July 9. Kock's Plantation, Bayou LaFourche, July 12\u201313. Duty at Thibodeauxville until March 1864. Expedition from Brashear City, February 3\u20136, 1864 (detachment). Red River Campaign, March 25\u00a0\u2013 May 22. Alexandria, May 1. Construction of dam at Alexandria, April 30\u00a0\u2013 May 10. Retreat to Mansura, May 13\u201320. Mansura, May 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009869-0004-0002", "contents": "131st New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty at Morganza until July 3. Moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, then to Fort Monroe, Virginia, and to Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, July 3\u201322. In the trenches at Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, until July 28. Deep Bottom, July 28\u201329. Moved to Washington, D.C., then to Tennallytown, July 31\u00a0\u2013 August 2. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, August 7\u00a0\u2013 November 28. Battle of Winchester, September 19. Fisher's Hill, September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek, October 19. Duty at Kernstown and Winchester until January 1865. Moved to Savannah, Georgia, January 5\u201322, and duty there until March. At Morehead City and New Bern, North Carolina, until April. At Savannah, Georgia, until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009869-0005-0000", "contents": "131st New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 194 men during service; two officers and 82 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, three officers and 107 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009870-0000-0000", "contents": "131st New York State Legislature\nThe 131st New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 1 to June 11, 1908, during the second year of Charles Evans Hughes's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009870-0001-0000", "contents": "131st New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1906 and 1907, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (eight districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009870-0002-0000", "contents": "131st New York State Legislature, Background\nOn April 27, 1906, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate districts, increasing the number to 51. The apportionment was then contested in the courts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009870-0003-0000", "contents": "131st New York State Legislature, Background\nThe Legislature also re-apportioned the number of assemblymen per county. Nassau County was separated from the remainder of Queens County; Albany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oswego and Rensselaer counties lost one seat each; Erie, Monroe and Westchester gained one each; and Kings and Queens counties gained two each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009870-0004-0000", "contents": "131st New York State Legislature, Background\nOn April 3, 1907, the new Senate and Assembly apportionment was declared unconstitutional by the New York Court of Appeals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009870-0005-0000", "contents": "131st New York State Legislature, Background\nOn July 26, 1907, the Legislature again re-apportioned the Senate districts, and re-enacted the 1906 Assembly apportionment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009870-0006-0000", "contents": "131st New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Independence League, the Socialist Party and the Prohibition Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009870-0007-0000", "contents": "131st New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1907, was held on November 5. The only two statewide elective offices up for election were two judgeships on the New York Court of Appeals which were carried by a Republican and a Democrat both of which had been endorsed by the other major party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009870-0008-0000", "contents": "131st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 1, 1908; and adjourned on April 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009870-0009-0000", "contents": "131st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on May 11, 1908; and adjourned on June 11. This session was called to consider enacting reform legislation which had been recommended by the governor at the beginning of the session, but was ignored by the Legislature. Among the measures advocated by the governor were an anti-horse-race-track-gambling bill (enacted as the Hart\u2013Agnew Law), a plan to extend the jurisdiction of the Public Service Commission to the telephone and telegraph companies, and a ballot reform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009870-0010-0000", "contents": "131st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: The senators had been elected to a two-year term in November 1906 under the 1906 apportionment, as stated below. Although the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate districts in 1907, the first senatorial election under the new apportionment occurred in November 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009870-0011-0000", "contents": "131st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009870-0012-0000", "contents": "131st New York State Legislature, State Assembly\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships mentioned omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009871-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Thirty-first Ohio General Assembly was a meeting of the Ohio state legislature, composed of the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives. It convened in Columbus, Ohio on January 5, 2015 and is scheduled to adjourn January 2, 2017. The apportionment of legislative districts is based on the 2010 United States Census and 2011 redistricting plan. Both the Ohio Senate and Ohio House of Representatives were retained by the Ohio Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009872-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 131st Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 131st Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 131st OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009872-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Ohio Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 131st OVI was mustered into the service at Camp Chase in Columbus on May 14, 1864, as an Ohio National Guard unit. It was a part of the Hundred Days Regiments commissioned by Ohio Governor John Brough as rear guard troops in an effort to free up veteran regiments for front-line combat duty in an all-out effort to seize Richmond, Virginia, and hasten the end of the war. Its commander was Col. John G. Lowe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009872-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Ohio Infantry Regiment, History\nOn May 15, the new regiment traveled by train to Baltimore, Maryland, where it was assigned to the Second Separate Brigade of the VIII Corps. The 131st never saw any combat. Instead, it primarily served on garrison duty at Fort McHenry, then at Fort Marshall and Federal Hill. Detachments served at Washington, D.C., Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, Fortress Monroe, and City Point, Virginia. On August 19 the regiment was ordered to return to Ohio because the soldiers were nearing the end of their short term of enlistment. The 865 remaining men mustered out at Camp Chase on August 25, 1864. The 131st Regiment lost two enlisted men by disease during its service, though others would succumb to complications of malaria in the years following.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009873-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Operations Group\nThe mission of the 131st Operations Group, 131st Bomb Wing, is to provide expeditionary, B-2 global strike combat support capabilities to geographic commanders and Commander, United States Strategic Command. This is done by training and equipping airmen to fly the aircraft of the 509th Bomb Wing. The group also organizes, trains, and prepares a force of citizen airmen to defend and serve the people of Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009873-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Operations Group, History, World War II\nDuring World War II, the 131st Operations Group;s heraldic predecessor, the 364th Fighter Group, organized and trained in California during 1943 before moving to England in January 1944 where it was assigned to VIII Fighter Command. The 364th flew escort, dive-bombing, strafing, and patrol missions in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany. At first the group operated primarily as escort for Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bombers. The group patrolled the English Channel during the Normandy invasion in June 1944, and while continuing escort operations, supported ground forces in France after the invasion by strafing and bombing locomotives, marshalling yards, bridges, barges, and other targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009873-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Operations Group, History, World War II\nIn the summer of 1944, the 364th converted from Lockheed P-38 Lightnings to North American P-51 Mustangs and until the end of the war flew many long-range missions including escorting heavy bombers to attack oil refineries, industries, and other strategic objectives at Berlin, Regensburg, Merseburg, Stuttgart, Brussels, and elsewhere. The 364th received a Distinguished Unit Citation for an escort mission on 27 December 1944 when the group dispersed a large force of German fighters that attacked the bomber formation the group was escorting on a raid to Frankfurt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009873-0003-0000", "contents": "131st Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe 364th also flew air-sea rescue missions, engaged in patrol activities, and continued to support ground forces as the battle line advanced through France and into Germany. It took part in Operation Market-Garden, the effort secure bridgeheads across the Rhine in the Netherlands by air, September 1944; the Battle of the Bulge, December 1944 \u2013 January 1945; and Operation Varsity, the airborne assault across the Rhine in March 1945. Although the last mission by the 364th took place on 25 April 1945, the group did not depart until November, returning to Camp Kilmer New Jersey for inactivation", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009873-0004-0000", "contents": "131st Operations Group, History, Missouri Air National Guard\nThe wartime 364th Fighter Group was allotted to the National Guard as the 131st Fighter Group on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Lambert Field, near St Louis, Missouri and was extended federal recognition on 15 July 1946. Assigned to the Missouri National Guard's 57th Fighter Wing, the 131st Group controlled the 110th Fighter Squadron in St. Louis and the 180th Bombardment Squadron at Rosecrans Memorial Airport, St Joseph. On 1 November 1950 the 71st Fighter Wing was inactivated and its personnel and equipment were assigned to the new 131st Composite Wing when Continental Air Command reorganized its combat units under the Wing Base organization. The 131st Wing has been the group's parent ever since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009873-0005-0000", "contents": "131st Operations Group, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nOn 1 March 1951 the 131st was federalized and brought to active duty due to the Korean War. It initially transferred to Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas as the 131st Fighter-Bomber Group was composed of the 110th Fighter Squadron, the 170th Fighter-Bomber Squadron (Illinois ANG) and the 192d Fighter-Bomber Squadron (Nevada ANG).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009873-0006-0000", "contents": "131st Operations Group, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nIn November when the group was transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and moved to George Air Force Base, California. At George, the unit trained for deployment overseas. On 1 December 1952, its period of federal service terminated and the group was relieved from active duty and returned to the Missouri Air National Guard, while its personnel and equipment at George were transferred to the 479th Fighter-Bomber Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009873-0007-0000", "contents": "131st Operations Group, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nReturning to Lambert Field, the 131st became a light bombardment group and came under TAC for mobilization. It received Douglas B-26 Invaders that returned from the Korean War and trained primarily in night bombardment missions. With the retirement of the B-26 in 1957, the 131st entered the \"Jet Age.\" It received its first jet aircraft in the spring of 1957 when it received some Lockheed F-80 Shooting Stars, then in June 1957, with a mission of air defense. The group was inactivated in November 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009873-0008-0000", "contents": "131st Operations Group, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nAfter the 131st Wing returned to St. Louis after mobilization for the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the group was reactivated as the 131st Tactical Fighter Group and equipped with North American F-100C Super Sabres in late 1962. Although not activated during the Vietnam War, many of the group's pilots were sent to F-100 squadrons in South Vietnam between 1968 and 1971. The group was again inactivated in 1974, when Air National Guard tactical groups on the same base as their parent wings were discontinued and their squadrons assigned directly to the wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009873-0009-0000", "contents": "131st Operations Group, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nThe Air Force again reorganized under the Objective Wing model and in 1993, the group again activated as the 131st Operations Group. Members were called into service to battle the Great Flood of 1993. In the post-Cold War era, the unit deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey in support of Operation Northern Watch in 1996, 1997 and 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009873-0010-0000", "contents": "131st Operations Group, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nOn 16 March 2006, the Air Force announced that elements of the group would become an associate unit of the active duty 509th Bomb Wing at Whiteman Air Force Base. Consequently, the group transitioned from flying and maintaining the F-15C Eagle fighter to the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit bomber. The final flight of the F-15C Eagle by the 131st occurred in June 2009. The 509th and the 131st joined forces according to what is known as a \"classic associate wing\" structure. As a result, active duty and Air National Guard pilots and maintainers fly B-2 missions and sustain the aircraft as though they were one unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009873-0011-0000", "contents": "131st Operations Group, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Global Strike Command\nThe 131st Bomb Wing's transition to Air Force Global Strike Command occurred on 4 October 2008 when the 131st Bomb Wing held a ribbon-cutting ceremony at Whiteman. The ceremony celebrated the first official drill for traditional guardsmen at Whiteman and the grand opening of building 3006, the 131st Bomb Wing's first headquarters there. On 16 June 2009, the last F-15 departed Lambert Field. In August 2013, the 131st Bomb Wing was deemed fully mission-capable, meaning that it fully completed the transition to Whiteman Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009873-0012-0000", "contents": "131st Operations Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009874-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 131st Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009874-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 131st Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Camp Curtin near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and mustered in August 1862 for nine month's service under the command of Colonel Peter H. Allabach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009874-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009874-0003-0000", "contents": "131st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Washington, D.C., August 20, and duty there until September 14. Moved to Sharpsburg, Md., and duty there until October 30. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12-15. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, \"Mud March,\" January 20-24, 1863. Duty at Falmouth until April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1-5", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009874-0004-0000", "contents": "131st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 83 men during service; 2 officers and 36 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 44 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009875-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Regiment (XPCC)\nThe 131st Regiment of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (\u65b0\u7586\u751f\u4ea7\u5efa\u8bbe\u5175\u56e2\u7b2c131\u56e2), also known as the 131th Regiment of the XPCC (\u5175\u56e2131\u56e2), together with its reclamation area, commonly known as the 131st Regiment Farm (\u5175\u56e2131\u56e2\u573a), is an economic and paramilitary formed unit that is part of the 7th Division (\u5175\u56e2\u7b2c\u4e03\u5e08). The Regiment is headquartered at Junggar Road (\u51c6\u5676\u5c14\u8def) in Kuytun City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It is composed of 21 agriculture construction companies. As of 2010 census, its population was 24,154.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009875-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Regiment (XPCC)\nThe 131th Regiment is located in the territories of Kuytun and Wusu cities. It is bordered by Kuytun River to the west, and to the south by the southwestern edge of Jungger Basin on the northern side of Tianshan. The regiment has plain farming areas and mountain pastures. It has an area of 779.846 square kilometers, of which 644.5767 square kilometers are in Kuytun and 129.2687 square kilometers in Wusu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009875-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Regiment (XPCC), History\nBased on Henan Zhibian Brigade (\u6cb3\u5357\u652f\u8fb9\u5927\u961f) with about a thousand people and some cadres and soldiers transferred from the 7th Division of the XPCC, Quytun Farm (\u594e\u5c6f\u519c\u573a) was incorporated in July 1956. The Quytun Farm was organized into the 131th Regiment, a separate paramilitary organization with serial number by Xinjiang Military District (\u65b0\u7586\u519b\u533a) in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009876-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Regiment of Foot\nThe 131st Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, created in 1793 and disbanded in 1796. The regiment was raised by General Henry Edward Fox, with the colonelcy being transferred to Lowther Pennington, 2nd Baron Muncaster shortly thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009877-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Rescue Squadron\nThe 131st Rescue Squadron (131 RQS) is a unit of the California Air National Guard 129th Rescue Wing located at Moffett Federal Airfield, Mountain View, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009877-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Rescue Squadron, Overview\nThe unit was established on 1 October 2003 by the Air Force Special Operations Command as part of a re-organization of Air National Guard rescue units which created separate squadrons for fixed-wing, helicopter, and pararescue elements of the 129th Rescue Squadron. All three squadrons are assigned to the 129th Operations Group. The HH-60 helicopter flight became 129th Rescue Squadron; the HC-130P Hercules flight become the 130th Rescue Squadron, and the pararescue flight became the 131st Rescue Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009877-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Rescue Squadron, Overview\nThe squadron consists of pararescue and support personnel, utilizing the helicopter and transport assets of the 129th Rescue Wing. All three rescue squadrons are assigned to the 129th Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009877-0003-0000", "contents": "131st Rescue Squadron, Operations\nWhen in a theater of combat, squadron members operate at the direction of the overall theater combatant commander and the theater's commander of air forces. In these situations, the 131st is primarily assigned to conduct personnel recovery operations\u2014rescuing downed airmen or other isolated personnel from enemy territory, for example. In addition to combat search-and-rescue missions like these, the 130th may also conduct collateral missions: noncombatant evacuation operations, inter- and intra-theater airlift, and support of special operations forces, for example.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009877-0004-0000", "contents": "131st Rescue Squadron, Operations\nBack at home, the 131st Rescue Squadron furnishes trained personnel to respond to state emergencies, such as natural disasters, and to assist civil authorities in the enforcement of the law. Other 131st missions include non-combat search and rescue (SAR), emergency aeromedical evacuations, humanitarian relief, international aid, counter-drug activities, and support for NASA flight operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009877-0005-0000", "contents": "131st Rescue Squadron, Operations\nThe 131st RQS has been assigned to support Operation Iraqi Freedom (Iraq) and Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan) in support of the Global War on Terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009878-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Rocket Brigade\nThe 131st Rocket Brigade was a tactical ballistic missile brigade of the Soviet Army and Russian Ground Forces from 1960 to 1993. Based at Luga, Leningrad Oblast, it was part of the Leningrad Military District. It was formed from an anti-aircraft artillery regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009878-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Rocket Brigade, History\nThe 240th Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiment was part of the 10th Guards Army at the beginning of August 1943, the first time it appears in the Combat composition of the Soviet Army. The regiment remained with the 10th Guards Army for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009878-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Rocket Brigade, History\nThe regiment helped capture Rezekne in July 1944 under command of Lieutenant Colonel Viktor Petrovich Kazantsev. For its actions the regiment was awarded the honorific \"Rezekne\". During World War II, the regiment also received the Order of Suvorov 3rd class. Between 1945 and 1960 it was known as the 240th Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009878-0003-0000", "contents": "131st Rocket Brigade, History\nThe brigade was formed in 1960 in Luga with the Leningrad Military District, apparently from parts of the 240th Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiment. Other elements of the regiment became the 59th Anti- Aircraft Rocket Brigade. It included three separate rocket battalions and a technical battery. It was equipped with R-11 Zemlya and R-17 Elbrus tactical ballistic missiles. The brigade was disbanded in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade\nThe 131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade (Russian: 131-\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430) was a motorised infantry unit of the Soviet Army and of the Russian Ground Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade\nThe division traced its lineage back to the formation of the 1st Kursk Infantry Division in 1918 during the Russian Civil War. The division was redesignated as the 9th Rifle Division in October of that year, and fought as part of the Southern Front against the White Armed Forces of South Russia from late 1918 to early 1920. In late 1920 it fought in the Perekop\u2013Chongar Operation, completing the defeat of the remaining White forces in Crimea, after which it participated in the Red Army invasion of Georgia in early 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0001-0001", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade\nThe division was stationed in Georgia after the end of the campaign, guarding a sector of the Soviet border with Turkey. In late 1921 it was broken up into two separate rifle brigades, which were combined into the 1st Caucasian Rifle Division in 1922. The division was converted into a mountain unit in 1931, and was renumbered as the 9th Mountain Rifle Division in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade\nFollowing the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II, the division remained in its positions on the Turkish border, although elements of the 9th fought in the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula and the early stages of the Battle of the Caucasus. In late 1942 the entire division was relocated north to the front, fighting in the offensive that forced the withdrawal of German troops from the North Caucasus in early 1943, before spending most of the year fighting to capture the Kuban bridgehead. Reorganized as the 9th Rifle Division in September, the division transferred to Ukraine in early 1944, after which it fought in the Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive, Vistula\u2013Oder Offensive, and Prague Offensive before the end of the war in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0003-0000", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade\nPostwar, the division was relocated to Krasnodar in the North Caucasus and was reduced to a rifle brigade until 1949, when it became the 9th Mountain Rifle Division again. After moving to Maykop in 1950, the 9th became a regular rifle division again in 1954, and converted into the 80th Motor Rifle Division in 1957. In 1964 its historic World War II designation was restored, and the division spent the rest of the Cold War in Maykop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0003-0001", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade\nAfter the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, the 9th transferred to the Russian Ground Forces and reorganized as the 131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade in late 1992. The brigade fought in the Battle of Grozny during the First Chechen War, and elements of it served in the Second Chechen War. In 2009, after the Russo-Georgian War, it was relocated to Gudauta in the disputed territory of Abkhazia, and was redesignated the 7th Military Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0004-0000", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Russian Civil War and Interwar period\nThe 9th Kursk Infantry Division was created on the 20 July 1918 as one of the first divisions of the Soviet Union during the Russian Civil War. The division was stationed in the Caucasus region, later the Transcaucasian Military District and soon renamed 9th Infantry, and later 9th Rifle division. In 1922 the division was renamed the 1st Caucasus ('Kavkaz') Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0005-0000", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Russian Civil War and Interwar period\nAfter service during the Civil War, during which the division changed its name numerous times, the division was awarded the honorific name \"of the Central Executive Committee of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic\" (Russian: \u0426\u0418\u041a \u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438) in 1928. For the 10th anniversary of Red Army on February 29, 1928, the division was awarded the Revolutionary Red Banner of Honor and added the Red Banner (Krasnoznamennaya) to its title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0006-0000", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Russian Civil War and Interwar period\nDuring 1931 the division was reorganised into a mountain rifle division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0007-0000", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Russian Civil War and Interwar period\nOn 23 February 1936 the division was awarded the Order of the Red Star and on the 23 February the name was slightly changed to \"of the Supreme Soviet of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic\". In July of the same year the division was renamed again as the 9th Red Banner Mountain Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0008-0000", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Second World War combat history\nBefore the war the division consisted of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0009-0000", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Second World War combat history\nThe division began the war in the Transcaucasian Military District with the 40th Rifle Corps alongside the 31st Rifle Division. During the war the division was at various times serving as part of the 46th, 37th, 56th, Separate Coastal, 69th, 18th, 5th Guards Army and 60th Armies. The division took part in the Battle of the Caucasus. The division participated in the fighting for Feodosiya, Tuapse, in the Kuban and Taman Peninsula, and Krakow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0010-0000", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Second World War combat history\nOn September 3, 1943, for the liberation of Kuban region and the capital of the region, Krasnodar, the division was awarded the honorary name \u201cKrasnodarskaya\u201d, and the division was reformed again and became known as the 9th Plastunskaya  Krasnodar Red Banner, Order of Red Star Rifle Division (Russian: 9-\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0417\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u044b \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f). Its enlisted and non-commissioned personnel came largely from the cossacks of the Kuban region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0011-0000", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Second World War combat history\nDuring the period 1944 \u2013 1945 the division participated in the Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive (13 July \u2013 29 August 1944 also known as the 6th Stalin's Shock), and the liberation of Poland and Czechoslovakia for which in April 1945 the division was awarded the Order of Kutuzov 2nd class. With 60th Army of the 4th Ukrainian Front in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0012-0000", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Second World War combat history\nIts full title in 1945 was \u041arasnodar Red Banner, Order of Kutuzov, Red Star Supreme Soviet of the Georgian SSR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0013-0000", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Post-war service history\nAfter the war the division was returned to Krasnodar, and in 1950 the division was relocated to Maykop. After the reforms of 1956 the division became the 9th Motor Rifle Division and was based at Maykop for many years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0014-0000", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Post-war service history\nOn 12 September 1992 the division was reorganised as the 131st Separate Motor Rifle order of Kutuzov and Red Star Brigade of the 67th Army Corps, North Caucasus Military District (Russian: 131 \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0443\u0442\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0417\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u044b \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430 (\u041e\u041c\u0421\u0411)). The brigade participated in the First Chechen War of 1994\u201396, including the New Year 1995 assault on Grozniy during the combat for the railway terminal where it suffered severe casualties in dead and wounded following an ambush by superior enemy numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0014-0001", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Post-war service history\nThe battle for Grozny cost 157 casualties, including 24 officers (including Colonel Savin), one warrant officer (Russian: \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0449\u0438\u043a) and 60 NCOs and soldiers killed and 12 officers, one warrant officer and 59 NCOs and soldiers missing (presumed dead). The brigade also lost 22 T-72 tanks, 45 BMP-2s, and 37 cars and trucks. although other sources give higher losses attributed to the 81st Motor Rifle Regiment which participated in the operation. The brigade was forced to withdraw from combat, was surrounded, and forced to abandon all of its equipment, with the personnel escaping individually or in small groups. From March 1995 the brigade participates in the Gudermes operation. In all the brigade suffered 1,282 casualties during the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0015-0000", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Post-war service history\nOn 26 April 1995 the brigade returned to Adygeya but was recalled to combat service three months later to participate in further operations in Chechnya, eventually as two manoeuvre groups from 20 February to 7 October 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009879-0016-0000", "contents": "131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Post-war service history\nSince the Chechnya campaigns the brigade has remained in the Caucasus region, and has again changed its name to 131st Separate Motor-Rifle Krasnodar Red Banner, Order of Kutuzov and Red Star Kuban cossack brigade (Russian: 131-\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0443\u0442\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0417\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u044b \u041a\u0443\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0447\u044c\u044f \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430) Two of its battalions are participating in the peace-keeping missions in Georgia in the regions of Urta and along the Abkhazian-Georgian border. These battalions and the brigade's tank battalion are staffed completely with professional service personnel serving under the new contracts. The brigade has achieved first place in the performance assessment within the military district during 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009880-0000-0000", "contents": "131st Tank Regiment (Italy)\nThe 131st Tank Regiment (Italian: 31\u00b0 Reggimento Carri) is an inactive tank regiment of the Italian Army based in Persano in Campania. Originally, the regiment, like all Italian tank units, was part of the infantry, but on 1 June 1999 it became part of the cavalry. Operationally, the regiment was last assigned to the Bersaglieri Brigade \"Garibaldi\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009880-0001-0000", "contents": "131st Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II\nThe regiment was formed by the depot of the 31st Tank Infantry Regiment in Siena on 27 July 1941 as the 131st Tank Infantry Regiment with three tank battalions formed by the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment. All three battalions were equipped with captured French tanks. The regiment was formed with the following structure:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009880-0002-0000", "contents": "131st Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II\nOn 15 August 1941, the regiment arrived in the Friuli region and joined the 131st Armored Division \"Centauro\", which already fielded the 31st Tank Infantry Regiment. On 25 December 1941, the regiment ceded the CC Tank Battalion \"S35\" to the XIII Army Corps on Sardinia. On 2 January 1942, the regiment left the Centauro division and moved to Sicily, where the regiment's CII Tank Battalion \"R35\" was assigned to the XII Army Corps defending the island's West, while the regiment's headquarter with the CI Tank Battalion \"R35\" joined the XVI Army Corps defending the island's South.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009880-0003-0000", "contents": "131st Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II\nIn Sicily, the regiment's two battalions and the companies of the CXXXIII Semovente Battalion \"47/32\" were split into small tactical groups. When the allied invasion of Sicily began on 9 July 1943, the CII Tank Battalion \"R35\" was annihilated by the American 3rd Infantry Division on 21 July 1943 north of Agrigento, while remnants of the CI Tank Battalion managed to retreat to Messina and from there they were evacuated to Calabria. On 1 September 1943, the remnants of the 131st Tank Infantry Regiment arrived in Siena to be reformed, but after Italy changed sides with the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943 the 131st Tank Infantry Regiment was disbanded by the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009880-0004-0000", "contents": "131st Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War\nOn 1 January 1953, the Italian Army raised the CI Tank Battalion equipped with M26 Pershing tanks in Pinerolo as an autonomous tank battalion of the III Army Corps. In October 1956, the battalion moved to Verona as a corps asset of the IV Army Corps. The battalion was disbanded on 31 December 1963 and its personnel contributed to the rise of the III Tank Battalion for the newly raised 32nd Tank Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009880-0005-0000", "contents": "131st Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War, 101st Tank Battalion \"M.O. Zappal\u00e0\"\nDuring the 1975 army reform, the 31st Tank Regiment was disbanded on 21 October 1975 and its II Tank Battalion became the 101st Tank Battalion \"M.O. Zappal\u00e0\", which received the war flag and traditions of the 131st Tank Infantry Regiment. The battalion's number commemorated the CI Tank Battalion \"R35\", which had served with the 131st regiment during the allied invasion of Sicily. Tank and armored battalions created during the 1975 army reform were all named after officers, soldiers and partisans, who were posthumously awarded Italy's highest military honor the Gold Medal of Military Valour during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 83], "content_span": [84, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009880-0005-0001", "contents": "131st Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War, 101st Tank Battalion \"M.O. Zappal\u00e0\"\nThe 101st Tank Battalion's name commemorated the commander of the LI Tank Battalion \"M14/41\" Lieutenant Colonel Salvatore Zappal\u00e0, who had been awarded three Silver Medals of Military Valour (2x World War I, 1x Invasion of Yugoslavia), one Bronze Medal of Military Valour (Spanish Civil War) and three War Crosses of Military Valor (Spanish Civil War, Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Greco-Italian War); the Lieutenant Colonel was also awarded posthumously a Gold Medal of Military Valour after being fatally injured on 30 June 1942 near El Dabaa in Egypt during the Axis pursuit of the British Eighth Army after the Battle of Mersa Matruh. Based in Bellinzago Novarese and equipped with Leopard 1A2 main battle tanks, the battalion joined the 31st Armored Brigade \"Curtatone\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 83], "content_span": [84, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009880-0006-0000", "contents": "131st Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Recent times\nWith the end of the Cold War, the Italian Army had drawn down its forces and on 31 July 1993, the 101st Tank Battalion \"M.O. Zappal\u00e0\" and its personnel entered the 1st Tank Battalion \"M.O. Cracco\", which was then reformed on 1 September 1993 as 31st Tank Regiment. On the same day, the 131st Tank Regiment was reformed in Persano in Southern Italy with the 31st Tank Battalion \"M.O. Andreani\" of the Armored Troops School as its only battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009880-0006-0001", "contents": "131st Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Recent times\nThe 131st Tank Regiment joined the Bersaglieri Brigade \"Garibaldi\" and in 2008, the army's last Leopard 1A5 main battle tanks were retired after receiving the new Ariete main battle tanks. On 11 July 2013, the 131st Tank Regiment was renamed the 4th Tank Regiment and the flag of the 131st was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009881-0000-0000", "contents": "131st meridian east\nThe meridian 131\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, Australia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009881-0001-0000", "contents": "131st meridian east\nThe 131st meridian east forms a great circle with the 49th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009881-0002-0000", "contents": "131st meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 131st meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009882-0000-0000", "contents": "131st meridian west\nThe meridian 131\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009882-0001-0000", "contents": "131st meridian west\nThe 131st meridian west forms a great circle with the 49th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009882-0002-0000", "contents": "131st meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 131st meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009883-0000-0000", "contents": "132 (number)\n132 (one hundred [and] thirty-two) is the natural number following 131 and preceding 133.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009883-0001-0000", "contents": "132 (number), In mathematics\n132 is the sixth Catalan number. It is a pronic number, the product of 11 and 12. As it has 12 divisors total, 132 is a refactorable number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009883-0002-0000", "contents": "132 (number), In mathematics\nIf you take the sum of all 2-digit numbers you can make from 132, you get 132: 12+13+21+23+31+32=132{\\displaystyle 12+13+21+23+31+32=132}. 132 is the smallest number with this property, which is shared by 264, 396 and 35964 (see digit-reassembly number).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009883-0003-0000", "contents": "132 (number), In mathematics\nBut there is no number that, when added to the sum of its own digits, sums to 132, therefore 132 is a self number. 132 is also a Harshad number, divisible by the sum of its base-ten digits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009884-0000-0000", "contents": "132 Aethra\nAethra (minor planet designation: 132 Aethra) is a metallic asteroid and Mars-crosser on an eccentric orbit from the asteroid belt. It measures approximately 40 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009884-0001-0000", "contents": "132 Aethra\nIt was discovered by James Craig Watson in 1873 and is the first such Mars-crosser asteroid to be identified. As a Mars-crosser asteroid, Aethra is the lowest numbered asteroid to not have proper orbital elements due to recurring perturbations by Mars. It has a rather eccentric orbit that sometimes brings it closer to the Sun than the planet Mars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009884-0002-0000", "contents": "132 Aethra\nWith an original observation arc of only 22 days, 132 Aethra was a lost asteroid between 1873 and 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009884-0003-0000", "contents": "132 Aethra\nThe varying light curve of the asteroid implies an elongated or irregular shape for its body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009884-0004-0000", "contents": "132 Aethra\nIt is named after Aethra, the mother of Theseus in Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009885-0000-0000", "contents": "132 Aviation Support Squadron RLC\n132 Aviation Supply Squadron RLC is responsible for aviation supply support to the whole of the Army Aviation community. The unit is based in Wattisham Airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009885-0001-0000", "contents": "132 Aviation Support Squadron RLC, History\nThe unit was formed as 132 Aviation Supply Unit in 1993 and was subsequently renamed renamed 132 Aviation Supply Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009886-0000-0000", "contents": "132 BC\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 12:08, 4 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009886-0001-0000", "contents": "132 BC\nYear 132 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Laenas and Rupilius (or, less frequently, year 622 Ab urbe condita) and the Third Year of Yuanguang. The denomination 132 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009887-0000-0000", "contents": "132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery\n132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery  is an MLRS Battery, that is part of the Royal Artillery. Its name is pronounced \"one three two\" or it is known as \"The Bengals\". The battery is one of the sub-units of 26th Regiment Royal Artillery, part of the British Army. It was formed in 1816 and is based in Larkhill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009887-0001-0000", "contents": "132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery, History\n132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery was raised on 13 September 1816 as a camel mounted unit in the service of the Honourable East India Company under the command of Captain (later General) William Samsen Whish. The troop carried a total of 912 six pound rockets, either in buckets on camels, or horse-drawn trolleys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009887-0002-0000", "contents": "132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery, History, Post War\nAfter the war the Battery served in the United Kingdom until 1926, being mechanised in 1924. In 1927 the Battery saw service in China (Shanghai) followed by a return to India for the remaining years before the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 72], "content_span": [73, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009887-0003-0000", "contents": "132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery, History, Second World War\nDuring the Second World War the Battery served in the Western Desert, Eritrea, Syria, Palestine, Tunisia, Italy and Greece as part of 1st Field Regiment. It is particularly proud of its part in the action at Qineiquina* on the Egyptian / Libyan frontier on 25 November 1941. During the engagement the Battery helped defend the positions of 7th Indian Brigade, fighting in the open against no less than 28 tanks of the 21st Panzer Division's 5th Panzer Regiment. Despite the daunting onslaught, the gunners held their fire until the Panzers were within 500 metres, returning fire over open sights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 80], "content_span": [81, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009887-0003-0001", "contents": "132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery, History, Second World War\nAfter an intense duel lasting 45 minutes, the Germans withdrew having lost seven tanks and sustaining damage to a further four (by the evening of the 25th, 5th Panzer Regiment had only two operational tanks). The Battery suffered more than fifty casualties and five of its 25 pdrs were knocked out, but it had helped defeat Rommel's planned encirclement of the British forces East of the Solloum front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 80], "content_span": [81, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009887-0004-0000", "contents": "132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery, History, Second World War\nThe battery also served throughout the Italian campaign and fought at Cassino. [ At Cassino, a notable incident took place. One of the Rocket Troop's 25 pounders suffered a 'premature' (a detonation within the gun barrel). The explosion blew open the end of the gun, ensuring that it could no longer fire. Bdr. L.O. Harris proceeded to cut off the shattered end of his 25 pounder's gun barrel with a hack-saw. The task took considerable time and effort, but upon completion, the gun was raised upon ammunition cases and successfully brought back into action. The unusual sound made by the modified 25 pounder's, shortened barrel and higher trajectory of the shell, reportedly lead the German defenders to presume that they were being engaged by a new British weapon.]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 80], "content_span": [81, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009888-0000-0000", "contents": "132 Tauri\n132 Tauri is a binary star system in the constellation Taurus. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.89. Based upon a poorly-constrained annual parallax shift of 8.97\u00b11.98\u00a0mas, it is located roughly 360\u00a0light years from the Sun. The system is moving further away with a heliocentric radial velocity of +16\u00a0km/s. It lies near the ecliptic and thus is subject to occultation by the Moon. One such event was observed September 3, 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009888-0001-0000", "contents": "132 Tauri\nThis system forms a wide double star with an angular separation of 3.8\u2033 along a position angle of 230\u00b0, as of 1991. The brighter star, component A, has an apparent magnitude of 4.99 while the fainter secondary, component B, is of magnitude 9.09. The primary is itself an unresolved binary with a combined stellar classification of G9\u00a0III, which matches an aging G-type giant star that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009889-0000-0000", "contents": "1320\nYear 1320 (MCCCXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009890-0000-0000", "contents": "1320 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1320\u00a0kHz: The U.S. Federal Communications Commission and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission classify 1320\u00a0kHz as a regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009891-0000-0000", "contents": "1320 Club\nThe club was named after the date of the Declaration of Arbroath, a document proclaiming Scotland's independence,  It was founded in 1967 by figures including Frederick Boothby, Hugh MacDiarmid, Oliver Brown, Douglas Young and Wendy Wood. Most of its founders were members of the Scottish National Party (SNP) who had recently worked together in the Scottish National Congress, which had dissolved in 1964. The club was not limited to SNP figures, but claimed to seek a wider consensus, similar to the early days of the SNP or to the Scottish Covenant Association. In order to further this, membership of the organisation, other than among its leading figures, was kept secret, and was by invitation only. This prompted sharp criticism from Hamish Henderson of the Communist Party of Great Britain, who rejected his invitation to join.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009891-0001-0000", "contents": "1320 Club\nInternally, the group initially had a structure based on a political cabinet, led by a \"Co-ordinator of Committees\", supported by a team of convenors, each with responsibility for a different policy area. Soon, Boothby was appointed Secretary, MacDiarmid as President and Ian Taylor as Vice-President, in a more traditional approach, while later still, some leading members of the organisation were given the title \"Scottish Knight Templar\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009891-0002-0000", "contents": "1320 Club\nThe club published a journal named Catalyst, edited by Ronald MacDonald Douglas, which covered both cultural and political matters, with poetry by MacDiarmid, and a clear declaration that it would not intervene in elections, which it intended to leave to the SNP. One of the club's first acts was to published a proposed constitution for an independent Scotland, based on that developed by the Scottish National Congress. Another early campaign was for the SNP's parliamentary candidates to commit to a policy of abstentionism in the Westminster parliament, and instead to convene their own body in Edinburgh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009891-0002-0001", "contents": "1320 Club\nIt also argued that such a body would have the right to arm itself in defence against England, and this advocacy of paramilitary action led the SNP to expel its members in 1968, amid claims that the group incorporated fascist ideology. Boothby in particular was keen on this approach, having previous called for a \"Scottish Liberation Army\", and he secretly formed such a group, the \"Army of the Provisional Government\", which conducted some bombings and a robbery. In 1975, he was convicted of conspiracy and left the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009891-0003-0000", "contents": "1320 Club\nDuring the 1970s, the club strongly suggested that the Stone of Scone which had been returned to London following its theft in the 1950s was not the original, and they gave a stone to St Columba's Church in Dundee which they claimed was genuine. This was not widely believed, and the stone was later transferred to Dull, Perthshire and then in 1989 given to an individual who self-identified as a \"Scottish Knight Templar\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009893-0000-0000", "contents": "1320 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1320 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009894-0000-0000", "contents": "1320s\nThe 1320s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1320, and ended on December 31, 1329.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009895-0000-0000", "contents": "1320s BC\nThe 1320s BC is a decade which lasted from 1329 BC to 1320 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009896-0000-0000", "contents": "1320s in England, Incumbents\nMonarch \u2013 Edward II (to 25 January 1327), Edward III", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009897-0000-0000", "contents": "1320s in art\nThe decade of the 1320s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009899-0000-0000", "contents": "1320s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009899-0001-0000", "contents": "1320s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009899-0002-0000", "contents": "1320s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009900-0000-0000", "contents": "1321\nYear 1321 (MCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009902-0000-0000", "contents": "1321 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1321 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009903-0000-0000", "contents": "1321 lepers' plot\nThe 1321 lepers' plot was an alleged conspiracy of French lepers to spread their disease by contaminating water supplies, including well water, with their powders and poisons. According to the American historian Solomon Grayzel, lepers were the most abused group of people during the Middle Ages: they were thrown out of settlements and treated as wild animals due to the widespread belief that their disease was highly contagious. However, other historians have contested such a view, pointing out that lepers often lived within communities in leper houses (leprosaria) and were supported by charitable donations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009903-0001-0000", "contents": "1321 lepers' plot\nAs the alleged conspiracy progressed, Jews and Muslims were also said to be implicated, providing an excuse for local authorities to attack both Jewish and leper communities. The hysteria quickly spread to the neighbouring realms, most notably to the Kingdom of Aragon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009903-0002-0000", "contents": "1321 lepers' plot, France\nRumours of a plot broke out in the spring of 1321 and terrified the people of southern France. Torture of lepers ensued, and eventually confessions were forced out. These initially blamed lepers only but later, in June 1321, stated that the lepers were acting on the orders of Jews, who in turn had been bribed by the Muslims of Spain, in an attempt to \"poison the Christian population of Europe\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009903-0002-0001", "contents": "1321 lepers' plot, France\nIn the confession of the leper Johan de Bosco on 16 May 1321 to the officials of Regale Ville, he says that Geraldus, leper and proctor of the leprosarium of Alterque, had brought bags of powder and ordered him to put them in fountains and rivers so that anyone who drank from them would die or become leprous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009903-0003-0000", "contents": "1321 lepers' plot, France\nJacques Fournier's (Bishop of Parmiers 1318-25) inquisitorial records contain the depositions of Guillaume Agasse, the head of the leper house in Parmiers. In a statement on the  9 June 1321 Agasse said that fifty or sixty representatives, leaders and ministers of leper houses from across France, met in one place and conspired to poison the populace with the aid of the Muslim King of Granada. The heads of the houses, it was claimed, were required to deny \u2018Christ\u2019s faith and his law\u2019 and in return were to become the masters of the localities their houses served.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009903-0004-0000", "contents": "1321 lepers' plot, France\nThe alleged plot flourished in the wake of the previous year's Shepherds' Crusade, which saw young rural men and women form a mob and attack Jews in France and the neighbouring Kingdom of Aragon, despite being ordered to stop by Pope John XXII, King Philip V of France and King James II of Aragon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009903-0004-0001", "contents": "1321 lepers' plot, France\nAlready in 1320, some of the apprehended and later hanged \"crusaders\" claimed to have found barrels filled with rotten bread while pillaging a leper colony (possibly near Le Mas-d'Agenais), and made a strikingly uncommon accusation, alleging that the lepers had intended to use the bread to prepare poisons for contaminating well water. The rumours that sparked the violence in 1321 may have started here. While the Shepherds' Crusade was led by rioters, the persecution of lepers was orchestrated by municipal authorities, making it judicial though extralegal (judicial power being royal prerogative).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009903-0005-0000", "contents": "1321 lepers' plot, France\nKing Philip was on a tour of the region when the stories started circulating. He found himself in a difficult position; he could openly neither condone nor condemn the unstoppable persecution, as the former would have led to more violence, while the latter would have undermined his authority. The Dominican inquisitor Bernard Gui was instructed to conduct extensive investigation. On 21 June, Philip ordered by edict that all lepers be imprisoned and examined under torture. Those found guilty were to be burnt at the stake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009903-0005-0001", "contents": "1321 lepers' plot, France\nSince their crimes were declared l\u00e8se-majest\u00e9, the lepers' property was to be confiscated by the Crown. Unfortunately for Philip many local lords had already executed lepers and confiscated their goods. He was persuaded by the barons, prelates and nobles, who said they had by ancient custom the right to administer leproseries and take immediate steps against the plotters, to give way and accept their actions through a second ordinance on August 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009903-0006-0000", "contents": "1321 lepers' plot, Aragon\nNews of the uncovered plot spread rapidly to the neighbouring countries. King James of Aragon learned of the supposed conspiracy and associated violence almost immediately. James's cousin, King Sancho of Majorca, informed him of the situation in France by a letter dated 2 June, but James deliberated for nearly a week. The French lepers fleeing the \"lash of justice\", as James put it in a letter to his officials, were already seeking shelter in his realm. He cautiously commanded the arrest and expulsion of all leprous foreigners, while Jews were not mentioned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009903-0006-0001", "contents": "1321 lepers' plot, Aragon\nBy 27 June, James had changed his mind in favour of a harsher approach. He ordered not only the seizure of the diseased, destruction of their powders, and questioning under torture,  but also the arrest and expulsion of non-leprous foreigners, \"since it is difficult, truly even impossible, to recognize such and identify them\". Local inquisitions were set up in Manresa, Ejea de los Caballeros, Huesca, Montblanc, Tarazona and Barcelona. Those who confessed were burnt. Leper colonies were attacked and their goods seized, including the ancient leprosarium attached to the Church of Santa Maria de Cervera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009903-0007-0000", "contents": "1321 lepers' plot, Aragon\nA suspected leper was most likely examined and diagnosed with the disease by frightened lay people rather than experienced physicians. A year after the scare, a physician called Amonant decided to move from Gascony to Aragon, only to be apprehended in Huesca and accused of being a leper intending to poison the water. The physician appealed to King James's son Alfons and was granted examination by local physicians, who confirmed that he was not infected. Frightened, he chose to nevertheless leave Aragon. The incident was probably one of many that helped promote medical diagnosis of leprosy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009903-0008-0000", "contents": "1321 lepers' plot, Aftermath\nDoubts about whether the lepers' plot' was real or not emerged soon after the persecution of lepers in France of June, July and August 1321. Those lepers of Limoges who were branded and locked up on 27 August in response to the royal edict were released only a month later, despite the original intention that confinement should be permanent. The original accusations were already being questioned. Jews continued to be persecuted but references to poisoning of the water supply by lepers were progressively treated with more scepticism and the phrase \u2018it is said that\u2019 appears more often in official records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009903-0008-0001", "contents": "1321 lepers' plot, Aftermath\nIn 1338, Pope Benedict XII issued a Bull that was in response to pleas from the lepers of Toulouse for support in recovering goods, including property and lands, confiscated during the plot. The Pope pointed out that the lepers had already been recognised in court as \u2018innocent and guiltless\u2019 of the crimes of which they had been accused and were therefore due formal restitution. The Pope was the same Jacques Fournier who twenty years before had been one of the interrogators of Agassa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009904-0000-0000", "contents": "1322\nYear 1322 (MCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009905-0000-0000", "contents": "1322 Coppernicus\n1322 Coppernicus, provisional designation 1934 LA, is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in 1934, the asteroid was later named after Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009905-0001-0000", "contents": "1322 Coppernicus, Discovery\nCoppernicus was discovered on 15 June 1934, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. On the same night, it was independently discovered by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at Uccle Observatory. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009905-0002-0000", "contents": "1322 Coppernicus, Orbit and classification\nCoppernicus is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,377 days; semi-major axis of 2.42\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 23\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg/Uccle in June 1934, on the night of its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009905-0003-0000", "contents": "1322 Coppernicus, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Coppernicus is a common, stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009905-0004-0000", "contents": "1322 Coppernicus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nPublished in 1991, a first rotational lightcurve of Coppernicus was obtained by Polish astronomer Wies\u0142aw Wi\u015bniewski. Lightcurve analysis gave a relatively short rotation period of 3.967 hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 magnitude (U=2). In 2006, photometric observations by Italian astronomer Federico Manzini gave a tentative period of 5.37 and 5.375 hours with an amplitude of 0.01 and 0.04, respectively (U=1/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009905-0005-0000", "contents": "1322 Coppernicus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Coppernicus measures between 9.996 and 10.70 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.133 and 0.211.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009905-0006-0000", "contents": "1322 Coppernicus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 9.80 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.41.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009905-0007-0000", "contents": "1322 Coppernicus, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Polish astronomer and mathematician Nicolaus Copernicus (1473\u20131543), the founder of modern astronomy who formulated the heliocentric model that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the Universe. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 120). The lunar crater Copernicus as well as the Martian crater Copernicus are both named in his honor. The asteroid's unusual spelling, \"Coppernicus\", is attributed to German biographer Leopold Prowe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009906-0000-0000", "contents": "1322 Golden Empire Tower\n1322 Golden Empire Tower (formerly known as 1322 Roxas Boulevard) is a 57-storey residential skyscraper in Manila, Philippines. It is owned by Moldex Land, Inc., part of the Moldex Group of Companies. Standing at 203 meters (666 feet), it is the tallest building in the City of Manila, and is the 12th-tallest building in the country and Metro Manila as well. The building has 55 floors above ground, and 2 basement levels for parking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009906-0001-0000", "contents": "1322 Golden Empire Tower, Construction and design\nThe 1322 Golden Empire Tower was designed by international architectural firm Architecture International, in cooperation with local architectural firm GF & Partners Architects. Structural design was provided by Aromin & Sy + Associates, and was reviewed by Arup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009906-0002-0000", "contents": "1322 Golden Empire Tower, Construction and design\nOther members of the design team are R.J. Calpo & Partners (Mechanical Works); DCCD Engineering Corp. (Electrical Works); NBF Water & Wastewater Services (Now N.B. Franco Consulting Engineers - Sanitary and Plumbing Works); Radian Technology, Inc. (Fire Protection Works); and I.P. Santos & Associates (Landscaping).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009906-0003-0000", "contents": "1322 Golden Empire Tower, Construction and design\nConsultants for the project include J.A. Shillinglaw & Associates (Curtain Walls); Dr. Salvador F. Reyes (Foundation); Rolf Jensen & Associates (Fire Protection); Mel Consultants Pty. Ltd. and Rowan Williams Davis & Irwin (Wind Tunnel Testing); and Horton-Lees Lighting Design Inc. (Lighting).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009906-0004-0000", "contents": "1322 Golden Empire Tower, Construction and design\nTechnical services were provided by Philippine Geoanalytics (Soil Investigation) and Watcon Inc. (Hydrogeological Studies).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009906-0005-0000", "contents": "1322 Golden Empire Tower, Construction and design\nProject construction team include TCGI Engineers (Project / Construction Management); Davis Langdon & Seah Philippines, Inc. (Quantity Surveying); and D.M. Consunji, Inc. (General Contractor).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009906-0006-0000", "contents": "1322 Golden Empire Tower, Location\nThe building is located along Roxas Boulevard near Manila Bay. The building block is bounded by three streets in which it also has access points, namely,  Roxas Boulevard, Padre Faura Street and Leon Ma. Guerrero Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009906-0007-0000", "contents": "1322 Golden Empire Tower, Features\nAmong the building's amenities are a fully equipped fitness center; sauna and private massage room; greens and mini-gardens; a swimming pool with bar and poolside party area, and a children's playroom", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009906-0008-0000", "contents": "1322 Golden Empire Tower, Features\nThe building is equipped with high-speed elevators with control panels that prevent changes to floor destinations in mid-ascent or descent. It also has a CAT-5 UTP cables for voice, data and video communications that serve all information technology requirements; and lobby-to-unit video entry phone for guest identification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009906-0009-0000", "contents": "1322 Golden Empire Tower, Features\nFor safety, the building has smoke evacuators in each floor designed to siphon smoke from the hallways in cases of fire, supported by automatic smoke/fire detection and alarm system with quick response sprinklers, and pressurized fire exits/stairwells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009906-0010-0000", "contents": "1322 Golden Empire Tower, Features\nThe roof deck has a night-rated helipad, which can accommodate helicopter take-off and landing requirements in any time of the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009906-0011-0000", "contents": "1322 Golden Empire Tower, Features\nThe skyscraper is also equipped with a central Building Monitoring System (BMS) with technologically advanced equipment that supervise the entire property's security features.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009908-0000-0000", "contents": "1322 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1322 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009909-0000-0000", "contents": "1323\nYear 1323 (MCCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009910-0000-0000", "contents": "1323 Tugela\n1323 Tugela, provisional designation 1934 LD, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 60 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 May 1934, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named for the Tugela River in western South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009910-0001-0000", "contents": "1323 Tugela, Orbit and classification\nTugela is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 10 months (2,121 days; semi-major axis of 3.23\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 19\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009910-0002-0000", "contents": "1323 Tugela, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first identification as A908 UB at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1908, almost 26 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009910-0003-0000", "contents": "1323 Tugela, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Tugela is an Xc-subtype that transitions from the X-type to the carbonaceous C-type asteroids. The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) characterized it as a primitive P-type asteroid, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes it to be a C-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009910-0004-0000", "contents": "1323 Tugela, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nObservations performed by American astronomer Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado, during February 2007 produced a lightcurve with a period of 19.50 \u00b1 0.02 hours and an amplitude of 0.25 \u00b1 0.02 in magnitude (U=3). In September 2011, photometry in the S-band at the Palomar Transient Factory gave a similar period of 19.777 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009910-0005-0000", "contents": "1323 Tugela, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Tugela measures between 58.44 and 110.11 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.018 and 0.0567.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009910-0006-0000", "contents": "1323 Tugela, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nCALL largely agrees with IRAS and derives an albedo of 0.0620 with a diameter of 58.50 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009910-0007-0000", "contents": "1323 Tugela, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Tugela River, the largest river in the KwaZulu-Natal Province of western South Africa. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 121).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009911-0000-0000", "contents": "1323 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1323 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009912-0000-0000", "contents": "1323\u20131328 Flemish revolt\nThe Flemish peasant revolt of 1323\u20131328, sometimes referred to as the Flemish coast uprising (Dutch: Opstand van Kust-Vlaanderen, French: soul\u00e8vement de la Flandre maritime) in historical writing, was a popular revolt in late medieval Europe. Beginning as a series of scattered rural riots in late 1323, peasant insurrection escalated into a full-scale rebellion that dominated public affairs in Flanders for nearly five years until 1328. The uprising in Flanders was caused by both excessive taxations levied by the Count of Flanders Louis I, and by his pro-French policies. The insurrection had urban leaders and rural factions which took over most of Flanders by 1325.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009912-0001-0000", "contents": "1323\u20131328 Flemish revolt\nThe revolt was led by Nicolaas Zannekin, a rich farmer from Lampernisse. Zannekin and his men captured the towns of Nieuwpoort, Veurne, Ypres and Kortrijk. In Kortrijk, Zannekin was able to capture the count himself. In 1325, attempts to capture Gent and Oudenaarde failed. The King of France, Charles IV intervened, whereupon Louis was released from captivity in February 1326 and the Peace of Arques was sealed. The peace soon failed, and the count fled to France when more hostilities erupted. Louis convinced his new liege Philip VI of France to come to his aid, and Zannekin and his adherents were decisively defeated by the French royal army in the Battle of Cassel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009912-0002-0000", "contents": "1323\u20131328 Flemish revolt, From peasant uprising against taxes to full-scale rebellion\nIn September 1322, the old count Robert III died. Because Robert's son and heir Louis I had died two months earlier, the count was succeeded by his grandson Louis. Louis thus, within a time span of two months, inherited the counties of Nevers and Flanders from his father and grandfather, and in the name of his mother held real power in Rethel (which he would also formally inherit in 1328), making him one of the most powerful lords in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 85], "content_span": [86, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009912-0002-0001", "contents": "1323\u20131328 Flemish revolt, From peasant uprising against taxes to full-scale rebellion\nIn 1320, Louis married Margaret of France, second daughter of King Philip V of France and Joan II, Countess of Burgundy. This marriage alliance and Louis's own French upbringing made him break with the anti-French policy of his grandfather Robert III and great-grandfather Guy I. Instead, Louis started a pro-French and anti-English policy. These policies were detrimental to the economies of the Flemish cities, raising taxes in order to pay the financial consequences from the Treaty of Athis-sur-Orge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 85], "content_span": [86, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009912-0003-0000", "contents": "1323\u20131328 Flemish revolt, From peasant uprising against taxes to full-scale rebellion\nThe rebellion began with a series of scattered rural riots in November\u2013December 1323. It was caused by the poor harvests of 1323, a difficult lien, refusal to pay tithes and taxes to the Count, and hatred towards the nobility and authority. The revolt was led by landowning farmers such as Jacques Peyte and Nicolaas Zannekin. Members of the local gentry joined, and the mayor of Bruges, Willem de Deken, became the leader of the revolt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 85], "content_span": [86, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009912-0004-0000", "contents": "1323\u20131328 Flemish revolt, From peasant uprising against taxes to full-scale rebellion\nNicolaas Zannekin fled to Bruges, from where the uprising spread. Zannekin won the neighboring towns of Roeselare, Poperinge, Nieuwpoort, Veurne, Dunkirk, Cassel, Bailleul for his cause as they opened their gates to him. The new Count of Flanders, Louis de Nevers, arrived in Flanders in January 1324 but had no army to contain the revolt, which caused him to negotiate with the rebels. In April 1324, the Peace of St. Andrew was made, recognizing the merits of the complaints of the people against the exactions of the collectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 85], "content_span": [86, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009912-0005-0000", "contents": "1323\u20131328 Flemish revolt, The revolt against the power of the Count\nThe agitation continued after the murder of a laborer by a knight and the arrest of six burghers of Bruges by the Count in Kortrijk. The men from Bruges took up arms, and the count was captured by the inhabitants in Kortrijk. The count was brought to Bruges where several of his companions were executed on June 21, 1325.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009912-0005-0001", "contents": "1323\u20131328 Flemish revolt, The revolt against the power of the Count\nThe men from Bruges elected Robert of Cassel, a younger son of Robert III of Flanders and thus the uncle of the Count of Flanders, as their regent of Flanders (\"Ruwaard\") to lead them in an expedition against Ghent (July 15, 1325), during which they laid siege to the city. The rebels' numbers were strengthened when inhabitants from Ypres and Ghent, who were driven out of their cities, joined them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009912-0006-0000", "contents": "1323\u20131328 Flemish revolt, The revolt against the power of the Count\nKing Charles IV of France sent ambassadors to Flanders, who proposed to submit the grievances of the commons against the count to his royal arbitration. As a prerequisite to any negotiations, the rebels demanded the submission of Ghent. In vain, the King summoned Robert of Cassel to Paris (September 19, 1325), and named Jean de Namur \"Ruwaard of Flanders.\" On November 4, the Bishop of Senlis and the Abbot of St. Denis excommunicated the Flemish rebels at the King's request, and the French King also threatened to intervene militarily. After the excommunication, Robert of Cassel broke ties with the rebels and joined the King's side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009912-0007-0000", "contents": "1323\u20131328 Flemish revolt, The revolt against the power of the Count\nCount Louis of Nevers was released before Christmas, and on February 18, 1326, he forgave Bruges and swore to respect the customs and liberties of the communes of Flanders. From there he went to the King in Paris. A provisional peace treaty was finally concluded by the ambassadors of the King (The Peace of Arques) and ratified at the Val Merrick, near Corbeil on April 19, 1326. On April 26, the ban on Flanders was lifted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009912-0008-0000", "contents": "1323\u20131328 Flemish revolt, Repression by the King of France\nAfter the death of Charles IV, the revolt of the Flemish municipalities erupted again in February 1328. Louis de Nevers then called upon the new King, Philip VI of France, at his coronation at Reims on May 29 to aid the count against the burghers. The King agreed to organize an expedition, and the royal army was summoned to gather at Arras on July 22. The rebels raised enough men to fight the enemy in the open countryside, and the rebel forces met the Royal army at the Battle of Cassel, where they were defeated and Zannekin was killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009912-0009-0000", "contents": "1323\u20131328 Flemish revolt, Repression by the King of France\nAfter his victory, the King returned to France, taking hostages for good behaviour among the burghers of Bruges and Ypres. The mayor of Bruges, Willem de Deken, was extradited to France and executed in Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009912-0010-0000", "contents": "1323\u20131328 Flemish revolt, Repression by the King of France\nThe Count of Flanders was left responsible for punishment of the conspirators. The cities of Bruges, Ypres, Kortrijk, Diksmuide, Veurne, Ostend, Aardenburg, Ysendyke, Dendermonde, and Geraardsbergen were sentenced to pay heavy fines. The properties of those who participated in the Battle of Cassel were confiscated and distributed to the faithful adherents of the count. The privileges of all the cities except Ghent were canceled or restricted. In Bruges, the burghers were forced to meet the count at the castle of Male and throw themselves on their knees, imploring his mercy. In Ypres, the bell in the belfry was broken. Finally, by letters dated December 20, 1328, the king of France ordered that the fortifications of Bruges, Ypres, and Kortrijk were to be destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009912-0011-0000", "contents": "1323\u20131328 Flemish revolt, Aftermath\nWhen the Hundred Years War started, Louis remained steadfast in his pro-French policy, despite the county's economic dependence on England. His actions resulted in an English boycott of the wool trade, which in turn sparked a new insurrection under Jacob van Artevelde. In 1339, the count fled his Flemish lands, never able to return. Louis was killed in the Battle of Cr\u00e9cy in 1346.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009912-0012-0000", "contents": "1323\u20131328 Flemish revolt, Historiography\nThe Belgian historian Henri Pirenne published the first major historical study of the rebellion in 1900 under the title Le soul\u00e8vement de la Flandre maritime de 1323-1328 (\"The Revolt of Maritime Flanders of 1323\u20131328\"). The American historian William H. TeBrake published a 1993 book entitled A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323-1328 in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009913-0000-0000", "contents": "1324\nYear 1324 (MCCCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009915-0000-0000", "contents": "1324 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1324 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009916-0000-0000", "contents": "13241 Biyo\n13241 Biyo, provisional designation 1998 KM41, is a background asteroid from the Flora region of the inner asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 22 May 1998, by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research team (LINEAR) at the U.S. Lincoln Laboratory Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico. The presumed S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 4.4 hours and likely an elongated shape. It was later named after Filipino educator Josette Biyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009916-0001-0000", "contents": "13241 Biyo, Orbit and classification\nBiyo is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid clan and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009916-0002-0000", "contents": "13241 Biyo, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.4\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,252 days; semi-major axis of 2.27\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1975 UB1 at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in 1975, extending the body's observation arc by 23 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009916-0003-0000", "contents": "13241 Biyo, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Josette Biyo (born 1958), a Filipino educator, former executive director of the Philippine Science High School System and now the director of Department of Science and Technology- Science Education Institute. The naming was part of the International Excellence in Teaching Award she received during the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair held in Louisville, Kentucky, in 2002, when she was a teacher at the Philippine Science High School in Iloilo, Philippines. Biyo was the first Asian teacher to win the Intel Excellence in Teaching Award. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 24 July 2002 (M.P.C. 46109).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009916-0004-0000", "contents": "13241 Biyo, Physical characteristics, Rotation and shape\nIn March 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Biyo was obtained from photometric observations by Italian astronomers at the Virginio Cesarini Observatory (157) in Frasso Sabino, Italy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.4 hours (twice the original reported period solution of 2.199\u00b10.219 in the R-band) with a brightness amplitude of 0.99 magnitude, which indicates that the body has an elongated, non-spheroidal shape (U=2). The Italian astronomers also determined a V\u2013R color of 0.38.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009916-0005-0000", "contents": "13241 Biyo, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nFor this asteroid, no observational data has been gathered by the space-based telescopes (IRAS, Akari and WISE) that surveyed large portions of the asteroid belt. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo for a stony asteroid of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of the Flora family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 3.92 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009917-0000-0000", "contents": "1325\nYear 1325 (MCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009918-0000-0000", "contents": "1325 Inanda\n1325 Inanda, provisional designation 1934 NR, is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 July 1934, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named after the township of Inanda in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009918-0001-0000", "contents": "1325 Inanda, Orbit and classification\nInanda is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,479 days; semi-major axis of 2.54\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009918-0002-0000", "contents": "1325 Inanda, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1926 RP at Johannesburg in September 1926. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in July 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009918-0003-0000", "contents": "1325 Inanda, Physical characteristics\nInanda has been characterized as a stony, common S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009918-0004-0000", "contents": "1325 Inanda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Inanda was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave an ambiguous rotation period of 20.52 hours with an alternative period solution of 35.83 hours and a brightness amplitude of 0.12 magnitude (U=2). The results supersede previous observations that gave a fragmentary lightcurve with a period of 24 and 141.6 hours respectively (U=1/1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009918-0005-0000", "contents": "1325 Inanda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Inanda measures between 9.97 and 12.34 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.20 and 0.3756.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009918-0006-0000", "contents": "1325 Inanda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.3756 and a diameter of 10.87 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009918-0007-0000", "contents": "1325 Inanda, Physical characteristics, Occultation\nOn 12 November 2007, an occultation suggested that Inanda could be a binary asteroid. However, the asteroid's suspected binary nature has not been mentioned in other studies since then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009918-0008-0000", "contents": "1325 Inanda, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the South African, Zulu-speaking Township of Inanda, KwaZulu-Natal. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 121).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009919-0000-0000", "contents": "1325 in Italy\nThe Battle of Altopascio was a battle fought in 1325 in Tuscany, between the Ghibelline forces of Castruccio Castracani and the Guelph ones of the Republic of Florence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009920-0000-0000", "contents": "1325 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1325 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009921-0000-0000", "contents": "132524 APL\n132524 APL, provisional designation 2002 JF56, is a small background asteroid in the intermediate asteroid belt. It was discovered by LINEAR in May 2002, and imaged by the New Horizons space probe on its flyby in June 2006, when it was passing through the asteroid belt. The stony S-type asteroid measures approximately 2.5 kilometers (1.6 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009921-0001-0000", "contents": "132524 APL, Discovery and classification\nAPL was discovered on 9 May 2002 by astronomers of the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) at the Lincoln Laboratory's ETS near Socorro, New Mexico, United States. It is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population, and orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,534 days; semi-major axis of 2.6\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009921-0002-0000", "contents": "132524 APL, Naming\nAlan Stern, principal investigator for New Horizons, named the asteroid in reference to the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), which developed the New Horizons, NEAR Shoemaker and MESSENGER missions. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 January 2007 (M.P.C. 58598).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009921-0003-0000", "contents": "132524 APL, New Horizons fly by\nThe New Horizons probe flew by it at a distance of approximately 102,000 kilometers on 13 June 2006. At its closest it was about 1\u20444 of a lunar distance away from the asteroid. The flyby was incidental, and not all the instruments were online at this time; they were still being activated after the spacecraft's launch on January 19, 2006. This is why the spacecraft's reconnaissance imager, and highest magnification telescope was not online yet at the time of the flyby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009921-0004-0000", "contents": "132524 APL, New Horizons fly by, Ralph instrument\nAPL was imaged with the 75-millimeter Ralph telescope, but not with the designed reconnaissance imager LORRI because it was not turned on yet. LORRI was not activated until 29 August 2006 when its cover was opened and its first light image would be Messier 7. It was in general possible to capitalize on the target of opportunity, and the asteroid was tracked for several days in June 2006 in addition to the other tests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009921-0004-0001", "contents": "132524 APL, New Horizons fly by, Ralph instrument\nIn March, New Horizons had passed the orbit of Mars, and the spacecraft was undergoing various course correction maneuvers and tests throughout this time; as mentioned LORRI was not activated for another couple months. New Horizons passed through the asteroid belt during the summer of 2006, and the test helped prepare the team and spacecraft for the future flybys of Jupiter and Pluto. The asteroid belt is a feature of the Solar System, consisting of a large number asteroids that orbit the sun primarily between 2.2 and 3.2\u00a0AU (Earth-Sun distance) which is between the orbits of planets Mars and Jupiter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009921-0005-0000", "contents": "132524 APL, New Horizons fly by, Traversing the asteroid belt\nCrossing the asteroid belt is possible, because although there are over a million asteroids larger than 1\u00a0km in diameter, the distance between them is so large spacecraft pass through empty space. This was established in the early 1970s when Pioneer\u00a010 and Pioneer\u00a011 traversed the belt for the first time. There is some increased probability of encountering dust, but otherwise it takes special planning to actually pass very close to an asteroid as was done with Galileo spacecraft. In the 1990s, when it passed through the belt on its way to its second Earth gravity assist, it flew by 951 Gaspra; after the flyby en route to Jupiter, it flew by 243 Ida and discovered its moon Dactyl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 61], "content_span": [62, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009921-0006-0000", "contents": "132524 APL, Physical characteristics\nPrior and in support of the New Horizons fly by on 13 June 2006, astronomers at ESO's Paranal Observatory were observing APL with one of the four 8.2-meter Very Large Telescopes (UT1, Antu) between 25 May and 2 June 2006. The astronomers found, that APL has a spectral type of a common, stony S-type asteroid. Using the Ralph instrument (see above), New Horizons was later able to estimate a diameter of approximately 2.5 kilometers (1.6 miles) for the asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009922-0000-0000", "contents": "1326\nYear 1326 (MCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009925-0000-0000", "contents": "1326 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1326 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009926-0000-0000", "contents": "13260 Sabadell\n13260 Sabadell, prov. designation: 1998 QZ15, is a stony Eunomia asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by Spanish\u2013Catalan amateur astronomers Ferr\u00e1n Casarramona and Antoni Vidal at the Montjoia Observatory (953), Barcelona, on 23 August 1998. The likely elongated asteroid measures approximately 5.3 kilometers (3.3 miles) in diameter and has a rotation period of 5.3 hours. It was named after the astronomical society \"Agrupaci\u00f3 Astron\u00f2mica de Sabadell\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009926-0001-0000", "contents": "13260 Sabadell, Orbit and classification\nSabadell is a core member of the Eunomia family (502), a large group of S-type asteroids and the most prominent family in the intermediate main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,486 days; semi-major axis of 2.55\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in January 1952, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 46 years prior to its official discovery at Montjoia Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009926-0002-0000", "contents": "13260 Sabadell, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the well known Catalan\u2013Spanish amateur astronomical society Agrupaci\u00f3 Astron\u00f3mica de Sabadell, which celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2000. Both discoverers are members of this society. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 26 July 2000 (M.P.C. 41032). The society uses the Observatorio de Sabadell (619), one of the country's most prolific amateur observatories, located in a park in the center of Sabadell, near Barcelona, Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009926-0003-0000", "contents": "13260 Sabadell, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn 2006, a rotational lightcurve was obtained from photometric observations by Italian astronomers Silvano Casulli and Antonio Vagnozzi. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.4366\u00b10.0007 hours with a high brightness amplitude of 0.56\u00b10.01 in magnitude (U=3), indicative of an elongated, non-spherical shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009926-0004-0000", "contents": "13260 Sabadell, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 5.3 kilometers in diameter and has a high surface albedo of 0.31, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21 and calculates a diameter of 6.1 kilometers, as the lower the body's albedo (reflectivity) the higher its diameter, at a constant absolute magnitude (brightness).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009927-0000-0000", "contents": "1327\nYear 1327 (MCCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009929-0000-0000", "contents": "1327 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1327 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009930-0000-0000", "contents": "1328\nYear 1328 (MCCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009931-0000-0000", "contents": "1328 Devota\n1328 Devota, provisional designation 1925 UA, is a dark background asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 56 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 October 1925, by Russian\u2013French astronomer Benjamin Jekhowsky at the Algiers Observatory in North Africa. The asteroid was named after Argentine astronomer Fortunato Devoto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009931-0001-0000", "contents": "1328 Devota, Orbit and classification\nDevota is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 3.0\u20134.0\u00a0AU once every 6 years and 7 months (2,397 days; semi-major axis of 3.51\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Algiers, three nights after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009931-0002-0000", "contents": "1328 Devota, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Devota is an X-type asteroid, while the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) characterized it as a primitive P-type. Other spectroscopic and photometric surveys as well as the Bus\u2013DeMeo taxonomy classified the asteroid as a D-type due to its low albedo value and its featureless and reddish spectrum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009931-0003-0000", "contents": "1328 Devota, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Devota was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 17.49 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=2-). The observer also notes that there are several other possible period solutions (\"plusieurs solutions entre 0.6 et 1 jour\"). As of 2017, no secure period has been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009931-0004-0000", "contents": "1328 Devota, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Devota measures between 53.697 and 56.06 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.043 and 0.046.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009931-0005-0000", "contents": "1328 Devota, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0407 and a diameter of 57.11 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009931-0006-0000", "contents": "1328 Devota, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after his friend, the Argentine astronomer Fortunato Devoto, who was the discoverer of the La Plata Observatory and president of the National Council of Observatories of Argentina. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 121).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009933-0000-0000", "contents": "1328 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1328 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009934-0000-0000", "contents": "1329\nYear 1329 (MCCCXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009935-0000-0000", "contents": "1329 Eliane\n1329 Eliane, provisional designation 1933 FL, is a stony asteroid and a potentially slow rotator from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 23 March 1933, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Uccle Observatory in Belgium. The asteroid was named after the daughter of astronomer Paul Bourgeois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009935-0001-0000", "contents": "1329 Eliane, Orbit and classification\nThe S-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,546 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009935-0002-0000", "contents": "1329 Eliane, Rotation period\nA rotational lightcurve of Eliane revealed a potentially very long rotation period of 106\u00b125 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.30 in magnitude (U=2-). American astronomer Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory (716), Colorado, originally took the photometric observations in April 2001. The body's long period was only discovered after the data had been reevaluated in 2010. As of 2017, the potentially slow rotator has not been further examined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009935-0003-0000", "contents": "1329 Eliane, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 19.5 and 22.6 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo in the range of 0.15 to 0.18. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20, and calculates a diameter of 19.6 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.90.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009935-0004-0000", "contents": "1329 Eliane, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after \u00c9liane Bourgeois, daughter of astronomer Paul Bourgeois, who was a professor at the discovering Royal Observatory in Uccle, Belgium, and after whom the asteroid 1543\u00a0Bourgeois is named. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 121). Bourgeois himself is credited with the discovery of 1547\u00a0Nele.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009937-0000-0000", "contents": "1329 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1329 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009938-0000-0000", "contents": "132P/Helin\u2013Roman\u2013Alu\n132P/Helin\u2013Roman\u2013Alu, also known as Helin-Roman-Alu 2, is a periodic comet in the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009939-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot\nThe 132nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot was a Scottish infantry regiment of the British Army, created in 1794 and disbanded in 1796. The regiment was raised by Duncan Cameron of Cullart, and did not see any active service; it served solely to recruit soldiers. On disbandment, the recruits were drafted into the Black Watch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009940-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\n132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery formed during World War II. It was one of the first 'Mixed' regiments in which women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service were integrated into the unit's personnel. It defended London and South-East England against aerial attack until it deployed to Belgium in January 1945 to defend Brussels against V-1 flying bombs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009940-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nBy 1941, after two years of war Anti- Aircraft Command, tasked with defending the UK against air attack, was suffering a manpower shortage. In April its commander-in-chief, Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick 'Tim' Pile, proposed to overcome this by utilising the women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The ATS was by law a non-combatant service, but it was decided that Defence Regulations permitted the employment of women in anti-aircraft (AA) roles other than actually firing the guns. They worked the radar and plotting instruments, range-finders and predictors, ran command posts and communications, and carried out many other duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009940-0001-0001", "contents": "132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nWith the increasing automation of heavy AA (HAA) guns, including gun-laying, fuze-setting and ammunition loading under remote control from the predictor, the question of who actually fired the gun became blurred as the war progressed. The ATS rank and file, if not always their officers, took to the new role with enthusiasm and 'Mixed' batteries and regiments with the ATS supplying two-thirds of their personnel quickly proved a success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009940-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nThe first of these new units, 435 (Mixed) HAA Battery, took over an operational gun site in Richmond Park, south-west London, in August 1941, and a full regiment of converted batteries soon followed. The next group of mixed regiments was formed on 22 September 1941, including 132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, whose regimental headquarters formed in Highgate, North London. It was then joined by the following batteries:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009940-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nThe new regiment was assigned to 26th (London) Anti - Aircraft Brigade, part of 1st Anti - Aircraft Division operating the London Inner Artillery Zone (IAZ) of defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009940-0004-0000", "contents": "132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\n553 (M) HAA Battery, formed on 16 April 1942 at Arborfield by 205th HAA Training Rgt from another cadre supplied by 105th HAA Rgt, was due to have been regimented with 132nd HAA Rgt by 26 June, but there was a shortage of ATS recruits and its formation was delayed. It eventually joined 163rd (M) HAA Rgt. 132nd HAA Regiment supplied another cadre to 24th HAA Training Rgt at Blackdown as the basis of a new 565 (M) HAA Bty formed on 10 June 1942; this also joined 163rd (M) HAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009940-0005-0000", "contents": "132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nThe London Blitz had ended in May 1941 and for nearly two years the city was hardly affected by bombing raids while the Luftwaffe concentrated on coastal targets. A few sporadic attacks were made on London during 1943, by conventional bombers at night on 17 January, 3 March and 16 April, by daylight Fighter-bombers on 12 March, and by night again on 7 and 20 October. The Luftwaffe began a new bombing campaign against London in early 1944 (the Baby Blitz), when the city was subjected to 14 raids between 21 January and 18 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009940-0005-0001", "contents": "132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nBy now the night fighter defences and the London IAZ were well organised and the attackers suffered heavy losses for relatively small results. On 13 February, for example, only six out of 115 aircraft reached London, the rest being driven off. Five raids in the third week of February varying in strength from 100 to 140 aircraft were met by intense AA fire from the Thames Estuary in to the IAZ and fewer than half reached the city; 13 were shot down by AA Command, 15 by Royal Air Force night-fighters, and one 'kill' was shared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009940-0006-0000", "contents": "132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nMore significant were the V-1 flying bombs, codenamed 'Divers', which began to be launched against London from Northern France soon after the Allies launched their invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord) on D-Day. V-1s (known to Londoners as 'Doodlebugs') presented AA Command's biggest challenge since the Blitz. Defences had been planned against this new form of attack (Operation Diver), but the missiles' small size, high speed and awkward height presented a severe problem for AA guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 76], "content_span": [77, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009940-0006-0001", "contents": "132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nAfter two weeks' experience AA Command carried out a major reorganisation, stripping guns from the London IAZ and other parts of the UK and repositioning them along the South Coast to target V-1s coming in over the English Channel, where the gun-laying radar worked best and where a 'downed' V-1 would cause no damage. The introduction of VT Proximity fuzes also increased the 'kill rate'. 132nd (M) HAA Regiment transferred to 40 AA Brigade, which was moved into the V-1 flightpath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 76], "content_span": [77, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009940-0006-0002", "contents": "132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nThe whole process involved moving hundreds of guns and vehicles and thousands of servicemen and women, but a new 8-gun HAA battery site could be established in 48 hours. After moving the mobile 3.7-inch HAA guns to the coast, these were progressively replaced by the static Mark IIC model, which had power traverse, accompanied by the most sophisticated Radar No 3 Mark V (the SCR-584 radar set) and No 10 Predictor (the all-electric Bell Labs AAA Computer).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 76], "content_span": [77, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009940-0006-0003", "contents": "132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nIn early August 132nd (M) HAA Rgt came under the command of 102 AA Brigade, which had been scheduled to take part in 'Overlord' but had been diverted to reinforce the 'Diver' defences in South East England. The guns were constantly in action and the success rate of the HAA batteries against 'Divers' rose progressively until late summer, when the launching sites in Normandy were overrun by 21st Army Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 76], "content_span": [77, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009940-0007-0000", "contents": "132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nAs the Luftwaffe switched to air-launching V-1s from over the North Sea, so AA Command had to uproot its static guns and redeploy them again in East Anglia. 132nd (M) HAA Regiment initially remained on the South Coast, switching to 43 AA Brigade in October, and then when that was disbanded reverting to 26 (London) AA Bde. 469 (M) HAA Battery left 132nd (M) HAA Rgt and became independent on 30 November 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 76], "content_span": [77, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009940-0008-0000", "contents": "132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment\nOnce 21st Army Group had captured Brussels and Antwerp, these cities became targets for V-1s launched from within Germany, and anti-Diver or 'X' defences had to be established. AA Command's experience had shown that the power-operated, remotely controlled Mk IIC 3.7-inch gun, with automatic fuze-setting, SCR 584 radar and Predictor No 10 were required to deal effectively with V-1s, but 21st Army Group's mobile HAA units did not have experience with this equipment. 132nd HAA Regiment was the second Mixed unit sent from AA Command to reinforce the Brussels 'X' defences in January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 84], "content_span": [85, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009940-0008-0001", "contents": "132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment\nIt deployed in bitter winter weather: it was so cold that the oil in the guns' hydraulic power systems froze. The Brussels 'X' defences under 101 AA Brigade involved an outer line of Wireless Observer Units sited 40 miles (64\u00a0km) to 50 miles (80\u00a0km) in front of the guns to give 8 minutes' warning, then Local Warning (LW) stations positioned half way, equipped with radar to begin plotting individual missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 84], "content_span": [85, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009940-0008-0002", "contents": "132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment\nFinally there was an inner belt of Observation Posts (OPs), about 20,000 yards (18,000\u00a0m) in front of the guns to give visual confirmation that the tracked target was a missile. The LW stations and OPs were operated by teams from the AA regiments. Radar-controlled searchlights were deployed to assist in identification and engagement of missiles at night. Unlike the anti-Diver guns firing over the English Channel or North Sea, VT fuzes could not be employed by the HAA batteries at Brussels because of the risk of casualties to troops and civilians under the missiles' flightpath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 84], "content_span": [85, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009940-0008-0003", "contents": "132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment\nThe success rate of the Brussels X defences had been low at first, but after the arrival of Mk IIC guns and experienced crews from AA Command the results improved considerably, with best results in February and March 1945. (101 AA Bde handed over command to 50 AA Bde for the last few weeks.) The number of missiles launched at Brussels dropped rapidly as 21st Army Group continued its advance, and in the last week the AA defences destroyed 97.5 per cent of those reaching the defence belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 84], "content_span": [85, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009940-0009-0000", "contents": "132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment\nThe war in Europe ended on VE Day (8 May 1945) and 132nd (Mixed) HAA Regiment and its three batteries were disbanded on 31 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 84], "content_span": [85, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009940-0010-0000", "contents": "132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Insignia\nWhile the male members of the regiment wore the Royal Artillery's 'gun' cap badge, the women wore the ATS cap badge, but in addition they wore the RA's 'grenade' collar badge as a special badge above the left breast pocket of the tunic. Both sexes wore the white RA lanyard on the right shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 69], "content_span": [70, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 132nd Air Refueling Squadron (132 ARS) is a unit of the Maine Air National Guard 101st Air Refueling Wing located at Bangor Air National Guard Base, Bangor, Maine. It is equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nTrained with V-72 Vengeance aircraft. Moved to India, via Australia, July\u2013September 1943. Assigned to Tenth Air Force. Operating from India and using A-36A Apaches. The 528th Fighter Squadron having its markings as black reverse diagonal bands painted on a yellowtail. The red nose was also a squadron marking. Many planes of the squadron had a girl's name on the nose but very few had any artwork.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron supported Allied ground forces in northern Burma; covered bombers that attacked Rangoon, Insein, and other targets; bombed enemy airfields at Myitkyina and Bhamo; and conducted patrol and reconnaissance missions to help protect transport planes that flew The Hump route between India and China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nConverted to P-51C Mustangs in May 1944. Moved to Burma in July and continued to support ground forces, including Merrill's Marauders; also flew numerous sweeps over enemy airfields in central and southern Burma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0004-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nMoved to China in August 1944 and assigned to Fourteenth Air Force. Escorted bombers, flew interception missions, struck the enemy's communications, and supported ground operations, serving in combat until the end of the war. Ferried P-51's from India for the Chinese Air Force in November 1945. Returned to the US in December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0005-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard\nThe wartime 528th Fighter Squadron was redesignated as the 132nd Fighter Squadron and was allotted to the Maine Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Dow Field, Bangor, Maine, and was extended federal recognition on 4 February 1947. The 132nd was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was initially assigned to the Massachusetts ANG 67th Fighter Wing. It was later assigned to the Maine ANG 101st Fighter Group on 4 April 1947 after the Maine ANG group was recognized and activated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0006-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air defense mission\nThe 132nd replaced their F-47 Thunderbolts with jet Lockheed F-80C Shooting Stars in the summer of 1948 and were redesignated with the \"Jet\" suffix on 1 August. With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950 and the regular military's lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was called active duty. The 132nd was federalized on 10 February 1951 and redesignated as the 132nd Fighter-Interceptor Squadron as was its parent, which became the 101st Fighter-Interceptor Group. The group remained assigned to the group, however it was attached first to the 101st Fighter-Interceptor Wing, then to the 23rd Fighter-Interceptor Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0007-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air defense mission\nOn 6 February 1952, the 132nd was transferred to the 4711th Defense Wing, which replaced the 23rd wing at Presque Isle Air Force Base. With the end of its federalization period, the squadron's mission, personnel, and F-80C jets were transferred to the active-duty 49th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 1 November 1952. The squadron was released from active duty and returned to the control of the State of Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0008-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air defense mission\nUpon its return to Maine control, the 132nd was re-equipped with F-51H Mustang prop-interceptors, however, in 1954, the squadron would return to jet interceptors, the F-94A Starfire. The air defense mission for the Maine Air National Guard continued for the next twenty years, the squadron upgrading its aircraft every few years as more modern interceptors were passed down from Air Defense Command as they were replaced by new active-duty aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0009-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air defense mission\nThe ADC radar detection stations at Brunswick, Bucks Harbor, Caswell, Charleston, and Topsham were ready to make detection and calls for a scramble. Within three minutes the 13sd could be airborne and heading for a prospective rendezvous point. After identifying any intruders, the interceptor aircraft were supposed to radio back to the Ground Control Interceptor (GCI) station for further instructions. Beginning in 1955, the squadron stood 24/7/365 runway alert at Dow AFB ready to respond to aircraft not readily identifiable by radar or pre-filed flight plans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0010-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air defense mission\nIn 1968 Dow Air Force Base was closed as a result of Air Force-wide downsizing directed by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. The closure was in part directed due to the desire by McNamara to reduce the size of the Air Force B-52 Stratofortress fleet, the increasing cost of the Vietnam War and the change to Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBMs) as the primary strategic deterrence force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0011-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air defense mission\nWith the inactivation of Dow AFB in 1968, most of the base was purchased by the city of Bangor and reopened the following year as Bangor International Airport. That portion of Dow AFB was not turned over to the city became the basis for the current Air National Guard Base and the Maine Army National Guard's Army Aviation Support Facility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0012-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air defense mission\nIn November 1969, the 132nd FIS became one of the first Air National Guard squadrons to operate the F-101B Voodoo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0013-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling\nOn 1 July 1976, the 101st was relieved from Aerospace Defense Command and transferred to Strategic Air Command (SAC), becoming a KC-135A Stratotanker unit. This was part of the downsizing of ADCOM, with the probability of an air attack by Soviet bombers and fighters being remote in the age of the ICBM. The 101st was re-designated as an Air Refueling Wing, the 132nd an Air Refueling Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0014-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling\nIn 1977, the 132nd deployed to RAF Mildenhall, England, as part of the European Tanker Task Force. In 1978, it began to stand alert with the SAC active force. In October 1978 The 101st AFREW along with all other Air Guard Units underwent reorganization into the Dual Deputy organization structure; the 101st Air Refueling Group being inactivated on 30 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0015-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling\nIn August 1979, the 101st became the first Air National Guard unit to host a tanker task force, and during the fall, the 101st joined forces with 16 KC-135A's providing air refueling support for \"Crested Cap\". This airpower exercise tested the deployment capability of Air Force fighter aircraft moving from the U.S. to Europe in support of NATO war efforts there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0016-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling\nDuring the 1980s, the 101st continued to participate in Strategic Air Command exercises like Global Shield and Giant Voice. In 1984, the 101st converted from its aging KC-135A fleet with the new fue-efficient KC-135Es and the receipt of its first Air Force Outstanding Unit Award. The wing engaged in routine worldwide deployments with its KC-135s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0017-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling\nEarly on the morning of 7 August 1990, Operation Desert Shield, a build-up of friendly forces designed to contain the spread of Iraqi aggression, began. A telephone alert asked every crew member of the 132nd Air Refueling Squadron to provide maximum availability so that an immediate response capability could be developed. All 125 Operations crew members stepped forward in voluntary support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0018-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling\nThe unit began functioning on a 24-hour, seven-days-a-week basis. Numerous Desert Shield missions would be flown in the month of August as the 132nd helped refuel transport aircraft and fighters heading to the United States Air Forces Central (CENTAF) bases in the Middle East. Volunteers were placed on full active duty status for as long as needed. Close to 100 guard members reported during the next few days as additional KC-135s arrived TDY from other ANG units, together with the 132nd's own KC-135E aircraft forming an Air National Guard tanker task force. By 1 October, the 101st's heavy support of MAC flights in transit from the West Coast to bases in Saudi Arabia began to slow. The 101st ARW became one of 12 National Guard units tasked with providing refueling support to Air Force units deployed to Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0019-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling\nOn 12 October the 101st began deployment of its assets to Saudi Arabia to form the 1709th Air Refueling Wing (Provisional) at King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Jeddah. Personnel and aircraft, however, were dispersed at several locations in the Middle East, including Al Banteen Air Base, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Mor\u00f3n Air Base, Spain; Cairo West Airport, Egypt; and other locations. By January 1991, the build-up of men and material in-theater was complete. Operation Desert Storm, the attack phase of the Allied plan to liberate Kuwait and destroy Iraq's army, was ready to begin. With its strategic location on the Atlantic shore, the 101st mission reverted to an \"Air-Bridge\" mode, refueling transiting aircraft heading across the Atlantic or inbound from RAF Mildenhall, England, which served on the other end of the transatlantic route to the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 940]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0020-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling\nAfter a short 100 hours of ground combat, Iraq's elite Republican Guard quickly collapsed and Kuwait was easily recaptured by Coalition ground forces. Emotional returns, punctuated by parades, bands, speeches, tears, and bear-hugs were commonplace in New Hampshire as they were throughout the country. Many deployed units returning from CENTAF bases stopped at Bangor AGB on their way to their home bases. The 101st, its aircraft festooned with yellow ribbons painted above the boom, remained in \"air-bridge\" mode, supporting the returning traffic. By late April almost everyone had come home safely. There had been no casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0021-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling\nIn March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 101st adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan. The Tri-Deputy organizational structure was revised with the 101st Operations Group, 101st Maintenance Group, 101st Mission Support Group and the 101st Medical Group being formed and the 132nd Air Refueling Squadron being assigned to the 101st Operations Group. On 30 June, Strategic Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force reorganization after the end of the Cold War. It was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC). In 1993, ACC transferred its KC-135 tanker force to the new Air Mobility Command (AMC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0022-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling\nThe unit engaged in routine deployments and training until 1994 when the 101st began operating in the Northeast Tanker Task Force together with the New Hampshire Air National Guard. The situation in Bosnia-Herzegovina and \"Operation Deny Flight\" continued to involve 101st aircraft, crews, and support personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0023-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling\nIn 2001, with the advent of the Global War on Terrorism, Maine ANG KC-135s were used for air refueling aircraft flying Combat Air Patrols over major United States Cities as part of Operation Noble Eagle (ONE). 132nd ARS aircraft were deployed to Air Forces Central (AFCENT) in the middle east as Air Expeditionary Units, providing refueling for combat aircraft during Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0024-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling\nIn 2007, the 132nd's KC-135E-model aircraft were replaced throughout the summer with quieter, more efficient R-models. With their new CFM-56 engines, a 50 percent decrease in noise resulted, and emissions were reduced 90 percent, while range, fuel off-load capability, and reliability were all increased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009941-0025-0000", "contents": "132nd Air Refueling Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009942-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\"\nThe 132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\" (Italian: 132a Brigata Corazzata \"Ariete\") is the only active armored brigade of the Italian Army. Its core units are tank and Bersaglieri regiments. The brigade's headquarters is in the city of Pordenone and most of its units are based in the North-East of Italy. The brigade's name comes from the battering ram (Italian: Ariete). The brigade draws much of its historical traditions from the 132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", active during the Second World War from 1939-1942, and again active from 1948-1986. The brigade is part of the Division \"Vittorio Veneto\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009942-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\", Constitution\nOn 1 October 1986 the Italian Army abolished the divisional level and brigades, that until then had been under one of the Army's four divisions, came forthwith under direct command of the Army's 3rd Army Corps or 5th Army Corps. As the Armored Division \"Ariete\" carried a historically significant name, the division ceased to exist on 30 September in Pordenone, but the next day in the same location the 132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\" was activated. The new brigade took command of the units of the 132nd Armored Brigade \"Manin\", whose name was stricken from the roll of active units of the Italian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009942-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\", Constitution\nThe brigade came under direct command of the 5th Army Corps. The 5th Army Corps was tasked with defending the Yugoslav-Italian border against possible attacks by either the Warsaw Pact, or Yugoslavia or both. The brigade\u2019s authorized strength was 3,381 men (214 Officers, 516 non-commissioned officers and 2,651 soldiers) and it was initially composed by the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009942-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\", History\nOn 10 January 1991 the brigade disbanded the 10th Tank Battalion and the 20th Artillery Group. The 13th Tank Battalion had already been reduced to a reserve unit and transferred to the Mechanized Brigade \"Mantova\" in December 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009942-0003-0001", "contents": "132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\", History\nAs replacement the brigade received units from brigades disbanded in 1991 during the army's drawdown of forces after the end of the Cold War: from the disbanded Armored Brigade \"Mameli\" came the 3rd Tank Battalion \"M.O. Galas\", the 5th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Chiamenti\" and the 23rd Bersaglieri Battalion \"Castel di Borgo\" and from the Mechanized Brigade \"Garibaldi\", which had moved to Caserta in the south of Italy, came the 19th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group \"Rialto\" and 26th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Castelfidardo\", which left the brigade already after half a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009942-0004-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\", History\nIn 1992 the brigade received the 2nd (Recruits Training) Battalion \"Pordenone\", while the 23rd Bersaglieri Battalion moved to Trapani in Sicily to join the Mechanized Brigade \"Aosta\". The same year the brigade's battalions returned to be called regiments, although size and composition did not change. On 31 July 1995 the 63rd Tank Regiment in Cordenons transferred from the Mechanized Brigade \"Mantova\" to the Ariete. On 30 November of the same year the 63rd Tank Regiment was renamed as 132nd Tank Regiment and the tank unit in Aviano was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009942-0005-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\", History\nIn 1997 the 33rd Tank Regiment of the Mechanized Brigade \"Friuli\" arrived and when the Mechanized Brigade \"Mantova\" was disbanded on 30 August of the same year the Ariete received the 82nd Mechanized Infantry Regiment \"Torino\" in Cormons, but already on 5 November 2001 the 82nd Regiment moved to Barletta in Southern Italy to join the Armored Brigade \"Pinerolo\". On 1 December 2000 the Ariete received the 10th Engineer Regiment. When the Armored Brigade \"Centauro\" disbanded on 5 October 2002 the Ariete received the 3rd Bersaglieri Regiment and the 4th Tank Regiment. On 25 November 2009 the 3rd Bersaglieri Regiment moved to Sardinia and joined the Mechanized Brigade \"Sassari\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009942-0006-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\", Missions\nIn 1998 the brigade's headquarters, Command and Tactical Support Battalion, and Logistic Battalion were deployed for a tour of duty in Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina), under the provision of the SFOR mandate for Operation Constant Forge. Later the brigade deployed three times to Kosovo (1999\u20132000, 2001, 2002) in Operation Joint Guardian, and later in Operation Consistent Effort, attached to NATO's Kosovo Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009942-0007-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\", Missions\nIn 2001, the first enlisted women joined the ranks of the brigade. These were later followed by female NCOs and Officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009942-0008-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\", Missions\nIn 2002, elements from 10th Engineer Regiment, and in 2004 the 132nd Artillery Regiment, were deployed to Afghanistan. A significant part of the brigade was twice deployed to Iraq - first in early 2004 and a second time from late 2005 to early 2006. The latest overseas commitments were two deployments to Lebanon from early October 2007 to Spring 2008, then again in early summer to late Fall 2009. Small contribution of personnel (staff officers and NCOs) have been and are being provided to nearly all overseas commitments of the Italian Army, from the Balkans, to Multinational HQs all around the world, including OMLT mentors supporting and advising the Afghan National Army in its struggle against insurgents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009942-0009-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\", Structure\nThe 132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\" together with the Bersaglieri Brigade \"Garibaldi\" form the heavy component of the Italian Army. The brigade is part of the Division \"Vittorio Veneto\" based in Florence. With the 2013 reform the brigade lost the 4th Tank Regiment and received the Regiment \"Lancieri di Novara\" (5th) from the Cavalry Brigade \"Pozzuolo del Friuli\". The brigade headquarter is in Pordenone and as of 2019 the brigade consists of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009942-0010-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\", Equipment\nThe tank regiments are equipped with Ariete main battle tanks. The Bersaglieri regiment fields Dardo infantry fighting vehicles. The \"Lancieri di Novara\" Cavalry regiment is equipped with a mix of Centauro tank destroyers and VTLM Lince vehicles. The artillery regiment is equipped with PzH 2000 self-propelled howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009942-0011-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\", Gorget patches\nThe personnel of the brigade's units wears the following gorget patches:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\"\nThe 132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\" (Italian: 132\u00aa Divisione corazzata \"Ariete\") was an armored division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. It was formed in 1939 as the second Armored Division in the Italian Army after the 131st Armored Division \"Centauro\". The division fought in the North African Campaign until being destroyed during the Second Battle of El Alamein. After World War II the division was reformed as part of the Italian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", World War II, France\nThe 132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\" was formed in Milan in February 1939, it was initially made up of the 8th Bersaglieri Regiment, the 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment, equipped with L3/35 tankettes, the 132nd Armored Artillery Regiment, and additional divisional support units. The division was moved to the French border at the outbreak of World War II, but was kept in reserve during the short campaign on that front. It was part of the Army of the Po, the strategic reserve. By that time the 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment had grown to eight battalions: three light ones with L3/35 tankettes, two medium ones with M11/39 tanks, and three medium ones with M13/40 tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", World War II, Libya\nIn 1940 the I, II, III, and V medium battalions of the 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment were sent to Italian Libya piecemeal. The I and II medium tank battalions with M11/39 tanks were sent in summer and entered the Maletti Group, while the III and V medium tank battalions with M13/40 tanks arrived in October and November and entered the Special Armored Brigade (Brigata Corazzata Speciale, or BCS). Both the Maletti Group and the Special Armored Brigade were part of the ill-fated 10th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", World War II, Libya, Operation Compass\nFrom December 1940 to February 1941, during Operation Compass, the British Western Desert Force overran the 10th Army and occupied Cyrenaica. The I battalion was destroyed in Egypt during the Attack on Nibeiwa, while the II battalion was lost in the fall of Tobruk. The III and V battalions were sacrificed during the failed break out attempt at the Battle of Beda Fomm. After this defeat it was decided to employ the whole Ariete Division in North Africa. On 24 January 1941, the first echelons of the division disembarked at Tripoli. From February 1941 to November 1942, the Ariete fought alongside the Deutsches Afrika Korps (DAK) in the North Africa Campaign. Initially the Ariete was attached to the Italian Mobile Corps (Corpo d'Armata di Manovra), which later became the Italian XX Motorised Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0004-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", World War II, Libya, Siege of Tobruk\nIn particular, reinforced in 1941 with the 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment, which would replace the 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment, (disbanded in mid-1942), the division took part in the first Axis counter-offensive to retake Cyrenaica, and the following siege of Tobruk. With the 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment, equipped with M13/40 and M14/41 tanks the division fought in the Western Desert of Libya and Egypt during 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0005-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", World War II, Libya, Siege of Tobruk\nOn 1 May 1941 the Germans and Italians attacked Tobruk in considerable strength. Their attack pierced the Australian defences; the Ariete and 8th Bersaglieri captured the R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7 strongpoints, On 3 May the Australians launched a counter-attack with the 18th Brigade. The counter-attack only recaptured one strong point from what Australian historian Mark Johnston reported to be Italian defenders. This action is later known as the Battle of the Salient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0006-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", World War II, Libya, Siege of Tobruk\nDuring Operation Crusader, the division fought against the British 22nd Armoured Brigade at Bir el Gubi, inflicting heavy losses on the inexperienced British forces. On 23 November, the 15th Panzer Division moved on to attack the 5th South African Brigade defending Sidi Rezegh and that evening, Ariete with the 8th Bersaglieri Regiment, came up in support and the ridge was taken along with 3,400 prisoners. During 29\u201330 November, the Ariete and supporting Italian infantry and motorcycle units were responsible for capturing a considerable number of New Zealand, Indian and British troops during the Italo-German counter-attacks. Recalling the loss of the 21st Battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Howard Kippenberger, who later rose to command the 2nd New Zealand Division, wrote that,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0007-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", World War II, Libya, Siege of Tobruk\nAbout 5:30 p.m. damned Italian Motorized Division (Ariete) turned up. They passed with five tanks leading, twenty following, and a huge column of transport and guns, and rolled straight over our infantry on Point 175.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0008-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", World War II, Libya, Siege of Tobruk\nWhen the battle led to the retreat of the Axis forces to the Gazala Line, the Ariete went on the attack, augmented by 23 tanks of the 15th Panzer Division and supported by Bersaglieri motorcycle troops, lost no time in assaulting the pursuing Commonwealth forces. Between them, they overran the 1st Battalion, The Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment) and part of the 5th Indian Brigade, taking according to one estimate 1,000 prisoners in the counter-attack. The British were able to recover from this setback and the Ariete retreated through the Djebel Mountain towards el Agheila; by this time the division had lost almost all its tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0009-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", World War II, Libya, Siege of Tobruk\nReinforced again with replacement tanks and M40 75/18 mm semoventi assault guns in the V and VI battalions of the 132nd Artillery Regiment, it took part in the second counter-offensive of January 1942, the Gazala battles of May 1942 and the invasion of Egypt that followed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0010-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", World War II, Libya, Reorganization January 1942\nDuring the Western Desert Campaign the following units were attached temporarily to the division:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 81], "content_span": [82, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0011-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", World War II, Libya, Battle of Gazala\nThe Ariete met early success during the Battle of Gazala, when it overran the British-officered 3rd Indian Motor Brigade at Rugbet Al Atasc on 27 May 1942, capturing 1,000 troops. The Ariete then repelled strong British armored counterattacks on 29 May and went on to repeat the same feat on 5 June 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0012-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", World War II, Libya, El Alamein\nDuring the initial phase of the First Battle of El Alamein the Ariete, which had just six or eight tanks and 1,000 men, having just arrived in the positions assigned to it at dawn on 3 July 1942 and due to the disorganization caused by enemy air attacks, had been compelled to withdraw after losing 531 men, several artillery batteries and a number of tanks. Rommel's report of the division having been decimated with the loss of 100 tanks was greatly exaggerated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 64], "content_span": [65, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0013-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", World War II, Libya, El Alamein\nDuring the Second Battle of El Alamein the Ariete sacrificed struggled to counter the Allied offensive and cover the withdrawal of the army. On 4 November at about 15:30, the few surviving tanks were surrounded by an overwhelmingly superior enemy, and general Arena, the division's commander, broadcast this message:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 64], "content_span": [65, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0014-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", World War II, Libya, El Alamein\n\"Enemy tanks broke through south of Ariete Division. Thus, Ariete surrounded, located 5 kilometers north-west of Bir-el-Abd. Ariete tanks are fighting.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 64], "content_span": [65, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0015-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", World War II, Libya, El Alamein\nOf three medium tank battalions, a Bersaglieri regiment, two artillery battalions and a self-propelled gun battalion that composed the division at the time, only the XIII Medium Tank battalion and 200 bersaglieri with 6 semoventi survived long enough to be destroyed along the coastal road or near Fuka on 5 and 6 November. Rommel mourned the loss of the division, writing that its final action had been conducted with exemplary courage and that \"in the Ariete we lost our oldest Italian comrades, from whom we had probably always demanded more than they, with their poor armament, had been capable of performing\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 64], "content_span": [65, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0016-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", World War II, 135th Armored Division \"Ariete II\"\nOn 21 November 1942, the division was disbanded, and its name kept by a task force gathering up its remnants, which kept fighting throughout the retreat (including a notably successful rearguard action at El Agheila) and subsequent campaign in Tunisia. It was forced to surrender along with the rest of the Axis army in North Africa. On 1 April 1943, as a tribute it was reconstituted as 135th Armored Division \"Ariete II\" in Ferrara. The division was made up of cavalry regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 81], "content_span": [82, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0017-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", World War II, 135th Armored Division \"Ariete II\"\nfor a total of 247 tank and semoventi plus 42 armored cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 81], "content_span": [82, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0018-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", World War II, 135th Armored Division \"Ariete II\"\nOn 26th July 1943, following the fall of Benito Mussolini's government, the division was moved to Rome. After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 9 September 1943 the division took part in the defence of Rome from 9 to 10 September 1943, counter-attacking German Panzergrenadiers and Paratroopers. Because the headquarters decided to avoid unnecessary sacrifices and losses, the division was ordered to surrender and was disbanded on 12 September 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 81], "content_span": [82, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0019-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", Reconstitution, 132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\" - 1952\nOn 23 May 1948 its reconstitution as a brigade sized unit begins at Forte Pietralata in Rome. The same year it was transferred to Pordenone in the Friuli region in Northern Italy. On 1 October 1952, the brigade had completed its increase to full division and commanded now the same regiments as during the African campaign:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 87], "content_span": [88, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0020-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", Cold War, 132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\" - 1963\nIn 1963 all Italian divisions adapted their organization to NATO standards and thus added a brigade level to the divisions structure. In the same year the reconstitution of the 32nd Tank Regiment began:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 81], "content_span": [82, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0021-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", Cold War, 132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\" - 1974\nOn 1 October 1968 the brigade headquarters were disbanded and the divisions returned to its former structure. The \"Ariete\" was part of the 5th Army Corps based in North-Eastern Italy. The 5th Army Corps was tasked with defending the Yugoslav-Italian border against possible attacks by either the Warsaw Pact, or Yugoslavia or both. The Ariete was the corps' armored reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 81], "content_span": [82, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0022-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", Cold War, 132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\" - 1974\nBefore the major reorganization of 1975 the division consisted of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 81], "content_span": [82, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0023-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", Cold War, Armored Division \"Ariete\" - 1975\nIn 1975 the Italian Army undertook a major reorganization of it forces: the regiment level was abolished and battalions came under direct command of newly formed brigades, which combined units from different arms. Thus on 1 October 1975 the \"Ariete\" took command of the following brigades, which were formed from its disbanded regiments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 75], "content_span": [76, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0024-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", Cold War, Armored Division \"Ariete\" - 1975\nAdditional troops were added to bring the division up to full strength:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 75], "content_span": [76, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009943-0025-0000", "contents": "132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\", Cold War, Armored Division \"Ariete\" - 1975\nWhen the Italian Army abolished the divisional level on 10 October 1986 the 132nd Armored Brigade \"Manin\" was renamed as 132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 75], "content_span": [76, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009944-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Battalion (North Shore), CEF\nThe 132nd Battalion (North Shore), CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Chatham, New Brunswick, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in North Shore and Northumberland Counties. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 13th Reserve Battalion on January 28, 1917. The 132nd Battalion (North Shore), CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009944-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Battalion (North Shore), CEF\nThe 132nd Battalion is perpetuated by The Royal New Brunswick Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009944-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd Battalion (North Shore), CEF, Notes\nA former member of the 132nd Battalion, Pte. Benjamin Edward Kaine later served with the 87th Battalion, Manitoba Regiment. Kaine was killed on June 9, 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 41], "content_span": [42, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009944-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd Battalion (North Shore), CEF, Notes\nA former member of the 132nd Battalion, Pte. Sydney Allen Matchett later served with the 26th Battalion, New Brunswick Regiment. Matchett was killed by a stray bullet while on sentry duty on April 29, 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 41], "content_span": [42, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009945-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Delaware General Assembly\nThe 132nd Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1st and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 3, 1983, which was two weeks before the beginning of the seventh administrative year of Republican Governor Pierre S. du Pont, IV from New Castle County and the third year for Republican Lieutenant Governor Michael N. Castle, also from New Castle County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009945-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1980 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009945-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 132nd Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a  Democratic majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009945-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009945-0004-0000", "contents": "132nd Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009946-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009946-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 132st Division (\u7b2c132\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakusanj\u016bni Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Encouragement Division (\u632f\u8d77\u5175\u56e3, Shinki Heidan). It was formed 1 February 1945 in Wuhan as a type C(hei) security division, simultaneously with the 131st and 133rd divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the small parts of the 39th and 68th divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009946-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 132nd division was permanently assigned to 6th area army. Upon formation, the 132nd division took the responsibility on the area previously guarded by the 39th division in Yichang. It stayed in the area of Yichang until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009947-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Engineer Battalion\nThe 132nd Engineer Battalion is an engineer battalion of the United States Army. It has been formed twice, once associated with the lineage of the 196th Infantry Regiment in 1942-46, and thirty years later, in the California National Guard. Officially, due to the lineage system of the United States Army, neither unit formed under this designation is associated with the other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009947-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Engineer Battalion\nIn 1942, the 1st Battalion, 196th Infantry Regiment, was relieved from assignment from the 34th Infantry Division (United States) and redesignated as 1st Battalion, 132d Engineers (Combat) 1 February 1942. Redesignated 1st Battalion, 132d Engineer Combat Regiment 1 August 1942. Reorganized and redesignated 5 April 1943 at Framingham, Massachusetts as the 132d Engineer Combat Battalion. The battalion was inactivated 31 January 1946 at Matsayama, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009947-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd Engineer Battalion\nThe 132nd Engineer Battalion was again constituted on 28 December 1973 in the California Army National Guard and assigned to the 40th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009947-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd Engineer Battalion\nIt organized on 13 January 1974 from new and existing units with headquarters at San Francisco. Its headquarters relocated on 1 November 1976 to Sacramento.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009947-0004-0000", "contents": "132nd Engineer Battalion\nThe unit was ordered into active federal service on 1 May 1992 at home stations; released on 9 May 1992 from active federal service and reverted to state control. The unit was deactivated on 1 September 2004 at Sacramento, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009947-0005-0000", "contents": "132nd Engineer Battalion, Distinctive Unit Insignia (1977 to 2004)\nDescription\"A Silver color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86 cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Argent a fess Vert charged with an arrowhead of the field in chief a Lorraine cross and in base two fleurs-de-lis fesswise Azure all between flaunches Gules each charged with an arrowhead of the first. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Silver scroll inscribed \"AEDIFICAMUS DUCIMUS\" in Red letters. Symbolism", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009947-0006-0000", "contents": "132nd Engineer Battalion, Distinctive Unit Insignia (1977 to 2004)\nScarlet and white (silver) are the colors used for the Corps of Engineers. The Lorraine cross and fleurs-de-lis refer to France where an element of the organization participated in six campaigns of World War I. Two fleurs-de-lis are used to allude to World War II when elements of the organization participated in two theaters, the European-African-Middle East and Asiatic-Pacific. The arrowheads are separate to denote element participation in three assault landings: Algeria-French Morocco, Eastern Mandates and Leyte. The colors blue, white and red represent the Philippine Presidential Unit Citation awarded the unit. The colors white, blue, red and green represent the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation. The motto translates to \"We Build We Lead.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009948-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Field Artillery Regiment \"Ariete\"\nThe 132nd Field Artillery Regiment \"Ariete\" (Italian: 132\u00b0 Reggimento Artiglieria Terrestre \"Ariete\") is a field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, specializing in armored combat. Today the regiment is based in Maniago in Friuli-Venezia Giulia and operationally assigned to the 132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009948-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Field Artillery Regiment \"Ariete\", History\nThe 132nd Armoured Artillery Regiment \"Ariete\" was established for the 132nd Armoured Division Ariete on 1 February 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009948-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd Field Artillery Regiment \"Ariete\", History\nOn 10 February 1939 the 132nd Artillery Regiment for armoured division was established in Rovereto (TN), by the deposit of the 4th Army Corps Artillery Regiment, with:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009948-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd Field Artillery Regiment \"Ariete\", History\nThe newly constituted regiment, under the leadership of Colonel Domenico Chieli Menotti, began to complete its staff by incorporating recalled personnel from the 1910-1917 classes and conscript personnel from the 1918 and 1919 classes. The regiment was then engaged in a gradual training of personnel employee and participated in various shooting schools, together with the great maneuvers carried out by the 6th Field Army with the 132nd Armoured Division \"Ariete\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009948-0004-0000", "contents": "132nd Field Artillery Regiment \"Ariete\", History, Second World War\nSent in North Africa, the Regiment took part in the Second World War and was dissolved on 21 November 1942, after the Second Battle of El Alamein, during which its gunners deserved the Gold Medal of Military Valour at the Flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009948-0005-0000", "contents": "132nd Field Artillery Regiment \"Ariete\", History, Cold War\nThe unit was reconstituted on May 15, 1949 as 132nd Armored Artillery Regiment and assigned to the reconstituted \"Ariete\" Armored Division. It was suppressed on December 31, 1975 with the restructuring of the Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009948-0006-0000", "contents": "132nd Field Artillery Regiment \"Ariete\", History, Cold War\nOnly the IV group remained alive. It became the 132nd Heavy Field Self-Propelled Artillery Group \"Rovereto\" and was made the depositary of regimental traditions and, by decree of 12 November 1976, received the War Flag of the 132nd Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009948-0007-0000", "contents": "132nd Field Artillery Regiment \"Ariete\", History, Cold War\nIn March 1981, it became the 132nd Heavy Field Artillery Group \"Rovereto\", supporting the \"Ariete\" Armoured Division, being equipped with the FH70 field howitzers. After the division command was dissolved, the 132nd Group was assigned to the Artillery Command of the 5th Army Corps in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009948-0008-0000", "contents": "132nd Field Artillery Regiment \"Ariete\", History, Present day\nIn 1991, the 132nd Group passed under the command of the 5th Artillery Regiment, a regiment that was dissolved on March 31st 1993 and with it the 132nd Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009948-0009-0000", "contents": "132nd Field Artillery Regiment \"Ariete\", History, Present day\nOn 9 October 1993, the 132nd \"Ariete\" Self-Propelled Field Artillery Regiment was reconstituted with the personnel and the M109L self-propelled howitzer of the suppressed 19th Self-Propelled Field Artillery Group \"Rialto\" and assigned to the 132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009948-0010-0000", "contents": "132nd Field Artillery Regiment \"Ariete\", Current Structure\nAs of 2019 the 132nd Field Artillery Regiment \"Ariete\" consists of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009948-0011-0000", "contents": "132nd Field Artillery Regiment \"Ariete\", Current Structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Battery fields the following sections: C3 Section, Transport and Materiel Section, Medical Section, and Commissariat Section. The regiment is equipped with PzH 2000 self-propelled howitzers. The Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Tactical Liaison Battery is equipped with RQ-11B Raven unmanned aerial vehicles and ARTHUR counter-battery radars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009949-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd IOC Session\nThe 132nd IOC Session is an IOC Session that was held at the Kensington Flora Hotel in PyeongChang, South Korea in February 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009949-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd IOC Session, Opening ceremony\nThe opening ceremony of the IOC Session was held at the Gangneung Cultural Centre. The opening ceremony began with multicultural children\u2019s choir Areumdeuri singing the Olympic Hymn and EXO\u2019s Baekhyun singing the national anthem. Following the national anthem, opening speeches and congratulatory messages was given by figures including Lee Hee Beom, the president of the Olympic Organizing Committee, and Moon Jae In, the president of South Korea. The celebratory cultural performance also included VIXX\u2019s stage of \u201cShangri-La,\u201d taekwondo team K-Tigers, and various traditional musicians and dancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009949-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd IOC Session, Russian doping situation\nOne of the principal concerns was the situation with regard to the ban on Russian athletes, the results of the Court of Arbitration for Sport decision shortly before the Session, and the uncertainty as to which athletes would be allowed to compete as \"Olympic Athletes from Russia\" at the 2018 Winter Olympic Games which were due to start a few days after the start of the Session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009949-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd IOC Session, Olympic host city selections, 2022 Youth Olympic Games\nThe IOC Executive Board presented to the IOC session a proposal that the African continent will be a strong priority to host the 2022 Summer Youth Olympics. The session confirmed the change of date back to 2022, after Agenda 2020 had previously suggested changing it to 2023.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 73], "content_span": [74, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009949-0004-0000", "contents": "132nd IOC Session, Election of new IOC Ethics Committee members\nThree new members of the IOC Ethics Committee were elected during the session: Danka Bartekova of Slovakia, Pierre Olivier Beckers of Belgium, and Auvita Rapilla of Papua New Guinea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009950-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 132nd Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was among scores of regiments that were raised in the summer of 1864 as Hundred Days Men, an effort to augment existing manpower for an all-out push to end the war within 100 days and served its term of enlistment as a garrison unit in Paducah, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009950-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 132nd Illinois was organized at Camp Fry in Chicago and mustered in for 100 days on 1 June 1864, under the command of Colonel Thomas J. Pickett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009950-0001-0001", "contents": "132nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nCompany A was composed of men from LaSalle and Cook counties, Company B of men from Cook and Fulton counties, Company C of men from Kane and Kendall counties, Company D of men from Fulton and Peoria Counties, Company E of men from Fulton County, Company F of men from Dekalb County, Company G of men from Cook, Henry, and Knox counties, Company H of men from Rock Island County, Company I of men from Cook County, and Company K of men from Cook, Dekalb, and Winnebago counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009950-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment departed for Columbus, Kentucky, on 6 June, arriving there two days later. It was attached to the District of Columbus, Kentucky, part of the 6th Division, XVI Corps, Department of the Tennessee. The regiment relocated to Paducah on 15 June, where it spent the rest of its service on garrison duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009950-0002-0001", "contents": "132nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nAfter pro-Confederate guerrillas were reported to have fired shots at boats on the Tennessee River and harassed Unionists, an expedition of 200 men from the 132nd Illinois and 400 men from the 8th United States Colored Heavy Artillery under the command of 132nd Illinois Major John H. Peck was sent to Haddix's Ferry below Aurora on 25 July. After landing there two days later, the expedition pursued a group of guerrillas inland and routed them, killing five, wounding several, and capturing seven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009950-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nFrom August to October the regiment was assigned to the District of Columbus as part of the Department of the Ohio. After the conclusion of 100 days the 132nd Illinois returned to Chicago, where it was mustered out on 17 October. During its service, it lost twelve men to disease, its only casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009951-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Independent Mixed Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 132nd independent mixed brigade (\u72ec\u7acb\u6df7\u6210\u7b2c132\u65c5\u56e3, Dokuritsu konsei dai hyakusanj\u016bni ryodan) was an infantry brigade of the Imperial Japanese Army. It was formed 10 July 1945 in Dongning, Heilongjiang for border guard duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009951-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Independent Mixed Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army), Assignments\n30 July 1945, the 132nd brigade was assigned to the 3rd army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 69], "content_span": [70, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009951-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd Independent Mixed Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army), Assignments\nThe 132nd brigade was reinforced by the 1st independent border guards unit and in turn assigned to 128th division with the start of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria 9 August 1945. Therefore, the top-level assignment of the 132nd brigade has changed to the 1st area army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 69], "content_span": [70, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009951-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd Independent Mixed Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nOn 9 August 1945, the Tungning detachment of the 132nd brigade beat off a direct Soviet attack at Dongning. Nonetheless, the rest of brigade was ordered to withdraw in the evening of the same day, with the left-behind forces outflanked and routed on 11 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 64], "content_span": [65, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009951-0004-0000", "contents": "132nd Independent Mixed Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nAfter retreating to Tachienchang, the 132nd brigade was merged with the remnants of the 284th infantry regiment from the 128th division to form a \"Tachienchang detachment\". It held its positions against some Red Army armoured units until 16 August 1945 before surrendering following the surrender of Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 64], "content_span": [65, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009952-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 132nd Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between May 18 and September 7, 1864, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009952-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana and mustered in on May 18, 1864. Once mustered in, it was ordered to Tennessee on May 18, and assigned to duty guarding the railroad at both Stevenson, Alabama, till July and at Nashville, Tennessee, till early September. The regiment was mustered out on September 7, 1864. During its service the regiment lost twelve men to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009953-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 132nd Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that remained in British India during the First World War. During the Second World War, it served with the 44th (Home Counties) Infantry Division in Belgium and France, later being evacuated at Dunkirk and seeing service again in North Africa at El Alamein before being disbanded in January 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009953-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nAfter the creation of the Territorial Force in 1908, the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th Volunteer battalions of the Middlesex Regiment were organised into a brigade within the Home Counties Division. The brigade was designated the Middlesex Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009953-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nOn the outbreak of the First World War, the men of the division accepted liability for overseas service to  relieve Regular troops for the fighting fronts. The 7th and 8th Middlesex sailed for Gibraltar on 4 and 10 September 1914. The rest of the division was ordered to India, although the brigade staffs and Regular adjutants of the battalions were to remain behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009953-0002-0001", "contents": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nTo replace 7th and 8th Middlesex, the 4th Battalion, Border Regiment and 4th Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry were added to the Middlesex Brigade, and the 1st Brecknockshire Battalion of the South Wales Borderers also sailed with the brigade. The Home Counties Division embarked at Southampton and sailed on 30 October 1914, disembarking at Bombay on 1\u20133 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009953-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Service in India\nOn arrival, the division's units were sent distributed to various peacetime stations across India, Aden and Burma to continue their training for war. The Border and KSLI battalions joined the Burma Division, the Brecon battalion went to Aden, and for a while the two Middlesex battalions were attached to the Presidency Brigade in 8th (Lucknow) Division. The TF battalions had all taken the prefix '1' (1/4th Queen's etc) to distinguish them from their 2nd Line battalions forming in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009953-0003-0001", "contents": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Service in India\nIn March 1915, 2/4th Border Regiment was sent out to the brigade to replace 4th KSLI, which had moved from Burma to Singapore. In May 1915, the division was numbered 44th (Home Counties) Division and the brigade formally became 132nd (1/1st Middlesex) Brigade (though without a commander or staff, and with its battalions scattered).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009953-0004-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Service in India\nFrom 1915 onwards there was a regular drain on the battalions as they lost their best Non-Commissioned Officers for officer training, sent detachments to various places in India, and provided drafts to replace casualties among units fighting in Mesopotamia. By early 1916 it had become obvious that the Territorial Divisions in India were never going to be able to reform and return to Europe to reinforce the Western Front as had been originally intended. They continued training in India for the rest of the war, providing drafts and detachments as required. 1/9th Middlesex was transferred to Mesopotamia at the end of 1917, landing at Basra on 11 December and transferring to 53rd Indian Brigade, 18th Indian Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009953-0005-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Service in India\nBy 1918 the only units still formally attached to 132nd Brigade were 1/10th Middlesex and 1/4th Border (now returned from Burma and actually serving in the Jubbulpore Brigade of 5th (Mhow) Division). During 1919 the remaining Territorial units in India were gradually reduced, but 1/4th and 2/4th Border finally saw active service during the Third Afghan War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009953-0006-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Order of Battle\nDuring the First World War the Middlesex Brigade was composed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009953-0007-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Between the wars\nThe Territorial Force was disbanded shortly after the end of the war. It was, however, reformed in the 1920s as the Territorial Army and the 132nd Brigade was reformed as the 132nd (Middlesex) Infantry Brigade in 1920. The division was also reconstituted as the 44th (Home Counties) Infantry Division. The brigade was reformed with the same composition as it had before the First World War. However, in 1920, the 10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment was converted into the Home Counties Divisional Signals, Royal Corps of Signals. They were replaced in the brigade by the 5th Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment from the 133rd (Kent and Sussex) Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009953-0008-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Between the wars\nIn the late 1930s, however, all three of the Middlesex battalions were posted away or converted to other roles. The 9th Battalion was, in 1938, converted into the 9th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment (60th Searchlight Regiment) and transferred to the 40th Anti- Aircraft Group, 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division. In the same year, the Middlesex Regiment was designated as a Machine Gun regiment and the 7th and 8th Middlesex were transferred elsewhere. Also in 1938, all infantry brigades in the British Army were reduced from four battalions to three. The 7th and 8th Middlesex were replaced by the 4th Royal West Kents from the 133rd Brigade and the 6th Battalion, East Surrey Regiment from the 131st (Surrey) Infantry Brigade. In 1939 the brigade was redesignated 132nd Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009953-0009-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe brigade and division, alongside most of the rest of the Territorial Army, was mobilised in late August 1939 due to the situation in Europe deteriorating situation in Europe. 3 September 1939 saw the start of the Second World War after the German Army invaded Poland two days before, on 1 September 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009953-0010-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nShortly after full mobilisation in early September 1939, 132nd Brigade HQ became HQ Central Sub-Area in the United Kingdom and the units of the brigade were temporarily under the command of other formations until the brigade reassembled in 44th (Home Counties) Infantry Division on 7 October 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009953-0011-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nOn 2 April 1940, the 132nd Brigade, now commanded by Brigadier James Steele, MC, (later to become Adjutant-General to the Forces), an officer of the Regular Army, went to France with 44th Division as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The division came under command of III Corps, including 5th Division and 42nd (East Lancashire) Division, another Territorial division. Both 44th and 42nd divisions had been held back from reinforcing the BEF sooner in order to participate in potential operations in Northern Europe, yet this had never come to anything.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009953-0011-0001", "contents": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nShortly after their arrival, the 1/6th Battalion, East Surrey Regiment was transferred to the 10th Brigade, part of 4th Division, receiving the 1st Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment, a Regular Army unit, in exchange and the 'Kent and Surrey' brigade became an all-West Kent formation. The reason for the exchange of units was due to official BEF policy of mixing the Regular and Territorial Armies, and, in theory, to strengthen the inexperienced Territorial divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009953-0012-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nThe brigade saw fighting in the St Omer\u2013La Bass\u00e9e area during retreat to Dunkirk, part of the Battle of France \u2013 when the brigade commander, James Steele, was awarded a DSO \u2013 and was then evacuated from Dunkirk on 31 May 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009953-0013-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nBack in the United Kingdom, 132nd Brigade was re-equipped and positioned in its own county of Kent to defend what 44th Division's commander, Major-General Sir Brian Horrocks, regarded as 'the No 1 German invasion area, stretching from the Isle of Thanet to Dover and on to Folkestone'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009953-0014-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nThe brigade was shipped out to North Africa in May 1942 with the rest of 44th Division, where it fought at the Battle of Alam el Halfa and the Second Battle of El Alamein. The 44th Division was broken up after Alamein, due to a shortage of manpower in the Mediterranean, and the brigade's battalions were posted away during November and December. 132nd Brigade was officially disbanded in Egypt on 15 January 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009953-0014-0001", "contents": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nThe battalions were posted away to British Indian Army brigades, the 2nd Buffs joined the 26th Indian Infantry Brigade, the 4th Royal West Kents sent to the 161st Indian Infantry Brigade and the 5th Royal West Kents to the 21st Indian Infantry Brigade. The former two would both later fight in the Burma Campaign, the 4th Royal West Kents with distinction, winning a VC (belonging to Lance Corporal John Harman) in the Battle of Kohima, whilst the latter, the 5th Royal West Kents, would see service throughout the Italian Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009954-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 132nd Infantry Division (German: 132. Infanterie-Division) was a German division in World War II. It was formed on 5 October 1940 in Landshut, as part of the 11th Wave of Wehrmacht mobilization, and was destroyed in the Courland Pocket in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009954-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nIn May 1941 the units of this division participated in the suppression of the Serb uprising in Sanski Most in the Independent State of Croatia, a fascist puppet state created from Yugoslav territory. Following operations in the Balkans, the division participated in Operation Barbarossa as part of Army Group South. The division was held in reserve and did not see combat in the Soviet Union until July 27, 1941, near Koziatyn in the Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009954-0001-0001", "contents": "132nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe division was then involved in operations south of Kiev along the  Dnieper River and later was diverted to the Crimea, where it served on the Isthmus of Perekop,  Kerch Peninsula and Sevastopol front. During the Siege of Sevastopol the division captured the Fortress of Maxim Gorky. Subsequently the division was transferred to Army Group North to assault the fortified city of Leningrad due to its experience in assaulting Sevastopol. Before the attack on Leningrad could commence, called  Operation Nordlicht, the division became involved in repulsing Soviet Sinyavino offensive in August 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009954-0001-0002", "contents": "132nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe division then spent most of the year of 1943 defending the environs around the \"bottleneck\": a thin strip of land located along the southern coast of Lake Ladoga that was crucial to maintaining the Siege of Leningrad. In November 1943, the division was transported by rail to the extreme southern flank of Army Group North. While stationed there it witnessed the  Destruction of Army Group Center with the commencement of the Russian summer offensive, called Operation Bagration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009954-0001-0003", "contents": "132nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe division then became responsible for maintaining the link between Army Group North and what remained of Army Group Center, and to prevent the Russians from outflanking Army Group North from the south. Eventually the division was cut off from the rest of the German army in the Courland Pocket before surrendering to the Russians on 10 May, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009954-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nA personal memoir of service in the division was written by Gottlob Herbert Bidermann, in his book:In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier's Memoir of the Eastern Front Biderman was with the division for four years on the Russian Front and served in 132nd Tank Destroyer Battalion as an NCO and later as an officer in the 437th Infantry Regiment. After surrendering, he spent almost three years in Soviet captivity, as a prisoner of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 132nd Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army, part of the Illinois Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nIt served as an active-duty regiment with the United States Army in World War I and World War II. Due to actions conducted in the fall of 1918 during WWI fighting in France, five men from the regiment were awarded the Medal of Honor:  Johannes Anderson, Sydney Gumpertz, Berger Loman, George H. Mallon,  and Willie Sandlin. In 1954 it was consolidated with the 131st Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Civil War Service\nThe 132nd Illinois Infantry traces its lineage back to the 19th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment of the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I and interwar years\nThe 132nd Infantry Regiment was organized from other Illinois militia units, namely the Illinois 2d Infantry Regiment, and activated on July 21, 1917. Assigned to the 33rd Infantry Division, it was redesignated on 12 October 1917 as the 132nd Infantry Regiment and trained at Camp Logan, TX. Sent overseas in May 1918, the 132nd participated in the Battle of Hamel, the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, and the 1918 Somme offensive. The 132nd returned to the United States and was demobilized on 31 May 1919 at Camp Grant, Illinois, and inactivated that same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0004-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I and interwar years\nThe unit reorganized between 1920-1921 in the Illinois National Guard at Chicago as the 2nd Infantry Regiment, while its regimental headquarters was federally recognized on 7 July 1921 at Chicago. The 2nd Infantry Regiment was redesignated on 31 December 1921 at the 132nd Infantry and reassigned to the 33rd Division as a National Guard regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0005-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe 132nd Infantry Regiment was inducted into federal service on March 5, 1941, at Chicago, Illinois, as part of the 33rd Infantry Division, and participated in divisional maneuvers at Camp Forrest, Tennessee. It was relieved from the 33rd Division on January 14, 1942, and assigned to Task Force 6814, an assemblage of units gathered for immediate transfer to Australia to defend against threatened Japanese invasion. On the morning of January 17, 1942, the last train car pulled away from Camp Forrest carrying the 123 officers and 3,325 enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0005-0001", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\n\"Being one of the first infantry regiments to be moved overseas, the trains were guarded by F.B.I. agents.\" On January 20, 1942, it sailed from New York and arrived in Australia on February 27. On March 6 it sailed again, arriving in New Caledonia, where it became an infantry component of the newly created Americal Division on May 24, 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0006-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe 132nd Infantry arrived on Guadalcanal on December 8, 1942, where it engaged in combat in the Guadalcanal campaign, including fierce fighting to capture Japanese positions in the Battle of Mount Austen. The Regiment was relieved and sent to Fiji with the rest of the Americal Division to rest and refit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0007-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe 132nd next fought in the Bougainville campaign. It arrived at Cape Torokina on January 9, 1944, and relieved the 3rd Marine Parachute Battalion, the 3rd Marine Raider Battalion, and units of the 145th Infantry, which then reverted to the 37th Division. The 132nd Infantry took over that portion of the perimeter paralleling the Torokina on the extreme right flank and engaged in patrolling and in strengthening defensive positions. On April 5, 1944, after establishing patrols along Empress Augusta Bay, the 132nd successfully launched an attack to capture Mavavia Village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0007-0001", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nTwo days later, while continuing a sweep for enemy forces, the Regiment encountered prepared enemy defenses, where they destroyed some twenty Japanese pillboxes using pole charges and bazookas. Later, the 132nd secured the heights west of Saua River in fierce fighting that lasted until April 18, when the last of the Japanese defenders were killed or driven off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0008-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nIn 1945, the 132nd participated in the retaking of the Philippine Islands. On March 26, 1945, preceded by a heavy naval and aerial bombardment, troops of the 3rd Battalion, 132nd Infantry waded ashore across heavily mined beaches during an amphibious invasion of Cebu Island, at a point just south of Cebu City. Elements of the 132nd later secured Mactan Island and Opon Airfield in Cebu province. On November 26, 1945, the 132nd was inactivated at Fort Lewis, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0009-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe 132nd was relieved on July 5, 1946, from assignment to the Americal Division and reassigned to the 33rd Infantry Division. It was reorganized and federally recognized on February 11, 1947, at Chicago as a component of the Illinois Army National Guard. It consolidated on March 15, 1954, with the 131st Infantry and the consolidated unit was designated as the 131st Infantry, an element of the 33rd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0010-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1+1\u20444 inches (3.2\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Argent, a pairle Azure between chief an oak tree Proper within a circle of five mullets Gules, a palm tree to dexter and a prickly pear cactus to sinister both of the third. Attached above the shield a wreath Or, upon a grassy field the blockhouse of old Fort Dearborn Proper. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Gold scroll inscribed \"SEMPER PARATUS\" in Gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0011-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is white charged with the pairle which appears on the shield of the city of Chicago, shield and pairle are white and blue, the Infantry colors. The green oak tree is for the WWI Forges Wood battle and the stars represent the five major operations in which the Regiment took part in France:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0012-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe palm tree recalls Cuban and the cactus the Mexican border service. The crest is that of the Illinois Army National Guard. The motto \"Ever Ready\" was later amended into Latin \"Semper Paratus.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0013-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was approved on 13 March 1925. It was amended to change the motto to Latin on 16 October 1926. The insignia was rescinded/cancelled on 20 October 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0014-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nArgent, a pairle Azure between chief an oak tree Proper within a circle of five mullets Gules, a palm tree to dexter and a prickly pear cactus to sinister both of the third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0015-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the Illinois Army National Guard: From a wreath Argent and Azure, upon a grassy field the blockhouse of old Fort Dearborn Proper. Motto SEMPER PARATUS (Ever Ready).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0016-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nThe shield is white charged with the pairle which appears on the shield of the city of Chicago, shield and pairle are white and blue, the Infantry colors. The green oak tree is for Forges Wood and the stars represent the five major operations in which the Regiment took part in France. The palm tree recalls Cuban and the cactus the Mexican border service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0017-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nThe crest is that of the Illinois Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009955-0018-0000", "contents": "132nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nThe coat of arms was approved on 15 May 1924. It was amended to include the historical outline on 1 November 1926. The insignia was rescinded/cancelled on 20 October 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009956-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 132nd Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment (132nd LAA Rgt), was an air defence unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery during World War II. The regiment was formed in March 1942 from the short-lived 85th Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery (85th S/L Rgt) which had only been raised in the previous year as part of the rapid expansion of Anti- Aircraft Command. It served in Home Defence throughout the war, until disbandment in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009956-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 85th Searchlight Regiment\nThe regiment was formed during the rapid expansion of anti-aircraft (AA) defences during the Blitz of 1940\u201341. Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was formed on 23 January 1941 at 35th Light Anti- Aircraft (LAA)  Regiment's RHQ at Black Hall on St Giles', Oxford. (This regiment was later lost at the Fall of Singapore.) The four searchlight (S/L) batteries assigned to it had been formed on 14 November 1940 at Blandford Camp, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 78], "content_span": [79, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009956-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 85th Searchlight Regiment\nThe regiment was assigned to 64th AA Brigade covering airfields in South West England under 8th AA Division. By the time it came into existence the Blitz was ending. During this campaign AA Command had adopted a S/L layout of clusters of three lights to improve illumination, but this meant that the clusters had to be spaced 10,400 yards (9,500\u00a0m) apart. The cluster system was an attempt to improve the chances of picking up enemy bombers and keeping them illuminated for engagement by AA guns or night fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 78], "content_span": [79, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009956-0002-0001", "contents": "132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 85th Searchlight Regiment\nEventually, one light in each cluster was to be equipped with Searchlight Control radar (SLC or 'Elsie') and act as 'master light', but the radar equipment was still in short supply. 64th AA Brigade's batteries were deployed in three-light clusters at Royal Air Force (RAF) airfields, and had begun to receive GL Mark I E/F gun-laying radar equipped with elevation-finding equipment. By the autumn of 1941 the brigade began to receive its first purpose-built SLC radar (AA Radar No 2) in sufficient numbers to allow the sites to be 'declustered' into single-light sites spaced at 6,000 yards (5,500\u00a0m) intervals in a 'Killer Belt' cooperating with RAF night fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 78], "content_span": [79, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009956-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 85th Searchlight Regiment\n85th S/L Regiment left 64th AA Bde in the autumn of 1941 and joined 55th AA Bde, covering Plymouth and Falmouth, still in 8th AA Division. However, 520 and 523 S/L Btys remained attached to 64th AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 78], "content_span": [79, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009956-0004-0000", "contents": "132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nAfter its rapid expansion, AA Command was now over-provided with S/L units and under-provided with LAA units, for which suitable guns (the Bofors 40 mm) were becoming available in quantity. The command began a programme of converting some S/L regiments to the LAA role. One of those chosen was 85th S/L Rgt, which became 132nd Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment on 19 March 1942, with 436, 437, 438, 441 LAA Btys. At first the new regiment was assigned to 27th (Home Counties) AA Bde in 5th AA Division covering the Solent and South Coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009956-0004-0001", "contents": "132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nIn June it transferred to a newly formed 71st AA Bde in 6th AA Division covering South East England, with 458 and 441 LAA Btys detached to 28th (Thames and Medway) AA Bde. In July the whole regiment came under 28th AA Bde in 6th AA Division. This brigade was responsible for the AA defences on the south side of the Thames Estuary ('Thames South') including the Royal Naval Dockyard at Chatham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009956-0005-0000", "contents": "132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Mid-war\nThe AA defences of Southern England were severely tested in the summer of 1942 by the Luftwaffe's 'hit-and-run' attacks against coastal towns, and there was much redeployment of LAA units to deal with these raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009956-0006-0000", "contents": "132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Mid-war\nA reorganisation of AA Command in October 1942 saw the AA divisions disbanded and replaced by a smaller number of AA Groups more closely aligned with the organisation of RAF Fighter Command. 28th AA Brigade came under a new 1 AA Group covering London and the Thames Estuary. From December 1942 until April 1943, 436 LAA Bty was attached to 38th AA Bde in 2 AA Group responsible for South East England outside London. 28th AA Bde had a constant turnover of units during 1943, but 132nd LAA Rgt remained with into 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009956-0007-0000", "contents": "132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Mid-war\nWith the lower threat of attack by the weakened Luftwaffe, AA Command was now being forced to release manpower for the planned invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). Many Home Defence AA regiments were reduced from February 1944, and 132nd LAA Rgt lost 441 LAA Bty, which began disbanding at Cobham, Kent, on 22 February 1944, completing by 16 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009956-0008-0000", "contents": "132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Diver\nAA Command had been given the responsibility for protecting the 'Overlord' embarkation ports, while at the same time intelligence indicated that the Germans could start launching V-1 flying bombs ('Divers') against London at any time. AA Command began preparing the AA defences of Southern England for Operation Diver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 104], "content_span": [105, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009956-0009-0000", "contents": "132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Diver\nThe beginning of the V-1 campaign against London came on 13 June, a week after Overlord was launched on D Day, and Operation Diver was put into immediate effect. The V-1 presented AA Command's biggest challenge since the Blitz: the small fast-moving targets often cruising above the effective range of LAA guns presented a severe problem for AA defences, and after two weeks' experience AA Command carried out a major reorganisation, stripping guns from other areas and repositioning them along the South Coast to target V-1s coming in over the English Channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 104], "content_span": [105, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009956-0009-0001", "contents": "132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Diver\nAs the launching sites were overrun by 21st Army Group, the Luftwaffe switched to air-launching V-1s over the North Sea, resulting in another redeployment for 1 AA Group, this time to the east of London. During this phase of Operation Diver there were over 850 light and heavy AA guns to the east of London in the 'Diver Box', including 28th AA Bde. The Germans responded by launching V-1s from further north, in order to bypass the Diver defences. AA Command hurriedly set up a 'Diver Strip' in East Anglia. and formed a new 9 AA Group to take this over. 28th AA Bde moved to this new formation in December 1944, giving up its previous units and taking over fresh ones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 104], "content_span": [105, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009956-0010-0000", "contents": "132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 132nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Disbandment\nHowever, 132nd LAA Rgt remained in North Kent. As the war in Europe came to an end in early 1945, AA Command was rapidly run down. Regimental HQ 132nd LAA Rgt with 436, 437 and 438 LAA Btys  disbanded at Hartlip, Sittingbourne, at some time between 13 March and 11 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 100], "content_span": [101, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009957-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe 132nd Division (Chinese: \u7b2c132\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 21st Division, 7th Column of the PLA Northeastern Field Army. Its history can be traced to Independent Division of Western Manchurian Military District formed in March 1947, which was formed from 1st and 2nd Special Troops Regiment of 3rd division, New Fourth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009957-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe division is part of 44th Corps. Under the flag of 132nd division it took part in several major battles during the Chinese Civil War. The division was composed of 394th, 395th and 396th Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009957-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn October 1952 the division was transferred to 43rd Corps following 44th's disbandment. At the same time 385th Regiment from disbanding 129th Division was transferred to the division and renamed as 396th Regiment. The former 396th was disbanded. In November 1952 it moved onto Hainan island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009957-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1953 it renamed as the 132nd Infantry Division (Chinese: \u6b65\u5175\u7b2c132\u5e08). In April 1960 the division was renamed as the 132nd Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c132\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009957-0004-0000", "contents": "132nd Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn August 1961 the division was transferred to Hainan Provincial Military District's control following 43rd Corps' inactivation. By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009957-0005-0000", "contents": "132nd Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn June 1969 its 509th Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment, 132nd Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009957-0006-0000", "contents": "132nd Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1985 the division was renamed as the 132nd Infantry Division (Chinese: \u6b65\u5175\u7b2c132\u5e08). From 1985 to 1998 the division maintained as a Southern Infantry Division, Catalogue B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009957-0007-0000", "contents": "132nd Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1998 the division started to convert to a Motorized Infantry Division: 396th Infantry Regiment converted to Armored Regiment, and Antiaircraft Regiment activated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009957-0008-0000", "contents": "132nd Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 2003 the division was reduced to brigade-size, and renamed as the 132nd Motorized Infantry Brigade (Chinese: \u6469\u6258\u5316\u6b65\u5175\u7b2c132\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009957-0009-0000", "contents": "132nd Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 2017 the brigade was reorganized as the 132nd Light Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: \u8f7b\u578b\u5408\u6210\u7b2c132\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009957-0010-0000", "contents": "132nd Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nNow the brigade is the major PLA ground mobile asset in Hainan province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009958-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 132nd New York Infantry Regiment, the \"Second Regiment, Empire,Spinola's Brigade\"; or \"Hillhouse Light Infantry\", was an infantry regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009958-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was raised in July 1862, and was finally organized at East New York by consolidating with the Thurlow Weed Guards as part of the Spinola Brigade, and nearly all the men recruited for the 53d N. Y. Volunteers, second organization; it was mustered in for three years October 4, 1862, at Washington, DC; June 15, 1865, the men not to be mustered out with the regiment were transferred to the 99th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009958-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left the state and served at and near Washington from September, 1862; at Norfolk, Virginia, then Suffolk, Virginia, from October, 1862; in the 1st Spinola Brigade, 5th Division, 18th Corps, from December, 1862; in the 2d Brigade, 5th Division, 18th Corps, from March, 1863; unattached, on outpost duty, near New Bern, North Carolina, from May, 1863; in Palmer's Brigade, Peck's Division, 18th Corps, from January, 1864; in Department of Virginia and North Carolina, from April, 1864; in the Provisional Corps, North Carolina, from March I, 1865; in the 1st Brigade, 2d Division, 23d Corps, from April 2, 1865; at Salisbury, North Carolina, from May, 1865; and was honorably discharged and mustered out, June 29, 1865, at Salisbury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009958-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment spent nearly its entire term of service in North Carolina, engaged in outpost and garrison duty. The regiment took part in engagements at various locations in the state, and in the Carolinas Campaign at Wise's Forks, Snow Hill, and Bennett's House. The regiment sustained its worst losses at the battle of New Bern in February, 1864, when it lost 91 killed, wounded and missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009958-0003-0001", "contents": "132nd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nDuring this battle, three companies defended the bridge on Bachelor's Creek (a tributary of the Neuse River) against three successive attacks of the enemy, but were finally forced to retire when the enemy was reinforced, after 4 hours of hard fighting. The 132nd is credited with saving New Bern from capture on this occasion. Lieut. Arnold Zenette, the only commissioned officer killed, fell in this action. At the battle of Wise's Forks the regiment lost 24 killed, wounded and missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009958-0004-0000", "contents": "132nd New York Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment left the state about 900 strong; during its service the regiment lost by death, killed in action, 1 officer, 6 enlisted men; of wounds received in action, 7 enlisted men; of disease and other causes, 1 officer, 159 enlisted men; total, 2 officers, 172 enlisted men; aggregate, 174; of whom 71 enlisted men died in the hands of the enemy, and 28 through the accidental explosion of torpedoes at Bachellor's Creek, North Carolina, May 26, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009959-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd New York State Legislature\nThe 132nd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6 to April 30, 1909, during the third year of Charles Evans Hughes's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009959-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1906 and 1907, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (eight districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009959-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd New York State Legislature, Background\nOn April 27, 1906, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate districts, increasing the number to 51. The apportionment was then contested in the courts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009959-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd New York State Legislature, Background\nThe Legislature also re-apportioned the number of assemblymen per county. Nassau County was separated from the remainder of Queens County; Albany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oswego and Rensselaer counties lost one seat each; Erie, Monroe and Westchester gained one each; and Kings and Queens counties gained two each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009959-0004-0000", "contents": "132nd New York State Legislature, Background\nOn April 3, 1907, the new Senate and Assembly apportionment was declared unconstitutional by the New York Court of Appeals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009959-0005-0000", "contents": "132nd New York State Legislature, Background\nOn July 26, 1907, the Legislature again re-apportioned the Senate districts, and re-enacted the 1906 Assembly apportionment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009959-0006-0000", "contents": "132nd New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Independence League, the Socialist Party, the Prohibition Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009959-0007-0000", "contents": "132nd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1908, was held on November 3. Gov. Charles Evans Hughes was re-elected; and State Senator Horace White was elected Lieutenant Governor; both Republicans. The other six statewide elective offices up for election were also carried by the Republicans. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Republican 805,000; Democratic 735,000; Independence League 43,000; Socialists 34,000; Prohibition 19,000; and Socialist Labor 4,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009959-0008-0000", "contents": "132nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1909; and adjourned on April 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009959-0009-0000", "contents": "132nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJohn Raines (R) was re-elected President pro tempore of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009959-0010-0000", "contents": "132nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 19, the Legislature elected U.S. Secretary of State Elihu Root (R) to succeed Thomas C. Platt (R) as U.S. Senator from New York for a six-year term beginning on March 4, 1909.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009959-0011-0000", "contents": "132nd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Orlando Hubbs, Robert F. Wagner, George M. S. Schulz, J. Mayhew Wainwright, George L. Meade and Charles Mann Hamilton changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009959-0012-0000", "contents": "132nd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009959-0013-0000", "contents": "132nd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009960-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Thirty-Second Ohio General Assembly was a meeting of the Ohio state legislature, composed of the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives. It convened in Columbus, Ohio on January 3, 2017 and adjourned December 31, 2018. The apportionment of legislative districts was based on the 2010 United States Census and 2011 redistricting plan. Both the Ohio Senate and Ohio House of Representatives were retained by the Ohio Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009961-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 132nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 132nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 132nd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009961-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 132nd Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered on May 15, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Joel Haines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009961-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, X Corps, Army of the James.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009961-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 132nd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Columbus, Ohio, on September 10, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009961-0004-0000", "contents": "132nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 22. In camp near Fort Albany until May 30. Embarked at Alexandria, Virginia, for White House, Virginia, May 30. Fatigue duty at White House, Virginia, until June 11. Moved to Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, June 11. Fatigue and picket duty at Bermuda Hundred until August 12. Moved to Norfolk, Virginia, August 12; then to Washington, D.C., August 27, and arrived at Columbus, Ohio, August 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009961-0005-0000", "contents": "132nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009961-0006-0000", "contents": "132nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 47 men during service; 2 enlisted men killed, 45 enlisted men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009962-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 132nd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009962-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 132nd Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in August 1862 and mustered in under the command of Colonel Richard A. Oakford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009962-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to November 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, II Corps, to May 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009962-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Washington, D.C., August 19, and performed duty there until September 2. Ordered to Rockville, Md., September 2. Maryland Campaign September 6-22, 1862. Battle of Antietam, Md., September 16-17. Moved to Harpers Ferry, Va., September 22, and duty there until October 30. Reconnaissance to Leesburg October 1-2. Advanced up Loudon Valley and movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 17. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12-15. Duty at Falmouth until April 27. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1-5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009962-0004-0000", "contents": "132nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 113 men during service; 3 officers and 70 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 40 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy)\nThe 132nd Tank Regiment (Italian: 132\u00b0 Reggimento Carri) is a tank regiment of the Italian Army based in Cordenons in Friuli Venezia Giulia. Originally the regiment, like all Italian tank units, was part of the infantry, but since 1 June 1999 it is part of the cavalry. Operationally the regiment is assigned to the 132nd Armored Brigade \"Ariete\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II\nThe 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment had been deployed to Italian Libya on 24 January 1941 to rebuild Italian forces after the Italian 10th Army had been annihilated during the British Operation Compass. The 32nd regiment fielded the I, II, and III tank battalions \"L\" with useless L3 tankettes and the VII, VIII, and IX tank battalions \"M\" with M13/40 tanks. As the regiment's L3/35 tankettes were useless the commander of the 132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\" General Ettore Baldassarre demanded repeatedly to be sent M13/40 tanks to re-equip the regiment's three \"L\" battalions or be sent \"M\" tank battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0001-0001", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II\nUltimately the High Command in Rome settled on a plan to repatriate the men of the 32nd and retrain them at the 32nd's depot in Verona. Therefore, the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment raised a new command company, which was transferred to Libya on 1 June 1941 and gave birth to the 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment on 1 September 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II\nAfter its activation the 132nd regiment received the three \"M\" battalions of its sister regiment, whose return to Italy was repeatedly postponed, until both regiments were heavily invested and decimated during the British Operation Crusader, fighting battles at Bir el Gubi on 19 November and 4-7 December and for Point 175 before retreating West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II\nAs the Ariete division had lost 76% of its men during Operation Crusader the 32nd regiment was taken out of the front on 31 December 1941 and sent to the rear. On 8 January 1942 the 32nd was disbanded and its personnel used to bring the 132nd regiment partially back up to strength for Erwin Rommel's second offensive. The 132nd regiment was now the only Italian tank regiment in the North African theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0004-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II\nIn February 1942 the 133rd Tank Infantry Regiment reached Libya. After its arrival the 133rd Tank Infantry Regiment was forced to cede two of its three battalions to units, who had been decimated during the Panzer Army Africa's advance to Gazala in the preceding weeks: the XI Tank Battalion \"M\" with M13/40 tanks was ceded to the 101st Motorized Division \"Trieste\", while the X Tank Battalion \"M\" with M14/41 tanks was ceded to the 132nd regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0004-0001", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II\nThis allowed the 132nd to disband the VII Tank Battalion \"M\", whose men and tanks were used to fill the gaps in the regiment's two remaining M13/40 tank battalions. As the 133rd's XII tank battalion had lost one of its companies to British warplanes in the Mediterranean the 132nd remained the only Italian tank regiment in the North African theater until the 133rd was able to move to the front on 31 May 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0005-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II, Battle of Gazala\nIn the meantime Rommel had renewed his offensive operations with the Battle of Gazala. The 132nd regiment fielded 169 tanks, 87 officers, 245 non-commissioned officers and 1,437 soldiers for the upcoming operation. The Ariete division was tasked to swing around the heavily fortified Bir Hakeim position and attack it from the rear. On 27 May 1942 the 132nd regiment encountered the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade at Rugbet el Atasc and sent its veteran VIII and IX medium tank battalions forward, while the fresh X medium tank battalion was in second line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0005-0001", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II, Battle of Gazala\nThe Indian position was overrun by the VIII and X battalions with the loss of 23 tanks, some of which were repairable on the field, 30 men killed and 50 wounded, while the Indian brigade lost 440 men killed and wounded and about 1,000 prisoners, including Admiral Sir Walter Cowan and most of its equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0006-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II, Battle of Gazala\nAfter over-running the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade, the tank battalions of the 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment moved to the north-east of Bir Hakeim and the IX Battalion with sixty tanks, changed direction towards the fort of Bir Hakeim defended by the 1st Free French Brigade. The IX Battalion arrived before the Bir Hakeim minefield and barbed wire at 8:15 a.m., charged and lost 31 tanks and a Semovente 75/18 self-propelled gun. Ten tanks got through the minefield and were knocked out by French 75 mm anti-tank guns, causing 124 Italian casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0006-0001", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II, Battle of Gazala\nThe remnants of the IX Battalion retired to the main body of the Ariete, which moved north towards Bir el Harmat around noon, following Rommel's original plan, while the Battle of Bir Hakeim continued for another two weeks. After having defeated the British at Gazala the Axis offensive continued with the capture of Tobruk and the Battle of Mersa Matruh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0007-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II, El Alamein\nAfter having pursued the British Eighth Army to El Alamein Rommel attacked on 1 July 1942 in the First Battle of El Alamein. By 3 July Axis forces were heavily decimated and Rommel paused his attack, which allowed the 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment to pull back to the abandoned British RAF El Daba airfield where the VIII tank battalion had to be disbanded to bring the remaining two battalions partially up to strength. By 15 July the 132nd was back at the front attacking the 22nd British Armoured Brigade to the south of Ruweisat Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0008-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II, El Alamein\nIn early August the 132nd received the XIII Tank Battalion \"M\" with M13/40 tanks, which originally had been raised by the 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment's depot in Verona for service in Libya, but had been assigned to the 31st Tank Infantry Regiment instead. Now again at full strength the 132nd was ready for Rommel's next attempt to break through at El Alamein. During the resulting Battle of Alam el Halfa the regiment was heavily engaged at El Qattara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0009-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II, El Alamein\nOn 23 October 1942 the Second Battle of El Alamein commenced during which the 132nd regiment clashed repeatedly with British armored formations, but on 4 November the entire Ariete Division was encircled by the 7th British Armoured Division and annihilated. The 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment was declared lost 20 November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0010-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II, El Alamein\nThe few survivors of the 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment, 133rd Tank Infantry Regiment, and XI Tank Battalion \"M\" of the 101st Motorized Division \"Trieste\" were grouped together in the \"Cantaluppi\" Group, an ad hoc formation commanded by Colonel Gaetano Cantaluppi, which received the XIV Tank Battalion \"M\" with M14/41 tanks from the 31st Tank Infantry Regiment, after that regiment's arrival in North Africa. The \"Cantaluppi\" Group went on to form the short-lived 132nd Anti -tank Regiment, whose creation as officially sanctioned as having been on 5 December 1942 and which was declared lost on 18 April 1943 after the Battle of El Guettar in the Tunisian Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0011-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II, El Alamein\nFor its service from Bir el Gubi to El Alamein the 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment was awarded a Gold Medal of Military Valour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0012-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II, Sardinia\nAfter having been destroyed twice the 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment was raised again on 21 March 1944 in Sardinia, as part of the Italian Co-belligerent Army. While the 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment had been sent to Sardinia in September 1942 to defend the island against an allied invasion, then 132nd regiment's task was to manage and maintain the equipment of the for a number of reserve battalions. During this time the regiment's structure was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0013-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II, Sardinia\nOn 15 May 1944 the Infantry Division \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" was raised again in Sardinia and the 32nd and 132nd regiments joined the division, which remained static on the island. On 27 August 1944 the 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment was disbanded, followed by the Granatieri division on 31 August, and 32nd regiment on 2 October 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0014-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War\nImmediately after ratification of the peace treaty between the allies and Italy on 15 September 1947 the Italians began to rebuild their army. A first tank battalion with M4 Sherman tanks was raised in spring 1948 in Rome, which moved in June to Casarsa della Delizia to make room for a second M4 Sherman tank battalion. On 10 July 1948 the two battalions were used to form the 1st Tankers Regiment in Rome, which joined the Armored Brigade \"Ariete\" on 7 September 1948. The brigade had been reformed earlier on 1 June 1948 without units. Regiment and brigade moved in fall 1948 to the Friuli Venezia Giulia region - the regiment to Casarsa della Delizia and the brigade headquarters to Pordenone. On 1 April 1949 the 1st Tankers Regiment was renamed 132nd Tankers Regiment \"Ariete\" and on 28 April 1950 it moved to Aviano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0015-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War\nOn 1 October 1952 the Armored Brigade \"Ariete\" was expanded to Armored Division \"Ariete\" and consequently the 132nd regiment raised a third M4 Sherman tank battalion in 1953, but had to cede it to the reformed 31st Tankers Regiment within a few weeks. In 1954 the regiment formed a M26 Pershing tank battalion for itself and its two other battalions were also re-equipped with M26 Pershing tanks. In 1955 the three battalions of the regiment were renumbered and given the traditions of three of the battalions that had served with the 132nd during the Western Desert Campaign. In December 1958 the regiment was renamed 132nd Tank Regiment. At this time the regiment was structured as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0016-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War\nOn 1 March 1964 the 32nd Tank Regiment was reformed and joined the 132nd in the Ariete Division. During the same year the 132nd Tank Regiment ceded its VII Tank Battalion to the 8th Bersaglieri Regiment and received the XXXVIII Bersaglieri Battalion in return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0017-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War, 8th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Secchiaroli\"\nDuring the 1975 army reform the 132nd Tank Regiment was disbanded on 31 October 1975 and its VIII Tank Battalion became the 8th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Secchiaroli\", while the X Tank Battalion became the 10th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Bruno\", and its XXXVIII Bersaglieri Battalion became the 27th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Jamiano\". The war flag and traditions of the disbanded regiment were assigned to the 8th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Secchiaroli\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0017-0001", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War, 8th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Secchiaroli\"\nTank and armored battalions created during the 1975 army reform were all named for officers, soldiers and partisans, who were posthumously awarded Italy's highest military honor the Gold Medal of Military Valour for heroism during World War II. The 8th Tank Battalion's name commemorated 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment Corporal Giovanni Secchiaroli, who had fought with the VIII Tank Battalion in North Africa and was killed in action on 27 May 1942 during the Battle of Rugbet el Atasc. Equipped with M60A1 Patton main battle tanks the battalion joined the Armored Brigade \"Manin\", whose headquarters had been formed from the 132nd Tank Regiment's headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0018-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War, 10th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Bruno\"\nThe 10th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Bruno\" was formed during the 1975 army reform by renaming the X Tank Battalion of the 132nd Tank Regiment. The 10th Bruno received the war flag and traditions of the 133rd Tank Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 80], "content_span": [81, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0019-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War, 10th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Bruno\"\nIn 1986 the Italian Army disbanded its remaining divisions and to retain the historically significant name \"Ariete\" the Armored Brigade \"Manin\" was renamed Armored Brigade \"Ariete\" on 1 October 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 80], "content_span": [81, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0020-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Recent times\nAfter the end of the Cold War the Italian Army began to reorganize its forces and for traditional reasons battalions were renamed as regiments without changing size or composition. On 27 July 1992 the 8th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Secchiaroli\" entered the newly reformed 132nd Tank Regiment. On 31 July 1995 the 63rd Tank Regiment in Cordenons transferred from the Mechanized Brigade \"Mantova\" to the Ariete brigade and on 30 November of the same year the 63rd Tank Regiment was renamed as 132nd Tank Regiment and the tank unit in Aviano was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0021-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Recent times\nFrom 29 December 1992 to 15 March 1994 the regiment participated with in the international Unified Task Force and UNOSOM II missions in Somalia. For its conduct and service in Somalia the regiment was awarded a Bronze Medal of Army Valour, which was affixed to the regiment's war flag and added to the regiment's coat of arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009963-0022-0000", "contents": "132nd Tank Regiment (Italy), Current structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Company fields the following platoons: C3 Platoon, Transport and Materiel Platoon, Medical Platoon, and Commissariat Platoon. In total the regiment fields 54x Ariete main battle tanks: 13x per company, plus one for the battalion commander and one for the regiment commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing\nThe 132nd Wing, sometimes written 132d Wing, (132 WG) is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Iowa Air National Guard and located at Des Moines Air National Guard Base, Iowa. The 132nd's World War II predecessor unit, the 365th Fighter Group was a IX Fighter Command unit, serving in the European Theater of Operations. The 365th, known as the \"Hell Hawks\", was one of the most successful P-47 Thunderbolt fighter groups of the Ninth Air Force when it came to air combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0000-0001", "contents": "132nd Wing\nThe 365th was awarded two Distinguished Unit Citations; Order of the Day, Belgium Army; Belgium Fourrag\u00e8re, and the Belgium Croix de Guerre. The 365th Fighter Group flew its last mission on 8 May 1945. After having operated manned fighter aircraft for all of its prior history, the wing was equipped with the MQ-9 Reaper unmanned aerial vehicle in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, World War II\nConstituted as the 365th Fighter Group on 27 April 1943. Activated on 15 May 1943. Trained with P-47's. Moved to RAF Gosfield, England in December 1943. Assigned to Ninth Air Force. It was several weeks before the 365th received a full complement of 75 P-47D Thunderbolts and mid-February 1944 before they were placed on operational status. Their first mission, flown on 22 February, was a bomber support sweep of short duration over enemy-held territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, World War II\nEarly missions were flown in support of Eighth Air Force B-17 and B-24 bomber operations and on one of these on 2 March, the 365th had its first encounter with enemy fighters in the Bastogne area, resulting in the loss of one Thunderbolt and claims of six of the enemy shot down. Oberstleutnant Egon Mayer, one of the most successful Luftwaffe aces flying in the West with 102 victories, fell in this battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0003-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, World War II\nOn 5 March, with only nine missions to its credit, the group moved south to RAF Beaulieu in Hampshire. The group was stood down three days after arrival so that it could undertake a two-week intensive course in ground attack and fighter-bombing. After training, the 365th flew dive-bombing missions to attack such targets as bridges, aerodromes, rail facilities, gun positions, and V-weapon sites prior to the invasion of the Continent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0004-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, World War II\nOn D-Day, its duties were attacking gun emplacements and communications facilities behind the bridgehead. Two P-47s were lost. On the following day when 12 separate squadron-sized missions were flown five aircraft failed to return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0005-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, World War II\nAn unusual accident occurred on 9 June when two P-47s being delivered to Beaulieu by ferry pilots landed on different runways at the same time and collided at the runway intersection with one pilot being killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0006-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, World War II\nThe 365th was one of the most successful P-47 groups of the Ninth Air Force when it came to air combat, and a total of 29 enemy aircraft were credited as shot down during the four months the group operated from Beaulieu. On 25 June, the 365th had one of its best days when eight enemy fighter-bombers were destroyed. On 2 July, Lieutenant Colonel Robert L. Coffey, Jr., the Air Executive, became the Ninth Air Force's third Thunderbolt ace. As with other P-47 groups, losses were modest until ground attack became a regular task in June. All told, 24 P-47s were 'missing in action' during their stay at Beaulieu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0007-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, World War II\nThe 365th Group began its move to the Continent on 21 June, the first squadron taking up residence at Azeville, France (A-71) on 26 June, the last moving out of Beaulieu on 28 June and the rear party on 2 July providing tactical air support in support of U.S. First Army. On the continent, the group moved rapidly from one airfield to another, eventually winding up near Fritzlar, Germany (Y-86) on VE-Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0008-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, World War II\nAfter the end of hostilities, the 365th Fighter Group took part in the disarmament program until June, then returned to the United States in September 1945, being inactivated at Camp Myles Standish, near Taunton, Massachusetts on 22 September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0009-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard\nThe redesignated group was formed with three fighter squadrons, consisting of the 124th Fighter Squadron at Des Moines; the 174th Fighter Squadron at Sioux City, and the 175th Fighter Squadron at Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Engaged in routine training exercises, and was upgraded to F-84B Thunderjet jet aircraft in early 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0010-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard\nThe War Department authorized the establishment of Air National Guard units in all 48 states, with three units comprising a wing based in Sioux Falls, Sioux City and Des Moines, Iowa. The Air National Guard wing was organized by Colonel Frederick C. Gray, Jr. who was a veteran of the RAF and 8th Air Force during World War II. Colonel Gray, based in Des Moines, Iowa, acted as wing senior instructor for the three Air National Guard units which comprised the wing. Col. Gray's appointment was made by Brigadier General Charles H. Grahl, Iowa Adjutant General, on 26 June 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0011-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard\nIn 1946, Oscar Randolph Fladmark was appointed to the rank of Captain and the duty of a Flight Commander with the Air National Guard 175th Fighter Squadron based in Sioux Falls. Fladmark's appointment was approved by Colonel E.A. Beckwith, South Dakota Adjutant General in Rapid City, South Dakota on 20 September 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0012-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nActivated to Federal Service during the Korean War, sent to Dow AFB, Maine. Used by TAC to train replacement pilots in F-51D Mustang ground support operations, also deployed unit members to Japan and Korea to fly combat missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0013-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nIn February 1951, Colonel Gray was reunited with a flying friend Capt. Fladmark when he reactivated the 35th Fighter-Interceptor Wing. The 35th Fighter-Interceptor Wing was a component of the 5th Air Force, Far East Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0014-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nThe Wing was moved to Alexandria AFB, Louisiana in May 1952 again with F-51s replacing the federalized Oklahoma ANG 137th Fighter-Bomber Wing which was deployed to France. Performed training as a tactical fighter unit until relieved from active service and returned to Iowa ANG jurisdiction in January 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0015-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Cold War\nDuring 1952, over one million dollars of federally funded improvements were added to the Des Moines airport. The work included the addition of 1,800 feet to the main runway and 3,480 feet of taxiways to better accommodate the wing receiving jet aircraft upon their return to peacetime service. After returning to Des Moines, the wing was re-equipped with F-80C Shooting Star jet fighter-bombers and returned to normal peacetime training committed to Tactical Air Command. It was later upgraded with newer F-84E Thunderjets in 1955. The wing was transferred to Air Defense Command in July 1958, becoming an all-weather F-86L Sabre Interceptor squadron, its new mission being the air defense of Des Moines and eastern Iowa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0016-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn June 1960, the Lincoln, Nebraska-based 173rd FIS was reassigned to the new Nebraska ANG 155th Fighter-Interceptor Group when the squadron was expanded to a group-level organization. In a similar reassignment, the Sioux City-based 174th FIS was reassigned to the 185th Tactical Fighter Group on 30 September 1962. The F-86Ls of the remaining 124th FIS were replaced  with F-89J Scorpion Interceptors, which the squadron flew until the summer of 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0017-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe 132nd was transferred back to TAC in 1969, being re-equipped with second-line F-84F Thunderstreaks, the standard TAC aircraft for its Air National Guard-gained squadrons at the time. The 132nd upgraded to the F-100D Super Sabre aircraft, which were returning from South Vietnam in 1971, and being transferred to the ANG to replace the subsonic F-84's. The wing began receiving new and transferred A-7D Corsair II ground attack aircraft in 1976 when the National Guard Bureau began modernizing the ANG with frontline aircraft after the drawdown of the regular Air Force following the end of the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0018-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Cold War\nWith the retirement of the A-7Ds in the late 1980s, the wing was upgraded to Block 42 F-16C Fighting Falcons in 1990. From 1998 to 2004, as part of the Air Expeditionary Force concept, the wing had an unprecedented six overseas contingency deployments to patrol the No-Fly Zone over Iraq in Operations Northern and Southern Watch. Two of the six contingency deployments occurred within a ten-month period, attesting to the unit's professionalism and high state of readiness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0019-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Modern era\nImmediately following the events of 11 September 2001, the 124th Fighter Squadron's F-16s, pilots, and maintenance members were placed on alert, poised to defend Iowans and all Americans against any possible attacks. After 9/11 the unit's F-16's were prepared to launch within minutes in the event of a \"scramble\" order \u2013 24/7. The unit has also provided continuous Combat Air Patrols during Presidential visits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0020-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Modern era\nThe unit was deployed to Al Udeid AB, Qatar in 2005 in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The squadron performed in an exceptional manner, exhibiting an impressive array of capabilities. Outstanding leadership and superb aircraft maintenance skills produced 456 sorties and 3145 flying hours in austere conditions. Total flying hours during this contingency equaled to over three-fourths of a year's normal flying allocation in only 52 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0021-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Modern era\nThe Wing was validated as the \"Best of the Best\" following its Operation Readiness Inspection in 2004, by Air Combat Command (ACC). Seventy-three percent of 154 rated areas were graded as Outstanding or Excellent. The Excellent rating was received in each of the four major rated areas of Initial Response, Employment, Mission Support, and Ability to Survive and Operate, a precedent that had not been accomplished by a fighter wing in recent inspections. The 132nd Fighter Wing's rating was one of the highest achieved by an Active Duty, Air Force Reserve, or Air National Guard wing in several years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0021-0001", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn addition, the Logistics Readiness Squadron received the 2005 Air Reserve Component Base Logistics Activity of the Year Award and the Maintenance Group received the 2005 Air National Guard's Maintenance Effectiveness Award. As a result of its outstanding efforts and commitment to excellence, the Wing was awarded its seventh Air Force Outstanding Unit Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0022-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Modern era\nLess than a week after Hurricane Katrina, 12 members of the 132nd Medical Group teamed up with 19 members of the Sioux City 185th Air Refueling Wing and headed south to bring aid to those injured or sick because of the storm. The team treated 80 to 100 patients a day with ailments ranging from minor cuts to dehydration and acute skin infections caused by exposure to bacteria-laden sewer water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0023-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Modern era\nThe 132nd Fighter Wing received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award in 2009. It was the eighth time the unit was the recipient of this prestigious award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0024-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Mission Change\nCongressional actions removed the wing's fighters from the base, with the transition beginning in FY 2013. The last regularly scheduled F-16 flights occurred in August 2013, after which the unit's 21 F-16s were transferred to the New Jersey Air National Guard's 177th Fighter Wing at Atlantic City Air National Guard Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 60], "content_span": [61, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0025-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Mission Change\nIt was initially suggested to transition the wing to the A-10 Thunderbolt II however in light of the increased need for cyber warfare, intelligence, and RPA capacity by the U.S. Air Force as well as highly technical skills and training that went with this mission the Iowa legislature lobbied successfully for the 132nd to reclassify into the ISR and RPA mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 60], "content_span": [61, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0026-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Mission Change\nThe loss of the Falcons created some debate over the base's status as an aeronautical base with a true flying mission, and the airport threatened legal action to begin charging a full market-value lease. This was addressed by the reassignment of UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters from Company C, 2nd Battalion, 147th Aviation, Iowa Army National Guard, from Boone, IA to the base, occupying the hangars that held fixed-wing Air Force fighters for 70 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 60], "content_span": [61, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0027-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Mission Change\nBecause of the excellent work during its challenging mission change, the 132d Wing was selected for its 11th Air Force Outstanding Unit Award in August 2016. As it brought all of its new missions to full operating capacity under budget and ahead of schedule, the Wing was awarded its 12th decoration of the award at the end of 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 60], "content_span": [61, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0028-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Current Missions\nThe wing moved from a manned fighter wing to a multi-mission unit, including the operation of Remotely Piloted Aircraft, an ISR group, and a cyber operations squadron, adding them to the unit's distributed training operations center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 62], "content_span": [63, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0029-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Current Missions\nThe 132nd Operations Group operates the MQ-9 Reaper, a remotely piloted aircraft. Aircrew based and physically located in Des Moines carry out missions in all corners of the world. These aircrews provide real-time full-motion video and flexible strike capabilities to combatant commanders around the globe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 62], "content_span": [63, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0030-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Current Missions\nThe 132nd ISR Group provides intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance research and analysis capabilities to enable combatant commanders' planning and operational decision making. Through the use of intelligence information and training, the analysts of this group determine the strengths and weaknesses of an enemy target complex and pass that information off to Weaponeers who determine the best aim point and weapon to achieve the desired target destruction. As part of the 25th Air Force, the 132 ISRG received the Air Force Meritorious Unit Award in late 2017, 2018, and 2020 for participation in targeting operations worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 62], "content_span": [63, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0031-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Current Missions\nThe 168th Cyberspace Operations Squadron is tasked with analyzing and protecting networks and systems by determining vulnerabilities and implementing solutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 62], "content_span": [63, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009964-0032-0000", "contents": "132nd Wing, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Current Missions\nThe Distributed Training Operations Center (DTOC) is the Iowa Air National Guard center for Distributed Mission Operations (located in Des Moines). It operates as a wing detachment. Distributed Mission Operations (DMO) is a component of the Air Force Training Transformation initiative. While the center organizes DMO events primarily for Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve Command pilots, DTOC also facilitates training between Air National Guard fighter pilots and warfighters in the U.S. Army, Air Force Reserve, Navy, and allied forces. The center also has the capability to include non-virtual assets into the simulation, allowing pilots in physical aircraft to participate in the exercises. Such virtual training exercises save the Air Force substantial funds over gathering assets for real-life exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 62], "content_span": [63, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009965-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd meridian east\nThe meridian 132\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, Australia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009965-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd meridian east\nThe 132nd meridian east forms a great circle with the 48th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009965-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 132nd meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009966-0000-0000", "contents": "132nd meridian west\nThe meridian 132\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009966-0001-0000", "contents": "132nd meridian west\nThe 132nd meridian west forms a great circle with the 48th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009966-0002-0000", "contents": "132nd meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 132nd meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009967-0000-0000", "contents": "133 (number)\n133 (one hundred [and] thirty-three) is the natural number following 132 and preceding 134.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009967-0001-0000", "contents": "133 (number), In mathematics\n133 is an n whose divisors (excluding n itself) added up divide \u03c6(n). It is an octagonal number and a Harshad number. It is also a happy number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009967-0002-0000", "contents": "133 (number), In mathematics\n133 is a repdigit in base 11 (111) and base 18 (77), whilst in base 20 it is a cyclic number formed from the reciprocal of the number three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009967-0003-0000", "contents": "133 (number), In mathematics\n133 is a semiprime: a product of two prime numbers, namely 7 and 19. Since those prime factors are Gaussian primes, this means that 133 is a Blum integer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009968-0000-0000", "contents": "133 BC\nYear 133 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Scaevola and Frugi (or, less frequently, year 621 Ab urbe condita) and the Second Year of Yuanguang. The denomination 133 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009969-0000-0000", "contents": "133 Cyrene\nCyrene, minor planet designation 133 Cyrene, is a fairly large and very bright main-belt asteroid that was discovered by J. C. Watson on 16 August 1873, and named after Cyrene, a nymph, daughter of king Hypseus and beloved of Apollo in Greek mythology. It is classified as an S-type asteroid based upon its spectrum. It is listed as a member of the Hecuba group of asteroids that orbit near the 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009969-0001-0000", "contents": "133 Cyrene\nIn the Tholen classification system, it is categorized as a stony SR-type asteroid. Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Altimira Observatory in 1985 gave a light curve with a period of 12.707 \u00b1 0.015 hours and a brightness variation of 0.22 in magnitude. This result matches previous measurements reported in 1984 and 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009970-0000-0000", "contents": "133 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 133 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Knights of The Twin Tail, is an F-15A/B/D fighter squadron based at Tel Nof Airbase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009971-0000-0000", "contents": "1330\nYear 1330 (MCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009972-0000-0000", "contents": "1330 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1330\u00a0kHz: 1330 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009973-0000-0000", "contents": "1330 Spiridonia\n1330 Spiridonia, provisional designation 1925 DB, is a dark background asteroid of primitive composition, located in the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 65 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 February 1925, by Soviet astronomer Vladimir Albitsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after the discoverer's brother-in-law, Spiridon Zaslavskij.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009973-0001-0000", "contents": "1330 Spiridonia, Orbit and classification\nSpiridonia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,061 days; semi-major axis of 3.17\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009973-0002-0000", "contents": "1330 Spiridonia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A922 SA at Heidelberg Observatory in September 1922. The body's observation arc begins at Yerkes Observatory in October 1934, more than 9 years after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009973-0003-0000", "contents": "1330 Spiridonia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Spiridonia is a primitive P-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009973-0004-0000", "contents": "1330 Spiridonia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Spiridonia have been obtained from photometric observations since 2004. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve by American photometrist Robert Stephens at the Santana Observatory (646) from April 2005, gave a rotation period of 9.67 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009973-0005-0000", "contents": "1330 Spiridonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Spiridonia measures between 50.73 and 78.496 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.029 and 0.06.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009973-0006-0000", "contents": "1330 Spiridonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0580 and a diameter of 55.17 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009973-0007-0000", "contents": "1330 Spiridonia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the discoverer's brother-in-law, Spiridon Zaslavskij (1883\u20131942), who was also the uncle of Viktorovich Zaslavskij (1925\u20131944), after whom the discoverer named the asteroid 1030\u00a0Vitja. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 July 1968 (M.P.C. 2882).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009975-0000-0000", "contents": "1330 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1330 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009976-0000-0000", "contents": "1330s\nThe 1330s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1330, and ended on December 31, 1339.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009977-0000-0000", "contents": "1330s BC\nThe 1330s BC is a decade which lasted from 1339 BC to 1330 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009979-0000-0000", "contents": "1330s in art\nThe decade of the 1330s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009979-0001-0000", "contents": "1330s in art, Works\nPetrarch's Virgil (title page) (c. 1336) Illuminated manuscript, 29,5 x 20\u00a0cm \u2013 Simone MartiniBiblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 19], "content_span": [20, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009979-0002-0000", "contents": "1330s in art, Works\nThe Annunciation with St. Margaret and St. Asano, Simone Martini, 1333", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 19], "content_span": [20, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009981-0000-0000", "contents": "1330s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009981-0001-0000", "contents": "1330s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009981-0002-0000", "contents": "1330s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009982-0000-0000", "contents": "1331\nYear 1331 (MCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009984-0000-0000", "contents": "1331 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1331 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009985-0000-0000", "contents": "1332\nYear 1332 (MCCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009986-0000-0000", "contents": "1332 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1332\u00a0kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009987-0000-0000", "contents": "1332 Marconia\n1332 Marconia, provisional designation 1934 AA, is a dark asteroid and the parent body of the Marconia family located in the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It measures approximately 46 kilometers (29 miles) in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 9 January 1934, by Italian astronomer Luigi Volta at the Observatory of Turin in Pino Torinese, northern Italy. It was named for Italian electrical engineer Guglielmo Marconi. The uncommon L-type asteroid has a rotation period of 19.2 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009987-0001-0000", "contents": "1332 Marconia, Orbit and classification\nMarconia is the parent body of the Marconia family (636), a tiny asteroid family of less than 50 known members. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 4 months (1,958 days; semi-major axis of 3.06\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009987-0002-0000", "contents": "1332 Marconia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed in October 1905, as A905 UD at Heidelberg Observatory, where the body's observation arc begins as A924 EH in March 1924, almost 10 years prior to its official discovery observation at Pino Torinese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009987-0003-0000", "contents": "1332 Marconia, Physical characteristics\nMarconia has been characterized as an L-type asteroid in the Bus\u2013DeMeo taxonomic system, while in the SMASS classification, it is an Ld-subtype that transitions between the L-type and D-type asteroids. The overall spectral type for members of the Marconia family is that of a carbonaceous C-type and X-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009987-0004-0000", "contents": "1332 Marconia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn September 2012, a first rotational lightcurve of Marconia was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at his Santana Observatory (646) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 19.16 hours with a brightness variation of 0.30 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009987-0005-0000", "contents": "1332 Marconia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nA 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database, gave a concurring sidereal period of 19.2264 hours, as well as a spin axes of (37.0\u00b0, 31.0\u00b0) and (220.0\u00b0, 31.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2). Conversely, another lightcurve inversion study by an international collaboration gave a longer spin rate of 32.1201 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009987-0006-0000", "contents": "1332 Marconia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Marconia measures between 44.93 and 52.009 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.063.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009987-0007-0000", "contents": "1332 Marconia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0527 and a diameter of 43.90 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009987-0008-0000", "contents": "1332 Marconia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Guglielmo Marconi (1874\u20131937), an Italian electrical engineer, pioneer and inventor of radio. In 1909, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics together with Karl Ferdinand Braun (also see List of Nobel laureates in Physics \u00a7\u00a0Laureates). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 121). The lunar crater Marconi was also named in his honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009989-0000-0000", "contents": "1332 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1332 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009990-0000-0000", "contents": "1333\nYear 1333 (MCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009991-0000-0000", "contents": "1333 Cevenola\n1333 Cevenola, provisional designation 1934 DA, is a binary Eunomian asteroid from the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 February 1934, by French astronomer Odette Bancilhon at Algiers Observatory, Algeria in Northern Africa. It was named after the French mountain-range C\u00e9vennes, via the Occitan feminine adjective/demonym ceven\u00f2la (c\u00e9venole in French).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009991-0001-0000", "contents": "1333 Cevenola, Description\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Eunomia family. More specifically, it is estimated to have a Sq spectral type, which would also agree with its family classification. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,560 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009991-0002-0000", "contents": "1333 Cevenola, Description\nPhotometric lightcurve observations gave a well determined rotation period of 4.88 hours with a brightness variation between 0.57 and 1.1 magnitude (U=3/3/3/3/3). The asteroid has a geometric albedo of 0.21, as measured by the Japanese Infrared Satellite, Akari, and by Spitzer's Infrared Spectrograph (IRS). Observations by the NEO-/Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer missions gave a somewhat different result of 0.17 and 0.38, respectively. Determinations of the asteroid's diameter resulted in 11 kilometers for Spitzer and WISE/NEOWISE, 15 kilometer for AKARAI and the LCDB's best calculations, and 17 kilometers for the preliminary results of the NEOWISE mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009991-0003-0000", "contents": "1333 Cevenola, Description\nIn October 2008, the discovery of a satellite in orbit of Cevenola was announced. The moon measures approximately 6 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009991-0004-0000", "contents": "1333 Cevenola, Description\nThe asteroid was named after the C\u00e9vennes, a mountain range in southern France at the eastern rim of the Massif Central. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 121).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009992-0000-0000", "contents": "1333 H Street\n1333 H Street is a high-rise building in Northwest Washington, D.C. The building rises 12 floors and 157 feet (48\u00a0m) in height.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009992-0001-0000", "contents": "1333 H Street, History\n1333 H Street contains two connected buildings; the older west tower and the more recent east tower that was built in 1912 and 1982, respectively. Therefore, they have different architectural styles; the west tower exemplifies Beaux-Arts architecture, while the east tower is an example of modern architecture. Additionally, the building's entire facade incorporates glass, granite, and limestone as its material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009992-0002-0000", "contents": "1333 H Street, History\nThe building's ownership has changed several times. The first owner of the building was George Washington University. In 2008, it was bought by Miller Global Properties LLC, co-chaired by Myron Miller and Eyal Ofer of Global Holdings, who paid $130.7 million or about $486 per square foot to acquire it. It later sold the office to the MRP Realty and Rockpoint Group in 2014. After less than a half year ownership, the company sold the building for $162.5 million to the TA Realty, a company under Rockefeller Group in late 2015. Following the acquisition, the building was renovated in 2017. The renovation project included the new lobby, facade, and transition change between the towers. It was overseen by the previous owner, MRP Realty and managed by Davis Construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009992-0003-0000", "contents": "1333 H Street, Ranking\nAs of July 2008, the structure stands as the 24th-tallest building in the city, tied in rank with 1620 L Street, 1010 Mass, 1000 Connecticut Avenue, the Republic Building, 1111 19th Street, the Army and Navy Club Building and the Watergate Hotel and Office Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009992-0004-0000", "contents": "1333 H Street, Tenants\nThe structure is composed almost entirely of office space, with 802,500 square feet (75,000\u00a0m2) of commercial area; the lower levels are used as parking and retail space. Tenants include the Center for American Progress, Pivotal Ventures, the Institute for International Finance, Reuters, and Democracy Forward, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009995-0000-0000", "contents": "1333 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1333 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009996-0000-0000", "contents": "1334\nYear 1334 (MCCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009997-0000-0000", "contents": "1334 Lundmarka\n1334 Lundmarka, provisional designation 1934 OB, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 July 1934, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named after Swedish astronomer Knut Lundmark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009997-0001-0000", "contents": "1334 Lundmarka, Orbit and classification\nLundmarka is classified as C-type and X-type asteroid by the LCDB and Pan-STARRS, respectively. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 12 months (1,817 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg, as no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009997-0002-0000", "contents": "1334 Lundmarka, Rotation period\nA rotational lightcurve of Lundmarka was obtained from photometric observations made at the Australian Oakley Southern Sky Observatory (E09) in September 2014. The lightcurve gave a rotation period of 6.250\u00b10.003 hours with a brightness variation of 0.70 in magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009997-0003-0000", "contents": "1334 Lundmarka, Rotation period\nIn March 2016, a second period was published based on data from the Lowell Photometric Database. Using lightcurve inversion and convex shape models, as well as distributed computing power and the help of individual volunteers, a period of 6.25033\u00b10.00001 hours was derived from the database's sparse-in-time photometry data (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009997-0004-0000", "contents": "1334 Lundmarka, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Lundmarka measures 29.8 and 27.6 kilometers in diameter, respectively, and its surface has a corresponding albedo of 0.06 and 0.24. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an intermediary albedo of 0.146 and a diameter of 30.4 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009997-0005-0000", "contents": "1334 Lundmarka, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of Swedish astronomer Knut Lundmark (1889\u20131958), who was the head of the Lund Observatory. He thoroughly analyzed galaxies and globular clusters, and pioneered in measuring galactic distances and absolute stellar magnitudes. Lundmark also appeared in national radio with programs on popular astronomy and the history of science. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 121). The lunar crater Lundmark is also named in his honour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00009999-0000-0000", "contents": "1334 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1334 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010000-0000-0000", "contents": "1334 papal conclave\nThe 1334 papal conclave (13 December to 20 December) elected Jacques Fournier as Pope Benedict XII to succeed Pope John XXII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010000-0001-0000", "contents": "1334 papal conclave, Cardinals\nTwenty-four cardinals attended the Conclave of December, 1334. Their names are listed by Konrad Eubel in Hierarchia catholica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010000-0002-0000", "contents": "1334 papal conclave, Politics\nAn early favorite among the papabile was Cardinal Jean-Raymond de Comminges, Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina, son of Count Bernard VI of Comminges and Laura de Montfort. The French cardinals, led by Elie de Talleyrand-P\u00e9rigord, naturally did not want to leave their native France for the plague-infested and unfriendly city of Rome. And since the Orsini faction did want to return to Rome, the Colonna faction chose the exact opposite, and joined the French.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010000-0002-0001", "contents": "1334 papal conclave, Politics\nA sufficient number of cardinals agreed to support him (2/3, or a minimum of 16 in number), and thus he could have been elected Pope, had he been willing to swear to a condition not to return the papacy to Rome. Understandably, he refused his consent to the election on those terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010000-0003-0000", "contents": "1334 papal conclave, Politics\nThe Cistercian cardinal, Jacques Fournier, was elected on the evening of 20 December 1334, after Vespers, on the eighth day of the Conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010000-0004-0000", "contents": "1334 papal conclave, Politics\nThe cardinals in conclave, most of whom opposed a return to Rome, demanded of Cardinal de Comminges whose election seemed assured, the promise to remain at Avignon. His refusal precipitated an unexpected canvass for candidates. On the first ballot, 20 December, 1334, many electors, intending to sound the mind of the conclave, voted for the unlikely Cardinal Fournier, who, though he was one of the few men of real merit in the college, was but lightly regarded because of his obscure origin and lack of wealth and following. He amazed the conclave by receiving the necessary two-thirds vote. On 8 January, 1335, he was enthroned as Benedict XII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010001-0000-0000", "contents": "1335\nYear 1335 (MCCCXXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010002-0000-0000", "contents": "1335 Demoulina\n1335 Demoulina, provisional designation 1934 RE, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in 1934, the asteroid was named after Prof. Demoulin, a Belgian astronomer at Ghent University. It has a slower-than average spin rate of nearly 75 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010002-0001-0000", "contents": "1335 Demoulina, Discovery\nDemoulina was discovered on 7 September 1934, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. Six nights later, it was independently discovered by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at Uccle Observatory on 13 September 1934. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010002-0002-0000", "contents": "1335 Demoulina, Orbit and classification\nDemoulina is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the asteroid belt. However, it is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010002-0003-0000", "contents": "1335 Demoulina, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,225 days; semi-major axis of 2.24\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010002-0004-0000", "contents": "1335 Demoulina, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Demoulina was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomers Lawrence Molnar and Melissa Haegert at the Calvin\u2013Rehoboth Observatory in New Mexico. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 74.86 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.78 magnitude (U=2+). While not being a slow rotator, Demoulina's period is significantly longer than that for most asteroids. Its high brightness amplitude also indicates that it has an irregular or elongated shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010002-0005-0000", "contents": "1335 Demoulina, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nOther photometric lightcurves which are based on a single night of observation are rated poorly (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010002-0006-0000", "contents": "1335 Demoulina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Demoulina measures between 6.35 and 7.684 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2073 and 0.26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010002-0007-0000", "contents": "1335 Demoulina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the parent body of the Flora family, and calculates a diameter of 7.47 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010002-0008-0000", "contents": "1335 Demoulina, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Prof. Demoulin, a Belgian astronomer at Ghent University. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 121).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010005-0000-0000", "contents": "1335 in Scotland\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 11:21, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010005-0001-0000", "contents": "1335 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1335 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010006-0000-0000", "contents": "133528 Ceragioli\n133528 Ceragioli, provisional designation 2003 TC2, is an asteroid of the Koronis family from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 1.75 kilometers (1.1 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 4 October 2003, by American astronomer David Healy at the Junk Bond Observatory in Arizona, United States. The likely stony and possibly elongated asteroid has a rotation period of 3.1 hours. It was named for American optician Roger Ceragioli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010006-0001-0000", "contents": "133528 Ceragioli, Orbit and classification\nCeragioli is a member of the Koronis family (605), a very large asteroid family with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits and named after 158 Koronis. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,764 days; semi-major axis of 2.86\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by Spacewatch in September 1998, or 5 years prior to its official discovery observation at the Junk Bond Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010006-0002-0000", "contents": "133528 Ceragioli, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after American optician Roger Ceragioli (born 1959) at the Steward Observatory Mirror Laboratory, whose projects include parts of the Bok Telescope and the MODS spectrograph for the Large Binocular Telescope. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 2007 (M.P.C. 59925).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010006-0003-0000", "contents": "133528 Ceragioli, Physical characteristics\nCeragioli is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, in line with the overall spectral type for members of the Koronis family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010006-0004-0000", "contents": "133528 Ceragioli, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Ceragioli was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.052\u00b10.0159 hours with a brightness variation of 0.35 magnitude (U=2), indicative of an elongated shape. Also in February 2010, David Polishook determined a similar period of 3.06\u00b10.04 hours with an amplitude of 0.25 magnitude (U=1+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010006-0005-0000", "contents": "133528 Ceragioli, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 and calculates a diameter of 1.75 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 15.95.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010007-0000-0000", "contents": "1336\nYear 1336 (MCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010008-0000-0000", "contents": "1336 Zeelandia\n1336 Zeelandia, provisional designation 1934 RW, is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 September 1934, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named for the Dutch province of Zeeland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010008-0001-0000", "contents": "1336 Zeelandia, Orbit and classification\nZeelandia belongs to the Koronis family (605), a very large asteroid family of 6,000 known members with stony composition and nearly co-planar  ecliptical orbits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010008-0002-0000", "contents": "1336 Zeelandia, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,757 days; semi-major axis of 2.85\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In October 1905, a first precovery was taken at the Lowell Observatory in Arizona. Its first identification as A906 YO was made at Taunton Observatory (803) in December 1906. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in September 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010008-0003-0000", "contents": "1336 Zeelandia, Physical characteristics\nZeelandia has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid in both the Tholen and SMASS classification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010008-0004-0000", "contents": "1336 Zeelandia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Zeelandia was obtained from photometric observations by a collaboration of American astronomers. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 15.602 hours with a brightness variation of 0.61 magnitude (U=3). The result was confirmed by photometrists Pierre Antonini, Federico Manzini, Julian Oey and Frederick Pilcher, as well as Hiromi and Hiroko Hamanowa, who measured a similar period of 15.624 with an amplitude of 0.50 magnitude in April 2005 (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010008-0005-0000", "contents": "1336 Zeelandia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Zeelandia measures between 19.18 and 23.63 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.153 and 0.273.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010008-0006-0000", "contents": "1336 Zeelandia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.2183 and a diameter of 20.99 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.66.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010008-0007-0000", "contents": "1336 Zeelandia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the Dutch province of Zeeland. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 121).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010011-0000-0000", "contents": "1337\nYear 1337 (MCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010012-0000-0000", "contents": "1337 Gerarda\n1337 Gerarda, provisional designation 1934 RA1, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 40 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 September 1934, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named after Gerarda Prins, the wife of an orbit computer at Leiden Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010012-0001-0000", "contents": "1337 Gerarda, Orbit and classification\nGerarda is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 12 months (1,814 days; semi-major axis of 2.91\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 18\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010012-0002-0000", "contents": "1337 Gerarda, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010012-0003-0000", "contents": "1337 Gerarda, Physical characteristics\nGerarda has been characterized as a dark and primitive P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). It has also been classified as an X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes it to be a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010012-0004-0000", "contents": "1337 Gerarda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 1984, a first rotational lightcurve of Gerarda was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.52 hours with a brightness variation of 0.23 magnitude (U=2). A similar period of 12.462 with an identical amplitude of 0.23 was measured by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in June 2012 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010012-0005-0000", "contents": "1337 Gerarda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Gerarda measures between 35.56 and 46.464 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0297 and 0.0441.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010012-0006-0000", "contents": "1337 Gerarda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nCALL derives an albedo of 0.0425 and a diameter of 38.84 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010012-0007-0000", "contents": "1337 Gerarda, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by Dutch astronomer Gerrit Pels, who computed this asteroid's orbit. It was named after Gerarda Prins, the wife of G. Prins, an orbit computer at Leiden Observatory. The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Lutz Schmadel, learned about the naming circumstances from Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld, who was herself a long-time staff member at the Leiden Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010015-0000-0000", "contents": "1337x\n1337x is a website that provides a directory of torrent files and magnet links used for peer-to-peer file sharing through the BitTorrent protocol. According to the TorrentFreak news blog, 1337x is the third most popular torrent website as of 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010015-0001-0000", "contents": "1337x, History\n1337x was founded in 2007 and saw increasing popularity in 2016 after the closure of KickassTorrents. In October 2016, it introduced a website redesign with new functionalities. The site is banned from Google search queries and does not appear when searching through Google search. This action was taken following a request by Feelgood Entertainment in 2015. In 2015 the site moved from its older .pl domain to .to, partly in order to evade the block.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010015-0002-0000", "contents": "1337x, History\n1337x's design can be compared to the now defunct h33t. It has been touted as an alternative to The Pirate Bay in face of its potential demise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010016-0000-0000", "contents": "1338\nYear 1338 (MCCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010017-0000-0000", "contents": "1338 Duponta\n1338 Duponta, provisional designation 1934 XA, is a stony Florian asteroid and synchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7.8 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010017-0001-0000", "contents": "1338 Duponta\nIt was discovered on 4 December 1934, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa. It was named after the discoverer's nephew, Marc Dupont. The asteroid's unnamed minor-planet moon was discovered in March 2007. It measures approximately 1.77 kilometers in diameter and has an orbital period of 17.57 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010017-0002-0000", "contents": "1338 Duponta, Orbit and classification\nDuponta is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,245 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Algiers in 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010017-0003-0000", "contents": "1338 Duponta, Physical characteristics\nDuponta is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, which agrees with the Flora family's overall spectral type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010017-0004-0000", "contents": "1338 Duponta, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Duponta was obtained from photometric observations by a collaboration of Czech (Ond\u0159ejov Observatory), Slovak (Modra Observatory), Australian and American astronomers. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.85453 hours with a brightness variation of 0.23 magnitude (U=3). Follow-up observations by Petr Pravec in 2007 and 2010, gave a concurring period of 3.85449 and 3.85453 hours with an amplitude of 0.26 and 0.23 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010017-0005-0000", "contents": "1338 Duponta, Physical characteristics, Moon\nDuring the photometric observations in 2007, it was also revealed that Duponta is a synchronous binary asteroid with a minor-planet moon orbiting it every 17.57(8) hours. Based on mutual eclipse and occultation events with a magnitude between 0.06 and 0.12, the binary system has a mean-diameter ratio of 0.23\u00b10.02, which translates into a diameter of 1.77 kilometers for the satellite. The minor planet moon has received the provisional designation S/2007 (1338) 1. It has an estimated semi-major axis of 14 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010017-0006-0000", "contents": "1338 Duponta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Duponta measures 7.470 and 7.875 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.2286 and 0.251, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010017-0007-0000", "contents": "1338 Duponta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE data, that is, an albedo of 0.2159 and a diameter of 7.885 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.798.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010017-0008-0000", "contents": "1338 Duponta, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after his nephew Marc Dupont. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 122).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010019-0000-0000", "contents": "1339\nYear 1339 (MCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010020-0000-0000", "contents": "1339 D\u00e9sagneauxa\n1339 D\u00e9sagneauxa, provisional designation 1934 XB, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 24 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 December 1934, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the North African Algiers Observatory in Algeria. A few nights later, the asteroid was independently discovered by astronomers Grigory Neujmin and Eug\u00e8ne Delporte, at the Crimean Simeiz and Belgian Uccle Observatory, respectively. It was later named after discoverer's brother-in-law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010020-0001-0000", "contents": "1339 D\u00e9sagneauxa, Orbit and classification\nD\u00e9sagneauxa is a member of the Eos family, which is thought to have formed from a catastrophic collision, disrupting its parent body into thousands of fragments. It is the 4th largest asteroid family with nearly 10,000 known members. The asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,917 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precovery were taken, and no prior identifications were made, the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery at Algiers in 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010020-0002-0000", "contents": "1339 D\u00e9sagneauxa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer in honour of his brother-in-law. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 122).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010020-0003-0000", "contents": "1339 D\u00e9sagneauxa, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen taxonomy, D\u00e9sagneauxa is a stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010020-0004-0000", "contents": "1339 D\u00e9sagneauxa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2008, a rotational lightcurve of this asteroid was obtained by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave it a rotation period of 9.3209 hours with a change in brightness of 0.48 magnitude (U=2+). In November 2007, photometric observations at the U.S. Ricky Observatory (H46), Missouri, gave a refined period of 9.380 hours with an amplitude of 0.45 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010020-0005-0000", "contents": "1339 D\u00e9sagneauxa, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nIn addition modeled lightcurves, using photometric data from the Lowell photometric database and other sources, gave a period of 9.37510 and 9.37514 hours, as well as a spin axis of (n.a., 65.0\u00b0) and (63.0\u00b0, 53.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates, respectively (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010020-0006-0000", "contents": "1339 D\u00e9sagneauxa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, D\u00e9sagneauxa measures between 22.96 and 25.73 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.127 and 0.159. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1747 and a diameter of 23.04 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010022-0000-0000", "contents": "1339 in Italy\nAn incomplete series of events which happened in Italy in 1339:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010023-0000-0000", "contents": "13390 Bou\u0161ka\n13390 Bou\u0161ka, provisional designation 1999 FQ3, is a stony Eunomia asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Czech astronomers Petr Pravec and Marek Wolf at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory in the Czech Republic on 18 March 1999. It was named after astronomer Ji\u0159\u00ed Bou\u0161ka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010023-0001-0000", "contents": "13390 Bou\u0161ka, Classification and orbit\nBou\u0161ka is a member of the Eunomia family, a large group of S-type asteroids and the most prominent family in the intermediate main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,515 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins 18 years prior to its official discovery observation, with its identification as 1981 RH at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station in 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010023-0002-0000", "contents": "13390 Bou\u0161ka, Physical characteristics\nA rotational lightcurve of Bou\u0161ka was obtained from photometric observations made at the U.S. Palomar Transient Factory, California, in January 2012. It gave a rotation period of 7.7572\u00b10.0027 hours with a brightness variation of 0.30 in magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010023-0003-0000", "contents": "13390 Bou\u0161ka, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Bou\u0161ka measures 7.5 and 7.0 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.26 and 0.27, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21 \u2013 derived from 15 Eunomia, the family's largest member and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 6.5 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010023-0004-0000", "contents": "13390 Bou\u0161ka, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Ji\u0159\u00ed Bou\u0161ka (born 1925), Czech astronomer and retired professor at Charles University, whose research concentrated on the material found between the planets of the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010023-0005-0000", "contents": "13390 Bou\u0161ka, Naming\nBou\u0161ka has been a teacher of several generations of Czech astronomers, including one of the discoverers. For decades he has also been the editor of the Czech Astronomical Yearbook and the popular astronomy journal R\u00ed\u0161e hv\u011bzd (The Realm of Stars), after which the minor planet 4090 \u0158\u00ed\u0161ehv\u011bzd is named. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 March 2000 (M.P.C. 39659).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0000-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 133d Air Refueling Squadron (133 ARS) is a unit of the New Hampshire Air National Guard 157th Air Refueling Wing located at Pease Air National Guard Base, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, United States. The 133d, which previously operated the KC-135 Stratotanker, received its first KC-46A Pegasus tanker on 8 August 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0001-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron\nThe squadron was first constituted during World War II, with bombardment and fighter roles\u2014as the 383d and 529th, respectively\u2014until being inactivated in January 1946. It was then allotted to the New Hampshire Air National Guard as the 133d Fighter Squadron in May 1946, being activated the following April. From 1960 until 1975, the 133d went through several operational changes: air transport, military airlift, tactical airlift, and finally aerial refueling, which remains its current mission. The 133d has been federalized and ordered to active service several times; 1951\u201352, 1961\u201362, and 1990\u201391.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0002-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nTrained with V-72 Vengeance aircraft. Moved to India, via Australia, July\u2013September 1943. Assigned to Tenth Air Force. Operating from India and using A-36A Apaches. The 529th Fighter Squadron having its markings as black vertical bands painted on a yellow tail. The red nose was also a squadron marking. Many planes of the squadron had a girl's name on the nose but very few had any artwork.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0003-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron supported Allied ground forces in northern Burma; covered bombers that attacked Rangoon, Insein, and other targets; bombed enemy airfields at Myitkyina and Bhamo; and conducted patrol and reconnaissance missions to help protect transport planes that flew The Hump route between India and China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0004-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nConverted to P-51C Mustangs in May 1944. Moved to Burma in July and continued to support ground forces, including Merrill's Marauders; also flew numerous sweeps over enemy airfields in central and southern Burma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0005-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nMoved to China in August 1944 and assigned to Fourteenth Air Force. Escorted bombers, flew interception missions, struck the enemy's communications, and supported ground operations, serving in combat until the end of the war. Ferried P-51's from India for Chinese Air Force in November 1945. Returned to the US in December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0006-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard\nThe wartime 529th Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 133d Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the New Hampshire Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Grenier Field, Manchester, New Hampshire, and was extended federal recognition on 4 April 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 134th was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was assigned to the Maine ANG 101st Fighter Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0007-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard\nOn 1 December 1948, under the command of First Air Force and Air Defense Command of the U.S. Army Air Force, the entire 101st was transferred to the Continental Air Command (CONAC) shortly after the U.S. Air Force was established on 18 September 1947 as a separate branch of the Armed Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0008-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nThe mission of the 133d Fighter Squadron was the air defense of New Hampshire. With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. The 133d was federalized on 10 February 1951 and assigned to the federalized Maine ANG 101st Fighter-Interceptor Wing, although it initially remained stationed at Grenier AFB, mostly flying gunnery practice missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 91], "content_span": [92, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0008-0001", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nIts mission was expanded to include the air defense of New England, although a majority of officers and a substantial number of airmen saw duty overseas in different theaters of operations including Korean combat missions. The squadron was then attached to the Air Defense Command 23d Fighter-Interceptor Wing at Presque Isle AFB, Maine, on 1 April 1951 with no change of mission. It was reassigned to the 4711th Defense Wing on 6 February 1952 at Presque Isle AFB. It was released from active duty and returned to the control of the State of New Hampshire on 1 November 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 91], "content_span": [92, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0009-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nWith the end of the Korean War, the squadron's aircraft were first upgraded to F-51H Mustangs then to the F-94 Starfire on 16 June 1954. With the 101st FIG consisting of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont Air Guard units, the group began holding summer camp at Otis Air Force Base after they began flying F-94s. New Hampshire's planes flew much more than those of Maine and Vermont. They logged 675 hours and a total of 752 pilot hours, which is approximately 250 more than the other two states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 91], "content_span": [92, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0010-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nThe mission of the 133d was to provide front line defense for the United States and to intercept aircraft not readily identifiable by radar or pre-filed flight plan. The radar detection station at North Truro Air Force Station, Massachusetts, was ready to make detection and calls for a scramble. Within three minutes the 133d could be airborne and heading for a prospective rendezvous point. After identifying any intruders, the interceptor aircraft were supposed to radio back to North Truro for further instructions. From October 1954 until 30 June 1956 the 133d maintained a dawn to dusk runway alert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 91], "content_span": [92, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0011-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nOn 1 May 1956 the 134th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 101st Fighter-Interceptor Group from the Vermont Air National Guard was transferred to New Hampshire state control, being re-designated the 101st Fighter Group (Air Defense), and federally recognized by the National Guard Bureau; the 134th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 101st Headquarters, 101st Material Squadron (Maintenance), 101st Combat Support Squadron, and the 101st USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 91], "content_span": [92, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0012-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nBy April 1958, the 101st counted nearly 700 officers and airmen. It was now re-equipped with 24 F-86L Sabre Interceptor jets, a dedicated swept-wing interceptor which was capable of being directed to intercept targets by Ground Control Interceptor (GCI) radar stations. The rocket-firing aircraft boasted 650 miles per hour (1,050\u00a0km/h) speed, superb maneuverability, and a 1,000-mile (1,600\u00a0km) range. More than a dozen were in place by May. The old F-94s were shipped to other states for training purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 91], "content_span": [92, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0013-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nOn 1 September 1960 the unit became part of the USAF's Military Air Transport Service (MATS). The 133rd exchanged its recently acquired Sabres for eight Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter aircraft. Organizationally, the 101st Fighter Group (AD) was transferred to the Maine Air National Guard, the 157th Air Transportation Group being established by the National Guard Bureau as a new unit, replacing the 101st. The lineage and history, however, of the 101st Fighter Group (AD) were transferred to the 157th ATS and the 133rd being re-designated as an Air Transportation Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0014-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nWith the transfer of the 101st to Maine, the 157th ATG became one of three groups assigned to the 133d Air Transportation Wing, Minnesota Air National Guard. Completing the organization were the 157th Group Headquarters, the 133d Air Transport Squadron, 157th Air Base Squadron, 157th Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron, the 157th USAF Dispensary, and State Headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0015-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nOn the night of 13 August 1961, the East German government erected barbed wire barriers around the 104-mile (167\u00a0km) periphery of West Berlin. Without warning East Berliners had been denied passage rights to the western part of the city by their own soldiers. In response, President John F. Kennedy federalized several Air National Guard units, including the New Hampshire Air National Guard, and the 133d ATS was placed on active duty. Equipped with eight C-97 aircraft and manned with 675 guardsmen, the unit would stay at Grenier Field during the crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0015-0001", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nBut its aircraft and crews ranged throughout the world\u2014touching down at bases in Europe, South America, Alaska, Japan, the Philippines, and Southeast Asia. These missions came in addition to the ongoing ferrying of life-sustaining supplies to West Berlin. The 157th also airlifted elements of the Turkish Army to South Korea and delivered essential communications equipment to South Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0016-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nTypical of the C-97 flights leaving Grenier AFB was one that departed in early November 1961. Its long itinerary started with a stop at Dover AFB, Delaware, then it was on to Lajes Field, Azores; Ch\u00e2teauroux-D\u00e9ols AB, France; Rhein-Main AB, West Germany; RAF Mildenhall, England; Keflavik Airport, Iceland; Ernest Harmon AFB, Newfoundland, and back to Grenier AFB. This 9,000-plus\u00acmile flight required in excess of 40 hours of flying time and was supported by a crew of eight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0017-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nIn 11 months, the crisis cooled and on 31 August 1962 the 900 officers and airmen of the 157th Air Transport Group were returned to State control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0018-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nIn late 1965, at the behest of the Department of Defense and in concert with other Air National Guard and Reserve units, 157th personnel joined in \"Operation Christmas Star\", airlifting some 23,000 pounds of gifts to United States forces in South Vietnam. It was a presaging of the unit's active participation in the Vietnam War which would begin in 1966. With all-volunteer aircrews, the three 133d ATS C-97s delivered 23,000 pounds of cargo, completely collected in New Hampshire, then shipped to Saigon and Da Nang between 26 November and 1 December. After Operation Christmas Star, Air National Guard support missions to South Vietnam increased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0019-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nOn 1 January 1966, the Military Air Transport Service was discontinued, being replaced by Military Airlift Command (MAC). With the change of major command designations, the 157th was re-designated as the 157th Military Airlift Group, the 133d as a Military Airlift Squadron. The 157th became part of the 21st Air Force, McGuire AFB, New Jersey. But more dramatic than any previous change, the closure of Grenier AFB meant that the 157th was told to pack up and move to a new home at Pease AFB in Newington. The closure of Grenier AFB had been the result of Air Force-wide downsizing directed by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0020-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nAt Pease AFB, the 157th was assigned to buildings on the north side of the base. Like it or not, after 20 years on its own, the 157th was now side by side with Strategic Air Command 509th Bombardment Wing active duty personnel. At the first drill in February 1966, in the confines of its hangar, the entire 700-man unit received a formal welcome by the 509th. During the ceremony\u2014a reality check of sorts\u2014base representatives explained the installation's regulations, proper wear of uniforms, and other military courtesies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0021-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nAs the unit settled into a new home, the 133d Aeromedical Evacuation flight was formed. It was composed of 13 flight nurses and 29 airmen serving as medical aide technicians. Working aboard the C-97 Stratofreighter planes assigned to the 133d Military Airlift Squadron, New Hampshire medical crews were assigned to assist in transporting patients from both Europe and Southeast Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0022-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nBy March 1966, the 157th began regular logistical support for the burgeoning American Forces in South Vietnam. During the next five years, 157th aircrews averaged two flights a month to Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Cam Ranh Air Base, and Da Nang Air Base in South Vietnam as well as to other USAF-controlled bases in Southeast Asia, transporting air freight and military personnel on globe-circling trips which took Guardsmen away from their homes and jobs for 10- to 20-day periods. Each mission from New Hampshire to South Vietnam could become an air marathon of sorts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0022-0001", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nDuring one flight, the trip lasted almost 11 days, as the 133d flew from Pease AFB to Dover AFB, Delaware, where cargo was loaded. Next it was on to the West Coast, then Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam, the Philippines, and finally, South Vietnam. To help exhausted combat troops get their R&R, the Air National Guard, including the 157th, flew more than 110,000 military personnel throughout the U.S. and overseas. In the 1,352 \"Combat Leave\" missions logged, approximately 38,300 military personnel were transported from Southeast Asia to the states and back again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0023-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nIn December 1967, the 157th again changed aircraft, exchanging its C-97 Stratofreighters for the larger and slower C-124C Globemaster II. The C-124 had been the cargo workhorse of the Air Force since the Korean War. The first of the C-124s arrived on 9 February 1968. By late fall, the ninth and last Globemaster touched down and crew transitioning was well underway. By September 1969 the Group had retrained its pilots to the new aircraft and completed its first Operational Readiness Inspection as a C-124 unit, qualifying to resume global airlift support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0024-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nThe 157th hauled much large \"out-size\" cargo such as trucks, military vehicles, and missile components. It also carried troops and cargo that didn't require the speedy capability of MAC's all-jet C-141 Starlifter and C-5A Galaxy airlift fleet. Although two- and three-day flights within the U.S. were common, the 157th's overseas commitment was growing. In 1969 the unit transported more than 1,000 tons of cargo and 2,000 passengers, its aircrews logging 5,236 hours on 44 overseas missions to Vietnam, England, France, West Germany, Greece, Japan, Portugal, Newfoundland, Puerto Rico, and Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0025-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Tactical airlift mission\nOn 6 April 1971, the Secretary of the Air Force announced the re-designation of the unit to the 157th Tactical Airlift Group. After 10 years in the airlift business, the unit assumed a new role with its seventh type aircraft\u2014the C-130A Hercules. The 157th was also transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC), with a mission to provide mobility and logistical support for ground forces in all types of operations. It was all part of a nationwide program involving one-third of the Air National Guard's flying units and inspired by Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 96], "content_span": [97, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0025-0001", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Tactical airlift mission\nThe C-130A was the backbone of TAC's theater airlift fleet, a medium assault transport with long range (beyond 2,000 miles), high speed (220 to 300 miles per hour), and capable of landing or taking off from a shorter runway than any comparable aircraft. The turbo-prop aircraft with its five-man crew could carry nearly 20 tons of cargo or 92 fully equipped troops, 64 paratroops or 74 litter patients and attendants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 96], "content_span": [97, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0026-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Tactical airlift mission\nOn 8 July 1971 the first C-130A arrived from the 317th Tactical Airlift Wing, Lockbourne AFB, Ohio. About a month later on 9 August, the first C-130 flight with all-157th crew took place. By September heavy Phase I transition training was underway with both aircrew and support personnel at schools throughout the United States. By early 1972, the 133d Tactical Airlift Squadron began Phase II (combat readiness) training, and in April, low-level flying and navigational training missions were being flown day and night along air routes crossing Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. First drops of paratroopers and cargo began in early May, and in mid-month the 157th passed a \"no notice\" Twelfth Air Force Management Effectiveness Inspection (MEI).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 96], "content_span": [97, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0027-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Tactical airlift mission\nDuring the summer of 1973, the 157th participated in a joint Army, Air Force, and National Guard-Reserve training exercise. The U.S. Readiness Command training, code named Boldfire 1-74, was centered at Camp Joseph T. Robinson, Arkansas. During Boldfire, ground personnel were airlifted aboard the unit's C-130 aircraft to Fort Campbell, Kentucky. They remained there throughout the exercise, maintaining aircraft. 157th C-130s, in turn, dropped paratroops and equipment in support of ground forces. During this time frame, the unit also had a crew participating in Coronet Shamrock, an Air Force-wide air-drop competition. The 157th TAG crew won the preliminary competition at Ft. Campbell, earning the right to represent the ANG in further competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 96], "content_span": [97, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0028-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Tactical airlift mission\nThe operational honors were dampened somewhat on 12 October when the 133d Aeromedical Evacuation Flight was inactivated. The 133d AME Flight had been organized and federally recognized on 10 June 1961. The unit's 18 officers and 27 enlisted medical personnel would fill vacancies and augment medical services in the 157th TAC Clinic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 96], "content_span": [97, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0029-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Tactical airlift mission\nThe Energy Crisis caught up with the 157th at the end of 1973, and all flying activity was suspended from 22 December until 7 January 1974, due to fuel shortages throughout the country. In December 1974, the Group was transferred back to Military Airlift Command (MAC) when TAC's theater transport mission were transferred to MAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 96], "content_span": [97, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0030-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nOn 1 October 1975, the 157th was relieved from Military Airlift Command and transferred to Strategic Air Command (SAC), becoming a Boeing KC-135A Stratotanker unit. By the end of March 1976, the New Hampshire ANG unit had largely taken over the support of the 509th Bombardment Wing from its active-duty 34th Air Refueling Squadron which was inactivated on 31 March 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0031-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nBy October 1976, the 157th Air Refueling Group and the 509th Bombardment Wing shared the same mission and response times, giving them a link to the \"Total Force Concept\". The 133d deployed to RAF Mildenhall, England, as part of the European Tanker Task Force . Once in the UK, the unit engaged in friendly competition with active duty flyers in \"Giant Voice\". The 133d was also the first ANG unit to air refuel the then-experimental B-1A bomber. A January 1977 inspection rated the 157th SAC's first Air National Guard unit to be \"fully operationally ready\". It became the second ANG unit in SAC history to stand alert with the active force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0032-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nBy the end of 1978, the 157th Air Refueling Group was fully established as one of the \"Best\" in SAC. During the latter months of 1979, aircraft from the 157th joined forces with 16 KC-135A's providing air refueling support for \"Crested Cap\". This airpower exercise tested the deployment capability of Air Force fighter aircraft moving from the U.S. to Europe in support of NATO war efforts there. The 157th AREFG finished 1979 by winning the \"Navigation\" Trophy at Giant Voice '79, a four-month competition among SAC, TAC, ADTAC, ANG, AFRES, and RAF-manned bomber and air refueling tankers. The 157th was the first Air National Guard or Air Force Reserve unit to win a trophy in the 31-year history of the SAC competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0033-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nDuring the 1980s, the 157th continued to participate in Strategic Air Command exercises like Global Shield and Giant Voice. In 1984, the 133d converted from its aging KC-135A fleet with new fuel efficient KC-135Es and the receipt of its first Air Force Outstanding Unit Award. The wing engaged in routine worldwide deployments with its KC-135s, refueling a 12-aircraft tanker task force that refueled F-105s returning from a deployment in Denmark in August 1981's Operation \"Coronet Rudder\". Less than a year later, in February 1982, 160 personnel were deployed to Andersen AFB, Guam, as part of \"Pacific Sentry\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0033-0001", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nThis was the first time 133d KC-135 tankers had flown 10,000 miles in support of a mission, a unit distance record. During its 15 days on Guam, the unit conducted missions to Kadena AB, Okinawa, Diego Garcia, Clark AB, Philippines, Japan, and Australia. Additionally, the 157th CES rebuilt the base fire station on Andersen AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0034-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nThe first 157th female pilot, 1st Lt . Ellen G. Hard, began flying the KC-135E in August 1984. A resident of Arlington, Massachusetts, Hard was recommended by the NHANG for pilot school at Laughlin AFB, Texas. She had served four years of active duty as a personnel officer at Lackland AFB, Texas, and Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts. Lt . Hard trained on both the KC-135A and KC-135E models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0035-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nIn 1989, the first Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended the closure of Pease Air Force Base. As part of the closure process, a Pease Redevelopment Commission (PRC) was established to plan the closure and redevelopment of the base. On 1 August 1999 it was resolved that the 157th Air Refueling Group, New Hampshire ANG would remain at Pease, and the facility would be redeveloped as a civilian airport, among other planned uses by the community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0036-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nIt took only two years for the active component to complete departure activities, including transferring personnel and assets to other military installations. The 509th's fleet of FB-111A bombers departed in phases from June to September 1990. The 13 KC-135A tankers assigned to the 509th transferred to Wurtsmith AFB, Michigan; Plattsburgh AFB, New York; Eaker AFB, Arkansas; Carswell AFB, Texas, and Fairchild AFB, Washington. in October 1990, the personnel of the 509th were reassigned throughout the Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0037-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nPease Airport opened for civilian use through an Airfield Joint Use Agreement with the USAF on 19 July 1991. Base Closure Law directed that the 157th ARG be consolidated into a cantonment area. 220 acres (89\u00a0ha) were identified and retained by the USAF for the group's continued mission. Having shared resources with an active-duty air base since 1966, the 157th would learn to adapt to providing all necessary functions for itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0038-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nBase closure-related projects would eventually include an alert facility, dining hall, base security systems, fuels facilities, communications facility, magazine, and a vehicle maintenance facility. Utility deficiencies were so severe that the program also included the complete replacement of the power and communications distribution system, and also eventually the construction of a heat plant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0039-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nOn 1 April 1991, Strategic Air Command turned control of Pease Air Force Base over to the Department of Defense, and the active military base was closed. The remaining Air National Guard portion of the now-civilian facility was renamed Pease Air National Guard Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0040-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nEarly on the morning of 7 August 1990, Operation Desert Shield, a build-up of friendly forces designed to contain the spread of Iraqi aggression, began. A telephone alert asked every crew member of the 133d Air Refueling Squadron to provide maximum availability so that an immediate response capability could be developed. All 125 Operations crew members stepped forward in voluntary support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0041-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nThe unit began functioning on a 24-hour, seven-days-a-week basis. Forty-two Desert Shield missions would be flown in the month of August as the 133d helped refuel transport aircraft and fighters heading to United States Air Forces Central (CENTAF) bases in the Middle East. Forty volunteers were placed on full active duty status for as long as needed. Close to 100 guard members reported during the next few days as seven additional airplanes arrived TDY from Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey ANG units, together with the 157th's own KC-135E aircraft forming an Air National Guard tanker task force. By 1 October, the 157th's heavy support of MAC flights in transit from the West Coast to bases in Saudi Arabia began to slow. The 157th became one of 12 National Guard units tasked with providing refueling support to Air Force units deployed to Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 947]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0042-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nOn 12 October, the 157th began deployment of its assets to Saudi Arabia to form the 1709th Air Refueling Wing (Provisional) at King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Jeddah. Personnel and aircraft, however, were dispersed at several locations in the Middle East, including Al Banteen Air Base, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Mor\u00f3n Air Base, Spain; Cairo West Airport, Egypt; and other locations. By January 1991, the build-up of men and material in-theater was complete. Operation Desert Storm, the attack phase of the Allied plan to liberate Kuwait and destroy Iraq's army, was ready to begin. With its strategic location on the Atlantic shore, the 157th mission reverted to an \"Air-Bridge\" mode, refueling transiting aircraft heading across the Atlantic or inbound from RAF Mildenhall, England, which served on the other end of the transatlantic route to the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 948]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0043-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nAfter a short 100 hours of ground combat, Iraq's elite Republican Guard quickly collapsed and Kuwait was easily recaptured by Coalition ground forces. Emotional returns, punctuated by parades, bands, speeches, tears, and bear-hugs were commonplace in New Hampshire as they were throughout the country. Many deployed units returning from CENTAF bases stopped at Pease AGB on their way to their home bases. The 157th, its aircraft festooned with yellow ribbons painted above the boom, remained in \"air-bridge\" mode, supporting the returning traffic. By late April almost everyone had come home safely. There had been no casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0044-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nIn July 1991, 100 Russian children from the nuclear-contaminated Chernobyl area flew into Pease AGB to begin attending summer camps. The Samantha Smith Foundation flight saw a Soviet Ilyushin Il-62, technically a military aircraft, land for the first time at a SAC base. Parked just a few hundred feet away, in an ironic twist, was Air Force One. Later that year, President George H. W. Bush ordered the end of Alert Missions on 1 October, ending a 15-year base ritual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0045-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nIn May 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 157th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 157th Air Refueling Wing. The 133d was assigned to the new 157th Operations Group. A month later, on 1 June, Strategic Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force reorganization after the end of the Cold War. It was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC). In 1993, ACC transferred its KC-135 tanker force to the new Air Mobility Command (AMC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0046-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nBy mid-1993, the 157th was reorganizing, bringing the 157th in line with current Air Force restructuring guidelines. The 133d's 10 KC-135E-model aircraft were replaced throughout the summer with quieter, more efficient R-models. With their new CFM-56 engines, a 50 percent decrease in noise resulted, and emissions were reduced 90 percent, while range, fuel off-load capability, and reliability were all increased. By January 1994 all the unit's KC-135's had been converted to R-Models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0047-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nThe unit engaged in routine deployments and training until 1994 when the 157th began operating in the Northeast Tanker Task Force together with the Maine Air National Guard. The situation in Bosnia-Herzegovina and \"Operation Deny Flight\" continued to involve 157th aircraft, crews, and support personnel. In December, 52 unit members deployed with Niagara Falls' 107th Air Refueling Wing to Pisa Airport, Italy. At Pease, \"Operation Phoenix Moat\" missions required 157th participation to help with the flow of personnel and materiel to the area. The mission in Bosnia was renamed \"Joint Endeavor\" and, finally, \"Decisive Endeavor,\" as the crisis cooled. Consolidating assets, the Air Guard left Istres AB, France, and operated exclusively out of Pisa, rotating units through on a month-to-month basis. The 157th's turn came again in October 1996, as 207 unit members swapped in and out of the Italian air base for the month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 1010]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0048-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nBy 1997, the 157th had already been rotating 145 members through Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, as part of \"Operation Northern Watch\", enforcing the no-fly zone over northern Iraq. Three months later, in February 1998, the 157th, augmented by four transient aircraft, flew 28 sorties offloading gas to an air convoy carrying Army personnel and equipment from Georgia to the theater area. In the face of mounting U.S. military might, Saddam Hussein backed down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0049-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nThe year 2000 saw the 157th provide support to Operation Joint Forge as well as other operational and training missions. During Operation Joint Forge, the 157th flew 55 sorties, off-loading over one and one half million pounds of fuel to operational fighters and surveillance aircraft off the coast of the former republic of Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0050-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nThe 157th also provided support to the Clean Hunter 2000 NATO exercise, with a deployment to Karup Air Base, Denmark. The 157th also deployed to fill Expeditionary Combat Support shortfalls for Operation Southern Watch and Operation Northern Watch, NORAD alert in Iceland and Alaska, support of NATO AWCS in Germany and individual rotations to Joint Forge in Istres, France. One such deployment involved 50 personnel in Southwest Asia during the summer, as part of an Air Expeditionary Forces deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0051-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign March Air Reserve Base, California. The 163d Air Refueling Wing (ANG) would distribute its nine KC-135R aircraft to the 157th Air Refueling Wing (ANG), Pease Air National Guard Station (three aircraft), and several other bases. Military judgment also placed additional force structure at Pease to support the Northeast Tanker Task Force and also robust the squadron to a more effective size of 12 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0052-0000", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nOn 22 May 2013, Air Force officials announced the preferred and reasonable alternatives for the first KC-46 Pegasus aircraft training and main operating bases. Pease Air National Guard Base was selected as the preferred alternative for the first Air National Guard KC-46A main operating base. In August 2014, Air Force leaders announced that the 157th would become the first Air National Guard unit to equip with the KC-46A. The Pegasus was scheduled to enter the Air Force inventory during fiscal year 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010024-0052-0001", "contents": "133d Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Hampshire Air National Guard, Air refueling\nOn 31 January 2019, two KC-135Rs (58-0023 and 58-0104) permanently departed Pease in preparation for arrival of the KC-46A later in the year. The final KC-135 at Pease, 57-1419, departed on 24 March 2019, for Goldwater Air National Guard Base in Phoenix, Arizona. The first KC-46A arrived at Pease on 8 August 2019. The 12th and final KC-46A was delivered on 5 February 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0000-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group\nThe 133rd Operations Group is the flying component of the Minnesota Air National Guard's 133d Airlift Wing, stationed at Minneapolis\u2013Saint Paul Joint Air Reserve Station, Minnesota. If activated to federal service, the group is gained by Air Mobility Command of the United States Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0001-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group\nThe group was first activated as the 367th Fighter Group, an Army Air Forces unit. The group trained in the western United States with Bell P-39 Airacobras. The 367th moved to England in the spring of 1944, where it became part of IX Fighter Command (later XIX Tactical Air Command) and converted to Lockheed P-38 Lightnings. The group engaged in combat with Lightnings, and later with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts, in the European Theater of Operations until VE Day, earning two Distinguished Unit Citations and the Belgian Fourragere for its actions. It returned to the United States in the fall of 1945 and was inactivated on 7 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0002-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group\nIn May 1946, the group was allotted to the National Guard and renumbered as the 133d Fighter Group. It trained with North American P-51 Mustangs. In 1951 it was mobilized for the Korean War and served in an air defense role until inactivating in February 1952 in a reorganization of Air Defense Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0003-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group\nThe group was returned to the Minnesota Air National Guard in December 1952. It was an air defense fighter unit until 1960, when it converted to the Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter and the airlift mission. It was called to active duty during the Berlin Crisis of 1961. The 133d replaced its C-97s with Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft in 1971. It was inactivated in early 1975, when its component units were assigned directly to its parent 133d Tactical Airlift Wing. It was reactivated in 1994 and resumed its role as the operational component of the 133d Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0004-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, Mission\nThe group commands units that support federal and state requirements for the airlift of troops, cargo, and medical patients anywhere in the world. It performs missions tasked by other headquarters within its capabilities. It monitors standardization of all flying and support unit operating procedures and insures units maintain an environment conducive to safe training activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0005-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, Training in the United States\nThe 367th Fighter Group was first activated at Hamilton Field, California on 15 July 1943 with the 392d, 393d and 394th Fighter Squadrons as its initial components. Several members of its initial cadre were former Flying Tigers with prior combat experience. It was not until late August, however, that the group received its first Bell P-39 Airacobra. After building up its strength, the group moved in October to Santa Rosa Army Air Field, California. In December the group moved to Oakland Municipal Airport, while its squadrons moved to separate fields in northern California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0005-0001", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, Training in the United States\nThe squadrons moved temporarily in sequence to Tonopah Army Air Field, Nevada, where they performed dive bombing and gunnery training. Training accidents with the Airacobra cost eight pilots their lives. In January 1944, as it prepared for overseas movement, the 367th was beefed up with personnel from the 328th and 368th Fighter Groups. The group staged through Camp Shanks, and sailed for England aboard the SS\u00a0Duchess of Bedford. The \"Drunken Duchess\" docked at Greenock, Scotland on 3 April and the group was transported by train to its airfield at RAF Stoney Cross, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0006-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nHaving trained on single engine aircraft, the group's pilots were surprised to find Lockheed P-38 Lightnings sitting on Stoney Cross's dispersal pads. Only four group pilots, members of the advance party, had any experience flying the Lightning. These pilots had flown combat sorties with the 55th Fighter Group. The change from single engine to twin engine aircraft required considerable retraining for both pilots and ground crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 96], "content_span": [97, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0006-0001", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nAlthough some pilots entered combat with as little as eight hours of flying time on the P-38, in late April the group was reinforced by fourteen pilots who had trained on the Lightning in the States and were more experienced on the type. However, the lack of instrument training in the P-38 took its toll on the group as weather, not enemy action, caused the loss of pilots and airplanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 96], "content_span": [97, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0007-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nOn 9 May, the group flew its first combat mission, a fighter sweep over Alen\u00e7on. For the remainder of the month, the group flew fighter sweeps, bomber escort and dive bombing, missions and suffered its first combat losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 96], "content_span": [97, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0008-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nOn D-Day and the next three days the group flew nine missions maintaining air cover over shipping carrying invasion troops. These missions continued for the next three days. The 367th and other P-38 groups stationed in England were selected for these missions with the expectation that the distinctive silhouette of the Lightning would prevent potential friendly fire incidents by anti-aircraft gunners mistaking them for enemy fighters. Shortly after the Normandy invasion, on 12 June, the group was selected to test the ability of the P-38 to carry a 2,000 lb bomb under each wing. The selected target was a railroad yard, and results were mixed. However, on this mission, the group scored its first air-to-air victory when Lts James Pinkerton and James Mason teamed up to shoot down a Messerschmitt Me 410 flying near the assigned target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 96], "content_span": [97, 938]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0009-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nBy mid June German ground forces had withdrawn to defend a perimeter around Cherbourg, a major port whose capture had become more important to the allies with the destruction of Mulberry A, one of the artificial harbors constructed near the Normandy beachhead. An attack by VII Corps on 22 June was to be preceded by low level bombing and strafing attack by IX Fighter Command. Briefed by intelligence to expect a \"milk run\" The 367th flew at low altitude through what turned out to be a heavily defended area. Within two to three minutes after beginning the attack the 394th Squadron lost five pilots. Seven group pilots were killed in action. Nearly all surviving group aircraft received battle damage and the 367th was out of action for several days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 96], "content_span": [97, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0010-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nNinth Air Force moved its medium bomber forces to bases closer to the Continent in July, so they would be able to strike targets near the expanding front in France. The 387th Bombardment Group was moved to Stoney Cross, forcing the 367th to vacate their station and move the short distance to RAF Ibsley. From Ibsley the group struck railroads, marshaling yards, and trains to prevent enemy reinforcements from reaching the front during the Allied breakthrough at Saint Lo in July 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 96], "content_span": [97, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0011-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, Operations on the European Continent\nStarting on 19 July the group's forward echelon crossed the English Channel to take up stations in Normandy. Group headquarters and the 394th shared Beuzeville Airfield with the 371st Fighter Group, while the 392d Squadron was at Carentan Airfield, and the 393d at Cricqueville Airfield, advanced landing grounds made from pierced steel planking. After the breakout of ground forces in the Saint-L\u00f4 area, the group concentrated on close air support of General Patton's Third Army. In late August, the group attacked German Seventh Army convoys which, to prevent being surrounded, were withdrawing eastward from the Falaise pocket. Five convoys and 100 Tiger Tanks were destroyed on one day. By mid August the group and its squadrons were able to operate from a single base, Cricqueville Airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0012-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, Operations on the European Continent\nOn 22 August the group attacked three Luftwaffe airfields near Laon. The 392d Squadron dive bombed and destroyed two hangars on one airfield but were jumped by twelve Focke-Wulf Fw 190s as they completed their attack. Eighteen Messerschmitt Me 109s and Fw 190s engaged the 393d Squadron as it reformed from its dive bomb run. After bombing its target, the 394th Squadron turned to reinforce the 392d. The group claimed fourteen enemy aircraft against a loss of one Lightning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0013-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, Operations on the European Continent\nThe 367th received a Distinguished Unit Citation when it returned to the Laon area three days later. That day, the group attacked Luftwaffe airfields at Clastres, P\u00e9ronne and Rosi\u00e8res-en-Haye through an intense flak barrage. The group then engaged more than thirty Focke-Wulf 190 fighters that had just taken off. Group claims were 25 enemy aircraft destroyed, one probably destroyed and 17 damaged against the loss of 6 group aircraft. Then, despite a low fuel supply, the group strafed a train and convoy after leaving the scene of battle. Captain Larry Blumer of the 393d Squadron destroyed five enemy aircraft becoming an ace on one mission. In the afternoon the 367th destroyed sixteen Junkers Ju 52s while on a long range fighter sweep of more than 800 miles to airfields in the Dijon-Bordeaux area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0014-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, Operations on the European Continent\nAs Allied forces moved forward across France the group began leap-frogging to new bases. In early September they relocated at Peray Airfield (A-44), but moved again a week later to Clastres Airfield (A-71). From Clastres The 367th supported Operation Market-Garden by escorting troop carrier aircraft and attacking flak positions. For its attacks that fall, the group was cited in the Order of the Day by the Belgium Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0015-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, Operations on the European Continent\nIn late October, as Ninth Air Force brought its medium bombers to bases in France, the 367th was bumped from its station for the second time by the 387th Bombardment Group, when it moved to Juvincourt Airfield (A-68), north of Reims. Juvincourt was a former Luftwaffe base with permanent facilities, in contrast to the advanced landing grounds where the group had been based since moving to France. The group attacked German strong points to aid the Allied push against the Siegfried Line throughout the fall of 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0016-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, Operations on the European Continent\nThe German Ardennes Offensive occurred as the holidays approached. A planned move to a field in Belgium was canceled. On 18 December, the 393rd Squadron was sent a Forward Air Control team to Bastogne to assist the 101st Airborne Division, arriving just an hour before the Wehrmacht cut the last road access to Bastogne. When the weather finally broke, the team was able to direct flights of fighter-bomber aircraft attacking the Germans. During the Battle of the Bulge, the 367th, after escorting C-47s on a resupply drop to encircled troops at Bastogne, conducted an armed reconnaissance of the Trier area. The 394th Squadron was engaged by Fw 190s and a 40-minute air battle ensued in which the group claimed eight destroyed, two probably destroyed and nine damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0017-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt\nEarly in 1945 a desire to standardize the fighter-bombers in Ninth Air Force, the group transitioned into Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. Pilots flew Lightings on combat missions while training at the same time with the Thunderbolt. The 393d Squadron was the first to fly combat missions with the P-47s. Using the Thunderbolt the group was again cited in a Belgium Army Order of the Day, earning the Belgian Fourragere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0018-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt\nThe 367th received a second Distinguished Unit Citation for action on 19 March 1945. The group's target was the headquarters of Field Marshal Kesselring, the German Commander-ln-Chief, West, at Ziegenburg near Bad Nauheim, Germany. Aircraft of the leading 394th Squadron would attack at low level to achieve surprise, carrying a 1,000-pound bomb under each wing. The P-47s of the 392d Squadron would be similarly armed, but would dive bomb from a higher altitude. The bombs were equipped with time-delay fuses intended to crack the concrete roofs of the bunker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0018-0001", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt\nThe 393rd Squadron carried napalm intended to seep into the bunkers and burn what remained. The attack was scheduled for a time that intelligence reports indicated would find senior staff and commanders at lunch, the only time they would not be in the reinforced tunnels underneath the castle that housed the headquarters. The target was located in mountainous terrain well defended by antiaircraft artillery. Moreover, to avoid alerting the Germans to the pending attack, photographic reconnaissance aircraft had avoided the area, so detailed target photography was not available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0018-0002", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt\nThe day of the attack the castle was concealed by ground haze which caused the 394th to stray off course at the last minute, preventing them from executing the attack as planned and reducing the element of surprise. Although senior German officers reached the underground bunkers and survived the attack, the group reduced the military complex to ruins, disrupting communications and the flow of intelligence at a critical time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0019-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt\nThe group struck tanks, trucks, flak positions, and other objectives in support of the assault across the Rhine late in March and the final allied operations in Germany. It was commended by the commanding generals of XII Corps and the 11th Armored Division for the close air support the group provided for their commands. On 10 April the group moved to Eschborn Airfield on the northwest side of Frankfurt, Germany. The 367th flew its last combat mission, a defensive patrol, one year after entering combat on 8 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0020-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt\nAll hostilities ceased the following day, exactly one year after the group became operational. On 4 June the 367th led a flyby for General Weyland. On 1 July it was announced the 367th was to redeploy to the Pacific Theater of Operations after it was re-equipped with and trained with long range P-47Ns in preparation for Operation Downfall, the invasion of Japan. The group moved to Camp Detroit in France then to a staging area near Marseille. Here it boarded two ships, the USS\u00a0General C. G. Morton, and the USNS\u00a0John Ericsson (T-AO-194).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0020-0001", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt\nWhen Japan surrendered, the Morton was diverted to Newport News, Virginia while the Ericcson sailed for Staten Island, New York. Following leave for everyone, the few personnel that remained in the group after transfers and discharges reassembled at Seymour Johnson Field, North Carolina on 2 November, and the 367th was inactivated there on 7 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0021-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, World War II, Statistical summary\nThe 367th participated in seven campaigns. It had flown 14,175 combat sorties destroying 432 enemy aircraft, probably destroying another 28 and damaging 344. They had also destroyed or damaged 384 locomotives, 4,672 motor vehicles and 8,288 railroad cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 65], "content_span": [66, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0022-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, Air National Guard, Organization and federal recognition\nThe 367th Fighter Group was redesignated the 133rd Fighter Group and was allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946. The group was organized at Holman Field, Saint Paul, Minnesota and was extended federal recognition on 28 August 1947. It was assigned the 109th Fighter Squadron and 179th Fighter Squadron at Holman Field and the 178th Fighter Squadron of the North Dakota Air National Guard. All three squadrons had been federally recognized earlier and had begun training with the North American F-51D Mustang. The 179th soon moved to Duluth Municipal Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 88], "content_span": [89, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0023-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, Air National Guard, Organization and federal recognition\nIn the fall of 1950, the Air National Guard reorganized under the wing base organization system, and the 133d Fighter Wing was activated on 1 November 1950 to command the 133d Fighter Group and its newly formed support organizations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 88], "content_span": [89, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0024-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, Air National Guard, Mobilization during Korean War\nThe group and its squadrons were called to active duty in March 1951 due to the growth of the Air Force during the Korean War. It was assigned to Air Defense Command (ADC), along with its two squadrons in Minnesota, but the 178th Squadron was transferred to the 146th Fighter-Bomber Group upon mobilization. The group and its two remaining squadrons were renamed fighter-interceptor units with a mission of air defense. The group continued to fly the Mustang while on active duty. ADC was having difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying fighter squadrons to best advantage. It reorganized by inactivating its fighter wings and groups and reassigning their squadrons to geographically organized headquarters. The group was inactivated in February 1952 and its squadrons assigned to the 31st Air Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 923]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0025-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, Air National Guard, Return to state control\nIn December 1953 the group was returned to the Minnesota Air National Guard, retaining its air defense mission. In 1956, the 133d Fighter-Interceptor Wing reorganized along the regional model of its gaining command, ADC, becoming the 133d Air Defense Wing. The 133d Group became the 133d Fighter Group (Air Defense) and its squadrons in Duluth and Hector Airport North Dakota were reassigned to newly formed Fighter Groups. The wing support organizations were split among the 133d Group and the newly formed organizations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0026-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, History, Air National Guard, Return to state control\nIt continued as an air defense fighter organization until 1960 when it transitioned into an airlift mission with Boeing C-97 Stratofreighters. during the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the group was mobilized and its units served directly wing control. In 1971, the group transitioned into Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft. The group was inactivated in 1975, but reactivated in 1994, again flying the Hercules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010025-0027-0000", "contents": "133d Operations Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010026-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd (Highland) Regiment of Foot\nThe 133rd (Highland) Regiment of Foot (Inverness Volunteers) was a Scottish infantry regiment in the British Army, created in 1794 and disbanded in 1795. The regiment was raised in northern Scotland by Simon Fraser, and did not see any active service; it served solely to recruit soldiers. On disbandment, the recruits were drafted into other regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010027-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance\nThe 133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance was a Royal Army Medical Corps unit of the British airborne forces during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010027-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance\nThe 133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance was formed in Palestine in January 1943, by the conversion of the 133rd Field Ambulance to parachute duties. It was then assigned to the 4th Parachute Brigade, part of the 1st Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010027-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance\nAs part of the 1st Airborne Division it took part in Operation Slapstick, part of the Allied invasion of Italy. The unit returned to England at the end of 1943, to prepare for their next mission. That was operation Market Garden in the Netherlands. During the following battle of Arnhem, the division was destroyed only 2,100 men returning from the 10,000 that had started the mission. Amongst the men who remained behind from the 133rd were those men not already captured during the battle, who choose to remain behind with the wounded, becoming prisoners of war. Reformed after the battle the 133rd took part in Operation Doomsday in Norway after the end of the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010027-0003-0000", "contents": "133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Background\nImpressed by the success of German airborne operations, during the Battle of France, the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, directed the War Office to investigate the possibility of creating a corps of 5,000 parachute troops. In September 1941 the 1st Parachute Brigade began forming, comprising three parachute infantry battalions. In keeping with British Army practice at the same time as the infantry battalions were forming, airborne supporting arms were formed including Royal Army Medical Corps volunteers. Of the seven airborne field ambulances formed during the Second World War, two were glider borne the 181st and the 195th. While the other five were parachute trained the 16th, 127th, 133rd, 224th and the 225th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010027-0004-0000", "contents": "133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance\nCommanded by Lieutenant-Colonel W.C. Alford, the 133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance was formed in Palestine in January 1943, by the conversion of the 133rd Field Ambulance to parachute duties. The Field Ambulance was assigned to the 4th Parachute Brigade. All members of the Field Ambulance had to undergo a twelve-day parachute training course carried out at No. 4 Parachute Training School RAF, in Palestine. Initial parachute jumps were from a converted barrage balloon and finished with five parachute jumps from an aircraft. Anyone failing to complete a descent was returned to his old unit. Those men who successfully completed the parachute course, were presented with their parachute wings. The 4th Parachute Brigade left Palestine on 26 May 1943, to join the 1st Airborne Division at Sousse in Tunisia. On arrival the men of the field ambulance were presented with their airborne forces maroon beret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 977]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010027-0005-0000", "contents": "133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance\nThe war establishment of a Parachute Field Ambulance, was 177 all ranks. Consisting of thirteen doctors in two surgical teams and four sections. The doctors could deal with 330 cases in a twenty-four-hour period. Each surgical team could handle 1.8 operations an hour. However this was not sustainable and if they were required to operate the following day, the team had to be relieved after twelve hours. It was envisaged that during airborne operations, it would not be possible to evacuate casualties until the ground forces had linked up with them. To accommodate this the field ambulance had the ability to treat all types of wounds, and provide post operative care for up to fourteen days. They also had the transport required to evacuate casualties from the Regimental Aid Post (RAP), to the Main Dressing Station (MDS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 896]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010027-0006-0000", "contents": "133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance\nAn airborne field ambulance was commanded by a lieutenant-colonel, with a major as the second in command and a regimental sergeant major as the senior non commissioned rank. Headquarters staff included two specialist surgeons and a specialist anaesthetist, a pharmacist and an Army Dental Corps dentist. To assist in the operating theatre and with post operative care, there were six operating room assistants, a sergeant nursing orderly and six nursing orderlies. Other medical staff were a sergeant sanitary assistant, a masseur, a dental orderly and five stretcher bearers, one of whom was trained as a shoemaker. The rest of the headquarters consisted of a Quartermaster, clerks, cooks, storemen, an Army Physical Training Corps instructor, a barber and a joiner from the Royal Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010027-0007-0000", "contents": "133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance\nThere were four sub units of twenty men known as sections. Each section comprised an officer (doctor) and a staff sergeant (nursing orderly), under their command were three nursing orderlies, a clerk, a dutyman and thirteen stretcher bearers. A section was normally attached to a parachute battalion to supplement their own medical officer and medics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010027-0008-0000", "contents": "133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance\nThe last component of the Field Ambulance was the Royal Army Service Corps detachment, commanded by a captain, with a company sergeant major as second in command. They had fifty men under them, an electrician, a clerk, thirty-eight drivers, four motorcyclists and five vehicle mechanics. It was normal to have at least two RASC drivers with two jeeps and a trailer attached to each section, the remaining men and vehicles stayed with the headquarters surgical teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010027-0009-0000", "contents": "133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance, 133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance\nAirborne operations were in their infancy in the Second World War and the British Army medical services had to design and develop a range of special medical airborne equipment. These included the Don pack, the Sugar pack, the folding airborne stretcher, the folding trestle table, the folding suspension bar, the airborne operating table, the airborne inhaler and special containers for blood and plasma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010027-0010-0000", "contents": "133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Operations, Italy\nThe first combat operation the 133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance was involved in was Operation Slapstick, a landing at the port of Taranto during the Allied invasion of Italy in September 1943. Slapstick was in part a deception operation, to divert German forces away from the main Allied landings at Salerno (Operation Avalanche), which would be taking place on the same day and also an attempt to seize intact the ports of Taranto and Brindisi. The main advantage of Tranato was its large port. Positioned on the eastern side of the country, together with the expected capture of Naples in the west by the Americans, it would give the Allies two supply points, on opposite sides of the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010027-0011-0000", "contents": "133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Operations, Italy\nThe main part of the 1st Airborne Division sailed from North Africa for Taranto on 8 September 1943, landing on the 9/10 at Taranto unopposed. The 133rd after landing established their Main Dressing Station (MDS) with sixty beds at the Rendinella Hospital. The first casualties at the MDS were from the 156th Parachute Battalion following their capture of Mottola. By the 15 September the MDS was looking after sixty-seven wounded. In the first nine days of the operation the brigade had 101 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010027-0012-0000", "contents": "133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Operations, Italy\nBy 22 September the 133rd had taken over, 320 beds in the Rondinella Hospital (the size of a normal army general hospital) and as such was taken over by No. 70 General Hospital when they landed. On 30 September the 133rd moved to Gioia del Colle establishing a 140-bed MDS in a school. soon after the 1st Airborne Division was withdrawn back to England. While in Italy the division's field ambulances had treated 1,728 wounded and performed 194 surgeries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010027-0013-0000", "contents": "133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Operations, Arnhem\nThe next mission the 133rd were involved with,  was Operation Market Garden in September 1944. In particular the airborne assault to capture bridges crossing the River Rhine at Arnhem in the Netherlands. There was a shortage of transport aircraft, with three airborne divisions being deployed. So the 4th Parachute Brigade were on the second of what was supposed to be three lifts over three days. Only ten officers and 119 other ranks would go by air, the rest of the unit would join them by land when the Allied advance reached Arnhem. The plan called for the 133rd to join the 16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance who had landed the previous day, at the St Elizabeth Hospital in Arnhem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010027-0014-0000", "contents": "133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Operations, Arnhem\nOn Monday 18\u00a0September 1944 the second day, 4th Parachute Brigade's lift of ninety-two C-47s (for the paratroops), forty-nine Horsa and nine Hamilcar gliders, were scheduled to arrive furthest away from Arnhem on Ginkel Heath drop zone 'Y', as early as possible on 18\u00a0September. Bad weather over England kept the second lift on the ground and the first troops did not arrive in the Netherlands until 15:00. The delay gave the Germans time to approach the northern landing grounds and engage the defenders from the 7th King's Own Scottish Borderers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010027-0015-0000", "contents": "133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Operations, Arnhem\nLanding under fire the 133rd were widely scattered and it was not until 20:30 that some non commissioned officers and men reached Wolfheze. By dawn 19 September, the two surgical teams and the majority of the unit had reached Wolfheze. Lieutenant-Colonel Alford decided to open a MDS where they were to support the brigade's advance towards the high ground north of Arnhem. By 19:30 Alford and forty-one other men, including the two surgical teams moved into Oosterbeek to establish a MDS, linking up with the 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance and started moving the less serious wounded to Oosterbeek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010027-0015-0001", "contents": "133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Operations, Arnhem\nA German attack on Wolfheze early on 20 September, captured those men still in the village either treating or trying to move the wounded. All that now remained of the 133rd was the commanding officer, the two surgeons, the dental officer (who was also the anaesthetist) and ten other ranks. On the 20 September the 133rd opened a new dressing station about 100 yards (91\u00a0m) from the division's main MDS at the Hotel Taffelberg, by that evening there were around 1,000 wounded being treated by the divisions medical staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010027-0015-0002", "contents": "133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Operations, Arnhem\nOver the following days the dressing station was subjected to artillery and mortar fire. Then on the 24 September a local armistice was agreed and the majority of the division's walking wounded in the hospital area were evacuated leaving around 300 men who were unable to be moved. By the next day the shelling around the hospital area made it safer for the wounded to remain at their regimental aid posts, rather than take the risk of moving them. By that evening the hospitals had been overrun by the Germans. But 2,100 of the 10,000 men of the 1st Airborne Division were evacuated south of the River Rhine that night. However almost all the division's medical staff twenty-five officers and 400 other ranks had been taken prisoner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010027-0016-0000", "contents": "133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Operations, Post war\nThe 133rd was reformed after Arnhem, and after he was released from custody at the end of the war Lieutenant-Colonel Alford was once more given command. The division never fought another battle in the war but was strong enough for Operation Doomsday the disarming and repatriation of the German forces occupying Norway. On 1 May 1945 the 133rd landed at Stavanger, then moved to Kristiansand taking over the St Joseph's hospital and other smaller hospitals at Evji Nlosen, Moi and Bergen. They were also made responsible for the medical care of 4,500 Russian prisoners of war in the area. The 133rd left Norway for England on 29 June and on 15 November was disbanded with the men not being demobbed sent to the division's other medical units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010028-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Airlift Wing\nThe 133rd Airlift Wing (133 AW) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard, stationed at Minneapolis\u2013Saint Paul Joint Air Reserve Station, Minnesota. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010028-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd Airlift Wing\nThe 109th Airlift Squadron assigned to the Wing's 133rd Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the World War I 109th Aero Squadron, established on 27 August 1917. It was reformed on 17 January 1921, as the 109th Observation Squadron, being the first of 29 aviation National Guard squadrons to receive federal recognition following World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010028-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd Airlift Wing, Overview\nThe 133rd Airlift Wing (AW) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard, stationed at Minneapolis\u2013Saint Paul Joint Air Reserve Station. Gained by the USAF Air Mobility Command if federalized, the unit is an air transport organization flying C-130H Hercules tactical airlifters. Its normal flying operations include air-drop training and transport missions. The four engine C-130 turboprop aircraft can land on short runways or airdrop personnel and equipment into areas lacking an airfield. These capabilities are well suited for disaster relief missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010028-0003-0000", "contents": "133rd Airlift Wing, Overview\nThe 133rd AW's mission is to provide combat ready air crews, support personnel, and aircraft for the airlift of passengers and cargo anywhere in the world. Upon direction of the Governor, the unit can furnish personnel and equipment, including aircraft, to assist in natural disaster relief or to safeguard life and property in Minnesota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010028-0004-0000", "contents": "133rd Airlift Wing, History\nThe wartime 367th Fighter Group was reactivated and redesignated as the 133rd Fighter Group, and was allotted to the Minnesota Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Holman Field, Saint Paul and was extended federal recognition on 28 August 1947 by Air Defense Command. In the fall of 1950, the Air National Guard reorganized under the wing base organization system, and the 133d Fighter Wing was activated on 1 November 1950 to command the 133d Fighter Group and its newly formed support organizations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010028-0005-0000", "contents": "133rd Airlift Wing, History, Air defense\nOn 2 March 1951, the 133rd Fighter Wing was federalized and brought to active duty due to the Korean War and assigned to Air Defense Command (ADC). The 133rd Fighter-Interceptor Group controlled the 109th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Minneapolis and the 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Duluth. The 133rd Wing and Group were inactivated on 6 February 1952 and the squadrons reassigned to the 31st Air Division of Air Defense Command for the remainder of their federal service. The unit was reformed as the 133rd Fighter-Interceptor Wing under Minnesota state control on 1 December 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010028-0006-0000", "contents": "133rd Airlift Wing, History, Air defense\nAfter the Korean War, the wing was reformed by 1 January 1953 and resumed its air defense mission. Was upgraded by ADC in 1954 to the dedicated F-94A Starfire all-weather interceptor. With this new aircraft, the mission of the 109th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron changed from day interceptor to day and night all-weather interceptor. In 1958 the 109th again upgraded to the improved F-89H Scorpion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010028-0007-0000", "contents": "133rd Airlift Wing, History, Strategic Airlift\nIn 1960, the 133rd FIW was reassigned to Military Air Transport Service (MATS) as its gaining command, trading in its air defense interceptors for 4-engines C-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the unit was redesignated the 133rd Air Transport Wing, Heavy. During the 1961 Berlin Crisis, the wing was federalized on 1 October 1961. From Minneapolis, the 109th ATS augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs. It returned again to Minnesota state control on 31 August 1962. Throughout the 1960s, the unit flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and during the Vietnam War, to both South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010028-0008-0000", "contents": "133rd Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Airlift\nThe C-97s were retired in 1971 and the 133rd TAW was transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC) as its gaining command. It transitioned to the C-130A Hercules theater transport, flying missions in support of TAC throughout the United States and Alaska. In 1974 the unit was returned to Military Airlift Command (MAC) when TAC transferred out its troop carrier mission. In the early 1970s, USAF's \"Total Force\" policy brought the wing into full partnership with its Air Force counterparts by mandating co-operation and teamwork between Air Guard and active duty Air Force units in all phases of military airlift operations. As a result, in succeeding years the unit's C-130s traveled to all corners of the world, airlifting troops, passengers, and cargo during training missions, exercise deployments, and real-world military operations to support Federal and State military airlift requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 940]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010028-0009-0000", "contents": "133rd Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Airlift\nThe unit has been upgraded over the years with newer C-130E aircraft in 1981 and currently flies the C-130H, which it received in 1995. 2011 marked the 90th anniversary of the 1921 decision to make Minnesota's 109th Aero Squadron the first federally recognized National Guard flying unit in the country. To commemorate the heritage of the Minnesota Air National Guard, the 133rd Airlift Wing hosted an Air Expo, welcoming upwards of 15,000 members of the community to the base to celebrate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010028-0010-0000", "contents": "133rd Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Airlift\nDuring 2011, the 109th Airlift Squadron deployed 528 Airmen to 17 countries, serving in support of U.S. operations worldwide, including humanitarian missions to Africa, Honduras and Indonesia. The squadron provides combat-ready air crews, support personnel, and aircraft for the airlift of passengers and cargo anywhere in the world. Upon direction of the Governor, the unit furnishes personnel and equipment, including aircraft, to assist in natural disaster relief or to safeguard life and property in Minnesota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\"\n133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\" (Italian: 133\u00aa Divisione corazzata \"Littorio\") was an armored division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The division was formed in 1939 from the 4th Infantry Division \"Littorio\") that had taken part in the Spanish Civil War. It was a reserve unit during the invasion of France, when it attacked through the Little St Bernard Pass, which was halted by the French defenders. It then took part in the Invasion of Yugoslavia, fighting at Mostar and Trebinje. It was sent to North Africa in the spring of 1942 where it fought until it was destroyed in the Second battle of El Alamein in November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", Formation\n133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\" was the third Italian armored division formed, after the 131st Armored Division \"Centauro\" and the 132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\" The original Littorio Division had fought in the Spanish Civil War as a unit of regular army volunteers. When they returned to Italy in early 1939, the division was converted to an armored division but kept the fascist-inspired name Littorio  The new armored Division had four Tank battalions, three Infantry battalions and two Artillery groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", Italian invasion of France\nDuring the Italian invasion of France, the Italian forces numbered about 700,000 troops. However, while they enjoyed a huge numerical superiority to the French, they had several deficiencies. The Italian armored regiments from the Littorio had between 150 to 250 L3/35 tanks each. But these vehicles were often classified as \"tankettes\" and were little more than lightly armored machine-gun carriers not suited for modern warfare. On 20 June, the Italian campaign began and on 21 June, troops of the Italian Royal Army crossed the French border in three places The Italians attacked in two directions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0002-0001", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", Italian invasion of France\nOne force attempted to advance through the Alps and another force attempted to advance along the Mediterranean coast towards Nice. Initially, the Italian offensive enjoyed a limited level of success. The French defensive lines on the Italian border were weakened due to French High Command shuffling forces to fight the Germans. Some French mountain units had been sent to Norway. However, the Italian offensive soon stalled at the fortified Alpine Line in the Alps region and at the southern end of the Maginot Line in the Mediterranean region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0003-0000", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", Yugoslavia\nThe Division was part of the Italian Second Army that faced the Yugoslavian Seventh Army. The Italians encountered limited resistance and occupied parts of Slovenia, Croatia, and the coast of Dalmatia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0004-0000", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", Western Desert\nThe Littorio was never intended for desert operations, but due to the situation in the Western Desert (eastern Libya and western Egypt) the requirement for mobile formations had become urgent. Italy's second armored division Ariete was already in the desert. The first units of the Littorio arrived in Tripoli, the capital and major port of Libya, in early January 1942, but had to wait until March for the complete division to arrive. Notably the Semovente da 75/18 self-propelled gun had equipped the Littorio a somewhat wider tactical repertoire, until British deployment of U.S. medium tanks negated that small advantage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0005-0000", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", Western Desert\nBy April, the division had reached Benghazi, but the division\u2019s transport had been diverted to carry much needed supplies to combat units at the Gazala line. Littorio did not participate in the Battle of Gazala, though British accounts usually include its troop and tank strengths in the Axis total. A small battlegroup arrived at the front on 20 June, and participated in the attack on Tobruk. The division was a part of the investing force at Mersa Matruh, and pursued 8th Army in its retreat to El Alamein. In this advance the division was harassed by the Desert Air Force, as all the Axis formations were, and it became engaged in a number of running fights with the 1st armored Division. By the time it reached El Alamein its armour had been lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0006-0000", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", Western Desert, First Battle of El Alamein\nIn the First Battle of El Alamein, the German commander Erwin Rommel's planned for the 90th Light Division, 15th Panzer Division and 21st Panzer Division to penetrate the Eighth Army lines between the Alamein box and Deir el Abyad. 90th Light was then to veer north to cut the coastal road and trap the Alamein box defenders and the Afrika Korps would veer right to attack the rear of XIII Corps. The Ariete division would then attack the Alamein box from the west. The Italian XX Corps was to follow the Afrika Korps and deal with the Qattara box while the Italian Littoro armored Division and German reconnaissance units would protect the right flank", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 77], "content_span": [78, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0007-0000", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", Western Desert, Battle of Alam el Halfa\nIn the Battle of Alam el Halfa the Littorio were now part of the Italian XX Motorised Corps, which also included the 101st Motorized Division \"Trieste\" and the Ariete. The German attack started at dawn but was quickly stopped by a flank attack from British 8th Armoured Brigade. The Germans suffered little, as the British were under orders to spare their tanks for the coming offensive but they could make no headway either and were heavily shelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0007-0001", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", Western Desert, Battle of Alam el Halfa\nMeanwhile the Littorio and Ariete armored Divisions had moved up on the left of the Afrika Korps and the 90th Light Division and elements of Italian X Corps had drawn up to face the southern flank of the New Zealand box. Under constant air raids throughout the day and night and on the morning of 2 September, realizing his offensive had failed and that staying in the salient would only add to his losses, Rommel decided to withdraw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0008-0000", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein\nThe Second Battle of El Alamein is usually divided into five phases, consisting of the break-in (23 to 24 October), the crumbling (24 to 25 October), the counter (26 to 28 October), Operation Supercharge (1 to 2 November) and the breakout (3 to 7 November). No name is given to the period from 29 to 31 October when the battle was at a standstill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 78], "content_span": [79, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0009-0000", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein, 25 October\nThe Littorio was held in reserve behind the Infantry divisions to the rear of Miteirya Ridge on the 25 October the Axis forces launched a series of attacks using 15th Panzer and Littorio divisions. The Panzerarmee was probing for a weakness, but found none. When the sun set the Allied infantry went on the attack and around midnight 51st (Highland) Division launched three attacks, but no one knew exactly where they were. Pandemonium and carnage ensued, resulting in the loss of over 500 Allied troops, and leaving only one officer among the attacking forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 90], "content_span": [91, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0009-0001", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein, 25 October\nBy this time the Trento Division had lost half its infantry and most of its artillery, 164th Light Afrika Division had lost two battalions and although the 15th Panzer and Littorio divisions had held off the Allied armour, this had proved costly and most units were under strength. Rommel was convinced by this time that the main assault would be in the north and was determined to retake Point 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 90], "content_span": [91, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0009-0002", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein, 25 October\nHe ordered a counterattack against Point 29 by 15th Panzer, 164th Light Africa Divisions and elements of Italian XX Corps to begin at 1500 Hrs but under heavy artillery and air attack this came to nothing. During the day he also started to draw his reserves to what was becoming the focal point of the battle: 21st Panzer and part of the Ariete moved north during the night to reinforce the 15th Panzer and Littorio divisions and 90th Light Division at El Daba were ordered forward while the Trieste Division were ordered from Fuka to replace them. 21st Panzer and the Ariete made slow progress during the night as they were heavily bombed", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 90], "content_span": [91, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0010-0000", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein, 2 November\nAt 1100Hrs on 2 November The remains of 15th Panzer, 21st Panzer and Littorio armored Divisions counterattacked the British 1st Armoured Division and the remains of British 9th Armoured Brigade, which by that time had dug in with a screen of anti-tank guns and artillery together with intensive air support. The counter-attack failed under a blanket of shells and bombs, resulting in a loss of some 100 tanks. Fighting continued throughout 3 November but the British 2nd Armoured Brigade were held by elements of the Afrika Korps and tanks of the Littorio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 90], "content_span": [91, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0011-0000", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein, 4 November\nThe 4 November saw the destruction of the Littorio, Ariete and 101st Motorized Division \"Trieste\" which were attacked by the British 1st and 10th Armoured Divisions. Berlin radio claimed that in this sector the \"British were made to pay for their penetration with enormous losses in men and material. The Italians fought to the last man.\" Private Sid Martindale, 1st Battalion Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders, wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 90], "content_span": [91, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0012-0000", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein, 4 November\nThere was not much action to see but we came across lots of burnt out Italian tanks that had been destroyed by our tanks. I had never seen a battlefield before and the site [sic] of so many dead was sickening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 90], "content_span": [91, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0013-0000", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein, 4 November\nHarry Zinder of Time magazine noted that the Italians fought better than had been expected, and commented that for the Italians:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 90], "content_span": [91, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0014-0000", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein, 4 November\nIt was a terrific letdown by their German allies. They had fought a good fight. In the south, the famed Folgore parachute division fought to the last round of ammunition. Two armored divisions and a motorised division, which had been interspersed among the German formations, thought they would be allowed to retire gracefully with Rommel's 21st, 15th and 19th [sic] light. But even that was denied them. When it became obvious to Rommel that there would be little chance to hold anything between El Daba and the frontier, his Panzers dissolved, disintegrated and turned tail, leaving the Italians to fight a rear-guard action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 90], "content_span": [91, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010029-0015-0000", "contents": "133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", Aftermath\nThe German records after the Battle for the 28 October reveal the three divisions most affected, 15th Panzer, 21st Panzer and Littorio, were 271 tanks down on the total with which they had started the battle on the 23 October. This figure includes tanks out of action through mechanical failure as well as through mines or other battle damage, but by this time repairs and replacements were hardly keeping pace with daily losses. The surviving enemy tank states indicate that from the 28th to the 31st the two German divisions found it difficult to muster 100 tanks in running order between them, while Littorio had between 30 and 40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010030-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Battalion (Norfolk's Own), CEF\nThe 133rd Battalion (Norfolk's Own), CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010030-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd Battalion (Norfolk's Own), CEF\nBased in Simcoe, Ontario, Canada, the unit began recruiting during the later months of 1915 in Norfolk County; recruiting more than 400 men in the process. After sailing to England in November 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 23rd Reserve Battalion, CEF on November 11, 1916, in order to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps who were active in the field. The 133rd Battalion (Norfolk's Own), CEF had one officer commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel A. C. Pratt. The battalion was disbanded on July 17, 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010030-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd Battalion (Norfolk's Own), CEF\nThe 133rd Battalion is perpetuated by the 56th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010031-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Delaware General Assembly\nThe 133rd Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 8, 1985, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first   administrative year of Republican Governor Michael N. Castle from New Castle County and the first year for Democratic Lieutenant Governor Shien Biau Woo, also from New Castle County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010031-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1980 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010031-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 133rd Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010031-0003-0000", "contents": "133rd Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010031-0004-0000", "contents": "133rd Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010032-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIndependent Division of Guangxi Military District(Chinese: \u5e7f\u897f\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u5e08)(2nd Formation) was formed in April 1979 by 41st Army Corps in Chongzuo, Guangxi. The division was under the control of Guangxi Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010032-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1982 the division was renamed as 133rd Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c133\u5e08). All its regiments were renamed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010032-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division had an independent tank battalion in its formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010033-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (\u2192\u200etop: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010033-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 133rd Division (\u7b2c133\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakusanj\u016bsan Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Attack Division (\u9032\u6483\u5175\u56e3, Shingeki Heidan). It was formed 1 February 1945 in Guilin as a type C(hei) security division, simultaneously with the 131st and 132nd divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the small parts of the 63rd (or 65th) and 70th divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010033-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 133rd division was initially assigned to 10th army. After the formation was complete, the 133rd division was sent to Hangzhou - Ningbo area. 10 Match 1945, the 133rd division was transferred to the 6th army. At this time, it has artillery company attached. It stayed in Hangzhou until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010033-0003-0000", "contents": "133rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 133rd division has sailed from Shanghai in four transports starting 26 March 1946, arriving to Fukuoka 2 April 1946, Tanabe 12 April 1946, Nagato 7 May 1946, and finally Fukuoka 25 May 1946, where divisional headquarters were finally dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion\nThe 133rd Engineer Battalion is a component of the Maine Army National Guard and the United States Army. The organization is the oldest in the Maine Guard and is one of the largest organizations in the state. The battalion has responded to natural disasters at home as well as military actions overseas. The current battalion has the capacity to execute a variety of Army Engineer missions, from horizontal construction, vertical construction, combat engineer missions, and surveying. The battalion has two horizontal companies, one vertical company, one combat engineer company, a forward support company, a survey and design detachment, and a headquarters company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History\n(Note - The primary source for the historical information below is the  from the U.S. Army Center for Military History.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History\nThe 133rd Engineer Battalion is the oldest unit in the Maine Army National Guard and one of several National Guard units with campaign credit for the American Revolution and the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0003-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History\nKnown as \u201cMaine\u2019s Regiment\u201d the 133rd traces its beginnings back to the formation of the Cumberland County Regiment of the Massachusetts Militia in 1760 and its subordinate element, the Portland Light Infantry in 1804. The Portland Light Infantry manned the defenses around Portland, such as Forts Preble and Scammell, to prevent British attack in 1814 during the War of 1812. Other militia units flooded Portland that year, responding to a British invasion from the north that had already seized Bangor and Castine. Veterans of the Napoleonic Wars, the British were tough and determined fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0003-0001", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History\nThe British government had decided to take control of Maine and turn it into a colony called \u201cNew Ireland.\u201d Several thousand British soldiers assembled in Castine with seven ships of the line, intent on taking Portland in 1814. However, militia units from all over Maine put up such a strong defense that after a few skirmishes on the outskirts of town, the British decided that an attack would be too costly and cancelled the invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0004-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, Civil War\nMaine men would be called on again in 1861 when war divided the nation into North and South. The Portland Light Infantry was designated as Company A of the 1st Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a 90-day regiment, and marched off to Virginia but was not engaged in the Battle of Bull Run. The 1st Maine was mustered out of service on 5 August 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0005-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, Civil War\nMany members of the 1st Maine Volunteer Infantry reenlisted as members of the 10th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment when it was formed in October 1861. It fought at the battles of Cedar Mountain and Antietam in 1862. Most enlistments in the 10th Maine expired on 8 May 1863 except for 3 companies of \"three year men\" who were retained in service as the 10th Maine Battalion. The 10th Maine Battalion served as the Provost Guard for the Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0005-0001", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, Civil War\nThe 29th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment was mustered into service on December 17, 1863, and was transferred to the southern theater, fighting in Louisiana in the Red River Campaign from March to May 1864, and then in Virginia from July 1864 to April 1865. On 29 May 1864, the 10th Maine Battalion was consolidated with the 29th Maine, thus establishing continuity with the 10th Maine Regiment and the 1st Maine Regiment. The 29th Maine served on occupation duty in South Carolina starting in June 1865 and was mustered out of service on June 21, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0006-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, Civil War\nThe 2nd Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment was called into service the same time as the 1st, and saw action during the Seven Days Battles, 2nd Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville. The regiment's enlistments ran up in 1863, but about half the unit had signed papers to serve for the three years, so they were amalgamated into the 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Also in 1862, the 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment was raised from the Brewer area. The 20th would become one of the most famous units in the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0006-0001", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, Civil War\nThe regiment saw limited action at Antietam but made up for it at the Battle of Fredericksburg, where they were part of the assault element that aimed to take the Confederate defenses on the high ground. The 20th sustained heavy casualties and was pinned down for over twenty-four hours under enemy fire in the cold December weather. They were positioned on the far left of the Union line at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 and sustained multiple enemy attacks, until the regiment had nearly run out of ammunition. They had been ordered to hold to the last man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0006-0002", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, Civil War\nThe regimental commander, Colonel Joshua L. Chamberlain then gave the order, \u201cBayonet, Forward!\u201d knowing that he could not withdraw or the enemy would outflank the Union army. The bayonet charge by the Mainers took the Confederates by surprise and ended their attacks entirely. For his actions, Colonel Chamberlain was awarded the Medal of Honor. The 20th would serve until the end of the war, fighting with distinction in the savage battles through Virginia, such as the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Petersburg. The 133rd Engineer Battalion carries on the lineage and traditions of the 20th Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0007-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, 1865-1940\nAt the end of the war, the Soldiers came home and returned to their civilian lives. Many kept up their military experience by membership in the 1st Maine Volunteer Militia, organized in 1873. The 1st M.V.M. had companies in Portland, Augusta, Skowhegan, Auburn, Norway, Bangor, Belfast, Hampden, and Old Town, laying out the footprint for the future 133rd Engineer Battalion. In 1893, the Maine Volunteer Militia was re-designated as the Maine National Guard, and the 1st M.V.M. was designated the 1st Maine Infantry. The 2nd Maine Infantry was also brought under the Maine National Guard when it was formed from the Maine Volunteer Militia in 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0008-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, 1865-1940\nIn May 1898 the 1st Maine Infantry was mobilized as the 1st Maine Volunteer Infantry for service in the Spanish\u2013American War. It served stateside and was mustered out of service on 13 December 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0009-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, 1865-1940\nIn 1909, the 1st M.V.M. reorganized and re-designated as the Coast Artillery Corps, with batteries from Bath to Kittery. In 1917 it was mobilized to protect the Maine coast, manning coast defenses, primarily near Portland. In December 1917 four companies were attached to the 54th Artillery (Coast Artillery Corps) and deployed to France, where they fought on the Marne and the Meuse-Argonne Campaigns. The remaining companies remained in Maine until they were demobilized in December 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0010-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, 1865-1940\nThe 2nd Maine Infantry was called into service in 1916 for service on the Texas border and then again in 1917 for World War I where it was combined with a unit from New Hampshire to become the 103rd U.S. Infantry, which was one of the four Infantry regiments in the 26th Division (a.k.a. the \"Yankee Division\"). They served on the front lines in France, taking part in the battles of Champagne-Marne, Aisne-Marne, Saint-Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne, Ile de France, and Lorraine. One soldier, Private First Class George Dilboy, was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in single-handedly overrunning a German machine gun position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0011-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, 1865-1940\nThe 103d Infantry was demobilized in April 1919 and was reassigned to the 43rd Infantry Division when it was formed in the early 1920s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0012-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, 1865-1940\nIn 1922 the Coast Artillery units were re-designated as the 1st Coast Defense Command, and re-designated again on 17 September 1923 as the 240th Coast Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0013-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, World War II\nAs the United States prepared to enter World War II, the 240th Coast Artillery was mobilized to defend Portland on September 16, 1940. On 7 October 1944 the regiment was re-organized into the 185th and 186th Coast Artillery Battalions. On 1 April 1945 the two battalions were consolidated into the Harbor Defenses of Portland, which was inactivated in June 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0014-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, World War II\nDuring World War II, the 103rd Infantry, as an element of the 43rd Infantry Division, served in the Pacific theater, fighting in the battles of Guadalcanal, North Solomons, New Guinea, and Luzon, helping General Macarthur liberate the Philippines. They were the first unit to reach the Ipo Dam, which controlled the water supply for Manila, a crucial step in liberating the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0015-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, Post WWII\nIn February 1947, the Coast Artillery units were re-organized and re-designated as the 703rd Anti- Aircraft Gun Battalion. They were mobilized from August 1950 to April 1952 to replace Regular Army units which had deployed to Korea during the Korean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0016-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, Post WWII\nOn 1 March 1959 Companies A, B and C of the 703rd AA Bn consolidated with the 103d Infantry and were reorganized and re-designated as the 103d Armored Cavalry Regiment (ACR). Meanwhile, Headquarters and Company D of the 703rd AA Gun Bn were re-organized and re-designated and consolidated with the 314th Anti- Aircraft Artillery Battalion to form 1st Battalion, 240th Artillery. On 1 June 1961 the 103d ACR, less the headquarters company, was reorganized and re-designated as the 20th Armor Regiment. At the same time, the Headquarters Company of the 103rd ACR was re-designated as Headquarters, 113th Armor Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0017-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, Post WWII\nThe 240th Artillery was converted, reorganized, and re-designated on 1 June 1961 as the 262d Engineer Battalion with headquarters at Bangor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0018-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, Post WWII\nIn 1962, 3d Battalion, 20th Armor was mobilized for the Berlin Crisis and stood ready in Fort Stewart, Georgia, until the crisis defused. In 1963, the 1st Battalion, 20th Armor was stood up in readiness during the Cuban Missile Crisis but the issues was resolved before the unit had to deploy. The 240th Coast Artillery served until the 1960s before being disbanded, but its lineage was assumed into the 20th Armor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0019-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, Post WWII\nOn 31 December 1967 the 20th Armor consolidated with Headquarters, 113th Armor Group to form the 133d Engineer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0020-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, History, Post WWII\nOn 1 September 1993 the 133rd Engineer Battalion was consolidated with the 262nd Engineer Battalion while retaining its designation as the 133rd Engineer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0021-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, 133d Engineer Battalion\nSince 1970, 133d Engineer Battalion has served both at home for disaster relief missions and abroad in defense of the nation. In 1992 the battalion deployed to Panama to improve infrastructure in rural areas. In 1994, the battalion functioned as Mission Command in support of New Horizons, Task Force Dirigo, in Guatemala, a humanitarian and disaster relief mission. In 1997, units of the 133rd were deployed to Bosnia-Herzegovina in support of Operation Joint Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0022-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, 133d Engineer Battalion\nAfter 9/11, the 133d was mobilized in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom II between 2004 and 2005. The battalion served as the Engineer Task Force for I Corps\u2019 Task Force Olympia in the Multi-National Brigade-Northwest Area of Operations. As a battalion, the 133d completed over 730 troop missions, completed host-nation improvements in excess of 15 million dollars, built over 12 kilometers of earthen berms for force protection, and completed 15 airfield assistance missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0022-0001", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, 133d Engineer Battalion\nIn addition, the 133d completed 84 humanitarian assistance missions, donating 1473 boxes of school supplies, clothes, shoes, food, and toys to Iraqi communities as well as building roads, wells and multiple schools and medical clinics. The 133d Engineer Battalion's area of operations (AO) spanned an area the size of the U.S. northeast, significantly larger than most Engineer battalion's normal span of control in Iraq. The 133d was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation for their participation in the Transition of Iraq and Iraqi Governance Campaigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0023-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, 133d Engineer Battalion\nIn 2005, members of the 133d responded to Louisiana to provide security and disaster relief assistance after Hurricane Katrina. Similarly, the 133d sent Joint Task Force Maine to Vermont in 2011 to assist in Tropical Storm Irene recovery. The 133d opened several key routes in Vermont that had been closed from debris or washouts, enabling communities to get assistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0024-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, 133d Engineer Battalion\nFollowing Hurricane Irene in 2011, a task force of vertical and horizontal Engineers from the 133rd assisted communities in Vermont in their recovery efforts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0025-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, 133d Engineer Battalion\nFollowing Superstorm Sandy in 2012, a task force of vertical and horizontal Engineers from the 133rd assisted communities in Connecticut in their recovery efforts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0026-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, 133d Engineer Battalion\nIn the spring of 2013, the 133d deployed a company of vertical engineers to El Salvador to assist in critical infrastructure repairs in support of Operation Beyond the Horizon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0027-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, 133d Engineer Battalion\nOn 10 August 2013, the 133d was mobilized in Support of Operation Enduring Freedom, Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010034-0028-0000", "contents": "133rd Engineer Battalion, 133d Engineer Battalion\nAn article in the Portland Press Herald dated April 30, 2014 stated the 133d Engineer Battalion is under consideration for transfer to Pennsylvania and replacement in-state by an infantry battalion. These plans were declared shelved in November 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States)\nThe 133rd Field Artillery Regiment is a parent field artillery regiment of the United States Army National Guard. It is currently represented in the Texas Army National Guard by the 1st, 3rd, and 4th Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States)\nBattery E, 1st Battalion, 133rd Field Artillery of the 49th Armored Division served in Iraq March 2004 until March 2005. Attached to the 2ID and 36ID. 1st and 3rd counter motor radar units were assigned to FOB Marez, Mosul, Iraq. Other radar units were stationed in different areas of Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nThe lineage of the 133rd Field Artillery Regiment is carried by 1st Battalion, a unit of the 72nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team; 3rd Battalion, a unit of the 56th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (both brigades of the 36th Infantry Division); and 4th Battalion, a unit of the 45th Field Artillery Brigade administratively attached to the 71st Expeditionary Military Intelligence Brigade. 1-133 is headquartered in Houston, 3-133 is headquartered in El Paso, and 4-133 is headquartered in San Marcos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0003-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nFrom August 2008 to August 2009 Battery C deployed as a filler unit to 3rd Battalion, 133rd Field Artillery (56th IBCT) in support of Iraqi Freedom. Battery C was based out of COB Adder, Tallil, Iraq carrying out the mission of convoy security. During the deployment, Battery C conducted over 120 convoy Security Missions. One member of the battery was awarded the Purple Heart for wounds sustained. Battery C redeployed in August 2009 and was returned to its organic Battalion. In 2011 Battery C was inactivated, while 4th Battalion, 133rd Field Artillery was reorganized into a HIMARS Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0004-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nIn October 2009, Headquarters and Headquarters Battery (HHB), Battery A, and Battery B from 1st Battalion, 133d Field Artillery were mobilized for service in Operation Iraqi Freedom as part of the 72nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team. After completing training at Camp McGregor, NM as detainee guard force units, HHB and Battery A were deployed to Camp Cropper, Iraq, with Battery B being sent to Camp Taji, Iraq. The brigade completed operations in Iraq in July and August 2010 and redeployed to the United States, with A Battery being the last unit in the brigade to return home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0005-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nSince June 2018, members of 1st Battalion, 133rd Field Artillery Regiment have been assigned to Operation Guardian Support assisting the U.S. Border Patrol in non-enforcement support duties. In July 2019, Governor Greg Abbot ordered additional 1,000 National Guard Soldiers to assist in a Supplemental Holding Facility Mission to augment Department of Homeland Security (DHS) operations along the southern border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0006-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nIn November 2019, 4th Battalion deployed to the Middle East in support of Operation Inherent Resolve. The battalion redeployed to the United States in September 2020. During 4-133\u2019s deployment - its first overseas tour since World War II - Soldiers conducted operations in Syria, Egypt, Afghanistan, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Yemen, firing a total of 87 missions in support of U.S. combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0007-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nIn November 2020, 1st Battalion deployed to the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt as multinational force and observers (MFO), tasked with ensuring peace between Israel and Egypt in accordance with the 1979 treaty between the two nations. 1-133 Field Artillery officially assumed MFO responsibilities on November 24, 2020, relieving 1st Squadron, 112th Cavalry Regiment, also of the Texas Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0008-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nOrganized 20 September 1899 in the Texas Volunteer Guard at El Paso as the Border Rifles and assigned to the 4th Infantry Regiment as Company B", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0009-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\n(Texas Volunteer Guard redesignated 1 July 1903 as the Texas National Guard)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0010-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nExpanded 18 July 1905 to form Companies B and K, 4th Infantry Regiment (Company B\u2014hereafter separate lineage)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0011-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nCompany K, 4th Infantry Regiment, mustered into federal service 18 May 1916; mustered out of federal service 24 March 1917", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0012-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nMustered into federal service 11 April 1917; drafted into federal service 5 August 1917", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0013-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 15 October 1917 as Company G, 144th Infantry, an element of the 36th Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0014-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nExpanded, reorganized, and federally recognized 11 May 1922 in the Texas National Guard as the 2d Battalion, 141st Infantry, an element of the 36th Division (later redesignated as the 36th Infantry Division), with headquarters at El Paso", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0015-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nInducted into federal service 25 November 1940 at home stations", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0016-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nConverted (less Companies F and G), reorganized, and federally recognized 2 December 1946 as the 696th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion, with headquarters at El Paso; concurrently relieved from assignment to the 36th Infantry Division (Companies F and G, 141st Infantry-hereafter separate lineages)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0017-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nRedesignated 1 May 1949 as the 136th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion and assigned to the 36th Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0018-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nRedesignated 1 October 1953 as the 136th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0019-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nConsolidated 16 March 1959 with the 132d (see ANNEX 1), 133d (see ANNEX 2),  and 155th (see ANNEX 3) Field Artillery Battalions to form the 133d Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th Howitzer Battalions, elements of the 36th Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0020-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized 1 March 1963 to consist of the 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th Howitzer Battalions, elements of the 36th Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0021-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized 1 November 1965 to consist of the 2d, 3d, and 5th Battalions, elements of the 36th Infantry Division, and the 4th Battalion, an element of the 36th Infantry Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0022-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized 15 January 1968 to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 71st Airborne Brigade, the 3d Battalion, and the 4th Battalion, an element of the 36th Infantry Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0023-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized 1 November 1973 to consist of the 1st, 3d, and 4th Battalions, elements of the 49th Armored Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0024-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized 1 September 1979 to consist of the 1st, 3d, and 4th Battalions and Battery E, elements of the 49th Armored Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0025-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nWithdrawn 4 March 1987 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0026-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized 1 September 1999 to consist of the 1st, 3d, and 4th Battalions, elements of the 49th Armored Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0027-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nConstituted 5 May 1917 in the Texas National Guard as the 1st Battalion, 2d Field Artillery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0028-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 15 October 1917 as the 1st Battalion, 131st Field Artillery, an element of the 36th Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0029-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized in 1922 in the Texas National Guard as the 1st Battalion, 131st Field Artillery, an element of the 36th Division; Headquarters federally recognized 29 October 1922 at Plainview", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0030-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nInducted into federal service 25 November 1940 at home stations", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0031-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 9 February 1942 as the 131st Field Artillery Battalion, an element of the 36th Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0032-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nExpanded 2 July 1946 to form the 131st and 132d Field Artillery Battalions, elements of the 36th Infantry Division (131st Field Artillery Battalion-hereafter separate lineage)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0033-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\n132d Field Artillery Battalion reorganized and federally recognized 10 July 1947 in western Texas with headquarters at Lubbock", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0034-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nOrganized in 1922 in the Texas National Guard from new and existing units as the 2d Battalion, 132d Field Artillery, an element of the 36th Division; Headquarters federally recognized 28 January 1923 at Corsicana", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0035-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nInducted into federal service 25 November 1940 at home stations", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0036-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 9 February 1942 as the 155th Field Artillery Battalion, an element of the 36th Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0037-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nRedesignated 5 November 1942 as the 133d Field Artillery Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0038-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized and federally recognized 12 May 1947 with headquarters at Corsicana", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0039-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nConstituted 5 May 1917 in the Texas National Guard as the 1st Field ArtilleryOrganized 4 June 1917 with headquarters at Dallas", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0040-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nRedesignated 15 October 1917 as the 133d Field Artillery and assigned to the 36th Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0041-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized 1 June 1936 in the Texas National Guard as the 133d Field Artillery and assigned to the 36th Division; Headquarters federally recognized 9 July 1936 at San Antonio", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0042-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nInducted into federal service 25 November 1940 at home stations", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0043-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nRegiment broken up 9 February 1942 and its elements reorganized and redesignated as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0044-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\n1st Battalion as the 133d Field Artillery Battalion, an element of the36th Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0045-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\n(Headquarters Battery consolidated with the Pioneer Company, 626th Tank Destroyer Battalion; 2d Battalion as the 2d Battalion, 202d Field Artillery\u2014hereafter separate lineages)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0046-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\n133d Field Artillery Battalion redesignated 5 November 1942 as the 155thField Artillery Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0047-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\nExpanded 2 July 1946 to form  the 155th Field Artillery Battalion, an element of the 36th Infantry Division, and the 749th Armored Ordnance Battalion, an element of the 49th Armored Division (749th Armored Ordnance Battalion\u2014hereafter separate lineages)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0048-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage\n155th Field Artillery Battalion consolidated with Headquarters, 133d Field Artillery (reconstituted 25 August 1945 in the Texas National Guard), and consolidated unit reorganized and federally recognized 10 February 1947 in central Texas as the 155th Field Artillery Battalion with headquarters at New Braunfels", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0049-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Gules, a bend Azure fimbriated Or between a fleur-de-lis and a Mexican sombrero of the last. Attached below the shield a Gold motto scroll inscribed \u201cDUM SPIRAMUS TUEBIMUR\u201d in Blue letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 73], "content_span": [74, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0050-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is red for Artillery. The blue bend, taken from the Dallas family coat of arms, represents the descent of the organization from the Dallas Artillery Company, earlier known as the Queen City Guards. The sombrero is symbolic of the Mexican Border; the fleur-de-lis, service in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 73], "content_span": [74, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0051-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 133d Field Artillery Regiment on 11 August 1937. It was redesignated for the 133d Field Artillery Battalion on 7 October 1942. It was redesignated for the 155th Field Artillery Battalion on 23 February 1943. The insignia was redesignated for the 749th Armored Ordnance Maintenance Battalion on 14 June 1951. It was redesignated for the 949th Armored Ordnance Maintenance Battalion on 17 August 1955. The insignia was redesignated for the 133d Field Artillery Regiment on 18 January 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 73], "content_span": [74, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0052-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nGules, a bend Azure fimbriated Or between a fleur-de-lis and a Mexican sombrero of the last.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 68], "content_span": [69, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0053-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the Texas Army National Guard: On a wreath of the colors Or and Gules a mullet Argent encircled by a garland of live oak and olive Proper. MottoDUM SPIRAMUS TUEBIMUR (While We Breathe, We Shall Defend).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 68], "content_span": [69, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0054-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe shield is red for Artillery. The blue bend, taken from the Dallas family coat of arms, represents the descent of the organization from the Dallas Artillery Company, earlier known as the Queen City Guards. The sombrero is symbolic of the Mexican Border; the fleur-de-lis, service in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 71], "content_span": [72, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0055-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe crest is that of the Texas Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 71], "content_span": [72, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010035-0056-0000", "contents": "133rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 133d Field Artillery Regiment on 24 May 1937. It was redesignated for the 133d Field Artillery Battalion on 10 October 1942. It was redesignated for the 155th Field Artillery Battalion on 23 February 1943. The insignia was redesignated for the 749th Armored Ordnance Maintenance Battalion on 14 June 1951. It was redesignated for the 949th Armored Ordnance Maintenance Battalion on 17 August 1955. The insignia was redesignated for the 133d Field Artillery Regiment on 18 January 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 72], "content_span": [73, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010036-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd IOC Session\nThe 133rd IOC Session was an IOC Session held in Buenos Aires, Argentina on 8 October 2018, during the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics. This was the second IOC Session held in Buenos Aires after the 125th IOC Session. The Candidature Phase for 2026 Winter Olympics was opened and the host of the 2022 Summer Youth Olympics for of its kind Olympics in Africa for the first time ever: Dakar, Senegal was announced at this IOC Session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010036-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd IOC Session\nBefore the session the Olympism in Action Forum was held in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010036-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd IOC Session\nThe session took place at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010036-0003-0000", "contents": "133rd IOC Session, Votes results\nThe Senegal President Macky Sall and Dakar Mayor Soham El Wardini were present at the session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010037-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 133rd Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was among scores of regiments that were raised in the summer of 1864 as Hundred Days Men, an effort to augment existing manpower for an all-out push to end the war within 100 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010037-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 133rd Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on May 31, 1864, for a one hundred day enlistment. The 133rd guarded prisoners at the Rock Island Arsenal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010037-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on September 24, 1864 at Camp Butler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010037-0003-0000", "contents": "133rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 16 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 16 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010038-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 133rd Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between May 17 and September 5, 1864, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010038-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana and mustered in on May 17, 1864. It was ordered to Tennessee and assigned duty at Bridgeport, Alabama as well as railroad guard duty, until early September 1864. The regiment was mustered out on September 5, 1864. During its service the regiment lost seventeen men to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010039-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 133rd Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw service during the First World War in British India, but never as a complete formation. In the Second World War, the brigade fought in the Battle of France in May 1940 and was evacuated at Dunkirk. It later fought in the North African Campaign, and was disbanded on 1 January 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010039-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nAfter the creation of the Territorial Force in 1908, four Volunteer battalions from Kent were organised into a brigade, the Kent Brigade, within the Home Counties Division. Two, the 4th and 5th, were of the Buffs (East Kent Regiment) and the other two, the 4th and 5th (The Weald of Kent), of the Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010039-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nOn the outbreak of the First World War, the men of the division accepted liability for overseas service to relieve Regular troops for the fighting fronts. The division was ordered to British India, although the brigade staffs and Regular adjutants of the battalions were to remain behind. The Home Counties Division embarked at Southampton and sailed on 30 October 1914, disembarking at Bombay on 1\u20133 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010039-0003-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Service in India\nOn arrival, the division's units were sent distributed to various peacetime stations across India, Aden and Burma to continue their training for war. 4th Buffs served at Aden from 4 August 1915 to 28 January 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010039-0004-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Service in India\nThe TF battalions had all taken the prefix '1' (1/4th Buffs etc) to distinguish them from their 2nd-Line battalions forming in the United Kingdom, and in May 1915, the division was numbered 44th (Home Counties) Division, and the brigade formally became 133rd (Kent) Brigade (though without a commander or staff, and with its battalions scattered). The 2nd Line units became 202nd (2/1st Kent) Brigade, part of 67th (2nd Home Counties) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010039-0005-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Service in India\nFrom 1915 onwards there was a regular drain on the battalions as they lost their best Non-Commissioned Officers for officer training, sent detachments to various places in India, and provided drafts to replace casualties among units fighting in Mesopotamia. 1/5th Buffs landed at Basra on 6 December 1915 and joined 14th Indian Division in Mesopotamia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010039-0006-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Service in India\nBy early 1916 it had become obvious that the Territorial Divisions in India were never going to be able to reform and return to Europe to reinforce the Western Front as had been originally intended. They continued training in India for the rest of the war, providing drafts and detachments as required. 1/5th Royal West Kents was transferred to Mesopotamia at the end of 1917, landing at Basra on 11 December and joining 54th Indian Brigade, 18th Indian Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010039-0007-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Service in India\nAfter the war ended, the remaining Territorial units in India were gradually reduced, but 1/4th Royal West Kents finally saw active service during the Third Afghan War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010039-0008-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Order of Battle\nDuring the First World War the Kent Brigade was composed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010039-0009-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Between the wars\nThe Territorial Force was disbanded shortly after the end of the war. It did, however, start to reform in early 1920 and was later renamed the Territorial Army. The Home Counties Division was reformed as the 44th (Home Counties) Division and the brigade was reformed as the 133rd (Kent) Infantry Brigade and again included two battalions of the Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment) and two of the Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010039-0010-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Between the wars\nThe brigade saw many changes throughout the inter-war years. In 1921 the 4th and 5th (The Weald of Kent) battalions of the Buffs were amalgamated as the 4th/5th Battalion, Buffs. In the same year the 5th QORWKR were transferred to the 132nd (Middlesex and Kent) Infantry Brigade. They were replaced in the brigade by the 4th and 5th (Cinque Ports) battalions of the Royal Sussex Regiment, both previously having been attached to the division for training. In 1938 all infantry brigades of the British Army were reduced from four battalions to three and so the 4th QORWKR was also transferred to the 132nd Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010039-0011-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe brigade and division, along with the rest of the Territorial Army, were mobilised in late August 1939, due to the deteriorating situation in Europe and, on 1 September 1939, the German Army marched into Poland. Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later, 3 September 1939, beginning the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010039-0012-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nUpon mobilisation in the early stages of the war in September 1939, 133rd Brigade HQ with 4th Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment became HQ Western Sub-Area in the United Kingdom while the other units of the brigade were temporarily under the command of other formations. The brigade reassembled in 44th (Home Counties) Infantry Division on 7 October 1939. The 4th Battalion, Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment) was quickly posted away to 25th Brigade, being replaced by the 2nd Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment, a Regular Army unit, making the brigade an all-Royal Sussex formation. Before the war, the 2nd Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment had been serving in Northern Ireland, under command of Northern Ireland District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010039-0013-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the 133rd Infantry Brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010039-0014-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nCommanded by Brigadier N.I. Whitty, the 133rd Brigade was sent to France with the rest of 44th Division as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), landing on 9 April 1940. The brigade saw fighting in the St Omer-La Bass\u00e9e area during the Battle of France (23\u201329 May) and retreated to Dunkirk, where they were then evacuated from on 30 May 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010039-0015-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nBack in the United Kingdom, 133rd Brigade was re-equipped and reformed in numbers as all units had suffered heavy casualties (5th Royal Sussex had suffered 354 casualties, nearly half their strength) and had to be brought back up to their War Establishment strengths with large numbers of conscripted men. The 133rd Brigade was positioned in Southeast England to defend what 44th Division's commander, Major-General Brian Horrocks, regarded as 'the No 1 German invasion area, stretching from the Isle of Thanet to Dover and on to Folkestone'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010039-0016-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nIn May 1942 the brigade was sent to North Africa with the rest of the 44th Division, now under Major-General Ivor Hughes, where it fought at the Battle of Alam el Halfa. After Alam Halfa, 133rd Brigade was converted to a lorried infantry brigade, assigned first to 8th Armoured Division and then to 10th Armoured Division with which it fought at the Second Battle of El Alamein, transferring briefly to Major-General Douglas Wimberley's 51st (Highland) Infantry Division. After El Alamein the brigade's battalions were posted away on 31 December and 133rd Brigade was officially disbanded on 15 January 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010039-0016-0001", "contents": "133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Service\nThe 4th and 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalions were then merged to become the 4th/5th Battalion and with the 2nd Battalion were then posted to the 6th Indian Infantry Division, the 4th/5th posted to the 27th Indian Infantry Brigade, the 2nd posted to the 24th Indian Infantry Brigade. However, neither unit saw combat again and both these battalions remained in Iraq and Palestine for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010039-0017-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Post-War\nThe brigade was reformed again after the war, as the 133rd (Kent and Sussex) Infantry Brigade, when the Territorial Army was reorganised in 1947. The brigade was now composed of three amalgamated battalions: the 4th/5th Battalion, Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment), 4th/5th Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment (which absorbed the duplicate 6th Battalion) and 4th/5th Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010040-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 133rd Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment in the Iowa Army National Guard. It is represented by the 1st Battalion, 133rd Infantry Regiment, part of the 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010040-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 1st Battalion, 133rd Infantry Regiment was originally constituted and organized in May 1861 as an element of the 2nd Iowa Volunteer Infantry and mustered into federal service 27 May 1861. It was mustered out of federal service on 12 July 1865 at Louisville, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010040-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 2nd Iowa Volunteer Infantry was mustered again into federal service on 2 June 1916 at Camp Dodge, Iowa for the Mexican Border and stationed at Brownsville, Texas. The unit was again and mustered out of federal service on 15 January 1917 at Fort Des Moines, Iowa. Soon thereafter, the regiment was again called into federal service on 25 March 1917 and was drafted into federal service on 5 August 1917. It was reorganized and redesignated as the 133rd Infantry and assigned to the 34th Infantry Division on 1 October 1917. It was demobilized on 18 February 1919 at Camp Grant, Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010040-0003-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe regiment was consolidated with the 4th Infantry, Iowa State Guard (organized between 1918 and 1919), and was reorganized and federally recognized on 29 March 1921 as the 134th Infantry with headquarters at Sioux City, Iowa. It was redesignated as the 133rd Infantry and assigned to the 34th Infantry Division on 11 July 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010040-0004-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 133rd Infantry was inducted into federal service on 10 February 1941 at Sioux City, Iowa. It inactivated on 3 November 1945 at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia. It was reorganized and federally recognized on 25 November 1946 with headquarters at Cedar Falls, Iowa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010040-0005-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe unit was relieved from the 34th Infantry Division on 1 May 1959 and reorganized as the 133rd Infantry, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System. The 1st Battalion, 133rd Infantry draws its lineage and honors from that of A Company, 133rd Infantry. Fearing a loss of revenue, Iowa Governor Norman A. Erbe and Adjutant General Junior Miller initially refused to comply with an April 1962 National Guard Bureau order to eliminate one of the three Iowa battle groups of the 34th Infantry Division under the ROAD reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010040-0006-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nSubsequent assignments for the 1st Battalion, 133rd Infantry included the 47th Infantry Division and the 34th Infantry Division. It joined the latter on 10 February 1991, becoming part of the division's 2nd Brigade (Air Assault). With the transformation of the 34th Infantry Division to the US Army's modular force structure and the reorganization and redesignation of 2nd Brigade (Air Assault), 34th Infantry Division as 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division, the unit became directly assigned to the new modular brigade combat team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010040-0007-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nAfter completing six months of training at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, and a rotation through Joint Readiness Training Center in Fort Polk, Louisiana, the 1st Battalion, 133rd Infantry, made it safely into the Iraqi theater of operation. The outgoing unit, 1st Battalion, 118th Field Artillery, from Savannah, Georgia, validated the 1st Battalion, 133rd Infantry, as ready to take over the mission. The mission tasked to the 133rd Infantry Battalion was convoy security in the western region of the Iraqi theater of operations. The official take over of this mission occurred on 1 May 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010040-0008-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nActivated in August 2010 and mobilized out of Camp Shelby, Mississippi, the battalion completed a validation exercise at the National Training Center, Fort Irwin, CA, and was forward deployed to Laghman & Nuristan provinces in Afghanistan. Tasked with conducting Counterinsurgency in support of Unified Land Operations in Regional Command East, the 1-133 Infantry Battalion excelled at lethal and nonlethal targeting to secure the populace, civil-military operations to improve the infrastructure and education, and mentoring host nation forces for eventual hand off of security. After nine months in theatre, the 1-133 Infantry was relieved in place and reverted to state control in August 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010040-0009-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nOrganized in the Iowa volunteer militia during 1861 as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010040-0010-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\n(Iowa State Militia redesignated 3 April 1878 as the Iowa National Guard)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010040-0011-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nWithdrawn 1 May 1989 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010040-0012-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Silver color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned:  Argent, a Spanish castle debased Gules, to chief a fleur-de-lis of the like and on a mount a giant cactus Vert. Attached below and to the sides of the shield is a Silver scroll inscribed \"AVAUNCEZ\" in Black letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010040-0013-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is silver, or white, the old Infantry color. The Spanish castle, taken from the Spanish Campaign Medal, is used to represent military service outside the continental limits of the United States, while the cactus and fleur-de-lis are for Mexican Border and World War I service, respectively. The motto translates to \"Advance, or Forward\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010040-0014-0000", "contents": "133rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was approved on 16 August 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010041-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 133rd Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment (133rd LAA Regiment), was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery during World War II. It saw action during the campaign in North West Europe, defending the vital port of Antwerp against V-1 flying bombs and supporting the advance into Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010041-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin\nThe regiment was formed in March 1942 from the short-lived 89th Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, which had only been raised in the previous March as part of the rapid expansion of British Anti- Aircraft (AA) defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010041-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 89th Searchlight Regiment\n89th Searchlight Regiment was formed on 4 March 1941 at Exeter under 60th AA Brigade in 8th AA Division. The four batteries were drawn from different training regiments, each formed around a cadre of experienced men provided by an existing S/L regiment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010041-0003-0000", "contents": "133rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 89th Searchlight Regiment\nRegimental Headquarters (RHQ) under Lt-Col J.H. Boyd, Royal Engineers, was established at Bolham, Devon, and the batteries were deployed across Devonshire as equipment arrived. The regiment exposed its first S/L beams on the night of 24 April. Thereafter there were frequent alerts as enemy aircraft attacked targets round Exeter and Plymouth during the closing weeks of The Blitz. On 29 June one of 543 Bty's sites received damage from a bomb landing nearby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010041-0004-0000", "contents": "133rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 89th Searchlight Regiment\nAnti - Aircraft Command's searchlights had been deployed in clusters, but in September 1941 this arrangement was changed and 89th S/L Rgt's lights were redeployed singly to form a 'killer belt' to assist Royal Air Force night-fighters. However, in October 1941, 89th S/L Rgt was ordered to redeploy again to provide closely spaced S/L cover within the Plymouth Gun Defence Area (GDA), with RHQ moving to Buckland Filleigh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010041-0005-0000", "contents": "133rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 89th Searchlight Regiment\nIn December, orders were received for 543 S/L Bty to leave the regiment and move to Kent (it soon joined 33rd (St Pancras) S/L Rgt), while the rest of 89th S/L Rgt was to be converted to the Light Anti- Aircraft (LAA) gun role. Lt -Col Boyd left to return to the Royal Engineers and was replaced by Lt-Col H.M. Powell, Royal Artillery. The regiment was relieved by 74th (Essex Fortress) S/L Rgt and moved into camp at St Audries, close to the School of AA Instruction at Watchet. RHQ was established at Bicknoller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010041-0006-0000", "contents": "133rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 133rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\n133rd LAA Regiment was formally established on 23 March 1942, with 536, 541 and 542 S/L Btys becoming 442, 443 and 444 LAA Btys. 442 LAA Battery was retrained at 10th LAA Training Regiment at Deepcut Barracks and the others at 225th LAA Training Rgt at Newquay. A more experienced fourth battery was due to be formed from three separate troops provided by the batteries of 60th LAA Rgt; however, in the end the fourth battery (298) was transferred complete from 49th LAA Rgt on 22 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 95], "content_span": [96, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010041-0007-0000", "contents": "133rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 133rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nTwo more batteries joined over the following months: 475 LAA Bty on 19 May from 86th LAA Rgt and 465 LAA Bty on 10 July from 72nd LAA Rgt, but on the later date 298 and 475 LAA Btys left the regiment, transferred to 83rd LAA Rgt (in the Orkney and Shetland Defences (OSDEF)) and 134th LAA Rgt respectively. Finally, on 3 October 465 LAA Bty also left, for 142nd LAA Rgt, leaving 133rd LAA Rgt with its three original batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 95], "content_span": [96, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010041-0007-0001", "contents": "133rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 133rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\n133rd LAA Regiment had initially rejoined 60th AA Bde in 8th AA Division, but in June 1942 it moved to 69th AA Brigade, still in 8th AA Division in South West England. By the end of September, RHQ and 444 LAA Btys had moved to 46th AA Brigade covering Bristol, while 442 and 443 LAA Btys remained with 69th AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 95], "content_span": [96, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010041-0008-0000", "contents": "133rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Overlord\nThe regiment left AA Command in February\u2013March 1943 and joined 74th AA Brigade under War Office control. 74th AA Brigade was one of the mobile formations created to support 21st Army Group in the Operation Overlord planned invasion of Normandy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010041-0009-0000", "contents": "133rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Overlord\nFor the next year, 133rd LAA Rgt trained for Overlord with 74th AA Bde. LAA regiments at this time comprised three batteries of three troops, each equipped with six towed Bofors 40 mm guns using Stiffkey Stick sights. As a mobile unit, 133rd would also have had a Royal Electrical And Mechanical Engineers (REME) workshop and a detachment of the Royal Corps of Signals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010041-0010-0000", "contents": "133rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Overlord\n74th AA Brigade landed in Normandy in August 1944 to join First Canadian Army. At the end of the month, 21st Army Group broke out from the Normandy beachhead and began to pursue the defeated German troops across Northern France. In the last days of the month, 74th AA Bde's LAA regiments were deployed to guard the crossings of the River Seine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010041-0011-0000", "contents": "133rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Antwerp\nClearing the Scheldt Estuary and bringing the port of Antwerp into use as a supply base was an important element in the Overlord plan. The planners envisaged a large GDA to deal not only with conventional air raids but also the threat of V-1 flying bombs (codenamed 'Divers'). On 18 October, 133rd LAA Rgt reinforced 5th Royal Marine AA Bde at Antwerp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010041-0012-0000", "contents": "133rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Antwerp\nTo prevent downed V-1s falling in the city and dock area, the guns had to be positioned at least 10 miles outside the city, integrated into a system of warning stations and observation posts, supported by radar and searchlights. This 'X' defence deployment, including 133rd LAA Rgt, took its full form in December 1944, in time for the peak in V-1 attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010041-0013-0000", "contents": "133rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Rhineland\nBy February 1945, 133rd LAA Rgt had rejoined 74th AA Bde with II Canadian Corps for Operation Veritable to clear the Reichswald and break the Siegfried Line. The brigade's role was to protect the vital Waal and Meuse (Dutch: Maas) river crossings immediately behind the front. This role continued during the assault crossing of the Rhine (Operation Plunder) in late March. 74th AA Bde, including 133rd LAA Rgt, remained in support of First Canadian Army until VE Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010041-0014-0000", "contents": "133rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Rhineland\nAfter occupation duties with British Army of the Rhine, RHQ and 442, 443 and 444 LAA Btys were disbanded on 6 March 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010042-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Mixed Brigade\nThe 133rd Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army that participated in the Spanish Civil War, deployed on the fronts of Aragon, Segre and Catalonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010042-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd Mixed Brigade, History\nThe unit was created in May 1937, in Barcelona, from former anarchist militias. The command of the 133rd Mixed Brigade went to the militia major Francisco Pardo S\u00e1nchez, with Bernab\u00e9 Arg\u00fcelles de Paz as commissar and with the militia captain Rafael Mart\u00edn Pi\u00f1ero as chief of staff. The brigade, which was assigned to the 31st Division of the X Army Corps, was sent on June 9 to the Huesca front, where it took part in the siege operations over the capital of Huesca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010042-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd Mixed Brigade, History\nAt the end of August 1937, it took part in the Zaragoza Offensive, covering the left flank of the Republican attack - serving as liaison with the 5th cavalry regiment and the 32nd Mixed Brigade commanded by Nilam\u00f3n Toral. At the end of the fighting, it was assigned to the Noguera Pallaresa area. On April 18, 1938, after the poor performance of the 31st Division at the beginning of the Aragon Offensive, the 133rd Mixed Brigade was dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010042-0003-0000", "contents": "133rd Mixed Brigade, History\nShortly afterwards, a mixed brigade was created that was numbered 133rd, under the command of the anarchist militia major Jos\u00e9 Logro\u00f1o Larios. Assigned to the 24th Division of the X Army Corps, the 133rd Mixed Brigade was destined for the Noguera Pallaresa sector, near Llavors\u00ed, where it took part in intense combat against the nationalist forces located in Valadredo and Seller\u00e9s. Between November 6 and 17, two of his battalions participated in the attack on the Ser\u00f3s bridgehead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010042-0004-0000", "contents": "133rd Mixed Brigade, History\nIn December, the 133rd Mixed Brigade went on to cover the Ebro front, specifically the sector that ran from Garcia to the Mediterranean Sea. On December 30, after the start of the Catalonia Offensive and faced with the risk of being encircled, the brigade withdrew towards rearguard positions. It was then added to the 43rd Division, with the aim of plugging the nationalist gap that had opened in the Flix sector. However, from January 2, the brigade joined the general retreat, being practically undone upon arrival in Barcelona. Only a few members of the 133rd Mixed Brigade reached the French border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010043-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 133rd New York Volunteer Infantry (aka \"2nd Regiment Metropolitan Guard\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010043-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 133rd New York Infantry Regiment was organized at New York City, New York and mustered in for three-years service on September 24, 1862 under the command of Colonel Leonard D. H. Currie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010043-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Abercrombie's Division, Defenses of Washington, D.C., to November 1862. Grover's Brigade, Banks' New Orleans Expedition, to December 1862. Grover's Division, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to October 1863. Defenses of New Orleans, Louisiana, to April 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, to June 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to February 1865. 3rd Brigade, 1st Provisional Division, Army of the Shenandoah, to April 1865. 3rd Brigade, Dwight's Division, Defenses of Washington, D.C., XXII Corps, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010043-0003-0000", "contents": "133rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nRecruits were transferred to the 90th New York Volunteer Infantry on May 31, 1865. The 133rd New York Infantry mustered out of service June 6, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010043-0004-0000", "contents": "133rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D.C., October 8, 1862. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D. C., until November 1862. Moved to New Orleans, La., November, 1862. Occupation of Baton Rouge, La., December 17, and duty there until March 1863. Operations on Bayou Plaquemine February 12\u201328. Operations against Port Hudson, La., March 7\u201327. Moved to Algiers April 3, then to Brashear City April 8. Operations in western Louisiana April 9-May 14. Bayou Teche Campaign April 11\u201320. Fort Bisland, near Centreville, April 12\u201313. Pursuit to Opelousas April 15\u201320. Expedition from Opelousas to Chicotsville and Bayou Boeuf April 26\u201329.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010043-0004-0001", "contents": "133rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nExpedition to Alexandria May 4\u201312. March to Port Hudson May 19\u201326. Siege of Port Hudson May 26-July 9. Expedition to Niblitt's Bluff May 26\u201329. Assault on Port Hudson June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Moved to New Orleans July 15 and duty there until August 28. Sabine Pass Expedition September 4\u201312. Moved to Brashear City September 16, then to Berwick City. Western Louisiana \"Teche\" Campaign October 3-November 30. Duty in the defenses of New Orleans until April 1864. Red River Campaign April 26-May 22. Construction of dam at Alexandria April 30-May 10. Retreat to Mansura May 13\u201320.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010043-0004-0002", "contents": "133rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMansura May 16. At Morganza until July 2. Moved to New Orleans, La., then to Fort Monroe and Deep Bottom, Va., July 2\u201318. Moved to Washington, D.C., July 31. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Detached from army August 14, and duty as supply train guard for Sheridan's army until October 27. Duty at Middletown, Newtown, Stephenson's Depot, and Winchester and in the Shenandoah Valley until April 1865. Moved to Washington, D.C., April 20, and duty there until June. Grand Review of the Armies May 23\u201324.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010043-0005-0000", "contents": "133rd New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 122 men during service; 2 officers and 41 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 78 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature\nThe 133rd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5 to July 1, 1910, during the fourth year of Charles Evans Hughes's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1906 and 1907, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (eight districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0003-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1909, was held on November 2. No statewide elective offices were up for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0004-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 4, the Republican state senators met in caucus and nominated Jotham P. Allds for president pro tempore. Eight senators (Agnew, Brackett, Conger, Cordts, Davenport, Hinman, Newcomb and Rose) did not attend the caucus, and issued a statement opposing Allds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0005-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1910; and adjourned on May 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0006-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJotham P. Allds (R) was elected president pro tempore of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0007-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 18, the press published that Senator Benn Conger accused Allds of having demanded and received bribes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0008-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 19, Allds demanded an investigation by the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0009-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 30, Conger filed the accusation before the State Senate, stating that Allds had \"demanded, received and accepted $1,000 on or about April 23, 1901, in consideration for his failure to pass a certain bill then pending before the Assembly.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0010-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn February 3, Allds answered the accusation with a denial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0011-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn February 8 and 9, Hiram G. Moe testified before the investigating committee that he had handed over the envelope containing the money. ;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0012-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn March 11, George H. Cobb was elected president pro tempore of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0013-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn March 29, the State Senate found Allds guilty by a vote of 40 to 9, but Allds had resigned just before the begin of the session to avoid expulsion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0014-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn April 4, Conger resigned his seat, and retired from politics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0015-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on June 20, 1910; and adjourned on July 1. This session was called to consider legislation to abolish party conventions, and nominate candidates for office by primary elections instead. This measure had met with fierce resistance from the party bosses. The \"Hinman-Green bill\" (which proposed this change) had been defeated in the Senate and in the Assembly. The \"Cobb compromise\" (amending the Hinman-Green bill) had passed the State Senate, but was defeated in the Assembly on May 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0016-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn June 30, the \"Cobb Direct Nominations bill\" was defeated in the Assembly by a vote of 80 to 63.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0017-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn July 1, the State Senate also defeated the Cobb bill, with a vote of 25 for and 19 against it (one vote short of the necessary 26 to approve). The Legislature enacted a \"Progressive Inheritance Tax bill\", and then adjourned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0018-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0019-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"the Committee on (the)\" from the titles of committees. The chairmanships are listed as appointed at the beginning of the session. The President pro tempore is ex officio Chairman of the Committee on Rules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010044-0020-0000", "contents": "133rd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"the Committee on (the)\" from the titles of committees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010045-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Thirty-Third Ohio General Assembly was a meeting of the Ohio state legislature, composed of the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives. It convened in Columbus, Ohio on January 7, 2019 and adjourned December 31, 2020. The apportionment of legislative districts was based on the 2010 United States Census and 2011 redistricting plan. Both the Ohio Senate and Ohio House of Representatives were retained by the Ohio Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010045-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd Ohio General Assembly, Party summary\nResignations and new members are discussed in the \"Changes in membership\" section, below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010046-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 133rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 133rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 133rd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010046-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 133rd Ohio Infantry was organized by consolidation of the 58th and 76th Battalions of the Ohio National Guard and mustered in May 6, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Gustavus L. Innis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010046-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, X Corps, Army of the James.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010046-0003-0000", "contents": "133rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 133rd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Columbus, Ohio, on August 20, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010046-0004-0000", "contents": "133rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Parkersburg, W. Va., May 6; then to New Creek May 8. Duty at New Creek until June 7. Moved to Washington, D.C., June 7; then to Bermuda Hundred, Va., arriving June 12. On 16 June the First Division of the First Brigade, which this unit was assigned to, was ordered to destroy the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad. The 133rd was then assigned to a battery which, with other troops, succeeded in holding the Confederates at bay for 5 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010046-0004-0001", "contents": "133rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOn July 17 the regiment embarked from Point of Rocks to Fort Powhatan where they built fortifications and repaired telephone wires. On the tenth of August the regiment returned to Washington DC before returning to Camp Chase where it was mustered out August 20, 1864 its term of service having expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010046-0005-0000", "contents": "133rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010046-0006-0000", "contents": "133rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 31 men during service; 1 enlisted men killed, 1 officer and 29 enlisted men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010047-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 133rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010047-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 133rd Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Camp Curtin near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and mustered in August 1862 for nine month's service under the command of Colonel Franklin B. Speakman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010047-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010047-0003-0000", "contents": "133rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Washington, D.C., August 19, and duty there until September 2. Moved to Rockville, Md., September 2 and duty there until October 30. Moved to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 17. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12-15. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, \"Mud March,\" January 20-24. 1863. At Falmouth until April 27. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1-5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010047-0004-0000", "contents": "133rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 77 men during service; 4 officers and 40 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 33 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010048-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Street (Manhattan)\n133rd Street is a street in Manhattan and the Bronx, New York City. In Harlem, Manhattan, it begins at Riverside Drive on its western side and crosses Broadway, Amsterdam Avenue, and ends at Convent Avenue, before resuming on the eastern side, crossing Seventh Avenue, and ending at Lenox Avenue. In Port Morris in the Bronx, it runs from Bruckner Boulevard/St. Ann's Place to Locust Avenue. The block between Seventh Avenue and Lenox Avenues was once a thriving night spot, known as \"Swing Street\", with numerous cabarets, jazz clubs, and speakeasies. The street is described in modern times as \"a quiet stretch of brownstones and tenement-style apartment houses, the kind of block that typifies this section of central Harlem\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010048-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd Street (Manhattan), History\nThe street has historical significance during the Prohibition era when there were many speakeasies operating on the street and it was known as \"Swing Street\". The street also gained a reputation as \"Jungle Alley\" because of \"inter-racial mingling\" on the street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010048-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd Street (Manhattan), History\nDuring the Jazz Age there were at least 20 jazz clubs on the street, mainly concentrated between Lenox Avenue (Malcolm X Boulevard) and Seventh Avenue, and a young Billie Holiday performed here and was discovered here at the age of 17. Holiday has cited 133rd Street as the original Swing Street, playing a major role in the development of African-American entertainment in Harlem and jazz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010048-0002-0001", "contents": "133rd Street (Manhattan), History\nThe Nest Club opened in 1923 when Melville Frazier and John Carey leased the building at 169 West 133rd Street and established the Barbecue Club on the main floor and The Nest on the downstairs floor, which opened on October 18, 1923. Jazz historian Frank Driggs described the club as having a \"Chicago gangland atmosphere\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010048-0002-0002", "contents": "133rd Street (Manhattan), History\nNightclubs of note include Tillie's Chicken Shack, known for torch singer Elmira, Bank's Club, Harry Hansberry's Clam House at 146 W. 133rd St., one of New York City's most notorious LGBT speakeasies established in 1928, featuring Gladys Bentley in a tuxedo singing \"her own risque lyrics to popular songs\", and Catagonia Club, better known as Pod's and Jerry's,  which featured jazz pianist and composer Willie \"The Lion\" Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010048-0003-0000", "contents": "133rd Street (Manhattan), History\nThe street began to lose its attraction following the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, and the Harlem Riot of 1935 effectively killed the reputation of the street as a racial safe haven and most of the interracial clubs were forced to close. One of the last clubs to stay open was Pod's and Jerry's, which was renamed \"The Log Cabin\" in 1933, and stayed open until about 1948-9, long after 52nd Street had replaced 133rd Street as the \"Swing street\". Further racial violence broke out at 133rd Street and Seventh Avenue during the Harlem Riot of 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010048-0004-0000", "contents": "133rd Street (Manhattan), Landmarks\nNumerous mills sprang up along the street on the eastern side but many of the former derelict buildings have been razed to the ground and new buildings erected. The New York Post has a printing centre here. On the western side is the Terence D. Tolbert Educational Complex and Roberto Clemente School, KIPP Infinity Charter School and the Manhattanville Bus Depot. The New York Structural Biology Center is situated in the Park Building at 89 Convent Avenue opposite the street. On the eastern side is Bethlehem Moriah Baptist Church and Bill's Place, a jazz club established in 2006 by tenor saxophonist Bill Saxton in a building which was the former speakeasy Tillie's Chicken Shack. Bishop R.C. Lawson once had a Bible book store on 133rd Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010049-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Street station\n133rd Street was a station on the IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx, New York City. It was originally opened on May 17, 1886 by the Suburban Rapid Transit Company, and was the first stop in the Bronx after crossing the Harlem River. It had two tracks and one island platform, and was also the terminus of the Third Avenue Line until May 23, 1886 when it was expanded to 143rd Street. Besides Third Avenue Line trains, it was also served by trains of the IRT Second Avenue Line until June 11, 1940, when Second Avenue service ended. This station closed on May 12, 1955, with the ending of all service on the Third Avenue El south of 149th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010050-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd Tank Regiment (Italy)\nThe 133rd Tank Regiment (Italian: 133\u00b0 Reggimento Carri) is an inactive tank regiment of the Italian Army based in Altamura in Apulia. Originally the regiment, like all Italian tank units, was part of the infantry, but on 1 June 1999 it became part of the cavalry. Operationally the regiment was last assigned to the Mechanized Brigade \"Pinerolo\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010050-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II\nThe formation of the regiment began in July 1941 in Pordenone with its staff drawn from personnel of the 33rd Tank Infantry Regiment of the 133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\". By early November 1941 the regiment had received the following battalions raised by other regiments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010050-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II\nOn 27 November 1941 the 133rd regiment entered the 133rd Armored Division \"Littorio\", while the 33rd Tank Infantry Regiment left the division on the same date. In January 1942 the \"Littorio\" was sent to Libya to bolster Axis forces under pressure from the British Operation Crusader. En route one transport carrying the tanks for one of the companies of the XII battalion was sunk by British warplanes in the Mediterranean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010050-0002-0001", "contents": "133rd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II\nAfter the 133rd Tank Infantry Regiment had arrived in Libya it had to cede the X battalion to the 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment of the 132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\" and the XI battalion to the 101st Motorized Division \"Trieste\" to replace the losses suffered by the two divisions during Operation Crusader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010050-0003-0000", "contents": "133rd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II\nTo bring the 133rd regiment back up to strength 31st Tank Infantry Regiment sent its IV and LI tank battalions to North Africa. At the same time replacements for the lost tanks of the XII battalions were sent to North Africa and so the 133rd Tank Infantry Regiment began its move to the front on 31 May 1942 with the following structure:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010050-0004-0000", "contents": "133rd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, World War II\nThe regiment had its baptism of fire on 20 June 1942 during the Axis capture of Tobruk. From then on the regiment participated in all the battles of the campaign: Battle of Mersa Matruh, First Battle of El Alamein, and Battle of Alam el Halfa. The regiment, like the Littorio division, was destroyed during the Second Battle of El Alamein. Its remnants were grouped with the remnants of the Ariete division in the \"Cantaluppi\" Group, an ad hoc formation commanded by Colonel Gaetano Cantaluppi, and on 20 November 1942 the regiment was declared lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010050-0005-0000", "contents": "133rd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War\nOn 10 July 1948 the Italian Army raised the 1st Tankers Regiment, which inherited the flag and traditions of the 1st Tank Infantry Regiment. The regiment fielded the I and II tanks battalions and on 1 April 1949 the regiment was renamed 132nd Tankers Regiment \"Ariete\". In 1954 the regiment raised the III Tank Battalion, which on 5 January 1959 was renamed X Tank Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010050-0006-0000", "contents": "133rd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War, 10th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Bruno\"\nDuring the 1975 army reform the 132nd Tank Regiment was disbanded and on 1 November 1975 the X Tank Battalion became the 10th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Bruno\", which received the war flag and traditions of the 133rd Tank Infantry Regiment. The battalion's number commemorated the X Tank Battalion \"M\", which had served with the 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment during the Western Desert Campaign. Tank and armored battalions created during the 1975 army reform were all named for officers, soldiers and partisans, who were posthumously awarded Italy's highest military honor the Gold Medal of Military Valour during World War II. The 10th Tank Battalion's name commemorated X Tank Battalion \"M14/41\", 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment Second lieutenant Pietro Bruno, who was killed in action on 4 November 1942 during the Second Battle of El Alamein. Based in Aviano and equipped with M60A1 Patton tanks the battalion joined the Armored Brigade \"Manin\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 80], "content_span": [81, 1020]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010050-0007-0000", "contents": "133rd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War, 10th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Bruno\"\nThe 10th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Bruno\" was disbanded on 10 January 1991 and the war flag of the 133rd Tank Regiment was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome. However the war flag left the shrine once more and on 17 October 1992 the 60th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Locatelli\" of the Mechanized Brigade \"Pinerolo\" was renamed 133rd Tank Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 80], "content_span": [81, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010050-0007-0001", "contents": "133rd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War, 10th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Bruno\"\nOn 9 October 1995 the 31st Tank Regiment of the Armored Brigade \"Centauro\" was renamed 4th Tank Regiment and the war flag and name of the 31st were transferred to the 133rd Tank Regiment in Altamura, while on the same day the war flag of the 133rd Tank Regiment was transferred to the army's Tank School in Lecce, where it was stored in the commander's office, until, in case of war, the personnel of the Tank School would have formed the 133rd Tank Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 80], "content_span": [81, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010050-0008-0000", "contents": "133rd Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War, 10th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Bruno\"\nIn fall 2001 the 133rd Tank Regiment was disbanded and its war flag transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 80], "content_span": [81, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010051-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd meridian east\nThe meridian 133\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude extending from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, Australia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010051-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd meridian east\nThe 133rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 47th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010051-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 133rd meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010052-0000-0000", "contents": "133rd meridian west\nThe meridian 133\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010052-0001-0000", "contents": "133rd meridian west\nThe 133rd meridian west forms a great circle with the 47th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010052-0002-0000", "contents": "133rd meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 133rd meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010053-0000-0000", "contents": "134 (number)\n134 (one hundred [and] thirty-four) is the natural number following 133 and preceding 135.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010053-0001-0000", "contents": "134 (number), In mathematics\n134 is a nontotient since there is no integer with exactly 134 coprimes below it. And it is a noncototient since there is no integer with 134 integers with common factors below it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010053-0002-0000", "contents": "134 (number), In mathematics\nIn Roman numerals, 134 is a Friedman number since CXXXIV = XV * (XC/X) - I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010054-0000-0000", "contents": "134 BC\nYear 134 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aemilianus and Flaccus (or, less frequently, year 620 Ab urbe condita) and the First Year of Yuanguang. The denomination 134 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010055-0000-0000", "contents": "134 Sophrosyne\nSophrosyne (minor planet designation: 134 Sophrosyne) is a large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by German astronomer Robert Luther on 27 September 1873, and was named after the concept of sophrosyne, Plato's term for 'moderation'. Classified as a C-type asteroid, it has an exceedingly dark surface and most probably a primitive carbonaceous composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010055-0001-0000", "contents": "134 Sophrosyne\nAn occultation of a star by 134 Sophrosyne was observed 24 November 1980, in the United States. Timing information from this event allowed a diameter estimate of 110\u00a0km to be derived. Photometric observations of the asteroid in 2015 produced a lightcurve indicating a rotation period of 17.190\u00b10.001\u00a0h with a variation amplitude of 0.28\u00b10.01 in magnitude. This provided a good match to the only previous determination in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010056-0000-0000", "contents": "134 Tauri\n134 Tauri is a single star in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. Its apparent magnitude is 4.89, which is bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star, based upon an annual parallax shift of 13.11\u00b10.33\u00a0mas, is around 249\u00a0light years. The star is moving further from the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of +20.5\u00a0km/s, having made its closest approach some three million years ago at a distance of 107\u00a0ly (32.7\u00a0pc).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010056-0001-0000", "contents": "134 Tauri\nThis is an MK-standard star with a stellar classification of B9\u00a0IV, matching a subgiant star that is evolving away from the main sequence having exhausted the hydrogen at its core. It has a low projected rotational velocity of 26\u00a0km/s. The star is about 248\u00a0million years old with three times the mass of the Sun and approximately 3.3 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating around 78 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of about 11,150\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010057-0000-0000", "contents": "1340\nYear 1340 (MCCCXL) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010058-0000-0000", "contents": "1340 AM\n1340\u00a0kHz is defined as a Class C (local) frequency in the coterminous United States and such stations on this frequency are limited to 1,000 watts. U.S. stations outside the coterminous United States (Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, & the U.S. Virgin Islands) on this frequency are defined as Class B (regional) stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010058-0001-0000", "contents": "1340 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1340\u00a0kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010059-0000-0000", "contents": "1340 Yvette\n1340 Yvette, provisional designation 1934 YA, is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 29 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 27 December 1934, by astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory, who named it after his niece, Yvette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010059-0001-0000", "contents": "1340 Yvette, Orbit and classification\nYvette is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (602), a very large family of nearly 5,000 member asteroids, named after 24\u00a0Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,075 days; semi-major axis of 3.18\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 0\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010059-0002-0000", "contents": "1340 Yvette, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1930 DO at Heidelberg Observatory in February 1930. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Algiers in 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010059-0003-0000", "contents": "1340 Yvette, Physical characteristics\nYvette has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey, in line with the overall spectral type of the Themis family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010059-0004-0000", "contents": "1340 Yvette, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nPublished in 2004, a first rotational lightcurve of Yvette was obtained from photometric observations by Brazilian and Argentinian astronomers. Lightcurve analysis gave a relatively short rotation period of 3.525 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010059-0005-0000", "contents": "1340 Yvette, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Yvette measures between 25.87 and 33.061 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0587 and 0.0958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010059-0006-0000", "contents": "1340 Yvette, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.0958 and a diameter of 25.87 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010059-0007-0000", "contents": "1340 Yvette, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer in honor of his niece, Yvette. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 122).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0000-0000", "contents": "1340s\nThe 1340s were a Julian calendar decade in the 14th century, in the midst of a period in world history often referred to as the Late Middle Ages in the Old World and the pre-Columbian era in the New World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0001-0000", "contents": "1340s\nIn Asia, the successors of the old Mongol Empire were in a state of gradual decline. The Ilkhanate had already fragmented into several political territories and factions struggling to place their puppet leaders over the shell of an old state; the Chagatai Khanate was undermined by religious unrest and fell to rebellion. The Black Plague swept through the Kipchak Khanate in 1346, and also affected the Genoese colonies under Mongol siege, thence spreading into Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0001-0001", "contents": "1340s\nThe Yuan dynasty in China was struck by a series of disasters, including frequent flooding, widespread banditry, fires in urban areas, declining grain harvest, increased civil unrest and local rebellion \u2013 the seeds of resistance that would lead to its downfall. Southeast Asia remained free from Mongol power, with several small kingdoms struggling for survival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0002-0000", "contents": "1340s\nIn Europe, the decade continued the period of gradual economic decline, often mistitled the \"depression\" of the 1340s. This followed the end of the Medieval Warm Period and the start of the Little Ice Age in the 1300s, and affected most of Western Europe, with the exception of a few Italian city-states. The state increasingly interfered in the social and economic life of the decade, while Europe entered a period which saw almost continuous war for the next century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0002-0001", "contents": "1340s\nThe Hundred Years' War (1337\u20131453) between France and England continued, and Edward III of England led an invasion resulting in notable victories at the Battles of Sluys and Cr\u00e9cy in 1340 and 1346 respectively. The medieval crusading spirit continued in Spain, with a Castilian victory at the Battle of R\u00edo Salado and the recommencement of the Reconquista in 1340; and in the Baltic, with King Magnus II of Sweden's Northern Crusades against Novgorod in 1347\u20131348. In the east, the Byzantine Empire, then under the Palaiologoi, saw the start of the disastrous Byzantine civil war of 1341\u201347. Meanwhile, a crisis of confidence in the Florentine banks caused many of them to collapse between 1341 and 1346. The Black Plague which struck Europe in 1348 wiped out a full third of the population by the end of the decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0003-0000", "contents": "1340s\nIn Africa, the two great empires were the Christian Ethiopian Empire in the east and the Muslim Mali Empire in the west. Amda Seyon I, who had brought Ethiopia to its height, was succeeded in 1344 by Newaya Krestos, who continued to foster trade in East Africa. Mansa Suleyman assumed office in the Mali Empire in 1341, and similarly took steep measures to reform Mali's finances. Songhai, which had emerged in this decade, was conquered by Mali for the time being.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0004-0000", "contents": "1340s\nIn the Americas, cities of the Mississippian culture such as Cahokia, Kincaid and Moundville went into an accelerated state of decline in this decade. Factors such as depletion of resources, climatic change, war, disease, social unrest and declining political and economic power have been suggested, although the sites were not fully abandoned until the 15th century. Central America saw the decayed Maya civilization ruled from their capital Mayapan in the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula, while the Mexicas from their capital city of Tenochtitlan were on the rise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0005-0000", "contents": "1340s, Asia, Political developments, Mongol decline\nIn the Kipchak Khanate, \u00d6zbeg Khan of the Golden Horde died in 1341, ending what Muslim chroniclers considered a golden age. His elder son Tinibeg ruled for a year or two, before being dethroned and killed at the hands of his younger brother Janibeg in 1342. Janibeg's fifteen-year reign was notable for the appearance and rapid transmission of the Black Plague along the trade routes from inner Asia in this decade. The nation \"struggled into new life\" after the plague had passed in the following decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 51], "content_span": [52, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0006-0000", "contents": "1340s, Asia, Political developments, Mongol decline\nThe Chagatai Khanate was being split by religious dissensions between the traditionalist Mongol adherents of the Yasa and the Mongol and Turkish converts to Islam. The eastern half of Chagatai seceded under the conservative Mongol element when Tughluk Tem\u00fcr seized power in Moghulistan around 1345. The Khanate continued in Transoxiana, but the Chatagai khans became the puppets of the now enthusiastically Muslim Turkish amirs, and the amir Kazghan overthrew the Khan Kazan in 1347.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 51], "content_span": [52, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0007-0000", "contents": "1340s, Asia, Political developments, Mongol decline\nIn the Persian Ilkhanate, the Mongol House of H\u00fcleg\u00fc had been extinguished in the male line with the death of Il-Khan Abu Sa'id in 1335, . As JJ Saunders wrote, \"A crowd of competitors for the vacant throne started up, but of some history has scarcely condescended to record their names, much less their actions, and an interval of more than thirty years was filled with confused political struggles\". Numerous claimants were set up in the 1330s; by 1339, the two rivals were Jahan Tem\u00fcr set up by Shaik Hasan-i Buzurg, and Suleiman Khan supported by Shaik Hasan-i Kuchak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 51], "content_span": [52, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0007-0001", "contents": "1340s, Asia, Political developments, Mongol decline\nIn June 1340, the two Hasans and their rival khans met in battle on the Jaghatu; \"Hasan-i Buzurg was defeated and fled to Baghdad, where he deposed Jahan-Tem\u00fcr and himself assumed sovereignty as the founder of the Jalayir dynasty\". The deposition of Jahan-Tem\u00fcr can be regarded as the final dissolution of the Ilkhanate. Although his rival retained nominal power among the Chobanids for another year or two, he in turn was deposed by Hasan-i Kuchak's brother and similarly disappears into obscurity. \"So insignificant had these figureheads become\", according to JA Boyle, \"that we are not even informed as to the time and manner of their death\". Suleiman was replaced as puppet by Anushirvan, \"in whose name his Chobanid masters continued to strike coin until 1353\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 51], "content_span": [52, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0008-0000", "contents": "1340s, Asia, Political developments, China\nIn China, the Mongol Yuan dynasty was in a gradual state of decline, due to complex and longstanding problems such as the \"endemic tensions among its ruling elites\". Toghon Tem\u00fcr had been installed as emperor at age thirteen in 1333, and was to reign as the last Yuan emperor until 1368. In March 1340, the Yuan chancellor, Bayan of the Merkid, was removed in a carefully orchestrated coup, and replaced by his nephew Toqto'a. In Bayan's overthrow by the younger generation, the movement to restore the status quo from reign of Kublai Khan effectively died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0008-0001", "contents": "1340s, Asia, Political developments, China\nBayan's purges were called off; his supporters dismissed; positions he had closed to the Chinese were reopened; the meritocratic system of examinations for official service was restored. By this time, Tem\u00fcr had just begun to participate in the formal functions of state, and assisted in the \"anti-Bayan coup\": he issued a posthumous denunciation of his uncle Tugh Tem\u00fcr; he exiled the grand empress dowager Budashiri and his cousin El Teg\u00fcs; and entrusted the upbringing of his infant son Ayushiridara to Toghto's household.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0009-0000", "contents": "1340s, Asia, Political developments, China\nToghto's first term exhibited a fresh new spirit which took a predominantly centralist approach to political solutions. He directed an unsuccessful project to connect the imperial capital to the sea and the Shansi foothills by water; he was more successful in his attempt to organise funds for the completion of the official histories of the Liao, Qin and Song dynasties. In June 1344, however, he tendered his resignation following a series of local rebellions that had broken out against the Yuan in scattered areas of China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0010-0000", "contents": "1340s, Asia, Political developments, China\nToghto's replacement as chancellor was Berke Bukha, an effective provincial administrator who took the opposite, decentralised approach to Toghto. Bukha had learned firsthand from the great Hangchow fire of 1341 that central regulations had to be violated to provide immediate and effective relief. Accordingly, he promoted able men to local positions and gave them discretionary authority to handle relief and other problems. Similarly, he granted local military garrisons blanket authorisation to prevent the spread of banditry. In 1345, Bukha's administration sent out twelve investigation teams to visit each part of China, correct abuses, and \"create benefits and remove harms\" for the people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0011-0000", "contents": "1340s, Asia, Political developments, China\nBukha's approach failed to arrest the mounting troubles of Yuan China in the 1340s, however. The central government was faced with chronic revenue shortfalls. Maritime grain shipments \u2014 vital for the inhabitants of the imperial capital \u2014 had seriously declined from a peak of 3.34 million bushels in 1329 to 2.6 million in 1342. From 1348 on, they continued only when permitted by a major piratical operation led by Fang Kuo-chen and his brothers, which the authorities were unable to suppress. Additionally, the Yellow River was repeatedly swelled by long rains, breaching its dykes and flooding the surrounding areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0011-0001", "contents": "1340s, Asia, Political developments, China\nWhen the river finally began shifting its course, it caused \"widespread havoc and ruin\". In 1349, the emperor recalled Toghto to office for a second term. With high enthusiasm and strong belief from his partisans that the problems were soluble, he began a radical process of recentralisation and heavy restriction of regional and local initiative in the following decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0012-0000", "contents": "1340s, Asia, Culture, religion and philosophy\nPope Benedict XII had despatched the Italian Franciscan John of Marignolli in 1339, who travelled safely through the Yuan territories of Kipchack and Chagatai Khanate during the Pax Mongolica and reached the imperial capital of Ta-tu in 1342. He was received in an audience with Toghon Tem\u00fcr, to whom he presented some large European horses \u2014 their bulk, according to JJ Saunders, \"surprised Chinese and Mongols alike, accustomed as they were to the small, wiry animals of the steppes\". Marignolli stayed in China for five years, departing by ship in 1347 and returning to Avignon in 1353.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 45], "content_span": [46, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0013-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Political developments, War and decline in Western Europe\nIn Europe, the decade continued the period of gradual economic decline, which followed the end of the Medieval Warm Period and the start of the Little Ice Age in the 1300s. This secular decline, often mistitled a \"depression\", affected most of Western Europe, with the exception of a few Italian city-states. It was the result of factors which had begun earlier in the century, the main cause being the breaking of the balance between Church and state. The more dominant state increasingly interfered in the social and economic life of late medieval Europe, imposing detrimental taxation and regulation. King Edward III of England faced a brief standoff with some dissident barons in 1341 \u2014 one of only two such isolated standoffs in his popular reign. Meanwhile, the role of the Parliament of England became more defined, with the House of Commons regularly petitioning Edward from about 1343 onward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 72], "content_span": [73, 974]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0014-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Political developments, War and decline in Western Europe\nEurope entered a period which saw almost continuous war for the next century. Fighting took place in the Duchy of Brittany, \"a country well suited to guerilla warfare\", from 1342 to 1365 in the Breton War of Succession. The Hundred Years' War (1337\u20131453) between France and England continued, and Edward III led an invasion resulting in a number of victories. One of the earlier English victories was at the naval Battle of Sluys in 1340, which annihilated the French fleet and gave the English control of the English Channel for several years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 72], "content_span": [73, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0014-0001", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Political developments, War and decline in Western Europe\nThe initial campaigns were frustrating and expensive, so Edward altered his strategy to use English armies that were lightly supported but prepared to forage off the land. It successfully established English control over Brittany in 1342. Further armies were sent to Brittany and Gascony in 1345, and Edward himself crossed the Channel in 1346 with 10,000 men \u2014 an enormous army by contemporary standards. They plundered Caen, an important town in Normandy, and eventually began moving back toward the Channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 72], "content_span": [73, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0015-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Political developments, War and decline in Western Europe\nIn 1346, the Battle of Crecy became the first great land battle of the Hundred Years' War, and the most stunning victory of Edward's career. English longbowmen crippled the French knights for many years to come, allowing Edward to take the key Channel port of Calais in 1347. Meanwhile, public discontent caused the town of Lyon to riot in 1347. Importantly, the English campaign of the 1340s \"brought the hegemony of high medieval France to a decisive close.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 72], "content_span": [73, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0016-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Political developments, Central Europe\nIn the Holy Roman Empire, Ludwig the Bavarian was in conflict with the Avignon Papacy. Pope Clement VI influenced the German Prince-electors to elect Charles of Moravia as rival king to Ludwig. He was crowned in 1346 in Bonn. After the death of Emperor Ludwig in September 1347, Charles IV was recognised as King of Germany by all of the German princes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 53], "content_span": [54, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0017-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Political developments, Central Europe\nIn 1341, Margarete Maultasch, Countess of County of Tyrol, had expelled her husband John Henry of Bohemia. She then married Louis of Bavaria, a son of Ludwig, without an annulment of her previous marriage. The result was the excommunication of the couple. Meanwhile, in 1342, Kitzb\u00fchel became part of Tyrol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 53], "content_span": [54, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0018-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Political developments, Northern Europe\nIn 1340, a German law-code was drawn up by the Teutonic Knights for their long-settled Prussian district of Pomesania. The code defined two categories of people: the unfree, who came under peasant law (Gebauersrecht) and were consigned to the jurisdiction of their lords; and the freedmen. The latter group included peasants who had the right to demand trial by the written code and could not be sentenced to death in private courts. However, an appendix to the law-code also made it clear that the Old Prussian peasant converts were discriminated against by the Teutonic Knights, and were allowed remain \"semi-pagan, uncouth and lawless\". Such treatment shocked contemporary commentators such as Saint Bridget of Sweden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0019-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Political developments, Northern Europe\nThe Danish monarchy had disintegrated in the 1330s, but was restored in 1340 by Valdemar IV after a long interregnum. In the Danish crusader state of Estonia, some 80% of the indigenous population was subject to immigrant lords, to whom they owed tithe and military duty. When the lords reacted to falling grain-prices by increasing the level of tithe, which led to the St. George's Night Uprising in 1343. On 23 April, the Estonians rose up and killed their masters \u2014 German sources give a figure of 18,000 dead as a result of the uprising, although this total is unlikely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0019-0001", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Political developments, Northern Europe\nThe Danish government in Estonia was overthrown when a major group of vassals in Tallinn handed over castles to the Teutonic Order in 1344\u20131345. Beset by pressing problems at home and unable to break the monopoly of the Hanseatic League at sea, Valdemar decided to sell the territory to the master of the Teutonic Order for 10,000 marks. The final sale was approved by the king's Danish counsellors, and the shift of sovereignty took place on 1 November 1346.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0020-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Political developments, Northern Europe\nIn Sweden, the court was continually reminded of its religious duties by Bridget of Sweden, who was the king's cousin and beginning to win fame as a prophetess. Her primary aim was to reform and purify the upper class, and her posthumously complied Revelations contain thoughts on the Northern Crusades which must have been expressed in the 1344\u20131348 period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0020-0001", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Political developments, Northern Europe\nAfter King Magnus II of Sweden had tried and failed to take possession of Denmark in the early 1340s, she advised him not to offend his people by raising taxes to fund wars against their co-religionists, but instead to raise taxes only for self-defence or in crusading against unbelievers. Therefore, after Magnus had at least temporarily resolved difficulties at home, he prepared for a crusade against the Russian Orthodox Novgorod. Envoys were sent to the Russians in 1347, and an army was assembled that included Danish and German auxiliaries, and the support of Henry of Rendsburg. The army set sail for the campaign in 1348.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0021-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Political developments, Northern Europe\nAccordingly, there were political divisions in the Russian states in this decade. The southern territories of Novgorod had been subjugated by Prince Algirdas of Lithuania in 1346, and Simeon of Moscow had failed to intervene. The city was divided between competing boyar factions, and the lack of unity between Novgorod and her allies allowed for the success of Magnus' campaign of 1348. Pskov officially broke away from Novgorod that year;  and Simeon was again delayed in helping against the Swedes, this time by business with his overlord, the Khan of the Golden Horde. Orekhov was taken by the Swedes, although it was to fall in 1349.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0022-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Political developments, Southern Europe\nIn Rome, the general despair brought on by the Plague and the absence of the Pope have been cited as possible causes for the rise of the Roman notary Cola di Rienzo: in 1347, he assumed the title of censor and claimed to restore the Roman Republic. He utilised popular rhetoric, and invited the men of Trastevere to sack the palaces of the fleeing Roman nobility. Cola tried to establish direct government with elections in the rione of the city, but he lacked the means to take the Castel Sant'Angelo and he was cut down by the Roman aristocracy in 1354.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0023-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Political developments, Southern Europe\nThere were several rulers of the Kingdoms of Spain in the 1340s. Alfonso XI the Just ruled until the end of the decade as King of Castile and Le\u00f3n. Castile and Le\u00f3n surrounded Granada by land, and Alfonso advanced the Christian Reconquista. In 1340, at the Battle of R\u00edo Salado, he won the first Castilian victory over the Moors for over a century, and crossed the straits to Algeciras. In 1345, he attacked Gibraltar, but was unable to conquer it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0024-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Political developments, Southern Europe\nPeter the Ceremonious ruled from 1336 as King of Aragon, King of Sardinia and Corsica, King of Valencia, Count of Barcelona and Prince of Catalonia. By 1343, Aragon had acquired the Balearic Islands, and in 1344 Peter deposed James III of Majorca to become King of Majorca himself. Navarre was ruled by Philip III until 1343, his Capetian wife Joanna II until 1349, and finally Charles II the Bad ruled into the late 14th century. The Kingdom of Portugal was meanwhile ruled by Afonso IV, from 1325 until his death in 1357.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0025-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Society and economy, Economic collapse and crisis\nTo finance the continuing wars of the 1340s, Edward III of England granted to a small group of merchants a monopoly on the export of wool. In return, they agreed to collect the \"poundage\", or wool tax, on his behalf. This included a tariff on the import of woolen cloth, which put out of business the Italian and foreign merchants that had dominated the wool export trade. The monopoly merchants went bankrupt in the following decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 64], "content_span": [65, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0026-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Society and economy, Economic collapse and crisis\nEdward also introduced three new gold coins in 1344: the florin, leopard, and helm. However, the gold content of these coins did not match their respective value of 6 shillings, 3 shillings, and 1 shilling and sixpence, so they had to be withdrawn and mostly melted down by August of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 64], "content_span": [65, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0027-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Society and economy, Economic collapse and crisis\nIn France, the king's personal expenditure on dowries, gratuities, the upkeep of the palace, his travels and his wardrobe, consumed the entirety of the royal income. Therefore, a monopoly on salt, an essential commodity, was established in 1341; monopolies in salt had already been established in Kingdom of Castile and Venice in the 1330s. The French salt tax or gabelle itself never amounted to more than 2%. Fouages were also levied in 1342 and 1349.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 64], "content_span": [65, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0028-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Society and economy, Economic collapse and crisis\nThe Italian city states were booming at the start of the decade. In 1340, Francesco Balducci Pegolotti wrote his Practica della mercatura. Meanwhile, rulers such as the Neapolitan princes had begun withdrawing massive funds from Florentine banks. England found itself unable to repay its debts, and both factors resulted in a crisis of confidence in the Florentine banks  The family-based banks and mercantile associations of Florence and Genoa generally kept only 25\u201330% of their capital in liquid assets, and between 1341 and 1346, many of the most important of the Florentine banks collapsed. \u2014 an \"avalanche of bankruptcies\", in the words of Robert Fossier. These were owned by the following banking families: the Acciaiuolis, the Bonaccorsis, the Cocchis, the Antellesis, the Corsinis, the Uzzanos, the Perendolis, the Peruzzis and the Bardis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 64], "content_span": [65, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0029-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Society and economy, Social unrest\nThe situation in the towns remained delicate: while on one hand the trades were dominant, and Villani counted no fewer than 200 textile workshops in Florence around 1340, working conditions and entry restrictions imposed by the guilds created tensions with the unemployed and unskilled labourers. Strikes or gr\u00e8ves occurred in Ghent in 1337\u20131345 and in Florence in 1346. In 1349\u20131350, the fullers and weavers of Ghent and Li\u00e8ge massacred each other. The failures in the food supply in the regions of Provence and Lyon, in 1340 and 1348 respectively, affected contemporaries particularly harshly. This was not just because these generations were unused to them, but because they were accompanied by war and followed by epidemic in this decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 49], "content_span": [50, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0030-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Society and economy, The Black Plague\nIn 1340, the total population of Europe was 54 million; by 1450, it would be 37 million, a 31% drop in only a century. In addition to the earlier social and economic decline, the Black Plague is identified as the superficial cause, which struck Europe and wiped out a full third of the population in short space of 1348\u20131350. It has been described as \"a pandemic of plagues such as the world had not seen since the sixth century and was not destined to see again till the 1890s.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 52], "content_span": [53, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0030-0001", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Society and economy, The Black Plague\nIt was actually three related diseases: bubonic plague and septicaemic plague, carried by fleas hosted by the black rat, and pneumonic plague, the especially fast and lethal airborne variant. The few areas that escaped included Poland, Hungary, Rouergue in France, Li\u00e8ge in Belgium, and the county of B\u00e9arn in the Pyrenees. It has been suggested that these areas were spared due to the predominance of O-Blood type, which had only recently taken root in the heartlands of Europe, although this hypothesis has yet to be proven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 52], "content_span": [53, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0031-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Society and economy, The Black Plague\nThe pandemic, which began in central Asia, was first reported in Europe in the summer of 1346. The Genoese colony of Caffa in the Crimea was besieged by the Tartars, who catapulted plague-ridden corpses into the city. The defenders carried the disease back to Italy; in October 1347 it reached Messina in Sicily, in December a ship carried the plague into Marseille, and by January 1348 it was in Genoa. The plague then moved northward through France. According to the French monk Guillaume de Nangis:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 52], "content_span": [53, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0032-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Society and economy, The Black Plague\nVictims were only ill for two or three days and died suddenly, their bodies almost sound\u2026 They had swellings in the armpits and groin, and the appearance of these swellings was an unmistakable sign of death\u2026 Soon, in many places, of every twenty inhabitants only two remained alive. The mortality was so great at the hospital of Paris that for a long time more than 500 bodies were carried off on wagons each day, to be buried at the cemetery of the Holy Innocents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 52], "content_span": [53, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0033-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Society and economy, The Black Plague\nThe reasons for the plague's success are not yet entirely understood. Urban overcrowding, declining sanitary conditions and the \"lively European trade in (rat-infested) grain\" have been cited as causes of the plague's rapid transmission; while favourable climatic conditions and the summer months may also have aided its spread. In the summer of 1348 it reached England, arriving first at Melcombe Regis in Dorset. It had spread through the southwestern shires to London by winter. It peaked in the summer of 1349, when it was passed on into Germany and Austria, and in winter it was in Scotland, Scandinavia and Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 52], "content_span": [53, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0034-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Society and economy, The Black Plague\nIn general, towns were hit more severely than rural areas, the poor more than the rich, and the young and fit more than the old and infirm. Norman Davies generalises that \"No pope, no kings were stricken.\" Hundreds died in each parish, although some figures may have been exaggerated. Norwich, a city that did not exceed 17,000, was reported as having lost 57,000. The Italian humanist Giovanni Boccaccio records a loss of 100,000 in Florence, exceeding the total population of the city. The figure was probably closer to 50,000. Regardless, modern studies make it clear that the plague's toll in this decade was heavy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 52], "content_span": [53, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0035-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Society and economy, The Black Plague\nHeaviest hit were the clergy, who were brought into direct contact with plague victims. Guillaume de Nangis records that \"some monks and friars, being braver, administered the sacraments\", and that the sisters at the hospital of Paris, \"fearless of death, carried out their task to the end with the most perfect gentleness and humility. These sisters were all wiped out by death\u2026\" In the dioceses of York and Lincoln, about 44% of the clergy perished, while nearly 50% died in the Exeter, Winchester, Norwich and Ely. In all, half of the English clergy may have died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 52], "content_span": [53, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0036-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Society and economy, The Black Plague\nIn 14th century England, the Black Plague \"served as a somber backdrop to a deepening economic crisis\u2026 and growing social tensions and religious restlessness.\" Villages were deserted, herds were untended, wool and grain markets were crippled and land values plummeted. The plague would strike periodically in subsequent decades. However, it is also suggested that in Europe in general, the Black Plague solved the economic recession, in that the reduction in population returned the supply of cash credit and money per capita to its pre-crisis level, laying the foundation for recovery. Wages rose, and the peasantry benefited from a more open, fluid society. [ Note 1]  At the end of the decade, the economic effects of the Black Plague \"may well have been more purgative than toxic.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 52], "content_span": [53, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0037-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Culture, religion and philosophy, Architecture\nA number of European building projects were completed in the 1340s, mainly consisting of cathedrals and universities. In 's-Hertogenbosch, construction was finished on the Romanesque church begun in 1220, which was later rebuilt as the 16th century St. John's Cathedral. In the German city of Mainz, work was completed on the Collegiate Church of St. Stephan, begun in 1267. In Naples, three decades of work were finished on the monastery of Santa Chiara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 61], "content_span": [62, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0038-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Culture, religion and philosophy, Architecture\nThe High Gothic choir of St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna, was consecrated in 1340. Mecheln Cathedral, then a collegiate church, was started with the choir in 1342. In 1344, Prague was made an archbishopric, and the foundation stone was laid on the new St. Vitus Cathedral. Cathedrals completed in this decade, excluding later alterations, include Notre Dame de Paris and the Cathedral of the Theotokos, Vilnius, completed around 1345 and 1346 respectively. In Ely Cathedral, the last part of the repairs to the structure was finished with the richly decorated Lady Chapel in 1345.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 61], "content_span": [62, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0039-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Culture, religion and philosophy, Architecture\nIn Venice, the Venetian Gothic Palazzo Ducale, or Doge's Palace, was erected on top of older buildings in 1340. In Switzerland, the walls of the Old City of Berne were extended up to the Christoffelturm, from 1344 to 1346. Berne's K\u00e4figturm was erected from 1256 to 1344 as the second western city gate. In Siena, the Torre della Mangia of the Palazzo Pubblico was completed in 1348. That same year, land in the English town of Charing held by the Archbishop of Canterbury was redeveloped as an episcopal palace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 61], "content_span": [62, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0040-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Culture, religion and philosophy, Architecture\nThe Scuola della Carit\u00e0, one of the six Scuole Grandi of Venice, was built in 1343. Two medieval universities were established in the 1340s: the University of Pisa (1343) and the University of Prague (1347). The University of Valladolid was also granted a licentia ubique docendi by Pope Clement VI in 1347, during the reign of Alfonso XI. Queen's College, Oxford, was founded by the chaplain Robert de Eglesfield in 1341, and Queen Philippa secured the lands of a small hospital in Southampton for the college in 1343. Meanwhile, Bablake School was founded in Coventry in 1344 by the Queen Mother, Isabella of France., while Pembroke College, Cambridge, was completed in 1347.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 61], "content_span": [62, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0041-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Culture, religion and philosophy, Art\nIn religious art, a series of stained glass windows were completed for the choir clerestory of \u00c9vreux Cathedral in Normandy c. 1340. Stained glass was also completed for the former K\u00f6nigsfelden Abbey in Switzerland, around the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 52], "content_span": [53, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0042-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Culture, religion and philosophy, Art\nThe possibilities of Giotto's art were developed further in this decade by his pupils Maso di Banco and Bernardo Daddi. Significant of their works is Pope Sylvester Tames the Dragon, painted in 1340 by di Banco for the Church of Santa Croce in Florence. An illustration by the artist Domenico Lenzi, the City Scene of 1340 from the Il Biadaiolo codex, shows just how much the Florentine artists were influenced by Giotto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 52], "content_span": [53, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0043-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Culture, religion and philosophy, Art\nIn 1340, toward the end of his life, the painter Simone Martini was called to Avignon to work for the papal court. His frescos in the portico of Avignon Cathedral have been lost, but the frescoes in the papal palace, painted by his pupils or colleagues around 1340, survive. Another notable religious artist was the Pisan painter Francesco Traini, who painted the Triumph of St. Thomas Aquinas as part of an Italian altarpiece \"which reflects the divine order of the cosmos\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 52], "content_span": [53, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0044-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Culture, religion and philosophy, Art\nIn sculpture, the main artist was Andrea Pisano, who maintained a workshop in Pisa with his son Nino Pisano from 1343 to 1347. They are noted for the famous sculpture Maria lactans, and their work on Orvieto Cathedral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 52], "content_span": [53, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0045-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Culture, religion and philosophy, Literature\nIn 1341, Petrarch was crowned poet laureate in Rome, the first man since antiquity to be given this honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 59], "content_span": [60, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0046-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Culture, religion and philosophy, Military technology\nIt was around this decade that medieval cannon began to be used more widely in Europe, appearing in small numbers in several European states by the 1340s. \"Thunder jar\" weaponry utilizing gunpowder and other firearm technology spread to Spain in 1342 and to the city of Aachen in Northern Germany in 1346. \"Ribaldis\" were first mentioned in the English Privy Wardrobe accounts between 1345 and 1346, during preparations for the campaign in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 68], "content_span": [69, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0046-0001", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Culture, religion and philosophy, Military technology\nThe effectiveness of these cannon was limited, as they are believed to have only shot large arrows and simple grapeshot, but they were so valuable that they were directly controlled by the Royal Wardrobe. Contemporary chroniclers such as the French Jean Froissart and the Florentine Giovanni Villani record their destructiveness on the field at the Battle of Crecy in 1346.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 68], "content_span": [69, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0047-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Culture, religion and philosophy, Philosophy and religion\nIn the 1340s, Catholic Church was governed under the Avignon Papacy. Pope Benedict XII died on 25 April 1342, and was buried in a mausoleum in Avignon Cathedral. Thirteen days later, the cardinals elected Benedictine cardinal and theologian Pierre Roger de Beaufort as Pope Clement VI. He reigned as pope until 1352.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 72], "content_span": [73, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0048-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Culture, religion and philosophy, Philosophy and religion\nIn 1340s, the controversial Franciscan friar and Scholastic philosopher William of Ockham was at Munich under the protection of the Holy Roman Emperor, Louis of Bavaria, since 1330. During this time, he wrote exclusively on political matters, as an advocate of secular absolutism against papal authority, for which he had previously been excommunicated. Among the followers of Ockhamism \u2014 condensed as the omnipotence of God and Occam's Razor \u2014 were John of Mirecourt (fl. c. 1345) and Nicholas of Autrecourt (fl. c. 1347), both of whom taught at the University of Paris. Ockham, Mirecourt and Autrecourt all agreed on the principle of noncontradiction and experience as bases of certainty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 72], "content_span": [73, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0049-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Culture, religion and philosophy, Philosophy and religion\nOn November 21, 1340, Autrecourt too was summoned him to Avignon to respond to allegations of false teaching. The trial, under Pope Benedict XII and his successor Clement VI, lasted until his conviction in 1346. Autrecourt was charged with 66 erroneous teachings or \"articles\", which he publicly recanted before the papal court. He recanted them in public again, in Paris in 1347. Although Ockham also expressed willingness to resubmit to the Church and Franciscan Order, there is no evidence of a formal reconciliation. Ockham is sometimes said to have died in 1349, but it is more likely to have been 1347, possibly of the Black Plague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 72], "content_span": [73, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0050-0000", "contents": "1340s, Europe, Culture, religion and philosophy, Philosophy and religion\nIn 1343, Clement VI issued the papal bull Unigenitus. The bull defined the doctrine of \"The Treasury of Merits\" or \"The Treasury of the Church\" as the basis for the issuance of indulgences by the Catholic Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 72], "content_span": [73, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0051-0000", "contents": "1340s, Africa\nIn Egypt, the Mameluk sultans were constantly changing. In 1347, the Blue Mosque was completed in Cairo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0052-0000", "contents": "1340s, Africa\nIn the Horn of Africa, the 1340s were part of the century and a half (1314\u20131468) that comprised \"the crowning era of medieval Ethiopia\", which began with the reign of Amda Seyon I. The crusading spirit of Amda's conquests in the previous decades had established an effective Ethiopian hegemony over his divided Muslim neighbours, but the chief concern of his conquests had been above all to maintain trade for both Muslims and Christians. On Amda's death in 1344, the size of his Christian Empire was double what it had been in 1314.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0052-0001", "contents": "1340s, Africa\nTrade flourished in ivory and other animal products from the western and southwestern border regions, while food products were exported from the highlands to the eastern lowlands and coastal ports. He was succeeded as emperor by his eldest son Newaya Krestos, who followed his father's policies toward the Mulisms in the east, most of whom continued to be tributaries of Ethiopia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0053-0000", "contents": "1340s, Africa\nIn the Mali Empire of West Africa, Mansa Souleyman, who had assumed office in 1341, took steep measures to put Mali back into financial shape, developing a reputation for miserliness. However, he proved to be a good and strong ruler despite numerous challenges. It is during his reign that Fula raids on Takrur began. There was also a palace conspiracy to overthrow him hatched by the Qasa (Manding term meaning Queen) and several army commanders. Mansa Souleyman's generals successfully fought off the military incursions, and the senior wife behind the plot was imprisoned. Mali was at this time the dominant empire of West Africa, having conquered Songhai Empire. The Songhai Empire would not regain independence for another three decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0054-0000", "contents": "1340s, The Americas\nVery little is known of the Americas in this period, save what can be determined from archaeology. In North America, the Mississippian culture was in a continued state of decline. The city of Cahokia had experienced gradual decline since the 1200s, possibly due to contributory factors such as depletion of resources, climatic change, war, disease, social unrest and declining political and economic power. The final abandonment of the city may have taken place some time between this decade and 1400. Radiocarbon dating of wash material from Mound 55 give a date of around 1350, which can be taken as the time the mound was last used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0055-0000", "contents": "1340s, The Americas\nOther Mississippian sites which went into decline after this decade, from about 1350 on, include the Kincaid Mounds and the Moundville site. In the case of the latter, the decline was marked by a loss of the appearance of a town and a decrease in the importation of goods. Although the site retained its ceremonial and political functions, some of the mounds were abandoned while others lost their religious importance altogether.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010061-0056-0000", "contents": "1340s, The Americas\nIn Central America, the Mayans, who centuries earlier had suffered a serious decline, were ruled from a capital in the Yucatan Peninsula called Mayapan. Other pre-Columbian civilisations, however, were on the rise. The precursors to the Aztecs, the Mexicas, had recently founded their capital city of Tenochtitlan. They also had occasional skirmishes with the nearby Mixtec civilization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010062-0000-0000", "contents": "1340s BC\nThe 1340s BC is a decade which lasted from 1349 BC to 1340 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010063-0000-0000", "contents": "1340s in art\nThe decade of the 1340s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010065-0000-0000", "contents": "1340s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010065-0001-0000", "contents": "1340s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010065-0002-0000", "contents": "1340s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010066-0000-0000", "contents": "1341\nYear 1341 (MCCCXLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010067-0000-0000", "contents": "1341 Edm\u00e9e\n1341 Edm\u00e9e, provisional designation 1935 BA, is a rare-type metallic asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010067-0001-0000", "contents": "1341 Edm\u00e9e\nIt was discovered on 27 January 1935, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Joseph Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium, and later named after French astronomer \u00c9dm\u00e9e Chandon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010067-0002-0000", "contents": "1341 Edm\u00e9e, Orbit and classification\nEdm\u00e9e orbits the Sun in the middle main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,658 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1917 it was first identified as A917 DA at Heidelberg Observatory. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle, on the night following its official discovery observation in 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010067-0003-0000", "contents": "1341 Edm\u00e9e, Physical characteristics\nEdm\u00e9e is classified as a rare XB-type in the Tholen taxonomy, an intermediary between the X and B type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010067-0004-0000", "contents": "1341 Edm\u00e9e, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAmerican astronomer Robert Stephens obtained several rotational lightcurves of Edm\u00e9e between 2004 and 2014. Best rated results include an observation taken at the Goat Mountain Research Observatory (G79) during the body's 2009-opposition, which gave a rotation period of 23.745 hours with a brightness variation of 0.05 magnitude (U=2+), superseding an alternative period solution of 11.89 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010067-0005-0000", "contents": "1341 Edm\u00e9e, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBecause Edm\u00e9e's rotation is similar to that of Earth, photometric observations are challenging. In 2013, a much shorter period was derived from a fragmentary lightcurve at the Palomar Transient Factory in California (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010067-0006-0000", "contents": "1341 Edm\u00e9e, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Edm\u00e9e measures between 23.86 and 27.49 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.137 and 0.182. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopt the results from IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1371 and a diameter of 27.49 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.58.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010067-0007-0000", "contents": "1341 Edm\u00e9e, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honour of French astronomer \u00c9dm\u00e9e Chandon. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 122).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010069-0000-0000", "contents": "1342\n(MCCCXLII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010071-0000-0000", "contents": "1342 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1342 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010072-0000-0000", "contents": "1342 papal conclave\nThe 1342 papal conclave (5 May to 7 May) \u2013 the papal conclave convened after the death of Pope Benedict XII, it elected Cardinal Pierre Roger, who became the fourth Pope of the period of Avignon Papacy under the name Clement VI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010072-0001-0000", "contents": "1342 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nPope Benedict XII died at Avignon on 25 April 1342. At the time of his death, there were nineteen Cardinals in the Sacred College, of whom seventeen participated in the subsequent conclave:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010072-0002-0000", "contents": "1342 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nTen electors were creatures of John XXII, six of Benedict XII and one of Clement V. Thirteen of them were French, three Italian and one Spanish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010072-0003-0000", "contents": "1342 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nThe post of the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church was occupied at that time by Gasbert de Valle, Archbishop of Narbonne (not a Cardinal) and nephew of Pope John XXII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010072-0004-0000", "contents": "1342 papal conclave, Absentee cardinals\nTwo French Cardinals, both elevated by John XXII, did not participate in this conclave:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010072-0005-0000", "contents": "1342 papal conclave, The election of Pope Clement VI\nThe conclave started on May 5 and lasted only two days. On May 7 Cardinal Pierre Roger, former Chancellor of the Kingdom of France, was unanimously elected Pope, \"by divine inspiration alone\", as reported shortly thereafter Cardinals des Farges and Ceccano. Elect took the name of Clement VI. On May 19 new Pope was crowned in the church of the Dominicans in Avignon by Raymond Guillaume des Farges, protodeacon of S. Maria Nuova.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010072-0006-0000", "contents": "1342 papal conclave, The election of Pope Clement VI\nShortly after the death of Benedict XII king Philip VI of France sent to Avignon his eldest son with the task to support the candidature of Cardinal Roger, but when he arrived, the election had been already accomplished with the result expected by the king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010073-0000-0000", "contents": "1343\nYear 1343 (MCCCXLIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010074-0000-0000", "contents": "1343 Naples tsunami\nThe 1343 tsunami struck the Tyrrhenian Sea and Bay of Naples on November 25, 1343. Underground shocks were felt in Naples and caused significant damage and loss of lives. Of major note was a tsunami created by the earthquake which destroyed many ships in Naples and destroyed many ports along the Amalfi Coast including Amalfi itself. The effects of the tsunami were observed by the poet Petrarch, whose ship was forced to return to port, and recorded in the fifth book of his Epistolae familiares. A 2019 study attributes the event to a massive submarine landslide (possibly greater than 1\u00a0km3), caused by flank collapse of the Stromboli volcano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010076-0000-0000", "contents": "1344\nYear 1344 (MCCCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010077-0000-0000", "contents": "1344 Yellow River flood\nThe 1344 Yellow River flood was a major natural disaster during the Yuan dynasty of Imperial China. The impact was devastating both for the peasants of the area as well as the leaders of the empire. The Yuan dynasty was waning, and the emperor forced enormous teams to build new embankments for the river. The terrible conditions helped fuel rebellions that led to the founding of the Ming dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010077-0001-0000", "contents": "1344 Yellow River flood\nAs a result of the flood, the Yellow River shifted course south of the Shandong peninsula, where it remained for the next five hundred years until floods in the 1850s returned it to its more northerly course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0000-0000", "contents": "1345\nYear 1345 (MCCCXLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It was a year in the 14th century, in the midst of a period in world history often referred to as the Late Middle Ages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0001-0000", "contents": "1345\nDuring this year on the Asian continent, several divisions of the old Mongol Empire were in a state of gradual decline. The Ilkhanate had already fragmented into several kingdoms struggling to place their puppet emperors over the shell of an old state. The Chagatai Khanate was in the midst of a civil war and one year from falling to rebellion. The Golden Horde to the north was besieging Genoese colonies along the coast of the Black Sea, and the Yuan dynasty in China was seeing the first seeds of a resistance which would lead to its downfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0001-0001", "contents": "1345\nSoutheast Asia remained free from Mongol power, with several small kingdoms struggling for survival. The Siamese dynasty in that area vanquished the Sukhothai in this year. In the Indonesian Archipelago, the Majapahit Empire was in the midst of a golden age under the leadership of Gajah Mada, who remains a famous figure in Indonesia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0002-0000", "contents": "1345\nEngland and France were engaged in the early stages of the Hundred Years' War, with the Battle of Auberoche fought in Northern France in October of this year. In the Iberian Peninsula, Alfonso XI of Castile again besieged the Muslim city of Granada as part of the Reconquista, but without success. The Holy Roman Empire under Louis IV took control of Holland and the surrounding area, granting these lands to his wife Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut in a move which angered many of his princes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0002-0001", "contents": "1345\nHolland was also in the midst of the Friso-Hollandic Wars, engaging with the Frisians on 26 September in the Battle of Warns. Italy, which at the time was divided into several kingdoms, saw several power struggles including the Battle of Gamenario in the north, and the assassination of Andrew, Duke of Calabria in the Kingdom of Naples. In Northern Europe, Swedes continued early stages of their emigration to Estonia, which would continue in the coming decades. Estonian rulers also managed to crush the St. George's Night Uprising in 1345 after a two-year struggle. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania changed hands from Jaunutis to his brother Algirdas in a relatively bloodless shift of power, and Lithuania continued its skirmishes with its northern, Estonian neighbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0003-0000", "contents": "1345\nThe main forces in the Balkans in 1345 were Serbia, Bulgaria, and the Byzantine Empire. Stefan Uro\u0161 IV Du\u0161an of Serbia proclaimed himself Tsar of the new Serbian Empire and continued his efforts at expansion, quickly conquering Albania and other surrounding areas within the year. The Byzantines, though powerful, were in a state of decline, with an ongoing civil war between emperors John V Palaiologos and John VI Kantakouzenos, although in 1345, the tide began to turn toward the latter. At the same time, the Zealot commune in Thessalonica entered a more radical phase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0004-0000", "contents": "1345\nTurks clashed with Byzantines, Serbs, and Cypriots at sea and in the islands of Chios and Imbros. The Byzantine Empire's precarious situation at this time is evidenced by the fact that they did not have enough soldiers to protect their own borders, but hired mercenaries from the Serbs and the Ottoman Turks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0005-0000", "contents": "1345, Asia, Western Asia\nThe country of Georgia had been struggling for independence from the Ilkhanate since the first anti-Mongol uprising started in 1259 under the leadership of King David Narin who in fact waged his war for almost thirty years. Finally, it was King George the Brilliant (1314\u20131346) who managed to play on the decline of the Ilkhanate, stopped paying tribute to the Mongols, restored the pre-1220 state borders of Georgia, and returned the Empire of Trebizond into Georgia's sphere of influence. Thus, in 1345, Georgia was in the midst of golden age of independence, though its leader would die one year later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0006-0000", "contents": "1345, Asia, Western Asia\nTrebizond had reached its greatest wealth and influence during the long reign of Alexios II (1297\u20131330). Afterwards, however, it suffered a period of repeated imperial depositions and assassinations from the end of Alexios II's reign until the first years of Alexios III's, finally ending in 1355, six years into his rule. The empire, however, never fully recovered its internal cohesion, commercial supremacy or territory. Its ruler in 1345, Michael Megas Komnenos was crowned Emperor of Trebizond in 1344 after his son, John III, was deposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0006-0001", "contents": "1345, Asia, Western Asia\nHe was forced to sign a document which gave the Grand Duke and his ministers almost all power in the Empire, promising to seek their counsel in all official actions. This constitutional experiment was short-lived, however, because of opposition from the people of Trebizond. They were infuriated to see the Emperor stripped of his effective authority and rose up in revolt against the oligarchy. Michael swiftly took advantage of his opportunity to regain power and arrested and imprisoned the Grand Duke in 1345. He also sent his son John to Constantinople and then Adrianople, where he was to be kept prisoner to prevent him from becoming a further focus for the discontented nobles of Trebizond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0007-0000", "contents": "1345, Asia, Mongol khanates\nThe Mongol Empire had become fractured since the late 13th century. After the death of Kublai Khan in 1294, it had already been divided into four khanates: The Yuan dynasty, the Ilkhanate, the Golden Horde, and the Chagatai Khanate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0008-0000", "contents": "1345, Asia, Mongol khanates, Ilkhanate\nThe Ilkhanate had been declining rapidly since 1335, when Abu Sa'id died without an heir. Since then, various factions, including the Chobanids and the Jalayirids, had been competing for the Ilkhan throne. Hassan Kuchak, a Chobanid prince, was murdered late in 1343. Surgan, son of Sati Beg, the sister of Abu Sa'id, found himself competing for control of the Chobanid lands with the late ruler's brother Malek Ashraf and his uncle Yagi Basti. When he was defeated by Malek Asraf, he fled to his mother and stepfather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 38], "content_span": [39, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0008-0001", "contents": "1345, Asia, Mongol khanates, Ilkhanate\nThe three of them then formed an alliance, but when Hasan Buzurg (Jalayirid) decided to withdraw the support he promised, the plan fell apart, and they fled to Diyarbak\u0131r. Surgan was defeated again in 1345 by Malek Asraf and they fled to Anatolia. Coinage dating from that year appears in Hesn Kayfa in Sati Beg's name; this is the last trace of her. Surgan moved from Anatolia to Baghdad, where he was eventually executed by Hasan Buzurg; Sati Beg may have suffered the same fate, but this is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 38], "content_span": [39, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0009-0000", "contents": "1345, Asia, Mongol khanates, Golden Horde\nIn 1345, the Golden Horde made a second attempt to lay siege on the Genoese city of Kaffa. (An earlier attempt had failed because Kaffa was able to get provisions across the Black Sea.) The 1345 siege would fail in the following year as the Mongols were struck with the Black Plague and forced to retreat. This siege is therefore noted as one of the key events that brought the Black Plague to Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 41], "content_span": [42, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0010-0000", "contents": "1345, Asia, Mongol khanates, Golden Horde\nThe Kingdom of Hungary saw the threat of the growing power of the Golden Horde and as such, in 1345 it began a campaign against the Tatars and the Horde, in the area what would become a few years later Moldavia. Andrew Lackfi, the Voivode of Transylvania and his Sz\u00e9kely warriors were victorious in their campaign, decapitating the local Tatar leader, the brother-in-law of the Khan, Atlam\u00ef\u015f and making the Tatars flee toward the coastal area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 41], "content_span": [42, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0011-0000", "contents": "1345, Asia, Mongol khanates, Chagatai Khanate\nAmir Qazaghan (d. 1358) was the leader of the Qara'unas tribe (1345 at the latest \u2013 1358) and the powerful de facto ruler of the Chagatai ulus (1346\u20131358). In 1345 he revolted against Qazan Khan, but was unsuccessful. The following year he would try again and succeed in killing the khan. With this the effective power of the Chagatai khans would come to an end; the khanate eventually devolved into a loose confederation of tribes that respected the authority of Qazaghan, although he primarily commanded the loyalty of the tribes of the southern portion of the ulus. He did not claim the khanship, but instead contented himself with his title of amir and conferred the title of khan on puppets of his own choosing: first Danishmendji (1346\u20131348) and then Bayan Qul\u00ef (1348\u20131358).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 45], "content_span": [46, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0012-0000", "contents": "1345, Asia, Mongol khanates, Yuan dynasty\nBy 1345, the Yuan dynasty in China was steadily declining. Chinese peasants, upset with the lack of effective policies by the government when they were facing droughts, floods, and famines, were becoming rebellious. The Yellow River flooded in Jinan in 1345. The river had flooded previously in 1335 and in 1344. There was also conflict between the rulers of the dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang was about 16 years old in 1345. His parents and brothers had died of plague or famine (or both) in 1344, and he joined a Buddhist monastery. In 1345 he left the monastery and joined a band of rebels. He would lead a series of rebellions until he overthrew the Yuan dynasty and became the first emperor of the Ming dynasty in 1368.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 41], "content_span": [42, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0013-0000", "contents": "1345, Asia, Japan and India\nMuhammad bin Tughluq was reigning as Sultan of Delhi in 1345 when there was a revolt of Muslim military commanders in the Daulatabad area. In Bengal, on the eastern border of the Sultanate, a general named llyas captured East Bengal, leading to its reunification. He established his capital at Gaur. In southern India, Harihara I had founded the Vijayanagara Empire in 1336. After the death of Hoysala Veera Ballala III during a battle against the Sultan of Madurai in 1343, the Hoysala Empire had merged with the growing Vijayanagara Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0013-0001", "contents": "1345, Asia, Japan and India\nIn these first two decades after the founding of the empire, Harihara I gained control over most of the area south of the Tungabhadra river and earned the title of Purvapaschima Samudradhishavara (\"master of the eastern and western oceans\"). The Jaffna Kingdom, which encompassed the southern tip of India and parts of Sri Lanka; there was continual conflict with Vijayanagara and the smaller Kotte Kingdom of southern Sri Lanka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0014-0000", "contents": "1345, Asia, Japan and India\nFrom 1336 to 1392, two courts claimed the throne of Japan. This was known as the Nanboku-ch\u014d, or the Northern and Southern Courts period. In the Northern Court, Emperor Go-Murakami claimed the throne. In the Southern Court, Emperor K\u014dmy\u014d claimed the throne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0015-0000", "contents": "1345, Asia, Southeast Asia\nIn Southeast Asia, Sukhothai changed hands to a new Siamese dynasty in 1345. A Buddhist work, the Traibhumikatha, was composed by the King of Siam in the same year. The Sukhothai Emperor also wrote a similar Buddhist work, the Tri Phum Phra Ruang. Both works describe Southeast Asian cosmological ideas which still exist today. Life is said in these books to be divided into 31 levels of existence separated between three worlds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0015-0001", "contents": "1345, Asia, Southeast Asia\nAngkor was in a period of decline, forced to devote much of its resources to skirmishes with the Sukhothai and Siamese, which left Champa free to attack \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t and opened the way for Lopburi to spring up, all of which happened right around this year. A Buddhist colony also existed to the west in the Mon Empire, which struggled to maintain its existence in the face of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate to the west and the Mongol Chinese to the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0016-0000", "contents": "1345, Asia, Southeast Asia\nThe Majapahit Empire, which occupied much of the Indonesian Archipelago, was ruled by empress Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi. During Tribhuwana's rule, the Majapahit kingdom had grown much larger and became famous in the area. Gajah Mada reigned at the time along with the empress as mahapatih (prime minister) of Majapahit. It was during their rule in 1345 that the famous Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta visited Samudra in the Indonesian Archipelago. According to Battuta's report on his visit to Samudra, the ruler of the local area was a Muslim, and the people worshiped as Muslims in mosques and recited the Koran. Many Islamic traders and travelers had already scattered themselves along the major cities and coasts surrounding the Indian Ocean by this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0017-0000", "contents": "1345, Western Europe, Hundred Years' War\nBy 1345, the Hundred Years' War between France and England had been going on for only about eight years. The English claimed the right to the French throne, and the French refused to be ruled by foreigners. In August the English Earl of Derby commenced the Gascon campaign of 1345, taking a large French army at Bergerac, Dordogne by surprise and decisively defeating it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 40], "content_span": [41, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0017-0001", "contents": "1345, Western Europe, Hundred Years' War\nLater in the campaign, on 21 October the French were besieging the castle at Auberoche, when Derby's army caught them off guard during their evening meal and won one of the most decisive battles of the war. This set the stage for English dominance in the area for several years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 40], "content_span": [41, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0017-0002", "contents": "1345, Western Europe, Hundred Years' War\nPrevious to this, the French had been having success, and the English had even offered a treaty, but with this battle along with Derby's overrunning of the Agenais (lost twenty years before in the War of Saint-Sardos) and Angoul\u00eame, as well as the forces in Brittany under Sir Thomas Dagworth also making gains, the tide turned somewhat in this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 40], "content_span": [41, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0018-0000", "contents": "1345, Western Europe, Hundred Years' War\nA new machine was introduced to this war in 1345\u2014cannon. \"Ribaldis\", as they were then called, are first mentioned in the English Privy Wardrobe accounts during preparations for the Battle of Cr\u00e9cy between 1345 and 1346. These were believed to have shot large arrows and simplistic grapeshot, but they were so important they were directly controlled by the Royal Wardrobe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 40], "content_span": [41, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0019-0000", "contents": "1345, Western Europe, War of Succession\nA kind of side conflict to the Hundred Years' War was the War of the Breton Succession, a conflict between the Houses of Blois and Montfort for control of the Duchy of Brittany. The French backed Blois and the English backed Montfort in what became a miniature of the wider conflict between the two countries. The House of Blois had laid siege to the town of Quimper in early 1344, and continued into 1345. During the summer and autumn of 1344, the Montfortist party had fallen apart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 39], "content_span": [40, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0019-0001", "contents": "1345, Western Europe, War of Succession\nEven those who had been John of Montfort's staunchest allies now considered it futile to continue the struggle. It therefore mattered little that in March 1345 John finally managed to escape to England. With no adherents of note of his own, he was now little more than a figurehead for English ambitions in Brittany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 39], "content_span": [40, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0020-0000", "contents": "1345, Western Europe, War of Succession\nEdward III decided to repudiate the truce in summer 1345, a year before it was due to run out. As part of his larger strategy, a force was dispatched to Brittany under the joint leadership of the Earl of Northampton and John of Montfort. Within a week of their landing in June, the English had their first victory when Sir Thomas Dagworth, one of Northampton's lieutenants, raided central Brittany and defeated Charles of Blois at Cadoret near Josselin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 39], "content_span": [40, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0021-0000", "contents": "1345, Western Europe, War of Succession\nThe follow-up was less impressive. Further operations were delayed until July when Montfort attempted the recapture of Quimper. However, news had reached the French government that Edward's main campaign had been cancelled and they were able to send reinforcements from Normandy. With his strengthened army, Charles of Blois broke the siege. Routed, Montfort fled back to Hennebont where he fell ill and died 16 September. The heir to the Montfortist cause was his 5-year-old son, John.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 39], "content_span": [40, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0022-0000", "contents": "1345, Western Europe, War of Succession\nDuring the winter, Northampton fought a long and hard winter campaign with the apparent objective of seizing a harbour on the north side of the peninsula. Edward III had probably planned to land here with his main force during summer 1346. However, the English achieved very little for their efforts. Northern Brittany was Joanna of Dreux\u2019 home region and resistance here was stiff. The only bright spot for the English was victory at the Battle of La Roche-Derrien, where the small town was captured and a garrison installed under Richard Totesham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 39], "content_span": [40, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0023-0000", "contents": "1345, Western Europe, Other events\nAlso in England in 1345, Princess Joan was betrothed to Pedro of Castile, son of Alfonso XI of Castile and Maria of Portugal. She would never marry him, however, but would die of the Black Plague on her journey to Spain to meet him. Spain, meanwhile, continued its struggle to regain Muslim territory on the Iberian Peninsula. In that same year Alfonso XI attacked Gibraltar as a part of the Reconquista, but was unable to conquer it. In 1345 Muhammud V was made its ruler. The York Minster Cathedral, the largest Gothic cathedral in northern Europe, was completed in this year as well. It remains the largest in the region to this day. England was still recovering from French occupation. Until 1345, all school instruction had been in French, rather than English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0024-0000", "contents": "1345, Western Europe, Other events\nBesides the War of Succession and the Hundred Years' War, France was in the midst of an interesting period. Several decades earlier, the Roman Papacy had moved to Avignon and would not return to Rome for another 33 years. The Avignon Papacy was then ruled by Pope Clement VI, who was aiding the French in their war against the English with Church funds. Also, in the year 1345, the famous Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris was completed after nearly two centuries of planning and construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0024-0001", "contents": "1345, Western Europe, Other events\nOn 24 March, a man named Guy de Chauliac observed a strange astronomical sign: the planets Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars conjoined in the sky under the sign of Aquarius. That same day the area experienced a solar eclipse. This sign was interpreted as foreboding by many, and Chauliac would later blame it for the Black Plague, which arrived less than five years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0025-0000", "contents": "1345, Central Europe, Holy Roman Empire\nOn 1 January, emperor Louis IV's son Louis VI the Roman married Cunigunde, a Lithuanian Princess. Besides this move, the emperor continued his policy of expansion by conferring Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland and Friesland upon his wife Margaret of Holland after the death of William IV at the Battle of Warns. The hereditary titles to these lands owned by Margaret's sisters were ignored. This widened a divide which had already been growing between himself and the lay princes of Germany, who disliked his restless expansion policy. His actions in this year eventually led to a civil war, which was cut short by his death by stroke two years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 39], "content_span": [40, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0026-0000", "contents": "1345, Central Europe, Holy Roman Empire\nOn 12 March, a eucharistic miracle occurred in Amsterdam, now called the Miracle of the Host. It involved a dying man vomiting upon being given the Holy Sacrament and last rites in his home. The Host was then put in the fire, but miraculously remained intact and could be retrieved from the fire in one piece without the heat burning the hand of the person that retrieved it. This miracle was later officially recognised as such by the Roman Catholic Church, and a large pilgrimage chapel was built where the house had stood. Every year, thousands of Catholics take part in the Stille Omgang, or procession to the place of the miracle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 39], "content_span": [40, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0027-0000", "contents": "1345, Central Europe, Holy Roman Empire\nHolland, meanwhile, was in the midst of the Friso-Hollandic Wars, as the Counts of Holland continued their efforts to conquer nearby Friesland in the Battle of Warns. In 1345 William IV, Count of Holland, prepared a military action to conquer Middle Frisia, crossing the Zuiderzee with a large fleet and with the help of French and Flemish knights, some of whom had just returned from crusade. He set sail in Enkhuizen, together with his uncle John of Beaumont, and landed near Stavoren and Laaxum and planned to use the Sint-Odulphus monastery near Stavoren as a fortification. The Hollandic knights wore armour, but had no horses as there wasn't enough room in the ships, which were full of building materials and supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 39], "content_span": [40, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0028-0000", "contents": "1345, Central Europe, Holy Roman Empire\nWilliam's troops set fire to the abandoned villages of Laaxum and Warns and started to advance towards Stavoren. In the countryside around Warns the Hollandic count was attacked by the local inhabitants. With their heavy armour the knights were no match for the furious Frisian farmers and fishermen. As they fled they entered a swamp where they were decisively beaten. Their commander William IV of Holland was killed, and was succeeded by his sister Margaret of Holland, wife of Louis IV. When John of Beaumont heard what had happened, he ordered a retreat back to the ships. They were pursued by the Frisians and most did not make it back. Count William's death in this battle paved the way for the Hook and Cod wars, and 26 September, the day of the battle, remains a national holiday in Friesland today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 39], "content_span": [40, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0029-0000", "contents": "1345, Central Europe, Italy\nThe Battle of Gamenario, fought on 22 April, was a decisive battle of the wars between the Guelfs (Angevins) and Ghibellines (Lombards). It took place in north-west Italy in what is now part of the commune of Santena about 15\u00a0km southeast of Turin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0030-0000", "contents": "1345, Central Europe, Italy\nReforza d'Agoult was sent in the spring of 1345 by Joanna of Anjou, viceroy to northern Italy in hopes of putting an end to the war with the Margravate of Montferrat. Reforza conquered Alba and besieged Gamenario, a castle in the neighbourhood of Santena. Lombard Ghibellines formed an anti-Angevin alliance, headed by John II, Marquess of Montferrat. On 22 April, he confronted Reforza d'Agoult and battle was joined. The meeting was brief and bloody. Initially uncertain, the outcome was a victory for the Ghibellines, who recovered the besieged fortress and dealt a severe blow to Angevin influence in Piedmont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0030-0001", "contents": "1345, Central Europe, Italy\nTo celebrate his victory, John built a new church in Asti in honour of Saint George, near whose feast day the battle was won. Saint George held a special place for the men of chivalry of the Medieval, because he was the Saint that killed the dragon and was therefore held in a warrior cult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0031-0000", "contents": "1345, Central Europe, Italy\nIn the aftermath, Piedmont was partitioned between the victors. John received Alba, Acqui Terme, Ivrea, and Valenza. Luchino Visconti received Alessandria and the House of Savoy (related to the Palaiologos of Montferrat) received Chieri. The Angevins lost almost complete control of the region and many formerly French cities declared themselves independent. The defeat of the Angevins was also a defeat for Angevin-supported Manfred V, Marquess of Saluzzo and the civil war in that margraviate was ended at Gamenario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0032-0000", "contents": "1345, Central Europe, Italy\nAndrew, Duke of Calabria, was assassinated by conspiracy in 1345. He had been appointed joint heir with his wife, Joan I, to the throne of Naples by the Pope. This, however, sat ill with the Neapolitan people and nobles; nor was Joan content to share her sovereignty. With the approval of Pope Clement VI, Joan was crowned as sole monarch of Naples in August 1344. Fearing for his life, Andrew wrote to his mother Elizabeth that he would soon flee the kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0032-0001", "contents": "1345, Central Europe, Italy\nShe intervened, and made a state visit; before she returned to Hungary, she bribed Pope Clement to reverse himself and permit the coronation of Andrew. She also gave a ring to Andrew, which was supposed to protect him from death by blade or poison, and returned with a false sense of security to Hungary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0033-0000", "contents": "1345, Central Europe, Italy\nThus, in 1345, hearing of the Pope's reversal, a group of noble conspirators (probably including Queen Joan) determined to forestall Andrew's coronation. During a hunting trip at Aversa, Andrew left his room in the middle of the night and was set upon by the conspirators. A treacherous servant barred the door behind him; and as Joan cowered in their bed, a terrible struggle ensued, Andrew defending himself furiously and shrieking for aid. He was finally overpowered, strangled with a cord, and flung from a window. The horrible deed would taint the rest of Joan's reign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0034-0000", "contents": "1345, Central Europe, Italy\nOther events in Italy in 1345 include Ambrogio Lorenzetti's painting of a map of the world for the palace at Siena. The painting has since been lost, but the instruments which he used to make it still survive, giving insights into mapmaking techniques of the day. The Peruzzi family, a big banking family and precursor to the Medici family went bankrupt in 1345, and in 1345 Florence was the scene of an attempted strike by wool combers (ciompi). A few decades later they would rise in a full-scale revolt. In Verona, Mastino II della Scala began the construction of his Scaliger Tomb, an architectural structure still standing today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0035-0000", "contents": "1345, Sweden and Lithuania\nIn Sweden and states bordering the Baltic Sea, the oldest surviving manuscript from the first Swedish law to be put to paper is from c. 1345, although earlier versions probably existed. The law was created for the young town Stockholm's customs, but it was also used in L\u00f6d\u00f6se and probably in a few other towns, as well. No town was allowed to use the law without the formal permission by the Swedish king. Its use may have become more widespread if it had not been superseded by the new town law by King Magnus Eriksson (1316\u20131374). The term Bjarkey Laws was however used for a long time for Magnus Eriksson's law in various locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0036-0000", "contents": "1345, Sweden and Lithuania\nRecords also exist for the emigration of Swedes to Estonia in this year. Early mentions of Swedes in Estonia came in 1341 and 1345 (when an Estonian monastery in Padise sold \"the Laok\u00fcla Estate\" and Suur-Pakri Island to a group of Swedes). During the 13th through 15th centuries, large numbers of Swedes arrived in coastal Estonia from Finland, which was under Swedish control (and would remain so for hundreds of years), often settling on Church-owned land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0037-0000", "contents": "1345, Sweden and Lithuania\n1345 marked the end of a series of skirmishes begun in the 1343 St. George's Night Uprising. The rebellion, which was by this time limited to the island of Saaremaa, was stifled in 1345. After the rebellion Denmark sold its domains in Estonia to the Teutonic Order in 1346. The fighting had started as a protest by indigenous Estonians to Danish and German rule. Parts of Estonia such as the city of Valga suffered raids from the nearby Lithuanian rulers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0038-0000", "contents": "1345, Sweden and Lithuania\nIn Lithuania in 1345 Grand Duke Jaunutis was deposed by his brothers. Very little is known about years when Jaunutis ruled except that they were quite peaceful years, as the Teutonic Knights were led by ineffective Ludolf K\u00f6nig. The Bychowiec Chronicle mentions that Jaunutis was supported by Jewna, presumed wife of Gediminas and mother of his children. She died ca. 1344 and soon after Jaunutis lost his throne. If he was indeed protected by his mother, then it would be an interesting example of influence held by queen mother in pagan Lithuania. However, a concrete stimulus might have been a major reise planned by the Teutonic Knights in 1345.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0039-0000", "contents": "1345, Balkans\nIn 1345, the Byzantine civil war continued. Having exploited the conflict to expand his realm into Macedonia, following the conquest of Serres Stefan Uro\u0161 IV Du\u0161an of Serbia proclaimed himself \"Tsar of the Serbs and Romans\". By the end of the year, his Serbian Empire included all of Macedonia, except for Thessalonica, and all of Albania, except for Dyrrhachium, held by the Angevins. The first known line of Serbian text written in the Latin alphabet is dated to this year. Serbia was recognized as the most powerful empire in the Balkans for the next several years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0040-0000", "contents": "1345, Balkans\nThe Byzantine civil war also allowed the emergence of a local quasi-independent principality in the Rhodope, headed by the Bulgarian brigand Momchil, who had switched his allegiance from John VI Kantakouzenos to the regency in Constantinople. On 7 July, the army of Umur Beg, the Turkish emir of Aydin and Kantakouzenos' chief ally, met and defeated Momchil's forces at Peritheorion. Momchil himself was killed in the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0041-0000", "contents": "1345, Balkans\nOn 11 June, Alexios Apokaukos, the driving force behind the Constantinopolitan regency and main instigator of the civil war, was murdered. His demise led to a wave of defections to the Kantakouzenist camp, most prominently his own son, John Apokaukos, the governor of Thessalonica. He plotted to surrender the city to Kantakouzenos, and had the leader of the Zealots, a certain Michael Palaiologos, killed. The Zealots however reacted violently: in a popular uprising, led by Andreas Palaiologos, they overpowered Apokaukos and killed or expelled most of the city's remaining aristocrats. The events are described by Demetrius Cydones:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0042-0000", "contents": "1345, Balkans\n...one after another the prisoners were hurled from the walls of the citadel and hacked to pieces by the mob of the Zealots assembled below. Then followed a hunt for all the members of the upper classes: they were driven through the streets like slaves, with ropes round their necks-here a servant dragged his master, there a slave his purchaser, while the peasant struck the strategus and the labourer beat the soldier (i.e. the pronoiar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0043-0000", "contents": "1345, Balkans\nIn 1345, the Greek island of Chios fell to the Genoese Giustiniani. The Genoese also sacked the city of Dvigrad in Istria in this same year. Aquileian patriarchs had for some time fought fiercely against Venetians which had already gained considerable influence on the west coast of Istria. It was during these confrontations that the town fell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0044-0000", "contents": "1345, Anatolian Peninsula\nIn 1344, Hugh IV of Cyprus joined a league with Venice and the Knights Hospitaller which burnt a Turkish fleet in Smyrna and captured the city. In 1345 the allies defeated the Turks at Imbros by land and sea, but Hugh could see little benefit for his kingdom in these endeavors and withdrew from the league. Meanwhile, Umur Beg transformed the Beylik of Ayd\u0131no\u011flu into a serious naval power with base in \u0130zmir and posed a threat particularly for Venetian possessions in the Aegean Sea. The Venetians organized an alliance uniting several European parties (Sancta Unio), composed notably of the Knights Hospitaller, which organized five consecutive attacks on \u0130zmir and the Western Anatolian coastline controlled by Turkish states. In between, it was the Turks who organized maritime raids directed at Aegean islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0045-0000", "contents": "1345, Anatolian Peninsula\nJohn XIV sparked the civil conflict when he convinced the Empress that John V's rule was threatened by the ambitions of Kantakouzenos. In September 1341, whilst Kantakouzenos was in Thrace, Kalekas declared himself as regent and launched a vicious attack on Kantakouzenos, his supporters & family. In October Anna ordered Kantakouzenos to resign his command. Kantakouzenos not only refused, he declared himself Emperor at Didymoteichon, allegedly to protect John V's rule from Kalekas. Whether or not Kantakouzenos wished to be Emperor is not known, but the provocative actions of the Patriarch forced Kantakouzenos to fight to retain his power and start the civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0046-0000", "contents": "1345, Anatolian Peninsula\nThere were not nearly enough troops to defend Byzantium's borders at the time and there certainly was not enough for the two factions to split \u2013 consequently, more foreigners would flood the Empire into a state of chaos \u2013 Kantakouzenos hired Turks and Serbs \u2013 his main supply of Turkish mercenaries came from the Umur of Aydin, a nominal ally established by Andronikos III. The Regency of John V relied on Turkish mercenaries as well. However, Kantakouzenos began to draw support from the Ottoman Sultan Orkhan, who wed Kantakouzenos' daughter in 1345. By 1347, Kantakouzenos had triumphed and entered Constantinople. However, in his hour of victory, he came to an accord with Anna and her son, John V. John V (now 15 years of age) and Kantakouzenos would rule as co-emperors, though John V would be the junior in this relationship. The unlikely peace would not last long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 898]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0047-0000", "contents": "1345, Anatolian Peninsula\nThe Turks attacked Smyrna on January 17 and the Ottomans annexed Qarasi in west Asia minor. Later, Pope Clement urged further attacks on the Levant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010079-0048-0000", "contents": "1345, Africa\nPope Clement IV said in 1345: \"the acquisition of the kingdom of Africa belongs to us and our royal right and to no one else.\" Ironically, in the same year, trade was established between Italy and the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt. This marked the beginning of reliable trading of spice to the Adriatic Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010080-0000-0000", "contents": "1345 Avenue of the Americas\n1345 Avenue of the Americas, also known as the AllianceBernstein Building, is a 625-foot (191\u00a0m)-tall, 50-story skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan New York City, New York. Located on Sixth Avenue between 54th and 55th Streets, the building was built by Fisher Brothers and designed by Emery Roth & Sons. When completed in 1969, the building was originally known as Burlington House, after Burlington Industries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010080-0001-0000", "contents": "1345 Avenue of the Americas\n1345 Avenue of the Americas is an unrelieved slab structure in the International Style, sometimes referred to as \"corporate\" style, faced with dark glass. Its small plaza is dominated by its sprinkling fountain like a dandelion seedhead. It replaced the original Ziegfeld Theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010080-0002-0000", "contents": "1345 Avenue of the Americas, First public cellphone call\nA base station atop the building was used on April 3, 1973, by Martin Cooper to make the world's first handheld cellular phone call in public. Cooper, a Motorola inventor, called rival Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs to tell him about the invention. Engel was staying across the street in the Hilton New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010080-0003-0000", "contents": "1345 Avenue of the Americas, In popular culture\nIn the film Spider-Man 3 (2007), 1345 Avenue of the Americas is the building Gwen Stacy falls from in the crane scene. It also serves as the foyer for the fictional law firm in the film Michael Clayton (2007). It is used as the establishing shot for the corporate headquarters of the fictional company, Dunder Mifflin in the television show The Office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010081-0000-0000", "contents": "1345 Liverpool riot\nThe 1345 Liverpool riot took place on St Valentine's Day that year when a large body of armed men entered the town of Liverpool and attacked the Courts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010081-0001-0000", "contents": "1345 Liverpool riot\nHaving unfurled banners, the mob broke into the court\u2014while the Justices of the Peace were in session\u2014and began abusing them. What began with hurling insults escalated into violence, and swiftly following their \"'insulting and contumacious words\", the armed mob \"did wickedly kill, mutilate, and plunder of their goods, and wound very many persons there assembled, and further did prevent the justices from showing justice\" as they were due to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010081-0002-0000", "contents": "1345 Liverpool riot\nA Commission of the Peace was held three weeks later to bring to justice those involved; many of whom, it was discovered, were propertied men. By July, Henry, Earl of Lancaster had ensured that most of them had received royal pardons on condition that they joined his military campaign to Gascony. Recent scholarship has indicated that the riots were an extension of an on-going feud between two gentry families, the Radcliffe and Trafford families, all of whose retainers were later found among the accused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010081-0003-0000", "contents": "1345 Liverpool riot\nThere were a number of casualties among each family. Of the Traffords, says the Victoria County History, \"Geoffrey son of Sir Henry de Trafford; Richard de Trafford, son of Sir John the elder, and John and Robert his brothers; also Richard brother of Henry de Trafford\" were all killed. Robert Ratcliffe also died the day of the riot, but in his particular case, there is some uncertainty whether his death was directly the result of injuries sustained in the riot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010082-0000-0000", "contents": "1345 Potomac\n1345 Potomac (/p\u0259\u02c8to\u028am\u0259k/ (listen)), provisional designation 1908 CG, is a dark Hildian asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 73 kilometers (45\u00a0mi) in diameter. It was discovered on 4 February 1908, by American astronomer Joel Metcalf at the Taunton Observatory (803) in Massachusetts, United States. The X-type asteroid has a rotation period of 11.4 hours. It was named for the Potomac River on which Washington, D.C. is located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010082-0001-0000", "contents": "1345 Potomac, Orbit and classification\nPotomac is member of the dynamical Hilda group, which stays in  3:2 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is, however, not a member of the Hilda family but a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010082-0002-0000", "contents": "1345 Potomac, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 3.3\u20134.7\u00a0AU once every 7 years and 12 months (2,910 days; semi-major axis of 3.99\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the United States Naval Observatory, three weeks after its official discovery observation at Taunton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010082-0003-0000", "contents": "1345 Potomac, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the U.S. Potomac River in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, on which Washington, D.C. is located. The river flows from West Virginia into the Chesapeake Bay and forms the southern boundary of Maryland. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 122).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010082-0004-0000", "contents": "1345 Potomac, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Potomac is an X-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010082-0005-0000", "contents": "1345 Potomac, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nTwo rotational lightcurves of Potomac was obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 11.40 and 11.41 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.22 and 0.24 magnitude, respectively (U=2/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010082-0006-0000", "contents": "1345 Potomac, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Potomac measures between 71.82 and 76.72 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.039 and 0.0439.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010082-0007-0000", "contents": "1345 Potomac, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0439 and a diameter of 71.82 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.73.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010084-0000-0000", "contents": "1345 in Italy\nThe Battle of Gamenario, fought on 22 April, was a decisive battle of the wars between the Guelfs (Angevins) and Ghibellines (Lombards). It took place in north-west Italy in what is now part of the commune of Santena about 15\u00a0km southeast of Turin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010084-0001-0000", "contents": "1345 in Italy\nReforza d'Agoult was sent in the spring of 1345 by Joan of Anjou, viceroy to northern Italy in hopes of putting an end to the war with the Margravate of Montferrat. Reforza conquered Alba and besieged Gamenario, a castle in the neighbourhood of Santena. Lombard Ghibellines formed an anti-Angevin alliance, headed by John II of Montferrat. On 22 April, he confronted Reforza d'Agoult and battle was joined. The meeting was brief and bloody. Initially uncertain, the outcome was a victory for the Ghibellines, who recovered the besieged fortress and dealt a severe blow to Angevin influence in Piedmont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010084-0001-0001", "contents": "1345 in Italy\nTo celebrate his victory, John built a new church in Asti in honour of Saint George, near whose feast day the battle was won. Saint George held a special place for the men of chivalry of the Medieval, because he was the Saint that killed the dragon and was therefore held in a warrior cult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010084-0002-0000", "contents": "1345 in Italy\nIn the aftermath, Piedmont was partitioned between the victors. John received Alba, Acqui Terme, Ivrea, and Valenza. Luchino Visconti received Alessandria and the House of Savoy (related to the Palaiologos of Montferrat) received Chieri. The Angevins lost almost complete control of the region and many formerly French cities declared themselves independent. The defeat of the Angevins was also a defeat for Angevin-supported Manfred V of Saluzzo and the civil war in that margraviate was ended at Gamenario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010084-0003-0000", "contents": "1345 in Italy\nAndrew, Duke of Calabria, was assassinated by a conspiracy in 1345. He had been appointed joint heir with his wife, Joan I, to the throne of Naples by the Pope. This, however, sat ill with the Neapolitan people and nobles; nor was Joan content to share her sovereignty. With the approval of Pope Clement VI, Joan was crowned as sole monarch of Naples in August 1344. Fearing for his life, Andrew wrote to his mother Elizabeth that he would soon flee the kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010084-0003-0001", "contents": "1345 in Italy\nShe intervened, and made a state visit; before she returned to Hungary, she bribed Pope Clement to reverse himself and permit the coronation of Andrew. She also gave a ring to Andrew, which was supposed to protect him from death by blade or poison, and returned with a false sense of security to Hungary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010084-0004-0000", "contents": "1345 in Italy\nThus, in 1345, hearing of the Pope's reversal, a group of noble conspirators (probably including Queen Joan) determined to forestall Andrew's coronation. During a hunting trip at Aversa, Andrew left his room in the middle of the night and was set upon by the conspirators. A treacherous servant barred the door behind him; and as Joan cowered in their bed, a terrible struggle ensued, Andrew defending himself furiously and shrieking for aid. He was finally overpowered, strangled with a cord, and flung from a window. The horrible deed would taint the rest of Joan's reign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010084-0005-0000", "contents": "1345 in Italy\nOther events in Italy in 1345 include Ambrogio Lorenzetti's painting of a map of the world for the palace at Siena. The painting has since been lost, but the instruments which he used to make it still survive, giving insights into map-making techniques of the day. The Peruzzi family, a big banking family and precursor to the Medici family went bankrupt in 1345, and in 1345 Florence was the scene of an attempted strike by wool combers (ciompi). A few decades later they would rise in a full-scale revolt. In Verona, Mastino II della Scala began the construction of his Scaliger Tomb, an architectural structure still standing today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0000-0000", "contents": "1346\nYear 1346 (MCCCXLVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It was a year in the 14th century, in the midst of a period known in European history as the Late Middle Ages. In Asia that year, the Black Plague came to the troops of the Golden Horde Khanate; the disease also affected the Genoese Europeans they were attacking, before spreading to the rest of Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0000-0001", "contents": "1346\nIn Central and East Asia, there was a series of revolts after Kazan Khan was killed in an uprising, and the Chagatai Khanate began to splinter and fall; several revolts in China began what would eventually lead to the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty. The Indian kingdom of Vijayanagara won several victories over Muslim conquerors in the north in this year as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0001-0000", "contents": "1346\nIn Eastern Europe, Stefan Du\u0161an was proclaimed Tsar of Serbia on April 16 (Easter Sunday) at Skopje. In the nearby Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman emir Orhan married Byzantine princess Theodora as part of an alliance between her father John VI Kantakouzenos and the Ottomans. Ongoing civil wars in both Bulgaria and Byzantium continued. Denmark sold its portion of Northern Estonia to the Livonian Order of the Teutonic Knights after finally quelling the St. George's Night Uprising. In Central Europe, Charles IV of Luxembourg was elected Roman King on July 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0001-0001", "contents": "1346\nA number of banking families in Italy, including the Bardi family, faced bankruptcy in this year, and much of Italy suffered a famine. The Hundred Years' War between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of England continued in Western Europe, as Edward III of England led an invasion onto the continent and won a number of victories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0002-0000", "contents": "1346, Asia, Western Asia\nThe Golden Horde's siege of Kaffa continued through 1346, despite a number of obstacles. They were struck with the Black Plague and forced to retreat, although not until the following year. As one Russian historian records:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0003-0000", "contents": "1346, Asia, Western Asia\nIn the same year [1346], God's punishment struck the people in the eastern lands, in the town Ornach , and in Khastorokan, and in Sarai, and in Bezdezh, and in other towns in those lands; the mortality was great among the Bessermens, and among the Tartars, and among the Armenians and the Abkhazians, and among the Jews, and among the European foreigners, and among the Circassians, and among all who lived there, so that they could not bury them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0004-0000", "contents": "1346, Asia, Western Asia\nThe many areas and peoples listed here represent much of Western Asia and the Caucasus. The \"European foreigners\" are those fighting with the Tartars in the Mongol-led siege of Kaffa. These Europeans would return to Europe the following year, carrying the plague with them. Travellers returning from the Crimea also carried the plague to Byzantium and Arabia, according to Greek and Arab scholars of the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0005-0000", "contents": "1346, Asia, Western Asia\nIt seemed to the besieged Christians as if arrows were shot out of the sky to strike and humble the pride of the infidels who rapidly died with marks on their bodies and lumps in their joints and several part, followed by putrid fever; all advice and help of the doctors being of no avail. Whereupon the Tartars, worn out by this pestilential disease, and falling on all sides as if thunderstruck, and seeing that they were perishing hopelessly, ordered the corpses to be placed upon their engines and thrown into the city of Kaffa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0005-0001", "contents": "1346, Asia, Western Asia\nAccordingly were the bodies of the dead hurled over the walls, so that the Christians were not able to hide or protect themselves from this danger, although they carried away as many dead as possible and threw them into the sea. But soon the whole air became infected, and the water poisoned, and such a pestilence grew up that scarcely one out of a thousand was able to escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0006-0000", "contents": "1346, Asia, Western Asia\nModern scholars consider this one of the earliest, and most deadly, biological attacks in world history, though in the end the Mongols were forced to retreat. Early sources state that the plague began its spread in the spring of 1346 at the River Don near the Black Sea, then spread throughout Russia, the Caucasus, and the Genovese provinces within the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0007-0000", "contents": "1346, Asia, Western Asia\nFurther south in Georgia, King George the Brilliant died and was succeeded by King David IX. King George V had managed to increase the Georgian realm to all of Transcaucasia. However, after 1346 the Kingdom began to decline, caused by George's death and the devastating spread of the plague throughout the area soon afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0008-0000", "contents": "1346, Asia, Central and East Asia\nCentral Asia was marked in 1346 by the continued disintegration of the Mongol's domains, as well as by Muslim expansion. Kazan Khan, emperor of the Chagatai Khanate, was killed by the forces of Qazaghan in this year, putting an end to the Chagtai Khanate's status as a unified empire. Qazghan was the leader of the group of Turkish nobles opposed to Mongol rule. Qazghan had been wounded by Kazan's forces earlier in the year, but rather than taking advantage of his opponent's weakness, Kazan retreated and many of his troops abandoned him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0009-0000", "contents": "1346, Asia, Central and East Asia\nTo the east, Kashmir was conquered by Shah Mir, the first Muslim to rule the area. Kathmandu was also conquered in this year. However, Muslim expansion did suffer some defeats in southern India. The Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagara in India conquered the Hoysalas and celebrated its \"festival of victory\", strengthening their status as a legitimate Hindu empire in opposition to Muslim rule in the north. The Delhi Sultanate in Northern India, Muhammad bin Tughluq, had a particular disdain for Hinduism, and the Deccan culture of the south. Telugu chieftains gathered in opposition to the Sultan in this year and celebrated victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0010-0000", "contents": "1346, Asia, Central and East Asia\nFurther east, Ibn Battuta traveled from Southeast Asia to Khanbaliq (Beijing) in China. Although the Muslim leaders there extended him a warm welcome, they advised him to leave the city soon. A civil war had caused the Khan to flee the city, and riots were becoming more and more widespread. Meanwhile, T'aigo Wangsa, a Korean Buddhist monk, traveled to China to receive training under the guidance of Buddhist leader Shih-wu. T'aigo later founded the T'aigo sect of Korean Buddhism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0011-0000", "contents": "1346, Europe, Scandinavia\nIn 1346 Denmark sold Northern -Estonia (Danish Estonia) to the Teutonic Knights following the end of an uprising and conflict between the pro-Danish party (bishop Olaf of Lindanise) and the pro-German party (captain Marquard Breide), called the St. George's Night Uprising. The Danish dominions in were sold for 10,000 marks to the Livonian Order, ignoring the promise by Christopher II in 1329 never to abandon or sell its Estonian territories. The King of Denmark even made a public statement \"repenting\" for that broken promise, and asked forgiveness from the pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0012-0000", "contents": "1346, Europe, Balkans and Asia Minor\nIn the Balkans, on April 16 (Easter Sunday), Stefan Du\u0161an was crowned in Skopje as Tsar of the new Serbian Empire, which now occupied much of southeastern Europe. Also in 1346, both Bulgaria and Byzantium (which at this time covered most of Greece) were in the middle of a series of civil wars. At the same time, the Christian-held islands and possessions around the Aegean Sea were subject to Turkish raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 36], "content_span": [37, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0013-0000", "contents": "1346, Europe, Balkans and Asia Minor\nOrhan, the Ottoman Turkish prince of Bithynia was married to Theodora, daughter of Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos. The Greek clergy believed that the marriage of a Christian princess and a prominent Muslim would increase the region's power. Orhan already had several other wives, and although Theodora was permitted to keep her religion, she was required to spend the rest of her life in an Islamic harem. Kantakouzenos hoped that Orhan would become his ally in any future wars, but Orhan, like his fellow Turks, became his enemy in the Genoese war. As part of the alliance, the Ottoman prince was permitted to sell the Christians he had captured at Constantinople as slaves in the public market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 36], "content_span": [37, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0014-0000", "contents": "1346, Europe, Central\nOn July 11, Charles IV of Luxembourg was elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. In consequence of an alliance between his father and Pope Clement VI, the relentless enemy of the emperor Louis IV, Charles was chosen Roman king in opposition to Louis by some of the princes at Rhens. He had previously promised to be subservient to Clement, he confirmed the papacy in the possession of wide territories, promised to annul the acts of Louis against Clement, to take no part in Italian affairs, and to defend and protect the church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 21], "content_span": [22, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0015-0000", "contents": "1346, Europe, Central\nCharles IV was at this time in a very weak position in Germany. Owing to the terms of his election, he was derisively referred to by some as a \"priest's king\" (Pfaffenk\u00f6nig). Many bishops and nearly all of the Imperial cities remained loyal to Louis the Bavarian. Charles further endangered his high position when he backed the losing side in the Hundred Years' War. He lost his father and many of his best knights at the Battle of Cr\u00e9cy in August 1346. He himself was wounded on the same field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 21], "content_span": [22, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0016-0000", "contents": "1346, Europe, Central\nMeanwhile, in Italy a number of banks in Florence collapsed due to internal problems in Florence, contributed by King Edward III of England defaulting on some of his loans. Most notably, the Bardi family went bankrupt in this year. Italy also suffered a famine, making it difficult for the Papacy to recruit troops for the attack on Smyrna. The Venetians, however, organized an alliance uniting several European parties (Sancta Unio), composed notably of the Knights Hospitaller, which carried out five consecutive attacks on \u0130zmir and the Western Anatolian coastline controlled by Turkish states. In the realm of technology, papermaking reached Holland, and firearms made their way to Northern Germany in this year. The earliest records in the area place them in the city of Aachen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 21], "content_span": [22, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0017-0000", "contents": "1346, Europe, Western Europe\nOn July 11, King Edward III crossed the English Channel and arrived in Normandy the following day with 1,600 ships. He took the ports of La Hogue and Barfleur with overwhelming force and continued inland towards Caen, taking towns along the way. The French mounted a defence at Caen, but were ultimately defeated. The French had been planning to cross the channel and invade England with a force of about 14,000 led by Jean le Franc, but Edward's attack forced them onto the defensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0018-0000", "contents": "1346, Europe, Western Europe\nThe French king, Phillippe, destroyed several bridges to prevent Edward's advance, but the English took the town of Poissy in August and repaired its bridge in order to advance. The French king mounted a defence near the forest at Cr\u00e9cy, which ended in another English victory. Edward then proceeded to Calais, laying siege to the city from September 4. Meanwhile, Jean de France, King Phillippe's son, besieged the city of Aigullon, but with no success. King Phillippe also urge the Scots to continue the fight against England to the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0018-0001", "contents": "1346, Europe, Western Europe\nThe Scots, believing that the English were preoccupied with Calais, marched into England toward Durham in October, but were met and defeated by an English force of knights and clergymen at the Battle of Neville's Cross, and King David of Scotland was captured. The Irish also mounted a brief resistance, but were similarly defeated. Before the end of the year, Edward also captured Poiters and the towns surrounding Tonnay-Charente.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0019-0000", "contents": "1346, Europe, Western Europe\nFor his role in the Battle of Cr\u00e9cy, Edward, the Black Prince honoured the bravery of John I, Count of Luxemburg and King of Bohemia (also known as John the Blind) by adopting his arms and motto: \"Ich Dien\" or \"I Serve\". John's decades of fighting had already made his name widely known throughout Europe, and his death at Cr\u00e9cy became the legendary subject of several writings, including this passage by Froissart:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0020-0000", "contents": "1346, Europe, Western Europe\n...\u00a0for all that he [John I] was nigh blind, when he understood the order of the battle, he said to them about him:\u00a0...'Sirs, ye are my men, my companions and friends in this journey: I require you bring me so far forward, that I may strike one stroke with my sword.' ... they tied all their reins of their bridles each to other and set the king before to accomplish his desire, and so they went on their enemies\u00a0...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010085-0020-0001", "contents": "1346, Europe, Western Europe\nThe king\u00a0... was so far forward that he strake a stroke with his sword, yea and more than four, and fought valiantly and so did his company; and they adventured themselves so forward, that they were there all slain, and the next day they were found in the place about the king, and all their horses tied each to other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010086-0000-0000", "contents": "1346 Gotha\n1346 Gotha, provisional designation 1929 CY, is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers (8.7\u00a0mi) in diameter. It was discovered on 5 February 1929, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The presumed S-type asteroid has a short rotation period of 2.6 hours. It was named for the German city of Gotha, located in Thuringia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010086-0001-0000", "contents": "1346 Gotha, Orbit and classification\nBased on the hierarchical clustering method, Gotha is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population (Nesvorny), but it has also been considered a core member of the Eunomia family by Novakovic, Knezevic and Milani. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,556 days; semi-major axis of 2.63\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010086-0002-0000", "contents": "1346 Gotha, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the city of Gotha, located near Erfurt capital of the Free State of Thuringia, Germany. The asteroids 1254\u00a0 Erfordia and 934\u00a0Th\u00fcringia are also named after these places. The city is known for its Gotha Observatory and the work of astronomer Franz Xaver von Zach (1754\u20131832), who recovered the dwarf planet Ceres and after whom 999\u00a0Zachia was named. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 122).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010086-0003-0000", "contents": "1346 Gotha, Physical characteristics\nGotha has been estimated to be a stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010086-0004-0000", "contents": "1346 Gotha, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Gotha have been obtained from photometric observations since 1984. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 2.64067 hours with a brightness variation between 0.10 and 0.16 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010086-0005-0000", "contents": "1346 Gotha, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Gotha measures between 13.731 and 13.747 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.278 and 0.2794. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 16.18 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.32.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010087-0000-0000", "contents": "1346 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1346 in the Holy Roman Empire was orchestrated by Pope Clement VI after the pope had pronounced the deposition of the Emperor Louis IV. The pope's candidate, Charles of Moravia, was duly elected by five of the imperial electors at Rhense on 11 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010087-0001-0000", "contents": "1346 Imperial election\nOn 13 April 1346 at Avignon, Clement VI declared Louis IV a heretic and schismatic and deposed him. He preached a sermon against Louis in which he quoted from Ambrose's letter to the Emperor Valentinian II: \"What could be more honourable to the emperor than to be called a son of the [church]?\" Charles and his father, King John of Bohemia, were in attendance. Afterwards, Charles swore an oath to Clement that if elected he would annul all of his predecessor's acts and not spend more than one day in Rome for his imperial coronation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010087-0002-0000", "contents": "1346 Imperial election\nOn 28 April 1346, Clement VI formally requested the electors to elect a new emperor. Two of the electors were Charles's relations: the king of Bohemia was his father and the archbishop of Trier was his great uncle, Baldwin of Luxembourg. A third, the archbishop of Mainz, Gerlach of Nassau, had only been installed after Clement deposed Henry of Virneberg on 7 April 1346. Charles also received the support of Walram of J\u00fclich, archbishop of Cologne, and Rudolf, Duke of Saxony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010087-0003-0000", "contents": "1346 Imperial election\nCharles IV was far from having universal support in the Empire while Louis still lived. He was labelled a Pfaffenk\u00f6nig (parson's king) because of the role the pope played in procuring his election. The free cities of Cologne and Aachen refused to recognise him. Charles and his father went abroad after his election to assist Philip VI of France against an English invasion. John died at the battle of Cr\u00e9cy and Charles was seriously injured. Because Aachen would not accept him, Charles was forced upon his return to be crowned in Bonn on 26 November. He dated his reign, however, from the moment he received papal approbation, on 6 November. This was also the day on which he took the title \"King of the Romans\" (until his imperial coronation). His position only became secure with the death of Louis on 11 October 1347.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010089-0000-0000", "contents": "1347\nYear 1347 (MCCCXLVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010089-0001-0000", "contents": "1347\n1347 (MCCCXLVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1347th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 347th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 47th  year of the 14th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1340s decade. As of the start of 1347, the Gregorian calendar was 8 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010089-0002-0000", "contents": "1347, Asia, Western Asia\nThe Mamluke Empire is hit by the plague in the autumn. Baghdad is hit in the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010089-0003-0000", "contents": "1347, Asia, South Asia\nAfter years of resistance against the Delhi Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, the Bahmani Kingdom, a Muslim Sultanate in Deccan, was established on August 3, when King Ala-ud-din Hasan Bahman Shah was crowned in a mosque in Daulatabad. Later in the year, the Kingdom's capital was moved from Daulatabad to the more central Gulbarga. Southeast Asia suffered a drought which dried up an important river which ran through the capital city of the Kingdom of Ayodhya, forcing the King to move the capital to a new location on the Lop Buri River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 22], "content_span": [23, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010089-0004-0000", "contents": "1347, Europe, Eastern and Scandinavian\nOn 2 February the Byzantine Empire's civil war between John VI Kantakouzenos and the regency ended with John VI entering Constantinople. On 8 February, an agreement was concluded with the empress Anna of Savoy, whereby he and John V Palaiologos would rule jointly. The agreement was finalized in May when John V married Kantakouzenos' 15-year-old daughter. The war had come at a high cost economically and territorially, and much of the Empire was in need of rebuilding. To make matters worse, in May Genoese ships fleeing the Black Death in Kaffa stopped in Constantinople. The plague soon spread from their ships to the city. By autumn, the epidemic had spread throughout the Balkans, possibly through contact with Venetian ports along the Adriatic Sea. Specific cases were recorded in the northern Balkans on 25 December, in the city of Split.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 38], "content_span": [39, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010089-0005-0000", "contents": "1347, Europe, Eastern and Scandinavian\nAfter being proclaimed Tsar of Serbia in the previous year by the newly-promoted Serbian Patriarch Joanikije II, Stefan Du\u0161an continued his southern expansion by conquering Epirus, Aetolia and Acarnania, appointing his half-brother, despot Simeon Uro\u0161 as governor of those provinces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 38], "content_span": [39, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010089-0006-0000", "contents": "1347, Europe, Central\nOn 20 May Cola di Rienzo, a Roman commoner, declared himself Emperor of Rome in front of a huge crowd in response to what had been several years of power struggles among the upper-class barony. Pope Clement VI, along with several of Rome's upper-class nobility, united to drive him out of the city in November. In October, Genoese ships arrived in southern Italy with the Black Plague, beginning the spread of the disease in the region. Jews were first accused of ritual murders in Poland in 1347. Casimir III of Poland issues Poland's first codified collection of laws after the diet of Wi\u015blica. Separate laws are codified for greater and lesser Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 21], "content_span": [22, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010089-0007-0000", "contents": "1347, Europe, Western Europe\nIn the continuing Hundred Years' War, the English won the city of Calais in a treaty signed in September. In a meeting with the Estates General in November, the French King Phillip was told that in the recent war efforts they had \"lost all and gained nothing.\" Phillip, however, was granted a portion of the money he requested and was able to continue his war effort. The English King Edward offered Calais a package of economic boosts which would make Calais the key city connecting England with France economically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010089-0007-0001", "contents": "1347, Europe, Western Europe\nEdward returned to England at that height of his popularity and power and for six months celebrated his successes with others in the English nobility. Although the Kingdom's funds were largely pushed towards the war, building projects among the more wealthy continued, with, for example, the completion of Pembroke College in this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010089-0008-0000", "contents": "1347, Europe, Western Europe\nThe French city of Marseilles recognized the plague on 1 September and by 1 November it had spread to Aix-en-Provence. The earliest recorded invasion of the plague into Spanish territory was in Majorca in December 1347, probably through commercial ships. Three years of plague began in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010090-0000-0000", "contents": "1347 Patria\n1347 Patria, provisional designation 1931 VW, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the background population of the central asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 November 1931, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named for the Latin word of fatherland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010090-0001-0000", "contents": "1347 Patria, Orbit and classification\nPatria is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.4\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,506 days; semi-major axis of 2.57\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010090-0002-0000", "contents": "1347 Patria, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A898 VB at Heidelberg Observatory in November 1898. The body's observation arc begins a few days later at Vienna Observatory, almost 33 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010090-0003-0000", "contents": "1347 Patria, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2005, a first rotational lightcurve of Patria was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave a slightly longer-than average rotation period of 29.5 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.12 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010090-0004-0000", "contents": "1347 Patria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Patria measures between 30.72 and 34.98 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.0462.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010090-0005-0000", "contents": "1347 Patria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0506 and a diameter of 32.48 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010090-0006-0000", "contents": "1347 Patria, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after \"Patria\", the Latin word for native country or fatherland. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 122).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010092-0000-0000", "contents": "13474 V'yus\n13474 V'yus, provisional designation 1973 QO1, is a background asteroid from the central asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers (4.3 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 29 August 1973, by Soviet astronomer Tamara Smirnova at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid has a rotation period of 6.6 hours and is likely elongated in shape. It was named after Yurij Sergeevich Vasil'ev, rector of the former Saint Petersburg State Technical University in Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010092-0001-0000", "contents": "13474 V'yus, Orbit and classification\nV'yus is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,551 days; semi-major axis of 2.62\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010092-0002-0000", "contents": "13474 V'yus, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first identification as 1956 SA at Goethe Link Observatory in September 1956, almost 17 years prior to its official discovery observation at Nauchnyj.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010092-0003-0000", "contents": "13474 V'yus, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Yurij Sergeevich Vasil'ev (Yurij Vasilyev; born 1929), expert in hydropower engineering and rector of the Saint Petersburg State Technical University (SPbSTU), now known as the Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University in Russia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 27 April 2002 (M.P.C. 45338).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010092-0004-0000", "contents": "13474 V'yus, Physical characteristics\nThe asteroid's spectral type is unknown. The Lightcurve Data Base assumes an S- or C-type to be equally likely, using an averaged value for its albedo (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010092-0005-0000", "contents": "13474 V'yus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2007, a rotational lightcurve of V'yus was obtained from photometric observations by Maurice Clark at the Montgomery College Observatory in Maryland, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.587 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.85 magnitude (U=3). A high brightness amplitude typically indicates that the body has an elongated rather than spherical shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010092-0006-0000", "contents": "13474 V'yus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, V'yus measures 6.922 and 7.876 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.147 and 0.113, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 \u2013 a compromise value between the stony (0.20) and carbonaceous (0.057) asteroid's, both abundant in the main belt's central region \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 7.65 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010093-0000-0000", "contents": "1348\nYear 1348 (MCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1348th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 348th year of the 2nd millennium, the 48th year of the 14th century, and the 9th and pre-final year of the 1340s decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010094-0000-0000", "contents": "1348 Friuli earthquake\nThe 1348 Friuli earthquake, centered in the South Alpine region of Friuli, was felt across Europe on 25 January. The earthquake hit in the same year that the Great Plague ravaged Italy. According to contemporary sources, it caused considerable damage to structures; churches and houses collapsed, villages were destroyed and foul odors emanated from the earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010094-0001-0000", "contents": "1348 Friuli earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe Friuli region is located in an area of complex geological structure where the WSW-ENE trending thrust belt of the Southern Alps overlaps with the NW-SE trending thrust belt of the Dinaric Alps as a result of the continuing convergence between the Adriatic and Eurasian Plates. It has been suggested that the 1348 event was a result of movement on part of the Periadriatic thrust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010094-0002-0000", "contents": "1348 Friuli earthquake, Impact\nThe epicenter was located east of Tolmezzo, Venzone and Gemona, with a seismic intensity of eight to nine according to the European Macroseismic Scale (approximately measured 6.9 on the Richter scale). Most of the damage reported was in Northern Italy (including places as far away as Pisa and Naples), in the present-day Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, in the adjacent provinces of Belluno, Vicenza and Verona up to Lombardy and Venice, as well as in Carinthia and Carniola (in nowadays Slovenia) to the north and east. Aftershocks occurred until 5 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010094-0003-0000", "contents": "1348 Friuli earthquake, Impact\nStriking in the early afternoon, the earthquake caused hundreds of casualties and destroyed numerous buildings. In Udine, the castle and the cathedral were severely damaged. In Carinthia, the town of Villach and numerous surrounding villages were largely destroyed by a major landslide followed by a flood of the Gail River. Even in Rome the earthquake allegedly took a toll: considerable damage was sustained by the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore; in the Torre delle Milizie, an upper floor crumbled, and the structure assumed the slight tilt it retains today. The sixth-century basilica of Santi Apostoli was so utterly ruined that it was left in an abandoned state for a generation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010094-0004-0000", "contents": "1348 Friuli earthquake, Impact\nThe earthquake coincided with the beginning of the Black Death in Europe; in contemporary minds the two disasters were connected, as acts of God, but accepted as something both tremendous and unexpected, and yet which also belonged to daily life. The historian of medicine A. G. Carmichael observes, \"The earthquake of 25 January 1348 is likely to have fuelled and focused specifically apocalyptical fears more than plague did.\" The only explicit reference to the earthquake as an omen of the end of the world comes in the chronicle of Giovanni Villani.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010094-0004-0001", "contents": "1348 Friuli earthquake, Impact\nGuglielmo Cortusi of Padua, as well as the bankers of Udine, saw it as a memento mori and a sign to repent, but not of imminent apocalypse. The earthquake figured in the diary of the German nun Christina Ebner, and was reported in numerous city and abbey chronicles, which have given modern historians opportunities of making the \"Friuli event\" one of the most thoroughly studied medieval earthquakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010096-0000-0000", "contents": "1349\nYear 1349 (MCCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010097-0000-0000", "contents": "1349 (band)\n1349 is a Norwegian black metal band from Oslo, Norway, formed in 1997. The band's name is a reference to the year the Black Death reached Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010097-0001-0000", "contents": "1349 (band), History\n1349 formed in 1997 and comprises several former members of the band Alvheim. Drummer Frost is also a member of Satyricon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010097-0002-0000", "contents": "1349 (band), History\nIn recognition of 1349's influences, the band performed a cover of Mayhem's \"Buried by Time and Dust\" on their debut album, Liberation. At 1349's live shows, the band has also covered Celtic Frost, whom vocalist Ravn cites as his principal influence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010097-0003-0000", "contents": "1349 (band), History\n1349 tours on a regular basis. The band's live shows often begin with Frost and guitarist Archaon breathing fire. In 2006, 1349 toured the US with Celtic Frost. Ravn also appeared on the Celtic Frost album Monotheist (2006), performing guest vocals on the CD digipack bonus track, \"Temple of Depression\". In 2007, during the French Hellfest festival, 1349 was slated to play during the day, but asked to reschedule their appearance to play in the dark instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010097-0003-0001", "contents": "1349 (band), History\nDuring 1349's appearance at the Oslo Inferno Metal Festival in March 2008, the band was joined on stage by Celtic Frost frontman Tom Gabriel Fischer for a rendition of the Celtic Frost song \"The Usurper\". In September 2008, 1349 toured with Carcass, Suffocation, Aborted and Rotten Sound on the Exhume to Consume Tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010097-0004-0000", "contents": "1349 (band), History\nA music video for \"Sculptor of Flesh\" was made following the release of Hellfire (2005). The video, directed by Judd Tilyard, alternates between footage of the band performing the song in Norway and clips of surgery filmed in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010097-0005-0000", "contents": "1349 (band), History\nDuring late 2008, 1349 recorded its fourth album, Revelations of the Black Flame. The album was co-mixed by Tom Gabriel Fischer, and was released in Europe on 25 May 2009. Revelations of the Black Flame marked a change in direction for the band, as songs on the album were slower than previous releases, and there were also some dark ambient and industrial-tinged tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010097-0006-0000", "contents": "1349 (band), History\nAt the beginning of 2010 the band signed a contract with Indie Recordings for the release of its fifth album in Europe, with Prosthetic Records distributing the album in North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010097-0007-0000", "contents": "1349 (band), History\n1349 toured with Cannibal Corpse, Skeletonwitch, and Lecherous Nocturne on the Evisceration Plague Tour, in April\u2013May 2010. The band also performed at the Wacken Open Air and Summer Breeze Open Air festivals in August 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010097-0008-0000", "contents": "1349 (band), History\n1349 released its fifth album, Demonoir, on 26 April 2010. The album shows a return to 1349's earlier sound, before Revelations of the Black Flame, while continuing the low-fi production and ambient sensibilities of Revelations. 1349 toured Canada and the United States with Tom Gabriel Fischer's project Triptykon in October 2010. A deluxe box set of Demonoir was released in October 2011. The band's first live DVD, titled Hellvetia Fire \u2013 The Official 1349 Bootleg, was released on 24 October 2011 by Candlelight Records. It was filmed at Bikini Test La Chaux De Fonds in Switzerland in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010097-0009-0000", "contents": "1349 (band), History\nIn October 2013, the band began recording their sixth studio album, called Massive Cauldron of Chaos. On 10 December, the band announced that the record was finished, and it was released on 29 September 2014, via Indie Recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010097-0010-0000", "contents": "1349 (band), History\nIn February 2017, it was announced that 1349 have now signed to Season of Mist and are now said to be in the process of writing their seventh studio album, which is set to be released in 2019. The first new single from the as yet untitled new album, 'D\u00f8dskamp' was released digitally on 14 January 2019. On 31 July 2019 it was revealed that the band's seventh Studio album would be titled 'The Infernal Pathway'. It was released on 18 October 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010098-0000-0000", "contents": "1349 Apennine earthquakes\nOn 9 September 1349, an earthquake sequence began in Italy's Apennine Mountains that severely affected the regions of Molise, Latium and Abruzzo. Four moderate-large earthquakes devastated towns and villages across the central Italian Peninsula, with damage even reported in Rome. These earthquakes originated from the Apennine fold and thrust belt fault network, with the first and most destructive shock's epicenter originating from the north-west Campania region. Paleoseimological data gathered from scarping, fault length, and collapsed sections of Venafro's Roman aqueduct indicates the epicenter of the main shock was likely along the Aquae Iuliae fault. The fault suspected of causing this earthquake occurred on the Aqua Iuliae fault along the Molise-Campania border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010098-0001-0000", "contents": "1349 Apennine earthquakes, Earthquakes\nThe first earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 6.7, struck on 9 September in the north-west Campania southeast of the Molisano town of Venafro. The second quake struck on 10 of September near L'Aquila. Both quakes caused widespread damage to not just towns and cities but infrastructure like Roman aqueducts and bridges. The poet Petrarch describes damage in Rome to the city's monuments. The western side of the four-story Flavian Amphitheatre collapsed towards the caelian hills, leaving a massive mound of travertine and tufa rubble Rome later quarried for construction materials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010098-0002-0000", "contents": "1349 Apennine earthquakes, Aftermath\nThe town of L'Aquila has been described as being almost \"completely destroyed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010099-0000-0000", "contents": "1349 Bechuana\n1349 Bechuana, provisional designation 1934 LJ, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 June 1934, by South-African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named for the former Bechuanaland, what is now the Republic of Botswana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010099-0001-0000", "contents": "1349 Bechuana, Orbit and classification\nBechuana is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,912 days; semi-major axis of 3.01\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in June 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010099-0002-0000", "contents": "1349 Bechuana, Physical characteristics\nBechuana has been characterized as both a C-type and X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes it to be a carbonaceous C-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010099-0003-0000", "contents": "1349 Bechuana, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Bechuana was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.681 hours with a brightness variation of 0.29 magnitude (U=2). In January 2011, astronomers Pierre Antonini and Silvano Casulli measured a refined period of 15.692 hours with an amplitude of 0.30 (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010099-0004-0000", "contents": "1349 Bechuana, Physical characteristics, Poles\nA 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database, gave a concurring period of 15.6873 hours and determined two spin axis in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2) of (153.0\u00b0, 32.0\u00b0) and (314.0\u00b0, 46.0\u00b0).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 46], "content_span": [47, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010099-0005-0000", "contents": "1349 Bechuana, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Bechuana measures between 23.773 and 28.57 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.150 and 0.2610.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010099-0006-0000", "contents": "1349 Bechuana, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nCALL assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and consequently calculates a much larger diameter of 46.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010099-0007-0000", "contents": "1349 Bechuana, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Bechuanaland, a British Protectorate from 1884 to 1966 and what is now the  Republic of Botswana, north of South Africa. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 122).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010102-0000-0000", "contents": "134th (2/1st Hampshire) Brigade\nThe 134th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the Territorial Force, part of the British Army. It was formed in the First World War as a duplicate of the Hampshire Brigade and was originally formed as the 2nd/1st Hampshire Brigade in 1914\u20131915 before later being renamed as the 134th (2/1st Hampshire) Brigade. It was sent overseas to India in December 1914 to relieve Regular Army units for service in France. The brigade remained there for the rest of the war, supplying drafts of replacements to the British units fighting in the Middle East and later complete battalions. By September 1917 the last of its battalions had departed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010102-0001-0000", "contents": "134th (2/1st Hampshire) Brigade\nIt was reformed as 134th Infantry Brigade in the Territorial Army in 1939, again as a duplicate formation, when another European conflict with Germany seemed inevitable. During the Second World War, the brigade was active in the United Kingdom throughout its service. It was disbanded on 15 August 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010102-0002-0000", "contents": "134th (2/1st Hampshire) Brigade\nThe brigade was reformed on 1 September 1944 as part of the 45th (Holding) Division. It did not see service outside the United Kingdom during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010102-0003-0000", "contents": "134th (2/1st Hampshire) Brigade, History, First World War\nIn accordance with the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw. 7, c.9) which brought the Territorial Force into being, the TF was intended to be a home defence force for service during wartime and members could not be compelled to serve outside the country. However, on the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914, many members volunteered for Imperial Service. Therefore, TF units were split into 1st Line (liable for overseas service) and 2nd Line (home service for those unable or unwilling to serve overseas) units. 2nd Line units performed the home defence role, although in fact most of these were also posted abroad in due course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010102-0004-0000", "contents": "134th (2/1st Hampshire) Brigade, History, First World War\nOn 15 August 1915, TF units were instructed to separate home service men from those who had volunteered for overseas service (1st Line), with the home service personnel to be formed into reserve units (2nd Line). On 31 August, 2nd Line units were authorized for each 1st Line unit where more than 60% of men had volunteered for overseas service. After being organized, armed and clothed, the 2nd Line units were gradually grouped into large formations thereby forming the 2nd Line brigades and divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010102-0004-0001", "contents": "134th (2/1st Hampshire) Brigade, History, First World War\nThese 2nd Line units and formations had the same name and structure as their 1st Line parents. On 24 November, it was decided to replace imperial service (1st Line) formations as they proceeded overseas with their reserve (2nd Line) formations. A second reserve (3rd Line) unit was then formed at the peace headquarters of the 1st Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010102-0005-0000", "contents": "134th (2/1st Hampshire) Brigade, History, First World War\nThe brigade was formed as a 2nd Line duplicate of the Hampshire Brigade in October 1914, shortly after the outbreak of war. It was assigned to the 2nd Wessex Division, the 2nd Line duplicate of the Wessex Division. The division was selected for service in India thereby releasing British and Indian regular battalions for service in Europe. On 12 December, the brigade embarked at Southampton with three battalions; the 2/4th Hampshires landed at Karachi on 9 January 1915 and the rest of the brigade at Bombay between 4 and 8 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010102-0006-0000", "contents": "134th (2/1st Hampshire) Brigade, History, First World War\nThe brigade was effectively broken up on arrival in India; the units reverted to peacetime conditions and the battalions were dispersed to Secunderabad (2) and Quetta. The Territorial Force divisions and brigades were numbered in May 1915 in the order that they departed for overseas service, starting with the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division. The 2nd Wessex Division should have been numbered as the 45th (2nd Wessex) Division, but as the division had already been broken up, this was merely a place holder. Likewise, the 2nd/1st Hampshire Brigade was notionally numbered as 134th (2/1st Hampshire) Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010102-0007-0000", "contents": "134th (2/1st Hampshire) Brigade, History, First World War\nThe units pushed on with training to prepare for active service, handicapped by the need to provide experienced manpower for active service units. By early 1916 it had become obvious that it would not be possible to transfer the division and brigade to the Western Front as originally intended. Nevertheless, individual units proceeded overseas on active service through the rest of the war. The 2/4th and 2/5th Hampshires served in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign from April and May 1917, and the 2/7th Hampshires in Mesopotamia from September 1917. At this point the brigade disappeared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010102-0008-0000", "contents": "134th (2/1st Hampshire) Brigade, History, Second World War\nBy 1939 it became clear that a new European war was likely to break out and, as a direct result of the German invasion of Czechoslovakia on 15 March, the doubling of the Territorial Army was authorised, with each unit and formation forming a duplicate. Consequently, 134th Infantry Brigade was formed in April 1939 as part of the 45th Infantry Division, duplicate of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division. Unusually, it was not a mirror of its parent, the 43rd and 45th Divisions being organized on a geographical basis. Initially, the brigade was administered by the 43rd Division until the 45th Division began to function from 7 September 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010102-0009-0000", "contents": "134th (2/1st Hampshire) Brigade, History, Second World War\nThe brigade remained in the United Kingdom with the 45th Division during the Second World War and did not see active service overseas. In July 1944, the brigade started to disperse as its component units were posted away, a process that was completed on 15 August and the brigade disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010102-0010-0000", "contents": "134th (2/1st Hampshire) Brigade, History, Second World War\nThe brigade was reformed on 1 September 1944 by the redesignation of 203rd Infantry Brigade. It served with the 45th (Holding) Division for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010102-0011-0000", "contents": "134th (2/1st Hampshire) Brigade, History, Second World War, Second World War units\nAfter being reformed by the redesignation of 203rd Infantry Brigade, the brigade commanded:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 82], "content_span": [83, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010102-0012-0000", "contents": "134th (2/1st Hampshire) Brigade, Commanders, During the First World War\nThe brigade was commanded from formation until embarkation for India by Br.-Gen. G.H. Nicholson. Br.-Gen. Nicholson commanded the 45th Division on its voyage; he handed over the troops on disembarkation and returned to England, arriving on 3 February 1915. Previously, he had been a Colonel commanding the 1st Line Hampshire Brigade at the outbreak of the war until it departed for India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010102-0013-0000", "contents": "134th (2/1st Hampshire) Brigade, Commanders, During the Second World War\nThe brigade had the following commanders in the Second World War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0000-0000", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\nThe 134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, was a howitzer battery of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) formed during World War I from a coast defence unit of the Territorial Force in Cornwall. It served in the East African Campaign in 1916\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0001-0000", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Origin\n134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery was formed in July 1915 by Nos 1 (Padstow) and 2 (Penzance) Heavy Btys of the Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Royal Garrison Artillery, a 'defended ports' coast defence unit of the pre-war part-time Territorial Force. It was one of one of only two all-TF heavy field batteries raised from defended ports units. It went to Woolwich about 250 strong on 12 August, from where it supplied reinforcements to RGA units fighting on the Western Front, at Gallipoli and in Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 64], "content_span": [65, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0001-0001", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Origin\nOn 20 November the battery was ordered to mobilise as a howitzer battery of the Royal Garrison Artillery for service in the East African Campaign. With a strength of 124 all ranks it embarked at Southampton on 26 December 1915, arriving at Mombasa on 1 February 1916. At Maktau it took over four Indian Army pattern 5.4-inch howitzers, which were drawn by oxen. 633 Company Army Service Corps was formed on 12 January 1916 as the Ammunition Column (Motor Transport) for the battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 64], "content_span": [65, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0002-0000", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Latema Nek\nOn 5 March the battery received orders to join in the Kilimanjaro offensive with 2nd Division of the East African Expeditionary Force. It moved out via the Serengeti rail head and on 9 March  took part in a demonstration against Salaita Hill (where the Imperial forces had been repulsed the previous month). Its first position was out of range of the enemy positions because of inaccurate maps. However, it moved forward and engaged the hill with Lyddite shells until the infantry reached the top. Next day it crossed the drift on the Lumi River and on 11 March it fired in support of an attack on Latema Hill (the Battle of Latema Nek). After the German withdrawal the battery bivouacked at Taveta and then at Himo until May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 77], "content_span": [78, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0003-0000", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Latema Nek\nOn 21 May the battery began a long march along the Pangani River as part of the Force Reserve. It also manned the ammunition column for the 13th Howitzer Bty (a section of 11th (Hull) Heavy Bty, RGA), whose 5-inch howitzers were towed by lorries but relied on oxen for ammunition supply. For part of June the gunners were employed in road-making, then marched with the force reserve in a wide turning movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 77], "content_span": [78, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0003-0001", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Latema Nek\nOnce back on the road the battery had to wait for its lorries to bring up supplies while its smiths and fitters worked to repair the German light railway. It spent July camped at Lukigura Bridge and then Msiha. The battery was never deployed 'in action' during this whole time, though it was sometimes under fire from longer-ranged German guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 77], "content_span": [78, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0004-0000", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Morogoro camp\nDuring August the battery supported the 1st East African Brigade, which was to attack Ruhungo, but flanking moves caused the Germans to retire and the guns were not needed. During the month the battery moved via Turiani and Dakawa to the Mgerengere River. On 28 August it reached Morogoro. Here the offensive was halted by rain, exhaustion and German defences on the River Mgeta, so the force camped and reorganised. The battery commander was appointed post commandant of Morogoro and the battery carried out garrison duty in the town until 20 December, while the motor transport section brought up supplies and ammunition for the force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 80], "content_span": [81, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0005-0000", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Tanganyika\nOn 20 December the battery left Morogoro on a three-day march to Duthumi, where it stayed for the rest of the month. On 31 December it moved into prepared positions about 500 yards (460\u00a0m) behind the front line trenches and established an observation post (OP) on Kitoho Hill. The following day it opened fire to support the Nigerian Brigade's attack , but having ranged on the German trenches, the forward observation officer (FOO) with the Nigerians could see nothing, though reporting heavy rifle fire from a flank. That position was shelled, and the enemy were seen leaving.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 77], "content_span": [78, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0005-0001", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Tanganyika\nThe battery then 'searched' the ground in front of the Nigerians, lifting its fire as they advanced. When the infantry reached the Mgeta river they found the bridge commanded by two Maxim gun positions; they withdrew a little and two of the battery's guns opened fire on these machine guns while the remainder fired on trenches and a wooded donga. At 16.30 the battery was ordered to advance towards the river as soon as the Nigerian Brigade considered it advisable. The battery could only get 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) forward, and prepared to fire from this position at long range. However, the enemy were in retreat and the battery camped for the night. During the engagement one of the battery's guns suffered a premature shell burst, which blew away 6 inches (15\u00a0cm) of the muzzle, killing one gunner and wounding three others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 77], "content_span": [78, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0006-0000", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Tanganyika\nThe battery remained at Duthumi until 14 February 1917, when it was ordered to march back to the railway, arriving at Mikesse on 18 February. Here it handed in one of its remaining 5.4-inch howitzers and proceeded to Dar es Salaam. On 1 March it was ordered to send a detachment of one officer and 21 men with one howitzer to Lindi. The detachment boarded the SS Barjora and arrived at Lindi on 5 March, establishing their gun position on Kitolo Hill as part of the defences for Lindi. The rest of the battery moved from Dar es Salaam back to Morogoro at the end of March for training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 77], "content_span": [78, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0007-0000", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Tanganyika\nAt Lindi the detachment had no transport for their howitzer, but they crewed a 4-inch gun for the Royal Marine Artillery and a 3.7-inch trench mortar, and did some mortar and Grenade training for parties from the King's African Rifles (KAR), West Indies Regiment and 5th Light Infantry of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 77], "content_span": [78, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0008-0000", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Tanganyika\nOn 28 May 134th (Cornwall) Bty at Morogoro handed its two remaining 5.4-inch howitzers over to 11th (Hull) Heavy Bty for training, and took over a 5-inch howitzer from that battery. It then returned to Dar es Salaam and on 11 July took the Barjora to Lindi, where the detachment also handed in its 5.4-inch howitzer. Leaving some men to operate a Stokes mortar battery, the rest of 134th Hvy Bty (32 all ranks) with their 5-inch howitzer, were taken by a Tugboat to Mingoyo, where they bivouacked at Lower Schaadel Farm with an escort from the KAR. They adapted two Flat wagons so that the howitzer and its limber could be moved along the German light railway, hauled by local porters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 77], "content_span": [78, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0009-0000", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Advance from Lindi\nThe Lindi Column began probing forward at the beginning of August and from 1 to 11 August there was a prolonged action against the enemy at Tandimuti Hill, with the howitzer firing in conjunction with the monitors HMS Mersey and Severn firing from offshore. The battery then advanced about 6 miles (9.7\u00a0km) along the rail line to a new camp, and on each of the next few days moved out to various positions for shoots on Narunyu on the bank of the Lukuledi River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 85], "content_span": [86, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0009-0001", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Advance from Lindi\nOn 27 August the 5-inch was registered on various targets with the aid of an observation aircraft, and then took part in a general bombardment, firing 10 rounds at each of the registered targets. That evening the 5.4-inch howitzer was brought up from Lindi to rejoin the battery. On 29 and 30 August both howitzers and the Stokes mortars fired at targets to try to get the enemy to reveal their positions, despite a large number of misfires from the old 5.4-inch. On 31 August the 5-inch bombarded Nirunge Hill, from where an enemy patrol had been harassing the KAR picquets. On most days in September one or both howitzers went out to shell Kilossa Ridge or the enemy-held bomas and trenches in front of Narunyu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 85], "content_span": [86, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0010-0000", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Advance from Lindi\nThe Lindi Column was now reinforced. On 15 September, 11th (Hull) Hvy Bty's last 5-inch howitzer arrived from Morogoro for 134th Hvy Bty, together with the rest of 134th's men who had been at Morogoro and two of its Napier lorries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 85], "content_span": [86, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0011-0000", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Advance from Lindi\nLindi Column resumed its advance against Narunyu on 23 September, with one column making a two-day flank march to cross the Lukuledi while the battery bombarded the German positions. The flank move caused the Germans to abandon their positions. The roads were impassable for the heavy lorries, so the two howitzers with the force reserve (one 5-inch had blown out an oil pipe in its recoil mechanism) had to move up on their railway trollies to the end of the line at Mtua (28 September) and then be dragged forward by porters while light Ford cars brought up ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 85], "content_span": [86, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0011-0001", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Advance from Lindi\nOn 30 September the guns were in position but the Germans had already retired out of range. Thereafter the battery took part in No 3 Column's pursuit, still dragged by porters until the Napiers caught up on 2 October. On 5 October the battery bombarded the high ground across the Nyengedi River, exchanging fire with a German gun. Daily firing continued as the column obtained a bridgehead, and then pushed the German rearguards back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 85], "content_span": [86, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0012-0000", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Mahiwa\nBetween 15 and 18 October, the Lindi Column fought the Battle of Mahiwa, one of the bloodiest battles of the whole campaign, with the battery firing a large number of rounds in support of the failed attack. However, the German force had also lost heavily, and it began a retirement towards Portuguese Mozambique, harried by a few howitzer rounds each day, though spotting fall of shot in the dense bush was problematic because of wireless difficulties with the Royal Naval Air Service observation aircraft. The battery reached Ndanda on 16 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 73], "content_span": [74, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0013-0000", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Return to England\nGerman East Africa had been cleared, and the remaining German forces adopted guerrilla tactics in Mozambique. The Allied forces had to reorganise for this phase of the campaign, and 134th Hvy Bty's slow-moving howitzers returned to Nyangao on the Lukuledi by the end of the month. In December the Lindi force was broken up and all of its exhausted and sickly British and Indian units were sent home. On 10 December 134th Hvy Bty was ordered back to Lindi. It boarded the SS Salamis for Dar es Salaam, where its remaining guns were handed in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 84], "content_span": [85, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0014-0000", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Return to England\nOn 19 December 1917, 134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, with 5 officers and 59 other ranks,  embarked on the SS Caronia at Dar es Salaam en route for Durban and then England. 633 MT Company remained in Africa as a transport company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 84], "content_span": [85, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0015-0000", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, 546th Siege Battery, RGA\nOnce they returned to England, the veterans of 11th (Hull) Heavy Bty had reformed as 545th Siege Battery, RGA, and served as a 6-inch gun battery on the Western Front in the final months of the war. Similarly, the men of 134th (Cornwall) Hvy Bty were reorganised into 546th Siege Battery on 27 February 1918. This was one of only two TF siege batteries formed during the war, the other being the 309th formed by the Honourable Artillery Company. The 546th was also the last RGA siege battery to be sent overseas during World War I, reaching the Western Front on 22 August 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 82], "content_span": [83, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010103-0016-0000", "contents": "134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, 546th Siege Battery, RGA\nOn 25 August 546th Siege Bty was equipped with four 6-inch guns (probably the modern Mk XIX version issued to 545th Bty) and it served with Second Army until the Armistice with Germany. It was apparently disbanded  before the end of 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 82], "content_span": [83, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010104-0000-0000", "contents": "134th (Loyal Limerick) Regiment of Foot\nThe 134th (Loyal Limerick) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, created in 1794 and disbanded in 1796. The regiment was formed in Ireland by redesignating the newly raised 2nd Battalion of the 83rd (County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot, and did not leave Ireland before being disbanded in 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010105-0000-0000", "contents": "134th Air Refueling Wing\nThe 134th Air Refueling Wing (134 ARW) is a unit of the Tennessee Air National Guard, stationed at McGhee Tyson Air National Guard Base, Knoxville, Tennessee. If activated for federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command. The 134th Air Refueling Wing's KC-135 mission is to provide air refueling and airlift, as directed by the Secretary of Defense. It has been stationed at McGhee Tyson Airport since December 1957, though the ANG facility at the airport has been redesignated several times. Their radio callsign is \"Soda\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010105-0001-0000", "contents": "134th Air Refueling Wing, Overview\nThe 134th Air Refueling Wing's KC-135 Stratotanker function is to provide aerial refueling for the United States Air Force and the Air National Guard. It also provides aerial refueling support to Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, and allied nation aircraft. The KC-135 is capable of transporting casualties using patient support pallets during aeromedical evacuations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010105-0002-0000", "contents": "134th Air Refueling Wing, Units\nThe 134th Air Refueling Wing consists of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010105-0003-0000", "contents": "134th Air Refueling Wing, History\nAuthorized by the National Guard Bureau in 1957 to replace the active-duty 355th Fighter Group (Air Defense) at McGhee Tyson Air Force Base, Knoxville, Tennessee. Extended recognition as a new unit on 15 December 1957 and assigned to the Air Defense Command Montgomery Air Defense Sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010105-0004-0000", "contents": "134th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Defense\nThe third Tennessee Air National Guard unit was equipped with F-86D Sabre Interceptors with a mission of air defense over the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the strategic Alcoa aluminum manufacturing facilities in the area. The active-duty Air Force 469th FIS was inactivated on 8 January 1958, with the 151st taking over the ADC daytime readiness alert mission in October, a status that was estimated to take two years. The F-86Ds were replaced by supersonic F-104A Starfighter interceptors in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010105-0005-0000", "contents": "134th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Defense\nThe 151st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was federalized in November 1961 as a result of the 1961 Berlin Crisis, deployed to Ramstein Air Base, West Germany, and assigned to the USAFE 86th Air Division. In May 1962 while still deployed to Ramstein AB, the unit set an All-Time US Air Force jet fighter flying record of 836 hours 5 minutes. In addition, the unit had the highest flying time per aircraft assigned ever recorded in the Air Force for a jet fighter in any one month to that date. Following the defusing of the Berlin crisis, the 151st was returned to Knoxville in August 1962 and reverted to Tennessee state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010105-0006-0000", "contents": "134th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling\nIn April 1964 the F-104s were transferred to active ADC squadrons, the 319th and 331st FIS at Homestead AFB, Florida as part of the 32d Air Division. With the transfer of the interceptors, the 134th was transferred from Air Defense Command to Tactical Air Command and was equipped with the Boeing KC-97G Stratotanker, and assumed an air refueling mission. With no previously qualified aircrew or maintenance personnel assigned, the 134th was still the first Air National Guard flying unit equipped with KC-97's to achieve operational status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010105-0006-0001", "contents": "134th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling\nThey did so in eight months, the previous \"normal\" time for the conversion was two years. In 1966 the squadron began a rotational deployment to Ramstein Air Base in support of Operation Creek Party which provided USAFE an air refueling capability. The Creek Party deployment rotations lasted until 1976, and over the decade the 151st saw millions of pounds of jet fuel off-loaded and millions of miles flown, all accident free.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010105-0007-0000", "contents": "134th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling\nIn July 1976 the KC-97s were retired and the parent 134th was transferred to Strategic Air Command, receiving jet KC-135A Stratotankers. Once again the 134th achieved combat operational status in record time. These aircraft were later upgraded to \"E\" models in 1982 and finally replaced with \"R\" models in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010105-0008-0000", "contents": "134th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling\nThe unit flew 177 sorties and off-loaded 4.5\u00a0million pounds of fuel in Operation Desert Shield. During Operation Desert Storm, one hundred and nine members of the unit were activated and deployed to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and Dubai, United Arab Emirates. There the unit was part of the 1713th Air Refueling Wing, Provisional, commanded by Colonel Frederick H. Forster of the 134th ARW. During Operation Desert Storm, the 1713th ARW(P) flew 568 sorties and off loaded millions of pounds of fuel to combat and support aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010105-0009-0000", "contents": "134th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling\nWith the inactivation of Strategic Air Command in 1992, the 134th became operationally-gained by the newly established Air Mobility Command (AMC). 60 personnel and three planes from the Air National Guard's 134th Air Refueling Wing based in Knoxville were sent overseas to support the NATO's Operation \"Allied Force\" in Kosovo in April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010105-0010-0000", "contents": "134th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling\nThe 134th ARW transitioned to the KC-135E Stratotanker and following the recommendation of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission action, transitioned to and currently operates the KC-135R Stratotanker aircraft in worldwide support of the U. S. Air Force. The unit provides aerial refueling to all types of U.S. Air Force bomber, fighter, airlift and support aircraft, plus many NATO aircraft, as well as other air mobility support as directed by AMC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010105-0011-0000", "contents": "134th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling\nIn recent years they have been deployed to Iraq, Kuwait and Afghanistan in support of military operations associated with Operation Iraqi Freedom and the War in Afghanistan. In addition to these operations, members of the 134th are commonly deployed to locations such as Egypt, Germany, South Korea and Cura\u00e7ao.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010106-0000-0000", "contents": "134th Battalion (48th Highlanders), CEF\nThe 134th (48th Highlanders) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War. Based in Toronto, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 12th Reserve Battalion on March 7, 1918. The 134th (48th Highlanders) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010106-0001-0000", "contents": "134th Battalion (48th Highlanders), CEF\nThe 134th Battalion is perpetuated by the 48th Highlanders of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010107-0000-0000", "contents": "134th Cavalry Regiment (United States)\nThe 134th Cavalry Regiment (formerly the 134th Infantry Regiment) is a cavalry regiment in the Nebraska Army National Guard. By extension, it is a member of the United States Army National Guard, and as a currently federally-recognized unit, also a member of the National Guard of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010107-0001-0000", "contents": "134th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar period\nThe 134th Infantry Regiment returned to the United States aboard the USS General G. W. Goethals, arriving at the port of New York on 24 January 1919. The regiment proceeded to Camp Grant, Illinois, where it was mustered out of federal service, demobilized, and personnel discharged on 18 February 1919. Like many other states, Nebraska did not immediately reorganize its National Guard after World War I, instead choosing to wait for the War Department to present it an allotment of troops authorized per the amendments to the National Defense Act of 1916. This proved problematic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010107-0001-0001", "contents": "134th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar period\nThe Omaha race riot of 1919 forced the state to call upon federal troops at Fort Crook and Fort Omaha, and when a response was not received in a timely manner, the remaining Home Guard troops nearest the riot and a volunteer force of 300 World War I veterans were mobilized. The riot concluded by the time these troops were ready to move.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010107-0002-0000", "contents": "134th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar period\nIn late July 1920, after receiving its initial allotment which included one regiment of infantry, provisional companies were gradually organized and federally recognized in towns across the state. This task was completed by the spring of 1921, and the companies themselves were then reorganized to fit the new Militia Bureau tables of organization prescribed for an infantry regiment. As the majority of the units that made up an infantry regiment were organized and federally recognized, Nebraska could then establish battalion and regimental headquarters and headquarters companies. On 1 July 1921, the provisional companies of the Nebraska National Guard were reorganized as the 1st Infantry Regiment, Nebraska National Guard, and the regimental and battalion headquarters and headquarters companies were organized and federally recognized in early July 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 927]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010107-0003-0000", "contents": "134th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar period\nThe 134th Infantry Regiment was reconstituted in the National Guard in 1921 and assigned to the state of Nebraska. It was concurrently relieved from the 34th Division and assigned to the 35th Division. A provision of the 1920 amendments to the National Defense Act of 1916 allowed for units of the National Guard and Organized Reserve that had served in World War I to retain their \"names, numbers and other designations, flags, and records.\" On 25 October 1921, the 134th Infantry Regiment was reorganized by a redesignation of the 1st Infantry Regiment, Nebraska National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010107-0004-0000", "contents": "134th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, 21st century\nTroop B, 1st Squadron, 134th Cavalry relocated from the closed Fremont Armory to the new Titan Readiness Center near Mead in 2014. On 1 September 2017, the squadron became the cavalry squadron of the 39th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the Arkansas Army National Guard as the 67th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade converted to a maneuver enhancement brigade. Company D, 39th Brigade Support Battalion at Lincoln was activated in 2016 as the squadron forward support company under the same reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010107-0005-0000", "contents": "134th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, 134th Infantry Regiment (Airborne)\nThe 2nd Battalion, 134th Infantry Regiment (Airborne) was activated in the Nebraska National Guard in November 2019, but under United States Army Center of Military History regulations, is a new unit and does not perpetuate the lineage of the previous iteration of the 134th Infantry Regiment, only sharing its name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010107-0006-0000", "contents": "134th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia, Background\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 134th Infantry Regiment on 1 December 1932. On 22 August 2006, it was redesignated for the 134th Cavalry Regiment, with the description and symbolism updated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 77], "content_span": [78, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010107-0007-0000", "contents": "134th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia, Description\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Per chevron Azure and Argent, in chief the Katipunan sun in splendor and an olla Or charged with a bull skull Gules, in base a mound Vert a palm tree Proper entwined with a snake of the fifth. Attached below a Gold scroll inscribed \"LAH WE LAH HIS\" in Blue letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 78], "content_span": [79, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010107-0008-0000", "contents": "134th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia, Symbolism\nThe shield is Argent (white) and Azure (blue), the colors of the Infantry and the original designation of the unit. The Katipunan sun represents the Philippine Insurrection, and the palm tree Spanish\u2013American War service. The olla is made gold to comply with heraldic rules, and denotes the World War I service of the organization in the 34th Division. The snake symbolizes Mexican Border service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010107-0009-0000", "contents": "134th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 134th Infantry Regiment on 11 July 1938. On 22 August 2006, it was redesignated for the 134th Cavalry Regiment with the symbolism of the shield updated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010108-0000-0000", "contents": "134th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 134th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1st and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 5, 1987, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Republican Governor Michael N. Castle from New Castle County and the third year for Democratic Lieutenant Governor Shien Biau Woo, also from New Castle County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010108-0001-0000", "contents": "134th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1980 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010108-0002-0000", "contents": "134th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 134th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a  Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010108-0003-0000", "contents": "134th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010108-0004-0000", "contents": "134th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010109-0000-0000", "contents": "134th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (\u2192\u200etop: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010109-0001-0000", "contents": "134th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 134th Division (\u7b2c134\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakusanj\u016byon Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Jewel Division (\u52fe\u7389\u5175\u56e3, Magatama Heidan). It was formed 10 July 1945 in Jiamusi as a triangular division. It was a part of the 8 simultaneously created divisions batch comprising 134th, 135th,  136th, 137th, 138th, 139th, 148th and 149th divisions. The nucleus for the formation were the 14th border guards group, Fujin garrison and 78th Independent Mixed Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010109-0002-0000", "contents": "134th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe division formation was complete 30 July 1945. Initially the 134th division was assigned to the 5th army, but was reassigned to 1st area army at the start of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria 9 August 1945. The division combat efficiency was estimated by Kwantung Army to be 15%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010109-0003-0000", "contents": "134th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nAs the positions at Songhua River were deemed untenable, the 134th division have started retreat to Fangzheng County after a few delaying skirmishes. Since the divisional radio equipment breakdown 11 August 1945, the 134th division situation is unknown, with no contemporary records covering period prior to surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010109-0004-0000", "contents": "134th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 134th division was disarmed 25 August 1945, after suffering 471 men killed in the short campaign. Despite light losses, the division was severely disorganized, losing one-third of combat efficiency during retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010109-0005-0000", "contents": "134th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe majority of men of 134th division were taken to Soviet Union labour camps near Khabarovsk 26 September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0000-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron\nThe 134th Fighter Squadron (134 FS) is a unit of the Vermont Air National Guard 158th Fighter Wing located at Burlington Air National Guard Base, Burlington, Vermont. From 1986 to 2019, the 134th FS were equipped with the General Dynamics Block 30 F-16C/D Fighting Falcon. The last F-16s departed Burlington on 6 April 2019 in preparation for the Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II which arrived on 19 September 2019. Since becoming an F-35A unit, the Green Mountain Boys are tasked with carrying out the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0001-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron\nA 134th Observation Squadron was active at Ethan Allen Army Airfield, Fort Ethan Allen , Burlington, Vermont as a Vermont National Guard reconnaissance unit for the United States Army 7th Field Artillery Regiment in 1921-27, but does not officially share the current squadron's lineage. The current unit officially traces its history to the 384th Bombardment Squadron (Light), activated in March 1942. The redesignated 134th Fighter Squadron, allocated to the Vermont ANG, has been flying fighters since 1946, though with a short exception as a Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron between 1974 and 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0002-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History\nThe 134th Observation Squadron was constituted in the National Guard in 1921 as the 134th Squadron (Observation) and assigned to the III Corps. Placed on the deferred list on 2 July 1923 and transferred to the Organized Reserve as a Deferred National Guard unit. Concurrently re-designated as the 553rd Observation Squadron and assigned to the 328th Observation Group (III Corps). Withdrawn from allotment to the National Guard and the Third Corps Area on 17 September 1927 and demobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0003-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History\nAlthough this unit trained near the current Burlington International Airport, and shares the same numerical designation as the 134th Fighter Squadron, the unit was never consolidated with the 134th Fighter Squadron by the Air Force Historical Research Agency or the National Guard Bureau and does not share any lineage or history with the current Vermont Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0004-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nTrained with V-72 Vengeance aircraft. Moved to India, via Australia, July\u2013September 1943. Assigned to Tenth Air Force. Operating from India and using A-36A Apaches. The 530th Fighter Squadron having its diagonal bands sloping from top right to bottom left. The red nose was also a squadron marking. Many planes of the squadron had a girl's name on the nose but very few had any artwork.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0005-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron supported Allied ground forces in northern Burma; covered bombers that attacked Rangoon, Insein, and other targets; bombed enemy airfields at Myitkyina and Bhamo; and conducted patrol and reconnaissance missions to help protect transport planes that flew The Hump route between India and China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0006-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nConverted to P-51C Mustangs in May 1944. Moved to Burma in July and continued to support ground forces, including Merrill's Marauders; also flew numerous sweeps over enemy airfields in central and southern Burma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0007-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nMoved to China in August 1944 and assigned to Fourteenth Air Force. Escorted bombers, flew interception missions, struck the enemy's communications, and supported ground operations, serving in combat until the end of the war. Ferried P-51's from India for Chinese Air Force in November 1945. Returned to the U.S. in December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0008-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard\nThe wartime 530th Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 134th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Vermont Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at the Burlington International Airport, Vermont, and was extended federal recognition on 14 August 1946 by the National Guard Bureau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0009-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard\nThe 134th was the fifth Air National Guard unit to be formed and federally recognized. The organizers of the squadron were MG Murdock Campbell, the Adjutant General, Col Albert Cate, Air Advisor, and LtCol William M. Bowden became the first commander of the newly formed unit. The 134th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 530th Fighter Squadron and all predecessor units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0010-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard\nThe 134th was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was assigned initially directly to the Vermont Air National Guard until the Massachusetts ANG 67th Fighter Wing, was federally recognized on 15 October 1946. The 67th Fighter Wing was the first ANG command and control organization in New England. On 4 April 1947, it was transferred to the Maine ANG 101st Fighter Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0011-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nThe mission of the 134th Fighter Squadron was the air defense of Vermont. With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized \u2013 placed on active duty. The 134th was federalized on 10 February 1951 and assigned to the federalized Maine ANG 101st Fighter-Interceptor Wing, although it initially remained stationed at Burlington Airport. When federalized, it was composed of F-51 aircraft and later assigned F-86D aircraft. Its mission was expanded to include the air defense of New England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0011-0001", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nThe squadron was then attached to the Air Defense Command 23d Fighter-Interceptor Wing at Presque Isle AFB, Maine on 1 April 1951 with no change of mission. It was reassigned to the 4711th Defense Wing on 6 February 1952 at Presque Isle AFB. It was released from active duty and returned to control of State of Vermont on 1 November 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0012-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nWith the end of the Korean War, Air Defense Command assigned the 517th Air Defense Group as the host unit, and the Vermont Air National Guard began operating out of the old airport administration building and the wooden hangar next to it, receiving its first T-33 Shooting Star and assigned to the 101st Fighter-Interceptor Group. Burlington Airport became a joint-use facility as the United States Air Force Ethan Allen Air Force Base was established at the airport on 16 February 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0013-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nWith the increased availability of jet aircraft after the Korean War, the squadron's aircraft were upgraded to the F-94 Starfire on 16 June 1953. With the 101st FIG consisting of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont Air Guard units, the group began holding summer camp at Otis Air Force Base after they began flying F-94s. On 1 May 1956 the 134th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 158th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established by the National Guard Bureau; the 134th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 158th Headquarters, 158th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 158th Combat Support Squadron, and the 158th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0014-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nOn 25 June 1960, Air Defense Command inactivated the 14th Fighter Group at Ethan Allen AFB, and the base reverted to full Air National Guard jurisdiction. The 158th Fighter Group now manned alert hangars 24 hours a day. In the summer of 1960, summer field training was conducted at Otis Air Force Base at Cape Cod, MA, from 18 June to 2 July. When the unit returned to Burlington, the Maintenance and Operations Squadrons immediately moved into the facilities that had been vacated by the Regular Air Force with the closure of Ethan Allen AFB. The aging F-94s were replaced by twin-engine F-89D Scorpion fighters in 1958. Two years later F-89Js replaced the D models. The J model was designed to carry two AIR-2 Genie nuclear-tipped air-to-air missiles under the wings to defend against enemy bomber attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0015-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nThe 134th was reorganized as the 158th Fighter Interceptor Group in mid 1960 and was placed under the United States Air Defense Command. Lt Col Robert P. Goyette assumed command of the group and Maj Rolfe L. Chickering took command of the 134th Fighter Interceptor Squadron. The Air Guard now manned alert hangars 24 hours a day, a mission which had previously belonged to the active Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0016-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nDuring the 1950s and early 1960s, better training and equipment, and closer relations with the Air Force greatly improved the readiness of Group. The Vermont Air National Guard received the ADC Operational Readiness award in October 1962, for having the greatest degree of readiness of any F-89 unit in the country. In 1965, the 134th received Mach-2 supersonic F-102A Delta Dagger interceptors, the Air Guard was always one generation of aircraft behind the Air Force during this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0017-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nIn 1971 the 158th embarked on an intensive recruiting program that made Vermont one of the top units in the country in total strength. During this period the Vermont ANG began to actively recruit women into all open career fields. Maryanne T. Lorenz was the first woman officer and SSgt Karen Wingard left active duty with the Air Force to become the first enlisted woman to join the Green Mountain Boy unit. She later became First Sergeant of the 158th Mission Support Squadron, received her commission, and was later appointed commander of that squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0018-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nThe 158th Fighter Interceptor Group became the 158th Defense Systems Evaluation Group (158 DSEG) in June 1974, with the unit receiving twenty EB-57 Canberras. These two-seat, twin-engine aircraft were former medium bombers that were re-equipped with electronic counter-measures and chaff emitting equipment. The new mission was to act as the \"friendly enemy\" to evaluate both air and ground radar systems. This mission took pilots, electronic warfare officers, and maintenance personnel all over the United States, Canada, and as far as Iceland, South Korea, and Japan. The unit provided direct operational training of now-Aerospace Defense Command, U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) and Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) aircrews in the accomplishment of their mission when their systems were severely degraded as might be expected during an attack by enemy offensive aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 952]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0019-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nWith the disestablishment of Aerospace Defense Command in 1979, the 158th was subsequently transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC) as a gaining command under Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), which assumed the mission of the former ADC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0020-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1980, the 158th began a transition to the F-4D Phantom II, a powerful, two seat, twin-engine fighter, with the Vermont Air National Guard, leaving the Air Defense community to become part of main line Tactical Air Command with a primary mission of ground attack and close air support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0021-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe 158th Tactical Fighter Group deployed to the Gulfport Combat Readiness Training Center, Mississippi, in January 1983 to prepare for the upcoming Operational Readiness Inspection. This was the unit's first large-scale deployment in 23 years. The last deployment had been for summer camp at Otis AFB, Massachusetts, in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0022-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe 158th Civil Engineering Squadron dedicated its new building on 14 December. Fifty-two members of the CE Squadron deployed to Panama on a humanitarian mission in January 1994. They constructed a six-room masonry block school building and a single story wood frame building to be used as a hospice by the local hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0023-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn the mid eighties the USAF decided to re-equip the Air National Guard units with more modern equipment as part of the \"Total Force\" concept. In the earlier decades the ANG always had to be thankful to receive older USAF jets. With the introduction of the F-16 this changed. The F-4D Phantoms were retired in 1986 and the first F-16 Fighting Falcon models of the 134th FS were of the block 15 version \u2013 although also some earlier 1970s block 1 and 10 models were flown for a brief time. These aircraft came from regular USAF squadrons who transitioned to newer F-16C/D models, but still these aircraft, largely 1982 models, were no older than a mere 5 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0024-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nFrom 1989\u20131997, the 134th Fighter Squadron's mission was air defense, having aircraft on 5-minute alert, seven days a week, 24 hours a day. Locations of these alert aircraft included Burlington, Maine, Virginia and South Carolina. The location of the Vermont ANG was much more specific in their relation to NORAD that they were tasked with this defense as a primary role. Therefore, the block 15 lacked the Beyond Visual Range capability. However, this changed in the course of 1990 with the upgrade of their aircraft to the block 15 ADF (Air Defense Fighter) version. This meant a serious leap in performance and capability of this squadron in their defensive role. As a result, the Vermont ANG has one of the highest rates of interceptions of Russian bombers that were coming in over the North Pole, except for some Alaskan USAF units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0025-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nMany times Vermont F-16's were called upon to fly to a point just short of Iceland and escort Soviet bombers as they flew off the coastline of the United States. The 158th FW has also assisted with aircraft experiencing in-flight malfunctions and hijackings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0026-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 158th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 158th Fighter Group. In June, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force reorganization after the end of the Cold War. It was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0027-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn 1994 the scope of the squadron was again enlarged with the introduction of the block 25 version of the F-16. The 134th FS was one of the first ANG units to receive the F-16C/D Fighting Falcon. At first the mission of the squadron remained relatively the same. But with the introduction of these aircraft a more multi-role mission profile became possible with the squadron being tasked to undertake deployments to the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0028-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nAlong with the Air Defense mission, the men and women of \"The Green Mountain Boys\" have also been tasked seven times to deploy to different locations in Central America to help patrol the skies and intercept aircraft suspected of illegally smuggling drugs. These missions were usually flown far offshore in the middle of the night and required a high degree of proficiency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0029-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn 1995, in accordance with the Air Force \"One Base-One Wing\" directive, the 158th was changed in status to a Wing, and the 134th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the new 158th Operations Group. In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0030-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn the fall of 1997, the 158th Fighter Wing was evaluated by the Air Combat Command and was tasked to fight a simulated war from 2 locations, a very challenging undertaking. The 158th Wing deployed 225 personnel and 10 F-16s to Canada while the rest of the Wing remained in Burlington for the comprehensive 5-day evaluation. The men and women of \"The Green Mountain Boys\" received the first rating of \"Outstanding\" (the highest possible score) ever earned by an Air Defense Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0031-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn 1998 the squadron was one of five ANG squadrons to be equipped with the Theater Airborne Reconnaissance System (TARS). This way the squadrons mission became somewhat specific in the USAF, since only these five ANG units possess a tactical reconnaissance capacity. They are therefore regularly asked to perform this mission for the entire organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0032-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn October 2000, the 134th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron was formed and deployed to Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia as part of a \"Rainbow\" package composed of the 111th and 177th Fighter Squadron. Operation Southern Watch was an operation which was responsible for enforcing the United Nations mandated no-fly zone below the 32nd parallel north in Iraq as part of Air Expeditionary Force 9. This mission was initiated mainly to cover for attacks of Iraqi forces on the Iraqi Shi\u2019ite Muslims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0033-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nAfter the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, the 134th began flying Operation Noble Eagle air defense missions over major cities in the northeast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0034-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nBeginning in May 2005, the 134th began a series of deployments to Balad Air Base, Iraq, being attached to the 332d Expeditionary Fighter Squadron. This was a rotation in the Air Expeditionary Force 9/10 cycle as part of another Rainbow deployment to support Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) along with the 119th and 163d Expeditionary Fighter Squadrons. Another OIF Expeditionary deployment was made in February 2006 and a third to Balad AB was made in September 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0035-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nAs a result of BRAC 2005, on 5 March 2008 \u2013 still in 186th FS markings \u2013 the 134th FS received its first F-16 block 30 (#87-0332) as the Montana ANG 186th Fighter Squadron converted to the F-15 Eagle. This conversion is not only an engine change from the Pratt & Whitney to the General Electric but also to the big inlet viper. Before the end of 2008 the 134th FS had completed its conversion to the block 30. The block 25s were sent to the Minnesota ANG 179th Fighter Squadron; the 412th Test Wing at Edwards AFB, and some went to AMARC for retirement in the 'boneyard.' The 134th achieved initial operational capability (IOC) on the block 30 in 2009 with the squadron being ready for combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0036-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn December 2013, the Air Force announced that the Vermont Air National Guard will be the first Air National Guard unit to operate the fifth-generation Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II. 18 aircraft will be delivered to the unit starting in September 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0037-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, History, Vermont Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nThe last four F-16s departed Burlington on 6 April 2019 in preparation for the arrival of the F-35A, marking an end to 33 years of Viper operations. The first two F-35As (17-5265 and 17-5266) were delivered to the 134th FS on 19 September 2019. Three more F-35As arrived at Burlington from Fort Worth, Texas on 5 December 2019. The last of 20 F-35As to be delivered to the Green Mountain Boys arrived at Burlington in October 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010110-0038-0000", "contents": "134th Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010111-0000-0000", "contents": "134th Georgia General Assembly\nThe 134th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia convened its first session on January 10, 1977, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. The 134th Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 133rd and served as the precedent for the 135th General Assembly in 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010111-0001-0000", "contents": "134th Georgia General Assembly, Party standings, House of Representatives\n*Active political parties in Georgia are not limited to the Democratic and Republican parties. Occasionally, other parties run candidates in elections. Candidates may also run as an \"independent\". An elected official who has renounced party affiliation, will also be listed as an independent. For the 1977-78 session of the General Assembly, only the two major parties were successful in electing legislators to office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010112-0000-0000", "contents": "134th IOC Session\nThe 134th IOC Session was the IOC Session which was held in Lausanne, Switzerland on 24 June 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010112-0001-0000", "contents": "134th IOC Session, Bidders\nMilan, Italy was the sole bidder to host the 134th IOC Session and was elected in a unanimous vote at the 131st IOC Session in Lima in September 2017. However, in 2018 there was a late Italian bid to host the 2026 Winter Olympics in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo (which hosted the 1956 Winter Olympics). The Olympic Charter does not allow a session to take place in a country that has a candidate for the Olympic Games awarded at the session. Consequently, the IOC session was moved to the SwissTech Convention Center in Lausanne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010112-0002-0000", "contents": "134th IOC Session, 2026 Winter Olympics host city election\nThe host city of the 2026 Winter Olympics was elected at the 134th IOC Session. Bids were submitted to the IOC in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010112-0003-0000", "contents": "134th IOC Session, 2026 Winter Olympics host city election, New IOC headquarters inauguration\nThe International Olympic Committee (IOC) officially inaugurated its new headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland on 23 June during the celebration of Olympic Day. In 2019 this symbolic day marks the 125th anniversary of the creation of the IOC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 93], "content_span": [94, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010112-0004-0000", "contents": "134th IOC Session, Election of new IOC members\nTen new IOC members were elected at the session. The new members are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010113-0000-0000", "contents": "134th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 134th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was among scores of regiments that were raised in the summer of 1864 and known as Hundred Days Men, an effort to augment existing manpower for an all-out push to end the war within 100 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010113-0001-0000", "contents": "134th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 134th Illinois Infantry was organized in Chicago, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on May 31, 1864, for a short, one-hundred-day enlistment. The 134th served in the garrison of Columbus, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010113-0002-0000", "contents": "134th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on October 25, 1864, in Chicago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010113-0003-0000", "contents": "134th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered the deaths of one officer and 20 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 21 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010114-0000-0000", "contents": "134th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 134th Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between May 25 and September 2, 1864, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010114-0001-0000", "contents": "134th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana and mustered in on May 25, 1864. It was ordered to Tennessee and Alabama for railroad guard duty, until early September 1864. The regiment was mustered out on September 2, 1864. During its service the regiment lost twenty-eight men to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010115-0000-0000", "contents": "134th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 134th Infantry Division (German: 134. Infanterie-Division) was a German division in World War II. It was formed in October 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010115-0001-0000", "contents": "134th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nFrom June 1941, the 134th Infantry Division took part in the invasion of the Soviet Union as part of the Army Group Center. In December 1941, the division was involved in the Battle of Moscow. Together with the 45th Infantry Division, she was temporarily surrounded as part of the 2nd Army at Livny and lost a large part of her artillery. The division was destroyed in the Soviet Bobruysk Offensive, part of Operation Bagration in the summer of 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010116-0000-0000", "contents": "134th Motor Rifle Division\nThe 134th Motor Rifle Division was a motorized infantry division of the Soviet Army. It existed between 1980 and 1989 and was based in Dushanbe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010116-0001-0000", "contents": "134th Motor Rifle Division, History\nThe 134th Motor Rifle Division was activated in February 1980 in Dushanbe, subordinated to the Central Asian Military District's 17th Army Corps. It replaced the 201st Motor Rifle Division, which had been transferred to Afghanistan. During the Cold War, it was maintained at 15% strength. In February 1989, it was disbanded and absorbed by the 201st Motor Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010116-0002-0000", "contents": "134th Motor Rifle Division, Composition\nIn 1988, the division was composed of the following units. All units were based at Dushanbe unless noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010117-0000-0000", "contents": "134th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 134th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010117-0001-0000", "contents": "134th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 134th New York Infantry was organized at Schoharie, New York beginning July 9, 1862 and mustered in for three years service on September 22, 1862 under the command of Colonel George E. Danforth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010117-0002-0000", "contents": "134th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1863, and Army of the Cumberland to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010117-0003-0000", "contents": "134th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 134th New York Infantry mustered out of service June 10, 1865. Recruits and veterans were transferred to the 102nd New York Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010117-0004-0000", "contents": "134th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D.C., September 25, 1862. Joined XI Corps at Fairfax Court House, Va., October 2, 1862, and duty there until November 1. Movement to Warrenton, then to Germantown November 1\u201320. March to Fredericksburg, Va., December 10\u201315. At Falmouth until April 27, 1863. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. Pursuit of Lee July 5\u201324. At Bristoe Station to September 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010117-0004-0001", "contents": "134th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMovement to Bridgeport, Ala., September 24-October 3. March along line of Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad to Lookout Valley October 25\u201329. Reopening Tennessee River October 26\u201329. Battle of Wauhatchie, Tenn., October 28\u201329. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob November 23. Tunnel Hill November 24\u201325. Missionary Ridge November 25. March to relief of Knoxville November 27-December 17. Duty in Lookout Valley until May 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Dug Gap or Mill Creek May 8. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Near Cassville May 19. New Hope Church May 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010117-0004-0002", "contents": "134th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 26-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Gilgal or Golgotha Church June 15. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes' Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 6\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2-November 15. Expedition from Atlanta to Tuckum's Cross Roads October 26\u201329.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010117-0004-0003", "contents": "134th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nNear Atlanta November 9. March to the sea November 15-December 10. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Carolinas Campaign January to April 1865. Averysboro, N.C., March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 9\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 20. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010117-0005-0000", "contents": "134th New York Infantry Regiment, Assault on Kennesaw Mountain\nThe 134th was organized under XX Corps (Hooker), 2ND DIV. (Geary), 2ND BRIG. (Jones). The 134th was part of the frontal assault . Placed at the front of Brig. Gen. John W. Geary troops under COL Patrick H. Jones. The 134th assaulted just west of Dead Angle\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010117-0006-0000", "contents": "134th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 122 men during service; 2 officers and 41 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 78 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010118-0000-0000", "contents": "134th New York State Legislature\nThe 134th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 4 to October 6, 1911, during the first year of John Alden Dix's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010118-0001-0000", "contents": "134th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1906 and 1907, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (eight districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010118-0002-0000", "contents": "134th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party, the Independence League, the Prohibition Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010118-0003-0000", "contents": "134th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1910, was held on November 8. John Alden Dix and Thomas F. Conway were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor; both Democrats. Of the other seven statewide elective offices up for election, five were carried by the Democrats, and two cross-endorsed incumbent judges of the Court of Appeals were re-elected. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for governor, was: Democrats 690,000; Republicans 622,000; Socialists 49,000; Independence League 48,000; Prohibition 22,000; and Socialist Labor 6,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010118-0004-0000", "contents": "134th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1911; and adjourned on October 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010118-0005-0000", "contents": "134th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nDaniel D. Frisbie (D) was elected Speaker with 84 votes against 62 for Edwin A. Merritt, Jr. (R).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010118-0006-0000", "contents": "134th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nRobert F. Wagner (D) was elected president pro tempore of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010118-0007-0000", "contents": "134th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 17, the Legislature began proceedings to elect a U.S. Senator from New York for a six-year term beginning on March 4, 1911.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010118-0008-0000", "contents": "134th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 19, Governor of Minnesota Adolph Olson Eberhart addressed the members of the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010118-0009-0000", "contents": "134th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn February 6, Ex-Governor of North Carolina Robert Broadnax Glenn addressed the members of the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010118-0010-0000", "contents": "134th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn February 7, the Legislature elected Abram I. Elkus to succeed Edward Lauterbach as a Regent of the University of the State of New York, for a twelve-year term beginning on April 1, 1911.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010118-0011-0000", "contents": "134th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn February 8, Daniel E. Sickles, at the time the oldest living former assemblyman (a member in 1847), addressed the members of the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010118-0012-0000", "contents": "134th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn March 9, UK Ambassador to the U.S. James Bryce addressed the members of the Senate and Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010118-0013-0000", "contents": "134th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nDuring the small hours of March 29, a fire broke out in the New York State Capitol, consuming most of the West Wing, and destroying almost completely the State Library and Archives. The Legislature moved to temporary quarters in the Albany City Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010118-0014-0000", "contents": "134th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn March 31, after 74 days of deadlock, the Legislature elected New York Supreme Court Justice James A. O'Gorman (D) to succeed U.S. Senator Chauncey M. Depew (R). Afterwards the Legislature took a recess of two weeks while the Capitol was being repaired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010118-0015-0000", "contents": "134th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn April 17, the Legislature met again at the State Capitol to resume the legislative business which had been delayed by the deadlocked U.S. Senate election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010118-0016-0000", "contents": "134th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn July 21, the Legislature took a recess, and met again on September 6. Clerk of the Assembly Luke McHenry had become ill, and George R. Van Namee was designated to act as Clerk. McHenry died on September 17, and Van Namee was chosen to succeed to the clerkship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010118-0017-0000", "contents": "134th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Felix J. Sanner, Loren H. White and J. Henry Walters changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010118-0018-0000", "contents": "134th New York State Legislature, State Assembly\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010119-0000-0000", "contents": "134th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Thirty-Fourth Ohio General Assembly is the current meeting of the Ohio state legislature, composed of the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives. It convened in Columbus, Ohio on January 4, 2021 and is scheduled to adjourn December 31, 2022. The apportionment of legislative districts is based on the 2010 United States Census and 2011 redistricting plan. The Ohio Republican Party retained the majority in both the Ohio Senate and Ohio House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010119-0001-0000", "contents": "134th Ohio General Assembly, Party summary\nResignations and new members are discussed in the \"Changes in membership\" section, below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010120-0000-0000", "contents": "134th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 134th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 134th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 134th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010120-0001-0000", "contents": "134th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 134th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 5, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel James B. Armstrong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010120-0002-0000", "contents": "134th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, X Corps, Army of the James.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010120-0003-0000", "contents": "134th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 134th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Camp Chase on August 31, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010120-0004-0000", "contents": "134th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Ohio for Cumberland, Md., May 7, and duty there until June 6. Moved to Washington, D.C., June 6; then to White House and City Point, Va. Duty at City Point pontooning the James River and building roads until June 17. Picket duty at Bermuda Hundred until June 22. Marched to Deep Bottom June 22, and engaged in building works. Picket duty and operations against Richmond on the north side of the James River until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010120-0005-0000", "contents": "134th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010120-0006-0000", "contents": "134th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 31 men during service; 1 enlisted men killed, 30 enlisted men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010121-0000-0000", "contents": "134th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 134th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010121-0001-0000", "contents": "134th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nAfter a call for volunteers in July 1862 by Andrew Curtin, Governor of Pennsylvania, the 134th Regiment was mustered in for nine months of service. The companies were from the following counties:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010121-0002-0000", "contents": "134th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nMost of the men had no prior military service. Some had served in the Mexican\u2013American War, but many were fresh recruits. After being trained at Camp Curtin, they were moved to Washington D.C. on August 20, 1862, following the Confederate advance on the capital during the Northern Virginia Campaign. After one day at Washington, they were moved to Arlington Heights, where they engaged in drill and other duties. They joined a brigade with the 91st, 126th, and 129th Pennsylvania regiments, under the command of General Erastus B. Tyler. It was here that the organization of the regiment was completed. For the field officers, Matthew Quay of Beaver County was commissioned as colonel, Edward O'Brien of Lawrence County as lieutenant colonel, and John M. Thompson of Butler County as major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010121-0003-0000", "contents": "134th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nOn August 30, the 134th marched towards Manassas, Virginia, but arrived too late to participate in the Second Battle of Bull Run. The men returned to camp and were put in the defenses. On September 13, Tyler's Brigade, as part of the Third Division, V Corps, marched towards South Mountain in central Maryland. It arrived near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on the 18th, but had arrived too late to participate in the Battle of Antietam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010121-0004-0000", "contents": "134th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nDuring the night of the 18th, the Confederate army withdrew into Virginia. Until September 30, the regiment remained near Sharpsburg and drilled. During this time, Colonel Quay was caught typhoid fever and O'Brien took command. In November, the regiment moved to Fredericksburg, Virginia, where it went into camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010121-0005-0000", "contents": "134th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nIn early December, Quay was forced to resign due to his disease and O'Brien was promoted to colonel, Thompson to lieutenant colonel, and Captain William H. Shaw to major. The 134th fought in the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, losing 14 killed, 106 wounded, and 19 missing. Despite his illness, Quay volunteered to serve as an aide to General Tyler throughout the battle, for which he would receive a Medal of Honor in 1888.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010121-0006-0000", "contents": "134th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment fought in the Battle of Chancellorsville from May 1 to 3 1863, on the left flank of the Union army. Total casualties were 48 men killed, wounded, and missing. The enlistments of the men expired soon after the battle, and the 134th was mustered out in Harrisburg on May 26, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0000-0000", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\n134th Siege Battery was a heavy howitzer unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) raised during  World War I. It saw active service at Salonika and in Palestine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0001-0000", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war in August 1914, units of the part-time Territorial Force (TF) were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and the majority of the Kent and Sussex Royal Garrison Artillery did so. These 'defended ports units', which until 1910 had been a single unit, had mobilised as part of Nos 10 and 13 Coastal Fire Commands, responsible for the defence of South East England from the Medway to Newhaven. Although the TF defended ports units never served overseas, they were soon supplying trained gunners to RGA heavy and siege batteries serving in the field and providing cadres to form complete new units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0002-0000", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\n134th Siege Battery, RGA, was formed at Dover on 3 May 1916 with a nucleus of Territorials drawn from the Kent and Sussex RGA units. The battery was equipped with four modern 6-inch 26 cwt howitzers and was sent to the Macedonian Front, arriving at Salonika on 20 August 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0003-0000", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Salonika\nThe British Salonika Army (BSF) had been sent to Macedonia in October 1915 but it was desperately short of heavy artillery, and 134th Siege Bty was one of five 6-inch howitzer batteries sent out as reinforcements in the summer of 1916, where they joined 37th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG), a headquarters transferred from the Western Front. Prior to the battery's arrival, 766 Company, Army Service Corps (ASC), had been formed at Salonika on 13 July 1916, as its Siege Park Motor Transport (MT).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0004-0000", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Salonika\nWhen 134th Siege Bty reached the front on 4 September, 37th HAG was supporting XII Corps. The BSF had just redeployed and began a period of putting pressure on the enemy with raids and larger operations. From 6 September, XII Corps' artillery began a slow bombardment of the Macukovo Salient on the left bank of the River Vardar, rising to a systematic bombardment on 10 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0004-0001", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Salonika\nOn 13 September the 6-inch howitzers fired all day, until 02.00 next morning; as soon as the artillery lifted off the objectives, the infantry of 65th Brigade stormed the positions known as the 'Piton des Mitrailleuses' and the 'Dorsale' north of Macukovo. However, having made a demonstration, these exposed positions were abandoned at dusk. Infantry casualties had been heavy in this Action at Macukovo, and sickness was rife, so for a long time to come XII Corps maintained the pressure with artillery bombardments and small raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0005-0000", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Salonika\n37th HAG with 134th Siege Bty and two other 6-inch howitzer batteries was then switched to  XVI Corps along the River Struma, which was ordered to attack to prevent Bulgarian troops being sent elsewhere. The howitzers were dug in on the lower slopes of the foothills west of Orlyak. 81st Brigade crossed the river during the foggy night of 29/30 September and the bombardment began at 05.45, with the heavies firing on enemy-held trenches, dugouts, and buildings. 81st Brigade seized Karajakoi Bala, but an attempt to push on to Karajakoi Zir was foiled by enfilade fire from a flanking trench.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0005-0001", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Salonika\nThe infantry prepared to renew the attack next day while some of the 6-inch howitzers tried to hit the flanking trench. The second village was captured and the troops dug in to fend off counter-attacks. On 3 October the narrow salient that had been captured was widened by the seizure of Yenikoi. Armoured car and cavalry patrols pushed beyond the villages discovered that the Bulgarians had fallen back a long way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0006-0000", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Salonika\nAfter the Struma bridgehead had been consolidated, XII Corps failed in an attempt to move on and capture Bairakli Jum'a. 134th Siege Bty and another 6-inch howitzer battery allocated to 28th Division for a better-prepared attack on 31 October. Firing across the Struma, the howitzers were registered on their targets as soon the mist cleared at 07.00, and the bombardment began 15 minuted later. The attack was carried out with great speed, and overran the Bulgarians who were shaken by the bombardment. The whole front was shaken loose, and the Bulgarians were threatened by a general advance, but the onset of winter weather reduced the advance to a series of demonstrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0007-0000", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Salonika\nIn March 1917 the BSF began preparations for a spring offensive. 37th HAG was transferred back to XII Corps, 134th Siege Bty arriving on 6 March and coming directly under XII Corps Heavy Artillery until 37th HAG HQ arrived on15 March. The Second Battle of Doiran began with a night attack on 24/25 April after three days' bombardment. Ammunition was in short supply \u2013 only 150 rounds per 6-inch howitzer was available \u2013 and the Bulgarian positions were formidable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0007-0001", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Salonika\n26th Division's attack was a complete and costly failure, that of  22nd Division was more successful because the attacking infantry had deployed beyond the enemy's defensive barrage. A further attack was made at Doiran on 8 May, but despite bitter fighting around the Petite Couronne the attack was a failure. There followed a summer of stalemate on the Macedonian Front. 134th Siege Bty transferred to 75th HAG on 25 May, then to XII Corps Right Heavy Group on 3 July and rejoined 37th HAG on 31 July, but there were no major operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0008-0000", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Salonika\nIn July the War Office decided to move troops from the BSF to reinforce the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), whose invasion of Palestine had stalled at Gaza. The BSF was ordered to send two 6-inch howitzer batteries, and 134th Siege Bty was one of those chosen. It was moved back to the base at Salonika on 15 August and embarked for Egypt on 29 August 1917. Left behind with the BSF, 766 Co ASC became a GHQ Troops Supply Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0009-0000", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine\n134th Siege Bty arrived in Egypt on 5 September 1917 and joined 100th HAG with the newly-formed XXI Corps at the end of the month. Prior to the battery's arrival, 988 Company, ASC, had been formed at Ismailia on 29 August 1917 as its Ammunition Column MT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0010-0000", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine\nThe EEF was preparing for a renewed attack (the Third Battle of Gaza), with XXI Corps on the left (coastal) flank facing Gaza itself. Its heavy guns were divided into a right and left counter-battery (CB) group and a bombardment group, with 134th Siege Bty loaned to 95th HAG under this organisation. As well as their primary roles, all three artillery groups were also available to concentrate CB fire on Turkish guns, with 300 rounds of 6-inch howitzer ammunition allocated to each located battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0010-0001", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine\nThe bombardment began on 27 October while operations were going on elsewhere, then the attack on Gaza began with a preliminary attack at 23.10 on 1 November after a 10-minute intense bombardment of 'Umbrella Hill'. The second phase began at 03.00 on 2 November and made good progress. At 08.57 the whole of the corps heavy artillery began a defensive barrage (pre-registered by means of aircraft observation) that scattered an attempted Turkish counter-attack. Although the Turkish artillery responded strongly, it was all withdrawn before the end of the day in response to British CB fire and the advancing infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0010-0002", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine\nBy the end of the day the British troops had taken almost all their objectives and had succeeded in pinning the enemy troops and causing heavy casualties. The corps heavy artillery brought up another 1000 rounds per gun, but the Turks evacuated Gaza before the follow-up attack could be launched on 7 November as the rest of the EEF broke through further east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0011-0000", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine\nThe leading troops of XXI Corps then began advancing north of Gaza as the EEF moved on Jerusalem. The corps was hampered by shortage of transport, and artillery ammunition had to be brought up by ship and landed on the beach. Although some heavy artillery batteries were got up for the capture of Junction Station on 14 November, 134th Siege Bty was not among them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0011-0001", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine\nXII Corps began its advance into the Judean Hills on 19 November and took Nebi Samwil on 21 November, though even the light field gun batteries found movement almost impossible in the hills in winter weather. However, 100th HAG had caught up for the launch of the Battle of Jaffa on 11 December. The rest of the corps heavy artillery and a sound-ranging section arrived by 13 December and the whole supported the passage of the Nahr el 'Auja on the night of 20/21 December. The batteries were brought up into concealed positions and 100th HAG began CB fire on the morning of 20 December. The bold attack was a complete success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0012-0000", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine\nHaving captured Jerusalem, the EEF spent the winter defending it against Turkish counter-attacks. The campaign restarted in March 1918 with the Battle of Tell 'Asur. XXI Corps was in support, and had the advantage of good positions for its heavy artillery, which could support the advance  with enfilade fire. One section of 134th Siege Bty was equipped with Holt caterpillar tractors and assigned to move up in direct support of 75th Division; the other section was in the Bombardment Group under 95th HAG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0012-0001", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine\nOn 7 March 75th Division advanced its right flank to gain routes for the artillery and supplies, and the section of 134th Siege Bty moved up to Qibye behind it. During the attack on 12 March this section engaged strongpoints out of reach of the Bombardment Group. Well supported by the artillery, the infantry had a relatively easy task and their casualties were light. On 9\u201311 April a section of 134th Siege Bty supported 75th Division once more in a much tougher fight at Berukin against German troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0013-0000", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine\nAfter a pause during the summer, the EEF began a new offensive (the Battle of Megiddo) in September 1918. The first phase was an attack by XXI Corps with the bulk of the heavy artillery to break through the Turkish positions in the Plain of Sharon and swing eastwards, after which the Desert Mounted Corps (DMC) pass through to begin the exploitation. The relatively mobile 6-inch howitzers would be ready to move up in support after the breakthrough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0013-0001", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine\nThe Battle of Sharon opened at 04.30 on 19 September with a 15-minute bombardment, the heaviest of the whole Palestine campaign, simultaneous with the infantry attack. The heavy artillery was mainly tasked with CB fire (directed by prior air reconnaissance, sound-ranging and patrolling) with a few individual guns and howitzers shelling Turkish headquarters and telephone exchanges out of range of the field guns. The heavies would then be available to fire on any strongpoints holding up the advance. The Turkish artillery replied promptly at Zero hour, but was soon suppressed by the intensity and accuracy of the CB fire. By the end of the day the whole Turkish defence system had been penetrated and the DMC began the pursuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0014-0000", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine\nXXI Corps was left behind during the pursuit. The infantry were employed in improving the roads. Eventually a road suitable for 60-pounder heavy guns was opened for XXI Corps to advance up the coast to Beirut, but the howitzers had to be left behind as the campaign reached its climax. 134th Siege Bty and 988 Co, ASC, transferred to 97th Bde, RGA, on 25 October 1918, then to Corps Troops, and finally to Line of Communication Troops as the HQs moved forwards. Hostilities in Palestine ended on 31 October with the Armistice of Mudros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010122-0015-0000", "contents": "134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine\n134th Siege Battery was disbanded at Ismailia on 30 June 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010123-0000-0000", "contents": "134th meridian east\nThe meridian 134\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, Australia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010123-0001-0000", "contents": "134th meridian east\nThe 134th meridian east forms a great circle with the 46th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010123-0002-0000", "contents": "134th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 134th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010124-0000-0000", "contents": "134th meridian west\nThe meridian 134\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010124-0001-0000", "contents": "134th meridian west\nThe 134th meridian west forms a great circle with the 46th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010124-0002-0000", "contents": "134th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 134th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010125-0000-0000", "contents": "135 (number)\n135 (one hundred [and] thirty-five) is the natural number following 134 and preceding 136.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010125-0001-0000", "contents": "135 (number), In mathematics\nThis number in base 10 can be expressed in operations using its own digits in at least two different ways. One is as a sum-product number,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010125-0002-0000", "contents": "135 (number), In mathematics\n(1 and 144 share this property) and the other is as the sum of consecutive powers of its digits:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010125-0003-0000", "contents": "135 (number), In mathematics\nThere are a total of 135 primes between 1,000 and 2,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010125-0004-0000", "contents": "135 (number), In mathematics\n135=11n2+11n+3{\\displaystyle 135=11n^{2}+11n+3} for n=3{\\displaystyle n=3}. This polynomial plays an essential role in Ap\u00e9ry's proof that \u03b6(3){\\displaystyle \\zeta (3)} is irrational.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010126-0000-0000", "contents": "135 BC\nYear 135 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Flaccus and Piso (or, less frequently, year 619 Ab urbe condita) and the Sixth Year of Jianyuan. The denomination 135 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010127-0000-0000", "contents": "135 Geographic Squadron Royal Engineers\n135 Geographic Squadron Royal Engineers is the only unit in the Army Reserve to support 42 Engineer Regiment (Geographic), a Royal Engineers regiment of the British Army. The squadron, formed originally in 1948, is a Joint Force Command specialist Royal Engineer unit that provides geographic support to all elements of UK Defence; particularly to Army headquarters, formations and units. The Squadron forms the 4th Sub-Unit within the Regiment assisting in delivering this capability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010127-0001-0000", "contents": "135 Geographic Squadron Royal Engineers\nThe regiment consists of an Squadron HQ and two troops:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010127-0002-0000", "contents": "135 Geographic Squadron Royal Engineers, History\nOn 5 October 1948 135 Survey Engineer Regiment was formed with squadrons in Thame, London, Chessington and Southampton. Under a major organisation in April 1967, the regiment was reduced to squadron size and re-titled 135 Field Survey Squadron RE consisting of a squadron HQ, 337, 338 and 339 troops all based at Ewell. The squadron's role was changed to reinforce the Geographic branch at HQ British Army Of the Rhine (BAOR) working closely with 14 Geographic Squadron of 42 Engineer Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010127-0002-0001", "contents": "135 Geographic Squadron Royal Engineers, History\nIn June 1986 the Squadron was re-titled 135 Independent Topographic Squadron RE with an additional troop (340 Troop) to carry out the role of map supply. To mark the new the title the Worshipful Company of Chartered Surveyors presented a new unit flag. In 2000 the squadron was re-titled to 135 Independent Geographic Squadron (Volunteers). On 1 April 2014 the squadron officially became part of 42 Engineer Regiment (Geographic) and subsequently changed its name to 135 Geographic Squadron (Reserves). The Regiment became a hybridised Unit composed of both Regular and Reserve Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010127-0003-0000", "contents": "135 Geographic Squadron Royal Engineers, History\nThe squadron operates the Bulk Replication, Tactical Map Distribution Point and Forward Map Distribution Point vehicle systems as part of the Field Deployable GEOINT (FDG) capability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010127-0004-0000", "contents": "135 Geographic Squadron Royal Engineers, History\nThe squadron also has a positioning survey role and regularly deploy on survey tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010127-0005-0000", "contents": "135 Geographic Squadron Royal Engineers, History\nSince 2001, a total of 38 soldiers from 135 Geo Squadron have deployed on 53 operational tours in 7 operational theatres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010128-0000-0000", "contents": "135 Hertha\nHertha (minor planet designation: 135 Hertha) is an asteroid from the inner region of the asteroid belt, approximately 77 kilometers (48 miles) in diameter. Discovered on 18 February 1874 by German\u2013American astronomer Christian Peters at the Litchfield Observatory near Clinton, New York, it was named after the Teutonic and Scandinavian goddess of fertility, Hertha, also known as Nerthus. It orbits among the Nysa asteroid family, but its classification as an metallic M-type asteroid does not match the more common F-type asteroid for this family, suggesting that it may be an interloper. Spectroscopic analysis indicates the possible presence of hydrated silicates indicating that Hertha should possibly be reclassified from its present M-type to the proposed W-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010128-0001-0000", "contents": "135 Hertha\nLightcurve data from Hertha indicates a flattened body, and radar observations indicate that Hertha is non-metallic. Five occultations of stars by the asteroid have been observed between 2000 and 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010128-0002-0000", "contents": "135 Hertha, Discovery\nHertha was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on 18 February 1874, in Clinton, New York. Further observations were carried out in 1883 by W. T. Sampson and communicated to Astronomische Nachrichten on his behalf by Rear Admiral .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010128-0003-0000", "contents": "135 Hertha, Physical properties\nAfter its discovery in 1874, subsequent observations in 1884 established Hertha's orbit. Astronomers then began investigation of its physical properties. As early as 1904, G. W. Hill reported observations of Hertha's brightness indicating a variation of half a magnitude and a short period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010128-0004-0000", "contents": "135 Hertha, Physical properties\nIn October 1992 Dotto et al. performed 20 hours of observations spread over 6 nights to investigate Hertha's rotational period, approximate shape, and the coordinates of its rotational axis. They were able to confirm a rotational period of 8.398 \u00b1 .001 hours as previously measured by Harris et al. published earlier in 1992. In the same study, Dotto et al. measured the asteroid's shape and rotational axis. The axes' ratios were found to be: a/b = 1.34 \u00b1 .03 and b/c = 1.22 \u00b1 .05. Two possible values were determined for the rotational axis, however further measurements at different ecliptic longitudes are required to determine which is correct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010128-0005-0000", "contents": "135 Hertha, Physical properties\nIn August 2003 Torppa et al. published their results on the shape and rotational properties of a number of asteroids, including Hertha. Utilizing data from 42 lightcurves of Hertha spanning from 1978 to 2002, a more refined set of axes' ratios was obtained and a detailed shape model was obtained through inversion. New values for the axes' ratios are: a/b = 1.1 and b/c = 1.5. Measurements of the pole direction were also obtained, however like Dotto et al. they were unable to differentiate between their two possible solutions of (\u03b2=+58\u00b0, \u03bb=96\u00b0) and (\u03b2=+53\u00b0, \u03bb=274\u00b0).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010128-0006-0000", "contents": "135 Hertha, Physical properties\nIn 2017, Hanu\u0161 et al. confirmed that the correct solution is \u03b2=53\u00b13\u00b0, \u03bb=277\u00b13\u00b0. They also calculated the first non-convex shape model, based on lightcurve and stellar occultation data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010128-0007-0000", "contents": "135 Hertha, Physical properties, Spectral classification\nAlthough Hertha has long been classified as an M-type asteroid based on its spectral properties, observations carried out by Rivkin et al. in 1996 using the IRTF at Mauna Kea Observatory have raised the possibility of reclassification. The presence of a dip in the observed spectrum at 3\u00a0\u03bcm indicates that the surface is hydrated, suggesting that Hertha should be reclassified as a W-type (a \"wet M-type\") asteroid. Based on work carried out by Salisbury and Walter, the Rivkin study estimated the water content of the asteroid to be between 0.14 and 0.27 percent by mass. This estimate is based on laboratory measurements and may not be applicable to asteroids in space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010128-0008-0000", "contents": "135 Hertha, Physical properties, Spectral classification\nA more recent study by Rivkin et al. published in 2002 examined the dependence of spectral absorption on the asteroid's rotational phase. The study looked at the 0.7\u00a0\u03bcm band, which is also associated with hydrated silicates, and found that the reflectance changes as the asteroid rotates, suggesting that the surface is heterogeneous with some hydrated areas intermixed with dry areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010128-0009-0000", "contents": "135 Hertha, Asteroid family\nHertha is one of the core members of the Nysa family (405) also known as Herta family. The Nysa\u2013Polana complex is the main-belt's largest grouping of asteroids with nearly 20,000 members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010129-0000-0000", "contents": "135 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 135 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Air Kings Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010129-0001-0000", "contents": "135 Squadron (Israel)\nThis squadron operate a Beechcraft Super King Air 200 (\"Tzofit\" and \"Kokiya\") and Beechcraft A36 Bonanza (\"Khofit\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0000-0000", "contents": "135 film\n135 film, more popularly referred to as 35\u00a0mm film, is a format of photographic film used for still photography. It is a film with a film gauge of 35\u00a0mm (1.4\u00a0in) loaded into a standardized type of magazine \u2013 also referred to as a cassette or cartridge \u2013 for use in 135 film cameras. The engineering standard for this film is controlled by ISO 1007 titled '135-size film and magazine'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0001-0000", "contents": "135 film\nThe term 135 was introduced by Kodak in 1934 as a designation for 35\u00a0mm film specifically for still photography, perforated with Kodak Standard perforations. It quickly grew in popularity, surpassing 120 film by the late 1960s to become the most popular photographic film size. Despite competition from formats such as 828, 126, 110, and APS, it remains the most popular film size today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0002-0000", "contents": "135 film\nThe size of the 135 film frame with its aspect ratio of 1:1.50 has been adopted by many high-end digital single-lens reflex and digital mirrorless cameras, commonly referred to as \"full frame\". Even though the format is much smaller than historical medium format and large format film, it is much larger than image sensors in most compact cameras and smart phone cameras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0003-0000", "contents": "135 film, Characteristics, Cassette\nIndividual rolls of 135 film are enclosed in single-spool, light-tight, metal cassettes to allow cameras to be loaded in daylight. The film is clipped or taped to a spool and exits via a slot lined with flocking. The end of the film is cut on one side to form a leader. It has the same dimensions and perforation pitch as 35\u00a0mm movie print film (also called \"long pitch\", KS-1870, whereas 35\u00a0mm professional motion picture camera films are always \"short pitch\", BH-1866).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 35], "content_span": [36, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0004-0000", "contents": "135 film, Characteristics, Cassette\nMost cameras require the film to be rewound before the camera is opened. Some motorized cameras unwind the film fully upon loading and then expose the images in reverse order, returning the film to the cassette; this protects all images except the last one or two, should the camera back be accidentally opened. Disposable cameras use the same technique so that the user does not have to rewind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 35], "content_span": [36, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0005-0000", "contents": "135 film, Characteristics, Cassette\nSince the 1980s, film cassettes have been marked with a DX encoding 6-digit barcode pattern, which identifies the manufacturer and film type (and thus processing method), and the number of exposures, for the use of photofinishing laboratories. The cassettes are also manufactured with a Camera Auto Sensing code constructed as two rows of six rectangular areas on the metal cassette surface which are either conductive or insulating, representing 32 possible film speeds, 8 possible film lengths, and 4 possible values of exposure tolerance or latitude. Conforming cameras detect at least some of these areas; only 3 contacts are needed to set a light meter for the 4 most popular film speeds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 35], "content_span": [36, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0006-0000", "contents": "135 film, Characteristics, Film type and speed\n135 film has been made in several emulsion types and sensitivities (film speeds), standardised by ISO. Since the introduction of digital cameras the most usual films have colour emulsions of ISO 100/21\u00b0 to ISO 800/30\u00b0. Films of lower sensitivity (and better picture quality) and higher sensitivity (for low light) are for more specialist purposes. There are colour and monochrome films, negative and positive. Monochrome film is usually panchromatic; orthochromatic has fallen out of use. Film designed to be sensitive to infrared radiation can be obtained, both monochrome and with false-colour (or pseudocolour) rendition. More exotic emulsions have been available in 135 than other roll-film sizes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 46], "content_span": [47, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0007-0000", "contents": "135 film, Characteristics, Image format\nThe term 135 format usually refers to a 24\u00d736\u00a0mm film format, commonly known as 35\u00a0mm format. The 24\u00d736\u00a0mm format is common to digital image sensors, where it is typically referred to as full frame format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0008-0000", "contents": "135 film, Characteristics, Image format\nOn 135 film, the longer dimension of the 24\u00d736\u00a0mm frame runs parallel to the length of the film. The perforation size and pitch are according to the standard specification KS-1870. For each frame, the film advances 8 perforations. This is specified as 38.00\u00a0mm. This allows for 2\u00a0mm gaps between frames. Camera models typically have different locations for the sprocket which advances the film. Therefore, each camera model's frame may vary in position relative to the perforations. The film is approximately 0.14\u00a0mm thick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0009-0000", "contents": "135 film, Characteristics, Image format\nOther image formats have been applied to 135 film, such as the half-frame format of 18\u00d724\u00a0mm which earned some popularity in the 1960s, and the 24\u00d724\u00a0mm of the Robot cameras. The successful range of Olympus Pen F cameras utilized the smaller half-frame size, allowing the design of a very compact SLR camera. Unusual formats include the 24\u00d732\u00a0mm and 24\u00d734\u00a0mm on the early Nikon rangefinders, and 24\u00d723\u00a0mm for use with some stereo cameras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0009-0001", "contents": "135 film, Characteristics, Image format\nIn 1967, the Soviet KMZ factory introduced a 24\u00d758\u00a0mm panoramic format with its Horizont camera (descendants of which are called, in the Roman alphabet, Horizon). In 1998, Hasselblad and Fuji introduced a 24\u00d765\u00a0mm panoramic format with their XPan/TX-1 camera. There is also a 21\u00d714\u00a0mm format used by Tessina subminiature camera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0010-0000", "contents": "135 film, Characteristics, Length\nThe film is available in lengths for varying numbers of exposures. The standard full-length roll has always been 36 exposures (assuming a standard 24\u00d736 frame size). Through about 1980, 20 exposure rolls were the only shorter length with widespread availability. Since then, 20 exposure rolls have been largely discontinued in favour of 24 and 12 exposure rolls. With most cameras it is possible to get up to 3 more exposures than the nominal capacity on the film if the camera is loaded in a darkroom and some cameras allow this with daylight loading. 27 exposure disposable cameras are loaded in the dark with standard 24 exposure cassette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 33], "content_span": [34, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0011-0000", "contents": "135 film, Characteristics, Length\nOther, mostly shorter lengths have been manufactured. There have been some 6, 8, 10, and 15 exposure rolls given away as samples, sometimes in disposable cameras, or used by insurance adjusters to document damage claims. 12 exposure rolls have been used widely in the daily press. Photographers who load their own cassettes can use any length of film \u2013 with thinner film base up to 45 exposures will fit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 33], "content_span": [34, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0012-0000", "contents": "135 film, Characteristics, Length\nIlford at one time made HP5 black-and-white film on a thin polyester base, which allowed 72 exposures in a single cassette. They produced special reels and tanks to allow this to be processed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 33], "content_span": [34, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0013-0000", "contents": "135 film, History, 35 mm still cameras\nThe 135 film size is derived from earlier still cameras using lengths of 35\u00a0mm cine film, the same size as, but with different perforations than, 135 film. The 35\u00a0mm film standard for motion picture film was established in Thomas Edison's lab by William Kennedy Laurie Dickson. Dickson took 70\u00a0mm film stock supplied by George Eastman's Eastman Kodak Company. The 70\u00a0mm film was cut lengthwise into two equal width (35\u00a0mm) strips, spliced together end to end, and then perforated along both edges. The original picture size was 18\u00d724\u00a0mm (half the full frame size later used in still photography). There were four perforations on each side of a motion picture frame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 38], "content_span": [39, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0014-0000", "contents": "135 film, History, 35 mm still cameras\nWhile the Leica camera popularized the format, several 35\u00a0mm still cameras used perforated movie film before the Leica was introduced in the 1920s. The first patent for one was issued to Leo, Audobard and Baradat in England in 1908. The first full-scale production camera was the Homeos, a stereo camera, produced by Jules Richard in 1913, and was sold until 1920. It took 18x24 mm stereo pairs, using two Tessar lenses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 38], "content_span": [39, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0015-0000", "contents": "135 film, History, 35 mm still cameras\nIn 1909, the French \u00c9tienne Mollier designed a device for small-format photography, the \"Cent-Vues\", which used the 35\u00a0mm perforated film to take consecutive hundred views in 18\u00d724\u00a0mm. He manufactured, won the gold medal in the Concours L\u00e9pine, and in 1910 sold at a small scale and without much success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 38], "content_span": [39, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0016-0000", "contents": "135 film, History, 35 mm still cameras\nThe first big-selling 35\u00a0mm still camera was the American Tourist Multiple, which also appeared in 1913, at a cost of $175 (at today's prices, the same cost as a modern $3000 Leica.) The first camera to take full-frame 24\u00d736\u00a0mm exposures seems to be the Simplex, introduced in the U.S. in 1914. It took either 800 half-frame or 400 full-frame shots on 50\u00a0ft (15.2\u00a0m) rolls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 38], "content_span": [39, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0017-0000", "contents": "135 film, History, 35 mm still cameras\nThe Minigraph, by Levy-Roth of Berlin, another half-frame small camera was sold in Germany in 1915. The patent for the Debrie Sept camera, a combination 35\u00a0mm still and movie camera was issued in 1918; the camera sold from 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 38], "content_span": [39, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0018-0000", "contents": "135 film, History, 35 mm still cameras\nThe Furet camera made and sold in France in 1923 took full-frame 24x36 mm negatives, and was the first cheap small 35\u00a0mm camera of similar appearance to more modern models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 38], "content_span": [39, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0019-0000", "contents": "135 film, History, Leica\nThe Leica camera designed by Oskar Barnack used 35\u00a0mm film, and proved that a format as small as 24\u00a0mm \u00d7 36\u00a0mm was suitable for professional photography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0020-0000", "contents": "135 film, History, Leica\nAlthough Barnack designed his prototype camera around 1913, the first experimental production run of ur-Leicas (Serial No. 100 to 130) did not take place until 1923. Full -scale production of the Leica did not begin until 1925. While by that time there were at least a dozen other 35\u00a0mm cameras available, the Leica was a success, and came to be associated with the format. Mostly because of this 35\u00a0mm popularity, as well as the entire company legacy, early Leica cameras are considered as highly collectible items. The original Leica prototype holds the record as being the world's most expensive camera, selling for \u20ac2.16\u00a0million in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0021-0000", "contents": "135 film, History, Pre-loaded cassettes and Kodak Retina cameras\nIn the earliest days, the photographer had to load the film into reusable cassettes and, at least for some cameras, cut the film leader. In 1934, Kodak introduced a 135 daylight-loading single-use cassette. This cassette was engineered so that it could be used in both Leica and Zeiss Ikon Contax cameras along with the camera for which it was invented, namely the Kodak Retina camera. The Retina camera and this daylight loading cassette were the invention of Dr. August Nagel of the Kodak AG Dr. Nagel Werk in Stuttgart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 64], "content_span": [65, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0021-0001", "contents": "135 film, History, Pre-loaded cassettes and Kodak Retina cameras\nKodak bought Dr. August Nagel's company in December, 1931, and began marketing the Kodak Retina in the summer of 1934. The first Kodak Retina camera was a Typ 117. The 35\u00a0mm Kodak Retina camera line remained in production until 1969. Kodak also introduced a line of American made cameras that were simpler and more economical than the Retina. Argus, too, made a long-lived range of 35\u00a0mm cameras; notably the Argus C3. Kodak launched 135-format Kodachrome color film in 1936. AGFA followed with the introduction of Agfacolor Neu later in the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 64], "content_span": [65, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0022-0000", "contents": "135 film, History, Pre-loaded cassettes and Kodak Retina cameras\nThe designations 235 and 435 refer to 35\u00a0mm film in daylight-loading spools, that could be loaded into Contax or Leica style reusable cassettes, respectively, without need of a darkroom. The 335 was a daylight loading spool for the 24 \u00d7 23\u00a0mm stereo format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 64], "content_span": [65, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0023-0000", "contents": "135 film, History, The reflex camera\nReflex viewfinders, both twin-and single-lens, had been used with earlier cameras using plates and rollfilm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 36], "content_span": [37, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0024-0000", "contents": "135 film, History, The reflex camera\nThe first 35\u00a0mm single-lens reflex (SLR) was the Kine Exakta, introduced in 1936. World War II interrupted development of the type. After the war, Exakta resumed development and the Contax S model with the now familiar pentaprism viewing feature was introduced in 1949. In the 1950s, the SLR also began to be produced in Japan by such companies as Asahi and Miranda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 36], "content_span": [37, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0024-0001", "contents": "135 film, History, The reflex camera\nAsahi's Pentax introduced the instant-return mirror, important for the popularity of SLRs; until then, the viewfinder on an SLR camera blanked as the mirror sprang out of the optical path just before taking the picture, returning when the film was wound on. Nikon's F model, introduced in March 1959, was a system camera that greatly improved the quality and utility of 35\u00a0mm format cameras, encouraging professionals (especially photojournalists) to switch from larger format cameras to the versatile, rugged, and fast SLR design. Numerous other film formats waxed and waned in popularity, but by the 1970s, interchangeable-lens SLR cameras and smaller rangefinders, from expensive Leicas to \"point-and-shoot\" pocket cameras, were all using 35\u00a0mm film, and manufacturers had proliferated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 36], "content_span": [37, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0025-0000", "contents": "135 film, History, The reflex camera\nColour films improved, both for print negatives and reversal slides, while black-and-white films offered smoother grain and faster speeds than previously available. Since 35\u00a0mm was preferred by both amateur and professional photographers, makers of film stock have long offered the widest range of different film speeds and types in the format. The DX film-speed encoding system was introduced in the 1980s, as were single-use cameras pre-loaded with 35\u00a0mm film and using plastic lenses of reasonable enough quality to produce acceptable snapshots. Automated all-in-one processing and printing machines made 35\u00a0mm developing easier and less expensive, so that quality colour prints became available not only from photographic specialty stores, but also from supermarkets, drugstores, and big box retailers, often in less than an hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 36], "content_span": [37, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0026-0000", "contents": "135 film, History, From 1996\nIn 1996, a smaller format called Advanced Photo System (APS) was introduced by a consortium of photographic companies in an attempt to supersede 135 film. Due in part to its small negative size, APS was not taken seriously as a professional format, despite the production of APS SLRs. In the point-and-shoot markets at which the format was primarily aimed, it enjoyed moderate initial success, but still never rivalled the market penetration of 135. Within five years of its launch, cheap digital compact cameras started becoming widely available, and APS sales plummeted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0027-0000", "contents": "135 film, History, From 1996\nSuch digital compact cameras also eroded the market for 35\u00a0mm compact cameras. Digital SLRs at a price (and quality) comparable with consumer-level 35\u00a0mm SLRs were developed, further reducing the demand for 135 film. Most of these use so-called \"APS-C\" sized sensors, approximately 16\u00d724\u00a0mm in size (half-frame). A few digital SLRs use \"full frame\" sensors, the same size as 135 film. Sales of all film sizes declined to a very large extent; of the remaining sizes, 135 is the most popular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010130-0028-0000", "contents": "135 film, History, From 1996\nWhile they have shifted the vast majority of their product lines to digital, major camera manufacturers such as Canon and Nikon continue to make expensive professional-grade 35\u00a0mm film SLRs (such as the Canon EOS-1v and the Nikon F6). Introductory 35\u00a0mm SLRs, compact film point-and-shoot cameras, and single-use cameras continue to be built and sold by a number of makers. Leica finally introduced the digital Leica M8 rangefinder in 2007, but continues to make its M series rangefinder film cameras and lenses. A digital camera back for the Leica R9 SLR camera was discontinued in 2007. On March 25, 2009, Leica discontinued the R9 SLR and R-series lenses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010131-0000-0000", "contents": "135 mm/45 Italian naval gun\nThe Cannone da 135/45 OTO 1937 was a 135\u00a0mm (5.3\u00a0in) 45-caliber naval gun built for the Regia Marina in the late 1930s. Built as a response to the French Canon de 138 mm Mod\u00e8le 1929, it was meant to have the same range as the widespread 120 mm gun, but with less muzzle velocity and less dispersion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010131-0001-0000", "contents": "135 mm/45 Italian naval gun, Description\nThis gun was of loose barrel, jacket and bracket ring, with a horizontal, hand-operated sliding block. The mountings, all with individual cradles for each gun, were either triple (on battleships) or double, with electrical-powered ramming (which, however, was too weak for elevations above 30\u00b0, which therefore required hand loading, which rendered the gun unsuitable for anti-aircraft use).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010131-0002-0000", "contents": "135 mm/45 Italian naval gun, Description\nThe gun fired both AP and HE shells, all weighing 32.7\u00a0kg (72.1\u00a0lb), at a muzzle velocity of 825 M/S (2,707 F/S).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010131-0003-0000", "contents": "135 mm/45 Italian naval gun, Service\nThe triple mountings were used on the  Andrea Doria-class battleships as a secondary battery (with each having four turrets); four double mountings each were fitted on the three completed Capitani Romani-class cruisers. Single shielded mounts were used to rearm the Premuda (captured Yugoslav destroyer Dubrovnik) and Spalato (captured Yugoslav destroyer Split) while others were built for the never completed aircraft carrier Aquila and Comandanti Medaglie d'Oro-class destroyers. Studies for twin dual-purpose mountings were begun, intended for the two unfinished  Etna-class cruisers and the salvaged battleship Conte di Cavour, but this work was still far from finished in 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010131-0004-0000", "contents": "135 mm/45 Italian naval gun, Service\nThe gun proved successful (having only a quarter of the dispersion of the 120\u00a0mm gun); however, with the 45\u00b0 maximum elevation and the limit for mechanical ramming being at 30\u00b0, it could not be used against aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010131-0005-0000", "contents": "135 mm/45 Italian naval gun, Service\nAfter the war, when the light cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi was rebuilt in 1961 as a missile cruiser, its original 152\u00a0mm turrets were removed, and two new 135\u00a0mm double DP turrets were fitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010132-0000-0000", "contents": "1350\nYear 1350 (MCCCL) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010133-0000-0000", "contents": "1350 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1350\u00a0kHz: 1350 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010134-0000-0000", "contents": "1350 Rosselia\n1350 Rosselia, provisional designation 1934 TA, is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in 1934, the asteroid was later named after Marie-Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Rossel, editor of the Belgian newspaper Le Soir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010134-0001-0000", "contents": "1350 Rosselia, Discovery\nRosselia was discovered on 3 October 1934, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. One month later, it was independently discovered by German astronomer Richard Schorr at the Bergedorf Observatory, Hamburg, on 3 November 1934. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer. The asteroid was first identified as A924 TB at the Simeiz Observatory in October 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010134-0002-0000", "contents": "1350 Rosselia, Orbit and classification\nRosselia is a member of the Koronis family (605), a very large asteroid family with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits in the outer main belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,764 days; semi-major axis of 2.86\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010134-0003-0000", "contents": "1350 Rosselia, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins at Lowell Observatory in September 1929, or five years prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010134-0004-0000", "contents": "1350 Rosselia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Rosselia is a common S-type asteroid. In the SMASS classification it is an Sa-subtype that transitions to the rare A-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010134-0005-0000", "contents": "1350 Rosselia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nSeveral rotational lightcurve of Rosselia have been obtained from photometric observations since 1975. Consolidated lightcurve-analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.140 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.3 and 0.54 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010134-0006-0000", "contents": "1350 Rosselia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nModeling of the asteroid's lightcurve gave two concurring periods of 8.14008 and 8.14011 hours, with two determined spin axis of (67.0\u00b0, \u221264.0\u00b0) and (246.0\u00b0, \u221258.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010134-0007-0000", "contents": "1350 Rosselia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Rosselia measures between 20.822 and 23.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1579 and 0.199.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010134-0008-0000", "contents": "1350 Rosselia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1579 and a diameter of 23.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.78.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010134-0009-0000", "contents": "1350 Rosselia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Marie-Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Rossel (1910\u20131987), a Belgian businesswoman and editor of the Brussels newspaper Le Soir. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 122). Asteroid 1366\u00a0Piccolo was also named after an editor of Le Soir by Delporte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010135-0000-0000", "contents": "1350 aluminium alloy\n1350 aluminium alloy is nearly pure aluminium consist of minium of weight percentage of 99.5% of Aluminium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010137-0000-0000", "contents": "1350s\nThe 1350s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1350, and ended on December 31, 1359.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010139-0000-0000", "contents": "1350s in art\nThe decade of the 1350s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010141-0000-0000", "contents": "1350s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010141-0001-0000", "contents": "1350s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010141-0002-0000", "contents": "1350s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010142-0000-0000", "contents": "1351\nYear 1351 (MCCCLI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010144-0000-0000", "contents": "1352\nYear 1352 (MCCCLII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010145-0000-0000", "contents": "1352 in Ireland\nThis is a list of events from the year 1352 in Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010146-0000-0000", "contents": "1352 papal conclave\nThe 1352 papal conclave (December 16\u201318) convened after the death of Pope Clement VI, elected as his successor cardinal Etienne Aubert, who became the fifth Pope of the period of Avignon Papacy under the name Innocent VI. This conclave is remarkable because during its celebration Cardinals for the first time in history subscribed the electoral capitulation, which limited the power of elect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010146-0001-0000", "contents": "1352 papal conclave, List of participants\nPope Clement VI died on December 6, 1352 at Avignon. During his pontificate he constantly refused to return to Rome and purchased the sovereignty of Avignon (where resided papal court) from Queen Joan I of Naples. At the time of his death, there were 26 living cardinals. 25 of them participated in the conclave:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010146-0002-0000", "contents": "1352 papal conclave, List of participants\nNineteen electors were created by Pope Clement VI, and eight of them were his relatives. Of the remaining six three were creatures of John XXII and three of Benedict XII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010146-0003-0000", "contents": "1352 papal conclave, List of participants\nThe post of Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, the most important during sede vacante, was occupied by Stefano Aldebrandi Cambaruti, archbishop of Toulouse (not a Cardinal).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010146-0004-0000", "contents": "1352 papal conclave, Absentee\nOne cardinal created by Clement VI did not participate in this conclave, because he served as legate in France, where he unsuccessfully tried to establish peace between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of England in the Hundred Years' War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010146-0005-0000", "contents": "1352 papal conclave, First conclave capitulation in history\nOn December 16 twenty five Cardinals entered the conclave in the Palais des Papes in Avignon. Initially, all the electors subscribed the first conclave capitulation in the history, although several of them (including Cardinal Aubert) made this with reservation, insofar as it was not contrary to church law\u201d. The terms of capitulation were following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 59], "content_span": [60, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010146-0006-0000", "contents": "1352 papal conclave, First conclave capitulation in history\nSubscription of this capitulation is considered as part of the general strategy of the College of Cardinals to limit papal power and to transform the government of the Church into oligarchy instead of monarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 59], "content_span": [60, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010146-0007-0000", "contents": "1352 papal conclave, Election of Pope Innocent VI\nAfter subscribing the capitulation Cardinals started electoral proceedings. Initially, the candidature of Jean Birel, general of the Order of Carthusians, non-cardinal, venerated for his holiness, was proposed. But Cardinal Talleyrand addressed to the Sacred College that it would be unwise, if not dangerous, in such critical circumstances in Europe to elect new Celestine V, it means, a saintly but wholly incompetent Pontiff. The electors eventually agreed with him and abandoned the candidature of Birel in favor of Cardinal Etienne Aubert, bishop of Ostia, who on December 18 was unanimously elected Pope. He accepted his election and took the name of Innocent VI. On December 30 he was solemnly crowned in the cathedral of Notre Dame des Doms in Avignon by Cardinal Gaillard de la Mothe, protodeacon of S. Lucia in Silice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010146-0008-0000", "contents": "1352 papal conclave, Election of Pope Innocent VI\nOn July 6, 1353 Pope Innocent VI declared the capitulation agreed by the conclave invalid as violating the rule restricting business during a conclave to the election of the new pope and as infringing the plenitude of power inherent in the papal office. In spite of this, electoral capitulations were subscribed in the majority of the conclaves held in the next 300 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010147-0000-0000", "contents": "1353\nYear 1353 (MCCCLIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010148-0000-0000", "contents": "1353 Maartje\n1353 Maartje, provisional designation 1935 CU, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 37 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 February 1935, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named after Maartje Mekking, daughter of a staff member at the Dutch Leiden Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010148-0001-0000", "contents": "1353 Maartje, Orbit and classification\nMaartje is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 known members. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,907 days; semi-major axis of 3.01\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010148-0002-0000", "contents": "1353 Maartje, Orbit and classification\nIn June 1910, the asteroid was first identified as A910 LB at the Heidelberg Observatory in Germany, where the body's observation arc begins with its identification as A920 JC in May 1920, almost 15 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010148-0003-0000", "contents": "1353 Maartje, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Maartje (Nin) Maria Lindenburg Mekking (1924\u20132007), daughter of B. G. Mekking (1903\u20131971), an orbit computer at the Leiden Observatory. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 123).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010148-0004-0000", "contents": "1353 Maartje, Physical characteristics\nMaartje has been characterized as an L- and S-type asteroid by PanSTARRS photometric survey, while the overall spectral type of the Eos family is that of a K-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010148-0005-0000", "contents": "1353 Maartje, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nSeveral rotational lightcurve of Maartje have been obtained from photometric observations since 2005. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated, slightly longer-than average, and well-defined rotation period of 22.930 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.25 and 0.46 magnitude (U=3). The asteroid's lightcurve has also been modeled and gave two concurring periods of 22.9924 and 22.9926 hours. Modeling in 2018 determined two spin axis of (285.0\u00b0, 73.0\u00b0) and (119.0\u00b0, 41.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 65], "content_span": [66, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010148-0006-0000", "contents": "1353 Maartje, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Maartje measures between 33.75 and 42.175 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0687 and 0.136.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010148-0007-0000", "contents": "1353 Maartje, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1660 and a diameter of 34.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010150-0000-0000", "contents": "1354\nYear 1354 (MCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010151-0000-0000", "contents": "1354 Botha\n1354 Botha, provisional designation 1935 GK, is an exceptionally dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 46 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 April 1935, by South-African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named after South African prime minister Louis Botha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010151-0001-0000", "contents": "1354 Botha, Orbit and classification\nBotha is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,017 days; semi-major axis of 3.12\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010151-0002-0000", "contents": "1354 Botha, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1925 RF at Heidelberg Observatory in September 1929. The body's observation arc begins at with its identification as 1931 TP at Simeiz Observatory in October 1931, more than three years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010151-0003-0000", "contents": "1354 Botha, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2003, a fragmentary rotational lightcurve of Botha was obtained from photometric observations by Swiss astronomers Stefano Sposetti and Raoul Behrend. Lightcurve analysis gave a tentative rotation period of 4 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.21 magnitude (U=1+). As of 2017, no secure period has been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010151-0004-0000", "contents": "1354 Botha, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Botha measures between 38.41 and 70.34 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.014 and 0.05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010151-0005-0000", "contents": "1354 Botha, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0295 and a diameter of 48.82 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010151-0006-0000", "contents": "1354 Botha, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Louis Botha (1862\u20131919), the first Prime Minister of South Africa of the Union of South Africa, which existed between 1910 and 1961. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 908).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010153-0000-0000", "contents": "1355\nYear 1355 (MCCCLV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010154-0000-0000", "contents": "1355 Magoeba\n1355 Magoeba, provisional designation 1935 HE, is a Hungaria asteroid and a suspected binary system from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 April 1935, by English-born, South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. The asteroid is named for Magoeba, a tribal chief in the South African Transvaal Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010154-0001-0000", "contents": "1355 Magoeba, Orbit and classification\nMagoeba is a member of the Hungaria family, which forms the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20131.9\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 6 months (922 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 23\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Nice Observatory just 3 day prior to its official discovery. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg the night after its discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010154-0002-0000", "contents": "1355 Magoeba, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nBetween 2006 and 2014, several rotational lightcurves of Magoeba were obtained by American astronomer Brian Warner at the CS3\u2013Palmer Divide Station (U82) in California. Lightcurve analysis of the photometric observations taken during the asteroid's 2014-apparition gave a rotation period of 2.971 hours with a brightness variation of 0.09 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010154-0003-0000", "contents": "1355 Magoeba, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nPreviously derived periods varied strongly (5.99 and 31.65 hours) with alternative period solutions (U=2-/2/2). The Observation were taken at the Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado (see video in \u00a7\u00a0External links). It is now suspected that this discrepancy might be caused by the presence of an asteroid moon that orbits Magoeba with a period of 15.05 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010154-0004-0000", "contents": "1355 Magoeba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Magoeba measures 4.276 and 4.828 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.582 and 0.466, respectively, while a polarimetric study of Hungaria asteroids found a lower albedo of 0.267. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.30 \u2013 a compromise value between 0.4 and 0.2, corresponding to the Hungaria asteroids both as family and orbital group \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 5.96 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010154-0005-0000", "contents": "1355 Magoeba, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nIn the Tholen taxonomy, Magoeba is an X-type asteroid, which can be further divided into the bright E, the metallic M and the carbonaceous P classes, with similar spectra but very different inferred mineralogies. It has both been classified as an E-type asteroid by the WISE/NEOWISE mission, and as a M-type asteroid by a dedicated spectroscopic survey at the Argentinian Lencito Complex, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 53], "content_span": [54, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010154-0006-0000", "contents": "1355 Magoeba, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Magoeba, a native chief of the North Transvaal in South Africa. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 908).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010156-0000-0000", "contents": "1356\nYear 1356 (MCCCLVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010157-0000-0000", "contents": "1356 (novel)\n1356  is the fourth novel in The Grail Quest series by Bernard Cornwell, first published in 2012. It is set in 1356, nearly a decade after the original trilogy, and culminates with the Battle of Poitiers. Intertwined in the plot is the quest to find La Malice, a fabled sword of Saint Peter and Christian relic which may turn the tide of the long war for France. It is Cornwell's fiftieth novel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010157-0001-0000", "contents": "1356 (novel), Plot summary\nThe novel picks up the story of Thomas of Hookton, the English archer at the center of Bernard Cornwell's trilogy of novels concerning The Grail Quest, which ended with Thomas's return to England from France in 1347. Back in France now, Thomas has achieved his ambition of leading his own company of archers and men at arms who hire out to anyone willing to pay them - provided they are not asked to fight against the English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010157-0001-0001", "contents": "1356 (novel), Plot summary\nAlthough knighted years earlier by his liege lord and patron, the Earl of Northampton, Thomas prefers to be known as Le B\u00e2tard, leader of the Hellequin, as his band of mercenaries call themselves. He has married Genevieve, the young Frenchwoman he rescued from the Inquisition during the Grail Quest. They have a son Hugh, already in training to use the longbow that makes English archers feared throughout Europe. As the novel opens, Thomas and his men are fighting on behalf of a French count who has hired them to assault a nearby castle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010157-0001-0002", "contents": "1356 (novel), Plot summary\nBrother Michael, a young monk from England who is travelling to Montpellier to train as a healer, brings Thomas a message from the Earl. The message will involve Thomas and his men in a dangerous quest for yet another holy relic, a sword said to have belonged to Saint Peter. Meanwhile, Fra Ferdinand, a Black Friar, retrieves the sword from a tomb at the request of an old friend - only to learn that his friend has been murdered by men who claim they were sent by the Pope at Avignon to search for it. Thomas, Michael, Fra Ferdinand, and other characters, some new and some from the previous books, are swept up in the chaotic conditions of France during the Hundred Years War, culminating in the Battle of Poitiers, where a king is overthrown and the history of Europe is changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010157-0002-0000", "contents": "1356 (novel), Reviews\nBill Sheehan writing in The Washington Post finds this latest addition to Cornwell's historical novels to be accurate, coherent, lively and accessible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010157-0003-0000", "contents": "1356 (novel), Reviews\nMuch of Cornwell\u2019s considerable reputation rests on the quality of his battle sequences, which are vivid, colorful and invariably convincing. His account of what happened in the field outside Poitiers is no exception. As always, Cornwell captures the essence of hand-to-hand combat \u2014 the stench, the confusion, the horrific brutality \u2014 with precision and immediacy. More than that, he imposes a degree of coherence on what must have been an utterly chaotic experience.... The result is a lively, accessible account of a remote moment in European history, a book in which Cornwell\u2019s gifts as scholar and storyteller come together spectacularly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010157-0004-0000", "contents": "1356 (novel), Reviews\nPublishers Weekly says no one describes a close hand-to-hand battle like Bernard Cornwell:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010157-0005-0000", "contents": "1356 (novel), Reviews\nCornwell, a master of action-packed historical fiction, returns with the fourth book in his Grail Quest series (after Heretic), a vivid, exciting portrayal of medieval warfare as the English and French butcher each other at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 during the Hundred Years War. Nobody writes battle scenes like Cornwell, accurately conveying the utter savagery of close combat with sword, ax, and mace, and the gruesome aftermath. English archer Sir Thomas of Hookton, called the Bastard by his enemies, leads a band of ruthless mercenaries in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010157-0005-0001", "contents": "1356 (novel), Reviews\nWhen the French hear of the existence of the sword of Saint Peter, \u201canother Excalibur,\u201d they must possess it for its legendary mystical powers, but the English have other ideas. Thomas is ordered by his lord, earl of Northampton, to find the sword first and begins, with his men, a perilous journey of raiding and plundering across southern France, fighting brutal warlords, cunning churchmen, with betrayal everywhere, and French and Scottish knights who vow to kill Thomas for reasons that have nothing to do with the sword. With surprising results, Thomas and his men reach the decisive Battle of Poitiers, a vicious melee that killed thousands, unseated a king, and forced a devastating and short peace on a land ravaged by warfare. Agent: Toby Eady Associates, U.K.. (Jan.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010157-0006-0000", "contents": "1356 (novel), Reviews\nKirkus Reviews finds this novel's plot less tightly woven than the best of Bernard Cornwell's novels, limiting its audience to those who already have interest in the historical period of the fight for France in the Hundred Years' War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010157-0007-0000", "contents": "1356 (novel), Reviews\nFew of these characters have any inkling that a pivotal battle in the endless war for France looms ahead. Neither, for that matter, will unwary readers. For, although every intrigue springs to life under the close-up focus veteran Cornwell (Death of Kings, 2012, etc.) has long since mastered, the strands aren\u2019t always closely knitted together: Heroes and subplots blossom and fade with no consistent sense of their connections, and readers approaching the tale without the appropriate historical background will have to survive a long probationary period before they realize where this is all heading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010157-0008-0000", "contents": "1356 (novel), Reviews\nBest for fans of historical fiction who have both a taste for the Hundred Years\u2019 War and some base-line knowledge that will allow them to enjoy this swashbuckling recreation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010158-0000-0000", "contents": "1356 Basel earthquake\nThe 1356 Basel earthquake is the most significant seismological event to have occurred in Central Europe in recorded history and had a moment magnitude in the range of 6.0\u20137.1. This earthquake, which occurred on 18 October 1356, is also known as the S\u00e9isme de la Saint-Luc (English: Earthquake of Saint Luke), as 18 October is the feast day of Saint Luke the Evangelist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010158-0001-0000", "contents": "1356 Basel earthquake, Earthquake\nAfter a foreshock between 19:00 and 20:00 local time, the main earthquake struck in the evening at around 22:00, and numerous aftershocks followed through that night. Basel experienced a second, very violent shock in the middle of the night. The town within the ramparts was destroyed by a fire when torches and candles falling to the floor set the wooden houses ablaze. The number of deaths within the town of Basel is estimated at 300. All major churches and castles within a 30\u00a0km (19\u00a0mi) radius of Basel were destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010158-0002-0000", "contents": "1356 Basel earthquake, Earthquake\nThe seismic crisis lasted a year. The modeling of the macroseismic data suggests that the earthquake's source had an east\u2013west orientation, a direction corresponding with the overlapping faults on the Jura Front. On the other hand, recent paleoseismologic studies attribute the cause of this earthquake to a normal fault, oriented NNE-SSW and south of the town. The significant magnitude of the event suggests a possible extension of this fault under the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010158-0003-0000", "contents": "1356 Basel earthquake, Earthquake, Location\nDue to the limited records of the event, a variety of epicenters have been proposed for the earthquake. Some of the proposed locations include faults beneath the Jura Mountains or along the Basel-Reinach escarpment. Another study placed the epicenter 10\u00a0km (6.2\u00a0mi) south of Basel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010158-0004-0000", "contents": "1356 Basel earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity\nThe earthquake was felt as far away as Z\u00fcrich, Konstanz, and even in \u00cele-de-France. The maximum intensity registered on the Medvedev\u2013Sponheuer\u2013Karnik scale was IX\u2013X (Destructive\u2013Devastating). The macroseismic map was established on the basis of damage reported by the region's 30 to 40 castles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010158-0005-0000", "contents": "1356 Basel earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity\nFrom this macroseismic data, various studies have been conducted to estimate the moment magnitude of the earthquake, which have resulted in various values of 6.2 (BRGM 1998); 6.0 (GEO-TER 2002); 6.9 (SED 2004) with a follow-up report suggesting a range of between 6.7 and 7.1; 6.6 (GFZ 2006); and a major Swiss study by 21 European experts, with American involvement, in which four sub-groups estimated values of 6.9, 6.9, 6.5 to 6.9, and 6.5 \u00b1 0.5 (PEGASOS 2002\u20132004). There are also different opinions about which faults were involved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010158-0006-0000", "contents": "1356 Basel earthquake, Earthquake, Damage\nThe earthquake destroyed the city of Basel, Switzerland, near the southern end of the Upper Rhine Graben, and caused much destruction in a vast region extending from Paris to Prague. Though major earthquakes are common at the seismically active edges of tectonic plates in Turkey, Greece, and Italy, intraplate earthquakes are rare events in Central Europe. According to the Swiss Seismological Service, of more than 10,000 earthquakes in Switzerland over the past 800 years, only half a dozen of them have registered more than 6.0 on the Richter scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010159-0000-0000", "contents": "1356 Nyanza\n1356 Nyanza, provisional designation 1935 JH, is a dark asteroid from the background population of the outer asteroid belt, approximately 63 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 May 1935, by South-African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named for the former Nyanza Province in Kenya, Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010159-0001-0000", "contents": "1356 Nyanza, Orbit and classification\nNyanza is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,977 days; semi-major axis of 3.08\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010159-0002-0000", "contents": "1356 Nyanza, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1929 EL at Heidelberg Observatory and as 1929 JH and 1929 JJ at Lowell Observatory in March and May 1929, respectively. The body's observation arc begins at Lowell Observatory in October 1931, three and a half years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010159-0003-0000", "contents": "1356 Nyanza, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the former Nyanza Province located in southwestern Kenya, bordering on Lake Victoria. Its provincial capital was Kisumu. In 2010, Kenya's 8 provinces were reorganized into 47 counties. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 123).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010159-0004-0000", "contents": "1356 Nyanza, Physical characteristics\nNyanza has been characterized as a primitive P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). It is also an assumed carbonaceous C-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010159-0005-0000", "contents": "1356 Nyanza, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Nyanza was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 12.422 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.28 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010159-0006-0000", "contents": "1356 Nyanza, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Nyanza measures between 60.078 and 64.73 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.0537.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010159-0007-0000", "contents": "1356 Nyanza, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0352 and a diameter of 64.59 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010162-0000-0000", "contents": "1357\nYear 1357 (MCCCLVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010164-0000-0000", "contents": "1358\nYear 1358 (MCCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010167-0000-0000", "contents": "1359\nYear 1359 (MCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010168-0000-0000", "contents": "1359 Prieska\n1359 Prieska, provisional designation 1935 OC, is a rare-type carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 50 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 July 1935, by English-born South-African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. The asteroid was named after the South African town of Prieska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010168-0001-0000", "contents": "1359 Prieska, Orbit and classification\nPrieska orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,011 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1903, Prieska was first identified as A903 UE at Heidelberg Observatory, extending the body's observation arc by 32 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010168-0002-0000", "contents": "1359 Prieska, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission and the Japanese Akari satellite, Prieska measures between 36.45 and 65.86 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.07. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0494 and a diameter of 52.07 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010168-0003-0000", "contents": "1359 Prieska, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nIn the Tholen taxonomy, Prieska is a rare CX:-subtype, that transitions from the dark C to the X-type asteroids. Only a few asteroids have been assigned this spectral type by Tholen (also see list of CX-type asteroids).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 53], "content_span": [54, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010168-0004-0000", "contents": "1359 Prieska, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nPhotometric lightcurve observations of Prieska at the Australian Oakley Southern Sky Observatory (E09) in May 2011 and October 2013, respectively, were inconclusive due to insufficient data. As of 2017, the asteroid's rotation period still remains unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010168-0005-0000", "contents": "1359 Prieska, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the South African town of Prieska, located on the south bank of the Orange River, in the province of the Northern Cape. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 123).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010171-0000-0000", "contents": "135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade\nThe 135th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the Territorial Force, part of the British Army. It was formed in the First World War as a duplicate of the South Western Brigade and was originally formed as the 2nd/1st South Western Brigade in 1914\u20131915 before later being renamed as the 135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade. It was sent overseas to India in December 1914 to relieve Regular Army units for service in France. The brigade remained there for the rest of the war, supplying drafts of replacements to the British units fighting in the Middle East and later complete battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010171-0001-0000", "contents": "135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade\nIt was reformed as 135th Infantry Brigade in the Territorial Army in 1939, again as a duplicate formation, when another European conflict with Germany seemed inevitable. During the Second World War, the brigade was active in the United Kingdom throughout its service. It was disbanded on 20 July 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010171-0002-0000", "contents": "135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade\nThe brigade was reformed on 1 September 1944 as part of the 45th (Holding) Division. It did not see service outside the United Kingdom during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010171-0003-0000", "contents": "135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, First World War\nIn accordance with the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw. 7, c.9) which brought the Territorial Force into being, the TF was intended to be a home defence force for service during wartime and members could not be compelled to serve outside the country. However, on the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914, many members volunteered for Imperial Service. Therefore, TF units were split into 1st Line (liable for overseas service) and 2nd Line (home service for those unable or unwilling to serve overseas) units. 2nd Line units performed the home defence role, although in fact most of these were also posted abroad in due course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010171-0004-0000", "contents": "135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, First World War\nOn 15 August 1915, TF units were instructed to separate home service men from those who had volunteered for overseas service (1st Line), with the home service personnel to be formed into reserve units (2nd Line). On 31 August, 2nd Line units were authorized for each 1st Line unit where more than 60% of men had volunteered for overseas service. After being organized, armed and clothed, the 2nd Line units were gradually grouped into large formations thereby forming the 2nd Line brigades and divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010171-0004-0001", "contents": "135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, First World War\nThese 2nd Line units and formations had the same name and structure as their 1st Line parents. On 24 November, it was decided to replace imperial service (1st Line) formations as they proceeded overseas with their reserve (2nd Line) formations. A second reserve (3rd Line) unit was then formed at the peace headquarters of the 1st Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010171-0005-0000", "contents": "135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, First World War\nThe brigade was formed as a 2nd Line duplicate of the South Western Brigade in October 1914, shortly after the outbreak of war. It was assigned to the 2nd Wessex Division, the 2nd Line duplicate of the Wessex Division. The division was selected for service in India thereby releasing British and Indian regular battalions for service in Europe. On 12 December, the brigade embarked at Southampton and landed at Bombay between 4 and 8 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010171-0006-0000", "contents": "135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, First World War\nThe brigade was effectively broken up on arrival in India; the units reverted to peacetime conditions and the battalions were dispersed to Bangalore, Meiktila (Burma), Ahmednagar, and Poona. The Territorial Force divisions and brigades were numbered in May 1915 in the order that they departed for overseas service, starting with the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division. The 2nd Wessex Division should have been numbered as the 45th (2nd Wessex) Division, but as the division had already been broken up, this was merely a place holder. Likewise, the 2nd/1st South Western Brigade was notionally numbered as 135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010171-0007-0000", "contents": "135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, First World War\nThe units pushed on with training to prepare for active service, handicapped by the need to provide experienced manpower for active service units. By early 1916 it had become obvious that it would not be possible to transfer the division and brigade to the Western Front as originally intended. Nevertheless, individual units proceeded overseas on active service through the rest of the war. The 2/4th Somerset Light Infantry and 2/4th Dorsets served in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign from September 1917, so that by the end of the war just the 2/5th Somerset Light Infantry and 2/4th Wilts remained in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010171-0008-0000", "contents": "135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, Second World War\nBy 1939 it became clear that a new European war was likely to break out and, as a direct result of the German invasion of Czechoslovakia on 15 March, the doubling of the Territorial Army was authorised, with each unit and formation forming a duplicate. Consequently, 135th Infantry Brigade was formed in April 1939 as part of the 45th Infantry Division, duplicate of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division. Unusually, it was not a mirror of its parent, the 43rd and 45th Divisions being organized on a geographical basis. Initially, the brigade was administered by the 43rd Division until the 45th Division began to function from 7 September 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010171-0009-0000", "contents": "135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, Second World War\nThe brigade remained in the United Kingdom with the 45th Division during the Second World War and did not see active service overseas. In July 1944, the brigade started to disperse as its component units were posted away, a process that was completed on 20 July and the brigade disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010171-0010-0000", "contents": "135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, Second World War\nThe brigade was reformed on 1 September 1944 by the redesignation of 209th Infantry Brigade. It served with the 45th (Holding) Division for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010171-0011-0000", "contents": "135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, Second World War, Second World War units\nThe brigade commanded the following units in the Second World War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 86], "content_span": [87, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010171-0012-0000", "contents": "135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, Second World War, Second World War units\nAfter being reformed by the redesignation of 209th Infantry Brigade, the brigade commanded:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 86], "content_span": [87, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010171-0013-0000", "contents": "135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, Commanders, During the First World War\nThe brigade was commanded from formation until embarkation for India by Br.-Gen. G.S.McD. Elliot. He simultaneously commanded 2nd Wessex Division until it embarked. Previously, he had been a Colonel commanding the 1st Line South Western Brigade at the outbreak of the war until it departed for India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010171-0014-0000", "contents": "135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, Commanders, During the Second World War\nThe brigade had the following commanders in the Second World War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010172-0000-0000", "contents": "135th (Limerick) Regiment of Foot\nThe 135th (Limerick) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of Fencibles in the British Army, created and promptly disbanded in 1796. The regiment, raised by Sir Vere Hunt, did not see any active service; it served solely to recruit soldiers. On disbandment, the recruits were drafted into other regiments. The regiment has the interesting historical distinction of having had the highest regimental number of any British line regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010173-0000-0000", "contents": "135th (Middlesex) Battalion, CEF\nThe 135th (Middlesex) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in London, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Middlesex County. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 116th, 125th and 134th Battalions as well as the 8th Reserve Battalion in October 1916. The 135th (Middlesex) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. B. Robson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0000-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron\nThe 135th Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0001-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron\nThe squadron was assigned as a Corps Observation Squadron, performing short-range, tactical reconnaissance over the IV Corps, United States First Army sector of the Western Front in France, providing battlefield intelligence. In combat, the 135th was the first Air Service unit equipped with the all American made Dayton-Wright DH-4 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0002-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron\nIV Corps was transferred to the United States Second Army in October 1918 for a planned offensive drive on Metz which was cancelled due to the 1918 Armistice with Germany on 11 November. The squadron returned to the United States in June 1919 and became part of the permanent United States Army Air Service in 1921, being re-designated as the 22d Squadron (Observation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0003-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron\nThe current United States Air Force unit which holds its lineage and history is the 22d Intelligence Squadron, assigned to the 707th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0004-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nThe 135th Aero Squadron was organized at Rockwell Field, near San Diego, California on 1 August 1917. It was formed from personnel transferred from the 14th and 18th Aero Squadrons, being originality designated as \"Company A, 1st Aviation School, Rockwell Field\". The men of the squadron began their training as aircraft mechanics on the first planes used by the United States Army. Fourteen Wright-Martin Model V and Curtiss Model J \"Tractors\" were used to train the first men as pilots in the Army. In fact, the first eighty-seven officers to be trained for flying were trained at Rockwell Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0005-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nTowards the end of their training at Rockwell Field, the 135th was alerted for overseas service. After a short period, orders were received on 25 November and the squadron boarded a train bound for the Aviation Concentration Center, Long Island, New York. The squadron arrived on 1 December and was sent to Hazelhurtst Field (#2). The men, almost all being from southern California, were not used to the cold, damp weather and several became sick. On 16 December, the squadron boarded the RMS Orduna and after a delay, left for England. The overseas voyage was uneventful with the exception that the ship was diverted to arrive in Glasgow, Scotland, arriving on 31 December. Upon arrival, the squadron was sent by train south to Winchester, England, arriving on 1 December 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0006-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England\nAt the Rest Camp at Winchester (Morn Hill), the squadron was attached to the Royal Flying Corps for additional training and divided up into Flights. Flights were sent to RFC stations at Waddington, Scampton and South Carlton, the last arriving on 8 January. Training with the RFC continued until the end of June, and the squadron was re-assembled at Winchester on the 24th. Movement was made to France, arriving at Le Havre on 28 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0006-0001", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England\nFrom the staging area at Le Havre, the squadron boarded French railway cars and moved south to the American 3d Air Instructional Center at Issoudun Aerodrome. However, at the 3d AIC, the squadron was assigned to petty menial tasks, until further orders were received to proceed to Amanty Airdrome, where, upon arrival the squadron was again assigned to customary Camp detail duties. On 30 July, orders were again received to move to Ourches Aerodrome where the 135th was designated as a Corps Observation squadron, assigned to the IV Corps Observation Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0007-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England\nAt Ourches, the squadron was equipped with American-made de Havilland DH-4s, built by Dayton-Wright and using Liberty L-12 engines. The aircraft were flown in by the pilots assigned to the squadron from the 1st Air Depot at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome. By the end of the first week of August, the squadron received its full complement of 24 aircraft, along with the observers and pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0008-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nOn 7 August, the 135th Aero Squadron flew its first mission of the war. The first sortie was quite an affair with Brigadier General Benjamin Foulois, then Chief of the Air Service, Zone of Advance, leading the formation of squadron aircraft. A motion picture operator was present to record the event. Motion pictures were taken of the 18 American planes lined up in front of the hangars. The sortie, however did not cross the line into enemy territory, for the planes flew only as far as Nancy. After about an hour, all planes returned to Amanty without any problems. For the next week or so the squadron performed subsequent missions, with no enemy aircraft being engaged, although German Anti- Aircraft Artillery hitting the planes with shrapnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0009-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nThe first combat with enemy aircraft took place on 16 August during a photographic mission across the lines. While the observer was taking photographs, the plane was attacked by a German aircraft. In the combat that ensued, the pilot was wounded three times in the leg and the aircraft fuel line was severed by a bullet causing the engine to stall. It was only the skillful piloting of the wounded pilot who managed to make an un-powered glide back across the lines. For his actions, the pilot was awarded a Distinguished Service Cross, he was taken to a hospital but re-joined the squadron later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0010-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nInitially the 135th was assigned to monitor and photograph the sector from Bouconville to Pont-\u00e0-Mousson. Just before the Battle of Saint-Mihiel attack on 12 September, the squadron was reassigned to the front of the 89th Division as well as the IV Corps Artillery, providing adjustments to the artillery as required. On the day of the attack, rain was falling and the clouds were unusually low. However operations commenced with 2d Lieutenant Bowyer as pilot and 1st Lieutenant Johnson as the observer. Due to the aircraft having to fly very low, and though the American artillery barrage, one shell struck their aircraft. The plane was instantly demolished in the air, killing both men. Subsequently, both officers were recommended for the Distinguished Service Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0011-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nNumerous sorties and combats occurred throughout the month of September, with the squadron being shifted from one division to another, providing the commanders operational intelligence and reconnaissance photography. On 30 September, the squadron, along with the IV Corps Observation Group, moved to Croix de Metz Aerodrome, near Toul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0012-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nFrom Toul, mission of the most perilous nature were undertaken under difficult circumstances; however, the pilots and observers of the squadron continued to provide excellent results. Besides the work of observation and photography, the 135th made a number of bombing missions, carrying twenty pound bombs which were dropped on objectives in enemy territory. On 26 October 1918 a 135th Squadron DH-4 {observar John F. Curry} was shot down by anti-aircraft fire; Curry and his pilot escaped capture. On 3 November, the squadron flew in formation on a bombing mission over Chambley and bombed enemy targets in the town. ; the same day the plane carrying Observer Curry-along with a 168th Aero Squadron aeroplane- brought down a German observation balloon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0013-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nBy the time of the Armistice on 11 November, the squadron made 1,016 sorties and lost five officers in combat; two pilots and three observers. The squadron was also credited with the destruction of eight enemy aircraft in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0014-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nAfter the armistice, the AEF was very slow in returning its forces to the United States. The squadron remained at Toul with IV Corps Observation Group until this one was assigned to Third Army in Germany, 135 Squadron leaving for Tours, with 2nd Aviation Instruction Center. It stayed in Tours until 10 February 1919 when orders were received to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's DH-4 aircraft were delivered to the Air Service Production Center No. 2. at Romorantin Aerodrome, and there, practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0015-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nPersonnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to a staging camp at Tresses, France, where it remained until 18 April. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the base ports in France for transport to the United States. It then moved to the Port of Embarkation at Bordeaux where it boarded a transport ship which returned them to the United States, arriving at the port of New York about 6 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0016-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nAfter returning from France, most of the 135th Aero Squadron demobilized at Hazelhurst Field, Long Island, and returned to civilian life. A small cadre of the unit remained in the Air Service, and were assigned to Post Field, Oklahoma, and attached as an observation squadron, supplying aircraft for the United States Army Field Artillery School at Fort Sill and supported Army units at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0017-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nThe 135th Aero Squadron became part of the permanent United States Army Air Service in 1921, being re-designated as the 22d Squadron (Observation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0018-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron, History, Rin Tin Tin\nFollowing the advances made by American troops during the Battle of Saint-Mihiel in 1918, Corporal Lee Duncan, a DH-4 gunner in the 135th A.S., was sent forward from Ourches on 15 September to the small French village of Flirey to see if it was suitable for a flying field. There Duncan found a severely damaged kennel which had once supplied the German Army with German Shepherd dogs. The only dogs left alive in the kennel were a starving mother with a litter of five nursing puppies, their eyes still shut because they were less than a week old.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0018-0001", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron, History, Rin Tin Tin\nDuncan rescued the dogs and brought them back to the 135th Aero Squadron. He kept a male and a female. He felt that these two dogs were symbols of his good luck. He called them Rin Tin Tin and Nanette after a pair of good luck charms called Rintintin and N\u00e9nette that French children often gave to the American soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0019-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron, History, Rin Tin Tin\nSmuggling back the dogs aboard a ship taking him back to the US at the end of the war, eventually Rin Tin Tin was discovered by Hollywood filmmakers by his ability to leap great heights at a dog show. When he died in 1932, Lee Duncan took Rin Tin Tin's body back to France, where he had him buried in a Paris cemetery, the country of his birth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010174-0020-0000", "contents": "135th Aero Squadron, History, Notable personnel\nDSC: Distinguished Service Cross; SSC: Silver Star Citation; KIA: Killed in Action", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0000-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group\nThe 135th Airlift Group (135 AG) is an inactive unit of the United States Air Force, allotted to the Maryland Air National Guard. At the time of its inactivation, it was assigned to the 175th Wing, stationed at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Maryland. The unit cased its colors 27 Sep 2013 and was inactivated 30 Sep 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0001-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, Overview\nThe 135th Airlift Group mission was to maintain combat-ready aircrew and aircraft to mobilize, deploy and provide intra-theater airlift in support of U.S. interests worldwide. It supported theater commanders' requirements for combat delivery capability through tactical airland/airdrop operations and humanitarian aeromedical evacuations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0002-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Special operations\nThe Maryland Air National Guard's introduction to the world of special operations began when Air Force leaders decided to phase out active duty air commando units in 1954. Despite the decision, there was still a need to maintain a limited number of crews and aircraft to support unconventional warfare missions. After lengthy deliberations, the Air Force decided in 1955 to establish four special air warfare units within the Air National Guard: the 129th Air Resupply Group in California, the 130th in West Virginia, the 143d in Rhode Island, and the 135th in Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0003-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Special operations\nThe 135th Air Resupply Squadron was established in September 1955 as a new Maryland Air National Guard unit with no previous United States Air Force history or lineage by the National Guard Bureau. Activated on 10 September at Harbor Field, Baltimore, Maryland, the squadron was assigned to the 135th Air Resupply Group. Allocated to Military Air Transport Service (MATS), and equipped with C-46D Commando transports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0004-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Special operations\nThe 135th was designated at the time as a \"Psychological Warfare\" unit which supported USAF unconventional warfare (guerrilla warfare), direct action (commando-type raids), strategic reconnaissance (intelligence gathering), and PSYWAR operations. The C-46 was supplemented by SA-16 Albatross amphibious aircraft beginning in 1956. The SA-16 (later redesignated HU-16) completely replaced the C-46s in late 1958. Training for water landings with the SA-16 was extremely hazardous. To make matters worse, doctrine required pilots to land their aircraft on water at night, with no landing lights. Night water landings were practiced at Patuxent River Naval Air Station in southern Maryland. Three crewmen were killed when their plane crashed while attempting a water landing in May 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0005-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Special operations\nUltimately, the 135th's mission included counterinsurgency, military civic action, psychological operations, tactical air operations, and unconventional warfare. In addition to blacked-out water landings, the SA-16 crews practiced pulling personnel from the ground by means of the Fulton Recovery System, which retired Col. Richard T. Lynch, a former 135th commander, described as being \"like bungee jumping in reverse.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0006-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Special operations\nIn 1958, the group was inactivated and taken over by the Maryland Air National Guard. However, it was reactivated in 1962 and re-designated as Air Commando following the revival of an active duty air commando unit at Hurlburt Field, Florida in line with President John F. Kennedy's initiative to bolster the United States military special forces during the early involvement in the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0007-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Special operations\nIn 1963, the 135th added U-10 Super Couriers to its inventory. The U-10s were used for infiltration, extraction and psychological operations. These aircraft were temporarily replaced by U-6 Beavers from 1965 to 1967 due to a need for U-10s in Vietnam. In 1963, the 135th participated in Exercise Swift Strike III, one of the largest military maneuvers since World War II. During the exercise, the unit not only flew a variety of special air warfare missions, but received an operational readiness inspection from Tactical Air Command to boot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0008-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Special operations\nThe 135th also worked with U.S. intelligence agencies. A common mission was to pick up agents in training, fly a zig-zag course to make sure they didn't know where they were headed, then have them parachute out over western Maryland. The trainees then had to make their way to Patuxent with only the resources they carried\u2014sometimes taking as much as six weeks to do so. The 135th would then fly down to \"extract\" the trainees and bring them home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0009-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Special operations\nThe unit's loudspeaker-equipped U-10s were used to broadcast orders to student protesters at the University of Maryland during demonstrations in 1971, their only actual operational use by the 135th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0010-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Special operations\nIt remained a special operations-type unit until 1971, when it was reorganized as a tactical air support unit. In this role, it was tasked with providing Forward Air Controllers to direct air strikes in support of troops on the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0011-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift\nIn 1977 it was again reorganized, this time as a tactical airlift unit as part of a general program to upgrade Air National Guard units. Was assigned the C-7A Caribou light transport, the aircraft being Vietnam War veterans. In 1980, the unit converted to the C-130B Hercules. In 1981, it moved across the field to join other Maryland Air National Guard units based on the north side of the field. The military facilities are named Warfield Air National Guard Base. During the early 1990s, the 135th participated in humanitarian relief efforts in Somalia, peacekeeping and humanitarian relief in Bosnia, the U.S. intervention in Haiti and the enforcement of U.N. sanctions against Iraq during the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0012-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0013-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift\nOn 15 June 1996, the units of the 135th and 175th merged to form the 175th Wing. The 175th Wing became composite organization with an Air Combat Command-gained fighter unit and an Air Mobility Command-gained airlift unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0014-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift\nReactivated in 1999 as a separate group of the 175th Wing, it dedicated its first C-130J, the latest and most advanced version of the venerable transport. The 135th had played a major role in the test and evaluation of the aircraft and its procedures and was the first fully equipped C-130J unit in the U.S. Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0015-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift\nIn February 2000 the 135th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron (135th EAS) was first formed from 135th personnel and aircraft and deployed to Lambarene Airport, Gabon, for exercise \"Gabon 2000\" with the objective of increasing the capacity of ECCAS states in the field of peacekeeping and conflict prevention and management. This exercise represented a direct application of the French RECAMP-concept (reinforcement of African peacekeeping capacities).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0016-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift\nBRAC 2005 saw the C-130J aircraft of the squadron being transferred to the 146th Airlift Wing (ANG), Channel Islands AGS, CA (four aircraft), and 143d Airlift Wing (ANG), Quonset State Airport AGS, RI (four aircraft). In 2011, the first C-27J Spartan light transport was received. The squadron will obtain four of the C-27Js.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0017-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift, Operation Enduring Freedom\nBeginning in July 2011, the 135th EAS along with the Ohio Air National Guard 164th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron began rotational deployments for joint operations of the C-27J from Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan as the 702d Expeditionary Airlift Squadron. The 702d EAS flew the two aircraft on 3,200 missions, moved 1,400 tons of cargo, transported 25,000 passengers and executed 71 airdrops, according to Air Force data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0018-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift, Operation Enduring Freedom\nIn June 2012, operations of the 702d EAS were suspended by the Air Force and returned to the United States. Originally, C-27J aircraft were supposed to remain in theater through 2014, but the Air Force decided to bring all of the aircraft back to the U.S. before the end of July after it submitted its 2013 budget proposal, which recommends terminating the C-27J and retiring the aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0019-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift, Operation Enduring Freedom\nL-3 Communications, which has maintained the aircraft in Afghanistan, is shutting down its operations in the country and is having its equipment withdrawn as well, an Air Force official said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0020-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift, Operation Enduring Freedom\nThe Air Force decided to bring the aircraft back to the U.S. ahead of schedule because the maintenance contract with L-3 will expire this summer, the service official said. Keeping the aircraft in theater would mean spending an additional $20 million to $25 million in maintenance costs, the official said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0021-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift, Operation Enduring Freedom\nThe end of the C-27J program \"....would leave the Maryland Air Guard without the airlift capability it has used to deliver troops, equipment and supplies to isolated terrain in combat overseas and disasters in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010175-0022-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift, Operation Enduring Freedom\n\"It also would leave the 250 pilots, loadmasters, maintenance workers and other personnel of the 135th Airlift Group without an assignment. It is unclear what will become of the group.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0000-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron\nThe 135th Airlift Squadron (135 AS) was a unit of the United States Air Force, allotted to the Maryland Air National Guard 135th Airlift Group, located at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Maryland. The 135th was active as a flying organization from 10 September 1955 to 30 September 2013. After 2013, it remained active but without assigned personnel or aircraft. In 2014, the Maryland Air National Guard requested the unit be reorganized and redesignated as the 135th Intelligence Squadron, and this request was approved by the National Guard Bureau effective 1 May 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0001-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, Mission\nOperated combat-ready aircrew and aircraft to mobilize, deploy and provide intra-theater C-27J aircraft in support of U.S. interests worldwide. Supported theater commanders' requirements for combat delivery capability through tactical airland/airdrop operations and humanitarian aeromedical evacuations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0002-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, Heraldry\nSymbolism: Ultramarine blue and golden yellow are the Air Force colors and symbolize that the unit is a part of the Air Force. The escutcheon portrays the coat of arms of the State of Maryland and signifies the home location of the unit. The crossed jousting lances reflect the military preparedness of the squadron and allude the Maryland state sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0003-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, Heraldry\nBackground: Designed by Lt Col Ronald James and approved for the 135th Tactical Airlift Squadron on 3 October 1990. Re -designated for the 135th Airlift Squadron in 1992. The motto, \"Baltimore's Best\" was suggested by Master Sgt. Lee Cherry and arose from the unit having been recognized by the Baltimore Is Best Committee on 18 February 1987. This insignia superseded one approved by the Air Force for the squadron in October 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0004-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations\nThe Maryland Air National Guard's introduction to the world of special operations began when Air Force leaders decided to phase out active duty air commando units in 1954. Despite the decision, there was still a need to maintain a limited number of crews and aircraft to support unconventional warfare missions. After lengthy deliberations, the Air Force decided in 1955 to establish four special air warfare units within the Air National Guard: the 129th Air Resupply Group in California, the 130th in West Virginia, the 143d in Rhode Island, and the 135th in Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0005-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations\nThe 135th Air Resupply Squadron was established in September 1955 as a new Maryland Air National Guard unit with no previous United States Air Force history or lineage by the National Guard Bureau. Activated on 10 September at Harbor Field, Baltimore, Maryland, the squadron was assigned to the 135th Air Resupply Group, allocated to Military Air Transport Service (MATS), and equipped with C-46D Commando transports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0006-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations\nThe 135th was designated at the time as a special operations unit that supported USAF unconventional warfare (guerrilla warfare), direct action (commando-type raids), strategic reconnaissance (intelligence gathering), and psychological operations. The C-46 was supplemented by SA-16 Albatross amphibious aircraft beginning in 1956. The SA-16 (later redesignated HU-16) completely replaced the C-46s in late 1958. Training for water landings with the SA-16 was extremely hazardous. To make matters worse, doctrine required pilots to land their aircraft on water at night, with no landing lights. Night water landings were practiced at Patuxent River Naval Air Station in southern Maryland. Three crewmen were killed when their plane crashed while attempting a water landing in May 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0007-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations\nUltimately, the 135th's mission included counterinsurgency, military civic action, psychological operations, tactical air operations, and unconventional warfare. In addition to blacked-out water landings, the SA-16 crews practiced pulling personnel from the ground by means of the Fulton Recovery System, which retired Col. Richard T. Lynch, a former 135th commander, described as being \"like bungee jumping in reverse.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0008-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations\nExercise Swamp Rat followed a fairly typical training scenario. In October 1959, nine Maryland SA-16s flew to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, to work with soldiers of the 77th Special Forces Group. The paratroopers and their equipment were loaded aboard the SA-16s and dropped near the swamps of Fort Stewart, Georgia. 135th crews then flew resupply missions for the troops and extracted them when their mission was complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0009-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations\nIn 1960, it relocated to the south side of the Martin Company Airport (now the Martin State Airport) in Middle River, Maryland. It was reassigned to Tactical Air Command in 1962 and re-designated as Air Commando unit, following the revival of an active duty air commando unit at Hurlburt Field, Florida in line with President John F. Kennedy's initiative to bolster the United States military special forces during the early involvement in the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0010-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations\nIn 1963, the 135th added U-10 Super Couriers to its inventory. The U-10s were used for infiltration, extraction, and psychological operations. These aircraft were temporarily replaced by U-6 Beavers from 1965 to 1967, due to a need for U-10s in Vietnam. In 1963, the 135th participated in Exercise Swift Strike III, one of the largest military maneuvers since World War II. During the exercise, the unit not only flew a variety of special air warfare missions, but received an operational readiness inspection from Tactical Air Command to boot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0011-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations\nThe 135th also worked with U.S. intelligence agencies. A common mission was to pick up agents in training, fly a zig-zag course to make sure they didn't know where they were headed, then have them parachute out over western Maryland. The trainees then had to make their way to Patuxent with only the resources they carried\u00a0\u2013  sometimes taking as much as six weeks to do so. The 135th would then fly down to \"extract\" the trainees and bring them home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0012-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations\nThe unit's loudspeaker-equipped U-10s were used to broadcast orders to student protesters at the University of Maryland during demonstrations in 1971; this was their only actual operational use by the 135th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0013-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations\nIt remained a special operations-type unit until 1971, when it was reorganized as a tactical air support unit. In this role, it was tasked with providing Forward Air Controllers to direct air strikes in support of troops on the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0014-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical Airlift\nIn 1977, it was again reorganized, this time as a tactical airlift unit as part of a general program to upgrade Air National Guard units. Was assigned the C-7A Caribou light transport, the aircraft being Vietnam War veterans. In 1980, the unit converted to the C-130B Hercules. In 1981, it moved across the field to join other Maryland Air National Guard units based on the north side of the field. The military facilities are named Warfield Air National Guard Base. During the early 1990s, the 135th participated in humanitarian relief efforts in Somalia, peacekeeping and humanitarian relief in Bosnia, the U.S. intervention in Haiti and the enforcement of U.N. sanctions against Iraq during the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0015-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical Airlift\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0016-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical Airlift\nIn 1999, it dedicated its first C-130J, the latest and most advanced version of the venerable transport. The 135th had played a major role in the test and evaluation of the aircraft and its procedures and was the first fully equipped C-130J unit in the U.S. Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0017-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical Airlift\nIn February 2000, the 135th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron (135th EAS) was first formed from 135th personnel and aircraft and deployed to Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 Airport, Gabon, for an exercise, \"Gabon 2000\", with the objective of increasing the capacity of ECCAS states in the field of peacekeeping and conflict prevention and management. This exercise represented a direct application of the French RECAMP-concept (reinforcement of African peacekeeping capacities).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0018-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical Airlift\nBRAC 2005 saw the 8 C-130J aircraft of the squadron being transferred to 314th Airlift group, Little Rock Air Force base. In 2011, the first C-27J Spartan light transport was received. The squadron will obtain four of the C-27Js.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0019-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical Airlift\nBeginning in July 2011, the 135th AS along with the Ohio Air National Guard 164th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron began rotational deployments for joint operations of the C-27J from Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan as the 702d Expeditionary Airlift Squadron. The 702d EAS flew the two aircraft on 3,200 missions, moved 1,400 tons of cargo, transported 25,000 passengers and executed 71 airdrops, according to Air Force data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0020-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical Airlift\nIn June 2012, operations of the 702d EAS were suspended by the Air Force and returned to the United States. Originally, C-27J aircraft were supposed to remain in theater through 2014, but the Air Force decided to bring all of the aircraft back to the U.S. before the end of July after it submitted its 2013 budget proposal, which recommended terminating the C-27J and retiring the aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0021-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical Airlift\nIn 2013, the Air Force divested itself of the C-27J program. An inactivation ceremony was held at Warfield ANGB on 27 September 2013, and the 135th Airlift Squadron was scheduled to officially inactivate on 30 September, but for undetermined reasons, an inactivation request was never processed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0022-0000", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Intelligence\nAlthough scheduled to inactivate on 30 September 2013, an organizational change request to that effect was apparently never processed and the unit remained on the books as an active part of the Maryland Air National Guard, albeit without assigned personnel or aircraft. As part of an increased emphasis on cyber warfare, the Maryland Air Guard gained a number of new units supporting this mission set, including a new intelligence squadron. This squadron was initially formed as a detachment of the 175th Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010176-0022-0001", "contents": "135th Airlift Squadron, History, Intelligence\nIn keeping with Air Force historical policy, which, in part, emphasizes keeping units with long histories on the active rolls if possible, an organizational change request was submitted to the National Guard Bureau in 2014 requesting the 135th Airlift Squadron be reorganized and redesignated as the 135th Intelligence Squadron. While the request was still pending approval, the detachment began unofficially using the new designation. On 1 May 2016, the placeholder detachment was inactivated and its personnel officially became the 135th Intelligence Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0000-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 135th Aviation Regiment is an Aviation Branch regiment of the United States Army, first formed in August 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0001-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe regiment was constituted in August 1985 with the activation of the 35th Infantry Division as an Attack Battalion flying AH-1S Cobra's. The regiment was originally formed as a part of the 135th Aviation Regiment with Regimental Headquarters located in Frankfort, Kentucky, 1st Battalion in Missouri and 2nd Battalion as a part of the Colorado Army National Guard as 2nd Battalion 135th Aviation, under the United States Army Regimental System. It was concurrently organized from new and existing units to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions and Companies D, E, and F, elements of the 35th Infantry Division, and Company G.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0002-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nIt was reorganized 1 December 1987 to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions and Companies D, E, and F, elements of the 35th Infantry Division, the 3d Battalion, and Company G.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0003-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nReorganized 1 September 1996 in the Arkansas, Colorado, Iowa, Kentucky, and Missouri Army National Guard to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions and Company F, elements of the 35th Infantry Division, the 3d Battalion, and Company G.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0004-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nReorganized 1 September 1998 to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions and Company F, elements of the 35th Infantry Division, and the 3d Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0005-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment\n1st Battalion currently only flies the Boeing AH-64D Apaches but a number of Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk are to join during 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0006-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support)\nThe 2nd Battalion (General Support), 135th Aviation Regiment first became a part of the Colorado Army National Guard in the mid-1980s. The original unit, a single company, was made a part of the 40th Infantry Division's aviation brigade, predominantly located in California. The battalion flies the UH-60 Black Hawk, Boeing CH-47 Chinook. They are based out of Buckley Space Force Base, Colorado, as part of the Colorado Army National Guard Aviation Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0007-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support)\nThe 2-135th deployed to Iraq in September 2006 through August 2007 as part of Task Force Mustang. In 2006 the 2d Battalion was deployed for Iraq War service. The 2-135th deployed on 19 March 2006 for five months of Theater Immersion Training at Fort Hood, Texas and Fort Sill, Oklahoma. They were certified \"Fit to Fight\" by Lt. Gen. Russel L. Honor\u00e9, commanding general, First United States Army, on 30 July 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0007-0001", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support)\nThe unit shipped to Kuwait in August 2006, completed a couple of weeks of \"boots on the ground\" training at Camp Buehring, and entered Iraq in the first half of September as one of five battalions of Task Force Mustang. The battalion principally flew out of Balad Air Base (aka Camp Anaconda) and is flew missions all over Iraq. The total deployment for the 2-135th was expected to last approximately 18 months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0008-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support)\nThe battalion became fully engaged in the OIF mission on 17 Sep 2006, crosstraining with the previous unit, and had an official transfer of responsibility from the 7\u2013101st on 24 Sep 2006. Soldiers wore the shoulder sleeve patch of the 36th Infantry Division while in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0009-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support)\nThe Iraq formation of the 2-135th (as a unit of Task Force Mustang) consisted of approximately 550 soldiers and was approximately 60% made up of Colorado Army National Guard personnel. It also included Army aviation Guard personnel from three additional primary states, Minnesota, Nebraska, Utah with smaller contingents from Arkansas, Wyoming, Missouri and Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0010-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support)\nThe Iraq mission involved operations over a large expanse of the country of Iraq. The unit distinguished itself as one of the premier air assault units in the US Army, conducting 111 major, multi-night air assault operations\u2014inserting over 15,500 troops into enemy landing zones across the Iraq theater in the span of only a year. \"The Blackjacks\" earned the Army Aviation Association of America's top National Guard aviation unit in 2007 for this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0011-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2006\u201307 Iraq units\nCompany A of 2-135th from the Colorado ARNG was deployed to Iraq for one year, from the fall of 2005 to October 2006. This company is the normally organic Company A located with the battalion in Colorado. This company was selected to deploy with the 7th Battalion, 101st Aviation Regiment as the first Guard aviation unit to deploy from Colorado. They also informally served as a year-long advanced party for the battalion until they took over the mission of 7-101st in September 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 117], "content_span": [118, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0012-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2005\u201306 Iraq units\nCompany A, 2-135th during the Iraq deployment was (attached). Company A of the 2-211th from the Utah ARNG (home base West Jordan, Utah) serving, in Iraq as part of the beefed up 2-135th. It replaced Colorado's Company A after cross-training and handoff in September 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 117], "content_span": [118, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0013-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2005\u201306 Iraq units\nCompanies B, C, D, E and HHC of the 2-135th of the Colorado Army National Guard were all deployed to Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 117], "content_span": [118, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0014-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2005\u201306 Iraq units\nCompany B, 2-135th (Colorado) was augmented by Company B of the 2d Battalion (General Support), 211th Aviation Regiment, Minnesota ARNG from Holman Field, St Paul, Minnesota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 117], "content_span": [118, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0015-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2005\u201306 Iraq units\nCompany C, 2-135th (Nebraska) was augmented by a detail from the Colorado ARNG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 117], "content_span": [118, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0016-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2005\u201306 Iraq units\nAll six companies were augmented for the Iraq deployment by additional ARNG personnel from other states as well as a few Individual Ready Reserve soldiers from across the United States. The battalion had approximately 550 personnel in Iraq fully augmented, whereas the more normal staffing in the Colorado guard is 300. The total distribution of personnel at the brigade level is available on the CAB, 36th Inf Div state personnel contributions page.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 117], "content_span": [118, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0017-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2005\u201306 Iraq units\nCompany C, 1st Battalion, 111th Aviation Regiment of the Florida National Guard, and Detachment 1, Company C, 1st Battalion, 111th of the Arkansas National Guard were commanded by LTC Michael J. Rung, and were attached the 2d Battalion, 135th Aviation for additional medevac support during the OIF 06\u201307 rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 117], "content_span": [118, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0018-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2010\u201311 Afghanistan units\nCompany F, 2-135th (Louisiana and California) deployed to RC West and RC North in direct support of MEDEVAC missions for all coalition forces. While deployed and supporting MEDEVAC missions, CO F, 2-135th received the Valorous Unit Award (VUA) for \"extraordinary heroism in action against an armed enemy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 124], "content_span": [125, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0019-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2012\u20132013, OEF-KU\nSoldiers of the 2d Battalion (General Support), 135th Aviation Regiment were deployed as part of two Combat Aviation Brigades in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 116], "content_span": [117, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0020-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2012\u20132013, OEF-KU\nWhile deployed, the 2-135th played a significant role in more than 3,000 flight missions, accounting for more than 9,800 hours of flight moving 9,658 passengers and more than 825,000 pounds of cargo. The unit also helped transport nearly 5,600 distinguished visitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 116], "content_span": [117, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0021-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2012\u20132013, OEF-KU\nCAB medevac companies completed 234 medevac missions, four mass-casualty rehearsals and exercises, more than 25 medevac training iterations, and logged more than 765 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 116], "content_span": [117, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010177-0022-0000", "contents": "135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2012\u20132013, OEF-KU\nOn three separate expeditionary partnership missions, Task-Force Blackjack forward deployed to three additional countries, all while sustaining flight operations in Kuwait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 116], "content_span": [117, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010178-0000-0000", "contents": "135th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 135th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the states government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 3, 1989, which was two weeks before the beginning of the fifth administrative year of Republican Governor Michael N. Castle from New Castle County and the first year for Republican Lieutenant Governor Dale E. Wolf, also from New Castle County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010178-0001-0000", "contents": "135th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1980 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010178-0002-0000", "contents": "135th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 135th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010178-0003-0000", "contents": "135th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010178-0004-0000", "contents": "135th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010179-0000-0000", "contents": "135th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 135th Division (\u7b2c135\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakusanj\u016bgo Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Cordiality Division (\u771f\u5fc3\u5175\u56e3, Shinshin Heidan). It was formed 10 July 1945 in Mishan as a triangular division. It was a part of the 8 simultaneously created divisions batch comprising 134th, 135th,  136th, 137th, 138th, 139th, 148th and 149th divisions. The nucleus for the formation were the 2nd (Suifenhe) (or 3rd), 4th (Hulin) border guards groups, 46th transport guards group and 77th Independent Mixed Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010179-0001-0000", "contents": "135th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 135th division took the defensive sector previously occupied by the 11th division and later by 77th Independent Mixed Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010179-0002-0000", "contents": "135th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nWith the start of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria 9 August 1945, the Red Army immediately pierced in the sector of 135th division, manned by 15th border guards group at Hutou. The 15th border guards group was assigned to 135th division at the beginning of the battle. Nonetheless, because of the more threatening Soviet breakthrough at Suifenhe, two infantry battalions were detached from the 135th division 9 August 1945 and were reassigned to the 124th division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010179-0002-0001", "contents": "135th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 135th division, catch off-guard, with majority of officers attending a war game at Yangming District was ordered to withdraw to Yangming District in the evening 10 August 1945. 15 August 1945 it was ordered to retreat further to Mudanjiang, and finally order to surrender was received 17 August 1945 as the part of the surrender of Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010179-0003-0000", "contents": "135th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe lack of equipment was severe. Some of the required bayonets and swords of the division were forged locally from the available material like the steel salvaged from automotive suspensions. The artillery of the 135th division was the worst among 5th army, with only about two-thirds complement represented by Type 41 75 mm Cavalry Guns, trench mortars and other miscellaneous weapons. Before the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, the Kwantung Army command has estimated the 135th division being at 15% of the nominal combat strength. The 135th division has suffered 1631 men killed during the short campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010179-0004-0000", "contents": "135th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe majority of the troops of the 135th division were taken prisoner by Red Army and sent to the Siberian labour camps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010180-0000-0000", "contents": "135th Georgia General Assembly\nThe 135th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia convened its first session on January 8, 1979, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. The 135th Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 134th and served as the precedent for the 136th General Assembly in 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010180-0001-0000", "contents": "135th Georgia General Assembly, Party standings, House of Representatives\n*Active political parties in Georgia are not limited to the Democratic and Republican parties. Libertarians, and occasionally others, run candidates in elections. However, for the 1979-80 session of the General Assembly, only the two major parties were successful in electing legislators to office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010181-0000-0000", "contents": "135th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 135th Illinois Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Illinois that served in the Union Army between June 6 and September 28, 1864, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010181-0001-0000", "contents": "135th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized at Mattoon, Illinois, with a strength of 852 men, and mustered in for one-hundred-day service on June 6, 1864. On June 10, the regiment departed for Benton Barracks, Missouri, where they reported to General William Rosecrans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010181-0002-0000", "contents": "135th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nFrom there five companies of the regiment were stationed on the Iron Mountain railroad. Three companies of the regiment were stationed at the Gasconade railroad crossing and a further two companies stationed at the Osage railroad crossing of the Missouri Pacific Railroad and at Jefferson City, Missouri. The regiment was mustered out on September 28, 1864. During its service the regiment lost one man at Gasconade crossing and sixteen men to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010182-0000-0000", "contents": "135th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 135th Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between May 23 and September 29, 1864, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010182-0001-0000", "contents": "135th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana and mustered in on May 23, 1864. It was ordered to Tennessee and Alabama for railroad guard duty, until late September 1864. The regiment was mustered out on September 29, 1864. During its service the regiment lost twenty-eight men to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010183-0000-0000", "contents": "135th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 135th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment in the Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010183-0001-0000", "contents": "135th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nDuring the Civil War, the First Minnesota Regiment, today the 2nd Battalion, 135th Infantry Regiment (2/135) was the first volunteer regiment to offer its services to President Lincoln. The men of the 1st Minnesota are most remembered for their actions on the late afternoon of 2 July 1863, during the second day's fighting at Gettysburg, resulting in the prevention of a serious breach in the Union defensive line on Cemetery Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010183-0002-0000", "contents": "135th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\n1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry organized 27 April 1861 at Fort Snelling. (Company A Pioneer Guards organized 17 April 1856 at St. Paul).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010183-0003-0000", "contents": "135th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nreorganized in 1870 from Regimental Veteran Association as 1st Regiment Minnesota Enrolled Militia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010183-0004-0000", "contents": "135th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nExpanded and redesignated in 1883 as 1st Infantry Regiment Minnesota National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010183-0005-0000", "contents": "135th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Silver color metal and enamel device 1\u00a01\u20448 inches (2.9\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Argent, on a saltire Azure between in chief a fleur-de-lis Gules, in fess the Corps badge of the 2d Division, 8th Army Corps during the Spanish War Proper (two Silver circles overlapping each other one-third radius, resembling the figure \"8\") fringed of the third and two bolos saltirewise and in base a bull's skull of the like, the 2d Division, 2d Corps badge of the Civil War of the fourth (a Silver three-leaf clover with stem, voided). Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Silver scroll inscribed \"TO THE LAST MAN\" in Blue letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010183-0006-0000", "contents": "135th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is white (silver), the old Infantry colors. The blue saltire is taken from the Confederate flag - for Civil War service. At the battle of Gettysburg the 1st Minnesota Infantry Volunteers were in the 2d Division, 2d Corps (Hancock's), whose badge was the three-leaf clover. The figure \"8\" represents the Spanish War service and the crossed bolos the Philippine Insurrection service, while the fleur-de-lis represents World War I service of the 135th Infantry. The bull's skull (shoulder sleeve insignia of the 34th Division) indicates service with this Division during the period of peace and through World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010183-0007-0000", "contents": "135th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 135th Infantry Regiment on 18 June 1926. It was amended to show additional war service on 19 December 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010184-0000-0000", "contents": "135th New York State Legislature\nThe 135th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3 to March 29, 1912, during the second year of John Alden Dix's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010184-0001-0000", "contents": "135th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1906 and 1907, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (eight districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010184-0002-0000", "contents": "135th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010184-0003-0000", "contents": "135th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1911, was held on November 7. No statewide elective offices were up for election. For the first time, a Socialist was elected to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010184-0004-0000", "contents": "135th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1912; and adjourned on March 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010184-0005-0000", "contents": "135th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nEdwin A. Merritt, Jr. (R) was elected Speaker with 95 votes against 45 for Al Smith (D).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010184-0006-0000", "contents": "135th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn April 19, Bronx County was created by the Legislature, to be effectively separated from New York County on January 1, 1914. To date, this was the last county created in the State of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010184-0007-0000", "contents": "135th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010184-0008-0000", "contents": "135th New York State Legislature, State Assembly\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010185-0000-0000", "contents": "135th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 135th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 135th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 135th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010185-0001-0000", "contents": "135th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 135th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 11, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Andrew Legg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010185-0002-0000", "contents": "135th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Cumberland, Maryland, May 11. It was assigned to duty as railroad guard on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad at North Mountain, Opequan Station, and Martinsburg until July 3. At North Mountain, a portion of the regiment was captured and sent to Andersonville Prison. It participated in operations around Harpers Ferry July 4\u20137, and performed guard duty at Maryland Heights until September. Participated in the actions at Maryland Heights July 3\u20137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010185-0003-0000", "contents": "135th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 135th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Camp Chase on September 1, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010185-0004-0000", "contents": "135th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010185-0005-0000", "contents": "135th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 73 men during service; 7 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 66 enlisted men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0000-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\n135th Siege Battery was a heavy howitzer unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) raised during  World War I. It saw active service on the Western Front at the Somme and Arras, against the German spring offensive, and in the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0001-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation and training\nOnce the fighting on the Western Front had bogged down into Trench warfare in 1914, there was an urgent need for siege artillery. 135th Siege Bty was formed at Tynemouth in Northumberland under Army Council Instruction 996 of 13 May 1916. The gunners were drawn from Nos 12 and 47 Companies, RGA, which manned coast artillery in the Tynemouth Garrison (66 from No 12 Co and 44 from No 47). Most of them were recent recruits under the Derby Scheme with just a few weeks' training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0001-0001", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation and training\nThe first officers and warrant officers set up battery headquarters (BHQ) at the Temperance Hotel at Cullercoats. Ten non-commissioned officers (NCOs) arrived from the RGA's B Depot at Bexhill-on-Sea, together with the signal detachment of three NCOs and eight men from A Depot at Bexhill. Captain D.B.C. Sladen was appointed to command the battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0002-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation and training\nThe battery left Cullercoats on 4 June to join R Siege Brigade (Training) at Horsham and after a month moved to Lydd to complete its training, first with B Bde, then with C Bde. On 29 July the battery began to move to Bristol to mobilise, where its guns were waiting. The battery was equipped with four 8-inch howitzers. At this stage of the war the 8-inch howitzers in use (Marks I\u2013V) were improvised from cut-down and bored-out barrels of 6-inch coast defence guns, with the recoil checked by enormous wooden wedges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0003-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front\n135th Siege Bty went out to Western Front in the summer of 1916, the advance party leaving on 11 August, and on 13 August the guns and the motor transport column of the Army Service Corps (ASC) \u2013 four caterpillar tractors, over 30 lorries, plus a car and assorted motorcycles \u2013 went to Avonmouth Docks to be shipped to France. The rest of the personnel embarked on the Golden Eagle at Folkestone Harbour on 19 August. After unloading the guns at Boulogne the battery entrained and joined the advance party at La Houssoye on 23 August, where it joined III Corps' Heavy Artillery on 23 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0004-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme\nWhile at La Houssoye the battery was visited by the official war photographer John Warwick Brooke, several of whose pictures of the battery are in the collection of the Imperial War Museum. On 29 August 135th Siege Bty was assigned to 27th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG). At that stage of the war a heavy artillery group (HAG) was a lieutenant-colonel's command controlling  a fluctuating number of RGA heavy and siege batteries. The battery was temporarily split up and attached to experienced batteries for  initiation into front-line service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0004-0001", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme\nLeft Half Battery was attached to 19th Siege Bty (of 27th HAG) outside Mametz, Right Half Battery to 57th Siege Bty (of 30th HAG) with No 1 gun near Contalmaison with the forward section, and No 2 gun at Fricourt with the rear section. These batteries were supporting Fourth Army conducting the Somme Offensive; although the gun positions were rarely under fire, the forward observation officers (FOOs) and signallers were in Observation Posts (OPs) in the midst of fighting in High Wood and Delville Wood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0004-0002", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme\nAfter a month the battery was pulled out on 21 September, but immediately sent forward to new positions, with Right Half to 67th Siege Bty and Left Half to 47th Siege Bty, both close to Montauban in XV Corps' Heavy Artillery. From these positions the battery supported the attacks of September that cleared High Wood and Delville Wood, and captured Flers, Guillemont and Ginchy, and then Gueudecourt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0005-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme\n135th Siege Bty had been subordinated to 14th HAG since 12 September, and on 29 September the sections began moving forward to prepare four new positions on the Longueval\u2013High Wood road and reunite the battery. The gunners worked in mud and rain, and had to carry their ammunition down the last 500 yards (460\u00a0m) along the shell-damaged road. Eventually the exhausted gunners were helped by fatigue parties from the British West Indies Regiment. The gunners were accommodated in old German dugouts that were collapsing under shellfire and rain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0005-0001", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme\nThe OPs, however, were 3,000 yards (2,700\u00a0m) behind the front line, only just in front of the battery. The battery's targets were usually over the Ligny-Thilloy sector and round the Butte de Warlencourt. It suffered its first few fatal casualties in early October. Fourth Army's offensive was now completely held up, and XV Corps was relieved by I ANZAC Corps, taking over the batteries in position. 135th Siege Bty was transferred to the command of 3rd HAG on 16 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0005-0002", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme\n3rd HAG's primary target was the troublesome 'Gird Trench' nd associated strongpoints, which had withstood many attacks in the Battle of the Transloy Ridges. The shelling of the German positions continued, with 135th Siege Bty putting down a particularly heavy bombardment on 13 November to support Fifth Army's attack further north (the Battle of the Ancre).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0006-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1916\u201317\nThe Somme Offensive died down after the Ancre and 135th Sieg Bty pulled its guns out on the night of 1/2 Decemberx. It exchanged with ASC ammunition column with 67th Siege Bty and then moved to Bonnay for rest. The BEF was taking over part of the line from the French, so 135th Siege Bty moved south to rejoin XV Corps in this new sector, transferring to 6th HAG on 11 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0006-0001", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1916\u201317\nIts new gun positions were in the valley below 'Saverake Wood;, SW of Combles, at least half a mile from any road, so the only way to get the guns in was to dismantle them at the railhead and send the pieces up on small light railway trucks. The battery had to construct a railway siding connecting to the Decauville Railway while the gunners lived in camouflaged tents in the snow, until some experience miners in their ranks constructed deep dugouts in the underlying chalk. The first gun was registered on 21 December and all four were in position and ready for action on 25 December. Major Sladen was invalided to England on 18 December and was succeeded on 17 January 1917 by Acting-Maj C.P. Heath from 66th Siege Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0007-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1916\u201317\nThe battery's miners also constructed camouflaged OPs for the brigade, despite alternate frosts and thaws. From February the battery was engaged in shelling the enemy's 'Jupiter' trenches along the edge of St Pierre Vaast Wood, for which the OP was in the infantry's lines, at the end of a 800 yards (730\u00a0m) telephone line that frequently had to be reapired after bing cut by enemy shellfire. The battery's bombardments continued daily until 4 March, when 8th Division of XV Corps carried out a surprise local attack on Bouchavesnes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0007-0001", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1916\u201317\nThe battery pushed its OPs forwards and attempted to shell a group of German batteries that were now in sight. Unfortunately, they were beyond the limited range of the Mk V 8-inch howitzers. On 13 March the battery was ordered to pull out, and on 16 March it was officially transferred to 32nd HAG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0008-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras\n32nd HAG was with VI Corps in the Arras sector under Third Army, and the battery joined it on 21 March. Third Army was preparing for the forthcoming Arras Offensive, in which 135th Siege Bty's role was counter-battery (CB) fire. Positions had been selected for it in private gardens off the Place Vauban in the middle of Arras, only 2,800 yards (2,600\u00a0m) behind the front line. The flowerbeds had to be carefully protected as the guns were pulled in, because any changes would have been obvious to German air observers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0008-0001", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras\nThe battery remained silent for several days while 3600 rounds of ammunition were stockpiled. The artillery plan for Arras was much more carefully worked out than previous operations. It began with systematic CB work to put the German artillery out of action, 135th Siege Bty's targets, beginning on 1 April being mainly in 'Battery Valley' (east and north-east of Tilloy ), in the valley of the River Scarpe, and behind 'Orange Hill'. Occasionally the battery also bombarded the villages of Feuchy, Fampoux and Athies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0008-0002", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras\nThe main bombardment was planned to last for five days (V, W, X, Y and Z) beginning on 4 April. given the mass of guns firing, the area bombarded was divided into small zones without overlapping fire, to help the FOOs spot the fall of shot of their own guns. However, visibility was poor on some of the days, so an additional day (Q) was inserted on 7 April and Z day for the attack (the First Battle of the Scarpe) became 9 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0008-0003", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras\n135th Siege Bty was badly shelled in the Place Vauban on V day, with the Battery Quartermaster-Sergeant mortally wounded and the Battery Sergeant-Major wounded and evacuated. On Z day 135th Siege Bty was manning the brigade OP, with the FOOs and signallers tasked with following the attacking infantry as closely as possible, jumping off from the same tunnels under Arras and laying out a telephone line as they advanced. The enemy's SOS barrage came down too late, and slackened off as their batteries were captured, the infantry sweeping forward against scattered resistance. VI Corps had captured Orange Hill and the Wancourt\u2013Feuchy lines by the end of the day, an advance of 5,000 yards (4,600\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0009-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras\nAlthough VI Corps' attack on 9 April had been successful, the follow-up over succeeding days was less so, the guns having to be pushed forward through mud and destruction to bring the enemy into effective range. On 11 April the loaded guns of 135th Siege Bty were ordered to cease fire until  midnight, when they were fired off into Gu\u00e9mappe, which they could just reach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0009-0001", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras\nNext day 135th Siege Bty began moving forward to Feuchy Chapel, but the traffic congestion was so bad that the leading section could not pull its guns into position until after daybreak on 13 April, when it came under considerable enemy shelling. The two guns were in position by 13.30 and registered by 15.00; the other two came up during the day and were ready for action by 18.30. Large numbers of guns were crammed together in the open in a small area, under incessant harassing fire (HF) by enemy field guns and repeated CB bombardments by heavy guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0009-0002", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras\nApart from a few captured dugouts the gunners had to shelter from weather and shellfire in nearby trenches when not serving the guns. Keeping lines open to the OP on Orange Hill and later in Monchy-le-Preux was difficult, as wqs bringing up ammunition lorries under shellfire. A particularly destructive CB shoot ranged by aircraft hit the battery on 21 April, when ammunition dumps, camouflage and nearby supply tanks were destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0009-0003", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras\nWhen the gunners emerged from shelter only one gun was completely knocked out, and another was soon repaired, giving the battery three guns to begin next morning's bombardment for the Second Battle of the Scarpe. However, the later bombardments were rushed and less effective than the opening of the offensive. During April 1917 135th Siege Bty fired more rounds than any similar period of its history. A fresh bombardment began on 1 May for the Third Battle of the Scarpe two days later, but the attack was largely unsuccessful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0010-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras\nAfter a period of rest the gunners returned to their guns at Feuchy Chapel on 15 May, but pulled them out next day when 135th Siege Bty was transferred to 48th HAG with VII Corps for the final attacks on the Hindenburg Line. It took up positions near Tilloy and began registering new targets. It then carried out CB shoots nearly every day with air observation while improving its positions, the miners digging new dugouts including an underground battery command post and telephone exchange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0011-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Nieuport\nThe BEF's next planned operation was the Flanders Offensive, aiming to break through at Ypres, with a follow-up attack by Fourth Army along the coast supported by amphibious landings (Operation Hush). On 1 July 1917 the battery was ordered to Oostduinkerke to rejoin XV Corps with Fourth Army. It travelled by train and arrived on 7 July, being assigned to 34th HAG. The gun pits were dug into the sand dunes, and the guns had to be dragged in pieces over 1 mile (1.6\u00a0km) of sand, followed by the ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0011-0001", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Nieuport\nThe position being prepared was under shellfire, and on the night of 9/10 July this became severe, including large numbers of gas shells. This was the preparation for a spoiling attack by the Germans that captured the British front line trenches and pushed the infantry back over the canal. 135th Siege Bty pulled its guns in over the next two nights. 256th Tunnelling Company, Royal Engineers, helped the gunners to construct dugouts and galleries under the dunes. The OPs were at Nieuport, one being a concrete tower built into one of the houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0011-0002", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Nieuport\nThe guns of both sides were very active throughout the summer and the batteries round Oostduinkerke suffered a steady drain of casualties and damaged guns. On one occasion 135th Siege Bty came under accurate shelling while conducting a shoot with air observation; the observer found the enemy battery and called down fire from a 9.2-inch howitzer battery to silence it, returning to the task with 135th afterwards. After Operation Hush was abandoned, the battery came under  the command of 36th HAG on 3 September and then of 1st HAG on 6 October but this did not alter its tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0012-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1917\u20138\nOn 5 December the battery was ordered back to the Arras sector to join 83rd HAG in XIII Corps with First Army. The battery moved by road, arriving on 12 December. It established a Forward Section of two guns at Bailleul-Sir-Berthoult ('M') on the forward slope of Vimy Ridge and the other two as the Rear Section at Maison de la Cote ('X2') on the Arras\u2013Bailleul road, while also digging gun pits in a sunken road as an alternative position for two guns ('N').", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 75], "content_span": [76, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0013-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1917\u20138\nOn 24 December 1917 the battery was joined by a section of 258th Siege Bty, which joined Rear Section and brought 135th Siege Bty up to a six gun establishment. By now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and on 1 January 1918 they were converted into permanent RGA brigades. For the rest of the war the battery remained part of 83rd (Mixed) Bde, RGA, along with two heavy batteries (60-pounders), two 6-inch howitzer batteries and one of 9.2-inch howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 75], "content_span": [76, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0014-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1917\u20138\nAround two-thirds of the battery's personnel were sent for rest from 15 to 30 January 1918 while junior officers under training manned some of the guns. However, duties during the 'rest' period were still heavy, with two new Mk VI howitzers having to be dragged into an old German gun position ('S') near Bailleul (just 2,500 yards (2,300\u00a0m) from the current German front line) to begin replacing the worn-out Mk V guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 75], "content_span": [76, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0014-0001", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1917\u20138\n83rd Brigade's role was CB work on XIII Corps' front, and with its excellent observation from Vimy Ridge 'S' and 'X2' positions (the latter shared with the 9.2-inch howitzers of 69th Siege Bty) were able to carry out some effective shoots against hostile batteries around Crest Wood. During February and March German retaliatory fire on Bailleul, was heavy, especially with Mustard gas shells, which caused numerous casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 75], "content_span": [76, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0015-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1917\u20138\nThe Germans were expected soon to launch a Spring Offensive, so all gun positions were well stocked with ammunition and equipped with gas-proof dugouts and buried telephone cables. The positions were prepared for defence with rifles and machine guns, and means to destroy the guns if overrun. A detachment of the Middlesex Regiment was attached to protect the battery. On 5 March six new Mk VII howitzers arrived to re-equip the battery at 'S' and 'X2' positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 75], "content_span": [76, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0016-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Spring Offensive\nThe German Spring Offensive was launched on 21 March. Although the battery came under shellfire, particularly round 'X2', the Arras front remained quiet. Next day the batteries were ordered to get their guns onto emergency platforms, which allowed greater fields of fire. When the German attack extended to the Scarpe on 23 March, 135th Siege Bty was able to assist the defenders. It also pulled two guns out of the exposed S position and moved them to prepared gun pits on the reverse slope of Vimy Ridge. The battery carried out some effective CB work on the German batteries that were being moved up in front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0017-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Spring Offensive\nOn 28 March the German extended their offensive north to First Army's front (the Third Battle of Arras), beginning with a massive bombardment at 03.00. The batteries of 83rd Bde were supporting 56th (1st London) Division, but the attack initially came in on the adjacent XVII Corps. The batteries opened fire on prearranged 'SOS' targets for XVII Corps at 04.00 but remained under fire themselves until 12.00. Many guns were temporarily put out of action when they were buried by debris from shell explosions, particularly at 'X2'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0017-0001", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Spring Offensive\n135th Siege Bty received the heaviest fire in the brigade and Major Heath pulled his men back from the gun pits until he was ordered to continue fighting his guns regardless of casualties. The battery was finally ordered to pull back that night to \u00c9curie station; one gun with a damaged wheel had to be left at X2 until it could be recovered later, but the rest of the battery got away and resumed fire next day from primitive platforms. However, the infantry battle had dwindled away by nightfall on 28 March. Although 56th (1st L) Division had been forced out of its forward zone, there was no breakthrough, Vimy Ridge had been held and German losses were severe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0018-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Spring Offensive\nOn 1 April 135th Siege Bty's five guns were in action from Springfield Camp on the Arras\u2013Lens road, establishing a new forward position (the Plank Road position) on the Roclincourt\u2013Th\u00e9lus road on 11 April. The battery also recovered gun platforms and ammunition that had been abandoned at the old S position. From these new positions (as yet undiscovered by the enemy)  they resumed HF shoots against the Germans in support of 4th Canadian Division, which had taken over the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0018-0001", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Spring Offensive\nThe work included nightly 'corps salvoes' and concentrations against enemy trenches, dispersing working parties, occasional CB shoots with the flash spotters and sound rangers, and regular aeroplane shoots during daytime, as well as the battery's own OP on Vimy Ridge. It was not until 12 May that the Germans spotted the Plank Road position and subjected it to occasional HF shelling that inflicted a few casualties. It came under heavy fire while conducting a morning aeroplane shoot on 22 May, and one gun was damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0018-0002", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Spring Offensive\nOn 28 May the section moved to a new camouflaged position that had been prepared some 800 yards (730\u00a0m) away in Roclincourt village. In June the battery was reinforced by an officer and 48 gunners of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to gain experience with heavy artillery. 83rd Brigade was withdrawn into GHQ Reserve on 19 July, and 135th and 69th Siege Btys temporarily joined 67th Bde, moving to new positions at Souchez. They pulled out again on the night of 30/31 July and entrained to rejoin 83rd Bde, which was reassembling at Gentelles Wood, near Amiens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0019-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive\n83rd Brigade was once again supporting Canadian Corps, now under Fourth Army. The gunners found it difficult to move the heavy platforms through the wood into their designated positions, a wooded ravine about 400 yards (370\u00a0m) from the road, which was under shellfire. There was not time to dig gun pits before daylight so they were camouflaged and the men withdrawn to billets in Boves. It took several more nights' work to get the guns and ammunition into position and hidden. This was completed just in time to participate in the Battle of Amiens on 8 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0019-0001", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive\nThe heavy batteries remained hidden and silent until Zero hours, so no registration could be carried out, relying instead on the Field Survey Section to lay the guns accurately on their targets. The attack went in at 04.20 and 135th Siege Bty's task was to neutralise six enemy batteries, with one howitzer firing at each target, and later to take part in concentrations on likely enemy assembly points. The advance by infantry and tanks was rapid, and the German artillery withdrew rather than replying to the overwhelming fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0019-0002", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive\nBy 09.20 the enemy had been driven back out of range of the battery's howitzers. 83rd Brigade then ordered the battery to send forward a party to man some of the captured German guns. The volunteers from 135th Siege Bty under Lt O.L. Gill took over a 100 cm gun and continued rapid fire at the retreating Germans until nightfall. This was also out of range by next morning but the battery commander managed to obtain two lorries and the captured gun advanced with the lighter (60-pdr and 6-inch) guns of the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0019-0003", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive\nBy 16 August Capt C.E.L. Phillips of 135th Siege Bty was commanding a battery of captured 5.9-inch howitzers and Lt Gill had a full battery of 10 cm guns, all manned by gunners drawn from all the batteries of 83rd Bde. Meanwhile, the brigade had left behind the slow-moving 8- and 9.2-inch howitzers of 135th and 69th Siege Btys, and it was not until the night of 12/13 August that 135th moved up to Le Quesnel. Next morning the gunners began emplacing the platforms, but the work had to be redone twice due to changes in orders. The main body of the battery therefore played little part in the Canadians' follow-up attack on 15 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0020-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive\nDuring the Battle of Albert (23 August) 83rd Bde's batteries fired in support of the French XXXI Corps, which had relieved the Canadians but made little progress. The French finally captured Fresnoy-l\u00e8s-Roye on 26 August and 83rd Bde advanced, leaving 135th and 69th Siege Btys behind once more. An advance party of 135th joined the rest of the brigade near Nesle on 30 August, ready to begin preparing new positions and the guns were ordered up that evening; they were in action at Herly by 12.00 next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0020-0001", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive\nAlthough the OP came under some fire and the gun lines were bombed by aircraft nightly, 83rd Bde noted that hostile shelling was well below normal levels, and as the enemy pulled back out of range its batteries were placed in GHQ Reserve at Renancourt near Amiens on 5 September to undergo training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0021-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive\n83rd Brigade rejoined Fourth Army on 14 September and that night the caterpillar tractors began dragging the heavy guns up via Villers-Brettoneux to Attilly to support the next phase of the Hundred Days Offensive. By 18 September the guns were in position, ammunition had been brought up to forward dumps and the battery fired in support of the surprise attack of the Battle of \u00c9pehy that morning. 83rd Brigade was supporting 6th Division on the Army's extreme right, adjacent to the French.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0021-0001", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive\nAlthough the assault was generally successful, 6th Division was held up at Holnon, 'the Quadrilateral'  and Fresnoy-le-Petit, but the artillery crushed a German counter-attack. The battery then fired on SOS lines during the night in support of the infantry, suffering a number of casualties itself. 6th Division captured Holnon and Fresnoy next day. On 20 September the Germans began a destructive CB shoot against the battery, ranged by an aircraft, but caused no casualties or damage to guns, although some ammunition was destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0021-0002", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive\nOn the night of 21/22 September the whole brigade area came under heavy shellfire of various calibres, including some gas shelling. One gun received a direct hit and considerable amounts of ammunition were destroyed, and several gunners were wounded or gassed. After that, 83rd Bde arranged to have all its unengaged guns laid on fuve known enemy batteries, to fire retaliatory CB tasks whenever the Germans fired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0022-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive\nBefore 135th Siege Bty left the dangerous positions at Attilly, its five remaining guns supported a limited attack on the Quadrilateral on 24 September, a preliminary operation allowing Fourth Army to close up to the Hindenburg Line. The battery then repositioned on the night of 25/26 September to support IX Corps' planned attack on the St Quentin Canal. From well-dispersed gun positions west of St Quentin Wood untroubled by German artillery but subjected to night bombing, the battery participated in two days' bombardment of enemy trenches and machine gun positions. The infantry assault went in on 29 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0022-0001", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive\n46th (North Midland) Division, which had to storm the canal itself, had the heaviest level of artillery support of any British division in the war and its assault was a smashing success. 135th and 69th Siege Btys' role was to breach the canal embankment from Bellenglise to the canal bend in an attempt to drain the water. 46th (NM) Division swarmed over the canal across captured bridges and dams, using lifebelts and planks, and took its final objectives before nightfall. The battery's five howitzers had fired 2107 rounds (approximately 200 tonnes) of ammunition in just over 62 hours, while suffering no casualties itself. Next day 83rd Bde fired on Thorigny (near Lehaucourt) supporting 1st Division's successful follow-up attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0023-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive\n83rd Brigade now began moving its lighter guns forward across the canal to support 46th (NM) Division in the pursuit, leaving behind the 8- and 9.2-inch howitzers of 135th and 69th Siege Btys under the temporary command of 14th Bde. On the night of 3/4 October three caterpillar tractors were made available to move half of the battery 10 miles (16\u00a0km) to Magny-la-Fosse, where it was ready for action by 08.00. The remaining guns came up next night. However, early on 6 October 135th Siege Bty was badly bombed, suffering a number of casualties and damage to equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0023-0001", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive\nOn 8 October IX Corps attacked Mericourt as part of the Second Battle of Cambrai, and 135th Siege Bty supported this with CB fire from four howitzers, one being unserviceable. By 08.00 the Germans had retreated and the battery was almost out of range. Next the battery was ordered up to Bohain to prepare for Fourth Army's next setpiece operation, the Battle of the Selle. Launched at 05.20 on 17 October the attack quickly achieved an advance of 4,000 yards (3,700\u00a0m) and after firing on enemy batteries 135th Siege Bty found itself out of range soon after 11.20. The Germans retired across the Sambre\u2013Oise Canal and destroyed the bridges behind them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0024-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive\nOnce again 135th and 69th Siege Btys had to be left behind as the lighter guns followed the pursuit. 135th Siege Bty spent the period 18\u201328 October out of action at Bohain, untroubled apart from an occasional long-range shell. After preparing fresh positions at \u00c9caillon, the battery moved its platforms up on 31 October, despite problems on the crowded and slippery roads, and the first four guns arrived in the evening. That night the new position was heavily shelled and the battery suffered a number of casualties while emplacing its guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0024-0001", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive\nAfter registering the guns, the whole of 83rd Bde supported 1st Division's successful attack across the Sambre\u2013Oise Canal on 4 November. Zero was at 05.45, and each of 135th's five howitzers was laid on a different hostile battery. As the attack progressed, it responded to calls from observation aircraft. The 12 rounds fired in response to one such call at 15.12 were the last fired by the battery. The infantry had established  bridgeheads over the canal and advanced 3,000 yards (2,700\u00a0m) beyond. Next day the German artillery could be seen pulling out and retreating. Left behind once more, the battery was quartered at Wassigny when the Armistice with Germany came into force on 11 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0025-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Disbandment\nAfter the Armistice 83rd Bde was selected to form part of the British Army of Occupation in Germany, but 8-inch howitzers were not to be taken, so 135th Siege Bty was left behind once more. It moved on 11 December from Wassigny to Fontaine-au-Pire where it remained through the winter. In March 1919 it supplied a large draft to 25th and 70th Siege Btys in British Army of the Rhine and demobilisation proceeded for the rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 58], "content_span": [59, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0025-0001", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Disbandment\nBy 26 June a cadre of about 30 men left for England leaving the officer commanding and an equipment guard to entrain the guns and then embark them from Dunkirk on 6 August. One of the battery's 8-inch Mk VII howitzers was put on display at The Crystal Palace in an exhibition that formed the basis of the Imperial War Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 58], "content_span": [59, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010186-0026-0000", "contents": "135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Disbandment\nDuring its service the battery lost 29 men killed or died of wounds and had 108 wounded and 70 gassed (almost all the latter in March 1918). Commonwealth War Grave Commission records include three other men of the battery who died in service, two of them after the Armistice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 58], "content_span": [59, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010187-0000-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)\n135th Street is a local station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 135th Street and St. Nicholas Avenue in Harlem and Hamilton Heights in Manhattan, it is served by the B on weekdays, the C train at all times except nights, and the A train during late nights only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010187-0001-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), History\nThe station opened on September 10, 1932, as part of the city-operated Independent Subway System (IND)'s initial segment, the Eighth Avenue Line between Chambers Street and 207th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010187-0002-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nThere is no trim line at this station, but there are mosaic name tablets reading \"135TH ST.\" in white sans-serif lettering on a Prussian green background and black border. Small tile captions reading \"135\" run along the wall at regular intervals between the name tablets, and under the name tablets are directional captions, all in white lettering on a black background. Hunter green I-beam columns run along the platforms at regular intervals, alternating ones having the standard black station name plate with white lettering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010187-0003-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nThis station is the only local station with six tracks between two side platforms and is one of only three stations in the entire subway system that features six tracks on the same level, within the same tunnel (the others are DeKalb Avenue and Hoyt\u2013Schermerhorn Streets, both in Downtown Brooklyn). The two outermost tracks are used by local trains stopping at this station, while the two innermost tracks are used by express trains. The middle tracks in each direction are lay-up tracks and not used in revenue service. All fare controls are at platform level and there are no mezzanines, crossovers, or crossunders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010187-0004-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nThis station is located close to the nearby City College of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010187-0005-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nThe full-time booths are at the 135th Street end, at 137th Street there is a part-time exit. The booth at the 137th Street exit has been removed. There were restrooms at the 137th Street end of the southbound platform. Both street staircases at this end were built with their entry points facing St. Nicholas Park and have an old-fashioned appearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010188-0000-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)\n135th Street is a station on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 135th Street and Lenox Avenue in Harlem, it is served by the 2 and 3 trains at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010188-0001-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)\nThe 135th Street station was constructed for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as part of the city's first subway line, which was approved in 1900. Construction on the tunnel segment that includes the 135th Street station started on October 2 of the same year. The station opened on November 23, 1904. The station platforms were lengthened in 1910.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010188-0002-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)\nThe 135th Street station contains two side platforms and three tracks. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations. The platforms contain exits to Lenox Avenue's intersection with 135th Street and are not connected to each other within fare control. The platforms contain elevators from the street, which make the station compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010188-0003-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nPlanning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature authorized the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010188-0003-0001", "contents": "135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nA plan was formally adopted in 1897, and legal challenges were resolved near the end of 1899. The Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010188-0004-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nThe 135th Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's East Side Branch (now the Lenox Avenue Line). Farrell & Hopper began building the section from 110th Street to 135th Street on August 30, 1900, subcontracting the section north of 116th Street to John C. Rodgers. The excavation was relatively easy because the subway was under one side of Lenox Avenue and there were no street railway tracks to work around.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010188-0005-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nOn November 23, 1904, the East Side Branch opened to 145th Street. Initially, the station was served by East Side local and express trains. Local trains ran from City Hall to Lenox Avenue (145th Street). Express trains had their southern terminus at South Ferry or Atlantic Avenue and had their northern terminus at 145th Street or West Farms (180th Street). Express trains to 145th Street were eliminated in 1906, and West Farms express trains operated through to Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010188-0006-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nTo address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts, made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $41.2 million in 2019) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $13,719,643 in 2019) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent. The platforms at the 135th Street station were extended 110 feet (34\u00a0m) to the north and 30 feet (9.1\u00a0m) to the south. On January 23, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the East Side Branch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 94], "content_span": [95, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010188-0007-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nIn 1918, the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square\u201342nd Street, thereby dividing the original line into an \"H\"-shaped system. Local trains were sent to South Ferry, while express trains used the new Clark Street Tunnel to Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 94], "content_span": [95, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010188-0008-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nThe IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of \"R-type\" rolling stock. These fleet contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948. The route to White Plains Road, formerly the route to West Farms, became known as the 2, while the route to Lenox Avenue\u2013145th Street became the 3. In 1959, all 2 and 3 trains became express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 94], "content_span": [95, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010188-0009-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nStarting on March 2, 1998, the tunnel was reconstructed along with the cracked tunnel floor. This was done to correct a major water problem that had existed for many years due to the presence of the Harlem Creek and other underground streams, which caused extensive flooding, water damage, and seepage problems that occasionally contributed to severe service disruptions. The project cost $82 million and was finished on October 12, 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 94], "content_span": [95, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010188-0009-0001", "contents": "135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nDuring the reconstruction, many 2 trains were rerouted via the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, while the 3 trains were rerouted to the 137th Street\u2013City College station on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line. Each of the two Lenox Avenue Line tracks were alternately taken out of service and supplemental shuttle bus service connecting to other lines in the area were provided for much of this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 94], "content_span": [95, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010188-0010-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe station has three tracks and two side platforms; the center track is not used in regular service. The 2 and 3 trains stop here at all times. The platforms were originally 350 feet (110\u00a0m) long, as at other stations north of 96th Street. The platform extensions are at the north ends of the original platforms. Fare control is at platform level. There are no crossovers or crossunders between the two side platforms to allow free transfer between directions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010188-0011-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe northbound outer track merges with the center track just north of the station and the center track merges with the southbound outer one just south of the station. North of the station, a diamond crossover allows trains to switch between the two tracks. At the 142nd Street Junction, the 2 train provides service to the Bronx via the IRT White Plains Road Line while the 3 continues on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line to 145th Street and Harlem\u2013148th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010188-0012-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nAs with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method. The tunnel is covered by a \"U\"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than 4 inches (100\u00a0mm) thick. The platforms consist of 3-inch-thick (7.6\u00a0cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The original platforms contain circular, cast-iron Doric-style columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m), while the platform extensions contain I-beam columns. Additional columns between the tracks, spaced every 5 feet (1.5\u00a0m), support the jack-arched concrete station roofs. There is a 1-inch (25\u00a0mm) gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4-inch (100\u00a0mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010188-0013-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nThe original decorative scheme consisted of blue/green tile station-name tablets, violet tile bands, a white terracotta cornice, and green terracotta plaques. The mosaic tiles at all original IRT stations were manufactured by the American Encaustic Tile Company, which subcontracted the installations at each station. The decorative work was performed by tile contractor Manhattan Glass Tile Company and terracotta contractor Atlantic Terra Cotta Company. Many of the original name tablets have since been replaced with newer renditions, but most of the plaques remain intact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010188-0014-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nThe 1995 artwork here is called Harlem Timeline by Willie Birch. It features mosaics of notable Harlem residents on the station platforms. The one on the southbound side includes Adam Clayton Powell, Joe Louis, the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Charlie Parker, Clara Ward, and Louis Armstrong while one on the northbound side includes the Harlem Globetrotters, the NAACP, Abyssian Baptist Church, Cotton Club, and Randall's Island football team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010188-0015-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nEach platform has one same-level fare control area at the center, containing a turnstile bank, token booth, two stairs to street-level, and an elevator. The northbound platform has exits to the eastern corners of Lenox Avenue and West 135th Street and the southbound side has exits to the western corners of that intersection. The elevators make this station fully ADA-accessible. The elevator for the southbound platform leads to the southwestern corner of West 135th Street and Lenox Avenue, while the elevator for the northbound platform leads to the northeastern corner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010189-0000-0000", "contents": "135th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)\n135th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had two levels. The lower level was built first and had two tracks and two side platforms and served local trains. The upper level was built as part of the Dual Contracts and had one track that served express trains that bypassed this station. It opened on September 17, 1879 and closed on June 11, 1940. The next southbound stop was 130th Street. The next northbound stop was 140th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010190-0000-0000", "contents": "135th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)\nThe 135th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) (ESC) is an independent major command (MACOM) of the Alabama Army National Guard, and until 2014 was a subordinate unit of the 167th Theater Sustainment Command. It is one of two Expeditionary Sustainment Commands assigned to the National Guard, the other unit is the 184th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) assigned to the Mississippi Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010190-0001-0000", "contents": "135th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Mission\nThe mission of the 135th Expeditionary Sustainment Command is to provide Command and Control of all assigned, attached, and operationally controlled units. The 135th ESC provides sustainment planning, guidance, and support to forces in an area of operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010190-0002-0000", "contents": "135th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Enduring Freedom\nThe 135th ESC mobilized for Operation Enduring Freedom from its home station in Birmingham, Alabama on 30 October 2009. Their mission in Afghanistan was to coordinate supply and logistics in the Afghan theater. While in Afghanistan the unit will supply more than 200 forward operating bases, supply more than 1 million cases of bottled water per month and food for more than 210,00 meals per day. The command conducted pre-mobilization training at Ft. Hood, TX, in November and December 2009. The 135th took command of Joint Sustainment Command - Afghanistan from the U.S. Army Reserve 143rd ESC in early December 2009. The 135th ESC turned over control of Joint Sustainment Command - Afghanistan to the 184th ESC on 17 October 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010191-0000-0000", "contents": "135th meridian east\nThe meridian 135\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010191-0001-0000", "contents": "135th meridian east\nThe 135th meridian east forms a great circle with the 45th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010191-0002-0000", "contents": "135th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 135th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010192-0000-0000", "contents": "135th meridian west\nThe meridian 135\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010192-0001-0000", "contents": "135th meridian west\nThe 135th meridian west forms a great circle with the 45th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010192-0002-0000", "contents": "135th meridian west\nThe Alaska Time Zone is based on the mean solar time of this meridian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010192-0003-0000", "contents": "135th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 135th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010193-0000-0000", "contents": "136 (number)\n136 (one hundred [and] thirty six) is the natural number following 135 and preceding 137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010193-0001-0000", "contents": "136 (number), In mathematics\n136 is itself a factor of the Eddington number. With a total of 8 divisors, 8 among them, 136 is a refactorable number. It is a composite number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010193-0002-0000", "contents": "136 (number), In mathematics\n136 is a centered triangular number and a centered nonagonal number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010193-0003-0000", "contents": "136 (number), In mathematics\nThe sum of the ninth row of Lozani\u0107's triangle is 136.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010193-0004-0000", "contents": "136 (number), In mathematics\n136 is a self-descriptive number in base 4, and a repdigit in base 16. In base 10, the sum of the cubes of its digits is 13+33+63=244{\\displaystyle 1^{3}+3^{3}+6^{3}=244}. The sum of the cubes of the digits of 244 is 23+43+43=136{\\displaystyle 2^{3}+4^{3}+4^{3}=136}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010193-0005-0000", "contents": "136 (number), In mathematics\n136 is a triangular number, because it's the sum of the first 16 positive integers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010194-0000-0000", "contents": "136 Austria\nAustria (minor planet designation: 136 Austria) is a main-belt asteroid that was found by the prolific asteroid discoverer Johann Palisa on 18 March 1874, from the Austrian Naval Observatory in Pola, Istria. It was his first asteroid discovery and was given the Latin name of his homeland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010194-0001-0000", "contents": "136 Austria\nBased upon its spectrum, it is classified as an M-type spectrum, although Clark et al. (1994) suggest it may be more like an S-type asteroid. It shows almost no absorption features in the near infrared, which may indicate an iron or enstatite chondrite surface composition. A weak hydration feature was detected in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010194-0002-0000", "contents": "136 Austria\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid at the European Southern Observatory in 1981 gave a light curve with a period of 11.5 \u00b1 0.1 hours and a brightness variation of 0.40 in magnitude. As of 2013, the estimated rotation period is 11.4969 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010195-0000-0000", "contents": "136 BC\nYear 136 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Philus and Serranus (or, less frequently, year 618 Ab urbe condita) and the Fifth Year of Jianyuan. The denomination 136 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010196-0000-0000", "contents": "136 Tauri\n136 Tauri is a white-hued binary star system in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. It has a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.56, which is bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 7.71\u00b10.22\u00a0mas as seen from Earth's orbit, it is located approximately 420\u00a0light years from the Sun. The system is moving nearer with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221217.2\u00a0km/s, and is expected to make its closest approach in 6.5\u00a0million years at a distance of 150\u00a0ly (45\u00a0pc).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010196-0001-0000", "contents": "136 Tauri\nThis is a close, double-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 5.96\u00a0days and an eccentricity of 0.00. Tidal effects between the pair may have circularized their orbit and slowed their rotation rates \u2013 the primary has a projected rotational velocity of 10\u00a0km/s. They have a combined stellar classification of A0\u00a0V, and both are most likely A-type main-sequence stars of the same class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010197-0000-0000", "contents": "1360\nYear 1360 (MCCCLX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010198-0000-0000", "contents": "1360 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1360\u00a0kHz: 1360 AM is a regional broadcast frequency. Class B and D stations broadcast on 1360 AM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010201-0000-0000", "contents": "1360s\nThe 1360s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1360, and ended on December 31, 1369.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010202-0000-0000", "contents": "1360s BC\nThe 1360s BC is a decade which lasted from 1369 BC to 1360 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010202-0001-0000", "contents": "1360s BC, Significant people\nThis BC year article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010204-0000-0000", "contents": "1360s in art\nThe decade of the 1360s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010206-0000-0000", "contents": "1360s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010206-0001-0000", "contents": "1360s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010206-0002-0000", "contents": "1360s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010207-0000-0000", "contents": "1361\nYear 1361 (MCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010208-0000-0000", "contents": "1361 Leuschneria\n1361 Leuschneria, provisional designation 1935 QA, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 August 1935, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium, and named after American astronomer Armin Otto Leuschner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010208-0001-0000", "contents": "1361 Leuschneria, Orbit\nLeuschneria is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid that orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,976 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 22\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first observed at Johannesburg Observatory, extending the body's observation arc by 3 days prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010208-0002-0000", "contents": "1361 Leuschneria, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after American astronomer Armin Otto Leuschner (1868\u20131953), on a proposal by Sylvain Arend during a visit to Berkeley, where Leuschner was the director of the Leuschner Observatory at University of California. He is known for his books Celestial Mechanics and The Minor Planets of the Hecuba Group. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 123). The lunar crater Leuschner is also named in his honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010208-0003-0000", "contents": "1361 Leuschneria, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nIn May and June 2015, two rotational lightcurves of Leuschneria were obtained from photometric observations by Maurice Clark at Preston Gott Observatory of Texas Tech University, United States, and by Giovanni Casalnuovo at Eurac Observatory (C62) in Bolzano, Italy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.0893 and 9.646 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.75 and 0.19 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010208-0004-0000", "contents": "1361 Leuschneria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Leuschneria measures between 29.637 and 33.47 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a respective albedo between 0.066 and 0.0779. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0773 and a diameter of 30.16 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010209-0000-0000", "contents": "1361 Sh\u014dhei earthquake\nThe 1361 Sh\u014dhei earthquake (Japanese: \u6b63\u5e73\u5730\u9707) was a major earthquake that occurred on August 3, 1361 (Gregorian calendar) in Japan. It is believed that this quake was one of the Nankaid\u014d earthquakes. The magnitude was 8.4 Ms (Richter Scale Magnitude was 8.2 - 8.5) and it triggered a tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010211-0000-0000", "contents": "1362\nYear 1362 (MCCCLXII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010212-0000-0000", "contents": "1362 Griqua\n1362 Griqua, provisional designation 1935 QG1 is a dark, Jupiter-resonant background asteroid on an eccentric, cometary-like orbit and the namesake of the Griqua group, located in the Hecuba gap in the outermost region of the asteroid belt. The carbonaceous asteroid measures approximately 28 kilometers (17 miles) in diameter and has a rotation period of 6.9 hours. It was discovered on 31 July 1935, by South-African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named after the Griqua people in South Africa and Namibia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010212-0001-0000", "contents": "1362 Griqua, Orbit and classification\nGriqua is an asteroid in a cometary orbit (ACO), with no observable coma but with a Tisserand's parameter of 2.95, below the threshold of 3.0 defined for main-belt asteroids. ACO's may be extinct comets. It is the namesake and largest member of the small dynamical Griqua group (known as the \"Griquas\"), a marginally unstable group of asteroids observed in the Hecuba gap, a resonant zone with the gas giant Jupiter (2/1J). Griqua itself is background asteroids and does not belong to any known asteroid family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010212-0002-0000", "contents": "1362 Griqua, Orbit and classification\nThis asteroid orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0\u20134.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,107 days; semi-major axis of 3.22\u00a0AU). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.37 and an inclination of 24\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010212-0003-0000", "contents": "1362 Griqua, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1931 BN at Lowell Observatory in January 1931, more than 4 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010212-0004-0000", "contents": "1362 Griqua, Orbit and classification, Groups in the Hecuba gap\nThe marginally unstable Griqua group includes 3688\u00a0Navajo, 4177\u00a0Kohman and 11665\u00a0 Dirichlet, while the stable 2:1 resonant group are the \"Zhongguos\", named after 3789\u00a0Zhongguo. The transition between these two groups, however, is not clear. The unnamed, third group in the Hecuba gap are strongly unstable. Their largest members are the asteroids 1921\u00a0Pala, 1922\u00a0Zulu and 5201\u00a0Ferraz-Mello, as well as 5370\u00a0Taranis, 8373\u00a0Stephengould, and 9767\u00a0Midsomer\u00a0Norton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010212-0005-0000", "contents": "1362 Griqua, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Griqua's spectral type is ambiguous, closest to a common C-type asteroid and somewhat similar to an primitive P-type asteroid (CP). The asteroid has also been characterized as a \"brighter\" B-type asteroid in both the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010212-0006-0000", "contents": "1362 Griqua, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2000, a rotational lightcurve of Griqua was obtained from photometric observations by Colin Bembrick at the Mount Tarana Observatory in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.907 hours with a brightness variation of 0.25 magnitude (U=3). In 2009, follow-up observations by Jean and Milan Strajnic (511), Alain Klotz and Raoul Behrend as well as observations in the S-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California gave a concurring period of 6.891 and 6.9 hours with an amplitude of 0.23 and 0.24 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2). The result supersedes a measurement of 7 hours made in the 1970s (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010212-0007-0000", "contents": "1362 Griqua, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Griqua measures between 25.60 and 30 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0667 and 0.091.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010212-0008-0000", "contents": "1362 Griqua, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0667 with a diameter of 29.90 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.18, while fragmentary radiometric observations in the 1970s determined a diameter of 31.0\tkilometer and a derived albedo of 0.055 (TRIAD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010212-0009-0000", "contents": "1362 Griqua, Naming\nThis minor planet is named after the Afrikaans-speaking Griqua people, a mixed tribe of Bushman and Khoikhoi descent in Griqualand in South Africa and Namibia. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 24).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010213-0000-0000", "contents": "1362 papal conclave\nThe 1362 papal conclave elected William Grimoard as Pope Urban V to succeed Pope Innocent VI in the Palais des Papes of Avignon, continuing the Avignon Papacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010213-0001-0000", "contents": "1362 papal conclave, Balloting\nTwenty cardinals entered the conclave on September 22, divided roughly into the factions of the French and Gascon cardinals (the latter being subjects of the King of England, in his capacity as Duke of Aquitaine). Eleven or twelve of the twenty cardinals were Limousin, including three cardinal-nephews of Innocent VI and six nephews of Pope Clement VI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010213-0002-0000", "contents": "1362 papal conclave, Balloting\nAfter six days, the cardinals agreed upon the election of Hugues Roger, a cardinal and nephew of Clement VI, who refused the election in no uncertain terms (unlike many popes who made a show of \"refusing\" only to accept soon afterwards). Thereafter, cardinal Raymond di Canillac emerged as papabile but was unable to receive the requisite supermajority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010213-0003-0000", "contents": "1362 papal conclave, Balloting\nIt became clear that none among the cardinals could receive a two-thirds majority, and thus discussion shifted to names outside the College. Disagreements continued until October 28, when the cardinals agreed on Abbot William Grimoard, the Apostolic Legate to the Kingdom of Naples, at the time residing in Florence. Fearing that Italians wishing to return the papacy to Rome would detain Grimoard, the French cardinals summoned him to Avignon, stating that they wished to consult with him, rather than informing him of his election. It took five weeks for Grimoard to reach Avignon, where he was crowned as Urban V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010213-0004-0000", "contents": "1362 papal conclave, Balloting\nFive years after his election, Urban V finally bowed to intense pressure from every direction, and did temporarily return the papacy to Rome on October 16, 1367. He returned to Avignon three years later, however, on August 26, 1370. He died in December of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010213-0005-0000", "contents": "1362 papal conclave, List of participants\nTwenty out of twenty one cardinals participated in the conclave:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010214-0000-0000", "contents": "1363\nYear 1363 (MCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010217-0000-0000", "contents": "1364\nYear 1364 (MCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010218-0000-0000", "contents": "1364 Safara\n1364 Safara, incorrectly designated 1935 VB, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 18 November 1935, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa. The asteroid should have been designated 1935 WB, as the letter \"V\" only covers discoveries made during 1\u201315 November. It was named after Andr\u00e9 Safar, presumably an acquaintance of the discoverer from Algiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010218-0001-0000", "contents": "1364 Safara, Orbit and classification\nSafara is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,910 days; semi-major axis of 3.01\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010218-0002-0000", "contents": "1364 Safara, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1932 EK at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1932. The body's observation arc begins at Algiers with its official discovery observation in November 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010218-0003-0000", "contents": "1364 Safara, Physical characteristics\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes Safara to be a stony S-type asteroid, while it has also characterized as a rare L-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. The overall spectral type of the Eos family is that of a K-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010218-0004-0000", "contents": "1364 Safara, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn February 2002, a rotational lightcurve of Safara was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.25 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.36 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010218-0005-0000", "contents": "1364 Safara, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn 2018, the body's lightcurve has also been modeled in a focused study of Eoan asteroids. Modeling gave a period of 7.14908 hours and two spin axis in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2) of (197.0\u00b0, 32.0\u00b0) and (10.0\u00b0, 12.0\u00b0).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010218-0006-0000", "contents": "1364 Safara, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Safara measures between 21.197 and 32.63 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.087 and 0.2231.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010218-0007-0000", "contents": "1364 Safara, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nCALL assumes an albedo of 0.14 \u2013 derived from 221\u00a0Eos, the family's largest member and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 25.73 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010218-0008-0000", "contents": "1364 Safara, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Andr\u00e9 Safar, presumably an acquaintance of the discoverer from Algiers. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 124).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010220-0000-0000", "contents": "1364 in Italy\nA series of events, births and deaths in AD 1364 in Italy:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010221-0000-0000", "contents": "1365\nYear 1365 (MCCCLXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010222-0000-0000", "contents": "1365 Henyey\n1365 Henyey, provisional designation 1928 RK, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany on 9 September 1928, and named for American astronomer Louis Henyey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010222-0001-0000", "contents": "1365 Henyey, Orbit and classification\nHenyey is a member of the Flora family, a large population of stony S-type asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,232 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first Identified as A907 GK at Heidelberg in 1907. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010222-0002-0000", "contents": "1365 Henyey, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2012, a first rotational lightcurve of Henyey was obtained from photometric observations by Daniel Klinglesmith at Etscorn Campus Observatory (719) in New Mexico. It gave a rotation period of 18.986 hours with a brightness variation of 0.23 magnitude (U=2). In November 2016, a divergent period solution of 32.2 hours with a change in brightness of 0.32 magnitude was found by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010222-0003-0000", "contents": "1365 Henyey, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Henyey measures 10.31 and 10.96 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.26 and 0.28. respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of the family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 11.31 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010222-0004-0000", "contents": "1365 Henyey, Naming\nBased on a suggestion by William Westbrooke, this minor planet was named after American astronomer Louis Henyey (1910\u20131970), known for his contributions in the field of stellar structure and stellar evolution. The lunar crater Henyey is also named in his honour. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1971 (M.P.C. 3143).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010223-0000-0000", "contents": "1366\nYear 1366 (MCCCLXVI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010224-0000-0000", "contents": "1366 Piccolo\n1366 Piccolo, provisional designation 1932 WA, is an asteroid from the background population of the outer asteroid belt, approximately 28 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 November 1932, by astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The asteroid was named after Auguste Cauvin, chief-editor of the Belgian newspaper Le Soir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010224-0001-0000", "contents": "1366 Piccolo, Orbit and classification\nPiccolo is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,780 days; semi-major axis of 2.87\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010224-0002-0000", "contents": "1366 Piccolo, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A916 NB at Johannesburg Observatory in July 1916. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010224-0003-0000", "contents": "1366 Piccolo, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the pseudonym of Auguste Cauvin, also known as \"d'Arsac\", long-time editor-in-chief of the Belgian newspaper Le Soir (c. 1898\u20131937). The pseudonym \"piccolo\" means \"small\" in Italian. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 124). Asteroid 1350\u00a0Rosselia was also named after an editor of Le Soir by Delporte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010224-0004-0000", "contents": "1366 Piccolo, Physical characteristics\nPiccolo has been characterized as an X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey, while the LCDB assumes a stony S-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010224-0005-0000", "contents": "1366 Piccolo, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn June 1984, a first rotational lightcurve of Piccolo was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 16.57 hours with a brightness variation of 0.33 magnitude (U=2). In 2003 and 2005, two more lightcurves were obtained by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy. They gave a period of 16.048 and 16.05 hours and an amplitude of 0.24 and 0.29 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 65], "content_span": [66, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010224-0006-0000", "contents": "1366 Piccolo, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn 2016, the asteroid lightcurve has also been modeled using photometric data from various sources. It gave a concurring period of 16.1834 hours and two spin axis in ecliptic coordinates of (352.0\u00b0, 49.0\u00b0) and (201.0\u00b0, 55.0\u00b0).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010224-0007-0000", "contents": "1366 Piccolo, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Piccolo measures between 26.92 and 28.02 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1538 and 0.199. In April 2003, an albedo of 0.131 and a diameter of 29.9 kilometers have also been deduced from a stellar occultation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010224-0008-0000", "contents": "1366 Piccolo, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1447 and a diameter of 27.50 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.52.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010225-0000-0000", "contents": "1366 Technologies\n1366 Technologies was a company based in Bedford, Massachusetts that developed a technique to produce silicon wafers by casting them in their ultimate shape directly in a mold, rather than the prevailing standard method in which wafers are cut from a large ingot. In July 2021, the company merged with Dallas-based Hunt Perovskite Technologies to form a new company, CubicPV. The company's management predicted that the new approach will be able to produce wafers at half the cost of current methods. The company's name was a reference to the solar constant, representing the watts of solar energy that hits each square meter outside of earth's atmosphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010225-0001-0000", "contents": "1366 Technologies, Technology\nThe company used a $4 million grant obtained from the United States Department of Energy's Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) program in December 2009 to fund research over an 18-month period. Grants from ARPA-E are designed to provide money to relatively small projects offering the potential for high-payoff results in fostering advanced techniques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010225-0001-0001", "contents": "1366 Technologies, Technology\n1366 Technologies was able to announce eight months into the grant period that it had achieved success in its casting technology, in which molten silicon is poured directly into a mold to produce wafers in their final form, a square 6 inches (15\u00a0cm) on each side that is 200 micrometres thick and are then extracted from the mold using a proprietary technique to ensure that the wafer doesn't break while being removed. In traditional methods, wafers of this size are cut from a large single ingot or crystal, in an approach that leaves as much as half of the original silicon ingot as waste.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010225-0002-0000", "contents": "1366 Technologies, Technology\nDavid Danielson, program director for solar energy at ARPA-E said that \"early indications show this could be one of our great success stories.\" ARPA-E's first director Arun Majumdar estimated that current techniques generate solar power at a cost of $4 per watt, and that bringing down that cost to $1.50 per watt could lead to the widespread adoption of solar energy. Company president Frank van Mierlo estimated that solar power generated using wafers from 1366 Technologies would be cheaper than power generated using coal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010225-0003-0000", "contents": "1366 Technologies, Technology\nThe company is now on their third generation of wafer-producing machines, which are full-sized, industrial line machines. The company will open a commercial-scale factory in upstate New York, slated for completion in 2017. This plant will start producing 50 million wafers annually, totaling 250 megawatts of output. It will eventually scale to 600 million wafers and 3,000 MW of annual production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010225-0004-0000", "contents": "1366 Technologies, Financing\n1366 Technologies has raised $70 million in capital to commercialize their innovation, from such investors as South Korean Hanwha Chemical, a major user of silicon wafers, as well as from Ventizz Capital Fund, North Bridge Venture Partners and Polaris Venture Partners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010227-0000-0000", "contents": "1367\nYear 1367 (MCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010229-0000-0000", "contents": "1368\nYear 1368 (MCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010230-0000-0000", "contents": "1368 Numidia\n1368 Numidia, provisional designation 1935 HD, is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 April 1935, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named after the ancient North African kingdom of Numidia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010230-0001-0000", "contents": "1368 Numidia, Orbit and classification\nBased on the hierarchical clustering method, Numidia has both been classified as a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population (Nesvorn\u00fd), and as a core member of the Maria family (Milani and Kne\u017eevi\u0107). It orbits the Sun in the intermediate asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 4.01 years (1,465 days; semi-major axis of 2.52\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010230-0002-0000", "contents": "1368 Numidia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1928 SN at Uccle Observatory in September 1928. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg in May 1931, three weeks after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010230-0003-0000", "contents": "1368 Numidia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the ancient Berber kingdom of Numidia, that was located in North Africa, in what is now Algeria. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 124).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010230-0004-0000", "contents": "1368 Numidia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn May 1983, a first rotational lightcurve of Numidia was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.64 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.35 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 65], "content_span": [66, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010230-0005-0000", "contents": "1368 Numidia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nModeling of the asteroid's lightcurve gave a concurring sidereal period of 3.640739 and 3.640740 hours, respectively. In 2016, modeling also determined a pole of (201.0\u00b0, \u221262.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 65], "content_span": [66, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010230-0006-0000", "contents": "1368 Numidia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Numidia measures between 15.93 and 20.66 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.177 and 0.298.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010230-0007-0000", "contents": "1368 Numidia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1918 and a diameter of 19.24 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.99.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010234-0000-0000", "contents": "1369\nYear 1369 (MCCCLXIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010235-0000-0000", "contents": "1369 Ostanina\n1369 Ostanina (prov. designation: 1935 QB) is a dark and elongated asteroid of the Meliboea family, located in the outer region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 27 August 1935, by Soviet astronomer Pelageya Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The hydrated carbonaceous C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 8.4 hours and measures approximately 42 kilometers (26 miles) in diameter. It was named for the Russian village of Ostanin, birthplace of the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010235-0001-0000", "contents": "1369 Ostanina, Orbit and classification\nOstanina orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,013 days; semi-major axis of 3.12\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010235-0002-0000", "contents": "1369 Ostanina, Orbit and classification\nBased on the hierarchical clustering method (HCM) using the asteroid's proper orbital elements, Ostanina is a member of the Meliboea family (604), a smaller asteroid family of a few hundred carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids. The family was named after its lowest-numbered member, 137\u00a0Meliboea. In an alternative HCM-analysis, however, Ostanina is an asteroid of the main belt's background population. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1928 FE at the Heidelberg Observatory in March 1928, more than 7 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz\u2013Crimea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010235-0003-0000", "contents": "1369 Ostanina, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the small village of Ostanin, the birthplace of the discoverer, Pelageya Shajn. The village is located in Perm Krai, now part of the Russian Volga district. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in November 1952 (M.P.C. 838; LDS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010235-0004-0000", "contents": "1369 Ostanina, Physical characteristics\nIn both the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), Ostanina is a hydrated C-type asteroid (Caa and Ch), while in the SDSS-based taxonomy, the asteroid is a common C-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010235-0005-0000", "contents": "1369 Ostanina, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn June 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Ostanina was obtained from photometric observations by French and Swiss astronomers Pierre Antonini, Fran\u00e7ois Colas, Valery Lainey, Laur\u00e8ne Beauvalet and Raoul Behrend. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.4001\u00b10.0002 hours with a very high brightness variation of 1.11 magnitude (U=3). A high brightness amplitude is indicative of a non-spheroidal, elongated shape. Other well defined rotation periods of 8.399 and 8.397 hours were obtained by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies (U81) in California in 2017, and by V. G. Shevchenko at the Kharkov Observatory (101) in 1996, respectively (U=3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010235-0006-0000", "contents": "1369 Ostanina, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAdditional period determinations: 6+ hours by Jean-Gabriel Bosch at the Collonges Observatory (178) (U=2), 6.145 hours at the Catania and Pino Torinese observatories in 2000 (U=1), 8.3945 hours by Ren\u00e9 Roy in 2016 (U=3-), 8.397 hours by V. G. Chiorny in 2003 and 2007 (U=n.a./2+), and 8.4 hours by Roberto Crippa and Federico Manzini at the Sozzago Astronomical Station (A12) in 2010 (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010235-0007-0000", "contents": "1369 Ostanina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Ostanina measures between 40.6 and 43.6 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.049 and 0.061. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0545 and diameter of 41.24 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010236-0000-0000", "contents": "136P/Mueller\n136P/Mueller, also known as Mueller 3, is a periodic comet in the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010237-0000-0000", "contents": "136th (2/1st Devon and Cornwall) Brigade\nThe 136th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the Territorial Force, part of the British Army. It was formed in the First World War as a duplicate of the Devon and Cornwall Brigade and was originally formed as the 2nd/1st Devon and Cornwall Brigade in 1914\u20131915 before later being renamed as the 136th (2/1st Devon and Cornwall) Brigade. It was sent overseas to India in December 1914 to relieve Regular Army units for service in France. The brigade remained there for the rest of the war, supplying drafts of replacements to the British units fighting in the Middle East and later complete battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010237-0001-0000", "contents": "136th (2/1st Devon and Cornwall) Brigade\nIt was reformed as 136th Infantry Brigade in the Territorial Army in 1939, again as a duplicate formation, when another European conflict with Germany seemed inevitable. During the Second World War, the brigade was active in the United Kingdom throughout its service. It was disbanded on 31 August 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010237-0002-0000", "contents": "136th (2/1st Devon and Cornwall) Brigade\nThe brigade was reformed on 1 February 1945 for the reception of troops returning from overseas. It did not see service outside the United Kingdom during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010237-0003-0000", "contents": "136th (2/1st Devon and Cornwall) Brigade, History, First World War\nIn accordance with the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw. 7, c.9) which brought the Territorial Force into being, the TF was intended to be a home defence force for service during wartime and members could not be compelled to serve outside the country. However, on the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914, many members volunteered for Imperial Service. Therefore, TF units were split into 1st Line (liable for overseas service) and 2nd Line (home service for those unable or unwilling to serve overseas) units. 2nd Line units performed the home defence role, although in fact most of these were also posted abroad in due course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010237-0004-0000", "contents": "136th (2/1st Devon and Cornwall) Brigade, History, First World War\nOn 15 August 1915, TF units were instructed to separate home service men from those who had volunteered for overseas service (1st Line), with the home service personnel to be formed into reserve units (2nd Line). On 31 August, 2nd Line units were authorized for each 1st Line unit where more than 60% of men had volunteered for overseas service. After being organized, armed and clothed, the 2nd Line units were gradually grouped into large formations thereby forming the 2nd Line brigades and divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010237-0004-0001", "contents": "136th (2/1st Devon and Cornwall) Brigade, History, First World War\nThese 2nd Line units and formations had the same name and structure as their 1st Line parents. On 24 November, it was decided to replace imperial service (1st Line) formations as they proceeded overseas with their reserve (2nd Line) formations. A second reserve (3rd Line) unit was then formed at the peace headquarters of the 1st Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010237-0005-0000", "contents": "136th (2/1st Devon and Cornwall) Brigade, History, First World War\nThe brigade was formed as a 2nd Line duplicate of the Devon and Cornwall Brigade in October 1914, shortly after the outbreak of war. It was assigned to the 2nd Wessex Division, the 2nd Line duplicate of the Wessex Division. The division was selected for service in India thereby releasing British and Indian regular battalions for service in Europe. On 12 December, the brigade embarked at Southampton with three battalions; the 2/4th DCLI landed at Karachi on 9 January 1915 and the rest of the brigade at Bombay between 4 and 8 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010237-0006-0000", "contents": "136th (2/1st Devon and Cornwall) Brigade, History, First World War\nThe brigade was effectively broken up on arrival in India; the units reverted to peacetime conditions and the battalions were dispersed to Wellington, Bombay, and Karachi. The Territorial Force divisions and brigades were numbered in May 1915 in the order that they departed for overseas service, starting with the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division. The 2nd Wessex Division should have been numbered as the 45th (2nd Wessex) Division, but as the division had already been broken up, this was merely a place holder. Likewise, the 2nd/1st Devon and Cornwall Brigade was notionally numbered as 136th (2/1st Devon and Cornwall) Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010237-0007-0000", "contents": "136th (2/1st Devon and Cornwall) Brigade, History, First World War\nThe units pushed on with training to prepare for active service, handicapped by the need to provide experienced manpower for active service units. By early 1916 it had become obvious that it would not be possible to transfer the division and brigade to the Western Front as originally intended. Nevertheless, individual units proceeded overseas on active service through the rest of the war. The 2/4th Devons served in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign from October 1917 and the 2/6th Devons in the Mesopotamian Campaign from September 1917, so that by the end of the war just the 2/4th DCLI remained in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010237-0008-0000", "contents": "136th (2/1st Devon and Cornwall) Brigade, History, Second World War\nBy 1939 it became clear that a new European war was likely to break out and, as a direct result of the German invasion of Czechoslovakia on 15 March, the doubling of the Territorial Army was authorised, with each unit and formation forming a duplicate. Consequently, 136th Infantry Brigade was formed in April 1939 as part of the 45th Infantry Division, duplicate of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division. Unusually, it was not a mirror of its parent, the 43rd and 45th Divisions being organized on a geographical basis. Initially, the brigade was administered by the 43rd Division until the 45th Division began to function from 7 September 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010237-0009-0000", "contents": "136th (2/1st Devon and Cornwall) Brigade, History, Second World War\nThe brigade remained in the United Kingdom with the 45th Division during the Second World War and did not see active service overseas. In August 1944, the brigade started to disperse as its component units were posted away, a process that was completed on 31 August and the brigade disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010237-0010-0000", "contents": "136th (2/1st Devon and Cornwall) Brigade, History, Second World War\nA new brigade headquarters was formed on 1 February 1945 for the reception, selection and training of troops from overseas who were temporarily unfit due to wounds and other causes. The units of the brigade were Reception Camps, Selection Battalions and Training Battalions. It served with the 45th (Holding) Division for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010237-0011-0000", "contents": "136th (2/1st Devon and Cornwall) Brigade, Commanders, During the First World War\nThe brigade was commanded from formation until embarkation for India by Br.-Gen. Lord St. Levan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 80], "content_span": [81, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010237-0012-0000", "contents": "136th (2/1st Devon and Cornwall) Brigade, Commanders, During the Second World War\nThe brigade had the following commanders in the Second World War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 81], "content_span": [82, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010238-0000-0000", "contents": "136th (Durham) Battalion, CEF\nThe 136th (Durham) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Kingston, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Durham County, Ontario and Pontiac County, Quebec. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 39th Battalion, CEF and 6th Reserve Battalion on October 6, 1916. The 136th (Durham) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0000-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing\nThe 136th Airlift Wing (136 AW) is a unit of the Texas Air National Guard, stationed at Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by the United States Air Force's Air Mobility Command (AMC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0001-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, Mission\nThe wing's mission is to provide highly trained, equipped and motivated military forces for worldwide combat and peacetime tasking supporting Texas and the United States. The flying mission includes short field and dirt strip landing, and airdrop delivery of cargo and people in all weather, day and night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0002-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, Units\nThe 136th Airlift Wing is composed of 5 groups, 19 units and 1 geographically separated unit (GSU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0003-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, World War II\nThe wing was established in mid-1943 as a P-47 Thunderbolt fighter group, trained under I Fighter Command on Long Island, New York and in Massachusetts before moving to England, arriving in January 1944. The unit began operations with IX Fighter Command on 14 March when the group flew a fighter sweep over the English Channel coast of France. Made strafing and bombing attacks on airfields, rail and highway bridges, trains, vehicles, flak positions, and V-weapon sites to help prepare for the invasion of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0004-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, World War II\nThe group supported the landings in Normandy early in June 1944 and began operations from the Continent later the same month. It also aided in the taking of Cherbourg, participated in the air operations that prepared the way for the Allied breakthrough at St Lo on 25 July, and supported ground forces during their drive across France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0005-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, World War II\nThe fighter group received a Distinguished Unit Citation for support operations in the vicinity of Mons, Belgium on 3 September 1944 when the group, dispatching seven missions against the enemy on that day, not only destroyed large numbers of motor transports, horse-drawn vehicles, and troops, but also attacked enemy positions that obstructed the progress of ground forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0005-0001", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, World War II\nThe groups continued to support ground forces, participated in the assault against the Siegfried Line, and took part in the Battle of the Bulge (December 1944 \u2013 January 1945) by attacking rail lines and trains, marshalling yards, roads and vehicles, armored columns, and gun positions, operating with the Allied forces that pushed across the Rhine and into Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0006-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, World War II\nAfter V-E Day, the groups served with the Army of Occupation, being assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe before being inactivated in Germany on 20 August 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0007-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard\nThe wartime 368th Fighter Group was re-designated as the 136th Fighter Group and was allotted to the Texas Air National Guard on 21 August 1946. It was initially organized at Love Field Airport in Dallas, Texas and was extended federal recognition on 27 January 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 136th Fighter Group was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 368th Fighter Group and the group was assigned to the Texas Air National Guard's 63d Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 53], "content_span": [54, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0008-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard\nIn addition, the 136th Material Squadron (Maintenance); 136th Combat Support Squadron and 136th Medical Squadron were activated and assigned to the group at Naval Air Station Dallas / Hensley Field as support elements. F-51D Mustangs were assigned to the Fighter Squadrons, and the mission of the unit was the air defense of Texas. In mid-1950 the Texas Air National Guard received its first jet aircraft, when a few F-84B Thunderjets were assigned to the 181st Fighter Squadron in June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 53], "content_span": [54, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0009-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nAs a result of the Korean War, the Texas Air National Guard was federalized and placed on active duty status on 10 October 1950, being assigned to Ninth Air Force, Tactical Air Command (TAC). TAC ordered the 136th Fighter Group to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, where the unit was re-designated as a Fighter-Bomber unit and its status was changed to a Wing. At Langley, the 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing consisted of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 76], "content_span": [77, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0010-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nThe Love Field-based 181st was also re-designated as a Fighter-Bomber Squadron, however it remained in Dallas, the squadron taking over the ANG air defense mission for the entire state of Texas. Subsequently, it was re-equipped with the Very Long Range (VLR) F-51H Mustang, which had been developed to escort B-29 Superfortress bombers in the Pacific Theater from the Mariana Islands to the Japanese Home Islands. Its F-84Bs were reassigned as they lacked the range of the Mustangs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 76], "content_span": [77, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0011-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nAt Langley AFB, the 136th trained with their F-51D Mustangs. Unfortunately losing two 111th FBS pilots in a training accident on 15 December. A third pilot was killed on 27 January 1951 in another accident. In February 1951, the aged F-51Ds that the unit had been flying since its activation in 1947 were replaced by F-84E Thunderjets, and the squadron began transition training on the jet fighter-bomber. Most of the training took place at Langley, although some pilots were sent to Shaw AFB, South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 76], "content_span": [77, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0011-0001", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nMaintenance crews, all new to jet aircraft, were trained at Langley and engine specialists were sent to the Allison plant in Indianapolis. Assigned to the Arkansas ANG's 154th FBS at the time was a U.S. Navy exchange pilot, future NASA astronaut LT Walter Schirra (who happened to be the only pilot assigned to the 136th at the time who was a qualified jet pilot).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 76], "content_span": [77, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0012-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nIn May 1951, less than seven months later, the Wing was deployed to Japan, being attached to Far East Air Force and stationed at Itazuke Air Force Base, the first echelon of the 136th arriving on 18 May. The 136th replaced the Strategic Air Command 27th Fighter-Escort Wing, which had deployed to Far East Air Force in the early days of the Korean War. At Itazuke, the squadrons took over the F-84Es of the 27th FEW, which remained in place, its aircraft being reassigned from SAC to Far East Air Force inventory records. On 2 June, the final elements of the 136th arrived in Japan, the National Guardsmen officially relieved the 27th FBW and the SAC airmen departed for the United States. The 136th was the first Air National Guard Wing in history to enter combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 76], "content_span": [77, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0013-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nFrom Japan the Wing engaged in combat operations over South Korea, however flying in the North Pacific area was a challenge to the wing, losing seven F-84Es in non-combat operations and three in combat. On 26 June, in one of the largest air-to-air battles in Korea, two 182d FBS pilots, Captain Harry Underwood and 1st Lt Arthur Olighter shot down an enemy MiG-15 that broke through an F-86 Sabre escort of four B-29s. Two other 111th FBS pilots, 1st Lt John Morse and John Marlins scored probables in the same encounter. These were the first combat victories by Air National Guard pilots. On 3 July the 136th sent their aircraft to North Korea, attacking FLAK batteries in downtown Pyongyang while other aircraft attacked North Korean airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 76], "content_span": [77, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0014-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nHowever, the short-legged F-84 had limited combat time over Korea, therefore on 16 November 1951 the Wing moved to Taegu Air Force Base (K-2) in South Korea for its combat operations. In 1952, the 136th was re-equipped with the F-84G Thunderjet, designed for tactical close air support of ground forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 76], "content_span": [77, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0015-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nDuring its time in combat, the 136th flew 15,515 Combat Sorties; was credited with 4 enemy aircraft destroyed; 7 probables and 72 others damaged. It was the first ANG unit to down a MiG-15; it dropped 23,749 (7,120 tons) of bombs and expended over 3 million rounds of .50 caliber ammunition; being awarded Five Korean Campaign Ribbons. The 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing was released from active duty and returned to the United States on 10 July 1952", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 76], "content_span": [77, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0016-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nWith the Wing's return from the Korean War, the 111th and the 182d Fighter-Bomber Squadrons joined the 181st FBS with VLR F-51H Mustangs. The 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing was assigned to the Central Air Defense Force, Air Defense Command (ADC) and resumed its postwar mission of Texas air defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 74], "content_span": [75, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0017-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nIt was not until 1955 that the Texas Air National Guard received jets from ADC, receiving F-80B and F-80C Shooting Stars and the squadrons being re-designated as Fighter-Interceptor Squadrons. The 111th received F-80C-11 (modified F-80A to F-80C standards) Shooting Stars on 1 July 1955, and on 1 July 1956 the 111th FIS commenced to participate in the active ADC runway alert program at Ellington AFB. The 182d at Brooks AFB received F-80C Shooting Stars in August 1956, replacing some of the last F-51H Mustangs in the USAF inventory. The 181st at Love Field received F-80Cs in January 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 74], "content_span": [75, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0018-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nOn 1 July 1957 the 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing was re-designated an Air Defense Wing and reorganized along Air Defense Command lines. Combat units of the-Wing were selected by the Air Defense Command to man a runway alert program on full 24-hour basis \u2013 with armed jet fighters ready to \"scramble\" at a moment's notice. This event brought the wing into the daily combat operational program of the USAF, placing us on \"the end of the runway\" alongside regular USAF-Air Defense Fighter Squadrons. The obsolescent F-80-day fighters were upgraded to the all-weather/day/night F-86D Sabre Interceptor for all three squadrons by the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 74], "content_span": [75, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0019-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nAlso in 1957, the Texas ANG was authorized to expand the 111th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Ellington to a group level, and the 147th Fighter-Interceptor Group was activated in Houston on 1 July. As a result, the 111th FIS was reassigned to the new 147th FIG. On 5 August 1957 the 147th was selected to organize and operate a Jet Instrument School to train Air National Guard pilots throughout the nation. On 1 March 1958 the wing was expanded to include the Louisiana ANG 159th Fighter Group (Air Defense) at New Orleans which placed the Texas Wing in command of all Tactical Air National Guard units in the States of Texas and Louisiana. In July 1960, ADC began upgrading the 111th, 122d and 182d FIS to the Mach-2 F-102A Delta Dagger interceptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 74], "content_span": [75, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0020-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Refueling\nIn August 1961, as part of an Air Defense Command re-organization, the Wing's assignment to the ADC Oklahoma City Air Defense Sector was terminated with the inactivation of the OCADS, and the 136th was transferred to Tactical Air Command. As part of the reorganization:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0021-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Refueling\nThe 136th Air Defense Wing and its 181st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron were realigned to an air refueling mission, becoming the 136th Air Refueling Wing and 181st Air Refueling Squadron under the TAC Ninth Air Force. The 181st ARS was equipped with KC-97L Stratotankers, its mission becoming the air refueling of primarily Tactical Air Command fighter aircraft. Also, the 181st was moved from Dallas Love Field to Naval Air Station Dallas (Hensley Field), which ended a debate about the Texas Air National Guard operating from the expanding civilian airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0022-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Refueling\nWith the transfer of the interceptors and no previously qualified aircrew or maintenance personnel assigned the 136th went through a year of transition to the new mission and to achieve operational status. They did so in eight months, the previous \"normal\" time for the conversion was two years. In 1966 the squadron began a rotational deployment to Ramstein Air Base in support of Operation Creek Party. which provided USAFE an air refueling capability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0022-0001", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Refueling\nThe Creek Party deployment rotations lasted until 1976, and over the decade the 136th saw millions of pounds of jet fuel off-loaded and millions of miles flown, all accident free. In July 1976 the KC-97s were retired and the 136th was transferred to Strategic Air Command, receiving jet KC-135A Stratotankers. Under SAC, the 181st Air Refueling Squadron mission included the air refueling of B-52 Stratofortress intercontinental bombers along with TAC and Aerospace Defense Command interceptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0023-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nOn 1 April 1978, the 136th was reassigned from SAC to Military Airlift Command (MAC), and was realigned to a Tactical Airlift Wing, being re-equipped with C-130B Hercules transports. The new 136 TAW mission was airlift of troops, military equipment, cargo and aeromedical support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 71], "content_span": [72, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0024-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nThe 136th TAW and its subordinate units participated in numerous Cold War military exercises such as Team Spirit, Volant Oak, Red Flag, and Reforger. Other Joint Chief of Staff exercises included \"Ember Dawn IV\" in Alaska and \"Brave Shield\" in Europe. In 1979, the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve assumed full responsibility for airlift operations in Panama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 71], "content_span": [72, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0025-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nIn mid-December 1989, and continuing for several weeks, wing aircraft, air crews, and support personnel on deployment for exercise Volant Oak at Howard AFB, Canal Zone, Panama, flew combat airlift missions for U. S. Southern Command during Operation Just Cause in Panama. More than 100 combat sorties were flown by 146th aircraft and crews, with no casualties or damage to aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 71], "content_span": [72, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0026-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nIn August 1986 the Wing received the new C-130H aircraft. In August 1990, the world was moving swiftly toward armed confrontation in the Persian Gulf. By late January 1991, the 136th Airlift Wing had provided U. S. Central Command and U. S. Air Forces in Europe personnel, voluntarily and involuntarily activated, who participated in Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm. Aircraft and air crews from the 181st Airlift Squadron flew two-month-long tours of duty in Operation Volant Pine, a backfill of military airlifters to Europe by Air National Guard C-130s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 71], "content_span": [72, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0027-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nIn 1997, wing members deployed supporting State and Federal missions. During the period the unit played critical roles in support of DoD missions deploying to Oman and Saudi Arabia in support of Southern Watch, and in peacetime humanitarian airlift, among the many missions accomplished by the wing during the award period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 71], "content_span": [72, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0028-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nOn 1 October 1998, with the BRAC-directed closure of Naval Air Station Dallas / Hensley Field, the 136th Airlift Wing moved to the former Carswell Air Force Base, now re-designated as Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth / Carswell Field pursuant to the same BRAC action that closed NAS Dallas. At this installation, the 136th was colocated with an existing Air Force Reserve Command fighter wing at Carswell and all the Naval Reserve and Marine Corps Reserve aviation units and Army Reserve aviation and ground units that had also relocated there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 71], "content_span": [72, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0029-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nAs part of the Global War on Terrorism, the 136 AW has deployed numerous times totaling more than 6,000 Airmen since 11 September 2001 in support of Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation New Horizons, an average of six deployments per unit member.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 71], "content_span": [72, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010239-0030-0000", "contents": "136th Airlift Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010240-0000-0000", "contents": "136th Armored Division \"Centauro II\"\nThe 136th Armored Division \"Centauro II\" (Italian: 136\u00aa Divisione corazzata \"Centauro II\") was an armored division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The division had a number of different titles before settling on 136th Armored Division \"Centauro II\". It was formed in 1942 and started as the 1st CC.NN. Armored Division \"M\" (M for Mussolini), was re-designated 136th Armored Division \"M\", then 136th Legionary Armored Division \"Centauro\", and finally \"Centauro II\". In September 1943 it was in training near Rome and fought the Germans as part of the Corpo d'Armata Motocorazzato before surrendering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010240-0001-0000", "contents": "136th Armored Division \"Centauro II\", History\nThe division was the only Blackshirt armored formation, and as such it was composed of hand-picked fanatical Blackshirts, most having already seen heavy action in the Soviet Union and Libya. The division was mobilised in 1942 with the intention of deploying to the Soviet Union as part of the Italian 8th Army. The Axis defeat on the Don river and during the Battle of Stalingrad however delayed their transfer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010240-0001-0001", "contents": "136th Armored Division \"Centauro II\", History\nAs they were originally intended to be a heavy division for use against the Soviet Union, the unit received German Panzers, Panzer IIIs, Panzer IVs,  Stugs, and Tiger Is along with German instructors, just before the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy. The division  was then purged of Fascist personnel and reorganized with different units and personnel to reform the 131st Armored Division \"Centauro\". After the Armistice of Cassibile the division remained loyal to the king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010241-0000-0000", "contents": "136th Armored Division \"Giovani Fascisti\"\nThe 136th Armored Division \"Giovani Fascisti\" (Italian: 136\u00aa Divisione corazzata \"Giovani Fascisti\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010241-0001-0000", "contents": "136th Armored Division \"Giovani Fascisti\", History\nThe Giovani Fascisti (Young Fascists or \"GGFF\") Division was formed from volunteers from the Young Fascist University. The volunteers were subject to a power struggle between the Army and the Fascist Blackshirts and of the original 25 battalions only two battalions survived to see action. The Division was sent to Libya in July 1941, the III \"A ferro freddo\" battalion remained in Italy for training and was later used as a source for replacements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010241-0002-0000", "contents": "136th Armored Division \"Giovani Fascisti\", History\nIn May 1942 it was decided to reform them for their conduct during the Western Desert Campaign as an armored Division, the 136th Armored Division \"Giovani Fascisti\", but the division never received its tanks and it remained an infantry division. It was in action during Operation Crusader when the 11th Indian Infantry Brigade was heavily engaged against a strong point near Bir el Gubi, 25 miles south of Ed Duda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010241-0003-0000", "contents": "136th Armored Division \"Giovani Fascisti\", History\nThe GGFF made their mark during Operation Crusader. Tasked to defend the small hill known as Bir el Gobi, they fought off repeated attacks by the 11th Indian Brigade and British 7th armored Division during the first week of December, 1941. Despite overwhelming odds, they inflicted massive casualties on the Allies and held their ground despite severe hunger and thirst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010241-0004-0000", "contents": "136th Armored Division \"Giovani Fascisti\", History\nThe 1st and 2nd Battalions of the Infantry Regiment \"Giovani Fascisti\", held a hilltop position successfully and fought off repeated attacks by the British armour and Indian infantry units during the first week of December 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010241-0005-0000", "contents": "136th Armored Division \"Giovani Fascisti\", History\nThe division began the Gazala battle in May 1942 as part of the army reserve, with four infantry battalions \u2014 the two original battalions, plus 9th Independent Infantry Battalion and the 3rd Battalion of the San Marco Marine Regiment (which was later detached to join the Hecker amphibious group). During the course of the battle, the remaining three battalions went forward to assist the 102nd \"Trento\" Division's penetration of the Allied minefield zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010241-0006-0000", "contents": "136th Armored Division \"Giovani Fascisti\", History\nThe division occupied the oasis of Siwa in Egypt in summer 1942, in order to prevent possible military actions from the British Army to the south of the Axis Army attacking El Alamein. Indeed, in July 1942, German Ju-52 transport planes transported one battalion of the Giovani Fascisti to seize the strategic Oasis of Siwa, the largest air-landing assault conducted by the Axis in Africa. The rest of the division soon arrived as well, except for two companies from the 4th Anti -Tank Battalion. The oasis had been a staging area for raids by the Allied Long Range Desert Group into Libya, and now the Axis saw an opportunity to return the favor. Italian planners looked longingly at the tracks leading to the Nile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010241-0007-0000", "contents": "136th Armored Division \"Giovani Fascisti\", History\nField Marshal Erwin Rommel visited on September 1942 and reviewed the unit. Officers showed him their maps and scouting reports of the deep desert, and several Egyptian clan chiefs gave their opinions that no substantial Allied forces stood between Siwa and the Nile. The Young Fascist Division, the officers claimed, could unhinge the Allied positions on the coast from Siwa if only they had the fuel. While they waited, the Italians set up an Egyptian government-in-exile, complete with postage stamps, and flew the Egyptian flag alongside the Italian tricolor flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010241-0008-0000", "contents": "136th Armored Division \"Giovani Fascisti\", History\nSome units of the Giovani Fascisti fought in the second battle of El Alamein with the 185th Airborne Division Folgore. In mid-November, after the Allied victory, the Division withdrew from Siwa to Agedaiba and later to Tunisia. In the Mareth Line they fought bravely alongside the remaining Axis troops. The Division was nearly totally destroyed in 1943, during the fighting in Tunisia. Even though decimated, the Giovani Fascisti was the last Axis military unit to surrender to the Allies in North Africa on May 13, 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0000-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron\nThe 136th Attack Squadron (136 ATKS) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard 107th Attack Wing located at Niagara Falls Joint Air Reserve Station, New York. The 136th is equipped with the MQ-9 Reaper. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force's Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0001-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was first activated at Hunter Field, Georgia, as the 482d Bombardment Squadron, a Third Air Force Operational Training Unit (OTU), equipped with A-24 Banshee dive bombers. It moved to California in September 1943 as part of Desert Training Center in Mojave Desert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0002-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nAfter the A-24 was taken out of combat service, the squadron trained with Bell P-39 Airacobras and became combat ready as the 503d Fighter-Bomber Squadron, and became part of VIII Fighter Command in England in April 1944. It re-equipped with North American P-51 Mustangs, with a mission to escort Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bombers during its first five weeks of operations, and afterwards flew escort missions to cover the operations of medium and heavy bombers that struck strategic objectives, interdicted the enemy's communications, or supported operations on the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0003-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron frequently strafed airfields and other targets of opportunity while on escort missions. Provided fighter cover over the English Channel and the coast of Normandy during the invasion of France in June 1944. Strafed and dive-bombed vehicles, locomotives, marshalling yards, anti-aircraft batteries, and troops while Allied forces fought to break out of the beachhead in France. It attacked transportation targets as Allied armies drove across France after the breakthrough at Saint-L\u00f4 in July. The 503d flew area patrols during Operation Market-Garden, the airborne attack on the Netherlands in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0003-0001", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nIt escorted bombers to, and flew patrols, over the battle area during the German counterattack in the Ardennes (Battle of the Bulge), December 1944 \u2013 January 1945. It provided area patrols during Operation Varsity, the assault across the Rhine in March 1945. The squadron returned to the United States in October and was inactivated on 18 October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0004-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard\nThe wartime 503d Fighter Squadron was redesignated as the 136th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the New York Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Niagara Falls Municipal Airport, New York, and was extended federal recognition on 8 December 1948. The squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was assigned to the 107th Fighter Group, operationally gained by Continental Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0005-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard\nThe mission of the 136th Fighter Squadron was the air defense of Western New York. Aircraft parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. In some ways, the postwar Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, the unit also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score at least as well or better than active-duty USAF units, given the fact that most Guard pilots were World War II combat veterans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0006-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. The 136th was federalized on 2 March 1951, and assigned to the federalized 101st Fighter-Interceptor Group of the Maine Air National Guard at Dow Air Force Base, Maine. In February 1952, the squadron was reassigned to the 4708th Air Defense Wing, which was located at Selfridge Air Force Base, Michigan. On 1 November 1952 the squadron was released from active duty and its air defense mission, personnel and P-47s were transferred to the 47th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, which was simultaneously activated at Niagara Falls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0007-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense\nThe unit was reformed at Niagara Falls by 1 January 1953 and was re-equipped with the F-51H Mustang very long range fighter. The air defense mission for western New York remained and the unit resumed normal peacetime training and drills. In 1954, the Mustang was ending its service life and Air Defense Command was re-equipping its fighter-interceptor squadrons with jet aircraft. The 136th received F-94B Starfires, however the F-94 required a two-man aircrew a pilot and an air observer to operate its radar equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 72], "content_span": [73, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0007-0001", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense\nTrainees for the radar assignment had to attend regular Air Force training schools, and required virtually the same qualifications as the pilot trainees. The additional recruitment of guardsmen led to the units having a manning and capabilities problem that lasted for some time until the unit was returned to full readiness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 72], "content_span": [73, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0008-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense\nIn 1956, the 107th Fighter-Interceptor Wing was reorganized and redesignated as the 107th Air Defense Wing. The reorganization resulted in the activation of two new fighter groups, the 107th Fighter-Interceptor Group was redesignated the 107th Fighter Group (AD) and moved from Niagara Falls to Hancock Field in Syracuse, although the 136th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron remained at Niagara Falls and was assigned directly to the wing. The F-86H Sabre replaced the F-94B Starfires in 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 72], "content_span": [73, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0009-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nA major change to the 136th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron in 1958 was the transition from an Air Defense Command mission to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and a tactical fighter mission, with the 136th being redesignated as the 137th Tactical Fighter Squadron. The new assignment involved a change in the squadron's training mission to include high-altitude interception, air-to-ground rocketry, ground strafing and tactical bombing. The squadron retained F-86H Sabres until 1960, when TAC replaced the F-86H with the F-100C Super Sabre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0010-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1962, the 107th Tactical Fighter Group moved back to Niagara Falls, with the activation of the 174th Tactical Fighter Group at Syracuse and the 136th was again assigned to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0010-0001", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nSix F-100 fighters of the 136th deployed to Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii in 1965 for Operation Tropic Lighting I. The squadron provided close air support for jungle warfare training of the U. S. Army's 25th Division in Hawaii prior to their combat deployment to South Vietnam The Niagara jets were flown across the Pacific and refueled twice in flight, marking the first time an Air National Guard unit has performed such a mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0011-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn January 1968, the 136th Tactical Fighter Squadron was federalized in the wake of the USS Pueblo crisis. It first deployed to Homestead Air Force Base, Florida for gunnery and close air ground support training in April. In June, the squadron moved to Tuy Hoa Air Base, South Vietnam to reinforce the 31st Tactical Fighter Wing. It was joined at Tuy Hoa by the New Mexico ANG 188th Tactical Fighter Squadron. In South Vietnam, the squadron carried the tail code \"SG\" on its F-100s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0011-0001", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nFrom Tuy Hoa, the squadron conducted combat operations, carried out interdiction strikes, conducted visual and photo reconnaissance, rescue combat air patrols, and suppressed enemy antiaircraft artillery. The squadron also conducted air operations against enemy forces during the 1968 Tet Offensive and the Siege of Khe Sanh from February\u2013April 1968. It flew close air support missions during the extraction of friendly troops from Kham Duc on 12 May 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0012-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn South Vietnam, three squadron members were awarded the Purple Heart; one the Distinguished Flying Cross; and 43 received Air Medals. The New York State Medal of Valor was awarded posthumously to Captain Joseph L'Hullier of the 136th for heroism in Vietnam. Captain L'Hullier became the first New York Air National Guardsman to be killed in action while on active duty with a mobilized Air Guard organization since World War II. He died while on a combat fighter support mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0012-0001", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe squadron was returned to its home base of Niagara Falls in late May and returned to state control on 11 June 1969. In a final, moving tribute to their four fallen comrades \u2013 three pilots of the 136th killed in training, and one in action \u2013 F-100s from the 169th Tactical Fighter Group, South Carolina Air National Guard, flew over the demobilization ceremonies in the \"missing man\" formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0013-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, NORAD Air Defense\nThe 136th Tactical Fighter Squadron returned to an air defense mission in June 1971 when it received F-101B Voodoo interceptors and rejoined Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM). In 1972, after the completion of the transition to the Voodoo from the F-100s, the 136th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron began operating on a 24-hour-a-day, 365 days a year alert as part of North American Air Defense Command (NORAD). In 1979, ADCOM was inactivated and the air defense mission was assumed by Tactical Air Command. The 107th FIG became gained by Air Defense, Tactical Air Command, which functioned at the Numbered Air Force echelon of TAC. In 1981 the 136th was re-equipped with F-4C Phantom IIs and in 1982 returned to NORAD alert status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0014-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, NORAD Air Defense\nThe 136th received more advanced F-4D Phantom IIs in 1986. Beginning in July, a detachment was formed to provide air defense alert at Charleston AFB, South Carolina. With the detachment at Charleston, the 136th was on a 24/365 alert over a 1,480-mile round-trip area. Interceptors from Charleston monitored Soviet Air Force Tupolev Tu-95 \"Bear\" Bombers flying down the Atlantic seacoast to and from airfields in Cuba. The 136th also deployed to Ramstein Air Base, West Germany to perform an Air Defense Alert Mission in Operation Creek Klaxon. Squadrons from he Air National Guard rotated deployments and stood alert duties for just over a year at Ramstein while the resident 86th Tactical Fighter Wing converted to F-16C/D Fighting Falcons. The 86 TFW resumed alert duties on 1 April 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0015-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, NORAD Air Defense\nThe 136th replaced its Vietnam Era F-4D Phantom II fighter aircraft with 20 Block 15 F-16 Fighting Falcon fighters configured as air defense fighters in 1990. Personnel and aircraft deployed to Jacksonville Air National Guard Base, Florida, taking advantage of the better weather conditions to accelerate the F-16 conversion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0016-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, NORAD Air Defense\nDue to its air defense commitment, the 136th was not mobilized during the 1991 Gulf Crisis. However, the 107th Fighter-Interceptor Group deployed firefighter and medical personnel as backfilled personnel to stateside basesvacated by active-duty personnel deployed to the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0017-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, NORAD Air Defense\nIn 1992, the 136th was redesignated as the 136th Fighter Squadron. On 1 October 1995, the Air National Guard adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the squadron was assigned to the new 107th Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0018-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era\nWith the arrival of the KC-135R Stratotanker in March 1994, the 136th Fighter Squadron converted from an air defense mission to aerial refueling and was redesignated as the 136th Air Refueling Squadron. The 136th provided support for worldwide air refueling missions. When called upon, the 136th also used the KC-135R as a cargo and passenger transport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0019-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0020-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era\nSince 1996, the 136th Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron, with the 136th being the major force provider, was formed and deployed in support of world contingencies including Operations to include, but not limited to, Strong Resolve 2002, Operation Uphold Democracy, Operation Deny Flight, Operation Decisive Endeavor, Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom and the Northeast Tanker Task Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0021-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn November 2007, the 107th was notified that it would become an airlift unit. This was directed by the Base Realignment and Closure of 2005. It became an associate unit to the Air Force Reserve Command 914th Airlift Wing, already based at Niagara Falls. The 914th has had responsibility for the C-130H2 Hercules aircraft used by the 136th, and airmen from both units jointly operate them. With this change, the Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station received additional C-130 aircraft from the Tennessee Air National Guard's 118th Airlift Wing in Nashville. Tennessee. The 136th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron has deployed to both Iraq and Afghanistan in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0022-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era\nDuring Hurricane Sandy in late October 2012, members of the unit deployed to New York City and Long Island to assist in recovery operations. The unit was deployed first to Stewart Air National Guard Base in Newburgh and then traveled to Peekskill, which is in Westchester County. As part of the recovery effort, unit members performed road clearing, traffic control, helping displaced personnel with feeding and getting them back in their housing and getting them out of flood-stricken areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010242-0023-0000", "contents": "136th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era\nIt was announced in early 2012 that federal budget reductions would affect the mission of the 107th Airlift Wing. The future of the unit is presently being discussed by New York representatives and the Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010243-0000-0000", "contents": "136th Civil Engineer Squadron\nThe 136th Civil Engineer Squadron (136 CES) is a unit of the 136th Airlift Wing, Texas Air National Guard, Texas Military Forces, stationed at Naval Air Station Fort Worth Joint Reserve Base, Fort Worth, Texas. If activated to federal service, the Squadron is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010243-0001-0000", "contents": "136th Civil Engineer Squadron, Summary\nAir Force Civil Engineering is an exciting and dynamic contingency related career field. Prime Base Engineer Emergency Force (Prime BEEF) personnel are called upon to participate in recovery operations as a result of natural and man-made disasters, or maybe subject to deploy and employ forces in hostile environments both conventional and non-conventional warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010243-0002-0000", "contents": "136th Civil Engineer Squadron, Summary\nWartime tasked units must be prepared to mobilize and deploy within 52-hours of notification. In support of the Geographic Combatant Commanders and warfighters, the 136th Civil Engineer Squadron provides engineering support for initial Force Beddown at bare base and forward operating areas, base recovery after attack in contingency environments, rapid runway repair, and response to nuclear, biological, chemical, and conventional attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010243-0003-0000", "contents": "136th Civil Engineer Squadron, Summary\nThe unit's peacetime role primarily focuses on contingency training in support of our wartime tasking, base infrastructure support, humanitarian aid to underprivileged countries, and assisting the citizens of the State of Texas in times of natural or man-made disasters. Unit expertise is divided into four main functional areas: Command and Control, Engineering, Emergency Management, and Operations, which consists of Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning/Refrigeration (HVAC/R), Electrical Systems, Power Production, Mechanical Systems, Utility/Fuel Systems, Horizontal (Heavy Equipment), and Vertical (Structural) Flights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010244-0000-0000", "contents": "136th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 136th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1st and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 8, 1991, which was two weeks before the beginning of the seventh administrative year of Republican Governor Michael N. Castle from New Castle County and the third year for Republican Lieutenant Governor Dale E. Wolf, also from New Castle County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010244-0001-0000", "contents": "136th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1980 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010244-0002-0000", "contents": "136th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 136th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a  Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010244-0003-0000", "contents": "136th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010244-0004-0000", "contents": "136th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010245-0000-0000", "contents": "136th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010245-0001-0000", "contents": "136th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 136th Division (\u7b2c136\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakusanj\u016broku Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Invincible Division (\u4e0d\u629c\u5175\u56e3, Fubatsu Heidan). It was formed 10 July 1945 in Benxi as a triangular division. It was a part of the 8 simultaneously created divisions batch comprising 134th,  135th, 136th, 137th, 138th, 139th, 148th and 149th divisions. The nucleus for the formation were the 2nd (Suifenhe) (or 3rd), 4th (Hulin) border guards groups, 46th transport guards group and 77th Independent Mixed Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010245-0002-0000", "contents": "136th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 136th division formation was complete 31 July 1945, although the divisional numerical strength was only 60% of the required rifles, machine guns and cannons. To substitute for a lack of rifles, hand spears were issued. Also, divisional medical, chemical and biological warfare units were authorized but not formed. Finally, 136th division had a shortage of anti-tank explosive charges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010245-0003-0000", "contents": "136th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nAt the start of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria 9 August 1945 the division was improving fortifications at Benxi. Immediately orders to move were received, and majority of troops gathered in Shenyang. Also, Airborne (assault) battalion was sent to Wensheng District while two battalions of the 372nd infantry regiment were sent to Liaoyang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010245-0004-0000", "contents": "136th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nAlso, with the start of the invasion, the Aritomi Airborne (assault) battalion in Xinmin, Liaoning was assigned to 136th division. Also, 10 August 1945, the Mizunima detachment formerly belonging to 108th division was received and also ordered to Shenyang. 13 August 1945, the divisional fortifications plans were approved and 371st infantry regiment was sent back to Benxi to implement it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010245-0005-0000", "contents": "136th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe division was partially disarmed 19 August 1945, leaving about 15% of weapons for security duties. 20 August 1945, the division commander (Atsushi Nakayama) together with many other Japanese generals was kidnapped by the Red Army in Shenyang, resulting in his forced disappearance. The entire division was taken prisoner by Soviet Union forces 10 September 1945, and sent to labour camps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010245-0006-0000", "contents": "136th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nMajority of the men of the 136th division were taken prisoner to the Soviet Union in September 1945 - February 1946 period and then were housed in several labour camps, in Siberia and Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010246-0000-0000", "contents": "136th Georgia General Assembly\nThe 136th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia convened its first session on January 12, 1981, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. The 136th Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 135th and served as the precedent for the 137th General Assembly in 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010246-0001-0000", "contents": "136th Georgia General Assembly, Party standings, House of Representatives\n*Active political parties in Georgia are not limited to the Democratic and Republican parties. Libertarians, and occasionally others, run candidates in elections. However, for the 1981-82 session of the General Assembly, only the two major parties were successful in electing legislators to office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010247-0000-0000", "contents": "136th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade\nThe 136th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade is a mechanised infantry brigade of the Russian Ground Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010247-0001-0000", "contents": "136th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade\nOn December 1, 1993, the 136th Motor Rifle Brigade was established at Buynaksk, Dagestan. In 1996-97, the brigade was merged with the 204th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment \"Uman-Berlin\" as the 136th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade. The 204th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment was transferred to the North Caucasus at some point during the transformation of the 94th Guards Motor Rifle Division, returning from the GSFG, to become the 74th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade in the Siberian Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010247-0002-0000", "contents": "136th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade, Ukraine conflict\nSome sources have provided legitimate proof that the 136th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade conducted combat operations in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine, in 2014, during the Russo-Ukrainian War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010248-0000-0000", "contents": "136th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\n136th Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery during World War II. It protected the UK against air attack as part of Anti- Aircraft Command, including the defence against V-1 flying bombs (Operation Diver). It was disbanded at the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010248-0001-0000", "contents": "136th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\n136th Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment (136th HAA Rgt) was formed during a period of rapid expansion of Anti- Aircraft Command, mainly utilising Territorial Army (TA) batteries drawn from existing regiments. Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was established on 28 October 1941 at Newtown Linford, Leicestershire, and during November the following batteries were regimented with it:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010248-0002-0000", "contents": "136th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nThe new regiment formed part of 32nd (Midland) Anti - Aircraft Brigade defending the East Midlands of England in 2nd AA Division. On 30 March 1942, a newly-formed 517 (Mixed) HAA Bty joined the regiment from 205th HAA Training Rgt at Arborfield. 'Mixed' indicated that two-thirds of the personnel of the battery were women drawn from the Auxiliary Territorial Service, who had been called upon to ease AA Command's manpower shortage. The battery had been formed on 13 January from a cadre of experienced officers and other ranks provided by 98th HAA Rgt. 136th HAA Regiment provided the cadre for 552 (M) HAA Bty formed on 26 March 1942 at 210th HAA Training Rgt at Oswestry; this later joined 154th (M) HAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010248-0003-0000", "contents": "136th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nAt the beginning of April 1942, 136th HAA Rgt moved to 30th (Northumbrian) AA Bde in 7th AA Division covering North East England, but by the end of June it was back in the East Midlands with 32nd AA Bde. The Luftwaffe carried out a number of air raids against the Midlands and NE England in the middle part of 1942, but nothing on the scale of the Blitz in 1940\u201341.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010248-0004-0000", "contents": "136th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nOn 10 July 1942 198 HAA Battery was transferred to help form a new 165th HAA Rgt at Clifton, Bristol and was replaced by 468 HAA Bty from 78th (1st East Anglian) HAA Rgt. Then on 28 August 517 (M) HAA Bty left to form the basis for 172nd (M) HAA Rgt at Nottingham", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010248-0005-0000", "contents": "136th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nIn early 1943, 409 (Suffolk) HAA Bty was temporarily detached from the regiment and attached to 50th AA Bde covering Derby and Nottingham. In May, the whole of 136th HAA Rgt moved south to join 37th AA Bde along the north side of the Thames Estuary under 1 AA Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010248-0006-0000", "contents": "136th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Baby Blitz and Operation Overlord\nIn August 1943 the regiment moved to 71st AA Bde. This was part of 2nd AA Group responsible for defending South East England and the approaches to London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010248-0007-0000", "contents": "136th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Baby Blitz and Operation Overlord\nBetween 21 January and 14 March 1944 the Luftwaffe carried out 11 night raids on London in the so-called 'Baby Blitz'. From April 1944, 2 AA Group had the additional responsibility of defending the ports at which the shipping for the invasion of Europe (Operation Overlord) was being gathered. By now, 136th HAA Rgt formed part of a new 102 AA Bde in 2 AA Group, but in May it transferred to 44 AA Bde, which had been brought down from Manchester take over the AA defences on the Isle of Wight. Here it came under the command of 6 AA Group, which had responsibility for covering the 'Overlord' embarkation ports around the Solent and Portsmouth. On the night of 16 May 182 and 409 HAA Btys submitted claims for 'kills' of Luftwaffe aircraft attempting to lay mines in the Solent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010248-0008-0000", "contents": "136th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nNo sooner had the 'Overlord' fleet sailed on D-Day than the long-anticipated V-1 flying bomb campaign began against London. Large numbers of HAA guns under 2 AA Group were deployed in depth across the line of flight of the V-1s as part of Operation Diver. 136th HAA Regiment was one of the units immediately sent to reinforce 40 AA Bde in this 'Diver Belt'. However, the results were disappointing, and after a fortnight AA Command changed its tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010248-0008-0001", "contents": "136th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nFirstly, mobile HAA guns were replaced with static installations that could traverse more quickly to track the fast-moving targets and were given the latest Radar No 3 Mark V (the SCR-584 radar set) and No 10 Predictors (the all-electric Bell Labs AAA Computer). These were emplaced on temporary 'Pile platforms' named after the Commander-in-Chief of AA Command, Gen Sir Frederick 'Tim' Pile. Secondly, the HAA gun belt was moved to the coast and interlaced with Light AA guns to hit the missiles out to sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010248-0008-0002", "contents": "136th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nThis new belt was divided into six brigade sectors, 5 AA Bde taking charge of one sector under 1 AA Gp with 136th HAA Rgt under command. The whole process involved the movement of hundreds of guns and vehicles and thousands of servicemen and women, but a new 8-gun site could be established in 48 hours. The guns were constantly in action, but the success rate against the 'Divers' steadily improved, until over 50 per cent of incoming missiles were destroyed by gunfire or fighter aircraft. This phase of Operation Diver ended in September after the V-1 launch sites in Northern France had been overrun by 21st Army Group. 136th HAA Regiment moved to the command of 71 AA Bde, still in the Diver Belt, in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010248-0009-0000", "contents": "136th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nA new phase of the V-1 offensive began in the second half of September 1944 when the Luftwaffe began launching V-1s from aircraft flying over the North Sea. Once again, AA Command had to redeploy its guns. In October, 136th HAA Rgt rejoined 40 AA Bde, which had been transferred to the 'Diver Box' defences over the outer Thames Estuary. This time the wholesale movement of guns, platforms, personnel and huts fell into chaos as the staff work of the AA groups and brigades fell apart, earning a stinging rebuke from Gen Pile. The responsibilities proved too large for one group HQ, and a new 9 AA Group was formed to take command of the Diver defences on the coast of East Anglia, including 40 AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010248-0010-0000", "contents": "136th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nThe Luftwaffe abandoned air-launched V-1s in January 1945, but a final burst of longer-range missiles were launched from the Netherlands in March 1945: the success rate of the AA guns against these was 80\u2013100 per cent. Despite the depletion of AA Command to provide manpower for 21st Army Group, 136th HAA Rgt was one of the units that remained operational until the end. On 14 February 1945, 468 HAA Bty transferred to 128th HAA Rgt, which had lost two batteries disbanded. The war in Europe ended on VE Day, and AA Command was rapidly run down thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010248-0011-0000", "contents": "136th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\nAfter the war ended, 136th HAA Rgt briefly served in Scotland with 40 AA Bde, which had moved to Kincardine. On 1 April 1946, the war-formed 136th HAA Rgt was disbanded at King's Park, Glasgow, and its personnel were used to resuscitate the Regular 5th HAA Rgt, with the TA 409 (Suffolk) Bty placed in suspended animation to reform 8 HAA Bty of that regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010248-0011-0001", "contents": "136th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\n(The original 5th HAA Rgt had been captured at the Fall of Hong Kong on 25 December 1941, but 8 HAA Bty had been operating independently in India and survived, fighting in the retreat through Burma in 1942; it had been placed in suspended animation on 28 February 1945.) The reformed 5th HAA Rgt went on to become 69 HAA Rgt in the postwar Regular Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010248-0012-0000", "contents": "136th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, 409th (Suffolk) HAA Bty reformed at Lowestoft as a full regiment, 660 HAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010249-0000-0000", "contents": "136th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 136th Illinois Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Illinois that served in the Union Army between June 1 and October 30, 1864, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010249-0001-0000", "contents": "136th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized at Centralia, Illinois, and mustered in for one-hundred day service on June 1, 1864. In early June, they received marching orders to proceed by rail to Cairo, Illinois, from where they sailed with Fort Pillow as the boat's destination. On the regiment's arrival at Columbus, Kentucky, information that General Nathan Bedford Forrest would attack Fort Pillow was found to be incorrect. General Forrest's target was Columbus, an attack which didn't eventuate. The regiment remained there and performed garrison duty until September 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010249-0002-0000", "contents": "136th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nWhile stationed at Columbus, information was received that General Forrest and his confederate troops, would attack Paducah, Kentucky, and the regiment was ordered to march out and intercept Forrest's troops. On August 12, the expedition marched to Mayfield, Kentucky, but learned the confederate troops had changed direction and captured Memphis, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010249-0003-0000", "contents": "136th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nReturning to Columbus, the regiment reenlisted for a further fifteen days. The regiment was ordered from Columbus to Chicago, however, en route to Chicago, General Sterling Price's troops were in the process of raiding Missouri, and the 136th was ordered to Missouri. Having arrived at St. Louis, Missouri, and camped at Benton Barracks, the regiment was divided and companies sent to various forts throughout St. Louis, until October 15. From Missouri, the regiment moved to Camp Butler, Illinois, and on October 30 was mustered out. The 136th Regiment was never in a regular battle, though performed occasional raids against guerrillas. During its service the regiment had four men killed and lost forty men to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010250-0000-0000", "contents": "136th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 136th Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between May 21 and September 2, 1864, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010250-0001-0000", "contents": "136th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana and mustered in on May 21, 1864. It was ordered to Tennessee and Alabama for railroad guard duty, until early September 1864. The regiment was mustered out on September 2, 1864. During its service the regiment lost eight men to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010251-0000-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 136th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c136\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 25th Division, 9th Column of the Fourth Field Army. Its history could be traced to the 13th Brigade of Jidong Military District formed in November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010251-0001-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn the composition of 46th Corps it took part in the Chinese civil war, including the Winter Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China, Liaoshen Campaign, Pingjin Campaign, and Hengbao Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010251-0002-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was composed of 406th, 407th, and 408th Infantry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010251-0003-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nFrom August 1952 to October 1955 the division was deployed to North Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010251-0004-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn June 1953, 517th Artillery Regiment was activated and attached to the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010251-0005-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn October 1955, the division left North Korea along with the corps HQ and was relocated in Jiaohe, Jilin Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010251-0006-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn May 1957, the 407th Regiment was reconstituted into reduced status. In February 1960, the 407th Regiment was reestablished to full strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010251-0007-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1960 the division was redesignated as the 136th Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c136\u5e08). The division was then composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010251-0008-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn June 1962, the 136th Army Division was reconstituted as a division category B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010251-0009-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn August 1969, 517th Artillery Regiment was redesignated as the Artillery Regiment, 136th Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010251-0010-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nFrom June to July 1975, the division was relocated to Xuzhou, Jiangsu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010251-0011-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1978, the division was relocated to Linyi, Shandong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010251-0012-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn October 1985, the division was reconstituted as the 136th Infantry Division(Chinese: \u6b65\u5175\u7b2c136\u5e08) and maintained as a northern infantry division, category B;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010251-0013-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was transferred to the 67th Army following 46th Army Corps' disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010251-0014-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1999, the division merged with the Reserve Infantry Division of Kaifeng in Kaifeng, Henan and reconstituted as the 136th Reserve Infantry Division of Henan Provincial Military District(Chinese: \u6cb3\u5357\u7701\u519b\u533a\u9884\u5907\u5f79\u6b65\u5175\u7b2c136\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010251-0015-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division now maintains as a reserve infantry formation, locating in Kaifeng, Henan. The division now composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010252-0000-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 136th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment in the Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010252-0001-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Silver color and enamel device 1\u00a01\u20448 inches (2.9\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Azure, a bear cat rampant Argent between in fess a five-pointed mullet and a gopher sejant Or; on a chief of the second a saltire couped of the field. Attached below the shield a Silver scroll inscribed \"REX MONTIS\" in Blue letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010252-0002-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe consolidation of the former 217th Coast Artillery Regiment with the 136th Infantry Regiment is depicted in the design: The bear cat is from the coat of arms of the 136th Infantry Regiment, World War II; the star and gopher are from the coats of arms of the former 205th and 206th Infantry Regiments, predecessors of the 217th Coast Artillery Regiment. The chief, bearing a saltire, is incorporated in this coat of arms to symbolize the Civil War service of the original 136th Infantry Regiment. The shield is blue for Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010252-0003-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was approved on 14 November 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010252-0004-0000", "contents": "136th Infantry Regiment (United States), Decorations\nfollowing units entitled to the MUC streamer embroidered ASIATIC-PACIFIC THEATER", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010253-0000-0000", "contents": "136th Mixed Brigade\nThe 136th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army that took part in the Spanish Civil War. Throughout the war, it was assigned to the Guadalajara front, without having a relevant role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010253-0001-0000", "contents": "136th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe unit was created on 1 May 1937 in Girona, from regular soldiers, militiamen from the Jubert Division, Madrid defense forces and confederal militias from Barcelona and Figueras. The command of the new 136th Mixed Brigade fell to Francisco Costell Salido and the brigade was integrated into the 33rd Division. Initially, the brigade moved along with the rest of the division to the Andalusian front, although in June it moved to the Guadalajara front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010253-0002-0000", "contents": "136th Mixed Brigade, History\nIn November 1937 the 136th Mixed Brigade was assigned to the 14th Division in Guadalajara, remaining in reserve, although on 6 December it was again located on the front line - covering the Cifuentes sector. On 10 February 1938 the brigade faced four enemy assaults against its positions in the Vertice Sierra and Cabezo Cano, managing to repel them. A few weeks later, between 1 and 6 April, it intervened in a small offensive on the Cuenca front that, however, did not bear the desired results. During the rest of the war, it did not intervene again in relevant military operations. At the end of March 1939 the 136th MB withdrew to Madrid, where it dissolved itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010254-0000-0000", "contents": "136th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 136th New York Infantry Regiment (aka \"Ironclads\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010254-0001-0000", "contents": "136th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 136th New York Infantry was organized at Portage, New York beginning August 8, 1862 and mustered in for three years service on September 25, 1862 under the command of Colonel James Wood Jr..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010254-0002-0000", "contents": "136th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to November 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1863, and Army of the Cumberland to April 1864. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010254-0003-0000", "contents": "136th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 136th New York Infantry mustered out of service June 13, 1865. Recruits and veterans were transferred to the 60th New York Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010254-0004-0000", "contents": "136th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D.C., October 3, 1862. Moved to Fairfax Station, Va., October 10, 1862; then to Fairfax Court House, and duty there until November 1. Moved to Warrenton, then to Germantown, Va., November 1\u201320. Marched to Fredericksburg December 10\u201315. At Falmouth, Va., until April 27, 1863. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. Pursuit of Lee July 5\u201324. Camp at Bristoe Station August 1 to September 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010254-0004-0001", "contents": "136th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Bridgeport, Ala., September 24-October 3. Marched along the line of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad to Lookout Valley, Tenn., October 25\u201328. Reopening Tennessee River October 26\u201329. Battle of Wauhatchie, Tenn., October 28\u201329. Ringgold-Chattanooga Campaign November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob November 23. Tunnel Hill November 24\u201325. Missionary Ridge November 25. March to relief of Knoxville, Tenn., November 28-December 17. Duty in Lookout Valley until May, 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Buzzard's Roost Gap May 8\u20139. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Near Cassville May 19. Advance on Dallas May 22\u201325.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010254-0004-0002", "contents": "136th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nNew Hope Church May 25. Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 26-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Gilgal or Golgotha Church June 15. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes' Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kenesaw June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 6\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 11\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2-November 15. March to the sea November 15-December 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010254-0004-0003", "contents": "136th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nCarolinas Campaign January to April 1865. Lawtonville, S.C., February 2. Skirmish of Goldsboro Road, near Fayetteville, N. C., March 14. Averysboro March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 9\u201313. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 30. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010254-0005-0000", "contents": "136th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 165 men during service; 2 officers and 71 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 91 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010255-0000-0000", "contents": "136th New York State Legislature\nThe 136th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 1 to December 12, 1913, while William Sulzer, and then Martin H. Glynn, were Governor of New York, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010255-0001-0000", "contents": "136th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1906 and 1907, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (eight districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010255-0002-0000", "contents": "136th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Progressive Party, the Socialist Party, the Independence League, the Prohibition Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010255-0003-0000", "contents": "136th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1912, was held on November 5. Congressman William Sulzer and Martin H. Glynn were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor; both Democrats. The other seven statewide elective offices up for election were also carried by the Democrats. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for governor, was: Democrats 650,000; Republicans 444,000; Progressives-Independence League 393,000; Socialists 57,000; Prohibition 19,000; and Socialist Labor 4,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010255-0004-0000", "contents": "136th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 1, 1913; and adjourned on May 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010255-0005-0000", "contents": "136th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nAl Smith (D) was elected Speaker with 102 votes against 42 for Harold J. Hinman (R) and 3 for Michael Schaap (P).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010255-0006-0000", "contents": "136th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nRobert F. Wagner (D) was re-elected President pro tempore of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010255-0007-0000", "contents": "136th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on June 16. This session was called by Governor Sulzer to try again to amend the primary election law. Instead, the legislators formed a committee to investigate Sulzer. On August 13, Governor Sulzer was impeached by the Assembly with a vote of 79 to 45. Lt . Gov. Glynn then claimed to be Acting Governor, but was contested by Sulzer. After some days, the courts recognized Glynn as Acting Governor, pending the verdict of the impeachment trial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010255-0008-0000", "contents": "136th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature took a recess on August 28; and met again on September 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010255-0009-0000", "contents": "136th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn September 18, 1913, the New York Court for the Trial of Impeachments met in the Senate chamber at the State Capitol in Albany. The trial ended on October 12 with the conviction, and removal from office, of Governor William Sulzer. Lt . Gov. Martin H. Glynn succeeded to the governor's office for the remainder of the term; and President pro tem Robert F. Wagner became Acting Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010255-0010-0000", "contents": "136th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature took a recess on October 22; met again on November 10 and took a recess the same day; met again on December 8; and finally adjourned on December 12. On the last day, a Workmen's Compensation Bill was passed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010255-0011-0000", "contents": "136th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. John C. Fitzgerald, James A. Foley, John J. Boylan, George A. Blauvelt, John D. Stivers, George H. Whitney, Clayton L. Wheeler, Thomas B. Wilson, John Seeley and Gottfried H. Wende changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010255-0012-0000", "contents": "136th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010255-0013-0000", "contents": "136th New York State Legislature, State Assembly\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010256-0000-0000", "contents": "136th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 136th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 136th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 136th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010256-0001-0000", "contents": "136th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 136th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 18, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel W. Smith Irwin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010256-0002-0000", "contents": "136th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to July 1864. 3rd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to August 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010256-0003-0000", "contents": "136th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 136th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service August 30, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010256-0004-0000", "contents": "136th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 13. Assigned to garrison duty at Forts Ellsworth, Williams and in the northern defenses of Washington, D.C. until August. Participated in the repulse of Early's attack on Washington July 11\u201312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010256-0005-0000", "contents": "136th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010256-0006-0000", "contents": "136th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 25 men during service; 2 officers and 23 enlisted men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010257-0000-0000", "contents": "136th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 136th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010257-0001-0000", "contents": "136th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 136th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and mustered in for a nine-month enlistment beginning August 22, 1862, under the command of Colonel Thomas McKee Bayne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010257-0002-0000", "contents": "136th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, I Corps, Army of the Potomac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010257-0003-0000", "contents": "136th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 136th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out of service on May 29, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010257-0004-0000", "contents": "136th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Washington, D.C., August 29, and duty there until September 29. Moved to Fort Frederick, Md., then to Sharpsburg. Duty at Sharpsburg, Md., until October 30. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12-15. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, \"Mud March,\" January 20-24, 1863. Duty at Falmouth and Belle Plains until April 27. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Operations at Pollock's Mill Creek April 29-May 2. Fitzhugh's Crossing April 29-30. Battle of Chancellorsville May 2-5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010257-0005-0000", "contents": "136th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 56 men during service; 3 officers and 23 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 30 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010258-0000-0000", "contents": "136th Rifle Division\nThe 136th Rifle Division was a division in the Red Army during World War II. It was formed three times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010258-0001-0000", "contents": "136th Rifle Division, 1st Formation\n1939 \u2013 February 1942: On 22 June 1941 it was part of the 23rd Rifle Corps of the Transcaucasian Military District. Redesignated 15th Guards Rifle Division in 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010258-0002-0000", "contents": "136th Rifle Division, 3rd Formation\nFebruary 1943 \u2013 May 1945: Formed February 1943. The division disbanded in summer 1945 as part of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010259-0000-0000", "contents": "136th meridian east\nThe meridian 136\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010259-0001-0000", "contents": "136th meridian east\nThe 136th meridian east forms a great circle with the 44th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010259-0002-0000", "contents": "136th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 136th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010260-0000-0000", "contents": "136th meridian west\nThe meridian 136\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010260-0001-0000", "contents": "136th meridian west\nThe 136th meridian west forms a great circle with the 44th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010260-0002-0000", "contents": "136th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 136th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010261-0000-0000", "contents": "137 (number)\n137 (one hundred [and] thirty-seven) is the natural number following 136 and preceding 138.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010261-0001-0000", "contents": "137 (number), In mathematics\nUsing two radii to divide a circle according to the golden ratio yields sectors of approximately 137\u00b0 (the golden angle) and 222\u00b0. 1/137 = 0.00729927007299270072992700..., its period value is palindromic and has a period length of only 8. 1/137 was once believed to be the exact value of the fine-structure constant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010262-0000-0000", "contents": "137 BC\nYear 137 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Porcina and Mancinus (or, less frequently, year 617 Ab urbe condita) and the Fourth Year of Jianyuan. The denomination 137 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010263-0000-0000", "contents": "137 Meliboea\n137 Meliboea is a large, dark main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Austrian astronomer J. Palisa at the Austrian Naval Observatory on 21 April 1874, the second of his many asteroid discoveries. It was later named after one of the three Meliboeas in Greek mythology. The largest body in the Meliboea family of asteroids that share similar orbital elements, only 791 Ani approaches its size. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and may be composed of carbonaceous materials. The spectra of the asteroid displays evidence of aqueous alteration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010263-0001-0000", "contents": "137 Meliboea\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid made at the Torino Observatory in Italy during 1990\u20131991 were used to determine a synodic rotation period of 15.28 \u00b1 0.02 hours. A 2009 study at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico found a period of 25.676 \u00b1 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.16 \u00b1 0.02 in magnitude. They ruled out a period of 15 hours determined in previous studies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010263-0002-0000", "contents": "137 Meliboea\nDuring 2002, 137 Meliboea was observed by radar from the Arecibo Observatory. The return signal matched an effective diameter of 144 \u00b1 16\u00a0km. This is consistent with the asteroid dimensions computed through other means.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010264-0000-0000", "contents": "137 km\n137\u00a0km (Russian: 137 \u043a\u043c) is a rural locality (a passing loop) in Cheremichkinskoye Rural Settlement of Topkinsky District, Russia. The population was 16 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010264-0001-0000", "contents": "137 km, Geography\nThe passing loop is located on the Yurga-Tashtagol line, 69 km south of Topki (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010265-0000-0000", "contents": "1370\nYear 1370 (MCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010266-0000-0000", "contents": "1370 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1370\u00a0kHz: 1370 AM is a regional broadcast frequency, on which Class B and D stations broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010267-0000-0000", "contents": "1370 Hella\n1370 Hella, provisional designation 1935 QG, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5.4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 31 August 1935, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named for Helene Nowacki, an astronomer at the Astronomical Calculation Institute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010267-0001-0000", "contents": "1370 Hella, Orbit and classification\nHella is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010267-0002-0000", "contents": "1370 Hella, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,233 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in September 1935, one month after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010267-0003-0000", "contents": "1370 Hella, Physical characteristics\nAccording to its classification as a Florian asteroid, Hella is an assumed stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010267-0004-0000", "contents": "1370 Hella, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Hella was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave an inconclusive rotation period of 7.5408 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.17 magnitude (U=n.a.). The Lightcurve Data Base, however, only lists the measured brightness variation. As of 2017, no secure period of Hella has been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010267-0005-0000", "contents": "1370 Hella, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nHella has not been observed by any of the space-based surveys, such as the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), the Japanese Akari satellite or the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora the parent body of the Flora Family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 5.41 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010267-0006-0000", "contents": "1370 Hella, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Helene Nowacki (1904\u20131972), a German astronomer of the Astronomical Calculation Institute. The name was suggested by astronomer Gustav Stracke. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 124).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010268-0000-0000", "contents": "1370 aluminium alloy\n1370 Aluminium alloy is primarily aluminium (>=99.7%) alloyed with small amounts of boron, chromium, copper, gallium, iron, magnesium, manganese, silicon, vanadium and zinc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010270-0000-0000", "contents": "1370 papal conclave\nThe 1370 papal conclave (December 29\u201330), held after the death of Pope Urban V, elected as his successor cardinal Pierre Roger de Beaufort, who under the name Gregory XI became seventh and the last pope of the period of Avignon Papacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010270-0001-0000", "contents": "1370 papal conclave, List of participants\nUrban V died on December 20, 1370, at Avignon. He was the first pope who resided in Rome since 1304, although only for a short time (1367 until the beginning of 1370, when he returned to Avignon). At the time of his death, there were 20 living cardinals. Eighteen of them participated in the conclave:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010270-0002-0000", "contents": "1370 papal conclave, List of participants\nNine electors were created by Pope Urban V, five by Clement VI and four by Innocent VI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010270-0003-0000", "contents": "1370 papal conclave, List of participants\nPost of the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, the most important during sede vacante, was occupied by Arnaud Aubert, archbishop of Auch and nephew of Pope Innocent VI (but not a Cardinal).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010270-0004-0000", "contents": "1370 papal conclave, Absentees\nTwo Cardinals, both created by Urban V, did not participate in this conclave, because they were in Italy:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010270-0005-0000", "contents": "1370 papal conclave, The election of Pope Gregory XI\nEighteen cardinals present in Avignon entered the conclave on December 29. In the first ballot on the next day in the morning Cardinal Pierre Roger de Beaufort, nephew of Clement VI, protodeacon of the Sacred College, was unanimously elected Pope. He initially opposed his election but eventually accepted and took the name of Gregory XI. On January 2, 1371 he was ordained to the priesthood, and on January 3 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by the dean of the College of Cardinals Guy de Boulogne, and crowned by the new protodeacon Rinaldo Orsini in the cathedral Notre Dame des Doms in Avignon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010271-0000-0000", "contents": "1370s\nThe 1370s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1370, and ended on December 31, 1379.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010272-0000-0000", "contents": "1370s BC\nThe 1370s BC refers to the period between 1379 BC and 1370 BC, the 1370s was the third decade of the 14th century BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010272-0001-0000", "contents": "1370s BC, Significant people\nThis BC year article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010273-0000-0000", "contents": "1370s in England, Incumbents\nMonarch \u2013 Edward III (to 21 June 1377), Richard II", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010274-0000-0000", "contents": "1370s in art\nThe decade of the 1370s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010276-0000-0000", "contents": "1370s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010276-0001-0000", "contents": "1370s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010276-0002-0000", "contents": "1370s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010277-0000-0000", "contents": "1371\nYear 1371 (MCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010279-0000-0000", "contents": "1372\nYear 1372 (MCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010280-0000-0000", "contents": "1372 Haremari\n1372 Haremari, provisional designation 1935 QK, is a rare-type Watsonian asteroid and a suspected trojan of Ceres from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 31 August 1935, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named for all female staff members of the Astronomical Calculation Institute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010280-0001-0000", "contents": "1372 Haremari, Orbit and classification\nHaremari is a member of the very small Watsonia family (537), named after its parent body, namesake and largest member, 729\u00a0Watsonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010280-0002-0000", "contents": "1372 Haremari, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,680 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation at Heidelberg in February 1928, more than seven years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010280-0003-0000", "contents": "1372 Haremari, Orbit and classification, Trojan of Ceres\nLong-term numerical integrations suggest, that Haremari is a trojan of Ceres, staying a 1:1 orbital resonance with the only dwarf planet of the asteroid belt. It is thought that Haremari is currently transiting from a tadpole to a horseshoe orbit. Other suspected co-orbitals are the asteroids 855\u00a0Newcombia, 4608\u00a0Wodehouse and 8877\u00a0Rentaro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010280-0004-0000", "contents": "1372 Haremari, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Haremari is a rare L-type asteroid with a moderate albedo. This type corresponds with the overall spectral type of the Watsonia family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010280-0005-0000", "contents": "1372 Haremari, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Haremari was obtained from photometric observations by Richard Durkee at the Shed of Science Observatory (H39). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.25 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.12 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010280-0006-0000", "contents": "1372 Haremari, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Haremari measures between 21.96 and 31.17 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0303 and 0.146.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010280-0007-0000", "contents": "1372 Haremari, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1097 and a diameter of 24.18 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010280-0008-0000", "contents": "1372 Haremari, Naming\nThis minor planet jointly honors all the female staff members of the Astronomical Calculation Institute (Heidelberg University) (German: Astronomisches Rechen-Institut), commonly known as ARI. In often published versions, \"Haremari\" is a composed name and means \"the harem of A.R.I. \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010280-0009-0000", "contents": "1372 Haremari, Naming, Alternative version\nAccording to Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld, who worked as a young astronomer at Heidelberg, Reinmuth had often been asked by his colleges at ARI to name some of his discoveries after their female friends, as wells as after popular actresses (and not just the female staff at ARI). He then compiled all these proposals to the name \"Haremari\". However, as Groeneveld recorded, \"Reinmuth did not want to publish the original meaning and he, therefore, devised the interpretation of the first sentence in 1948\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010282-0000-0000", "contents": "1373\nYear 1373 (MCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010283-0000-0000", "contents": "1373 Cincinnati\n1373 Cincinnati, provisional designation 1935 QN, is an asteroid in a comet-like orbit from the Cybele region, located at the outermost rim of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) in diameter. It was the only asteroid discovery made by famous American astronomer Edwin Hubble, while observing distant galaxies at Mount Wilson Observatory in California on 30 August 1935. The rather spherical X-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.3 hours. It was named for the Cincinnati Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010283-0001-0000", "contents": "1373 Cincinnati, Orbit and classification\nCincinnati orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 2.3\u20134.5\u00a0AU once every 6 years and 4 months (2,311 days; semi-major axis of 3.42\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 39\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Mount Wilson in August 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010283-0002-0000", "contents": "1373 Cincinnati, Orbit and classification\nCincinnati, a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population, is located in the orbital region of the Cybele asteroid, the last outpost of an extended asteroid belt beyond the Hecuba-gap asteroids. Due to its high inclination, and contrary to all other Cybele asteroids, Cincinnati is the only one that is above the center of the \u03bd6 secular resonance with Saturn. The asteroid's high inclination and eccentricity also results in a Tisserand's parameter (TJupiter) of 2.719, which makes it a true asteroid in cometary orbit (ACO) for having a TJupiter value below 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010283-0003-0000", "contents": "1373 Cincinnati, Naming\nRecommended by the Minor Planet Center, this minor planet was named after the Cincinnati Observatory, whose staff provided most of the orbit computations. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 31 January 1962 (M.P.C. 2116).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010283-0004-0000", "contents": "1373 Cincinnati, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Cincinnati is a Xk-type, a subtype that transitions from the X-type to the uncommon K-type asteroids, while the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer classifies it as a metallic M-type asteroid. By 2014, Cincinnati is the only of three Cybele asteroids for which a spectral type has been determined; the other two are 522 Helga and 692 Hippodamia, an X- and S-type, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010283-0005-0000", "contents": "1373 Cincinnati, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 2018, a rotational lightcurve of Cincinnati was obtained from photometric observations by Henk de Groot. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.2834\u00b10.0002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.10 magnitude (U=2+). The low brightness amplitude is indicative that is asteroid is rather spherical than elongated in shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010283-0006-0000", "contents": "1373 Cincinnati, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAlternative period determinations were made by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy (5.274\u00a0h; \u03940.21\u00a0mag) in August 2004 (U=2). Two more lightcurves were obtained by Brian Warner at this Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado, United States, in August 2004 and August 2010, who measured a period of 4.930 and 5.28 hours with an amplitude of 0.11 and 0.14 magnitude, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010283-0007-0000", "contents": "1373 Cincinnati, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Cincinnati measures between 19.4 and 19.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.15\u20130.16, while the Japanese Akari satellite determined a diameter of 22.16 kilometers with an albedo of 0.12. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 27.9 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010284-0000-0000", "contents": "13732 Woodall\n13732 Woodall, provisional designation 1998 RC56, is a stony Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 September 1998, by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) team at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010284-0001-0000", "contents": "13732 Woodall, Orbit and classification\nWoodall is a member of the Vesta family, which is named after 4\u00a0Vesta, the second-largest asteroid in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,336 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Siding Spring Observatory in 1989, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 9 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010284-0002-0000", "contents": "13732 Woodall, Physical characteristics\nWoodall has been characterized as a common S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010284-0003-0000", "contents": "13732 Woodall, Physical characteristics\nA rotational lightcurve was obtained based on photometric observations by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at the Ond\u0159ejov Observatory in September 2009. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.2987 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.27 in magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010284-0004-0000", "contents": "13732 Woodall, Physical characteristics\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 3.9 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010284-0005-0000", "contents": "13732 Woodall, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Ashley Renee Woodall (born 1987) student at the U.S. Austin Academy for Excellence in Garland, Texas. In 2002, she was a finalist of the Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a science and engineering competition. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 21 October 2002 (M.P.C. 46767).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010285-0000-0000", "contents": "1374\nYear 1374 (MCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010286-0000-0000", "contents": "1374 Isora\n1374 Isora, provisional designation 1935 UA, is a stony asteroid and eccentric Mars-crosser from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 October 1935, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010286-0001-0000", "contents": "1374 Isora, Orbit and classification\nIn the SMASS taxonomy, Isora is classified as a Sq-type, an intermediary between the abundant S and rather rare Q-type asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.6\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,233 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Isora's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle, as no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010286-0002-0000", "contents": "1374 Isora, Physical characteristics\nIn January 2014, a rotational light-curve of Isora was obtained by American astronomer Robert D. Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies (CS3) in California. Light-curve analysis gave a longer than average rotation period of 36.699 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=2+). However, a second period solution of 18.35 hours is also possible. The result supersedes photometric observations taken by Wies\u0142aw Z. Wi\u015bniewski in 1989, which rendered a fragmentary light-curve with a period of 8 hours (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010286-0003-0000", "contents": "1374 Isora, Physical characteristics\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 5.48 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 13.67.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010286-0004-0000", "contents": "1374 Isora, Naming\nIsora is the backwards spelled feminine name \"Rosi\" with an appended \"a\". Naming was proposed by Gustav Stracke (1887\u20131943) \u2013 astronomer at the German Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, and after whom the minor planet 1019 Strackea is named \u2013 and first cited by Paul Herget in his The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 125).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010289-0000-0000", "contents": "1375\nYear 1375 (MCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010290-0000-0000", "contents": "1375 Yellow River flood\nThe 1375 Yellow River flood was a natural disaster affecting the area around Kaifeng, China during the early Ming dynasty. Contemporary sources mentioned a death toll of between 15,000 and 25 people, most of them farmers. The philosopher Wang Yangming mentioned the 1375 Yellow River flood as an example of how even a virtuous man can be destroyed by the power of nature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010291-0000-0000", "contents": "1375 in Ireland, Deaths\nThis year in Ireland article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010292-0000-0000", "contents": "1376\nYear 1376 (MCCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010293-0000-0000", "contents": "1376 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1376 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on June 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010293-0001-0000", "contents": "1376 Imperial election, Background\nThis was the first imperial election following the enactment of the Golden Bull of 1356, which laid out in exact terms the qualifications of the electors and the manner of holding elections. Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor called for the election of his son Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia. The former, as king of Bohemia, and the latter, as margrave of Brandenburg, were entitled to two of the seven votes. The remaining prince-electors were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010293-0002-0000", "contents": "1376 Imperial election, Elected\nWenceslaus IV was duly elected. He succeeded his father as Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia on the latter's death on November 29, 1378.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010294-0000-0000", "contents": "1376 Michelle\n1376 Michelle, provisional designation 1935 UH, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 October 1935, by French astronomer Guy Reiss at the North African Algiers Observatory in Algeria. It is named for the discoverer's daughter, Michelle Reiss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010294-0001-0000", "contents": "1376 Michelle, Classification and orbit\nMichelle is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest populations of stony S-type asteroids in the entire main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.7\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,215 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Michelle was first identified as 1931 JK at Lowell Observatory in 1931. The body's observation arc, however, begins with its official discovery observation at Algiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010294-0002-0000", "contents": "1376 Michelle, Lightcurve\nIn October 2008, a group of French and Japanese astronomers obtained two rotational light-curves of Michelle from photometric observations. Light-curve analysis gave a well defined rotation period of 5.9748 and 5.9766 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 and 0.13 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3). The results concur with a period of 5.9769 hours obtained by a group of Polish astronomers in April 2004 (U=2), and with a period of 6.0 hours measured by JPL-photometrist Wies\u0142aw Wi\u015bniewski in the 1980s (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010294-0003-0000", "contents": "1376 Michelle, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the 2015-published results by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Michelle measures 9.12 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.28, while preliminary results gave a diameter of 7.1 kilometers and an albedo of 0.267. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.263 and a diameter of 7.10 kilometers, taken from Petr Pravec's 2012-revised WISE results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010294-0004-0000", "contents": "1376 Michelle, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Michelle Reiss, the third daughter of the discoverer. The discoverer also named 1237 Genevi\u00e8ve and 1300 Marcelle after his other two daughters. Naming was first cited in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 125).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010295-0000-0000", "contents": "1376 in Ireland, Deaths\nThis year in Ireland article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010296-0000-0000", "contents": "1377\nYear 1377 (MCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010298-0000-0000", "contents": "1378\nYear 1378 (MCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010299-0000-0000", "contents": "1378 (km)\n1378 (km) is a first-person shooter multiplayer video game developed by Jens M. Stober, a student at the Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design. In his game, Stober had reused some code and gameplay principles of \"Frontiers\", a game by the artist group gold extra, on which he had also worked as a map designer. The title refers to the length in kilometres of the Inner German border between East and West Germany from 1949 to 1990, then known as the \"death strip\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010299-0000-0001", "contents": "1378 (km)\nIt allows players, up to 16 people at the same time, to take the role of either East Germans trying to cross the border or East German border guards shooting anyone attempting to do so. The game was scheduled to be officially released on October 3 (the anniversary of German reunification) 2010, but was delayed due to its controversy. The game was released in December 2010 following \"a public discussion with distinguished guests\" at the Karlsruhe University, and will have an age rating of 18+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010299-0000-0002", "contents": "1378 (km)\nThe director of the Berlin Wall Foundation, Axel Klausmeier, denounced the game as \"tasteless\" as well as \"a slap in the face of victims' families\", and claimed that there was nothing to be learned from the game. On the other hand, Adam Rafinski, a lecturer at the Karlsruhe University who supported the game concept, claimed that it is a serious game not to play just as a pastime and players can take a history lesson from it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010300-0000-0000", "contents": "1378 Leonce\n1378 Leonce, provisional designation 1936 DB, is a dark Nysian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 February 1936, by Belgian astronomer Fernand Rigaux at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, who named it after his father, Leonce Rigaux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010300-0001-0000", "contents": "1378 Leonce, Orbit and classification\nLeonce is a member of the Nysa family (405), also known as the Nysa-Polana complex, the largest grouping of almost 20 thousand known asteroids in the main belt, consisting of several sub-asteroid families.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010300-0002-0000", "contents": "1378 Leonce, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,336 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010300-0003-0000", "contents": "1378 Leonce, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1915 RC at Heidelberg Observatory in September 1915. One week later, the body's observation arc begins at Bergedorf Observatory, more than 20 years prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010300-0004-0000", "contents": "1378 Leonce, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn 2002, 2007 and 2017, three rotational lightcurves of Leonce were obtained from photometric observations by amateur astronomers Ren\u00e9 Roy, Laurent Bernasconi and Daniel Klinglesmith and colleges at Etscorn Observatory (719), respectively. Analysis gave a well-defined lightcurve with a consolidated rotation period of 4.3250 hours and a brightness amplitude between 0.49 and 0.63 magnitude (U=3/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010300-0005-0000", "contents": "1378 Leonce, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn addition a modeled lightcurve, using photometric data from various sources, gave a period of 4.32527 hours, as well as two spin axis of (210.0\u00b0, \u221267.0\u00b0) and (46.0\u00b0, \u221277.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010300-0006-0000", "contents": "1378 Leonce, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Leonce measures between 14.94 and 22.456 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0348 and 0.10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010300-0007-0000", "contents": "1378 Leonce, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0706 and a diameter of 18.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010300-0008-0000", "contents": "1378 Leonce, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Leonce Rigaux, father of the discoverer astronomer Fernand Rigaux. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 125).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010302-0000-0000", "contents": "1378 papal conclave\nThe 1378 papal conclave which was held from April 7 to 9, 1378, was the papal conclave which was the immediate cause of the Western Schism in the Catholic Church. The conclave was one of the shortest in the history of the Catholic Church. The conclave was also the first since 1159 held in the Vatican and in Old St. Peter's Basilica (the elections and conclaves in Rome prior to the Avignon Papacy having been held mostly in the Basilica of St. John Lateran).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010302-0001-0000", "contents": "1378 papal conclave\nPope Gregory XI died on March 26, 1378, in Rome, having returned from Avignon to pursue his territorial interests in the Papal States during the War of the Eight Saints. Although the French cardinals constituted a majority of the College of Cardinals due to the preceding Avignon Papacy, they succumbed to the will of the Roman mob, which demanded the election of an Italian pontiff. They elected  Bartolommeo Prignano, who took the name Pope Urban VI. This was the last time a non-cardinal was elected pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010302-0002-0000", "contents": "1378 papal conclave, Proceedings\nBefore his death, Gregory XI substantially loosened the laws of the conclave: he instructed the cardinals to begin immediately after his death (rather than waiting the nine days prescribed by the Ordo Romanis) to prevent \"factional coercion\", he gave the cardinals permission to hold the conclave outside of Rome and move it as many times as necessary, and also seemingly suspended the two-thirds requirement, replacing it with \"the greater part\" (an ambiguous statement, in the original).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010302-0003-0000", "contents": "1378 papal conclave, Proceedings\nThe cardinals were divided into three factions: the first constituting the four Italian cardinals (two Romans, one Florentine, and one Milanese), the second constituting the seven \"Limoges\" cardinals (referred to individually as \"Limousins\"), and the third constituting the five remaining French cardinals. The conclave was delayed one day because of a violent storm, and thereafter the seven Limoges cardinals wishing to leave Rome as Gregory XI had authorized them to were persuaded by the others that such an act would place the College in even more danger. It was midnight on the second day before the servants of the cardinals succeeded in clearing the Old Basilica of those not permitted to remain in the conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010302-0004-0000", "contents": "1378 papal conclave, Proceedings\nAccording to the Catholic Encyclopedia, even Robert of Geneva (future Antipope Clement VII) and Pedro Mart\u00ednez de Luna y Gotor (future Antipope Benedict XIII)\u2014the two claimants of the Avignon line during the ensuing Schism\u2014were among those who voted for Prignano. Prignano had previously lived in France, which may have softened the blow of his election to many of his French electors. The selection was supposedly \"unanimous\", with the exception of Giacomo Orsini, who claimed that he was not \"free\" enough to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010302-0005-0000", "contents": "1378 papal conclave, Proceedings\nPrignano was accompanied by several other prelates (to conceal the identity of the selected candidate) to the Vatican to accept his election. To further the confusion, Orsini gave the Habemus Papam without identifying Prignano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010302-0006-0000", "contents": "1378 papal conclave, Proceedings\nUpon the conclusion of the election, the Roman mob entered the site of the conclave, under the impression that an aged Roman cardinal Tebaldeschi (who had been left in possession of the papal insignia) had been elected, an impression that the remaining cardinals did not disabuse them of as they fled to their personal quarters. The remaining cardinal informed the crowd of the election of Prignano who was hiding in the \"most secret room\" until his election could be announced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010302-0007-0000", "contents": "1378 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nSixteen of the twenty-three active cardinals took part in the conclave. Two possible other cardinals\u2014Piero Tornaquinci and Pietro Tartaro\u2014were not accepted into the ranks of the College for the election. Six more cardinals remained in Avignon, and Jean de la Grange was absent as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010302-0008-0000", "contents": "1378 papal conclave, Aftermath\nThe following September, the French cardinals reunited in Avignon, moved to Fondi, and elected Antipope Clement VII, who gained the support of all thirteen of his electors (at the time the entire College numbered twenty-two due to the death of Francesco Tebaldeschi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010302-0009-0000", "contents": "1378 papal conclave, Sources\nInquisitor Nicholas Eymerich witnesses the conclave, and then went on to write one of the first tracts against Urban VI, Tractatus de potestate papali (1383), which argued in favor of the legitimacy of the Avignon line of papal claimants. Several other eyewitnesses record the chant of the Roman crowd: \"We want a Roman or at least an Italian\" (Italian: Romano lo volemo, o al manco Italiano). The contemporary curial document Factum Urbani attests to the general atmosphere of confusion, fear, and panic. For example, canonist Gilles Bellem\u00e8re recounts removing his clerical garb for fear of the mob and the constant ringing of bells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010302-0010-0000", "contents": "1378 papal conclave, Sources\nPro -Urban sources\u2014such as Alfonso de Ja\u00e9n, the confessor of Bridget of Sweden, her daughter Catharine, and Dietrich of Nieheim\u2014claim that the situation in Rome was less restless. The marked discrepancy between the classes of sources can be explained by the fact that the alleged duress of the mob became the primary argument in favor of the legitimacy of the Avignon claimants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010303-0000-0000", "contents": "1379\nYear 1379 (MCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010304-0000-0000", "contents": "1379 Lomonosowa\n1379 Lomonosowa (prov. designation: 1936 FC) is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers (12 miles) in diameter. Discovered by Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory in 1936, the asteroid was later named after Russian physicist and astronomer Mikhail Lomonosov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010304-0001-0000", "contents": "1379 Lomonosowa, Discovery\nLomonosowa was discovered on 19 March 1936, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. On the same night, it was independently discovered by Serbian astronomer Petar \u0110urkovi\u0107 at Uccle Observatory in Belgium. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer. A first precovery of Lomonosowa was taken at the Lowell Observatory in October 1905. The asteroid was first identified as 1933 SG1 at Heidelberg Observatory in September 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010304-0002-0000", "contents": "1379 Lomonosowa, Orbit and classification\nLomonosowa is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.3\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 4.01 years (1,464 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first precovery at Lowell Observatory in October 1905.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010304-0003-0000", "contents": "1379 Lomonosowa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Russian physicist and astronomer Mikhail Lomonosov (1711\u20131765). He discovered the atmosphere of Venus and the principle of mass conservation. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in June 1955 (M.P.C. 1252). He is also honored by the craters Lomonosov on the Moon and Lomonosov on Mars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010304-0004-0000", "contents": "1379 Lomonosowa, Physical characteristics\nLomonosowa has been characterized as a common, stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010304-0005-0000", "contents": "1379 Lomonosowa, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nSeveral rotational lightcurve of Lomonosowa have been obtained from photometric observations since the 1980s. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 24.482 and 24.71 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.45 to 0.63 magnitude (U=2/3/2). The asteroid's lightcurve has also been modeled using photometric observations from various sources. Modelling gave a concurring sidereal period of 24.4845 and 24.4846 hours. One study also found two spin axis of (72.0\u00b0, \u221284.0\u00b0) and (265.0\u00b0, \u221246.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010304-0006-0000", "contents": "1379 Lomonosowa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lomonosowa measures between 18.690 and 20.45 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1584 and 0.218. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 17.82 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010306-0000-0000", "contents": "137th (Calgary) Battalion, CEF\nThe 137th Battalion, CEF, was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Calgary, Alberta, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 21st Reserve Battalion on January 10, 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010306-0001-0000", "contents": "137th (Calgary) Battalion, CEF\nThe 137th Battalion, CEF, had one officer commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel G.W. Morfitt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010306-0002-0000", "contents": "137th (Calgary) Battalion, CEF\nThe perpetuation of the battalion was assigned in 1920 to the 5th Battalion, the Calgary Regiment. When the regiment was split in 1924, the perpetuation passed to the 3rd Battalion, the Calgary Regiment. This regiment, now the King's Own Calgary Regiment (RCAC), still perpetuates the 137th Battalion, CEF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010306-0003-0000", "contents": "137th (Calgary) Battalion, CEF\nIn 1967, members of the 137th Battalion CEF Association raised funds and erected a memorial to the unit on the west side of North Glenmore Park, in Calgary. Members of the King's Own Calgary Regiment commemorate the sacrifices of their fallen comrades each Remembrance Day by sending a contingent to the memorial and conducting a small ceremony of remembrance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010306-0004-0000", "contents": "137th (Calgary) Battalion, CEF\nThe 137th (Calgary) Battalion CEF is one of only four units whose glyphs survive on the hillside at Battalion Park in the neighbourhood of Signal Hill, Calgary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010307-0000-0000", "contents": "137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\n137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery formed during World War II. It was one of the first 'Mixed' regiments in which women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service were integrated into the unit's personnel. It defended the United Kingdom against aerial attack until it deployed to Belgium in January 1945 to defend Brussels against V-1 flying bombs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010307-0001-0000", "contents": "137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nBy 1941, after two years of war Anti- Aircraft Command, tasked with defending the UK against air attack, was suffering a manpower shortage. In April its commander-in-chief, Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick 'Tim' Pile, proposed to overcome this by utilising the women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The ATS was by law a non-combatant service, but it was decided that Defence Regulations permitted the employment of women in anti-aircraft (AA) roles other than actually firing the guns. They worked the radar and plotting instruments, range-finders and predictors, ran command posts and communications, and carried out many other duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010307-0001-0001", "contents": "137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nWith the increasing automation of heavy AA (HAA) guns, including gun-laying, fuze-setting and ammunition loading under remote control from the predictor, the question of who actually fired the gun became blurred as the war progressed. The ATS rank and file, if not always their officers, took to the new role with enthusiasm and 'Mixed' batteries and regiments with the ATS supplying two-thirds of their personnel quickly proved a success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010307-0002-0000", "contents": "137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nThe first of these new batteries took over an operational gun site in Richmond Park, south-west London, in August 1941, and complete regiments soon followed, including 137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, whose regimental headquarters formed at Newton, Chester, on 10 November 1941. It was then joined by the following batteries:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010307-0003-0000", "contents": "137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nAt the end of the year the new regiment was assigned to 33rd (Western) Anti - Aircraft Brigade in Liverpool, part of 4th Anti- Aircraft Division. On 5 January 1942, 477 (M) HAA Bty transferred to 142nd HAA Rgt in exchange for 487 (M) HAA Bty, which joined 137th HAA Rgt on 1 February (487 was another Oswestry-trained battery, with its cadre drawn from 107th HAA Rgt).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010307-0004-0000", "contents": "137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nThe Blitz had ended in May 1941, but there were still occasional Luftwaffe raids on Liverpool and Manchester, and AA Command continued to expand its capabilities. 137th (M) HAA Regiment sent a cadre to 211th HAA Training Rgt at Oswestry where it formed 574 (M) HAA Bty on 30 June 1942. Then in September the regiment moved from North West England to the London Inner Artillery Zone (IAZ), where it came under the command of 26 (London) AA Bde in 1st AA Division and was joined by 574 (M) HAA Bty. On 9 November 590 (M) HAA Bty also joined, having been formed at Oswestry from a 1st AA Division cadre and briefly served with 183rd (M) HAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010307-0005-0000", "contents": "137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nA few sporadic attacks were made on London during 1943, by conventional bombers at night on 17 January, 3 March and 16 April, by daylight Fighter-bombers on 12 March, and by night again on 7 and 20 October. The Luftwaffe began a new bombing campaign against London in early 1944 (the Baby Blitz), when the city was subjected to 14 raids between 21 January and 18 April. By now the night fighter defences and the London IAZ were well organised and the attackers suffered heavy losses for relatively small results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010307-0005-0001", "contents": "137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nOn 13 February, for example, only six out of 115 aircraft reached London, the rest being driven off. Five raids in the third week of February varying in strength from 100 to 140 aircraft were met by intense AA fire from the Thames Estuary in to the IAZ and fewer than half reached the city; 13 were shot down by AA Command, 15 by Royal Air Force night-fighters, and one 'kill' was shared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010307-0006-0000", "contents": "137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nMore significant were the V-1 flying bombs, codenamed 'Divers', which began to be launched against London from Northern France soon after the Allies launched their invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord) on D-Day. V-1s (known to Londoners as 'Doodlebugs') presented AA Command's biggest challenge since the Blitz. Defences had been planned against this new form of attack (Operation Diver), but the missiles' small size, high speed and awkward height presented a severe problem for AA guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 76], "content_span": [77, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010307-0006-0001", "contents": "137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nAfter two weeks' experience AA Command carried out a major reorganisation, stripping many guns from the London IAZ and other parts of the UK and repositioning them along the South Coast to target V-1s coming in over the English Channel, where the gun-laying radar worked best and where a 'downed' V-1 would cause no damage. 137th (M) HAA Regiment remained in the London IAZ, though here the guns stayed largely silent, to the dismay of Londoners. The first 'Diver' offensive ended when the launching sites in Normandy were overrun by 21st Army Group. A second campaign of air-launched missiles coming in from the North Sea led to a second redeployment by AA Command to East Anglia, but again 137th (M) HAA Rgt was unaffected by the moves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 76], "content_span": [77, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010307-0007-0000", "contents": "137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\n574 and 590 (M) HAA Batteries were disbanded on 16 October 1944, but the regiment was briefly joined from 7 to 30 November by 455 HAA Bty from 129th (M) HAA Rgt before it became an independent battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 76], "content_span": [77, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010307-0008-0000", "contents": "137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment\nOnce 21st Army Group had captured Brussels and Antwerp, these cities became targets for V-1s launched from within Germany, and anti-Diver or 'X' defences had to be established. AA Command's experience had shown that the power-operated, remotely controlled static Mk IIC 3.7-inch HAA gun, which had power traverse and automatic fuze-setting, accompanied by the most sophisticated Radar No 3 Mark V (the SCR-584 radar set) and No 10 Predictor (the all-electric Bell Labs AAA Computer), were required to deal effectively with V-1s, but 21st Army Group's mobile HAA units did not have experience with this equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 84], "content_span": [85, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010307-0008-0001", "contents": "137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment\n137th (M) HAA Regiment was the first Mixed unit sent from AA Command to reinforce the Brussels 'X' defences in January 1945. It deployed in bitter winter weather: it was so cold that the oil in the guns' hydraulic power systems froze. The Brussels 'X' defences under 101 AA Brigade involved an outer line of Wireless Observer Units sited 40 miles (64\u00a0km) to 50 miles (80\u00a0km) in front of the guns to give 8 minutes' warning, then Local Warning (LW) stations positioned half way, equipped with radar to begin plotting individual missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 84], "content_span": [85, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010307-0008-0002", "contents": "137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment\nFinally there was an inner belt of Observation Posts (OPs), about 20,000 yards (18,000\u00a0m) in front of the guns to give visual confirmation that the tracked target was a missile. The LW stations and OPs were operated by teams from the AA regiments. Radar-controlled searchlights were deployed to assist in identification and engagement of missiles at night. Unlike the anti-Diver guns firing over the English Channel or North Sea, VT Proximity fuzes could not be employed by the HAA batteries at Brussels because of the risk of casualties to troops and civilians under the missiles' flightpath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 84], "content_span": [85, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010307-0008-0003", "contents": "137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment\nThe success rate of the Brussels X defences had been low at first, but after the arrival of Mk IIC guns and experienced crews from AA Command the results improved considerably, with best results in February and March 1945. (101 AA Bde handed over command to 50 AA Bde for the last few weeks.) The number of missiles launched at Brussels dropped rapidly as 21st Army Group continued its advance, and in the last week the AA defences destroyed 97.5 per cent of those reaching the defence belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 84], "content_span": [85, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010307-0009-0000", "contents": "137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment\nThe war in Europe ended on VE Day (8 May 1945) and 137th (Mixed) HAA Regiment and its three batteries was disbanded on 25 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 84], "content_span": [85, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010307-0010-0000", "contents": "137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Insignia\nWhile the male members of the regiment wore the Royal Artillery's 'gun' cap badge, the women wore the ATS cap badge, but in addition they wore the RA's 'grenade' collar badge as a special badge above the left breast pocket of the tunic. Both sexes wore the white RA lanyard on the right shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 69], "content_span": [70, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron\nThe 137th Airlift Squadron (137 AS) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard 105th Airlift Wing located at Stewart Air National Guard Base, Newburgh, New York. The 137th is equipped with the C-17A Globemaster III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nFormed at Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia, as a Third Air Force Operational Training Unit (OTU), equipped with A-24 Banshee dive bombers. Moved to California in September 1943 as part of Desert Training Center in Mojave Desert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0002-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nAfter the A-24 was taken out of combat service, trained with P-39 Airacobras and became combat ready, being reassigned to VIII Fighter Command in England, April 1944. Re -equipped with P-51 Mustangs, with a mission for escorting B-17 Flying Fortress and B-24 Liberator heavy bombers during its first five weeks of operations, and afterwards flew many escort missions to cover the operations of medium and heavy bombers that struck strategic objectives, interdicted the enemy's communications, or supported operations on the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0003-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe group frequently strafed airfields and other targets of opportunity while on escort missions. Provided fighter cover over the English Channel and the coast of Normandy during the invasion of France in June 1944. Strafed and dive-bombed vehicles, locomotives, marshalling yards, anti-aircraft batteries, and troops while Allied forces fought to break out of the beachhead in France. Attacked transportation targets as Allied armies drove across France after the breakthrough at Saint-L\u00f4 in July. Flew area patrols during the airborne attack on the Netherlands in September. Escorted bombers to, and flew patrols over the battle area during the German counterattack in the Ardennes (Battle of the Bulge), December 1944 \u2013 January 1945. Provided area patrols during the assault across the Rhine in March 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0004-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nReturned to the US in October and inactivated on 18 October 1945 as an administrative unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0005-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard\nThe wartime 504th Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 137th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the New York Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Westchester County Airport, White Plains, New York, and was extended federal recognition on 8 December 1948 by the National Guard Bureau. The 137th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 504th Fighter Squadron and all predecessor units. The squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was assigned to the New York ANG 107th Fighter Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0006-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard\nThe mission of the 136th Fighter Squadron was the air defense of Southeast New York and New York City. Aircraft parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. In some ways, the postwar Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, the unit also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score at least as well or better than active-duty USAF units, given the fact that most ANG pilots were World War II combat veterans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0007-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air defense mission\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. The 137th was retained by the State of New York to maintain the air defense mission primarily of New York City. In 1951, the Thunderbolts were replaced by Very Long Range F-51H Mustangs with were capable of extended air defense flights over all of New York State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0008-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air defense mission\nThe air defense mission remained after the Korean War armistice and the unit resumed normal peacetime training and drills. In 1954, the Mustang was ending its service life and Air Defense Command was re-equipping its fighter-interceptor squadrons with jet aircraft. The 137th received F-94B Starfires, however the F-94 required a two-man aircrew a pilot and an air observer to operate its radar equipment. Trainees for the radar assignment had to attend regular Air Force Training Schools, and required virtually the same qualifications as the pilot trainees. The additional recruitment of guardsmen led to the units having a manning and capabilities problem that lasted for some time until the unit was returned to full readiness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0009-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air defense mission\nIn 1956, the 107th Fighter-Interceptor Wing was reorganized and re-designated as the 107th Air Defense Wing. As a result, the 137th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 105th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 137th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 105th Headquarters, 105th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 105th Combat Support Squadron, and the 105th USAF Dispensary. The F-86H Sabre replaced the F-94B Starfires in 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0010-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air defense mission\nA major change to the 107th Air Defense Wing in 1958 was the transition from an Air Defense Command (ADC) mission to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and a tactical fighter mission, the 105th being re-designated as a Tactical Fighter Group; and 137th also being re-designated. The new assignment involved a change in the Group's training mission to include high-altitude interception, air-to-ground rocketry, ground strafing and tactical bombing. The 137th TFS retained their F-86H Sabres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0011-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nThe 105th Tactical Fighter Group was inactivated on 1 February 1961 with the 137th being transferred to the 106th Aeromedical Transport Group on 1 February 1961 and was re-designated as the 137th Aeromedical Transport Squadron under the Military Air Transport Service (MATS). The 137th converted to flying the C-119 Flying Boxcar. The squadron airlifted critically injured and sick personnel until late 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0012-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nWith air transportation recognized as a critical need, the 137th was re-designated the 137th Air Transport Squadron (Heavy) 1 December 1963 and equipped with C-97 Stratofreighter heavy transports, although the Aeromedical Flight remained as a secondary mission. With the C-97s, the 102d augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs in Europe. It also flew scheduled MATS transport missions to Europe, Africa the Caribbean and South America. On 8 January 1966, Military Air Transport Service became Military Airlift Command (MAC) and the 137th was re-designated as the 137th Military Airlift Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0013-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nIn 1966, the squadron began operations to and from bases in South Vietnam. During calendar year 1967, in addition to the Southeast Asia flights which continued throughout the year until September, the squadron flew missions to South America, Africa, Australia, Asia and Europe in support of the Military Airlift Command and the Joint Chiefs of Staff airlift (directed) missions. The overseas flights also were in addition to a variety of airlift missions flown within the continental United States to include Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico carrying personnel of the active military, Reserve and National Guard units to and from training sites and a continuing series of joint exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0014-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Forward air support mission\nIn 1969 the C-97s were reaching the end of their operational lifetime and in March, the 105th changed again to become the 105th Tactical Air Support Group and became part of Tactical Air Command. The 137th received interim Cessna U-3 aircraft which was shortly replaced with the O-2A Super Skymaster direct from Cessna. The O-2 was the military version of the Cessna 337 Skymaster, a high wing, twin boom aircraft with a unique centerline pusher/tractor twin engine configuration. The O-2A version, used by the 137th TASS, was used in forward air control, (FAC), missions, often in conjunction with a ground FAC & ROMAD, (radio operator, maintenance, and driver), team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0015-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Forward air support mission\nThe mission of the 105th Tactical Air Support Group was to train Forward Air Controllers and to maintain proficiency in the unit aircraft. An unusual highlight of 1970 was the call to active duty on 24, 25 and 26 March for the New York City Postal Strike, U.S. Post Office workers went off the job in a pay dispute, and President Richard Nixon called on New York City area Guardsmen to sort and deliver the mail. The 105th performed its postal duties at the Main Bronx Post Office, Westchester County Airport. The NYANG ramp continued to be the \"entrance of choice\" by foreign dignitaries, and President Nixon during 1970. The Presidents of France, Ecuador, and several other foreign notables landed there on visits to the U.S. President Nixon arrived there during his campaign for Republican Congressmen in the fall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0016-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Forward air support mission\nDuring this time, the unit received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award. After becoming a part of the Tactical Air Command, the unit received the New York State Governor's Trophy, as the State's outstanding flying unit, more than one half of the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0017-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Forward air support mission\nAs part of the draw-down of forces in Southeast Asia, aircraft from the Vietnam War were added to make up the allocated number to the Group. However, the 105th had to actually rebuild most of the Vietnam Veteran aircraft, which had been through the most rigorous of combat operations in South Vietnam. The 105th made national news through their program of assisting local governmental health agencies in the detection of violations of water and stream pollution laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0017-0001", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Forward air support mission\n105th pilots, on the kind of observation missions they would be doing in combat, initiated a program of photography and reporting to local civicofficials. The local health agency would then send its own aircraft up to take similar photographs forevidence and possible action. The 105th was awarded the Governor's Trophy for 1974, signifying the outstanding flying unit of the New York Air National Guard for that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0018-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Forward air support mission\nThe 105th was upgraded to a Wing on 14 June 1975, the group becoming the operational organization for the new wing organization. In August 1978 the group was inactivated with the 137th TASS being assigned directly to the Wing. However, the unit reverted to Group status on 1 July 1979, when the Wing organization was transferred to the 174th Tactical Fighter Group to accommodate the newly organized A-10 Thunderbolt II Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0019-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Forward air support mission\nIn 1981, the group deployed to Lechfeld Air Base, West Germany to observe A-10 Close Air Support operations, and forward air control in the NATO/USAFE environment. The visit provided a first-hand look at tactics used by various NATO members, as well as an in-depth look at Forward Operating locations and NATO air tasking orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0020-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Forward air support mission\nIn the early 1980s, it became apparent that the facility at Westchester Airport was not large enough to support a conversion to a new aircraft or mission. The State's Division of Military and Naval Affairs started negotiations with National Guard Bureau to relocate the unit. As a result, USAF and the Air National Guard approved a unit relocation to Stewart International Airport, Newburgh, New York. This move took advantage of the excellent airfield facilities at Stewart, which was an active Air Force Base through 1969. The move, initiated during 1982 was completed by the last quarter of 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0021-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nIn May 1983, the unit relocated to Stewart International Airport. It was re-designated the 105th Military Airlift Group on 1 May 1984 and later in July 1985 became the first Air National Guard unit in the Nation to fly the C-5A Galaxy aircraft. Soon after receiving its first C-5A aircraft, in October 1985 the unit airlifted 84,600 pounds of cots and bedding to Puerto Rico following Hurricane Gloria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0022-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nIn October 1988 the 105th airlifted 300,000 pounds of hurricane relief and reconstruction supplies to the island nation of Jamaica following Hurricane Gilbert. In January 1989 the unit carried 146,610 pounds of earthquake relief supplies to aid Soviet Armenia. In March 1989 the 105th responded with less than 24 hours notice to an AMC request to airlift an over 80,000 pound submersible vehicle from Andrews AFB, Maryland and Homestead AFB, Florida to Kadena AB, Japan to assist in search and recovery operations for an Air Force Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King helicopter which crashed in the East China Sea. Throughout the summer and fall of 1989 the 105th continued to support reconstruction efforts in Jamaica by airlifting National Guard civil engineering teams and equipment to that island nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0023-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nBeginning in October 1989 the unit airlifted over 2,000,000 pounds of relief supplies to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands following Hurricane Hugo. In December 1991 the 105th airlifted over 145,000 pounds of clothing, blankets and medical supplies to Bucharest, Romania. In February 1992 the unit participated in Operation Provide Hope, the airlift of humanitarian aid to the Commonwealth of Independent States (former Soviet Union); delivering 384,000 pounds of relief materials to Saint Petersburg, Russia and Yerevan, Armenia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0024-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\n1989 ended on a dramatic note for the 105th Airlift Wing as it performed its wartime mission in support of Operation Just Cause. The over 2,200,000 pounds of cargo airlifted by the 105th in support of that operation represented approximately 25% of the initial total airlift effort of all of the Military Airlift Command's C-5 fleet assigned to both active duty and reserve component elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0025-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nOn 7 August 1990 Governor Mario Cuomo announced that the Department of Defense had requested, and he had approved, the participation of the personnel and C-5A aircraft of the 105th in active and direct support of Operation Desert Shield in the Persian Gulf region. On 24 August the 137th Military Airlift Squadron was called to active duty by President George H. W. Bush to provide continued support for this operation. While the 137th was formally returned to state control on 15 May 1991, the majority of unit members chose to remain in active status until 1 August 1991 in response to the Military Airlift Command's need for continuing airlift support of Operation Desert Storm and Operation Provide Comfort (Kurdish relief).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0026-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nOn 28 February 1991, a part of the 105th USAF Clinic was also called to active duty with duty stations at Malcolm Grow Medical Center, Andrews AFB, Maryland. All medical personnel were released from active duty during May 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0027-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nIn March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 105th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 105th Airlift Group. On 1 October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force \"One Base \u2013 One Wing\" policy, the 105th Airlift Wing was established and the 137th Airlift Squadron was assigned to the new 105th Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0028-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nIn September 1992 the unit responded to Hurricane Andrew; delivering 1,289,953 pounds of food, tents, mobile kitchens, vehicles, and emergency services personnel to the Homestead area of South Florida. In November 1992 the 105th airlifted 118,450 pounds\u2014including generators, portable shelters and medical supplies and equipment\u2014to Zagreb, Croatia to support the U.S. Army's 212th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital's establishment of a facility to provide a full range of health care for United Nations forces deployed in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0028-0001", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nFrom December 1992 to April 1993 the 105th supported Operation Restore Hope providing humanitarian airlift of 2,800,000 pounds of supplies and over 600 passengers into Somalia. Following massive flooding in the central United States in July 1993, the unit airlifted, to Des Moines, Iowa; ten reverse osmosis water purification systems weighing a total of over 380,000 pounds and capable of providing over 600,000 gallons of potable water a day. In August 1993 the unit airlifted 75 tons of relief supplies and equipment to Southern Turkey to be used to help Kurdish refugees from Iraqi terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0029-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nIn October 1993 the 105th returned to Somalia, delivering military personnel and almost 860,000 pounds of equipment non-stop\u2014with triple air refueling\u2014directly from bases in the United States to Mogadishu. In July 1994 105th aircraft began carrying humanitarian relief supplies to the people of Rwanda\u2014by early September 1,635,189 pounds of supplies and equipment were delivered to East Africa. In late September 1994 the unit began airlifting over a million pounds of supplies and equipment to Haiti as part of Operation Uphold Democracy. The 105th played a key role in July 1995 for Operation Quick Lift when it airlifted 431,000 pounds of cargo and 190 British troops from RAF Brize Norton, UK to Split Croatia in support of the United Nations' Rapid Reaction Deployment Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0030-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nIn October 1994 105th aircraft and volunteer crews played a key role in Operation Vigilant Warrior and Operation Southern Watch deterring potential Iraqi aggression in the Arabian Peninsula. In August 1995 the 105th played a key role in airlifting personnel and equipment to Kuwait in support of Operation Vigilant Warrior II and Exercise Intrinsic Action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0031-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nImmediately following Hurricane Marilyn in September 1995, the unit airlifted 527,200 pounds of desperately needed supplies and equipment to the citizens of the American Virgin Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0032-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nIn December 1995, 105th Airlift Wing C-5 crews embarked on the first of six missions in support of President Clinton's peacekeeping mission in Bosnia, transporting almost 800,000 pounds of U.S. Army support equipment to the European theater. The 105th returned to the East African country of Rwanda in March 1996 to deliver 120,000 pounds of vital supplies and equipment in support of the Rwandan War Crimes Tribunal and the World Food Program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0033-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0034-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nSince 1996, the 137th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron was formed and deployed in support of world contingencies including Operation Joint Endeavor, Operation Allied Force, and Operation Joint Guardian. After the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001, the 137th EAS was formed and activated to support Operation Northern Watch, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0035-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era\nOn 27 November 2010, the USAF selected the New York Air National Guard's 105th Airlift Wing at Stewart Air National Guard Base as its \"preferred base\" for eight C-17 Globemaster III aircraft. The 12 C-5A Galaxy operated by the 105th AW were retired and replaced by the C-17s. The last 105th Airlift Wing based C-5A Galaxy, tail number 0001, departed its Hudson Valley home for the last time on 19 September 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0036-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era\nThe initial C-17 assigned to Stewart AGB, tail number 50105, arrived on 18 July 2011. The 105th AW C-17 rollout ceremony was held 6 August 2011 with two C-17s being placed on display during the event, the first of eight which replaced the larger, aging C-5A fleet. Unlike its predecessor, the C-17 can take off and land from unpaved runways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010308-0037-0000", "contents": "137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, the 105th Airlift Wing and the 213d Engineering Installation Squadron deployed 75 New York ANG Airmen as part of the state response to the disaster in New York City and Long Island. The Airmen were part of Joint Operations Area 3, Joint Task Force 3 hurricane relief operations in Manhattan and were among more than 2,400 Army and ANG service members deployed at the order of Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010309-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 137th Armoured Brigade was an armoured brigade of the British Army that saw active service during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010309-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom), History\nThe brigade was formed from the 137th Infantry Brigade that was serving with the 46th Infantry Division until July 1942 when it was converted into the 137th Armoured Brigade. This was due to a new experiment of 'Mixed Divisions', of two infantry brigade and one tank brigade. However, the 46th Division was re-converted back to a standard infantry division and the brigade came under command of the War Office, and later Eastern Command. However, the brigade was later disbanded on 26 September 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010310-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 137th Aviation Regiment is a U.S. Army Aviation Branch regiment of the United States Army. It is drawn from the United States Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010310-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nIt was constituted 1 October 1987 in the Ohio National Guard as the 137th Aviation, a parent regiment under the United States Army Regimental System. On that date it was organized from existing units (mainly from the 1416th Transportion Company later redesignated as Company D (-)(Columbus, OH) and Det 1, Co D 137th Aviation (Greensburg, OH)), with headquarters at Worthington, consisting of Company D only. The headquarters location was changed on 11 May 1988 to Columbus, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010310-0002-0000", "contents": "137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nOn 5 March 1990 the regiment was reorganized, to consist of the 1st Battalion and Company D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010310-0003-0000", "contents": "137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nReorganized 1991-1992 in the Arkansas, Montana, Ohio, North Dakota, South Dakota and West Virginia Army National Guard to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions andCompany D", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010310-0004-0000", "contents": "137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nReorganized 1 September 1995 in the Arkansas, Indiana, Maine, Ohio, North Dakota, South Dakota and West Virginia Army National Guard to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions, and Company D", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010310-0005-0000", "contents": "137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nReorganized 1 September 1996 in the Ohio, Indiana, and Maine Army National Guard to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 38th Infantry Division, and Company D", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010310-0006-0000", "contents": "137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nReorganized 1 November 2002 in the Ohio, New York, and West Virginia Army National Guard to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 38th Infantry Division, and Company G", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010310-0007-0000", "contents": "137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nOrdered into active federal service 5 July 2004 at Columbus, Ohio", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010310-0008-0000", "contents": "137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nReleased from active federal service 1 November 2005 and reverted to state control", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010310-0009-0000", "contents": "137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nReorganized 1 June 2006 in the Ohio, Indiana, and New York Army National Guard to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 38th Infantry Division, and Company G.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010310-0010-0000", "contents": "137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nReorganized 1 September 2006 in the Ohio and Indiana National Guard to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 38th Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010310-0011-0000", "contents": "137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nOrdered into active federal service 2 January 2009 at home stations; released from active federal service 5 February 2010 and reverted to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010311-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 137th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1st and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 5, 1993, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Democratic Governor Thomas R. Carper from New Castle County and Democratic Lieutenant Governor Ruth Ann Minner from Kent County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010311-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1990 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010311-0002-0000", "contents": "137th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 137th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a  Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010311-0003-0000", "contents": "137th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010311-0004-0000", "contents": "137th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010312-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 137th Division (\u7b2c137\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakusanj\u016bnana Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Fuyoku Division (\u6276\u7ffc\u5175\u56e3, Fuyoku Heidan). It was formed 10 July 1945 in North Hamgyong Province as a triangular division. It was a part of the 8 simultaneously created divisions batch comprising 134th,  135th, 136th, 137th, 138th, 139th, 148th and 149th divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the small parts detached from the 79th division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010312-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 137th division was assigned to the 34th army 30 July 1945. Due to the lack of officers, many were either ill or senile, raising concerns related to a lot of soldiers drafted from the Korea. Also, the 137th division have suffered from the severe lack of equipment, with only rifles and machine guns available in any numbers. The division has absolutely no artillery pieces, although several were en route. Even wood-cutting implements for camping and fortification were in short supply, with one axe per company and a one saw per battalion. Anti", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010312-0001-0001", "contents": "137th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\n-tank explosive charges were also in the short supply. Also, the entire division had only three trucks, making division to balance on the verge of the starvation due supply problems. 15 August 1945, the division has only food worth for two days. Also, the division have not enough telephone wire to connect with all sub-units, therefore resorting to visual communications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010312-0002-0000", "contents": "137th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nDuring the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, the 137th division was deployed together with the 59th division south-west of Hamhung.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010312-0003-0000", "contents": "137th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe division was reassigned to 17th area army and transferred to Pyongyang after the surrender of Japan 15 August 1945, where it was disarmed by the Soviet Union forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010313-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 137th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c137\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 26th Division, 9th Column of the Fourth Field Army. Its history could be traced to the 13th Brigade of Jidong Military District formed in November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010313-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn the composition of 46th Corps it took part in the Chinese civil war, including the Winter Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China, Liaoshen Campaign, Pingjin Campaign, and Hengbao Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010313-0002-0000", "contents": "137th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was composed of 409th, 410th, and 411th Infantry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010313-0003-0000", "contents": "137th Division (People's Republic of China)\nFrom August 1952 to October 1955 the division was deployed to North Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010313-0004-0000", "contents": "137th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn June 1953, 518th Artillery Regiment was activated and attached to the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010313-0005-0000", "contents": "137th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn October 1955, the division left North Korea along with the corps HQ and was relocated in Jilin City, Jilin Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010313-0006-0000", "contents": "137th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn May 1957, the 410th Regiment was reconstituted into reduced status. In February 1960, the 410th Regiment was reestablished to full strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010313-0007-0000", "contents": "137th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1960 the division was redesignated as the 137th Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c137\u5e08). The division was then composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010313-0008-0000", "contents": "137th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn June 1962, the 137th Army Division was reconstituted as a division category B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010313-0009-0000", "contents": "137th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn August 1969, 518th Artillery Regiment was redesignated as the Artillery Regiment, 137th Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010313-0010-0000", "contents": "137th Division (People's Republic of China)\nFrom June to July 1975, the division was relocated to Xuzhou, Jiangsu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010313-0011-0000", "contents": "137th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1978, the division was relocated to Jiao County, Shandong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010314-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States)\nThe 137th Field Artillery Battalion is a field artillery battalion of the Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010314-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), History\nThe 137th Field Artillery Battalion is not to be confused with the 137th Field Artillery Regiment. In 1959 the majority of the unit became the 140th Signal Battalion which has been pared down to one company (A Company).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010314-0002-0000", "contents": "137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nConstituted in the Colorado National Guard as Company G, 1st Colorado Infantry and organized in April 1899 at Denver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010314-0003-0000", "contents": "137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nMustered out of state service 17 July 1911; reorganized in state service 28 July 1911 as Company G. 1st Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010314-0004-0000", "contents": "137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nRedesignated 5 July 1916 as Battery B,1st Separate Battalion, Colorado Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010314-0005-0000", "contents": "137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nDrafted into Federal service, 5 August 1917, Redesignated Battery B, 148th Field Artillery. and assigned to the 41st Infantry Division. 19 September 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010314-0006-0000", "contents": "137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nRedesignated 1 October 1921 as Battery B, 1st Battalion, 158th Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010314-0007-0000", "contents": "137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nRedesignated 1 August 1933 as Battery B, 168th Field Artillery Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010314-0008-0000", "contents": "137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nReorganized and Federally recognized 1 August 1955 as Headquarters  and Headquarters Battery 137th Field Artillery Battalion; Concurrently organic elements organized by conversion and redesignation of existing units as follows;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010314-0009-0000", "contents": "137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nBattalion broken up 1 February 1959 and elements converted and redesignated as follows;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010314-0010-0000", "contents": "137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Decorations\nPhilippine Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered 17 October 1944 to 4 July 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 60], "content_span": [61, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010314-0011-0000", "contents": "137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms\nGules, on a bend between in dexter chief a sea lion holding in dexter paw a sword and in sinister base a bar dancette couped or, five fleurs-de-lis paleways azure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010314-0012-0000", "contents": "137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the Colorado National guard", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010314-0013-0000", "contents": "137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms\nThe colors scarlet and yellow are used for artillery. the five fleurs-de-lis  on the diagonal band symbolize the units World War I service in France. The sea lion, from the coat of arms of Manila, represent service in the Pacific theater during World War II. The jagged bar with 3 peaks refers to the mountainous terrain of Colorado, The home area of the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010315-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Georgia General Assembly\nThe 137th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia convened its first session on January 10, 1983, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. The 137th Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 136th and served as the precedent for the 138th General Assembly in 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010315-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Georgia General Assembly, Party standings, House of Representatives\n*Active political parties in Georgia are not limited to the Democratic and Republican parties. Libertarians, and occasionally others, run candidates in elections. However, for the 1983-84 session of the General Assembly, only the two major parties were successful in electing legislators to office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010316-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Guards Airborne Regiment\nThe 137th Guards Airborne Regiment is a formation of the Russian Airborne Troops. It is part of the 106th Guards Tula Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010316-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Guards Airborne Regiment\nIn 2014, the regiment was involved in the Russian military intervention in Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010316-0002-0000", "contents": "137th Guards Airborne Regiment, History\nThe regiment was formed on 1 October 1948 in Ryazan as the 137th Guards Air-Landing Regiment of the 11th Guards Airborne Division. In 1949 it was converted into an airborne regiment. In May 1955 it became part of the 106th Guards Airborne Division after the 11th Guards Airborne Division was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010317-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 137th Illinois Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Illinois that served in the Union Army between June 5 and September 4, 1864, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010317-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized at Camp Wood, Quincy, Illinois, by Colonel John Wood, and mustered in for one-hundred day service on June 5. On June 9, the regiment was ordered to Memphis, Tennessee and on July 9, assigned to picket duty on the Hernando road, until September. On August 21, the regiment was involved in the Second Battle of Memphis repelling General Nathan Bedford Forrest's attack. The regiment was mustered out on September 4, 1864, at Springfield, Illinois. During its service the regiment had a total of thirty-four fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010318-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 137th Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between May 26 and September 21, 1864, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010318-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana and mustered in on May 26, 1864. It was ordered to Tennessee and Alabama for railroad guard duty, until late September 1864. The regiment was mustered out on September 21, 1864. During its service the regiment lost seventeen men to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010319-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 137th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010319-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History\nThe brigade was raised in the summer of 1939 when the Territorial Army was doubled in size in order to meet the threat of Nazi Germany. The brigade was formed as a 2nd Line duplicate of the 147th Infantry Brigade and was assigned to the 46th (West Riding and North Midland) Infantry Division. With the division, the brigade was sent overseas to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France in April 1940 for training and labour duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010319-0001-0001", "contents": "137th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History\nIn May, the brigade fought against the German Army in the Battle of France until being evacuated at Dunkirk with the rest of the BEF. After spending the next two years in the United Kingdom on home defence against a German invasion, in July 1942 it was decided to convert the 137th Brigade into an armoured formation. The brigades' infantry battalions were subsequently transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps and the brigade was redesignated 137th Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010320-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 137th Infantry Division was a major fighting formation of the German Army (Wehrmacht). It was created in October 1940, and first saw combat in Operation Barbarossa as part of Army Group Centre. The division remained on the central sector of the Eastern Front, where it participated in heavy fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010320-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nBy November 1943, the division's losses on the Eastern Front were so high that it only consisted of two infantry regiments. This was followed by the withdrawal from the front, where the division was disbanded. The remaining troops were converted into Division Group 137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010320-0002-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe staff of the former division was reassigned to the 271st Infantry Division. Division Group 137 became subordinated to Korps-Abteilung E, which was also set up in November 1943, under Army Group Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 137th Infantry Regiment (First Kansas) was an infantry regiment of the United States Army. It was part of the Kansas Army National Guard and has served with distinction in the Philippine Insurrection, World War I, and World War II. The last active battalion was the 2nd Battalion, as the 2\u2013137th Combined Arms Battalion, a component of the 635th Regional Support Group. The battalion was redesignated as the 1st Battalion, 635th Armor Regiment in 2020, although the structure of the unit remained unchanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe regiment traced its history back to the organization of the 1st Infantry Regiment of the Kansas Volunteer Militia from pre-existing companies on 17 May 1879. On 7 March 1885, the Kansas Volunteer Militia became the Kansas National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0002-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Philippine\u2013American War\nJohn W. Leedy, the governor of Kansas, issued a call for volunteers to fight in the Spanish\u2013American War on 26 April 1898, as soon as war was declared. The regiment was reorganized and officially mustered into service between 9 May and 13 May at Topeka, Kansas, as the 20th Kansas Volunteer Infantry. At the time of mustering in, the regiment consisted of 46 officers and 964 enlisted men. On 16 May, the regiment left for Camp Merritt, California, and due to disease, the regiment was forced to relocate to Camp Merriam, just north of the Presidio of San Francisco on 5 August. The regiment was still there when an armistice was signed on 12 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0003-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Philippine\u2013American War\nThe 20th Kansas was slated to take part in the Fifth Philippine Expedition on 27 October 1898, and 2nd and 3rd Battalions arrived in Manila on 5 December, and the 1st Battalion arrived on 6 December. The Spanish\u2013American War officially ended on 10 December, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. The 20th Kansas had not seen combat against the Spaniards and were camped in tobacco warehouses in Manila until February 1899 when the Philippine Insurrection began. They advanced on, and were the first to enter, Caloocan on 10 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0003-0001", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Philippine\u2013American War\nOn 25 March, the regiment swam the Tullahan River, captured a Blockhouse, and then was involved in the engagements of Malinta and Meycauayan three days later. On 28 March, some of the Kansans swam another river, capturing eighty prisoners among the men occupying the earthworks on the opposite side. On 31 March, the regiment entered Malolos, the capital of the First Philippine Republic. On 24 April, the 20th Kansas was involved in the advance against Calumpit, and in the next month, against San Thomas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0004-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Philippine\u2013American War\nOn 6 September 1899, the 20th Kansas Volunteer Infantry boarded transports and steamed for the US, arriving on 10 October. On 28 October, the regiment was mustered out of service. At the time of mustering out, the regiment had decreased in size, including 46 officers and 720 enlisted men. During its wartime service, the regiment had 3 officers and 19 enlisted men killed in action. An additional 11 enlisted men died of wounds received in battle. 35 enlisted men died from disease, and 145 more were discharged on disability. 4 enlisted men were court-martialed, and 4 men deserted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0005-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nSimultaneously with its mustering out from Federal service, the 20th Kansas was consolidated with the 1st Regiment of Infantry (Provisional), as the 1st Infantry Regiment of the Kansas National Guard. The regiment served the state government until mustered into Federal Service at Fort Riley for duty on the Mexico\u2013United States border, under the orders of President Woodrow Wilson, on 27 June 1916. It reached Eagle Pass, Texas on 7 July. The regiment returned to Fort Riley and was mustered out on 30 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0006-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nWhen the US declared war on Germany on 5 April 1917, companies were increased in size from 60 to 150 men, then eventually, to 250 men. On 5 August, the 137th Infantry Regiment was drafted into Federal service. On 1 October it was consolidated with the 2nd Infantry Regiment of the Kansas National Guard to become the 137th Infantry, part of the 35th Division. They subsequently set sail for Europe, entering the frontline on 18 June 1918. The 137th was stationed in the Metz area and successfully repulsed a German raid on the night of 22\u201323 June. On 20 July, Company C put on a successful raid of its own against the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0007-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\n1 September saw the regiment moved by truck from the Vosges Mountains to Nancy and then into reserve for the Saint-Mihiel attack of 12\u201316 September. This surprise attack was so successful that the 35th Division was not used, and it was soon headed for the greatest American battle of the war. 25 September found the 137th Infantry in position facing Vauquois Hill, an impregnable natural fortress the Germans had held over four years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0007-0001", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nIn the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, a 6-hour barrage was launched on this hill and was taken by the Kansas soldiers in their first attempt on 26 September, and their trial by fire began; an ordeal that was to last six days and six nights, with little or no food, only snatches of sleep, and an uninterrupted rain of shells, gas, and bullets from infantry, artillery and warplanes. The 137th Infantry took every objective assigned it, but in the taking suffered casualties of nearly 1,300 men out of the 2,800 combatants engaged; 46%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0007-0002", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe regiment was relieved by the 1st Infantry Division on 1 October 1918, and after resting in the rear for 10 days, the regiment moved to Verdun and remained in the fighting until 4 November. They were in the thick of fighting until 9 November when they were relieved. The Armistice of 11 November 1918 finally stopped the fighting, after which the regiment returned to Kansas, where it demobilized at Camp Funston between 9 and 11 May 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0008-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar period\nThe former 1st Infantry Regiment of the Kansas National Guard was consolidated with the 4th Infantry Regiment, organized in 1918, to become the 137th Infantry of the 35th Division on 4 November 1921. The regiment was headquartered at Horton. D Company was formed in 1922, entirely from American Indian personnel at Haskell Indian College in Topeka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0009-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar period\nBetween 14 December and 26 February 1922, the 1st and 3rd Battalions were called up for riot control during a strike of coal miners at Pittsburg. During the interwar period, the regiment conducted annual summer training mostly at Fort Riley. Both the 1st and 3rd Battalions provided relief between 13 and 16 July 1924 after a tornado struck Augusta. After the escape of criminals from the Kansas State Penitentiary, the 2nd Battalion was called up to perform road patrols and block bridges between 19 and 20 January 1934. Between 8 and 27 June of that year, it also provided riot control during labor troubles at copper mines in Baxter Springs. From 17 June to 6 August 1935, the regimental headquarters and 3rd Battalion were called up to provide riot control during a strike of coal miners at Columbus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0010-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe 137th Infantry was inducted into Federal service on 23 December 1940 in preparation for the possibility that the United States might enter World War II. The regiment was assigned to the 35th Infantry Division, just as it had been during World War I, and was sent to Camp Joseph T. Robinson, near Little Rock, Arkansas. Troops were recruited from all over Kansas. A Company drew men from Atchinson, B Company came from Emporia, C Company enlisted men from Council Grove, D Company hailed from Dodge City. E, F, G, and H Companies were recruited from Holton, Newton, Kansas City, and Lawrence respectively. I and K Companies hailed from Wichita, L Company came from Kingman, and M Company was also from Lawrence. Additional recruits came from Topeka and Cottonwood Falls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0011-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nAfter the Attack on Pearl Harbor, the 137th was sent to Fort Ord, California to guard against the possibility of Japanese attacks on the West Coast. The regiment then went to Camp Rucker, Alabama on 31 March 1943, and then to Camp Forrest, Tennessee on 17 November 1943, where they conducted combat training for fighting in Europe. The regiment soon arrived in England on 25 May 1944, and then into the frontline in Normandy on 8 July 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0012-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nHere in Normandy, the 137th took part in the Battle of Saint-L\u00f4 where savage fighting among ruined urban streets and dense hedgerows caused numerous casualties. On 9 July, the 137th relieved the 119th Infantry Regiment of the 30th Infantry Division. The 1st attack the 137th made was on the morning of 11 July 1944, and they made small gains at the cost of 12 killed, 96 wounded, and 18 missing. 12 July saw another attack toward the town of St. Gilles with the 2nd (2\u2013137) and 3rd (3\u2013137) Battalions in the lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0012-0001", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe regiment captured 47 prisoners on 13 July, most of which were Poles, Czechs, and Austrians who seemed glad to be out of the fighting. The entire regiment continued to attack almost every day against the strong German positions, suffering many casualties, but driving the enemy back slowly by surely. On 25 July, the regiment witnessed the beginning of Operation Cobra, and Allied bombers bombed German positions right near friendly lines. The 137th suffered 2 men killed and 3 wounded due to this friendly fire incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0012-0002", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe 137th continued to advance through the heavy fighting, alongside the 134th Infantry Regiment, and pushed the enemy back, south and east from Saint-L\u00f4. On 6 August, the regiment had a break from the fighting. They stayed put and awaited orders to move. Since arriving in France, the 137th Infantry had suffered 1,183 casualties, consisting of 177 killed, 946 wounded, and 40 missing in action. Many of the wounded had returned to duty, and these and new replacements totaled 826.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0013-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nIn the afternoon of 6 August 1944, the regiment was on the move again, to the Saint-Hilaire-du-Harcou\u00ebt area. They continued moving until they reached the vicinity of Mortain, where the men began patrolling in conjunction with soldiers from the 30th Infantry Division. The Germans launched Operation L\u00fcttich, a counterattack against Mortain, to contain the Allied breakout from Normandy, and they met heavy opposition from the American forces. The 137th fought here from 7\u201313 August, and they suffered 23 killed, 140 wounded, and 40 missing in action. The German counterattack was beaten back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0013-0001", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe regiment continued on through the Allied breakout and pushed east to the city of Orl\u00e9ans and then onto Nancy which they captured after heavy resistance. After beating back a fierce German counterattack in the Gremercey Forest, the regiment moved north to Metz. After minor patrolling in Alsace-Lorraine, they moved north to fight in the Battle of the Bulge on 26 December 1944. Heavy fighting in Luxembourg and Belgium saw the 137th suffer heavy casualties, but they beat back the enemy wherever they met them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0013-0002", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nFighting along the Dutch border of Germany saw the regiment cross the Rhine in March 1945. They advanced east through Germany encountering heavy resistance along the Autobahn superhighway, and they captured hundreds of German prisoners in the Ruhr region by the time the war ended. They assumed occupation duties in Germany until returning to the US, and were inactivated on 5 December 1945 at Camp Breckinridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0014-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nOn 17 July 1947, the 137th was reorganized and Federally recognized, headquartered at Wichita. In 1954, the 137th Infantry Regiment was part of the 35th Infantry Division. On 1 May 1959, it was reorganized as a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, including the 1st and 2d Battle Groups, part of the 35th Division. On 1 April 1963, the battle groups were redesignated as battalions. On 15 December 1967 a 3rd Battalion was activated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0015-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nThe 1st and 2nd Battalions were again called to active service on 13 May 1968 during the Vietnam War as part of the 69th Infantry Brigade (SEP) and sent to Fort Carson, Colorado. The regiment and brigade became a part of the 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized). It remained at Fort Carson until 12 December 1969 when it was released from active duty, and returned to the Kansas Army National Guard. Many of the enlisted soldiers and most of the Regiment's Officers were sent to Vietnam as replacements to regular army units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0016-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nOn 1 February 1976, the 3rd Battalion was inactivated, and the 1st and 2nd Battalions were assigned to the 69th Brigade. On 25 August 1984 the two battalions were reassigned to the 35th Division when it was reformed from the 69th Brigade headquarters. On 1 May 1989, the regiment was withdrawn from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System. On 1 September 1992, the 1st Battalion was inactivated, leaving the 2nd Battalion as the only active unit of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0017-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War on Terror\nOn 1 September 2008, the inactive 1st Battalion, 137th Infantry was consolidated with the active 635th Armored Regiment, and the consolidated unit was redesignated as the 1st Battalion, 635th Armored Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0018-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War on Terror\nIn the spring of 2004, the 2nd Battalion, 137th Infantry received their Bradley Fighting Vehicles and began training to assume an active role in Afghanistan or Iraq. The Battalion was called to active duty in early August 2005. The Battalion was sent to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, and then to the National Training Center, Fort Irwin, California for pre-deployment training. They served for one year during the War in Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom) from October 2005 to October 2006, with the XVIII Airborne Corps, the 3rd and the 4th Infantry Divisions. One of the battalion's soldiers was killed in action. The 2\u2013137th returned to Kansas in November 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0019-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Present structure\nThe last active unit of the regiment was the 2nd Combined Arms Battalion, 137th Infantry. Their mission was to close with and destroy the enemy by means of fire and maneuver or repel assaults by fire, close combat and counterattack. The units operated the M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle and the Army's main battle tank, the M1A2 SEP V2 Abrams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0020-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Present structure\n2nd Combined Arms Battalion, 137th Infantry Regiment\u2013 Headquarters and Headquarters Company: Kansas City, Kansas. \u2013 Headquarters Company Detachment: Junction City, Kansas. \u2013 A Company (armor): Emporia. \u2013 B Company (armor): Lenexa. \u2013 C Company (mechanized infantry): Wichita. \u2013 Golf Co 106th Forward Support Company: Manhattan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010321-0021-0000", "contents": "137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Present structure\nIn a 17 October 2020 ceremony, the 2nd Battalion, 137th Infantry was redesignated as the 1st Battalion, 635th Armor Regiment, although its structure as a combined arms battalion remained the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010322-0000-0000", "contents": "137th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 137th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It is famous for accomplishing a similar feat to the 20th Maine Infantry Regiment during the Battle of Gettysburg on the second day at the other end of the United States' line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010322-0001-0000", "contents": "137th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 137th New York Infantry was organized at Binghamton, New York beginning August 31, 1862 and mustered in for three years service on September 25, 1862 under the command of Colonel David Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010322-0002-0000", "contents": "137th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1862. 4th Brigade, 1st Division, XII Corps, October 1862. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1863, and Army of the Cumberland to April 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010322-0003-0000", "contents": "137th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 137th New York Infantry mustered out of service June 9, 1865. Recruits and veterans were transferred to the 102nd New York Volunteer Infantry on June 1, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010322-0004-0000", "contents": "137th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D.C., September 25, 1862. Moved to Harpers Ferry, Va., September 27\u201330, 1862. Duty at Bolivar Heights until December. Reconnaissance to Rippon, Va., November 9. Charlestown November 9. Reconnaissance to Winchester December 2\u20136. Charlestown and Berryville December 2. March to Fredericksburg, Va., December 9\u201316. At Fairfax Station until April 27, 1863. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010322-0005-0000", "contents": "137th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nGettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. The 137th New York played a pivotal part in the Battle of Gettysburg. It was this unit that on the night of July 2, repulsed the Confederate attack on the previously abandoned works on Culp's Hill. They were the extreme right flank of the Union lines on that night. Stretched at double interval, there were times where the unit was taking fire from three sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010322-0006-0000", "contents": "137th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nPursuit of Lee to Manassas Gap, Va., July 5\u201324. Duty on line of the Rappahannock until September. Movement to Bridgeport, Ala., September 24-October 4. Reopening Tennessee River October 26\u201329. Battle of Wauhatchie, Tenn., October 28\u201329. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Lookout Mountain November 23\u201324. Missionary Ridge November 25. Ringgold Gap, Taylor's Ridge, November 27. Duty at Bridgeport until May 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Near Cassville May 19. Advance on Dallas May 22\u201325. New Hope Church May 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010322-0006-0001", "contents": "137th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 26-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314, Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Gilgal or Golgotha Church June 15. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes' Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2-November 15. Expedition to Tuckum's Cross Roads October 26\u201329. Near Atlanta November 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010322-0006-0002", "contents": "137th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMarch to the sea November 15-December 10. Near Davisboro November 28. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Carolinas Campaign January to April 1865. Averysboro, N.C., March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 9\u201313. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 19. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010322-0007-0000", "contents": "137th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 294 men during service; 6 officers and 121 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 163 enlisted men died of disease. 26.4% of the 1,111 men who were in the regiment would die during their time of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010323-0000-0000", "contents": "137th New York State Legislature\nThe 137th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 7 to May 20, 1914, while Martin H. Glynn was Governor of New York, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010323-0001-0000", "contents": "137th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1906 and 1907, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (eight districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010323-0002-0000", "contents": "137th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Progressive Party, the Socialist Party, the Independence League and the Prohibition Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010323-0003-0000", "contents": "137th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1913, was held on November 4. The only two statewide elective offices up for election were two judgeships on the New York Court of Appeals. Democrat Willard Bartlett was elected Chief Judge, and Republican Frank H. Hiscock was elected an associate judge, which had been cross-endorsed by the Independence League. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Chief Judge, was: Democrats-Independence League 600,000; Republicans 597,000; Progressives 195,000; Socialists 62,000; and Prohibition 17,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010323-0004-0000", "contents": "137th New York State Legislature, Elections\nEx-Governor William Sulzer who had been impeached, and removed from office in September 1913, was elected on the Progressive ticket to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010323-0005-0000", "contents": "137th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 7, 1914; and adjourned on March 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010323-0006-0000", "contents": "137th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThaddeus C. Sweet (R) was elected Speaker with 81 votes against 48 for Al Smith (D) and 21 for Michael Schaap (P).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010323-0007-0000", "contents": "137th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJohn F. Murtaugh (D) was elected Majority Leader of the New York State Senate while Robert F. Wagner (D) continued as president pro tempore of the State Senate and Acting Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010323-0008-0000", "contents": "137th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn February 25, the Legislature elected Homer D. Call (P) as New York State Treasurer, to fill the vacancy caused by the suicide of John J. Kennedy (D). Call was elected by a combination of Democrats and Progressives with 98 votes against 96 for Republican William Archer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010323-0009-0000", "contents": "137th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on May 4, 1914; and adjourned on May 20. This session was called because the Democratic Senate majority and the Republican Assembly majority were at odds over the State's budget, and did not approve the necessary financial appropriations during the regular session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010323-0010-0000", "contents": "137th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010323-0011-0000", "contents": "137th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010323-0012-0000", "contents": "137th New York State Legislature, State Assembly\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010324-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 137th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 137th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 137th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010324-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 137th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in May 6, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Leonard A. Harris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010324-0002-0000", "contents": "137th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Baltimore, Maryland, on May 12. It was assigned to garrison duty Forts McHenry, Federal Hill, Marshall, and Carroll. Served in the defenses of Baltimore, VIII Corps, Middle Department, until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010324-0003-0000", "contents": "137th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 137th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Camp Dennison on August 21, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010324-0004-0000", "contents": "137th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010324-0005-0000", "contents": "137th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 5 enlisted men during service, 3 due to disease and 2 in a railroad accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010325-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 137th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010325-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 137th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and mustered in for a nine-month enlistment on August 25, 1862 under the command of Colonel Henry M. Bossert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010325-0002-0000", "contents": "137th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to December 1862. Provisional Brigade, Aquia Creek, Virginia, Patrick's Command, Army of the Potomac, to January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010325-0003-0000", "contents": "137th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 137th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out of service on June 1, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010325-0004-0000", "contents": "137th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Washington, D.C. immediately upon organization. Maryland Campaign September 1862. Sugar Loaf Mountain September 10-11. Crampton's Gap September 14. Antietam September 17. Duty in Maryland to November. In the defenses of Washington, D.C. until December, and at Aquia Creek, Va., until January 1863. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, \"Mud March,\" January 20-24, 1863. Duty at Belle Plains until April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Operations at Pollock's Mill Creek April 29-May 2. Chancellorsville May 2-5. Ordered to Harrisburg, Pa. for muster out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010325-0005-0000", "contents": "137th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 59 men during service; 1 officer and 58 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 137th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army in World War II. Raised in 1939 as a standard Red Army rifle division, it served for the duration of the Great Patriotic War in that role. The division fought in the central part of the Soviet-German front. It shared credit with other formations for the liberation of Bobruisk during Operation Bagration, and ended the war in the conquest of East Prussia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Formation\nThe division was organized at Gorkiy in the Moscow Military District in September, 1939, based on a cadre from the 51st Rifle Regiment of the 17th Rifle Division, as part of the major pre-World War II mobilization of the Red Army. On June 22, 1941, its order of battle was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0002-0000", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Formation\nKombrig Sergei Evlampeivich Danilov, who had been the commanding officer of the 97th Rifle Regiment, served as commander of the division until he was promoted and succeeded by Col. Ivan Tikonovich Grishin in late October, 1940. Grishin remained in command until Mar. 17, 1942, and went on to command the 49th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0003-0000", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Formation\nOn June 25, the division was subordinated to 20th Army's 20th Rifle Corps, part of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. Beginning on June 26, the division was transferred to Orsha. The first trains carrying men of the 771st Rifle Reg't. arrived there on June 29. At the beginning of July, the division was subordinated to the 13th Army. The division was also transferred to the 61st Rifle Corps. It held positions at Ponizova (south of Orsha) and on the Dniepr, a front of 20 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0003-0001", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Formation\nOn July 5, the division's 176th Reconnaissance Company, operating in advance of the division at Borisov, was heavily assaulted by German tanks and withdrew to the Dniepr. On July 8, the division was ordered to move east and hold positions on the Resta River. However, the division at this point had only the 771st Rifle Regiment, elements of the 624th Rifle Regiment and the two artillery regiments actually at the front; the transports of the 409th Rifle Regiment and the remainder of the 624th were still approaching Krichev, and later joined the 7th Airborne Brigade (4th Airborne Corps). The division's antiaircraft artillery battalion was heavily bombed by German aircraft and ceased to exist as an effective combat unit. The medical battalion reached Roslavl and was attached to a different unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0004-0000", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk\nOn July 10, German troops of the 2nd Panzer Group crossed the Dniepr and seized a bridgehead. The 137th Rifle Division was ordered to counterattack and eliminate the bridgehead, beginning its involvement in the Battle of Smolensk. On July 11, the division began the march westward to the line of Dubrovka, Volkovichi and Usushek. The division was re-subordinated to the 45th Rifle Corps. By July 13, the division was at the starting line for the attack. The immediate objective was to capture Seredyna-Buda, Pustoy Osovets, Chervonny Osovets and Davidovichi. On the right flank, the 132nd Rifle Division was also attacking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0004-0001", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk\nThe 148th Rifle Division moved forward on the 137th's left. The German troops repulsed the division's attack and soon moved forward themselves. The 771st Rifle Regiment had captured Chervonny Osovets, but was forced to retreat under pressure from German tanks. The division did not retreat beyond its jumping-off line but was bypassed on the flanks by German armor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0005-0000", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk\nAfter six weeks of heavy fighting around Smolensk, the 137th was reduced to the equivalent of only two or three rifle battalions. On or before Aug. 21 the division was again transferred, now to 3rd Army in Bryansk Front; it would remain in that army until February, 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0005-0001", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk\nA report by Lt. Gen. K.D. Golubev, commander of the 13th Army, on Aug. 21, implies that the 137th, along with three other rifle divisions, had barely escaped encirclement by running the gauntlet eastward through the advancing forces of the German XXIV Motorized Corps and were in no shape to continue active operations. What remained of the division, described as a \"composite battalion\" on Aug. 29, was tasked with protecting the approaches to Trubchevsk, in the army's third line of defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0005-0002", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk\nBy Sept. 3 its strength was reported as \"one regiment, with its remaining forces and headquarters\", still in the same positions. Ordered into an attack against elements of 17th Panzer Division on the 5th, the remnants of the division made no gains and, in fact ended up ceding ground. On Sept. 7, an attack by a German motorized regiment with tanks was beaten off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0006-0000", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk\nThe division continued to hold in these positions until early October as the German forces carried out their encirclement of Kiev. When Operation Typhoon began in early October, 3rd Army mostly escaped being encircled in the Bryansk pocket, but still had to fall back to the east; Trubchevsk was given up on Oct. 9. The army managed to stabilize its positions between Mikhaylov and Yelets by late November, before beginning the counteroffensive against the southern flank of Army Group Center on Dec. 6. The counteroffensive ended in late winter with the 137th and its army well to the east of Oryol; it would hold these positions for nearly a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0007-0000", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Winter Counteroffensive and Battle of Kursk\nIn the winter of 1943 the 137th took part in the Voronezh-Kastornoye operation, helping to partly encircle and destroy both the German and Hungarian 2nd Armies to the west of Voronezh as part of the northern pincer of the operation. After capturing several villages on Feb. 3, the division reached a line between Novofedorovka and Pavlovka. At around this time the division was reassigned to 48th Army; it would remain in this army for the duration, apart from a brief reassignment to Western Front in April, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 87], "content_span": [88, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0007-0001", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Winter Counteroffensive and Battle of Kursk\nBy Feb. 9, 48th and 13th Armies were splitting German 2nd Army and 2nd Panzer Army apart; the 137th had taken the southwestern outskirts of Smirnye. The offensive slowed in late February due to German forces being evacuated from the Rzhev salient, as well as lax practices on the part of lower-level commands. On Feb. 17, Bryansk Front reported about the 48th Army operations east of Maloarkhangelsk, admonishing lower level HQs against concentrating in the relative warmth and comfort of villages:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 87], "content_span": [88, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0008-0000", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Winter Counteroffensive and Battle of Kursk\n\"On 11\u201312 February, the headquarters of 137th Rifle Division, the headquarters of the 12th Artillery Division, and the headquarters of a guards-mortar regiment gathered in the village of Markino... On 12 February enemy aircraft bombed the village of Markino... We had intolerable losses in men and equipment.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 87], "content_span": [88, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0009-0000", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Winter Counteroffensive and Battle of Kursk\nOn Mar. 6 the division was combined with the 143rd Rifle Division to form a shock group, supported by the 28th and 30th Guards Tank Regiments, in a supporting attack along the Pokrovskoe - Oryol road, but after two days of fighting did not manage to dent the German defenses, while suffering considerable losses. The front soon went over to the defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 87], "content_span": [88, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0010-0000", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Winter Counteroffensive and Battle of Kursk\nLater in March the 48th Army was reassigned to Gen. K.K. Rokossovsky's Central Front. At the outset of the Battle of Kursk the 137th was a separate division, although still alongside the 143rd. 48th Army was on the right flank of its front, on the north shoulder of the Kursk salient. The main blow of the German 9th Army attack fell on the 13th Army to the west. When the German assault ran down by July 12, 48th Army was in good shape to take part in the counteroffensive towards Oryol, which continued into August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 87], "content_span": [88, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0011-0000", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\nDuring September and October the 137th advanced, along with the rest of its army, in the direction of Gomel. Following the crossing of the Dnepr River and the liberation of Kiev in November, Rokossovski's Front (now named Belorussian) continued a remorseless western advance along the southern fringes of the Pripet Marshes. At around this time the division, by order of the front command, formed a separate Submachine Gun Battalion for \"assault and... counterattack duties\". This unit was organized as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0012-0000", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\nThis battalion was formed from experienced \"young men... from 19 to 33 years old\", and was placed under command of the 771st Rifle Regiment. During the winter of 1943-44 the division also formed its own ski battalion, but this was disbanded at the end of the winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0013-0000", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\nIn January, 1944, the division became part of the 42nd Rifle Corps, where it would remain for the duration. Belorussian Front was renamed 1st Belorussian in February. During the Soviet summer offensive, Operation Bagration, the 42nd Corps was concentrated north of Rogachev to assist its partner 29th Rifle Corps and units of the 3rd Army to break through the positions of the German 134th and 296th Infantry Divisions. By late on June 24 this had been achieved, with the Germans overwhelmed and the 9th Tank Corps exploiting to the rear. The 137th was given part of the credit for the liberation of the city of Bobruisk on June 29 and was awarded its name as an honorific. With the defenses of Army Group Center shattered, the division trekked westward towards Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0014-0000", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\n48th Army was transferred to 2nd Belorussian Front in the late autumn of 1944. During the Vistula-Oder Offensive the 137th pushed on through northern Poland before the army was once again transferred to 3rd Belorussian Front. The division fought in the East Prussian Offensive, and ended the war near Elbing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0015-0000", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\nTen men of the division were named as Heroes of the Soviet Union, five of them posthumously. At the end of the war the men and women of the division carried the full title 137th Rifle, Bobryusk, Order of Suvorov Division. (Russian: 137-\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0411\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f.) The division was part of the 42nd Rifle Corps, 48th Army of the 3rd Belorussian Front in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010326-0016-0000", "contents": "137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\nOn 12 May, the division was moved to Elbing for garrison duty. In late May, the older personnel of the division were demobilized. The division was ordered to disbanded in August 1945. Remaining personnel were demobilized or transferred to other units. The division was disbanded in the Baltic Military District on 31 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010327-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Signal Company\nThe 137th Signal Company is an Ohio Army National Guard Signal Company. It is based out of Newark, Ohio. The 137th Signal Company is a member of the 371st Special Troops Battalion (Newark, Ohio), which is a member of the 371st Sustainment Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010327-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Signal Company\nThe 137th provides radio and satellite communications assets and expertise to the 371st Sustainment Brigade and its subordinate units. Members of the company are trained to provide reliable, secure, tactical communications in a variety of situations such as the battlefield, disaster relief, and standard infrastructure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010327-0002-0000", "contents": "137th Signal Company\nIn general, a signal company is able to provide both line of sight (LOS) and beyond line of sight (BLOS) capabilities to supported units to enable both local and remote communication pathways. The 137th Signal Company also possesses disaster response capabilities through the Disaster Incident Response Emergency Communications Terminal (DIRECT) system, which enables National Guard signal units to provide commercial phone, internet access, and commercial Wi-Fi and 4G LTE to first responders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010327-0003-0000", "contents": "137th Signal Company, History\nThe 137th Signal Company was constituted on 1 September 2006 as the Signal Detachment, 371st Sustainment Brigade. The Signal Company was reorganized and re-designated on 1 November 2011 as the 137th Signal Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010327-0004-0000", "contents": "137th Signal Company, History\nThe 137th Signal Company has responded to hurricane Gustav (2008) and hurricane Maria (2017) in Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010327-0005-0000", "contents": "137th Signal Company, History\nThe 137th Signal Company participated in a Joint Readiness Training Center, rotation in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group\nThe 137th Special Operations Group is an associate unit of the Oklahoma Air National Guard stationed at Will Rogers Air National Guard Base. If activated for federal service, the group is gained by Air Force Special Operations Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group\nThe group was first activated during World War II as the 404th Fighter Group flying Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. The group served in the European Theater of Operations from May 1944 until the end of the war. It provided close air support to ground troops following Operation Overlord, the Normandy landings. It earned a Distinguished Unit Citation, French Croix de Guerre with Palm and Belgian Fourragere before inactivating in the fall of 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0002-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group\nThe group was redesignated the 137th Fighter Group and allotted to the National Guard in 1946, with squadrons in Oklahoma and Kansas. During the Korean War, it was activated and deployed to France as the 137th Fighter-Bomber Group, where it opened Chaumont Air Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0003-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group\nThe unit was replaced in France by a regular unit and returned without personnel or equipment to state control. In 1955, it converted from the fighter bomber to the fighter interceptor mission, and two years later lost its squadrons in Tulsa and in Kansas to new fighter groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0004-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group\nFrom 1961 until it was inactivated in 1975, the group engaged in strategic and tactical airlift.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0005-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group\nThe group was activated again in 1992 and converted to the air refueling mission in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0006-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, Overview\nDuring World War II, as the 404th Fighter Group flying Republic P-47 Thunderbolts, it provided close air support to troops following Operation Overlord, the Normandy landing until the close of the war. During the Korean War, as the 136th Fighter-Bomber Group it was activated and deployed to France. The unit later engaged fighter operations, strategic and tactical airlift before being redesignated as an air refueling wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0007-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, Units\nThe 137th Special Operations Group consists of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0008-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, World War II, Training in the United States\nThe group was first activated at Key Field, Mississippi as the 404th Bombardment Group (Dive) with the 620th, 621st, 622d Bombardment Squadron and 623d Bombardment Squadrons assigned. The group drew its initial cadre from the 48th Bombardment Group, and was equipped with a mix of Vultee A-35 Vengeance and Douglas A-24 Banshee dive bombers and (briefly) Bell P-39 Airacobra fighter-bombers. In July, the group moved to Congaree Army Air Field, South Carolina, where, along with all other single engine dive bomber units of the Army Air Forces, it reorganized in August, becoming the 405th Fighter-Bomber Group. Fighter groups were organized with three squadrons, rather than the four of bombardment groups, so the 623d Squadron was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0009-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, World War II, Training in the United States\nBetween November 1943 and January 1944, most of the aircrew assigned to the group were detached for training on fighter aircraft and replaced by fighter qualified pilots, many of whom had been serving as instructors in various fighter training units. On 22 March 1944, the group departed Camp Shanks, New York for the European Theater on board the MV\u00a0Stirling Castle, arriving in Liverpool on 3 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0010-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe\nUpon arrival in the European Theater of Operations the group became part of IX Fighter Command. The group's station in England was RAF Winkton, an unimproved field, where it received 75 Republic P-47 Thunderbolts by 16 April. By 1 May, it was ready to fly its first combat mission, a fighter sweep over Normandy. Later in the month, it began to fly Noball missions, strikes on V-1 flying bomb launching sites. For the rest of the month, the 404th helped prepare for Operation Overlord, the Normandy invasion by bombing and strafing targets in northern France. The group's squadrons provided top cover for landings in Normandy on 6 and 7 June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0011-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe\nOn 6 July the 404th moved across the Channel to an Advanced Landing Ground at Chippelle Airfield, France. The group also flew interdiction and escort missions, strafing and bombing such targets as troop concentrations, railroads, highways, bridges, fuel and ammunition dumps, armored vehicles, docks, and tunnels, and covering the operations of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, Consolidated B-24 Liberators, and Martin B-26 Marauders that bombed factories, airdromes, marshaling yards, and other targets. On 6 and 7 June, the group provided top cover for the Normandy landings. The 404th provided close air support to ground troops, supporting the Allied breakthrough at Saint-L\u00f4 from 29 through 31 July 1944, provided continuous cover for four allied armored divisions despite severe losses. For this action the group received the French Croix de Guerre with Palm from the French government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 962]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0012-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe\nOn 10 September 1944 the group flew three armed reconnaissance missions, attacking factories, rolling stock and communications centers despite adverse weather and heavy flak, for which it was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation. On 28 September 1944, 2/Lt John W. Wainwright was credited with destroying six enemy aircraft on a single mission, three of which were knocked down in a midair collision during a dogfight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0013-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe\nThe 404th provided close air support to ground troops, supporting the drive through Belgium and the Netherlands in September 1944. For its actions supporting the liberation of Belgium, the group was thrice cited in the Order of the Day by the Belgian government, earning it the Belgian Fourragere. From 21 to 25 January 1945, it attacked German armor and transportation withdrawing from the Battle of the Bulge, and claimed to have destroyed or damaged over 1000 enemy vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0014-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe\nDuring February 1945, it assisted with the reduction of German forces west of the Rhine and the widening of the Remagen bridgehead east of the Rhine during March 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0015-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe\nWhen the war in Europe ended, the group assisted with the disarming of the Luftwaffe and dismantling of the German aircraft industry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0016-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe\nFollowing its return to the United States, the unit was reassigned to the Third Air Force in the United States and prepared for deployment to Okinawa to take part in planned Invasion of Japan. When the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki took place and the Pacific War suddenly ended, these plans were canceled. Most personnel either separated from the military or were reassigned to other units, while a skeleton staff arrived at Drew Field, Florida on 1 September. The unit was inactivated on 9 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0017-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard\nThe wartime 404th Fighter-Bomber Group was redesignated as the 137th Fighter Group and allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Westheimer Airport, Norman, Oklahoma and was extended federal recognition on 18 December 1947. It was assigned to the Tenth Air Force of Air Defense Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0018-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard\nThe 137th Fighter Group was assigned the 185th Fighter Squadron at Westheimer, the 125th Fighter Squadron at Tulsa Municipal Airport and the 127th Fighter Squadron at Wichita Municipal Airport, Kansas as its operational units, all equipped with North American F-51D Mustang fighters. The Group's mission was air defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0019-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard\nIn April 1949, a tornado struck the Westheimer. The damage was considered too extensive for economical repair and the decision was made to move the 137th Fighter Group and its 185th Fighter Squadron to Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City in an area used as an Army Air Forces station during World War II. The move was accomplished on 6 September 1949. In 1950 the 125th traded its old Mustangs for Republic F-84 Thunderjets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0020-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nThe 137th was federalized on 10 October 1950 due to the Korean War. The group was assigned to Tactical Air Command, and redesignated 137th Fighter-Bomber Group. Under the wing base organization, the 137th Fighter-Bomber Wing was activated and the group was assigned to it. The 125th and 127th Fighter Squadrons (flying different models of the F-84) were activated with the group, while the 128th Fighter Squadron of the Georgia Air National Guard, with P-47s, took the place of the 185th Fighter Squadron, which remained under state control until the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 95], "content_span": [96, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0020-0001", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nThe 137th was programmed to reinforce United States Air Forces Europe (USAFE) at Chaumont Air Base, France once the wing initially programmed to be stationed there. the 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing, was diverted to Korea. However, it was August 1951 before France gave permission to establish an \"interim tent camp\" at Chaumont, which had runways built in 1944 and a limited parking area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 95], "content_span": [96, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0021-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nBy 27 November, the group's squadrons assembled at Alexandria Air Force Base, Louisiana, for conversion training in newer F-84G Thunderjets. The need to transfer pilots and support personnel to Korea and delays in deliveries of the group's F-84Gs required the complete training cycle to be repeated twice and the group did not complete its transition to the G model of the Thunderject until February 1952. While at Alexandria, the group's pilots participated in USAF Project 7109, which sent them temporarily to Far East Air Forces, where they acquired actual combat experience before returning to the States. Due to the delays, most of the activated National Guard airmen remained behind when the group deployed to Europs and were released from active duty without shipping overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 95], "content_span": [96, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0022-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nWith mostly regular Air Force personnel and all the delays behind them, the group's planes departed Louisiana on 5 May 1952 for Europe. The air echelon ferried brand new F-84Gs across the Atlantic. The ground echelon sailed from New Orleans on the USNS\u00a0General Alexander M. Patch on 13 May. The 137th's aircraft diverted at the last moment to Landstuhl Air Base and Neubiberg Air Base in West Germany arriving on 13 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 95], "content_span": [96, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0022-0001", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nThe official explanation for this change was that repairs to the Chaumont runway were needed, but the F-84G was capable of carrying nuclear weapons, which were opposed by some French political parties and it was not until 25 June that the French government permitted the group to move to Chaumont. It was first USAF fighter group to be based permanently in France (and the only F-84G unit). The 137th ended its active-duty tour in France two weeks later in July 1952 and its mission, personnel and equipment were transferred to the 48th Fighter Group, which was simultaneously activated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 95], "content_span": [96, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0023-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Fighter-Interceptor mission\nReforming after their active duty service, the group was reformed with both the 125th and 185th squadrons being released from Federal Service and being reassigned by 1 January 1953. The 137th was gained by Tactical Air Command (TAC), and the squadrons were again equipped with Mustangs again, due to the shortage of jet aircraft in the United States (almost all were in Korea). In the spring of 1953 they received reworked F-80A Shooting Star aircraft, brought up to F-80C standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 97], "content_span": [98, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0024-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Fighter-Interceptor mission\nIn 1955 the group became the 137th Fighter-Interceptor Group and was given a fighter-interceptor mission in Air Defense Command (ADC). On 1 August 1957 the 137th Wing reorganized to mirror ADC's active duty organization as the 137th Air Defense Wing, while at each location with a subordinate squadron became a Fighter Group (Air Defense), adding support units to the fighter squadron at the location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 97], "content_span": [98, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0025-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Fighter-Interceptor mission\nThe 137th was equipped with North American F-86D Sabres in 1958. Their F-80s were transferred to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for various experimental testing activities. The group also assumed ADC runway alert program on a 24-hour basis. In June 1959 the squadron traded their F-86Ds for the upgraded F-86L Sabre with uprated engines and new electronics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 97], "content_span": [98, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0026-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nIn April 1961, Military Air Transport Service became the gaining command for the 137th, trading in its Sabres for Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter transports. The unit was redesignated the 137th Air Transport Group. Throughout the 1960s, the 125th flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to the Caribbean, Europe, Australia, Hawaii, Japan and the Philippines. During the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the group flew missions to Europe, although it was not called to active duty as a unit. It flew missions to the Dominican Republic during the Dominican Civil War there in 1965 and with the increasing American involvement also began flying missions to Southeast Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 87], "content_span": [88, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0027-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nPart of the 137th Air Transport Group mission was a specially equipped C-97E, 51-0224, the \"Miss Oklahoma City\" also known as the \"Talking Bird\". From 1961 though 1963 the aircraft was used as an airborne command post to maintain constant secure communications between the nation's capital and President John F. Kennedy during his visits to foreign countries. The C-97s were retired in February 1968 replaced by Douglas C-124C Globemaster II transports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 87], "content_span": [88, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0028-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nIn 1975 the group became the 137th Tactical Airlift Wing and re-equipped with Lockheed C-130A Hercules tactical airlifters. It was inactivated in February 1975 and its units assigned directly to the 137th Tactical Airlift Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0029-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nIn subsequent years the 137th served in humanitarian missions worldwide. During the 1990s the 185th provided Counter-drug support coordinated through the Oklahoma Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. As of mid-2001, numerous drug enforcement operations have resulted in the destruction of 7.2 million marijuana plants, estimated 4.1 billion dollars in destroyed drugs, 814 arrests, 165 seized weapons, and 1.1 million dollars in currency and assets seized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0030-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nThe 137th provided operational support during the 1991 Gulf War, and contributed logistical assistance in Bosnia in the late 1990s. Group personnel from the 137th Airlift Wing aided New Mexico ranchers faced with livestock devastation after severe winter storms covered the grasslands with snow, averting near disaster to New Mexico's livestock industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0031-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, Current status\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, the Department of Defense relocating the group to Tinker Air Force Base as an associate of the 507th Operations Group of Air Force Reserve Command as the 137th Operations Group. The 137th's C-130H aircraft were distributed to the Texas Air National Guard's 136th Airlift Wing at NAS JRB Fort Worth, Texas, and the Missouri Air National Guard's 139th Airlift Wing at Rosecrans Air National Guard Base, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0032-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, History, Current status\nFrom October 2008 until 2015, 137th Group aircrews jointly operated the Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker aircraft at TinkerB with the aircrews of the Air Force Reserve 465th Air Refueling Squadron. The 137th Air Refueling Wing is planned to transition from Air Mobility Command claimancy as a KC-135R unit at Tinker Air Force Base, to Air Force Special Operations Command claimancy flying the MC-12W surveillance variant of the Beechcraft C-12 Huron, returning flight operations to Will Rogers Air National Guard Base at Will Rogers World Airport. The wing was planned to be renamed the 137th Special Operations Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010328-0033-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing\nThe 137th Special Operations Wing is a unit of the Oklahoma Air National Guard located at Will Rogers Air National Guard Base, Oklahoma. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by Air Force Special Operations Command. During World War II, its predecessor, the 404th Fighter Group, flying Republic P-47 Thunderbolts, provided close air support to troops following the Operation Overlord, the Normandy landing until the close of the war. The wing is entitled to the honors won by the group by temporary bestowal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing\nThe wing was activated during the Korean War and deployed to France. The unit later engaged in strategic and tactical airlift, and air refueling before being redesignated as a special operations wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0002-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, Overview\nThe 137th Special Operations Wing's MC-12W mission is to provide light tactical manned intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance to US Special Operations Command. This unique aircraft enhances US Special Operations Command's capability to project US military presence worldwide. The wing also boasts unique capabilities supporting US Air Force's Air Mobility Command with the 137 Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron providing global medical airlift for America's injured or wounded; and Air Combat Command with the 146th Air Support Operations Squadron providing Tactical Air Control Parties to various US Army Infantry Brigade Combat Teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0003-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, Units\nAs of April 2020 the 137th Special Operations Wing consists of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0004-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, History, Korean War federalization\nThe 137th was activated as the 137th Fighter-Bomber Wing on 26 October 1950 during the Korean War. It was the headquarters for the federalized 137th Fighter-Bomber Group and newly formed support units under the wing base organization system. The wing was assigned to Tactical Air Command, with the 137th Air Base Group, 137th Maintenance and Supply Group and the 137th Medical Group also assigned. The 137th was programmed to reinforce USAFE and be moved to Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base, France, one of the new air bases in France that was then under construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0005-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, History, Korean War federalization\nBy 27 November, the wing assembled at Alexandria Municipal Airport, Louisiana, for conversion training in the newer Republic F-84 Thunderjets. Deployment of the wing was delayed, however, by the need to transfer pilots to Korea from training and delays in receiving engines for the F-84Gs, as well as the ongoing construction at Chaumont Air Base. Training and delays continued throughout 1951. Due to the delays, many of the activated National Guard airmen were released from active duty and never deployed to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0006-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, History, Korean War federalization\nWith mostly regular Air Force personnel and all the delays behind them, the remaining Guardsmen departed Louisiana on 5 May 1952 for Europe; however, the 137th inherited a base that was little more than acres of mud where wheat fields used to be. The only hardened facilities at Chaumont were a concrete runway and a handful of tar-paper shacks. The 137th was stationed by USAFE at Neubiberg Air Base, West Germany until the facilities in France were suitable for military use. The aircraft arrived at Chaumont on 25 June, being the first USAF tactical air fighters to be based permanently in France, albeit working mostly in tents and temporary wooden buildings on their new base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0007-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, History, Korean War federalization\nThe 137th was inactivated on 10 July 1952 and its personnel, mission and equipment were transferred to the 48th Fighter-Bomber Wing, which was activated the same day at Chaumont. The wing was allotted to the Oklahoma Air National Guard, which activated it the same day at Will Rogers World Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0008-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Fighter-Interceptor mission\nThe 137th was gained by Tactical Air Command (TAC), and its squadrons were equipped with North American F-51D Mustangs again, due to the shortage of jet aircraft in the United States (almost all were in Korea). In the spring of 1953 they received reworked F-80A Shooting Star aircraft, brought up to F-80C standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 96], "content_span": [97, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0009-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Fighter-Interceptor mission\nIn 1955 the Oklahoma Air National Guard was redesignated '137th Fighter-Interceptor Wing and given a fighter-interceptor mission with Air Defense Command (ADC) becoming its gaining command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 96], "content_span": [97, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0010-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Fighter-Interceptor mission\nThe 185th was designated a Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, and equipped with F-86D Sabre Interceptors. Their F-80s were transferred to the civilian Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for various experimental testing activities. With the Fighter-Interceptor mission assignment, the 185th also assumed ADC runway alert program on full 24-hour basis. This brought the 137th into the daily combat operational program of the USAF, placing us on \"the end of the runway\" alongside regular USAF Air Defense Fighter Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 96], "content_span": [97, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0010-0001", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Fighter-Interceptor mission\nOn 1 August 1957, the squadrons of its 137th Fighter Group were expanded into groups as Fighter Groups (Air Defense) and the wing became the 137th Air Defense Wing, modeling its organization on that of ADC. In June 1959 the squadron traded their F-86Ds for the upgraded F-86L Sabre Interceptor with uprated afterburning engines and new electronics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 96], "content_span": [97, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0011-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nIn April 1961, the 137th was reassigned to Military Air Transport Service as the 137th Air Transport Wing, trading in its Sabre interceptors for 4-engined Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter transports. The wing augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs. Throughout the 1960s, the 125th flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to the Caribbean, Europe, Australia, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and during the Vietnam War, to both South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand. in 1966, MATS was replaced by Military Airlift Command,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 86], "content_span": [87, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0012-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nPart of the 137th Wing mission was a specially equipped C-97E, 51\u2013224, the \"Miss Oklahoma City\" also known as the \"Talking Bird\". From 1961 though 1963 the aircraft was used as an airborne command post to maintain constant secure communications between the nation's capital and President John F. Kennedy during his visits to foreign countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 86], "content_span": [87, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0013-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nThe C-97s were retired in 1968 and the wing was re-equipped with C-124C Globemaster II heavy transports. The Group continued to fly long-distance intercontinental airlift flights until the Globemasters were retired in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 86], "content_span": [87, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0014-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nIn 1975 the 137th Military Airlift Wing became the 137th Tactical Airlift Wing when it was re-equipped with the C-130A Hercules tactical airlifter. In June 1979 its 185th Tactical Airlift Squadron was the first Air National Guard unit to receive C-130H aircraft, receiving new aircraft direct from Lockheed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0015-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nIn subsequent years the wing served in humanitarian missions worldwide. During the 1990s it provided Counter-drug support coordinated through the Oklahoma Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. As of mid-2001, numerous drug enforcement operations have resulted in the destruction of 7.2 million marijuana plants, estimated 4.1 billion dollars in destroyed drugs, 814 arrests, 165 seized weapons, and 1.1 million dollars in currency and assets seized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0016-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nFollowing the Oklahoma City bombing in April 1995, Air Guardsmen provided site security and medical, rescue, and recovery personnel, assisting in every aspect of the disaster rescue and recovery effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0017-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nThe 137th Airlift Wing provided operational support during the 1991 Gulf War, and contributed logistical assistance in Bosnia in the late 1990s. Personnel from the 137th Airlift Wing aided New Mexico ranchers faced with livestock devastation after severe winter storms covered the grasslands with snow. 137th aircrew delivered much needed hay to starving livestock, averting near disaster to New Mexico's livestock industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0018-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Air Refueling\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign the Will Rogers Air National Guard Station by relocating the 137th to Tinker Air Force Base and associate with the 507th Air Refueling Wing and redesignated it as the 137th Air Refueling Wing. The 137th's C-130H aircraft would be distributed to the Texas Air National Guard's 136th Airlift Wing at NAS JRB Fort Worth, TX (4 aircraft), and the Missouri Air National Guard's 139th Airlift Wing at Rosecrans Memorial Airport/Rosecrans Air National Guard Base, MO (4 aircraft). The other elements of the 137th's Expeditionary Combat Support Group would remain in place at Will Rogers Air National Guard Base.Eventually, all eight C-130s were transferred to the US Air Force Reserve's 911th Airlift Wing in Pittsburgh, PA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 82], "content_span": [83, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0019-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Air Refueling\nBeginning in February 2007, the 185th Air Refueling Squadron aircrews jointly operated the KC-135R Stratotanker aircraft at Tinker AFB with the aircrews of the Air Force Reserve 465th Air Refueling Squadron. In February 2008, the 137th Maintenance Group relocated to Tinker AFB and the two wings combined to maintain and operate 12 KC-135 Stratotankers until September 2014. Under this first ever association between the Air Force Reserves and the Air National Guard, the 507th Air Refueling Wing retained ownership of the aircraft and served as the \"Host\" in the association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 82], "content_span": [83, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0020-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, History, Current status\nAs a result of the National Defense Authorization Act 2015, the 137th Air Refueling Wing was programmed to transition from Air Mobility Command claimancy as a KC-135R unit at Tinker AFB, to Air Force Special Operations Command claimancy as a MC-12W unit, returning flight operations to Will Rogers Air National Guard Base at Will Rogers World Airport. In August 2015, Oklahoma media reported that the wing would be renamed the 137th Special Operations Wing (137 SOW). The newly renamed wing was expected to operate and maintain 13 MC-12W aircraft in support of U.S. Special Operations ground forces around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010329-0021-0000", "contents": "137th Special Operations Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0000-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station\n137th Street\u2013City College is a local station on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 137th Street and Broadway in Hamilton Heights, Manhattan, it is served by the 1 train at all times. The station serves the nearby City College of New York and Riverbank State Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0001-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station\nThe 137th Street station was constructed for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as part of the city's first subway line, which was approved in 1900. Construction of the line segment that includes 137th Street started on May 14 of the same year. The station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway. The station's platforms were lengthened in 1948, and the station was renovated in the late 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0002-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station\nThe 137th Street station contains two side platforms and three tracks; the center track is not used in regular service. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations. The platforms contain exits to Broadway's intersections with 137th and 138th Streets and are not connected to each other within fare control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0003-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, History, Construction and opening\nPlanning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature authorized the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx. A plan was formally adopted in 1897, and all legal conflicts concerning the route alignment were resolved near the end of 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0004-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, History, Construction and opening\nThe Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0005-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, History, Construction and opening\nThe 137th Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's West Side Line (now the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line) from 133rd Street to a point 100 feet (30 m) north of 182nd Street. Work on this section was conducted by L. B. McCabe & Brother, who started building the tunnel segment on May 14, 1900. The section of the West Side Line around this station was originally planned as a two-track line, but in early 1901, was changed to a three-track structure to allow trains to be stored in the center track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0005-0001", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, History, Construction and opening\nA third track was added directly north of 96th Street, immediately east of the originally planned two tracks. The 137th Street station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway from City Hall to 145th Street on the West Side Branch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0006-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, History, Service changes and station renovations\nAfter the first subway line was completed in 1908, the station was served by West Side local and express trains. Express trains began at South Ferry in Manhattan or Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, and ended at 242nd Street in the Bronx. Local trains ran from City Hall to 242nd Street during rush hours, continuing south from City Hall to South Ferry at other times. In 1918, the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square\u201342nd Street, thereby dividing the original line into an \"H\"-shaped system. The original subway north of Times Square thus became part of the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line. Local trains were sent to South Ferry, while express trains used the new Clark Street Tunnel to Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0007-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, History, Service changes and station renovations\nTo address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts, made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $41.7 million in 2020) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $13,888,000 in 2020) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0007-0001", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, History, Service changes and station renovations\nThe northbound platform at the 137th Street station was extended 150 feet (46\u00a0m) to the south, while the southbound platform was not lengthened. On January 24, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the West Side Line. Subsequently, the station could accommodate six-car local trains, but ten-car trains could not open some of their doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0008-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, History, Service changes and station renovations\nPlatforms at IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line stations between 103rd Street and 238th Street, including those at 137th Street, were lengthened to 514 feet (157\u00a0m) between 1946 and 1948, allowing full ten-car express trains to stop at these stations. A contract for the platform extensions at 137th Street and eight other stations on the line was awarded to Spencer, White & Prentis Inc. in October 1946. The platform extensions at these stations were opened in stages. On April 6, 1948, the platform extension at 137th Street opened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0008-0001", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, History, Service changes and station renovations\nSimultaneously, the IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of \"R-type\" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948. The route to 242nd Street became known as the 1. In 1959, all 1 trains became local.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0009-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, History, Service changes and station renovations\nIn 1981, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority listed the station among the 69 most deteriorated stations in the subway system. As a result, one of future U.S. president Barack Obama's first community organizing efforts after graduating from Columbia University was in conjunction with drawing attention to the poor condition of the station. In 1984 or 1985, Obama, who was working for the New York Public Interest Research Group, was among the leaders of May Day efforts to bring attention to the subway system, particularly the station serving CCNY. Obama traveled to stations to get people to sign letters addressed to local officials and the MTA. Obama was photographed holding a sign saying \"May-Day! May-Day!! Sinking Subway System!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0010-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, History, Service changes and station renovations\nIn April 1988, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) unveiled plans to speed up service on the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line through the implementation of a skip-stop service: the 9 train. When skip-stop service started in 1989, it was only implemented north of 137th Street\u2013City College on weekdays, and it was the northernmost local stop served by both the 1 and the 9. Skip-stop service ended on May 27, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0011-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, History, Service changes and station renovations\nOn January 2, 2007, film student Cameron Hollopeter suffered a seizure in the station and fell off the platform onto the tracks. Wesley Autrey saved his life as a train was approaching. Autrey was given numerous awards and prizes, and his two daughters were given a scholarship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0012-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, History, Service changes and station renovations\nIn 2019, the MTA announced that the station would become ADA-accessible as part of the agency's 2020\u20132024 Capital Program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0013-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, Station layout\nThis station was part of the original subway, and has two side platforms and three tracks, the center one being an unused express track. The platforms were originally 350 feet (110\u00a0m) long, as at other stations north of 96th Street, but as a result of the 1948 platform extension, became 520 feet (160\u00a0m) long. The platform extensions are at the southern ends of the original platforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0014-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, Station layout, Design\nAs with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method. The tunnel is covered by a \"U\"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than 4 inches (100\u00a0mm) thick. Each platform consists of 3-inch-thick (7.6\u00a0cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The original platforms contained circular, cast-iron Doric-style columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m), while the platform extensions contained I-beam columns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0014-0001", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, Station layout, Design\nAdditional columns between the tracks, spaced every 5 feet (1.5\u00a0m), support the jack-arched concrete station roofs. There is a 1-inch (25\u00a0mm) gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4-inch (100\u00a0mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish. The columns have been overlaid with heavy brick blocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0015-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, Station layout, Design\nThe decorative scheme consists of silver and blue tile tablets (which may not have been original to the station design); white tile bands; a buff terracotta cornice; and green terracotta plaques. The mosaic tiles at all original IRT stations were manufactured by the American Encaustic Tile Company, which subcontracted the installations at each station. The decorative work was performed by tile contractor Manhattan Glass Tile Company and terracotta contractor Atlantic Terra Cotta Company. The mosaics are in pink and black. The ceramic cartouche is also in pink and shows a three-faced figure. The three faces represent \"Respice\", \"Adspice\", and \"Prospice\", and are an emblem of the nearby City College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0016-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, Station layout, Track layout\nIn the past, 137th Street was sometimes used as a terminal station. There are switches north of the station that allow northbound trains to enter the underground 137th Street Yard, then return to the other side of the station for the next trip south. The center express track that passes through the station is currently unused in revenue service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0017-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, Station layout, Track layout\nJust south of the station, the tracks emerge onto the Manhattan Valley Viaduct. The line is elevated at 125th Street, and then underground once again at 116th Street\u2013Columbia University, allowing trains to maintain a relatively level grade while passing through highly uneven terrain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0018-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, Station layout, Exits\nBoth platforms have same-level fare control containing a bank of turnstiles, token booth, and staircases to the street. The northbound platform has two staircases to the southeastern corner of Broadway and 138th Street and the southbound platform has two exits, one to each western corner of Broadway and 137th Street. There are no crossovers or crossunders to allow transfers between directions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010330-0019-0000", "contents": "137th Street\u2013City College station, In popular culture\nThe station was often shown on the TV drama New Amsterdam, though the inside shots were taken at the Grand Central Shuttle station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010331-0000-0000", "contents": "137th meridian east\nThe meridian 137\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010331-0001-0000", "contents": "137th meridian east\nThe 137th meridian east forms a great circle with the 43rd meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010331-0002-0000", "contents": "137th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 137th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010332-0000-0000", "contents": "137th meridian west\nThe meridian 137\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010332-0001-0000", "contents": "137th meridian west\nThe 137th meridian west forms a great circle with the 43rd meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010332-0002-0000", "contents": "137th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 137th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010333-0000-0000", "contents": "138 (number)\n138 (one hundred [and] thirty-eight) is the natural number following 137 and preceding 139.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010333-0001-0000", "contents": "138 (number), In mathematics\n138 is a sphenic number, the sum of four consecutive primes (29 + 31 + 37 + 41), and the smallest product of three primes, such that in base 10, the third prime is a concatenation of the other two: 2\u22c53\u22c523{\\displaystyle 2\\cdot 3\\cdot 23}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010333-0002-0000", "contents": "138 (number), In mathematics\n138 is the third 47-gonal number and an Ulam number, as well as a one step palindrome (138 + 831 = 969.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010333-0003-0000", "contents": "138 (number), In mathematics\n138 is the 72nd normal congruent number and the 49th primitive or square free congruent number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010334-0000-0000", "contents": "138 BC\nYear 138 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Serapio and Callaicus (or, less frequently, year 616 Ab urbe condita) and the Third Year of Jianyuan. The denomination 138 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010335-0000-0000", "contents": "138 East 50th Street\n138 East 50th Street, officially named The Centrale, is a residential building in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The building consists of 124 condominium residences and 7,500 square feet (700\u00a0m2) of ground-floor retail between Third Avenue and Lexington Avenue in Midtown East. The developers planned to sell the condominiums for a total of $535.7 million, or an average of $4.3 million per unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010335-0001-0000", "contents": "138 East 50th Street, History\nExtell Development Company purchased the site in January 2012 for $61 million and sold it to Ceruzzi Properties in August 2014. Initial plans filed in June 2014 indicated the building would be a 52-story, 502 feet (153\u00a0m) hotel with 764 rooms designed by SLCE Architects. However, renderings revealed in September 2015 showed the tower would be a 64-story, 803 feet (245\u00a0m) condominium tower. In 2015, the developers secured a $65 million loan on the development's land from Industrial and Commercial Bank of China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010335-0002-0000", "contents": "138 East 50th Street, History\nConstruction began in mid-2016 and topped out during November 2017. In August 2017, the developers received a $300 million construction loan from Madison Realty Capital. The building was completed in early 2019. In February 2020, Korean firm Meritz Securities provided a $350 million inventory loan against the building's remaining unsold condominiums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010336-0000-0000", "contents": "138 Mary Street, Brisbane\n138 Mary Street, Brisbane is a heritage-listed wine and spirits storehouse in Mary Street, Brisbane CBD, Queensland, Australia. It was built in about 1901 for Perkins Brewery (now Castlemaine Perkins). It is also known as Buzzards and Perkins Wine & Spirit Store. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010336-0001-0000", "contents": "138 Mary Street, Brisbane, History\nThis building was erected c.\u20091901 for Perkins Brewery. Brisbane's first brewery, the City Brewery was established in Mary Street in the 1860s. In 1972, the City Brewery was bought by Toowoomba brewers Patrick and Thomas Perkins. The business expanded rapidly under their control, and by the 1880s occupied a large portion of land between Mary and Margaret Streets. The Perkins complex, particularly the six-storeyed brewing tower, dominated this part of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010336-0002-0000", "contents": "138 Mary Street, Brisbane, History\nThe need for increased space prompted the purchase of 138 Mary Street in 1899. By 1902 Perkins & Co had erected a building on the site which they used as a Wine & Spirit store. This building was probably to a design of Richard Gailey as he had worked on other buildings for the Perkins company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010336-0003-0000", "contents": "138 Mary Street, Brisbane, History\nIn 1928, Perkins merged with another prominent Brisbane brewing firm to form Castlemaine Perkins Ltd and from that time the Perkins operations were gradually moved from the city to the Castlemaine site at Milton. In 1937, fire severely damaged the main Perkins complex opposite. Only this building, and the former stables at 124 Mary Street, survive from what was once a large inner city industrial complex. In 1943, the building was sold to Alfred Lawrence & Co Ltd, manufacturing chemists. Alfred Lawrence & Co Ltd retained ownership of the building until 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010336-0004-0000", "contents": "138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Description\nThe storehouse is a small commercial building and store located at 138 Mary Street nearby to Perkins Stables and Mooneys Building with Harolds Marine and Charlotte House behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010336-0005-0000", "contents": "138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Description\nA single level brick building has a stone basement half exposed at footpath level. Its facade has been rendered and painted a cream colour. The facade is divided into two nearly identical symmetrical portions each with three major arched openings. The middle opening of each portion is slightly wider than the other openings and above them are triangular pediments at parapet level supported on moulded brackets. The facade treatment to the plinth is rendered and coursed to resemble ashlar. A string course runs across between the openings at the springing level of the arches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010336-0005-0001", "contents": "138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Description\nThe semi-circular arches have moulded surrounds and keystones. A dentilled cornice line runs below the parapet in line with the base of the triangular pediments. The original entry is in the centre of the eastern bay and two new entries have been placed in the facade to match the original opening. Laneways run down both sides of the building and there are a series of square headed openings down each side to take advantage of natural light. At the rear a plain brick L-shape building forms a courtyard with the back of the front building. This would seem to be a later addition (before 1913) having shallow broad arched brick openings. The connecting narrow part of the building has a loading bay at first floor level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010336-0006-0000", "contents": "138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Description\nInternally, the front building has some stonework visible in the basement but upstairs has been refurbished. Much of the original floor structure of the rear building is visible from the basement level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010336-0007-0000", "contents": "138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing\n138 Mary Street was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010336-0008-0000", "contents": "138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010336-0009-0000", "contents": "138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing\nAn important remnant of a major industrial brewing complex significant in the industrial and commercial history of the State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010336-0010-0000", "contents": "138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010336-0011-0000", "contents": "138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing\nAs a fine example of a small, commercial building of the early 1900s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010336-0012-0000", "contents": "138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing\nFor the contribution of its style, scale and form to the immediate streetscape which includes Mooneys Building and Perkins Stables.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010336-0013-0000", "contents": "138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing\nThe place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010336-0014-0000", "contents": "138 Mary Street, Brisbane, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article incorporates text from  published by the State of Queensland under  licence (accessed on 7 July 2014,  on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were computed from the  published by the State of Queensland under  licence (accessed on 5 September 2014,  on 15 October 2014).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010337-0000-0000", "contents": "138 Tolosa\nTolosa (minor planet designation: 138 Tolosa) is a brightly coloured, stony background asteroid from the inner region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by French astronomer Henri Joseph Perrotin on 19 May 1874, and named by the Latin and Occitan name ([t\u0254\u02c8lo\u02d0sa] and [tu\u02c8luz\u0254]) of the French city of Toulouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010337-0001-0000", "contents": "138 Tolosa\nThe spectrum of this asteroid rules out the presence of ordinary chondrites, while leaning in favor of clinopyroxene phases. As of 2006, there are no known meteorites with compositions similar to the spectrum of 138 Tolosa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010338-0000-0000", "contents": "138 Trek\n\"138 Trek\" is a song by DJ Zinc, released as a single in 2000. The song peaked at number 27 on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the UK Dance Chart. DJ Zinc was one of the first drum and bass producers to score a chart hit within the UK garage scene with this song. He then continued to release breaks/garage productions under the alias Jammin. His 2004 release, \"Kinda Funky/Go DJ\", reached No. 80 in the UK. \"138 Trek\" samples the drum break from Barry White's \"I'm Gonna Love You Just a Little More Baby\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010338-0001-0000", "contents": "138 Trek\nThe Guardian listed \"138 Trek\" at number 7 in their list of \"The best UK garage tracks - ranked!\" in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010339-0000-0000", "contents": "1380\nYear 1380 (MCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010340-0000-0000", "contents": "1380 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1380\u00a0kHz: 1380 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency, on which Class B and Class D stations broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010341-0000-0000", "contents": "1380 Volodia\n1380 Volodia (prov. designation: 1936 FM) is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 16 March 1936, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the North African Algiers Observatory in Algeria. Five nights later, Volodia was independently discovered by Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at Uccle in Belgium. The dark D-type asteroid has a rotation period of 8 hours and measures approximately 22 kilometers (14 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010341-0001-0000", "contents": "1380 Volodia, Orbit and classification\nThis C-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,045 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Volodia's observation arc begins with its official discovery at Johannesburg, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010341-0002-0000", "contents": "1380 Volodia, Naming\nThis minor planet is named for Russian Vladimir Vesselovsky (b. 1936), who was born on the night of the asteroid's discovery. \"Volodia\" is the diminutive of \"Vladimir\". In 1955, its naming citation was first published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets (H 125).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010341-0003-0000", "contents": "1380 Volodia, Physical characteristics\nIn the SDSS-based taxonomy, Volodia is a dark D-type asteroid, which is common in the outer main-belt and among the Jupiter trojan population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010341-0004-0000", "contents": "1380 Volodia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2008, a fragmentary light-curve of Volodia was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Eric Barbotin. Light-curve analysis gave a tentative rotation period of 8 hours with a change in brightness of 0.15 magnitude (U=1+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010341-0005-0000", "contents": "1380 Volodia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Volodia measures between 21.76 and 23.27 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.074 and 0.090. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.058 and calculates a diameter of 24.09 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010343-0000-0000", "contents": "1380 in Italy\nA series of events which occurred in Italy in 1380:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 65]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010343-0001-0000", "contents": "1380 in Italy\nThe naval Battle of Chioggia took place in June 1380 in the lagoon off Chioggia, Italy, between the Venetian and the Genoese fleets, who had captured the little fishing port in August the preceding year. This occurred during the War of Chioggia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010346-0000-0000", "contents": "1380s\nThe 1380s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1380, and ended on December 31, 1389.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010347-0000-0000", "contents": "1380s BC\nThe 1380s BC refers to the period between 1389 BC and 1380 BC, the 1380s was the second decade of the 14th century BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010349-0000-0000", "contents": "1380s in art\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BrownHairedGirl (talk | contribs) at 18:00, 18 June 2020 (added Category:1380s in art ; remove {{Year nav topic5}} - this is not a year | dashes, fixed using a script). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010349-0001-0000", "contents": "1380s in art\nThe decade of the 1380s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010351-0000-0000", "contents": "1380s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010351-0001-0000", "contents": "1380s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010351-0002-0000", "contents": "1380s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010352-0000-0000", "contents": "1381\nYear 1381 (MCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010354-0000-0000", "contents": "1382\nYear 1382 (MCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010355-0000-0000", "contents": "1382 Dover Straits earthquake\nThe 1382 Dover Straits earthquake occurred at 15:00 on 21 May. It had an estimated magnitude of 6.0 Ms and a maximum felt intensity of VII-VIII on the Mercalli intensity scale. Based on contemporary reports of damage, the epicentre is thought to have been in the Straits of Dover. The earthquake caused widespread damage in south-eastern England and in the Low Countries. The earthquake interrupted a synod convened in part to examine the religious writings of John Wycliffe, which became known as the Earthquake Synod.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010355-0001-0000", "contents": "1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Geology\nThe geological structure of the eastern part of the English Channel is dominated by the WNW-ESE trending boundary between rocks deformed by the Variscan orogeny and the more stable London-Brabant Massif, known as the Northern Variscan Thrust Front. The London-Brabant Massif has been the proposed location for several historical earthquakes, including the event in 1382.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010355-0002-0000", "contents": "1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Earthquake\nThe magnitude for this event has been estimated using the distribution of felt intensities. Musson in 2008 gave a magnitude of 5.8 ML, while Camelbeek et al. 2007 gave 6.0 Ms\u202f.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010355-0003-0000", "contents": "1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Earthquake\nThe epicentral location has also been estimated from the distribution of felt intensities. A location in the middle of the Dover Straits, somewhat to the north-east of the similar 1580 Dover Straits earthquake is preferred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010355-0004-0000", "contents": "1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Earthquake\nThere were significant aftershocks on 23 May and on 24 May, the latter being the strongest recorded. The 24 May aftershock was also described as a \"waterquake\" affecting anchored ships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010355-0005-0000", "contents": "1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Damage\nIn England, the most severe damage was recorded in Canterbury, particularly to St Augustine's Abbey and Christ Church, Canterbury, where the bell-tower was destroyed. The manor house and church at Hollingbourne, Kent were also badly damaged. This has been used to estimate intensity in the range VII-VIII. In London there was damage to St Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey with an estimated intensity of VI\u2013VII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010355-0006-0000", "contents": "1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Damage\nIn the Low Countries damage was reported in Ypres, Bruges, Li\u00e8ge and Ghent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010355-0007-0000", "contents": "1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Damage\nThere is no known record of any casualties associated with this event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010355-0008-0000", "contents": "1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Earthquake synod\nWilliam Courtenay, the Archbishop of Canterbury convened a synod that met in Blackfriars, in London on the day of the earthquake. The synod was intended to consider the challenges to the church by the group of thinkers that became known as the Lollards, particularly the writings of John Wycliffe. During the deliberations the monastery was shaken by the earthquake, but Courtenay turned it to his advantage saying:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010355-0009-0000", "contents": "1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Earthquake synod\n\"This earthquake portends the purging of the kingdom from heresies. For as there are shut up in the bowels of the earth many noxious spirits, which are expelled in an earthquake, and so the earth is cleansed, but not without great violence: so there are many heresies shut up in the hearts of reprobate men, but by the condemnation of them the kingdom is to be cleansed, but not without irksomeness and great commotion.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010355-0010-0000", "contents": "1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Earthquake synod\nThe court found ten of Wycliffe's propositions to be heretical and another six erroneous, allowing Lollards to be prosecuted and executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010356-0000-0000", "contents": "1382 Gerti\n1382 Gerti, provisional designation 1925 BB, is a Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 January 1925, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after a secretary of the Astronomical Calculation Institute, Gertrud H\u00f6hne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010356-0001-0000", "contents": "1382 Gerti, Orbit and classification\nGerti has been dynamically classified as a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It is, however, a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements (both by Nesvorn\u00fd as well as by Novakovic, Kne\u017eevi\u0107 and Milani).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010356-0002-0000", "contents": "1382 Gerti, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,208 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in January 1925.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010356-0003-0000", "contents": "1382 Gerti, Physical characteristics\nThe LCDB assumes it to be a stony S-type asteroid, due to its dynamical classification as a member of the Flora family (402).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010356-0004-0000", "contents": "1382 Gerti, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nTwo rotational lightcurve of Gerti were obtained from photometric observations by Wies\u0142aw Wi\u015bniewski in February 1988, and by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in January 2011, respectively. Lightcurve analysis gave an identical rotation period of 3.082 hours with a respective brightness amplitude of 0.20 and 0.29 magnitude (U=3/2). A third lightcurve by Ren\u00e9 Roy in March 2008 gave a period of 3.0 hours with an amplitude of 0.36 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010356-0005-0000", "contents": "1382 Gerti, Physical characteristics, Poles\nIn 2011, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue and other sources gave a concurring sidereal period of 3.081545 hours, as well as two spin axis of (268.0\u00b0, 23.0\u00b0) and (87.0\u00b0, 28.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010356-0006-0000", "contents": "1382 Gerti, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Gerti measures between 9.14 and 11.94 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.196 and 0.28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010356-0007-0000", "contents": "1382 Gerti, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 taken from 8\u00a0Flora, the Flora family's parent body \u2013 and derives a diameter of 8.54 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.51.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010356-0008-0000", "contents": "1382 Gerti, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Gertrud H\u00f6hne who was a secretary at the Berlin Astronomical Calculation Institute (German: Astronomisches Rechen-Institut. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 125).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010358-0000-0000", "contents": "1383\nYear 1383 (MCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010359-0000-0000", "contents": "1383 Limburgia\n1383 Limburgia, provisional designation 1934 RV, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 September 1934, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It is named for the Dutch province Limburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010359-0001-0000", "contents": "1383 Limburgia, Classification and orbit\nLimburgia is a dark C-type asteroid. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.5\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,972 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 0\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic, which means that it is coplanar with the orbit of Earth. It was first identified as A923 PA at Heidelberg Observatory in 1923, extending the body's observation arc by 11 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010359-0002-0000", "contents": "1383 Limburgia, Rotation period\nIn December 2010, a rotational light-curve of Limburgia was obtained from photometric observations taken by James W. Brinsfield at the Via Capote Observatory (G69) in California. It gave a rotation period of 5 hours with a brightness variation of 0.07 magnitude (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010359-0003-0000", "contents": "1383 Limburgia, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Limburgia measures between 22.84 and 24.29 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.076, whereas preliminary figures gave a larger diameter of 25.18 and 26.66 kilometers, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0569 and a diameter of 22.18 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 12.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010359-0004-0000", "contents": "1383 Limburgia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Dutch province Limburg, the southernmost of the 12 provinces of the Netherlands. Naming was first cited in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 125).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0000-0000", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum\nThe 1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum was a civil war in Portuguese history during which no crowned king of Portugal reigned. The interregnum began when King Ferdinand I died without a male heir and ended when King John I was crowned in 1385 after his victory during the Battle of Aljubarrota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0001-0000", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum\nPortuguese interpret the era as their earliest national resistance movement countering Castilian intervention, and Robert Durand considers it as the \"great revealer of national consciousness\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0002-0000", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum\nThe bourgeoisie and the nobility worked together to establish the Aviz dynasty, a branch of the Portuguese House of Burgundy, securely on an independent throne. That contrasted with the lengthy civil wars in France (Hundred Years' War) and England (War of the Roses), which had aristocratic factions fighting powerfully against a centralised monarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0003-0000", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum, Background\nIn 1383, King Ferdinand I of Portugal was dying. From his marriage to Leonor Telles de Menezes only a girl, Princess Beatrice of Portugal, survived. Her marriage was the major political issue of the day since it would determine the future of the kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0004-0000", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum, Background\nSeveral political factions lobbied for possible husbands, which included English and French princes. Finally, the king settled for his wife's first choice, King John I of Castile. Ferdinand had waged three wars against Castile during his reign, and the marriage, celebrated in May 1383, was intended to put an end to hostilities by a union of the two crowns, but that was not a widely-accepted solution. The dynastic union meant that Portugal would lose independence to Castile. Many nobles were fiercely opposed to that possibility but were not united under a common pretender to the crown. There were two candidates, both illegitimate half-brothers of Ferdinand:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0005-0000", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum, Background\nOn October 22, 1383, King Ferdinand died. According to the marriage contract, Dowager Queen Leonor assumed regency in the name of her daughter Beatrice and son-in-law, John I of Castile. Since diplomatic opposition was no longer possible, the party for independence took more drastic measures, which started the 1383\u20131385 crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0006-0000", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum, 1383\nThe regent's privy council made the error of excluding any representation of the merchants of Lisbon. On the other hand, the popular classes of Lisbon, Beja, Porto, \u00c9vora, Estremoz, Portalegre and some other municipalities of the kingdom rose in favour of John (Jo\u00e3o), Master of Avis, seeing him as the national candidate (and the preferred national candidate). The first move was taken by the faction of John of Aviz in December 1383. Jo\u00e3o Fernandes Andeiro, Count of Our\u00e9m, called Conde Andeiro, the detested lover of the dowager queen, was murdered by a group of conspirators led by Jo\u00e3o of Aviz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0006-0001", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum, 1383\nFollowing this act, John, acclaimed \"rector and defender of the realm\" by the people of Lisbon, and also supported by the city great merchants, was now the leader of the opposition to the pretensions of John I of Castile, who tried to be recognised as monarch iure uxoris, against the Treaty of Salvaterra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0007-0000", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum, 1384\nThe armed resistance met the Castilian army on April 6, 1384, in the Battle of Atoleiros. General Nuno \u00c1lvares Pereira won the battle for the Aviz party, but victory was not decisive. John I of Castile then retreated to Lisbon in May and besieged the capital, with an auxiliary fleet blocking the city's port in the river Tagus, in a severe drawback to the independence cause. Without the capital and its riches and commerce, little could be done to free the country from the Castilian king. On his side, John I of Castile needed Lisbon, not only for financial reasons, but also for political ones\u2014neither he nor Beatrice had been crowned as monarchs of Portugal, and without a coronation in the capital he was only a designated king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0008-0000", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum, 1384\nMeanwhile, John of Aviz had surrendered the military command of the resistance to Nuno \u00c1lvares Pereira. The general continued to attack cities loyal to the Castilians and to harass the invading army. John of Aviz was now focused on diplomatic offensives. International politics played an important role in deciding Portuguese affairs. In 1384, the Hundred Years' War was at its peak, with English and French forces in a struggle for the crown of France. The conflict spilled beyond the French borders, and influenced, for instance, the Western Schism in a papacy only recently moved to Avignon from Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0008-0001", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum, 1384\nCastile was a traditional ally of France, so, looking for assistance in England was the natural option for John of Aviz. In May, with Lisbon under siege, an embassy was sent to Richard II of England to make a case for Portuguese independence. Richard was seventeen years old in 1384, and power lay with his uncle John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and regent of England. Despite initial reluctance to concede men, John of Gaunt finally agreed to levy troops to reinforce the Portuguese army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0009-0000", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum, 1384\nLisbon was struggling with famine and feared defeat by the Castilian siege. Blocked by land and by the river, the city had no hope of relief by the Aviz army, which was too small to risk an intervention and was occupied subduing other cities. An attempt was made by a Portuguese fleet to relieve the Castilian blockade. On July 18 a group of ships led by captain Rui Pereira managed to break the blockade and deliver precious supplies of food to Lisbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0009-0001", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum, 1384\nThe cost was high, since three of four boats were seized and Rui Pereira himself died in the naval combat. Despite this minor success, the siege held on; the city of Almada on the south bank of the Tagus surrendered to Castile. But the siege was hard not only on the inhabitants of Lisbon: the army of Castile was also dealing with a shortage of food supplies, due to the harassment of Nuno \u00c1lvares Pereira, and the bubonic plague. It was the outbreak of an epidemic in his ranks that forced John I of Castile to raise the siege on September 3 and retreat to Castile. Weeks later, the Castilian fleet also abandoned the Tagus, and Lisbon avoided conquest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0010-0000", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum, 1385\nIn late 1384 and the early months of 1385, Nuno \u00c1lvares Pereira and John of Aviz pursued the war, but they did not manage to subdue the majority of those Portuguese cities then in favour of the Castilian cause. Answering the call for help, English troops (an Anglo-Gascon contingent) landed in Portugal on Easter Day. They were not a big contingent, around 600 men (of which about 100 would be present in Ajubarrota), but they were mainly veterans of the Hundred Years' War battles and thereby well schooled in successful English military tactics. Among them were a small number of longbowmen who had already demonstrated their value against cavalry charges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0011-0000", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum, 1385\nAt the same time, John of Aviz organised a meeting in Coimbra of the Cortes, the assembly of the kingdom. There, on April 6, he was proclaimed the tenth king of Portugal, a clear act of defiance against the Castilian pretensions. John I of Portugal nominated Nuno \u00c1lvares Pereira Constable of Portugal and went to subdue the resistance still surviving in the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0012-0000", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum, 1385\nJohn I of Castile was not pleased. His first move was to send a punitive expedition, but the forces were heavily defeated in the Battle of Trancoso in May. From January, he began preparing his army to solve the problem definitively. The king himself led an enormous Castilian army that invaded Portugal in the second week of June through the central north, from Celorico da Beira to Coimbra and Leiria. An allied contingent of French heavy cavalry travelled with them. The power of numbers was on their side\u2014about 32,000 men on the Castilian side versus 6,500 on the Portuguese. They immediately headed to the region of Lisbon and Santar\u00e9m, the country's major cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0013-0000", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum, 1385\nMeanwhile, the armies of John I of Portugal and Nuno \u00c1lvares Pereira joined together in the city of Tomar. After some debate, a decision was made: the Castilians could not be allowed to besiege Lisbon once again, since the city would undoubtedly fall, so the Portuguese would intercept the enemy in the vicinity of Leiria, near the village of Aljubarrota. On August 14, the Castilian army, very slow due to its huge numbers, finally met the Portuguese and English troops. The ensuing fight, the Battle of Aljubarrota, was fought in the style of the Battles of Cr\u00e9cy and Poitiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0013-0001", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum, 1385\nThese tactics allowed a reduced infantry army to defeat cavalrymen with the use of longbowmen in the flanks and defensive structures (like caltrops) in the front. The Castilian army was not only defeated, but annihilated. Their losses were so great that John I of Castile was prevented from attempting another invasion in the following years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0014-0000", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum, Legacy\nWith this victory, John of Aviz was recognised as the undisputed king of Portugal as John 1, putting an end to the interregnum and anarchy of the 1383\u20131385 crisis. Recognition from Castile would not arrive until 1411, after another Portuguese victory at the Battle of Valverde, with the signing of the Treaty of Ayll\u00f3n. The English\u2013Portuguese alliance would be renewed in 1386 with the Treaty of Windsor and the marriage of John I to Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0014-0001", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum, Legacy\nIn 1387, taking advantage of the renewed alliance, John I, leading a Portuguese army of 9,000 men, reinforced by a 1,500-man English contingent that landed in Galicia, invaded Castile to sit John of Gaunt on the Castilian throne, which he claimed on his marriage to Infanta Constance of Castile. The Castilian forces refused to offer battle, after two months no significant town was taken and the allies, struck by disease and lack of supplies, met with an overwhelming failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010361-0015-0000", "contents": "1383\u20131385 Portuguese interregnum, Legacy\nThe treaty, still valid today, established a pact of mutual support between the countries: Indeed, Portugal would use it again against its neighbours in 1640, to expel the Spanish Habsburg kings from the country, and again during the Peninsular War. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance would also be used by Britain (in succession from England) in the Second World War (allowing the Allies to establish bases on the Azores) and during the 1982 Falklands War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010362-0000-0000", "contents": "1384\nYear 1384 (MCCCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010363-0000-0000", "contents": "1384 Kniertje\n1384 Kniertje, provisional designation 1934 RX, is a dark Adeonian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 September 1934, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named after a character in the Dutch play Op Hoop van Zegen by Herman Heijermans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010363-0001-0000", "contents": "1384 Kniertje, Orbit and classification\nKniertje is a member of the Adeona family (505), a large family of carbonaceous asteroids in the central main belt, named after 145\u00a0Adeona. It is also dynamically classified as a member of the Eunomia family (502), the largest in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 stony asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010363-0002-0000", "contents": "1384 Kniertje, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,599 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010363-0003-0000", "contents": "1384 Kniertje, Physical characteristics\nKniertje's spectral type is unknown. Although the LCDB assumes an S-type (due to its dynamical classification to the stony Eunomia family), a low albedo of 0.0701 is derived (see below) which is typical for carbonaceous C-type asteroids and in agreement with the overall spectral type of the Adeona family (505).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010363-0004-0000", "contents": "1384 Kniertje, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Kniertje have been obtained from photometric observations since 2003. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 9.78 and 9.872 hours with a brightness variation between 0.15 and 0.32 magnitude (U=2/2/2/2/2). An alternative period solution of 12.255 hours with an amplitude of 0.33 magnitude was found by Brian Warner in March 2006 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010363-0005-0000", "contents": "1384 Kniertje, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Kniertje measures between 21.52 and 29.592 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0351 and 0.3077.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010363-0006-0000", "contents": "1384 Kniertje, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0701 and a diameter of 26.59 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.38.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010363-0007-0000", "contents": "1384 Kniertje, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the principal character in Op Hoop van Zegen, a play by Dutch writer Herman Heijermans (1864\u20131924). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 125).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010364-0000-0000", "contents": "1384 Yellow River flood\nThe 1384 Yellow River flood was a natural disaster affecting the area around Kaifeng, China, during the early Ming dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010365-0000-0000", "contents": "1385\nYear 1385 (MCCCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010367-0000-0000", "contents": "1386\nYear 1386 (MCCCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010369-0000-0000", "contents": "1387\nYear 1387 (MCCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010371-0000-0000", "contents": "1387 in Italy\nA series of events which occurred in 1387 in Italy:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 65]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010371-0001-0000", "contents": "1387 in Italy\nThe Battle of Castagnaro was fought on March 11, 1387 at Castagnaro (today's Veneto, northern Italy) between Verona and Padua. It is one of the most famous battles of the Italian condottieri age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010371-0002-0000", "contents": "1387 in Italy\nThe army of Verona was led by Giovanni Ordelaffi and Ostasio da Polenta, while the victorious Paduans were commanded by John Hawkwood (Giovanni Acuto) and Francesco Novello Carraresi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010371-0003-0000", "contents": "1387 in Italy\nCastagnaro is hailed as Sir John Hawkwood's greatest victory. Following a Fabian-like strategy, Hawkwood goaded the Veronese into attacking him on a field of his own choosing, by laying waste to the Veronese lands nearby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010373-0000-0000", "contents": "1388\nYear 1388 (MCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010374-0000-0000", "contents": "1388 Aphrodite\n1388 Aphrodite (prov. designation: 1935 SS) is an asteroid of the Eos family from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers (14 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 24 September 1935, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The likely elongated K-type asteroid has a rotation period of 11.9 hours. It was named after the Greek goddess Aphrodite from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010374-0001-0000", "contents": "1388 Aphrodite, Orbit and classification\nAphrodite is a core member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,916 days; semi-major axis of 3.02\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg Observatory in September 1939, just four nights after its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010374-0002-0000", "contents": "1388 Aphrodite, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, beauty, and sexuality, and daughter of Zeus and the Titaness Dione. The asteroid's name was proposed by the German Astronomisches Rechen-Institut (RI 1702). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 126).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010374-0003-0000", "contents": "1388 Aphrodite, Physical characteristics\nWhile the asteroid's spectral type is unknown, Aphrodite, with a geometric albedo of around 0.15 (see asteroid-family list), is likely a K-type asteroid, which is typically associated with members of the Eos family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010374-0004-0000", "contents": "1388 Aphrodite, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn May 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Aphrodite was obtained from photometric observations by Julian Oey at the Kingsgrove Observatory (E19) in Australia in collaboration with other observatories. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 11.9432\u00b10.0004 hours and a brightness variation of 0.65 magnitude (U=3), indicative for an elongated, non-spherical shape. Alternative period determinations by Alvaro Alvarez-Candal (9\u00a0h; \u0394 0.4 mag) in 2004, Ren\u00e9 Roy (11.88\u00a0h; \u0394 0.34 mag) in 2006, and Kevin Ivarsen (11.95\u00a0h; \u0394 0.35 mag) in 2003, received a lower rating (U=2/2+/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 67], "content_span": [68, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010374-0005-0000", "contents": "1388 Aphrodite, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nA modeled lightcurve using photometry obtained from public databases and through a large collaboration network as well as sparse-in-time individual measurements from a few sky surveys was published in 2016 and 2018. Most recent results gave a concurring sidereal period of 11.94389\u00b10.00002 hours, as well as two spin axes at (325.0\u00b0, 35.0\u00b0) and (137.0\u00b0, 66.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 67], "content_span": [68, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010374-0006-0000", "contents": "1388 Aphrodite, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Aphrodite measures between 21.4 and 25.2 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.13 and 0.18. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1217 and a diameter of 25.17 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010376-0000-0000", "contents": "1389\nYear 1389 (MCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010377-0000-0000", "contents": "1389 Movement\nThe 1389 Movement (Serbian: \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442 1389 / Pokret 1389) is an ultranationalist youth movement, modeled after the Russian Nashi movement. The organization is non-governmental and non-profit. The 1389 Movement opposes the independence of Kosovo, and has received recognition from the Serbian Orthodox Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010377-0001-0000", "contents": "1389 Movement, Ideology\nIts name was adopted from the year of the Battle of Kosovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010377-0002-0000", "contents": "1389 Movement, Ideology\nThe  Movement is quasi Serbian nationalist, highly opposed to LGBT rights (especially the Belgrade Pride parade) and supports compulsory military service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010377-0003-0000", "contents": "1389 Movement, Ideology\nThe movement opposes EU  and NATO integration, which it sees as acts against a \"free Serbia\". Instead, the group supports Eurasian integration. It strongly opposes the 2013 Brussels Agreement and \"normalization\" of relations with Kosovo, which they claim is a euphemism for the independence of the Province of Kosovo and Metohija.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010377-0004-0000", "contents": "1389 Movement, History\nOn 4 December 2008, several members including the spokesman Mi\u0161a Vaci\u0107 were expelled from the organization. Vaci\u0107 formed the Serbian People's Movement 1389 which was formally registered on 15 March 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010377-0005-0000", "contents": "1389 Movement, History\nIn February 2014, the organization received support from the Serbian Orthodox Church to hold anti-abortion lities in churches of the Archbishopric of Belgrade and Karlovci.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010378-0000-0000", "contents": "1389 Onnie\n1389 Onnie, provisional designation 1935 SS1, is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 September 1935, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010378-0001-0000", "contents": "1389 Onnie, Orbit and classification\nThe stony S-type asteroid belongs to the Koronis family, a group consisting of few hundred known bodies with nearly ecliptical orbits. Onnie orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,771 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010378-0002-0000", "contents": "1389 Onnie, Lightcurve\nAmerican astronomer Richard P. Binzel obtained a rotational light-curve of Onnie from photometric observations in September 1983. It gave a longer-than average rotation period of 22.5 hours with a change in brightness of 0.34 magnitude (U=2). In 2011 and 2013, respectively, a modeled light-curve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue and other sources gave a period 23.0447 hours, as well as a spin axis of (183.0\u00b0, -75.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010378-0003-0000", "contents": "1389 Onnie, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the 2014-published result by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Onnie measures 13.77 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.198. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony Koronian asteroids of 0.24 and derives a diameter of 12.46 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.69.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010378-0004-0000", "contents": "1389 Onnie, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for A. Kruyt, sister-in-law of astronomer G. Pels (1893\u20131966). Pels, who proposed the minor planet's name, was as a lifelong member of the Leiden Observatory's staff, observer of minor planets at Leiden, as well as an orbit computer for many of Hendrik van Gent's made discoveries. The minor planet 1667 Pels was named in his honour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010381-0000-0000", "contents": "1389 papal conclave\nThe 1389 papal conclave (25 October \u2013 2 November) was convoked after the death of Pope Urban VI. The conclave is historically unique because all of the cardinal electors were the creation of a single pontiff: Urban VI, the very pope who was being replaced. None of the surviving cardinals created by previous popes recognized Urban VI as legitimate (see: Western Schism). In addition, Urban VI had deposed four of his creatures, and three were absent, leaving only sixteen cardinal electors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010382-0000-0000", "contents": "138P/Shoemaker\u2013Levy\n138P/Shoemaker\u2013Levy, also known as Shoemaker\u2013Levy 7, is a faint periodic comet in the Solar System. The comet last came to perihelion on 11 June 2012, but only brightened to about apparent magnitude 20.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010382-0001-0000", "contents": "138P/Shoemaker\u2013Levy\nThere were 4 recovery images of 138P on 8 August 2018 by Pan-STARRS when the comet had a magnitude of about 21.5. The comet comes to perihelion on 2 May 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010382-0002-0000", "contents": "138P/Shoemaker\u2013Levy\nThis comet should not be confused with Comet Shoemaker\u2013Levy 9 (D/1993 F2), which crashed into Jupiter in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010383-0000-0000", "contents": "138th (Edmonton, Alberta) Battalion, CEF\nThe 138th Battalion, CEF, was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010383-0001-0000", "contents": "138th (Edmonton, Alberta) Battalion, CEF\nBased in Edmonton, Alberta, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 47th, 50th, 137th, and 175th Battalions, CEF, on December 8, 1916. The 138th Battalion, CEF, had one officer commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Belcher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010383-0002-0000", "contents": "138th (Edmonton, Alberta) Battalion, CEF\nThe Otter Commission assigned the perpetuation of the 138th Battalion to the Edmonton Fusiliers in 1929. This regiment merged into the 19th (Alberta) Armoured Car Regiment, RCAC, in 1946. The 19th in turn amalgamated into the South Alberta Light Horse in 2006, and the SALH now perpetuates the 138th Battalion. Lineage of perpetuating units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010383-0003-0000", "contents": "138th (Edmonton, Alberta) Battalion, CEF\nIn 1929, the battalion was awarded the theatre of war honour The Great War, 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010384-0000-0000", "contents": "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade\nThe 138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in the First World War with the 46th (North Midland) Division. The brigade again saw active service in the Second World War, with the 46th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010384-0001-0000", "contents": "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Formation\nThe brigade was first raised as the Lincoln and Leicester Brigade in 1908 when the Territorial Force was created, by the merger of the Yeomanry and the Volunteer Force. The brigade was assigned to the North Midland Division (one of fourteen of the peacetime Territorials) and consisted of two Volunteer battalions, the 4th and 5th, of the Lincolnshire Regiment and two, the 4th and 5th, of the Leicestershire Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010384-0002-0000", "contents": "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, First World War\nAfter the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, most of the men volunteered for Imperial Service and, with the rest of the North Midland Division, trained in Luton for overseas service. In late February 1915 the division began landing in France and was the first complete Territorial division to arrive on the Western Front to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) (individual units had been sent throughout the winter of 1914 and early spring of 1915).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010384-0003-0000", "contents": "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, First World War\nOn 12 May 1915 the division was numbered the 46th (North Midland) Division the brigade was numbered the 138th (1/1st Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade. The battalions also adopted the '1/' prefix (1/5th Lincolns) to distinguish them from their 2nd Line duplicates training in the United Kingdom as 177th (2/1st Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, part of 59th (2nd North Midland) Division, which consisted of the men of the brigade and division who had not volunteered for overseas service, together with the many recruits who came flooding in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010384-0004-0000", "contents": "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, First World War\nThe brigade saw service with the 46th Division on the Western Front in France and Belgium for the rest of the war, aside from a few weeks in Egypt, fighting at the Hohenzollern Redoubt in October 1915 after the failure of the Battle of Loos. After this, the division was ordered to Egypt and landed there on 13 January 1916. However, soon after the division was ordered to move back to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010384-0005-0000", "contents": "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, First World War\nThe brigade and division, alongside 56th (1/1st London) Division, later fought at Gommecourt on 1 July 1916, the first day on the Somme, as a diversion for the Somme offensive being launched a few miles south. The attack was a failure and served only to gain the 46th Division a poor reputation until late September 1918 when, during the Hundred Days Offensive, it re-established its name during the Battle of St. Quentin Canal. During the same month Lieutenant John Cridlan Barrett of the 1/5th Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment was awarded the Victoria Cross. By the time of the Armistice with Germany the division was at Sains-du-Nord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010384-0006-0000", "contents": "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, First World War, Order of battle\n138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade had the following composition during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 71], "content_span": [72, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010384-0007-0000", "contents": "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Between the wars\nDisbanded after the war in 1919 the brigade was reformed in the new Territorial Army in the 1920s, as the 138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Infantry Brigade, still with 46th (North Midland) Infantry Division and still composed of two battalions of the Lincolns and two of the Leicesters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010384-0008-0000", "contents": "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Between the wars\nIn the late 1930s, there was a growing need to increase the anti-aircraft defences of the United Kingdom and a reduced need for so many infantry battalions in the Territorial Army and so many of them were converted into other roles. As a result, in late 1936, the 46th (North Midland) Division (and the brigade) was disbanded and its headquarters renamed the 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division. The 5th Lincolns was transferred to the Royal Engineers and converted into the 46th (The Lincolnshire Regiment) Anti - Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers and joined 31st (North Midland) Anti - Aircraft Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010384-0008-0001", "contents": "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Between the wars\nThe 4th Leicesters were also transferred to the Royal Engineers and became 44th (The Leicestershire Regiment) Anti - Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers, assigned to 32nd (South Midland) Anti - Aircraft Group of 2nd AA Division. Both were equipped with searchlights and part of the 2nd AA Division. The 4th Lincolns was transferred to 146th (1st West Riding) Infantry Brigade and the 5th Leicesters joined the 148th (3rd West Riding) Infantry Brigade, both part of the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division. After all of its battalions were posted away the 138th Brigade was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010384-0009-0000", "contents": "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Second World War\nA new 138th Brigade was raised in mid-1939 when the Territorial Army was doubled in size throughout the spring and summer of 1939, due to the possibility of war with Nazi Germany becoming an increasing likelihood. As a result, the brigade number was activated again when the 146th Infantry Brigade formed a duplicate unit, to be known as the 138th Infantry Brigade. The new brigade was assigned to the 46th Infantry Division, itself formed as a duplicate of 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division. Like its parent division, the 46th recruited mainly from the North Midlands and West Riding areas in England, although for some reason the division, unlike the 49th, did not adopt the county subtitles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010384-0010-0000", "contents": "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Second World War\nDue to the worsening situation in Europe, the brigade was mobilised in late August/early September 1939, along with the rest of the Territorial Army. On 1 September the German Army invaded Poland and, two days later, on 3 September 1939, Britain declared war on Nazi Germany, officially beginning the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010384-0011-0000", "contents": "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Second World War\nIn April 1940, seven months after the outbreak of the war, the 138th Infantry Brigade, commanded at the time by Brigadier Edward John Grinling, DSO, MC, TD, a Territorial Army officer, and division, minus the artillery, engineers and other support units, were sent to France to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The 'division', sent at the same time as the 12th (Eastern) and 23rd (Northumbrian) divisions, was very poorly equipped and trained and was assigned mainly as a labour and training unit, to build defences and construct airfield. As a consequence, the division was battered in the Battle of France when fighting the German Army and, together with the rest of the BEF, was gradually forced to retreat to Dunkirk, where they were evacuated to England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010384-0012-0000", "contents": "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Second World War\nAfter returning to the United Kingdom the brigade and division, due to severe casualties suffered in a futile attempt to stem the German advance, were both reformed with large numbers of conscripts and was sent to Scottish Command. In 1941 it came under command of II Corps and later XII Corps, commanded at the time by Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery, alongside the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division and 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division and trained into an anti-invasion role to repel a German invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010384-0013-0000", "contents": "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Second World War\nOn 6 January 1943 the 46th Division left the United Kingdom for North Africa where they saw active service in the final stages of the campaign there, fighting in the Tunisia Campaign as part of British First Army which ended in May with the surrender of over 230,000 German and Italian prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010384-0014-0000", "contents": "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Second World War\nWith the rest of the 46th Division, the brigade later fought in the Italian Campaign, suffering heavy casualties in the attritional fighting in Italy during the Salerno landings in September 1943 under X Corps, and later the fighting at the Monte la Difenso, Monte Cassino and the Gothic Line, where, during the Battle of Gemmano, the brigade suffered heavy casualties in what has been labelled the \"Cassino of the Adriatic\". In December 1944, during a heavy counter-attack by the German 90th Panzergrenadier Division on 46th Division's position, Captain John Brunt, of the Sherwood Foresters, attached to 6th Battalion, Lincolnshire Regiment, was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010384-0015-0000", "contents": "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Second World War\nIn mid-January 1945, the brigade and the rest of the division (except 139th Brigade) was transferred to Greece to fight in the Greek Civil War, returning to Italy in April but did not see action in the final offensive. Throughout the campaign in Italy the 46th Division came under command of both U.S. Fifth Army and British Eighth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010384-0016-0000", "contents": "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Post-War\nThe war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945, with Victory in Europe Day and the brigade moved to Austria shortly after, spending the rest of its time on occupation duties under British Forces in Austria. The 138th Infantry Brigade Headquarters were disbanded in 1946 and, being a 2nd Line Territorial formation, was not reformed in the 1947 reorganisation of the Territorial Army but its battalions seem to have survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010384-0016-0001", "contents": "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Post-War\nThe 6th Battalion, Royal Lincolnshire Regiment (the Lincolns became a 'Royal' regiment due to distinguished service in the war, with effect from 1946) appears to have existed until 1950 when it amalgamated with the 4th Battalion, of which the 6th was formed as a duplicate in 1939, creating the 4th/6th Battalion. The 6th Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment survived until 1947 when it amalgamated with its parent unit, the Hallamshire Battalion of the same regiment, to create the 4th Battalion, as did the 2/4th King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry which amalgamated with the 1/4th Battalion, to create the 4th Battalion, KOYLI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010385-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Aero Squadron\nThe 138th Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010385-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Aero Squadron\nThe squadron was assigned as a Day Pursuit (Fighter) Squadron as part of the 5th Pursuit Group, Second United States Army. Its mission was to engage and clear enemy aircraft from the skies and provide escort to reconnaissance and bombardment squadrons over enemy territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010385-0002-0000", "contents": "138th Aero Squadron\nThe squadron was never fully organized, and with Second Army's planned offensive drive on Metz cancelled due to the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron was assigned to the United States Third Army as part of the Occupation of the Rhineland in Germany. It returned to the United States in August 1919 and was demobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010385-0003-0000", "contents": "138th Aero Squadron\nThe squadron was never re-activated, and there is no United States Air Force or Air National Guard squadron that carries its lineage and history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010385-0004-0000", "contents": "138th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nThe 138th Aero Squadron was organized on 28 September 1917 at Kelly Field, Texas. Prior to this, the men of the squadron had spent several weeks at various recruiting barracks around the country, and were brought to Kelly Field in August, before the formal organization of the unit. While there, they undertook infantry drill and camp duties. The men lived in tents and messed in the open, having to contend with the heat, wind and dust of the late Texas summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010385-0005-0000", "contents": "138th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nThe squadron was ordered to proceed to Post Field, Oklahoma, on 18 October where it was assigned for training by the 3d and 4th Aero Squadrons. At Post Field, the squadron received instruction in transportation, engineering, aero repair, flying field management, hangars, post headquarters and quartermaster supply duties. An outbreak of measles struck the squadron at Post Field, and it extended the amount of time that would normally be spent at the station. On 5 December the squadron began to train with some Curtiss R-4 aircraft, with several aviation cadets taking primary flight training. Finally on 16 February, the men of the squadron were examined for overseas duty and were ordered to prepare for service in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010385-0006-0000", "contents": "138th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nOn 18 February, along with the 137th Aero Squadron, the squadron departed for the Aviation Concentration Center, Mineola Field, Long Island, New York. After receiving equipment, it moved to the Port of Entry, Hoboken, New Jersey, on 5 March and boarded the RMS Cedric, a White Star Liner impressed into troop ship duty. The trans-Atlantic voyage to Liverpool, England, was uneventful, and the squadron arrived on 18 March. It then proceeded by train to the Romsey Rest Camp, Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010385-0007-0000", "contents": "138th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England\nAt Romsey the squadron was detached to the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) for advanced training. It was sent to RFC Montrose, Scotland, arriving on 26 March, where it was assigned to the RFC's 5th Wing. The training the squadron had received in the United States enabled it to make a valuable contribution to the wing's activities. By the beginning of August the squadron was eager to go to the front, and on the 14th it departed Montrose for Flower Down Rest Camp, Winchester, having been ordered to duty in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010385-0008-0000", "contents": "138th Aero Squadron, History, Western Front\nArriving on the 17th, transportation was scarce and it did not arrive at Cherbourg, France, until the 19th before moving to the Replacement Concentration Center, AEF, at St. Maixent Replacement Barracks, where it arrived on the 22d. There, the squadron was equipped with steel helmets, firearms and gas masks. It was also designated as a Pursuit Squadron. From St. Maixent, the squadron then proceeded to the Air Service Production Center No. 2, Romorantin Aerodrome, arriving on 29 August. At Romorantin, the squadron was engaged in fatigue and garrison duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010385-0008-0001", "contents": "138th Aero Squadron, History, Western Front\nNext, it went to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome on 20 September. There, all preparations were made for active service as a Pursuit Squadron, with pilots and an armament officer being assigned. On 5 November, sixteen British Sopwith Camel F.1s were assigned to the squadron. On the 14th, together with the 41st and 638th Aero Squadrons, the 138th traveled from Colombey to its new aerodrome at Lay-Saint-Remy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010385-0009-0000", "contents": "138th Aero Squadron, History, Post-Armistice activities\nAt Lay-Saint-Remy Aerodrome, the three squadrons constituted the 5th Pursuit Group, Air Service, Second Army. Despite the signing of the Armistice, the squadron continued to engage in flying and undertook proficiency flights, and training in formation flying, patrols and in air combat on schedule each day when the weather permitted, although all flying was performed in friendly territory. Demonstration flying was also performed for various events to thrill crowds and to demonstrate to the other branches of the service the capabilities of the Air Service. The pilots were skilled in aerobatic flying, and no accidents resulted from these exhibitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010385-0010-0000", "contents": "138th Aero Squadron, History, Post-Armistice activities\nOn 15 April 1919, orders were received that the Second Army Air Service was being demobilized. The entire 5th Pursuit Group was ordered to Coblenz, Germany, to become part of the Third Army Air Service. The squadron prepared for the journey, and their equipment and supplies were moved the 200-odd miles in their own trucks. The enlisted personnel moved by rail and also by truck, while the pilots ferried their aircraft to their new airfield in the Rhineland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010385-0011-0000", "contents": "138th Aero Squadron, History, Post-Armistice activities\nThe squadron established itself in Fort Kaiser Alexander, which had been built by Wilhelm Hohenzollern's grandfather. The fort commanded a high ridge between the Rhine and Moselle rivers, overlooking the city. At Coblenz, the groups flew their assigned aircraft, and also performed test flights on surrendered German aircraft. Flights of the Fokker D.VII, Pfalz D.XII, Halberstadts, and Rumpler aircraft were made and evaluations made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010385-0012-0000", "contents": "138th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nThe entire air service of the Third Army, except that of the III Corps Observation Group at Wei\u00dfenthurm Airdrome, were relieved from further duty, on 12 May 1919 and ordered demobilized. Yet, the 138th Aero Squadron seems to have stayed for some time in Koblenz with Third Army Air Service, as it did not reached the 1st Air Depot at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, France before 1 July, for subsequent demobilization. The squadron's Sopwith aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome to be returned to the British. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010385-0013-0000", "contents": "138th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nPersonnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to one of several staging camps in France. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the base ports in France for transport to the United States. The 138th Aero Squadron arrived in New York Harbor in late July after which it was sent to Mitchell Field, Long Island, where it was demobilized in August 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron\nThe 138th Attack Squadron (138 ATKS) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard's 174th Attack Wing located at Hancock Field Air National Guard Base in Syracuse, New York. The 138th is equipped with the MQ-9 Reaper Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nFormed at Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia, as a Third Air Force Operational Training Unit (OTU), equipped with A-24 Banshee dive bombers. Moved to California in September 1943 as part of Desert Training Center in Mojave Desert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0002-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nAfter the A-24 was taken out of combat service, trained with P-39 Airacobras and became combat ready, being reassigned to VIII Fighter Command in England, April 1944. Re -equipped with P-51 Mustangs, with a mission for escorting B-17 Flying Fortress and B-24 Liberator heavy bombers during its first five weeks of operations, and afterwards flew many escort missions to cover the operations of medium and heavy bombers that struck strategic objectives, interdicted the enemy's communications, or supported operations on the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0003-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nThe group frequently strafed airfields and other targets of opportunity while on escort missions. Provided fighter cover over the English Channel and the coast of Normandy during the invasion of France in June 1944. Strafed and dive-bombed vehicles, locomotives, marshalling yards, anti-aircraft batteries, and troops while Allied forces fought to break out of the beachhead in France. Attacked transportation targets as Allied armies drove across France after the breakthrough at Saint-L\u00f4 in July. Flew area patrols during the airborne attack on the Netherlands in September. Escorted bombers to, and flew patrols over the battle area during the German counterattack in the Ardennes (Battle of the Bulge), December 1944 \u2013 January 1945. Provided area patrols during the assault across the Rhine in March 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0004-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nReturned to the US in October and inactivated on 17 October 1945 as an administrative unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0005-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard\nThe wartime 505th Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 138th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the New York Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Hancock Field, Syracuse, New York, and was extended federal recognition on 28 October 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 138th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 505d Fighter Squadron and all predecessor units. It was the first New York Air National Guard squadron that was extended federal recognition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0006-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard\nThe squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was assigned initially to the New York ANG 52d Fighter Wing, then in December 1948 to the 107th Fighter Group, operationally gained by Continental Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0007-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard\nThe mission of the 138th Fighter Squadron was the air defense of Central and Northern New York. Aircraft parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. In some ways, the postwar Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, the unit also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score at least as well or better than active-duty USAF units, given the fact that most ANG pilots were World War II combat veterans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0008-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nIn January 1950 the 138th became the first New York Air National Guard unit to receive jet aircraft, obtaining F-84B Thunderjets, mostly from the USAF 20th Fighter Group at Shaw AFB, South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0009-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the nation's Air National Guard was federalized and placed on active duty. The 138th was retained by the State of New York to maintain the air defense mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0010-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nIn December 1950/January 1951 the 138th transferred several F-84Bs to the Arizona ANG 197th Fighter Squadron at Luke AFB, and at the end of 1951 the remainder were transferred to the federalized Michigan ANG 127th Pilot Training Group, also at Luke AFB. The Thunderjets were used for jet pilot transition training for pilots being deployed to Korea. In return, the 138th received Very Long Range F-51H Mustangs with were capable of extended air defense flights over all of New York state. In 1952, the 138th became one of the first Air National Guard squadrons to commence standing daylight runway alert. At least two aircraft from the squadron with pilots in their cockpits stood alert at the end of runway from one hour before sunrise to one hour after sunset every day of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0011-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nThe air defense mission remained after the Korean War armistice and the unit resumed normal peacetime training and drills. In 1954, the Mustang was ending its service life and Air Defense Command was re-equipping its fighter-interceptor squadrons with jet aircraft. The 138th received F-94B Starfires, however the F-94 required a two-man aircrew, a pilot and an air observer to operate its radar equipment. Trainees for the radar assignment had to attend regular Air Force training schools, and required virtually the same qualifications as the pilot trainees. The additional recruitment of guardsmen led to the units having a manning and capabilities problem that lasted for some time until the unit was returned to full readiness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0012-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nIn 1956, the 107th Fighter-Interceptor Wing was reorganized and re-designated as the 107th Air Defense Wing. The 107th Fighter-Interceptor Group was re-designated as the 107th Fighter Group (Air Defense) and transferred from Niagara Falls Municipal Airport to Hancock Field on 1 May, with the 138th FIS being assigned. The F-86H Sabre replaced the F-94B Starfires in 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0013-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nA major change to the 107th Air Defense Wing in 1958 was the transition from an Air Defense Commande (ADC) mission to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and a tactical fighter mission, the 107th being re-designated as a Tactical Fighter Group; and 138th also being re-designated. The new assignment involved a change in the Group's training mission to include high-altitude interception, air-to-ground rocketry, ground strafing and tactical bombing. The 138th TFS retained their F-86H Sabres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0014-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nDuring the summer of 1961, as the 1961 Berlin Crisis unfolded, the 138th TFS was notified on 16 August of its pending federalization and recall to active duty. On 1 October the 138th was federalized and assigned to the Massachusetts ANG 102d Tactical Fighter Wing, which was federalized and placed on active duty at Otis Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0015-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe mission of the 102d TFW was to reinforce the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) and deploy to Phalsbourg-Bourscheid Air Base, France. In France, the unit was to provide close air support to NATO ground forces and air interdiction. This involved keeping its aircraft on 24/7 alert. Between 28 and 30 October, the 102d TFW departed Otis AFB for Phalsbourg. The wing deployed 82 F-86H Sabres. In addition 2 C-47 and 6 T-33 aircraft were assigned to the wing for support and training purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0016-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nStarting on 5 December, the 102d began deploying to Wheelus Air Base Libya for gunnery training. During its time in Europe, the 102d participated in several USAF and NATO exercises, including a deployment to Leck Air Base, West Germany near the Danish border. At Leck, ground and support crews from both countries exchanged duties, learning how to perform aircraft maintenance and operational support tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0017-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nOn 7 May 1962, USAFE Seventeenth Air Force directed that the 102d TFW would deploy back to the United States during the summer, and the unit returned to the United States in July 1962. Regular USAF personnel, along with a group of ANG personnel who volunteered to remain on active duty formed the 480th Tactical Fighter Squadron of the newly activated 366th Tactical Fighter Wing. The last of the ANG aircraft departing on 20 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0018-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nUpon its return to New York State Control, the 107th Tactical Fighter Group was transferred back to Niagara Falls, and the 138th TFS was authorized to expand to a group level. The 174th Tactical Fighter Group was allocated and was federally recognized by the National Guard Bureau on 1 September 1962. The 138th TFS became the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 174th Headquarters, 174th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 174th Combat Support Squadron, and the 174th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0019-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe squadron remained equipped with the F-86H and continued normal peacetime training and exercises. In the summer of 1965, the squadron took part in Exercise Oneida Bear II at Fort Drum, which involved some 6,500 soldiers of the regular Army, the Army Reserve and the National Guard. 138th TFS aircraft from Syracuse provided close air support to both Aggressor and Friendly Forces during the Exercise, and were engaged in realistic tactical air strikes. In the exercise, conducted by the First Army, the Second Brigade of the Army's Fifth Infantry was opposed by an aggressor force of selected Army National Guard and Army Reserve Units. The 174th Group's pilots flew 77 sorties for a total of 114 hours without a single abort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0020-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe squadron trained at Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico, in early 1967 in an all service amphibious and airborne exercise. A detachment of unit pilots and support personnel participated (22 officers and 69 airmen). Twelve F-86H aircraft participated with three C-130 Hercules for equipment and personnel support. All types of tactical air missions were flown. Total sorties were 213 with total hours flown, 308. Special firepowers demonstration was accomplished with 20 sorties delivering 40 (750\u00a0lbs.) and 2000 rounds of 20mm fired. Later in 1967 Operation Sentry Post I was held in August. This was a joint Air National Guard \u2013 TAC Exercise. Twelve F-86Hs were flown and squadron pilots worked with radar flying air-to-air and air-to-ground gunnery with and without FAC type missions. A total of 204 sorties and 245, hours were flown in thisoperation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 926]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0021-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1968, the 174th TFG was federalized and placed on active duty. The Group was alerted for active duty on 11 April 1968, partially mobilized on 13 May and deployed to Cannon Air Force Base, Clovis, New Mexico. The mission of the 174th was to train Forward Air Controllers (FAC) for service in Vietnam. The FAC flew a light observation aircraft at low altitudes, visually observing enemy installations and movements and providing on-the-spot directions for fighters and bombers. The FAC dictated the type of ordnance to be delivered, observes the strike, and evaluates its effectiveness. The mission of the 174th was to give FAC's in training actual experience in fighter aircraft so that they would be fully apprised of the requirements of the men they would be directing in combat in South Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0022-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nOn arrival at Cannon AFB along with the Maryland ANG 175th Tactical Fighter Group, they comprised the 140th Tactical Fighter Wing. Originally based in Denver, Colorado, headquarters of the 140th moved to Cannon AFB with the deployment of the 140th Tactical Fighter Group to active duty in Vietnam. Not all members of the 174th Tactical Fighter Group were mobilized, however. Subsequent to the alert notice, a change directed mobilization of only the Group Headquarters, the 138th Tactical Fighter Squadron, and the 174th Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron. The remaining members of the 174th remained in Syracuse on a drill status during the eight months of mobilized service. The unit was inactivated on 20 December 1968, and all members reverted to Air National Guard drill status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0023-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nDuring 1970, the 174th began retiring its F-86H Sabres after over a decade of service, the 138th Tactical Fighter Squadron flying the last USAF/ANG Sabre sortie on 30 September. Replacing the Sabre was the Cessna A-37B Dragonfly and a newly conceived close air support tactical fighter mission in a ground insurgency environment which were gained by combat experience in Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0024-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nAfter a decade of routine peacetime exercises and training with the A-37, in 1979 the 174th began a transition to the A-10A Thunderbolt II Close Air Support fighter. With the arrival of the A-10, the 174th was changed in status from a Group to a Wing on 1 July 1979. The wing was one of three Air National Guard units equipped with the A-10 as part of the \"Total Force\" concept which equipped ANG units with front-line USAF aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0024-0001", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1980, after the transition to the A-10 was completed, the 138th TFS was deployed to Savannah Air National Guard Base, Georgia. On arrival, the unit was given sealed orders directing them to a remote, forward operational location and operate combat sorties, fully loaded with live ordnance. Not only was the 174th's combat readiness put to the optimum peacetime test, but the unit's mobility was tested to the fullest. In response, an additional six A-10s were assigned to it, making the 138th TFS the Air National Guard's only \"super\" squadron, with 24 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0025-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nWith the transition complete, the unit deployed eight A-10 aircraft from Syracuse, non-stop to a forward operation location in West Germany. In exercise Cornet Sail, the 138th demonstrated for the first time the ability of an Air National Guard or Air Force Reserve unit to deploy this advanced aircraft in this manner. Combat readiness in West Germany was achieved 12 hours after departing Hancock Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0026-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nWith the move of the USAF 21st Air Division to Griffiss AFB in 1984, the 174th TFW became the host unit at Hancock Field. Later that year, the unit deployed to Exercise Air Warrior at the National Training Center, Fort Irwin, California; a three-week deployment to Lechfeld Air Base, West Germany and with the NY ANG 107th Fighter-Interceptor Group at Goose Air Base, Labrador.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0027-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe 174th also was among the first A-10 close support aircraft organizations to provide temporary tactical air defense support from Howard Air Force Base, Panama when the unit deployed to Howard in March 1985 when runway construction precluded the use of the A-7D Corsair IIs that normally fulfilled the tactical air defense duties of the Panama Canal. Shortly afterward, it deployed to Alaska for the first time. The 138th TFS completed the 2,700-mile flight to Eielson AFB without external navigation aids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0028-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nAs in past years, continuing NATO deployments to West Germany in the late 1980s saw the 174th TFW personnel training and living side-by-side with their West German Air Force counterparts as they would in a combat situation. The 174th began 1988 on a high note when the Air Force announced the wing would convert from the A-10 to the specialized Block 10 F-16A/B Fighting Falcone, also referred to as the F/A-16 due to its close air support configuration. With the Block 10 F-16, the 174th became the first Air Force organization to fly the Fighting Falcon with a Close Air Support mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0029-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe first F-16 aircraft started arriving in late 1988. These aircraft were passed down from regular USAF units who were upgrading to the F-16C/D model. During 1989 the 138th TFS was chosen as a test unit for a close air support version of the F-16. The aircraft were the only F-16s ever to be equipped with this weapon, intended for use against a variety of battlefield targets, including armor with the 30\u00a0mm gun pod. The unit received the USAF's Outstanding Maintenance Squadron Award that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0030-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1991, the 138th TFS deployed to the Persian Gulf with 516 members in support of Operation Desert Storm. The 138th was one of only two Air National Guard units to fly combat missions during Operation Desert Storm. The Close Air Support project however proved to be a miserable failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0030-0001", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nPrecision aiming was impossible for several reasons: the pylon mount wasn't as steady as the A-10's rigid mounting; the F-16 flies much faster than an A-10, giving the pilots too little time approaching the target; firing the gun shook the aircraft harshly and made it impossible to control the targeting; the essential CCIP (constantly computed impact point) software was unavailable. The pilots ended up using the gun as an area effect weapon, spraying multiple targets with ammunition, producing an effect rather like a cluster bomb. It took only a couple of days of this before they gave up, unbolted the gun pods, and went back to dropping real cluster bombs \u2013 which did the job more effectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0031-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe unit received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, with the \"V\" device for valor, during Operation Desert Storm; the Air Force Association Outstanding Unit Award; and the National Guard Association's Best Family Support Center Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0032-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 174th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 174th Fighter Wing. With the organization change, the 138th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the new 174th Operations Group. In June, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force reorganization after the end of the Cold War. It was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0033-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn 1993 the 174th FW started trading in their old Block 10 F-16 A/B models for newer Block 30 F-16C/D aircraft configured for Tactical Air Support. In that process the squadron had the 'honor' of sending the first F-16 to AMARC storage. This happened on 20 July 1993, when an F-16A (#79-0340) was flown to Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona for flyable storage. Although these aircraft were only 13 years old, they were put into storage due to more modern models becoming available and Block 10 wasn't needed any longer by the USAF. The general mission for the squadron remained unchanged with this transition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0034-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nAlso in 1993, the 138th TFS became the first US unit to have a female F-16 fighter pilot, Jackie Parker, in 1993 immediately after combat roles were opened to females.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0035-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn June 1995, the unit deployed for 30 days rotation to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey as part of Operation Provide Comfort, assisting in the enforcement the No Fly Zone over Northern Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0036-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0037-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nThe 138th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (138th EFS) was first formed and deployed in August 1996 for Operation Northern Watch (ONW). ONW was a US European Command Combined Task Force (CTF) who was responsible for enforcing the United Nations mandated no-fly zone above the 36th parallel in Iraq. This mission was a successor to Operation Provide Comfort which also entailed support for the Iraqi Kurds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0038-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn 1997, the 138th Fighter Squadron commemorated its 50th Anniversary in conjunction with the United States Air Force by hosting the United States Air Force Thunderbirds aerobatics team at the Syracuse Air Show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0039-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nDuring 1996\u201397, the 174th FW deployed to And\u00f8ya Air Station, Norway as part of the \"Adventure Express 97\" NATO exercise. In 1998, the 174th FW deployed to Tyndall AFB, Florida, for the \"Combat Archer\" exercise and also to the Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, to participate in exercise \"Global Patriot 98\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0040-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nOnly six years later, in 1999, the 138th FS changed block types once more, sending its Block 30s to the Illinois ANG 170th Fighter Squadron and receiving older block 25 F-16s from the Texas ANG 182d Fighter Squadron. This meant changing again from the General Electric engine to the Pratt & Whitney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0041-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nAn AEF deployment to Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia resulted in the formation of the 138th EFS in early 2000. Operation Southern Watch was an operation which was responsible for enforcing the United Nations mandated no-fly zone below the 32d parallel in Iraq. This mission was initiated mainly to cover for attacks of Iraqi forces on the Iraqi Shi\u2019ite Muslims. The squadron returned to the Block 30 Aircraft in 2004, receiving aircraft from the 50th TFW at Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany shifting from engine type once more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0042-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nAs part of the Global War on Terrorism, the 138th EFS deployed twice to Balad Air Base, Iraq in 2006 and 2008", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0043-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, MQ-9 Reaper and Attack Mission\nIn 2008 it became apparent that the 138th FS was going jump into the future of combat aviation and that Hancock ANGB would begin a new chapter. The squadron was set to fly the MQ-9 Reaper. The unit's transition from flying legacy aircraft to Reapers was more than a tactical shift. It assured the future of the base at Hancock Field. In October 2009, the 174th Fighter Wing cut the ribbon on its new MQ-9 Reaper maintenance school, where it trains technicians from across the country, from all military branches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 91], "content_span": [92, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0044-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, MQ-9 Reaper and Attack Mission\nOn 6 March 2010, the last two F-16s (#85-1561 and #85-1570) departed Hancock Field marking the end of F-16 operations at the base. They made three low passes for the assembled crowd gathered to commemorate the past of aviation at the Syracuse ANG base in upstate New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 91], "content_span": [92, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010386-0045-0000", "contents": "138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, MQ-9 Reaper and Attack Mission\nAs a result of the mission change, eleven legacy pilots now fly the future of combat capabilities. Full -time personnel has increased, from 158 to 186. Part-time numbers have dropped, from 500 to 437.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 91], "content_span": [92, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010387-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe 138th Motorized Infantry Brigade is one of the five maneuver elements of the 26th Group Army in the Jinan Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010388-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 138th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1st and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 3, 1995, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Democratic Governor Thomas R. Carper from New Castle County and Democratic Lieutenant Governor Ruth Ann Minner from Kent County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010388-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1990 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010388-0002-0000", "contents": "138th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 138th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a  Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010388-0003-0000", "contents": "138th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010388-0004-0000", "contents": "138th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010389-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 138th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c138\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 27th Division, 9th Column of Fourth Field Army. Its history could be traced to the 9th Independent Brigade of Jidong Military District formed in August 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010389-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn the composition of 46th Corps it took part in the Chinese civil war, including the Liaoshen Campaign and Pingjin Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010389-0002-0000", "contents": "138th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division was composed of 412th, 413th, and 414th Infantry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010389-0003-0000", "contents": "138th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn December 1950, half of the divisional assets and Headquarters, 413th Infantry Regiment were detached to activate the PLAAF's Flight School in Changchun, Jilin. This school later became the Second Aviation School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010389-0004-0000", "contents": "138th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1952, the division was detached from 46th Corps and transferred to the People's Liberation Army Navy's control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010390-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (\u2192\u200etop: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010390-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 138th Division (\u7b2c138\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakusanj\u016bhachi Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Immovable Division (\u4e0d\u52d5\u5175\u56e3, Fud\u014d Heidan). It was formed 10 July 1945 in several towns along Jilin - Shenyang railroad as a triangular division. It was a part of the 8 simultaneously created divisions batch comprising 134th,  135th, 136th, 137th, 138th, 139th, 148th and 149th divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the small parts detached from the 1st mobile brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010390-0002-0000", "contents": "138th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\n30 July 1945, the 138th division was assigned to the 30th army. It was nearly unarmed until the end of July 1945, besides the small arms brought by the men transferred from the other units. Even the rifles were issued only shortly before the surrender of Japan. The division was coherent enough to have the first task (the construction of fortifications) issued only by 6 August 1945. Also, the divisional commander did not arrive until 10 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010390-0003-0000", "contents": "138th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nAt the beginning of Soviet invasion of Manchuria 9 August 1945, the 138th division was ordered to Fushun. The division was immediately reassigned to the 3rd area army. The division arrived to Fushun 12 August 1945. It was disarmed by Red Army 19 August 1945 in the aftermath of the surrender of Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010391-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Field Artillery Brigade\nThe 138th Field Artillery Brigade is a field artillery (also known as fires) brigade of the United States Army. It is a component of the Kentucky Army National Guard. It is headquartered in Lexington, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010391-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Field Artillery Brigade, History\nThe brigade was originally organized on 21 January 1839 as the Louisville Legion, it was mustered into federal service on 17 May 1846, as the 1st Regiment of Foot, Kentucky Volunteers. It was redesignated and mustered into federal service on 9 September 1861 as the 5th Kentucky Volunteer Infantry, and fought at Shiloh, Murfeesborough, Chickamauga, Chattanooga, and Atlanta. The unit was recalled up into federal service on 18 June 1916, and sent to Hattiesburg, Mississippi, where it helped build Camp Shelby, that was named for the first Governor of Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010391-0002-0000", "contents": "138th Field Artillery Brigade, History\nConverted and redesignated as the 138th Field Artillery Regiment, 38th Infantry Division on 9 October 1917, and demobilized on 8 January 1919 at Camp Taylor, Kentucky. The regiment was again inducted into federal service on 17 January 1941 at Louisville and sent to Camp Shelby, MS. The regiment was broken up on 1 March 1941 and HHB was disbanded. The 1st Battalion was designated as the 138th Field Artillery Battalion. The 2d BN was designated as the 198th Field Artillery Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010391-0002-0001", "contents": "138th Field Artillery Brigade, History\nThe HHB 138th Field Artillery Regiment as reconstituted on 25 August 1945, and on 13 May 1946 was redesignated as the HHB 138th Field Artillery Group. On 1 Oct 1959 the 138th Field Artillery Group was moved from Louisville to Lexington, and was redesignated on 1 July 1978 as the HHB, 138th Field Artillery Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010391-0003-0000", "contents": "138th Field Artillery Brigade, History\nOn 19 April 1968, the 2nd Battalion of the 138th was deployed to South Vietnam to provide fire support to the 101st Airborne Division in northern South Vietnam. On 19 June 1969, their firebase, Firebase Tomahawk, was attacked by the North Vietnamese Army 4th Regiment. The attack was repulsed, with the 138th suffering 9 casualties, and the North Vietnamese suffering 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010391-0004-0000", "contents": "138th Field Artillery Brigade, History\nOn 2 September 2006 the 138th Field Artillery Brigade was redesignated as the 138th Fires Brigade. On 7 July 2007, Soldiers of the 138th Fires Brigade were mobilized to Fort Sill, OK and deployed in Baghdad (during the War in Iraq), until 27 June 2008. On 1 September 2012, Soldiers from the brigade mobilized and deployed to Camp Lemmonier, Djibouti. Their task was to provide force protection and emergency response forces for the Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010392-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Fighter Wing\nThe 138th Fighter Wing (138 FW) is a unit of the Oklahoma Air National Guard, stationed at the Tulsa Air National Guard Base at Tulsa International Airport in Tulsa, Oklahoma. If activated to federal service as a United States Air Force unit, the 138 FW is gained by the Air Combat Command (ACC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010392-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Fighter Wing, Overview\nThe 138th Fighter Wing (138 FW) is an Oklahoma Air National Guard unit stationed at Tulsa Air National Guard Base at Tulsa International Airport in Tulsa, Oklahoma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010392-0002-0000", "contents": "138th Fighter Wing, Overview\nAs an Air National Guard unit, the 138 FW is part of the Air Reserve Component (ARC) of the U.S. Air Force and is operationally gained by the Air Combat Command. The wing currently flies the Block 42 version of the F-16C and F-16D Fighting Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010392-0003-0000", "contents": "138th Fighter Wing, Overview\nThe federal mission of the 138 FW is to maintain combat forces ready for mobilization, deployment, and employment as needed to support national security objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010392-0004-0000", "contents": "138th Fighter Wing, Overview\nThe state mission of the 138 FW is to support the Governor of Oklahoma with units organized, equipped, and trained in the protection of life and property, and the preservation of peace, order, and public safety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010392-0005-0000", "contents": "138th Fighter Wing, History\nIn 1957, the Oklahoma Air National Guard was given a fighter-interceptor mission in the Air Defense Command (ADC), and on 1 August, the 125th Fighter-Bomber Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level. The 138th Fighter-Interceptor Group was authorized and extended federal recognition by the National Guard Bureau. The 125th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron becoming the group's flying unit. Other support squadrons assigned into the group were the 138th Headquarters, 138th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 138th Combat Support Squadron, and the 138th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010392-0006-0000", "contents": "138th Fighter Wing, History\nWith the Fighter-Interceptor mission assignment, the 125th also assumed ADC runway alert program on full 24-hour basis\u2014with armed jet fighters ready to \"scramble\" at a moment's notice. This event brought the group into the daily combat operational program of the USAF, placing us on \"the end of the runway\" alongside regular USAF-Air Defense Fighter Squadrons. The obsolescent F-80-day fighters were upgraded to the all-weather/day/night F-86D Sabre Interceptor by the end of the year. In June 1959 the squadron traded their F-86Ds for the upgraded F-86L Sabre Interceptor with uprated afterburning engines and new electronics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010392-0007-0000", "contents": "138th Fighter Wing, History, Air Transport mission\nIn January 1960, the 138th FIS was reassigned to the Military Air Transport Service (MATS), trading in its Sabre interceptors for 4-engined C-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the unit was re-designated the 138th Air Transport Wing (Heavy) with the 125th Air Transport Squadron. During the 1961 Berlin Crisis, both the Group and squadron were federalized on 1 October 1961. From Tulsa, the 125th ATS augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs. It returned again to Oklahoma state control on 31 August 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010392-0007-0001", "contents": "138th Fighter Wing, History, Air Transport mission\nThroughout the 1960s, the 125th flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to the Caribbean, Europe, Australia, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and during the Vietnam War, to both South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand. The C-97s were retired in 1968 and the unit was transferred to Military Airlift Command (MAC), being re-equipped with C-124C Globemaster II heavy transports. The Group continued to fly long-distance intercontinental airlift flights until the Globemasters were retired at the end of 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010392-0008-0000", "contents": "138th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nWith the retirement of the Globemasters, the 138th was transferred to Tactical Air Command on 25 January 1973, with the 125th Tactical Fighter Squadron being re-equipped with veteran F-100D/F Super Sabre tactical fighter bombers that were returning from the Vietnam War. The Super Sabre was dedicated fighter-bomber, with no concession being made to a secondary air-superiority role and the squadron trained in using the fighter for ground support. Beginning in 1975, the 125th began a NATO commitment, with squadron aircraft and personnel deploying to the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) for Autumn Forge/Cold Fire/Reforger exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 53], "content_span": [54, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010392-0009-0000", "contents": "138th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nIn 1978, the F-100s were being retired, and they were replaced with A-7D Corsair II subsonic tactical close air support aircraft from the 23d Tactical Fighter Wing, England AFB, Louisiana along with the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing, Myrtle Beach AFB, South Carolina which were converting to the A-10 Thunderbolt II. The aircraft had excellent accuracy with the aid of an automatic electronic navigation and weapons delivery system. Although designed primarily as a ground attack aircraft, it also had limited air-to-air combat capability. In 1980, the 125th received the new twin-seat A-7K trainer and also received the Low Altitude Night Attack modification to the A-7D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 53], "content_span": [54, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010392-0010-0000", "contents": "138th Fighter Wing, History, Modern era\nEarly in the 1990s with the declared end of the Cold War and the continued decline in military budgets, the Air Force restructured to meet changes in strategic requirements, decreasing personnel, and a smaller infrastructure. The 138th adopted the new USAF \"Objective Organization\" in early 1992, with the word \"tactical\" being eliminated from its designation and becoming the 138th Fighter Group. Tactical Air Command was inactivated on 1 June, being replaced by the new Air Combat Command (ACC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010392-0011-0000", "contents": "138th Fighter Wing, History, Modern era\nThe 125th Fighter Squadron flew A-7Ds until 1993 when it began to receive Block 42 F-16C/D Fighting Falcons, replacing the venerable A-7D in the attack roles. Most of these aircraft came from the 51st Fighter Wing, Osan Air Base, South Korea and the 363d Fighter Wing, Shaw AFB, South Carolina, which were trading in Block 42s for more advanced F-16s. The 125th, although an Air National Guard unit, which were mostly tasked with air defense of US mainland, was tasked with a conventional attack mission. This was already the case in the A-7D and even in the F-100 era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010392-0011-0001", "contents": "138th Fighter Wing, History, Modern era\nThe squadron was one of the first Air National Guard units to be equipped with the Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for Night, or LANTIRN system to be able to illuminate their own ground targets. At the time of conversion this unit was one of the most advanced within the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010392-0012-0000", "contents": "138th Fighter Wing, History, Modern era\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active Duty Regular Air Force, Air Force Reserve, and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including the active duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command, and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010392-0013-0000", "contents": "138th Fighter Wing, History, Modern era\nIn October 1996, the 125th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (125 EFS) was first formed from 138th FW personnel and aircraft and deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, to join with other active-duty and national guard squadrons as part of Operation Northern Watch. This mission was part of a multi-unit Air National Guard \"rainbow\" deployment involving the Air National Guard block 42 F-16 squadrons. Each squadron provided eight aircraft to a total of 24 aircraft deployed. The 125th EFS returned to Tulsa and was inactivated on 7 January 1997. Further Northern Watch activations of the 125th EFS and subsequent deployments to Incirlik AB occurred in the spring of 1998 and fall of 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010392-0014-0000", "contents": "138th Fighter Wing, History, Modern era\nThe 125th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron has also been deployed to Al Jaber Air Base, Kuwait for Operation Southern Watch in 2001, and to Balad Air Base, Iraq in 2007 and 2008 as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 2011, the 125th EFS deployed to Al Assad, Iraq for the final time to support Operation New Dawn, when more than 200 members deployed there to provide air support to the final drawdown of U.S. and coalition forces, being able to respond quickly to any needs troops in combat may have as they left the country. In 2013, the 125th EFS deployed to Kandahar AB as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. In 2018 the squadron returned to Bagram AB, Afghanistan in support of Operation Freedom's Sentinel and Operation Resolute Support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010393-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Georgia General Assembly\nThe 138th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia convened its first session on January 7, 1985, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. The 138th Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 137th and served as the precedent for the 139th General Assembly in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010393-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Georgia General Assembly, Party standings, House of Representatives\n*Active political parties in Georgia are not limited to the Democratic and Republican parties. Libertarians, and occasionally others, run candidates in elections. However, for the 1985-86 session of the General Assembly, only the two major parties were successful in electing legislators to office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010394-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade\nThe 138th Guards Separate Motor Rifle Brigade (138th MRB) (Russian: 138-\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430) is a formation of the Russian Ground Forces. It is stationed in the Western Military District, in the village of Kamenka, Vyborgsky District, Leningrad Oblast. It is Military unit No. 02511. It includes various components: air defense, artillery battalion, infantry and tank battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010394-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade, 45th Guards Rifle Division\nThe brigade traces its history to the 45th Guards Rifle Division of the Second World War. The 45th Guards Rifle Division was formed from the 70th Rifle Division, and fought near Leningrad, in Estonia and Kurland. The division was with the 6th Guards Army of the Kurland Group, Leningrad Front in May 1945. On 25 June 1957 the 45th Guards Rifle Division became the 45th Guards Motor Rifle Division. In December 1997 the 45th Guards Krasnosel'skaya, Order of Lenin Red Banner Motor Rifle Division named for A.A. Zhdanov became the 138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010394-0002-0000", "contents": "138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade, 138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade\nIn 1994-1995 a force from the 129th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment with 45 T-80 tanks was deployed to Groznyy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010394-0003-0000", "contents": "138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade, 138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade\nThe brigade was deployed for operations during the Second Chechen War, in which, along with other Russian Ground Forces units, its personnel was reported to have behaved badly at times. A 22-year-old woman in Ingushetia was shot by drunken soldiers from the brigade scavenging for alcohol. The deployment of a tank battalion of the brigade was apparently halted when it was discovered that soldiers had been selling the explosive from their tanks' reactive armour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010394-0004-0000", "contents": "138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade, 138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade\nIn March 2010 Leningrad Military District commander General Lieutenant Nikolai Bogdanovskiy said, regarding problems with the command and violence in the 138th at Kamenka:\u201c. . . we haven\u2019t managed to complete fully tasks connected with discipline\u2013in particular, in the 138th Kamenka Brigade the commander, chief of staff, and assistants for armaments and socialization work were dismissed because of events there. Now the situation is normalising, we are trying not to repeat past mistakes.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010394-0005-0000", "contents": "138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade, 138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade\nThe 45th Guards Motor Rifle Division was a separate formation from the 45th Rifle Division (Soviet Union) - not a Guards unit - that was the predecessor to the district's  200th Motor Rifle Brigade, based at Pechenga in Murmansk Oblast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010395-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 138th Illinois Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Illinois that served in the Union Army between June 21 and October 14, 1864, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010395-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized at Camp Wood, Quincy, Illinois and mustered in for one-hundred day service on June 21, 1864, with Colonel J.W. Goodwin as commander. The Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton, ordered the regiment to proceed to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where it was assigned to garrison duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010395-0002-0000", "contents": "138th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe counties of Jackson, Clay, Platte, Ray, Lafayette as well as other counties along the western border of Missouri, were over-run by bands of pro-Confederate bushwhackers. On July 7, Companies \"C\" and \"F\" were ordered to Weston, Missouri, and during July, August, and a portion of September, they remained on active duty and succeeded in clearing the counties of bushwhackers. Following the defeat of the bushwhackers, Companies \"C\" and \"F\" returned to garrison duty at Fort Leavenworth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010395-0003-0000", "contents": "138th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nIn the meantime, General Sterling Price, had invaded and occupied Missouri from the southeast, cutting off communications between St. Louis and the southeast. The regiment voluntarily extended its term of service and proceeded along the Iron Mountain Railroad guarding railway bridges from destruction by Price's Army. Following the defeat of General Price's army, the regiment returned to Camp Butler, Illinois and was mustered out on October 14, 1864. During its service the regiment incurred ten fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010396-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 138th Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between May 27 and September 22, 1864, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010396-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana and mustered in on May 27, 1864. It was ordered to Tennessee and Alabama for railroad guard duty, until late September 1864. The regiment was mustered out on September 22, 1864. During its service the regiment lost eight men to disease and one to desertion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010396-0002-0000", "contents": "138th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was part of Indiana's quota of Hundred Days Men, which also included seven other regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010396-0003-0000", "contents": "138th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, Companies and their counties of origin\nMen often enlisted in a company recruited in the counties where they lived, though not always. After many battles, companies might be combined because so many men were killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 80], "content_span": [81, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 138th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the United States Army and the Missouri National Guard headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri. Of the original regiment, only the 1st Battalion remains an active National Guard unit. As of 2018, the 1st Battalion, 138th Infantry Regiment is a light infantry battalion currently assigned to the 39th Infantry Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 138th Infantry Regiment traces its lineage from the St. Louis Greys, a volunteer militia company organized in 1832 and the first militia regiment of Missouri. The company's first combat action was during the Mexican War while serving with the St. Louis Legion, a battalion-sized element composed of independent St. Louis-area companies. The unit mustered into federal service on 18 May 1846 along with the Native American Rangers, Boone Guards, Montgomery Guards, Missouri Fusiliers and Riflemen, Morgan Riflemen, and the Texas Free Corps. By 1853 the Greys expanded to five companies to form the 1st Battalion, 1st Missouri Regiment but underwent a series of reductions until 1857 when all but one company of Greys remained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0002-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nDuring the Missouri-Kansas border crises in 1860, the First Missouri Infantry Regiment (of which the Greys were a part along with several other St. Louis area militia companies), patrolled the border to prevent Free-Stater (Kansas) settlers from entering the state, an action called the Southwest Expedition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0003-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nMany of the Greys ignored President Lincoln's issued proclamation for the states to call up their militia and provide troops to the Federal Government to suppress the Rebellion after the bombardment of Fort Sumter and mustered into service at the call of Governor Jackson outside of St. Louis at Camp Jackson, where St. Louis University now sets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0003-0001", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nAccused of plotting to capture the St. Louis Arsenal as part of the Camp Jackson Affair, now the location of the Budweiser Brewery, the 1st Missouri Volunteer Militia, with its two companies of St. Louis Greys, were captured by Union troops and marched to the arsenal. Upon being paroled, the Greys and the remainder of the old First Missouri broke their parole and were reformed into the Missouri State Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0003-0002", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nThey then went to Memphis, Tennessee and created a Confederate regiment known as the 1st Missouri Infantry Regiment, 1st Missouri Brigade, otherwise known as the \u201cCamp Jackson Boys\u201d and was commanded by Col. John S. Bowen. With casualties came amalgamation, and after fighting in the Shiloh, Mississippi River, Vicksburg, Atlanta, Nashville, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama campaigns, the 1st Missouri surrendered at Fort Blakely, Alabama on 9 April 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0003-0003", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nThe 1st Missouri Infantry Regiment marched on foot more than 4,000 miles and traveled more than 1,500 miles by railroad and streamboat during their 40-month journey across seven states on both sides of the Mississippi. It was also a part of the best drilled and finest combat unit of the Confederate States Army and one of the most elite units in the entire Civil War, the 1st Missouri Brigade \"the South's Finest\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0004-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nBelow is a quote from the company commander of Company \"D\": St. Louis Greys that served during the Civil War regarding the First Missouri Infantry:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0005-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nI am proud of my connection with the First Missouri Infantry, and claim for it that it was the best organized and disciplined volunteer regiment the war produced. Missourians, whether they were for the North or South, can take pride in the prowess of the First Missouri. We represented our state, and despite our failure, we were Missourians,and stood to our guns", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0006-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nAfter the Civil War, the Greys reformed and by 1873 joined other uniformed companies to create the 1st Regiment of Organized Missouri Militia. In 1898 nearly every member of the First Regiment, Missouri National Guard, as it was known at that time, volunteered to fight in the war with Spain under the name of the First Regiment of Infantry, Missouri Volunteers. They mustered into service at Jefferson Barracks and mobilized to Chickamauga Park, Georgia on 21 May 1898 but were never sent to Cuba or Puerto Rico due to lack of funding from the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0007-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nThe Militia Act of 1903 required the National Guard of Missouri to conform to federal regulations and with the initiation of the National Defense Act of 1916, the First Missouri took an oath to the President of the United States as well as to the Governor of Missouri. After taking part in the Punitive Expedition in 1916 with service in Loredo, Texas, the 1st Missouri returned home. However, it was a short stay. Ordered to Camp Doniphan, now part of Ft. Sill, Oklahoma, the regiment began training for the Great War. On 1 October 1917, the First and Fifth Regiments, both from St. Louis, were consolidated into the 138th Infantry Regiment, 69th Brigade, 35th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0008-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nDuring World War I, the 138th Infantry Regiment first took over operations in the Vosges Mountains in southern France and drew first blood for the 35th Infantry Division during a trench raid at Hilsenfirst. The regiment later took part in the Battle of St. Mihiel. In the Battle of the Meuse-Argonne, the regiment led the division on the first day of the attack on 26 September 1918. During this engagement, Private Nels Wald and Captain Alexander Skinker earned the Medal of Honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0008-0001", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nFighting through fog, enfilade fire from their left flank, and under constant artillery barrages, the regiment toiled through an exposed sector, German machine gun nests, and sniper fire to complete its objective on Vauquois Hill. The regiment fought alongside Colonel George S. Patton's tank brigade to capture the villages of Cheppy and Exermont. After the Meuse-Argonne, the 138th assumed occupation duty south of Verdun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0009-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nAfter the war's end, the regiment returned to its home station in St. Louis. On 8 July 1922 the U.S. Army approved the 138th's Regimental Coat of Arms along with the regimental colors. The  coat of arms is an infantry blue shield with an equestrian statue in profile of King Louis IX of France, the namesake of the City of St. Louis. The actual statue sets in front of the St. Louis Art Museum in Forrest Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0009-0001", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe regiment's motto, \"St. Louis\u2019 Own\" alludes to the historical home of the regiment and serves as a recognition if its history \u2013 nearly all the original members of the regiment were St. Louisans as were its Medal of Honor recipients. The regiment's official designation as the \"First Missouri\" also stands as testament to its former name \u2013 Missouri's first, and now only, infantry regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0010-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nDuring World War II, the 138th Infantry served in the Aleutian Is. (1942-1944) assisting in construction projects, defending bases and manning outposts. After 1945 the regiment returned once again to St. Louis but by 1963 only the 1st Battalion remained in service. 1 May 1974 was the first day that an infantry unit could not call St. Louis and the State of Missouri home, as it had for 142 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0010-0001", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nOn that day, the lineage and honors of the regiment passed to the 1138th Engineer Battalion and was held by units in St. Louis, including Company B, 1st Battalion, 138th Infantry Regiment, until reclaimed by the entire battalion in 2014 when the U.S. Army and National Guard Bureau recognized the 138th once again in the U.S. Army Regimental System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0011-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe reactivation of 1st Battalion, 138th Infantry Regiment (1-138th) began on 1 September 2010, with early implementation of the modified table of organization and equipment occurring on 1 September 2009. The 1-138th Infantry is the first infantry unit allocated to the Missouri National Guard since the casing of the 138th regimental colors in 1974. The 1-138th Infantry began building, forming, and equipping actions on 1 September 2008 with Federal Recognition granted in January 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0011-0001", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn a Ceremony on 17 June 2015 at Ft. Chaffee, Arkansas, the Soldiers of the 1-138th Infantry witnessed the uncasing of its regimental colors since their last casing over 30 years earlier \u2013 a poetic gesture, as the regiment's forbearers fought valiantly as brother's in arm with Arkansas over 150 years before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0012-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism\nFirst Missouri citizen soldiers deployed to conduct State Emergency Duty during the winter storms of 2010 and most recently, to protect persons, property, and civil liberties in Ferguson, Missouri in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0013-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe battalion deployed to CAS (Camp As Sayliyah) Qatar in 2017 in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (Spartan Shield) to provide force protection of U.S. military assets and was there during the turbulent beginning of the GCC-Qatar Crisis. Bravo Company was tasked with security operations and Quick Reaction Force responsibility's outside of CAS at various outposts in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0014-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nOrganized in 1832 in the Missouri Militia at St. Louis as the St. Louis Greys", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0015-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage, Annex 1\nOrganized 26 July 1852 in the Missouri Militia at St. Louis as the National Guards", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0016-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage, Annex 2\nOrganized 7 November 1877 in the Missouri National Guard at St. Louis as the 1st Regiment of Police Reserves", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0017-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage, Annex 3\nConstituted 14 December 1942 in the Army of the United States as the 880th Airborne Engineer Battalion, Aviation", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0018-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage, Annex 3\n(Federal recognition withdrawn 1 April 1954 from Company C [Colorado Air National Guard]; Company B [Louisiana Air National Guard] redesignated 1 September 1954 as Company B, 225th Engineer Aviation Battalion\u00a0\u2013 hereafter separate lineage)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0019-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive Unit Insignia, Description\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1 3/32 inches (2.78\u00a0cm) in height consisting of a shield blazoned:  Azure, the equestrian statue in profile of Louis IX (St. Louis) of France Or, (the statue is in forest Park, St. Louis, by Charles Henry Niehaus).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0020-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive Unit Insignia, Symbolism\nThe shield is blue for Infantry. The statue of Louis IX (St. Louis) alludes to the home area of the organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0021-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive Unit Insignia, Background\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 138th Infantry Regiment on 24 May 1926. It was redesignated for the 1138th Engineer Battalion on 3 May 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010397-0022-0000", "contents": "138th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 138th Infantry Regiment on 8 July 1922. It was amended to correct the blazon on 11 October 1923. It was redesignated for 1138th Engineer Battalion on 3 May 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010398-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Mixed Brigade\nThe 138th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army that took part in the Spanish Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010398-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe unit was created in May 1937 from elements of the 2nd Division of the People's Army of Catalonia, under the command of the Lieutenant Colonel of the Civil Guard Mauricio Garc\u00eda Ezcurra. The brigade was assigned to the 33rd Division, initially heading to the Andalusian front and later, to the front of Guadalajara, where it spent the rest of the conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010398-0002-0000", "contents": "138th Mixed Brigade, History\nBetween 5 and 7 April 1938 it took part in the fighting that took place in the so-called \"Vertice Cerro\", in the province of Cuenca, facing fourteen enemy assaults against its positions that left the brigade seriously damaged. A few months later, in August, the 138th Mixed Brigade took part in various actions that took place in the Universal Mountains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010398-0003-0000", "contents": "138th Mixed Brigade, History\nDuring the rest of the war it did not participate in relevant military operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe 133rd Division (Chinese: \u7b2c133\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 22nd Division, 8th Column of the Fourth Field Army. Its history could be traced to the 2nd and 3rd Brigade of the Jire Column and the 1st Brigade of the Jizhong Column formed in September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn the composition of 45th Corps it took part in the Chinese civil war, including the Winter Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China, Liaoshen Campaign, Pingjin Campaign, Hengbao Campaign and Guangxi Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0002-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was composed of 397th, 398th, and 399th Infantry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0003-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn July 1952, the division detached from the 45th Corps to join the 46th Corps, when the 138th division from the latter corps attached to the 45th Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0004-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nFrom August 1952 to October 1955 the division was deployed to North Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0005-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn June 1953, 516th Artillery Regiment was activated and attached to the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0006-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn October 1955, the division left North Korea along with the corps HQ and was relocated at Yanji, Jilin Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0007-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn May 1957, the 399th Regiment was reconstituted into reduced status. In February 1960, the 399th Regiment was reestablished to full strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0008-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1960 the division was redesignated as the 133rd Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c133\u5e08). The division was then composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0009-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn June 1962, the 133rd Army Division was reconstituted as a division category A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0010-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nOn March 2, 1969, a reconnaissance sub-unit of the 133rd Army Division participated in the Sino-Soviet border conflict in Zhenbao Island area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0011-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn August 1969, the 516th Artillery Regiment was redesignated as the Artillery Regiment, 133rd Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0012-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn December 1969, the division was redesignated as the 138th Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c138\u5e08):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0013-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nFrom June to July 1975, the division was relocated to Xuzhou, Jiangsu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0014-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1978, the division was relocated to Anqiu, Shandong:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0015-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nFrom March 1985 to February 1986, the division was deployed to the Sino-Vietnam border under the operational control of the 67th Army Corps (later 67th Army). During its deployment, the division suffered 108 KIA and 314 wounded, while allegedly inflicting 2100 casualties on the confronting PAVN forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0016-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn August 1985, the division was redesignated as the 138th Infantry Division(Chinese: \u6b65\u5175\u7b2c138\u5e08) and reconfigured as a northern motorized infantry division, category A. The division was transferred to the 26th Army following 46th Army Corps' disbandment. By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0017-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn May and June 1989, the division participated in the pacification on the civil unrest in Beijing along with the corps HQ. On June 4, 1989, the division failed to take control of the Yongdingmen area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0018-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn September 2003, the division was reduced and redesignated as the  138th Motorized Infantry Brigade(Chinese: \u6469\u6258\u5316\u6b65\u5175\u7b2c138\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0019-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 2017, the brigade was further reconfigured as the 138th Light Combined Arms Brigade(Chinese: \u8f7b\u578b\u5408\u6210\u7b2c138\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010399-0020-0000", "contents": "138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe brigade now stations in Laiyang, Shandong, as a maneuvering part of the PLA 80th Group Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010400-0000-0000", "contents": "138th New York State Legislature\nThe 138th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6 to April 24, 1915, during the first year of Charles S. Whitman's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010400-0001-0000", "contents": "138th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1906 and 1907, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (eight districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010400-0002-0000", "contents": "138th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. Assemblyman William Sulzer, who had been removed from the office of governor in 1913, founded an American Party and ran also on the Prohibition Party ticket for governor. The Independence League, the Progressive Party, the Socialist Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010400-0003-0000", "contents": "138th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1914, was held on November 3. D.A. of New York County Charles S. Whitman and Edward Schoeneck were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor; both Republicans. Of the other seven statewide elective offices, six were carried by Republicans and one by a Democrat. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for governor, was: Republicans 687,000; Democrats 412,000; Independence League 125,000; American 71,000; Prohibition 54,000; Progressives 46,000; Socialists 38,000; and Socialist Labor 2,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010400-0004-0000", "contents": "138th New York State Legislature, Elections\nAlso elected were 34 Republicans and 17 Democrats to the State Senate; 99 Republicans, 49 Democrats and two Progressives to the State Assembly; and 168 delegates (15 at-large; and three per senatorial district) to the Constitutional Convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010400-0005-0000", "contents": "138th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1915; and adjourned on April 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010400-0006-0000", "contents": "138th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nElon R. Brown (R) was elected Temporary President of the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010400-0007-0000", "contents": "138th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn April 6, the Constitutional Convention met at the State Capitol in Albany; and adjourned on September 4. All proposed amendments to the Constitution were rejected by the voters at the state election on November 2, 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010400-0008-0000", "contents": "138th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Charles C. Lockwood, Alvah W. Burlingame Jr., Jimmy Walker, Franklin W. Cristman, Samuel A. Jones, Clinton T. Horton and William P. Greiner changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010400-0009-0000", "contents": "138th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010400-0010-0000", "contents": "138th New York State Legislature, State Assembly\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010401-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 138th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 138th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 138th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010401-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 138th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in May 14, 1864, for 100 days service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010401-0002-0000", "contents": "138th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps. Assigned to 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, X Corps, Army of the James.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010401-0003-0000", "contents": "138th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 138th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Camp Dennison on September 1, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010401-0004-0000", "contents": "138th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 14. Picket duty at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, May 16\u201322. Reached Washington May 22. Assigned to garrison duty at Forts Albany, Craig, and Tillinghast, defenses of Washington, south of the Potomac, until June 5. Moved to White House Landing, Virginia, June 5. Picket and guard duty there until June 16. Moved to Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, June 16. Picket and fatigue duty at Bermuda Hundred, Point of Rocks, Broadway Landing, and Cherrystone Inlet until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010401-0005-0000", "contents": "138th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010401-0006-0000", "contents": "138th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 8 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010402-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 138th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010402-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 138th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on August 16, 1862, under the command of Colonel Charles L. K. Sumwalt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010402-0002-0000", "contents": "138th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Relay House, Defenses of Baltimore, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to February 1863. 3rd Separate Brigade, VIII Corps, to June 1863. Elliott's Command, VIII Corps, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac and Army of the Shenandoah, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010402-0003-0000", "contents": "138th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 138th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out of service on June 23, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010402-0004-0000", "contents": "138th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Baltimore, Md., August 30, thence to Relay House. Duty at Relay House, Md., until June 1863. Moved to Harper's Ferry, W. Va., June 16. Escort stores to Washington July 1\u20135. Join Division at Frederick, Md., July 7. Pursuit of Lee July 7\u201324. Wapping Heights July 23. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Kelly's Ford November 7. Brandy Station November 8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Payne's Farm November 27. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6\u20137, 1864. Duty at and near Brandy Station until May. Rapidan Campaign May 4-June 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010402-0004-0001", "contents": "138th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattles of the Wilderness May 5\u20137; Spotsylvania May 8\u201312; Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient May 12. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 17\u201318. Jerusalem Plank Road, Weldon Railroad, June 22\u201323. Siege of Petersburg until July 6. Moved to Baltimore, Md., July 6\u20138. Battle of Monocacy July 9. Pursuit of Early to Snicker's Gap July 14\u201324. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August to December. Charlestown August 21\u201322. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Fisher's Hill, September 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010402-0004-0002", "contents": "138th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Kernstown until December. Moved to Washington, D.C., thence to Petersburg, Va., December. Siege of Petersburg December 1864 to April 1865. Fort Fisher, Petersburg, March 25, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Assault on and fall of Petersburg April 2. Sayler's Creek April 6. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. March to Danville April 23\u201327, and duty there until May 23. March to Richmond, Va., thence to Washington, D. C., May 23-June 3, Corps review June 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010402-0005-0000", "contents": "138th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 167 men during service; 6 officers and 90 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 70 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 138th Rifle Division was twice formed as an infantry division of the Red Army, first as part of the buildup of forces immediately after the start of World War II in Europe. The first formation was based on the shtat (table of organization and equipment) of September 13, 1939 and under this organization it took part in the Winter War against Finland, arriving at the front north of Leningrad in December and performing so capably in the battles in early 1940 that it was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0000-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nFollowing this it was converted to serve for two years as a mountain rifle division in the Caucasus region. Following Operation Barbarossa and the German invasion of the Crimea elements of the division were committed to amphibious landings behind enemy lines in early 1942 but these proved abortive. Soon after the 138th was converted back to a standard rifle division. Arriving on the southern approaches to Stalingrad in late July the division fought on the approaches to the city through August and into September before it was assigned to 62nd Army and shipped into the factory district in mid-October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0000-0002", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nWell into November it played a leading role in defending the Barricades (Barrikady) ordnance factory, eventually becoming isolated in a thin strip of land between the factory and the Volga which became known as \"Lyudnikov's Island\" after its commanding officer. Following the Soviet counteroffensive that encircled the German 6th Army and other Axis forces in and near Stalingrad the division restored contact with the rest of its Army and then helped eliminate its trapped foes, for which it was raised to Guards status as the 70th Guards Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nA new 138th was raised in May, 1943 under the \"shtat\" of December 10, 1942, based on two rifle brigades, one of which was naval infantry from the Leningrad area and one of which was from central Asia. It first saw action in the advance through eastern Ukraine following the Battle of Kursk, and took part in the battle for the Korsun\u2013Cherkassy Pocket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0001-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nLater in 1944 it drove into the western Ukraine, eventually into the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains, and from the autumn of that year until the spring of 1945 advanced through the difficult terrain of Slovakia, winning its own Order of the Red Banner in the process and ending the war in eastern Moravia. This formation of the division was disbanded shortly after the fighting ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0002-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation\nThe division was originally based on a regimental cadre (301st Rifle Regiment) from the 48th Rifle Division and began forming in September, 1939, with the following order of battle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0003-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation\nThe division was under the command of Kombrig Aleksandr Ivanovich Pastrevich, but he was replaced in December by Kombrig Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Khadeev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0004-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation\nBy December the 138th was already engaged in the Soviet-Finnish Winter War. Fighting as a separate rifle division, part of 7th Army on the Karelian Isthmus, the 138th took part in the renewed offensive that began with concentrated artillery bombardments on February 1, 1940. Concentrated on a 16km front that stretched from Summa to the L\u00e4hde road to the Munasuo Swamp, nine rifle divisions backed by five tank brigades attacked on February 11 and by the 15th the Finnish forces were withdrawn to the intermediate line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0004-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation\nThis line was reached by advance forces of 7th Army late on the 16th but was not strong enough to delay the Soviet advance for more than a few days. When the fighting was over, the division had collectively won the Order of the Red Banner, and three officers were awarded the Gold Star of Heroes of the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0005-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation, Conversion to Mountain Division\nBetween March 14 and April 15, 1941, the division was converted to a mountain rifle division with a specialized order of battle featuring four rifle regiments made up of oversized companies (no battalion structure), with supporting arms, capable of independent operations in difficult terrain and backed by light and mobile mountain artillery:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0006-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation, Conversion to Mountain Division\nKombrig Yakov Andreevich Ishchenko had been in command of the division through most of 1940 and had his rank modernized to major general on June 4. At the outbreak of war with Germany on June 22, 1941, the 138th was near Leninakan in the 23rd Rifle Corps of Transcaucasian Military District, and became part of 45th Army in July. General Ishchenko gave up his command on September 22 and was replaced three days later by Col. Pavel Maksimovich Yagunov; Ishchenko would remain in staff positions for the duration of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0007-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation, Crimean Operations\nIn October the division was shifted to 46th Army, and added the 82nd Machine-gun Battalion to its order of battle on the 10th. On December 25 it went into the 'active army' in the 47th Army of Crimean Front. Overnight on December 28/29 elements of the 44th Army staged a successful amphibious landing at the German-held port of Feodosiya on the Kerch peninsula. While the operation soon secured the port, by January 1, 1942 the Soviet lodgement of three rifle divisions with about 23,000 men had been contained by the German XXXXII Army Corps about 18km to the west. Meanwhile, the commander of German 11th Army, Gen. of Inf. E. von Manstein, made preparations to eliminate the Soviet bridgehead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0008-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation, Crimean Operations\nMeanwhile the commander of Crimean Front, Lt. Gen. D. T. Koslov, was making preparations to divert Manstein's reserves. A further landing by 218 men of the 226th Mountain Rifle Regiment (63rd Mountain Rifle Division) was made on the night of January 5/6 near Sudak, about 40km southwest of Feodosiya. As a diversion this was unsuccessful as Manstein's counterattack on Feodosiya began at dawn on January 15 but in the face of this Kozlov chose to send the rest of the 226th Regiment to Sudak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0008-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation, Crimean Operations\nBy January 20 the Soviet forces at Feodosiya had been forced back to the Parpach Narrows and both sides dug in while German and Romanian troops were dispatched to deal with the situation at Sudak. In \"an arrant display of stupidity\" Koslov decided to reinforce failure and on the night of January 24/25 Maj. S. I. Zabrodotsky's 554th Mountain Rifle Regiment was landed there, followed by an additional 1,300 troops the next night. Despite this the commander of XXX Army Corps reported on January 28 that the Sudak bridgehead had been eliminated. About 2,000 Red Army troops were killed, nearly half of whom had been taken prisoner before being executed, a few hundred were evacuated by sea and most of the remainder disappeared into the mountains, with perhaps 350-500 joining partisan groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0009-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation, Crimean Operations\nThe balance of the division fought under 51st Army in February and March, suffering heavy losses until being pulled back into reserve near Kerch. On March 24 Colonel Yagunov was replaced in command by Col. Mikhail Yakovlevich Pimenov. The division began reforming on March 30, and on April 8 it was once again officially the 138th Rifle Division. Its remaining mountain rifle regiments became standard rifle regiments and the 292nd Mortar Battalion was added. One month later, German 11th Army began Operation Trappenjagd into the eastern end of the peninsula. The 138th escaped relatively intact from the Kerch Naval Base, evacuating to Krasnodar on the night of May 19/20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0010-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad\nOn May 16 the division came under the command of Col. Ivan Ilich Lyudnikov, who had been in command of the 200th Rifle Division at the time of the German invasion. After recovering from severe wounds he had led several divisions in the Caucasus region, including the 63rd Mountain. In late June the German forces launched Operation Blue, aiming for, among other objectives, the city of Stalingrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0010-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad\nAs forces of Southern Front moved north to Stalingrad Front's positions along the middle Don River in mid-July the STAVKA ordered North Caucasus Front to reinforce its positions east of Rostov-na-Donu with the 138th and the 115th Cavalry Division from 51st Army. On July 31 the 4th Panzer Army began an advance on the Abganerovo axis. This struck the 138th and 157th Rifle Divisions, tearing apart their defenses east of the Don and forcing them to withdraw in considerable disorder toward Kotelnikovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0011-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Fighting on the Approaches\nLate on August 2 the commander of 64th Army, Maj. Gen. M. S. Shumilov, created the Southern Operational Group under command of his deputy, Lt. Gen. V. I. Chuikov. The next day Shumilov ordered the 138th and 157th to reinforce this Group, which was to defend the line of the Aksai River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0011-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Fighting on the Approaches\nBy nightfall on August 4 Chuikov's Group had proven incapable of maintaining a coherent defense over a front of 60km with divisions that had from 1,500 - 4,500 men each (the 138th had 4,200 on strength), with a total of about 40 tanks and 300 guns and mortars in support. Unless something was done, German forces could advance on Stalingrad virtually unimpeded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0011-0002", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Fighting on the Approaches\nIn response, in order to improve command and control, the STAVKA split Stalingrad Front and created Southeastern Front effective August 7 and 51st Army, with the 138th, was subordinated to the latter, although the division remained part of Group Chuikov. It was currently holding its defense along the Aksai, at Gorodskii and Novoaksaysky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0012-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Fighting on the Approaches\nAs these command rearrangements were being made the 14th Panzer Division resumed its advance on August 5 and during the day thrust 30-40km north from Aksai, bypassing Group Chuikov's weak left flank and reaching Abganerovo Station, 70km southwest of Stalingrad. Despite this perilous position Chuikov's Group managed to halt the left wing of 4th Panzer Army along the lower Aksai for 12 days. This forced the Panzer Army to divide its forces instead of concentrating for a decisive advance on the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0012-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Fighting on the Approaches\nOn August 5 the Romanian VI Army Corps managed to force a bridgehead at the junction between the 138th and 157th divisions but this was thrown back with a dawn counterattack the next day. On August 13 General Shumilov, concerned that Group Chuikov could be encircled, ordered a phased withdrawal to the Myshkova River. By this time the division had been formally subordinated to 64th Army as the 51st fell back east toward the Volga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0013-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Fighting on the Approaches\n4th Panzer Army resumed its advance on August 20 with its XXXXVIII Panzer Corps, which fielded 180-200 tanks. 64th Army was deployed across a front of 120km, with the sector of the lower Myshkova defended by three rifle divisions backed by the 138th and 29th Rifle Divisions and 154th Naval Rifle Brigade in second echelon with the 13th Tank Corps concentrated southeast of Tinguta Station. The assault soon drove back the first echelon and a battlegroup of 14th Panzer, reinforced by part of 29th Motorized Division, advanced 4km and captured Tinguta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0013-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Fighting on the Approaches\nIn response Shumilov withdrew the 138th and the 154th Brigade to reserve positions 5km to the rear. On August 22 the XXXXVIII Panzer Corps redeployed and in heavy fighting reached the southern and eastern approaches to the Station, forcing the 138th and 204th Divisions into all-around defenses to protect it. The German assault was renewed over the next two days but at the end of August 24 the 64th Army reported:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0014-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Fighting on the Approaches\n138th RD occupied a defense along the line of the railroad hut 5 kilometres southwest of 74 km Station \u2013 [Defensive line] \"K\" (4 kilometres northeast of 74 km Station).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0015-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Fighting on the Approaches\nWhile this attack was fought to a standstill, on August 29 the XXXXVIII Panzer Corps found a weak spot and overwhelmed the 126th Rifle Division north of Abganerovo Station, advancing 20km during the day, forcing the 138th to abandon its positions at Tinguta. The divisional command post of the 126th had been overrun, many staff officers killed, and the divisional commander captured; by the end of the day the division had been reduced to only 1,054 combat troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0016-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Fighting on the Approaches\nThe collapse of the 126th also unhinged the defenses of the 29th and 138th divisions along the rail line, forcing them to withdraw northward and opening a path to the rear areas of 64th and 62nd Armies. The commander of Southeastern Front, Col. Gen. A. I. Yeryomenko, ordered Shumilov to withdraw to new defenses from Novy Rogachik southeastward along the Chervlennaia River to Ivanovka, 25km southwest of Stalingrad. Overnight on August 30/31 the 138th was withdrawn to the Army's reserve and was noted the next day as having no more than 1,000 \"bayonets\" (infantry and sappers) on strength. By the end of September 2 it was situated in the second echelon defenses along the Peschanka Balka (ravine).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0017-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Fighting on the Approaches\n4th Panzer Army renewed its offensive on September 8. The 29th Motorized and a battlegroup of 14th Panzer wheeled south and struck the extreme right wing of 64th Army southeast of Voroponovo Station. The assault pressed the 204th and 126th Divisions and the reinforcing 138th Division and 133rd Tank Brigade back to new defenses extending southwest from Peschanka. The Army reported, \"As a result of the enemy tank attack, [138th Rifle Division's] 343rd Rifle Regiment was almost completely destroyed,\" although \"18 enemy tanks were destroyed and burned.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0017-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Fighting on the Approaches\nThe following day the German forces drove southward west of Kuporosnoe, forcing the 138th, 204th and 157th Divisions to abandon Staro-Dubovka. The Soviet forces withdrew to the new defense line east and west of Gornaia Poliana, which was already manned by the 126th Division. During the day the remainder of 14th Panzer reinforced the assault of the 29th Motorized and while this was halted short of Kuporosnoe and the west bank of the Volga, the four rifle divisions were being rapidly eroded away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0018-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Fighting on the Approaches\nOvernight on September 9/10 a battalion of the 29th Motorized reached the Volga south of Kuporosnoe but was thrown back in part by the 131st Rifle Division after it had been relieved at Gornaia Poliana. The 138th and 126th Divisions were now supported by the fresh 56th Tank Brigade and a regiment from the Krasnodar Infantry School, containing the 14th Panzer. On September 12 the fighting for the Stalingrad suburbs reached its climax.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0018-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Fighting on the Approaches\n14th Panzer was now supported by the mixed German/Romanian IV Army Corps and probed the defenses of the 64th Army from the southwest outskirts of Kuporosnoe around to its boundary with 57th Army at Ivanovka. This position would become known as the Beketovka bridgehead. At this time the division was noted as having a total of 2,123 personnel. Lyudnikov's chief of staff was Lt. Col. V. I. Shuba and his political officer was N. I. Titov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0019-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Beketovka Bridgehead\nIn the last days of September a task group of 57th Army carried out a successful counterstroke against the positions of 1st Romanian Infantry Division at Lake Tsatsa and the 14th Panzer had to be sent to stabilize the front. This was followed overnight on October 1/2 by an attack by five divisions, including the 138th, of the 64th Army against the positions of the 371st Infantry Division at and west of Peschanka in an attempt to capture that place and Staro-Dubovka. The commander of the 422nd Rifle Division, Col. I. K. Morozov, wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 79], "content_span": [80, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0020-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Beketovka Bridgehead\nDay and night, the divisions of 64th Army fought their way to the north to link up with 62nd Army, but the distance between the armies scarcely diminished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 79], "content_span": [80, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0021-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Beketovka Bridgehead\nAlthough the attack failed, it was an unpleasant distraction for Gen. F. Paulus whose 6th Army was now deeply involved in the fighting in the city. On October 5 the 138th arrived in the reserve of Stalingrad Front for refitting. Over the next 8-10 days its manpower was raised to 2,646 although it was short of rifles and machine guns (on hand 1,025 rifles, 224 submachine guns, 6 light and 12 heavy machine guns, 27 antitank rifles) and numbers of these had to be taken from the other regiments to fully arm the 650th. However it was strong in artillery with 11 122mm howitzers, 31 76mm cannons and 21 antitank guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 79], "content_span": [80, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0022-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nBy late on October 14 the Dzerzhinskiy Tractor Factory had fallen to forces of German 6th Army and Chuikov, now in command of 62nd Army, recognized that the city's defense now had to be anchored on the Barrikady munitions factory and the Krasny Oktyabr steel plant. Yeryomenko promised to release the 138th, which was partially rested and replenished, the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0023-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nOn the night of October 15/16 the 138th began crossing the Volga into Stalingrad, coming under Chuikov's orders again as part of 62nd Army, to take up positions at the Barrikady:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0024-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\n1. The enemy has taken the Stalingrad Tractor Plant, is developing an attack from the STP to the south along the railway line in an attempt to seize Barrikady.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0025-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\n2. 62 Army continues to hold its positions, beating off fierce enemy attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0026-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\n3. 138th Red Banner RD from 04.00 hours 17.10.42 to occupy and stubbornly defend the line: south of the suburb Derevensk, Sculpturnyi. Under no circumstances to allow enemy to approach Leninskii Prospekt and Barrikady factory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0027-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\n650th Rifle Regiment/Major Pechenyuk: 138th Division/to take up positions in Barrikady, establish ring of fire-points and not to permit enemy penetration into the factory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0028-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nThe crossing, under heavy German fire, was carried out by the 44th Brigade of the Volga Flotilla. The leading 650th Regiment was dispatched to reinforce the sagging defenses of the 95th Rifle Division's 161st and 241st Rifle Regiments east of the Stadium, moving into well-prepared positions supported by roughly 20 tanks of the 84th Tank Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0029-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nThe German Group J\u00e4necke, consisting of the 305th Infantry and 14th Panzer Divisions, supported by elements of 24th Panzer, had begun a new assault on the Soviet positions north and west of the Barrikady on October 16. Up to 40 German tanks attacked Soviet positions along Leninskii Prospekt and Tramvainaia Street at 1300 hours and pushed into the northern part of the Barrikady by the end of the day. The 650th was thrown in immediately to hold a new line south of Tramvainaia to the northern end of Volkhovstroevsk Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0029-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nThe 344th and 768th Regiments began their crossings at 0500 hours on October 17 and on arrival fanned out to protect the remainder of the factory and the strip of land between it and the Volga. The former took up positions in the central manufacturing halls and the latter deployed along Leninskii Prospekt northeast of the factory, tying in with the 95th Division. With suitable positions at a premium Colonel Lyudnikov had to squeeze his command post into damaged bunkers already occupied by 62nd Army headquarters personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0030-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nOvernight Group J\u00e4necke regrouped with the intention of expelling the 138th from the Barrikady and then encircling the entire 308th Rifle Division and the 685th Regiment of the 193rd Rifle Division in the workers' settlement west of it. This plan was compromised by serious weaknesses in the attacking forces, especially in tanks and assault guns. On the morning of October 17 the tanks and infantry of 14th Panzer made rapid progress after smashing through the boundary between the 650th and 768th Regiments, forcing both to retreat deeper into the northern and western parts of the Barrikady.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0030-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nBy noon the 344th was caught up in the melee and as the day ended all three regiments had fallen back to new defenses, exposing the right wing of the 308th. In consequence this division suffered heavy casualties and its survivors fell back to the 138th's positions. While the division had prevented the German forces from taking the factory in one bound, the first full day of its defense had been a defeat and Chuikov was forced to shift his headquarters south to the Krasny Oktyabr. However 14th Panzer had lost 19 of its original 33 tanks destroyed or knocked out during the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0031-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nDuring the night the German LI Army Corps regrouped again to complete the capture of the Barrikady, including its remaining halls and the Bread Factory one block south. The assault group of the previous day was reinforced with 18 StuG III assault guns of the 244th and 245th Battalions. Supporting forces of the 24th Panzer, 389th Infantry and 100th J\u00e4ger Divisions would also be involved, leading to an overly complex plan for the day's attack. This quickly degenerated into a costly slugfest that continued over several days with only limited German gains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0031-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nLyudnikov ordered his 344th Regiment to contest every one of the factory's ruined halls and other buildings. The 305th Infantry and the grenadiers of 14th Panzer were forced into the tedious and costly process of rooting out Soviet infantrymen and sappers from every room and shop and as they slowly approached the Volga became more exposed to artillery fire from the east bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0031-0002", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nDuring the day the 24th Panzer and a regiment of the 389th Infantry finally secured the Brick Factory north of the Barrikady from the remnants of 37th Guards Rifle Division supported by the 650th Regiment, while a separate push against the 650th to reach the Volga did so only along a very narrow sector and at heavy cost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0032-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nA relative lull in operations followed from October 19-22 due in part to diminishing German strength and in part to intermittent heavy rains and occasional snow showers which did not clear until early on the 21st. During this time the 138th organized and strengthened its defenses and launched strong local counterattacks while Paulus called up the 79th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0032-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nAn attack planned by LI Corps for the morning of October 19 against all three regiments of the division came to an abrupt and bloody halt; the German regiments could each muster no more than a battalion with about 10 tanks or assault guns in support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0032-0002", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nThe battlegroups of the 305th Infantry's 576th and 578th Regiments attacked the 768th Regiment at dawn, splashing through flooded shell craters, climbing over heaps of debris and gaining some ground but also coming under flanking small arms fire from the 2nd Battalion of the 344th to the south as well as direct and indirect fire from the 295th Artillery Regiment. Without air support, due to the weather, the commander of the 576th Regiment reported that \"the cleansing of Hall 6 (the Manufacturing Hall) and Hall 4 (the Assembly Hall) was going to be a bloody an protracted affair.\" After this effort was suspended Lyudnikov ordered the 344th, supported by survivors of the 308th Division, to counterattack into the southwest corner of the factory to reach the boundary with the 193rd Division. This took the German forces by surprise and regained some ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 936]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0033-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nThe LI Corps planned for a renewed offensive on the two factories to begin on October 23. For the Barrikady the 14th Panzer and 79th Infantry were to attack from its southwest corner southward to Karuselnaya Street to capture the Bread Factory and the Krasny Oktyabr. Meanwhile, the 305th Infantry and a squadron of six tanks of 24th Panzer were to conduct a secondary attack to clear the Barrikady and west bank of the Volga to its north and northeast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0033-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nBy this time all nine battalions of the 305th were combat rated as \"weak\" and the 24th Panzer had only 15 operational tanks. At the same time the 84th Brigade had only a \"handful\" of tanks remaining; the 138th, with the remnants of the 308th and the 37th Guards, counted fewer than 2,500 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0034-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nAssault groups of the 305th Infantry launched a series of night attacks at 0100 hours on October 23 against the positions of the 650th Rifle Regiment among the gullies and ravines northeast of the factory. These night attacks from German forces were unexpected, but also unsuccessful. The main attack began at 0810, preceded by air and artillery bombardments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0034-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nThe assault of the 578th Regiment, with the six tanks of the 24th Panzer, struck the railroad yards and severely damaged halls in the southern half of the Barrikady that were defended by two weak battalions of the 308th, later reinforced by a battalion of the 650th. The other battlegroups of the 305th, attacking the northern part of the factory, advanced only about 100 metres in the face of resistance from the 344th and 768th Regiments. Hall 4 was retaken by a counterattack and the commander of the 305th advised Paulus during a visit to the front lines that his division was no longer capable of offensive operations. During the day's fighting the 138th received 258 replacements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0035-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nThe next day the two sides, both reduced to little more than weak battalion and company groups, continued a desperate struggle among the ruined shops, halls and warehouses, with gains and losses measured in tens of metres. Initial German attacks seized part of Hall 6b but faltered as the 768th Regiment was reinforced by elements of the other two regiments. However, a renewed effort at 1630 hours captured Hall 4 and most of Hall 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0035-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nOn the morning of October 25 nearly all of the southern and central factory buildings were in German hands; at this point the 768th was deployed in the north and the 650th in the south of the division's sector with the 344th in between, still holding a corner of Hall 6. Given the march-companies and replacements Yeryomenko continued to ferry across the river the division likely still had about 2,500 men on strength, whereas the 305th Infantry had been weakened to less than 1,200 infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0035-0002", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nIts further attacks during the day made minor gains leaving the 138th holding just the northeastern part of the factory grounds. Chuikov recorded that the \"backbone\" of his 308th, 193rd, 138th and 37th Guards Divisions had \"lost... combat effectiveness\" and \"only soldiers who arrived as recent reinforcements remain in the divisions.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0036-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nDuring October 26 and 27 the fighting in the factory district focused on the ferry landing stage between the Barrikady and the Krasny Oktyabr where the reinforcing 45th Rifle Division was scheduled to arrive. On the second day the left flank of the 650th Regiment and a regiment of the 308th Division were overrun by German sub-machine gunners which occupied Mezenskaya and Tuvinskaya Streets, reaching within 400m of the Volga although later thrown back somewhat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0036-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Into the City\nAt about the same time, in a move that would soon prove crucial to the 138th, units of the 14th Panzer and 305th Infantry reached the Barrikady's fuel storage tank farm. The fighting in this area continued during the next two days without further German gains, but during this period the remainder of the 305th finally cleared the factory's eastern edge and the 138th fell back into the maze of buildings and streets between the factory and the Volga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0037-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Lyudnikov's Island\nThe arrival of the 6,500 men of the 45th Division tipped the battle for the factory district in 62nd Army's favor and fighting died down over the last days of the month. Between November 1-10 there was another operational lull but fierce fighting continued on a limited scale, including more unsuccessful German efforts to take the ferry stage with armor support. New attacks on November 2-3 by the 305th Infantry, now reinforced with more assault guns and panzerj\u00e4gers, faltered immediately against the 650th and 768th Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0037-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Lyudnikov's Island\nFighting largely ceased on November 4 as both sides prepared for an expected final effort by 6th Army to clear the city before winter set in. Raids and small actions by both sides continued until November 10. The front-line positions of the 138th (and attached 118th Guards Rifle Regiment) were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0038-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Lyudnikov's Island\n[ T]he bank of the Volga River in the center of Derevensk, the railroad crossing on Pribaltiiskaia Street, the southeastern part of Volkhovstroevsk; the northeastern part of the Barrikady Factory, and Pribaltiisk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0039-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Lyudnikov's Island\nWhen the 305th and 389th Infantry Divisions completed their preparations on that date they had been reinforced with five combat engineer battalions from outside the city, each numbering about 450 men which, combined with their own remaining infantry and engineers, gave the divisions a total of about 5,200 men, outnumbering the Soviet troops they faced by more than two to one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0040-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Lyudnikov's Island\nThis final bid began with an artillery preparation at 0340 hours on November 11 against the 138th and 95th Divisions east of the Barrikady. Early on the attackers penetrated the 241st Regiment of the 95th and reached the Volga on a 200m front east of Mezenskaya. At the same time the 138th was struck by three infantry regiments, two engineer battalions plus 16 assault guns, weighted to its right (north) flank northeast of the factory, but managed to initially hold its positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0040-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Lyudnikov's Island\nThe 578th Infantry Regiment, led by the 50th Engineer Battalion and ten assault guns, plowed slowly toward two key objectives designated as the \"Pharmacy\" and the \"Commissar's House\", both about 400m from the river; the latter contained Lyudnikov's headquarters. Finding a gap between the 241st and 650th Regiments a German assault group seized the ruins around the Pharmacy, but when the 50th Engineers approached the Commissar's House they found all its entrances blocked with rubble. Unable to deploy satchel charges against it they fell back to nearby shell holes where they were pinned down by heavy fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0041-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Lyudnikov's Island\nMeanwhile the 576th Infantry Regiment and 294th Engineer Battalion were making continuous progress against the 241st Regiment and ultimately captured the fuel tank farm. This effectively cut the 138th off from the remainder of 62nd Army. Further attempts to advance from the ravine east of the Pharmacy towards House No. 79 were stymied by flanking fire from the Commissar's House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0041-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Lyudnikov's Island\nThe 344th Regiment stopped the 577th Regiment immediately east of the factory but a regiment of the 389th Infantry Division, led by two engineer battalions and a mix of assault guns and panzerj\u00e4gers, threw the 768th Regiment out of its last toehold in the factory and back to within 200m of the river. The last seven men of the 118th Guards Regiment were forced to fight their way south to Lyudnikov's now-isolated bridgehead by the day's end. German infantry casualties had been moderate but armor losses had been high. Lyudnikov reported that his 768th was down to 24 men and condemned the withdrawal of the 241st Regiment \"without advance warning\" that left his division pocketed, a pocket that LI Corps was confident could be eliminated the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0042-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Lyudnikov's Island\nIn the event Paulus ordered a halt for November 12. The two German divisions dug in and reorganized as Chuikov demanded attacks to restore contact with the 138th. As part of this effort the composite regiment (685th, about 200 men) of the 193rd Division was subordinated to Lyudnikov at 1800 hours. During November 12-22 the attacks of the 193rd plus elements of the 95th Division retook part of the fuel tank farm but failed to reestablish contact with the division. At 0345 hours on November 13 the LI Corps renewed its assaults on the 138th. Lyudnikov ordered his roughly 2,000 men:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0043-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Lyudnikov's Island\n... to mobilize every resource and to fulfill the mission at all costs. Not a step back! Strengthen observation and steadfastly repulse all attacks by the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0044-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Lyudnikov's Island\nThe early attack caught the 650th Regiment off guard and reached the walls of the Commissar's House (the \"\u041f-shaped building\" in Soviet accounts). The 50th Engineers, now equipped with ladders, were able to enter through upper-floor windows and drove the defenders into fortified cellars where they were attacked with smoke grenades, satchel charges and gasoline. These defenders were mostly mortar-men of the 650th and repeatedly called in artillery fire on their positions during the late afternoon; only ten of these, most of whom were wounded or burned, were able to escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0044-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Lyudnikov's Island\nThe 578th Infantry gained another block north of the Commissar's House, considerably reducing the bridgehead which now measured about 700m in width and 400m in depth. Lyudnikov had by now moved his headquarters to a ravine on the Volga bank just east of the building that the German forces called the Red House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0045-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Lyudnikov's Island\nWith no strength left to conduct major attacks elsewhere in the factory district, on November 14 the LI Corps again sought to liquidate \"Lyudnikov's Island\". The right flank of the 344th Regiment was struck by the 577th Infantry, spearheaded by two companies of the 336th Engineers and supported by as many as 23 assault guns. House No. 74, defended by the 650th Regiment, was also targeted; in all slightly more than 3,000 German troops attacked less than half this number manning hundreds of strongpoints scattered through the rubble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0045-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Lyudnikov's Island\nDespite hard fighting and heavy losses German gains were limited and two buildings lost by the 344th Regiment were later regained in counterattacks. The division's supply situation was becoming critical; captured weapons and ammunition were in extensive use and drops from Po-2 aircraft frequently fell into German hands. By day's end the 138th had roughly 500 \"bayonets\" still in the fight. After yet another regrouping the German attack continued the next day against its right and left flanks, focused on individual buildings, and meeting repeated counterattacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0045-0002", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Lyudnikov's Island\nAt nightfall Lyudnikov's staff reported that the 768th was no longer combat-effective, the 650th numbered 31 men, and the 344th had 123, including its command cadre. Overall the division had 20-30 rounds per rifle, no grenades or sub-machine gun ammo, no food, and about 250 wounded were at the division's command post. Overnight four bales of provisions and four of ammunition were airdropped, but again some of these fell within German lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0046-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Lyudnikov's Island\nFrom November 16-18 Paulus ordered another pause in the battle, in preparation for a new attack on November 20. During this period the 578th Infantry and its attached and much weakened engineers advanced less than a block on the left flank of the 650th Regiment along the Volga. Meanwhile, the river was rapidly icing-up, blocking supply traffic to 62nd Army from the east bank. On November 17 Hitler sent a new order to 6th Army stating that the ice presented an opportunity to reach the river, specifically in the Barrikady and Krasny Oktyabr sectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0046-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Lyudnikov's Island\nThe next day a carefully planned attack beginning at 0400 hours captured House No. 77 from the 650th Regiment and a further effort in the afternoon gained about 100m along the riverbank. The division was still very short of supplies and with no means to recharge radio batteries could no longer call in artillery support. But this marked the last gasp for the LI Corps' offensive. As of November 20 the 138th had a personnel strength of 1,673 remaining, although most of these were in the artillery and support services on the east bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0047-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Siege of 6th Army\nFurther air drops on November 19 had delivered 10,000 rounds of rifle cartridges and several boxes of food to the \"Island\" where it remaining 250 active \"bayonets\" fended off several attacks without losing ground. On the same day Operation Uranus began as Southwestern and Don Fronts attacked German and Romanian positions northwest of Stalingrad. The Axis crisis deepened the next day when Stalingrad Front went over to the offensive southwest of the city. 62nd Army's role was to continue to defend and to launch local attacks to tie down German forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0047-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Siege of 6th Army\nThe 138th was struck again on November 21, repelled four battalion-sized attacks supported by seven assault guns and had about 180 of its men wounded through the day but also received supplies from several ships which also evacuated most of the casualties. The attacks persisted the next day with similar results and replacements kept the division at a strength of about 300 infantry. Maj. Gen. F. E. Bokov of the Red Army General Staff complained that Chuikov was failing to support the division and demanded that more ice cutters and icebreakers be brought in to ensure supplies. The encirclement of the Axis forces was completed the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0048-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Siege of 6th Army\nFollowing the encirclement the Soviet armies encountered tough resistance from the German forces within what was rapidly becoming a fortress. 62nd Army's skeletal divisions attacked on November 28-29 but made minimal gains before going over to the defense the next day. The 95th Division continued to try to break through from the south to the 138th, without success. The 305th Infantry was in little better shape, reporting on December 2 that it had about 1,000 men in its front lines mostly facing roughly 600 of the 138th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0048-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Siege of 6th Army\nApart from minor positional sparring the fighting in the city was minimal until December 16 when the Volga finally froze solid, which soon allowed vehicular supply traffic to 62nd Army. Contact with \"Lyudnikov's Island\" was firmly reestablished on the 23rd. The 138th had attacked at 0500 hours on the 21st, capturing four houses, five machine guns and two prisoners while advancing 100m-120m to the south while the 95th Division drove northwest making similar gains. Fighting continued on December 22 and the two divisions linked up on a 50m-wide sector along the river which was widened the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0049-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Siege of 6th Army\nThe two sides faced each other within the city for the next several weeks as the German relief attempt, Operation Winter Storm, played out. 62nd Army was now under command of Don Front and prepared for Operation Ring, the final offensive against 6th Army; at this time the 138th had 800-900 active \"bayonets\" in the city which was above average. At 0200 hours on January 10, 1943 Chuikov ordered his 156th Fortified Region to relieve the division in the \"Island\" with its 400th Machine Gun\u2013Artillery Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0049-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Siege of 6th Army\nThis move permitted the division to shift south into a sector just east of the Krasny Oktyabr between the 39th Guards and 45th Rifle Divisions in preparation for an assault west toward Znamenskaya Street. This attack by the three divisions on January 12 did not achieve any decisive results but LI Corps reported 23 killed and 85 wounded during the day although this did not include any tally from the 305th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0049-0002", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Siege of 6th Army\nProgress increased on January 14 when the combined Soviet force gained up to ten blocks deep into the lower Krasny Oktyabr village, pressing toward Hill 107.5 which dominated the area. By the 20th the 138th and the 39th Guards, now joined by the 13th Guards Rifle Division, were close enough to the Hill to send reconnaissance teams toward its eastern slopes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0050-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Siege of 6th Army\nAt 0100 hours on January 22 Chuikov issued his Order No. 24 directing his divisions to finally seize the objectives he had assigned a week earlier but they were now facing increasing numbers of German refugees from the fighting outside the city and made little progress. On January 27 Colonel Lyudnikov was promoted to the rank of major general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0050-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Stalingrad, Siege of 6th Army\nTwo days later the 138th, 45th and 95th Divisions were ordered to finish the fighting for the Barrikady and the Bread Factory as well as a portion of the Barrikady village but were unable to prise the remnants of the half-starved German troops from their bastions there as the rest of the Front's armies closed in from the west. The last men of LI Corps, two days later than the rest of 6th Army, laid down their arms on February 2 and four days later, while being moved to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command, the 138th Rifle Division became the 70th Guards Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0051-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation\nA new 138th Rifle Division began forming at Kalinin in the Moscow Military District in May, 1943 from the 6th Naval Infantry Brigade and the 109th Rifle Brigade, under 52nd Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. At this point in the war, the Red Army was generally amalgamating separate rifle brigades into rifle divisions, which were more efficient on the battlefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0052-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation, 6th Naval Infantry Brigade\nThe first brigade with this designation was formed at Novorossiysk in August, 1941 but was soon disbanded. A second brigade completed forming on September 15 at Kronstadt by the Red Banner Baltic Fleet with five battalions and went to the front with 4,980 officers and men under command including 2,368 Communist Party or Komsomol members. It was immediately moved to the lines south of Leningrad, joining the 42nd Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0052-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation, 6th Naval Infantry Brigade\nUntil April, 1942 the brigade shifted among the armies defending Leningrad and then was moved across Lake Ladoga to join the 54th Army of Volkhov Front, remaining there for the next year defending in the swampy forests north of Novgorod, some of the worst terrain on the front. In the spring of 1943 it was organized as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0053-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation, 109th Rifle Brigade\nThe first brigade of this designation was formed from December 1941 to April 1942 in the Moscow Military District and finally arrived at the front in June as part of 13th Army in Bryansk Front. It remained under these commands until November when it was broken up to provide replacements for other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0053-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation, 109th Rifle Brigade\nA second 109th started forming almost immediately in the Central Asia Military District and remained there until May 1943 when it was railed west to join the Reserve of the Supreme High Command and was soon disbanded to provide much of the manpower and equipment for the new 138th Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0054-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation, 109th Rifle Brigade\nCol. Moisei Yakovlevich Katkov was assigned as commander on May 20 but was replaced on June 19 by Col. Ivan Stepanovich Prutkov. Once formed the division had the following order of battle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0055-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation, 109th Rifle Brigade\nThe division remained in Reserve until August when 52nd Army was assigned to Voronezh Front during the Belgorod-Kharkov Offensive Operation; at this time it was assigned to the 78th Rifle Corps. On September 9 Col. Viktor Ivanovich Rutko took over command from Colonel Prutkov. As 52nd Army approached the Dniepr on September 20 the division was recorded as having 4,514 personnel on strength, supported by 73 82mm and 18 120mm mortars, 46 regimental guns, 20 76.2mm divisional cannon and 12 122mm howitzers. By the end of the month 52nd Army had reached the Dniepr, and its 254th Rifle Division soon forced a crossing in the Kreshchatik area. During October the Army was moved to Steppe Front, which became 2nd Ukrainian Front on October 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0056-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation, 109th Rifle Brigade\nBefore the end of the month the division was moved to Front reserves, then in November to 4th Guards Army in the same Front, where it joined the 5th Guards Airborne Division in 20th Guards Rifle Corps. During December it was again reassigned, now to 21st Guards Rifle Corps, which also contained the 69th Guards Rifle Division. While 4th Guards Army was largely on the defense during this period, joint advances by 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts in the Dniepr bend during November and December had allowed the Army to substantially expand its bridgehead between Kremenchug and Cherkassy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0056-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation, 109th Rifle Brigade\nAs early as November 20 the 1st Panzer Army reported that its infantry strength had fallen to the lowest tolerable level and Cherkassy was threatened with encirclement. The fighting through the first three weeks of December was largely attritional in nature but around the middle of the month the German line north of Krivoi Rog gave way and soon 2nd Ukrainian Front had cleared the west bank of the Dniepr north to Cherkassy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0057-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation, Korsun\u2013Cherkassy Pocket\nThe Kirovograd Offensive began on January 5 and involved four armies, although the 4th Guards was in a secondary role, and the city was liberated three days later. The advance to the northwest continued until January 16 by which time the German XI and XXXXII Army Corps, holding the last sector of the Dniepr line, were deeply enveloped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0057-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation, Korsun\u2013Cherkassy Pocket\nOn January 25 the 4th Guards Army, which was still rebuilding in strength, plunged into the front of the German 8th Army southwest of Cherkassy and was helping set the stage for a classic double envelopment in conjunction with two mobile corps of 6th Tank Army attacking from the north. On the afternoon of January 28 the encirclement was closed in conjunction with forces of 1st Ukrainian Front, 56,000 German troops were trapped, and the 138th helped form the inner ring of the encircling forces. The fighting for the Korsun Pocket continued until February 17 by which time about 30,000 German troops had managed to escape, roughly half of those originally encircled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0058-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Into Western Ukraine\nOn February 5 Colonel Rutko had left command of the division; he was replaced on February 17 by Col. Vasilii Efimovich Vasilev who would remain in this position for the duration of the war. Shortly after the Korsun battle the 138th was moved to the 53rd Army, still in 2nd Ukrainian Front, where it served briefly as a separate division. In March it was transferred to 69th Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command, returning to the front a month later in the 95th Rifle Corps, 18th Army of the 1st Ukrainian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0058-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Into Western Ukraine\nAt around this time the 295th Artillery Regiment was completely equipped with 76mm guns (32 pieces) and no 122mm howitzers, making it, for all intents, a reinforced heavy antitank regiment. This was probably due to the nature of the fighting in Ukraine, where the Germans had most of their armored forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0059-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Into Western Ukraine\nUnder these commands the division took part in the Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive. While the Front's main drive would be in the direction of Lvov its left-flank 18th and 1st Guards Armies, located south of the Dniestr, were to advance in support in the direction of Stanislav - Drogobych. The main offensive began on July 13 and 18th Army went over to the attack on July 23; by this time the forces of Army Group North Ukraine were largely defeated and survivors were in retreat towards the Carpathian mountains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0059-0001", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Into Western Ukraine\nThe offensive was led by three rifle divisions backed by all the Army's artillery and was directed to capture Bogorodchany by the end of July 25, subsequently towards Dolyna in order to drive the Hungarian Army into the mountains. This schedule proved over optimistic but the Army's right flank advanced as much as 20km on July 27. By the start of August the two Armies had effectively cleared the foothills of the Carpathians and set the stage for a subsequent advance into the Carpatho-Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0060-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Into Western Ukraine, Into Slovakia\nIn August the 138th moved to 4th Ukrainian Front reserves in 17th Guards Rifle Corps. This Corps operated separately under Front command for several months in the Carpathians before being assigned to 18th Army. The division remained under these commands for the duration. During this time it earned the divisional honorific \"Carpathian\". Beginning on January 12, 1945 it took part in the Western Carpathian Offensive, mostly facing the German XXXXIX Mountain Corps; on January 20 the division assisted in the capture of the city of Ko\u0161ice and one regiment was awarded an honorific:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0061-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Into Western Ukraine, Into Slovakia\nKOSICE... 344th Rifle Regiment (Major Armeev, Fyodor Fedorovich)... The troops who participated in the liberation of Ko\u0161ice and nearby towns, by the order of the Supreme High Command of 20 January 1945, and a commendation in Moscow, are given a salute of 20 artillery salvoes from 224 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0062-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Into Western Ukraine, Into Slovakia\nThe division's other rifle regiments would be honored on February 19 for the same battle with the 650th receiving the Order of Suvorov, 3rd Degree and the 768th being awarded the Order of Kutuzov, 3rd Degree. On the same date the 138th as a whole was granted the Order of the Red Banner in recognition of its part in the liberation of Poprad on January 28. Over the following months the division continued its gruelling advance through Slovakia, culminating in the Moravia\u2013Ostrava Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010403-0063-0000", "contents": "138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Postwar\nOn May 3 the division was awarded the Order of Suvorov, 2nd Degree, for its part in the capture of the city of Ru\u017eomberok in Slovakia. By now its full formal title was 138th Rifle, Carpathian, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov Division. (Russian: 138-\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f). Further awards came to several subunits of the division on May 28 when the 344th Rifle Regiment and 295th Artillery Regiment both received the Order of Suvorov, 3rd Degree and the 284th Antitank Battalion was given the Order of the Red Star, all for their roles in the fighting for Ostrava and \u017dilina in the final offensive into western Slovakia and eastern Moravia. The division was disbanded \"in place\" a few months later with the Northern Group of Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010404-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Separate Tank Regiment\nThe 138th Separate Tank Regiment was a Cold War tank regiment of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany's 2nd Guards Tank Army. Formed in 1962 as the 5th Separate Tank Brigade, it was initially tasked with defending the East German Baltic coast. It became the 138th Separate Tank Regiment in 1980. The regiment was disbanded in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010404-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Separate Tank Regiment, History\nThe brigade was activated in May 1962 in Schwerin, part of the 2nd Guards Tank Army. It moved to Primerwalde in 1964. The 24th Separate Tank Battalion and 22nd Separate Motor Rifle Battalion were based at Primerwalde. The 45th and 46th Separate Tank Battalions were at Wustrow. The 58th Separate Tank Battalion was at Garz. The tank battalions were equipped with T-54 tanks and the motor rifle battalion was equipped with BTR-152 armored personnel carriers. The brigade was tasked with the protection of the Baltic coastline. In 1974, the brigade had 130 T-54s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010404-0002-0000", "contents": "138th Separate Tank Regiment, History\nIn 1980 the brigade was renamed the 138th Separate Tank Regiment, with the task of parachuting and airlanding assaults on Denmark. The 24th, 45th and 58th Separate Tank Battalions were transferred to Mongolia and became part of the 12th, 41st and 91st Motor Rifle Divisions. The 46th Separate Tank Battalion and 22nd Separate Motor Rifle Battalion were disbanded. The regiment was also reequipped with T-55 and T-62 tanks, as well as BTR-60 armored personnel carriers. It was disbanded in April 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010405-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line)\n138th Street was a station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx, New York City. It was originally opened on January 1, 1887 by the Suburban Rapid Transit Company, and had two tracks and one island platform. It was also served by trains of the IRT Second Avenue Line until June 11, 1940. A paid transfer was available to IRT Pelham Line trains at the underground Third Avenue \u2013 138th Street station. This station closed on May 12, 1955, with the ending of all service on the Third Avenue El south of 149th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010406-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Street station (New York Central Railroad)\nThe 138th Street station was a station on the Harlem and Hudson Lines of the New York Central Railroad, serving the community of Mott Haven in the Bronx, New York City. It was the southernmost station along both branches until 1973. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad also ran through this station but did not stop here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010406-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Street station (New York Central Railroad), History\nThe New York and Harlem Railroad expanded their main line across the Harlem River through Mott Haven into Williams Bridge from a bridge built in 1841. This bridge would be replaced in 1867, 1897, and 1956. A station named Mott Haven was known to exist as far back as 1858. The station was rebuilt in a much more elaborate fashion in 1886, with the construction of a Richardson Romanesque structure designed by Robert Henderson Robertson, and was hailed as \"the finest and most complete way station in the country\". Originally at street level, the tracks were later raised above ground level as part of a grade elimination project in order to accommodate the 1897 version of the Park Avenue Bridge. A major grade elimination project in the Bronx north of the station also took place between 1888 and 1890.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010406-0002-0000", "contents": "138th Street station (New York Central Railroad), History\nThroughout most of the station's existence, it has been in relatively close proximity to mass transit. In 1887, the Suburban Rapid Transit Company built a station along the Third Avenue Elevated several blocks to the east. By 1918, its successor, the Interborough Rapid Transit Company expanded the IRT Jerome Avenue Line south from 149th Street to the Lexington Avenue Tunnel into the IRT Lexington Avenue Line in Harlem, and built a subway station beneath the vicinity of the railroad station. The subway station still exists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010406-0003-0000", "contents": "138th Street station (New York Central Railroad), History\nDuring the Great Depression, New York Central had proposed to build a new station in Mott Haven eleven blocks to the north at 149th Street, just south of Mott Haven Junction. Mosaics at the 149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse subway station complex direct commuters to this proposed station which was never built. Only the tunnel to the station was built and was closed by the New York City Transit Authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010406-0004-0000", "contents": "138th Street station (New York Central Railroad), History\nDeclining ridership following World War II, along with the decline of the South Bronx led to the demolition of the previous structure in 1966, and the replacement with little more than sheltered platforms. As with other NYC stations in the Bronx, 138th Street became a Penn Central station once the NYC & Pennsylvania Railroads merged in 1968. Penn Central acquired the New Haven Railroad in 1969, but the New Haven still never stopped there. However, because of the railroad's serious financial distress following the merger, commuter service was turned over to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1972. The station was closed by Penn Central on July 2, 1973, along with Morrisania, and 183rd Street stations in the South Bronx. The site of the station is today a location of a local community garden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010407-0000-0000", "contents": "138th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station\n138th Street\u2013Grand Concourse, also signed as 138th St-Mott Haven or simply Mott Haven on station signage, is a local station on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line of the New York City Subway, located at the T-intersection of East 138th Street and the Grand Concourse in the Mott Haven neighborhood of the Bronx. It is served by the 4 train at all times except during rush hours in the peak direction, and the 5 train at all times except late nights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010407-0001-0000", "contents": "138th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, History\nThe station opened on July 17, 1918, as Mott Haven Avenue station, as a southbound extension of the Jerome Avenue Line into the Upper East Side extension of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line. As such, it is the newest station on the line. The segment north of Kingsbridge Road to Woodlawn opened three months earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010407-0002-0000", "contents": "138th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, History\nFrom November 18, 2019 to March 30, 2020, the northbound platform was temporarily closed for renovations. From April 27, 2020 to July 27, 2020, the southbound platform was temporarily closed for renovations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010407-0003-0000", "contents": "138th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, Station layout\nThis station has two side platforms and three tracks, and is the only other station on the line to be built underground. The center express track is used by the 4 train during rush hours in the peak direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010407-0004-0000", "contents": "138th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, Station layout\nBoth platform walls have their original mosaic trim line with \"MH\" tablets on it, a relic of Mott Haven Avenue, the former name of the station. At either ends of the platform, where they were extended in the 1950s, the walls have a blue trim with \"138TH ST\" in white lettering. Blue i-beam columns run along both platforms at regular intervals with alternating ones having the standard black number plates in white lettering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010407-0005-0000", "contents": "138th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, Station layout\nThe station was built with tablets displaying \"Mott Haven\" and others displaying \"138th Street - Mott Haven.\" The ones with \"138th Street\" were painted over with text reading \"138th Street - Grand Concourse,\" but all were eventually covered with black plates reading \"138 Street\" in white Standard (Akzidenz-Grotesk) lettering. During the station's renovation in the late 2010s, most of the tablets were restored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010407-0006-0000", "contents": "138th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, Station layout\nIt is the southernmost station on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line. To the south, the line crosses the Harlem River into East Harlem, Manhattan and the three tracks merge into two and merge with the IRT Pelham Line to form the four-track IRT Lexington Avenue Line. To the north, the local tracks split into two. One set of tracks (the inner set) continues along Jerome Avenue, and the other set of tracks (the outer set) descends to a lower level and makes a sharp turn to merge with the IRT White Plains Road Line directly west of 149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse. The 5 train uses these tracks during daytime hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010407-0007-0000", "contents": "138th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, Station layout\nUntil 1972, the station had a connection to the 138th Street Station which served both the Harlem and Hudson Divisions of the New York Central Railroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010407-0008-0000", "contents": "138th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, Station layout\nIn 2011, the advocacy group Transportation Alternatives took a poll of subway riders to vote for the smelliest subway station in the system, as part of its \"rank the stank\" contest. This station was ranked the smelliest of four nominated stations, receiving 35% of the votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010407-0009-0000", "contents": "138th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, Station layout, Exits\nThis station has one mezzanine above the center of the platforms and tracks. Two staircases from each platform go up to a waiting area/crossover, where a turnstile bank provides access to and from the station. Outside fare control, there is a token booth and two staircases going up to the northern corners of East 138th Street and the Grand Concourse. The mezzanine has its original \"Uptown Trains\" and \"Downtown Trains\" mosaic tablets and trim line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010408-0000-0000", "contents": "138th meridian east\nThe meridian 138\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010408-0001-0000", "contents": "138th meridian east\nThe 138th meridian east forms a great circle with the 42nd meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010408-0002-0000", "contents": "138th meridian east\nIn Australia, the border between the Northern Territory and Queensland approximates the meridian. The border runs north from Poeppel Corner at a bearing of 359\u00b0 59' 30\", reaching the Gulf of Carpentaria several hundred meters west of the meridian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010408-0003-0000", "contents": "138th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 138th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010409-0000-0000", "contents": "138th meridian west\nThe meridian 138\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010409-0001-0000", "contents": "138th meridian west\nThe 138th meridian west forms a great circle with the 42nd meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010409-0002-0000", "contents": "138th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 138th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010410-0000-0000", "contents": "139 & Lenox\n139 & Lenox is the second posthumous studio album by American hip hop artist Big L. It was released on August 31, 2010 by Flamboyant. The title of the album refers to the street of Harlem where Big L was raised in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010410-0001-0000", "contents": "139 & Lenox\nThe 12-song collection of rare and unreleased tracks is a tribute to the revered DITC rapper's hallowed Harlem block, featuring production by the late Roc Raida on \"On the Mic (Roc Raida Turntablist Mix)\", as well as Big L's former fellow Rawkus artists Hi-Tek and Buckwild. Previously-unheard early mixes to classic L tracks like \"Ebonics\" and \"Platinum Plus\" and a live version of L's controversial 1st single \"Devil's Son\" can be heard alongside rare classics like \"Furious Anger.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010411-0000-0000", "contents": "139 (number)\n139 (One hundred [and] thirty-nine) is the natural number following 138 and preceding 140.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010411-0001-0000", "contents": "139 (number), In mathematics\n139 is the 34th prime number. It is a twin prime with 137. Because 141 is a semiprime, 139 is a Chen prime. 139 is the smallest prime before a prime gap of length 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010411-0002-0000", "contents": "139 (number), In mathematics\nThis number is the sum of five consecutive prime numbers (19 + 23 + 29 + 31 + 37).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010411-0003-0000", "contents": "139 (number), In mathematics\nIt is the smallest factor of 64079  which is the smallest Lucas number with prime index which is not prime. It is also the smallest factor of the first nine terms of the Euclid\u2013Mullin sequence, making it the tenth term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010411-0004-0000", "contents": "139 (number), In mathematics\n139 is a happy number and a strictly non-palindromic number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010412-0000-0000", "contents": "139 BC\nYear 139 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Piso and Laenas (or, less frequently, year 615 Ab urbe condita) and the Second Year of Jianyuan. The denomination 139 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010413-0000-0000", "contents": "139 Juewa\n139 Juewa /d\u0292u\u02c8e\u026aw\u0251\u02d0/ is a very large and dark main belt asteroid. It is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous material. It was the first asteroid discovered from China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010413-0001-0000", "contents": "139 Juewa\nJuewa was discovered from Beijing by the visiting American astronomer James Craig Watson on 10 October 1874; Watson was in China to observe the transit of Venus. Watson asked Prince Gong to name the asteroid. Gong's choice was \u745e\u83ef\u661f (roughly, \"Star of China\u2019s Fortune\"). Watson used only the first two characters, transliterating them as Juewa according to the conventions of his time (in modern pinyin, it would be transliterated as ru\u00echu\u00e1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010413-0002-0000", "contents": "139 Juewa\nSince 1988 there have been 8 reported stellar occultations by Juewa. From the occultation on 31 August 2013 the best fit ellipse measures 148.3+/-4.3\u00a0km x 142.3 +/- 15.6\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010413-0003-0000", "contents": "139 Juewa\n13-cm radar observations of this asteroid from the Arecibo Observatory between 1980 and 1985 were used to produce a diameter estimate of 172\u00a0km. Based upon radar data, the near surface solid density of the asteroid is1.5+0.5\u22120.5 g cm\u22123.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010414-0000-0000", "contents": "139 Mcurn earthquake\nThe 139 Mcurn earthquake is listed in bibliographical records of seismology as having affected the city of Mcurn (modern H\u00f6snek, Turkey).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010414-0001-0000", "contents": "139 Mcurn earthquake\nThe earthquake reportedly took place in the vicinity of Mount Ararat. The region was part of the historic Kingdom of Armenia, corresponding to eastern areas of modern Turkey. A primary source for the earthquake is the work of the historian Movses Khorenatsi (5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010414-0002-0000", "contents": "139 Mcurn earthquake\nKhorenatsi reported that the city of Mcbin-Nisibis (modern Nusaybin) was reconstructed by Sanatruk, following the city's destruction by an earthquake. It is unclear whether this Sanatruk was a king of Armenia or a Parthian invader. According to Khorenatsi's narrative, Sanatruk demolished the ruins of Nisibis and then rebuilt the city. The new city was reportedly more magnificent than its predecessor, fortified with a double defensive wall and an outwork.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010414-0003-0000", "contents": "139 Mcurn earthquake\nThe location of the earthquake is unclear. Mcbin was the Armenian name for Nisibis. But Nisibis was traditionally located in Mesopotamia, not in Armenia. The historian Sebeos (7th century) mentions a palace of Sanatruk, which was located in Nisibis. Sebeos drew information from earlier sources, and his narrative may have been influenced by Khorenatsi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010414-0004-0000", "contents": "139 Mcurn earthquake\nThe historian Faustus of Byzantium (4th-5th century) reports that Sanatruk reconstructed the city of Mcurn, and not that of Mcbin. Mcurn was an Armenian city, located near the river Euphrates. Its exact site is unidentified. The difference concerning the identity of the reconstructed city may be based on a spelling mistake. Mcbin's name was also spelled as \"Mcuin\", closer to the name of Mcurn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010414-0005-0000", "contents": "139 Mcurn earthquake\nThe Armenian historians drew information from ancient legends and oral traditions, placing doubt on the reported date and location of the earthquake. The traditional date of this earthquake is the year 139, but it may have instead occurred in earlier or later years of the 2nd century, since Sanatruk died around 110.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010415-0000-0000", "contents": "139 Movement\nThe 139 Movement (Italian: Movimento 139) is a political party in Italy led by Leoluca Orlando.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010416-0000-0000", "contents": "139 Tauri\n139 Tauri is a single, blue-white hued star in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.81. The distance to this star, as determined from an annual parallax shift of 2.10\u00b10.19\u00a0mas, is roughly 1,600\u00a0light years. Because this star is located near the ecliptic, it is subject to occultations by the Moon. One such event was observed April 28, 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010416-0001-0000", "contents": "139 Tauri\nThis is a massive B-type lower-luminosity supergiant or bright giant star with a stellar classification of B1\u00a0Ib or B0.5\u00a0II, respectively. It is around 22.5\u00a0million years old with a high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 140\u00a0km/s. J. D. Rosendhal (1973) identified weak emission features associated with an asymmetric H-alpha absorption line, providing evidence of mass loss. The star has about 10 times the mass of the Sun and around 20 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating over 80,000 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 24,660\u00a0K. Stars such as this with 10 or more solar masses are expected to end their life by exploding as a Type II supernova.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0000-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks\n139-141 George Street are heritage-listed former terrace houses and now shops located at 139-141 George Street in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1881 to 1882. It is also known as three storey stone building. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0001-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThe site was originally part of the first hospital complex from 1788, the 1790 portable hospital was constructed here after the arrival of the Second Fleet. When the Sydney Hospital moved to Macquarie Street in 1816 the vacant land was set aside as a government quarry. In the general survey of the town undertaken in the 1830s, the site was classified as Lot 7 of City Section 84 and comprised an area of 1 rood 15 perches. In January 1841 the allotment was officially granted to the trustees, executrix and executors of the estate of Samuel Terry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0002-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, History\nTerry's interest in the property dates from at least c.\u20091823 when an area of \"26 rods\" on the \"west side of George Street\" with a description that approximates that of the George Street half of Lot 7 of City Section 84 was leased by the government to Terry for 21 years. Terry was an emancipist, he arrived in Sydney in 1801 convicted of theft under a seven-year sentence. By the time of the expiration of his sentence he was established as a merchant in Parramatta and in 1809 was the owner of a farm on the Hawkesbury River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0002-0001", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, History\nHe moved to Sydney in 1810 where he opened a public house in Pitt Street and married Rosetta Marsh, a woman of considerable business acumen. During Governor Macquarie's administration the Terry's business interests prospered where \"he held more than a fifth of the toal value of mortgages registered in the colony\". He became known as the \"Botany Bay Rothschild\", at the time of his death in 1838 he left a personal estate of \u00a3250 000, an annual rental income from his Sydney properties of \u00a310 000 and \"land property which defies description\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0003-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, History\nOn the site of 139-141 George Street, Terry constructed a terrace of three buildings (today's 139-143 George Street) on his allotment. They were evidently completed in the mid to late 1820s, and they appear on the Hoddle, Larmer and Mitchell \"Map of Sydney\" of 1831. The few available images of the buildings suggest a substantial structure of three stories with a prominent breakout capped by a closed pediment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0004-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThe terraces were constructed for general retail outlets, as they are today. From the mid 1840s tenants of the premises are listed in street directories and council rate assessments. The first of these is for the years 1842-1845 when Isaac Moore, dealer, traded from premises with a street address of no. 663 Lower George Street. Isaac Moore, incidentally, was also the licensed publican of the adjoining Patent Slip Hotel around this time. Between 1849 and the mid 1850s the tenants were the Downes family (John and Eliza) who operated a clothing store (described as a \"slop warehouse\" and 'general outfitter'). Toward the end of the 1850s, in 1857 the building was leased by Andrew Bogle who operated a boarding house. Bogle was succeeded by Mrs Ballantyne in 1858 who with John Ballantyne for the period 1859 to 1861 leased the premises as a drapery store.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0005-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThe property was held by Samuel Terry's widow and principal trustee, Rosetta, until her death in 1858. For a short period after this her real property was controlled by Mrs Rebecca Fox until June 1860 when the estate was partitioned. The beneficiary of this part of the estate was William Whaley Billyard, the crown solicitor of New South Wales. Shortly after, Billyard sold the property to William Reilly for \u00a31,762. (Reilly also acquired title to the neighbouring Russell Hotel site at the same time).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0005-0001", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, History\nCoincidental with the commencement of Reilly's ownership, street directory entries from 1863 for the premises ceased, but as the building was extant this may suggest it was either left vacant (as stated in a Council rate assessment return for 1863) or, conceivably, became part of the operation of the hotel on the Russell Hotel site, the Patent Slip, for a period. By 1866 the building had been demolished and from 1867 the street directories and rate assessments list the address as \"vacant land\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0006-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, History\nIn June 1877 the property was transferred back into the ownership of William Whaley Billyard. In July 1881 the property was transferred into the ownership of Leo Ferdinand Sachs (further details on Sachs are not known). At the same time Sachs entered into the first of a number of mortgages made in the early 1880s, the last of which was discharged in 1886. These mortgages may have been used by Sachs to erect the extant building, which was under construction in 1882 and completed by the end of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0006-0001", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThe new premises provided a pair of shops fronting George Street with the street addresses of No. 139 and 141. The first tenant was William Howes, a tailor and clothier, occupant of both No. 139 and 141 in 1885. Ownership was then transferred in June 1885 to auctioneers Edmund Compton Batt and John Mitchell Purves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0006-0002", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, History\nBatt and Purves' interest in the property was short lived and after securing two tenants in August 1886 Thomas Cripps, confectioner, for no. 141 and Thomas Selig, pawnbroker, for no. 139 (although actually tenanted by Joseph Selig, tailor and clothier)) sold the property to the Earl of Carnarvon, whose financial interests in Australia were managed by the financier and politician Sir William Patrick Manning (1845-1915). Selig continued to lease no. 139 until 1887, while Cripps' lease of no. 141 ceased during 1889. In February 1888 Thomas Stephen Small purchased the property and retained ownership until the government resumption of 1900.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0006-0003", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, History\nDuring these twelve years of Small's freehold ownership, No. 139 George Street was principally used as a restaurant and neighbouring no.141 had mixed uses as a chemist, butcher and confectionary. The use of the upper floors at this time would seem to have been for accommodation associated with the restaurant operations. A photograph of the neighbouring The Fortune of War Hotel of around 1906 includes a glimpse of the shopfront and awning of No. 139 George Street with advertising for rooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0007-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThe plague outbreak in January 1900 prompted the government to resume the entire Rocks and Millers Point area. To administer the resumed area a number of government authorities were established, The Rocks was administered by the Sydney Harbour Trust and its successor the Maritime Services Board until 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0008-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, History\nInitially under Government ownership the respective premises continued to function in a similar manner as to when the properties were held in freehold title. No. 139 for example continued as a restaurant although operated by a succession of different proprietors (with a short interim between 1909 and 1910 when it was leased by Isaac Levy, clothier). No . 141 continued to be leased from 1900 until 1913 by F. G. Erler, chemist. Following Erler in 1914 was F. A. Benson who initially traded as a chemist until 1923 and between 1924 and 1928 as an accountant. From 1929 up to the 1950s the premises were leased by John George Peek, chemist. During 1930s Peek also entered into a lease of the adjoining premises at No. 139, trading as an optometrist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0009-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, History\nIn November 1987, the proprietors of the Russell Hotel (Russell Hotel Pty. Ltd.) acquired the lease of the two upper floors of No. 139-141 George Street as part of a scheme to amalgamate the trading operations of the Fortune of War (No. 137 George Street) and the Russell Hotel (No. 143 George Street). The ground floor shops however of No. 139-141 George Street continued to operate under separate lease arrangements. In 1985, for example, No. 139 was leased by Rentoul Pty. Ltd. trading as the Sheepskin Shop, and No. 141 was leased by Dinallo's Fruit Shop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0010-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, History\nCommencing in the late 1970s and continuing through the 1980s the then Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority (SCRA) undertook a programme of restoration and reconstruction of the premises at no. 139-141 George Street. These alterations also included the construction of the premises at the rear of 139-141 George Street, known as 30-32 Nurses Walk. Contemporary with the SCRA alterations, further alterations and additions were undertaken over the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0010-0001", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThis work was prepared for the proprietors of The Russell Hotel by Ron Vickery architect, and included in 1984 a new development at 30-32 Nurses Walk, which was completed in the mid 1980s and provided the additional rooms and connections with the neighbouring premises under the joint The Russell Hotel lease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0011-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nThe building is a large three storey building of dressed sandstone in the Classical Revival manner built c.\u20091890. The upper floor windows have fine detailing in the carved stone surrounds, and the whole building is topped by a high parapet with a large central pediment. The shopfronts have been much altered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0012-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nStyle: Front facade 'Neo-classical'; Storeys: Three; Facade: Brick walls; Internal Walls: Brick; Roof Cladding: Iron; Floor Frame: Timber", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0013-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nNo. 139-141 George Street is a double storey sandstone masonry built commercial premises constructed c.\u20091882. The premises are currently leased as retain outlets (ground floor - Rockhounds and the Sheepskin Shop) and as hotel accommodation (first and second floors) which is part of The Russell Hotel operation. The rear of the premises is a modern building which adjoins a laneway now known as Nurses Walk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0014-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Description, Condition\nAs at 27 April 2001, Archaeology Assessment Condition: Mostly disturbed. Assessment Basis: Cellars under No. 139. Recent renovation. Floors terraced into hill slope. The work involved the assessment of underfloor deposits at this site during renovations. No evidence was found of structures pre-dating 1881, although it should be stressed that not all archaeological deposits were removed from the site. Investigation: Watching Brief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0015-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAs at 31 March 2011, this pair of shops and residences and site are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0016-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nIt is a rare example of a late nineteenth century decorative sandstone fa\u00e7ade in the Classical Revival style a set within a streetscape, George Street North, which is the most intact nineteenth and early twentieth century streetscape in the City. The building and site demonstrate longevity of European use that is historically associated with the early colonial development in Sydney in being part of the general hospital site (1788-1816) and part of a stone terrace of three constructed for Samuel Terry (c.1830s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0016-0001", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe subsequent use of the site as retail/commercial shops with upper floor boarding rooms is closely associated with the later economic and social development of The Rocks area as a place of residence and travellers. The building is included on key heritage registers maintained by government and community groups and these recognise the heritage values of the item individually and as part of the historic Rocks precinct. The site is also of local heritage significance owing to its potential to reveal evidence of earlier site uses and structures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0017-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nShops and Residences - stone was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0018-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0019-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe item meets this criterion at a state level owing to the longevity of European use of the site, which is associated with the early colonial development in Sydney in being part of the general hospital site (1788-1816) and part of a stone terrace of three constructed for Samuel Terry (c.\u20091830s). The subsequent continuous use of the site as retail/commercial shops with upper floor boarding rooms is closely associated with the later economic and social development of The Rocks area as a place of residence and travellers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0020-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0021-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe site is associated with Samuel Terry and his wife Rosetta. Terry was a successful emancipist merchant, landowner and became known as \"The Botany Bay Rothschild\". Between 1817 and 1820 he held more than a fifth of the total value of mortgages registered in the colony, a higher proportion than that of the Bank of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0021-0001", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nHe was also one of the largest shareholders in the bank, but when he stood for election as director in 1818, 1819 and 1820 he was unsuccessful; when elected in 1822 he was refused his seat on the pretext that, as an expiree, he was not \"unconditionally free\". When again elected to the board of the Bank of New South Wales in August 1828 by 308 votes to 83 he took office only until December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0021-0002", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nBy that time he had become a leading philanthropist, contributing to the Benevolent Society, Auxiliary Bible Society, Sydney Public Grammar school, and later to Sydney College, on whose committees he served actively. He supported the Wesleyans and became a trustee for them in 1822. In the late 1820s Terry was firmly established as a public figure, though still often censured for his methods and for his material success. He became increasingly identified with the political aspirations of the emancipists and at times their spokesman: for example, as treasurer of the committee formed in 1821 to defend their rights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0021-0003", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nIn 1827, 1830 and 1831 he was a leader in organizing petitions for trial by jury and a house of assembly, and also in expressing patriotic feeling through Australia Day celebrations; he was in the chair at the fortieth anniversary dinner in 1828 and again in 1831 as first president of the \"Australian Society for the Promotion of the Growth and Cultivation of Colonial Produce and Manufactures\". In 1826 he became president of a Masonic Lodge and was prominent in its activities in the following years of his life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0021-0004", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nDespite criticisms and snubs he had attained a position of public eminence and often of public responsibility. When Terry died on 22 February 1838, three years after a paralytic seizure, he was buried with Masonic honours and the band of the 50th Regiment led the procession. The funeral, described as the grandest seen in the colony, may be taken as the summation of his life's striving. He left a personal estate of \u00a3250,000, an income of over \u00a310,000 a year from Sydney rentals, and landed property that defies assessment. His will was eventually published by the government as a public document. His wife lived until 5 September 1858. The family sold to the government the land now occupied by Martin Place and the General Post Office, Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0022-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe Terrys, Samuel and Rosetta, may be seen in retrospect as two able, single-minded early colonists who resolved to reverse their unfavourable, brutalizing early fortunesand succeeded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0023-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0024-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe item meets this criterion at a state level as an important extant example of a late nineteenth century commercial building in the Classical Revival architectural style with its decorative sandstone fa\u00e7ade set within the streetscape of George Street North, which is the most intact nineteenth and early twentieth century streetscape in the City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0025-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0026-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe item meets this criterion at a state level owing to its inclusion on key heritage registers maintained by government and community groups which recognise the heritage values of the item individually and as part of the historic Rocks precinct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0027-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0028-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe item meets this criterion at a local level owing the potential of the site to reveal evidence of earlier site uses and structures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0029-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0030-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe item meets this criterion at a local level owing the rarity of the decorative sandstone fa\u00e7ade and setting with the heritage streetscape of George Street North.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0031-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0032-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe item meets this criterion at a local level in being a representative example of a late nineteenth century commercial premises built in the economic boom of the 1880s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010417-0033-0000", "contents": "139-141 George Street, The Rocks, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 1595 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 14 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010418-0000-0000", "contents": "139-153 Sussex Street, Sydney\n139-153 Sussex Street is a heritage-listed former warehouse and now hotel located at 139-153 Sussex Street, in the  Sydney central business district, in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1850. It is also known as Warehouses (former) and Shops/Warehouses. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010418-0001-0000", "contents": "139-153 Sussex Street, Sydney, History\nThe site was originally warehousing built c.\u20091850s, which serviced the coastal and shipping trades. As such they have historical associations with transport, pastoral and trade developments. They reflect the predominant use of the Sussex Street area as storage, warehousing and markets related to the adjacent wharfage in Darling Harbour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010418-0002-0000", "contents": "139-153 Sussex Street, Sydney, History\nThe residents on the site during the 19th and 20th century were mainly produce and commission agents who incorporated auctioneering into their businesses. In the 1890s The Hunter River Farmers & Consumers Co-operative had its warehouse, offices and agents on the site, possibly taking advantage of the Hunter River Steamship Company's transportation and wharfage next door. Gray & Co were long-time residents on the site in the early 20th century with their warehouse and office facilities in the buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010418-0003-0000", "contents": "139-153 Sussex Street, Sydney, History\nThe building were extensively redeveloped c.\u20091985 into the Four Points Hotel, their fa\u00e7ade only remains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010418-0004-0000", "contents": "139-153 Sussex Street, Sydney, Description\nRendered brickwork warehouses with iron roof built during mid 1850s. Single storey to Sussex Street and three storeys at rear. Simple fa\u00e7ade with largely original windows and shopfronts. The design and detailing matches that of 149-153 Sussex Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010418-0005-0000", "contents": "139-153 Sussex Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nAs at 30 April 2002, an elegantly proportioned terrace of early Victorian warehouses which makes an important contribution to the significance of the Sussex Street Group. A fine example of the commercial architecture of its period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010418-0006-0000", "contents": "139-153 Sussex Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe Central Warehouses (No. 139-151) together with the Corn Exchange building (No. 173-185) are some of  the last remaining remnants of this warehousing and commercial area which serviced Sydney's developing commercial and trading sector in the mid to later 19th century. They comprise a sample of mid to late 19th century warehouse and commercial buildings, that together with other remaining buildings of this era in Sussex Street comprise a homogenous group with careful attention to design, materials, and workmanship. The Central Warehouse buildings are a good example of a mid 19th century warehouse complex. Their development reflects the essential role that warehouse development has played in the development of Sydney as a commercial and trading centre. The buildings were extensively renovated as part of the Four Points Hotel redevelopment in 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 908]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010418-0007-0000", "contents": "139-153 Sussex Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\n139-153 Sussex Street was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010418-0008-0000", "contents": "139-153 Sussex Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010418-0009-0000", "contents": "139-153 Sussex Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe buildings  were originally warehousing built c.\u20091855, which serviced the coastal and shipping trade. As such they have historical associations with  transport, pastoral and trade developments. They reflect the predominate use of the Sussex Street area as storage, warehousing and markets related to the wharfage in Darling Harbour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010418-0010-0000", "contents": "139-153 Sussex Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010418-0011-0000", "contents": "139-153 Sussex Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nA fine example of the commercial architecture of its period. The elegantly proportioned terrace of early Victorian warehouses which makes an important contribution to the significance of the Sussex Street Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010418-0012-0000", "contents": "139-153 Sussex Street, Sydney, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 413 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010419-0000-0000", "contents": "1390\nYear 1390 (MCCCXC) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010420-0000-0000", "contents": "1390 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1390\u00a0kHz: 1390 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010421-0000-0000", "contents": "1390 Abastumani\n1390 Abastumani (prov. designation: 1935 TA) is a very large and dark background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 3 October 1935, by Russian astronomer Pelageya Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The primitive P-type asteroid has a rotation period of 17.1 hours and measures approximately 101 kilometers (63 miles) in diameter. It was named for the Georgian town of Abastumani.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010421-0001-0000", "contents": "1390 Abastumani, Orbit and classification\nThe dark and reddish asteroid is classified as a rare P-type asteroid in the Tholen taxonomic scheme, of which only a few dozens bodies are currently known. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.3\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 6 years and 4 months (2,326 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.03 and an inclination of 20\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first used precovery was taken at Lowell Observatory in 1929, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 6 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010421-0002-0000", "contents": "1390 Abastumani, Discovery\nAbastumani was discovered on 3 October 1935, by Soviet\u2013Russian astronomer Pelageya Shajn at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. On the same night, the asteroid was independently discovered by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory. It was one of the last large-sized bodies discovered in the outer belt (also see 1269 Rollandia and 1902 Shaposhnikov, discovered in 1930 and 1972, respectively).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010421-0003-0000", "contents": "1390 Abastumani, Naming\nThis minor planet is named after the spa town of Abastumani located in the Caucasus Mountains of Georgia. It is now the place where the Abastuman Astronomical Observatory (119) is situated. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in November 1952 (M.P.C. 838).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010421-0004-0000", "contents": "1390 Abastumani, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Abastumani is a primitive, carbonaceous P-type asteroid, a common spectral type in the outer main-belt and among the Jupiter trojan population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010421-0005-0000", "contents": "1390 Abastumani, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2002, a rotational lightcurve of Abastumani was obtained from photometric observation by astronomer John Gross at the U.S. Sonoran Skies Observatory (G94) in Benson, Arizona. It gave a rotation period of 17.100\u00b10.005 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 in magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010421-0006-0000", "contents": "1390 Abastumani, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures between 98.3 and 107.8 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a very low albedo between 0.026 and 0.033. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, i.e. a diameter of 101.5 kilometers and an albedo of 0.0298.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010422-0000-0000", "contents": "1390 Yellow River flood\nThe 1390 Yellow River flood was a natural disaster affecting the area around Kaifeng, China, during the early Ming dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010424-0000-0000", "contents": "1390s\nThe 1390s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1390, and ended on December 31, 1399.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010425-0000-0000", "contents": "1390s BC\nThe 1390s BC is a decade which lasted from 1399 BC to 1390 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010426-0000-0000", "contents": "1390s in England, Incumbents\nMonarch \u2013 Richard II (to 30 September 1399), Henry IV", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010427-0000-0000", "contents": "1390s in art\nThe decade of the 1390s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010428-0000-0000", "contents": "1390s in music, Events\nThis is a list of notable events in music that took place in the 1390s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010429-0000-0000", "contents": "1390s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010429-0001-0000", "contents": "1390s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010429-0002-0000", "contents": "1390s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010430-0000-0000", "contents": "1391\nYear 1391 (MCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010431-0000-0000", "contents": "1391 Carelia\n1391 Carelia (prov. designation: 1936 DA) is a stony background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 16 February 1936, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.9 hours and measures approximately 11 kilometers (6.8 miles) in diameter. It was named for the Northeast European region of Karelia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010431-0001-0000", "contents": "1391 Carelia, Orbit and classification\nCarelia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,485 days; semi-major axis of 2.55\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first observed at Heidelberg Observatory, extending the body's observation arc by 2 days prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010431-0002-0000", "contents": "1391 Carelia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the northeastern European region of Karelia, located between the Gulf of Finland and the Russian White Sea. The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 126). Since the Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland in 1939\u201340, most of the regions belongs now to Russia. A large part of Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4's discoveries have names that are in some form or another related to that war about Karelia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010431-0003-0000", "contents": "1391 Carelia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen taxonomy, Carelia is a stony S-type asteroid, the most common type in the inner main-belt. The asteroid is also an S-type in the SDSS-based taxonomy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010431-0004-0000", "contents": "1391 Carelia, Physical characteristics, Rotation and pole\nIn 2016, a rotational lightcurve of Carelia was published using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.87822\u00b10.00001 hours (U=n.a. ), as well as two spin axes at (21.0\u00b0, \u221279.0\u00b0) and (208.0\u00b0, \u221243.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 57], "content_span": [58, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010431-0005-0000", "contents": "1391 Carelia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Carelia measures 11.079 and 11.570 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.1972 and 0.214, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 11.46 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.07.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010432-0000-0000", "contents": "1391 Yellow River flood\nThe 1391 Yellow River flood was a major natural disaster during the early Ming dynasty in China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010432-0001-0000", "contents": "1391 Yellow River flood\nThe river flooded from Kaifeng to Fengyang in Anhui and shifted course, with the old route past Xuzhou becoming known as the \"Little Yellow River\" and the new main artery running into the Huai River becoming the \"Big Yellow River\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010433-0000-0000", "contents": "1392\nYear 1392 (MCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010434-0000-0000", "contents": "1392 Pierre\n1392 Pierre, provisional designation 1936 FO, is a dark, dynamical Eunomian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers (16\u00a0mi) in diameter. It was discovered on 16 March 1936, by astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa. The asteroid was named after the discoverer's nephew, Pierre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010434-0001-0000", "contents": "1392 Pierre, Orbit and classification\nPierre is a dynamical member of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony asteroids and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members. Pierre's spectral type is different from that of the Eunomia family (see below) and possibly an interloper rather than a true family member. When applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements, Pierre is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010434-0002-0000", "contents": "1392 Pierre, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,538 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A917 UB at Simeiz Observatory in October 1917. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Algiers in March 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010434-0003-0000", "contents": "1392 Pierre, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Pierre, a nephew of the discoverer Louis Boyer. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 126).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010434-0004-0000", "contents": "1392 Pierre, Physical characteristics\nPierre has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. In the Tholen classification, the asteroid's spectral type is ambiguous, closest to a dark D-type and somewhat similar to a generic X-type asteroid. Conversely, the Eunomia family consists of S-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010434-0005-0000", "contents": "1392 Pierre, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 1984, a first rotational lightcurve of Pierre was obtained from photometric observations with the ESO 1-metre telescope at the La Silla Observatory in Chile. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 18 hours with a brightness variation of 0.09 magnitude (U=2). A poorly rated lightcurve by Pierre Antonini in Januar 2007, gave a period of 24 hours with an amplitude of 0.05 magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010434-0006-0000", "contents": "1392 Pierre, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pierre measures between 26.16 and 28.94 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.054. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0519 and a diameter of 26.44 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.72.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010436-0000-0000", "contents": "1393\nYear 1393 (MCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010437-0000-0000", "contents": "1393 Sofala\n1393 Sofala, provisional designation 1936 KD, is a Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 May 1936, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named after the province of Sofala in Mozambique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010437-0001-0000", "contents": "1393 Sofala, Orbit and classification\nSofala is a member of the Vesta family (401), the second-largest asteroid family of the main-belt by number of members. However, it is also considered to be a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,387 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010437-0002-0000", "contents": "1393 Sofala, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1928 FB at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1928. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010437-0003-0000", "contents": "1393 Sofala, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThe asteroid has an ambiguous lightcurve. While a lightcurve, obtained at the Palomar Transient Factory in September 2013, gave a rotation period of 108.259 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.48 magnitude (U=2), another lightcurve modeled from combined dense and sparse photometry gave a sidereal period of 16.5931 hours.(U=2). If the first result were correct, Sofala would be one of few hundred known slow rotators with a period above 100 hours. The Lightcurve Data Base, however, adopts the shorter period from the modeled lightcurve. A third lightcurve with a period of 7.8 hours by Ren\u00e9 Roy from 2008 has received a poor rating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010437-0004-0000", "contents": "1393 Sofala, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Sofala measures between 11.21 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.223.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010437-0005-0000", "contents": "1393 Sofala, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 11.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010437-0006-0000", "contents": "1393 Sofala, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Sofala Province in central-eastern Mozambique. It is the country's largest province. Its capital city is Beira after which the Mars-crosser 1474 Beira, another discovery by Cyril Jackson, is named. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010441-0000-0000", "contents": "1394\nYear 1394 (MCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010442-0000-0000", "contents": "1394 Algoa\n1394 Algoa, provisional designation 1936 LK, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 June 1936, by English-born South-African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named after the historical Algoa Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010442-0001-0000", "contents": "1394 Algoa, Orbit and classification\nAlgoa orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,391 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Prior to its discovery observation in 1936, Algoa was identified as 1929 TT and 1933 UY1 at Lowell Observatory and Uccle Observatory, respectively. These observations, however, remained unused to extend the body's observation arc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010442-0002-0000", "contents": "1394 Algoa, Physical characteristics\nIn 2012, two rotational lightcurves of Algoa were obtained at the U.S. Etscorn Observatory, New Mexico, and at the Riverland Dingo Observatory, Australia. They gave a well-defined, concurring rotation period of 2.768 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 and 0.21 magnitude, respectively (U=3-/3). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony S-type asteroids of 0.20, and calculates a diameter of 14.2 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010442-0003-0000", "contents": "1394 Algoa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the historical Algoa Bay, located approximately 700 kilometers east of the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010444-0000-0000", "contents": "1394th Transportation Brigade\nThe 1394th Transportation Brigade is a United States Army unit subordinate to the 377th Theater Sustainment Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010444-0001-0000", "contents": "1394th Transportation Brigade\nAs of 2017 the following units are subordinated to the 1394th Transportation Brigade Command:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010445-0000-0000", "contents": "1395\nYear 1395 (MCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1395th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 395th year of the 2nd millennium, the 95th year of the 14th century, and the 6th year of the 1390s decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010447-0000-0000", "contents": "1396\nYear 1396 (MCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010449-0000-0000", "contents": "13963 Euphrates\n13963 Euphrates (/ju\u02d0\u02c8fre\u026ati\u02d0z/), provisional designation 1991 PT4, is a resonant Griqua asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 August 1991, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at ESO's La Silla Observatory site in Chile. The asteroid was named after the Euphrates River in the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010449-0001-0000", "contents": "13963 Euphrates, Orbit and classification\nEuphrates is one of very few bodies located in the 2:1 mean motion resonance with the gas giant Jupiter and belongs to the \"marginally unstable\" Griqua group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010449-0002-0000", "contents": "13963 Euphrates, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20134.2\u00a0AU once every 6 years and 1 month (2,220 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in 1971, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 20 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010449-0003-0000", "contents": "13963 Euphrates, Physical characteristics\nBased on an absolute magnitude of 13.9, it measures between 4 and 10 kilometers in diameter, assuming an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25. Since asteroids in the outer main-belt are mostly of a carbonaceous rather than of a silicaceous composition, with low albedos, typically around 0.06, its diameter is likely to be between 8 and 10 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010449-0004-0000", "contents": "13963 Euphrates, Physical characteristics\nAs of 2017, Euphrates' effective size, its composition and albedo, as well as its rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010449-0005-0000", "contents": "13963 Euphrates, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Euphrates river, that flows through northern Syria and Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010449-0006-0000", "contents": "13963 Euphrates, Naming\nIt is one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia. The Tigris\u2013Euphrates river system, a major river system, is formed when the two rivers combine at Al Qurnah. The minor planet 13096\u00a0Tigris is named after the other river of this system. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 August 2003 (M.P.C. 49280).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010450-0000-0000", "contents": "1397\nYear 1397 (MCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010451-0000-0000", "contents": "1397 Umtata\n1397 Umtata, provisional designation 1936 PG, is an asteroid from the background population of the asteroid belt's central region, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by South-African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg on 9 August 1936. The asteroid was named after the South-African town of Mthatha, formerly known as Umtata.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010451-0001-0000", "contents": "1397 Umtata, Orbit and classification\nUmtata is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,603 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010451-0002-0000", "contents": "1397 Umtata, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1931 GK at the Lowell Observatory in April 1931. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010451-0003-0000", "contents": "1397 Umtata, Physical characteristics\nThe asteroid's spectral type is unknown. The Lightcurve Data Base assumes an S- or C-type to be equally likely, using an average albedo of 0.10 (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010451-0004-0000", "contents": "1397 Umtata, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 1984, a rotational lightcurve of Umtata was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Richard Binzel. Analysis of the fragmentary lightcurve gave a rotation period of 30 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.13 magnitude (U=1). As of 2017, no secure period has been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010451-0005-0000", "contents": "1397 Umtata, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Umtata measures between 20.35 and 22.895 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0794 and 0.112.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010451-0006-0000", "contents": "1397 Umtata, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 \u2013 a compromise value between the stony (0.20) and carbonaceous asteroid's, both abundant in the main belt's central region \u2013 and derives a diameter of 20.40 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.57.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010451-0007-0000", "contents": "1397 Umtata, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after South-African town of Mthatha, formerly known as Umtata. It is the capital town of the OR Tambo District Municipality and the King Sabata Dalindyebo Local Municipality. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010454-0000-0000", "contents": "1398\nYear 1398 (MCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010457-0000-0000", "contents": "1399\nYear 1399 (MCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010459-0000-0000", "contents": "139P/V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4\u2013Oterma\n139P/V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4\u2013Oterma is a periodic comet in the Solar System. When it was discovered in 1939 it was not recognized as a comet and designated as asteroid 1939 TN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010460-0000-0000", "contents": "139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\n139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery formed during World War II. It was one of the first 'Mixed' regiments in which women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service were integrated into the unit's personnel. It defended West Yorkshire and the North Midlands against aerial attack until it became the first Mixed anti-aircraft (AA) unit to serve overseas, defending Brussels against V-1 flying bombs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010460-0001-0000", "contents": "139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nBy 1941, after almost two years of war Anti- Aircraft Command, tasked with defending the UK against air attack, was suffering a manpower shortage. In April its commander-in-chief, Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick 'Tim' Pile, proposed to overcome this by utilising the women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The ATS was by law a non-combatant service, but it was decided that Defence Regulations permitted the employment of women in anti-aircraft (AA) roles other than actually firing the guns. They worked the radar and plotting instruments, range-finders and predictors, ran command posts and communications, and carried out many other duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010460-0001-0001", "contents": "139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nWith the increasing automation of heavy AA (HAA) guns, including gun-laying, fuze-setting and ammunition loading under remote control from the predictor, the question of who actually fired the gun became blurred as the war progressed. The ATS rank and file, if not always their officers, took to the new role with enthusiasm and 'Mixed' batteries and regiments with the ATS supplying two-thirds of their personnel quickly proved a success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010460-0002-0000", "contents": "139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nThe first of these new batteries took over an operational gun site in Richmond Park, south-west London, in August 1941, and complete regiments soon followed, including 139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, whose regimental headquarters formed at Rotherham, West Yorkshire, on 1 December 1941. It was then joined on 15 December by the following batteries:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010460-0003-0000", "contents": "139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nIn January 1942 the new regiment was assigned to 62 AA Brigade, responsible for the defence of Leeds and Sheffield in West Yorkshire under 10th Anti- Aircraft Division. In February, the regiment was joined by two additional batteries:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010460-0004-0000", "contents": "139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nIn the Spring of 1942 a new phase in the air campaign began with the so-called Baedeker Blitz mainly directed against undefended British cities. In 10th AA Division's area, York was accurately hit on 28 April, Hull on 19 May and 31 July, and Grimsby on 29 May, but the strongly defended towns of West Yorkshire were not attacked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010460-0005-0000", "contents": "139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\n139th (M) HAA Regiment sent a cadre to 7th HAA Training Rgt at Oswestry where it formed 582 (M) HAA Bty on 27 July 1942; this battery served with 172nd (M) HAA Rgt. As new units joined AA Command, more experienced ones were being posted away to train for service overseas, particularly for the planned invasion of North Africa (Operation Torch). 62 AA Brigade HQ was one such, transferring to First Army in August, while its AA Command commitments were taken up by other formations: 139th (M) HAA Rgt came under the command of 65 AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010460-0006-0000", "contents": "139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nIn the summer of 1943, the Luftwaffe made a few raids against East Coast towns including Hull and Grimsby, and 5 AA Group, which was now responsible for the region, shuffled some of its units. This included 139th (M) HAA Rgt, which by August came under 32 (Midland) AA Bde covering Derby and Nottingham. It was joined by 668 (M) HAA Bty from 172nd (M) HAA Rgt on 28 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010460-0007-0000", "contents": "139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nIn the autumn of 1943 AA Command was asked to make cuts to free manpower for the forthcoming Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord), and some AA sites in the Midlands were abandoned. In February 1944, 139th (M) HAA Rgt was switched to the command of 63 AA Bde and 668 (M) HAA Bty was disbanded. Shortly after Operation Overlord was launched on D Day, the Luftwaffe began launching V-1 flying bombs, codenamed 'Divers', against London from Northern France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010460-0007-0001", "contents": "139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nAA Command had planned for this and Operation Diver was put into effect, with large numbers of AA units moving to South East England. 139th (M) HAA Regiment came under the temporary command of 41 AA Bde, which took over additional responsibilities for units left in the North Midlands until 63 AA Bde HQ returned. The first 'Diver' offensive ended when the launching sites in Normandy were overrun by 21st Army Group. A second campaign of air-launched missiles coming in from the North Sea led to a second redeployment by AA Command to East Anglia, but again 139th (M) HAA Rgt was unaffected by the moves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010460-0008-0000", "contents": "139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment\nOnce 21st Army Group had liberated Brussels and Antwerp, these cities became targets for V-1s launched from within Germany, and anti-Diver or 'X' defences had to be established. The missiles' small size, high speed and awkward height presented a severe problem for AA guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 84], "content_span": [85, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010460-0008-0001", "contents": "139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment\nAA Command's experience had shown that the power-operated, remotely controlled static Mk IIC 3.7-inch HAA gun, which had power traverse and automatic fuze-setting, accompanied by the most sophisticated Radar No 3 Mark V (the SCR-584 radar set) and No 10 Predictor (the all-electric Bell Labs AAA Computer), were required to deal effectively with V-1s, but 21st Army Group's mobile HAA units did not have experience with this equipment. 139th (M) HAA Regiment was the first Mixed unit sent from AA Command to reinforce the Brussels 'X' defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 84], "content_span": [85, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010460-0009-0000", "contents": "139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment\nThe regiment was still deployed around Nottingham in early November 1944 when it was ordered to move overseas at war establishment. This meant leaving behind one battery (518, which became independent) and finding 200 ATS reinforcements to bring the other three up to the required strength. Fortunately there was no shortage of volunteers from other units. The regiment's advance parties arrived in Antwerp on 18 November and spent an uncomfortable week in temporary accommodation under V-1 attack before moving on to Brussels. Here they reconnoitred six new 4-gun sites for occupation by 16 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 84], "content_span": [85, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010460-0009-0001", "contents": "139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment\nThese sites lacked all provision for a static HAA gun position: there were no gun platforms, access roads, water supply, drainage or accommodation. The Royal Canadian Engineers erected a few huts for the ATS, while the men slept in tents despite the cold weather. The gun platforms required 2000 tons of rubble to be tipped onto soft ground, with another 800 tons for hardstandings, although the access roads were built as single tracks that were blocked by the gun transporters. On arrival the 15-ton static guns had to be lowered precisely onto holdfasts dug into the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 84], "content_span": [85, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010460-0009-0002", "contents": "139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment\nAll other facilities, including cookhouses and latrines, had to be built from scratch. The Brussels city authorities helped with telephone lines, transport and bathing facilities. Two gun positions were ready for action on 22 December and on 28 December 484 (M) HAA Bty fired its first rounds at incoming missiles. Several other Mixed HAA regiments followed over succeeding weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 84], "content_span": [85, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010460-0010-0000", "contents": "139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment\nThe Brussels 'X' defences under 101 AA Brigade involved an outer line of Wireless Observer Units sited 40 miles (64\u00a0km) to 50 miles (80\u00a0km) in front of the guns to give 8 minutes' warning, then Local Warning (LW) stations positioned half way, equipped with radar to begin plotting individual missiles. Finally there was an inner belt of Observation Posts (OPs), about 20,000 yards (18,000\u00a0m) in front of the guns to give visual confirmation that the tracked target was a missile. The LW stations and OPs were operated by teams from the AA regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 84], "content_span": [85, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010460-0010-0001", "contents": "139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment\nRadar-controlled searchlights were deployed to assist in identification and engagement of missiles at night. Unlike the anti-Diver guns firing over the English Channel or North Sea, VT Proximity fuzes could not be employed by the HAA batteries at Brussels because of the risk of casualties to troops and civilians under the missiles' flightpath. The success rate of the Brussels X defences had been low at first, but after the arrival of Mk IIC guns and experienced crews from AA Command the results improved considerably, with best results in February and March 1945. (101 AA Bde handed over command to 50 AA Bde for the last few weeks.) The number of missiles launched at Brussels dropped rapidly as 21st Army Group continued its advance, and in the last week the AA defences destroyed 97.5 per cent of those reaching the defence belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 84], "content_span": [85, 922]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010460-0011-0000", "contents": "139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment\nBy 27 April, 139th (Mixed) HAA Regiment had been stood down, and on 3 May its personnel were back at Ticknall, near Derby, where the regiment and its three batteries were disbanded, five days before the war in Europe ended on VE Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 84], "content_span": [85, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010460-0012-0000", "contents": "139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Insignia\nWhile the male members of the regiment wore the Royal Artillery's 'gun' cap badge, the women wore the ATS cap badge, but in addition they wore the RA's 'grenade' collar badge as a special badge above the left breast pocket of the tunic. Both sexes wore the white RA lanyard on the right shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 69], "content_span": [70, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010461-0000-0000", "contents": "139th (Northumberland) Battalion, CEF\nThe 139th (Northumberland) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Cobourg, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Northumberland County. After sailing to England in September 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 3rd and 36th Reserve Battalions on October 6, 1916. The 139th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010462-0000-0000", "contents": "139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade\nThe 139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in the First World War with the 46th (North Midland) Division. Later designated the 139th Infantry Brigade, the brigade also saw service with the 46th Infantry Division in the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010462-0001-0000", "contents": "139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade, Origins\nWhen Volunteer Infantry Brigades were introduced in 1888, the Volunteer Battalions of the Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment) formed part of the North Midland Brigade, although from 1901 to 1906 they formed a separate Sherwood Foresters Brigade. When the Volunteer Force was subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms in 1908, a new Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Brigade was formed, as part of the North Midland Division. The brigade was composed of four Volunteer battalions of the Sherwood Foresters: the 5th (Derbyshire), 6th, 7th (Robin Hood Rifles) and 8th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010462-0002-0000", "contents": "139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade, First World War\nKing George V inspected the division on 19 February 1915, shortly before its departure for France, and gave permission for the Notts & Derby Brigade to change its title to Sherwood Foresters Brigade. (However, its 2nd Line duplicate, formed in January 1915, remained the 2/1st Notts & Derby Brigade throughout the war.) In May, when the TF formations were numbered, the brigade became 139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade in the 46th (North Midland) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010462-0003-0000", "contents": "139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade, First World War\nThe brigade saw service with the 46th Division throughout the First World War in the trenches of the Western Front from 1915 to 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010462-0004-0000", "contents": "139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade, Between the wars\nDisbanded after the war in 1919, the brigade was reformed as the 139th (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Infantry Brigade in the Territorial Army and again assigned to the 46th (North Midland) Division. However, in 1936 the division was disbanded and its HQ was redesignated 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division. The 6th and 7th Sherwood Foresters were both transferred to the Royal Engineers and converted into anti-aircraft searchlight battalions. The 5th and 8th Sherwood Foresters were both transferred to the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division. With all of its battalions posted away, the 139th Infantry Brigade was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010462-0005-0000", "contents": "139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade number was reactivated again when the Territorial Army was doubled in size in spring and summer 1939, in order to meet the threat of Nazi Germany. The 139th Infantry Brigade, formed as a 2nd Line duplicate of 148th Infantry Brigade, was assigned to the 46th Infantry Division, which itself was formed as a duplicate of the 49th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010462-0006-0000", "contents": "139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade saw service with the 46th Division throughout the Second World War, which began in September 1939. Sent to France with the rest of 46th Division in April 1940 to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), the brigade was both poorly equipped and trained and lacked any of their signals, artillery, engineer or other support units. The division was sent, along with the 12th and 23rd divisions, to complete their training and to help construct defences and airfields. As a result, the division was battered when facing the German Army's blitzkrieg during the Battle of France in May 1940 and was forced to retreat to Dunkirk had to be evacuated to England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010462-0007-0000", "contents": "139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade, Second World War\nAfter being evacuated, the brigade and division spent the next few years on home defence and training to repel an expected German invasion which never arrived. In late 1942 the 46th Division was sent to North Africa where it became part of British First Army and saw action in the final stages of the Tunisia Campaign. The division did not see service in Sicily but landed at Salerno in September 1943 as part of the US Fifth Army during the initial invasion of Italy. The brigade saw service in Italy until late 1944, transferring to Greece to help calm the Greek Civil War, and returning to Italy in April 1945 for the final offensive, but did not take part in any actual fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0000-0000", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron\nThe 139th Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0001-0000", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron\nThe squadron was assigned as a day pursuit (fighter) squadron as part of the 2d Pursuit Group, First United States Army. Its mission was to engage and clear enemy aircraft from the skies and provide escort to reconnaissance and bombardment squadrons over enemy territory. It also attacked enemy observation balloons, and performed close air support and tactical bombing attacks on enemy forces along the front lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0002-0000", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron\nThe squadron was very successful in combat, having half a dozen air aces including David Putnam, Karl Schoen, Robert Opie Lindsay, and future Brigadier General Harold H. George.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0003-0000", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron\nAfter the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron returned to the United States in June 1919 and was demobilized. There is no current United States Air Force or Air National Guard unit that shares its lineage and history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0004-0000", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nThe 139th Aero Squadron was organized at Kelly Field, Texas on 21 September 1917. After a period of indoctrination training, orders were issued for the squadron to proceed to Toronto, Quebec, Canada for technical training under the British Royal Flying Corps (RFC). However, these orders were countermanded and the squadron remained at Kelly Field until 28 October 1917, when it was ordered to proceed to Barron Field, Everman, Texas for training under the RFC. One week later it moved again to Hicks Field, Saginaw Texas for further training. During the squadron's training at Hicks Field, numerous transfers of personnel were made and the squadron was brought to a strength of 204 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0005-0000", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nUpon completion of training by the RFC, the 139th received orders to move to the Aviation Concentration Center at Camp Mills, Garden City, New York on 12 February 1918. The following day, 25 flying officers selected from cadets who trained with the squadron were assigned. The squadron left Fort Worth, Texas on 14 February, and arrived at Camp Mills on the 19th. After a short period at the concentration center, the squadron left New York Harbor on 26 February on the RMS Olympic. It arrived in Liverpool, England on 5 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0005-0001", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nIt was transferred by train to Winchester, England, where it awaited further orders at the Romney Rest Camp. On 17 March orders were received to move to France. The squadron left for Le Havre on the 17th and arrived on the 18th. It then proceeded to the 2d Aviation Instruction Center, (2d AIC) American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) at Tours Aerodrome, arriving on 21 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0006-0000", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France\nDuring its assignment at the 2d AIC, the squadron engaged in station duties until being ordered to proceed to the 3d Aviation Instruction Center (3d AIC) at Issoudun Aerodrome to complete training for combat duties. It arrived at Issodun on 29 March. At Issodun, the flying officers commenced training in Nieuport 28s a few days after the arrival of the men. The enlisted personnel were trained as mechanics for the various types of French aircraft that were in use at the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0006-0001", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France\nTraining was completed at the 3d AIC on 24 May 1918, and the 139th was ordered to proceed to the 1st Pursuit Organization and Training Center at Epiez Aerodrome. Orders, however, were again changed and its destination was changed to Vaucouleurs Aerodrome. The squadron arrived at Vaucouleurs on 28 May 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0007-0000", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France\nThe squadron's first plane, a SPAD VII, was assigned on 10 June, and the remaining planes arrived within a week. As the squadron pilots and mechanics had no experience with the SPAD VII, the mechanics were sent to a French aerodrome where they remained for about ten days. With their return, two French mechanics, along with two representatives from the Hispano-Suiza factory arrived at Vaucouleurs. Language difficulties, however, negated the benefit of these representatives and they returned to their home bases while the mechanics worked out on-the-job training for maintaining the SPAD VIIs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0007-0001", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France\nThe month of June was devoted to training flights and reconnaissance along the front lines. A major difficulty was the lack of supplies and equipment necessary to keep the SPAD VIIs operational. Many times it was necessary to appeal to the French for these items, and they assisted in every way possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0008-0000", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron, History, Western Front combat\nOn 30 June, the squadron was reassigned to the 2d Pursuit Group and moved to Croix de Metz Aerodrome, near Toul. The 139th was the first squadron assigned to the new group. Later, the 13th, 22d and 49th Aero Squadrons were assigned to the group at Toul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0009-0000", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron, History, Western Front combat\nThe first combat between the 139th and enemy aircraft took place on 30 June, and Lt. David E. Putnam shooting down a German biplane. The squadron began flying regular patrols between Pont-\u00e0-Mousson and Saint-Mihiel. However, during its first weeks in combat, the sector was relatively quiet and only a few German aircraft were encountered. Six combats were reported during July, and the squadron received confirmation that it had destroyed two enemy aircraft. One pilot, Lt. MacLure, was lost on 17 July when he was forced to land behind enemy lines, however, he was later reported as a Prisoner of War. During August, the Toul Sector was far more active, as the Germans moved more aircraft into the area. In August the squadron engaged in twelve combats, with the squadron receiving four official victories, and several unofficial ones, including the shooting down of several German observation balloons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 956]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0010-0000", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron, History, Western Front combat\nThe buildup of First Army infantry units was proceeding through August and into September. On 12 September, the St. Mihiel Offensive began with a massive artillery barrage. Orders were received to engage in low-altitude flights in front of the infantry and to machine-gun enemy fortifications, troop concentrations and to attack movements of enemy troops, convoys and railroad lines. However, adverse weather limited flight operations. Very few enemy aircraft were seen, however, but as the day progressed the weather cleared to some extent. Eight enemy aircraft were seen and a combat began. Lt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0010-0001", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron, History, Western Front combat\n. Putnam destroyed one enemy plane, however he was later killed in action during another combat near Limey. The next day, ten 139th planes engaged in a free-for-all combat with German aircraft in the region of Bayonville, in which four enemy planes were destroyed and two more were claimed (but not confirmed) without loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0011-0000", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron, History, Western Front combat\nWith the success of the St. Mihiel offensive, the squadron was moved from Toul to Belrain Aerodrome on 24 September. On the 25th regular patrols began in the region south of Verdun, and on 26 September, First Army began the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Aerial activity by the 139th again became very intense, with the squadron flying aircraft from before dawn until after dusk. On the first day of the offensive, one enemy observation aircraft was shot down, and the unit performed several road strafing and bombing missions against enemy infantry forces. At Belrain, the squadron began to be re-equipped with SPAD XIIIs, that were equipped with bomb racks carrying two twenty-pound bombs. During the next few weeks a marked increase of enemy aircraft were seen and attacked. On 28 September three enemy aircraft were shot down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0012-0000", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron, History, Western Front combat\nBad weather limited operations during early October. However, on the 10th, a massive combat free-for-all resulted with six squadron aircraft engaged with about a dozen German Fokkers. The squadron shot down nine enemy aircraft. The remainder of October was quite active and eleven more successful combats were fought, twenty enemy aircraft were destroyed. The squadron lost Lt Schoen when he was killed in action on 29 October near Esnes-en-Argonne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0012-0001", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron, History, Western Front combat\nPoor weather limited the number of patrols flown in early November, although on 5 November, three squadron aircraft attacked an enemy Fokker and pursued it to its Aerodrome, shooting it down directly over its own airfield. The squadron moved to Souilly Aerodrome on 7 November. However, talk of peace had begun and although regular combat patrols were flown, few enemy aircraft were seen. All offensive operations over the lines ceased at 11:00am on 11 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0013-0000", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nThe American Expeditionary Forces was very slow in returning its forces to the United States. The squadron remained at Souilly Airdrome until 29 January 1919 when it moved Grand Aerodrome, France, to help construct a new airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0014-0000", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nOn 18 April orders were received from First Army for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's SPAD aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0015-0000", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nPersonnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to the staging camp at Le Mans. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the base ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization. It moved to its base port at Brest on 22 May 1919 for transport to the United States. The 139th Aero Squadron (Pursuit), returned to New York City on 14 June, its personnel were returned to civilian life, and the squadron demobilized at Hazelhurst Field, Long Island, on 17 June 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0016-0000", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron, History, Notable personnel\nDSC: Distinguished Service Cross; DSM: Army Distinguished Service Medal; SSC: Silver Star Citation; KIA: Killed in Action; POW: Prisoner of War", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010463-0017-0000", "contents": "139th Aero Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0000-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron\nThe 139th Airlift Squadron (139 AS) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard 109th Airlift Wing Stationed at Stratton Air National Guard Base, Schenectady, New York. The 139th is equipped with the specialized ski-equipped LC-130H Hercules for polar operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0001-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nActivated at Morris Field, North Carolina, receiving its initial cadre from the 20th Fighter Group. Initially Operated as an operational training squadron (OTU), flying P-39 Airacobras and P-43 Lancers with a mission to train newly graduated pilots from Training Command in single-engine fighter aircraft. Beginning in mid-1943 switched to replacement training (RTU), of pilots. Equipment upgraded to P-47 Thunderbolts and lastly P-40 Warhawks. Was disbanded in May 1944 with reorganization of training units, personnel and equipment absorbed by \"Squadron B\", 336th AAF Base Unit (Replacement Training Unit, Fighter).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0002-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard\nThe wartime 303d Fighter Squadron was reconstituted and redesignated as the 139th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the New York Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Schenectady County Airport, Schenectady, New York, and was extended federal recognition on 18 October 1948 by the National Guard Bureau. The 139th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 303d Fighter Squadron. The squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was initially assigned to the New York ANG 52d Fighter Wing, later to the 107th Fighter Group in November 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0003-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard\nThe mission of the 139th Fighter Squadron was the air defense of eastern and northern New York. Aircraft parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. In some ways, the postwar Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, the unit also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score at least as well or better than active-duty USAF units, given the fact that most ANG pilots were World War II combat veterans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0004-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. The 139th was retained by the State of New York to maintain the air defense mission. In 1951, the Thunderbolts were replaced by Very Long Range F-51H Mustangs with were capable of extended air defense flights over all of New York State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0005-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nThe air defense mission remained after the Korean War armistice and the unit resumed normal peacetime training and drills. In 1954, the Mustang was ending its service life and Air Defense Command was re-equipping its fighter-interceptor squadrons with jet aircraft. The 139th received F-94B Starfires, however the F-94 required a two-man aircrew a pilot and an air observer to operate its radar equipment. Trainees for the radar assignment had to attend regular Air Force Training Schools, and required virtually the same qualifications as the pilot trainees. The additional recruitment of guardsmen led to the units having a manning and capabilities problem that lasted for some time until the unit was returned to full readiness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0006-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nIn 1956, the 107th Fighter-Interceptor Wing was reorganized and redesignated as the 107th Air Defense Wing. As a result, the 139th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 109th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 139th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 109th Headquarters, 109th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 109th Combat Support Squadron, and the 105th USAF Dispensary. The F-86H Sabre replaced the F-94B Starfires in 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0007-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nA major change to the 107th Air Defense Wing in 1958 was the transition from an Air Defense Command (ADC) mission to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and a tactical fighter mission, the 109th being redesignated as a Tactical Fighter Group; and 139th also being redesignated. The new assignment involved a change in the Group's training mission to include high-altitude interception, air-to-ground rocketry, ground strafing and tactical bombing. The 139th TFS retained their F-86H Sabres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0008-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nWith air transportation recognized as a critical need, the 109th was redesignated the 109th Air Transport Group (Heavy) on 2 January 1960 and was transferred from TAC to the Military Air Transport Service (MATS). The 139th Air Transport Squadron was equipped with C-97 Stratofreighter intercontinental transports, with an Aeromedical Flight as a secondary mission. With the C-97s, the 109d augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force\u2019s needs in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0009-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nDuring the 1961 Berlin Crisis, the 139th ATS was federalized on 1 October 1961. From Schenectady, the 139th ATS augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force\u2019s needs. It returned again to New York state control on 31 August 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0010-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nDuring the 1960s, the Group flew scheduled MATS transport missions to Europe, Africa the Caribbean and South America. On 8 January 1966, Military Air Transport Service became Military Airlift Command (MAC) and the units were redesignated as the 109th Military Airlift Group and 139th was redesignated as the 137th Military Airlift Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0011-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nWith the retirement of the C-97 in 1971, the 109th became a Tactical Airlift Group and the 139th Tactical Airlift Squadron received eight C-130A Hercules transports and was transferred from MAC to Tactical Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0012-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nThe first major mission of the C-130s was in June 1972 when the squadron provided relief assistance to storm victims of Tropical Storm Agnes. 109th crews gave around-the-clock support to relief efforts. Operating mainly from the Broome County Airport at Binghamton, 109th crews provided the lion's share of airlift into stricken areas, particularly Elmira, where surface transportation was cut off. On 1 December 1974, the unit was transferred back to Military Airlift Command when MAC took over the tactical airlift mission from TAC, USAFE and PACAF air force wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0013-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support\nIn 1975 the 107th was given a new mission for resupply of the Greenland Icecap's radar stations. The 109th was re-equipped with 5 C-130D Hercules, assuming responsibility for the Volant DEW Line resupply mission to the DYE-1, 2, 3 and DYE-4 stations. The 109th assumed the mission from the Air Force's Alaskan Air Command receiving their eleven C-130s, five of which were ski-equipped for landings on packed snow runways. In October 1984, the C-130D aircraft were replaced by eight new C-130H models, of which four were LC-130s (ski equipped).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 105], "content_span": [106, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0014-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support\nIn 1988 the 109th had been notified that, almost overnight, one of the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line radar sites that it supported in Greenland was going to be shut down. The other sites would soon follow and the 109th would be largely out of business because its main mission had ended. The last flight to radar site DYE-3 in December 1989 marked the end of the DEW Line mission. The 107th assumed jurisdiction of the landing strip at the DYE-2 station for pilot training for practicing Antarctic takeoffs & landings (called Ice Station Ruby); a.k.a. the Raven Ski-way Training Facility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 105], "content_span": [106, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0015-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support\nAfter the closure of the Greenland stations, the experienced gained by the unit was transferred to its new mission; the airlift support to National Science Foundation's South Pole research program and the U.S. Navy's VXE-6 unit. The 109th continued to augment the Navy's Antarctic flying operations for the next eight years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 105], "content_span": [106, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0016-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support\nThe 109th was not mobilized during the 1990 Gulf Crisis, however 109th AW members called to duty in support of Operation Desert Shield/Operation Desert Storm. In March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 109th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was redesignated as the 109th Airlift Group. On 1 October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force \"One Base \u2013 One Wing\" policy, the 109th Airlift Wing was established and the 139th Airlift Squadron was assigned to the new 109th Operations Group. In September 1994 139th Aeromeds deployed to Rwanda in support of Operation Support Hope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 105], "content_span": [106, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0017-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 105], "content_span": [106, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0018-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support\nEarly in 1996, it was announced that the 109th Airlift Wing was slated to assume that entire Antarctic mission from the U.S. Navy in 1999. The Antarctic operation would be fully funded by the NSF. On 20 February 1998, responsibility for airlift support to the United States Antarctic Program (USAP) was passed over to 109 AW from VXE-6, during a ceremony at Christchurch International Airport, Christchurch, New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 105], "content_span": [106, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0019-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support\nWith the assumption of the support mission from the Navy, the 109th established an operating location at Christchurch and a forward location at Williams Field, on the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Williams Field consists of two hard-packed snow runways located on approximately 8 meters (25\u00a0ft) of compacted snow, lying on top of 80 meters (262\u00a0ft) of ice, floating over 550 meters (1,800\u00a0ft) of water. Williams provides support to the United States McMurdo Station and New Zealand\u2019s Scott Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 105], "content_span": [106, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0020-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support\nDuring October 1999 the 109th AW aided in the rescue of Dr. Jerri Nielsen, a doctor with breast cancer symptoms and based at isolated Amundsen\u2013Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 105], "content_span": [106, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0021-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era\nThe 109th Wing's high operational tempo increased dramatically with the surprise attack on the World Trade Center on 11 September 2001. The 109th provided immediate support deploying 49 Civil Engineers, Services and Public Affairs personnel to Ground Zero within the first 24 hours. Since that time, the men and women of the 109th AW have continued to voluntarily deploy in support of military operations in Southwest Asia and around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0022-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign the 109th Airlift Wing by transferring four C-130H aircraft to the 189th Airlift Wing, Little Rock AFB, AR. The LC-130 aircraft (ski-equipped) would remain at Schenectady.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0023-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era\nThe 139th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron deployed to Afghanistan in June 2007, marking the first time since Vietnam that aircraft from the unit flew their own aircraft in a combat theater of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0024-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era\nDuring the 2011\u20132012 season, crews flying six LC-130H Ski-Herk transports carried out 359 missions between McMurdo Station, Antarctica, and eighteen inland Antarctic destinations, transporting more than seven million pounds of cargo and fuel and more than 1,600 passengers. The LC-130H crews were also called on to provide aerial reconnaissance and communication links to a disabled Russian vessel, allowing for a Royal New Zealand Air Force C-130 crew to later airdrop three parcels on an ice floe next to the ailing ship", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0025-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era\nCurrently, Aircrews and maintainers from the 109th Airlift Wing took off on 18 October 2013 to begin the unit\u2019s annual support of the National Science Foundation in the Antarctic. Seven LC-130s are on the ice since October through February 2014. The wing has deployed 479 Air National Guardsmen to Antarctica since the season began in October, with an average of 150 on duty at any one time. The Airmen deploy for 30\u201360 days each, working two 12-hour shifts six days each week, running supplies and people to field camps across the continent and the South Pole station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0026-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era\nThis year, the wing has already completed 38 more missions than the 181 which the Airmen had planned to execute. In addition to the routine support the 109th AW gives each year, this season the 109th AW will also support U.S. Antarctic research efforts by flying 1,100 researchers and support staff, and 43 tons of cargo, from McMurdo Station, Antarctica, to New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0027-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era\nWhen the squadron is the primary force provider, the 139th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron is the designation of the forces deployed as part of an Air and Space Expeditionary unit after June 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010464-0028-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Squadron, Attribution\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010465-0000-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Wing\nThe 139th Airlift Wing (139 AW) is a unit of the Missouri Air National Guard, stationed at Rosecrans Air National Guard Base, St. Joseph, Missouri. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010465-0001-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Wing, Overview\nThe 139th Airlift Wing provides the State of Missouri and the nation with immediately deployable, combat-ready C-130H2 Hercules model aircraft. The 139th remains globally engaged in continuing operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010465-0002-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Wing, History\nOn 14 April 1962, the Missouri Air National Guard 180th Air Transport Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 139th Air Transport Group was established by the National Guard Bureau, the 180th ATS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 139th Headquarters, 139th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 139th Combat Support Squadron, and the 139th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010465-0003-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Wing, History\nThe 139th Air Transport Group was assigned to Military Air Transport Service (MATS), equipped with 4-engined C-97 Stratofreighter transports. From St. Joseph, the 180th augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs. Throughout the 1960s, the unit flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to Europe, Alaska, the Caribbean, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and during the Vietnam War, to both South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand. With the realignment of MATS to Military Airlift Command (MAC), the squadron was re-designated as a Military Airlift Squadron on 8 January 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010465-0004-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Wing, History, Air Refueling\nIn 1969, military requirements resulted in a change in mission when the group was reassigned from MAC transport duties to the Strategic Air Command (SAC). Under SAC the group became an Air Refueling unit, being with the air refueling version of the C-97 transport, the KC-97 Stratotanker. Familiarity with the aircraft led to a smooth transition from MAC to the new refueling mission. It supported the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) flying aerial refueling missions in the KC-97 supporting missions of deploying aircraft to NATO for tactical exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010465-0005-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Airlift\nIn 1976 the KC-97s were retired by SAC and the unit was returned to MAC. The 139th was re-equipped with C-130A Hercules tactical airlifters and returned to its transport mission. With the C-130s the 180th supported Operation Volant Oak and Operation Coronet Oak at Howard Air Force Base, Panama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010465-0006-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Airlift\nDuring a 180th deployment to Howard AFB in November, 1978, they were caught up in a \"real world\" situation when the world began to learn of the events unfolding in Jonestown, Guyana. The 180th, flying the C-130, was the first US military aircraft landing at Timehri International Airport, Guyana with US embassy officials that they had picked up in Venezuela as well as food and supplies meant for the survivors the Americans hoped to take out of Guyana. That, of course, was before it became apparent that most of the more than 900 Peoples Temple members were lying dead in Jonestown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010465-0007-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Airlift\nIn December, 1989, the 180th was once again deployed at Howard AFB when Operation Just Cause began. The 180th flew combat mission in support of the Operation. In late 1980 and through 1983, members of the 180th embarked on a special project to enhance survivability of C-130 aircrews while flying in a hostile environment. The need for this type of training became apparent after C-130 units from the Military Airlift Command (MAC) began to participate in Red Flag at Nellis AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010465-0007-0001", "contents": "139th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Airlift\nIt was obvious that the C-130's were not doing well against the ground and air threats posed in the Red Flag exercise. After approval from the National Guard Bureau and tacitly from Military Airlift Command (MAC), they began service test to validate the training program. After more than three service test, the program proved it worth and the Advanced Airlift Tactics Training Center was approved and instituted on 4 February 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010465-0008-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Airlift\nIn March 1987, the 180th began to receive brand new C-130H2 Hercules aircraft replacing the C-130A model aircraft they had flown for the past ten years. In October 1987, the 180th deployed two C-130H2 aircraft supporting a United States Army Special Forces (SF) and the Royal Australian Special Air Service Regiment (SAS) in a joint personnel airdrop exercise called Badge Anvil 1987 at RAAF Learmonth, Australia. The exercise provided high altitude low opening and high altitude high opening parachute training. Since all of the airdrops occurred above 10,000 feet and as high as 24,500 feet, the 15th Physiological Training Flight, USAF, also supported the exercise and provided supplemental oxygen equipment, training and support for the training missions. Each flight was like going to the altitude chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010465-0009-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Airlift\nIn 1989, the 180th with four C-130H2 aircraft deployed to Kimhae International Airport, Republic of Korea in support of Operation Team Spirit 1989. During the exercise, the 180th flew challenging missions including tactical resupply, fuel bladder missions, assault landings on short runways including landing on highway landing strips, numerous airdrop missions including both visual, high altitude and radar drop scenarios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010465-0010-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Wing, History, 1991 Gulf War\nThe 180th Tactical Airlift Squadron was ordered to the active service on 28 December 1990, as a result of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait to support Operation Desert Shield. For some unit members, this would be a return to the Persian Gulf as they had volunteered and deployed with 2 C-130H aircraft, aircrews, maintenance and support personnel, to form the first Air National Guard provisional airlift squadron in September 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010465-0010-0001", "contents": "139th Airlift Wing, History, 1991 Gulf War\nOn 2 January 1991, the 180th TAS and its 8 C-130H aircraft and personnel departed Rosecrans Air National Guard Base for Al Ain Air Base, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and were redesignated as the 1632nd Tactical Airlift Squadron (Provisional) as part of the 1630th Tactical Airlift Wing (Provisional) which was under the 1610th Airlift Division (Provisional). The unit remained at Al Ain Air Base through the air war and the ground war flying combat and combat support missions in support of the allied operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010465-0010-0002", "contents": "139th Airlift Wing, History, 1991 Gulf War\nBeginning on 22 March 1991, the 180th TAS redeployed to Al Kharj Air Base, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The 180th TAS departed Al Kharj Air Base on 28 May 1991, and returned to Rosecrans Air National Guard Base on 30 May 1991. When the aircraft arrived home, they had \"nose art\" on each courtesy of the crew chiefs. The nose art was 391 \"Connie Kay\", 392 \"Desert Possum\", 393 \"Spirit of St. Joe\", 394 \"The Hog\", 395 \"Chief\", 396 \"Buzzard\", 397 \"Riders on the Storm\" and 398 \"Fike's Filly\". The 180th TAS was relieved from active duty and released back to state control on 24 June 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010465-0011-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Wing, History, 1991 Gulf War\nDuring the 1990s, the 180th provided airlift support to the United States Air Forces Europe during the airlift operations into Bosnia and Herzegovina. These operations were named Operation Provide Promise, Operation Joint Endeavor, Operation Joint Guard and Operation Joint Forge. Members of the 180th along with operations support and maintenance personnel would deploy to Rhein-Main Air Base and, after it closed, to Ramstein Air Base and assigned to \"Delta Squadron\". The Air National Guard would generally be responsible for a 90- or 120-day period and guard members would typically volunteer for duty for a minimum of a two- to three-week period although some would volunteer for longer periods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010465-0012-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nFollowing the attacks on 11 September 2001, the 180th served in a support role flying missions transporting personnel and equipment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010465-0013-0000", "contents": "139th Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe 180th Airlift Squadron was notified in February 2003 that it would be partially mobilized as a result of the impending conflict in Iraq which would later be known as Operation Iraqi Freedom. The unit deployed in March 2003 to the Iraqi theater and later supported Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and was released from active duty in March 2006 and reverted to state control. This was a historic partial mobilization that lasted three years. The 180th remained in a state of partial activation for three years until it was released from mobilization in March 2006 and reverted to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010466-0000-0000", "contents": "139th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 139th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1st and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 7, 1997, which was two weeks before the beginning of the fifth administrative year of Democratic Governor Thomas R. Carper from New Castle County and Democratic Lieutenant Governor Ruth Ann Minner from Kent County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010466-0001-0000", "contents": "139th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1990 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010466-0002-0000", "contents": "139th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 139th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a  Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010466-0003-0000", "contents": "139th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010466-0004-0000", "contents": "139th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010467-0000-0000", "contents": "139th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (\u2192\u200etop: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010467-0001-0000", "contents": "139th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 139th Division (\u7b2c139\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakusanj\u016bky\u016b Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Formidable Division (\u4e0d\u5c48\u5175\u56e3, Fukutsu Heidan). It was formed on 10 July 1945 in Dunhua as a triangular division. It was one of eight simultaneously created divisions, together with the 134th,  135th, 136th, 137th, 138th, 139th,  148th and 149th divisions. The nucleus for its formation were the 77th, 79th, and 80th transport guard units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010467-0002-0000", "contents": "139th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nAt the end of July 1945, the men detached from 79th division were used to form the assault (raiding, airborne) battalion. The 139th Division was disarmed on 22 August 1945 without having seen any action during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010468-0000-0000", "contents": "139th Georgia General Assembly\nThe 139th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia convened its first session on January 12, 1987, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. The 139th Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 138th and served as the precedent for the 140th General Assembly in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010468-0001-0000", "contents": "139th Georgia General Assembly, Party standings, House of Representatives\n*Active political parties in Georgia are not limited to the Democratic and Republican parties. Libertarians, and occasionally others, run candidates in elections. However, for the 1987-88 session of the General Assembly, only the two major parties were successful in electing legislators to office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010469-0000-0000", "contents": "139th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 139th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was among scores of regiments that were raised in the summer of 1864 as Hundred Days Men, an effort to augment existing manpower for an all-out push to end the war within 100 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010469-0001-0000", "contents": "139th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 139th Illinois Infantry was organized at Peoria, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on June 1, 1864, for a one-hundred-day enlistment. It departed for St. Louis by steamboat on June 8, arriving there on the 10th. From there it moved to Columbus, Kentucky, for a week, and from thence to Cairo, Illinois, where it performed garrison duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010469-0002-0000", "contents": "139th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nAround August 1, the regiment was directed by General Payne, commanding the Department of Northern Kentucky, to raid several nearby farms owned by Confederate sympathizers, to seize horses and cattle to make up for livestock stolen by guerillas. The raid was successful, resulting also in the capture of two of the raiders. The regiment returned to Cairo until September 25, when it was returned to Peoria to be mustered out of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010469-0003-0000", "contents": "139th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nAlthough its initial term of enlistment had expired, the regiment was asked by President Abraham Lincoln to assist Federal efforts against General Sterling Price during his Raid into Missouri. When the men agreed to go, Lincoln sent them a letter, thanking them for their patriotism and willingness to serve. The 139th marched toward Franklin, Missouri, as part of the Union pursuit of Price in October of that year, but the Battle of Westport on 23 October forced Price to retreat southward and ended the need for the 139th Regiment's service. The Regiment mustered out two days later, and did not lose any men in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010469-0004-0000", "contents": "139th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 16 enlisted men who died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010470-0000-0000", "contents": "139th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 139th Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between June 5, 1864, and September 29, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010470-0001-0000", "contents": "139th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, and mustered in on June 5, 1864. It was ordered to Tennessee and Alabama for railroad guard duty, until late September 1865. The regiment was mustered out on September 29, 1865. During its service the regiment lost eleven men to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010471-0000-0000", "contents": "139th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 139th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the United States Army, North Carolina Army National Guard. In its past, it was a combat infantry regiment, but now it is known as the 139th Regiment, and manages North Carolina's Regional Training Institute (RTI) at Fort Bragg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010471-0001-0000", "contents": "139th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 139th Infantry Regiment claims history from three different states. The regiment was originally formed for service in World War I from Kansas and Missouri troops. On 1 October 1917, the 3rd Kansas and 4th Missouri Infantry were consolidated to create the 139th U.S. Infantry Regiment, assigned to the 35th \"Santa Fe\" Division. The regiment arrived in England on 7 May 1918 and began training and transit for combat in France. The regiment made its first combat action on 26 September 1918 in the Sommedieue sector. As part of the 70th Brigade, it attacked alongside the 140th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010471-0001-0001", "contents": "139th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nAfter taking their objectives here, the regiment advanced to the Argonne Sector and assaulted the German positions. By 1 October, the 139th was relieved by elements of the 1st Infantry Division and they had suffered 65% casualties. The regiment was deactivated on 8 May 1919 at Camp Funston, Kansas. In 1954, the 139th was reorganized in North Carolina from elements of the 119th and 120th Infantry Regiments and began its service at the North Carolina RTI in 1958 by training Officer Candidates. On 1 April 1959, the 3rd Battalion of the regiment was reflagged as the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron of the 252nd Armor Regiment, North Carolina Army National Guard. As of 2012, the 139th Regiment has begun training Non-Commissioned Officers on artillery operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010472-0000-0000", "contents": "139th Intelligence Squadron\nThe 139th Intelligence Squadron (IS) is the newest unit of the Georgia Air National Guard, focusing on intelligence operations. The commander of the 44-member intelligence squadron is Lt. Col. Kimberly Chatfield, and the detachment commander is Lt. Col. Jeff L. Thetford, both former members of the 116th Air Control Wing. The unit will employ 37 traditional and seven full-time Guardsmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010472-0001-0000", "contents": "139th Intelligence Squadron, History\nThe 139th Intelligence Squadron was officially activated on May 29, 2008, at Fort Gordon, Georgia, becoming the ninth Air Guard unit in the state and the first new Georgia Air Guard unit in more than 30 years. The leadership was composed of an all-woman team, the Commander, the Superintendent and the First Sergeant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010472-0002-0000", "contents": "139th Intelligence Squadron, History\nOriginally activated in February 1942 as the 139th Signal Radio Intelligence Company with a cadre of 13 intercept and traffic analysis operators, the unit was designated the 2nd Radio Signal Mobile in 1944, and a year later deployed to France with the 9th Air Force. The unit was later transferred to the Department of the Army where it operated under the Army Security Agency (ASA) while in Germany. In 1983, the unit was called to duty again during the Cold War and combined with the 6911th Electronic Security Squadron and re-designated as the 402nd Intelligence Squadron. In 2000, the 402nd was inactivated until it was reactivated as part of the Georgia Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010472-0003-0000", "contents": "139th Intelligence Squadron, Mission\nThe mission of the 139th Intelligence Squadron is the executing of cryptologic intelligence operations to satisfy strategic, operations and tactical intelligence requirements of national decision makers, combatant commanders and combat operations. The 139th IS enhances preexisting intelligence capabilities at Fort Gordon. As home of the U.S. Army Signal Corps, Fort Gordon is the largest communications electronics facility in the world. The Distributed Common Ground Systems for the Air Force also resides at Fort Gordon. In addition, it has an important state mission of providing a trained and equipped force to assist the citizens of Georgia in times of emergency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010472-0004-0000", "contents": "139th Intelligence Squadron, Emblem\nUltramarine blue and Air Force yellow are the Air Force colors. Blue alludes to the sky, the primary theater of Air Force operations. Yellow refers to the sun and the excellence required of Air Force personnel. The Cerberus symbolizes the three-fold nature of the unit\u2019s National, Air Force and State intelligence missions. The gray ring represents the intellectually stimulating and changing nature of intelligence operations. The red key signifies that intelligence provides the key to Air Force operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010473-0000-0000", "contents": "139th Medical Brigade\nThe 139th Medical Brigade, a subordinate command of the 807th Medical Command (Deployment Support), is headquartered in Independence, MO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010474-0000-0000", "contents": "139th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 139th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of Union Army in the American Civil War. The regiment was organized in 1862 in Brooklyn, New York. Volunteers were mostly recruited from Brooklyn, with some men being recruited from the surrounding areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010474-0001-0000", "contents": "139th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty at Camp Hamilton, Va., September 20, 1862, to April, 1863. Action at Whittaker's Mills, Williamsburg and Fort Magruder April 11, 1863. Moved to Yorktown, Va., April, and duty there, at Williamsburg and in the District of the Currituck till April, 1864. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24-July 7, 1863. Expedition from White House to Bottom's Bridge July 1\u20137. Baltimore Cross Roads July 2. Crump's Cross Roads, Bottom's Bridge, July 2\u20138. Expedition from Williamsburg to Charles City Court House December 12\u201314. Near Chickahominy River December 11. Forge Bridge December 12. Charles City Court House December 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010474-0001-0001", "contents": "139th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nScouts from Williamsburg January 19 and 24, 1864. Wistar's Expedition against Richmond February 6\u20138. Butler's operations on south side of the James River and against Petersburg and Richmond May 4-28. Occupation of City Point and Bermuda Hundred May 5. Swift Creek or Arrowfield Church May 9-10. Operations against Fort Darling May 12\u201316. Battle of Drury's Bluff May 14\u201316. Bermuda Hundred May 16\u201327. Moved to White House, thence to Cold Harbor May 28\u201331. Battles about Cold Harbor June 1-12. Before Petersburg June 15\u201318. Siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010474-0001-0002", "contents": "139th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nIn trenches before Petersburg and on the Bermuda Hundred front till September 27, 1864. Mine Explosion, Petersburg, July 30 (Reserve). Battle of Chaffin's Farm, New Market Heights, September 28\u201330. Assault and capture of Fort Harrison September 29. Battle of Fair Oaks October 27\u201328. Duty in lines before Richmond till April, 1865. Occupation of Richmond April 3. Provost duty at Richmond and Manchester, Va., till June. Mustered out June 19, 1865. Veterans and Recruits transferred to 98th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010474-0002-0000", "contents": "139th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nBy the time the regiment was mustered out, 5 Officers and 66 Enlisted men were killed and mortally wounded and 1 Officer and 79 Enlisted men died by disease, a total of 151 dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010475-0000-0000", "contents": "139th New York State Legislature\nThe 139th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5 to April 20, 1916, during the second year of Charles S. Whitman's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010475-0001-0000", "contents": "139th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1906 and 1907, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (eight districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010475-0002-0000", "contents": "139th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010475-0003-0000", "contents": "139th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1915, was held on November 2. No statewide elective offices were up for election. The voters rejected all amendments proposed by the Constitutional Convention of 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010475-0004-0000", "contents": "139th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1916; and adjourned on April 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010475-0005-0000", "contents": "139th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThaddeus C. Sweet (R) was re-elected Speaker, with 94 votes against 45 for Joseph M. Callahan (D).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010475-0006-0000", "contents": "139th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn February 8, the Legislature elected three Regents of the University of the State of New York: William Berri to fill the vacancy caused by the death of St. Clair McKelway, for a term to end on April 1, 1917; James Byrne to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Andrew J. Shipman, for a term to end on April 1, 1920; and Walter Guest Kellogg for a term of twelve years, beginning on April 1, 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010475-0007-0000", "contents": "139th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature enacted a new apportionment of Senate districts, and the number of assemblymen per county, which became law with the approval by the governor on May 1. The new apportionment was declared unconstitutional by the New York Court of Appeals in July 1916, and the New York state election, 1916, was held under the apportionment of 1907.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010475-0008-0000", "contents": "139th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010475-0009-0000", "contents": "139th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010475-0010-0000", "contents": "139th New York State Legislature, State Assembly\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010476-0000-0000", "contents": "139th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 139th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 139th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 139th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010476-0001-0000", "contents": "139th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 139th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 11, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Jacob Lloyd Wayne Jr..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010476-0002-0000", "contents": "139th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 20, then moved to Point Lookout, Md., June 1, and was assigned to prison guard duty there August 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010476-0003-0000", "contents": "139th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 139th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service August 26, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010476-0004-0000", "contents": "139th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010476-0005-0000", "contents": "139th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 14 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010477-0000-0000", "contents": "139th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 139th Pennsylvania was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010477-0001-0000", "contents": "139th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 139th was formed at Camp Howe, near Pittsburgh, on September 1, 1862. Frederick H. Collier was the first colonel. After burying the dead on the field of Second Battle of Bull Run, the regiment was attached to Howe's Brigade of Couch's Division of the IV Corps  of the Army of the Potomac where it replaced De Trobriand's 55th New York, Gardes Lafayette regiment on September 11, 1862. The composition of this brigade remained unchanged from this point until the war's end and included the 62d NY, 93d PVI, 98th PVI and the 102d PVI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010477-0002-0000", "contents": "139th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nDuring this time Couch's Division was detached from the Army and was occupied with guarding the fords on the Potomac. The 139th along with its brigade and division spent the next week marching from Poolesville to Sandy Hook, Maryland, from where on September 17, 1862, it was forced marched to the Battle of Antietam where it was placed in line of battle but did not see any significant combat. The next day, the regiment pursued the Confederate army and fought in a skirmish at Williamsport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010477-0003-0000", "contents": "139th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 139th was transferred in October 1862 to the VI Corps. In the Battle of Fredericksburg, it suffered minor casualties from artillery fire, but didn't get a chance to fight. Five months later, however, it did participate in the 2nd Battle of Fredericksburg. At the Battle of Gettysburg in July, it helped defend the left flank of the Union army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010477-0004-0000", "contents": "139th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThroughout the spring and into early summer of 1864, the 139th fought in Grant's Overland Campaign and the early stages of the Siege of Petersburg. In July, it was transferred to Washington, D.C. with the rest of the VI Corps to defeat Lt. Gen. Jubal Early's attack on the city. Then they fought under Philip Sheridan in the Valley to ensure that no more Confederate armies would invade again. (See the article on the campaign). By December 1864, they were back in the siege lines of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010477-0005-0000", "contents": "139th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 139th supported Sheridan in the Appomattox Campaign and fought in the Battle of Sailor's Creek. After the surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, it was ordered to the North Carolina border to support William T. Sherman, but the Confederate surrender there made further support unnecessary. The regiment was mustered out June 21, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010478-0000-0000", "contents": "139th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 139th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, formed three times during World War II, in 1939 and twice in 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010478-0001-0000", "contents": "139th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), First Formation\nIts First Formation was established at Kozelsk in September 1939, on the basis of a regiment of the 81st Rifle Division. It fought in the Winter War with Finland. It initially consisted of the 718th, 609th, and 364th Rifle Regiments. Fighting as part of 8th Army, it was defeated at the Battle of Tolvaj\u00e4rvi on 12 December 1939. It was serving with 37th Rifle Corps, 6th Army, Kiev Special Military District, on 22 June 1941. It was wiped out during the Battle of Uman in August 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010478-0002-0000", "contents": "139th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Formation\nIt was recreated (II formation) from 9th Moscow People's Militia Rifle Division (In 1941, residents of Zamoskvorechye formed the Twelfth Militia Division of Kirovsky District (\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430) (Zamoskvorechye District). It was destroyed again at Vyazma in October 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010478-0003-0000", "contents": "139th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Third Formation\nIt was recreated (III formation) at Cheboksary in January 1942. Fought at Kursk and Gdynia. It received a large number of volunteers from Siberia before participating in the Battle of Kursk. A popular song was written about a platoon of the division \"Na Bazimyannoy Visote\" (Russian: \"\u041d\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u044b\u043c\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435\") (On a nameless height) featured in the film \"Tishina\" (Silence) that documented the events of a defence of a height at the village of Rubezhenka, Kuybyshevsky rayon, Kaluga Oblast, when the platoon defended against an attack by a German battalion estimated at a strength of 200 on 14 September 1943. There were only two survivors from the platoon, but the height was held. It was serving with the 49th Army of the 2nd Belorussian Front in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010478-0004-0000", "contents": "139th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Third Formation\nThe division appears to have disbanded \"in place\" with the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany during the summer of 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010479-0000-0000", "contents": "139th meridian east\nThe meridian 139\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010479-0001-0000", "contents": "139th meridian east\nThe 139th meridian east forms a great circle with the 41st meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010479-0002-0000", "contents": "139th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 139th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010480-0000-0000", "contents": "139th meridian west\nThe meridian 139\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010480-0001-0000", "contents": "139th meridian west\nThe 139th meridian west forms a great circle with the 41st meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010480-0002-0000", "contents": "139th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 139th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010481-0000-0000", "contents": "13: Fear Is Real\n13: Fear Is Real is an American horror reality competition series which premiered on January 7, 2009. It follows a group of 13 contestants as they are trying to survive in a setting inspired by horror movies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010481-0001-0000", "contents": "13: Fear Is Real\nOn May 27, 2009, The CW canceled the series after one season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010481-0002-0000", "contents": "13: Fear Is Real, About the show\n13: Fear Is Real was produced by Magic Molehill Productions, Inc. and Warner Horizon Television Inc. in association with Jay Bienstock Productions and Ghost House Pictures with executive producers Jay Bienstock (Survivor, The Apprentice), Sam Raimi (the Spider-Man films, the Evil Dead films) and Robert Tapert (the Evil Dead films, The Grudge films).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010481-0003-0000", "contents": "13: Fear Is Real, About the show\nThe show involved 13 people competing against each other to avoid elimination in situations utilising their \"deepest fears\". The 13 will face shocking surprises, psychological scares and many \"beware of the dark\" moments, all designed by a \"mastermind\" of terror. In addition to frightening them, he will also entice individuals to work in concert with him and against the others, creating a situation in which the 13 will not only look over their shoulders but will also never be certain who is real before them. Each week, one or two unlucky victims will be \"killed off\" via frightening challenges and game-playing until only one person is left to win the grand prize of\u2014fittingly\u2014$66,666.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010481-0004-0000", "contents": "13: Fear Is Real, About the show, Challenges\nEach round of the game consisted of two challenges: a \"ritual\" and an \"execution ceremony.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010481-0005-0000", "contents": "13: Fear Is Real, About the show, Challenges, Rituals\n\"Rituals\" were challenges designed to prey on players' deepest fears. They were played either as two-player teams or as individuals. In team rituals, if there is an odd number of players, one sits out and is granted immunity for that round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010481-0006-0000", "contents": "13: Fear Is Real, About the show, Challenges, Rituals\nThe ritual was set up so that either one team or two individual players would fail the challenge. The two players that failed the challenge were \"condemned\" to the \"execution ceremony.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010481-0007-0000", "contents": "13: Fear Is Real, About the show, Challenges, Execution Ceremonies\nThe \"execution ceremony\" was an elimination challenge normally played between the two players that failed the \"ritual.\" If the current \"killer\" was successfully accused, they would also participate in the execution ceremony, as would any player who falsely accused another player of being the \"killer.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 66], "content_span": [67, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010481-0008-0000", "contents": "13: Fear Is Real, About the show, Challenges, Execution Ceremonies\nNormally, the execution ceremony would consist of the players racing to escape a death trap of some sort. If a player successfully escaped, they would return to the game. The last player still in the death trap will be \"killed\" and eliminated from the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 66], "content_span": [67, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010481-0009-0000", "contents": "13: Fear Is Real, About the show, Challenges, Execution Ceremonies\nPrior to the execution ceremony, players would record \"last words\" on video as a farewell to the group in case they lost. The player who was \"killed off\" would have their video viewed by the rest of the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 66], "content_span": [67, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010481-0010-0000", "contents": "13: Fear Is Real, About the show, The Death Box\nThe death box was introduced the day after the contestants arrived. It was able to kill off a total of three players. Whoever had the death box became the \"killer\" and could kill off any other player at any time other than during a challenge. Any player who was killed off by the death box was eliminated from the game immediately, without any chance to give any last words. A bloody glove would be left on the bed of any player who was killed off by the death box.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010481-0011-0000", "contents": "13: Fear Is Real, About the show, The Death Box\nPossessing the death box posed a risk to the killer. If another player believed that a particular player held it, they could accuse that player of being the killer. In that situation, all of the remaining players had to decide whether they agreed with the accusation. If so, the accusation would stand, and if correct, the killer would have to surrender the death box and would be sent to the execution ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010481-0012-0000", "contents": "13: Fear Is Real, About the show, The Death Box\nAccusing another player of being the killer itself carried a risk. If the accusation was false, the accuser would then be sent to the execution ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010481-0013-0000", "contents": "13: Fear Is Real, About the show, The Death Box\nIf a player was killed off while in possession of the death box and it still had one or more uses remaining, it would be re-introduced to the game prior to the next ritual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010482-0000-0000", "contents": "13AD (band)\n13AD was a prominent classic and hard rock band from Kochi, India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010482-0001-0000", "contents": "13AD (band), History and formation\n13AD was one of India's topmost rock bands from the 1980s to the mid-1990s. The band was formed in 1977. The line up at that time was Stanley Luiz on vocals, Eloy Isaacs on guitar and vocals, Ashley Pinto on guitars and vocals, Anil Raun on bass guitar, and Petro Correia on drums. 13AD used to play in hotel Sea Lord in Kochi, Kerala, India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010482-0002-0000", "contents": "13AD (band), History and formation\nThey released two albums, Ground Zero and Tough on the Streets in the 1990s. George Thomas Jr. (Viju), who used to jam with the band, urged them to write their own songs. Thomas wrote the songs \"Ground Zero\" and \"Revelations\". The song \"Ground Zero\" from the album Ground Zero was a hit during the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010482-0003-0000", "contents": "13AD (band), History and formation\nWith the release of their debut album Ground Zero (1989), the band grabbed the attention of young India. After relentless travelling, the band brought out another album Tough on the Streets (1992).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010482-0004-0000", "contents": "13AD (band), History and formation\nIn 1993, they got the opportunity to perform overseas at a few high-end restaurants in Muscat, Oman. They played at Pavo Real, a Mexican Restaurant, where the band gained further fame and popularity among fans in the Middle East. This line up included the extremely talented George Peter, Pinson Correia and lady crooner Sunita Menon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010482-0005-0000", "contents": "13AD (band), Reunion and recent happenings\nAfter a break, the band had announced a reunion in 2008. During the reunion concert, they announced the release of their third album City Blues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010482-0006-0000", "contents": "13AD (band), Reunion and recent happenings\nThe next mission of 13AD is to bring forth a new bilingual album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010483-0000-0000", "contents": "13D Research\n13D Research is an independent institutional global research firm founded by Kiril Sokoloff in 1983. The company derives its name from Schedule 13D, an SEC form that must be submitted to the US Securities and Exchange Commission within 10 days, by anyone who acquires beneficial ownership of more than 5% of any class of publicly traded securities in a public company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010483-0001-0000", "contents": "13D Research\n13D research publishes English-language and Mandarin Chinese international weekly newsletters and is headquartered in St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010483-0002-0000", "contents": "13D Research, Publications\nWhat I Learned This Week (WILTW) is 13D Research's flagship publication. WILTW began as an English-language international weekly newsletter in 2001, although today the newsletter is also published in Mandarin Chinese. The newsletter developed a global following of institutional investors, political leaders, and corporate executives. The publication covers a wide range of investing themes, including commodities, currencies, central bank policies, technology, demographics, political and social trends, energy markets, food security, credit markets, cyber security, climate change, and country-specific analyses of China, Japan, India, et al. It also covers a breadth of topics outside of the financial sector, such as literature, history, and personal health.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010483-0003-0000", "contents": "13D Research, Publications\n13D Research also publishes What Are The Markets Telling Us (WATMTU), a weekly compilation of chart analysis focused on intermediate- and long-term market trends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010484-0000-0000", "contents": "13Hrs\n13Hrs, also known by the name Night Wolf, is a 2010 British horror film directed by Jonathan Glendening. The film stars Isabella Calthorpe as the main female lead, and also features Gemma Atkinson, John Lynch, Joshua Bowman, Antony De Liseo and Tom Felton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010484-0001-0000", "contents": "13Hrs, Plot\nAfter spending a few years in Los Angeles, Sarah Tyler (Isabella Calthorpe) returns to her home in England. She arrives to find her brothers having a party in the barn, among which are Stephen Moore (Peter Gadiot), his girlfriend Emily (Gemma Atkinson), Charlie Moore (Gabriel Thomson), Gary Ashby (Tom Felton), Doug Walker (Joshua Bowman), their youngest brother Luke Moore (Antony De Liseo) and their dog, Stoner. Luke tells Sarah about their parents' arguments over bills, and their mother's supposed love affair. When Sarah inquires about this, Stephen reveals that her stepfather has accused her mother of having an affair with a man to whom she is paying large sums of money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010484-0002-0000", "contents": "13Hrs, Plot\nThe brewing storm outside causes a power outage. The group notice blood at the top of the stairs. Gary leaves the group to look for candles; meanwhile the group sees that the blood is coming from their father's room. They find his lifeless body, which appears to have been attacked by some wild animal. At the same time, Gary discovers Stoner's bloody remains. The group encounters a beast-like creature and narrowly escape. When Gary calls to them, it catches and kills him. The group flees to the bathroom, and Sarah discovers a passageway leading up to the attic. Momentarily safe, the group contemplate their situation. Emily sees a pathway leading to another room, and the group decides that Sarah shall go down and distract the beast while Charlie goes to call for help on their father's phone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010484-0003-0000", "contents": "13Hrs, Plot\nWhile Sarah distracts the monster, Charlie contacts the police. However, the beast kills and devours him. When Sarah witnesses this, the monster pursues her, and manages to bite her leg. On the other side of town, McRae, a trained dog-catcher, is picked up by police officer May, who believes the call is a hoax, on the way to investigate Charlie's call. Back in the attic, as Doug tends to Sarah's leg, Stephen and Emily discover another passageway into a room containing a shotgun. Armed with a stake, Sarah makes her way down and injures the beast before it attacks Emily. She attempts to kill the beast with the gun, but accidentally shoots herself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010484-0004-0000", "contents": "13Hrs, Plot\nMcRae and May find an abandoned car in the middle of the road, and upon discovering several evidences, conclude that Charlie's call might not have been a hoax. Luke returns to the house, unaware of what's happening. He finds Gary's body and is soon pursued by the beast. After falling through the ceiling, Sarah takes Luke and the remaining survivors to the roof. McRae and May arrive but are both slain by the beast. Sarah reaches their vehicle and takes the handbag inside, which she realizes is her mother's. At the barn, Stephen tries to fix the Jeep, which he had tampered with to prevent their mother from seeing her lover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010484-0005-0000", "contents": "13Hrs, Plot\nSarah blames Stephen for the possible death of her mother, and they get into a fight. He then runs out of the barn and is attacked by the beast, while Sarah begins to transform into one as well. Luke and Doug return to the house and hide from the beast. A beast-like Sarah attacks and fights with the other beast. Doug, trying to shoot at the beast, is killed by Sarah; Luke runs back to the car. In the morning, Sarah is human again, and it is revealed that the other beast is their mother who had left to go somewhere where she could not hurt anyone, not to have a love affair. Sarah and Luke leave to go somewhere safe like their mother did.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010484-0006-0000", "contents": "13Hrs, Plot\nThe film finishes by looking at the mauled and bloody body of Gary, who then opens his eyes and takes a breath before the screen cuts to black. This implies that the others who were bitten will come back to life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010484-0007-0000", "contents": "13Hrs, Reception\nMike Noyes from the website \"Inside Pulse\" wrote: \"Night Wolf is based on a solid premise and with a better script and a higher budget for Werewolf effects it could have been a solid entry in the genre. But the film brings nothing new or interesting to the genre and leaves you with a bad, unsatisfied taste in your mouth instead.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010484-0008-0000", "contents": "13Hrs, Home media\nThe film was released on both DVD and Blu-ray on 25 October 2010 in the United Kingdom by High Fliers Films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010485-0000-0000", "contents": "13N (Argentina)\nThe 13N was a Cacerolazo against President Cristina Fern\u00e1ndez de Kirchner that took place in Argentina on November 13, 2014. It was organized by social networks. The people in the demonstration protested against the high crime rate, the high inflation and the corruption scandals. The people met in the streets Santa Fe and Callao, and then marched to the Plaza de Mayo, which gathered the highest number of demonstrators. There was a strong security network at the Plaza de Mayo and the Congressional Plaza. The demonstration a lower number of demonstrators than previous ones such as the 8N and the 18A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010485-0001-0000", "contents": "13N (Argentina)\nJorge Capitanich, chief of the cabinet of ministers, rejected the demonstration and said that people should voice their opinion about the government only at the 2015 elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010486-0000-0000", "contents": "13P/Olbers\n13P/Olbers is a periodic comet with an orbital period of 69 years. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet with (20 years < period < 200 years).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010486-0001-0000", "contents": "13P/Olbers\nHeinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers (Bremen) discovered the comet on March 6, 1815. Its orbit was first computed by Carl Friedrich Gauss on March 31, Friedrich Bessel calculated an orbital period as 73 years, later as 73.9 years, calculations by other astronomers during that era resulted anywhere between 72 and 77 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010486-0002-0000", "contents": "13P/Olbers\nThe comet was last detected in 1956. It will next come to perihelion on June 30, 2024. the comet will be closest to the Earth on January 10, 2094 when it passes at a distance of 0.756\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010486-0003-0000", "contents": "13P/Olbers\nThere is some speculation that 13P/Olbers has an associated meteor shower on Mars coming from the direction of Beta Canis Major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010487-0000-0000", "contents": "13cabs\n13cabs is an Australian taxi network with a fleet of over 10,000 vehicles. Named after their phone number (13 2227 or \u201c13cabs\u201d), and a part of A2B Australia, 13cabs operates in Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane and Newcastle.13cabs has expanded to the Northern Territory, regional Victoria and regional Queensland, providing a 24/7 booking service via three Australian-based contact centres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010487-0001-0000", "contents": "13cabs\n13cabs began a delivery service in March 2020, offering to pick up and deliver goods and parcels, in an effort to counter the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the taxi industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010487-0002-0000", "contents": "13cabs\nBookings can be made through the 13cabs app, enabling users to book a taxi as they would if they were travelling. They then fill in an option to mark it as a parcel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010487-0003-0000", "contents": "13cabs, Community\n13cabs supports and creates community programs such as the 13cabs Taxi Driver Memorial Cup, an annual cricket match between a team of taxi drivers and a team of professional athletes. In 2019, they facilitated over 8 million trips supporting passengers with a disability. Other initiatives include helping to deliver medical goods to hospitals, partnering with charitable organisations like Guide Dogs Australia, the Royal Children's Hospital and the Good Friday Appeal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010487-0004-0000", "contents": "13cabs, Locations\n13cabs operates in NSW, QLD, SA, VIC, TAS, ACT and will be soon in WA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010487-0005-0000", "contents": "13cabs, 2013-2014 Monash Business awards\nOn 25 July 2014, 13cabs was awarded the Monash Business Awards Business of the Year 2013\u20132014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010488-0000-0000", "contents": "13eaver (album)\n13eaver is the debut album from Stoner rock band Beaver. It is out of print.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010489-0000-0000", "contents": "13i\n13i (or Canal 13 Internacional) is a Chilean pay television channel, that was launched as Channel 13's international broadcasting service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010489-0001-0000", "contents": "13i, History\nIts programming consists of direct live broadcasts from channel 13 of Santiago, with additional news bulletins and programmes especially produced for the international feed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010489-0002-0000", "contents": "13i, History\nFrom 1995 until 2001, Canal 13 has an international channel, called UCTV Chile, which was rebranded as 13i on 30 June 2014, available as both a pay television channel and a subscription-based online livestream.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0000-0000", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome\n13q deletion syndrome is a rare genetic disease caused by the deletion of some or all of the large arm of human chromosome 13. Depending upon the size and location of the deletion on chromosome 13, the physical and mental manifestations will vary. It has the potential to cause intellectual disability and congenital malformations that affect a variety of organ systems. Because of the rarity of the disease in addition to the variations in the disease, the specific genes that cause this disease are unknown. This disease is also known as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0001-0000", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms\nVariations of the signs and symptoms occur depending upon the area of chromosome 13 that is deleted. Deletions from the centromere to 13q32 or any deletions including the 13q32 band are associated with slow growth, intellectual disability, and congenital malformations. Deletions from 13q33 to the end of the chromosome are associated with intellectual disability. Intellectual disabilities range from very mild to very severe, and can co-occur with behavioral disorders and/or autism spectrum disorders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0002-0000", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms\nAt birth, the main symptoms include low weight (due to intrauterine growth restriction), hypotonia, and feeding difficulties. Infants may also have cleft palate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0003-0000", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms\n13q deletion syndrome gives a characteristic appearance to affected individuals, potentially including microphthalmia (small eyes), hypertelorism (wide-set eyes), thin forehead, high palate, underdeveloped midface, small mouth, small nose, broad, flat nasal bridge, short neck, low hairline, irregular or wrongly positioned teeth, low-set ears, micrognathia (small jaw), tooth enamel defects, short stature, microcephaly (small head), a prominent, long philtrum, and earlobes turned inwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0004-0000", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms\nCongenital heart disease is also associated with 13q deletion syndrome. Common defects include atrial septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta. Defects of the endocrine system, digestive system, and genitourinary system are also common. These include underdevelopment or agenesis of the pancreas, adrenal glands, thymus, gallbladder, and thyroid; Hirschsprung's disease; gastric reflux, imperforate anus, retention testis, ectopic kidney, renal agenesis, and hydronephrosis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0005-0000", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms\nA variety of brain abnormalities are also associated with 13q deletion. They can include epilepsy, craniosynostosis (premature closing of the skull bones), spastic diplegia, cerebral hypotrophy, underdevelopment or agenesis of the corpus callosum, cerebellar hypoplasia, deafness, and, rarely, hydrocephalus, Dandy\u2013Walker syndrome, and spina bifida. The eyes can be severely damaged and affected individuals may be blind. They may also have coloboma of the iris or choroid, strabismus, nystagmus, glaucoma, or cataracts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0006-0000", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms\nOther skeletal malformations are found with 13q deletion syndrome, including syndactyly, clubfoot, clinodactyly, and malformations of the vertebrae and/or thumbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0007-0000", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms\nDeletions that include the 13q32 band, which contains the brain development gene ZIC2,  are associated with holoprosencephaly; they are also associated with hand and foot malformations. Deletions that include the 13q14 band, which contains the tumor suppressor gene Rb, are associated with a higher risk of developing retinoblastoma, which is more common in XY children. Deletion of the 13q33.3 band is associated with hypospadias. Other genes in the potentially affected region include NUFIP1, HTR2A, PDCH8, and PCDH17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0008-0000", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms\nIn males with 13q deletion syndrome, genital abnormalities are common. The meatus, or urinary opening, may appear on the underside of the penis (hypospadis), and/or the testes will not descend into the scrotum (cryptochidism). The scrotum will often be unusually small or abnormally divided into two sections (bifid scrotum); the penis may be unusually small (micropenis), and/or abnormal passage may be present between the scrotum and the anus (perineal fistula). In rare cases, the anal opening may be absent or covered by a thing membrane which can cause obstruction (anal atresia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0009-0000", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, Causes\nAlthough one can inherit 13q deletion syndrome, the most common way to obtain the disease is through genetic mutations. All human chromosomes have 2 arms, the p (short) arm and the q (long) arm. They are separated from each other only by a primary constriction, the centromere, the point at which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division. When portions of the long arm of chromosome 13 are altered during gametogenesis, 13q deletion syndrome results. Because the 13th chromosome holds between 300 and 400 genes, a deletion of any part of this chromosome (locus (genetics)) or mutation of any codon can lead to a large variety of malfunctions within the system. {{cn}]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0010-0000", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, Mechanism\nThis disorder is caused by the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13, which can either be deleted linearly or as a ring chromosome. It is typically not hereditary\u2014 the loss of a portion of the chromosome typically occurs during gametogenesis, making it a de novo mutation. When it is hereditary, it is usually caused by a parent having mosaicism or a balanced translocation. The severity of the disorder is correlated with the size of the deletion, with larger deletions causing more severe manifestations. There are three common anomalies predominately observed in 13q deletion syndrome: congenital heart disease, anorectal/genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tract malformations. These are all part of the VACTERL associations which is a disorder that is characterized by vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac defect, tracheoesphageal fistula, renal anomalies, and limb defects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 922]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0011-0000", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, Diagnosis\n13q deletion syndrome can only be definitively diagnosed by genetic analysis, which can be done prenatally or after birth. Family and medical history is important when diagnosing a child with 13q deletion syndrome. Chromosome testing of both parents can provide more information on whether or not the deletion was inherited. Increased nuchal translucency in a first-trimester ultrasound may indicate the presence of 13q deletion. It is important to follow through with genetic testing because there are many other diseases that have similar clinical manifestations of 13q deletion syndrome. Special imaging tests, enzyme assays, electrocardiogram (EKG), echocardiogram, cardiac catheterization and more can be run on a patient who has 13q deletion syndrome in order to diagnose their accompanying defects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0012-0000", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, Treatment\nAlthough there is no cure for 13q deletion syndrome, symptoms can be managed, usually with the involvement of a neurologist, rehabilitation physician, occupational therapist, physiotherapist, psychotherapist, nutritionist, special education professional, and/or speech therapist. No treatment for 13q deletion syndrome will ever be identical due to the variations in the disease which is why the use of personalized teams with members from different medical fields is vital to the patient. If the affected child's growth is particularly slow, growth hormone treatment can be used to augment growth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0012-0001", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, Treatment\nPlastic surgeries can repair cleft palates, and surgical repair or monitoring by a pediatric cardiologist can manage cardiac defects. Some skeletal, neurological, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and ophthalmic abnormalities can be definitively treated with surgery. Endocrine abnormalities can often be managed medically. Even if a child is responding to well to his medical treatment, it is important to utilize special educators, speech and occupational therapists, and physiotherapists to help the child develop skills that will aid in his/her life in and out of the classroom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0013-0000", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, Prognosis\nAffected individuals may have a somewhat shortened lifespan without treatment. The maximum lifespan without treatment is 67 years. When a 13q deletion is detected, such as in a bone marrow biopsy for Multiple Myeloma, chemo treatments in recent years have the ability to extend life expectancy without limitations depending on response to treatments. It is not uncommon for adults with 13q deletion syndrome to need support services to maintain their activities of daily living, including adult day care services or housing services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0014-0000", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, Epidemiology\nIt is incredibly rare, with fewer than 190 cases described. Although rare, deletions involving chromosome 13q are among the most commonly observed monosomies  Chromosome 13, Partial Monosomy 13q appears to affect females slightly more frequently than males. Since the disorder was originally reported in 1963, more than 125 cases have been recorded in the medical literature. The age of onset can vary from patient to patient because of the differences in deletions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0014-0001", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, Epidemiology\nFor example, a study was able to demonstrate for the first time that a patient with a hemangioendothelioma of the liver with a simultaneous deletion in chromosome 13q of 28Mb did not develop Rb until the age of 3 years  while other patients with similar deletions have immediate clinical manifestations upon birth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0015-0000", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, Research\nAs previously stated, partial deletions on the long arm of chromosome 13 can cause numerous different effects. These effects are due to the size and position of the deleted region. A recent study done in 2017 by Wang, Wang, Niu, and Cui looked at two patients with 13q terminal (13qter) deletion syndrome. The manifestation of these patients was anal atresia with rectoperineal fistula, complex type congenital heart disease, esophageal hiatus hernia with gastroesophageal reflux, facial anomalies and developmental and mental retardation. Using array comparative genomic hybridization, two regions were identified as deleted on 13q31-qter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0015-0001", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, Research\nThese were 20.38 Mb in 13q31.3-qter and 12.99 Mb in 13q33.1-qter in patients 1 and 2, respectively. The authors were able to show that the gene encoding ephrin B2 (EFNB2) located in the 13q33.3-q34 region, and the gene coding for endothelin receptor type B, in the 13q22.1\u201331.3 region, may be suitable candidate genes for the observed urogenital/anorectal anomalies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0015-0002", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, Research\nIn addition, the microRNA-17-92a-1 cluster host gene and the glypican 6 gene in the 13q31.3 region, as well as EFNB2 and the collagen type IV a1 chain (COL4A1) and COL4A2 genes in the 13q33.1-q34 region could possibly contribute to cardiovascular disease development together. The authors showed that it is possible that those genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of complex type congenital heart disease in patients with 13q deletion syndrome. Unfortunately, there are no current clinical trials that are ongoing but research is continuing in search for clear connections between the clinical manifestations and the particular deletions that a patient has.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010490-0016-0000", "contents": "13q deletion syndrome, History\n13q deletion syndrome was first described in 1963 and fully characterized in 1971. There has not been much research done in the past with 13q deletion syndrome but more and more research is surfacing every year about the rare disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010491-0000-0000", "contents": "13th \"Shavnabada\" Light Infantry Battalion\nThe 13th \"Shavnabada\" Light Infantry Battalion (Georgian: \u10db\u10d4-13 \"\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10dc\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\"-\u10e1 \u10db\u10e1\u10e3\u10d1\u10e3\u10e5\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8) also known as the (official name) 13th Light Infantry Battalion (formerly the 113th mechanized infantry Battalion) is a military unit within the Georgian Armed Forces, so named for a type of cloak worn by medieval warriors. The most famous cloak is said to have worn by the patron saint of Georgia, Saint George, when he, according to a legend, appeared to lead Georgian army to a victory. The battalion's crest includes the word \"Shavnabada\" in Georgian, the battalion's symbol, the Griffin, and the number \"13\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010491-0001-0000", "contents": "13th \"Shavnabada\" Light Infantry Battalion\nThe \"Shavnabada\" Light Infantry Battalion was established with the independence of Georgia from the Soviet Union in 1991. It saw combat in Abkhazia in the course of the 1992-93 war conducting an amphibious assault against Gagra from the Black Sea. In 2003, the battalion received Georgia Train and Equip Program (GTEP) from the U.S. Marine Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010491-0002-0000", "contents": "13th \"Shavnabada\" Light Infantry Battalion\nMore than 90 percent of the soldiers served in Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom) in 2005 with the United States Army's 3rd Infantry Division in the Green Zone of Baghdad. Veterans of that deployment in Baghdad's Green Zone with the U.S. Army's 3rd Infantry Division wear the 3ID's famous division patch on their right shoulders. It is a point of considerable pride in the Georgian Army to be one of those members who fought alongside the 3ID in Baghdad. Many are also veterans of fighting a guerilla insurgency in the South Ossetia region of the country in October 2004. From 2010 to 2011, the battalion served as part of ISAF in Helmand, Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0000-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion\nThe 13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion was an airborne infantry battalion of the Parachute Regiment, raised by the British Army during the Second World War. The battalion was formed in May 1943 by the conversion of the 2/4th Battalion, South Lancashire Regiment to parachute duties and was assigned to the 5th Parachute Brigade in the 6th Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0001-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion\nIn June 1944, the battalion took part in Operation Tonga, the invasion of Normandy on D-Day, and the 6th Airborne Division advance to the River Seine, before being withdrawn back to England. Three months later they were sent to Belgium to help counter the surprise German Ardennes offensive, which became known as the Battle of the Bulge. Later, in March 1945, the battalion took part in the last airborne operation of the war: the River Rhine crossing in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0001-0001", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion\nAfter the war in Europe ended, they were sent to India to conduct operations against the Japanese Empire, however, the war ended before they could begin. As a result, the battalion was sent to British Malaya, Singapore and Java to help disarm the Japanese occupiers and restore law and order. While in the Far East 252 men of the battalion were convicted of mutiny and soon afterwards, in May 1946, the battalion was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0002-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion\nA new 13th Parachute Battalion (TA) was raised when the Territorial Army was reformed in 1947. Over the years, as a result of a number of amalgamations, this battalion eventually became part of the present day 4th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0003-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Formation history, Background\nImpressed by the success of German airborne operations during the Battle of France, the then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill, directed the War Office to investigate the possibility of creating a corps of 5,000 parachute troops. The standards set for British airborne troops were extremely high, and from the first group of 3,500 volunteers only 500 men were accepted to go forward to parachute training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0004-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Formation history, Background\nAdditionally on 22 June 1940, a Commando unit, No. 2 Commando, was turned over to parachute duties and on 21 November re-designated the 11th Special Air Service Battalion, with a parachute and glider wing. It was these men who took part in the first British airborne operation, Operation Colossus, on 10 February 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0004-0001", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Formation history, Background\nThe 11th SAS Battalion later became the 1st Parachute Battalion The success of the raid prompted the War Office to expand the existing airborne force, setting up the Airborne Forces Depot and Battle School in Derbyshire in April 1942, and creating the Parachute Regiment as well as converting a number of infantry battalions into airborne battalions in August 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0005-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Formation history, Battalion\nThe 13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion was formed in May 1943, by the conversion of the 2/4th Battalion, South Lancashire Regiment to parachute duties. This was the last British parachute battalion formed before the invasion of France, and was assigned to the 5th Parachute Brigade, part of the 6th Airborne Division. The first commanding officer (CO) was Lieutenant-Colonel Russell, who was succeeded by Lieutenant-Colonel Peter Luard. Upon formation, the battalion was based at Larkhill and had an establishment of 556 men in three rifle companies. The companies were divided into a small headquarters and three platoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0005-0001", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Formation history, Battalion\nThe platoons had three Bren machine guns and three 2-inch mortars, one of each per section. The only heavy weapons in the battalion were a 3\u00a0inch mortar and a Vickers machine gun platoon. By 1944 a headquarters or support company, was added to the battalion. It comprised five platoons\u2014motor transport, signals, mortar, machine-gun and anti-tank\u2014and was equipped with eight 3-inch (76\u00a0mm) mortars, four Vickers machine guns and ten PIAT anti-tank projectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0006-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Formation history, Battalion\nAll members of the battalion had to undergo a 12-day parachute training course which was carried out at No. 1 Parachute Training School, RAF Ringway. Training consisted of an initial parachute jump from a converted barrage balloon and finished with five jumps from an aircraft. Anyone failing to complete a descent was returned to his old unit, while those men who successfully completed the parachute course were presented with their maroon beret and parachute wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0007-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Formation history, Battalion\nAirborne soldiers were expected to fight against superior numbers of the enemy, armed with heavy weapons, including artillery and tanks. As a result, training was designed to encourage a spirit of self-discipline, self-reliance and aggressiveness. Emphasis was given to physical fitness, marksmanship and fieldcraft. A large part of the training regime consisted of assault courses and route marching. Military exercises included capturing and holding airborne bridgeheads, road or rail bridges and coastal fortifications. At the end of most exercises, the battalion would march back to their barracks. An ability to cover long distances at speed was expected: airborne platoons were required to cover a distance of 50 miles (80\u00a0km) in 24 hours, and battalions 32 miles (51\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0008-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Normandy\nAt 00:50 on 6 June 1944, as part of Operation Tonga, the 13th Parachute Battalion landed in Normandy. The battalions drop was scattered over a large area and only around sixty percent of the battalions men were at the forming up point when they headed off towards their objectives. The battalion had been tasked with securing the area around Drop Zone 'N' and the River Orne and Caen canal bridges that had been captured in a coup-de-main by a glider-borne force from the 2nd Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, part of 6th Airlanding Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0008-0001", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Normandy\nThe battalion also had to secure the town of Ranville, which it achieved at around 04:00 against heavy resistance from the Germans. One company from the battalion remained at the landing-zone to provide protection for 591st (Antrim) Parachute Squadron, Royal Engineers, who were to demolish poles and explosives positioned to prevent a glider landing, so that the divisional headquarters could land safely. By midnight the battalion, less 62 men who were missing, was occupying Ranville. Dug in around Ranville the battalion was subjected to artillery and mortar bombardments, and sporadic infantry assaults. This lasted until 17 June when they were relieved by the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion and move to Le Mesnil. On 25 June the battalion was sent to rest in the Benourville area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0009-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Normandy\nOn 3 July 100 infantry replacements arrived, and on 5 July the battalion returned to the front line taking over their original positions from the Canadians. By now German activity had lessened, while in the front line the battalion kept up a programme of patrols. Around half of July was spent in the rear areas training as the divisional assault battalion or resting. The battalion returned to the front on 7 August taking over the positions of the No. 46 (Royal Marine) Commando near Sallenelles. German activity was light and the Battalion was employed in carrying out patrols until 13 August when it was once again relieved and went into reserve. While in reserve it practised manoeuvre warfare in anticipation of the expected advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0010-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Normandy\nThe 6th Airborne Division's advance started 17 August 1944. The 13th Battalion followed up the leading elements on 18 August when it crossed the River Dives at Troarn and attacked Putot en Auge. On 19 August, the battalion was involved in the battle of Hill 13, which cost them 70 dead and wounded. On 22 August, they had reached Pont L'Eveque. By 14:15 the whole battalion had entered the town, in the face of heavy resistance which included fire from anti-aircraft guns that were being used in a ground role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0010-0001", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Normandy\nSupported by a troop of Cromwell tanks from the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment, the town was secured up to the bridge. The following day at 06:00 'B' Company assaulted the bridge securing a bridgehead on the far bank. The rest of the battalion soon followed, but by 1330 following fierce German resistance, the battalion was forced to withdraw covered by the 7th Parachute Battalion. The next day, 24 August, the Germans withdrew from the bridge followed by the battalion which established a blocking position at Les Authieux sur Calonne to cut off the German retreat. Remaining in position until 26 August they resumed the advance, passing through Saint Maclou to Pont Audemer, and eventually reached Genneville where the advance was stopped. On 3 September the battalion's remaining 16 officers and 270 men left France for Southampton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0011-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Ardennes\nIn December 1944, the battalion was still reforming after the Normandy battles when they were moved to Belgium to help counter the German advance in the Ardennes, known as the Battle of the Bulge. By 29 December, the 6th Airborne Division was established along the River Meuse. The 13th Parachute Battalion was attached to the 29th Armoured Brigade of 11th Armoured Division. On 2 January 1945, they were ordered to capture the villages of Bure and Grupont supported by the Sherman tanks of the Fife and Forfar Yeomanry. Once these had been captured a crossing over the River Lhomme would be seized to stop the German breakthrough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0012-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Ardennes\nThe following day the battalion left Resteigne on foot and at 13:00 started the attack on Bure. ' A' Company was to secure the village, while 'B' Company secured the high ground and 'C' Company was in reserve. The village was defended in force and the assault was met with sustained and heavy mortar and machine gun fire, supported by armoured vehicles. Despite the heavy fire both 'A' and 'B' Companies managed to capture half the village. At 17:00 'C' Company was sent in to reinforce them, supported by tank and artillery fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0013-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Ardennes\nThe battalion formed a number of strong points in their half of the village, carried out fighting patrols and fought off four German counterattacks. One attack on 'A' Company, was only defeated when they called down artillery fire on their own positions. In the closeness of the fighting, the paratroopers used their fighting knives to avoid giving away their locations and casualties could not be evacuated or supplies brought forward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0014-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Ardennes\nOn 4 January the battalion was subjected to a continuous artillery barrage, and fought off another five German counterattacks. Later that day they were reinforced by a company from the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry. In the early hours of 5 January the battalion started another attack and had successfully captured the rest of the village by 21:00. During the same time the 7th Parachute Battalion had captured Grupont and at 22:00 the battalion became the brigade reserve. The battle for Bure had cost the 13th Battalion 68 killed and 121 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0015-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Germany\nThe battalion was next in action during Operation Varsity the airborne assault crossing of the River Rhine. The 5th Parachute Brigade arrived around ten minutes after the 3rd Parachute Brigade had already landed and as a result the German defenders were already alert and waiting. The brigade was designated to land on Drop Zone\u00a0B and achieved this, although not as accurately as 3rd Parachute Brigade due to poor visibility around the drop zone, which also made it more difficult for paratroopers of the brigade to rally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0015-0001", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Germany\nThe drop zone came under heavy fire from German troops stationed nearby, and was subjected to shellfire and mortaring which inflicted casualties in the battalion rendezvous areas. However, 7th Parachute Battalion soon cleared the DZ of German troops, many of whom were situated in farms and houses, and the 12th and 13th Parachute Battalions rapidly secured the rest of the brigade's objectives. The brigade was then ordered to move due east and clear an area near Schnappenberg, as well as to engage German forces gathered to the west of the farmhouse where the 6th Airborne Division Headquarters was established. By 15:30 Brigadier Poett reported that the brigade had secured all of its objectives and linked up with other British airborne units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0016-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Germany\nThe 13th Battalion's advance out of the bridgehead began the next day on 27 March, reaching Brunen without any opposition. Until then the 7th Parachute Battalion had been leading the brigade but the 13th Battalion then took over and secured the high ground overlooking the village of Erle, which was captured that night by the 12th Parachute Battalion. By the beginning of April, the brigade was supported by tanks from the 6th Guards Tank Brigade and heading towards Osnabr\u00fcck, which was reached with the battalion leading on the night 4 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0016-0001", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Germany\nAfter a short rest the brigade's advance began again on 8 April with orders to head for Neustadt and Bordenau to secure crossings over the River Leine. The battalion was in reserve as the 7th and 12th battalions headed towards the two towns, securing the bridge at Bordenau intact. The 13th Battalion continued the advance into Germany behind the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division until 30 April when they were ordered to head towards Wismar on the Baltic Sea, arriving just before the lead units of the Red Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0017-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Far East\nWhen the war in Europe ended, it was intended to send the 6th Airborne Division to the Far East to take part in operations against the Japanese Empire alongside the 44th Indian Airborne Division. However, only the advance party of the 5th Parachute Brigade had reached India by the time that the war ended and, as a result, the battalion took no active part in the fighting against the Japanese. Nevertheless, the brigade landed from the sea in northern Malaya and then moved to Singapore to re-establish British control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0018-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Far East\nThe 13th Battalion, still with 5th Parachute Brigade, were initially deployed to Batavia in Java, where they were placed under the command of the 23rd Indian Infantry Division. It was soon moved to Semarang on the northern coast, however, arriving there on 9 January 1946. Upon arrival the 13th Battalion assumed responsibility for the docks and the town centre. They also carried out patrols around local villages to deter extremists and guerrilla groups infiltrating into the town. In April a Dutch brigade arrived and the battalion returned to Singapore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0019-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Far East\nOn 13 May 1946, while stationed at Muar Camp Malaya, 255 men refused to obey the commanding officer's orders and were later charged with mutiny. Of the 255 men, three were acquitted, and eight were sentenced to five years' penal servitude and to be discharged from the army. The rest were given two years imprisonment with hard labour and discharged. Two days after sentencing, after a review by the Judge Advocate-General the sentences were quashed. Commenting \"there was a number of irregularities of a substantial nature which may well have prejudiced the accused individually. These irregularities in his opinion rendered the trial as a whole so unsatisfactory that the convictions ought not to be allowed to stand.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0020-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Far East\nThe 5th Parachute Brigade then left the Far East to rejoin the 6th Airborne Division now serving in Palestine. The 13th Parachute Battalion, however, was disbanded just before leaving Malaya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010492-0021-0000", "contents": "13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Territorial Army\nIn 1947 when the Territorial Army was reformed, a new 13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion (TA) was raised. The battalion served in the 44th Independent Parachute Brigade Group (TA) alongside the 10th (City of London) Parachute Battalion, 12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, 15th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion and the 17th (Durham Light Infantry) Parachute Battalion. In October 1956 following defence cuts, the 13th Battalion was amalgamated with the 12th Battalion to form 12/13 PARA (TA). The 12/13 Battalion was itself amalgamated with the 17th Battalion in 1967, forming the 4th Battalion, Parachute Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010493-0000-0000", "contents": "13th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth), East Surrey Regiment\nThe 13th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth), East Surrey Regiment was a British New Army infantry battalion during the First World War. Formed in 1915 as a hostilities-only battalion, it was part of the East Surrey Regiment garrisoned at Witley, England. Going to France in 1916, it saw action at the battles of the Somme, Cambrai, Arras and the Lys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010493-0001-0000", "contents": "13th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth), East Surrey Regiment, Formation\nThe battalion was formed in Wandsworth by the Mayor on 16 June 1915, and the War Office recognised the battalion on 28 August 1915. The separate 14th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth) East Surrey Regiment was absorbed into other training reserve battalions in June 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 70], "content_span": [71, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010493-0002-0000", "contents": "13th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth), East Surrey Regiment, Formation\nThe 13th Battalion wore a special cap badge, authorised by the War Office. The arms of Wandsworth were displayed at the centre of the badge, instead of the arms of Guildford, worn more generally by the East Surrey Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 70], "content_span": [71, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010493-0003-0000", "contents": "13th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth), East Surrey Regiment, Western Front, 1916\nAfter training in southern England, the battalion landed at Le Harve on 4 June 1916. They were then moved to Lens and from there with the 40th Division moved to the Hohenzollern Redoubt where they relieved the 12th Battalion, Suffolk Regiment. They were not involved in major actions at the Hohenzollern Redoubt, but artillery bombardment was starting to take a toll, with casualties of 16%. The battalion was then put into reserve for the next months while the 40th Division was being relieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 80], "content_span": [81, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010493-0003-0001", "contents": "13th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth), East Surrey Regiment, Western Front, 1916\nThe battalion was then temporarily attached to the 49th Division to help relieve the 4th Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry at H\u00e9buterne near the town of Albert, during the Battle of the Somme. They soon rejoined the 40th Division and marched to Bouchavesnes Area near the Somme Valley where they spent Christmas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 80], "content_span": [81, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010493-0004-0000", "contents": "13th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth), East Surrey Regiment, Western Front, 1917\nDuring the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line in the spring, the 13th Battalion were in the front line near Bouchavesnes. It was here, on 24 April during the Battle of Arras, that Corporal Edward Foster of the battalion won the Victoria Cross when he entered a heavily protected enemy trench and knocked out two machine guns, enabling the advance to continue. In the autumn, the battalion were heavily engaged in the Battle of Cambrai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 80], "content_span": [81, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010493-0005-0000", "contents": "13th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth), East Surrey Regiment, Western Front, 1918\nThe battalion fought at the Battle of the Lys during the German spring offensive and suffered severe loses when surrounded at Fleurbaix. In May, the battalion was reduced to cadre strength. After a period attached to the US Army for training purposes, the battalion returned to England on 30 June. Stationed in Lowestoft, they absorbed the newly formed 15th Battalion East Surrey Regiment and were disbanded on 3 November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 80], "content_span": [81, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010493-0006-0000", "contents": "13th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth), East Surrey Regiment, Post war\nAfter the war, to recognise their service, each Service Battalion that served overseas was presented with a King\u2019s Colour. The colour of the 13th Battalion was presented at a special ceremony on Wandsworth Common on 16 July 1921, in the presence of over 350 former members of the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 69], "content_span": [70, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0000-0000", "contents": "13th (Western) Division\nThe 13th (Western) Division was one of the Kitchener's Army divisions in the First World War, raised from volunteers by Lord Kitchener. It fought at Gallipoli, in Mesopotamia (including the capture of Baghdad) and Persia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0001-0000", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, War service 1914\u20131915, 1914\nThe 13th (Western) Division was formed as part of the First New Army at Salisbury Plain in August 1914. During the formation of the division, Major-General Robert Kekewich was appointed as its first commander. On 5 November 1914, while on sick leave he committed suicide. Although initially meant for service in France, with the rest of the Kitchener New Armies, it was ordered to the Mediterranean as reinforcements for the Anglo-French expedition at Gallipoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0002-0000", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, War service 1914\u20131915, Gallipoli 1915\nThe 13th (Western) Division landed at Anzac on the Gallipoli peninsula in July 1915 in preparation for the Battle of Sari Bair (The August Offensive) beginning on 6 August. Although all of its component infantry battalions arrived, the Division's artillery did not arrive for some months. Initially in reserve to the main break-out from Anzac by units of the New Zealand and Australian Division, the 38th and 39th Brigades were sent in as reinforcements as the attack stalled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0003-0000", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, War service 1914\u20131915, Gallipoli 1915\nThe 7th Gloucesters and the 8th Royal Welch Fusiliers were sent to support the Wellington battalion of the New Zealand Infantry Brigade when it made the decisive assault on Chunuk Bair on the morning of 8 August. Battalions of the division formed the core of the force (known as \"Baldwin's Brigade\" after the commander, Brigadier General Anthony Baldwin) to capture Hill Q on 9 August but were not in position in time and so spent the day encamped on a small plateau beneath Chunuk Bair known as \"The Farm\". When the Ottomans counter-attacked on the morning of 10 August the 13th (Western) Division troops on Chunuk Bair and at The Farm, suffered many casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0004-0000", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, War service 1914\u20131915, Gallipoli 1915\nBy September 1915, the 13th (Western) Division as a whole had suffered nearly 5,500 killed, wounded or missing out of its original strength of 10,500 men. Of the thirteen battalion commanders, ten had become casualties. On 23 August, Major-General Sir Stanley Maude took over the shattered 13th (Western) Division, Shaw being invalided home. At the beginning of October the Division was moved from Anzac to Suvla Bay. Even though the Division was once again in reserve, it suffered casualties from the Ottoman artillery. The commanders at Gallipoli already realised that the Dardanelles Campaign was a lost cause. To Maude fell the task of making sure that the 13th (Western) Division slipped away in the night during the evacuation of the Suvla Bay positions. Maude, the methodical commander, recorded:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0005-0000", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, War service 1914\u20131915, Gallipoli 1915\nI do not think we left behind us \u00a3200 worth of stuff worth having. I got away all my guns and ammunition and we even destroyed the sandbags which we had to leave in the parapets by ripping them with bayonets or clasp knives to make them useless. The withdrawal was apparently a complete surprise for the Turks, for nothing happened on either night beyond the usual sniping and firing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0005-0001", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, War service 1914\u20131915, Gallipoli 1915\nIn a way I could not help feeling a little sorry that they did not find us out, for my division had two strongly prepared lines, each with an excellent field of fire to fall back upon, and if they had only come on we should have given them a real good dressing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0006-0000", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, War service 1914\u20131915, Gallipoli 1915\nAfter being evacuated from Suvla, the 13th (Western) Division was ordered in December to reinforce the British forces at Cape Helles. No sooner than the division had arrived through W Beach, than the decision was made to evacuate this last foothold. As the Division was preparing to fall back to the beaches, it was attacked by Ottoman units in the late afternoon and evening of 7 January 1916. The main thrust of the attack, the first action under the Division's new commander, fell on the 39th Brigade, and in particular the 7th North Staffords defending Fusilier Bluff, who drove off the attackers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0007-0000", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, War service 1914\u20131915, Gallipoli 1915\nThe British evacuation from Helles occurred on the night of 8/9 January 1916. The 13th (Western) Division, fresh from its defensive victory began to fall back to Gully Beach at 5:00 p.m. By 1:15 a.m. the last detachments holding the division's trenches were on the beach waiting to be loaded onto the transports. At 2:30 a.m., Maude was informed that there were not enough transports coming to Gully Beach to carry off the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0007-0001", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, War service 1914\u20131915, Gallipoli 1915\nMaude and his headquarters staff, as well as the pickets that had been covering the beach site, had to make the 2\u00a0mi (3.2\u00a0km) run in the dark to W Beach in order to be transported out of the Helles. General William Birdwood wrote that he considered the 13th (Western) Division was the best division in the Dardanelles Army. Following its withdrawal, the 13th (Western) Division was sent to Egypt, where it was reunited with its artillery units, many of which had been stationed in Egypt while the rest of the division had been fighting in Gallipoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0008-0000", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, War service 1916\u20131918, Mesopotamia (Kut) March\u2013April 1916\nAfter a brief refit in Egypt where the Division's battalions were being brought back up to strength, the Division was dispatched to Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), as reinforcements for Anglo-Indian forces attempting to relieve the siege of Kut. It took until the end of March for the entire division to make the journey from Egypt to Basra and then from Basra up to the Tigris to join the rest of the Tigris Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 82], "content_span": [83, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0008-0001", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, War service 1916\u20131918, Mesopotamia (Kut) March\u2013April 1916\nThe 13th (Western) Division discovered that the supply situation in Mesopotamia was very difficult, the port facilities at Basra were inadequate and lacking good roads or a railway, river transport was necessary to move supplies into the hinterland. There were insufficient numbers of boats to keep the Anglo-Indian force, which the 13th (Western) Division was joining, adequately supplied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 82], "content_span": [83, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0009-0000", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, War service 1916\u20131918, Mesopotamia (Kut) March\u2013April 1916\nThe 13th (Western) Division brought with it modern, heavy artillery, including howitzers and as the strongest unit available, became the spearhead of the attempt by the Tigris Corps to relieve the Kut garrison, beginning on 6 April 1916. The division fought at Hanna, Fallahiya, and Sanniyat. After taking the first two places, the 13th (Western) Division was stopped by the Ottoman forces under the command of Khalil Pasha at the Battle of the Sanniyat on 9 April 1916. During the fighting on 5\u20139 April 1916, four 13th (Western) Division men were awarded the Victoria Cross. The first was Captain Angus Buchanan for his actions on 5 April 1916. On 9 April 1916, Chaplain William Addison, Private James Fynn and Lieutenant Edgar Myles were awarded the Victoria Cross for saving wounded soldiers. In three days of battle, the division was reduced to 5,328 effectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 82], "content_span": [83, 949]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0010-0000", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, War service 1916\u20131918, Mesopotamia (Kut) March\u2013April 1916\nExhausted by its three days of fighting, the 13th (Western) Division became the reserve for the Tigris Corps during the next phase of the operation. On 16 April 1916, it supported the 3rd (Lahore) Division on the right bank of the Tigris, as it captured the Bait Isa line, part of the Es Sinn defences supporting the Sanniyat position on the opposite bank. Taking the Bait Isa line exposed the flank of the Sanniyat position to enfilading artillery and machine-gun fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 82], "content_span": [83, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0010-0001", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, War service 1916\u20131918, Mesopotamia (Kut) March\u2013April 1916\nOn the night of 16/17 April 1916, the Khalil Pasha committed his reserves to a counter-attack to retake Bait Isa. The counter-attack struck as the 13th (Western) Division was preparing to storm the next defensive position. Although the 13th (Western) Division and 3rd (Lahore) Division hung on to their gains, the Ottoman counter-attack had taken the steam out of the Anglo-Indian offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 82], "content_span": [83, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0011-0000", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, War service 1916\u20131918, Mesopotamia (Kut) March\u2013April 1916\nWith the 13th (Western) Division so depleted, it was reduced to providing machine-gun and artillery fire for the 7th (Meerut) Division when it made the final push to break the Ottoman lines at the Sanniyat. On 22 April 1916, the divisional artillery and machine-guns were used to support the abortive attack by the 7th (Meerut) Division. On 29 April 1916, following the Tigris Corps' failure to break the Ottoman siege and the sinking of the steamer Julnar as it attempted to steam upriver past the Ottoman defenders, the Kut garrison surrendered. At the end of August 13 (Western) Division was withdrawn to Amara to ease the supply situation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 82], "content_span": [83, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0012-0000", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, War service 1916\u20131918, Baghdad, December 1916 \u2013 March 1917\nBetween May and December 1916, the 13th (Western) Division refitted and re-equipped in preparation for the drive northward to capture Baghdad. In July, Major-General Maude was elevated to command the expanded and renamed Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force. In his place, Brigadier General Cayley, formerly the commander of the 39th Brigade, was elevated to command of the division. On 12 December 1916, the division advanced from Sheik Sa'ad on Kut. At the Second Battle of Kut, the division helped drive the Ottoman forces from the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0012-0001", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, War service 1916\u20131918, Baghdad, December 1916 \u2013 March 1917\nAfter a brief pause, the division drove north, crossing the Diyala River, and participated in the capture of Baghdad on 11 March 1917. Following the capture of Baghdad, the 13th (Western) Division fought a number of battles to consolidate British control over the Baghdad vilayet. This included fighting at Dellis Abbas (27\u201328 March 1917), Duqma (29 March 1917), Nahr Kalis (9\u201315 April 1917), the passage of the Adhaim (18 April 1917) and the action of the Shatt al 'Adhaim (30 April 1917). Despite the relative inaction of the British to advance further, the division also fought at the Second and Third Action of Jabal Hamrin (16\u201320 October 1917 and 3\u20136 December 1917).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0013-0000", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, War service 1916\u20131918, Mosul, February\u2013October 1918\nAlong with the rest of the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force, the 13th (Western) Division remained in the Baghdad vilayet for the rest of 1917 and the early part of 1918. The division fought its last engagement as a whole at the action of Tuz Khurmatli on 29 April 1918. In July 1918, the 39th Brigade was detached from the division and be assigned to Dunsterforce (General Lionel Dunsterville). The 40th Brigade was detached from the division, along with the divisional artillery, to support the drive to Mosul and north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 76], "content_span": [77, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0014-0000", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, Occupation and Demobilization\nWith the conclusion of the war, the 13th (Western) Division remained in the Mosul area on occupation duties until evacuated at the end of 1918. In 1919, two of the division's battalions, 6th East Lancashire and 6th Loyal North Lancashire Regiment, were transferred to the Army of Occupation. The rest of the division proceeded to Amara where it was demobilised on 17 March 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0015-0000", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, Order of battle\nData taken from Moberly 1997 unless indicated. The division consisted of the following brigades (15 July 1916)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010494-0016-0000", "contents": "13th (Western) Division, Order of battle\n(left the Division between 10 July and 19 August 1918, and attached to North Persia Force)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0000-0000", "contents": "13th (film)\n13th is a 2016 American documentary film by director Ava DuVernay. The film explores the \"intersection of race, justice, and mass incarceration in the United States;\" it is titled after the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, adopted in 1865, which abolished slavery throughout the United States and ended involuntary servitude except as a punishment for conviction of a crime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0001-0000", "contents": "13th (film)\nDuVernay contends that slavery has been perpetuated since the end of the American Civil War through criminalizing behavior and enabling police to arrest poor freedmen and force them to work for the state under convict leasing; suppression of African Americans by disenfranchisement, lynchings, and Jim Crow; politicians declaring a war on drugs that weighs more heavily on minority communities and, by the late 20th century, mass incarceration affecting communities of color, especially American descendants of slavery, in the United States. She examines the prison-industrial complex and the emerging detention-industrial complex, discussing how much money is being made by corporations from such incarcerations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0002-0000", "contents": "13th (film)\n13th garnered acclaim from a number of film critics. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 89th Academy Awards, and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special at the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0003-0000", "contents": "13th (film)\nIt experienced a surge in viewership by 4,665 percent in June 2020 during the George Floyd protests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0004-0000", "contents": "13th (film), Synopsis\nThe film begins with an audio clip of President Barack Obama stating that the US had 5 percent of the world's population but 25 percent of the world's prisoners. This film features several activists, academics, political figures from both major US political parties, and public figures, such as Angela Davis, Bryan Stevenson, Michelle Alexander, Jelani Cobb, Van Jones, Newt Gingrich, Cory Booker, Henry Louis Gates Jr., and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0005-0000", "contents": "13th (film), Synopsis\nIt explores the economic history of slavery and post-Civil War racist legislation and practices that replaced it. DuVernay contends as \"systems of racial control\" and forced labor from the years after the abolition of slavery to the present. Southern states criminalized minor offenses, arresting freedmen and forcing them to work when they could not pay fines; institutionalizing this approach as convict leasing (which created an incentive to criminalize more behavior).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0005-0001", "contents": "13th (film), Synopsis\nShe contends they disenfranchised most black people across the South at the turn of the 20th century, excluding them from the political system (including juries), at the same time that lynching of black people by white mobs reached a peak. In addition, Jim Crow legislation was passed by Democrats, to legalize segregation and suppress minorities, forcing them into second-class status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0005-0002", "contents": "13th (film), Synopsis\nFollowing the passage of civil rights legislation in the 1960s that restored civil rights, the film notes the Republican Party's appeal to southern white conservatives, including the claim to be the party to fight the war on crime and war on drugs, which began to include mandatory, lengthy sentencing. A new wave of minority suppression  began, reaching African Americans and others in the northern, mid-western and western cities where many had migrated in earlier decades. After their presidential candidates lost to Republicans, Democratic politicians such as Bill Clinton joined the war on drugs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0006-0000", "contents": "13th (film), Synopsis\nAs a result, from the early 1970s to the present, the rate of incarceration and the number of people in prisons has climbed dramatically in the United States, while at the same time the rate of crime in the United States has continued to decline since the late 20th century. As late as the 2016 presidential election, the eventual winner Donald Trump worked to generate fear of crime, claiming high rates in New York City, for instance, which was not true according to the documentary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0006-0001", "contents": "13th (film), Synopsis\nThe documentary states that crime was lower overall than it had been in decades, but that Republican candidates raised it to generate fear. Private prison contractors entered the market to satisfy demand as arrests and sentences increased, forming an independent group with its own economic incentives to criminalize minor activities and lengthen sentences in order to keep prisons full. Politicians and businessmen in rural areas encouraged construction of prisons to supply local jobs, and they also allegedly have had incentives to keep prisons full.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0007-0000", "contents": "13th (film), Synopsis\nThe federal Bureau of Prisons announced in 2016 its intention to stop contracting with private providers for prison services. According to the film, the \"over-incarceration\" of adults has severely damaged generations of black and minority families and their children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0008-0000", "contents": "13th (film), Synopsis\nThe film explores the role of the American Legislative Exchange Council, backed by corporations, that has provided Republican state and federal legislators with draft legislation to support the prison-industrial complex. It contends that only after some of the relationships were revealed did corporations like Walmart and others receive criticism and drop out of the organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0009-0000", "contents": "13th (film), Synopsis\nThe film explores the demonization of minority poor through these decades putatively to serve political ends, contributing to fears of minorities by whites and to problems of police brutality against minority communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0009-0001", "contents": "13th (film), Synopsis\nIn the 21st century, the regularity of fatal police shootings of unarmed minorities in apparently minor confrontations has been demonstrated by videos taken by bystanders and by the increasing use of cameras in police cars or worn by officers; DuVernay ends the film with graphic videos of fatal shootings of black people by police, what Manohla Dargis describes as, after the previous discussion, having the effect of \"a piercing, keening cry.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0010-0000", "contents": "13th (film), Production\nThe film was written by Ava DuVernay, who wrote and directed Selma (2014), and Spencer Averick. Averick also edited the film. Produced and filmed in secrecy, 13th was revealed only after it was announced as the opening film for the 2016 New York Film Festival, the first documentary ever to open the festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0011-0000", "contents": "13th (film), Release\nThe film was released on October 7, 2016, on Netflix. A companion piece 13th: A Conversation with Oprah Winfrey & Ava DuVernay was released on January 26, 2017, in the United States and on January 31, 2017, worldwide on the service. On April 17, 2020, Netflix released the film for free on YouTube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0012-0000", "contents": "13th (film), Reception, Critical response\nOn Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 97% based on 102 reviews, with an average rating of 8.77/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"13th strikes at the heart of America's tangled racial history, offering observations as incendiary as they are calmly controlled.\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 83 out of 100, based on reviews from 29 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0013-0000", "contents": "13th (film), Reception, Critical response\nManohla Dargis of The New York Times praised what she called the power of DuVernay's film and its meticulous marshaling of facts. She said, summarizing the film, \"The United States did not just criminalize a select group of black people. It criminalized black people as a whole, a process that, in addition to destroying untold lives, effectively transferred the guilt for slavery from the people who perpetuated it to the very people who suffered through it.\" Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film four stars and named it one of the best films of 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0014-0000", "contents": "13th (film), Reception, Critical response\nKyle Smith of The New York Post gave the 13th a negative review, stating it was riddled with falsehoods and furthermore insulting to civil rights pioneers whose contributions are minimized: \"Viewers (such as film critics) who don\u2019t pay especially close attention to the news pages are likely to be suckered by the misinformation in the movie.\" Dan Berger of Black Perspectives wrote 13th was at its best in chronicling the lives of individuals in the American prison system, but also said the film \"makes several significant factual errors\" such as using outdated statistical data and overstating the role of for-profit prisons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0015-0000", "contents": "13th (film), Reception, Viewership\nOn a panel about the future of film published in The New York Times, DuVernay said:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0016-0000", "contents": "13th (film), Reception, Viewership\nI'm told by the system that [a theatrical release] is what matters, but then people aren't seeing your movies. Take the number of people who saw Selma, a Christmas release with an Oscar campaign about Dr. Martin Luther King. Well, more than a quadruple amount of people saw 13th, about the prison-industrial complex. If I'm telling these stories to reach a mass audience, then really, nothing else matters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0017-0000", "contents": "13th (film), Reception, Viewership\nIn 2020, the film saw a surge in viewership by 4,665 percent during the George Floyd protests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010495-0018-0000", "contents": "13th (film), Reception, Accolades\nThe film was nominated for dozens of awards, winning best documentary at the British Academy Film Awards and the Primetime Emmy Awards, a Peabody Award for excellence, and receiving a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. DuVernay received a Primetime Emmy Award for her writing, and was nominated for directing. The song \"Letter to the Free\" was nominated for several awards with Common, Robert Glasper, and Karriem Riggins winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010496-0000-0000", "contents": "13th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards\nThe 13th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, presented by AARP the Magazine, honored films released in 2013 and were announced on January 9, 2014. The awards recognized films created by and about people over the age of 50. The ceremony, held a month later on February 10, 2014, was hosted by actress and comedian Kathy Griffin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010496-0001-0000", "contents": "13th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, Awards, Winners and nominees\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010497-0000-0000", "contents": "13th ALMA Awards\nThe 13th ALMA Awards honors the accomplishments made by Hispanics in film, television, and music in 2011. The awards were taped on September 16, 2012 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium for broadcast on NBC on September 21, 2012. The show was co-hosted by Eva Longoria and George Lopez, marking their third consecutive year as hosts. The awards ceremony was sponsored by the National Council of La Raza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010497-0001-0000", "contents": "13th ALMA Awards\nThe winners were chosen based on online voting, box office figures, Nielsen and Billboard rankings, and Comedy..l of the NCLR ALMA Awards production leadership team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010497-0002-0000", "contents": "13th ALMA Awards\nJennifer Lopez had nominations in all three media formats: Favorite Movie Actress Comedy/Musical; Favorite TV Reality, Variety, or Comedy Personality or Act; and Favorite Female Music Artist. Naya Rivera won both of her nominations: Favorite Female Music Artist and Favorite TV Actress Comedy. The film Savages had four overall nominations in the Favorite Acting categories, while the films The Way and Cristiada (For Greater Glory) had three overall nominations, including Favorite Movie, which was won by triple-nominee Girl in Progress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010497-0003-0000", "contents": "13th ALMA Awards\nThe ceremony aired on NBC for the second consecutive and last year before moving to sister channel MSNBC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010497-0004-0000", "contents": "13th ALMA Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe following is a list of the 65 nominees from film, television, and music. Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010497-0005-0000", "contents": "13th ALMA Awards, Televised ceremony ratings\nThe ceremony, which was televised by NBC on September 21, 2012, was watched by 2.41\u00a0million viewers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010498-0000-0000", "contents": "13th AVN Awards\nThe 13th AVN Awards ceremony, organized by Adult Video News (AVN) honored the best pornographic films of 1995 and took place on January 7, 1996 at the Aladdin Theatre for the Performing Arts in Paradise, Nevada, beginning at 8:15\u00a0p.m. PST / 11:15\u00a0p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AVN presented AVN Awards in 97 categories. The ceremony, taped for broadcast in the United States by Spice Networks, was produced and directed by Gary Miller and Mark Stone. Comedian Bobby Slayton hosted the show for the first time, alongside actress co-hosts Jenna Jameson and Julia Ann. Hall of Fame inductees were honored at a gala held a month earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010498-0001-0000", "contents": "13th AVN Awards\nLatex won the most statuettes, taking 11. Other winners included Blue Movie with four awards and gay video The Renegade with three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010498-0002-0000", "contents": "13th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe winners were announced during the awards ceremony on January 7, 1996. Latex won 11 of the 14 categories in which it was nominated. Rocco Siffredi became the first two-time winner of the Male Performer of the Year award. Jenna Jameson was the first Best New Starlet award winner to also take home a Best Actress award. Mike Horner won his fourth Best Actor\u2014Film award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010498-0003-0000", "contents": "13th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Major awards\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010498-0004-0000", "contents": "13th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Additional award winners\nThese awards were also announced at the awards show, most in a winners-only segment for technical achievements read by Dyanna Lauren or a second winners-only segment read by Julia Ann.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010498-0005-0000", "contents": "13th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Honorary AVN Awards, Hall of Fame\nAVN Hall of Fame inductees for 1996, announced at a gala a month prior to the AVN Awards show, were: Andrew Blake, Gino Colbert, The Dark Brothers, Ashlyn Gere, Savannah, Matt Sterling, Jennifer Welles, Tori Welles", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 72], "content_span": [73, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010498-0006-0000", "contents": "13th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Multiple nominations and awards\nLatex won the most statuettes, taking 11 of the 14 categories in which it was nominated. Other winners included Blue Movie with four awards and gay video The Renegade with three. Two statuettes went to each of Borderline, Bottom Dweller 33 1/3, Cinesex 1 & 2, Dear Diary, Jawbreaker, Private Video Magazine 20, Remembering Times Gone Bi and Risque Burlesque.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 70], "content_span": [71, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010498-0007-0000", "contents": "13th AVN Awards, Presenters and performers\nThe following individuals, in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers or comedy. The show's trophy girls were Houston and Tracy Love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010498-0008-0000", "contents": "13th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nThe 13th AVN Awards Show marked the first time the awards show was open to the public. In addition, Bobby Slayton was the show's first host who was not affiliated with the adult film industry. The theme of the show was \"Give me liberty.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010498-0009-0000", "contents": "13th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nSeveral other people and elements were also involved with the production of the ceremony. Gary Miller and Mark Stone served as producer and director for the show while Marco Polo served as director of the broadcast. Mark Stone served as musical director for the ceremony. Choreographer Serenity supervised the performances of the dance numbers. Ventriloquist act Otto & George performed standup comedy during the proceedings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010498-0010-0000", "contents": "13th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nBest Sex Comedy was a new category at this year's show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010498-0011-0000", "contents": "13th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nLatex was announced as both the top selling movie and the top renting movie of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010498-0012-0000", "contents": "13th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nAdult PC Guide magazine noted the show was videotaped for broadcast on Spice Networks and featured \"a huge set, motion-controlled cameras and a production that would have rivaled the Oscars.\" A VHS videotape of the show was also published and sold by VCA Pictures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010498-0013-0000", "contents": "13th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Critical reviews\nHigh Society magazine said, \"Nothing that happened at the Oscars could possibly top this evening for excitement.\" Adult Cinema Review called the show \"dazzling.\" It noted serving food in an auditorium gave way to chaos and \"thousands of jabbering people made it hard to accomplish anything but light conversation,\" however, \"there were no real complaints.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010498-0014-0000", "contents": "13th AVN Awards, In Memoriam\nPaul Fishbein \"memorialized three performers in the industry who passed away this year:\" Alex Jordan, Cal Jammer and Kristi Lynn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010499-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Academy Awards\nThe 13th Academy Awards honored American film achievements in 1940. This was the first year that sealed envelopes were used to keep secret the names of the winners which led to the famous phrase: \"May I have the envelope, please?\" The accounting firm of Price Waterhouse was hired to count the ballots, after the fiasco of leaked voting results in 1939 by the Los Angeles Times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010499-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Academy Awards\nFor the first time, the award for Best Screenplay was split into two separate categories: Best Original Screenplay and Best Screenplay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010499-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Academy Awards\nIndependent producer David O. Selznick, who had produced the previous year's big winner Gone with the Wind (1939), also produced the Best Picture winner in 1940, Rebecca \u2013 and campaigned heavily for its win. Selznick was the first to produce two consecutive winners of the Best Picture Oscar. Although Rebecca had eleven nominations, it only won for Best Picture and Best Cinematography (Black and White), marking the last time a film would win Best Picture but not win for either directing, acting, or writing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010499-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Academy Awards\nThe film's distributor \u2013 United Artists \u2013 was the last of the original film studios (the others were Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Columbia, 20th Century-Fox, Warner Bros., RKO Radio, Universal, and Paramount) to win the Best Picture Oscar. Rebecca was the first American-made film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and the only film from him to win Best Picture. Hitchcock had two films nominated for Best Picture, the other being Foreign Correspondent. Two other directors also had two films in the running this year: Sam Wood (Our Town and Kitty Foyle) and John Ford (The Long Voyage Home and The Grapes of Wrath, which won Best Director).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010499-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Academy Awards\nPinocchio was the first animated film to take home competitive Oscars, for both Best Original Score and Best Original Song, starting a long tradition of animated films winning in these categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010499-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Academy Awards\nThe Thief of Bagdad received the most Oscars of the evening, three, the first time a film not nominated for Best Picture won the most awards. This and Pinocchio were the first films not nominated for Best Picture to receive multiple awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010499-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Academy Awards, Awards\nNominations announced on February 10, 1941. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010499-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Academy Awards, 1941 Oscar firsts\nFor the first time, names of all winners remained secret until the moment they received their awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010499-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Academy Awards, 1941 Oscar firsts\nFranklin D. Roosevelt gave a six-minute direct radio address to the attendees from the White House. It is the first time an American president participated in the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010500-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Aero Squadron\nThe 13th Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010500-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Aero Squadron\nThe squadron was assigned as a Day Pursuit (Fighter) Squadron as part of the 2d Pursuit Group, First United States Army. Its mission was to engage and clear enemy aircraft from the skies and provide escort to reconnaissance and bombardment squadrons over enemy territory. It also attacked enemy observation balloons, and perform close air support and tactical bombing attacks of enemy forces along the front lines. After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron returned to the United States in March 1919 and demobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010500-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Aero Squadron\nOn 16 October 1936 the squadron was re-constituted, and consolidated with the United States Army Air Corps 13th Attack Squadron. Today, the current United States Air Force unit which holds its lineage and history is the 13th Bomb Squadron, assigned to the 509th Operations Group, Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010500-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nThe 13th Aero Squadron was organised at Kelly Field, Texas on 14 June 1917. After a short period of organization, which included \"snake-chasing and cactus-cutting\", the squadron was moved to Wilbur Wright Field, Ohio in the beginning of July where its aviation cadets began flight training on the Curtiss JN-4 Jenny trainer. Training in Ohio lasted until 1 November when it received orders for overseas duty. The squadron proceeded to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, New York, where it awaited transport to Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010500-0003-0001", "contents": "13th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nAt the end of November, the squadron moved to Philadelphia, where it boarded the SS Northland, and departed the United States on 4 December. The ship arrived at Liverpool, England on 25 December where the same day, they boarded a train for Winchester, England where they were temporarily assigned to a Rest Camp. After a cross-channel crossing from Southampton to Le Havre, France, the squadron boarded a French train south, arriving at the Air Service Replacement Concentration Barracks in St. Maixent, 1 January 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010500-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nAt St. Maixent the squadron waited for several weeks and largely performed construction and other activities designed to improve the newly established base. At the end of January, orders were received to proceed to the 3d Air Instructional Center at Issoudun Aerodrome for advanced flight and air combat training. For the next four months the squadron trained at Issodun, with detachments sent to French Air Force gunnery ranges at Meucon and Haussimont Aerodromes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010500-0004-0001", "contents": "13th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nFinally, in the beginning of June, training was completed and the squadron moved to the 1st Air Depot at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome where the 13th Aero Squadron was classified as a Pursuit Squadron and received French SPAD XIII aircraft. Once equipped the squadron was ordered to Croix de Metz Aerodrome, near Toul, in the \"Zone of Advance\". There the 13th received its combat assignment to the 2d Pursuit Group where it joined the 22d, 49th and 139th Aero Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010500-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nThe 13th was charged with protection of the St. Mihiel sector, and its pilots soon were active in intercepting and attacking enemy aircraft that attempted reconnaissance over Allied lines. The Spads also escorted Allied observation planes deep into enemy territory where their pilots sometimes engaged enemy planes and attacked hostile balloons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010500-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nWhile participating in the St. Mihiel Offensive, which was undertaken to eliminate the salient in the front lines around St. Mihiel that had existed since early in the war, the 13th fought with vigor. While ground forces were attacking and destroying, men, material, and morale, the 13th's pilots kept busy destroying enemy aircraft and balloons, and making the sky safe for Allied observation planes. The squadron suffered its first combat loss on 13 September when Lt. Robert Converse was shot down on a late afternoon patrol and reported missing in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010500-0006-0001", "contents": "13th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nOn 14 September 1918 a squadron-strength patrol led by Charles Biddle was ambushed by a flight of the red and white Fokker D VII aircraft of Jasta 18, led by Leutnant der Reserve August Raben, one of a number of times the same two opposing squadrons would meet before the Armistice, starting with the aerial action over the St. Mihiel salient. Four original squadron members were downed in a matter of minutes: Lt. Charles Drew, Lt Alton Brody, Lt. Harry B. \"Buck\" Freeman and Lt. George P. Kull. Lts. Converse, Drew, Freeman and Brody were captured and repatriated after the Armistice. George Kull was confirmed killed in action, the first combat fatality of the 13th Aero Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010500-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nThe Meuse-Argonne campaign was launched on 26 September 1918 to further reduce the St. Mihiel salient. The 13th Aero Squadron moved on 23 September to Belrain Aerodrome, and from there inflicted heavy losses upon enemy aircraft and balloons. As its pilots gained domination of the air, their responsibilities were expanded to include protection of ground forces, strafing of enemy troops and bombing of targets that could be observed within enemy lines. During the Meuse Argonne Offensive, the squadron lost Lts. Gerald D. Stivers, Henry Guion Armstrong, Clarence A. Brodie and Robert H. Stiles killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010500-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nOn 7 November, the squadron moved to Souilly Aerodrome and continued combat operations until the Armistice with Germany was signed and combat ended on 11 November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010500-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nThe 13th claimed several \"aces\" from this period of its history: Charles J Biddle, Murray K Guthrie, Frank K Hays, John J Seerley, and William H Stovall. Major Carl Spaatz, although on orders to return home, sought and received permission to serve with the 13th Aero Squadron as a pursuit pilot. He subordinated himself to men of lower rank, but as a result of his ardent zeal and ability, he was soon a flight leader and was credited with destroying two Fokkers during the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Offensive. and is also credited with an out of control enemy aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010500-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nAfter the armistice, the squadron remained at Souilly until 16 December 1918 when orders were received from First Army for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's SPAD aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010500-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nPersonnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to the staging camp at Le Mans, France. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the Base Ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization. From 6 February to 3 March 1919, the squadron was at the port of Brest before crossing the Atlantic aboard the SS America. From 13 to 29 March 1919 the squadron was at Mitchell Field, New York, where it was demobilized. It remained inactive until it was reconstituted in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010500-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Aero Squadron, History, Notable personnel\nDSC: Distinguished Service Cross; SSC: Silver Star Citation; POW: Prisoner of War", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010501-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron\nThe 13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron is an inactive unit of the United States Air Force, last stationed at Travis Air Force Base. The squadron's first predecessor was the 13th Combat Cargo Squadron, which flew men and material in the China Burma India Theater during World War II. That squadron was disbanded in 1948, but was reconstituted in 1985 and consolidated with the unit's second predecessor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010501-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron\nThe second predecessor of the squadron was organized in 1956 as the 13th Aeromedical Transport Squadron. It flew aeromedical evacuation missions until inactivating in 1968. The squadron received its most recent designation in 1966. It has not been active since its 1985 consolidation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010501-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe first predecessor of the squadron was activated at Syracuse Army Air Base, New York in June 1944 as the 13th Combat Cargo Squadron, one of the four operational squadrons of the 4th Combat Cargo Group. Combat cargo squadrons were organized to operate independently, with logistics and administrative support from an attached airdrome squadron. In the case of the 13th, this support was provided by the 348th Airdrome Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010501-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was initially equipped with Douglas C-47 Skytrains. In August, the squadron moved to Bowman Field, Kentucky, where it continued its training and equipped with larger Curtiss C-46 Commandos. The squadron completed its training and began its move to the China Burma India Theater in early November 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010501-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron arrived in theater in late November 1944 and began operations the following month. In December, it transported material and equipment for the construction of the Ledo Road. Until May 1945, it concentrated on transporting materiel and reinforcements for forces operating in Burma. In February 1945, it transported \"men, mules and boats\" as forces crossed the Irrawaddy River. In May, the 13th dropped Gurkha paratroopers during the assault on Rangoon. In June, the squadron moved to Namponmao Airfield, Burma and transported supplies and personnel over the Hump to China. The squadron returned to India in November and was inactivated in late December 1945. The squadron was disbanded on 8 Oct 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010501-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, Aeromedical evacuation\nThe 13th Aeromedical Transport Squadron was activated at Travis Air Force Base, California on 8 November 1956 as the 1st Aeromedical Transport Group replaced the 1706th Air Transport Group (Aeromedical Evacuation). Military Air Transport Service (MATS) had begun aeromedical evacuation operations at Travis on 16 December 1948, when it moved the 1733d Air Transport Squadron (Aeromedical Evacuation) to Travis from Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado, where it had been organized on 9 October 1948 and assigned to the 1702d Air Transport Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 66], "content_span": [67, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010501-0005-0001", "contents": "13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, Aeromedical evacuation\nIn July 1950, the 1702d Group was discontinued and the 1733d was transferred to the 1704th Air Transport Wing at Travis, and became the primary unit for the air movement of casualties from the Korean War once they reached the United States. On 1 February 1953 MATS centralized its aeromedical transport squadrons in the United States under the 1706th Group and the 1733d Squadron was reassigned to it. The 13th absorbed the 1733d's mission, personnel, and equipment on activation and the 1733d was simultaneously discontinued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 66], "content_span": [67, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010501-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, Aeromedical evacuation\nOn 1 June 1964, the 1405th Air Base Wing at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois was redesignated the 1405th Aeromedical Transport Wing, and assumed responsibility for the aeromedical transport mission from the 1st Group. Under the 1405th, responsibility for aeromedical evacuation missions expanded to include all of North America and the Caribbean, not only missions within the United States. The expanded mission called for augmentation of the 13th and the wing's other regular squadrons by squadrons of the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 66], "content_span": [67, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010501-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, Aeromedical evacuation\nIn January 1966, the 1405th Wing transferred it mission, personnel and components to the 375th Aeromedical Airlift Wing, as Military Airlift Command replaced its operational Major Command controlled (MAJCON) units that could not carry a permanent history with Air Force controlled units. The squadron was inactivated on 8 December 1968 as the C-131 was phased out of the aeromedical evacuation fleet and replaced by the Douglas HC-9 Nightingale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 66], "content_span": [67, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010501-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010502-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Africa Movie Academy Awards\nThe 13th Africa Movie Academy Awards ceremony was held on 15 July 2017 at Eko Hotel and Suites, Lagos, Nigeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010503-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Age\n13th Age is a d20 fantasy role-playing game designed by Rob Heinsoo (lead designer of Dungeons & Dragons 4th Edition) and Jonathan Tweet (lead designer of D&D 3rd Edition), and published by Pelgrane Press. 13th Age has been well supported with over 25 supplements published since its 2013 release, the most recent in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010503-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Age, Publication history\n13th Age was released on August 3, 2013, and the pre-release version was a nominee for the RPG Geek RPG of the Year 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010503-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Age, Setting\nThe setting of 13th Age is intended to be fleshed out in the course of play. Although there are default places, 13 default Icons that are archetypes of powerful gods and NPCs in standard fantasy settings, and a default bestiary, a lot of the setting is dependent on character creation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010503-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Age, Setting\nThis is done by means of having freeform backgrounds rather than predefined skills, and by each character having One Unique Thing that can be anything which has no direct mechanics; examples in the rulebook include I am the only halfling knight of the Dragon Emperor and I have a clockwork heart made by the dwarves, both of which affect both character and the entire setting. In 2018, Rob Heinsoo Games and Chaosium published an alternate setting supplement for Greg Stafford's Glorantha. 13th Age Glorantha was Kickstarter funded, along with a companion volume further detailing the world, The Gloranthan Sourcebook\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010503-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Age, System\n13th Age was designed to be familiar in terms of setting concepts to D&D players, so it is a class-based game with the main rulebook containing standard D&D classes. It is also level-based, with ten levels grouped into three tiers. 13th Age was designed from the ground up to not use miniatures or a grid, and instead uses abstract distances and positioning. In order to speed up combat the Player Characters gain an escalating bonus to hit equal to the number of rounds that have passed starting to count from the second round, known as the \"escalation die\" (it's a six-sided die, so maximum bonus is +6).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010503-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Age, System\nThe skills systems often associated with recent versions of Dungeons & Dragons have been replaced with \"backgrounds\" in 13th Age. Players are encouraged to create backstories for their characters that give them bonuses to actions in the game, often asking them to refer to a time in their fictional past when they have dealt with a similar obstacle and how they overcame it or what they learned from the experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010503-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Age, System\nOther differences from standard d20 games include the backgrounds taking the place of most utility magic, weapon damage dice being determined by class, spells that are only expended on bad rolls, and recoveries that resemble D&D 4e healing surges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010503-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Age, System\nLike many d20-variant games, The Archmage Engine \u2013 13th Age SRD was released under the Open Game License, so that its open game content can be copied or modified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010503-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Age, History\nAfter they had both left Wizards of the Coast, long-time friends and gaming partners Heinsoo and Tweet decided to create a game together. By GenCon 2012 the game was ready for playtesting, and they used the hype created at GenCon to Kickstart a supplement called 13 True Ways even before 13th Age was released. The game was officially launched a week before GenCon 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010504-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Air Defense Division\nThe 13th Air Defense Division (Serbo-Croatian: 13. divizija protivvazdu\u0161ne odbrane/ 13. \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435) was an air defense division established in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010504-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Air Defense Division, History\nThe 13th Air Defense Division was formed on January 20, 1968. The divisions command was first at Skoplje. It has failed to develop into a unit volume of other air defense divisions. It has been disbanded by order from September 14, 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010505-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Air Expeditionary Group\nThe 13th Air Expeditionary Group is a provisional United States Air Force unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010505-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Air Expeditionary Group, History, World War II\nThe group was first activated at Langley Field, Virginia in January 1941 as the 13th Bombardment Group, with the 39th, 40th, and 41st Bombardment Squadrons assigned and the 3d Reconnaissance Squadron attached. The group was equipped with a mix of Douglas B-18 Bolos and North American B-25 Mitchells. In June, the group moved to Orlando Army Air Base, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010505-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Air Expeditionary Group, History, World War II\nAfter the attack on Pearl Harbor, the group was ordered to search for German U-boats off the southeast coast. Although the Navy was responsible for long range patrolling, it lacked the aircraft to perform the mission and the Army Air Forces (AAF) performed the mission, even though its crews lacked proper training. As antisubmarine warfare assets were realigned to meet the growing threat in the North Atlantic, the 13th Group moved to Westover Field, Massachusetts in January 1942. The following month, the 3d Reconnaissance Squadron was assigned to the group, and, in April, became the 393d Bombardment Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010505-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Air Expeditionary Group, History, World War II\nIn October 1942, the AAF organized its antisubmarine forces into the single Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command, which established the 25th Antisubmarine Wing the following month to control its forces operating over the Atlantic. Its bombardment group headquarters, including the 13th, were inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010505-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Air Expeditionary Group, History, Expeditionary operations\nThe group was converted to provisional status, redesignated the 13th Air Expeditionary Group and assigned to Pacific Air Forces to activate or inactivate as needed. It has been used primarily to control operations or exercises for Thirteenth Air Force. This has included acting as the air component of Joint Task Force-Support Forces Antarctica. The group commander is dual hatted as the deputy commander, JTF-SFA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010505-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Air Expeditionary Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010506-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Air Force Corps (People's Republic of China)\nThe 13th Air Force Corps (Chinese: \u7a7a\u519b\u7b2c13\u519b) of the People's Liberation Army Air Force was a military formation. It was activated in January 1971 in Shijiazhuang, Hebei province. The corps commander was Zhu Futian, and its commissar was Fang Zhongying. It was located within the Beijing Military Region for its entire period of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010506-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Air Force Corps (People's Republic of China)\nFrom August 1, 1975, the Corps' code-number was 39133. The exact composition of the corps remains unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010506-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Air Force Corps (People's Republic of China)\nThe Corps was disbanded in January 1976 (163.com) or March 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010507-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Air Support Operations Squadron\nThe United States Air Force's 13th Air Support Operations Squadron is a combat support unit located at Fort Carson, Colorado. The squadron provides tactical command and control of close air support assets to US Army ground commanders of the 4th Infantry Division during combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010507-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Air Support Operations Squadron, Mission\nThe squadron's mission is to provide mission ready airmen to advise, integrate & control air and space power in support of the 4th Infantry Division; to train, deploy, & focus combat airpower and integrated weather operations for the joint force commander alongside III Corps or a supported land force commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010507-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was first activated in January 1943 at Birmingham Army Air Base, Alabama, where it trained with III Air Support Command for the next six months. In June, it moved to Thermal Army Air Field, California, where it was assigned to IV Air Support Command. In California, it helped train ground units and participated in exercises and maneuvers with the Desert Training Center. By 1944, the need for ground forces to train for desert warfare had been reduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010507-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nAlso, the Army Air Forces found that standard military units, based on relatively inflexible tables of organization were proving not well adapted to the training mission and decided to replace them with a more functional system in which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit. As a result, the squadron, now the 13th Tactical Air Communications Squadron, was disbanded in April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010507-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Current operations\nThe squadron was redesignated the 13th Air Support Operations Squadron and activated on 1 July 1994 at Fort Carson, Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010507-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Air Support Operations Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010508-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Air Transport Squadron\nThe 13th Air Transport Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was to the 2nd Aircraft Delivery Group of Tactical Air Command at Dobbins Air Force Base, Georgia, where it was inactivated on 30 September 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010508-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Air Transport Squadron\nThe squadron was first activated during World War II and served in the Air Transport Command in the China Burma India Theater, where it flew airlift missions over The Hump.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010508-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Air Transport Squadron\nThe squadron was reactivated under Military Air Transport Service (MATS) in 1952 as a medium airlift unit and served in that role until MATS inactivated its 1703d Air Transport Group and drew down its operations at Brookley AFB. Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010508-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Air Transport Squadron\nIt was active for a short period at Dobbins AFB, Georgia as a VIP airlift unit before its final inactivation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010508-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Air Transport Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was first activated as the 13th Air Corps Ferrying Squadron, a C-46 Commando squadron at Pope Field, North Carolina, serving with the 1st Ferrying Group. It deployed to India where it was an element of Tenth Air Force until it was transferred to the India-China Wing of the Air Transport Command (ATC) in India where the squadron flew the India to China route over The Hump. It was disbanded in December 1943 in a reorganization of ATC and was replaced by Station 6, India-China Wing, Air Transport Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010508-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Air Transport Squadron, History, Service with Military Air Transport Command\nThe 13th was reconstituted and reactivated in 1952 as the 13th Air Transport Squadron, Medium at Brookley Air Force Base, Alabama, where it replaced the 1281st Air Transport Squadron when MATS converted its table of distribution air transport squadrons to table of organization units controlled by Headquarters, USAF. The squadron equipped with C-124 Globemaster II intercontinental strategic transports, it flew long range strategic airlift missions until 1957 when the unit was inactivated as part of the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) pullout from Brookley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010508-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Air Transport Squadron, History, VIP Airlift\nThe squadron again replaced a unit controlled by a major command in 1969 when Tactical Air Command (TAC) activated it to replace the 4433d Air Transport Squadron at Dobbins AFB, Georgia. The 4433d had been providing VIP transport, primarily for Army officers, under various designations since 1948. The 4433d was originally organized as the 5th Special Air Missions Squadron under Bolling Field Command in the spring of 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010508-0006-0001", "contents": "13th Air Transport Squadron, History, VIP Airlift\non 19 July 1948 it became the 1115th Special Air Missions Squadron when Headquarters, USAF required units controlled by its major air commands to be numbered with four digits in assigned blocks of numbers. In November 1952, the squadron was transferred to Continental Air Command, which required renumbering to the 2315th Air Transport Squadron, Light. Transfer to TAC in July 1960 resulted in another designation, the 4433d Air Transport Squadron, Light, but the squadron mission remained the same. TAC finally inactivated its VIP airlift squadrons, including the 13th, in 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010508-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Air Transport Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States)\nThe 13th Airborne Division was an airborne forces formation of division-size of the United States Army that was active during World War II. The division was commanded for most of its existence by Major General Elbridge G. Chapman. It was officially activated in the United States in August 1943 at Fort Bragg in North Carolina, remaining active until February 1946, however it never saw combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States)\nAfter activation the division remained in the United States to complete its training. This training was completed by September 1944, but had to be extended by a further four months when the division provided replacements for the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions. The division also encountered delays in mounting large-scale training exercises due to a lack of transport aircraft in the United States. This shortage was caused by the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions taking priority over the 13th in terms of equipment due to the two divisions serving in combat in Europe. As a consequence of these delays the division was not fully trained and combat-ready until January 1945, and was transferred to France and the European Theater of Operations in February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States)\nWhen the division arrived in France, it came under the command of the First Allied Airborne Army, which controlled all Allied airborne formations. The division, along with two others, was selected to participate in Operation Varsity, the airborne operation to support the Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group crossing the River Rhine, but was removed from the operation due to there being insufficient transport aircraft to carry all three divisions into combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States)\nSeveral other operations were planned for the division after the end of Operation Varsity, but these operations were cancelled when their objectives were captured by the rapid advance of Allied ground forces and they became superfluous. After the end of the conflict in Europe, the 13th Airborne was shipped to the United States to stage there before it was to participate in the planned invasion of Japan, but the conflict in the Far East ended before it was required and it remained in the United States. The 13th Airborne Division was finally inactivated on 26 February 1946 and its combat personnel were transferred to the command of the 82nd Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Formation\nThe 13th Airborne Division was the fifth airborne division to be formed in the United States during World War II, and was officially activated on Friday 13 August 1943 at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, under the command of Major General George W. Griner Jr. Only a few months after the activation of the division, however, Major General Griner was ordered to take command of the 98th Infantry Division, and was replaced by Major General Elbridge Chapman, who would go on to command the division for the rest of the conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0003-0001", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Formation\nChapman was one of the early pioneers of the American airborne concept, commanding the experimental 88th Airborne Infantry Battalion in late 1941 when he was a lieutenant colonel, before going on to take command of the 13th Airborne Division. The 88th Airborne Infantry Battalion would be renamed as the 88th Airborne Infantry Regiment, and then finally become the 88th Glider Infantry Regiment on 21 September 1942, forming the core of the 13th Airborne Division. When it was activated, the 13th Airborne Division was initially composed of the 515th Parachute Infantry Regiment, the 88th Glider Infantry Regiment and the 326th Glider Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Shoulder sleeve insignia\nThe division's shoulder patch, a winged unicorn in orange on an ultramarine blue, the branch of service colours of the United States Army Air Corps, was approved on 2 June 1943. A gold on black \"Airborne\" tab was worn above the insignia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Shoulder sleeve insignia\nThe unicorn is associated, by tradition, with qualities of virtue, courage and strength. The horn of the unicorn signifies extreme courage. All of such virtues should be cultivated in all units. It is hoped that these virtues will be conspicuous in the 13th Airborne Division. The unicorn has been winged to represent its travel in the air as \"Airborne.\" The blue background is the color of the Infantry, which is the basic arm of the Division, and also indicates the sky, which is the distinctive medium of travel for the Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Actions during World War II, Training\nBetween August 1943 and February 1945, the 13th Airborne Division remained in the United States and did not serve overseas or participate in any airborne operations, as it began training to become a combat-ready formation. In comparison, the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions had been assigned as active combat formations to serve overseas in Europe, the 11th Airborne Division was scheduled to be deployed to the Pacific Theater of Operations, and the 17th Airborne Division had been assigned as the United States strategic reserve formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 77], "content_span": [78, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0006-0001", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Actions during World War II, Training\nDuring this period, the activities of the division primarily involved airborne training, as well as taking part in several training exercises. However, while airborne training for the first four American airborne divisions was conducted during 1943, the 13th encountered considerable difficulties when it came to its turn for training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 77], "content_span": [78, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0006-0002", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Actions during World War II, Training\nBy the last few months of 1943 the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions had conducted airborne exercises and finished their training, and had then been transferred to Europe; to ensure the divisions could conduct airborne operations, a majority of the transport aircraft available in the United States had been sent with them, and even more were transferred to Europe as replacements after the American airborne landings in Normandy in June 1944. Consequently, very few transport aircraft were available for use by the 13th, and the original training exercise for the division that had been scheduled for June 1944 had to be postponed until 17 September, and then once again until 24 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 77], "content_span": [78, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Actions during World War II, Training\nThe divisional training exercise took place around Camp Mackall, North Carolina, and suffered from a number of difficulties and problems. Poor weather delayed the beginning of the exercise until the night of 25 September, and it was only then that the aircraft carrying the first three battalions of paratroopers could take off and attempt to drop the airborne troops on three separate drop zones. A combination of poor visibility, and a lack of sufficient training for the pilots of the transport aircraft, resulted in the paratroopers being dispersed widely when dropped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 77], "content_span": [78, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0007-0001", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Actions during World War II, Training\nOnly sixty-five percent of the airborne troops and equipment dropped on the first drop zone were ready for action ninety minutes later, and in the second drop zone the airborne troops were so scattered that by 10:00 the next morning the commander of the battalion only had control over twenty percent of his men. A similar number of paratroopers missed the third drop zone, although the majority were dropped in a relatively small area where they could gather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 77], "content_span": [78, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0007-0002", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Actions during World War II, Training\nFurther problems were encountered, as a plane crash killed eight paratroopers and four aircrew, and the glider-borne elements of the division due to land were delayed by poor weather. After the initial night, the exercise continued for a further three days and included a complex supply mission designed to test whether it was possible to supply an isolated battalion of airborne troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 77], "content_span": [78, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Actions during World War II, Training\nOverall, observers present for the exercise reported that they had been impressed with the performance of the glider-borne elements of the division. However, several noted that the training of the aircraft pilots for night formation flying and navigation was far from satisfactory. A recommendation was made that night glider landings should be considered only when an emergency existed, and that otherwise gliders should take off during the night and land during daylight to avoid the wide dispersal of airborne troops and a decrease in efficiency. After these exercises had ended, the division continued to train, but encountered further delays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 77], "content_span": [78, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0008-0001", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Actions during World War II, Training\nThese were caused when 1,652 men were removed from the division to provide reinforcements for U.S. Airborne units in the European Theater; this drastically reduced the strength of the division and forced it to extend its training period for a further four months. After completing its training in January the division was preparing to transfer to the Pacific Theatre in early 1945. However, the rapid advances made by German forces during the Battle of the Bulge led to the division being transferred to the European Theatre of Operations to reinforce Allied divisions already in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 77], "content_span": [78, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Actions during World War II, European Theater of Operations\nThe division arrived in the European Theater of Operations in early February, coming under the command of the First Allied Airborne Army, and Major General Chapman was informed that there was a possibility that the division would be required to conduct airborne operations during the closing stages of the Battle of the Bulge. However, the campaign in the Ardennes ended before the division could be transported there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0009-0001", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Actions during World War II, European Theater of Operations\nThe next chance for the 13th to participate in an airborne operation, and to actually see combat, was in March 1945 when the Allies had penetrated into Germany itself and reached the River Rhine. A few weeks before the division was to participate in a combat jump over the Rhine it was reorganized, after a conference by the War Department had decided that a more efficient composition for an airborne division was two Parachute Infantry Regiments and only a single Glider Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0009-0002", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Actions during World War II, European Theater of Operations\nSubsequently, the 517th Parachute Infantry Regiment, a veteran unit that had served in Italy, Southern France and the Ardennes, joined the division in early March, and the 88th Glider Infantry Regiment was combined into the 326th Glider Infantry Regiment that remained as the division's sole glider-based element. The 517th had recently fought during the Ardennes campaign, and had received a Presidential Unit Citation for its actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Actions during World War II, European Theater of Operations\nThe Rhine river was a formidable natural obstacle to the Allied advance, but if breached would allow the Allies access to the North German Plain and ultimately to advance on Berlin and other major cities in Northern Germany. Following the 'Broad Front Approach' laid out by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force, it was decided to attempt to breach the Rhine in several areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0010-0001", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Actions during World War II, European Theater of Operations\nField Marshal Bernard Montgomery, commanding the Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group, devised a plan to allow the forces under his command to breach the Rhine, which he titled Operation Plunder, and which was subsequently authorized by Eisenhower. Plunder envisioned the British Second Army, under Lieutenant-General Miles C. Dempsey, and the U.S. Ninth Army, under Lieutenant General William Simpson, crossing the Rhine at Rees, Wesel, and an area south of the Lippe Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0010-0002", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Actions during World War II, European Theater of Operations\nTo ensure that the operation was a success, Montgomery insisted that an airborne component was inserted into the plans for the operation to support the amphibious assaults that would take place, which was code-named Operation Varsity. Three airborne divisions were initially chosen to take part in Varsity, these being the British 6th Airborne Division, the U.S. 17th Airborne Division, and finally the 13th, all of which were assigned to U.S. XVIII Airborne Corps, commanded by Major General Matthew Ridgway. However, it was discovered that there were only enough transport aircraft available in Europe to transport two airborne divisions into combat, and as such it was removed from Operation Varsity due to its lack of combat experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Actions during World War II, European Theater of Operations\nAfter its removal from Operation Varsity, the division remained in reserve as the Allied armies advanced even further into Germany, moving to Oise, France, on 3 April for supply and administrative tasks. The division was scheduled to participate in several other airborne operations; however, these were all cancelled before they could take place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0011-0001", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Actions during World War II, European Theater of Operations\nThe first of these was Operation Arena, which envisioned landing between six and ten divisions into what was termed a 'strategic airhead' in the Kassel region of Northern Germany; the planners of the operations envisioned that the operation would deny a large swathe of territory to the German defenders and give the Allied armies a staging area for further advances into Germany. The 13th was chosen to participate, along with the 17th, 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions and the British 6th and 1st Airborne Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0011-0002", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Actions during World War II, European Theater of Operations\nA preliminary date for 1 May was set for the operation once all of the required airborne and air-landed infantry divisions had been located and supplied, but it was ultimately cancelled on 26 March due to the rapid movement of Allied ground forces negating the need for the operation. Two other airborne operations were planned to include the 13th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0011-0003", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Actions during World War II, European Theater of Operations\nOperation Choker II was to be an airborne landing on the east bank of the Rhine near Worms, Germany; planning for the operation got to an advanced stage, and the division was only hours from taking off from airfields in France when the operation was cancelled due to Allied ground forces overrunning the proposed landing areas. Operation Effective was designed to land the 13th south of Stuttgart, seize a nearby airfield and create an airhead for further forces to land in near the Black Forest. The operation was scheduled for 22 April, but was cancelled on 18 April due to Allied units encircling the Black Forest region and making it unnecessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Awards\nDuring World War II members of the division were awarded the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010509-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Airborne Division (United States), Inactivation\nThe conflict with Germany came to an end a few weeks after Operation Effective was cancelled, and shortly afterwards it was announced that the division would be redeployed to the Pacific to participate in the invasion of Japan after a brief stop-over in the United States. The deactivation of the 17th Airborne Division meant that the 13th acquired several combat units from that division to bolster it for its envisioned action in Japan. The division arrived in New York City on 23 August, but did not leave the United States before the surrender of Japan in September 1945. With the conflict at an end, the division was no longer required by the United States Army, and it was permanently inactivated at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, on 25 February 1946, with its personnel transferred to the command of the 82nd Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010510-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Airborne Division Artillery\nThe 13th Airborne Division Artillery is an inactive field artillery unit of the United States Army, active from 1943-1946. The unit served with the 13th Airborne Division in World War II and deployed to France, but was not committed to combat, although the 460th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion saw action with the 517th Parachute Regimental Combat Team before its assignment to the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010510-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Airborne Division Artillery, Lineage & honors, Lineage\nUnofficial; estimated from the lineage of the 13th Airborne Division, posted by the Airborne and Special Operations Museum at .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010511-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Airlift Squadron (Polish Air Force)\n13th Airlift Squadron \u2013 also referred to as 13.ELTR - 13 Eskadra Lotnictwa Transportowego in Poland \u2013 is an airlift squadron of Polish Air Force established in 1963 in Krak\u00f3w, Poland. The squadron is stationed in the 8th Air Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010512-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Airmobile Battalion (Ukraine)\nThe 13th Separate Airmobile Battalion is a formation of the Ukrainian Airmobile Forces. The Battalion is made up of fully professional soldiers. The main purpose of the Battalion is to take part in peacekeeping operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010512-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Airmobile Battalion (Ukraine), Deployments\nMember of the Battalion pave served in Iraq and Kosovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010513-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Alberta Legislature\nThe 13th Alberta Legislative Assembly was in session from August 17, 1955, to May 9, 1959, with the membership of the assembly determined by the results of the 1955 Alberta general election held on June 29, 1955. The Legislature officially resumed on August 17, 1955, and continued until the fifth session was prorogued on April 7, 1959, and dissolved on May 9, 1959, prior to the 1959 Alberta general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010513-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Alberta Legislature\nAlberta's thirteenth government was controlled by the majority Social Credit Party for the sixth time, led by Premier Ernest Manning who would go on to be the longest serving Premier in Alberta history. The Official Opposition was led by James Harper Prowse a member of the Alberta Liberal Party until the fifth session when Grant MacEwan became the leader of the Official Opposition. The Speaker was Peter Dawson who would serve until his death during the 15th legislature on March 24, 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010514-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards\nThe 13th Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards ceremony honoring the winners and nominees of the best of Tamil cinema in 2019 is an event that was held on 11 January 2020 in Chennai, India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010515-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Anniversary Show - Live In Holland\n13th Anniversary Show - Live In Holland is a live album by the Residents featuring Snakefinger. Like The Eyeball Show album, this was not released by Ralph Records (The Residents' personal record label) but instead by Torso Records, which was The Residents European distributor at the time. In 2017 the album was pressed on vinyl by Secret Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010515-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Anniversary Show - Live In Holland, Reception\nThe album was negatively received by some, being considered a lazier, cheaper produced, version of their great earlier songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010516-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Annual Grammy Awards\nThe 13th Annual Grammy Awards were held on 16 March 1971, on ABC, and marked the ceremony's first live telecast. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1970. The ceremony was hosted for the first time by Andy Williams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010517-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Annual Honda Civic Tours\nThe 13th Annual Honda Civic Tours was a concert tour that showcasing three distinct genres of music, as well as becoming a significant pillar of the new  music platform. Alternative rock bands Grouplove and Portugal. The Man co-headlined the first tour which kicked off on August 10, 2014, in Seattle. This tour included support acts Typhoon and Tokyo Police Club on various dates. The second of three tours with Brooklyn-based pop/rock band American Authors began on October 1, 2014. Support for the second tour included Echosmith, The Mowgli's and Oh Honey on select dates. Additionally, Latin DJ trio 3BallMTY will headline the final tour of the series which began in mid-November and ran through December 21, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010518-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nThe 13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards was held on Thursday, November 15, 2012 at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was the fifth time the awards was held at this venue and in Las Vegas. It also marks the last year in the Latin Recording Academy's contract where the Mandalay Bay Events Center hosted. It is unknown if the awards will continue to be held at this location beyond 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010518-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nRecordings must have been released between July 1, 2011 and June 30, 2012 in order to be eligible for the 13th Latin Grammy Awards. Nominations were announced on September 25, 2012. Juan Luis Guerra led the nominations field with six; Jesse & Joy earned five nods; Ricardo Arjona, Edgar Barrera, Juanes, Carla Morrison, Arturo Sandoval, Ivete Sangalo, and Caetano Veloso each received four nominations. The telecast was aired on Univision at 8pm/7c. Caetano Veloso was honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year on November 14, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010518-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nJesse & Joy won four awards including Record of the Year and Song of the Year for \"\u00a1Corre! \", Juanes took the Album of the Year for MTV Unplugged and 3BallMTY was named Best New Artist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010518-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Changes to award categories\nOn May 10, 2012 the Latin Recording Academy announced that The Academy's Trustees approved changes in the general and pop fields and expanded the Rock and Tropical fields, bringing the total number of categories from 46 to 47:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010518-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, General\nJesse & Joy and Tommy Torres \u2014 \"\u00a1Corre!\" (Jesse & Joy)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010518-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Pop\nJesse & Joy \u2014 \u00bfCon Qui\u00e9n Se Queda El Perro?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010518-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Rock\nRoberto Musso \u2014 \"Cuando Sea Grande\" (El Cuarteto de Nos)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010518-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Tropical\nYoel Henr\u00edquez and Alex Puentes \u2014 \"Toma Mi Vida\" (Milly Quezada featuring Juan Luis Guerra)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010518-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Regional Mexican\nLuis Carlos Monroy and Adrian Pieragostino \u2014 \"El Mejor Perfume\" (La Original Banda El Lim\u00f3n de Salvador Liz\u00e1rraga)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010518-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Instrumental\nChick Corea, Eddie G\u00f3mez and Paul Motian \u2014 Further Explorations", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010518-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Jazz\nArturo Sandoval \u2014 Dear Diz (Every Day I Think of You)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010518-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Brazilian\nBeth Carvalho \u2014 Nosso Samba T\u00e1 na RuaEmilio Santiago \u2014 So Dan\u00e7o Samba ao Vivo", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010518-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Brazilian\nCaetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil and Ivete Sangalo \u2014 Especial Ivete, Gil e Caetano", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010518-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Brazilian\nChit\u00e3ozinho & Xoror\u00f3 \u2014 Chit\u00e3ozinho & Xoror\u00f3 - 40 Anos - Sinf\u00f4nico", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010518-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Production\nGregg Field, Don Murray and Paul Blakemore \u2014 Dear Diz (Every Day I Think of You) (Arturo Sandoval)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010519-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion\nThe 13th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion (13th AAA Bn) was a United States Marine Corps antiaircraft unit that served during World War II. Formed in 1942 as the 13th Defense Battalion, its original mission was to provide air and coastal defense for advanced naval bases. During the war the battalion defended Guantanamo Bay, Cuba and Hawaii. The battalion was the first Defense/AAA Battalion to be decommissioned during the war officially folding its flag on September 7, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010519-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Organization\nThe 11th Defense Battalion was commissioned on September 25, 1942 at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba. The battalion's Headquarters and Service Battery was formed by the re-designation of the Marine Barracks, Naval Operating Base, Guantanamo Bay. The rest of the battalion's personnel were later joined from training units in North Carolina. The battalion remained at Guantanamo Bay. Cuba providing air and coastal defense until March 5, 1944 when it embarked on the SS George Washington bound for the United States. The battalion arrived in New Orleans on March 11, 1944 with follow on travel to Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010519-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Organization\nBeginning in 1944 the Marine Corps removed coastal artillery from the defense battalions in order to form additional heavy artillery units for the Fleet Marine Force. Because of the divestiture of the coastal defense mission, the battalion was re-designated as the 13th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on April 15, 1944. In July 1944 the battalion travelled to the West Coase and sailed for Pearl Harbor, arriving on August 14, 1944. The 13th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion was decommissioned on September 7, 1944 making it the first of the Defense/AAA Battalions to be decommissioned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010519-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. The 13th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010520-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Arabian Gulf Cup\nThe 13th Arabian Gulf Cup (Arabic: \u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u200e) was held in Oman, in October 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010520-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Arabian Gulf Cup\nThe tournament was won by Kuwait for the 8th time", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010520-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Arabian Gulf Cup\nIraq continued to be banned from the tournament because of invasion of Kuwait in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010520-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Arabian Gulf Cup, Tournament\nThe teams played a single round-robin style competition. The team achieving first place in the overall standings was the tournament winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010521-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Arizona State Legislature\nThe 13th Arizona State Legislature, consisting of the Arizona State Senate and the Arizona House of Representatives, was constituted in Phoenix from January 1, 1937 to December 31, 1938, during Rawghlie Clement Stanford's first and only term as Governor of Arizona. The number of senators and representatives remained constant, with 19 and 51 members respectively. While the Democrats regained one hundred percent of the senate seats, the Republicans broke the Democrats complete domination in the house, managing to obtain a single seat, one of the two from Navajo County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010521-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Arizona State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Phoenix on January 11, 1937; and adjourned on March 13. There were four special sessions. The first ran from May 10 through May 29, 1937; the second ran from June 2 through June 22, 1937; the third special session was convened on July 22, 1937 and adjourned on August 4.   and the fourth and final special session ran from September 15 \u2013 October 4, 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010521-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Arizona State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010521-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Arizona State Legislature, House of Representatives, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. The size of the House remained constant from the prior legislature: 51 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010522-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Arizona Territorial Legislature\nThe 13th Arizona Territorial Legislative Assembly was a session of the Arizona Territorial Legislature which began on January 12, 1885, in Prescott, Arizona. The session's accomplishments included allocation of a variety of territorial institutions including a university, normal school, prison, and insane asylum. Nicknames bestowed to the session include the \"bloody thirteenth\" due to fights in the halls of government and nearby saloons, and the \"thieving thirteenth\" due to the very large appropriations approved by this legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010522-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nDuring the Apache Wars, the primary source of cash for many Arizona towns was a nearby military post. By the mid-1880s, subjugation of the Apache was largely completed and the settlements saw territorial institutions as an economic replacement for the forts. The territorial capital and an anticipated insane asylum were considered the best source of revenues. A potential university and normal school were considered of lesser importance with a common line of the day being, \"Who ever heard of a professor buying a drink?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010522-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nThe other big concern facing the territory was an influx of Mormon settlers. About 2000 Mormon settlers had arrived in Arizona Territory during 1884, raising their totals to 5000 settlers, and their political opponents suspected the LDS Church was trying to create a large enough voting block to take over Arizona (at the time a majority of Idaho's legislature was Mormon and the church had been able to determine Wyoming's delegate to Congress). In response to the influx, five of the settlers were tried and convicted of polygamy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010522-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nPolitical response to the convictions was largely favorable, with the New York Times writing, \"This is a very good beginning. If there are among the new settlers other men who have violated the law they should be promptly prosecuted and sent to the penitentiary. In no other way can the growth of polygamy in Arizona be checked.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010522-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nPrior to the legislative session, a group of Tucson businessmen had raised a US$5,000 slush fund to lobby for the return of the territorial capital. The delegation from Pima County was delayed by flooding on the Salt River, forcing a detour through Los Angeles and Sacramento, California, before they could reach Prescott. While this detour was occurring, 7 of the 12 members of the Council met privately and had reached an agreement to block any legislation that would move the capital from Prescott, the penitentiary from Yuma, weaken anti-Mormon legislation, divide Cochise county, or create anti-railroad legislation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010522-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session\nThe legislative session had been scheduled to begin on January 12, 1885, but due to delays in member's arrivals the session was unable to form a quorum until January 19 in the House and January 21 in the council. Among the first problems befalling the session was dealing with travel expenses. The detours taken to avoid flooding on the Salt River resulted in the members from Pima County requesting US$330 each for the 2,200 miles (3,500\u00a0km) journey to and from Prescott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010522-0004-0001", "contents": "13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session\nTo this was added a claim by F.K. Ainsworth, a resident of Prescott, for US$225 in travel expenses under the belief he could claim a journey from any point in the territory he represented. In an effort to keep expenses under the US$25,960 authorized by the U. S. Congress for the session, Territorial Treasurer H. M. Van Arman decided to only pay members their four dollar per diem for days they actually served in the session. The legislatures compensated for this limitation by consuming a greater volume of stationery and other supplies than had been budgeted for.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010522-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session\nDuring the session there were several instances of legislative violence, both within the halls of government and the nearby saloons. One such instance occurred when Council member W. C. Bridwell struck a lobbyist for the Arizona Copper Company, resulting in a bloody nose and broken glasses for the lobbyist. The lobbyist responded by challenging Bridwell to a duel. The two men were separated by mutual friends before they could decide upon appropriate weapons. Another instance involved a feud fought with bullwhip and a monkey wrench.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010522-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nFrederick Augustus Tritle spoke to the legislature on January 24, 1885. Tritle's interest in agriculture was emphasized during the address, and he recommended the legislature ask the U.S. Congress for funds to provide funds to a geological survey designed to locate water sources within the territory along with locations suitable for creating water reservoirs. Other concerns raised included legislation to prevent Texas cattle fever from spreading to Arizona and creation of a permanent militia. Tritle also used the occasion to call for the United States to purchase land from Mexico for the purpose of providing Arizona with direct access to the Pacific ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010522-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nThe key pieces of legislation passed by the session involved allocation of various institutions throughout the territory. The 13th allowed the territorial capital remain in Prescott and Yuma kept the territorial prison. Despite claims that it would be less expensive to continue a deal allowing the territory to send mental patients to a Stockton, California facility at a cost to the territory of six dollars per day, Phoenix received a US$100,000 appropriation for a new insane asylum. Funds for a new levee near Yuma were approved along with US$12,000 for a new bridge over the Gila River near Florence. An allocation of US$5,000 was made for a normal school in Tempe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010522-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nUpon seeing the other political plums already picked, Selim M. Franklin made an appeal near the end of the session to locate a university in Tucson saying, \"We have been called the Fighting Thirteenth, the Bloody Thirteenth and the Thieving Thirteenth. We have deserved these names and we know it. ... Here is an opportunity to wash away our sins. Let us establish an institution of learning, where for all time to come the youth of the land may learn to become better citizens than we are, and all our shortcomings will be forgotten in a misty past and we will be remembered for this one great achievement.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010522-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nOther actions taken by the session included authorizing US$292,000 in bonds for a railroad connecting Prescott to the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad and US$200,000 in bonds for a rail link from Phoenix to the Southern Pacific line in Maricopa. A bill to reinstate a bullion tax was rejected and a proposal to create the County of Sierra Bonita, with Willcox as the county seat, was rejected by a single vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010522-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Aftermath\nFollowing the close of the legislative session there were a number of events that occurred because of the session. As part of the bills authorizing creation of the university and normal school, each receiving community was required to donate a plot of land for the new schools. Tempe enthusiastically accepted the normal school and arranged for the needed 20 acres (0.081\u00a0km2); the Tempe Normal School eventually expanded, ending up as Arizona State University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010522-0010-0001", "contents": "13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Aftermath\nTucson was much less enthusiastic about receiving the university and if not for two gamblers and a saloon keeper donating 40 acres (0.16\u00a0km2) east of the town for campus, the town would have allowed the university authorization to expire. The University of Arizona remains in Tucson to this day. After completion of the bridge near Florence, the Gila shifted course away from the bridge site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010522-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Aftermath\nSeveral investigations into events of legislative session were conducted. A federal grand jury in Tucson found the 13th Arizona Territorial Legislature exceeded the $4000 legal limitation for operating expenses by $46,744.50. A latter grand jury meeting in Prescott reported the legislature had authorized US$19,967 in printing expenses and spent US$3,076.90 to deliver territorial newspapers to legislators. The session was also found to have exceeded federal staffing limitations by employing fifty-one clerks, eight janitors, and four pages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th Arkansas Infantry (1861\u20131865) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. Organized mainly from companies, including several prewar volunteer militia companies, raised in northeastern Arkansas, the regiment was among the first transferred to Confederate Service, and spent virtually the entire war serving in Confederate forces east of the Mississippi River. After the unit sustained heavy casualties during the Battle of Murfreesboro, the unit spent most of the rest of the war field consolidated with the 13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, to form the 5th/13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe 13th Arkansas was formally organized on July 29, 1861, at Camp Ground in Greene County, Arkansas, with about 1,000 men. The companies (less Co. K) mustered into Confederate service at Harrisburg, Arkansas, on July 23, 1861. Company K, the \"Erin Guards,\" was from St. Louis, Missouri; the rest of the companies were from northeast Arkansas. Colonel A. D. Grayson was the mustering officer. The regiment was organized from the following companies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe original regimental officers elected at the formation of the regiment were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nThe 13th Arkansas was ordered to a camp at Belmont, Missouri, just across the river from Columbus, Kentucky. On November 7, 1861, Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant landed troops from Cairo, Illinois, via steamer on the Missouri side of the river. The \"Camp of Observation\", occupied by the 13th Arkansas, was briefly overrun by Union forces, who set fire to the camp. Grant's forces were eventually driven off and, in the process, the 13th gained its first combat experience. Unfortunately in the process, it lost its original muster rolls which were lost when the regiment's camp was burned. As a result, the oldest surviving documents are from the regimental reorganization that took place nine months later in April 1862. Consequently, the names of several hundred of the regiment's original members have been lost to history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nAfter the losses of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862, Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston withdrew his forces into western Tennessee, northern Mississippi, and Alabama to reorganize. The 13th Arkansas was assigned to Brigadier General Alexander P. Stewart's 2nd Brigade of Brigadier General Charles Clark's 1st Division of Major General Leonidas Polk's 1st Army Corps, of General Albert S. Johnston's Army of Mississippi. The regiment suffered heavy casualties at the Battle of Shiloh. It lost 100 soldiers killed, wounded and missing, which represented almost one third of the 306 engaged there. Colonel Tappan was sick and absent on the first day of the battle so command fell to Lieutenant Colonel A. D. Grayson, who was killed in action while leading a charge. Upon Grayson's death, command of the regiment fell to Major James A. McNeely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 903]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nIn April 1862 the Confederate Army underwent an army-wide reorganization due to the passage of the Conscription Act by the Confederate Congress in April 1962. All twelve-month regiments had to re-muster and enlist for two years or the duration of the war; a new election of officers was ordered; and men who were exempted from service by age or other reasons under the Conscription Act were allowed to take a discharge and go home. Officers who did not choose to stand for re-election were also offered a discharge. The reorganization was accomplished among all the Arkansas regiments in and around Corinth, Mississippi, following the Battle of Shiloh. The 13th Arkansas reorganized for the war on April 29, 1862, and the following field officers were elected:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nAs a result of the reorganization in April 1862, the companies were re-lettered and new commanders were elected as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nNote: Company E (originally commanded by Captain R. C. Flournoy), from Desha County, had been attached to the 7th Kentucky Infantry as (old) Company K. It was transferred to the 13th Arkansas in the reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nDespite their heavy losses at Shiloh the regiment continued to function as a part of the Army of the Mississippi. By the time they took part in the Battle of Perryville the regiment had been consolidated with the 15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), which had formerly been commanded by Colonel Cleburne. The unit was assigned to Brigadier General Patrick Ronayne Cleburne's 2nd Brigade of Major General Simon Bolivar Buckner's 3rd Division of William Joseph Hardee's Corps of the Army of Mississippi. The regiment lost 6 killed and 23 wounded at the Battle of Richmond, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nAfter the Kentucky Campaign, the unit was assigned to General Liddell/Govan's Brigade, Cleburn's Division, Army of Tennessee. It would remain in this brigade for the rest of the war. In 1863, the 13th Arkansas was consolidated with the 15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment and placed under the command of Colonel Lucius E. Polk of the 15th. It was consolidated with the 15th Arkansas at Murfreesboro. The 13th/15th reported 68 casualties in the fight at Murfreesboro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nThe 13th was field consolidated with the 5th Arkansas in September, 1863 and remained consolidated with the 5th until the closing month of the war. The regiment took part in the Battle of Chickamauga and the Tullahoma Campaign along with many other major engagements. The 5th/13th lost forty-five percent of the 450 at Chickamauga, had 21 men disabled at Ringgold Gap, totaled 321 men and 222 arms in December 1863, and reported 112 casualties at the Battle of Atlanta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nThe regiment and the rest of Govan's Brigade participated in General John B. Hood's disastrous Franklin-Nashville Campaign. Due to the appalling losses suffered by Govan's Brigade during the Atlanta Campaign, the 1st/15th, 5th/13th and 2nd/24th Arkansas Regiments were consolidated into one regiment, which was commanded by Colonel Peter Green of the 5th/13th (specifically of the 5th). The other officers of the consolidated regiment were Major Alexander T. Meek, of the 2nd/24th Arkansas, Captain Mordecai P. Garrett and Sergeant Major Thomas Benton Moncrief of the 15th Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0011-0001", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nThe consolidated regiment fought under the colors of the consolidated 5th/13th Arkansas Regiment, because this was one of the only colors not captured when Govan's Brigade was overrun at the Battle of Jonesboro. The flag of the combined 5th/13th Arkansas was issued in March 1864 and was captured by Benjamin Newman of the 88th Illinois Infantry at the battle of Franklin. The consolidated regiment numbered just 300 rifles and sustained 66% casualties during the Battle of Franklin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nThe remnants of Govan's Brigade that survived the Tennessee Campaign remained with the Army of Tennessee through its final engagements in the 1865 Carolinas Campaign. The 13th Arkansas is credited with the following engagements:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, African Americans in Confederate Service\nA Lieutenant Shelton of the 13th Arkansas apparently took an African American slave with him to battle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, African Americans in Confederate Service\nIn the recent battle of Belmont, lieutenant Shelton, of the 13th Arkansas Infantry regiment, had his servant Jack in the fight. Both Jack and his master were wounded, but not till they had made most heroic efforts to drive back the insolent invaders. Finally, after Jack had fired at the enemy twenty-seven times, he fell seriously wounded in the arm. Jacks' son was upon the field, and loaded the rifle for his father, who shot at the enemy three times after he was upon the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0014-0001", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, African Americans in Confederate Service\nJack\u2019s son hid behind a tree, and when the enemy retreated, they took him to Cairo and refused to let him return. Jack was taken from the field in great pain, and brought to the Overton Hospital, where he bore his sufferings with great fortitude till death relieved him of his pains yesterday. His example may throw a flood of light upon the fancied philanthropy of abolitionism. Jack was a brave and obedient servant, and deserves all praise for his heroic conduct upon the bloody field of Belmont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Flags\nThere are two flags associated with the 13th Arkansas known to be in existence; the flag of the Erin Guards, Company K, and the flag of the combined 5th and 13th Arkansas Infantry regiment. The flag of the Erin Guards is a 1st National Flag Pattern with the words \"VICTORY or DEATH\" inscribed on the white strip. The flag had a circle of ten stars on a blue field with an eleventh star in the center of the circle. The flag is currently in the collection of the Missouri Historical Society in St. Louis, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Flags\nThe flag of the 5th and 13th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, and its flag staff, are thought to be in private hands. The flag of the combined 5th/13th Arkansas was issued in March, 1864 and was captured by Benjamin Newman of the 88th Illinois Infantry at the battle of Franklin, Tennessee. The flag-staff for this flag is also in private hands and it is stenciled; \"5th & 6th Arkansas \u2013 B. Newman\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0016-0001", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Flags\nThe curator of the Carter House in Franklin, Tom Carter, says it was mistakenly labeled, and should have been the \"5th & 13th\", which were consolidated at the time of the battle. The 6th Arkansas by that time was consolidated with the 7th Arkansas. Research shows the flag at that time was a \"white moon on a blue field\". The 5th/13th Arkansas flag, was one of five captured by the 88th Illinois at the Battle of Franklin, and none were forwarded to the War Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0016-0002", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Flags\nIt was last seen at Nashville when the 88th Illinois displayed the captured flags to General Thomas. The division commander stated, \"They were afterward sent home by those who captured them. Since then they have been ordered to be returned, and will be forwarded to department headquarters as soon as they arrive.\" However, none were ever returned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010523-0017-0000", "contents": "13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Consolidation and surrender\nThe remnants of ten depleted Arkansas regiments, along with one mostly-Arkansas regiment, in the Army of Tennessee were consolidated into a single regiment at Smithfield, North Carolina, on April 9, 1865. The 1st Arkansas, was lumped together with the 2nd, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 15th, 19th and 24th Arkansas Infantry Regiments and the 3rd Confederate Infantry Regiment as the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry. On April 26, 1865, the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment was present with the Army of Tennessee when it surrendered in Greensboro, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010524-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Armored Division (United States)\nThe 13th Armored Division was an armored division of the United States Army in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010524-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Armored Division (United States), History and combat chronicle\nThe division was activated on 15 October 1942 at Camp Beale, east of Marysville, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010524-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Armored Division (United States), History and combat chronicle\nThe 13th Armored, known as the Black Cats, landed at Le Havre, France, 29 January 1945. After performing occupation duties, the Division moved to Homberg near Kassel to prepare for combat under the Third Army, 5 April. At Altenkirchen, it was attached to the XVIII Airborne Corps and prepared for the Ruhr Pocket operation. The attack jumped off at Honnef, 10 April. After crossing the river Sieg at Siegburg, the 13th pushed north to Bergisch Gladbach, then toward Duisburg and Mettmann by 18 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010524-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Armored Division (United States), History and combat chronicle\nShifting south to Eschenau, the Division prepared for Bavarian operations. Starting from Parsberg, 26 April, the 13th crossed the Regen river, then the Danube at Matting and secured the area near D\u00fcnzling. On the 28th, elements closed in at Plattling and crossed the Isar River. Moderate to heavy resistance was met during this drive through southern Germany. The Division smashed into Braunau am Inn, Austria, 2 May, and the command post was set up in the house where Hitler was born. A bridgehead across the Inn was established at Marktl, but the river was not crossed as orders came to reassemble north of Inn River, 2 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010524-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Armored Division (United States), History and combat chronicle\nPreparations were made for further advances when the war in Europe ended. The 13th remained in Germany until 25 June and left Le Havre, France, for home, 14 July 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010524-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Armored Division (United States), History and combat chronicle\nThe division moved to Camp Cook, California after returning to the United States. It was training in amphibious operations at the time of the Japanese surrender. The men were aware that it was an open secret that they were likely to participate in the invasion of Japan. It was inactivated on 15 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010524-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Armored Division (United States), History and combat chronicle\nThe division was reactivated in 1947, reflagged from the 19th Armored Division, which had been \"placed on rolls\", but not actually activated, during World War II. The 19th Armored Division was eventually activated just after the war, and allotted to the Sixth Army area of the Organized Reserves (specifically California, Oregon, and Arizona). In 1947, the 19th Armored Division was reflagged as the 13th Armored Division at California's request. In 1952, the division was reflagged as the 63rd Infantry Division in Los Angeles, California, and thus the 13th Armored Division was finally inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010525-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Armoured Regiment (India)\n13th Armoured Regiment, is an armoured regiment which is part of the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010525-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Armoured Regiment (India), Formation\nThe regiment was initially raised with Sikhs, Rajputs and South Indian classes, but was later converted to an all-class regiment. The regiment was raised on 21 December 1984 by Lt Col Balram Singh Mehta at Ahmednagar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010525-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Armoured Regiment (India), History\nIt was first equipped with Vijayanta tanks and later with T-90 tanks. It first assignment however was in counter-insurgency duties in Jammu and Kashmir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010525-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Armoured Regiment (India), History\nThe Regiment had the honour of participating in the 1987 and 2009 Republic Day Parades with the Vijayanta and T-90 tanks respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010525-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Armoured Regiment (India), History\nThe Regiment was presented the \u2018President\u2019s Standards\u2019 at Babina on 19 October 2010 by the then President of India, Ms Prathiba Patil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010525-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Armoured Regiment (India), Regimental Insignia\nThe cap badge of the unit is a sunburst with crossed lances and pennons. The regimental motto is inscribed on a circlet within the sunburst. Initially, the entire badge was made of white metal. This was later changed with the sunburst being converted to brass with no change of white metal for the rest of the badge. The shoulder title consists of the numeral \"13\" in brass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010526-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Army (RSFSR)\nThe 13th Army was a field army of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War, which existed between 5 March 1919 and 12 November 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010526-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Army (RSFSR), History\nIts predecessor was the Group of Forces on the Kursk direction, formed on 18 November 1918, under leadership of I.S. Kozhevnikov from troops arriving from the frontlines of the First World War. After its assignment to the Southern Front in December 1918, where it participated in January 1919 in the successful Voronezh\u2013Povorino Operation, it was renamed as the Donetsk Group of Forces in February 1919, and in March reformed as the 13th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010526-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Army (RSFSR), History\nIn Spring 1919, it suffered serious losses in the Battle of the Donbass. In August and September 1919, together with the 8th Army, it became part of the Selivachyov Group, named after its commander Vladimir Selivachyov. On 10 January 1920 the Southern Front was renamed as the Southwestern of which the 13th Army remained a part. In September 1920 it was assigned to the second creation of the Southern Front, at that time fighting against Wrangel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010526-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Army (RSFSR), History\nDuring the Civil War the Army's force structure was highly dynamic with most subunits operating as part of operational groups. These included Special (reserve) Group (two regiments and a battery), Left Group (two divisions, cavalry and infantry brigades), Shock Group (Latvian division, Cossack cavalry brigade and separate brigade), and Perekopskaya Group (Latvian and 3rd divisions, 8th cavalry division, Nesterov group, and later 52nd division and 85th brigade of the 29th division).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010526-0003-0001", "contents": "13th Army (RSFSR), History\nThis last group fought on the approaches to Crimea, and experienced many changes, at one time including a group of armoured trains and the 1st Cavalry corps, but was eventually split between the Ekaterinoslav direction group of forces and the 6th Army. The rest of the 13th fought towards the southern coast of the Black sea between Perekop and north-east of Odessa. In October 1920 the army lost many of its units to the 2nd Cavalry Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010526-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Army (RSFSR), History\nThis first 13th Army participated in operations spanning an area from the southern Kursk gubernia to then Crimea. She fought against Denikin, the Don nationalist Cossacks and Wrangel. participated in the offensive into Donbass, and its defence, the Orel\u2013Kursk operation and in the Perekop-Chongar Operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010526-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Army (RSFSR), History\nOn November 12, 1920 the 13th Army was disbanded. Its administration was merged with the management of the 4th Army. Its last location of headquarters was in the city of Slavyansk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010527-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Army (Russian Empire)\nThe 13th Army was a field army of the Imperial Russian Army during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010527-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Army (Russian Empire)\nThe headquarters of the 13th Army was formed on 16 May 1915. The Army served as a link between the Northwestern and Southwestern fronts. When in August 1915, the North-Western Front was split into the Northern and Western Front, the 13th Army was disbanded. Its troops were incorporated into the 3rd Army and the staff took over command of the 12th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010528-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Army (Soviet Union)\nThe 13th Army (Russian: 13-\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f, romanized:\u00a013-ya armiya) was a name given to several field armies of the Soviet Union's Red Army. Later armies existed until the 1990s, and the army survived as part of the Ukrainian Ground Forces for some years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010528-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Army (Soviet Union), Russo-Finnish War\nThe 13th Army was created again at the end of December 1939 as a separate 13th Army in the course of the Soviet advance into the Karelian Isthmus when the 7th Army was split into two, and also renamed separate, after being substantially reinforced. As part of the 1940 February Vyborg offensive they were coordinated by the North Western Front in Leningrad, both armies were able to breach either first or second defensive positions in the Mannerheim Line, but were unable to breach the main position. The separate 13th Army was allocated three of the eight rifle corps assigned to the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010528-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Army (Soviet Union), World War II\nThe 13th Army (1st formation) headquarters was formed in May 1941 in the Western Special Military District, starting on 5 May in Mogilev in accordance with the decision of Central Committee of the Communist Party and Sovnarkom of the USSR No.1113-460cc. dated 23 April 1941. It was intended to comprised 21st, 2nd, and 44th Rifle Corps. In the beginning of June Lieutenant General Pyotr Filatov arrived to take command. From the beginning of Operation Barbarossa the Army included the 21st Rifle Corps, 50th Rifle Division, the 8th Anti -Tank Artillery Brigade and a number of other separate units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010528-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Army (Soviet Union), World War II\nFrom the end of June 1941 the Army conducted defensive operations in the Minsk Fortified Region, on the Borisov direction and on the Dnieper river. The formation conducted operations as part of the Soviet Western Front and the Soviet Central Front. Parts of the Army held up the Wehrmacht advance for almost three weeks near Mogilyev. The 172nd Rifle Division under Major General Mikhail Romanov especially distinguished itself in the combat. Parts of the Army participated in the Battle of Smolensk from 10 July to 10 September 1941. During September and October 1941 the Army was operating as part of the Bryansk Front and included the 6th Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010528-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Army (Soviet Union), World War II\nThe Army fought as part of the Central Front in the Battle of Kursk in July 1943 under General N.P. Pukhov, numbering four corps with twelve rifle divisions (including the 75th Guards Rifle Division). The Army finished its war service in Germany within the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010528-0003-0001", "contents": "13th Army (Soviet Union), World War II\nUkrainian Front in 1945, consisting of the 24th Rifle Corps (117th Guards Rifle Division, 280th Rifle Division, 395th Rifle Division), 27th Rifle Corps (6th Guards Rifle Division and 121st Guards Rifle Division), 102nd Rifle Corps (147th Rifle Division and 172nd Rifle Divisions, which took part in the Battle of Halbe), 17th Artillery Division, and many other smaller artillery and other formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010528-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Army (Soviet Union), Soviet Army\nThe Army was located for the entire postwar period in the Lviv and Carpathian Military Districts, initially comprising three Rifle Corps with a total of nine rifle divisions. From 1947 to 1949 it was commanded by General Issa Pliyev who was a renowned commander of several Cavalry mechanized groups during the war. It was for much of this period headquartered at Rovno. Almost all its divisions were Guards formations: the 17th, 51st, 97th (the former 40th, 15th, and 97th Rifle Divisions). Only the 24th (subsequently resubordinated to Military District control) and the 161st Rifle Division were not Guards, but both were renowned combat formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010528-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Army (Soviet Union), Soviet Army\nIn 1960 the 24th Motor Rifle Division was transferred to district control. In January 1965 the 99th Motor Rifle Division was redesignated the 161st Motor Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010528-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Army (Soviet Union), Soviet Army\nOn 22 February 1968 the army was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010528-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Army (Soviet Union), Soviet Army\nIn 1970 the 275th Motor Rifle Division (mobilisation) was activated, and the 62nd Anti- Aircraft Rocket Brigade was transferred from the 8th Tank Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010528-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Army (Soviet Union), Soviet Army\nIn 1987 the 275th Motor Rifle Division (mobilisation) was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010528-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Army (Soviet Union), Soviet Army\nAlso part of the army in the late 1980s were the 119th and 442nd Independent Helicopter Regiments (Mi-24s), 62nd Anti- Aircraft Rocket Brigade (Lyuboml), 49th Independent Engineer Regiment, and 38th Rocket Brigade (Kremenets). In January 1992, the army, its facilities and most of the equipment was transferred to the newly-sovereign Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010528-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Army (Soviet Union), Ukrainian Army\nOn 18 March 1992, in accordance with Decree No. 161 of the President of Ukraine, Major General Petro Shulyak was assigned as the army commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010528-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Army (Soviet Union), Ukrainian Army\nOleksandr Zatynaiko later became commander. On 27 December 1993, the 13th Army was redesignated as the 13th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States)\nThe 13th Army Band is a United States National Guard military band stationed in Miramar, Florida. The unit is a part of the Florida National Guard, headquartered at St. Augustine. According to retired Adjutant General, Major General Michael A. Calhoun, the band is the \"best kept secret in the National Guard. The band is under the direction of CW3 Stephen K. Rivero and performs at musical support for military functions, civic events and air shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Commanders\nCWO Murray Austrian (15 APR 1947 \u2013 14 NOV 1963)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Commanders\nCW4 Everett F. Nichols (15 NOV 1963 \u2013 28 APR 1970)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Commanders\nCW5 Douglas A. Phifer (3 APR 1978 \u2013 30 SEP 2010)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nThe 13th Army Band has a lineage dating back to 1930, when it was organized as the band section of the 265th Air Defense Artillery Regiment in Miami, which was the 265th Coast Artillery at the time. The 265th Air Defense Artillery Regiment Band supported harbor security operations in Ft. Crockett, Texas and Ft. Greely, Alaska through World War II. In 1944, it was re-designated as the 96th Army Ground Forces Band, which served until its deactivation in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nIn 1946, the band was re-designated as the 51st Infantry Division Band. The 51st Infantry Division was composed of National Guardsmen from South Carolina and Florida and the band usually performed Annual Training with the infantry at bases such as Ft. Polk and Ft. McClellan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nIn 1947 the band was activated for flood relief in Ft. Lauderdale and for the opening of Everglades National Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nIn 1952, the band earned the Eisenhower Trophy for being, \"the most outstanding company sized unit in the Florida National Guard.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nIn 1957, the band moved to the North Miami Armory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nFrom 17\u201326 March 1960, the band was activated for flood relief in the Tampa area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nIn 1963 the band was reorganized and re-designated as the 13th Army Band of the Florida National Guard. With the entire state of Florida as its Area of Operations, the band took missions from the Goodwill Ball in downtown Miami in 1970, to gubernatorial inaugurations every four years in Tallahassee, and everything in between. The band has performed in hundreds of civic parades, military pass and reviews, and became a staple at the annual OCS graduations at Camp Blanding and the National Guard Association Conferences, held around the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nIn 1973, the band enlisted one of the first females into the Florida National Guard, Susan Seaman. Previously, women were only allowed in the Guard as Army nurses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nIn 1975 and 1976, the band had a variety of high-profile performances in celebration of the National Bicentennial, the US' 200th birthday. In the early 1980s, elements of the band were mobilized for civil missions during the McDuffie riots and the Mariel boatlift. In 1985, Voice of America requested the band play a series of concerts at a relay station in Costa Rica. The band performed in neighboring Panama as well as Costa Rica. Later that year the band was invited to perform for the 10th anniversary ceremony of NGPEC in Arkansas. In 1987, the 13th Army Band was awarded the Army National Guard Superior Unit Award. The following year the band was invited to Washington DC to perform for the Association of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nIn 1990, the band traveled to the Dominican Republic and to Morocco on cultural exchange assignments. In Santo Domingo, the band was mobbed wherever they went and they were treated as stars after performing on a local television variety show. The Moroccan visit was to support State Department employees and to perform patriotic 4 July receptions at American embassies in Rabat and Casablanca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nIn 1992, South Florida was devastated by Hurricane Andrew. The band was immediately activated to organize relief supply distribution to affected civilians. As soon as enough troops were in place to continue that mission, the band began to perform for thousands of Floridians who were homeless or had no power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nThroughout the 1990s and continuing today, the band has supported requests from SOUTHCOM as well as other military branches including the Coast Guard. The 13th is one of a very few National Guard units authorized to wear the Coast Guard Meritorious Team Commendation ribbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nIn the early 2000s, bandsmen volunteered for border patrol operations and counter-drug assignments among other operations during the Global War on Terrorism. The 13th Army Band was awarded the Adjutant General's Trophy in 2004, for superior performance as a unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0017-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nThe band was crucial in the dedication of the World War II memorial in Tallahassee in 2005. Bandsmen, and particularly buglers, have worked constantly at cemeteries throughout Florida as part of the Military Funeral Honors teams. They give the last solemn farewell to fallen veterans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0018-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nThroughout 2005, Florida was hit with a rash of hurricanes. The 13th Army Band was partially activated for Hurricane Frances and fully activated for Hurricane Wilma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0019-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nDuring Hurricane Wilma recovery efforts, the band offloaded over 180 tractor-trailers full of relief supplies. A band detachment worked in the Florida Keys distributing over 10,000 meals and countless pounds of ice and water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0020-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nIn 2007, 13th Army Band personnel performed in the Super Bowl XLI pre-game show, before a live audience of over 74,000 and a television audience of over 93 million people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0021-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nThe band earned an Army Superior Unit Award for support of the 2008 Presidential Inauguration. Later the same year, a group of bandsmen traveled to St. Kitts to participate in a state partnership training exchange and to perform at several celebratory events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0022-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nIn 2009, several members of the band volunteered for deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0023-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nIn 2011 and 2012, band  to Guyana in South America, to assist in developing relations between the Guyana Defence Forces Military Band and the Florida National Guard and to help foster goodwill with the Guyanese citizens. In two engagements the band supported State Department personnel stationed in Guyana with patriotic concerts and performed multiple community outreach missions which brought numerous accolades to the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0024-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nThe 13th Army Band performed a cultural exchange aboard a Chilean Navy training ship, Esmeralda docked at the Port of Miami in 2016. Later that year, Chief Stephen K Rivero was invited to support the Tumon Music Festival during a visit to Guam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0025-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nIn 2017, the unit was activated in response to Hurricane Irma, where they assisted in emergency operations throughout Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0026-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nUnit members have supported DSCA operations in support of Hurricane Michael and Hurricane Dorian and have performed at the Miami Marathon in 2019 and 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0027-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nIn 2020 the unit was asked to volunteer for Coronavirus disease 2019 response and activated most of its members. They helped set up the Hard Rock Stadium testing center in the first few days of Florida's military response to the crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0028-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Historical Narrative\nThe 13th Army Band is so well regarded that the 13th Army Band Commander has have been tasked by the National Guard Bureau to perform evaluation and assistance visits to almost every state on the east coast of the U.S. 13th Army Band Commander, CW3 Stephen K. Rivero is one of only six officers sitting on the Army Bands Advisory Council, which assists in planning the future of National Guard bands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010529-0029-0000", "contents": "13th Army Band (United States), Ensembles\nThe nature of military operations in general and the requirements of modern military musicians specifically require the band to be able to play simultaneous engagements. Currently the band fields several ensembles which can operate at multiple sites independently:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010530-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Army Corps (Russian Empire)\nThe 13th Army Corps was a corps of the Imperial Russian Army, formed in the 1870s. The corps fought in the Russo-Turkish War and World War I, and was disbanded with the collapse of the Imperial Russian Army after the Russian Revolution. During peacetime, it was stationed in the Moscow Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010530-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Army Corps (Russian Empire), History\nThe corps was formed on 19 February 1877 in the Moscow Military District. Its headquarters was located at Smolensk before World War I. The corps fought in World War I. It was destroyed in East Prussia in late 1917 or early 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010530-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Army Corps (Russian Empire), Organization\nOn 18 July 1914, the corps included the following units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010531-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Asia Pacific Screen Awards\nThe 13th Asia Pacific Screen Awards were held on 21 November 2019 in Brisbane, Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010532-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Asian Film Awards\nThe 13th Asian Film Awards are the 2019 edition of the Asian Film Awards. The ceremony was held on March 17, 2019, at the TVB City in Hong Kong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010533-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Asianet Film Awards\nThe 13th Asianet Film Awards honors the best films in 2010 and was held on 9 January 2011 at Willingdon Island in Kochi. The winners were announced on 1 January 2011. The title sponsor of the event is Ujala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010533-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Asianet Film Awards\nAmitabh Bachchan, who was conferred the Lifetime Achievement Award, was the chief guest of the event. The event was telecasted on Asianet in two parts \u2013 on 29 January and 30 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010533-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Asianet Film Awards, Celebrities who attended the event\nThe biggest attraction of the ceremony was the presence of Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan, who was conferred the Lifetime Achievement Award. The laurel came to Amitabh Bachchan from million viewers of Asianet, who had selected the actor for his onscreen aura and special connect that he shares with international fans around the world. The superstar was accompanied with the host of stars from Malayalam film industry. The show saw the attendance of legendary celebrities Mammootty,Mohanlal,Jayaram,Dileep,Sreenivasan,Suraj Venjaramoodu,Innocent,Jagathy Sreekumar,Siddique(actor),Siddique(director),Vijay,Karthi,Lal,Kunchacko Boban,Asif Ali,Jayasurya,Jeethu Joseph,Lal Jose,Major Ravi,B Unnikrishnan,Manoj K Jayan, Rahman,Narain,Anoop Menon,Nedumudi Venu,MG Sreekumar,Nayanthara,Sneha,Ann Augustine,Meera Nandan,Meghana Raj,Mithra Kurian,Archana Kavi,Ananya,Samvrutha Sunil,Mamta Mohandas,Lakshmi Gopalaswami,Kaniha,Lakshmi Rai,Amala Paul,Ambika,Sarayu,KS Chithra, and many more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 1042]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010534-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Avenue station (BMT Culver Line)\n13th Avenue was a New York City Subway station on the demolished section of the BMT Culver Line. This station was located at the intersection of 37th Street and 13th Avenue in Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010534-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Avenue station (BMT Culver Line), History\nThis station opened on March 16, 1919, and had a connection to the B&QT Church Avenue Line streetcar. When the IND South Brooklyn Line was extended to Ditmas Avenue and converted most of the line to the Independent Subway System, the station's service was replaced by the Culver Shuttle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010534-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Avenue station (BMT Culver Line), History\nOn May 28, 1959, the station and the line were reduced from three tracks to two. By December 1960, the shuttle was reduced to a single track and platform due to the December 1960 nor'easter and low ridership. The station finally closed on May 11, 1975. The line was demolished in the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010534-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Avenue station (BMT Culver Line), Station layout\nThis elevated station originally had three tracks and two side platforms, although, near the end of its life, only used one track and one of the side platforms, due to the removal of the other two tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010535-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Avenue station (RTD)\n13th Avenue station is a Regional Transportation District (RTD) light rail station on the R Line in Aurora, Colorado. The station is located alongside Interstate 225, a few blocks west of intersection of 13th Avenue and Sable Boulevard. It has a 262-stall park-and-ride lot and is planned to be the center of a transit-oriented development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010535-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Avenue station (RTD)\nThe station opened on February 24, 2017, along with the rest of the R Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010536-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 13th Aviation Regiment is a regiment of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010536-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Aviation Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion, 13th Aviation\nThe 1st Battalion, 13th Aviation Regiment manages new recruits who have recently graduated basic training and who have reported to Fort Rucker to receive their military occupational specialty identifier before reporting to their first duty station. The battalion orchestrates and implements the majority of enlisted training at Fort Rucker. The 6th Military Police Detachment and an element of the 46th Engineer Battalion is also assigned to 1-13th. Fort Rucker\u2019s military and civilian firefighters are assigned under the 6th MP Detachment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010536-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 13th Aviation\nThe 2nd Battalion, 13th Aviation Regiment, which replaced the Unmanned Aircraft Systems Training Battalion (UASTB)(Provisional), is based at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. Its primary mission is to train soldiers in the operation and maintenance of the RQ-7B Shadow and MQ-1C Gray Eagle unmanned aircraft systems. 2\u201313th Aviation is a tenant unit of Fort Huachuca, but its parent unit is the 1st Aviation Brigade at Fort Rucker, Alabama, home of the United States Army Aviation Center of Excellence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010536-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 13th Aviation\nThe battalion operates the largest UAS training center in the world, with over 125,000 square feet (11,600\u00a0m2) of training space, four hangars, two runways, and 24-hour operational capacity. The battalion trains approximately 2,000 Soldiers, Marines, and foreign military students each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010536-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 13th Aviation\nFormerly part of Company E, 305th Military Intelligence Battalion (E-305th MIB), the Unmanned Aircraft Systems Training Battalion (UASTB) (Provisional) was activated on 19 April 2006 during the transition of authority for UAS training from the U.S. Army Intelligence Center to the U.S. Army Aviation Warfighting Center. The UASTB was later redesignated as the 1-210th Aviation Regiment and was finally redesignated as the 2\u201313th Aviation Regiment on June 11, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010536-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 13th Aviation, Alpha Company\nAlpha Company's soldiers train to become Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) 15W Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operators and 15E Unmanned Aircraft Systems Repairers qualified on the RQ-7B Shadow and the MQ-1C Gray Eagle Unmanned Aircraft Systems. Alpha Company's 500+ Soldiers are held to the highest standards of discipline, professionalism, and physical fitness. To help them meet these standards, Alpha Company relies on Advanced Individual Training Platoon Sergeants, all with Army Aviation backgrounds. Alpha Company also provides administrative, training, and logistical support for the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010536-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 13th Aviation, Bravo Company\nBravo Company's mission is to train UAS Operators on the remote operation of the RQ-7B Shadow and the MQ-1C Gray Eagle Unmanned Systems. Bravo Company also oversees the UAS Instructor Operator Course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010536-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 13th Aviation, Charlie Company\nCharlie Company's mission is to train UAS Repairers on the maintenance, troubleshooting, and electrical theory of the RQ-7B Shadow and the MQ-1C Gray Eagle Unmanned Systems. Charlie Company also oversees the Tactical UAS Warrant Officer Technician Course, UAS Command and Staff Officer Course, and the UAS Platoon Leader Course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 85], "content_span": [86, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010537-0000-0000", "contents": "13th BRICS summit\nThe 2021 BRICS summit is the thirteenth annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference attended by the heads of state or heads of government of the five member states Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. It will be the third time that India will be hosting the BRICS Summit after 2012 and 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010537-0001-0000", "contents": "13th BRICS summit, Meetings\nIndia hosted the first meeting of BRICS finance and central bank deputies through video conference. The meeting was co-chaired by Michael Patra, Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India and Tarun Bajaj, Secretary Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010538-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Bangladesh National Film Awards\nThe 13th Bangladesh National Film Awards, presented by Ministry of Information, Bangladesh to felicitate the best of Bangladeshi Cinema released in the year 1988. The ceremony took place in Dhaka in 1988 and awards were given by then President of Bangladesh. The National Film Awards are the only film awards given by the government itself. Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in Dhaka. 1988 was the 13th National Film Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010538-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Bangladesh National Film Awards, List of winners\nThis year awards were given in 17 categories. Awards for Best Male Playback Singer was not given in 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010539-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 13th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Originally raised for the 1st Australian Imperial Force during the First World War, it was formed just six weeks after the start of the war. Along with the 14th, 15th and 16th Battalions which were recruited from New South Wales, it formed the 4th Brigade. The battalion saw service initially at Gallipoli before being transferred to France in 1916. For the next two years it fought in the trenches of the Western Front, earning numerous battle honours in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010539-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Australia)\nFollowing the end of the war, the 13th Battalion was demobilised in early 1919. It was re-raised in 1921 as a unit of the part-time Citizens Force, based around Maitland, New South Wales. During the Second World War the battalion undertook garrison duties before being amalgamated with the 33rd Battalion in October 1942. It was re-raised for a third and final time sometime after 1948 and remained on the order of battle until 1960 when it was subsumed into the Royal New South Wales Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010539-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nFollowing the outbreak of war, the Australian government announced the decision to raise an all volunteer force for overseas service known as the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). Recruitment for this force began quickly and the 13th Battalion was among some of the first battalions to be raised, doing so in late September 1914, only six weeks after the declaration of war. Drawing its manpower from the state of New South Wales, it undertook training at the ANZAC Rifle Range in Long Bay, Sydney and Broadmeadows and Williamstown in Melbourne. It left Australia from Albany in late December and arrived in Egypt in February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010539-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nAlong with the rest of the 4th Brigade, under the command of then Colonel John Monash, the 13th Battalion took part in the Landing at Anzac Cove, arriving late on 25 April 1915. For the first four months, between May and August, they undertook defensive operations as the Anzacs attempted to establish themselves on the narrow beachhead that had been captured on the peninsula. On 8 August 1915 an attempt was made to break out from this position and the battalion took part in a costly, and only partially successful, attack on Hill 971. Later in the month, on 27 August, they were involved in another attack, this time on Hill 60, during which they suffered further casualties. After this the 13th Battalion was mainly used in a defensive role until the final evacuation in December 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010539-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nFrom there, the battalion returned to Egypt where the AIF underwent a period of training and reorganisation which saw the raising of two new divisions which effectively doubled its size. As a part of this expansion, the 13th Battalion was split and provided a cadre of soldiers who had served at Gallipoli to provide experienced men to the newly raised 45th Battalion. At the same time the reconstituted 4th Brigade was allocated to the Australian 4th Division along with the 12th and 13th Brigades. In June 1916, the battalion embarked for France to join other units of II Anzac Corps, and for the next two years it served in the trenches along the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010539-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nDuring this time, the 13th Battalion saw action in a number of major battles. The first  such action that they were involved in came at Pozi\u00e8res in August 1916. Later, in February 1917, Captain Harry Murray, became the first member of the battalion to earn the Victoria Cross when he was involved in an attack near Gueudecourt. Later, at Bullecourt in April, the battalion, along with most of the 4th Brigade, suffered heavy losses when they ran up against a strongly defended German position without the tank support that they had been promised. After that, the 13th Battalion spent most of the remainder of 1917 in Belgium, as the Allied armies slowly advanced towards the heavily defended Hindenburg Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010539-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nIn March 1918, the Germans launched the Spring Offensive, which saw them gain considerable ground before being halted. During this time, the 13th Battalion undertook defensive operations in an effort to stem the tide. Later, a brief lull in the fighting occurred before the Allies launched their own offensive, known as the Hundred Days Offensive, which ultimately brought about an end to the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010539-0006-0001", "contents": "13th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nThe 13th Battalion was involved at the outset, taking part in the fighting around Amiens on 8 August 1918, which produced considerable gains for the Allies and was subsequently described as one of the greatest successes in a single day on the Western Front. On 18 September, the battalion took part in its last offensive action, this time around Le Verguier, and it was here that Sergeant Maurice Buckley, serving under the assumed name of Gerald Sexton, performed the deeds that led to him being  awarded the Victoria Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010539-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nOn 11 November 1918, an armistice came into effect and the fighting ended. Over the course of the next five months the battalion's personnel were slowly returned to Australia for demobilisation and discharge. On 18 March 1919, the battalion was finally disbanded, when its remaining personnel were formed into the 13th Composite Battalion along with drafts from the 14th, 15th and 16th Battalions. During the course of the war, the battalion lost 1,090 men killed and 2,128 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010539-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Australia), History, Interwar years, the Second World War and beyond\nIn 1921, the decision was made to perpetuate the numerical designations and battle honours of the AIF by re-raising those units as part of the Citizens Force. This was done by reorganising the existing Citizens Forces units so that they would adopt the identity of the AIF units that had been recruited within their regions and in which many of the pre-war citizen soldiers had served. As a result, by 1924, the 13th Battalion had been re-raised in the Maitland, New South Wales region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 84], "content_span": [85, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010539-0008-0001", "contents": "13th Battalion (Australia), History, Interwar years, the Second World War and beyond\nUpon formation, the newly raised battalion had drawn personnel from parts of the 13th and 22nd Infantry Regiments, and through its link with these units inherited the battle honour \"South Africa 1900\u20131902\". In 1927, territorial titles were introduced and the battalion adopted the title of the \"Maitland Regiment\", and the unit received its battle honours for the First World War. By 1928 it had been assigned to the 1st Brigade, attached to the 1st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 84], "content_span": [85, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010539-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Australia), History, Interwar years, the Second World War and beyond\nFollowing the election of the Scullin Labor government in 1929, the compulsory training scheme was suspended and the Citizens Forces became an all volunteer force. In order to reflect its voluntary basis, it was subsequently renamed the \"Militia\" at this time. The decision to suspend compulsory training, as well as the hardships associated with the Great Depression meant that many Militia units were afflicted by low manning levels. As a consequence of this, it was decided to amalgamate a number of units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 84], "content_span": [85, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010539-0009-0001", "contents": "13th Battalion (Australia), History, Interwar years, the Second World War and beyond\nThe 13th Battalion was not one of the units affected by this decision, and it remained under the command of the 1st Brigade, which was headquartered in Newcastle, New South Wales as a subordinate unit of the 2nd Military District, until the start of the Second World War in September 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 84], "content_span": [85, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010539-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Australia), History, Interwar years, the Second World War and beyond\nDuring the war, because of the provisions of the Defence Act (1903), which prohibited sending the Militia to fight outside of Australian territory, the decision was made to raise an all volunteer force to serve overseas\u00a0\u2013 the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF)\u00a0\u2013 while the Militia would be used to undertake garrison duties in Australia. The compulsory training scheme was also re-instituted at this time and the Militia were called up for periods of continuous training that varied between 30 and 90 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 84], "content_span": [85, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010539-0010-0001", "contents": "13th Battalion (Australia), History, Interwar years, the Second World War and beyond\nIn October 1942, however, the battalion was amalgamated with the 33rd Battalion to form the 13th/33rd Battalion. Around this time, the battalion's machine gun company was detached and in conjunction with several other Militia machine gun companies, it was used to form the 6th Machine Gun Battalion. The 13th/33rd Battalion was itself later disbanded on 25 November 1943 when it became surplus to Army requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 84], "content_span": [85, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010539-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Australia), History, Interwar years, the Second World War and beyond\nIn 1948, with the completion of the demobilisation process, the Citizens Force was re-raised as the Citizens Military Force (CMF), which was established on a restricted establishment of two divisions. The 13th Battalion (Maitland Regiment) was re-established sometime after this date. In 1952, it was re-designated as the \"Macquarie Regiment\". In 1960, the Australian Army adopted the Pentropic divisional establishment, the result of which was the reduction of a number of CMF units which were amalgamated to form larger Pentropic battalions as part of six new State-based regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 84], "content_span": [85, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010539-0011-0001", "contents": "13th Battalion (Australia), History, Interwar years, the Second World War and beyond\nAt this time, the 13th Battalion was reduced to a company-level formation in the 2nd Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, being designated 'D' (Macquarie) Company. In 1961, the 13th Battalion was entrusted with the battle honours of the 2nd AIF's 2/13th Battalion. When the Pentropic establishment was abandoned in 1965 the CMF was re-organised once more and most of the previously existing regional battalions were re-raised, but the 13th Battalion was not one of those units and it remained off the Army's order of battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 84], "content_span": [85, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010539-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nFor their service, the 13th Battalion received the following battle honours:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010540-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada), CEF\nThe 13th Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada) of the Canadian Expeditionary Force was an active service battalion during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010540-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada), CEF, History\nThe battalion was formed from volunteers from the Royal Highland Regiment of Canada (The Black Watch), a militia regiment based in Montreal, as well as men from other militia regiments. Sent to England as part of the First Contingent in September, 1914, the 13th Battalion became part of the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Canadian Division. The 3rd Brigade consisted of the 13th Battalion (the Royal Highlanders of Canada), the 14th Battalion (the Royal Montreal Regiment), the 15th Battalion (the 48th Highlanders of Canada) and the 16th Battalion (the Canadian Scottish).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010540-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada), CEF, History\nThe battalion's first commander was Lieutenant Colonel (later Major-General) Frederick Loomis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010540-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada), CEF, History\nThe 1st Canadian Division served on the Western Front from April, 1915 until the armistice in November, 1918. Its baptism of fire occurred at the Second Battle of Ypres in April, 1915, when the German Army used chlorine gas for the first time in war. Neighbouring French divisions fled in terror from the new weapon, but the Canadians held the line at tremendous cost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010540-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada), CEF, History\nThe 1st Canadian Division fought in every major engagement involving the Canadian Corps, including the Second Battle of Ypres in 1915, the Somme in 1916, Vimy Ridge and Passchendaele in 1917, and the Pursuit to Mons in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010540-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada), CEF, History\nThree members of the 13th Battalion were awarded the Victoria Cross. The first, Frederick Fisher, awarded for his action on 23 April 1915 at St. Julien during the Second Battle of Ypres. Two other members, Herman James Good and John Bernard Croak, were awarded their crosses for action on 8 August 1918 at Hangard Wood, near Amiens in France. Croak's award was posthumous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010540-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada), CEF, History\nAfter the armistice, the 13th Battalion returned to Canada and was disbanded in April, 1919. On December 1, 1920, the 13th Battalion was perpetuated by the 1st Battalion of the newly reorganised The Royal Highlanders of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010540-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada), CEF, History\nA wooden cross memorial originally erected at Vimy Ridge but later erected at the Canadian War Museum is dedicated to the 13th Canadian Battalion the Royal Highlanders of Canada killed in action Vimy Ridge April 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010541-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Belarusian Supreme Council\nThe Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus of the 13th convocation was the Belarusian parliament elected in 1995. Parliament began work on January 9, 1996. The powers of the Supreme Council of the 13th convocation were discontinued on November 27, 1996, after the President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko signed the Law \"On termination of powers of the Republic of Belarus of the 13th convocation of the Supreme Council\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010541-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Belarusian Supreme Council, Elections\nElections to the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus of the 13th convocation were held on May 14, 1995 together with the republican referendum in Belarus in 1995. The second round of elections was held on May 28, 1995. The elections were held in accordance with the new law, adopted in November 1994. Since this year political parties can nominate candidates if they had the primary organization in the appropriate districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010542-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Belozersk Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th Belozersk Infantry Regiment, or 13th General Field Marshal Prince Volkonsky's Infantry Regiment (Russian: 13-\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b-\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0434\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044f \u0412\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a), was an infantry regiment of the Russian Empire's Imperial Russian Army. It was known by different names for much of its existence but most of its designations included \"Belozersk Infantry Regiment.\" Formed in 1708 in the reign of Czar Peter the Great and disbanded in 1918, the regiment fought in the Great Northern War, the Russian campaign of 1812, the War of the Sixth Coalition, the suppression of the Polish November Uprising, and the Crimean War, among other conflicts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010542-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Belozersk Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 13th Belozersk celebrated its anniversary on 6 December, the feast day of Saint Nicholas, although it was actually formed on Beshankovichy as Prince Repnin's Grenadier Regiment on 10 March 1708. The regiment was formed from the grenadier companies of the Shlisselburg, Butyr, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Belgorod, Neva, Yamburg, and Tver Regiments. Late that year, it was renamed Teyler's Grenadier Regiment, and in 1709 the future Belozersk Regiment became Lacy's Grenadier Regiment, after Peter Lacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010542-0001-0001", "contents": "13th Belozersk Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment fought in the Great Northern War with Sweden, and on 27 June 1709 participated in the Battle of Poltava, where Peter the Great decisively defeated Charles XII of Sweden's army. In 1711 it fought in the Pruth River Campaign against the Ottoman Empire, the first of many campaigns against that empire that the regiment participated in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010542-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Belozersk Infantry Regiment, History\nOn 13 November 1727, regiment was renamed the Belozersk Infantry Regiment, in honor of the town of Belozersk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010542-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Belozersk Infantry Regiment, History\nDuring the Battle of Warsaw in September 1831, the regiment participated in the attack on Ordon's Redoubt. Remains of its soldiers were found at the archaeological site at the redoubt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010542-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Belozersk Infantry Regiment, History\nBelozersk Regiment officer Lieutenant Colonel Fyodor Stepanovich Sozanowicza (5 February 1829\u201328 August 1867) is buried in the Dzia\u0142oszyn cemetery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010542-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Belozersk Infantry Regiment, History\nOn 25 March 1891, the 13th became the \"13th General Field Marshal Count Lacy's Belozersk Infantry Regiment,\" after Peter Lacy. In 1914, the regiment was stationed at \u0141om\u017ca. On 1 January 1914, the regiment was part of the 1st Infantry Brigade of the 4th Infantry Division of the 6th Army Corps, all three also headquartered at \u0141om\u017ca. On 19 March, its name was changed to the \"13th General Field Marshal Prince Volkonsky's Belozersk Infantry Regiment,\" after Sergey Volkonsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010543-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Berlin International Film Festival\nThe 13th annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 21 June to 2 July 1963. The Golden Bear was awarded ex aequo to the Italian film Il diavolo directed by Gian Luigi Polidoro and Japanese film Bushid\u00f4 zankoku monogatari directed by Tadashi Imai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010543-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Berlin International Film Festival, Jury\nThe following people were announced as being on the jury for the festival:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 45], "content_span": [46, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010543-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Berlin International Film Festival, Films in competition\nThe following films were in competition for the Golden Bear award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron\nThe 13th Bomb Squadron is a squadron of the United States Air Force. It is assigned to the 509th Operations Group, Air Force Global Strike Command, stationed at Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri. The squadron is equipped with the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron\nThe 13th is one of the oldest units in the United States Air Force, first being organized as the 13th Aero Squadron' on 14 June 1917 at Camp Kelly (later Kelly Field), Texas. The squadron deployed to France and fought on the Western Front during World War I as a pursuit squadron. The unit was demobilized after the war in 1919. On 16 October 1936, the squadron was consolidated with the 104th Aero Squadron, another AEF combat squadron on the Western Front, which was organized on 25 August 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron\nReorganized in 1921 as part of the permanent United States Army Air Service, the squadron became part of Fifth Air Force in the Pacific Theater of Operations of World War II flying North American B-25 Mitchell medium bombers. During the Cold War, it fought in the Korean War and Vietnam War as a Martin B-57 Canberra tactical bomber squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History\nThe 13th Bomb Squadron traces its origins to two World War I United States Army Air Service squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, World War I\nThe 13th Aero Squadron was formed at Camp Kelly (later Kelly Field), Texas, on 14 June 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, World War I\nThe \"Devil\u2019s Own Grim Reapers\" as they came to be known was a Pursuit (Fighter) squadron on the Western Front in France during 1918, flying the French SPAD S.XIII. The 13th claimed several \"aces\" from this period of its history: Charles J Biddle, Murray K Guthrie, Frank K Hays, John J Seerly, and William H Stovall. Major Carl Spaatz was attached to the unit at his request, and had two victories. He would rise to four-star rank during WW II. The Unit's first combat loss was Lt. George Kull on 14 September 1918 during the St. Mihiel Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0005-0001", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, World War I\nThere would be others to follow: During the Meuse Argonne Offensive, the squadron lost Lts. Gerald D. Stivers, Henry Guion Armstrong, Clarence A. Brodie and Robert H. Stiles killed in action. It returned to the United States in March 1919 when it was demobilized. It remained inactive until it was reconstituted in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, World War I\nThe 104th Aero Squadron was organized on 25 August 1917, also at Kelly Field. As a Corps Observation (Reconnaissance) Squadron flying the French Salmson 2A2 observation aircraft, the 104th flew reconnaissance, directed Allied artillery fire and pinpointed troop movements on the Western Front. The demand for artillery fire adjustments through aerial observation was constant in spite of difficulties encountered in air-to-ground communications. It was largely due to the photos made by aerial reconnaissance that the Allied infantry knew where it was advancing. It returned to the United States in April 1919 and became part of the permanent United States Army Air Service in 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, Inter-War period\nAfter its arrival at Roosevelt Field, Long Island, most of the 104th Aero Squadron's men returned to civilian life. In May 1919, the squadron moved to neighboring Mitchel Field; the squadron was down to one officer and one enlisted man and was administratively carried by the Air Service as an active unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, Inter-War period\nAbout 15 May, the 104th moved to Fort Bliss, Texas, and during June to Kelly Field, Texas, still manned in name only. On 25 May 1919 it was redesignated as the 104th Surveillance Squadron, and assigned to the Army Surveillance Group on 1 July along with the 8th, 12th and 90th Aero Squadrons. During August 1919, nearly 200 men from Mitchel Field were moved to Kelly Field to bring the squadron up to strength. The 104th quickly adapted to peacetime soldiering in the nation's infant air organization It was also equipped with new Dayton-Wright DH-4 aircraft, surplus from the World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, Inter-War period, Mexican Border patrol\nThe mission of the Army Surveillance Group was to carry out observation overflights along the Mexican Border. During this period, Mexico was enduring a period of revolution and unrest, which led to border violations and the deaths of American citizens. After being manned and equipped, in November 1919 the squadron split into three flights: Headquarters Flight and Flight A went to Fort Bliss, Texas, while Flight B deployed to Marfa Field, Texas. From 10 September to 4 November, Flight B was located at Post Field, Oklahoma, but it returned to Marfa Field on 17 November 1920, and remained there until June 1921 flying observation flights along the Big Bend area of the Texas/Mexico border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, Inter-War period, 13th Squadron (Attack)\nOn 14 March 1921 with the establishment of the permanent Army Air Service, the 104th Surveillance Squadron was redesignated as the 13th Squadron (Attack). In May the border patrol flights were ended and all of the flights were ordered to participate in maneuvers at Langley Field, Virginia. On 2 July the squadron reassembled at Kelly Field and on 25 January 1923 the squadron was redesignated the 13th Attack Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, Inter-War period, 13th Squadron (Attack)\nThe new mission of the squadron was to conduct a series of suitability tests of new types of aircraft. Initially tested was the Dayton-Wright XB-1A, an observation plane to be used for photography, bombardment and liaison work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, Inter-War period, 13th Squadron (Attack)\nThe next aircraft was the GAX (Boeing GA-1), a ground attack triplane. These tests were conducted to determine the capability of aircraft under hard service incurred during long cross-country flights. All squadron officers and enlisted personnel attended classes to learn everything they could about the aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, Inter-War period, 13th Squadron (Attack)\nIn 1923, the 13th Attack Squadron returned to the Dayton-Wright DH-4 and performed aerial demonstrations, formation flying, and normal training. Due to funding reductions, the squadron was inactivated on 27 June 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, Inter-War period, Reserve status and reactivation\nAfter its inactivation from the active forces, the 13th was designated an Regualar Army Inactive squadron, and partially manned with reserve officers. Remaining as the 13th Attack Squadron, it was allotted to the Eighth Corps Area on 28 February 1927. Organized about May 1928 with Organized Reserve personnel. Conducted summer training at Fort Crockett, with units of the 3d Attack Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 78], "content_span": [79, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, Inter-War period, Reserve status and reactivation\nReturned to active status on 1 November 1929, the 13th Attack Squadron again joined the 3d Attack Group at Langley Field, Virginia. Two weeks later the squadron moved to Fort Crockett, Texas. From 1929 to 1934, the squadron flew the Curtiss A-3 aircraft, and then converted to newer Curtiss A-12 Shrikes. In February 1935, the 13th moved to Barksdale Field, Louisiana. On 16 October 1936, the War Department reconstituted the World War I 13th Aero Squadron and consolidated it with the 13th Attack Squadron, forming a single squadron with two separate origins, thus perpetuating the history and traditions of both. The 13th Attack Squadron designation was retained for the consolidated unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 78], "content_span": [79, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, Inter-War period, Reserve status and reactivation\nAlso in 1936, the squadron received the Northrop A-17 ground attack aircraft. It continued flying A-17s through 1939. On 15 September 1939 the squadron became the 13th Bombardment Squadron (Light), while its parent became the 3d Bombardment Group (Light). Douglas B-18 Bolo medium bombers were gained about this same time, but some Martin B-12s were also flown in the 1939\u20131941 period as the 13th developed into a proficient bombardment squadron. The 3d Bomb Group moved to Savannah Army Airfield, Georgia in October 1940, and in 1941 they received Douglas A-20A Havoc ground attack aircraft to replace their obsolescent B-18s and B-12s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 78], "content_span": [79, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0017-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II\n\"When war came to the nation in December 1941, the Reapers embarked on an accelerated training program while also engaged in anti-submarine patrols against German U-boats along the Atlantic coast. Because every ranking and experienced man from the unit was pulled and assigned overseas to train other units, the Reapers were left without personnel and planes. When the unit arrived in Australia in January 1942, they were still without airplanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0017-0001", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II\nWhile waiting for aircraft, the Reapers learned there were 24 brand new North American B-25 Mitchells sitting on the ramp in nearby Melbourne, but the planes were earmarked for the Dutch. Soon after, 24 Reaper pilots arrived in Melbourne, presented a confused Officer of the Day with an authorization letter, and nonchalantly flew away with the airplanes before anyone realized the mistake. The Reapers used those planes, and later A-20s, to attack bridges, transports, airfields, troop installations, seaplanes, docks, warehouses and enemy targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0017-0002", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, World War II\nAt the end of the war, the squadron had earned four Distinguished Unit Citations for actions over the Philippine Island[s], Papua and New Guinea, and also took home the Philippine Presidential Unit Citation. \"\"From the end of World War II to 1950, the [13th] remained in Japan as part of the Army of Occupation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0018-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, Korean War\n\"When North Korea invaded the south in 1950, the squadron, [ f]lying . . . Douglas B-26 Invaders, conducted interdiction missions during daylight raids on enemy troops and lines. On 25 June 1951, the squadron was redesignated the 13th Bombardment Squadron[,] Light-Night Intruder to reflect the unit\u2019s \"Hoot Owl\" night missions. Following the end of the Korean War, the 13th remained forward deployed to Kunsan Air Base, Korea until ordered to Johnson Air Base, Japan, in 1954 to begin conversion to the Martin B-57 Canberra. On 1 October 1955, the unit was redesigned the 13th Bombardment Squadron Tactical.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0019-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, Vietnam War\n\"The unit\u2019s next move was to Clark Air Base, Philippines, on 10 April 1964. During the Vietnam War the Reapers took part in numerous campaigns flying the Canberra, a light twin engine jet bomber, and with the upgraded B-57G model was one of the first units to fly with a targeting pod, which was used to release some of the first ever laser guided munitions. Deployed to Tan Son Nhut Air Base, South Vietnam, by June 1964, the squadron had flown 119 combat sorties. In February 1965, an enemy attack destroyed six 13 BS B-57s at Bien Hoa Air Base and rendered the airfield unusable. Flying from Da Nang Air Base and Phan Rang Air Base, Vietnam, the unit continued to fly combat sorties until 1968. The 13th BS was then inactivated.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0020-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, Vietnam War\n\"The squadron remained on the shelf until 8 February 1969, when it was activated at MacDill Air Force Base, Fla., where the mission of the 13th trained members on B-57G tactics, techniques, and state of the art computer systems. On 15 September 1970, the 13th deployed to Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand, and on 17 October 1970, flew its first combat mission in the B-57G. The squadron flew combat missions until 12 April 1972, when personnel and equipment moved to Forbes Air Force Base, Kansas, as the squadron was reduced to paper status. The 13th was again inactivated on 30 September 1973.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0021-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, Modern era\n\"On 14 June 2000 after more than 26 years in hibernation, the Grim Reapers returned to the active Air Force as part of the 7th Bomb Wing at Dyess Air Force Base, Texas. Shortly after 11 September 2001, the Reapers deployed with the 9th Expeditionary Bomb Squadron and performed notably in Operation Anaconda to Afghanistan in early 2002. Upon returning the Reapers were named the 7th Bomb Wing's executive agent for support of the Rockwell B-1 Lancer [t]est program. Additionally, the Reapers were responsible for supporting the B-1 Weapons Instructor Course. This relationship put the 13th in the enviable position of being the first in the operational bomber community to train on the latest upgrades . . .\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0022-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, Modern era\n\"The Reapers were deployed in early 2003 as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom to Andersen Air Force Base, Guam. Upon returning from Guam, the 13th BS was charged with devising and running the first Iron Thunder, an audacious plan calling for the scheduling of 120 missions over three days with the stated objective of the execution of 75 sorties flying 90%, or 108 sorties. The crews began flying sorties on 7 October 2003 and continued round the clock until late on 9 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0022-0001", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, Modern era\nStarting in the fall of 2003, the B-1 fleet initiated a transformation with major computer and software upgrades and the Reapers were at the forefront. The 13th BS was the first operational unit assigned to fly Block E B-1s, a revolutionary upgrade which allowed a mixed load of GPS guided and unguided weapons, as well as a new air-to-air radar capability to increase the combatant commander\u2019s options and flexibility. As the initial cadre, the Reapers were responsible for training the core of the wing\u2019s bomber crews.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0023-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, Modern era\n\"The 13th Bomb Squadron was deployed in early 2004, again flying missions over Afghanistan. Upon returning, the squadron was tasked with leading Iron Thunder 04-4 with the goal of delivering massive concentrated firepower in another bomber surge, which carefully integrated limited range space, jet availability, and realistic threat and target scenarios. The plan resulted in 77 effective sorties in less than 68 hours. More astounding was the fact that 47 of the sorties released a record 383 training weapons. In December 2004, for the fourth time in less than four years, the B-1s answered the call to war with all Reaper crew members and most enlisted support staff deployed as members of the 40th Air Expeditionary Group.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0024-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, Modern era\n\"In June 2005, the Air Force announced the 13th Bomb Squadron would replace the 325th Bomb Squadron at Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri, and fly a new aircraft, the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit bomber. On 23 September 2005, the 13th Bomb Squadron passed the flag and time honored traditions of the unit to future Reapers at Whiteman AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0024-0001", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, History, Modern era\nAmong its first assignments as a unit of the only stealth bomber wing in the United States Air Force, the 13th Bomb Squadron was deployed to Andersen AFB, Guam, in June 2006, to take part in the ongoing rotation which provides the U.S. Pacific Command a continuous bomber presence necessary to maintain stability and security for the Asia-Pacific region. Notable squadron achievements during this period was the firstever B-2 deployment on the continent of Australia. The historic event took place 25\u201327 July 2006 and featured training sorties on Australia\u2019s Delamere Air Weapons Range and a B-2 Engine Running Crew Change at RAAF Base Darwin \u2013 the first time the B-2 landed on Australian soil.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010544-0025-0000", "contents": "13th Bomb Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010545-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Boy\n13th Boy (\uc5f4\uc138\ubc88\uc9f8 \ub0a8\uc790, 13th Guy, Ch\u00e0ng trai th\u1ee9 13) is a 12 volume Korean manhwa written by SangEun Lee. Being published in English by Yen Press (12 volumes - complete)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010545-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Boy, Storyline\nHee-So Eun is determined to find her fated one, she has dated 12 boys so far, but to her, her love stops there. Hoping and Trying to get back with boyfriend number 12, Won-Jun Kang, it seems as though it's going to be a difficult task. Not just because he is not interested anymore, but also because, what exactly lies in her past that she has forgotten? The only clues left is a very special gift, a mysterious boy, and her long to be remembered thoughts from before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010545-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Boy, Characters\nHee-So a 15-year-old girl who is trying to find the one, but is she looking in the right direction. Stubborn, clueless at times, mean, and crazy she is still managed to be loved by many. She is a very important person in this unique series because the story revolves around her and a few others. As the story progresses she manages to remember a few things that she has forgotten, but she still needs to learn a lot more at that. But what DOES she need to remember?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010545-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Boy, Characters\nWhie-Young is a very mysterious person. Extremely popular with girls but he doesn't seem to notice . . . or care, probably because he's truly focused on one girl that doesn't seem to be interested. He is a JERK in a lot of people's eyes, but that's really not his true nature. He is an important person as well because in the story there is something strange about him, that not only doesn't seem right, but something that not many know about, but what is his big secret? And why does he always act so strange around so many people?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010545-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Boy, Characters\nWon-Jun KangWon-Jun is a quiet boy. He is also popular with girls but no one ever approaches him because he always looks so cold, although no one really knows if that is true. He is a smart person who has done a couple of things in the past that he regrets and cannot ever turn back, but at least that's what he thinks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010545-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Boy, Characters\nSae-Bom is a 15-year-old girl stuck in the past. Nothing ever really goes good for her, except for the attention she gets from certain people around her. She's lonely in a sort of way and just can't grow up, that is in some people's eyes, but there is a reason why and there is also someone who is at fault at that, but who and why?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010545-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Boy, Characters\nBeatrice is a talking cactus that turns into a human once a month on a full moon. Beatrice is Hee-So's loyal sidekick as well as her little secret, always by her side when she's down, happy, angry, or just being an idiot even though she treats him like a slave. Beatrice has a secret of his own though and just like Hee-So, he must find the truth of his past but when he does, How will Hee-So react when he tells her and who is the one that made him the way he is?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010546-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Brigade (Australia)\nThe 13th Brigade is an Army Reserve formation of the Australian Army. Originally formed in 1912 as a Militia formation in Victoria, the brigade was re-raised as a First Australian Imperial Force unit during World War I and fought on the Western Front. In the interwar years, the brigade was re-raised as a part-time formation based in Western Australia and later fought in the New Britain Campaign during World War II. It is currently headquartered at Perth in Western Australia and has units located across the state in locations such as Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Albany, Katanning, Joondalup and Rockingham. The current brigade was formed in 1988 and is tasked with the protection of Western Australia. It forms part of the 2nd Division of the Australian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010546-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Brigade (Australia), History\nThe 13th Brigade traces its origins to 1912, when it was formed as a Militia brigade as part of the introduction of the compulsory training scheme, assigned to the 3rd Military District. At this time, the brigade's constituent units were located around Victoria including South Yarra, Prahan, St Kilda, South Melbourne, Albert Park, and Port Melbourne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010546-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nFollowing the evacuation of Gallipoli in December 1915, the Australian government decided to expand the Australian Imperial Force by creating three additional divisions on top of the two that already existed. This was achieved by splitting the battalions of the first four brigades that had fought at Gallipoli to provide an experienced cadre for the new battalions that were being formed from reinforcements that had arrived from Australia. Through this process, the 3rd Brigade was divided to form the 13th Infantry Brigade. Assigned to the 4th Australian Division, on formation the brigade consisted of four infantry battalions: the 49th, 50th, 51st and 52nd Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010546-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nAfter undertaking a period of training in Egypt where it had been formed, the 13th Brigade sailed from Alexandria for France on 5 June 1916 upon three transports: Arcadian, Ivernia and Japanese Prince. Upon landing in Marseilles on 11 June, the brigade was transported north by rail. In mid-June, the brigade entered the front line for the first time, moving into a sector near Petillon, in France, relieving the 3rd Brigade. The brigade remained along the front for several weeks; although it was relatively quiet, the tour, which lasted until the night of 10/11 July, cost the brigade 41 casualties. After being relieved by the 15th Brigade, the 13th moved to Halloy-les-Pernois, to the west of Pozieres to under take further training, including route marches and attacks in concert with artillery to prepare them for entry into the Somme offensive, which had begun on 1 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 925]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010546-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nFor the next two-and-a-half years, the 13th Brigade took part in the fighting in the trenches along the Western Front in France and Belgium and was engaged in a number of significant actions. Its first major action came at Mouquet Farm in August 1916, which was followed by further actions at Messines and Passchendaele during 1917, and around Dernancourt, on the River Ancre, where the brigade fought a defensive action in early 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010546-0004-0001", "contents": "13th Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nBut, the brigade's most notable action came during the Allied attack on Villers-Bretonneux on 25 April 1918, during the Second Battle of the Somme that took place amidst the German Spring Offensive in early 1918. The brigade's casualties during the offensive were heavy, and as a result one of its battalions\u00a0\u2013 the 52nd\u00a0\u2013 was broken up and its personnel used to reinforce the other three battalions in mid-May 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010546-0004-0002", "contents": "13th Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nAfter the German offensive was blunted, the remaining three battalions of the brigade undertook further actions as the Allies went on the offensive, launching their Hundred Days Offensive around Amiens in August. They continued operations into late September, attacking the Hindenburg Line. Early the following month, the majority of the Australian Corps brigade was withdrawn from the line for rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010546-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nFollowing the end of the war, the battalions of the 13th Brigade were returned home and disbanded. The brigade's first commanding officer was Brigadier Thomas Glasgow, who had previously served at Gallipoli with the 1st Light Horse Brigade; when Glasgow was promoted to take over command of the 1st Division in June 1918, he was replaced by Sydney Herring, who commanded the brigade throughout the remainder of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010546-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years and World War II\nIn 1921, following the conclusion of the demobilisation process, Australia's part-time military force, the Citizens Force, was reorganised to perpetuate the numerical designations of the AIF. As a result, the 13th Brigade was re-raised as part of the 5th Military District, headquartered in Perth, Western Australia, and consisted of the 11th, 16th, 28th, and 44th Infantry Battalions. As a mixed brigade, it also included a single light horse regiment: the 10th Light Horse Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010546-0006-0001", "contents": "13th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years and World War II\nInitially, the Citizens Forces units were maintained through a mixture of voluntary and compulsory service, but throughout the 1920s the compulsory service scheme was adjusted to focus mainly on the populated centres, which meant that the strength of some of the brigade's regional units, such as the 16th Battalion, which was based on the goldfields, was minimal. In late 1929, the scheme was suspended completely by the Scullin Labor government, and replaced by an all-volunteer \"Militia\" scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010546-0006-0002", "contents": "13th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years and World War II\nAs a result, the 11th and 16th Battalions were amalgamated in 1930; they remained linked until 1936 when they were both re-raised in their own right again, as part of an expansion of the Australian military due to concerns about war in Europe. By 1938, the 10th Light Horse had been reassigned as field (non divisional) troops directly assigned to the 5th Military District headquarters; however, they continued to be attached to the 13th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010546-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years and World War II\nThe brigade was mobilised for war service in 1939 after the outbreak of the Second World War, but due to the provisions of the Defence Act (1903) it was initially only used as a garrison force. It was mobilised for full-time service following Japan's entry into the war in December 1941, and undertook collective training at Melville Camp until early 1942. Throughout the first part of 1942 the brigade was the main formation defending the Western Australian coastline from a possible Japanese invasion, as part of the 4th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010546-0007-0001", "contents": "13th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years and World War II\nDuring this time, the 44th Battalion was detached from the brigade and for the remainder of the war its principle units were the 11th, 16th and 28th Infantry Battalions. In 1943, after the threat of a Japanese landing in the west subsided, the brigade was moved north to the Northern Territory, joining the garrison there as part of Northern Territory Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010546-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years and World War II\nThey remained in the Northern Territory until 1944 when the 13th Brigade was transferred to the 5th Division, and proceeded overseas to take part in the New Britain campaign against the Japanese, remaining on the island until the end of the war; combat was limited during the campaign, though, as the Australians sought mainly to isolate the Japanese garrison, rather than destroy it. After arriving at Jacquinot Bay in November 1944, the brigade moved to Wunung Plantation and then moved to Palmalal Plantation in January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010546-0008-0001", "contents": "13th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years and World War II\nThey took part in the limited advance from the Tol Plantation and conducted patrol operations as the Australians advanced slowly towards Rabaul. At the conclusion of hostilities, the brigade carried out occupation duties. After returning to Australia, the brigade was disbanded in 1946. Between 1940 and mid-1945, the brigade was commanded by Brigadier Eric McKenzie, who, according to the Australian War Memorial, held the longest brigade command of any Australian officer of the war. McKenzie was replaced by Brigadier Robert Winning in May 1945 who led the brigade through the New Britain campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010546-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Brigade (Australia), History, Post war\nAfter the Second World War, Australia's wartime military was demobilised and in 1948 the part-time force was re-raised under the guise of the Citizens Military Force. The 13th Brigade was re-raised at this time, once again headquartered in Western Australia, and assigned to Western Command. Upon formation, it consisted of two infantry battalions: the 11th/44th and the 16th/28th. In 1960, when the CMF was reorganised following the adoption of the Pentropic divisional establishment, the brigade was disbanded. It was re-raised again in 1988, and is currently responsible for the bulk of Army Reserve formations in Western Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010546-0009-0001", "contents": "13th Brigade (Australia), History, Post war\nAssigned to the 2nd Division, it is headquartered in Perth and commands units across Western Australia, based in places such as Joondalup, Rockingham, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Albany and Katanning. The brigade's personnel have deployed on operations to the Solomon Islands, East Timor and Afghanistan and have also been deployed to provide aid to the civil community. Under Plan Beersheba, the brigade is tasked with forming a battlegroup along with the 11th Brigade, to support the Regular Army 3rd Brigade when it is the ready brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010547-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Brigade (Japan)\nThe 13th Brigade (Japanese: \u7b2c13\u65c5\u56e3) is one of six active brigades of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. The brigade is subordinated to the Central Army and is headquartered in Kaita, Hiroshima. Its responsibility is the defense of the Ch\u016bgoku region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010547-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Brigade (Japan)\nThe brigade was formed on 29 March 1999 with units from the disbanded 13th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010548-0000-0000", "contents": "13th British Academy Film Awards\nThe 13th British Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1960, honoured the best films of 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010548-0001-0000", "contents": "13th British Academy Film Awards, Winners and nominees, Best British Screenplay\nI'm All Right Jack - Frank Harvey , John Boulting and Alan Hackney", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010549-0000-0000", "contents": "13th British Academy Games Awards\nThe 13th British Academy Video Game Awards awarded by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, is an award ceremony that was held on 6 April 2017 at Tobacco Dock. The ceremony honoured achievement in video gaming in 2016 and was hosted by Danny Wallace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010549-0001-0000", "contents": "13th British Academy Games Awards, Nominees\nThe nominees for the 13th British Academy Video Games Awards were announced on 9 March 2017. Uncharted 4: A Thief's End received the most nominations with eight in total; Inside received the second most with seven nominations, followed by Firewatch with six and Overcooked, Overwatch, The Witness and The Last Guardian with four each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010549-0002-0000", "contents": "13th British Academy Games Awards, Nominees\nThe winners were announced during the awards ceremony on 6 April 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010550-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Cabinet of North Korea\nThe 13th Cabinet of North Korea was elected by the 1st Session of the 13th Supreme People's Assembly on 9 April 2014. It was replaced on 11 April 2019 by the 14th Cabinet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010551-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Canadian Comedy Awards\nThe 13th Canadian Comedy Awards, presented by the Canadian Comedy Foundation for Excellence (CCFE), honoured the best live, television, film, and Internet comedy of 2011. The ceremony was held at the Fairmont Royal York Hotel in Toronto, Ontario, on 26\u00a0August 2012 and was hosted by Alan Thicke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010551-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Canadian Comedy Awards\nCanadian Comedy Awards, also known as Beavers, were awarded in 26 categories. Winners in 5 categories were chosen by the public through an online poll and others were chosen by members of industry organizations. The awards ceremony concluded the Canadian Comedy Awards Festival which ran from 23 to 26 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010551-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Canadian Comedy Awards\nThe TV series Michael: Tuesdays and Thursdays led with seven nominations followed by the bilingual film French Immersion with five. They each won a Beaver for best male performance. The big winner was Halifax-based comedy troupe Picnicface, which won three Beavers for their eponymous TV series and three for their debut film, Roller Town. This ceremony also introduced the Phil Hartman Award which went to Jo-Anna Downey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010551-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony\nThe 13th Canadian Comedy Awards (CCA) was held in Toronto, Ontario. The gala awards ceremony was held on 26 August 2012 in the Imperial Room of the Fairmont Royal York Hotel. The ceremony was produced by Gary Rideout, Jr. and hosted by Alan Thicke, a veteran actor who at that time was the honorary chair of Canadians Abroad, a group that organized Canadian events in Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010551-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony\nEach nominee for Best TV Show had already been cancelled. This was played-up in a video inspired by Billy Crystal's Oscar montages, where Gavin Crawford visited the cancelled shows' empty sets, was faced with his own cancelled shows, and was replaced as CCA host by Thicke. Also entertaining at the ceremony were Se\u00e1n Cullen and Colin Mochrie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010551-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony\nThe awards ceremony concluded the four-day Canadian Comedy Awards Festival which ran from 23 to 26 August, showcasing performances by nominees at various Toronto venues. Many stand-ups also took part in a 27 August AltDotComedy Lounge show at The Rivoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010551-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Canadian Comedy Awards, Winners and nominees\nNominees were announced on 7 June 2012 in Toronto, and voting took place between 14 June and 29 July. Members of the Canadian public voted for the categories Canadian Comedy Person of the Year, Best TV Show, Best Film, Best Web Clip, Best Web Series, Best Podcast, and Best Radio Program or Clip, with industry members deciding the remaining categories. There was record participation, with 88% more public voting and 113% more industry members voting compared to 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010551-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Canadian Comedy Awards, Winners and nominees\nThis year's ceremony introduced the Phil Hartman Award for \"an individual who makes the Canadian comedy community better.\" The award went to long-time Toronto open-mic night host Jo-Anna Downey. Awards were also introduced for podcasts and web series, giving this ceremony more award categories than any previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010552-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Canadian Film Awards\nThe 13th Canadian Film Awards were held on May 13, 1961 to honour achievements in Canadian film. The ceremony was hosted by J. Alphonse Ouimet, the president of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010553-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Canadian Folk Music Awards\nThe 13th Canadian Folk Music Awards were presented in Ottawa, Ontario on November 19, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010554-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Canadian Ministry\nThe Thirteenth Canadian Ministry was the second cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Arthur Meighen. It governed Canada from 29 June 1926 to 25 September 1926, including only the last three months of the 15th Canadian Parliament, all cabinet ministers were acting cabinet ministers as Meighen hadn't been given the confidence of the house, and any cabinet ministers appointed by him would have had to resign their seats and run for re-election. The government was formed by the old Conservative Party of Canada. Meighen was also Prime Minister in the Eleventh Canadian Ministry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010555-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Canadian Parliament\nThe 13th Canadian Parliament was in session from March 18, 1918, until October 4, 1921. The membership was set by the 1917 federal election on December 17, 1917, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1921 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010555-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Canadian Parliament\nIt was controlled by a Unionist Party majority first under Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden and the 10th Canadian Ministry, and after July 10, 1920, by Prime Minister Arthur Meighen and the 11th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Laurier Liberal Party, led first by Wilfrid Laurier, and then by Daniel McKenzie and William Lyon Mackenzie King consecutively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010555-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Canadian Parliament\nThe Speaker was Edgar Nelson Rhodes. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1914-1924 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010555-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Canadian Parliament\nThere were five sessions of the 13th Parliament; the third was opened by the Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010555-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Canadian Parliament, List of members\nThe following is a full list of members of the thirteenth Parliament listed first by province, then by electoral district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010555-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Canadian Parliament, List of members\nElectoral districts denoted by an asterisk (*) indicates that district was represented by two members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)\nThe 1st South Midland Mounted Brigade (later numbered as the 5th Mounted Brigade) was a yeomanry brigade of the British Army, formed as part of the Territorial Force in 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)\nIt served dismounted in the Gallipoli Campaign before being remounted to serve in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)\nIn April 1918, it was merged with elements of the 3rd (Ambala) Cavalry Brigade to form 13th Cavalry Brigade. It remained in Palestine after the end of the war on occupation duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), Formation\nUnder the terms of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9), the brigade was formed in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force. It consisted of three yeomanry regiments, a horse artillery battery and ammunition column, a transport and supply column and a field ambulance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), Formation\nAs the name suggests, the units were drawn from the southern part of the English Midlands, predominantly Gloucestershire, Warwickshire and Worcestershire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 1st South Midland Mounted Brigade\nThe brigade was embodied on 4 August 1914 upon the outbreak of the First World War. It moved to East Anglia and joined the 1st Mounted Division. On 2 September it was transferred to the 2nd Mounted Division and in mid November 1914 it moved with its division to Norfolk on coastal defence duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 94], "content_span": [95, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 1st South Midland Mounted Brigade, Egypt\nIn April 1915, the 2nd Mounted Division moved to Egypt, the brigade arriving at Alexandria on 24 April. In May 1915 the brigade was designated 1st (1st South Midland) Mounted Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 101], "content_span": [102, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 1st South Midland Mounted Brigade, Egypt\nIt was dismounted in August 1915 and took part in the Gallipoli Campaign. Each regiment left a squadron headquarters and two troops (about 100 officers and men) in Egypt to look after the horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 101], "content_span": [102, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 1st South Midland Mounted Brigade, Gallipoli\nThe brigade landed at \"A\" Beach, Suvla Bay on the night of 17 August and moved into reserve positions at Lala Baba on the night of 20 August. On 21 August it advanced to Chocolate Hill under heavy fire and took part in the attack on Hill 112.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 105], "content_span": [106, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 1st South Midland Mounted Brigade, Gallipoli\nDue to losses during the Battle of Scimitar Hill and wastage during August 1915, the 2nd Mounted Division had to be reorganised. On 4 September 1915, the 1st Composite Mounted Brigade was formed from the 1st (1st South Midland), 2nd (2nd South Midland) and 5th (Yeomanry) Mounted Brigades. The brigade formed a battalion sized unit 1st South Midland Regiment. The brigade embarked for Mudros on 31 October and returned to Egypt in December 1915 where it was reformed and remounted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 105], "content_span": [106, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 5th Mounted Brigade\nThe brigade left the 2nd Mounted Division on 3 and 4 January 1916 for Es Salhia. The brigade served as Corps Troops in Egypt from 21 January 1916. On 31 March 1916, the remaining Mounted Brigades were numbered in a single sequence. As a consequence, the 1st South Midland Mounted Brigade was redesignated as 5th Mounted Brigade on 20 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 5th Mounted Brigade\nThe 16th Machine Gun Squadron was formed as the Cavalry MG Squadron and joined the brigade in January 1917 and in the same month, the brigade joined the newly formed Imperial Mounted Division. With the division, it took part in the First and Second Battles of Gaza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 5th Mounted Brigade\nThe brigade remained with the Imperial Mounted Division when it was renamed Australian Mounted Division on 30 June 1917. With the division, it took part in the Third Battle of Gaza including the Capture of Beersheba and the Battle of Mughar Ridge. It also resisted the Turkish counter-attacks in the Turkish Defence of Jerusalem. Three of the brigade's squadrons took part in the charge at Huj, the last British cavalry charge against enemy guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 13th Cavalry Brigade\nIn March 1918, the 2nd Indian Cavalry Division was broken up in France. The Canadian (Canadian Cavalry Brigade) and British units (notably 7th Dragoon Guards, 8th Hussars and N and X Batteries RHA) remained in France and the Indian elements were sent to Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 13th Cavalry Brigade\nBy an Egyptian Expeditionary Force GHQ Order of 12 April 1918, the mounted troops of the EEF were reorganised when the Indian Army units arrived in theatre. On 24 April 1918, the 2nd Mounted Division was formed on the Indian Establishment and the 5th Mounted Brigade was assigned to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 13th Cavalry Brigade\nOn 24 April 1918, the 5th Mounted Brigade was merged with elements of the 3rd (Ambala) Cavalry Brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 13th Cavalry Brigade\nOn 22 July 1918, the 2nd Mounted Division was renumbered as the 5th Cavalry Division and the brigade as 13th Cavalry Brigade. The sub units (Signal Troop, Combined Cavalry Field Ambulance and Mobile Veterinary Section) were renumbered on the same date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0017-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 13th Cavalry Brigade\nThe brigade remained with 5th Cavalry Division for the rest of the war, taking part in the Affair of Abu Tellul, Battle of Megiddo, Capture of Damascus, and Occupation of Aleppo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0018-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 13th Cavalry Brigade\nAfter the Armistice of Mudros, the brigade remained with 5th Cavalry Division in Palestine as part of the occupation forces. However, demobilization began immediately: the 14th Cavalry Brigade was broken up in September 1919, the 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade in January 1920, and the rest of the division (and the brigade) in April 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010556-0019-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), Commanders\nThe 1st South Midland Mounted Brigade / 5th Mounted Brigade / 13th Cavalry Brigade had the following commanders:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010557-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 13th Cavalry Division (Russian: 13-\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, 13-ya Kavaleriiskaya Diviziya) was a cavalry formation of the Russian Imperial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 13th Cavalry Regiment (\"13th Horse\") is a unit of the United States Army. The 2nd Squadron is currently stationed at Fort Bliss, Texas, as part of the 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 13th Cavalry Regiment was first constituted on 2 February 1901 in the Regular Army, and its first active component was K Troop. The Regiment was organized on 26 July 1901 at Fort Meade, South Dakota. Immediately following the American takeover of the Philippines after the Spanish\u2013American War in 1898, Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo led a rebellion against American rule and the Philippine\u2013American War erupted in 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0001-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History\nBy 1902, Aguinaldo had sworn allegiance to the United States and the war was officially declared to be over, but insurgents still plagued the countryside, prompting the deployment of the 13th Cavalry Regiment to the Philippine Islands. From 1903 to 1905 the 13th Cavalry conducted counter-insurgency operations against Filipino rebels and bandits until their return to the United States. In 1909 they returned to the Philippines and continued to conduct counter-insurgency operations until 1910.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Border War\nIn 1911, the 13th Cavalry Regiment\u2019s Headquarters was moved to Fort Riley, Kansas, but their attention quickly shifted to defending the Mexico\u2013United States border. From 1911 to 1916 the 13th Cavalry patrolled the desert landscape of the border on horseback, deterring bandito raids and protecting American border towns from the violence seeping over from the ongoing Mexican Revolution. One such instance was the hunt for the infamous Mexican outlaw Pascual Orozco. He was placed under house-arrest in El Paso, Texas for violating US neutrality laws, but managed to escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Border War\nA posse consisting of 8 local deputies, 13 Texas Rangers, and 26 Troopers of the 13th Cavalry was formed to pursue him. Orozco managed to steal a herd of horses until the posse caught up to him and his gang at High Lonesome in the Van Horn Mountains and killed them in a gunfight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Border War, Raid on Columbus, NM\nUnder the command of COL Herbert Jermain Slocum, four Troops and a Machine-Gun Troop of the 13th Cavalry were posted at \u201cCavalry Camp\u201d in Columbus, New Mexico when raiders under Mexican Revolutionary Pancho Villa attacked across the border in the dead of night on 9 March 1916. Most of the garrison was asleep when the raiders entered Columbus from the west and southeast shouting \"\u00a1Viva Villa! \u00a1 Viva M\u00e9xico!\" and other phrases. The Cavalrymen awoke to an army of 600 Villistas burning the city and looting the homes. Despite being taken by surprise, the Troopers quickly recovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0003-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Border War, Raid on Columbus, NM\nEven the cooks, already up and working on breakfast for the Troopers, fought back, throwing boiling water at the attackers. Soon after the attack began, 2LT John P. Lucas, commanding the 13th Cavalry's Machine-Gun Troop, made his way barefooted from his quarters to the camp's barracks. He organized a hasty defense around the camp's guard tent, where his machine-guns were kept under lock, with two men and a Hotchkiss M1909 machine-gun. He was soon joined by the remainder of his unit and 30 Troopers armed with M1903 Springfield rifles led by 2LT Horace Stringfellow Jr. The Troop's four machine-guns fired more than 5,000 rounds apiece during the fight, their targets illuminated by fires of burning buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Border War, Raid on Columbus, NM\nThe battle raged until a Mexican bugler sounded the retreat after 90 minutes of fighting, and rode away to the south. 8 Cavalry Troopers were killed and 8 were wounded in this raid, but their tenacious defense inflicted over 100 enemy casualties. MAJ Frank Tompkins, commanding the Regiment's 3rd Squadron and acting as its Executive Officer, asked and received permission from COL Slocum to pursue the withdrawing Mexicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0004-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Border War, Raid on Columbus, NM\nHe led two Troops 15 miles into Mexico in pursuit of a force approximately six times the size of his, engaged Villa's rearguard four times, and inflicted some losses on them before withdrawing back across the border after running low on ammunition and water. MAJ Tompkins was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal and the Distinguished Service Cross in 1918 for this action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Border War, Punitive Expedition\nPancho Villa's raid on Columbus, New Mexico on 9 March 1916 was a casus belli in the eyes of US President Woodrow Wilson, and he ordered General John \"Black Jack\" Pershing to lead a Punitive Expedition into Mexico on 16 March 1916. Four cavalry regiments, two infantry regiments, and two batteries of artillery formed the main body of the expedition, and the 13th Cavalry was in the vanguard, taking point for the expedition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Border War, Punitive Expedition\nIn early April 1916, MAJ Frank Tompkins, who fought in the Battle of Columbus, persuaded GEN Pershing to allow him to lead 8 officers and 120 men of Troops K and M, 13th Cavalry, on a raid deep into Mexican territory. MAJ Tompkins' intentions were to chase and eventually engage the elusive rebels of Pancho Villa. After preparations were completed, the force left camp on 5 April. The Americans made a quick ride across the Mexican desert, traveling 85 miles in 50 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0006-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Border War, Punitive Expedition\nFollowing several days in the wilderness, MAJ Tompkins wrote; \"We were ragged, shoes were gone and nearly everyone had a beard. We certainly presented a hard-boiled, savage appearance.\" The Americans were hoping to rest at the city of Parral for a day, and they were told they'd be welcome by a Carrancista (Mexican Constitutionalist) officer along the way. However, when the column arrived at Parral in the early morning of 12 April, the Carrancista commander of the city, General Ismael Lozano, informed MAJ Tompkins that coming to the city was a bad idea and that he must leave immediately. Tompkins agreed so the Americans left Parral not long after getting there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Border War, Punitive Expedition\nOn the way out of town, a group of Mexicans began shouting \"Viva Villa\", and other phrases, so MAJ Tompkins shouted the same back. A few minutes later, as the column was just outside town, a cavalry force of about 550 Carrancistas launched an attack on the American column. MAJ Tompkins had been betrayed. Within the first few shots a Sergeant standing next to Tompkins was hit and killed while a second man was seriously wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0007-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Border War, Punitive Expedition\nHeavily outnumbered, the 13th Cavalry had no choice but to keep going so they dismounted a rear guard to take up positions on a small hill and engage the pursuing Mexicans. In this first skirmish, an estimated 25 Mexicans were killed and the rest were driven off. The rear guard then regrouped with the main force where they withstood another attack. During the second skirmish, an estimated 45 Mexicans were killed. The Troopers continued their ride to Santa Cruz de Villegas, a fortified town, 8 miles from Parral, that the Americans could defend. The Cavalry reached their town, but the Mexicans were not far away, and MAJ Tompkins was facing the possibility of his 100-man force being besieged by hundreds of Carrancistas, so he sent out dispatch riders for reinforcements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Border War, Punitive Expedition\nJust before 0800, a force of Buffalo Soldiers from the 10th Cavalry, arrived. They had recently engaged about 150 Villistas at the Battle of Agua Caliente on 1 April . Following the arrival of reinforcements, the Mexicans retreated back to Parral and there was no more fighting. Two Americans were killed in the battle and six others were wounded, including MAJ Tompkins. The enemy, however, suffered much greater losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0008-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Border War, Punitive Expedition\nThe Battle of Parral was a turning point in the Mexican Expedition, it marked America's furthest penetration into Mexico during the operation, 516 miles from the border, and marked the beginning of a slow withdrawal from Mexico which ended in early 1917. When General Pershing heard of the Carrancista government's betrayal, he was \"mad as hell\" and demanded a formal apology, but it never came. The 13th Cavalry Regiment's exceptional performance in America's last great mounted cavalry campaign earned it the special designation; 13th Horse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Interbellum\nThe period between the Mexican Expedition and World War II was a tumultuous time for the 13th Cavalry. The United States entered World War I in April 1917, but the Regiment remained on the Mexican border and patrolled the area to protect against future raids. In 1921 it returned to Fort Riley, Kansas where it was key in developing the Army's future mechanized and armored force. The Troopers received M1 Combat Cars for their reconnaissance roles, but some remained mounted on horseback. In 1933, it was assigned to the 2nd Cavalry Division, and was soon transferred to the 7th Cavalry Brigade (Mechanized) at Fort Knox, Kentucky in 1936. Here, the troopers dismounted their loyal horses for the final time and went on to become a fully mechanized unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Interbellum\nThe 13th Cavalry, in their new vehicles, was sent to Pine Camp, New York to participate in some of the Army\u2019s first ever mechanized warfare exercises. This training helped to identify the advantages and shortcomings of the Army\u2019s new mechanized cavalry forces, and the 13th Cavalry played a major role in the Army\u2019s modernization. On 15 June 1940, the 13th Cavalry Regiment was redesignated as the 13th Armored Regiment (Light) and was assigned to the newly formed 1st Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0010-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Interbellum\nAs a Light Armored Regiment, the 13th had an authorized complement of 91 Officers and 1,405 Enlisted Men, along with 82 M3 Scout Cars for reconnaissance, and 136 M3 Stuart Light Tanks. With the 1st AD, the 13th Armor (Light) participated in the Arkansas, Louisiana, and Carolina Maneuvers of 1941, which were the Army\u2019s first training exercises in large-scale armored warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Interbellum\nThese maneuvers helped the Army\u2019s fledgling mechanized force identify its strengths and weaknesses, and helped the Army develop new strategies and tactics regarding the implementation of armored units, and how to coordinate between reconnaissance, armor, infantry, and artillery for combined arms maneuver. In this regard, the 13th Armored Regiment (Light) was a true pioneer in the development of the US Army's Armor Branch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0011-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Interbellum\nOn 7 December 1941, the Regiment was redesignated as the 13th Armored Regiment after it received larger tanks and underwent a significant reorganization; 1st Battalion consisted of the M3 Stuart light tanks and was used in a reconnaissance and security role. 2nd and 3rd Battalions consisted of M3 Lee medium tanks for use in direct action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Interbellum\nThat same day, 7 December 1941, the Empire of Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, thrusting the United States into World War II. On 11 December, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States as well, thus setting the stage for America's involvement in a two-front war. The men of the 13th Armored Regiment would not have long to wait until they could test their newfound skills as an armored force in battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II\nThe 1st Armored Division was one of the first American units to sail across the Atlantic to do battle with the Axis. Leaving from Fort Dix, New Jersey on 11 April 1942, the Old Ironsides patch set foot on European soil in Northern Ireland on 16 May 1942. Here, they trained with a new intensity as they prepared to go into battle for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Algeria-French Morocco\nOn 8 November 1942, almost a full year after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Allied American, Free French, and British armies launched Operation Torch, the seaborne invasion of French North Africa. The 13th Armored Regiment was assigned to the 1st Armored Division's Combat Command B, or CCB, and was split between \u201cTask Force Red\u201d and \u201cTask Force Green\u201d for the invasion. At this time, the commander of the 13th Armored Regiment was COL Paul McDonald Robinett. Standing at five feet four, he was known to his men as \u201cLittle Napoleon,\u201d \u201cLittle Caesar,\u201d or \u201cRobbie.\u201d A cavalryman at heart, he was on the United States Olympic Equestrian Team and studied at the French Cavalry School at Saumur. He offered a dollar to any Soldier who could out-shoot him, and only one man ever collected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 68], "content_span": [69, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Algeria-French Morocco\nThe M3 Lee tanks were too large for the US and British naval landing craft, so the initial armored elements would be limited to M3 Stuart light tanks and lighter vehicles. 1-13 Armor, under LTC John H. Todd, was ordered to land just west of Oran in Algeria, with the objective of forming a flying column to seize Lourmel Airfield before French planes could take off, then drive east toward La S\u00e9nia airfield. However, France's collaborationist government, Vichy France, was determined to resist the Allied invasion in order to save their country from further German retribution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 68], "content_span": [69, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Algeria-French Morocco\nAs part of TF Green, 1LT Richard Van Nostrand\u2019s 1st Platoon, 13th AR Reconnaissance Company was the first to land. They began racing for their objectives at 0603. To the west, the remainder of 13th Armor Reconnaissance Company under CPT G. Samuel Yeiter, was the first unit to land as part of TF Red. Despite struggling through the soft sand on the beachhead, their Jeeps and M3 half-tracks began rolling to their objectives by 0820. By 0900, 1LT Van Nostrand\u2019s Platoon received the 1st Armored Division\u2019s first hostile fire from French snipers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 68], "content_span": [69, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0016-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Algeria-French Morocco\nSoon after, the remainder of the flying column landed with M3 Stuart tanks and pressed on their objectives. Lourmel was secured by 1-13 Armor, and LTC Todd pushed east, breaking through a French roadblock. By the end of the day, 2-13 Armor\u2019s tanks were being unloaded at the newly captured docks at Arzew. Attacking towards La S\u00e9nia near Oran, TF Green was halted by the French at Misserghin, seven miles from the airfield. A frontal attack by tanks and artillery was thwarted, and a flanking attack was tried, but this failed as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 68], "content_span": [69, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0016-0002", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Algeria-French Morocco\nOne tank was knocked out on the road, forming a partial roadblock, and slowing Task Force Green\u2019s advance. The strongpoint was eventually bypassed in the middle of the night, but the 13th Armor had learned valuable lessons in this battle. Its lack of infantry support made attacking anti-tank guns costly. These lessons shaped how the 1st Armored Division would fight in the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 68], "content_span": [69, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0017-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Algeria-French Morocco\nDespite stronger than expected Vichy French resistance to the American landings, nothing could stop the 1st Armored Division, and the 13th Armored Regiment entered the city of Oran two days after landing. Two M3 Lee tanks from 2-13 Armor led the way into the city. An enemy shell struck one and disabled it, but the following tanks bypassed the position and pressed into the city. At this point, many of the Vichy French soldiers joined the Free French and the Allied cause, and the Vichy government was dissolved by the Germans. The Vichy soldiers fought halfheartedly against an erstwhile enemy they didn't hate, but the 13th Armored Regiment's next enemy would not be so easy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 68], "content_span": [69, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0018-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Tunisia\nAfter Vichy French forces ceased resistance to the Allied landings of Operation Torch, the 1st Armored Division pushed east into Tunisia where they would meet a tougher enemy. The German Afrika Korps was a battle-hardened force which had been fighting the British and Free French armies in the deserts of North Africa for several years. When the tanks of the 13th Armored Regiment encountered them, they were some of the first American troops to encounter Panzer Mark IVs. From 1\u20134 December 1942, the 10th Panzer Division attacked positions occupied by the 13th Armor near Djedeida and Tebourba in Tunisia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0018-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Tunisia\nIn a valiant effort, tanks from Companies E and F, 2-13 Armor, sortied against the attacking Germans, but were stopped with many casualties and 7 tanks lost. During this action, PVT Casimir Gajek, E Co, earned the Distinguished Service Cross for carrying his wounded NCO, SGT Evans, out of a burning tank, and remaining with him under fire until medics could arrive. 1-13 Armor\u2019s light tanks made a similar daylight charge on 10 December but were defeated by the heavier Panzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0018-0002", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Tunisia\nThe experienced Germans were not impressed with American tank tactics but noted that the tankers of the 1st Armored Division made up for their flaws with bravery. After withdrawing on 11 December 1st AD concluded that its M3 Stuart tanks were too light for modern warfare and began replacing them with heavier tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0019-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Tunisia\nA series of counterattacks steadily pushed the Germans back towards Tunis, the final Allied objective in Tunisia, and the 13th Armor did well in several smaller tank battles in the desert. The year of 1943 began well for the 1st AD, but the Germans were not finished yet. In February 1943, Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel led a German combined-arms attack against the American and British positions known as the Battle of Kasserine Pass. Their superior maneuver and weaponry defeated elements of the 13th Armor and forced the Americans back over 50 miles before they rallied and halted the enemy offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0019-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Tunisia\nDespite being forced from their positions, 2nd Battalion 13th Armored Regiment made a stand at the town of Sbeitla in the face of the German advance. G Company, 3-13 under CPT Herman T. McWatters covered the withdrawal of CCA along the Fa\u00efd-Sbeitla road, until they could be relieved by the rest of LTC Ben Crosby's 3rd Battalion. From their positions, their forward elements spotted a German armored column headed west towards the positions of 2nd Battalion at Sbeitla. Fortified in hull-down or partially concealed positions, 2nd Battalion awaited the enemy advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0019-0002", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Tunisia\nTheir right flank was covered by 2nd Battalion 6th Infantry, and the 1st AD Reconnaissance Company screened the flank and reported enemy movements. At least 40 tanks of the 21st Panzer Division were bearing down on them. Holding their concealed positions until the enemy drew near, the tanks of 2-13 Armor opened fire when their Commander, LTC Henry E. Gardiner commanded \u201cBoys, let them have it!\u201d 15 Panzers were destroyed or disabled, and the surprised enemy faltered, but the determined Germans managed to drive away 2nd Battalion's supporting M3 tank destroyers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0020-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Tunisia\nWhile the rest of the battalions in CCB withdrew, 2-13 Armor stayed in Sbeitla to cover the withdrawal. When LTC Gardiner asked permission to withdraw, he was told to hold on a little longer, so the rest of the command could get through Kasserine Pass. At 1730 on 18 February 2nd Battalion was finally permitted to withdraw to safety. The withdrawal under fire was perilous, and the battalion lost nine M3 Lee tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0020-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Tunisia\nLTC Gardiner made sure he was the last man to leave the field, but his tank was destroyed in the process and he was severely wounded, but managed to escape to friendly lines on foot during the night. For his outstanding leadership and courage in the defense of Sbeitla, LTC Gardiner received the Distinguished Service Cross. Rommel later praised the battalion's defense of Sbeitla, saying it was \u201cclever and well fought.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0021-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Tunisia\nThe Germans were eventually stopped by the remnants of 2-13 and 3-13 Armor near Thala on 22 February. Although the enemy had pushed back the Allies, they were tired and spread thin. The Allied counter strike culminated at the Battles of El Guettar and Mateur, where tankers from 13th Armor showed the Germans that they had learned from their early mistakes, and were capable of fighting, and winning against the best. In early May 1943, one week before German forces in Africa ceased resistance, 2nd Battalion, 13th Armored Regiment was poised to take the seaside town of Bizerte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0021-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Tunisia\nDuring the push to the city, 1LT Dwight Varner, from Piatt County, Illinois and a recent graduate of the University of Illinois, was leading his platoon in the attack, when his tank and eight others were knocked out by German anti-tank guns. 1LT Varner escaped his burning tank and managed to drag several crewmen to safety and provide first aid. However, he was wounded and captured. While marching to Tunis, he managed to escape his captors after three days and 40 miles of marching.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0021-0002", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Tunisia\nUpon encountering seven Italian soldiers, he turned the tables and captured them by bluffing that the mess kit spoon in his pocket was a pistol. Commandeering the enemy\u2019s vehicle, he then captured 18 unsuspecting Germans and drove them all back to American lines. 1LT Varner was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for extreme gallantry and risk of his life while facing the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0022-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Tunisia\nAll Germans in Africa surrendered by 15 May 1943, and the 13th Armor began training for its next assignment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0023-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Naples-Foggia\nAfter victory in North Africa, the 1st Armored Division began training for its next operation. It was moved across the desert west to French-Morocco and was quartered in and around the city of Rabat where it underwent a major reorganization. General Ernest N. Harmon, commander of the 1st Armored Division, placed COL Hamilton H. Howze in command of the 13th Armored Regiment, and he quickly saw fit to rearm the Regiment with more modern equipment. The M3 Stuart light tanks were replaced by M5 Stuart light tanks, and the M3 Lee tanks were replaced by the M4 Sherman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0023-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Naples-Foggia\nThe Sherman tank would become the workhorse of the US Army, with over 50,000 of them being built during World War II. While 1st Armored Division was refitting in Morocco, other Allied forces invaded Sicily, and the men of Old Ironsides knew they would soon be headed into combat again. In September 1943, General Harmon reported to the Fifth Army commander, General Mark W. Clark, that the 1st Armored Division had completed rigorous training and was ready for combat operations once again. The 13th Armor landed in Italy near Naples in November 1943, where Allied units had already carved out a beachhead. After assembling in Capua, the Regiment waited in reserve. Their mission was to attack through the Liri Valley once infantry units had seized the surrounding heights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0024-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Naples-Foggia\nHowever, unlike Africa, the terrain of Italy is not suited for armored warfare. The Germans broke dams and flooded the countryside whenever they withdrew to mire the Allied advance. This also provided breeding ground for mosquitoes, leading to a malaria outbreak among Allied soldiers. The winding rivers and steep mountains also proved difficult for the 13th Armor tanks to negotiate. Despite the cold, wet and miserable conditions, Christmas 1943 was greeted with considerable activity. Father Flaherty, the 13th Armored Regimental Chaplain, celebrated Mass in a Medieval village church. There was caroling, Christmas tree decoration, and music. The festivities ended on New Year\u2019s Day, and the year of 1944 began with a German artillery barrage, further miring the Liri Valley and halting any hope of an American armored attack. The Allies began to look for other ways to break the stalemate in Southern Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 973]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0025-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Anzio\nBy January 1944, Allied forces had become stalemated along the German Gustav Line, which was anchored around the strong fortifications of Monte Cassino. The mud, mountains, and rivers made an armored breakthrough impossible. In order to defeat this defensive line, the Allies launched Operation Shingle, the amphibious invasion of Anzio, behind the Gustav Line. Combat Command A (CCA) of the 1st Armored Division was part of the initial landings, but CCB, including the 13th Armored Regiment, remained in the Cassino area ready to exploit any German weakness and attack through the Liri Valley should the opportunity arise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0025-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Anzio\nAfter intense German counterattacks on the Anzio beachhead and no meaningful progress south of the Gustav Line, it was decided to reunite the 1st Armored Division in order to make a decisive armored thrust to break out of Anzio. 13th Armor was shipped north to Anzio in early May 1944 after months of waiting. There, they received extensive training on breaching and the 191st Tank Battalion was attached to the Regiment for the coming attack. After rehearsing infantry-tank cooperation, the Regiment was in its pre-attack positions near Cisterna by 22 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0025-0002", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Anzio\nOn 23 May, 2nd Battalion 13th Armor jumped off at first light with D Co to the west, F Co to the east, and E Co in reserve. Attacking toward Torrecchia Nuova, the Battalion ran into an American minefield that was not properly marked. 40 total vehicles from CCB were damaged as a result. D Co had so many tanks lose their tracks to mines that E Co advanced and assumed their mission. Despite this early setback, the tanks of Companies E and F rapidly advanced. They knocked out enemy anti-tank guns, bunkers, and trenches before setting into local security positions for the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0026-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Anzio\nMeanwhile, near Carano Creek on the American left flank, the German Army had launched a counterattack in the afternoon. 3-13 Armor, under LTC Cairns in Division reserve, drove away the Germans with the help of accurate artillery support. Tank recovery operations to repair damaged tracks and return the damaged tanks of 2-13 Armor to action went on for the duration of the night. Nearly all lost tanks were operational again within 48 hours. The next day, 24 May, the attack continued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0026-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Anzio\n2-13 Armor went forward, supporting 3-6 Infantry, and cleared out enemy positions in a forest and captured two artillery batteries. F Co, under CPT John C. Elliott, was sent to assist the 3rd Infantry Division to the west while the rest of 2-13 went into reserve. The light tanks of LTC Carr\u2019s 1-13 Armor passed through 2-13\u2019s lines and seized the Regimental objective, Torrecchia Nuova. The next day, 25 May, COL Howze was ordered to seize Giulianello, and the attack jumped off at dawn. Near the town of Valmontone, the 13th Armor engaged the infamous German Hermann G\u00f6ring Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0026-0002", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Anzio\n3-13 Armor blocked the road to west while 1-13 flanked the retreating Germans, capturing many. 2-13 Armor\u2019s attack went well, but a German artillery shell killed its Executive Officer, MAJ George Johnson, and the attack stalled. In order to capitalize on their gains, Task Force Howze (consisting of 3-13 Armor and supporting units) was formed to take Velletri and Giulianello. Working well with infantry support, the tanks of both CCB and TF Howze broke through the enemy lines while other armored units were halted by German anti-tank guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0026-0003", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Anzio\nThe main highways to Rome, Routes 6 and 7, were opened for an Allied attack by 2 June 1944. During the Battle of Anzio, the 13th Armored Regiment saw its first real combat in the Italian Campaign. Although the fighting here was difficult and not ideal for armored warfare, the 13th Armor secured an Allied breakthrough and helped end the stalemate in Southern Italy. Rome, the Italian capital, was finally within reach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0027-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Rome-Arno\nAfter achieving a breakout from the Anzio beachhead, 1st Armored Division tanks were positioned just south of Rome by 2 June 1944. Allied planners wanted to waste no time, and immediately ordered the tanks of the 13th Armored Regiment to advance to the \u201cEternal City.\u201d LTC Cairns\u2019 3rd Battalion 13th Armor, part of Task Force Howze, led the way down Highway 6. Despite sporadic enemy resistance, the retreating Germans could not stop the rapid advance. Meanwhile, on 3 June, the bulk of the 1st Armored Division advanced up Highway 7, with 1-13 and 2-13 Armor in Combat Command B (CCB).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0027-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Rome-Arno\nAllied units from across Italy were in a rush to be the first to enter Rome. The morning of 4 June 1944 began as a race. A Co, 1-13 Armor was sent ahead as a flying column while the rest of CCB broke into three columns advancing down parallel roads along Highway 7 to bypass Allied traffic and German defenses. TF Howze, to the east of the city, ran into strong German resistance just outside of city limits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0027-0002", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Rome-Arno\nBy 0615, its 3rd Battalion, 13th Armor broke through and continued down Highway 6; eager infantrymen holding onto the backs of the fast-moving tanks. By 0715, H Co, 3-13 Armor, under CPT John A. Beale, became the first American element to enter the Eternal city; The lead tank was commanded by SGT Chester Abner. However, after turning a corner, his tank and another were both hit by anti-tank gun fire; the Germans weren\u2019t going to give up so easily. For hours, TF Howze battled with German roadblocks in the city, slowly clearing the streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0027-0003", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Rome-Arno\nCompanies G, H, and I rolled to the northwest to cut off a German armored counterattack. After his tank was disabled, LTC Cairns, commanding 3-13 Armor, took command of CPT Beale\u2019s tank, resulting in the odd scenario where a Company Commander acted as the gunner for his Battalion Commander. Together, the two commanders found and knocked out several enemy vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0028-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Rome-Arno\nMeanwhile, the rest of the 13th Armored Regiment advanced quickly up from the south, capturing numerous prisoners and surprising many Germans who didn\u2019t expect the Allies to be so far north. By the end of 4 June 1944, Rome was completely in Allied hands. Italian citizens thronged the streets, kissing the GIs and giving them flowers. The 1st Armored Division quickly moved north of the city and prepared for the next attack; along the coastal plain to the Arno River. Although the capture of Rome was a major win for the Allies, public and military attention quickly shifted elsewhere. On 6 June 1944, the Invasion of Normandy began, opening another front against the Axis. Allied forces in Italy would now be a secondary effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0029-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Rome-Arno\nFrom 6\u201310 June, 1-13 and 2-13 advanced 25 miles north of Rome meeting only scant resistance. The relatively flat land of the Italian coastal plain was much more suited to armored warfare than the terrain of Southern Italy. By 22 June, 1AD again ran into steep mountainous terrain, and all attacks north were stalled. Grinding north again, the 13th Armor engaged and defeated German elements in numerous battles and skirmishes as the retreating enemy tried to delay the Allied advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0029-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Rome-Arno\nCCB and TF Howze became adept at defeating German armored elements, and the Arno River was finally reached on 18 July 1944, but the 1st Armored Division needed a rest. After pulling back, the Division was completely reorganized on 20 July. The 13th Armored Regiment was reduced in size and was redesignated as the 13th Tank Battalion. 1-13 Armor was disbanded, and its tanks and crews went on to replace others lost in combat. Companies D, E, and F of 2-13 Armor became Companies A, B, and C of the 13th Tank Battalion (M4 Shermans). B Co of 1st Armored Regiment became D Co, 13th Tank Battalion (M5 Stuarts). Companies G, H, and I of 3-13 Armor left and formed the 4th Tank Battalion. The 13th Tank Battalion soon began preparing to meet the next formidable German defensive position; the Gothic Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0030-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, North Apennines\nDespite a rapid Allied advance into and beyond Rome, the Italian Front had stalemated once again at the German Gothic Line. The 13th Tank Battalion, commanded by LTC Henry E. Gardiner, was assigned to Combat Command B (CCB), commanded by COL Lawrence Russell Dewey, for the coming offensive. On 1 September 1944, CCB crossed the Arno river with combined tank and infantry columns and met only scant resistance. Swiftly advancing, CCB captured the town of Altopascio on 4 September, and the 13th Tank Battalion continued its steady advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 61], "content_span": [62, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0030-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, North Apennines\nOn 10 September, the tankers faced their first real German resistance of the offensive, but they continued to apply pressure to the enemy\u2019s western flank to divert German troops from Fifth Army\u2019s main effort at Il Giogo Pass. On 25 September 1st Armored Division was split up. The steep mountains and foothills of the Apennine Range were ill-suited to rapid armored assaults, and the Combat Commands of the Division were attached to infantry units to provide them with necessary tank support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 61], "content_span": [62, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0030-0002", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, North Apennines\n13th Tank Battalion was assigned to \u201cTask Force 92\u201d under BG John E. Wood. TF 92 was a component of the 92nd Infantry Division, a \u201cColored Division\u201d in the segregated Army of WWII. TF 92 and 13th Tank Battalion worked together well, and from 26\u201329 September, they launched a large attack on German positions on the Gothic Line. They managed to capture the town of Lucchio and push the enemy out of the Serchio Valley. By the end of September 13 Tank Battalion and TF 92 was attacking down Highway 64 toward Vergato, operating independently of the 1st Armored or the 92nd Infantry Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 61], "content_span": [62, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0031-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, North Apennines\nOn 6 October 13 Tank was temporarily attached to the \u201c6 South African Armoured Division.\u201d The 1st Armored Division now held the extreme western flank of the II Corps Zone. Throughout October, the 13th Tank Battalion, on the left flank of CCB, pushed up the mountain slopes along Highway 64. First they reached Porretta Terme, and then near the end of the month, arrived beyond the town of Riola. An attack on 29 October against German positions at Castelnuovo was stopped short. The Germans counterattacked, but 13th Tank defeated them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 61], "content_span": [62, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0031-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, North Apennines\nIn a last-ditch effort, the enemy destroyed all nearby bridges, forcing CCB to halt its attack. On 10 December 1944, after a month of inactivity on the front-line, 13th Tank Battalion was attached to the Allied Brazilian Expeditionary Force in an attack against Monte Castello, but they were repulsed by the Germans. As the winter cold and rain set in, both sides in this sector maintained defensive positions along the stalemated front. Late in 1944 and in early 1945, D Company\u2019s M5 Stuart light tanks began to be replaced by the more modern M24 Chaffee light tanks. The Chaffee was a vast improvement over the Stuart, as its 75mm gun more than doubled the firepower of the Stuart\u2019s 37mm gun. Throughout the winter, Companies A, B, C, and D conducted training and refitting for the coming campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 61], "content_span": [62, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0032-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Po Valley\nBy early 1945, German forces in Western Europe had been defeated at the Battle of the Bulge, and Allied units were steadily advancing into Germany. In Italy, the German and Fascist Italian remnants were depleted, but still occupied strong defensive positions anchored by steep mountains ranges. Beyond this line, lay the Po Valley to the north. The Po Valley is flat, wide, and perfect for offensive armored warfare; if Allied forces could break through to it, the war in Italy could be swiftly won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0032-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Po Valley\nFurthermore, Allied units needed to reach the valley in order to cut off retreating German forces before they could reach the Alps in Austria and Bavaria and set up stronger defenses. 1st Armored Division began its attack on 14 April 1945. A Co, and 2nd Platoon of C Co, were in Combat Command B (CCB), the Division\u2019s main effort, while the remainder of 13th Tank Battalion was placed in reserve. A Co and 2nd Platoon of C Co had 34 tanks, including 17 Shermans equipped with high velocity 76mm guns, and 9 M4A3 Shermans equipped with 105mm guns. The tanks were to support the 6th, 11th, and 14th Armored Infantry Battalions in their advance. At 1630, the attack jumped off under the cover of a smoke screen laid down by Division Artillery. The tanks and infantry met determined German resistance but captured their objectives by 17 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0033-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Po Valley\nMeanwhile, an M4 Sherman platoon from 13th Armor was detached to assist the 81st Cavalry Squadron in seizing Piano di Venola. After meeting stiff resistance along Highway 64, the Troopers and Tankers of the force were near their objective by 17 April as well. During the advance, the rest of 13th Tank Battalion remained in Division reserve, ready to exploit a breakthrough. On 20 April, 13th Tank Battalion was attached to Combat Command A (CCA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0033-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Po Valley\nWith A Co on the right, B Co on the left, and C Co in reserve, 13th Tank Battalion attacked alongside the 6th Armored Infantry Battalion into the Po Valley. After a rapid advance, 13th Tank encountered fierce resistance at the town of Oliveto, losing 3 tanks from C Co, but ultimately securing victory, and taking 179 German prisoners. 1st Armored Division elements had at last reached the Po Valley, and were ready to strike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0033-0002", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Po Valley\n13th Tank Battalion\u2019s Commander, LTC Henry E. Gardiner, took A Co and D Co to cut Highway 9, while the Executive Officer, MAJ John C. Elliot, took B Co and C Co northwest to occupy Castelfranco. By the end of 21 April, these objectives were secured, and many Germans were taken prisoner. The 13th Tank Battalion continued its audacious drive north and west, cutting through German lines and defeating or capturing any enemies it encountered. By the end of 23 April, the Battalion had crossed the Po River, and it captured the city of Verona by 26 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0033-0003", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Po Valley\nSpeeding to the northwest, the 1st AD began capturing thousands of German prisoners; they knew the war was lost and were not keen on fighting powerful Allied armored units anymore. On 28 April, it was revealed that Mussolini had been captured and executed by Italian partisans, and soon after, C Co of the 13th Tank Battalion entered the city of Milan. The next day, the German commander, General Heinrich von Vietinghoff, surrendered and the fighting in Italy ceased on 2 May 1945. Hitler committed suicide soon after, and WWII in Europe ended on 8 May 1945. The 13th Tank Battalion soon moved into occupied West Germany to begin its post-war duties. WWII was the 13th\u2019s longest and deadliest conflict. Despite a steep learning curve at Kasserine Pass, the unit proved itself in Tunisia and Italy, earning itself a decorated place in American military history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 917]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0034-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Cold War\nAs part of the post-war Allied Occupation of Germany, The 13th Tank Battalion was converted, reorganized, and redesignated on 1 May 1946 as the 13th Constabulary Squadron, an element of the 10th Constabulary Regiment. It was inactivated on 20 September 1947 in Coburg, West Germany and relieved from assignment to the 10th Constabulary Regiment. On 7 March 1951, it was reactivated as the 13th Medium Tank Battalion and was assigned, once again, to the 1st Armored Division at Fort Hood, Texas. On 20 May 1953, its designation was changed back to the 13th Tank Battalion. The Battalion was inactivated on 15 February 1957 at Fort Polk, Louisiana and was reactivated later that year, 1 October 1957, and was assigned to the 3rd Armored Division in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0035-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Cold War\nOn 3 February 1962 2nd Battalion, 13th Armor was relieved from assignment to the 3rd Armored Division and was assigned to the 1st Armored Division. On 5 May 1971 it was relieved from assignment to the 1st Armored Division and was assigned to the 1st Cavalry Division at Fort Hood and was inactivated on 23 April 1973. On 20 June 1974, 1st Battalion, 13th Armor rejoined the 1st Armored Division at Illesheim, Germany until 20 February 1987, when the Battalion moved to Vilseck, Germany. 13th Tank remained here until 1988, when it was inactivated and re-designated as 2nd Battalion, 13th Armor at Fort Knox, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0036-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Bosnia\nAt Fort Riley, Kansas in March 1996, 3rd Battalion, 37th Armor Regiment cased its colors and reflagged as the 1st Battalion, 13th Armored Regiment, with the Soldiers exchanging their 1st Infantry Division patches for the \"Old Ironsides\" patches of the 1st Armored Division. LTC Richard G. Jung Sr. commanded the \"Dakota\" Battalion from 1996\u201398, honoring the Regiment's history with the Battalion name and call sign. Called \"13th Tank\" by those who served in the unit, 1-13 Armor was one of two armor battalions in 3rd Brigade, 1st AD (Bulldogs) under the command of COL Joseph F.H. Peterson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0037-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Bosnia\nIn January 1997, A Company (Ironhorse), 1-13 Armor, under CPT Paul P. Reese, was alerted for deployment to Europe as part of the ongoing peacekeeping effort in the former Yugoslavia. In March, A Company was attached to 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry Regiment, 1-41 Infantry, and deployed to Bosnia-Herzegovina in support of Operation Joint Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0037-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Bosnia\nThe Company was stationed at Camp Dobol near the zone of separation (ZOS) as the first iteration of \"SFOR\" or the \"Stabilization Force\" after the designation changed from \"IFOR\" or the \"Implementation Force\" in early 1997, \"Team Tank\" conducted a variety of missions and patrols in accordance with the General Framework Agreement for Peace (GFAP) and corresponding rules of engagement (ROE) while operating within its area of responsibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0037-0002", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Bosnia\nThe company operated near the Bosnian-Serbian (Republika Srpska) towns of \u0160ekovi\u0107i, Bratunac and the infamous Srebrenica. A/1-13 AR consisted of 2 M1A1 tank platoons and 1 M2A2 Bradley platoon (1 organic tank platoon was detached and assigned to A/1-41 IN at Camp Demi). Ironhorse company returned to the 1st Battalion, 13th Armored Regiment in December, 1997 upon redeployment to Fort Riley at the successful completion of their mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0038-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Iraq War\nIn March 2003, the United States invaded Ba'athist Iraq to depose the dictator Saddam Hussein and remove Iraq as a safe haven for international Islamic terrorism. 1st Battalion, 13th Armor Regiment, known as Task Force Dakota, arrived on 1 April 2003 to augment units of the 3rd Brigade, 1st Armored Division who had spearheaded US assaults to the south of Baghdad. The Brigade was attached to the 3rd Infantry Division and controlled the Kadhimiya area of Baghdad immediately after the initial invasion of Iraq. TF", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0038-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Iraq War\nDakota participated in numerous operations aimed at subduing insurgents including Operation Bulldog Flytrap, Operation Bulldog Mammoth, and Operation Cancer Cure. The Battalion redeployed to Fort Riley, Kansas on 2 April 2004. Less than a year later, in February 2005, the 3rd BCT deployed to Iraq for a second time, again attached to the 3rd Infantry Division. TF Dakota was primarily stationed north of Baghdad in the Taji, Mushahda, Tarmiyah, Husseiniya, and Rashidiya districts. The Battalion was redeployed to Ft. Riley in January 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0039-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Iraq War\nThe 2nd Squadron, 13th Cavalry Regiment stood up in 2008 as part of 4th Brigade Combat Team (Highlanders), 1st Armored Division at Ft Bliss, Texas. The Squadron deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom from May 2009 to May 2010. The 1st Squadron, 13th Cavalry Regiment (Warhorse) stood up in 2009 as part of the 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division at Fort Bliss, TX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0039-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Iraq War\nIn April 2009, 4th Brigade, including 2-13 Cavalry, deployed to the southern Iraqi provinces of Dhi Qar, Maysan, and Al-Muthanna, as the Army's first \"advise and assist brigade,\" a concept in which US forces would take a backseat to Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) and local government officials. The Brigade, under the command of COL Peter A. Newell and CSM Phillip D. Pandy, partnered with provincial reconstruction teams, civil affairs teams, US Department of State officials, and military transition teams, while assisting ISF and the Government of Iraq. The Brigade's partnership allowed over one million voters to participate in the election of 2010. For their actions in assisting elections in Iraq, 2nd Squadron, 13th Cavalry Regiment earned the Meritorious Unit Commendation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0040-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Iraq War\nIn July 2011, the 4/1 AD Highlanders deployed to Iraq in support of Operation New Dawn. The Brigade deployed under the command of COL Scott McKean, who later served as the 1AD Deputy Commanding General for Operations. 2-13 Cavalry served with the Brigade for the entirety of this deployment and was a key part in maintaining security while US forces withdrew from Iraq. 4th Brigade was one of the last units to withdraw from Iraq as part of the closing of Operation New Dawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0041-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Afghanistan War\n1st Squadron, 13th Cavalry Regiment (TF 1-13 Cavalry), as part of the 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division, (TF 3-1AD), deployed from Fort Bliss, Texas to eastern Afghanistan (RC-East) on 16 October 2011. The Brigade conducted combined, population-centric counterinsurgency operations in Logar, Wardak, and Bamyan provinces, relieving the 4th Brigade, 10th Mountain Division. TF 3-1 AD and partners worked to secure Highway 1, a vital line of communication, neutralize insurgent and criminal networks, and train the Afghan National Security Forces in order to expand the Kabul Security Zone and extend the Afghan Government's influence among the local people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0041-0001", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Afghanistan War\nIn mid-October, TF 3-1 AD launched the brigade's first operation, Operation Shamshir. Planned in support of an RC-East operation to disrupt insurgents from the Haqqani Network across eastern Afghanistan, the operation disrupted and dislodged insurgents from their entrenched positions and forced them into the open. A total of 14 villages in the Kharwar District were cleared and the operation concluded with a Shura among key leaders. As the Afghan winter set in, TF 3-1 AD continued to target insurgent supply caches, disrupt support zones, and expand the Afghan government's authority. The Brigade and their Afghan partners continued to push the enemy south, expanding the Kabul security zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0042-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Afghanistan War\nOn 15 April 2012, insurgents launched the opening salvos of their spring offensive. Coordinated attacks targeting coalition and Afghan military bases and embassies were carried out in Kabul, Paktiya, Kunar, and Logar Provinces. The enemy attacks were defeated by a combination of TF 3-1 AD Soldiers, Afghan partners, and close air support. In all, 11 insurgents were killed in action. In May 2012, TF 1-13 Cavalry assumed control for all of northern Logar Province and planned and resourced the movement of two additional Afghan National Army battalions (Kandaks) into the area. On 15 July 2012, TF 1-13 Cavalry and the rest of TF 3-1 AD returned to Fort Bliss, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0043-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Global Security Rotations\nFollowing the 4th Brigade's re-flagging as 3rd Brigade, 1st Armored Division in 2015, 1-13 Cavalry inactivated on 15 April 2015 as part of the Brigade's inactivation, and the 2nd Squadron 13th Cavalry Regiment, now part of 3rd ABCT, participated in the Brigade's Regionally Aligned Force mission throughout the continent of Africa. The Squadron sent Troopers on various train and assist missions to multiple countries on the African continent to include: Malawi, Morocco, Ethiopia, Namibia, and Zambia. As a result of these missions, the Squadron directly supported the United Nations' Peace Keeping operations, enhanced the Army's geo-political impact, and increased the readiness of America's African allies and partners throughout the continent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0044-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Global Security Rotations\nIn July 2016, 2-13 Cavalry Squadron assumed responsibility of the US Army Central Command theater security cooperation and partnership missions at Camp Buehring, Kuwait, in support of Operation Spartan Shield. By strengthening partnerships with the United Arab Emirates Armed Forces, the Royal Army of Oman, and the Kingdom of Bahrain, the efforts of the entire Squadron contributed to peace and stability in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0045-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, History, Global Security Rotations\nFrom fall 2018 to the summer of 2019, 2-13 Cavalry served in the Republic of Korea, working closely and training with the ROK Army. Their rotation on the Korean Peninsula helped deter North Korean aggression and maintained peace in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010558-0046-0000", "contents": "13th Cavalry Regiment, Current status\n2nd Squadron is the armored reconnaissance squadron of the 3rd Brigade, 1st Armored Division stationed at Fort Bliss, Texas. With the inactivation of 1-13 CAV in April 2015, 2nd Squadron became the Regimental Home-Base Squadron. It currently remains the only active Squadron in the 13th Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010559-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in session from 1987 to 1992. It held seven plenary sessions. It was preceded by the 12th Central Committee and succeeded by the 14th Central Committee. It elected the 13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010560-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Chess Olympiad\nThe 13th Chess Olympiad, organized by FIDE and comprising an open team tournament, as well as several other events designed to promote the game of chess, took place between September 30 and October 23, 1958, in Munich, West Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010560-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Chess Olympiad\nThe Soviet team with 6 GMs, led by world champion Botvinnik, lived up to expectations and won their fourth gold medals in a row, with Yugoslavia and Argentina taking the silver and bronze, respectively. The West German hosts finished 7th, right behind rivals East Germany. The two neighbouring nations were tied on both game and match points, but the East Germans had won the match between the two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010560-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nA total of 36 teams entered the competition and were divided into four preliminary groups of nine teams each. The top three from each group advanced to Final A, the teams placed 4th\u20136th to Final B, and no. 7\u20139 to Final C. All groups and finals were played as round-robin tournaments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010560-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nGroup 1 was won by the Soviet hosts, well ahead of Bulgaria and Austria. The Netherlands, Denmark, and France took the places 4\u20136, while Italy, Puerto Rico, and Ireland finished at the bottom of the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010560-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nSpain caused a small surprise by taking first place in group 2, ahead of the resurrected US team and the host nation. Finland, Iceland, and Israel made up the middle part of the group, while Norway, South Africa, and Iran had to settle for the bottom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010560-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nGroup 3 was won by Argentina, ahead of East Germany and England. Traditional chess power Hungary surprisingly had to settle for Final B, along with Poland and Colombia. Meanwhile, The Philippines, Scotland, and Lebanon finished at the bottom of the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010560-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nCzechoslovakia clinched group 4, ahead of Yugoslavia and Switzerland. Canada, Sweden, and Belgium made up the middle part of the group, while Portugal, Tunisia, and Greece completed the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010561-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Child\n13th Child (or The 13th Child: Legend of the Jersey Devil) is a 2002 direct-to-video horror film directed by Thomas Ashley and Steven Stockage. It is inspired by the Jersey Devil. The screenplay was written by Michael Maryk and Cliff Robertson, who also stars in the film. The story is based on The Jersey Devil by James F. McCloy and Ray Miller Jr. The film was shot in New Jersey at Wharton State Forest, Batsto Village, and Hammonton in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010561-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Child, Reception\nCritical reception for the film has been negative. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 40% based on 5 reviews. David N. Butterworth panned the film, as he felt that \"Anyone who quickly denounced Madonna's \"Swept Away\" as being the worst film of 2002 clearly hadn't seen \"13th Child.\"\" Charles Tatum from eFilmCritic.com panned the film's script, and character development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010562-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Cinema Express Awards\nThe 13th Cinema Express Awards were held on 14 June 1993, and honoured the best of South Indian films released in 1992. The awards were announced in March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010562-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Cinema Express Awards, Solidaire excellency awards\nAwards in this field were given to film producer and director G. V. Iyer, playback singer P. Susheela, art director R. Krishnamurthy and the editing duo B. Lenin-V. T. Vijayan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010563-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival\nThe 13th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival was held from August 4\u201313, 2017 in Metro Manila, Philippines. A total of nine full-length features and twelve short films competed. The festival was opened by Mikhail Red's Birdshot and was closed by Adolfo Alix, Jr.'s Pastor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010563-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, Entries\nThe winning film is highlighted with boldface and a dagger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010563-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, Awards\nThe awards ceremony was held on August 13, 2017 at the Tanghalang Nicanor Abelardo, Cultural Center of the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010564-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Coast Artillery (United States)\nThe 13th Coast Artillery Regiment was  a Coast Artillery regiment in the United States Army. Elements of the regiment served during World War II in the Harbor Defenses of Pensacola (HD Pensacola), HD Key West, HD Galveston, HD Charleston, Temporary HD of New Orleans, and in Bora Bora in the South Pacific. The regiment was broken up and its elements redesignated on 31 August 1944 as part of an Army-wide reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010564-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage\nConstituted in the Regular Army 27 February 1924 as 13th Coast Artillery (Harbor Defense) (HD), and organized 1 July 1924 at Fort Barrancas in HD Pensacola, Florida by redesignating the following companies of the Coast Artillery Corps (CAC): 121st, 145th, 162nd, 163rd, 170th, 179th, 180th, 181st, 182nd, 183rd, and 188th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010564-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage\nOn 15 January 1942 3rd battalion activated with Batteries F and H, moved to Charleston Port of Embarkation, and as part of Task Force 5614 sailed 27 January 1942 for Bora Bora in French Polynesia, South Pacific, arrived there 27 February 1942 as part of Operation Bobcat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010564-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage\n13th and 181st Coast Artillery Battalions inactivated 1 April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010564-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/8\u00a0inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height consisting of a shield blazoned:  Gules on a saltire Or voided of the field a fleur-de-lis of the second. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Gold scroll inscribed \"QUOD HABEMUS DEFENDEMUS\" in Black letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010564-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe red of the shield signifies Air Defense Artillery. The outline in gold of the saltire or diagonal cross denotes that the Regiment was organized in the south; viz:  The Coast Defenses of Charleston, Pensacola, Key West and Galveston. The saltire is taken from the battle flag of the Confederacy and, as only its outline appears on the shield, denotes a suggestion of the south. The fleur-de-lis stands for the service in France of the 121st Company, C.A.C. (Battery C, 61st Regiment, C.A.C.). The motto translates to \"What We Hold We Will Defend.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010564-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 13th Coast Artillery Regiment on 11 August 1924. It was redesignated for the 13th Artillery Group on 20 November 1967. The insignia was amended to add the motto on 20 November 1967. It was redesignated for the 13th Air Defense Artillery Group on 4 April 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010564-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nGules on a saltire Or voided of the field a fleur-de-lis of the second (Or).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010564-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nOn a wreath of the colors Or and Gules, a saltire Gules charged with three cannon paleways Or. Motto  QUOD HABEMUS DEFENDEMUS (What We Hold We Will Defend).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010564-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe red of the shield signifies Artillery. The outline in gold of the saltire or diagonal cross denotes that the Regiment was organized in the south; viz; The Coast Defenses of Charleston, Pensacola, Key West and Galveston. The saltire is taken from the battle flag of the Confederacy and, as only its outline appears on the shield, denotes a suggestion of the south. The fleur-de-lis stands for the service in France of the 121st Company, C.A.C. (Battery C, 61st Artillery, C.A.C.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010564-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe red saltire represents the Regiment being organized in the south and the three cannons symbolize Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010564-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was approved on 9 August 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010564-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Coast Artillery (United States), Campaign streamers\nAmerican Defense Service MedalAmerican Campaign MedalWorld War II Victory Medal (United States)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010565-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Coast Regiment Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery\nThe 13th Coast Regiment RNZA was a coastal artillery regiment. The regimental structure was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010565-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Coast Regiment Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery\nIt was active during the Second World War, probably affiliated with the Southern Military District, but disbanded after 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010566-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Combat Service Support Battalion\n13th Combat Service Support Battalion (13 CSSB) is a unit of the 13th Brigade of the Australian Army Reserve. Located in Western Australia, it is the logistics component of the 13th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010566-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Combat Service Support Battalion, History\nThe battalion was formed in March 1995 and was previously designated the 13th Brigade Administrative Support Battalion. On formation, it consisted of the following sub-units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010566-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Combat Service Support Battalion, History\n13 CSSB was granted \"Freedom of Entry\" to the City of Fremantle on 1 October 2001. Its motto is \u2033Soldiers Supporting Soldiers\u2033.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010566-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Combat Service Support Battalion, Role and composition\nThe role of 13 CSSB is to provide service and logistics support to the 13th Brigade and wider Australian Army. A Reserve unit, it is based at Irwin Barracks, and as of February 2020, 13 CSSB comprises a battalion headquarters and four sub-units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010567-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States)\n13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (13th CSSB) is a modular, corps-level support organization Battalion responsible for providing multifunctional logistics support to maneuver, fires, and effects organizations as well as multifunctional logistics assistance to other support organizations. The 13th CSSB was formerly stationed at Fort Benning, Georgia, and was a subordinate unit of the 3rd Sustainment Brigade. The battalion was deactivated in October 2011 at Ft Benning and reflagged from the former 80th Ordnance Battalion at Joint Base Lewis/McChord. The battalion is now subordinate to the 593rd Expeditionary Sustainment Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010567-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States), History\nThe Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment was constituted on 13 January 1941 in the Regular Army as part of the 60th Quartermaster Battalion (Laundry) and activated on 25 May 1942 at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana. The unit was de-activated on 20 June 1948 in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010567-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States), History\nOn 18 November 1948, the unit was re-designated as the 13th Quartermaster Battalion and activated 4 January 1949 at Camp Lee, Virginia. The unit was re-designated 1 January 1966 as part of the 13th Supply and Service Battalion, activated 21 October 1977 in Augsburg, Germany and assigned to the 2nd Support Command (Corps).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010567-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States), History\nOn 30 October 1981, the battalion was organized under the command and control of the 7th Support Group. On 1 April 1982, the Headquarters and Headquarters Company relocated from Reese Kaserne, Augsburg to Flak Kaserne, Ludwigsburg, Germany. The unit moved to Fort Benning, Georgia on 15 November 1991 and was attached to the 36th Engineer Group (Combat).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010567-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States), History\nThe unit participated in World War II in Northern France and Rhineland and in the Korean War. Decorations include: two Meritorious Unit Commendations, embroidered; the Army Superior Unit Award; Korea and Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citations. The Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment (HHD) deployed to Southwest Asia on 11 December 1990 and returned 7 May 1991. On 16 August 1993, the unit deployed soldiers to Somalia in support of Operation Continue Hope and returned 22 December 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010567-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States), History\nMore recently, the detachment has deployed soldiers to Tasz\u00e1r, Hungary in support of Operation Joint Forge, South America in support of Hurricane Mitch relief efforts, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia with Task Force 1\u201315 for Intrinsic Action. The Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment has recently returned from Kuwait and Iraq where they supported the 42nd Infantry Division during Operation Iraqi Freedom. There the 13th CSSB was augmented by Service Support units from the Tennessee Army National Guard with nine 5k Tankers, 2 ROWPUs, and QM Warehousing Supply skill sets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010567-0005-0001", "contents": "13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States), History\nThese forces were among the first to move forward through the Karbala Gap establishing a Refuel on the Move (ROM) site aiding combat forces to successfully invade Bagdad, Iraq. The 13th CSSB was able to provide primary service support to 3rd Infantry and 101st Airborne divisional assets using Tennessee Army National Guard units from sites at Bagdad International Airport. The fuel and water assets proved crucial to establishing what would later become known as the \"Green Zone\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010567-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States), History\nDuring Operation Iraqi Freedom III, the HHD, 13th Corps Support Battalion (CSB) operated out of FOB Speicher, Iraq providing command and control for 11 subordinate units and attachments while planning and supervising the administration, training, and internal logistical support for the battalion. 13th CSB conducted over 3,000 combat logistics patrols logging over 3\u00a0million miles, completed over 85 recovery missions, and issued over 26\u00a0million US gallons (98,000\u00a0m3) of fuel. They also completed 3,094 direct support level maintenance job orders, processed 56,525 material release orders, produced 47.5\u00a0million US gallons (180,000\u00a0m3) of water, and issued over 4.9\u00a0million bottles of water and 1.9\u00a0million meals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010567-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States), History\nOn 17 October 2006, the HHD, 13th CSB reflagged as the Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), 13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (CSSB) and attached to the 3rd Sustainment Brigade of Fort Stewart, GA. On 27 June 2007, the HHC deployed to LSA Anaconda, Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (07\u201309) providing command and control to ten subordinate units and attachments. During OIF (07\u201309), 13th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010567-0007-0001", "contents": "13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States), History\nCSSB executes logistic support to MNC-I forces by operating the major distribution activities at LSAA, including the Corps Storage Area (CSA), Corps Distribution Center (CDC), Central Receiving and Shipping Point (CRSP), Central Issue Facility (CIF), Aerial Delivery, and Mortuary Affairs Collection Point (MACP). 13th CSSB provides reinforcing maintenance, water, and cargo handling support through forward-echeloned team operating at 11 Forward Operating Bases (FOB) through the Iraqi theater. 13th CSSB provided CSS training to Iraqi Security Forces to support the transition to national Iraqi control (Logistics Transition Teams).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010567-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States), History\nIn October 2011 the unit relocated from Fort Benning, GA to Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010567-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States), Subordinate units\nHHC Commander Captain Jeremy D. Reed November 2019 - June 2021", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 76], "content_span": [77, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010568-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Congress of Deputies\nThe 13th Congress of Deputies was a meeting of the Congress of Deputies, the lower house of the Spanish Cortes Generales, with the membership determined by the results of the general election held on 28 April 2019. The congress met for the first time on 21 May 2019 and was dissolved prematurely on 24 September 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010568-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Congress of Deputies, Election\nThe 13th Spanish general election under the 1978 Constitution was held on 28 April 2019. It saw the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) became the largest party in the Congress of Deputies for the first time since 2008, but falling short of a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010568-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Congress of Deputies, History\nThe new congress met for the first time on 21 May 2019 and after two rounds of voting Meritxell Batet (PSOE) was elected as President of the Congress of Deputies with the support of the Unidos Podemos\u2013En Com\u00fa Podem (UP\u2013ECP) and various nationalist and regionalist parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010568-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Congress of Deputies, History\nOther members of the Bureau of the Congress of Deputies were also elected on 21 May 2019: Gloria Elizo (UP), First Vice-President; Alfonso Rodr\u00edguez (PSOE), Second Vice-President; Ana Pastor (PP), Third Vice-President; Ignacio Prendes (Cs), Fourth Vice-President; Gerardo Pisarello (ECP), First Secretary; Sof\u00eda Hernanz (PSOE), Second Secretary; Adolfo Su\u00e1rez (PP), Third Secretary; and Patricia Reyes (Cs), Fourth Secretary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010568-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Congress of Deputies, Government\nIn July 2019, caretaker Prime Minister Pedro S\u00e1nchez (PSOE) failed to secure the necessary votes in congress to form a government after the failure of coalition talks with UP\u2013ECP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010568-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Congress of Deputies, Government\nUnable to obtain enough support in congress to form a government, S\u00e1nchez announced on 17 September 2019 that an election would be held on 10 November 2019, the fourth in as many years. The 13th Cortes Generales was formally dissolved on 24 September 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010568-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Congress of Deputies, Deaths, disqualifications, resignations and suspensions\nThe 13th congress has seen the following deaths, disqualifications, resignations and suspensions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 82], "content_span": [83, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010569-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Congress of the Philippines\nThe Thirteenth Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Ikalabintatlong Kongreso ng Pilipinas) was the meeting of the national legislature of the Republic of the Philippines, composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives. The convening of the 13th Congress follows the 2004 national elections, which replaced half of the Senate membership, and the entire membership of the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010569-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Congress of the Philippines, Events, Charter Change\nPresident Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, in her several State of the Nation Addresses has repeatedly called on Congress to pave the way for the amending of the 1987 Constitution to provide for a unicameral\u2013parliamentary\u2013federal form of government. On December 8, 2006, the administration-dominated House of Representatives, bypassing the Senate, passed in haste House Resolution 1450, which called on Congress to convene into a Constituent Assembly (ConAss) to propose amendments to the Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010569-0001-0001", "contents": "13th Congress of the Philippines, Events, Charter Change\nThe House move however, was faced with stiff opposition from the outmaneuvered members of the opposition and all but 1 member of the Senate, which was later bolstered by support from several sectors of the civil society and the influential Roman Catholic Church, which threatened to hold nationwide protest rallies to denounce the House move. Succumbing to the mounting opposition and the apparent withdrawal of support of the President, House Speaker Jose De Venecia later on scrapped the entire resolution and called instead for a constitutional convention, challenging the Senate to concur it in 72 hours. But this too was rejected by the Senate, which preferred to hold a constitutional convention after the 2007 elections. Efforts to amend the constitution during the 13th Congress were eventually shelved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010569-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Congress of the Philippines, Legislation\nLaws passed by the 13th Congress: 149 (Republic Act No. 9333 to 9495), as of September 7, 2007", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010569-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Congress of the Philippines, Members, House of Representatives\nThe term of office of the current members of the House of Representatives is from June 30, 2004, to June 30, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010570-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was held during 23\u201331 May 1924 in Moscow. Of the delegates attending, 748 had voting rights, and 416 had consultative rights. The congress elected the 13th Central Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010570-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThis congress was the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)' first to take place after the death of Vladimir Lenin, and represents a transition between the Lenin and Joseph Stalin regimes. It was also the first confrontation between the Left Opposition (led by Leon Trotsky) and the \"troika\" (led by Stalin, Grigory Zinoviev, and Lev Kamenev).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010570-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Background\nBy the time of Lenin's death on 21 January 1924, the New Economic Policy (NEP) had produced some economic stability after the famines and crises that had plagued the post-Civil War Soviet economy, such as the \"sales crisis\" of 1922. The posthumous cult of Lenin became a strategic tool for various Party leaders vying for the leadership. Party membership expanded by more than half during the February \"Lenin Enrollment,\" while Stalin gave a series of lectures later titled Foundations of Leninism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 69], "content_span": [70, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010570-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Background\nEven though Stalin had been condemned as \"too rude and... intolerable\" and recommended for dismissal by the late Lenin in his \"Last Testament,\" Stalin nonetheless successfully retained his position as General Secretary and crafted a powerful public association with Lenin's personality cult. Stalin's supporters used Trotsky's former disputes with Lenin to condemn him, and his theory of \"permanent revolution\" would become the main object of attack in the great theoretical debates following the 13th Party Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 69], "content_span": [70, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010570-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Discussions\nAmong the many issues that dominated the 13th Party Congress, the factional split between the Left Opposition and the \"troika\" was a major divider. Trotsky and the Left Opposition argued that world revolution was required for the success of socialism, since the Soviet Union could not survive on its own without any aid from Western economies. On the other hand, Stalin, Zinoviev, and Kamenev of the \"troika\" argued that the Politburo should proceed to organize socialism on a national scale, a policy known as \"socialism in one country.\" On 27 May, Stalin declared Trotsky's line a \"petty-bourgeois deviation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 70], "content_span": [71, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010570-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Discussions\nLenin's \"Letter to the Congress\" was also read out loud to the 13th Party Congress, and among its criticisms of the different leading personalities of the Politburo, the most condemning was of Stalin. Nonetheless, the Congress chose to not to publish this letter, and Stalin retained his post as General-Secretary until his death in 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 70], "content_span": [71, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010570-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Aftermath\nThe 13th Party Congress marked the beginning of the Stalinist era, and the factionalism that emerged set the stage for the next five years, during which further struggles would emerge between factions over Soviet and international policy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 68], "content_span": [69, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010571-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010571-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was organized at New Haven, Connecticut, beginning November 25, 1861, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on January 7, 1862, under the command of Colonel Henry Warner Birge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010571-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, Department of the Gulf, to September 1862. Weitzel's Reserve Brigade, Department Gulf, to December 1862. Grover's Division, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XIX Corps, to March 1863. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, XIX Corps, to August 1863. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XIX Corps, to February 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to January 1865. District of Savannah, Georgia, Department of the South, to March 1865. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, X Corps, Department of North Carolina, to April 1865. District of Georgia, Department of the South, to April 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010571-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th Connecticut Infantry mustered out of service April 25, 1866, at Fort Pulaski, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010571-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Connecticut for Ship Island, Mississippi, March 17, 1862, arriving there April 13. Operations against Forts St. Phillip and Jackson, Mississippi River, April 15\u201328, 1862. Occupation of New Orleans, Louisiana, May 1. Duty at Camp Parapet and Carrollton until October. Expedition to Pass Manchac and Ponchatoula September 13\u201315 (detachment). Ponchatoula September 14\u201315. Operations in District of La Fourche October 24-November 6. Occupation of Donaldsonville October 25. Action at Georgia Landing, near Labadieville, October 27. Thibodeauxville October 28. Duty at Thibodeauxville until December 27. Moved to Baton Rouge December 27, and duty there until March 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010571-0004-0001", "contents": "13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOperations against Port Hudson March 7\u201327. Moved to Donaldsonville March 28. Operations in western Louisiana April 9-May 14. Bayou Teche Campaign April 11\u201320. Porter's and McWilliams' Plantations at Indian Bend, April 13. Irish Bend April 14. Bayou Vermillion April 17. Expedition to Alexandria and Simsport May 5\u201318. Expedition from Barre's Landing toward Brashear City May 21\u201326. Siege of Port Hudson May 26-July 9. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Brashear City June 21 (detachment). Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Moved to Donaldsonville July 11, thence to Thibodeauxville and duty there until March 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010571-0004-0002", "contents": "13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nRed River Campaign March 25-May 22. Monett's Bluff, Cane River Crossing April 28. Construction of dam at Alexandria April 30-May 10. Retreat to Morganza May 13\u201320. Mansura May 16. Duty at Morganza until July 3. Veterans on furlough July and August. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August to December. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Kernstown and Winchester until January 1865. Moved to Savannah, Georgia, January 5\u201322, and duty there until March 8. At Morehead City and New Bern, North Carolina, until May. Duty at Savannah, Augusta, Athens, Gainesville, and District of Allatoona, Georgia, until April 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010571-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 204 men during service; 2 officers and 42 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 157 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010572-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Continental Regiment\nThe 13th Continental Regiment, also known as Read's Regiment, was raised April 23, 1775, as a Massachusetts militia regiment at Cambridge, Massachusetts, under Joseph Read. The regiment would join the Continental Army in June 1775. The regiment saw action during the Siege of Boston, the New York Campaign and the Battle of Trenton. The regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1777, at Morristown, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010573-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Cook Islands Parliament\nThe 13th Cook Islands Parliament is the previous term of the Parliament of the Cook Islands. Its composition was determined by the 2010 elections on 17 November 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010573-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Cook Islands Parliament\nDue to an electoral petition declaring the election of Tekii Lazaro invalid, the 13th Parliament initially consisted of only 23 members. A by-election was held for the vacant Pukapuka-Nassau seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010573-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Cook Islands Parliament\nThe Parliament sat for the first time on 18 February 2011. It was dissolved on 17 April 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010573-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Cook Islands Parliament\nThe Speaker of the 13th Parliament was initially former Prime Minister Geoffrey Henry. Following Henry's death in May 2012, Niki Rattle was appointed Speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010574-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Cortes Generales\nThe 13th Cortes Generales was a meeting of the Cortes Generales, the national legislature of Spain, with the membership determined primarily by the results of the general election held on 28 April 2019. The cortes met for the first time on 21 May 2019 and was dissolved prematurely on 24 September 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010574-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Cortes Generales, Election\nThe 13th Spanish general election under the 1978 Constitution was held on 28 April 2019. It saw the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) become the largest party in the Senate, the upper house of the Cortes Generales, for the first time since 1993, as well as the largest party in the Congress of Deputies, the lower house of the Cortes Generales, for the first time since 2008, but falling short of a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010574-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Cortes Generales, History\nThe new Senate met for the first time on 21 May 2019 and elected Manuel Cruz (PSOE) as President of the Senate of Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010574-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Cortes Generales, History\nThe new Congress of Deputies also met for the first time on 21 May 2019 and after two rounds of voting Meritxell Batet (PSOE) was elected as President of the Congress of Deputies with the support of the Unidos Podemos-En Com\u00fa Podem (UP-ECP) and various nationalist and regionalist parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010574-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Cortes Generales, History\nIn July 2019 caretaker Prime Minister Pedro S\u00e1nchez (POSE) failed to secure the necessary votes in congress to form a government after the failure of coalition talks with UP\u2013ECP. S\u00e1nchez announced on 17 September 2019 that an election would be held on 10 November 2019, the fourth in as many years. The 13th Cortes Generales was formally dissolved on 24 September 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010575-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Critics' Choice Awards\nThe 13th Critics' Choice Awards were presented on January 7, 2008, honoring the finest achievements of 2007 filmmaking. The ceremony was hosted by D. L. Hughley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010575-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nJoel Coen and Ethan Coen \u2013 No Country for Old Men", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010575-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nDaniel Day-Lewis \u2013 There Will Be Blood as Daniel Plainview", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010575-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nJavier Bardem \u2013 No Country for Old Men as Anton Chigurh", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010576-0000-0000", "contents": "13th C\u00e9sar Awards\nThe 13th C\u00e9sar Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Arts et Techniques du Cin\u00e9ma, honoured the best French films of 1987 and took place on 12 March 1988 at the Palais des Congr\u00e8s in Paris. The ceremony was chaired by Milo\u0161 Forman and hosted by Michel Drucker and Jane Birkin. Au revoir les enfants won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010576-0001-0000", "contents": "13th C\u00e9sar Awards, Winners and nominees\nJean-Claude Laureux, Claude Villand, Bernard Leroux\u00a0\u2013 Au revoir les enfants", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama\nNgawang Lobsang Thupten Gyatso Jigdral Chokley Namgyal, abbreviated to Thubten Gyatso (Tibetan: \u0f50\u0f74\u0f56\u0f0b\u0f56\u0f66\u0f9f\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f92\u0fb1\u0f0b\u0f58\u0f5a\u0f7c\u0f0b, Wylie: Thub Bstan Rgya Mtsho; 12 February 1876 \u2013 17 December 1933) was the 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet, enthroned during a turbulent era and the collapse of the Qing Dynasty. Referred to as \"the Great Thirteenth\", he is also known for redeclaring Tibet's national independence, and for his reform and modernization initiatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama\nIn 1878 he was recognized as the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama. He was escorted to Lhasa and given his pre-novice vows by the Panchen Lama, Tenpai Wangchuk, and named \"Ngawang Lobsang Thupten Gyatso Jigdral Chokley Namgyal\". In 1879 he was enthroned at the Potala Palace, but did not assume political power until 1895, after he had reached his maturity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama\nThubten Gyatso was an intellectual reformer and skillful politician. He was responsible for countering the British expedition to Tibet, restoring discipline in monastic life, and increasing the number of lay officials to avoid excessive power being placed in the hands of the monks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Early life\nThe 13th Dalai Lama was born in the village of Thakpo Langdun, one day by car, south-east from Lhasa, and near Sam-ye Monastery, Tak-po province, in June 1876 to parents Kunga Rinchen and Lobsang Dolma, a peasant couple. Laird gives his birthdate as 27 May 1876, and Mullin gives it as dawn on the 5th month of the Fire Mouse Year (1876).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Contact with Agvan Dorzhiev\nAgvan Dorzhiev (1854\u20131938), a Khori-Buryat Mongol, and a Russian subject, was born in the village of Khara-Shibir, not far from Ulan Ude, to the east of Lake Baikal. He left home in 1873 at age 19 to study at the Gelugpa monastery, Drepung, near Lhasa, the largest monastery in Tibet. Having successfully completed the traditional course of religious studies, he began the academic Buddhist degree of Geshey Lharampa (the highest level of 'Doctorate of Buddhist Philosophy'). He continued his studies to become Tsanid-Hambo, or \"Master of Buddhist Philosophy\". He became a tutor and \"debating partner\" of the teenage Dalai Lama, who became very friendly with him and later used him as an envoy to Russia and other countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet\nAfter the British expedition to Tibet by Sir Francis Younghusband in early 1904, Dorzhiev convinced the Dalai Lama to flee to Urga in Mongolia, almost 2,400\u00a0km (1,500\u00a0mi) to the northeast of Lhasa, a journey which took four months. The Dalai Lama spent over a year in Urga and the Wang Khuree Monastery (to the west from the capital) giving teachings to the Mongolians. In Urga he met the 8th Bogd Gegeen Jebtsundamba Khutuktu several times (the spiritual leader of Outer Mongolia). The content of these meetings is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0005-0001", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet\nAccording to report from A.D. Khitrovo, the Russian Border Commissioner in Kyakhta Town, the Dalai Lama and the influential Mongol Khutuktus, high lamas and princes \"irrevocably decided to secede from China as an independent federal state, carrying out this operation under the patronage and support from Russia, taking care to avoid the bloodshed\". The Dalai Lama insisted that if Russia would not help, he would even ask Britain, his former foe, for assistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet\nAfter the Dalai Lama fled, the Qing dynasty immediately proclaimed him deposed and again asserted sovereignty over Tibet, making claims over Nepal and Bhutan as well. The Treaty of Lhasa was signed at the Potala between Great Britain and Tibet in the presence of the Amban and Nepalese and Bhutanese representatives on 7 September 1904. The provisions of the 1904 treaty were confirmed in a 1906 treaty signed between Great Britain and China. The British, for a fee from the Qing court, also agreed not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet, while China agreed not to permit any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet\nThe Dalai Lama is thought to have been involved with the anti-foreign 1905 Tibetan Rebellion. The British invasion of Lhasa in 1904 had repercussions in the Tibetan Buddhist world, causing extreme anti-western and anti-Christian sentiment among Tibetan Buddhists. The British invasion also triggered intense and sudden Qing intervention in Tibetan areas, to develop, assimilate, and bring the regions under strong Qing central control. The Tibetan Lamas in Batang proceeded to revolt in 1905, massacring Chinese officials, French missionaries, and Christian Catholic converts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0007-0001", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet\nThe Tibetan monks opposed the Catholics, razing the Catholic mission's Church, and slaughtering all Catholic missionaries and Qing officials. The Manchu Qing official Fengquan was assassinated by the Tibetan Batang Lamas, along with other Manchu and Han Chinese Qing officials and the French Catholic priests, who were all massacred when the rebellion started in March 1905. Tibetan Gelugpa monks in Nyarong, Chamdo, and Litang also revolted and attacked missions and churches and slaughtered westerners. The British invasion of Lhasa, the missionaries, and the Qing were linked in the eyes of the Tibetans, as hostile foreigners to be attacked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0007-0002", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet\nZhongtian (Chungtien) was the location of Batang monastery. The Tibetans slaughtered the converts, torched the building of the missionaries in Batang due to their xenophobia. Sir Francis Edward Younghusband wrote that At the same time, on the opposite side of Tibet they were still more actively aggressive, expelling the Roman Catholic missionaries from their long-established homes at Batang, massacring many of their converts, and burning the mission-house. There was anti Christian sentiment and xenophobia running rampant in Tibet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet\nNo . 10. Despatch from Consul-General Wilkinson to Sir E. Satow, dated Y\u00fcnnan-fu, 28th April, 1905. (Received in London 14th June, 1905.) Pere Maire, the Provicaire of the Roman Catholic Mission here, called this morning to show me a telegram which he had just received from a native priest of his Mission at Tali. The telegram, which is in Latin, is dated Tali, the 24th April, and is to the effect that the lamas of Batang have killed PP. Musset and Soulie, together with, it is believed, 200 converts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0008-0001", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet\nThe chapel at Atentse has been burnt down, and the lamas hold the road to Tachien-lu. Pere Bourdonnec (another member of the French Tibet Mission) begs that Pere Maire will take action. Pere Maire has accordingly written to M. Leduc, my French colleague, who will doubtless communicate with the Governor-General. The Provicaire is of opinion that the missionaries were attacked by orders of the ex-Dalai Lama, as the nearest Europeans on whom he could avenge his disgrace. He is good enough to say that he will give me any further information which he may receive. I am telegraphing to you the news of the massacre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet\nIn October 1906, John Weston Brooke was the first Englishman to gain an audience with the Dalai Lama, and subsequently he was granted permission to lead two expeditions into Tibet. Also in 1906, Sir Charles Alfred Bell, was invited to visit Thubten Ch\u00f6kyi Nyima, the 9th Panchen Lama at Tashilhunpo, where they had friendly discussions on the political situation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet\nThe Dalai Lama later stayed at the great Kumbum Monastery near Xining and then travelled east to the most sacred of four Buddhist mountain in China, Wutai Shan located 300\u00a0km from Beijing. From here, the Dalai Lama received a parade of envoys: William Woodville Rockhill, the American Minister in Peking; Gustaf Mannerheim, a Imperial Russian army colonel (who later became the President of Finland); a German doctor from the Peking Legation; an English explorer named Christopher Irving; R.F. Johnson, a British diplomat from the Colonial Service; and Henri D\u2019Ollone, the French army major and viscount. The Dalai Lama was mounting a campaign to strengthen his international ties and free his kingdom from Chinese rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet\nIn June 1908, C.G.E. Mannerheim met Thubten Gyatso in Wutai Shan during the course of his expedition from Turkestan to Peking. Mannerheim wrote his diary and notes in Swedish to conceal the fact that his ethnographic and scientific party was also an elaborate intelligence gathering mission for the Imperial Russian army. The 13th Dalai Lama gave a blessing of white silk for the Russian Czar. Worried about his safety, Mannerheim gave Tibet's spiritual pontiff a Browning revolver and showed him how to reload the weapon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet\n\"Obviously,\" the 14th Dalai Lama said, \"The 13th Dalai Lama had a keen desire to establish relations with Russia, and I also think he was a little skeptical toward England at first. Then there was Dorjiev. To the English he was a spy, but in reality he was a good scholar and a sincere Buddhist monk who had great devotion to the 13th Dalai Lama.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet\nIn September 1908, the Dalai Lama was granted an audience with the Guangxu Emperor and Empress Dowager Cixi. The emperor tried to stress Tibet's subservient role, although the Dalai Lama refused to kowtow to him. He stayed in Beijing until the end of 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet\nWhen he returned to Tibet in December 1908, he began reorganising the government, but the Qing sent a military expedition of its own to Tibet in 1910 and he had to flee to India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet\nIn 1911 the Qing dynasty was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution and by the end of 1912 the last Qing troops had been escorted out of Tibet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power\nIn 1895, Thubten Gyatso assumed ruling power from the monasteries which had previously wielded great influence through the Regent. Due to his two periods of exile in 1904\u20131909, to escape the British invasion of 1904, and from 1910 to 1913 to escape a Chinese invasion, he became well aware of the complexities of international politics and was the first Dalai Lama to become aware of the importance of foreign relations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0016-0001", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power\nThe Dalai Lama, \"accompanied by six ministers and a small escort\" which included his close aide, diplomat and military figure Tsarong Dzasa, fled via Jelep La to Sikkim and Darjeeling, where they stayed almost two years. During this period he was invited to Calcutta by the Viceroy, Lord Minto, which helped restore relations with the British.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0017-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power\nThubten Gyatso returned to Lhasa in January 1913 with Tsarong Dzasa from Darjeeling, where he had been living in exile. The new Chinese government apologised for the actions of the previous Qing dynasty and offered to restore the Dalai Lama to his former position. He replied that he was not interested in Chinese ranks and was assuming spiritual and political leadership of Tibet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0018-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power\nAfter his return from exile in India in 1913, Thubten Gyatso assumed control of foreign relations and dealt directly with the Maharaja and the British Political officer in Sikkim and the king of Nepal rather than letting the Kashag or parliament do it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0019-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power\nDocuments from Russian Foreign Ministry archives contain detailed argumentation of the 13th Dalai Lama that Tibet was never a part of China. Thubten Gyatso declared independence from China in early 1913 (13 February), after returning from India following three years of exile. He then standardized the Tibetan flag in its present form. At the end of 1912 the first postage stamps of Tibet and the first bank notes were issued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0020-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power\nThubten Gyatso built a new medical college (Mentsikang) in 1913 on the site of the post-revolutionary traditional hospital near the Jokhang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0021-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power\nLegislation was introduced to counter corruption among officials, a national taxation system was established and enforced, and a police force was created. The penal system was revised and made uniform throughout the country. \"Capital punishment was completely abolished and corporal punishment was reduced. Living conditions in jails were also improved, and officials were designated to see that these conditions and rules were maintained.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0022-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power\nA secular education system was introduced in addition to the religious education system. Thubten Gyatso sent four promising students to England to study, and welcomed foreigners, including Japanese, British and Americans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0023-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power\nAs a result of his travels and contacts with foreign powers and their representatives (e.g., Pyotr Kozlov, Charles Alfred Bell and Gustaf Mannerheim), the Dalai Lama showed an interest in world affairs and introduced electricity, the telephone and the first motor cars to Tibet. Nonetheless, at the end of his life in 1933, he saw that Tibet was about to retreat from outside influences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0024-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power\nIn the last decade of his life, the Dalai Lama's personal attendant, Thubten Kunphela rose to power and led several important projects for the modernization in Tibet. In 1931, a new factory complex consisting of currency mints and munition factories was established in Trapchi, with its machines driven by power from the first hydroelectric plant in Tibet. A modern army regiment was created in the same year, after the conflict broke out in Eastern Tibet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0025-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power\nIn 1930, Tibetan army invaded the Xikang and the Qinghai in the Sino-Tibetan War. In 1932, the Muslim Qinghai and Han-Chinese Sichuan armies of the National Revolutionary Army led by Chinese Muslim General Ma Bufang and Han General Liu Wenhui defeated the Tibetan army during the subsequent Qinghai\u2013Tibet War. Ma Bufang overran the Tibetan armies and recaptured several counties in Xikang province. Shiqu, Dengke, and other counties were seized from the Tibetans. The Tibetans were pushed back to the other side of the Jinsha river. Ma and Liu warned Tibetan officials not to dare cross the Jinsha river again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0025-0001", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power\nMa Bufang defeated the Tibetans at Dan Chokorgon. Several Tibetan generals surrendered, and were demoted by the Dalai Lama. By August, the Tibetans lost so much land to Liu Wenhui and Ma Bufang's forces that the Dalai Lama telegraphed the British government of India for assistance. British political pressure led to Nanjing declaring a ceasefire. Separate truces were signed by Ma and Liu with the Tibetans in 1933, ending the fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0026-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Prophecies and death\nVery soon in this land (with a harmonious blend of religion and politics) deceptive acts may occur from without and within. At that time, if we do not dare to protect our territory, our spiritual personalities including the Victorious Father and Son (Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama) may be exterminated without trace, the property and authority of our Lakangs (residences of reincarnated lamas) and monks may be taken away. Moreover, our political system, developed by the Three Great Dharma Kings (Tri Songtsen Gampo, Tri Songdetsen and Tri Ralpachen) will vanish without anything remaining. The property of all people, high and low, will be seized and the people forced to become slaves. All living beings will have to endure endless days of suffering and will be stricken with fear. Such a time will come.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010577-0027-0000", "contents": "13th Dalai Lama, Prophecies and death\nApproximately 6,000 monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution, destroying the vast majority of historic Tibetan architecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010578-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Daytime Emmy Awards\nThe 13th Daytime Emmy Awards were held on Thursday, July 17, 1986, on NBC to commemorate excellence in daytime programming from March 6, 1985-March 5, 1986. The telecast, lasting from 3-4:30 p.m., preempted Santa Barbara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010578-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Daytime Emmy Awards, Outstanding Daytime Drama Series Writing\nNOTE: The award was originally given to The Young and the Restless until a tally miscount forced The Young and the Restless to hand over the award to Guiding Light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010579-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 13th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Legislative Council and the Delaware House of Assembly. Elections were held the first day of October and terms began on the twentieth day of October. It met in Dover, Delaware, convening October 20, 1788, and was the third year of the administration of President Thomas Collins. He died March 29, 1789, and was replaced by President Jehu Davis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010579-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Delaware General Assembly\nThe apportionment of seats was permanently assigned to three councilors and seven assemblymen for each of the three counties. Population of the county did not effect the number of delegates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010579-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Legislative Council\nCouncilors were elected by the public for a three-year term, one third posted each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010579-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Assembly\nAssemblymen were elected by the public for a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010580-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Delta Operations Squadron\nThe 13th Delta Operations Squadron (13 DOS) is a United States Space Force unit. Assigned to Space Training and Readiness Command's Space Delta 13, it is responsible for providing operations support to the delta. It was activated on 16 September 2021 and is temporarily headquartered at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion\nThe 13th Demi-Brigade of Foreign Legion (French: 13e Demi-Brigade de L\u00e9gion \u00c9trang\u00e8re, 13e DBLE), was created in 1940 and was the main unit of the 1st Free French Division, Free French Forces (FFL). From the coast of Norway to Bir Hakeim, to Africa then the Alsace, while passing by Syria and Italy, the 13th Demi-Brigade would be part of most of the major campaigns of the armed forces of France during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion\nAfter having been engaged in Indochina from 1946 to 1954, the 13e DBLE joined the Algerian War, and left in 1962. The 13e DBLE was based until 2011 at Quartier-G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Monclar in Djibouti, in virtue of an accord between France and the Republic of Djibouti in 1977. During 2011, the unit moved to the United Arab Emirates. In 2016, the unit returned to France, based at the same camp where it was first formed (and took its designation on 27 March 1940) \u2013 Camp du Larzac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, Creation and different designations\nThis unit of the Legion was created on 1 March 1940 within the cadre of the Franco-British expeditionary corps intended to intervene in Finland. The first designation of this unit was 13th Mountain Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion (13e DBMLE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, Creation and different designations\nOn 1 July 1940, the 1st battalion, 900 men, were based in England as troops of the Free French Forces, the 14e DBMLE, while the remainder of the demi-brigade, 800 men principally from the 2nd battalion, returned to Morocco and preserved the designation of 13e DBMLE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, Creation and different designations\nOn 4 November 1940, the demi-brigade of Morocco was dissolved which allowed the troops which remained in England to readopt the designation of 13e DBLE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War\nThe unit was constituted in North Africa from volunteers of other foreign units stationed there. The unit was then commanded by lieutenant-colonel Raoul Magrin-Vernerey and was comprised at the start of two battalions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War\nStarting 13 May 1940, the unit took part in the Norwegian Campaign in the corps commanded by G\u00e9n\u00e9ral B\u00e9thouart, fighting in Bjerkvik and Narvik. The operation was a success, however, with the invasion of France, the unit was obliged to repatriate to the national territory. Losses in Norway were 8 Officers, and 93 Legionnaires including Chef de Bataillon Gu\u00e9ninchault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War\nThe unit disembarked in Brittany on 4 June to reinforce the proposed national redoubt(French: r\u00e9duit Breton). On 21 June, the survivors of the demi-brigade embarked for Scotland. Those troops which did not hear the Appeal of 18 June (French: appel du 18) joined other units of the French Scandinavian Expeditionary Corps (French: Corps exp\u00e9ditionnaire fran\u00e7ais en Scandinavie) in the region of Trentham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War\nAdhering to this appeal, recently promoted captain Pierre K\u0153nig adjoint (assistant) of lieutenant-colonel Raoul Magrin-Vernerey, convinced the latter to head to London, where they met G\u00e9n\u00e9ral De Gaulle. Magrin-Vernerey met with G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Antoine B\u00e9thouart, chief 1st Chasseurs Division of the French Scandinavian Expeditionary Corps (French: Corps exp\u00e9ditionnaire fran\u00e7ais en Scandinavie), who allowed him to meet the men at the garrisoned camp on the night of 30 June. Out of the 1,619 Legionnaires present on 28 June 1940, a little less than 900 rallied to Free France (French: France libre), the others joined Morocco under the command of G\u00e9n\u00e9ral B\u00e9thouard. Joining later the camp, where were regrouped the garrisoned Free French Forces, the 13e DBLE participated to the 14 July parade in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War\nThe units of the Free French Forces took temporarily, between 1 July 1940 and 2 November 1940, the designation of 14th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion 14e DBLE, while composed of the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War\nThe demi-brigade had a strength of 25 officers, 102 NCOs and 702 other ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War\nAt the end of September 1940, the unit participated in the Battle of Dakar against Dakar. Following the failure of the landing in Senegal, the unit finished by disembarking, under the command of lieutenant-colonel Cazaud, in Equatorial French Africa (French: Afrique-\u00c9quatoriale fran\u00e7aise) to partake, in November 1940, to the Battle of Gabon (French: campagne du Gabon) and the rallying of Gabon to Free France (French: France libre), under the command of g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de Larminat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War\nThe unit accordingly assumed its original denomination, and at the corps of the French Orient Brigade, the unit circled Africa and disembarked at Port Soudan on 12 February 1941 to take part in combats in the East African Campaign. The brigade accordingly distinguished itself during the Battle of Keren, on 27 March 1941, then Massaoua on 8 April 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War\nIn the following month, the unit joined Palestine in order to participate to the Syria\u2013Lebanon Campaign. The demi-brigade entered into Syria on 8 June and following harsh combats, managed to enter into Damascus on 21 June. On 6 September 1941, lieutenant-colonel prince Amilakvari assumed command of the unit. In December, the 2nd battalion (commandant Ren\u00e9 Babonneau (French: Ren\u00e9 Babonneau)) and 3rd battalion made way to North Africa where the unit, at the corps of the Koenig Brigade, front faced the forces of the Afrika Korps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War\nPromoted to chef de bataillon in September 1941, excellent instructor of men, Ren\u00e9 Babonneau assumed command of the 2nd Battalion, which at Bir Hakeim, on 27 May 1942, held back more than 70 tanks of the division Ariete, by destroying 35 out of them. His battalion received a citation at the orders of the armed forces. Remaining at the rear to uphold the unfolding, in the night of 10\u201311 June 1942, he was made prisoner and transferred to Italy, where he attempted to escape twice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War\nFrom May to June 1942, a part of the unit was successful at Bir Hakeim. This would be the occasion for Pierre Messmer, captain commanding a company to write later, a book: the lost patrol (French: La patrouille perdue). Then the \"13e\" took part to the Second Battle of El Alamein, during which the commanding officer of the unit was killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War\nDuring the assembly of the 1st Free French Division (1re DFL), beginning of 1943, the DBLE disappeared as far as a troop corps and the three constituting units (1er BLE, 2e BLE and the anti-tank company) were incorporated into the 1st Brigade of the Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0017-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War\nThe unit later engaged in combat at the corps of the French Expeditionary Corps then disembarked in Provence within the cadre of Operation Dragoon in mid-August 1944. The demi-brigade took part in the Liberation of France (French: lib\u00e9ration de la France) as part of the 1st Free French Division (1st Army) (French: 1re Arm\u00e9e fran\u00e7aise), notably during the course of the Battle of the Vosges (French: Bataille des Vosges).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0018-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War\nDuring late 1944, a nominally Ukrainian battalion of the FFI \u2013 composed of recent defectors from the 30th Waffen SS Grenadier Division \u2014 was attached to the 13th Demi-Brigade. Two groups from the SS division had defected to the FFI on 27 August. One included 818 Ukrainians based at Vesoul, under the direction of Major Lev (Leon) Hloba, who had shot their German officers and surrendered to the Haute-Sa\u00f4ne arm of the FFI in the Confracourt Woods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0018-0001", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War\nThey brought with them 45-mm antitank guns, 82-mm and 50-mm mortars, 21 heavy machine guns, as well as large amounts of small arms and small-caliber ammunition. That same day, a similar defection occurred near Camp Valdahon \u2013 hundreds of men brought with them an antitank gun, eight heavy machine guns, four mortars, and small arms and ammunition. The defectors became known as the Bataillon de R\u00e9sistants Ukrainiens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0019-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War\nOn 6 April 1945, the unit was seen attributed the Ordre de la Lib\u00e9ration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0020-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War\nDestined to be part of the French Expeditionary in Extreme-Orient, the 13eDBLE disembarked of the SS Ormonde on 6 February 1946 at Saigon and garrisoned north of the town, in the triangle of Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh -Thu Duc \u2013 Hoc Mon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 99], "content_span": [100, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0021-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War\nOperations commenced, with 19 June 1946, the first combat at Mat Cat (Cochinchine). The 13e DBLE was engaged in the frontiers of Siam until Tourane, while passing by the fields of Joncs. The battalions were spread.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 99], "content_span": [100, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0022-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War\nThe 13e DBLE participated to operations \u00ab\u00a0Vega\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Dragon II et III\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Genevi\u00e8ve\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Jonquille\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Canigou\u00a0\u00bb... with the adversary often leaving combatants behind, such as at Largauze on 26 March 1949. In 1950, the 13e DBLE, assembled in Cochinchine and received in support a 4th battalion. The latter was destined to join the units that had for mission to clean up the fields of Joncs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 99], "content_span": [100, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0023-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War\nThe rhythm of operations accelerated with the beginning of the dry season: \u00ab\u00a0Potager\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Normandie\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Ramadan\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Trois Provinces\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Tulipes\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Ulysse 3\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Neptune\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Revanche\u00a0\u00bb. Following this operation, the 13e DBLE was again split. Three battalions remained in Cochinchine where they participated to different operations:\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Araba\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Mandarine\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Pamplemousse\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Ca\u00efman\u00a0\u00bb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 99], "content_span": [100, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0024-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War\nOn 31 January 1953, the 4th battalion was dissolved and the 3rd battalion transformed into an itinerary battalion: the latter would be found in Tonkin, then at Hu\u00e9, Na Sam, Xoang Xa, at Than Hoa, engaged in a series of hard combats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 99], "content_span": [100, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0025-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh 1952\nThe 13e DBLE participated in the Battle of H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh from 14 November 1951 to 24 February 1952. H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh (the name means \"peace\" in Vietnamese) was the capital of the Muong ethnic minority. By road, H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh lay a mere 67\u00a0kilometers of map distance from Hanoi via Colonial Route 6 (Fr: Route Coloniale 6). The Vi\u1ec7t Minh had controlled H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh since October 1950 and used the district as a logistics staging area for operations in north central Vietnam. The French commander in Indochina, General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, ordered the retaking of H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh in late 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 114], "content_span": [115, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0026-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh 1952\nThe 2nd Battalion of 13e DBLE fought in a key engagement at X\u00f3m-Pheo from 8\u20139 January 1952. The legionnaires held a vital hill at X\u00f3m-Pheo astride Colonial Route 6, and they fortified their positions with trenches, bunkers, barbed wire, and minefields. On the night of 8 January, troops from the Vi\u1ec7t Minh 102nd Infantry Regiment infiltrated through the minefields and attacked the 2/13e DBLE positions. The Vi\u1ec7t Minh forces overran the 5th Company position and destroyed bunkers with TNT satchel charges and Bangalore torpedoes. With many of their officers and NCOs killed or wounded, and half of their position overrun, the legionnaires counterattacked with fixed bayonets and hand grenades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 114], "content_span": [115, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0027-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh 1952\nThe legionnaires later counted 700 Vi\u1ec7t Minh dead around the position at Xon-Phe\u00f3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 114], "content_span": [115, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0028-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, Dien Bien Phu 1953\u20131954\nEnd of 1953, the 13e DBLE assembled at Tonkin, the 2nd battalion in the Delta, the 1st and 3rd battalion (French: les 1er et 3e bataillon) where at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, where they respectively held \u00ab\u00a0Claudine\u00a0\u00bb and \u00ab\u00a0B\u00e9atrice\u00a0\u00bb. On the night of 13 March 1954, after five assaults, \u00ab\u00a0B\u00e9atrice\u00a0\u00bb was submerged. The 3rd battalion was annihilated with Lieutenant-colonel Jules Gaucher, the regimental commander. The survivors barely represented the numbers of an actual company, and in the rear, efforts were made to reconstitute the battalion, however, time seemed to be missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 124], "content_span": [125, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0028-0001", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, Dien Bien Phu 1953\u20131954\non 7 May, all was finished. The camp of Dien Bien Phu was submerged and 1st battalion disappeared to the turn. The Fanions of these units were destroyed at the last minute. Only a couple of fragments of the 2nd company were able to be brought back to Sidi bel-Abb\u00e8s by a couple of legionnaires, whom share it before falling in the hands of the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 124], "content_span": [125, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0029-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, Dien Bien Phu 1953\u20131954\nLieutenant-colonel Gaucher was killed on the first day of the battle (13 March 1954), when his command post suffered a direct hit from Vi\u1ec7t Minh artillery. Suffering from serious wounds \u2013 the loss of both arms, severe injuries to both legs, and an open chest wound \u2013 he died at the hospital. Gaucher was replaced as 13e DBLE commander on 23 March by Lieutenant-colonel Lemeunier who was helicoptered into the fortress. Until the end of the battle, Lemeunier would be the most senior Foreign Legion officer present at Dien Bien Phu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 124], "content_span": [125, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0030-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, Dien Bien Phu 1953\u20131954\nThe unit suffered heavy casualties during fighting in March and April. On 14 April the Dien Bien Phu garrison reported that I/13e DBLE was reduced to 354 effectives and III/13e DBLE was reduced to 80 effectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 124], "content_span": [125, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0031-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, Dien Bien Phu 1953\u20131954\nOn 30 April, the legionnaires at Dien Bien Phu celebrated the anniversary of the Legion's historic Battle of Camar\u00f3n (French: Bataille de Camerone). The celebration took place at the 13e DBLE command post where Lieutenant-colonel Lemeunier read the traditional Camar\u00f3n proclamation over a radio hook-up that could be heard throughout Dien Bien Phu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 124], "content_span": [125, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0032-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, Dien Bien Phu 1953\u20131954\nThe 13e DBLE was the only French unit present at Dien Bien Phu that saved one of its battle flags from destruction or capture. The guidon of 4th Company, III/13e DBLE was initially captured by the Vi\u1ec7t Minh during the assault on \"B\u00e9atrice\" on 13 March. On 19 May, while the Vi\u1ec7t Minh were celebrating Ho Chi Minh's birthday, Sergeant Beres, a Hungarian legionnaire serving with 1st Foreign Parachute Battalion (1er B.E.P), crawled into a Vi\u1ec7t Minh command post and rescued the flag. The seriously wounded Beres was evacuated by helicopter from Dien Bien Phu on 24 May with the guidon hidden under his clothes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 124], "content_span": [125, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0033-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, Dien Bien Phu 1953\u20131954\nDuring its 9-year service in Indochina (1946\u20131955), the 13e DBLE suffered 2,721 killed in action (2334 Legionnaires, 307 Warrant Officers, 80 Officers). This included two commanding officers \u2013 Lieutenant-colonel Brunet de Sairign\u00e9 and Lieutenant-colonel Gaucher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 124], "content_span": [125, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0034-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Algeria War\nIn 1955, the 13e DBLE was found back on the African continent. Engaged in the operations of maintaining order (French: op\u00e9rations de maintien de l'ordre en Alg\u00e9rie), the regiment disembarked in Tunisia on 28 June 1955. Based in Guelma, the regiment radiated in Constantinois, North and South in the Nemencha. Hiding places were found but no combatants. Accordingly, the phase of \"pacification\" commenced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0035-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Algeria War\nThe 13e DBLE constructed or restored posts: Khsirane. The fight followed in the djebels, marked by hard combats: Zaouia, Bou Zakadane, Ouindj, djebel Seike. In July 1957, a combatant group of the ALN was destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0036-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Algeria War\nLeaving then Nemenchta, the 13e DBLE reduced to two battalions garrisoned at Aur\u00e8s. Steep pitons were succeeded by wooded massifs. At the beginning of 1958, three combats against the ALN, obliged the latter to refuse to get in contact, and accordingly reacted by taking up violence on the civilian population. Nearly 800 families came, in the middle of the winter, and massed around the post of Bou Hamama. Accordingly, On 7 May 1958, the unit responded and combat engaged at Oued Kelaa with firm resolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0037-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Algeria War\nIn October 1958, the 13e DBLE became an intervention regiment. The regiment was articulated into eight combat companies, including the mounted company, support company, employed at the exception, as companies of Fusiliers\u2013Voltigeurs. Two tactical headquarter staff (EMT) mounted several companies on demand. In general, the first three were subordinated to FEMTI, the 4,5,6 to FEMT2, the CP and CA often in support of one or the other EMT. The composition number was 1778 men\u00a0: 57 Officers, 249 Sous-Officiers and 1472 men. Such was put into effect for the officers due to a dozen of volunteers, out of which three were from the medical service, and lesser than a couple of dozens for the sous-officiers and the legionnaires. They had of a little harka, which was dissolved in June 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0038-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Algeria War\nThe mission of this itinerary unit covered all Algeria, in a series of operations: \u00ab\u00a0Emeraude\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Dordogne\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Georgevie\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Is\u00e8re\u00a0\u00bb. From Kabylie to the Atlas Mountains, Algiers to the Challe Line (French: Ligne Challe) designated as \u00ab\u00a0Barrage est\u00a0\u00bb at the Tunisian frontiers, then in the Aur\u00e8s, where on 10 February 1961, the unit placed out of combat some 49 combatants and recuperated some 29 arms. The unit made way back to the \u00ab\u00a0Bec de Canard\u00a0\u00bb, on the \u00ab\u00a0Barrage est\u00a0\u00bb, where operations, patrols and ambushes succeeded until the end of combats in March 1962. At the independence of Algeria, the regiment left 214 tombs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0039-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1962\u20131977\nA first detachment joined Bougie (French: Bougie) to be embarked at the end of April 1962, destination French Somaliland (French: C\u00f4te fran\u00e7aise des Somalis) (Actual Republic of Djibouti). Progressively, the remainder units would follow. The regimental colors arrived on the territory on 15 October of the same year. The companies disembarked one after the other in the new lieu. Having not known peace for the last 22 years since existence, the \"13e\" was at last able to justify reputation as \"b\u00e2tisseur\" which other units in the Legion rejoiced of.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0040-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1962\u20131977\nDuring this \u00e9poque, the numbers in the regiment reached almost those of a sizeable battalion. On 1 October 1968, the regiment integrated a reconnaissance squadron. The 1st company ceded the respective lieu of implementation and went on to garrison in Dikhil. The 2nd company left Obock, took the denomination of 2nd works company (2e CT) and joined the headquarter staff and the CCAS at Gabode, Djibouti headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0041-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1962\u20131977\nOn 25 August 1966, the President of the Republic, g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de Gaulle, visited the territory. The units of the regiment in parade uniform rendered the respective honors of homage. Following the appearance of a banderole reclaiming the territory, manifestations were launched, and the sections of the 2nd company intervened in their parade uniform at 2000 and 2200 respectively. A dozen of ranked and legionnaires were wounded in the confrontation which caused officially thirty-six wounded with forces of the order and nineteen wounded with the manifesting groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0041-0001", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1962\u20131977\nThe next day, after the death of two manifesting individuals in the morning, at 1400, the regimental commander received the order to evacuate the place Lagarde where g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de Gaulle was supposed to pronounce his speech. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th companies as well as two section of the CCAS were designated. The place was cleared in twenty five minutes starting at 1620. The confrontations continued at the level of blocked \u00ab\u00a0Bender\u00a0\u00bb by forces of the police reinforced by the Legion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0041-0002", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1962\u20131977\nIn total, there were one killed and forty-six wounded in the forces of the order, three killed and two hundred and thirty eight wounded among the manifesting contingents. The following days, a cover fire was established on the \u00ab\u00a0ville indig\u00e8ne\u00a0\u00bb, which was quarantined and searched by patrols. Starting 14 September, the \u00ab\u00a013e\u00a0\u00bb as well as the 5th Inter-arm Oure-Mer Regiment (French: 5e RIAOM) installed a barrage which encircled the town to filter the exit and entry points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0041-0003", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1962\u20131977\nComposed of rows of barbed wire (\u00abribard\u00bb) and miradors stretching over 14 kilometers, this barrier was maintained until the independence and beyond. The number of individuals killed trying to cross it remains undetermined. On 20 March 1967, the following day of a referendum on the autonomy of the territory, independent manifestations were suppressed again by the men of the 3rd company. The end of 1967 and the year of 1968 were again occasions of numerous tensions and operations of maintaining order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0042-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1962\u20131977\nIn 1976, the regiment and notably the reconnaissance squadron intervened during the Loyada Hostage Rescue Mission (French: Prise d'otages de Loyada).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0043-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977\u20132011\nFollowing the independence of the Republic of Djibouti in 1977, the 13e DBLE participated regularly to military or humanitarian missions at the profit of the territories or in the Horn of Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0044-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977\u20132011\nIn 1979, the 4th company was dissolved. The company's post of Holl-Holl was ceded to the National Army of Djibouti (AND). The regiment then conserved only of the 3rd company, the 2e CT, the CCAS, the squadron and a turning company of the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP (company detached for 4 months), based in Arta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0045-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977\u20132011\nThe operational engagements succeeded. In May 1991 the regiment assured the control of country's border, which were submerged by a massive influx of refugees coming from Ethiopia, while simultaneously rescue collecting some, welcoming others and disarming an Ethiopian division (Operation Godoria (French: Op\u00e9ration Godoria). In March 1992, it would be the turn of Operation Iskoutir (French: op\u00e9ration Iskoutir).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0045-0001", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977\u20132011\nIn December 1992, its Operation Oryx (French: op\u00e9ration Oryx), in Somalia, then a couple of month later, Operations of the United Nations in Somalia (French: ONUSOM II), where the legionnaires of the \"13e\" served for a first time in their history under the Blue-Helmets (French: Casque Bleu) of the United Nations U.N. In June 1994, the third company was rushed to Rwanda within the cadre of Operation Turquoise (French: Op\u00e9ration Turquoise) and the regiment participated also to Operation Diapason (French: Op\u00e9ration Diapason) in Yemen. During the same year, in May, the COMPARA (paratrooper company), stationed in Arta and which was armed by the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP was dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0046-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977\u20132011\nIt is convenient to add to all these operations, of the punctual assistance brought forth by the regiment to the young Republic during natural catastrophic disasters which saved the latter regularly. The legionnaires intervened also within the cadres of assuming relief measures, facing flooding disasters, but also facing dryness, to aid humanly populations affected harshly by weather circumstances as well. The 2e CT (works company) was regularly placed on call to execute diverse works, including various numerous constructions on the territory. The commemorative steles of the Legion marked the efforts of a section which worked for collective goals and these commemorations can be seen across all routes of the territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0047-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977\u20132011\nin addition, this last specialty, the 2eCT would assume the denomination of 2e CAT (support and works company) by adding two support sections, one composed of six-120mm mortar and the other section composed of 8 missile launcher posts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0048-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977\u20132011\nThis company was dissolved in 1998 to give place to an turning engineer company armed by the legionnaires of the 1st Foreign Engineer Regiment 1e REG, then the 2nd Foreign Engineer Regiment 2e REG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0049-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977\u20132011\nIn 2000, it is the turn of the 3rd infantry company to disappear, also replaced by a turning company, armed however alternatively by units of the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment 2e REI and 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP. This last infantry company of the \"13e\" had a unique character. In fact, at the instar of the companies of the 2e REP, each section had a specialty. The command section consisted of an 81\u00a0mm mortar group. The 1st section perfected the savoire-faire in the domain of sabotage and manipulation of explosives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0049-0001", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977\u20132011\nThe 2nd section regrouped the reconnaissance divers which were charged with infiltration missions by maritime means utilizing pneumatic boats or palms. The 3rd section regrouped the elite snipers of the regiment, equipping 12.7\u00a0mm Barret and 7.62\u00a0mm FRF2. The 4th section, consisted of five V\u00e9hicule de l'Avant Blind\u00e9 VABs out of which two were equipped with 20mm cannons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0050-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977\u20132011\nIn 2001, the maintenance company of French Forces stationed in Djibouti (French: Forces fran\u00e7aises stationn\u00e9es \u00e0 Djibouti, FFDj) was attached to the Demi-Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0051-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977\u20132011\nIn 2002, elements of the regiments were projected to the Ivory Coast within the cadre of Operation Unicorn (French: Op\u00e9ration Licorne).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0052-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977\u20132011\nAfter an intervention of a humanitarian character, where a section of the engineers were projected to Indonesia in 2005 (Op\u00e9ration B\u00e9ryx (French: Op\u00e9ration B\u00e9ryx), to assist and aid the victims of 2014 earthquake and tsunami in the Indian Ocean (French: S\u00e9isme du 26 d\u00e9cembre 2004 dans l'oc\u00e9an Indien), the \"13e\" revived operational capacities in March 2007. The tactical headquarter staff, the infantry company and an engineer detachment were sent in urgency, north of the Central African Republic to secure and contain the propagation of violence in the zone of the three frontiers (Tchad, RCA, Soudan) to Birao.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0053-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977\u20132011\nIn addition, the legionnaires of the unit are, since the beginning of the years 2000, regularly engaged under form of instruction operational detachment (French: d\u00e9tachements d'instruction op\u00e9rationnels) (DIO) assisting neighboring countries (Ethiopia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait and numerous others).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0054-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 2011\u20132015: United Arab Emirates\nOn 31 July 2011, the 13e DBLE left Djibouti and garrisoned in the United Arab Emirates at the French military implementation in the United Arab Emirates as a result of a defense cooperation agreement with France. This move was at the occasion of restructuring, the unit passing from a unit status of combat operational arm to that of a projected support force unit. The unit also bridged operations around the region in 2012 (Operation Tamour (French: Op\u00e9ration Tamour) in Jordan) and sent a quick detachment of almost 50 personnel to assist the counter-terrorism units of Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 117], "content_span": [118, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0055-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Since 2016: Camp du Larzac\nOn 30 July 2015, the transfert of the 13e DBLE at Camp du Larzac in Aveyron, was announced in 2016. As of January 2016, with a demi-command company and logistics (CCL), two combat companies, numbers will pass from 69 to 390 then 450 legionnaires, followed in 2017 with the remainder of the CCL and two other combat companies, and in 2018 of a fifth combat company and the company of reconnaissance and support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 112], "content_span": [113, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0056-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Since 2016: Camp du Larzac\nIn 2018, the constitution should reach 1200 legionnaires at the corps of five combat companies, one support company (CCL) and one reconnaissance and support company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 112], "content_span": [113, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0057-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, Organization, United Arab Emirates (2011)\nThe unit became, in 2011, the support corps Groupement terre of the French Military Implementation in the UAE (French: Forces fran\u00e7aises aux \u00c9mirats Arabes Unis)). The unit is decomposed of a support unit as well other units sent on the spot in short duration (4 months):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0058-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, Organization, France (2018)\nIn 2018, as an infantry regiment within the format defined in the cadre plan of the French Army \u00ab\u00a0Au contact\u00a0\u00bb, the 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion will be composed of 1300 men grouped in eight companies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0059-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, Traditions, Insignia\nRegimental Insignia of the 13e DBLE, other known as the \"La Phalange Magnifique\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0060-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, Traditions, Regimental Song\nChant de Marche\u00a0: Nos K\u00e9pis Blancs (Sous le soleil brulant d'Afrique) featuring:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0061-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, Traditions, Regimental Song\n1st coupletSous le soleil br\u00fblant d'Afrique,Cochinchine, Madagascar,Une phalange magnifique,A fait flotter nos \u00e9tendards,Sa devise \u00abHonneur et vaillance\u00bb,Forme des soldats valeureux,Son drapeau celui de la France,Est un embl\u00e8me des plus glorieux. RefrainVive la L\u00e9gion \u00e9trang\u00e8re,Et quand d\u00e9filent les k\u00e9pis blancs,Si leur allure n'est pas l\u00e9g\u00e8re,Ils portent tous t\u00eate haute et fi\u00e8re,Et s'\u00e9lan\u00e7ant dans la fournaise,Le c\u0153ur joyeux jamais tremblant,Au son de notre Marseillaise,Savent combattre les k\u00e9pis blancs. 2nd coupletC'est une chose d'importance,La discipline \u00e0 la L\u00e9gion,L'amour du chef, l'ob\u00e9issanceSont de plus pure tradition,Et pour notre France ch\u00e9rie,Tous ces \u00e9trangers bravement,Viennent d\u00e9fendre la patrie,Avec honneur et d\u00e9vouement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010581-0062-0000", "contents": "13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, Traditions, Decorations\nThe Regimental colors of the 13e DBLE is decorated with the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010582-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Destroyer Flotilla\nThe British 13th Destroyer Flotilla  also known as the Thirteenth Destroyer Flotilla was a naval formation of the Royal Navy from November 1915 \u2013 November 1918 and again from September 1939 to January 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010582-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Destroyer Flotilla, History, World War One\nThe flotilla was first formed in November 1915 and was assigned to the Grand Fleet. Between 31 May and 1 June 1916 it was present at the Battle of Jutland as part of the Battle Cruiser Fleet. It remained with the Grand Fleet until November 1918 and was disbanded in March 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010582-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Destroyer Flotilla, History, Second World War\nIn September 1939 the flotilla was re-established and assigned to the North Atlantic Command at Gibraltar. On 29 January 1943 it was operating within the command as part of the Gibraltar Escort Force until 2 July 1943. The flotilla remained in the North Atlantic Command until May 1945 when it was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010583-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Directors Guild of America Awards\nThe 13th Directors Guild of America Awards, honoring the outstanding directorial achievements in film and television in 1960, were presented in 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010584-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Division (German Empire)\nThe 13th Division (13. Division) was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was formed in November 1816 in M\u00fcnster in Westphalia as a troop brigade and became the 13th Division on September 5, 1818. The division was subordinated in peacetime to the VII Army Corps (VII. Armeekorps). The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was recruited primarily in the Prussian Province of Westphalia and two small principalities in the Westphalian region, Lippe-Detmold and Schaumburg-Lippe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010584-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 13th Division served in the Second Schleswig War against Denmark in 1864, seeing action in the war's major battles: the Battle of Dybb\u00f8l (also called the Battle of the D\u00fcppeler Heights) and the Battle of Als. The division then fought in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, where it was part of the Army of the Main (Main-Armee) and saw action in the engagements against Austria's south German allies, including the siege of the Bavarian fortress at W\u00fcrzburg. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, the division fought in several battles and engagements, including the Battle of Borny-Colombey, also called the Battle of Colombey-Nouilly, and the Gravelotte, or Gravelotte-St. Privat, and the Siege of Metz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010584-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIn World War I, the division served on the Western Front. It participated in the initial German drive through Belgium and France, culminating in the First Battle of the Marne. After a period of trench warfare in various parts of the line, the division went to Verdun in 1916. Later that year, beginning in September, the division saw action in the later phases of the Battle of the Somme. During the 1918 German spring offensive, the division fought in the Second Battle of the Somme. The division bore the brunt of later Allied offensives, including the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Allied intelligence rated it a first class division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010584-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Division (German Empire), Order of battle in the Franco-Prussian War\nDuring wartime, the 13th Division, like other regular German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division. The organization of the 13th Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010584-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Division (German Empire), Pre-World War I organization\nGerman divisions underwent various organizational changes after the Franco-Prussian War. The organization of the 13th Division in 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010584-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nOn mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 13th Division was again renamed the 13th Infantry Division. Its initial wartime organization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010584-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Division (German Empire), Late World War I organization\nDivisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a \"square division\"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 13th Infantry Division's order of battle on March 8, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010585-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 13th Division (\u7b2c13\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai J\u016bsan Shidan) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its ts\u016bsh\u014dg\u014d code name was the Mirror Division (\u93e1\u5175\u56e3, Ky\u014d-heidan), and its military symbol was 13D. The 13th Division was one of four new infantry divisions raised by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) in the closing stages of the Russo-Japanese War 1 April 1905, after it turned out what the entire IJA was committed to combat in Manchuria, leaving not a single division to guard the Japanese home islands from attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010585-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Russo-Japanese War\nThe 13th Division was initially raised in Takada city in now J\u014detsu, Niigata from men in Niigata Prefecture under the command of Lieutenant General Haraguchi Kensai. It was given the independent assignment of occupying Sakhalin before the conclusion of the Portsmouth Treaty, landing on Sakhalin on 7 July 1905, only three months after being formed, and securing the island by 1 August 1905. As a result of its successful operation, Japan was awarded southern Karafuto during the Portsmouth Treaty, one of Japan's few territorial gains during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010585-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Interwar period\nThe division returned on 6 November 1908 to its original divisional headquarters located in Takada, Niigata prefecture. Future Chinese premier Chiang Kai-shek served in the field artillery battalion of the 13th Division while it was based at Takada. Also while at Takada, under the command of Lieutenant General Gaishi Nagaoka, a military advisor from the Empire of Austria-Hungary, Theodor Edler von Lerch, was invited to teach mountain warfare and skiing to the troops of the IJA 58th Infantry Regiment in Takada. under the 13th Division in early 1913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010585-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Interwar period\nOn 12 April 1913, the division was ordered to Liaoyang in Manchuria, where it remained until 3 June 1915 on garrison duty under the command of Lieutenant General Akiyama Yoshifuru before returning to Takada. After a brief period on garrison duty in Korea, the 13th Division was one of the divisions selected to participate in the Japanese intervention in Siberia in 1920. The 13th division of what period has specialized in winter warfare, with all infantry on ski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010585-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Interwar period\nHowever, on 1 May 1925, it was dissolved by Minister of War Ugaki Kazushige as part of a cost-saving measure during the Kato Takaaki administration, together with the 15th, 17th and 18th divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010585-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War\nIn July 1937, open hostilities broke out against China and the Second Sino-Japanese War commenced. The 13th Division was re-established in Sendai on 10 September 1937 as a triangular division, out of the reserve forces of the IJA 2nd Division, and ordered to China 11 September 1937 together with 9th division and 101st division. Under the command of Lieutenant General Rippei Ogisu, it was assigned to Shanghai Expeditionary Army and saw combat during the Battle of Shanghai and Battle of Nanjing, although as a reserve force it was not present at the subsequent Nanjing Massacre. It came under the control of the Central China Expeditionary Army from February 1938, the 13th Division it was at the Battle of Xuzhou, and as part of the Japanese Second Army from July 1938, it was at the Battle of Wuhan under the command of Lieutenant General Shizuichi Tanaka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 934]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010585-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War\nFrom November 1938, the 13th Division was assigned to the Japanese Eleventh Army and remained in China throughout the Pacific War, participating in numerous campaigns and battles, notably the Battle of Zaoyang\u2013Yichang, Battle of West Hubei and Battle of Changde. A particularly heavy Chinese attacks in Yichang were repulsed in October 1941 with the extensive use of chemical weapons by 13th division. In December 1942, the 58th infantry regiment was transferred to the 31st division, and 13th division has become a triangular division. It was also part of Operation Ichi-Go (the Battle of Henan-Hunan-Guangxi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010585-0006-0001", "contents": "13th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War\nIn the final stages of the campaign 1 November 1944, the 13th division has captured two airstrips at Guilin airbase. Later it was used to secure the front on the west of Liuzhou, between 3rd division to the south and 58th division to the north-east. 18 April 1945, it was assigned to directly to the China Expeditionary Army together with 3rd division and was retreating toward Nanjing. The capitulation of Japan 15 August 1945 has happened while the 13th division was in Changsha, Hunan Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010585-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War\nAlthough there were plans to send the 13th Division to Guam in September 1943 to counter the threat posed by the United States in the Pacific War, only a 300-man detachment was sent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010586-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Division (North Korea)\nThe 13th Infantry Division was a military formation of the Korean People's Army during the 20th Century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010586-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Division (North Korea)\nIt participated in the North Korean advance from Seoul to Daejeon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010587-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 13th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c13\u5e08) was created in January 1950 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the forces from Xinjiang National Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010587-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division is part of 5th Corps. Under the flag of 13th division it took part in several battles and fights against anti-communist rebels during the incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China. In May 1953 it was disbanded and became Kashgar Military sub-district. Its 40th Regiment was reorganized and renamed as 3rd Cavalry Regiment, Xinjiang Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010588-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Syrian rebel group)\nThe 13th Division (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 13\u200e) is a Syrian rebel group sanctioned by the Syrian National Council. It was among the first armed Syrian opposition groups to receive U.S.-made BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missiles. The group's leader lieutenant colonel Ahmad al-Sa\u2019oud said during an interview that the missiles were provided by the Friends of Syria, which also (according to al-Sa'oud) provided training on how to use the advanced weaponry. According to a spokesperson for the FSA's Supreme Military Council, the 13th Division is funded by sources within Qatar and Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010588-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History\nThe 13th Division originated in March 2012 under the name of the \"Slaves of Mercy Brigade\" and grew that year to 1,000 men according to its leader Lt. Col. Ahmad al-Saoud, who defected from the Syrian Army. In 2013 the group was incorporated into the Free Syrian Army as the 13th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010588-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History\nIn December 2013, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) overran a Division 13 base in Kafr Nabl, seizing ammunition and weaponry. This came after a history of clashes between the two groups. The following day, Lieutenant Colonel Ahmad al-Sa\u2019oud was ambushed and captured in Taftanaz by ISIL while he was trying to negotiate for their return. He was released after two weeks. The group is currently fighting the Syrian government and ISIL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010588-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History\nThe group fought in Khan al-Asal, the Rashideen neighbourhood, and the Research Sciences Centre in Aleppo. In Idlib and Hama Governorates, the 13th Division fought at Mork, Khan Shaykhun, Heish, Qumeis, Baboulin, Wadi Al-Deif military base and Al-Hamdiyyeh military base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010588-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History\nOn 6 May 2015, along with 13 other Aleppo-based groups, joined the Fatah Halab joint operations room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010588-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History\nOn 18 September 2016 one of the 13th Division commanders, Abdul Karim Alito, was killed in action during the 2016 al-Bab offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010588-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History\nOn 19 September 2016, the 13th Division, along with the Mountain Hawks Brigade and the Northern Division, formed the Free Idlib Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010588-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History\nAs a result of internal disputes between the 13th Division and the other factions in the Free Idlib Army, some members of the former reportedly released a statement on 11 April 2017 which claimed that the 13th Division will no longer be part of the Free Idlib Army and it will instead join the \"central operations room\" led by Col. Fadlallah al-Haji of the Sham Legion. This was denied by Lt. Col. Ahmed al-Assad, the overall commander of the 13th Division, who called the statement a \"false report\". Al-Saud called on all the member groups of the FIA to integrate under one organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010588-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History, Clashes with al-Qaeda\nIn November 2014, the 13th Division and the al-Nusra Front clashed in Jabal Zawiya as part of the al-Nusra Front-SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict. Al-Nusra reportedly declared war on rebel factions receiving Western military support. However, fighting between the two groups soon ceased because the 13th Division \"did not wanted to share the same fate as the Hazzm Movement\", which was defeated and dissolved by al-Nusra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010588-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History, Clashes with al-Qaeda\nOn 13 March 2016, the al-Nusra Front and Jund al-Aqsa seized the headquarters of the 13th Division after an overnight battle for control of Maarrat al-Nu'man. Division 13 was involved in a truce with the Syrian army since February 27. Several fighters have deserted before the conflict with the Nusra began. Division 13 has confirmed that al-Nusra and Jund al-Aqsa captured all of their weapons. According to\u00a0social media activists in support of the Syrian opposition, Jabhat al-Nusra attacked Division 13 after local demonstrations used the Syrian independence flag, rather than the black flag of jihad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010588-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History, Clashes with al-Qaeda\nAccording to a report released by the Free Syrian Army, Jabhat al-Nusra and Jund al-Aqsa attacked their bases in Ma\u2019arat al-Nu\u2019man, killing 4 of their combatants and wounding as many as 20 others during a fierce battle between the groups. The Division 13 members stated that they could not hold their ground against al-Qaeda militants, so they surrendered two of their storage facilities that allegedly stored U.S. manufactured TOW anti-tank missiles as well as seizing armored vehicles, a tank, and other arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010588-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History, Clashes with al-Qaeda\nExperts have stated that ultimately, \u201cThere will be localized clashes, but not necessarily full-blown civil war. In Maarat al-Numan it\u2019s easier to take on Nusra as Division 13 is stronger and there isn\u2019t a Jaysh al-Fatah administration\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010588-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History, Clashes with al-Qaeda\nOn 18 July 2016, the al-Nusra Front was accused of kidnapping Zaher al-Ahmad, the commander of the division\u2019s 56th Infantry Brigade en route from Maarat al-Numan to Aleppo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010588-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History, Clashes with al-Qaeda\nOn 30 September, Ahmad al-Sa'oud openly threatened al-Nusra on social media that the 13th Division has \"no choice\" but to \"take revenge for the blood of its members\", accusing people of \"spreading lies and fabricating charges\" against the 13th Division in order to ignite conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010588-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History, Clashes with al-Qaeda\nOn 5 April 2017, a vehicle carrying Lt. Col. Ahmad al-Saud and Colonel Ali al-Samahi, the chief of staff of the Free Idlib Army and formerly a commander in the 13th Division, came under fire from Tahrir al-Sham fighters at a checkpoint near Khan al-Subul, which was under complete control of Tahrir al-Sham. Al-Samahi and another fighter was killed in the shootout while al-Saud was wounded and was transferred to Turkey for treatment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010588-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History, Clashes with al-Qaeda\nFrom 6 to 8 June, clashes broke out between Tahrir al-Sham and Sham Legion in Maarrat al-Nu'man. The 13th Division and the Free Police joined the fighting on 8 June. By the evening of 8 June, HTS captured both the 13th Division and the Sham Legion's headquarters in Maarat al-Nu'man and killed Col. Tayser al-Samahi, the brother of Col. Ali al-Samahi and the head of the Free Police in the town. On 9 June, Tahrir al-Sham announced the completion of their operations against the FSA and took full control of the town. Later that day, a ceasefire agreement was signed between the Free Idlib Army and Tahrir al-Sham in the town and the latter ordered the 13th Division to be disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010588-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Syrian rebel group), Strength, structure\nIn March 2014, the 13th Division counted 1,800 men according to its leader Ahmad al-Saoud, split into 10 companies, with another 200 in support roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010589-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Division (United States)\nThe 13th Division was an infantry division of the United States Army. It was established at Camp Lewis, Washington, in 1918, during World War I. The war ended before the division saw combat, and it was inactivated in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010589-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Division (United States), Creation\nThe 13th Division was activated at Camp Lewis, Washington on July 16, 1918 as part of the U.S. military mobilization for World War I. It was manned and trained at Camp Lewis in preparation for combat in France, and formed from a few existing units as the organization's nucleus, while draftees, predominantly from the West Coast of the United States, filled out the majority of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010589-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Division (United States), Creation\nThe \"square\" 13th Division's complement of four regiments included the 1st, 44th, 75th, and 76th Infantry Regiments. In August 1918, the regiments were organized to form two brigades\u2014the 25th (1st and 75th Regiments, plus the 38th Machine Gun Battalion) -- and the 26th Brigade (44th and 76th Regiments, plus the 39th Machine Gun Battalion).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010589-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Division (United States), Community support\nCornelius Vanderbilt III served as the division's interim commander in the summer of 1918. As they had for the recently departed 91st Division, community leaders welcomed Vanderbilt at a formal reception which took place at the newly-constructed Camp Lewis gymnasium, and included an orchestra, and more than 1,000 guests, including Governor Ernest Lister. In addition to the reception for Vanderbilt, the civilian community welcomed the 13th Division's soldiers with public events, including a picnic and a track meet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010589-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Division (United States), Community support\nHorace R. Cayton Sr., the publisher of Cayton's Weekly and Seattle's first African American journalist, criticized Vanderbilt for barring black troops from Camp Lewis's most popular recreation center. He had also segregated the camp's Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) Hostess House, which was widely popular among soldiers. Vanderbilt lifted the bans in September as the result of the public outcry generated by Cayton's articles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010589-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Division (United States), Service at Camp Lewis\nThe 13 Division was briefly commanded by Brigadier General Frank B. Watson, with Vanderbilt taking command of the 25th Brigade. When the permanent commander, Major General Joseph D. Leitch arrived in October 1918, Watson assumed command of the 26th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010589-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Division (United States), Service at Camp Lewis\nIn late September 1918, the Spanish influenza epidemic reached Camp Lewis, and the post soon averaged 10 deaths per week. In early October, the 213th Engineer Regiment arrived for assignment to the 13th Division, and brought even more ill soldiers into the camp. In an effort to halt the widening epidemic, Leitch imposed a quarantine on October 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010589-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Division (United States), Service at Camp Lewis\nA Tacoma Daily Ledger fundraising campaign to erect the world's largest flagpole at Camp Lewis culminated on October 12, 1918, when soldiers attempted to raise a 60-by-90-foot American flag which was mounted on a 314-foot-tall pole made from a Douglas fir tree. The event was sparsely attended because of the flu quarantine, and soon after the pole went up, a gust of wind whipped the flag hard enough to snap the pole in three places. An attempt to raise a 214-foot pole in November also met with failure, as the wind caught the flag during the dedication ceremony, snapped the pole into two pieces and shredded the flag. A third, more traditional flagpole was successfully erected later in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010589-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Division (United States), The death of Alexander P. Cronkite\nMajor Alexander P. Cronkhite was a company commander in the 213th Engineers and the son of Major General Adelbert Cronkhite. He arrived at Camp Lewis in early October, and was soon hospitalized with influenza. Major Cronkhite was released on October 21, and joined his company for a cross-country hike. Because he was still recovering, another officer was temporarily in command. When the group stopped to rest and eat lunch, Cronkhite used a borrowed handgun to engage in target practice by shooting at a tobacco tin on a nearby fence post. While engaged in this activity, Cronkhite sustained a gunshot wound and died at the scene. Subsequent investigation found that it was accidental and self-inflicted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010589-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Division (United States), The death of Alexander P. Cronkite\nAdelbert Cronkhite did not accept this finding, and pushed for several years to have the investigation reopened. In the mid-1920s, the sergeant and captain who had been with Alexander Cronkhite when he died were arrested and charged with murder. Because the captain was Jewish, Adelbert Cronkhite's cause was taken up by anti-Semitic newspapers, creating a nationwide story. When the sergeant was tried, defense attorneys were able to demonstrate that an accidental shooting was the most likely possibility. He was acquitted, and charges against the captain were soon dismissed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010589-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Division (United States), Post-war\nThe armistice of November 11, 1918 ended World War I before the 13th Division could complete its training and depart for France. Within a few days, Leitch began permitting the release of officers who were no longer needed, as well as soldiers who requested discharge so they could return home to support their families. The 13th Division held a demobilization parade on November 22, 1918, with members of the local community watching primarily from their automobiles as a precaution against the spread of influenza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010589-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Division (United States), Post-war\nThe division was nearly demobilized by February 1919, except for the 13th Field Artillery Brigade, which was briefly employed in Seattle to help restore order during a labor strike. Demobilization resumed again on February 25, and the soldiers of the 13th Field Artillery Brigade were soon discharged to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010589-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Division (United States), Insignia\nThe 13th Division's shoulder sleeve insignia was approved by the War Department shortly before the division demobilized. It consisted of a blue circle featuring the number 13 in white. A black cat depicted above a red horseshoe open at the top were intended to represent hoodoo that the Germans could not defeat, and the good luck that the division expected to have during combat in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010590-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Division (Yugoslav Partisans)\nThe 13th Primorsko-Goranska Assault Division (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Trinaesta primorsko-goranska udarna divizija) was a Yugoslav Partisan division formed in Brinje on 19 April 1943. On the day of its formation it consisted of 1,986 soldiers in two brigades: the 6th and 14th Primorsko-Goranska Brigades. Commander of the brigade was Veljko Kova\u010devi\u0107 while its political commissar was Josip Sko\u010dili\u0107. The division mostly operated in the regions of Croatian Littoral and Gorski Kotar. In January 1944, the division became part of the 11th Corps. By the end of the war the division grew in size to around 5,600 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010591-0000-0000", "contents": "13th ECO Summit\nThe 2017 ECO summit was the 13th summit of the Economic Cooperation Organization, held on 1 March 2017 in Islamabad, Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010591-0001-0000", "contents": "13th ECO Summit\nThe Summit was preceded by the 22nd Meeting of the ECO Council of Foreign Ministers (COM) on 28 February 2017 in Islamabad. Senior Officials from Member States met on 27 February 2017 in Islamabad and stayed for the duration of the summit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010591-0002-0000", "contents": "13th ECO Summit\nThe summit highlighted the state of affairs of ECO in the light of the new and emerging global and regional circumstances and agreed on expanding regional economic cooperation among its member states. The new ECO Vision 2025 was expanded upon and several key guidelines have been taken into account. Pakistan plans to integrate the ECO Summit members with the China\u2013Pakistan Economic Corridor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010591-0003-0000", "contents": "13th ECO Summit, Venue\nAccording to The News International, Islamabad intended to use the five-billion rupees worth of resources initially allocated for 19th SAARC summit, will be used for ECO Summit. Prime Minister Sharif also hosted an informal dinner in the honour of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan and his wife Emine Erdo\u011fan at the Prime Ministers House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010591-0004-0000", "contents": "13th ECO Summit, Security Plan\nOn February 27, 2017, Pakistan's Ministry of Interior drafted a comprehensive security plan for the summit. Under the plan, local holiday was declared in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area on March 1 while on February 28, after 1\u00a0pm, educational institutions and offices were to be closed. Kashmir Highway will also be partially closed during the summit. The army was given responsibility for the security of the Red Zone within the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010592-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Empire Awards\nThe 13th Empire Awards ceremony (officially known as the Sony Ericsson Empire Awards), presented by the British film magazine Empire, honored the best films of 2007 and took place on 9 March 2008 at the Grosvenor House Hotel in London, England. During the ceremony, Empire presented Empire Awards in 12 categories as well as three honorary awards. The awards for the Sony Ericsson Soundtrack and the Done In 60 Seconds competition were first introduced this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010592-0000-0001", "contents": "13th Empire Awards\nThe Best Newcomer returned to a single award, having last year been split into \"Best Male Newcomer\" and \"Best Female Newcomer\" awards and the honorary Outstanding Contribution to British Cinema was renamed to Outstanding Contribution to British Film. The ceremony was televised in the United Kingdom by ITV2 on March 10. Welsh actor Rob Brydon hosted the show for the first time. The awards were sponsored by Sony Ericsson for the fifth year, having last sponsored the 11th ceremony held in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010592-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Empire Awards\nAtonement won the most awards with three including Best British Film. Other winners included Control with two awards and 28 Weeks Later, American Gangster, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Hot Fuzz, Stardust and The Bourne Ultimatum with one. Ewan McGregor received the Empire Icon Award, Guillermo del Toro received the Empire Inspiration Award, and Shane Meadows received the Outstanding Contribution to British Film award. Nick Jesper from the United Kingdom won the Done In 60 Seconds Award for his 60-second film version of Titanic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010593-0000-0000", "contents": "13th European Film Awards\nThe 13th European Film Awards were given on 2 December 2000 in Paris, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010593-0001-0000", "contents": "13th European Film Awards, Winners and nominees, Best European Actor\nSergi L\u00f3pez - Harry, He's Here to Help (Harry un ami qui vous veut du bien)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010593-0002-0000", "contents": "13th European Film Awards, Winners and nominees, Best European Screenwriter\nAgn\u00e8s Jaoui and Jean-Pierre Bacri - The Taste of Others (Le go\u00fbt des autres)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 75], "content_span": [76, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010594-0000-0000", "contents": "13th FAI World Rally Flying Championship\n13th FAI World Rally Flying Championship took place between July 26 \u2013 August 3, 2003 in Rustenburg in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010594-0001-0000", "contents": "13th FAI World Rally Flying Championship\nThere were 51 crews from 14 countries: South Africa (7), Poland (4), France (4), Czech Republic (4), Austria (6), United Kingdom (6), Germany (6), Russia (3), Spain (3), Chile (3), Greece (2), Hungary (1), Cyprus (1), Portugal (1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010594-0002-0000", "contents": "13th FAI World Rally Flying Championship, Results, Individual\nPilot / navigator; country; penal points for observation + navigation + landings", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010594-0003-0000", "contents": "13th FAI World Rally Flying Championship, Trivia\nIt was the first FAI World Rally Flying Championship since the 5th FAI World Rally Flying Championship in 1986, not won by the Poles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 48], "content_span": [49, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 13th Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the United States Army first formed in 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 13th Field Artillery was constituted 1 July 1916 in the Regular Army at Camp Stewart, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nConstituted 1 July 1916 in the Regular Army the 13th Field Artillery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nRelieved 4 October 1920 from assignment to the 4th Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nAssigned 1 March 1921 to the Hawaiian Division (later redesignated as the 24th Infantry Division)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 1 October 1941 as the 13th Field Artillery Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nRelieved 31 March 1958 from assignment to the 24th Infantry Division; concurrently reorganized and redesignated as the 13th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\n2nd 13th Artillery Battalion was organized in 1965 at Fort Sill OK and deployed to Vietnam under the II Field Force 23rd Artillery group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\n3rd 13th Field Artillery Battalion was organized in 1966 and deployed to Vietnam as part of the 25th Infantry Division and in 1970 they were relieved of duty and returned to Schofield Barracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\n7th 13th Field Artillery Battalion was organized in 1966 at Fort Irwin, ca and assignment to the 1st Field Force the 41st and 52nd Artillery group, and attached to the 1st Air Cavalry and the 1/50th Mech  Infantry .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nFrom 1968-1969, A Battery, 2nd Battalion of the 13th F.A.R. combined briefly with B Battery, 3rd Battalion of the 197th F.A.R. of the New Hampshire National Guard, to form D Battery, 2nd Battalion of the 13th F.A.R., also known as the \"Jungle Battery\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nWithdrawn 16 March 1987 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nA Silver color metal and enamel device 1 1/16\u00a0inches (2.70\u00a0cm) in height consisting of an oval Argent within a diminished bordure Gules the crest of the regiment (on a wreath of the colors Or and Gules a dragon rampant of the last).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe dragon commemorates a march from Esnes to Malincourt during the night of September 26\u201327, 1918, over very difficult terrain and against resistance. The dragon, a mythical animal, typifies the inferno prevailing that night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 13th Field Artillery Regiment on 15 January 1923. It was amended to revise the description on 14 February 1927. The insignia was redesignated for the 13th Field Artillery Battalion on 7 May 1942. It was redesignated for the 13th Artillery Regiment on 16 October 1958. The insignia was redesignated for the 13th Field Artillery Regiment on 1 September 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms\nPer bend Gules and Tenn\u00e9 a band Or, on a sinister canton Argent a mullet of the like fimbriated of the first within a fishhook fesswise ring to dexter, barb to base of the first (for the 5th Field Artillery), a broken howitzer Proper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms\nOn a wreath of the colors Or and Gules, a dragon rampant of the last.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0017-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms\nScarlet and yellow are the colors used for Field Artillery. The canton with mullet and fishhook refers to the 5th Field Artillery from which the 13th Field Artillery was organized in June 1917. The bend is taken from the arms of Lorraine, where the heaviest fighting of the regiment occurred. The broken howitzer alludes to the Vesle River, where heavy losses were sustained and the two pieces put out of action by direct hits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0018-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms\nThe dragon commemorates a march from Esnes to Malincourt during the night of September 26\u201327, 1918, over very difficult terrain and against resistance. The dragon, a mythical animal, typifies the inferno prevailing that night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0019-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 13th Field Artillery Regiment on 29 September 1920. It was amended to revise the blazon of the shield on 1 February 1922. The insignia was redesignated for the 13th Field Artillery Battalion on 7 May 1942. It was redesignated for the 13th Artillery Regiment on 16 October 1958. The insignia was redesignated for the 13th Field Artillery Regiment on 1 September 1971. The coat of arms was amended to correct the motto on 2 February 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0020-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit\nWorld War I: Aisne-Marne; St. Mihiel; Meuse-Argonne; Champagne 1918; Lorraine 1918", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0021-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit\nWorld War II: Central Pacific; New Guinea (with arrowhead); Leyte (with arrowhead); Luzon (with arrowhead); Southern Philippines (with arrowhead)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0022-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit\nKorean War: UN Defensive; UN Offensive; CCF Intervention; First UN Counteroffensive; CCF Spring Offensive; UN Summer-Fall Offensive; Second Korean Winter; Korea, Summer 1953", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0023-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit\nVietnam: Defense; Counteroffensive; Counteroffensive, Phase II; Counteroffensive, Phase III; Tet Counteroffensive; Counteroffensive, Phase IV; Counteroffensive, Phase V; Counteroffensive, Phase VI; Tet 69/Counteroffensive; Summer-Fall 1969; Winter-Spring 1970; Sanctuary Counteroffensive; Counteroffensive, Phase VII", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0024-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit\nVietnam Counter Offensive, Phase II \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 - \u00a0\u00a0 1 July 1966 to 31 May 1967", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0025-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit\nVietnam Counter Offensive, Phase III \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 - \u00a0\u00a0 1 June 1967 to 29 June 1968", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0026-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit\nTet Counter Offensive \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 - \u00a0\u00a0 30 January 1968 to 1 April 1968", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0027-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit\nVietnam Counter Offensive, Phase IV \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 - \u00a0\u00a0 2 April 1968 to 30 June 1968", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0028-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit\nVietnam Counter Offensive, Phase V \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 - \u00a0\u00a0 1 July 1968 to 1 November 1968", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0029-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit\nVietnam Counter Offensive, Phase VI \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 - \u00a0 \u00a0 2 November 1968 to 22 February 1969", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0030-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit\nTet 69 Counter Offensive \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 - \u00a0\u00a0 23 February 1969 to 8 June 1969", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0031-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit\nVietnam Summer-Fall 1969 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 - \u00a0\u00a0 9 June 1969 to 31 October 1969", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0032-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit\nVietnam Winter-Spring 1970 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 - \u00a0\u00a0 1 November 1969 to 30 April 1970", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0033-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit\nSanctuary Counter Offensive \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 - \u00a0\u00a0 1 May 1970 to 30 June 1970", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0034-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit\nVietnam Counter Offensive, Phase VII \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 - \u00a0\u00a0 1 July 1970 to 30", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0035-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit\nSouthwest Asia: Defense of Saudi Arabia; Liberation and Defense of Kuwait; Cease-Fire", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010595-0036-0000", "contents": "13th Field Artillery Regiment, Decorations\nPhilippine Presidential Unit Citation for 17 OCTOBER 1944 TO 4 JULY 1945", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010596-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery\n13 Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery was formed in New South Wales during September 1915 as the 13th Field Artillery Battery, part of 5th Field Artillery Brigade. Today 13 Field Battery is one of 4 batteries that make up the 1st Field Regiment, part of 7 Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010596-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nThe entire 5th Field Brigade Australian Field Artillery was formed as part of 2nd Division Artillery at Fleurbiax, France (near Armenti\u00e8res) during World War I as the requirement for artillery increased on the Western Front battlefields. The Regiment was composed of 13th, 14th, 15th and 105th Batteries. The battery saw action in Egypt, Sinai and on the Western Front, the battery was disbanded at the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010596-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nIn 1921 the Citizen's Army was reconstructed based on the 1st AIF framework. As part of this, 5th Field Regiment was re-raised at Kelvin Grove, Brisbane and consisted of 13th, 14th, 105th Field Batteries. In 1938, 15th Field Battery was raised, making the Regiment the same composition as in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010596-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nDuring the Second World War, 5th Field Regiment amalgamated to form the newly raised 2nd/5th Field Regiment. This unit was later redesignated 2nd/1st Anti Tank Regiment. At the end of World War II this unit was disbanded. In 1955, 5th Field Regiment was reformed and was equipped with 25 Pounder Guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010596-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nIn 1960, 5th Field Regiment was re-organised as part of 1st Division. 13th Field Battery and Headquarter Battery were based at Kelvin Grove. In 1964 the battery changed to 105\u00a0mm L5 Pack Howitzers and later to the 105\u00a0mm M2A2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010596-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nOn 1 July 1975, 5th Field Regiment amalgamated with 11th Field Regiment to form 5th/11th Field Regiment and as a consequence of the amalgamation 13th Field Battery was taken off the Army order of battle. In 1981, 13th Field Battery was re-raised at Kallangur as part of 5th/11th Field Regiment and was equipped with 105\u00a0mm L5 Pack Howitzers. The battery has close affiliation with the Pine Rivers Shire and Local citizens and was granted the Freedom of the Shire of Pine Rivers on 22 April 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010596-0005-0001", "contents": "13th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nIn 1991, as part of 5th/11th Field Regiment 13th Field Battery was equipped with the 105\u00a0mm L119 Howitzer which is currently in service. On 23 April 1993 upon the separation of 5th/11th Field Regiment, 13th Field Battery, the only Battery of 5th Field Regiment became an independent Battery. On 1 May 1997, as result of the restructuring of the Army, 13th Field Battery came under command of 1st Field Regiment. On 4 March 2001 13th Field Battery was re-located to Caboolture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010596-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nDue to the operational requirements of 1st Field Regiment, 13th Field Battery was re-equipped with 155mm M198 Howitzers in January 2008. Having served with the M198 Howitzers for two years, 13 Field Battery was once again equipped with the L119 Hamel and oversaw the Army's retirement of the L119. In October 2011, it was decided that 13 Battery would transfer to 9RQR and provide indirect fire support as 13 Mortar Battery, to the 9th Battalion. In 2013 the battery, after being re-equipped with 81mm mortars, amalgamated with 41 Battery and was renamed the 5/11th Light Battery. The amalgamated battery now comes under the command of 9 Regiment Royal Australian Artillery and 13 Battery and 41 batteries have now been removed from the order of battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010597-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Field Regiment (Australia)\nThe 13th Field Regiment was an Australian Army artillery regiment. During World War I the unit was formed in early 1916 as the 13th Field Artillery Brigade, and fought as part of the 5th Division in Egypt, the Sinai and on the Western Front. After the war, it was re-raised as a part-time unit based in the state of South Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010597-0000-0001", "contents": "13th Field Regiment (Australia)\nIt was redesignated as the 13th Field Regiment during the early years of World War II, and following Japan's entry into the war it was mobilised and later deployed to New Guinea where a detachment fought during the Battle of Buna\u2013Gona in 1942\u20131943, returning to Australia in late 1943. After the war, the regiment was re-formed in 1948 in South Australia and remained in existence until being disbanded in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010597-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nDuring World War I, the regiment was designated the 13th Field Artillery Brigade, and was assigned to the 5th Division. Formed in February 1916, it served in Egypt, the Sinai and on the Western Front. Its recruits were mainly drawn from the state of Victoria. After the war, when Australia's part-time military forces were reorganised in 1921 to replicate the divisional structure and numerical designations of the First Australian Imperial Force, the unit was re-raised in South Australia as part of the 4th Military District, adopting the designation of the 13th Field Brigade. It was one of three field brigades assigned to the 4th Division at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010597-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn 1940\u20131941, the regimental system was introduced for Militia artillery units, with the previously existing field brigades being redesignated as regiments, and the designation of the 13th Field Regiment was adopted. Following Japan's entry into World War II, the regiment was mobilised as part of the 3rd Brigade. Its component batteries during the early war years were the 48th, 49th, 50th and 113th Field Batteries. The regiment was initially a unit of the AMF, but militia units with more than 75% volunteers could be identified as AIF units, and the 13th was subsequently redesignated as such.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010597-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAfter being mobilised for war service on 15 December 1941, the regiment was moved to Sydney, entraining at Oakbank on 25 December 1941. Embarking on the transport Aquitania at Woolloomooloo two days later, the regiment sailed for New Guinea. Initially they were used in the garrison role, but after the Japanese landed in New Guinea, the regiment became involved in the fighting. During the Battle of Buna\u2013Gona which took place in late 1942 and early 1943, the regiment deployed a troop of four guns under command of Captain N.R. Stokes. These were QF 4.5-inch howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010597-0003-0001", "contents": "13th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nTwo of these guns were flown to Dobodura on 20 December. Two were transported by sea and landed at Hariko on 23 December. The troop was initially positioned on the Dobodura\u2013Buna track. This was about 2,500 yards (2,200 m) south of the bridge between the two strips. The troop fired in support of the US 32nd Division during fighting at Buna. The troop later moved to a position near Giropa Point to support the Allied attacks to take the final Japanese positions at Sanananda and Giruwa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010597-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe 13th Field Regiment remained in New Guinea until October 1943, when it was withdrawn back to Australia. Throughout 1944, the regiment undertook training on the Atherton Tablelands and was reassigned to the 11th Division. It remained in Australia until the end of the war, when the regiment's personnel were demobilised and the regiment disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010597-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nFollowing the war, Australia's part-time military force was re-raised in 1948 at which time the 13th Field Regiment was re-formed in South Australia. The 48th Battery returned to the 13th Field Regiment's order of battle in June 1966 when the regiment's battery designations were changed. In 1975, the 13th Field Regiment was disbanded and some of its component batteries, such as the 48th, which was based in Adelaide, became independent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010597-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn 1988, the 6th/13th Field Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery was formed by merging the 6th and 13th Field Regiments, but this unit was disbanded in 1997, with its components being absorbed into the 16th and 48th Field Batteries. In mid-2013, these batteries were reduced to troop-sized elements and the 6th/13th Light Battery was formed. In mid-2017, this battery became part of the 9th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010598-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Fighter Squadron\nThe 13th Fighter Squadron is a fighter squadron of the United States Air Force. The squadron flies the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon and is part of the 35th Fighter Wing at Misawa Air Base, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010598-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Fighter Squadron\nThe squadron traces its heritage back to the 1942 activation of the 313th Bombardment Squadron. The squadron served in the continental United States as a training unit until its 1943 disbanding. The squadron was reactivated in 1966 as the 13th Tactical Fighter Squadron, fighting in the Vietnam War. The squadron flew Wild Weasel anti-SAM missions with the Republic F-105 Thunderchief and McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, operating out of Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010598-0001-0001", "contents": "13th Fighter Squadron\nThe squadron moved to Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base in October 1967, flying F-4s in combat air patrols against North Vietnamese MiGs and ground strike missions. The squadron was inactivated with the end of the war in 1975. The squadron was reactivated in 1976 a training squadron at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida, and inactivated again in 1982. The squadron was reactivated as the 13th Tactical Fighter Squadron in 1985 at Misawa, flying the F-16. It was redesignated the 13th Fighter Squadron in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010598-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Fighter Squadron, Mission\nThe 13th Fighter Squadron \"Panther Pack\" operates the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon CM/DM Block 50 aircraft conducting air superiority missions. The Panthers provide in Offensive and Defensive Counter-Air capabilities, and specialize in the role of Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010598-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron's first predecessor was constituted as the 313th Bombardment Squadron and activated on 1 February 1942 at Bowman Field, Kentucky, one of the original three squadrons of the 21st Bombardment Group. It moved a week later to Jackson Army Air Base, Mississippi, where it began to organize with North American B-25 Mitchells. The squadron moved to Columbia Army Air Base, South Carolina on 24 April. At Columbia, the unit became a medium bomber Operational Training Unit (OTU). The OTU program involved the use of an oversized parent unit to provide cadres to \"satellite groups\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010598-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nOn 26 May the 313th Squadron moved to Key Field, Mississippi. The squadron interrupted its training mission on 8 June to fly an antisubmarine warfare mission. It moved to MacDill Field, Florida on 26 June 1942. At MacDill, the squadron converted to Martin B-26 Marauders. It again flew antisubmarine missions between 31 July 1nd 8 August 1942. The 313th continued its mission as an OTU at MacDill until it was disbanded on 10 October 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010598-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Fighter Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nOn 2 May 1966, the 13th Tactical Fighter Squadron was activated at Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base with the 388th Tactical Fighter Wing, flying the Republic F-105 Thunderchief and the McDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II. The squadron flew Wild Weasel missions to destroy North Vietnamese Surface-to-air missile sites. In October 1967, the squadron was moved to Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base, becoming part of the 432d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing. At Udorn, the 13th flew F-4D and F-4E aircraft, remaining there for the remainder of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010598-0005-0001", "contents": "13th Fighter Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nIn 1971, the squadron adopted as a mascot a panther nicknamed \"Eldridge\" after a former member of the squadron, but later attributed to be named for Black Panther leader Eldridge Cleaver. The squadron later became known as the \"Panther Pack\". The squadron scored 11 MiG kills, compiled 21 aerial victories, and flew more than 30,000 combat sorties. The squadron earned 15 campaign streamers, six Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards with Valor, and the Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm during the war. The squadron was inactivated in June 1975 with the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010598-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Fighter Squadron, History, MacDill AFB Training unit\nThe squadron was reactivated on 15 January 1976 at MacDill Air Force Base as the 13th Tactical Fighter Squadron, part of the 56th Tactical Fighter Wing. The squadron conducted F-4 pilot and weapon system officer replacement training and was inactivated on 1 July 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010598-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Fighter Squadron, History, Misawa Air Base\nOn 1 June 1985, the 13th Tactical Fighter Squadron was reactivated at Misawa Air Base in Japan, assigned to the 432d Fighter Wing and flying the F-16A/B Fighting Falcon. The 13th became the first permanent fighter squadron stationed on mainland Japan since 1972. On 19 September, the 313th Bombardment Squadron's lineage was consolidated with the 13th TFS. On 31 May 1991, the 13th TFS was redesignated the 13th Fighter Squadron. It was transferred to the 35th Fighter Wing's 35th Operations Group on 1 October 1994, part of an organizational realignment to ensure wings with rich heritages remained active.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010598-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Fighter Squadron, History, Misawa Air Base\nThe squadron achieved initial operational capability in F-16CJs in 1996. The squadron's tail code was simultaneously changed from \"MJ\" to \"WW\" in recognition of the wing's Wild Weasel heritage. On 8 July of that year, the squadron became the first Pacific Air Forces F-16 unit to deploy in support of Operation Southern Watch, enforcing the no-fly zone over southern Iraq, as a result of a policy change allowing all units the opportunity to deploy. During Operation Southern Watch, the squadron flew its first combat missions since the 1975 Mayaguez incident. Since 1996, the 13th FS has deployed to Afghanistan, Iraq and Jordan ten times, most recently in 2014 to Jordan where the Panthers opened the US air campaign against the Islamic State. Eventually this effort would become known as Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010598-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010599-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron\nThe 13th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the Minot Air Defense Sector, stationed at Glasgow Air Force Base, Montana where it was inactivated on 30 June 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010599-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron\nThe squadron was first activated in January 1941 as the 13th Pursuit Squadron  As the 13th Fighter Squadron it participated in the air defense of the Panama Canal from 1941 until 1943 when it returned to the United States and became a training unit until it was disbanded in 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010599-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, History, World War II\nIt was activated in early 1941 as the 13th Pursuit Squadron (Interceptor) and assigned to the Southeast Air District. It was equipped with a series of pursuit aircraft with a mission of air defense of Florida. After the Pearl Harbor Attack, the squadron was one of several hastily deployed to the Panama Canal Zone for the defense of the canal with the United States entry into World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010599-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, History, World War II\nIt was deployed on 2 January 1942 and stationed at Howard Field operating Bell P-39D Airacobras. By 16 February, the squadron had 12 P-39Ds (of which nine were airworthy) and not fewer than 26 pilots, but of these, only four had more than 12 months experience. Official records of its relatively brief tour in Panama are apparently all but nonexistent, although it is known that the unit was redesignated as the 13th Fighter Squadron on 15 May 1942 in keeping with the USAAF scheme at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010599-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, History, World War II\nFollowing the perceived end of the emergency need for the unit, it returned to the United States in early 1943 where it became a Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, later North American P-51 Mustang replacement training unit for III Fighter Command. It was disbanded on 1 May 1944 as part of a reorganization of training units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010599-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, History, Air Defense Command\nIt was reactivated in 1953 as part of Air Defense Command as an air defense squadron, equipped with North American F-86D Sabres and assigned to Selfridge Air Force Base, Michigan with a mission for the air defense of Detroit and Great Lakes region. It was moved to Sioux City, Iowa in 1955 for air defense of the Great Plains, and in 1957 began re-equipping with the North American F-86L Sabre, an improved version of the F-86D which incorporated the Semi Automatic Ground Environment, or SAGE computer-controlled direction system for intercepts. The service of the F-86L destined to be quite brief, since by the time the last F-86L conversion was delivered, the type was already being phased out in favor of supersonic interceptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010599-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, History, Air Defense Command\nThe squadron was reassigned to Glasgow AFB, Montana in July 1959, upgraded to the new McDonnell F-101B Voodoo. Assigned alongside the F-101B interceptor was the F-101F operational and conversion trainer. The two-seat trainer version was equipped with dual controls, but carried the same armament as the F-101B and were fully combat-capable interceptors. On 22 October 1962, before President John F. Kennedy told Americans that missiles were in place in Cuba, the squadron dispersed one third of its force, equipped with nuclear tipped missiles to Billings Logan Field at the start of the Cuban Missile Crisis. These planes returned to Glasgow after the crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010599-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, History, Air Defense Command\nIt was inactivated in June 1968 as part of the drawdown of ADC interceptor bases, and the aircraft were passed along to the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010599-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010600-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Filmfare Awards\nThe 13th Annual Filmfare Awards were held in 1966, honoring the best in Hindi cinema in 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010600-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Filmfare Awards\nHimalaya Ki God Mein and Waqt led the ceremony with 7 nominations each, followed by Kaajal with 5 nominations and Khandan with 4 nominations. The ceremony was notable as Meena Kumari made a record of most awards for Best actress at Filmfare winning her 4th award. The record has been matched by a few actresses including Nutan , Madhuri Dixit, Kajol, and Vidya Balan. Nutan and her niece Kajol are the only two actresses who broke the record held by Meena Kumari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010600-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Filmfare Awards\nWaqt won 5 awards, thus becoming the most awarded film at the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010601-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Filmfare Awards South\nThe 13th Filmfare Awards South Ceremony honoring the winners of the best of South Indian cinema in 1965 was an event held on 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010602-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Flight Training Wing (JASDF)\nThe 13th Flying Training Wing (\u7b2c13\u98db\u884c\u6559\u80b2\u56e3 (dai-13-hik\u014d-ky\u014diku-dan)) is a wing of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force. It is also sometimes known as the 13th Flying Training Wing. It comes under the authority of Air Training Command. It is based at Ashiya Air Base in Fukuoka Prefecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010602-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Flight Training Wing (JASDF)\nIt has two squadrons, both equipped with Kawasaki T-4 aircraft:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010603-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Floor\n13th Floor is the debut album from Canadian hip hop artist Haviah Mighty. The album was released on May 10, 2019, and was the winner of the 2019 Polaris Music Prize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010603-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Floor, Background and release\nOn March 23, 2019, Mighty announced her debut studio album, 13th Floor, via social media and that the album would arrive in 2019. CBC Music and Exclaim! described the album as one of the year's most anticipated Canadian releases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010603-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Floor, Background and release\nThe album's title derives from the phenomenon of high-rise buildings in many countries often not designating a 13th floor due to the superstition that the number 13 is bad luck. According to Haviah Mighty, \"the 13th floor is something that we remove from our reality because it is something that we don\u2019t understand and therefore we dismiss it\"; the title therefore represents naming and speaking about and acknowledging issues and narratives that have been dismissed or ignored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010603-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Floor, Background and release\nThe album was released on May 10, with a corresponding performance on CBC Music's First Play Live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010603-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Floor, Reception\nMax Mertens, writing for Pitchfork, called the album Mighty's \"most cohesive and narratively ambitious project to date\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010603-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Floor, Reception\nThe album won the 2019 Polaris Music Prize, making Mighty the first hip-hop artist and first black woman to win the award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010604-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Flying Broom International Women's Film Festival\nThe 13th Flying Broom International Women's Film Festival (Turkish: 13. U\u00e7an S\u00fcp\u00fcrge Kad\u0131n Filmleri Festivali) was a film festival held in Ankara, Turkey, which ran from  May 6 to 13, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010604-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Flying Broom International Women's Film Festival\nThis edition of the Flying Broom International Women's Film Festival, which was founded in 1997 and is organized by Flying Broom with support from the \u00c7ankaya municipality in Ankara and accredited by FIPRESCI, had the theme of evil and focused on the problems of women (including prostitutes, migrant women, poor women and lesbians).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010604-0001-0001", "contents": "13th Flying Broom International Women's Film Festival\nThe festival opened with a ceremony at the Ankara State Opera and Ballet Hall on May 6, 2010 at which honorary awards were presented to actresses Lale Belk\u0131s and G\u00fclsen Tuncer, and art director Deniz \u00d6zen, who attended the special screening of Turkish classic Unmade Bed (Turkish: Da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k Yatak) directed by At\u0131f Y\u0131lmaz. Among those also in attendance at the ceremony were actresses Hale Soygazi and Deniz T\u00fcrkali, director Biket \u0130lhan, film critic Sevin Okyay, German director Almut Getto, and American director Nancy Schwartzman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010604-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Flying Broom International Women's Film Festival\nMore than 100 films were screened in 13 programmes at the K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak cinema, the Ankara Goethe Institute and the Ankara University communication faculty during the festival. A short film competition also under the theme evil, whose winners were to be announced at the opening gala, and a program titled The Other History, dedicated to ignored identities, and featuring four recent Turkish documentaries focusing on identities that have been subjected to 'evil' by being deliberately alienated and ignored were new features of this edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010604-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Flying Broom International Women's Film Festival\nThe festival closed with an award ceremony and screening of the winning film at the K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak cinema on May 13, 2010, at which the FIPRESCI jury, consisting of Ceylan \u00d6z\u00e7elik, Dominique Martinez and Kirsten Liese, awarded the festivals top prize to Home directed by Ursula Meier, and bestowed the Young Witch Award upon Damla S\u00f6nmez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010605-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Frontier Force Rifles\nThe 13th Frontier Force Rifles was part of the British Indian Army, and after 1947, Pakistan Army. It was formed in 1922 by amalgamation of five existing regiments and consisted of five regular battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010605-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Frontier Force Rifles, History\nThe 13th Frontier Force Rifles' origins lie in the five regiments of infantry raised in 1849 by Colonel Henry Lawrence, the agent (and brother) of the Governor-General of the Punjab frontier region (John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence) from veterans of disbanded opposition forces after the Second Anglo-Sikh War. The regiments were named the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Punjab Infantry Regiments and became part of the Transfrontier Brigade (renamed in 1851 the Punjab Irregular Force, known as Piffers). A sixth regiment was added in 1865 on re-designation of the Scinde Rifle Corps, which had originally been raised as the Scinde Camel Corps in 1843. In 1882, the 3rd Punjab Infantry Regiment was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010605-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Frontier Force Rifles, History\nIn the 1903 Kitchener reorganisation of the Indian Army, the regiments were redesignated and were afforded the status of Rifle Regiments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010605-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Frontier Force Rifles, History\nIn the 1922 reorganisation of the British Indian Army, the five regiments became the five regular battalions of the newly formed 13th Frontier Force Rifles. The battalion numbering omitted a 3rd battalion so that the numbering reflected that of the original antecedent Punjab Infantry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010605-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Frontier Force Rifles, History\nIn 1945, the regiment was renamed The Frontier Force Rifles when all the regiments of the British Indian Army dropped their prenominal numbers. On independence in 1947, the regiment was allocated to Pakistan. In 1956, The Frontier Force Rifles, The Pathan Regiment and the Frontier Force Regiment were amalgamated to form the new Frontier Force Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010605-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Frontier Force Rifles, Battle honours\nDelhi 1857, Lucknow, Peiwar Kotal, Charasiah, Kabul 1879, Afghanistan 1878\u201380, Tirah, Punjab Frontier, China 1900, La Bass\u00e9e 1914, Messines 1914, Armenti\u00e8res 1914, Festubert 1914, Givenchy 1914, Neuve Chapelle, Ypres 1915, St. Julien, Aubers, Festubert 1915, Loos, France and Flanders 1914\u201315, Suez Canal, Egypt 1915\u201317, Gaza, El Mughar, Nebi Samwil, Jerusalem, Megiddo, Sharon, Palestine 1917\u201318, Tigris 1916, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Mesopotamia 1916\u201318, Persia 1918\u201319, Aden, East Africa 1916\u201318, NW Frontier India 1917, Baluchistan 1918, Afghanistan 1919, Gash Delta, Barentu, Keren, Ad Teclesan, Amba Alagi, Abyssinia 1940\u201341, Deir ez Zor, Raqaa, Syria 1941, Gazala, Sidi Rezegh 1942, Gambut, Mersa Matruh, North Africa 1940\u201343, The Trigno, Tufillo, The Sangro, Impossible Bridge, Villa Grande, Cassino II, Gustav Line, Pignataro, Advance to Florence, Gothic Line, Monte Grande, The Senio, Bologna, Monte Sole, Italy 1943\u201345, North Malaya, Kota Bharu, Johore, Gemas, The Muar, Singapore Island, Malaya 1941\u201342, Pegu 1942, Taukkyan, Monywa 1942, Shwegyin, North Arakan, Point 551, Mayu Tunnels, Maungdaw, Ngakyedauk Pass, Imphal, Litan, Arakan Beaches, Myebon, Ramree, Mandalay, Myinmu, Meiktila, Nyaungu Bridgehead, Capture of Meiktila, Defence of Meiktila, Taungtha, Myingyan, The Irawaddy, Yenaungyaung 1945, Magwe, Rangoon Road, Pegu 1945, Sittang 1945, Burma 1942\u201345, Kashmir 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 1436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010606-0000-0000", "contents": "13th G-15 summit\nThe Thirteenth G-15 summit was held in Havana, Cuba on September 14, 2006. The group's meeting was coordinated to take place at the same time as a non-aligned summit of 116 developing nations in the Cuban capital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010606-0001-0000", "contents": "13th G-15 summit\nThe summit agenda of the Group of 15 (G-15) encompassed a range of issues. The summit theme was \"Rural and Agricultural Development and the Management of Water Resources.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010606-0002-0000", "contents": "13th G-15 summit\nThe gathering brought together leaders, representatives and policymakers from non-aligned nations. African G-15 nations are Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, and Zimbabwe. Those from Asia are India, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. Latin American G-15 nations include Argentina, Brazil, Chile,  Jamaica, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010606-0003-0000", "contents": "13th G-15 summit, Overview\nThe Group of 15 was established at the Ninth Non-Aligned Movement summit in Belgrade, Yugoslavia in September 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010606-0004-0000", "contents": "13th G-15 summit, Overview\nThe G-15 is composed of countries from Africa, Asia, North America and South America. These non-aligned nations joined together to create a forum to foster cooperation and develop information which can be presented to other international groups, such as the World Trade Organization and the Group of Eight. The G-15 nations have a common goal of enhanced growth and prosperity. The group aims to encourage cooperation among developing countries in the areas of investment, trade, and technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010606-0005-0000", "contents": "13th G-15 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThose G-15 nations represented at the summit were Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iran,  Jamaica, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Sri Lanka, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. The group's membership has expanded to more than 15 countries, but the name has remained unchanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010606-0006-0000", "contents": "13th G-15 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe leaders of G-15 nations are core contributors in summit meetings. but only some of the heads-of-state were at the Havana event:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010606-0007-0000", "contents": "13th G-15 summit, Priorities\nThe G-15 nations perceive an ongoing need to expand dialogue with the G8 nations. The G-15 want to help bridge the gap between developing countries and the more developed and industrialized nations. For example, the G-15 converted this venue into an opportunity to express concern about the delays and limited progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010606-0008-0000", "contents": "13th G-15 summit, Issues\nG-15 nations are united by shared perceptions of global economic issues; and the G-15 provides a structure for developing common strategies for dealing with these issues. For example, the G15 nations oppose using the international economic and financial systems as political instruments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010606-0009-0000", "contents": "13th G-15 summit, Issues\nG15 nations have joined together in hopes of escaping from the more polemical atmosphere in other multinational groups and organizations, such as the Group of 77 (G-77). For example, the 14th G-15 summit called for reform of Bretton Woods institutions and financing for the developing world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010606-0010-0000", "contents": "13th G-15 summit, Schedule and agenda\nThe summit provides an opportunity to focus on the importance of cooperation in facing challenges of food, energy, climate change, health and trade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010606-0011-0000", "contents": "13th G-15 summit, Schedule and agenda\nThe chairmanship of the G-15 passed from Algeria to Iran at the end of the summit; and Iran will host the next scheduled group meeting in Tehran, the 14th G-15 summit in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010607-0000-0000", "contents": "13th G7 summit\nThe 13th G7 Summit was held in Venice, Italy between June 8 and 10, 1987. The venue for the summit meetings was the island of San Giorgio Maggiore in the Venetian lagoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010607-0001-0000", "contents": "13th G7 summit\nThe Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (since 1976) and the President of the European Commission (starting officially in 1981).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010607-0001-0001", "contents": "13th G7 summit\nThe summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six (G6) summit in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010607-0002-0000", "contents": "13th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe G7 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010607-0003-0000", "contents": "13th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe 13th G7 summit was the last summit for Italian Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani and Japanese Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010607-0004-0000", "contents": "13th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit, Participants\nThese summit participants are the current \"core members\" of the international forum:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010607-0005-0000", "contents": "13th G7 summit, Issues\nThe summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010607-0006-0000", "contents": "13th G7 summit, Accomplishments\nIn 1987, the summit leaders \"underlined\" their \"responsibility\" for what happens to the world's forests, but there is little evidence of follow-up action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010608-0000-0000", "contents": "13th GMA Dove Awards\nThe 13th Annual GMA Dove Awards were held on 1982 recognizing accomplishments of musicians for the year 1981. The show was held in Nashville, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010609-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Gemini Awards\nThe 13th Gemini Awards were held on October 4, 1998, to honour achievements in Canadian television. It was broadcast on CBC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010610-0000-0000", "contents": "13th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe members of the 13th General Assembly of Newfoundland were elected in the Newfoundland general election held in November 1878. The general assembly sat from 1879 to 1882.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010610-0001-0000", "contents": "13th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe Conservative Party led by William Whiteway formed the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010610-0002-0000", "contents": "13th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nSir John Hawley Glover served as colonial governor of Newfoundland until 1881. Henry Berkeley Fitzhardinge Maxse succeeded Glover as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010610-0003-0000", "contents": "13th General Assembly of Newfoundland, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1878:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010611-0000-0000", "contents": "13th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nThe 13th General Assembly of Nova Scotia represented Nova Scotia between 1826 and 1830.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010611-0001-0000", "contents": "13th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nThe assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of Nova Scotia, James Kempt. After Kempt was named Governor of British North America in 1828, Thomas N. Jeffrey became governor for Nova Scotia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010611-0002-0000", "contents": "13th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nSamuel George William Archibald was chosen as speaker for the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010612-0000-0000", "contents": "13th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe 13th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island represented the colony of Prince Edward Island between February 3, 1831, and 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010612-0001-0000", "contents": "13th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe Assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of Prince Edward Island, John Ready. Ewan Cameron was elected speaker. Ready was replaced by Murray Maxwell as Governor later in 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010612-0002-0000", "contents": "13th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nAs of 1830, Roman Catholics were allowed to vote and hold office in the colony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010612-0003-0000", "contents": "13th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Members\nThe members of the Prince Edward Island Legislature after the general election of 1831 were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010613-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Genie Awards\nThe 13th annual Genie Awards were held on November 22, 1992, and honoured Canadian films released in late 1991 and 1992. They were dominated by the Canadian/British/Japanese co-production Naked Lunch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010613-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Genie Awards\nThe ceremony was held at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in Toronto. The ceremony was originally slated to be hosted by John Candy, but he pulled out in a dispute over advance advertising which he perceived as making fun of his weight; Leslie Nielsen instead stepped in as host.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010613-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Genie Awards, Nominees and winners\nThe Genie Award winner in each category is shown in bold text.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010614-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Golden Globe Awards\nThe 13th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1955 films, were held on February 23, 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010614-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Golden Globe Awards, Winners, Television Achievement\nDinah Shore for Walt Disney anthology television series episode Davy Crockett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010615-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Golden Horse Awards\nThe 13th Golden Horse Awards (Mandarin:\u7b2c13\u5c46\u91d1\u99ac\u734e) took place on October 30, 1976 at Zhongshan Hall in Taipei, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010616-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Golden Melody Awards\nThe 13th Golden Melody Awards ceremony was held at the Chiang Kai-shek Cultural Center in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, on 4 May 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010617-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Golden Raspberry Awards\nThe 13th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 28, 1993, at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel to recognize the worst the movie industry had to offer in 1992. Shining Through and Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot each won three Razzies, though the latter wasn't nominated for Worst Picture. Tom Selleck did not attend the ceremony and later accepted his award on The Chevy Chase Show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010617-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Golden Raspberry Awards\nAlan Menken, who wrote the music for the Razzie-winning song \"High Times, Hard Times\" from Newsies, also received the Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"A Whole New World\" from Aladdin in 1993, making him the first person to receive a Razzie and Oscar in the same year, a feat not repeated until screenwriter Brian Helgeland in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia\nEU Member State(Eurozone Member State)(Schengen Area Member State)NATO Member StateCouncil of Europe Member StateOECD Member State", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia\nThe 13th Government of Slovenia was elected on 13 September 2018 by the 8th National Assembly. It is the first minority government in the history of Slovenia. On 27 January 2020, following the resignation of the Minister of Finance Andrej Bertoncelj, Prime Minister Marjan \u0160arec announced his resignation. The National Assembly was informed on the same day following which the term of the 13th Government ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0001-0001", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia\n\u0160arec is the third consecutive and in total fourth Prime Minister to resign, before him Miro Cerar, Alenka Bratu\u0161ek and Janez Drnov\u0161ek resigned as well, the latter due to being elected President of the Republic. 13th Government is the fifth consecutive and eighth government in total to not finish its term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia, Formation\nAfter the 3 June 2018 parliamentary elections, Marjan \u0160arec, leader of LM\u0160, began coalition talks with SD, SMC, SAB and DeSUS. Shortly after that New Slovenia (NSi) joined the talks in order to become the sixth coalition party and ensure a parliamentary majority of at least 46 votes. The newly elected National Assembly held its first session on 22 June 2018 and that meant the first round of the election of Prime Minister began. NSi withdrew from coalition talks on 16 July, close to the expiration of the first round, which meant that for the first time in history there will be no candidate for Prime Minister in the first round of election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia, Formation\nOn 27 July 2018, the second round of the election began and parties gathered around Marjan \u0160arec and LM\u0160 began talks with The Left, which gradually led to forming a new coalition and government. However, The Left was first negotiating to join the government but later decided to not join it. Membership of the party decided on the internal referendum that the party will support the new government from the opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia, Formation\nOn 8 August 2018 MPs of LM\u0160, SD, SMC, SAB and DeSUS submitted the candidature of Marjan \u0160arec for the 13th Prime Minister of Slovenia. It was unsure at first whether \u0160arec has enough votes to be elected, since The Left has not decided if it will support his candidature and government by the time candidature was submitted. On 10 August parties of the coalition and The Left initialed an agreement about cooperation which secured \u0160arec enough votes for election. On 17 August \u0160arec was elected Prime Minister, and has 15 days to announce candidates for ministers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia, Formation\nOn 20 August leaders of the coalition parties met to decide which ministries will be led by each party:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia, Formation\nOn 29 August 2018 Marjan \u0160arec (LM\u0160), Dejan \u017didan (SD), Miro Cerar (SMC), Alenka Bratu\u0161ek (SAB) and Karl Erjavec (DeSUS) signed coalition agreement and officially formed new government coalition. It was also announced that list of candidates for minister will be submitted to the National Assembly on Friday, 31 August 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia, Formation\nOn 4 September 2018 National Assembly began with hearings of 16 candidates of ministers. Hearings took place on 5 and 6 September as well. On 5 September Marjan \u0160arec announced that he will replace Tugomir Kodelja, candidate for Minister of Public Administration, who was already confirmed by the committee, with another candidate. Rudi Medved was announced candidate on 7 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia, Formation\nOn 13 September 2018 13th Government of the Republic of Slovenia was officially elected with 45 votes in favor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia, Government coalition\nGovernment coalition will be formed of five parties and had parliamentary support of an additional party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia, Cabinet, Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Food\nIt was very clear from the beginning of the negotiations that DeSUS will take over Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food. SD stated that they do not want to take over the Ministry after Dejan \u017didan led it in the Pahor, Bratu\u0161ek and Cerar government. There were some speculations that SMC's Zdravko Po\u010dival\u0161ek might become minister if SMC will not take over Ministry of Economy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 80], "content_span": [81, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia, Cabinet, Minister of Culture\nSocial Democrats was the only party that publicly showed their interest to take over Ministry of Culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia, Cabinet, Minister of Defence\nKarl Erjavec was seen as a candidate for Minister of Defence from the beginning of the negotiations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia, Cabinet, Minister of Economic Development and Technology\nMinistry of Economic Development and Technology was wanted by both, SMC and SD. Some seen this as a potential reason for \u0160arec failure to form the government if he will not be able to find the consensus between the parties. In the end SMC got the ministry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia, Cabinet, Minister of Education, Science and Sport\nSD expressed its will to take over the ministry. At some point it was reported that SMC will take over the ministry, but in the end it was SD, who got the ministry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 78], "content_span": [79, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia, Cabinet, Minister of Environment and Spatial Planning\nAt the beginning it was announced that SAB will take over the ministry, but later leaders of the parties announced that SMC will take it over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia, Cabinet, Minister of Finance\nAlenka Bratu\u0161ek expressed her readiness to take over Ministry of Finance, but later become clear that LM\u0160 will take the ministry, since they will lead the government. Vojmir Urlep was seen as a candidate at first, but later Marjan \u0160arec stated that he is satisfied with the work of Mateja Vrani\u010dar Erman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0017-0000", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia, Cabinet, Minister of Foreign Affairs\nMany have seen Miro Cerar as potential Foreign minister before the election. Cerar declined it at first, since he wanted to become Speaker of the National Assembly. Later it became clear that SD will get the position of the Speaker and that Miro Cerar is willing to take over Ministry of Foreign Affairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010618-0018-0000", "contents": "13th Government of Slovenia, Cabinet, Minister of Infrastructre\nAt the beginning of the negotiations, SMC and SD wanted the ministry. In the end SAB got the ministry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010619-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Goya Awards\nThe 13th Goya Awards were presented in Madrid, Spain on 23 January 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010619-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Goya Awards\nThe Girl of Your Dreams won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 69]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010620-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Grey Cup\nThe 13th Grey Cup was played on December 5, 1925, before 6,900 fans at the Lansdowne Park at Ottawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010620-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Grey Cup\nThe Ottawa Senators defeated the Winnipeg Tammany Tigers 24 to 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010621-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Airborne Division\nThe 13th Guards Airborne Division was a division of the Soviet Airborne Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010621-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Airborne Division\nIts first formation was formed in December 1943 from airborne brigades and was quickly redesignated the 98th Guards Rifle Division without seeing combat in World War II. The division was reformed in 1944 as part of the 37th Guards Airborne Corps, and was reorganized as the 103rd Guards Rifle Division within a year, again without seeing combat. The division was reformed for the third and last time in 1948. The division served in Amur Oblast in the Soviet Far East until its disbandment in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010621-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Airborne Division, History, First formation\nThe 13th Guards Airborne Division was first formed on 20 December 1943 from the 18th, 19th and 20th Guards Airborne Brigades, part of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. The division included the 18, 19th, and 20th Guards Airborne Brigades, and was commanded by Colonel Konstantin Nikolaevich Vindushev. The division was redesignated as the 98th Guards Rifle Division on 19 January 1944, and became part of the 37th Guards Rifle Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010621-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Airborne Division, History, Second formation\nThe division was reformed between February and March 1944 in the Moscow Military District from the 3rd, 8th, and 21st Guards Airborne Brigades. In October, the division became part of the Separate Airborne Army's 37th Guards Airborne Corps at Teykovo, with the 3rd, 6th, and 8th Guards Airborne Brigades. The 13th Division was redesignated as the 103rd Guards Rifle Division on 18 December 1944. The division became the 103rd Guards Airborne Division on 7 June 1946 in Seltsy, Ryazan Oblast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010621-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Airborne Division, History, Third formation\nThe division was reformed on 15 October 1948 at Galyonki from the 296th Guards Airlanding Regiment of the 106th Guards Airborne Division, under the 37th Guards Airborne Corps. The division inherited the 296th's Order of Kutuzov. The Independent Landing Security Company was disbanded in 1949. The 116th Guards Airlanding Regiment was converted to an airborne unit at some point. On 1 June 1951, the division and its corps were relocated to Kuybyshevka-Vostochnaya. On 15 November 1953, the Separate Communications Company became the Separate Guards Communications Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010621-0004-0001", "contents": "13th Guards Airborne Division, History, Third formation\nThe Separate Medical & Sanitary Company became the Separate Medical & Sanitary Battalion on the same day. The Separate Guards Antitank Artillery Battalion and the Separate Guards Reconnaissance Company were disbanded on the same day. The division was disbanded on 25 April 1955. Its 116th Guards Airborne Regiment was transferred to the 99th Guards Airborne Division and the 217th Guards Airborne Regiment was transferred to the 98th Guards Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010621-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Airborne Division, Composition\nThe division was composed of the following units in 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010622-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Army Corps\nThe 13th Guards Army Corps was a corps of the Soviet Ground Forces, formed from the previous 13th Guards Rifle Corps, which saw service during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010622-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Army Corps, World War II\nThe 13th Guards Rifle Corps was formed from 30 October to 15 November 1942 in Ranenburg, Tambov Oblast, under the command of Major General Porfiry Chanchibadze. The corps received its baptism of fire in December 1942 during the Battle of Stalingrad. It was part of 2nd Guards Army on 1 December 1942. On 1 February 1943, still with 2nd Guards Army, the corps consisted of the 3rd Guards, 49th Guards, and 387th Rifle Divisions. By 1 December 1943, the 295th Rifle Division had joined the corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010622-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Army Corps, World War II\nLater the corps helped liberate Novocherkassk, the Donbass, Kherson, Crimea, Belarus and Lithuania. After the Crimean Offensive Chanchibadze moved up to army command, the 3rd Guards Rifle Division Kantemir Tsalikov was selected to be corps commander. From 8 July, the corps fought in the \u0160iauliai Offensive, in which Tsalikov was killed when his jeep exploded a mine on 21 July. Lieutenant General Anton Lopatin succeeded him as commander and led the corps for the remainder of the war. It took part in the capture of East Prussia and K\u00f6nigsberg. The corps ended the war on the Baltic Sea. 42 awards of Hero of the Soviet Union were made to personnel attached to the corps. During the assault and capture of the walled city of Koenigsberg the name \"Konigsberg\" was conferred on the corps (1945).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010622-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Army Corps, Postwar\nOn June 12, 1946, 75th Guards Rifle Division was transformed into the 17th Guards Rifle Brigade. The brigade, stationed at Tula, was transferred in the summer of 1946 to 13th Guards Rifle 'Konigsberg' Corps. The brigade was relocated from Tula to Kaluga. In May 1946, the brigade was relocated from the city of Kaluga to the city of Dorogobuzh in the Smolensk area. The headquarters of 13th Guards Rifle Corps was relocated in the summer of 1946 to the city of Moscow. Later the corps headquarters was moved to Gorky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010622-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Army Corps, Postwar\nAfter the war and a series of transformations, the corps was renamed the 13th Guards Army Corps. In 1965, the 43rd Tank Division was renamed the 60th Tank Division. In 1968, the Corps was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. In the corps were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010622-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Army Corps, Postwar\nIn September 1987, the 225th Motor Rifle Division were disbanded. On 1 October 1987, the 89th Motor Rifle Division was reorganized into the 5347th Base for Storage of Weapons and Equipment (VKhVT). In March 1989, the 60th Tank Division became the 5409th Weapons and Equipment Storage Base, which was then disbanded on 13 February 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010622-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Army Corps, Postwar\nIn 1990, the corps was under the command of Fyodor Reut. According to the directive of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR September 14, 1990 13th Guards Army Red Konigsberg Corps was transformed into the 22nd Guards Combined Arms Army. The Army was formed on March 1, 1991. In 1990, the 31st Tank Vislenskaya Red Banner Order of Suvorov and Kutuzov Division joined the army, relocated from the Central Group of Forces in Czechoslovakia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010622-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Army Corps, Postwar\nIn 1994, the 47th Guards Tank Division joined the 22nd Army, relocated from Germany, and which was set up at the Mulino barracks previously used by the 225th MRD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division\nThe 13th Poltava Guards Rifle Division (Russian: 13-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041a\u0443\u0442\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) was an infantry division of the Red Army that earned honours during the Great Patriotic War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, German-Soviet War\nOn 6 November 1941, the 87th Rifle Division (Second Formation) was re-formed and placed under the command of former commander of 5th Airborne Brigade Alexander Rodimtsev. On 19 January 1942, the 87th Rifle Division was officially awarded Guards status and was re-designated as the 13th Guards Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, German-Soviet War, Battle of Kharkov\nIn May 1942, the 13th Division was involved in the Soviet counter-offensive at Kharkov, where they fought on its northern axis, thus escaping the encirclement and destruction of a substantial portion of the Soviet forces engaged, followed by the Russian defeat. During this offensive, the division suffered more than fifty-percent casualties, most of which were sustained in the repelling of fierce German counter-attacks. It was during one of these attacks that an Artillery Captain of the 13th earned the first Order of the Great Patriotic War 1st Class to be awarded. Following his unit's success during this offensive, Colonel Rodimtsev was subsequently promoted to Major General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, German-Soviet War, The Battle of Stalingrad, First blows\nOn 13 September of that year, German infantry divisions made their first advance into Stalingrad, marking the opening salvos of the Battle of Stalingrad. By the end of the day the German 71st Infantry Division had reached the city centre, north of the Tsaritsa Gorge. A Stavka directive ordered the 13th Guards Division (in the midst of its resupply and reinforcement) to the Volga River and Stalingrad. After being briefed by Lieutenant General Vasily Chuikov, the commander of the 62nd Army, Rodimtsev famously and determinedly declared:\"I am a Communist! I have no intention of abandoning the city [Stalingrad]!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 84], "content_span": [85, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, German-Soviet War, The Battle of Stalingrad, First blows\nBecause of the recent influx of new recruits, the division was now largely inexperienced and untrained, and lacked both maps and knowledge of Stalingrad's rubble-strewn streets, which would prove enormously difficult to overcome in the struggle ahead. However, thanks to his experience fighting in the Spanish Civil War, Major General Rodimtsev was well versed in urban warfare. At 17.00, 14 September, the forward elements of the 13th Guards swiftly crossed the river to reinforce a line that was being held by a mere 15 tanks and few hastily assembled combat groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 84], "content_span": [85, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0004-0001", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, German-Soviet War, The Battle of Stalingrad, First blows\nIt is estimated that more than half of the first wave perished during the river crossing, more than 3,000 being killed in just the first 24 hours. Ultimately, after extremely heavy losses on both sides, the German advance was repelled. Rodimtsev's soldiers recaptured the Mill and secured the central river crossing for other regiments of the 13th Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 84], "content_span": [85, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, German-Soviet War, The Battle of Stalingrad, The Railroad Station\nThe following morning one of Rodimtsev's junior officers, Lieutenant Anton Kuzmich Dragan was personally ordered by Chuikov to hold a key railroad station in downtown Stalingrad against an impending German assault. Dragan proceeded to gather a platoon of less than fifty men and moved them over to the railroad station. Here, the small but determined force prepared itself for the German attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 93], "content_span": [94, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, German-Soviet War, The Battle of Stalingrad, The Railroad Station\nSoon after digging in, a substantial force of German infantrymen arrived to seize control of the station. The Russians proceeded to repeatedly frustrate the Germans in an epic room-by-room struggle for control of the depot for nearly three weeks. Breaking through walls, crawling over rafters, and burrowing under the floorboards, the Russians would yield but a portion of the structure to the Germans, only to emerge elsewhere and start the struggle all over again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 93], "content_span": [94, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, German-Soviet War, The Battle of Stalingrad, The Railroad Station\nExchanging gunfire down hallways, hurling grenades back and forth between rooms, Dragan's men inflicted significant casualties on the Germans. In spite of this heroic resistance, Dragan's platoon was eventually reduced to a handful of men. After running out of ammunition, and with their rations gone, one of the Soviet Guardsmen took out his bayonet and carved on a wall,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 93], "content_span": [94, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, German-Soviet War, The Battle of Stalingrad, The Railroad Station\nUnder cover of darkness, Dragan and the five remaining soldiers under his command eventually slipped out of the building, made their way through the German lines, and were reunited with the remainder of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 93], "content_span": [94, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, German-Soviet War, The Battle of Stalingrad, The Mamaev Kurgan\nThe battle at the Mamaev Kurgan began approximately three weeks after the brutal fighting between the German and Russian infantrymen had begun in the outskirts of Stalingrad, on 15 September. During this portion of the battle, the division fought several Wehrmacht divisions for control of the park's central hilltop summit, which changed hands multiple times. Meanwhile, other divisional units fought in different sectors of Stalingrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 90], "content_span": [91, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0009-0001", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, German-Soviet War, The Battle of Stalingrad, The Mamaev Kurgan\nThe division was in the midst of the combat throughout the city in the remains of the bombed-out buildings and factories, on the slopes of the Mamaev Kurgan hills, in the Red October Tractor Plant and in the key strategic building known as \"Pavlov's House\" (Yakov Pavlov was the commanding NCO of the platoon which defended the building). Most accounts state that of the 10,000 men of the division that crossed the Volga into the Battle of Stalingrad, only between 280 and 320 of them survived the struggle. This profligacy with life seems incredible to Western eyes, but was unremarkable during the conflict on the Eastern front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 90], "content_span": [91, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, German-Soviet War, Battle of Kursk\nFollowing the Soviet victory at Stalingrad and the destruction of the German 6th Army, the 13th Guards are again pulled from the lines for re-fit and re-supply. Alongside the 5th Guards Army (Voronezh Front), the division was held in reserve south of Kursk, in order to counter the forthcoming German offensive there \u2013 Operation Citadel. The original intention was for these two formations to counter-attack the Germans after the German assault had been ground down by the front line Soviet units, but both formations were committed to prevent a possible breakthrough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0010-0001", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, German-Soviet War, Battle of Kursk\nAfter several days of continuous fierce fighting (including the tank battle at Prokhorovka, in which the 13th Rifles' small number of armored units participated in), they successfully ground the elite Waffen-SS formations to a standstill. Meanwhile, the rifle battalions on the 13th held the line around Oboyan, repelling attacks from trenches. Relatively few casualties were sustained because the Germans were focussing their attention on Prokhorovka by the time they had moved up from the reserve area in the rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, German-Soviet War, Liberation of Ukraine\nShortly thereafter, the 13th Rifles advanced south-westwards, where they participated in the Red Army's assault to liberate Ukraine from German control. The division took part in the Poltava-Kremenchuk Operation in which they gained control of the town of Poltava after extremely fierce fighting, it was liberated on 23 September 1943. This is indicated by the designation of 13th Guards Rifle Division, Poltava (given in September 1943), which shows that the division was cited for their actions in seizing Polatava. After Poltava the division took part in the battle of the Dnieper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0011-0001", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, German-Soviet War, Liberation of Ukraine\nIt was assigned to accomplish a false crossing of the Dnieper River to confuse the Germans and allow for crossings further north and south. Elements of the division crossed the river on floats and rafts to reach the island of Peschanny to the north-west of Kremenchuk where German infantry had occupied the west side of the island and had to be dislodged in hand-to-hand combat. The division forces sustained heavy losses in this operation when they were pinned down by enemy fire (even the deputy commander of the division Pavel Gayev was killed in action on the battlefield when commanding the operation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, German-Soviet War, Liberation of Ukraine\nAfter the Kremenchuk the division fought in Krivoi Rog, Kiev, Uman-Botowni, and Lvov-Sandomir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, German-Soviet War, Advance into Germany\nDuring the Red Army's final drive into Germany, starting with Operation Bagration beginning on 22 June 1944, the Division was a part of the 32nd Guards Rifle Corps or was under direct command of the 5th Guards Army (2nd Ukrainian Front). This force drove the Germans back through northern Ukraine and central Poland in to the northern regions of Germany itself. By the end of January 1945, the 1st Ukrainian Front, including the 13th Rifles, had reached the southern outskirts. Here, they participated in the Battle of Berlin where they combating for both objectives: Berlin itself and the Teltov Canal. The capture of the latter objective gave the Red Army a river crossing of the Elbe River, allowing the Russians to assault the heart of the Third Reich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, Later service\nThe division became part of the Central Group of Forces after the war and by 1 November 1945 had been converted into the 13th Guards Mechanised Division. The division was stationed in Vienna until 1955, when the group was disbanded following the Soviet withdrawal from Austria. The division was disbanded and its personnel and equipment became part of the 39th Mechanised Division of the 38th Army in the Carpathian Military District on 9 September 1955. On 4 December, the 39th Mechanised was redesignated as a Guards unit and inherited the lineage of the 13th Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0014-0001", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, Later service\nIn 1956, during Operation Whirlwind, the Soviet invasion of Hungary, the 38th Army covered the Austrian and Yugolavian borders of Hungary on the right bank of the Danube. After the end of the invasion, the division became part of the Southern Group of Forces at Veszpr\u00e9m, where it remained for much of the Cold War. In December 1956, the 39th Guards became the 21st Guards Tank Division. In January 1965, the 21st Guards was renumbered as the 13th Guards Tank Division, restoring its World War II designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0014-0002", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, Later service\nAccording to American military sources corroborated by Vitaly Feskov and others, in September 1989, the division was transferred to Sovietske, Crimea in the Odessa Military District. It was disbanded there in December. The division's 130th Guards Tank Regiment, 56th Separate Reconnaissance Battalion, and 77th Separate Equipment Maintenance and Recovery Battalion became part of the 19th Guards Tank Division in Belarus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010623-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Guards Rifle Division, Later service\nThe division's final honorifics in 1988 included 'Poltava', Order of Lenin, Twice Red Banner, Suvorov and Kutuzov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010624-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Guldbagge Awards\nThe 13th Guldbagge Awards ceremony, presented by the Swedish Film Institute, honored the best Swedish films of 1976 and 1977, and took place on 5 September 1977. The Man on the Roof directed by Bo Widerberg was presented with the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010625-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Helpmann Awards\nThe 13th Annual Helpmann Awards were held on 29 July 2013 at the Sydney Opera House, in Sydney. Administered by Live Performance Australia (LPA), accolades were handed out in 41 categories for achievements in theatre, musicals, opera, ballet, dance and concerts for productions shown between 1 March 2012 and 31 May 2013. The ceremony was broadcast live on Arena with Eddie Perfect and Christie Whelan-Browne hosting the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010625-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Helpmann Awards\nThe nominations were announced by David Atkins, Christie Whelan-Browne, Chloe Dallimore, Sharon Millerchip, Catherine McClements, Simon Gallaher, Cameron Goodall, Rob Mills and Erika Heynatz on 23 June 2013. The Secret River received the most nominations with eleven including: Best Play, Best New Australian Work and Best Direction of a Play. King Kong, Legally Blonde and The Addams Family led the musical field with eight nominations each. Salome gained the most opera nominations with five, including Best Opera, and TERRAIN and Keep Everything were the most nominated dance works with four each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010625-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Helpmann Awards\nKylie Minogue and David Blenkinsop were the JC Williamson Award recipients, and Brian Stacey Memorial Trust was awarded to Carolyn Watson. White Night Melbourne was given the Best Special Event Award and a new prize was created for King Kong for Outstanding Theatrical Achievement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010625-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Helpmann Awards, Winners and nominees\nIn the following tables, winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface. The nominees are those which are listed below the winner and not in boldface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010625-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Helpmann Awards, Special awards\nThe JC Williamson Award, awarded for one's life's work in Australia's live entertainment industry was given to Australian singer Kylie Minogue and arts philanthropist David Blenkinsop. Carolyn Watson received the Brian Stacey Award for emerging Australian conductors, and an additional $8000 prize. Victorian Major Events Company accepted the award for Best Special Event on behalf of the State Government of Victoria, for the White Night Melbourne festival. The award for Outstanding Theatrical Achievement was created by the Industry Awards Panel and Helpmann Awards Administration Committee for the \"design, creation and operation of King Kong \u2013 the creature.\" The panel and administration felt that the \"ground breaking Australian creation, the first of its kind in the world, was worthy of individual recognition.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010626-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Hong Kong Film Awards\nThe 13th Hong Kong Awards ceremony, honored the best films of 1993 and took place on 22 April 1994 at Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, Wan Chai, Hong Kong. The ceremony was hosted by Lydia Shum and John Sham, during the ceremony awards are presented in 17 categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010626-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Hong Kong Film Awards, Awards\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010627-0000-0000", "contents": "13th House\n13th House is a 1981 album by jazz pianist McCoy Tyner released on the Milestone label. It was recorded in October 1980 and features performances by Tyner with a big band that includes Joe Ford, Hubert Laws, Ricky Ford, Slide Hampton, Ron Carter, Oscar Brashear and Charles Sullivan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010627-0001-0000", "contents": "13th House, Reception\nThe Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states \"everyone wanted to play with McCoy Tyner! The powerful music lives up to its potential\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010627-0002-0000", "contents": "13th House, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by McCoy Tyner, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010628-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Huading Awards\nThe 13th Huading Awards ceremony was held on August 27, 2014 in Shanghai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Hussars\nThe 13th Hussars (previously the 13th Light Dragoons) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army established in 1715. It saw service for three centuries including the Napoleonic Wars, the Crimean War and the First World War but then amalgamated with the 18th Royal Hussars, to form the 13th/18th Royal Hussars in 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Hussars, History, Early wars\nThe regiment was raised in the Midlands by Richard Munden as Richard Munden\u2019s Regiment of Dragoons in 1715 as part of the response to the Jacobite rebellion. It took part in the Battle of Preston in November 1715 after which it escorted the rebels to the nearest prisons. The regiment was sent to Ireland in 1718 and remained there until 1742.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Hussars, History, Early wars\nDuring the 1745 Jacobite Rising, it was commanded by James Gardiner; largely composed of recruits, on 16 September the regiment was routed by a small party of Highlanders in the so-called 'Coltbridge Canter.' Demoralised by this, it did the same at the Battle of Prestonpans on 21 September, which lasted 15 minutes and where Gardiner was killed and the equally disastrous Battle of Falkirk Muir in January 1746. Shortly after this, Gardiner's replacement Francis Ligonier died of sickness and was replaced by Philip Naison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Hussars, History, Early wars\nThe regiment returned to Ireland in 1749 and was re-titled the 13th Regiment of Dragoons in 1751. It was involved in putting down a minor rebellion by George Robert FitzGerald in 1781 and it converted to the light role in 1783. A detachment from the regiment was sent to Jamaica in September 1795 and returned in July 1798.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Hussars, History, Peninsular War\nIn February 1810 the regiment sailed for Lisbon for service in the Peninsular War. It took part in the Battle of Campo Maior on the Spanish-Portuguese border on 25 March 1811 in a clash that occurred between British and Portuguese cavalry, under Robert Ballard Long, and a force of French infantry and cavalry under General Latour-Maubourg. The regiment, two and a half squadrons strong, led by Colonel Michael Head, charged and routed a superior French cavalry force of no less than six squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0004-0001", "contents": "13th Hussars, History, Peninsular War\nThe regiment, with two Portuguese squadrons, then went on to pursue the French for seven miles to the outskirts of Badajoz. The report reaching Lord Wellington seems to have glossed over the epic quality of the charge and emphasised the overlong pursuit. After receiving Marshal Beresford's report, Wellington issued a particularly harsh reprimand to the regiment calling them \"a rabble\" and threatening to remove their horses from them and send the regiment to do duty at Lisbon. The officers of the regiment then wrote a collective letter to Wellington detailing the particulars of the action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0004-0002", "contents": "13th Hussars, History, Peninsular War\nWellington is reported as saying that had he known the full facts he would never have issued the reprimand. The historian Sir John Fortescue wrote, \"Of the performance of Thirteenth, who did not exceed two hundred men, in defeating twice or thrice their numbers single-handed, it is difficult to speak too highly.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Hussars, History, Peninsular War\nThe regiment formed part of Beresford's Allied-Spanish Army at the Battle of Albuera on 16 May 1811. The French army, commanded by Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, Duc de Dalmatie, was attempting to relieve the French garrison of the border fortress of Badajoz. Only after bloody and fierce fighting, and the steadfastness of the British infantry, did the allies carry the day. The regiment, which was unbrigaded, formed part of the cavalry force commanded initially by Brigadier Robert Ballard Long and, later in the battle, by Major General Sir William Lumley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Hussars, History, Peninsular War\nThe regiment also saw action at the Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos in October 1811, at the Siege of Badajoz in March 1812 and, as part of the 2nd Brigade under Colonel Colquohon Grant, at the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813. The regiment advanced into France and fought at the Battle of the Nive in December 1813, at the Battle of Orthez  in February 1814 and at the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Hussars, History, Waterloo\nThe regiment, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Shapland Boyse and forming part of the 7th Cavalry Brigade, but operationally attached to the 5th Cavalry Brigade, next took part in the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. The regiment charged repeatedly during the day and completely routed a square of French infantry. An officer of the 13th wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Hussars, History, Waterloo\nOur last and most brilliant charge, was at the moment that Lord Hill, perceiving the movement of the Prussian army, and finding the French Imperial Guard on the point of forcing a part of the British position, cried out, - \"Drive them back, 13th!\" such an order from such a man, could not be misconstrued, and it was punctually obeyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Hussars, History, Waterloo\nAt that battle the armies of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington and Generalfeldmarschall Gebhard Leberecht von Bl\u00fccher decisively defeated the armies of the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Hussars, History, The Crimean War\nThe regiment next saw action, as part of the light brigade under the command of Major General the Earl of Cardigan, at the Battle of Alma in September 1854. The regiment was in the first line of cavalry on the right flank during the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava in October 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0010-0001", "contents": "13th Hussars, History, The Crimean War\nThe brigade drove through the Russian artillery before smashing straight into the Russian cavalry and pushing them back; it was unable to consolidate its position, however, having insufficient forces and had to withdraw to its starting position, coming under further attack as it did so. The regiment lost three officers and 38 men in the debacle. Lance-Sergeant Joseph Malone of the E Troop was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions during the battle. The regiment also took part in the Battle of Inkerman in November 1854: the regiment played a minor role, although Captain Jenyns complained:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Hussars, History, The Crimean War\nThey put us under a very heavy fire at Inkerman, but luckily for us - and no thanks to any General - we had a slight rise on our flank, which ricocheted the balls just over our heads. Some ship's shells bowled over a few men and horses though. It was useless, as we could not act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Hussars, History, The Crimean War\nThe regiment went on to take part in the Siege of Sevastopol in winter 1854. On 8 April 1861 the regiment was renamed the 13th Hussars and in April 1862 the regiment started wearing hussar clothing. The regiment departed for Canada in September 1866 as part of the response to the Fenian raids and sailed for India in January 1874. Robert Baden-Powell, the future leader of the scouts, joined the regiment in India in 1876. The regiment served in Afghanistan but saw no action during the Second Anglo-Afghan War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Hussars, History, The Second Boer War\nThe regiment arrived in South Africa in December 1899 and took part in the Battle of Colenso during the Second Boer War. It formed part of Colonel Burn-Murdoch\u2019s Brigade and had a minor part in the Relief of Ladysmith in February 1900. The regiment stayed in South Africa throughout the hostilities, which ended with the Peace of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902. Following the end of the war, 556 officers and men of the regiment left South Africa on the SS City of Vienna, which arrived at Southampton in October 1902.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Hussars, History, First World War\nThe regiment, which was based in Meerut in India at the start of the war, landed in Marseille as part of the 7th (Meerut) Cavalry Brigade in the 2nd Indian Cavalry Division in December 1914 for action on the Western Front. The regiment then moved to Mesopotamia, with the same brigade, in July 1916. The regiment took part in the Second Battle of Kut in February 1917, the capture of Baghdad in March 1917 and the Battle of Sharqat in October 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0014-0001", "contents": "13th Hussars, History, First World War\nAt Sharquat the regiment charged the hill where the Turkish guns were, and made a dismounted charge up it with fixed bayonets, successfully capturing the guns: \u0130smail Hakk\u0131 Bey, the Turkish commander, was aware of the peace talks at Mudros, and decided to spare his men rather than fight or break out, surrendering on 30 October 1918. In 1922 the regiment amalgamated with the 18th Royal Hussars to form the 13th/18th Royal Hussars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Hussars, Regimental museum\nThe regimental collection is held by the Discovery Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Hussars, Colonels\nThe colonels of the regiment were as follows:13th Regiment of Dragoons", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0017-0000", "contents": "13th Hussars, Colonels\nA royal warrant provided that in future regiments would not be known by their colonels' names, but by their \"number or rank\" on 1 July 1751", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010629-0018-0000", "contents": "13th Hussars, Colonels\nIn 1922 the regiment amalgamated with the 18th Royal Hussars to form the 13th/18th Royal Hussars", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010630-0000-0000", "contents": "13th IIFA Awards\nThe 2012 IIFA Awards, officially the 13th International Indian Film Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the International Indian Film Academy honouring the films of 2011 took place between 7\u20139 June 2012. The official ceremony took place on 9 June 2012, at the Singapore Indoor Stadium in Singapore for the second time after 2004. The ceremony was televised in India and internationally on Star Plus. Actors Shahid Kapoor and Farhan Akhtar co-hosted the ceremony the first time. The IIFA Red Carpet was hosted by Karan Tacker", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010630-0001-0000", "contents": "13th IIFA Awards\nIn related events, IIFA Rocks, also known as the IIFA Music and Fashion Extravaganza took place on 8 June 2012 at the Esplanade Concert Hall. The event was hosted by Ayushmann Khurrana and Chitrangada Singh. During the event, all technical awards were presented to the winners. On television it aired on 1 & 7 July on popular Hindi Entertainment channel Star Plus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010630-0002-0000", "contents": "13th IIFA Awards, Winners and nominees\nFollowing the IIFA Voting Weekend, which occurred from 31 March \u2013 1 April 2012, the nominees, along with the winners of the technical awards were announced on 4 May 2012 on the IIFA website by Sabbas Joseph, director of Wizcraft International Entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010630-0003-0000", "contents": "13th IIFA Awards, Winners and nominees\nFilms receiving the most nominations were Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara with fourteen, followed by The Dirty Picture with ten. The winners will be announced during the main awards ceremony on 9 June 2012. The technical awards will be given to their respective winners during the IIFA Rocks on 8 June 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010631-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Illinois Cavalry Regiment\nThe 13th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010631-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe original eight companies of the  13th Illinois Cavalry was mustered into service at Camp Douglas between October 30, 1861, and February 20, 1862. Surviving members of the regiment were consolidated into a battalion of three companies on May 20, 1863. Seven new companies were added to the regiment in February, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010631-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 21 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 4 officers and 360 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 385 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010632-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, nicknamed \"Fremont's Grey Hounds,\" was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The Thirteenth was one of the regiments organized under the act known as the Ten Regiment Bill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010632-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th Illinois Infantry was mustered into state service by Captain John Pope, at Camp Dement, Dixon, Illinois, on April 21, 1861, and summoned into Federal service on May 24, 1861, for a three-year term. The Thirteenth was the first Regiment organized from the Second Congressional District of Northern Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010632-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nIn June, the regiment was ordered to Caseyville, Illinois, 10 miles east of St. Louis, and by July 5, had arrived at Rolla, Missouri, where it remained until the spring of 1862. While stationed at Rolla, the regiment was deployed to guard the supply trains to and from General Lyon\u2019s army, from guerrilla bands in that part of the state a small detachment took part at the battle of Wilson\u2019s Creek. The Thirteenth was also part of General Fremont\u2019s force that went to Springfield, Missouri, in the fall of 1861. In 1862 the regiment joined General Curtis\u2019 army at Pea Ridge, Missouri, 250 miles southwest of Rolla, in his march from Pea Ridge to Helena, Arkansas, on the Mississippi River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010632-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was part of General Sherman\u2019s army in his attack on Chickasaw Bayou, and on the first day of battle at the Bayou, Colonel Wyman was killed. The Thirteenth was also present at the capture of Arkansas Post, and was successful in a raid in Greenville, Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010632-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 6 officers and 61 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 5 officers and 123 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 192 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010633-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery\n13th Indiana Battery Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The unit served at the Battle of Munfordville on 14\u201317 October 1862. The battery spent the remainder of the war on garrison duty before being mustered out in July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010633-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on February 22, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010633-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery served unassigned in Kentucky, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. Artillery, 12th Division, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. Ward's Brigade, Post of Gallatin, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to June 1863. Garrison Artillery, Gallatin, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to January 1865. Garrison Artillery, Chattanooga, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010633-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe 13th Indiana Battery Light Artillery mustered out of service on July 10, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010633-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Detailed service\nLeft Indiana for Louisville, Kentucky, February 23, 1862. Served as cavalry in Kentucky from February 1862 to January 1863. Skirmish at Monterey, Owen County, Kentucky, June 11. Operations against Morgan July 4\u201328. Paris, Kentucky, July 19. Siege of Munfordville September 14\u201317. Frankfort October 9. Hartsville, Tennessee, December 7. Garrison Fort Thomas, Gallatin, Tennessee, January 1863 to January 1865, and garrison duty at Chattanooga, Tennessee, until July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010633-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 26 men during service; 7 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 19 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010633-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Armament\nAt the Battle of Munfordville, the 13th Indiana Battery led by Lieutenant Mason was armed with one 12-pounder Napoleon, one 3-inch Ordnance rifle, one M1841 12-pounder howitzer, and one M1841 12-pounder (heavy) field gun. The latter weapon was rarely seen on Civil War battlefields. Its 1,800\u00a0lb (816\u00a0kg) weight meant that eight horses were required to pull the gun, whereas other field artillery pieces only needed six horses. Because of their great weight, most heavy 12-pounders spent the war in fixed fortifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 58], "content_span": [59, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010634-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Battery New York Light Artillery\n13th Independent Battery New York Light Artillery was an artillery battery from New York state that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The battery was organized in October 1861. It fought at Cross Keys and Second Bull Run in 1862. The 13th Battery fought at Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and Chattanooga in 1863. It participated in the Atlanta campaign and fought at Murfreesboro in 1864. The battery was on garrison duty in 1865 and was mustered out in July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010634-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Battery New York Light Artillery, Organization\nOrganized at New York City and mustered in October 15, 1861. Left State for Washington, D.C., October 17. Attached to Baker's Brigade, Stone's Division, Army of the Potomac, to December, 1861. Blenker's Division, Army of the Potomac, to March, 1862. Blenker's 2nd Division 2nd Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April, 1862. Blenker's Division, Dept. of the Mountains, to June, 1862. Reserve Artillery, 1st Corps, Pope's Army of Virginia, to September, 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, 11th Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May, 1863. Artillery Brigade, 11th Army Corps, to October, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 63], "content_span": [64, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010634-0001-0001", "contents": "13th Independent Battery New York Light Artillery, Organization\nArtillery Brigade, 11th Army Corps, Dept. of the Cumberland, to January, 1864. Artillery, 3rd Division, 11th Army Corps, to April, 1864. Artillery, 2nd Division, 20th Army Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to September. 1864. Unattached Artillery, Post of Murfreesboro, Tenn., Dept. of the Cumberland, to December, 1864. Defenses Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, Dept. of the Cumberland, to March, 1865. 2nd Brigade, 1st Sub-District, Middle Tennessee, Dept. of the Cumberland, to July, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 63], "content_span": [64, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010634-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Battery New York Light Artillery, Service\nDuty on the Upper Potomac to December, 1861, and in the Defenses of Washington, D.C., until April, 1862. Operations in the Shenandoah Valley until July. Reconnaissance to Rappahannock River and action at Rappahannock Crossing April 18. Battle of Cross Keys June 8. Occupation of Luray July 22. Pope's Campaign in Northern Virginia August 16-September 2. Fords of the Rappahannock August 21-23. Battles of Groveton August 29; Bull Run August 30. Duty in the Defenses of Washington, D, C., until December. March to Fredericksburg, Va., December 10-16. \"Mud March\" January 20-24, 1863. At Brook's Station until April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010634-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Independent Battery New York Light Artillery, Service\nChancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1-5. Battle of Gettysburg, Pa., July 1-3. Pursuit of Lee July 5-24. Near Bristoe Station until September. Movement to Bridgeport, Ala., September 24-October 4. Reopening Tennessee River October 26-29. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23-27. Orchard Knob November 23-24. Mission Ridge November 24-25. March to relief of Knoxville November 28-December 8. Duty in Lookout Valley until April, 1864. Atlanta (Ga.) Campaign May 1-September 8. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge, Tunnel Hill and Buzzard's Roost Gap May 8-11. Dug Gap or Mill Creek May 8. Battle of Resaca May 14-15. Near Cassville May 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010634-0002-0002", "contents": "13th Independent Battery New York Light Artillery, Service\nNew Hope Church May 25. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church and Allatoona Hills May 26-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kenesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11-14. Lost Mountain June 15-17. Gilgal or Golgotha Church June 15. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kenesaw June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5-17. Peach Tree Creek July 19-20. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2. Ordered to Murfreesboro, Tenn., and duty in that District until July, 1865. Overall's Creek December 4, 1864. Hood's attack on Murfreesboro December 5-12, 1864. Wilkinson's Pike, Murfreesboro, December 7. Mustered out July 28, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 917]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010634-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Battery New York Light Artillery, Service\nBattery lost during service 1 Officer and 11 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 16 Enlisted men by disease. Total 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010634-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Battery New York Light Artillery, Atlanta campaign\nAt the Battle of Kolb's Farm on 22 June 1864, the 13th New York Battery I was posted on a hill on the right of John W. Geary's division. While assisting in the defense of Alpheus S. Williams' division, the guns fired canister and spherical case shot to repulse a Confederate infantry attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 67], "content_span": [68, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010635-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery\nThe 13th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010635-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Service\nThe 13th Independent Battery was mustered into service at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on December 29, 1863, and spent its entire service in garrisons at New Orleans, Louisiana, and Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The battery was mustered out on July 20, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010635-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Total strength and casualties\nThe 13th Independent Battery initially recruited 156 officers and men. An additional 32 men were recruited as replacements, for a total of 188men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 81], "content_span": [82, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010635-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Total strength and casualties\nThe battery suffered 14 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 14 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 81], "content_span": [82, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010636-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Michigan Light Artillery Battery\nThe 13th Independent Michigan Light Artillery Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010636-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Michigan Light Artillery Battery, Service\nBattery \"M\"  was organized at Grand Rapids, Michigan, and mustered into service on January 20, 1864. The battery was mounted and used to fight guerrillas and on patrol duty on February 27, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010636-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Michigan Light Artillery Battery, Total strength and casualties\nOver its existence, the battery carried a total of 257 men on its muster rolls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 80], "content_span": [81, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010636-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Michigan Light Artillery Battery, Total strength and casualties\nThe battery 1 enlisted man killed in action or mortally wounded and 13 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 14fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 80], "content_span": [81, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010637-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Independent Spirit Awards\nThe 13th Independent Spirit Awards, honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 1997, were announced on March 21, 1998. It was hosted by John Turturro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010638-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Indian Cavalry Brigade\nThe 13th Indian Cavalry Brigade was a cavalry brigade of the British Indian Army that formed part of the Indian Army during the First World War. It remained in India throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010638-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Indian Cavalry Brigade, History\nThe 13th Indian Cavalry Brigade was formed under 4th (Quetta) Division in September 1918. It took command of three cavalry regiments, newly formed with squadrons from Egypt:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010638-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Indian Cavalry Brigade, History\nThe brigade remained with the division throughout the First World War. It was commanded from 1 September 1918 by Brigadier-General G.A.H. Beatty. All three constituent regiments were disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010639-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Indian Infantry Brigade\nThe 13th Indian Infantry Brigade was an Infantry formation of the Indian Army during World War II. The brigade was formed in October 1940, at Campbellpore and assigned to the 7th Indian Infantry Division. It was transferred to the 1st Burma Division in July 1941, and after the withdrawal to India renamed the 113th Indian Infantry Brigade in June 1942. In August 1943, the brigade became a dedicated jungle warfare training brigade until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010640-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th Indiana Infantry Regiment, was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during theAmerican Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010640-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment was originally accepted for state service for one year and was organized at Indianapolis for the U.S. service by volunteers from the companies in camp. It was one of the first four regiments volunteering from the state for three years and was mustered on June 19, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010640-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nAttached to Rosecrans' Brigade, McClellan's Army of West Virginia, July 1861. 1st Brigade, Army of Occupation, West Virginia, to September 1861. Reynolds' Cheat Mountain Brigade, West Virginia, to November 1861. Milroy's Command, Cheat Mountain District, West Virginia, to January 1862. 2nd Brigade, Landers' Division, to March 1862. 2nd Brigade, Shields' 2nd Division, Banks' V Corps and Department of the Shenandoah to May 1862. 2nd Brigade, Shields' Division, Department of the Rappahannock, to July 1862. Ferry's 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, IV Corps, Army of the Potomac, to September 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010640-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nFerry's Brigade, Division at Suffolk, Virginia, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, September 1862. Foster's Provisional Brigade, Division at Suffolk, VII Corps, to April 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, VII Corps, to July, 1863. 1st Brigade, Vogdes' Division, Folly Island, South Carolina, X Corps, Department of the South, to January 1864. 1st Brigade, Vogdes Division, Folly Island, South Carolina, Northern District, Department of the South, to February 1864. 1st Brigade, Vogdes' Division, District of Florida, to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, X Corps, Army of the James, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to May 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010640-0002-0002", "contents": "13th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\n2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XVIII Corps, to June 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, X Corps, to December 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIV Corps, to January 1865. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, Terry's Provisional Corps, Department of North Carolina, to March 1865. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, X Corps, Department of North Carolina, to September 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010640-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe 13th Indiana Infantry Regiment left Indiana for West Virginia July 4. Subsequent activity is as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010640-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nJuly 13:  Moved to Beverly, then to Cheat Mountain Pass", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010640-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nJanuary 1\u20134:  Skirmishes at Bath, Hancock, Great Cacapon Bridge, Alpine Station and Sir John's Run", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010640-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nJuly 1\u20137:  Expedition from White House to South Anna Bridge", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010640-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nuntil February 1864:  Siege operations against Fort Wagner, Morris Island and against Fort Sumpter and Charleston, SC", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010640-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMay 4\u201328:  Ordered to Hilton Head, SC; then to Gloucester Point, VA. Butler's operations on Southside of the James River and against Petersburg and Richmond, Va., .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010640-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMay 28-June 1:  Moved to White House, then to Cold Harbor", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010640-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nJune 16 to December 6: Siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010640-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAugust 13\u201320:  Demonstration north of the James at Deep Bottom .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010640-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nNovember 4\u201317:  Detached duty at New York City during Election of 1864", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010640-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe original strength of the regiment was 1,047. Gain by recruits, 192; reenlistments, 148; unassigned recruits, 40; total, 1,427. The loss of death, 136; desertion, 103; unaccounted for 25. At its reorganization, the original strength was 980. Gain by recruits, 166; total 1,146. The loss of death, 98; desertion, 1; unaccounted for, 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010640-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 13th Indiana Infantry lost during service 3 officers and 104 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 2 officers and 146 enlisted men by disease. Total 255.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010641-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Brigade (Hungary)\nThe 13th Infantry Brigade was a formation of the Royal Hungarian Army that participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010642-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 13th Infantry Brigade was a regular infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service during both the First and the Second World Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010642-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nThe 13th Brigade was temporarily under the command of 28th Division between 23 February and 7 April 1915, when it was replaced by 84th Brigade from that Division and moved to the regular 5th Division. It served on the Western Front for most of the war except for a brief period in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010642-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe brigade was sent to France in mid-September 1939, initially as an independent formation, where it became part of the British Expeditionary Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010642-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nAfter the retreat from France the brigade reformed in the United Kingdom. In April\u2013May 1942 13th Brigade, after leaving the United Kingdom along with the rest of the division, was involved in the landings on Vichy held French Madagascar in 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010642-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe brigade, with the rest of 5th Infantry Division, fought in the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Italian Campaign where Sergeant Maurice Albert Windham Rogers of the 2nd Battalion, Wiltshire Regiment was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross in 1944, the first and only VC to be awarded to the brigade and division during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010642-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nIn 1945 the 5th Infantry Division was transferred to the British Second Army participate in the final stages of the North West Europe Campaign where they invaded Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010642-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe brigade was part of the 5th Division throughout the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010642-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Order of battle\nThe 13th Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010642-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Order of battle\nBetween 23 April and 19 May 1942 the following units were under command of the brigade for operations in Madagascar:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010642-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the 13th Brigade during its existence:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010643-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division \"Re\"\nThe 13th Infantry Division \"Re\" (Italian: 13\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Re\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Re was formed in June 1939 in Friuli and entitled to the King (Italian: Re). After the Armistice of Cassibile some units of the division participated in the defense of Rome during Operation Achse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010643-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division \"Re\", Actions\nDivision Re was deployed with security duties 10 June 1940, in Cerkno - Idrija - \u010crni Vrh, Idrija - Most na So\u010di region. It remained in area until 28 March 1941, than it was assigned to the front line with the defensive duty. When the Invasion of Yugoslavia has started 6 April 1941, the Re division has rapidly captured Stregna. From 6 April 1941 until 10 April 1941, it overcome the heavy resistance at Ravnik pri Hotedr\u0161ici to capture Ledine, Idrija and Pe\u010dnik. 11 April 1941, the Yugoslavian resistance has collapsed, and Re division was able to capture \u017diri and Goropeke. 14 April 1941, the \"Re\" division has entered Ljubjana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010643-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division \"Re\", Actions, Anti-Partisan Operations in Croatia\nFrom May, 1941, it was transferred to an occupation force in Croatia. The battles with Yugoslav Partisans of increasing intensity were fought in November\u2013December 1941 at \u0160tirova\u010da forest, Divoselo (Croatia), and \u017duta Lokva, resulting ultimately in the Battle of the Neretva. It was fought initially at Gospi\u0107, Oto\u010dac and Biha\u0107. The Yugoslav Partisans has launched a major assault on Korenica and Udbina from 2 January until 15 January 1942. These attacks were fended off by division Re, and in February\u2013March, 1942, it participated in the mopping-up operation in the same area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010643-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Infantry Division \"Re\", Actions, Anti-Partisan Operations in Croatia\nThe culmination of Battle of the Neretva for division Re was the Operation K, between 23 \u2013 28 March 1942, carried out over six days by the Italian V Corps. The objective was to break through to and relieve the surrounded garrisons in Titova Korenica, Udbina and Donji Lapac the operation was successful and the division suffered only light casualties. In April, 1942, the Yugoslav Partisans has launched an assault on Mogori\u0107 and Biha\u0107. Pressure was such what he garrison of Biha\u0107 had to be  evacuated in June, 1942. All lost positions were recovered by the end of June, 1942, after fierce fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010643-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division \"Re\", Actions, Anti-Partisan Operations in Croatia\nFrom July, 1942, the Re division was transferred to Slovenia border to help in mopping-up. Operation Provincia di Lubiana between 12 July \u2013 7 August 1942, was an anti-partisan operation to clear Partisans from the mountainous area north west of Delnice near the border with Slovenia. The objective was to destroy their supply bases and alienate the local population against the partisans. The operation was part of a larger anti-partisan operation. The Division carried out a scorched earth campaign by destroying the local harvest, burning 1,000 homes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010643-0003-0001", "contents": "13th Infantry Division \"Re\", Actions, Anti-Partisan Operations in Croatia\nThey were also involved in the murder of 200 civilians and interning another 2,500 men and women in a concentration camp. In August, 1942, the fighting has continued near Kri\u017epolje and Markovac hills near Dubica, Bosnia-Herzegovina. In September, 1942, further fighting has happened in Saborsko municipality near Li\u010dka Jesenica village, and in Pla\u0161ki, Dabar, Lika-Senj County, Le\u0161\u0107e (near Oto\u010dac). In October, 1942, the Re division have stormed a major partisan camp at Kr\u0161, Croatia. Further defensive battles has continued between Gra\u010dac and Medak, Croatia to defend a railroad line Ogulin-Split, Croatia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010643-0003-0002", "contents": "13th Infantry Division \"Re\", Actions, Anti-Partisan Operations in Croatia\nIn January, 1943 the battle with Yugoslav Partisans has continued in Kapela Koreni\u010dka, Croatia. In February - March, 1943, the focus of fighting has shifted to Jelovi vrh in Lika-Senj County and to Pavlova\u010dka Draga in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Afterward, the intensity of fighting was reduced, and the division Re was ordered to return to Italy 28 August 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010643-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division \"Re\", Actions, Back to Italy\nThe division Re was officially dissolved on 8 September 1943, but some divisional sub-units participated in defence of Rome 8\u201310 September 1943. All units and sub-units of the division eventually surrendered to the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010643-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division \"Re\", CROWCASS\nThe names of three Italian men attached to the 'Re' Division can be found in the CROWCASS List established by the Anglo-American Allies of the individuals wanted by Yugoslavia for war crimes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010644-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Belgium)\nThe 13th Infantry Division (13de Infanterie Divisie) was an infantry division of the Belgian Army that fought in the Battle of Belgium against the Wehrmacht during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010644-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War Two\nLike the 15th Division, part of the same IV Corps, the 18th was composed entirely of regiments of the older reserve. As such, it mostly lacked heavy weaponry such as AA guns and anti-tank artillery. Its infantry units were equipped with antiquated weapons of World War One vintage. Therefore, the 18th was, at the start of the campaign deployed alongside the canal of Schoten-Dessel as a covering force for the Albert Canal line. Even in this role, the entire division was deemed to strong, so that one infantry regiment (the 3rd Grenadiers) was transferred to the coast and another was used as reserve for the Corps. Some mobile units from other formations were attached to make it fit for a more mobile role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010644-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War Two\nAt the start of hostilities, the 18th was supposed to blow the bridges of the Schoten-Dessel Canal to slow down the German advance. But when the war started on may 10th, General Six got word the French 7th Army would pass through its sector to assist the Dutch. Still, the bridges east of Turnhout were destroyed, much to the dismay of the French, who would arrive by the evening at the canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010644-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War Two\nDue to the arrival of the French, the 18th Division was ordered to stay longer at the canal then planned. As the 7th Army deployed, General Six was to co-ordinate his efforts with those of the French. At the same time, the first German scouts crossed the Dutch border into Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010644-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War Two\nFirst contact was made by the 3rd Carabiniers near Arendonk on the 12th. Meanwhile, General Six found out the bridges over the Albert Canal were blown up, effectively cutting his prepared lines of retreat. By the 13th the 3rd Carabiniers were engaged in a pitched battle at the Schoten-Dessel Canal. By nightfall, the order for a general retreat to the Antwerp position was given. One battalion of the 3rd did not receive the orders in time and was largely captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010644-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War Two\nAfter breakthrough at Sedan, orders came for a second retreat towards Ghent. There, it was to take position between Oostakker and Destelbergen, effectively covering the eastern approaches to the city. By that time, there were signs discipline was starting to fray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010644-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War Two\nAt the 21st, the 39th was engaged for the first time against German scouts. But the following day, as the Germans reached the English Channel, orders came for yet another retreat towards the Lys River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010644-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War Two\nAgain the weaker 18th was to play a covering role, taking position in Ghent itself. While the 3rd and the 39th took op position, the Germans send several negotiators under the cover of a white flag to demand the surrender of the city. Egged on by unwilling city-dwellers and local police officers, several units of these regiments surrendered en masse, defying the orders of their superior officers. Only a few battalions of each regiment conducted a retreat to the Lys river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010644-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War Two\nStill, due to the breakthrough of the Germans at the Lys near Kortrijk, the weakened 18th was ordered into action at the former sector of the 9th Division near Ursel. Parts of that Division were withdrawn in an attempt to contain that breakthrough. As the 18th took up position next to the 7th  Chasseurs, it quickly came under sustained artillery fire suggesting the Germans would soon attack their sector in force, too.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010644-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War Two\nOn the 26th of may, that attack came indeed. By noon, the Germans gained a foothold on the Belgian side of the Lys canal and pressed on towards Maldegem. An attempt at counterattack by the remaining 39th was easily stopped in its tracks by the quick German advance. By the end of the day what was left of the Division pulled back to Maldegem where a last ditch defense of the town followed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010644-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War Two\nBy the Belgian surrender on the 28th of May, at least 101 officers, NCO and enlisted were killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010644-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Belgium), Structure 1940\nStructure of the division at the eve of the Battle of Belgium:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010645-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Greece)\nThe 13th Infantry Division (Greek: XIII \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd, XIII \u039c\u03a0; XIII Merarchia Pezikou, XIII MP) was an infantry division of the Hellenic Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010645-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Greece)\nThe 13th Infantry Division was established in December 1913, during the reorganization of the Hellenic Army that followed the Balkan Wars. Its headquarters was at Chalkis in central Greece, comprising the 2nd and 3rd infantry regiments, as well as the 5/42 Evzone Regiment. The division formed part of the Athens-based I Army Corps. As a result of the National Schism, the division was disbanded in 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010645-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Greece)\nAs part of the reconstituted I Corps, the division fought in the Strymon River sector of the Macedonian Front during the final stages of World War I, in the summer of 1918. In early 1919, the division formed part of the Greek expeditionary force sent to support the Allied intervention in Southern Russia. After being withdrawn from Russia, in June 1919 the division was sent along with the rest of I Corps to take up occupation duties in the Smyrna Zone. The division was headquartered at Manisa. It participated in all subsequent operations of the Asia Minor Campaign in 1920\u20131922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010645-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Greece)\nIn the interwar period, due to the reduction in the size of the army, the division was disbanded, until the December 1939 changes to the mobilization plan, which re-established the 13th Division at Mytilene, in the eastern Aegean island of Lesbos, under the V Army Corps. During the Greco-Italian War of 1940\u201341, the 13th Division fought as part of the III Army Corps and the Western Macedonia Army Section. With the capitulation of the Greek army following the German invasion of Greece in April 1941, the division was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010646-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Poland)\n13th Kresy Infantry Division (Polish: 13 Kresowa Dywizja Piechoty French: 13e Division d'Infanterie de Kresy) was a unit of the Polish Army in the interbellum period. Its origins go back to the World War I, when in June 1918 the 1st Division of Polish Rifles (1 Dywizja Strzelc\u00f3w Polskich, 1re Division de Fusils Polonais) was formed in the French town of Villers-Marmery. On July 8, 1918, the Division consisted of 227 officers and 10.000 soldiers, and it had been planned to be used in French attack on the German town of Saarbr\u00fccken, in the fall of 1918. Armistice, signed in November 1918, changed those plans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010646-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Poland)\nOn September 9, 1919, the unit, after having been transformed to Poland, was renamed by J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski into 13th Infantry Division. Soon afterwards, it took part in the Polish-Soviet War, after which it was garrisoned in Rowne and other Volhynian towns, such as Dubno, Brody, Lutsk and Wlodzimierz Wolynski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010646-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Poland), Invasion of Poland\nThe Division, under Colonel Wladyslaw Zubosz-Kalinski, was mobilised on August 14 and 15, 1939. A few days later it was transported by rail to the area of Bydgoszcz, where it became part of the Prusy Army and was transferred south, near the central Poland's rail junction of Koluszki. There, it remained as a rear unit, the last Polish division defending access to Warsaw. On September 6\u20137 it was engaged in bitter fights with German XVI Armored Corps of General Erich Hoepner. With help from Luftwaffe, units of the German 4th Armored Division managed to break through Polish positions and capture Tomasz\u00f3w Mazowiecki. During the night of September 7\u20138, most of the soldiers of the 13th Infantry Division panicked and deserted, those who remained, managed to cross the Vistula on September 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010646-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Poland), Invasion of Poland\nOn the eastern shore of the river, the Division's remnants were recreated by Colonel Waclaw Szalewicz and renamed as the 13th Infantry Brigade. This unit fought German 7th Infantry Division near Przemy\u015bl and Jaros\u0142aw. The 2000 soldiers of the recreated division that remained in central Poland tried to fight their way towards besieged Warsaw, but were stopped by the Wehrmacht during a night battle in Falenica, a suburb of Warsaw, on September 19, 1939. Only 150 soldiers of the division were able to reach the capital of Poland, before it capitulated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010647-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 13th Infantry Division (Russian: 13-\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, 13-ya Pekhotnaya Diviziya) was an infantry formation of the Russian Imperial Army that existed in various formations from the early 19th century until the end of World War I and the Russian Revolution. The division was based in Sevastopol in the years leading up to 1914. It fought in World War I and was demobilized in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010647-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Division (Russian Empire), Organization\nThe 13th Infantry Division was part of the 7th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010648-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:56, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010648-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 13th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Imperial Japanese Army. The regiment was attached to the 6th Infantry Brigade of the 6th Division and participated during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The regiment fought in the later stages of World War II, assigned to the Japanese Seventeenth Army at Bougainville Island in the Solomon Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010649-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (Poland)\n13th Children of Krakow Infantry Regiment (Polish language: 13 Pulk Piechoty Dzieci Krakowa, 13 pp) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army. It existed from 1918 until 1939. Garrisoned first in Krakow, then in Krzemieniec and in 1921 - 1939 in Pultusk, the unit belonged to the 8th Infantry Division from Modlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010649-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Beginnings\nThe regiment was formed on November 7, 1918, in the village of Madefalda, located in Hungarian Transilvania. On that day, soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian 13th Infantry Regiment, which consisted mostly of ethnic Poles (80%), decided to turn their unit into the 13th Polish Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010649-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Beginnings\nOn November 13, the unit reached Krakow by rail, without its weapons and food, which had been taken from them by the Czechs and the Hungarians. At the same time, reserve battalion of the Austro-Hungarian 13th Infantry Regiment, stationed in Olomouc, also pledged its allegiance to the newly restored Poland, and brought to Krakow its money, weapons, ammunition and uniforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010649-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Beginnings\nFollowing the order of the Polish Military Command of Krakow (Polska Komenda Wojskowa), the 8th Infantry Regiment, consisting of Poles who had served in Austro-Hungarian forces, was formed in mid-November 1918. The new unit took the barracks of King Jan III Sobieski, and pledged allegiance to Poland in late November in Wawel Castle. On February 8, 1919, the regiment, renamed into the 13th Infantry Regiment, was sent to Lwow, to fight in the Polish-Ukrainian War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010649-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Wars of 1919 - 1921\nDuring the Polish-Soviet War, the regiment, which belonged to the 8th Infantry Division, was part of the XV Infantry Brigade. On August 14, 1920, it attacked Soviet positions near Ossow (see Battle of Ossow).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010649-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Wars of 1919 - 1921\nOn September 16, 1920, the regiment, commanded by Captain Jan Gabrys, fought in the Battle of Dytiatyn, known in Polish as Thermopylae. Out of approximately 200 soldiers who defended Hill 385, 97 were killed, and another 86 were wounded. In 1930, a church monument was built in the location of the tomb of the soldiers of the regiment. The church was destroyed by Soviet authorities after 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010649-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Second Polish Republic\nAfter the war, the regiment was briefly stationed in Lubar, to be transferred to Krzemieniec, on December 2, 1920. In March 1921, it was moved to its permanent location at Pultusk. During the 1926 May Coup (Poland), it supported the forces of Jozef Pilsudski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010649-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Second Polish Republic\nMobilized in August 1939, the regiment was part of its 8th Infantry Division, Modlin Army, and initially fought in the area of Pultusk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010649-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Symbols\nThe flag, funded by the residents of the Counties of Pultusk and Makow Mazowiecki, was handed to the regiment on November 3, 1923 in Pultusk, by President Stanislaw Wojciechowski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010649-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Symbols\nThe badge was approved in October 1928. It was in the shape of the cross, with a silver Polish Eagle, and the inscription 13 PP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010650-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 13th Infantry Regiment (\"First at Vicksburg\") is a United States Army infantry regiment whose battalions are currently tasked as basic training battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010650-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nDuring the first post-war expansion of the United States Army following independence, a 13th Regiment of Infantry was formed on 16 July 1798, and was mustered out 11 January 1800. The second 13th Infantry was constituted 11 January 1812. Following the War of 1812 the 13th Infantry was consolidated on 7 May 1815, with the 4th, 9th, 21st, 40th, and 46th Regiments into a new 5th Infantry Regiment whose lineage continues to the present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010650-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nA new, third 13th Infantry Regiment was constituted in May 1861 when the Army expanded the Regular Army during the Civil War. General William Tecumseh Sherman was the colonel of the regiment and Philip Sheridan was one of its captains. It was organized as one of the nine \"three-battalion\" regiments of regulars, each battalion containing eight companies of infantry, in contrast to the original ten regular regiments of infantry, which were organized on the traditional ten-company line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010650-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nDuring the American Civil War, the unit earned its motto \"First at Vicksburg\". It participated in the battles of Hayes Bluffs, Champion Hill, Black River, and on 19 May 1863 took part in the assault at Vicksburg. The 13th Regiment was the only Union unit to plant its colors on the Confederate positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010650-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nFollowing the Civil War, the army was reorganized by Congress in July 1866, and the 13th was divided into three regiments, each battalion receiving two additional companies and being organized along traditional lines. The 1st Battalion retained the designation of the 13th Infantry, while the 2nd Battalion became the 22nd Infantry and the 3rd Battalion the 31st Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010650-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nFrom 1867\u201371 the regiment fought in the Indian Wars in Montana and North Dakota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010650-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nIn 1897 the 13th US Infantry had been filmed at Fort Jay on Governors Island, New York where they were posted in the years before World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010650-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nIn June 1898 the regiment was sent to Cuba and led the 1st Infantry's attack on San Juan Hill, capturing the Spanish flag. Major William Auman was the first commanding officer to reach the top of San Juan Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010650-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe regiment saw combat in the Philippines during the Philippine\u2013American War, and was assigned to the 8th Infantry Division in June 1918. As a member of this organization, the regiment did not participate in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010650-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nIn 1939 the regiment was ordered to the Panama Canal Zone and a year later, after having been disbanded, was reconstituted at Camp Jackson, South Carolina. The regiment found itself fighting through the hedgerows of France in July 1944 as a member of the 8th Infantry Division and led the drive to the Aa River. The regiment spent ten months in combat in Normandy, Northern France, The Rhineland and Central Europe. It occupied a position on the Siegfried Line and was involved in the Battle for Brest and the Battle of Hurtgen Forest. Private First Class Walter C. Wetzel was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for sacrificing his life to save his comrades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010650-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nFollowing World War II the unit was inactivated at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri on 18 November 1945. On 17 August 1949 the regiment was activated once again at Fort Jackson, South Carolina as part of the 8th Infantry Division where it remained until 1 August 1954. The 8th Infantry Division was transferred to Fort Carson, Colorado and the 13th went with it where it resumed its training mission. In 1955 the 8th ID was designated an Operation Gyroscope division and as part of the division the 13th completed its last training cycle in December, 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010650-0010-0001", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nIn January the regiment began to get permanent party personnel and new recruits,  Basic training for these recruits began in mid February and segued immediately into advanced training. Both training blocks were completed by mid June and the regiment achieved \"combat ready\" status. The regiment under the command of Ellis W. Williamson left Fort Carson for its new assignment in Germany where it replaced the 47th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division. Regimental headquarters and the 3rd Battalion were stationed at Wiley Barracks in Neu Ulm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010650-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nIn August 1957 the regiment was reorganised under the Pentomic system as the 1st Battle Group, 13th Infantry Regiment and the old guidons (for A through M companies) were retired and new ones for the 1st Battle Group were issued. In January, 1958 the 1st Battle Group, 13th Infantry Regiment moved from Neu Ulm to Sandhofen. The First Battalion was posted to Baumholder whilst the Second Battalion was posted to Mannheim and remained there until 1 August 1984 when it was inactivated and relieved from assignment to the 8th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010650-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nOn 27 February 1988, the 13th Infantry Regiment was transferred to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command and reorganized at Fort Jackson, South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010650-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nCurrently, the 1st, 2d, and 3d Battalions of the 13th Infantry Regiment, as part of the 193d Infantry Brigade, conduct Basic Combat Training at Fort Jackson, South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010650-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Infantry Regiment (United States), Forty Rounds\nThe regiment's motto started as a greeting by members of the unit during the American Civil War. A soldier of the 13th Regiment was asked what his Corps badge was. The Union Army XV Corps did not have a badge at this point yet, so the soldier replied by tapping his cartridge box saying \"Forty rounds in the cartridge box and twenty in the pocket!\". Later, the story came to the attention of General John A. Logan, who ordered a cartridge box with the lettering \"40 rounds\" to be used in the Corps insigna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010651-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Intelligence Squadron\nThe 13th Intelligence Squadron (13 IS) is part of the 548th Intelligence Group at Beale Air Force Base. It is one of the exploitation units for the Lockheed U-2 (operated out of Beale AFB), MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper (operated out of Nellis, NV) and RQ-4 Global Hawk (operated by the 12th Reconnaissance Squadron, also at Beale AFB) unmanned aircraft conducting reconnaissance and surveillance missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010651-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Intelligence Squadron, Mission\nThe mission of the 13 IS is to operate Distributed Ground Station-2 (DGS-2), and conduct exploitation of intelligence data collected by the U-2 and Global Hawk and Predator unmanned aerial vehicles, while providing actionable, multisource combat intelligence to combatant commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010651-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Intelligence Squadron, History\nActivated in 1994, the 13th has exploited intelligence from the deployable, long-endurance RQ-4 Global Hawk (which is operated by the 12th Reconnaissance Squadron to fulfill training and operational requirements generated by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in support of unified commanders and the Secretary of Defense).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010651-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Intelligence Squadron, History, Organization\nThe 13th Intelligence Squadron's history dates to the Second World War. Originally constituted on 1 February 1945, as the 13th Photographic Technical Unit at Maastricht, the Netherlands, in April 1945, the unit reported to France. In May 1945 following allied advances, the 13th reported to Germany where it was assigned to the 363rd Tactical Reconnaissance Group. On 20 November 1945, at the close of World War II, the 13th was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010651-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Intelligence Squadron, History, Organization\nThe unit was reactivated as the 13th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron on 10 April 1963 at Ton Son Nhut Airfield, Republic of Vietnam. The 13th conducted tactical reconnaissance photo-processing and exploitation focused on Vietnam. On 15 June 1967, the unit moved to Clark Air Base, Philippines until it was again inactivated on 15 June 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010651-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Intelligence Squadron, History, Organization\nIn 1992, the 548th Air Intelligence Group (AIG), Detachment 1 was activated at Beale Air Force Base, California to prepare a site for the Contingency Airborne Reconnaissance System (CARS), Deployable Ground Station Two (DGS-2). On 29 September 1994, the 548th AIG, Det 1 was re-designated the 13th Intelligence Squadron. At that point, the unit was charged with conducting near-real-time imagery exploitation and all-source analysis of U-2 derived intelligence. Using state-of-the-art ground and satellite relays, DGS-2 crews pioneered the practice of \"reach-back\" collection, using sensors on board a U-2 aircraft operating half-way around the world as if they were virtually on board the aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010651-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Intelligence Squadron, History, Organization\nIn August 1995, the 13th IS, as part of DGS-2, supported Operation DELIBERATE FORCE, a brief NATO air campaign in the former Yugoslav republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina. In November 1995, DGS-2 participated in Operation JOINT GUARDIAN supporting multi-national peacekeeping forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Because of its outstanding performance, completing over 450 successful missions, the 13th Intelligence Squadron was awarded the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency's National Intelligence Meritorious Unit Citation for 1996 and 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010651-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Intelligence Squadron, History, Organization\nIn January 1998, the 13th IS conducted the first Joint Chiefs of Staff operational tasking utilizing the Extended Tether Program (ETP) architecture. ETP provided DGS-2 with a worldwide, quickly deployable two-way satellite link to the U-2 aircraft. The operation, known as Operation BITTER DISTANT, was a counter-drug operation in the USSOUTHCOM area of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010651-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Intelligence Squadron, History, Organization\nIn October 1998, DGS-2 began round-the-clock surveillance and reconnaissance operations to monitor the deteriorating situation in Kosovo. On 24 March 1999, NATO-led Operation ALLIED FORCE was launched with the aim of expelling Serbian forces from the province of Kosovo. DGS-2 participated in this operation for its duration, supporting 190 U-2 sorties over 78 days. In addition, DGS-2 conducted processing, exploitation, and dissemination for the Predator unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) during the first combat employment of a UAV to laser designate targets for precision-guided munitions. DGS-2 is credited with the destruction of 39 SAM systems and 28 aircraft during this operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010651-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Intelligence Squadron, Awards and decorations\nAir Force Outstanding Unit Award with Valor and 8 Oak Leaf Clusters", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010652-0000-0000", "contents": "13th International Emmy Awards\nThe 13th Annual International Emmy Awards took place on November 28, 1985, in New York City, United States. The awards were presented by the International Council of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010652-0001-0000", "contents": "13th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nThe Renowned producer David Attenborough and ABC Board Chairman Leonard Goldenson received special awards, while programs from the UK won four of the five categories at the 13th Annual International Emmy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010652-0002-0000", "contents": "13th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nOnly Das Boot, the German program which was nominated for six Oscars, broke the British dominations of the awards. Das Boot won as Outstanding drama series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010652-0003-0000", "contents": "13th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nAttenborough was presented the Founder's Award. The award has been presented only five times in 13 years. Goldenson received the Directorate \"for lifetime of dedication to the pursuit of excelence in broadcasting.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010652-0004-0000", "contents": "13th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nIn addition to Das Boot, the winners in documentary category was 28 Up, and Omnibus: The Treble, in category performing arts. The winners were selected from 166 entries from 22 countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010653-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Iowa Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th Iowa Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010653-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th Iowa Infantry was organized at Davenport, Iowa, and mustered in for three years of Federal service  between October 18 and November 2, 1861. Its troops came primarily from the Iowa counties of Linn, Jasper, Marion, Lucas, Keokuk, Scott, Polk, Benton, Marshall and Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010653-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Iowa Brigade\nAfter the battle of Shiloh, the Thirteenth Iowa was assigned to the Third Brigade of the Sixth Division. The Brigade was composed of the Eleventh, Thirteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth regiments of Iowa Infantry, and was under command of Colonel Crocker. This organization remained intact until the close of the war. Except when upon detached duty, the operations of each of the regiments were identified very largely with those of the brigade, and, therefore, the history of each of these four Iowa regiments is almost inseparably interwoven with that of the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010653-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Capture of Columbia\nOn the 16th of February, 1865, the army, under General Sherman, came in sight of Columbia, South Carolina. Between the 17th corps and the city flowed the swift current of the Congaree River, with a rocky and dangerous channel. The sight of the capital of the state, where secession was cradled, and the state house where the first secession convention met, was calculated to stir to its depths the patriotic spirit of every soldier that looked upon them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010653-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Capture of Columbia\nCol. Kennedy was undoubtedly the first man to suggest the possibility of crossing the stream and entering the city. He could have made the suggestion to no soldier more daring and enterprising than his brigade commander, Gen.Wm. W. Belknap, who approved of the attempt and ordered its execution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010653-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Capture of Columbia\nThe members of the 13th Iowa and the brigade have never claimed that they captured Columbia, but only that while the army was preparing to cross over the river on pontoons and in the usual and regular way take the city, these impetuous soldiers, without formal orders from army headquarters, but under orders from the orders and approval of their brigade commander, made a movement of their own, full of risk and daring, and gained the city first and planted their colors on both the old and new capital buildings.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010653-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe 13th Iowa mustered 1788 men at one time or another during its existence. It suffered 5 officers and 114 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 4 officers and 205 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 328 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010654-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Irish Film & Television Awards\nThe 13th IFTA Film & Drama Awards took place at the Mansion House on 9 April 2016 in Dublin, honouring Irish film and television released in 2015. Deirdre O'Kane hosted the film awards ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010654-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Irish Film & Television Awards, Film Awards\nThe nominations for the IFTA Film & Drama Awards were announced on 14 March 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010655-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Japan Film Professional Awards\nThe 13th Japan Film Professional Awards (\u7b2c13\u56de\u65e5\u672c\u6620\u753b\u30d7\u30ed\u30d5\u30a7\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u5927\u8cde) is the 13th edition of the Japan Film Professional Awards. It awarded the best of 2003 in film. The ceremony did not take place in this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010656-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Japan Record Awards\nThe 13th Annual Japan Record Awards took place at the Imperial Garden Theater in Chiyoda, Tokyo, on December 31, 1971, starting at 7:00PM JST. The primary ceremonies were televised in Japan on TBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010657-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Jutra Awards\nThe 13th Jutra Awards were held on March 13, 2011 to honour films made with the participation of the Quebec film industry in 2010. Nominations were announced on February 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010658-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Kansas Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th Kansas Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010658-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th Kansas Infantry Regiment was organized on September 10, 1862, at Camp Stanton in Atchison, Kansas. It mustered in on September 20, 1862, for three years under the command of Colonel Thomas Mead Bowen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010658-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Army of the Frontier, Department of Missouri, to February 1863. District of Southwest Missouri, Department of Missouri, to June 1863. District of the Frontier, Department of Missouri, to December 1863. 3rd Brigade, District of the Frontier, Department of Missouri, to January 1864. 3rd Brigade, District of the Frontier, VII Corps, Department of Arkansas, to February 1865. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, VII Corps, February 1865. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, VII Corps, February 1865. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, VII Corps, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010658-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th Kansas Infantry mustered out at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, on June 26, 1865, and was discharged on July 13, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010658-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAction at Newtonia, Missouri, September 29, 1862. Occupation of Newtonia October 4. March to Old Fort Wayne, arriving October 29. Cane Hill November 28. Battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas, December 7. Expedition over Boston Mountains to Van Buren, Arkansas, Dec. 27-31. Capture of Van Buren December 29. March to Springfield, Missouri, January 7, 1863, and duty there until May. March to Fort Scott, Kansas, May 19\u201329, thence to Drywood, and duty there until August. Blunt's Campaign August 3\u201331. Capture of Fort Smith. To Webber Falls, Cherokee Nation, arriving August 31, and duty there until September 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010658-0004-0001", "contents": "13th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMarch to Scullyville, Cherokee Nation, and outpost and scout duty there until October 1. March to Van Buren, Arkansas, and duty there until February 1865. (Companies B, E, and F on garrison duty at Fort Smith March 1864 to February 1865.) Companies A, C, D, G, H, and I ordered to Little Rock February 3, 1865, and provost and garrison duty there until June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010658-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 129 men during service; 3 officers and 19 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 106 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010659-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th Kansas Militia Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010659-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th Kansas Militia Infantry was called into service on October 9, 1864. It was disbanded on October 29, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010659-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe unit was called into service to defend Kansas against Maj. Gen. Sterling Price's raid. The regiment saw action at Byram's Ford, Big Blue, October 22. Westport October 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010660-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 13th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010660-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 13th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment was organized at Columbia, Kentucky and mustered in for one year on December 22, 1863, under the command of Colonel James W. Weatherford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010660-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of South Central Kentucky, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Department of the Ohio, to January 1864. District of Southwest Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, District of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to July 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, District of Kentucky, to January 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010660-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 13th Kentucky Cavalry mustered out of service at Camp Nelson on January 10, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010660-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nDuty at Lebanon and protecting country south of Lebanon until June 1864. Cumberland River, Kentucky, November 26, 1863. Creelsborough and Celina December 7. Cumberland River March 19, 1864. Obey's River March 28 (detachment). Expedition to Obey's River April 18\u201320. Wolf River May 18. Operations against Morgan May 31-June 30. Cynthiana June 12. Liberty June 17. Canton and Roaring Springs August 22. At Camp Burnside August 26-September 16. Ordered to Mt. Sterling September 16. Burbridge's Expedition into southwest Virginia September 20-October 17. Saltville, Virginia, October 2. At Mt. Sterling, Lexington and Crab Orchard, Kentucky, until December 17. At Camp Nelson until January 10, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010660-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 94 men during service; 1 officer and 9 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 83 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010661-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Kentucky Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. A soldier from the 13th appears in the third chapter of MacKinlay Kantor's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel \"Andersonville\" (1955).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010661-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Hobson near Greensburg, Kentucky, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on December 10, 1861, under the command of Colonel Edward Henry Hobson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010661-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 16th Brigade, Army of the Ohio, December 1861. 11th Brigade, 1st Division, Army of the Ohio, to March 1862. 11th Brigade, 5th Division, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. 11th Brigade, 5th Division, II Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, Left Wing, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to December 1862. District of West Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to August 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, to April 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, to June 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, to January 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010661-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th Kentucky Infantry mustered out of service on January 12, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010661-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty on Green River, Ky., until February 1862. March to Bowling Green, Ky.; thence to Nashville, Tenn., February 15-March 8, and to Savannah, Tenn., March 18-April 6. Battle of Shiloh, April 7. Advance on and siege of Corinth, Miss., April 29-May 30. Pursuit to Booneville May 30-June 12. Buell's Campaign in northern Alabama and middle Tennessee June to August. March to Nashville, Tenn.; thence to Louisville, Ky., in pursuit of Bragg, August 21-September 26. Pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1\u201322. Nelson's Cross Roads October 18. Duty at Munfordville and other points in Kentucky November 1862 to August 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010661-0004-0001", "contents": "13th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOperations against Morgan December 22, 1862, to January 2, 1863. Boston December 29, 1862. Burnside's march over Cumberland Mountains and campaign in eastern Tennessee August 16-October 17. At Loudon, Tenn., September 4 to November 14. Ruff's Ferry November 14. Near Loudon and Holston River November 15. Siege of Knoxville November 17-December 5. Near Lexington December 15. Scott's Mill Road, near Knoxville, January 27, 1864. Duty in eastern Tennessee until April. March to Chattanooga, April. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge and Dalton May 5\u201313. Buzzard's Roost Gap May 8\u20139. Dalton May 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010661-0004-0002", "contents": "13th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Cassville May 19. Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Ackworth June 2. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317, Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes' Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Chattahoochie River July 6\u201317. Decatur July 19. Howard House July 20. Battle of Atlanta July 22. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Ordered to Kentucky September, and duty at Bowling Green until January 1865. Ordered to Louisville, Ky., and mustered out January 12, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010661-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 245 men during service; 8 officers and 50 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 6 officers and 181 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010662-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Kisei\nThe 13th Kisei was a Go competition that took place in 1989. Koichi Kobayashi won the title 4 games to 1 over Masaki Takemiya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010662-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Kisei, Finals\nThis Go-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010663-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Kral TV Video Music Awards\nThe 13th Kral TV Video Music Awards (Turkish: 13. Kral TV Video M\u00fczik \u00d6d\u00fclleri, or 13. Kral TV VM\u00d6) were organized by Kral TV at the \u0130stanbul G\u00f6steri Merkezi on Wednesday, May 9, 2007. The hosts were Oktay Kaynarca and \u00d6zg\u00fc Namal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010663-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Kral TV Video Music Awards\nIn previous years, award winners were determined by the vote of a jury. This year, the system changed, and winners were determined by the text message votes that viewers sent from their phones. The artist who won the most awards this year was Demet Akal\u0131n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010663-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Kral TV Video Music Awards, Winners and Nominees\nThe award winners and nominees are shown in the table below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010664-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Lambda Literary Awards\nThe 13th Lambda Literary Awards were held in 2001 to honour works of LGBT literature published in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010665-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Lancers\nThe 13th Lancers is an armoured regiment of Pakistan Army. It was formed in 1923 as 13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers by the amalgamation of 31st Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers and 32nd Lancers. On Partition of India in 1947, the regiment was allotted to Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010665-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Lancers, Formation\nThe two parent regiments of 13th Lancers had a common origin in the old Bombay Squadron of Cavalry, raised for service in the Second Anglo-Maratha War. The squadron was split to form the 1st and 2nd Regiments of Bombay Light Cavalry in 1817. More than a hundred years later, they were reunited to form the 13th Duke of Connaught's Own Bombay Lancers in 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010665-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Lancers, 31st Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers\nThe 1st Bombay Light Cavalry served in the First Afghan War in 1839 when they fought in the Battle of Ghazni and took part in the march to Kabul. During the Second Sikh War of 1848-49 the regiment took part in the Siege of Multan, where they remained as the garrison for the remainder of the campaign. At the start of the Great Mutiny of 1857, the regiment was stationed at Nasirabad, where they were the only ones to remain loyal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010665-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Lancers, 31st Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers\nArtillery and infantrymen urged them to go over to them but the sowars refused and, under their officers, charged in an attempt to take the guns. They failed to do so but successfully disengaged and took part in the campaign of pacification in Central India. Burma was their next overseas posting in 1885, where they fought in the Third Anglo-Burmese War. The Duke of Connaught, then Commander-in-Chief of the Bombay Army, became their Colonel-in-Chief in 1890. He still held the appointment in the 13th DCO Lancers on his death in January 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010665-0002-0002", "contents": "13th Lancers, 31st Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers\nDuring the Kitchener reorganisation of the Indian Army of 1903, the Bombay cavalry had thirty added to their numbers and, the 1st (Duke of Connaught's Own) Bombay Lancers became the 31st Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers. During the Great War, the 31st Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers remained on the North West Frontier of India. In 1919, they served in the Third Afghan War and then went to perform garrison duties in Palestine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010665-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Lancers, 32nd Lancers\nThe 2nd Bombay Light Cavalry were stationed at Neemuch in 1857 and took part in the pacification of Central India. One of its officers, Captain James Blair, won the Victoria Cross during these operations. Under Kitchener's Reforms, the 2nd Bombay Lancers was redesignated as the 32nd Lancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010665-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Lancers, 32nd Lancers\nDuring the Great War, the 32nd went to Mesopotamia late in 1916 and were the first British troops to enter Baghdad. In April 1917, at the Battle of Istabulat, a detachment led by the commanding officer, charged an entrenched Turkish position resulting in all the officers and most of the men becoming casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010665-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Lancers, 13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers\nAfter the First World War, the number of Indian cavalry regiments was reduced from thirty-nine to twenty-one. However, instead of disbanding the surplus units, it was decided to amalgamate them in pairs. This resulted in the renumbering and renaming of the entire cavalry line. In September 1923, the 31st Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers were amalgamated with the 32nd Lancers to form the 13th Duke of Connaught's Own Bombay Lancers. This particular merger was a reunion of two regiments separated more than a hundred years before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010665-0005-0001", "contents": "13th Lancers, 13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers\nThe new badge was crossed lances with '13' on the intersection; a crown above and a scroll below, reading 'Duke of Connaught's Own.' Their uniform was blue with scarlet facings, and the new class composition was one squadron each of Pathans, Muslim Rajputs and Sikhs. In 1927, the regiment was redesignated as the 13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010665-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Lancers, 13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers\nThe 13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers were one of the first two Indian cavalry regiments nominated for mechanisation. One squadron was equipped with the Vickers Medium Mark I tank and two squadrons with armoured cars. They were deployed on frontier duties but in April 1941, left for Iraq with the 10th Indian Division. They saw action against the Vichy French in Syria and also served in Persia and Iraq before joining the British Eighth Army in North Africa. In October 1942, they moved back to Persia and then to India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010665-0006-0001", "contents": "13th Lancers, 13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers\nAfter the Japanese surrender in 1945, the regiment moved to Java in the Dutch East Indies in support of the 5th and 23rd Indian Divisions, who were engaged in suppressing a revolt by the Indonesians. In August 1946 the regiment returned to Secunderabad and on Partition of India in August 1947, the 13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers were allotted to the Pakistan Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010665-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Lancers, 13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers\nIn 1956, Pakistan became a Republic and all titles pertaining to British royalty were dropped. The regiment was now designated as 13th Lancers. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the regiment spearheaded the advance of the Pakistan Army towards Akhnoor in Kashmir. Fighting with elan, it penetrated 23 miles inside enemy territory. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the 13th Lancers launched a counter-attack against invading Indian forces at Barapind near Zafarwal and suffered heavy casualties. Between 1996 and 1997, the regiment served as part of the UN peacekeeping force of UNTAES in former Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010665-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Lancers, Battle honours\nGhuznee 1839, Afghanistan 1839, Mooltan, Punjaub, Central India, Afghanistan 1879\u201380, Burma1885\u201387, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Sharqat, Mesopotamia 1916\u201318, NW Frontier, India 1917, Afghanistan 1919, Damascus, Deir ez Zor, Raqaa, Syria 1941, Gazala, Bir Hacheim, El Adem, Sidi Rezegh 1942, Gambut, Tobruk 1942, Fuka, North Africa 1940\u201343, Dewa-Chamb 1965, Jaurian 1965, Zafarwal 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010666-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Landwehr Division (German Empire)\nThe 13th Landwehr Division (13. Landwehr-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010667-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh\nThe Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly or the Himachal Pradesh Vidhan Sabha is the unicameral legislature of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The present strength of the Vidhan Sabha is 68. Himachal Pradesh is the first state in India to launch paperless legislative assembly known as eVidhan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010668-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Light Bomber Squadron\nThe 13th Light Bomber Squadron (Greek: 13 \u039c\u03bf\u03af\u03c1\u03b1 \u0395\u03bb\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u0392\u03bf\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, 13 \u039c\u0395\u0392), was one of the three World War II aircraft squadrons in service with the Royal Hellenic Air Force, exiled in the Middle East, that fought under the auspices of the British Royal Air Force. It was the first Greek military unit founded after the German invasion and conquest of Greece in April\u2013May 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010668-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Light Bomber Squadron, Background\nAfter the failed Italian attack against Greece (October 28 \u2013 November 13, 1940), the Greek forces counterattacked and penetrated deep into Italian held Albanian territory. However, with the German intervention in April 1941, Greece capitulated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010668-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Light Bomber Squadron, Background\nBy April 15, 1941, the Royal Hellenic Air Force was virtually eliminated by the numerically and technically superior German Luftwaffe. Part of the Greek air force personnel managed to escape to Egypt together with five Avro Anson aircraft. These aircraft formed the 13th Light Bomber Squadron during the summer of 1941, which was thus the first Greek military unit formed in the Middle East. During the following months two additional Greek squadrons were founded, the 335th and 336th Pursuit Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010668-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Light Bomber Squadron, Activity, Middle East\nIts first commander was Squadron Leader Spyros Dakopoulos and its initial personnel was mainly provided from the former 13th Naval Cooperation and 32nd Bomber Squadrons to be finally manned by volunteers recruited from the then large Greek resident communities in Egypt. Its first mission was assigned on July 14, 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010668-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Light Bomber Squadron, Activity, Middle East\nAt December 1941 the Squadron was equipped with Bristol Blenheims Mk IV and based at Dekheila Airfield. The following months it was reequipped with Blenheims Mk V, which were used primarily for maritime patrol missions. Convoy escort and anti-submarine patrols were the main missions of the Squadron during 1942. In various occasions enemy submarines were spotted in the Eastern Mediterranean and bombed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010668-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Light Bomber Squadron, Activity, Middle East\nFrom early 1943 the Squadron operated with Martin Baltimores. Apart from anti-submarine patrols and convoy escorts, the Squadron also executed reconnaissance and bombing missions in the occupied Greek islands. At November 12, the fortified German positions at the port of Souda, in Crete, were bombed. In general, the 13th Sqr based in the Middle East counted a total of 1,600 missions with over 4,550 flying hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010668-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Light Bomber Squadron, Activity, Italy and Greece\nOn May 14, 1944, the Squadron was transferred to southern Italy, where operations included bombing of enemy positions in Yugoslavia and Albania, as part of the Allied Balkan Air Force. During this period it executed a total of 1,400 operations that included bombing train stations, bridges, ammunition and fuel depots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010668-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Light Bomber Squadron, Activity, Italy and Greece\nOn November 14, while the Axis troops were retreating from Greece, the aircraft of the Squadron landed in Hassani Airfield (later the Hellenikon Air Base and Ellinikon International Airport), near Athens. Although mainland Greece was liberated, Crete and other islands were still under German occupation. Alongside the Spitfire fighters of the two other Greek Squadrons, 335th and 336th, which had also arrived in Greece, the 13th was engaged in bombing missions against the remaining German garrisons in the Aegean islands and Crete (April\u2013May 1945). The Squadron was disbanded on April 19, 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010669-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Light Brigade (Netherlands)\nThe 13th Light Brigade (Dutch: 13 Lichte Brigade) is one of the three combat brigades of the Royal Netherlands Army, the other ones being 11th Airmobile Brigade and 43rd Mechanised Brigade. The brigade is a fully motorised brigade, equipped with Fennek, Boxer and Bushmaster wheeled, armoured vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010669-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Light Brigade (Netherlands), History\nThe brigade was formed as the 13th Motorized Brigade, and came from the 3rd Infantry Brigade. The 3rd Infantry Brigade was part of the First Division '7 December' which was formed on 1 September 1946. In 1950 the brigade was transformed into a mechanized infantry brigade, the 13th Mechanized brigade, which became part of the 4th Division and was stationed in North Germany. After the reforms of 1970 the brigade became again a part of the First Division. In the early 1990s the brigade became a fully mechanized brigade. In 2013, the brigade lost its mechanized infantry fighting vehicles and was equipped with wheeled equipment and therefore renamed 13th Light Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010669-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Light Brigade (Netherlands), Organization\nThe 13th Light Brigade is made up by the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010670-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)\nThe 13th Light Horse Regiment was a mounted infantry regiment of the Australian Army during the First World War. The regiment was raised in March 1915, and eventually assigned as the mounted regiment for the Australian Corps. During the war the regiment fought against the forces of the Ottoman Empire, at Gallipoli, and against the German Empire on the Western Front. For its role in the war the regiment was awarded twelve battle honours. In 1921, it was later re-raised as a part-time unit of the Citizens Forces, and was briefly amalgamated with the 19th Light Horse. During the Second World War, the regiment was converted into an armoured regiment, designated the \"13th Armoured Regiment\", although it was disbanded in late 1943 without seeing action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010670-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Formation\nThe 13th Light Horse Regiment was raised in Victoria in March 1915. Being the thirteenth regiment raised within the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) they were soon given the nickname the \"Devil's Own\" regiment, and comprised twenty-five officers and 497 other ranks serving in three squadrons, each of six troops. Each troop was divided into eight sections, of four men each. In action one man of each section, was nominated as a horse holder reducing the regiment's rifle strength by a quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010670-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Formation\nAll Australian Light Horse regiments used cavalry unit designations, but were mounted infantry armed with rifles, not swords or lances, and mounted exclusively on the Australian Waler horse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010670-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Operational history, Gallipoli Campaign\nIn May 1915, the 13th Light Horse Regiment left Australia for the Middle East, arriving in Egypt in June. When the Australian infantry units had been dispatched to Gallipoli earlier that year, it was thought the terrain was unsuitable for mounted troops, and the light horse regiments had remained in Egypt. However, heavy casualties resulted in their deployment in May and the 13th Light Horse Regiment in turn was sent into battle in September 1915 in a dismounted role. The regiment was deployed defending the trenches at Lone Pine, a strongly contested stretch of the front line around Anzac Cove. Two months later in December, the regiment was withdrawn back to Egypt when the Allied forces were evacuated from the peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010670-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Operational history, Western Front\nTwo squadrons \u2013 \"B\" and \"D\" \u2013 which had originally been part of the 4th Light Horse Regiment took part in the Battle of Messines, the Third Battle of Ypres, the Battle of Broodseinde, the Battle of Passchendaele, the Battle of the Lys, the Battle of Kemmel, the Second Battle of the Marne and the Battle of Tardenois. The two squadrons, together with a squadron from New Zealand, were eventually amalgamated and renamed the II Anzac Corps Mounted Regiment, and together earned nine battle honours on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010670-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Operational history, Western Front\nWhen the infantry component of the Australian Imperial Force was expanded to five divisions, the 13th Light Horse Regiment was broken up to provide a reconnaissance squadron for the 2nd, 4th, and 5th Divisions. The squadrons then moved to the Western Front in France between March and June 1916. They were soon reunited, however, as the \"I ANZAC Mounted Regiment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010670-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Operational history, Western Front\nThe static nature of the fighting along the Western Front limited the use of mounted troops and they were mostly in a secondary role; doing traffic control, rear area security, escorting prisoners and during an attack reconnaissance and probing the German rear areas. The pinnacle of the regiment's service on the Western Front was following the Hundred Days Offensive when they led the advance of the Australian Corps. When the war ended the regiment was resting, and gradually its personnel were returned to Australia. Their total casualties during the war were 57 killed, and 328 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010670-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Perpetuation\nIn 1921, Australia's part-time military forces were re-organised to perpetuate the numerical designations of the AIF following its demobilisation. Through this process, the 13th Light Horse was re-raised as a Citizens Forces unit in Victoria, adopting the territorial designation of the \"Gippsland Light Horse\". In 1939, the regiment was amalgamated with the 19th Light Horse to become the 13th/19th Light Horse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010670-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Perpetuation\nIn August 1940, during the opening stages of the Second World War, the 13th was re-formed in its own right. It was later mechanised and re-designated the \"13th Motor Regiment\" in March 1942, based at Gherang, Victoria. In May that year, it was converted into an armoured regiment\u00a0\u2013 designated as the \"13th Armoured Regiment\"\u00a0\u2013 as part of the 2nd Armoured Division's 6th Armoured Brigade, which had been formed for defensive duties to guard against a possible invasion of mainland Australia. After moving to Puckapunyal in July, the regiment was equipped with M3 Grant tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010670-0008-0001", "contents": "13th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Perpetuation\nFurther training was undertaken in Murgon, Queensland, throughout 1943. By that time, manpower within the Army was scarce and as the threat of an invasion by the Japanese diminished during the year, so too did the need for large-scale armoured forces. A number of armoured units were subsequently disbanded as men and equipment were reallocated as the Army reorganised for jungle warfare. As a result, the 13th was disbanded in October 1943. In the post war period, the unit was perpetuated by the 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles, which existed between 1948 and 1991\u201392.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010670-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Battle honours\nGallipoli 1915\u00a0\u00b7 Egypt 1915\u201317\u00a0\u00b7 Somme 1916\u00a0\u00b7 Somme 1918\u00a0\u00b7 Pozi\u00e8res\u00a0\u00b7 Bapaume 1917\u00a0\u00b7 Arras 1917\u00a0\u00b7 Ypres 1917\u00a0\u00b7 Albert 1918\u00a0\u00b7 France and Flanders 1916\u201318\u00a0\u00b7 Amiens 1918", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade\nThe 13th Light Tank Brigade (Russian: 13-\u044f \u043b\u0451\u0433\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430 (13 \u043b\u0442\u0431\u0440)) was an armored brigade of the Red Army that fought in the Winter War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade\nIt was formed as the 31st Mechanized Brigade in 1932 at Stary Petergof near Leningrad, assigned to the 11th Mechanized Corps, one of the first armored units of the Red Army. Two years later, the brigade became part of the new 7th Mechanized Corps, and it sent crews to fight in the Spanish Civil War. When the corps was redesignated as the 10th Tank Corps, the brigade became the 13th Light Tank Brigade in 1938. In late 1939, it and the corps participated in the massing of forces on the Estonian and Latvian borders to force their governments to agree to Soviet demands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade\nAn ambitious plan for the employment of the 10th Tank Corps to encircle Finnish troops in the Karelian Isthmus at the beginning of the war in December quickly failed due to the unexpected strength of Finnish anti-tank defenses, and instead it was tasked with exploiting an anticipated infantry breakthrough in the Battle of Summa. This did not materialize, although the brigade lost several tanks to Finnish artillery while waiting to go into action. It was withdrawn from combat and served as an independent unit from late December, training intensively for the breakthrough of the Mannerheim Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade\nWhen Soviet infantry assaults supported by other tank units accomplished the latter in mid-February 1940, the brigade was sent into the breach. However, unfavorable terrain and Finnish resistance limited its advance and it suffered heavy losses. In the final weeks of the war, the brigade participated in the steady Soviet advance on Vyborg. Awarded the Order of the Red Banner for its actions in the war, the brigade was used to form the 3rd Tank Division in mid-1940 after participating in the invasion of Estonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Prewar period\nThe 31st Mechanized Brigade was formed between May and September 1932 as part of the 11th Mechanized Corps in the Leningrad Military District at Stary Petergof near Leningrad from the 32nd Volodarsky Rifle Regiment of the 11th Rifle Division. It was commanded by Alexey Skulachenko from its formation until early 1935. One of the original two mechanized corps of the Red Army, the 11th was formed as a result of a massive expansion in Soviet tank production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0003-0001", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Prewar period\nEquipped with T-26 light tanks, the brigade had an authorized strength of 220 tanks, 56 armored cars, and 27 guns among its three tank battalions (the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd), a tank training battalion, a rifle battalion, an artillery battalion, and support units. To perpetuate the traditions of the 11th Rifle Division, the brigades of the corps received the honorifics of the former's regiments on 16 January 1934, with the 31st becoming the 31st Uritsky Mechanized Brigade after the 31st Rifle Regiment despite actually having been formed from the 32nd Rifle Regiment. During that year, the headquarters of the 11th Mechanized Corps and another of its brigades were relocated to the Transbaikal Military District as a result of rising tensions with Japan. The 31st was left behind in the Leningrad Military District and became part of the new 7th Mechanized Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Prewar period\nColonel Vladimir Gorev became brigade commander in February 1935 and after he was sent to Spain, Colonel Ivan Korchagin took command in November 1936. Korchagin was arrested in August 1937 during the Great Purge, which six other brigade officers, including the commissar and chief of engineers, also fell victim to. Three Red Army men were also among those imprisoned, one being sentenced to six years on charges of discrediting the government by \"speaking hostilely about the forms and methods of Soviet art\". Kombrig Pyotr Kotov commanded the brigade until early 1938, when Colonel Viktor Baranov took over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0004-0001", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Prewar period\nBaranov, the final brigade commander, was one of many Soviet tankers who had been sent to support the Spanish Republican Army during their civil war, among them personnel from the 31st Brigade. When the Red Army armor doctrine shifted to concentrating tanks in tank corps, in June 1938 the 7th Mechanized Corps became the 10th Tank Corps, and shortly afterwards the 31st Mechanized Brigade became the 13th Light Tank Brigade. At this time, the brigade was also relocated to Porkhov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Prewar period\nThe reorganization into a light tank brigade resulted in its battalions becoming individually numbered separate battalions. The reorganized brigade included the 6th, 9th, 13th, and 15th Tank Battalions, the 205th Reconnaissance Battalion, the 158th Motorized Machine Gun Battalion, the 254th Repair Battalion, the 566th Auto Transport Battalion, the 8th Combat Support Company, the 52nd Communications Company, and the 35th Sapper Company. As a light tank brigade, the brigade was almost entirely equipped with BT-7 light tanks, fielding 151 BT-7s of all types on 5 July 1938, slightly over half of its authorized peacetime strength of 270 BT-7s. In addition, the brigade included all of its authorized ten T-26 BKhM-3 flamethrower tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Prewar period\nTo threaten Estonia into signing a treaty that allowed the establishment of Soviet bases on its territory, the brigade and its corps were assigned to the 8th Army of the district in late September and by 27 September concentrated on the Estonian border in the vicinity of Pskov. The threat of an invasion by the 134,000 troops on their border forced the Estonian government into accepting the Soviet ultimatum, and on 2 October the corps moved south with the 8th Army to the vicinity of Ostrov in a repetition of the same tactic against Latvia. The Latvian government similarly gave in to the threat of the 255,000 troops on their border, and on 13 October the corps left the 8th Army to return to the Leningrad region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War\nFinland was also faced with the demands to cede territory and allow the establishment of Soviet bases, but refused and negotiations broke down. As a result, the Soviets opted for war and the Leningrad Military District concentrated its forces between 15 and 20 November. The corps was halted at Luga rather than returning to its bases and was relocated to the Finnish border as the tank corps assigned to support the 7th Army, tasked with the main Soviet attack on the Karelian Isthmus at the beginning of the Winter War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0007-0001", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War\nThe plans of the 7th Army envisioned a role of deep penetration for the corps: it was to turn west after reaching Kiviniemi and crossing the Vuoksi River in order to surround the Finnish troops on the Isthmus. When the war began on 30 November, the 13th Light Tank Brigade fielded 246 BT-7s and 10 T-26s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0007-0002", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War\nBy the beginning of the Winter War, the personnel of the corps, which also included the 1st Light Tank Brigade and the 15th Motor Rifle and Machine Gun Brigade, were well trained, but their tanks were worn out by the long road marches to the Estonian and Latvian borders and then to the Finnish border, which covered a total distance of 300 kilometers (190\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, December battles and interlude\nThe brigade was reinforced by a rifle and machine gun battalion from the corps' 15th Motor Rifle and Machine Gun Brigade for the advance. The corps began advancing towards Kiviniemi behind infantry units on 1 December, having to overcome the strong Finnish anti-tank defenses, which included seven anti-tank ditches and seventeen rows of dragon's teeth between the border and Kiviniemi. The 9th Tank Battalion and infantry captured Riikoli after an artillery preparation on the next day and approached Suupork, where the infantry were stopped by machine gun fire and the tanks by dragon's teeth and a ditch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0008-0001", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, December battles and interlude\nAfter making gaps in the defenses by the morning of 3 December, the 13th Battalion, 205th Reconnaissance Battalion, and 158th Sapper Battalion attacked Suupork, which they captured by the end of the day before moving to Rautu. The 15th Battalion reached Suokas on 4 December, but lost one tank destroyed by a mine and two by anti-tank guns while trying to cross an anti-tank ditch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0008-0002", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, December battles and interlude\nThese obstacles slowed the advance of the corps so that they did not reach Kiviniemi until 5 December, and the planned decisive breakthrough of the corps failed as Finnish troops covering the border retreated to the fortified Mannerheim Line and blew up the bridges over the Vuoksi before the corps could capture them. The 1st and 13th Brigades came under fire from the line before the corps was withdrawn to the army reserve on 6 December. As a result of these operations, the Red Army command concluded that independent massed tank operations were impossible in Karelia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, December battles and interlude\nInstead, the corps was shifted to the western part of the Isthmus to exploit the planned breakthrough of the 50th Rifle Corps along the Vyborg road in the Battle of Summa. By 16 December, after a series of marches, the brigade concentrated in Peinola, tasked with exploiting the breakthrough of the 123rd Rifle Division by advancing on L\u00e4hde and K\u00e4m\u00e4r\u00e4 and capturing the Tali station. The brigade moved up to the frontline on 17 December, with the 205th Reconnaissance Battalion in the first echelon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0009-0001", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, December battles and interlude\nA detachment from the 205th Battalion consisting of a tank company, three flamethrower tanks, a rifle platoon and two artillery tanks was tasked with capturing the Tali station. Behind the 205th, the 9th Separate Tank Battalion with three flamethrower tanks was assigned to capture K\u00e4m\u00e4r\u00e4 station, supported by the 13th Tank Battalion. The 6th Tank Battalion stood ready to exploit an anticipated breakthrough at Yl\u00e4s\u00e4ini\u00f6. The Soviet forces making the initial attack on that day, a regiment of the 123rd Division and a battalion of the 20th Tank Brigade, were faced by one battalion of the Finnish 15th Infantry Regiment. The tanks from the 20th reached the Finnish rear, but the infantry refused to move farther than the first Finnish trench line, forcing the former to retreat at nightfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, December battles and interlude\nMeanwhile, corps commander Komdiv Prokofy Romanenko personally ordered the 9th Separate Tank Battalion to attack at 13:00, claiming that the 123rd had broken through and the 1st Light Tank Brigade was already going into action. Two hours later, the battalion moved forward but the breakthrough had in fact not materialized and it was stopped by the first line of dragon's teeth, where a flamethrower tank from the 8th Combat Support Company was set on fire by a direct hit from an artillery shell, killing its driver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0010-0001", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, December battles and interlude\nWhen the T-28 medium tanks of the 20th returned from their attack, one of them ran over a BT-7 from the 205th, disabling it. The 13th Brigade remained on the frontline exposed to heavy shelling until they were ordered to pull back on 13:00 on 18 December, losing two tanks burned out and eight disabled with the loss of six tankists killed and twelve wounded. After this defeat, it was withdrawn to the rear in the area of Bobochino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, Interlude\nThe corps headquarters was disbanded in late December and the brigade became an independent unit under direct army control. Near Boboshino, from 23 December, the brigade conducted intensive training, preparing for the breakthrough of the Mannerheim Line. Soviet tank tactics fundamentally changed: instead of racing ahead of the infantry and exposing themselves to be picked off at close range by grenades and Molotov cocktails while crossing trenches, tanks were now to be positioned in front of the Finnish trenches beyond small arms range and systematically demolish the defensive positions with their guns. They were only to cross trenches under the cover of other tanks to keep the heads of the defenders down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, Interlude\nPicked crews were sent to inform the infantrymen about operations with tanks. Spurs for their tank tracks were produced to increase the cross-country mobility of the BT-7 in winter conditions. They practiced firing at dragon's teeth, finding that a 45 mm armor-piercing shell hit would destroy the obstacle, a method later used in combat, in addition to towing armored sleds carrying infantrymen to resolve the problem of deep snow slowing down the foot soldiers. During this period, there were severe frosts that required a large amount of fuel and lubricants to maintain tanks in operating condition, which necessitated the development of dugouts to heat the tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, Breakthrough of the Mannerheim Line\nThe Soviet offensive began on 11 February with the attack again concentrated along the Vyborg road and within two days the 123rd had broken through the Finnish defenses with tank support. To pursue the retreating Finnish troops and develop the attack on Vyborg, three mobile groups were created, including infantry riding on the tanks, in the 7th Army on 14 February and inserted into the breakthrough on the same day. Moving to the front on crowded roads, they were delayed for hours: the chief of staff of the 13th Brigade recalled that vehicles stood as many as five rows deep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0013-0001", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, Breakthrough of the Mannerheim Line\nThe Soviet senior commanders assumed that Finnish resistance would swiftly collapse, but were quickly proven wrong. The 6th Tank Battalion of the brigade and a battalion from the 15th Motor Rifle and Machine Gun Brigade, forming the group of Kombrig Boris Vershinin tasked with capturing the Leip\u00e4suo station, met fierce resistance and took three days to accomplish their objective; by then, just seven out of the initial 46 tanks remained operational.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0013-0002", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, Breakthrough of the Mannerheim Line\nMeanwhile, Baranov commanded a group consisting of the remainder of the 13th and 15th Brigades, supported by a detachment from the 1st Light Tank Brigade, tasked with capturing the K\u00e4m\u00e4r\u00e4 railway station in order to exploit the success of the 123rd. L\u00e4hde was quickly taken on 14 February despite a stubborn Finnish defense. In the fighting, flamethrower tanks proved effective against Finnish infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, Breakthrough of the Mannerheim Line\nDuring this subsequent operations, the 13th operated both as an entire brigade and as single battalions. On 15 February the Finnish defenders began withdrawing to the intermediate line of defense, which only included sparse field fortifications. By the evening of 15 February, Group Baranov reached K\u00e4m\u00e4r\u00e4, which was captured in fierce fighting on the next day. At K\u00e4m\u00e4r\u00e4, five Finnish Renault FT and three Vickers tanks were captured, as well as 120 Finnish soldiers, in return for a loss of ten of the 13th's tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0014-0001", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, Breakthrough of the Mannerheim Line\nNorth of K\u00e4m\u00e4r\u00e4 station, the group was halted by prepared Finnish defenses on the heights above Lake Mustalampi held by the 3rd Battalion of the 61st Infantry Regiment. The 1st Light Tank Brigade detachment attacked on 18 February towards Hill 45.0 with elements of the 84th Rifle Division and reached the southern slopes of the hill, but had to retreat at nightfall to avoid being overrun by Finnish infantry because the infantry from the 84th refused to advance. By this point, Group Baranov was moving forward from K\u00e4m\u00e4r\u00e4 to support the detachment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, Breakthrough of the Mannerheim Line\nA battle group from the 1st Light Tank Brigade detachment commanded by Senior Lieutenant Boris Kolessa captured Hill 45.0 on 19 February, but their advance was stopped when Finnish infantry blew up the road bridge near Pien-Pero. Kolessa's battle group was encircled in the evening when the road that they advanced from was cut off by the Finnish troops, the 84th again having failed to advance. Though Kolessa was encircled, his presence in the Finnish rear blocking the Hotakka-Vyborg road sowed panic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0015-0001", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, Breakthrough of the Mannerheim Line\nGroup Baranov broke through on the Mustalampi heights on 20 February, and by the end of the day the 13th Battalion, a company of the 15th Battalion, the 205th Battalion and a battalion of the 201st Rifle Regiment of the 84th had reached the southwestern outskirts of Pien-Pero. This advance allowed Kolessa to successfully break out to the K\u00e4m\u00e4r\u00e4 station area towards the end of the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, Breakthrough of the Mannerheim Line\nDue to the slow advance of the infantry, Baranov used a company of the 15th Battalion to carry up to one and half battalions of infantry to the Pien-Pero area on the night of 20\u201321 February. At 10:30 on the next day, the road between Mustalampi and Pienperio was cut, isolating Group Baranov, Kolessa's detachment, and elements of the 84th with its commander, and Hill 45.0 was retaken by the Finnish. The 6th and 9th Battalions and the 153rd Motor Rifle and Machine Gun Battalion attacked the hill on 22 February, recapturing its southern slopes although losing six tanks from the 6th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0017-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, Breakthrough of the Mannerheim Line\nA simultaneous attack on the hill by the 15th Battalion from the north and the 163rd Motor Rifle and Machine Gun Battalion, the 84th's 344th Regiment, the 6th Battalion, and 13 tanks from the 9th Battalion on the next day failed when the artillery of the 84th mistakenly shelled the tanks of the 15th, destroying two. Flares and radio messages did not stop the firing and only after the brigade chief of staff personally went to the 84th's command post did it cease. The 6th lost two tanks burned out and the 13th two wrecked that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0018-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, Breakthrough of the Mannerheim Line\nThe rest of the 84th and the 51st Rifle Division slowly arrived at Hill 45.0 between 24 and 27 February, while the brigade lost two tanks on the 24th and a planned attack slated for the 26th could not be conducted because the 84th could not quickly organize artillery preparation. The failure of the tank brigades to achieve their objectives in this period was due to the difficult terrain unsuitable for tank operations that complicated the employment of brigades and often even battalions. A postwar NKVD report faulted the brigade command for not coordinating with neighboring units in order to create a continuous line and insufficient aggressiveness during this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0019-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, Advance on Vyborg\nThe Finnish troops began retreating to their rear defensive line on 28 February. On that day, the 13th Tank Battalion captured the outskirts of Pien-Pero and moved on Lintula before occupying the Pero station after the hurried retreat of its defenders, who failed to blow up the bridge there. The 9th and 15th Tank Battalions with the 348th Regiment of the 51st Division moved along the route from Pillula-Pero and Suur-Pero towards Repola, slowed down by trees and landmines in the area of Hill 50.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0019-0001", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, Advance on Vyborg\nThe 15th Battalion captured Mannikkala and Tali in heavy fighting between 5 and 8 March, losing six tanks burned out and two wrecked. This occurred despite the narrowing of the advance by flooded land on both sides of the road and the Finnish anti-tank obstacles. Repola was taken on 10 March by the 348th Regiment and 9th Tank Battalion, and on 12 March and the night of the 12th and 13th the 9th Tank Battalion captured Nurmilampi in the face of stubborn Finnish resistance. After Soviet troops cut the road between Vyborg and Helsinki, the Finnish were forced to concede and the war ended on 13 March with a cease-fire following the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0020-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, Advance on Vyborg\nThroughout the war, the brigade carried its supplies on its tanks as the lack of roads precluded using wheeled vehicles. From the beginning of the war, the brigade only had two Komintern tractors that proved unequal to the task of evacuating damaged tanks, and as a result most of these tanks had to be evacuated by other tanks. During the war, it received 67 BT-7s, two BT-2s, and five T-26s from factories, and suffered heavy losses of 122 BT-7s and two T-26s to artillery fire, 63 BT-7s and a T-26 to landmines, and 52 BT-7s and two T-26s burned out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0020-0001", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, Advance on Vyborg\nThe burned out tanks were total losses while 84 others were sent back for factory rebuilding, leaving the brigade with 227 operational tanks at the end of the war. The 13th suffered casualties of 234 killed, 484 wounded, and 23 missing. The brigade was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 11 April 1940 for \"breaking through the Mannerheim Line\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0020-0002", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Winter War, Advance on Vyborg\n353 of its personnel were decorated for their actions in the war, including eleven awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union, among them Baranov, while 14 received Order of Lenin, 103 the Order of the Red Banner, 72 the Order of the Red Star, and 153 the Medals \"For Courage\" and  \"For Battle Merit\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0021-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Invasion of Estonia and reorganization\nAfter the end of the Winter War, the brigade returned to Porkhov. It was selected to be stationed in Estonia in a plan to rotate out Soviet troops in the country and on 23 April the Leningrad Military District was directed to increase the units selected for the deployment to Estonia to wartime strength by 15 May, which for the 13th Brigade entailed expansion to 2,887 personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0022-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Invasion of Estonia and reorganization\nFollowing the success of massed German tank units in the Battle of France, Stalin decided once again to reestablish mechanized corps on 9 June 1940. The Leningrad Military District was directed to form the 1st Mechanized Corps from the 20th Heavy Tank Brigade, the 1st and 13th Light Tank Brigades, the 25th Cavalry Division, and the 163rd Rifle Division. The formation of the corps was to be completed by 30 June, but the reorganization was interrupted by the Soviet invasion of Estonia. For the latter, the brigade moved to Pskov by 13 June, assigned to the 8th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0023-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Invasion of Estonia and reorganization\nOn 17 June, the brigade was sent into Estonia to occupy the town of Puka as a replacement for the T-26-equipped 35th Light Tank Brigade, rejected for the mission by army commander Lieutenant General Konstantin Pyadyshev due to his belief that its obsolete tanks would not awe Estonian civilians with a display of Soviet strength. 1st Mechanized Corps commander Lieutenant General Prokofy Romanenko emphasized in an order that the brigade's movement was to be conducted at high speed and that in Estonia members of the brigade should not converse with civilians or \"turn to them for anything,\" conducting themselves like victors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0024-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Invasion of Estonia and reorganization\nThe brigade crossed the border at 7:00, entered Izborsk at 8:08, passed Takhnu at 12:05, and entered Puka at 18:30; it did not meet armed resistance as the Estonian military had been ordered to surrender by their government. However, its vehicles stretched out along the road for 50 kilometers (31\u00a0mi) due to breakdowns and fuel exhaustion. On the next day the brigade remained at Puka repairing and gathering the straggling vehicles, including 32 tanks. It sent the 15th Tank Battalion onward to occupy the town of Valga. At Puka, the brigade was assigned to the 19th Rifle Corps by 21 June before it returned to Porkhov and the 1st Mechanized Corps by 22 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010671-0025-0000", "contents": "13th Light Tank Brigade, Invasion of Estonia and reorganization\nThe 13th Brigade was used to form the 3rd Tank Division of the corps; the new division inherited the brigade's Order of the Red Banner. The brigade's 6th and 9th Tank Battalions were used to form the 5th Tank Regiment and the 13th and 15th Tank Battalions the 6th Tank Regiment. The deadline for the formation of the corps was extended to 31 July on 23 June. Despite these delays, the formation of the first new mechanized corps was completed by October and the 1st became one of the most well-manned and -equipped due to the number of units used to form it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010672-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Lok Sabha\nThe 13th Lok Sabha (10 October 1999 \u2013 6 February 2004) is the thirteenth session of the Lok Sabha (House of the People, or lower house in the Parliament of India). It was convened after 1999 Indian general election held during September\u2013October 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010672-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Lok Sabha\nThis majority group in the Lok Sabha during this period was the National Democratic Alliance, a nationalist group led by the Bharatiya Janata Party, which won 270 seats, 16 more than 12th Lok Sabha. The NDA, under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee completed its term till the next general elections of May 2004 for the next 14th Lok Sabha. This was the first non-INC government to complete the full term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010672-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Lok Sabha\nFour sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 13th Lok Sabha after the 1999 Indian general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010673-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Lumi\u00e8res Awards\nThe 13th Lumi\u00e8res Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Lumi\u00e8res, was held on 13 January 2008. The ceremony was chaired by Claude Lelouch. The Diving Bell and the Butterfly won the award for Best Film and Jean-Pierre Marielle was presented with the honorary Lumi\u00e8res Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010674-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Lux Style Awards\nThe 13th Lux Style Awards was a 2014 event presented by Lux to honor the fashion, music, films and Pakistani television of 2013. Ceremony was held on December 4, 2014 in a private ceremony, for the first in the thirteen years of LUX, event wasn't televised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010674-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Lux Style Awards, Winners and nominees\nFollowing are the winners (in bold) and nominees for the 13th Lux Style Awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010675-0000-0000", "contents": "13th MMC \u2013 Pazardzhik\n13th Multi-member Constituency \u2013 Pazardzhik is a constituency whose borders are the same as Pazardzhik Province in Bulgaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010675-0001-0000", "contents": "13th MMC \u2013 Pazardzhik, Background\nIn the 2009 Bulgarian parliamentary election the 13th Multi-member Constituency \u2013 Pazardzhik elected 9 members to the Bulgarian National Assembly: 8 of which were through proportionality vote and 1 was through first-past-the-post voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th Maine Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment spent 1862\u20131864 in the Department of the Gulf and finished the war with the Army of the Shenandoah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0000-0001", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment\nDuring its service, it survived a hurricane off the Carolinas en route the Gulf of Mexico, manned the forts guarding the Mississippi Delta, invaded Texas at the Rio Grande and along the coast, fought in Banks' ill-fated Red River Campaign in Louisiana, manned Washington DC defenses, and provided rear-area security for the Shenandoah Valley campaign in 1864 south of Harpers Ferry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1861\nThe 13th was raised at large, and organized at Augusta, Maine, and mustered into Federal service for a three-year enlistment on December 13, 1861. Unlike earlier regiments clothed initially in militia gray, the 13th was issued regulation dark blue Federal regulation fatigue jackets, dark blue trousers, sky blue regulation caped overcoats, and prison-manufactured boots. The regiment appreciated the quality of the overcoats and footwear, but found the blouse and pants of poor quality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0001-0001", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1861\nThe 13th also was lucky to receive Enfield rifles instead of smoothbore 1842, rifled 1842, or German and Belgian smoothbores that were issued to other regiments training alongside them at the arsenal in Augusta. The regiment did, however, find the rushed manufacture of the Enfields leaving a rough finish which combined with its brass fittings made it difficult to keep clean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1862\nIn January 1862, while in training in Augusta, the regiment, along with others there, suffered an outbreak of the measles, but lost no men to it. As training progressed, they heard rumors, which proved true, that the regiment was bound for duty with Major General (MGEN) Benjamin Butler in the Gulf of Mexico. On February 18, the regiment boarded the train in Augusta and traveled to Boston arriving on just before midnight on February 19. In Boston, Companies A, B, E, and I embarked on SS Mississippi for Ship Island, Mississippi, on February 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1862\nMississippi was scheduled for stops at Hampton Roads to pick up Butler, Hatteras Inlet to pick up Brigadier General (BGEN) Thomas Williams, and Key West for coal before arriving in Mississippi. At the stop at Norfolk, MGEN Benjamin Butler embarked. On February 26 off Hatteras, it ran into a winter storm (Butler referred to it as a hurricane) that lasted two days. After making it through the storm with the assistance of seamen in the 13th's ranks, Mississippi ran aground in clear weather and calm seas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1862\nWith the assistance of the blockade vessel USS\u00a0Mount Vernon, she got away and limped to Port Royal where she was repaired. The four companies were transferred to SS Matanzas for the remainder of the voyage to Mississippi arriving March 20 at Ship Island and disembarking on March 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1862\nThe day after the four companies sailed from Boston, the remainder (C, D, F, G, and K) entrained for New York embarking February 27 on SS Fulton. Due to missing the bad weather and grounding, these companies arrived almost two weeks before the others. On March 31, the 13th was brigaded with the 30th Massachusetts, the 1st Battery Maine Volunteer Light Artillery, the 12th, 14th, and 15th Maine as the 3rd Brigade of the Department of the Gulf under the command of Colonel George Shepley, the commander of the 12th Maine. As such, it was kept in reserve on Ship Island while New Orleans was taken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1862\nThe regiment continued training and drilling on Ship Island beset by disease spread by fleas and mosquitoes native to the island. Detachments of the regiment were sent into the defenses of New Orleans, July 5, 1862, and the entire regiment was ordered there September 1. By this time, the dark blue jacket and trousers had been replaced by the standard federal uniform of dark blue sack coat and sky blue trousers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1862\nThrough the remainder of 1862, the regiment was dispersed by companies through various strong points in New Orleans' defenses. Companies C and K were at Fort Pike and Fort Macomb guarding the entrance to Lake Pontchartrain. The remainder of the regiment garrisoned a pair of forts 70 miles (110\u00a0km) downriver from New Orleans on either side of Plaquemines bend, Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip. On the south side, Fort Jackson was held by Companies A, D, G, and I manned the walls. On the north side, Fort St Philip held companies B, E, and H.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1862\nAlthough Butler's governance of New Orleans was popular in the North, Butler was replaced by Nathaniel P. Banks in December 1862. Banks soon began planning more military operations throughout the Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863\nWhen Banks reorganized his command in the Department, the 13th became an independent command within XIX Corps. As such, through the first three-quarters of 1863, the regiment remained in garrison at the forts inspecting the shipping and fishing traffic passing from Lake Pontchartrain into the Gulf of Mexico and down the Mississippi Delta to the gulf. The commanders of the stations took great pains to keep the regiment well-drilled and proficient in their arms throughout this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863\nDuring the first half of the war, the Union Navy had successfully blockaded many Southern ports along the Gulf Coast. Cotton trade was a major economic asset for Texas and the whole Confederacy. Initially cotton was transported to Brazos Santiago Pass at the delta of the Rio Grande and exported from Port Isabel. Union forces captured this port and trade was moved inland to Brownsville, Texas. From Brownsville goods were transported across the border to Matamoros and from there to neutral ports along the Mexican coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, South Texas Expedition\nIn the fall of 1863, the Union wanted to shut down the last holdout was in the Corpus Christi/Brownsville area at the mouth of the Rio Grande. Banks launched his Texas Coast operations in October to close the gap once and for all. Another issue for seizing Brownsville was the U.S. government was also anxious to show Union presence along the Mexican border since the French Army had just invaded Mexico and installed Maximillian, and there was an increasing tension and hostility with the French and Imperial Mexican forces. The Union planned to shut down the port and at the same time give a boost to Ju\u00e1rez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, South Texas Expedition\nThe Confederate forces in the area were commanded by General Hamilton P. Bee. Bee's forces consisted of a mere four companies from the 33rd Texas Cavalry under Colonel James Duff and another two companies of three-month volunteers. All other Confederates along the coast had been called elsewhere in the wake of the Union attack at Sabine Pass. The total Confederate force amounted to roughly 150 men stationed at Fort Brown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, South Texas Expedition\nThe 13th, with the 15th Maine, transferred from XIX Corps to XIII Corps for this operation as part of this expeditionary force. The 13th became part of the 2nd Brigade of the 2nd Division commanded by Colonel William M. Dye's. The expeditionary force and its small fleet of steamer transports and towed sailing supply vessels arrived at the mouth of the Rio Grande shortly after noon, November 1, 1863. On November 2, the 13th landed on the east end of Brazos Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0012-0001", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, South Texas Expedition\nOn November 4 after unloading all necessary arms, supplies, and equipment, the XIII Corps moved west to Clarksville at the mouth of the Rio Grande. The 13th and the 20th Wisconsin stayed in Clarksville for a day while the rest of the brigade moved on to Brownsville with the rest of XII Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, South Texas Expedition\nOn November 2, Bee had dispatched two companies of his cavalry to observe and report on the Union landing. Company A under Captain Richard Taylor arrived at the mouth of the Rio Grande while company F under Captain Henry Davis arrived at Point Isabel further north. On November 2 Captain Taylor informed General Bee the Union forces had landed cavalry while Bee made preparatory orders for the evacuation of Brownsville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Battle of Brownsville\nThe 2nd Brigade of the 2nd Division led the Union advance up the river on Brownsville. After chasing off Duff's cavalry, Dye's men entered the Brownsville around 10:00 on November 6, 1863. As the Union forces spread out through the city. General Bee quickly ordered the evacuation of the city and abandoned Fort Brown. He personally supervised the burning of what military supplies and cotton he could. Inside the fort was 8,000 pounds (3,600\u00a0kg) of condemned explosives which caused a great explosion much to the terror of the local citizens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0014-0001", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Battle of Brownsville\nThe Confederates' destruction spread into the city while the soldiers resorted to looting prompting the local citizens into a degree of opposition. A local resident by the name of General Jos\u00e9 Maria Cobos was a Mexican general and refugee living in exile due to the recent French invasion. General Cobos received permission from the civilian authorities in Brownsville to organize a force to resist the looters and subdue the fires started by the Confederate evacuation. Around noon General Banks personally arrived in the city and by 4:00pm the remaining Union forces arrived. Colonel Dye was put in command of the post and the Union army encamped in the city, the army barracks at Fort Brown having been destroyed. The Union forces also captured a large supply of cotton left behind by the Confederates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Chaos in Matamoros\nShortly after helping stop the looting and the fires in Brownsville, General Cobos led a force across the river and seized Matamoros. Banks was in communication with Secretary of State William Seward and keeping Washington informed of the political situation in Mexico. The French had sought and received Confederate support while aiding the Confederacy when and where they could. The Union consistent with its desire to preserve its republic supported the Republicans under Juarez. Cobos while no friend of the Hapsburgs nor French was also a conservative reactionary who denounced Juarez as a demagogue. Cobos had received the support of the local bandit chieftain, Cortina to take power, but they fell out the next day and Cortina executed Cobos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Chaos in Matamoros\nThe 13th and other men of XIII Corps were witness to this chaos across the river and were kept on alert during the remainder of their stay in Brownsville. The instability in Mexico would serve as a distraction to the Union for the remainder of the war in South Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0017-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Battle of Mustang Island\nFollowing the Battle of Brownsville, the 13th Maine and the rest of XIII Corps consolidated a garrison there under Major General Napoleon J. T. Dana. General Banks planned to move against Corpus Christi. Banks sent BGEN Thomas E. G. Ransom on an expedition against a Confederate earthen fortification on Mustang Island known as Fort Semmes. The Confederate garrison, of less than 100 men, was composed of detachments from the 3rd Texas State Militia under Major George O. Dunaway and the 8th Texas Infantry under Captain William N. Maltby. Ransom's force consisted of the 13th and 15th Maine, 34th and 26th Iowa, 8th Indiana, and one battery of artillery numbering around 1,500 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0018-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Battle of Mustang Island\nRansom's men marched to Point Isabel where on November 15, the force embarked on SS Matamoros and SS Planter. Once across the bar at the estuary, the force steamed north along South Padre and Padre Islands to Mustang Island, a barrier island at the mouth of Corpus Christi Bay. Arriving at Corpus Christi Pass in the late morning of November 16, Ransom found the water too shallow in the pass to allow the force to land the troops on the inside shore of Mustang Island. They opted to make the riskier landing through the surf on the outer shore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0018-0001", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Battle of Mustang Island\nLieutenant Colonel (LTCOL) Hesseltine of the 13th was the first ashore followed by the rest of the regiment. The landing was not finished until after sunset, but looking to steal an opportunity on rebels, Ransom had his force march 22 miles (35\u00a0km) through the night to within three miles (4.8\u00a0km) of the fort by 0400. As dawn broke, the march to the fort continued. Upon reports from scouts of rebel pickets, Ransom deployed the 13th Maine ahead of the column in skirmish order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0019-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Battle of Mustang Island\nFort Semmes, occupied by men from the 8th Texas Infantry and 3rd Texas State Militia, was an earthen battery of three cannon designed to control traffic through Aransas Pass and, therefore, not designed to resist a land attack from the south. The skirmishers of the 13th were soon in contact with the small force of pickets inland from the pass. After the 13th fired a volley that sent the rebels back to the fort, Ransom deployed the 20th Iowa, 13th Maine and 15th Maine Infantry Regiments in line of battle while USS\u00a0Monongahela fired into the fort from offshore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0019-0001", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Battle of Mustang Island\nThe regiments advanced stopping to fire volleys as they got closer to the earthworks. The small garrison of Fort Semmes was not prepared for open battle and the fighting was over shortly after the attack commenced. Major Dunaway decided upon an unconditional surrender of the entire garrison rather than making an attempt to fight their way back to the mainland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0020-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Battle of Mustang Island\nDespite having been away from Maine for a little more than eighteen months, this was the 13th's (and the 15th's) first real combat, and BGEN Ransom commended both regiments for their conduct both on the march and in the combat. The attack captured 9 officers, 89 men, 100 small arms, 3 heavy cannon, 140 horses, 125 head of cattle, a \"nearly new\" schooner and a lot of wagons and small boats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0021-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Battle of Mustang Island\nAs Ransom's brigade consolidated Corpus Christi, MGEN Cadwallader C. Washburn arrived at Corpus with another brigade head of the Union expedition on the Texas Coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0022-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Battle of Fort Esperanza\nThe forces under MGEN Washburn remained at Aransas Pass for five days preparing their continued advance north along the Texas coast toward Matagorda Island. On the north end of Matagorda Island lay Fort Esperanza commanded by Colonel William R. Bradfute with a garrison of detachments from his own 8th Texas Infantry and the 5th Texas Militia regiment as well as a few local militiamen from the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0023-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Battle of Fort Esperanza\nThe expeditionary force. led by the 13th's brigade under Ransom marched up the length of St. Joseph Island and began constructing a ferry to get across Cedar Bayou on November 23. Due to light skirmishing and bad weather, they took two days to cross. Once across they encamped to wait for the next Federal brigade under Colonel Henry D. Washburn to cross. On November 27 General Washburn arrived on the scene and ordered Ransom's brigade up the center of the island while Colonel Washburn's brigade moved on a parallel route along the coast. Washburn's brigade reached Fort Esperanza first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0023-0001", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Battle of Fort Esperanza\nThe Federals encountered pickets from the 8th Texas Infantry who retreated within the fortification after a brief reconnoitering skirmish. Bad weather limited activity on November 28 to minor skirmishing and occasional artillery fire which produced no results for either side. The weather turned bad again on November 27 and combined with a lack of requisite boats to thwart a planned leapfrog to McHenry Island behind the fort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0024-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Battle of Fort Esperanza\nOn November 29 with Ransom's brigade in place two Union batteries opened the fight with an artillery bombardment. Union infantry then drove in the Texas infantry from the exterior rifle pits while artillery continued with great accuracy against the Confederate defenses. Colonel Bradfute held a council of war that evening and decided to abandon the fort. Shortly after midnight November 30, Bradfute's men detonated the fort\u2019s magazines, spiked the cannon and withdrew. The explosion signaled the Confederates' evacuation and the Union force entered the fort only to realize the Confederate had already withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0024-0001", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Battle of Fort Esperanza\nTwo Indiana regiments were ordered to pursue the retreating garrison but managed only to capture an artillery piece used to guard the crossing point. Though much of the artillery and ammunition was destroyed General Washburn's expedition succeeded in capturing the fort and found much needed supplies left behind. The Confederate suffered one killed and ten captured while the Union soldiers suffered one killed and ten wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0025-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Medal of Honor action\nAfter Esperanza's capture, the force set up camps on either side of the pass. The 13th began the camp routine of drilling and digging shelters into the dunes due to the lack of tents. MGEN Washburn began gaining intelligence that the rebel state commander in Texas, MGEN John Magruder had promised to drive south from his recaptured Galveston to drive the expeditionary force into the sea and reopen Texas. To preclude that, Washburn frequently sent small reconnaissance patrols in land and up the coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0026-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Medal of Honor action\nOn December 28, 1863, one of these patrols was conducted by the 13th Maine led by LTCOL Hesseltine on the Matagorda Peninsula. The 100 picked men were from companies C, H, and K. The patrol embarked on USS\u00a0Granite City and traveled north to a point seven miles (11\u00a0km) from the head of the peninsula with an eye to coming upon any rebel scouting force from the rear as they swept south on the island. Landing in heavy surf at daybreak on December 29, Hesseltine sent detachments out for signs of enemy activity. Soon, heavy seas and high winds cut off communications with Granite City. The small detachments returned with no reports of rebel activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0027-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Medal of Honor action\nHesseltine spread his men in skirmish order across the width of the island and started sweeping south with Granite City offshore to provide any naval gunfire support (NGFS). His command found the movement difficult so that by 1400, they had only moved south seven to eight miles (11 to 13\u00a0km). To speed his movement, he decided to pull his skirmish order in tighter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0027-0001", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Medal of Honor action\nHearing a whistle from Granite City and then the firing of its 30-pounder (14\u00a0kg) gun, he looked at the ship's target with his telescope and saw a large body of Confederate cavalry coming down from the north in his rear. He continued his movement south but maintained a watch on the cavalry. The NGFS was not having great effect on the cavalry only killing a few so that by 1430, the cavalry was close enough to start firing on his skirmish line. At this time Hesseltine had half his line turn about and fire a volley at their pursuers which scattered the horsemen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0028-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Medal of Honor action\nEventually, the patrol reached a point of the island where its width narrowed to 200 yards (180\u00a0m). Hesseltine put the patrol in line of battle across the neck, but the cavalry started fording the bayou inside the island to get to the patrol's rear. Having his patrol quick-time its way further south as he looked for a spot to stand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0029-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Medal of Honor action\nHe found a depression in the dunes surrounded by driftwood and brambles that formed a natural redan with its opening to the beach under the cover of Granite City. The cavalry force made several attempts to approach and recon the position, but the 13th sent them back with accurate gunfire each time. While the rebels tried to figure out their next course of action, darkness fell on November 29. The patrol lit fires to let Granite City's relief, USS\u00a0Sciota know where they were. The patrol and its NGFS had inflicted many casualties on the rebels, but had yet to suffer a loss themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0030-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Medal of Honor action\nFor many of the men in the patrol, this was still only their third or fourth time in combat. The drilling that the regiment constantly conducted while in garrison was paying off in fire discipline and steadiness. Hesseltine kept the men at the barricades all night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0031-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Medal of Honor action\nTheir scouts approached, to learn from our rifles that we were awake. Soon after midnight the picket fired, and ran in to report a strong body moving to the left on to the beach. This force came up, but a sharp fire sent them to the rear, as the gunboat Sciota, which had slipped her anchor, ran round, and \u00b7 poured in a broadside. They retired for the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0032-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Medal of Honor action\nThe morning of December 30 was heavy with fog that impeded both the Union and Confederate forces. When it lifted midday, the gunboat CSS John F. Carr steamed down the interior bay to shell the makeshift fort \"with her 20-pounder Parrott, making some very good shots, but injuring no one.\" At 1500 Hesseltine's small command was without food and water, and he decided to slip his men out of the position and head south on the island. The rebels were unaware of the escape and continued shelling the position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0033-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Medal of Honor action\nDriving a handful of rebel scouts before them, the patrol continued marching in the dark in the midst of a terrible storm until 0100 on December 30 (this storm also ran CSS John F. Carr aground to wreck on a sandbar leading the Confederates to scuttle her lest she be captured). At daybreak they resumed their trek and by 1400 had reconnected with Sciota and through heavy surf reembarked for Corpus Christi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0034-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Medal of Honor action\nIn his report Hesseltine sang the praises of all his subordinates the steadiness and tactical proficiency of the men in his patrol, and specifically lauded the two US Navy ships concluding his report with:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0035-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Medal of Honor action\nCaptain [George H.] Perkins, of the Sciota, excited my admiration by the daring manner in which he exposed his ship through the night in the surf till it broke all about him, that he might, close to us, lend the moral force of his 11-inch guns and howitzers, and by his gallantry in bringing us off during the gale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0036-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Medal of Honor action\nTo Captain [Charles W.] Lamson, of the Granite City, great credit is due for his exertion to retard and drive back the enemy. By the loss he inflicted upon them, it is clear but for the heavy sea he would have freed us from any exertion. Information comes in that the attacking force was Green's cavalry, and from 1,200 to 1,500 strong. I have allowed myself to be too minute in this report that you may understand exactly how 100 of our Yankees baffled, beat back, and eluded so large a body of rebels and rebel gunboat without loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0037-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1863, Medal of Honor action\nThe conduct and the patrol led the Confederates to believe their forces had encountered to be about 300 and for propaganda purposes reported in the papers that their force was of equal size despite their own military records. Hesseltine was later awarded the Medal of Honor for this action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0038-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864\nIn January 1864, Hesseltine became the commander of the regiment when Rust was promoted to command the brigade. On February 25, the regiment departed Texas to return to Louisiana. The two regiments who had been in garrison before the expedition and seen little action were recognized by other commands in the department as solid units. After their return to Louisiana from Texas, the 13th along with the 15th was transferred from XIII Corps to XIX Corps. Their old brigade commander, BGEN Ransom was promoted to command of XII Corps. The two Maine regiments were brigaded with the 160th New York and the 47th Pennsylvania in the 2nd Brigade under BGEN James McMillen in the 1st Division  under BGEN William Emory in MGEN William B. Franklin's XIX Corps. In that transfer, Rust resumed command of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0039-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nIn that organization, they participated in the Red River Campaign designed to capture Shreveport, Louisiana and sever Texas from the rest of the Confederacy. XIX Corps would join XIII Corps in Banks' column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0040-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\n(Some historians have claimed that the campaign was also motivated by the continuing distraction down near the scene of 13th's exploits in the last quarter of 1863, the 25,000 French troops in Mexico sent by Napoleon III and under the command of Emperor Maximilian).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0041-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nThe plan was Banks would take 20,000 troops (XIII  Corps in two divisions, XIX in two divisions, a cavalry division, and a brigade of US Colored Troops) on a route up the Bayou Teche, where they would be met by 10,000 men from XVI Corps and XVII Corps from the Army of the Tennessee under the command of Brigadier General A. J. Smith. Smith's forces were available to Banks only until the end of April, when they would be sent back east where they were needed for other Union military actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0041-0001", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nBanks would command this combined force of 30,000, which would be supported in its march up the Red River towards Shreveport by Union Navy Rear Admiral David Dixon Porter's fleet of gunboats. At the same time, 7,000 Union troops from the Department of Arkansas under the command of MGEN Frederick Steele would be sent south from Arkansas to rendezvous with Banks in his attack on Shreveport, and to serve as the garrison for that city after its capture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0042-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nHeavy late winter and early spring rains delayed the movement up from New Orleans. Banks halted at Natchitoches to consolidate his forces and rendezvous with Porter's flotilla. Although there were signs of the enemy, regular contact and light skirmishing only became daily on March 21. The 13th as it moved with its brigade, had no contact with the rebels as it moved up the river. They noted the change from sugar plantations to cotton plantations as they moved further northwest and into the pines. They saw little of their corps commander, Franklin, but frequently saw the XIII's commander, Ransom, under whom they served in Texas and held in high regard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0043-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nAt this time opposed by a numerically inferior force led by Major General Richard Taylor, Banks and his staff expected no real resistance. Even still, Banks inexplicably veered away from the river and Dixon's support to chase Taylor into dense pine forests. The roads were poor and the army was strung out for miles along the Mansfield Road in a dense pine forest. On April 8 he reached Sabine Crossroads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0044-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nThe 13th Maine as part of Emory's Division was in the reserve taking turns with the other regiments in the division manning the rear guard when the expedition made contact with the rebels. The lead elements, XIII Corps, deployed in battle piecemeal, found themselves outnumbered locally, and were feeling increased pressure from their flanks. At 1600, Walker's Texas Division thrashed and shattered the left wing of XIII Corps. As the situation worsened, Banks called up XIX Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0045-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nAs Emory's Division was committed to the battle, they had to quick-time their way past the traffic jam of XIII Corps' wagons and artillery stuck on the road. Eventually, they met elements of XIII Corps thoroughly routed streaming back down the road. Emory deployed his division atop a ridge that descended to Chatman's Bayou with every member knowing how dire their situation was. The 13th as part of 2nd Brigade was kept in reserve. The rebels attacked and were thrown back repeatedly with severe losses. The 15th Maine and 160th New York were soon committed. Eventually, the 13th and the 47th Pennsylvania were committed to shore up the right wing from an enveloping attack and repulsed the rebels. The battle ended with nightfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0046-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nThe Battle of Mansfield (or Battle of Sabine Crossroads) was a strategic and tactical disaster for the expedition, but Emory's Division held its field at the end of battle. Most of the Union losses were from units outside of Emory's Division. This was also the first time that the 13th had seen heavy combat. Of note, it was remarked in official reports and regimental histories in being a battle where artillery played almost no role. As in Texas, men of the 13th found that all their drilling had paid off:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0047-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nThe Thirteenth had at last faced the enemy upon a real battle-field [sic], and had done its part in his repulse. In helping foil the flank movement, it had performed a most essential service, and probably saved Emory's division from sharing the fate of Ransom's gallant detachment of the 13th Corps; for Ransom's men had bravely repulsed all attacks in their front, and had only been beaten because their flanks had been turned by the enemy's superior force. For hundreds of families in Louisiana and Texas, the anniversary of Sabine Cross-Roads, as the battle was called, has since been a day of mourning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0048-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nTheir attack was made with great desperation, apparently with the idea that the dispersion of our forces at this point would end the campaign, and with the aid of the steadily falling river leave the fleet of transports and gun-boats in their hands or compel their destruction. Nothing could surpass in impetuosity the assault of the enemy but the inflexible steadiness and valor of our troops. The First Division of the Nineteenth Corps, by its great bravery in this action, saved the army and navy. But for this successful resistance to the attack of the enemy at Pleasant Grove, the renewed attack of the enemy with increased force could not have been successfully resisted at Pleasant Hill on the 9th of April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0049-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nAs the expedition prepared to withdraw, the men of the 13th learned that their old commander, Ransom, had been seriously wounded in the day's action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0050-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nShortly after midnight, the 13th received orders to withdraw quietly from their positions. The force was to fall back seventeen miles (27\u00a0km) to unite with BGEN A. J. Smith at Pleasant Hill. As they slipped away, the 13th found they had lost two killed and eight wounded in the battle (a further five were separated from the regiment during the retreat and were taken prisoner by the rebels). Due to the darkness and the order to maintain silence, the 13th Maine did not reach Pleasant Hill until 0900 on 9 April. The 13th and McMillan's brigade were the rear guard during the march.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0051-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nBack at Mansfield, Taylor did not learn of Banks' retreat until dawn. He then ordered an immediate pursuit with BGEN Thomas Green's cavalry. Upon arrival at Pleasant Hill, Banks had his force prepare for battle and deploy to face the enemy with the 13th in Emory's division in the center left of the line. When the Green and his men came upon Banks' line of battle near the town of Pleasant Hill, they retreated a mile to wait for the infantry to arrive. By 1000, the 13th and its brigade had been relieved at the frontline by Shaw's brigade of the 3rd Division of A. J. Smith's XVI Corps and sent into reserve in the rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0052-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nAt 1630, Confederate BGEN Thomas J. Churchill's arriving infantry started the attack on the Union forces striking Col Lewis Benedict's 3rd Brigade of Emory's Division. Taylor thought he was sending them into the Union flank, but it was actually the center. Confederate cavalry also miscalculated positions and suffered heavily from flank fire. Churchill's men did succeed in collapsing this Union center position, but this also brought his men into the middle of a U-shaped position, with A. J. Smith's unused divisions forming the base of the \"U\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0052-0001", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nThe 13th was pulled out of reserve and sent to the advanced Union right which had also collapsed, but they were recalled to shore up the center to join a counterattack. As they were moving into position a fleeing artillery team drove through their formation completely disorganizing it and knocking it back to a ravine to regroup. From the ravine, the 13th advanced with its brigade joined by elements of Benedict's brigade who formed on McMillan's line of advance. The push drove Churchill's infantry back and members of, and, joined by neighboring regiments, they routed Taylor's men from the vicinity of Pleasant Hill. As they drove the Confederates from the field in disorder, some of the artillery that had been lost the day before in the train were recaptured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0053-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nBeing in possession of the field and having inflicted slightly higher losses on his enemy, Banks took stock of his expedition's status. Unknown to him, the state of his opponent was such that as Kirby Smith wrote, \"Our repulse at Pleasant Hill was so complete and our command was so disorganized that had Banks followed up his success vigorously, he would have met but feeble opposition to his advance on Shreveport.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0053-0001", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nShort of water and feed for the horses, not knowing where his supply boats were, unaware of the depth of the wound he had dealt his opponent, and receiving divided opinions from his senior officers, Banks opted for a rapid retreat downriver to Natchitoches and Grand Ecore to rendezvous with the fleet. It was a tactical victory for the Federals, but a strategic Confederate one because the Union army retreated following the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0054-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nThe 13th had again performed well, but suffered losses. It last three killed, twenty-one wounded (seven of whom later died), and twenty-one missing, many of whom never returned to Maine after the war and were never heard of again. The regiment found the retreat after what they perceived a solid victory was \"most unwelcome.\" The 13th marched twenty miles (32\u00a0km) on April 10 and reached Grand Ecore by 1500, April 11. The regiment encamped an built fortifications along the river for nine days waiting for the fleet to get past the rapids that were a factor due to the unusually low level of the Red River that spring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0055-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nAt Grand Ecore near Natchitoches, Banks received confidential orders from Grant to move the army to New Orleans to avoid further jeopardizing the timetable for the attack on Mobile Bay. The river also continued to fall, and all the supply boats had to return downriver. Banks gave the order to return to Alexandria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0056-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nOn April 21, the regiment received orders to prepare to retreat further and destroy all property which could not be carried. The fires were a signal to the rebels \"as if a courier had been sent into their camp.\" By 0200, April 22, they were in line of march with their brigade. On the afternoon of April 23, the retreat was delayed as, Porter had run into a delaying ambush at the mouth of Cane River after he tarried to blow up the stuck USS\u00a0Eastport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0056-0001", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nWhile occasionally under artillery fire, the 13th watched the other brigades in its division close with and drive off the rebels at Cane River Crossing allowing them to cross and Porter to move down river. The remainder of the march to Alexandria was uneventful for the 13th as they arrived there in the afternoon April 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0057-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nSensing that they were involved in a perceived defeat, Banks's relations deteriorated with the cantankerous A. J. Smith and the Navy and with most of the other generals as well. He was determined to seize as much contraband as he could before retreating to the Mississippi and put his regiments on relief from manning the defenses to work loading cotton and sugar on the flotillas transports. The 13th spent all of May 11 performing this duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0058-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nAs XIX Corps prepared to retreat along the river under the guns of the Navy, Porter could not get many of his ironclads over the falls at Alexandria. Colonel Joseph Bailey designed Bailey's Dam, to which Banks soon gave night-and-day attention. Several boats got through before a partial dam collapse. An extra upriver dam provided additional water depth, allowing the march to resume. By May 13, the last vessel made it over the dam and the expedition quit Alexandria. When the Federals left Alexandria, the town went up in flames, the origins of which are disputed. Because the Confederates had already burned most of the cotton that was not on the fleet's vessels, many speculators at Alexandria were disappointed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0059-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nUnknown to Banks, Kirby Smith had taken half of Taylor's force to repel Steele to the northwest. As a result, Taylor tried to make it seem many more men were present, but he did not try to stop the dam construction. He did manage to sink two gunboats - USS\u00a0Covington and USS\u00a0Signal - and three transports - Emma, City Belle, and John Warner - downriver at Snaggy Point. Yet though General Taylor had promised to prevent the escape of the Federals, he could not do so. He blamed Kirby Smith for lack of support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0060-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nThe 13th marched southeast along the southern bank, occasionally seeing the flotilla shell rebel forces on the north bank. Midday May 15, the column stopped at Snaggy Point. John Warner had been carrying mail from the expedition south when it had been taken by the rebels. The 13th saw this mail torn open as the Confederates had been looked for money and found some of their own letters. En route to the Mississippi, an running twelve-mile (19\u00a0km) engagement of a series of successful Union flanking movements was fought on the road to Mansura on May 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0060-0001", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nIn this action, the 13th was under artillery fire several times but found the Confederates had already retreated out of rifle range as the regiment advanced. In the halt at Masura, the 13th and its brigade discovered a shed with a large supply of tobacco and twenty barrels of salt meat intended for the rebel forces. The 13th and its brigade mates soon replenished their tobacco supply and seized the meat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0061-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nThe 13th and the rest of the Union force suffered no casualties. The 13th was kept ready but never played no part in the Yellow Bayou, the final conflict of the campaign which took place on May 18 with significant casualties in a burning forest. Transport ships were lashed together to allow Union forces to cross the wide Atchafalaya River. The force finally reached the Mississippi on May 21 and went into camp at Morganza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0062-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Red River Campaign\nIn this failed campaign, since March 7, the 13th Maine had marched over 500 miles (800\u00a0km), had performed well at Mansfield and Pleasant Hill, and had been shelled at Cane River and Mansura.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0063-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Northern Virginia\nThe regiment remained at Morganza through the rest of May and into June. In late June, they started hearing rumors of movement. On July 1 they were told XIX Corps was going to Northern Virginia. On July 2, the 13th boarded a steamer and made for New Orleans. Despite other military departments were considered secondary to the Army of the Potomac; and that XIX Corps were under orders to proceed to Fortress Monroe as rapidly as possible, the 13th and its brethren waited for steamers to become available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0064-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Northern Virginia\nOn July 5, the command and seven companies of the 13th and the entire 29th Maine embarked on SS Clinton and the other three companies on another vessel. Just after dark that evening, the steamers unmoored and proceeded down river. By daylight the next morning, the 13th was steaming swiftly in the direction of Key West. Unlike their trip south in 1862, their journey to Hampton Roads was uneventful, \"even stormy Cape Hatteras suffered us to pass without a ripple upon the water.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0064-0001", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Northern Virginia\nOn the afternoon of July 12, the two ships anchored at Fortress Monroe, \"in very nearly the same spot where the Mississippi had anchored on the 24th of February 1862.\" Remaining overnight, they received orders to proceed to Washington in the morning. Just before noon on July 13, they debarked Long Bridge in Washington, DC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0065-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Northern Virginia\nFor the next week and a half, the 13th as part of XIX Corps chased Jubal Early's raiding force back and forth and up and down the Potomac in defense of the capital until July 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0066-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Northern Virginia\nIn the ten days since landing at Washington, the regiment bad marched over one hundred and fifty miles, had forded the Potomac once and the Shenandoah twice, and had twice crossed the Blue Ridge. The arching vas very hard owing to the heat and the dust, 'The northern Atlantic States were then suffering from a very severe drought, having hardly any rain worth mentioning for two months, and when marching in the road the dust would almost step one\u2019s breath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0067-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Northern Virginia\nThe regiment camped at Chain Bridge, resting and refitting, until July 26, when they marched to Harpers Ferry arriving on July 29. When, news arrived of McCausland's raid into Pennsylvania and his revenge burning of Chambersburg, they marched back toward Washington reaching Frederick, Maryland on the afternoon July 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0068-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Northern Virginia\nThe five companies that had taken the different steamer arrived in the afternoon of July 16 at Long Bridge They immediately joined other troops in pursuit of Early until July 17 when they boarded a steamer for Bermuda Hundreds, where they reported to General Butler. After spending a week on picket and on the skirmish line, they rejoined the regiment at Monocacy on July 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0069-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Northern Virginia\nOn August 3, while at Monocacy, Emory, commander of XIX Corps, informed the Department that the 13th and 15th Maine had yet to receive their veteran furlough earned several months earlier. On August 5, the non-reenlisted men of the 13th were temporarily attached to the 30th Maine; while the reenlisted men took the cars for Baltimore on their way to Maine. They arrived at Augusta on August 9 and were furloughed on August 13. The furlough, expected to be only thirty days, was extended two weeks by a special order from the War Department. On September 26, they reassembled at Augusta, and the next day left for the front. They reached Harper's Ferry on October 1 where the regiment was rejoined the next day by the non-reenlisted men who had been with the 30th Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0070-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Northern Virginia\nThese men had had an eventful foray supporting MGEN Philip Sheridan and his army in the Shenandoah Valley. On August 14, the 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, to which the men of the 13th were attached, was detailed to guard the trains of Sheridan's army. For the next week, the train moved back and forth following the movement of the army through Winchester, Middletown, Newtown, Kernstown, and Charlestown. On August 19, the train stayed for two days at Gum Spring foraged aggressively. On August 21, nearing rebel forces caused the train to move to the bank of the Shenandoah at its junction with the Winchester Railroad. On August 28, the train was ordered to Harpers Ferry where it remained until the regiment returned from their furlough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0071-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Northern Virginia\nOn October 5, the 13th was ordered to garrison Martinsburg, Maryland to relieve the troops there who were ending their enlistment. The 13th happily set up residency in \"Little Massachusetts\" (called that by the rebels due to its strong pro-Union sentiment among its residents). The supply depot and the residents' political leanings made it a target for Confederate guerilla activity, but the 13th and the 15th Maine maintained a constant picket around the town and saw off all raiders without loss. The time off the picket line was spent loading and unloading supplies at the railroad. These two duties precluded the 13th from returning to its usual drilling while stationary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0072-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, 1864, Northern Virginia\nDespite several brief forays including a week at New Creek, Maryland, the 13th remained in Martinsburg until December 27 when orders arrived for all original members of the regiment who had not reenlisted to depart for Augusta to muster out. The 252 veterans and 82 recruits of the 13th were consolidated to a single battalion and transferred to 30th Maine on December 27, 1864. Those soldiers who did not reenlist were entrained on cattle cars that day. Reaching Baltimore on December 28, they were loaded onto passenger cars and headed home. They arrived in Augusta before 1700, December 30, \"so near three years from the original muster-in date to the service as a regiment: Dec 31st, 1861.\" After almost a week of processing paperwork, the men were discharged from service on January 6, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010676-0073-0000", "contents": "13th Maine Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment lost 1 officer and 13 men. 3 officers and 178 died of disease for a total of 195 fatalities from all causes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010677-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Manitoba Legislature\nThe members of the 13th Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in July 1910. The legislature sat from February 9, 1911, to June 15, 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010677-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Manitoba Legislature\nTobias Norris of the Liberal Party was Leader of the Opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010677-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Manitoba Legislature\nDaniel Hunter McMillan was Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba until August 1, 1911, when Douglas Colin Cameron became lieutenant governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010677-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Manitoba Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1910:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010678-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Expeditionary Unit\nThe 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit (13th MEU) is one of seven Marine Expeditionary Units currently in existence in the United States Marine Corps. The Marine Expeditionary Unit is a Marine Air Ground Task Force with a strength of about 2,200 personnel. The MEU consists of a command element, a reinforced infantry battalion, a composite aviation squadron and a combat logistics battalion. The 13th MEU is currently based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010678-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, Mission\nThe mission of the MEU is to provide geographic combatant commanders with a forward-deployed, rapid-response force capable of conducting conventional amphibious and selected maritime special operations at night or under adverse weather conditions from the sea, by surface and/or by air while under communications and electronics restrictions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010678-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Early years\nThe 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) was activated at Camp Pendleton, California, 1 February 1985, as the 13th Marine Amphibious Unit. The unit was renamed as the 13th MEU 5 February 1988. It is one of three West Coast MEUs which make periodic deployments to the Western Pacific, Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf regions. The \"Fighting 13th\" has experienced a number of firsts. It was the first West Coast MEU to be designated as Special Operations Capable, having trained to conduct a wide variety of special missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010678-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Early years\nIt was the first MEU to deploy with Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC); an entire section of Avenger air defense weapons systems, the first to refuel ground vehicles with the Tactical Bulk Fuels Delivery System mounted in a CH-53E. Additionally, it was the first West Coast MEU to deploy with a force reconnaissance platoon, and the first to launch from an amphibious vessel USS Tarawa (LHA-1) and train with drone remotely piloted vehicles (as the 13th MAU in 1986).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010678-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nThe 13th MEU\u2019s special operations capabilities (SOC) were used extensively on its deployment during Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm. Beginning a routine deployment 20 June 1990, the MEU was diverted to Southwest Asia in August. The first amphibious force to arrive in the theater of operations, personnel conducted the first Marine offensive actions against Iraq. In October, elements boarded two Iraqi tankers that refused to obey United Nations sanctions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010678-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nThe MEU\u2019s last combat operation in Desert Storm was an Iraqi prisoner-of-war detainment on Faylaka Island, Kuwait, 3 March 1991, which resulted in 1,413 Iraqi prisoners being apprehended. The MEU returned to the United States 16 April, after being deployed 301 consecutive days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010678-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nThe 13th MEU (SOC) deployed again in January 1992. During this deployment, the MEU conducted training operations in the Persian Gulf, Africa and Thailand. Additionally, the MEU was the last deploying unit to visit the Philippines prior to the closure of Naval Station Subic Bay prior to returning that summer. The 13th MEU (SOC) arrived off the coast of Somalia in early October 1993 in response to increasing hostilities there. As a key element of the newly formed COMMARFOR Somalia, the 13th MEU (SOC) and 22nd MEU (SOC), remained on station ready to provide support to United States and United Nations forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010678-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nIn mid-13 November MEU (SOC) became the principle rapid response force in the region and executed two humanitarian assistance operations. The first, Operation Show Care, took place in the cities of Marka and Qoryooley from 11\u201314 November. From 1\u20133 December, Operation More Care was conducted in the Old Port of Mogadishu. Both operations provided needed medical and dental assistance to Somali citizens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010678-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nThe 13th MEU (SOC) continued its presence mission through January 1994, providing aircraft for the \"Eyes Over Mogadishu\" missions as well as sniper support at the United States Embassy compound. The 13th MEU returned to the United States 17 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010678-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nThe MEU deployed again 25 October, only seven months after returning to Camp Pendleton. Following a scheduled exercise on Okinawa, 11\u201313 November, the MEU sailed to the Persian Gulf. During this period the MEU conducted a Maritime Interdiction Operation/Visit Board Search and Seizure (MIO/VBSS) mission aboard the Honduran-flagged merchant vessel Ajmer, which was in violation of United Nations sanctions on Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010678-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nIn January 1995, the 13th MEU (SOC) was ordered to conduct Operation United Shield - the withdrawal of UNOSOM forces from Somalia. The MEU sailed to Africa and conducted operation rehearsals in Kenya. On 28 February, the 13th MEU (SOC) conducted an amphibious assault onto Somali soil and executed a relief-in-place with UNOSOM forces. By 2 March, the withdrawal of all UNOSOM forces was complete, and during the first hours of 3 March, the final Marine forces departed Somali soil. The 13th MEU (SOC) returned to Camp Pendleton 24 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010678-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nThe MEU departed on its ninth deployment 19 April 1996. During an MEU exercise in Kuwait, the MEU became the first MEU(SOC) to put the entire landing force ashore in Kuwait without the use of a port or airfield. This was a vital step in the validation of the plan for the defense of Kuwait, which had previously not been tested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010678-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nThe \"Fighting 13th\" returned to Camp Pendleton to end its deployment 18 October. The 13th MEU(SOC) began its tenth deployment 29 August 1997. During WESTPAC 98-1, the MEU participated in Operation Southern Watch during November and December, helping enforce the no-fly zone over southern Iraq. The MEU returned home 28 February, 11998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010678-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\n5 December 1998, began WESTPAC 99-1. During deployment, the MEU conducted training in Hawaii, Singapore and Kuwait. MEU Marines provided reinforcements to the U.S. Embassy in Kenya and responded to the Eritrea-Ethiopia war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010678-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nWhile deployed in the WESTPAC from 14\u201316 September 2000, the MEU conducted a humanitarian assistance operation in East Timor, offloading more than 570 tons of material by aircraft and more than 430 tons via sea lift.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010678-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nIn October 2000, the 13th MEU was dispatched to provide security and assist in Operation Determined Response, the recovery of the crippled destroyer USS\u00a0Cole in the port of Aden, Yemen. The MEU marked its transit home with a stop on Iwo Jima, and Tarawa, returning to Camp Pendleton 13 February 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010678-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Global War on Terror\nThe \"Fighting 13th\u2019s\" thirteenth deployment began six weeks early when it departed 1 December 2001, in response to Operation Enduring Freedom being conducted in Afghanistan. Aircraft from HMM-165 (Rein) played an integral part in the air war conducted during Operation Enduring Freedom and provided the primary air support during Operation Anaconda in the early months of 2002. In addition to the 13th MEU (SOC)\u2019s role in Operations Enduring Freedom and Anaconda, the MEU conducted humanitarian assistance operations in Kenya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010678-0015-0001", "contents": "13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Global War on Terror\nWhile in Kenya the MEU built bridges, improved and built school structures, dug a well, and improved structures at a maternity hospital. Medical and dental aid and education were provided to the local population by MEU medical staff and bilateral training was conducted with Kenyan forces. The MEU conducted separate bilateral training exercises with Qatari and Omani forces prior to returning to Camp Pendleton 17 June 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010678-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Global War on Terror\nOn 6 May 2016, it was reported that over 2,000 to 4,500 Marines from the 13th MEU were staged on the USS Boxer off the coast of Yemen to provide support to coalition forces in Yemen fighting AQAP militants. On 16 June 2016, AV-8B II+ Harriers of the 13th MEU flying from the USS Boxer in the Persian Gulf began airstrikes on ISIL in Iraq and Syria as part of Operation Inherent Resolve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010679-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Regiment (United States)\nThe 13th Marine Regiment (13th Marines) was an artillery regiment of the United States Marine Corps. The regiment was activated for service three times during the 20th century when the Marine Corps expanded to meet war time requirements. Originally activated as an infantry regiment during World War I, the unit arrived in France before the war ended but did not participate in combat operations. It was reactivated for service in World War II as the artillery regiment for the 5th Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010679-0000-0001", "contents": "13th Marine Regiment (United States)\nThe unit saw intense combat during the Battle of Iwo Jima, participated in occupation duty in Japan and was quickly decommissioned shortly after the war. The regiment was last activated during the Vietnam War to again provide fire support for 5th Marine Division regiments supporting operations in South Vietnam. The regiment was finally deactivated on April 30, 1970, as the Marine Corps began to draw down its force structure at the conclusion of the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010679-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe 13th Marines was formed on July 3, 1916, as an infantry regiment. Assigned to the 5th Marine Brigade, the regiment arrived in France on September 25, 1918, and served in the vicinity of Brest. After the war the regiment was deactivated on August 15, 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010679-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nOn December 10, 1943, the regiment was reactivated at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California as an artillery unit underneath the 5th Marine Division. Training continued at Camp Pendleton through the summer of 1944 which culminated in simulated amphibious landings on San Clemente Island. The 13th Marines departed San Diego in August 1944 sailing for Hawaii. Upon arrival they were housed at Camp Tarawa on Oahu. While at Tarawa the Division continued to train and incorporate lessons learned from each new amphibious landing that took place in the Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010679-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Iwo Jima\nThe four battalions of the 13th Marines, under the command of Colonel James D. Waller, took part in the Battle of Iwo Jima. Reconnaissance parties and forward observers for the regiment came ashore at Red Beach 2, 1500 yards north of Mount Suribachi in the 5th wave at 0922 on D-Day to scout out artillery positions before the battalions arrived. At that time, most of the positions that had initially been identified were still in enemy hands. At 0935 the Japanese opened their vicious attack of machine guns, mortars and artillery. 3/13 came ashore first on the southern beaches at 1400, followed by 2/13 at 1430, 1/13 at 1645 and 4/13 at 1930. Early on the morning of February 21, 1/13 and 2/13 dispersed an enemy counterattack that had been building up in front of the 1st Battalion, 27th Marines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010679-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Iwo Jima\nThe 105mm howitzers from 3/13 were in direct support of the 28th Marine Regiment as it wheeled south on the morning of February 21 to secure Mount Suribachi. On the evening of February 28 at 0215 in the morning the 5th Marine Division ammunition dump was hit causing a massive explosion and subsequent fire. Marines from H&S Battery, 13th Marines and the 5th Engineer Battalion were responsible for eventually getting the blaze under control. As the end of the battle neared many of the infantry battalions were critically low on personnel. Marines from H&S Battery and 1/13 and 2/13 were provided to the 28th Marine Regiment to help serve as replacements for the infantry battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010679-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Iwo Jima\nThe regiment participated in the occupation of southern Japan and in particular Kyushu for several months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010679-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Iwo Jima\nUpon returning from overseas the regiment was again placed in an inactive status on January 12, 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010679-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War\nThe 13th Marines were reactivated on May 1, 1966, for service during the Vietnam War. In August 1966, the 13th Marine Regiment was deployed to South Vietnam. Battery \"A\" 1\u201313 participated in amphibious operations as part of Special Landing Force (SLF) 26 and later BLT 1\u201326 in support of the 1st Battalion, 26th Marines", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010679-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Regiment (United States), Insignia\nThe insignia of the 13th Marine Regiment is that of the 5th Marine Division, differenced by adjusting the charges to surmount crossed artillery cannons all below a banner of gold inscribed \"THIRTEENTH MARINES\" of scarlet and a 1936-type Marine Corps emblem of gold in the chief (top) of the shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010679-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Marine Regiment (United States), Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. The 13th Marine Regiment has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010680-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Maryland Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th Maryland Infantry was a regiment of infantry from the State of Maryland that fought on the Union side during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010680-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Maryland Infantry Regiment\nIt was organized March 1, 1865, and was designated 13th Regiment Infantry April 8, 1865 for 2 months service on May 29, 1865 due to the end of the war. It was organized in Frederick, Maryland, and was composed of men from Maryland and veterans from the 1st Maryland Infantry, Potomac Home Brigade. The commanding officer was Colonel Rodger E. Cook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010680-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Maryland Infantry Regiment\nThe unit was stationed at Martinsburg, West Virginia to protect the section of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad that stretched between Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010680-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Maryland Infantry Regiment\nDuring the regiment's short time in existence seven soldiers died and forty-five soldiers deserted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010681-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Massachusetts Battery\nThe 13th Massachusetts Battery (or 13th Battery Massachusetts Light Artillery) was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The unit was organized at Camp Meigs near Boston during the fall of 1862. Its members were mustered in at various times over the fall and the officers mustered into federal service on November 3, 1862. It was assigned to the Department of the Gulf commanded by Major General Nathaniel P. Banks and departed Massachusetts by steamship on January 20, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010681-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Massachusetts Battery\nThe journey was delayed by storms and the loss of 60 horses due to rough treatment from the heavy seas. The unit disembarked at Fortress Monroe, remained in the vicinity for six weeks, then resumed their voyage which was further delayed by calms. The battery reached New Orleans on May 10 and remained quartered there until the beginning of June. On June 5, 1863 the unit turned their horses over to the 12th Massachusetts Battery and departed New Orleans to take part in the Siege of Port Hudson. They were assigned to operate four siege mortars, a type of heavy artillery not typically used by units of light artillery. The kept up continual fire of these guns for 31 days, along with other artillery units, until the city surrendered on July 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010681-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Massachusetts Battery\nOn August 31, 1863, the 13th Massachusetts Battery returned to New Orleans. Due to losses from disease and desertions, the battery numbered just 50 men fit for active duty after the Siege of Port Hudson--about one-third of its original strength. Due to their low numbers, the battery was merged for a time with the 2nd Massachusetts Battery, becoming an auxiliary of that unit. With the 2nd Massachusetts Battery, they participated in the Second Bayou Teche Campaign intended to clear western Louisiana of Confederate forces and gain a foothold in Texas in the fall of 1863. They took part in numerous skirmishes and advancing as far as Opelousas, Louisiana and then joined in the retrograde movement, falling back to New Iberia, Louisiana. After the close of the campaign, the 13th Massachusetts went into winter quarters in Franklin, Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010681-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Massachusetts Battery\nOn February 18, 1864, the men of the 13th Massachusetts Battery were transferred to the 6th Massachusetts Battery and again transferred a few weeks later to Battery L, 1st United States Light Artillery. As an auxiliary to this unit, they participated in the Red River Campaign, a failed attempt to advance Union forces up the Red River and into Texas. The members of the battery were involved in several engagements during this campaign and suffered casualties during the Battle of Pleasant Hill. At the close of the campaign, the battery returned to New Orleans on June 29, 1864. Two days later, on July 1, they were re-supplied with four field guns and restored as an independent unit. That month they were posted at Camp Parapet just outside of New Orleans were they remained until after the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010681-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Massachusetts Battery\nThe 13th Massachusetts Battery returned to Massachusetts in July 1865 and was mustered out on July 28. The regiment did not have any men killed in combat but lost 26 dead due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010682-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was formed on July 16, 1861, at Fort Independence in Boston, Massachusetts. Its original commander was Colonel Samuel H. Leonard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010682-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Organization and Assignments\nThe 13th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was organized at Fort Independence in Boston, Massachusetts, on June 16, 1861. It left for Washington, D.C., on July 30. Attached to Stile's Brigade, Banks' Division, Army of the Potomac, to October, 1861. Abercrombie's Brigade, Banks' Division, to March, 1862. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Banks' 5th Army Corps and Dept. of the Shenandoah, to May, 1862. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, Dept. of the Rappahannock, to June, 1862. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, 3rd Army Corps, Army of Virginia, to September, 1862. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, 1st Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May, 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 1st Army Corps, to March, 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 5th Army Corps, to June, 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, 5th Army Corps, to July, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010682-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 1861 to 1862\nThe regiment was assigned to patrol and outpost duty on the Upper Potomac until March, 1862. It first saw action at Beller's Mill, near Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, on September 2, 1861. Pritchard's Mills September 18 (2 Cos.). Bolivar Heights near Harper's Ferry, October 16. (Cos. \"C,\" \"D,\" \"I\" and \"K\" detached at Hancock, Md., January 5\u201330, 1862.) Occupation of Winchester, Virginia, March 12. Pursuit of Jackson up the Shenandoah Valley from March 24 to April 27. Guard duty on the Orange & Alexandria Railroad May 3 to 18. Battle of Cedar Mountain on August 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010682-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 1861 to 1862\nPope's Campaign in Northern Virginia August 16 to September 2. Battle of Thoroughfare Gap on August 28. 2nd Battle of Bull Run on August 30. Battle of Chantilly September 1. Served in the Maryland Campaign September to October. Battles of South Mountain September 14, and the Battle of Antietam September 16\u201317. At Sharpsburg until October 30. Movement to Warrenton, thence to Falmouth, Virginia, October 30 to November 19. Fought at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, from December 12 to 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010682-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 1863\nThe regiment was part of the infamous \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863. At Falmouth and Belle Plain until April 27. Participated in the Chancellorsville Campaign April 27 to May 6. Operations at Pollock's Mill Creek April 29-May 2. Fitzhugh's Crossing April 29\u201330. Battle of Chancellorsville May 2\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. Picket duty along the Rapidan until October --. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advance to line of the Rappahanock November 7\u20138. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 42], "content_span": [43, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010682-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 1864\nDuty on the Orange & Alexandria Railroad until April, 1864. Demonstrations on the Rapidan February 6\u20137. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James May\u2013June. Battle of the Wilderness May 5\u20137; Spottsylvania May 8\u201312; Spottsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient May 12. North Anna River May 23\u201326. Jericho Ford May 23. Line of the Pamunkey June 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Bethesda Church June 1\u20133. White Oak Swamp June 13. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 16-July 14. Mustered out August 1, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 42], "content_span": [43, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010682-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost during service four officers and 117 enlisted men who were killed or mortally wounded as well as 40 enlisted men by disease. The total of those who died in service was 161.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010683-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Massachusetts Regiment\nThe 13th Massachusetts Regiment, also known as the 6th Continental Regiment and Jonathan Brewer's Regiment, was first raised in 1775 by Colonel Jonathan Brewer. Under Colonel Edward Wigglesworth in 1776 it was designated the 6th Continental. It was manned with troops raised primarily from Essex, York, and Cumberland Counties. An additional battalion was later raised from Middlesex, Suffolk, Plymouth and Barnstable Counties. The regiment would see action at the Battle of Bunker Hill, Battle of Valcour Island, Battle of Saratoga, Battle of Monmouth and the Battle of Rhode Island. The regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1781, at West Point, New York. The Light Infantry Company fought at the Battle of Stony Point", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010684-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)\nThe 13th Mechanized Corps (Military Unit Number 9825) was a mechanized corps of the Red Army, formed in March 1941. Stationed in the Bia\u0142ystok salient, the corps was destroyed during the Battle of Bia\u0142ystok\u2013Minsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010684-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Formation\nThe 13th Mechanized Corps was formed in March 1941 in Bielsk Podlaski as part of the 10th Army in the Western Special Military District. Major General Pyotr Akhlyustin commanded the corps, Major General Vasily Ivanov was its deputy commander for combat troops, and Colonel Ivan Grizunov was its chief of staff. The division's 25th Tank Division was formed from the 44th Light Tank Brigade at Gomel and was later relocated to \u0141apy. The division had most of the corps' tanks. The 31st Tank Division was formed from the 1st Tank Brigade (Second Formation) at Gmina Bo\u0107ki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010684-0001-0001", "contents": "13th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Formation\nBy 30 May, the division had only one full tank regiment, the 62nd, with few armored vehicles. The 208th Motorized Division was formed at Hajn\u00f3wka from the 14th Motorized Machine Gun-Artillery Brigade. With its positions in the center of the Bia\u0142ystok salient, the corps was to support the 5th Rifle Corps. By 22 June, when the German invasion of the Soviet Union began, the corps had 294 light tanks, including 263 T-26s and 15 BT tanks. A small number of T-34 and KV-1 tanks were transferred to the corps from the 6th Mechanized Corps for training purposes. The corps was at 49 percent of its strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010684-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Battle\nThe corps was alerted on the night of 22 June. At 0200 in the morning corps headquarters moved into the forest 15 kilometers southwest of Bielsk Podlaski. The first staff echelon of the 2nd Rifle Corps from Minsk moved into the 13th Mechanized Corps' former headquarters at Bielsk Podlaski. On the morning of 22 June, the motorized infantry of the 6th and 13th Mechanized Corps began to prepare positions on the Narew from \u017b\u00f3\u0142tki to Suraz and onwards to Topczewo, Bra\u0144sk, and Gmina Bo\u0107ki. The 13th Mechanized Corps fought the vanguard of the German IX Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010684-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Battle\nThe combat-ready units of the 31st Tank Division blocked the Drohiczyn-Bielsk-Bia\u0142ystok road. The engineers of the 31st Pontoon Bridge Battalion and the regimental school motorized regiment were defending positions five kilometers west of Gmina Bo\u0107ki. Alongside them was the 157th Airfield Services Battalion, based at Do\u0142ubowo airfield. At 0800 the German troops reached the Nurzec River, resulting in heavy fighting. By the afternoon, the defenses of the 31st Tank Division had been broken through. The disorganized units of the division retreated 10 kilometers towards Gmina Bo\u0107ki and Bia\u0142ystok.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010684-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Battle\nThe 25th Tank Division's reconnaissance battalion joined the battle before the rest of the division. At Bra\u0144sk the battalion blocked the advance of German units. Despite having armored vehicles, the battalion could not resist superior German troops for long. The battalion was cut to pieces and pushed back to the Nurzec. Akhlyustin sent in the 18th Motorcycle Regiment to help the battalion. Regimental commander Captain Alexey Gromov took about a hundred motorcycles and three tanks to Bra\u0144sk, but only the vanguard reached the city. The regiment suffered heavy losses, losing two out of four company commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010684-0003-0001", "contents": "13th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Battle\nThe remnants of the regiment retreated towards Bielsk. A detachment of the division's 113th Tank Regiment led by Major Koshkin was sent to Bra\u0144sk. However, he \"slipped\" through the city and for unknown reasons moved to Bielsk. The remaining units of the regiment were attached to the infantry during the day. The 50th Tank Regiment did not see much action on 22 June. Its 3rd Battalion was sent to rescue infantry units but became stuck in a bog, losing many tanks to artillery fire. During the night the regiment moved to the area of Men. The regimental school of the 25th Motor Rifle Regiment attacked first, suffering such heavy losses that the unit essentially ceased to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010684-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Battle\nBy 1000 on 23 June, the 25th Tank Division was holding positions at Men, Bereznitsa, and Bra\u0144sk. Its motor rifle regiment was at Raysk, Proneviche, and Gatki. The 31st Tank Division held positions at Voytki, Lyubeyki, and Andrianki. The 208th Motorized Division was at Nowosady, Hajn\u00f3wka, and Lipin. Corps headquarters was in the forest north of Golody. On 23 June, the counterattack at Bra\u0144sk involved all the forces of the 25th Tank Division and 18th Motorcycle Regiment, as well as the 208th Motorized Division's 760th Motorized Regiment. The town twice was recaptured and then lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010684-0004-0001", "contents": "13th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Battle\nThe 25th Division began to retreat, having suffered heavy losses. The corps fought in battles around Men, the northern outskirts of Bra\u0144sk, Gmina Bo\u0107ki, and Diduli. By the end of 24 June, the German troops had broken through the lines of the corps on the Orlanka at Bielsk, Narew, and Zab\u0142ud\u00f3w. The corps lost all of its tanks in the fighting and with a small number of armored vehicles fought delaying actions. The units of the corps were separated and had no connection with the command, which was half-encircled. The 31st Tank Division was in \u0141apy, small pockets of the 208th Motorized Division were at the junction of the Nurzec and the Narew, and scattered remnants of the 25th Tank Division retreated on Vawkavysk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010684-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Battle\nThe 25th and 31st Tank Divisions retreated towards the Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest and the 208th Motorized Division moved from the Narew to Svislach and to Bia\u0142ystok. On 28 June German troops advancing from Bielsk and Hrodna linked up in the Berestovitsa area, splitting the Bia\u0142ystok pocket into several smaller pockets. The 208th Motorized Division retreated to Vawkavysk. Corps headquarters and separate groups were consolidated into a unit led by Akhlyustin. The 31st Tank Division was divided into two groups, led by Colonels Kalikhovich and Lebedev, and moved deeper into the Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010684-0005-0001", "contents": "13th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Battle\nA covering detachment was created under the command of battalion commissar Kochetkov. The group led by Kalikhovich evaded the pursuit and went deep into the forest, where he met remnants of the 49th and 113th Rifle Divisions. Kalikhovich decided to break through to the southeast through the Pinsk Marshes. On 28 June Kalikhovich's group attacked the German positions and was initially successful. The German defenses solidified and the Soviet troops were subjected to massive aerial and artillery bombardment. In the evening Kalikhovich was seriously wounded and 62nd Tank Regiment Colonel Shapovalov, who had himself been wounded three times, took command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010684-0005-0002", "contents": "13th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Battle\nIt was decided to break into small groups and go east through the Ruzhany forest. The group led by Kalikhovich and Shapovalov came through the encirclement and eventually reached Soviet lines. At Svislach and at Vawkavysk the 208th Motorized Division took up defensive positions, holding until 1 July. On that night, the division left Vawkavysk and began retreating. Division commander Vladimir Nichiporovich was with one of his regiments and was cut off from the headquarters. He reached Minsk with only 60 others. On 28 July, after moving through 500 kilometers of German-held territory, Akhlyustin was killed crossing the Sozh River at the positions of the 132nd Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010685-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Michigan Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th Michigan Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010685-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th Michigan Infantry was organized at Kalamazoo, Michigan, and mustered into service for three years enlistment on January 17, 1862, under the command of Colonel Charles Edward Stuart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010685-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 15th Brigade, 4th Division, Army of the Ohio, to March 1862. 20th Brigade, 6th Division, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. 20th Brigade, 6th Division, II Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, Left Wing, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XXI Corps, to April 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XXI Corps, to October 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, IV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to November 1863. Engineer Brigade, Department of the Cumberland, to October 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010685-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th Michigan Infantry mustered out of service at Louisville, Kentucky, on July 25, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010685-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Michigan for Nashville, Tenn., February 12. March from Nashville, Tenn., to Savannah, Tenn., to reinforce the Army of the Tennessee, March 29-April 7, 1862. Battle of Shiloh, April 7. Advance on and siege of Corinth, Miss., April 29-May 30. Pursuit to Booneville June 1\u201312. Buell's operations in northern Alabama and middle Tennessee on line of the Memphis & Charleston Railroad June to August. Duty at Stevenson, Ala., July 18 to August 31 building forts and stockades and guarding the railroad. March to Louisville, Ky., in pursuit of Bragg August 31-September 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010685-0004-0001", "contents": "13th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nPursuit of Bragg to Wild Cat, Ky., October 1\u201316. Battle of Perryville, October 8 (reserve). Nelson's Cross Roads October 18. March to Nashville, Tenn., October 22-November 7. Duty at Nashville, Tenn., until December 26. Advance on Murfreesboro December 26\u201330. Battle of Stones River December 30\u201331, 1862 and January 1\u20133, 1863. Duty at Murfreesboro until June. Tullahoma Campaign June 23-July 7. At Hillsboro, Tenn., until August 16. Passage of the Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River and Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22. Expedition from Tracy City to Tennessee River August 22\u201324 (detachment). Occupation of Chattanooga September 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010685-0004-0002", "contents": "13th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLee and Gordon's Mills September 17\u201318. Battle of Chickamauga, September 19\u201320. Siege of Chattanooga September 24-November 23. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Battles of Chattanooga November 23\u201325. Stationed on the Chickamauga; engaged in picket duty and cutting timber for warehouses in Chattanooga until February 17, 1864. Engineer duty at Chattanooga and stationed at Lookout Mountain constructing military hospitals until September 1864. Relieved from engineer duty and pursuit of Forrest into northern Alabama September 25-October 17. Joined Sherman's army at Kingston, Ga., November 7. March to the sea November 15-December 10. Skirmishes at Dalton, Ga., November 30 and December 5 (detachments).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010685-0004-0003", "contents": "13th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Campaign of the Carolinas January to April, 1865. Averysboro, N.C., March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 19. Grand Review of the Armies May 24. Moved to Louisville, Ky., June 9\u201315.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010685-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 388 men during service; 4 officers and 68 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 314 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010686-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Minnesota Legislature\nThe thirteenth Minnesota Legislature first convened on January 3, 1871. The 11 members of the Minnesota Senate who represented odd-numbered districts were chosen in the General Election of November 2, 1869, while the 11 members of the Minnesota Senate who represented even-numbered districts, and the 47 members of the Minnesota House of Representatives, were chosen in the General Election of November 8, 1870.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010686-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Minnesota Legislature, Sessions\nThe legislature met in a regular session from January 3, 1871 to March 3, 1871. There were no special sessions of the 13th Minnesota Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate)\nThe 13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry unit that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. In early April 1863, Captain Robert C. Wood, aide-de-camp to Confederate Major General Sterling Price, was detached to form an artillery unit from some of the men of Price's escort. Wood continued recruiting for the unit, which was armed with four Williams guns, and grew to 275 men by the end of September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0000-0001", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate)\nThe next month, the unit fought in the Battle of Pine Bluff, driving back Union Army troops into a barricaded defensive position, from which the Union soldiers could not be dislodged. By November, the unit, which was known as Wood's Missouri Cavalry Battalion, had grown to 400 men but no longer had the Williams guns. In April 1864, Wood's battalion, which was also known as the 14th Missouri Cavalry Battalion, played a minor role in the defeat of a Union foraging party in the Battle of Poison Spring, before spending the summer of 1864 at Princeton, Arkansas. In September, the unit joined Price's Raid into the state of Missouri, but their assault during the Battle of Pilot Knob failed to capture Fort Davidson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate)\nWood's battalion fought at the Battle of Little Blue River on October 21 after having participated in some further fighting and operationed against railroads. Two days later, Price's army was defeated at the Battle of Westport, and began retreating through the state of Kansas. During the retreat, on October 25, Wood's battalion was part of the Confederate line when it was shattered at the Battle of Mine Creek. During that action, the unit suffered 72 casualties, 50 of them as prisoners of war and the rest as killed and wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0001-0001", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate)\nIt then accompanied Price's army to Laynesport, Arkansas, via the Indian Territory and Texas. At an unknown date, it was enlarged to regimental strength and renamed the 13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment. After Price's Raid, the unit spent the rest of the war serving outpost duty in Arkansas. The Confederate commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department surrendered on June 2, 1865, and the men of the 13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment were paroled six days later. Around 670 men served in the unit over the course of its existence, at least 67 of whom died during that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Background and formation\nAt the outset of the American Civil War in April 1861, Missouri was a slave state. Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson supported secession from the United States, and activated the pro-secession state militia who were sent to the vicinity of St. Louis, Missouri before being dispersed by Union troops in the Camp Jackson affair on May 10. In response, Jackson formed a secessionist militia unit known as the Missouri State Guard; he placed Major General Sterling Price in command on May 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 70], "content_span": [71, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Background and formation\nIn July, anti-secession state legislators held a vote rejecting secession, while Jackson and the pro-secession legislators voted to secede in November, joining the Confederate States of America and functioning as a government in exile. Militarily, the pro-secession forces won some early victories, but had lost most of their gains by the end of 1861. Price abandoned Missouri in February 1862, and a Confederate defeat at the Battle of Pea Ridge the next month gave the Union control of Missouri. By July 1862, most of the men of the Missouri State Guard had left to join units of the Confederate States Army. Missouri was then plagued by guerrilla warfare throughout 1862 and 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 70], "content_span": [71, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Background and formation\nOwing to a shortage of weapons controlled by the Confederate States War Department during the early stages of the war, units formed in the Trans-Mississippi Theater had to be armed by the states. An 1862 Confederate law required recruits to provide their own weapons (muskets, shotguns, rifles, or carbines). Some of the weapons used by Confederate cavalrymen in the Trans-Mississippi were privately produced in Texas. Many weapons were captured from Union forces and then put to use, and 25,000 firearms were ordered to be sent from east of the Mississippi in late 1862 (although only 3,000 were reported as received).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 70], "content_span": [71, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0003-0001", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Background and formation\nConfederate cavalry operating in Arkansas were sometimes expected to produce their own ammunition. Overall, Confederate cavalry in the Trans-Mississippi was often armed with Bowie knives, shotguns, hunting knives, and muskets using the percussion cap system. The use of six-shooters was also popular, while the regulation sabers were not. The shotguns in particular were inferior to carbines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 70], "content_span": [71, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Background and formation\nConfederate cavalry in the Trans-Mississippi had an easier time procuring horses. In 1860, the states of Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas contained more horses than white men of military age. An 1861 Confederate law required cavalry volunteers to provide their own horse; many men in the Trans-Mississippi simply brought their own. Donation, purchase, and breaking wild horses were also sources of cavalry mounts. The turnover in horses was very heavy, many dying or becoming worn out due to enemy fire, disease, starvation, and heavy use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 70], "content_span": [71, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0004-0001", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Background and formation\nConfederate law required cavalrymen to replace their horses when they were killed or rendered unusable, and reimbursement was only provided if the death occurred in combat. This led to widespread theft and forced purchases of horses in 1863 and 1864, although such depredations were officially forbidden. For Trans-Mississippi Confederates, horses were generally much easier to acquire than weapons, food, or clothing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 70], "content_span": [71, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Background and formation\nDuring the American Civil War, cavalry was most commonly used to perform reconnaissance, operating against enemy communications, and screening movements from enemy observation. When mounted, cavalry forces generally avoided direct fights with infantry, and in pitched battles, the men generally fought dismounted with detachments of the units serving as horse holders. In the Trans-Mississippi, Confederate cavalry was used heavily for raiding purposes after the Battle of Prairie Grove.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 70], "content_span": [71, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Background and formation, Formation\nOn April 1, 1863, Price was sent to Little Rock, Arkansas to command a division. Five days later, Price's aide-de-camp, Captain Robert C. Wood, and 16 men of the general's escort were transferred to form a new artillery unit. By May 9, the unit had grown to 26 men manning four Williams guns and was under the authority of Brigadier General John S. Marmaduke. The Williams guns were powered by hand cranks, and fired 1 pound (0.45\u00a0kg) projectiles at a rate of 18 or 20 per minute. They are sometimes considered to be early machine guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 81], "content_span": [82, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0006-0001", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Background and formation, Formation\nWood was authorized to recruit cavalrymen by the Confederate District of Arkansas on June 12. According to Union estimates made in August in Fulton County, Arkansas, Wood had collected about 150 men and still had the four cannons, which were described by the Unionists as \"flying artillery\". The Williams guns were most likely manned by men in Captain William Woodson's company of the formation. No evidence exists that suggests the pieces were ever used in battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 81], "content_span": [82, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Pine Bluff and Poison Spring\nOn September 28, Wood and the 275 men he had recruited by then were ordered to move from their camp at Arkadelphia, Arkansas, to join Marmaduke's command. This order was rescinded because the unit, which was organized into a six-company battalion, was considered by Wood to be too poorly disciplined to be an effective combat unit. Earlier that month, Union forces commanded by Major General Frederick Steele had taken Little Rock; this success was followed by the occupation of several points along the Arkansas River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 91], "content_span": [92, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0007-0001", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Pine Bluff and Poison Spring\nOne of these outposts was at Pine Bluff, which was defended by 550 Union cavalrymen and 300 freed slaves commanded by Colonel Powell Clayton. Marmaduke decided to lead an attack against the post, which occurred on October 25. Wood's battalion took part in this action, which was known as the Battle of Pine Bluff. The Confederate force was advancing from the east, and Marmaduke drew up a plan of attack that involved dividing his force. Wood's battalion was part of the detached force, which used side roads to attack from the southeast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 91], "content_span": [92, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Pine Bluff and Poison Spring\nThe detached force followed this path of approach, and Wood's battalion and most of the rest of the column dismounted after reaching a brickyard 0.5 miles (0.8\u00a0km) from the town. The still-mounted portion of the Confederate force attacked down a road, scattering Union pickets. Wood's battalion was ordered to support this advance, which occurred around 09:00. After hearing a cannon shot used as a signal, the Missourians attacked down the road, but were stopped at the outskirts of Pine Bluff. The unit was then reinforced by Texans under the command of Major B. D. Chenoweth and Pratt's Texas Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 91], "content_span": [92, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0008-0001", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Pine Bluff and Poison Spring\nAfter some sharpshooting, the Union defenders were driven further into the town. This was followed by another Confederate attack through the streets, until the Union troops reached a barricade made of cotton bales. Wood's men used a lull in the fighting to create their own cotton bale defenses. The Union defenders bolstered the strength of their cotton bale line with nine artillery pieces, and the Confederates were unable to take the position, despite launching several attacks and attempting to burn down the courthouse. The unit is reported to have suffered two casualties at Pine Bluff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 91], "content_span": [92, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Pine Bluff and Poison Spring\nA strength report issued in October 1863 stated that the battalion had a strength of 219 men and 222 horses. At some point after November 1, Wood's battalion was augmented by two companies that had been recruited by James T. Cearnal during Shelby's Raid. The unit issued a strength report on November 10, which stated that it consisted of 400 men in 8 companies. The report did not mention any artillery component; what happened to the four cannons previously associated with it is not known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 91], "content_span": [92, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0009-0001", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Pine Bluff and Poison Spring\nDocuments dated as late as October 27 refer to the artillery component, those from November 3 and later do not. The Williams guns may have been sent to a different unit in November. Throughout the rest of 1863, Wood's battalion served as an independent unit under Marmaduke's command; it spent the early portion of the next year associated with Price's headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 91], "content_span": [92, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Pine Bluff and Poison Spring\nIn March 1864, Steele was sent from Little Rock with 8,500 men to thrust into southwestern Arkansas in support of the Union Red River campaign, which was targeting Shreveport, Louisiana. Opposing Steele were 7,500 Confederates commanded by Price, including Wood's battalion. On April 15, Steele took the town of Camden, Arkansas, but had trouble securing enough food for his army. After the capture of Camden, Wood's battalion began fighting a series of small actions against parties sent out from the main Union position. One such party was sent out on April 17 to gather supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 91], "content_span": [92, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0010-0001", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Pine Bluff and Poison Spring\nThe next day, the Confederates moved to attack it, resulting in the Battle of Poison Spring. Shortly before the battle opened, Wood's battalion, by this point known as the 14th Missouri Cavalry Battalion, arrived on the field, having been sent by Price to reinforce Marmaduke, who was exercising command despite not being the most senior Confederate officer on the field. The Confederates then attacked the column, which included a sizable wagon train. Despite attempting to put up a defense, the Union line was quickly broken. Wood's unit was deployed briefly after the line broke, but was soon disengaged to prepare wagons captured during the fighting to be moved. After the fighting ended, some captured African American soldiers were massacred; postmortem mutilations were also inflicted on some of the Union dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 91], "content_span": [92, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Pine Bluff and Poison Spring\nIn Louisiana, the Red River campaign had been repulsed, enabling the Confederates to focus on Steele. Isolated and running low on food, the Union troops abandoned Camden on April 26, and were harried by pursuing Confederates during their retreat. The 14th Missouri Cavalry Battalion participated in skirmishing during the pursuit. When Steele's column reached the crossing of the Saline River, they were caught by the Confederate pursuers, who launched several futile attacks on April 30, in the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry. The Union soldiers were able to escape across a pontoon bridge and eventually reached Little Rock. The 14th Missouri Cavalry Battalion had been held out of the Jenkins' Ferry fighting as a reserve unit. It then spent mid-1864 defending an outpost at Princeton, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 91], "content_span": [92, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Price's Raid, St. Louis and Jefferson City\nIn the 1864 United States presidential election, incumbent president Abraham Lincoln supported continuing the war, while former Union general George B. McClellan promoted ending it. By the beginning of September 1864, events in the eastern United States, especially the Confederate defeat in the Atlanta campaign, gave Lincoln an edge in the election over McClellan. At this point, the Confederacy had very little chance of victory. Meanwhile, in the Trans-Mississippi Theater, the Confederates had defeated a Union expedition during the Red River campaign from March through May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 105], "content_span": [106, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0012-0001", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Price's Raid, St. Louis and Jefferson City\nAs events east of the Mississippi River turned against the Confederates, General Edmund Kirby Smith, commander of the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department, was ordered to transfer the infantry under his command to the fighting in the Eastern and Western Theaters. This proved to be impossible, as the Union Navy controlled the Mississippi River, preventing a large-scale crossing. Despite having limited resources for an offensive, Smith decided that an attack designed to divert Union troops from the principal theaters of combat would have the same effect as the proposed transfer of troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 105], "content_span": [106, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0012-0002", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Price's Raid, St. Louis and Jefferson City\nPrice and the new Confederate Governor of Missouri, Thomas Caute Reynolds, suggested that an invasion into Missouri would be an effective operation; Smith approved the plan and appointed Price to command it. Price expected that the offensive would create a popular uprising against Union control of Missouri, divert Union troops away from principal theaters of combat, and aid McClellan's chance of defeating Lincoln. On September 19, Price's column of cavalrymen entered the state. When Price organized his army, Wood's battalion was attached to Marmaduke's division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 105], "content_span": [106, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Price's Raid, St. Louis and Jefferson City\nAfter entering the state, Price learned of a Union force holding Fort Davidson and the town of Pilot Knob. Price believed that his army could subdue the garrison, and sent Brigadier General Joseph O. Shelby's division north of the area to operate against a railroad, while Marmaduke's and Major General James F. Fagan's divisions moved against Fort Davidson. On September 27, the Confederates attacked the Union soldiers, who had taken up positions within the fort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 105], "content_span": [106, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0013-0001", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Price's Raid, St. Louis and Jefferson City\nDuring the ensuing Battle of Pilot Knob, Wood's battalion served with Brigadier General John B. Clark Jr.'s brigade, which attacked down from Shepherd Mountain against the fort. The battalion was part of Clark's right wing, along with the 3rd and 10th Missouri Cavalry Regiments and was the second unit from the right. When the attack against Fort Davidson occurred, these three units separated from the rest of Clark's brigade and fought alongside Brigadier General William L. Cabell's brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 105], "content_span": [106, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0013-0002", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Price's Raid, St. Louis and Jefferson City\nDespite taking heavy losses, Cabell's men and the attached units of Clark's command crossed a dry creek bed and were able to reach the fort's moat; the rest of Clark's brigade did not pass the creek bed. The Confederate attack was unable to reach the fort, whose defenders were protected from much of the Confederate fire by sandbags. After the attack fizzled out, the men of Clark's brigade fell back to the creek bed, although Cabell's men made another unsuccessful attack. Wood's battalion had suffered about 30 casualties during the fighting. The Union defenders abandoned the fort that night, and Wood's battalion was part of a force that pursued them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 105], "content_span": [106, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Price's Raid, St. Louis and Jefferson City\nWood's battalion and the 4th Missouri Cavalry Regiment traveled to Cuba, Missouri, on September 30, where they destroyed part of the railroad and burned a depot. Also on the 30th, parts of the unit skirmished with Union militia at the bridge near Moselle. The unit later rejoined Clark's main body, with which it burned a bridge over the Meramec River. Meanwhile, Price had decided against attempting to take St. Louis, and began to head westwards towards Jefferson City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 105], "content_span": [106, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0014-0001", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Price's Raid, St. Louis and Jefferson City\nWood's battalion was intended to travel to Jefferson City by train after boarding in the area of Hermann, but the railroad tracks were impassable. As a result, Wood's men burned the train and traveled mounted. They also burned a bridge over the Gasconade River. Price eventually decided that Jefferson City was too strongly defended to be taken, so the Confederates instead continued their movement west. Wood's battalion moved on a route that bypassed Jefferson City and reached Marshall via California, Missouri. Four companies of recruits were assigned to Wood's battalion while the unit was at Marshall, although they served separately during the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 105], "content_span": [106, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Price's Raid, Movement west\nAs the Confederates moved west, they began to meet more Union resistance. Union Major General James G. Blunt fought a delaying action in the Second Battle of Lexington on October 19, but his force was brushed aside. Clark's brigade saw some action during the fighting at Lexington. Blunt's retreating men left a rear guard to hold the crossing of the Little Blue River. The Confederates attacked this holding force on October 21, bringing on the Battle of Little Blue River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 90], "content_span": [91, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0015-0001", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Price's Raid, Movement west\nElements of Clark's brigade had crossed the river and were fighting against the rear guard when Blunt arrived on the field with reinforcements, pressuring the Confederates. Wood's battalion crossed the river, dismounted, and took up a position in an orchard to support the right side of the wavering Confederate line. Eventually, the weight of Union numbers forced the Confederates back towards the river, but Clark's men were reinforced, stabilizing the situation. The Confederates were eventually able to bring enough reinforcements across the river to successfully attack and defeat the Union line. Blunt's men fell back to Independence, Missouri. Wood's horse was killed during the fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 90], "content_span": [91, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Price's Raid, Movement west\nBy the morning of October 22, the Union troops had fallen back to a line along the Big Blue River. The Union line was under the command of Major General Samuel R. Curtis and contained many units of the Kansas State Militia. The Confederates occupied Independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 90], "content_span": [91, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0016-0001", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Price's Raid, Movement west\nWhile Confederate forces broke through the line at the Big Blue River during the opening stages of the Battle of Byram's Ford on October 22, Union cavalry commanded by Major General Alfred Pleasonton, who had been pursuing Price's army from the east, caught up to the Confederates at Independence, resulting in the Second Battle of Independence. Pleasonton's men forced Cabell's brigade back through Independence, capturing several prisoners. While Clark's brigade, including Wood's battalion, managed to slow the Union pursuit, Pleasonton continued fighting into the night, which was uncommon during the American Civil War. The 3rd Iowa Cavalry Regiment drove the Confederates back, and almost all of Clark's brigade fell back across the Big Blue River that night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 90], "content_span": [91, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0017-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Price's Raid, Movement west\nThe next day, the Battle of Byram's Ford resumed as Pleasonton's men attacked the Confederate position at the Big Blue River. Union cavalrymen drove the Confederate front lines back from the river towards a height known as Potato Hill, where Clark's brigade was aligned. At around 11:00, Union soldiers armed with repeating rifles attacked Potato Hill and drove off the Confederates, most of whom retreated before the fighting reached close quarters. Marmaduke's division eventually escaped from the Union pursuit and fell back to the south. Simultaneously with the fighting at Byram's Ford on October 23, the rest of Price's army was defeated at the Battle of Westport. The Confederates began retreating and entered the state of Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 90], "content_span": [91, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0018-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Price's Raid, Retreat\nOn October 25, Price's column paused at the crossing of Mine Creek, in Linn County, Kansas, as the Confederates' wagon train attempted to cross the ford of the river. While the crossing was taking place, 2,600 Union cavalrymen led by Lieutenant Colonel Frederick W. Benteen and Colonel John F. Philips caught up to the Confederates, who formed a line between the Union soldiers and Mine Creek. Clark's brigade was on the Confederate right flank. Benteen and Philips' men attacked; Wood's battalion was in the front rank of the Confederate line and was second from the right when the attack hit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 84], "content_span": [85, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0018-0001", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Price's Raid, Retreat\nDuring the fighting, which became known as the Battle of Mine Creek, the Union soldiers quickly shattered the Confederate line. The Confederates's single-shot weapons were at a disadvantage against the repeating rifles the Union soldiers carried. About 600 Confederate soldiers, including Marmaduke, were captured. Fifty of the prisoners were from Wood's battalion, which lost a total of 72 men killed, wounded, or captured at Mine Creek. After Mine Creek, Wood's battalion retreated with the rest of Price's army through the Indian Territory into Texas, with an eventual destination of Laynesport, Arkansas. Complete casualty figures for the battalion over the course of the campaign are unknown. While one member of the unit stated that it lost almost 350 of the 400 men in the unit, the historian James McGhee rejects this claim as exaggerated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 84], "content_span": [85, 932]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0019-0000", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Price's Raid, Retreat\nAt an unknown date, probably while the unit was in Texas or Arkansas, the four companies that had been attached to the battalion during the campaign and the eight existing companies were consolidated down into ten companies. Although the number of companies was reduced, there was an increase in manpower and it was designated a regiment, the 13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment. The ten companies were designated with the letters A\u2013I and K and were composed of Missourians. Wood became the regiment's colonel, Richard J. Wickersham the lieutenant colonel, and William T. Payne was its major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 84], "content_span": [85, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010687-0019-0001", "contents": "13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, Price's Raid, Retreat\nThe men of the unit spent the rest of the war performing outpost duty in Arkansas. Smith surrendered the Trans-Mississippi Department on June 2, 1865, and the men of the 13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment were paroled at Shreveport on June 8. The National Park Service states that the unit may have been disbanded in May 1865. Muster rolls indicate that about 670 men served in the regiment over the course of its existence, and at least 67 of them died during their military service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 84], "content_span": [85, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010688-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Moon\n13th Moon is an American feminist literary magazine founded in 1973 by Ellen Marie Bissert. The magazine showcased short fiction stories, essays, and reviews by women authors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010688-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Moon\nThe publication featured prominent figures such as Adrienne Rich, Eve Merriam, Marge Piercy, Rochelle Owens, and Audre Lorde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010688-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Moon\nThe magazine's website explains their main intentions with the publication:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010688-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Moon\nBecause the surrounding culture has tended to erase women writers from history, our work has needed rediscovery and preservation anew for each generation. Those differences which have characterized women's writing in traditional modes have often been either ignored or erased as defects or failures, rather than understood as distinctive values. At the same time, those of us who believe, with Audre Lorde, that we \"cannot dismantle the master's house with the master's tools,\" are often excluded from or remain peripheral to male-dominated avant-gardes, needing to modify our work to fit those norms. 13th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010688-0003-0001", "contents": "13th Moon\nMoon ignores the constricting splits between traditional and avant-garde that mark much 20th and 21st Century literary polemic. We believe that once we place women's work at the center of either traditional or innovative modes of writing, the definitions both of tradition and of innovation must change, the norms and the boundaries shift, and the critical conversation around them be transformed. We welcome writing and art that engages with any of these questions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010688-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Moon\n13th Moon also became a publishing company under the name \"13th Moon, Inc\". Some works they published includes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010689-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Moscow International Film Festival\nThe 13th Moscow International Film Festival was held from 7 to 21 July 1983. The Golden Prizes were awarded to the Moroccan-Guinea-Senegalese film Amok directed by Souheil Ben-Barka, the Nicaraguan-Cuban-Mexican-Costa Rican film Alsino and the Condor directed by Miguel Litt\u00edn and the Soviet film Vassa directed by Gleb Panfilov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010690-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Motor Rifle Division NKVD\nThe 13th Motorized Rifle Division of the NKVD Internal Troops (Russian: 13-\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a \u041d\u041a\u0412\u0414 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420  13-y motostrelkovaya diviziya vnutrenikh voisk NKVD SSSR) was formed as a division of the NKVD, but was used as a division of the Red Army Rifle Division during short period of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010690-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Motor Rifle Division NKVD\nThe Division was formed in Voronezh region in May 1942, using the management and part of the forces of 8th Motorized Rifle Division of the NKVD internal troops as the basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010690-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Motor Rifle Division NKVD, Subordinate Units\nAlso in the Division was handed over to the 287th Rifle Regiment of the 3rd Rifle Division of the internal troops of the NKVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010690-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Motor Rifle Division NKVD, Subordinate Units\nAs part of the 6th Army of the Southwestern Front, the Division participated in the Second Battle of Kharkov. In March\u2013May 1942, the Division was advancing, and then defended in the area of Izium, keep the defense on the rivers Donets and Oskol. As part of the 38th Army the Division was fighting in the area of Kupiansk, defending Voronezh by the 287th Rifle Regiment, conducted heavy fights for Ostrogozhsk. The 287th Rifle Regiment defended Voronezh. The Division, moved on across the Don River's by order, holding back the German offensive in the area Listky-Belogory. In June 1942, the Division kept a defensive along the river Khopyor east of Borisoglebsk, has suffered heavy losses in the battle, and was relocated to Tesnitskie camp (25\u00a0km north of Tula) for reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010690-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Motor Rifle Division NKVD, Subordinate Units\nBy order of the NKVD of the USSR No. 001547 from July 28, 1942, in pursuance of the State Defense Committee Resolution number 2100-ss of 26 July 1942 the Division was handed over to the Red Army. According to the Directive the General Staff of the Red Army No. org/2/2172 on August 2, 1942, the Division was reorganized in the 95th Rifle Division of the Red Army. By the Order of the NKVD of the USSR from August 15, 1942 No. 001692 the 13th Motorized Rifle Division was excluded from the NKVD because was transferred into the Red Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010691-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Mounted Rifles\nThe 13th Mounted Rifles were a light cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army. The regiment was formed 1 October 1913 in Saarlouis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010693-0000-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing from 25 October to 1 November 1987. It was preceded by the 12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. It was succeeded by the 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. It was attended by 1,936 delegates representing more than 46 millions of party members and included 200 foreign journalists who were invited to attend the opening and closing ceremonies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010693-0000-0001", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nIn addition, the Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and the  CPPCC National Committee, representatives from the National Federation of industry and commerce, non-party people, ethnic minorities and religious people were invited to this congress as audience. The congress reaffirmed the correctness of the policy of reforms and the Open Door that was adopted during the Third Plenum of the 11th Congress in December 1978. It also saw the rejuvenation of the party leadership as veterans from the Long March retired and was replaced by younger and better educated technocrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010693-0001-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Agenda\n(1) To review and adopt the report of the 12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 61], "content_span": [62, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010693-0002-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Agenda\n(2) To review the report made by the Advisory Committee of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 61], "content_span": [62, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010693-0003-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Agenda\n(3)To review the report made by Commission of Discipline Inspection of the Central Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 61], "content_span": [62, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010693-0004-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Agenda\n(4) To adopt the recommend amendments to the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 61], "content_span": [62, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010693-0005-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Agenda\n(5) Election of the 13th CPC Central Committee, the CPC Central Committee Advisory Committee and the CPC Central Committee for Discipline Inspection Commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 61], "content_span": [62, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010693-0006-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance of the Congress, Personnel change\nDeng Xiaoping personally orchestrated the retirement of more than 90 party elders who were critics of market-oriented reforms adopted in the process of his Four Modernizations. The elders included Peng Chen, chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress; Chen Yun, leading party economist; Hu Qiaomu, harsh critic of bourgeois liberalism and Li Xiannian, the President of the PRC. Deng himself relinquished all of his positions except his chairmanship of the Military Commission through a special party constitutional amendment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010693-0007-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance of the Congress, Personnel change\nZhao Ziyang was arranged to become the first vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission with Yang Shangkun as its permanent vice-chairman. The new 285 member Central Committee consisted of 175 regulars and 110 alternate members. Around 150 aged leaders (43%) of the previous 348 members Central Committee failed to win reelection. Hua Guofeng was noted to have retained his membership in the central committee. Average age of the new ruling was 55.2 years, down from the 59.1 of its predecessor. 87 of the full and alternate members were new, and 209 (73%) of all Central Committee members were college educated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010693-0008-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance of the Congress, Personnel change\nThe Politburo, with 17 regulars and 1 alternate member, was also packed with younger supporters of reform. Although nine of the 20 previous members retired, former General Secretary Hu Yaobang along with Vice-Premiers Wan Li and Tian Jiyun retained their memberships. The Standing Committee saw the election Zhao Ziyang, Li Peng, Qiao Shi, Hu Qili and Yao Yilin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010693-0009-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance of the Congress, Personnel change\nAlthough most elders had relinquished their official positions in the party, their influence did not falter. Their willingness to retire was probably made with the understanding that their favorite choice, Li Peng, would be appointed to the Politburo Standing Committee as well as to the future premiership. Barely three weeks after the close of congress, Li was named acting premier, and later in the National People's Congress in March 1988, confirmed as premier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010693-0010-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance of the Congress, Personnel change\nThe 13th National Congress was notable because women were entirely absent from the highest levels of the party, leader such as Zhao Ziyang strongly opposed the participation of women in the political process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010693-0011-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance of the Congress, The primary stage of socialism\nIn his speech, Zhao Ziyang stated that \"Reform is the only process through which China can be revitalized. It is a process which is irreversible and which accords with the will of the people and the general trend of events.\" Building socialism with Chinese features, Zhao announced, was an experiment that could not possibly have been foreseen by 19th-century European theorists. The central task of proclaiming market reforms was due to the fact of the widespread poverty and backwardness that existed throughout China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 115], "content_span": [116, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010693-0012-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance of the Congress, The primary stage of socialism\nThe Chinese leadership reconciled to the idea that market mechanisms and central planning were both \"neutral means and methods that do not determine the basic economic system of a society\". Hence an adoption of capitalist techniques and management skills in a mixed economy through multi-ownership system was permissible at that stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 115], "content_span": [116, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010693-0013-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance of the Congress, Political restructuring\nChina maintained her stance of a \"socialist democracy\", as it did not meant that China was to undergo changes that would make it a European democracy. It meant restructuring of the Chinese Communist Party so that it could better and more sufficiently be able to govern China, such as improvements in administration, simplification of bureaucracy and elimination of over-staffing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 108], "content_span": [109, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010693-0014-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance of the Congress, Overall significance\nThe 13th Party Congress was remarkable in several ways. It launched China into accelerated economic development, ensuring a leadership succession as elder party members voluntarily resigned in favor of younger leaders, and fitting Marxism into \"a new reality to fit reality\" rather than bending \"reality to theory\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 105], "content_span": [106, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010693-0015-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance of the Congress, Overall significance\nHowever concerns remains over several issues. First, the resignation of party elders did not mean that reformers could get along with reforms right away since these elders still held immense influence over the party. Secondly, Deng has arranged Zhao to be the First Vice-Chairman of the Central Military Commission without the assurance that he would succeed Deng as the leader of China. Third, accelerated economic development and greater opening for foreign influences would revive old questions of \"spiritual pollution\", \"bourgeois liberalization,\" and the perennial issue of \"Chinese essence vs. foreign value.\" Fourth, separation of party functions from the government and economic enterprises would affect the vested interests of millions. Lastly, the supremacy of the Four Cardinal Principles prohibited any rule other than the CPC and any freedom beyond what was permitted by the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 105], "content_span": [106, 1000]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010693-0016-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance of the Congress, Overall significance\nOverall, the Congress was a distinct success as it represented a consensus among disparate leaders to move the country forward economically but democracy, pluralism and human rights were issues were left unresolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 105], "content_span": [106, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010694-0000-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Kuomintang\nThe 13th National Congress of the Kuomintang (Chinese: \u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u6b21\u5168\u570b\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a) was the thirteenth national congress of the Kuomintang, held on 7 to 13 July 1988 in Linkou Township, Taipei County, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010694-0001-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Kuomintang, History\nThe congress date was recommended by Chairperson Chiang Ching-kuo to coincide with the 51st anniversary of the start of Second Sino-Japanese War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010694-0002-0000", "contents": "13th National Congress of the Kuomintang, Results\nLee Teng-hui was elected as Chairperson of the Kuomintang on 8 July 1988 from acting Chairperson of the party after the death of the former Chairperson Chiang Ching-kuo on 13 January 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010695-0000-0000", "contents": "13th National Defence Commission\nThe 13th National Defence Commission (NDC) of North Korea was elected by the 1st Session of the 13th Supreme People's Assembly on 9 April 2014. It was replaced on 29 June 2016 by the 13th State Affairs Commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010696-0000-0000", "contents": "13th National Film Awards\nThe 13th National Film Awards, then known as State Awards for Films, presented by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India to felicitate the best of Indian Cinema released in 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010696-0001-0000", "contents": "13th National Film Awards\nStarting with 13th National Film Awards, a new award was introduced at All India level, Best Feature Film on National Unity and Emotional Integration whose winner received a cash prize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010696-0002-0000", "contents": "13th National Film Awards, Awards\nPresident's gold medal for the All India Best Feature Film is now better known as National Film Award for Best Feature Film, whereas President's gold medal for the Best Documentary Film is analogous to today's National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film. For children's films, Prime Minister's gold medal is now given as National Film Award for Best Children's Film. At the regional level, President's silver medal for Best Feature Film is now given as National Film Award for Best Feature Film in a particular language. Certificate of Merit in all the categories is discontinued over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010696-0003-0000", "contents": "13th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films\nFeature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level. For the 13th National Film Awards, a Hindi film Shaheed won the maximum number of awards (three). Following were the awards given:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010696-0004-0000", "contents": "13th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films, All India Award\nFor 13th National Film Awards, none of the films were awarded from Children's Films category as no film was found to be suitable; instead Certificate of Merit is awarded. Following were the awards given in each category:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 65], "content_span": [66, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010696-0005-0000", "contents": "13th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films, Regional Award\nThe awards were given to the best films made in the regional languages of India. For feature films in Gujarati and Punjabi, President's silver medal for Best Feature Film was not given, instead Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film was given.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010696-0006-0000", "contents": "13th National Film Awards, Awards, Non-feature films\nNon -feature film awards were given for the documentaries, educational films and film strips made in the country. For the 13th National Film Awards, no award was given in the filmstrip category and only Certificate of Merit was awarded for Educational Films. Following were the awards given for the non-feature films category:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010696-0007-0000", "contents": "13th National Film Awards, Awards, Awards not given\nFollowing were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010697-0000-0000", "contents": "13th National Geographic Bee\nThe 13th National Geographic Bee was held in Washington, D.C. on May 23, 2001, sponsored by the National Geographic Society. The final competition was moderated by Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. The winner was Kyle Haddad-Fonda of Shoreline, Washington, who won a $25,000 college scholarship and lifetime membership in the National Geographic Society. The 2nd-place winner, Nick Jachowski of Makawao, Hawaii, won a $15,000 scholarship. The 3rd-place winner, Jason Ferguson of Dallas, Texas, won a $10,000 scholarship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010698-0000-0000", "contents": "13th National Hockey League All-Star Game\nThe 13th National Hockey League All-Star Game took place at the Montreal Forum on October 3, 1959, which saw the hometown Montreal Canadiens defeat the NHL all-stars 6\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010698-0001-0000", "contents": "13th National Hockey League All-Star Game, Contracts and eligibility\nA few of the game's top stars were absent from the game, due to a new NHL ruling that players be signed under contract in order to play in the all-star game. The intention of this clause was to intimidate players who were holding out from their team, a tactic that worked for Dickie Moore, Frank Mahovlich and George Armstrong, yet failed for others, resulting in All-Star coach Punch Imlach being unable to choose six of the best players (Tim Horton, Dick Duff, Bobby Hull, Tod Sloan, Pierre Pilote and Bob Pulford). Combined with six Montreal Canadiens being named to the First and Second team All-Stars, this meant that coach Imlach had to fill the voids with inferior players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010698-0002-0000", "contents": "13th National Hockey League All-Star Game, Contracts and eligibility\nThe subsequent snubbing of these players also went into the pre-game festivities, as they were also denied the multitude of gifts that traditionally was given to players in the game - including those already with their names engraved on it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010698-0003-0000", "contents": "13th National Hockey League All-Star Game, Contracts and eligibility\nIt was Maurice Richard's 13th consecutive appearance, making him the only player to that date who had appeared in all of the all-star games. He would retire after winning the Stanley Cup later that season. Montreal goaltender Jacques Plante appeared in the game without a mask, despite his intention of wearing one throughout the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010699-0000-0000", "contents": "13th National People's Congress\nThe 13th National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China was elected from October 2017 to February 2018 and will be in session in the five-year period 2018 to 2023. It is scheduled to hold five sessions in this period, occurring around early March every year, except for in 2023, when the 14th National People's Congress will first convene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010699-0001-0000", "contents": "13th National People's Congress, The first session\nThe first session opened on 5 March 2018 and closed on 20 March 2018. All major state positions were elected in this session, including President, Vice President, Premier, and Congress Chairman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010699-0002-0000", "contents": "13th National People's Congress, The second session\nThe second session opened on 5 March 2019 and concluded on 15 March 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010699-0003-0000", "contents": "13th National People's Congress, The third session\nThe third session was scheduled for March 5, 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the first time such a postponement had happened in decades. After the announcement of the date in April, the session was held  from May 22 to May 28, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010699-0004-0000", "contents": "13th National People's Congress, The fourth session\nThe fourth session opened on 5 March and concluded on 11 March 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010700-0000-0000", "contents": "13th National Television Awards\nThe 13th National Television Awards ceremony was held at the Royal Albert Hall on 31 October 2007 and was hosted by Sir Trevor McDonald.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010701-0000-0000", "contents": "13th New Brunswick Legislature\nThe 13th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between December 28, 1843, and September 16, 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010701-0001-0000", "contents": "13th New Brunswick Legislature\nThe assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick William MacBean George Colebrooke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010701-0002-0000", "contents": "13th New Brunswick Legislature\nJohn Wesley Weldon was chosen as speaker for the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010703-0000-0000", "contents": "13th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment is reputed to have the distinction of having the first U.S. flags in the city of Richmond, Virginia, on April 3, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010703-0001-0000", "contents": "13th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th New Hampshire Infantry was organized in Concord, New Hampshire, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on September 20, 1862, under the command of Colonel Aaron Fletcher Stevens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010703-0002-0000", "contents": "13th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Casey's Division, Military District of Washington, to December 1862. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, IX Corps, Army of the Potomac, to January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, IX Corps, to April 1863. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to July 1863. 3rd Brigade, Getty's Division, United States forces, Norfolk and Portsmouth, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XVIII Corps, Army of the James, to July 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XVIII Corps, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIV Corps, Department of Virginia, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010703-0003-0000", "contents": "13th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th New Hampshire Infantry mustered out of service June 22, 1865. Veterans and recruits were transferred to the 2nd New Hampshire Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010703-0004-0000", "contents": "13th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New Hampshire for Washington, D.C., October 5, 1862. Duty near Fort Albany, defenses of Washington, until December 4, 1862. March to Falmouth, Va., December 5\u20139. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12\u201315.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010703-0005-0000", "contents": "13th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBurnside's Second Campaign \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863. Moved to Newport News, Va., February 9, then to Suffolk March 13. Siege of Suffolk April 12-May 4. Providence Church Road, Nansemond River, May 3. Reconnaissance across the Nansemond May 4. Moved to Portsmouth May 13, then to Yorktown. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24-July 7. Expedition from White House to South Anna River July 1\u20137. Moved to Portsmouth July 8\u201314; then to Julian Creek July 30, and duty there until March 19, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010703-0006-0000", "contents": "13th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Yorktown March 19. Butler's operations on south side of James River and against Petersburg and Richmond May 4\u201328. Port Walthall Junction, Chester Station, May 6\u20137. Swift Creek (or Arrowfield Church) May 9\u201310. Operations against Fort Darling May 12\u201316. Battle of Drewry's Bluff May 14\u201316. Bermuda Hundred May 17\u201327. Moved to White House, then to Cold Harbor, May 27\u201331. Battles about Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 15\u201319. Siege of Petersburg and Richmond June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. In trenches before Petersburg until August 27, 1864. Mine Explosion Petersburg July 30 (reserve). Duty on the Bermuda Front until September 26. Battle of Chaffin's Farm, New Market Heights, Fort Harrison, September 28\u201330. Assigned to duty as garrison at Fort Harrison. Battle of Fair Oaks October 27\u201328.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010703-0007-0000", "contents": "13th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty in works before Richmond until April 1865. Occupation of Richmond April 3. Provost duty at Manchester until June. Mustered out June 22, 1865. Veterans and recruits transferred to 2nd New Hampshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010703-0008-0000", "contents": "13th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 181 men during service; 5 officers and 84 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 92 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010704-0000-0000", "contents": "13th New Jersey Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th New Jersey Infantry Regiment was a Union Army regiment from New Jersey that fought in the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010704-0001-0000", "contents": "13th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, American Civil War\nRecruited in July 1862 essentially from New Jersey's Essex, Hudson and  Passaic Counties (with large numbers from the cities of Jersey City and Newark), the 13th New Jersey Infantry Regiment was one of five three-year enlistment units raised by the state that summer. It was mustered into Federal service on August 25, 1862, and was assigned to the Army of the Potomac's XII Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010704-0002-0000", "contents": "13th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, American Civil War\nDespite being in existence for less than a month, and with bare rudimentary military training, it was thrown into a combat role at the September 17, 1862, Battle of Antietam. There it fought near the Dunkard Church and performed relatively well considering the unit's inexperience. Its further service would see the regiment take part in the Battles of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Atlanta Campaign (most notably at the Battle of Peachtree Creek), the March to the Sea, and Bentonville. It was mustered out of service on June 8, 1865, at Washington, D.C..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010704-0003-0000", "contents": "13th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, American Civil War\nSome of the more notable members of the 13th New Jersey were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010704-0004-0000", "contents": "13th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, American Civil War\nThree small monuments were erected in the Antietam National Battlefield to mark the positions the 13th New Jersey held during the battle. A large monument to the unit was erected on Carman Avenue, McAllister Woods in the Gettysburg National Military Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010705-0000-0000", "contents": "13th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th New York Infantry Regiment (\"Rochester Regiment\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010705-0001-0000", "contents": "13th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th New York Infantry was organized at Elmira, New York and mustered in for two years state service on April 25, 1861 and subsequently re-mustered for three months federal service under the command of Colonel Isaac Ferdinand Quinby. The regiment was transferred from state service to United States service for the balance of their term by order of Governor Edwin D. Morgan August 2, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010705-0002-0000", "contents": "13th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Sherman's Brigade, Tyler's Division, McDowell's Army of Northeast Virginia, June to August 1861. Fort Corcoran, Defenses of Washington, to October 1861. Martindale's Brigade, Porter's Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, V Corps, to May 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010705-0003-0000", "contents": "13th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th New York Infantry mustered out of the service on May 14, 1863. Men who had enlisted for three years' service were consolidated into two companies and served duty as Provost Guard, 1st Division, V Corps, April 27 to June 23. These two companies ceased to exist on June 23, 1863 when its members were transferred to the 140th New York Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010705-0004-0000", "contents": "13th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D. C., May 30. Camp on Meridian Hill, defenses of Washington, until June 3, 1861, and at Fort Corcoran until July 16. Advance on Manassas, Va., July 16\u201321. Occupation of Fairfax Court House July 17. Blackburn's Ford July 18. First Battle of Bull Run July 21. Duty in the defenses of Washington until March 1862. Moved to the Virginia Peninsula March 16. Warwick Road April 5. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Reconnaissance from Yorktown April 11\u201313. New Bridge May 24. Battle of Hanover Court House May 27. Operations about Hanover Court House May 27\u201329.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010705-0004-0001", "contents": "13th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSeven Days before Richmond June 25-July 1. Mechanicsville June 26. Gaines's Mill June 27. White Oak Swamp and Turkey Bend June 30. Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing until August 16. Retreat from the Peninsula and movement to Centreville August 16\u201328. Pope's Campaign in northern Virginia August 28-September 2. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201322. Battle of Antietam September 16\u201317. Shepherdstown September 19. At Sharpsburg, Md., to October 30. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12\u201315. Expedition to Richards' and Ellis' Fords December 29\u201330. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863. At Falmouth until April 26. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010705-0005-0000", "contents": "13th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 100 men during service; 4 officers and 67 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 29 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010706-0000-0000", "contents": "13th New York State Legislature\nThe 13th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from July 6, 1789, to April 6, 1790, during the thirteenth year of George Clinton's governorship, first in Albany, then in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010706-0001-0000", "contents": "13th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1777, the State Senators were elected on general tickets in the senatorial districts, and were then divided into four classes. Six senators each drew lots for a term of 1, 2, 3 or 4 years and, beginning at the election in April 1778, every year six Senate seats came up for election to a four-year term. Assemblymen were elected countywide on general tickets to a one-year term, the whole assembly being renewed annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010706-0002-0000", "contents": "13th New York State Legislature, Background\nIn March 1786, the Legislature enacted that future Legislatures meet on the first Tuesday of January of each year unless called earlier by the governor. No general meeting place was determined, leaving it to each Legislature to name the place where to reconvene, and if no place could be agreed upon, the Legislature should meet again where it adjourned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010706-0003-0000", "contents": "13th New York State Legislature, Background\nA Convention met from June 17 to July 26, 1788, at Poughkeepsie, and ratified the U.S. Constitution by a vote of 30 to 27. This was the first time that the politicians were divided into two opposing political parties: those who advocated the creation of a stronger federal government and the adoption of the US Constitution, as drafted, were henceforth known as Federalists, those who advocated stronger State governments and demanded many changes to the proposed Constitution as Anti-Federalists, or Democratic-Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010706-0004-0000", "contents": "13th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn January 27, 1789, the Legislature divided the State of New York into six congressional districts, and the first congressional elections in New York were held on March 3 and 4, 1789. But after a lengthy debate of \"An act for prescribing the times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators of the United States of America, to be chosen in this State\", the Legislature adjourned without having elected U.S. Senators. The Anti-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010706-0004-0001", "contents": "13th New York State Legislature, Background\nFederalist Assembly majority and the Federalist Senate majority agreed to adjourn earlier than usual, leaving it to the new members to find a way out of the deadlock. On June 6, Gov. George Clinton called for a special session of the Legislature to meet on July 6, only a few days after the new members' term would begin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010706-0005-0000", "contents": "13th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe State election was held from April 28 to 30, 1789. Gov. George Clinton and Lt. Gov. Pierre Van Cortlandt were re-elected to a fifth term. Senators Volkert P. Douw and Philip Schuyler (both Western D.) were re-elected; and James Carpenter (Middle D.), and Assemblymen Philip Livingston (Southern D.), John Cantine (Middle D.) and Alexander Webster were also elected to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010706-0006-0000", "contents": "13th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe State Legislature met from July 6 to 16, 1789, at the Old City Hall in Albany, to resume the election of U.S. Senators, and elected State Senator Philip Schuyler and Assemblyman Rufus King, both Federalists, who took their seats in the U.S. Senate of the 1st United States Congress a few days later at Federal Hall in New York City, where Congress met until September 29, 1789, and again from January 4, 1790.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010706-0007-0000", "contents": "13th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature was to meet for the regular session on January 5, 1790, at the Old Royal Exchange in New York City; the State Senate assembled a quorum first on January 12, the Assembly on the next day; and both Houses adjourned on April 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010706-0008-0000", "contents": "13th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nState Senators Philip Schuyler, John Hathorn and John Laurance, and Assemblyman Rufus King retained their seats in the Legislature while serving concurrently in the 1st United States Congress. Schuyler was also elected on January 15 a member of the State's Council of Appointment which consisted of the Governor of New York, and four State Senators elected annually by the State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010706-0008-0001", "contents": "13th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 27, the Legislature resolved that it was \"incompatible with the U.S. Constitution for any person holding an office under the United States government at the same time to have a seat in the Legislature of this State,\" and that if a member of the State Legislature was elected or appointed to a federal office, the seat should be declared vacant upon acceptance. Thus Schuyler, King, Hathorn, Laurance and federal judge James Duane vacated their seats in the State Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010706-0008-0002", "contents": "13th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn April 3, John Cantine, a member of the Council of Appointment, raised the question if Schuyler, after vacating his State Senate seat, was still a member of the council. Philip Livingston, another member, held that once elected, a member could not be expelled from the Council in any case. On April 5, Gov. George Clinton asked the State Assembly for a decision, but the latter refused to do so, arguing that it was a question of law, which could be pursued in the courts. Schuyler thus kept his seat in the Council of Appointment until the end of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010706-0009-0000", "contents": "13th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010706-0010-0000", "contents": "13th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Philip Livingston, John Cantine, Edward Savage and Alexander Webster changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010706-0011-0000", "contents": "13th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010706-0012-0000", "contents": "13th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010707-0000-0000", "contents": "13th New Zealand Parliament\nThe 13th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the New Zealand Parliament. It was elected at the 1896 general election in December of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010707-0001-0000", "contents": "13th New Zealand Parliament, 1896 general election\nThe 1896 general election was held on Wednesday, 4 December in the general electorates and on Thursday, 19 December in the M\u0101ori electorates, respectively. In the 1896 electoral redistribution, rapid population growth in the North Island required the transfer of three seats from the South Island to the north. Four electorates that previously existed were re-established (Geraldine, Manawatu, Motueka, and Taranaki), and three electorates were established for the first time (Ohinemuri, Hawera, and Pahiatua). A total of 74 MPs were elected; 34 represented North Island electorates, 36 represented South Island electorates, and the remaining four represented M\u0101ori electorates. 337,024 voters were enrolled and the official turnout at the election was 76.1%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010707-0002-0000", "contents": "13th New Zealand Parliament, Sessions\nThe 13th Parliament sat for four sessions (there were two sessions in 1897), and was prorogued on 15 November 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010707-0003-0000", "contents": "13th New Zealand Parliament, Ministries\nThe Liberal Government of New Zealand had taken office on 24 January 1891. The Seddon Ministry under Richard Seddon had taken office in 1893 during the term of the 11th Parliament. The Seddon Ministry remained in power for the whole term of this Parliament and held power until Seddon's death on 10 June 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010707-0004-0000", "contents": "13th New Zealand Parliament, Initial composition of the 13th Parliament\nThe table below shows the results of the 1896 general election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010707-0005-0000", "contents": "13th New Zealand Parliament, By-elections during 13th Parliament\nThere were a number of changes during the term of the 13th Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010708-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Niue Assembly\nThe 13th Niue Assembly was a term of the Niue Assembly. Its composition was determined by the 2008 election, held on June 7, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010709-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly\nThe 13th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly was the 20th assembly of the territorial government and it lasted from 1995 to 1999. This assembly was dissolved due to the creation of Nunavut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010711-0000-0000", "contents": "13th OTO Awards\nThe 13th OTO Awards, honoring the best in Slovak popular culture for the year 2012, took time and place on March 16, 2013 on the New  Opera stage of the Slovak National Theater in Bratislava. The ceremony broadcast live RTVS on Jednotka, the hosts of the show were Adela Ban\u00e1\u0161ov\u00e1 and Matej \"Sajfa\" Cifra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010711-0001-0000", "contents": "13th OTO Awards, Winners and nominees, Main categories\n\u2605 Panel\u00e1k \u2013 JOJ Hor\u00faca krv \u2013 Mark\u00edza Profesion\u00e1li \u2013 JOJ", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010711-0002-0000", "contents": "13th OTO Awards, Superlatives\nIn the main categories, J\u00e1n Me\u010diar and Marcel Mer\u010diak received two simultaneous nominations, respectively. Mer\u010diak scored one win, having also achieved two special awards as the first such recipient in the so far history of the poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010711-0003-0000", "contents": "13th OTO Awards, Reception, TV ratings\nThe show has received a total audience of more than 587,000 viewers, making it the most watched television program within prime time in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010712-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Ohio Cavalry Regiment\nThe 13th Ohio Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010712-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th Ohio Cavalry Regiment was organized by consolidation of the 4th Ohio Independent Battalion Cavalry and 5th Ohio Independent Battalion Cavalry at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, on May 5, 1864, under the command of Colonel Stephen R. Clark. The regiment was used as infantry until December 12, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010712-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, IX Corps, Army of the Potomac, June 8 to August 10, 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, IX Corps, to December 10. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May 1865. Sub-District of the Appomattox, District of the Nottaway, Department of Virginia, to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010712-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th Ohio Cavalry mustered out of service August 10, 1865, at Petersburg, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010712-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Annapolis, Md., May 11, then moved to White House Landing, Va., May 18. At Washington, D.C., May 14\u201318, 1864. Marched to White House Landing May 18, and served duty there until June. Moved to Cold Harbor, Va. Participated in operations about Cold Harbor June 6\u201312. Before Petersburg June 16\u201319. Siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond, Va., June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Mine Explosion July 30, 1864, Weldon Railroad August 18\u201321. Poplar Springs Church September 29-October 2. Vaughan and Squirrel Level Road October 8. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27\u201328.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010712-0004-0001", "contents": "13th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nEquipped for cavalry services December 12. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Dinwiddie Court House March 30\u201331. Five Forks April 1. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Amelia Springs April 5. Sayler's Creek and Harper's Farm April 6. Farmville April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Expedition to Danville to cooperate with Gen. Sherman April 23\u201329. Assigned to provost duty in Amelia and Powhatan Counties until August 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010712-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 117 men during service; 4 officers and 61 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 51 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010713-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery\n13th Ohio Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010713-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 13th Ohio Battery was organized and mustered into Federal Service on February 15, 1862, at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, with Captain John B Myers commanding, for a three-year enlistment. It was mainly recruited in the counties of Logan, Union, Champaign, Hardin & Shelby. It was attached to 4th Division, Army of the Tennessee Commanded by Brigadier General Stephen A. Hurlbut. NOTE: Both the books by Reid & Dyer List the battery as not fully formed and only a section fought at Shiloh, this is an error, the battery was fully formed and had its six guns plus 5 officers and 135 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010713-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nOn the first day of the Battle of Shiloh (April 6, 1862), the battery was positioned in the Peach Orchard Field, while the battery was coming on line, it was struck by enemy fire. Sergeant  (Sergeant of Gun #2) was killed instantly when a cannonball struck him in the shoulder throwing him off his horse, a second round struck a caisson and it exploded causing the horses to bolt. five of the batteries six guns were captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010713-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe sixth gun was taken back to Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, where it was brought together with other guns and was fired the rest of the battle. The five captured guns were recovered on April 7. The battery as a whole did not engage in the rest of the battle. The organization of the battery was disbanded April 20, 1862, by Army of the Tennessee Special Field Order #17 issued by Major General Henry Halleck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010713-0002-0002", "contents": "13th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe men were transferred to the 7th Ohio Battery, 10th Ohio Battery, or 14th Ohio Battery, and the officers were mustered out of the service, with the exception of Lieutenant Ezra Bennett, who was at the hospital during the battle. He was reassigned to the 14th Ohio Battery. The Lieutenant Governor of Ohio Benjamin Stanton was at the battle and witnessed the aftermath, he was also a friend of Capt. Myers and published an article criticizing the conduct of the generals at the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010713-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 20 enlisted men during service; 3 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 17 enlisted men died due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010714-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th Ohio Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010714-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-months regiment\nThe 13th Ohio Infantry Regiment organized at Columbus, Ohio, on April 20 \u2013 May 7, 1861, under Colonel Abram S. Piatt in response to President Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers. The regiment moved to Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, on May 9 and remained on duty there until June 22 when it was reorganized as a three-years regiment. Men who enlisted in the three-month regiment were mustered out August 14\u201325, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010714-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe 13th Ohio Infantry was reorganized at Camp Dennison and mustered in for three years service on June 22, 1861, under the command of Colonel William Sooy Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010714-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, Army of Occupation, Western Virginia, to September 1861. Bonham's Brigade, District of the Kanawha, Western Virginia, to October 1861. 1st Brigade, Kanawha Division Western Virginia, to November 1861. 17th Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to December 1861. 17th Brigade, 3rd Division, Army of the Ohio, to April 1862. 14th Brigade, 5th Division, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. 14th Brigade, 5th Division, II Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Left Wing, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXI Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, IV Corps, to June 1865. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, IV Corps, to August 1865. Central District of Texas to October 1865. Sub-District of San Antonio, Central District of Texas, to December 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 941]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010714-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nAfter the three-year enlistments expired in June 1864, recruits and veterans who reenlisted were consolidated into a battalion of four companies. The 13th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at San Antonio, Texas, on December 5, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010714-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Ohio for Parkersburg, W. Va., June 30, 1861. West Virginia Campaign July 6\u201317, 1861. Moved to Oakland, W. Va., July 14. Expedition to Greenland Gap July 15\u201316. Duty at Sutton until September. Battle of Carnifex Ferry September 10. At Gauley Bridge until November. Operations in the Kanawha Valley and New River Region October 19 \u2013 November 16. Gauley Bridge November 3. Pursuit of Floyd November 12\u201316. Cotton Hill and Laurel Creek November 12. McCoy's Mills November 15. Ordered to Louisville, Ky., and camp at Jeffersonville, Ind., until December 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010714-0005-0001", "contents": "13th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nNear Elizabethtown, Ky., until December 26, and at Bacon Creek until February 10, 1862. Advance on Bowling Green, Ky., and Nashville, Tenn., February 10\u201325. Occupation of Nashville until March 17. March to Savannah, Tenn., March 17 \u2013 April 6. Battle of Shiloh April 6\u20137. Advance on and siege of Corinth, Miss., April 29 \u2013 May 30. Buell's Campaign in northern Alabama and middle Tennessee June to August. March to Louisville, Ky., in pursuit of Bragg August 21 \u2013 September 26. Pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1\u201316. Battle of Perryville October 8 (reserve).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010714-0005-0002", "contents": "13th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMarch to Nashville, Tenn., October 16 \u2013 November 7. Duty there until December 26. Action at Rural Hill November 18. Advance on Murfreesboro, Tenn., December 26\u201330. Battle of Stones River December 30\u201331, 1862 and January 1\u20133, 1863. Duty at Murfreesboro until June. Stones River Ford, McMinnville, June 4. Tullahoma Campaign June 22 \u2013 July 7. Liberty Gap June 22\u201324. Occupation of middle Tennessee until August 16. Passage of Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River, and Chickamauga Campaign August 16 \u2013 September 22. Battle of Chickamauga, September 19\u201320. Missionary Ridge September 22. Siege of Chattanooga September 24 \u2013 November 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010714-0005-0003", "contents": "13th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nChattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob November 23. Missionary Ridge November 24\u201325. Pursuit to Graysville November 26\u201327. March to relief of Knoxville, Tenn., November 28 \u2013 December 3. Operations in eastern Tennessee until April 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1 \u2013 September 8. Demonstrations on Rocky Faced Ridge and Dalton, Ga., May 8\u201313. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Adairsville May 17. Near Kingston May 18\u201319. Near Cassville May 19. Advance on Dallas May 22\u201325. Operations on Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church and Allatoona Hills May 25 \u2013 June 5. Pickett's Mills May 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010714-0005-0004", "contents": "13th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOperations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10 \u2013 July 2. Pine Hill June 10\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Non -veterans mustered out June 21, 1864. Veterans and recruits consolidated to a battalion. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22 \u2013 August 25. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31 \u2013 September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29 \u2013 November 3. Nashville Campaign November\u2013December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010714-0005-0005", "contents": "13th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nColumbia, Duck River, November 24\u201327. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. Moved to Huntsville and duty there until March 1865. Operations in eastern Tennessee March 16 \u2013 April 22. Duty at Nashville until June. Moved to New Orleans, La., June 16, thence to Texas. Duty at Green Lake until September 4, and at San Antonio, Texas, until December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010714-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 221 men during service; 8 officers and 109 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 102 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010715-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Oklahoma Legislature\nThe Thirteenth Oklahoma Legislature was a meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma, composed of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The state legislature met in Oklahoma City, in regular session from January 6 to April 11, 1931, during the term of Governor William H. Murray. Murray, a former House speaker, helped Wilburton editor Carlton Weaver become Speaker; both were members of the constitutional convention. Despite his political maneuvering, the governor found opposition to many of his proposals. The session marked the first instance that redistricting was done outside of constitutional requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010715-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership\nWith the governor's help, Wilburton editor and one of the youngest members of Oklahoma's constitutional convention Carlton Weaver was elected Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. House Majority Floor Leader J.T. Daniel was resistant to some of the governor's proposals. W.G. Stigler served as President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010716-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Olympic Congress\nThe 13th Olympic Congress was held between 3\u20135 October 2009 in Copenhagen, Denmark, by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). It was held together with the meetings of the Executive Board and the 121st IOC Session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010716-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Olympic Congress, History\nConvened on the initiative of President Jacques Rogge, the 13th Olympic Congress brought together all the constituent parties of the Olympic Movement to study and discuss the current functioning of the Movement and define the main development axes for the future. \"This will be an important milestone and a chance for the entire Olympic family to discuss and debate some major issues around the role of the Olympic Movement in society. How can we use digital technologies to communicate the values of Olympism? How do we better connect with young people?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010716-0001-0001", "contents": "13th Olympic Congress, History\nWhat can we all do to encourage people to lead active, healthy lifestyles? These are just some of the questions we will grapple with at the Congress. Getting at some answers won't be easy, but is very necessary.\" said Jacques Rogge. President Rogge underlined in his short address the role sport and the Olympic Movement play in society. \"Sport has played, plays and will always play, an important role worldwide.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010716-0001-0002", "contents": "13th Olympic Congress, History\nAccording to Rogge, the IOC and all other members of the Olympic Movement will seize the opportunity of the 13th Congress in Copenhagen to demonstrate what has already been achieved in this field, that the Movement is committed to fully playing its role and that it is taking up every challenge in order to set the bar even higher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010716-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Olympic Congress, History\nThe 13th Olympic Congress was held from 3 to 5 October 2009 in the Danish capital. It brought together around 1,000 participants representing: IOC members; IOC honorary and honour members; representatives of the International Federations, National Olympic Committees, the athletes and Organising Committees for the Olympic Games; athletes and athlete support staff (coaches, doctors and medical staff); referees, judges and technical officials; the IOC\u2019s Olympic partners; and the media. The various stages of the Olympic Congress run from 1 July 2007 until the end of 2009. The meetings in Copenhagen will mark the culmination of this process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010716-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Olympic Congress, History\nBut even then, the work will not be finished, as the next task will be to implement the main Congress recommendations that the Session has accepted. The first meeting of the 2009 Congress Commission, which is chaired by President Rogge, and includes the entire membership of the EB, met for the first time this morning to start the process that will lead to the 13th Olympic Congress in Copenhagen in October 2009. The 13th Olympic Congress will include a public consultation for the first time in the history of Olympic congresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010716-0002-0002", "contents": "13th Olympic Congress, History\nThe Chairman of the Congress Organising Committee and President of the National Olympic Committee of Denmark, IOC member Kai Holm, is convinced that the Olympic Congress will strengthen Denmark's ties with the sports world, especially the various International Federations and the National Olympic Committees around the world. \"Such an opening allows us to exchange points of view, learn from each other and establish contacts which will be valuable for years to come\", he believes. Through this consultation, a list of sixty-six recommendations to strength and improve the Olympic Movement was published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010716-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Olympic Congress, History\nThe city of Copenhagen was chosen on 8 February by the 118th IOC Session held in Turin, Italy. The other candidates were Athens (Greece), Busan (South Korea), Cairo (Egypt), Riga (Latvia), Singapore (Singapore), and Taipei (Chinese Taipei).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010716-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Olympic Congress, Participants\nMore 1,000 people were present, including past and present IOC members, officials, athletes, etc. In addition to that, the Congress was attended by\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010717-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Open Russian Festival of Animated Film\nThe 13th Open Russian Festival of Animated Film was held from February 28 to March 3, 2008 in Suzdal, Russia. The winners for all of the main award categories were announced on March 2nd. The jury consisted of 33 professionals in a variety of different professions related to animation. 85 films, totaling over 14 hours of running time, were screened. This was the first festival held after the death of Aleksandr Tatarskiy, who had headed all the previous festivals. The artistic director in his place was Aleksandr Gerasimov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010717-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Open Russian Festival of Animated Film, Jury rating\nEach jury member was asked to list their top 5 five films of the festival. 5 points were given for a 1st place vote and so on, down to 1 point for a 5th place vote. An official award was given to the top three films at the closing ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 56], "content_span": [57, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010718-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Orgburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 13th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the 13th Central Committee, in the immediate aftermath of the 13th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010719-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 13th Panzer Division (English: 13th Armoured Division) was an element of the German Army, the Wehrmacht, during World War II, established in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010719-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe division was organized under the code name Infantry Command IV (Infanterief\u00fchrer IV) in October 1934. On October 15, 1935, following Germany's open rejection of terms of the Treaty of Versailles restricting Germany's military, the division was designated the 13th Infantry Division (13. Infanterie-Division). The division was motorized during the winter of 1936-1937, and was accordingly renamed the 13th Motorized Infantry Division (13. Infanterie-Division (motorisiert)) on October 12, 1937. The 13th Motorized Infantry Division participated in the campaigns against Poland (1939) and western Europe (1940).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010719-0001-0001", "contents": "13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nFollowing the Fall of France in June 1940, on October 11, 1940, the division was reorganized as the 13th Panzer Division (13. Panzer-Division). It participated in Operation Barbarossa (the invasion of the USSR) in 1941 and the advance on the Caucasus in 1942. The division suffered heavy losses in the retreats of 1943 and 1944. It was partially refitted in Hungary, where it was encircled and destroyed by Red Army in the winter of 1944-1945. The formation was reformed as Panzer Division Feldherrnhalle 2 in the spring of 1945 and surrendered in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010719-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nDuring the invasion of Poland, the troops of the division committed war crimes, including reprisal killings, using civilians as human shields and destroying a medical column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010719-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe 13th Motorized Infantry Division participated in the invasion of Poland, as part of the southern thrust, and the Battle of France, advancing through Belgium towards Calais and on to Lyon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010719-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe 13th Panzer Division was formed in Vienna in October 1940 from the 13th Motorized Infantry Division and was immediately sent to Romania but was not part of the Balkan campaign. It served in Operation Barbarossa as part of Panzer Group 1 (Army Group South), and it contributed to the successful encirclements of the Soviet forces at Kiev. At the end of 1941, it was positioned at Rostov; however, it was forced to retreat due to fierce Soviet counter-attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010719-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nIn 1942 and 1943, the division formed part of the First Panzer Army (Army Group A); it was involved in the battles for the Caucasus oil fields and at the Kuban Peninsula after the Battle of Stalingrad. In the fall of 1943, it was withdrawn to Western Ukraine, where it fought defensive battles near the river Dniepr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010719-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe offensive of the Soviet Army pushed the Germans to their starting positions of June 1941. The 13th Panzer Division was attached to Army Group South Ukraine, which had orders to stop the Soviets from capturing the Romanian oil fields. The division was reformed in July and it received modern equipment, including the Panther G tank and the Jagdpanzer IV. The Red Army offensive of August 1944 resulted in the deaths or imprisonment of most of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010719-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nIn the Battle of Debrecen, the division helped to annihilate three Soviet corps; however, it was encircled in Budapest at the end of 1944 and destroyed in January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010719-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nIn the spring of 1945, the division was reformed under the name Feldherrnhalle 2. The last engagements with the Soviets were fought on the Austro-Hungarian border. The division surrendered in Austria in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010719-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Commanders\nInfantry Command IV (Infanterief\u00fchrer IV), 13th Infantry Division (13. Infanterie-Division), and 13th Motorized Infantry Division (13. Infanterie-Division (motorisiert))", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010719-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Commanders\n13th Motorized Infantry Division (13. Infanterie-Division (motorisiert)), and 13th Panzer Division (13. Panzer-Division)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010719-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), War crimes\nIn the invasion of Poland, the division used civilians as human shields in the battle with the retreating Polish Prusy Army and on September 8, 1939 attacked a medical column marked with the Red Cross signs near Odrzyw\u00f3\u0142. A day later, soldiers from the division took part in the revenge killing of 11 civilians and two Polish priests including Dean Stanis\u0142aw Klimecki in the nearby town of Drzewica in retaliation for their own military losses. Killings have also been reported in nearby settlements of Gielni\u00f3w, Kamienna Wola, Klw\u00f3w, Ossa, Przysucha, Potok, Rozwady and Zarz\u0119cin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010720-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Panzergrenadier Division (Bundeswehr)\nThe 13th Panzergrenadier Division (13. Panzergrenadierdivision) was a mechanized division of the German Army. Its staff was based at Leipzig. The division was a unit of the German Army's stabilization forces and specialized on conflicts of low intensity and homeland defense. The division was Germany's permanent contribution to Multinational Corps North East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010720-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Panzergrenadier Division (Bundeswehr), History\nThis division was formed in 1990 after German reunification and integrated troops of the former German Democratic Republic's National People's Army into the new unified military of Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010720-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Panzergrenadier Division (Bundeswehr), History\nThe division saw action in the Balkans during numerous deployments, including one deployment to Kosovo with division commander Lieutenant General Roland Kather serving as KFOR commanding officer. Troops of this division were also deployed to the support of civilian agencies during large natural disasters such as disastrous floods in 1997. In more recent times, the division has seen intense action against insurgents in northern Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010720-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Panzergrenadier Division (Bundeswehr), History\nA member of the 13th Panzergrenadier Division was awarded his nation's highest decoration for gallantry, the Honour Cross for Bravery on January 22, 2010. Master Sergeant Daniel Seibert led a heroic counterattack against a superior insurgent force in the village of Basoz in Afghanistan's Kunduz Province on June 4, 2009. His actions killed ten Taliban insurgents and saved a jeopardized reconnaissance squad from almost certain destruction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010720-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Panzergrenadier Division (Bundeswehr), History\nThe 13th Panzergrenadier Division was disbanded on June 28, 2013, as part of a restructuring of the German armed forces. The division's units had previously been transferred to 1st Panzer Division and the Airmobile Operations Division. 13th Panzergrenadier Division was succeeded by the Army Training Command (Ausbildungskommando Heer).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010721-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment\nThe 13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment (French: 13e R\u00e9giment de Dragons Parachutistes, 13e RDP) is a special reconnaissance regiment of the French Army. It is one of three regiments in the French Army Special Forces Command, which is under the control of the COS (special operations command). It is based in Martignas-sur-Jalle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010721-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment\nConstituted under the form of a regiment of Dragoon (the mounted cavalry) during the Ancien Regime by the Marquis de Barbezi\u00e8res at Languedoc in 1676, this cavalry regiment, one of the oldest, adopted the nomination of 13th Dragoon Regiment (French: 13e R\u00e9giment de dragons) during the reorganization of the French cavalry in 1791. The regiment was transformed into an armored corps in 1936, then an airborne-capable reconnaissance unit in 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010721-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment, Creation and lineage\nLike many regiments in European militaries of the 17th and 18th centuries the regiment often changed name to reflect its current commander or patron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010721-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment, History since 1945, Post\u2013World War II\nAfter World War II the regiment was designated as a parachute unit in 1952 and witnessed yet another transformation. The regiment first integrated the 25th Parachute Division constituted on June 1956, following which the regiment was then transferred on July 1, 1957 to the 10th Parachute Division during the Algerian War. From May 1, 1963 to July 31, 1963, the regiment was part of the 11th Light Intervention Division 11e DLI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010721-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment, History since 1945, Post\u2013World War II\nThe 13e RDP was transformed into a long-range recon unit. During the Cold War, the main mission of the 13e RDP was to provide intelligence for the 1st Army, while each company of the 1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment 1er RPIMa would provide intelligence for one Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010721-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment, History since 1945, Post\u2013World War II\nSince the end of the Cold War, the 1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment 1e RPIMa has become a direct-action unit while the 13e RDP specialized in reconnaissance/surveillance operations in hostile environment, gathering intelligence for special operations. In a way they're similar to the role of the U.S. Army Long Range Surveillance Detachment or Long Range Surveillance Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010721-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment, History since 1945, Post\u2013World War II\nThe 13e RDP took part in the Gulf War. This was highlighted when three operators were captured by the Iraqis in late 1990. The 13e RDP was, along with other French units, heavily involved in the Kosovo War and used tactics and technology to force Serbian armour to attempt to engage Kosovo Liberation Army and other Allied forces in the open, which enabled them to be destroyed by Allied bombing, particularly by the United States Air Force and the Royal Air Force. The 13e RDP also contributed to the capture of Mom\u010dilo Kraji\u0161nik in 2001 by close range recons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010721-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment, Mission\nThe mission for the regiment is to acquire human intelligence at any time and in any hostile environments (aquatic, cold mountain, equatorial forest, desert), behind enemy lines, using small autonomous and discreet units, able to position itself closer to acquire intelligence, and transmit. For this kind of mission, units of the 13th practice what they call \"hideout\", that is to say, operations camouflage living areas for observation and transmission, but also evolved into more modern and urban modes of action (installation of cameras / sensors and remote viewing). The regiment is officially in charge of the research of strategic intelligence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010721-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment, Mission\nThe high skill level of 13e RDP operatives in special reconnaissance means that they are often requested by other forces. The Groupe d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale keeps a close relationship with the 13e RDP to train its gendarmes in forward recon for hostage rescue operations in hostile environments. The \u00c9quipes d'Observation en Profondeur (EOP, forward control teams) of French artillery regiments use the standard operating procedures of the 13e RDP. 13e RDP operators are also reported to be highly requested to join the Service Action of the Direction g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 ext\u00e9rieure (D.G.S.E, French Intelligence Service).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010721-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment, 13e RDP and Intelligence role\nIn April 1960, the French Army in Germany decided to form an experimental long range intelligence company, the 7th company of Commandos, based on earlier work in Indochina and Algeria. The 7th company developed survival and reconnaissance procedures for operating behind enemy lines. These methods and procedures and personnel are absorbed by the 13e RDP. This led to the 13e RDP from 1963 being formally tasked with its current 'Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol' missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010721-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment, 13e RDP and Intelligence role\nFinally in 1968, the French Army laid out a plan for conversion of the regiment completely to its new task. Pending the creation of the new 1st Army in 1972, EMA decided to implement this plan, restructuring the regiment. The 13e RDP is then made available to the Army to be used in Germany in a stay-behind role in case of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010721-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment, 13e RDP and Intelligence role\nThe Regiment was initially subordinate to the BRGE (French Army's military intelligence and electronic warfare Brigade). Nowadays, the 13e RDP is part of the French Special Operations Command", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010721-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment, 13e RDP and Intelligence role, Equipment\n13e RDP is equipped with standard French Army material, but has access to specialized weapons and equipment when needed. In the event that a \"silenced\" weapon is required teams can be equipped with MP5SD submachine guns. When heavy fire power is considered necessary, recon teams are known to carry the M-203 40mm grenade launcher, and the 5.56mm Minimi LMG. Vehicle mounted teams may arm their vehicles with a variety of heavy weapons including Browning .50 cal heavy machine guns, US MK-19 40 mm automatic grenade launchers, and light machine guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010721-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment, 13e RDP and Intelligence role, Equipment\nThe vehicle-mounted teams are equipped with Panhard VPSs, heavily armed P-4 Jeeps and Peugeot motorcycles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010721-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment, 13e RDP and Intelligence role, Training\nEach member of the 13e RDP are trained in the hand to hand combat system of Techniques of Close Operational Interventions (French: Technique d'intervention op\u00e9rationnelle rapproch\u00e9e, TIOR) which is a mix of Krav Maga & boxing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010721-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment, Traditions, Motto\nThe motto of the 13e RDP, is Au-del\u00e0 du possible (\"Beyond the possible\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010721-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment, Traditions, Decorations\nThe regimental colours of the 13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment are decorated with:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010722-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of British Columbia\nThe 13th Legislative Assembly of British Columbia sat from 1913 to 1916. The members were elected in the British Columbia general election held in March 1912. The British Columbia Conservative Party led by Richard McBride formed the government. McBride resigned as premier in December 1915 to become British Columbia's agent general in London. William John Bowser succeeded McBride as Premier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010722-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of British Columbia, Members of the 13th General Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1912.:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010722-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections\nBy-elections were held for the following members appointed to the provincial cabinet, as was required at the time:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010722-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections\nBy-elections were held to replace members for various other reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010723-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Lower Canada\nThe 13th Parliament of Lower Canada was in session from November 20, 1827, to September 2, 1830. Elections to the Legislative Assembly in Lower Canada had been held in July 1827. The legislature was dissolved in 1830 due to the death of King George IV. All sessions were held at Quebec City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010724-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Ontario\nThe 13th Legislative Assembly of Ontario was in session from December 11, 1911, until May 29, 1914, just prior to the 1914 general election. The majority party was the Ontario Conservative Party  led by Sir James P. Whitney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore\nThe 13th Parliament of Singapore was the previous Parliament of Singapore. The first session commenced on 15 January 2016 and was dissolved on 23 June 2020. The membership was set by the 2015 Singapore General Election on 11 September 2015, and changed twice throughout the term; one was the resignation of Bukit Batok Single Member Constituency MP David Ong in 2016, and the resignation of Marsiling\u2013Yew Tee Group Representation Constituency MP and Speaker Halimah Yacob in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore\nThe 13th Parliament is controlled by a People's Action Party majority, led by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and members of the cabinet, which assumed power on 1 October 2015. The Opposition is led by the Secretary General of the Workers' Party, Pritam Singh. Tan Chuan-Jin, of the People's Action Party, is the Speaker of Parliament as of 11 September 2017. He succeeds Yacob, who resigned as Speaker to contest in the Presidential Elections 2017. Yacob was previously elected as the 9th Speaker of the House during the 12th Parliament on 14 January 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Result of the 2015 Singapore general election\nThe Workers' Party, being the best performing opposition parties were awarded three Non-Constituency Member of Parliament seats in accordance with the Constitution. Lee Li Lian, Dennis Tan, and Leon Perera were appointed as NCMPs, though Lee Li Lian decided not to accept the NCMP post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Select committees, Committee of selection\nChaired by Speaker of Parliament Tan Chuan-Jin, the committee of selection selects and nominates members to the various sessional and select committees. The committee consisted of seven other members:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 83], "content_span": [84, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Select committees, Committee of privileges\nThe committee of privileges looks into any complaint alleging breaches of parliamentary privilege. Chaired by Speaker of Parliament Tan Chuan-Jin, the committee consisted of seven other members:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Select committees, Estimates committee\nThe estimates committee examines the Government's budget and reports what economies, improvements in organisation, efficiency or administrative reforms consistent with the policy underlying the estimates, may be effected and suggests the form in which the estimates shall be presented to Parliament. The committee consisted of eight members:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 80], "content_span": [81, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Select committees, House committee\nThe house committee looks after the comfort and convenience of Members of Parliament and advises the Speaker on these matters. Chaired by Speaker of Parliament Tan Chuan-Jin, the committee consisted of seven other members:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Select committees, Public accounts committee\nThe public accounts committee examines various accounts of the Government showing the appropriation of funds granted by Parliament to meet public expenditure, as well as other accounts laid before Parliament. The committee consisted of eight members:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 86], "content_span": [87, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Select committees, Public petitions committee\nThe public petitions committee deals with public petitions received by the House. Its function is to consider petitions referred to the Committee and to report to the House. Chaired by Speaker of Parliament Tan Chuan-Jin, the committee consisted of seven other members:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 87], "content_span": [88, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Select committees, Standing orders committee\nThe standing orders committee reviews the Standing Orders from time to time and recommends amendments and reports to the House on all matters relating to them. Chaired by Speaker of Parliament Tan Chuan-Jin, the committee consisted of nine other members:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 86], "content_span": [87, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nMooted by then-Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong in 1987, government parliamentary committees (GPCs) are set up by the governing People's Action Party to scrutinise the legislation and programmes of the various Ministries. They also serve as an additional channel of feedback on government policies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nDarryl David Ong Teng Koon Rahayu Mahzam Teo Ho Pin Teo Ser Luck Vikram Nair", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nJoan Pereira Henry Kwek Lee Yi Shyan Saktiandi Supaat Alex Yam Yee Chia Hsing", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nCharles Chong Chong Kee Hiong Fatimah Abdul Lateef Henry Kwek Seah Kian Peng Teo Ho Pin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nAng Wei Neng Cheng Li Hui Foo Mee Har Lim Wee Kiak Murali Pillai Zainal Sapari", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nAmrin Amin Cheng Li Hui Chia Shi-Lu Liang Eng Hwa Louis Ng", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nCedric Foo Cheryl Chan Desmond Choo Foo Mee Har Henry Kwek Saktiandi Supaat", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0017-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nCharles Chong Christopher de Souza Fatimah Abdul Lateef Joan Pereira Melvin Yong Murali Pillai Tin Pei Ling", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0018-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nDesmond Choo Jessica Tan Louis Ng Rahayu Mahzam Patrick Tay Sitoh Yih Pin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0019-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nCheryl Chan Chong Kee Hiong Intan Azura Mokhtar Jessica Tan Lee Yi Shyan Lim Biow Chuan Yee Chia Hsing", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0020-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nCheryl Chan Gan Thiam Poh Lee Bee Wah Louis Ng Ong Teng KoonSaktiandi Supaat", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0021-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nAng Hin Kee Darryl David Denise Phua Lily Neo Melvin Yong Tan Wu Meng", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010725-0022-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nAng Wei Neng Cheng Li Hui Intan Azura Mokhtar Lim Biow Chuan Melvin Yong Sun Xueling Yee Chia Hsing", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010726-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Sri Lanka\nThe 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka was a meeting of the Parliament of Sri Lanka, with the membership determined by the results of the 2004 parliamentary election held on 2 April 2004. The parliament met for the first time on 22 April 2004 and was dissolved on 9 February 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010726-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election\nThe 13th parliamentary election was held on 2 April 2004. The United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA), a newly formed opposition alliance, became the largest group in Parliament by winning 105 of the 225 seats. The incumbent United National Front (UNF) won 82 seats. The minority Tamil party Tamil National Alliance (TNA) won 22 seats. Smaller parties won the remaining 16 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010726-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election, Results\nThe new parliament was sworn in on 22 April 2004. W. J. M. Lokubandara, the opposition's candidate, was elected Speaker after three dramatic rounds of voting in Parliament. The parliament reconvened on 18 May 2004 to elect unopposed Gitanjana Gunawardena as Deputy Speaker and M. Satchithanandan as the Deputy Chairman of Committees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010726-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nThe UPFA was able to form a minority government with the support of the sole Eelam People's Democratic Party MP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010726-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nOn 6 April 2004, President Chandrika Kumaratunga appointed Mahinda Rajapaksa, the leader of the UPFA, as the new Prime Minister. The rest of the government, comprising 30 Ministers and 31 Deputy Ministers, were sworn in on 10 April 2004. President Kumaratunga retained control of the important ministries of Defence, Public Security, Law & Order, Highways, Education and Buddha Sasana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010726-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nAfter that a number of defections and counter-defections from the opposition increased the number of government MPs to 129, most of whom were rewarded with ministerial posts. This allowed the UPFA form a stable government for six years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010726-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nFollowing the expiration of the second term of President Kumaratunge, Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapakse defeated the leader of the United National Party and former Prime Minister Ranil Wickremasinghe in the 2005 Presidential election. He was succeeded as Prime Minister by Ratnasiri Wickremanayake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010726-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nBy January 2007 the government had grown to 104 (52 Ministers + 33 Non-Cabinet Ministers + 19 Deputy Ministers). Only a handful of UPFA MPs didn't have a ministerial position. The government was labelled the \"Jumbo Cabinet\" due to the high number of ministers. It was the largest government in Sri Lanka's history and proportionally one of the largest in the world. By the end of the 13th Parliament the number of ministers had grown further to 109.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010726-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Changes in party/alliance affiliations\nThe 13th parliament saw a number of defections and counter-defections:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010727-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Turkey\nThe 13th Grand National Assembly of Turkey existed from 10 October 1965 to 12 October 1969. There were 456 MPs in the lower house. The majority of the MPs were the members of Justice Party (AP). The main opposition Party was the Republican People\u2019s Party (CHP). Other parties were the Nation Party (MP), the New Turkey Party (1961), the Workers Party (T\u0130P), and the Republican Villagers Nation Party (CKMP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010727-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Turkey, Main parliamentary milestones\nSome of the important events in the history of the parliament include the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010728-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Upper Canada\nThe 13th Parliament of Upper Canada was opened 8 November 1836. Elections in Upper Canada had been held 20 June 1836. All sessions were held at Toronto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010728-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Upper Canada\nThe House of Assembly had five sessions 8 November 1836 to 10 February 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010728-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Upper Canada\nBoth the House and Parliament sat at the third Parliament Buildings of Upper Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010728-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Parliament of Upper Canada\nIn the election campaign of June 1836, the Lieutenant Governor Sir Francis Bond Head appealed to the United Empire Loyalists of the colony, proclaiming that the reformers were advocating American republicanism. The Conservative party, led by the wealthy landowners known as the \"Family Compact\", won the election resulting in a conservative majority in the legislative assembly and triggering dissent in the province. This was the last parliament for Upper Canada. This parliament was dissolved 10 February 1840. The Act of Union 1840 abolished the legislative assemblies for Upper and Lower Canada and created a new Province of Canada with a common Legislative Assembly. This came as a result of the Rebellions of 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010729-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment\nThe 13th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment (117th Volunteers) was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010729-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service\nOriginally organized as the 116th Pennsylvania Volunteers, the \"Irish Dragoons\" were to be a squadron of cavalry commanded by Captain James A. Galligher, and attached to the New York-based \"Irish Brigade.\" When President Lincoln issued manpower quotas to the several states, Pennsylvania requested their men be returned in order to help fill the quotas. A full regiment was raised, re-numbered as the 117th Pennsylvania Volunteer Regiment, aka the 13th regiment of Pennsylvania Cavalry. Originally recruited and organized at Philadelphia and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania beginning in December 1861, they were mustered in for three years service under the command of newly promoted Colonel James A. Galligher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010729-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Defenses of Baltimore, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to September 1862. Defenses Upper Potomac, VIII Corps, to February 1863. Elliott's Brigade, Milroy's Command, Winchester, Virginia, VIII Corps, February 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, VIII Corps, to July 1863. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, to August 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, to February 1865. (Served attached to IX Corps, Army of the Potomac, May 3-26, 1864.) Terry's Provisional Corps, Department of North Carolina, to March 1865. 3rd Brigade, Kilpatrick's 3rd Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division of Mississippi, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010729-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th Pennsylvania Cavalry mustered out in Raleigh, North Carolina, on July 14, 1865, and traveled by rail to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where they were discharged on July 27, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010729-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Baltimore, Maryland, April 1862. Duty in the defenses of Baltimore, Md., until September 24, 1862. Moved to Point of Rocks, Maryland, September 24, and guard duty on line of the Potomac River between Berlin and Edward's Ferry, and scouting in Loudoun and Jefferson Counties, Va., until February 1863. Ordered to join Milroy at Winchester, Va., February 3. Woodstock February 25. Strasburg Road and Woodstock February 26 (Companies G and L). Cedar Creek April 13. Reconnaissance toward Wardensville and Strasburg April 20. Operations in the Shenandoah Valley April 22-29. Fisher's Hill, Strasburg Road, April 22 and 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010729-0004-0001", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nScout to Strasburg April 25-30. Strasburg April 28. Fairmont April 29. Scout in Hampshire County May 4-9. Operations about Front Royal Ford and Buck's Ford May 12-26. Piedmont Station May 16 (detachment). Middletown and Newtown June 12. Battle of Winchester June 13-15. Retreat to Harpers Ferry June 15, and duty there until June 30. Moved to Frederick, Md., then to Boonsboro July 8, and joined Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac. Scouting in Virginia until September. Oak Shade September 2. Hazel River September 4. Advance to the Rapidan September 13-17. Culpeper Court House September 13. Bristoe Campaign October 9-22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010729-0004-0002", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nJames City October 10. Near Warrenton October 11. Jeffersonton October 12. Warrenton or White Sulphur Springs October 12-13. Auburn and Bristoe October 14. St. Stephen's Church October 14. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7-8. Rappahannock Station November 7. Catlett's Station November 15. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. New Hope Church November 27. Mine Run November 28-30. Scout from Vienna to White Plains December 28-31. Brentsville February 14, 1864. Near Sprigg's Ford February 28 (Company L). Near Greenwich March 6. Scout to Brentsville March 8. Scout to Greenwich March 9. Near Greenwich March 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010729-0004-0003", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nScout to Greenwich March 11. Bristoe Station March 16. Scout to Aldie and Middleburg March 28-29. Bristoe Station April 9. Near Nokesville April 13. Near Milford April 15. Near Middletown April 24. Rapidan Campaign May-June. Battle of the Wilderness May 5-7. Spotsylvania Court House May 8-21; Strasburg May 12 (detachment). North Anna River May 23-26. Rejoined brigade May 26. Haw's Shop May 28. Old Church May 30. Cold Harbor May 31-June 1. Sumner's Upper Bridge June 2. About Cold Harbor June 2-7. Sheridan's Trevilian Raid June 7-24. Trevilian Station June 11-12. White House and St. Peter's Church June 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010729-0004-0004", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nBlack Creek or Tunstall Station June 21. St. Mary's Church June 24. Charles City Cross Roads June 30. Proctor's Hill July 1. Warwick Swamp July 12. Demonstration north of James River at Deep Bottom July 27-29. Malvern Hill July 28. Warwick Swamp July 30. Demonstration north Of James River at Deep Bottom August 13-20. Gravel Hill August 14. White Oak Swamp August 14-15. Charles City Cross Roads August 16. Strawberry Plains August 16-18. Dinwiddie Road near Ream's Station August 23. Ream's Station August 25. Coggin's Point and Fort Powhatan September 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010729-0004-0005", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nPoplar Grove Church September 29-October 2. Wyatt's Farm September 29. Arthur's Swamp September 30-October 1. Stony Creek October 11-12. Boydton Plank Road October 27-28. Reconnaissance's toward Stony Creek November 7 and November 28. Stony Creek Station December 1. Reconnaissance to Hatcher's Run December 8-10. Hatcher's Run December 8-9. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5-7, 1865. Rowanty Creek February 5. Ordered to Wilmington, N.C., February 17, arriving there March 6. Advance on Goldsboro March 6-21. Reported to Sherman at Fayetteville, N.C.. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10-13. Near Raleigh April 12. Occupation of Raleigh April 13. Received surrender of Confederate artillery. Surrender of Johnston and his army at Bennett's House April 26. Duty at Fayetteville and in Department of North Carolina until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 912]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010729-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 290 men during service; 3 officers and 67 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 220 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010730-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Regiment\nThe 13th Pennsylvania Regiment, also known as The Pennsylvania State Rifle Regiment and Miles's Regiment, was raised March 6, 1776, as a state militia regiment and later for service with the Continental Army. The regiment would see action during the New York Campaign, Battle of Trenton, Battle of Princeton, Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Germantown and the Battle of Monmouth. The regiment was merged into the 2nd Pennsylvania Regiment on July 1, 1778.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010730-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Regiment, History\nThe 13th Pennsylvania Regiment of the Continental Army had its beginnings in the Pennsylvania State Regiment, which was formed via the merging of the Pennsylvania State Battalion of Musketry and the Pennsylvania State Rifle Regiment (also known as \"Miles's Regiment\"), which had been \"formed for the defense of Pennsylvania proper,\" according to historian John B. B. Trussell. The latter of those two regiments had been named after Samuel Miles, who had been appointed as its commanding officer on March 3, 1776.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010730-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Regiment, History\nAccording to Trussell, on \"October 5, 1776, the Pennsylvania Council of Safety took the first step toward consolidating the remnants of Miles's Regiment and Atlee's Battalion by asking Lieutenant Colonel Brodhead to supply lists of those of his officers who desired to join the Continental Army and those who wanted to remain in the service of the State.\" The Pennsylvania Council of Safety then announced (on October 25) which companies of the battalion and regiment would make up a new regiment, the Pennsylvania State Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010730-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Regiment, History\nComposed of eight musketry and two rifle units, that regiment was initially commanded by Colonel John Bull until protests by members of their regiment forced state leaders to replace him with Colonel Walter Stewart. Following the addition of an eleventh company \"to guard powder mills,\" the regiment's transfer to the Continental Army was finalized on June 10, 1777. Before a month had passed, the regiment was being referred to as the 13th Pennsylvania Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010730-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Regiment, Notable members\nSamuel Miles was the regiment's commanding officer when he was captured at the Battle of Long Island. On 17 June 1777, Walter Stewart became the unit's commander and led it at the Battle of Brandywine where it fought with George Weedon's 2nd Virginia Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010730-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Regiment, Notable members\nMuncy resident John Robb (c.1733\u20131804), who had been appointed second lieutenant in Miles's regiment in March 1776, was commissioned as a captain in the 13th Pennsylvania Regiment on April 18, 1777. John George Hoffner (1735\u20131799), who had joined Miles's regiment as a sergeant in May 1776 and had been promoted to ensign the following fall, was appointed first lieutenant with the 13th Pennsylvania in March 1777, and then commissioned as a captain at the end of that same year. Sunbury resident Jacob Snider (c.1755\u20131791), was appointed as a sergeant in Miles's regiment in March 1776 and then later made an ensign before becoming a captain in the 13th Pennsylvania on April 18, 1777.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010731-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment\nThe Thirteenth Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, also known as the 42nd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, the 1st Pennsylvania Rifles, Kane's Rifles, or simply the \"Bucktails,\" was a volunteer infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was a part of the famed Pennsylvania Reserve division in the Army of the Potomac for much of the early and middle parts of the war, and served in the Eastern Theater in a number of important battles, including Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010731-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment\nThe \"Rifles\" designation was a holdover from the days when soldiers who carried rifled weapons were a special outfit, and the Bucktails carried breech-loading Model 1859 Sharps Rifles, normally only issued to sharpshooters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010731-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, History, Service\nThe 13th Pennsylvania Reserves was mustered at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania on June 21, 1861. Thomas L. Kane was elected colonel, Charles John Biddle as lieutenant colonel, and Roy Stone as major. Kane, as a civilian, wanted to have Biddle, a Mexican War Veteran, be colonel instead, and a second election was held, granting Kane his wish. The unit served as part of the Pennsylvania Reserves for the majority of its service with the Union Army. The regiment was initially issued .69 caliber smoothbore muskets, but some of the men would not accept them, insisting that they were a rifle regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010731-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, History, Service\nThey eventually received .58 caliber rifles and used these weapons through August 1862. The 13th Reserves were first assigned to garrison duty in Maryland. On July 12 a scouting party under Kane of sixty men were surrounded by cavalry at New Creek Village, but fought them off, killing eight Confederates and wounding sixteen. After receiving reinforcements, Kane moved to Ridgeville which he captured after a skirmish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010731-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, History, Service\nIn the fall, it was assigned to the V Corps of the Army of the Potomac, then serving in the Shenandoah Valley. On October 20, it marched to Dranesville, where Colonel Kane was wounded in the mouth while repulsing the Confederates. During a reorganization of the regiment in January 1862, Hugh W. McNeil was elected colonel and Kane lieutenant colonel, with Stone remaining major. Biddle had resigned to take his place in Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010731-0003-0001", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, History, Service\nDuring the Peninsula Campaign, the Pennsylvania Reserves division was assigned as part of the I Corps; only part of the regiment went to the Peninsula, Companies C, G, H, and I, under the command of Kane, remaining in the Valley. This provisional battalion fought in several battles of the 1862 Valley Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010731-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, History, Service\nDuring the Battle of Harrisonburg on June 6, in an attempt to rescue a Captain Haines and his wounded men of the 1st New Jersey Cavalry, the regiment held off Steuart's Brigade, including the 44th Virginia Infantry, the 58th Virginia Infantry, the 1st Maryland Infantry, CSA, and a Louisiana regiment, for an hour, killing General Turner Ashby. Colonel Kane was captured in the retreat. They had lost 52 men, and Confederates had lost over 500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010731-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, History, Service\nThe other six companies went under Major Stone. During the retreat from Richmond, they lost one company in a swamp, then fought at Gaines Mill. Two other companies were lost during the retreat. At the retreat to Harrison's Landing, Stone and his men constructed a bridge over a stream, possibly saving the Union army. Stone took command of a different regiment after this. After the Peninsula Campaign, the regiment served in the Northern Virginia Campaign and participated in the defense of Henry House Hill during the closing hours of the Second Battle of Bull Run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010731-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, History, Service\nIn early September, the two battalions were re-united under the command of McNeil, who had been sick; the Pennsylvania Reserve Division, now designated as the Third Division of the I Corps of the Army of the Potomac. The regiment was rearmed with Model 1859 Sharps breechloader rifles prior to setting off on the Maryland Campaign. At Bull Run, Kane was promoted to brigadier general for covering Pope's retreat. His position was filled by Edward Irvin. The new major was Alanson Niles. The regiment was decimated at Antietam, losing Colonel McNeill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010731-0006-0001", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, History, Service\nThe new commander was Charles Taylor, who had been captured twice by Confederates. They participated in the assault on Fredericksburg. Irwin resigned from injury, and Niles became lieutenant colonel. The Pennsylvania Reserves division was severely depleted from months of campaigning and in early 1863, they were sent back to Washington D.C. to rest and refit. The 13th Reserves thus did not participate in the Chancellorsville Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010731-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, History, Service\nPrior to the Gettysburg Campaign, the 13th Pennsylvania returned to the Pennsylvania Reserves division was reassigned to the V Corps. Niles was wounded and Taylor was killed at Little Round Top, leaving Major Hartshorn in command. They then marched to Spotsylvania for their final battle. The regiment was mustered out of service on June 11, 1864. Those who had reenlisted as veteran volunteers were transferred to the 190th Pennsylvania Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010732-0000-0000", "contents": "13th People's Choice Awards\nThe 13th People's Choice Awards, honoring the best in popular culture for 1986, were held in 1987. They were broadcast on CBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010733-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Planet Records\n13th Planet Records is an American record label founded by Ministry frontman Al Jourgensen in October 2005. In addition to its function as an artist-run, artist-friendly independent label, 13th Planet encompasses several realms of the music industry including artist management, touring (including 2008's \"C U LaTouR\"),  music publishing as well as a full-scale rehearsal and recording studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010733-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Planet Records\nThe label is a joint venture with Megaforce Records in the United States and Canada and is distributed through Sony BMG Music Entertainment/RED Distribution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010734-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 13th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was elected by the 13th Central Committee in the aftermath of the 13th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010735-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 13th Central Committee on November 2, 1987, consisting of 17 members and 1 alternate member. During the 2nd plenary session of this politburo, the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests occurred, and were ultimately crushed by the orders of the 13th Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. This was preceded by the 12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. It was succeeded by the 14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010736-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nThe 13th Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam (B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam Kho\u00e1 XIII) is the current Politburo of the ruling Communist Party in Vietnam. It was selected by the Central Committee of the Party at the 13th National Congress of the CPV on January 31, 2021, and is expected to serve until the 14th National Congress. The 18-member Politburo was elected on January 31, 2021 at the first plenum of the 13th Party Central Committee. Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng was re-elected for his third term as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, a top position he has held since 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010736-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Members\nGeneral Secretary of the Communist PartySecretary of the Central Military CommissionHead of the Central Steering Committee on Anti- corruptionHead of the Central Steering Committee on Judicial Reform", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010736-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Members\nMinister of DefenceChief of the General Staff of the Vietnam People's Army", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010736-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Members\nChairman of the Central Theoretical CouncilDirector of the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010737-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly\nThe 13th Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) was elected by the 1st Session of the 13th Supreme People's Assembly on 9 April 2014. It was replaced on 11 April 2019 by the 14th SPA Presidium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010738-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Primetime Emmy Awards\nThe 13th Emmy Awards, later referred to as the 13th Primetime Emmy Awards, were held on May 16, 1961, to honor the best in television of the year. It was hosted by Dick Powell. All nominations are listed, with winners in bold and series' networks are in parentheses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010738-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Primetime Emmy Awards\nThe top show of the night was the NBC anthology Hallmark Hall of Fame for their production of Macbeth. It won in all its nominated categories, tying the record (since broken) of five major wins. A milestone was set by The Flintstones, it became the first ever animated show to be nominated in one of the main series categories (comedy or drama). It would be the only animated show to accomplish this feat until 2009, when Family Guy was included in the expanded comedy field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010739-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Producers Guild of America Awards\nThe 13th Producers Guild of America Awards (also known as 2002 Producers Guild Awards), honoring the best film and television producers of 2001, were held at The Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles, California on March 3, 2002. The nominees were announced on January 10, 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010740-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Psychological Operations Battalion\nThe 13th Psychological Operations Battalion  (originally, the 13th Psychological Warfare Battalion (Enemy Prisoner of War)) is a Battalion in the United States Army Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010740-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Psychological Operations Battalion, History\nIt was established on 4 October 1961 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Co, 13th Psychological Warfare Battalion was activated on 15 November 1961 at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. The 13th was redesignated on 20 December 1965 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 13th Psychological Operations Battalion. Army Radio Station WCSW-FM operated under its command. Most unit members rotated from Smoke Bomb Hill to Vietnam, Korea, Germany or elsewhere based on special MOS qualifications. Inactivated on 13 September 1972 at Fort Bragg. Withdrawn from the Regular Army, allotted to the United States Army Reserve and activated at Fort Snelling, Minnesota on 30 October 1975. It was then relocated to Minneapolis, Minnesota on 1 January 1978; to Fort Snelling, Minnesota on 1 December 1979 and to Arden Hills, Minnesota on 16 January 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010740-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Psychological Operations Battalion, Campaign streamers\nThe 13th POB was awarded Campaign streamers for the defense of Saudi Arabia and for the liberation of Kuwait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010741-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Quebec Legislature\nThe 13th Legislative Assembly of Quebec was the provincial legislature in Quebec, Canada that existed from May 15, 1912, to May 22, 1916. The Quebec Liberal Party led by Lomer Gouin was the governing party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010741-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Quebec Legislature, Member list\nThis was the list of members of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec that were elected in the 1912 election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010742-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Rajasthan Assembly\nA list of members representing the state of Rajasthan in the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly. There are currently 200 members of the legislative assembly with the Bharatiya Janata Party forming the 73 seats,followed by the Indian National Congress with 112.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010743-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Rajputs (The Shekhawati Regiment)\nThe 13th Rajputs (The Shekhawati Regiment) was an infantry regiment of the Bengal Army, and later of the British Indian Army. They could trace their origins to the Shekhawati Regiment raised in 1835, as part of the Jaipur contingent of the  Honourable East India Company and were taken into the Company's service as a local battalion 8 years later. They fought in the Battle of Aliwal in the First Anglo-Sikh War. Remaining loyal during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, they were taken into the Bengal Army as the 13th Bengal Native Infantry in 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010743-0000-0001", "contents": "13th Rajputs (The Shekhawati Regiment)\nThere followed a number of different name changes the 13th (Shekhawati) Bengal Native Infantry 1884\u20131897, the 13th (Shekhawati) Rajput Regiment of Bengal Infantry 1897\u20131901, the 13th (Shekhawati) Rajput Infantry 1901\u20131903. Then finally in 1903, after the Kitchener reforms of the Indian Army the 13th Rajputs (The Shekhawati Regiment). During World War I they were part of the Imperial Service Infantry Brigade assigned to the Indian Expeditionary Force B that was sent to British East Africa. They fought at the Battle of Tanga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010743-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Rajputs (The Shekhawati Regiment)\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army again moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. The 13th Rajputs (The Shekhawati Regiment) now became the 10th (Shekhawati) Battalion 6th Rajputana Rifles (1922\u20131947). After independence this was one of the regiments allocated to the new Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010744-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Reconnaissance Squadron\nThe 13th Reconnaissance Squadron is part of the 926th Wing at Beale Air Force Base, California. It operates RQ-4 Global Hawk unmanned aircraft conducting reconnaissance and surveillance missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010744-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Reconnaissance Squadron, Mission\nThe squadron provides theater commanders with near-real-time intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and target acquisition data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010744-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 13th flew combat in the European Theater of Operations from 28 March 1943 \u2013 26 April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010744-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Airlift\nIn 1952, it converted to a troop carrier mission and provided intra-theater airlift for high-ranking USAFE military and civilian officials and small mission-essential equipment from, 1987\u20131993. In 1987, it was renamed the 13th Military Airlift Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010744-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Airlift\nThe squadron moved without personnel and equipment to McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey, on 1 October 1993 and absorbed personnel and equipment of the 30th Airlift Squadron and was renamed the 13th Airlift Squadron. Equipped with C-141, the squadron took on a new worldwide airlift mission until its inactivation in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010744-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Unmanned reconnaissance\nSince 2005 the 13th has operated and maintained deployable, long-endurance RQ-4 Global Hawk aircraft and ground control elements to fulfill training and operational requirements generated by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in support of unified commanders and the Secretary of Defense. It currently trains all RQ-4B pilots and sensor operators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010745-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Red Banner Rocket Division\nThe 13th Orenburg Red Banner Rocket Division (Military Unit Number 68545) is a military formation of the 31st Rocket Army, Strategic Missile Forces, located in Yasny, ZATO Komarovsky, Orenburg Oblast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010745-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Red Banner Rocket Division\nThe deployment site for the division was chosen specifically for the location of the R-36 intercontinental ballistic missile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010745-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Red Banner Rocket Division, History\nIn 1964\u20131965 when the division began to form, the city of Yasny (transl: Clear) had not yet been formed. There was a small settlement builders of the future and Orenburgasbest. Next to it was district center Dombarovsky, where all mail, cargo, and so on were initially addressed. Therefore, in all the documents and V/Chs for the division it was written: Dombarovsky, Orenburg Oblast. A Military town divisions and the entire infrastructure were placed next to the plant under construction, as there was already a railway branch line, which greatly simplified all construction work. Over time, the village built up into the city of Yasny. Hence, some people get confused: either Dombarovsky or Yasny. Documents coming into the division sometimes have one and the other mailing address.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010745-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Red Banner Rocket Division, History\nThe SRF formation in Yasny began as Operation Group Dombarovskiy in May 1964. Headquarters 13th Rocket Division was formed in April 1965, as part of the 5th Independent Rocket Corps. However the division was quickly (within two months) transferred to the 18th Independent Rocket Corps, and then in 1970 to the 31st Rocket Army. Major-General Dmitry Kharitonovich Chaplygin was the first division commander, from May 1964 until August 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010746-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Regiment (Italy)\nThe 13th Regiment (Italian: 13\u00b0 Reggimento) is a Human Intelligence unit of the Italian Army. Raised on 1 August 1960 as Target Acquisition Battalion for the III Missile Briagde the unit was for most of its life part of the army's artillery arm. Today the regiment is a multi-arms unit operationally assigned to the Tactical Intelligence Brigade, which combines elements of the artillery and signal arms. The regiment is based in Anzio in Lazio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010746-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Regiment (Italy), Current Structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Battery fields the following sections: C3 Section, Transport and Materiel Section, Medical Section, and Commissariat Section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010747-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Regiment Armory\nThe 13th Regiment Armory is a historic armory designed by architects Rudolph L. Daus and Fay Kellogg and built in 1892\u20131894. It is located at 357 Marcus Garvey Boulevard (also known as Sumner Avenue) between Putnam and Jefferson Avenues in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York City. Daus had previously designed the Lincoln Club on Putnam Avenue in 1889.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010747-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Regiment Armory\nThe armory building is currently used as the Pamoja House (also known as Sumner House Shelter Care Center for Men), a homeless shelter for men managed by Black Veterans for Social Justice, Inc. and supervised by New York City Department of Homeless Services. The Pamoja House is named for the Swahili word for \"together\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010747-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Regiment Armory\nThe armory's design is expansive, yet austere. According to Francis Morrone, \"Something, perhaps the busy-ness or a greater stridency in the machicolations, makes this armory seem more forbidding than the 23rd Regiment's which is actually rather jolly.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010747-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Regiment Armory, History, Previous locations\nThe 13th Regiment was previously housed in Gothic Hall on Adams Street in the 1830s. In 1858, it moved to the Henry Street Armory. and finally to the Flatbush Armory in 1874\u201375.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010747-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Regiment Armory, History, Construction and use as armory\nThe 13th Regiment had received a $300,000 award for the construction of a new armory in 1890. However, subsequent changes increased the armory's cost to $400,000. The armory ultimately cost nearly $700,000, more than twice its original outlay, which was paid by the Kings County government. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle called the drastic cost increases as \"a scandal of no common dimensions\", and The New York Times described the armory as one of three Brooklyn armories facing extreme cost overruns, the others being the 14th Regiment Armory in Park Slope and the 23rd Regiment Armory in Crown Heights. A panel of experts recommended cutting several ornate features and downsizing the drill room in order to complete the project within the $300,000 appropriation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010747-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Regiment Armory, History, Construction and use as armory\nThe armory opened on April 23, 1894. The excessive reallocation of money on the armory's lavish dimensions had resulted in insufficient funding for such items as sidewalks and fences. The budget cuts also resulted in several design deficiencies: for instance, by September 1894, the roof was found to be leaking. Then, in 1903, a wall at the 13th Regiment Armory fell on seven men, killing two of them. Because the drill hall had been downsized as part of the budget cuts, it soon became insufficient for training, and was extended in 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010747-0005-0001", "contents": "13th Regiment Armory, History, Construction and use as armory\nThe architectural work for this was done by the Parfitt Brothers. In 1921, a large memorial made by L. Riene Co. was erected in the southwest yard with the names of all the soldiers who had been stationed in the armory during World War I, with the casualties listed at the top. Subsequently, a 1944 fire at the armory burned many of the regiment's trophies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010747-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Regiment Armory, History, Construction and use as armory\nThe 13th Regiment Armory was used for several civilian purposes over the years, including as a schools' track and field venue, Sunday school competitions, and singing contests. On June 22\u201328, 1953, the building was used for the 48th annual session of the Baptist Congress by the Sunday School Congress and Baptist Training Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010747-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Regiment Armory, History, Construction and use as armory\nBy the mid-20th century, urban armories had become less necessary, and in 1974 the Thirteenth Regiment was deactivated. Plans to close the armory were announced in 1971 as part of a budget cut. A black veterans' group characterized the proposal as racist, since the 13th Regiment Armory was located in a predominantly black and Hispanic neighborhood. A methadone treatment center was proposed for the site in 1972, but that plan was opposed by residents who were concerned about crime increases and wanted more attention to be paid to health, housing, recreation, and schools in Bedford\u2013Stuyvesant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010747-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Regiment Armory, History, Conversion into homeless shelter\nAfter deactivation, the 13th Regiment Armory's headhouse was used to store vehicles while the administration building was used as a school. However, by the 1980s, existing homeless shelters in New York City had become overcrowded, so the city started opening new shelters in armories. Starting in 1987 or 1988, the 13th Regiment Armory was converted for use as a men's homeless shelter, In 1992, a judge ordered that the armory shelter's capacity be cut back from 550 to 200 homeless men. Some residents of the nearby neighborhood did not want the shelter to be opened in the first place, but by 1993, had planted some flowers outside the shelter to beautify it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010747-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Regiment Armory, History, Conversion into homeless shelter\nAccording to the Pamoja House's website in 2015, it \"specializes in managing a homeless population that was refused from other shelters in New York City and is a \u2018next-step\u2019 facility. Residents of Pamoja House were deemed \u2018non-compliant\u2019 in general population shelters.\" As a next-step shelter, residents had an 8 PM curfew rather than the DHS standard of 10 PM, and the facility had no television sets, dirty sheets, and meals consisting of one frankfurter and two 4-U.S.-fluid-ounce (120\u00a0mL) cups of juice. Steven Banks, as commissioner of the Department of Homeless Services, eliminated the \"next step\" program, converting it into a general population men's shelter with the maximum 200 beds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010747-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Regiment Armory, History, Conversion into homeless shelter\nThe company rooms are used as dormitories, and the drill shed is filled with additional dormitories that are no longer in use after the 200-bed limitation was imposed (at one point it had 550 beds in active use). Memorial Hall is used as the mess, and is the only part of the building with central air conditioning. The offices, in one of the company rooms and in the base of the south tower, have window-mounted air conditioners. The north side of the drill hall contains the lavatories and laundry room, but the drill hall is mostly walled off (the walls are about four feet high) and accessible only to staff, as are all floors above the first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010747-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Regiment Armory, History, Conversion into homeless shelter\nOn November 29, 2017, security staff and residents were caught on camera punching and kicking shelter resident Alexander Singh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010747-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Regiment Armory, Design\nThe 13th Regiment Armory consists of an administration building as well as an attached barrel-vaulted drill shed to its east. The lot measures 200 feet (61\u00a0m) on Marcus Garvey Boulevard and 480 feet (150\u00a0m) along Putnam and Jefferson Avenues. According to Harper's Weekly, the building was designed to recall thirteenth century feudal France. Upon the 13th, 14th, and 23rd Regiment Armories' completions in the mid-1890s, the New-York Tribune stated that \"these three armories are the product of a lavish expenditure ... for the support and encouragement of the militia that has perhaps never been excelled.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010747-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Regiment Armory, Design, Exterior\nThe armory consists of an Administration Building 200 feet (61\u00a0m) wide by 180 feet (55\u00a0m) deep. To the east is a drill hall measuring 300 by 200 feet (91 by 61\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010747-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Regiment Armory, Design, Exterior\nThe main facade of the administration building is located along Marcus Garvey Boulevard to the west. This facade contains a large round-arched, stone-faced stone sally port, 28 feet (8.5\u00a0m) in diameter. There are two turreted towers flanking the arch, each with a diameter of 28 feet. The round towers are 200 feet (61\u00a0m) tall. The south tower has an observatory, while the north tower has an additional, smaller turret, rising another 28 feet, to serve as an outlook. A terrace measuring 16 by 45 feet (4.9 by 13.7\u00a0m) in area is located directly above the sally port.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010747-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Regiment Armory, Design, Interior\nThe building contains a basement and four stories, counting a mezzanine. The basement included rifle galleries, firing rooms, squad drill rooms, large lavatories, and an engine room that provided heat and power to the entire armory. In the 1894 Harper's article, it was indicated that a swimming pool and bowling alleys were expected to be installed, but not at public expense. It includes company rooms 22 by 50 feet (6.7 by 15.2\u00a0m) feet with 14-foot-high (4.3\u00a0m) ceilings, six on each side, containing captains' and sergeants' rooms, private stairs to locker rooms in the mezzanine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010747-0015-0001", "contents": "13th Regiment Armory, Design, Interior\nOfficers' rooms are on the second floor, described as \"large and excellent.\" There were also council and Veteran Association rooms, 44 by 50 feet (13 by 15\u00a0m), and a gymnasium 50 by 80 feet (15 by 24\u00a0m) feet, also on the second floor. The third floor contained a mess-hall, kitchen, and lecture-room. A 1892 Harper's article described the premises as \"one grand lyceum\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010747-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Regiment Armory, Design, Interior\nThe drill hall contains galleries with built-in seats on the north, south, and west sides. The roof is supported by 200-foot arch iron trusses with a skylight in the center. The drill hall could be used for sports such as baseball and track and field, as well as for gymnastics and calisthenics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention\nThe 13th Extraordinary Convention of the Republican People's Party (Turkish: 13. Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc Kurultay\u0131) was held on 29 and 30 January 2005 in order to elect a leader for the Republican People's Party (CHP), a Turkish centre-left political party. Incumbent leader Deniz Baykal was challenged by the Mayor of \u015ei\u015fli, Mustafa Sar\u0131g\u00fcl for the leadership. The convention was marred by violence between supporters of the two rivals, who had accused each other of corruption and elitism during their speeches. The final result was a victory for Baykal, who won 59.4% of the delegates' votes against Sar\u0131g\u00fcl's 40.6%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention\nIssues discussed were the CHP's performance in the 2004 local elections, which was substantially below expectations and even resulted in the loss of Baykal's home province of Antalya to the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP). Sar\u0131g\u00fcl claimed that Baykal had lost the support of most voters and had isolated the party from the people due to perceived elitism. Baykal in turn criticised Sar\u0131g\u00fcl due to alleged corruption charges and subsequently resulted in fights breaking out between rival party members, which was brought under control by security forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention\nThe convention was the last to feature a leadership election with more than one candidate until the 2014 extraordinary convention 9 years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Background\nThe Republican People's Party, initially founded by revolutionary leader Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk in 1921, was re-established by Deniz Baykal in 1992 after the party was shut down after the 1980 military coup. Since party leaders in Turkish politics tend to wield substantial power due to the Political parties law (SPK), the convention was significant for having more than one candidate for the leadership. The convention was held at the Ahmet Taner K\u0131\u015flal\u0131 stadium in \u00c7ankaya, Ankara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Background\nBaykal took the decision to hold an extraordinary convention after the party's discipline tribunal (YDK) upheld Sar\u0131g\u00fcl's CHP membership despite alleged corruption charges. The CHP central executive committee (MYK) had previously proposed Sar\u0131g\u00fcl's expulsion, but the refusal of the tribunal to do so resulted in Baykal accusing members of the tribunal of taking bribes. Baykal took the decision to hold a convention with a leadership election, a party council election and a YDK election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates\nTo run for election, a candidate needs to be nominated by at least 20% of the party delegates. With 1,028 out of the 1,253 delegates taking part in the nomination process, 251 signatures were necessary in order to be eligible to run for election. The nominations were as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 78], "content_span": [79, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Deniz Baykal\nBaykal claimed that Sar\u0131g\u00fcl had failed to answer the corruption allegations made against him, which according to Baykal meant that Sar\u0131g\u00fcl had accepted them. In an attack against Sar\u0131g\u00fcl, Baykal stated, \"you have money. I don't know who you've organised with that money but you can never organise the CHP.\" He further went on to claim that if the Turkish Republic respected the rule of law, then Sar\u0131g\u00fcl was obliged to answer to the allegations and sever relations with his party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 92], "content_span": [93, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0006-0001", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Deniz Baykal\nHe also claimed that in the event of Sar\u0131g\u00fcl not leaving the CHP, the party would take steps to remove him. In response to the aggression between rival party members, he also stated that he would continue serving as leader despite the difficult conditions, and that no-one could stop him or his supporters from speaking the truths. In another attack against Sar\u0131g\u00fcl, Baykal claimed that, \"even your father, let alone you, cannot chase me away from this party, who do you think you are?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 92], "content_span": [93, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Deniz Baykal\nBaykal was heckled by Sar\u0131g\u00fcl's supporters, who chanted \"Baykal, don't make brothers fight brothers, you are a liar!\" He responded to the hecklers by claiming that he was simply doing his job and that not a single page of a report published in regard to the \u015ei\u015fli municipality had been published, and that a mayor who had been accused of corruption had no right to attack the party leader and should instead \"sit in his place.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 92], "content_span": [93, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Deniz Baykal\nIn response to the alleged bribery of discipline tribunal members, Baykal stated that bribed had been made to the members by the \u015ei\u015fli municipality via Bal\u0131kesir. He claimed that Sar\u0131g\u00fcl was also an associate of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan, who he alleged had visited Sar\u0131g\u00fcl prior to the 2004 local elections to discuss \"local issues.\" Baykal questioned the motives of the Prime Minister, arguing that it was unlikely that a Prime Minister would visit a mayoral candidate simply to discuss \"regional issues.\" He also stated that there was no corruption-linked account belonging to any of his children or wife.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 92], "content_span": [93, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Deniz Baykal\nBaykal spoke out in favour of the leadership election due to the fact that it would strengthen the party. However, he also stated that he would not allow bullying or banditry in his party. His speech was regularly met with boos and the party's council president \u015einasi \u00d6ktem had to regularly intervene and call for calm. When slogans such as \"fascists, out!\" resulted in fights breaking out, Baykal had to pause for 15 minutes before resuming his speech, while \u00d6ktem threatened to call the police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 92], "content_span": [93, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Deniz Baykal\nBaykal also criticised the intense media speculation and coverage of the convention, claiming that it was part of a plot to change the CHP's leadership and turn it into a \"copy\" of the AKP. He claimed that such media groups, who were allegedly biased in favour of the AKP, wanted to change the leadership not for the good of their party but instead to benefit themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 92], "content_span": [93, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Mustafa Sar\u0131g\u00fcl\nInitially prevented by Baykal's supporters from delivering his speech, Sar\u0131g\u00fcl was eventually allowed on stage, receiving boos from Baykal's supporters but applause from his own. In response to the allegations of corruption made by Baykal, Sar\u0131g\u00fcl responded by saying that he did not have a single judicial case opened against him and called on Baykal to consider the effects of such allegations on their children. He also recalled earlier events where Baykal was a strong supporter of Sar\u0131g\u00fcl's achievements as Mayor of \u015ei\u015fli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 95], "content_span": [96, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Mustafa Sar\u0131g\u00fcl\nIn terms of the party's projects and policies, Sar\u0131g\u00fcl claimed that the lack of campaigning and interest in the Kurdish populated south-eastern region of Turkey was a sign that Baykal was only interested in protecting his friends and vested interests from election to election rather than trying to expand the party's electoral base. He stated that in the event of his election as party leader, he would form a shadow cabinet and travel the entire country with his shadow ministers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 95], "content_span": [96, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Mustafa Sar\u0131g\u00fcl\nSar\u0131g\u00fcl also attacked Baykal on his electoral record, saying that he had failed to take the party into government for the last \"10 to 15 years.\" He claimed that this was a reason for the loss of traditional centre-left support that had previously prevailed in former strongholds such as Antalya. Sar\u0131g\u00fcl also blamed the loss of the CHP's traditional ground on Baykal's \"inner-party opposition.\" He further stated that the CHP was slowly eroding away under Baykal's leadership, and claimed that the convention would result in the expulsion of those who \"had left the party below the election threshold\" in reference to the party's performance in the 1999 general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 95], "content_span": [96, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Mustafa Sar\u0131g\u00fcl\nDuring his speech, Baykal's supporters heckled Sar\u0131g\u00fcl by chanting the slogan, \"the AKP [Justice and Development Party] is proud of you!\" In response, Sar\u0131g\u00fcl said, \"the AKP is proud of those who have failed to take the CHP into government!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 95], "content_span": [96, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Conduct\nThe convention was marred by violence erupting between rival supporters of Baykal and Sar\u0131g\u00fcl, most notably during the speeches of both candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 64], "content_span": [65, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Conduct\nA fight began after Sar\u0131g\u00fcl first arrived at the convention, with Sar\u0131g\u00fcl allegedly punching the Mayor of Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y, Ate\u015f \u00dcnal Erzen as well as other delegates. Furthermore, an argument broke out between newly elected council President \u015einasi \u00d6ktem and \u015eanl\u0131urfa MP Turan T\u00fcys\u00fcz, after which T\u00fcys\u00fcz allegedly punched \u00d6ktem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 64], "content_span": [65, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0017-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Conduct\nThe speeches of the leadership candidates were met with slogans and boos from their rivals. Deniz Baykal was forced to take a 15-minute break when party members began throwing their chairs at each other when he mentioned Sar\u0131g\u00fcl's corruption allegations. Despite \u00d6ktem attempting to restore calm on several occasions, riot police forces were eventually called in to curb the violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 64], "content_span": [65, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0018-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Election results, Party council election\nThe party council presidency was mainly contested by \u015einasi \u00d6ktem, a supporter of Baykal and \u015eahap \u0130nce, a supporter of Sar\u0131g\u00fcl. \u00d6ktem was eventually elected as council president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 97], "content_span": [98, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0019-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Analysis\nThe substantial victory for Baykal was not necessarily a result of a better campaign in relation to that of Sar\u0131g\u00fcl. Rather, the party election rules which uses a delegate system to elect a leader heavily favours the incumbent. This is because the party leader has a large influence over who the delegates are, meaning that it is unlikely that their votes would sway in accordance to leadership campaigns due to existing vested interests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 65], "content_span": [66, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0019-0001", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Analysis\nThe election system, which only gives just over a thousand party delegates the vote, is a key issue of debate in Turkish politics in general, as it is seen as a key limitation to inner-party democracy. The lack of a leader's accountability to their own party has arguably resulted in large-scale political apathy within Turkey, since leaders have continued to remain as party leaders regardless of how disappointing their election performances have been.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 65], "content_span": [66, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0019-0002", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Analysis\nAn example is former Democratic Left Party leader B\u00fclent Ecevit, who stayed on as leader even though his party went from winning 22.2% of the vote in the 1999 general election to winning just 1.2% in the 2002 general election. Denis Baykal is another example, since he refused to resign after his party was wiped out in the 1999 general election for winning less than the 10% threshold necessary to win parliamentary representation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 65], "content_span": [66, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010748-0020-0000", "contents": "13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Aftermath\nDeniz Baykal continued to lead the CHP until 2010, while Mustafa Sar\u0131g\u00fcl was eventually expelled from the party by the new members of the Supreme Discipline Tribunal by the popular vote of 15 members in March 2005, accused of inciting aggression during the convention. He founded the Turkish Change Movement (TDH), though he supported Kemal K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7daro\u011flu after he was elected CHP leader in the 2010 ordinary convention. He was readmitted into the party ahead of the 2014 local elections during which he was the CHP's metropolitan mayoral candidate for \u0130stanbul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 66], "content_span": [67, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010749-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Reserve Division (German Empire)\nThe 13th Reserve Division (13. Reserve-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on the mobilization of the German Army in August 1914. The division was disbanded in 1919, during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was a reserve division of the VII Reserve Corps and was recruited primarily in the Province of Westphalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010749-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 13th Reserve Division fought on the Western Front, participating in the opening German offensive which led to the Allied Great Retreat, including the capture of Maubeuge. Thereafter, the division remained in the line in the Aisne region until December 1915, when it went to the Verdun region. It entered the Battle of Verdun in February, and remained there until September. After the battle, the division remained in the line at Verdun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010749-0001-0001", "contents": "13th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIt went to the Champagne region at the end of 1916, and remained there into 1917, fighting in the Second Battle of the Aisne, also called the Third Battle of Champagne, in April\u2013May 1917. After a few months near Reims, the division returned to the Verdun region in September, remaining there until April 1918 except for a month in Army reserve. The division then went to Belgium, and was in Flanders until the war's end. Allied intelligence rated the division as mediocre in 1917, but first class in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010749-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nThe order of battle of the 13th Reserve Division on mobilization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010749-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on July 12, 1918\nThe 13th Reserve Division was triangulated in March 1915. Over the course of the war, other changes took place, including the formation of artillery and signals commands and a pioneer battalion. The order of battle on July 12, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 71], "content_span": [72, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010750-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Corps\nThe 13th Rifle Corps (Russian: 13-\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441) was a rifle corps of the Red Army, first formed in 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010750-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Corps\nOn October 12, 1922, the Corps began forming in the Turkestan Front. Alexander Todorsky became the corps commander. The corps participated in the suppression of the Basmachi movement and was disbanded in 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010750-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Corps, 1922\u20131935 formation\nOn October 12, 1922, the Commander of the Turkestan Front issued Order No. 345 on the formation of the 13th Rifle Corps from units located in the Bukhara People's Republic and Samarkand Oblast. The headquarters was established in the city of Novaya Bukhara. The corps was led by its Revolutionary Military Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010750-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Corps, 1922\u20131935 formation\nOn October 12, 1922, the commander of the Turkestan Front issued Order No. 1436/575, in which the headquarters of the abolished Bukhara group of troops turned on the formation of Management 13th RC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010750-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Corps, 1922\u20131935 formation\nIn April\u2013May 1923, the Revolutionary Military Council in housing were subject to Bukhara of the Red Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010750-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Corps, 1922\u20131935 formation\nCorps units were involved in the fight against Basmachis in Bukhara and Samarkand Oblasts. The Turkestan Front became the Central Asian Military District in June 1926, and the corps its assignment with the latter. Its headquarters moved to Samarkand in October 1926.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010750-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Corps, 1922\u20131935 formation\nThe corps headquarters was relocated to Kazan when it transferred to the Volga Military District in September 1927. Its headquarters was again shifted to Sverdlovsk in 1931 and there it briefly became part of the Ural Military District in July 1935 before being disbanded in the same month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010750-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Corps, First wartime formation (1936\u20131941)\nThe corps was reformed in the Kiev Military District (\u041a\u0412\u041e) in accordance with Order No. 194 of the military district of December 5, 1936, assigned to the 12th Army. Headquarters was located in the city of Belaya Tserkov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010750-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Corps, First wartime formation (1936\u20131941)\nReformed 1936, in 12th Army, Kiev Special Military District, under General Major N.K. Kirillov, with 44th, 58th, and 192nd Mountain Rifle Divisions on 22 June 1941. The corps headquarters was disbanded in August of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010750-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Corps, Second wartime formation (1942) and 31st Army Corps service\nThe corps headquarters was formed again on 13 October 1942 as part of the Transcaucasian Front, with which it spent the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 77], "content_span": [78, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010750-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Corps, Second wartime formation (1942) and 31st Army Corps service\nFor most of 1945, the corps included the 392nd Rifle Division and the 94th Rifle Brigade. On 1 January 1948, still with Transcaucasus Military District, comprising 10th Guards Rifle Division and 414th Rifle Division. The corps was redesignated as the 13th Mountain Rifle Corps in 1949. By 1951 it included the 10th Guards Mountain Rifle Division, and 145th Mountain Rifle Division, and was still in that configuration in 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 77], "content_span": [78, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010750-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Corps, Second wartime formation (1942) and 31st Army Corps service\nThe 13th Mountain Rifle Corps was disbanded by being redesignated 31st Special Rifle Corps on 1 July 1956, and then successively 31st Special Army Corps (1 October 1957) and 31st Army Corps (9 May 1961).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 77], "content_span": [78, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010750-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Corps, Second wartime formation (1942) and 31st Army Corps service\nIn February 1962 the 145th Mountain Rifle Division was renamed the 145th Motor Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 77], "content_span": [78, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010750-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Corps, Second wartime formation (1942) and 31st Army Corps service\nOn 1 June 1962 the 10th Guards Mountain Rifle Division was renamed 10th Guards Motor Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 77], "content_span": [78, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010751-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Division\nThe 13th Rifle Division was a military formation of the Red Army from 1922 to 1945. serving in World War II. It was disbanded after being defeated in 1941 and reformed from a Leningrad people's militia division later that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010751-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Division\nThe division was formed 13.07.1922 in Dagestan (North Caucasus Military District) on the basis of the 1st Dagestan Rifle Brigade. It took the honorific  'Dagestan.' It took part in the Soviet invasion of eastern Poland in 1939. During the German-Soviet War it was listed as serving from June 22, 1941, to September 19, 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010751-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Division\nOn 22.06.1941, it was stationed at the border area Zambr\u00f3w \u2013 Snyadovo, as part of the 5th Rifle Corps, 10th Army, itself part of the Western Front. June 22, 1941, was the first fight of the division, and on June 23 it retreated toward Bia\u0142ystok and on 24 June took up the defence of the river Narev. June 26, 1941, division received an order to retreat to Supraselskuyu Forest, where the division was falling apart in unorganized groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010751-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Division\nDuring late June \u2013 early July 1941 small groups from the division attempted to break through to the east, but were dispersed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010751-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Division\nThe division was formally disbanded on Sept. 19, 1941. It was reformed later that year. During the Sandomierz\u2013Silesian Offensive, the division helped capture D\u0105browa G\u00f3rnicza on 27 January. For its actions, it was awarded the honorific \"D\u0105browa\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010751-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Rifle Division\nWith 59th Army of the 1st Ukrainian Front in May 1945. The second formation disbanded during the summer of 1945 \"in place\" with the Central Group of Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010752-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Robert Awards\nThe 13th Robert Awards ceremony was held in 1996 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Organized by the Danish Film Academy, the awards honoured the best in Danish and foreign film of 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010753-0000-0000", "contents": "13th SS Police Regiment\nThe 13th SS Police Regiment (German: SS-Polizei-Regiment 13) was initially named the 13th Police Regiment (Polizei-Regiment 13) when it was formed in 1942 by the redesignation of Police Regiment Centre (Polizei-Regiment Mitte) for security duties on the Eastern Front. It was redesignated as an SS unit in early 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010753-0001-0000", "contents": "13th SS Police Regiment, Formation and organization\nThe regiment was formed in July 1942 in western Russia from Police Regiment Centre. All of the police regiments were redesignated as SS police units on 24 February 1943. The regiment was reinforced by an artillery battery in 1943\u20131944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010753-0002-0000", "contents": "13th SS Police Regiment, Activities\nThe 13th SS Police Regiment participated in Operation Zauberfl\u00f6te in April 1943 in Minsk, Belarus (Reichskommissariat Ostland). This was an operation intended to cordon off the city so that it could be searched for  \"bandits, Bolshevik terror and saboteur troops, operatives and helpers\" under the overall leadership of Gerret Korsemann, the Higher SS and Police Leader for Central Russia. It continued to operate in Belarus and western Russia on anti-partisan duties through April 1944; it had been transferred to Slovenia by August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010754-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Sarasaviya Awards\nThe 13th Sarasaviya Awards festival (Sinhala: 13\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db8\u0dcf\u0db1 \u0d8b\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc5), presented by the Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited, was held to honor the best films of 1984 Sinhala cinema on July 20, 1985, at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka. First Lady of Sri Lanka Hema Premadasa was the chief guest at the awards night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010754-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Sarasaviya Awards\nThe film Sasara Chethana won the most awards with seven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010755-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Saskatchewan Legislature\nThe 13th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan was elected in the Saskatchewan general election held in June 1956. The assembly sat from February 14, 1957, to May 4, 1960. The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) led by Tommy Douglas formed the government. The Liberal Party led by Alexander Hamilton McDonald formed the official opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010755-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Saskatchewan Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1956:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010756-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Satellite Awards\nThe 13th Satellite Awards, honoring the best in film and television of 2008, were given on December 14, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010756-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nAuteur Award (for his signature scope and style of filmmaking) \u2013 Baz Luhrmann", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010756-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nMary Pickford Award (for outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry) \u2013 Louis Gossett Jr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010756-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nNikola Tesla Award (for his innovative make-up, prosthetics, and creature effects in films) \u2013 Rick Baker", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010756-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees, Best Documentary Film\nAnita O'Day: The Life of a Jazz Singer (TIE)  Man on Wire (TIE)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010756-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Satellite Awards, New Media winners and nominees, Best Classic DVD\nThe Godfather, The Godfather Part II, and The Godfather Part III (The Godfather Collection \u2013 The Coppola Restoration)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010756-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Satellite Awards, New Media winners and nominees, Outstanding Overall Blu-Ray\nSleeping Beauty (Two-Disc 50th Anniversary Platinum Edition Blu-Ray and DVD)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010757-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Saturn Awards\nThe 13th Saturn Awards, honoring the best in science fiction, fantasy and horror film in 1985, were held on May 28, 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010757-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Saturn Awards, Winners and nominees\nBelow is a complete list of nominees and winners. Winners are highlighted in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010758-0000-0000", "contents": "13th School Group\nThe 13th School Group was a unit of the United States Army Air Corps. It was last assigned to the 24th School Wing, and was demobilized on 30 April 1931 at March Field, California. The unit was an early United States Army Air Corps flying training group, and the first major unit assigned to March Field after its re-opening in 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010758-0001-0000", "contents": "13th School Group, History\nDuring World War I, March Field was a major primary pilot training base for the Air Service, with its graduates being sent to advanced training schools before being deployed to the American Expeditionary Force in France. The school was closed after the armistice in February 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010758-0002-0000", "contents": "13th School Group, History\nIn July 1919, Congress authorized resumption of enlistment of flying cadets on a limited basis, and the school at March Field was re-opened which offered a combined ground school and primary flight training using surplus Curtiss JN-4 Jennies. A shortage of money and failure of the training program to become as large as planned, prompted the closing of the primary school at March Field in 1921, and March became a storage depot. In 1922 it was decided to centralize all flying training in San Antonio, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010758-0003-0000", "contents": "13th School Group, History\nThe decision by the Coolidge Administration in 1926 to expand the Air Corps found the facilities in San Antonio insufficient to accommodate the expanded  number of cadets entering primary training. As a result, March Field was re-opened as a primary pilot training school in July 1927,  and the  13th School Group was designated to perform duties as the headquarters for the new Air Corps Primary Flying School. Flight training was conducted in Consolidated PT-1 and PT-3s, which had taken over from the Curtiss Jennies. There were three school squadrons assigned, along with support squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010758-0004-0000", "contents": "13th School Group, History\nEven before the school at March opened, it was known it was a temporary unit, as plans were ongoing to expand the facilities in San Antonio. With the opening of Randolph Field in 1931, the primary pilot training at March ended in April 1931 and March Field became the home of the new 1st Bombardment Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010758-0005-0000", "contents": "13th School Group, History\nThe group was activated again in 1943, but Standard military units, based on relatively inflexible tables of organization were proving not well adapted to the training mission. Accordingly, a more functional system was adopted in which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit. The 13th Technical School Group  was disbanded a year later when all units at Chanute Field were replaced by the 3502d Army Air Forces Base Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010758-0006-0000", "contents": "13th School Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010759-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ceremony, honoring the best in American film and television acting achievement for the year 2006, took place on January 28, 2007 at the Los Angeles Shrine Exposition Center, in Los Angeles, California. It was the 11th consecutive year the ceremony was held at the Center. The nominees were announced on January 4, 2007 and the award ceremony was televised live on TNT and TBS. 2007 was the 10th consecutive year TNT televised the event and the second year for TBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010759-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nBabel, Dreamgirls and Little Miss Sunshine received the highest number of nominations among the film categories, with each getting three, two for acting and one for ensemble performance, however only Dreamgirls won more than one award. In the television categories The Sopranos and Broken Trail had the most nominations, with three but it was the mini-series Elizabeth I and the medical drama Grey's Anatomy which won the most awards, with two each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010759-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award was presented to actress-singer Julie Andrews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010759-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Screen Actors Guild Awards, In Memoriam\nAnne Hathaway presented a filmed tribute to the actors who died in 2006:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010760-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe 13th National Spelling Bee was held in Washington, D.C. at the National Museum on May 25, 1937, and sponsored by the Louisville, Kentucky Courier-Journal. Scripps-Howard would not sponsor the Bee until 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010760-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nSixteen spellers participated in the competition, held in the auditorium of the National Museum. The winner was 14-year-old Waneeta Beckley of Kentucky, correctly spelling the word promiscuous. Second place went to Betty Grunstra, age 12 of New Jersey, who misspelled plebeian. Third place went to 14-year-old Angelo Mangieri from Jersey City, New Jersey, the first blind person to reach the finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010760-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nBeckley won $500, Grunstra took home $300, and Mangieri received $100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010761-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Secretariat of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 13th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the  13th Central Committee, in the immediate aftermath of the 13th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010762-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Seiyu Awards\nThe 13th Seiyu Awards was held on March 9, 2019 at the JOQR Media Plus Hall in Minato, Tokyo. The winners of the Merit Awards, the Kei Tomiyama Award, the Kazue Takahashi Award, and the Synergy Award were announced on February 19, 2019. The rest of the winners were announced on the ceremony day. This year, there were four new award categories, which include the Foreign Movie/Series Award, the Game Award, the Influencer Award, and the Most Valuable Seiyu Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010763-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Senate of Spain\nThe 13th Senate of Spain was a meeting of the Senate of Spain, the upper house of the Spanish Cortes Generales, with the membership determined primarily by the results of the general election held on 28 April 2019. The Senate met for the first time on 21 May 2019 and was dissolved prematurely on 24 September 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010763-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Senate of Spain, Election\nThe 13th Spanish general election under the 1978 Constitution was held on 28 April 2019. It saw the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) become the largest party in the Senate for the first time since 1993, while securing its first overall majority since 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010763-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Senate of Spain, History\nThe new senate met for the first time on 21 May 2019 and elected Manuel Cruz (PSOE) as President of the Senate of Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010763-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Senate of Spain, History\nOther members of the Bureau of the Senate were also elected on 21 May 2019: Cristina Narbona (PSOE), First Vice-President; P\u00edo Garc\u00eda-Escudero (PP), Second Vice-President; Fernando Mart\u00ednez (PSOE), First Secretary; Olivia Delgado (PSOE), Second Secretary; Imanol Landa (EAJ), Third Secretary; and Rafael Hernando (PP), Fourth Secretary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010763-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Senate of Spain, History\nIn July 2019 caretaker Prime Minister Pedro S\u00e1nchez (POSE) failed to secure the necessary votes in the Congress of Deputies to form a government after the failure of coalition talks with UP\u2013ECP. S\u00e1nchez announced on 17 September 2019 that an election would be held on 10 November 2019, the fourth in as many years. The 13th Cortes Generales was formally dissolved on 24 September 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010763-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Senate of Spain, Deaths, disqualifications, resignations, suspensions and regional legislature appointments\nThe 13th senate has seen the following deaths, disqualifications, resignations, suspensions and regional legislature appointments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 112], "content_span": [113, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010764-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Separate Airborne Brigade\nThe 13th Separate Airborne Brigade was an airborne brigade of the Soviet and Russian Airborne Troops between 1968 and 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010764-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Separate Airborne Brigade, History\nThe 13th Separate Airborne Brigade was activated in August 1968 in Magdagachi, part of the Far Eastern Military District. It was composed of the 620th, 621st and 622nd Separate Air Assault Battalions, as well as a separate artillery battalion and the 332nd Aviation Group. In July 1971, the brigade was renamed the 13th Separate Air Assault Brigade. The 332nd Aviation Group was broken up into the 394th and 398th Separate Helicopter Regiments on 1 September 1977. On the same day, the artillery battalion was disbanded and replaced by an anti-aircraft artillery battery and an artillery battery. In 1988, the brigade participated in a large exercise on Iturup. Both helicopter regiments were detached in early 1988 and were subordinated directly to the Far Eastern Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010764-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Separate Airborne Brigade, History\nOn 1 June 1990, the brigade was transferred to the Soviet airborne and renamed the 13th Separate Airborne Brigade. In December 1995, it again became part of the Far Eastern Military District. It was disbanded in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010765-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Signal Regiment (United Kingdom)\nThe 13th Signal Regiment is a specialist signals unit of the Royal Corps of Signals of the British Army. Originally formed in 1934, the regiment had a long history of service before being disbanded in 1994 following the initial Options for Change reforms. The regiment was be reformed in June 2020 as part of 1st Signal Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010765-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History, Formation\nDuring the World War I, the Wireless Observation Groups of the Corps of Royal Engineers proven to be successful. As a result, a Royal Corps of Signals was planned to be formed in 1917 however, its formation was delayed until 1920. The 4th Wireless Signal Company (War Office Signals) was formed in 1934 at Aldershot Garrison to provide signal intelligence activities under the command of the War Office. In 1938, the company was re-titled as No. 2 Company, General Headquarters Signals. The company later expanded its responsibility to provide secure communications for the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010765-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History, Formation\nIn September 1939, the unit was deployed to France as part of British Expeditionary Force. It was later evacuated at Dunkirk and renamed as the 1st Special Wireless Group on 18 July 1940. Following a short re-organisation, the group was deployed to the Middle East under the command of the 2nd Special Wireless Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010765-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History, Cold War Years\nDuring the Cold War years, the group was based in Minden and re-titled as the 1st Special Wireless Regiment. In August 1946, the regiment moved to Peterborough Barracks  and in 1950 in Nelson Barracks in M\u00fcnster. By 1953, the regiment was moved as a result of an analysis of Soviet Forces in East Germany and by 1955, a brand new set of barracks was constructed in Wassenberg-Rothenbach, near Birgelen, on the German-Dutch Border. In 1959, as a result of the 1957 Defence White Paper reforms, the regiment was further renamed as 13th (Radio) Signal Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010765-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History, Cold War Years\nIn 1994, the regiment was disbanded as part of the Options for Change reforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010765-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History, 21st Century\nAs a result of the Army 2020 Refine reforms the regiment was reformed on 1 June 2020 under the command of 1st (UK) Signal Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010766-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Soviet Antarctic Expedition\nThe 13th Soviet Antarctic Expedition was the Soviet Antarctic Expedition that ran from 1967 to 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010766-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Soviet Antarctic Expedition\nThe leader of the expedition was Aleksei Treshnikov. American scientists on the expedition researched the accessible ice-free locations on the west coast of Enderby Land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010767-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Space Warning Squadron\nThe 13th Space Warning Squadron (13SWS) is a missile warning unit assigned to the United States Space Force and located at Clear Space Force Station 5 miles (8\u00a0km) south of Anderson, Alaska", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010767-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Space Warning Squadron, Mission\nThe primary mission of the 13th SWS is to provide early warning of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) launches to the Missile Warning Center at North American Aerospace Defense Command. The secondary mission of the 13SWS is to provide space surveillance data on orbiting objects to the Space Control Center also located in the Cheyenne Mountain Complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010767-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Space Warning Squadron, History\nThe 13th SWS is controlled by the Missile Warning Center, part of the NORAD, and by the Space Control Center, part of United States Strategic Command. Both agencies are located at the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center in Colorado. Clear accomplishes these missions using the Solid State Phased Array Radar System (SSPARS) radar. Clear's radar was originally located at El Dorado Air Station, Texas as part of the PAVE PAWS program and was only recently transplanted to Alaska to replace the US' last mechanical missile warning radar site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010768-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Special Operations Command\nThe 13th Special Operations Command \"Sacred Band\" (Greek: 13\u03b7 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u0395\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u00ab\u0399\u0395\u03a1\u039f\u03a3 \u039b\u039f\u03a7\u039f\u03a3\u00bb, 13 \u0394\u0395\u0395) is an umbrella unit of the Hellenic Army's special operation forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010768-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Special Operations Command, History\nThe 13th SOC traces its descent to the 13th Infantry Regiment (13\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd), formed in November\u2013December 1913 as part of the enlargement and re-organization of the Hellenic Army after the Balkan Wars. Along with the 27th and 28th Infantry Regiments, it formed the 11th Infantry Division under III Army Corps, headquartered in Thessaloniki. Along with the bulk of the Army, the regiment was disbanded during the National Schism in 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010768-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Special Operations Command, History\nOn 10 February 1920, the Regiment was ordered re-established, and by May it had been re-formed and joined the Xanthi Division in Western Thrace. In the second half of June 1920, the Regiment was placed at the disposal of the British command at \u00c7anakkale, helping to secure the British occupation zone around the Dardanelles Strait. Between 1\u201310 July, it was shipped back to the area of Soufli. On 10 July, it crossed the Evros River as part of the Greek offensive against the Turkish army in Eastern Thrace, and advanced up to Kirk Kilisse. In April 1921, the regiment was transferred again to Asia Minor, participating in the operations of the remainder of the Asia Minor Campaign until 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010768-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Special Operations Command, History\nIn the re-organization of the Army following the defeat in Asia Minor, the 13th Regiment was once again placed under 11th Infantry Division, now based at Kilkis. In 1935, it was renamed to 65th Infantry Regiment. A 13th Infantry Regiment was re-formed in Thessaloniki upon the outbreak of the Greco-Italian War on 28 October 1940. Its formation was completed by mid-November, and, once again placed under 11th Infantry Division, it participated in the Greek offensive in Albania in the Ersek\u00eb\u2013Dobruzhe axis (21 November 1940 \u2013 5 February 1941).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010768-0003-0001", "contents": "13th Special Operations Command, History\nIt was then placed in a defensive position at Mali Spadarit (6 February \u2013 2 April), where it was among the units that successfully faced the Italian Spring Offensive. After that, it was withdrawn to the rear, and, with the German invasion of Greece unfolding from 6 April, was gradually moved south back into Greece, reaching Metsovo on 17 April. Following the capitulation of the Army to the Germans on 23 April, the regiment was disarmed on 24 April and began to demobilize. The remnants were moved to Larissa on 4 May, and the unit was formally disbanded on 10 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010768-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Special Operations Command, History\nDuring the Axis occupation of Greece, the Panhellenic Liberation Organization, a Resistance group active in Macedonia, formed a \"13th Guerrilla Regiment\" (13\u03bf \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1) near Kilkis, based on the unit's traditional association with the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010768-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Special Operations Command, History\nThe 13th Regiment was not re-formed after World War II. On 22 May 1988, the 13th Amphibious Raider Regiment (13\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u0391\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, 13 \u03a3\u0391\u039a) was formed, assuming the overall command of the various hitherto independent amphibious raider units, i.e. the I Amphibious Raider Squadron (\u0391\u2019 \u039c\u03bf\u03af\u03c1\u03b1 \u0391\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \u0391\u2019 \u039c\u0391\u039a) at Rhodes, the III Amphibious Raider Squadron (\u0393\u2019 \u039c\u03bf\u03af\u03c1\u03b1 \u0391\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \u0393\u2019 \u039c\u0391\u039a) at Chios, and the various Special National Guard Detachments (\u0395\u03a4\u0395\u0398) on other Aegean islands. Following the Imia crisis of 1996, the newly formed elite VII Amphibious Raider Squadron (\u0396\u2019 \u039c\u03bf\u03af\u03c1\u03b1 \u0391\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \u0396\u2019 \u039c\u0391\u039a) was added to the Regiment, and in 1998 the Army's oldest fully professional and most elite formation, the Special Paratroopers Detachment (\u0395\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03a4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u0391\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u0395\u03a4\u0391), came under its command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010768-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Special Operations Command, History\nIn 2001, the 13th Amphibious Raider Regiment was re-organized, being expanded into the brigade-level 13th Special Operations Command and receiving the honorary title \"Sacred Band\" after the World War II-era Greek special forces unit. In 2002, the 13th Signals Company and the 13th Engineering Company were added as specialized support units. The unit forms part of the 1st Infantry Division, which groups together the Army's special and rapid reaction forces. From September 2005 until the Corps' disbandment in 2013, the unit was additionally placed under the supervision of the II Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010768-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Special Operations Command, Structure, VII Amphibious Raider Squadron\nMembers of the VII Amphibious Raider Squadron are all professional NCOs and officers. They are the command's contribution to the Defence Ministry's Inter-Service Operational Rapid Response Command (\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u0386\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u0394\u0395\u03a3\u0391\u0391), along with the Hellenic Navy's Underwater Demolition Command, and the Hellenic Air Force's 31st Special Operations Squadron. The formation is also known as \"Force Delta\" (\u0394\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u0394\u03ad\u03bb\u03c4\u03b1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010769-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Sri Lankan Television State Awards\nThe 13th Television State Awards festival (Sinhala: 13 \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0dbb\u0dd6\u0db4\u0dc0\u0dcf\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dd3 \u0dbb\u0dcf\u0da2\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db8\u0dcf\u0db1 \u0d8b\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc5), was held to honor the television programs of 2015 Sinhala television on November 21, 2016, at the Nelum Pokuna Mahinda Rajapaksa Theatre, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka. The event was organized by the State Television Advisory Council, Arts Council of Sri Lanka, Department of Cultural Affairs, Ministry of Housing and Cultural Affairs. Somaweera Senanayake and Iranganie Serasinghe were attended as the Chief Guests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010769-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Sri Lankan Television State Awards\nAt the award ceremony, 76 artists who excelled in forty different disciplines in the field of teledrama were awarded. Prominent dramatist Lucien Bulathsinhala received the Lifetime Achievement Award. Meanwhile, Somasiri Ilangasinghe, Giwantha Arthasad, G.N. Gunawardena, T. Sri Skandha Raja and Dharmadasa Paranagamayana were honored for their contribution to the advancement of the art of tele-drama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010770-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Star\n13th Star is an album by Fish. Released as a limited edition via mail-order in September 2007 and to retail in February 2008, it is his ninth solo studio album since he left Marillion in 1988 and the first since Field of Crows (2004). Released on Fish's own imprint Chocolate Frog Records, retail distribution is handled by Snapper Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010770-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Star, Music and lyrics\nSteve Vantsis, who was Fish's permanent bassist from the Sunsets on Empire tour (1997) until 2008, was the main writing partner on this album (a role previously held by, among others, Mickey Simmonds, Steven Wilson, John Wesley and Bruce Watson). It features a rougher, more guitar-based and slightly industrial sound on a number of tracks and is therefore perceived as a departure by many fans. However, Fish had explored similar ideas as early as on Sunsets on Empire and Raingods with Zippos (1999). Also, a number of tracks have classic Fish hallmarks, significantly enhanced by the presence of his longtime companion Frank Usher on guitars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 27], "content_span": [28, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010770-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Star, Music and lyrics\nMost lyrics deal with, or are at least implicitly in reference to, Fish's failed relationship with Mostly Autumn singer Heather Findlay who left him in 2007, cancelling their scheduled wedding. The title 13th Star originally referred to her as being the 13th female significant other in Fish's life, but ended up as a metaphor for an (unknown) future relationship. The original title of the song \"Zo\u00eb 25\" was \"Micklegate\", after the place where Fish had proposed to Heather. The title also refers to the album as the 13th studio album of his career (four with Marillion and nine solo).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 27], "content_span": [28, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010770-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Star, Musicians\nSteve Vantsis, previously strictly the bassist, emerges as the dominant musician on the album. Apart from most of the songwriting, he is also responsible for electric and acoustic guitars and keyboards. The main guitarist is once again Frank Usher, who also co-wrote one song (\"Openwater\"). Keyboards are handled by Foss Paterson, returning into the line-up for the first time since 1997 (except for a brief one-off stint on the 2000 tour of Bosnia). He also co-wrote the only other non-Vantsis song on the album, the piano ballad \"Miles de Besos\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010770-0003-0001", "contents": "13th Star, Musicians\nFurther guitar credits go to Chris Johnson (of The Evernauts and Mostly Autumn), who is also the second guitarist on the tour. Another Mostly Autumn connection is former Karnataka drummer Gavin Griffiths, who played with them for most of 2007. Dave Haswell, who had already contributed to Fish's previous three studio albums, plays additional percussion. Female backing vocals are by Lorna Bannon, who had appeared on Songs from the Mirror, Suits and Sunsets on Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010770-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Star, Musicians\nThe album was produced by Calum Malcolm, who had mixed and/or (re)mastered several Fish albums before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010770-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Star, Cover art\nThe cover was designed by Fish's long-time collaborator, artist Mark Wilkinson. Although Wilkinson had designed all official album releases by Fish (with the exception of Songs from The Mirror), the more recent ones had largely been computer-aided ones, while the cover of the previous album Field of Crows emulated Vincent van Gogh's style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010770-0005-0001", "contents": "13th Star, Cover art\nBy contrast, the artwork for 13th Star, spreading across three sides a fold-out digipak and the booklet, marked a return to Wilkinson's hallmark airbrush style that had been a characteristic feature of the Fish-era Marillion gatefold covers as well as Fish's first solo album Vigil in a Wilderness of Mirrors (1989). A vinyl  version of the album was released in a gatefold cover whose large format is better suited to the scope of Wilkinson's painting. The image of the \"Dark Angel\" navigating his boat from the booklet's front cover illustrates the style and atmosphere of the artwork for this album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010770-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Star, Singles\nThe track \"Arc of the Curve\" is released as a single on 3 March 2008. The CD version contains only two tracks (the album version and an edited version of the title track), however, a download version including three live tracks is available from iTunes. On 6 October 2008, \"Zoe 25\" was released as the second single along with two live tracks (download and CD version).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010770-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Star, Tour\nFish first presented the album on the European Clutching at Stars tour which began in the summer of 2007. In addition to focusing on the 13th Star material, the tour celebrated the 20th anniversary of Clutching at Straws (Fish's last album with Marillion), and so most of the set list was drawn from these two releases. This tour covered the spring and summer of 2008, with Fish giving a meet-and-greet for some fans before each show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010771-0000-0000", "contents": "13th State Affairs Commission\nThe 13th State Affairs Commission (SAC) of North Korea was elected by the 4th Session of the 13th Supreme People's Assembly on 29 June 2016. It was replaced on 11 April 2019 by the 14th SAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010772-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Strategic Missile Division\nThe 13th Strategic Missile Division is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with Fifteenth Air Force, based at Francis E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming. It was inactivated on 2 July 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010772-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Strategic Missile Division\nInitially formed in 1940 as an air defense formation in the Caribbean, it later commanded Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress groups of Eighth Air Force in the United Kingdom. Its units carried out strategic bombardment missions over Occupied Europe and Nazi Germany. During the Cold War, the division controlling early ICBM wings of Strategic Air Command in the Midwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010772-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Strategic Missile Division, History\nThe unit was initially organized at Langley Field, Virginia, as the 13th Composite Wing in October 1940. It was assigned to the new Caribbean Air Force as a command organization for units in the Caribbean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010772-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Strategic Missile Division, History\nAssigned to Borinquen Field, Puerto Rico, its mission was to provide an air strike force for the defense of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. During the period 1940 to 1942, the wing controlled 21 Douglas B-18 Bolo medium bombers and 92 assorted fighters in about a dozen groups and squadrons. On 17 April 1942, the wing was inactivated, and its mission was taken over by the VI Interceptor Command, Antilles Air Task Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010772-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Strategic Missile Division, History\nThe organization was reactivated as the 13th Bombardment Wing in October 1942 at MacDill Field, Florida under Third Air Force. It was one of three bombardment wing headquarters (12th, 13th, 14th) which were formed at MacDill for deployment to Eighth Air Force in England. The 13th deployed in June 1943. There, it controlled the 95th, 100th and 390th Bombardment Groups under the 3d Bombardment Division, flying Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses. Controlling the combat operations of the groups, it carried out strategic bombing of enemy aircraft, petroleum, and ball bearing industries as well as German airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010772-0004-0001", "contents": "13th Strategic Missile Division, History\nLater, organizational units took part in the famous raid against the ball bearing industry at Schweinfurt in October 1943 and followed with missions against shipyards and shipbuilding installations at Wilhelmshaven and Bremen. With the end of the war in Europe, it returned to the United States and was inactivated on 17 October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010772-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Strategic Missile Division, History\nThe wing was redesignated as the 13th Air Division and then activated under Strategic Air Command (SAC) in July 1959. The 13th was one of SAC's first strategic missile command organizations, initially being assigned the 703d and 706th Strategic Missile Wings at Lowry AFB, Colorado with the new SM-68 Titan I ICBM. However, these wings never became operational; instead the division became an SM-65 Atlas organization, controlling the 389th and 451st Strategic Missile Wings. In 1963, it assumed command of the 90th Strategic Missile Wing with the new LGM-30A Minuteman I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010772-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Strategic Missile Division, History\nIn 1965, the first-generation Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile was taken off alert and its subordinate wings were inactivated. It was briefly assigned some KC-135A Tankers and EC-135 electronic intelligence aircraft after the 98th Bombardment Wing was inactivated at Lincoln Air Force Base, Nebraska afterwards, however the 13th Strategic Missile Division was itself inactivated in July 1966, its mission being taken over by the 821st Strategic Aerospace Division in a SAC reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010772-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Strategic Missile Division, History, Heraldry\nLight blue, issuant from base a sphere light green with land areas vert, grid lined azure, the sinister quarter of the last with grid lines of the field, above the sphere in chief an olive branch arched fesswise or, overall an aircraft and a missile bendwise each trailing speedlines of the like and all within a diminished border of the last.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010772-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Strategic Missile Division, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010773-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Street (Australian TV channel)\n13th Street was an Australian television channel which specialised in airing action and suspense programmes. The channel was owned by NBC Universal and was launched on 15 November 2009 as part of Foxtel's Next Generation launch. It launched on Fetch TV in 2017 as part of Fetch TV's channel pack revamp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010773-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Street (Australian TV channel)\n13th Street in Australia is owned by the same company that operates 13th Street in other countries. It is the first 13th Street in the world to use the brand new logo that was launched by Universal Networks International in October 2009 at MIPCOM", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010773-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Street (Australian TV channel)\nOn 3 November 2014, 13th Street launched a HD simulcast on Foxtel. In addition, it moved from channel 113 to channel 118 and 13th Street + 2 moved from channel 163 to channel 160. It launched on channel 110 on the IPTV service Fetch TV in 2017. It ceased broadcasting on 31 December 2019, alongside sister channel Syfy. It was replaced by Fox Sleuth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010773-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Street (Australian TV channel), Programming.\nProgramming on 13th Street was a mix of Australian, British, American and Canadian murder mysteries and crime dramas. The channel featured television series, mini-series and movies. Some of its programming was moved from sister channel Universal Channel when 13th Street launched (largely murder mystery style programs), however a larger range of premieres launched on 13th Street .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010773-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Street (Australian TV channel), Ratings\nSince its launch, 13th Street has dramatically increased its ratings to become one of the most watched subscription channels in Australia. Shortly after its November 2009 launch, it received a 0.6% share in the week beginning 29 November. By the end of December, ratings tripled to a 1.8% share.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010774-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Street (German TV channel)\n13th Street is a German pay television channel operated by Universal Networks International. The channel is devoted to the genres thriller & crime and shows series, feature films as well as short films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010774-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Street (German TV channel)\n13th Street is also promotes young directors. The station awards the short film prize Shocking Shorts Award every year as part of the Munich Film Festival (Filmfest M\u00fcnchen) and has co-financed nearly 40 short films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010774-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Street (German TV channel), History\nAs part of repositioning of NBC/Universal channels, 13th Street was renamed 13th Street Universal on 14 March 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010774-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Street (German TV channel), Distribution\n13th Street is available in Germany, Austria and Switzerland via the pay-TV package Sky as well as in Germany via the digital program offerings of cable operators Kabel Deutschland, Unitymedia, Tele Columbus and Primacom as well as the digital package of the Kabelkiosk. In addition, 13th Street can be received via the IPTV offer Telekom Entertain and Vodafone. In Switzerland, the channel can be received via the cable network operator UPC Switzerland, with numerous smaller cable network operators as well as via the program platform Teleclub, in Austria via UPC Austria and A1 TV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010774-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Street (German TV channel), Distribution\nSince 19 July 2011, the station broadcasts in HD standard at Kabel Deutschland, Unitymedia was unveiled on 15 March 2012. Since 17 January 2013, the HD version can be received via the Sky Deutschland platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010775-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Street (Omaha)\n13th Street is a two-way street that runs south-north in Omaha, Nebraska. Historically significant areas along the street include Squatter's Row, Little Italy, Little Bohemia, and Mount Vernon Gardens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010775-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Street (Omaha), History\n13th Street was the original arterial from Nebraska City into Omaha used by pioneers, who generally stocked up in the city and then went westbound towards the prairies and the Great Platte River Road. The street was later used to run electric streetcar service from Omaha to South Omaha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010775-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Street (Omaha), Neighborhoods\nAlong with Squatter's Row, Little Bohemia, and Little Italy, there are several other neighborhoods along the route of 13th Street, including the Old Market, Spring Lake, and Deer Park. Communities include East Omaha, Downtown Omaha, South Omaha, and Bellevue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010775-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Street (Omaha), Neighborhoods\nThe street goes by the site of the former Douglas House and the original Woodmen of the World Building, and historic buildings such as the Omaha Bolt, Nut and Screw Building, the G.C. Moses Block, Bohemian Cafe, Prague Hotel, Sokol Auditorium, Gallagher Building, and Stabrie Grocery. The Gene Leahy Mall is also along the street. Father Flanagan's first boys home was located along South 13th Street at the Old German Civic Center. Rosenblatt Stadium, the old Rosewater School, and Mt. Vernon Gardens. The city's original Market House, built in the 1870s, was located on 13th Street and Capitol Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010775-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Street (Omaha), Connections\nBeginning at the Missouri River in East Omaha and moving south, North 13th Street intersects with Locust Street to enter Carter Lake, Iowa. Moving through downtown, the first major connection is with Interstate 480. It then crosses Dodge Street, the major east-west low-density arterial in Omaha. The next major connection is connecting with Interstate 80, both east and west-bound connections. After intersecting with Deer Park Boulevard, the street crosses U.S. Route 275. After momentarily becoming Fort Crook Road, the street continues south into Bellevue and terminates in rural Sarpy County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010776-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Street (TV channel)\n13th Street (France: 13\u00e8me Rue, Spain: Calle 13 and Poland: 13 Ulica) is a television channel specializing in action, suspense and police procedural programs and movies. It is owned by NBCUniversal and was launched in France on 13 November 1997, later followed by Germany on 1 May 1998, Spain in 1999 and the Netherlands on 30 May 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010776-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Street (TV channel)\n13th Street was added to the Foxtel platform in Australia on 15 November 2009 and a new timeshift channel 13th Street+2 was added in 2010. In that same year, on 13 September, the channel was launched in Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010776-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Street (TV channel)\nThe channel changed its logo and name into 13th Street Universal on 13 October 2010. However, in March 2017 the channel got rebranded and dropped the  Universal suffix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010776-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Street (TV channel)\n13th Street officially closed in the Netherlands and Flanders on 1 July 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010776-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Street (TV channel)\n13th Street in Australia closed on 31 December 2019; it was replaced by Fox Sleuth on Foxtel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010777-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Street Repertory Theatre\nThe Thirteenth Street Repertory Theatre (13th St Rep) is an Off-Off Broadway theater in New York City founded in 1972 by Edith O'Hara. It is home to the longest running play in Off-Off Broadway history, Israel Horovitz's Line which began its run at the 65-seat venue in 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010777-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Street Repertory Theatre\nThe theater is presently under the leadership of Artistic Director Joe John Battista, who mounts premiere productions, experimental plays, and revivals. 13th Street Rep ran its first contracted Off Broadway show in July 2018, the acclaimed BAHR production of Jerry Small's Before We're Gone, directed by Battista. Other recent productions include a revival of Tom Eyen's Women Behind Bars directed by Joe John Battista and featuring in the ensemble Amy Stiller as Gloria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010777-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Street Repertory Theatre, History\nThe theatre is in the basement level of a townhouse located at 50 West 13th Street, parts of which date back to the late 1700s. There exists a trap door in what was formerly a carriage house, now the theater's backstage dressing room, that leads down to a cellar dating back to the Pre-Civil War Era. That cellar was a Greenwich Village way station on the Underground Railroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010777-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Street Repertory Theatre, History\nIn the 1940s, 50 West 13th Street was a popular ceramics studio and hub for artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010777-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Street Repertory Theatre, History\nFrom the early 1960s, the building's basement level became a performance space called The 13th Street Theatre, one of many small Off-Off Broadway venues that were springing up in the early years of the Off-Off Broadway Movement. The Drunkard, the first musical by then 19-year old composer Barry Manilow, performed at the space on weekends from 1964\u20131970, promising its audiences \"free beer or root beer\" during its two shows a night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010777-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Street Repertory Theatre, History\nIn 1972, Edith O'Hara, a theater maker, former newspaper reporter, and schoolteacher from Idaho, founded the 13th Street Repertory Theatre at 50 West 13th Street as a place for actors, directors, playwrights, and designers to develop and create theater arts in a supportive environment. Her earliest production in New York was Kenn Long and Jim Crozier's musical Touch, whose score went on to earn a Grammy nomination. She championed one of the first productions on the subject of same sex marriage, Bill Solly and Donald Ward's Boy Meets Boy, which afterwards became a hit and moved to a commercial run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010777-0005-0001", "contents": "13th Street Repertory Theatre, History\nIn 1974, she presented Israel Horovitz's expressionistic comedy Line, which famously went on to become the longest running play in Off-Off Broadway history. Its final performances were directed by Jay Michaels and co-produced by Mary Elizabeth Micari, using the show's original production scheme. Performer and TV personality Brother Theodore performed his \"stand up tragedy\" act there on and off for over twenty years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010777-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Street Repertory Theatre, History\nIn addition to the presentation of new theater works, O'Hara has stressed the importance of entertaining young audiences and educating young artists. She spearheaded a program for young people called Mama Hare's Tree, which continues today as the Kid City Theater after school musical program, presently run by Wendy Tonken. For Edith O'Hara's leadership and artistic contribution she has received citations from President Barack Obama, Governor Andrew Cuomo, and Mayor Michael Bloomberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010777-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Street Repertory Theatre, History\nO\u2019Hara, who in 2016 celebrated her one hundredth birthday, has two daughters, Jill O\u2019Hara and Jenny O'Hara who are Broadway and film actors. Her son is singer/songwriter Jack O'Hara, a founding member of the country rock band Eggs Over Easy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010777-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Street Repertory Theatre, History\nTennessee Williams, while giving a talkback after a revival performance of his play Outcry at 13th Street Rep, sat on the edge of its platform and proclaimed that the future of New York Theater is to be found on the small stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010777-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Street Repertory Theatre, History\nCurrent Artistic Director Joe John Battista leads 13th Street Rep in the spirit of the Off-Off Broadway Movement, making it an artistic home where new and classic works may be incubated and presented in artistic freedom, with innovation, and experimentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010778-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Street station (DC Streetcar)\n13th Street is a streetcar station across from the intersection of  H Street NE and 13th Street NE. It is on the H Street/Benning Road Line of the DC Streetcar system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010778-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Street station (DC Streetcar), History\n13th Street station opened to the public as one of the original stations on February 27, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010778-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Street station (DC Streetcar), Station layout\nThe station consists of two side platforms on either side of H Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010779-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Street station (SEPTA)\n13th Street station is a SEPTA subway station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, located under Market Street between 13th and Juniper Streets in Center City. The station serves the Market\u2013Frankford Line and as the eastern terminal station for all five routes of the subway\u2013surface trolley lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010779-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Street station (SEPTA)\n13th Street is located on the east side of City Hall and Penn Square and is connected to the Downtown Link concourse, a collection of underground passageways serving multiple stations on the Market\u2013Frankford Line, Broad Street Line, PATCO Speedline, and Regional Rail lines. The station is also served by bus routes operated by SEPTA's City Transit Division and Suburban Division, as well as NJ Transit Bus routes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010779-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Street station (SEPTA)\nThe subway\u2013surface platform was known as Juniper Street until 2011. The station is signed as 13th/Juniper Streets on historical system maps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010779-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Street station (SEPTA), History\nThe station opened August 3, 1908 as part of the first extension of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company's Market Street subway. The line had originally opened a year earlier between 69th Street and 15th Street stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010779-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Street station (SEPTA), History\nThe Downtown Link and associated underground corridors surrounding the station are expected to undergo a two-year renovation project in conjunction with renovations to the Broad Street Line's City Hall station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010779-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Street station (SEPTA), Market\u2013Frankford Line platforms\nThe Market\u2013Frankford Line platforms are located one floor below ground level, connected to the Downtown Link concourse. The south concourse, accessible from the eastbound platform, features direct underground access to SEPTA's headquarters and transit museum, located at 1234 Market Street. Market\u2013Frankford trains continue west via Market Street across the Schuylkill River to serve West Philadelphia and Upper Darby, and continue east along Market until Front Street, turning north towards Northeast Philadelphia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010779-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Street station (SEPTA), Subway\u2013surface trolley platform\nThe subway\u2013surface trolley platform for Routes 10, 11, 13, 34, and 36 is located two stories below ground level, and is accessible only by escalator or stairway from the Market\u2013Frankford platforms. The station is located at the end of the subway\u2013surface line on a balloon loop parallel to Juniper Street, and features a single track with all trolleys operating in the same direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010779-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Street station (SEPTA), Subway\u2013surface trolley platform\nInbound trolleys discharge passengers on the southernmost portion of the platform. The trolleys then proceed to pick up passengers at either Berth 1 or Berth 2. Routes 10, 11 and 13 board at Berth 1, which is located on the northernmost portion of the platform. Routes 34 and 36 board at Berth 2, which is in the center of the platform. Upon departure of the station, the track wraps around and heads west towards 15th Street station. It also features a short spur track to the northeast that was formerly used to park occasional stranded or dead trolleys. The track was recently disconnected from the main line due to unsuccessful attempts to tie it into the trolleys' communications-based train control signaling system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010779-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Street station (SEPTA), Station layout\nThe stations has two high-level side platforms for the Market\u2013Frankford trains and one low-level side platform for subway\u2013surface trolleys. Fare control and Downtown Link concourse access are both on the upper platform level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010779-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Street station (SEPTA), Image gallery\nHeadhouse and bus stop on the northeast corner of 13th & Market streets", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010780-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Street station (Sacramento)\n13th Street is a side platformed Sacramento RT Light Rail station in Downtown Sacramento, California, United States. The station was opened on March 12, 1987, and is operated by the Sacramento Regional Transit District. It is served by all three RT light rail lines:  Gold, Blue and Green, with the latter serving as the southern terminus. The station is located at 13th Street between Q and R Streets, and Regional Transit's Customer Service and Sales center is located just to the south of the station. A small rail yard named the \"R Street Yard\" is located to the west of the station. 13th Street station was the temporary terminal from March 12, 1987 to September 5, 1987 when it was extended to Butterfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010781-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Street station (Tri-Rail)\n13th Street is a proposed Tri-Rail Coastal Link Green Line station in Riviera Beach, Florida. The station is planned for construction at 13th Street and President Barack Obama Highway (formerly Old Dixie Highway), just west of Broadway (US 1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)\nThe 13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)\u2014the \"Lucky 13th\"\u2014is a U.S. Army modular sustainment command which serves as a forward presence for expeditionary operations for a theater, or in support of a regional combatant commander. Expeditionary sustainment commands (ESC), such as the 13th, synchronize distribution of supplies and services within their operational areas and provides distribution oversight. Formed at Fort Hood, Texas when the 1st Logistics Command deployed to Vietnam, the organization then known as the 13th Support Brigade was initially responsible for the training of technical services units to assume combat service support missions in Southeast Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)\nAs the Army redefined the missions of its logistics forces in response to building towards a 16-division Army, it was designated a corps support command (COSCOM). In 1992 the 13th COSCOM deployed to Somalia as part of Operation Restore Hope where for the first time a COSCOM was given the mission to provide theater-level support in a major U.S. operation. The 13th ESC has deployed to Iraq, Afghanistan, and Kuwait, and served as the logistics command for hurricane relief efforts in support of the American people after hurricanes Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita devastated the Gulf Coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Organization\nThe 13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) was constituted on 11 August 1965 in the Regular Army, and activated 24 September 1965 at Fort Hood, Texas as the 13th Support Brigade. The 13th Support Brigade was formed as the nation's involvement in Vietnam increased, and was tasked with the training of technical services units to assume combat service support missions in Southeast Asia. With reorganization from the \"technical service\" concept to the \"combat service to the Army\" concept, functional training of units was decentralized in the Continental Army Command to post, camp and station level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Organization\nThe command continued to evolve due to increased missions and changing roles. Along with similar units, it was redesignated as 13th Corps Support Command (COSCOM) on 21 June 1975, and then the 13th Support Command (Corps) on 16 October 1980. As part of Army Transformation, it was reflagged to its current configuration as the 13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) during a formal ceremony on 23 February 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 13th Support Brigade on 25 August 1966. It was redesignated for the 13th Corps Support Command and amended to revise the symbolism effective 21 June 1975. The insignia was redesignated for the 13th Support Command on 17 October 1980. It was redesignated for the 13th Corps Support Command on 10 August 1989. The insignia was redesignated for the 13th Sustainment Command on 7 March 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Insignia, Description/Blazon\nA gold color metal and enamel insignia 1 1/8 inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a blue star of thirteen points, one point up, bearing a gold saltire between three smaller gold saltires, all above a gold scroll, the middle section surmounting the star, inscribed \"SERVICE TO THE SOLDIER\" in red letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Insignia, Symbolism\nThe star of thirteen points refers to the unit's numerical designation. The central saltire stands for the command and the three smaller saltires for the Corps which it supports. The colors gold (for buff), red and blue are used in the flags of combat service support units. They refer to the supply and service, maintenance, transportation and other support functions of the command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Shoulder Sleeve Insignia (Patch)\nThe shoulder sleeve insignia was originally approved for the 13th Support Brigade on 11 August 1966. It was redesignated for the 13th Corps Support Command and amended to revise the symbolism effective 21 June 1975. The insignia was redesignated for the 13th Support Command on 17 October 1980. It was redesignated for the 13th Corps Support Command on 10 August 1989. The insignia was redesignated for the 13th Sustainment Command on 7 March 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 74], "content_span": [75, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Shoulder Sleeve Insignia (Patch), Description/Blazon\nOn a yellow octagon with a 1/8 inch (.32\u00a0cm) blue border 2 1/2 inches (6.35\u00a0cm) in height overall, a scarlet saltire throughout surmounted by a blue star of thirteen points fimbriated in yellow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 94], "content_span": [95, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Shoulder Sleeve Insignia (Patch), Symbolism\nThe octagon reinforced by the saltire refers to the unit's mission of supporting the combat, combat support and combat service support organizations of the Corps. The star symbolizes the many far reaching missions of the command, and having thirteen points, the star also alludes to its numerical designation. The octagon is a symbol of regeneration; it alludes to the combat service support functions of the unit as consistently renewing the strength and vigor of the Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 85], "content_span": [86, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Shoulder Sleeve Insignia (Patch), Symbolism\nYellow (substituted for Quartermaster buff) alludes to the supply and service functions of the command. Scarlet (substituted for Ordnance crimson and Transportation brick red) alludes to the maintenance and transportation functions of the command. The blue represents other support rendered by the command. This combination identifies the colors which are used in the flags of combat service support organizations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 85], "content_span": [86, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Earthquake Relief, Managua, Nicaragua\nSoldiers of the 13th ESC first deployed as the 13th Support Brigade in response to the Managua earthquake, where its soldiers served at Camp Christine, Managua, Nicaragua, assisting in disaster relief from 23 December 1972 to 19 January 1973. Units of the 13th deployed in Nicaragua included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 79], "content_span": [80, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Desert Storm\nThough the headquarters did not deploy to Desert Shield and Desert Storm, units from the 13th COSCOM began to deploy in the fall of 1990 to Saudi Arabia to provide combat support and combat service support during the Gulf War. During Operation Desert Calm and Operation Provide Comfort, soldiers of the 13th ESC deployed to the Persian Gulf area. In 1992, 13th COSCOM soldiers deployed to Cuba to aid Haitian refugees during Operation Safe Harbor, and later assisted victims of Hurricane Andrew in Florida. 13th ESC soldiers led the way as III Corps units deployed to Kuwait to train and ensure the peace in support of Operation Intrinsic Action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Restore Hope\nIn 1992, the U.S. Central Command established Unified Task Force Somalia (UNITAF) in light of the worsening situation in Somalia and 13th COSCOM was called to duty. 13th COSCOM Commander Brig. Gen. Billy K. Solomon deployed along with a portion of the 13th COSCOM headquarters to Mogadishu to serve as the nucleus of Joint Task Force Support Command, the first time where a COSCOM was given the mission to provide theater-level support. Soldiers of the Lucky 13th returned in May 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Humanitarian aid and peacekeeping\nFrom October through December 1994, 13th COSCOM soldiers provided multifunctional logistical support to Army forces supporting Operation Vigilant Warrior in Kuwait. Units of the 13th COSCOM conducted humanitarian and/or peacekeeping missions in Cuba as part of Operation Sea Signal V, Haiti Operation Uphold Democracy, Honduras JTF-B, Operation Strong Support, and were a part of Stabilization Force (SFOR) 6 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The 13th COSCOM also deployed their engineers to Thule, Greenland, for additional support missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 75], "content_span": [76, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Humanitarian aid and peacekeeping\nSoldiers from the command have assisted in removing snow in Massachusetts, aiding flood victims in Louisiana, processing refugees in Arkansas, fighting forest fires in Montana, assisting earthquake victims in Mexico or helping flood victims in Curio, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 75], "content_span": [76, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Humanitarian aid and peacekeeping\nFollowing the attacks on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon, elements of the 13th COSCOM supported Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 75], "content_span": [76, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0017-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom\nOperation Iraqi Freedom again saw 13th COSCOM units deployed, including 64th Corps Support Group, directly supporting the 4th Infantry Division. Elements of the 49th Movement Control Battalion have been continuously deployed in the region since 1997 and remain a critical node supporting all U.S. and coalition forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 65], "content_span": [66, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0018-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom\n13th COSCOM first deployed a medical evacuation headquarters and an air evacuation company on 12 February 2003, to Kuwait. Those units were to reposition forces as required to support the president's global war on terrorism. Eventually, the 13th COSCOM deployed both of its local Brigades in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom while the headquarters and separate units supported the families at Fort Hood, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 65], "content_span": [66, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0019-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIn August 2003 deployment notification came for the soldiers of the 13th COSCOM headquarters to participate in the ongoing operations in Iraq. In preparation for its first major deployment since Somalia, the 13th COSCOM colors were cased in a deployment and retreat ceremony held on the afternoon of 18 December 2004, at Sadowski Field on Fort Hood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 65], "content_span": [66, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0020-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF II\nCAMPAIGN: TRANSITION OF IRAQ - 2 May 2003 TO 28 June 2004CAMPAIGN: IRAQI GOVERNANCE - 29 June 2004 TO 15 December 2005", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0021-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF II\nOn 31 January 2004, the 13th COSCOM completed a transfer of authority with the 3rd Corps Support Command (COSCOM) at Logistics Support Area (LSA) Anaconda in Balad, Iraq, and assumed responsibility to provide logistics support to Combined Joint Task Force 7 in Iraq, later redesignated as the Multi-National Corps Iraq (MNC-I).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0022-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF II\nMajor units serving with the 13th COSCOM for OIF II were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0023-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF II\nOn 12 December 2004, the 13th COSCOM transferred authority to the 1st Corps Support Command. During its time at LSA Anaconda, the 13th COSCOM processed 2,000 tons of mail; averaged over 200 convoys a day for a total of 62,000 convoys involving 750,000 vehicles; and was responsible for quality of life improvements for the joint forces. The 13th COSCOM uncased its colors, signifying its return home and the end of its mission, at Fort Hood, Texas, on 21 January 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0024-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF 06-08\nCAMPAIGN: NATIONAL RESOLUTION - 16 December 2005 to 9 January 2007CAMPAIGN: IRAQI SURGE \u2013 10 January 2007 to 31 December 2008", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0025-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF 06-08\nThe 13th, under its new designation as a sustainment command (expeditionary) deployed once again to Logistics Support Area Anaconda in August, 2006. The command provided logistics oversight for the entire Iraq theater, and assumed command and control of seven subordinate brigades, which included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0026-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF 06-08\nDuring OIF 06-08, the 13th ESC provided key logistical support to the Iraq War troop surge of 2007, and facilitated the movement and training of the additional 20,000 troops through Camp Buehring, Kuwait. The 13th ESC redeployed to Fort Hood in August, 2007, and quickly started training and preparations for their deployment in support of OIF 09-11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0027-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF 09-11\nCAMPAIGN: IRAQI SOVEREIGNTY \u2013 1 January 2009 to 31 August 2010", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0028-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF 09-11\nThe command headquarters again deployed to the former LSA Anaconda, now under Air Force control under the redesignation of Joint Base Balad on 17 July 2009, and assumed the mission for theater logistics on 7 August. The 13th ESC was faced with the largest movement of American forces and military equipment in more than 40 years to facilitate a responsible withdrawal from the Iraq theater of operation. Over the course of a year-long deployment, the 13th ESC brought more than $1\u00a0billion worth of equipment back into the U.S. Army supply system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0029-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF 09-11\nDuring an average day for the 13th ESC in OIF 09-11, they issued 96,000 cases of bottled water, 1.6\u00a0million US gallons (6,100\u00a0m3) of fuel, and delivered 137 tons of mail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0030-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF 09-11\nSome of the major accomplishments of the 13th ESC during OIF 09-11 included: signing a $31\u00a0million contract with a local Iraqi company to conduct container repair, opening the first Iraqi bank on Joint Base Balad, partnering with the Iraqi transportation network to get American trucks off the road, and Operation Clean Sweep, a comprehensive effort to reduce excess throughout the entire area of operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0031-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF 09-11\nSix soldiers in the command were killed in OIF 09-11: PFC Taylor Marks, SGT Earl Werner, SPC Paul Andersen, SPC Joseph Gallegos, SGT William Spencer and MAJ Ronald Culver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0032-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Hurricane Katrina\nDeep in the process of deploying and redeploying 13th COSCOM units, key elements of 13th COSCOM supported Joint Task Force Katrina/Rita hurricane relief efforts in the summer of 2005. 13th COSCOM provided 100\u00a0million rations, collected human remains with dignity, executed emergency engineering operations, transported, distributed and stored over one billion dollars in humanitarian relief from both non-governmental and federal sources from across the nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0033-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Hurricane Katrina\nNumbering nearly 1,000 soldiers at the height of operations, the command and staff of the 13th COSCOM formed Logistics Task Force Lonestar, composed of several different units from the support command. Soldiers representing transportation companies, medical and engineer units, maintenance groups and others worked to bring stability back to the storm-ravaged city of New Orleans and, after Hurricane Rita came ashore, close to Lake Charles, La.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0034-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Hurricane Katrina\nWith a humanitarian support mission for the people of New Orleans, the task force performed logistical missions from purifying water to providing engineer support to help clean up the streets in support of the Federal Emergency Management Agency and Joint Task Force Katrina. Working in sometimes difficult conditions, the task force was able to accomplish many tasks during their deployment including offering remedies to supply flow issues and establishing a donation distribution warehouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0035-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Enduring Freedom\nIn December 2011, the 13th ESC command group and portions of the headquarters company deployed to Afghanistan as augmentees to the NATO Training Mission - Afghanistan. Upon arrival, deployed members of the unit integrated into the Deputy Command of Support Operations and served both in the headquarters of the directorate at Camp Eggers in Kabul, as well as in all five regional support commands across the country, conducting logistics training and mentoring of Afghan partners. On 4 February 2012, BG Terence Hildner, Commander 13th ESC died of natural causes in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0036-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Kuwait\nIn December 2014, the 13th ESC headquarters deployed to Camp Arifjan, Kuwait, to assume the role as the Operational Command Post for the 1st Theater Sustainment Command, with the mission to provide Theater Sustainment Mission Command to Army, Joint, and Multinational Forces in the USCENTCOM Area of Responsibility, enabling Unified Land Operations and Theater Security Cooperation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 48], "content_span": [49, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0036-0001", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Kuwait\nThe 13th ESC supported Operations Inherent Resolve (Iraq), Freedom Sentinel (Afghanistan), Spartan Shield (Kuwait), provided logistics and sustainment support and oversight to the Multinational Forces and Observer mission - Task Force Sinai, supported USCENTCOM forward elements in Jordan, and worked in cooperation with Combined Joint Interagency Task Force - Syria (CJIATF-S) to provide support to moderate Syrian opposition forces in the fight against the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 48], "content_span": [49, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0037-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Current Activities\nThe 13th COSCOM became the first COSCOM to transform to a Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) and deploy to combat during Operation Iraqi Freedom 06-08. The command's primary mission is to provide combat support and combat service support in the areas of supply, maintenance, movement control, field services, and general engineering & construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0038-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Current Activities\nAt Fort Hood, the 13th ESC currently has the missions of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0039-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Current Activities, LSOC-West\nLeveraging Sustainment Organizations in CONUS West duties involve coordination with all Sustainment Brigades, Support Brigades, and Army Field Support Brigades in the Continental United States, West of the Mississippi river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010782-0040-0000", "contents": "13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Current Activities, Organization\nCurrently, the 13th ESC is Fort Hood's third largest unit with a local strength of almost 6,000 soldiers. It is composed of various battalions and detachments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 74], "content_span": [75, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010783-0000-0000", "contents": "13th TCA Awards\nThe 13th TCA Awards were presented by the Television Critics Association. Drew Carey hosted the ceremony on July 20, 1997, at the Huntington Hotel and Spa in Pasadena, Calif.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010784-0000-0000", "contents": "13th TVyNovelas Awards\nThe 13th TVyNovelas Awards, is an Academy of special awards to the best of soap operas and TV shows. The awards ceremony took place on April 29, 1995 in the M\u00e9xico D.F.. The ceremony was televised in the Mexico by Canal de las estrellas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010784-0001-0000", "contents": "13th TVyNovelas Awards\nEdith Gonz\u00e1lez, Alfredo Adame and C\u00e9sar \u00c9vora hosted the show. El vuelo del \u00e1guila won 9 awards, the most for the evening. Other winners Imperio de cristal won 7 awards including Best Telenovela of the Year, Agujetas de color de rosa won 5 awards and Marimar and Volver a Empezar won one each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010784-0002-0000", "contents": "13th TVyNovelas Awards, Winners and nominees, Missing\nPeople who did not attend ceremony wing and were nominated in the shortlist in each category:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010785-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Tamil Nadu Assembly\nThirteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu was instituted after the victory of DMK and allies, in the 2006 state assembly election. M. Karunanidhi became the 14th Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu due to the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010786-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Pascucci\"\nThe 13th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Pascucci\" (Italian: 13\u00b0 Battaglione Carri \"M.O. Pascucci\") is an inactive tank battalion of the Italian Army based in Cordenons in Friuli Venezia Giulia. Originally the battalion, like all Italian tank units, was part of the infantry, but since 1 June 1999 it is part of the cavalry. Operationally the battalion was last assigned to the Armored Brigade \"Ariete\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010786-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Pascucci\", History\nThe battalion was formed during the 1975 army reform: on 15 July 1976 the 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\" was disbanded and the next day its XI Bersaglieri Battalion became the 11th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Caprera\", while its XIII Tank Battalion became the 13th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Pascucci\". As the war flag and traditions of the 182nd Regiment \"Garibaldi\" were assigned to the 11th Caprera the 13th Pascucci was granted a new war flag on 12 November 1976 by decree 846 of the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010786-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Pascucci\", History\nThe battalion received the traditions of the XIII Tank Battalion \"M\", which had been formed by the 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment in October 1941 and sent to Italian Libya in August 1942 to bring the 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment p to strength for the Battle of Alam el Halfa. The XIII fought to annihilation in the Second Battle of El Alamein and by 5 November 1942 had ceased to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010786-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Pascucci\", History\nAfter World War II the XIII Tank Battalion was reformed in Sacile in 1961 as tank component of the 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", which was the armored formation of the Infantry Division \"Folgore\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010786-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Pascucci\", History\nTank and armored battalions created during the 1975 army reform were all named for officers, soldiers and partisans, who were posthumously awarded Italy's highest military honor the Gold Medal of Military Valour for heroism during World War II. The 13th Tank Battalion's name commemorated 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment Lieutenant Luigi Arbib Pascucci, who had served in the XIII Tank Battalion \"M\" and was killed in action on 4 November 1942 during the Second Battle of El Alamein. Equipped with Leopard 1A2 main battle tanks the battalion joined the Mechanized Brigade \"Brescia\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010786-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Pascucci\", History\nIn 1986 the Italian Army disbanded the divisional level and the Mechanized Brigade \"Brescia\" joined the 3rd Army Corps in Milan on 1 October 1986. On the same date the 13th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Pascucci\" was transferred to the Armored Brigade \"Ariete\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010786-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Pascucci\", History\nAfter the end of the Cold War the Italian Army began to draw down its forces and therefore the 13th Pascucci was reduced to a reserve unit and transferred to the Mechanized Brigade \"Mantova\" on 10 December 1989. The 13th Tank Battalion \"M.O.Pascucci\" was disbanded on 31 March 1991 and its flag transferred to the Shrine of the Flags at the Vittoriano in Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010787-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Brigade (Bulgaria)\nThe 13th Tank Brigade (Military Unit Number 22220) is a former land formation of the Bulgarian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010787-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Brigade (Bulgaria), History\nThe brigade was established in October 1948 after the relocation of three tank companies - the 1st tank company from Kazanlak, the 2nd tank company from Sofia and the 3rd tank company from Plovdiv. The brigade was officially formed on January 1, 1949 as the Third Tank Brigade and was assigned to the Third Army. The brigade received his battle flag on October 6, 1950, a date that is officially celebrated in the history of the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010787-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Brigade (Bulgaria), History\nLater the brigade was renamed the Thirteenth Tank Brigade, and was still assigned to the Third Army in 1980. Since 1998 it has been the 13th \"Sliven\" Tank Brigade. It changed its state and organization several times. On June 1, 2008, the brigade became a Center for training of tank units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010787-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Brigade (Bulgaria), History\nThe 9th Tank Brigade and the 13th Tank Brigade in Sliven were the elite tank formations of the army. They received T-72 tanks, BMP-1 and BMP-23 infantry fighting vehicles while the other brigades only received older equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010787-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Brigade (Bulgaria), History\nThe Specialists' Training Centre, in addition to training, is the storage facility of the operational reserve of 160 T-72M1 tanks and many other armoured vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010788-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Division (Czechoslovakia)\nThe 13th Tank Division (Czech: 13. tankov\u00e1 divize, Slovak: 13. tankov\u00e1 div\u00edzia) was an armored division of the Czechoslovak People's Army during the Cold War that became part of the Army of the Slovak Republic after the Dissolution of Czechoslovakia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010788-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Division (Czechoslovakia), History\nThe 13th Tank Division was formed on 9 May 1955 by renumbering the 3rd Tank Division, based at Mlad\u00e1, Milovice in Bohemia. At the same time it was given the Kiev\u2013Dukla\u2013Ostrava historical designation in commemoration of battles that Czechoslovak forces fought in under Soviet command during World War II; to this was added the Czechoslovak-Soviet friendship honorific on 6 October 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010788-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Division (Czechoslovakia), History\nFollowing the suppression of student demonstrations by the police during the Strahov events, the division's 8th Motor Rifle Regiment began a snap mobilization on 4 December 1967, during which 3,430 reservists were called up and 578 vehicles from Prague, Central Bohemia, and North Bohemia were mobilized. The reservists were released on 11 December and the regiment conducted training on the western border of Czechoslovakia until 18 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010788-0002-0001", "contents": "13th Tank Division (Czechoslovakia), History\nBy 1968, the division was part of the Western Military District and included the 13th Tank Regiment at \u010c\u00e1slav, the 15th and 103rd Tank Regiments at Mlad\u00e1, the 8th Motor Rifle Regiment at Mlad\u00e1 Boleslav, the 3rd School Tank Battalion at Lu\u0161t\u011bnice, the 361st Artillery Regiment at Turnov, and the 3rd Anti- Aircraft and 13th Separate Rocket Launcher Battalions at Mlad\u00e1. The division headquarters was visited by Soviet Marshal Kirill Moskalenko in May 1968, ostensibly for Liberation Day, while other senior Soviet commanders went to other Czechoslovak units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010788-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Division (Czechoslovakia), History\nWhen the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia began on 21 August 1968 the regimental anti-aircraft batteries of the division and the anti-tank missile battery of the 8th Motor Rifle Regiment were at the Jince Military Training Area, which was not occupied by Soviet troops. Other units that who were not blockaded by Soviet troops included a company of the 13th Reconnaissance Battalion and a tank battalion from the 13th Tank Regiment at the Mimo\u0148 Military Training Area. However, the main units of the division at Mlad\u00e1 and Mlad\u00e1 Boleslav were blockaded by the Soviet 20th Tank Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010788-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Division (Czechoslovakia), History\nAfter the establishment of the Soviet Central Group of Forces, the division was relocated to Topo\u013e\u010dany in Slovakia, where it was assigned the 10th Tank Regiment in Martin and the 64th Tank Regiment in Levice, transferred from the 14th Tank Division. In Bohemia it left behind the 13th Tank Regiment, which became part of the 4th Tank Division. In Slovakia, the division became a training unit, with 4,000 permanent personnel and 2,400 trainees. The 3rd School Tank Battalion was disbanded in 1968, followed by the 13th Helicopter Squadron in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010788-0004-0001", "contents": "13th Tank Division (Czechoslovakia), History\nAdditional units included the 3rd Chemical Defense Company, 13th Supply Company, 53rd Motor Transport Battalion,  3rd Medical Battalion, 13th Reconnaissance Battalion, 1st Engineer Battalion, 13th Communications Battalion, 8th Motor Rifle Regiment, 15th Tank Regiment, 3rd Artillery Regiment, and the 13th Technical Repair Shop. In 1989, as the Czechoslovak Army transitioned to a defensive posture, its 15th Tank Regiment was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010788-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Division (Czechoslovakia), History\nWith the fall of Communism in Czechoslovakia, the division's Soviet-era honorifics were modified by the removal of the Czechoslovak-Soviet friendship honorific and Kiev from the historical designation in 1991. On 1 January 1993, with the Dissolution of Czechoslovakia, the division became part of the Army of the Slovak Republic. The division was reorganized into the 1st Army Corps on 1 October 1994, and the headquarters of the latter became the Militia Headquarters on 1 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010789-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 13th Tank Division (Chinese: \u5766\u514b\u7b2c13\u5e08) was formed in Taian, Shandong province, on December 3, 1969 from Independent Tank Regiment of Fuzhou Military Region, 3rd Independent Tank Regiment of Jinan Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010789-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division moved to Pingdingshan, Henan province in March 1970 after its formation to reinforce 43rd Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010789-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn the 1970s the division maintained as a reduced tank division, however it consisted of 3 full-equipped tank regiments of Type-59 tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010789-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1973 the Artillery Regiment of 51st Army Division was attached to the division and renamed Artillery Regiment, 13th Tank Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010789-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Tank Division (People's Republic of China)\nOn January 7, 1976 the division was disbanded. Its 49th Tank Regiment became Tank Regiment of 20th Army Corps, 50th Tank Regiment became Tank Regiment of 47th Army Corps and 51st Tank Regiment became Tank Regiment of 43rd Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010790-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Television State Drama Festival\nThe 3th Television State Drama Festival (Sinhala: 13\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0dbb\u0dd6\u0db4\u0dc0\u0dcf\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dd3 \u0d9a\u0dbd\u0dcf \u0dbb\u0dcf\u0da2\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db8\u0dcf\u0db1 \u0d8b\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc5), was held to honor the best films of 1996 Sinhala cinema on 21 November 2018, at the Nelum Pokuna Theater, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Minister of Regional Infrastructure Development S. B. Nawinne and Film Poetry and Veteran Film Director Sumitra Peries were the chief guests at the awards night. It was jointly organized by the State Television Arts Advisory Council, Arts Council of Sri Lanka, Department of Cultural Affairs, Ministry of Cultural Affairs and Regional Development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010790-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Television State Drama Festival\nThe Nomination Certificate Award Ceremony of the 2018 Rupavahini Arts State Awards Ceremony was held at the Bandaranaike International Memorial Conference Hall on 7 November 2018. For the ceremony, around 600 different types of programs were directed and several tribunals worked. About 30 programs, children's dramas and tele films were also monitored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010791-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 13th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was originally designated 12th Tennessee Volunteer Cavalry, but was changed by order of Governor Andrew Johnson on December 31, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010791-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 13th Tennessee Cavalry was organized at Strawberry Plains, Gallatin and Nashville, Tennessee, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment under the command of Colonel John K. Miller. Nine companies mustered in at Strawberry Plains on October 28 and November 8, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010791-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of Columbus, Kentucky, 6th Division, XVI Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to November 1863. District of North Central Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to January 1864. District of Nashville, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to April 1864. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1864. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division Mississippi, November 1864. District of East Tennessee to March 1865. 3rd Brigade, Cavalry Division, District of East Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to July 1865. Cavalry Brigade, District of East Tennessee, to September 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010791-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 13th Tennessee Cavalry mustered out of service at Knoxville, Tennessee, on September 5, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010791-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nDuty in District of Columbus, Ky., and at Camp Nelson, Ky., until January 1864. Duty in District of Nashville and on Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, and at Bull's Gap, Tenn., until September 1864. Rogersville August 21, 1864. Pursuit to Greenville August 21\u201323. Blue Springs August 23. Park's Gap, Greenville, September 4. Morgan killed. Gillem's Expedition from eastern Tennessee toward southwest Virginia September 20-October 17. Rheatown September 28. Watauga River September 29. Carter's Station September 30-October 1. Operations in eastern Tennessee October 10\u201328. Greenville October 12. Bull's Gap October 16. Clinch Mountain October 18. Clinch Valley near Sneedsville October 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010791-0004-0001", "contents": "13th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nNear Memphis October 25. Mossy Creek and Panther Gap October 27. Morristown and Russellville October 28. Operations against Breckenridge's advance into eastern Tennessee November 4\u201317. Russellville November 11. Bull's Gap November 11\u201313. Russellville November 14. Strawberry Plains November 16\u201317. Flat Creek November 17. Stoneman's Saltsville Raid December 10\u201329. Big Creek near Rogersville December 12. Kingsport December 13. Glade Springs December 15. Marion and capture of Wytheville December 16. Mt. Airy December 17. Engagement near Marion December 17\u201318. Capture and destruction of Saltville, Va., December 20\u201321. Duty in eastern Tennessee until March 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010791-0004-0002", "contents": "13th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nStoneman's Expedition from eastern Tennessee into southwest Virginia and western North Carolina March 21-April 25. Wytheville April 6. Shallow Ford and near Mocksville April 11. Salisbury April 12. Catawba River near Morgantown April 17. Swannanoa Gap, N.C., April 20. Near Hendersonville April 23. Duty in District of East Tennessee until September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010792-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th Regiment, Tennessee Infantry was an infantry regiment from Tennessee that served with the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War. Notable battles fought in include the Battle of Shiloh , the Battle of Chickamauga and the Battle of Franklin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010792-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Field Officers\nColonels-John V. Wright, Alfred J. Vaughn, Jr. Robert W. Pitman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010792-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Field Officers\nLieutenant Colonels-Alfred J. Vaughn, Jr., William E. Morgan, Robert W. Pitman, Beverly L. Dyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010792-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Field Officers\nMajors-W. E. Winfield, William Jere Crook, Peter H. Cole, Beverly L. Dyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010792-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Companies\nCompany A - Captains S.R. Brewer, F.H. Carter - \"The Fayette Rifle Grays\" - Men from Fayette County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010792-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Companies\nCompany B - Captains Joe L. Cranberry, Ben F. Lightle, William G. Mehane - \"The Macon Grays\" - Men from Fayette County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010792-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Companies\nCompany C - Captains John H. Morgan, E.W. Douglass, W.D. Harrison - \"The Secession Guards\" - Men from Shelby County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010792-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Companies\nCompany D - Captains John A. Wilkins, S.R. Brewer - \"The Yorkville Rifles\" - Men from Gibson County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010792-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Companies\nCompany E - Captains  Alfred J. Vaughan, Jr., Beverly L. Dyer, Johna A. Moody - \"ThevDixie Rifles\" - Men from Fayette County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010792-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Companies\nCompany F - Captains John V. Wright, Dew Moore Wisdon, G.W. Churchwell - \"The Wright Boys\" - Men from McNairy County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010792-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Companies\nCompany G - Captains W.E. Winfield, C.D. Palmore, R.F. Lanier - \"The Gain's Invincibles\"  - Men from Fayette County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010792-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Companies\nCompany H - Captain Robert W. Pitman, Sylvester A. Munson - \"The Yancey Riflemen\" - Men from Fayette County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010792-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Companies\nCompany I - Captains G.L. Ross, William Jere Crook, John R. Purdy - \"The Forked Deer Vounteers\" - Men from Henderson County, now Chester County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010792-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Companies\nCompany K - Captains Samuel L. Latta, Joseh Rucks Hibbitt, Ausburn D. Brown - \"The Dyer Grays\" - Men from Dyer County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010792-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Companies\nCompany L - Captains C.B. Jones, Richard E. Moody - \"The Zollicoffer Avengers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010792-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Citations\nCo. I of the 13th Tennessee captured the national colors of the 57th Indiana Infantry at the Battle of Franklin, November 30, 1864. The flag was returned to the 57th Indiana at their reunion in Kokomo, Indiana in September 23, 1885.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010793-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Tony Awards\nThe 13th Annual Tony Awards took place at the Waldorf-Astoria Grand Ballroom on April 12, 1959, and was broadcast on local television station WCBS-TV in New York City. The Master of Ceremonies was Bud Collyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010793-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Tony Awards, The ceremony\nPresenters: Dana Andrews, Ina Balin, Ralph Bellamy, Polly Bergen, Claudette Colbert, Robert Dowling, Faye Emerson, Farley Granger, Oscar Hammerstein II, Celeste Holm, Robert Preston, and Rip Torn. Music was by Meyer Davis and his Orchestra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010794-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Transgender Erotica Awards\nThe 13th Annual Transgender Erotica Awards are a scheduled pornographic awards event recognizing the best in transgender pornography form the previous year from  October 2, 2019 to October 31, 2020. Pre -nominations were open from November 3 to November 13, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010794-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Transgender Erotica Awards\nThe public-at-large was able to suggest nominees using an online form. Nominees were announced on December 24, 2020, online on the theteashow.com website or 16 awards, with the following awards having the winner announced without nominees;Transcendence Award, Lifetime Achievement Award, Gender X Model of the Year, Kink's Kinkiest TGirl Domme, Black-TGirls.com Model of the Year, Chaturbate TS Performer of the Year, Pornhub Model of the Year, The Fan Choice Award voting is opened in 2021, with the winners announced after public nominations and voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010794-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Transgender Erotica Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominations for the 13th Transgender Erotica Awards were announced online on December 24, 2020, online on the theteashow.com website. The winners are scheduled to be announced during the awards on March 7, 2021. On December 4, 2020, it was announced that the award show would be held as an online production and on February 9, 2021, it was announced the ceremony would be broadcast on Pornhub. The awards were presented with winners notified in advance after signing non-disclosure agreements. Each winner gave a pre-recorded acceptance speech. Award trophies were mailed out to recipients after the award show was broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010795-0000-0000", "contents": "13th U-boat Flotilla\nThe 13th U-boat Flotilla (German 13. Unterseebootsflottille) was a World War II U-boat unit of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine stationed in Trondheim, Norway. The emblem of the unit was a cross with a Viking ship in the middle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010795-0001-0000", "contents": "13th U-boat Flotilla, History\nIn 1941, construction of the DORA 1 submarine base started in Trondheim. Two years later, in June 1943, it was handed over to the flotilla commander, Korvettenkapit\u00e4n (later Fregattenkapit\u00e4n) Rolf R\u00fcggeberg. The 13th submarine flotilla was a front line unit, and a total of 55 Type VIIC and VIIC/41 served with it until the end of the war in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010796-0000-0000", "contents": "13th United States Colored Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th United States Colored Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was composed of African American enlisted men commanded by white officers and was authorized by the Bureau of Colored Troops which was created by the United States War Department on May 22, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010796-0001-0000", "contents": "13th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th U.S. Colored Infantry was organized in Nashville, Tennessee November 19, 1863 and mustered in for three-year service under the command of Colonel John A. Hottenstein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010796-0002-0000", "contents": "13th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Defenses Nashville & Northwestern Railroad, Department of the Cumberland, to November 1864. 2nd Colored Brigade, District of the Etowah, Department of the Cumberland, to January 1865. Defenses Nashville & Northwestern Railroad, District Middle Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to May 1865. 3rd Sub-District, District Middle Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to January 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010796-0003-0000", "contents": "13th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th U.S. Colored Infantry mustered out of service January 10, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010796-0004-0000", "contents": "13th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nRailroad guard duty in Tennessee and Alabama on line of Nashville & Northwestern Railroad until December 1864. Repulse of Hood's attack on Johnsonville, Tenn., September 25 and November 4 and 5. Eddyville, Ky., October 17 (detachment). Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201318. Railroad guard and garrison duty in the Department of the Cumberland until January 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010796-0005-0000", "contents": "13th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 355 men during service; 4 officers and 86 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded,  265 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010797-0000-0000", "contents": "13th United States Congress\nThe 13th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1813, to March 4, 1815, during the fifth and sixth years of James Madison's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Third Census of the United States in 1810. Both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority. The first two sessions were held at the Capitol building while the third, convened after the Burning of Washington, took place in the First Patent Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010797-0001-0000", "contents": "13th United States Congress, Party summary\nThe count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the \"Changes in membership\" section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010797-0002-0000", "contents": "13th United States Congress, Party summary, House of Representatives\nFollowing the 1810 census, the size of the House was increased to 182 seats from 142.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010797-0003-0000", "contents": "13th United States Congress, Members\nThis list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010797-0004-0000", "contents": "13th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nSenators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1814; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1816; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1818.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010797-0005-0000", "contents": "13th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Maryland\nThe 5th district was a plural district with two representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010797-0006-0000", "contents": "13th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, New Jersey\nThere were three plural districts, each had two representatives each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010797-0007-0000", "contents": "13th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, New York\nThere were six plural districts, the 1st, 2nd, 12th, 15th, 20th & 21st, each had two representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010797-0008-0000", "contents": "13th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Pennsylvania\nThere were six plural districts, the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th & 10th had two representatives each, the 1st had four representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010797-0009-0000", "contents": "13th United States Congress, Changes in membership\nThe count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010798-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Vanier Cup\nThe 13th Vanier Cup was played on November 19, 1977, at Varsity Stadium in Toronto, Ontario, and decided the CIAU football champion for the 1977 season. The Western Mustangs won their second consecutive championship and fourth overall by defeating the Acadia Axemen by a score of 48-15 in a rematch of the previous year's game. This was the first, and so far only, time that the same two teams played in a Vanier Cup game in consecutive years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010799-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Venice International Film Festival\nThe 13th annual Venice International Film Festival was held from 20 August to 12 September 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010800-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Vermont Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th Vermont Infantry Regiment was a nine months' infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in the eastern theater, predominantly in the Defenses of Washington, from October 1862 to August 1863. It was a member of the 2nd Vermont Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010800-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 13th Vermont Infantry was raised as a result of President Lincoln's call on August 4, 1862, for additional troops due to the disastrous results of the Peninsula Campaign. It was composed of volunteers from Washington, Chittenden, Lamoille and Franklin counties, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010800-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment's commander, Colonel Francis V. Randall of Braintree, had served with the 2nd Vermont Infantry. Lieutenant Colonel Andrew W. Brown had no previous military experience. Major Lawrence D. Clark had served as captain of Co. A, 1st Vermont Infantry. Clark resigned in March 1863 because of impaired health, and was replaced by Captain Joseph J. Boynton, of Company C. Brown resigned in May 1863, and was succeeded by Captain William D. Munson, of Company D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010800-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nJames Stevens Peck, originally a second lieutenant in Company I, was subsequently appointed regimental adjutant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010800-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 13th Regiment went into camp at Brattleboro on September 29, 1862, and was mustered into United States service on October 3 with 953 officers and men. It left Vermont on October 11, and arrived in Washington, D.C. on October 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010800-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment suffered its first two casualties within two weeks of arriving in Washington: Isaac N. Brooks, 16, of Company E, died on October 26, and Lieutenant Nathaniel Jones Jr., of Company B died of typhoid fever on October 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010800-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment set up camp on East Capitol Hill, a half-mile west of the 12th Vermont Infantry, then moved to Camp Chase, Arlington, Virginia, on October 25, returning to East Capital Hill three days later when the 2nd Vermont Brigade was formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010800-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment marched to Munson's Hill on October 30, and Hunting Creek on November 5, where it stayed until November 26, in 'Camp Vermont'. It was engaged in picket duty near Fairfax Courthouse until December 12 to January 20, 1863, participating in a repulse of J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry on December 29. The regiment was stationed at Wolf Run Shoals from January 20 to April 2, then performed railroad guard duty at Warrenton Junction until June 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010800-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nOn June 25, the brigade was assigned as the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, I Corps, and ordered to form the rear guard of the Army of the Potomac as it marched north after Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. The 13th marched with the brigade from Wolf Run Shoals on June 25, crossed the Potomac river on June 27 at Edward's Ferry, and moved north through Frederick City and Creagerstown, Maryland. On the morning of July 1, it left Westminster, Maryland, arrived on the battlefield at Gettysburg after dark on the first day of the battle, and camped in a wheat field to the left of Cemetery Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010800-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg\nOn the afternoon of July 2, the 13th responded to a request by General Winfield S. Hancock to assist Lieutenant Gulian V. Weir, Battery C, 5th U.S. Artillery, whose battery was in danger of being captured by a regiment of Brigadier General Ambrose R. Wright's brigade. The battery was saved and moved back to the rear. The 13th moved forward to Emmittsburg road and captured two rebel guns. Receiving fire from Rodgers' house, Captain John Lonergan, Company A, surrounded the building and took 81 prisoners from an Alabama regiment, returning to the main lines on Cemetery Ridge. He subsequently received the Medal of Honor for his actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010800-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg\nThe 13th, 14th and 16th Vermont Regiments played a pivotal role in the Union repulse of Pickett's Charge on the afternoon of July 3. The 13th and 16th flanked James L. Kemper's brigade as it approached the copse of trees on Cemetery Ridge, then the 16th wheeled about, and joined by the 14th, stopped the advance of Cadmus M. Wilcox's brigade, capturing hundreds of Virginians. Lieutenant George Benedict, an aide to Brigadier General George J. Stannard, related General Abner Doubleday's reaction, saying he \"waved his hat and shouted: 'Glory to God, glory to God! See the Vermonters go it!'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010800-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg\nDuring the forced march from Virginia to Gettysburg, 2nd Lieutenant Stephen F. Brown, Company K, had disobeyed orders, and left the regiment to get water for his men. He was placed in arrest and had his sword and sidearm taken from him. When the regiment arrived on the battlefield at Gettysburg, he was released from arrest, but his weapons were back in the regiment's supply train. Taking a camp hatchet, he went into battle, captured a rebel officer and relieved him of his sword and sidearm. Lieutenant Brown, who subsequently served in the 17th Vermont Infantry, kept the sword and eventually donated it to the Vermont Historical Society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010800-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg\nDuring the battle, the 13th's surgeon, George Nichols, was in charge of a field hospital for the I Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010800-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg\nAfter the battle, the 13th Regiment participated in the pursuit of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia across the Catoctin mountains on July 7, to Middletown, Maryland, on July 8, when it was ordered home. The regiment marched to Monocacy Junction, where it took a train to Baltimore. Departing Baltimore on July 11, the regiment was met by the 12th Vermont Infantry in Brattleboro on July 13. After a few days furlough, the regiment was mustered out on July 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010800-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg\nLike the other regiments in the 2nd Vermont Brigade, dozens of newly discharged members from the 13th Regiment enlisted again, predominantly in the regiments of the 1st Vermont Brigade, and the 17th Vermont Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010801-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Vietnam Film Festival\nThe 13th Vietnam Film Festival was held from December 6 to December 9, 2001 in Vinh City, Ngh\u1ec7 An Province, Vietnam, with the slogan: \"For an advanced Vietnam cinema imbued with national identity\" (Vietnamese: \"V\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010801-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nThis year, in the Feature Film section, there is a fierce competition between the works of veteran directors and the next generation. In the end, 7 Golden Lotuses were awarded for the following categories: Feature Film (2 films), Direct-to-Video Feature Film (1 film), Documentary Film (2 films), Animated Film (2 films).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010801-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation\nThere were 105 films in attendance at the Film Festival: 12 feature films, 22 direct-to-video feature films, 15 documentary feature, 42 direct-to-video documentary and 14 animated films. At the Documentary Feature section, there is just a competition between two units: The Central Documentary and Science Film Studio (DSF) and People's Army Cinema. In the Animatied film section, it is almost just an internal review conference for the Vietnam Animation Studio, the only unit in the country that still produces this type of film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010801-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities\nThe exchanges between artists and audiences in Vinh were very exciting. They were as enthusiastic as going to a sport. Especially in the exchange with students of Pedagogical University of Vinh, many students had to squeeze together to enter the hall and there were many questions sent to the artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010801-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Inadequacy\nDirect-to-video feature films outnumber feature films, making the festival feel like an expansive television festival. This is a situation that has continued since the 1990s and shows no sign of getting better. Most of the audience only remembers the feature films that are broadcast on television and the actors who act in TV series, because it has been a long time since many people have had the opportunity to watch a feature film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010802-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe 13th Virginia Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010802-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nVirginia\u2019s 13th Cavalry Regiment was formed in July 1862, using the 16th Battalion, Virginia Cavalry as its nucleus (itself formed from seven companies from the 12-month unit 5th Cavalry, Provisional Confederate Army). The men were from Petersburg and the counties of Southampton, Sussex, Prince George, Surry, and Nansemond. It was the second cavalry unit to bear the designation 13th Regiment, the first having ended its 12-month term of service in the spring of 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010802-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nIt was assigned to W.H.F. Lee's, Chambliss', and Beale' Brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia. The unit was active in the conflicts at Fredericksburg, Brandy Station, Upperville, Hanover, Gettysburg, Bristoe, Kelly's Ford, and Mine Run. Later it participated in The Wilderness Campaign, the defense of Petersburg and Richmond, and the Appomattox operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010802-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThis regiment had 298 men in action in Gettysburg and surrendered on April 9, 1865, with 10 officers and 78 men. The field officers were Colonels John R. Chambliss Jr. and Jefferson C. Phillips; Lieutenant Colonels Alexander Savage and Thomas H. Upshaw; and Majors Benjamin W. Belsches, Joseph E. Gillette, and Benjamin F. Winfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010803-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in central and western Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010803-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nIts commanders were Colonels George A. Goodman, Ambrose P. Hill, James B. Terrill, and James A. Walker; and Majors Charles T. Crittenden and John B. Sherrard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010803-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th Virginia completed its organization during the summer of 1861 with men from Winchester and Culpeper, Orange, Louisa, and Hampshire counties, and one company from Maryland. The original Companies B and E enlisted only for 6 months, the others for one year. At the end of that year, their service was extended for the duration of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010803-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nAfter fighting at First Manassas and in Jackson's Valley Campaign, it served in General Early's, W.Smith's, Pegram's, and J.A. Walker's Brigade. The 13th was prominent in the campaigns of the Army of Northern Virginia from the Seven Days' Battles to Cold Harbor, then it moved with Gen. Jubal Early to the Shenandoah Valley and later was involved in the Appomattox operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010803-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nIt reported 16 casualties at Cross Keys and Port Republic, 111 at Gaines Mill, 34 at Cedar Mountain, 46 at Second Manassas, 22 at Fredericksburg, and 36 at Chancellorsville. During the Gettysburg Campaign it was left at Winchester as provost guard. The unit sustained heavy losses at the Battle of Cedar Creek and surrendered at Appomattox Court House with 10 officers and 52 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010804-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Virginia Regiment\nThe 13th Virginia Regiment was a United States infantry regiment during the American Revolutionary War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010804-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Virginia Regiment, Summary\nThe 13th Virginia Regiment was authorized on 16 September 1776 by the Continental Congress for service with the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. The unit was organized on 12 February 1777 at Fort Pitt in present-day western Pennsylvania to consist of nine companies of troops from the far-western Virginia counties (now parts of West Virginia and western Pennsylvania). The regiment saw action in the Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Germantown, and the Battle of Monmouth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010804-0001-0001", "contents": "13th Virginia Regiment, Summary\nOn 24 May 1778 the unit was assigned to the Western Department (Fort Laurens), and on 12 May 1779 it was reorganized and redesignated as the 9th Virginia Regiment. It was again reorganized and redesignated as the 7th Virginia Regiment on 1 January 1781 to consist of two companies. The regiment was disbanded at Fort Pitt on 1 January 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards\nBest Visual Effects in a Visual Effects Driven Motion Picture:Dawn of the Planet of the Apes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards\nThe 13th Visual Effects Society Awards was held in Los Angeles at the Beverly Hilton Hotel on February 4, 2015, in honor to the best visual effects in film and television of 2014. Patton Oswalt was the host.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nDawn of the Planet of the Apes \u2013 Joe Letteri, Ryan Stafford, Matt Kutcher, Dan Lemmon, Hannah Blanchini", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nBirdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) \u2013 Ara Khanikian, Ivy Agregan, Sebastien Moreau", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nBig Hero 6 \u2013 Don Hall, Chris Williams, Roy Conli, Zach Parrish", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nDawn of the Planet of the Apes - Caesar - Paul Story, Eteuati Tema, Andrea Merlo, Emiliano Padovani", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nBig Hero 6 \u2013 Baymax \u2013 Colin Eckart, John Kahwaty, Zach Parrish, Zack Petroc", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nInterstellar - Tesseract - Tom Bracht, Graham Page, Thomas D\u00f8hlem, Kristy Clark", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nBig Hero 6 - Into the Portal - Ralf Habel, David Hutchins, Michael Kaschalk, Olun Riley", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nX-Men: Days of Future Past - Kitchen Scene - Austin Bonang, Casey Schatz, Dennis Jones, Newton Thomas Sigel", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nBig Hero 6 - San Fransokyo - Brett Achorn, Minh Duong, Scott Watanabe, Larry Wu", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nX-Men: Days of Future Past - Quicksilver Pentagon Kitchen - Adam Paschke, Premamurti Paetsch, Sam Hancock, Timmy Lundin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nBig Hero 6 - Henrik Falt, David Hutchins, Michael Kaschalk, John Kosnik", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nDawn of the Planet of the Apes - Christoph Salzmann, Florian Schroeder, Quentin Hema, Simone Riginelli", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones - The Children - Joe Bauer, Steve Kullback, Stuart Brisdon, Thomas Schelesny, Sven Martin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nAmerican Horror Story: Freak Show - Edward Mordrake, Part 2 - Jason Piccioni, Jason Spratt, Mike Kirylo, Justin Bal, Eric Roberts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nSSE - Maya - Neil Davies, Alex Hammond, Jorge Montiel, Beth Vander", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0017-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nSSE - Maya - Jorge Montiel, Alex Hammond, Daniel Kmet, Philippe Moine", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0018-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones - Braavos Establisher - Rene Borst, Christian Zilliken, Jan Burda, Steffen Metzner", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0019-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nCosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey - Dominique Vidal, Isabelle Perin-Leduc, Sandrine Lurde, Alexandre Lerouge", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0020-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones - The Watchers on the Wall - Dan Breckwoldt, Martin Furman, Sophie Marfleet, Eric Andrusyszyn", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0021-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Other categories\nCall of Duty: Advanced Warfare - Yi-chao Sandy Lin-Chiang, Joseph Salud, Demetrius Leal, Dave Blizard", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0022-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Other categories\nRatatouille: L\u2019Aventure Totalement Toqu\u00e9e de R\u00e9my - Tony Apodaca, Marianna McLean, Gilles Martin, Edwin Chang, Mark Mine", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010805-0023-0000", "contents": "13th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Other categories\nWrapped - Roman Kaelin, Falko Paeper, Florian Wittmann, Paolo Tamburrino", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)\nThe 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian) was a mountain infantry division of the Waffen-SS, an armed branch of the German Nazi Party that served alongside but was never formally part of the Wehrmacht during World War II. At the post-war Nuremberg trials, the Waffen-SS was declared to be a criminal organisation due to its major involvement in war crimes and crimes against humanity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0000-0001", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)\nFrom March to December 1944, the division fought a counter-insurgency campaign against communist-led Yugoslav Partisan resistance forces in the Independent State of Croatia, a fascist puppet state of Germany that encompassed almost all of modern-day Croatia, all of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as parts of Serbia. It was given the title Handschar (Bosnian: Hand\u017ear) after a local fighting knife or sword carried by Ottoman policemen during the centuries that the region was part of the Ottoman Empire. It was the first non-Germanic Waffen-SS division, and its formation marked the expansion of the Waffen-SS into a multi-ethnic military force. Composed of Bosnian Muslims (ethnic Bosniaks) with some Catholic Croat soldiers and mostly German and Yugoslav Volksdeutsche (ethnic German) officers and non-commissioned officers, it took an oath of allegiance to both Adolf Hitler and the Croatian leader Ante Paveli\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 992]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)\nThe division fought briefly in the Syrmia region north of the Sava river prior to crossing into northeastern Bosnia. After crossing the Sava, it established a designated \"security zone\" in northeastern Bosnia between the Sava, Bosna, Drina and Spre\u010da rivers. It also fought outside the security zone on several occasions, and earned a reputation for brutality and savagery, not only during combat operations, but also through atrocities committed against Serb and Jewish civilians. In late 1944, parts of the division were transferred briefly to the Zagreb area, after which the non-German members began to desert in large numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0001-0001", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)\nOver the winter of 1944\u201345, it was sent to the Baranja region where it fought against the Red Army and Bulgarians throughout southern Hungary, falling back via a series of defensive lines until they were inside the Reich frontier. Most of the remaining Bosnian Muslims left at this point and attempted to return to Bosnia. The rest retreated further west, hoping to surrender to the Western Allies. Most of the remaining members became prisoners of the British Army. Subsequently, 38 officers were extradited to Yugoslavia to face criminal charges, and 10 were executed. Hundreds of former members of the division fought in the 1947\u201348 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine and the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Background, NDH and Ante Paveli\u0107\nAfter the invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers on 6 April 1941, the extreme Croat nationalist and fascist Ante Paveli\u0107, who had been in exile in Benito Mussolini's Italy, was appointed Poglavnik (leader) of an Usta\u0161e-led Croatian state \u2013 the Independent State of Croatia (often called the NDH, from the Croatian: Nezavisna Dr\u017eava Hrvatska). The NDH combined almost all of modern-day Croatia, all of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of modern-day Serbia into an \"Italian-German quasi-protectorate\". NDH authorities, led by the Usta\u0161e Militia, subsequently implemented genocidal policies against the Serb, Jewish and Roma population living within the borders of the new state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 98], "content_span": [99, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Background, NDH and Ante Paveli\u0107\nIn an effort to secure the loyalty of the Bosnian Muslims, Paveli\u0107 ordered that a property in Zagreb be converted into a mosque that he named the \"Poglavnik's Mosque\". Despite Paveli\u0107's assurances of equality with the Croats, many Muslims quickly became dissatisfied with Croatian rule. A Muslim leader reported that not one Muslim occupied an influential post in the administration. Although this was an overstatement, Muslims were underrepresented in government positions, comprising only two of 20 ministerial positions, none of the six state secretaries was a Muslim, and there were only 13 Muslim \"people representatives\" in a total of 206.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 98], "content_span": [99, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0003-0001", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Background, NDH and Ante Paveli\u0107\nFierce fighting broke out between the Usta\u0161e, Serb-chauvinist Chetniks and pan-Yugoslav Partisans in NDH territory. Some Usta\u0161e Militia units became convinced that the Muslims were communist sympathisers, and burned their villages and murdered many civilians. The Chetniks accused the Muslims of taking part in the Usta\u0161e violence against Serbs and perpetrated similar atrocities against the Muslim population. The Muslims received little protection from the Croatian Home Guard, the regular army of the NDH, whom the Germans described as \"of minimal combat value\". Local militias were raised, but these were also of limited value and only one, the Tuzla-based Home Guard Had\u017eiefendi\u0107 Legion, led by Muhamed Had\u017eiefendi\u0107, was of any significance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 98], "content_span": [99, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Background, Denunciations and request for protection\nThe Bosnian Muslim elite and notables in various cities and towns issued resolutions or memoranda to the NDH and German authorities that publicly denounced the genocide of the Serbs and the NDH laws targeting them. These were issued in: Prijedor (23 September 1941), Sarajevo (12 October), Mostar (21 October), Banja Luka (12 November), Bijeljina (2 December) and Tuzla (11 December). The resolutions condemned the Usta\u0161e in Bosnia and Herzegovina, both for their mistreatment of Muslims and for their attempts to turn Muslims and Serbs against one another. One memorandum declared that since the beginning of the Usta\u0161e regime, the Muslims had dreaded the lawless activities that the Usta\u0161e, Croatian government authorities and various illegal groups had been perpetrating against the Serbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 118], "content_span": [119, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Background, Denunciations and request for protection\nThe Bosnian Muslims' dissatisfaction with the Usta\u0161e rule of the NDH and their need for protection were combined with nostalgia for the period of Habsburg rule in Bosnia and a generally friendly attitude towards Germany among prominent Bosnian Muslims. These factors led to a push towards autonomy for the Bosnian Muslim community which was strongly opposed by Paveli\u0107 as counter to the territorial integrity of the NDH. By November 1942, the autonomists were desperate to protect the Muslim people and wrote to Adolf Hitler asking that he authorise the creation of an autonomous \"political-administrative authority\" in Bosnia within the structure of the NDH, led by a Hitler appointee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 118], "content_span": [119, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Origin\nOn 6 December 1942, Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS Heinrich Himmler and key Waffen-SS recruiting officer SS-Obergruppenf\u00fchrer und General der Waffen-SS Gottlob Berger approached Hitler with the proposal to raise a Bosnian Muslim SS division. Both the Wehrmacht and the Waffen-SS were concerned about the rapidly deteriorating security situation in the NDH that tied down German military personnel needed elsewhere. A German source noted that by 1943 over 100,000 Bosnian Muslims had been killed and 250,000 had become refugees. In addition, a serious food shortage threatened the region. \"The Muslims,\" remarked SS-Gruppenf\u00fchrer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS Artur Phleps, \"bear the special status of being persecuted by all others\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 72], "content_span": [73, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Origin\nThe romantic notions that Himmler had about the Bosnian Muslims were probably significant in the division's genesis. Nonetheless, a memorandum dated 1 November 1942 also indicates that leading Muslim autonomists had already suggested the creation of a volunteer Waffen-SS unit under German command. Himmmler was personally fascinated by the Islamic faith and believed that Islam created fearless soldiers. He found their ferocity preferable to the gentility of Christians and believed their martial qualities should be further developed and put to use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 72], "content_span": [73, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0007-0001", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Origin\nHe thought that Muslim men would make perfect SS soldiers as Islam \"promises them Heaven if they fight and are killed in action.\" As for their ethnic background and SS requirements, it appears that Himmler accepted the theories advanced by both Croatian and German nationalists that the Croatian people, including the Muslims, were not ethnic Slavs but pure Aryans of either Gothic or Iranian descent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 72], "content_span": [73, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Origin\nHimmler was inspired by the noted successes of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian Infantry in World War I. He \"endeavored to restore what he called 'an old Austrian' tradition by reviving the Bosnian regiments of the former Austro-Hungarian Army in the form of a Bosnian Muslim SS Division\". Once raised, the division was to engage and destroy Josip Broz Tito's Partisan forces operating in north-eastern Bosnia, thus restoring local \"order\". Himmler's primary concern in the region was not the security of the local Muslim population, but the welfare of ethnic German settlers to the north in Syrmia. \"Srem (Syrmia) is the breadbasket of Croatia, and hopefully it and our beloved German settlements will be secured. I hope that the area south of Srem will be liberated by\u00a0... the Bosnian division\u00a0... so that we can at least restore partial order in this ridiculous (Croatian) state.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 72], "content_span": [73, 949]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Origin\nHitler formally approved the project in mid-February 1943 and Himmler put Phleps, commander of the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen, in charge of raising the first SS division to be recruited from a non-Germanic people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 72], "content_span": [73, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Recruitment\nOn 18 February 1943, Phleps travelled to Zagreb to begin formal negotiations with the NDH government. He met with German foreign ministry envoy Siegfried Kasche and NDH Foreign Minister Dr. Mladen Lorkovi\u0107 who represented Paveli\u0107. Paveli\u0107 had already agreed to raise the division, but the Waffen-SS and NDH governments had very different ideas of how it would be recruited and controlled. Lorkovi\u0107 suggested that it be named the SS Usta\u0161a Division, a Croatian unit raised with SS assistance, with familiar geographically based regimental names such as Bosna, Krajina and Una.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0010-0001", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Recruitment\nThis reflected the concerns shared by Paveli\u0107 and Kasche that an exclusively Muslim division might aid a Muslim bid for independence. As a compromise, the word \"Croatian\" was included in its official title and Catholic Croatian officers were recruited. Himmler and Phleps largely prevailed and created the division as they saw fit, leaving the NDH very unhappy with the outcome, particularly regarding its ethnic composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Recruitment\nSS-Standartenf\u00fchrer Karl von Krempler, a specialist in Islam who spoke Serbo-Croatian, was charged by Himmler and Phleps with organising the division. On 3 March 1943, Phleps met with von Krempler, who was to work with NDH government representative Alija \u0160uljak. The campaign began on 20 March 1943, when von Krempler and \u0160uljak began an 18-day recruiting tour through 11 Bosnian districts. With assistance from the SS, recruiting rallies were held in the towns of \u017divinice and Gra\u010danica. In the meantime the Germans began raising the divisional headquarters staff in Berlin, including SS-Standartenf\u00fchrer der Reserve Herbert von Oberwurzer, who was transferred from the 6th SS Mountain Division Nord to command the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Recruitment\n\u0160uljak and von Krempler soon fell out over the aims and purposes of the proposed division. \u0160uljak, an entirely political appointee, criticised von Krempler's Serbian dialect and his use of traditional Islamic colours and emblems (green flags and crescent moons) during the recruitment drive rather than the Usta\u0161e symbols. When he reached Tuzla in central Bosnia, von Krempler met with the militia leader Had\u017eiefendi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0012-0001", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Recruitment\nOn 28 March, Had\u017eiefendi\u0107 escorted von Krempler to Sarajevo, where he introduced him to the leader of Bosnia's Islamic clergy, Hafiz Muhamed Pand\u017ea, the reis-ul-ulema, as well as other leading Muslim politicians not involved with the Usta\u0161e. The NDH government and Kasche were furious, demanding von Krempler's immediate removal. The SS ignored the demand and von Krempler continued recruiting, including deserters from the NDH armed forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0013-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Recruitment, Mufti of Jerusalem\nIn March\u2013April 1943, both Himmler and a group of Muslim leaders within the NDH requested that the Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini, then resident in Berlin, assist in organising and recruiting Muslims into the Waffen-SS and other units. He was escorted by von Krempler, who spoke Turkish. From 30 March to 10 April, the Mufti visited Zagreb, Sarajevo and Banja Luka to meet senior Muslim leaders and agitate in support of the new division. The Mufti also visited in order to bless and inspect the division, during which he used the Nazi salute. The Mufti insisted, \"The most important task of this division must be to protect the homeland and families [of the Bosnian volunteers]; the division must not be permitted to leave Bosnia\", but the Germans paid no attention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 97], "content_span": [98, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0014-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Recruitment, Croat Catholic recruitment\nDespite the support of al-Husseini, recruitment of Muslims for the division fell well short of the numbers needed. Himmler then allowed a 10 percent Christian component, but the recruitment of sufficient Muslims continued to prove difficult, resulting in the induction of 2,800 Catholic Croats into the division. To Himmler's dismay, this was greater than the ratio of Catholics to Muslims that he had wanted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 105], "content_span": [106, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0015-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Recruitment, Croat Catholic recruitment\nHussein Bi\u0161\u010devi\u0107 (Husejin Bi\u0161\u010devi\u0107 or Bi\u0161\u010devi\u0107-beg; born 28 July 1884) was the highest ranking (and perhaps the oldest) Bosnian military officer to volunteer. Bi\u0161cevi\u0107 had served in the Austro\u2013Hungarian army and in August 1943 was appointed as an SS-Obersturmbannf\u00fchrer  to command the divisional anti-aircraft battalion. He was eventually judged unsuitable, and was replaced with a German just before the division went into combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 105], "content_span": [106, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0016-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Composition\nSources differ regarding the division's initial composition. Pavlowitch states that sixty percent of its recruits were Muslims and the rest were Yugoslav Volksdeutsche who made up the majority of its officers and non-commissioned officers (NCOs). Tomasevich states that it was formed with 23,200 Muslims and 2,800 Croats, with mostly German officers. He further states it was the largest of the Muslim SS divisions with 26,000 men. Lepre indicates that the division's prescribed strength was reduced from 26,000 to 21,000, and Cohen states that the division achieved a maximum strength of 17,000 in April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0016-0001", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Composition\nThe division had a Muslim imam for each battalion other than the all-German signal battalion. For about six months the division included about 1,000 ethnic Albanians from Kosovo and the Sand\u017eak region who made up the 1st Battalion of the 2nd Regiment, which later became the 1st Battalion of the 28th Regiment (I/28).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0017-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Composition\nBy the time the division had completed its training, it was still about one third below its designated strength in both officers and NCOs, and its officer corps remained almost entirely German. Most of the officers and NCOs were drawn from replacement units of other Waffen-SS divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0018-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Formation, training and mutiny\nThe division was initially sent to southern France for formation and training, where it was accommodated mainly in towns and villages in the Aveyron and Loz\u00e8re d\u00e9partements. For a long period after its official formation, the division was unnamed and was referred to as the \"Kroatische SS-Freiwilligen-Division\" (Croatian SS-Volunteer Division) or the \"Muselmanen-Division\" (Muslim Division). The decision by the Waffen-SS to form and train the division outside Bosnia was contrary to advice given by the NDH's German plenipotentiary general, Edmund Glaise von Horstenau. This advice soon proved prophetic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 96], "content_span": [97, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0019-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Formation, training and mutiny\nOn 9 August 1943, Oberst Karl-Gustav Sauberzweig took command of the division from von Oberwurzer. Sauberzweig transferred to the Waffen-SS and was appointed to the rank of SS-Oberf\u00fchrer. He was a Prussian who had been decorated as an eighteen-year-old company commander during World War I, and had served as a regimental commander during the early stages of Operation Barbarossa before being wounded. A \"proven leader of men\", he spoke no Serbo-Croatian but quickly gained the lasting respect and affection of the men of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 96], "content_span": [97, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0020-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Formation, training and mutiny, Villefranche-de-Rouergue Mutiny (September 1943)\nOn the night of 16/17 September 1943, while the 13th SS Division was training in Villefranche-de-Rouergue in France, a group of pro-Partisan soldiers led by Muslim and Catholic junior officers staged a mutiny within the Pioneer battalion. Led by Ferid D\u017eani\u0107, Bo\u017eo Jelinek (aka Eduard Matutinovi\u0107), Nikola Vukeli\u0107 and Lutfija Dizdarevi\u0107, they captured most of the German personnel and executed five German officers, including battalion commander SS-Obersturmbannf\u00fchrer Oskar Kirchbaum. Apparently, the mutineers believed that many of the enlisted men would join them and they could reach the Western Allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 146], "content_span": [147, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0021-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Formation, training and mutiny, Villefranche-de-Rouergue Mutiny (September 1943)\nThe revolt was put down with the assistance of the unit imam, Halim Malko\u010d, and unit physician Dr. Willfried Schweiger. Malko\u010d told the Bosnian enlisted men of 1st Company that they were being deceived, released the German NCOs and rallied the company to hunt down the ringleaders. Schweiger did the same with 2nd Company. Dizdarevi\u0107 and D\u017eani\u0107 were shot and killed during the fighting, and Vukeli\u0107 was captured, while Jelinek escaped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 146], "content_span": [147, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0022-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Formation, training and mutiny, Villefranche-de-Rouergue Mutiny (September 1943)\nSources vary on the number of mutineers killed after the revolt was suppressed. Tomasevich states that 78 of the worst offenders were executed, but Lepre lists only 14 executions while four more deserters were located and shot in late September. Cohen states that about 150 mutineers were killed immediately, while Noel Malcolm writes that 15 of the mutineers died and a further 141 were killed in a subsequent \"clean-up operation.\" The Germans attributed the infiltration to Tito's suggestion that his Partisan followers enlist for police duty to receive superior weapons, uniforms and training. Enlistees who were deemed \"unsuitable for service\" or \"politically unreliable\" were subsequently purged. Eventually, 825 Bosnians were removed from the division and sent to Germany for labour service with Organisation Todt. Of these, 265 refused and were sent to the Neuengamme concentration camp where dozens of them died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 146], "content_span": [147, 1067]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0023-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Formation, training and mutiny, Villefranche-de-Rouergue Mutiny (September 1943)\nSpeaking of the Bosnian Muslim troops who had served in the Austro\u2013Hungarian army, Himmler later said, \"I knew there was a chance that a few traitors might be smuggled into the division, but I haven't the slightest doubt concerning the loyalty of the Bosnians. These troops were loyal to their supreme commander twenty years ago, so why shouldn't they be so today.\" Himmler awarded both Malko\u010d and Schweiger the Iron Cross Second Class for thwarting the mutiny. Five soldiers were also decorated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 146], "content_span": [147, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0024-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Formation, training and mutiny, Villefranche-de-Rouergue Mutiny (September 1943)\nWhen Villefranche-de-Rouergue was liberated in 1944, the local population decided to pay tribute to the mutineers by naming one of its streets Avenue des Croates (Bosnian Muslims were seen by the local population as Croats of Islamic faith) and commemorating \"the revolt of the Croats\" every 17 September. Cohen states that after the war, the Yugoslav government requested it be changed to \"the revolt of the Yugoslavs\" in order to obscure the mutineers' ethnicity; this request was refused by the French. The Villefranche-de-Rouergue uprising was originally commemorated in the city with a monument designed by Croatian sculptor Vanja Radau\u0161.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 146], "content_span": [147, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0025-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Formation, training and mutiny, Silesia\nAs a result of the mutiny, the division was moved to the Neuhammer training grounds in the Silesian region of Germany (present-day Poland) to complete its training. During the training phase, the German officers, pleased with its progress, coined the term Mujo for the Bosnian Muslims. The members of the division swore an oath of allegiance to both Hitler and Paveli\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 105], "content_span": [106, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0026-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Formation, training and mutiny, Silesia\nOn 9 October 1943, SS headquarters officially named the division the 13. SS-Freiwilligen b.h. Gebirgs-Division (Kroatien), but a short time later a change was made to differentiate it from those that were composed of Germans and it became the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian) (German: 13. Waffen-Gebirgsdivision der SS \"Handschar\" (kroat. Nr . 1), Serbo-Croatian Latin: 13. oru\u017eana brdska divizija SS-a Hand\u017ear, tako\u0111er i hrvatska br. 1). The division was named Handschar, after a local fighting knife or sword carried by Turkish policemen during the centuries that the region was part of the Ottoman Empire. On 15 February 1944, the division completed its training and returned to the NDH by rail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 105], "content_span": [106, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0027-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations March to May 1944\nThe division was formed for the primary role of securing around 6,000 square kilometres (2,300\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) of territory (the designated security zone) in north-eastern Bosnia within the NDH. The security zone encompassed the Posavina, Semberija and Majevica regions between the Sava, Bosna, Drina and Spre\u010da rivers. It roughly corresponded with the area of operations of the Partisan 3rd Corps. Himmler saw this task as critical to the safeguarding of important agricultural areas and Volksdeutsche settlements in the Syrmia region to the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 108], "content_span": [109, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0028-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations March to May 1944\nThe division participated in what may have been the largest anti-Partisan sweep of World War II: Operation Maibaum. The 13th SS Division also participated in other divisional and corps-sized anti-Partisan operations between March and May 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 108], "content_span": [109, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0029-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations March to May 1944, Operation Wegweiser\nThe division first saw action during Operation Wegweiser (Signpost) from 9 to 12 March 1944. The aim of Operation Wegweiser was to clear a part of the Syrmia region which was occupied by Partisans who threatened the Zagreb-Belgrade railway. The Partisans were operating from forests around Bosut and villages along the Sava. As the division entered the area, the Partisans withdrew to the south-east, avoiding decisive engagement. Sauberzweig claimed the Partisans suffered 573 killed and 82 captured. Hoare writes that the division massacred hundreds of Serb civilians during the operation. According to Vladimir Dedijer and Antun Mileti\u0107, 223 civilians were killed in Bosut, 352 in Sremska Ra\u010da, and 70 in Jamena, mostly old men, women and children. The operation was a success in clearing the Bosut forests, but the Partisans returned to the area soon after it concluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 129], "content_span": [130, 1004]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0030-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations March to May 1944, Operation Save\nOn 15 March 1944, Operation Save was launched with the objective of clearing Partisans from the Semberija region. Sauberzweig wrote an open letter to the division: \"We have now reached the Bosnian frontier and will (soon) begin the march into the homeland. ... The F\u00fchrer has provided you with his best weapons. Not only do you (have these) in your hands, but above all you have an idea in your hearts \u2013 to liberate the homeland. ... Before long, each of you shall be standing in the place that you call home, as a soldier and a gentleman; standing firm as a defender of the idea of saving the culture of Europe \u2013 the idea of Adolf Hitler.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 124], "content_span": [125, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0031-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations March to May 1944, Operation Save\nSauberzweig also ordered that each commander read a prepared message as his unit crossed the Sava River, which emphasised that the \"liberation of Bosnia\" and ultimately the liberation of \"Muslim Albania\" was their goal. This was a direct appeal to the Albanian troops as well as the Bosnians. The 27th Regiment crossed the Sava at dawn at Bosanska Ra\u010da near the confluence with the Drina. The rest crossed at Br\u010dko covered by an intense artillery bombardment. Contact was immediately made with Partisan forces, who quickly withdrew into the forests. The service support units remained north of the Sava in Vinkovci, which became their permanent garrison area. The 27th Regiment advanced easily across the Pannonian Plain through Velino Selo to Brodac and then on to Bijeljina which was taken against light Partisan resistance late on 16 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 124], "content_span": [125, 968]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0032-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations March to May 1944, Operation Save\nThe 27th Regiment then consolidated its position in Bijeljina while the 28th Regiment and the divisional reconnaissance battalion (German: Aufkl\u00e4rungsabteilung) bore the brunt of the fighting as they advanced through Pukis, \u010celi\u0107 and Koraj at the foot of the Majevica mountains. Sauberzweig later recorded that the 2nd battalion of the 28th Regiment (II/28) \"at \u010celi\u0107 stormed the Partisan defenses with (new) battalion commander Hans Hanke at the point\" and that enemy forces withdrew after a hard battle with heavy losses, low on ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 124], "content_span": [125, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0033-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations March to May 1944, Operation Save\nOnce the area was secured, defensive positions were established along the \u010celi\u0107\u2013Lopare road and company strength units were sent out to conduct reconnaissance. On the night of 17\u201318 March, elements of the Partisan 16th Vojvodina Division and 36th Vojvodina Division mounted unsuccessful attacks against the 28th Regiment's positions at Koraj and Zabr\u0111e, losing over 200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 124], "content_span": [125, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0034-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations March to May 1944, Operation Osterei\nAfter Operation Save, the division remained relatively static for more than three weeks, mopping up and repelling local Partisan attacks. The Muslims were impatient to push further into Bosnia, but the reconnaissance battalion was heavily engaged on the divisional western flank, attacking positions held by the Partisan 3rd Vojvodina Brigade of the 36th Vojvodina Division at Gornji Rahi\u0107 on 26 March, killing 124 Partisans and capturing 14. The battalion captured several more Partisan positions in the following week. In early April, 200 Partisans of the 16th Muslim Brigade surrendered to the division. They were mostly former members of various Muslim militias who had been conscripted into the ranks of the Partisans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 127], "content_span": [128, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0035-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations March to May 1944, Operation Osterei\nOperation Osterei (Easter Egg) began on 12 April 1944 with the goal of clearing the Majevica mountain, which was held by elements of the 3rd Corps led by General Kosta Na\u0111. The 27th Regiment quickly captured Janja and drove through Donja Trnova to reach the Ugljevik coal mines, an important economic objective for the German war machine. Following fighting which continued into the evening of 13 April, the 27th Regiment reported Partisan casualties of 106 dead, 45 captured and two deserters along with large amounts of weapons and ammunition. The regiment also seized a huge amount of medical supplies from aid stations in the area of Donja Trnova.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 127], "content_span": [128, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0036-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations March to May 1944, Operation Osterei\nThe 28th Regiment drove south through Ma\u010dkovac and during fighting around Priboj, its 1st Battalion (I/28), made up of Albanians, incurred heavy casualties. The Partisan 3rd Corps then withdrew the 16th and 36th Vojvodina Divisions south across the Tuzla\u2013Zvornik road. The reconnaissance battalion continued the advance, driving into the western Majevicas and capturing Srebrnik and Grada\u010dac then linking up with the Croatian Home Guard 1st Mountain Brigade. The Germans considered Operation Osterei a major success, achieving all objectives with minimal losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 127], "content_span": [128, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0037-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations March to May 1944, Operation Osterei\nDuring the final phase of Operation Osterei, I/28 was withdrawn from the fighting and transferred to Pristina in Kosovo to form part of the 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg (1st Albanian) being raised by Himmler's order. A new I/28 was raised from other divisional units and new recruits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 127], "content_span": [128, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0038-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations March to May 1944, Operation Osterei\nIn the latter part of Operation Osterei, Jagdkommandos, lightly armed and mobile \"hunter teams\" of company or battalion strength, were used to break up and harass Partisans still operating on the flanks. These teams killed over 380 Partisans and captured over 200 between 21 and 23 April. By mid-April, half of the security zone had been cleared of Partisans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 127], "content_span": [128, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0039-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations March to May 1944, Operation Maibaum\nThe ambitious goal of Operation Maibaum (Maypole) was to destroy the Partisan 3rd Corps. Army Group F ordered V SS Mountain Corps to form a blockade along the Drina to prevent the Partisan force from crossing into Serbia. Operation Maibaum was one of the largest counter-insurgency operations of World War II and included 7th SS Division and NDH forces. The 13th SS Division was under the command of V SS Corps, and the primary tasks of the division were to capture Tuzla and Zvornik, then drive south parallel with the Drina to meet other Corps elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 127], "content_span": [128, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0039-0001", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations March to May 1944, Operation Maibaum\nThe original plan included the parachute insertion of 500th SS Parachute Battalion into the Vlasenica area, but this was cancelled due to unsuitable weather. Flank security was to be provided by the reconnaissance battalion in the Srebrnik area. The deployment south of the Spre\u010da, and therefore outside the security zone, during Operation Maibaum was ordered by the corps commander, Phleps, despite opposition from Sauberzweig. This caused friction between the two that eventually required Himmler's intervention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 127], "content_span": [128, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0040-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations March to May 1944, Operation Maibaum\nOn 23 April, the 28th Regiment pushed south along mountain roads through Tuzla. The following day it continued on as far as Stupari. On 25 April, the 27th Regiment advanced south to capture Zvornik. At the same time, the 28th Regiment sent I/28 east towards Vlasenica and II/28 continuing south towards Kladanj, capturing the town on 27 April. Due to the level of the Drinja\u010da at Kladanj, instead of fording the river and pushing east towards Vlasenica, II/28 continued south-east towards Han Pijesak, where they met elements of 7th SS Division advancing north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 127], "content_span": [128, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0041-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations March to May 1944, Operation Maibaum\nI/28 captured Vlasenica on 28 April, but was almost immediately attacked from the east by two Partisan divisions. A third Partisan division surrounded the headquarters of 28th Regiment at \u0160ekovi\u0107i, 30\u00a0kilometres north-west of Vlasenica. Both II/28 and the reconnaissance battalion were rushed to Vlasenica, where II/28 relieved the battered I/28 and then surrounded \u0160ekovi\u0107i. After a 48-hour battle, during which II/28 was decimated, the town was taken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 127], "content_span": [128, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0042-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations March to May 1944, Operation Maibaum\nWhile the battle of \u0160ekovi\u0107i raged, the 27th Regiment extended the Drina blockade further south, ambushing a Partisan column and reaching Nova Kasaba on 30 April. After the situation at \u0160ekovi\u0107i improved on 1 May, the 27th Regiment returned to patrolling the Tuzla\u2013Zvornik road. The 28th Regiment moved to the Simin Han-Lopare area on 5 May, while the 7th SS Division pursued the Partisans withdrawing south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 127], "content_span": [128, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0043-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations March to May 1944, Operation Maibaum\nOperation Maibaum had not only stopped the Partisan 3rd Corps from crossing the Drina into Serbia, it had scattered the Partisan formation. On 6 May, V SS Mountain Corps ordered the division to return to the security zone north of the Spre\u010da.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 127], "content_span": [128, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0044-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations March to May 1944, Operation Maigl\u00f6ckchen\nOn 17\u201318 May 1944, the division, along with the local Majevica-Tuzla Chetnik unit commanded by Radivoj Kerovi\u0107, commenced Operation Maigl\u00f6ckchen (May Bell) to destroy several Partisan brigades in the Majevicas. The Partisans were encircled in the Stolice heights. An attempt by the Partisan 16th Vojvodina Division to relieve the surrounded force was defeated by the reconnaissance battalion and elements of the 28th Regiment. The relieving column was driven back across the Spre\u0107a. After heavy bombardment by the artillery regiment, the trapped Partisan force escaped south out of the pocket under cover of darkness on 18 May. The Partisans suffered considerable casualties, for example the 17th Majevica Brigade of the 27th East Bosnia Division lost 16 killed and 60 missing. At the conclusion of Operation Maigl\u00f6ckchen, the 27th Regiment remained near Zvornik and the 28th Regiment deployed near Srebrenik.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 132], "content_span": [133, 1042]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0045-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Cooperation with local forces\nAfter Operation Maigl\u00f6ckchen, the division shifted to a largely defensive posture aimed at denying the Partisans access to the security zone. Since its arrival in the zone the division had been assisted in this task by local forces of varying reliability. These included four groups of Chetniks numbering 13,000, Ne\u0161ad Top\u010di\u0107's Zeleni kadar (or Green Cadres, a Muslim nationalist militia) most of which eventually joined the Partisans, and both Usta\u0161e militia and the Croatian Home Guard, neither of which was effective. These same groups, along with the Partisans, had simultaneously been trying to encourage Bosnian and Croat members to defect. Between March and June 1944, these attempts were largely fruitless, producing fewer than 200 deserters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 95], "content_span": [96, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0046-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Vollmond\nFollowing Operation R\u00f6sselsprung (Knight's Move), the German attempt to kill or capture Tito at Drvar in western Bosnia on 25 May 1944, the Partisan leader ordered a general uprising. The Partisan 3rd Corps planned an offensive that involved three parallel columns of divisional strength thrusting north into the zone to engage and destroy German and local allied forces. The columns comprised:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 128], "content_span": [129, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0047-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Vollmond\nOperation Vollmond (Full Moon) was devised quickly after the reconnaissance battalion observed Partisan forces crossing the Tuzla\u2013Zvornik road on the evening of 6 June 1944. Sauberzweig's aim was to assault from the east and north, pushing the advancing Partisan forces against the Drina. The German plan underestimated the strength of the Partisan \"Western Column\" and had placed only one battalion (I/28) on high ground in the Partisans' path. This battalion included many raw recruits, and was protecting two batteries of the artillery regiment, one of which (7/AR13) was deployed just east of Lopare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 128], "content_span": [129, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0048-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Vollmond\nLate on 7 June, the Partisans scattered I/28 and although II/28 was sent from Srebrenik to assist, the 16th Vojvodina Division surged forward against the positions of 7/AR13, which consisted of 80 men with four 150\u00a0mm guns and only one machine gun. After four hours fighting, and with half the battery's personnel dead, the artillerymen ran out of small arms ammunition and scattered into the forest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 128], "content_span": [129, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0048-0001", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Vollmond\nAs a result of a counterattack by II/28 on the afternoon of 9 June and throughout 10 June, the 16th Vojvodina Division withdrew that afternoon and the battalion pursued both the \"Western Column\" and \"Centre Column\" south. The guns and vehicles of 7/AR13 had been destroyed by the Partisans before they withdrew and there were reports that the German dead at Lopare had been mutilated. The \"Eastern Column\" was stopped by the 27th Regiment and the last of the Partisan 3rd Corps was pushed back across the Spre\u010da on 12 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 128], "content_span": [129, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0049-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Vollmond\nAccording to German accounts, Operation Vollmond cost the division 205 dead, 528 wounded and 89 missing. I/28 had been decimated, with only 180 men remaining. Sauberzweig claimed 3,000 Partisans were killed in this operation, but Phleps dismissed this as \"a large exaggeration\". According to one German after-action report, they had killed over 1,500 Partisans and captured large amounts of arms and ammunition. According to Partisan sources, the losses of the Partisan 3rd Corps were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 128], "content_span": [129, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0050-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Vollmond\nAt the conclusion of Operation Vollmond, the commander of the 27th Regiment, Desiderius Hampel, was appointed division commander at his substantive rank of Standartenf\u00fchrer and Sauberzweig was tasked with forming a new corps headquarters, the IX Waffen Mountain Corps of the SS (Croatian). The commander of the 28th Regiment, Helmuth Raithel, was tasked to raise the new 23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama (2nd Croatian). Both the new corps headquarters and new division were to be formed in southern Hungary. Three NCOs from every company of 13th SS Division, along with other personnel, were transferred to form the core of 23rd SS Division. New commanders were appointed to the two mountain infantry regiments, notably Hanke to the 28th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 128], "content_span": [129, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0051-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Vollmond\nSoon after Hampel's assumption of command, he became aware that local Chetniks were scavenging the Operation Vollmond battlefields for divisional equipment. He met with the Chetnik leader Kerovi\u0107 and arranged for the return of the equipment in exchange for small arms ammunition and boxes of hand grenades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 128], "content_span": [129, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0052-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Vollmond\nThroughout the remainder of June 1944 and into the first week of July, the division was engaged in fighting off attempted Partisan incursions into the security zone and reinforcing local NDH and Chetniks who were under attack from the Partisans. During the summer of 1944, elements of the division were tasked with guarding Hungarian Jewish forced labourers building fortifications in Tuzla. While guarding the labourers, they subjected them to cruel treatment, and shot 22 who were unable to continue working.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 128], "content_span": [129, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0053-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Fliegenf\u00e4nger\nOperation Fliegenf\u00e4nger (Flypaper) was launched on 14 July 1944. It aimed to destroy a makeshift Partisan runway in the Osmaci area about 26 kilometres (16\u00a0mi) southeast of Tuzla, south of the Tuzla\u2013Zvornik road and the Partisan forces guarding it. The airstrip was just north of the southern boundary of the security zone and was being used by Allied aircraft to bring in supplies and evacuate wounded Partisans to Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 133], "content_span": [134, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0053-0001", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Fliegenf\u00e4nger\nIt had been built by the 19th Bira\u010d Brigade of the 27th East Bosnia Division between 3 and 6 July, and the first flight into the airfield occurred on the night of 6/7 July. The 19th Bira\u010d Brigade was also responsible for its defence. Two battalions of the 27th Regiment, along with a battalion of Chetniks from Majevica launched the operation from the line of Caparde\u2013Memi\u0107i\u2013Prnjavor, and captured the towns of Osmaci and Memi\u0107i and damaged the airfield despite stiff resistance. That afternoon, the 19th Bira\u010d Brigade counter-attacked and pushed the German and Chetniks back across the Tuzla\u2013Zvornik road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 133], "content_span": [134, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0053-0002", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Fliegenf\u00e4nger\nAt the same time as the counter-attack was underway, the headquarters of the Partisan 3rd Corps ordered the 36th Vojvodina Division to clear the enemy from the area so that the airfield could be used. During the night of 14/15 July, elements of the 36th Vojvodina Division arrived in the Osmaci area and relieved the 19th Bira\u010d Brigade, which moved towards Srebrenica. During the night of 16/17 July, Allied aircraft delivered equipment to Osmaci and about 100 wounded Partisans were airlifted to Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 133], "content_span": [134, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0054-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Fliegenf\u00e4nger\nAccording to German reports, 42 Partisans were killed, while the division's losses were four dead and seven wounded. The Partisan force withdrew south to the Vlasenica\u2013Raji\u0107i area. The cooperation with the Chetnik battalion was described in the IX SS Mountain Corps war diary as \"effective\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 133], "content_span": [134, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0055-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Heiderose\nWhile the division was conducting Operation Fliegenf\u00e4nger, the Second Panzer Army was developing a plan to block a large Partisan force from moving from central Bosnia into western Serbia to reinforce the Partisans. Due to issues with the availability of various units of V SS Mountain Corps, the planned Operation Rose was cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 129], "content_span": [130, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0056-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Heiderose\nIn the interim, since most of the division was deployed in the southern part of the security zone, Hampel planned a divisional-level operation, named Operation Heiderose (Wild Rose) targeting Partisan positions north-west of \u0160ekovi\u0107i, south of the Spre\u010da. The 27th Regiment, reinforced by the same Chetnik battalion that cooperated in Operation Fliegenf\u00e4nger, would attack east towards \u0160ekovi\u0107i and the 28th Regiment would push south. A detached battalion of 7th SS Division would act as a blocking force driving north. Hampel was apparently unhappy with the performance of the new commander of the 27th Regiment (SS-Obersturmbannf\u00fchrer Hermann Peter) and put the divisional chief of staff, SS-Sturmbannf\u00fchrer Erich Braun, in charge of the 27th Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 129], "content_span": [130, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0057-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Heiderose\nOn 17 July, the operation began. Fierce resistance was immediately encountered by the 28th Regiment, while the 27th Regiment climbed the heights to Udr\u010d before dusk without serious opposition. Early on 18 July, the Chetniks attacked from Matkovac towards \u0160ekovi\u0107i. The 27th Regiment reached Ba\u010dkovac and seized the high ground south of \u0160ekovi\u0107i on 19 July 1944. The 28th Regiment forced the Partisan 36th Vojvodina Division back. The battalion from 7th SS Division encountered serious resistance around Vlasenica but pushed through. On 19 July, the 28th Regiment drove north towards Gornje Petrovice to attack the Partisan 12th Corps at \u017divinice. The reconnaissance battalion of 7th SS Division pushed in from Vare\u0161 as a blocking force to stop the Partisans from withdrawing via Kladanj.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 129], "content_span": [130, 917]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0058-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Heiderose\nThe Partisans then committed the 16th Vojvodina Division to assist the 36th Vojvodina Division that had borne the brunt of Operation Heiderose to this point. On 20 July, both divisions attacked the 27th Regiment, which counterattacked the following day after the Partisans were rebuffed with heavy casualties. On 23 July, the Partisans began to withdraw south out of the area. The division began to search for the hidden Partisan bases that German intelligence had indicated were located there. After a day of searching, the division uncovered more than ten Partisan bases, which the cooperating Chetniks began to clear despite having shown little interest in actually fighting the Partisans in previous days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 129], "content_span": [130, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0059-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Heiderose\nOperation Heiderose was a significant success for the division, inflicting serious losses on the Partisans. More than 900 Partisans were killed and a large amount of equipment was captured: one anti-tank gun, two mortars, 22 machine guns, over 800 rifles and nearly 500,000 rounds of small arms ammunition. The division suffered 24 killed and over 150 wounded. Communist sources hold that the Partisans suffered serious losses, with the 12th Corps alone having 250 dead, wounded and missing. However, Partisan reports estimate that German losses were significantly larger than their own. Erich Braun was recommended for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross but the recommendation was not supported, apparently due to disagreements between the divisional staff and Phleps that had occurred during the division's formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 129], "content_span": [130, 951]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0060-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Hackfleisch\nIn the first week of August 1944, the Second Panzer Army was finally ready to move to thwart the Partisan advance from Bosnia into Serbia, originally planned as Operation Rose. Renamed Operation R\u00fcbezahl (Mountain Spirit), the revamped plan required the 7th and 13th SS Divisions to form the Bosnian phase of the operation, named Operation Hackfleisch (Minced Meat). Hackfleisch aimed to drive out the Partisans occupying the area between the towns of Kladanj, Vlasenica, Sokolac and Olovo, south of the security zone. The overall plan involved columns that were to force the Partisans eastwards into the pincers of the other units, thereby destroying them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 131], "content_span": [132, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0061-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Hackfleisch\nThe 27th Regiment became locked in fierce fighting with the Partisan 27th East Bosnia Division and 38th Bosnia Division, which had launched an offensive near Vlasenica. The inability of the 27th Regiment to push forward meant that the plan to encircle the Partisan force was not achieved and the Partisans escaped by crossing the Vlasenica\u2013Han Pijesak road to the east. Other Partisan forces withdrew in the direction of Gora\u017ede.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 131], "content_span": [132, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0062-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Hackfleisch\nAs far as the Germans were concerned, Operation Hackfleisch was a moderate success, with 227 Partisans killed and over 50 prisoners taken. It delayed, but did not prevent, the Partisans' advance into Serbia. In order to allow the 7th SS Division to pursue Partisan forces withdrawing towards central Bosnia, both I/28 and III/28 were placed under the command of that division for the period of 8\u201317 August 1944. During the remainder of August 1944, the rump of the division fought hard to keep the Partisans out of the security zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 131], "content_span": [132, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0062-0001", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Hackfleisch\nThe Partisan 11th Krajina Division and 38th Bosnia Division quickly infiltrated into the southern part of the security zone and the 27th East Bosnia Division crossed into the area north-west of Srebrenica and drove towards Bratunac. After a series of rapid redeployments and battalion and regimental attacks, the division scattered the 11th Krajina Division and mauled the 27th East Bosnia Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 131], "content_span": [132, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0063-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Anti-Partisan operations, June\u2013August 1944, Operation Hackfleisch\nThe division had by now been fighting almost continuously throughout the summer. According to divisional commander Hampel, it had been exhausted even before Operation Hackfleisch began. The cumulative effect of this exhaustion, the deteriorating situation that the Germans faced on all fronts and rumours probably spread among members by the Partisans and Usta\u0161e, was that the division began to disintegrate in early September 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 131], "content_span": [132, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0064-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Last battles against the Partisans\nIn early September 1944, the division returned north to the security zone, basing the infantry battalions in the villages of Kurukaja, Vukovije (south of Fo\u010da), Osmaci and Srebrnik. Almost immediately, the Partisan 3rd Corps commenced an offensive, attacking II/28 at Srebrnik. It held on despite being pressed hard during two days of fighting against the 11th Krajina Division. By the end of the first week in September, divisional supply columns were being attacked by Chetniks, sensing German weakness and looking for arms and supplies. Three members of the division were killed in these attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 100], "content_span": [101, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0064-0001", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Last battles against the Partisans\nOver the same week, the Allies conducted Operation Ratweek throughout the Balkans, which involved Allied air power pounding Axis troop concentrations and key infrastructure in order to impede the German withdrawal from Greece. The local effect was to complicate the division's logistics through destruction of the Sarajevo-Brod railway and mass desertions of NDH troops tasked with securing supply lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 100], "content_span": [101, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0065-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Last battles against the Partisans\nOn 8 September, II/27 was assaulted unsuccessfully by the Partisans at Matkovac. After the first week of September, most of the division's fighting power was shifted to the western boundary of the security zone to meet Partisan incursions. The division succeeded in dislodging Partisan units from Slatna and Me\u0111e\u0111a and allied Chetniks captured Skurgi\u0107. After relief by NDH forces, the division's fighting regiments withdrew to Br\u010dko for rest and refit. As a result of the shift to the western area of the security zone, the zone's southern area was quickly overrun by Partisan forces. Zvornik and Tuzla had fallen by mid-September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 100], "content_span": [101, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0066-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 \u2013 May 1945\nOn 17 August 1944, Tito offered a general amnesty and many in the division took advantage of this opportunity. During the first three weeks of September, while hard fighting continued, over 2,000 Bosnians deserted, many taking their weapons with them. They went home, joined the Green Cadres militia or went over to the Usta\u0161e. Many defected to the Partisans, with over 700 having joined the Partisan 3rd Corps by early October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 88], "content_span": [89, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0067-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 \u2013 May 1945\nDue to high rates of desertion from 13th SS Division, Sauberzweig proposed to disarm the Bosnians in both 13th SS Division and 23rd SS Division, but Himmler instead opted to transport the 2,000 Bosnians of 23rd SS Division from Hungary to Bosnia and re-organise the remaining troops of both divisions there, with key support units from 13th SS Division centralised under IX SS Mountain Corps, which would also move to Bosnia from Hungary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 88], "content_span": [89, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0068-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 \u2013 May 1945\nIn the early morning of 3 October 1944, the Partisan 28th Slavonia Division assaulted a squadron of the reconnaissance battalion at Janja close to the Drina on the eastern boundary of the security zone. As they broke out of the encirclement to the north, the rest of the reconnaissance battalion drove south from Bijeljina and stopped the Partisan advance at heavy cost. Rushing towards Janja from the east, III/27 came into contact with Partisans around Modran, reaching the Janja garrison at 10\u00a0pm that night and received artillery reinforcement by 3/AR 13 during the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 88], "content_span": [89, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0068-0001", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 \u2013 May 1945\nAt dawn the following day, an additional four Partisan brigades attacked the garrison in Janja, with fighting continuing throughout the day before the Partisans withdrew to the south. Jagdkommandos were sent after the fleeing enemy but were not able to inflict significant losses on them as they had already crossed the Drina into the German-occupied territory of Serbia. Following this battle, Army Group F concluded that the division's overall combat value was minimal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 88], "content_span": [89, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0069-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 \u2013 May 1945\nA few days later, the 9th Company of the 28th Regiment (9/28) displayed what could still be achieved by the Bosnians under determined leadership when Leutnant Hans K\u00f6nig ambushed the Partisan 17th Majevica Brigade near Vukosavci, killing at least 67 and capturing orders for future operations. K\u00f6nig was awarded the German Cross in Gold for his fanatical leadership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 88], "content_span": [89, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0070-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 \u2013 May 1945, Division splits\nWhile 9/28 was fighting near Vukosavci, a number of units, consisting mainly of artillery, were temporarily detached for duty with other formations of Second Panzer Army fighting Soviet troops within the German-occupied territory of Serbia. The division was not re-united until January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 105], "content_span": [106, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0071-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 \u2013 May 1945, Division splits\nAfter a request from Army Group F to Himmler, a decision was made to move IX SS Mountain Corps and the division to perform road and railway security duties near Zagreb. This would relieve LXIX Army Corps from those duties so that it could reinforce a defensive line along the Drina facing the advancing Red Army. The 28th Regiment, I/27 and III/AR 13 were to remain behind at the Br\u010dko bridgehead to keep the Sava river bridge open.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 105], "content_span": [106, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0071-0001", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 \u2013 May 1945, Division splits\nThe heavy desertions from the division were the main reason for the move from north-east Bosnia to northern Croatia, but it made matters worse: the Bosnians were very reluctant to leave Bosnia and the already serious desertion rate became a flood when the move began on 16 October 1944. Many took their weapons with them and hundreds joined the Partisans. In mid-October, 700 members of the division stationed at Ora\u0161je joined the Partisans, and were distributed between the 17th Majevica Brigade and 21st East Bosnian Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 105], "content_span": [106, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0072-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 \u2013 May 1945, Operation Herbstlaub\nOn 20 October, the Red Army and Partisan forces captured Belgrade and the following day the divisional staff imam, Abdulah Muhasilovi\u0107, incited a mutiny and led 100 men back to Bosnia. Himmler finally agreed to the disarming of the \"unreliable\" Bosnians under Operation Herbstlaub (Autumn Leaves) on 25 October. Between 900 and 1,000 Bosnians in the Br\u010dko bridgehead and over 2,300 in Zagreb were allocated to labour battalions and similar non-combatant auxiliary duties, although the disarming operation was not completed in the Zagreb area until mid-November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 110], "content_span": [111, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0072-0001", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 \u2013 May 1945, Operation Herbstlaub\nBy the beginning of November the division, which had been ninety five percent non-German in January 1944, became fifty percent German. The plans to re-organise the division were abandoned and Sauberzweig was relieved of command. In addition, Sauberzweig's IX SS Mountain Corps staff was dissolved and the remnants were placed under the command of LXVIII Army Corps, under which they remained for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 110], "content_span": [111, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0073-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 \u2013 May 1945, Fighting Soviet troops\nMeanwhile, the advance of the Red Army through Belgrade and north into the formerly Hungarian-occupied Yugoslav region of Baranja made holding the line of the Danube critical for the Germans. In early November the Soviet troops established a bridgehead over the Danube from Apatin (in modern-day Serbia). From 9 November onward, the division was committed in several stages to the Eastern Front, starting with the reconnaissance battalion which went into action at D\u00e1rda west of the Apatin bridgehead on 10 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 112], "content_span": [113, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0073-0001", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 \u2013 May 1945, Fighting Soviet troops\nThey were followed by a grouping of three battalions (I/27, II/28 and II/28), an artillery battalion (III/AR 13) and pioneer support. Known as Kampfgruppe Hanke after their commander Hans Hanke, they moved from the Br\u010dko bridgehead and joined a blocking position at P\u00e9lmonostor on 14 November south-west of a second Soviet bridgehead that had been established at Batina (in modern-day Croatia). As a result, the last Muslim SS troops left Bosnia. Within a week they were joined by the reconnaissance battalion, which had acquitted itself well in fighting west of Apatin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 112], "content_span": [113, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0073-0002", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 \u2013 May 1945, Fighting Soviet troops\nBy 20 November, the Red Army was across the Danube in force at Batina. The following day Kampfgruppe Hanke was driven out of its positions, when the remaining 200 troops withdrew. By 25 November the rest of the division was on its way from the Zagreb area. The remnants of Kampfgruppe Hanke were placed under command of Reichsgrenadier Division Hoch und Deutschmeister, withdrawing as far as Sikl\u00f3s in southern Hungary by 29 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 112], "content_span": [113, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0074-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 \u2013 May 1945, Fighting Soviet troops\nWithin days Kampfgruppe Hanke was withdrawn from the front line to rejoin the division and re-fit, and they were moved to Barcs on the Drava river for that purpose. On 2 December the division was reunited, except for the rest of the pioneer battalion, which remained stranded in Bosnia by damaged bridges and railways. As a result of continued desertions and the catastrophic casualties suffered by Kampfgruppe Hanke, the division retained little of its original Bosnian character. Despite the return of disarmed Bosnians from labour units, the attachment of Hungarian infantry and artillery units and arrival of German replacements meant the division looked little different from any other unit in the Second Panzer Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 112], "content_span": [113, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0075-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 \u2013 May 1945, Fighting Soviet troops\nAfter a short break, the division was allocated to a sector of the Margarethe Line, a series of fixed defensive works south of Lake Balaton which held up the Soviet advance. After several Red Army assaults were repulsed, static trench warfare developed between December 1944 and January 1945. In early March 1945, a few units took part in Operation Fr\u00fchlingserwachen (Spring Awakening), which was to be Germany's last major offensive. Meanwhile, from December 1944 to March 1945, the rest of the division remained at Barcs rebuilding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 112], "content_span": [113, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0075-0001", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 \u2013 May 1945, Fighting Soviet troops\nIn February, they had been joined by the divisional pioneer battalion, which had finally managed to withdraw from Bosnia. On 16 March, the Soviets launched the Vienna Offensive, bypassing the Barcs area. That night, the division attacked the flanks of the Soviet drive at Heresznye, where it undertook its last offensive operation of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 112], "content_span": [113, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0076-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 \u2013 May 1945, Retreat to the Reich\nOn 29 March, the Soviet 57th Army and the Bulgarian First Army assaulted the entire Second Panzer Army front, quickly breaching the line near Nagybajom. The division, holding positions just south of the penetration, began to withdraw to the north-west. It fell back to the Mura and barely managed to cross under constant air and ground attacks, with grievous casualties. Unable to take up effective positions, the division crossed the Reich frontier on 6 April and took up positions at Pettau in the so-called \"Reich Defence Line\", where it remained until 5 May. Its last fighting was around Kiesmanndorff on 19 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 110], "content_span": [111, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0077-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 \u2013 May 1945, Retreat to the Reich\nOn 5 May, the division's remaining men, both German and Bosnian, began to retreat northwards towards Austria. On 8 May, an order was sent to retreat to Wolfsberg, Carinthia. On learning of the orders, unit imams of the 28th Regiment \"approached their commander, Hans Hanke and requested that they and their men be discharged and be allowed to attempt to return to their homeland\u00a0... Soon, all of the Bosnians remaining in the division were asked if they wished to remain.\" There are two reports of large-scale reprisal killings of these members of the division by the Partisans, one of which included the mass shooting of 1,400 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 110], "content_span": [111, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0078-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 \u2013 May 1945, Retreat to the Reich\nThe retreat continued until 11 May. On 12 May, Hampel carried out surrender negotiations with the British Army at Sankt Veit an der Glan. On 15 May most of the men were transported to Rimini in Italy, where they were incarcerated with other prisoners of war from 7th SS Division and 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS. Scattered remnants did not surrender until 18 May and many attempted to obliterate their SS blood group tattoo. Hampel escaped from a prisoner-of-war camp in Fallingbostel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 110], "content_span": [111, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0079-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Aftermath\nWhile it achieved successes and proved itself competent in counter-insurgency operations against the Partisans in eastern Bosnia, the division earned a reputation for brutality and savagery, not only during combat operations, but also through atrocities committed against Serb and Jewish civilians in the security zone. Its reprisal attacks in northern and eastern Bosnia left many hundreds and possibly as many as several thousand Serb civilians dead by the spring and summer of 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 75], "content_span": [76, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0079-0001", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Aftermath\nThe post-war Nuremberg trials made the declaratory judgement that the Waffen-SS was a criminal organisation due to its major involvement in war crimes and crimes against humanity, including the killing of prisoners-of-war and atrocities committed in occupied countries. Excluded from this judgement were those who were conscripted into the Waffen-SS and had not personally committed war crimes and crimes against humanity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 75], "content_span": [76, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0080-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Aftermath\nThirty-eight members of the division were extradited to Yugoslavia to face trial following the war. Some committed suicide, including Generalleutnant Sauberzweig on 20 October 1946 and SS-Obersturmf\u00fchrer Hans K\u00f6nig. Trials took place at a military court in Sarajevo between 22 and 30 August 1947. Only seven of the 38 defendants were charged with specific offenses, although the indictment accused the division of murdering some 5,000 people. The accused were defended by three Yugoslav lawyers: two civilian and one military officer. All were found guilty; 10 were sentenced to death, and 28 received prison terms of between five years and life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 75], "content_span": [76, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0080-0001", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Aftermath\nSS-Obersturmf\u00fchrer Imam Halim Malko\u010d had already been executed in Biha\u0107 on 7 March 1947. All of those who were executed were junior officers and non-commissioned officers. Almost all the prisoners were released early and by 1952 all had been freed, except for one who had died. Having escaped, Hampel never faced trial and lived in Graz, Austria until his death on 11 January 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 75], "content_span": [76, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0081-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Aftermath\nHundreds of members of the 13th and 23rd SS Divisions volunteered to fight in the 1948\u20131949 Arab\u2013Israeli War. The Syrian government made a request for the transfer of 8,000 Bosnian Muslim refugees to Syria, many for recruitment into the Syrian Armed Forces. Iraq sent representatives to Europe and invited 2,500 Bosnian Muslims to settle there. Frantzman and Culibrk estimate that approximately 1,000 former Bosnian Muslim SS members fought in Palestine. Many of the volunteers served in the Arab Liberation Army's Ajnaddin Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 75], "content_span": [76, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0082-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the division. The first two raised and trained the division in its early stages of development and Sauberzweig and Hampel commanded it on active operations against the Partisans and later against the Red Army and Bulgarians:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 76], "content_span": [77, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0083-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Awards\nSeveral members were decorated with high German military awards, with five awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (including Hampel and Hanke), five awarded the German Cross in Gold (including Hanke) and one awarded the German Cross in Silver. All five presentations of the Knight's Cross to members of the division are disputed and cannot be verified at the German National Archive. According to Gerhard von Seemen, Hampel, Karl Liecke and Hanke presumably received the Knight's Cross on the same day from the commander of the 2nd Panzer Army, General der Artillerie Maximilian de Angelis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 72], "content_span": [73, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0084-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Order of battle\nFrom 24 September 1944, the supply and logistics battalions were combined to form the 13th SS Service Support/Supply Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 81], "content_span": [82, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0085-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Uniform and divisional song\nThe uniform was regular SS M43 field-jacket issue, with a divisional collar patch showing an arm holding a scimitar over a swastika. On the left arm was a Croatian armshield (red-white chessboard) and on the right an Edelweiss flower patch. The chessboard armshield was controversial, especially with the imams, who, after crossing the Sava river, removed them. Former SS personnel serving in the division were entitled to wear a Sig Rune badge that was attached to the left breast pocket of the tunic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 93], "content_span": [94, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0086-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Uniform and divisional song\nHeadgear was either the SS M43 fez which was to be worn by all ranks, while German officers had the option to wear the mountain cap (Bergm\u00fctze). The fez was chosen by Himmler because it had been worn by the Bosnian-Herzegovinian Infantry regiments of the Austro-Hungarian army from 1894 to 1918, as well as by the Austro-Hungarian Albanian Legion from 1916 to 1918. There were two versions of the fez: a field gray model to be worn in combat and while on duty and a red model for parades, marching exercises and while off duty. Both the fez and mountain cap bore the death's head and eagle of the SS. The mountain cap was also adorned with an Edelweiss flower patch, worn on the left side of the cap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 93], "content_span": [94, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010806-0087-0000", "contents": "13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Uniform and divisional song\nThe divisional song was set to the melody of \"Wir fahren gegen Engelland\" by Herms Niel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 93], "content_span": [94, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010807-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Ward of New Orleans\nThe 13th Ward or Thirteenth Ward is a division of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. It is one of the 17 Wards of New Orleans. The Ward was formerly part of the old Jefferson City annexed by New Orleans in 1870.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010807-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Ward of New Orleans, Boundaries\nThe roughly wedge-shaped Ward stretches back from the Mississippi River. The lower boundary is Napoleon Avenue, across which is the 12th Ward. The upper boundary is Jefferson Avenue, across which is the 14th Ward, which also abuts the 13th's back boundary of South Broad. The 13th Ward includes a section of Uptown New Orleans and part of the Broadmoor neighborhood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010807-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Ward of New Orleans, Landmarks\nLandmarks include the Academy of the Sacred Heart, De La Salle High School on St. Charles Avenue, Isidore Newman School, the New Orleans Academy of Fine Arts on Magazine Street, and Ochsner Baptist Medical Center on Napoleon Avenue. The Latter Branch of New Orleans Public Library is in an old mansion on St. Charles Avenue. The section of Freret Street in the 13th Ward is a vibrant commercial district, and home to events including the annual Freret Street Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010807-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Ward of New Orleans, Hurricane Katrina and the Federal Flood of Aug. 29, 2005\nMuch of the 13th Ward on the lake side of St. Charles flooded badly in the aftermath of the failure of the Federal levee system during Hurricane Katrina in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 82], "content_span": [83, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010807-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Ward of New Orleans, Notable residents\nNotable 13th Warders have included The Neville Brothers, Joe Simon, B.G., VL Mike, Percy Humphrey, Willie Humphrey, Idris Muhammad, and Leon Roppolo. The Wild Tchoupitoulas were established in the 13th Ward. Lee Harvey Oswald had an apartment here for some time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010808-0000-0000", "contents": "13th West Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010808-0001-0000", "contents": "13th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th West Virginia  Infantry Regiment was organized at Point Pleasant and Barboursville in western Virginia in October, 1862, and mustered out on June 22, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010808-0002-0000", "contents": "13th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 13th West Virginia Infantry Regiment suffered four Officers and 57 enlisted men killed in battle or died from wounds, and one officer and 108 enlisted men dead from disease for a total of 170 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010809-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment\nThe 13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment (Polish: 13 Pu\u0142k U\u0142an\u00f3w Wile\u0144skich) was a unit of the Polish army during the interwar period and the Polish Defence War of 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010809-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Origins\nThe ancestral units to the regiment were created mainly as means of defending the Polish interest and the interest of the ethnic Poles living in Kresy at the end of World War I. Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Belarusians, and even Anarchists competed for the sovereignty over the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010809-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Formation\nThe 13th Regiment was formed out of the cavalry units of the Lithuanian and Belarusian Self-Defence on December 27, 1918, on the estate of a Mr. Po\u015bpieszek. On December 28, the regiment was moved to the garrison at Vilnius and was stationed in the barracks in the Antokol district. W\u0142adys\u0142aw D\u0105browski, nom-de-guerre 'D\u0105b', lit. 'Oak', was the regiment's first commander. The regiment was the first in newly independent Poland, and was originally called the 1st Regiment of Wilno Uhlans. It became officially part of the Polish Armed Forces in June 1919, receiving its name and number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010809-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Formation\nThe regiment was nationally famous because its commander, Major W\u0142adys\u0142aw D\u0105browski, was a Zago\u0144czyk. In the official Polish Army documents, the phrase \"Wilenskich\" (\"of Vilnius\") was omitted; the official name was the 13th Regiment. In spite of this, the officers, soldiers and public persisted in calling it the \"13th Wilno Regiment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010809-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Formation, Lipka Tatar Tradition\nSince the joining, the regiment had been following dual tradition of the afore-mentioned Lithuanian and Belarusian Self-Defence and of the 7th Lithuanian Tatar Regiment, which used to be stationed in Jan\u00f3w, the same place where over century later, the 13th Regiment fought its very first battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 59], "content_span": [60, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010809-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Polish-Soviet War\nThe 13th Regiment participated in the Polish\u2013Soviet War of 1919\u20131920 and became known for many flanking manoeuvres and raids behind Soviet lines. It protected the retreat of General \u017beligowski's troops. On 25 February 1920, while it was stationed in Vilnius, the regiment mutinied, because it refused to fight against Lithuanians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010809-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Polish-Soviet War\nOn June 29, 1919, in Vilnius, General Edward Rydz-\u015amig\u0142y handed over the regiment's new banner to a small delegation from a combat area. After a failed attempt at seizing territory in the Ukraine beyond Kiev, many soldiers from the disbanded Tatar Uhlan Regiment, (named after Colonel Mustafa Achmatowicz, a renowned eighteenth-century Lithuanian Tatar cavalryman), joined the \"Wilno Regiment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010809-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Interwar period\nIn late 1921, the regiment patrolled the Polish border with Lithuania and was stationed for a brief period in G\u0142\u0119bokie, at present Hlybokaye in Belarus. The regiment was moved to Nowa Wilejka near Vilnius in 1922, where it stayed until the Invasion of Poland in 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010809-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Interwar period\nIn 1936, a Tatar unit was created within the 13th Regiment of Wilno Uhlans. By the order of the Polish Minister of Defence, issued on June 9, a troop within the regiment was renamed the 1st Tatar Squadron, to which all new recruits of Tatar ethnicity were directed. Captain Micha\u0142 Bohdanowicz was the original commander. The unit was led for a short time by Captain Bazyli Marcisz and podpu\u0142kownik Jan Tarnowski. Captain Aleksander Jeljaszewicz became its last commander from November 25, 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010809-0008-0001", "contents": "13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Interwar period\nDuring the Regiment's Holiday on July 25, 1937, the squadron (or mounted infantry battalion) received a bu\u0144czuk made according to the old Tatar traditions and funded by the entire Tatar community of Poland. During the symbolic ceremony of the burial of the heart of Marshal J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski in the Rasos cemetery in Vilnius, a detail from the 1st Tatar Squadron fired a three-volley salute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010809-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Interwar period, Banners and markings\nThe regiment's lances initially bore pennons, but after 1936 these were only issued by personal request, when all cavalry units were transformed into mounted infantry units and were in the process of becoming fully mechanized divisions. However, progress was slow, only two fully mechanized units fought in the Invasion of Poland in 1939 besides armoured units, heavy artillery units, AA artillery units, Polish Air Force's ground units, and most of the tabors. Uniforms were adorned with miniature banners, pink in colour, with a slim cornflower-coloured stripe in the middle. Each trooper's rogatywka (hat) was adorned with a pink stripe running around the crown. The 1st Tatar Squadron also wore on the small banners, a golden Crescent Moon and star. The regiment's holiday was July 25 (in memory of the Battle of Janow in 1920).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010809-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Invasion of Poland\nIn 1939, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel J\u00f3zef Szostak, the 13th Regiment of Wilno Uhlans fought as a part of the Wile\u0144ska Cavalry Brigade under the command of Colonel Konstanty Drucki-Lubecki. Between September 2 and 5, the brigade took part in heavy fighting near Piotrk\u00f3w Trybunalski. On September 9 and 10, the brigade lost many men and much equipment while retreating across the Vistula river near Maciejowice. The brigade fought in Lubelszczyzna near the city of Lublin, before being crushed near Tomaszow Lubelski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010809-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Invasion of Poland\nThe largest remnant of the regiment became part of the Independent Operational Group Polesie under the command of Major General Franciszek Kleeberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010809-0012-0000", "contents": "13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Home Army\nSubdivisions of the 13th Regiment of Wilno Uhlans AK were recreated in 1944 in the Wilno District of the Home Army as a mounted infantry division in Rudnicka Forest, a mounted infantry battalion attached to the Home Army 3rd Wilno Brigade, a mounted infantry platoon attached to the Home Army 4th Wilno Brigade and a mounted infantry platoon operating within Kampinos Forest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010810-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment\nThe 13th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010810-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 13th Wisconsin was raised at Janesville, Wisconsin, and mustered into federal service October 17, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010810-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out on November 24, 1865, at San Antonio, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010810-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 13th Wisconsin  suffered 5 enlisted men killed in action or who later died of their wounds, plus another 188 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 193 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010811-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Wisconsin Legislature\nThe Thirteenth Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 11, 1860, to April 2, 1860, in regular session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010811-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Wisconsin Legislature\nSenators representing even-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first year of a two-year term. Assembly members were elected to a one-year term. Assembly members and odd-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 8, 1859. Senators representing odd-numbered districts were serving the second year of their two-year term, having been elected in the general election held on November 2, 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010811-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Wisconsin Legislature, Members, Members of the Senate\nMembers of the Wisconsin Senate for the Thirteenth Wisconsin Legislature:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0000-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students\nThe 13th World Festival of Youth and Students (WFYS) was held from 1\u20138 July 1989 in Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea, and was organized by the World Federation of Democratic Youth. It was described as the largest international event staged in North Korea of the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0001-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students\nThe event took four years of preparation by the North Korean government, which effectively spent a quarter of the country's yearly budget (US$4.5 billion) on it. The government built elaborate stadiums, shipped in Mercedes-Benz vehicles to tote around foreigners, and undertook other expensive architectural projects. Ultimately declared as the largest ever World Festival of Youth and Students, about 22,000 people from 177 countries took part in the festival, including 100 people from the United States. For eight days starting on 1 July 1989, the students participated in political discussions, sports competitions, and other activities. Many accounts described the festival as a reaction to Seoul's hosting of the 1988 Summer Olympics, which North Korea boycotted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0002-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students\nThis event was the last festival held during the Cold War era as the waves of unrest began to occur throughout Central and Eastern Europe for the remainder of 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0003-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Leading up to the event\nNorth Korea went through years of planning and building in preparation for the event. The Rungrado May Day Stadium was commissioned to serve as the festival's main venue, its construction officially completed in time for the festival on 1 May 1989. At the time it was the largest stadium in Asia, capable of seating 150,000 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 66], "content_span": [67, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0004-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Leading up to the event\nThe North Korean government also worked with a South Korean student organization, the National Council of Student Representatives (Jeondaehyeop), which was organized on 19 August 1987. The organization concentrated its efforts on getting South Korean participation in order to express its anti-US and pro-reunification commitment. The group secretly sent one of its members, Lim Su-kyung, to the festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 66], "content_span": [67, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0005-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event\nOn 1 July 1989, about 22,000 young people from 177 countries gathered in the May Day Stadium to inaugurate the festival. For eight days, the participants took part in social, cultural, sports and political activities. The slogan of the festival was \"For Anti- Imperialist Solidarity, Peace and Friendship\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0006-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event\nThe Thirteenth festival held in North Korea was the first festival held in Asia and the first time the United States Department of Treasury allowed a group to travel to North Korea since the Korean War. Throughout this delegation's and others' time in Korea however, the North Korean government imposed boundaries and restrictions on foreigners' movements and behavior, as well as constant surveillance over its own population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0007-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event\nDanish activists caused a stir during the opening ceremony of the festival when they unfurled a banner criticizing North Korea's human rights abuses. Two of the three activists were taken into custody but soon released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0008-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event\nAt the festival, well over 1,000 events took place, from round-table political discussions, solidarity rallies, and plenary sessions, to sports matches, artistic performances, film showings and visits around Pyongyang and beyond. The political events of the festival primarily focused on anti-imperialist discussions as well as subjects such as peace and disarmament, nonalignment, human rights, and rights for youth and others. There were also frequent bilateral meetings arranged for two countries at a time to talk over issues of economic and political concern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0009-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event\nEach of the eight days of the festival was devoted to a specific theme:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0010-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event\nPyongyang declined Seoul's offer to contribute resources to festival events, particularly electronic equipment for the opening ceremony at the May Day Stadium. Three officials of the South Korean government did attend the festival, although their presence there was a secret at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0011-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event, Lim Su-kyung's participation\nThe North Korean government greatly publicized South Korean student Lim Su-kyung's presence at the festival. The South Korean government, then dominated by hardline anti-communists, banned the trip but Lim Su-kyung's student association ignored the ban. Upon her arrival in Pyongyang, and throughout her time in North Korea, the public treated Lim like a celebrity: asking her questions about her ideology and broadcasting her activities during and after the visit. Dubbed the \"Flower of Reunification\", Lim was hailed by the North Korean government as a hero who sacrificed herself at the altar of Korean reunification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 78], "content_span": [79, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0012-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event, Lim Su-kyung's participation\nHowever, Lim's public appearance also revealed the positive elements of being a South Korean youth. In contrast to the North Koreans' understanding that South Koreans lived a repressed life ridden with unhappiness and starvation under the colonial rule of the United States, they observed a healthy and well-spoken youth who expressed a willingness to give unscripted political statements to high officials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 78], "content_span": [79, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0013-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event, Lim Su-kyung's participation\nAfter the festival, Lim Su-kyung crossed the border back into South Korea, and the Southern government, as forewarned, imprisoned her. The North Korean government then broadcast an interview with Lim Su-kyung's family in Seoul to its general population. Instead of portraying the harshness of the South Korean regime, the North Korean government showed the family in a nice home. To the puzzlement of the North Korean viewers, the family of a \"political criminal\" was not imprisoned and even allowed to stay in their home and keep their jobs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 78], "content_span": [79, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0014-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event, Lim Su-kyung's participation\nSome historians have concluded that North Korea failed to represent the superiority and popularity of its ideology through Lim Su-kyung. She interacted with North Koreans and gave her opinions on controversial matters, ultimately to the chagrin of North Korean officials, since she unexpectedly demonstrated the positive aspects of living in a US-backed nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 78], "content_span": [79, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0015-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Reception\nContemporary news reports in the Western world in general saw the Thirteenth Festival of Youth and Students as a failed effort on the part of Kim Il-sung, and the North Korean government, to increase their standing in the international community. Through constant surveillance of the population and other restrictions, the North Korean government attempted to shield its population from foreign influence, but inevitably the festival had an external impact on the home population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0016-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Reception\nTwenty journalists from the United States attended the festival. Nicholas Kristof recounted that \"native North Koreans seem willing and happy to talk to foreigners, but conversations often sound exceedingly unnatural and fake and that it is rare for a minute to pass without a Korean offering praise to the 77-year-old 'great leader'.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0017-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Reception\nSome historians, however, posit that reporters rhetorically reduced the coverage of the Festival of Youth and Students to the North Korea / South Korea issue and the regime of North Korea, failing to discuss the actual content of the festival. From this perspective, reporters reducing the festival to a mere manipulation device for North Korea were guilty of the same qualities they sought to criticize. Some claim this journalistic bias gave a skewed international perception of the true meaning of the festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0018-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Historical significance\nHosting the Youth Festival had long lasting consequences for the North Korean government and its worldwide standing. After funneling billions of dollars into the festival's production, North Korea ended up owing five billion dollars in foreign debt and was considered bankrupt by creditor nations. This damaged the country's economy and external status. The extravagant expenditures put North Korea into a hole it could not get out of, exacerbated by unfavourable economic conditions in the next decade with the fall of the Soviet Union and concurrent famine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 66], "content_span": [67, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0019-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Historical significance\nAlso, Lim Su-kyung as well as other representations of the outside world had unintended effects on the North Korean public. Contrary to some Western predictions that the inflow of foreign influence would contribute to North Korea's openness, after the festival Pyongyang tightened its control over its population in order to \"wipe out all the remnants of 'foreign culture'\". Historians such as Induk Kang believe North Korea reasserted its isolationism because its survival depended on the control of information into the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 66], "content_span": [67, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0020-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Historical significance\nHistorian Andrei Lankov has concluded that even though the country increased information control after the festival, \"this was the beginning of major changes\" in the infiltration of foreign influence into North Korea, which led to a negative impact on the regime's political legitimacy. In the subsequent decade, advances in media technology and loosening of border controls with China caused further change in North Koreans' perception of the outside world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 66], "content_span": [67, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0021-0000", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Historical significance\nThe Pyongyang Youth Festival is widely considered North Korea's competitive reaction to the Seoul Olympics, and ultimately the festival strained relations with South Korea. Yet prior to the festival, the media portrayed an optimistic outlook on Korean relations, largely due to the 7 July (1988) Declaration in which the South Korea president Roh Tae-woo regarded North Korea as a co-partner for achieving mutual prosperity. However, following the Pyongyang festival, \"these confrontational feelings between the north and south began spreading widely among the masses of both sides,\" according to Induk Kang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 66], "content_span": [67, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010812-0021-0001", "contents": "13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Historical significance\nAfter the festival, the South Korean president increased the stakes for reconciliation by demanding that the North change its political structure as a precondition to reunification, something usually only presented by the northern side. Therefore, the festival undermined previous reconciliation efforts between North and South Korea and caused them both to raise more uncooperative demands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 66], "content_span": [67, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010813-0000-0000", "contents": "13th World Science Fiction Convention\nThe 13th World Science Fiction Convention, also known as Clevention, was held on September 2\u20135, 1955, at the Manger Hotel in Cleveland, Ohio, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010813-0001-0000", "contents": "13th World Science Fiction Convention\nThe chairmen were Nick and Noreen Falasca. The guests of honor were Isaac Asimov (pro) and Sam Moskowitz (mystery GoH). Total attendance was approximately 380.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010813-0002-0000", "contents": "13th World Science Fiction Convention\nThis was the first convention at which the Hugo Awards were established as an annual feature; the first awards had been given out two years before, at Philcon II in 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010813-0003-0000", "contents": "13th World Science Fiction Convention, Awards\nThe Hugo Awards, named after Hugo Gernsback, are presented every year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The results are based on the ballots submitted by members of the World Science Fiction Society. Other awards, including the Astounding Award for Best New Writer (since 1973; named \"John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer\" until 2019), are also presented at each year's Worldcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010813-0004-0000", "contents": "13th World Science Fiction Convention, Awards\nThe 11th Worldcon was the first one in which Hugo Awards were awarded. The 12th convention did not continue the tradition, but since the 13th convention, Hugo Awards have been a permanent fixture of Worldcons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010814-0000-0000", "contents": "13th World Scout Jamboree\nThe 13th World Scout Jamboree (\u7b2c13\u56de\u4e16\u754c\u30b9\u30ab\u30a6\u30c8\u30b8\u30e3\u30f3\u30dc\u30ea\u30fc, dai-j\u016bsan-kai sekai sukauto jamborii) was held August 2 to 10, 1971, on Asagiri Heights on the western side of Mount Fuji, in Fujinomiya, Japan, approximately 80 miles southwest of Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010814-0001-0000", "contents": "13th World Scout Jamboree\nThe Jamboree was interrupted by Typhoon Olive in which 16,000 of the participating Scouts were evacuated to shelters in the countryside for 48 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010814-0002-0000", "contents": "13th World Scout Jamboree\nThe Jamboree site was served from the south by Japan National Highway 139 and a turnpike from Fujinomiya. Arriving Scouts were met at the Haneda International Airport in Tokyo and transported by coach to the Jamboree site, or to the Olympic Village in Tokyo as an intermediate stop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010814-0003-0000", "contents": "13th World Scout Jamboree\nThe American contingent was divided up. A code was given to the troops. Some might be JKT, which meant Jamboree, Kyoto, then Tokyo, before returning to the United States. Some others might tour Tokyo, then go to the Jamboree, then tour Kyoto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010814-0004-0000", "contents": "13th World Scout Jamboree\nThe site itself covered an area of grassy sandbank of about 4\u00a0km2, sloping gently from east to west. The Jamboree Camp headquarters, Subcamp #11 Ch\u016b\u014d, in the center of the site, was roughly rectangular in shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010814-0005-0000", "contents": "13th World Scout Jamboree\nMedical facilities at the Jamboree were operated by the United States Army and Air Force. Other facilities at the Jamboree were a Skill-o-Rama and Exhibits service center and a large Trading Post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010814-0006-0000", "contents": "13th World Scout Jamboree\nIn the opening days of the jamboree the Scouts played a 'wide game' in which each Scout was given a hiragana on a colored card worn around the neck. At a signal the Scouts would fan out over the jamboree site looking for the other characters which would spell out the jamboree theme, 'For Understanding'\u2014no two character cards could be the same color. The Scouts who accomplished this feat then proceeded to a station to have their cards validated with a stamp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010815-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Writers Guild of America Awards\nThe 13th Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best film writers and television writers of 1960. Winners were announced in 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010816-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Yokohama Film Festival\nThe 13th Yokohama Film Festival (\u7b2c13\u56de\u30e8\u30b3\u30cf\u30de\u6620\u753b\u796d) was held on 8 March 1992 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010817-0000-0000", "contents": "13th Youth in Film Awards\nThe 13th Youth in Film Awards ceremony (now known as the Young Artist Awards), presented by the Youth in Film Association, honored outstanding youth performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film and television for the 1990\u20131991 season, and took place on December 1, 1991, at the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences in North Hollywood, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010817-0001-0000", "contents": "13th Youth in Film Awards\nEstablished in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press Association member, Maureen Dragone, the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theater and music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010817-0002-0000", "contents": "13th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Motion Picture, Best Young Actor Co-Starring in a Motion Picture\n\u2605 Daniel Newman \u2013 Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (Warner Bros)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 117], "content_span": [118, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010817-0003-0000", "contents": "13th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a TV Movie or Special, Best Young Actress Starring in a Cable Special\n\u2605 Sarah Sawatsky \u2013 The Girl From Mars (Atlantic Films)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 120], "content_span": [121, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010817-0004-0000", "contents": "13th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Best Young Actor Starring in an Off-Prime Time or Cable Series\n\u2605 Richard Ian Cox \u2013 The Adventures of the Black Stallion (Family Channel)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 134], "content_span": [135, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010817-0005-0000", "contents": "13th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Best Young Actress Starring in an Off-Prime Time or Cable Series\n\u2605 Melissa Joan Hart \u2013 Clarissa Explains It All (Nickelodeon)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 136], "content_span": [137, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010817-0006-0000", "contents": "13th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Outstanding Voice-Over in an Animation Series\n\u2605 Joshua Wiener \u2013 Back to the Future: The Animated Series (CBS)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 117], "content_span": [118, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010817-0007-0000", "contents": "13th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Ensemble Performance, Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast in a Motion Picture\n\u2605 Boyz n the Hood (Columbia) \u2013 Desi Arnez Hines II, Baha Jackson and Donovan McCrary", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 111], "content_span": [112, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010817-0008-0000", "contents": "13th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Hosts for a Variety or Game Show, Outstanding Hosts for a Youth Variety or Game Show\n\u2605 Wild and Crazy Kids (Nickelodeon) \u2013 Omar Gooding, Jessica Gaynes and Donnie Jeffcoat", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 122], "content_span": [123, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010817-0009-0000", "contents": "13th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, The Michael Landon Award, A Tribute\n\u2605 Michael Landon, Producer (Posthumous) \u2013 Accepted by Christopher Landon", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 94], "content_span": [95, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010817-0010-0000", "contents": "13th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Young Actor in a Foreign Film\n\u2605 Julien Ciamaca (France) \u2013 My Father's Glory & My Mother's Castle", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 100], "content_span": [101, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010817-0011-0000", "contents": "13th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Best Family Foreign Film\n\u2605 My Father's Glory & My Mother's Castle (France) \u2013 Directed by Yves Robert", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 83], "content_span": [84, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010818-0000-0000", "contents": "13th ZAI Awards\nPresenter(s) Union of Authors and Performers (ZAI) Hudba.sk (online poll-based awards only)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010818-0001-0000", "contents": "13th ZAI Awards\nThe 13th ZAI Awards, honoring the best in the Slovak music industry for individual achievements for the year of 2013, took place on February 13, 2014 at the V-klub music club in Bratislava. The annual ceremony held in association of the National Public Center (NOC), was hosted by Martin Sarva\u0161, the chairman of the ZAI union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010818-0002-0000", "contents": "13th ZAI Awards\nThe first round preceding the final nominations, presented 144 nominations and 127 nominees in total. 17 of these included music performers, 21 new artists, 15 albums, 18 radio stations and radio hosts respectively, 17 music festivals, 20 music clubs and 18 music presenters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010818-0003-0000", "contents": "13th ZAI Awards\nThe event also included online poll-based Hudba.sk Awards, given by the local music portal, which is part of the Slovak search engine Zoznam.sk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010818-0004-0000", "contents": "13th ZAI Awards, Winners and nominees, Main categories\n\u2605 Hlasy \u2013 Richard M\u00fcller\u00a0\u2022 Fragile V\u0161etko najlep\u0161ie \u2013 Hex St. Mary Huana Ganja \u2013 Hork\u00fd\u017ee Sl\u00ed\u017ee Moru\u0161a Biela \u2013 Jana Kirschner Momenty 2003-2013  \u2013 Zuzana Smatanov\u00e1", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010818-0005-0000", "contents": "13th ZAI Awards, Winners and nominees, Main categories\n\u2605 Du\u0161an Drobn\u00fd \u2013 Agent\u00fara Duna, Pie\u0161\u0165any Rudolf Ho\u0161na \u2013 Ateli\u00e9r Babylon, Bratislava Tibor Zelenay \u2013 Blue Note, Nov\u00e9 Mesto nad V\u00e1hom", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010819-0000-0000", "contents": "13th arrondissement of Marseille\nThe 13th arrondissement of Marseille is one of the 16 arrondissements of Marseille. It is governed locally together with the 14th arrondissement, with which it forms the 7th sector of Marseille.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010820-0000-0000", "contents": "13th arrondissement of Paris\nThe 13th arrondissement of Paris (XIIIe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as treizi\u00e8me.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010820-0001-0000", "contents": "13th arrondissement of Paris\nThe arrondissement, called Gobelins, is situated on the left bank of the River Seine. It is home to Paris's principal Asian community, the Quartier Asiatique, located in the southeast of the arrondissement in an area that contains many high-rise apartment buildings. The neighborhood features a high concentration of Chinese and Vietnamese businesses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010820-0001-0001", "contents": "13th arrondissement of Paris\nThe current mayor is J\u00e9r\u00f4me Coumet (Socialist), who was re-elected by the arrondissement council on 29 March 2008 after the list which he headed gained 70% of the votes cast in the second round of the 2008 French municipal elections, and was again re-elected on 13 April 2014 and in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010820-0002-0000", "contents": "13th arrondissement of Paris\nThe 13th arrondissement also hosts the Biblioth\u00e8que Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand and the newly built business district of Paris Rive Gauche.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010820-0003-0000", "contents": "13th arrondissement of Paris, Demographics\nThe 13th arrondissement is still growing in population, mainly because of an influx of Asian immigrants. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the first wave of Vietnamese refugees from the Vietnam War settled in the arrondissement, largely concentrated near Mass\u00e9na Boulevard. Later waves of refugees and Asian immigrants transitioned from being exclusively ethnic Vietnamese to include ethnic Chinese from Vietnam, Laotians and Cambodians. These migrants largely settled in the southern area of the arrondissement, creating an Asian quarter and establishing a commercial district and community institutions. Teochew, Cantonese, Vietnamese, Lao and Khmer are spoken by many residents in the community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010820-0004-0000", "contents": "13th arrondissement of Paris, Demographics\nAt the last census in 1999, the population was 171,533. The 13th arrondissement is also rapidly growing in business activity, thanks to the new business district of Paris Rive Gauche. In 1999, the arrondissement contained 89,316 jobs, and it is believed to contain more today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010820-0005-0000", "contents": "13th arrondissement of Paris, Demographics, Immigration\n2 An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010820-0006-0000", "contents": "13th arrondissement of Paris, Economy\nThe head office of Accor, including the company's executive management, is in the Immeuble Odyssey in the 13th arrondissement. This facility is the company's registered office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010820-0007-0000", "contents": "13th arrondissement of Paris, Education\nThe 13th arrondissement is home to engineering graduate schools, Arts et M\u00e9tiers ParisTech and T\u00e9l\u00e9com ParisTech. The teaching and learning center is settled at the number 151.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010820-0008-0000", "contents": "13th arrondissement of Paris, Cityscape, Streets and squares\nPublic housing built in the first half of the 20th century", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010820-0009-0000", "contents": "13th arrondissement of Paris, Cityscape, Streets and squares\nA large section of the 13th arrondissement was rebuilt in modernist style in the 1970s", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010821-0000-0000", "contents": "13th arrondissement of the Littoral Department\n13th arrondissement is an arrondissement in the Littoral department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Cotonou. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 63,572.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010822-0000-0000", "contents": "13th century\nThe 13th century was the century which lasted from January 1, 1201 (MCCI) through December 31, 1300 (MCCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar. The term is almost synonymous with \"the 1200s\", the century between January 1, 1200, and December 31, 1299.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010822-0001-0000", "contents": "13th century\nThe Mongol empire was founded by Genghis Khan, which stretched from Eastern Asia to Eastern Europe. The conquests of Hulagu Khan and other Mongol invasions changed the course of the Muslim world, most notably the siege of Baghdad (1258), the destruction of the House of Wisdom and the weakening of the Mamluks and Rums which, according to historians, caused the decline of the Islamic Golden Age. Other Muslim powers such as the Mali Empire and Delhi Sultanate conquered large parts of West Africa and the Indian subcontinent, while Buddhism witnessed a decline through the conquest led by Bakhtiyar Khilji.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010822-0001-0001", "contents": "13th century\nIn the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages. In North America, according to some population estimates, the population of Cahokia grew to being equal to or larger than the population of 13th-century London. In Peru, the Kingdom of Cuzco begins. The Kanem Empire in what is now Chad reaches its apex. The Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia and the Zimbabwe Kingdom are founded. In the history of Maya civilizations, the 13th century marks the beginning of the Late Postclassic period. In the periodization of Precolumbian Peru, the 13th century is part of the Late Intermediate Period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010823-0000-0000", "contents": "13th century BC\nThe 13th century BC was the period from 1300 to 1201 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010824-0000-0000", "contents": "13th century BC in architecture, Buildings and structures, Buildings\nThis article about history of architecture is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010825-0000-0000", "contents": "13th century in South Africa, Events\nThis South African history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010826-0000-0000", "contents": "13th century in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the century 1201\u20131300 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010826-0001-0000", "contents": "13th century in Wales, Princes of Wales\n(Also Madog ap Llywelyn, proclaimed prince during revolt of 1294\u201395)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010827-0000-0000", "contents": "13th century in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of the 13th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010828-0000-0000", "contents": "13th century in music\n12th century in music \u2013 13th century in music \u2013 1300s in music", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010829-0000-0000", "contents": "13th century in philosophy\nThis is a list of philosophy-related events in the 13th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010830-0000-0000", "contents": "13th district of Budapest\n13th District (Hungarian: XIII. ker\u00fclet) is the 13th district of Budapest, Hungary. The main parts are Angyalf\u00f6ld, N\u00e9psziget, \u00dajlip\u00f3tv\u00e1ros and Vizafog\u00f3 (and until 2013 Margaret Island).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010831-0000-0000", "contents": "13th government of Turkey\nThe 13th government of Turkey (9 July 1942 \u2013 9 March 1943) was a government in the history of Turkey. It is also called first Saraco\u011flu government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010831-0001-0000", "contents": "13th government of Turkey, Background\nThe government was formed after the previous prime minister Refik Saydam died. \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Saraco\u011flu of Republican People\u2019s Party (CHP), who was a minister in Saydam\u2019s cabinet, was appointed as the new prime minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010831-0002-0000", "contents": "13th government of Turkey, The government\nIn the list below, the cabinet members who served only a part of the cabinet's lifespan are shown in the column \"Notes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010831-0003-0000", "contents": "13th government of Turkey, Aftermath\nThe government ended because of the general elections held on 28 February 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010832-0000-0000", "contents": "13th legislature of the French Fifth Republic\nThe 13th legislature of the French Fifth Republic was the parliamentary cycle started in June 2007 and lasted until June 2012. It was created after the 2007 legislative election that took place on 10 and 17 June 2007. The parliamentary majority belonged to the conservative Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), and supported the Fran\u00e7ois Fillon government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010833-0000-0000", "contents": "13th meridian east\nThe meridian 13\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010833-0001-0000", "contents": "13th meridian east\nThe 13th meridian east forms a great circle with the 167th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010833-0002-0000", "contents": "13th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 13th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010834-0000-0000", "contents": "13th meridian west\nThe meridian 13\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010834-0001-0000", "contents": "13th meridian west\nThe 13th meridian west forms a great circle with the 167th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010834-0002-0000", "contents": "13th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 13th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010835-0000-0000", "contents": "13th parallel north\nThe 13th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 13 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, Central America, the Caribbean and the Atlantic Ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010835-0001-0000", "contents": "13th parallel north\nAt this latitude the sun is visible for 12 hours, 53 minutes during the summer solstice and 11 hours, 22 minutes during the winter solstice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010835-0002-0000", "contents": "13th parallel north, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 13\u00b0 north passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010836-0000-0000", "contents": "13th parallel south\nThe 13th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 13 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010836-0001-0000", "contents": "13th parallel south\nPart of the border between Angola and Zambia is defined by the parallel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010836-0002-0000", "contents": "13th parallel south, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 13\u00b0 south passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010837-0000-0000", "contents": "13th root\nExtracting the 13th root of a number is a famous category for the mental calculation world records. The challenge consists of being given a large number (possibly over 100 digits) and asked to return the number that, when taken to the 13th power, equals the given number. For example, the 13th root of 8,192 is 2 and the 13th root of 96,889,010,407 is 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010837-0001-0000", "contents": "13th root, Properties of the challenge\nExtracting the 13th root has certain properties. One is that the 13th root of a number is much smaller:  a 13th root will have approximately 1/13th the number of digits. Thus, the 13th root of a 100-digit number only has 8 digits and the 13th root of a 200-digit number will have 16 digits. Furthermore, the last digit of the 13th root is always the same as the last digit of the power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 38], "content_span": [39, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010837-0002-0000", "contents": "13th root, Properties of the challenge\nFor the 13th root of a 100-digit number there are 7,992,563 possibilities, in the range 41,246,264 \u2013 49,238,826. This is considered a relatively easy calculation. There are 393,544,396,177,593 possibilities, in the range 2,030,917,620,904,736 \u2013 2,424,462,017,082,328, for the 13th root of a 200-digit number. This is considered a difficult calculation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 38], "content_span": [39, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010837-0003-0000", "contents": "13th root, Records\nThe Guinness Book of World Records has published records for extracting the 13th root of a 100-digit number. All world records for mentally extracting a 13th root have been for numbers with an integer root.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010838-0000-0000", "contents": "13th/18th Royal Hussars\nThe 13th/18th Royal Hussars (Queen Mary's Own) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army. It was formed by the amalgamation of the 13th Hussars and the 18th Royal Hussars in 1922 and, after service in the Second World War, it amalgamated with the 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars to form the Light Dragoons in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010838-0001-0000", "contents": "13th/18th Royal Hussars, History, Second World War\nThe regiment was created, as part of the reduction in cavalry in the aftermath of the First World War, by the amalgamation of the 13th Hussars and the 18th Royal Hussars on 9 November 1922. It was renamed as the 13th/18th Royal Hussars (Queen Mary's Own) after Queen Mary, who was Colonel-in-Chief of the regiment, in December 1935. The regiment transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps in April 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010838-0002-0000", "contents": "13th/18th Royal Hussars, History, Second World War\nDuring the Second World War, the regiment served as a reconnaissance unit with the 1st Armoured Reconnaissance Brigade, part of 1st Infantry Division, during the Battle of France. It then served with the 27th Armoured Brigade. Having been equipped with Sherman DD tanks, it took part in the D-Day Landings at Sword Beach, and fought during Operation Overlord, taking part in the landings at Sword Beach, and continuing fighting with the 27th Armoured Brigade until late July 1944 when it transferred to the 8th Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010838-0003-0000", "contents": "13th/18th Royal Hussars, History, Post-war\nThe regiment was posted to Northampton Barracks in Wolfenb\u00fcttel in March 1946 and returned to the United Kingdom to its new base at Willems Barracks in Aldershot Garrison in October 1947. It was deployed to Libya in February 1948, to Egypt in April 1950 and to Malaya, for service as an armoured car regiment during the Malayan Emergency, in June 1950. It returned to Wolfenb\u00fcttel in November 1953 and then moved to McLeod Barracks at Neum\u00fcnster in April 1956 from where it deployed a squadron to Aden. It returned to Malaya and was posted to Ramillies Camp at Ipoh in July 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010838-0004-0000", "contents": "13th/18th Royal Hussars, History, Post-war\nThe regiment joined 7th Armoured Brigade Group and moved to Wessex Barracks at Bad Fallingbostel in February 1961. It transferred to 4th Guards Brigade Group and relocated to Barker Barracks at Paderborn in February 1964 and then returned to the United Kingdom in a tank role at Cachy Barracks at Perham Down in December 1966; from there it continued to deploy troops to Aden. It returned to West Germany where it joined 4th Armoured Brigade and located to Swinton Barracks in Munster in January 1968. It became the garrisoned regiment at Long Kesh in January 1972, following the introduction of internment of Provisional Irish Republican Army suspects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010838-0005-0000", "contents": "13th/18th Royal Hussars, History, Post-war\nAfter this tour, the regiment moved to Bovington Camp as RAC Centre Regiment in August 1972 and then returned to West Germany where it rejoined 7th Armoured Brigade with its base at Caen Barracks in Hohne in August 1974. It was deployed to Lisanelly Camp in Omagh in November 1977 and then moved to Carver Barracks in Wimbish in May 1979; from there it deployed units to Cyprus on peace keeping duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010838-0006-0000", "contents": "13th/18th Royal Hussars, History, Post-war\nThe regiment was re-equipped with the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) range of vehicles, together with the Swingfire Wire-guided missile, and relocated to Harewood Barracks in Herford becoming part of 1st British Corps in November 1982. From there it deployed a squadron on guarding duties at the Maze Prison in September 1985. The regiment returned to the United Kingdom and joined 1st Armoured Infantry Brigade with its new base at Assaye Barracks in Tidworth Camp in November 1986 from where it again deployed squadrons to Cyprus. It went back to Northampton Barracks in Wolfenb\u00fcttel as recce regiment for 1st Armoured Division in May 1991. The regiment amalgamated with the 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars to form the Light Dragoons on 1 December 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010838-0007-0000", "contents": "13th/18th Royal Hussars, Regimental museum\nThe regimental collection is held by the Discovery Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010838-0008-0000", "contents": "13th/18th Royal Hussars, Battle honours\nCombined battle honours of the 13th and 18th Hussars plus:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010839-0000-0000", "contents": "13\u00e8me Rue\n13\u00e8me Rue is a television channel specialising in action and suspense shows and movies. It is owned by NBCUniversal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010839-0001-0000", "contents": "13\u00e8me Rue, History\nThe channel began broadcasting on 13 November 1997 at 20:13 on Canal Satellite channel 13, after several days of broadcasting hook-ups. After a welcome trailer, the broadcast of the first episodes of two unpublished series New York Undercover and American Gothic began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010839-0002-0000", "contents": "13\u00e8me Rue, History\nOn November 12, 2007, 13e Rue HD began broadcasting. Since 2 September 2013, 13e Rue broadcasts in 16:9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010839-0003-0000", "contents": "13\u00e8me Rue, Audience share\nIn 2011, 13\u00e8me Rue receives 0.6% audience on cable, ADSL and satellite. 13\u00e8me Rue is the first cable and satellite channel in terms of viewing time per viewer and is maintained in the five most watched channels, all targets combined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010839-0004-0000", "contents": "13\u00e8me Rue, Distribution\nIn December 2016, SFR announced that it had signed an exclusivity agreement with NBCUniversal and resumed exclusive distribution of Syfy and 13\u00e8me Rue, available exclusively on Canal offers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 23], "content_span": [24, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010839-0005-0000", "contents": "13\u00e8me Rue, Distribution\nSince then, the channels have arrived at SFR, and were removed of Canal on 26 September 2017. Canal+ replaced 13e Rue by Polar+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 23], "content_span": [24, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010840-0000-0000", "contents": "14 (Calgary) Service Battalion, History\nFormed in 1965 when the Canadian Armed Forces amalgamated, the Combat Service Support units were formed into Service Battalions. The 14 Service Battalion was initially formed with the following elements:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010840-0001-0000", "contents": "14 (Calgary) Service Battalion, History\nWhile initially titled Calgary Service Battalion, in 1975 it assumed the name of 14 (Calgary) Service Battalion. The Battalion would serve in this role until its amalgamation with 15 (Edmonton) Service Battalion and Area Support Unit Calgary to form 41 Service Battalion in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010841-0000-0000", "contents": "14 (album)\n14 is a studio album by German violinist David Garrett. It was released on April 2, 2013, by Deutsche Grammophon GmbH in Berlin. 14 is under exclusive license to Deutsche Grammophon & Decca Classics, U.S., a division of UMG Recordings, Inc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010842-0000-0000", "contents": "14 (novel)\n14 is a 2013 science fiction novel by American author Peter Clines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010842-0001-0000", "contents": "14 (novel), Plot\n14 follows Nate Tucker, who lives in Los Angeles, is stuck doing data entry and doesn't know what he's doing with his life. Just as he needs to move out of his old place, Nate hears of an apartment building with extremely low rent at an after work get-together, and once Nate signs his lease for 565 dollars a month (including utilities) at the Kavach building, the mysteries of the old Los Angeles brownstone begin to unravel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010842-0002-0000", "contents": "14 (novel), Plot\nNate discovers that his building manager Osker Rommel is reluctant to tell him much about the building. He also discovers that there is a colony of bright green, seven-legged cockroaches that skitter around his apartment, his kitchen light is a black light no matter what kind of bulb he puts in, and the four massive padlocks that are on apartment 14. In addition to discovering the visible oddities of his building, Nate also encounters his neighbors Veek, Roger, Xela, Clive, Debbie and the newly moved-in Tim. Together, they slowly unveil the deeper hidden secrets of the Kavach building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010842-0002-0001", "contents": "14 (novel), Plot\nOver the course of the novel, the group, with Nate at the lead, discover that the building is not hooked into the Los Angeles power grid and instead pulls its power from a series of Westinghouse generators that draw from a fault line almost a mile underneath Kavach. They also discover writing on all of the walls of various apartments that includes scientific formulas, population growth algorithms and a letter from one of the men who created Kavach, Aleksander Koturovich, which helps answer the mysterious questions about the nature of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010842-0002-0002", "contents": "14 (novel), Plot\nAleksander Koturovic along with Whipple Van Buren Phillips and Nikola Tesla helped finance and construct the Kavach building as a protective barrier around our reality, meant to guard against a species of multi-dimensional predators that appear in our world once the total population of the planet reached a critical point, consuming everything in their path before returning to their home dimension to await the next turn of the cycle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010842-0003-0000", "contents": "14 (novel), Plot\nNate and the others also discover that beneath the paneling of Clive and Debbie's apartment is a series of knobs and switches that are meant to act as the controls for the building. As Nate and the others break into apartment 14 to discover the last of the mysteries of their building, they realize that a pocket of space is within the apartment which acts as a counterbalance for the power of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010842-0003-0001", "contents": "14 (novel), Plot\nThe apex of the story occurs when Andrew, another resident of Kavach who is also a member of the Family of the Red Death (a doomsday cult that worships Koturovic's alpha predators), deactivates the building, causing the barrier to fail and the creatures to emerge. Nate and the other residents of the Kavach building hurriedly work to change the switches and dials on the control panel in Clive and Debbie's apartment. Oskar gets captured by a flying creature, they fail to get him back and in the process of trying, Tim dies. Nate and the other residents of Kavach, save for Andrew, Oskar and Tim, fixes the control room and returns the creatures back to their dimension and the building itself back to Los Angeles. The novel ends with Nate succeeding Oskar as the new building manager of Kavach", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010842-0004-0000", "contents": "14 (novel), Reception\nFor the novel 14, NerdsonEarth.com reviewer Joseph Robinson praised the work for the mysterious build-up that occurred during the novel as it was something that defied his own expectations for the piece. Robinson also comments that the characters in the novel are not completely fleshed out and only really make decisions that further the plot of the book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010842-0005-0000", "contents": "14 (novel), Origins\nIn the afterword to 14, Peter Clines reveals that the debut of 14 started as an advanced readers edition copy that Clines sold at the 2012 Crypticon in Seattle prior to the actual publication of the book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010843-0000-0000", "contents": "14 (number)\n14 (fourteen) is a natural number following 13 and succeeded by 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010843-0001-0000", "contents": "14 (number)\nIn relation to the word \"four\" (4), 14 is spelled \"fourteen\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010843-0002-0000", "contents": "14 (number), In religion and mythology, Mythology\nThe number of pieces the body of Osiris was torn into by his fratricidal brother Set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010844-0000-0000", "contents": "14 (song)\n\"14\" is a song by American singer Paula Cole, from her fourth studio album, Courage. It was released on April 3, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010844-0001-0000", "contents": "14 (song), Background\n\"14\" was released as the first single from her fourth studio album, Courage. The song consists of genres like rock. The song never entered the Billboard charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010845-0000-0000", "contents": "14 - Diaries of the Great War\n14 - Diaries of the Great War (titled Great War Diaries when aired on the BBC) is a 2014 international documentary drama series about World War I. It uses a mix of acted scenes, archive footage, and animation. All episodes were directed by Jan Peter, series authors were Jan Peter and Yury Winterberg. In a dramatic advisory capacity, Dutch producer and screenwriter Maarten van der Duin and BBC-author Andrew Bampfield worked on the film's development. The series is based on an idea by Gunnar Dedio, producer at the film company LOOKSfilm and Ulrike Dotzer, the Head of Department ARTE at Norddeutscher Rundfunk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010845-0001-0000", "contents": "14 - Diaries of the Great War, Synopsis\nThe individual episodes of the series tell the story of the First World War, not from the perspective of politicians and the military; but from the perspective of soldiers, housewives, factory workers, nurses and children. In total there are 14 main characters. Meaningful scenes from their lives are re-enacted and intertwined. The result is not only a political or military history of the First World War, but a story that poignantly captures the feelings and moods of the people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010845-0002-0000", "contents": "14 - Diaries of the Great War, Production\nThe series was produced by LOOKSfilm Leipzig, Les Films d\u2019ici Paris und Filmoption International Montreal. The series is one of the most elaborate docudrama formats ever co-produced in Germany and was already sold in more than 25 countries worldwide before broadcast. The budget for the German version alone was around 6 million euros, for all the international versions together the budget was closer to 8 million euros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010845-0003-0000", "contents": "14 - Diaries of the Great War, Production, Development\nThe scripts are based on quotes from diaries and letters from men and women who experienced World War I in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia and the United States, who wrote during the period from 1914 to 1918. More than 1,000 journals and collections of letters were examined and 14 stories of World War I were selected from this compilation. Overall, the selection of the diaries and subsequent development work took four years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010845-0004-0000", "contents": "14 - Diaries of the Great War, Production, Archive footage\nThe series uses cinematic and photographic archive material from a total of 71 archives in 21 countries. Most material came from British Path\u00e9 (United Kingdom), Gaumont Path\u00e9 (France), Krasnogorsk (Russia), Bundesfilmarchiv (Germany), \u00d6sterreichisches Filmmuseum, the National Archives and Records Administration (USA) and the Imperial War Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010845-0005-0000", "contents": "14 - Diaries of the Great War, Production, Filming\nThe series was filmed in France, Canada and Germany. Filming took place over a total of 50 days. The French part of the shoot took place in and around Strasbourg. Among the location were the historical baths, an abandoned brewery and the chateau of Fr\u0153schwiller. The Canadian part of the shoot took place in the province of Qu\u00e9bec. Among the locations were an old quarry north of Montreal, where a trench system, complete with accompanying No-Man's-Land was constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010845-0006-0000", "contents": "14 - Diaries of the Great War, Production, Music\nThe score was created by the French composer Laurent Eyquem. Choir pieces were recorded in Prague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010845-0007-0000", "contents": "14 - Diaries of the Great War, Release, Broadcast\nArte began broadcasting the eight-part series on 29 April 2014 in Germany and France, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the start of World War I. Additional partners of the series are SWR, NDR and WDR in Germany; ORF in Austria; and the BBC in the United Kingdom. ARD and ORF broadcast the series as four episodes of 45 minutes each. The BBC broadcast the series under the title Great War Diary in three episodes of 60 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010845-0008-0000", "contents": "14 - Diaries of the Great War, Release, Broadcast\nDutch broadcasters NTR and VPRO produced an additional episode about the situation in the Netherlands which aired on 5 April 2014, on Nederland 2. The remaining eight \"international\" episodes aired in the Netherlands between 12 April and 7 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010845-0009-0000", "contents": "14 - Diaries of the Great War, Release, Broadcast\nSweden's SVT had several additional segments produced for their airing of the series which included introductions to each episode by historian and author Peter Englund and dramatisations of diaries from six Swedes to tell the story of Sweden during the Great War. These were edited into the original eight episodes which meant they ended up with a running time of sixty minutes. This version of the series premi\u00e8red on SVT1 on 26 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010845-0010-0000", "contents": "14 - Diaries of the Great War, Release, Home media\nThe German edition of the series was released on 14 May 2014, on DVD and Blu-ray Disc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010845-0011-0000", "contents": "14 - Diaries of the Great War, In other media, Radio feature\nBeginning on 9 March 2014 the WDR broadcast a six-part, eponymous Radio Documentary by Christine Sievers and Nicolaus Schr\u00f6der. This series is based and created in collaboration with the TV series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010845-0012-0000", "contents": "14 - Diaries of the Great War, In other media, Print\nThe series is accompanied by a coffee table book, which was published by BBC Books in the United Kingdom, and Bucher Verlag in Germany. In eight chapters, the book presents high resolution photographs, which were colorized prior and during World War I. Each photo is accompanied by a diary quote. The foreword is written by Peter Englund. The book \"14 - Der gro\u00dfe Krieg\" by Oliver Janz was published in October 2013 by Campus Verlag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010845-0013-0000", "contents": "14 - Diaries of the Great War, In other media, Exhibition\nThe Military History Museum Dresden shows in a special exhibition \"14-Menschen-Krieg\" from 01. August 2014 until 24. February 2015 all 14 biographies and their perspectives on World War I. The exhibition focuses on the eve of the war and furthermore shows the dimension and forms of sufferings of both, soldiers and civilians. The exhibition draws a conclusion of World War I and ends with a forecast on the soon to follow World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010845-0014-0000", "contents": "14 - Diaries of the Great War, Reception, Critical response\nThe series received very positive reviews. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung called it \"Gripping, emotional, and real. A milestone for European television.\". S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung describes the series as \"A story of the destruction and the future of television.\". Stuttgarter Zeitung calls it \"Woven together like a modern television series.\". Neue Z\u00fcrcher Zeitung says that \"the program manages to fascinate by combining different observations, in different locations, and managing to condense these into a coherent mood.\". Le Monde ascribes to the series \"a never before seen virtuosity\", while Direct Matin calls it \"of exceptional quality.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010845-0014-0001", "contents": "14 - Diaries of the Great War, Reception, Critical response\nThe Dutch version of the series was described as follows by NRC Handelsblad: \"Phantastic Television Making\u2026 We ride a rollercoaster of emotions, as if we are not supposed to understand history but rather to live it ourselves.\" After watching the series on Netflix, William F.B. O'Reilly called the series \"superbly done\" and said \"unlike other Netflix programming that escapes the mind moments after consumption, \"14\" lingers. It consumes its viewers rather than the other way around.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010846-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Andromedae\n14 Andromedae, abbreviated 14 And, also named Veritate /\u02ccv\u025br\u026a\u02c8te\u026ati\u02d0/, is a single, orange-hued giant star situated approximately 247 light-years away in the northern constellation of Andromeda. It is dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.22. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221260\u00a0km/s. In 2008 an extrasolar planet (designated 14 Andromedae b, later named Spe) was discovered to be orbiting the star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010846-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Andromedae\nThis is a red clump giant with a stellar classification of K0\u00a0III, indicating it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. The star has 1.12 (or 2.2) times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 10.5 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 60.3 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,743\u00a0K. This is thought it was formerly an A- or F-type main-sequence star earlier in its life, prior to evolving into a giant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010846-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Andromedae, Nomenclature\n14 Andromedae is the star's Flamsteed designation. Following its discovery the planet was designated 14 Andromedae b.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010846-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Andromedae, Nomenclature\nIn July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched NameExoWorlds, a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning names were Veritate for this star and Spe for its planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010846-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Andromedae, Nomenclature\nThe winning names were based on those submitted by the Thunder Bay Centre of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada); namely 'Veritas' and 'Spes', Latin for 'truth' and 'hope', respectively. (Veritas was also the Roman goddess of truth and Spes was the Roman goddess of hope.) The IAU substituted the ablative forms 'Veritate' and 'Spe', which mean 'where there is truth' and 'where there is hope', respectively. This was because 'Veritas' is the name of an asteroid important for the study of the solar system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010846-0005-0000", "contents": "14 Andromedae, Nomenclature\nIn 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. In its first bulletin of July 2016, the WGSN explicitly recognized the names of exoplanets and their host stars approved by the Executive Committee Working Group Public Naming of Planets and Planetary Satellites, including the names of stars adopted during the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign. This star is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010846-0006-0000", "contents": "14 Andromedae, Planetary system\nIn 2008, a planet was announced to be orbiting the star. The planet was found to have a minimum mass of 4.8 Jupiter masses and orbiting in a circular orbit that takes 186 days to complete. The planet is one of the few known planets to be orbiting an evolved intermediate-mass star and one of the innermost (such planets have only been discovered in clump giants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010847-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Andromedae b\n14 Andromedae b (abbreviated 14 And b), formally named Spe /\u02c8spi\u02d0/, is an extrasolar planet approximately 249 light years away in the constellation of Andromeda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010847-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Andromedae b\nThe 186-day period planet orbits about 83% the Earth-Sun distance from the giant star 14 Andromedae. It has a minimum mass 4.8 times the mass of Jupiter. The planet orbits with an eccentricity of 0.0094, which means the orbital distance over the course of its revolution varies by only 0.02 AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010847-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Andromedae b, Nomenclature\nIn July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched NameExoWorlds, a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU announced the name Spe for this planet. The winning name was based on that submitted by the Thunder Bay Centre of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada); namely 'Spes', Latin for 'hope'. (Spes was also the Roman goddess of hope.) The IAU substituted the ablative form 'Spe', which means 'where there is hope', to match that given to the host star at the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010847-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Andromedae b, Discovery\nThe preprint announcing 14 Andromedae b was submitted to the arXiv electronic repository on July 2, 2008, by Bun'ei Sato and collaborators, who discovered it using the Doppler Spectroscopy method, during the Okayama Planet Search radial velocity survey of G and K giants at Okayama Astrophysical Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010848-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Apo Ta Oreotera Tragoudia Mou\nMarinella - 14 Apo ta oreotera tragoudia mou (Greek: \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 - 14 \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5; English: Marinella - 14 From my most beautiful songs) is a compilation of recordings by popular Greek singer Marinella, under the PolyGram Records - Philips series \"14 Apo Ta Oreotera Tragoudia Mou\" or \"16 Apo Ta Oreotera Tragoudia Mou\". This album is part of the compilation. It was released in 1987 in Greece and includes 14 recordings by Marinella from 1976 - 1985 for the PolyGram Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010849-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Aquarii\n14 Aquarii (abbreviated 14 Aqr) is red giant star. 14 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation; it also bears the variable star designation IW Aquarii. It is a semiregular variable with an amplitude of less than a tenth of a magnitude, and shows variations on a timescale of just one day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010850-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Aquilae\n14 Aquilae is a probable spectroscopic binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 14 Aquilae is the Flamsteed designation though it also bears the Bayer designation g Aquilae. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.42, and it is located at a distance of approximately 500 light-years (150 parsecs) from Sun. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221239\u00a0km/s, and may come as close as 136 light-years in around 3.5\u00a0million years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010850-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Aquilae\nThe visible component is an A-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of A1\u00a0V. It has 3.25 times the mass of the Sun and  about twice the Sun's radius. The projected rotational velocity is relatively low at 23\u00a0km/s. The star is radiating 214 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,908\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010851-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Arietis\n14 Arietis (abbreviated 14 Ari) is a star in the constellation of Aries. 14 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.98, which means it is visible to the naked eye. Based upon a measured annual parallax shift of 11.30\u00a0mas, is it located at a distance of approximately 290 light-years (89 parsecs), give or take a 30\u00a0light-year margin of error.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010851-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Arietis\nThis is an astrometric binary system. The primary has a stellar classification of F2\u00a0III, suggesting that it is a giant star. Despite being an evolved star with four times the radius of the Sun, it is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 139.6\u00a0km/s. This is causing a pronounced equatorial bulge, with the radius of the star along the equator being 24% greater than the radius at the poles. The star shines at 32 times the luminosity of the Sun, with this energy being radiated from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 6,761\u00a0K. This heat gives it the yellow-white hued glow of an F-type star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010852-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Aurigae\n14 Aurigae is a quadruple star system located 269\u00a0light years away from the Sun in the zodiac constellation of Auriga. It has the variable star designation KW Aurigae, whereas 14 Aurigae is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, white-hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.01. The system is moving closer to the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u22129\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010852-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Aurigae\nThe magnitude 5.08 primary member, designated component A, is a single-lined spectroscopic binary system in a circular orbit with a period of 3.7887\u00a0days. The visible member has a stellar classification of A9\u00a0IV or A\u00a0V, depending on the source, and is a Delta Scuti variable with an amplitude of 0.08 magnitude and a period of 2.11 hours. It is 609\u00a0million years old with 1.64 times the mass of the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010852-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Aurigae\nComponent B lies about 10\u2033 to the north of the primary and is merely a visual companion. However, component C, an F-type main sequence star of magnitude 7.86, shares a common proper motion with component A and thus they form a system. This member is also a single-lined spectroscopic binary, having a period of 2.9934\u00a0days. The final member of the system, now designated component Cb, is a white dwarf star that is separated from the C, or rather Ca pair by 2\u2033. If it is indeed bound to Ca, its orbital period is around 1,300\u00a0years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010853-0000-0000", "contents": "14 BC\nYear 14 BC was either a common year starting on Thursday or Friday or a leap year starting on Wednesday, Thursday or Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Crassus and Lentulus (or, less frequently, year 740 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 14 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010854-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Bagatelles\n14 Bagatelles, Sz.38, BB 50; 3rd Set, Op. 6 (Hungarian: 14 Bagatell) is a set of pieces for solo piano by Hungarian composer B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k, written in the spring of 1908 and first performed by the composer June 29, 1908, in Berlin. The work was published the following year in Budapest by Rozsnyai K\u00e1roly. Composed the same year as Ten Easy Pieces, 14 Bagatelles was experimental and signified Bart\u00f3k's departure from the tonality of 19th century composition. The work borders on atonality, and Bart\u00f3k adopted some techniques of Debussy and Schoenberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010854-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Bagatelles, Background\nBart\u00f3k along with composer Zolt\u00e1n Kod\u00e1ly had researched Hungarian folk music in 1905, and Bart\u00f3k believed that the most interesting folk traditions in music existed in a multicultural environment with an active exchange of ideas between cultures. The first Bagatelle may reflect some of Bart\u00f3k's view of multicultural folk music, with different key signatures for left and right hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010854-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Bagatelles, Background\nDuring Bart\u00f3k's study of folk music in Transylvania in 1907, he met and fell in love with Stefi Geyer, a 19 year old violinist who did not return his affection. Author Music critic for The New Yorker Alex Ross had suggested that Bartok's \"fenced-off soul opening itself to the chaos of the outer world,\" and he attributed \"rusty shards of folk melody\" was a response to Geyer's rejection of Bart\u00f3k.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010855-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Beaufort Square, Chepstow\n14 Beaufort Square in Chepstow, Monmouthshire, Wales, is a townhouse of medieval origins. The present building was mainly constructed in the early 19th century. It is a Grade II* listed building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010855-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Beaufort Square, Chepstow, History\nThe origin of the building is medieval. Its basement, which also runs under No.13, Raglan Lodge, has a vaulted medieval roof which may have been the roof of a 14th-century moot hall. The building above the basement is 19th century. In the 20th and 21st centuries, No.14, which is also known as Richmond House, has been used predominantly for commercial purposes and the building until recently housed a tattoo parlour on the ground floor and commercial offices and flats above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010855-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Beaufort Square, Chepstow, Architecture and description\nThe house is of three storeys, with an attic and basement. The building is in a Regency style, of a similar date to the adjoining Raglan Lodge. A balcony originally on the first floor has been removed. The roof of the medieval basement incorporates \"two carved stone heads\". The house is Grade II* listed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 58], "content_span": [59, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010856-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Bis (S\u00e3o Paulo Metro)\n14 Bis will be one of the future stations of S\u00e3o Paulo Metro and will belong to Line 6-Orange, which is under construction. In its first phase, with 15.9\u00a0km (9.9\u00a0mi) of extension, Line 6 should connect Brasil\u00e2ndia, in the North Side, to S\u00e3o Joaquim station of Line 1-Blue. Later, the line should connect Rodovia dos Bandeirantes to the borough of Cidade L\u00edder, in the East Side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010856-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Bis (S\u00e3o Paulo Metro)\nThe station will be located in the confluence between Avenida 9 de Julho, Rua Doutor Louren\u00e7o Granato, Rua Cardeal Leme and Rua Manuel Dutra, next to Pra\u00e7a 14 Bis, in the district of Bela Vista.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010856-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Bis (S\u00e3o Paulo Metro)\nThe construction of the station began in 2016, when the opening date was estimated to mid-2020. Later, Governor Geraldo Alckmin promised the opening of the first phase of the line to 2020, time which was discarded due to a year of delay in the financing of the Federal Savings Bank, which would be used for the expropriations. In June 2016, the opening of the line was estimated for 2021, time kept in October 2017, when the resume of the construction was announced for the beginning of 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010856-0002-0001", "contents": "14 Bis (S\u00e3o Paulo Metro)\nCurrently, the construction is suspended, due to the involvement of the construction companies of the Move S\u00e3o Paulo consortium (Odebrecht, Queiroz Galv\u00e3o, UTC Participa\u00e7\u00f5es) in Operation Car Wash, which caused them to not get the financing of R$ 5.5 billions (US$ 1,575,344,427.58) with the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) for the continuity of the construction. The State Government of S\u00e3o Paulo is currently in negotiations with international companies, including Spanish Acciona and Chinese China Railway Construction Corporation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010856-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Bis (S\u00e3o Paulo Metro), Characteristics\nBuried station with side platforms, structure with apparent concrete and support rooms at-grade. It will have access for people with disabilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010857-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Bis (band)\n14 Bis is a Brazilian pop-rock band. The band took its name from Santos-Dumont's 14 Bis airplane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010857-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Bis (band)\nThe band was formed in 1979 in the state of Minas Gerais, when the members of two bands, O Ter\u00e7o and \"Bendeg\u00f3\" decided to merge. Fl\u00e1vio Venturini and Vermelho, two founding members of 14 Bis, were also members of the Clube da Esquina band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010857-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Bis (band)\nM\u00fasica popular brasileira is a strong element in many of 14 Bis compositions. The influence of progressive rock and caipira (hillbilly) is evident in many of its compositions, such as in their use of analog keyboards and complex vocal arrangements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010857-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Bis (band)\nThe group reached the peak of their success during the 1980s with notable compositions and performance of popular Brazilian songs. Due to the mild, often happy and soothing theme of many of its compositions, the band was quite popular among children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010858-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Blades\n14 Blades (Chinese: \u9326\u8863\u885b) is a 2010 wuxia film directed by Daniel Lee and starring Donnie Yen, Zhao Wei, Sammo Hung, Wu Chun, Kate Tsui, Qi Yuwu and Damian Lau. The film was released on 4 February 2010 in China and on 11 February 2010 in Hong Kong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010858-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Blades, Plot\nDuring the late Ming dynasty, the imperial court is plagued by corruption and the reigning emperor is incompetent. The Embroidered Uniform Guard (jinyiwei) consists of orphans trained in cruel, clandestine combat since childhood and they serve as the Ming government's secret service. Qinglong, a jinyiwei commander, is given a mechanical box of 14 blades to help him in his duties. Jia Jingzhong, an imperial eunuch close to the emperor, secretly plots a rebellion with the emperor's uncle, Prince Qing, who has been exiled after an unsuccessful rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010858-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Blades, Plot\nJia Jingzhong orders Qinglong to retrieve a safe box in the possession of the imperial councillor, Zhao Shenyang, whom he accuses of planning a revolt; Qinglong is told that the box contains proof of the councillor's treason. However, Qinglong soon discovers that the box actually contains the Imperial Seal, a symbol of the emperor's authority, which Jia Jingzhong needs to legitimise Prince Qing's authority. Qinglong is betrayed by his fellow jinyiwei and his brother-in-arms, Xuanwu, who has secretly pledged allegiance to Jia Jingzhong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010858-0002-0001", "contents": "14 Blades, Plot\nPrince Qing's adoptive daughter, Tuo-Tuo, a deadly warrior, arrives to lend her assistance on receiving news of Qinglong's escape. Qinglong, now a fugitive and unable to leave the city until his wounds heal, finds his way to the Justice Security Service, a private security company whose fortunes are dwindling. The owner eagerly accepts Qinglong's offer to pay him handsomely for safe passage in hopes of revitalising his business. By coincidence, the owner's daughter, Qiao Hua, is engaged to be married, and the security service hides Qinglong within her wedding carriage as a means of getting past the checkpoints and leaving the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010858-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Blades, Plot\nWhen another group of jinyiwei arrives to arrest Qinglong, he fights and kills them but unknowingly reveals his identity as a former jinyiwei himself. Fearing more trouble than they bargained for, the owner offers to return Qinglong's money and asks to be left in peace. However, Qinglong is determined to fulfil his duty to the emperor so he takes Qiao Hua as a hostage. The pair arrive at Yanmen Pass, where Qinglong hopes to gather information. He discovers that his enemies intend to sell three provinces to fund their cause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010858-0003-0001", "contents": "14 Blades, Plot\nWhile Qinglong investigates and plots his next move, the duo encounters the Heaven's Eagles Gang, a group of bandits led by the self-proclaimed \"Judge of the Desert\". The leader is a strong warrior who fights Qinglong, proving that they are evenly matched. Qinglong proposes an alliance to raid the outpost at Yanmen Pass; the gang will get their full cut of the booty while Qinglong gets to satisfy his personal objectives. Standing in Qinglong's way are Jia Jingzhong's henchmen and his former jinyiwei, who have come to broker a deal with the gang. Before the raid is executed, Jia Jingzhong is betrayed and killed by Xuanwu, who intends to directly serve under Prince Qing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010858-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Blades, Plot\nQinglong and the Heaven's Eagles Gang successfully raid the outpost and kill most of the soldiers. Qinglong overcomes Xuanwu in combat, but the latter escapes by yielding the Imperial Seal. Tuo-Tuo kidnaps Qiao Hua and demands the seal in return for freeing her. Qiao Hua is doubtful that Qinglong will make the trade, but Qinglong gives up the seal. However, he also makes it clear that he intends to take Qiao Hua to her fianc\u00e9. Duty-bound to recover the seal, Qinglong leaves Qiao Hua. Qinglong fights Tuo-Tuo at a tavern and he witnesses her striptease tactic. Qinglong reunites with the Justice Security Service and they catch up with Qinglong, offering to assist with their superior knowledge of the roads. Separately, the Judge of the Desert realises the importance of the Seal and leaves his gang to pursue the seal on his own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010858-0005-0000", "contents": "14 Blades, Plot\nIntercepting Tuo-Tuo, Xuanwu and Prince Qing's men arrive at the ruins of the ancient Sky Wolves City. Qinglong draws Tuo-Tuo into chasing a disguised Qiao Hua. Subsequently, Xuanwu and Prince Qing's men are split up and lured into an ambush set by the Justice Security Service and are defeated by Qinglong and the service. Xuanwu plays on Qinglong's guilt and mercy to escape execution but then attempts to kill Qinglong when his back is turned, forcing his hand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010858-0005-0001", "contents": "14 Blades, Plot\nTuo-Tuo eventually catches up with Qiao Hua and tells her Qinglong set her up to die for him, but the Judge of the Desert intervenes. Realizing he is no match for Tuo-Tuo, the Judge sacrifices himself in combat to enable Qiao Hua to escape. After reuniting with Qinglong, he gives the seal to her and instructs her to bring it to the authorities to alert them of Prince Qing's conspiracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010858-0005-0002", "contents": "14 Blades, Plot\nQiao Hua tells Qinglong she has declined her wedding proposal, suggesting she wants to be with Qinglong, but he believes he is likely to die; he tells her they will meet again if she rings a bell bracelet he had previously given her. Qinglong and Tuo-Tuo duel to the death in an abandoned temple. The fight intensifies and Tuo-Tuo strips down to her last robe. After Tuo-Tuo stabs Qinglong, Qinglong grabs hold of Tuo-Tuo and uses his box of 14 blades to kill both Tuo-Tuo and himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010858-0006-0000", "contents": "14 Blades, Plot\nIn the aftermath, Prince Qing's rebellion fails. He mourns Tuo-Tuo's death and commits suicide before being brought to trial. Qiao Hua's father passes away and she inherits the Justice Security Service. During her travels, she frequently detours along the desert roads to remember her adventures with Qinglong. On one such foray, while looking across the desert with her spyglass and ringing her bell, she sees a man who appears much like Qinglong in the distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010858-0007-0000", "contents": "14 Blades, Production\n14 Blades was scheduled to start filming on 14 May 2009 in Ningxia, China. Donnie Yen stated that he took the role of a villain in the film as he \"wanted to tackle the role of a villain who discovers his humanity.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010858-0008-0000", "contents": "14 Blades, Release\n14 Blades premiered in China and Singapore on 4 February 2010 and in Hong Kong on 11 February. The film premiered at the seventh place in the Hong Kong box office, grossing US$317,975 in its first week. It grossed a total of US$984,711 at the Hong Kong box office. The film was successful in Singapore where it was first in the box office on its second week, grossing a total of US$1,126,692 on its theatrical run. The film grossed a total of US$3,676,875 worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010858-0009-0000", "contents": "14 Blades, Reception\n14 Blades was nominated for Best Action Choreography and Best Sound Design at the 29th Hong Kong Film Awards. The China Post praised Donnie Yen's acting ability and stated that the film was generally entertaining but criticised the action scenes, saying that \"you never actually clearly see even one of the 14 blades. Unlike a really decent martial arts film, in which the battle scenes are well choreographed and you see the majority of the action, this film's fight scenes were only dynamic.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010858-0010-0000", "contents": "14 Blades, Reception\nMany reviewers also criticised the film's heavy use of technology, including Kate Tsui's clothes-shedding technique. Film Business Asia gave the film a six out of ten, stating that 14 Blades has a  \"script that becomes increasingly incoherent and restless editing that grows more and more distracting\" and that the action scenes were \"largely dependant on wire-fu and CG...when [Donnie] Yen is allowed to show his skills properly...14 Blades starts to look like the film it could have been.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010858-0011-0000", "contents": "14 Blades, Reception\nVariety called 14 Blades an \"above-average martial-arts actioner that reinforces Donnie Yen's \"Man with No Name\" ambience... Despite the circumstances, Qiao Hua falls in love with her captor, a development made believable by Zhao's warm and affecting perf. [ sic] Yen's Eastwood-like poise is used to good effect here, and the romantic tension keeps the narrative effectively taut between the battle sequences.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010858-0012-0000", "contents": "14 Blades, Reception\nThe Hollywood Reporter wrote that the film \"would have ended a mediocre film if not for the inventively designed and utilized weaponry (especially the titular 14 blades with different functions)\" and had mixed reaction to the acting in the film, asserting that Donnie Yen's \"stiff and steely demeanor actually works to his role's favor. The love interest with Qiao Hua is lame, especially with Zhao sleepwalking through another typecast role as playful, tomboyish heroine.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010859-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Bo\u00f6tis\n14 Bo\u00f6tis is a possible binary star system located 110\u00a0light years away from the Sun in the northern constellation of Bo\u00f6tes. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, yellow-white hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.53. This system is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221240\u00a0km/s. It has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.260\u00a0arc seconds per annum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010859-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Bo\u00f6tis\nThe component of this system remain unresolved as of 2002; Eggleton and Tokovinin (2008) listed an angular separation of 0.2\u2033. The visible component is an F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of  F8\u00a0V There are enhanced barium lines in the star's spectrum, but these are likely caused by  regions of photospheric activity rather than being a barium star. It is 2.6\u00a0billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 5.6\u00a0km/s, giving it a rotation period of 26\u00a0days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010859-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Bo\u00f6tis\n14 Bo\u00f6tis has 1.46 times the mass of the Sun and 2.1 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 5.9 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,169\u00a0K. The metallicity is near solar, based on the abundance of iron in the stellar atmosphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010860-0000-0000", "contents": "14 CBRN Regiment (Sri Lanka)\n14 CBRN Regiment (Chemical Biological Radiology and Nuclear Regiment), Sri Lanka Engineers (Sinhala: 14 \u0dc0\u0db1 \u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0da2\u0dd3\u0dc0 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dad\u0dca\u0db8\u0d9a \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dab\u0dc1\u0dd3\u0dbd\u0dd3 \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0db1\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dc2\u0dca\u0da7\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0dbb\u0dd9\u0da2\u0dd2\u0db8\u0dda\u0db1\u0dca\u0dad\u0dd4\u0dc0, romanized:\u00a014 vana ras\u0101yanika j\u012bva vidy\u0101tmaka vikira\u1e47a\u015b\u012bl\u012b h\u0101 nya\u1e63\u1e6dika rejim\u0113ntuva) is a regiment of the Sri Lanka Army that focuses on countering chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) hazards in the country. The Sri Lanka Navy and Sri Lanka Air Force also maintain CBRN units in addition to the Army's CBRN regiment. The regiment evolved from the first CBRN squadron that Major General Jagath Gunawardena, the current colonel-commandant of Sri Lanka Engineers, established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010860-0001-0000", "contents": "14 CBRN Regiment (Sri Lanka), History\nAs the Wanni Humanitarian Operation was gaining momentum against the LTTE, the Sri Lanka Army embarked on the task of raising additional battalions in support of the operation. In the process, 14 Sri Lanka Engineer Regiment was raised on 15 July 2016 at Thrikonamadu as a reinforcement (RFT) battalion after the completion of battalion training at Infantry Training Centre, Minneriya in June and July 2008. At the inception, 9 officers and 356 other ranks were posted to the unit from other units of the Corps of Engineers and Major S. R. Dias RSP SLE (later Lieutenant Colonel) assumed duties as the first Commanding Officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010860-0002-0000", "contents": "14 CBRN Regiment (Sri Lanka), History\nOn 16 July 2006, the unit was airlifted to Wanni and placed under the command of the 571 Brigade in the elite 57 Division. The Battalion Headquarters was located at Periyamadu and the unit strength was increased with the arrival of new recruits. Due to operational requirements, within a very short period of time the unit was assigned to several formations including 571, 572, 574 and 573 Brigades respectively, before being assigned to Task Force 3 in November 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010860-0002-0001", "contents": "14 CBRN Regiment (Sri Lanka), History\nIn December 2008, the unit was again placed under command of the 573 Brigade before being transferred to 53 Division for a short period. Meanwhile, unit headquarters was shifted to Maankulam. During the period, troops from the unit actively engaged in Small Group Operations alongside the infantry. The initial confrontations provided valuable experience from which the regiment's troops gained confidence, enabling them to contribute to the final success of the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010860-0003-0000", "contents": "14 CBRN Regiment (Sri Lanka), History\nIn establishing a CBRN regiment Major General Jagath Gunawardena, the current colonel-commandant of Sri Lanka Engineers, played a major role. He established the first CBRN squadron of the Sri Lanka Army, which later became the 14 CBRN Regiment, Sri Lanka Engineers. The regiment also contributed personnel to the Sri Lanka Army Rescue Operations Contingent that responded to the April 2015 Nepal earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010860-0004-0000", "contents": "14 CBRN Regiment (Sri Lanka), Training\nThe Sri Lanka School of Military Engineering conducts basic and advanced CBRN courses for Army and Navy personnel. Personnel receive local and foreign training from the National Authority for the Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). The regiment provides personnel to support the Basic Training Course on Emergency Response at Chemical Incidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010861-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Camelopardalis\n14 Camelopardalis is a star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Camelopardalis, located 272\u00a0light years away from the Sun as determined by parallax measurements. With an apparent visual magnitude of 6.49, it is a challenge to view with the naked eye even in excellent viewing conditions. The heliocentric radial velocity value is poorly constrained, but it appears to be moving closer to the Earth at the rate of around \u22124\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010861-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Camelopardalis\nThis is a white-hued, A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A7\u00a0Vn, where the 'n' notation indicates \"nebulous\" lines due to rapid rotation. The star is 504\u00a0million years old with 1.61 times the mass of the Sun and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 312\u00a0km/s. It is radiating 15 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,872\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010862-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Cancri\n14 Cancri is a star in the northern zodiac constellation of Cancer. It can be referred to as \u03c8 Cancri, very occasionally as \u03c82 Cancri, to distinguish it from 13 Cancri which is sometimes called \u03c81 Cancri. It is just barely visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of +5.73. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 24.18\u00a0mas as seen from Earth, it is located 135\u00a0light years from the Sun. It may be a member of the Wolf 630 moving group of stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010862-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Cancri\nThis object has a stellar classification of G7\u00a0V, which would suggest it is a G-type main-sequence star. However, Jofr\u00e9 et al. (2015) consider it to be a more evolved subgiant star due to a surface gravity of log\u00a0g\u00a0=\u00a03.87. As such, it has an estimated 1.5 times the mass of the Sun and 3.2 times the Sun's radius. The star is 2.4 billion years old with what appears to be a leisurely rotation rate, judging by a projected rotational velocity of 0.98\u00a0km/s. It is radiating eight times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,311\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010863-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Canis Minoris\n14 Canis Minoris, also known as HD 65345, is a single star in the equatorial constellation of Canis Minor. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.30. The distance to this star, as determined from an annual parallax shift of 13.50\u00b10.34\u00a0mas, is approximately 242\u00a0light years. 14 CMI has a relatively large proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.188\u00a0arcsecond/year. It is moving further from the Sun with  heliocentric radial velocity of +42.6\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010863-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Canis Minoris\nThis is an evolved G-type giant star with a stellar classification of G8\u00a0IIIb. At the age of around 550\u00a0million years old, it is a red clump giant, which means it has already undergone helium flash and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. The star has an estimated 2.5 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 8.7 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating roughly 48 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,070\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010864-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Carrot Rabbit\n14 Carrot Rabbit is a 1952 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes animated cartoon short directed by Friz Freleng. The short was released on March 15, 1952, and features Bugs Bunny and Yosemite Sam. The title is a play on \"14 karat\", as in a purity level for gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010864-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Carrot Rabbit, Plot\n14 Carrot Rabbit takes place during the Klondike Gold Rush (1896-1899) in Alaska and centers on Yosemite Sam (here as Chilkoot Sam) who steals other people's gold. The story begins with an old man named Louie slouching by a river, washing the gold he has in a pan. Sam suddenly appears and, using his guns and his reputation, scares Louie off and claims the gold. When he sees how little he has actually stolen from the old prospector, Sam says, \"Picking's mighty slim around here, hardly no reward for a day's work.\" Sam takes the gold to Pierre, who runs the \"Next to Last Chance Saloon\", to trade it for money. After the weigh-up, Sam is furious to find out that Pierre can offer only $10 for the gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010864-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Carrot Rabbit, Plot\nWhile Sam complains about this (\"It's getting so a man can't earn a dishonest living! \"), Bugs Bunny wobbles into the shop carrying a gigantic piece of gold. Pierre's comments to Bugs indicate that this is not the first time he has brought in such a chunk. In lieu of cash, Bugs gets paid off in carrots. Sam, speechless, watches Bugs leave; Pierre explains that Bugs always gets a \"funny feeling\" when he is near gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010864-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Carrot Rabbit, Plot\nArmed with this information, eager to pursue his own underhanded ambition, Sam goes after Bugs...whom he manages to secretly observe get that \"funny feeling\". Bugs starts digging, only to unearth a lost collar button, which he discards. Sam then reveals himself and suggests that the two of them become partners; when Bugs locates gold, Sam will dig it up and split it with the rabbit in a 50/50 deal. Bugs looks at the camera and wiggles his eyebrows with a smirk, demonstrating that he is not taken in by the conniving Sam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010864-0003-0001", "contents": "14 Carrot Rabbit, Plot\nBugs plays along...asking if the deal is \"honest and for true\". \"Sure,\" the claim-jumper replies. \"Square-Deal Sam, they call me.\" They stroll off together and soon Bugs, in his unusual way, indicates that he has found gold. He points out the spot to Sam, who proceeds to dig...and abruptly dissolves his partnership with Bugs. The double-crossed Bugs notices that Sam is about to dig  through a cliff and into a lake hundreds of feet down. Bugs feels he cannot \"do that to the little guy\" and tries to warn Sam, who yells at him to shut up. His conscience clear, Bugs chews on a carrot as Sam indeed digs through and plummets into the lake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010864-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Carrot Rabbit, Plot\nBugs heads downhill, knowing Sam will show up shortly. When Bugs hears him coming, he starts digging; Sam immediately accuses Bugs of trying to get the gold for himself and grabs the shovel, hypocritically complaining, \"That's what I get for trusting a rabbit\". As the thief digs ever deeper, it turns out he is in a loaded dump truck. Bugs drives to a cliff and empties the load over the edge. Oblivious, Sam keeps digging until he finds himself upside down, gazing out from the bottom of the falling soil pile (\"Great horny toads! I must've dug clean through to Chinee!\"). His fall is broken by hard ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010864-0005-0000", "contents": "14 Carrot Rabbit, Plot\nEnraged, Sam vows to chase Bugs through every state in the Union, and literally does, until the rabbit suddenly has another \"funny\" moment. In spite of thinking Bugs is again tricking him, Sam cannot resist the desire to dig for gold. He does so and indeed finds tons of it. (\"I'm a Zillionaire!\"). However, it turns out that Sam has dug up the United States Gold Reserve in Fort Knox, Kentucky. He is hauled off to the stockade by a couple of Military Policemen, while Bugs bids him farewell (\"So long, Sam; see you in 20 years.\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010864-0005-0001", "contents": "14 Carrot Rabbit, Plot\nA third Military Policeman asks Bugs, \"And what are you doing here? \"; Bugs nervously explains that he is waiting for a streetcar. At that moment an ocean liner appears on the scene. Bugs is not stymied, and remarks to the officer, \"But, in a spot like this, a boat will do!\" With that, he rushes aboard to make his getaway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010865-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Ceti\n14 Ceti is a single star in the equatorial constellation of Cetus. It is faintly visible to the naked eye under good viewing conditions, having an apparent visual magnitude of 5.84. The distance to 14 Ceti can be estimated from its annual parallax shift of 17.26\u2033, which puts it 189\u00a0light years away. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +11\u00a0km/s, having recently come no closer than 178\u00a0ly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010865-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Ceti\nGray (1989) as well as Houk and Swift (1999) have this star classified as an F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F5\u00a0V. However, in the 5th revised edition of the Bright Star Catalogue it was classed by Hoffleit and Warren (1991) as a more evolved subgiant star with a class of F5\u00a0IV. The absolute magnitude and effective temperature for this star shows that it is entering the Hertzsprung gap, which is occupied by a class of stars that have consumed the hydrogen at their core but have not yet begun hydrogen fusion along a shell surrounding the center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010865-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Ceti\nEvolutionary models for this star give an estimated age of around 2.1\u00a0billion years with 1.6 times the mass of the Sun. It has 2.6 times the Sun's radius and is radiating 10.7 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of about 6,583\u00a0K. There is a thin convective envelope near its surface. The star has a lower abundance of elements more massive than helium \u2013 what astronomers' term the metallicity \u2013 compared to the Sun. The projected rotational velocity is a relatively low 5\u00a0km/s, but the rotation rate is unknown since the axial tilt hasn't been determined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010865-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Ceti\n14 Ceti shows an X-ray emission of 0.33\u00d71030\u00a0erg s\u22121, which is on the high side for an F5 star. Both the corona and chromosphere of this star show indications of a magnetic field, and a surface field was detected in 2009 with a strength of \u221230\u00a0G. This made it the only known star between classes F0 and F7 to have a Zeeman effect detected. Two possible explanations for this field are that it is a fast rotator with a dynamo-driven field, or that it is a former Ap star. The activity properties of this star make it more likely to be the latter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010866-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Comae Berenices\n14 Comae Berenices is a single star in the northern constellation of Coma Berenices, and is the second brightest member of the Coma Star Cluster. It is a faint star but visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.95. Parallax measurements place the star at a distance of about 266\u00a0light years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010866-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Comae Berenices\nThe spectrum of this star is peculiar and it has been assigned a number of different stellar classifications: A5, F0p, F0 III Sr, F0\u00a0vp, F1 IV: np Sr shell, A9 IV np Sr II, F1\u00a0IV, and A9 V + shell. Abt & Morrell (1995) designated this a Lambda Bo\u00f6tis star but this was later refuted. No surface magnetic field has been detected on 14 Comae Bernices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010866-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Comae Berenices\n14 Comae Berenices is a well-known shell star with a high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 226\u00a0km/s. This is giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is 12% larger than the polar radius. It is radiating 76 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,300\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010867-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Compositions (Traditional) 1996\n14 Compositions (Traditional) 1996 is a live album by composer and saxophonist Anthony Braxton with multi-instrumentalist Stewart Gillmor, recorded at Wesleyan University in 1994 and released on the Leo label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010867-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Compositions (Traditional) 1996, Reception\n... this recording of fourteen tunes from the first half of the century is a major addition to Braxton's remarkable discography. Here, he takes old standards, songs like \"Ja Da,\" \"Star Dust,\" and \"Rosetta,\" and gives them new twists. The variety is astonishing, as Braxton and Gillmor try every variation imaginable. ... Often the melodies and solos are true to the era, though there are enough surprises to make this an entirely entertaining and fascinating collection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010868-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Days (EP)\n14 Days is the second release from Arkitekt, a side project of Noel Hogan, guitarist of The Cranberries, exclusively with Mono Band member Richard Walters. 14 Days was released on March 1, 2009 in the Republic of Ireland. Like their previous release, The Black Hair EP, demo versions of this EP's songs were made available, this time as streaming audio on their website. There is another, earlier demo of \"Pacing\" released with the demos from The Black Hair EP under the title \"Track 34 (working demo)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010869-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Days (film)\n14 DAYS is a 2014 American science fiction experimental film, written and directed by Joseph Villapaz. It stars Emily Dennis and Michael Wetherbee and takes place in New York City. It has screened at the Alhambra Theatre Film Festival, Motor City Nightmares, NewFilmmakers Spring Screening Series and at the New Jersey Film Festival. It received 4th Place in the Best Sci-Fi Short Film category at the 2015 International Horror Hotel film festival and an honorable mention in the Best Feature Film category at the Los Angeles Film Review Independent Film Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010869-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Days (film), Plot\nConsisting of a variety of short stories tied together by a larger plot, each segment introduces an issue that the characters deal with. All scenes take place in one location and the audiences view is of the park bench and its immediate area. However, there are some exceptions such as the scene where the thief runs through the city, eventually arriving in the park. There are breaks between days, simulating that nothing interesting happens on some days. The days are titled on screen to indicate a passage of time. Without this, the scenes would appear to occur on the same day because the weather and time of day don't appear to change. However, for scenes that occur right after the previous one, the title is omitted as for scenes for Day 11 - Sisters and Day 13 - Closure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010869-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Days (film), Plot, Day 1 - Coffee\nJosh meets Lita in the park. She appears to be troubled by something so he offers her a cup of coffee to help ease her stress. They engage in a humorous conversation but a paging signal on Lita's phone ruins the atmosphere and the two head off immediately to the destination mentioned in the page.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010869-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Days (film), Plot, Day 3 - Moving On\nJune is on a train holding a red rose but she becomes distressed when its leaves fall apart. She arrives in the park to meet her husband, Michael. They talk about their children, June's sister's relationships and eventually their own. Michael urges June to move on with her life and put his tragic death behind her. They embrace and have a passionate kiss. Before June leaves, Michael gives her a rose then fades away. As presented, one could speculate that the scene could play out in an infinite loop since June had a rose in the beginning and at the end, in a way representing her failing to break the cycle and move on with her life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010869-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Days (film), Plot, Day 5 - Family\nTrix joins Carmidy for lunch. They enjoy some conversation before Carmidy reveals her desire to have children with her former boyfriend. Trix, all too eager for Carmidy to move forward, agrees then they leave to return to work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010869-0005-0000", "contents": "14 Days (film), Plot, Day 7 - Choice\nLita and Josh appear again, this time next to a river in the city. After some humorous discussion about pets, Josh reveals that he submitted a request for transfer to a team that specializes in investigating strange and unusual events. Lita becomes visibly and verbally distraught before the paging signal on Josh's phone interrupts and the two go to the scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010869-0006-0000", "contents": "14 Days (film), Plot, Day 9 - Siblings\nHope meets brother Destin in the park for an annual family get together. Their brother, Moff, arrives a few minutes later after Hope and Destin talk about his childish past. After being out of touch for a year, each has undergone significant changes. Moff and Destin express their happiness at Hope's slimmer figure, Destin says he's finishing up medical school and Moff is engaged. Moff has apparently become more mature with his childish antics behind him. However, after Destin talks about how proud he was of Moff defending him when others taunted him about being adopted, Hope reveals that after doing some research, she discovered that she was also adopted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010869-0007-0000", "contents": "14 Days (film), Plot, Day 11 - The Hidden\nZenia, an Obsidian from The Magnate civilization, is held captive in a dark room interrogated by an unknown and unseen being. Only its deep ominous voice is heard. What appears to be a spotlight is directed at Zenia's face. However, the light isn't completely stationary so perhaps it is illuminated from the interrogator. Zenia is questioned about her mission on Earth. She explains that she and Essix were sent to \"pacify\" the terrorist threat by killing them and destroying their arsenal of weapons. In doing so, they discovered residual energy from weapons made by their enemy, The Quaazen, but don't know how humans acquired alien technology originating from a distant galaxy. Recovering from injuries from her fight with the terrorists, Zenia quickly materializes away from her captors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010869-0008-0000", "contents": "14 Days (film), Plot, Day 11 - Sisters\nSome time later, another Obsidian is in the park where Zenia and Essex were captured. Her superior, The Overseer, materializes and confirms Zenia and Essix's safe return but is concerned why she is still on Earth. The Obsidian explains she is investigating how the humans may have gotten Quaazen weapons and expresses her longing to return home. The Overseer acknowledges how The Obsidian's personality is like their mother's and The Obsidian acknowledges how The Overseer's personality is like their father's. This leads to concern of a greater threat than the Quaazen, The Reapers, trans-dimensional beings whose only goal is to harvest all forms of energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010869-0009-0000", "contents": "14 Days (film), Plot, Day 13 - Thief\nA man cautiously runs through the city streets constantly looking around if he is being followed. He stops in a secluded area of the park and begins to look through a bag he has just stolen. Finding cash, a wallet and a cellphone, he plays a voicemail on the phone. The voicemail is by a man to his wife apologizing for his short temper and explains what he is doing to solve his problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010869-0009-0001", "contents": "14 Days (film), Plot, Day 13 - Thief\nAt the conclusion of the voicemail, the thief becomes conflicted with guilt, pushes the bag and its contents to the side then walks aways without taking anything. Throughout the scene, the thief is never seen speaking. The only voice is from the voicemail coming from the cellphone's speaker. The viewer is left wondering if the voice on the phone was probably the thief's conscience all along.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010869-0010-0000", "contents": "14 Days (film), Plot, Day 13 - Closure\nLita and Josh traced the stolen bag to the park where the thief left it. It seems when the thief retrieved the voicemail, it triggered something which could be traced. Lita tries to explain this but Josh disagrees. Lita returns playful remarks then suddenly embraces Josh and gives him a passionate kiss. Lita says \"YES\" but Josh is confused. Lita reminds him of the dream he told her many times about proposing on the Spanish Steps in Italy, but didn't when they actually were on vacation there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010869-0010-0001", "contents": "14 Days (film), Plot, Day 13 - Closure\nThis was enough for Josh to pull out the engagement ring from his pocket and confesses waiting for the right moment and puts it on Lita's finger. Both relieved, they hug and kiss then Lita's phone rings. Instead of another call to investigate another crime, it's a text from Lita's mother saying her phone was on and she heard the whole proposal. Josh picks up his phone reading a message that Lita's parents called his parents about the news. Thinking that all surprises have been revealed, Lita briefly mentions a baby shower in a comment peaking Josh's curiosity. The viewer is left wondering if Lita was distressed in the beginning because she was pregnant but not married to Josh or maybe she was just hinting at wanting to be.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010869-0011-0000", "contents": "14 Days (film), Plot, Day 14 - Scouts\nTwo alien scouts from a race formally a part of The Magnate civilization, materialize in the park. The leader, Onyx, after observing human relationships over the past 14 days, expresses disappointment that humans are perhaps weak by constantly engaging in trivial conflicts. Saph, on the other hand, believes their good qualities is actually a strength that is worth considering. Onyx describes The Reaper threat in detail. The scene ends from the opposite view for the first time showing Onyx and Saph in the foreground and the cityscape in the background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010869-0012-0000", "contents": "14 Days (film), Plot, Bonus Scene - Subversive\nOn February 28, 2016, a 12-minute film titled, Subversive, screened at the Anthology Film Festival in New York City. Not a part of the \"Day\" scenes, Subversive blurs the line between reality and fiction and can be viewed without ever having seen 14 Days. A talk show host interviews the director of 14 Days, portrayed by a woman, while the real-life director, Joseph Villapaz, makes a cameo appearance as an on-set producer. This starts off \"normally\" but suddenly turns darker with an edgy sci-fi and horror tone. The film has since been added to 14 Days, however, it has also been submitted to film festivals as a separate short film and selected to the Prelude2Cinema Presents Film Festival, Women's Only Entertainment Film Festival and Los Angeles CineFest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010869-0013-0000", "contents": "14 Days (film), Plot, Bonus Scene - Subversive\nOn June 12, 2016, Subversive will be screening at the International Horror Hotel Film Festival. It has also been awarded an Honorable Mention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010869-0014-0000", "contents": "14 Days (film), Reception\nReviewer Carl Burgess of ScreenCritix, pointed out budget limitations but still said it was \"watchable and entertaining\". However, reviewer Misty Layne of Rogue Cinema was very positive of the film concluding \"good actors and a good story make for a fine film\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010869-0015-0000", "contents": "14 Days (film), Awards and Selections [14 Days]\nBest DirectorBest Science Fiction Short FilmBest Short Film ScreenplayBest Sound DesignScience Fiction Short Film", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010869-0016-0000", "contents": "14 Days (film), Awards and Selections [14 Days]\nBest Actor in an Indie Film - Michael WetherbeeBest Performance of Fest - Emily DennisBest Performance of Fest - Michael WetherbeeBest Actress - Emily DennisBest Actor - Michael Wetherbee", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010870-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Days to Life\n14 Days to Life (German: 14 Tage lebensl\u00e4nglich) is a 1997 German thriller film directed by Roland Suso Richter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010870-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Days to Life, Plot\nYoung lawyer Konrad von Seidlitz is celebrating his engagement with Cornelia, the daughter of justice minister Friedemann Volkerts. He hasn't paid his parking fines for two years, and as a publicity stunt to boost his career, he insists on being sentenced to jail for two weeks as punishment. While inside, he behaves arrogantly, believing that his knowledge of the system will protect him. He manages to make a few enemies, however, and one day prior to his release, two hundred grams of cocaine are found in his cell during a search. Instead of being released after two weeks as planned, he is sentenced to two years without parole for drug trafficking as a result of a plot by his law firm partner Axel H\u00e4ring, who is having an affair with Seidlitz's fianc\u00e9e.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010870-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Days to Life, Plot\nSeidlitz now discovers the harsh reality of everyday prison life. He is humiliated and his reputation destroyed. As he gradually learns how to adapt to his new situation, he befriends another prisoner, Viktor Czernetzky, who helps him uncover the intrigue and restore his reputation. Seidlitz escapes his confinement with the help of the prison doctor, among others, but later returns voluntarily in order to secure the support of his fellow prisoners for the fight against H\u00e4ring. A showdown takes place in court between the former law firm partners and H\u00e4ring is sentenced to a five-year prison term. Seidlitz believes he has left the nightmare behind him; however, his connections to the criminal underworld eventually catch up with him. He is forced into a hopeless life and death situation and must save his friend Czernetzky by committing murder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010871-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Days, 12 Nights\n14 Days, 12 Nights (French: 14 jours 12 nuits) is a Canadian drama film, directed by Jean-Philippe Duval and released in 2019. The film stars Anne Dorval as Isabelle Brodeur, a Canadian woman whose grief over the accidental death of her adopted Vietnamese-born teenage daughter leads her to undertake a trip to Vietnam to meet Thuy Nguyen (Leanna Chea), the girl's birth mother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010871-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Days, 12 Nights, Release\nThe film premiered at the Abitibi-T\u00e9miscamingue International Film Festival in October 2019, and had its commercial premiere in February 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010871-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Days, 12 Nights, Release, Accolades\n14 Days, 12 Nights was selected as the Canadian entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 93rd Academy Awards, after Canada's initial submission, Funny Boy was disqualified. It was not nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010872-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Eridani\n14 Eridani is a star in the equatorial Eridanus constellation. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 6.143 and is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of around \u22125\u00a0km/s. The measured annual parallax shift is 29.26\u00a0mas, which provides an estimated distance of about 121\u00a0light years. Proper motion studies indicate that this is an astrometric binary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010872-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Eridani\nThe visible component has a stellar classification of F5 V Fe\u22120.7 CH\u22120.5, which indicates it has the spectrum of an F-type main-sequence star with mild underabundances of iron and methylidyne. It is 1.4\u00a0billion years old with 1.3 times the mass of the Sun and 1.5 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 3.87 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,719\u00a0K. The system has been detected as a source of X-ray emission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010873-0000-0000", "contents": "14 February (TV series)\n14 February is a Maldivian romantic horror television series developed for Television Maldives by Ahmed Saeed. The series stars Fathimath Azifa, Ahmed Asim, Ahmed Saeed, Abdulla Naseer, Aminath Shareef and Ahmed Shah in pivotal roles. The series was aired on the occasion of 1431 Ramadan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010873-0001-0000", "contents": "14 February (TV series), Premise\nNajuma (Aminath Shareef) and Khalid (Abdulla Naseer) discuss the mysterious murder of their daughter, Suma, who allegedly bled to death six years ago, on 14 February. Suma's twin sister, Shima (Fathimath Azifa) is romantically involved with a spirit in disguise of a human, Ayaan (Ahmed Saeed), a friend of Mahil (Ahmed Asim) who is attracted to Shima. Suspecting an illogical and inconsistent behavior from Ayaan, Mahil interrogates with Shima and explains that she is in love with a ghost. Meanwhile, Ayaan battles with Affal (Ahmed Shah) an evil spirit who murdered Suma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010874-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Field Artillery Regiment\n14 Artillery Regiment was a South African Artillery unit whose name was used twice. It was re-established in Potchefstroom in 1974 and was a full-time unit responsible for the training of Permanent Force and National Service personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010874-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Field Artillery Regiment, History, The original 14 Field Regiment\n14 Field Regiment was initially formed in Bethlehem in the Orange Free State in 1962 with only one Battery, namely 143 Battery with an intake from Commando Regiments for their basic and individual training on the G1 and G2 guns with additional basic training on smaller weapons such as the 60 and 81mm mortars as well as .50-calibre machine guns. During October 1967, 14 Field Regiment was relocated to Potchefstroom where it was disbanded on 7 November 1967 and its structures incorporated into 4 Artillery Regiment. Its operational Battery at Walvis Bay was renamed 43 Battery Walvis Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010874-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Field Artillery Regiment, History, Rebirth of 14 Field Regiment\nOn 13 May 1974 the unit was however reactivated and renamed to 14 Field Artillery Regiment and located outside Potchefstroom in September 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 66], "content_span": [67, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010874-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Field Artillery Regiment, History, New requirements\nThe SADF was interested in the 120mm mortar system and the activation of an airborne artillery battery. There was also an emphasis on obtaining 155mm guns. Gunners from 14 Field Artillery were therefore sent to Israel for training on the Israeli Defense Forces Soltam 120mm Mortar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010874-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operations\n14 Artillery Regiment took part in Operation Savannah (Angola) and provided the first troop of 25-pounders. It was involved from then on in most operations of the Border War. 14 Artillery Regiment was organized under 10 Artillery Brigade from 1983 forward for the final operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010875-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Friendly Abductions\n14 Friendly Abductions is a \"best of\" compilation album by Nina Hagen, released in 1996. AllMusic rated it 4 1/2 out of 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010876-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Going on 30\n14 Going on 30 is a 1988 American made-for-television comedy film broadcast by American Broadcasting Company and Buena Vista Television, and later distributed by Walt Disney Home Video. It stars Steven Eckholdt as Danny, a fourteen-year-old boy who is infatuated with his teacher Peggy Noble (Daphne Ashbrook). Danny uses a \"growth accelerator\" to make himself appear older than his actual age in an attempt to seduce her. A similar age swap and nearly identical title appears in the 2004 film 13 Going on 30, and the earlier film may have influenced the latter. The TV film was directed by Paul Schneider.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010876-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Going on 30, Plot\n14-year-old Danny O'Neil (Gabey Olds) is madly in love with his teacher, Miss Peggy Noble (Daphne Ashbrook). Given the fact that she is engaged to the cold-tempered and vicious gym teacher, Roy Kelton (Rick Rossovich), who is nicknamed Jackjaw for his constant threat of breaking his pupils' jaws, Danny goes through his school days somewhat uninspired and suffers in silence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010876-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Going on 30, Plot\nOne day, he oversees his geeky friend Lloyd Duffy (Adam Carl), an orphan who happens to live next door with his uncaring uncle Herb (Harry Morgan) and ditsy aunt May (Irene Tedrow), growing fruits with an experimental growth accelerator. Danny becomes obsessed with the idea of turning himself into a grown man with the same machine, in order to break up Miss Noble's engagement, as well as convincing her to give him a chance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010876-0002-0001", "contents": "14 Going on 30, Plot\nLloyd is reluctant to help him out, aware of everything that could go wrong, so Danny secretly breaks into his lab and uses his machine that very night, seeing that the timing was perfect, considering that his parents will be leaving the house for a week. Not caring about the potential consequences, he turns himself into a 30-year-old man (Steve Eckholdt).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010876-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Going on 30, Plot\nThe next day, Lloyd immediately starts working on a machine with the opposite effect so he can return Danny to his 14-year-old self. Meanwhile, Danny visits the high school to pursue Miss Noble. When he arrives, he is promptly mistaken for the school's new principal, Harold Forndexter, who should have arrived to take up his position that morning (the real Forndexter (Alan Thicke) has been delayed, but due to a miscommunication the school was not informed). Playing along with their misconception,  Danny not only impresses his assistant Louisa Horton (Loretta Swit) with the introduction of his new rules - which include having as much fun as possible - but also Peggy, who admires his youthful approach of life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010876-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Going on 30, Plot\nLloyd, however, is having no luck with his attempts to turn Danny back to his younger age, as all of his prototype machines killed the tomatoes he used as test subjects. Lloyd is also becoming slightly jealous of Danny, who now seems to have total freedom, unlike Lloyd, who's stuck with an adoptive family that never wanted him, and he begins to openly wonder what it would be like to become a man too. Unconcerned with all this, Danny continues to pursue a relationship with Peggy. Much to the dismay of Kelton, she agrees to go on a date with Danny, Even though Kelton follows their every step. Peggy has a splendid evening with the new principal, and they almost kiss at the end of the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010876-0005-0000", "contents": "14 Going on 30, Plot\nDuring a school dance, Danny finally convinces Peggy that Kelton is not right for her, and she breaks off the engagement. By this time, Lloyd has finally completed a working machine. But when he goes to inform Danny, he discovers that the 'Harold' persona has completely taken Danny over and he refuses to change back, telling Lloyd that he likes his new body and life, and that he's never becoming Danny again. Immediately afterwards, Danny and Peggy become a couple. Kelton, refusing to accept this, tries to find out more on Forndexter, and discovers that 'Harold' is an impostor. He immediately informs the police, who arrive quickly to arrest him, giving Danny no choice but to transform back into a kid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010876-0006-0000", "contents": "14 Going on 30, Plot\nWhile Danny tries to escape, Lloyd prepares the machine for him. After getting rid of the cops, 'Harold' tells Peggy that he has to leave town for good, and then, after returning to Lloyd's lab, becomes Danny again. However, Peggy followed him and witnesses his transformation, now realising that 'Harold' was actually Danny, one of her favourite students. Because she has fallen in love with him, she convinces Lloyd to use the same machine to turn herself into a 14-year-old (Amy Hathaway), which enables her to be with Danny. Meanwhile, in order to escape his abusive family, Lloyd finally gives in to temptation and uses the machine to turn himself into a professor, called Mr. Lloyd (Sal Viscuso), and starts working at the same high school as a teacher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010877-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Henrietta Street\n14 Henrietta Street is a museum located on Henrietta Street in Dublin, Ireland. It opened in September 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010877-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Henrietta Street, History\nConstruction of Henrietta Street began in the 1720s, on land bought by Luke Gardiner. Numbers 13, 14 and 15 were built in the late 1740s by Gardiner as a speculative enterprise. Number 14's first occupant was Lord Richard Molesworth and his second wife Mary Jenney Usher. Other notable residents in the late 18th century included Lord John Bowes, Sir Lucius O'Brien, Sir John Hotham, and Viscount Charles Dillon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010877-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Henrietta Street, History\nAfter the Act of Union in 1800, Dublin entered a period of economic decline. 14 Henrietta Street was occupied by lawyers, courts and a barracks during the 19th century. By 1877, a landlord called Thomas Vance had removed its grand staircase and divided it into 19 tenement flats of one, three and four rooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010877-0002-0001", "contents": "14 Henrietta Street, History\nAn advert in The Irish Times from 1877 read: \"To be let to respectable families in a large house, Northside, recently papered, painted and filled up with every modern sanitary improvement, gas and wc on landings, Vartry Water, drying yard and a range with oven for each tenant; a large coachhouse, or workshop with apartments, to be let at the rere. Apply to the caretaker, 14 Henrietta St.\" By 1911, it was home to over 100 people. The last families left the house in 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010877-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Henrietta Street, History\nRestoration work began in 2006 and took over ten years to complete. 14 Henrietta Street is owned and was restored by Dublin City Council, but is operated by the Dublin City Council Culture Company. The house has been restored to show the original Georgian period through to its final incarnation as a tenement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010878-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Herculis\n14 Herculis or 14 Her is the Flamsteed designation of a K-type main-sequence star approximately 58.5 light-years away in the constellation Hercules. Because of its apparent magnitude, the star cannot be seen with the naked eye. As of 2006, it is thought that 14 Herculis has two extrasolar planets in orbit around the star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010878-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Herculis, Stellar components\n14 Herculis is an orange dwarf star of the spectral type K0V. It is thought that the star has 90 percent of the mass, 87 percent of the radius, and only 63 percent of the luminosity of the Sun. The star appears to be 2.7 times as enriched with elements heavier than hydrogen (based on its abundance of iron), in comparison to the Sun. It may be most metal rich star as known in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010878-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Herculis, Planetary system\nIn 1998 a planet was discovered orbiting 14 Herculis. The planet's eccentric orbital period is 4.8 years. In 2005, a possible second planet was proposed, designated 14 Herculis c. The parameters of this planet are uncertain, but a recent analysis suggests it may lie in the 4:1 resonance with the inner planet, with an orbital period of almost 19 years at an orbital distance of 6.9 AU. The existence of the planet 14 Herculis c was confirmed in 2021, together with rough orbit determination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010879-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Herculis b\n14 Herculis b or 14 Her b is an exoplanet approximately 58.5 light-years away in the constellation of Hercules. The planet was found orbiting the star 14 Herculis, with a mass that would likely make the planet a Jovian planet roughly the same size as Jupiter but much more massive. It was discovered in July 1998 by the Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search team. At the time of discovery it was the extrasolar planet with the longest orbital period, though longer-period planets have subsequently been discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010879-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Herculis b, Discovery\n14 Herculis b was detected by measuring variations in its star's radial velocity as a result of the planet's gravity. This was done by making precise measurements of the Doppler shift of the spectrum of 14 Herculis. Prior to this analysis, another possible explanation of previous Doppler shift analysis included face-on spectroscopic binaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010879-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Herculis b, Orbit and mass\nPreliminary astrometric measurements made by the Hipparcos satellite suggest that this planet has an orbital inclination of 155.3\u00b0 with respect to plane of the sky, which would imply a true mass of 11.1 times that of Jupiter, close to the deuterium burning threshold that some astronomers use to define the distinction between a planet and a brown dwarf. However subsequent analysis suggests that the Hipparcos measurements were not precise enough to accurately determine the orbits, so the actual inclination and true mass of the planet remains unknown. Its inclination is being calculated via astrometry with Hubble. The astrometricians expect publication by mid-2009. It may also be targeted by astrometric missions such as Gaia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010879-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Herculis b, Direct imaging\nBecause of the wide separation between this planet and its host star, and the proximity of the 14 Herculis system to the Sun, it is a promising candidate for direct imaging of the planet, as the angular separation of the planet and host star will be large enough that the light from the planet and star might be spatially resolved. However, a search made using the adaptive optics CFHT 3.60m telescope on Mauna Kea did not make such a detection, confirming the object is not a star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010880-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Herculis c\n14 Herculis c or 14 Her c is an extrasolar planet approximately 58.5 light-years away in the constellation of Hercules. The planet was found orbiting the star 14 Herculis, with a mass that would likely make the planet a gas giant roughly the same size as Jupiter but much more massive. This planet was discovered on November 17, 2005 and confirmed on November 2, 2006. According to a recent analysis, the existence of a second planet in the 14 Herculis system is \"clearly\" supported by the evidence, but the planet's parameters are not precisely known. It may be in a 4:1 resonance with the inner planet 14 Herculis b.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse)\nThe 14 Horse (Scinde Horse) is an armoured regiment in the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army. The regiment, known before independence as the 14th Prince of Wales's Own Scinde Horse was a regular cavalry regiment of the Bombay Army, and later the British Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse)\nScinde Horse is the only regiment known to honour its enemy till date (the Baluchi warrior on its badge) and has not changed its badge since its raising. At one point, the regiment carried nine Standards while on parade (regiments normally hold one), a unique privilege given to it for its valour. The regiment was the first Cavalry unit in the British Indian Army to get mechanized (at Rawalpindi, in 1938). It was also the first Cavalry regiment to get the President of India's Standard after independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), Formation\nThe regiment can trace its formation back to The Scinde Irregular Horse raised at Hyderabad on 8 August 1839. The regiment was raised at the recommendation of Colonel Pottinger, the Resident at Scinde. The first commandant was Captain W. Ward of the 15th Regiment of the Bombay Native Infantry. It was named after the province of Sind now in Pakistan, where it was raised to protect the trade route from the Bolan Pass to Sukkur on the Indus River and fight against the marauding Baluchi warriors. The nucleus was from the squadron of the Poona Auxillary Horse serving in  Cutch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), Formation\nIn 1846, the 2nd Scinde Horse was formed by splitting the regiment into two and completing the establishment by new recruits. In 1857, the 3rd Scinde Horse was raised. This regiment saw action during the mutiny, in Abyssinia in 1867, in Afghanistan from 1878 and in the Battle of Maiwand. The 3rd Scinde Horse was disbanded in 1882 upon general reductions in the cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), Formation\nThese regiments were absorbed into the regular forces after the Mutiny of 1857 and became the 5th and 6th Bombay Cavalry. They reverted to their old names three years later and in 1903 changes made them the 35th Scinde Horse and the 36th Jacob's Horse. They saw active service in Northern and Central India, Persia, Afghanistan on the North West Frontier  and, during World War I, where they served in France and Palestine. Both units underwent changes in their names over time \u2013", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0005-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), Formation\nThe two regiments were amalgamated in 1921 and in 1922 named the 14th Prince of Wales's Own Scinde Horse, which served in World War II. Following the independence of India, the regiment was allotted to India and renamed the 14 Horse (Scinde Horse).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0006-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nThe Scinde Horse was raised to protect the British Caravans traversing the Spice Route - from the Bolan Pass in Afghanistan, to the Indus at Sukkur and then via Fort Abbas to Bikaner, Hissar and Delhi. The route through the Thar Desert via Jaisalmer was too difficult and dangerous. Since this involved corridor protection along the route, laying in ambush and also accompanying the caravans, they travelled mostly in civilian dress with weapons hidden to look inconspicuous. As a result, they were popularly called \"The Scinde Irregular Horse\". The term Irregulars is carried with pride amongst Scinde horsemen to this day as they have consistently surprised the adversary both in times of war and in competitions during peace to gain an upper hand. The Irregulars have always thought \"out of the box\" and accomplished the seemingly impossible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0007-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nThe adversary during the early days, were the Baloochi marauders of the hill tribe of Jekhranis. On numerous occasions, the Irregulars raided their camps to recover the booty they had looted from the caravans. However, the Irregulars respected the Jekhranis for their skill and valour in combat, so they adopted a Badge, depicting a Baloochi warrior with his spear (Jezail) charging on a Stallion, to remind them of a brave and valiant enemy, who they repeatedly vanquished. The Scinde Horse, apart from its unique Badge, also is perhaps the only Regiment to have retained the same badge since inception. It adopted its Garrison Town, Khangur, West of Sukkur on the Indus, which came to be called as Jacobabad, after its first Commandant. This name still remains and Jacobabad is now a major Garrison Town and Airbase in Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0008-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nHaving been raised as a contingent from detachments of the Poona Horse and others under Captain William Ward, the Scinde Irregular Horse got its first Commandant, John Jacob, an engineer from the Bombay Artillery. John Jacob commanded and then remained a mentor of the Regiment from 1839 to 1856, in the process, achieving the Rank of Brigadier General, attained Knighthood and Governorship of the Province of Scinde. Brigadier General Sir John Jacob was buried at Jacobabad, named after him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0008-0001", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nBeing an engineer, during his illustrious career, he led the Regiment in the Famous Charge at Meeanee, invented a rifled gun which fired both shot and shell accurately up to 1200 yards and used a straight cavalry Sabre as a bayonet. This invention finds a place in the \u2018Handbook of Ancient Firearms\u2019. His Saddlery and Gun along with the Sabre are placed in the Officers' Mess in the Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0008-0002", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nHe also gave great thought to the location of his Grave and selected a spot in the flood plains of the Indus, wherein the flood waters would rise to the level of the foot of his grave and then recede due to overflow into the next area. This unique phenomenon resulted in the locals believing him to be a saint (Peer) and his grave is worshipped to this day. In fact, in 1997, the Pakistani Government spent a few lakhs of rupees to renovate the Grave and invited John Jacob's decedents at the re-inauguration. After that, they visited India as honoured guests of the Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0009-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nJohn Jacob was also a very able administrator and that is why the Scinde Horse was so successful in its task and kept the region under control. There was a special bond between the Regiment and the \"Bootgee\" Tribe, which was formed out of mutual respect amongst the fiercest warriors in the entire Scinde and Balochistan Provinces. While keeping the caravans safe from marauders, the Regiment ensured a fair contribution to the tribals of the lands through which the caravans passed. In those days, recruitment and salaries were uniquely determined. The remuneration was as per service and rank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0009-0001", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nIt was paid out of the earnings or bounty earned by the Regiment. Since the Scinde Horse was mostly on operational tasks and effected numerous recoveries, it earned a large amount of bounty and paid its officers and men handsomely. As a result, recruitment into the regiment also had a high price, which was a record in its own right \u2013 a soldier had to bring his own horse, Groom and also pay an enrolment fee as high as 800 rupees. Despite this, there was a rush to join the Regiment and soon the Regiment expanded to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Scinde Horse. The Badge remained the same while the shoulder titles were distinctive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0010-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nThe Horsed Cavalry Regiments were named according to their operational role and weapons they carried. The Cavalry Regiments carried Sabres and were further divided into Light Cavalry and Cavalry. They were employed to outflank the enemy in the battlefield and charge through his ranks to cause destruction. Whereas the Cavalry carried a Sabre and Broadsword, the Light cavalry carried only sabres and relied on swiftness and surprise to vanquish the enemy. The Lancers Regiments, apart from Sabres, carried Lances to destroy enemy infantry hiding in trenches as well as using spears to protect themselves from the mounted troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0010-0001", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nThe Horse on the other hand, was a very versatile and heavily weaponised Regiment. It carried a Sabre, Broadsword and also a Rifle. It was capable of fighting both mounted and dismounted. The horses were huge, rising to 17 Hands and carried additional provisions and ammunition, giving the \"Horse\" Regiment a capability to undertake long marches and engage the enemy at a standoff or hold blocking positions to give the main force to organise itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0010-0002", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nThe only time The Scinde Horse carried Lances, was in a ceremonial role when it was chosen to escort His Royal Highness, The Prince of Wales, on his visit to Delhi for the Royal Durbar in 1921. The Pennants on the Lances were Primrose and Blue. His Royal Highness, consented to become the Honorary Colonel of the Regiment and thence forth, the Regiment was Known as \"The Prince of Wales' Own (PWO) Cavalry, The Scinde Horse\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0011-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nThe Regimental Battle Flashes and colours of the flag are also significant in their meaning. The Light Green, Scarlet Red and Emerald Green signify From Green Fields, Through Blood, To the Meadows (Glory or Death) Beyond. The motto of the Regiment is therefore also significant and is: Man Dies but the Regiment Lives, In Hindi, it goes: Insaan Toh Mar Jaata Hai, Magar Regiment Hamesha Zinda Rehti Hai, thus putting the interest of the Regiment above all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0012-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nThe Regimental War Cry: The Scinde Horse Spirit is epitomised in its unique War Cry which spurs the Scinde Horse soldiers to decimate the enemy \u2013 Jai Mata Ki! Jai Chhatrapati Ki! Har Har Mahadev! Bole So Nihal \u2013 Sat Sri Akal! Hat Ja ___ Here I Come!! !", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0013-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nThe Regimental religious chant (Jayakar) is Bole So Nihal \u2013 Sat Sri Akal! Bole So Abhay \u2013 Bol Sri Krishan Baldev Ki Jai! Jayakar Bajrang Bali \u2013 Har Har Mahadev! Wahe Guruji Ka Khalsa \u2013 Wahe GuruJi Ki Fateh!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0014-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nOn the 17th of February 1843, as part of Sir Charles Napier's advance guard of his expeditionary force to conquer the province of Scinde, the Scinde Horse came across the forward elements of the combined forces of the Waziri tribals of Sind, led by Mir Nuseer Khan, entrenched in the Fulaillee Nala, near Meeanee, 23 miles ahead of Hyderabad, the capital town of Sind. Along with the Scinde Horse, there were amongst others, 5 Raj Rif (Napiers Rifles), the Cheshire Regiment and the Poona Horse, bringing up the rear, with the Madras Engineers providing engineering support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0014-0001", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nNot to be deterred, the regiment reconnoitred the area and made an outflanking move through dense forest and broken country, most unsuitable for horses. In an unparalleled outflanking manoeuvre in which over 70 horses died of fatigue, the Scinde Horse surprised the enemy by appearing at their rear and routed them in a cavalry charge, capturing the principal standard of Mir Nuseer Khan in the process. Seeing their Standard captured, the enemy capitulated and Sind was conquered. Sir Charles Napier cryptically signalled back \"Pecavi\" (I have Sinned (Sind)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0015-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nAs a reward for this cavalry charge, unsurpassed in the annals of warfare, the regiment was presented eight cavalry standards (one per troop) and also allowed to retain Mir Nuseer Khan's principal standard, with the \u2018Hand of Allah\u2019 atop it, as its main Standard. This hand of Allah has played a major role in looking after the Regiment in times of need, ever since. The Scinde Horse has had the unique privilege of carrying Nine Standards on parade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0015-0001", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nUnlike the charge of the 600 who rode to their death in Crimea, showing foolhardy bravado, the 640 (8 Troops) Scinde horsemen showed both unsurpassed courage and tactical acumen in routing the enemy and winning an entire campaign. Unfortunately, there was no Tennyson to write a ballad for this successful charge, instead of the one he wrote for the fatal Charge of the Light Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0016-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nThe Scinde Horse was tasked as the rear guard for the forces returning from the First Afghan Campaign. On 26 Feb 1878, it was at Khushk-e-Nakhud near the Afghan border that the regiment had taken an administrative halt and was carrying out saddlery inspection, that the early warning elements reported a large body of Afghan tribesmen approaching the camp. The men hastily gathered their weapons and mounted their horses, without saddles to engage the approaching enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0016-0001", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nThe regiment, led by Maj Reynolds, charged the enemy before it could form up near the camp and routed them, killing many times their own numbers. Unfortunately, Maj Reynolds was martyred in this charge. Maj Douglas Giles, who was there, reduced an eyewitness account in a famous painting, 10' x 6', completing it in 1883. This painting was popularly displayed in the Louvre in Paris, from 1913 to 1921, till it found its final place in the Officers' Mess. It is unique in that it has every eye-catching detail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0016-0002", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), History\nThe colours used are from natural pigments and regain their brightness when exposed to the sun. In the Officers' Mess Ante Room, this painting is faced by a lone Horseman's Silver Trophy, representing Maj Reynolds. Ever after this Battle, The Scinde horseman never removes his sword from his person. \"Taiyar-bar-Taiyar\" they call it. That is why, in the Officer's Mess, now-a-days, where normally, the Belt is removed on entry, symbolising removal of the Sword, Scinde horsemen continue to wear their belt at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0017-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), 35th Scinde Horse\nThe 35th Scinde Horse saw service in the Second Sikh War where it was involved in the Battle of Gujrat and the Second Afghan War. During World War I, the regiment remained in India, engaging in training and internal security duties as well as being in the Frontier operations between 1914 and 1916. The regiment was sent to Mesopotamia on 17 March 1920 as part of Sir Aylmer Haldane\u2019s force. In their eighteen months stay, they were engaged in putting down the Arab rising and charging on the insurgents before Kufah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0018-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), 36th Jacob's Horse\nThe regiment served first in Southern Afghanistan and later under Sir Charles Napier in the taking of Scinde. They later were involved in the Second Sikh War and the Second Afghan War. During World War I, the 36th Jacobs Horse was a part of the 8th (Lucknow) Cavalry Brigade, 1st Indian Cavalry Division which saw action in France on the Western Front. They took part in the Second Battle of Ypres, Somme and Cambrai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0018-0001", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), 36th Jacob's Horse\nThey later moved to Egypt for the Palestine Campaign under the 4th Cavalry Division The brigade formation was: 1st (King's) Dragoon Guards, 29th Lancers (Deccan Horse), 36th Jacob's Horse and Signal Troop. It fought in Allenby\u2019s great final cavalry operations (the actions at Sharon, Megiddo, Abu Naj, and the advance to Damascus). The regiment were garrisoned in Syria and Palestine and returned to India in 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0019-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), 36th Jacob's Horse\nThe Fortress of Ephey, on the Franco-Prussian Border, had withstood a long siege by the allies, as it was well stocked and had natural water springs. \"A\" Squadron was called in to assist the allies to break the siege and word was spread that wild men from India had been brought, who eat wood and they'd take the walls apart stone by stone. The fortress commander sent out spies early morning to see these wild men for themselves and found our ferocious Sikhs with their hair and beards open, brushing their teeth with Neem ka Datun and washing their faces. Such was the fear generated, that when \"A\" Squadron approached the fort on their horses, they found it abandoned. \"A\" Squadron then charged and routed the fleeing enemy with great success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0020-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), 36th Jacob's Horse\nMeanee, Hyderabad, Cutchee, Mooltan, Goojerat, Punjaub, Persia, Central India, Afghanistan, 1878-80", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0021-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), 36th Jacob's Horse\nSomme, 1916, Morval, Cambrai, 1917, France and Flanders, 1914-18, Meggido, Sharon, Damascus, Palestine, 1918, North West Frontier, India, 1914-15, \u201816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0022-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), 36th Jacob's Horse\nThe Scinde Horse was the first Indian Cavalry Regiment to get mechanised and paraded their horses for the last time at Rawalpindi on 14 April 1938, led by their Commandant, Colonel Malcomson. For many years, till the turn of the century, this day, 14 April was celebrated as Armoured Corps Day, till for some inexplicable reason, 1 May came to be celebrated instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0023-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), 36th Jacob's Horse\n\"B\" Squadron, Sikhs, from Guides Cavalry, which was exchanged with the Pathan Squadron at partition, brought with it, an invaluable and unique legacy. Baba Karam Singh, \"Hoti Mardan Wale\", was enrolled as a Sowar in B Squadron and served there till he got a calling to preach. The British officers tried to dissuade him from this and on the day, he was scheduled to preach on the banks of the Beas River, put him on duty in the Quarter Guard. The duty officer was sent to the river bank to see if Sowar Karam Singh was there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0023-0001", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), 36th Jacob's Horse\nOn finding him preaching there, the officer galloped back to the Quarter Guard to note Karam Singh absent but miraculously found Karam Singh on duty in the Quarter Guard. Soon Baba Karam Singh felt that it would be difficult to keep serving in the Army and requested his Squadron Commander for a discharge. On being told that he could not be given a premature discharge, Baba Karam Singh asked as to how a person be forcibly kept in the Army when he was not even listed on its rolls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0023-0002", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), 36th Jacob's Horse\nOn repeated scrutiny of the rolls of the Squadron, Baba Karam Singh's name was missing, so Baba Karam Singh devoted his entire time to the Guru and opened his Dera, which shifted at the time of Partition and is now near Kapurthala. With this double boon of the Hand of Allah from Mir Nuseer Khan's captured Standard and the Blessings of Baba Karam Singh, the Regiment is twice blessed in all its endeavours and prides its place amongst the finest Units in the Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0024-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), World War II\nIn World War II, the 14th Prince of Wales's Own Scinde Horse was attached to the newly formed 31st Indian Armoured Division, that had been raised in July 1940. The division trained extensively, but with very few tanks \u2014 the tank Regiments assigned to 1st Indian Armoured Brigade had three M3 Stuart tanks each, though a number of the obsolete India Pattern light tanks were used for crew training. The final formation of the Division was the 252nd Indian Armoured Brigade and the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0025-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), World War II\nThough lacking tanks, the 252nd Armoured Brigade was detached and sent to Iraq in January 1942. Division headquarters moved to Iraq in June 1942, where it took command of the shattered remnants of 3rd Indian Motor Brigade which had been detached and overrun by the Italians at the Battle of Gazala and the 252nd Indian Armoured Brigade, which still had no tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0026-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), World War II\nArmour finally arrived in November, when one Regiment received M3 Stuart tanks and the other two received Grant medium tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0027-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), World War II\n31st Armoured Division never saw action as a unit, its closest brush with combat coming in April 1944 when it was rushed to Egypt to crush a mutiny among the Greek 1st Infantry Brigade. The Brigade received M4 Sherman tanks in November 1943, apparently in preparation for transfer to combat in Italy, but only drove them in Iraq, Syria and Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0028-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), Post Independence\nDuring partition the composition of the regiment with two Mohamedan Squadrons was seen as likely to be allotted to Pakistan. The Sikhs were worried about the transition but stoic. It came as a surprise that the regiment would be retained by India. In August 1947 the Pathan Squadron was transferred to Guides Cavalry and their Sikh Squadron replaced it in Scinde Horse. The Ranghar squadron in early October 1947 was transferred to the 13th Lancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0028-0001", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), Post Independence\nThe new \u201cC\u201d Squadron was to be a Sikh Squadron from Probyn\u2019s Horse, but did not join the regiment as Army Headquarters had decreed that this Squadron was to join Hodson\u2019s Horse instead. Instead, the Guide\u2019s Dogra Squadron which had already joined Hodson\u2019s Horse was sent to Scinde Horse. By 22 January 1948, the Scinde Horse got composed of two Sikh and one Dogra Squadrons. The last British Commandant of the regiment was Lieutenant Colonel KR Brooke and the first Indian Commandant was Lieutenant Colonel PL Chopra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0029-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), Post Independence\nBeing the unique regiment to parade 9 Standards, it was decided to replace them by presenting the President's Standard to the regiment after Independence. The Day was fixed as \u2018Meeanee Day\u2019, 17 February 1949, at Meerut. However, due to an oversight at Army Headquarters, the Standard to be Presented had the British Crown instead of the Ashoka Lion. So, the mounted parade was allowed to proceed without presentation of the Standard and was reviewed by the then Commander-in-Chief, General KM Cariappa, who promised that The Scinde Horse would be the first regiment of the army to be presented the standard. However, even though this promise was broken by a subsequent Chief, General KS Thimmaya, who presented the standard to his own Kumaon Regiment, the Scinde Horse was the first Armoured Regiment to be presented the Regimental Standard by Dr S Radhakrishan on 9 November 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0030-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), Post Independence\nThe regiment was equipped with Sherman tanks. It was also the first to get T-55 tanks in 1966 and amongst the first to get T-72s in 1980-81.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0031-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), Post Independence\nThe regiment formed the role of \u2018advance guard\u2019 of the 15 Infantry Division in Lahore sector, led the charge and captured Dograi, thus earning the battle honour \u2018Dograi\u2019 and the theatre honour \u2018Punjab 1965\u2019. Second Lieutenant Ravinder Singh Bedi was awarded with the Vir Chakra, Major Jagtar Singh Sangha, Dafadar Dharam Singh and Sowar Sulakhan Singh with the Sena Medal and Major Bhisham Ohri was Mentioned in dispatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0032-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), Post Independence\nThe regiment spearheaded the advance of the 36 Infantry Division. It was deployed in Shakargarh. On the night of December 8, the regiment crossed into Pakistani territory and established itself near Nainan Kot. On December 10, Pakistani forces launched a powerful armored counterattack which Lt. Col. Sukhjit Singh's regiment successfully resisted. Leading from the front, Lt. Col. Sukhjit Singh directed his tanks with great skill. His unit forced the Pakistani force to retreat after the loss of only one tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0032-0001", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), Post Independence\nThe next day, under heavy artillery and mortar fire, Lt. Col. Sukhjit Singh led an operation to capture enemy tanks at Malakpur. In the ensuing engagement, his regiment destroyed eight Pakistani tanks and captured one officer, two junior commissioned officers and two other soldiers. Lieutenant Colonel  Sukhjit Singh was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra for his gallant actions. Second Lieutenant Kanwarjit Singh and Naib Risaldar Dayal Singh were awarded the Vir Chakra, Second Lieutenant Rajendra Singh the Sena Medal and Captain Malvinder Singh Purewal, Captain Brijendra Singh, Lance Dafaddar Roshan Lal, Sowar Kuldip Singh were Mentioned-in-Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0033-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), Post Independence\nThe regiment took part in United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) and was awarded the United Nations Somalia Medal on 24 August 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0034-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), Post Independence\nThe regiment was awarded the Army Commander\u2019s Unit Citation (South Western Command) on 25 February 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010881-0035-0000", "contents": "14 Horse (Scinde Horse), Post Independence\nThe regiment was affiliated to the Shivalik-class stealth multi-role frigate INS Satpura on 5 October 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010882-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Hours (2005 film)\n14 Hours is a 2005 medical emergency docudrama produced for the TNT Network and starring JoBeth Williams, Kris Kristofferson and Ricky Schroder. The film was set in Houston, Texas and filmed in Vancouver, Canada. Based on true-life events surrounding Tropical Storm Allison in 2001, the film was released internationally on DVD by Paramount Pictures. 14 Hours was produced through Cosmic Entertainment, which counts Kurt Russell, Goldie Hawn, Oliver Hudson and Kate Hudson as its principals, and sponsored by Johnson & Johnson. The Decades channel aired this movie in March 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010882-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Hours (2005 film), Backstory\nHouston native JoBeth Williams weathered her share of tropical storm and hurricane conditions as a child. Her mother worked as a dietician at Memorial-Herrmann (the Houston-area hospital where 14 Hours is set) for 18 years. The premature baby in the movie is based in Zachary Jackson's struggle to survive not only prematurity but also the loss of power to his life-support equipment when he weighed around 2 lbs (1 kilogram).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010882-0001-0001", "contents": "14 Hours (2005 film), Backstory\nHe is now a healthy teenager in the Houston Metropolitan area, and did a fundraiser to make Relief Boxes full of preemie essentials to victims of Hurricane Harvey and delivered them to Intensive Care Units. The producers were inspired by the Reader's Digest article \"BLACKOUT\" by Peter Michelmore published in April 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010883-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Iced Bears\n14 Iced Bears were a British indie pop band associated with the C86 music scene. Formed in Brighton in 1985, by Robert Sekula and Nick Emery the band featured a shifting line-up of musicians across their seven-year existence, centred on songwriter and vocalist Rob Sekula and guitarist/songwriter Kevin Canham. Their jangly indie pop was characterised by a fuzzy protopunk-influenced guitar sound, and saw them receive modest critical acclaim in Britain's music press as well as prompting disc jockey John Peel to recruit them to record a couple of sessions for his programme on BBC radio. The group released a handful of singles, including \"Come Get Me\" on the influential Sarah label, and two full-length albums: the eponymous 14 Iced Bears (1988), and Wonder (1991).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010883-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Iced Bears\nThey reformed in 2010 and toured the US east coast, the US west coast in 2011, as well as some concerts in London, including a John Peel night with Vic Godard, Viv Albertine and the TV Personalities. Robert Sekula announced from the stage of Indietracks Festival 2012 on 7 July that their set had been their first at an outdoor festival. In July 2013, they released a 2-CD retrospective of their total output Hold on Inside on Cherry Red Records. The month previously, their track \"Balloon Song\" was included in the comprehensive 1980s indie compilation CD Scared to Get Happy, which featured bands such as The Stone Roses, Primal Scream and The Jesus and Mary Chain (Cherry Red Records).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010883-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Iced Bears\nRobert Sekula released a solo single \"Not Santa Claus\" in December 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010883-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Iced Bears, Influence\nIn 2003, 14 Iced Bears were mentioned in the song \"Twee\" by Tullycraft, and \"The Balloon Song\" was recorded by The Aislers Set for their 2001 album, The Last Match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010884-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Irene\nIrene /a\u026a\u02c8ri\u02d0ni\u02d0/ (minor planet designation: 14 Irene) is a large main-belt asteroid, discovered by John Russell Hind on May 19, 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010884-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Irene\n14 Irene was named after Ir\u0113n\u0113, a personification of peace in Greek mythology. She was one of the Horae, daughter of Zeus and Themis. The name was suggested by Sir John Herschel. Hind wrote,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010884-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Irene\nThe Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in the Crystal Palace of Hyde Park, London, ran from May 1 until October 18, 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010884-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Irene\nHind suggested that the symbol for the asteroid should be \"A dove carrying an olive-branch, with a star on its head\", but an actual drawing of the symbol was never made before the use of graphical symbols to represent asteroids was dropped entirely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010884-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Irene\nThere have been seven reported stellar occultation events by Irene. The best is a three chord event observed in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010885-0000-0000", "contents": "14 January 2012 Basra bombing\nThe 14 January 2012 Basra bombing was a paramilitary attack in the port city of Basra, Iraq. A bomb, seemingly targeting Shia Muslims marking the festival of Arbain, killed at least 53 people and left more than 130 injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010885-0001-0000", "contents": "14 January 2012 Basra bombing, Attacks\nThe bomb exploded among crowds of Shia pilgrims at a security checkpoint in the city. The pilgrims were passing through the checkpoint on their way to a major Shia mosque in the Az Zubayr district, about 20km (12 miles) south-west of Basra. There were conflicting reports about the cause of the explosion, with some saying that a suicide bomber dressed as a police officer managed to reach the checkpoint after showing a fake ID card. Other reports blamed a powerful roadside bomb that had been planted close to the road. The attack occurred on the last of the 40 days of Arbain, where hundreds of thousands of Shia pilgrims visit the city of Kerbala and other holy sites. Security forces sealed off the main hospital after the attack, fearing further violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010885-0002-0000", "contents": "14 January 2012 Basra bombing, Attacks\nFollowing the attack, the Iraqi military \"intensified\" its security around the country. 30,000 Iraqi soldiers were deployed in Karbala to protect pilgrims. Officials believe at least 16 million pilgrims have passed through the city of Karbala in the past two weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010885-0003-0000", "contents": "14 January 2012 Basra bombing, Attacks\nOther attacks took place throughout Iraq that day. Roadside bombings in Mosul, Baqubah and Al-Karmah left one policeman dead and at least nine people injured. A car bombing targeting a police patrol in Tikrit killed a bystander and injured two officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010885-0004-0000", "contents": "14 January 2012 Basra bombing, Responsibility\nAli Ghanim, the chief of the security committee in Basra, said the attack was carried out by a suicide bomber. He said, \"There was a man who was holding a box and giving food to people, and one of our security officers found him suspicious and went to search the box and the man blew himself up\". So far, no group has claimed responsibility for the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010886-0000-0000", "contents": "14 July 1953 demonstration\nThe 14 July 1953 demonstration was an incident in Paris during which a march of the Algerian anti-colonial Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties was halted by the police, killing seven and seriously injuring about 50.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010886-0001-0000", "contents": "14 July 1953 demonstration, Background\nSince 1936, though interrupted by the Vichy period and the German occupation, the French Communist Party, the General Confederation of Labour in France, and several similar movements organized a parade in Paris each Bastille Day to celebrate the values of the republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010886-0002-0000", "contents": "14 July 1953 demonstration, Background\nSince the beginning of the 1950s, Algerian separatists from the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (MTLD), led by Messali Hadj, took part in the parade in spite of their differences with the French Communist Party on the issue of Algerian independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010886-0003-0000", "contents": "14 July 1953 demonstration, Background\nIn 1953, tensions were high. The demonstrations on International Workers' Day had been met with violence by the police. The next year, on May 28th, 1952, the Algerian communist Hocine B\u00e9la\u00efd was killed during the demonstration against Americal General Ridgway's visit to France; the general was accused of using biological weapons in Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010886-0004-0000", "contents": "14 July 1953 demonstration, Events\nThe demonstration was very closely watched by the authorities; \"offensive\" signs, flags, and banners had been banned by the prefecture of police, along with \"seditious\" songs and chants. The march was to follow a traditional course, travelling from Place de la R\u00e9publique to Place de la Nation. However, when it reached Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine, some off-duty paratroopers attacked the demonstrators; they were beaten by the demonstrators and six were wounded. The paratroopers continued to aggress the demonstrators; the police removed them each time, but made no arrests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010886-0005-0000", "contents": "14 July 1953 demonstration, Events\nThe demonstrators clashed with police at Place de la Nation, where most of the protesters dispersed. The parade planned by the MTLD continued somewhat farther in spite of heavy rain, as some marchers went toward Avenue du Tr\u00f4ne to drop their signs and flags in an MTLD truck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010886-0006-0000", "contents": "14 July 1953 demonstration, Events\nThere, and without warning, the police opened fire on them on their own initiative without direction from their command. This escalated the demonstration; the Algerian demonstrators used barricades to attack the police and burned at least two police cars between 5:00 PM and 5:30 PM. Seven people were killed: six Algerian workers, and one worker from the General Confederation of Labour. Besides the deaths, over 50 demonstrators were injured, at least 40 by gunshots. About fifty police officers were injured: between three and five by stabbing, and the remainder by makeshift weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010886-0007-0000", "contents": "14 July 1953 demonstration, Aftermath\nThe Parisian authorities immediately tried to paint the demonstration as a clandestine riot. To avoid public discussion, the government charged one police administrator with rebellion and violence on July 15th, a charge which would not have required an investigation into the police shootings. Despite this, that September, the scope of the judicial inquiry was expanded when family members of the victims moved an adhesion procedure. Even in spite of this, few Algerian witnesses were heard in the trial. The trial ended when the judge stayed the proceedings by issuing a non-lieu on October 22nd, 1957, later confirmed on appeal on January 23rd, 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010886-0008-0000", "contents": "14 July 1953 demonstration, Aftermath\nThe French press was indignant about the shootings, but some newspapers also denounced both the communists and the separatists for assaulting the police. The communists held a large meeting on July 21st, the same day the Algerian victims' funerals were held, but did not take up the MTLD's demands for Algerian independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0000-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution\nThe 14 July Revolution, also known as the 1958 Iraqi coup d'\u00e9tat, took place on 14 July 1958 in Iraq, and resulted in the overthrow of the Hashemite monarchy in Iraq that had been established by King Faisal I in 1921 under the auspices of the British. King Faisal II, Prince 'Abd al-Ilah, and Prime Minister Nuri al-Said were executed by the military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0001-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution\nAs a result of the overthrow of the Iraqi Hashemite dynasty, the coup d'\u00e9tat established the Iraqi Republic. The coup ended the Hashemite Arab Federation between Iraq and Jordan that had been established just 6 months earlier. Abd al-Karim Qasim seized power as Prime Minister until 1963, when he was overthrown and killed in the Ramadan Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0002-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Pre-coup grievances, Regional disturbances\nDuring the Second World War, Iraq was home to a growing number of Arab nationalists. They aimed, in part, to remove British imperial influence in Iraq. This sentiment grew from a politicised educational system in Iraq and an increasingly assertive and educated middle class. Schools served as instruments to internalise Pan-Arab nationalist identity as the leaders and the designers of the Iraqi educational system in the 1920s and 1930s were Pan-Arab nationalists who made a significant contribution to the expansion of that ideology in Iraq as well as the rest of the Arab world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0002-0001", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Pre-coup grievances, Regional disturbances\nThe two directors of the educational system in Iraq, Sami Shawkat and Fadhil al-Jamal, employed teachers who were political refugees from Palestine and Syria. These exiles fled to Iraq because of their roles in anti-British and anti-French protests, and subsequently fostered Arab nationalist consciousness in their Iraqi students. The growing general awareness of Arab identity led to anti-imperialism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0003-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Pre-coup grievances, Regional disturbances\nSimilarly, Pan-Arab sentiment grew across the Arab world and was promoted by Egypt's Gamel Abdel Nasser, a rising politician and staunch opponent of imperialism. Hashemite Iraq faced and confronted these sentiments as well. Nuri al-Said, the Iraqi Prime Minister during most of the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, was interested in pursuing the idea of a federation of Arab States of the Fertile Crescent, but was less enthusiastic about a Pan-Arab state. Al-Said brought Iraq into the Arab League in 1944, seeing it as a forum for bringing together the Arab states while leaving the door open for a possible future federation. The League's charter enshrined the principle of autonomy for each Arab state and referenced pan-Arabism only rhetorically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0004-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Pre-coup grievances, Economic climate\nThe Iraqi economy fell into a recession and then a depression following the Second World War; inflation was uncontrolled and the Iraqi standard of living fell. Al-Said and the Arab Nationalist regent, Abd al-Ilah, were continually in opposition to each other, failing to agree on a cohesive economic policy, infrastructure improvements, or other internal reforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0005-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Pre-coup grievances, Economic climate\nIn 1950, al-Said persuaded the Iraqi Petroleum Company to increase the royalties paid to the Iraqi government. Al-Said looked to the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq's growing oil revenues to fund and propel development. He determined that 70\u00a0percent of Iraq's revenue from oil was to be set aside for infrastructure development by a Development Board with three foreign advisors out of six total members. This foreign presence provoked popular disapproval of al-Said's policy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0005-0001", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Pre-coup grievances, Economic climate\nDespite anti-Western sentiments toward oil and development, al-Said hired Lord Salter, a British economist and former politician, to investigate the prospects for development in Iraq because al-Said's oil revenue reallocation seemed to be ineffective. Lord Salter continued to make suggestions as to how to implement development projects despite massive Iraqi dislike of his presence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0006-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Pre-coup grievances, Political grievances\nDuring the Second World War, the British reoccupied Iraq and in 1947, through the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1948 (also known as the Portsmouth Treaty) on 15 January, Salih Jabr negotiated British withdrawal from Iraq. This agreement included a British and Iraqi joint defence board to oversee Iraqi military planning, and the British continued to control Iraqi foreign affairs. Iraq was still tied to Great Britain for military supplies and training. This treaty was to last until 1973\u2014a 25-year period that Arab nationalists in the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq could not accept. As a strong reaction to the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1948, Arab nationalists led the Wathbah Rebellion a year later in protest of the continued British presence in Iraq. Al-Said repudiated the Portsmouth Treaty to appease the rebellious Iraqi and Arab nationalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0007-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Pre-coup grievances, Political grievances\nIn 1955, Iraq entered into the Baghdad Pact with Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey. The pact was a defence agreement between the four nations and was endorsed by the UK and the United States as an anti-communist Cold War strategy, but was greatly resented by Iraqis in general. Egypt saw the Baghdad Pact as a provocation and a challenge to its regional dominance. In 1956, when Egypt nationalised the Suez Canal, Iraqi-Egyptian relations were further strained. When British, French and Israelis invaded Egypt, Iraq, as a British ally, had to support the invasion. The fact that imperial ties dragged Iraq into supporting this invasion of Arab lands led to wide disapproval across the Iraqi populace, which largely sympathised with Egypt and responded to pan-Arab ideology. They felt that the invasion of Egypt was another sign of Western aggression and dominance in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 933]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0008-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Pre-coup grievances, Political grievances\nSimilarly, when Egypt and Syria united to form the United Arab Republic (UAR) under the banner of pan-Arabism in 1958, Iraqi politicians found themselves in a vulnerable position. Iraqi leaders had no interest in uniting with Egypt and instead proposed and ratified their own pan-Arab union with Hashemite Jordan in May 1958. Great Britain and the United States openly supported this union, but many Iraqis were suspicious of its purpose and regarded the Hashemite Arab Federation as another \"tool of their Western overlord\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0009-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Pre-coup grievances, Precursors\nThe primary goal of the coup was to liberate Iraq from its imperial ties with the British and the United States. The Western powers dominated all sectors of Iraqi governance: national politics and reform, regional politics with its Arab and non-Arab neighbours, and economic policies. As a general rule, many Iraqis were resentful of the presence of Western powers in the region, especially the British. Furthermore, Hashemite monarchic rule could not be divorced from the image of imperial masters behind the monarchy. The monarchy had struggled to maintain power during the Al-Wathbah uprising in 1948 and the Iraqi Intifada of 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 51], "content_span": [52, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0010-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Pre-coup grievances, Discord mounts\nA growing number of educated \u00e9lites in the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq were becoming enamoured with the ideals espoused by Nasser's pan-Arab movement. The ideas of qawmiyah (Nationalism) found many willing adherents, particularly within the officer classes of the Iraqi military. Al-Said's policies were considered anathema by certain individuals within the Iraqi armed forces, and opposition groups began to form, modelled on the Egyptian Free Officers Movement that had overthrown the Egyptian monarchy in 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0011-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Pre-coup grievances, Discord mounts\nDespite al-Said's efforts to quell growing unrest within the military ranks (such as economic programmes designed to benefit the officer class, and brokering deals with the U.S. to supply the Iraqi military), his position was significantly weakened by the events of the Suez Crisis. Al-Said suffered for his association with Britain; the latter's role in the Crisis seeming a damning indictment of his wataniyah policies Despite al-Said's efforts to distance himself from the crisis, the damage was done to his position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0011-0001", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Pre-coup grievances, Discord mounts\nIraq became isolated within the Arab world, as highlighted by its exclusion from the \"Treaty of Arab Solidarity\" in January 1957. The Suez Crisis benefited Nasser's pan-Arab cause while simultaneously undermining those Arab leaders who followed pro-Western policy. Al-Said's policies fell firmly within the latter camp, and covert opposition to his government steadily grew in the wake of Suez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0012-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Pre-coup grievances, Building to a crisis\nOn 1 February 1958, Egypt and Syria boosted the pan-Arab movement immeasurably with the announcement that they had united as the United Arab Republic (UAR). The move was a catalyst for a series of events that culminated in revolution in Iraq. The formation of the UAR and Nasser's lofty rhetoric calling for a united Arab world galvanised pan-Arabism in both the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Their governments attempted something of a response with the creation of the Hashemite Arab Federation on 14 February\u2014a union of the two states\u2014but few were impressed by this knee-jerk reaction to the UAR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0013-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Pre-coup grievances, Building to a crisis\nThe Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) joined the UAR soon after its formation. Attention then shifted to Lebanon, where Syria sponsored the Arab nationalist movement in its civil war campaign against the pro-Western government of Camille Chamoun. Al-Said recognised that Chamoun's defeat would leave Iraq and Jordan isolated. He bolstered Chamoun's government with aid throughout May and June 1958. More fatefully, he attempted to bolster Jordan with units from the Royal Iraqi Army, a move that was a direct catalyst for the coup d'\u00e9tat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0014-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, 14 July revolution\nOn 14 July 1958, a group that identified as the Free Officers, a secret military group led by Brigadier Abd al-Karim Qasim, overthrew the monarchy. This group was markedly Pan-Arab in character. King Faisal\u00a0II, Prince Abd al-Ilah, and Nuri al-Said were all killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0015-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, 14 July revolution\nThe Free Officers were inspired by and modelled after the Egyptian Free Officers who overthrew the Egyptian Monarchy in 1952. They represented all parties and cut across political factions. Qasim was a member of the generation that had launched the revolution in Egypt, and had grown up in an era where radicalism and Pan-Arabism were circulating in schools, including high schools and military academies. As a group, most of the Free Officers were Sunni Arabs who came from a modern middle class. The Free Officers were inspired by a number of events in the Middle East the decade before 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0015-0001", "contents": "14 July Revolution, 14 July revolution\nThe 1948 War against Israel was an experience that intensified the Egyptian Free Officers' sense of duty. They understood their mission as deposing the corrupt regimes that weakened a unified Arab nation and thrown their countries into distress. The success of the Free Officers in overthrowing the Egyptian monarchy and seizing power in 1952 made Nasser a source of inspiration too.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0016-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, 14 July revolution\nThe Iraqi Free Officer group was an underground organization and much of the planning and timing rested in the hands of Qasim and his associate, Colonel Abdul Salam Arif. The Free Officers sought to ensure Nasser's support and the assistance of the UAR to implement the revolt because they feared the members of the Baghdad Pact would subsequently overthrow the Free Officers as a reaction to the coup. Nasser only offered moral support, whose material significance remained vague, so Egypt had no practical role in the Iraqi revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0017-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, 14 July revolution\nThe dispatching of Iraqi army units to Jordan played into the hands of two of the key members of the Iraqi Free Officers movement: Arif and the movement's leader, Qasim. The Iraqi 19th and 20th Brigades of the 3rd Division (Iraq) (the former under Qasim's command and the latter including Arif's battalion) were dispatched to march to Jordan, along a route that passed Baghdad. The opportunity for a coup was thus presented to and seized upon by the conspirators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0018-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, 14 July revolution\nArif marched on Baghdad with the 20th Brigade and seized control of the capital (with the help of Colonel Abd al-Latif al-Darraji) while Qasim remained in reserve with the 19th at Jalawla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0019-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, 14 July revolution\nIn the early hours of 14 July, Arif seized control of Baghdad's broadcasting station, which was soon to become the coup's headquarters, and broadcast the first announcement of the revolution. Arif \"denounced imperialism and the clique in office; proclaimed a new republic and the end of the old regime...announced a temporary sovereignty council of three members to assume the duties of the presidency; and promised a future election for a new president\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0020-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, 14 July revolution\nArif then dispatched two detachments from his regiment, one to al-Rahab Palace to deal with King Faisal\u00a0II and the Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah, the other to Nuri al-Said's residence. Despite the presence of the crack Royal Guard at the Palace, no resistance was offered, by order of the Crown Prince. It is uncertain what orders were given to the palace detachment, and what level of force they detailed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0021-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, 14 July revolution\nAt approximately 8:00am the King, Crown Prince, Princess Hiyam ('Abd al-Ilah's wife), Princess Nafeesa ('Abd al-Ilah's mother), Princess Abadiya (Faisal's aunt), other members of the Iraqi Royal Family, and several servants were killed or wounded as they were leaving the palace. Only Princess Hiyam survived although how and why she did is unclear. With their demise, the Iraqi Hashemite dynasty ended. Meanwhile, al-Said temporarily slipped the net of his would-be captors by escaping across the Tigris after being alerted by the sound of gunfire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0022-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, 14 July revolution\nBy noon, Qasim arrived in Baghdad with his forces and set up headquarters in the Ministry of Defence building. The conspirator's attention now shifted to finding al-Said, lest he escape and undermine the coup's early success. A reward of 10,000 Iraqi dinar was offered for his capture and a large-scale search began. On 15 July he was spotted in a street in the al-Battawin quarter of Baghdad attempting to escape disguised in a woman's abaya. Al-Said and his accomplice were both shot, and his body was buried in the cemetery at Bab al-Mu'azzam later that evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0023-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, 14 July revolution\nMob violence continued even in the wake of al-Said's death. Spurred by Arif to liquidate traitors, uncontrollable mobs took to the streets of Baghdad. The body of 'Abd al-Ilah was taken from the palace, mutilated and dragged through the streets, and finally hanged outside the Ministry of Defence. Several foreign nationals (including Jordanian and American citizens) staying at the Baghdad Hotel were killed by the mob. Mass mob violence did not die down until Qasim imposed a curfew, which still did not prevent the disinterment, mutilation and parading of Al-Said's corpse through the streets the day after its burial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0024-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Aftermath, Immediate effects\nAbd al-Karim Qasim's sudden coup took the U.S. government by surprise. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Director Allen Dulles told President Dwight D. Eisenhower that he believed Nasser was behind it. Dulles also feared that a chain reaction would occur throughout the Middle East and that the governments of Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Iran would be doomed. The Hashemite monarchy represented a reliable ally of the Western world in thwarting Soviet advances, so the coup compromised Washington's position in the Middle East. Indeed, the Americans saw it in epidemiological terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0025-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Aftermath, Immediate effects\nQasim reaped the greatest reward, being named Prime Minister and Minister of Defence. Arif became Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of the Interior, and deputy Commander in Chief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0026-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Aftermath, Immediate effects\nThirteen days after the revolution, a temporary constitution was announced, pending a permanent organic law to be promulgated after a free referendum. According to the document, Iraq was a republic and a part of the Arab nation and the official state religion was listed as Islam. Both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies were abolished. Powers of legislation were vested in the Council of Ministers, with the approval of the Sovereignty Council; the executive function was also vested in the Council of Ministers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0027-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Aftermath, 1959 instability\nOn 9 March 1959, The New York Times reported that the situation in Iraq was initially \"confused and unstable, with rival groups competing for control. Cross currents of communism, Arab and Iraqi nationalism, anti-Westernism and the 'positive neutrality' of President Gamal Abdel Nasser of the United Arab Republic have been affecting the country.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0028-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Aftermath, 1959 instability\nThe new Iraqi Republic was headed by a Revolutionary Council. At its head was a three-man sovereignty council, composed of members of Iraq's three main communal/ethnic groups. Muhammad Mahdi Kubbah represented the Shi'a population; Khalid al-Naqshabandi, the Kurds; and Najib al Rubay\u2019i, the Sunni population. This tripartite Council assumed the role of the Presidency. A cabinet was created, composed of a broad spectrum of Iraqi political movements, including two National Democratic Party representatives, one member of al-Istiqlal, one Ba'ath representative and one Marxist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0029-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Aftermath, 1959 instability\nBy March 1959, Iraq withdrew from the Baghdad Pact and created alliances with left-leaning countries and communist countries, including the Soviet Union. Because of their agreement with the USSR, Qasim's government allowed the formation of an Iraqi Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0030-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Aftermath, Human rights violations and mass exodus\nKanan Makiya compared the trials of political dissidents under the Iraqi monarchy, Qasim's government, and Ba'athist Iraq, concluding: \"A progressive degradation in the quality of each spectacle is evident.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0031-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Aftermath, Human rights violations and mass exodus\nThe 1958 military coup that overthrew the Hashemite monarchy brought to power members of \"rural groups that lacked the cosmopolitan thinking found among Iraqi elites\". Iraq's new leaders had an \"exclusivist mentality [that] produced tribal conflict and rivalry, which in turn called forth internal oppression [...] \"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0032-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Aftermath, Human rights violations and mass exodus\nAccording to Shafeeq N. Ghabra, a professor of political science at Kuwait University, and, in 2001, director of the Kuwait Information Office in Washington D.C.:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010887-0033-0000", "contents": "14 July Revolution, Aftermath, Human rights violations and mass exodus\nHundreds of thousands of Iraqis fled the country within four years of the 1958 revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010888-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Karat Soul\n14 Karat Soul is an a cappella group from East Orange, New Jersey. They began their active career in the 1980s. 14 Karat Soul were originally a strictly doo-wop group, but later branched out into other genres. They were featured in the 1980 Mabou Mines short film Sister Suzie Cinema, a 20-minute doo-wop opera by Bob Telson and Lee Breuer. 14 Karat Soul also appeared on Sesame Street and Between the Lions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010888-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Karat Soul, Discography\nThe discography of 14 Karat Soul includes several albums and compilations on Pony Canyon for the Japanese market, where the group was known through numerous Japanese TV adverts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010889-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Lacertae\n14 Lacertae is a binary star system in the northern constellation Lacerta, located around 1,600\u00a0light years away. It has the variable star designation V360 Lacertae; 14 Lacertae is the Flamsteed designation. The system is barely visible to the naked eye in good seeing conditions, having a peak apparent visual magnitude of 5.91. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221216\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010889-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Lacertae\nThis is a double-lined spectroscopic binary in a close, circular orbit with a period of 10.08\u00a0days and a separation of 40.327\u00a0R\u2609 (28.055\u00a0Gm). The orbital inclination is 65\u00b0\u00b11\u00b0. 14 Lac is a variable star system that, once per orbit, shows a primary minimum with a 0.07 magnitude decrease and a secondary minimum with a decrease of 0.02. The primary component is a Be star that is spinning rapidly at its critical velocity. The lower mass secondary is synchronously rotating and is filling its Roche lobe. The rapid rotation of the primary may have been caused by mass transfer from the secondary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010889-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Lacertae\nSamus et al. (2017) classify this as a detached Beta Lyrae-type eclipsing binary, although they note there is some uncertainty in the classification. Bossi et al. (1998) argued that the system is neither an eclipsing binary nor an ellipsoidal variable. Instead they propose the variability is caused by distortion of a gaseous shell by the secondary component. Linnell et al. (2006) demonstrated that the light curve is mostly caused by tidal distortion in combination with illumination of the lower mass secondary by the primary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010890-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Mai, Satu Mare\n14 Mai is a residential district of Satu Mare in Romania. It is named after the date of the devastating floods that affected the city in 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010891-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Maiden Lane\n14 Maiden Lane, or the Diamond Exchange, is an early example of a New York skyscraper in what is now the Financial District of Manhattan. Completed in 1894, it is still standing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010891-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Maiden Lane, History\nAt the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, the area around Maiden Lane and John Street became home to a number of early skyscrapers built speculatively to house businesses attracted to the booming financial district, which was expanding north. Maiden Lane was already established as the center of the city's jewelry district as early as 1795, and the area near Broadway was a busy shopping district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010891-0001-0001", "contents": "14 Maiden Lane, History\nIn 1892, Manhattan real-estate developers Abraham Boehm and Lewis Coon announced that they had acquired the property at 14 Maiden Lane and intended to demolish the existing structure, replacing it with a ten-story tower specifically intended for the diamond trade. At the time, the planned building would be among the tallest in the city, as elevators and new building techniques permitted ever higher construction and the city's rapid growth created an insatiable real-estate market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010891-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Maiden Lane, Design and construction\nBoehm and Coon hired prolific New York City architect Gilbert A. Schellenger to design the building for the specific requirements of diamond merchants and jewelers. The building was of fireproof construction, with a cast-iron and steel frame, and hollow-brick floor arches. The frame and floors were made unusually strong in order to accommodate the heavy safes required by the trade, large windows provided ample daylight, augmented by gas and electric lights, and the facade was ornately decorated. Constrained by the narrow 23.5 feet (7.2\u00a0m) lot, Schellenger emphasized the building's slenderness with three slim brick colonnettes flanking the large bay windows on the building's face. The tall, narrow building towered over the older, neighboring structures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010891-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Maiden Lane, Design and construction\nCast-iron and steel construction were both relatively new techniques, and construction of the Diamond Exchange suffered a major setback in October 1893 when a powerful windstorm caused the incomplete cage to shift about 10 inches (250\u00a0mm) from plumb. The problem was eventually traced back to oversized holes in splices on the cast-iron columns. Each new story added to the cage permitted additional movement, and the force of the wind was sufficient to cause the whole structure to tilt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010891-0003-0001", "contents": "14 Maiden Lane, Design and construction\nTo resolve the problem, the builders were forced to install \"knee braces\" at the ceiling line of each story, converting the original unbraced cage to a braced design. In 1904 the same flaw led to the collapse of the eleven-story Darlington Hotel, also in New York, which killed 25 construction workers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010891-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Maiden Lane, Design and construction\nConstruction was completed in 1894 and the building was occupied by jewelers and diamond dealers. The ground floor, decorated in polished granite, was leased to retail tenants; in 1915 it became home to Tessaro's, a dealer in rare books. One year after it was completed, the developers sold the building for $375,000 (it had cost approximately $275,000 to build).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010891-0005-0000", "contents": "14 Maiden Lane, Design and construction\nWhile many early skyscrapers have been demolished or dwarfed by modern neighbors, the Diamond Exchange, as of 2016, still stands above the adjacent buildings. In 1920, the buildings to the east were destroyed in a fire which killed several people. The buildings to the west were demolished in 2015 to make way for a planned hotel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010892-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Megala Tragoudia\n14 Megala Tragoudia (Greek: 14 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1; English: 14 great songs) is a compilation album by popular Greek singer Despina Vandi containing some of her most successful singles under the EMI Music Greece label (with whom she was signed from her debut in 1994 until 2000). It was part of a CD collection with the general title 14 Megala Tragoudia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010893-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Message: Every Ballad Songs 2\n14 Message: Every Ballad Songs 2 is the fourth best of album of the Japanese pop group Every Little Thing, released on February 14, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010894-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Minutes Until Start\n\"14 Minutes Until Start\" (Russian: \u0427\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430, tr. Chetyrnadtsat' minut do starta), also known as \"I Believe, My Friends\" (Russian: \u042f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044e, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u044c\u044f, tr. Ya veryu, druz'ya) is a popular Soviet and Russian mass song composed in 1960 by Oscar Feltsman, to lyrics by Vladimir Voinovich. The song was written as an unofficial anthem for the Soviet Space Program, and became a popular fixture of Space Race era Soviet propaganda, being printed several times in Pravda and even being sung in space by cosmonauts Andriyan Nikolayev and Pavel Popovich during the Vostok-3 Mission", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010894-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Minutes Until Start, Creation\n14 Minutes Until Start was written in autumn 1960 by Vladimir Voinovich, a relatively unknown Soviet author at the time, during his six months working as a writer for All-Union Radio. In late 1960, the Soviet government requested that a song be written to commemorate the Vostok 1 mission, which was scheduled for launch in mid-1961. In his biography \"Design\", Voinovich claims that he was the only worker at the All-Union Radio to volunteer to write lyrics for the piece, and, with help from Oscar Feltsman, the song was completed within less than a week of the order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010894-0001-0001", "contents": "14 Minutes Until Start, Creation\nThe song was not widely distributed in the Soviet Union until after the success of the Vostok 1 Mission, but became an almost obligatory addition to any space-related musical repertoire afterwards. The song peaked in popularity in summer 1962, when it was sung aboard the Vostok 3 spaceflight by cosmonauts Andriyan Nikolayev and Pavel Popovich, as well as at when the crew of Vostok 3 were received by Nikita Khrushchev after the mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010894-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Minutes Until Start, Censorship and Criticism\nSeveral alterations were made to the lyrics of 14 Minutes Until Start after its release. One of the first changes was the alteration of the lyric 'blue planet' (Russian: \u041f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0430\u044f, tr. Planeta golubaya), which was altered to 'planet dear' (Russian: \u041f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430\u044f, tr. Planeta dorogaya) almost immediately after being submitted to the Ministry of Culture for editing. The exact reason why this lyric was changed remains unknown. Another attempted alteration to the lyrics was the term 'dusty paths' (Russian: \u043f\u044b\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445, tr. pyl'nykh tropinkakh), which was criticised by Soviet censors as 'deromanticising the image of space'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010894-0002-0001", "contents": "14 Minutes Until Start, Censorship and Criticism\nIt was proposed that the term 'new paths' be used instead, but ultimately, Voinovich refused to change the lyric. In his biography, Voinovich defended his word choice by stating that any cosmic path would be dusty because 'there are no wipers in space', and that using the term 'new paths' implied that there were pre-existing old paths. The lyric 'dusty paths' was kept in the final version, although Voinovich allegedly continued to receive phone calls after the song was published urging him to alter the wording.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010894-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Minutes Until Start, Censorship and Criticism\nAnother criticism of Voinovich's lyrics came from cosmonaut Pavel Popovich, who requested that the lyric 'Let's have a smoke before the start' be altered to 'Let's sing before the start', on account of the fact that cosmonauts were forbidden to smoke. Voinovich responded to the criticism by saying that, as long as he did not tell Popovich how to fly a spacecraft, Popovich had no right to tell him how to write song lyrics. The lyric ultimately remained unchanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010894-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Minutes Until Start, Censorship and Criticism\nIn 1974, Voinovich was expelled from the Union of Soviet Writers, and subsequently exiled from the USSR six years later. After his expulsion, the use of 14 Minutes Until Start drastically decreased, although this decrease in broadcast coincided with a general decrease in Soviet space exploration. 14 Minutes Until Start remains a moderately popular song in Russia today, and has spawned several contemporary parodies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010895-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Nam Cheong Street\n14 Nam Cheong Street (Chinese: \u4e3a\u7fa4\u516c\u5bd3) is a 6-story building in Hong Kong completed in 1964. The building is a fourth-gen tong lau. It is a corner house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010895-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Nam Cheong Street\nThe building is located in Sham Shui Po District in West Kowloon, at the junction of Nam Cheong Street and Boundary Street. It is busy with people and the units inside are very small.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010895-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Nam Cheong Street, History\nIn 2015, Mascotte Holdings Limited acquired a number of flats for HKD 34.6 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010895-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Nam Cheong Street, History\nIn 2019, the building was renovated as of today. Its exterior is now colored bronze and its terraces are sealed. The red handwriting sign vanished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010896-0000-0000", "contents": "14 October (newspaper)\n14 October is an Arabic daily newspaper published in Aden, Yemen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010896-0001-0000", "contents": "14 October (newspaper), History and profile\n14 October was started in 1968. The paper was named after the revolution in the South of Yemen on 14 October 1967. It is published in Arabic and is headquartered in Aden. It was formerly run by the government of South Yemen before the reunification in 1990. It is currently run by the state of Yemen and its publisher is the 14th October Foundation for Journalism, Printing and Publishing. Ahmed Mohammed Alhubaishi is the editor-in-chief of the daily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010896-0002-0000", "contents": "14 October (newspaper), History and profile\n14 October mostly provides news offered by the Saba news agency, the official news agency of Yemen. At the end of 2010, the paper had a circulation of 20,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010897-0000-0000", "contents": "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings\nOn 14 October 2017, two truck bombings took place in Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, killing at least 587 people and injuring 316 others. Almost all of the casualties were caused by one of the trucks, which detonated when the driver, while attempting to escape from security officials, crashed through a barrier and exploded in the Hodan District, destroying a hotel; the intended target of the attack is believed to have been a secure compound housing international agencies and troops. The second blast happened close by, killing two people. A third explosives-laden truck was captured by police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010897-0001-0000", "contents": "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings\nThough no organisation claimed responsibility, officials stated that a key member of the cell that carried it out told them Islamist group Al-Shabaab was responsible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010897-0002-0000", "contents": "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings\nThe attack is the deadliest in Somalia's history, surpassing the 2011 Mogadishu bombing that killed 100 people, and the deadliest bombing in Africa. It is also the third deadliest terrorist bombing attack and the sixth-deadliest act of terrorism in modern history, surpassed only by the 1990 massacre of Sri Lankan Police officers in Sri Lanka, the 2008 Christmas massacres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2007 Yazidi communities bombings, the 2014 Camp Speicher massacre in Iraq, and the September 11 attacks in the United States. In response to the bombings, Somali president Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed declared three days of mourning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010897-0003-0000", "contents": "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings, Background\nDuring the summer of 2011, the East African region faced a drought and shortage of food supplies, particularly in the Somali region, forcing tens of thousands of people to cross the borders into Ethiopia and Kenya for refuge. Al-Shabaab, a jihadist fundamentalist group designated as a terrorist organization by several countries, threatened to expel the aid groups working in the area before the African Union's AMISOM troops took action to force the al-Shabaab fighters out of the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010897-0004-0000", "contents": "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings, Background\nIn July 2010, al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for a bombing in Kampala, Uganda, in retaliation for Uganda's support to, and presence in, AMISOM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010897-0005-0000", "contents": "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings, Background\nIn 2017, Somalia was continuing to suffer its worst drought in 40 years, with climatic catastrophe compounded by war and poor governance. Al-Shabaab banned humanitarian assistance in areas it controls, forcing hundreds of thousands of people to choose between starvation or brutal punishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010897-0006-0000", "contents": "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings, Background\nThe United States had a military involvement in Somalia until 1994, and had then withdrawn. Earlier in 2017 the US designated Somalia a \"zone of active hostilities\" (allowing it to apply looser rules and oversight concerning the authorization of drone strikes and ground operations), and the deployment of regular US forces to Somalia was again authorized. This saw America's ground forces in Somalia increase from about 50 in 2016 to 400 in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010897-0007-0000", "contents": "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings, Background\nThe bombings occurred amidst deep public discontent and political divisions between federal and regional leaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010897-0008-0000", "contents": "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings, Attacks\nOn 14 October 2017, a large truck filled with explosives was detonated at a busy crossroads near the Safari Hotel in the Hodan District, at least a kilometre from the Medina Gate. The effect of the bombing was compounded by a fuel tanker parked nearby that caused a massive fireball. Sources close to the government said that the truck contained 350\u00a0kg of home-made and military-grade explosives. The truck had been briefly detained at a checkpoint, but was allowed to proceed after local authorities vouched for it; it was then stopped by security officials while stuck in a traffic jam. When it was about to be searched, the driver accelerated and crashed through a barrier, and the truck exploded. The Safari Hotel collapsed, trapping many under its rubble, and the Qatari embassy was severely damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010897-0009-0000", "contents": "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings, Attacks\nAccording to a Somali intelligence official investigating the attack, the truck was overloaded and covered with a tarpaulin. The dust on it aroused the suspicion of soldiers at a checkpoint just outside Mogadishu. The soldiers ordered the driver to park and get out, with the assailant calling a well-known man who vouched for the truck. After passing the checkpoint, the truck sped through another one where the soldiers fired at it and flattened one of its tires. The driver parked on a busy street and detonated it. A senior police official investigating it stated that it was packed with 2 tonnes (2.2 U.S. tons) of explosives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010897-0010-0000", "contents": "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings, Attacks\nA Toyota Noah minivan loaded with explosives was also intercepted and stopped; it later detonated without casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010897-0011-0000", "contents": "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings, Attacks\nOfficials said that the target of the attacks was the heavily guarded Mogadishu airport compound, where the United Nations, most embassies, and the headquarters of the 22,000-strong AMISOM, are based. The minivan was to blast open the Medina Gate entrance to the compound to allow the truck with more explosives to be driven in and detonated. The possibility of complicity of personnel manning vehicle checkpoints was being investigated, after claims the first truck was stopped at two checkpoints en route to Mogadishu without any cargo inspection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010897-0012-0000", "contents": "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings, Attacks\nA second bombing occurred about 30 minutes later, less than 300 metres away, killing two people in the Medina district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010897-0013-0000", "contents": "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings, Victims\nAs of 4 March 2018, at least 587 people had been confirmed killed. The explosion took place on one of the busiest streets in Mogadishu; victims included senior civil servants, five paramedic volunteers, a journalist, an American-Somali man, a medical student and 15 children. The full death total may never be known with certainty, as the remains of many people would not be found due to the intense heat (which could be felt 100 metres away from the scene), and others were buried quickly by relatives following Islamic custom. Around 160 bodies could not be recognised, doctor Aden Nur said, and they were buried by the government the day after the bombing. Over a hundred injured were taken to the Madina hospital\u2014one of six overcrowded nearby hospitals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010897-0014-0000", "contents": "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings, Perpetrators\nWhile no group has admitted responsibility, officials believe the attack was made by a cell of the group al-Shabaab, following statements made by a key member, a veteran militant who had taken part in previous attacks in Mogadishu, with investigators believing the attack may have been motivated out of desire for revenge for the botched United States-led raid on his hometown in August. He was arrested while driving a second explosives-packed vehicle into the city on the day of the explosion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010897-0014-0001", "contents": "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings, Perpetrators\nAn official said that the man had confessed, and was proud of what he had done, which he said was for jihad. Another official said that the bombs were hidden under rice, sugar and other goods in the truck. The driver was detained but a local businessman and tribal leader vouched for the truck. The official stated they were investigating whether the attackers had help from within the security forces. A Somali intelligence official stated that the man who vouched for the truck had been arrested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010897-0015-0000", "contents": "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings, Perpetrators\nIn February 2018, a military court in Mogadishu sentenced two people to death for their role in the bombings. According to the court, Hassan Aden Isak was driving a truck intended to be used in a second bombing on the day. Ibrahim Hassan Absuge was sentenced in absentia for the bombings as well, and is also accused of masterminding the November 2016 Mogadishu car bombing, which killed 20 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010897-0016-0000", "contents": "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings, Reactions, Domestic\nThe Somali president, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, declared three days of national mourning. He and hundreds of other Somali citizens donated blood. \"Today\u2019s horrific attack proves our enemy would stop (at) nothing to cause our people pain and suffering. Let\u2019s unite against terror,\" he said on Twitter. \"Time to unite and pray together. Terror won\u2019t win.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010897-0017-0000", "contents": "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings, Reactions, International\nThe United States Department of State expressed condolences to victims and wished a quick recovery for the injured. It called the attack \"senseless and cowardly\" and said it would stand with Somalia against extremism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010898-0000-0000", "contents": "14 On Fire\n14 On Fire was a concert tour by the Rolling Stones, which started on 21 February 2014 in Abu Dhabi. It was a follow-up to the 50 & Counting tour which celebrated the 50th anniversary of the band. The tour was very much similar to the 50 & Counting just as the \"Urban Jungle\" portion of the Stones' Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour in 1990 was similar to the \"Steel Wheels\" portion in 1989. 14 On Fire had the same stage design, setlist structure, and clothing/merchandise as 50 & Counting. Also, Mick Taylor was a guest throughout this tour as in 50 & Counting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010898-0001-0000", "contents": "14 On Fire, History\nOn 3 December 2013, the full Australian and New Zealand tour dates were announced and being billed as the 14 On Fire tour. The same day, they announced four other dates in Asia and for the first time one show in Abu Dhabi, Middle East. On 17 January 2014, they announced that they will play a one-off show at the Shanghai Mercedes-Benz Arena on 12 March 2014. On 13 February 2014, they announced that they will play a one-night only show at the Singapore Marina Bay Sands Grand Ballroom on 15 March 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010898-0001-0001", "contents": "14 On Fire, History\nOn 12 March 2014, they announced that they will headline the Pinkpop Festival in the Netherlands and the TW Classic Festival in Belgium in June 2014. On 17 March 2014, they announced two one-off shows in Germany in June while more major shows in Europe in May, June and July 2014 were announced the following week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010898-0002-0000", "contents": "14 On Fire, History\nFollowing L'Wren Scott's sudden death on 17 March in New York City, Mick Jagger, her life partner since 2001, flew to Los Angeles while the rest of the band returned to England. Scott's body was flown to Los Angeles where Jagger and Scott's brother, Randy Bambrough, coordinated an intimate service on 25 March with about 70 people in attendance. All the Australia and New Zealand shows were subsequently postponed with new dates to be scheduled between 25 October and 22 November 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010898-0002-0001", "contents": "14 On Fire, History\nThose dates were announced on 15 April 2014 while two new shows were added (1 at the Perth Arena and 1 at Hope Estate, Hunter Valley) along with the originally scheduled shows. There were to be a total of 8 shows in Australia and 1 in New Zealand. The performance on 25 October at the Adelaide Oval was the first be held at the venue since its complete redevelopment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010898-0003-0000", "contents": "14 On Fire, History\nOn 4 June 2014, the Rolling Stones performed for the first time in Israel in what was dubbed a historic appearance, the Haaretz going as far as describing the concert as being \"Historic with a capital H\". To an extent, the Stones' Israeli debut provided a means of closure vis-\u00e0-vis the early background of Rock n' Roll in Israel; in 1965, Prime Minister David Ben Gurion and numerous politicians in the Knesset, Israel's parliament, had believed at the time that rock performances might corrupt the minds of the Israeli youth. Accordingly, at the time, the State of Israel had cancelled scheduled performances of notable artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010898-0004-0000", "contents": "14 On Fire, History\nOn 6 November 2014, they were forced to cancel the show at Hanging Rock scheduled for 8 November after Jagger had developed a throat infection. He was under strict doctor's orders to rest his vocal chords in order to recuperate for the remainder of the tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010898-0005-0000", "contents": "14 On Fire, Tour rehearsals and secret warm-up show\nIn preparation for the tour, prior to the first show, the Rolling Stones rehearsed 65 songs in Bondy near Paris from 3 to 14 February 2014 (in a rehearsal studio named Planet Live). On 14 February 2014, the 10th and last day of rehearsals, the Rolling Stones invited fans to attend an intimate show at the rehearsals studio in Bondy. Thus, the band performed an impromptu secret warm-up show playing 11 songs to the first 27 fans among a total of approximately 50 ones which were initially standing in front of the studio waiting for the band to appear. For the summer leg of the tour in Europe, the band rehearsed in London from 14 to 22 May before moving final rehearsals to the Telenor Arena in Oslo, Norway where they played their first show on 26 May 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010898-0006-0000", "contents": "14 On Fire, Set list\nThis set list is representative of the opening performance in Abu Dhabi. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett\n14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, 556 U.S. 247 (2009), is a United States labor law case decided by the United States Supreme Court on the rights of unionized workers to sue their employer for age discrimination. In this 2009 decision, the Court decided that whenever a union contract \"clearly and unmistakably\" requires that all age discrimination claims under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 be decided through arbitration, then employees subject to that contract cannot have those claims heard in court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett\nPyett's lawyers, in addition to arguing that a union could not legally bargain away an employee's right to pursue an ADEA claim in court, also argued that \"the facts\u2026 [show that the union] Local32BJ\u2026 has not done so in this case.\" However, because these arguments had not been raised in the lower courts, the Supreme Court chose not to consider them and decided that the Collective Bargaining Agreement in this case did mandate that the employees' ADEA claims had to be resolved through arbitration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett\nPrior to the Supreme Court's decision in 14 Penn Plaza v. Pyett, employees who were covered under union contracts, often referred to as bargaining unit members, had been able to raise any claims of civil rights violations by their employer in court. This had been the case regardless of the language which was stated in their union contract, a document often referred to as a collective bargaining agreement, or CBA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Facts\nSteven Pyett, Thomas O' Connell and Michael Phillips worked for Temco Service Industries, Inc., a maintenance service and cleaning contractor in New York City. Pyett and O'Connell were night watchmen and Phillips held a similar position as a night-starter at an office building owned by Pennsylvania Building Company and 14 Penn Plaza, LLC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Facts\nThe men were members of the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Local 32BJ. Their positions at Temco were covered under a collective bargaining agreement that their union Local 32BJ had signed with the Realty Advisory Board on Labor Relations (RAB). The RAB represented both Temco and 14 Penn Plaza in labor matters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0005-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Facts\nIn August 2003, after receiving consent from the SEIU Local 32BJ, 14 Penn Plaza hired the unionized firm Spartan Security to provide licensed security guard services. Newly contracted security guards were assigned to the building where Pyett, O' Connell and Phillips worked, and Temco reassigned the men to other positions in the same building as night porters and light duty cleaners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0006-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Facts\n\"As the only building employees over the age of 50,\" Pyett, O' Connell and Phillips believed that their job reassignments to less desirable and less lucrative positions were the result of age discrimination and requested that their union file a grievance over the matter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0007-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Facts\nThe workers' age discrimination claims progressed through four stages spanning five years on its way to the Supreme Court. Here is a summary of that path.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0008-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Facts, Grievance and arbitration\nThe union filed grievances alleging that Pyett, O' Connell and Phillips' job reassignments had violated the collective bargaining agreement by:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0009-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Facts, Grievance and arbitration\nArbitrator Earl Pfeffer held his initial hearing on the Pyett, O' Connell and Phillips grievances on February 2, 2004. A few weeks later, in a letter dated February 23, 2004, the union withdrew the charge of age discrimination from the grievances. Having previously agreed to the hiring of the licensed security guards, the union believed it could not \"legitimately object to [the workers'] reassignments as discriminatory.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0010-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Facts, Grievance and arbitration\nAfter several hearings, the arbitrator rendered his opinion on August 10, 2005, denying the other grievance claims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0011-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Facts, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission\nOn May 26, 2004, Pyett, O' Connell and Phillips each filed age discrimination charges with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. After reviewing the evidence, the EEOC dismissed each of the men's complaints. Per the agency's practice when its investigation does not substantiate a charge that has been made, the EEOC issued each man a letter of Dismissal and Notice of Rights. The letters notified the men of their right to file a lawsuit in court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0012-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Facts, District court\nOn August 21, 2004, Pyett, O' Connell and Phillips sued SEIU Local 32BJ. Their lawsuit claimed that the union had breached its duty of fair representation when it withdrew their age discrimination grievance charges. The workers later dropped their lawsuit against the union after the arbitrator rendered his decision on their remaining grievances in August 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0013-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Facts, District court\nThen, on September 23, 2004, the men filed a lawsuit against Pennsylvania Building Company,14 Penn Plaza, LLC and Temco in District Court. The lawsuit charged that their job reassignments were in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0014-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Facts, District court\nThe companies filed a motion to dismiss the charges as well as a motion to compel arbitration under sections 3 and 4 of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) [ 9 U. S. C. \u00a7\u00a73]. On May 31, 2006, District Judge Naomi Reice Buchwald denied both motions. In denying the motion to compel arbitration, Judge Buchwald cited a phrase that would later be used by the Supreme Court in their decision to reverse the Court of Appeals ruling. She cited that it was \"binding\u2026 precedent that even a clear and unmistakable union-negotiated waiver of a right to litigate certain\u2026 claims in a judicial forum is unenforceable.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0015-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Facts, U.S. Court of Appeals\nOn June 1, 2006, Pennsylvania Building Company,14 Penn Plaza, LLC and Temco appealed to the US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit under section 16 of the Federal Arbitration Act. Their appeal again sought to compel the plaintiffs to resolve their claims of age discrimination through arbitration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0016-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Facts, U.S. Court of Appeals\nOn August 1, 2007, Appeals Court Judge Jos\u00e9 Cabranes upheld the District Court's decision to deny the companies' motion to compel arbitration. In his decision he wrote that \"mandatory arbitration clauses in collective bargaining agreements are unenforceable to the extent that they waive the rights of covered workers to a judicial forum for federal statutory causes of action.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0017-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Facts, U.S. Court of Appeals\nThe judge continued that \"the District Court recognized\u2026 the distinction our Court has drawn between arbitration clauses in individual contracts\u2026 and arbitration clauses in [collective bargaining agreement]s.\"  The former, he wrote, was \"governed by a line of Supreme Court cases represented by Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp..\"  The later was governed \"by a line of Supreme Court cases represented by Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0018-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment\nA sharply divided Supreme Court delivered a 5\u20134 decision in favor of 14 Penn Plaza and overturning the Second Circuit judge's decision. In doing so, the Court ruled that some collective bargaining agreements do require employees to pursue legal action under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 through arbitration rather than in court. The Court also ruled that the CBA in this case did require ADEA claims to be arbitrated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0019-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment\nJustice Clarence Thomas authored the Court's opinion. He was joined in the majority by Chief Justice John Roberts, and Justices Antonin Scalia, Anthony Kennedy, and Samuel Alito.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0020-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment\nIn its decision, the Court flipped the Second Circuit's reasoning by rejecting the Gardner-Denver line of precedent and embracing that of its 1991 decision in Gilmer. In doing so, the Court eliminated the widely held legal distinction between mandatory arbitration agreements, like the one that had been upheld in Gilmer, and collective bargaining agreements, like the ones at issue in both Gardner-Denver and 14 Penn Plaza. This distinction, Justice Souter pointed out in his dissent, had consistently been observed by each of the U.S. Appeals Courts except the Fourth Circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0021-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment\nOne major difference between the two types of agreements is that the former is signed directly by the individual effected by it, while the latter is signed by a union representative. Another difference is that the implementation of mandatory arbitration agreements is governed by a 1925 law called the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA). Union contracts, on the other hand, are governed by a different law passed in 1935 called the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) and enforced by an \"independent federal agency\" called the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0022-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment\nJustice Thomas, writing for the majority, now concluded that \"nothing in the law suggests a distinction\" between the two types of agreements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0023-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment\nThe 14 Penn Plaza majority opinion discerned that Gardner-Denver was decided correctly \"on the narrow ground\u2026 that the collective bargaining agreement did not cover statutory claims.\" However, the majority strongly disputed Gardner-Denver and its descendant cases',  \"broad dicta\" (\"Judicial dictum is an opinion by a court on a question that is not essential to its decision even though it may be directly involved.\") as based on a \"misconceived view of arbitration that this Court has since abandoned.\" The majority identified three such \"misconceptions.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0024-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment\nThe first misconception it identified was that to \"submit statutory discrimination claims to arbitration was tantamount to a waiver of those rights.\" Rather, they concluded, \"it waives only the right to seek relief from a court.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0025-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment\nThe second misconception was that arbitrators \"competence\u2026 to decide legal issue[s],\" as well the \"informality\" and \"fact finding process\" of arbitration make it an unsuitable venue to decide people's legal rights. Justice Thomas added that \"the informality of arbitration is one of the chief reasons that parties select\" it, and that arbitration's \"more streamlined\" procedures did not render them \"inadequate.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0026-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment\nThe third misconception that the Court's opinion sought to refute was regarding the real or potential conflict of interest between a union as a whole and the individual members that make up its bargaining unit. Nothing in the text of the ADEA, the majority wrote, would justify \"singling out an arbitration provision for disfavored treatment\" \"simply because of an alleged conflict of interest between a union and its members.\" It added \"In any event, Congress has accounted for this conflict of interest\" by allowing bargaining unit members to take legal action against their union with the National Labor Relations Board and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0027-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment\nLastly, the 14 Penn Plaza majority turned its attention to \"respondents\u2026 series of arguments contending that the particular CBA at issue does not clearly and unmistakably require them to arbitrate their ADEA claims.\" These arguments centered around the collective bargaining agreement's provision that they gave the union, rather than individual bargaining unit members, complete control over whether, and for how long, to pursue a grievance. Therefore, \"[a]bsent any [individual employee's] arbitration right, there is no\u2026 support [for] a motion to compel arbitration.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0028-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment\nWhile the Court notes that it could still consider these arguments even though council for Pyett, O'Connell and Phillips had not raised them in the lower courts, it chose not to, citing a precedent set in Heckler v. Campbell. In that decision, the Court stated that it would address arguments that had not been raised in the lower courts \"only in exceptional cases.\" The 14 Penn Plaza majority followed with \"This is not an \"exceptional case,\" and added that this issue \"was not fully briefed to this or any court.\" Consequently, the Court \"hesitat[ed] to invalidate arbitration agreements on the basis of speculation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0029-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment\nThe Court concluded that the CBA at issue in this case \"clearly and unmistakably requires respondents to arbitrate the age-discrimination claims at issue in this appeal.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0030-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment, Souter's dissent\nJustice David Souter authored one of two dissenting opinions. He was joined by Justices John Paul Stevens, Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0031-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment, Souter's dissent\nIn Justice Souter's dissent, he disputes what he refers to as the majority's \"bald assertion that \"[n]othing in the law suggests a distinction between the status of arbitration agreements signed by an individual employee and those agreed to by a union representative.\" The \"applicability of the Gardner-Denver rule\" to this case, he writes, is \"unquestionable\" and that \"[o]nce we have construed a statute, stability is the rule and\u2026 [t]here is no argument for abandoning precedent here.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0032-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment, Souter's dissent\nThe dissenting justices claim that the majority \"misreads the case\" of Gardner-Denver by concluding that its outcome hinged solely upon the scope, or specific language, of the collective bargaining agreement. \"One need only read Gardner-Denver itself to know that it was not at all so narrowly reasoned.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0033-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment, Souter's dissent\nQuoting from the text of the ADEA, Justice Souter notes that \"'Any person aggrieved' under the Act 'may bring a civil action in any court of competent jurisdiction for legal or equitable relief' 29 U.S.C. \u00a76269(c).\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0034-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment, Souter's dissent\nThe minority contends that \"Congress itself has unsurprisingly understood Gardner-Denver the way we have repeatedly explained it and has operated on the assumption that a CBA cannot waive employees' rights to a judicial forum to enforce antidiscrimination statutes.\" They continue, \"Congress has had [over] 30 years in which it could have corrected our decision \u2026 if it disagreed with it, and has not chosen to do so.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0035-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment, Souter's dissent\nFinally, Justice Souter speculates that the majority opinion may have a limited effect because it \"explicitly\" leaves unanswered the question of whether or not \"a CBA's waiver of judicial forum is enforceable when the union controls access to and presentation of employees' claims in arbitration.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0036-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment, Stevens' dissent\nIn addition to signing onto Justice Souter's dissent, Justice John Paul Stevens authored an additional dissent. Justice Stevens criticized the majority for what he considered its \"subversion of precedent.\" He expressed his opposition not only to the Court's \"policy favoring arbitration\" in the 14 Penn Plaza and Gilmer decisions, but also in a series of decisions from 1981 to 2001. In these cases, he wrote, \"my colleagues were making policy choices not made by Congress.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0037-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Judgment, Stevens' dissent\nWriting about Gardner-Denver, he concluded with \"[i]n the absence of an intervening amendment\" from Congress, we are \"bound by that decision.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0038-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Significance\nThe Supreme Court has since reversed several additional lower court rulings involving mandatory arbitration. 14 Penn Plaza has been heavily criticized in academic literature, and calls for its reversal through an Arbitration Fairness Act have been made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0039-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Significance, Stolt-Nielsen v. Animalfeeds International Corp.\nOn April 27, 2010, the Supreme Court reversed a United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit decision regarding class action arbitration in Stolt-Nielsen v. Animalfeeds International Corp. Both parties had agreed that their arbitration agreement was silent on the issue of class actions. A panel of arbitrators decided that the customer could pursue class arbitration. Their decision was ultimately reversed by the Supreme Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 90], "content_span": [91, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0040-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Significance, AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion\nOn April 27, 2011, the Supreme Court reversed a United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit decision in AT & T Mobility v. Concepcion. Customers brought a class action suit against their cell phone company for false advertising and fraud. The Ninth Circuit court determined that the contract's arbitration clause, which precluded class arbitration, was unconscionable under California's Discover Bank rule. The rule allowed for a class action suit \"where a party with superior bargaining power was alleged to have cheated large numbers of consumers out of individually small sums of money.\" The Supreme Court overruled this decision, holding that section 2 of the Federal Arbitration Act preempted the California rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0041-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Significance, Marmet Health Care Center v. Brown\nOn February 21, 2012, the Supreme Court overruled a Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia decision involving a state lawsuit brought by three families of nursing home patients in Marmet Health Care Center v. Brown. The state supreme court of appeals had allowed the family members of three nursing home patients who had died to sue the nursing homes for negligence. In doing so, it upheld a West Virginia state law prohibiting pre-dispute agreements that mandate arbitration of personal-injury or wrongful-death claims against nursing homes. The U.S. Supreme Court decided that the state rule violated the Federal Arbitration Act and vacated the state court's judgment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 76], "content_span": [77, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0042-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Significance, Arbitration Fairness Act of 2011\n2012-12-11 at the Wayback Machine was introduced in May 2011 by Senators Richard Blumenthal (D-CT), Al Franken (D-MN) and 11 Senate co-sponsors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0042-0001", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Significance, Arbitration Fairness Act of 2011\nA companion bill was introduced in the House of Representatives   2012-06-12 at the Wayback Machine by Representative Henry \"Hank\" Johnson [D-GA]  The bill, first introduced to Congress in 2007, leaves arbitration provisions in collective bargaining agreements between employers and labor unions unaffected \"except that no such arbitration provision shall have the effect of waiving the right of an employee to seek judicial enforcement of a [federal or state law, or federal or state Constitutional] right or related public policy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0043-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Significance, Arbitration Fairness Act of 2011\nThe bill would also bar the enforcement of mandatory arbitration clauses between corporations and consumers or non-union employees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0044-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Significance, Arbitration Fairness Act of 2011\nThe bill's \"findings\" section states that:*Most consumers and employees have little or no meaningful choice whether to submit their claims to arbitration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0045-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Significance, Arbitration Fairness Act of 2011\nThe House Judiciary Committee referred the bill to the Subcommittee on Courts, Commercial and Administrative Law on June 1, 2011. The Senate Judiciary Committee held hearings on the Arbitration Fairness Act on October 13, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0046-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Significance, Community support for the bill\nA wide coalition of organizations including social justice, public interest, labor, consumer protection, civil rights, housing and homeowner,  health care advocacy, legal advocacy and other community groups are supporting the passage of the Arbitration Fairness Act of 2011 S.987 and H.R.1873.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0047-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Significance, Community support for the bill\nIn a letter to the House Judiciary Committee dated May 17, 2011, 48 organizations  including the American Civil Liberties Union, Consumer Action, the AFL-CIO and the NAACP, urged the committee to end the \"predatory practice of forcing non-union employees and consumers to sign away their rights to legal protections and access to the courts.\" The practice, they write, allows corporations to \"shield themselves from accountability for wrongdoing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0048-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Significance, Community support for the bill\nThe letter also questions the impartiality of \"arbitrators who rely on major corporations for repeat business\" as well as the relative lack of oversight and \"limit[ed]\u2026 procedural protections and remedies otherwise available to individuals in a court of law.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010899-0049-0000", "contents": "14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, Significance, Community support for the bill\nThe coalition of groups also oppose the \"exorbitant filing fees, continuous fees for procedures such as motions and written findings, and \"loser pays\" rules in arbitration [which] are prohibitive to many individuals.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010900-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Persei\n14 Persei is a single star in the northern constellation Perseus, located roughly 1,900\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude is 5.43. The object is slowly moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u22121.2\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010900-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Persei\nThe spectral classification of 14 Persei is as a G0 yellow supergiant, but in other respects it appears to be a giant star. The class has been given as G0Ib-II Ca1 CH-1 or G0Ib-IIa Ca1, where the abundance suffixes indicate stronger Calcium lines than expected for its class, or weaker hydrocarbons. Other analyses of the spectrum give a class of G0Ib. Stellar models of 14 Persei yield an estimated mass four times that of the Sun and an age of 162\u00a0million years. It has expanded to 57 times the Sun's radius and has a projected rotational velocity of 8.7\u00a0km/s. The star is radiating 372 times as much luminosity compared to the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,624\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010900-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Persei\n14 Persei has been calculated to lie within the Cepheid instability strip although it is not considered to be variable. Uncertainty in the absolute magnitude means that the star may actually lie near the instability strip but not on it. Small periodic radial velocity variations are seen, but an order of magnitude or more smaller than for Cepheid variables and with longer periods than would be expected for pulsations. The cause of the radial velocity changes and the difference between variable and non-variable stars within the instability strip is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010901-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Phere\n14 Phere is a 2021 Indian Hindi-language social comedy drama film directed by Devanshu Singh and produced by Zee Studios. The film stars Vikrant Massey and Kriti Kharbanda in the lead roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010901-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Phere, Plot\nSanjay Lal Singh and Aditi Karwasra, two individuals belonging to different castes, fall in love and wish to get married. However, knowing their parents will disapprove, they hatch a plan to convince them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010901-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Phere, Production\nPrincipal photography commenced on 26 November 2020 in Mumbai, and was wrapped up in January 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010901-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Phere, Reception\nShubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and stated, \"Between the long-drawn, wholly preposterous idea of fake \u2018baraatis\u2019, and two \u2018shaadis\u2019, there\u2019s just confusion in this Vikrant Massey-Kriti Kharbanda film.\" Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and stated, \"Notwithstanding the serviceable chemistry between the lead actors and a few performances from the supporting cast, the film goes around in circles.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010901-0003-0001", "contents": "14 Phere, Reception\nRahul Desai of Film Companion gave the film a negative review and stated that the film \"loses its spirit and identity\" and is \"half-funny, half-serious And fully confused\". Stutee Ghosh of The Quint gave the film a mixed review and stated, \"Given that the humour is pretty flat, the narrative would have benefited with some intense emotional moments and by showing some spine and vision. It almost feels like the message is that as long as one can show off an ostentatious display of wealth and dowry, one can hush up about caste- a rather problematic resolution!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010901-0003-0002", "contents": "14 Phere, Reception\nAnita Aikara of Rediff.com gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated, \"14 Phere delivers on the feel-good factor, but if you are looking for ground-breaking humour, it will fail to work its way into your hearts.\" Nandini Ramnath of Scroll gave the film a negative review and criticized the screenplay, performance, the leads, but praised Jameel Khan's performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010901-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Phere, Soundtrack\nThe music of film was composed by Rajeev V Bhalla and JAM8 while lyrics written by Rajeev. V. Bhalla, Pallavi Mahajan, Geet Sagar and Shloke Lal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010902-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Prince's Gate, London\n14 Prince's Gate is the building at the east end of a terrace overlooking Hyde Park in Kensington Road, Westminster, London. The whole terrace is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade\u00a0II listed building. The terrace is called Prince's Gate because it stands opposite the Prince of Wales' Gate to Hyde Park, named after the Prince of Wales who later became Edward VII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010902-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Prince's Gate, London\nBuilt in 1849, its owners included members of the Morgan family of American bankers. Number 13 and 14 Prince's Gate were combined into an enlarged Number 14 in the early 20th century. From the 1920s to the 1950s it was the official residence of eight American ambassadors. It later became the first headquarters of the Independent Television Authority and was until 2010 the headquarters of the Royal College of General Practitioners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010902-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Prince's Gate, London, History, Early history\nThe terrace containing 13\u00a0and 14\u00a0Prince's Gate was completed in 1849. It was designed by Harvey Lonsdale Elmes and built by John Kelk. Shortly after completion of the terrace, the Crystal Palace was built opposite in Hyde Park to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. The first owner of No. 13 was George Baker, a building contractor. No. 14 was leased and then owned by John Pearce, but he did not live there. The first resident, from 1852, was Edward Wyndham Harrington Schenley, a former soldier, who later bought the freehold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010902-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Prince's Gate, London, History, Early history\nIn 1854 No. 13 was rented by the American banker Junius Spencer Morgan, who bought the house at some time between 1857 and 1859. On his death in 1890 his son, John Pierpont Morgan, inherited the house. Pierpont Morgan spent up to three months every year in London, either in Prince's Gate or at Dover House, in Putney. He was a collector of great art, paintings, books, and many other objects, most of which were kept at Prince's Gate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010902-0003-0001", "contents": "14 Prince's Gate, London, History, Early history\nBy 1900 the collection was too big to be contained in the house and part of it was loaned to the Victoria and Albert Museum. His collection of paintings included works by Reynolds, Gainsborough, Romney, Constable, Van Dyke, Rembrandt, Frans Hals, Fragonard, Vel\u00e1zquez and Holbein. For the nine months of the year that Pierpont Morgan was away from London, the house was cared for by his housekeeper. In 1904, he bought the house next door, No. 14, from Schenley's widow, Mary, and amalgamated it with No. 13. The conjoined house was numbered\u00a014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010902-0003-0002", "contents": "14 Prince's Gate, London, History, Early history\nIts external appearance remained that of two separate houses, but internally structural alterations were made. These included the replacement of No. 14's principal staircase by an octagonal hall, and the creation of a lobby with marble columns on the floor above. Pierpont Morgan died in 1913 and the house was inherited by his son, John Pierpont Morgan Junior. The latter never lived in the house and in the First World War he loaned it to the Council of War Relief for the Professional Classes, who used it as a maternity home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010902-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Prince's Gate, London, History, Home of American ambassadors\nAfter the war the house was offered to the American Government as a home for their ambassadors and this offer was accepted in 1921. The house was first used for this purpose in 1929, and this use continued with one interval until 1955. Official business was not conducted at the house, but at the Embassy chancery in Grosvenor Square. The American architect Thomas Hastings was employed to refurbish the building and remodel the fa\u00e7ade. As part of this he added images of the heads of Native Americans in the keystones of the arches over the ground floor windows. Hastings transformed the fa\u00e7ade in Beaux-Arts style and added a grand staircase. He also modified rooms on the lower two floors to make them more suitable for entertaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010902-0005-0000", "contents": "14 Prince's Gate, London, History, Home of American ambassadors\nEight ambassadors lived in the house. The first of these was Charles Gates Dawes, who lived there from 1929 to 1932. The Dawes Plan was named after him and he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Before he moved to London he was Vice President of the United States. He was succeeded for a short time in 1932 by the banker Andrew Mellon. Like John Pierpont Morgan, Mellon was a major art collector and for a time his collection was housed at Prince's Gate. Mellon was followed by Robert Worth Bingham who served until 1937; he was the ambassador who had the longest residence in the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010902-0006-0000", "contents": "14 Prince's Gate, London, History, Home of American ambassadors\nNext came Joseph P. Kennedy, father of the future President of the United States, John F. Kennedy. During the Second World War, the ambassador was John Winant, although he did not live in the house, which remained vacant throughout the war. Winant resigned in 1946 and the following year was succeeded by Lewis Douglas, who lived in the house until 1950. The next ambassador was Walter Gifford who served until 1953 when he was succeeded by Winthrop Aldrich. By 1955 a large block of flats had been built next to the house that overlooked and dominated its terrace and the garden behind it. This was considered to be a security risk so the house was sold and the American ambassadors moved to Winfield House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010902-0007-0000", "contents": "14 Prince's Gate, London, History, More recent history\nThe house was bought by the Independent Television Authority in July 1955 who used it as their headquarters for six years. They moved out in 1961 when it had become too small for their needs and the house was empty for a year. In July 1962 the Royal College of General Practitioners bought the freehold of the house for \u00a3175,000 (\u00a33.76\u00a0million as of 2021) to develop it into their headquarters. In 1976 the business of the college was extended next door into No. 15\u00a0Prince's Gate. In 1992 the college obtained the freehold of No. 15. The college sold the building in 2010 and moved its headquarters to Euston Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010902-0008-0000", "contents": "14 Prince's Gate, London, History, More recent history\nThe work of the college was disrupted on the morning of 30 April 1980 with the onset of the Iranian Embassy Siege. The embassy was next to the college at 16 Prince's Gate. The college was evacuated, except for two administrators who were retired naval officers. The siege lasted for five days. Rooms in the college were used by the Special Air Service to plan its attack which ended the siege.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010902-0009-0000", "contents": "14 Prince's Gate, London, Architecture\nLike the buildings at the other end, no.14 is slightly set forward from the rest of the terrace. All the houses in the terrace have five storeys and a basement, and all are stuccoed. As first built, Nos. 13 and 14\u00a0were similar houses. Like the rest of the terrace, each had a projecting porch with Ionic columns. To the left of these were two windows. The first floor had a balustraded balcony and three windows over which was a cornice with a central pediment. This was changed by Hastings' remodelling of the fa\u00e7ade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010902-0009-0001", "contents": "14 Prince's Gate, London, Architecture\nThe house as a whole now has four bays with rusticated quoins on both corners. On the ground floor, from the east there are two round-headed windows, then the entrance door with a round arch, and then another round-headed window. The keystone of each of these arches bears the image of a Native American. All the other windows in the building are square-headed. The porches and first-floor balconies were removed in Hastings' remodelling. The first floor has four windows; over each of these is a pediment containing decorative plasterwork.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010902-0009-0002", "contents": "14 Prince's Gate, London, Architecture\nThe second floor has four windows, while the third floor has six windows. The top floor also has six windows, with decorative plasterwork between them, and over these is a cornice. As such, it included offices, a library, a museum, rooms for meetings and conferences, and residential accommodation for officers and members of the College. Behind the building is an enclosed garden, formed by the terrace in Prince's Gate and other terraces, in a similar fashion to other London squares. In 2010 the College sold the building to a private overseas family fund \"for an undisclosed fee\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010903-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Reels Plus\n14 Reels Plus, formerly 14 Reels Entertainment, is an Indian film production and distribution company that primarily operates in Telugu cinema. It is established by Ram Achanta, Gopichand Achanta and Anil Sunkara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010903-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Reels Plus, History\nRam Achanta with his brother Gopichand Achanta and Anil Sunkara started the production company in 2009. All three of them are NRI businessmen and have previous experience in film distribution. Anil Sunkara owns another production company called \"AK Entertainments\" and produced  Bindaas and 2011 film Aha Naa Pellanta. In 2009, the three decided to enter film production and approached their long time friend and director Srinu Vaitla. In 2009, they started their first film Namo Venkatesa under Vaitla's direction and with Venkatesh and Trisha Krishnan in lead roles. The film was released in 2010 and opened with mixed to negative reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010903-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Reels Plus, History\nAfter Namo Venkatesa, they again teamed up with Sreen Vaitla to produce Dookudu with Mahesh Babu and Samantha in lead roles. The film production started in late 2010 and was released in September 2011. Upon release the film took the largest opening for a Telugu film, and collected a total share of  \u20b9\u20b9 50.07 crores. The film was nominated in 10 categories for the Filmfare Awards South and won 6 awards including Best Film, Best Director and Best Actor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010903-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Reels Plus, History\nAfter Dookudu, they once again teamed up with Mahesh Babu for 1 (Nenokkadine), directed by Sukumar. The film stars Kriti Sanon opposite Mahesh Babu and was scheduled to release in 2014. 1 nenokkadine collected \u20b960 crore (US$8.4\u00a0million) domestic nett and \u20b95 crore (US$700,000) in the rest of India. At overseas 1 nenokkadine boosted up with \u20b913 crore (US$1.8\u00a0million) nett being 2nd highest grosser at Overseas despite of mixed reviews. 1 nenokkadine collected \u20b975 crore (US$11\u00a0million) nett in 80 Days worldwide with a gross of \u20b9115 crore (US$16\u00a0million). 1 nenokkadine was made with a budget of \u20b970 crore (US$9.8\u00a0million) with \u20b9 5 crores extra in Prints and marketing. 1 nenokkadine Pre-release revenue's went up to \u20b992.5 crore (US$13\u00a0million).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010903-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Reels Plus, History\nThey began film distribution under the 14 Reels banner in 2010 with S. S. Rajamouli's Maryada Ramanna. They distributed the film in Krishna district. They went on to distribute  Thakita Thakita, 180, 7th Sense, Rachcha, Endukante... Premanta! and more recently Eega. They usually distribute films in Krishna region of Andhra Pradesh and Overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010903-0005-0000", "contents": "14 Reels Plus, History\nIn 2018, Ram and Gopichand Achanta started producing under 14 Reels Plus LLC marking Gaddalakonda Ganesh as their first production with out the involvement of Anil Sunkara who was actively producing under AK Entertainments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010904-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Sagittae\n14 Sagittae is a binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 14 Sagittae is the Flamsteed designation. It appears as a sixth magnitude star, near the lower limit of visibility to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 5.89. The system is located 660\u00a0light years away, as determined from its annual parallax shift of 4.91\u00a0mas. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u201322\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010904-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Sagittae\nThis is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 61.5\u00a0days and an eccentricity of 0.49. The visible component is a  chemically peculiar mercury-manganese star with a stellar classification of B9p HgMn. It is narrow-lined with a projected rotational velocity of 7\u00a0km/s. The star is radiating 292 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 13,200\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010905-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Sagittarii\n14 Sagittarii is a single, orange-hued star in the southern zodiac constellation of Sagittarius. It is faintly visible to the naked eye under good seeing conditions, having an apparent visual magnitude of 5.49. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 7.20\u00b10.41\u00a0mas, it is located some 450\u00a0light years away. The star is moving closer to the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of around \u221259\u00a0km/s. It should achieve perihelion in about two million years, approaching as close as 136.1\u00a0ly (41.72\u00a0pc).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010905-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Sagittarii\nThis is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K2\u00a0III, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and moved off the main sequence. It is a suspected variable star, possibly of the micro-variable variety, having an amplitude of less than 0.03 in magnitude. 14 Sagittarii is radiating about 317 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 3,940\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010906-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Seksistowskich Piosenek\n14 Seksistowskich Piosenek (14 Sexist Songs) is the first album released by Polish punk rock band Anti Dread.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010907-0000-0000", "contents": "14 September 2004 Baghdad bombing\nThe 14 September 2004 Baghdad bombing was a suicide car bomb attack on a market, near a police headquarters, in Baghdad, the capital city of Iraq, on 14 September 2004, killing 47 people and wounding 114.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010908-0000-0000", "contents": "14 September 2005 Baghdad bombings\nThe 14 September 2005 Baghdad bombings were a series of more than a dozen terrorist attacks in the Iraqi capital of Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010908-0001-0000", "contents": "14 September 2005 Baghdad bombings\nThe most deadly bombing occurred when a suicide car bomber detonated his vehicle in a crowd of construction workers who had gathered in Baghdad's Oruba Square looking for jobs. The attack, which occurred in the mainly Shia district of Kadhimiya, killed 112 people, and injured 160.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010908-0002-0000", "contents": "14 September 2005 Baghdad bombings\nThe al-Qaeda in Iraq group claimed that the bombing was in retaliation for a recent offensive against the Iraqi insurgency, but the group's leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi released an audio tape on the same day declaring war against the Shiites in Iraq so a sectarian motive for the bombing is possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010909-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Shades of Grey\n14 Shades of Grey is the fourth studio album by American rock band Staind, released on May 20, 2003. The album continues to develop a post-grunge sound seen on the band's previous album Break the Cycle, though the songs on 14 Shades of Grey have fewer pop hooks, focusing more on frontman Aaron Lewis's emotions. It is the band's last album to be released from Elektra Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010909-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Shades of Grey\nThe album featured four singles and debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200, with first week sales of 220,000 copies. By July 2003, 14 Shades of Grey had been certified gold then later platinum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010909-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Shades of Grey, Background\nAfter finishing their tour schedule, Staind allowed time for Lewis and his wife to conceive their first child and adjust to being parents for a few months. The band then took about five weeks to write new songs before they began recording in Los Angeles, including a week developing the songs at producer Josh Abraham's house. Guitarist Mike Mushok noted it as the first time Staind has actually written in the studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010909-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Shades of Grey, Background\nIn January 2003, Staind planned on a May 6 release date for their untitled fourth album. This date persisted into March during which an album title was announced. However, this would have to be delayed a few weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010909-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Shades of Grey, Background\nAaron Lewis elaborated on the lighter direction of 14 Shades of Grey:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010909-0005-0000", "contents": "14 Shades of Grey, Background\nIt's kind of a logical progression where we're getting older now. . . [ Guitarist] Mike [Mushok] is married, and I'm married now with a kid and we're that much deeper into figuring out as far as lyrically goes and figuring out our trades as far as writing songs go.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010909-0006-0000", "contents": "14 Shades of Grey, Background\nGuitarist Mike Mushok described the album title in a 2003 interview:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010909-0007-0000", "contents": "14 Shades of Grey, Background\nI think it's kind of referring to how in life there's black and white and then there's this grey area. . . I think the older you get you start to realize that more things are grey and not so much black and white.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010909-0008-0000", "contents": "14 Shades of Grey, Background\nThe song \"Layne\" is a tribute to Layne Staley, the late Alice in Chains singer. The song \"Zoe Jane\" honors Aaron Lewis' firstborn daughter. Some shots of Zoe Jane are featured in the video for \"So Far Away\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010909-0009-0000", "contents": "14 Shades of Grey, Release\nFirst editions of the album included a limited edition bonus DVD featuring home videos and footage of the band from their early years to the present, along with album lyrics and new band photos. For a time, fans could use the CD to download a bonus acoustic song \"Let it Out\" from the Staind website, but the page was later removed. The song was later included on the deluxe edition of the band's next album, Chapter V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010909-0010-0000", "contents": "14 Shades of Grey, Release\nA DVD-Audio edition of the album was also released, featuring a 5.1 surround sound version of the album, at high resolution (96\u00a0kHz/24-bit).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010909-0011-0000", "contents": "14 Shades of Grey, Touring and promotion\nThe single \"Price to Play\" was released in early anticipation of the album's debut. Three more singles were released over the next several months with accompanying music videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010909-0012-0000", "contents": "14 Shades of Grey, Touring and promotion\nStaind supported 14 Shades of Grey with a series of in-store appearances followed by free club performances. They also performed with Label mates Cold during the summer of 2003. Concert setlists incorporated songs from the band's previous two albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010909-0013-0000", "contents": "14 Shades of Grey, Reception\nThe album received mainly mixed reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 41, based on 10 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010909-0014-0000", "contents": "14 Shades of Grey, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Aaron Lewis; all music is composed by Staind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010910-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Shots to the Dome\n14 Shots to the Dome is the fifth studio album by American hip hop recording artist LL Cool J. It was released on March 30, 1993 via Def Jam Recordings. Recording sessions took place at Marley's House Of Hits, at Cove City Sound Studios and at Unique Recording Studios in New York, and at QDIII Soundlab in Los Angeles, at Bobcat's House in Palmdale, and at Encore Studio in Burbank. Production was handled by Marley Marl, DJ Bobcat, Quincy Jones III, Andrew Zenable and Chris Forte. It features guest appearances from Lords of the Underground and Lieutenant Stitchie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010910-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Shots to the Dome\nThe album peaked at number five on the Billboard 200 and topped the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. On June 2, 1993, it was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010910-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Shots to the Dome\nIt spawned three charted singles: \"How I'm Comin'\", \"Pink Cookies In a Plastic Bag Getting Crushed by Buildings\" b/w \"Back Seat (of My Jeep)\" and \"Stand By Your Man\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010910-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Shots to the Dome\nIt is his first album following his hugely successful previous album 1990's Mama Said Knock You Out. Unlike that release, which saw him have success on his own terms, 14 Shots sees LL adopting the sound of his West Coast gangsta rap contemporaries, especially that of Ice Cube and Cypress Hill. Many fans saw this as a jarring departure, and the album met mixed critical and commercial response. The album's second single \"Back Seat\" would later be sampled by R&B artist Monica for her debut single \"Don't Take It Personal\" which became a major hit two years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010911-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Sh\u014d: The Message\n14 Sh\u014d: The Message (14\u7ae0\uff5eThe message\uff5e, \"Chapter 14: The Message\") is the 14th studio album by the Japanese girl group Morning Musume '14. It was released in Japan on October 29, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010911-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Sh\u014d: The Message, Release history\nThe album's release and its title were announced at the Morning Musume 18th anniversary concert that took place on September 14, 2014, at the Shinagawa Stellar Ball in Tokyo. Hello! Project producer Tsunku, recuperating from laryngeal cancer, didn't attend, but he sent a message in which he made the announcement. He also revealed that the album would feature surprise combinations of the group members singing songs together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010911-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Sh\u014d: The Message, Release history\nThe album was released in three versions: Limited Edition A (CD + DVD) which is packaged in a digipak case with a booklet, Limited Edition B (CD + DVD), and Regular Edition (CD only). Both limited editions include a serial-numbered lottery card.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010911-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Sh\u014d: The Message, Release history\nIt is the last album to feature Sayumi Michishige, Riho Sayashi, and Kanon Suzuki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010912-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom)\nThe 14th Signal Regiment (Electronic Warfare) is a part of the British Army's Royal Corps of Signals. The regiment's role is to  provide  Electronic Warfare (EW) capability in support of deployed Land Commanders, in order to enable operations in the electronic battlespace. It is the only British Army Regiment capable of conducting sustainable electronic warfare in support of national operations worldwide. The regiment is currently based at Cawdor Barracks, on the site of the former RAF Brawdy, near Haverfordwest, in South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010912-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History\n14th Signal Regiment was originally formed on 9 September 1959 in London to provide worldwide communications on behalf of the War Office (later Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)), superseding the United Kingdom Commonwealth Communications Army Network Signal Regiment (COMCAN). During the 1960s the regiment was involved in various activities based around the skills of the units placed under its command, including trails for the development of Skynet (satellite). In 1962 the RHQ moved to Gloucester until 1968 when it was relocated to Norton Barracks, Worcester from December of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010912-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History\nThe regiment's main role was changed to Force Rear Link following the formation of the Defence Communications Network at RAF Stanbridge in 1969. As part of 1st Signal Group the regiment provided detachments to numerous locations worldwide in support of deployed units, including: Northern Ireland, Anguilla and Honduras (1969), Jordan (1970), the United Arab Emirates (1971), British Honduras / Belize (1972) and twenty other countries over the following four years. This busy chapter finally came to an end on 6 November 1976 when it amalgamated with 30 Signal Regiment in Blandford Forum, Dorset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010912-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History\nIt reformed as 14th Signal Regiment (Electronic Warfare) at Tofrek Barracks, Hildesheim on 1 July 1977 with a headquarters and three squadrons to provide electronic warfare support to the Commander of 1st British Corps. 1 Squadron was based in Langeleben, 2 Squadron in Wesendorf and 3 Squadron was co-located with the RHQ in Hildesheim. In April 1978, the regimental headquarters was re-sited to Ironside Barracks, in Scheuen, north of Celle in order to be closer to the sub-units under its command. This only presented temporary accommodation and so the regiment moved again in 1985 to Taunton Barracks, Celle; a 19th-century neo-Gothic complex which is now Celle Town Hall, previously used by 94 Locating Regiment RA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010912-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History\nIn 1992, the regiment's mission was changed to provide electronic warfare support to NATO and to the British elements under its command, this as a result of the formation of the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps. Changes in the organisation of the British Army caused the regiment to move its headquarters and two of its three field squadrons (226 and 245 Signal Squadrons) to Osnabr\u00fcck, in April 1993. The third field squadron, 237 Signal Squadron (Electronic Warfare), moved to Hullavington, England at the same time. In December 1995, the German-based elements moved again, to Cawdor Barracks near Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, and 237 Signal Squadron joined them six months later after an operational deployment to Bosnia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010912-0005-0000", "contents": "14 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History\nAs a result of the requirement to provide five deployable squadrons to support operations in Afghanistan (Op Herrick), 224 Signal Squadron was formed on 21 June 2004 as a joint services unit, composed mostly of personnel from the Royal Corps of Signals, Intelligence Corps and the RAF. The Squadron was based at RAF Digby in Lincolnshire until it was disbanded in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010912-0006-0000", "contents": "14 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History\nUnder the Army 2020 Refine programme, it was announced the regiment would shift to a new location, however, its future barracks is yet to be determined. 14th Signal Regiment has moved its Cyber Protection Teams 1-6 to 13th Signal Regiment's 224 Signal Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010912-0007-0000", "contents": "14 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), Heraldry & ceremonial\nThe existing regimental badge was introduced on 28 May 1982. It consists of a shield with a white horse and a bolt of lightning and replaced the coat of arms of Gloucester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010913-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Songs (Paul Westerberg album)\n14 Songs is the first official solo album from Paul Westerberg, former leader of The Replacements, after the final Replacements album, All Shook Down, was heavily packed with session musicians and marginalized the other three band members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010913-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Songs (Paul Westerberg album)\nThe album features contributions from Ian McLagan, former keyboardist for the Faces, a band that Westerberg has often cited as a favorite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010913-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Songs (Paul Westerberg album)\nIn an interview included with a special edition of the album, he explained that he started the record jamming with drummer Josh Kelly and former Georgia Satellites bassist Rick Price, but found that the combination wasn't working, requiring him to seek other players. (The only song featuring Kelly and Price is the opener, \"Knockin' On Mine.\") He also revealed that the album title was a reference to Nine Stories, by J.D. Salinger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010913-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Songs (Paul Westerberg album), Reception\nBy March 1996, 14 Songs had sold over 161,000 copies in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010914-0000-0000", "contents": "14 South African Infantry Battalion\n14 South African Infantry Battalion is a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010914-0001-0000", "contents": "14 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Origin\n14 SAI was established on 1 January 1994, at Umtata, Eastern Cape as a result of the amalgamation of Transkei Defence Force into the SANDF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010914-0002-0000", "contents": "14 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Amalgamation\nAnother unit, 13 SAI was amalgamated with 14 SAI by the late 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010914-0003-0000", "contents": "14 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Amalgamation\n13 SAI emblem, 13 SAI was amalgamated with 14 SAI", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010914-0004-0000", "contents": "14 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Freedom of the city\n14 SAI marked freedom of entry into Mthatha on 30 July 2011 in which the Mayor of King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality, officiated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010914-0005-0000", "contents": "14 South African Infantry Battalion, SANDF's Motorised Infantry\nSANDF's Motorised Infantry is transported mostly by Samil trucks, Mamba APC's or other un-protected motor vehicles. Samil 20,50 and 100 trucks transport soldiers, towing guns, and carrying equipment and supplies. Samil trucks are all-wheel drive, in order to have vehicles that function reliably in extremes of weather and terrain. Motorised infantry have an advantage in mobility allowing them to move to critical sectors of the battlefield faster, allowing better response to enemy movements, as well as the ability to outmaneuver the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010915-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Squadron SAAF\n14 Squadron was a South African Air Force Squadron during the Second World War. The Squadron was initially deployed to East Africa and was transferred to Egypt in April 1941 when hostilities ceased in East Africa. It had been partially re-equipped with Marylands in early 1941 and was fully converted to these aircraft once in Egypt. On arrival in Egypt, it was renamed 24 Squadron SAAF in order to prevent confusion with RAF No. 14 Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010916-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Steps to a Better You\n14 Steps to a Better You is the second studio album by Australian indie pop band Lime Cordiale, released on 10 July 2020 through Chugg Music Entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010916-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Steps to a Better You\nAt the 2020 J Awards in November 2020, the album won Australian Album of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010916-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Steps to a Better You\nAt the 2020 ARIA Music Awards, the album received six nominations, including for Album of the Year, and for Breakthrough Artist \u2013 Release, which it won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010916-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Steps to a Better You\nAt the AIR Awards of 2021, the album was nominated for Best Independent Rock Album or EP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010916-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Steps to a Better You\nThe album was re-released on 13 November 2020, with six new tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010916-0005-0000", "contents": "14 Steps to a Better You, Background\n\"One of the major messages of this album [is] sort of not to take yourself too seriously. Do the things you love to do, but also, don't leave this world without making a good, positive effect. It's like this contradictory message\u2026 [which] I think fits well with a song like 'No Plans' that sounds so silly. But the song is talking to someone that's money-driven, and power-driven, and thinking about themselves. The silliness is a bit cheeky, and taking the piss out of that character.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010916-0006-0000", "contents": "14 Steps to a Better You, Critical reception\nSose Fuamoli from Triple J called the album \"a defining musical statement\" Fuamoli said \"It's Lime Cordiale, summarised in 14 tracks. It incorporates the spirit of fun that's driven [their] work to date, but sees them develop their songwriting in depth and nuance. Oli and Louis have always been self-aware when it comes to their lyricism - but here they've taken it up an extra notch.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010916-0007-0000", "contents": "14 Steps to a Better You, Critical reception\nAli Shutler from NME said \"14 Steps to a Better You never lets go of the beating heart that's made relatable stars of Lime Cordiale.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010917-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Street W (Calgary)\n14\u00a0Street\u00a0W is the name of two major arterial roads and a short collector road in Calgary, Alberta. Separated by the Elbow River and the West Nose Creek valley. Originally proposed as a continuous route and north-south freeway, plans were cancelled in favor of 24 Street W, which became Crowchild Trail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010917-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Street W (Calgary), Route description, Southern segment\nThe south segment begins at Canyon Meadows Drive and is an expressway between Anderson Road and Glenmore Trail, passing by Heritage Park Historical Village and Rockyview General Hospital. 14\u00a0Street\u00a0SW is part of bypass route which connects Highway 1 west and Highway 2 south, as well as part of a major north-south corridor which includes portions of Macleod Trail, Anderson Road, Glenmore Trail, and Crowchild Trail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010917-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Street W (Calgary), Route description, Southern segment\nThe City of Calgary is currently constructing transit-only lanes between Southland Drive and Glenmore Trail as part of the Southwest BRT project, it scheduled to be operational in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010917-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Street W (Calgary), Route description, Central segment\nThe central portion of 14\u00a0Street\u00a0W travels between the communities of Altadore and Elbow Park in the south and Hidden Valley in the north, passing through Calgary's inner city west of downtown. A short segment intersects 50 Avenue SW at the south end of River Park, providing access to the Emily Follensbee School. The arterial road starts at the north end of the park, at the intersection of 38\u00a0Avenue\u00a0SW as 14\u00a0Street\u00a0SW and travels north where it crosses the Bow River on the Mewata Bridge and becomes 14\u00a0Street\u00a0NW. It continues north past SAIT and North Hill Centre, crossing 16 Avenue NW (Highway 1) and John Laurie Boulevard. It continues along the eastern edge of Nose Hill Park, ending in the community of Hidden Valley north of Country Hills Boulevard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010917-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Street W (Calgary), Route description, Central segment\n14\u00a0Street\u00a0W used to be part of Highway 1A between 9\u00a0Avenue\u00a0SW and 16\u00a0Avenue\u00a0NW, but the designation was dropped in the 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010917-0005-0000", "contents": "14 Street W (Calgary), Route description, Northern segment\nThe extreme northern portion of 14\u00a0Street\u00a0NW connects the communities of Panorama Hills and Evanston. The northern segment is split by Stoney Trail, where ramps allow for right-in/right-out access; however grading is in place for a future partial-cloverleaf interchange. North of Symons Valley Parkway, 14\u00a0Street\u00a0NW becomes a rural road and ends at the Calgary city limits at the Highway 566 intersection; continuing as Range Road\u00a014 in Rocky View County. The roadway will be expanded to a four lane, arterial road as the future community of Keystone Hills, located to the east, is developed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010917-0006-0000", "contents": "14 Street W (Calgary), Major intersections\nFrom south to north. The entire route is in Calgary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010918-0000-0000", "contents": "14 The Terrace, Barnes\n14 The Terrace, Barnes is a Grade II listed house at The Terrace, Barnes, London SW13, facing the River Thames, built as one of a pair with No 13 in the mid-eighteenth century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010918-0001-0000", "contents": "14 The Terrace, Barnes\nDame Ninette de Valois (1898\u20132001), dancer, teacher, choreographer, and director of classical ballet, lived there from 1962 to 1982. A blue plaque is fixed to the front of the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010919-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Vileyrey\n14 Vileyrey (English: fourteenth night) is a 2011 Maldivian romantic horror film directed by Abdul Faththaah. Produced by Hassan under Dash Studio, the film stars Ali Seezan, Mariyam Nisha and Aishath Rishmy in pivotal roles. The film was released on 27 June 2011. Upon release, the film received mixed response from critics, did good business at box office and was ultimately declared a \"Hit\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010919-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Vileyrey, Development\nAbdul Faththaah assigned Ibrahim Waheed to write the story and script for the film in 2010. Initially Fatthah, wanted the story to involve a ghost and a spirit, though Waheed and Fatthah later came to a conclusion to omit the involvement of ghost in script since \"its a challenge to incorporate both ghost and spirit simultaneously\". The project faced controversy when the team of Kuhveriakee Kaakuhey? accuses Fatthah for \"purloining their plot\" which also features Aishath Rishmy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010920-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Vulpeculae\n14 Vulpeculae is a single, yellow-white hued star in the northern constellation of Vulpecula and proximate to the Dumbbell Nebula (M 27) on the celestial sphere, although actually much closer to the Earth. It is a dim star that is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.68. The distance to 14 Vul, as determined from its annual parallax shift of 18.7753\u00b10.1714, is around 174\u00a0light years. It is moving nearer with a heliocentric radial velocity of about \u221238\u00a0km/s, and will make its closest approach in a million years when comes to within about 62\u00a0ly (19.04\u00a0pc).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010920-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Vulpeculae\nThis is an F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F1\u00a0Vn, where the 'n' notation indicates nebulous lines due to rapid rotation. At the estimated age of 1.7\u00a0billion years old, it is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 150\u00a0km/s and has sub-solar metallicity. The star has 1.5 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 11 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of about 6,938\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street\n14 Wall Street, originally the Bankers Trust Company Building, is a skyscraper at the intersection of Wall Street and Nassau Street in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. The building is 540 feet (160\u00a0m) tall, with 32 usable floors. It is composed of the original 540-foot tower at the southeastern corner of the site, as well as a shorter annex wrapping around the original tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street\nThe original tower was erected on the site of the Stevens Building at 12\u201314 Wall Street and the Gillender Building at 16 Wall Street. It was built in 1910\u20131912 and was designed by Trowbridge & Livingston in the neoclassical style as the headquarters for Bankers Trust. An 25-story addition with Art Deco detailing, designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon, was constructed in 1931\u20131933 to replace three other structures. After new buildings for Bankers Trust were erected in 1962 and 1974, the company moved employees away from 14 Wall Street, and eventually sold the building in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street\n14 Wall Street's tower incorporates a seven-story pyramidal roof inspired by the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. The interior of the building contained numerous amenities that were considered state-of-the-art at the time of its construction; the first three floors were used as Bankers Trust's headquarters, while the rest were rented to tenants. A notable building in Manhattan's skyline in the early 20th century, the building was featured prominently in Bankers Trust's early imagery. The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1997. It is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district created in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Site\n14 Wall Street is in the Financial District of Manhattan, bounded by Nassau Street to the east, Wall Street to the south, and Pine Street to the north. The lot has dimensions of 160 feet (49\u00a0m) on Wall Street, 173 feet (53\u00a0m) on Nassau Street, and 178 feet (54\u00a0m) on Pine Street. The lot has a total area of 32,947 square feet (3,060.9\u00a0m2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0003-0001", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Site\nNearby buildings include the Equitable Building to the north, Federal Hall National Memorial (formerly the sub-Treasury building) at 26 Wall Street to the east, 23 Wall Street to the southeast, the New York Stock Exchange Building to the south, 1 Wall Street to the southwest, and 100 Broadway to the west. The Broad Street station of the New York City Subway, serving the J and \u200bZ trains, is directly to the southeast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Site\nThe original building is located at the southeast corner of the site, which was previously occupied by the Stevens and Gillender buildings. In 1880, the Sampson family developed their lots along 12\u201314 Wall Street into the Stevens Building, which stood until 1910. Sixteen years later, Helen L. Gillender Asinari, owner of the adjoining six-story office building on the northeast corner of Wall and Nassau Streets, decided to replace it with the 300-foot-tall (91\u00a0m), 20-story Gillender Building, which was completed in 1897 and demolished in 1910. The two lots, combined, had a roughly square footprint measuring about 100 by 100 feet (30 by 30\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0005-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Site\nThe annex occupies the remainder of the plot and is L-shaped in plan. Prior to the construction of the annex, the land below it was occupied by three buildings. The seven-story Astor Building was located at 10\u201312 Wall Street, directly to the west of the original tower. The Hanover National Building at 5\u201311 Nassau Street, erected in 1903, was a 21-story building north of the original Bankers Trust Building, which extended to Pine Street. The final building on the lot was 7 Pine Street, a 10-story building to the northwest of the original tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0006-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design\n14 Wall Street is 540 feet (160\u00a0m) tall with 32 usable above-ground floors and a seven-story pyramidal roof at its top, which contains seven storage levels. In addition, 14 Wall Street contains four basement levels; the topmost basement is partially raised above ground level. The original structure was designed by Trowbridge & Livingston for Bankers Trust, with additions between 1931 and 1933 by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0007-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design\n14 Wall Street's \"granite-clad roof and its specifically Greek architectural motifs\", as described by architectural writer Sarah Landau, which were a departure from earlier designs. The architects wrote that the style had been chosen for its \"simplicity and grace, as well as its supreme dignity and seriousness\", which fit both the site and the building's use. Inspirations include the Erechtheion, the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, and \"ancient Macedonian prototypes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0008-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design, Form\nThe original structure is a 39-story tower without any setbacks, composed of 32 stories topped by a seven-story roof. The concept behind the original structure's design was to place a pyramidal roof, similar to that of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus on top of a tower like Venice's St Mark's Campanile bell tower. Trowbridge wanted to \"enhanc[e] the beauty of the upper part of building by a loggia and a stone pyramid, in place of the usual flat or mansard roof.\" This was one of the first times a pyramidal roof had been used in a skyscraper (after only the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower); previous tall structures had been capped by a cupola, spire, or tempietto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0009-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design, Form\nThe rest of the building is surrounded by a 25-story annex, which wraps around the western and northern sides of the original tower. The Wall Street side has setbacks at the 15th, 22nd, and 25th floors and the Nassau Street side has a setback at the 23rd floor. The Pine Street side has a light court above the 11th story, which cuts through the center of that side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0010-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design, Facade, Original building\nThe facade is clad with 8,000 short tons (7,100 long tons; 7,300\u00a0t) of New England granite from several quarries. The original tower is arranged into five sections: a base of 5 stories, a midsection of 21 stories, a top section of 6 stories (including the 32nd-story penthouse), and the roof. The base was originally four stories, but the present third floor was added in the 1931\u20131933 renovation. On each side are five window bays, each of which contain two windows per floor. The design of each side is largely identical, except that the western facade's midsection is made of brick rather than granite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0011-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design, Facade, Original building\nBecause 14 Wall Street was surrounded on all sides by other skyscrapers, thereby limiting visibility of the lower section, the lower floors were designed with intricate detail. The upper basement and the first floor were arranged as a stylobate that supported a colonnade above it. The basement facade is smooth, while the first-floor facade consists of rusticated blocks. An entrance porch, with the address 16 Wall Street, faces the Wall Street side. A colonnade above it spanned the second through fourth floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0011-0001", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design, Facade, Original building\nThe colonnade consisted of Greek fluted columns, molded belt courses, and moldings, and was \"almost Puritanical in its simplicity\". The facade of the lower stories was rearranged slightly when the current third story was created, with new spandrel panels being added to separate the double-height windows that formerly spanned the double-height second story. The fifth story is the topmost story of the base and has a deep cornice at the top.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0012-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design, Facade, Original building\nThe mid-section begins at the sixth story and rises through the 26th story. It is mostly faced in buff-colored granite with slightly projecting vertical piers separating each bay, except at the corners, which have grooves that make them appear as though they were panels. There is a band course above the sixth floor but there is otherwise no horizontal ornamentation. On the 27th through 29th stories, the north, east, and south facades are set back behind colonnades, while the west facade extends outward to the columns of the colonnade. Rectangular windows are located on the 30th and 31st stories, with a cornice between the stories. The 32nd floor is slightly set back, with a molded cornice at its top.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0013-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design, Facade, Original building\nThe roof is made of massive granite blocks and measures 94 feet (29\u00a0m) tall, with a base 70 feet (21\u00a0m) square. There are 24 steps between the bottom and top of the roof. Smoke is ventilated from openings at the top of the roof, giving it a pyramid-like appearance. Inside the roof are more than 20 storage rooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0014-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design, Facade, Annex\nThe annex's facade is made of granite at the base and limestone on the upper stories. It was designed so that it would be in deference to the \"solid and robust architecture\" of the original building. The facade of the annex is arranged in two styles. The Wall Street facade contains setbacks at lower stories, and the window arrangement is aligned with that of the original building. The base consists of four stories. Like the original tower, the first floor is rusticated and the second through fourth floors contain a colonnade. On upper stories, wide piers divide each bay and narrow piers divide each window. The spandrels between each row of windows are decorated aluminum panels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0015-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design, Facade, Annex\nThe Pine Street and Nassau Street facades are designed to be more modern with motifs in the Modern Classic and Art Deco styles. Due to variations in the lot lines on the annex's site, the annex projects 16 feet (4.9\u00a0m) further onto the street than did the original building. In addition to an entrance at the center of the annex's Nassau Street side, there are service entrances on Pine Street. The annex facades contain carved ornament, curved piers at the base, wrought-iron gates and grilles, and an eagle sculpture above the entrance on Nassau Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0015-0001", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design, Facade, Annex\nThere are five window bays on Nassau Street and eleven on Pine Street; the bays each contain between one and three windows. The base is two stories tall, excluding the basement, which is partially visible as Nassau Street slopes downward from Pine Street toward Wall Street. The design of the upper stories' facade is similar to that on the Wall Street side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0016-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design, Structural features\nFor the foundation of 14 Wall Street, caissons were sunk around the site's perimeter, reaching to the layer of rock 65 feet (20\u00a0m) below the street. Concrete was then poured in between these caissons to create a watertight, 7-foot-thick (2.1\u00a0m) cofferdam. The membrane was needed because the surrounding ground was filled with quicksand. Afterward, the lot was excavated, the Gillender Building's foundations were removed, and deep foundations were placed within the lot. Due to high pressure on the cofferdam, temporary timber trusses were used to brace the cofferdam. A 3-foot-thick (0.91\u00a0m) pad of concrete, overlaid with waterproof-cement, was then placed at the bottom of the pit. The method was not only cheaper than the then-standard method of driving caissons down to bedrock, but also provided space for more basement floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0017-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design, Structural features\nThe superstructure consists of 8,000 short tons (7,100 long tons; 7,300\u00a0t) of steel. The second floor does not contain any columns because of the elaborate network of heavy trusses used to support the outer walls. \"Unusually heavy bracing\" is also used to support the fourth floor. Otherwise, a standard girder-and-column steel structure is utilized within the building. Some of the largest columns are 500 feet (150\u00a0m) tall and carry loads of up to 2,200 short tons (2,000 long tons; 2,000\u00a0t).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0018-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design, Interior, Bankers Trust offices\nThe builders ensured that 14 Wall Street would be constructed with fireproof material. Metal was used in place of the wood trim that was used for decoration in other buildings, and a sprinkler system was placed in the roof. Bankers Trust's offices occupied basement levels A and B, as well as the first through fourth stories. These offices were designed \"in a pure classic style\"; the metalwork in the offices was a light-colored bronze, while Italian marble lined the main banking spaces on the first and second floors. The main banking room had 27-foot-high (8.2\u00a0m) ceilings. The tellers' counters inside the second-floor banking room were originally aligned with the positions of the windows. The fourth floor contained the board room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0019-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design, Interior, Bankers Trust offices\nThree elevators connected the Bankers Trust office floors and rose only to the fourth floor. Unusually for buildings of the time, the lower portion of the shared elevator shaft was covered in marble, while the upper portion was plate glass. At the time of the building's opening, a magazine observed that the offices used modular equipment that could be moved easily in case the company needed to expand. Further, the floor surfaces were made of cork; each department had telephone service; and pneumatic tube systems made it easy to send papers between different departments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0020-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design, Interior, Bankers Trust offices\nAt the center of the Wall Street side, a wide staircase led to the first floor. Initially, this was the main entrance to the Bankers Trust offices. When the building was expanded from 1931 to 1933, the former banking room on the first floor was converted into an officers' seating area, and the floor level was raised to harmonize with the new extension. The double-height second story was divided into two stories, and the third story was created. The new addition, with the address 16 Wall Street, contained a T-shaped banking room covering 10,000 square feet (930\u00a0m2), with \"a forest of squared-off, trunk-like columns clad in Oregon myrtle\". The new banking room's coved ceiling was 27 feet (8.2\u00a0m) tall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0021-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design, Interior, Bankers Trust offices\nIn two of the four basement floors was placed \"the strongest vault in the world\", measuring two stories high and 28 by 32 feet (8.5 by 9.8\u00a0m) inside. The vault walls were 28 inches (710\u00a0mm) thick, with 24 inches (610\u00a0mm) of concrete and 4 inches (100\u00a0mm) of \"shock and drill-proof steel\". This would prevent both standard explosives and oxyacetylene cutters from penetrating the vault. The columns and beams that reinforce the vault are so strong that \"a shock sufficient to disturb the vault would bring the building down in ruins upon it\". Inside, the vault was split into numerous aisles with combination locks; each safe in the vault required two officers to open.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0022-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design, Interior, Upper stories\nThe remaining stories were rented to various tenants. When the building first opened, entry to these floors was via an entrance on the western portion of the Wall Street facade, where a passageway linked to the Hanover Bank Building to the north. During the 1931\u20131933 expansion, a new entrance was built on Pine Street. A system of eleven elevators connected the lobby to the rental floors, consisting of five \"express\" elevators, five \"local\" elevators, and one \"relief\" elevator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0022-0001", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design, Interior, Upper stories\nThe \"express\" elevators ran nonstop from the lobby to serve the upper floors while the \"local\" elevators served the lower floors and the \"relief\" elevators served all floors. There was an additional elevator serving the 30th through 38th floors. These stories contained floor surfaces made of concrete; walls of marble, plaster, and terracotta; and doors, window sash, and trim made of metal but finished to look like mahogany. A continuous 531-step staircase runs from the third floor to the 29th floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0023-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Design, Interior, Upper stories\nThe present-day 32nd floor, the highest story beneath the roof, once served as an apartment, which J. P. Morgan had an option to occupy. He chose not to pursue the option due to antitrust proceedings ongoing against Bankers Trust at the time of the building's completion. The New York Times reported at the building's 1912 opening that $250,000 had been spent on \"teakwood furniture, priceless rugs, luxurious baths, and a private observation balcony\", though it was \"entirely devoid of furniture\". Christopher Gray, an architectural critic for the Times, wrote in 2007 that there had been unsubstantiated rumors that Morgan used the apartment as a private getaway. In 1997, the 32nd floor was converted into an upscale French restaurant called The 14 Wall Street, which closed in early 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0024-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, History, Context and land acquisition\nBankers Trust was founded in 1903 when a number of commercial banks needed a vehicle to enter the trusts and estates market. The company originally was located at Liberty and Washington Streets, with eight staff working in two basement rooms. The Bankers Trust ultimately acquired space in the Gillender Building, having been induced to move there because of the proximity of the New York Stock Exchange. The company, with J. P. Morgan on the board, grew rapidly and intended to land itself permanently in the \"vortex of America's financial life\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0025-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, History, Context and land acquisition\nDuring the latter part of the decade, financial institutions such as the Bank of Montreal, the Fourth National Bank, and the Germania Life Insurance Company acquired properties on Wall and Nassau Streets. Bankers Trust started to negotiate the purchase of the Gillender Building in April 1909. However, it was the adjacent seven-story Stevens Building that Bankers Trust acquired first; that July, the trust leased the Stevens Building for 84 years at a cost of $1.5 million. At the time, the press reported that Bankers Trust would erect a 16-story office building wrapping around the Gillender Building. George B. Post, hired as a \"professional advisor\", proposed the new building as an L-shaped structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0026-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, History, Context and land acquisition\nIn November, Bankers Trust finalized an agreement to buy the Gillender Building from Helen Gillender. The next month, the Manhattan Trust Company acquired the Gillender Building for $1.5 million (equivalent to $43,206,000 in 2020), then a record amount for land in New York City. Manhattan Trust then resold the Gillender Building to Bankers Trust for $1.25 million (equivalent to $36,005,000 in 2020), although Manhattan Trust retained long-term lease rights for the ground floor as well as various other spaces. According to The New York Times, Manhattan Trust and Bankers Trust had colluded to acquire the Gillender Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0026-0001", "contents": "14 Wall Street, History, Context and land acquisition\nDuring this time, Bankers Trust acquired a majority share in the Guaranty Trust Company; although the latter remained in its old headquarters, the same people served on both companies' boards of directors. Bankers Trust and the Mercantile Trust Company also merged, but because Mercantile Trust's headquarters burned in a January 1912 fire, this affected planning for the new building. Bankers Trust absorbed Manhattan Trust in February 1912: both companies had been owned by Morgan, and the proximity of the companies' spaces was cited as a reason for the merger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0027-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, History, Construction and early use\nTo maximize land utilization, Bankers Trust desired to build a structure taller than either the Gillender or Stevens buildings. To \"obtain the very best results\" for the design, in 1909, Bankers Trust requested plans from four architects and architecture firms: Carr\u00e8re and Hastings, Francis H. Kimball, Trowbridge and Livingston, and Warren and Wetmore. Ultimately, Trowbridge and Livingston's bid was accepted. The firm submitted plans for 14 Wall Street to the New York City Department of Buildings on April 20, 1910.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0028-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, History, Construction and early use, Initial building\nThe first stage of construction commenced in April 1910 with the demolition of the Gillender Building, which The New York Times claimed to be the first skyscraper that was demolished to make way for a taller skyscraper. Demolition of the Stevens Building started the same month, and both buildings had been demolished by June 1910. After the site had been cleared, foundation work was started. Foundational work was stymied due to the quicksand in the ground, as well as the presence of redundant supports underneath the Gillender Building's site and the proximity of other buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 69], "content_span": [70, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0028-0001", "contents": "14 Wall Street, History, Construction and early use, Initial building\nSteel superstructure construction commenced after foundational work was completed in November 1910. Facade work commenced in February 1911, with contractor Marc Eidlitz & Son erecting the facade at a rate of three-and-a-half stories per week. The stonework was completed by September 15, 1911, except for the pyramid, for which there had been a minor change in design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 69], "content_span": [70, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0029-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, History, Construction and early use, Initial building\nThe basements and the three lower floors were to contain the headquarters of Bankers Trust, although its main operations would be housed elsewhere in less expensive offices. Most of the upper floors were slated to be rented to other companies. By May 1911, The Wall Street Journal reported that \"a large amount of office space\" had already been rented in the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 69], "content_span": [70, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0029-0001", "contents": "14 Wall Street, History, Construction and early use, Initial building\nAsking rates for rental space was $4 per square foot ($43/m2), equivalent to $111 per square foot ($1,190/m2) in 2020; this rate was higher than in other buildings in the area due to 14 Wall Street's proximity to the New York Stock Exchange. That November, The Wall Street Journal reported that the building was 65% rented. In April 1912, a month before the building's opening, a parachutist jumped from the 32nd floor of 14 Wall Street, landing on the roof of 26 Wall Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 69], "content_span": [70, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0030-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, History, Construction and early use, Initial building\n14 Wall Street was officially opened on May 20, 1912, at which point it was 85% rented. J.P. Morgan & Co. had originally planned to move into 14 Wall Street, with Morgan occupying the 32nd-story apartment. After Bankers Trust was investigated by the U.S. Congress's Pujo Committee for monopolistic practices, these plans were canceled and J.P. Morgan & Co. built another structure to the southeast at 23 Wall Street. By 1917, Bankers Trust had become a full-service bank, and one of the country's wealthiest financial institutions. Bankers Trust, having rented out the upper floors, found their existing space to be inadequate by the 1920s, with more than four times as many staff as in 1912. As a result, the company took up space in the Astor and Hanover Bank buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 69], "content_span": [70, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0031-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, History, Construction and early use, Annex\nBankers Trust began land acquisition in 1919, acquiring the Astor Building that June and the building at 7 Pine Street two months later. The Hanover Bank Building was not acquired until 1929, a decade later. By that time, Bankers Trust owned the eastern half of the block bounded by Broadway and Wall, Pine, and Nassau Streets. Architect Richmond Shreve described the situation as \"[falling] short of a true expression of the [company's] position\". In January 1931, Bankers Trust announced plans for the new structure, which would cost $5.5 million. Shreve's firm, Shreve, Lamb & Harmon, was hired to construct the annex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0032-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, History, Construction and early use, Annex\nStaff at 14 Wall Street were moved to a temporary location when work began in May 1931, and the Hanover Bank, Astor, and 7 Pine Street buildings were subsequently razed. That November, the builders implemented two 5-hour daily shifts for workers instead of a single eight-hour shift, doubling the number of jobs for workers as well as increasing daily productivity. The new 25-story annex was completed in 1932 and the staff moved back into 14 Wall Street. The old building was also renovated with the addition of the third floor and the relocation of the main entrances. These renovations were completed in March 1933. The following month, Bankers Trust officially opened the annex and started moving into seven stories of the annex. The project tripled 14 Wall Street's rentable area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0033-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, History, Construction and early use, Annex\nIn January 1934, the First National Bank of New York (now Citibank) filed a lawsuit against Bankers Trust and the project contractors, alleging that the excavations had damaged its adjoining building at Broadway and Wall Street. Of the $881,500 that the First National Bank sought in damages, it was awarded about a quarter of that amount. That April, Bankers Trust was released from all liability for any damage caused during construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0034-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, History, Later use, Bankers Trust occupancy\nThe Bankers Trust Company had assets of $1 billion by 1935. In a sign of the company's financial stability, in 1943, Bankers Trust bought the land under 14 Wall Street from the Sampson family, whose Stevens Building had been demolished to make way for the original tower. The building was outfitted with a modern air-conditioning system in 1955. During this era, the bank continued to grow through mergers. The bank's second headquarters in Midtown Manhattan, at 280 Park Avenue, opened in 1962, though Bankers Trust retained occupancy at 14 Wall Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 59], "content_span": [60, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0034-0001", "contents": "14 Wall Street, History, Later use, Bankers Trust occupancy\nThe facade of 14 Wall Street was cleaned during the mid-1960s. When One Bankers Trust Plaza was completed in 1974, more employees were relocated out of 14 Wall Street and four other locations. Afterward, the eighth through 23rd floors of the Bankers Trust Building were vacant, representing 350,000 square feet (33,000\u00a0m2), though these floors were gradually rented to other tenants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 59], "content_span": [60, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0035-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, History, Later use, Bankers Trust occupancy\nBankers Trust retained ownership of 14 Wall Street until 1987, when the building was sold to 14 Wall Street Associates, who subsequently sold the building to 14 Wall Street Realty in 1991 and to General Electric Investment in 1992. After buying 14 Wall Street, General Electric Investment started to renovate the building for $7 million. Though Bankers Trust retained a lease through the building until 2004, with an option to cancel in 1995, the company vacated the space earlier, in 1992. Manufacturers Hanover and the Chemical Bank then occupied the space that Bankers Trust had formerly used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 59], "content_span": [60, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0036-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, History, Later use, Subsequent occupancy\nBoston Properties agreed to buy 14 Wall Street for $320 million in August 1997. The tenant of the annex's banking room, Chase Bank, donated the space to the Skyscraper Museum for one year starting in 1998. During this time, the museum held an exhibition on the Empire State Building within the space. An investment group led by Laurence Gluck and Arthur Wrubel bought 14 Wall Street from General Electric Investment in 1999. The former banking room became an Equinox Fitness location in December 2000. The Rockwell Group designed a 11,000-square-foot (1,000\u00a0m2) mezzanine for the room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0037-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, History, Later use, Subsequent occupancy\nGluck had sole ownership of 14 Wall Street by 2004, and the next year, Leviev Boymelgreen bought the building from Gluck for $215 million. Initially, the new owners wanted to convert the entire building from offices into luxury condominiums, but in 2006, dropped the plan for residential conversion. Instead, Leviev Boymelgreen ultimately converted the lower stories to condos. Early the following year, Leviev Boymelgreen agreed to sell the property to Cushman & Wakefield for $325 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0037-0001", "contents": "14 Wall Street, History, Later use, Subsequent occupancy\nUltimately, 14 Wall Street was purchased by the Carlyle Group and Capstone Equities, who planned to renovate the building for $50 million, including $5 million for the restoration of the lobby. Five years later, majority control of the building was sold for $303 million in cash to Alexander Rovt, a Ukrainian fertilizer tycoon who paid off the building's outstanding debt as part of the deal. At the time of the purchase, it had 300,000 square feet (28,000\u00a0m2) of vacant space, and three potential tenants were in discussion to lease about two-thirds of that amount. After $60 million of renovations, the building was 90% leased by early 2016. Cushman & Wakefield handled leasing for 14 Wall Street until it was replaced by the CBRE Group in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0038-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Critical reception and landmark designations\nAt the time of its completion, 14 Wall Street was the world's tallest bank building and the city's third- or fourth-tallest skyscraper. 14 Wall Street and the nearby Singer Tower, as viewed from Manhattan's waterfront, resembled \"the posts of the gigantic 'Gateway of New York.'\" The building was seen as a symbol of the future. During the early 20th century, Bankers Trust used imagery of 14 Wall Street in its advertising to depict it as a \"tower of strength\". This iconography persisted even after the annex was constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 60], "content_span": [61, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0038-0001", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Critical reception and landmark designations\n14 Wall Street's likeness became synonymous with capitalism and Wall Street, having been shown in Berenice Abbott's photos as well as the 1921 documentary film Manhatta, and Bankers Trust sent a miniature model of the building to the Panama\u2013Pacific International Exposition in 1915. Christopher Gray said that the massive height of 14 Wall Street posed a sharp contrast to the one-story 23 Wall Street, diagonally across Wall and Broad Streets, though both were designed by Trowbridge & Livingston and occupied by J.P. Morgan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 60], "content_span": [61, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0039-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Critical reception and landmark designations\n14 Wall Street's pyramidal roof inspired the design of several other buildings. Its completion was described as the \"beginning of a vogue for the use of a temple or mausoleum\" at the top of skyscrapers, utilizing enhanced details or a full depiction of a temple. Architecture magazine projected that such a roof \"will be used a great many times more\". Towers inspired by 14 Wall Street's design include 26 Broadway and the newer 60 Wall Street in the Financial District; the Metropolitan Tower in Chicago; and the Foshay Tower in Minneapolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 60], "content_span": [61, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010921-0040-0000", "contents": "14 Wall Street, Critical reception and landmark designations\nThe New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 14 Wall Street as an official city landmark in January 1997. In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 60], "content_span": [61, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010922-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Weeks of Silence\n14 Weeks of Silence is the third album by Russian singer Zemfira which became her second best-selling album after Forgive Me My Love with sales around 1 million copies sold in Russia and 500,000 sold in Ukraine according to her label. In comparison with her earlier albums it showcases softer and more polished sound, with prominent use of keyboards, inspired by work of such bands as Radiohead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010923-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Women\n14 Women is a 2007 documentary film directed by Mary Lambert and narrated by Annette Bening. The film released on June 14, 2007 as part of Silverdocs, and focuses on several female Senators serving in the 109th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010923-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Women, Synopsis\nThe film examines the 109th United States Congress. When it convened, there were fourteen women in the Senate: Barbara Boxer, Maria Cantwell, Hillary Clinton, Susan Collins, Elizabeth Dole, Dianne Feinstein, Kay Bailey Hutchison, Mary Landrieu, Blanche Lincoln (Lambert\u2019s sister), Barbara Mikulski, Lisa Murkowski, Patty Murray, Olympia Snowe, and Debbie Stabenow. The documentary features interviews with several people, including the Senators' family members, Delaware Senator Joe Biden, and singer Alanis Morissette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010923-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Women, Reception\nPolitico.com and DVD Talk both gave positive reviews for 14 Women, with DVD Talk commented that while it was \"far from definitive\", the film has \"admirable aims and will probably play well with schoolkids.\" Variety gave a more mixed response to the film, saying that \"Political junkies, idealistic schoolgirls and everyone in between will be thrilled to vary-ing degrees\" by the film but that it also felt like a \"recruitment vid for public service\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010924-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Years\n\"14 Years\" is a song by the American rock band Guns N' Roses, released in 1991 on their album Use Your Illusion II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010924-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Years, Background\nThe song is one of the few Guns N' Roses tunes sung almost entirely by Izzy Stradlin with Axl Rose singing the chorus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010924-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Years, Background\n\"14 Years\" was only performed live when Stradlin was still in the band. It has been speculated to be about Rose's and Stradlin's friendship, with people pointing out that they had known each other for 14 years by the time the song was supposedly written. This has never been confirmed by the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010924-0003-0000", "contents": "14 Years, Background\nAn earlier demo had different lyrics with the first verse and the chorus slightly modified, while the second and third verses were given a complete makeover. Parts of the demo's second verse would be used in the third verse of the final version, while the third verse is a slightly modified version of the demo's first verse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010924-0004-0000", "contents": "14 Years, Background\nThe song was part of the set list at a few live concerts in 2012 featuring Izzy Stradlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010925-0000-0000", "contents": "14 Years of Electronic Challenge Vol. II\n14 Years of Electronic Challenge Vol. II is a various artists compilation album released on September 30, 1997 by COP International.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010925-0001-0000", "contents": "14 Years of Electronic Challenge Vol. II, Reception\nSteve Huey of AllMusic notes the presence of \"veteran industrial/dance acts.\" Black Monday said \"you may be familiar with these bands, but the songs found here are mostly unknown or rare mixes, showcasing the classic along with the new breed of electronic musicians\" and \"with this lineup, how could one not be impressed with 14 Years...?\" Sonic Boom was negative in their reception of the collection, saying \"anyone who has any experience with this music already would have acquired all of the tracks present here years ago\" and that it \"serves a single purpose, to entice first time listeners to the Electro-Industrial genre.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010925-0002-0000", "contents": "14 Years of Electronic Challenge Vol. II, Personnel\nAdapted from the 14 Years of Electronic Challenge Vol. II liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010926-0000-0000", "contents": "14 and 15 King Street, Bristol\n14 and 15 King Street is the address of an historic warehouse building in King Street, Bristol, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010926-0001-0000", "contents": "14 and 15 King Street, Bristol\nIt was built around 1860 and is now occupied by a restaurant and offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010926-0002-0000", "contents": "14 and 15 King Street, Bristol\nIt has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II listed building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010927-0000-0000", "contents": "14 cm Minenwerfer M 15\nThe 14\u00a0cm Minenwerfer M 15 was a medium mortar used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. It was developed by \u0160koda Works as an alternative to a German design from Rheinische Metallwarenfabrik/Ehrhardt for which ammunition could not be procured. It was a rigid-recoil, rifled, muzzle-loading weapon that had to be levered around to aim at new targets. It was lifted onto a two-wheel cart for transport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010927-0001-0000", "contents": "14 cm Minenwerfer M 15\nThe M 16 version added a central barrel ring and cutouts on the side of the carriage. Rotation within the barrel was improved, greatly increasing accuracy. It weighed an extra 20 kilograms (44\u00a0lb), but had a maximum range of 1,080 metres (1,180\u00a0yd). Its transport cart was also improved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010927-0002-0000", "contents": "14 cm Minenwerfer M 15\nThe first batch of 100 mortars was ordered in May 1915 and a second batch in spring 1916, but deliveries were slow; only 88 of the second batch could be sent to the front by May 1916. A third batch of 300 was ordered in November 1916, but production was such that only 30 had been delivered by the spring of 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010928-0000-0000", "contents": "14 cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun\nThe 14\u00a0cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun was the standard surface battery for Japanese submarine cruisers of World War II. Most carried single guns, but Junsen type submarines carried two. Japanese submarines I-7 and I-8 carried an unusual twin mounting capable of elevating to 40\u00b0. The appended designation 11th year type refers to the horizontal sliding breech block on these guns. Breech block design began in 1922, or the eleventh year of the Taish\u014d period in the Japanese calendar. The gun fired a projectile 14 centimeters (5.5\u00a0in) in diameter, and the barrel was 40 calibers long (barrel length is 14\u00a0cm x 40 = 560\u00a0centimeters or 220 inches).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010928-0001-0000", "contents": "14 cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun, World War II\nThis gun was the weapon used by I-17 to sink SS Emidio and to later shell the Ellwood Oil Field near Santa Barbara, California. It was also used by I-25 for the Bombardment of Fort Stevens in Oregon near the mouth of the Columbia River and by I-26 to shell the Estevan Point lighthouse in British Columbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010928-0002-0000", "contents": "14 cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun, Similar weapon\nA longer-barreled 14 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun was used aboard surface ships and for coastal defense. The 40 caliber/11th Year Type guns were intended for use against destroyers, and fired base-fuzed projectiles with thinner shell walls allowing a larger bursting charge than the 50 caliber/3rd Year Type guns for potential use against armored ships. The lower velocity 40 caliber gun had a useful life expectancy of 800 to 1000 effective full charges (EFC) per barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010929-0000-0000", "contents": "14 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun\nThe 14\u00a0cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun was a Japanese low-angle weapon introduced during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010929-0001-0000", "contents": "14 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, History\nIt served as the secondary armament in a number of Japanese dreadnoughts and as the main armament in light cruisers and some auxiliary ships. It was also the most common Japanese coast-defense gun during World War II. \"Third year type\" refers to the Welin breech block on this gun. Breech-block design began in 1914, the third year of the Taish\u014d period. This breech-block design was also used on Japanese 40\u00a0cm (16 inch), 20\u00a0cm (8 inch), 15.5\u00a0cm (6 inch), 12.7\u00a0cm (5 inch), and 12\u00a0cm (4.7 inch) naval guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010929-0002-0000", "contents": "14 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, History\nThis gun was not mounted aboard submarines. Submarine cruisers used the shorter-barreled 14 cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010930-0000-0000", "contents": "14 de abril. La Rep\u00fablica\n14 de abril. La Rep\u00fablica (lit. '14 April. The Republic') is a Spanish period drama television series. Set in the Second Spanish Republic, it is a spin-off of La se\u00f1ora, featuring a number of characters from the latter show. Produced by RTVE in collaboration with Diagonal TV and created by Virginia Yag\u00fce and Jordi Frades, the first season aired on La 1 in 2011. The already produced second season was put in the freeze during the seven years of rule of the People's Party, eventually airing from 2018 to 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010930-0001-0000", "contents": "14 de abril. La Rep\u00fablica, Premise\nThe fiction starts with Ludi, a female servant, arriving to Madrid from Asturias. In the context of the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic on 14 April 1931, the Spring of 1931 in the Spanish capital is bustling with those celebrating the advent of the Republic, while those against it prepare for armed struggle. The \"De la Torre\" family, a landowning family representative of the \"stagnant, rancid bourgeoisie\", is among those opposing the new government. The son of the family, Fernando de la Torre (F\u00e9lix G\u00f3mez) is engaged to Mercedes Le\u00f3n (Mariona Ribas).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010930-0001-0001", "contents": "14 de abril. La Rep\u00fablica, Premise\nThe members of the lower class \"Prado\" family work as rangers of the large estate owned by the De la Torre, showing feelings of submission towards their employers conflicted by their endorsement to the promises of agrarian reform brought by the Republic. The offspring of the Prado family are Jes\u00fas (Alejo Sauras) and Alejandra (Ver\u00f3nica S\u00e1nchez). The extremes of the ideological polarization in play are represented by characters such as Hugo de Viana (Raul Pe\u00f1a), a military officer opposing the Republic and Encarna (Luc\u00eda Jim\u00e9nez), a strong Socialist woman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010930-0002-0000", "contents": "14 de abril. La Rep\u00fablica, Premise\nThe series features a number of characters from La se\u00f1ora such as Encarna, Ventura and Hugo de Viana, played by the same performers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010930-0003-0000", "contents": "14 de abril. La Rep\u00fablica, Production and release\nCreated by Virginia Yag\u00fce and Jordi Frades, the first season started filming in October 2010. It premiered on 24 January 2011. The series subsequently received harsh criticism from the People's Party (PP), then the main opposition party. The 13-episode season ended on 18 April 2011 with good viewer ratings (18.2% share) and a cliffhanger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010930-0004-0000", "contents": "14 de abril. La Rep\u00fablica, Production and release\nThe second season was produced by Endemol TV. Slated to air in 2012, the second season of the series was shelved indefinitely because of the arrival of Mariano Rajoy and the PP to government, as they preferred to bury a fiction set in the Republican period. Seven years after, in 2018, only once Pedro S\u00e1nchez became prime minister, the airing of the second season was programmed again. In the meantime two of the main cast actors (H\u00e9ctor Colom\u00e9 and \u00c1lex Angulo) had died. The opening episode of the second season premiered on 3 November 2018 in prime time. The broadcasting run was irregular, to the point the channel sometimes scheduled back-to-back two episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010930-0005-0000", "contents": "14 de abril. La Rep\u00fablica, Production and release\nMired with problems and low viewership ratings, the series ended with the back-to-back broadcasting of the last two episodes aired on 26-27 January 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010931-0000-0000", "contents": "14 km dorogi Kem-Kalevala\n14\u00a0km dorogi Kem-Kalevala (Russian: 14 \u043a\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u041a\u0435\u043c\u044c-\u041a\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Kemskoye Urban Settlement of Kemsky District, Russia. The population was 604 as of 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010931-0001-0000", "contents": "14 km dorogi Kem-Kalevala, Geography\nThe settlement is located on the Kem River, on the bank of the Putkin Reservoir, 13 km west of Kem (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0000-0000", "contents": "14 nm process\nThe 14\u00a0nm process refers to the MOSFET technology node that is the successor to the 22\u00a0nm (or 20\u00a0nm) node. The 14\u00a0nm was so named by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). Until about 2011, the node following 22\u00a0nm was expected to be 16\u00a0nm. All 14\u00a0nm nodes use FinFET (fin field-effect transistor) technology, a type of multi-gate MOSFET technology that is a non-planar evolution of planar silicon CMOS technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0001-0000", "contents": "14 nm process\nSamsung Electronics taped out a 14\u00a0nm chip in 2014, before manufacturing \"10\u00a0nm class\" NAND flash chips in 2013. The same year, SK Hynix began mass-production of 16\u00a0nm NAND flash, and TSMC began 16\u00a0nm FinFET production. The following year, Intel began shipping 14\u00a0nm scale devices to consumers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0002-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Background\nThe basis for sub-20\u00a0nm fabrication is the FinFET (Fin field-effect transistor), an evolution of the MOSFET transistor. FinFET technology was pioneered by Digh Hisamoto and his team of researchers at Hitachi Central Research Laboratory in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0003-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Background\n14\u00a0nm resolution is difficult to achieve in a polymeric resist, even with electron beam lithography. In addition, the chemical effects of ionizing radiation also limit reliable resolution to about 30 nm, which is also achievable using current state-of-the-art immersion lithography. Hardmask materials and multiple patterning are required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0004-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Background\nA more significant limitation comes from plasma damage to low-k materials. The extent of damage is typically 20\u00a0nm thick, but can also go up to about 100\u00a0nm. The damage sensitivity is expected to get worse as the low-k materials become more porous. For comparison, the atomic radius of an unconstrained silicon is 0.11\u00a0nm. Thus about 90 Si atoms would span the channel length, leading to substantial leakage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0005-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Background\nTela Innovations and Sequoia Design Systems developed a methodology allowing double exposure for the 16/14\u00a0nm node circa 2010. Samsung and Synopsys have also begun implementing double patterning in 22\u00a0nm and 16\u00a0nm design flows. Mentor Graphics reported taping out 16\u00a0nm test chips in 2010. On January 17, 2011, IBM announced that they were teaming up with ARM to develop 14\u00a0nm chip processing technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0006-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Background\nOn February 18, 2011, Intel announced that it would construct a new $5 billion semiconductor fabrication plant in Arizona, designed to manufacture chips using the 14\u00a0nm manufacturing processes and leading-edge 300\u00a0mm wafers. The new fabrication plant was to be named Fab 42, and construction was meant to start in the middle of 2011. Intel billed the new facility as \"the most advanced, high-volume manufacturing facility in the world,\" and said it would come on line in 2013. Intel has since decided to postpone opening this facility and instead upgrade its existing facilities to support 14-nm chips. On May 17, 2011, Intel announced a roadmap for 2014 that included 14\u00a0nm transistors for their Xeon, Core, and Atom product lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0007-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Technology demos\nIn the late 1990s, Hisamoto's Japanese team from Hitachi Central Research Laboratory began collaborating with an international team of researchers on further developing FinFET technology, including TSMC's Chenming Hu and various UC Berkeley researchers. In 1998, the team successfully fabricated devices down to a 17\u00a0nm process. They later developed a 15\u00a0nm FinFET process in 2001. In 2002, an international team of researchers at UC Berkeley, including Shibly Ahmed (Bangladeshi), Scott Bell, Cyrus Tabery (Iranian), Jeffrey Bokor, David Kyser, Chenming Hu (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company), and Tsu-Jae King Liu, demonstrated FinFET devices down to 10\u00a0nm gate length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0008-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Technology demos\nIn 2005, Toshiba demonstrated a 15\u00a0nm FinFET process, with a 15\u00a0nm gate length and 10\u00a0nm fin width, using a sidewall spacer process. It has been suggested that for the 16\u00a0nm node, a logic transistor would have a gate length of about 5\u00a0nm. In December 2007, Toshiba demonstrated a prototype memory unit that used 15-nanometre thin lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0009-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Technology demos\nIn December 2009, National Nano Device Laboratories, owned by the Taiwanese government, produced a 16\u00a0nm SRAM chip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0010-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Technology demos\nIn September 2011, Hynix announced the development of 15\u00a0nm NAND cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0011-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Technology demos\nIn December 2012, Samsung Electronics taped out a 14\u00a0nm chip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0012-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Technology demos\nIn September 2013, Intel demonstrated an Ultrabook laptop that used a 14\u00a0nm Broadwell CPU, and Intel CEO Brian Krzanich said, \"[CPU] will be shipping by the end of this year.\" However, shipment was delayed further until Q4 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0013-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Technology demos\nIn August 2014, Intel announced details of the 14\u00a0nm microarchitecture for its upcoming Core M processors, the first product to be manufactured on Intel's 14\u00a0nm manufacturing process. The first systems based on the Core M processor were to become available in Q4 2014 \u2014 according to the press release. \"Intel's 14 nanometer technology uses second-generation tri-gate transistors to deliver industry-leading performance, power, density and cost per transistor,\" said Mark Bohr, Intel senior fellow, Technology and Manufacturing Group, and director, Process Architecture and Integration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0014-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Technology demos\nIn 2018 a shortage of 14\u00a0nm fab capacity was announced by Intel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0015-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Shipping devices\nIn 2013, SK Hynix began mass-production of 16\u00a0nm NAND flash, TSMC began 16\u00a0nm FinFET production, and Samsung began 10\u00a0nm class NAND flash production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0016-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Shipping devices\nOn 5 September 2014, Intel launched the first three Broadwell-based processors that belonged to the low-TDP Core M family: Core M-5Y10, Core M-5Y10a, and Core M-5Y70.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0017-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Shipping devices\nIn February 2015, Samsung announced that their flagship smartphones, the Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge, would feature 14\u00a0nm Exynos systems on chip (SoCs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0018-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Shipping devices\nOn March 9, 2015, Apple Inc. released the \"Early 2015\" MacBook and MacBook Pro, which utilized 14\u00a0nm Intel processors. Of note is the i7-5557U, which has Intel Iris Graphics 6100 and two cores running at 3.1\u00a0GHz, using only 28 watts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0019-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Shipping devices\nOn September 25, 2015, Apple Inc. released the IPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus, which are equipped with \"desktop-class\" A9 chips that are fabricated in both 14\u00a0nm by Samsung and 16\u00a0nm by TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0020-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Shipping devices\nIn May 2016, Nvidia released its GeForce 10 series GPUs based on the Pascal architecture, which incorporates TSMC's 16\u00a0nm FinFET technology and Samsung's 14\u00a0nm FinFET technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0021-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Shipping devices\nIn June 2016, AMD released its Radeon RX 400 GPUs based on the Polaris architecture, which incorporates 14\u00a0nm FinFET technology from Samsung. The technology was licensed to GlobalFoundries for dual sourcing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0022-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Shipping devices\nOn August 2, 2016, Microsoft released the Xbox One S, which utilized 16\u00a0nm by TSMC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0023-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Shipping devices\nOn March 2, 2017, AMD released its Ryzen CPUs based on the Zen architecture, incorporating 14\u00a0nm FinFET technology from Samsung which was licensed to GlobalFoundries for GlobalFoundries to build.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0024-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Shipping devices\nThe NEC SX-Aurora TSUBASA processor, introduced in October 2017, uses a 16\u00a0nm FinFET process from TSMC and is designed for use with NEC SX supercomputers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0025-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Shipping devices\nOn July 22, 2018, GlobalFoundries announced their 12\u00a0nm Leading-Performance (12LP) process, based on a licensed 14LP process from Samsung.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0026-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, History, Shipping devices\nIn September 2018 Nvidia released GPUs based on their Turing (microarchitecture), which were made on TSMC's 12\u00a0nm process and have a transistor density of 24.67 million transistors per square millimeter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010932-0027-0000", "contents": "14 nm process, 14 nm process nodes\nLower numbers are better, except for transistor density, in which case is the opposite. Transistor gate pitch is also referred to as CPP (contacted poly pitch), and interconnect pitch is also referred to as MMP (minimum metal pitch).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010933-0000-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Augustan Rome\nIn 7 BC, Augustus divided the city of Rome into 14 administrative regions (Latin regiones, sing. regio). These replaced the four regiones \u2014 or \"quarters\" \u2014 traditionally attributed to Servius Tullius, sixth king of Rome. They were further divided into official neighborhoods (vici).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010933-0001-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Augustan Rome\nOriginally designated by number, the regions acquired nicknames from major landmarks or topographical features within them. After the reign of Constantine the Great, the imperial city of Constantinople was also divided into fourteen regiones, on the Roman example: the 14 regions of Constantinople.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010933-0002-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, I: Regio I Porta Capena\nRegio I took its name from the Porta Capena (\"Gate to Capua\"), a gate of the Servian Walls, through which the Appian Way enters the city. Beginning from this to the south of the Caelian Hill, it runs to the future track of the Aurelian Walls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010933-0003-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, III: Regio III Isis et Serapis\nRegio III took its name from the sanctuary of Isis, in the area of the modern Labicana street, containing the valley that was to be the future site of the Colosseum, and parts of the Oppian and Esquiline hills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010933-0004-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, IV: Regio IV Templum Pacis\nRegio IV took its name from the Temple of Peace built in the region by Vespasian. It includes the valley between the Esquiline and the Viminal hills, the popular area of the Subura, and the Velian Hill (the hill between the Palatine and the Oppian Hill, removed in the early 20th century to make way for the via dei Fori Imperiali, the street passing between the Forum Romanum and the Forum of Augustus).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010933-0005-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, V: Regio V Esquiliae\nThe name of Regio V derives from the Esquiline hill. It contains parts of the Oppian and Cispian (two minor hills close to the city center) and of the Esquiline, plus the plain just outside the Servian walls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010933-0006-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, VI: Regio VI Alta Semita\nThe name of Regio VI derives from the street (Alta Semita, \"High Path\") passing over the Quirinal Hill. It was a large regio that encompassed also the Viminal Hill, the lower slopes of the Pincian, and the valleys between these. Its major landmarks included the Baths of Diocletian, the Baths of Constantine, and the Gardens of Sallust; gardens (horti) covered much of its northern part. Temples to Quirinus, Salus, and Flora were also located in Regio VI, and the Castra Praetoria. The Aurelian Wall marked most of its eastern and northern edge, with the Argiletum and Vicus Patricius on the south and southeast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010933-0007-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, VII: Regio VII Via Lata\nThe name of Regio VII was derived from the via Flaminia, which runs between the Servian walls and the future Aurelian Walls. This was a wide urban street (Via Lata, \"Broadway\"), corresponding to the modern via del Corso. The regio contained part of the Campus Martius on the east of the street plus the Collis Hortulorum (Hill of the Hortuli), the Pincian Hill (modern Pincio).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010933-0008-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, VIII: Regio VIII Forum Romanum\nThe central region contains the Capitoline Hill, the valley between the Palatine and the Capitoline hills (where the Forum Romanum is located), and the area between Velian Hill and the Palatine up to the Arch of Titus and the Temple of Venus and Roma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010933-0009-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, IX: Regio IX Circus Flaminius\nThe name derives from the racecourse located in the southern end of the Campus Martius, close to Tiber Island. The region contains part of the Campus Martius, on the west side of via Lata.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010933-0010-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, XI: Regio XI Circus Maximus\nRegio XI took its name from the Circus Maximus, located in the valley between the Palatine and the Aventine. It contained the Circus Maximus, the Velabrum (the valley between the Palatine and Capitoline), as well as the areas next to the Forum Boarium and the Forum Holitorium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010933-0011-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, XII: Regio XII Piscina Publica\nRegio XII took its name from the Piscina Publica, a monument that disappeared during the Empire. It had the high ground where the church of San Saba is at present, plus its ramifications towards the Appian Way, where Caracalla's baths were.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010933-0012-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, XII: Regio XII Piscina Publica\nIn the 180s, a bank and exchange for Christians operated in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010933-0013-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, XIII: Regio XIII Aventinus\nRegio XIII contained the Aventine Hill and the plain in front of it, along the Tiber. Here was the Emporium, the first port on the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010933-0014-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, XIV: Regio XIV Transtiberim\nRegio XIV (the region \"across the Tiber\") contained Tiber Island and all the parts of Rome west beyond the Tiber. This is modern Trastevere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0000-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome\nDuring the Middle Ages, Rome was divided into a number of administrative regions (Latin, regiones), usually numbering between twelve and fourteen, which changed over time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0001-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, Evolution of the Regions\nOriginally the city of Rome had been divided by Augustus into 14 regions in 7 BC. Then sometime during the 4th century, Christian authorities instituted seven ecclesiastical regions, which ran parallel to the civil regions. With the collapse of Imperial authority in the Western Roman Empire, after the death of Julius Nepos in 480, much of the old imperial administrative structures began to fall into abeyance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0002-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, Evolution of the Regions\nAfter the destructive Gothic Wars of the 6th century, the city of Rome had become virtually depopulated. When the city began to recover it was inhabited in new parts and whole districts were in ruins. Consequently, the Augustan regions now had no relationship to the administration of the city, but they continued to be used as a means for identifying property. But as Rome slowly recovered from the disasters of the Gothic wars it became necessary to organize the city for the purpose of defence, and one theory contends that this was the origin of the twelve medieval regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0002-0001", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, Evolution of the Regions\nIn particular, it is suggested that it was connected with the Byzantine military system (the scholae militiae) and was introduced into Rome in the 7th century, along with its implementation at Ravenna. This saw the creation of a new series of regions based upon a different principle from either of the older ones. However, this revision did not last much longer than two centuries after the fall of the Exarchate of Ravenna in 751.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0003-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, Evolution of the Regions\nCertainly, the division of the city according to the revised civil and ecclesiastical regions appears to have fallen out of use in the confusion of the 10th century. Local variations seem to have sprung up that were adopted, used and then discarded as the years progressed. It has been conjectured that the sack of Rome by Robert Guiscard in 1084 caused a displacement of the population which probably made a revision of the regions necessary. The district from the Lateran Palace to the Colosseum was engulfed and ruined by fire, and the Caelian and Aventine hills were gradually abandoned. The number of regions needed for the south and south-east of the city became smaller, while there emerged a greater need for the organization of the rapidly growing districts to the north-west and along the Tiber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0004-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century\nDuring the Tenth Century, it appears that there were only 12 regions in use, and their names, locations and boundary divisions bear very little relationship to the subsequent revisions of the regions. Their locations within the city of Rome are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 97], "content_span": [98, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0005-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century\n\u2022 The first region was called the Horrea, named after the granaries located within it. At that time it included all the Aventine Hill and it stretched across the Marmorata and the Ripa Graeca, butting up against the banks of the Tiber River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 97], "content_span": [98, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0006-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century\n\u2022 The second region included the Caelian Hill, a section of the Palatine Hill, and stretched southward to the foot of the Aventine Hill. It incorporated the areas around Santi Quattro Coronati, the Aqua Claudia (between the Caelian and Palatine hills), the Circus Maximus, the Septizodium and the Porta Metronia. Both of these regions were merged during the twelfth century to form Ripe et Marmorate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 97], "content_span": [98, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0007-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century\n\u2022 The third region largely corresponded to the old 5th Augustan Region (Esquiliae). It contained Porta Maggiore, Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, the modern Via Merulana, the Arch of Pietas and the Porta Tiburtina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 97], "content_span": [98, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0008-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century\n\u2022 The fourth region contained the church of Sant\u2019Agata and most likely the Quirinal and Viminal hills. It also contained the Suburra and the Baths of Diocletian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 97], "content_span": [98, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0009-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century\n\u2022 The fifth region contained the part of the Campus Martius which housed the Mausoleum of Augustus, the Column of Marcus Aurelius, the Via Lata and the church of San Silvestro in Capite. It probably also contained the Porta Pinciana and the modern Porta del Popolo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 97], "content_span": [98, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0010-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century\n\u2022 The sixth region, called Biveretica, presumably named after the monastery of Saint Andrew known as Sant'Andrea de Biveretica, which was situated between the Santi Apostoli and the Column of Trajan, meaning it included at least part of the old Augustan seventh region, the Via Lata. This region included the church of Santa Maria in Trivio, so it was probably centered near the main output for the Aqua Virgo aqueduct, which is supported by the name of the region, a corruption of the Latin Bibere (to drink). This region was absorbed into the subsequent region of Trivii et Vie Late.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 97], "content_span": [98, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0011-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century\n\u2022 The seventh region contained the area around the Column and Forum of Trajan, and a part of the Suburra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 97], "content_span": [98, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0012-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century\n\u2022 The eighth region was called Sub Capitolio, and it contained the area of the Roman Forum and the Colosseum, so this region corresponded to the old 8th Augustan region of Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 97], "content_span": [98, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0013-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century\n\u2022 The ninth region was given the label ad Scorticlarios, named after the tanners quarter which was situated next to the Baths of Nero. Apart from the Baths, this region also contained the church of Sant'Eustachio, Piazza Navona, the Pantheon and San Lorenzo in Lucina. It also included most of the Campus Martius. It broadly corresponded to the later medieval region of Campi Martis et S. Laurentii in Lucina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 97], "content_span": [98, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0014-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century\n\u2022 The tenth region was referred to as Regione Marcello (Region of Marcellus), meaning that this region was centered around the Theatre of Marcellus which had been part of the ninth region of Imperial Rome (the Circus Flaminius).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 97], "content_span": [98, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0015-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century\n\u2022 The eleventh region is not identified. Given the geographic spread of the other regions, it is most likely identical to the largely depopulated 1143 region of Arenule et Caccabariorum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 97], "content_span": [98, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0016-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century\n\u2022 The twelfth region was known as the Piscina Publica and was identical to the old Augustan region. It contained the Baths of Caracalla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 97], "content_span": [98, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0017-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143\nThe next major reform was after the revolution of 1143 and the establishment of the Commune of Rome, as the city was redivided into 14 regions. There was a minor adjustment made in the 13th century, bringing the total number down to thirteen, and it wasn\u2019t until 1586 that another region was created, once again bringing the total number up to fourteen, and Rome kept these administrative divisions intact until the 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0018-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143\nUnlike the Augustan regions of Rome, the medieval regions were not numbered, and few had any relationship to the ancient Roman divisions. They are numbered here merely for convenience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0019-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, I Montium et Biberatice\nBy the 12th century, the older 10th century region of Biveretica had its name changed to Montium et Biberatice, before simply becoming Montium at the close of the 14th century. This change of name reflected the fact that the Esquiline and the Viminal Hills, and parts of the Quirinal and the Caelian Hills belonged to this rione during the Middle Ages. Like many of the regions during the Middle Ages, the parts on top of the hills were abandoned, as the population sought to remain close to the Tiber River, and so only the part of the region that contained the easternmost part of the Campus Martius was inhabited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0020-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, I Montium et Biberatice\nBy 1143 this region also contained the Forum Romanum and the Colosseum, which was not a part of the older Montium et Biberatice. The Colosseum had at some point during the Middle Ages been fortified and for a time belonged to the area controlled by the Frangipani family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0021-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, I Montium et Biberatice\nIn the beginning of the 16th century this region included part of the district in the neighbourhood of Forum of Trajan, and by the 19th century, the region then referred to as Monti had a boundary which passed between Trajan's Forum and the Santi Apostoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0022-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, II Trivii et Vie Late\nA region that is believed took its name from absorbing part of the Via Lata, the old Seventh Region of Augustan Rome, while the Trivii described the three principal streets that led to the \"piazza dei Crociferi\", a square next to the modern Trevi square. The importance of this location in Medieval Rome is that it was the main output for the Aqua Virgo aqueduct, one of the few aqueducts which underwent frequent restoration works during the centuries. By its remaining active it enabled the region to survive well throughout the Middle Ages, although the change of its sources caused the water's properties (purity, taste, etc.) to become much worse than the original one, which was only restored during alteration works in 1562.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 83], "content_span": [84, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0023-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, II Trivii et Vie Late\nDuring the Middle Ages, the higher reaches of the region (which included part of the Quirinal Hill) were abandoned, as the people chose to inhabit the parts of the region closer to the Tiber River, and during the 9th century, this region was the aristocratic quarter of Rome. Its name was transformed in modern times to become the region of Trevi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 83], "content_span": [84, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0024-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, III Columpne et S. Marie in Aquiro\nThis region included parts of the city situated around its most prominent features, the Column of Marcus Aurelius, or Antonine Column (late 2nd century), now standing in Piazza Colonna and the Church of Santa Maria in Aquiro. It also contains the remains of the Temple of Hadrian, with its eleven columns also contributing to the name of the region. A prominent feature during the Middle Ages was the Mons Acceptorius, a small artificial embankment created by the pre-Roman inhabitants in order to drive stilts into the swampy ground, and build dry huts for housing. Prior to the 16th century, the region was never densely populated. It now forms part of the modern rione of Colonna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 96], "content_span": [97, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0025-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, IV Campi Martis et S. Laurentii in Lucina\nIncluded the parts of Rome around the Campo Marzio and San Lorenzo in Lucina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 103], "content_span": [104, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0026-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, V Pontis et Scorteclariorum\nIncluded the parts of Rome around Ponte. Unlike its modern counterpart, it included the area across the Tiber spanned by the Ponte Sant'Angelo. This bridge was built by Emperor Hadrian (and originally named after him Pons Aelius) in 134 to connect his mausoleum to the rest of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 89], "content_span": [90, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0027-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, V Pontis et Scorteclariorum\nIn ancient Rome, the area belonged to the IX Augustan region called Circus Flaminius, that was a part of the Campus Martius. Nero built another bridge, that was called Neronianus or triumphalis because the Via Triumphalis, the Triumphal Way, passed over it: Starting with Titus, the victorious Emperors celebrating their Triumphs entered Rome marching through it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 89], "content_span": [90, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0028-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, V Pontis et Scorteclariorum\nNero's bridge was also called Pons Vaticanus (meaning \"Vatican Bridge\" in Latin), because it connected the Ager Vaticanus to the left bank, later Pons ruptus (\"broken bridge\"), because it was already broken in the Middle Ages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 89], "content_span": [90, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0029-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, V Pontis et Scorteclariorum\nPope Sixtus V eventually changed the rione limits so that the Ponte Sant'Angelo belonged to Borgo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 89], "content_span": [90, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0030-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, VI S. Eustachii et Vinea Teudemarii\nIncluded the parts of Rome around the church of Sant'Eustachio and forms part of the modern rione of Sant'Eustachio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 97], "content_span": [98, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0031-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, VII Arenule et Caccabariorum\nThe name of the region stemmed from Arenula, (the name is present in the modern Via Arenula) that was the name given to the soft sand (rena in Italian) that the river Tiber left after the floods, and that built strands on the left bank. It included parts of the city around Regola.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 90], "content_span": [91, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0032-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, VII Arenule et Caccabariorum\nIn Augustan Rome, the medieval region straddled both the Campus Martius and the IX region called Circus Flaminius. Here there was the Trigarium, the stadium where the riders of the triga (a cart with three horses) used to train. During the early Middle Ages, it belonged to the 4th of the seven ecclesiastic regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 90], "content_span": [91, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0033-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, VII Arenule et Caccabariorum\nThe region was not widely inhabited due to the frequent flooding of the river Tiber, causing the whole area to be extremely unhealthy, especially during summer. It was only drained at the end of the Middle Ages, after which it was reclaimed by the city and reinhabited once again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 90], "content_span": [91, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0034-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, VIII Parionis et S. Laurentii in Damaso\nDuring Antiquity, it belonged to the 9th Augustan region called Circo Flaminio. In this area Pompey built his curia, while Domitian built his stadium and an Odeon (Odeum in Latin), for musical and poetic competitions. During the early Middle Ages it included parts of the city around San Lorenzo in Damaso. From 1200 the population kept on increasing until the 15th century, when it increased in importance due to the paving of Campo de' Fiori, so that it soon became an important economic center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 101], "content_span": [102, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0035-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, VIII Parionis et S. Laurentii in Damaso\nUnder Sixtus IV (1471\u20131484) the rione lost much of its chaotic look, typical of the Middle Ages, for a cleaner and tidier one, in keeping with the changes brought about by the Renaissance. It saw the recovery of buildings, the enlargement of streets, and the rebuilding of the ancient Pons Aurelius into a new bridge, the \"Ponte Sisto\" connecting Trastevere and Parione. This activity improved the quality of the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 101], "content_span": [102, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0036-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, VIII Parionis et S. Laurentii in Damaso\nThanks to this renewal, urbanization increased between the 1400 and 1500. In the same period, several artists were asked to renew the front of the most important of the buildings in the region. In 1500, most of the commercial activity slowly moved from Campo de' Fiori to Piazza Navona, due to the fact that it had more space for trading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 101], "content_span": [102, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0037-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, VIII Parionis et S. Laurentii in Damaso\nToday it is part of the modern rione of Parione.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 101], "content_span": [102, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0038-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, IX Pinee et S. Marci\nAt the beginning of the 10th century, this region was referred to as Pina before transforming into Pinee et S. Marci by the 12th century, and finally into Pigna by the 16th century. For many centuries this region has been reckoned as the ninth region, certainly parts of it, such as the Pantheon were included in the ninth region of Augustan Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0039-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, IX Pinee et S. Marci\nFrom at least the 16th century, and possibly much earlier, this region has been centered on the Basilica of San Marco, Santa Maria sopra Minerva and the Pantheon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0040-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, X S. Angeli in Foro Piscium\nReferred to as Regione Marcello in the tenth century, by the 12th century, its name had changed to indicate that it included parts of the city around the fish market, which had moved from the Forum Piscarium, located near the Forum Romanum, into the ruins of the Porticus Octaviae, though it still included the Theatre of Marcellus, which now housed the shops of smiths and coppersmiths inside the arcades of the theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 89], "content_span": [90, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0041-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, X S. Angeli in Foro Piscium\nIt also included the most important church of the rione, Sant'Angelo in Foro Piscium (\"St. Angel in the Fish Market\"). This church, erected in 770 inside the Propylea of the Portico of Octavia, had a great historical importance during the Middle Ages. From here, on the Whitsunday of 1347, the Romans, led by Cola di Rienzo, launched the assault on the Capitol, attempting to restore the Roman Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 89], "content_span": [90, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0042-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, X S. Angeli in Foro Piscium\nThis region now forms part of the region of Sant'Angelo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 89], "content_span": [90, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0043-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, XI Ripe et Marmorate\nIncludes part of the city that bounded on the east bank of the old Port of Rome, the Ripa Grande (\"Great Bank\"), it was constructed after the Second Punic War, and was only abandoned in the 19th century. The area of the Marmorate referred to the river bank south of the Aventine Hill where, since the imperial age, rough blocks of different kinds of marble (marmora), shipped to Rome from the East, were stored in a large deposit area, called the emporium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0044-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, XI Ripe et Marmorate\nDuring the period of the high empire, a number of rich mansions stood here but they were mostly destroyed during the barbarian invasions of the 5th century, resulting in the area being almost completely abandoned, with the exception of a few convents on the heights of the Aventine Hill, located on a safer spot. The district became again inhabited during the Renaissance, when sometime during the 16th century the river port called Ripa Grande was made operational once again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0045-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, XI Ripe et Marmorate\nDuring the 13th century, the section where the Arch of Janus is located was included by the Frangipani family in their fortified estate, which stretched over the Palatine Hill and included the remains of the small Frangipani Tower at the southern end of the Circus Maximus, which was also within this region. The area also had the headquarters of the Knights Templar in Rome from the 11th to the 13th centuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0046-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, XI Ripe et Marmorate\nThe region incorporated parts of today\u2019s Via Marmorata, and forms part of the modern rione of Ripa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0047-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, XII Campitelli et S. Adriani\nDuring the 10th century, this region was referred to as the Clivus Argentarii, and it contained the streets that now connect the Corso with the Forum Romanum (the old Via di Marforio). It includes parts of the city around the Piazza di Campitelli, near Santa Maria in Campitelli, and forms part of the modern rione of Campitelli. It also included the church of Sant'Adriano al Foro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 90], "content_span": [91, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0048-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, XIII  Trastevere\nOriginally a separate region in 1143 from the Tiber Island, these two regions were combined in the 13th century, bringing the total number of regions down to thirteen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 78], "content_span": [79, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010934-0049-0000", "contents": "14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, XIV Insula Tiberina\nThe Tiber Island. After its amalgamation with the region of Trastevere, Rome did not get a fourteenth region until 1586 when Sixtus V added the old Leonine City, considered until then outside the city,  as a new administrative division, under the name of Borgo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010935-0000-0000", "contents": "14+ (film)\n14+ is a 2015 Russian coming-of-age romantic film produced by the Cinema Foundation of Russia. It was first shown at  the 2015 Berlin International Film Festival. It is about a teenage boy feeling infatuation for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010936-0000-0000", "contents": "14, rue de Galais\n14, rue de Galais (English: 14 Galais Road) is a Canadian television series which ran from 1954 until 1957. Guggenheim Fellow and Montyon Prize winner Andr\u00e9 Giroux was credited with being a writer for the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010936-0001-0000", "contents": "14, rue de Galais\nThe series is about the Delisles, a middle class Montreal family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010937-0000-0000", "contents": "14,000 Things to Be Happy About\n14,000 Things to Be Happy About is a book by Barbara Ann Kipfer. Illustrated by Pierre Le-Tan. It was published in 1990 by Workman Publishing. The book is a list of about 14,000 random and sometimes abstract items, apparently compiled by the author over the course of 20 years. More than one million copies have been sold. It was ranked 11th on the 1990 paperback bestseller list. A revised version with 1,500 new entries was published in 2007. The 25th anniversary edition, revised and with 4,000 new entries was published in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010938-0000-0000", "contents": "14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point\n14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point is a heritage-listed stone cottage located at 14-16 Merriman Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1837 to c.\u20091840. It is also known as Stone Cottage & Wall. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010938-0001-0000", "contents": "14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point, History\nMillers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. Merriman Street contains a substantial collection of Georgian style houses and terraces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010938-0002-0000", "contents": "14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point, History\nMillers Point took its name in the early days of the colony from \"Jack the Miller\", who built his windmills there, while Lieut. Dawes established his observatory on the point. This precinct, positioned between Barangaroo, Observatory Hill and the Sydney Harbour Bridge, contains a variety of architectural styles from early Georgian houses and tiny workmen's cottages, to the grander 19th century Victorian terraces. With much of the area given over to public housing in the 20th century, recent changes in ownership are again breathing life into these early buildings, although the need to ensure any renovation is done sensitively remains imperative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010938-0003-0000", "contents": "14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point, History\nThis cottage was built c.\u20091840, first tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1986. Important local history item, possibly residence for the supervisor of the A.A. Co. wharf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010938-0004-0000", "contents": "14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point, Description\nGeorgian, two bedroom, stone cottage, single storey with gable ends. Corrugated iron verandah with timber posts. Storeys: One; Construction: Painted stone, face to gable ends. Corrugated galvanised iron roof. Painted timber joinery. Style: Georgian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010938-0005-0000", "contents": "14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point, Description\nSmall, 1837 working man's cottage on the level crest of the sandstone cliff that forms its foundation on the site where Barangaroo meets Millers Point. Cr Clive Lucas, the principal of Clive Lucas, Stapleton & Partners, was commissioned to conserve the by-then severely dilapidated cottage and create an imaginative and comfortable home for modern living, which respects and retains elements of its early life as a blacksmith's cottage and workplace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010938-0006-0000", "contents": "14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nAs at 23 November 2000, 14-16 Merriman Street contains housing groups of the utmost historical importance. This stone cottage was possibly a residence for the supervisor of the A. A. Co. wharf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010938-0007-0000", "contents": "14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nIt is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of C19th adaptation of the landscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010938-0008-0000", "contents": "14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\n14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010938-0009-0000", "contents": "14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 840 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010939-0000-0000", "contents": "14-18\n14-18 (also known as Over There, 1914-18) is a 1963 French documentary film about World War I, directed by Jean Aurel. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010940-0000-0000", "contents": "14-18, the musical\n14-18, the musical is a Flemish musical about the First World War with the music of Dirk Bross\u00e9. The original production by Gert Verhulst and Hans Bourlon opened in April 2014 at the Nekkerhal in Mechelen, directed by Frank Van Laecke and produced by Studio 100. The show closed on November 11, 2014, after being seen by more than 320,000 visitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010940-0001-0000", "contents": "14-18, the musical\nThe show is about a group of Flemish friends at the outbreak of World War I, as the war drags on longer than anyone expected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010940-0002-0000", "contents": "14-18, the musical, History, Development\nOn June 24, 2011, Studio 100 announced that the creative team of Daens was brought together to create a new spectacle about the First World War. On October 30, 2013 Studio 100 announced that there would be English language shows with an alternate cast. On April 15, 2014, it was announced that 117,000 tickets were sold. On June 12, 2014, Studio 100 announced that more than 200,000 tickets were sold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010940-0003-0000", "contents": "14-18, the musical, History, Platform\nThe musical played in the Nekkerhal in Mechelen. In this gigantic hall, it was possible to build a mobile platform so the audience could ride for 150 meters on a set that had a surface area of 2 football fields. The platform weighed 135 tons (exclulding the audience), rode over 350 wheels, and was 55 meters long and 22 meters wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010940-0004-0000", "contents": "14-18, the musical, History, Scenery\nThere were 11 gigantic setpieces (including 6 houses and a large tree) that moved using laser-guided technology. The cast consisted of 9 main actors, 23 ensemble members, 45 extras, 16 children and 6 horse riders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010940-0005-0000", "contents": "14-18, the musical, Story\nIn 1914, Germany wants to attack France via Belgium. Belgium refuses and becomes involved in World War I. Jan, Kamiel, Albert and Fons are friends who have to fight to defend their country. But all of them want to be somewhere else: Jan wants to go home to his wife, who is pregnant with his son, Kamiel hates violence and does everything to escape it, Albert wants to return to his sweethearts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010940-0006-0000", "contents": "14-18, the musical, Cast\nThe role of the general was alternated from September 5, 2014 between Jo De Meyere and Mike Verdrengh. On September 17, 2014, Maaike Cafmeyer was replaced by Marie Vinck. On October 1, Bert Verbeke, who took on the role of Albert, was replaced by James Cooke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010941-0000-0000", "contents": "14-22 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point\n14-22 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point is a heritage-listed residence located at 14-22 Trinity Avenue, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010941-0001-0000", "contents": "14-22 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point, History\nMillers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. This group of terrace houses was built late in the 1880s, as the long boom was nearing its end. First tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010941-0002-0000", "contents": "14-22 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point, Description\nTwo storey late Victorian terrace with two bedrooms. Two-storey timber balcony with iron lace balustrading. French doors to upper storey balcony, sloping sill to ground floor window. False windows with shutters to upper storey. Storeys: Two Construction: Painted brick walls stone base, corrugated galvanised iron roof. Painted timber joinery. Style: Victorian Filigree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010941-0003-0000", "contents": "14-22 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nAs at 18 May 2017, this 1880s terrace house represents a significant streetscape element.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010941-0004-0000", "contents": "14-22 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nIt is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of C19th adaptation of the landscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010941-0005-0000", "contents": "14-22 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nTerrace was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010941-0006-0000", "contents": "14-22 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 911 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010942-0000-0000", "contents": "14-3-3 protein\n14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved regulatory molecules that are expressed in all eukaryotic cells. 14-3-3 proteins have the ability to bind a multitude of functionally diverse signaling proteins, including kinases, phosphatases, and transmembrane receptors. More than 200 signaling proteins have been reported as 14-3-3 ligands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010942-0001-0000", "contents": "14-3-3 protein\nElevated amounts of 14-3-3 proteins in cerebrospinal fluid may be a sign of Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010942-0002-0000", "contents": "14-3-3 protein, Properties\nThere are seven genes that encode seven distinct 14-3-3 proteins in most mammals (See Human genes below) and 13-15 genes in many higher plants, though typically in fungi they are present only in pairs. Protists have at least one. Eukaryotes can tolerate the loss of a single 14-3-3 gene if multiple genes are expressed, however deletion of all 14-3-3s (as experimentally determined in yeast) results in death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010942-0003-0000", "contents": "14-3-3 protein, Properties\n14-3-3 proteins are structurally similar to the Tetratrico Peptide Repeat (TPR) superfamily, which generally have 9 or 10 alpha helices, and usually form homo- and/or hetero-dimer interactions along their amino-termini helices. These proteins contain a number of known common modification domains, including regions for divalent cation interaction, phosphorylation & acetylation, and proteolytic cleavage, among others established and predicted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010942-0004-0000", "contents": "14-3-3 protein, Properties\n14-3-3 binds to peptides. There are common recognition motifs for 14-3-3 proteins that contain a phosphorylated serine or threonine residue, although binding to non-phosphorylated ligands has also been reported. This interaction occurs along a so-called binding groove or cleft that is amphipathic in nature. To date, the crystal structures of six classes of these proteins have been resolved and deposited in the public domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010942-0005-0000", "contents": "14-3-3 protein, Properties\nThe motif sites are way more diverse than the patterns here suggest. For an example with a modern recognizer using an artificial neural network, see the cited article.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010942-0006-0000", "contents": "14-3-3 protein, Properties, Discovery and naming\n14-3-3 proteins were initially found in brain tissue in 1967 and purified using chromatography and gel electrophoresis. In bovine brain samples, 14-3-3 proteins were located in the 14th fraction eluting from a DEAE-cellulose column and in position 3.3 on a starch electrophoresis gel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010942-0007-0000", "contents": "14-3-3 protein, Properties, Function\n14-3-3 proteins play an isoform-specific role in class switch recombination. They are believed to interact with the protein Activation-Induced (Cytidine) Deaminase in mediating class switch recombination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010942-0008-0000", "contents": "14-3-3 protein, Properties, Function\nPhosphorylation of Cdc25C by CDS1 and CHEK1 creates a binding site for the 14-3-3 family of phosphoserine binding proteins. Binding of 14-3-3 has little effect on Cdc25C activity, and it is believed that 14-3-3 regulates Cdc25C by sequestering it to the cytoplasm, thereby preventing the interactions with CycB-Cdk1 that are localized to the nucleus at the G2/M transition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010942-0009-0000", "contents": "14-3-3 protein, Properties, Function\nThe eta isoform is reported to be a biomarker (in synovial fluid) for rheumatoid arthritis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010942-0010-0000", "contents": "14-3-3 protein, Human genes\nThe 14-3-3 proteins alpha and delta (YWHAA and YWHAD) are phosphorylated forms of YWHAB and YWHAZ, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010942-0011-0000", "contents": "14-3-3 protein, In plants\nPresence of large gene families of 14-3-3 proteins in the Viridiplantae kingdom reflects their essential role in plant physiology. A phylogenetic analysis of 27 plant species clustered the 14-3-3 proteins into four groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010942-0012-0000", "contents": "14-3-3 protein, In plants\n14-3-3 proteins activate the auto-inhibited plasma membrane P-type H+ ATPases. They bind the ATPases' C-terminus at a conserved threonine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010943-0000-0000", "contents": "14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone\n14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone is the most potent example in a series of opiate analgesic drugs discovered in the 1960s, with > \u00d7100 times the potency of morphine. It is a derivative of hydroxycodeinone, being the 14-cinnamate ester. In another paper, Buckett assigns the potency as 177 with a range (depending on animal and test) of  \u00d7101 - \u00d7310. It may be of interest to researchers that the allyl group in this compound and in allylprodine overlay very closely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010944-0000-0000", "contents": "14-Ethoxymetopon\n14-Ethoxymetopon is an opioid analog that is a derivative of metopon which has been substituted with an ethoxy group at the 14-position. It is a highly potent analgesic drug several hundred times more potent than morphine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010945-0000-0000", "contents": "14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine\n14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine (RAM-318) is an opiate analgesic drug, which is also an active metabolite of oxycodone and hydromorphinol. 14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine is not currently marketed in any developed country, but has been of interest to pharmaceutical companies looking for new analgesics and antitussives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010946-0000-0000", "contents": "14-Methoxydihydromorphinone\n14-Methoxydihydromorphinone is a semi-synthetic opioid related to 14-methoxymetopon (14-MM), an opioid with a Ki of 0.15 nM, and 14-O-methyloxymorphone (14-OMO) with a Ki of 0.10 nM. By contrast, oxymorphone has a Ki of 0.97 nM and morphine one of 6.55 nM (all at mu receptors). This suggests that both 14-OMO and 14-MM have a higher mu/kappa selectivity than oxymorphone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010947-0000-0000", "contents": "14-Methoxymetopon\n14-Methoxymetopon is an experimental opioid drug developed by a team led by Professor Helmut Schmidhammer at the University of Insbruck in the mid 1990s. It is a derivative of metopon in which a methoxy group has been inserted at the 14-position. It is a highly potent analgesic drug that is around 500 times stronger than morphine when administered systemically; however, when given spinally or supraspinally, it exhibits analgesic activity up to a million fold greater than morphine. It binds strongly to the \u03bc-opioid receptor and activates it to a greater extent than most similar opioid drugs. This produces an unusual pharmacological profile, and although 14-methoxymetopon acts as a potent \u03bc-opioid full agonist in regard to some effects such as analgesia, a ceiling effect is seen on other effects such as constipation and respiratory depression which is believed to involve interaction with the \u03ba-opioid receptor", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 938]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010948-0000-0000", "contents": "14-Norpseurotin A\n14-Norpseurotin A is an alkaloid and a bio-active metabolite of Aspergillus, featuring an oxa-spiro-lactam core.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010949-0000-0000", "contents": "14-Phenylpropoxymetopon\n14-Phenylpropoxymetopon (PPOM) is an opiate analogue that is a derivative of metopon which has been substituted with a \u03b3-phenylpropoxy group at the 14-position. PPOM is a highly potent analgesic drug several thousand times stronger than morphine, with an even higher in vivo potency than etorphine. The 14-phenylpropoxy substitution appears to confer potent \u03bc-opioid agonist activity, even when combined with substitutions such as N-cyclopropyl or N-allyl, which normally result in \u03bc-opioid antagonist compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010949-0001-0000", "contents": "14-Phenylpropoxymetopon\nIt has never been used in humans, but would be expected to produce effects similar to those of other potent opioid agonists, including strong analgesia, sedation, euphoria, constipation, itching and respiratory depression which could be harmful or fatal. Tolerance and dependence would be expected to develop rapidly based on the potency of the drug, as it is of a similar strength to the most potent of fentanyl analogues and so would most likely cause pronounced tachyphylaxis following repeated dosing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010950-0000-0000", "contents": "14-X\nThe 14-X is a Brazilian hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV) under development by the Aerothermodynamics and Hypersonics Laboratory Henry T. Nagamatsu of the Institute for Advanced Studies (IEAv) and the Brazilian Air Force, equipped with three liquid hydrogen powered scramjet engines, launched by a VSB-30 rocket, reaching 100,000 feet of altitude and a maximum speed of Mach 10. The name is a reference to the 14-bis, of the Brazilian inventor and aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010950-0001-0000", "contents": "14-X\nThe 14-X is expected to make its first qualification test flight from Alc\u00e2ntara Space Center in 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010950-0002-0000", "contents": "14-X, History\nThe project was conceived in 2007, when the engineer-captain of the Brazilian Air Force, Tiago Cavalcanti Rolim started a master's degree at the Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aeron\u00e1utica (ITA) and was approved with a thesis on the waverider configuration. The development of the project started with an experimental model by the Institute for Advanced Studies in the same year. Testing of the hypersonic engine started in October 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010950-0003-0000", "contents": "14-X, Rocket\nThe 14-X use as launcher the VSB-30, a sub-orbital sounding rocket developed in early 2000s by the Brazilian defence company Avibras, which replaced the Skylark rocket in the Brazilian space program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010950-0004-0000", "contents": "14-X, Purpose\nThe technology is considered  by Brazil as one of the most efficient means of accessing space in the near future, and could be used to place satellites in orbit and make suborbital flights. It can also be used in other areas such as the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles or in civil aviation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010951-0000-0000", "contents": "14-inch M1920 railway gun\nThe 14-inch M1920 railway gun was the last model railway gun to be deployed by the United States Army. It was an upgrade of the US Navy 14\"/50 caliber railway gun. Only four were deployed; two in the Harbor Defenses of Los Angeles and two in the Panama Canal Zone, where they could be shifted between the harbor defenses of Cristobal (Atlantic) or Balboa (Pacific).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010951-0001-0000", "contents": "14-inch M1920 railway gun, History\nAfter the close of World War I, the US Army wanted to incorporate the lessons learned from other railway gun mounts and fulfill coastal artillery requirements for hitting a moving target. An effort to design a more universal mount for the Navy's Mk. IV 14\"/50 caliber gun was undertaken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010951-0002-0000", "contents": "14-inch M1920 railway gun, History\nThe primary difference from the earlier Navy versions lies in the M1920 carriage, which could be raised and lowered. Prepositioned fixed mounts were installed at the forts, and the gun's rail trucks could be taken out from under the frame. After the removal of the rail trucks, the gun was lowered and bolted onto a pivot point for rapid 360 degree movement, necessary for tracking ships in coast defense. The M1920 carriage made the gun much more flexible. It allowed for the standard practice of using a curved piece of rail to traverse the gun, and it enabled the gun to be used in a fixed position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010951-0003-0000", "contents": "14-inch M1920 railway gun, History\nTwo guns were deployed to Fort MacArthur in the Harbor Defenses of Los Angeles, with firing platforms at Fort MacArthur and Long Beach. The remaining two guns were deployed to Fort Grant and Fort Randolph in the Panama Canal Zone. The two guns deployed to the Panama Canal Zone could be moved to either coast on the Panama Canal Railway. After World War Two ended, the threat of a massive war was over and the United States scrapped these weapons as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010951-0004-0000", "contents": "14-inch M1920 railway gun, Fate\nAll four guns were cut up for scrap in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010952-0000-0000", "contents": "14-inch gun M1907\nThe 14-inch Gun M1907 (356\u00a0mm) and its variants the M1907MI, M1909, and M1910 were large coastal artillery pieces installed to defend major American seaports between 1895 and 1945. They were operated by the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps. Most were installed on single gun disappearing carriages; the only installation with four guns in twin turrets was built at the unique Fort Drum in Manila Bay, Philippines. All of the weapons not in the Philippines were scrapped during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010952-0001-0000", "contents": "14-inch gun M1907, History\nIn 1885, William C. Endicott, President Grover Cleveland's Secretary of War, was tasked with creating the Board of Fortifications to review seacoast defenses. The findings of the board illustrated a grim picture of existing defenses in its 1886 report and recommended a massive $127 million construction program of breech-loading guns, mortars, floating batteries, and submarine (underwater) minefields for some 29 locations on the US coastline. Most of the Board's recommendations were implemented. Coast Artillery fortifications built between 1885 and 1905 are often referred to as Endicott period fortifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010952-0002-0000", "contents": "14-inch gun M1907, History\nAfter the Spanish\u2013American War, the government wanted to protect American seaports in the event of war, and also protect newly gained territory, such as the Philippines and Cuba, from enemy attack. A new Board of Fortifications, under President Theodore Roosevelt's Secretary of War William Taft, was convened in 1905. Taft recommended technical changes, such as more searchlights, electrification, and in some cases less guns in particular fortifications. The seacoast forts were funded under the Spooner Act of 1902 and construction began within a few years and lasted into the 1920s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010952-0002-0001", "contents": "14-inch gun M1907, History\nThe defenses of the Philippines on islands in Manila Bay were built under this program. 14-inch guns were emplaced in the harbor defenses of Los Angeles, the Panama Canal, Honolulu, Hawaii, and Manila Bay, Philippines, all constructed under the Taft program. Except for Fort Drum, the guns were on disappearing carriages; when the gun was fired, it dropped behind a concrete and/or earthen wall for protection from counter-battery fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010952-0003-0000", "contents": "14-inch gun M1907, History, 14-inch gun M1907 and M1907MI\nThe M1907 was a wire-wound gun 34 calibers long. The M1907MI was a built-up gun (the usual US practice) of the same length. Twelve were deployed, all on M1907 disappearing carriages. Four were in Hawaii and eight were in the Panama Canal Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010952-0004-0000", "contents": "14-inch gun M1907, History, 14-inch gun M1909\nThe M1909 was a wire-wound gun 40 calibers long designed specifically for the turrets of Fort Drum on El Fraile Island in Manila Bay, Philippines. An unusual design feature was that it was made without trunnions. The turrets were made by Newport News Shipbuilding. Fort Drum was built by razing the small island down to the water and building a massive concrete fort on it. The fort had four 14-inch M1909 guns in two twin M1909 turrets, with four 6-inch M1908 guns in casemates on the sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010952-0004-0001", "contents": "14-inch gun M1907, History, 14-inch gun M1909\nDespite holding out against Japanese bombardment, the fort was surrendered after destroying the guns along with Corregidor on 6 May 1942. It was recaptured in April 1945 by Company F of the 2nd Battalion, 151st Infantry Regiment, 38th Infantry Division, and a detachment of the 113th Engineer Combat Battalion of the same division. The engineers lowered a 500-pound TNT charge into the structure with a 30-minute time fuze. They then pumped in 3400 gallons of fuel consisting of 75% diesel and 25% gasoline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010952-0005-0000", "contents": "14-inch gun M1907, History, 14-inch gun M1910\nThe M1910 was a wire-wound gun 40 calibers long. Eight were deployed, all on M1907 disappearing carriages. Locations included Fort Frank and Fort Hughes in Manila Bay (2 guns each) as well as Fort MacArthur, San Pedro, Los Angeles, CA (4 guns).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010952-0006-0000", "contents": "14-inch gun M1907, History, World War II\nAlong with other coast artillery weapons, the 14-inch guns in the Philippines saw action in the Japanese invasion in World War II. Since they were positioned against a naval attack, they were poorly sited to engage the Japanese. Except for Fort Drum's turrets, whose guns were in action until the surrender, the open mountings were vulnerable to air and high-angle artillery attack; their only protection was camouflage nets. Destruction procedures were executed on all the guns prior to the surrender of US forces on 6 May 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010952-0007-0000", "contents": "14-inch gun M1907, History, World War II\nIn 1940\u201344, 16-inch gun batteries were constructed at most harbor defenses, and all 14-inch guns not in the Philippines were scrapped in 1943\u201344.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010952-0008-0000", "contents": "14-inch gun M1907, Surviving examples\nSix 14-inch guns of this type remain in the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010952-0009-0000", "contents": "14-inch gun M1907, Surviving examples\n1. Two 14-inch Guns M1909 (#4 & #3 Watervliet) in one Turret M1909 (#1 Newport News), Battery John M. Wilson, Fort Drum, El Fraile Island, Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010952-0010-0000", "contents": "14-inch gun M1907, Surviving examples\n2. Two 14-inch Guns M1909 (#2 & #1 Watervliet) in one Turret M1909 (#2 Newport News), Battery William L. Marshall, Fort Drum, El Fraile Island, Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010952-0011-0000", "contents": "14-inch gun M1907, Surviving examples\n3. One 14-inch Gun M1910 (#15 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriage M1907MI (#20 Watervliet), Battery Gillespie, Fort Hughes, Caballo Island, Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010952-0012-0000", "contents": "14-inch gun M1907, Surviving examples\n4. One 14-inch Gun M1910 (#8 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriage M1907MI (#17 Watervliet), Battery Woodruff, Fort Hughes, Caballo Island, Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010953-0000-0000", "contents": "14-inch/45-caliber gun\nThe 14\"/45 caliber gun, (spoken \"fourteen-inch-forty-five-caliber\"), whose variations were known initially as the Mark 1, 2, 3, and 5, and, when upgraded in the 1930s, were redesignated as the Mark 8, 9, 10, and 12. They were the first 14-inch (356\u00a0mm) guns to be employed with the United States Navy. The 14-inch/45 caliber guns were installed as the primary armament aboard all of the United States Navy's New York-class, Nevada-class, and Pennsylvania-class battleships. The gun also saw service in the British Royal Navy, where it was designated the BL 14 inch gun Mk II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010953-0001-0000", "contents": "14-inch/45-caliber gun, History\nThe design of the 14-inch/45 caliber dates to about 1910. They entered service in 1914 aboard Texas and her sister ship New York shortly after. At the time of their introduction they were intended to fire 1,400\u00a0lb (640\u00a0kg) armor-piercing (AP) projectiles containing a bursting charge of explosive D. Propellant charge was four silk bags of smokeless powder, each of which weighed 105\u00a0lb (48\u00a0kg). At a 15-degree angle, the guns could fire a shell out to 23,000\u00a0yd (21,000\u00a0m). Each individual gun weighed 142,492\u00a0lb (64,633\u00a0kg) with the breech and measured 53\u00a0ft 6.5\u00a0in (16.32\u00a0m) in length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010953-0002-0000", "contents": "14-inch/45-caliber gun, History\nEach of the original Mark 1 built-up guns consisted of a tube without liner, jacket, eight hoops and a screw box liner. To compensate for the problem of gun drooping, four hoop-locking rings were added to the guns. The Mark 3 added three hoop locking rings and contained a longer slide, while the Mark 5 had five hoops total. Owing to the interchangeability of the guns, the battleships fitted with the 14-inch/45 caliber guns often had guns of various Marks installed on each turret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010953-0003-0000", "contents": "14-inch/45-caliber gun, History\nIn the 1930s, the Mark 1, 2, 3, and 5 were upgraded to allow for increased charges and muzzle velocities, resulting in the Mark 8, 9, 10, and 12, respectively. All guns employed a Welin breech block and used a Smith-Asbury mechanism, and, in the case of the Mark 12, chromium plating was introduced to prolong barrel life. These improvements enabled the guns to fire heavier 1,500\u00a0lb (680\u00a0kg) shells, and increasing the gun mount elevation to 30 degrees extended the range of the guns to 36,000\u00a0yd (33,000\u00a0m). The New York-class did not have their turrets modernized because their shell hoists could not accommodate the longer AP and HC shells; instead, a shorter version of shells with windshields were produced for them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010953-0004-0000", "contents": "14-inch/45-caliber gun, Naval action, United States Navy\nThe guns on the two battleships of the New York-class, New York and Texas, the first ship of the Nevada-class, Nevada and the first ship of the Pennsylvania-class, Pennsylvania, saw service in World War II in the role of shore bombardment. New York bombarded North Africa during landings in 1942, Pennsylvania took part in the Aleutian Islands Campaign and Texas and Nevada shelled Normandy during Operation Overlord in 1944. Throughout 1944 and 1945, Pennsylvania hit many different Pacific islands during their invasions, while New York, Texas and Nevada all took part in the invasion of Iwo Jima and the invasion of Okinawa in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010953-0005-0000", "contents": "14-inch/45-caliber gun, Naval action, United States Navy\nDue to the attack on Pearl Harbor, both Oklahoma and Arizona never fired their main batteries in anger. However, three 14-inch/45 caliber guns formerly on Arizona and in the relining process at the time of Pearl Harbor were installed aboard Nevada in the fall of 1944 and were used in several shore bombardments in the Pacific. The aft turrets from Arizona (numbers 3 and 4) were moved to become United States Army Coast Artillery Corps Battery Arizona on the west coast of Oahu and Battery Pennsylvania on Mokapu Point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010953-0006-0000", "contents": "14-inch/45-caliber gun, Naval action, Royal Navy\nEight US Navy standard 14-inch/45 caliber guns, complete with mountings, built by Bethlehem Steel, were supplied to the United Kingdom in World War I. They were mounted on Abercrombie-class monitors under the British service designation BL 14\u00a0inch gun Mk II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010954-0000-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber gun\nThe 14\"/50 caliber gun was a naval gun mounted on New Mexico and Tennessee-class battleships. These ships also featured the first \"three-gun\" turrets, meaning that each gun in each turret could be \"individually sleeved\" to elevate separately (however, they could be linked so they would elevate as a unit, similar to the triple turrets on other Navy ships). The 14\"/50 caliber guns were designated as Mark 4 and 6, with later versions known as Mark 7, 11, and B. These guns were more powerful than the main gun mounted on the previous three classes of US battleships (the New York, Nevada and Pennsylvania classes), the 14\"/45 caliber gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010954-0001-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber gun, History\nThe 14-inch (356mm), 50 caliber gun was the weapon chosen as the main armament on the Lexington-class battlecruiser when they were originally designed, but it was later switched to the 16\"/50 caliber Mark 2 gun in a 1917 redesign. The ships were eventually canceled in 1922 after the Washington Naval Treaty was signed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010954-0002-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber gun, History\nThe 14\"/50 caliber gun was designed in 1916 and entered service in 1918 on the New Mexico-class battleships. The guns were capable of firing a 1,402 pounds (636\u00a0kg) armor-piercing (AP) projectile at an angle of 15 degrees, to a range of 24,000 yards (21,946\u00a0m). Each gun weighed approximately 179,614 pounds (81,472\u00a0kg), including the breech, and was 59.5 feet (18.1\u00a0m) long. The propellant charge used for the ammunition weighed 470 pounds (210\u00a0kg) and was contained in four bags.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010954-0003-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber gun, History\nEach Mark 4 built-up gun consisted of a tube, liner, and a screw box liner with a separate screwed-on flange. Three hoops and two locking rings were also included. The Mark 6 was slightly different in that it contained a single step taper liner and uniform twist rifling. Downward-opening Welin breech blocks and Smith-Asbury mechanisms were used on both Mark 4 and Mark 6 types. The Navy encountered dispersion problems at extreme ranges with these guns in the 1920s. Several methods were used to correct these problems, including correction of range tables for errors, addition delay coils, reduction of chamber volume, and improvement of shot seating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010954-0004-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber gun, History\nThe Mark 7 was designed in the 1930s and entered service in 1935. This gun included a smaller chamber, a shell-centering cone, a single-slope band seat, uniform rifling, and a tube locking ring. Mark 11 was introduced later, with chromium plating added to the bore. New Mexico- and Tennessee-class battleships were rearmed with 14\"/50 Mark 11 guns, with the Tennessee receiving the upgrade in 1942. The dispersion problems that existed with Marks 4 and 6 were corrected with these guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010954-0005-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber gun, History\nA newer version of the 14\"/50 caliber gun, Mark B, was designed in 1937. It was the original gun intended for use on the North Carolina-class battleships. Although it was simpler and lighter than the older versions, the Mark B was the most powerful 14\u00a0inch weapon ever designed by the United States. However, the prototype of this gun was not completed because the 14\u00a0inch treaty limit was rescinded in 1937 which allowed the new battleships to be armed with 16\u00a0inch guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010954-0006-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber gun, Naval action\nThe 14\"/50 caliber gun was installed on five battleships: New Mexico, Mississippi, Idaho, Tennessee, and California. Although both Tennessee and California were damaged during the attack on Pearl Harbor, both of these ships' guns, along with the other three, were used in the Second World War in shore bombardment duty. Mississippi, Tennessee, and California all participated in the last line battle to date: the Battle of Surigao Strait. As shore bombardment platforms, these five battleships participated in all phases of the war, such as the Aleutian Islands Campaign (Idaho, Tennessee), the Battle of Kwajalein (New Mexico, Mississippi, Idaho, Tennessee), and the Battle of Guam (New Mexico, Idaho, Tennessee, California).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010954-0007-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber gun, Railway artillery\nDuring World War I, five of the 14\"/50 caliber guns served as railway guns on the Western Front in France. Gun No. 119L2, a Mark 2 gun on a Mark 1 Railway Mount No. 148, is located at the US Navy Museum, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, DC. Gun No. 19, on an M1918 Railway Mount No. 9, built by the Marion Steam Shovel Company, is located at the US Army Ordnance School, Fort Lee, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010955-0000-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber railway gun\nThe 14\"/50 caliber railway guns were spare US Navy Mk 4 14 inch/50 caliber guns mounted on railway cars and operated by US Navy crews in France in the closing months of World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010955-0001-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Background\nIn 1917 the Allies were losing an artillery duel against heavy German guns along the Flanders coast in Belgium, and the important French Channel port of Dunkirk was being shelled by 38 cm German guns sited in Belgium at a range of over 24 miles (39\u00a0km). There was also a need for the Allies to bombard strategic targets in the German rear areas to hinder German capability to stage attacks. The largest Allied guns in the area were British 12-inch Mk X guns which were outranged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010955-0002-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount\nUpon its entry into the war, the US chose its largest and longest-ranged available naval gun to fill the gap\u2014the 14\"/50 caliber Mk 4 gun with a muzzle velocity of 2800 feet per second. The new 16-inch gun would have been preferable, but it was not yet available in numbers; spare 14-inch guns kept for the active fleet were used instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010955-0003-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount\nBaldwin Locomotive Works delivered five trains for the United States Navy during April and May 1918. Each train transported and supported a 14\"/50 caliber Mk 4 gun mounted on a rail carriage with four 6-wheel bogies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010955-0004-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Arrival in France\nThere was some doubt as to whether the Flanders coast and French Channel ports were now safe Allied ports, following the German spring offensive successes in March and April 1918 which brought those areas within German artillery and attack range. The guns were therefore diverted from the British zone in the north to further south, to the port of St. Nazaire, to avoid the risk of having such valuable assets captured or destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010955-0005-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Arrival in France\nEach battery composed of a locomotive, gun car, ammunition cars, supporting equipment cars, and accommodation cars for the crew was under the command of a United States Navy lieutenant, and under overall command of Rear Admiral Charles Peshall Plunkett. After delivery by ship, these trains were assembled in St. Nazaire in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010955-0006-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Operation\nBefore a gun arrived at a firing position, a curved length of track was laid at a position calculated suitable for firing at a specific target, and a pit 9 feet (2.7\u00a0m) deep, involving the removal of 103 cubic yards (79\u00a0m3) of earth was dug, between the rails into which the gun recoiled 44 inches (1.1\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010955-0006-0001", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Operation\nSupports were also embedded in this pit connected to the gun mounting, to transmit remaining recoil energy directly to the ground and avoid placing excessive vertical strain on the gun car (and, through it, the track) and prevent it from moving backwards. In fact, by late 1918 the French had already constructed many such curved spurs (\u00e9pis) for their own guns and hence the US guns were often able to re-use these.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010955-0007-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Operation\nThe gun car was positioned over the pit, the wheels were locked and the platform was locked into position with gun mount and car's weight shifted from the trucks (bogies) directly to the ground by jacks and lifting screws. The rails were removed from above the pit because the gun breech was too wide to pass between them. The gun could elevate up to 43\u00b0, which gave it a maximum range of 42,000 yards (23.8 miles/38.4\u00a0km), and could be traversed 2.5\u00b0 left and right of center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010955-0007-0001", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Operation\nAny greater change of direction required the gun to be moved forward or backward along its curved track and a new recoil pit dug. The gun used the standard naval gun mounting and recoil system, with the addition of a pneumatic system to assist the runout springs to return the gun to firing position after recoil at the higher maximum elevation of 43\u00b0 compared to maximum 30\u00b0 in naval use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010955-0008-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Operation\nA major disadvantage of the Mark I mount was that the weight was distributed forward, placing weight on the leading axles that was above the normally allowable weight for French railways, and also caused axle bearings to overheat at any speed over 5\u201310\u00a0mph. The armored enclosed gun house lacked ventilation and caused condensation to form, which promoted rusting. The necessity to excavate a recoil pit was also not acceptable as a long-term solution of recoil control. Hence the Mark I, while functioning as designed, was seen as only a compromise measure necessitated by wartime time constraints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010955-0009-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Combat service\nThe guns served to support General Pershing's army offensive in the Meuse-Argonne sector of the Western Front in France. They operated as single-gun batteries designated Battery 1 to Battery 5. Battery 2, commanded by Lieutenant (JG) E. D. Duckett, US Navy, had the distinction of being the first all-US gun (crew, gun, and ammunition) to fire in action on the Western Front. On 6 September 1918 they fired from the forest of Compiegne at the important German railway center of Tergnier in support of an Allied attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010955-0010-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Combat service\nThe guns were used to target key infrastructure deep behind the German lines, such as railway junctions and other lines of communication and concentration, typically only opening fire after an Allied attack had begun to avoid giving the Germans any warning of Allied intentions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010955-0011-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Combat service\nThey fired 782 shells on 25 separate active days on the Western Front at ranges between 27 and 36 kilometers. This equated to an average of 156 rounds per gun, which was approximately half the 300 rounds expected life of these guns before they would need refurbishment. The guns were only fired for specific strategic purposes to conserve barrel life, with smaller guns being used whenever possible. Hence on many days they remained inactive or were being moved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010955-0012-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Combat service\nThe last shot was fired by Battery 4 at 10:57:30\u00a0a.m. on 11 November 1918, timed to land just before the scheduled Armistice at 11 a.m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010955-0013-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Army railway mount\nThe US Army ordered three units identical to the Navy Mark I mountings in May 1918 and another three in July 1918, also from Baldwin Locomotive Works. They were all completed by 20 September 1918 but the war ended before they were required to be shipped to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010955-0014-0000", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark II Navy railway mount\nThe new Mark II gun car developed during 1918 carried the same 14\"/50 caliber Mk 4 gun but addressed the problem areas: it dispensed with the armored gun house, with gunners working in the open; the weight was more evenly spread over 20 axles instead of 12; the French system of rolling recoil was adopted, in which the gun was mounted higher to allow full recoil at maximum elevation without striking the ground and the car rolled back 30\u201340 feet after firing to absorb remaining recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010955-0014-0001", "contents": "14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark II Navy railway mount\nThis made it possible to fire the gun along any part of its curved track without any prior preparation, with elevation up to 40\u00b0. After firing, the gun car used a winch mounted at the front, connected to a strong point in the ground in front, to pull itself back to its firing position. World War I ended before the Mark II entered service, and it was used for coastal defense in the US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0000-0000", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle\nThe 14-pounder James rifle or James rifled 6-pounder or 3.8-inch James rifle was a bronze muzzle-loading rifled cannon that was employed by the United States Army and the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fired a 14\u00a0lb (6.4\u00a0kg) solid shot up to a distance of 1,530\u00a0yd (1,400\u00a0m) at 5\u00b0 elevation. It could also fire canister shot and common shell. Shortly before the war broke out, the U.S. Army adopted a plan to convert M1841 6-pounder field guns from smoothbore to rifled artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0000-0001", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle\nRifling the existing 6-pounders would both improve the gun's accuracy and increase the weight of the shell (by elongating the round). There were two major types produced, both were bronze with a bore (caliber) of 3.8\u00a0in (97\u00a0mm) that would accommodate ammunition designed by Charles Tillinghast James. The first type looked exactly like an M1841 6-pounder field gun. The second type had a longer tube with a smooth exterior profile similar to a 3-inch Ordnance rifle. At first the rifles were quite accurate. However, it was discovered that the bronze rifling quickly wore out and accuracy declined. None of the rifles were manufactured after 1862, and many were withdrawn from service, though some artillery units employed the guns until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0001-0000", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, Background\nCharles Tillinghast James invented cotton-mill machinery, then was elected Senator from Rhode Island in 1851\u20131857. He subsequently became a militia major general from Rhode Island and began creating projectiles suitable for rifled artillery. James was a close friend of James Tyler Ames, the owner of the Ames Manufacturing Company, so it followed that Ames forged most of the weapons that became known as James rifles. General James died in October 1862 when a new shell he was testing accidentally exploded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0001-0001", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, Background\nOn 1 November 1860 a U.S. Army board recommended that half of the existing smoothbore cannons in forts and arsenals should be rifled according to the plan of General James. Accordingly, Secretary of War John B. Floyd wrote Lieutenant Colonel William J. Hardee on 14 December 1860, \"I have to state that the results of trials of rifled cannon and projectiles, under the direction of this department, indicates a superiority of James expanding projectiles for such cannon. The regulation 6-pounder, with a rifled bore (weight 884 pounds), carries a James projectile of about 13 pounds.\" Floyd pointed out that rifling the older guns to accommodate the James shells would inexpensively double the weight of shell fired, since the shells were elongated. Floyd believed this could be done without putting too much stress on the gun barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0002-0000", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, Background\nThe 3.8\u00a0in (97\u00a0mm) caliber gun was commonly known as the 14-pounder James rifle, while a 3.67\u00a0in (93\u00a0mm) caliber gun was often referred to as a 12-pounder James rifle or a rifled 6-pounder. At the time, people generally failed to differentiate between the two. Actually, the 3.8-inch artillery piece was manufactured with three different types of rifling, and more than one metal and profile. Because many of the U.S. Army's existing 3.67 inch caliber 6-pounders had worn-out bores, it was found that re-boring the guns to 3.8 inch caliber would make them a uniform size. On 15 December 1860, General James signed a contract that required him to rifle half of the cannons at United States arsenals and forts. Unfortunately, there is no surviving paperwork that shows to what extent this contract was carried out. Any records are supposed to have been lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0003-0000", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, Background\nLate in 1861, the Ames Company received an order to produce several 6-pounder smoothbore guns and 3.8-inch rifles. These were to be called \"new model\" or Model of 1861. By this time, gun makers discovered that any irregularity on the exterior of a cannon was a possible source of fracture. Therefore, the \"new model\" guns were designed with a smooth exterior surface. Ten 6-pounder James smoothbores are known to exist. The 3.8-inch rifles became known as James rifles because they were designed to fire the James projectiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0003-0001", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, Background\nIt is important to note that when General George B. McClellan inquired about James rifles, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton responded by writing, \"James is not known as a manufacturer of guns, and it is not known that he makes any pretense of having invented one. Ames, of Chicopee, manufactures guns, and is the manufacturer of James projectiles...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0004-0000", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, Specifications\nAuthors James C. Hazlett, Edwin Olmstead, and M. Hume Parks describe the 3.8-inch re-bored and rifled M1841 6-pounder field guns as Type 1 and the \"new model\" 3.8-inch James rifles as Type 2. The gun carriage for 12-pounder (and 14-pounder) James rifles weighed 900\u00a0lb (408\u00a0kg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0005-0000", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, Specifications, Type 1\nThe bronze pieces called Type 1 all have the external appearance of a Model 1841 6-pounder field gun, 3.8\u00a0in (97\u00a0mm) caliber, 15-groove rifling of right-hand twist, and a weight of about 880\u00a0lb (399.2\u00a0kg). More than 70 of the Type 1 rifles survive today, all except one are bronze. They are as follows. Of 6-pounders dated from 1842 up until 1861, and later rifled as Type 1, Ames produced 15 and Cyrus Alger Company produced eight. Of 6-pounders dated 1861 and 1862, and rifled as Type 1, Ames manufactured 25 and Greenwood Company manufactured 27. There is one surviving Type 1 of Confederate origin, produced by Skates and Company of Mobile, Alabama. Finally, there is one surviving cast iron Type 1 that was originally manufactured by Alger in 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0006-0000", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, Specifications, Type 1\nThe Type 1 14-pounder James rifle has dimensions identical to the M1841 6-pounder field gun. The barrel length, excluding the knob, is 60\u00a0in (152.4\u00a0cm), the bore length is 57.5\u00a0in (146.1\u00a0cm), the reinforce length is 30\u00a0in (76.2\u00a0cm), and the base ring diameter is 10.3\u00a0in (26.2\u00a0cm). There was no official table of fire for Type 1 14-pounder James rifles. However, Henry Larcom Abbot published test ranges that were compiled by A. P. Rockwell of the 1st Connecticut Light Artillery Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0006-0001", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, Specifications, Type 1\nUsing a gunpowder charge that weighed 1.25\u00a0lb (0.57\u00a0kg), a Type 1 fired a 12\u00a0lb (5.4\u00a0kg) Schenkl shell a distance of 1,700\u00a0yd (1,554\u00a0m) at an elevation of 5\u00b0 and a 14\u00a0lb (6.4\u00a0kg) Hotchkiss shell a distance of 1,530\u00a0yd (1,399\u00a0m) at an elevation of 5\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0007-0000", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, Specifications, Type 2\nThe bronze Type 2 14-pounder James rifle had a smooth exterior form similar to a 3-inch Ordnance rifle and an average weight of 920\u00a0lb (417\u00a0kg). The Type 2, Series 1 had seven-groove rifling and a weight of 928\u00a0lb (421\u00a0kg), of which only five guns survive. Only Series 1 and 2 guns were stamped JAMES RIFLE CANNON on the reinforce near the vent. There are six surviving Series 2 guns, 16 surviving Series 3 guns, and 53 surviving Series 4 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0007-0001", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, Specifications, Type 2\nSeries 2 guns weigh an average of 922\u00a0lb (418\u00a0kg), Series 3 guns weigh 918\u00a0lb (416\u00a0kg), and Series 4 guns weigh 917\u00a0lb (416\u00a0kg). Series 2, 3, and 4 all had 10 rifling grooves of right-hand twist. Various muzzle, trunnion, and breech stampings account for the other differences between Series 1, 2, 3 and 4 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0008-0000", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, Specifications, Type 2\nThe Type 2 14-pounder James rifle measured 74\u00a0in (188.0\u00a0cm) from muzzle to the end of the knob and 69.75\u00a0in (177.2\u00a0cm) from muzzle to base, excluding the knob. Its bore length was 65\u00a0in (165.1\u00a0cm) and it measured 64\u00a0in (162.6\u00a0cm) from muzzle to vent. The trunnions had a diameter of 3.67\u00a0in (93\u00a0mm) and the distance between the ends of the trunnions was 15.1\u00a0in (38.4\u00a0cm). The gun measured 41.64\u00a0in (105.8\u00a0cm) from the muzzle to the center of the trunnions. The gun barrel was 10.01\u00a0in (25.4\u00a0cm) wide at the breech and 6.38\u00a0in (16.2\u00a0cm) wide at the muzzle. The breech had a hole to which a stadia sight could be attached. The bore (caliber) was 3.82\u00a0in (97\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0009-0000", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, Specifications, Other\nHazlett, Olmstead, and Parks tentatively identify a Type 3 14-pounder James rifle that was made of cast steel. A record exists of a purchase order for Ames to manufacture six cast steel guns totaling 5,581\u00a0lb (2,531\u00a0kg) or about 930\u00a0lb (422\u00a0kg) each. There are three painted steel 3.8-inch rifled guns at Shiloh National Military Park that appear to match the purchase order. The guns have the same Ordnance profile as the Type 2 bronze rifles, but there is also a thicker band across the trunnions. There are 10 rifle grooves of right-hand twist. Every single type and series of James rifle listed above can be found at Shiloh National Military Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0010-0000", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, Specifications, Battery composition\nThe typical Union Army battery was armed with six guns. A team of six horses pulled each gun plus a limber which included one ammunition chest. Each gun had an additional six-horse team that pulled one caisson plus a limber which had three ammunition chests. Each battery had one traveling forge, one tools and equipment wagon, and spare horses. A gun platoon was made up of a sergeant (chief of piece), two corporals, six privates, and six drivers. The first nine men crewed the gun. Two platoons made a section led by a lieutenant and the battery was commanded by a captain. Attached to each battery were an adjutant, first sergeant, quartermaster sergeant, five artificers, two buglers, and one guidon-bearer. Confederate batteries were organized similarly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0011-0000", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, History\nThe 12-pounder (and 14-pounder) James rifles suffered from two disadvantages. First, the rifling wore out quickly which reduced the gun's accuracy. Second, the higher pressures in the gun barrel by the rifling severely strained the breech, causing the James rifles to frequently burst when fired. Because of these problems, many of the guns were withdrawn from service fairly early in the conflict. The guns achieved great accuracy when test fired, but the bronze rifling degraded fairly quickly. The premature death of General James may have played a part in the guns being discarded. In any case, none were produced after 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0012-0000", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, History\nAt the Battle of Pea Ridge on 7\u20138 March 1862, Louis Hoffman's 4th Ohio Battery was armed with what is described as four 12-pounder James rifles and two M1841 12-pounder howitzers. In the first day's fighting at Leetown, the Ohio battery drove off the 6th Texas Cavalry Regiment. The 4th Ohio Battery took part in Franz Sigel's highly successful artillery bombardment on the second day. Another source specifically stated that the 4th Ohio Battery was, in fact, armed with four 3.8-inch James rifles as late as the third quarter of 1863. At that date, the 2nd Ohio, 3rd Ohio, 7th Ohio, and 10th Ohio Batteries all had four 3.8-inch James rifles, and the 5th Ohio Battery was armed with two 3.8-inch James rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0013-0000", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, History\nAt the Battle of Antietam on 17 September 1862, the 1st Ohio Battery commanded by Captain James R. McMullin was attached to the Kanawha Division in the Union IX Corps. We know that the battery was armed with six 14-pounder James rifles because McMullin specifically referred to 3.800 inch guns in his after action report. By 1 October 1862, the battery was re-equipped with six 3-inch Ordnance rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0013-0001", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, History\nMcMullin wrote that the battery was posted within 150\u00a0yd (137\u00a0m) of Burnside's Bridge and fired on Confederate infantry and artillery at a distance of 1,800 to 2,000\u00a0yd (1,646 to 1,829\u00a0m). At 3:00 pm the battery was withdrawn because it was impossible to obtain a resupply of ammunition. The 8th Massachusetts Light Artillery, also in IX Corps, was equipped with four James rifles, but it is not known if their caliber was 3.8 inch or 3.67 inch. These were the only ten James rifles employed by the Union Army of the Potomac at Antietam; it is not recorded if the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia had any.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0014-0000", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, History\nA few weeks later at the Battle of Perryville on 8 October 1862, the Union Army of the Ohio used 23 14-pounder James rifles out of a total of 147 guns. In the Confederate Army of Mississippi, there were only two 14-pounder James rifles out of 56 total guns. Both rifles were in Henry C. Semple's Alabama Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0014-0001", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, History\nOf the Union guns that were in action, there were two 14-pounder James rifles each in Asahel K. Bush's 4th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Peter Simonson's 5th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, David C. Stone's Battery \"A\" Kentucky Light Artillery, and Charles M. Barnett's Battery \"I\", 2nd Illinois Light Artillery Regiment. In each of the four engaged batteries there were three different types of cannon. For example, Stone's Battery consisted of two M1841 6-pounder field guns, two 10-pounder Parrott rifles, as well as the two 14-pounders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0015-0000", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, History\nOn the Union side, there was a migration of less-preferred cannons from the Eastern Theater to the Western Theater of the American Civil War. By the time of the Battle of Gettysburg was fought in the east on 1\u20133 July 1863, the Army of the Potomac employed only four James rifles. Yet on 30 June 1863, the western Army of the Cumberland still had 45 3.8-inch James rifles in its inventory, second only in numbers to its 60 12-pounder Napoleons. Other guns included 34 3-inch Ordnance rifles, 32 10-pounder Parrott rifles, 24 M1841 6-pounder field guns, 10 M1841 12-pounder howitzers, and nine other artillery pieces. In the small Army of the Ohio, there were 26 3.8-inch James rifles, 18 12-pounder Napoleons, 12 3-inch Ordnance rifles, and 16 other guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010956-0016-0000", "contents": "14-pounder James rifle, History\nCogswell's Battery Illinois Light Artillery was armed with four 3.8-inch James rifles as late as August 1864 when the unit garrisoned Nashville, Tennessee. In December 1863, the Springfield Illinois Light Artillery also had four 3.8-inch James rifles, while Henshaw's Battery Illinois Light Artillery and the Chicago Board of Trade Battery each had two 3.8-inch James rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010957-0000-0000", "contents": "14-sai no Haha\n14-sai no Haha: Aisuru tame ni Umaretekita (14\u624d\u306e\u6bcd \uff5e\u611b\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u751f\u307e\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\uff5e, lit. \"14-year-old Mother: Born for Love's Sake\") is a Japanese television drama broadcast on NTV. It was aired from October 11, 2006 until December 20 of the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010957-0001-0000", "contents": "14-sai no Haha, Plot\nMiki Ichinose is a 14-year-old schoolgirl who is very outgoing and cheerful. She lives with her parents and younger brother. She is in a romantic relationship with Satoshi Kirino who is 15 years old. They keep their relationship a secret from their parents because Miki is young and Satoshi is expected to excel in school and get into a university so he can take over the family business by his overbearing mother. One night, after a date, they sneak into a treehouse and consummate their relationship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010957-0001-0001", "contents": "14-sai no Haha, Plot\nSoon after, Miki suspects that she is pregnant and steals a pregnancy test, which her mother later finds. She is taken to a doctor who confirms her pregnancy. Miki's parents are very upset and the doctor tells them that it will be too dangerous for Miki to carry a baby due to her small size. They arrange for her to have an abortion, but Miki is unsure what she should do. She and Satoshi meet later that night and she gathers the courage to confess her love to him, and he reciprocates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010957-0001-0002", "contents": "14-sai no Haha, Plot\nShe then tells him that she is pregnant and, although understandably shocked, he takes the news well. However, his mother is furious when she learns of it and forbids the two from seeing each other. Under pressure from his mother, Satoshi tells Miki that an abortion is best. Devastated, she breaks up with him, saying losing his love hurts the most. On the day of the abortion, Miki decides she can't go through with it and runs away from the clinic, with her mother chasing after her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010957-0001-0003", "contents": "14-sai no Haha, Plot\nMiki breaks down and tells her mother that she wants to keep the baby. Afterwards, seeing Miki's pain and love for her unborn child, her parents vow to support her. Satoshi's mother is furious that Miki has chosen to keep the baby and offers money for an abortion, which the Ichinose family refuses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010957-0002-0000", "contents": "14-sai no Haha, Plot\nAlthough deciding to focus on her pregnancy and how to give birth to a healthy baby, Miki remains grief-stricken over her breakup with Satoshi, who is also struggling to forget about her and their forthcoming child. To make matters worse, the Kirino family business begins to go bankrupt, which forces Satoshi and his mother to leave and go into hiding to avoid the press. Before they leave, Miki and her mother meet with them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010957-0002-0001", "contents": "14-sai no Haha, Plot\nMiki tells Satoshi that she plans to raise the baby with her family's help and won't acknowledge his paternity because she wants him to continue going to school and have a successful future. However, this angers him, leading them to be estranged even more. Miki has to temporarily drop out of school because of her pregnancy and that the teachers believe it will be a bad influence to the other students. A reporter who has been tracking the Kirino family since they went into hiding and suspects that Satoshi is the father of Miki's child, begins to track her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010957-0002-0002", "contents": "14-sai no Haha, Plot\nMiki wonders if keeping the baby is the right choice for her due to all the changes that are affecting the lives of her family, friends, and her boyfriend's. Satoshi's mother becomes depressed and attempts suicide to end her misery in debt and humiliation, but he gets her help just in time. Miki's mother visits with them and asks Satoshi to see Miki and the baby one day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010957-0003-0000", "contents": "14-sai no Haha, Plot\nAt seven months into the pregnancy, Miki begins to go into premature labor and the reporter, who has been following her, calls for an ambulance. Miki gives birth to a baby girl, whom she names Sora, via Caesarean section. Being premature, Sora is placed in the NICU for underdeveloped lungs. Miki's father sees Satoshi on the street and chases after him, and later finds their hiding spot. He pleads for Satoshi to see Miki because she has been longing to see him again and tells him about the baby's condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010957-0003-0001", "contents": "14-sai no Haha, Plot\nSatoshi's mother brushes his pleas off but Satoshi doesn't know what he should do. Miki's father takes him to the hospital to see Sora, and Satoshi is overwhelmed by the sight of his tiny daughter. He later tells his mother that, despite how much he tries to run away and forget, Sora is still his child. Even without his mother's support, Satoshi visits with Miki the day of her discharge to tell her that he has decided to forgo high school to start working and provide for the baby because he wants to take responsibility and raise her with Miki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010957-0003-0002", "contents": "14-sai no Haha, Plot\nThe two then go with Miki's mother to see the baby and Satoshi learns that Miki named the baby Sora, after the sky which has been symbolic to them. Miki and Satoshi then tell their parents that they hope to get married when they turn 18. Although Miki's parents accept this, Satoshi's mother reluctantly relents but says she will not visit with the baby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010957-0004-0000", "contents": "14-sai no Haha, Plot\nThe drama ends with Miki and her family bringing Sora, now healthy and full-term, home and posing for a family picture. Satoshi begins working to help provide for the baby and his mother begins a new business that seems to help bring her out of her depression. Miki begins her new life as a teenage mother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010957-0005-0000", "contents": "14-sai no Haha, Production\nUpon preparing for this role, actress Mirai Shida asked her real-life mother for advice. She wanted to know if there were changes (in walking, appetite, etc.) during pregnancy. Her mother replied, \"Except for the belly becoming bigger, nothing else changes.\" This did not prepare Shida in any way, as stated by herself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010957-0006-0000", "contents": "14-sai no Haha, Production\nOriginally, there were only 10 episodes. Due to the success this drama achieved, an extra episode was made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010957-0007-0000", "contents": "14-sai no Haha, Episodes\nThe average rating for this drama was the highest rating this slot (Wednesday at 10:00 PM) achieved on NTV since 2000. This record was broken by the television series Kaseifu no Mita, which garnered an average rating of 25.2%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010958-0000-0000", "contents": "14. oktobar\n14. oktobar (Serbian Cyrillic: 14. \u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0440) is a Serbian manufacturer of heavy machinery and equipment, headquartered in Kru\u0161evac, Serbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010958-0001-0000", "contents": "14. oktobar, History\nIMK 14. oktobar was established by Austrian and Hungarian investors in 1923 as Company specialized in wagons repair and manufacture. In the first years of the company, the primary activity is related to the overhaul and repair of vehicles and freight cars, at time is increased the use of quality in production technology by simultaneously extending the product range, which resulted in start of production of steel construction, metal consumer products, and products for use in the military industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010958-0002-0000", "contents": "14. oktobar, History\nAfter World War II, the company was nationalized and repaired from war damage. It was named in a memorial of the date when Kru\u0161evac was liberated form Nazi occupation in 1944. The company has oriented to production of construction, mining, agriculture and transportation, machinery and equipment for the purpose of manufacturing equipment and machine parts. It was one of the largest producers of heavy machinery in former Yugoslavia. During its golden times, it employed around 8,000 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010958-0003-0000", "contents": "14. oktobar, History\nIn August 2015, after years of accumulated business losses, the company has suspended its production. From December 2014 through August 2015, nearly all of 1,500 employees left the company, using the social programs. In January 2016, the company has declared bankruptcy. In March 2016, a new company was register under name \"14. oktobar\". It took production facilities of the former company on lease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010958-0004-0000", "contents": "14. oktobar, History\nIn November 2017, \"SCMG 14. oktobar\" from Belgrade on behalf of Czech company \"Czechoslovak Group\" bought the company. After the purchase, Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Macedonia launched an investigation against former Macedonian head of the Administration for Security and Counterintelligence Sa\u0161o Mijalkov, on suspicion for money laundering and suspicious connections to the Czechoslovak Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010959-0000-0000", "contents": "14.5mm JDJ\nThe 14.5mm JDJ was created by SSK Industries of Wintersville, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010959-0001-0000", "contents": "14.5mm JDJ, Overview\nIt uses the .50 BMG case with the neck opened up to accept a .585\u00a0in (14.9\u00a0mm) bullet. It fires the 1,173-grain (76.0\u00a0g) bullet at 2,700\u00a0ft/s (820\u00a0m/s) with the fire-formed load. The Barnes 750-grain (49\u00a0g) bullet can also be loaded to 3,000\u00a0ft/s (910\u00a0m/s). It has a destructive device exemption. Only rifles chambered for the .50 BMG can be converted to this caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010960-0000-0000", "contents": "14.5\u00d7114mm\nThe 14.5\u00d7114mm (.57 calibre) is a heavy machine gun and anti-materiel rifle cartridge used by the Soviet Union, the former Warsaw Pact, modern Russia, and other countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010960-0001-0000", "contents": "14.5\u00d7114mm\nIt was originally developed for the PTRS and PTRD anti-tank rifles, and was later used as the basis for the KPV heavy machine gun that formed the basis of the ZPU series anti-aircraft guns that is also the main armament of the BTR series of armoured personnel carriers from the BTR-60 to the BTR-80 and for heavy anti-materiel sniper rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010960-0002-0000", "contents": "14.5\u00d7114mm, Cartridge dimensions\nThe 14.5\u00d7114mm has 42.53 ml (655 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt action rifles and machine guns alike, under extreme conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010960-0003-0000", "contents": "14.5\u00d7114mm, Cartridge dimensions\nAmericans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 = 22.5 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 455\u00a0mm (1 in 17.91 in), 8 grooves, \u00d8 lands = 14.50\u00a0mm, \u00d8 grooves = 14.95\u00a0mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010960-0004-0000", "contents": "14.5\u00d7114mm, Cartridge dimensions\nAccording to the official guidelines the 14.5\u00d7114 case can handle up to 360 MPa (52,213 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010960-0005-0000", "contents": "14.5\u00d7114mm, Ammunition types\nCartridges use lacquered steel cases and percussion primers. Some countries also use brass cartridge cases. The propellant consists of 28.8\u00a0g smokeless powder with seven tubes, designated as \"5/7NA powder\". Two different versions of bullet series are known, the earlier had a conventional bullet jacket with a boat-tail. These had a long engraving portion that caused considerable barrel wear. The newer bullet types have a smaller engraving portion with a rounder boat-tail and were used from about 1957 on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010960-0006-0000", "contents": "14.5\u00d7114mm, Ammunition types\nThe cartridge has been manufactured in Bulgaria, China, Egypt, Hungary, Iraq, North Korea, Poland, Romania, Russia, and the former Czechoslovakia. Of special note are the new Chinese armor-piercing types:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010961-0000-0000", "contents": "14/48\n14/48, the self-described \u201cworld\u2019s quickest theater festival,\u201d is a speed theatre festival that takes place semiannually in Seattle, Washington. The name of the festival derives from the unique format of creating and presenting 14 world-premiere short plays over the course of two days, or 48 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010961-0001-0000", "contents": "14/48, History\nThe festival was founded in 1997 by playwright Michael Neff and actor Jodi-Paul Wooster. Since its inception, the festival has commissioned and presented the world premieres of over 500 original short plays. In 2008, the festival was awarded the Seattle Mayor\u2019s Arts Award. The festival has been produced (by veterans of the Seattle festival) in Leicester, England, following a spawning a new UK branch of the festival in 2013. Wolverhampton, England, London, England, in Islamabad, Pakistan, in Tel Aviv, in Austin, Texas, and in numerous venues in Seattle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010961-0001-0001", "contents": "14/48, History\nFor many years, the festival was housed at (and co-produced by) the Consolidated Works contemporary arts center. Following the center\u2019s closing in 2006, the festival moved to the Capitol Hill Arts Center, until that center\u2019s closing in 2008. Currently, the festival is presented at ACT Theater and the Center House Theater at Seattle Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010961-0002-0000", "contents": "14/48, Process\nThe process has remained largely unchanged since its creation in 1997. The weekend begins on a Thursday evening with a private meeting of the participants. The playwrights, directors, actors, musicians, designers, and producers all write ideas for themes for the following night\u2019s plays on pieces of paper. One theme is (literally) pulled out of a hat, and the seven playwrights turn to the task of writing a 10-minute play each on the randomly drawn theme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010961-0003-0000", "contents": "14/48, Process\nEarly the following morning, the seven playwrights submit their plays and in randomly assembled teams (again, drawn from a hat) the seven teams have 10 hours to rehearse, score, design, build, and then present those seven plays. The audience for that first evening of plays then submits ideas for themes for the following night\u2019s plays, and at the end of the evening one of these themes is drawn from a hat. The seven playwrights again turn to writing, and the process repeats (in new, randomly assembled teams) for a second day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010961-0004-0000", "contents": "14/48, UK\nSince 2013, the festival has spawned a UK branch based in Leicester, England. This new part of the 14/48 family is headed by Amy and Bob Christer. 14/48 UK oversees the production of regular festivals in Leicester at The Y Theatre and Attenborough Arts Centre, and Wolverhampton at The Arena Theatre. 14/48 came to London for the first time on 7 August 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 9], "content_span": [10, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010961-0005-0000", "contents": "14/48, Participants\nPast participants in the festival include Dan Savage, Eddie Levi-Lee, Matthew Richter, Juniper Shuey, Sarah Rudinoff, Craig Lucas, Jodi-Paul Wooster, Dennis Wilken, Sean Nelson, Shawn Belyea, and Megan AhiersNotable UK Participants include Nadi Safi-Kemp, Stuart Reid, Alison Dunne, Amy Christer, Bob Christer, Doug Deans and Tom Allsop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010962-0000-0000", "contents": "140 (number)\n140 (one hundred [and] forty) is the natural number following 139 and preceding 141.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010962-0001-0000", "contents": "140 (number), In mathematics\n140 is an abundant number and a harmonic divisor number. It is the sum of the squares of the first seven integers, which makes it a square pyramidal number, and in base 10 it is divisible by the sum of its digits, which makes it a Harshad number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010962-0002-0000", "contents": "140 (number), In mathematics\n140 is an odious number because it has an odd number of ones in its binary representation. The sum of Euler's totient function \u03c6(x) over the first twenty-one integers is 140.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010962-0003-0000", "contents": "140 (number), In mathematics\n140 is a repdigit in bases 13, 19, 27, 34, 69, and 139.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010963-0000-0000", "contents": "140 (video game)\n140 is a platform game independently developed by Jeppe Carlsen, known for his gameplay direction for Playdead's Limbo. The game is described as a \"minimalistic platformer\", using electronic music to create synesthesia as the player makes their way through four different levels, each with its own sound-track. The game-play has been compared to other similar games which involve music synchronization like Sound Shapes and the Bit.Trip series, though with difficult platforming elements comparable to games in the Mega Man series. The game was released on Microsoft Windows, OS X, and Linux systems in October 2013, on Xbox One in August 2016, on PlayStation 4, Wii U in September 2016, and Nintendo Switch in January 2020. A release on PlayStation Vita and Nintendo 3DS was planned, but later cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010963-0001-0000", "contents": "140 (video game), Game-play\nAs described by Carlsen, 140 is \u201can old school platformer\u201d, but where the challenge is \u201cin syncing up your moves and jumps to the music-controlled elements\u201d; as the player progresses through a level, the music will change to reflect the difficulty of the platforming elements. The player controls a geometric shape\u2014a square when stationary, a circle when moving, and a triangle when jumping\u2014across a two-dimensional environment made up of other simple geometric shapes, with the objective being to reach the end of the course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010963-0001-0001", "contents": "140 (video game), Game-play\nAlong the way the player will need to collect floating colored balls that, when placed in a semicircular fixture on the ground, activate a new type of platforming obstacle that allows the player to continue. These activations also have the effects of changing the color palette of the level and adding a new element to the music to which the new obstacle is synchronized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010963-0002-0000", "contents": "140 (video game), Game-play\nVarious obstacles and enemies, represented by geometric shapes, test the player's skills, and should the shape fall or be hit by one of the shapes filled with white noise, they will need to restart at the last checkpoint they passed. All of these obstacles and enemies have actions that are synchronized to the music, aiding the player in moving through the course; platforms that move or appear and disappear will do so on the beat, while enemies will fire in time to the music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010963-0003-0000", "contents": "140 (video game), Development\n140 was a project developed by Carlsen in his off-hours from Playdead. The idea originally grew out of Carlsen's attempt at an old school platformer, akin to Mega Man, that involved throwing a ball that would travel in straight lines and bounce off walls to trigger effects. Carlsen also used the project to learn about the Unity game engine. As he started to add audio samples to the game, he found an interesting juxtaposition between the normal platform elements and the music, where the level would \"dance to the music\", and refocused the game towards its final form. Carlsen had worked on the title for about two years, and enlisted the help of Jakob Schmid, a college friend and fellow employee at Playdead, who created all music and sound for the game, and Niels Fyrst and Andreas Peiterson for art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010963-0004-0000", "contents": "140 (video game), Development\nCarlsen announced in April 2016 that Abstraction Games and Double Fine Productions were helping to port the game to the PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Xbox One, Wii U, and Nintendo 3DS with a release planned in Q4 2016. The Xbox One version was released on August 30, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010963-0005-0000", "contents": "140 (video game), Reception\nThe game won the \"Excellence in Audio\" category for the 2013 Independent Games Festival awards, and was an honorary mention in the \"Technical Excellence\" category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010963-0006-0000", "contents": "140 (video game), Reception\nEdge considered the game to initially appear in stark contrast to Carlsen's earlier Limbo, but as the player progresses in the game, the various mechanics of 140 show similar traits to many of the puzzles and situations that Carlsen had developed for Limbo. Ryan Cartmel of  Hardcore Gamer gave the game a 4/5, calling it \"gaming minimalism done right.\" Derrick Sanskrit of The A.V. Club's Gameological Society called 140 \"a tightly paced and clever game of precise timing and jumping\" and praised its minimalist structure that allows the player to focus on the rhythm and gameplay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010964-0000-0000", "contents": "140 BC\n140 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sapiens and Caepio (or, less frequently, year 614 Ab urbe condita) and the First Year of Jianyuan. The denomination 140 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0000-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway\n140 Broadway (formerly known as the Marine Midland Building or the HSBC Bank Building) is a 51-story International Style office building on the east side of Broadway between Cedar and Liberty streets in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. The building was designed by Gordon Bunshaft, of the firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, and consists of a mostly smooth black facade on a trapezoidal plot. It is approximately 688 feet (210\u00a0m) tall, with approximately 1.17\u00a0million rentable square feet (109,000\u00a0m2). It is known for the distinctive sculpture at its entrance, Isamu Noguchi's Cube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0001-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway\nThe developer Erwin S. Wolfson acquired the site in several stages between 1952 and 1961. Initial plans called for a 36-story monolith, but when Wolfson died, the architects modified their plans to a 51-story tower, which occupied only two-fifths of the block and conformed to the 1961 Zoning Resolution. The building was erected between late 1964 and 1967 and was originally known for its main tenant, the Marine Midland Corporation (later part of HSBC). Several early tenants were affiliated with the financial industry, including banking and accounting firms. In 1998, the building was sold to Silverstein Properties, which undertook a major renovation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0002-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway\nThe primary tenant of the building since 2002 is Brown Brothers Harriman, filling a vacancy left after HSBC relocated in 2001. The building has been owned by Union Investment since 2004, and the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building as a city landmark in 2013. Reviews of the building among architecture critics have been largely positive, with several praising the structure's smooth black facade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0003-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, Site\n140 Broadway is located on an entire city block bounded to the west by Broadway, to the north by Liberty Street, to the east by Nassau Street, and to the south by Cedar Street. The block is an irregular trapezoid, with all of its frontages being of different lengths. The block measures 144 feet (44\u00a0m) along Broadway, 318 feet (97\u00a0m) along Liberty Street, 184 feet (56\u00a0m) along Nassau Street, and 301 feet (92\u00a0m) along Cedar Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0003-0001", "contents": "140 Broadway, Site\nThe building occupies two-fifths of the block, and its footprint is rhomboid, matching the shape of the block with dimensions of between 87 and 209 feet (27 and 64\u00a0m). Roger N. Radford, the leader of the team that designed 140 Broadway, stated that many of the tenants he knew were unaware of the building's \"funny shape\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0004-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, Site\nWithin 140 Broadway's immediate surroundings are One Liberty Plaza to the northwest; the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York and the Liberty Tower to the north; the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building to the northeast; 28 Liberty Street to the east; the Equitable Building to the south; the Trinity and United States Realty Buildings to the southwest; and Zuccotti Park to the west. Trinity Church and Wall Street are located two blocks south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0005-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, Design\n140 Broadway was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) in the International Style, with Gordon Bunshaft as the lead on the project. It was erected by the Diesel Construction Company, co-founded by prolific real-estate developer Erwin S. Wolfson, and led by Carl Morse at the time of the building's construction. Roger N. Radford was the design team's leader; Allan Labie was the project manager; Bradley B. Sullivan was the job captain; and James Ruderman was the structural engineer. Thomas Crimmins Construction Company were hired to excavate the site, and U.S. Steel provided the steel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0006-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, Design\n140 Broadway contains 51 stories and measures either 677 feet (206\u00a0m) or 688 feet (210\u00a0m) tall. It has about 21,000 to 24,000 square feet (2,000 to 2,200\u00a0m2) on each floor, or 1.2\u00a0million square feet (110,000\u00a0m2) total. The structure uses a frame weighing 14,000 short tons (12,000 long tons; 13,000\u00a0t). Because of 140 Broadway's energy efficiency, the U.S. Green Building Council has certified 140 Broadway as a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Gold structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0007-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, Design, Form and facade\nThe New York City Department of City Planning passed the 1961 Zoning Resolution in October 1960, and the new zoning rules became effective in December 1961, superseding the 1916 Zoning Resolution. Rather than the inclusion of setbacks that the old zoning laws had encouraged, the new zoning laws allowed skyscrapers to have a bulky massing with additional floor area, in exchange for the inclusion of ground-level open spaces. 140 Broadway's design strictly adhered to the 1961 law; according to Radford, the law \"force[d] the mass of the building toward the center of the site\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0008-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, Design, Form and facade\nHarry Helmsley, who took over the building's development after Wolfson's death, sought to emphasize the building's vertical axis. As a result, Radford decided to emphasize the vertical window-washing tracks along the black-aluminum facade. The facade is otherwise smooth, with glass panels as well as slightly-textured aluminum window trim. The western facade has three vertical bays of six windows each, while the eastern facade has four bays of six windows. The northern and southern facades each have seven bays of six windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0008-0001", "contents": "140 Broadway, Design, Form and facade\nLittle else was attached to the facade, except for signs with the number 140 on both faces of either southern corner, as well as the name of the Marine Midland Bank on the Broadway and Cedar Street sides. There are numerous revolving doors on all four sides that provide access to the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0009-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, Design, Form and facade\nInitial plans called for a rectangular building with a light-gray, grid-like facade made of concrete or aluminum. The building had been redesigned by 1965 to have a smooth facade that harmonized with the surrounding masonry buildings while standing out from its surroundings. One critic wrote that the previous design had 140 Broadway as \"a little brother to [28 Liberty Street] in the same shiny finish\", which he said \"would have looked like a poor relation.\" Another compared the new plan to contemporary graphic design and Ad Reinhardt's \"black\" paintings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0010-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, Design, Plaza\n140 Broadway is set back 80 feet (24\u00a0m) from the curb on Broadway, 30 feet (9.1\u00a0m) from Cedar Street's curb, and 25 feet (7.6\u00a0m) from Liberty Street's curb. A public plaza is located in this intermediate space and is made of tiled white travertine. An entrance to the New York City Subway's Broad Street station existed on the plaza's southeast corner but was removed by 1999. A granite monument to Harry Helmsley is located at the plaza's southwest corner. The sidewalks on all sides of 140 Broadway are 20 feet (6.1\u00a0m) wide and are maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation rather than the building's owners, but are sometimes considered part of the plaza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0011-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, Design, Plaza, The Cube\nAccording to Radford, Bunshaft suggested that Isamu Noguchi be involved with the project. During the building's construction, Noguchi was commissioned to create a sculpture for the portion of the plaza facing Broadway. He had originally proposed a \"megalith\" or a \"cluster of primitivisitic monoliths\". However, Helmsley felt that the \"megalith\" would have cost too much. Subsequently, Bunshaft had suggested combining Noguchi's \"series of rocks\" into a single block.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0012-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, Design, Plaza, The Cube\nNoguchi's final sculpture, titled The Cube, was installed in 1968. It is a vermilion-hued rhombohedron with a cylindrical hole through its center, standing upon one corner and measuring 28 feet (8.5\u00a0m) tall. The Cube is located off-center, on the north side of the plaza, contrasting with 140 Broadway's dark facade while turning viewers' attention toward the surrounding plaza. Like 140 Broadway, it was detailed by SOM, and has an aluminum frame. Bunshaft praised The Cube as \"work[ing] beautifully with the building [in] every way\", while Metropolitan Museum of Art director Thomas Hoving said that the cube was a sign of \"change in public taste\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0013-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, History, Planning and construction\nIn 1952, Wolfson began purchasing land on the city block bounded by Cedar, Liberty, and Nassau Streets, and Broadway. The six plots on the block had been owned by different entities immediately prior to Wolfson's purchase, including The Clearing House, the National Bank of Commerce, and the Guaranty Trust Company (later part of J.P. Morgan & Co.), and had five buildings between nine and nineteen stories tall. These entities eventually sold all of their properties to J.P. Morgan, and in August 1961, Wolfson bought all six plots from J.P. Morgan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 48], "content_span": [49, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0013-0001", "contents": "140 Broadway, History, Planning and construction\nAt the time, Wolfson was planning a 32-story building on the site, a bulky mass that would conform with the 1961 Zoning Resolution, as well as allow for the widening of Liberty Street in conjunction with the construction of 28 Liberty Street, then known as One Chase Manhattan Plaza. Wolfson's building would have had masonry canopies protruding from the floor plates. Also in 1961, SOM was hired as the architecture firm for the proposed building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 48], "content_span": [49, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0014-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, History, Planning and construction\nWolfson died suddenly in June 1962. Upon Morse's request, developer Harry Helmsley agreed to collaborate on the project, and Helmsley created the 140 Broadway Corporation. Lawrence A. Wien also became a sponsor of the project. The plans were modified in May 1963 to provide for a 40-story skyscraper occupying two-fifths of the block. The modified plans also provided for closing Cedar Street, thereby forming a pedestrian plaza extending to 28 Liberty Street, as well as adding subway entrances. By June 1964, Wolfson's estate and Helmsley were about to submit plans for the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 48], "content_span": [49, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0014-0001", "contents": "140 Broadway, History, Planning and construction\nTwo months later, Wien withdrew from the project and Helmsley modified the building to have 49 floors, still occupying two-fifths of the block. The architects submitted a new-building application to the New York City Department of Buildings in early 1964, though minor changes to the plans were made in subsequent months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 48], "content_span": [49, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0015-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, History, Planning and construction\nDemolition of existing buildings on the site started in June 1964. The builders endeavored to reduce noise as much as possible: demolition took place only during off-peak hours, and heavy blankets were used to muffle the sound of blasting as well as contain the debris. Site excavation was completed in the middle of the following year, and construction of the building frame commenced, with 600 workers being employed. Keeping with the noise-reduction policy of the foundation's excavation, the building utilized a \"butt-welded structural frame\", which necessitated less time on the noisy processes of bolting and riveting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 48], "content_span": [49, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0015-0001", "contents": "140 Broadway, History, Planning and construction\nOne floor was built every two days, and 140 Broadway topped out during June 1966. One person working nearby stated that his lawnmower made more noise than the building's construction. Bunshaft recalled that the building's cost was higher than average \"due to the wisdom of Wolfson initially, Helmsley waking up, and Carl Morse urging that it not be the cheapest building in the world but the most economical one....\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 48], "content_span": [49, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0016-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, History, Usage\nIn October 1965, Marine Midland Bank leased the two basements and the first 20 floors. Because the bank was the largest tenant at 140 Broadway, Helmsley's corporation gave the bank naming rights to the building. According to the bank's annual report for that year, 140 Broadway was to be the new headquarters of the bank. The second floor contained the main banking hall. By March 1967, the building was 90% rented. The Department of Buildings gave a temporary occupancy certificate that April, and certified the building as complete in October 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0016-0001", "contents": "140 Broadway, History, Usage\nOther original tenants at the building included Clarke, Dodge Company; Delafield Delafield; Laird Company Corporation; and Control Data Corporation. Later tenants included Morgan Stanley, Paine Webber, Ernest & Ernest, the City Midday Club, Puerto Rico's government, and Helmsley's company Helmsley-Spear. In 1980, HSBC acquired a 51% controlling interest in the Marine Midland Corporation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0017-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, History, Usage\nAfter Helmsley died in January 1997, his widow Leona Helmsley sold off over a dozen of his properties. The New York Times wrote that 140 Broadway had \"attracted the most attention from prospective buyers\": although the building was only 59% occupied and required renovations, real estate in the Financial District was highly sought. After several bids were received from six \"serious finalists\", the building was sold to Larry Silverstein's company Silverstein Properties for $190\u00a0million in January 1998. Subsequently, Silverstein undertook a $60\u00a0million renovation and leased out much of the remaining space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0017-0001", "contents": "140 Broadway, History, Usage\nAt the time, Silverstein harbored concerns that HSBC, which occupied 40% of the space, would move out once its lease expired in 2002. HSBC subsequently moved its primary headquarters to the HSBC Tower in Midtown Manhattan in 2001. Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. was then signed as 140 Broadway's major tenant, moving to 20 floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0018-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, History, Usage\nThe building was purchased in 2004 by German firm Union Investment. On June 25, 2013, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Marine Midland Building as a New York City landmark. In January 2018, the building's owners proposed adding circular planters to the plaza, as well as adding \"street furniture\" on the sidewalk, which would potentially displace street vendors. Despite controversy over the plans, the Landmarks Preservation Commission approved the changes in March 2018. The designs for the renovated plaza call for planters to be installed on the section of the plaza on Liberty Street. By 2021, the building's owners were marketing Brown Brothers Harriman's space for rent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0019-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, Incidents, Bombings\nA bombing occurred on 140 Broadway's eighth floor on August 20, 1969, injuring 20 people. Police estimated the bomb to be the equivalent of 25 sticks of dynamite, making it among the city's strongest bomb blasts to date. The explosive was placed in a hallway just off the elevators some time during the evening and it exploded at around 10:30 pm. The injured were working on the night shift in the bank's stock bookkeeping department and were working on the other side of the corridor wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0019-0001", "contents": "140 Broadway, Incidents, Bombings\nThe inside of this wall was lined with floor-to-ceiling automated file units that weighed 3 tons each and which absorbed most of the blast. Still, the blast moved the file units about a foot, blew out all the windows on that side of the building, and opened a 5-foot (1.5\u00a0m) hole in the reinforced concrete floor. The bomber, Sam Melville, was convicted of this and seven other 1969 Manhattan bombings and sentenced to 18 years in prison. He was killed by a state sharpshooter during the Attica Prison riot in September 1971. As a result of the bombing, the Marine Midland Company increased security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0020-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, Incidents, Bombings\nIn 1972, Ronald Kaufman made an unsuccessful attempt to bomb the building by hiding an explosive in a bank vault. The building was again damaged in 1974, when Fuerzas Armadas de Liberaci\u00f3n Nacional Puertorrique\u00f1a detonated a car bomb on the adjacent street. The bomb's force was equivalent to 40 sticks of dynamite and scattered debris for one and a half blocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0021-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, Incidents, Other incidents\nOn October 20, 1981, a fire occurred at 140 Broadway's 47th floor. When an elevator with five workers inside opened its doors on the 47th floor, the occupants were injured and had to manually seal the door. This prompted an investigation, which found that hundreds of New York City buildings' elevators did not have keys that enabled firefighters to navigate to specific floors. The elevators were supposed to have been upgraded as part of a 1973 law that mandated compliance with a new fire code, including upgrades to elevators that were activated by heat rather than automatically. The law had a deadline of September 1981, and after the fire at 140 Broadway, numerous landlords were given summonses for not complying with the new fire code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0022-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, Incidents, Other incidents\nIn 1984, a disgruntled maintenance worker removed parts of 140 Broadway's air-conditioning system and stored these components elsewhere. After the air-conditioning system had been taken apart for the winter, the worker, Robert Rodriguez, dumped some crucial components of the air-conditioning system into a tank on the 37th floor, which served the building's sprinkler system. Some 10,000 workers lost air-conditioning for several weeks, being \"uncomfortably warm\" until June 1984, when Rodriguez was arrested and the parts of the air-conditioning system were retrieved by scuba divers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0023-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, Critical reception\nReviews among architecture critics were largely positive. In 1968, Ada Louise Huxtable of The New York Times described 140 Broadway as \"one of the handsomest [skyscrapers] in the city\", enhanced by the inclusion of The Cube, and two years later, said that it was the \"epitome of nineteen sixties sophisticated architectural elegance\" contrasting with the Chamber of Commerce and One Liberty Plaza. Huxtable further stated in 1974 that 140 Broadway was \"not only one of [the] buildings I admire most in New York, but that I admire most anywhere\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0023-0001", "contents": "140 Broadway, Critical reception\nHuxtable's successor at the Times, Paul Goldberger, said \"the glass curtain wall is dark and refined, it is discreet\", and ranked it as SOM's \"best\" New York City building. Goldberger later said that 140 Broadway probably had the \"most beautiful glass 'skin' of any skyscraper in Manhattan\". John Tauranac wrote that 140 Broadway was \"Manhattan's most elegant tower\", while John Morris Dixon, writing in Architectural Forum, said that 140 Broadway was among \"the handsomest office buildings in the U.S.A.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010965-0024-0000", "contents": "140 Broadway, Critical reception\nAs early as 1996, architect Robert A. M. Stern had suggested that 140 Broadway was a viable candidate for official landmark status. Stern, in his book New York 1960 had said, \"Its sleekly Modernist exteriors were an appropriate extension of the building's exterior minimalism\", and had called The Cube one of the building's \"most memorable aspects\". The 2010 version of the AIA Guide to New York City characterized 140 Broadway as \"a taut skin stretched over bare bones\". 140 Broadway's design was widely imitated. In New York City, subsequent buildings that used a similar style included SOM's Solow Building and Emery Roth's 450 Park Avenue, as well as SOM's designs for 919 Third Avenue and 1166 Avenue of the Americas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010966-0000-0000", "contents": "140 Corps Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers\n140 Corps Engineer Regiment was a short-lived Territorial Army (TA) unit of the Royal Engineers based  in the North Midlands of England during the 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010966-0001-0000", "contents": "140 Corps Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers, Organisation\nThe regiment was formed on 1 May 1961 from individual batteries of TA Royal Artillery regiments that were being broken up. Three of these batteries were transferred to the Royal Engineers (RE) and redesignated as squadrons, giving the regiment the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010966-0002-0000", "contents": "140 Corps Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers, Disbandment\n140 Corps Engineer Rgt was disbanded in 1967 when the TA was reduced to the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve. RHQ was converted into RHQ for 73 Engineer Rgt at Nottingham, while elements of 438 and 575 Sqns went as infantry to the Derbyshire Battalion, Sherwood Foresters and 115 Sqn to the TAVR III contingent of the Leicestershire Regiment. In 1969 the Derbyshire Battalion was reduced to a cadre (later C (Derbyshire Foresters) Company in 3rd (Volunteer) Bn Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment) and 575 (The Sherwood Foresters) Fd Sqn at Chesterfield and Derby was reformed in 73 Engineer Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010966-0003-0000", "contents": "140 Corps Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers, Disbandment\n575 Field Squadron was withdrawn from the army's order of battle under the 2020 Army Reserve structure changes and was disbanded in 2014, two troops and the Chesterfield TA Centre (Wallis Barracks) being transferred to 350 (Sherwood Foresters) Fd Sqn in 33 Engineer Regiment (EOD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010967-0000-0000", "contents": "140 Days Under the World\n140 Days Under the World is a 1964 New Zealand short documentary film about Antarctica. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010968-0000-0000", "contents": "140 Gower Street\n140 Gower Street was the headquarters of the Security Service (MI5) from 1976 to 1994. The site was acquired by the Wellcome Foundation in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010968-0001-0000", "contents": "140 Gower Street, History\nIn the late 19th century the site at 140 Gower Street was occupied by a modest three-story building which was used by George J. W. Pitman, book publishers. Then in the first half of the 20th century the same building was used for the secondhand book section of H.K. Lewis & Company, book sellers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010968-0002-0000", "contents": "140 Gower Street, History\nIn 1950 the site was acquired by a property developer. After the bookshop was demolished, the site was redeveloped and a new ten-story building constructed in the early 1950s. The new building was occupied by various government offices including the Commission on Industrial Relations. The Security Service (MI5), who had relocated from Leconfield House, occupied the new building, known simply as \"140 Gower Street\", in 1976: the Director-General's office was on the 6th floor. MI5 moved out of the building to Thames House in 1994 and the site was acquired by the Wellcome Foundation in 1998 and then redeveloped as \"Babcock House\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010969-0000-0000", "contents": "140 Grime St\n140 Grime St is the third studio album by British rapper Kano, released on 29 September 2008 by Bigger Picture Music. The album features guest appearances from Ghetts, Skepta, Wiley and Mikey J, with the latter three all contributing production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010969-0001-0000", "contents": "140 Grime St, Background\nThe album came a year after Kano's second studio album, London Town, and after being dropped from 679 Recordings, a record label under Warner Music Group. Kano formed his own label imprint, Bigger Picture Music, deciding to return to a wholly grime approach for 140 Grime St. The album title is a reference to the tempo of grime production and is a continuation of the 'address' theme of his previous albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010969-0002-0000", "contents": "140 Grime St, Release and promotion\nThe first single was the track \"Hustler\", which Kano described as \"the perfect single (as it explains so much)\". Other songs from the CD include \"Anywhere We Go\", \"I Like It\" and the autobiographical \"Aim for the Sky\", in which Kano describes his rise to commercial prominence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010969-0003-0000", "contents": "140 Grime St, Release and promotion\nAs of 2020, the album is unavailable to consume on digital streaming platforms or for purchase via digital download.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010970-0000-0000", "contents": "140 New Montgomery\n140 New Montgomery Street, originally known as The Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Company Building, and, after 1984, as The Pacific Bell Building or The PacBell Building, in San Francisco's South of Market district, is an Art Deco mixed-use office tower located close to the St. Regis Museum Tower and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010970-0001-0000", "contents": "140 New Montgomery\nThe 26-floor building was designed to consolidate numerous smaller buildings and outdated offices into a modern headquarters for The Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co., and as a result, was designated as the Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co. Coast Division Offices by the company, though referred to colloquially as The Telephone Building. When it opened on May 30, 1925, The Pacific Telephone Building was San Francisco's first significant skyscraper development, and was the tallest building in San Francisco, until the Russ Building matched its height in 1927 at the time of its completion. The building was the first high-rise south of Market Street, and along with the Russ Building, remained the city's tallest until it was overtaken by 650 California Street in 1964. It was the first high rise located on the west coast to be occupied solely by a single tenant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010970-0002-0000", "contents": "140 New Montgomery\nAT&T sold the building in 2007, and as of 2013, Internet company Yelp is the main tenant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010970-0003-0000", "contents": "140 New Montgomery, Construction and original tenant\nAt the time of its construction, it housed The Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co., a member of the Bell System. The building once had a bell motif in many places on its fa\u00e7ade, most notably surrounding the arch over the main entrance doors on New Montgomery Street. After the breakup of the Bell System (AT&T) in 1984, and the formation the Regional Bell Operating Companies, also known as the Baby Bells, Pacific Telephone changed its name to Pacific Bell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010970-0004-0000", "contents": "140 New Montgomery, Construction and original tenant\nStatues of eight eagles (each 13 feet (4.0\u00a0m) in height) perch atop the tower's crown. The building has an L\u2014shaped floor plan, and the architecture decoratively incorporates spotlights to show the exterior's terra cotta ornamentation day and night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010970-0005-0000", "contents": "140 New Montgomery, Construction and original tenant\nIn 1929, Sir Winston Churchill visited the building and made his first transatlantic telephone call, phoning his London home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010970-0006-0000", "contents": "140 New Montgomery, Construction and original tenant\nFor 44 years until 1978, the top of the roof was used to convey official storm warnings to sailors at the direction of the United States National Weather Service, in the form of a 25 feet (7.6 metres) long triangular red flag by day, and a red light at night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010970-0007-0000", "contents": "140 New Montgomery, In the 21st century\nIn 2007, the PacBell Building was sold by AT&T to Stockbridge Capital Group and Wilson Meany Sullivan for US$118 million. In 2008, the new owners filed plans to convert the tower into 118 luxury condominiums. However, those plans were put on hold during the 2008 financial crisis, and the building sat empty for nearly six years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010970-0008-0000", "contents": "140 New Montgomery, In the 21st century\nFollowing a surge in office demand in 2010\u20132011, Wilson Meany Sullivan changed the plans back to office space. Major renovation work began in February 2012, to improve the building's seismic performance, install all\u2013new mechanical, electric, plumbing and fire sprinkler systems, and preserve and restore the building's historic lobby, at an estimated cost of US$80\u2013100 million. In 2012, Yelp announced it had signed a lease on the building's 100,000 square feet (9,300\u00a0m2) of office space through 2020. After two expansions, the company held a total of almost 150,000 square feet (14,000\u00a0m2) on 13 floors in the fall 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010970-0009-0000", "contents": "140 New Montgomery, In the 21st century\nIn April 2016, Pembroke Real Estate Inc., a Boston\u2013based REIT, acquired 140 New Montgomery as part of its portfolio \u2014 its second acquisition in San Francisco. According to property records, Pembroke paid US$284 million for the property, at around US$962 per square foot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010970-0010-0000", "contents": "140 New Montgomery, In the 21st century\nThe building as seen from Yerba Buena Gardens, near the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010971-0000-0000", "contents": "140 Proof\n140 Proof is an advertising company that uses social data from many sources to target relevant ads based on consumers' interests as indicated by their social activity across networks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010971-0001-0000", "contents": "140 Proof, History\n140 Proof was launched in 2009 by Jon Elvekrog and John Manoogian III. The company partners with a large number of apps and social networks to use people's public social network activities to target relevant ads with the blended interest graph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010971-0002-0000", "contents": "140 Proof, History\n140 Proof began as an app-based network: its name is a reference to the 140-character limit on Twitter. 140 Proof does not serve ads on the Twitter website itself; instead its API is used by third-party apps to display targeted ads appearing on apps, social sites and mobile networks. Additionally, the service allows advertisers to run campaigns on blogging platforms like WordPress and Tumblr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010971-0003-0000", "contents": "140 Proof, History\nBrands advertising via 140 Proof\u2019s API include Victoria\u2019s Secret, UPS, Nike, AT&T, Microsoft, General Motors and Levi\u2019s. While its largest market is the United States, 140 Proof also serves customers internationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010971-0004-0000", "contents": "140 Proof, History\nIn 2012 the company launched a platform to help big media brands monetize their content. The platform allows media brands to offer their advertisers social ads and access to their audience in settings beyond their home website. Additionally, media brands can use 140 Proof\u2019s targeted advertising algorithms to reach people with interests similar to their existing audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010971-0005-0000", "contents": "140 Proof, History\nDuring the 2012 U.S. elections, 140 Proof provided social advertising to political campaigns. Campaigns could custom-build target audiences for their ads, or choose from 140 Proof\u2019s pre-built voter personas, which included \u201cSwing Voters\u201d and \u201cTea-Partiers\u201d. The ad service worked best for customers campaigning at the state level or higher, because its targeting technology is more effective with larger audiences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010971-0006-0000", "contents": "140 Proof, History\nIn 2014 the company was granted a patent for targeting users based on persona data. 140 Proof's patented method includes the steps of receiving an advertisement request from a third-party environment with associated content, identifying a content stream that includes a reference to the third-party content, identifying a persona based on the user associated with the identified content stream and serving an advertisement to the third-party environment based on the identified persona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010971-0007-0000", "contents": "140 Proof, History\nIn August, 2016, 140 Proof was acquired by AcuityAds for up to $20 million in cash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010971-0008-0000", "contents": "140 Proof, Mobile advertisements\n140 Proof\u2019s ads appear in mobile apps, mobile social reader apps, and mobile networks. Ads are targeted to specific audiences based on public interest graph data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010971-0009-0000", "contents": "140 Proof, Mobile advertisements\nIn 2012, 140 Proof began offering video on any app running 140 Proof ads. Its first video ad campaign was for Chevrolet during the Super Bowl. The ads generated 50 million impressions in 2 days and resulted in 120,000 downloads of Chevy\u2019s \u201cChevy Game Time\u201d app. Like its text ads, the videos show up in users\u2019 social streams on apps that run 140 Proof ads. Users can watch, rate and share the video without leaving the page.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010971-0010-0000", "contents": "140 Proof, The blended interest graph\nPublic social activity from the interest graph is the primary data source 140 Proof uses to make its ads more relevant. Apps using 140 Proof give the company a user ID list stripped of names, along with the public information in that user\u2019s profile. 140 Proof\u2019s algorithms assemble \u2018personas\u2019 of users based on keywords in users\u2019 posts and who users are following. By combining information on several of a user\u2019s stated interests, interest graphs allow 140 Proof to infer further about the user\u2019s interests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010971-0011-0000", "contents": "140 Proof, The blended interest graph\nBrands can then choose personas toward which they can target their ads. For example, an advertiser might want to reach just sports fans, or either sports fans or mothers, or only sports fans who are also mothers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010972-0000-0000", "contents": "140 Siwa\nSiwa (minor planet designation: 140 Siwa) is a large and dark main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa on October 13, 1874, and named after \u0160iwa, the Slavic goddess of fertility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010972-0001-0000", "contents": "140 Siwa\nThe Rosetta comet probe was to visit Siwa on its way to comet 46P/Wirtanen in July, 2008. However, the mission was rerouted to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and the flyby had to be abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010972-0002-0000", "contents": "140 Siwa\nAttempts to measure the rotation period of this asteroid have produced inconsistent results ranging from 14.7 to 32 hours. Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico during 2010 gave an irregular light curve with a period of 34.407 \u00b1 0.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.05 \u00b1 0.01 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010972-0003-0000", "contents": "140 Siwa\nA 2004 study of the spectrum matched a typical C-type asteroid with typical carbonaceous chondrite makeup. There are no absorption features of mafic minerals found. The classification was later revised to a P-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010973-0000-0000", "contents": "140 Squadron (Israel)\n140 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also Golden Eagle Squadron, is an F-35I \"Adir\" squadron based at Nevatim Airbase in Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010973-0001-0000", "contents": "140 Squadron (Israel)\nFormerly an F-16A/B squadron, the squadron was closed on 2 August 2013, as part of IDF budget cuts, its aircraft allocated to 116 Squadron (Defenders of the South).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010973-0002-0000", "contents": "140 Squadron (Israel)\nIn 2015 it was announced that the \"Golden Eagle\" will be the first Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Squadron in the IAF. The squadron received its first two aircraft on December 12, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010974-0000-0000", "contents": "140 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force\nThe 140 Squadron \"Osprey\" of the Republic of Singapore Air Force currently operates twelve F-16 Fighting Falcon of the F-16C/D Block 52 version. Based in Tengah Air Base, the squadron goes by the motto \"Stand Firm in Defence\" with the Osprey adopted as its mascot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010974-0001-0000", "contents": "140 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\nThe Squadron was set up in September 1970 as Singapore's first Air Defence Fighter Squadron and received their first aircraft - twenty refurbished Hawker Hunters aircraft in July 1970. The Hawker Hunters served faithfully for twenty years, after which they were replaced by the F-16A/Bs in 1990. These were, in turn, replaced by newer F-16C/Ds in 2000 and were subsequently transferred to Royal Thai Air Force the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010974-0002-0000", "contents": "140 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Information\nThe tail is adorned with a red checkered tailband. The squadron's logo is centered with the serial number on the base of the tail. This scheme was already applied during the F-16A/B era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 58], "content_span": [59, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010974-0003-0000", "contents": "140 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Achievements\n140 Squadron is also a consistent winner in the annual Singapore Armed Forces Best Unit Competition for the Air Force, having emerged as the Best Fighter Squadron since the competition's inception back in 1985. Namely: 1985, 1987, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010974-0004-0000", "contents": "140 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Achievements\n140 Squadron won the Best Squadron for the Hotshot Challenge 2016. It celebrated its 45th anniversary in 2015 and won the Best Fighter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010974-0005-0000", "contents": "140 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Latest photo\nA retired 140 Sqn Hawker Hunter FGA.74S - serial number 527, parked outside the RSAF Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010974-0006-0000", "contents": "140 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Latest photo\nPilots of 140 Sqn responding to a simulated quick reaction alert (QRA) to scramble their F-16Cs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010975-0000-0000", "contents": "140 St Georges Terrace\n140 St Georges Terrace is a 30-storey skyscraper in Perth, Western Australia. Opened in 1975, the 131-metre (430\u00a0ft) tower was known as the AMP Building or AMP Tower after its owner and former flagship tenant, AMP Limited. The building became the tallest completed skyscraper in Perth in 1975, a title which it held only until 1976, when Allendale Square was opened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010975-0001-0000", "contents": "140 St Georges Terrace, Site history and construction\nThe site at the corner of St Georges Terrace and William Street known as \"Carr's Corner\" was purchased by AMP in 1910, and in 1915 the AMP Chambers designed by Oldham and Cox were built on the corner. This six-storey building was clad with sandstone, and the interior was decorated with jarrah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010975-0002-0000", "contents": "140 St Georges Terrace, Site history and construction\nThe top of the building featured an iconic bronze statue, which became a landmark atop the chambers. The 12-foot (3.7\u00a0m) high statue depicted four figures: a central figure symbolised protection, and it was flanked by a man, woman and child. Weighing around 2,000 pounds (910\u00a0kg), the sculpture was hollow with a wooden base and was thought to have been made in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010975-0003-0000", "contents": "140 St Georges Terrace, Site history and construction\nWhen AMP announced plans to demolish the building and erect in its place a modern skyscraper, the National Trust refused to classify the building as in need of protection. The Trust Administrator N.J. Armitage instead applauded the development and the open space that would be created in the forecourt of the new tower. Although the building could not be saved from demolition, the iconic statue atop it was saved by Clive Rutty and purchased by millionaire collector Lew Whiteman, who paid $1000 for it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010975-0003-0001", "contents": "140 St Georges Terrace, Site history and construction\nWhen the statue was removed from the building on 19 March 1972, a piece of wood was found within it with the names on it of the four men who erected it in October 1914. AMP later asked to buy the statue back from Whiteman, and he told them they did not deserve it. After the death of Whiteman, the statue was bought at auction for A$60,800 by the land developers, Sherwood Overseas, and placed in its current position as a contribution to public art. It now stands in the centre of a lake of Floreat Waters, on the western side of Herdsman Lake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010975-0004-0000", "contents": "140 St Georges Terrace, Site history and construction\nThe developers were allowed to build their tower beyond the allowable plot ratio because of planning concessions awarded in return for the provision of public amenities, namely the open space in front of the building and seats provided for the public. A further bonus was given for the linking of the development with the Elders development across St Georges Terrace. Demolition of the old building started in May 1972; construction on the foundations of the office tower then proceeded, and the construction of the tower was completed in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010975-0005-0000", "contents": "140 St Georges Terrace, Site history and construction\nThe building originally housed an observation deck on the 29th floor, offering sweeping views across the central business district. However, when both its west and east views were blocked by the construction of the BankWest Tower in 1988 and Central Park in 1992, this observation deck was closed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010975-0006-0000", "contents": "140 St Georges Terrace, Post-completion\nWhen the tower was first built in 1975, an \"iconic\" commissioned sculpture by Howard Taylor was installed in its forecourt. The sculpture, entitled \"The Black Stump\", was constructed of concrete and mosaic tile and weighed more than 28 tonnes (62,000\u00a0lb). It was relocated to the University of Western Australia in 1990, where it has remained beside the Octagon Theatre ever since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010975-0007-0000", "contents": "140 St Georges Terrace, Post-completion\nThe building was used by AMP as its state headquarters from its opening in 1975 until 2002 when most of its staff moved to West Perth offices. The last AMP staff shifted out of the building in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010975-0008-0000", "contents": "140 St Georges Terrace, Post-completion\nSince 1997, the tower has been used as a launching pad for some shells in the annual Lotterywest Skyworks fireworks display.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010975-0009-0000", "contents": "140 St Georges Terrace, Post-completion\nOwned by AMP companies since 1915, the building was put on the market by owner AMP Asset Management in 2000 and was expected to fetch A$80 million. A Perth-based syndicate headed by Brett Wilkins offered to buy the tower for between $75 and 80 million. However, the property failed to sell,and remained within AMP ownership. In August 2005,the building was sold by AMP Life Statutory Fund No 1 to the AMP-managed Australian Core Property Portfolio for $153.5 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010975-0010-0000", "contents": "140 St Georges Terrace, Post-completion, Refurbishments\nIn 1992, the building underwent refurbishment, but this was mostly only minor cosmetic refurbishment. Coinciding with the completion of Central Park, the $15 million project was conducted by Multiplex. The refurbishment involved a facelift for the ground floor lobby, including polished granite flooring, wall panelling and coffered ceilings with concealed lighting, improved revolving doors, new glass and planter boxes. The facelift also saw the repaving of the building's forecourt with cobblestone, new landscaping, further public seating and the integration of the tower's underground car parking with Central Park's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010975-0011-0000", "contents": "140 St Georges Terrace, Post-completion, Refurbishments\nDespite the 1992 refurbishment, by 2000 the building was already widely regarded as in need of an upgrade. In 2003, when the building was \"almost empty\", an extensive refurbishment of the building was undertaken, at a cost of A$34 million. The largest office tower refurbishment in Perth's history, work started in April 2003. The refurbishment was mostly an internal one, refreshing office floors and replacing building services such as air conditioning and lifts. The bulk of the facade remained unchanged, aside from a new \"two-storey high, 15-metre long bronzed-glass canopy\" at ground level. The glass of the canopy is coated with small white dots which have a shading effect during the day, but uplighting produces a white ceiling effect at night. This canopy was intended to give the tower a more prominent entrance. The refurbishment also involved the installation of new conference facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 958]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010975-0012-0000", "contents": "140 St Georges Terrace, Post-completion, Refurbishments\nThe 2003 refurbishment was designed by architects Cox Howlett & Bailey Woodland, and the refurbishment contract won by Multiplex. The project took until 2005,finishing on-time and on-budget. The refurbishment was a success, with the building going from \"sparesely occupied\" at the start of the refurbishment project to \"practically full\" in 2006. The refurbishment was also expected to give the tower a \"4.5 Australian Building Greenhouse Rating\" due to its new, energy-efficient lifts, air conditioning, window tinting and double glazing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010975-0013-0000", "contents": "140 St Georges Terrace, Design\n140 St Georges Terrace features a service core design, with the concrete core containing the lifts and two stairwells. The perimeter of the square cross-section tower features load-bearing columns, allowing the office floors to remain mostly column-free. The building has one service lift and twelve passenger lifts: six for the low-rise portion of the building (floors 1\u201314) and six for the high-rise (floors 15\u201328). The low-rise and high-rise portions of the building are clearly visible on the exterior of the building, as they are separated by a plant level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010975-0014-0000", "contents": "140 St Georges Terrace, Design\nThe base of the tower is located 15 metres (49\u00a0ft) above sea level, and the roof of the building rises 131 metres (430\u00a0ft) above the street below. The building has 28 office levels, in addition to the ground floor, basement levels and plant room. According to Emporis, the 29th (top) floor was once an observation level which closed following the construction of the taller BankWest and Central Park towers around it. The floor-to-floor height in the tower is 3,660\u00a0mm (144\u00a0in), and the ceiling height is 2,740\u00a0mm (108\u00a0in). The building has 29,800\u00a0m2 (321,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of net lettable area, and has an underground car park with 260 spaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0000-0000", "contents": "140 West 57th Street\n140 West 57th Street, also known as The Beaufort, is an office building on 57th Street between Sixth Avenue and Seventh Avenue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It was built from 1907 to 1909 and designed by Pollard and Steinam, who also simultaneously designed the neighboring, nearly identical building at 130 West 57th Street. The buildings are among several in Manhattan that were built in the early 20th century as both studio and residences for artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0001-0000", "contents": "140 West 57th Street\n140 West 57th Street is fifteen stories tall, with fourteen stories facing 57th Street, as well as a penthouse. The lowest two stories of the primary facade along 57th Street are clad in limestone, while the upper stories are clad in brick. The facade contains both broad and narrow bays with metal-framed studio windows, some of which are double-height. Along 57th Street, there are cornices above the second story. There were double-height studios on the 57th Street side and smaller residences at the back of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0002-0000", "contents": "140 West 57th Street\n140 West 57th Street was developed upon land owned by artist Robert Vonnoh. Although marketed as artists' studios, 140 West 57th Street was also home to lawyers, stock brokers, teachers, and other professionals. The building was converted into a rental-apartment structure in 1944, and was subsequently converted into an office building during the late 20th century. 140 West 57th Street was designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0003-0000", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, Site\n140 West 57th Street is on the southern side of 57th Street between Sixth Avenue and Seventh Avenue, two blocks south of Central Park in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. According to the New York City Department of City Planning, the lot measures 80 feet (24\u00a0m) wide along 57th Street and is 100 feet (30\u00a0m) deep. The building abuts Metropolitan Tower to the west and 130 West 57th Street to the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0003-0001", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, Site\nOther nearby buildings include the Russian Tea Room, Carnegie Hall Tower, and Carnegie Hall to the west; the Louis H. Chalif Normal School of Dancing and One57 to the northwest; the Nippon Club Tower and Calvary Baptist Church to the north; 111 West 57th Street to the northeast; the Parker New York hotel to the east; and CitySpire, New York City Center, and 125 West 55th Street to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0004-0000", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, Site\n130 and 140 West 57th Street are part of an artistic hub that developed around the two blocks of West 57th Street from Sixth Avenue west to Broadway during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, following the opening of the nearby Carnegie Hall in 1891. Several buildings in the area were constructed as residences for artists and musicians, such as 130 and 140 West 57th Street, the Rodin Studios, and the Osborne Apartments, as well as the demolished Sherwood Studios and Rembrandt. In addition, the area contained the headquarters of organizations such as the American Fine Arts Society, the Lotos Club, and the American Society of Civil Engineers. The sites occupied by 130 and 140 West 57th Street were historically occupied by brownstone townhouses in the late 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0005-0000", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, Design\n140 West 57th Street was designed by Pollard and Steinam, who also designed the neighboring studios at 130 West 57th Street. Both structures were constructed simultaneously and were designed nearly identically as studio apartments for artists. 140 West 57th Street is 150 feet (46\u00a0m) tall; the front portion along 57th Street contains 14 stories while the rear portion contains 12 stories. The building has also historically been known as The Beaufort. It is one of a few remaining artists' studio buildings in New York City with distinct living and working spaces for artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0006-0000", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, Design, Facade\nThe main facade overlooking 57th Street consists of five vertical bays, which contain metal windows and are separated by brick piers. The westernmost, center, and easternmost bays are wider, and alternate with two narrower bays. The rear facade is made of brick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0007-0000", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, Design, Facade\nThe base is composed of the first and second stories. At the base, the central bay contains a slightly projecting entrance pavilion clad with rusticated and vermiculated limestone blocks. Within this entrance pavilion is an arch with voussoirs flanking a volute above the top of the arch, and a double door flanked by a pair of flat pilasters. The remainder of the base contains storefronts or store entrances on the first story. The second story contains multi-section rectangular windows in the wide bays and pairs of sash windows in the narrow bays. Atop the second story is a projecting terracotta cornice, which contains a frieze with alternating circles and triglyphs, as well as a pattern of mutules alternating with rosettes or lozenges on the underside of the cornice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0008-0000", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, Design, Facade\nThe twelve upper stories are similar in design to each other and contain several types of windows. The windows in the outermost wide bays, and on the third through tenth stories of the center bay, project slightly from the facade and contain trapezoidal frames. The outermost bays contain double-height windows. These double-height windows were designed to maximize sun exposure. The windows in the narrow bays, and in the eleventh through fourteenth stories of the center bay, do not project. In all bays, there are geometric white-painted spandrels between the windows on each story, and the windows have white mullions. The original design contained a metal cornice above the fourteenth story, matching that of 130 West 57th Street, but the cornice was removed sometime in the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0009-0000", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, Design, Interior\nThe building was designed with 36 studios. Its location on the south side of 57th Street, a major road that was wider than parallel streets, ensured that the interiors would be brightly lit by sunlight from the north, for the benefit of the artists working there. The interiors contained double-height studios, characterized by House Beautiful magazine as \"a splendid backdrop for tapestry or painting\". The double-height studios were behind the wide bays facing 57th Street, and each contained a living room, kitchen, four bedrooms, and servants' rooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0009-0001", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, Design, Interior\nBehind the narrow bays were studio rooms, some of which could be used as separate apartments. There were smaller apartments in the rear, which contained two bedrooms and a kitchenette. The building had separate elevators for passengers and freight, as well as resident amenities such as a vacuum cleaning facility, a laundry room, a mail chute, dumbwaiters, and telephone service in each residence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0010-0000", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, Design, Interior\n140 West 57th Street was altered in 1998 and reclassified as a mid-rise office building with commercial units. According to the Department of City Planning, the building has a gross floor area of 90,000 square feet (8,400\u00a0m2) and has a single unit. Renovation plans released in 2020 indicate that the building is to be converted into commercial units, with two per floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0011-0000", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, History\nCooperative apartment housing in New York City became popular in the late 19th century because of overcrowded housing conditions in the city's dense urban areas. When 140 West 57th Street was constructed, there were some co-ops in the city that catered specifically to artists, including the Bryant Park Studios and the Carnegie Studios, but these were almost always fully occupied and did not provide adequate space for artists to both live and work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0011-0001", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, History\nThe 67th Street Studios, constructed between 1901 and 1903 at 23\u201329 West 67th Street near Central Park, were the first artists' cooperatives in the city that were also specifically designed to provide duplex working and living areas for artists. The success of the 67th Street Studios prompted the development of other artists' studios in that area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0012-0000", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, History, Artists' studios\nRobert Vonnoh, an artist residing in one of the 67th Street Studios, bought four brownstone townhouses at 134\u2013142 West 57th Street in mid-1907. Ownership of the brownstones was transferred to the 136 West 57th Street Corporation that August. The corporation was operated by president Walter G. Merritt and secretary Payson McL. Merrill. Pollard and Steinam were hired to design a $500,000 apartment house at the site, with seven double-height stories in the front and twelve single-height stories in the rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0012-0001", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, History, Artists' studios\nThe architects had also been hired for the nearly identical, adjacent development at 130 West 57th Street, developed by the same individuals. Building permits for 140 West 57th Street were filed with the New York City Department of Buildings in December 1907. The construction contract was awarded to William J. Taylor, and funded with a $475,000 loan from the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. The building was completed in January 1909.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0013-0000", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, History, Artists' studios\nAlthough marketed as artists' studios, 140 West 57th Street was also home to lawyers, stock brokers, teachers, and other professionals. The tenants included opera singer Beniamino Gigli, as well as sculptor and forger Ernest Durig. The building originally had an entrance staircase, but it was removed in 1922 as part of a project to widen West 57th Street. Sometime during the 20th century, the original cornice was removed and the ground story storefronts were installed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0014-0000", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, History, Later use\nThe building was converted to a rental apartment in 1944. The Dry Dock Savings Institution sold the building to an investment syndicate for $335,000 cash in January 1945. The building was resold to the Parkbridge Corporation in late April 1945, and resold again within one week. At the time, 140 West 57th Street had 68 residential units and two stores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0015-0000", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, History, Later use\nWhen Macklowe Properties bought 140 West 57th Street in 1981, the building still contained residential units. Harry Macklowe, the head of Macklowe Properties, transferred some of the air rights above 140 West 57th Street to the adjacent plot to the west in 1984. This enabled the Metropolitan Tower, which was being built on that plot, to be erected at a greater height than would be normally allowed under zoning codes. Macklowe also planned to reface 140 West 57th Street with a glass facade, but he decided against doing so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0015-0001", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, History, Later use\nPlanet Hollywood opened a location at the building's base in 1991, and the Motown Cafe and Planet Hollywood's Merch Shop occupied the storefronts at 130 and 140 West 57th Street. Macklowe wished to convert the building to office space, and between 1995 and 1998, bought out the last residents. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated 130 West 57th Street as an official city landmark on October 19, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0016-0000", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, History, Later use\nThe Planet Hollywood at the building's base had closed by late 2000, when the restaurant moved to Times Square. During the early 21st century, office tenants included a consultant group, a violin reseller, a triathlon athletes' specialty company, and a jewelry showroom. By 2008, Macklowe was in debt and placed 140 West 57th Street for sale; The Feil Organization purchased 140 West 57th Street the next year for $59 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010976-0016-0001", "contents": "140 West 57th Street, History, Later use\nIn 2015, Feil hired Goldstein Hill & West to conduct a study on the feasibility of converting the building back to residential use, and the architects found that the building could be expanded by about 11,000 square feet (1,000\u00a0m2). Feil stopped renewing leases for 140 West 57th Street's office plans in early 2016, and Goldstein Hill & West filed plans that November to convert the building to 34 residential condominiums. After Feil found that the air-rights transfer in 1984 prevented the expansion of the building, the company sued Goldstein Hill & West. MdeAs Architects submitted revised plans to the LPC in July 2020, which entailed modifying the facade, reinstalling the cornice, expanding the 13th story at the rear, and converting the interior to a commercial structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010977-0000-0000", "contents": "140 William Street\n140 William Street (formerly BHP House) is a 41-storey steel, concrete and glass building located in the eastern side of the central business district of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Constructed between 1969 and 1972, BHP House was designed by the architectural practice Yuncken Freeman alongside engineers Irwinconsult, with heavy influence of contemporary skyscrapers in Chicago, Illinois. The local architects sought technical advice from Bangladeshi-American structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan, of renowned American architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, spending ten weeks at its Chicago office in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010977-0000-0001", "contents": "140 William Street\nAt the time, BHP House was known to be the tallest steel-framed building and the first office building in Australia to use a \u201ctotal energy concept\u201d \u2013 the generation of its own electricity using BHP natural gas. The name BHP House came from the building being the national headquarters of BHP. BHP House has been included in the Victorian Heritage Register (Number H1699) for significance to the State of Victoria for following three reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010977-0001-0000", "contents": "140 William Street, Key influences and design approach\nContaining 41 floors and standing at 152m tall, BHP House was designed in a \u2018Modern Style\u2019 during the 1960s. The design was promoting the use of steel in Australian construction and sought to establish new national height standards for a steel-framed structure. Consisting of three dominant materials - steel, concrete and glass - BHP House was the tallest building in the city upon completion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010977-0001-0001", "contents": "140 William Street, Key influences and design approach\nThe building's expressed gridded structure was a clear break from the sheer curtain walls of the 1950s and 1960s, and like the pioneering skyscrapers of Mies van der Rohe, it was designed as a three dimensional sculptural monument, detached from the surrounding cityscape. In the architectural field, BHP House is regarded as one of the most notable projects by Yuncken Freeman Architects due to cutting edge techniques for an office building such as flush glazing, minimalist interiors and expressed structural bracing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010977-0002-0000", "contents": "140 William Street, Key influences and design approach\nYuncken Freeman carried out a series of experiments for the design proposals of BHP House in the construction processes of their own offices in 1970, located at 411-415 King Street, Melbourne. Under the advice of Fazlur Khan, a structural engineer from Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, the design revolves around four basic components in order to reinvent the tower as a \u2018cantilever\u2019 and achieve the properties of a \u2018giant stiff structural tube\u2019. The four components consist of a steel-framed flooring system, a steel-framed central core, a steel and glass fa\u00e7ade, and steel trusses that connect the central core to the fa\u00e7ade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010977-0002-0001", "contents": "140 William Street, Key influences and design approach\nInnovative techniques were employed to lay the foundations of the building \u2013 a concrete raft which was poured in a single continuous action. The weight of the floor structure was reduced by using open-web steel beams and a lightweight layer of concrete. Along with cap and belt trusses, this flooring system performed a stiffening effect and allowed structural loads to be transferred down through the central steel-framed core and the outer steel-framed fa\u00e7ade, eradicating the need for internal columns and providing flexibility for internal spaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010977-0002-0002", "contents": "140 William Street, Key influences and design approach\nThe design of the building was also notable for the \u2018total energy system\u2019 which allowed electrical generation using BHP natural gas. BHP House set the standard for many subsequent office buildings and led to the change of Melbourne Town Planning Codes which were altered to cater for increased building heights and floor areas. When completed, it was the second tallest building in Australia behind Australia Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010978-0000-0000", "contents": "1400\nYear 1400 (MCD) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The year 1400 was not a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian Calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010979-0000-0000", "contents": "1400 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1400\u00a0kHz. 1400\u00a0kHz is defined as a Class C (local) frequency in the coterminous United States and such stations on this frequency are limited to 1,000 watts. U.S. stations outside the coterminous United States (Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, & the U.S. Virgin Islands) on this frequency are defined as Class B (regional) stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010980-0000-0000", "contents": "1400 Guineas Stakes\nThe 1400 Guineas Stakes was a flat horse race in Great Britain open to thoroughbreds aged four years. It was run at Newmarket and was one of the most important races of the second half of the 18th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010980-0001-0000", "contents": "1400 Guineas Stakes, History\nThe 1400 Guineas was established in 1757 to be first run on the Monday before the first Thursday in October 1758. It was established by the 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, Marquess of Granby, 2nd Earl of Northumberland, 1st Earl of Gower, Sir James Lowther, Thomas Panton and Jenison Shafto. They agreed the race was to be run over the Beacon course at Newmarket and would be open to four-year-old colts and fillies. They paid a 200 guineas subscription each to enter their horse. Colts would carry 8\u00a0st 7\u00a0lb and fillies 8\u00a0st 4\u00a0lb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010980-0002-0000", "contents": "1400 Guineas Stakes, History\nThe race was initially to be run for five consecutive years from 1758, but was subsequently renewed in 1763. The weights were changed in 1768, with colts carrying 8\u00a0st 10\u00a0lb and fillies 8\u00a0st 7\u00a0lb. The race was discontinued after 1782 and a similar race was started for three-year-olds in 1784.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010981-0000-0000", "contents": "1400 Smith Street\n1400 Smith Street (formerly Enron Complex) is a 691\u00a0ft (211\u00a0m) tall skyscraper located in downtown Houston, Texas, United States. The building has 50 floors and is the 11th tallest building in the city. Designed by architectural firm Lloyd Jones Brewer and Associates, the building was completed in 1983. The 1,200,000-square-foot (110,000\u00a0m2) office tower is situated on Houston's six-mile (10\u00a0km) pedestrian and retail tunnel system that links many of the city's downtown towers. It was formerly Four Allen Center, a part of the Allen Center complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010981-0001-0000", "contents": "1400 Smith Street\nThe building was the former headquarters of Enron, one of America's largest commodities trading companies during the 1990s and later infamous for its financial scandal in 2001. 1400 Smith Street was originally known as Four Allen Center prior to Enron relocating to Houston in 1985. Before Enron's collapse, the energy giant constructed a second, similar building across the street, connected to 1400 Smith Street by a circular skywalk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010981-0002-0000", "contents": "1400 Smith Street\nIn 2006, Brookfield Properties acquired the 1,200,000-square-foot (110,000\u00a0m2) Four Allen Center for $120 million. At the same time, Brookfield announced that Chevron USA signed a lease for the entire building. Brookfield held 4 Allen Center in a joint partnership with the private equity group The Blackstone Group. As of 2006, the joint venture has 7,400,000 square feet (690,000\u00a0m2) of office space in Downtown Houston, making it the largest office owner in the central business district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010981-0003-0000", "contents": "1400 Smith Street\nBeginning in 2006, Chevron leased the entirety of the building. Earlier in 2011 Brookfield Properties, the owner of the building, searched for a prospective buyer. In June 2011, Chevron bought the building from Brookfield for $340 million. Brookfield confirmed the purchase on June 24, 2011. If Chevron had not fully occupied the building, Brookfield would have put the building on the market, and Holliday Fowler Fenoglio LP would have had the listing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010982-0000-0000", "contents": "1400 Tirela\n1400 Tirela (prov. designation: 1936 WA) is an asteroid and the parent body of the Tirela family, located in the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 17 November 1936, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory in North Africa. The asteroid has a rotation period of 13.4 hours and measures approximately 16 kilometers (9.9 miles) in diameter. It was named after Charles Tirel, a friend of the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010982-0001-0000", "contents": "1400 Tirela, Orbit and classification\nTirela is the parent body of the Tirela family, a fairly large asteroid family, also known as the Klumpkea family, after its largest member 1040\u00a0Klumpkea. It orbits the Sun in the outer main belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.9\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,018 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as 1930 UQ at Lowell Observatory in October 1930. The body's observation arc also begins at Lowell Observatory, with a precovery taken the night before its first identification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010982-0002-0000", "contents": "1400 Tirela, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Charles Tirel a friend of discoverer Louis Boyer- The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 127).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010982-0003-0000", "contents": "1400 Tirela, Physical characteristics\nIn both the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), Tirela is a dark D-type asteroid. Conversely, the overall spectral type of the Tirela family is that of an S-type which agrees with the determined albedo (see below) by WISE and Akari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010982-0004-0000", "contents": "1400 Tirela, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn the early 2000s, a rotational lightcurve of Tirela was obtained from photometric observations by a group of Hungarian astronomers. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 13.356 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.55 magnitude (U=2), superseding the result from a previous observation that gave a period of 8 hours. A 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database, gave a concurring sidereal period of 13.35384\u00b10.00001 hours, as well as two spin axis of (58.0\u00b0, \u221280.0\u00b0) and (297.0\u00b0, \u221241.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010982-0005-0000", "contents": "1400 Tirela, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Tirela measures between 14.67 and 15.697 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.216 and 0.227. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 29.21 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010984-0000-0000", "contents": "1400 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1400 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010985-0000-0000", "contents": "1400s (decade)\nThe 1400s ran from January 1, 1400, to December 31, 1409.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010986-0000-0000", "contents": "1400s BC (decade)\nThe 1400s BC is a decade which lasted from 1409 BC to 1400 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010989-0000-0000", "contents": "1400s in art\nThe decade of the 15th century in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010990-0000-0000", "contents": "1400s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010990-0001-0000", "contents": "1400s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010990-0002-0000", "contents": "1400s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0000-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion\nFashion in 15th-century Europe was characterized by a series of extremes and extravagances, from the voluminous robes called houppelandes with their sweeping floor-length sleeves to the revealing doublets and hose of Renaissance Italy. Hats, hoods, and other headdresses assumed increasing importance, and were draped, jewelled, and feathered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0001-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion\nAs Europe continued to grow more prosperous, the urban middle classes, skilled workers, began to wear more complex clothes that followed, at a distance, the fashions set by the elites. It is in this time period that we begin to see fashion take on a temporal aspect. People could now be dated by their clothes, and being in \"out of date\" clothing became a new social concern. National variations in clothing seem on the whole to have increased over the 15th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0002-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, General trends, New trends emerge among the Danes\nThe L\u00fcbeckian chronicler Arnold mocked changes in Danish attire he attributes to the increasing economic power of the Danes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 80], "content_span": [81, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0003-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, General trends, New trends emerge among the Danes\nThe Danes, who imitate the habits of the Germans...are now adopting the dress and weapons of other nations. Previously, they dressed like seamen because they lived by the coast and were always preoccupied with ships, but now they clothe themselves not only in scarlet, parti-coloured and grey furs, but also in purple and fine linens. The reason for this is that they have all become very rich due to the fishing that takes place every year around Scania.... They catch the herring at no cost to themselves, by the abundant grace of God, while the merchants offer the best they have in order to secure a good bargain - and sometimes even lose their lives in shipwrecks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 80], "content_span": [81, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0004-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, General trends, New trends emerge among the Danes\nHistorians conjecture that the raw materials used to make clothing changed along with the styles, from wool to linens, as well as the colors of the textiles, and the types of weave, from homespun grey woolens to imported red and darkly colored textiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 80], "content_span": [81, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0005-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, General trends, Dominance of the Burgundian court\nWith England and France mired in the Hundred Years War and its aftermath and then the English Wars of the Roses through most of the 15th century, European fashion north of the Alps was dominated by the glittering court of the Duchy of Burgundy, especially under the fashion-conscious power-broker Philip the Good (ruled 1419\u20131469). Having added Holland and Flanders to their dominion, the Dukes of Burgundy had access to the latest fabrics of Italy and the East and to English wool exports through the great trading cities of Bruges and Antwerp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 80], "content_span": [81, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0005-0001", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, General trends, Dominance of the Burgundian court\nPurchases of fabrics through Italian merchants like the two cousins both named Giovanni Arnolfini amounted to a noticeable proportion of all government expenditure. Especially in Florence, where sumptuary laws prevented the citizens from wearing the most luxurious cloths on which the city's fortunes were built, the materials of men's clothing in particular often appear plain in paintings, but contemporaries who understood the difference in grades of cloth very well would have appreciated the beauty and great expense of a very fine grade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 80], "content_span": [81, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0006-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, General trends, Fabrics and fur\nWool was the most popular fabric for all classes by far, followed by linen and hemp. Wool fabrics were available in a wide range of qualities, from rough undyed cloth to fine, dense broadcloth with a velvety nap. High-value broadcloth was a backbone of the English economy and was exported throughout Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0006-0001", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, General trends, Fabrics and fur\nWool fabrics were dyed in rich colours, notably reds, greens, golds, and blues, although the actual blue colour achievable with dyeing with woad (and less frequently indigo) could not match the characteristic rich lapis lazuli pigment blues depicted in contemporary illuminated manuscripts such as the Tr\u00e8s Riches Heures du duc de Berry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0007-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, General trends, Fabrics and fur\nSilk weaving was well established around the Mediterranean by the beginning of the 15th century, and figured silks, often silk velvets with silver-gilt wefts, are increasingly seen in Italian dress and in the dress of the wealthy throughout Europe. Stately floral designs featuring a pomegranate or artichoke motif had reached Europe from China in the 14th century and became a dominant design in the Ottoman silk-producing cities of Istanbul and Bursa, and spread to silk weavers in Florence, Genoa, Venice, Valencia, and Seville in this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0008-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, General trends, Fabrics and fur\nFur was worn, mostly as a lining layer, by those who could afford it. The grey and white squirrel furs of the Middle Ages, vair and miniver, went out of style except at court, first for men and then for women; the new fashionable furs were dark brown sable and marten. Toward the end of the 15th century, wild animal furs such as lynx became popular. Ermine remained the prerogative and hallmark of royalty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0009-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, General trends, Slashing\nSlashing is a decorative technique that involved making small cuts on the outer fabric of a garment in order to reveal the sometimes brightly colored inner garment or lining. It was performed on all varieties of clothing, both men's and women's. Contemporary chroniclers identify the source of the fashion for slashing garments to the actions of Swiss soldiers in the aftermath of the Battle of Grandson in 1476. Supposedly the Swiss plundered the rich fabrics of the Burgundian nobles and used the scraps to patch their tattered clothes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0009-0001", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, General trends, Slashing\nIn reality, images appear of sleeves with a single slashed opening as early as the mid-15th century, although the German fashion for \"many small all-over slits\" may have begun here. Whatever its origin, the fad for multiple slashings spread to German Landsknechts and thence to France, Italy, and England, where it was to remain a potent current in fashionable attire into the mid-17th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0010-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, General trends, Slashing\nA second result of the defeat at Grandson was the decline of Burgundy as a fount of culture and fashion. The heiress Mary of Burgundy married Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor but died young. In the last decade of the 15th century, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and was briefly declared King of Naples. As a result, the French nobility were introduced to the fabrics and styles of Italy, which would combine with German influence to become mainstream fashion of the nobility in France (and later spread to England) in the first half of the 16th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0011-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Dress, kirtle, and chemise\nWomen's fashions of the 15th century consisted of a long dress, usually with sleeves, worn over a kirtle or underdress, with a linen chemise or smock worn next to the skin. The sleeves were made detachable and were heavily ornamented. The long-waisted silhouette of the previous period was replaced by a high-waisted style with fullness over the belly, often confined by a belt. The wide, shallow scooped neckline was replaced by a V-neck, often cut low enough to reveal the decorated front of the kirtle beneath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0012-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Dress, kirtle, and chemise\nVarious styles of overdresses were worn. The cotehardie fitted smoothly from the shoulders to the hips and then flared by means of inserted triangular gores. It featured sleeves tight to the elbow with hanging streamers or tippets. The tight fit was achieved with lacing or buttons. This style faded rapidly from fashion in favor of the houppelande, a full robe with a high collar and wide sleeves that had become fashionable around 1380 and remained so to mid-15th century. The later houppelande had sleeves that were snug at the wrist, making a full \"bag\" sleeve. The bag sleeve was sometimes slashed in the front to allow the lower arm to reach through.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0013-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Dress, kirtle, and chemise\nAround 1450, the dress of northern Europe developed a low V-neck that showed a glimpse of the square-necked kirtle. The neckline could be filled in with a sheer linen partlet. Wide turn-backs like revers displayed a contrasting lining, frequently of fur or black velvet, and the sleeves might be cuffed to match. Sleeves were very long, covering half of the hand, and often highly decorated with embroidery. Fine sleeves were often transferred from one dress to another. The term robe d\u00e9guis\u00e9e was coined in the mid-1400s to describe garments reflecting the very latest fashions, a term which endured into the 16th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0014-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Dress, kirtle, and chemise\nIn Italy, the low scoop-neck of the early decades gave way to a neckline that was high in front with a lower V-neck at the back at mid-15th century. This was followed by a V-neckline that displayed the kirtle or gamurra (sometimes spelled camorra). Sleeveless overdresses such as the cioppa were popular, and the gamurra sleeves displayed were often of rich figured silks. The cotta was a lighter-weight underdress for summerwear. A sideless overdress called the giornea was worn with the gamurra or cotta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0014-0001", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Dress, kirtle, and chemise\nToward the end of the period, sleeves were made in sections or panels and slashed, allowing the full chemise sleeves below to be pulled through in puffs along the arm, at the shoulder, and at the elbow. This was the beginning of the fashion for puffed and slashed sleeves that would last for two centuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0015-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Dress, kirtle, and chemise\nThe partlet, a separate item to fill in a low neckline, appeared in this period, usually of sheer fabric (linen or possibly silk) with an open V-neckline. Some partlets had a collar and a back similar to the upper part of a shirt. Burgundian partlets were usually depicted worn under the dress (but over the kirtle); in Italy the partlet seems to have been worn over the dress and could be pointed or cut straight across at the lower front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0016-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Dress, kirtle, and chemise\nTwo uniquely Spanish fashions appeared from the 1470s. The verdugada or verdugado was a gown with a bell-shaped hoop skirt with visible casings stiffened with reeds, which would become the farthingale. The earliest depictions of this garment come from Catalonia, where it was worn with pieced or slashed sleeves and the second new style, a chemise with trumpet sleeves, open and very wide at the wrist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0017-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Dress, kirtle, and chemise\nThe sideless surcoat of the 14th century became fossilized as a ceremonial costume for royalty, usually with an ermine front panel (called a plackard or placket) and a mantle draped from the shoulders; it can be seen in variety of royal portraits and as \"shorthand\" to identify queens in illuminated manuscripts of the period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0018-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headdresses\nA variety of hats and headdresses were worn in Europe in the 15th century. The crespine of Northern Europe, originally a thick hairnet or snood, had evolved into a mesh of jeweler's work that confined the hair on the sides of the head by the end of the 14th century. Gradually the fullness at the sides of head was pulled up to the temples and became pointed, like horns (\u00e0 corn\u00e9). By mid-15th century, the hair was pulled back from the forehead, and the crespine, now usually called a caul, sat on the back of the head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0018-0001", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headdresses\nVery fashionable women shaved their foreheads and eyebrows. Any of these styles could be topped by a padded roll, sometimes arranged in a heart-shape, or a veil, or both. Veils were supported by wire frames that exaggerated the shape and were variously draped from the back of the headdress or covered the forehead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0019-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headdresses\nWomen also wore the chaperon, a draped hat based on the hood and liripipe, and a variety of related draped and wrapped turbans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0020-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headdresses\nThe most extravagant headdress of Burgundian fashion was the hennin, a cone or truncated-cone shaped cap with a wire frame covered in fabric and topped by a floating veil. Later hennins featured a turned-back brim, or were worn over a hood with a turned-back brim. Towards the end of the 15th century women's head-dresses became smaller, more convenient, and less picturesque. The gable hood, a stiff and elaborate head-dress, emerged around 1480 and was popular among elder ladies up until the mid 16th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0021-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headdresses\nWomen of the merchant classes in Northern Europe wore modified versions of courtly hairstyles, with coifs or caps, veils, and wimples of crisp linen (often with visible creases from ironing and folding). A brief fashion added rows of gathered frills to the coif or veil; this style is sometimes known by the German name kruseler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0022-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headdresses\nThe general European convention of completely covering married women's hair was not accepted in warmer Italy. Italian women wore their hair very long, wound with ribbons or braided, and twisted up into knots of various shapes with the ends hanging free. The hair was then covered with sheer veils or small caps. Toward the 1480s women wore chin-length sections of hair in loose waves or ripples over the ears (a style that would inspire \"vintage\" hair fashions in the 1620s and '30s and again in the 1840s and 1850s). Blonde hair was considered desirable (by Botticelli for one), and visitors to Venice reported that ladies sat out in the sun on their terraces with their hair spread out around large circular disks worn like hats, attempting to bleach it in the sun. Chemical methods were also used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0023-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Women's footwear\nWomen from the 14th century wore laced ankle-boots, which were often lined with fur. Later in the 15th century, women also wore what were called crakows or poulaines. They used pattens to protect their tight shoes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 64], "content_span": [65, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0024-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt, doublet, and hose\nThe basic costume of men in this period consisted of a shirt, doublet, and hose, with some sort of overrobe (robe worn over clothing).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 70], "content_span": [71, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0025-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt, doublet, and hose\nLinen shirts were worn next to the skin. Toward the end of the period, shirts (French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish camisa) began to be full through the body and sleeves with wide, low necklines; the sleeves were pulled through the slashings or piecing of the doublet sleeves to make puffs, especially at the elbow and the back of the arm. As the cut of doublets revealed more fabric, wealthy men's shirts were often decorated with embroidery or applied braid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 70], "content_span": [71, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0026-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt, doublet, and hose\nOver the shirt was worn a doublet. From around the mid-15th century very tight-fitting doublets, belted or tailored to be tight at the waist, giving in effect a short skirt below, were fashionable, at least for the young. Sleeves were generally full, even puffy, and when worn with a large chaperon, the look was extremely stylish, but very top-heavy. Very tight hose, and long pointed shoes or thigh-boots gave a long attenuated appearance below the waist, and a chunky, solid one above. The doublet was often elaborately pleated, especially at the back, the pleats being achieved by various means. In Italy both shirt and doublet were often high, tight and collarless at the front of the neck; sometimes they are shown higher at the front than the back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 70], "content_span": [71, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0027-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt, doublet, and hose\nMen of all classes wore short braies or breeches, a loose undergarment, usually made of linen, which was held up by a belt. Hose or chausses made out of wool were used to cover the legs, and were generally brightly colored. Early hose sometimes had leather soles and were worn without shoes or boots. Hose were generally tied to the breech belt, or to the breeches themselves, or to a doublet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 70], "content_span": [71, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0028-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt, doublet, and hose\nAs doublets became shorter, hose reached to the waist rather than the hips, and were sewn together into a single garment with a pouch or flap to cover the front opening; this evolved into the codpiece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 70], "content_span": [71, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0029-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt, doublet, and hose\nThe hose exposed by short tops were, especially in Italy late in the 15th century, often strikingly patterned, parti-coloured (different colours for each leg, or vertically divided), or embroidered. Hose were cut on the cross-grain or bias for stretch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 70], "content_span": [71, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0030-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Overrobes and outerwear\nThe Houppelande, in Italy called the cioppa, was the characteristic overgarment of the wealthy in the first half of the 15th century. It was essentially a robe with fullness falling from the shoulders in organ pleats and very full sleeves often reaching to the floor with, at the start of the 16th century, a high collar. The houppelande could be lined in fur, and the hem and sleeves might be dagged or cut into scallops. It was initially often worn belted, but later mostly hanging straight. The length of the garment shortened from around the ankle to above the knee over this period. The floor-length sleeves were later wrist-length but very full, forming a bag or sack sleeve, or were worn off the arm, hanging ornamentally behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0031-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Overrobes and outerwear\nA sideless tunic or tabard, called a giornea in Italy and a journade in France, was popular. It was usually pleated and was worn hanging loose or belted. Young men wore them short and older men wore them calf- or ankle-length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0032-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Overrobes and outerwear\nThe middle of the 15th century in Burgundy saw what seems to have been the earliest occurrence of the male fashion for dressing all in black, which was to reappear so strongly in the \"Spanish\" style of the mid-16th\u201317th century and again in the 19th\u201320th centuries. This was apparently begun by Duke Philip the Good.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0033-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Overrobes and outerwear\nIn Venice, the patrician class, after the age of joining the Great Council, wore their long red robes as a uniform virtually unchanged throughout the 15th century. In contrast, the young men and the famous courtesans of the city dressed very extravagantly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0034-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Overrobes and outerwear\nIn the last decades of the 15th century, a new style of overgown appeared; this was of various lengths, generally worn unbelted, and featured wide turned back revers and collar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0035-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Overrobes and outerwear\nShort or long cloaks or mantles were worn overall for ceremonial occasions and in bad weather; these typically fastened on one shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0036-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Headgear\nEarly in the 15th century, the hood remained a common component of dress for all classes, although it was frequently worn around the neck as a cowl or twisted into the fantastical shapes of the chaperon. Hats of various styles\u2014tall-crowned with small brims or no brims at all, hats with brims turned up on one side for variations of the coif, or low-crowned with wider brims pulled to a point in front\u2014began to compete with the draped chaperon, especially in Italy. A brimless scarlet cap became nearly universal for young Florentines in particular, and was widely worn by older men and those in other cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0037-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Headgear\nIn mid-15th century, a bowl haircut with the hair shaved at the back of the neck was stylish. In Germany, and briefly in Venice, a wide shock of frizzy blond hair was often seen on images of lovers (and angels) in the later part of the 15th century\u2014less often in portraits. By the end of the 15th century, shoulder-length hair became fashionable, a trend that would continue into the early 16th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010991-0038-0000", "contents": "1400\u20131500 in European fashion, Children's fashion\nChildren\u2019s clothing during the Italian Renaissance reflected that of their parents. In other words, kids dressed exactly like the adults and looked like miniature versions of them. As babies and toddlers, children were all put in dresses to make the potty training process easier for parents or maids. Then, around the age of 6 or 7, boys would receive their first pair of hose (called breeching).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010992-0000-0000", "contents": "1401\nYear 1401 (MCDI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010993-0000-0000", "contents": "1401 in France\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BrownHairedGirl (talk | contribs) at 17:27, 19 June 2020 (use Template:Year in France header, which needs no parameters and applies categories, replaced: {{Year in France|1401}} \u2192 {{Year in France header}}, added Empty section (1) tag). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010995-0000-0000", "contents": "1402\nYear 1402 (MCDII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010997-0000-0000", "contents": "1402 in Italy\nA timeline of events and dates in 1402 in Italy:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 62]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00010998-0000-0000", "contents": "1403\nYear 1403 (MCDIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011000-0000-0000", "contents": "1404\nYear 1404 (MCDIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011001-0000-0000", "contents": "1404 Ajax\n1404 Ajax /\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u00e6ks/ is a carbonaceous Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 83 kilometers (52 miles) kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 August 1936, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named after the legendary warrior Ajax from Greek mythology. The assumed C-type asteroid belongs to the 40 largest Jupiter trojans and has a longer than average rotation period of 29.4 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011001-0001-0000", "contents": "1404 Ajax, Orbit and classification\nAjax is a C-type asteroid, that orbits in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. Jupiter trojans are thought to have been captured into their orbits during or shortly after the early stages of the formation of the Solar System. More than 4,500 Jupiter trojans in the Greek camp and 7,000 in total have been discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011001-0002-0000", "contents": "1404 Ajax, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.7\u20135.9\u00a0AU once every 12 years and 3 months (4,459 days; semi-major axis of 5.3\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 18\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg 6 days after its official discovery observations in August 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011001-0003-0000", "contents": "1404 Ajax, Physical characteristics\nAjax is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid, while its V\u2013I color index of 0.96 agrees with most D-type asteroids, which is the dominant spectral type among the large Jupiter trojans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011001-0004-0000", "contents": "1404 Ajax, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Ajax was obtained from photometric observations taken by Robert Stephens at the Goat Mountain Astronomical Research Station (G79) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 29.38 hours with a brightness variation of 0.30 magnitude (U=3-), superseding fragmentary photometric measurements by Richard P. Binzel (1988), and by Roberto Crippa and Federico Manzini (2009) at the Sozzago Astronomical Station (A12), which gave a period of 28.4 and 34 hours, respectively (U=1/2-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011001-0005-0000", "contents": "1404 Ajax, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Ajax measures between 81.69 and 96.34 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.048 and 0.0665. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0508 and a diameter of 81.43 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011001-0006-0000", "contents": "1404 Ajax, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011001-0007-0000", "contents": "1404 Ajax, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Ajax the Great, a Greek warrior of great strength and courage in the Trojan War. He is the half brother of Teucer and son of king Telamon, who kills himself because Achilles' armor was awarded to Odysseus. The Jupiter trojans 588 Achilles, 1143 Odysseus and 1749 Telamon and 2797 Teucer are all named after these figures from Greek mythology. The official naming of Ajax was first cited in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 127).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011004-0000-0000", "contents": "1404 papal conclave\nThe 1404 papal conclave (October 10 to October 17) \u2013 the papal conclave of the time of the Great Western Schism, convened after the death of Pope Boniface IX, it elected Cardinal Cosimo Gentile Migliorati, who under the name of Innocent VII became the third pope of the Roman Obedience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011004-0001-0000", "contents": "1404 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nPope Boniface IX died on October 1, 1404. At the time of his death, there were only 12 cardinals in the Roman Obedience of the Sacred College. Nine of them participated in the election of his successor:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011004-0002-0000", "contents": "1404 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nAll the electors were Italians. Five of them were elevated by Pope Urban VI, and four by Boniface IX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011004-0003-0000", "contents": "1404 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nCamerlengo of the Holy Roman Church was at that time Corrado Caraccioli, bishop of Mileto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011004-0004-0000", "contents": "1404 papal conclave, Cardinal electors, Absentee cardinals\nThree cardinals, two created by Urban VI and one by Boniface IX, did not participate in this conclave:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011004-0005-0000", "contents": "1404 papal conclave, Cardinal electors, Absentee cardinals\nHungarian Alsani was the only non-Italian Cardinal in the Roman Obedience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011004-0006-0000", "contents": "1404 papal conclave, The election of Pope Innocent VII\nSeveral churchmen and laymen urged \"Roman\" Cardinals not to elect the successor of Boniface IX and to recognise Benedict XIII of Avignon as Pope (or, at least, to wait for his death and then elect the new pope together with his adherents). Among the supporters of this point of view was Cardinal Protodeacon Ludovico Fieschi, who did not attend the conclave and later did not recognise its result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011004-0007-0000", "contents": "1404 papal conclave, The election of Pope Innocent VII\nIn spite of this, nine cardinals present in Rome entered the conclave on October 10. Initially, they subscribed the conclave capitulation, which obliged whoever was elected to do everything possible (including abdication) in order to restore the unity of the Church. After seven days of deliberations Cardinal Cosimo Gentile Migliorati was unanimously elected pope and took the name of Innocent VII. Five days later Cardinal Fieschi officially abandoned the Roman Obedience and recognised Benedict XIII as true pope, so the rite of papal coronation on November 11 was performed by the new Protodeacon Landolfo Maramaldo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011005-0000-0000", "contents": "1405\nYear 1405 (MCDV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011006-0000-0000", "contents": "1405 Sibelius\n1405 Sibelius, provisional designation 1936 RE, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 September 1936, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. The asteroid was named after composer Jean Sibelius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011006-0001-0000", "contents": "1405 Sibelius, Orbit and classification\nSibelius is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest populations of stony asteroids in the entire main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,234 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with an observation taken at Turku two weeks prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011006-0002-0000", "contents": "1405 Sibelius, Physical characteristics\nSibelius has been characterized as an S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011006-0003-0000", "contents": "1405 Sibelius, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Sibelius was obtained from photometric observations taken by Petr Pravec at the Ond\u0159ejov Observatory in the Czech Republic. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.051 hours with a brightness variation of 0.11 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011006-0004-0000", "contents": "1405 Sibelius, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Sibelius measures between 6.21 and 12.18 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.14 and 0.48. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.3191 and a diameter of 7.20 kilometers from Petr Pravec's revised WISE thermal observations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011006-0005-0000", "contents": "1405 Sibelius, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Jean Sibelius (1865\u20131957), Finnish violinist and composer of the late Romantic and early-modern periods. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3928).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011007-0000-0000", "contents": "1405 in France\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BrownHairedGirl (talk | contribs) at 17:26, 19 June 2020 (use Template:Year in France header, which needs no parameters and applies categories, replaced: {{Year in France|1405}} \u2192 {{Year in France header}}). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011009-0000-0000", "contents": "1406\nYear 1406 (MCDVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011011-0000-0000", "contents": "1406 papal conclave\nThe 1406 papal conclave (November 18\u201330), the papal conclave of the time of the Great Western Schism, convened after the death of Pope Innocent VII. It elected Cardinal Angelo Correr, who under the name of Gregory XII became the fourth pope of the Roman Obedience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011011-0001-0000", "contents": "1406 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nPope Innocent VII died on November 6, 1406. At the time of his death, there were eighteen cardinals in the Roman Obedience of the College of Cardinals. Fourteen of them participated in the election of his successor:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011011-0002-0000", "contents": "1406 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nAll the electors were Italians, except of Jean Gilles, who was French. Four of them were elevated by Urban VI, two by Boniface IX, and eight by Innocent VII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011011-0003-0000", "contents": "1406 papal conclave, Cardinal electors, Absentee cardinals\nFour cardinals, one created by Urban VI, one by Boniface IX and two by Innocent VII, did not participate in this conclave:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011011-0004-0000", "contents": "1406 papal conclave, The election of Pope Gregory XII\nFourteen cardinals present in Rome entered the conclave in Vatican on November 18, twelve days after the death of Innocent VII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011011-0005-0000", "contents": "1406 papal conclave, The election of Pope Gregory XII\nInitially, all the electors subscribed the conclave capitulation, in which each of them swore that, if elected, he would abdicate provided Antipope Benedict XIII did the same or should die; also, that he would not create new cardinals except to maintain parity of members with the Avignon cardinals; and that within three months he would enter into negotiations with his rival about a place of meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011011-0006-0000", "contents": "1406 papal conclave, The election of Pope Gregory XII\nAlmost no further details about this conclave are known, except of its final result. On November 30 Cardinal Angelo Correr, proposed by Cardinal Caetani, was unanimously elected Pope, in spite of his very advanced age (probably ca. 80). He accepted his election and took the name of Gregory XII. Although he claimed the legality of his pontificate, nine years later he abdicated in the Council of Constance, making possible to restore the unity of the Roman Catholic Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011012-0000-0000", "contents": "1407\nYear 1407 (MCDVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011013-0000-0000", "contents": "1407 Lindel\u00f6f\n1407 Lindel\u00f6f, provisional designation 1936 WC, is an asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 November 1936, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. The asteroid was named after Finnish topologist Ernst Lindel\u00f6f.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011013-0001-0000", "contents": "1407 Lindel\u00f6f, Orbit and classification\nLindel\u00f6f orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,680 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1905, it was first identified as A905 AB at Heidelberg Observatory, extending the body's observation arc by 31 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011013-0002-0000", "contents": "1407 Lindel\u00f6f, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS taxonomy, Lindel\u00f6f's spectral class is that of an X-type asteroid, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) considers it to be of a stony composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011013-0003-0000", "contents": "1407 Lindel\u00f6f, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nFrench amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini obtained a rotational lightcurve of Lindel\u00f6f from photometric observations in January 2006. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined and longer-than average rotation period of 31.151 hours with a brightness variation of 0.34 in magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011013-0004-0000", "contents": "1407 Lindel\u00f6f, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nA 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD), gave a concurring period of 31.0941 hours (U/Q=n.a. ), as well as a spin axis of (147.0\u00b0, 36\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011013-0005-0000", "contents": "1407 Lindel\u00f6f, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Lindel\u00f6f measures between 17.39 and 23.85 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between and 0.179 and 0.28. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1791 and a diameter of 20.75 kilometers, with an absolute magnitude of 10.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011013-0006-0000", "contents": "1407 Lindel\u00f6f, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Finnish topologist Ernst Leonard Lindel\u00f6f (1870\u20131946), who was a professor of mathematics at Helsinki University. The Lindel\u00f6f spaces are also named after him. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 127).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011015-0000-0000", "contents": "1408\nYear 1408 (MCDVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0000-0000", "contents": "1408 (film)\n1408 is a 2007 American psychological horror film based on Stephen King's 1999 short story of the same name. It is directed by Mikael H\u00e5fstr\u00f6m and stars John Cusack and Samuel L. Jackson. The film was released in the United States on June 22, 2007, although July 13 (which in 2007 fell on a Friday) is mentioned as the release date on the website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0001-0000", "contents": "1408 (film)\nThe film follows Mike Enslin, an author who investigates allegedly haunted houses and rents the titular room 1408 at a New York City hotel. Although skeptical of the paranormal, he is soon trapped in the room where he experiences bizarre events. Reviews were mostly positive and the film performed positively at the box office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0002-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Plot\nMichael \"Mike\" Enslin is a cynical, skeptical author who is estranged from his wife Lily after the death of their daughter Katie. Mike writes niche books evaluating supernatural events in which he has no belief. After his latest book, he receives an anonymous postcard depicting The Dolphin, a hotel on Lexington Avenue in New York City bearing the message, \"Don't enter 1408.\" Viewing this as a challenge, Mike arrives at The Dolphin and requests room 1408.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0003-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Plot\nThe hotel manager, Gerald Olin, attempts to discourage him. He explains to Mike that in the last 95 years, no one has lasted more than an hour inside of Room 1408; the latest count is 56 deaths. Olin attempts to dissuade and bribe Mike, but Mike insists, threatening legal action against the hotel, so preparations are reluctantly made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0004-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Plot\nInside the room, Mike describes on his mini-cassette recorder the room's boring appearance and lack of supernatural behavior. The clock radio suddenly starts playing \"We've Only Just Begun\", a hit song by The Carpenters and the digital display changes to a countdown starting from \"60:00.\" Mike begins to see ghosts of the room's past victims, followed by flashbacks of Katie and his sick father. Mike tries to leave, but all attempts are in vain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0005-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Plot\nMike uses his laptop to contact Lily, asking for help, but the sprinkler system short circuits his laptop. The room temperature drops to subzero when the laptop suddenly begins to work again. A doppelg\u00e4nger of Mike appears in a video chat window and urges Lily to come to the hotel room herself; it gives Mike a sly wink. The room shakes violently and Mike breaks a picture of a ship in a storm. Water pours from the broken picture, flooding the room. He surfaces on a beach and relives a surfing accident seen earlier in the film. His life continues from this point, and he reconciles with Lily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0006-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Plot\nAssuming his experience in 1408 was just a nightmare, Lily encourages him to write a book about it. When visiting the post office to send the manuscript to his publisher, he recognizes members of a construction crew as Dolphin Hotel staff. The employees then destroy the post office's walls, revealing that Mike is still trapped in the rubble of 1408. Katie's ghost confronts him, and when the countdown ends, the room is suddenly restored to normal, and the clock radio resets itself to 60:00.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0007-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Plot\nThe \"hotel operator\" calls Mike. Mike asks why he hasn't been killed yet and she informs him that guests enjoy free will: he can relive the past hour over and over again, or use their \"express checkout system\". A hangman's noose appears, but he refuses to give in. Deciding to quit running, Mike improvises a Molotov cocktail and sets the room on fire. The hotel is evacuated. After smoking a cigarette, Mike breaks a window, causing a backdraft. He then lies down and laughs in victory upon destroying the room. Olin, in his office, praises Mike for his actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0008-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Plot, Endings\nThere are three endings to this film. In addition to the ending that appears in the theatrical release (also the default ending of the DVD), two other alternate endings were shot. The incentive for this was based on the director's belief that King's intention, in his original short story, was to leave the conclusion ambiguous. None of the three endings match the ending of King's original short story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0009-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Plot, Endings, Theatrical\nThis one is the default ending of the theatrical release and its theatrical release DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0010-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Plot, Endings, Theatrical\nMike survives, and he and Lily reconcile, though Lily is skeptical of his experience. She finds a box of Mike's possessions that were rescued from 1408 and Mike takes the damaged mini-cassette recorder from it, saying, \"Sometimes you can't get rid of bad memories. You've just got to live with them.\" Mike briefly tampers with the recorder, making it work again. Suddenly, they hear Katie's voice coming from it, confirming Mike's account.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0011-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Plot, Endings, Director's cut\nDirector Mikael H\u00e5fstr\u00f6m said that the ending for 1408 was reshot because test audiences felt that the original ending was too much of a \"downer.\" This first alternative ending was used in the theatrical release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0012-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Plot, Endings, Director's cut\nThe original discarded ending had Mike dying in the fire, but happy to see the room destroyed. During Mike's funeral, Olin approaches Lily and Mike's publisher Sam Farrell. He unsuccessfully attempts to give her a box of Mike's possessions, including the tape recorder. Olin claims that the room was successfully destroyed and that it will no longer hurt anyone else. He later listens to the recording in his car, and becomes upset when he hears Katie's voice on the tape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0012-0001", "contents": "1408 (film), Plot, Endings, Director's cut\nHe sees a little girl walking on the cemetery grass behind the car, in a dress, calling out as if she is lost. He then sees Mike's burnt corpse in the backseat. Then he sees the same girl holding hands with her father as they walk away. Olin places the tape recorder back in the box and drives off. The final scene is of the gutted room, where an apparition of Mike looks out the window while smoking a cigarette. He hears his daughter calling for him, and disappears as he walks towards the door. A door is heard closing and the scene fades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0013-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Plot, Endings, Director's cut\nThis ending is the default ending on the Blu-ray release and two-disc collector's edition. Canadian networks Space and The Movie Network, and U.S. network FX broadcast this version of the film, but Space broadcast the theatrical ending on July 23, 2012. This ending is also used on the U.K. and Australian DVDs, and the U.S. iTunes, Netflix and Amazon Prime versions of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0014-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Plot, Endings, Other\nMike dies in the fire. Instead of the funeral scene from the director's cut, the sounds of a funeral are dubbed over shots of Los Angeles. Lily and Sam sort through Mike's effects. Sam returns to his New York office and discovers the manuscript that Mike wrote while he was in room 1408. As Sam reads the story, audio from Mike's experiences in the room is heard. In a final scene, Sam's office doors slam shut and Mike's father's voice says, \"As I was, you are. As I am, you will be.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0015-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Plot, Endings, Other\nIn yet another version Mike and Lilly are in an apartment sometime later as Mike finishes the manuscript. The opening to this scene explains that Katie had saved him. Lily wants to destroy his dictaphone as it smells of smoke. Mike says no and plays the tape which, as with the theatrical version, has both Mike's and Katie's voice. Lilly drops the boxes she is holding as she too hears the voices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0016-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Production\nIn November 2003 and 2004, Dimension Films optioned the rights to the 1999 short story \"1408\" by Stephen King. The studio hired screenwriter Matt Greenberg to adapt the story into a screenplay. In October 2005, Mikael H\u00e5fstr\u00f6m was hired to direct 1408, with the screenplay being rewritten by screenwriters Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski. In March 2006, actor John Cusack was cast to star in the film, joined by actor Samuel L. Jackson the following April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0016-0001", "contents": "1408 (film), Production\nIn July, actress Kate Walsh was cast to star opposite Cusack as the protagonist's ex-wife, but she was forced to exit in August due to scheduling conflicts with her role on Grey's Anatomy. She was replaced by actress Mary McCormack. According to Cusack, the Roosevelt Hotel in New York was used for some of the exterior shots of the Dolphin. The lobby scenes were filmed at the Reform Club in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0017-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Reception\nOn the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 79% based on 175 reviews, with an average rating of 6.70/10. The site's critical consensus reads \"Relying on psychological tension rather than overt violence and gore, 1408 is a genuinely creepy thriller with a strong lead performance by John Cusack.\" On Metacritic, the film had an average score of 64 out of 100, based on 27 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B-\" on an A+ to F scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0018-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Reception\nJames Berardinelli awarded the film three stars out of four, praising it as \"the best horror film of the year.\" He offered significant praise for Cusack's performance as Mike Enslin, writing that \"this is John Cusack's movie to carry, and he has no problem taking it where it needs to go.\" He found the film to be a refreshing experience, believing it \"reminds us what it's like to be scared in a theater rather than overwhelmed by buckets of blood and gore\". Many critics believed the film to be far superior to other adaptations of Stephen King novels and stories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0018-0001", "contents": "1408 (film), Reception\nMick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote a very positive review, describing the film as \"one of the good Stephen King adaptations, one that maintains its author's sly sense of humor and satiric view of human nature\". He ultimately believed the film to be a \"more genuinely scary movie than most horror films\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0019-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Reception\nSeveral critics, however, found the film to be underwhelming. Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe wrote a mixed review, describing the film as \"a lot of consonants and no vowels.\" He went on to compare the film unfavorably to The Shining, a similar King adaptation, believing 1408 lacked that film's \"lunging horror and dramatic architecture.\" Although he believed the film \"conjures a wonderful anticipatory mood of dread in the first 30 minutes,\" he ultimately believed the film \"then blows it to stylish smithereens\". Rob Salem of the Toronto Star awarded the film two stars out of four, believing it to be a predictable, \"hit and miss\" production. Like Morris, Salem wrote that \"Even as haunted hotel King movies go, 1408 is certainly no Shining. Not even the TV-movie version.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0020-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Reception, Box office\nIn its opening weekend, the film opened in second place at the box office, grossing US$20.6 million in 2,678 theaters. 1408 had a production budget of US$25 million. The film went on to gross US$132 million, of which US$71.9 million was from Canada and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011016-0021-0000", "contents": "1408 (film), Home media\nThe DVD was released on October 2, 2007 by Genius Products with a standard 1-Disc Edition (widescreen or fullscreen), and a 2-Disc Collector's Edition that contains both versions of the ending and an unrated edition of the film which restored 6 more minutes of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011017-0000-0000", "contents": "1408 (short story)\n\"1408\" is a short story by Stephen King. It is the third tale in the audiobook collection Blood and Smoke, released in 1999. In 2002, \"1408\" was collected in written form as the 12th story in King's collection Everything's Eventual. In the introduction to the story, King says that \"1408\" is his version of what he calls the \"Ghostly Room at the Inn\", his term for the theme of haunted hotel or motel rooms in horror fiction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011017-0000-0001", "contents": "1408 (short story)\nHe originally wrote the first few pages as part of an appendix for his non-fiction book, On Writing (2000), to be used as an example of how a story changes from one draft document to the next. King also noted how the numbers of the title add up to the supposedly unlucky number 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011017-0001-0000", "contents": "1408 (short story), Plot summary\nMike Enslin is a writer of non-fiction works based on the theme of haunted places: Ten Nights in Ten Haunted Houses, Ten Nights in Ten Haunted Graveyards, and Ten Nights in Ten Haunted Castles. They prove to be best-sellers, but Enslin feels some guilt at their success, privately acknowledging that he does not believe in the paranormal and supernatural elements he investigates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011017-0002-0000", "contents": "1408 (short story), Plot summary\nArriving at the Dolphin Hotel on 61st Street in New York City, Enslin is intent on spending the night in the hotel's infamous Room 1408 as part of his research for his next book, Ten Nights in Ten Haunted Hotel Rooms. He is met by the hotel's manager, Mr. Olin, who fills him in on the room's morbid history \u2013 1408 has been responsible for 42 deaths, at least 12 of them suicides, over a span of 68 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011017-0002-0001", "contents": "1408 (short story), Plot summary\nWhile remarking he does not believe there are ghosts in 1408, Olin insists there is \"something\" that resides inside, causing terrible things to happen to anyone who stays within its walls for anything but the briefest periods of time. As such, he has striven to keep the room vacant during his tenure as manager, a period of nearly 20 years. Olin also reveals that, due to the superstitious practice of never recognizing the 13th floor (the room is listed as being on the 14th), it is a room cursed by existing on the 13th floor, the room numbers adding up to 13 making it all the worse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011017-0003-0000", "contents": "1408 (short story), Plot summary\nEnslin is secretly affected by Olin's remarks and evidence, but his determination to not appear superstitious and follow through with his research wins out. He demands the right to stay in the room by threatening legal action against the hotel. Olin pleads with Enslin to reconsider, believing that a skeptic would be highly susceptible to the room's powers. At Enslin's continued insistence, Olin reluctantly leads him to 1408, unwilling to accompany him farther than the elevator landing on the 14th floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011017-0004-0000", "contents": "1408 (short story), Plot summary\nEnslin's problems with Room 1408 begin before he even sets foot through the door; the door itself initially appears to be canted to the left. After looking away and back, the door appears perfectly straight. Then, after looking a third time, it appears to be crooked again, except now to the right. Chalking the experience up to Olin's attempt to manipulate him, he girds himself and enters the room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011017-0005-0000", "contents": "1408 (short story), Plot summary\nEnslin spends 70 minutes in Room 1408, dictating his experience into a handheld tape recorder. Almost immediately, his train of thought takes unwelcome and chaotic turns \u2014 he compares it to being \"stoned on bad, cheap dope\" \u2014 and he experiences bizarre visual hallucinations. A breakfast menu on the night-stand changes languages to French, then Russian, then Italian, then a woodcut of a wolf eating a screaming boy's leg. The patterns on the wallpaper seems to shift and warp, and the room's pictures transform into grotesque parodies. Enslin feels his feet sink into the carpet like quicksand, and he hears a nightmarish voice on the room's phone chanting terrifying phrases: \"This is nine! Nine! We have killed your friends! Every friend is now dead! This is six! Six!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011017-0006-0000", "contents": "1408 (short story), Plot summary\nThe room itself begins to melt, the walls and ceiling warping and bowing inward. Enslin senses a dangerous, otherworldly presence coming for him. In desperation, he sets his \"lucky\" Hawaiian shirt on fire while wearing it, breaking the room's spell long enough for him to escape. Stumbling out into the hall, another hotel guest douses him with ice. When the other guest looks inside the room and is tempted to enter, Enslin warns him not to, claiming the room is \"haunted\". The door slams shut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011017-0007-0000", "contents": "1408 (short story), Plot summary\nAfter his ordeal, Enslin gives up writing altogether. He has acquired various physical and psychological problems stemming from his brief stay in the room. He notes to himself (as Olin expressed earlier) that there are no ghosts in 1408, because ghosts were once merely humans, while the entity he encountered was horrifically inhuman. In the end, Enslin sleeps with his lights on, has removed all his house's phones, and always draws the curtains before dark; he cannot stand the shade of yellow-orange at sunset that reminds him of the light inside Room 1408.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011017-0008-0000", "contents": "1408 (short story), Film adaptation\nThe Swedish film director Mikael H\u00e5fstr\u00f6m developed a movie, 1408, based on the short story, starring John Cusack as Michael Enslin and Samuel L. Jackson as Mr. Olin. It was released June 22, 2007 and was a financial success in its opening weekend, taking in $20.1 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011017-0009-0000", "contents": "1408 (short story), Film adaptation\nThe Bollywood movie Horror Story is claimed to be based on this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011018-0000-0000", "contents": "1408 in France, Deaths\nThis year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011019-0000-0000", "contents": "1409\nYear 1409 (MCDIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011020-0000-0000", "contents": "1409 Isko\n1409 Isko, provisional designation 1937 AK, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 35 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 January 1937, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after Ise Koch, wife of astronomer Fritz Kubach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011020-0001-0000", "contents": "1409 Isko, Orbit and classification\nIsko is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.5\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,599 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011020-0002-0000", "contents": "1409 Isko, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first identification as A900 UD at Heidelberg in October 1900, more than 36 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011020-0003-0000", "contents": "1409 Isko, Physical characteristics\nIsko has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011020-0004-0000", "contents": "1409 Isko, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 2001, a rotational lightcurve of Isko was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi and Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 11.6426 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011020-0005-0000", "contents": "1409 Isko, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Isko measures between 34.62 and 38.46 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.032 and 0.0805.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011020-0006-0000", "contents": "1409 Isko, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0514 and a diameter of 35.34 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011020-0007-0000", "contents": "1409 Isko, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Ise Koch, wife of German astronomer Fritz Kubach (1912\u20131945)(de) The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 127).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011022-0000-0000", "contents": "1409 in Italy\nAn incomplete list of events which occurred in Italy in AD 1409:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011023-0000-0000", "contents": "140journos\n140journos, is an Istanbul-based Turkish media publisher that produces and publishes visual stories, documentaries and qualified research. It was founded by Engin \u00d6nder who became disenchanted with the state of Turkish media on January 19, 2012. \u00d6nder, who started a grassroots citizen journalism movement, was later chosen as \u201cthe man transforming journalism in Turkey\u201d by TIME Magazine in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011023-0001-0000", "contents": "140journos\nFollowing a comprehensive revamp and repositioning, 140journos transformed itself from a citizen journalism organization to a professional new media publisher that got popular among young generation with its own unique creative style in journalism with the creative lead of Berkant Akarcan, creative director at 140journos. 140journos produces original documentaries that include in-depth interviews on various political, social, economic issues by merging cinematographic storytelling with journalistic content. In addition to its popular new-age documentaries, 140journos publishes political articles, e-books, organizes online/offline debate groups and develops open-source mobile/web applications that enable citizens to further engage with politics through technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011023-0002-0000", "contents": "140journos\nToday, 140journos has 1.5 million followers across YouTube, Twitter, Instagram and Facebook and employs 20 full-time employees consisting of senior and junior journalists, researchers, editors, video editors, creative directors and art directors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011023-0003-0000", "contents": "140journos\n81% of the followers are aged 18-34, which shows that 140journos is a major news outlet followed by millenials. As an R&D experiment in journalism in the new media age through creative interventions, free interfaces and tools, 140journos finds new ways for free expression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011023-0003-0001", "contents": "140journos\n140journos has not only been producing content but also has developed a sustainable business model through methods like advertising production for brands, content licensing, donations and ticketed entertainment shows that bring spotlight to journalistic content for more than 8 years in a country like Turkey, where difficulty of conducting free press activities has been recognized to be one of the hardest in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011023-0004-0000", "contents": "140journos\n140journos' innovative approach to journalism has made them the subject matter of many case studies that have been conducted by prestigious institutions such as the Nieman Lab for Journalism. Zeynep T\u00fcfek\u00e7i also devoted a portion of her book, \u201cTwitter and Tear Gas\u201d which is about protests in the age of social media, to inform the readers on how 140journos uses social media to disseminate news.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011023-0005-0000", "contents": "140journos, History\n140journos was first established as a citizen journalism platform broadcasting over Twitter in Turkey by Engin \u00d6nder. \u00d6nder tells that his intention was to find an innovative approach to circumventing media blackout and censorship by serving the Turkish public with crowdsourced and verified news as Turkey is ranked 157th out of 180 countries in the World Press Freedom Index, published by the media watchdog Reporters Without Borders. The inspiration came after \u00d6nder observed how senior journalist Serdar Akinan covered the Uludere Massacre, where 34 civilians were killed, over social media after a media blackout in late 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011023-0006-0000", "contents": "140journos, History\nThe publisher operates on social media platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, WhatsApp and Twitter. The approach to publishing comes from an urge to understand and make people understand the nature of Turkish society by merging creativity with journalism. As of today, 140journos publishes their content mainly on YouTube where they have garnered more than 100 million views.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011023-0007-0000", "contents": "140journos, History\n140journos is derived from a combination of two references to popular culture, 140 used to be the character limit on a Twitter post and journos means journalist. The Twitter account was created on January 19th, 2012 during a memorial held in honor of Hrant Dink, a prominent journalist who was assassinated in 2007. It was founded by Engin Onder and his friends who were technologically literate but never had experience in the field of journalism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011023-0008-0000", "contents": "140journos, History\nThe platform was designed to be an online outlet that \"citizen journalists\" would send over their content to be solicited, verified and disseminated by the 140journos editorial staff over the platform to be delivered to the Turkish public. The public contribution was limited but \u00d6nder and his friends would attend politically controversial hearings such as the KCK, Ergenekon and OdaTV hearings to neutrally and impartially cover the trials and to publish news that the mainstream media was not reporting about.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011023-0009-0000", "contents": "140journos, History\nGezi Park protests were a turning point for 140journos as people turned to alternative media sources as they felt mainstream media weren't adequately covering the events that were taking place. The bipartisan coverage of the protests and curation of content increased the public trust in the platform. Gezi Park protests increased peoples' reliance on social media publishers as their source of information and the number of 140journos followers went up from 8.000 to 30.000 over 3 months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011023-0010-0000", "contents": "140journos, History\nAfter Gezi Park protests 140journos became a grassroots organization that regularly pulled content from more than 250 volunteers across Turkey. According to Twitter analytics data from 2015, 140journos receives approximately 6 million monthly interactions and 200,000 daily interactions. With growing public interest towards citizen journalism, 140journos conducted citizen journalism workshops across Turkey with the coordination of universities, NGOs, local municipalities. The workshops attracted a lot of interest and 140journos educated hundreds of college students on the intricacies of citizen journalism such as how to verify content. Some workshop attendees later on got jobs at 140journos as editors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011023-0011-0000", "contents": "140journos, History\n140journos opens an internship program during different stages of the year, but the most well known is the summer internship program. The internship program attracts a lot of students and graduates from leading colleges around Turkey. The internship program not only aims to find talent but aims to raise young journalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011023-0012-0000", "contents": "140journos, 140journos on Digital Platforms\n140journos has produced documentaries for the Turkish streaming service BluTV. The documentaries include 2018-dated Paray\u0131 Vuranlar, a docuseries consisting 3 episodes and S\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k, a psychological thriller as a 6-episode docuseries in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011023-0013-0000", "contents": "140journos, Directors\n140journos represents and works with the renowned war photographers such as \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Erdo\u011fan and K\u00fcr\u015fad Bayhan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011023-0014-0000", "contents": "140journos, Directors\nK\u00fcr\u015fad Bayhan is a former war photographer and has been working in active conflict zones since 2004. Bayhan spent his time photographing the scenery of the conflict zones in the Middle East Region. His photograph \u201cThe Boy with the Blue Pacifier\u201d which he shot during the Lebanese Israeli war in 2006 gathered interest from the journalism community. Bayhan has also won Best Photography Book award from TIME Magazine Photo District News Editors Annual in 2014 thanks to the success of his book that tells the story of refugees, \u201cAway From Home\u201d. Bayhan draws inspiration from stories that are associated with environmental issues, immigration, poverty and conflicts. He has directed documentaries for 140journos such the North series, Ida Mountains, Bold Pilot and Fikirtepe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011023-0015-0000", "contents": "140journos, Directors\n\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Erdo\u011fan is a director who worked as a conflict photographer. His works explore the underground and slum scenes of Turkey. He currently resides in Berlin and shoots documentaries about the intermingled relations of the Turkish diaspora living in different parts of Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011024-0000-0000", "contents": "140s\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 10:36, 12 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011024-0001-0000", "contents": "140s\nThe 140s decade ran from January 1, 140, to December 31, 149.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 66]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011024-0002-0000", "contents": "140s, Events, 148, By place\nEmperor Antoninus Pius hosts a series of grand games, to celebrate Rome's 900th anniversary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011025-0000-0000", "contents": "140s BC\nThis article concerns the period 149 BC \u2013 140 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 57]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011026-0000-0000", "contents": "140th (4th London) Brigade\nThe 140th (4th London) Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army's Territorial Army (TA) that had its origins in a South London Brigade (known as the 'Grey Brigade') of the former Volunteer Force. It served on the Western Front in the First World War and was recreated during the Second World War where it served only in the United Kingdom as a training formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011026-0001-0000", "contents": "140th (4th London) Brigade, Origin: 'The Grey Brigade'\nAn invasion scare in 1859 led to the creation of the Volunteer Force and huge enthusiasm for joining local Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs). There were a large number of these units in and around London, and the opportunity was taken to group them together for Easter training under the temporary command of officers of the Brigade of Guards stationed in the capital. Initially they were brigaded by the colour of their uniforms \u2013 scarlet, Rifle green or grey, the latter being a popular colour for RVCs in the 1860s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011026-0001-0001", "contents": "140th (4th London) Brigade, Origin: 'The Grey Brigade'\nThe Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888 proposed a formal Mobilisation Scheme for Volunteer units throughout the country, which would assemble by brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime these brigades provided a structure for collective training. Under this scheme the units from Westminster, the West End of London and the adjacent suburbs (all in the County of Middlesex) were formed into the South London Brigade. These units had mainly been in the 'Grey Brigade', and the name stuck to the new formation. The staff for the brigade were provided by the Regimental Headquarters of the Scots Guards at Buckingham Gate in London, and its designated place of assembly was at the Guards' Depot at Caterham, where it could take its place in the London Defence Positions. Its composition was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011026-0002-0000", "contents": "140th (4th London) Brigade, Origin: 'The Grey Brigade'\nThe Volunteer Infantry Brigades were reorganised and increased in number in 1906, and by 1907  the South London Brigade had been numbered the 2nd London Brigade and the number of units reduced to six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011026-0003-0000", "contents": "140th (4th London) Brigade, Territorial Force\nWhen the Territorial Force was created in 1908 under the Haldane Reforms, the existing volunteer units in the London area were brought together into a new London Regiment and organised into two divisions with a full complement of infantry brigades  and supporting arms. The former South London Brigade now became the 4th London Brigade in 2nd London Division, still informally known as The Grey Brigade, still commanded by the CO of the Scots Guards, and with the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011026-0004-0000", "contents": "140th (4th London) Brigade, First World War\nThe outbreak of war on 4 August saw 4th London Brigade at Perham Down on Salisbury Plain, where it had just arrived for its annual training camp with the rest of 2nd London Division. They were immediately recalled to London to complete their mobilisation and by mid-August 4 London Bde had reached its war station round St Albans, Hertfordshire. The County of London Territorial Force Association immediately began raising '2nd Line' battalions, which quickly led to the formation of a duplicate 2/4th London Brigade (eventually 179th Brigade); consequently 4th London Brigade became 1/4th and its battalions similarly renumbered (1/13th\u20131/16th).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011026-0005-0000", "contents": "140th (4th London) Brigade, First World War, Order of Battle\nSeveral of the London battalions were politically well-connected and were selected for overseas service ahead of the bulk of the Territorial Force. Thus the London Scottish, Queen's Westminsters and Kensingtons went to the Western Front as individual battalions attached to the British Expeditionary Force, the London Scottish being the first TF infantry battalion to see action, at Messines on 31 October 1914. These battalions were replaced by others from 2nd London Bde of 1st London Division, which had been temporarily broken up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011026-0006-0000", "contents": "140th (4th London) Brigade, First World War, Order of Battle\nThe 1/15th Londons (Civil Service Rifles) was the only prewar battalion of the brigade to serve with it throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011026-0007-0000", "contents": "140th (4th London) Brigade, First World War, Service\nIn October 1914, 2nd London Division was selected for service on the Western Front and progressive training was carried out through the winter. The division embarked for France in March 1915, concentrating round B\u00e9thune. In May the division (already known in France simply as 'The London Division' to distinguish it from the Regular Army 2nd Division) took its place in the line and was designated 47th (1/2nd London) Division, with the brigades numbered consecutively: 4th London became 140th (1/4th London) Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011026-0008-0000", "contents": "140th (4th London) Brigade, First World War, Actions\nDuring the war, the brigade was engaged in the following operations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011026-0009-0000", "contents": "140th (4th London) Brigade, First World War, Actions\nEarly in 1918 the brigade was completely reorganised (see Order of Battle above)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011026-0010-0000", "contents": "140th (4th London) Brigade, First World War, Actions\nAfter the Armistice, 47th Division was engaged in railway repair and then settled down around Bethune to await demobilisation. This began in January, and the last troops left France on 10 May 1919. The brigade was demobilised at Felixstowe in May\u2013June 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011026-0011-0000", "contents": "140th (4th London) Brigade, Interwar years\nThe 47th Division and its formations began to reform in the redesignated Territorial Army in 1920. 140 Bde was reformed with brigade HQ at the Regimental Headquarters of the Irish Guards at Wellington Barracks in Birdcage Walk. Initially the brigade was composed of its original prewar battalions, but in 1921 the Civil Service Rifles merged with the Queen's Westminsters, and the brigade was brought up to strength by the addition of the Artists' Rifles:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011026-0012-0000", "contents": "140th (4th London) Brigade, Interwar years\nIn 1935, a growing number of TA infantry battalions had been converted to the searchlight or anti-aircraft artillery role, and at the end of the year 47th Division was disbanded and converted into 1st Anti - Aircraft Division. 140 Brigade HQ was also disbanded and its battalions dispersed to other London infantry brigades. the 13th and 14th London Regiment both transferred to 2nd London Infantry Brigade, the London Division, previously 56th Division but with the disbandment of 47th Division it was redesignated the London Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011026-0013-0000", "contents": "140th (4th London) Brigade, Interwar years\nHowever, the rapid expansion of the TA after the Munich Crisis saw a new 4th London Infantry Brigade reformed with 2nd Line TA battalions, to provide a duplicate of 1st London Infantry Brigade. 4th London Brigade resumed its number as 140 (London) Brigade on 21 November 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011026-0014-0000", "contents": "140th (4th London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe composition of 140 (London) Brigade during the war was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011026-0015-0000", "contents": "140th (4th London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe 140th Infantry Brigade did not see any active service in the Second World War. It mobilised as a motor brigade, but became a conventional infantry brigade in June 1940. It was disbanded on 31 August 1944. On 17 November 1944, 213th Brigade (which had recently joined 47th Division, now reformed as a reserve division) was renumbered 140th Infantry Brigade, but without any London connection. The new brigade had the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011026-0016-0000", "contents": "140th (4th London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade was not included in the Territorial Army when it reformed in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0000-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery was a unit of Britain's Territorial Army formed in 1939, just before World War II. During the Battle of France, in 1940, it participated in defending Cassel to protect the British Expeditionary Force's evacuation from Dunkirk. Barely half the men escaped to England, where the regiment was rebuilt. It later served in home defence, in Tunisia, and after conversion to the medium artillery role, in Italy, where it was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0001-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nAfter the Munich Crisis of 1938, the part-time Territorial Army (TA) was rapidly doubled in size. On 1 May 1939, the 92nd (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery created a duplicate 140th Field Regiment, RA by separating the 366 (10th London) Battery at Kennington Lane, Lambeth, and the 367 (11th London) Battery at Woolwich. The new Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was established at 63 Southside, Clapham Common. It was officially given the \"5th London\" subtitle in 1942. The 92nd and 140th Field Regiments were both unattached units in London District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0002-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation, Equipment\nThe British Army in 1939 (unlike the German Army) was fully motorized in consequence of a mechanization initiative. At the time, field regiments were organised as an RHQ and two batteries, each of 12 guns. These were 18-pounder guns of World War I pattern, towed behind tractor units (mainly Morris or Guy \"Quads\") with an ammunition limber positioned between tractor and gun. The 18-pounder was a quick-firing field gun with the shell and cartridge fixed together. It was based on a World War One weapon that had been modernised, and was mounted on a Mark II carriage with rubber tyres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 75], "content_span": [76, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0002-0001", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation, Equipment\nThe gun barrel was nickel-steel with a single-motion screw breech incorporating a cartridge extractor. The sights were on the right of the gun and incorporated a telescope and clinometer for indirect firing in an arc. The maximum effective range of the weapon was normally 3\u20135 miles (4.8\u20138.0\u00a0km), although in the last days of the Battle of Cassel some of the firing was done over \"open sights\" directly at German tanks only a few yards distant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 75], "content_span": [76, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0003-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation, Equipment\nIn 1939\u201340, British field artillery tactics were organised to provide groups of gun strong points, usually camouflaged by trees, supported by communication tracks to supplies and ammunition at the rear, and with forward observation posts linked by telegraph wires. In 1939\u201340, a battery was sub-divided into three troops, each troop with four guns and shared radio communications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 75], "content_span": [76, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0003-0001", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation, Equipment\nEach gun would have been crewed by six men: a sergeant in overall charge, a No. 3 who was his right hand man, a lance bombardier who laid and fired the gun, numbers 2 and 4 who loaded and rammed the shells, and numbers 5 and 6 who fetched and carried the ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 75], "content_span": [76, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0004-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation, Equipment\n140th Field Regiment\u2019s vehicles were identified by a number \"10\" in white on a red and blue background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 75], "content_span": [76, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0005-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Battle of France\nAt the outbreak of war in September 1939, the 140th Field Regiment mobilised under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Cedric Odling. In November 1939, after the soldiers had been equipped and had finished basic training in London, and Dursley, Gloucestershire, the regiment was assigned to join the British Expeditionary Force as \"Army Troops\", not assigned to a particular formation. On 2 March 1940, the regiment left Dursley and landed at Le Havre, in France, on 6 March 1940. By 9 May 1940, the regiment had been assigned to I Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 68], "content_span": [69, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0006-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Battle of France\nFollowing the German invasion of the Low Countries on 10 May, the BEF advanced north into Belgium to defend the line of the Dyle river under Plan D. The regiment allegedly fired the first British artillery round during the Dyle-line defence. But the German Army broke through the Ardennes to the east, forcing the BEF to withdraw to the line of the Escaut river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 68], "content_span": [69, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0007-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Battle of France\nOn the evening of 16 May 1940, the regiment withdrew\u2014via Brussels, Ninove, and Tournai\u2014to the Escaut line, as the French military situation worsened to the south. The policy was to \"superimpose\" army field artillery regiments onto divisional artillery to give enhanced firepower as required. During the fighting on the Escaut, the regiment was in action with 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division at Wannehain, where it suffered its first battle casualties and had three guns knocked out by enemy shellfire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 68], "content_span": [69, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0008-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Battle of France\nOn 22 May 1940, the regiment withdrew across the Franco-Belgian border into the French village of Sainguin-en-Melantois. The two batteries operated together as a single fighting unit until 23 May 1940. After then, as the British and French military situation worsened further, they were separated and were assigned to different sectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 68], "content_span": [69, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0009-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Battle of France\n366 Battery, under the command of Major Brooks, was assigned to defend the eastern escape corridor to Dunkirk and followed a route\u2014via Seclin and Lille\u2014to the Messines ridge in support of the British defence of the Ypres-Commines line. The battery was positioned near the village of Wytschaete during 27\u201328 May 1940, then withdrew under cover of darkness on 28 May 1940, having disabled its guns, and successfully reached the Dunkirk beaches on 29 May 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 68], "content_span": [69, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0010-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Battle of France\n367 Battery, together with RHQ, under the command of Colonel C.J. Odling, was assigned to protect the western corridor and was initially assigned to \"MacForce\" under the command of Lieutenant-General Noel Mason-MacFarlane, on 23 May 1940, before joining \"Somerforce\" at the French hilltop town of Cassel under the command of Brigadier Nigel Fitzroy Somerset, on 25 May 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 68], "content_span": [69, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0010-0001", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Battle of France\nSomerforce included units of Brigadier Somerset's own 145th Infantry Brigade (2nd Battalion Gloucestershire Regiment, 4th Battalion Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry), together with armoured cars of the East Riding Yeomanry, and various support units, including the 140th Field Regiment and 5th Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery. Its role was to hold the line from Cassel to Hazebrouck at the outer perimeter of the Dunkirk pocket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 68], "content_span": [69, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0011-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Battle of France, Last stand at Cassel\nDuring four days, 25\u201329 May, Cassel was effectively converted into a tank-proof fortress with a series of surrounding \"picket\" villages\u2014including the bunker at Le Peckel, Bavinchove, and Zuytpeene\u2014which were all doggedly defended. By 27 May, Cassel was surrounded and there was heavy fighting around the hilltop town, with 140 Field Regiment's 18-pdrs \"doing great execution\". On 29 May, the enemy closed in with tanks: five of these were knocked out before the remainder forced their way into the town, and German infantry attacked troop command posts until they were driven out by the gunners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 90], "content_span": [91, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0011-0001", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Battle of France, Last stand at Cassel\nThe regiment adopted a position of all-round defence. Finally, a military policeman on a motorcycle got through the surrounding enemy to deliver a day-old order for Somerforce to withdraw. Lieutenant-Colonel Howard ordered his men to hold out until nightfall and then destroy all equipment and make their escape. The regiment destroyed its guns and set off in the dark in a north-easterly direction towards Dunkirk, intending to join the evacuation (Operation Dynamo). A large number were captured during the day of 30 May 1940, on the Franco-Belgian border near the town of Watou. Although many of the men of 366 Battery were successfully evacuated, very few of 367 Battery escaped capture and most of the survivors of Cassel spent the remainder of the war as prisoners of war (POWs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 90], "content_span": [91, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0012-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Home Defence\nFourteen officers and 287 men (out of an establishment of 580) returned from Dunkirk to reform the regiment. After Dunkirk, the priority was the defence of the United Kingdom from the expected invasion; and so there was urgent pressure for the 140th Field Regiment to reform. In mid-June 1940, the men were concentrated away from the invasion front line at Worksop, in Nottinghamshire. They moved to Salford on 28 June 1940, and to Castor, Peterborough, in October 1940, where they were re-equipped. They were equipped with 25-pounder field guns when these became available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0013-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Home Defence\nIn December, still as an \"Army Field Regiment\", the regiment was a part of Southern Command, awaiting the arrival of its signal section. It was only by late 1940 that the royal artillery could supply enough personnel to begin the process of changing regiments from two-battery to three-battery organisations. (Three 8-gun batteries were easier to handle, and it meant that each infantry battalion in a brigade could be closely associated with a battery.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0013-0001", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Home Defence\nOn 25 January 1941, while the regiment was at Bournemouth, its third battery was formed; at first, the three batteries were designated P, Q, and R, but reverted to numerical designations: 366, 367, and 504. By March it had been assigned to V Corps, as part of the field army. In May 366, Fd Battery was attached to the War Office Reserve; and on 4 June it left for service in Iceland as an independent battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0014-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Home Defence\n366 Battery was replaced on 4 September when 514 Battery was formed at Bradford Down Camp, Dorchester, Dorset, and joined the regiment, which now had its signal section. On 17 February 1942, the regiment's \"5th London\" subtitle was authorised; and by April it had its attached Light Aid Detachment of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers and 1502 Field Regiment Platoon of the Royal Army Service Corps, for transport. During the year the regiment was equipped with the Bishop Self-Propelled Gun, a 25-pounder gun mounted on an adapted Valentine tank chassis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0015-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, North Africa\nV Corps was assigned to the Allied landings in North Africa (Operation Torch) as part of First Army, and 140th Field Regiment came directly under the command of First Army when the latter was formed in the summer. The landings began on 8 November, and the force built up thereafter. 140th Field Regiment went to Algeria in January 1943 as part of 2nd Army Group Royal Artillery (AGRA). It served in the latter part of the campaign, which ended with the capture of Tunis in May 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0016-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 140th (5th London) Medium Regiment\nThe regiment was not used in the Allied invasion of Sicily. On 23 September 1943, it was converted to the medium artillery role as the 140th (5th London) Medium Regiment comprising the 367 and 518 Medium Batteries, while 504 Battery was converted to the heavy role and joined the 75th (Highland) Heavy Regiment. For its new role, the 140th Medium Regiment was equipped with 4.5-inch guns. The regiment landed in Italy before the end of September and joined Eighth Army fighting in the Italian Campaign. It took part in most of the battles of the campaign. It was part of 2nd Army Group Royal Artillery (AGRA) at the crossing of the Garigliano in January 1944, prior to its involvement in the Battle of Monte Cassino, and in May supported II Polish Corps in the final assaults on Monte Cassino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 86], "content_span": [87, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0017-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nBy the end of 1944, Eighth Army was suffering a severe manpower shortage, and the only way to keep infantry and field artillery units up to strength was to redeploy men from surplus anti-aircraft and medium artillery units. The 140th (5th London) Medium Regiment was placed in suspended animation on 1 February 1945, and its personnel drafted to other units. The regiment was not reformed when the Territorial Army was reconstituted on 1 January 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 63], "content_span": [64, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0018-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Legacy, Grand Party\nA book written by Lt-Col Brooks in 1941, entitled Grand Party, records 366 Battery's involvement in the 1940 campaign, including the Dunkirk evacuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 71], "content_span": [72, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0019-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Legacy, Captivity and the Long March 1940-45\nMany of the regular soldiers of the 140th Regiment captured at Dunkirk were sent to Stalag VIII-B in Silesia as POWs. An account of POW life and the forced Long March that took place to escape the Russian advance into Germany in 1945 was written by Private Norman Gibbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 96], "content_span": [97, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0020-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Legacy, Gunner Eric West, 367 Battery\nThe story of the 140th Field Regiment's involvement with the BEF in 1940 has been published and focuses on the story of Gunner Eric West, including his experience of captivity in Stalag VIII-B POW camp and subsequent Long March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 89], "content_span": [90, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0021-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Legacy, In Dunkirk's Grim Days\nIn 1948, Brigadier Nigel Somerset was spurred by his feeling that the brave defence of Cassel by his Somerforce was being neglected by historians of the period. He wrote a letter to the Daily Telegraph on 19 February 1948, titled \"In Dunkirk's Grim Days\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 82], "content_span": [83, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0022-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Legacy, In Dunkirk's Grim Days\nSir \u2013 I notice that in his memoirs of 1940 Mr. Churchill observes that 'After the loss of Boulogne and Calais only the remains of the port of Dunkirk and the open beaches next to the Belgian frontier were in our hands.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 82], "content_span": [83, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0023-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Legacy, In Dunkirk's Grim Days\nAt the time I was commanding a brigade group holding a sector from Cassel to Hazebrouck. We were heavily attacked by German armour on May 27. At Cassel, the Germans were repulsed with the loss of over 20 tanks. At Hazebrouk our force there was surrounded and did not finally capitulate until the evening of May 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 82], "content_span": [83, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0024-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Legacy, In Dunkirk's Grim Days\nNot knowing that the BEF was embarking for the United Kingdom we hourly expected a vigorous counter-attack by British and possibly French troops to restore the situation. We hung on at Cassel until the night of May 29 and then tried to reach the Dunkirk bridgehead. German operation maps at the time showed Cassel and district still occupied by the enemy, and leaflets were dropped calling on us to surrender, as 'your generals are gone!'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 82], "content_span": [83, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0025-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Legacy, In Dunkirk's Grim Days\nI feel it is fair neither to myself nor the troops under my command to let this stand pass from mind, especially as so many gave their lives, and most of the remainder of us spent five years in captivity. Incidentally, by holding on at Cassel we not only deprived the Germans of one of the main roads to Dunkirk, but enabled many British detached units and individuals to reach the bridgehead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 82], "content_span": [83, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011027-0026-0000", "contents": "140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Legacy, In Dunkirk's Grim Days\nAll these facts appear to have utterly escaped the notice of the authorities at the time owing to the indescribable confusion, and I feel that an opportunity has now been afforded me of bringing them to light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 82], "content_span": [83, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011028-0000-0000", "contents": "140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation\nThe 140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation was a national campaign to honor, celebrate, and commemorate January 1, 2003, as the 140th anniversary of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, by United States President Abraham Lincoln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011028-0001-0000", "contents": "140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, History\nThis historical commemoration of the Emancipation Proclamation came, shortly after September 11, 2001, as a venue for national celebration. The 140th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation celebrates the progression of the United States, and was reminiscent of a similar period in American history, following the Civil War. As momentum for the anniversary celebration grew, Americans joined in to participate across the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011028-0002-0000", "contents": "140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, History\nSam Waterston, best known from the Law and Order television program, organized volunteers to clean, paint, and restore Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldier's Home in Washington, D.C., for this milestone anniversary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011028-0003-0000", "contents": "140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, History\nThe first reading of the proclamation in The South occurred at the Emancipation Oak located on the campus of Hampton University in what is now the city of Hampton, Virginia. This is the same site where Mary Smith Peake had earlier taught children of former slaves under the same tree. The Emancipation Oak, a National Historical Landmark, was itself a catalyst for the 140th anniversary celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation. Subsequently, in 2004, the oak was named America's national tree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011028-0004-0000", "contents": "140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, History\nThe nearby city of Newport News, Virginia held a First Reading anniversary celebration consisting of a presentational reading of the Emancipation Proclamation with living historians portraying slaves to emphasize the meaning of President Lincoln's historic act of universal manumission. The event was held in the Newport News City Council chambers, and included a resolution issued by the city's mayor, Joe Frank, as to the significance of the celebratory year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011028-0005-0000", "contents": "140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, History\nThe  website, honoring the Underground Railroad, was launched by the United States National Park Service to coincide with the 140th anniversary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011028-0006-0000", "contents": "140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, Legislative resolution\nEarly bipartisan congressional supporters of the 140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation were Danny K. Davis (Dem. IL) who sponsored the legislation in the United States House of Representatives as House Concurrent Resolution 36. The legislation was sponsored in the United States Senate by Senator George Allen (Rep. VA), as Senate Concurrent Resolution 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 86], "content_span": [87, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011028-0007-0000", "contents": "140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, Legislative resolution, Text\nCommemorating the 140th year anniversary of the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 92], "content_span": [93, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011028-0008-0000", "contents": "140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, Legislative resolution, Text\nResolved by the Senate the House of Representatives concurring, that congress:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 92], "content_span": [93, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011028-0009-0000", "contents": "140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, Legislative resolution, Text\n(1.) recognizes the historical significance of the 140th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation as an important period in our Nation's history; and", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 92], "content_span": [93, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011028-0010-0000", "contents": "140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, Legislative resolution, Text\n(2.) encourage its celebration in accordance with the spirit, strength, and legacy of freedom, justice, and equality for all people of America and to provide an opportunity for all people of the United States to learn more about the past and to better understand the experiences that have shaped the Nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 92], "content_span": [93, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011028-0011-0000", "contents": "140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, Legislative resolution, Text\nThe bill passed in both houses of the United States Congress by unanimous vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 92], "content_span": [93, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011029-0000-0000", "contents": "140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade\nThe 140th Borisov Order of Kutuzov Anti- Aircraft Rocket Brigade (Russian: 140-\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0443\u0442\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430; Military Unit Number 32390) is an air defense brigade of the Russian Ground Forces' 29th Army in the Eastern Military District, stationed at Domna in Zabaykalsky Krai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011029-0001-0000", "contents": "140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade\nThe brigade traces its lineage back to the formation of the 66th Anti - Aircraft Artillery Division (Russian: 66-\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) in October 1943 during World War II. The division was sent to the front in early 1944, and fought in Operation Bagration, receiving the Borisov honorific for participating in the capture of that city. From November it fought in East Prussia, receiving the Order of Kutuzov 2nd class for its actions there at the end of the war. Postwar, the division was relocated to Kirovabad in Azerbaijan, where it remained until it was disbanded in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011029-0001-0001", "contents": "140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade\nThe 189th Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiment was formed from the division and soon became the 189th Anti- Aircraft Rocket Regiment. In 1973 the regiment was expanded into the 140th Anti- Aircraft Rocket Brigade, deploying to Trzebie\u0144 in Poland as part of the Northern Group of Forces. After the end of the Cold War, the brigade was relocated from Poland to Chita Oblast, being stationed at Domna from 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011029-0002-0000", "contents": "140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade, World War II\nThe 66th Anti - Aircraft Artillery Division began forming on 6 October 1943 at the Moscow Anti- Aircraft Artillery Training Camp in Pavshino, under the command of Colonel Ivan Korotkikh. It was part of the Moscow Military District, and included the 1981st, 1985th, 1989th, and the 1993rd Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiments. The formation of the division ended on 1 November. In April 1944, Korotkikh became seriously ill with pneumonia and was sent to a hospital in Moscow for treatment. He was replaced by Major General Sergey Sazonov, who command it for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011029-0003-0000", "contents": "140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade, World War II\nIn June, the division was relocated to the area of Smolensk and then Orsha, joining the 3rd Belorussian Front. It was operationally subordinated to the 31st Army, participating in the battles to capture Orsha, Minsk, Lida, and Suwa\u0142ki during the year. The division covered the army in the crossing of the Neman in the area of Druskininkai and Bereshany. On 30 June, during Operation Bagration, the Soviet strategic offensive into western Belarus and eastern Poland, the division reached the Berezina River following a rapid advance by the 31st Army. After crossing the river on 1 July, the 66th fought in the capture of Borisov and was awarded the city's name as an honorific in recognition of its actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011029-0004-0000", "contents": "140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade, World War II\nOn 12 November, the division was operationally subordinated to the 11th Guards Army, fighting in the capture of Vilkavi\u0161kis and crossing the border of East Prussia near Eydtkuhnen. On 11 January 1945, the 66th was transferred to the operational subordination of the 2nd Guards Army, participating in the capture of Gumbinnen and Wartenstein. It was again transferred to the operational subordination of the 48th Army on 16 February, fighting in the capture of Shlobiten and then Braunsberg on 20 March in the Heiligenbeil Pocket. On 2 April, the 66th was withdrawn to the reserve of the front at Elbing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011029-0004-0001", "contents": "140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade, World War II\nIt was operationally subordinated to the 48th Army on 25 April in the Tolkemit area. For capturing Braunsberg, the 66th was awarded the Order of Kutuzov, 2nd class, on 26 April. Between 28 April and 8 May, it fought in the elimination of the German troops on the Vistula Spit and northwest of Elbing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011029-0005-0000", "contents": "140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade, World War II\nBetween 16 June 1944 and 9 May 1945, a period of eleven months of combat, the division was credited with 38 German aircraft destroyed and one downed, killing 3,094 soldiers, 25 artillery and mortar batteries, 118 pillboxes, sixteen command posts, nine automobiles, and 63 wagons. Additionally, it captured 402 German soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011029-0006-0000", "contents": "140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade, Postwar\nOn 18 June, the division was relocated by rail from Elbing to Minsk, in the area of Kodishi station, and became part of the Minsk Artillery Training Camp of the Minsk Military District. It was further relocated to Dagestan by 2 November, stationed in the area of Izberg and Dvigatelstroy as part of the reserve of the Transcaucasian Military District. The division transferred to the 4th Army at Alyat Pristan in 1946, and was moved to Kirovabad later that year. On 27 November 1948 the division received its battle flag. In accordance with a directive of 18 March 1960, the division was disbanded, and its personnel used to form a separate medium-caliber anti-aircraft artillery regiment, which later became the 189th Anti- Aircraft Rocket Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011029-0007-0000", "contents": "140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade, Postwar\nBetween 1 April and 1 August 1973, the 189th Anti- Aircraft Rocket Regiment was reorganized into the 140th Anti- Aircraft Rocket Brigade, inheriting the traditions of the regiment. In 1976, the brigade was relocated to Trzebie\u0144 in Poland as part of the Northern Group of Forces, directly subordinated to the group headquarters. In 1992, after the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the brigade became part of the Russian Ground Forces and was withdrawn from Poland to Drovyanaya in Chita Oblast, joining the 36th Army. In 1994 it was relocated to Domna. The brigade celebrates its anniversary on 6 October, the date of the formation of the 66th Division. Since 2010, it has been part of the 29th Army. The brigade includes three anti-aircraft rocket battalions with the Buk missile system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011029-0008-0000", "contents": "140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade, Commanders\nThe following officers have commanded the brigade and its predecessor units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011030-0000-0000", "contents": "140th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 140th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army. It has historically been associated with the California Army National Guard's 40th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011030-0001-0000", "contents": "140th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nPrevious aviation units in the California Army National Guard included the 140th Aviation Battalion, the 29th Aviation Company, and the 40th Aviation Company, which was mobilized for Vietnam service in 1968-69.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011030-0002-0000", "contents": "140th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nIn 1994, the regiment's 1st Battalion and Companies D (Command), E (Assault), and F (Aviation Intermediate Maintenance) were part of the 40th  Division's Aviation Brigade, along with the 1st Squadron of the 18th Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011031-0000-0000", "contents": "140th Battalion (St. John's Tigers), CEF\nThe 140th Battalion (St. John's Tigers), CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Saint John, New Brunswick, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 throughout New Brunswick. After sailing to England in September 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 13th Reserve Battalion and The Royal Canadian Regiment and Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry Depots in November 1916. The 140th Battalion (St. John's Tigers),  CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011031-0001-0000", "contents": "140th Battalion (St. John's Tigers), CEF\nThe 140th Battalion is perpetuated by The Royal New Brunswick Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011032-0000-0000", "contents": "140th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 140th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 5, 1999, which was two weeks before the beginning of the seventh administrative year of Democratic Governor Thomas R. Carper from New Castle County and    Democratic Lieutenant Governor Ruth Ann Minner from Kent County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011032-0001-0000", "contents": "140th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1990 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011032-0002-0000", "contents": "140th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 140th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011032-0003-0000", "contents": "140th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011032-0004-0000", "contents": "140th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011033-0000-0000", "contents": "140th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011033-0001-0000", "contents": "140th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 140th Division (\u7b2c140\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuyonj\u016b Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Tokyo protection division (\u8b77\u6771\u5175\u56e3, Koto Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Fujisawa as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011033-0002-0000", "contents": "140th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 140th division was tasked with the  fortification and the defence of the Sh\u014dnan coastal area. 401st infantry regiment was stationed at Mount Kamakura, 402nd - in Hachi\u014dji, 403rd - in Fujisawa, 404th - in Goshomimura (now Fujisawa). 404th infantry regiment was severely understrength. The division stayed in the area until the surrender of Japan without seeing an actual combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011034-0000-0000", "contents": "140th Georgia General Assembly\nThe 140th Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 139th and served as the precedent for the 141st General Assembly in 1991. The 140th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia convened its first session on January 9, 1989, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011034-0001-0000", "contents": "140th Georgia General Assembly, Party standings, House of Representatives\n*Active political parties in Georgia are not limited to the Democratic and Republican parties. Libertarians, and occasionally others, run candidates in elections. However, for the 1989-90 session of the General Assembly, only the two major parties were successful in electing legislators to office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011035-0000-0000", "contents": "140th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 140th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was among scores of regiments that were raised in the summer of 1864 as Hundred Days Men, an effort to augment existing manpower for an all-out push to end the war within 100 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011035-0001-0000", "contents": "140th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 140th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on June 18, 1864, for a one-hundred-day enlistment. The unit departed the same day for Cairo, by rail, and proceeded by rail to Memphis, Tennessee. From there it marched thirty miles east to the Wolfe River, where it was formed into divisions which were posted along  the rail line to Holly Springs. After some three months it returned to Memphis where it did guard duty until ordered to Camp Fry, Chicago, where the regiment was mustered out of service on October 29, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011035-0002-0000", "contents": "140th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nAfter having given up their arms, the adjutant general of Illinois, Allen C. Fuller solicited them to re-organize and march through Missouri in pursuit of General Price, which took some six weeks, after which they returned to Camp Fry and were finally dismissed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011035-0003-0000", "contents": "140th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 5 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded, and 24 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 29 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011036-0000-0000", "contents": "140th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 140th Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between October 24, 1864, and July 11, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011036-0001-0000", "contents": "140th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, and mustered in on November 3, 1864. It left Indiana for Nashville, Tennessee, on November 15. The regiment moved to Murfreesboro, Tennessee, where it was involved in the Siege of Murfreesboro, between December 5 and 12 1864. It was involved in the defences of Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, until January 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011036-0002-0000", "contents": "140th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nFrom early January 1865, the regiment was continually on the move. From Nashville, they went to Clifton, Tennessee, reaching Clifton between January 2 and 6. From Tennessee they moved to Washington, D.C.; then to Fort Fisher, North Carolina, remaining there until February 7. It conducted operations against Robert F. Hoke's troops between February 11 and 14. From February 18 to 20, the regiment moved to Fort Anderson and from there to Town Creek. On February 22, the regiment fought in the Battle of Wilmington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011036-0002-0001", "contents": "140th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nFrom March 1 to April 26, the regiment was involved in the Campaign of the Carolinas and during this period advanced and occupied Goldsboro, North Carolina, before occupying Raleigh between April 10 and 14. On April 26, at Bennett Place, the regiment accepted the surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston and his army. Following the surrender, the regiment saw duty at Raleigh until May 6, and at Greensboro until early July. The regiment was mustered out on July 11, 1865. During its service the regiment lost three men during battle and 111 men to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011037-0000-0000", "contents": "140th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 140th Infantry Regiment (also known as the \"Sixth Missouri\") was an infantry formation of the Missouri National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011037-0001-0000", "contents": "140th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nIt was first organized as the 6th Infantry Regiment of the Missouri National Guard in 1898 during the Spanish\u2013American War, and was soon mustered into Federal service as the 6th Missouri Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Mustered out following service in the occupation of Cuba, it was reorganized as the 6th Battalion of Infantry in 1901 and expanded into a regiment of the same number in 1908, but disbanded in 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011037-0002-0000", "contents": "140th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe regiment was reconstituted in 1917 for service in World War I, and in Federal service consolidated with the 3rd Missouri Infantry Regiment to form the 140th Infantry. Part of the 35th Division, it served with the American Expeditionary Forces in the Meuse-Argonne. Reorganized in 1921, it served in World War II in the continental United States, then was reactivated after the end of the war. It was inactivated during a reorganization of the army in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011037-0003-0000", "contents": "140th Infantry Regiment (United States), Origins\nThe 6th Infantry Regiment of the Missouri National Guard was organized on 27 June 1898, during the Spanish\u2013American War. As the 6th Missouri Volunteer Infantry Regiment, it mustered into Federal service between 20 and 23 July at Jefferson Barracks. The regiment served in the United States Army with the occupation force in Cuba, and mustered out at Savannah, Georgia, on May 10, 1899. Reorganized on 10 July 1901 as the 6th Battalion of Infantry in the Missouri National Guard, it was expanded into a regiment on 23 January 1908. It was again disbanded on 25 July 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011037-0004-0000", "contents": "140th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nOn June 29, 1917, the regiment was reactivated for service in the First World War when it consolidated with elements of the 3rd Missouri to create the 140th Infantry in October 1917. The new regiment was assigned to the 35th Division. Within the 35th Division they were assigned to the 70th Brigade alongside the 139th Infantry. Companies of the regiment were drawn primarily from the southeast of the state; Company A hailed from Lexington, Companies B and C were recruited from St. Joseph, Company D came from Sedalia. Companies E, F, G, and H were recruited from Doniphan, Willow Springs, Richmond, and Dexter respectively. Companies I, K, L, and M were pulled from Kennett, Sikeston, Cape Girardeau and Poplar Bluff respectively. Additional troops were recruited from Jefferson City, Seymour, Carterville, and West Plains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011037-0005-0000", "contents": "140th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nThe regiment organized and trained in the United States at Camp Doniphan, Oklahoma and then shipped out for France where it began training under British tutelage in June 1918. In July, the 140th had its first taste of combat in the G\u00e9rardmer sector in the Vosges Mountains, where they conducted raids on German forces. They were moved to the Saint-Mihiel sector in September where they served as a reserve for the First Army. The regiment soon participated in the Meuse-Argonne offensive, the largest battle the American Expeditionary Forces waged during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011037-0005-0001", "contents": "140th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nAfter five days of intense battle, they were relieved by elements of the 1st Division and were placed in the Sommedieue sector where they launched harassing attacks on the enemy positions until the Armistice of November 11, 1918, ended the war. They were deactivated in 1919 with the rest of the 35th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011037-0006-0000", "contents": "140th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nWhen World War II broke out and America became involved due to the Attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the 140th Infantry moved to California in order to defend against possible Japanese attacks on the West Coast. The 140th Infantry was relieved of assignment to the 35th Infantry Division on 27 January 1943 and assigned to the Western Defense Command. The regiment was transferred to Camp Howze, Texas on 5 February 1944 and assigned to the XXIII Corps on 10 April 1944 and the XXXVI Corps on 19 September 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011037-0006-0001", "contents": "140th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe 140th was assigned to the Replacement and School Command on 17 November 1944 and moved to Camp Swift, Texas on 10 December 1944. At Camps Howze and Swift, the 140th Infantry regiment was reduced to a training cadre and provided an accelerated six-week course of infantry training (four weeks of familiarization, qualification, and transition firing, and two weeks of tactical training) to 2,900 men, who were formerly members of disbanded anti-aircraft and tank destroyer units or who had volunteered for transfer to the infantry from other branches of the Army. On 23 February 1945, the 140th Infantry moved to Camp Rucker, Alabama, where they were inactivated on 20 September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011037-0007-0000", "contents": "140th Infantry Regiment (United States), Cold War\nAfter the end of World War II, the 140th Infantry continued as part of the Missouri National Guard, assigned to the reorganized 35th Infantry Division on 20 June 1946. The regiment was organized in southeastern Missouri and its headquarters at Cape Girardeau, Missouri received federal recognition later that year on 16 October. As part of the ROAD reorganization on 1 April 1963, the 1st and 2nd Battle Groups became the 1st and 2nd Battalions, with the 2nd Battalion being designated mechanized infantry. On 15 January 1968, both battalions of the 140th Infantry converted into a variety of support units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011037-0008-0000", "contents": "140th Infantry Regiment (United States), Cold War\nThe number of the 140th and its heraldry were inherited in 2001 by the 140th Regiment (Regional Training Institute), the training school of the Missouri Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0000-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States)\nThe 140th Military Intelligence Battalion (Combat Electronic Warfare Intelligence) (Heavy Division) of the United States Army Reserve was constituted on 16 July 1986, assigned to the 63rd Army Reserve Command (\"Blood and Fire\"), and activated with headquarters at the General George Smith Patton Jr. United States Army Reserve Center, located at 5340 Bandini Boulevard in Bell, California. The battalion inactivated in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0001-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States)\nThe battalion's full-time property book officer and supply sergeants were recognized as having the best-run unit supply operation of any battalion in the Army Reserve in both 1991 and 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0002-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States)\nThe 140th MI Battalion's activation was essentially simultaneous with the inactivation of the 309th Army Security Agency Battalion. The personnel and facilities of the 309th were initially transferred to the 140th at that time, although the lineage and insignia were not. Nine years later, the 140th was similarly inactivated essentially simultaneously with the activation of the 368th Military Intelligence Battalion, to whom the personnel and facilities were transferred without the lineage and insignia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0003-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Location\nThe 140th MI Battalion, its HHS, A, B and C Companies were stationed at the General George S. Patton Jr. United States Army Reserve Center, located at 5340 Bandini Boulevard, in Bell, California. Patton USAR Center, the sprawling General Services Administration warehouse complex to the south, the U.S. Postal Service's processing center to the north and north-east, the National Guard armory to the west, and the adjacent commercial buildings to the east and immediate south, were constructed on what had been Cheli Air Force Station until 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 63], "content_span": [64, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0003-0001", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Location\nIn fiscal year 1991, the battalion's offices and motor pool removed from the facility's World War II\u2013era temporary structures, into newly constructed buildings in the reserve centre; the same postal address was retained. The centre's wooden warehouse building, in which offices had been constructed, was razed, leaving only the cinderblock arms vault above the building's high slab. A new steel structure was built atop the slab, with essentially the same footprint as the original building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 63], "content_span": [64, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0004-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Location\nThe 307th and, subsequently, 651st Military Intelligence Companies were located 24\u00a0km (15\u00a0mi) north of the battalion, at the Captain Reginald B. Desiderio United States Army Reserve Center on Westminster Drive in Pasadena, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 63], "content_span": [64, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0005-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Organization\nAlthough assigned to the Army Reserve, the 140th Military intelligence Battalion was the organic military intelligence battalion of the 40th Infantry Division (Mechanized) of the California Army National Guard. The battalion's numerical designation followed U.S. Army custom of adding 100 to the supported infantry division's number; see also: the 1st Infantry Division's former 101st Military Intelligence Battalion and the 4th Infantry Division's former 104th Military Intelligence Battalion; cf: comparable battalions in armored divisions would have a number 500 greater than the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0006-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Training challenges\nAs the 40th Infantry Division's primary wartime trace was to the Eighth United States Army and the defense of South Korea, the 140th Military Intelligence Battalion was configured to specialize in the Korean and Mandarin Chinese languages. Obtaining and retaining language-qualified reserve soldiers in Southern California proved difficult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 74], "content_span": [75, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0007-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Training challenges\nModest gains were made with the Army Reserve's institution of the Military Intelligence Special Training Element (MISTE, pronounced \"misty\") program, in which military intelligence units, including the 140th, were assigned language-qualified, MOS-qualified reserve soldiers (primarily those with prior active duty service) residing hundreds or thousands of miles away. Given the distance to be traveled, the MISTE soldiers would fly in to drill only bi-monthly, usually at Regional Training Site \u2013 Intelligence (RTS-I) at Hamilton Army Airfield north of San Francisco, California. The MISTE soldiers participated in annual training with the rest of the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 74], "content_span": [75, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0008-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Training challenges\nMaintaining technical skills was also a problem, as much of the equipment\u2014such as direction-finding trucks, radio intercept trucks, radio jamming trucks, inter alia\u2014was prohibitively expensive for the Army to provide just to have it sit in storage twenty-eight days or more per month. Because of likely damage to streets, the battalion's M113 armored personnel carriers, M577 tactical operations center vehicles and M578 recovery vehicles were stored at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton; the three-hour round trip negated monthly training on the tracked vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 74], "content_span": [75, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0009-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Training challenges\nWhen Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, the four-year-old battalion was neither adequately manned nor trained for mobilization. Even had the battalion been at full, qualified strength, proficiency in Korean and Mandarin would have been of little use in Southwest Asia. Several of the battalion's reserve soldiers, however, were individually cross-leveled into other units and mobilized for Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm in 1990\u20131991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 74], "content_span": [75, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0010-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Mission, Battalion\nThe mission of the 140th Military Intelligence Battalion (CEWI) (HD) was to command, control, staff, plan, and supervise its organic and attached companies which provide direct support intelligence, electronic warfare, non-communications intercept & analysis, human intelligence, counterintelligence, and ground surveillance radar support to  the 40th Infantry Division. The battalion was organized with the intent of being able to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 73], "content_span": [74, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0011-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Mission, HHS Company\nThe Headquarters and Headquarters Services Company contained most of the battalion's analysis, supply, and communications personnel, as well as all of the IEW support, administration, vehicle maintenance, communications maintenance, and food service personnel. Accordingly, unlike a stereotypical battalion headquarters company, the HHS Company of a CEWI battalion comprised over half of the battalion's total authorised strength. The company's missions were to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 75], "content_span": [76, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0012-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Mission, HHS Company\nThe major items of equipment organic to HHS Company included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 75], "content_span": [76, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0013-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Mission, Alpha Company\nCompany A (Collection and Jamming) was composed of three C&J platoons, a radio telegraphy team, and a traffic analysis section. Of the three C&J platoons, one each was concerned with:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 77], "content_span": [78, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0014-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Mission, Alpha Company\nThe major items of equipment organic to Company A included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 77], "content_span": [78, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0015-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Mission, Bravo Company\nCompany B (Intelligence and Surveillance) was divided into two very distinctive platoons. The ground surveillance radar platoon had three squads of scouts to carry, install, and utilise ground surveillance radars to observe enemy vehicle traffic. These three squads would provide GSR support to the division's three manoeuvre brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 77], "content_span": [78, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0016-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Mission, Bravo Company\nThe other platoon, known as the operations support element, was composed of two counterintelligence teams and two interrogation teams. The platoon was designed to conduct enemy prisoner of war interrogation and provide limited counterintelligence support to the division. Because an officer could not become qualified in either counterintelligence or human intelligence unless and until he or she completed the respective military intelligence officer advanced course, Company B was unusual in that the operations support platoon was led by a captain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 77], "content_span": [78, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0017-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Mission, Bravo Company\nThe major items of equipment organic to Company B were AN/PPS-5A Ground Surveillance Radar Sets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 77], "content_span": [78, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0018-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Mission, Charlie Company\nCompany C (Electronic Warfare) was built around a large signals intelligence (\"SIGINT\") processing platoon composed of an analysis section, three non-communication intercept teams and five master control stations. Outside of the platoon was a radio teletypewriter section. Company C's mission was to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 79], "content_span": [80, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0019-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Mission, Charlie Company\nThe major items of equipment organic to Company C included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 79], "content_span": [80, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0020-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Mission, Long Range Surveillance Detachment\nDetachment D (Long Range Surveillance) was an airborne infantry detachment, designed to parachute far in advance of friendly lines with radios and sufficient provisions to sustain themselves. Once in position, they were to remain camouflaged, while observing enemy activity and other conditions of intelligence value, and report their findings via radio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0021-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Mission, 651st MI Company\nThe 651st Military Intelligence Company (Interrogation and Exploitation) (Echelons Above Corps), designed to support a theatre army, was composed of a document exploitation team, a target exploitation team, a technical intelligence section, and six interrogation & exploitation squads in two platoons. The company's mission was to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 80], "content_span": [81, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0022-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Mission, 651st MI Company\nThe major items of equipment organic to the 651st MI Company included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 80], "content_span": [81, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0023-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Insignia, Coat of Arms\nShield:  Azure within an orle argent, in base a pyramid of the like and in chief a sun in splendor issuing to base five lightning flashes or and charged with a globe of the like grid-lined of the first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 77], "content_span": [78, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0024-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Insignia, Coat of Arms\nCrest: That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Army Reserve: On a wreath of the colours, argent and azure, the Lexington Minuteman proper. The statue of the Minuteman, Capt. John Parker (Henry Hudson Kitson, sculptor), stands on the Common in Lexington, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 77], "content_span": [78, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0025-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Insignia, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia is the shield and motto of the coat of arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 90], "content_span": [91, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011038-0026-0000", "contents": "140th Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Insignia, Symbolism\nOriental blue and silver gray (white) are the colors associated with military intelligence. The sun represents the Greek god Helios who, according to mythology, could bring all secrets to light; surrounding a globe, it represents the unit's worldwide military intelligence mission. The lightning flashes suggest electronic warfare and communication capabilities. The sun and lightning flashes are gold and allude to California, the \"Golden State,\" the unit's home area. The pyramid personifies longevity [ironically] and strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 74], "content_span": [75, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011039-0000-0000", "contents": "140th Mixed Brigade\nThe 140th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army created during the Spanish Civil War. Throughout the war it operated on the fronts of Aragon, Segre, Ebro and Catalonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011039-0001-0000", "contents": "140th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe unit was created in May 1937, originally as a reserve force of the Eastern Army, although later it was integrated into the 32nd Division of the XI Army Corps. It was under the command of Humberto Gil Cabrera, with Manuel Ti\u00f3 Vila as chief of staff and with Luis Deltell Bernal as commissar. Once the brigade finished its training phase, the command passed to Rodolfo Bosch Pearson, but he ended up being replaced by Eusebio Sanz after Bosch was prosecuted for the execution of some militiamen from the POUM. Subsequently, the 140th Mixed Brigade was assigned to the 33rd Division in order to take part in the Battle of Brunete, although in the end the brigade remained located in Tarragona without taking part in the Brunete operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011039-0002-0000", "contents": "140th Mixed Brigade, History\nIn March 1938, after the start of the Aragon Offensive, it was assigned to the 24th Division and sent as reinforcement to the threatened sector; However, on March 11 the brigade withdrew from Pina until it reached Fraga, on the March 26. Some elements of the 140th Mixed Brigade participated in the defense of Lleida, but after the fall of the city they crossed the river and withdrew towards Llardecans. It was subjected to a reorganization, being added to the 44th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011039-0003-0000", "contents": "140th Mixed Brigade, History\nOn September 13, the 140th Mixed Brigade was sent to the Ebro front, as a reinforcement of the republican forces in this sector. On September 19 it relieved the 227th Mixed Brigade in the area northwest of La Pobla de Massaluca, the position in which it remained until October 6 - when it was replaced by the XIII International Brigade. Unlike other Republican units, in this period the 140th Mixed Brigade did not participate in heavy fighting. Three days later, on October 9, it had to return to the battle front in the area of Venta de Camposines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011039-0003-0001", "contents": "140th Mixed Brigade, History\nOn October 15 it had to withstand a strong enemy onslaught, although it maintained its positions at the cost of some casualties \u2014 notably the death of the chief of the 560th battalion, Vicente Sagarduy. On November 8, during the last nationalist counteroffensive, the 140th Mixed Brigade was encircled by its company of machine guns and by a company of the 559th Battalion, which resulted in serious casualties. Three days later, due to the withdrawal of the 226th Mixed Brigade, it suffered a new enemy encirclement that caused heavy losses to the unit; severely broken, on the November 13 it crossed the Ebro through the Flix area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011039-0004-0000", "contents": "140th Mixed Brigade, History\nOnce again attached to the 44th Division, it was assigned to the Ser\u00f3s bridgehead sector. However, after the start of the Catalonia Offensive the brigade had to withdraw. By January 13, 1939 it was defending the Sierra de Prades, but after the fall of Tarragona it withdrew towards the French border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0000-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 140th New York Infantry Regiment was a volunteer infantry regiment that was created on September 13, 1862 for the Union Army during the American Civil War. From January 1864 they wore a Zouave uniform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0001-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Formation\nOn August 8, 1862 Captain Hiram Smith received authority to form the infantry regiment. The 140th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment was organized in Rochester, New York and mustered in for three years service on September 13, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0002-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Formation\nDuring the American Civil War a Union Army regiment ideally comprised 10 infantry companies. Each company had 100 men for a full regimental strength of 1000 men. The 10 companies of the 140th New York Volunteer Regiment were all recruited from Rochester, New York and the surrounding towns and villages of Monroe County, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0003-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Formation\nA company breakdown with captain and source of volunteers is noted below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0004-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Formation\nThe 140th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment organized and drilled at Camp Fitz-John Porter on the western bank of the Genesee River in Rochester, NY. Camp Fitz-John Porter was also the mustering location for the 108th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, and Mack's 18th New York Independent Artillery Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0005-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1862, Washington DC Defense and Frericksburg\nThe 140th NY left Rochester by train on September 19, 1862 en route to Washington DC after brief stops in Auburn, NY and Elmira, NY for fitting out and supply. The regiment first served in the Provisional Brigade, Casey's Division in the defensive fortifications around Washington, DC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 96], "content_span": [97, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0006-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1862, Washington DC Defense and Frericksburg\nThe 140th NY was then transferred to the XII Corps, 2nd Division, 2nd Brigade of the Army of the Potomac by October 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 96], "content_span": [97, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0007-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1862, Washington DC Defense and Frericksburg\nIn November, 1862 the regiment was reassigned to the V Corps, 2nd Division, 3rd Brigade of the Army of the Potomac. From then on the 140th NY would remain with the V Corps of the Army of the Potomac and see action in, or be present in reserve at most of the major campaigns and engagements in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War until cessation of hostilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 96], "content_span": [97, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0008-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1862, Washington DC Defense and Frericksburg\nThe 140th NY first saw combat between December 12\u201315, 1862 at the Battle of Fredericksburg. After Fredericksburg, the regiment camped through December at Falmouth, VA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 96], "content_span": [97, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0009-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1863, Chancelorville and Reinforcement\nThe regiment participated in the Chancellorsville Campaign (April 27-May 6, 1863) seeing limited action at the Battle of Chancellorsville (May 1\u20135). Losses at Chancellorsville were 21 total casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 90], "content_span": [91, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0010-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1863, Chancelorville and Reinforcement\nIn June, 1863 the three years men of the 13th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment were transferred to the 140th NY to replace losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 90], "content_span": [91, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0011-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1863, The Battle of Gettysburg\nThe regiment participated in the Gettysburg Campaign of June 11-July 24. It would engage in its first heavy action of the war during the crucial battle for Little Round Top at the Battle of Gettysburg on July 2, 1863. General Gouverneur K. Warren was putting together a desperate improvised defense of Little Round Top, which was protecting the Union Army's left flank. General Warren intercepted the 140th New York as it marched on the north slope of Little Round Top en route to support Sickle's III Corps in the wheatfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 82], "content_span": [83, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0011-0001", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1863, The Battle of Gettysburg\nGeneral Warren requested the 140th New York assist reinforcing Vincent's 16th Michigan Volunteer Infantry which was decimated and under heavy fire on the hill. O'Rorke and his men obliged. Contemparary accounts note that Colonel Patrick \"Paddy\" O'Rorke, led the way with sword drawn and shouting, \u201cDown this way, boys!\u201d. Without having time to load their weapons A Company and G Company filled in the right flank gap of the 5th Maine. O\u2019Rorke shouted, \u201cHere they are men, commence firing!\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 82], "content_span": [83, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0011-0002", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1863, The Battle of Gettysburg\nThe 140th New York charged over the hill pushing back the 4th Texas Infantry and 5th Texas Infantry Regiments of the Texas Brigade. Although the 140th New York was successful in assisting the defense of the Little Round Top, it cost the regiment 133 total casualties. Colonel O'Rorke was among the dead, having suffered multiple bullet hits. A marker commemorates the losses the 140th NY endured, including Col. O'Rorke, on Little Round Top at the Gettysburg battleground museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 82], "content_span": [83, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0012-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1863, The Battle of Gettysburg\n\"Col. O'Rorke was killed at Gettysburg while leading his men into action on Little Round Top, where their prompt action aided largely in seizing that important position - Colonel Fox.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 82], "content_span": [83, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0013-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1863, Remainder of 1863\nFollowing Gettysburg the 140th was present at the Bristoe Station Campaign, Second Battle of Rappahannock Station, and the Mine Run campaign to close out 1863, but were held in reserve or not involved in major action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0014-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1864, Volunteers as Zouave\nIn January 1864 during winter camp at Beverly Ford, VA the regiment was outfitted as Zouaves. These flamboyant uniforms were patterned after elite French army units which had earned military glory in the 1850s, and they were awarded to the 140th NY in recognition of the regiment's seamless record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 78], "content_span": [79, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0015-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1864, Volunteers as Zouave\nIn March 1864 the 140th NY was transferred to V Corps, 1st Division, 4th Brigade, Army of the Potomac. An additional transfer followed in April 1864 when the regiment joined the 5th Corps, 1st Division, 1st Brigade of the Army of the Potomac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 78], "content_span": [79, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0016-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1864, The Overland Campaign\nIn March 1864 General Grant assumed command of all Federal forces and began the Overland Campaign, a relentless push through Virginia toward the Confederacy's capitol of Richmond, VA throughout that summer. The 140th New York participated in the Campaign from the Rapidan to the James Rivers. The course of this campaign included action in some of the most bloody and devastating battles of American Civil War including the Battle of the Wilderness, Battle of Spotsylvania Court House and Cold Harbor. In the 39 days between May 5 and June 2 the 140th would incur 384 total dead, wounded, missing or captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0017-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1864, The Overland Campaign\nThe heaviest losses the 140th New York would incur in a single battle were incurred during severe fighting in the Battle of the Wilderness between May 5\u20137, 1864. The 529 soldiers of the 140th NY led the opening of the battle with a charge across Saunders Field, and were among the first Union troops to engage the Confederacy in battle. The 140th took unsupported flank fire for over 30 minutes and sustained 255 total casualties. Estimates of exact losses are 50 enlisted men, and 3 officers killed in action or died of wounds sustained during battle. A further 98 enlisted and 3 officers injured. 101 total personnel were reported missing or captured. Captain Willard Abbott was counted among the wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0018-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1864, The Overland Campaign\n\"The Regiment melted away like snow. Men disappeared as if the earth had swallowed them up.\" - Captain Porter Farley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0019-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1864, The Overland Campaign\nJust three days later (May 8, 1864) the 140th was involved in heavy combat during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, participating in battle at Piney Branch Church, and Laurel Hill. The regiment suffered 60 additional casualties in total during the Battles of Spotsylvania Court House. Among the dead were Colonel George E. Ryan and Major Milo L. Starks, killed in battle at Laurel Hill", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0020-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1864, The Overland Campaign\nFurther Actions in May 1864 included the reserve duty at the Assault on the Salient, Battle of North Anna River, and light action at the Battle of Totopotomoy, where Captain William Grantsyne was injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0021-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1864, The Overland Campaign\nHeavy action continued in The Battle of Cold Harbor (Bethesda Church), where the 140th New York sustained an additional 60 total casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0022-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1864, The Overland Campaign\nIn June, 1864 the 140th New York was transferred to V Corps, 2nd Division, 1st Brigade during the Siege of Petersburg. The regiment participated in first assault during the siege of Petersburg sustaining 22 total casualties, including Captain Benjamin Harmon among the wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0023-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1864, The Overland Campaign\nThroughout the summer and fall of 1864 the 140th New York Regiment participated in Battle of Weldon Railroad and Poplar Spring Church, where Lt. Colonel Elswell Otis was injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0024-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1864, The Overland Campaign\nReinforcements arrived in October, 1864 as members of the 44th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, not mustered out or assigned to other regiments were transferred into the 140th New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0025-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1865\nJanuary 25, 1865 saw many officer promotions to fill the leadership ranks lost due to casualty from the 1864 campaign. Lieutenant Colonel Grantsyne was promoted to colonel, Major W. James Clark to lieutenant colonel and Captain Willard Abbott to major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0026-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1865\nThroughout 1865 the 140th New York was present or active in The Battle of Hatcher's Run, and participated in the Appomattox Campaign to close out the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0027-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, 1865\nFrom May 1\u201312 the 140th New York marched to Washington DC, and participated in the Grand Review of May 23, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0028-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service, Mustering Out\nOn June 3, 1865 the 140th Regiment was mustered out near Alexandria, VA under the command of Colonel W.S. Grantsyne, and Lieutenant Colonel W. James Clark. The men not to be mustered out with the regiment were transferred to the 5th New York Veteran Infantry. It is estimated fewer than 245 of the original 1000 men called to arms as the 140th New York Volunteers of Monroe County, NY answered its final call to muster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0029-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Total Casualties\nTotal war time enrollment for the 140th Regiment was 1,707 men. Available records vary but indicate that 736 men were casualties (killed, injured, missing or captured) due directly to combat. Among them 132 enlisted and 8 officers dead in action or of wounds sustained in action, 304 enlisted and 13 officers injured, and 275 enlisted and 7 officers missing or captured. Disease claimed an additional 168 enlisted and 2 officers. An estimated 77 men died as Confederate prisoners of war, many at Andersonville Prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0030-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Leaders\nServed as Assistant Adjutant General on the Staff of General Sykes V Corps prior to assignment to the 140th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0031-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Leaders\nPromoted from Captain Company H to Lt. Colonel on 11/15/1864 with rank as of 8/8/1864", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0032-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Leaders\nColonel of 140th New York during Grand Review and unmuster of 140th New York on 6/3/1865", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0033-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Leaders\nActing Colonel between Gettysburg and the appointment of Col. Ryan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011040-0034-0000", "contents": "140th New York Infantry Regiment, Leaders\nPromoted from Captain Company A to Major with rank 11/17/1863 as of 8/15/1863", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011041-0000-0000", "contents": "140th New York State Legislature\nThe 140th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3 to October 2, 1917, during the third year of Charles S. Whitman's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011041-0001-0000", "contents": "140th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1906 and 1907, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (eight districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011041-0002-0000", "contents": "140th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party, the Prohibition Party, the Progressive Party, the Independence League, the Socialist Labor Party and the American Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011041-0003-0000", "contents": "140th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1916, was held on November 7. Charles S. Whitman and Edward Schoeneck were re-elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor; both Republicans. The other eight statewide elective offices were also carried by Republicans. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Republicans 836,000; Democrats 687,000; Socialists 63,000; Prohibition 22,000; Progressives 7,000; Independence League 5,000; Socialist Labor 4,000; and American 2,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011041-0004-0000", "contents": "140th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1917; and adjourned on May 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011041-0005-0000", "contents": "140th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nElon R. Brown (R) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011041-0006-0000", "contents": "140th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature redistricted the Senate seats, and re-apportioned the number of assemblymen per county. Bronx County\u2014which had been part of New York County at the time of the previous apportionment and occupied roughly the area of four Assembly districts\u2014was properly separated, and was apportioned eight seats. New York County (without the Bronx) lost eight seats; and Erie, Jefferson and Ulster counties lost one seat each. Queens County gained two seats; and Broome, Nassau, Richmond, Schenectady and Westchester counties gained one seat each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011041-0007-0000", "contents": "140th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on July 31, 1917. This session was called to enact food control legislation, which would regulate the seizure and shipping of food to the Allies in Europe, helping them with their war effort against Germany during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011041-0008-0000", "contents": "140th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn August 24, the Food Control Bill was passed by the Legislature. The bill established a three-member Food Control Commission. The Legislature took a recess until September 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011041-0009-0000", "contents": "140th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn September 7, the State Senate rejected the nomination of George Walbridge Perkins as Chairman of the Food Control Commission, and took a recess until September 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011041-0010-0000", "contents": "140th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn October 2, the State Senate rejected again the nomination of Perkins; and then confirmed the appointment of John Mitchell, Jacob Gould Schurman and Charles A. Wieting to the Food Control Commission. The Legislature then adjourned sine die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011041-0011-0000", "contents": "140th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Salvatore A. Cotillo, John Knight, Ross Graves and Leonard W. H. Gibbs changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011041-0012-0000", "contents": "140th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011041-0013-0000", "contents": "140th New York State Legislature, State Assembly\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011042-0000-0000", "contents": "140th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 140th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 140th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 140th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011042-0001-0000", "contents": "140th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 140th Ohio Infantry was organized in Gallipolis, Ohio, and mustered in May 10, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Robert B. Wilson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011042-0002-0000", "contents": "140th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Charleston, West Virginia, May 10. Assigned to duty as garrison at Charleston and on guard duty along the Kanawha and Gauley Rivers until September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011042-0003-0000", "contents": "140th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 140th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 3, 1864, at Gallipolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011042-0004-0000", "contents": "140th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011042-0005-0000", "contents": "140th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 2 enlisted men during service, both due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0000-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group\nThe 140th Operations Group is a unit of the Colorado Air National Guard, stationed at Buckley Space Force Base, Aurora, Colorado. If activated to federal service, the group is gained by Air Combat Command of the United States Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0001-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group\nThe group's 120th Fighter Squadron was first organized as the World War I 120th Aero Squadron on 28 August 1917. It was reformed on 27 June 1923 as the 120th Observation Squadron, one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0002-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group\nThe group was activated as the 370th Fighter Group and served in the European Theater of World War II where it earned two Distinguished Unit Citations and was awarded the Belgian Fourragere after being cited twice in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0003-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group\nIn 1946 the group, now redesignated the 140th Fighter Group, was one of the original twenty-seven regular Army Air Forces groups allotted to the National Guard. Since 1950 the group has controlled the operational squadrons of the 140th Wing, except for the period 1974\u20131993, when the group was inactive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0004-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group, Overview\nThe 140th flies F-16C/D/ Fighting Falcons (Air Combat Command) fighter and C-21 Learjet (Air Mobility Command) airlift missions. It also controls the 137th Space Warning Squadron (Air Force Space Command).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0005-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe unit was constituted as the 370th Fighter Group in May 1943, and activated on 1 July 1943 at Westover Field, Massachusetts. The original squadrons of the group were the 401st, 402d and 485th Fighter Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0006-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe group trained with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts at several First Air Force bases in New England then was deployed to RAF Aldermaston England during January and February 1944. In Europe, it became an element of Ninth Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0007-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group, History, World War II\nWhen the group arrived, the expected to receive Thunderbolts on which they had trained stateside. However, much to the amazement of the Group Commander, Colonel Howard F. Nichols, the 370th FG was informed by IX Fighter Command that it would be equipped with the Lockheed P-38 Lightning, a few of which had already arrived during the 18 days the group was in residence at Aldermaston. The latter base proved to be only a temporary station, as it was required for troop carrier operations; the 370th soon moved to RAF Andover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0008-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group, History, World War II\nFrom England, the group dive-bombed radar installations and flak towers, and escorted bombers that attacked bridges and marshalling yards in France as the Allies prepared for Operation Overlord, the invasion of the continent of Europe. The group provided cover for Allied forces that crossed the Channel on D-Day, and flew armed reconnaissance missions over the Cotentin Peninsula until the end of the month. On 17 July 1944, napalm incendiary bombs were dropped for the first time in war by 14 P-38 aircraft of the 402nd Fighter Squadron, led by 370th Group commander Col Nichols, on a fuel depot at Coutances, near St. L\u00f4, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0009-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe group transferred to IX Tactical Air Command and moved the Advanced Landing Ground at Cardonville, France on 24 July to support the Allied ground advance across France and into Germany. The 370th's fighter-bombers hit hard. German Field Marshal von Kluge soon found that his armored forces moving towards Normandy were constantly beset by Allied fighter-bomber attacks. Von Kluge phoned General Walter Warlimont, Hitler's personal representative on the Western front, \"The enemy air superiority is terrific and smothers almost every one of our movements... Every movement of the enemy is prepared and protected by its air force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0009-0001", "contents": "140th Operations Group, History, World War II\nLosses in men and equipment are extraordinary.\" Von Kluge himself was not immune to personal danger. USAAF Group Commander Nichols and a squadron of his P-38 Lightnings blasted von Kluge's own headquarters; the group commander himself skipped a 500-pound bomb right through the front door. Moving across France, the 370th FG hit gun emplacements, troops, supply dumps, and tanks near Saint-L\u00f4 in July and in the Falaise\u2013Argentan area in August 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0010-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group, History, World War II\nIn September 1944, the group sent planes and pilots to England to provide cover for Operation Market-Garden, the allied airborne assault on the Netherlands and Germany. The P-38s of the group struck pillboxes and troops early in October to aid First Army's capture of Aachen, and afterward struck railroads, bridges, viaducts, and tunnels in that area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0011-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe 370th received a Distinguished Unit Citation for a mission in support of ground forces in the Hurtgen Forest area on 2 December 1944 when, despite bad weather and barrages of antiaircraft and small-arms fire, the group dropped napalm bombs on a heavily defended position in Bergstein, setting fire to the village and inflicting heavy casualties on enemy troops defending the area. The 370th later flew armed reconnaissance during the Battle of the Bulge, attacking warehouses, highways, railroads, motor transports, and other targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0012-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe group converted to North American P-51 Mustangs during February \u2013 March 1945. It bombed bridges and docks in the vicinity of Wesel to prepare for the crossing of the Rhine, and patrolled the area as paratroops were dropped on the east bank on 24 March Supported operations of 2d Armored Division in the Ruhr Valley in April. The group flew its last mission, a sweep over Dessau and Wittenberg, on 4 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0013-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe 370th FG returned to the United States during September\u2013November 1945, and was inactivated on 7 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0014-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group, History, Colorado Air National Guard\nThe 370th Fighter Group was redesignated the 140th Fighter Group, and was allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Buckley Field, Colorado, and was extended federal recognition on 1 October 1946. The unit was the first Air National Guard group receiving federal recognition. The 140th Fighter Group assigned to the 86th Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0015-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group, History, Colorado Air National Guard\nThe 140th Fighter Group consisted of the 120th Fighter Squadron at Buckley, the 187th Fighter Squadron at Cheyenne Municipal Airport, Wyoming and the 191st Fighter Squadron at Salt Lake City Municipal Airport. Utah. Because it was organized earlier than other National Guard groups, it also temporarily controlled the 127th Fighter Squadron at Wichita Municipal Airport, Kansas and the 173d Fighter Squadron at Lincoln Municipal Airport. Nebraska until the 132d and 137th Fighter Groups were organized in 1948. As part of the Continental Air Command Fourth Air Force, the unit trained for fighter-bomber missions and air-to-air combat. On 31 October 1950 the Air National Guard converted to the wing base organization and 86th Fighter Wing was inactivated, and 140th was assigned to the new 140th Fighter Wing, which assumed the personnel and mission of the 86th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0016-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nAs a result of the Korean War, the 140th Fighter Wing was federalized and brought to active duty on 1 April 1951, including the 140th Fighter Group and subordinate units. The unit was ordered to the new Clovis Air Force Base, New Mexico, arriving in October 1951. The federalized 140th was a composite organization of activated Air National Guard units, composed of the 120th, 187th and 190th Fighter Squadrons. The 140th and its components were equipped with F-51D Mustangs, and were redesignated as Fighter-Bomber squadrons on 12 April 1951. The 140th returned to Air National Guard control in their respective states at the start of 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0017-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Cold War\nUpon return to Colorado state control, the 140th was re-equipped with Lockheed F-80C Shooting Star jets. In 1955 the group's gaining command changed to Air Defense Command and it became the 140th Fighter-Interceptor Group, then the 140th Fighter Group (Air Defense). It converted to North American F-86 Sabres in 1958 and to F-86Ls armed with Mighty Mouse rockets and equipped with airborne intercept radar and data link for interception control through the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment system in 1960. The 140th was returned to Tactical Air Command in January 1961 and re-equipped with the North American F-100 Super Sabre supersonic tactical fighter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0018-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Cold War\nOn 26 January 1968, the group was federalized and its 120th Tactical Fighter Squadron was reassigned to the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing at Phan Rang AB, South Vietnam. 120th was released from active duty and returned to Colorado state control on 30 April 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0019-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1974, the National Guard converted its operational wings to the dual deputy model. As a result, the group was inactivated and its squadrons reassigned directly to the wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0020-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group, History, Colorado Air National Guard, Modern era\nAnother reorganization of the National Guard, this time to the \"Objective Wing\" led to the group's reactivation in 1993 as the 140th Operations Group, equipped with General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons. Since reactivation, the 140th has supported numerous deployments. Following the attacks on the United States on September, 11th 2001, the group's 120th Fighter Squadron assumed tasking to provide homeland defense as an integral part of Operation Noble Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011043-0021-0000", "contents": "140th Operations Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0000-0000", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 140th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was a Union Army regiment in the American Civil War, serving in the Eastern Theater. Recruited in late 1862, it fought from the Battle of Chancellorsville through the war until the Army of Northern Virginia's surrender at Appomattox Court House. Its losses during the war were among the highest of any Union regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0001-0000", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Organization\nThe regiment was recruited in Beaver, Greene, Mercer, and Washington counties, and formally mustered into service on September 8, 1862, at Camp Curtin, under the command of Col. Richard P. Roberts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0002-0000", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Organization\nThe 140th was initially placed on duty guarding the North Central Railway near Parkton, Maryland, and remained there until being ordered to join the Army of the Potomac at Aquia Creek, Virginia, where they arrived on December 12. Here they were assigned to the 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, II Army Corps, under the command of Gen. Samuel K. Zook, and proceeded to go into winter quarters near Falmouth, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0003-0000", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Organization\nWhile in winter camp, on January 18, 1863, the regiment received Springfield rifle muskets, to replace their large and unwieldy Vincennes muskets. These were gratefully received by the men, as they had been subjected to continuous mockery by other soldiers with quips such as, \u201cThere goes the walking artillery\u201d or, \u201cLook at the twelve-pounders!\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0004-0000", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Chancellorsville\nOn April 28, the 140th broke camp and marched with the II Corps around Gen. Robert E. Lee\u2019s left flank, crossing the Rappahannock River at United States Ford and proceeding toward Chancellorsville, where it arrived on May 1 and took its place in the left center of Gen. Joseph Hooker\u2019s line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0004-0001", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Chancellorsville\nReceiving orders on the evening of May 2 to report to Col. Nelson Miles, in charge of the 1st Division\u2019s picket line, the men helped to beat back repeated Confederate assaults throughout the morning of May 3. Additionally, a part of the regiment assisted in bringing off the guns of Battery E, 5th Maine Light Artillery to avoid capture. With Hooker on the retreat, the 140th re-crossed the Rappahannock with the rest of Zook\u2019s brigade on May 6 and returned to their old camp near Falmouth. Thus, the regiment had had its baptism by fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0005-0000", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg and the remainder of 1863\nWith Lee now on the move and having crossed into Pennsylvania, the Union Army, now under the command of Gen. George Meade, marched there to stop him. On the morning of July 2 the 140th arrived south of the town of Gettysburg, with their 1st Division taking up a position on the left of the II Corps, adjoining the right end of Gen. Daniel Sickles\u2019 III Corps. However, Sickles arbitrarily decided to move his troops out in front of the rest of the Union line, and was soon in trouble, being attacked by Confederates in the afternoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 83], "content_span": [84, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0005-0001", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg and the remainder of 1863\nThus Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock dispatched the 1st Division to report to Gen. George Sykes to be placed in line of battle to assist Sickles, moving to the latter's left end. The 3rd Brigade, under Gen. Zook, who was mortally wounded, advanced on the right end of the division across The Wheatfield, with the 140th occupying the right flank of the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 83], "content_span": [84, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0005-0002", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg and the remainder of 1863\nThey initially made progress in pushing back the Rebels, but with the onset of Confederate reinforcements and the subsequent collapse of the III Corps to their right, as well as the withdrawal of the division on the left, the brigade was compelled to retreat. Together with their brigade, the regiment occupied a position on the left center of the Union line for the remainder of the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 83], "content_span": [84, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0006-0000", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg and the remainder of 1863\nAt Gettysburg the 140th lost 37 officers and men, including Col. Roberts, 144 officers and men wounded, and 60 officers and men wounded, for a total of 241 Command of the regiment now devolved to Lt. Col John Fraser, who would be promoted to colonel dating from July 4, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 83], "content_span": [84, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0007-0000", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg and the remainder of 1863\nWith Lee defeated at Gettysburg, the Union Army pursued him as he retreated back into Virginia. In September, the 1st Division was reorganized and the 140th was now assigned to the 1st Brigade, under the command of Col. Nelson Miles. For the remainder of 1863, the regiment was involved in a series of advances and retrograde movements in Northern Virginia with the II Corps, including limited involvement at the Battle of Bristoe Station on October 14, before finally settling into winter encampment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 83], "content_span": [84, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0008-0000", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, 1864\nOn May 3, 1864, the 140th broke camp and began their part in what would be known as Overland Campaign, under the command of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. During the Battle of the Wilderness, the 1st Brigade occupied the extreme left flank of the Union line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0009-0000", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, 1864\nFor the first part of the Battle of Spotsylvania, the 1st Brigade occupied the extreme right of the Union line. After being detached for a brief reconnaissance to Todd\u2019s Tavern, the 140th rejoined the brigade in its slide to the east, closer to the left end of the Union line. There, early on the morning of May 12 they took part in the massive assault on the part of the Confederate line known as the \u201cMule Shoe.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0009-0001", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, 1864\nThe men had to pick their way through trees felled to form an abatis before making their way up to the Mule Shoe, where they managed to dislodge the Rebels from their first line, but were unable to proceed further, having to settle into the works just captured. On May 15 the 1st Division was ordered to the rear and occupied this position until the 21st, when they joined Grant\u2019s next flank movement to the east toward North Anna River. The movement to and actions at Spotsylvania cost the regiment 41 men killed, 125 officers and men wounded, and 10 men missing, for a total of 176.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0010-0000", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, 1864\nThe regiment next moved with the II Corps toward the North Anna River, and was involved in skirmishing there May 23\u201325 at the Battle of North Anna. Grant finding that Lee\u2019s forces were too strongly entrenched there for a major assault, he ordered yet another eastward movement, this time in the direction of Cold Harbor. At the Battle of Cold Harbor the 1st Brigade occupied the left of the Union line, making contact with the Confederates on June 2,  and driving their line back for a period before being counterattacked in turn and forced to give ground themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0010-0001", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, 1864\nOn June 3, the regiment was held in support of pickets on the left while the rest of the Union assault occurred to the north. Having advanced their position and entrenching on June 6, they remained in this position until the 12th. Their losses in the movement to Cold Harbor and the subsequent battle there were 10 officers and men killed, 24 men wounded, and 10 men missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0011-0000", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, 1864, Petersburg\nGrant again uprooted his army, and the II Corps now crossed the James River and advanced on Petersburg. On June 16 the 1st Division joined in an attack on the Confederate entrenchments outside the city, but this would prove to be the beginning of a long siege that would last until April 2, 1865. During this period, the 140th was involved in various movements and smaller battles which comprised the overall siege, including Ream's Station on August 25, and Hatcher's Run February 5\u20137, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0012-0000", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, End of the War in Eastern Theater\nWith the Union Army\u2019s breakthrough of the Confederate line on April 2, the 140th now joined in the final pursuit of the remnants of Lee\u2019s troops, which would include the Battle of Sayler's Creek and their final battle at Farmville on April 7. Lee would finally surrender to Grant on April 9, thus bringing the war to a close in this theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 80], "content_span": [81, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0013-0000", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, End of the War in Eastern Theater\nThe regiment took its place in the Grand Review of the Armies in Washington, D.C. and was then formally mustered out of service on May 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 80], "content_span": [81, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0014-0000", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Losses\nOver the course of the war, the 140th Pennsylvania had 1132 officers and men enrolled in its ranks. Of these, 198 were killed or mortally wounded, or 17.4 percent, among the highest rates of any Union regiment in the Civil War. An additional 128 died of disease, for a total of 326, or 28.8%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011044-0015-0000", "contents": "140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Re-enactors\nCurrently there is a reenactment group, the 140th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, Co. A, based in Greene County, Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0000-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 140th Rifle Division was a Red Army rifle division that saw service during the Great Patriotic War. Originally formed during the prewar buildup of the Red Army, the 140th might be regarded as the unluckiest division in the Army, as it, uniquely, had to be completely, or almost completely, re-formed three times between 1941 and 1943, being destroyed in the Uman pocket during Operation Barbarossa, the Vyasma pocket during Operation Typhoon, and on the Caucasian steppes in the face of the German summer offensive of 1942. In spite of this, the fourth formation of the 140th went on to have a very distinguished record in combat, a testament to the resiliency of the Red Army in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0001-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation\nThe division was first organized on August 16, 1939, at Uman in the Ukrainian (later: Kiev Special) Military District. Col. Luka Gerasimovich Basanets was appointed to command the division on the same day, and he would lead it through its entire 1st formation. On June 22, 1941, it was still in that District, and had the following order of battle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0002-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation\nWhen the German invasion began, the 140th was assigned to the 36th Rifle Corps in Kiev Military District (Southwestern Front) reserves, and by June 27 it was in 6th Army, facing elements of the German XXXIV Army Corps north of Khmilnyk. On June 29 the Front commander, Col. Gen. M. P. Kirponos, criticized the performance of 36th Corps, stating in part:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0003-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation\nWhen fired upon in combat, subunits lacking materiel support do not advance, and block up the rear areas and roads... [ There are] instances of panic (140th and 146th Rifle Divisions) when, even without seeing the enemy or seeing an insignificant number of the enemy, subunits run to the rear, casting away everything in their path, and subunit and unit commanders fail to undertake required measures to restore order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0004-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation\nBy late July the division was in 49th Rifle Corps, still in 6th Army, near Monastyryshche, but was later relocated to Southern Front. In early August the division was trapped in the encirclement at Uman, and was destroyed by the middle of the month. The division number was finally deleted from the Soviet order of battle on September 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0005-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation\nOn July 2 the 13th Moscow Militia Division began forming in the Rostokino District of Moscow. Its order of battle was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0006-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation\nBy July 6 the division had 11,000 personnel assigned, including 1,000 members of the Communist Party and 700 Komsomols. Three days later the division had 13,000 personnel, but some were reassigned to other militia divisions to complete their establishments, so when the division left Moscow on July 15 it had 8,010 in the ranks, but little or no heavy equipment, motorized transport, or radios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0007-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation\nThe division was assigned to 32nd Army at Mozhaisk by July 19 and remained in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command in that Army until it was re-designated on September 26 as the new 140th Rifle Division with:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0008-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation\nOn the same day Col. Pavel Yefremovich Morozov was appointed to command, where he would continue through the 2nd formation. Since 32nd Army was in the second echelon of the forces defending Moscow it was not in the immediate front lines, but was nevertheless pocketed during Operation Typhoon just west of Vyasma by October 7. In the end the 140th was one of five divisions based on Moscow militia divisions that were encircled and destroyed in this offensive, although it was not officially disbanded until December 27. Owing to the division's position at the eastern extension of the pocket, enough personnel escaped from the encirclement to make a cadre for the next formation of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0009-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 3rd Formation\nThe third formation of the 140th Rifle Division began in late December, based on escaped elements of the previous formation. The order of battle reverted to that of the first formation, except the howitzer regiment was no longer present, and the 309th was now a standard artillery regiment. Maj. Gen. Ivan Andreevich Kopyak was appointed divisional commander on January 29, 1942, and the unit remained in the Moscow Military District until May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0010-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 3rd Formation\nIn late May the 140th was transferred to the 24th Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command and sent south. 24th Army arrived in Southern Front just at the opening of the German summer offensive, Operation Blue, in June. In early July the division was transferred to the reserves of 9th Army. Retreating across the open steppes with the First Panzer Army in pursuit, the 140th was caught up in the encirclement south of Millerovo and effectively destroyed by the third week of July. It is listed as \"reorganizing\" in the Caucasus Region on August 1, and as of August 7 General Kopyak was listed as \"missing in action, presumed killed in action\". The attempt to reform was abandoned and the division was officially disbanded on August 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0011-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 4th Formation\nThe fourth formation of the division began on November 1, 1942, using personnel from the NKVD, at Novosibirsk in the Siberian Military District. Its first commander, Maj. Gen. Mikhail Yenshin, was appointed the same day. It consisted of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0012-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 4th Formation\nThe NKVD began forming the division, and three others, to serve as NKVD rifle divisions prior to being authorized by the Commissar of Defense on December 7. The division was passed to Red Army control as the 140th in February, 1943. At that time it had 8,685 officers and men assigned, 69 percent of whom were under 30 years of age, quite a youthful cadre for a late-war division. They were also noted as being 50 percent Russian nationality, 15 percent Ukrainian, and the remaining 35 percent mixed non-Slavic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0012-0001", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 4th Formation\nOfficially these men were drawn from internal troops and border guards of the NKVD. As the Siberian Military District had no external borders, it's likely that some were taken from guards of the GULAG and other sources that were off-limits to the Red Army. On March 19, General Yenshin handed the command over to Col. Zinovii Samoilovich Shekhtman, who would, in turn, hand command to Maj. Gen. Aleksandr Yakovlevich Kiselyov on May 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0013-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 4th Formation\nAs with the other NKVD divisions, the 140th was assigned to the 70th Army in the Central Front. During the Battle of Kursk the 70th Army fought on the left flank of the 2nd Tank Army and played a role in stopping the German 9th Army that was trying to break through to Kursk from the north. On July 7, the third day of the battle, elements of the division were holding the village of Samodurovka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0013-0001", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 4th Formation\nFrom there they were conducting long-range anti-tank fire against the flank of a battlegroup from 2nd Panzer Division advancing on the key objective of Olkhovatka. The battlegroup commander, Col. Arnold Burmeister, diverted some of his armor, including Tigers, towards this threat, and drove the Soviet forces from the village, destroying a supporting company of T-34s in the process. Lacking infantry, Burmeister chose to leave Samodurovka vacant, and it was reoccupied by Soviet troops overnight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0013-0002", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 4th Formation\nThe next day, the fresh 4th Panzer Division was committed, retaking Samodurovka before beginning to advance on Teploye, which was held in strength by the 140th, backed by the 3rd Anti-Tank Brigade and the 79th Tank Brigade from the 19th Tank Corps. One battalion of the division was overrun and the German forces occupied part of the town before running into a \"wall of fire\" from dug-in tanks and anti-tank guns. The stand of the 140th at Teploye, along with that of the 307th Rifle Division at Ponyri, proved to be the high-water marks of 9th Army's advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0014-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 4th Formation\nDuring the subsequent Red Army counteroffensive, the 70th Army took part in Operation Kutuzov and attacked Trosna to the south of the town of Kromy. On August 5, its units reached the region southwest of Kromy, and on the 17th they reached the German \"Hagen\" defense line near Domakha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0015-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\nLater that month the division was moved to the 19th Rifle Corps of the 65th Army, and participated in the advance towards the Dnepr River over the following weeks. On September 16 it assisted in liberating the town of Novgorod-Severski and was given the name of that town as its divisional honorific:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0016-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\n\"NOVGOROD-SEVERSKI... 140th Rifle Division (Maj. Gen. Kiselyov, Aleksandr Yakovlevich)... The troops who forced the Desna River, and those who participated in the liberation of Novgorod-Seversky, by order of the Supreme High Command on September 16, 1943, and a commendation in Moscow, are given a salute of 12 artillery salvoes from 124 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0017-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\nThis was in addition to the title Siberian, which it had carried since its fourth formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0018-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance, Battles for Belarus\nBy October 1, 19th Corps had reached the Sozh River, on the right flank of 65th Army south of the Iput River, and one division of the Corps, the 354th, had already taken a small bridgehead over the Sozh. Lt . Gen. Pavel Batov, commander of 65th Army, planned an advance from this bridgehead by 19th Corps in the direction of Gomel, once it was reinforced by the 140th and the 37th Guards Rifle Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0018-0001", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance, Battles for Belarus\nThe attack by the three divisions began on October 1, fanning out to capture the villages of Noyve and Starye Diatlovichi from the German 6th Infantry Division. By late on the next day the bridgehead had been expanded to a depth of 4\u00a0km in heavy fighting, but Batov's commitment of 19th Corps' final division, the 162nd, was not sufficient to counter the reserves brought in by German 2nd Army, and the advance stalled before the key town of Zherebnaia, guarding the southwestern approach to Gomel. This ended the first attempt on that city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0019-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance, Battles for Belarus\nFrom October 27 to November 9, Belorussian (the renamed Central) Front carried out a major regrouping as 65th Army was redeployed southwards to a large bridgehead over the Sozh south of the junction of the Dnepr and the Sozh at Loev. When the Gomel-Rechitsa Offensive began on November 10, 19th Corps was in the center of its Army, with the 140th in second echelon. The Corps' mission was to penetrate the enemy defenses between Gancharov Podel and Budishche 5\u00a0km deep, allowing the Army's mobile groups to exploit a breakthrough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0019-0001", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance, Battles for Belarus\nWithin three days the attacking Soviet forces had torn a 15\u00a0km wide and 8 \u2013 12\u00a0km deep gap in the German defenses. 19th and 27th Rifle Corps created the penetration that allowed 1st Guards Tank and 7th Guards Cavalry Corps to break into the enemy rear. By November 15, all German communications between Kalinkovichi and Rechitsa were cut, rendering their positions in the latter city untenable. After briefly contesting the western outskirts of Rechitsa, 19th Corps was ordered to bypass and continue marching north towards Parichi, some 80\u00a0km on. Early on November 20 the 37th Guards, flanked by the 140th and 162nd, reached the Berezina River near Gorval, and the guardsmen took a small bridgehead on the east bank; on the same day Rechitsa fell to units of 48th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0020-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance, Battles for Belarus\nThe 65th Army continued its advance on November 22, while fresh attacks by other elements of Belorussian Front turned the German position at Gomel into a \"great, sagging, tactically useless bulge\", and Hitler finally authorized its evacuation on the 24th. In this same period the 140th was transferred to 18th Rifle Corps, still in 65th Army. Batov's intention now was to advance westward towards Kalinkovichi, but the arrival of 5th Panzer Division stabilized the German front, and the offensive was halted within days. By the end of the month the 140th was depleted to the point that it went into Belorussian Front reserves for rebuilding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0021-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance, Battles for Ukraine and Czechoslovakia\nThe STAVKA sent orders to General Rokossovsky on December 9 to transfer six rifle divisions, including the 140th, to 1st Ukrainian Front. On December 13 the division was assigned to the 13th Army in that Front. By the turn of the year it was back in the front line, and on January 3, 1944, liberated the town of Novograd-Volynskiy, for which it received its first Order of the Red Banner. In February the division was transferred to the 28th Rifle Corps of the 60th Army of the same Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 84], "content_span": [85, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0021-0001", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance, Battles for Ukraine and Czechoslovakia\nIt was awarded its second Order of the Red Banner on March 19 for its role in the liberation of Starokostiantyniv and several other towns in the area. In July the 140th was reassigned to the 38th Army, and remained in this Army for the duration of the war. On August 10 the division was awarded the Order of Lenin for \"exemplary fulfillment of command tasks\" and its \"valor and courage\" in the liberation of Lvov, an unusual distinction for a regular rifle division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 84], "content_span": [85, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0022-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance, Battles for Ukraine and Czechoslovakia\nThe 38th Army moved to the 4th Ukrainian Front in November, and the 140th remained in this Front for the duration, although it was bounced from one rifle corps to another during this time. Along with its Army, the division fought through the Carpathian Mountains and eastern Czechoslovakia during the winter and spring of 1945. During this operation the division commander, General Kiselyov, was killed in a German airstrike on January 24 while successfully directing the penetration of the strong German lines south of the Polish city of Iaslo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 84], "content_span": [85, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0022-0001", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance, Battles for Ukraine and Czechoslovakia\nHe was awarded the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union, posthumously, on May 23, 1945. Col. Ivan Fyodorovich Koslov held command for a week until Col. Mikhail Markovich Vlasov took command of the division on January 31; he had been named as a Hero of the Soviet Union in October, 1943, while leading the 106th Rifle Division across the Dnepr, and would hold this command for the duration. At the end of the war, the 140th was near Prague, in the 101st Rifle Corps. The division ended the war with the full title of 140th Rifle, Siberian, Novgorod-Severski, Order of Lenin, twice Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov, Order of Kutuzov Division. [ Russian: \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434-\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041a\u0443\u0442\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430.]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 84], "content_span": [85, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011045-0023-0000", "contents": "140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Postwar\nThe 38th Army was moved back into the short-lived Lvov Military District by 1946, and the 101st Rifle Corps headquarters was established at Kolomyia. 140th Rifle Division is listed by Feskov et al. 2013, soon after the war, with the Military Unit No. (V/Ch) 28278 with headquarters seemingly located at Kalush. The division and its parent corps were both disbanded in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011046-0000-0000", "contents": "140th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)\n140th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had two levels. The lower level was built first and had two tracks and two side platforms and served local trains. The upper level was built as part of the Dual Contracts and had one track that served express trains that bypassed this station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011046-0001-0000", "contents": "140th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line), History\nThis station opened on September 17, 1879 and closed on June 11, 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011047-0000-0000", "contents": "140th Street station (MVTA)\nThe 140th Street Station is a bus rapid transit station along Cedar Avenue in Apple Valley, Minnesota. It serves the METRO Red Line, operated by the Minnesota Valley Transit Authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0000-0000", "contents": "140th Wing\nThe 140th Wing (140 WG) is a unit of the Colorado Air National Guard, stationed at Buckley Space Force Base, Aurora, Colorado. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0001-0000", "contents": "140th Wing\nThe 140th Wing flies F-16C/D/ Falcons and C-21 Learjet. It also carries out 137th Space Warning Squadron (Air Force Space Command) and Civil Engineering (Pacific Air Forces) missions. It has over 1200 personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0002-0000", "contents": "140th Wing\nThe 120th Fighter Squadron assigned to the Wings 140th Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the World War I 120th Aero Squadron, established on 28 August 1917. It was reformed on 27 June 1923, as the 120th Observation Squadron, one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0003-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History\nThe wartime 370th Fighter Group was re-activated and re-designated as the 140th Fighter Group, and was allotted to the Colorado Air National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Buckley Field, Colorado, and was extended federal recognition on 1 October 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The unit was the first Air National Guard group receiving federal recognition. The 140th Fighter Group was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 370th Fighter Group. It was assigned to the 86th Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0004-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History\nDuring August of '51 they deployed 20 P-51D aircraft and supporting personnel to Wilmington, North Carolina on Operation Southern Pine. It was one of the largest exercises of the era which involved 100,000 troops and over 400 aircraft to defend North and South Carolina from a mock Soviet invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0005-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History\nThe 140th Fighter Group consisted of the 120th Fighter Squadron at Buckley Field. As part of the Continental Air Command Fourth Air Force, the unit trained for tactical fighter missions and air-to-air combat. On 31 October 1950 the 86th Fighter Wing was inactivated, and the 140th was changed in status to a Wing, taking over the personnel and mission of the 86th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0006-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History, Korean War activation\nAs a result of the Korean War, the 140th Fighter Wing was federalized and brought to active duty on 1 April 1951. The unit was ordered to the new Clovis Air Force Base, New Mexico, which arrived in October 1951. The federalized 140th was a composite organization of activated Air National Guard units, composed of the 120th, the 187th Fighter Squadron (Wyoming ANG) and the 190th Fighter Squadron (Utah ANG). The 140th and its components were equipped with F-51D Mustangs, and were re-designated as Fighter-Bomber squadrons on 12 April 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0007-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History, Korean War activation\nDuring their period of federal service, many pilots were sent to Japan and South Korea to reinforce active-duty units. Three hundred and seventy five (375) airmen of the 140th FBW volunteered to take part in the tactical phase of the Charlie Shot of Operation Tumbler-Snapper which was a nuclear bomb test in Nevada. On 22 April 1952, they were among the first troops to go to ground zero an hour after the detonation to simulate an attack. It was also the first time the media was allowed to witness a nuclear test and it was the first event ever to be televised nationally. On 15 November 1952, the elements of the 140th returned to Air National Guard control in their respective states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0008-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History, Cold War\nUpon return to Colorado state control, the 140th was re-equipped by Tactical Air Command with F-80C Shooting Star jets. On 1 July 1955, the Wing was redesignated as the 140th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, being assigned to the 34th Air Division, Air Defense Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0009-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History, Cold War\nIn 1958, the 140th FIW implemented the ADC Runway Alert Program, in which interceptors of the 120th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron were committed to a five-minute runway alert. In 1960 the F-86s were again replaced by the F-86L Sabre Interceptor, a day/night/all-weather aircraft designed to be integrated into the ADC SAGE interceptor direction and control system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0010-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command/Vietnam War\nThe 140th was transferred back to Tactical Air Command in January 1961, being equipped with the F-100 Super Sabre supersonic tactical fighter-bomber. During the 1961 Berlin Crisis and the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the Wing was placed on Alert by Tactical Air Command, however the aircraft and personnel of the wing stayed in place at Buckley Air Force Base, and were not deployed. The 140th deployed to Incirlik, Turkey, for 15 days in 1967, to take part in a NATO exercise called \"Deep Furrow\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0011-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command/Vietnam War\nOn 26 January 1968, the 140th Tactical Fighter Wing was federalized and taken under the jurisdiction of Twelfth Air Force, Tactical Air Command. The Wing's 120th TFS was reassigned to the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing, its aircraft/personnel/equipment being reassigned to Phan Rang AB, South Vietnam. As was the practice during the Vietnam Era, most of the wing's personnel were also sent to various Tactical Air Command units, either in the United States or deployed to units in Pacific Air Forces or USAFE. The Wing, stripped of its assets, was placed in a Non-Operational status by HQ TAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0012-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command/Vietnam War\nWith the end of its federalized service, the Wing, the 120th TFS and its personnel were released from active duty and returned to Colorado state control on 30 April 1969. With its return to Buckley, the wing was returned to Operational Status. The 120th TFS F-100Cs returned to Buckley, however with the withdraw of the F-100Ds from South Vietnam in 1971, the squadrons were upgraded with the newer model from the Vietnam Veteran aircraft returning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0013-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command/Vietnam War\nIn 1974, the Wing began receiving A-7D Corsair II ground attack aircraft from active duty U.S. Air Force wings as part of their transition to the A-10 Thunderbolt II. Then in 1975, new A-7Ds were received as the result of Congressional funding to the DOD FY 1975 and FY 1976 budgets for the procurement of additional A-7Ds, primarily to keep the LTV production line in Dallas open and the workers employed in the wake of post-Vietnam DOD procurement reductions. As a result of these unplanned acquisitions, the Air Force assigned these new 1975 and 1976 built aircraft in the mid-1970s. Then the wing relieved some new twin seat A-7Ks trainers in 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0014-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command/Vietnam War\nThe 140th deployed in 1977 to Gilze-Rijen AB, Netherlands, to participate in exercise Coronet Ante, with A-7D Corsair. This was the first time a U.S. Air Force or National Guard unit had deployed to a Dutch-owned and operated base. In September and October 1979, the unit deployed to Merzilon AB, Turkey, as part of Exercise Coronet Rider. The unit deployed its entire squadron of 24 aircraft for 30 days. This was the first time any Air National Guard unit had deployed under \"bare base\" conditions in which only a runway and water supply were provided.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0015-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command/Vietnam War\nUnder the Coronet Cove program, the 140th deployed to the Republic of Panama 11 times to support the defense of the Canal Zone as provided under the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977. The first such deployment took place in December 1978 and the last deployment ended in February 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0016-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command/Vietnam War\nThe A-7Ds were flown to victory as the \"World Champions\" in the inaugural \"Gunsmoke\" competition held at Nellis Air Force Base in 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0017-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History, Modern era\nThe A-7Ds were operated until March 1992 when the Wing converted to Block 30 F-16C/Ds Fighting Falcons, and the Corsairs were retired to Davis-Monthan AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0018-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History, Modern era\nWith the conversion to the F-16 in September 1991, the 140th Wing had deployed to the Republic of Korea; the CommonWealth of Australia in March 1995; to Incirlik, Turkey, for Operation Provide Comfort II in April 1995; to Al Jaber AB, Kuwait, for Operation Southern Watch in June 1996; to Karup, Denmark, for NATO exercise Coronet Blade in August 1997 (with mini-deployments to Germany to fly with German MiG-29s and to the Republic of Slovenia for state-to-state partnership); and again to Al Jaber AB, Kuwait for Operation Southern Watch in January 1998. The unit deployed again to Incirlik, Turkey, in 2000 for Operation Northern Watch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0019-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History, Modern era\nThe 140th WG transferred financial and operational responsibility for Buckley ANGB to US Air Force Space Command in October 2000. The major reason for the change in responsibilities for providing base operating support and quality of life services from the Colorado Air National Guard to the active-duty Air Force is the growing presence of active-duty personnel at Buckley. Becoming an active duty base, Buckley ANGB was renamed Buckley AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0020-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History, Modern era\nFollowing the attacks on the United States on September, 11th 2001, the 140th FS assumed tasking to provide homeland defense as an integral part of Operation Noble Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0021-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History, Modern era\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign Springfield-Beckley Municipal Airport AGS, OH. It would distribute the 178th Fighter Wing's F-16 aircraft to the 140th Wing (ANG), Buckley AFB, CO (three aircraft) and two other installations. DoD claimed that it made this recommendation because Buckley (64) had higher military value than Springfield-Beckley (128) and Buckley had a role in the Homeland Defense mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0022-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, History, Units circa 2019\nThe 140th Wing is a composite organization, composed of diverse units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011048-0023-0000", "contents": "140th Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011049-0000-0000", "contents": "140th meridian east\nThe meridian 140\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011049-0001-0000", "contents": "140th meridian east\nThe 140th meridian east forms a great circle with the 40th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011049-0002-0000", "contents": "140th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 140th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011050-0000-0000", "contents": "140th meridian west\nThe meridian 140\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011050-0001-0000", "contents": "140th meridian west\nThe line is the divider in the area of warning responsibility between the National Hurricane Center and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center in the north Pacific Ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011050-0002-0000", "contents": "140th meridian west\nThe 140th meridian west forms a great circle with the 40th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011050-0003-0000", "contents": "140th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 140th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011051-0000-0000", "contents": "140\u2013142 Hospital Street, Nantwich\n140\u2013142 Hospital Street, sometimes known as Hospital House, is a substantial townhouse in Nantwich, Cheshire, England, located on the south side of Hospital Street (at ). The building is listed at grade II. It was built in the late 16th century by John Crewe, a tanner, whose sons Randolph and Thomas both served as the Speaker of the House of Commons. The original timber-framed, close-studded fa\u00e7ade has been concealed by alterations during the late 17th century; these include the addition of small-paned casement windows, some of which contain old heraldic stained glass. The building was further altered and extended in the 18th century, with the addition of two Gothic-style entrances. Later occupants include the architect, Thomas Bower, and the building remains in residential use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011051-0001-0000", "contents": "140\u2013142 Hospital Street, Nantwich\nThe present building is believed to stand on the site of the medieval Hospital of St Nicholas, which gives Hospital Street its name. Stone remains discovered in the garden have been associated with the hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011051-0002-0000", "contents": "140\u2013142 Hospital Street, Nantwich, Hospital of St Nicholas\nHistorian James Hall tentatively identifies the existing building as standing on the site of the medieval Hospital of St Nicholas, which was established at the end of Hospital Street and gives the street its name. Founded by William Malbank, the first baron of Nantwich, in 1083\u201384, the hospice was a religious house which accommodated sick or infirm travellers and gave alms to the poor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011051-0002-0001", "contents": "140\u2013142 Hospital Street, Nantwich, Hospital of St Nicholas\nIt was dissolved in 1548; on 11 November of the following year, Edward VI granted \"a House and manse formerly called the Chapel of St. Nicholas\", together with associated land and property, to Sir Thomas Bromley of Nantwich, a justice of the King's Bench. By 1569, Bromley had sold it to Richard Wright. The original site of the Wright's Almshouses, built in 1638, was on part of the former hospice's land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011051-0003-0000", "contents": "140\u2013142 Hospital Street, Nantwich, History of present building\nThe present building dates originally from the late 16th century, and was built by John Crewe (c. 1524\u201398), who is said to have been a tanner. The Crewes claimed descent from the de Crewe family, who owned the manor of Crewe (now Crewe Green) in the 13th century. John Crewe married Alice Mainwaring, daughter of Hugh or Humphrey Mainwaring, and the house was probably built after their marriage. The Mainwarings were one of the prominent gentry families in Nantwich, having owned land there since the 14th century, and were also involved in the salt-making industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011051-0003-0001", "contents": "140\u2013142 Hospital Street, Nantwich, History of present building\nJohn Crewe was the landlord of the property on Waterlode where the 1583 fire started \"through negligence of undiscreet persons brewing\", which destroyed much of the centre of the town, but spared the end of Hospital Street. Two of the couple's sons achieved national prominence in the legal profession and parliament. Randolph Crewe became a judge, member of parliament (MP), parliamentary Speaker and, briefly, Lord Chief Justice; he made a fortune from a successful practice in chancery and other London courts, and built the Jacobean mansion, Crewe Hall, in nearby Crewe Green.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011051-0003-0002", "contents": "140\u2013142 Hospital Street, Nantwich, History of present building\nThomas Crewe also became a lawyer, MP and Speaker. John Crewe died in 1598 and was buried in Nantwich. A carved marble memorial in St Mary's Church described him as \"Johannes Crewe ex antiqu\u00e2 famili\u00e2 de Crewe oriundus, vir pius\" (\"John Crewe descended from the ancient family of Crewe, a pious man\"); it was removed in 1729.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011051-0004-0000", "contents": "140\u2013142 Hospital Street, Nantwich, History of present building\nIn the 1650s, \"ye Hospitall howse\" or \"St Nicholas Hospitall\" was owned by the Wilbraham family; it was leased in 1655 to William Jackson, a tanner. Jackson kept a tannery at the end of Hospital Street, possibly on the site now known as the \"old tanyard\"; this might have earlier been John Crewe's tannery. Subsequent inhabitants of the house include the Goldsmith family (early 18th century) and the Caldwell family, later of Linley Hall, Talke, Staffordshire (late 18th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011051-0004-0001", "contents": "140\u2013142 Hospital Street, Nantwich, History of present building\nThe last of the Caldwell family is identified by Hall as the Scot described in Joseph Priestley's journal: \"In my congregation there was (outside of the house in which I was boarded) hardly more than one family in which I could spend a leisure hour with much satisfaction, and that was Mr. James Caldwell's, a Scotchman.\" In 1883, the occupier was the architect, Thomas Bower, who built offices at the east end of the house. In the course of these alterations, stone remains were discovered in the garden, which Bower identified as being part of a Norman doorway, perhaps part of the original Hospital of St Nicholas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011051-0005-0000", "contents": "140\u2013142 Hospital Street, Nantwich, Description\n140\u2013142 Hospital Street is one of a group of houses dating from the 15th and 16th centuries at the end of Hospital Street, which include Churche's Mansion, number 116 and The Rookery (number 125). It is a timber-framed building with a predominantly rendered finish under a tiled roof. It has three bays to the main front face and two storeys with attics. An 18th-century extension on the east (left) side is in painted brick and faces onto a passageway; the rear of the building also dates from the 18th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011051-0005-0001", "contents": "140\u2013142 Hospital Street, Nantwich, Description\nThe upper storey overhangs to form a continuous jetty along the front fa\u00e7ade. A common urban design, this was an unusual layout for a Nantwich mansion; other examples had a central hall with flanking wings as, for example, at Churche's Mansion, a few houses up the street. The Hospital Street face was originally close studded, that is, decorated with closely spaced upright timbers, as at the Crown Hotel on the High Street. The timbering was covered in the late 17th century, giving the building its current 17th-century appearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011051-0006-0000", "contents": "140\u2013142 Hospital Street, Nantwich, Description\nThe main entrance, in the Gothic style, dates from the late 18th century. Stone steps lead to the door, which is headed by an ogee-arched moulding, with paired quatrefoil decorations above surmounted by a cornice. Nikolaus Pevsner describes the entrance as \"pretty\". This entrance is flanked by 17th-century casement windows; there are three casement windows on the first floor and three gabled dormer windows with casements, dating from the late 17th century. All the casements have a lattice of small panes, headed by a circular pattern. The three first-floor casements contain old stained glass displaying the Crewe and Mainwaring coats of arms. The main section of the house also has four sash windows to the ground floor, dating from the late 18th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011051-0007-0000", "contents": "140\u2013142 Hospital Street, Nantwich, Description\nThe 18th-century east bay has another Gothic-style entrance on the east face, which duplicates the main entrance. It has sash windows to the ground and first floors, on both the Hospital Street and east faces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011052-0000-0000", "contents": "141 (number)\n141 (one hundred [and] forty-one) is the natural number following 140 and preceding 142.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011053-0000-0000", "contents": "141 BC\nYear 141 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caepio and Pompeius (or, less frequently, year 613 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 141 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011054-0000-0000", "contents": "141 Lumen\nLumen (minor planet designation: 141 Lumen) is a carbonaceous asteroid from the intermediate asteroid belt, approximately 130 kilometers in diameter. It is an identified Eunomian interloper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011054-0001-0000", "contents": "141 Lumen, Description\nIt was discovered on January 13, 1875, by the brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry, but Paul is the one who was given the credit for this discovery. It is named for Lumen: R\u00e9cits de l'infini, a book by the astronomer Camille Flammarion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011054-0002-0000", "contents": "141 Lumen, Description\nRichard Binzel and Schelte Bus further added to the knowledge about this asteroid in a light-curve survey published in 2003. This project was known as Small Main-belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey, Phase II or SMASSII, which built on a previous survey of the main-belt asteroids. The visible-wavelength (0.435\u20130.925 micrometre) spectra data was gathered between August 1993 and March 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011054-0003-0000", "contents": "141 Lumen, Description\nLightcurve data has also been recorded by observers at the Antelope Hill Observatory, which has been designated as an official observatory by the Minor Planet Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011055-0000-0000", "contents": "141 Lycia earthquake\nThe 141 Lycia earthquake occurred in the period AD 141 to 142. It affected most of the Roman provinces of Lycia and Caria and the islands of Rhodes, Kos, Simi and Serifos. It triggered a severe tsunami which caused major inundation. The epicenter for this earthquake is not well constrained, with locations suggested at the northern end of Rhodes, on the Turkish mainland north of Rhodes near Marmaris and beneath the sea to the east of Rhodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011056-0000-0000", "contents": "141 Mayflower Street\n141 Mayflower Street in the Larimer neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was built circa 1885. It was added to the List of City of Pittsburgh historic designations in June 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011057-0000-0000", "contents": "141 Minutes from the Unfinished Sentence\n141 Minutes from the Unfinished Sentence (Hungarian: 141 perc A befejezetlen mondatb\u00f3l) is a 1975 Hungarian drama film directed by Zolt\u00e1n F\u00e1bri. It was entered into the 9th Moscow International Film Festival where F\u00e1bri won a Special Prize for Directing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011058-0000-0000", "contents": "141 Speedway\n141 Speedway (formerly Super 141 Speedway) is a dirt racing track located between Maribel and Francis Creek, Wisconsin. The track is 1\u20443-mile and hosts a weekly racing program with numerous International Motor Contest Association classes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011058-0001-0000", "contents": "141 Speedway, History\nThe land for 141 was acquired in 1959 by original owner Dick Grall; the track was built and the then-Super 141 Speedway opened in 1960. Grall operated the track until 1975 and leased the track until 1990, when a promoter reneged on two years' worth of leasing agreements, closing the track while litigation played out. Grall lost the desire to lease the track, but Matt Rowe bought the track from Grall in late 1997 and re-opened the track for the 1998 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011058-0002-0000", "contents": "141 Speedway, History\nThe track was originally an asphalt oval, but management made the decision to convert to a dirt track before the 2010 season. The resulting dirt track was 1\u20443-mile, as the asphalt track was 1\u20444-mile. After the 2013 season, previous owners Bruce and Renee Conard sold the track to Scott Ratajczak, local racer Dan Ratajczak, and Iowa dirt racing promoter Toby Kruse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011058-0003-0000", "contents": "141 Speedway, History\nIn 2017, the track sued Manitowoc County over parking on a parcel of land across the road from the track; the parcel was later rezoned by a county board to allow parking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011058-0004-0000", "contents": "141 Speedway, Events\n141 hosts a series of \"The Creek\" events: The Clash at the Creek, described as a crown jewel IMCA Modified race; the King at the Creek, an IMCA Stock Car event, and the Captain of the Creek, an IMCA Sport Mod event. The track has also hosted the IRA Sprints, and has also been a national championship venue for INEX dirt oval legends cars. In 2018, the Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series visited the track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011058-0005-0000", "contents": "141 Speedway, Events\nThe track held a Mid-American Stock Car Series date in the 2000s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011058-0006-0000", "contents": "141 Speedway, Events, Sanctioning\nThe Eastern Wisconsin Racing Association sanctioned the track from 1971 until 1978, and the track entered into a sanctioning agreement with the International Motor Contest Association in 1986. It lost IMCA sanctioning in 2011 when a change to Saturday night events resulted in conflicts with other local IMCA-sanctioned tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011059-0000-0000", "contents": "1410\nYear 1410 (MCDX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011060-0000-0000", "contents": "1410 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1410\u00a0kHz: The Federal Communications Commission classifies 1410 AM as a regional frequency in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011061-0000-0000", "contents": "1410 Margret\n1410 Margret, provisional designation 1937 AL, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 January 1937, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after Margret Braun, wife of the Heidelberg astronomer Heinrich Vogt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011061-0001-0000", "contents": "1410 Margret, Orbit and classification\nMargret is a member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011061-0002-0000", "contents": "1410 Margret, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,917 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011061-0003-0000", "contents": "1410 Margret, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first identification as A924 RD at Simeiz Observatory in September 1924, more than 12 years prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011061-0004-0000", "contents": "1410 Margret, Physical characteristics\nThe asteroid's spectral type is unknown. The Eos family typically consists of K-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011061-0005-0000", "contents": "1410 Margret, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Margret measures 21.083 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.145, which agrees with the albedo of 0.14 measured for the parent body of the Eos family, 221 Eos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011061-0006-0000", "contents": "1410 Margret, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Margret has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, spin axis and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011061-0007-0000", "contents": "1410 Margret, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Margret Braun (died 1991), wife of the Heidelberg astronomer Heinrich Vogt (1890\u20131968), after whom 1439 Vogtia was named. The subsequently numbered asteroid 1411 Brauna is also named after Margret Braun. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 127).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011062-0000-0000", "contents": "1410 Yellow River flood\nThe 1410 Yellow River flood was a natural disaster affecting the area around Kaifeng, China, during the early Ming dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011062-0001-0000", "contents": "1410 Yellow River flood\nIt struck during the early years of the reign of the usurping Yongle Emperor, damaging thousands of acres of farmland and killing more than 14,000 families.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011066-0000-0000", "contents": "1410s\nThe 1410s decade ran from January 1, 1410, to December 31, 1419.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011066-0001-0000", "contents": "1410s, Events, 1418, January\u2013December\nSeptember 18 \u2013 King Taejong abdicates the throne. King Sejong ascends to the throne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 37], "content_span": [38, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011067-0000-0000", "contents": "1410s BC\nThe 1410s BC is a decade which lasted from 1419 BC to 1410 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011067-0001-0000", "contents": "1410s BC, Significant people\nThis BC year article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011069-0000-0000", "contents": "1410s in England, Incumbents\nMonarch \u2013 Henry IV (to 20 March 1413), Henry V", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011070-0000-0000", "contents": "1410s in art\nThe decade of the 1410s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011071-0000-0000", "contents": "1410s in music\nThis is a list of notable events in music that took place in the 1410s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011072-0000-0000", "contents": "1410s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011072-0001-0000", "contents": "1410s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011072-0002-0000", "contents": "1410s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011073-0000-0000", "contents": "1411\nYear 1411 (MCDXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011074-0000-0000", "contents": "1411 Brauna\n1411 Brauna, provisional designation 1937 AM, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 31 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 January 1937, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in Germany. The asteroid was named after Margret Braun, wife of Heidelberg astronomer Heinrich Vogt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011074-0001-0000", "contents": "1411 Brauna, Orbit and classification\nBrauna is a member the Eos family (606), one of the largest asteroid family in the main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. The family's parent body is the asteroid 221 Eos. Brauna is, however, a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011074-0002-0000", "contents": "1411 Brauna, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 2 months (1,900 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011074-0003-0000", "contents": "1411 Brauna, Orbit and classification\nBrauna was first identified as 1929 RT at Simeiz Observatory in September 1929. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering Heidelberg Observatory, one month after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011074-0004-0000", "contents": "1411 Brauna, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2007, photometric observations at the Oakley Observatory in Indiana, United States, were used to build a lightcurve for Brauna. The asteroid displayed a well-defined rotation period of 4.90 \u00b1 0.01 hours and a brightness variation of 0.15 \u00b1 0.05 in magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011074-0005-0000", "contents": "1411 Brauna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Brauna measures between 28.272 and 33.54 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.070 and 0.096.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011074-0006-0000", "contents": "1411 Brauna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0793 and a diameter of 31.17 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011074-0007-0000", "contents": "1411 Brauna, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Margret Braun (died 1991), wife of the Heidelberg astronomer Heinrich Vogt (1890\u20131968), after whom 1439 Vogtia was named. The previously numbered asteroid 1410 Margret was also named after Margret Braun. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 128).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011075-0000-0000", "contents": "1411 Fourth Avenue Building\nThe 1411 Fourth Avenue Building is a historic building in Seattle, Washington, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 28, 1991 (ID #91000633). The 15-story plus basement Art Deco structure is located at the Northwest corner of Fourth Avenue and Union Street. The main entrance is located at 1411 Fourth Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011075-0001-0000", "contents": "1411 Fourth Avenue Building\nThe building was built in 1928 for the Stimson Realty Company under the direction of the Metropolitan Building Company for $1.1 million by Teufel & Carlson, contractors. Robert C. Reamer was the architect. The building was fully constructed within seven months in 1928, setting a record for a building of its size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011075-0002-0000", "contents": "1411 Fourth Avenue Building\nFrom 1997 to 2012 the ground floor housed Tully's Coffee flagship store on the corner of Fourth Avenue and Union Street. The store was among those closed following Tully's bankruptcy protection filing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011075-0003-0000", "contents": "1411 Fourth Avenue Building\nIn 2016, it was sold to the Onni Group for $29.6 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011076-0000-0000", "contents": "1411 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1411 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place on July 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011076-0001-0000", "contents": "1411 Imperial election, Background\nOn September 20, 1378, the cardinals elected Antipope Clement VII pope in opposition to Pope Urban VI, whom they had come to distrust. The existence of two popes in opposition to one another, called the Western Schism, led to escalating international crises as the kings of Europe were forced to choose sides. By 1411, three individuals claimed to be pope: Pope Gregory XII, Antipope Benedict XIII and Antipope John XXIII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011076-0002-0000", "contents": "1411 Imperial election, Background\nThe Holy Roman Emperor Rupert, King of Germany died on May 18, 1410. Three of the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire convened at the imperial election of September 20, 1410 to elect Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary and son of a previous emperor, Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, his successor. These included Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg, burgrave of Nuremberg, who claimed to act on behalf of Jobst of Moravia, elector of Brandenburg and Rupert's nephew, without his knowledge or consent. The remaining electors did not accept Sigismund, and convened at the imperial election of October 1, 1410 to elect Jobst Rupert's successor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011076-0003-0000", "contents": "1411 Imperial election, Background\nJobst died, possibly by poisoning, on January 18, 1411. The seven prince-electors called to select a Holy Roman Emperor in 1411 were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011076-0004-0000", "contents": "1411 Imperial election, Elected\nSigismund was unanimously elected. He accepted his election, tacitly admitting to the invalidity of his election in September of the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011076-0005-0000", "contents": "1411 Imperial election, Aftermath\nSigismund was crowned King of the Romans at Aachen on November 8, 1414, and Holy Roman Emperor in Rome on May 31, 1433.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011076-0006-0000", "contents": "1411 Imperial election, Aftermath\nOn December 24, 1414, he arrived at the Council of Constance, a council which he had urged to end the Western Schism. The council would accept Gregory's resignation on July 4, 1415 and excommunicate John and Benedict in 1417. Pope Martin V was elected pope on November 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011076-0007-0000", "contents": "1411 Imperial election, Aftermath\nIn exchange for his support in the imperial election of September 1410, Sigismund appointed Frederick I elector of Brandenburg at the Council of Constance on April 30, 1415. Frederick I was the first member of the House of Hohenzollern, which would produce the three German emperors in the 19th and 20th centuries, to hold that title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011079-0000-0000", "contents": "1412\nYear 1412 (MCDXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) on the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011080-0000-0000", "contents": "1412 Lagrula\n1412 Lagrula, provisional designation 1937 BA, is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 or 23 kilometers in diameter, depending on the body's divergent reflectivity measurements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011080-0001-0000", "contents": "1412 Lagrula\nIt was discovered on 19 January 1937, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the North African Algiers Observatory in Algeria. It was later named after French astronomer Philippe Lagrula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011080-0002-0000", "contents": "1412 Lagrula, Classification and orbit\nLagrula is a presumed member of the Flora family, a large group of stony S-type asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,204 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as 1929 US at Lowell Observatory in 1929, the body's observation arc was extended by 8 years prior to its official discovery observation at Algiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011080-0003-0000", "contents": "1412 Lagrula, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nDuring March and April 2013, photometric observations of Lagrula were made over ten nights by Italian astronomer Giovanni Casalnuovo at Eurac Observatory (C62) in Bolzano, Italy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.9176 hours and a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=2+). In January 2016, a more refined period of 5.882 hours with an amplitude of 0.44 magnitude was obtained from a bimodal lightcurve by Spanish astronomer group OBAS, Observadores de Asteroides (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011080-0004-0000", "contents": "1412 Lagrula, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Lagrula measures 7.8 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.318 and 0.36, respectively (most recent results only). However, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a carbonaceous albedo of 0.058 and calculates a diameter of 23.98 kilometers, which is in agreement with Giovanni Casalnuovo, who published a diameter of 23\u00b13 and an albedo of 0.06 using an absolute magnitude of 11.81. Casalnuovo assumed a C-type, rather than an S-type, because he found an average V\u2013R color index of 0.37\u00b10.05 magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011080-0005-0000", "contents": "1412 Lagrula, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after French astronomer Joanny-Philippe Lagrula (1870\u20131941), discoverer of the minor planet 775 Lumi\u00e8re and director of the Quito Astronomical Observatory and Algiers Observatory. Naming citation was neither published in The Names of the Minor Planets nor in the Minor Planet Circulars, but researched and compiled by astronomer and author Lutz D. Schmadel, based on his private communications with his colleges (LDS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011081-0000-0000", "contents": "1412 in France, Births\nThis year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011083-0000-0000", "contents": "1413\nYear 1413 (MCDXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011086-0000-0000", "contents": "1414\nYear 1414 (MCDXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011087-0000-0000", "contents": "1414 J\u00e9r\u00f4me\n1414 J\u00e9r\u00f4me, provisional designation 1937 CE, is a carbonaceous Dorian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 February 1937 by, French astronomer Louis Boyer at Algiers Observatory, Algeria, in northern Africa, and named after his father J\u00e9r\u00f4me Boyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011087-0001-0000", "contents": "1414 J\u00e9r\u00f4me, Orbit and classification\nJ\u00e9r\u00f4me is a member of the Dora family (FIN: 512), a well-established central asteroid family of more than 1,200 carbonaceous asteroids. The family's namesake is 668\u00a0Dora. It is alternatively known as the \"Zhongolovich family\", named after its presumably largest member 1734\u00a0Zhongolovich. The Dora family may also contain a subfamily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011087-0002-0000", "contents": "1414 J\u00e9r\u00f4me, Orbit and classification\nJ\u00e9r\u00f4me orbits the Sun in the middle main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,697 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc starts with its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011087-0003-0000", "contents": "1414 J\u00e9r\u00f4me, Physical characteristics\nJ\u00e9r\u00f4me is a dark C-type asteroid, classified as a hydrated Ch-subtype in the SMASS classification scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011087-0004-0000", "contents": "1414 J\u00e9r\u00f4me, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, J\u00e9r\u00f4me measures 15.1 and 17.2 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.065 and 0.054, respectively. It has an absolute magnitude of 13.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011087-0005-0000", "contents": "1414 J\u00e9r\u00f4me, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nAs of 2017, J\u00e9r\u00f4me's rotation period, spin axis and shape remains unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011087-0006-0000", "contents": "1414 J\u00e9r\u00f4me, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer in honour of his father, J\u00e9r\u00f4me Boyer. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 128).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011090-0000-0000", "contents": "1415\nYear 1415 (MCDXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011094-0000-0000", "contents": "1416\nYear 1416 (MCDXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011095-0000-0000", "contents": "1416 Renauxa\n1416 Renauxa, provisional designation 1937 EC, is an Eon asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 29 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 March 1937, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa. It was named after Joseph Renaux, an astronomer at the discovering observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011095-0001-0000", "contents": "1416 Renauxa, Orbit and classification\nRenauxa is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,915 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011095-0002-0000", "contents": "1416 Renauxa, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A914 TB at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1914, where its observation arc begins with its identification as 1919 SC in September 1919, more than 17 years prior to its official discovery observation at Algiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011095-0003-0000", "contents": "1416 Renauxa, Physical characteristics\nRenauxa has been characterized as a K-type asteroid, one of the first of such type ever identified and in line with the overall spectral type for members of the Eos family. In the Tholen classification, it is classified as an S-type asteroid. This is a known misclassification as S- and K-types are identical in the visual part of the spectrum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011095-0004-0000", "contents": "1416 Renauxa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Renauxa was obtained from photometric observations by Richard Durkee at the S.O.S. Observatory (H39). Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.700 hours with a low brightness variation of 0.11 magnitude (U=3), superseding previous observation that gave approximately half the period solution (U=1/2). A low brightness amplitude is typical for a spherical rather than elongated shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011095-0005-0000", "contents": "1416 Renauxa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Renauxa measures between 22.24 and 34.42 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.09 and 0.212.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011095-0006-0000", "contents": "1416 Renauxa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1122 and a diameter of 28.75 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011095-0007-0000", "contents": "1416 Renauxa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after P. Renaux, a French astronomer and assistant at the discovering Algiers Observatory. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 128).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011096-0000-0000", "contents": "1416 Yellow River flood\nThe 1416 Yellow River flood was a natural disaster affecting the area around Kaifeng, China, during the early Ming dynasty. The flood spilled over into fourteen other counties and seriously disturbed the Huai River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011098-0000-0000", "contents": "1417\nYear 1417 (MCDXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011101-0000-0000", "contents": "1418\nYear 1418 (MCDXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011104-0000-0000", "contents": "1419\nYear 1419 (MCDXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011105-0000-0000", "contents": "1419 Danzig\n1419 Danzig (prov. designation: 1929 RF) is a highly elongated Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 5 September 1929, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The stony S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 8.1 hours and measures approximately 14 kilometers (8.7 miles) in diameter. It was named for the city of Gda\u0144sk (German: Danzig).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011105-0001-0000", "contents": "1419 Danzig, Classification and orbit\nWhen applying the synthetic hierarchical clustering method (HCM) by Nesvorn\u00fd, Danzig is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. However, according to the 1995 HCM-analysis by Zappal\u00e0, and HCM-analysis by Milani and Kne\u017eevi\u0107 (AstDys), it is a background asteroid. The latter HCM-analysis does not recognize the Flora asteroid clan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011105-0002-0000", "contents": "1419 Danzig, Classification and orbit\nDanzig orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,268 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1917, it was first observed as A917 GA at Simeiz Observatory (and Heidelberg on the following night), extending the body's observation arc by 12 years prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011105-0003-0000", "contents": "1419 Danzig, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the now Polish city and port on the Baltic sea, Gda\u0144sk (German: Danzig). The city was also honored by another minor planet, 764 Gedania. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 128)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011105-0004-0000", "contents": "1419 Danzig, Physical characteristics\nThe overall spectral type for Florian asteroid is that of a stony S-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011105-0005-0000", "contents": "1419 Danzig, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nIn November 1988, Polish astronomer Wies\u0142aw Wi\u015bniewski obtained a rotational lightcurve of Danzig from photometric observations. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.0\u00b10.1 hours with a brightness variation of 0.92 magnitude (U=3). In October 2002, another lightcurve obtained by Italian and French amateur astronomers Silvano Casulli and Laurent Bernasconi gave a concurring period of 8.1202\u00b10.0001 hours and an amplitude of 0.81 magnitude (U=3). While Danzig has an average rotation period, it has a high brightness variation, which indicates that the body has a non-spheroidal shape. In 2011, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue (UAPC) and other sources gave a period 8.11957\u00b10.00005 hours, as well as a spin axis of (22.0\u00b0, 76.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2) (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011105-0006-0000", "contents": "1419 Danzig, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Danzig measures 14.059 and 15.09 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.238 and 0.260. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data, that is, an albedo of 0.2324 and a diameter of 14.139 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.45.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011108-0000-0000", "contents": "141st (5th London) Brigade\nThe 141st (5th London) Brigade (141 Bde) was an infantry brigade of the Territorial Army, part of the British Army, that served in the First World War and remained in the United Kingdom throughout the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011108-0001-0000", "contents": "141st (5th London) Brigade, History, Origin\nWhen the Territorial Force was created in 1908 under the Haldane Reforms, the existing volunteer units in the London area were brought together into a new London Regiment and organised into two divisions with a full complement of infantry brigades  and supporting arms. 5th London Brigade formed part of 2nd London Division, with the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011108-0002-0000", "contents": "141st (5th London) Brigade, History, First World War\nThe outbreak of war on 4 August saw 5th London Brigade at Perham Down on Salisbury Plain, where it had just arrived for its annual training camp with the rest of 2nd London Division. They were immediately recalled to London to complete their mobilisation and by mid-August 5 London Brigade had reached its war station round Hatfield, Hertfordshire. The County of London Territorial Force Association immediately began raising '2nd Line' battalions, which quickly led to the formation of a duplicate 2/5th London Brigade (eventually 180th Brigade); consequently 5th London Brigade was renumbered 1/5th and its battalions were similarly prefixed (1/17th\u20131/20th).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011108-0003-0000", "contents": "141st (5th London) Brigade, History, First World War\nIn October 1914, 2nd London Division was selected for service on the Western Front and progressive training was carried out through the winter. 5th London Bde was the leading element of the division to land in France on 9 & 10 March 1915. In May the division (already known in France simply as 'The London Division' to distinguish it from the Regular Army 2nd Division) took its place in the line and was designated 47th (1/2nd London) Division, with the brigades numbered consecutively: 5th London became 141st (1/5th London) Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011108-0004-0000", "contents": "141st (5th London) Brigade, History, First World War, Actions\nDuring the First World War, the brigade was engaged in the following operations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011108-0005-0000", "contents": "141st (5th London) Brigade, History, First World War, First World War order of battle\nThere were few changes to the brigade's prewar Order of Battle during the campaign:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 85], "content_span": [86, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011108-0006-0000", "contents": "141st (5th London) Brigade, History, First World War, First World War order of battle\nAfter the Armistice, 47th Division was engaged in railway repair and then settled down around B\u00e9thune to await demobilisation. This began in January, and the last troops left France on 10 May 1919. The brigade was demobilised at Felixstowe in May\u2013June 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 85], "content_span": [86, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011108-0007-0000", "contents": "141st (5th London) Brigade, History, Interwar years\n47th Division and its subformations began to reform in the redesignated Territorial Army in 1920. 141 Bde was reformed with its original battalions, and with brigade HQ at the Duke of York's Headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011108-0008-0000", "contents": "141st (5th London) Brigade, History, Interwar years\nIn the 1930s, reorganisation of the TA saw the brigade's units being retasked (the 19th and 20th Bns became searchlight regiments in 1935) and posted away. The brigade was disbanded in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011108-0009-0000", "contents": "141st (5th London) Brigade, History, Interwar years\nThe rapid expansion of the TA after the Munich Crisis saw 5th London Brigade reformed with Second Line TA battalions, to provide a duplicate of 2nd London Infantry Brigade. 5th London Brigade resumed its number as 141 (London) Brigade on 21 November 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011108-0010-0000", "contents": "141st (5th London) Brigade, History, Second World War\nThe composition of 141st (London) Brigade during the Second World War was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011108-0011-0000", "contents": "141st (5th London) Brigade, History, Second World War\nThe 141st Infantry Brigade did not see any active service in the Second World War. It mobilised as a motor brigade, but became a conventional infantry brigade in June 1940. Between April and October 1944 it was responsible for an embarkation sector in Southampton for the Normandy landings. The brigade was disbanded on 27 October 1944. On 17 November 1944, 220th Brigade (which had recently joined 47th Division, now reformed as a reserve division) was renumbered 141st Infantry Brigade, but without any London connection. The new brigade had the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011108-0012-0000", "contents": "141st (5th London) Brigade, History, Second World War\nThe brigade was not included in the Territorial Army when it reformed in 1947, although three of its traditional battalions (London Rifle Brigade, London Scottish and London Irish Rifles) formed the bulk of 168th (Lorried) Infantry Brigade in 56th (London) Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011109-0000-0000", "contents": "141st (Rainy River District) Battalion (Border Bull Moose), CEF\nThe 141st Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Fort Frances, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Rainy River District of northern Ontario. After sailing to England in April 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 18th Reserve Battalion on May 7, 1917. The 141st Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011110-0000-0000", "contents": "141st Air Control Squadron\nThe 141st Air Control Squadron (ACS) is a unit of the Puerto Rico Air National Guard. It is a mobile radar command, control and communications element of the United States Air Force Theater Air Control System located at Punta Borinquen Radar Station near by Rafael Hernandez Airport formerly Ramey Air Force Base in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011110-0001-0000", "contents": "141st Air Control Squadron\nThe unit can be tasked by the Control and Reporting Center (CRC) to perform the following tasks: Battle management, weapons, surveillance, identification, and data link management. It also, can be assigned to deploy and operate directly subordinate to Air Operation Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011110-0002-0000", "contents": "141st Air Control Squadron\nThese activities include: Establishing long and short haul communication, providing continuous surveillance, assisting in air rescue operations, providing aircraft control and advisory services, establishing and maintaining data links, gathering and forwarding intelligence products, providing classification of airborne objects, and providing threat warnings to forward, lateral, and subordinate users including Army air defense units. In addition, the 141st ACS has been directly tasked to support the DoD Counterdrug Operations in the Caribbean, Central, and South America Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0000-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 141st Air Refueling Squadron (141 ARS) is a unit of the New Jersey Air National Guard 108th Wing located at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey. The 141st is equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0001-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 141 ARS was first organized as the 141st Aero Squadron on 2 January 1918 at Rockwell Field, California. The squadron deployed to France and fought on the Western Front during World War I as a pursuit squadron as part of the American Expeditionary Forces. The unit was demobilized after the war in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0002-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, 141st Aero Squadron\nThe 141st Aero Squadron (Pursuit) was a United States Army Air Service pursuit squadron, and part of the American Expeditionary Force. It was assigned to the 4th Pursuit Group, Second United States Army, AEF near the end of World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 58], "content_span": [59, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0003-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, 141st Aero Squadron\nThe squadron saw limited combat, and with Second Army's planned offensive drive on Metz cancelled due to the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron was assigned to the United States Third Army as part of the Occupation of the Rhineland in Germany. It returned to the United States in July 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 58], "content_span": [59, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0004-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, 141st Aero Squadron, Organization\nThe squadron was organized at Rockwell Field, San Diego, California on 8 October 1917. It was organized as an un-designated provisional unit with men drawn from the 14th and 18th Training Squadrons already at the field. The squadron trained with Curtiss JN-4 Jennies at Rockwell Field. It was not until the latter part of December that the mechanics and support enlisted personnel were assigned to the squadron, and was given its formal designation as the 141st on 2 January 1918 when it was ordered to proceed to Garden City, New York for overseas deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0005-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, 141st Aero Squadron, Organization\nThe 141st reached Field No. 2, near Garden City on 9 January where final preparations for the squadron were made for overseas shipment. On 15 January it moved to Pier No. 45, Hoboken, New Jersey where it boarded the Cunard liner RMS Carpathia, arriving at Halifax, Nova Scotia, awaiting to form up into a convoy. on the 19th, it began the overseas journey with seven other ships along with the Cruiser USS San Diego, arriving at Glasgow, Scotland on 30 January. On the 31st, after a train trip to Winchester, England, the squadron was assigned to the Morn Hill Rest Camp for classification and advanced training in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0006-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, 141st Aero Squadron, Training in England\nFor the next several months, the squadron went through advanced training to prepare it for combat at the front in France. \"A\" Flight was assigned to Dover, Kent;  \"B\" Flight at the Hounslow Heath Aerodrome, near London, and \"C\" Flight to Northolt Airdrome, also near London. On 9 March 1918, the squadron reformed at Northolt where it proceeded to the , near Dover, Kent where it received final training by the Royal Flying Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0007-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, 141st Aero Squadron, Training in England\nThe squadron arrived in France on 16 August 1918 and moved to the St. Maixent Aerodrome for equipping. Orders to move were received on 27 August for the Air Service Production Center No. 2 at Romorantin Aerodrome, where it waited for another nineteen days. Finally on 16 September it moved again to the 1st Air Depot at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome where the 141st received SPAD XIII pursuit aircraft. There it was assigned to the 4th Pursuit Group, and moved to Croix de Metz Aerodrome (Toul) for combat duty, arriving on 19 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0008-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, 141st Aero Squadron, Meuse-Argonne Offensive\nThe squadron's insignia was an orange and black tiger with a flyer's helmet. The 141st flew its first patrol on 23 October and every day thereafter. Its combat commander, Hobey Baker, was a famous hockey and football star at Princeton before the war. It was said, Hobey preferred Ivy League men in his unit, preferably from Princeton. Indeed, he painted the aircraft in his squadron in Princeton colors:  Orange and Black.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 83], "content_span": [84, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0009-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, 141st Aero Squadron, Meuse-Argonne Offensive\nThe 141st shot down its first enemy aircraft on 28 October, by Captain Baker. A second enemy aircraft was shot down on 6 November by a patrol consisting of Captain Baker and Lieutenants Shelby, Cady, Hamiln and Chappell. The 141st was involved in 13 combats, the only pursuit squadron of the Air Service, Second Army to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 83], "content_span": [84, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0010-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, 141st Aero Squadron, Meuse-Argonne Offensive\nAfter the November 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron remained at Gengault Aerodrome. Tragically, its commander, Captain Hobey Baker was killed on 21 December 1918 when he took a SPAD XIII up for one last ride. The SPAD developed engine trouble while taking off and Baker died when the aircraft crashed soon thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 83], "content_span": [84, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0011-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, 141st Aero Squadron, Third Army of Occupation\nOn 19 April 1919, the squadron was assigned to the Third Army Air Service, 5th Pursuit Group. It was moved to Coblenz Airdrome, Germany, to serve as part of the occupation force of the Rhineland. For the next several months the squadron was able to perform test flights on surrendered German aircraft. Flights of the Fokker D.VII, Pfalz D.XII, Halberstadts and Rumpler aircraft were made and evaluations were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0012-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, 141st Aero Squadron, Demobilization\nOn 18 June 1919, orders were received from Third Army for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's SPAD aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0013-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, 141st Aero Squadron, Demobilization\nPersonnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the Commanding General, Services of Supply and ordered to report to one of several staging camps in France. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the Base Ports in France for transport to the United States. Upon return to the US, most squadron personnel were demobilized at Camp Mills, New York on 18 July 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0014-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, 141st Aero Squadron, Reconstitution\nOn 8 September 1973 By order of the Secretary of the Air Force, the 141st Aero Squadron (Pursuit), demobilized on 19 July 1919 was reconstituted and allotted to the State of New Jersey. It was ordered consolidated with the 141st Tactical Fighter Squadron. The consolidated unit was designated as the 141st Tactical Fighter Squadron and was extended federal recognition by the National Guard Bureau same date. The consolidated unit was also bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 141st Aero Squadron (Pursuit).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0015-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 341st Fighter Squadron was activated at Mitchel Army Airfield, New York, on 30 September 1942. It was equipped with the P-47 Thunderbolt. The 341st was one of the first USAAF squadrons to be equipped with the P-47.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0016-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nAfter an extended period of training in the northeast United States, the squadron deployed to Archer Field (Archerfield Airport), Brisbane, Australia in June 1943. Began long-range missions to strike at Japanese targets in New Guinea. In mid-June the 341st made the 1,200-mile flight from Brisbane to Port Moresby, New Guinea. The unit operated from New Guinea and Noemfoor until November 1944, flying patrol and reconnaissance missions and escorted bombers to targets in New Guinea and New Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0017-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nIn 1944 the 341st began to attack airfields, installations, and shipping in western New Guinea, Ceram, and Halmahera to aid in neutralizing those areas preparatory to the US invasion of the Philippines. When U.S. troops landed on Luzon the squadron in process of conversion from P-47's to P-51 Mustangs, began operation from San Marcelino airstrip a few days after the landing at San Marcelino and Subic Bay. From this location the unit engaged in ground support operations, bombing and strafing in close support of ground troops. Remained in the Philippines throughout the campaign, moving to Okinawa in mid July 1945 in preparation for the planned invasion of Japan. Engaged in long-range operations over the Japanese Home Islands until ceasing combat on 14 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0018-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nBecame part of the Army of Occupation in Japan, moving to Itami Airfield, Japan in October 1945 as part of Far East Air Forces. Inactivated at Itami Airfield on 10 May 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0019-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Jersey Air National Guard\nThe wartime 341st Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 141st Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the New Jersey Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized and re-designated as the 141st Strategic Fighter Squadron at Mercer Airport, Trenton, New Jersey and was extended federal recognition on 26 May 1949. The 141st Strategic Fighter Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 341st. The squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was assigned to the 108th Strategic Fighter Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0020-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Jersey Air National Guard\nIn the late 1940s, the new Strategic Air Command (SAC) was manned by personnel of the wartime Eighth and Fifteenth Air Forces. During World War II they usually encountered swarms of enemy fighters and knew the importance of having fighter escorts. In the postwar era, SAC had fighter wings placed under their own operational control. The squadron trained in escorting SAC's B-29 and later B-50 and B-36 strategic bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0021-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Jersey Air National Guard\nThe unit was called to active federal service on 1 March 1951. The squadron was sent to Turner AFB, Georgia where it continued its mission to provide fighter escorts to SAC bombers on training missions. In December 1951 it was moved to Godman AFB, Kentucky where it replaced a unit deployed to England. It was released from active duty and returned to New Jersey state control on 10 November 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0022-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Jersey Air National Guard\nWith return to state control, the parent 108th SFW was transferred to Air Defense Command (ADC) and was re-designated as a Fighter-Interceptor Wing. The 141st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was re-equipped with the long-range North American P-51H Mustang fighter. Designed for the invasion of Japan, the P-51H was the last variant of the P-51 Mustang of World War II, but was produced too late to see any wartime combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0022-0001", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Jersey Air National Guard\nNot used in the Korean War due to it not being believed as \"rugged\" as its famous \"D\" model predecessor, the P-51H was used instead to equip Air National Guard units into the 1950s as an ADC interceptor. In 1955, the Mustangs were retired and the squadron entered the jet age, with the arrival of the North American F-86E Sabre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0023-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Jersey Air National Guard\nThe parent 108th FIW was transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC) in 1958, being re-designated as a Tactical Fighter Wing. The 141st Tactical Fighter Squadron transferred its interceptors and received and F-84F Thunderstreak fighter-bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0024-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Jersey Air National Guard\nAt the height of the Cold War in 1961, the squadron was again federalized as a result of tensions concerning the Berlin Wall. 28 F-84F's of the 141st TFS and officers and airmen from all three squadrons of the 108th TFW were deployed to Chaumont-Semoutiers AB, France on 16 October with the last aircraft and personnel arriving on 6 November. The ground units deployed by sealift, with the deployed elements reaching Chaumont by 17 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0024-0001", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Jersey Air National Guard\nIn France, the deployed elements were assigned to the Provisional USAFE 7108th Tactical Wing on 20 November due to the reduced strength of the 108th TFW in Europe. The primary mission of the 7108th was to provide close air support to the Seventh Army in Europe under the direction of Ground Forward Air Controllers. To accomplish this mission, up to 30 sorties were flown each day. The deployment to France ended in October 1962 and the unit returned to New Jersey state control, leaving the F-84Fs in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0025-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Jersey Air National Guard\nUpon return from France, the squadron was moved from Trenton to McGuire AFB due to air congestion in the Philadelphia area. At McGuire AFB, the squadron was re-equipped with North American F-86H Sabres. Beginning in 1965, the Sabres were retired and the squadron began to receive the F-105B Thunderchief. The 108th TFW was the first Air National Guard unit to fly twice the speed of sound. In May 1981, the F-4D Phantom II replaced the F-105s, and in 1985, they were upgraded to the F-4E Phantom II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0026-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Jersey Air National Guard\nWith the end of the Cold War, the parent 108th Tactical Fighter Wing was re-aligned to a KC-135 Stratotanker Air Refueling Wing. The F-4s were retired and the squadron was re-designated as the 141st Air Refueling Squadron. Also, as part of the conversion of the wing to the Objective Wing organization, the 108th Tactical Fighter Group became the 108th Operations Group, to which the 141st ARS was assigned. The 141st ARS was certified combat ready on 3 December 1992. The very next day it was tasked with its first operational deployment \u2013 nothing less than spearheading and establishing the U.S. \u2013 Somalia air bridge for OPERATION RESTORE HOPE. It deployed an air refueling detachment to Moron Air Base, Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0027-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Jersey Air National Guard\nIn September 1994, for over 30 days, five aircraft deployed to Pisa Airport, Italy for DENY FLIGHT. The 108th replaced the 126 ARW of the Illinois Air National Guard. The 108th ARW was the first Air National Guard unit to take full responsibility during that period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0028-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, History, New Jersey Air National Guard\nIn 2007, the 141st ARS began retiring its KC-135E aircraft and transitioning to the KC-135R.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011111-0029-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Squadron, Lineage, Heraldry\nUnit Emblem: A Great Bengal tiger with orange and black markings playing with a German helmet and Iron Cross. The Tiger is intended to be a Princeton Tiger in honor of Captain Hobey Baker, the squadron commander, of Princeton University fame. Designed by Lt. Slaughter; approved in 1918; transferred to the 141st Tactical Fighter Squadron on 30 October 1973; approved on 6 January 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0000-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing\nThe 141st Air Refueling Wing (141 ARW) is a unit of the Washington Air National Guard, stationed at Fairchild Air Force Base, Spokane, Washington. If activated to federal service, the 141 ARW is gained by the United States Air Force and assigned to the Air Mobility Command (AMC). As a result of BRAC action, the 141 ARW no longer has any unit-assigned aircraft and shares KC-135R aircraft with AMC's 92d Air Refueling Wing at Fairchild AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0001-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing\nThe 116th Air Refueling Squadron assigned to the Wings 141st Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the World War I 116th Aero Squadron, established on 28 August 1917. It was reformed on 6 August 1924, as the 116th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0002-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing, Overview\nThe 141st Air Refueling Wing's mission is to provide the core aerial refueling capability for the United States Air Force and the Air Guard. This unique aircraft enhances the Air Force's capability to accomplish its primary missions. It also provides aerial refueling support to Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps and allied nation aircraft. Equipped with the KC-135 Stratotanker, the Wing is capable of transporting litter and ambulatory patients using patient support pallets during aeromedical evacuations. The KC-135 has often served as transport for its own units such as the 141 Security Police Squadron, now 141 Security Forces Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0003-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing, Units\nThe 141st Air Refueling Wing is composed of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0004-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing, Units\nThe 141 ARW provides support to two squadrons that are assigned to the 194th Regional Support Wing but are geographically separated units stationed at Fairchild AFB:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0005-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing, History\nOn 1 May 1956 the Washington Air National Guard 116th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 141st Fighter Group (Air Defense) was allotted by the National Guard Bureau, extended federal recognition and activated. The 116th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 141st Headquarters, 141st Material Squadron (Maintenance), 141st Combat Support Squadron, and the 141st USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0006-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Defense\nThe 141st Fighter Group (AD) was assigned to the Oregon ANG 142d Air Defense Wing. In 1957, the interceptor aircraft were upgraded from the Korean War era F-94A Starfes to the more capable F-89J Scorpion. In 1960, the 141st Fighter Group (AD) was reassigned to the Washington Air National Guard headquarters and was re-designated as the 141st Fighter Group on 1 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0007-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Defense\nTwo 141st fighters crashed during the winter of 1961/62. On 28 December 1962, a Northrop F-89 Scorpion jet interceptor flown by Captain Donald Repp and 1st Lieutenant William Auvill lost power and crashed while on approach to Geiger Field. Both pilots were killed. A second crash occurred a week later when, on 6 January 1962, an F-89 flown by Captain Donald Adcock and Lt Larry Grosse crashed northeast of Penticton, British Columbia. Grosse died in the crash, but Adcock survived after ejecting and was rescued by a Royal Canadian Air Force helicopter crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0007-0001", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Defense\nAnother crash occurred on 17 November 1963, when mechanical failure caused an F-89 to crash during a night training mission near Windy Peak in Okanogan County, Washington. The observer, Major Rolin Deschane, was rescued near the crash site, but the body of the pilot, Captain Robert Boucher, wasn't recovered until 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0008-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Defense\nIn 1965, the Washington Air National Guard announced that the 116 FIS would convert from the F-89 to the nuclear-capable Convair F-102 Delta Dagger. 1967 was a \"trophy\" year for the 141st Fighter Group and the 116th. Trophies and awards received included the Spaatz Trophy for the most Outstanding Air National Guard Flying Unit, the Air National Guard Outstanding Unit Plaque, the Air Force Outstanding Unit Trophy and the Winston P. Wilson Award. In 1969, the unit accumulated an outstanding record, 37,900 accident-free flying hours, receiving the 25th Air Division Flying Safety Award five years in a row.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0009-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling mission\nIn July 1976, the 141st Fighter Group was transferred to Strategic Air Command (SAC) and the 116th Fighter Squadron converted to the KC-135 Stratotanker, becoming the fifth Air National Guard unit to join SAC. With the transfer, the 141st was changed in status from a Group to a Wing. The 141st Air Refueling Wing also moved from Geiger Field to nearby Fairchild Air Force Base to accommodate the larger KC-135A aircraft. An Air National Guard spokesman at the time characterized the conversion from the McDonnell F-101 Voodoo to the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker as \"like giving up an MG for a semi-truck\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0010-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling mission\nDuring the 1990 Gulf Crisis, aircrew, maintenance and support personnel responded to the Iraq invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990, and deployed to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Upon federal activation in December 1990, all eight of the unit\u2019s KC-135's deployed to the Middle East. The 116th refueled coalition attack aircraft during Operation Desert Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0011-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling mission\nIn December 1991, the unit responded with aircrew and support personnel for Operation Restore Hope, a United Nations relief mission to aid hunger victims in Somalia. In 1992, the Air Force considered, but ultimately rejected, converting the 141st from an air refueling wing to a bomb wing equipped with the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, possibly transferred from the 92d Bomb Wing. June 1995, several rotations deployed to Pisa, Italy, for Operation Deny Flight, NATO mission enforcing the no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina. In May 1999, six KC-135E's deployed to Budapest, Hungary in support of Operation Allied Force to deter ethnic aggressions in Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0012-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling mission\nOn 13 January 1999, one of the unit's KC-135Es crashed at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen Air Base, Germany, killing all four crew members. This was the first time the unit lost an aircraft or lives since beginning the aerial refueling mission in 1976. A monument was erected at the site the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0013-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nAfter the 11 September 2001 attacks, the 141st ARW began refueling flights supporting Operation Noble Eagle almost immediately. In 2002 a new digital navigation system, called Pacer CRAG, was added to the aircraft and crews trained to function without a navigator. Members of the 116th also joined the thousands of Guard and Reserve forces called up to deploy all over the world in support of America's \"War on Terror.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0014-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nWhen the first Guard KC-135 R-model landed on Fairchild AFB in January 2003, with its new engines, it became the 40th different airplane the 116th pilots had flown since it was created back in 1924. Each one of the four engines of the KC-135R produces over 21,000 pounds of thrust. The unit's first plane, the JN-6-A2 \"Jenny,\" had a wooden body covered in fabric and only weighed 1,430 pounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0015-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nAt the time President George W. Bush ordered coalition military units into Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003, the 116th was in a training status to transition into the R model KC-135. Since then the 116th has supported continuous deployments including antiterrorism efforts abroad under Operation Enduring Freedom and air refueling missions over the US for homeland defense flights under Operation Noble Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0016-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nDuring a banquet ceremony in July 2003, the 141st Air Refueling Wing accepted the coveted Solano Trophy marking the wing as the best Air National Guard unit in the 15th Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0017-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nOverseas deployments and homeland security refueling missions have dominated the tasking landscape for the squadron since 2004. In response to the Congress-mandated 2005 Base Realignment and Closure process, the last of the KC-135 Stratotankers belonging to the 141st Air Refueling Wing were redirected to Iowa, and as of 1 October 2007 116th crew members now share aircraft with the active duty 92d Air Refueling Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0018-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nToday, 116th crews still deploy around the world to fulfill Air Expeditionary Force commitments much the same as during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011112-0019-0000", "contents": "141st Air Refueling Wing, Further reading\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011113-0000-0000", "contents": "141st Aviation Training Regiment\nThe 141st Aviation Training Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 141. \u0161kolski puk, 141. \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a) was an aviation regiment established in 1952 as part of the SFR Yugoslav Air Force. The regiment was stationed at Sarajevo Military Airport until it was disbanded the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011113-0001-0000", "contents": "141st Aviation Training Regiment, History\nThe 141st Aviation Training Regiment was formed on 1 January 1952, pursuant to an order issued on 7 December 1951. It was established at Sarajevo Military Airport as part of the Active Aviation Officers' School of the Military Aviation Academy. During its short existence it was equipped with a domestic-made trainer aircraft and the Soviet-made World War II-vintage Yak-9U single-engine fighter aircraft. The regiment was disbanded on 20 January 1953, following an order issued on 20 December 1952. The aircraft, personnel and equipment of the regiment were transferred to the 104th Aviation Training Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011114-0000-0000", "contents": "141st Delaware General Assembly\nThe 141st Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1st and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 2, 2001, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Democratic Governor Ruth Ann Minner from Kent County and Democratic Lieutenant Governor John Carney from New Castle County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011114-0001-0000", "contents": "141st Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1990 census. It resulted from a large number of memberships in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandon county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011114-0002-0000", "contents": "141st Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 141st Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a  Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011114-0003-0000", "contents": "141st Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011114-0004-0000", "contents": "141st Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011115-0000-0000", "contents": "141st Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 141st Field Artillery Regiment (Washington Artillery) is a United States field artillery regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011115-0001-0000", "contents": "141st Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 141st Field Artillery is an historic American military unit that is currently part of the Louisiana Army National Guard headquartered in New Orleans, Louisiana. It traces its lineage to a militia artillery battery back to 1838, and its heritage includes substantial combat service in several major wars. It earned the Presidential Unit Citation (US) for its service in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011115-0002-0000", "contents": "141st Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe Washington Artillery was founded on 7 September 1838, as the Washington Artillery Company. It received its regimental flag in August 1846 after serving under Zachary Taylor in the Mexican\u2013American War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011115-0003-0000", "contents": "141st Field Artillery Regiment, History\n26 May 1861 the Unit was mustered into the American Civil War; four companies served in the Army of Northern Virginia and a fifth was in the Army of Tennessee. Elements of the Washington Artillery participated in over sixty major actions. A few notable engagements include: Battle of Antietam, Battle of Perryville, Battle of Gettysburg, Battle of Shiloh, Battle of Chickamauga, Battle of Fredericksburg, First Battle of Manassas, and the Battle of Cold Harbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011115-0004-0000", "contents": "141st Field Artillery Regiment, History\nAfter the Civil War, it was reorganized as an independent unit called the \"Louisiana Volunteer Field Artillery\" where it served the United States in the occupation of Cuba. It later was called into service to protect the Mexican border in 1916. A year later it received the designation 141st Artillery. In early 1941, the 141st Field Artillery was mobilized for World War II where it earned the Presidential Unit Citation; a duplicate unit was formed, the 935th Field Artillery Battalion, with both serving in Europe and North Africa. The anti-tank batteries of the battalion were separated in mid-1941, and formed the 773rd Tank Destroyer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011115-0005-0000", "contents": "141st Field Artillery Regiment, History\nOn 1 July 1959, the 141st and 935th Field Artillery Battalions were consolidated with Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 204th Antiaircraft Artillery Group, 527th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, and the 219th Antiaircraft Artillery Detachment to form the 141st Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System to consist of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Howitzer Battalions, elements of the 39th Infantry Division, the 4th Automatic Weapons Battalion, and the 5th Detachment. The 141st Artillery was redesignated on 1 May 1972 as the 141st Field Artillery to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 256th infantry Brigade. It was withdrawn 30 June 1986 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011115-0006-0000", "contents": "141st Field Artillery Regiment, History\nIn 2004 through 2005 and again in 2010, the 141st FA as part of the 256th Infantry Brigade mobilized to Baghdad, Iraq, in support of Operations Iraqi Freedom and New Dawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011115-0007-0000", "contents": "141st Field Artillery Regiment, History\nOn 29 August 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Mississippi while most members of the Washington Artillery were still serving their final weeks of deployment in Iraq. Following the return of the battalion to Louisiana, a detachment immediately mobilized to New Orleans to aid law enforcement with rescue efforts. With the help of the Louisiana State Police, those efforts transitioned into a support mission for the New Orleans Police Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011115-0007-0001", "contents": "141st Field Artillery Regiment, History\nJoint Task Force Gator was created to help combat the rise of looting and other crimes resulting from the loss of law enforcement officers in the New Orleans area. After three-and-a-half years of assisting local police and patrolling the city, the task force was released from duty on 28 February 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011115-0008-0000", "contents": "141st Field Artillery Regiment, Current\nThe 141st Field Artillery currently consists of the 1st Battalion, 141st Field Artillery. It is assigned as the fires battalion for the 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the Louisiana Army National Guard headquartered in the famed Jackson Barracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011116-0000-0000", "contents": "141st Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 141st Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was among scores of regiments that were raised in the summer of 1864 as Hundred Days Men, an effort to augment existing manpower for an all-out push to end the war within 100 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011116-0001-0000", "contents": "141st Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 141st Illinois Infantry was organized at Elgin, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on June 16, 1864, for a one-hundred-day enlistment. The 141st served in garrisons in the Columbus, Kentucky, area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011116-0002-0000", "contents": "141st Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on October 27, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011116-0003-0000", "contents": "141st Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered a loss 30 enlisted to disease, but lost no men otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011117-0000-0000", "contents": "141st Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 141st Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that failed to complete its organization to serve in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The enlisted men were transferred to the 140th Indiana Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011118-0000-0000", "contents": "141st Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 141st Infantry Regiment (\"1st Texas Infantry\") is an infantry regiment in the United States Army. The lineage of the 141st includes units tracing origins to the Texas Revolution, such as Company A, First Texas, 1836, and other infantry companies of the First Texas formed in the 1870s and 1880s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011118-0001-0000", "contents": "141st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nDuring World War II a battalion assigned to the 36th Division was given the assignment to clear a ridge deep in the Vosges but had been cut off by the Germans. That occurred because the flanking units received an order to withdraw that failed to reach the battalion. That unit, the 1st Battalion of the 141st, had been cut off since 24 October 1944. The other two battalions of the 141st were unable to break through. The 100th /442nd, was ordered to relieve the Lost Battalion (More men were lost in the 100th/442nd in the rescue operation than there were to save in the 1st of the 141st.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011118-0002-0000", "contents": "141st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nIn their efforts to annihilate the entrapped Americans, the Grenadier troops suffered catastrophic losses. The action, in concert with their earlier combat record, led Heinz Guderian to give the 141st the number 2 rating overall in his Order of Battle assessment among all Allied units to face the Wehrmacht.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011118-0003-0000", "contents": "141st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Postwar years\nIn 1973 the 49th Armored Division was reactivated, with the first and third battalions of the 141st Infantry (mechanized) assigned to the 1st Brigade. The 2/141 was mechanized and assigned to the 3d Brigade of the 49th Armored Division. By 1979, all three battalions of the 141st were assigned to the 1st Brigade, 49th Armored Division. In 1984, the 1/141 and 2/141 continued to be assigned to the 49th Armored, and 3d/141st was assigned to Texas National Guard Troop Command. In 1995, 2/141 was demobilized and the 3/141 was assigned to the 36th Brigade of the 49th Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011118-0004-0000", "contents": "141st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Postwar years\nAs part of the 2004 reorganization of the 49th Armored Division into the 36th Infantry Division the 141st Infantry is now part of the latter division as part of the 72nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011118-0005-0000", "contents": "141st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nConstituted 18 February 1823 in the Mexican National Militia as the Texas Regiment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011118-0006-0000", "contents": "141st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\n(Republic of Texas annexed to the United States 29 December 1845)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011118-0007-0000", "contents": "141st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nWhile remaining in state service, the following units additionally organized for Confederate service:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011118-0008-0000", "contents": "141st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nTurner Rifles, Rough and Ready Company and the Houston Artillery mustered into Confederate service during the summer of 1861; concurrently, reorganized and redesignated as the 3d Texas Artillery Battalion, and assigned to the District of Texas,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011118-0009-0000", "contents": "141st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 24 June 1874 as a Regiment of Reserve Militia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011118-0010-0000", "contents": "141st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nElements reorganized and redesignated 10\u201312 May 1898 as the 1st Texas Volunteer Infantry and mustered into Federal service at Austin; mustered out of Federal service 18 April 1899 at Galveston", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011118-0011-0000", "contents": "141st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\n(36th Division reorganized and redesignated 1 February 1942 as the 36th Infantry Division)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011118-0012-0000", "contents": "141st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nWithdrawn 1 August 1987 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System with headquarters at San Antonio", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011118-0013-0000", "contents": "141st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage, Annex 1\nFormer Companies B, D, and K, 1st Infantry Regiment, reorganized 1 January 1908 in the Texas National Guard from existing elements as a separate infantry battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011118-0014-0000", "contents": "141st Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia, Description\nA silver color metal and enamel device 1 3/16 inches (3.02\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: per pale argent and gules, a fleur-de-lis Azure and the badge of the 3d Brigade, 1st Division, 4th Army Corps, during the Spanish\u2013American War, Proper fimbriated of the first on a chief dancett\u00e9 of the third a mullet of the fifth. Attached above the shield on a wreath Argent and Gules, a mullet Argent encircled by a garland of live oak and olive Proper. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Blue scroll inscribed \"REMEMBER THE ALAMO\" in silver letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011118-0015-0000", "contents": "141st Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia, Symbolism\nThe colors of the shield are white, red and blue and, with the mullet, allude to the flag of the Texas Republic, under which Company A, the oldest unit, was first organized. The badge on the sinister side of the shield represents the Cuban Occupation service of the 141st Infantry, Texas National Guard. The fleur-de-lis represents World War I service. The crest is that of the Texas Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011118-0016-0000", "contents": "141st Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia, Symbolism\nThe distinctive unit insignia was approved on 3 March 1931. It was amended to correct the wording in the blazon of the shield on 11 March 1931 and to add the crest of the Texas Army National Guard on 22 January 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011118-0017-0000", "contents": "141st Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was approved on 5 March 1931 and was amended to correct the blazon of the shield on 11 March 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011119-0000-0000", "contents": "141st Mixed Brigade\nThe 141st Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army during the Spanish Civil War. It participated in the Battle of Belchite, Aragon Offensive, Battle of the Segre and the Catalonia Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011119-0001-0000", "contents": "141st Mixed Brigade, History\nThe 141st Mixed Brigade was created in May 1937 as a reserve of the Eastern Army and integrated into the 32nd Division of the X Army Corps. It was mainly made up of anarchist militiamen. Although its first commander was Sebasti\u00e1n Zamora Medina, shortly afterwards the command of the unit passed to Eduardo Barcel\u00f3 Llacuri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011119-0002-0000", "contents": "141st Mixed Brigade, History\nAfter completing their training, the brigade was sent to the Huesca front. For the Zaragoza Offensive it stationed itself in Castellnou as a reserve and, on September 27, entered combat to support the XII International Brigade in the Villamayor sector. Later, Barcel\u00f3 was prosecuted for the shooting of a militia unit of the POUM, as was his successor, Bosch Montes. During the withdrawal from Arag\u00f3n the brigade covered the Quinto sector and was overwhelmed by nationalist troops who attacked at this point, concentrating their remains in Montgay. Later the brigade took part in the fighting at the bridgehead of Balaguer, later moving to the sector of Artesa de Segre. During the Battle of the Ebro, one of the unit's battalions participated in the combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011119-0003-0000", "contents": "141st Mixed Brigade, History\nOn January 14, 1939, while the Catalonia Offensive was taking place, the brigade was positioned in a defensive line trying to defend Cervera, although it was lost the next day. It withdrew to Calaf and later to the Manresa-Vic area to continue the general withdrawal towards the French border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011120-0000-0000", "contents": "141st New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 141st New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011120-0001-0000", "contents": "141st New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 141st New York Infantry was organized at Elmira, New York, beginning August 14, 1862 and mustered in for three years service on September 11, 1862 under the command of Colonel Samuel G. Hathaway Jr..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011120-0002-0000", "contents": "141st New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to VIII Corps, Middle Department, to October 1862. 2nd Brigade, Abercrombie's Division, Defenses of Washington, to February 1863. 2nd Brigade, Abercrombie's Division, XXII Corps, to April 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to May 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, IV Corps, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1863, and Army of the Cumberland to April 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011120-0003-0000", "contents": "141st New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 141st New York Infantry mustered out June 8, 1865. Recruits and veterans were transferred to the 60th New York Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011120-0004-0000", "contents": "141st New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Middle Department September 15, 1862. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C. until April 1863. Moved to Norfolk, then to Suffolk, Va., April 15\u201317. Siege of Suffolk April 17-May 4. Siege of Suffolk raised May 4. Moved to West Point May 5, then to Yorktown May 31. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24-July 7. Expedition to Bottom's Bridge July 1\u20137. Moved to Washington, D.C., July 10\u201311. March in pursuit of Lee to Berlin, Md., July 13\u201324. Duty along Orange & Alexandria Railroad until September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011120-0004-0001", "contents": "141st New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMovement to Bridgeport, Ala., September 24-October 3. Duty there and in Lookout Valley until November. Reopening Tennessee River October 26\u201329. Battle of Wauhatchie, Tenn., October 28\u201329. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob November 23. Tunnel Hill November 24\u201325. Missionary Ridge November 25. March to the relief of Knoxville, Tenn., November 27-December 17. Loudoun December 4\u20135. Duty in Lookout Valley until May 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstrations on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Near Cassville May 19. Advance on Dallas May 22\u201325. New Hope Church May 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011120-0004-0002", "contents": "141st New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 26-June 5. Ackworth June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Last Mountain June 15\u201317. Gilgal or Golgotha Church June 15. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes' Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2-November 15. March to the sea November 15-December 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011120-0004-0003", "contents": "141st New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Carolinas Campaign January to April 1865. Thompson's Creek, near Chesterfield, S.C., March 2. Thompson's Creek, near Cheraw, S.C., March 3. Averysboro, N.C., March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 9\u201313. Moccasin Swamp April 10. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 20. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011120-0005-0000", "contents": "141st New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 249 men during service; 4 officers and 71 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 172 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011121-0000-0000", "contents": "141st New York State Legislature\nThe 141st New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 2 to April 13, 1918, during the fourth year of Charles S. Whitman's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011121-0001-0000", "contents": "141st New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (eight districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011121-0002-0000", "contents": "141st New York State Legislature, Background\nIn 1917, the Legislature redistricted the Senate seats, and re-apportioned the number of assemblymen per county. Bronx County\u2014which had been part of New York County at the time of the previous apportionment and occupied roughly the area of four Assembly districts\u2014was properly separated, and was apportioned eight seats. New York County (without the Bronx) lost eight seats; and Erie, Jefferson and Ulster counties lost one seat each. Queens County gained two seats; and Broome, Nassau, Richmond, Schenectady and Westchester counties gained one seat each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011121-0003-0000", "contents": "141st New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party and the Prohibition Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011121-0004-0000", "contents": "141st New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1917, was held on November 6. The three statewide elective offices up for election were carried by the three incumbents: Attorney General Merton E. Lewis and two cross-endorsed judges of the New York Court of Appeals, viz. Democrat Benjamin N. Cardozo and Republican Chester B. McLaughlin. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Attorney General, was: Republicans 697,000; Democrats 542,000; Socialists 169,000 and Prohibition 26,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011121-0005-0000", "contents": "141st New York State Legislature, Elections\nAlso, a constitutional amendment was adopted by the voters, which gave women the right to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011121-0006-0000", "contents": "141st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 2, 1918; and adjourned on April 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011121-0007-0000", "contents": "141st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThaddeus C. Sweet (R) was re-elected Speaker, with 88 votes against 33 for Charles D. Donohue (D) and 9 for Abraham I. Shiplacoff (S).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011121-0008-0000", "contents": "141st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: The senators had been elected to a two-year term in November 1916 under the 1907 apportionment, as stated below. Although the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate districts in 1917, the first senatorial election under the new apportionment occurred in November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011121-0009-0000", "contents": "141st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011121-0010-0000", "contents": "141st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011121-0011-0000", "contents": "141st New York State Legislature, State Assembly\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011122-0000-0000", "contents": "141st Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 141st Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 141st Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 141st OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011122-0001-0000", "contents": "141st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 141st Ohio Infantry was organized in Gallipolis, Ohio, and mustered in May 14, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Anderson L. Jaynes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011122-0002-0000", "contents": "141st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Charleston, West Virginia, May 21. Assigned to garrison duty at Charleston and attached to Reserve Division, Department of West Virginia, until August 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011122-0003-0000", "contents": "141st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 141st Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 3, 1864, at Gallipolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011122-0004-0000", "contents": "141st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011122-0005-0000", "contents": "141st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 6 enlisted men during service; 2 killed by bushwhackers and 4 due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011123-0000-0000", "contents": "141st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 141st Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was a volunteer infantry regiment that fought in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment served in the Army of the Potomac in the Eastern Theater and was heavily engaged in the second day of fighting at the Peach Orchard outside of Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011123-0001-0000", "contents": "141st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was organized in August 1862, with Henry J. Madill as colonel, Guy H. Watkins as lieutenant colonel, and Israel P. Spalding as major. It was known as the \"Bradford Regiment\" because most of the men were recruited from that county. It was sent to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, where it was organized at Camp Curtin. After a couple of weeks, it was sent to picket the Potomac River in the area of Poolesville, Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011123-0002-0000", "contents": "141st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment became part of the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division of the III Corps. At the Battle of Fredericksburg, the regiment formed part of the force which engaged the Confederate right flank but lost few men. After the battle, the regiment went into winter quarters, but in the spring of 1863 was heavily engaged at the Battle of Chancellorsville, May 1\u20133, 1863, suffering over 50% casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011123-0003-0000", "contents": "141st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nAt the Battle of Gettysburg on July 2, 1863, the unit was detached from the rest of the brigade and sent to the southern part of the Peach Orchard. There, the 141st helped repel the attack of Brigadier General Joseph B. Kershaw's South Carolina Brigade. However, shortly after this the Peach Orchard salient began to collapse. Separated from the rest of its brigade, the regiment never received orders to withdraw and stayed in line of battle near the Peach Orchard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011123-0003-0001", "contents": "141st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nPossibly because of the thick battle smoke, the regiment did not fire on the approaching brigade of Brigadier General William Barksdale. The 141st suffered a devastating volley at close range from one of Barksdale's Mississippi regiments, and after a brief resistance withdrew towards Cemetery Ridge with a loss of almost 70% of its members. Of 209 men present for roll-call earlier in the day, 149 were killed, wounded, or missing in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011123-0004-0000", "contents": "141st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nFollowing the Gettysburg Campaign, the regiment fought in the Bristoe Station Campaign, seeing action at the Battle of Auburn Bridge, one of the final actions fought by the III Corps before its incorporation into the II Corps. The regiment received many replacements over the winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011123-0005-0000", "contents": "141st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nIn 1864, the regiment fought in the Battle of the Wilderness (May 6\u20137, 1864), the Battle of Spotsylvania (May 11\u201312, 1864), and at the Battle of Petersburg (June 18, 1864). The regiment then took part in the Siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011123-0006-0000", "contents": "141st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 141st participated in the final campaign of the Army of the Potomac and fought at the Battle of Sayler's Creek on March 25, 1865, and again at the Battle of Farmville (April 6\u20137, 1865). The 141st was present at the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House. The regiment participated in the Grand Review of the Armies in Washington and was mustered out on May 29, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011123-0007-0000", "contents": "141st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe casualty information presented above is derived from the History of the One Hundred Forty-First Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers compiled by David Craft, the regimental Chaplain, after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011124-0000-0000", "contents": "141st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe 141st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (The Buffs) (141 RAC) was an armoured regiment of the British Army, part of the Royal Armoured Corps, raised during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011124-0001-0000", "contents": "141st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origins\n141 RAC was raised in November 1941 by the conversion to the armoured role of the 7th Battalion, Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment), a hostilities-only battalion raised in July 1940. The battalion had been assigned to the 209th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), serving alongside the 8th, 9th and 10th battalions of the Buffs. As with all infantry battalions transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, they would have continued to wear their Buffs cap badges on the black beret of the RAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011124-0002-0000", "contents": "141st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origins\nThe regiment landed on the beaches of Normandy in June 1944 and fought as part of the 79th Armoured Division throughout the Battle of Normandy and the subsequent campaign in Northwest Europe until the end of the war in Europe in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011124-0003-0000", "contents": "141st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Publications\nThis article about a specific British military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011125-0000-0000", "contents": "141st Reserve Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 141st Reserve Division (Kommandeur der Ersatztruppen I and temporarily the 151st Division and Division Nr. 141), was a German infantry division during World War II .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011125-0001-0000", "contents": "141st Reserve Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe Division was formed on 26 August 1939, as Kommandeur der Ersatztruppen I (Commander of Replacement Troops I) in Insterburg. On 13 November 1939, it was temporarily renamed as the 151st Division and then Division Nr. 141, on 8 December 1939. In September 1940 it was relocated to Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. When the German campaign in the East began, on 15 July 1941, the division was returned to Insterburg, Germany and the Wehrkreis I (Corps Area I). In 1942, Division Nr. 141 was redesigned as the 141st Reserve Division and it kept that name until 19 February 1944, when it was disbanded. Some of its men were transferred to reinforce the 68th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011126-0000-0000", "contents": "141st Signal Battalion (United States)\n141st Signal Battalion (\"The Communicators\") was a United States battalion which deployed to install, operate and maintain C4I systems in support of 1st Armored Division operations, major subordinate commands and attached units as required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011126-0001-0000", "contents": "141st Signal Battalion (United States), History\nThe 141st Signal Battalion dates back to 1 June 1940, when it was activated at Fort Knox, Kentucky, as the 7th Signal Troop (Mechanized). It was later redesignated the 47th Signal Company (Armored), and assigned to the 1st Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011126-0002-0000", "contents": "141st Signal Battalion (United States), History\nOn 12 August 1941, the organization's designation was changed to the 141st Armored Signal Company. Detachments of the 141st were in the initial assault waves on the beaches of North Africa as part of Operation Torch in 1942. The 141st supported the 1st Armored Division as it fought its way across the African coast, capturing Oran and cleaning out Tunisia. It was part of the division's spearhead in the Battle of the Kasserine Pass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011126-0003-0000", "contents": "141st Signal Battalion (United States), History\nThe official history of the United States Army in World War II says of the unit during this period, \"This unit was undoubtedly one of the best signal outfits in the Army\u2026. The service provided by this crack unit suggested how effective communications could be in the hands of experienced troops.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011126-0004-0000", "contents": "141st Signal Battalion (United States), History\nAfter the Africa Campaign, the 141st moved to Italy, landing at Salerno. It fought as part of the 1st Armored Division at Anzio, Rome and Naples; participated in the campaign of the Italian Mountains, and was with the division when it captured Milan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011126-0005-0000", "contents": "141st Signal Battalion (United States), History\nThe battalion colors carry campaign streamers from World War II for Tunisia, Anzio, Naples-Foggia, Rome-Arno, Po Valley and North Apennines. After World War II, in February 1946, the 1st Armored Division and the 141st redeployed to Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, where it was inactivated on 26 April 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011126-0006-0000", "contents": "141st Signal Battalion (United States), History\nDuring the Korean War, the unit was reactivated in March 1951 at Fort Hood, Texas, but did not deploy. In February 1957, the 141st Signal Company was reorganized as a battalion but was shortly deactivated again in December 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011126-0007-0000", "contents": "141st Signal Battalion (United States), History\nIts current active status dates from February 1960. In August 1971, the 141st Signal Battalion began deployment to Ansbach, Germany, where it began its current history as a forward-deployed European-based Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011126-0008-0000", "contents": "141st Signal Battalion (United States), History\nOn 20 December 1990, the 141st Signal Battalion was deployed to Southwest Asia in support of Operation Desert Shield. The battalion provided front line communications to the 1st Armored Division in the fast-moving VII Corps campaign to destroy Iraqi forces during Operation Desert Storm and the liberation of Kuwait. B Company was awarded the Valorous Unit Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011126-0009-0000", "contents": "141st Signal Battalion (United States), History\nUpon redeployment from Southwest Asia, the colors of the 141st Signal Battalion relocated to Bad Kreuznach, Germany, where, on 26 November 1991, they replaced those of the 8th Signal Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011126-0010-0000", "contents": "141st Signal Battalion (United States), History\nIn December 1995, advance elements of the battalion deployed with the 1st Armored Division to Bosnia and Herzegovina in support of Operation Joint Endeavor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011126-0011-0000", "contents": "141st Signal Battalion (United States), History\nIn September 1997, the battalion again deployed to Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of the Stabilization Force (SFOR) deployed in support of Operation Joint Guard. The battalion returned to Bad Kreuznach in June 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011126-0012-0000", "contents": "141st Signal Battalion (United States), History\nIn June 2000, elements of the battalion deployed to Kosovo to support the 1st Armored Division's peace-keeping mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011126-0013-0000", "contents": "141st Signal Battalion (United States), History\nIn May 2001, the battalion relocated its headquarters from Bad Kreuznach to Wiesbaden Army Airfield, now Lucius D. Clay Kaserne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011126-0014-0000", "contents": "141st Signal Battalion (United States), History\nIn May 2003, the battalion was deployed as part of 1st AD to OIF 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011126-0015-0000", "contents": "141st Signal Battalion (United States), History\nOn 1 May 2007 141 Signal Battalion was inactivated. Remnants of the 141st Signal Battalion became the 146th Signal Company under the Special Troops Battalion (STB) of the 1st Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011127-0000-0000", "contents": "141st meridian east\nThe 141st meridian east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011127-0001-0000", "contents": "141st meridian east\nThe 141st meridian east forms a great circle with the 39th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011127-0002-0000", "contents": "141st meridian east, As a border\nOn the island of New Guinea, the meridian defines part of the land border between Indonesia on the west and Papua New Guinea on the east. The Fly River forms the border where it flows west of the 141st meridian. South of the Fly, the border runs slightly to the east of, and parallel to, the meridian (see Indonesia\u2013Papua New Guinea border).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011127-0003-0000", "contents": "141st meridian east, As a border\nIn Australia, it forms the eastern boundary of the state of South Australia, bordering Queensland and New South Wales. The border between South Australia and Victoria was originally proclaimed to be exactly on the 141st meridian, but measurement errors resulted in the present border being about 3.6\u00a0km (2.2\u00a0mi) west of this line at 140\u00b057'45\" (see South Australia\u2013Victoria border dispute).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011127-0004-0000", "contents": "141st meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 141st meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011128-0000-0000", "contents": "141st meridian west\nThe meridian 141\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011128-0001-0000", "contents": "141st meridian west\nThe 141st meridian west forms a great circle with the 39th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011128-0002-0000", "contents": "141st meridian west\nPart of the border between the United States (Alaska) and Canada (Yukon) is defined by the meridian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011128-0003-0000", "contents": "141st meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 141st meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011129-0000-0000", "contents": "142 (number)\n142 (one hundred [and] forty-two) is the natural number following 141 and preceding 143.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011129-0001-0000", "contents": "142 (number), In mathematics\nThere is no answer to the equation \u03c6(x) = 142, making 142 a nontotient. There are 142 planar graphs with 6 unlabeled vertices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011129-0002-0000", "contents": "142 (number), In mathematics\n1421231\u22121141{\\displaystyle {\\frac {142^{1231}-1}{141}}} is the smallest repunit prime in base 142, it has 2648 digits, while the smallest repunit prime in negative base -142 is only 20023. Besides, the smallest Fermat prime in base 142 is 406586897, and the smallest Wieferich prime in base 142 is 143111.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011130-0000-0000", "contents": "142 BC\nYear 142 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Calvus and Servilianus (or, less frequently, year 612 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 142 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011131-0000-0000", "contents": "142 Foregate Street, Chester\n142 Foregate Street is a building on the south side of Foregate Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade\u00a0II listed building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011131-0001-0000", "contents": "142 Foregate Street, Chester, History\nIt was built in 1884 for Chester City Council as a police station for the Cheshire County Constabulary, and was designed by the local architect John Douglas. It was used as the police headquarters until 1967 when a new building for the purpose was constructed on a different site. In the early 2000s it was being used as an occupational health unit for Cheshire County Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011131-0002-0000", "contents": "142 Foregate Street, Chester, Architecture\nThe building is constructed in red Ruabon brick with stone bands and terracotta and stone dressings, and a grey slate roof. It has three storeys plus an attic. On the ground floor two steps lead to an arched doorway. To the left of this are three arched sash windows and to the right is a casement window. The middle and top storeys contain six two-light mullioned and transomed windows in pairs. The gable is stepped and contains a row of six windows, over which are two more windows. Between these is the date 1884 in brick moulding. In the apex of the gable is the cartouche of the police force. Douglas' biographer Edward Hubbard considered that the frontage of this building was \"more specifically Flemish in design than any other of Douglas' buildings\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011132-0000-0000", "contents": "142 Polana\nPolana (minor planet designation: 142 Polana) is a very dark asteroid from the asteroid belt. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on January 28, 1875, and named after the city of Pola (now Pula, Croatia), home of the Austrian Naval Observatory where he made the discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011132-0001-0000", "contents": "142 Polana\nIt is a major member of the eponymously named Polana family, which is a subgroup of the Nysa family. The asteroid has an estimated diameter of about 55.3\u00a0km and a low albedo of 0.045. It is  orbiting at a distance of 2.419 times the separation of the Earth from the Sun, with an orbital period of 3.76\u00a0years and an eccentricity of 0.14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011132-0002-0000", "contents": "142 Polana\nIn the Tholen classification scheme, Polana is a primitive carbonaceous asteroid of type F, which is a subdivision of more common C-type. Under the SMASS classification taxonomy, Polana is listed as a B-type asteroid; a group that combines both the Tholen B and F types. The spectrum of this object suggests the presence of magnetite (Fe3O4), which gives it the spectrally blue coloration that is a characteristic of this SMASS class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011132-0003-0000", "contents": "142 Polana, Mars resonance\nPolana is in a 1:2 orbital resonance with Mars, meaning that Polana orbits the Sun once for every two orbits that Mars completes. This resonance helps protect the asteroid from orbital erosion: the orbital eccentricities of the resonant asteroids are clearly greater than the non-resonant asteroids. There is a peak in the number of asteroids located at 2.419 AU from the Sun. In spite of strong perturbations caused by the passing of both Jupiter and Mars, the 1:2 Mars resonance brings about stability for billions of years. There are up to 1,500 asteroids in this resonance, and the resonance between Polana and Mars will strengthen over the next million years due to Polana transitioning into a strong libration period with Mars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011133-0000-0000", "contents": "142 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force\nThe 142 Squadron \"Gryphon\" of the Republic of Singapore Air Force is a fighter-bomber squadron based at Paya Lebar Air Base, the squadron goes by the motto \"Honour and Glory\" with the Gryphon adopted as its mascot. According to IHS Janes, it is the second Singapore-based F-15SG Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011133-0001-0000", "contents": "142 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\nFormerly based in Tengah Air Base, 142 SQN was RSAF's first A-4 squadron and also the last to fly the upgraded A-4SU Super Skyhawk in 2005. 142 SQN was RSAF Operational Conversion Unit (OCU) for the A-4 as well as serving air to ground attack roles. The unit shares a similar motto to the Singapore Armed Forces Commando Formation. The squadron was disbanded after the retirement of A-4SUs in RSAF fleet and it was stood up again in 2016 as the fleet size of F-15SGs grew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011133-0002-0000", "contents": "142 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\nCurrently, 142 Squadron is based at Paya Lebar Air Base as the second squadron operating F-15SG Strike Eagles, alongside the current 149 Squadron which is also based there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011133-0003-0000", "contents": "142 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Information\nThe tail is adorned with a beige checkered tailband. The squadron's logo is centered with the serial number on the base of the tail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 58], "content_span": [59, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011133-0004-0000", "contents": "142 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Achievements\nThe unit clinched the Best fighter squadron once in 2001 when it was operating the A4SUs and in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011134-0000-0000", "contents": "142,857\n142857, the six repeating digits of 1/7 (0.142857), is the best-known cyclic number in base 10. If it is multiplied by 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, the answer will be a cyclic permutation of itself, and will correspond to the repeating digits of 2/7, 3/7, 4/7, 5/7, or 6/7 respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011134-0001-0000", "contents": "142,857\n142,857 is a Kaprekar number and a Harshad number (in base 10).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011134-0002-0000", "contents": "142,857, Calculation\nIf multiplying by an integer greater than 7, there is a simple process to get to a cyclic permutation of 142857. By adding the rightmost six digits (ones through hundred thousands) to the remaining digits and repeating this process until only six digits are left, it will result in a cyclic permutation of 142857:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011134-0003-0000", "contents": "142,857, Calculation\nMultiplying by a multiple of 7 will result in 999999 through this process:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011134-0004-0000", "contents": "142,857, Calculation\nIf you square the last three digits and subtract the square of the first three digits, you also get back a cyclic permutation of the number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011134-0005-0000", "contents": "142,857, Calculation\nIt is the repeating part in the decimal expansion of the rational number 1/7 = 0.142857. Thus, multiples of 1/7 are simply repeated copies of the corresponding multiples of 142857:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011134-0006-0000", "contents": "142,857, 1/7 as an infinite sum\nThere is an interesting pattern of doubling, shifting and addition that gives\u00a01/7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011134-0007-0000", "contents": "142,857, 1/7 as an infinite sum\nEach term is double the prior term shifted two places to the right. This is can be proved by applying the identity for the sum of a geometric sequence:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011134-0008-0000", "contents": "142,857, Other bases\nIn some other bases, six-digit numbers with similar properties exist, given by base6\u00a0\u2212\u00a01/7. For example, in base 12 it is 186A35 and base 24 3A6KDH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011134-0009-0000", "contents": "142,857, Connection to the enneagram\nThe 142857 number sequence is used in the enneagram figure, a symbol of the Gurdjieff Work used to explain and visualize the dynamics of the interaction between the two great laws of the Universe (according to G. I. Gurdjieff), the Law of Three and the Law of Seven. The movement of the numbers of 142857 divided by 1/7, 2/7. etc., and the subsequent movement of the enneagram, are portrayed in Gurdjieff's sacred dances known as the movements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 36], "content_span": [37, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011134-0010-0000", "contents": "142,857, Other properties\nThe 142857 number sequence is also found in several decimals in which the denominator has a factor of 7. In the examples below, the numerators are all 1, however there are instances where it does not have to be, such as 2/7 (0.285714).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011134-0011-0000", "contents": "142,857, Other properties\nFor example, consider the fractions and equivalent decimal values listed below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011134-0012-0000", "contents": "142,857, Other properties\nThe above decimals follow the 142857 rotational sequence. There are fractions in which the denominator has a factor of 7, such as 1/21 and 1/42, that do not follow this sequence and have other values in their decimal digits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011135-0000-0000", "contents": "1420\nYear 1420 (MCDXX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011136-0000-0000", "contents": "1420 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1420\u00a0kHz: 1420 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011137-0000-0000", "contents": "1420 Caldera earthquake\nThe 1420 Caldera earthquake shook the southern portion of Atacama Desert on September 1 and caused tsunamis in Chile as well as Hawaii and the towns of  Japan. The earthquake is thought to have had a size of 8.8\u20139.4 Mw. Historical records of the tsunami exist for the Japanese harbours of Kawarago and Aiga where confused residents saw the water recede in the morning of September 1, without any sign of an earthquake. In Chile landslides occurred in the coast as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011140-0000-0000", "contents": "1420s\nThe 1420s decade ran from January 1, 1420, to December 31, 1429.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011141-0000-0000", "contents": "1420s BC\nThe 1420s BC is a decade which lasted from 1429 BC to 1420 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011143-0000-0000", "contents": "1420s in England, Incumbents\nMonarch \u2013 Henry V (to 31 August 1422), Henry VI", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011144-0000-0000", "contents": "1420s in art\nThe decade of the 1420s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011145-0000-0000", "contents": "1420s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011145-0001-0000", "contents": "1420s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011145-0002-0000", "contents": "1420s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011146-0000-0000", "contents": "1421\nYear 1421 (MCDXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011147-0000-0000", "contents": "1421 Esperanto\n1421 Esperanto, provisional designation 1936 FQ, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 55 kilometers (34 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 18 March 1936, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Iso-Heikkil\u00e4 Observatory in Turku, southwest Finland. The presumed C-type asteroid has a rotation period of nearly 22 hours. It was named for the artificial language Esperanto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011147-0001-0000", "contents": "1421 Esperanto, Orbit and classification\nEsperanto has been determined a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population by means of modern HCM-analysis, after it had previously been grouped to the Eos family by Zappal\u00e0 in the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011147-0002-0000", "contents": "1421 Esperanto, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,983 days; semi-major axis of 3.09\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1906 UD at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1906, almost 30 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011147-0003-0000", "contents": "1421 Esperanto, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after the artificial language, Esperanto, which was created by inventor and writer, Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof (1859\u20131917), who used the pseudonym \"Doktoro Esperanto\". The discoverer also named another asteroid, 1462 Zamenhof, directly after the inventor. Both asteroids are considered to be the most remote Zamenhof-Esperanto objects. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1956 (M.P.C. 1350).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011147-0004-0000", "contents": "1421 Esperanto, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Esperanto was obtained from photometric observations by Andrea Ferrero at the Bigmuskie Observatory (B88) in northern Italy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 21.982\u00b10.005 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.15 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011147-0005-0000", "contents": "1421 Esperanto, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Esperanto measures between 43.3 and 64.3 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.098.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011147-0006-0000", "contents": "1421 Esperanto, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0714 and a diameter of 43.31 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011149-0000-0000", "contents": "1422\nYear 1422 (MCDXXII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011150-0000-0000", "contents": "1422 Str\u00f6mgrenia\n1422 Str\u00f6mgrenia, provisional designation 1936 QF, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 23 August 1936, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named after Swedish-Danish astronomer Svante Elis Str\u00f6mgren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011150-0001-0000", "contents": "1422 Str\u00f6mgrenia, Classification and orbit\nStr\u00f6mgrenia is a member of the Flora family, a large group of stony asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.9\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,230 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1933 WB at Uccle Observatory in 1933. The body's observation arc however begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011150-0002-0000", "contents": "1422 Str\u00f6mgrenia, Lightcurves\nTwo rotational light-curves of Str\u00f6mgrenia were obtained from photometric observations in the R and S band at the Palomar Transient Factory in April 2009. Light-curve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.5002 and 3.5298 hours with a brightness variation of 0.24 and 0.29 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011150-0003-0000", "contents": "1422 Str\u00f6mgrenia, Diameter, albedo and spectral type\nOn the Tholen taxonomy, Str\u00f6mgrenia's spectral class is that of a S-type. According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, it measures between 4.64 and 6.03 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.209 and 0.40. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link, assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from the asteroid 8\u00a0Flora, the family's principal body and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 5.62 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.42.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011150-0004-0000", "contents": "1422 Str\u00f6mgrenia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Swedish-Danish astronomer Svante Elis Str\u00f6mgren (1870\u20131947), professor of astronomy and director of the Copenhagen University Observatory. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 128).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011152-0000-0000", "contents": "1423\nYear 1423 (MCDXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011153-0000-0000", "contents": "1423 Jose\n1423 Jose, provisional designation 1936 QM, is a stony asteroid of the Koronis family from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 28 August 1936, by Belgian astronomer Joseph Hunaerts at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The elongated S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 12.3 hours. It was named for Giuseppina, daughter of Italian astronomer Giuseppe Bianchi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011153-0001-0000", "contents": "1423 Jose, Orbit and classification\nJose is a core member of the Koronis family (605), a prominent asteroid family with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,767 days; semi-major axis of 2.86\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first imaged on a precovery taken at the Lowell Observatory in June 1906. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle in August 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011153-0002-0000", "contents": "1423 Jose, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by Cesare Lombardi after Giuseppina Bianchi, a daughter of Giuseppe Bianchi who died young. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 128). Lombardi published several studies on the orbit of this asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011153-0003-0000", "contents": "1423 Jose, Physical characteristics\nIn the SDSS-based taxonomy, as well as in the SMASS classification, Jose is a common, stony S-type asteroid, which is also the overall spectral type for the members of the Koronis family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011153-0004-0000", "contents": "1423 Jose, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nIn November 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Jose was obtained from photometric observations by amateur astronomers Rui Goncalves (938) and Laurent Bernasconi (A14) in Portugal and France, respectively. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 12.307\u00b10.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.68 magnitude (U=3), indicative of a non-spherical, elongated shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 61], "content_span": [62, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011153-0005-0000", "contents": "1423 Jose, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nDuring an extensive lightcurve survey of Koronian asteroids by visiting American astronomers using the 0.6-m telescope at Mauna Kea Observatory of the Institute for Astronomy in Hawaii during 1997\u20132005, another period of 12.313\u00b10.003 with an amplitude of 0.80 magnitude was determined (U=3). French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy and the team at the Palomar Transient Factory in California also measured as period of 12.28\u00b10.01 and 12.294\u00b10.0146 with an amplitude of 0.82 and 0.96, respectively (U=2/2). A modeled lightcurve derived from combined dense and sparse photometric data was published in 2013. It gave a concurring period of 12.3127\u00b10.0005 hours and a spin axis at (78.0\u00b0, \u221282.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 61], "content_span": [62, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011153-0006-0000", "contents": "1423 Jose, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Jose measures between 15.8 and 26.1 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.16 and 0.34. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1151 and a diameter of 25.88 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011156-0000-0000", "contents": "1424\nYear 1424 (MCDXXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011157-0000-0000", "contents": "1424 Sundmania\n1424 Sundmania (prov. designation: 1937 AJ) is a large asteroid and rather slow rotator from the background population of the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 9 January 1937, by astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Turku Observatory in southwest Finland. The dark X-type asteroid has a notably long rotation period of 93.7 hours and measures approximately 70 kilometers (43 miles) in diameter. It was named after Finnish astronomer and mathematician Karl F. Sundman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011157-0001-0000", "contents": "1424 Sundmania, Orbit and classification\nSundmania is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,081 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as A918 WA at Heidelberg Observatory in November 1918, more than 18 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011157-0002-0000", "contents": "1424 Sundmania, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Finnish mathematician Karl F. Sundman (1873\u20131949), who intensively worked on the n-body problem. Sundman worked as an astronomer at several observatories all over Europe. He became director of the Helsinki University Observatory and was appointed professor of astronomy at the University of Helsinki in 1907. The asteroids 1558\u00a0J\u00e4rnefelt and 1559\u00a0Kustaanheimo were also named after astronomers from the University of Helsinki. The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 129). The lunar crater Sundman was also named in his honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011157-0003-0000", "contents": "1424 Sundmania, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Sundmania is an X-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as a primitive P-type by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). The Lightcurve Data Base assumes it to be a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011157-0004-0000", "contents": "1424 Sundmania, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSundmania is a rather slow rotator as most minor planets have a rotation period of less than 20 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011157-0005-0000", "contents": "1424 Sundmania, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Sundmania was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Robert Stephens at the Goat Mountain Astronomical Research Station (G79) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 93.73 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.42 magnitude (U=2+). Observations by French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi and Ren\u00e9 Roy gave a period of 36 and 47 hours, of which the latter seems to be half the period solution obtained by Stephens (U=1/1+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011157-0006-0000", "contents": "1424 Sundmania, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nIn 2016, an international study modeled a lightcurve with a period of 94.537\u00b10.005 hours and found two spin axes of (51.0\u00b0, 76.0\u00b0) and (275.0\u00b0, 58.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011157-0007-0000", "contents": "1424 Sundmania, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Sundmania measures between 64.691 and 84.67 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.030 and 0.0602. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0426 and a diameter of 70.56 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011160-0000-0000", "contents": "1425\nYear 1425 (MCDXXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011161-0000-0000", "contents": "1425 Tuorla\n1425 Tuorla, provisional designation 1937 GB, is a stony Eunomian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 April 1937, by Finnish astronomer Kustaa Inkeri at the Iso-Heikkil\u00e4 Observatory in Turku, southwestern Finland. The asteroid was named after the Tuorla Observatory of the University of Turku. It was Kustaa Inkeri's only asteroid discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011161-0001-0000", "contents": "1425 Tuorla, Orbit and classification\nTuorla is a member of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony asteroids and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,542 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Turku, the night before its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011161-0002-0000", "contents": "1425 Tuorla, Physical characteristics\nTuorla has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey, in accordance with the overall spectral type for members of the Eunomia family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011161-0003-0000", "contents": "1425 Tuorla, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2013, the so-far best-rated a rotational lightcurve of Tuorla was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Vladimir Benishek at Belgrade Observatory in Serbia. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.75 hours (h) with a brightness variation of 0.24 magnitude (U=3). Other lightcurves were obtained by Alfonso Carreno Garceran (6.76\u00a0h), Laurent Bernasconi (7.75\u00a0h), and the Palomar Transient Factory (7.748\u00a0h),", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011161-0004-0000", "contents": "1425 Tuorla, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Tuorla measures between 11.795 and 14.94 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2390 and 0.383. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2389 and adopts a diameter of 14.94 kilometers from IRAS, based on an absolute magnitude of 11.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011161-0005-0000", "contents": "1425 Tuorla, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Tuorla Observatory, the Research Institute for Astronomy and Optics, of the University of Turku, located in Piikki\u00f6 near Turku, Finland. The Tuorla Observatory was established by prolific minor-planet discoverer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 in 1952, as an alternative to the Iso-Heikkil\u00e4 Observatory, where this asteroid was discovered. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 1964 (M.P.C. 2277).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011162-0000-0000", "contents": "1425 in France, Deaths\nThis year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011163-0000-0000", "contents": "1426\nYear 1426 (MCDXXVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011164-0000-0000", "contents": "1426 Riviera\n1426 Riviera, provisional designation 1937 GF, is a bright asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Marguerite Laugier at the Nice Observatory in 1937, the asteroid was later named for the C\u00f4te d'Azur, also known as French Riviera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011164-0001-0000", "contents": "1426 Riviera, Discovery\nRiviera was discovered on 1 April 1937, by French astronomer Marguerite Laugier at the Nice Observatory in southeastern France. Two nights later, the asteroid was independently discovered by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg on 3 April 1937. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer. The asteroid was first identified as A920 CA at the German Bergedorf Observatory in February 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011164-0002-0000", "contents": "1426 Riviera, Orbit and classification\nRiviera is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,515 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg Observatory in 1937, two weeks after its official discovery observation at Nice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011164-0003-0000", "contents": "1426 Riviera, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2003, a rotational lightcurve of Riviera was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi and Nathana\u00ebl Berger. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.4044 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.30 magnitude (U=3). Other lightcurves with a concurring period between 4.38 and 4.40 hours were obtained by Ren\u00e9 Roy, Horacio Correia and by a group of astronomers at the Pico dos Dias Observatory in Brazil (U=2/2/3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011164-0004-0000", "contents": "1426 Riviera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Riviera measures between 14.29 and 18.033 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2671 and 0.414.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011164-0005-0000", "contents": "1426 Riviera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.3274 and a diameter of 15.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011164-0006-0000", "contents": "1426 Riviera, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the French Riviera (C\u00f4te d'Azur), the Mediterranean coast in southeastern France, noted for its mild weather and where the discovering Nice Observatory is located. The asteroid's name was suggested by Frederick Pilcher, after whom 1990 Pilcher was named. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6831).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011167-0000-0000", "contents": "1427\nYear 1427 (MCDXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011169-0000-0000", "contents": "1428\nYear 1428 (MCDXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011170-0000-0000", "contents": "1428 Catalonia earthquake\nThe Catalan earthquake of 2 February 1428, known in Catalan as the terratr\u00e8mol de la candelera because it took place during Candlemas, struck the region of Catalonia, especially Roussillon, with an epicentre near Camprodon. The earthquake was one of a series of related seismic events that shook Catalonia in a single year. Beginning on 23 February 1427, tremors were felt in March, April, 15 May at Olot, June, and December. They caused relatively minor visible damage to property, notably to the monastery of Amer; but they probably caused severe weakening of building infrastructure. This would account for the massive and widespread destruction that accompanied the subsequent 1428 quake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011170-0001-0000", "contents": "1428 Catalonia earthquake\nModern estimates of the intensity are VIII (Damaging) or IX (Destructive) on the Medvedev\u2013Sponheuer\u2013Karnik scale. The ramparts of Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste were destroyed. The clocktower of Arles-sur-Tech collapsed. The monastery of Fontclara at Banyuls-dels-Aspres was devastated. The damage sustained by the monastery of Saint-Martin-du-Canigou marked the commencement of its decline. The belltower and lantern tower of Sant Joan de les Abadesses fell down. The chapel at N\u00faria was destroyed. The villages of Tortell\u00e0 and Queralbs were entirely destroyed. Among the damaged structures were Santa Maria de Ripoll and Sant Lloren\u00e7 prop Bag\u00e0. As far away as Perpignan and Barcelona the populace was gripped by panic. In the latter, the intensity was estimated at VI (Strong) or VII (Very strong). The rose window of the Gothic church of Santa Maria del Mar was destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011170-0002-0000", "contents": "1428 Catalonia earthquake\nRobin de Molhet, lord of Peyrepertuse, who was travelling in his domains when the earthquake struck, quickly came to the aid of victims, which earned the recognition of Alfonso V of Aragon, who was away in Valencia at the time of the tremors. He was informed by the President of the Generalitat de Catalunya, Felip de Malla, in a letter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011170-0002-0001", "contents": "1428 Catalonia earthquake\nIt is estimated that hundreds of people were killed in the disaster: two hundred are estimated at Camprodon, one to three hundred at Puigcerd\u00e0 (due to the collapse of the church), twenty to thirty at Barcelona (in Santa Maria del Mar), and almost the entire population of Queralbs. The fallout lasted well over a year. The quake was probably the worst in the history of the Pyrenees, though the first recorded only occurred in 1373. It remains to this day a point of reference for the study of seismic risk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0000-0000", "contents": "1428 Elm Street\n1428 Elm Street, also known as [the] Elm Street House, is a fictional residential house and street address in Springwood, Ohio, and is an important location in the A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise, where it has been the home of Nancy Thompson and her mother, later Jesse Walsh and his family, and finally Lori Campbell and her father throughout the film series. It has also been hinted at to have been Freddy Krueger's home when he was alive. It further appears in some form in nearly all the films, as well as literature, comics, video games and music videos. The house, like Nancy, Tina Gray, Kristen Parker as well as their mutual tormentor and eventual murderer Freddy Krueger, were all conceived by the late horror legend Wes Craven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0001-0000", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Films\n1428 Elm Street is first introduced in A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984), where it is owned by Marge Thompson, who lives there with her teenage daughter Nancy. There is seemingly nothing out of the ordinary about the house at the time, but this changes when Nancy and her friends starts to have a series of nightmares all featuring the same disfigured, menacing stalker, culminating in Nancy's best friend Tina Gray being slaughtered in her bed by an unseen assailer in the Gray's house on the same street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0001-0001", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Films\nPiecing together the lore surrounding Freddy Krueger, Nancy learns that her parents along with others lynched and torched Freddy to death after he had murdered around 20 kids in the neighborhood; they also hid his old murder weapon, a glove with knives attached to it, in a boiler in the basement of the Thompson's home. Nancy finds a way to bring Freddy out of her dreams and confronts him in 1428 Elm Street, luring him through a series of boobytraps and setting him on fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0001-0002", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Films\nHe is temporarily vanquished when Nancy convinces him and herself that he has no power over her unless she believes he has, and tells him that she takes back the energy she gave him. The  comics Nightmares on Elm Street reveals that after this, Nancy moved away from Springwood and went to college in the span between the first film and Dream Warriors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0002-0000", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Films\nThe sequel A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge (1985) insinuates that the house had stood unoccupied following the conclusion of the first film. After about five years, the Walsh family moved in, but Freddy's spirit lingered as a residual memory in the house, geographically restricted to it for the moment, and started to invade the dreams of the new occupant Jesse Walsh as he did with Nancy, now with the additional goal of possessing him and making Jesse kill for him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0003-0000", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Films\nIn A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors (1987), Freddy seems to have \"adopted\" the house in the dreamworld, luring his victims there even when their dreams do not start in the house. Freddy increasingly tended to blend the house together with the old factory he worked in and brought his victims to while he was alive; the factory was the place he lured Nancy into in her nightmare in school in the first film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0003-0001", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Films\nBy the time of The Dream Master, the real life 1428 Elm Street has become an uninhabited and boarded up ghost house since the Walsh's moved out at an unknown date - with Dream Warriors having left their fates unresolved - and would continue being so for many years. Before the events of Dream Warriors, Kristen Parker builds a model of the house she keeps seeing in her nightmares. After being admitted to and later released from the Westin Hills Asylum, she had come to consider the house to be Freddy's \"home\" due to its recurrence in her nightmares.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0003-0002", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Films\nBefore Freddy kills Kristen, her dreams would see her return to the dream-house and its boiler room many times, even when Freddy was dormant. Though not seen in reality in The Dream Child, the dream version of the house is part of the vistas seen by Alice Johnson in her struggles with Freddy. By this stage Freddy had further perverted the dream-house into a M. C. Escher-esque labyrinth by also integrating the Westin Hills Asylum and the Dream Church from the two previous films into it. In Freddy's Dead, the house was visited by protagonists such as John Doe and Maggie Burroughs and the film often hinted of the idea that Freddy and his family had once lived there when he was alive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0004-0000", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Films\nThe house also appears in the climax of Wes Craven's New Nightmare (1994), when a metafictional Heather Langenkamp channels her in-universe character Nancy Thompson and Heather's house followingly turn into 1428 Elm Street. In Freddy vs Jason (2003), the house is occupied by Dr. Campbell and his daughter Lori; Freddy murdered Mrs. Campbell in their bedroom after the events of Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare took place. In a scene that was cut from the theatrical film, Lori scratches the repainted door to discover the original red painting underneath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0005-0000", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Halloween Horror Nights\nThe house was one of the haunted houses at Universal Orlando's Halloween Horror Nights: Carnival of Carnage in 2007; the exterior had been modeled after the worn down dream version from Dream Warriors and The Dream Master. It was also recreated for Universal Studios Hollywood's 2008 event called \"Nightmare on Elm Street: Home Sweet Hell\" The house appeared again as a setting during Halloween Horror Nights 25 in 2015 at its \"Freddy vs Jason\" event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 72], "content_span": [73, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0006-0000", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Literature and comics\nIn the Nightmare on Elm Street comics first two issues, set in 1990, Nancy Thompson's former roommate Cybil Houch sees the house in her recent nightmares about someone who appears to be Jack the Ripper; the sight of the house leads her to track down Nancy only to find that she died three years ago. Nancy also uses her own version of the house as her \"safe haven\" in the dream world. The house is seen in Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash #5, where a fight between Jason Voorhees and Ash Williams causes it to collapse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 70], "content_span": [71, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0007-0000", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Literature and comics\nIn the short story \"Asleep at the Wheel\" by Brian Hodge from the anthology book The Nightmares on Elm Street: Freddy Krueger's Seven Sweetest Dreams (1991), a band that has named themselves \"Nancy Thompson Gravewatch\" decides to spend the night at 1428 Elm Street, which \"has sat idle and abandoned and vacant and boarded over for years\" as described in the story. The band's idea with staying at the house is to confront their inner darkness and make it their own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 70], "content_span": [71, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0007-0001", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Literature and comics\nThey are warned against it by Nancy's ghost, but the band refuses to listen and are picked off one by one by Freddy. In the short story \"Dead Highway, Lost Roads\" from the same book the house alongside with most of Elm Street has been leveled to the ground and replaced with a shopping mall to help bury the bad reputation that it had gained; Alice Johnson lives nearby, to keep a vigil on Freddy's activities. In the novel A Nightmare on Elm Street: Suffer the Children, taking place after the events of Freddy vs. Jason, Lori Campbell has moved out of Springwood and 1428 Elm Street is now occupied by Alexandra Corwin and her mother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 70], "content_span": [71, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0008-0000", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Video games\nThe house is the central setting of an online game called \"Escape from 1428 Elm Street\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0009-0000", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Music videos\nIn the music video for The Fat Boys' Are You Ready for Freddy, the band has to stay one night in the house of one of the Boys' recently deceased \"Uncle Frederick\". The music video for Dokken's Dream Warriors song is mostly set in the nightmare version of the house, as visited by Kristen Parker in the Dream Warriors film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0010-0000", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Unrealized projects\nThe house has been featured in several alternate screenplays that was never filmed. For the third film which became Dream Warriors, Robert Englund wrote his own treatment Freddy's Funhouse, where Freddy had claimed the house for his own in the dream world, setting up booby traps against dreamers like Nancy did against him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 68], "content_span": [69, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0010-0001", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Unrealized projects\nIn an alternate script for A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child by John Skipp & Craig Spector, a characteris painting a drawing of the Elm Street house, only to be interrupted by a bulldozer leveling the legally condemned building to the ground to make way for the Elm St. Mall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 68], "content_span": [69, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0010-0002", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Unrealized projects\nIn the original script for Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare by Michael Almereyda, a character walks up to the house and removes plates of the mailbox with the name Williams, the last owners, to reveal the name Thompson underneath, which in turn has the name Krueger underneath it. Several alternate drafts for Freddy vs Jason featured the house, including scripts by Peter Briggs, Reiff/Voris and Abernathy/Schow; in the latter, a rundown 1428 Elm Street is blown up following a shootout between a SWAT team and a twisted Freddy-worshipping cultist group, culminating in the latter detonating a bomb in the basement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 68], "content_span": [69, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0011-0000", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Unrealized projects\nIn David Bishop's finished but never published sequel to his novel A Nightmare on Elm Street: Suffer the Children, called House of 100 Maniacs, Alexandra Corwin was deemed insane, incriminated for eight murders in truth committed by Freddy and had to spend five years in a maximum security psychiatric ward before being released, brainwashed into thinking that Freddy was nothing but a delusion of hers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 68], "content_span": [69, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0011-0001", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Unrealized projects\nAs a final part of her therapy, her psychotherapist convinces her that she must go to her former home, the now once again boarded up 1428 Elm Street (now scheduled for demolition), in order to face her demons. The house however attracts many who are intrigued by its reputation as a haunted house, providing Freddy with yet another batch of victims to slaughter. Alex and a girl named Jenny survives, while in the epilogue the house would finally have been demolished. The unpublished novel would also have established that Freddy did live at 1428 as a child.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 68], "content_span": [69, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0012-0000", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Development\nFrom the first film to the sequels, the Elm Street House develops from simply being the place where the action takes to becoming the embodiment of Freddy in the physical world, taking on the characteristics of a classic haunted house and acting as a portal between the waking life and the dream world when characters steps in through the door of the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0012-0001", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Development\nIn the original script from Dream Warriors, the house seen by the Elm Street children in their nightmares is revealed to not be 1428 Elm Street, but a ranch house where Freddy was born; this idea was omitted in the theatrical film. The novelization The Nightmares on Elm Street Parts 1, 2, 3: The Continuing Story, written by Jeffrey Cooper, uses the original script rather than the film script; thus, the ranch house also appears in the Dream Warriors chapter in the book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0012-0002", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Development\nA non-canonical alternate backstory for 1428 Elm Street was featured in The Life and Death of Freddy Krueger contained within Cooper's novelization, where the house is described to have once have been a mental asylum where Freddy was born to an unnamed schizophrenic female patient who died in childbirth; the former asylum at 1428 is also present in Cooper's novelization of Dream Warriors, where it's called the Hathaway House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0013-0000", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Development, Filming locations\nThe house from the original film was filmed at a private home in 1428 North Genesee Avenue in Los Angeles which was constructed in the year 1919; on the other side of the street stands house 1419 which was used as the Lantz family home in the film, where it was also located on the other side of the street. House 1428 was also used in Freddy's Revenge and Wes Craven's New Nightmare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0013-0001", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Development, Filming locations\nOn Bloody Disgusting, it has been suggested that the house was also used for pickup scenes in the extended TV version of the original Halloween film by John Carpenter, pointing out the common presence of a decorative wooden horse in the filmed scenes and the pre-renovation house at 1428 North Genesee Avenue as a clue to this. Sean Clark, host of Horrors Hallowed Grounds, was able to visit the house in 2006 before massive renovations completely erased any likeness to the interior as seen in the films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0013-0002", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Development, Filming locations\nAccording to Clark, Nancy's room as seen in A Nightmare on Elm Street had not been a room in the actual house, but one inside a studio set. Carpenter however had gained permission to film inside the actual house, whereas Heather Langenkamp as Nancy was only inside the house at 1428 North Genesee Avenue for scenes where she's looking out from her bedroom window.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0014-0000", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Development, Filming locations\nThe house was put up for sale during 2006. It was in a state of negligence and worn down when Angie Hill bought it in 2008; she paid $1.15 million for the house then and began a year-long renovation. According to Hill, the previous owners had neglected it to such an extant that it might have been the slummiest house on the street. She preserved its facade throughout the renovation to retain much of its original looks. Hill renovated as much as 90% of the original interior. The house switched owners in 2013 for the price of $2.1 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0014-0001", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Development, Filming locations\nHeather Langenkamp and Sean Clark visited the house at 1428 North Genesee Avenue in the franchise documentary Never Sleep Again: The Elm Street Legacy from 2010, where Hill explains that the original numbers spelling out 1428 had been stolen; the original font could not be replaced as it was no longer being manufactured. Heather and Robert Englund (Freddy Krueger) also revisited the house together in 2013, while Lisa Wilcox (Alice Johnson) visited it in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0015-0000", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Development, Filming locations\nThe color of the front door was blue in A Nightmare on Elm Street, but was painted blood red for Freddy's Revenge; red would remain the preferred color throughout the franchise except for when Wes Craven had it restored to blue for New Nightmare, which was once again filmed at 1428 North Genesee Avenue, whereas parts 3-6 had all used facade sets for the likeness of the house's front. Freddy vs. Jason filmed with a different house than the other films as it was filmed in Vancouver and not Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0015-0001", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Development, Filming locations\nIn the film, the door was originally red but had been painted over with yellow color. According to production designer John Willett, the process of a finding a matching house in Vancouver was very difficult and earlier film teams from the Nightmare series had not preserved accurate drawing records that the new team could follow, but they eventually found a house that was an 80% match of its Los Angeles predecessor, and shot the scenes inside the house instead of a stage due to budget concerns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0016-0000", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Description, Setting\nThe house is located on Elm Street in the fictional town of Springwood in Ohio. In the script for the 1984 film, Wes Craven mentions Los Angeles in California as the setting and has Elm Street located in an unnamed suburb, but this information is left out of the film until minor details like Glen is calling \"the airport\" on the phone, a few palm trees can be seen and in one shot at the cemetery you can clearly see the blue California license tag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0016-0001", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Description, Setting\nThe change to Ohio was possibly done as a homage to Wes Craven, who was born in Cleveland in Ohio. Fact is, that the state Ohio was named for the first time in part 6 but never before. The name Springwood and its change from suburb to town was introduced in Freddy's Revenge. The script to Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare humorously refers to Elm Street as \"The supreme \"bad place\" of the universe. A street that ranks right there with \"The Flying Dutchman\", and \"The Bermuda Triangle\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0016-0002", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Description, Setting\nThe street that makes \"The Amityville Horror\" look like a Long Island tupperware party.\" Many of the other characters in the series lives on Elm Street, such as Glen Lantz, Rick and Alice Johnson, who refers to the child murders by pre-lynching Freddy Krueger to have happened \"right here on Elm Street\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0017-0000", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Description, The house as Freddy's home\nIn The Dream Master, Kristen Parker refers to 1428 Elm Street as Freddy's home while visiting it in real life with her friends. Halloween Horror Nights and various media such as \"Escape from 1428 Elm Street\" propagates the idea of the Thompson/Walsh house also having been Freddy's house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0017-0001", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Description, The house as Freddy's home\nIn the book \"The Nightmare Never Ends: The Official History of Freddy Krueger and the 'Nightmare on Elm Street' Films\", Andy Mangels supplies a \"Key to Map of Springwood\" which lists Elm Street residents and lists the Krueger's as living on 1665 Elm Street, and further argues that the houses might only look similar due to having the same designers, but the webmaster of Nightmare on Elm Street Companion argues that Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare definitely portrayed Freddy's original home as being in fact 1428 Elm Street, including a deleted scene where Maggie finds a hidden room in the basement of the house where Freddy kept all his weapons and tools designed for murder when he lived, and that the franchise has consistently referred to the house as \"Freddy's house\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0017-0002", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Description, The house as Freddy's home\nA Nightmare on Elm Street: The Beginning, Andy Mangels' comic book sequel to Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare that was never finished due to the bankruptcy of Innovation Publishing and only saw two issues released, would have established that the reason for why Freddy is consistently drawn to 1428 Elm Street is because his original glove is hidden in its cellar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0018-0000", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Legacy\nThe house has been referred to as \"beyond iconic\", \"one of the most legendary horror homes in movies\" and \"the star of A Nightmare on Elm Street\". Mark Swift and Damian Shannon choose 1428 Elm Street alongside with Westin Hills Psychiatric Hospital as the token \"classic locations\" representing the franchise in Freddy vs. Jason, while Camp Crystal Lake represented the Friday the 13th series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0018-0001", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Legacy\nThe horror blog 1428 Elm and the production company 1428 Films that has produced the documentaries Never Sleep Again: The Elm Street Legacy and Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th and helped produce films such as The Haunting of Sharon Tate have both derived their names from the fictional house. Mondo created a printing for MondoCon 2016 based on the 1428 Elm Street for their \"Home\" series of iconic horror locations, and the company Hawthorne Village has made a miniature of the \"haunted house\" version of the house as part of their \"Village of Horror\" series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011171-0018-0002", "contents": "1428 Elm Street, Legacy\nFans have also set out to recreate the house through means such as with 3D rendering, with Lego bricks or as a dollhouse. 1428 Elm Street was second on GamesRadar's list of the \"50 Scariest Horror Movie Houses\", being beaten by the Saeki house. Because of its iconic status among horror fans, the 1428 North Genesee Avenue house is popularly referred to as the 'Nightmare on Elm Street House' and some fans make pilgrimages to see the real life location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011172-0000-0000", "contents": "1428 Mombasa\n1428 Mombasa, provisional designation 1937 NO, is a dark asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 56 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011172-0001-0000", "contents": "1428 Mombasa\nIt was discovered on 5 July 1937, by English-born South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory, South Africa, and later named after Mombasa, Kenya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011172-0002-0000", "contents": "1428 Mombasa, Orbit and classification\nMombasa orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.4\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 9 months (1,720 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 17\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Mombasa was first identified as 1933 WO at Lowell Observatory, extending the body's observation arc by 4 years prior to its official discovery at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011172-0003-0000", "contents": "1428 Mombasa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAmerican astronomer Robert Stephens obtained a rotational lightcurve of Mombasa in June 2012. Light-curve analysis gave a rotation period of 16.67 hours with a brightness variation of 0.16 magnitude (U=2+). Previous lightcurves were obtained by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy in February 2006 (17.6 hours, \u03940.15 mag; U=2), as well as by Scot Hawkins and Richard Ditteon at Oakley Observatory in May 2007 (17.12 hours, \u03940.25 mag; U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011172-0004-0000", "contents": "1428 Mombasa, Physical characteristics, Spectral type, diameter and albedo\nOn the SMASS taxonomic scheme, Mombasa is a Xc-type, an intermediate between the carbonaceous C and X-type, while it is also described as a darker P-type asteroid. According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Mombasa measures between 52.46 and 62.45 kilometers in diameter, ignoring a preliminary result of 127\u00a0km, and its surface has an albedo of 0.025 and 0.06. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0415 and a diameter of 56.83 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 74], "content_span": [75, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011172-0005-0000", "contents": "1428 Mombasa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Mombasa, chief-port and second largest city of Kenya on the coast of East Africa. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011174-0000-0000", "contents": "1429\nYear 1429 (MCDXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011175-0000-0000", "contents": "1429 Pemba\n1429 Pemba, provisional designation 1937 NH, is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 2 July 1937, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named for the Pemba Island off the coast of Tanzania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011175-0001-0000", "contents": "1429 Pemba, Orbit and classification\nPemba is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 1.7\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,492 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.33 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011175-0002-0000", "contents": "1429 Pemba, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 1982, a rotational lightcurve of Pemba was obtained from photometric observations. Analysis of the fragmentary lightcurve gave a rotation period of 20 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.3 magnitude (U=1). As of 2017, no secure period has been determined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011175-0003-0000", "contents": "1429 Pemba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pemba measures between 8.71 and 10.75 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1316 and 0.196.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011175-0004-0000", "contents": "1429 Pemba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE results, that is, an albedo of 0.1316 and a diameter of 10.37 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.74.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011175-0005-0000", "contents": "1429 Pemba, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the Pemba Island, Tanzania, part of the Zanzibar Archipelago, which was once under the rule of the Sultan of Zanzibar. It is located off the East Coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011177-0000-0000", "contents": "142d Airlift Squadron\nThe 142d Airlift Squadron (142d AS) is a unit of the Delaware Air National Guard 166th Airlift Wing located at New Castle Air National Guard Base, Delaware. It is equipped with the C-130H Hercules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011177-0001-0000", "contents": "142d Airlift Squadron, Overview\nThe mission of the 142d Airlift Squadron is to provide combat ready aircrew for state, national and worldwide deployment in support of any assigned mission. The squadron's mission capability includes all weather, day and night, airland, airdrop and aeromedical evacuation capability. The C-130 aircraft is capable to perform both inter-theatre and intra-theatre missions. The squadron is can also supply specially trained aircrews for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance operations when called upon. The squadron has pilots, navigators, flight engineers and loadmasters, life support, and administrative personnel assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011177-0002-0000", "contents": "142d Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was activated on 30 September 1942 at Mitchel Field, New York as the 342d Fighter Squadron and equipped with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. It deployed to the Southwest Pacific Area, where the unit became part of Fifth Air Force in New Guinea. It engaged in combat operations until August 1945, then became part of the occupation forces in Japan. The unit returned to the United States during May 1946 and was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011177-0003-0000", "contents": "142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard\nThe squadron was redesignated as the 142d Fighter Squadron and allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was activated on 6 September 1946, and its formal federal recognition was recognized at a ceremony in the Wilmington Armory. The ceremony was conducted by Brigadier General Paul R. Rinard, the Adjutant General and Colonel John B. Grier, U.S. Property and Disbursing Officer for Delaware. Shortly afterwards the squadron received its first fighter planes, P-47N Thunderbolts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011177-0004-0000", "contents": "142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard\nPrior to being federalized during the Korean War on 1 February 1951, the unit received Republic F-84C Thunderjets. On 17 May 1951, the unit was redesignated the 142d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and in September 1951 the unit exchanged its F-84s for the Lockheed F-94 Starfire interceptor aircraft to fit the unit's new air defense mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011177-0005-0000", "contents": "142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard\nOn 1 November 1952 the 142d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was released from active duty and reorganized in the Delaware Air National Guard. On 1 December 1952 the unit was redesignated the 142d Fighter-Bomber Squadron and reverted to a propeller-driven aircraft, the North American F-51H Mustang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011177-0006-0000", "contents": "142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard\nIn 1954 the unit received North American F-86A Sabre day interceptor fighters to replace the F-51Hs. In July 1956 Major David F. McCallister (142d Fighter-Bomber Squadron Commander) set a fighter record by flying his F-86 Sabre 1,922 miles in three hours, 30 minutes, to win the Earl T. Ricks Memorial Trophy. On 10 November 1958 the unit was redesignated the 142d Tactical Fighter Squadron and its mobilization gaining command changed from the Air Force's Air Defense Command to the Tactical Air Command (TAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011177-0007-0000", "contents": "142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard\nOn 7 April 1962 the Delaware Air National Guard expanded the unit and established the 166th Air Transport Group. The group and squadron's gaining command changed from TAC to Military Air Transport Service. The 142d squadron was assigned to the 166th and redesignated as the 142d Air Transport Squadron. The squadron was re-equipped with the four engine Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter cargo aircraft. During the period from 1964\u20131974 the Delaware Air National Guard flew missions to South Vietnam. In September 1965, only three years after receiving the C-97, the Delaware Air National Guard received the McCallister Trophy as the Air National Guard Outstanding Transport Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011177-0008-0000", "contents": "142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard\nOn 1 January 1966, the Military Air Transport Service was replaced by Military Airlift Command (MAC). In addition to that name change MAC-gained Air National Guard units were also redesignated. The 142d became the 142d Military Airlift Squadron on 1 January 1966. In April 1966, the unit was awarded the Outstanding Unit Trophy by the Air Force Association based on its impressive collection of achievements and safety record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011177-0009-0000", "contents": "142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard\nOn 12 May 1971 the Group became the 142d Tactical Airlift Squadron and replaced its C-97s with Lockheed C-130A Hercules prop-jet cargo plane, and its gaining command transferred from MAC back to TAC. Its antiquated C-130Bs were upgraded in October 1985 with the delivery of a brand new factory fresh C-130H models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011177-0010-0000", "contents": "142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard\nOn 25 January 1991 selected personnel were activated for the Persian Gulf War known as Operation Desert Storm (8 planes with crews and maintenance and support personnel.) A majority of the unit became part of the 1670th Tactical Airlift Group (Provisional) at Al Kharj Air Base, Saudi Arabia. On 30 June 1991 the aircraft and personnel were released from active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011177-0011-0000", "contents": "142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard\nAnother name change occurred on 16 March 1992. The 142d dropped the \"Tactical\" and was redesignated the 142d Airlift Squadron. In conjunction with the redesignation, the unit's gaining command, MAC, was replaced by Air Mobility Command (AMC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011177-0012-0000", "contents": "142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard\nIn September 1992, a group of personnel from the squadron participated in the Hurricane Andrew relief effort. On 26 October 1993 the gaining command for the squadron changed from AMC to Air Combat Command (ACC). On 20 November 1995 the squadron was awarded the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the period 15 August 1993 through 14 August 1995. On 1 April 1997 the gaining command for the squadron changed from ACC back to AMC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011178-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd (6th London) Brigade\nThe 142nd (6th London) Brigade (142 Bde) was an infantry brigade of the Territorial Army, part of the British Army, that served in the First and the Second World Wars, and remained in the United Kingdom throughout the latter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011178-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, Origin\nWhen the Territorial Force was created in 1908 under the Haldane Reforms, the existing Volunteer units in the London area were brought together into a new London Regiment and organised into two divisions with a full complement of infantry brigades and supporting arms. Four battalions from South London (formerly part of the Surrey Brigade) constituted the 6th London Brigade in 2nd London Division, with the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011178-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, First World War\nThe outbreak of war on 4 August saw 6th London Brigade at Perham Down on Salisbury Plain, where it had just arrived for its annual training camp with the rest of 2nd London Division. They were immediately recalled to London to complete their mobilisation and by mid-August 6 London Bde had reached its war station round Watford, Hertfordshire. The County of London Territorial Force Association immediately began raising '2nd Line' battalions, which quickly led to the formation of a duplicate 2/6th London Brigade (eventually 181st Brigade); consequently 6th London Brigade was renumbered 1/6th and its battalions were similarly prefixed (1/21st\u20131/24th).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011178-0003-0000", "contents": "142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, First World War\nIn October 1914, 2nd London Division was selected for service on the Western Front and progressive training was carried out through the winter. The division embarked for France in March 1915, concentrating round B\u00e9thune. In May the division (already known in France simply as 'The London Division' to distinguish it from the Regular Army 2nd Division) took its place in the line and was designated 47th (1/2nd London) Division, with the brigades numbered consecutively: 6th London became 142nd (1/6th London) Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011178-0004-0000", "contents": "142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, First World War\nThe division suffered casualties from shellfire while holding the line as neighbouring formations fought the Battle of Aubers Ridge, (9 & 15 May), but Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby's 142 Bde carried out the division's first offensive action, on 25 May during the Battle of Festubert. The attack on the 'S' Bend was timed for 18.30, to precede a Canadian night attack further along the line. The 23rd and 24th Londons swept across the open ground and immediately captured the German front trenches with few losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011178-0004-0001", "contents": "142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, First World War\nHowever, German listening posts had given warning of the impending attack, and they had registered their artillery onto their own trenches. The divisional historian records that the Londoners now encountered  'a fierce and deadly enfilading fire from the German guns, and particularly from a heavy battery posted near Auchy-les-la Bass\u00e9e, far to the south and out of range of the guns of our Division'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011178-0005-0000", "contents": "142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, First World War\nThe brigade supports, 21st Londons, and the 20th Londons from divisional reserve, were brought up and desperate attempts made to extend the brigade's gains, 'but tremendous losses were suffered by the men crowded in the captured trenches. Nothing could be done to keep down this enfilading fire, and by the following morning much of the captured trenches had been knocked to bits and had to be abandoned, but a considerable part of their front line was retained and taken into our own trench system'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011178-0006-0000", "contents": "142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, First World War, First World War order of battle\nThere were few changes to the brigade's Order of Battle during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 85], "content_span": [86, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011178-0007-0000", "contents": "142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, First World War, First World War order of battle\nAfter the Armistice with Germany, 47th Division was engaged in railway repair and then settled down around B\u00e9thune (where it had started the war) to await demobilisation. This began in January, and the last troops left France on 10 May 1919. The brigade was demobilised at Felixstowe in May\u2013June 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 85], "content_span": [86, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011178-0008-0000", "contents": "142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, Interwar years\n47th Division and its subformations began to reform in the redesignated Territorial Army in 1920. 142 Bde was reformed with its original battalions, and with brigade HQ at the Regimental Headquarters of the Welsh Guards at Wellington Barracks in Birdcage Walk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011178-0009-0000", "contents": "142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, Interwar years\nIn the 1930s, reorganisation of the TA saw the brigade's traditional battalions being retasked (the 21st became 35th (1st Surrey Rifles) Anti - Aircraft Battalion, RE (TA) and the 23rd became 42nd Royal Tank Regiment in 1935, 22nd and 24th became 6th (Bermondsey) and 7th (Southwark) battalions of the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey), transferred to 131st (Surrey) Infantry Brigade) and posted away. The brigade was disbanded in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011178-0010-0000", "contents": "142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, Second World War\nThe rapid expansion of the TA after the Munich Crisis saw 6th London Brigade reformed in April 1939 as a Second Line TA formation within a new 2nd London Division. It consisted of battalions of the Middlesex Regiment organised in the machine gun role:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011178-0011-0000", "contents": "142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, Second World War\nAs its units were progressively posted away, the reduced brigade first came under the command of the brigadier of 3rd London Brigade, and was then disbanded on 4 May 1940. Neither the 6th London nor 142 Brigade titles was reactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\n142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery was a unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) formed during World War I from coast defence gunners of the Durham Royal Garrison Artillery. It served on the Western Front, including the Battles of Vimy Ridge, Passchendaele, the Lys, and the Allied Hundred Days Offensive in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nIn the years before World War I, the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) had been responsible for the coast defence artillery of the United Kingdom, with Regular Army units supplemented by the 'defended port units' of the part-time Territorial Force. These included the Durham RGA at West Hartlepool, manning the Tees and Hartlepool coastal guns with a mobile heavy battery at Sunderland. The Durham RGA was the only British coast defence unit to engage the enemy during the war, when the Imperial German Navy bombarded Hartlepool and Scarborough on 16 December 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 68], "content_span": [69, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war, TF units had been invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and on 15 August 1914, the War Office (WO) issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 68], "content_span": [69, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0002-0001", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nIn this way duplicate brigades, companies and batteries were created. By the autumn of 1914, the campaign on the Western Front was bogging down into Trench warfare and there was an urgent need for batteries of heavy and siege artillery to be sent to France. The WO authorised 1st line TF RGA companies that had volunteered for overseas service to increase their strength by 50 per cent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 68], "content_span": [69, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0003-0000", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\n142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, RGA, was authorised on 31 October 1915 and formed from 1/1st and 2/1st Heavy Batteries of the Durham RGA at Sunderland. It was one of one of only two all-TF heavy field batteries raised from defended ports units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 68], "content_span": [69, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0004-0000", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service\nThe 4-gun battery joined 41st Heavy Brigade, RGA, which formed at Woolwich on 25 February 1916 and mobilised four days later. The brigade embarked at Southampton for the Western Front on 21 March 1916. Officially, RGA brigades became 'Heavy Artillery Groups' (HAGs) from 2 April 1916. By 20 April, 41st HAG had joined Second Army in the Ypres sector, where low-level trench warfare was constant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0005-0000", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service\nOn 31 July the battery transferred to 55th HAG, which had just arrived from Southampton. This group then joined 'Reserve Army' (shortly to become Fifth Army) fighting in the Somme offensive, where the 60-pounder guns of the heavy batteries were called upon for counter-battery (CB) fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0006-0000", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service\nEarlier in the year the War Office had decided that four-gun heavy batteries should be increased to six guns. This was done for 142nd Hvy Bty on 5 October 1916 when it was joined by a section from 176th Hvy Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0007-0000", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Vimy Ridge\nFifth Army kept hammering away on the Somme front until November, and continued with Operations on the Ancre, January\u2013March 1917. 142nd Heavy Bty was then sent on 21 March to join 76th HAG in the north with First Army, arriving on 25 March. First Army was preparing for the forthcoming Arras Offensive, beginning with an effective CB programme beginning in early April. 76th HAG was positioned north of Bois de Berthonval, supporting Canadian Corps, which was to carry out the opening attack on Vimy Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 75], "content_span": [76, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0007-0001", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Vimy Ridge\nMaximum use was made of observation balloons and aircraft, when weather permitted, to pinpoint opposing batteries for the heavies. The ruling principle was that isolated enemy batteries should be dealt with first, since those that were closely grouped could be more easily and economically neutralised with high explosive and gas shell just before the assault. Huge amounts of ammunition were stockpiled before the operation, including 10,000 rounds for the nine 60-pdr batteries with Canadian Corps specifically to meet possible counter-attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 75], "content_span": [76, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0007-0002", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Vimy Ridge\nAfter the preparatory fire, the bombardment began on 7 April, ending with a 'hurricane' bombardment at 05.30 on 9 April simultaneously with the attack. ' The artillery attack was a brilliant success. The German artillery was largely destroyed, and what was not was effectively neutralised'. Canadian Corps succeeded in taking almost all its objectives on the first day, and Vimy Ridge with its magnificent observation over enemy territory was in Allied hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 75], "content_span": [76, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0008-0000", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres\nThe Arras offensive continued for several weeks. On 22 April, 142nd Hvy Bty transferred to 44th (South African) HAG. At the end of June, the battery moved back to Fifth Army, now at Ypres preparing for the Flanders Offensive (the Third Battle of Ypres). 142nd Heavy Bty did not stay under Fifth Army long: it briefly joined 14th HAG on 29 June, then 4th on 1 July, but moved to 59th HAG with Third Army on 6 July. It therefore missed the early stages of the offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 70], "content_span": [71, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0008-0001", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres\nIt came under 39th HAG on 9 August, but then on 1 September it rejoined Fifth Army with 65th HAG. The offensive was re-launched with the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge (20 September), followed by the battles of Polygon Wood (26 September), Broodseinde (4 October), Poelcappelle (9 October) and finally the First and Second Battle of Passchendaele (12 and 26 October). Conditions for the artillery were by now very bad: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and suffered badly from CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire. The fighting died down after 10 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 70], "content_span": [71, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0009-0000", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Spring Offensive\n142nd Heavy Bty transferred to 79th HAG on 18 December 1917. By now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and on 1 February 1918 they were converted into permanent RGA brigades. 142nd Heavy Bty remained with 79th Bde until the end of the war. When it joined, the brigade was part of Second Army in the northern part of the Ypres Salient, but on 22 December, Fourth Army HQ took over from Second. It reverted to Second Army before the German spring offensive began on 21 March 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 81], "content_span": [82, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0010-0000", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Spring Offensive\nSecond Army was hit by the second phase of the Spring Offensive, the Battle of the Lys, starting on 10 April. When it became clear that the army would have to retire, the heaviest guns were sent away first, but 60-pdrs remained for CB work when good targets were detected. They moved last, and remained with the field artillery firing in support of the hard-pressed infantry. By the night of 21/22 April the situation in front of the For\u00eat de Nieppe had stabilised. The Germans began nightly bombardments with mustard gas shells to drive 5th Division out. However the division had strong artillery support including 79th Bde RGA, which replied vigorously to the attack, bombarding the German billets and gun positions each night, and continuing harassing fire (HF) shoots throughout the day. The German offensive on this front ended on 29 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 81], "content_span": [82, 927]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0011-0000", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Spring Offensive\n79th Brigade had shifted to First Army by 1 May, and on 28 June it supported XI Corps in Operation Borderland, a limited counter-attack on La Becque and other fortified farms in front of the Forest of Nieppe, in what was described as 'a model operation' for artillery cooperation. 79th Brigade then transferred with XI Corps to the command of the reconstituted Fifth Army on 1 July 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 81], "content_span": [82, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0012-0000", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\n79th Brigade joined the reconstituted Fourth Army on 18 August, soon after the beginning of the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive that lasted to the end of the war. By the end of September Fourth Army had closed up to the Hindenburg Line. On 29 September IX Corps carried out an assault crossing of the St Quentin Canal, with 79th Bde amongst the mass of artillery supporting the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 87], "content_span": [88, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0012-0001", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nThe canal defences had largely been destroyed by the heavy guns, which continued firing on the canal banks until the last possible moment as 137th (Staffordshire) Brigade stormed the outpost line and then scrambled across the canal in the morning mist. The objectives were taken by 15.30. 79th Brigade moved its battery positions forward during the night of 30 September/1 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 87], "content_span": [88, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0013-0000", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nOn 8 October, IX Corps attacked the next German defensive position, the Beaurevoir Line. Harassing fire had been carried out on the night of 6/7 October, and all through 7 October and up to Zero the heavies carried out CB fire and shelled important localities. Once the attack went in the heavies continued intense CB and long-range HF fire until the infantry were on the objective. On 11 October preparations began for IX Corps' assault on the German line along the River Selle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 87], "content_span": [88, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0013-0001", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nCB fire began on 13 October, but mist and rain disrupted air reconnaissance on 15 and 16 October. However, Zero for the Battle of the Selle was fixed on 16 October for 05.20 the next day. The first day of the battle went well, one German counter-attack being broken up when all available guns were turned onto it, but the attackers were still short of their objective, the Sambre Canal. Steady progress was also made on the second and third days as Fourth Army closed up to the canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 87], "content_span": [88, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0014-0000", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nIX Corps renewed its advance on 23 October, with 79th Bde part of a massive corps artillery reserve. The attack went in at 01.20 in moonlight, after the heavy guns had done the usual CB and HF bombardments, and the results were extremely satisfactory. As the regimental historian relates, 'The guns of Fourth Army demonstrated, on 23 October, the crushing effect of well co-ordinated massed artillery. they simply swept away the opposition'. After a pause to regroup and reconnoitre, IX Corps stormed across the canal on 4 November (the Battle of the Sambre). After that the campaign became a pursuit of a beaten enemy, in which the slow-moving heavy guns could play little part. The war ended with the Armistice with Germany on 11 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 87], "content_span": [88, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011179-0015-0000", "contents": "142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nAfter its return to the UK the battery was disbanded at Sandling in Kent on 11 October 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 87], "content_span": [88, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011180-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 142nd Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011181-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Battalion (London's Own), CEF\nThe 142nd (London's Own) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in London, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city. After sailing to England in November 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 23rd Reserve Battalion, CEF on November 11, 1916. The 142nd (London's Own) Battalion had one Officer Commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel C.M.R. Graham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011181-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd Battalion (London's Own), CEF\nStewart reports that the 142nd Battalion was organized on December 22, 1915, with a strength of 574 men. The unit was disbanded after the Great War on September 15, 1920. The 142nd Canadian Infantry Battalion was absorbed by the 23rd Reserve Battalion to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The 142nd Battalion is affiliated with the 1st and 33rd CEF Battalions and is perpetuated by The Royal Canadian Regiment (RCR). The 142nd Battalion received the theatre of war honour THE GREAT WAR, 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011181-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd Battalion (London's Own), CEF\nLieutenant George Van Wyck Laughton, M.C. (Vimy Ridge) of the 7th Regiment Fusiliers (Militia) attested to the 142nd Canadian Infantry Battalion in 1915. Details of the links between the Militia and the Canadian Expeditionary Force are provided on Lt. Laughton's web site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011182-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Battlefield Surveillance Brigade\nThe 142nd Battlefield Surveillance Brigade (142nd BfSB) was located at Decatur, Alabama. The 142nd BfSB was a Major Command (MACOM) of the Alabama Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011182-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd Battlefield Surveillance Brigade\nThe 142nd BfSB stood up as a brigade in the Alabama Army National Guard Surveillance Brigade of the United States Army in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011182-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd Battlefield Surveillance Brigade\nThe brigade was tasked to improve the situational awareness for commanders at division level or higher, so they can adapt their units combat power for the current operations. For this the Battlefield Surveillance Brigades can deploy unmanned aerial vehicles, signals gathering equipment, human intelligence collectors and long range surveillance patrols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011182-0003-0000", "contents": "142nd Battlefield Surveillance Brigade\nThe 142nd BfSB conducted intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance operations. It held an inactivation ceremony on September 18, 2016 at the Fort Quarles-Flowers Armory in Decatur, Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011182-0004-0000", "contents": "142nd Battlefield Surveillance Brigade, History\nSymbolism of 142nd shoulder sleeve insigniaThe eight pointed star polygon, symbolic of Helios the Greek God of the Sun, who could see and hear everything, denotes alertness. The red diagonal cross of the white star polygon signifies the Alabama State flag, the home state of the Brigade. The crossed swords suggest the aggressive and protective requirements and the elements of physical danger inherent in the mission. The following colors represent the branches that form the Brigade:  oriental blue refers to the Military Intelligence functions and yellow and red indicates the Cavalry capabilities to accomplish its reconnaissance mission. The shoulder sleeve insignia was approved on 3 March 2011. (TIOH Dwg. No. A-1-1045)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011182-0005-0000", "contents": "142nd Battlefield Surveillance Brigade, History\nSymbolism of 142nd unit crestThe shield, a warrior\u2019s primary piece of equipment, represents the Brigade\u2019s responsibility to the defense of national security. The lightning bolt symbolizes swiftness of communication, a basic category to Military Intelligence. The following colors represent the branches that form the Brigade:  oriental blue refers to the Military Intelligence functions and yellow and red indicates the Cavalry capabilities to accomplish its reconnaissance mission. The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 3 March 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion\n142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (142nd CSSB) is a multifunctional logistics headquarters. It is task organized as a Division Sustainment Support Battalion with capability required to support specified mission requirements. The CSSB supports echelon above brigade units, multifunctional brigades (maneuver enhancement brigade, field artillery brigade, and combat aviation brigade), functional support brigades (military police, signal, and engineer brigades), and brigade combat teams. The CSSB may support Army special operations forces as part of their area support task. The 142nd CSSB is currently stationed at Fort Bliss, Texas, and is a subordinate unit of the 15th Sustainment Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, Capabilities\nThe role of a CSSB is to exercise mission command for task organized companies, teams, and detachments executing logistics operations. The CSSB is task organized with functional companies, teams, and detachments. It is designed to employ and control up to six company-sized units conducting logistics operations. The requirements for the number and type of units attached to a CSSB is mission dependent. Attaching additional units to a CSSB task organization may increase responsiveness but reduces agility of the CSSB specifically in the ability to provide effective mission command. See ADRP 6-0, Mission Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Korean War\nThe Pittsburgh Press - Oct 20, 1951\tMissing 'Epistle' Bronze Star Clue", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 63], "content_span": [64, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0003-0000", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Korean War\nCapt. Thomas H. Westermann is a letter writer with a system. First of all, he has written his wife, Mary, of 104 W. Steuben St., Crafton, every day since he left Pennsylvania Station and home last Dec. 27. Every day, that is, except one. This day has gone down on the family calendar as an eventful day. Capt . Westermann copped the Bronze Star on this occasion for heroic deeds in Korea proved his undoing. Try as he did to conceal his exploits from the family, his letter-writing system proved his undoing. Seems he numbers every letter he writes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 63], "content_span": [64, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0003-0001", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Korean War\nWhen Mrs. Westermann last heard from him on Oct. 8, he had been away from home 285 days. Thus the note that day was labeled \"Daily Epistle No. 285.\" Capt. Westermann, a native of Carnegie, is plans and operations officer of the 142nd Quartermaster Battalion in Korea. His outfit operates one of the largest supply depots on this side of the 38th Parallel. The supply dump bulges with ammunition, shells, food, and vital fuel. On Feb. 11, a train loaded with ammunition and high explosive shells caught fire at the depot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 63], "content_span": [64, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0003-0002", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Korean War\nIn a matter of minutes, it seemed the whole dump was going to blow up. Rations, arms, and fuel which had been lugged overseas for months to put a muscle in the U.N. punch were being destroyed. Capt . Westermann refused to quit the supplies although explosions were rocking the area a mile around the dump. He and a small band of GIs braved the flying shell fragments and exploding ammo to save 43 carloads of supplies and several hundred tons of ammunition. They battled the fire 24 hours. Capt . Westermann missed writing Letter 46 that night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 63], "content_span": [64, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0003-0003", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Korean War\nNext evening, before he sank into his bed, he wrote: \"Dear Mary: Sorry I couldn't write last night. We had a little fire here.\" At the top of the note, he scribbled Nos. 46-47. \"I didn't worry,\" Mrs. Westermann explained, \"but I knew something serious had happened.\" A few weeks ago, she received a small box mailed from Korea. Inside was the Bronze Star. The accompanying citation, describing Capt. Westermann's bravery revealed for the first time what had happened to \"Daily Epistle No. 46.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 63], "content_span": [64, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0004-0000", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Korean Armistice\nPusan, South Korea, December, 1957: The picture to the right shows Master Sgt. Robert S. Boyd, left, and Pvt. Allen G. Ladwig check a mountain of boxes containing stored meals at the 142nd Quartermaster Battalion's Plant No. 1. The giant supply operation was responsible for, among other things,  receiving, storing and issuing all perishable foods arriving at Pusan port from the U.S., Japan and Okinawa. The 142 used 100 tons of ice and 1.5 million pounds of salt to keep everything fresh during the summer; a bakery unit attached to the battalion baked about 45,000 one-pound loaves of bread per month for troops in the Pusan Area Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 69], "content_span": [70, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0005-0000", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Korean Armistice\n1 May 1955, the 55th Quartermaster Base Depot was relocated to Bupyong (ASCOM city), subsequently named Camp Market. The 142nd Quartermaster Battalion was moved from Masan and assumed the mission of providing Quartermaster support to US/UN Forces in the Southern area plus Class I perishable support for all US Forces in Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 69], "content_span": [70, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0006-0000", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom I\nThe Battalion was deployed to Iraq from 6 April 2003 to 8 April 2004. Crossed LD ISO 3d ACR providing DS CSS to Corps units within 3d ACR task organization. Occupied Forward Log Base PECAN and supported 3d ACR and 2/3 ID throughout Al Anbar Province (MND-W). Supported the relief in place of 3d ACR and 82d ABN DIV by providing direct support to 82d combat forces until closure of the 82d Division Support Command (DISCOM). Supported non-divisional forces in 82d Task Organization, provided reinforcing support to 82d DISCOM and provided DS CSS on an area basis upon closure of the 82d DISCOM. Provided initial support to 1 MEF & 1 FSSG (USMC) during the TOA with TF 82.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 78], "content_span": [79, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0007-0000", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Operation Enduring Freedom III\nThe 142nd Corps Support Battalion deployed to LSA Daimondback Mosul Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom 05-07 between 23 July 2005 and 7 July 2006. The unit preceded the arrival of the 101\u00b0 Sustainment Brigade by one month and immediately established command relationships with the 917\" Corps Support Group and the I\" Corps Support Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 83], "content_span": [84, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0007-0001", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Operation Enduring Freedom III\nOver the course of the deployment over 1,400 Soldiers fell under the 142nd command and control in 15 different units spread across five locations in MND-N. The 142nd became an integral team player and provided unmatched support to Task Force Freedom in Multi-National Forces-North West (MNF-N W) and its highly-diversified subordinates, including the 3s Armored Cavalry Regiment and 1/25 SBCT. The unit launched on average 7 Combat Logistical Patrols every night along the IED-infested roads of northern Iraq constantly, ranging from downtown Mosul to remote sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 83], "content_span": [84, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0007-0002", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Operation Enduring Freedom III\nThe unit orchestrated incredibly detailed, comprehensive combined-arms mission sets which set the standard for Combat Service Support conduct of Combat Logistics Patrols (CLPs). It supervised the movement of Combat Logistics Patrols escorting 106,623 TCN Commercial Trucks traveling 1,746,812 miles, transporting 5,844 20 foot containers of various supplies throughout the theatre. The 142nd accomplished this with a varied unit set of Active Component (AC) and Reserve Component (RC), including two AC artillery batteries serving in lieu of transportation companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 83], "content_span": [84, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0007-0003", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Operation Enduring Freedom III\nBesides the more traditional reinforcing Direct Support (DS) to an Armored Cavalry Regiment (ACR), two consecutive Stryker Brigade Combat Teams (SBCTs) and a mechanized Brigade Combat Team (BCT), these missions also involved the daily escort of up to two 90-white-truck Third Country National (TCN) CLPs each way from the Iraqi-Turkish border with its rugged mountainous approaches to the General Support (GS) Hub for MND-N as well as the DS Hub. The unit relentlessly and meticulously sought ways to harness the latest technology in the counter-IED fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 83], "content_span": [84, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0007-0004", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Operation Enduring Freedom III\nIn the process, the 142nd leadership became the Subject Matter Expert (SME) in the most effective placement and utilization of Electronic Counter-Measures (ECM). The 142nd also provided battalion-level command and control of both the internal and external Military Transition Teams (MiTTs) for the Iraqi Army (IA) 3s Division's Motorized Transportation Regiment (MIII). Under the mentorship of the 142nd the 3\" MTR became the premier MTR of the Iraqi Army, a living symbol of Iraqi Soldiers serving brother Soldiers and civilians, including support during the historic 15 October 2005 Referendum and the 15 December 2005 Election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 83], "content_span": [84, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0007-0005", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Operation Enduring Freedom III\nThe unit lost two soldiers during the deployment, one to a HMMWV roll over accident and another to enemy small arms fire. After the roll over incident the 142nd worked to mitigate the risk by unveiling the first and only HMWVV Egress Assistance Trainer, or HEAT, in Iraq June 14, 2006, giving the Soldiers another weapon in the safety arsenal to combat HMWVV rollovers, which claimed 13 lives throughout Iraq in 2006 alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 83], "content_span": [84, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0008-0000", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, Subordinate units\n2020 - 2021 Kuwait Operation Spartan Shield 25 August 2020 \u2013 24 April 2021", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 61], "content_span": [62, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0009-0000", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, Subordinate units\n2014 Afghanistan Taskforce Muleskinner 1 May 2014 to 14 October 2014", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 61], "content_span": [62, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0010-0000", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, Subordinate units\n2007-2009 Operation Iraqi Freedom V/VI 13 October 2007 to 5 January 2009", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 61], "content_span": [62, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0011-0000", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, Subordinate units\n2003-2004 Operation Iraqi Freedom I, 6 April 2003 to 8 April 2004", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 61], "content_span": [62, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0012-0000", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, Miscellaneous News Articles\n142nd S&S Batalion's 26th S&S Company trained for Mass BurialCpl. William T. Westerdick", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0013-0000", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, Miscellaneous News Articles\nSoldiers, Families Not Alone In Maintaining Mental Health During COVID-19", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011183-0014-0000", "contents": "142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, Miscellaneous News Articles\nCentral Texas soldier hailed as hero after El Paso rampage found dead", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011184-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Delaware General Assembly\nThe 142nd Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 7, 2003, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Democratic Governor Ruth Ann Minner from Kent County and Democratic Lieutenant Governor John Carney from New Castle County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011184-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the first time the interpretation of the federal 2000 census. Therefore, it resulted in new district boundaries and elections for all the districts. It was ruled that the election districts would abandon county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011184-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 142nd Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011184-0003-0000", "contents": "142nd Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011184-0004-0000", "contents": "142nd Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011185-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Division (1st Formation) (People's Republic of China)\nThe 142nd Division (Chinese: \u7b2c142\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 31st Division, 11th Column of the PLA Dongbei Field Army. Its origin can be traced to 17th Independent Brigade of Reliao Military Region, formed in September 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011185-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd Division (1st Formation) (People's Republic of China)\nThe division is part of 48th Corps. Under the flag of 142nd division it took part in several major battles during the Chinese Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011185-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd Division (1st Formation) (People's Republic of China)\nIn November 1950 the division was inactivated and converted to 5th Artillery Training Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011186-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Division (3rd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\n142nd Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c142\u5e08)(3rd Formation) was formed in November 1969 and designated in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011186-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd Division (3rd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division was directly belonged to Guangzhou Military Region, while administrated by 42nd Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011186-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd Division (3rd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division stationed in Huiyang, Guangdong for agricultural production mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011186-0003-0000", "contents": "142nd Division (3rd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn March 1977 the division was disbanded and absorbed by Independent Division of Guangdong Provincial Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011187-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011187-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 142nd Division (\u7b2c142\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuyonj\u016bni Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Sendai Protection Division (\u8b77\u4ed9\u5175\u56e3, Kosen Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Sendai as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011187-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 142nd division headquarters was located at Yoshoka-machi (now Kurokawa District). It was tasked with the defence of the coasts in Sendai Bay and Ishinomaki Bay. 407th infantry regiment was severely understrength. The division did not see any combat until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011188-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States)\nThe 142nd Field Artillery Battalion was a Field Artillery Branch battalion of the Colorado Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011188-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nOrganized 27 July 1885 in the Colorado National Guard as Company C, 1st Regiment Infantry (Greeley Guards).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011188-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nReorganized 23 November 1895 at Greeley as Company D. 1st infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011188-0003-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nMustered out of Federal service 8 September 1899 at San Francisco, California and consolidated with Home Guard company D. 1st Infantry Regiment Colorado National guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011188-0004-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nReorganized 16 September 1921 at Greeley as Headquarters Company, 177th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011188-0005-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nRedesignated Headquarters Company (less antitank platoon), 157th Infantry Regiment and assigned to the 45th Infantry Division 1 September 1939", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011188-0006-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nConverted, reorganized and redesignated Headquarters and Headquarters Battery 142nd Field Artillery Battalion, 1 August 1955\u00a0; concurrently remainder of battalion organized from existing units as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011188-0007-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nBattalion broken up 1 February 1959 and elements reorganized or consolidated as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011188-0008-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Decorations\nFrench Croix de Guerre with Palm, World War II, streamer embroidered Italy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 60], "content_span": [61, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011188-0009-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms\nPer fess embattled or and gules, in chief two wigwams of the second, garnished of the first and in base a sea lion brandishing a sword in dexter paw of the last", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011188-0010-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the Colorado National guard", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011188-0011-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms\nThe shield is that of the coat of arms of the 157th Infantry with the colors reversed to indicate descent from that regiment. The colors scarlet and yellow are used for artillery. These colors are also the Spanish colors and with embattled partition line and the Philippine sea lion refer to the walled city of Manila in the Philippine Islands. The wigwams refer to Indian service in the frontier days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011189-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Brigade\nThe 142nd Field Artillery Brigade is a field artillery brigade in the Arkansas Army National Guard (ARNG). The 142nd is currently under administrative control of the 29th ID.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011189-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Brigade, History\nThe Headquarters and Headquarters Battery of the 142nd Field Artillery Brigade carries the lineage of Company B, 2nd Infantry Regiment, Arkansas State Guard, first organized 1905-1910. As an infantry unit, the unit mobilized for the Mexican Expedition, but did not actually participate in operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011189-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Brigade, History\nMobilized again for World War I, the unit was reorganized as Battery B, 142nd Field Artillery, an element of the 39th Division. Arriving in France in September 1918, the 142nd was detached from the 39th Division to serve as corps artillery with the 64th Field Artillery Brigade, but only completed training on 8 November 1918, and did not participate in combat operations before the Armistice on 11 November. The unit did earn campaign participation credit, recognized by a World War I victory streamer without inscription, before returning to the United States and demobilizing 26 June 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011189-0003-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Brigade, History\nBetween the world wars, the unit was reorganized as a coast artillery unit from 1923-1931, before being reconverted to field artillery as Battery A, 142nd Field Artillery. Mobilized again for World War II in 1941, the 142nd Field Artillery Regiment was broken up in 1943 to form the 142nd Field Artillery Group, the 936th Field Artillery Battalion, and the 937th Field Artillery Battalion. Battery A, 142nd, became Battery A, 936th Field Artillery Battalion, and served in Italy from 1943-1945. The unit earned four campaign streamers before inactivating on 16 October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011189-0004-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Brigade, History\nBatteries A and B, 936th Field Artillery Battalion were consolidated, reorganized and redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery (HHB), 142nd Field Artillery Group in 1946 as part of the rebuilding of the Army National Guard following the war. As part of the Korean War mobilization, HHB, 142nd FA Group was activated on 3 September 1950 and deployed to Germany as part of V Corps Artillery. Stationed at Wertheim, Germany, the group controlled four battalions of artillery. The group was inactivated and returned to Arkansas state control on 17 December 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011189-0005-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage and Honors, Lineage\nNote: Italicized sections of the lineage are not posted on the CMH lineage database as of 2014, but are listed by McKenny as of 2010. Included because the CMH lineage doesn't make sense, since the 142nd FAB participated in Operation Desert Storm  as a Field Artillery Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 142nd Field Artillery Regiment (\"Second Arkansas\") is a United States Army field artillery regiment currently represented in the Arkansas Army National Guard by the 1st Battalion, 142nd Field Artillery, headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas; 2nd Battalion, 142nd Field Artillery, headquartered in Barling, Arkansas; and Battery F (Target Acquisition), 142nd Field Artillery stationed in Fayetteville, Arkansas, elements of the 142nd Field Artillery Brigade which is headquartered in Fayetteville, Arkansas. The regiment was created in 1917 from the former 2nd Arkansas Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0000-0001", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 142nd Field Artillery shipped to France during World War I but did not see combat before the cessation of hostilities. The regiment was activated for World War II, but its battalions were redesignated as separate battalions, 1\u2013142nd became the 936th Field Artillery Battalion, the 2\u2013142nd became the 937th Field Artillery Battalion. The battalion's served throughout the European Theater of Operations. The battalions were activated again for the Korean War and served throughout the war. Following the Korean War, the separate battalions resumed their former designations of 1\u2013142nd FA and 2\u2013142nd FA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0000-0002", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 142nd Field Artillery Brigade, including both battalions, was activated for Operation Desert Storm. Elements of the 142nd Fires Brigade have been activated for service in Operation Noble Eagle and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The 142nd Fires Brigade was instrumental in support and recovery operations located in New Orleans, Louisiana after hurricanes Katrina and Rita devastated the Gulf Coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins\nIn the winter of 1892, the Arkansas State Guard conducted its first annual encampment. An encampment was also conducted in the summer of 1893 at Hot Springs. The favorable publicity for these militia encampments led to efforts to improve the organization of the Guard probably resulted in the organization of new military companies:. As Arkansas State Guard grew in the number of companies, and plans were made to divide the state into two regiments shortly after the summer encampment of 1893. The division was not made until 16 January 1894. The dividing line was the thirty-fifth parallel of latitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0001-0001", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins\nThe 1st Regiment, Arkansas State Guards, command by Col. F. B. T. Hohenburg, comprised the southern part of the state and a new 2nd Regiment, ASG was formed to include the northern part of the state. Companies in the 2nd Regiment (the northern division) were located at Van Buren, Magazine, Conway, Paragould, Marion, Newport, Fort Smith, Clarksville, Rector and Yellville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins\nLancelot Minor, a Newport attorney who had been active in support of the Newport militia company, was appointed Colonel of the 2nd Regiment, Arkansas State Guard. Lieutenant W. R. Samples of the United States Army was assigned to the Arkansas State Guard during the period of reorganization. Lieutenant Samples wrote to Lancelot Minor, 3 January 1893:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0003-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins\nFor some time I have postponed writing you to inquire if you will accept appointment as Colonel of the 2nd Regt. of Infantry. Please consider the matter and I trust you will accept for the good of the service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0004-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins\nLieutenant Samples then wrote Governor William M. Fishback, on 5 January 1894:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0005-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins\nWith your approval I shall recommend for Colonel Hon. L. Minor of Newport, who is well fitted for the office and is actively interested in the State Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0006-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins\nI have the honor to inform you that the Governor has today in accordance with the wishes of the officers of the 2d Regt. of Infantry, appointed you as Colonel of Infantry & you will be assigned to the comm. and of the 2d Regt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0007-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins\nIn discussing the appointment, the Arkansas Gazette described Col. Minor as \"one of the best fellows and best-known lawyers in the State\". On 23 January, the Gazette reported: \"Col. Minor, of Newport, detailed as Colonel of the Second Regiment of Arkansas State Guard, has assumed command and directs that all company commanders make out and forward to him at once a complete roster of their companies, stating time and place of drills.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0007-0001", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins\nColonel Minor appointed Lieutenant Rush H. Davis, of Company F, to serve as adjutant for the regiment, and John Frank Caldwell of Newport (and a Confederate veteran), was appointed regimental quartermaster with the rank of 2nd Regiment. On 24 March 1894, Rev. R. B. Willis, of Newport was named chaplain of the Second Regiment. In May 1894, Lieutenant George A. Hillhouse, of Newport, was appointed Major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0008-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins\nIn early March 1894 companies began receiving complete uniforms, blankets, and Rifles. Colonel Minor and his official staff were also supplied with appropriate uniforms, including a saber, belt and shoulder straps for the colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0009-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Reorganization of 1897\nIn January 1897 Governor Daniel W. Jones took office and appointed Brigadier General Arthur Neill as his Private Secretary and Acting Adjutant General (the position of Adjutant General had still not been reauthorized by the state legislature at this time). The new Governor and Adjutant General began a massive reorganization of the Arkansas State Guard. Two additional regiments of Infantry, another troop of cavalry, and another battery of artillery were added to the organization. The state was divided into two military districts, with the Arkansas River being the dividing line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0009-0001", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Reorganization of 1897\nMajor General R.G. Shaver was commissioned and placed in overall command of the State's Forces. Brigadier General C. R. Shaer was commissioned and placed in command of the Southern District, which included the 1st and 2nd Infantry Regiments, two batteries of artillery and a signal company. The units were poorly equipped and outdated equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0010-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Spanish\u2013American War\nOn 25 April 1898, President William McKinley called upon the State to supply two infantry regiments for the Spanish\u2013American War. None of the regiments were in acceptable condition to deploy, and only two companies were determined fit to be mustered into service intact. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Regiments of Infantry, Arkansas State Guard, were reorganized, redesignated and mustered into Federal Service between 14 and 25 May 1898, at Little Rock as the 1st and 2nd Arkansas Volunteer Infantry for service in the Spanish\u2013American War. Governor Jones intended that all sections of the State be represented as far as possible, so the two new regiments were created from selected State Guard companies and from different sections of the state. Pursuant to the Governor's direction the 2nd Arkansas Volunteer Infantry was organized as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0011-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Spanish\u2013American War\nThe newly formed Arkansas Volunteer Infantry Regiments did not see combat during the Spanish\u2013American War. The 2nd Arkansas, now under the command of COL V.Y. Cook, moved to Camp George H. Thomas at Chickamauga Park, Georgia in May 1898. The two Arkansas Volunteer Infantry Regiments were still there participating in basic training when the war effectively ended with the fall of Cuba and the signing of an armistice in early August. The 1st Arkansas Volunteer Infantry mustered out of federal service on 25 October 1899 at Little Rock, Arkansas. The 2nd Regiment continued in service until 25 February 1899, when they were mustered out at Anniston, Alabama. While the units saw no actual fighting, the deployment did have its casualties. Fifty-four Arkansas Soldiers died of disease or accident during the mobilization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0012-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Reorganization following the Spanish American War\nPursuant to an April 1899 Act of the Legislature of the State Arkansas, the 2nd Arkansas Infantry reorganized and was stationed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0013-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The State Guard becomes the National Guard\nThe Militia Act of 1903 (32 Stat. 775), also known as the Dick Act, organized the various state militias into the present National Guard system. The act was passed in response to the demonstrated weaknesses in the militia, and in the entire U.S. military in the Spanish\u2013American War of 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0014-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The State Guard becomes the National Guard\nU.S. Senator Charles W. F. Dick, a Major General in the Ohio National Guard and the chair of the Committee on the Militia, sponsored the 1903 Act towards the end of the 57th U.S. Congress. Under this legislation, passed 21 January 1903, the organized militia of the states were given federal funding and required to conform to Regular Army organization within five years. The act also required National Guard units to attend twenty four drills and five days annual training a year, and, for the first time, provided for pay for annual training. In return for the increased federal funding which the act made available, militia units were subject to inspection by Regular Army officers, and had to meet certain standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0015-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The State Guard becomes the National Guard\nIn Arkansas, re-organization of the Arkansas State Guard actually began in 1901 under Governor Jeff Davis. Major General W.M. Maynes, in a biannual report dated 31 December 1906 provided an overview of the status of the Arkansas Militia. The Militia was subdivided by statute into parts, (1) the State Guard, or active organize militia: and (2) the Reserve Militia. The State Guard, or regularly enlisted, organized and uniformed militia, was at a total strength of 1,274 personnel. The Federal Government appropriated $35,956.86 for the support of the Arkansas State Guard in that year, and the Adjutant General asked the General Assembly for a matching appropriation of one-half the Federal appropriation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0016-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The State Guard becomes the National Guard, Geographic reorganization\nIn 1909 a change was made in the organization of the Arkansas National Guard. For several years, the state had been organized with the 1st Infantry being stationed north of the Arkansas River and the 2nd Infantry stationed south of the river. The Adjutant General, General Green determined that the building of railroads and highways had made this stationing plan inefficient and issued General Order No 35 which reorganized the regiments and battalions and changed the letter designations of some of the companies. The regiments were re-stationed so that the 1st Infantry was situated in the eastern part of the state, with its principal \"concentration point\" being Little Rock, and the 2nd Infantry was stationed in the western part of the state with its \"concentration point\" at Fort Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 101], "content_span": [102, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0017-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The State Guard becomes the National Guard, Increased training with new funding\nWith the new federal funding in place National Guard units were encouraged to participate in bi-annual encampments with the Regular Army. In 1906 Arkansas sent one provisional regiment to Fort Riley, Kansas for training. In 1908 a provisional Regiment trained at Leon Springs, Texas. In 1910 Arkansas Troops were invited back to Leon Springs, Texas, for a twelve-day encampment, and the federal government provided $25,000 to defray the costs of the encampment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 111], "content_span": [112, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0018-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The State Guard becomes the National Guard, Increased training with new funding\nCompanies A-B-F-C-I and M of the Second Infantry participated in an encampment at Dardanelle, Arkansas from 9\u201318 August 1909. The units were trained by members of the 1st Battalion, 16th Infantry, U.S. Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 111], "content_span": [112, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0019-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Mexican Expedition\nThe Mexican Expedition was a military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Francisco \"Pancho\" Villa from 1916 to 1917. The expedition was in retaliation for Villa's illegal incursion into the United States and attack on the village of Columbus, Luna County, New Mexico, during the Mexican Revolution. The United States Army Center of Military History officially refers to the campaign as \"the Mexican Expedition\". The official beginning and ending dates are 14 March 1916 and 7 February 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0019-0001", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Mexican Expedition\nNational Guard units from Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico had been called into service on 8 May 1916. With congressional approval of the National Defense Act of 1916 on 3 June 1916, National Guard units from the remainder of the states and the District of Columbia were also called for duty on the border. By mid-June President Wilson had called out more than 110,000 National Guard for border service. None of the National Guard troops would cross the border into Mexico but were used instead as a show of force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0020-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Mexican Expedition\nIn July 1916, the entire Arkansas National Guard was mobilized for federal service on the Mexican border. Arkansas units began to assemble immediately at Fort Roots, near Little Rock. Of the 2,078 Guardsmen that answered the call, only 1,208 passed the new physical standards for entry into federal service. The Arkansas troops received orders on 29 June to move to Deming, New Mexico in order to replace regular troops joining the actual expedition into Mexico and prepare if Mexico reacted to the incursion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0020-0001", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Mexican Expedition\nThe Arkansas troops were not engaged in Mexico and returned to Little Rock in February, mustering out of service 19\u201324 February at Fort Logan H. Roots. This mobilization of the National Guard along the Mexican border was the training ground for many future leaders of the Arkansas National Guard. Many of the officers who led Arkansas National Guard units in the early years of World War I and World War II began their service on the Mexican border. The 2nd Arkansas Infantry was mustered into federal service between 6\u20139 July 1916 at Fort Logan H. Roots, Arkansas; and mustered out of federal service on 9 March 1917 at Fort Logan H. Roots, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0021-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Mobilization\nWhen the United States declared war on Germany 6 April 1917, less than two months had passed since the last Arkansas National Guard units completed mustering out from duty on the Mexican border. By 4 April 1917 the 2nd Arkansas Regiment was on 48-hour standby, but had not received mobilization orders. On 18 May 1917 the Arkansas National Guard was notified that on 5 August 1917 the Guard as a whole would be called into federal service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0022-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Mobilization\nThe Arkansas National Guard was initially informed that its units would be assigned to the 18th Division, along with the states of Mississippi and Louisiana, and the state was directed to raise one regiment of infantry, one regiment of field artillery, and one outpost of company signal corps. The men of the Arkansas National Guard trained hard after hearing the news. Intensified cross-country hiking, drilling, and maneuvering were evident when the men took sack lunches and marched into Little Rock for the Memorial Day parade with all other troops stationed at Ft. Root.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0023-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Mobilization\nBy 16 July 1917 the 2nd Arkansas Infantry included the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0024-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Mobilization\nOn 18 July 1917 the Arkansas National Guard was assigned to Alexandria, Louisiana, for training as the 18th Division. Alexandria, Louisiana, is the location of Camp Beauregard. The camp was named after General P. G. T. Beauregard, C.A.A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0025-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Mobilization\nThe 2nd and 3rd Infantry Regiments were examined for federal service on 6 August 1917 at Ft. Brough (located on the Capitol grounds). The regiments, under the control of General Wood, were sent to Ft. Roots and moved to Camp Pike by 24 August 1917. The commander of the supply company of the 3rd Arkansas received instructions from the Augusta Arsenal to go into the open market and buy mess kits to complete the needed equipment for the new regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0026-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Movement to Camp Beauregard\nIn late September 1917, the Arkansas National Guard moved by train to Camp Beauregard in Alexandria, Louisiana. The trip took about fourteen hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0027-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Re-numbering and loss of state designations\nThe Arkansas troops were demobilized after their transfer to Camp Beauregard, and reorganization of the troops was made under a new national numbering system. The 18th Division was redesignated as the 39th Division. At this time all National Guard Units were stripped of their state designations and re-numbered under a new federal numbering system:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 88], "content_span": [89, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0028-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Re-numbering and loss of state designations\nWhen the 2nd Arkansas Infantry Regiment was changed to artillery, their blue hat cords were changed to red, and their collar insignia was changed from the crossed rifles to crossed cannon. But the big change was from the rifle to the six-inch howitzer, which was used in shelling enemy positions. It took eight horses to pull one of the big cannons. After several months of classroom training, the 142nd began live fire on the horse-drawn 4.7\u00a0inch weapon in April 1918. After two and one-half months in the field conducting live-fire training, the 142nd was certified for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 88], "content_span": [89, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0029-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Re-numbering and loss of state designations\nSickness was a problem for the men from Arkansas. Measles in the latter part of October 1917 kept the men from drilling. Regardless, in January 1918 the National Guard Reserve was transferred to the active list. Also in the same month, Alexandria, Louisiana, was placed off limits, and soldiers could not visit other regiments because of an outbreak of meningitis. Soldiers were instructed in the use of deadly gases and then exposed to tear gas. The off limits lasted until 6 March 1918 for the soldiers concerning Alexandria. The soldiers complained about the bugs and were anxious to go to France. By March 1918 the soldiers had received new Enfield rifles. In early October 1918, Camp Beauregard was struck with Spanish influenza which led into lobar pneumonia. All available facilities were used when the hospitals became overcrowded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 88], "content_span": [89, 928]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0030-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Re-numbering and loss of state designations\nArkansas troops passed in review for the first time in February for Arkansas Adjutant-General England, and the entire 39th Division passed in review in April for the Governors of Mississippi and Louisiana. On the day after the parade, the Arkansas soldiers learned that they could not vote outside of the state of Arkansas. If they could return to their local residence before or on the voting date, they could vote according to the Attorney-General's opinion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 88], "content_span": [89, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0031-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Deployed to France\nIn the summer if 1918, the need for replacements for the divisions already engaged in combat drove the army to offer the enlisted soldiers of the 39th Division the choice to volunteer to deploy early or to remain in training with the Division. Many soldiers, concerned that they might miss the opportunity to prove themselves in combat, volunteered, thus June 1918 marked the arrival in France of twenty percent of the enlisted personnel of the 142nd Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0031-0001", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Deployed to France\nThe number of volunteers had been limited to not more than twenty per cent of each organization, and the officers could not accompany their troops, but had to remain at Camp Beauregard with the remainder of the division still in training. At Camp Beauregard the division was brought to full strength by the arrival of troops from Camp Zachary Taylor (men from the states of Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0032-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Deployed to France\nIt took twelve months for the 39th Division organization to reach France, where it remained for three months. The 142nd Field Artillery Regiment sailed for France 31 August 1918 and arrived 7 September. After arrival in France, the 142nd drew equipment and began training on the tractor-drawn 155\u00a0mm howitzer. The 142nd was certified for combat 8 November 1918, and the Armistice was signed on the 11th, preventing the 142nd from participating in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0033-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Deployed to France\nIn March 1919 the 1st Battalion, 142nd Artillery, 39th Division was acting as a school battalion for the entire artillery forces of the American Expeditionary Forces with their headquarters at Valdahon, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0034-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Demobilization\nThe 142nd stayed in France to conduct tests and exercises to develop techniques for motorized artillery battalions and won a commendation for efficient performance. In May 1919 word reached Little Rock that the 142nd Field Artillery (old 2nd Arkansas) was doing convoy duty with the Army of Occupation and a segment was still firing for the Artillery School at Camp Valdahon. It was not until early June when the 142nd Field Artillery left France on the transport Amphion to arrive 15 June 1919 at Newport News, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0034-0001", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Demobilization\nOn the train trip to Little Rock, the 142nd Field Artillery was asked to march in a parade in Atlanta. This they were proud to do. On 21 June 1919, the group arrived at Camp Pike. On the following day the 142nd Field Artillery was featured in a big parade in Little Rock and then treated to a big show and picnic in the park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0035-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Between the World Wars\nIn 1921, the 142nd Field Artillery Regiment was constituted in the National Guard as a 75\u00a0mm gun regiment, assigned to the GHQ Reserve, and allotted to the state of Arkansas. On 2 July 1923, the unit was placed on the Deferred National Guard list and redesignated as the 419th Field Artillery Regiment (DNG). It was withdrawn from the National Guard and demobilized on 17 September 1927 without ever being organized. On 16 June 1931, the state was authorized to reconstitute the 142nd Field Artillery. in the GHQ Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0035-0001", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Between the World Wars\nSeveral of the new 142nd batteries were organized from the 206th Coast Artillery. On 13 July 1931, the allotment of the regiment was changed from 75\u00a0mm guns to 155\u00a0mm howitzers, and because of the inability of the state of Nebraska to maintain the 35th Division's 155\u00a0mm howitzer regiment as was originally envisioned, the 142nd Field Artillery Regiment was assigned to the 35th Division as its heavy field artillery regiment on the same date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0036-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Between the World Wars\nOn 3 April 1936, the war department authorized the creation of the 2nd Battalion, 142nd Field Artillery as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0037-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Between the World Wars\nOn 6 March 1937, the War Department authorized the creation the following additional units for the 142nd Field Artillery Regiment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0038-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Between the World Wars\nThe former Company B, 2d Regiment of Infantry, was reorganized and federally recognized on 4 December 1923 in the Arkansas National Guard at Fayetteville as Battery A, 206th Artillery (Coast Artillery Corps). It was redesignated on 22 April 1924 as Battery A, 206th Coast Artillery. It converted and was redesignated on 3 September 1931 as Battery A, 142d Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0039-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War II\nOn 21 October 1940, the 142nd Field Artillery Regiment was relieved from assignment to the 35th Division and assigned to the GHQ Reserve. The 142nd Field Artillery Regiment was ordered to active federal service 6 January 1941 and moved to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, where the 3rd Battalion was disbanded. In February the regiment moved to Camp Bowie, Texas and began extensive training. On 25 February 1943, the 142nd Field Artillery Regiment was disbanded. The headquarters was redesignated the 142nd Field Artillery Group, the 1st Battalion became the 936th and the 2nd became the 937th. These were independent battalions equipped with the 155\u00a0mm howitzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0040-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War II\nThe 142nd Field Artillery Group left Camp Bowie 25 September 1943 and arrived in England on 3 November 1943. It crossed Utah Beach 10 June 1944 and participated in the European offensive with up to five battalions attached. When the war ended the 142nd Field Artillery Group was twenty-five miles from the Elbe River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0041-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War II\nThe 936th Field Artillery Battalion left Camp Bowie 9 August 1943, arrived in Algiers 2 September 1943 and landed in Naples, Italy 11 November 1943. It participated in the drive across the Rapido River, the liberation of Rome and the assault on Mount Cassino. When the war ended the 936th was across the Po River, about forty-five miles from Venice. It had fired 139,364 rounds in combat and was awarded battle streamers for the following campaigns:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0042-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, World War II\nThe 937th Field Artillery Battalion left Camp Bowie on 10 August 1943, arrived in Algiers 2 September 1943 and landed in Naples, Italy 11 November 1943. It participated in the drive across the Rapido River and the liberation of Rome. It then prepared for and participated in the amphibious landings in southern France on 15 August 1944. One of the vessels carrying the 937th FAB was hit by a German bomber, resulting in one killed in action, two missing in action, eighty-three wounded and the loss of the fire-direction equipment and one battery of howitzers. The 937th fired over 200,000 combat rounds and was awarded battle streamers for the following campaigns:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0043-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Reorganization following World War II\nFollowing World War II, the 142nd Field Artillery Group was reorganized in the Arkansas Guard, consisting of 6 battalions: 3 artillery battalions and 3 antiaircraft artillery battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0044-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Korean War\nThe Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 142nd FA Group consolidated with Battery B, 936th Field Artillery Battalion, and the consolidated unit reorganized and was federally recognized on 24 October 1946 at Fayetteville as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 142d Field Artillery Group. It was ordered into active federal service on 3 September 1950 at Fayetteville. It was released on 17 December 1954 from active federal service and reverted to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0045-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Korean War\nThe 936th Field Artillery Battalion mobilized 2 August 1950 and moved to Camp Carson, Colorado for training. It arrived in Korea 10 February 1951 and fired its first combat mission 30 March 1951. The unit provided fire support to 3rd Infantry Division 25th Infantry Division and 1st Republic of Korea Division as well as the 1st Cavalry Division. The battalion was awarded battle streamers for the following campaigns: First United Nations (UN) Counteroffensive; CCF Spring Offensive; UN Spring Offensive; UN Summer-Fall Offensive; and Second Korean winter. The 936th fired 348,547 combat rounds in Korea and suffered ten killed in action and twenty-eight wounded in action. The battalion was inactivated 25 September 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0046-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Korean War\nThe 937th Field Artillery Battalion was mobilized on the same day as the 936th and moved to Fort Hood, Texas for training. It arrived in Korea on the same ship as the 936th and fired its first combat mission 3 April 1951. The battalion went into line with the I Corps on 30 April near Uijongbu, Korea. During the Chinese Spring Drive, the battalion fell back to Seoul and was moved to IX Corps. Battery A continued with X Corps and was attached to the 1st Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0046-0001", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Korean War\nOn 17 May 1952 the battalion was attached to 2nd Infantry Division, IX Corps. For the action with 2nd Division, Battery C and Headquarters Battery received the Distinguished Unit Citation. The battalion continued in general support to IX Corps from 28 July 1953 until 9 October 1954. The battalion was awarded battle streamers for the following campaigns: First U.N. Counteroffensive; CCF Spring Offensive; UN Spring Offensive; UN Summer-Fall Offensive; Second Korean Winter; Korea, Summer-Fall 1952; Third Korean Winter and Korea, Summer 1953. The 937th fired 223,400 combat rounds in Korea and suffered thirteen killed in action and 156 wounded in action. The battalion was inactivated 26 November 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0047-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Cold War\nFollowing the Korean War, the 936th Field Artillery Battalion and the 937th Field Artillery Battalion were reorganized and redesignated as the 1st and 2nd Battalions, 142nd Field Artillery. The 142nd Field Artillery was ordered into active federal service, along with all other Arkansas National Guard troops in the state on 24 September 1957 at Fayetteville in support of the Little Rock Central High School integration crisis. The unit remained at home stations and did not deploy to Little Rock during the Central High crisis. The unit was released on 23 October 1957 from active federal service and reverted to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0048-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Cold War, Reorganization of 1959\nIn accordance with General Order Number 4, dated 29 May 1959, the 142nd Field Artillery was reorganized as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0049-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Cold War, Reorganization of 1963\nThe Headquarters was redesignated on 1 June 1959 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 142d Artillery Group. In 1963 the group was expanded to include five battalions. However the 3rd Battalion, became an element of the 39th Infantry Division Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0050-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Cold War, Reorganization of 1967\nOn 2 November 1967, in accordance with National Guard Bureau Memo NG-AROTO 1002-01, the 142nd Field Artillery Group was again reorganized, to consist of the 1st and 2nd Battalions, with the 3rd, 4th and 5th Battalions being reorganized and redesignated as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0051-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Cold War, Reorganization of 1967\nThe Headquarters was again redesignated on 1 May 1972 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 142d Field Artillery Group, and on 1 May 1978 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 142d Field Artillery Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0052-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Cold War, Reorganization of 1967\nThe 142nd Field Artillery Brigade was ordered into active Federal service 2 June 1980 at Fayetteville; released on 3 June 1980 from active Federal service and reverted to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0053-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Operation Desert Storm\nThe 142nd Field Artillery Brigade, Arkansas Army National Guard, with a battalion from Oklahoma, received the alert notification on 15 November 1990 and entered active federal service on 21 November 1990 at Fayetteville. The 142nd mobilized, trained, and was validated at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. The 142nd deployed as a whole to support Operation Desert Storm. It was the only National Guard field artillery unit to serve in this capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0053-0001", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Operation Desert Storm\nThe brigade deployed to Saudi Arabia on 15 January 1991, was attached to the VII Corps, supported the 1st Infantry Division during breaching operations, and supported the 1st United Kingdom Armored Division during the ground campaign. It was released on 11 September 1991 from active federal service and reverted to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0054-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Operation Desert Storm\nThe Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 142nd Field Artillery Brigade was consolidated on 30 September 1996 with Headquarters Detachment, 937 Signal Battalion, and the consolidated unit was designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 142d Field Artillery Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0055-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Multi-National Stabilization Force\nIn December 1997, the Meteorology Section of HHB, 142nd Field Artillery Brigade deployed to Bosnia as part of the Multinational Stabilization Force, in order to assist with the enforcement of the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0056-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Multi-National Stabilization Force\nIn 2005, Battery A, 1\u2013142nd was also mobilized and deployed to Kosovo in support of the Multinational Stabilization Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0057-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Global War on Terrorism\nSince the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, every unit in the 142nd Field Artillery Brigade has been deployed in support of the ongoing Global War on Terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0058-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Global War on Terrorism, Operation Noble Eagle\n2nd Battalion, 142nd Field Artillery, and the Headquarters and Headquarters Service Battery of the 1st Battalion, 142nd Field Artillery were mobilized in 2002 and 2003 in support of Operation Noble Eagle to provide security at critical sites within the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0059-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Global War on Terrorism, Operation Noble Eagle\nDuring 2002\u20132003, 2\u2013142nd Field Artillery units mobilized in support of security operations in critical areas around Arkansas and Louisiana. Battery C, 2\u2013142nd deployed to Fort Polk, Louisiana. Battery B, 2\u2013142nd deployed to Fort Huachuca, and Battery A, 2\u2013142nd deployed to Pine Bluff, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0060-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Global War on Terrorism, Operation Noble Eagle\nIn June 2004 Headquarters and Headquarters Service Battery of the 1st Battalion, 142nd Field Artillery mobilized in support of security operations for Army depots located at Pine Bluff, Arkansas, and Pueblo, Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0061-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Global War on Terrorism, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe 142nd Fires Brigade has mobilized multiple units in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 142nd Fires Brigade deployed to Iraq March 2007 through March 2008 to provide command and control of fire-support assets near Tikrit, Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0062-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Global War on Terrorism, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nBattery B, 1\u2013142nd was deployed to Iraq in November 2005 after completing its required three months of training for deployment in Fort Lewis, Washington. Upon deployment, Battery B, 1\u2013142nd were attached to the 43rd Military Police Brigade then came under the command of the 16th Airborne Brigade during the latter months of deployment. Battery B was sent to FOB Grizzly (Ashraf) to conduct FOB essential missions such as convoy escort, area security patrols, desert LP/OPs, and TCP/ECP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0062-0001", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Global War on Terrorism, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIn February 2006 Battery B, 1\u2013142nd was assigned to the infamous prison at FOB Abu Ghraib, leaving behind its 3rd platoon in FOB Grizzly to conduct convoy escorts. In May 2006 3rd platoon rejoined the rest of the battery in Abu Ghraib after many convoy escort missions resulting in no equipment or personnel lost. In July 2006 Battery B, 1\u2013142nd played an essential role in the closure of the prison in Abu Ghraib, the transfer of detainees to and the opening of Camp Cropper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0062-0002", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Global War on Terrorism, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nBattery B, returned from deployment in Iraq in October 2006 with no KIAs and sustaining 4 wounded after completing many dangerous missions. Many soldiers from Battery B were awarded CABs (Combat Action Badge) during the deployment. The Meritorious Unit Commendation for \"Exceptionally Meritorious Service\" during Operation Iraqi Freedom was awarded to Battery B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0063-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Global War on Terrorism, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nBattery C, 1\u2013142 deployed to Baghdad, Iraq on 19 March 2006 after 3 months of training at Fort Dix, New Jersey. The unit was responsible for the base defense and force protection of Camp Cropper until 18 February 2007 when they transferred authority to the 198th FA out of the KY NG. C Battery was responsible for three perimeter towers, four quick reaction force (QRF) patrols and two entry control points (ECP). C Battery also performed area security and escorts for Kellogg, Brown and Root (KBR) outside the Victory Base Complex. All members of C Battery also performed two to three-week rotations at Abu Ghraib prison, to support 3\u2013321 Field Artillery in base defense of Abu Ghraib.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0064-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Global War on Terrorism, Operation Iraqi Freedom\n2\u2013142nd received an alert order for mobilization in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2006. The battalion, minus Charlie Battery, and the 937th Forward Support Company mobilized in July 2006 with duty as a Security Force (SECFOR) unit in Kuwait. 2nd Battalion moved to Camp Shelby, Mississippi in July 2006 and conducted training there until October 2006. The unit deployed to Kuwait and was stationed at Camp Patriot, Kuwait Naval Base and Camp Arifjan. HHB and Alpha Battery were stationed at Camp Patriot with Alpha providing security at Camp Patriot. HHB provided an Area Reaction Force (ARF) covering Southern Kuwait to include Kuwait City. Bravo Battery was stationed at Camp Arifjan and provided security for the port of Ash Shu'aybah, also called the SPOD/E or Sea Port of Debarkation/Embarkation. The units redeployed in October 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 938]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0065-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Global War on Terrorism, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nBattery C, 2\u2013142nd mobilized in November 2006 with training at Camp Shelby Mississippi. They deployed to Camp Behring, Kuwait for training and forward movement. Battery C's mission was convoy escort SECFOR based out of Tallil Iraq. Charlie Battery completed over 350 convoy escort missions, safely moving over 20,000 white trucks loaded with supplies, food, and fuel from their base at Tallil to as far north as LSA Anaconda and as far west as Taqqaddam. In those 350 plus missions, they had a total of 144 engagements with the enemy, the most of any element in their task force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0065-0001", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Global War on Terrorism, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThese attacks included forty-six Improvised Explosive Device (IED) detonations, forty-eight IED discoveries, twenty-nine small arms fire attacks, seven complex attacks, and eight rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) or indirect fire (IDF) rocket attacks. The average soldier in Battery C conducted approximately fifty-three missions while either, driving, gunning, or as the truck commander with an average of two thousand miles per month. The unit put over 792,000 hard miles on their Convoy Protection platforms, and close to 4\u00a0million miles on the trucks they escorted. Battery C known by their call sign \"Cold Steel\" performed one of the most dangerous missions in this theater, engaging the enemy, and ultimately being awarded 152 combat action badges. They redeployed in February 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0066-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Global War on Terrorism, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nOn 1 October 2007 the 217th Brigade Support Battalion of the 142nd Fires Brigade mobilized in support of the 39th Infantry Brigade Combat Team's (Arkansas) latest deployment to Iraq. Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Company A, 217th, and Company B, 217th deployed to conduct missions ranging from convoy escort, base defense and garrison command. The 217th redeployed in December 2008 only a few days prior to Christmas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0067-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Global War on Terrorism, Operation Katrina and humanitarian operations\nElements from every unit in the 142nd Field Artillery Brigade deployed in support of relief operations in the wake of two of the deadliest hurricanes to ever hit the United States. On 1 September 2005 units from the 142nd Field Artillery Brigade conducted simultaneous operations in support of relief efforts to those devastated by Hurricane Katrina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 106], "content_span": [107, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0068-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Global War on Terrorism, Operation Katrina and humanitarian operations\nIn Arkansas, elements of the 142nd mobilized to supported efforts at Fort Chaffee Maneuver Training Center (FCMTC) to house and feed thousands of displaced civilians from the Gulf Coast region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 106], "content_span": [107, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0069-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Global War on Terrorism, Operation Katrina and humanitarian operations\nOther 142nd units mobilized and conducted convoy operations arriving in New Orleans, Louisiana on 2 September 2005. The 142nd Field Artillery Brigade officially took command of the Arkansas contingent located in New Orleans in November 2005. Elements of the brigade remained in New Orleans through the end of February 2006 when the National Guard completed its historic six-month operation. Arkansas was one of the first states to respond to this natural disaster and the last state to withdraw from Louisiana. Operation Katrina was one of the largest humanitarian efforts conducted by the National Guard, involving units from all fifty states and four territories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 106], "content_span": [107, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0070-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Fallen soldiers, World War I\nThere are no recorded combat-related deaths in the 142nd Field Artillery for World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0071-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Fallen soldiers, World War I\nPVT Robert Jack, service number 1601995 was KIA during the Battle of St. Mihiel, France. He died as a member of D Battery, 150th F.A., 42nd Division. He was part of the 20% that was assigned to the 142nd F.A.. He deployed on the USS Saxon 28 June 1918 from Battery B, Camp Beauregard F.A. Sheet 6 of the HQ Port of Embarkation, Hoboken NJ, and Page 11 of the List of Mothers and Widows of American Soldiers Sailors and Marines entitled to Make a pilgrimage to the war cemeteries in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0072-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Fallen soldiers, World War II, 936th Field Artillery Battalion\nThe 936th sustained one officer and six enlisted soldiers killed and one officer and twenty-seven enlisted soldiers wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 94], "content_span": [95, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0073-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Fallen soldiers, World War II, 936th Field Artillery Battalion\nThe 937th sustained one officer and thirteen enlisted soldiers killed and 126 soldiers wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 94], "content_span": [95, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0074-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Fallen soldiers, Korea, 936th Field Artillery Battalion\nThe battalion suffered a total of ten killed and twenty-eight wounded during the war including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 87], "content_span": [88, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0075-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Fallen soldiers, Korea, 936th Field Artillery Battalion\nThe battalion suffered a total of thirteen killed and 156 wounded during the war including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 87], "content_span": [88, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0076-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Troy Galloway, Commander, Commander 142nd Fires Brigade, October 2011 to Present", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0077-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Keith A. Klemmer, Commander 142nd Fires Brigade, June 2008 \u2013 October 2011", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0078-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Russell D. Graves, Commander 142nd Field Artillery Brigade, August 2002 \u2013 July 2005", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0079-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL George \"Mike\" Ross, Commander 142nd Field Artillery Brigade, July 2000 \u2013 July 2002", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0080-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Kim Kimmey, Commander 142nd Field Artillery Brigade, July 1998 \u2013 June 2000", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0081-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Norman J. Cox, Commander 142nd Field Artillery Brigade, August 1996 \u2013 June 1998", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0082-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL James R. Pennington, Commander 142nd Field Artillery Brigade, September 1993 \u2013 July 1996", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0083-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Charles J. Linch, Commander 142nd Field Artillery Brigade, December 1990 \u2013 August 1993. COL Linch commanded the brigade during its deployment to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Desert Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0084-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Bobby H. Armistead, Commander 142nd Field Artillery Brigade, August 1986 \u2013 November 1990", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0085-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Richard L. Holt Jr., Commander 142nd Field Artillery Brigade, November 1983 \u2013 July 1986", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0086-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Howard N. Riggs, Commander 142nd Field Artillery Brigade, March 1980 \u2013 October 1983", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0087-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Edwin E. Lee, Commander 142nd Field Artillery Brigade, March 1976 \u2013 February 1980", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0088-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Bernard A. Gunter, Commander 142nd Field Artillery Group, April 1971 \u2013 February 1976", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0089-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nLTC Edwin E. Lee, Commander 142nd Field Artillery Group, February 1971 \u2013 March 1971", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0090-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL William L. Bush, Commander 142nd Field Artillery Group, February 1966 \u2013 January 1971", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0091-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Thomas E. Douglas, Commander 142nd Field Artillery Group, July 1960 \u2013 January 1966", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0092-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Lincoln M. Cummings, Commander 142nd Field Artillery Group (Rear), May 1953 \u2013 July 1960", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0093-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Robert Q. Brown, Commander 142nd Field Artillery Group (Forward), October 1953 \u2013 May 1954", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0094-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nMAJ Clinton E. Meadows, Commander 142nd Field Artillery Group (Rear), September 1952 \u2013 April 1953", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0095-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL William C. Smith, Commander 142nd Field Artillery Regiment, October 1946 \u2013 December 1952", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0096-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Jerome F. Thompson, Commander 142nd Field Artillery Regiment, January 1941 \u2013 June 1945. COL Thompson served as the regimental commander during combat actions across Europe in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0097-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Ebenezer L. Compere, Commander 142 Field Artillery, May 1937 \u2013 December 1940", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0098-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Samuel B. Scott, Commander 142 Field Artillery, April 1936 \u2013 May 1937", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0099-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL William G. Ownbey, Commander 142nd Field Artillery, May 1918 \u2013 June 1919. He commanded 142nd soldiers as part of America's expeditionary forces during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0100-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Henery E. Stroupe, Commander 142nd Field Artillery, 17 October \u2013 18 April. COL Stroupe was the first commander of the newly formed regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0101-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Henery E. Stroupe, Commander 2nd Arkansas Infantry, 24 October July 1905 \u2013 October 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0102-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Virgil Y. Cook, Commander 2nd Arkansas Volunteer Infantry, 1897\u20131899", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0103-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Colonel James B. Dent, Commander 2nd Arkansas Infantry, 1896\u20131897", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0104-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Commanders\nCOL Lancelot Minor, Commander, 2nd Regiment, Arkansas State Guard, 1894-1895", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0105-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry\nDescription:   A gold color metal and enamel device 1+1\u20448 inches (2.9\u00a0cm) in height consisting of a shield blazoned: Or, on a pile Gules between six gunstones pilewise above a Korean Taeguk Proper, a lozenge of the first bearing a fleur-de-lis of the second. Attached below the shield a Red scroll inscribed \"TRY TO STOP US\" in Gold letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0106-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry\nSymbolism:   Scarlet and yellow (gold) are the colors used for Artillery and a gunstone is symbolic of a missile. The fleur-de-lis refers to the unit's service in France, World War I. The pile alludes to an arrowhead and with the fleur-de-lis represents the organization's assault landing in Southern France, World War II, the gunstones symbolizing the unit's participation in six other campaigns in Europe. The Taeguk refers to the first U.N. counteroffensive campaign in the Korean War, and the gunstones are again used to denote the six other campaigns. The lozenge simulates a diamond and refers to Arkansas, denoting the Army National Guard of the State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0107-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry\nBackground:   The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 142d Artillery Regiment on 9 March 1972. It was redesignated for the 142d Field Artillery Regiment on 28 August 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0108-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry\nShield: Or, on a pile Gules between six gunstones pilewise above a Korean Taeguk Proper, a lozenge of the first bearing a fleur-de-lis of the second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0109-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry\nCrest:   That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Arkansas Army National Guard: On a wreath of the colors Or and Gules above two sprays of apple blossoms Proper a diamond Argent charged with four mullets Azure, one in upper point and three in lower, within a border of the last bearing twenty-five mullets of the second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0110-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry\nShield:   Scarlet and yellow (gold) are the colors used for Artillery and a gunstone is symbolic of a missile. The fleur-de-lis refers to the unit's service in France, World War I. The pile alludes to an arrowhead and with the fleur-de-lis represents the organization's assault landing in Southern France, World War II, the gunstones symbolizing the unit's participation in six other campaigns in Europe. The Taeguk refers to the first U.N. counteroffensive campaign in the Korean War, and the gunstones are again used to denote the six other campaigns. The lozenge simulates a diamond and refers to Arkansas, denoting the Army National Guard of the State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0111-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry\nCrest:   The crest is that of the Arkansas Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011190-0112-0000", "contents": "142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry\nBackground:   The coat of arms was originally approved for the 142d Artillery Regiment on 23 December 1971. It was amended to correct the blazon of the crest on 30 March 1972. It was redesignated for the 142d Field Artillery Regiment on 28 August 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing\nThe 142nd Wing is a unit of the Oregon Air National Guard, stationed at Portland Air National Guard Base, Oregon. The 142nd Fighter Wing was re-designated the 142nd Wing as of March 6, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing\nAs a state militia unit, the 142nd Wing is not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command. It is under the jurisdiction of the Oregon Air National Guard unless it is federalized by order of the President of the United States. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing\nThe 123rd Fighter Squadron assigned to the wing's 142nd Operations Group, is a descendant organization of 123rd Observation Squadron, formed on 30 July 1940. It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0003-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing\nThe 142nd Wing is also home to the 125th Special Tactics Squadron (STS), which conducts a wide array of special forces operations both domestically, and internationally. According to the 125th STS mission statement, the squadron is \"poised for full spectrum rapid response to all crises and contingencies at home or abroad\". Additionally, the 125th STS is one of only two Special Tactics Units in the Air National Guard. The inclusion of the 125th STS under the Wing led to the organization re-designating itself as the 142nd Wing in order to better articulate the varied capabilities of the organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0004-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, Overview\nThe 142nd Wing participates around the globe supporting drug interdiction, United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) air defense, as well as contingency operations such as Operations Noble Eagle, Enduring Freedom, and Iraqi Freedom. The wing serves the nation, state, and community by providing mission-ready units, personnel, and equipment for:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0005-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, Overview\nToday the fighting \"Redhawks\" continue service as a component of the total force flying the F-15C/D, providing air defense and air superiority capabilities. With more than 1,000 officers and Airman, the unit guards the Pacific Northwest skies from northern California to the Canada\u2013US border, on 24-hour alert as part of the North American Air Defense (NORAD) system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0006-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, Units\nTo complete these missions, four groups are assigned to the 142nd Fighter Wing", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0007-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, Units\nIn addition, Portland Air National Guard Base in Portland, Oregon is host to several tenant units as well as the Air Force Reserve 304th Rescue Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0008-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, World War II\nFormed at Westover Field, Massachusetts in August 1943, the 371st Fighter Group trained in the mid-Atlantic area, and moved to the European theater during February and March 1944, serving in combat with 9th Air Force from April 1944 to May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0009-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, World War II\nDuring this time, the 371st Fighter Group began operations, using P-47 fighter aircraft over France. This involved dive-bombing, and escort missions prior to the invasion of Europe. Additionally, the 371st attacked railroads, trains, vehicles, gun emplacements, and buildings in France during the invasion on June 6, 1944. The Fighter Group also patrolled beachhead areas and continued its assaults against the enemy during the remainder of the Normandy campaign. This included participation in the aerial barrage that prepared the way for the Allied breakthrough at St Lo on July 25, and supported the subsequent drive across northern France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0010-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, World War II\nOperated in the area of northeastern France and southwestern Germany during the fall and winter of 1944\u20131945, attacking such targets as storage dumps, trains, rail lines, marshalling yards, buildings, factories, bridges, roads, vehicles, and strong points. Conducted operations that supported Allied ground action in the Battle of the Bulge, December 1944\u2013 January 1945. Launched a series of attacks against vehicles, factories, buildings, railroad cars, tanks, and gun emplacements during the period 15\u201321 March 1945, being awarded a DUC for this six-day action that contributed to the defeat of the enemy in southern Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0011-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, World War II\nContinued operations until May 1945. Returned to the US, October and November 1945 and inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0012-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, Oregon Air National Guard\nThe wartime 371st Fighter Group was re-activated and re-designated as the 142nd Fighter Group, and was allotted to the Oregon Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Portland Municipal Airport, Oregon, and was extended federal recognition on 30 August 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 142nd Fighter Group was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 371st Fighter Group. The group's 123rd Fighter Squadron was equipped with P-51D Mustangs and was assigned to the Fourth Air Force, Air Defense Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0013-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, Korean War activation\nThe group was federalized and brought to active duty on March 2, 1951. It was assigned to the Air Defense Command Western Air Defense Force. Afterwards, it was then reassigned to the federalized Washington Air National Guard's 142nd Fighter-Interceptor Wing in April 1951, and moved to O'Hare International Airport, Chicago, Illinois, by May of the same year. The organization was then re-designated as the 142nd Fighter-Interceptor Group on May 1, 1951. At O'Hare International Airport, the 142nd Fighter Group controlled the 62nd Fighter-Interceptor Squadron flying F-86A Sabre interceptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0014-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, Korean War activation\nThe group was inactivated on 6 February 1952, being replaced by the 4706th Air Defense Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0015-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, Cold War\nResuming its peacetime mission of the air defense of Oregon, Air Defense Command (ADC) upgraded the groups capabilities by allocating the F-94A Starfire all-weather interceptor. With this new aircraft, the mission of the 123rd Fighter-Interceptor Squadron changed from day interceptor to day and night all-weather interceptor. In 1957 the 123rd again upgraded to the improved F-89J Scorpion, and again upgraded to the supersonic F-102A Delta Dagger in 1966. In the summer of 1958, the 142nd implemented the ADC Runway Alert Program, in which interceptors of the 123rd Fighter-Interceptor Squadron were committed to a five-minute runway alert 24/7. The runway alert continues to this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0016-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, Cold War\nIn 1972 it received the Mach-2 F-101B Voodoo. As an example of the unit's readiness and capability, in 1976, the unit won top honors at a pair of Aerospace Defense Command (ADC) competitions, the Weapons Loading Competition and the famous William Tell Air Defense Competition. In William Tell 1976, the 142nd garnered first place in the F-101 category and Lieutenant Colonel Don Tonole and Major Brad Newell captured the overall \"Top Gun\" title flying the McDonnell F-101B Voodoo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0017-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, Cold War\nAfter the inactivation of Aerospace Defense Command in 1979 and the reassignment to Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), the 123rd began receiving F-4C Phantom II aircraft used in the interceptor mission beginning in 1981. Success came again at William Tell 1984 when the unit placed first in the F-4 category flying the McDonnell-Douglas F-4C Phantom II and beat many of its F-15 Eagle and F-106 Delta Dart rivals in the overall competition. Majors Ron Moore and Bill Dejager were the overall F-4 \"Top Guns\" of the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0018-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, Cold War\nIn 1985, as part of the retirement of the F-4C from the inventory, the Oregon Air National Guard began to receive F-15A Eagles from active-duty units receiving the upgraded F-15C. Since the end of the Cold War, the 142nd has served as the principal air defense unit of the Pacific Northwest. In 1992, as part of a large USAF reorganization, both the group and squadron were re-designated yet again as the 142nd Fighter Group and the 123rd Fighter Squadron, respectively. In 1995 the group was elevated to wing status, beginning its current designation as the 142nd Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0019-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, Cold War\nThe wing participated in a wide variety of expeditionary and humanitarian assistance missions in the turbulent post-Cold War environment while providing air defense of the Pacific Northwest. These included major deployments to Turkey in 1998 for Operation Northern Watch and to Saudi Arabia in 2000 for Operation Southern Watch. The wing deployed aircraft to Panama in 1998 in support of counter-drug missions, helping stem the flow of the drug trade by air. Wing personnel deployed on various other missions, sending medical troops to Belize, civil engineers to Macedonia, and to such places around the globe as Cura\u00e7ao, Denmark, Germany, Guam, Kuwait, Spain and the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0020-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nOn September 11, 2001, the wing was one of the first units to respond to the terrorist attacks on the east coast with increased air defense to enhance security on the west coast, and subsequently participated in Operation Noble Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0021-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn the 50th Year of William Tell Anniversary Competition held in 2004, the 142nd Fighter Wing was rated first in maintenance, element attack and gun categories. These William Tell successes demonstrate Oregon's long history of excellent performance and readiness to accomplish the real world mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0022-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn 2004, unit personnel provided humanitarian aid in the wake of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the 2007 floods in Vernonia, Oregon. The wing also supported ongoing contingency operations in Southwest Asia, including Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, such as in the 2004 deployment of medical personnel to Qatar and the 2009 deployment of Security Forces Squadron personnel to Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0023-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn 2005, the early 1970s F-15A model were retired and the squadron received its current aircraft, the F-15C Eagle. With more than 1,000 officers and airmen, the 142nd Fighter Wing guards the Pacific Northwest skies from northern California to the Canada\u2013US border, on 24-hour Air Sovereignty Alert as part of Air Combat Command the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The wing also stands ready to participate in state and federal contingency missions as required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0024-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe base was selected by the 2005 BRAC to close. Eleventh-hour negotiations between the political delegations from the states of Washington and Oregon saved the base from closure. Ironically the argument made by several groups to save the base was that of the NORAD mission it performed and the air cover it provided for the Pacific Northwest was essential to homeland security. However, the 2005 BRAC commission recommended keeping a small detachment in place at the base in order to support NORAD but close all other operations. As part of the recommendations of the 2005 BRAC, the Air Force Reserve Command's 939th Air Refueling Wingwhich was also located on the Portland Air National Guard Station was forced to terminate operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0025-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nOn June 26, 2007, an F-15 Eagle from the 142nd Fighter Wing crashed into the Pacific Ocean during a simulated dogfight. Two F-15s from the 142nd were flying with two F/A-18 Hornets from Naval Air Station Fort Worth Joint Reserve Base performing dissimilar air combat training. The United States Coast Guard performed a search using two HH-60 Jayhawks, two Coast Guard Cutters, and one HC-130 Hercules. The night of the crash, the pilot, Major Gregory Young's body was found 40 miles west of Cannon Beach, Oregon. The crash was due to unrecognized spatial disorientation, which caused the pilot to misperceive his attitude, altitude, and airspeed until his aircraft impacted the water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0026-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn August 2010, two F-15 Eagles from the 142nd Fighter Wing were dispatched to Seattle, Washington, during a visit by President Barack Obama. The aircraft were scrambled due to a civilian aircraft violating protected airspace established for the President's visit. The jets produced two sonic booms over the Seattle skyline, the civilian Cessna 182 left restricted airspace before the jets arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0027-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nOn August 10, 2018, two F-15C's from the 142nd, both originally Massachusetts Air National Guard fighters on a \"swap\" to the Oregon Air National Guard, intercepted a stolen Horizon Air Bombardier Q400 turboprop over Seattle. The fighters armed with live AIM-9 Sidewinder and AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles, intercepted and escorted the plane away from populated areas before it crashed on Ketron Island, near McChord Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0028-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn June 2019, the 142nd Fighter Wing celebrated 30 years of flying the F-15 aircraft. Due in part to the organizations increased familiarity with the aircraft, the 142nd Wing was selected as one of the first operational wings to receive the F-15 EX \"Eagle II\" fighter jet. The aircraft is slated to arrive sometime in 2024, or 2025.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011191-0029-0000", "contents": "142nd Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nOn February 2021 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Governor Kate Brown activated the Oregon National Guard to help administer the COVID-19 vaccine to the public. As part of this effort, members of the 142nd Medical Group worked to administer the vaccine at the Oregon Convention Center mass vaccination site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011192-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Georgia General Assembly\nThe 142nd Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 141st and served as the precedent for the 143rd General Assembly in 1995. The 142nd General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia convened its first session in January 1993, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011193-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 142nd Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was among scores of regiments that were raised in the summer of 1864 as Hundred Days Men, an effort to augment existing manpower for an all-out push to end the war within 100 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011193-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 142nd Illinois organized at Freeport, Illinois, as an eight-company battalion. At Camp Butler, Illinois, two companies were added, and regiment was mustered into Federal service on June 18, 1864, for a one-hundred-day enlistment. The 142nd Illinois guarded the Memphis and Charleston Railroad in the vicinity of Memphis, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011193-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on October 27, 1864, at Chicago, Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011193-0003-0000", "contents": "142nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 30 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 30 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011194-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 142nd Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between November 3, 1864, and July 14, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011194-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was recruited at Fort Wayne and organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, with a strength of 1,015 men and mustered in on November 3, 1864. It left Indiana for Nashville, Tennessee, on November 18 was assigned post duty there until July 1865. The regiment was attached to the 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, 20th Corps and was left behind when the Corps marched into Georgia with Major General Sherman's Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011194-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nWith the 2nd Brigade, the regiment was in reserve at the Battle of Nashville on December 15\u201316, 1864. It occupied the left of the inner line of defense from the Cumberland River to Fort Negley. After the battle, the regiment remained at Nashville until it was mustered out on July 14, 1865. During its service the regiment incurred sixty-four fatalities, another twenty-eight deserted and twenty-two men unaccounted for.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011195-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 142nd Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment in the U.S. Army National Guard. 2nd Battalion, 142nd Infantry carries the regiment's legacy as a unit of the 56th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 36th Infantry Division. Eleven of its members have been decorated with the United States highest award for bravery, the Medal of Honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011195-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nMembers of the 142nd arriving as reinforcements tipped the Battle for Castle Itter in favor of a combined U.S. Army/Wehrmacht defense against a Waffen SS attack, the only time German and American forces fought side-by-side in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011195-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 142nd Infantry Regiment was constituted 5 May 1917 as 7th Infantry Regiment, Texas National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011195-0003-0000", "contents": "142nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nAzure, a fess wavy Gules fimbriated Argent, issuant in chief the shell-torn church steeple at St. Etienne, France, of the third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011195-0004-0000", "contents": "142nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the Texas Army National Guard:  On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure, a mullet Argent encircled by a garland of live oak and olive Proper. Motto \"I'll Face You\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011195-0005-0000", "contents": "142nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe shield is blue for Infantry. The wavy fess symbolizes the Aisne River, where the regiment's outstanding achievements took place during World War I; it also symbolizes the Red River separating the States of Texas and Oklahoma, from which states were drawn the units composing the 142d Infantry, Texas Army National Guard \u2013 the 7th Texas and Machine Gun Company. The church at St. Etienne, France, was in the sector where the regiment received its baptism of fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011195-0005-0001", "contents": "142nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nFirst Lieutenant Donald J. McLennan, D.S.C., scout officer of the 1st Battalion, 142nd Regiment Infantry, led a patrol across the Aisne River into the enemy country on 8 October 1918 and secured information of vast importance to the regiment. As he returned, under heavy fire, to the south bank of the Aisne River with his patrol, he was the last man to cross and would not cross with his back to the enemy. Instead, he backed across the foot-log, shaking his fist and shouting to the enemy \"We\u2019re going back, but I\u2019ll face you.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011195-0006-0000", "contents": "142nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe coat of arms was approved on 27 June 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011195-0007-0000", "contents": "142nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Medal of Honor recipients\nThe 142nd Infantry Regiment has had eleven United States Medal of Honor recipients:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011196-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 142nd New York Infantry Regiment (aka \"St. Lawrence County Regiment\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011196-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 142nd New York Infantry was organized at Ogdensburg, New York, beginning August 14, 1862 and mustered in for three-years service on September 29, 1862 under the command of Colonel Roscius W. Judson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011196-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade, Abercrombie's Division, Defenses of Washington, D.C., to February 1863. 3rd Brigade, Abercrombie's Division, XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to April 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to May 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, IV Corps, to July 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to August 1863. 1st Brigade, Gordon's Division, Folly Island, South Carolina, X Corps, Department of the South, to January 1864. 1st Brigade, Gordon's Division, Northern District, Department of the South, to April 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011196-0002-0001", "contents": "142nd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\n1st Brigade, 2nd Division, X Corps, Army of the James, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to May 1864. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XVIII Corps, to June 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, X Corps, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIV Corps, to January 1865. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Terry's Provisional Corps, Department of North Carolina, to March 1865. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, X Corps, Army of the Ohio, Department of North Carolina, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011196-0003-0000", "contents": "142nd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 142nd New York Infantry mustered out June 7, 1865. Recruits and veterans were transferred to the 169th New York Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011196-0004-0000", "contents": "142nd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D.C., October 6, 1862. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until April 1862. Moved to Suffolk, Va., April 19. Siege of Suffolk, Va., April 20-May 4. Siege of Suffolk raised May 4. Expedition to Kings and Queens County May 15 (1 company). Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24-July 7. Ordered to Washington, D.C., July 10. Pursuit of Lee to Berlin, Md., July 13\u201322. Moved to Folly Island, S.C., August 1\u20138.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011196-0004-0001", "contents": "142nd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege operations against Forts Wagner and Gregg, Morris Island, S.C., and against Fort Sumter and Charleston, S.C., August 9-September 7. Operations against Charleston and duty at Folly Island, Johns Island, and Hilton Head, S.C., until April 1864. Expedition to Johns and James Islands February 6\u201314, 1864. Skirmishes at Bugbee's Bridge February 9 and 11. Ordered to Yorktown, Va., April 1864. Butler's Campaign on the south side of the James River and operations against Petersburg and Richmond May 4\u201328. Occupation of City Point and Bermuda Hundred May 5. Swift Creek or Arrow field Church May 9\u201310.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011196-0004-0002", "contents": "142nd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOperations against Fort Darling May 12\u201316. Battle of Drewry's Bluff May 14\u201316. Bermuda Hundred May 16\u201328. Moved to White House, then to Cold Harbor May 28\u201331. Battles about Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 15\u201318. Siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond June 16, 1864 to December 7, 1864. Mine Explosion, Petersburg, July 30. Duty in trenches before Petersburg and on the Bermuda Hundred front until September 27. Battle of Chaffin's Farm, New Market Heights, September 28\u201330. Battle of Fair Oaks October 27\u201328. Duty in trenches before Richmond until December. Expedition to Fort Fisher, N.C., December 7\u201327. 2nd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011196-0004-0003", "contents": "142nd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nExpedition to Fort Fisher, N.C., January 3\u201315, 1865. Assault and capture of Fort Fisher January 15. Cape Fear entrenchments February 11\u201313. Fort Anderson February 18\u201319. Capture of Wilmington February 22. Carolinas Campaign March 1-April 26. Advance on Goldsboro March 6\u201321. Advance on Raleigh April 9\u201313. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Raleigh until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011196-0005-0000", "contents": "142nd New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 292 men during service; 3 officers and 126 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 161 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011197-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd New York State Legislature\nThe 142nd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 1 to June 16, 1919, during the first year of Al Smith's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011197-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011197-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party, the Prohibition Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011197-0003-0000", "contents": "142nd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1918, was held on November 5. This was the first election at which women had the right to vote, and the right to run for elective offices. Two women were elected to the State Assembly: Ida B. Sammis (Rep.) and Mary M. Lilly (Dem. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011197-0004-0000", "contents": "142nd New York State Legislature, Elections\nAl Smith and Harry C. Walker were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor, both Democrats. The incumbent Governor Charles S. Whitman ran on the Republican and the Prohibition tickets for re-election, but was defeated by Smith in a tight race, with a plurality of about 15,000 votes out of more than two million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011197-0005-0000", "contents": "142nd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe other five statewide elective offices up for election were carried by the Republicans. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats 1,010,000; Republicans 956,000; Socialists 122,000; Prohibition 39,000; and Socialist Labor 5,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011197-0006-0000", "contents": "142nd New York State Legislature, Elections\nIn New York City, where in November 1917 ten Socialists had been elected to the Assembly by pluralities in three-way races, Republicans and Democrats combined to stem the \"red flood\", and nominated joint candidates in most of the \"Socialist\" districts. Thus they managed to outpoll the Socialists in eight of the ten districts; only two Socialists, August Claessens and Charles Solomon, managed to get elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011197-0007-0000", "contents": "142nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 1, 1919; and adjourned on April 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011197-0008-0000", "contents": "142nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJ. Henry Walters (R) was elected president pro tempore of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011197-0009-0000", "contents": "142nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany in the evening of June 16. This session was called to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which established women's suffrage. The amendment was ratified by a vote of 44 to 0 in the Senate, and 137 to 0 in the Assembly. State Senator Henry M. Sage\u2014who was an outspoken opponent of women's suffrage\u2013was, on his request, excused from voting because \"he did not care to vote against it, but could not possibly vote to ratify.\" The Legislature also passed four bills concerning the housing situation in New York City; and adjourned after four hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011197-0010-0000", "contents": "142nd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Peter J. McGarry, Kenneth F. Sutherland, Daniel F. Farrell, Jeremiah F. Twomey and Burt Z. Kasson changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011198-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 142nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 142nd Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 142nd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011198-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 142nd OVI was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 13, 1864, for 100 days' service under the command of Colonel William Craig Cooper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011198-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment moved to Martinsburg, West Virginia, May 14, 1864; then to Washington, D.C., May 19. Duty at Fort Lyon, near Alexandria, Virginia, until June 3. Attached to 2nd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps. Embarked at Alexandria, Virginia, for White House, Virginia, June 7. Duty guarding supply trains through the Wilderness to the front near Cold Harbor, Virginia, June 9\u201314. Moved to Point of Rocks, Virginia, and duty there until August 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011198-0003-0000", "contents": "142nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 142nd OVI mustered out of service September 2, 1864, at Camp Chase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011198-0004-0000", "contents": "142nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days' service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg. The 142nd OVI did not participate in any battles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 914]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011198-0005-0000", "contents": "142nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 43 men during service; 1 officer and 42 all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011199-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 142nd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was a volunteer infantry regiment that fought in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment primarily served in the Army of the Potomac in the Eastern Theater and was heavily engaged in the first day of fighting at Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011199-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was organized in August 1862, with Robert P. Cummins as colonel, Alfred B. McCalmont as lieutenant colonel, and John Bradley as major. It was sent to Washington, D.C., where it built fortifications. After a couple of weeks, it was sent to Frederick, Maryland, where it performed garrison duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011199-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nIn October, it became part of the 2nd Brigade of the Pennsylvania Reserves. At the Battle of Fredericksburg, the regiment formed part of the force which briefly pierced the Confederate right, losing 250 out of 550 men, including Major Bradley, who was mortally wounded. After the battle, the Reserves division was sent back to Washington, and the regiment was reassigned to the 1st Brigade, Third Division, I Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011199-0003-0000", "contents": "142nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nAt the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, the unit fought first on McPherson's Ridge and then on Seminary Ridge before being driven back to Cemetery Hill only after being outflanked by Confederate North Carolina divisions on its left and right flanks. Only 140 men had made it back to Union lines, and Colonel Cummins was mortally wounded. During the next two days, the 142nd was only lightly engaged. After the battle, the regiment became part of the 3rd Brigade, Fourth Division, V Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011199-0004-0000", "contents": "142nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nIn September 1864, Horatio N. Warren was promoted to colonel of the regiment. It fought throughout the Overland Campaign and the Siege of Petersburg, mostly against the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad. After the surrender at Appomattox Court House, the regiment participated in the Grand Review of the Armies in Washington and was mustered out on May 29, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011199-0005-0000", "contents": "142nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe casualty information presented above is as inscribed on the back of the 142nd's monument on the battlefield at Gettysburg National Military Park in Adams County, Pennsylvania. According to Fox's Regimental Losses, the 142nd PVI suffered the ninth highest percentage of combat fatalities in the entire Union army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011199-0006-0000", "contents": "142nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Reenactors\nA group portraying Company G is based in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. As of 2017 it is affiliated with the .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011199-0007-0000", "contents": "142nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Reenactors\nCompany G Administrative Officers 2018President - Rudy MuellerSecretary/Treasurer - Mark Tramontina Field Commander - Robert Conger Another group, portraying   2015-08-15 at the Wayback Machine, is based in the Gettysburg, Pennsylvania area and is affiliated with the Federal Volunteer Brigade, 2nd Regiment. Company F boasts members in four states (Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia) and in 2018 is celebrating 20 years of re-enacting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011199-0008-0000", "contents": "142nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Reenactors\nCompany F Administrative officers 2018: President - Rich KeyesVice President - John FraterrigoSecretary/Treasurer - Brian PetcashCivilian Coordinator - Hillary KeyesField Commander - Bryon BlackNewsletter Editor - Keith MacGregorCompany F publishes a monthly newsletter entitled   2015-08-15 at the Wayback Machine. The newsletter is in its 20th year of publication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011200-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe 142nd (Suffolk) Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (142 RAC) was an armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps that was raised in World War II and saw active service. The regiment served in the final stages of the North African Campaign at Tunisia and later served during the Italian Campaign from 1943 until early 1945 when it was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011200-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\nThe 142nd Regiment RAC was formed on 22 November 1941 by the conversion to the armoured role of the 7th Battalion, Suffolk Regiment, a war-raised infantry battalion that was formed in June 1940 and serving with the 210th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home). In common with other infantry units transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, all personnel would have continued to wear their Suffolk Regiment cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011200-0001-0001", "contents": "142nd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\nThe establishment of a tank regiment being smaller than that of an infantry battalion, there were 161 men surplus to establishment who were transferred to other units, including 53rd and 59th battalions of the Reconnaissance Corps, the remainder of the men going to the 30th Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011200-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Training\n142 RAC was assigned to the 25th Army Tank Brigade, alongside the North Irish Horse and 51st RTR. and was initially equipped with Matilda II and Churchill infantry tanks, later standardising on Churchills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011200-0003-0000", "contents": "142nd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Training\nOn 4 July 1942, the regiment was ordered to mobilise for overseas service, but nothing came of this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011200-0004-0000", "contents": "142nd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Training\nOn 4 August, the Commanding Officer, Lt-Col R.H. Maxwell (Suffolk Regiment) was promoted to Acting Brigadier to command 25th Tank Bde and the Second-in-Command, Major A.S. Birkbeck (Royal Tank Regiment) was promoted to Acting Lt-Col and took over command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011200-0005-0000", "contents": "142nd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Training\nThe 25th Tank Brigade had been attached to 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division and based at Worthing in Sussex, but in September 1942 it changed to 1st Infantry Division in Norfolk, followed in September 1942 by a transfer to 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division in Suffolk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011200-0006-0000", "contents": "142nd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Training\nOn 30 December 1942, the regiment again received orders to prepare for overseas service. Some of the men had to be recalled from harvesting sugar beets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011200-0007-0000", "contents": "142nd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Operations\nThe regiment landed at Algiers on 1 February 1943 taking part in Operation Ochsenkopf during early March and in April fought at the Battle of Mejdez-el Bab in the Tunisia. In May it took part in operations in the Tunis area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011200-0008-0000", "contents": "142nd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Operations\nOn 20 April 1944 142 RAC landed at Naples to join the Italian campaign, and on 22 May it took part in breaching the Adolf Hitler Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011200-0009-0000", "contents": "142nd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Operations\nIt was the Recce Troop of 142 RAC that effected the junction between British Eighth Army and US Fifth Army at Valmontone on 3 June. In July and August 1944 the regiment was in the advance to Florence, and on 28 August it took part in breaching the Gothic Line near Rimini.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011201-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 142nd Rifle Division began service in August, 1939 as a standard Red Army rifle division, which participated in the Winter War against Finland. It remained on the Karelian Isthmus and had a relatively uneventful war facing the Finns until the Vyborg\u2013Petrozavodsk Offensive began on June 10, 1944, from which point it saw much more active service. Following the end of the Continuation War, the division was transferred to 2nd Shock Army in 2nd Belorussian Front. Its soldiers distinguished themselves in the capture of the German city of Graudenz and ended the war fighting through Pomerania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011201-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Formation\nThe division began forming in August, 1939, north of Leningrad, where it would spend most of the war. On Nov. 30 the Winter War with Finland began, and the division performed creditably enough that it was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011201-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Formation\nOn June 22, 1941, the division was in 19th Rifle Corps of 23rd Army near the Finnish border in Leningrad Military District. Its order of battle was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011201-0003-0000", "contents": "142nd Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Formation\nP.S. Pshennikov, who had commanded the division in the Winter War, had been promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General and was now in command of 23rd Army. On July 31 the Finnish Army began its offensive against 23rd Army and over the following month pushed south down the Karelian Isthmus as the Russian forces conducted a fighting retreat. On Aug. 31 the front had reached general line of the 1939 Finnish-Soviet border, and the Finns halted. The 142nd would remain along this line, fighting a static war, until June, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011201-0004-0000", "contents": "142nd Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Karelian Offensive\nThe German forces to the south of Leningrad were driven away in January, 1944. In early June, the Soviet 23rd and 21st Armies were reinforced for a reckoning with Finland. The 142nd, now in 115th Rifle Corps and under command of Col. G.L. Sonnikov, was on the extreme right flank and in first echelon of 23rd Army on the shores of Lake Ladoga. The offensive began on June 10. After initial attacks, the division advanced 9km on June 14 against the Finnish 19th Infantry Brigade, piercing the first Finnish defensive belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011201-0005-0000", "contents": "142nd Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Karelian Offensive\nThe offensive slowed as Finnish resistance grew, and it wasn't until early July that the army forced its way to the Vuoksi River and cleared the south bank. An assault crossing was made by the 461st Rifle Regiment on July 9 which gained a foothold on the north bank, allowing the rest of the division to cross, and a bridgehead 7km wide and 2km deep was established. The Finnish III Army responded with reinforcements, trying to crush the bridgehead. In the end they were only able to contain it. After three days of fighting, 23rd Army went over to the defense. The Moscow Armistice brought the fighting to a halt, leaving the 142nd available for the assault on Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011201-0006-0000", "contents": "142nd Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance Into Germany\nAfter spending October rebuilding in Stavka reserves, the 142nd was transferred to the 98th Rifle Corps, where it would remain for the duration. That corps was, in turn, transferred to 2nd Shock Army, which was placed under command of Marshal K.K. Rokossovsky in 2nd Belorussian Front. The division would remain under these commands for the duration as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011201-0007-0000", "contents": "142nd Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance Into Germany\nThe 142nd took part in the Vistula-Oder Offensive, advancing on the right flank of its Front. During this overall offensive it also participated in the East Pomeranian Offensive, and distinguished itself in the capture of the city of Graudenz on Mar. 6, 1945. Seven officers and men were named as Heroes of the Soviet Union for this victory, and the division received the city's name as an honorific. The division finished the war along the Baltic coast in west Pomerania, with the official designation: 142nd Rifle, Graudenz, Order of the Red Banner Division. (Russian: 142-\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0437\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011201-0008-0000", "contents": "142nd Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance Into Germany\nFeskov et al 2013 notes the division disbanded in the Northern Group of Forces in Poland in summer 1945, in accordance with Stavka VGK Order No. 11097 dated 29 April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011202-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd meridian east\nThe 142nd meridian east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011202-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd meridian east\nThe 142nd meridian east is the estimated location of the boundary between Spain and Portugal (as per the Treaty of Zaragoza) signed on 22 April 1529. Consequently, at Possession Island 142\u00b024'E, just before sunset on Wednesday 22 August 1770, Captain Cook declared the coast to be British territory in the name of King George III. The Coast to the west was already Dutch territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011202-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd meridian east\nThe 142nd meridian east forms a great circle with the 38th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011202-0003-0000", "contents": "142nd meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 142nd meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011203-0000-0000", "contents": "142nd meridian west\nThe meridian 142\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011203-0001-0000", "contents": "142nd meridian west\nThe 142nd meridian west forms a great circle with the 38th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011203-0002-0000", "contents": "142nd meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 142nd meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011204-0000-0000", "contents": "143 (EP)\n143 is an extended play/mixtape by American recording artist Tiffany Evans. The EP was released on February 12, 2013 under Tiffany's recording label Little Lady Entertainment. It produced two singles: \"U Got a Woman\" and \"If You Love Me\", both released in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011205-0000-0000", "contents": "143 (album)\n143 is the debut studio album by British pop duo Bars and Melody. It was released in the United Kingdom on the 21 August 2015. The album peaked at number 4 on the UK Albums Chart. The album includes the singles \"Hopeful\", \"Keep Smiling\" and \"Stay Strong\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011205-0001-0000", "contents": "143 (album), Singles\n\"Hopeful\" was released as the lead single from the album on 27 July 2014. The song peaked at number 5 on the UK Singles Chart. \"Keep Smiling\" was released as the second single from the album on 16 February 2015. The song peaked at number 52 on the UK Singles Chart. \"Stay Strong\" was released as the third single from the album on 5 April 2015. The song peaked at number 53 on the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011206-0000-0000", "contents": "143 (film)\n143 is a 2004 Indian Telugu-language romantic action film directed, written, and produced by Puri Jagannadh, starring Sairam Shankar and Samiksha in the lead roles. Nagendra Babu, Brahmanandam, Dharmavarapu Subramanyam, Asha Saini, Brahmaji, M. S. Narayana and Ali play supporting roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011206-0001-0000", "contents": "143 (film)\nThe film was released on 27 August 2004. The movie introduces Sairam Shankar, brother of director Puri Jagannadh as the lead actor. The soundtrack of the movie was composed by Indian music director Chakri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011206-0002-0000", "contents": "143 (film), Plot\nSiddu (Sairam Shankar) is a carefree boy-next-door. Sanjana (Samiksha) is a doting sister of four elder brothers. Siddu is like a family member in Sanjana's household. One fine day, Sanjana elopes with Siddu. And fate separates them. Sanjana goes into the protective hands of naxalites. Siddu lands up in the house of a journalist (Flora Saini). Siddu thinks Sanjana is dead. Sanjana thinks Siddu is no more. The rest of the story is all about how fate unites them again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011207-0000-0000", "contents": "143 (number)\n143 (one hundred [and] forty-three) is the natural number following 142 and preceding 144.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011207-0001-0000", "contents": "143 (number), In mathematics\n143 is the sum of seven consecutive primes (11 + 13 + 17 + 19 + 23 + 29 + 31). But this number is never the sum of an integer and its base 10 digits, making it a self number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011207-0002-0000", "contents": "143 (number), In mathematics\nEvery positive integer is the sum of at most 143 seventh powers (see Waring's problem).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011207-0003-0000", "contents": "143 (number), In mathematics\n143 is the difference in the first exception to the pattern shown below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011208-0000-0000", "contents": "143 Adria\nAdria (minor planet designation: 143 Adria) is a fairly large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa on 23 February 1875, at the Austrian Naval Observatory, and named after the Adriatic Sea, on the coast of which the discovery was made. This dark-coloured asteroid has probably a primitive carbonaceous chondritic composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011208-0001-0000", "contents": "143 Adria\nOne occultation by Adria has been reported so far, from Japan on August 21, 2000. A somewhat spherical shape measuring 98 \u00d7 86\u00a0km was observed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011208-0002-0000", "contents": "143 Adria\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid made during 2008 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico gave an irregular light curve with a period of 22.005 \u00b1 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.08 \u00b1 0.01 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011209-0000-0000", "contents": "143 BC\nYear 143 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pulcher and Macedonicus (or, less frequently, year 611 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 143 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011210-0000-0000", "contents": "143 Records\n143 Records is the record label of producer David Foster. 143 is a sub-label of Warner Records and Atlantic Records. The numbers 1-4-3 are derived from the words \"I love you.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011210-0001-0000", "contents": "143 Records, History\nWhen record producer David Foster signed a deal with Warner Bros. in 1995, it enabled him to start 143 Records. Foster gave the responsibility for running the label to manager Brian Avnet. One of the label's first signing was Irish folk-rock band The Corrs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011210-0002-0000", "contents": "143 Records, History\nIn 1997 Foster and Avnet concluded \"logo labels\" like 143 were in a \"bad spot\". Foster sold the label back to Warner and then became senior vice-president at the corporation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011211-0000-0000", "contents": "143 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force\nThe 143 Squadron \"Phoenix\" of the Republic of Singapore Air Force currently operates twelve F-16 Fighting Falcon Block 52. Based in Tengah Airbase, the squadron's motto is \"We Dare\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011211-0001-0000", "contents": "143 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\n143 Squadron was formed on 15 February 1975 in Changi Air Base. Operations first started on 1 April 1975 with 9 A-4Bs and 13 pilots. The first singaporean instructors and pilot were sent for training on the new aircraft to NAS Lemoore, California. They returned to Singapore in 1974 to form the nucleus of 2 new squadrons, namely No. 142 (Gryphon) and No. 143(Phoenix), with the latter actually being the first to achieve operational status in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011211-0002-0000", "contents": "143 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\nThe squadron moved to Tengah Air Base on 26 Aug 1975. On the 1st January 1976, 143 Squadron was nationalized with Cpt Ronald Lim Tze Chiow as the new commander taking over from Maj Kao Pi Ti, a Taiwanese expatriate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011211-0003-0000", "contents": "143 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\nThe year 1989 was a memorable year for the Squadron as it became the first squadron to receive the re-engined A-4SU Skyhawks. On 1 March 1989, 143 Squadron was officially inaugurated as the first Super Skyhawk\u00a0Squadron by BG (Res) Lee Hsien Loong. Later in the year, it won the Best Fighter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011211-0004-0000", "contents": "143 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\nThe emblem of 143 sqn was changed to a phoenix resting on the blunt edge of the sword on 1 March 1989. The bird on the new emblem is more aggressive-looking than the previous one, to match the improved capabilities of the skyhawk, and also to uphold the motto of the Phoenixians - \"We Dare\"!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011211-0005-0000", "contents": "143 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\nIn the following year, 143 Squadron had to honour to form the Black Knights aerobatics display team which made its debut performance at the Asian Aerospace 1990 under the CO then Teo Shi Onn. The squadron operated the A-4SUs until the squadron was deactivated momentarily in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011211-0006-0000", "contents": "143 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\nThe F16C/D Fighting Falcons\u00a0were inaugurated into 143 SQN on 27 Oct 2000. The ceremony was officiated by RADM (NS) Teo Chee Hean, Minister for Education and 2nd Minister for Defence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011211-0007-0000", "contents": "143 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Information\nThe squadron insignia is based on a mythical bird. A phoenix with only one of its kind, that after living five or six centuries in the Arabian Desert that rises from the ashes with renewed youth to live through another cycle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 58], "content_span": [59, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011211-0008-0000", "contents": "143 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Information\nThis is especially true for 143 Squadron as it was deactivated in 1997, after flying the A-4 Skyhawks since 1974, and then re-activated in 2000 to fly the newly acquired F-16C/D Fighting Falcons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 58], "content_span": [59, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011211-0009-0000", "contents": "143 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Information\nThe tail is adorned with a yellow & black checkered tailband. The squadron's logo is centered with the serial number on the base of the tail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 58], "content_span": [59, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011211-0010-0000", "contents": "143 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Motto\nThe motto of the squadron, \"We Dare\" aptly describes the people in the Squadron as they face any challenge with daring, courage and resilience, just like the Phoenix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 52], "content_span": [53, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011211-0011-0000", "contents": "143 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Achievements\nThe squadron won the Best Fighter Squadron in the following years: 1989, 1990, 2017 and 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011212-0000-0000", "contents": "1430\nYear 1430 (MCDXXX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011213-0000-0000", "contents": "1430 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1430\u00a0kHz: 1430 AM is a regional broadcast frequency, as classified by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011214-0000-0000", "contents": "1430 K Street\n1430\u00a0K Street is a high-rise building located in the United States capital of Washington, D.C. The building was constructed in 2005 and its construction was completed in 2006. On its completion, the building rose to 150 feet (46\u00a0m), featuring 12 floors. The building serves as an office and parking garage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011214-0001-0000", "contents": "1430 K Street\nThis was the first office building in the Washington downtown to be fully sold as a condominium. Non -profit associations and lobbying groups like the American Educational Research Association are buying floors of the building to replace their previous brownstone town houses which are not now suitable to be modern offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011214-0002-0000", "contents": "1430 K Street\nThe architect of the building was Alkridge, who designed the post modern design of the building. Alkridge was selected to design the building by NEST and Totah Venture, marketing organizations. Before 1430\u00a0K Street was built, two buildings were demolished in order for the construction of this building to take place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011215-0000-0000", "contents": "1430 Somalia\n1430 Somalia, provisional designation 1937 NK, is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 July 1937, by astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. It was named for the African country of Somalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011215-0001-0000", "contents": "1430 Somalia, Orbit and classification\nBased on the hierarchical clustering method, Somalia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population (Nesvorn\u00fd), as well as a core member of the Astraea family (Milani and Kne\u017eevi\u0107). It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,495 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011215-0002-0000", "contents": "1430 Somalia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1929 RQ at Simeiz or Lowell observatories in September 1929. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011215-0003-0000", "contents": "1430 Somalia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn 2011, two rotational lightcurves of Somalia were obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy, and by astronomers at the Bassano Bresciano Observatory (565) in Italy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.910 and 6.913 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.40 and 0.45 magnitude, respectively (U=3-/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011215-0004-0000", "contents": "1430 Somalia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn 2016, a modeled lightcurve was derived from various photometric database sources, giving a concurring sidereal period of 6.90907 hours. The modelled lightcurve also determined two spin axis of (297.0\u00b0, 42.0\u00b0) and (128.0\u00b0, 47.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011215-0005-0000", "contents": "1430 Somalia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Somalia measures between 8.77 and 9.674 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1436 and 0.31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011215-0006-0000", "contents": "1430 Somalia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 10.79 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011215-0007-0000", "contents": "1430 Somalia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the country of Somalia, located in the Horn of Africa. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5181).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011217-0000-0000", "contents": "1430 in Ireland, Events\nUlick Ruadh Burke , became 5th lord of Clanricarde (died 1485)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011218-0000-0000", "contents": "1430s\nThe 1430s decade ran from January 1, 1430, to December 31, 1439.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011219-0000-0000", "contents": "1430s BC\nThe 1430s BC is a decade which lasted from 1439 BC to 1430 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011222-0000-0000", "contents": "1430s in art\nThe decade of the 1430s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011223-0000-0000", "contents": "1430s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011223-0001-0000", "contents": "1430s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011223-0002-0000", "contents": "1430s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011224-0000-0000", "contents": "1431\nYear 1431 (MCDXXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011225-0000-0000", "contents": "1431 Luanda\n1431 Luanda, provisional designation 1937 OB, is a stony Eunomian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 July 1937, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named after the city of Luanda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011225-0001-0000", "contents": "1431 Luanda, Orbit and classification\nLuanda is a member of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony S-type asteroid and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,549 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011225-0002-0000", "contents": "1431 Luanda, Physical characteristics\nLuanda has been characterized as a L/S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. The LCDB assumes it to be a common stony S-type asteroid, in-line with the family's overall spectral type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011225-0003-0000", "contents": "1431 Luanda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 1997, a rotational lightcurve of Luanda was obtained from photometric observations at the F\u00e9lix Aguilar Observatory in Argentina . Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.360 hours with a brightness variation of 1.0 magnitude (U=2). In January 2007, French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy obtained a period of 4.141 hours with an amplitude of 0.77 magnitude (U=9-). A high brightness amplitude indicates that the body has an elongated rather than spherical shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011225-0004-0000", "contents": "1431 Luanda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Luanda measures 13.61 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.36.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011225-0005-0000", "contents": "1431 Luanda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for Eunomian asteroids of 0.21 \u2013 derived from 15\u00a0Eunomia, the parent body of this family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 13.88 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011225-0006-0000", "contents": "1431 Luanda, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the city of Luanda, capital of Angola. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5182).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011226-0000-0000", "contents": "1431 in France\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BrownHairedGirl (talk | contribs) at 17:54, 19 June 2020 (use Template:Year in France header, which needs no parameters and applies categories, replaced: {{yearbox|  in?= in France| }} \u2192 {{Year in France header}}). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011228-0000-0000", "contents": "1431 papal conclave\nThe 1431 papal conclave (March 2\u20133) convened after the death of Pope Martin V and elected as his successor cardinal Gabriele Condulmer, who took the name Eugene IV. It was the first papal conclave held after the end of the Great Western Schism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011228-0001-0000", "contents": "1431 papal conclave, List of participants\nPope Martin V died on February 20, 1431. At the time of his death, there were 20 publicly known members of the College of Cardinals, but only 18 were considered to be valid electors. Fourteen of them participated in the conclave:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011228-0002-0000", "contents": "1431 papal conclave, List of participants\nThe Council of Constance confirmed the cardinals created by all three obediences of the time of the Schism. Seven participants were named cardinal by Pope Martin V, three by \"Pisan\" Antipope John XXIII, two by \"Roman\" Pope Gregory XII, one by \"Roman\" Pope Innocent VII and one by Antipope Benedict XIII of Avignon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011228-0003-0000", "contents": "1431 papal conclave, Absentees\nAll the absentee electors were created by Martin V, except Pierre de Foix, who was elevated by Pisan Antipope John XXIII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011228-0004-0000", "contents": "1431 papal conclave, Non-electors\nPope Martin V initiated the custom of creating cardinals without publishing their names at the time (similar to in pectore). At the time of his death the names of two of his secret nominees remained unpublished and, therefore, they were not regarded as members of the Sacred College. They were Juan Casanova, administrator of Elne, and Guillaume Ragenel de Montfort, bishop of Saint-Malo, and they both were later created again by Eugene IV. However, two cardinals also created initially in pectore but later published were not allowed to participate in this conclave, because some necessary rites had not been accomplished at the death of Martin V:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011228-0005-0000", "contents": "1431 papal conclave, The election of Pope Eugene IV\nThe Mass of the Holy Spirit was sung on Thursday March 1, 1431 by Cardinal Giordano Orsini, the Bishop of Albano, prior Cardinalium. On March 2 all cardinals present in Rome entered the conclave in Santa Maria sopra Minerva. On 2 March,  the electors prepared and subscribed the conclave capitulation. The terms of the Capitulation, which contained at least eight clauses, included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011228-0006-0000", "contents": "1431 papal conclave, The election of Pope Eugene IV\nThe first scrutiny took place on the following day, 3 March, and ended with unanimous election of Cardinal Gabriele Condulmer, who took the name of Eugene IV. On Sunday 11 March he was solemnly crowned on the steps of the patriarchal Vatican Basilica by Cardinal Alfonso Carrillo de Albornoz of S. Eustachio, the Cardinal Protodeacon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011229-0000-0000", "contents": "1432\nYear 1432 (MCDXXXII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011232-0000-0000", "contents": "1433\nYear 1433 (MCDXXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011233-0000-0000", "contents": "1433 Geramtina\n1433 Geramtina, provisional designation 1937 UC, is a stony Gefion asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle on 30 October 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011233-0001-0000", "contents": "1433 Geramtina\nThe asteroid was named \"Geramtina\" after the sister of Swedish astronomer Bror Asplind. Geramtina has an ordinary chondritic composition and has been considered a candidate for being the parent body of the H chondrites. However, results are inconclusive, and recent HCM analysis suggest that Geramtina is a Gefionian interloper rather than a core member of the family. The asteroid has a tentative rotation period of 14 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011233-0002-0000", "contents": "1433 Geramtina, Orbit and classification\nGeramtina is a core member of the Gefion family (516), which is also known as Minerva family. However, it is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population according to Nesvorny's application of the body's proper orbital elements to the hierarchical clustering method (synthetic), suggesting that Geramtina is an interloper rather than a core member.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011233-0003-0000", "contents": "1433 Geramtina, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,708 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle in 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011233-0004-0000", "contents": "1433 Geramtina, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nIn the SMASS classification, Geramtina is a common, stony S-type asteroid. The photometric survey by Pan-STARRS has also characterized the asteroid as an S-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011233-0005-0000", "contents": "1433 Geramtina, Physical characteristics, Mineralogy\nThe spectra of Geramtina together with 4182 Mount Locke have been studies in a mineralogical assessment to test whether these considered core members of the Gefion family might be the source of the L chondrites, a common group of meteorites, due to their dynamical and compositional characteristics. Spectra obtained with the 3-meter NASA IRTF telescope, however, were inconclusive and suggest that Geramtina might as well be a H chondrite rather than an L chondrite, but allows for the determination of a general S(IV) ordinary chondritic composition. The researchers also acknowledged that the Gefion family space has a high abundance of interlopers which needs to be ruled out first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 52], "content_span": [53, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011233-0006-0000", "contents": "1433 Geramtina, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Geramtina was obtained from photometric observations at the National Undergraduate Research Observatory, NURO, in Flagstaff, Arizona. Lightcurve analysis gave a tentative rotation period of 14 hours (monomodal solution) with a brightness amplitude of 0.07 magnitude (U=2-). Alternatively, it has a bimodal period solution of 28 hours, which is considered more likely by the observers, but ignored by the Asteroid Lightcurve Data Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011233-0007-0000", "contents": "1433 Geramtina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Geramtina measures 12.687 and 14.574 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.251 and 0.1910, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011233-0008-0000", "contents": "1433 Geramtina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo of stony asteroids 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 14.22 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011233-0009-0000", "contents": "1433 Geramtina, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by Swedish astronomer Bror Ansgar Asplind (1890\u20131954) after his sister. The name \"Geramtina\" is a constructed name. Bror Asplind computed the orbits of several discoveries made at Uccle Observatory in preparation of the 6th IAU General Assembly in Stockholm in 1938. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 129).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011235-0000-0000", "contents": "14335 Alexosipov\n14335 Alexosipov, provisional designation 1981 RR3, is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Soviet\u2013Russian astronomer Nikolai Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on 3 September 1981. The asteroid was named after astronomer Alexandr Osipov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011235-0001-0000", "contents": "14335 Alexosipov, Orbit and classification\nAlexosipov is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,220 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first astrometric observations were already made at the discovering observatory in 1971, 10 years prior to its discovery. However, these observations were not used to extend the asteroid's observation arc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011235-0002-0000", "contents": "14335 Alexosipov, Physical characteristics\nAlexosipov has been characterized as a common S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011235-0003-0000", "contents": "14335 Alexosipov, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA rotational lightcurve of Alexosipov was obtained from photometric observations made by American astronomer Brian Skiff in October 2011. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.18\u00b10.01 hours with a low brightness variation of 0.10 in magnitude (U=3). A low brightness amplitude typically indicates that the body has a nearly spheroidal shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011235-0004-0000", "contents": "14335 Alexosipov, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Alexosipov measures 4.2 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.279, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 which derives from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of this orbital family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 3.9 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011235-0005-0000", "contents": "14335 Alexosipov, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of astronomer Alexandr Kuzmich Osipov (1920\u20132004), observer of artificial satellites, the Moon, planets and comets at the Astronomical Observatory of Kyiv National University in Kiev, Ukraine. He is described as a skilled teacher for many generations of students. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 December 2005 (M.P.C. 55721).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011235-0006-0000", "contents": "14335 Alexosipov, Naming\n152217 Akosipov, discovered 2005, is also named for Aleksandr Osipov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011236-0000-0000", "contents": "1434\nYear 1434 (MCDXXXIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011237-0000-0000", "contents": "1434 Margot\n1434 Margot, provisional designation 1936 FD1, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 29 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 March 1936, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Gertrud Margot G\u00f6rsdorf, a friend of German astronomer of Wilhelm Gliese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011237-0001-0000", "contents": "1434 Margot, Orbit and classification\nMargot is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer asteroid belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,916 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011237-0002-0000", "contents": "1434 Margot, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins at Vienna Observatory in August 1906, when it was first identified as A922 SD, almost 30 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011237-0003-0000", "contents": "1434 Margot, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Margot is a common S-type asteroid. Pan-STARRS photometric survey also characterizes it as a stony S-type, while the overall spectral type for Eoan asteroids is that of a K-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011237-0004-0000", "contents": "1434 Margot, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn June 1984, a rotational lightcurve of Margot was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Richard Binzel . Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.17 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.52 magnitude, indicative of a somewhat elongated shape (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011237-0005-0000", "contents": "1434 Margot, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Margot measures between 27.178 and 30.84 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.117 and 0.1353.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011237-0006-0000", "contents": "1434 Margot, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1106 and a diameter of 29.49 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.66.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011237-0007-0000", "contents": "1434 Margot, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by German astronomer Wilhelm Gliese after Gertrud Margot Zottmann (1915\u20131990; n\u00e9e G\u00f6rsdorf), his friend and schoolfellow for several years at Berlin. Gliese, after whom the asteroid (1823) is named, is best known for the Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars, which is itself the source of name for many discovered exoplanets. The discovery circumstances and naming were researched by Lutz Schmadel, the author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011239-0000-0000", "contents": "1434 oath\nThe 1434 oath was taken by members of the English gentry and swore them to refrain from harbouring law-breakers and other breakers of the King's Peace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011239-0001-0000", "contents": "1434 oath, The oath\nIn 1434 the King, Henry VI, was still a legal minor, and the royal council ruled on his behalf. Aware of the important role the gentry and nobility played in the regions in keeping law and order, the council believed that it would be a positive step for these men to swear an oath \"that they would neither use their wealth and influence to undertake criminal activities nor maintain lesser men\" who did. The nobility had already taken a similar oath in the House of Lords the previous year at the instigation of the Commons, which also took the oath on the same day. It was then decided that all major landholders in the country should also swear the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011239-0002-0000", "contents": "1434 oath, The oath\nThe oath instructed that all who took it would not:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011239-0003-0000", "contents": "1434 oath, The oath\nReceyve, cheryssh, hold in houshold ne maigtene pillours, robbours, oppressours of the peple, mansleers, felons, owtlawes, ravissheres of wommen, brekers of parkes or warennes, or eny other open mysdoor or eny openly named or famed for such till his innocencie be declared, and that no man take eny other mennes cause or querell in favour or meyntenaunce as be word, by writyng or message to officer, juge, jure or partie be colour of eny feffement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011239-0004-0000", "contents": "1434 oath, The oath\nOn 20 January the parliament's Knights of the Shire were instructed to compose and submit to Chancery a list of those property holders who qualified in their constituencies. The oath itself was taken in the localities on 1 May the same year. Of the 36 counties of which lists were presumably made, 29 survive in Chancery. They comprise over 4,000 names, generally listed from the highest-ranking to the lowest. Ten men appear on multiple lists. Bogner has called this collection a \"15th-century Who's Who...a rare snapshot of the movers and shakers in local society\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011239-0005-0000", "contents": "1434 oath, The oath\nThe oath of 1434 has been described by the prosopographer Gilbert Bogner as constituting \"the most comprehensive list of English knights\" of the century. The oath was a response to a perceived increase in lawlessness in the regions, which itself was seen as having been caused by illegal retaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011239-0006-0000", "contents": "1434 oath, The oath, Later events\nThe 1434 oath was used the following year to encourage John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk to improve his behaviour. Although Mowbray had sworn with the other lords in 1433, his behaviour, which seems to have been riotous, had continued in the same manner. Mowbray was instructed to \"have bysilie in his mynde and for kepyng of his honour observe in all poyntes tharticle assured as wele by hym as other lordes and estates of this land in the kynges hande at the last parlement holden at Westm'\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011239-0007-0000", "contents": "1434 oath, Historiography\nThe oath's significance to historians, argues Bogner, was that it lists the gentry whom the crown considered \"capable of retaining men as a force for their own ends\", and who were trained in war. Similarly, the medievalist Ralph A. Griffiths suggests that those who took the oath were \"socially prominent or politically powerful\" men, while Edward Powell considers that those who signed can be considered gentry by the historian, regardless of the signatory's actual employment. The fact that the oath was deemed necessary indicates the extent to which law and order was considered to have collapsed in the regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011239-0008-0000", "contents": "1434 oath, Historiography\nChristian Liddy, in a study of the oath-taking in the Palatinate of Durham suggests that the oath was not confined to the gentry class. In that region at least, he says, there was a \"preponderance of low-income and sub-manorial esquires\" also taking part. Christine Carpenter had similar results in her examination of Warwickshire society, discovering that wealth was not a critical factor in deciding who took the oath. For example, Sir Thomas Ferrers appears in the tax return of 1436\u2013indicating he was considered wealthy enough to be taxed\u2014but he was not summoned to take the oath takers two years previously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011239-0008-0001", "contents": "1434 oath, Historiography\nThe social class of oath-taker appears to have varied from county to county. Figures available from the Kentish oath-taking, for instance, indicate that around a third of those who swore the oath in Kent were yeomen rather than gentry. The numbers of men called upon also varied wildly between areas; those from Kent numbered over 300, for example, while Lancashire swore less than 80.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011239-0009-0000", "contents": "1434 oath, Historiography\nFor some individuals of the period events such as the 1434 oath are the only occasion on which they appear on the historical record. Bogner highlights, for example, Sir John Colepepir of Warwickshire, who, Bogner writes, apart from his being knighted, has \"yet left virtually no impression on the records aside from also swearing the 1434 oath and dying in 1482\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011240-0000-0000", "contents": "1435\nYear 1435 (MCDXXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011243-0000-0000", "contents": "1436\nYear 1436 (MCDXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011244-0000-0000", "contents": "1436 Salonta\n1436 Salonta, provisional designation 1936 YA, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 60 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Gy\u00f6rgy Kulin at the Konkoly Observatory in 1936, the asteroid was later named for the Romanian city of Salonta, the birthplace of the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011244-0001-0000", "contents": "1436 Salonta, Discovery\nSalonta was discovered on 11 December 1936, by Hungarian astronomer Gy\u00f6rgy Kulin at the Konkoly Observatory in Budapest. Three nights later, it was independently discovered by French astronomer Andr\u00e9 Patry at Nice Observatory on 14 December 1936. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer. The asteroid was first identified as 1933 FX1 at Johannesburg Observatory in March 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011244-0002-0000", "contents": "1436 Salonta, Orbit and classification\nSalonta is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 3.0\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,038 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering Konkloy Observatory in January 1937, about one month after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011244-0003-0000", "contents": "1436 Salonta, Physical characteristics\nSalonta has been characterized as a dark and primitive P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). It is also an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011244-0004-0000", "contents": "1436 Salonta, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2007 and 2008, three rotational lightcurves of Salonta were independently obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Brian Warner, Pierre Antonini and Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a well defined rotation period between 8.861 and 8.8716 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.17 to 0.33 magnitude (U=3/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011244-0005-0000", "contents": "1436 Salonta, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nIn 2016, a lightcurve of Salonta has also been modeled using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue, the Palomar Transient Factory survey, and from individual observers. Modelling gave a concurring sidereal period of 8.86985 hours as well as two spin axis of (223.0\u00b0, 18.0\u00b0) and (57.0\u00b0, 35\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 49], "content_span": [50, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011244-0006-0000", "contents": "1436 Salonta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Salonta measures between 52.73 and 72.06 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.028 and 0.05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011244-0007-0000", "contents": "1436 Salonta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0339 and a diameter of 62.90 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011244-0008-0000", "contents": "1436 Salonta, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Romanian city of Salonta, formerly known as \"Nagyszalonta\" when it was still part of the Kingdom of Hungary. It is the birthplace of the discoverer Gy\u00f6rgy Kulin. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5182).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011245-0000-0000", "contents": "1436 in France\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BrownHairedGirl (talk | contribs) at 17:54, 19 June 2020 (use Template:Year in France header, which needs no parameters and applies categories, replaced: {{yearbox|  in?= in France| }} \u2192 {{Year in France header}}). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011247-0000-0000", "contents": "1437\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 12:37, 7 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from nost:1437). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011247-0001-0000", "contents": "1437\nYear 1437 (MCDXXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011248-0000-0000", "contents": "1437 Diomedes\n1437 Diomedes /\u02ccda\u026a\u0259\u02c8mi\u02d0di\u02d0z/ is a large Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 150 kilometers (90 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 3 August 1937, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The dark D/P-type asteroid belongs to the largest Jupiter trojans and has a notably elongated shape and a longer than average rotation period of 24.49 hours. Diomedes was the first Jupiter trojan successfully observed during an occultation event of star. It was named after the hero Diomedes from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011248-0001-0000", "contents": "1437 Diomedes, Orbit and classification\nDiomedes is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of the Gas Giant's orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. Jupiter trojans are thought to have been captured into their orbits during or shortly after the early stages of the formation of the Solar System. More than 4,500 Jupiter trojans in the Greek camp have already been discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011248-0002-0000", "contents": "1437 Diomedes, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.0\u20135.4\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 10 months (4,329 days; semi-major axis of 5.2\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 20\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as 1931 DN at Lowell Observatory in February 1931. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg with its official discovery observation in August 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011248-0003-0000", "contents": "1437 Diomedes, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Diomedes has an ambiguous spectral type, closest to the dark D-type asteroids and somewhat similar to the primitive P-type asteroids. Its V\u2013I color index of 0.810 is also lower than that measured for most D-type Jupiter trojans (0.95).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011248-0004-0000", "contents": "1437 Diomedes, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Diomedes have been obtained from photometric observations since the 1960s. The so-far best-rated photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Goat Mountain Astronomical Research Station (G79) and Santana Observatory (646) in November 2008, gave a longer-than average rotation period of 24.49\u00b10.01 hours with a brightness variation of 0.34 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011248-0005-0000", "contents": "1437 Diomedes, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nIn the 1970s, radiometric observations were published in the Tucson Revised Index of Asteroid Data (TRIAD) compilation gave a diameter of 173.0 kilometers with a radiometric albedo 0.021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011248-0006-0000", "contents": "1437 Diomedes, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Diomedes measures between 117.786 and 172.60 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.028 and 0.061. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0313 and a diameter of 164.31 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 8.30. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0313 and a diameter of 164.31 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 8.30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011248-0007-0000", "contents": "1437 Diomedes, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nDiomedes is the third largest Jupiter trojan according to IRAS and Akari, and the 9th largest based on NEOWISE data:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011248-0008-0000", "contents": "1437 Diomedes, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011248-0009-0000", "contents": "1437 Diomedes, Physical characteristics, Occultation and shape\nDiomedes was the first Jupiter trojan that was successfully observed during an asteroid occultation, when it occulted the star HIP 014402A over Japan on 7 November 1997. The silhouette was elongated with a major and minor occultation axis of 284 \u00d7 126 kilometers (poor fit). The ellipsoid dimensions of 284 \u00d7 126 \u00d7 65 kilometers \u2013 corresponding to a mean-diameter of 132.5 kilometers, equivalent to the volume of a sphere \u2013 were estimated using follow-up photometry at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory and Mitaka Observatory (388) that determined the body's rotational phase at the exact time of the occultation event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 62], "content_span": [63, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011248-0010-0000", "contents": "1437 Diomedes, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the hero Diomedes, King of Argos and known for his participation in the Trojan War, regarded as the best warriors of the Achaeans, just behind Achilles and alongside with Ajax. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 129).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011249-0000-0000", "contents": "1437 in France, Events\nThis year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011251-0000-0000", "contents": "1438\nYear 1438 (MCDXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011252-0000-0000", "contents": "1438 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1438 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on March 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011252-0001-0000", "contents": "1438 Imperial election, Background\nThe previous Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, died on December 9, 1437. His son-in-law Albert II of Germany succeeded him as Jure uxoris king of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011252-0002-0000", "contents": "1438 Imperial election, Background\nAlbert, as king of Bohemia, was entitled to a vote. However, he was in Bohemia suppressing an uprising and was not present at the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011254-0000-0000", "contents": "1439\nYear 1439 (MCDXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011255-0000-0000", "contents": "1439 Vogtia\n1439 Vogtia, provisional designation 1937 TE, is a dark Hildian asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 48 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 October 1937, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. It is named for astronomer Heinrich Vogt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011255-0001-0000", "contents": "1439 Vogtia, Description\nVogtia is a member of the Hilda family, a large group of asteroids in an orbital resonance with the gas giant Jupiter, and thought to have originated from the Kuiper belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.5\u20134.5\u00a0AU once every 8.01 years (2,925 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Its observation arc begins at Heidelberg, 15 days after its official discovery observation, with no precoveries taken, and no prior identifications made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011255-0002-0000", "contents": "1439 Vogtia, Description\nIn the 1990s, a rotational light-curve of Vogtia was obtained during a survey of Hilda asteroids at Swedish, German and Italian observatories. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 12.95 hours with a brightness variation of 0.33 magnitude (U=3). In October 2016, American astronomer Brian D. Warner obtained another light-curve at his Palmer Divide Station/CS3 in Colorado, which gave a period of 12.898 hours and an identical amplitude of 0.33 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011255-0003-0000", "contents": "1439 Vogtia, Description\nIn the Tholen taxonomy, Vogtia is classified as a rare XFU-type, while it is also described as a C/P-type asteroid. According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Vogtia measures between 47.87 and 52.86 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a low albedo between 0.043 and 0.051. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0425 and a diameter of 47.79 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.65.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011255-0004-0000", "contents": "1439 Vogtia, Description\nThis minor planet was named for Heinrich Vogt (1890\u20131968), German astronomer at University of Heidelberg. He discovered the main-belt asteroid 735 Marghanna in 1912, and was a known member of the Nazi paramilitary Sturmabteilung.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0000-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron\nThe 143d Airlift Squadron (143d AS) is a unit of the Rhode Island Air National Guard 143d Airlift Wing located at Quonset Point Air National Guard Station, Rhode Island. The 143d is equipped with the C-130J Hercules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0001-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the 152d Observation Squadron, established on 21 August 1939. It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0002-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron, History\nThe origins of the 143d Airlift Squadron begin in 1915 when concerned Rhode Island residents banded together in the true spirit of the citizen-soldier to purchase two Curtis Model \"F\" Flying Boats, one of which was assigned to the Rhode Island National Guard. The border conflict in Mexico and America's entry into the First World War prevented much use, and in 1919 the National Guard aircraft, now obsolete, was sold as surplus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0003-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nIn 1939 President Roosevelt increased measures to prepare the Armed Forces for the inevitable American involvement in World War II. The State of Rhode Island was allocated one of only two new observation squadrons authorized by Congress that year. On 21 August 1939 the 152d Observation Squadron was organized. Less than one year later, on 25 November 1940 it was federalized for extended active duty. The training paid off. After American entry into World War II, the 152d Observation Squadron immediately took up its primary mission of anti-submarine patrols along the Northeastern shipping lanes. In September 1944 the unit, now designated the 37th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron, transferred overseas. Assigned to the Fifteenth Air Force, squadron pilots flew Photo Reconnaissance missions in northern Italy, southern Germany and the Balkans until June 1945, following the end of the war in Europe on 8 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 967]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0004-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron, History, Rhode Island Air National Guard\nThe wartime 37th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron was reactivated and re-designated as the 152d Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Rhode Island Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at T. F. Green Municipal Airport, Warwick, Rhode Island and was extended federal recognition on 152d Fighter-Bomber Squadron as the 152d Fighter-Bomber Squadron by the National Guard Bureau. The 152d Fighter-Bomber Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 37th. The squadron was equipped with F-47 Thunderbolts and was assigned to the Continental Air Command First Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0005-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron, History, Rhode Island Air National Guard, Air defense\nIn 1952 the 152d was transferred to Air Defense Command, given a mission of air defense for Rhode Island, eastern Long Island and over the Atlantic approaches of New York City. In order to accomplish this, the unit was equipped with long-range F-51D Mustangs. In 1956 the United States Air Force, in an effort to upgrade to an all jet fighter force, required Air National Guard Aerospace Defense Command units to upgrade to jet-powered aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 76], "content_span": [77, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0005-0001", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron, History, Rhode Island Air National Guard, Air defense\nThe Rhode Island Airport Commission and National Guard authorities found themselves in a conflict over the use of T.F. Green Municipal Airport for tactical jet operations. Unable to resolve these differences the Air Force inactivated the squadron and the National Guard Bureau transferred the 152d Fighter Interceptor Squadron to the Arizona Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 76], "content_span": [77, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0006-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron, History, Rhode Island Air National Guard, Air defense\nHowever, the National Guard Bureau's desire to have an Air National Guard flying unit located in every state brought a new mission and the numeric designation to the Rhode Island Air National Guard, the 143d Air Resupply Squadron using propeller-driven aircraft. The 143d Air Resupply Squadron was bestowed the lineage and history of the inactivated Rhode Island ANG 152d Fighter Interceptor Squadron. The 152d FIS, now part of the Arizona Air National Guard was granted federal recognition as a new organization, with no history or lineage to the Rhode Island Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 76], "content_span": [77, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0007-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron, History, Rhode Island Air National Guard, Special operations\nThe 143d Air Resupply Squadron was assigned to the Military Air Transport Service. It was designated at the time as a \"Psychological Warfare\" unit which supported USAF unconventional warfare (guerrilla warfare), direct action (commando-type raids), strategic reconnaissance (intelligence gathering), and PSYWAR operations. The unit was assigned the Grumman SA-16A Albatross seaplane and for a short time retained the Douglas C-47 Skytrain. There were several minor mission designation changes, and the C-47 was eventually replaced by the Curtis C-46 Commando.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 83], "content_span": [84, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0008-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron, History, Rhode Island Air National Guard, Special operations\nIn 1963 the first major mission change for the 143d occurred. Situations around the world produced a need for specialized units which could insert a small group of trained combat troops on land or sea anywhere at a moments notice. The 143d was tasked as one of the representatives of the National Guard in the Air Force's Air Commando Group structure. The C-46 was replaced with Helio U-10A and U-10D Couriers. During a three-year period starting in 1965, the U-10s belonging to the 143d and other Air National Guard units were transferred back to the Air Force for use in South Vietnam, during which the \"Helio\" was replaced by DeHavilland U-6 \"Beavers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 83], "content_span": [84, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0009-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron, History, Rhode Island Air National Guard, Special operations\nIn 1968 the U-10s returned from their tour of duty in South Vietnam, and on 1 July, the Rhode Island Air National Guard 143d Special Operations Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level. The 143d Special Operations Group was established by the National Guard Bureau, with the 143d SOS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 143d Headquarters, 143d Material Squadron (Maintenance), 143d Combat Support Squadron, and the 143d USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 83], "content_span": [84, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0010-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron, History, Rhode Island Air National Guard, Special operations\nThe Grumman SA-16 \"Albatross\" flown by 143d pilots since 1955 was replaced in 1968 with an updated version of the \"Albatross\", the HU-16. With twice the cargo capability and range, the HU-16 opened up new avenues of opportunity as was demonstrated in 1970. Flight and Ground crews of the 143d assisted scientists and engineers of the Naval Underwater Systems Center, conducting studies of undersea acoustics, at Lake Tanganyika in Africa during April and again in August at Hudson Bay, Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 83], "content_span": [84, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0011-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron, History, Rhode Island Air National Guard, Special operations\nThe unit would work in the Special Operations field for seven more years, during which the HU-16 aircraft were eventually retired in 1972 and replaced with Fairchild C-119G/L \"Flying Boxcars\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 83], "content_span": [84, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0012-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron, History, Rhode Island Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nIn 1975 as part of a general program to upgrade Air National Guard units the 143d was redesignated as a Tactical Airlift Group and assigned Lockheed C-130A Hercules aircraft. In 1980 the 143d Tactical Airlift Group moved from T.F. Green airport to its new home at Quonset Air National Guard Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0013-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron, History, Rhode Island Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nAs global airlifters, Rhode Island \"Herks\" were found in all parts of the United States, Europe, Africa, South America and the Caribbean. The 143d played a vital role in deployments such as Volant Oak, Volant Pine, Red Flag, Dragon Hammer, Volant Rodeo competitions and humanitarian efforts such as \"Operation Toy Lift\" which provided toys to the children of Granada in 1986. In 1989, the 143d was selected for conversion to the C-130E Model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0014-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron, History, Rhode Island Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nIn 1990 unit volunteers provided support during Operation Desert Shield. In September, unit members flew out of Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany to support operational missions from Turkey and Saudi Arabia. The second group of volunteers arrived at RAF Mildenhall, England in January 1991 and was in the theater of operations when Operation Desert Shield turned into Operation Desert Storm. With the defeat of the Iraqi forces and the end of the Gulf War, members returned home in June 1991 and were released from active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0015-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron, History, Rhode Island Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nAs part of Air Mobility Command the unit continued to be called upon to support State, Federal, and UN activities throughout the world. Volunteers from the 143d participated in many United Nations relief missions; Somalia in 1992, Operation Provide Promise in 1993 flying daylight air-land missions into Sarajevo along with night airdrops over remote areas of Bosnia-Herzegovina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0016-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron, History, Rhode Island Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nOn 1 October 1995 the group was elevated to Wing status. In 1998 the Air Force formed the Expeditionary Air Force (EAF); smaller sized war fighting \"packages\" able to rapidly respond to regional conflicts. The Wing has participated in five AEF cycles, supporting Operation Joint Forge in the Balkans, Operation Southern Watch in Southwest Asia and Coronet Oak in South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0017-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron, History, Rhode Island Air National Guard, Current operations\nOn 11 September 2001, the 143d responded to the call again, deploying unit members to Ground Zero, to US bases for homeland security and implemented 24-hour operations at Quonset. The 143d AW has supported the Global War on Terror by not only becoming a bridge to and from the theater but by also providing airlift in support of the war effort. The 143d AW provided the first-ever C-130J Aircraft in a combat role by the U.S. Air Force in December 2004 and continued to support the war effort with both the C-130E and C-130J until retiring the C-130E in 2005. The 143d AW also provided and continues to provide the much needed troop support within Southwest Asia and many other areas of the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 83], "content_span": [84, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0018-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron, History, Rhode Island Air National Guard, Current operations\nIn December 2001, the 143d received its first C-130J-30. The Wing became the first in the Air Force to receive the \"stretch\" version of the \"J\" model. As the most modern tactical airlifter in the world, the C-130J-30 can carry more cargo or personnel farther, faster, and more economically than the C-130E proving its increased airlift capability. The fleet for the 143d was completed with the arrival of the eighth J-model at Quonset on 15 June 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 83], "content_span": [84, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011258-0019-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Squadron, History, Rhode Island Air National Guard, Current operations\nThe location of Quonset being the easternmost C-130 base has provided the 143d AW with a unique opportunity to become a \"bridge\" between Europe and the Continental United States in support of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 83], "content_span": [84, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011259-0000-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Wing\nThe 143d Airlift Wing (143 AW) is a unit of the Rhode Island Air National Guard, stationed at Quonset Point Air National Guard Station, Rhode Island. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011259-0001-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Wing\nThe 143d Airlift Squadron assigned to the Wings 143d Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the 152d Observation Squadron, established on 21 August 1939. It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011259-0002-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Wing, Mission\nThe 143d Airlift Wing's purpose is to provide airlift and combat support forces to the United States Armed Forces and to provide resources to protect life, property and public safety for its state and community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011259-0003-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Wing, History\nEstablished on 1 July 1968 when the Rhode Island Air National Guard 143d Special Operations Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level. The 143d Special Operations Group was established by the National Guard Bureau, with the 143d SOS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 143d Headquarters, 143d Material Squadron (Maintenance), 143d Combat Support Squadron, and the 143d USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011259-0004-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Wing, History\nThe Grumman SA-16 Albatross flown by 143d pilots since 1955 was replaced in 1968 with an updated version of the Albatross, the HU-16. With twice the cargo capability and range, the HU-16 opened up new avenues of opportunity as was demonstrated in 1970. Flight and Ground crews of the 143d assisted scientists and engineers of the Naval Underwater Systems Center, conducting studies of undersea acoustics, at Lake Tanganyika in Africa during April and again in August at Hudson Bay, Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011259-0005-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Wing, History\nThe unit would work in the Special Operations field for seven more years, during which the HU-16 aircraft were eventually retired in 1972 and replaced with Fairchild C-119G/L \"Flying Boxcars\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011259-0006-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical airlift\nIn 1975 as part of a general program to upgrade Air National Guard units the 143d was redesignated as a Tactical Airlift Group and assigned Lockheed C-130A Hercules aircraft. In 1980 the 143d Tactical Airlift Group moved from T.F. Green airport to its new home at Quonset Air National Guard Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011259-0007-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical airlift\nAs global airlifters, Rhode Island \"Herks\" were found in all parts of the United States, Europe, Africa, South America and the Caribbean. The 143d played a vital role in deployments such as Volant Oak, Volant Pine, Red Flag, Dragon Hammer, Volant Rodeo competitions and humanitarian efforts such as \"Operation Toy Lift\" which provided toys to the children of Granada on 1986. In 1989, the 143d was selected for conversion to the C-130E Model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011259-0008-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical airlift\nIn 1990 unit volunteers provided support during Operation Desert Shield. In September, unit members flew out of Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany to support operational missions from Turkey and Saudi Arabia. The second group of volunteers arrived at RAF Mildenhall, England in January 1991 and was in the theater of operations when Operation Desert Shield turned into Operation Desert Storm. With the defeat of the Iraqi forces and the end of the Gulf War, members returned home in June 1991 and were released from active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011259-0009-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical airlift\nAs part of Air Mobility Command the unit continued to be called upon to support State, Federal, and UN activities throughout the world. Volunteers from the 143d participated in many United Nations relief missions; Somalia in 1992, Operation Provide Promise in 1993 flying daylight air-land missions into Sarajevo along with night airdrops over remote areas of Bosnia-Herzegovina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011259-0010-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical airlift\nOn 1 October 1995 the group was elevated to Wing status. In 1998 the Air Force formed the Expeditionary Air Force (EAF); smaller sized war fighting \"packages\" able to rapidly respond to regional conflicts. The Wing has participated in five AEF cycles, supporting Operation Joint Forge in the Balkans, Operation Southern Watch in Southwest Asia and Coronet Oak in South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011259-0011-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Wing, History, Current operations\nOn 11 September 2001, the 143d responded to the call again, deploying unit members to Ground Zero, to US bases for homeland security and implemented 24-hour operations at Quonset. The 143d AW has supported the Global War on Terror by not only becoming a bridge to and from the theater but by also providing airlift in support of the war effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011259-0011-0001", "contents": "143d Airlift Wing, History, Current operations\nThe 143d AW provided the 1st ever C-130J Aircraft in a combat role by the U.S. Air Force in December 2004 and continued to support the war effort with both the C-130E and C-130J until retiring the C-130E in 2005. The 143d AW also provided and continues to provide the much needed troop support within Southwest Asia and many other areas of the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011259-0012-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Wing, History, Current operations\nIn December 2001, the 143d received its first C-130J-30. The Wing became the first in the Air Force to receive the \"stretch\" version of the \"J\" model. As the most modern tactical airlifter in the world, the C-130J-30 can carry more cargo or personnel farther, faster, and more economically than the C-130E proving its increased airlift capability. The fleet for the 143d was completed with the arrival of the eighth J-model at Quonset on 15 June 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011259-0013-0000", "contents": "143d Airlift Wing, History, Current operations\nThe location of Quonset being the easternmost C-130 base has provided the 143d AW with a unique opportunity to become a \"bridge\" between Europe and the Continental United States in support of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011260-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\n143rd Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery formed during World War II. It started out as a 'Mixed' regiment with around two-thirds of its personnel being women from the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The regiment defended the West of England from 1942 to the end of the war when it moved to South East England. The regiment continued (as an all-male unit) in the postwar British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011260-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nBy 1941, after two years of war Anti- Aircraft Command, tasked with defending the UK against air attack, was suffering a manpower shortage. In April its commander-in-chief, Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick 'Tim' Pile, proposed to overcome this by utilising the women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The ATS was by law a non-combatant service, but it was decided that Defence Regulations permitted the employment of women in anti-aircraft (AA) roles other than actually firing the guns. They worked the radar and plotting instruments, range-finders and predictors, ran command posts and communications, and carried out many other duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011260-0001-0001", "contents": "143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nWith the increasing automation of heavy AA (HAA) guns, including gun-laying, fuze-setting and ammunition loading under remote control from the predictor, the question of who actually fired the gun became blurred as the war progressed. The ATS rank and file, if not always their officers, took to the new role with enthusiasm and 'Mixed' batteries and regiments with the ATS supplying two-thirds of their personnel quickly proved a success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011260-0002-0000", "contents": "143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nBy late 1941 the training regiments were turning out a regular stream of Mixed HAA batteries, which AA Command formed into regiments to take the place of the all-male units being sent to overseas theatres of war. One such new unit was 143rd (Mixed) HAA Regiment. Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was formed on 19 January 1942 at Quedgeley Court, near Gloucester, and on 2 February three batteries were regimented with it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011260-0002-0001", "contents": "143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nThese had each been formed with a cadre of experienced officers and other ranks provided by an existing unit: in the case of 496 HAA Battery this comprised a battery commander-designate, 2 other officers and 9 other ranks who were pre-war members of 79th (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) HAA Regiment in the Territorial Army (TA). The male soldier intake of these batteries were men transferred from recently-formed Light AA (LAA) units, the majority of the personnel were women from the ATS. The regiment was composed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011260-0003-0000", "contents": "143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nBy the beginning of March 1942 143rd (M) HAA Rgt had been assigned to 5th AA Brigade in 9th AA Division, responsible for defending the area around Gloucester and Hereford. By now the regiment had been joined by 489 (M) HAA Bty, transferred from 141st (M) HAA Rgt. However, this battery was attached to the neighbouring 8th AA Division and was transferred again to 150th (M) HAA Rgt almost immediately. Similarly, 496 (M) HAA Battery was temporarily attached to 45 AA Bde covering Cardiff and Newport within 9th AA Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011260-0004-0000", "contents": "143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nAlthough there were a number of Luftwaffe air raids on cities in the West of England during the so-called Baedeker Blitz of 1942, none directly affected the Gloucester area. In June there was a reorganisation of AA divisional and brigade boundaries in the West of England, and 143rd (M) HAA Rgt transferred to the command of  67 AA Bde. 474 HAA Battery joined the regiment on 29 June 1942 having left the all-male 138th HAA Rgt as a cadre and been converted into a mixed battery. 474 and 496 (M) HAA Btys then transferred to 171st (Mixed) HAA Rgt on 29 August 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011260-0005-0000", "contents": "143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nDuring the autumn of 1942, 143rd (M) HAA Rgt and its two remaining batteries (494 and 495) were the only units in 67 AA Bde. The South Coast was under attack from 'hit-and-run' raids by fighter-bombers and brigade HQ was transferred on 8 November command LAA reinforcements being sent to the area. 143rd (M) HAA Regiment and the Gloucester\u2013Cheltenham Gun Defence Area (GDA) then came under the command of 46 AA Bde at Bristol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011260-0005-0001", "contents": "143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nThe commanding officer (CO) of 143rd undertook the duties of AA Defence Commander (AADC) for the GDA from his RHQ at Badgeworth Court between Gloucester and Cheltenham, with a Gun Operations Room (GOR) at Gloucester. The regiment was joined by 589 (M) HAA Bty, formed at 205th HAA Training Rgt, Arborfield, on 19 August and regimented on 9 November; this battery took over gunsites at Swindon. Two more batteries formed on 21 October 620 (M) at 206th HAA Training Rgt, Arborfield, and 621 (M) at 211th HAA Training Rgt, Oswestry, joined in January, but 621 was immediately transferred on to a new 181st (M) HAA Rgt forming at Cardiff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011260-0006-0000", "contents": "143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nApart from a raid on 17 February 1943, when about 20 enemy aircraft made a surprise attack having followed RAF bombers returning to base, there was virtually no enemy activity over 46 AA Bde's area for the whole year. The rest of the time the gunners spent waiting or training, including training detachments of the Home Guard as relief HAA gun crews. In early 1944, however, the Luftwaffe began a new campaign, the so-called 'Baby Blitz', that brought several raids over the West Country from February onwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011260-0007-0000", "contents": "143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nIn March 1944, 143rd (M) HAA Rgt moved to 55 AA Bde covering the Plymouth\u2013Falmouth area where shipping was being gathered for the Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). As the Baby Blitz continued, Plymouth was attacked on 29 April, Torquay on 28 May and Falmouth on 29 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011260-0008-0000", "contents": "143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nAfter the invasion was launched on D Day (6 June) the regiment remained in the West Country while many other units were stripped out to reinforce the South East against V-1 flying bombs or to provide manpower for 21st Army Group fighting in North West Europe. On 4 December 1944, 589 and 620 (M) HAA Btys began to disband, completing on 7 and 18 March respectively at Torpoint, Cornwall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011260-0008-0001", "contents": "143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nThis left 55 AA Bde with just two HAA batteries (494 and 495 of 143rd (M) HAA Rgt) before the brigade HQ itself was converted in January 1945 into 306 Infantry Brigade to command garrison troops in 21st Army Group. The regiment came under the direct command of 8 AA Group, headquartered in Scotland, and then transferred to 37 AA Bde in 1 AA Group in South East England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011260-0009-0000", "contents": "143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\nAfter VE Day the demobilisation of the ATS got under way, and on 25 August 1945 the regiment reorganised as an all-male unit. It was joined by 228 (Edinburgh) HAA Bty from 82nd (Essex) HAA Rgt (also in 37 AA Bde), which brought it back to a normal three-battery establishment in the postwar army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 68], "content_span": [69, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011260-0010-0000", "contents": "143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\nFrom 1 January 1947, the regiment was considered a new war-formed unit of the Regular Army. On 1 April that year it was redesignated as 75 HAA Regiment at Milton Barracks, Gravesend, equipped with 3.7-inch and 5.25-inch HAA guns. The batteries were also reorganised:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 68], "content_span": [69, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011260-0011-0000", "contents": "143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\n37 AA Brigade's Regular units reformed 11 AA Bde in 1 AA Gp of AA Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 68], "content_span": [69, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011260-0012-0000", "contents": "143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\n75 HAA Regiment was reduced to a cadre on 30 July 1948. On 15 August 1953, 288 and 289 Btys were formally placed in suspended animation (and disbanded on 1 May 1954) to resuscitate in the UK 150 Bty from 28 Coast Rgt (in Gibraltar) and 182 Bty from 51 Coast Rgt (in Aden) respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 68], "content_span": [69, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011260-0012-0001", "contents": "143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\nOn 16 June 1955, RHQ of 75 HAA Rgt and 37, 150 and 182 Btys were placed in suspended animation to resuscitate 46 HAA Rgt at Milton Barracks with 117, 124 and 126 Btys, but after service in Cyprus in 1957\u201358 this regiment in turn went into suspended animation on 31 October 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 68], "content_span": [69, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011260-0013-0000", "contents": "143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Insignia\nWhile the male members of the regiment wore the Royal Artillery's 'gun' cap badge, the women wore the ATS cap badge, but in addition they wore the RA's 'grenade' collar badge as a special badge above the left breast pocket of the tunic. Both sexes wore the white RA lanyard on the right shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 69], "content_span": [70, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011261-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd Battalion (British Columbia Bantams), CEF\nThe 143rd (B.C. Bantams) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Victoria, British Columbia, the unit began recruiting in 1916 throughout Western Canada. Bantam units were organized to recruit men who were shorter than the standard 5-foot-4-inch (163\u00a0cm) height required for joining the army. By the time they were fully formed, however, only about half of the men were under that standard height as they could not find enough short men to enlist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011261-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd Battalion (British Columbia Bantams), CEF\nThe battalion had barracks at Beacon Hill Park and trained for the months of July through October 1916 at Sidney Camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011261-0002-0000", "contents": "143rd Battalion (British Columbia Bantams), CEF\nAfter sailing to England in February 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 1st and 24th Reserve Battalions, and the Canadian Railway Troops in March 1917. The 143rd (B.C. Bantams) Battalion, CEF had one officer commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011262-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd Delaware General Assembly\nThe 143rd Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1st and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 4, 2005, which was two weeks before the beginning of the fifth administrative year of Democratic Governor Ruth Ann Minner from Kent County and Democratic Lieutenant Governor John Carney from New Castle County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011262-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 2000 census. It resulted from a large number of memberships in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandon county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011262-0002-0000", "contents": "143rd Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 143rd Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a  Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011262-0003-0000", "contents": "143rd Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011262-0004-0000", "contents": "143rd Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011263-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011263-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 143rd Division (\u7b2c143\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuyonj\u016bsan Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Nagoya Protection Division (\u8b77\u4ed9\u5175\u56e3, Kogo Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Nagoya as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011263-0002-0000", "contents": "143rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nInitially, the 143rd division was assigned to the 13th area army. In June 1945, it was reassigned to 54th army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011263-0003-0000", "contents": "143rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 143rd division headquarters was located at Hamamatsu. It was tasked with the coastal defense. The division did not see any combat until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011264-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd Division (People's Republic of China, first formation)\nThe 143rd Division (Chinese: \u7b2c143\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 32nd Division, 11th Column of the PLA Dongbei Field Army. Its origin can be traced to 5th Independent Brigade of Jicha Military Region, formed in September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011264-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd Division (People's Republic of China, first formation)\nOn May 18, 1948, a soldier of the division, Dong Cunrui, sacrificed himself while destroying a Kuomintang bunker guarding an approach to an important bridge in Longhua County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011264-0002-0000", "contents": "143rd Division (People's Republic of China, first formation)\nThe division is part of 48th Corps. Under the flag of 143rd division it took part in several major battles during the Chinese Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011264-0003-0000", "contents": "143rd Division (People's Republic of China, first formation)\nIn November 1950 the division was inactivated and converted to 21st Artillery Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011265-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd Division (People's Republic of China, second formation)\nThe 143rd Division (Chinese: \u7b2c143\u5e08)(2nd formation) was formed in March 1951 in Hunan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011265-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd Division (People's Republic of China, second formation)\nIn March 1952, the division was detached from the corps and transferred to Zhongnan Military Region's control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011265-0002-0000", "contents": "143rd Division (People's Republic of China, second formation)\nIn December 1952 the division was inactivated and converted to the 28th Aviation Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011266-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd Division (People's Republic of China, third formation)\nThe 143rd Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c143\u5e08)(3rd Formation) was formed in November 1969. As of December 1969 the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011266-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd Division (People's Republic of China, third formation)\nThe division belonged to Guangzhou Military Region, while under the command of 42nd Army Corps. It stationed in Taishan, Guangdong for agricultural production mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011267-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 143rd Field Artillery Regiment is a combat arms regiment of the United States Army made up of soldiers from the California Army National Guard. Only the regiment's first battalion, a Composite fires battalion, equipped with M119A3 and M777A2 Howitzers, is still active. The 1st Battalion, 143rd Field Artillery's current mission is to shoot safely, accurately, and quickly in direct support of the 79th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Furthermore, the battalion trains to deploy, fight, and win on the battlefield and respond effectively to any state emergency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011267-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd Field Artillery Regiment\nThe first battalion was most recently activated for federal service in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom from 2007-2008. The subordinate batteries of 1-143 FA executed force protection missions throughout central and northern Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011267-0002-0000", "contents": "143rd Field Artillery Regiment, Subordinate units\nFirst Battalion, 143rd FARThe First Battalion, 143rd Field Artillery Regiment provides direct support fires to the 79th (formerly 40th) Infantry Brigade Combat Team, CAARNG. As the BCT's fires battalion, the 1-143rd FAR is organized to provide responsive and accurate artillery fires to the elements of the IBCT, including close supporting fires and counterfire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011267-0003-0000", "contents": "143rd Field Artillery Regiment, History\nService Battery, 1-143 FA (now F Co, 40th BSB) based in Walnut Creek, CA, traces its lineage to Battery A, First Battalion of California Heavy Artillery. Battery A mustered into federal service in San Francisco between 6 and 11 May 1898, along with the rest of the battalion. A and D Batteries of the battalion sailed to the Philippines, participating in the Spanish\u2013American War and the Philippine\u2013American War. Following service in those two conflicts, A Battery was mustered out of federal service in San Francisco on 21 September 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011267-0003-0001", "contents": "143rd Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe regiment was originally organized as the 1st Battalion of California Field Artillery on 20 December 1912 from existing units in the California National Guard, with headquarters at Oakland. The 1st Battalion was called into service on 18 June 1916, at their home station, and mustered into federal service on 28 June 1916 at the Sacramento Fairgrounds as part of the 1st California Brigade [National Guard]. The 1st Battalion of California Field Artillery, along with other units of the 1st California Brigade,  served during the Mexican Border Campaign at Nogales and Yuma, Arizona. The unit was tasked with protecting the border and railroads as other units patrolled the vast border that separated the United States and Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011267-0004-0000", "contents": "143rd Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe regiment has contributed forces to the following state mobilizations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011268-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 143rd Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was among scores of regiments that were raised in the summer of 1864 as Hundred Days Men, an effort to augment existing manpower for an all-out push to end the war within 100 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011268-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 143rd Illinois Infantry was organized at Mattoon, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on June 11, 1864, for a one-hundred-day enlistment. The 143rd served in garrisons, first in the Memphis, Tennessee, area and later at Helena, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011268-0002-0000", "contents": "143rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on September 26, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011268-0003-0000", "contents": "143rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 55 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 55 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011269-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 143rd Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between February 21 and October 17, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011269-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, with a strength of 1,006 men and mustered in on February 21, 1865. The 143rd was composed of companies from the 1st district, and left the state for Nashville, Tennessee, on February 24, then moved to Murfreesboro, Tennessee and duty there until May 13. It was attached to the 1st Brigade, 1st Sub-District, District of Middle Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011269-0002-0000", "contents": "143rd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nBetween May 13 and June 26, the regiment was on duty at Tullahoma, Tennessee. In late June, the regiment moved to Clarksville where three companies were detached and sent to Fort Donelson, Tennessee. In October, the regiment was reunited and ordered to Nashville, where it was mustered out on October 17, 1865. During its service the regiment incurred ninety fatalities, another seventy-eight deserted and four unaccounted for.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011270-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 143rd Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in both the First and the Second World Wars. In the First World War the brigade served on both Western Front and later the Italian Front. During the Second World War the brigade fought in Belgium and France before being evacuated to England where it remained for the rest of the war and was finally disbanded in 1946. Raised again in the 1980s, this brigade disbanded under Army 2020 in November 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011270-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nThe Warwickshire Brigade, as this brigade was originally known, was first raised in April 1908 under the Haldane Reforms when the Territorial Force was created, which was formed by the amalgamation of the Yeomanry and Volunteer Force. The brigade was assigned to the South Midland Division, one of fourteen divisions of the peacetime Territorials. The Warwickshire Brigade was composed of the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th Volunteer battalions of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011270-0002-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nThe brigade and division were mobilised on 5 August 1914, a day after the British declaration of war on Germany, thus beginning the First World War. When asked to serve overseas (as soldiers in the TF were not obliged to serve overseas), most of the men of the brigade volunteered for Imperial Service and those who did not were left to be formed into 2nd Line battalions and brigades, forming the 2nd Warwickshire Brigade (2/5th-2/8th Royal Warwickshires) of the 2nd South Midland Division, later the 182nd (2/1st Warwickshire) Brigade, 61st (2nd South Midland) Division. The 1st Line battalions adopted the '1/' prefix (1/5th-1/8th Royal Warwickshires) to distinguish them from the 2nd Line, which adopted the '2/'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011270-0003-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nThe South Midland Division spent many months in England training until 13 March 1915 when it was warned to prepare for overseas service to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front which had suffered heavy casualties in the winter of 1914-15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011270-0004-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nOn 13 May 1915 the division was numbered, becoming the 48th (South Midland) Division and the brigades in the division were also numbered, the 1st Warwickshire Brigade became the 143rd (Warwickshire) Brigade. The brigade served throughout the Great War on the Western Front in battles at the Somme and Passchendaele. In early November 1917 the 143rd Brigade, with the rest of 48th (South Midland) Division, was sent to the Italian Front and fought at Piave River in June 1918 and later at Vittoria Veneto, which ended the war in Italy with the signing of the Armistice of Villa Giusti. Both the brigade and division ended the war in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011270-0005-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Interwar\nThe brigade and division were both disbanded in 1919 and then again reformed in 1920 as part of the Territorial Army as the 143rd (Warwickshire) Infantry Brigade and continued to serve with the 48th Division. The brigade again consisted of four battalions of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment and remained this way for most of the inter-war years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011270-0006-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Interwar\nHowever, in the late 1930s, there was an increasing need to strengthen the anti-aircraft defences for the cities of the United Kingdom and, as a result, many infantry battalions of the Territorial Army were subsequently converted into anti-aircraft or searchlight units. In 1936 the 5th Battalion, Royal Warwickshires was one of many selected and transferred to the Royal Engineers, becoming 45th (The Royal Warwickshire Regiment) Anti - Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers, transferring to 32nd (South Midland) Anti - Aircraft Group, itself part of 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division. They were replaced by the 5th (Huntingdonshire) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment, originally from the 162nd (East Midland) Infantry Brigade, 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division. This battalion was previously the Huntingdonshire Cyclist Battalion of the Army Cyclist Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 908]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011270-0007-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Interwar\nIn 1938 all infantry brigades of the British Army were reduced from four battalions to three and so the 6th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment was transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted to an anti-aircraft regiment, becoming 68th (The Royal Warwickshire Regiment) Anti - Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery, joining the 45th AA Battalion, RE (formerly the 5th Royal Warwickshires) in the 32nd (Midland) Anti - Aircraft Group, 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division. In the following year the brigade was redesignated 143rd Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011270-0008-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe 48th (South Midland) Infantry Division was mobilised on 1 September 1939, along with the rest of the Territorial Army, when the German Army launched its invasion of Poland. The Second World War began two days later, on 3 September 1939, with Britain and France declaring war on Germany. The men of the brigade were called up for full-time war service and, with the division, began training in preparation for an eventual move overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011270-0009-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe 143rd Infantry Brigade, commanded at the time by Acting Brigadier James Muirhead, a Regular Army officer, with the rest of the 48th Division was sent to France in early 1940. The brigade arrived in France on 12 January, where it became part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), which was stationed alongside the French Army on the Franco-Belgian border. The 48th Division, commanded by Major-General Andrew Thorne, was the first complete division of the Territorial Army to be sent overseas during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011270-0009-0001", "contents": "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe division came under command of I Corps, commanded by Lieutenant-General Michael Barker, serving alongside the 1st and 2nd Infantry Divisions, both Regular Army formations. Due to a policy within the BEF of integrating the Regular Army with the Territorials, the 5th (Huntingdonshire) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment was sent to 11th Brigade of the 4th Division and exchanged for the 1st Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, a Regular Army unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011270-0010-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nWith the rest of the division, the 143rd Brigade fought in the battles of Belgium and France in May\u2013June 1940 against the German Army but was forced to retreat to Dunkirk, where the 143rd Brigade in particular fought in the battle of the Ypres-Comines Canal. With the rest of the BEF, most of the brigade and division were evacuated to England after the Germans threatened to cut off the BEF from the main French Armies which would likely have caused the annihilation of the BEF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011270-0011-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe brigade and division were successfully evacuated, yet had suffered extremely heavy casualties (8th Royal Warwicks had been reduced to 8 officers and 134 ORs) and had to be completely reformed and brought up to strength with conscripts. Until late 1941 the division was on home defence, training in preparation for a possible German invasion of England. The invasion, fortunately, never arrived due to events that occurred during the Battle of Britain as German intentions turned to the invasion of the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011270-0012-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nOn 20 December 1942, the division was reduced to a Lower Establishment and the division, now the 48th Infantry (Reserve) Division, became a reserve training formation in the United Kingdom and the brigade was redesignated 143rd Infantry (Reserve) Brigade. The brigade remained in this role for the rest of the war, supplying drafts of replacements for the divisions fighting overseas. The brigade and division were both disbanded after the war in 1946 when it was finally disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011270-0013-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Order of battle\nThe 143rd Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011270-0014-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded 143rd Infantry Brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011270-0015-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Post War\nThe brigade was disbanded after the Second World War and not reformed in the Territorial Army in 1947. The brigade was re-raised in 1984, moving to Shrewsbury in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011270-0016-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Post War\nIn 1991, it took on responsibility for the Army in Shropshire, Staffordshire, Hereford and Worcester, Warwickshire and the West Midlands. With the disbandment of 5th Division, 143 (West Midlands) Brigade came under the control of the new Support Command based in Aldershot, in April 2012. 11 Signal Brigade and 143 (West Midlands) Brigade amalgamated to form 11th Signal Brigade and Headquarters West Midlands in November 2014. A few remaining elements of the former brigade moved to MoD Donnington in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011271-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 143rd Infantry Regiment (Third Texas) is an airborne infantry formation in the Army National Guard and has one battalion active under the 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team as part of the Associated Unit Program, aligning active and reserve units with one another for training and deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011271-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service, Mexican Border Service\nIn February 1913, Mexico was in a state of turmoil between two rival factions for power and this prevented commanders in Mexican border towns from paying their soldiers. Concern over this caused County Judge and Sheriff of Cameron County, Texas, to appeal to the governor for assistance. In response, Governor Oscar Colquitt sent Texas militia, consisting of two companies of the Third Texas Infantry from Corpus Christi and Houston and two companies of cavalry. They remained until June 1913. The situation got worse, with American citizens being executed in Mexico and various factions conducting cross-border raids into Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011271-0001-0001", "contents": "143rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service, Mexican Border Service\nSome Federal troops were stationed on the border and in August 1913, Colquitt sent the entire Third Texas Infantry to Fort Brown along with a battery of light artillery from Dallas. These were relieved by Federal troops in 1914. By 1916, the Third Texas was stationed at Harlingen while in Federal service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011271-0002-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service, World War I\nIn 1917, the 36th Infantry Division was formed from units in Texas and Oklahoma. The Third Texas and part of the Fifth Texas infantry regiments were organized as the 143d Infantry Regiment at Camp Bowie, Texas. The 143d was assigned to the 72d Infantry Brigade of the division. The 143d was then shipped to France in 1918 with the rest of the division for final combat training and then to the front. In September 1918, the 36th Division was attached to the French Fifth Army. The regiment participated in Meuse-Argonne Offensive from 7\u201328 October 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011271-0003-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service, World War II\nThe 36th Infantry Division was mobilized on 25 November 1940 at Camp Bowie, including the 143d Infantry. It was shipped to Algeria in early 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011271-0004-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service, World War II, Salerno & Liri Valley, Italy\nThe 143d participated in the landing at Salerno, Italy and continued to fight in Italy during the campaign in the Liri Valley from September 1943 to early 1944. Significant engagements included the Battle of San Pietro and the Rapido River crossing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 92], "content_span": [93, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011271-0005-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service, World War II, Anzio\nThe regiment was landed to reinforce the Fifth Army on 19 May 1944. It then participated in the breakout and movement to Rome where they were halted by orders to allow other units to catch up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011271-0006-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service, World War II, Southern France\nAs part of the 36th Division, the 143d landed in Southern France in August 1944. The 22, the IIIrd Battalion releases Grenoble \"Capital of the Alps\". Moving forward with the 141st Infantry, the regiment was part of the bottleneck that formed the Colmar Pocket. This resulted in the destruction of the German 19th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011271-0007-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service, World War II, Vosges, France and Germany\nThe 143d concluded its combat with actions in Vosges, France and southern Germany. There was a significant battle near Weikersheim, Germany. The regiment then breached the Siegfried Line and moved forward as far as the Rhine river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 90], "content_span": [91, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011271-0008-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service, War On Drugs / Southern Border Operations\nThe 143rd's LRS teams participated in southern border operations on active duty as part of Texas Task Force 1, Operation Unity, and Operation Plus-Up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011271-0009-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service, Global War on Terror, Afghanistan\nThe 143d was mobilized the day after Thanksgiving in 2011. It conducted mobilization training at Camp Atterbury, Indiana, and deployed to Afghanistan in February 2012 to conduct missions in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. The primary mission of the 143d was service as security forces for Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) throughout the country. Headquarters and Headquarters Company was assigned to the capital city, Kabul, helping to secure and manage the operation of multiple bases in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011271-0010-0000", "contents": "143rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Notable Awards / Commendations, Distinguished Service Cross\nThe following unit members were awarded the Distinguished Service Cross:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 100], "content_span": [101, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011272-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 143rd New York Infantry Regiment (a.k.a. \"Sullivan County Regiment\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011272-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 143rd New York Infantry was organized at Monticello, New York, beginning August 14, 1862 and mustered in for three years service on October 8, 1862 under the command of Colonel David P. DeWitt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011272-0002-0000", "contents": "143rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade, Abercrombie's Division, Defenses of Washington, D.C., to February 1863. 3rd Brigade, Abercrombie's Division, XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to April 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to May 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, IV Corps, to July, 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1863, and Army of the Cumberland to April 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011272-0003-0000", "contents": "143rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 143rd New York Infantry mustered out July 20, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011272-0004-0000", "contents": "143rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty in the defenses of Washington, D. C. until April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011272-0005-0000", "contents": "143rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nJune 24 -- July 7: Dix's Campaign on the Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011272-0006-0000", "contents": "143rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nJuly 13 -- 22: Pursuit of Lee to Berlin, Md.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011272-0007-0000", "contents": "143rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOctober 25 -- 29: March along line of Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad to Lookout Valley, Tenn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011272-0008-0000", "contents": "143rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nNovember 28 -- December 17: March to the relief of Knoxville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011272-0009-0000", "contents": "143rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMay 26 -- June 5: Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011272-0010-0000", "contents": "143rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nJune 10 -- July 2: Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011272-0011-0000", "contents": "143rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAugust 26 -- September 2: Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011272-0012-0000", "contents": "143rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOctober 26 -- 29: Expedition from Atlanta to Tuckum's Cross Roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011272-0013-0000", "contents": "143rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nApril 29 -- May 20: Surrender of Johnston and his army. Marched to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011272-0014-0000", "contents": "143rd New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 220 men during service; 5 officers and 37 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 177 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011273-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd New York State Legislature\nThe 143rd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 7 to September 1920, during the second year of Al Smith's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011273-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011273-0002-0000", "contents": "143rd New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011273-0003-0000", "contents": "143rd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1919, was held on November 4. No statewide elective offices were up for election. Two women were elected to the State Assembly: Elizabeth V. Gillette (Dem. ), a physician, of Schenectady; and Marguerite L. Smith (Rep.), an athletics teacher, of Harlem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011273-0004-0000", "contents": "143rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 7, 1920. Thaddeus C. Sweet (R) was re-elected Speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011273-0005-0000", "contents": "143rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nAt the beginning of the session, the five Socialist assemblymen were suspended by Speaker Sweet, pending a trial before the Assembly Committee on the Judiciary to determine whether they were fit to take their seats. Charles Evans Hughes (Rep.) and Governor Al Smith (Dem.) condemned Speaker Sweet and the Republican majority for taking this course of action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011273-0006-0000", "contents": "143rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn March 30, a majority of 7 members of the 13-member Judiciary Committee recommended the expulsion the five Socialists. Minority reports recommended the seating of all or part of the Socialist assemblymen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011273-0007-0000", "contents": "143rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nIn the early morning of April 1, the five Socialist assemblymen were expelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011273-0008-0000", "contents": "143rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature adjourned at 2 a.m. on Sunday morning, April 25, after a session of 37 hours. During this last session, Marguerite L. Smith occupied for about half an hour the Speaker's chair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011273-0009-0000", "contents": "143rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn August 12, Gov. Al Smith called a special session of the Legislature for September 20, and ordered special elections to be held on September 16 to fill the vacancies caused by the expulsion of the Socialist members. The session was called to consider the housing situation in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011273-0010-0000", "contents": "143rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn September 16, all five Socialists were re-elected to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011273-0011-0000", "contents": "143rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on September 20, 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011273-0012-0000", "contents": "143rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn September 21, Claessens, Solomon and Waldman were again expelled, while DeWitt and Orr were permitted by a majority vote to take their seats. However, DeWitt and Orr resigned their seats in protest against the ouster of their three comrades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011273-0013-0000", "contents": "143rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011273-0014-0000", "contents": "143rd New York State Legislature, State Assembly\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011274-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 143rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 143rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 143rd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011274-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 143rd Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 12, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel William H. Vodrey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011274-0002-0000", "contents": "143rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 15. Served guard duty at Fort Slemmer, Fort Totten, Fort Slocum, and Fort Stevens, attached to 1st Brigade, Haskins' Division, XXII Corps, until June 8. Moved to White House Landing June 8, then to Bermuda Hundred. Assigned to 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, X Corps, Army of the James. Served duty in the trenches at Bermuda Hundred, City Point, and Fort Pocahontas until August 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011274-0003-0000", "contents": "143rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 143rd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 13, 1864, at Camp Chase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011274-0004-0000", "contents": "143rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011274-0005-0000", "contents": "143rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 32 enlisted men during service, all due to disease. Private James M Roudebush died 23 Jul 1864", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011275-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 143rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011275-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 143rd Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania and mustered in for a three year enlistment on October 18, 1862 under the command of Colonel Edmund Lovell Dana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011275-0002-0000", "contents": "143rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, Defenses of Washington, north of the Potomac River, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to December 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, I Corps, to March 1864. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, V Corps, to June 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, V Corps, to September 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, to February 1865. Hart's Island, New York Harbor, Department of the East, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011275-0003-0000", "contents": "143rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Pennsylvania for Washington, D.C., November 7, and served duty in the defenses of that city until January 17, 1863. Ordered to join the Army of the Potomac in the field January 1863. Duty at Belle Plains, Va., until April 27. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Operations at Pollock's Mill Creek April 29-May 2. Battle of Chancellorsville May 2-5. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3. Pursuit of Lee July 5-24. Duty at Bealeton Station until October. Bristoe Campaign October 9-22. Haymarket October 19. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7-8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011275-0003-0001", "contents": "143rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nWarrenton November 7. Guard at Manassas Junction November 22-December 5. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6-7, 1864. Duty near Culpeper until May. Rapidan Campaign May 4-June 12. Battle of the Wilderness May 5-7. Laurel Hill May 8. Spotsylvania May 8-12. Spotsylvania Court House May 12-21. Assault on the Salient May 12. North Anna River May 23-26. Jericho Ford May 25. On line of the Pamunkey May 26-28. Totopotomoy May 28-31. Cold Harbor June 1-12. Bethesda Church June 1-3. Before Petersburg June 16-18. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864 to February 10, 1865. Mine Explosion July 30, 1864 (reserve).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011275-0003-0002", "contents": "143rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nWeldon Railroad August 18-21. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27-28. Warren's Raid to Weldon Railroad December 7-12. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5-7, 1865. Ordered to New York February 10. Assigned to duty at Hart's Island, New York Harbor, guarding prison camp, and escorting recruits and convalescents to the front until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011275-0004-0000", "contents": "143rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 303 men during service; 8 officers and 143 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 150 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011276-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe 143rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (9th Lancashire Fusiliers) (143 RAC) was a short-lived armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011276-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\n143rd Regiment RAC was formed on 1 November 1941 by the conversion to the armoured role of 9th Battalion of the Lancashire Fusiliers, a hostilities-only infantry battalion raised in 1940. 9th Lancashire Fusiliers had been serving in 125th Infantry Brigade of 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division, which were redesignated 10th Armoured Brigade and 42nd Armoured Division respectively. All three regiments in the brigade were drawn from the Lancashire Fusiliers and underwent simultaneous conversion to armour (the other two became 108 RAC and 109 RAC respectively).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011276-0002-0000", "contents": "143rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\nIn common with other infantry units transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, all personnel would have continued to wear their Lancashire Fusiliers cap badge on the black beret of the RAC. Surplus personnel were posted to 15th and 44th Reconnaissance Battalions or to 2/5th and 2/6th battalions of the Lancashire Fusiliers. In common with the other units of 10th Armoured Bde, 143 RAC maintained Lancashire Fusilier traditions, celebrating Minden Day on 1 August each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011276-0003-0000", "contents": "143rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, History\nIn May\u2013June 1942, 10th Armoured Bde (later 10th Tank Bde) became an independent formation, and moved from Barnard Castle, County Durham, to 'The Dukeries' area of Nottinghamshire to continue tank training. 143 RAC was based at Thoresby Hall and operated Churchill infantry tanks, later receiving some Covenanter cruiser tanks from the Guards Armoured Division as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011276-0004-0000", "contents": "143rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, History\nBy the end of 1942, large numbers of 143 RAC's trained officers and men were being posted overseas. During 1943, 10th Tank Brigade became a holding and training formation for replacements. In August 1943, rumours began to circulate that 10th Tank Brigade was scheduled for disbandment, and a recruiting team arrived to persuade men to volunteer for the Parachute Regiment if the brigade disbanded. The brigade moved to Wensleydale in September 1943, with 143 RAC based at Hawes, but soon afterwards began to disperse. During December, officers and men were posted from 143 RAC to drafts and training regiments, many specialists going to the Royal Army Service Corps, Royal Army Ordnance Corps etc. Formal disbandment of 143rd Regiment RAC (9th Lancashire Fusiliers) was completed on 31 December 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011277-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd Street station\n143rd Street was a station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx, New York City. It was originally opened on May 23, 1886, by the Suburban Rapid Transit Company, one week after replacing the recently opened 133rd Street station as the northern terminus of the Third Avenue Line. This station had two tracks and one island platform, and was also served by trains of the IRT Second Avenue Line until June 11, 1940. This station closed on May 12, 1955, with the ending of all service on the Third Avenue El south of 149th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011278-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)\nThe 143rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)(formerly: 143rd Transportation Command), is one of seven general officer sustainment commands in the United States Army Reserve. It has command and control of more than 10,000 Army Reserve Soldiers throughout the southeastern United States in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas and Mississippi. It is made up of more than 100 Army Reserve units whose missions are diverse and logistical in nature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011278-0000-0001", "contents": "143rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)\nThe mission of the 143rd ESC is to provide command and control of sustainment forces and to conduct sustainment, deployment, redeployment and retrograde operations in support of U.S. and multinational forces. The mission of the 143rd when not deployed is to ensure readiness of the soldiers under its command and control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011278-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)\nThe ESC is a peacetime subordinate to the 377th Theater Sustainment Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011278-0002-0000", "contents": "143rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), History\nThe 143rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) [referred to as an ESC] was originally constituted as the 143rd Transportation Command 24 November 1967 in the Army Reserve and activated 2 January 1968 in Orlando, Florida. It was reorganized and redesignated 16 October 1985 as the 143d Transportation Command. From 2003 to 2007, the 143d Transportation Command maintained a continuous presence in Southwest Asia in support of US Military Units engaged in Operations ENDURING FREEDOM and IRAQI FREEDOM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011278-0002-0001", "contents": "143rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), History\nIn a ceremony 17 September 2007, the 143rd Transportation Command cased its command colors for the last time signifying the end of the unit's era as a major transportation command headquarters. Immediately following, the new 143rd ESC Commanding General, Brigadier General Daniel I. Schultz, uncased the 143rd ESC colors, signifying the standup of this new logistics headquarters and the start of a new era for the 143rd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011278-0003-0000", "contents": "143rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), History\nSix months after the transition ceremony the 143rd ESC received a Department of the Army warning order for mobilization and deployment of the 143rd headquarters. Since receipt of the warning order, the 143rd ESC prepared for deployment by completing various Soldier readiness activities including soldier readiness processing, a sustainment training exercise conducted at Ft. Lee, Virginia and warrior training at the Regional Training Center, Ft. Hunter Liggett, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011278-0004-0000", "contents": "143rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), History\nOn 9 January 2009, the 143rd ESC deployed in support of the troop buildup in Afghanistan for Operation Enduring Freedom. The 143rd's deployment is the first time an ESC has deployed to Afghanistan. The mission of the 143d ESC during this deployment is to provide command and control of assigned forces, and to conduct sustainment, deployment, redeployment and retrograde operations in support of U.S. and multinational forces in the U.S. Central Command area of operations. In December 2009 the 143rd ESC turned over command of the Joint Sustainment Command-Afghanistan to the 135th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011278-0005-0000", "contents": "143rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), History\nIn June 2013, the 143rd ESC once again mobilized in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and deployed 265 Soldiers to Kuwait and Afghanistan in support of the 1st Theater Sustainment Command and operations in the US Central Command area of operations. The unit assumed responsibility for operational sustainment in the ARCENT AOR in October 2013 from the 135th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), and served as the senior operational sustainment headquarters in Kuwait until May 2014, when the unit redeployed, having transferred responsibility for operational sustainment to the 1st Sustainment Command (Theater).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011279-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd meridian east\nThe 143rd meridian east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011279-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd meridian east\nThe 143rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 37th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011279-0002-0000", "contents": "143rd meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 143rd meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011280-0000-0000", "contents": "143rd meridian west\nThe meridian 143\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011280-0001-0000", "contents": "143rd meridian west\nThe 143rd meridian west line forms a great circle with the 37th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011280-0002-0000", "contents": "143rd meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 143rd meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011281-0000-0000", "contents": "144 (film)\n144 is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language heist comedy film directed by G. Manikandan and produced by C. V. Kumar, starring Shiva, Ashok Selvan, Oviya and Shruthi Ramakrishnan in the leading roles. The film's plot is partially inspired by the novel Vasanthakaala Kutrangal written by Sujatha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011281-0001-0000", "contents": "144 (film), Production\nThe film was launched by producer C. V. Kumar with new director Manikandan, and it began shooting in February 2015, with a principal cast of Shiva, Ashok Selvan, Oviya and Sruthi Ramakrishnan. The team shot scenes in Madurai, with Ashok Selvan portraying an illegal car racer. After a single long filming schedule, the film was announced to be nearing completion by April 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011281-0002-0000", "contents": "144 (film), Soundtrack\nMusic and soundtracks were composed by Sean Roldan. The soundtrack features six songs, the lyrics for which were written by Kabilan, Sean Roldan, Vivek, Karaikudi and Bharathi Ganesan. Behindwoods rated the album 2.5 out of 5 and called it \"An album laced with good energy and fun moments, but falls short of the expectations from a Sean Roldan fare.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011281-0003-0000", "contents": "144 (film), Critical reception\nM. Suganth of The Times of India rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote, \"You could also call it Mundasupatti-meets-Rajathandhiram and you wouldn't be wrong as like that crime caper, it also about a gold heist that involves an elaborate set-up and planning. But the filmmaking is more Mundasupatti, with noticeable rough edges that keep reminding us that this is a first-timer's film and lacks the sophistication (it is an exposition-filled film) of both Soodhu Kavvum and Rajathandhiram.\" Baradwaj Rangan of the Hindu called it \"A shaky start, but lots of laughs later\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011282-0000-0000", "contents": "144 (number)\n144 (one hundred [and] forty-four) is the natural number following 143 and preceding 145. 144 is a dozen dozens, or one gross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011282-0001-0000", "contents": "144 (number), In mathematics\n144 is the twelfth Fibonacci number, and the largest one to also be a square, as the square of 12 (which is also its index in the Fibonacci sequence), following 89 and preceding 233.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011282-0002-0000", "contents": "144 (number), In mathematics\n144 is the smallest number with exactly 15 divisors, but it is not highly composite since the smaller number 120 has 16 divisors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011282-0003-0000", "contents": "144 (number), In mathematics\n144 is divisible by the value of its \u03c6 function, which returns 48 in this case. Also, there are 21 solutions to the equation \u03c6(x) = 144, more than any integer below 144, making it a highly totient number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011282-0004-0000", "contents": "144 (number), In mathematics\n1445 = 275 + 845 + 1105 + 1335, the smallest number whose fifth power is a sum of four (smaller) fifth powers. This solution was found in 1966 by L. J. Lander and T. R. Parkin, and disproved Euler's sum of powers conjecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011282-0005-0000", "contents": "144 (number), In mathematics\nThe maximum determinant in a 9 by 9 matrix of zeroes and ones is 144.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011282-0006-0000", "contents": "144 (number), In mathematics\n144 is in base 10 a sum-product number, as well as a Harshad number. 144 is the sum of a twin prime pair (71 + 73)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011283-0000-0000", "contents": "144 BC\nYear 144 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Galba and Cotta (or, less frequently, year 610 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 144 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011284-0000-0000", "contents": "144 Edward Street, Brisbane\n144 Edward Street, Brisbane is a high-rise office tower located on the corner of Edward and Charlotte streets in the central business district (CBD) of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The tower was designed in 1978 and constructed in 1980 as the National Mutual Centre, successively renamed the Axa Australia Centre and 144 Edward Street, Brisbane, is now owned by Precision Group, a private property investment and management company in Sydney. It stands now at 82 meters, covers 16,097 square metres, 26 floors (above ground) and 75 car parks spread on two basement levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011284-0001-0000", "contents": "144 Edward Street, Brisbane, History\nIn the late 1970s, the National Mutual Life Association of Australasia appointed Conrad Gargett & Partners Architects,  Connell Hagenbach structural engineers and Norman Disney & Young building services engineers, to design the tower in the late 20th century International Style and named it the National Mutual Centre upon completion in 1980. Then, National Mutual moved to 144 Edward Street during the height of the battle between National Mutual and AMP for dominance of the Australian life insurance market. In 1999, Axa took control of the National Mutual Centre [1][2] and renamed it Axa Asia Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011284-0001-0001", "contents": "144 Edward Street, Brisbane, History\nAs a result, the tower became the Axa Australia Centre in Brisbane. Three years later, Deutsche Diversified Trust (DDT) acquired the building as part of the Deutsche Bank's acquisition of Axa Asia Pacific's property funds management enterprise in 2001. Finally, Precision Group purchased the tower from DDT for $44.65 million in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011285-0000-0000", "contents": "144 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force\nThe 144 Squadron \"Blackite\" of the Republic of Singapore Air Force was a fighter-bomber squadron based at Paya Lebar Air Base, the squadron goes by the motto \"Dare To Excel\" with the black kite adopted as its mascot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011285-0001-0000", "contents": "144 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\n144 Squadron was formed in 1979 as one of the RSAF's fighter squadrons operating in the interceptor role, catapulting the RSAF into the supersonic era upon delivery of the original F-5E/F Tiger. The squadron initially operated the supersonic F-5E/F Tiger II fighter aircraft, but has been operating the locally modified & improved F-5S/T Tiger-IIs fighter aircraft since the early 1990s, these were retrofitted with new state-of-the-art avionics giving the aircraft capability of carrying out both air-to-air and air-to-ground missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011285-0002-0000", "contents": "144 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\n144 Squadron has since been disbanded after the retirement of the F-5S/T Tiger-IIs in September 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011285-0003-0000", "contents": "144 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Achievements\nThe squadron clinched the coveted Best Fighter Squadron award (Singapore Armed Forces Best Unit Competition) in 1995, 2005, 2009, and 2015. It first won the title in 1995. It is regarded by many as the best fighter squadron in the RSAF, having dominated many local and international exercises. Operating the oldest fighter platform in the RSAF ORBAT requires superior skills, capability and professionalism, thus the squadron handpicks the top pilot graduates to join the team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011285-0004-0000", "contents": "144 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Mascot\nThe Blackite is 144 Squadron's adopted mascot. The Squadron's \u201cDare to Excel\u201d motto amplifies the Blackite character; a mysterious bird that is unpredictable and deadly, but strikes her prey with precision and readiness at all times. Coupled with team excellence, perseverance, dedication and professionalism, the men and women of 144 Squadron Team Blackites do \u201cDare to Excel\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 53], "content_span": [54, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011285-0005-0000", "contents": "144 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Latest photo\nPersonnel and staff of 144 Squadron based at Paya Lebar Air Base posing in front of the squadron's F-5S Tiger-IIs after winning the Best Fighter Squadron award 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011286-0000-0000", "contents": "144 Vibilia\n144 Vibilia is a carbonaceous asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 140 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 June 1875, by German\u2013American astronomer Christian Peters at Litchfield Observatory of the Hamilton College in Clinton, New York, United States. Peters named it after Vibilia, the Roman goddess of traveling, because he had recently returned from a journey across the world to observe the transit of Venus. Peters also discovered 145 Adeona on the same night. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 19).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011286-0001-0000", "contents": "144 Vibilia, Orbit and classification\nVibilia is the largest member and namesake of the Vibilia family, a small asteroid family with 180 known members. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,582 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins in May 1905, at Heidelberg Observatory, 30 years after its official discovery observation. It never received a provisional designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011286-0002-0000", "contents": "144 Vibilia, Orbit and classification\n144 Vibilia has been observed to occult a star eleven times between 1993 and 2018. Eight of these events yielded two or more chords across the asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011286-0003-0000", "contents": "144 Vibilia, Physical characteristics\nVibilia is a dark C-type asteroid in the Tholen taxonomy. It is also characterized as a hydrated Ch-subtype in the SMASS classification. This means it probably has a primitive carbonaceous composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011286-0004-0000", "contents": "144 Vibilia, Physical characteristics\n13-cm radar observations of this asteroid from the Arecibo Observatory between 1980 and 1985 were used to produce a diameter estimate of 131\u00a0km. Carry gives a diameter of 141.34 kilometers. According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Vibilia measures between 131.36 and 142.38 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.05 0.06. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0597 and a diameter of 142.38 kilometers. CALL uses an absolute magnitude of 7.92.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011286-0005-0000", "contents": "144 Vibilia, Physical characteristics\nBased upon radar data, the near surface solid density of Vibilia is 2.4 g cm\u22123. The density had been calibrated against that of 433 Eros; the uncalibrated figure is 3.2\u00a0g/cm3. Carry gives a density of 3.58\u00b10.84\u00a0g/cm3 with a low porosity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011286-0006-0000", "contents": "144 Vibilia, Physical characteristics\nSeveral well-defined rotational lightcurves of Vibilia have been obtained from photometric observations since the 1980s. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 13.810 and 13.88 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.13 and 0.20 magnitude (U=3/3/3/3). In 2016, an international study modeled a lightcurve from various photometric data sources. It gave a period of 13.82516 hours. The team also determined two spin axis of (248.0\u00b0, 56.0\u00b0) and (54.0\u00b0, 48.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2) (U/Q=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011287-0000-0000", "contents": "144,000\n144,000 is a natural number. It has significance in various religious movements and ancient prophetic belief systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011287-0001-0000", "contents": "144,000, Religion, Christianity, Book of Revelation\nThe number 144,000 appears three times in the Book of Revelation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 51], "content_span": [52, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011287-0002-0000", "contents": "144,000, Religion, Christianity, Book of Revelation\nsaying: \"Do not harm the earth or the sea or the trees, until we have sealed the servants of God on their foreheads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 51], "content_span": [52, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011287-0002-0001", "contents": "144,000, Religion, Christianity, Book of Revelation\n\"And I heard the number of the sealed, 144,000, sealed from every tribe of the sons of Israel:12,000 from the tribe of Judah were sealed,12,000 from the tribe of Reuben,12,000 from the tribe of Gad,12,000 from the tribe of Asher,12,000 from the tribe of Naphtali,12,000 from the tribe of Manasseh,12,000 from the tribe of Simeon,12,000 from the tribe of Levi,12,000 from the tribe of Issachar,12,000 from the tribe of Zebulun,12,000 from the tribe of Joseph,12,000 from the tribe of Benjamin were sealed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 51], "content_span": [52, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011287-0003-0000", "contents": "144,000, Religion, Christianity, Book of Revelation\nThen I looked, and behold, on Mount Zion stood the Lamb, and with him 144,000 who had his name and his Father's name written on their foreheads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 51], "content_span": [52, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011287-0004-0000", "contents": "144,000, Religion, Christianity, Book of Revelation\nand they were singing a new song before the throne and before the four living creatures and before the elders. No one could learn that song except the 144,000 who had been redeemed from the earth. It is these who have not defiled themselves with women, for they are virgins. It is these who follow the Lamb wherever he goes. These have been redeemed from mankind as firstfruits for God and the Lamb, and in their mouth no lie was found, for they are blameless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 51], "content_span": [52, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011287-0005-0000", "contents": "144,000, Religion, Christianity, Book of Revelation\nThe numbers 12,000 and 144,000 are variously interpreted in traditional Christianity. Some, taking the numbers in Revelation to be symbolic, believe it represents all of God's people throughout history in the heavenly Church. One suggestion is that the number comes from 12, a symbol for totality, which is squared and multiplied by one thousand for more emphasis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 51], "content_span": [52, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011287-0005-0001", "contents": "144,000, Religion, Christianity, Book of Revelation\nOthers insist the numbers 12,000 and 144,000 are literal numbers and representing either descendants of Jacob (also called Israel in the Bible) or others to whom God has given a superior destiny with a distinct role at the time of the end of the world. One understanding is that the 144,000 are recently converted Jewish evangelists sent out to bring sinners to Jesus Christ during the seven year tribulation period. Preterists believe they are Jewish Christians, sealed for deliverance from the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. Dispensationalist Tim LaHaye, in his commentary Revelation: Illustrated and Made Plain (Zondervan, 1975), considers the 144,000 in Revelation 7 to refer to Jews and those in Revelation 14 to refer to Christians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 51], "content_span": [52, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011287-0006-0000", "contents": "144,000, Religion, Christianity, Jehovah's Witnesses\nJehovah's Witnesses believe that exactly 144,000 faithful Christians from Pentecost of 33 AD until the present day will be resurrected to heaven as immortal spirit beings to spend eternity with God and Christ. They believe that these people are \"anointed\" by God to become part of the spiritual \"Israel of God\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 52], "content_span": [53, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011287-0006-0001", "contents": "144,000, Religion, Christianity, Jehovah's Witnesses\nThey believe the 144,000 (which they consider to be synonymous with the \"little flock\" of ) will serve with Christ as king-priests for a thousand years, while all other people accepted by God (the \"other sheep\" of , composed of \"the great crowd\" of  and the resurrected \"righteous and the unrighteous\" ones of ), will be given an opportunity to live forever in a restored paradise on earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 52], "content_span": [53, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011287-0007-0000", "contents": "144,000, Religion, Christianity, Jehovah's Witnesses\nIndividual Witnesses indicate their claim of being \"anointed\" by partaking of the bread and wine at the annual Memorial of Christ's death. More than 19,500 Witnesses worldwide\u2014an increase of about 11,000 since 1995\u2014claim to be of the anointed \"remnant\" of the 144,000. The members of the Governing Body who exercise teaching authority over Jehovah's Witnesses worldwide claim to be among the anointed 144,000, and also consider themselves as a group to be the faithful and discreet slave of  and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 52], "content_span": [53, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011287-0008-0000", "contents": "144,000, Religion, Christianity, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\nThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believes that the sealing of the 144,000 relates to the high priests, ordained unto the holy order of God, to administer the everlasting gospel; \"for they are they who are ordained out of every nation, kindred, tongue, and people, by the angels to whom is given power over the nations of the earth, to bring as many as will come to the church of the Firstborn.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 80], "content_span": [81, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011287-0009-0000", "contents": "144,000, Religion, Christianity, Skoptzists\nThe Christian Skoptsy sect in Russia believed that the Messiah would come when there were 144,000  Skoptsy believers, based on their reading of the Book of Revelation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 43], "content_span": [44, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011287-0010-0000", "contents": "144,000, Religion, Christianity, Unification Church\nThe Unification Church founded by Reverend Sun Myung Moon believes the 144,000 represents the total number of saints whom Christ must find \"who can restore through indemnity the missions of all the past saints who, despite their best efforts to do God's Will, fell prey to Satan when they failed in their responsibilities. He must find these people during his lifetime and lay the foundation of victory over Satan's world\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 51], "content_span": [52, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011287-0011-0000", "contents": "144,000, Religion, Islam\n144,000 is alleged to have been the number of Sahaba of Muhammad, though other totals have been given. The number is also given as the total number of prophets in Islam, although this has also been reported as 124,000 or 244,000. The actual number of prophets or Sahaba (Companions) is not known; about 30 prophets are mentioned by name in the Qur'an.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 24], "content_span": [25, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011288-0000-0000", "contents": "1440\n1440 (MCDXL) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1440th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 440th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 40th  year of the 15th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1440s decade. As of the start of 1440, the Gregorian calendar was 9 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011289-0000-0000", "contents": "1440 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1440\u00a0kHz: 1440 AM is a regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011290-0000-0000", "contents": "1440 Canal\nThe 1440 Canal, also formerly known as the Tidewater Building and Tidewater Place, located at 1440 Canal Street in the Medical District of the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana, is officially a 24-story, 288 feet (88\u00a0m)-tall high-rise building designed by Kessels-Diboll-Kessels. The building has lesser-known 25th and 26th floors that are accessible only from the 24th floor and are much smaller in area than the other floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011290-0001-0000", "contents": "1440 Canal\nIt originally was built as the corporate office for Tidewater Marine in 1971. Tidewater Inc. donated the building to Tulane University in 1993. The building is the home to the Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine. A few other Tulane offices are housed there as well. Tulane replaced all external signage which read \"Tidewater\" with signs that read \"Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011290-0002-0000", "contents": "1440 Canal\nWWOZ, radio station 90.7 FM in New Orleans, has its antenna and transmitter atop the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011290-0003-0000", "contents": "1440 Canal\nAs a result of the deluge from the levees breaking during Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, the building suffered from approximately four feet of floodwaters on the ground floor. Repopulation of the building began in November 2005. The building reopened in January 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011290-0004-0000", "contents": "1440 Canal, Location\nThe building is located at the corner of Canal Street and LaSalle Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011291-0000-0000", "contents": "1440 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1440 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on February 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011291-0001-0000", "contents": "1440 Imperial election, Background\nAlbert II of Germany, King-elect of Germany, died on October 27, 1439. The prince-electors convened to replace him were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011291-0002-0000", "contents": "1440 Imperial election, Background\nThe throne of Bohemia was vacant. Albert was king of Bohemia and his firstborn son Ladislaus the Posthumous would not be born until February 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011291-0003-0000", "contents": "1440 Imperial election, Elected\nFrederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola and regent of Austria, was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011291-0004-0000", "contents": "1440 Imperial election, Aftermath\nFrederick III was crowned in Rome by the pope on March 19, 1452. He was the lineal ancestor of all subsequent emperors of the House of Habsburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011293-0000-0000", "contents": "1440p\n1440p is a family of video display resolutions that have a vertical resolution of 1440 pixels. The p stands for progressive scan, i.e. non-interlaced. The 1440 pixel vertical resolution is double the vertical resolution of 720p, and one-third (about 33.3%) more than 1080p. QHD (Quad HD) or WQHD (Wide Quad HD) is the designation for a commonly used display resolution of 2560\u2009\u00d7\u20091440 pixels in a 16:9 aspect ratio. As a graphics display resolution between 1080p and 4K, Quad HD is regularly used in smartphone displays, and for computer and console gaming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011293-0001-0000", "contents": "1440p, Support\n1440p video mastered from 4:3 ratio content can be displayed with 1920\u00d71440 or higher resolution such as QXGA or 2304\u00d71440 with scaling, windowboxing, or pillarboxing. Widescreen 16:9 aspect ratio 1440p requires 2560\u00d71440 (WQHD) resolution, possible with WQXGA, 2560\u00d71920, or higher resolution with letterboxing, scaling, or windowboxing. The HDMI 1.3 specification supports WQXGA, and hence widescreen 1440p.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011293-0002-0000", "contents": "1440p, Usage\nEarly uses of QHD computer displays became commonly available in 2010. Dell's UltraSharp U2711 monitor was released in 2010 as WQHD, with a 1440p widescreen. The 27-inch Apple LED Cinema Display released in 2010 also had a native resolution of 2560 \u00d7 1440, as did the Apple Thunderbolt Display which was sold from July 2011 to June 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011293-0003-0000", "contents": "1440p, Usage\nBy 2020 QHD had expanded to a common resolution for computer gaming, with multiple video cards available that supported high frame rates at that resolution. In early 2021, QHD gaming laptops with fast refresh rates were introduced by multiple computer manufacturers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011293-0004-0000", "contents": "1440p, Usage\nIn relation to smartphones, 1440p displays are sometimes marketed as \"Quad HD\", as it is four times the resolution of 720p high definition. The Vivo Xplay 3S, released December 2013, was the first smartphone to use a 1440p display; by 2015, 1440p had seen wider adoption by high-end flagship smartphones from major companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011293-0005-0000", "contents": "1440p, Usage\nIn September 2020, Microsoft revealed the Xbox Series S would support a resolution of 1440p at 120 FPS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011294-0000-0000", "contents": "1440s\nThe 1440s decade ran from January 1, 1440, to December 31, 1449.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011295-0000-0000", "contents": "1440s BC\nThe 1440s BC is a decade which lasted from 1449 BC to 1440 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011298-0000-0000", "contents": "1440s in art\nThe decade of the 1440s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011299-0000-0000", "contents": "1440s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011299-0001-0000", "contents": "1440s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011299-0002-0000", "contents": "1440s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011300-0000-0000", "contents": "1441\n1441 (MCDXLI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1441st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 441st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 41st  year of the 15th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1440s decade. As of the start of 1441, the Gregorian calendar was 9 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011301-0000-0000", "contents": "1441 Bolyai\n1441 Bolyai, provisional designation 1937 WA, is a dark asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 November 1937, by Hungarian astronomer Gy\u00f6rgy Kulin at Konkoly Observatory in Budapest, Hungary. The asteroid was named after Hungarian mathematician J\u00e1nos Bolyai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011301-0001-0000", "contents": "1441 Bolyai, Orbit and classification\nBolyai orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,559 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Bolyai's observation arc begins the night following its official discovery observation in 1937, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011301-0002-0000", "contents": "1441 Bolyai, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Bolyai measures between 12.31 and 14.76 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.047 and 0.05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011301-0003-0000", "contents": "1441 Bolyai, Physical characteristics\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) derives an albedo of 0.0426 and a diameter of 14.75 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.2. For asteroids with a semi-major axis between 2.6 and 2.7\u00a0AU, the probability of an asteroid being either of a stony (albedo of 0.20) or of a carbonaceous (albedo of 0.057) composition is considered equally likely by CALL (which then uses an albedo of 0.10 as a compromise value between the two main types). In the case of Bolyai, however, the space-based albedo measurements suggest that it is most likely of a carbonaceous composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011301-0004-0000", "contents": "1441 Bolyai, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Bolyai has been obtained. Its rotation period, composition and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011301-0005-0000", "contents": "1441 Bolyai, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Hungarian mathematician J\u00e1nos Bolyai (1802\u20131860), a co-founder of non-Euclidean geometry in the early 19th century. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 130) and a clarification of the naming is given in a paper published in Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011302-0000-0000", "contents": "1441 Yangtze flood\nThe 1441 Yangtze flood was a natural disaster affecting the area around Nanjing, China, during the Ming dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011302-0001-0000", "contents": "1441 Yangtze flood\nThe flood occurred in the late autumn and broke the river's banks repeatedly. The situation was a major emergency not only for Nanjing and the surrounding area but also for the northern capital Beijing, which depended upon grain shipments from the Yangtze valley. The southern entrance to the Grand Canal was at Yangzhou near Nanjing and had to close during heavy flooding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011305-0000-0000", "contents": "1442\nYear 1442 (MCDXLII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011306-0000-0000", "contents": "1442 in France, Deaths\nThis year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011308-0000-0000", "contents": "1443\nYear 1443 (MCDXLIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011309-0000-0000", "contents": "1443 Ruppina\n1443 Ruppina, provisional designation 1937 YG, is an asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 December 1937, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. It is named for the German city Ruppin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011309-0001-0000", "contents": "1443 Ruppina, Orbit and classification\nRuppina asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 5.04 years (1,840 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1931, Ruppina was first identified as 1931 TX3 at Lowell Observatory, extending the body's observation arc by 6 years prior to its official discovery at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011309-0002-0000", "contents": "1443 Ruppina, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2007, the first rotational lightcurve of Ruppina was obtained at Whitin Observatory in Massachusetts, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.880 hours with a brightness variation of 0.35 magnitude (U=3). During the 2014-apparition of Ruppina, an identical period was obtained again at Whitin Observatory (U=3), while photometric observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in California, gave a period of 5.890 and 5.9046 hours with an amplitude of 0.27 and 0.28, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011309-0003-0000", "contents": "1443 Ruppina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Ruppina measures approximately 16.5 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.176 and 0.21, respectively. Observations at the Whitin Observatory gave an albedo of 0.20 and a diameter of 18 kilometers, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous C-type asteroids of 0.057, and consequently derives a much larger diameter of 32.18 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011309-0004-0000", "contents": "1443 Ruppina, Naming\nThis minor planet is named for the German city of Ruppin, birthplace of astronomer Martin Ebell, who proposed the name and after whom the minor planet 1205 Ebella is named. The official naming citation was published in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 130).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011312-0000-0000", "contents": "14436 Morishita\n14436 Morishita, provisional designation 1992 FC2, is a stony background asteroid and exceptionally slow rotator from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011312-0001-0000", "contents": "14436 Morishita\nIt was discovered on 23 March 1992, by Japanese astronomers Kin Endate and Kazuro Watanabe at Kitami Observatory in Japan, and named after amateur astronomer Yoko Morishita.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011312-0002-0000", "contents": "14436 Morishita, Orbit and classification\nMorishita is a S-type asteroid that orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,508 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011312-0003-0000", "contents": "14436 Morishita, Photometry\nIn October 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Morishita was obtained from photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave an exceptionally long rotation period of 972.8 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.82 magnitude, indicative for a non-spheroidal shape (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011312-0004-0000", "contents": "14436 Morishita, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Morishita measures 5.656 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.152, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a shorter diameter of 3.49 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011312-0005-0000", "contents": "14436 Morishita, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Yoko Morishita (b. 1947), amateur astronomer and supporter of the Astronomical Society of Shikoku, where she has made many contributions to further the spread of astronomical awareness. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 April 2013 (M.P.C. 83583).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011313-0000-0000", "contents": "1444\nYear 1444 (MCDXLIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+(-100(C)+500(D))+(-10(X)+50(L))+(-1(I)+5(V)) = 1444.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011314-0000-0000", "contents": "1444 Pannonia\n1444 Pannonia (prov. designation: 1938 AE) is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 29 kilometers (18 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 6 January 1938, by Hungarian astronomer Gy\u00f6rgy Kulin at Konkoly Observatory in Budapest, Hungary. It was named after the ancient province of the Roman Empire, Pannonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011314-0001-0000", "contents": "1444 Pannonia, Orbit and classification\nPannonia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,044 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 18\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Pannonia's observation arc begins 3 weeks after its official discovery at Konkoly, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011314-0002-0000", "contents": "1444 Pannonia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Pannonia, an ancient province of the Roman Empire, which was partially located over the territory of the present-day western Hungary. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5182).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011314-0003-0000", "contents": "1444 Pannonia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2001, astronomer Colin Bembrick obtained the first rotational lightcurve of Pannonia at Tarana Observatory (431) in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 10.756 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 magnitude (U=3). In 2002 and 2004, photometric observations by French astronomers Laurent Bernasconi and Bernard Christophe Additional periods of 6.2 and 6.205 hours with an amplitude of 0.57 and 0.37, respectively (U=2-/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011314-0004-0000", "contents": "1444 Pannonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Pannonia measures between 26.36 and 31.49 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.47. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0501 and a diameter of 27.14 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011316-0000-0000", "contents": "1445\nYear 1445 (MCDXLV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011318-0000-0000", "contents": "1446\nYear 1446 (MCDXLVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+(-100(C)+500(D))+(-10(X)+50(L))+5(V)+1(I) = 1446).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011319-0000-0000", "contents": "1446 Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4\n1446 Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4, provisional designation 1938 BA, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8.2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 January 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. It was later named after writer Frans Eemil Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011319-0001-0000", "contents": "1446 Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4, Orbit and classification\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest populations of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,229 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4 was first identified as 1935 GB at Simeiz Observatory in 1935, while its observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Turku in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011319-0002-0000", "contents": "1446 Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4, Lightcurves\nIn March 2009, Czech astronomer Petr Pravec obtained a rotational light-curve from photometric observations at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 9.6602 hours with a brightness variation of 0.55 magnitude (U=3). One month later, a concurring period of 9.659 hours with an amplitude of 0.71 magnitude was obtained by Adri\u00e1n Gal\u00e1d at Modra Observatory (U=3). Photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in December 2011. gave a 9.6597 hours and \u03940.59 in magnitude (U=2). A modeled light-curve using data from the UppsalaAsteroid Photometric Catalogue and other data sources, gave a period of 9.65855 hours, as well as a spin axis of (129.0\u00b0, 76.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011319-0003-0000", "contents": "1446 Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4 measures between 7.35 and 8.76 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.21 and 0.327. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an intermediate albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of this asteroid family \u2013 and calculates a larger diameter of 8.19 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 12.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011319-0004-0000", "contents": "1446 Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after one of the most famous Finnish writers, Frans Eemil Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4 (1888\u20131964), first Finnish writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939 (also see List of Laureates since 1901). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3928).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011322-0000-0000", "contents": "1447\nYear 1447 (MCDXLVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011323-0000-0000", "contents": "1447 Utra\n1447 Utra, provisional designation 1938 BB, is a stony asteroid, slow rotator and suspected tumbler from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 January 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. The asteroid was named for the Finnish town of Utra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011323-0001-0000", "contents": "1447 Utra, Orbit and classification\nUtra is a S-type asteroid. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.4\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 4.04 years (1,474 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Utra was first identified as A918 FA at Heidelberg Observatory in 1918. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Turku in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011323-0002-0000", "contents": "1447 Utra, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nIn March 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Utra was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Luis E. Martinez. Lightcurve analysis gave a long rotation period of 257 hours with a brightness variation of 0.63 magnitude (U=2). This slow rotator is also a suspected tumbler (T0).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 49], "content_span": [50, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011323-0003-0000", "contents": "1447 Utra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Utra measures between 11.83 and 13.26 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.303 and 0.381. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 13.58 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011323-0004-0000", "contents": "1447 Utra, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Utra, a northeastern Finnish town and birthplace of the discoverer. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 1964 (M.P.C. 2277).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011327-0000-0000", "contents": "1447 papal conclave\nThe 1447 papal conclave (March 4\u20136), meeting in the Roman basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, elected Pope Nicholas V (Parentucelli) to succeed Pope Eugene IV (Condulmer).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011327-0001-0000", "contents": "1447 papal conclave, Balloting\nEugene IV had died on February 23, 1447. The cardinals entered conclave at the time of Vespers (sunset) on March 4, after waiting the full nine days proscribed by Ubi periculum. Of the twenty-four cardinals living, only eighteen were present in Rome for the conclave. The conclave, like its predecessor which had elected Eugene IV, was held in the Sacristy of the Dominican friars of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, even though many members of the College of Cardinals would have preferred to relocate to the Vatican.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011327-0002-0000", "contents": "1447 papal conclave, Balloting\nSeveral Roman barons, most prominent among them Gio Baptista Savelli, insisted for a time on being able to vote in the conclave (although perhaps they only wished to remain present); the Savelli family had been granted the right to guard the conclave by Pope Gregory X, but Gio Baptista wished for the first time to carry out this duty from inside the conclave; the barons were eventually expelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011327-0003-0000", "contents": "1447 papal conclave, Balloting\nProspero Colonna, the nephew of Pope Martin V and Protodeacon of the Sacred College, was regarded as the leading papabile at the start of the conclave. Colonna received 10 votes (two short of the requisite two-thirds majority) in the first scrutiny, on Sunday, March 5;  8 votes went to Domenico Capranica, and there were five for Parentucelli (Bononiensis). The next day the adherents of Colonna continued to vote for him, while the other eight attempted to peel away votes (unsuccessfully) by switching their choice to others, including the non-cardinal archbishops of Benevento and Florence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011327-0003-0001", "contents": "1447 papal conclave, Balloting\nColonna had the support of the French cardinals and those who were impressed with the influence he enjoyed in various Italian city-states, but he did not have the support of the Roman public due to Colonna's use of extrajudicial violence during his uncle's papacy. The people (that is to say, the leaders in Roman politics) preferred Niccolo d'Acciapaccio. Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, who was one of the Custodians of the Conclave and is a principal source for the event, says merely that on Monday morning, September 6, there was some talk about the Archbishops, and then the scrutiny took place. There seems to be no evidence that they actually received votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011327-0004-0000", "contents": "1447 papal conclave, Balloting\nOn March 6, after the first of the two daily scrutinies, during which Colonna again received 10 votes, Cardinal Capranica addressed the conclave, reminding them of the various dangers facing the church, including the armies of the Alfonso, King of Aragon, which were sailing towards Italy, the (now unopposed) reign of Antipope Felix V, Duke of Savoy, as well as a certain \"Count Francis\"\u2014imploring two more cardinals to throw their support to Colonna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011327-0004-0001", "contents": "1447 papal conclave, Balloting\nAccording to Trollope, the cardinals' term for Colonna as \"mansuetto agnello\" (mild as a lamb) would have been viewed as ironic, given that Colonna had carried off much of the papal treasure on the death of Martin V with the help of his noble relatives, and had for a time been excommunicated by Eugene IV prior to his disgorgement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011327-0005-0000", "contents": "1447 papal conclave, Balloting\nTommaso Parentucelli rose following this speech, and Giovanni Berardi (thinking that his colleague was about to give the election to Colonna) interrupted him and asked for a delay. At this point Ludovico Trevisan, angered at Berardi's blocking of Colonna asked whom Berardi wished to see elected instead. Berardi replied \"Bononiensis\" (Parentucelli). Parentucelli (misinterpreting, perhaps purposefully, his words) declared that he \"too\" was willing to give his vote to whoever the choice of Berardi was. \"Then, I give my vote for you!\" Berardi exclaimed, a move which Trevisan felt obliged to follow. One after another the cardinals threw their support to  Parentucelli, with the eleventh vote coming from \"Cardinal Marino\", and the decisive twelfth vote coming from the \"Cardinal of San Sisto\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011328-0000-0000", "contents": "1448\nYear 1448 (MCDXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011329-0000-0000", "contents": "1448 Yellow River flood\nThe 1448 Yellow River flood was a major natural disaster affecting over 2000 li (about 700 miles) of the Yellow River. The flood threatened to destroy the Grand Canal port of Linqing and led to the Ming dynasty constructing major public works in Shawan to prevent a recurrence. The banks and dikes only lasted four years until the 1452 flood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011332-0000-0000", "contents": "1449\nYear 1449 (MCDXLIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011333-0000-0000", "contents": "1449 Virtanen\n1449 Virtanen, provisional designation 1938 DO, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9.2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 February 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and named for Finnish biochemist Artturi Virtanen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011333-0001-0000", "contents": "1449 Virtanen, Description\nVirtanen is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest collisional populations of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,210 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1928, Virtanen was first identified as 1928 DC at Heidelberg, extending the body's observation arc by 10 years prior to its official discovery at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011333-0002-0000", "contents": "1449 Virtanen, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen taxonomy, Virtanen is classified as a common S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011333-0003-0000", "contents": "1449 Virtanen, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nVirtanen's first rotational lightcurve was obtained by astronomers Pierre Antonini and Silvano Casulli in May 2007, followed by Australian astronomer Julian Oey at Leura (E17) and Kingsgrove Observatory (E19) in June 2008. The lightcurves gave a rotation period of approximately 30.5 hours with a brightness variation of 0.6 magnitude (U=2-/3-/3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011333-0004-0000", "contents": "1449 Virtanen, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nAdditional periods were obtained from photometric observation in the R and S-band at the Palomar Transient Factory (U=2/2/2), and from modeled data using the Lowell photometric database and other data sources, which also gave two spin axis of (307.0\u00b0, 58.0\u00b0) and (89.0\u00b0, 61.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates, respectively (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011333-0005-0000", "contents": "1449 Virtanen, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Virtanen measures between 9.15 and 9.947 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.285 and 0.36.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011333-0006-0000", "contents": "1449 Virtanen, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of its family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 10.31 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011333-0007-0000", "contents": "1449 Virtanen, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for famous Finnish biochemist Artturi Virtanen (1895\u20131973), recipient of the 1945 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and president of the Academy of Finland for many years. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 February 1970 (M.P.C. 3023).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011335-0000-0000", "contents": "144P/Kushida\n144P/Kushida is a periodic comet discovered in January, 1994, by Yoshio Kushida at the Yatsugatake South Base Observatory in Japan. This was the first comet discovery of 1994 and his second discovery within a month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011335-0001-0000", "contents": "144P/Kushida\nBased on data gathered during the period of January 9\u201311, 1994 Syuichi Nakano calculated the date of perihelion to be 1993 December 5.33 and the distance of perihelion as 1.36 AU. The low inclination to the ecliptic suggested to Nakano that the comet could be a short period type. On January 14, 1994 Daniel W. E. Green confirmed Nakano's suggestion and published a short-period orbit on IAU Circular 5922. Based on 29 positions obtained during the period of January 9\u201313, Green determined a perihelion date of 1993 December 12.99, a perihelion distance of 1.37 AU, and an orbital period of 7.20 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011335-0002-0000", "contents": "144P/Kushida\nUsing over 300 positions obtained between January 7 and July 9, 1994 Patrick Rocher refined the calculations and determined the perihelion distance as 1.367 AU, the perihelion date as 1993 December 12.862, and the orbital period as 7.366 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0000-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron\nThe 144th Airlift Squadron (144 AS) is a unit of the Alaska Air National Guard 176th Wing located at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Anchorage, Alaska. The 144th is an associate unit of the active 517th Airlift Squadron, equipped with the C-17 Globemaster III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0001-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, Overview\nThe 144th's mission is to provide trained aircrews and support personnel for airlift and airdrop during all contingencies in the Pacific Theater. The state mission is to provide emergency and humanitarian support when called on by the governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0002-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History\nIn July 1952, at a meeting for city officials and businessmen at the Anchorage YMCA, National Guard Air Division Commander Maj. Gen. Earl T. Ricks announced that the territorial government of Alaska was willing to invest $1.5 million to establish an Air National Guard unit in Anchorage, either at the city's international airport or on Elmendorf Air Force Base. The only condition: that enough people could be recruited to man the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0003-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History\nThe Alaska Air National Guard was organized 15 September 1952 as the 8144th Air Base Squadron. At its creation, the 8144th included 11 enlisted men and five officers. It had no planes. Its headquarters were located in a small office above what was then the bus depot on Fourth Avenue in Anchorage. Because the office was so small, the men convened for their first training assembly in a nearby Quonset hut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0004-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History\nThe unit's first aircraft, a 1941 AT-6D Texan trainer, arrived in February 1953. Soon five more trainers arrived, operating out of Elmendorf AFB Hangar No. 3 . In keeping with the Air Guard's mission to provide national air defense, the pilots began training in earnest for their planned transition to jet fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0005-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History\nAs that training progressed, the unit was re-designated the 144th Fighter-Bomber Squadron in July 1953. The unit training assemblies were conducted at Elmendorf Air Force Base. Ultimately, five T-6G Texan trainers were assigned and everyone was busy getting ready to transition into jet aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0006-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Air Defense mission\nThe first jet, a T-33 Shooting Star trainer, arrived in October 1953 and in the spring of 1954, the unit received its first operational aircraft, the F-80C Shooting Star jet fighter. By the first annual training period, unit strength has increased to 15 officers and 49 enlisted men, and was fully equipped with 14 F-80s, two T-33s, three T-6G trainers, two T-6 observation planes and a single C-47A transport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0007-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Air Defense mission\nIn 1955, the unit moved from Elmendorf AFB to its own base by the Anchorage Airport. Kulis Air National Guard Base was named after First Lieutenant Albert Kulis, an ANG pilot who lost his life while flying his F-80C during a return flight from a night training mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0008-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Air Defense mission\nIn July 1955 the 144th's F-80s were exchanged for brand-new, top-of-the-line F-86E Sabre fighter jets. Along with the new aircraft came the unit's third designation in as many years, this time the 144th Fighter Interceptor Squadron. This was at the time other Air National Guard units around the country were receiving surplus aircraft,The 144th took over much of the mission of the 720th Fighter-Bomber Squadron, which was inactivated at Eielson AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0009-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission\nThe mission of the 144th was changed to airlift in 1957. With the arrival of the C-47A Skytrain (nickname Gooney Bird), the unit was re-designated the 144th Air Transport Squadron (Light) on 1 July 1957. The 144th is the only Air National Guard unit ever to be assigned C-47's as the primary mission aircraft. The mission of the squadron became the logistical support of the Alaskan Air Command Aircraft Control and Warning (Radar) Sites, all of which were in remote areas with rough gravel runways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0010-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission\nThe C-47 was ideal for this mission, as it could get into and also fly out of the rough small landing strips. Also the C-47 was quite durable, which meant it could handle the weather of Alaska unlike other aircraft. It could land on a snow-covered runway, a frozen lake, and sloping gravel strips in all types of weather. These abilities were not possessed by the larger C-119 Flying Boxcar or C-46 Commando. The 144th ATS received six C-47As from other Air National Guard squadrons in the CONUS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0011-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission\nOne of the more notable missions flown by the 144th ATS was \"Operation Santa Claus\", which began in December 1957 when the squadron was called on to make an emergency airdrop of supplies to the community of St. Mary's Mission on the Yukon River in southwestern Alaska. The 144th later \"adopted\" the village. The program continued over the years and grew to the point that, by 1972, virtually the entire city of Anchorage supported it. The annual Christmas gifts continued until 1977 when other mission requirements forced the unit to end it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0012-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission\nIn 1960, the aging C-47s were replaced by the larger C-123J Provider; a tactical airlift transport\u2014and the unit was again re-designated as the 144th Air Transport Squadron (Medium). The C-123Js were equipped with wingtip mounted J-44 jet engines and could handle heavy payloads and also helped offset the drag of the ski modification added to give the aircraft the capability to be operated off frozen runways and icy surfaces. The C-123Js were transferred from the SAC 4083d Strategic Wing, Ernest Harmon Air Force Base, Newfoundland. The 144th operated the only ski-equipped C-123Js in the Air Force system, and were far better equipment than the C-47As.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0013-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission\nThe C-123Js could be operated anywhere in Alaska, with landings on open snow fields, glaciers and frozen lakes being routinely made. The 144th also supported Harvard University's glaciology experiments on the Taku Glacier near Juneau. The aircraft were also used as part of the 1957\u20131958 International Geophysical Year experiments, which were conducted in Alaska and the Canadian Yukon Territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0014-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission\nOn 27 March 1964, the largest earthquake in the recorded history of North America struck South-Central Alaska. Tsunamis devastated Valdez, Seward and Kodiak. Gaping fissures, crumbled buildings and burst pipes dotted Anchorage. In the immediate aftermath, Major James Rowe arrived at Kulis from the airport, reporting that its control tower had been demolished. Two Air Guard members sped over with a wrecking truck, which they used to free three men trapped in the rubble. Rowe, meanwhile, started the engines of a C-123 and went aloft, serving as an emergency control tower and relaying what he could see to the rest of the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0015-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission\nWithin 20 minutes after the quake ended, the Anchorage Times reported, Guard members began streaming into Kulis without being called. Personnel from the Motor Vehicle Section supplied electricity using emergency power units. Maintenance Squadron members took emergency steps to bring heat to strategic buildings, and the dispensary was prepared by medical technicians. A warehouse on base was converted to a shelter for civilians rendered homeless by the quake, with a makeshift dining hall and over 100 beds. By midnight, 97 of those beds were occupied. Over the next few weeks the 144th would fly 131,000 pounds of cargo and 201 passengers in support of earthquake relief efforts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0016-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission\nThe Alaska ANG won an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award in 1964 as a result of its efforts in assisting small communities bordering Prince William Sound following the 1964 Good Friday earthquake. As most of the personnel of the 144th were from the Anchorage area, which was badly damaged in the quake, they left their homes and families to assist others and were considered to be highly professional and helped others in a time of their own extreme stress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0017-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission\nA second Air Force Outstanding Unit Award was earned by the 144th ATS in assisting residents of Fairbanks during the 1967 flood. An ice-jam on the Nenana and Tanana Rivers caused flooding in the city and only five hours after receiving a call for assistance, the squadron began a series of many C-123 flights to evacuate survivors and move supplies into the stricken area. Also some of the homeless were sheltered at Kulis AGB until the waters receded and they could return to their homes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0018-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission\nIn July 1969, the unit was reorganized and designated as a Group level and renamed the 176th Tactical Airlift Group. Concurrently, the squadron was re-designated as the 144th Tactical Airlift Squadron and became the Group's primary mission unit. There were more than 700 positions authorized in the Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0019-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Worldwide airlift\nIn 1975, the 144th gaining command was changed from the Alaskan Air Command (AAC) to the Military Airlift Command (MAC) as part of the \"Total Force\" concept. After 16 years operating C-123's, the squadron converted to the C-130E Hercules aircraft. The first of eight four-engine Vietnam veteran turboprops was received in early 1976, and the 144th became equipped for a truly global mission. Their range, speed, and airlift capabilities were more than double those of the C-123's they replaced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0020-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Worldwide airlift\nWith its new C-130s, the 176th Group began participating in the Total Force almost immediately, flying to Panama, West Germany, South Korea and elsewhere to support U.S. military and humanitarian missions. It also began taking on greater responsibilities in the annual Brim Frost joint force exercises, and took part in the \"Red Flag\" war games program at Nellis AFB, Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0021-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Worldwide airlift\nAll this new activity would require a stronger support infrastructure, and in 1977 Alaska Air National Guard kicked off one of its largest construction projects ever. More than $3 million was invested in a new composite maintenance building, an aerospace ground equipment (AGE) support building and a new petroleum operations facility on Kulis AGB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0022-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Worldwide airlift\nIn July 1983, the 144th again updated aircraft, this time converting to brand new C-130H2 Hercules aircraft directly from the factory. The new aircraft has even longer range and more speed than the \"E\" model, essential to the unit's growing worldwide mission commitment. In mid-1992, the squadron was re-designated as the 144th Airlift Squadron and gained by the Pacific Air Forces (PACAF). Shortly thereafter, the unit upgraded in the Enhanced Station Keeping System (E-SKE) to enable it to fly formation in the weather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0023-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Modern era\nThe 144th Airlift Squadron performed humanitarian airlift missions for famine relief in Somalia and Rwanda, supported Operation Southern Watch in Saudi Arabia, achieved an Excellent rating in its first Operational Readiness Inspection from PACAF. On 1 October 1996, the squadron entered a one-year conversion to deployment tasking from its previous in-place generation tasking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0024-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Modern era\nAircrews of the 144th, have flown to the far reaches of the globe, performing missions in Panama, Thailand, Japan, Australia and Germany. The unit also participated in Operation Full Accounting, an effort to bring back remains of Americans from Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0025-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Modern era\nRecently, the squadron has deployed members in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0026-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Modern era\nIn 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended that Kulis AGB be closed and the wing be relocated to Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (JBER). The move was considered a good fit, given the growing mission of the wing, and the state of Alaska supported the recommendation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0027-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Modern era\nThe 144th Airlift Squadron closed Kulis AGB and moved to facilities at JBER in February 2011. In March 2017, the squadron lost the last of its C-130H aircraft, but remained active without aircraft. The decision was made to inactivate the junior 249th Airlift Squadron, which was flying the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III and transfer its personnel to the 144th, making the 144th an associate unit of the active 517th Airlift Squadron. The C-17 mission was transferred to the 144th Airlift Squadron August 4 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0028-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, History, Modern era\n\"Association\" denotes a relationship in which active-component and Air National Guard Airmen work together as total force partners in accomplishing the mission. The host and associate each retain command authority of their own forces, separate organizational structures and chains of command but the active-duty Air Force owns the airframes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011336-0029-0000", "contents": "144th Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011337-0000-0000", "contents": "144th Battalion (Winnipeg Rifles), CEF\nThe 144th (Winnipeg Rifles) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city. After sailing to England in September 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 18th Reserve Battalion on January 12, 1917. The 144th (Winnipeg Rifles) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011338-0000-0000", "contents": "144th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 144th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 9, 2007, which was two weeks before the beginning of the seventh administrative year of Democratic Governor Ruth Ann Minner from Kent County and Democratic Lieutenant Governor John Carney from New Castle County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011338-0001-0000", "contents": "144th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 2000 census. It resulted from a large number of memberships in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandon county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011338-0002-0000", "contents": "144th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 144th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011338-0003-0000", "contents": "144th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011338-0004-0000", "contents": "144th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representatives\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011339-0000-0000", "contents": "144th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011339-0001-0000", "contents": "144th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 144th Division (\u7b2c144\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuyonj\u016byon Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Osaka Protection Division (\u8b77\u962a\u5175\u56e3, Kosaka Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Osaka as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011339-0002-0000", "contents": "144th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nInitially, the 144th division was assigned to the Second General Army. Later it was reassigned to 15th area army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011339-0003-0000", "contents": "144th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 144th division headquarters was located at Osaka. It was tasked with the coastal defense. The division did not see any combat until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0000-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing\nThe 144th Fighter Wing (144 FW) is a unit of the California Air National Guard, stationed at Fresno Air National Guard Base, California. As part of the Air Reserve Component of the United States Air Force, the wing is operationally gained by the Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0001-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, Mission\nThe 144th Fighter Wing's primary federal mission under Title 10 USC is to provide air defense protection for California and the United States from the Mexican border to Oregon utilizing the F-15 Eagle jet fighter aircraft. In its state mission under Title 32 USC, the 144th also supports the nation's Counter Drug Program and responds to state emergencies when requested by the Governor of California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0002-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, Mission\nThe wing previously flew the F-16C and F-16D Fighting Falcon, having transferred the last F-16C aircraft to the Arizona Air National Guard in November 2013. The wing's current inventory of aircraft includes 21 F-15Cs and F-15Ds and consists of 18 Primary Aircraft Authorized (PAA) and 3 Backup Aircraft Inventory (BAI) that were previously assigned to the Montana Air National Guard, Missouri Air National Guard and Nellis Air Force Base. The wing also operates one C-26A transport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0003-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, Units\nThe 144th Fighter Wing is composed of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0004-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, World War II\nActivated in October 1943 as the 372d Fighter Group at Hamilton Field, California. During World War II, the squadron was an Operational Training Unit (OTU), equipped with second-line P-39 Airacobras and P-40 Warhawks. Its mission was to train newly graduated pilots from Training Command in combat tactics and maneuvers before being assigned to their permanent combat unit. Initially assigned to IV Fighter Command, then transferred to III Fighter Command in 1944, being re-equipped with P-51D Mustangs. It took part in air-ground maneuvers and demonstrations, participating in the Louisiana Maneuvers in the summer of 1944 and in similar activities in the US until after V-J Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0005-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard\nThe wartime 372d Fighter Group was re-activated and re-designated as the 144th Fighter Group, and was allotted to the California Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Naval Air Station Alameda, California, and was extended federal recognition on 2 June 1948 by the National Guard Bureau. The 144th Fighter Group was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 372d Fighter Group and all predecessor units. The Group was assigned to the California ANG's 61st Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0006-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard\nUpon activation, operational squadrons of the 144th Fighter Group were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0007-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard\nThe three squadrons were all re-designations of the 372d Fighter Group's operational squadrons during World War II. All were initially equipped with F-51D Mustangs, with a mission of air defense of their respective states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0008-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, 144th Fighter Wing\nIn 1949, the 144th and its assigned 194th Fighter Squadron moved from NAS Alameda to the former Hayward Army Airfield, designated as Hayward Air National Guard Base. At the end of October 1950, the Air National Guard converted to the wing-base (Hobson Plan) organization. As a result, the 61st Fighter Wing was withdrawn from the California ANG and inactivated on 31 October 1950. The 144th Fighter Wing was established by the National Guard Bureau, allocated to the state of California, recognized and activated 1 November 1950, assuming the personnel, equipment and mission of the inactivated 61st Fighter Wing. The 144th Fighter Group was assigned to the new wing as its operational group with the three fighter squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 78], "content_span": [79, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0009-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Mission\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the tactical air forces lack of readiness due to postwar force reductions and greater emphasis on the Strategic Air Command nuclear mission in the active Air Force, most of the Air National Guard was federalized and placed on active duty. The squadrons of the 144th Fighter Group were retained by the Air National Guard and not deployed, however numerous pilots from all three of the group's squadrons volunteered for combat duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 79], "content_span": [80, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0009-0001", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Mission\nThe F-51Ds were exchanged for F-51H Mustangs in 1951, as the \"D\" model of the Mustang was needed for close air support missions in Korea. The F-51H was a Very Long Range version of the Mustang, which was developed to escort B-29 Superfortress bombers to Japan, but not considered rugged enough to be used in Korea. The increased range, however, was well-suited for air defense interceptor alert flights. During its years with the P-51H, the unit earned prominence as one of the Air Force's most respected aerial gunnery competitors. In June 1953, while still flying the Mustang, the unit qualified for the first all-jet, worldwide gunnery meet. Using borrowed F-86A Sabre jets, the 144th, which", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 79], "content_span": [80, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0010-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Mission\nWith the increased availability of jet aircraft after the Korean War, the squadron's aircraft were upgraded from the piston-engine, propeller driven F-51H to its first jet aircraft, the F-86A Sabre Day Interceptor in 1954. At the same time, the 194th relocated to Fresno Air Terminal, followed by the wing in 1957. On 7 July 1955, the 144th was re-designated as the 194th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, a designation kept by the squadron for the next 37 years. With the F-86A, the 144th began standing dusk-to-dawn alerts, joining its active duty Air Defense Command (ADC) counterparts, with ADC operationally gaining the 144th within the active U.S. Air Force under Title 10 USC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 79], "content_span": [80, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0011-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Mission\nThe 194th continued to fly the F-86A until 31 March 1958. On 1 April 1958, the transition was made to the F-86L Sabre Interceptor, which was designed from the onset as an interceptor, had all-weather capability and was able to be used in all weather. In addition, the F-86L could be controlled and directed by the SAGE computer-controlled Ground Control Interceptor (Radar) sites which would vector the aircraft to the unidentified target for interception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 79], "content_span": [80, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0012-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Mission\nIn 1958, the Nevada and Utah Air National Guard were authorized to expand to a Group level. The 152d Fighter-Interceptor Group, Nevada ANG, was federally recognized on 19 April 1958; the 151st Fighter-Interceptor Group, Utah ANG, on 1 July 1958. With Nevada and Utah forming their own command and control structure, command and control of the 191st and 192d FIS were transferred to their state organizations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 79], "content_span": [80, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0013-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Mission\nOn 1 July 1964, the 194th began flying the F-102A Delta Dagger, a Mach 1.25 supersonic interceptor. In January 1968, Air Defense Command was renamed Aerospace Defense Command, and continued to maintain operational responsibility. On 25 July 1974, the 194th retired the F-102 and brought the improved F-106 Delta Dart into service, continuing to fly this aircraft until 31 December 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 79], "content_span": [80, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0013-0001", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Mission\nOn 1 October 1978 Aerospace Defense Command was inactivated, its units being reassigned to Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), a sub-element of Tactical Air Command (TAC), with ADTAC being established as compatible to a Numbered Air Force under TAC. TAC later replaced the aging F-106s on 1 January 1984 with F-4D Phantom IIs for use in the air defense interceptor mission. On 6 December 1985, ADTAC was disestablished and its role and responsibilities assumed by the reestablished First Air Force, a TAC organization which assumed operational oversight for all Air National Guard fighter units assigned to the air defense role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 79], "content_span": [80, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0014-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era\nThe 144th Fighter-Interceptor Wing received their first F-16A Fighting Falcons in October 1989. These were of the block 15 type, replacing the F-4D in the air defense and attack roles. The block 15 aircraft were not ideally suited to the squadron's dedicated air defense mission. This was remedied when the aircraft received the Air Defense Fighter (ADF) upgrade in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0015-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era\nEffective 16 March 1992, the 144th Fighter-Interceptor Wing was re-designated as the 144th Fighter Wing (144 FW), with all related Fighter Interceptor Groups and Squadrons becoming Fighter Groups and Fighter Squadrons. On 1 June 1992, following the disestablishment of Tactical Air Command (TAC), the 144 FW was reassigned to the newly established Air Combat Command (ACC) under First Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0016-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era\nDuring this time the 194th Fighter Squadron also had an alert detachment at George AFB in Victorville, California. George AFB was closed in 1992 due to BRAC action as part of the overall downsizing of the US military after the Cold War and the alert detachment moved to March Air Force Base, since renamed as March Air Reserve Base due to a later BRAC action. In 1995, the squadron transitioned to the more capable F-16C Fighting Falcon Block 25 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0017-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era\nThe 144th Fighter Wing was the busiest dedicated air defense wing in the country during 1999, with deployments to eight countries and more than a half-dozen states. Combat training had many highlights throughout the year. Fifty wing members deployed five F-16s to Naval Air Station Fallon, Nevada, to participate in the Navy's annual joint combat training exercise. Members of the unit also traveled to Tyndall AFB, Florida for Combat Archer which provided an opportunity for live fire weapons training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0017-0001", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era\nTo top off the year, six dozen members and six aircraft deployed to Nellis AFB, Nevada between 24 October and 7 November for Red Flag. During the opening minutes of the exercise, a 144th Fighter Wing four-ship flight executed a simulated kill against four actual MiG-29s. These were the first-ever MiG-29 kills in a Red Flag exercise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0018-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era\nAlso in 1999, the 144th Civil Engineering Squadron's Fire Department deployed to Sheppard AFB, Texas for training, and 44 members of the 144th Services Flight trained at Tyndall AFB, Florida. Fifty-five members of the 144th Medical Squadron received medical readiness training at Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center, Michigan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0019-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era\nAs the F-16 Block 25 aircraft came to the end of their operational lifespan, the 194th Fighter Squadron began to receive F-16C Block 32 aircraft in December 2006. All aircraft were replaced with Block 32 variants by the end of 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011340-0020-0000", "contents": "144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era\nThe 144th Fighter Wing started the conversion process to F-15C Eagles from the 120th Fighter Wing of the Montana Air National Guard with the arrival of the first of 21 F-15s on 18 June 2013. The last F-16 departed the 144th Fighter Wing on 7 November 2013, destined for 162nd Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011341-0000-0000", "contents": "144th Georgia General Assembly\nThe first regular session of the 144th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia met from Monday, January 13, 1997, at 10:00 am, to Monday, March 28, 1997, at which time both houses adjourned sine die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011341-0001-0000", "contents": "144th Georgia General Assembly\nThe second regular session of the Georgia General Assembly opened at 10:00 am on Monday, January 12, 1998, and adjourned sine die on Thursday, March 19, 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011342-0000-0000", "contents": "144th Guards Motor Rifle Division\nThe 144th Guards Yelnya Red Banner Order of Suvorov Motor Rifle Division (Russian: 144-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0415\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) is a motorized infantry division of the Russian Ground Forces, reestablished in 2016 with its headquarters at Yelnya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011342-0001-0000", "contents": "144th Guards Motor Rifle Division\nThe division traces its lineage back to the 32nd Rifle Division (First formation) of the Soviet Union's Red Army, first formed in 1922 and converted into the 29th Guards Rifle Division in 1942 for its actions in the Battle of Moscow during World War II. Postwar, it was stationed in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic and redesignated as the 36th Guards Mechanized Division in 1946 and the 36th Guards Motor Rifle Division in 1957. To perpetuate the lineage of the disbanded 8th Guards Motor Rifle Division, the 36th Guards was redesignated as the former and adopted its history in 1960. When the 8th Guards Motor Rifle Division was transferred to Central Asia in 1967, the 144th Motor Rifle Division was formed at Tallinn to replace it and redesignated as the 144th Guards Motor Rifle Division to inherit the traditions of the 36th Guards later that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011342-0002-0000", "contents": "144th Guards Motor Rifle Division\nAfter the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the Baltics following the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, the division became part of the Russian Ground Forces and was sent to Yelnya, where it was reduced to a storage base in 1993, which disbanded during the mid-2000s. As part of a Russian military buildup in the mid-2010s, the division was reformed as the 144th Motor Rifle Division in 2016 at Yelnya, and redesignated as the 144th Guards Motor Rifle Division to become the official successor of the previous formation of the same name in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011342-0003-0000", "contents": "144th Guards Motor Rifle Division, World War II\nThe 32nd Division part in the battle of Moscow did not escape the notice of the Soviet high command and it was given the title 29th Guards Rifle Division and the 17th Rifle Regiment received the Order of the Red Banner. Its regiments were given new Guards unit numberings as the 87th, 90th, and 93rd Guards Rifle Regiments. The next appearance of the division in battle was in the Ukraine in January 1944 with the 37th Army. Later that year it was moved to the Baltic area and was the first Soviet division into Riga. It ended the war as part of 10th Guards Army still in the Baltic region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011342-0004-0000", "contents": "144th Guards Motor Rifle Division, Cold War\nThe 29th Guards Rifle Division was reorganised into the 36th Guards Mechanised Division, and then on 25 June 1957 the division became the 36th Guards Motor Rifle Division. Three years later, on 23 June 1960, the division was disbanded by being renamed the 8th Guards Rezhitskaya Order of Lenin Red Banner order of Suvorov Motorised Rifle Division \"Major-General I.V. Panfilov\". By this time, the 87th Guards Rifle Regiment had become the 282nd Guards Motor Rifle Regiment; it was dispatched to Kyrgyzstan with the division, and, many years later, eventually after the dissolution of the Soviet Union became a Kyrgyz motor rifle brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011342-0005-0000", "contents": "144th Guards Motor Rifle Division, Cold War\nOn 18 February 1967, the 144th Motor Rifle Division was formed in Tallinn, Estonian SSR, Baltic Military District, replacing the 8th Guards Motor Rifle Division, which was about to transfer to Frunze, Kyrgyz SSR. Ten months later, on 23 December 1967, the division was given the traditions, honors and awards of the 36th Guards Motor Rifle Division, which had been disbanded in 1960. It was therefore renamed the 144th Guards Motor Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011342-0006-0000", "contents": "144th Guards Motor Rifle Division, Cold War\nHolm 2015 and Feskov et al. 2013 list the regiments of the division in 1970 as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011342-0007-0000", "contents": "144th Guards Motor Rifle Division, Cold War\nHolm writes that the division was maintained as a Not Ready Division - Cadre Low Strength (US terms: Category III) - manning was 15% (2000 men).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011342-0008-0000", "contents": "144th Guards Motor Rifle Division, Russian Ground Forces service\nAfter the fall of the Soviet Union it was withdrawn to Yelnya, Yelninsky District, Smolensk Oblast in the Moscow Military District and was reorganised as the 4944th Base for Storage of Weapons and Equipment. It was planned that in a crisis it would be capable of being brought back to up to full division strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 64], "content_span": [65, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011342-0009-0000", "contents": "144th Guards Motor Rifle Division, Russian Ground Forces service\nThe 4944th Guards Weapons and Equipment Storage Base was disbanded in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 64], "content_span": [65, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011342-0010-0000", "contents": "144th Guards Motor Rifle Division, Russian Ground Forces service\nThe 144th Motor Rifle Division was reformed in 2016 as part of the 20th Guards Army. By a decree of Russian President Vladimir Putin on 30 June 2018, it inherited the lineage of the 29th Guards Rifle Division and its successors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 64], "content_span": [65, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011343-0000-0000", "contents": "144th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 144th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011343-0001-0000", "contents": "144th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 144th Illinois Infantry Regiment was organized at Alton, Illinois, and was mustered into Federal service on October 21, 1864, for a one-year enlistment. The regiment served in garrisons in the Saint Louis, Missouri, area and at the prisoner of war camp at Alton, Illinois. It never saw combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011343-0002-0000", "contents": "144th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service 3 months early on July 14, 1865, because the war had ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011343-0003-0000", "contents": "144th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 69 enlisted men who died of disease for a total of 69 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011344-0000-0000", "contents": "144th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 144th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between March 6 and August 5, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011344-0001-0000", "contents": "144th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, with a strength of 1,036 men and mustered in on March 6, 1865. The 144th was composed of companies raised in the 2nd district and it left Indiana for Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, on March 9. The regiment was attached to the 1st Brigade, 1st Provisional Division, Army of the Shenandoah. Duty was performed at Halltown and Charleston, West Virginia, prior to serving in Winchester, Stevenson's Depot and Opequon Creek, Virginia until early August. The regiment was mustered out on August 5, 1865. During its service the regiment incurred forty-six fatalities, another nineteen deserted and one unaccounted for.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011345-0000-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 144th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in the First World War and again in the early stages of the Second World War before being reduced to a reserve brigade and remained in the United Kingdom for the rest of the war. In both world wars the brigade served with 48th (South Midland) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011345-0001-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nThe Gloucester and Worcester Brigade was first raised under the Haldane Reforms in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force, which was formed by amalgamating the Volunteer Force and the Yeomanry, consisting of the 4th (City of Bristol) and 6th Volunteer battalions of the Gloucestershire Regiment and the 7th and 8th battalions of the Worcestershire Regiment. The brigade was assigned to the South Midland Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011345-0002-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nThe South Midland Division was mobilised on 4 August 1914, a day after the outbreak of the First World War. Most of the men of the brigade, when asked, volunteered for overseas service. Those who did not were formed into 2nd Line duplicate battalions and brigade, forming the 2nd Gloucester and Worcester Brigade, part of the 2nd South Midland Division, later to become 183rd (2/1st Gloucester and Worcester) Brigade and 61st (2nd South Midland) Division. The 1st Line battalions were also assigned the '1/' prefix, becoming, for example, 1/7th Worcesters and the 2nd Line became 2/7th Worcesters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011345-0003-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nOn 15 May 1915 the brigade was numbered the 144th (Gloucester and Worcester) Brigade and the division became 48th (South Midland) Division. In March 1915 the division was warned to prepare for overseas service on the Western Front to reinforce the Regulars of the British Expeditionary Force. The brigade served with the 48th Division throughout the war in the trenches of the Western Front in the Somme offensive of July 1916, pursuing the German Army in the retreat to the Hindenburg Line in March 1917 and later in the Third Battle of Ypres. In late 1917 the brigade was transferred to the Italian Front from 1917, and ended the war in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011345-0004-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Between the wars\nDisbanded in 1919 after the war, the brigade was reformed in the Territorial Army in the 1920s as the 144th (Gloucester and Worcester) Infantry Brigade and again assigned to the 48th Division, again consisting of the two battalions of the Glosters and two of the Worcesters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011345-0005-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Between the wars\nThe brigade saw little change during the inter-war years, apart from the 6th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment being transferred to the 145th (South Midland) Infantry Brigade and replaced by the 5th Glosters, from 145th Brigade. In 1938 all British infantry brigades from reduced from four to three battalions and so the 4th (City of Bristol) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment was converted into the 4th Battalion, The Gloucestershire Regiment (66th Searchlight Regiment), later transferring to the Royal Artillery. In 1939 the brigade was redesignated 144th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011345-0006-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe brigade and division were both mobilised on 1 September 1939, two days before the Second World War began, and when the war started, began training to eventually serve overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011345-0007-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe 144th Infantry Brigade, commanded by Acting Brigadier James Melvill Hamilton, was sent, with the rest of 48th Division, overseas to France in early January 1940 to join the rest of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) which was stationed on the Franco-Belgian border. The 144th Brigade landed in France on 16 January 1940. Soon after arrival the 7th Battalion, Worcestershire Regiment was exchanged for the 2nd Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment from the 5th Infantry Brigade of the 2nd Infantry Division, which was serving alongside 1st and 48th divisions in I Corps. This was due to BEF policy and the intention was to strengthen the Territorial divisions and give them vital experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011345-0008-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nIn May 1940 the brigade fought the German Army in the battles of Belgium and France and, along with the rest of the BEF, were forced to retreat to Dunkirk and be evacuated to England after the Germans nearly surrounded the entire BEF from the French Army, which would undoubtedly have seen the destruction of the BEF, and the nucleus of the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011345-0008-0001", "contents": "144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nDuring the retreat a large number of men from the 2nd Royal Warwickshire Regiment, alongside men from the 4th Cheshire Regiment and the Royal Artillery, were involved in the Wormhoudt massacre which resulted in the deaths of 80 men killed by the German SS. After returning to the United Kingdom, the brigade, with the rest of 48th Division, spent the next few years on home defence, absorbing replacements after heavy casualties in France and training to repel a German invasion, which never arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011345-0009-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nIn late December 1942 the division was reduced to a Lower Establishment and eventually became a reserve training division with a draft finding role, in mid-1944, remaining in this capacity for the rest of the war. On 5 August 1944 the brigade was redesignated 144th Infantry (Reserve) Brigade, and became a training brigade for Scottish infantry regiments for the rest of the war, being disbanded in 1946 with the rest of the division and was not reformed in the Territorial Army reorganisation of 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011345-0010-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Order of battle\nThe 144th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011345-0011-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded 144th Infantry Brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011346-0000-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 144th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Imperial Japanese Army. The regiment was attached to the 55th Division. The regiment participated in the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II, fighting in the Pacific during a number of battles including those at Guam, Rabaul, and Salamaua. It also participated in the invasion of Buna-Gona, the Kokoda Track campaign and the battle of Buna\u2013Gona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011346-0001-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army)\nAfter being withdrawn to Rabaul, the regiment was transported to Burma to rejoin the 55th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011346-0002-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army), Sources\nThis article about the military history of Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011346-0003-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army), Sources\nThis World War II article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011346-0004-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army), Sources\nThis article about a specific military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011347-0000-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 144th Infantry Regiment (4th Texas) is an infantry regiment of the United States Army, Texas Army National Guard. It was formed in 1880 and served in several American wars including the present War on Terror. Currently, only the 3rd Battalion remains, and it is a part of the 56th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the 36th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011347-0001-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 144th Infantry Regiment was created in April 1880, when six volunteer militia companies of the Texas State Guard consolidated into the 4th Texas Infantry. The six companies were the Lamar Rifles from Dallas, the Fannin Light Guards from Bonham, the Frontier Rifles from Henrietta, the Gate City Guard from Denison, the Johnson County Guard from Cleburne, and the Queen City Guards from Dallas. In 1898, the 4th Texas Volunteers were mustered for federal service in the Spanish\u2013American War, and they were redesignated as the Second Infantry, Texas Volunteers, but they never deployed or saw combat. In 1903, the regiment regained its 4th Texas moniker after a state military force reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011347-0002-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Border War\nIn 1916, the 4th Texas mobilized for service along the Mexico\u2013United States border during the Border War, and they were responsible for the Big Bend region of Texas. The regiment was distributed over approximately 600 miles of patrol territory, its detachments at one time covered 22 different stations. The 4th was recognized for their meritorious performance of this patrolling duty and was commended highly for its work by Major General Frederick Funston, who was at that time in command of the Southern Department. Some of the 4th Texas' stations were 90 miles from a railhead, meaning they had to travel by foot to reach their destinations. It was mustered out of Federal service in February 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011347-0003-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe regiment was recalled to federal service soon after, in March 1917, and was combined with elements of the 6th Texas Infantry at Camp Bowie to form the new 144th Infantry Regiment. They were going to fight in World War I. They were assigned to the 72nd Brigade of the 36th Infantry Division, alongside the 143rd Infantry Regiment. Arriving in France in July 1918, it trained in Bar-sur-Aube until September where they served as a reserve for the French Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011347-0004-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nOn 9 October 1918, the 144th relieved elements of the 2nd Infantry Division during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. By the time the Texans had reached the front, the Germans were engaging in a fighting retreat all along the front line. Enemy artillery, gas, and machine-gun, small arms fire hit the men of the regiment during their continuous advance, but they closed in on the Aisne River by 12 October. The next day, they swept south to clear out any stalwart defenders, and were moved off the line. They spent the rest of the war acting as a divisional reserve. They had lost 369 men in the Great War, the second largest toll of the infantry regiments in the division. The 144th was mustered out in July 1919 back at Camp Bowie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011347-0005-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar period\nDuring the Interwar period, elements of the 144th performed state duty including storm relief in Dallas and Frost, Texas. They contained riots in Dallas and Sherman, and a strike in Texarkana. The regiment also assisted in the recovery efforts for the New London School explosion in 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011347-0006-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nWhile Germany and Fascist Italy were in the process of conquering most of Europe in 1939 and 1940, and the Empire of Japan grabbing territory in the Pacific and China in the beginning of the Second World War, the United States felt unprepared in the event war was necessary to combat the Axis Powers and began mobilizing its army in response. The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 which allowed the government to draft US citizens, was passed, all available National Guard Divisions were inducted into Federal Service within a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011347-0006-0001", "contents": "144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe 144th Infantry Regiment was mobilized on 25 November 1940, and trained at Camp Bowie. The day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, 8 December 1941, the regiment moved to Fort Lewis, Washington to guard the West Coast against possible Japanese attack under the Western Defense Command. Because of the restructuring of the US Army, the 144th was removed from the 36th Infantry Division command on 1 February 1942, was organized as a separate regiment, and assigned to GHQ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011347-0006-0002", "contents": "144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe regiment moved to San Francisco, California 20 April 1942, and to Santa Rosa, California 7 May 1942 under the Western Defense Command. The regiment moved to Atlantic Beach, Florida 21 January 1943 for coastal patrol duty with the Eastern Defense Command, and then was assigned to Camp Van Dorn. Mississippi on 23 March 1944. The 144th was reassigned to the XXI Corps on 18 April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011347-0006-0003", "contents": "144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nFrom March 1944, the regiment provided an accelerated six-week course of infantry training (four weeks of familiarization, qualification, and transition firing, and two weeks of tactical training) to men who were formerly members of disbanded anti-aircraft and tank destroyer units or who had volunteered for transfer to the infantry from other branches of the Army, and men from the 144th served as replacements in 48 different Army divisions. The 144th moved to Camp Swift, Texas, on 5 January 1945, and then to Camp Rucker, Alabama, on 4 April 1945 under the Replacement and School Command, where it was deactivated on 19 September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011347-0007-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, After 1945\nWhen the 49th Armored Division was being created, the 144th Infantry was reactivated by battalion from April to November 1947. The 1st-4th Battalions were redesignated as Mechanized infantry in 1959. The 144th was later mobilized in response to the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and deployed to Fort Polk, Louisiana before returning home in May 1962. It was returned to state service in June. The regiment was briefly deactivated from 1968\u20131973, where it remained a component of the Texas National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011347-0008-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nIn 2006, as part of the 56th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Company B of the 3d Battalion, 144th Infantry Regiment deployed to Iraq after pre-deployment training at Fort Dix, New Jersey and were actively engaged in combat operations. They returned in late 2007. Five Army Commendation Medals with Valor Devices were awarded to soldiers of 1st Platoon, Second Squad in recognition of the defeat of an ambush on a State Department convoy in central Baghdad. On 7 May 2007, 3rd Battalion, 144th Infantry Regiment mobilized as Task Force Panther in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Task Force Panther trained at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, and, after validation, deployed to Kuwait, and then into combat operations in Iraq. The 3rd Battalion, 144th Infantry deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in 2012 as Task Force Bowie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011347-0009-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nIn October 2017, the battalion deployed under Task Force Bayonet in support of Operation Enduring Freedom \u2013 Horn of Africa, with headquarters out of Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti. The Task Force\u2019s organizational structure was 8 companies, to include one active duty company from the 10th Mountain Division, totaling nearly 1000 Soldiers. 3-144 Infantry redeployed to the United States in July 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011347-0010-0000", "contents": "144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nIn 2016, the headquarters and headquarters company of the battalion were at Fort Worth, Company A at Greenville, Company B at Kilgore, Company C at Seagoville, and Company D at Palestine. By 2018 the battalion Headquarters and Headquarters Company had relocated to Wylie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011348-0000-0000", "contents": "144th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 144th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011348-0001-0000", "contents": "144th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized at Delhi, N.Y., and mustered in September 27, 1862. Left State for Washington, D.C., October 11, 1862. Attached to 3rd Brigade, Abercrombie's Division, Defenses of Washington, to February, 1863. 3rd Brigade, Abercrombie's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Dept. of Washington, to April, 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, 7th Army Corps, Dept. of Virginia, to May, 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 4th Army Corps, to July, 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, 11th Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to August, 1863. 2nd Brigade, Gordon's Division, Folly Island, S.C., 10th Army Corps, Dept. of the South, to February, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011348-0001-0001", "contents": "144th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\n1st Brigade, Ames' Division, District of Florida, to April, 1864. District of Florida, Dept. of the South, to June, 1864. District of Hilton Head, S.C., Dept. of the South, to October, 1864. 3rd Separate Brigade, Dept. of the South, to November, 1864. 1st Brigade, Coast Division, Dept. of the South, to January, 1865. 3rd Separate Brigade, District of Hilton Head, S.C., Dept. of the South, to May, 1865. Port Royal, Dept. of the South, to June, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011348-0002-0000", "contents": "144th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe regiment first saw duty in the Defenses of Washington, D. C., until April, 1863. it was ordered to Suffolk, Va. on April 18. The regiment was besieged at Suffolk April 20-May 4 by Longstreet. Providence Church Road May 3. Siege of Suffolk raised May 4. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24-July 7. Ordered to Washington, D.C., July 10. Pursuit of Lee to Berlin, Md., July 13\u201322. Moved to Folly Island, S.C., near Charleston, S.C., harbor August 1\u201310.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011348-0002-0001", "contents": "144th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuring the fall and winter of 1863 the regiment was engaged at Folly and Morris islands, participating with Gillmore's forces in the siege of Fort Wagner and the bombardment of Fort Sumter and Charleston. Siege of Forts Wagner and Gregg, Morris Island, S.C., and operations against Fort Sumter and Charleston August 11-September 7. Bombardment of Fort Sumter and Charleston August 17\u201323. Capture of Forts Wagner and Gregg September 7. Operations against Charleston and duty on Folly Island, S.C., until December 31. Bombardment of Fort Sumter October 27-November 9. Moved to Hilton Head, S.C., January, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011348-0002-0002", "contents": "144th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Jacksonville, Fla., February, and duty there until June. Expedition from Jacksonville to Camp Milton May 31-June 3. Moved to Hilton Head, S. C., June. Expedition to Johns and James Islands against Charleston July 2\u201310. Operations against Battery Pringle, Johns Island, July 9. Duty in District of Hilton Head, S.C., until November. Hatch's Expedition up Broad River November 28\u201330. Battle of Honey Hill, S.C., November 30. Demonstration on Charleston & Savannah Railroad December 6\u20139. Deveaux's Neck December 6. Tullifinney River December 9. Moved to Hilton Head, S.C., and duty in that district until June, 1865. Mustered out June 25, 1864. Veterans and Recruits transferred to 1st New York Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011348-0003-0000", "contents": "144th New York Infantry Regiment, Folly Island\nThe greatest numbers of casualties incurred by the regiment was during its service on Folly Island during the siege of Charleston, South Carolina. Contaminated drinking water caused severe illnesses amongst almost the entire regiment. So many men became ill with diarrhea that a board of surgeons was appointed to determine which men would be eligible for furloughs so that they could recover from the sickness. A convalescent camp was established at St. Augustine, Florida where many of the men spent their illness-caused furloughs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011348-0004-0000", "contents": "144th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 217 men during service: 2 officers and 37 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 4 officers and 174 enlisted men by disease. The most frequent causes of death listed for the many members of the Regiment who died of disease included typhoid fever and chronic diarrhoea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011349-0000-0000", "contents": "144th New York State Legislature\nThe 144th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5 to April 16, 1921, during the first year of Nathan L. Miller's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011349-0001-0000", "contents": "144th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011349-0002-0000", "contents": "144th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party, the Farmer\u2013Labor Party, the Prohibition Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets. The Prohibition Party endorsed the \"dry\" candidates for the Legislature, mostly Republicans, and nominated own candidates only where the major parties' candidates where \"wet\". In most of the Socialist strongholds in New York City, Democrats and Republicans nominated fusion candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011349-0003-0000", "contents": "144th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1920, was held on November 2. Nathan L. Miller and Jeremiah Wood were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor, both Republicans. The incumbent Governor Al Smith ran on the Democratic ticket for re-election, but was defeated by Miller with a plurality of about 75,000 votes out of more than two and a half million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011349-0004-0000", "contents": "144th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe other eight statewide elective offices up for election were also carried by the Republicans. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for governor, was: Republicans 1,335,000; Democrats 1,260,000; Socialists 172,000; Farmer-Labor 68,000; Prohibition 36,000; and Socialist Labor 5,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011349-0005-0000", "contents": "144th New York State Legislature, Elections\nOnly one woman was elected to the State Assembly: Marguerite L. Smith (Rep.), an athletics teacher, of Harlem, became the first woman to serve a second term in the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011349-0006-0000", "contents": "144th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011349-0007-0000", "contents": "144th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nH. Edmund Machold (Rep.) was elected Speaker with 114 votes against 25 for Charles D. Donohue (Dem.) and 2 for Charles Solomon (Soc. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011349-0008-0000", "contents": "144th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nClayton R. Lusk (Rep.) was elected Temporary President of the State Senate with 38 votes against 8 for Jimmy Walker (Dem.) and one for Edmund Seidel (Soc. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011349-0009-0000", "contents": "144th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nAt the beginning of the session, resolutions were offered to expel Henry Jager, Samuel Orr and Charles Solomon from the Assembly for being Socialists and thus unfit to sit, which were referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. On January 12, another resolution was offered, contesting the eligibility of Henry Jager because he was alleged to be a resident of New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011349-0010-0000", "contents": "144th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn March 29, the Assembly Committee on the Judiciary presented its final report in the matter of the eligibility of Henry Jager. The majority (Rowe, Lown, T. K. Smith and Everett) concluded that Jager was a resident of Maywood, New Jersey, and therefore was ineligible for office under the provisions of the Public Officers Law of New York. A minority\u2014in one report by Bloch and McKee, and another by Stitt and Ullman\u2014concluded that Jager was a resident of Brooklyn. On the next day, Jager's seat was declared vacant by a vote of 77 to 62.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011349-0011-0000", "contents": "144th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn April 4, the members who had offered the resolutions against Orr and Solomon attempted to call the resolutions up, which was voted down. Thus the resolutions remained on the table of the Committee on the Judiciary until the end of the session, without any action taken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011349-0012-0000", "contents": "144th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. William T. Simpson, Martin G. McCue, Frank L. Wiswall, Warren T. Thayer, George R. Fearon, Allen J. Bloomfield and DeHart H. Ames changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011349-0013-0000", "contents": "144th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011349-0014-0000", "contents": "144th New York State Legislature, State Assembly\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011350-0000-0000", "contents": "144th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 144th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 144th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 144th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011350-0001-0000", "contents": "144th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 144th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in as an Ohio National Guard unit of 834 men for 100 days service on May 11, 1864, under the command of Colonel Samuel H. Hunt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011350-0002-0000", "contents": "144th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nCompanies were assigned to duty as follows: Companies G and K in the defenses of Baltimore; Company B at Camp Parole, Annapolis, Maryland; Company E at Wilmington, Delaware; Company I at Fort Dix, Relay House. The remainder of the regiment was stationed at Fort McHenry. The regiment was attached to 1st Separate Brigade, VIII Corps, Middle Department. The regiment was relieved from duty at Baltimore and moved to Relay House. Attached to Kenley's Independent Brigade, VIII Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011350-0003-0000", "contents": "144th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 144th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Camp Chase on August 31, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011350-0004-0000", "contents": "144th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Ohio for Baltimore, Md., May 11. Battle of Monocacy Junction, Md., July 9. Moved to Washington, D.C., July 13. Advance to Winchester and Snicker's Gap July 14\u201320. Operations in Shenandoah Valley July 20 to August 13. Repulse of attack by Mosby at Berryville August 13. Guard duty near Berryville until August 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011350-0005-0000", "contents": "144th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 63 men during service; 10 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 53 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0000-0000", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe 144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (144 RAC) was an armoured regiment of the British Army. Originally raised during World War II as a battalion of the East Lancashire Regiment it was later transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps. It fought in the campaign in North-West Europe, from June 1944 to May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0001-0000", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, 8th Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment\nThe origin of 144th Regiment RAC was a company of men of the East Lancashire Regiment in a Mixed Holding Battalion formed at Huyton, near Liverpool, Lancashire early in World War II. The company formed the nucleus of the 50th (Holding) Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment, and after the Fall of France a draft of veterans from the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was added and the battalion became the 8th Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0002-0000", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, 8th Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment\nOn 26 July 1941, 8th East Lancashires joined 226th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), a static defence brigade in Dorset County Division. The battalion left on 19 November (shortly afterwards, the brigade was converted into 34th Army Tank Brigade).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0003-0000", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, 144th Regiment, Royal Armoured Corps\n144th Regiment RAC was formed at Rufford Abbey on 22 November 1941 by the conversion of the 8th East Lancashire Regiment to the armoured role. The Commanding Officer (CO), Lieutenant Colonel S.T. James, remained in command. In common with other infantry battalions transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, all personnel would have continued to wear their East Lancashire cap badge on the black beret of the RAC. 144th Regiment RAC was assigned to the 33rd Tank Brigade for training in the United Kingdom, and remained with this brigade for virtually its entire service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0004-0000", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, 144th Regiment, Royal Armoured Corps\nThe regiment trained in the infantry tank ('I' tank) role on Churchill tanks, and in the winter of 1942\u201343 was mobilised for the Allied invasion of Sicily. But the orders were changed, 144 RAC had to hand its Churchills over to a Canadian regiment, and was re-equipped instead with Sherman tanks. The following autumn it reverted to Churchills, then finally, in the winter of 1943\u201344, it was converted back to Shermans for the Normandy landings. The training was also broadened and 33rd Tank Brigade was redesignated 33rd Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0004-0001", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, 144th Regiment, Royal Armoured Corps\nThe plan was still for it to land in the infantry tank role, supporting 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division, but if one of the armoured divisions suffered heavy casualties, 33rd would be ready to switch roles and replace its armoured brigade. It was therefore equipped with a proportion of Sherman Firefly tanks armed with the 17-pounder, and the tank gunners practised with this weapon at Holkham Field Firing Range. Lieutenant Colonel A. Jolly, Royal Tank Regiment, (later General Sir Alan Jolly), took command on 10 April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0005-0000", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944\u201345\nElements of the 144th landed as early as the 8th June 1944, they used Crusader Tanks with twin Oerlikons acting as infantry support for the 51st Highlanders. 144th Regiment RAC began to land in Normandy on 14 June 1944 and went into 'harbour' near Bayeux. 33rd Armoured Brigade had been delayed in landing, and its absence was sorely felt by the British Second Army during the tough fighting around Villers-Bocage (13\u201316 June).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0006-0000", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944\u201345\nAs an independent brigade under GHQ, 33rd Armoured could be assigned to support any infantry division that required the assistance of tanks, it was usually split up, the regiments forming Brigade groups with the infantry, with squadrons assigned to support individual battalions. During June and July 1944 the brigade moved between 49th (West Riding) Division, British I Corps and First Canadian Army as required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0007-0000", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944\u201345, Operation Pomegranate\nApart from reconnaissance on 8 July, in which the regiment captured some prisoners, 144 RAC's first action was during Operation Pomegranate, supporting the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division in an attack on Noyers. This was a deliberate infantry assault preceded by an artillery barrage, with the tanks of 144 RAC in close support, assisted by flail tanks, Churchill AVREs with petard mortars, and Churchill Crocodile flamethrower tanks, all from 79th Armoured Division, which operated 21st Army Group's specialist armour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0008-0000", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944\u201345, Operation Pomegranate\nThe advance was badly hampered by minefields (both Allied and German), and 144 RAC had 20 tanks disabled, mostly by 'friendly' mines. This seriously reduced the force that could be used. The Official History records that 'Noyers was attacked again and again' for two days, but the garrison drawn from the 277th Infantry Division held out, except around the station and Point 126, which was taken at bayonet point by 'A' Company, 2/6th Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment (part of 177th Brigade of 59th (Staffordshire) Division) following 'A' Squadron 144 RAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0009-0000", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944\u201345, Operation Pomegranate\nIn three days' fighting, 144 RAC lost 13 officers and other ranks killed, 9 missing, and 61 wounded. In addition to the tanks disabled by mines, it had five tanks 'brewed up', one written off and 11 damaged or ditched, as well as a scout car and a half-track lost. Lt -Col Jolly wrote a detailed report after the battle to highlight the tactical lessons learned. He commented that 144 RAC's earlier 'I' tank training had proved useful, even though it was now equipped with Shermans. Jolly became regarded as a good tactician, and infantry commanders bowed to his tactical judgement when planning joint operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0010-0000", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944\u201345, Operation Pomegranate\nAfter Noyers, the regiment received a much-needed draft of replacements from 148 RAC, which was being disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0011-0000", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944\u201345, Operation Astonia\nFrom 3 August until 14 September, 33rd Armoured Brigade was attached to 51st (Highland) Infantry Division. From 16 August 144 RAC regularly worked with 153rd (Highland) Brigade of 51st Highland. ' On arriving at Brigade Headquarters, Major Secretan found that he was to support the 1st Gordons, the beginning of a long association between B Squadron and that battalion\u00a0... this was really the beginning of our close connection with 153 Infantry Brigade, an association which was to continue for the remainder of the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0011-0001", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944\u201345, Operation Astonia\nEach infantry battalion also grew accustomed to being supported by the same squadron and in this way very close ties of confidence and friendship were established between A Squadron and the 5th Black Watch, B squadron and the 1st Gordons, and between C Squadron and the 5/7th Gordons\u00a0... In order to make us feel part of the family, the 51st Highland Division asked us to wear the famous HD flash and issued every man in the brigade with one, a gesture which was very much appreciated'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0012-0000", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944\u201345, Operation Astonia\nOn 8 September, 144 RAC supported 153 Brigade in the assault on the German-held French port of Le Havre (Operation Astonia). This involved clearing minefields and crossing an anti-tank ditch. For this operation, 144 RAC had under command the Sherman Crab flail tanks of C Squadron, 1st Lothians and Border Horse and tanks to lay scissors bridges. This operation was successful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0013-0000", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944\u201345, New role\nIn January 1945, 144 RAC operated with 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division in the British counter-attacks against the northern side of the 'Bulge' developed by the German Ardennes offensive. Then, on 18 January, 33rd Armd Brigade became part of 79th Armoured Division; from 30 January, 144 RAC re-equipped with Buffalo LVT amphibious vehicles to begin training for the assault crossing of the Rhine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0014-0000", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944\u201345, New role\nMajor Martin Lindsay, second-in-command of 1st Battalion Gordon Highlanders, wrote: 'We had a party for Bob Secretan and his officers. It was a sad occasion for they [144 RAC] were giving up their Sherman tanks to be converted into an amphibious regiment. We had had this squadron supporting us on most of our operations since Normandy, and could not have wished for a better. They looked on themselves as being almost Gordon Highlanders'. (By contrast, 1st Gordons was supported in its next operation by a troop of Churchill tanks from 107 RAC, whose performance Lindsay described as 'The windiest and wettest imaginable').", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0015-0000", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, New identity\nOn 1 March 1945, 144 RAC was redesignated 4th Royal Tank Regiment to replace the original 4 RTR, which had been captured at Tobruk in the North African Campaign in 1942. It happened that the band of the East Lancashire Regiment was touring the NW Europe theatre, so they played the regimental march for the final parade of 144 RAC on 28 February, to mark the original link with the 8th Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0015-0001", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, New identity\nThe first parade of the new regiment the following day was inspected by Sir John Crocker, commander of I Corps and the most senior RTR officer in the theatre. The RTR band played the regimental march, My Boy Willie and each man wore a new black beret and RTR badge, specially sent from England by the Director, RAC. They also adopted the blue shoulder flash of 4 RTR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0016-0000", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, New identity\nUnder its new title, the regiment took part in Operation Plunder, ferrying troops of 51st (Highland) Division across the River Rhine on the night of 23/24 March 1945. On landing, Lt-Col Jolly planted the World War I standard of the original 4th RTR (D Battalion Tank Corps) on the far bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011351-0017-0000", "contents": "144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, New identity\n4 RTR continued postwar as a regular regiment of the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011352-0000-0000", "contents": "144th meridian east\nThe meridian 144\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011352-0001-0000", "contents": "144th meridian east\nThe 144th meridian east forms a great circle with the 36th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011352-0002-0000", "contents": "144th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 144th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011353-0000-0000", "contents": "144th meridian west\nThe meridian 144\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011353-0001-0000", "contents": "144th meridian west\nThe 144th meridian west forms a great circle with the 36th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011353-0002-0000", "contents": "144th meridian west\nThe 144th meridian west is the western edge of the grid indexing scheme for Canada's National Topographic System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011353-0003-0000", "contents": "144th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 144th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011354-0000-0000", "contents": "145 (dinghy)\nThe 145 is a 14\u00a0ft 8\u00a0in (4.47\u00a0m) two person intermediate sailing dinghy complete with main, jib, spinnaker and trapeze. The class is a lengthened version of the 125 class of sailing dingy. The 145 class had a following within Australia, although not as strong as its smaller cousin. Eventually, the class fell out of popularity and the class associations disbanded in the early to mid 2000s. Some examples are still raced around Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011355-0000-0000", "contents": "145 (number)\n145 (one hundred [and] forty-five) is the natural number following 144 and preceding 146.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011356-0000-0000", "contents": "145 Adeona\nAdeona (minor planet designation: 145 Adeona) is a large asteroid from the intermediate asteroid belt, approximately 150 kilometers (93 miles) in diameter. Its surface is very dark, and, based upon its classification as a C-type asteroid, is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous material. The spectra of the asteroid displays evidence of aqueous alteration. The Adeona family of asteroids is named after it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011356-0001-0000", "contents": "145 Adeona\nIt was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on June 3, 1875, from the observatory at Hamilton College, Clinton, New York. Peters named it after Adeona, the Roman goddess of homecoming, because he had recently returned from a journey across the world to observe the transit of Venus. Peters also discovered 144\u00a0Vibilia on the same night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011356-0002-0000", "contents": "145 Adeona\nDuring 2001, Adeona was observed by radar from the Arecibo Observatory. The returned signal matched an effective diameter of 151 \u00b1 18\u00a0km. This is consistent with the asteroid dimensions computed through other means.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011356-0003-0000", "contents": "145 Adeona\nTwo stellar occultations by Adeona have been observed: The first one on July 9, 2002 when it occulted an 11.8 mag star, and then again on February 3, 2005 when several observers in Japan recorded the occultation of a 10.4 mag star. The latter was consistent with a diameter of 151\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011356-0004-0000", "contents": "145 Adeona\nThe Dawn mission team discussed performing a flyby of this object, however NASA decided against it in July 2016. At the time this was considered Dawn was orbiting the large asteroid/dwarf planet 1 Ceres, and went on studying that body later that year. Dawn had previously orbited asteroid 4 Vesta, before traveling to Ceres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011357-0000-0000", "contents": "145 BC\nYear 145 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aemilianus and Mancinus (or, less frequently, year 609 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 145 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0000-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks\n145 George Street, The Rocks is a heritage-listed duty-free store complex and former retail building and residence located at 145 George Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built in 1892. It is also known as Currently part of Duty Free Store complex. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0001-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, History\nAs indicated by James Meehan's Survey of 1807 this site was first occupied by Surgeon General John White at Lot No. 4 and Captain William Raven at Lot No. 5. In c.\u20091835 Mrs Underwood was the owner of three storey stone shops and houses each with seven rooms. By 1845 a two-storey brick house and shop with a shingle roof and five rooms was built. Also on this same allotment at the corner of George and Globe Streets a two-storey stone and brick house and store was erected. The five roomed house had \"every convenience\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0001-0001", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, History\nIn 1861 this building was used as a \"Bowling Alley\" managed by William Ogilvie. In 1871 in the tenements erected by Underwood, a public house was opened. The inn was called the \"Nil Desperandum Hotel\". By 1882 three two storey tenements were erected between the butcher shop and the brick and stone shop on the north side of the Public House, known as the New York Hotel. These shops and dwelling were constructed of brick and they were roofed in iron. In 1891 the building to the south corner of Globe and George Streets was pulled down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0001-0002", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, History\nBy 1891 George McEvoy had erected houses to the Harrington Street frontage. The four storey buildings were of brick and stone and the roofs were slated. In c.\u20091906 these houses were pulled down. In 1892 a three-storey brick and slate roofed shop and dwelling was erected for the Trustees of the Church of England to 145 George Street. In 1900 the area was resumed under the Observatory Hill Resumption Act. In c.\u20091907 the New York Hotel was demolished and by 1908 Tooth & Co. Ltd. erected the brick and iron roofed building to 153-155 George Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0001-0003", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, History\nIn 1912 the tenements to 149 and 151 George Street were pulled down, and in the same year a two-storey brick office building was erected to the rear of 145 George Street. During 1913 Quay Chambers at 149-151 George Street were erected. The tenement to 147 George Street was demolished in 1914 and in that same year the present three storey brick building was erected. In the 1970s the ground floor shop was occupied by Downtown and Dyer, Grocers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0002-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, History\nIn the 1980s the Duty Free Shop Group complex was constructed and the interior of the building gutted for the complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0003-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThe site was identified as having European occupation since at least 1791, with other structures by 1822. From then on, site development was intense. In the 1890s, and following the resumption in 1900 the current buildings facing George Street were constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0004-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nThe building is a three-storey face brick building on the corner of Globe Street, erected in 1892 as shops and offices. The building design can be described as an example of the transitional architecture of the late Victorian and early Federation periods. The upper parapet, rendered sills and keystones are typical of Victorian period detail, with the use of face brick more typical of the Federation period. As part of the development works of the 1980s a section of the building in Globe Street was demolished. At the time of the redevelopment the original awning and shopfront were reconstructed. In Globe Street a large services panel was inserted onto the rear of the ground floor and a new angled corner and false rear wall with blind windows facing the open gallery was created at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0005-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nStyle: Late Victorian and Early Federation; Storeys: 3; Facade: Brick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0006-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Description, Condition\nAs at 27 April 2001, Archaeology Assessment Condition: Destroyed? Assessment Basis: Modern development. Basement car parks. No archaeological work appears to have been undertaken for this site although the 1986 Assessment indicated a potential, and important, resource. The subsequent building operations appear to have obliterated much of this resource. Possible deposits survive beneath shops on George Street frontage. Investigation: Historical research and assessment of archaeology: destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0007-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAs at 18 November 2008, 145 George Street, The Rocks, was constructed in 1893 as part of a group of four buildings and has State heritage significance for its historic and social cultural values.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0008-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n145 George Street has historic significance at State level for having been the site of early European settlement and has been continuously occupied by Europeans since 1788. The site has historic significance at local level for its associations with several phases of late 19th and 20th century urban renewal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0008-0001", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nFirstly, the commercial development of The Rocks in the last decade of the 19th century when the building was purpose-built as a grocery store; secondly, the demolition and rebuilding of much of The Rocks under the Observatory Hill Resumption Act following the 1900 plague outbreak; thirdly association with infrastructure works, including the construction of the City Railway link and the Cahill Expressway, which dramatically changed the visual curtilage of the group; and lastly, the 1980s creation of The Rocks as a tourist destination, when the interior and rear of the building was altered to accommodate the Duty Free Store Complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0008-0002", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n145 George Street has historic significance at local level for its associations with Downton & Dyer, a prominent local business that started as a grocery store in the late 19th century, developed as a wholesale business and is currently a major dry food supplier company that continues to operate in Sydney in larger premises under the same company name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0009-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe East Elevation of 145 George Street has high aesthetic significance at local level associated with being a representative example of a Victorian Regency style commercial building designed in the last decade of the 19th century. In the 1980s the West Elevation, much of the ground floor and upper floor interiors were altered. While this has reduced the ability to interpret the building's significance, the eastern fa\u00e7ade contributes to the aesthetic and historic diversity of the George Street streetscape. A street awning, in keeping with the original design, was reinstated. Shopfronts while not identical to the original, were sympathetic in design and character to turn of the century shopfronts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0010-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n145 George Street forms part of a group of four commercial buildings (Nos. 145, 147, 149-151 and 153-155 George Street) which front the eastern portion of the DFS (Duty Free Store) complex. This group of buildings, bounded by Globe Street and the Cahill Expressway, mark George St's southern entry to The Rocks precinct. The facades of the four late 19th century and early 20th century buildings have streetscape qualities and character that contribute to the overall richness of a coherent and harmonious brick and stucco group of buildings located within The Rocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0010-0001", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nWithin its location in The Rocks, which has State heritage significance, the subject site and the building group as a whole, contributes to a precinct unique to NSW with its historic associations and streetscape character. The group is an important part of The Rocks Heritage Conservation Area being sympathetic in scale and character and an extension of the remaining earlier buildings of George St, presenting a unified streetscape. The buildings are tangible evidence of the redevelopment of The Rocks in the last decade of the 19th century and first decade of the 20th century. 145 George Street has high social significance as a contributory element associated with the historic character of The Rocks, which is held in esteem by the local community and the people of NSW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0011-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nShop and Residence was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0012-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0013-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n145 George Street is a three-storey face brick building on the corner of Globe Street. The building was erected between 1892 and 1893 as shops and offices. 145 George Street has associations as a built element within George Street and Globe Street. George Street is the oldest street in Australia and Globe Street is one of the earliest cross streets. 145 George Street has high significance at local level associated with a corner shop operating continuously on the site and managed by the same proprietor, for almost ninety years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0013-0001", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe business changed in over 80 years from a single-owner grocery store to a wholesale providores. The company moved from The Rocks to accommodate an expanding business. 145 George Street has moderate significance at local level for its associations with the phase of redevelopment of The Rocks in the 1980s when the precinct was transformed into a major tourist attraction. The item meets this criterion at State level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0014-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0015-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n145 George Street has moderate historic significance at local level for its association with the grocery company, Downton & Dyer Ltd, who operated from The Rocks from 1879 before Jesse Dyer moved to the premises at the corner of Globe and George Streets in 1893. The company amalgamated to become Downton & Dyer in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0016-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0017-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe four brick buildings (Nos. 145; 147, 149-151 and 153-155 George Street) of heritage significance, which as a group, provide evidence of two phases of commercial activity in The Rocks just before and just after the plague outbreak and subsequent resumption of land at the turn of the century. Although compromised by the loss of rear sections, ground floor interiors and street awnings in the 1980s, it remains a coherent and harmonious brick and stucco group. The buildings are the representative of the commercial architecture of the Federation period and the transitional phase prior to the turn of the century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0017-0001", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThey are tangible evidence of the redevelopment of The Rocks in the early 20th century and also the more recent redevelopment period associated with the SCA. These buildings also provide evidence of historical association with prominent local business such as W. A. Grubb butchers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0017-0002", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe Central Sydney Heritage Inventory contains separate listings for the building facades of 145-151George St. and the former New York Hotel at 153-155 George Street: \"Of environmental significance for its contribution to an architecturally diverse and historically important commercial streetscape of heritage significance as physical evidence of the growth and consolidation associated with the maritime activities at Circular Quay\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0017-0003", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe group of four buildings was classified as part of the George Street Business Precinct by the National Trust of Australia in the mid 1970s: \"A group of four compatible Edwardian buildings containing interesting and lively fenestration which combine to present a picturesque street elevation. The group acts as a sympathetic extension to the remaining earlier buildings of George Street in scale and character to present a unified streetscape\". The above listings indicate that the primary significance of the group is their contribution to the historic streetscape as well as their aesthetic value as a group of Federation period commercial buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0018-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0019-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe Rocks in general has considerable significance to the general community of Sydney and the people of NSW as a heritage precinct. The Rocks of which the subject site forms a part, is important to the community's sense of place and is subsequently held in esteem. Shopping is a major activity within The Rocks area. As the first commercial district of Sydney relating directly to the ports and shipping, the area has developed a strong commercial focus, which is currently maintained by tourism. The subject site has maintained its historic association with shopping and retail. The item meets this criterion at State level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0020-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0021-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe earliest and most substantial phase of building on the subject site and in close proximity occurred by 1822. These earliest buildings, located along the George Street frontage, comprised the Underwood Buildings, an adjacent shop to the north and Thomas Moore's house. Archaeological evidence from a series of cottages erected on the southern section of the site during the 1820-30s has probably been removed by later 19th and 20th century developments. Due to considerable disturbance related to construction works, the subject site has little scientific/ research significance and does not meet this criterion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0022-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0023-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThere are numerous examples of Victorian/Federation style corner shop buildings within The Rocks that are similar to 145 George Street. The item does not meet this assessment criterion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0024-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0025-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe shops and shopping district of The Rocks are representative of the continuing commercial use of the area and the change to tourism. 145 George Street is one of the group of shop buildings that operated in The Rocks from the end of the 19th century until the late 20th century. 145 George Street is representative of this group and meets the criterion at local level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011358-0026-0000", "contents": "145 George Street, The Rocks, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 1584 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 14 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011359-0000-0000", "contents": "145 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force\nThe 145 Squadron \"Hornet\" is a strike fighter squadron of the Republic of Singapore Air Force based currently at Changi Airbase (East) which is a new airbase, opened in 2004, to the east of Singapore Changi Airport on reclaimed land. With the hornet as its mascot, the squadron's motto is \"Swift & Valiant\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011359-0001-0000", "contents": "145 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\nFirst formed on 1 April 1984 at Tengah Air Base, the founding CO was Capt Chir C. P  \" Hawkeye \", the squadron flew the A-4S Skyhawk and later, the locally upgraded A-4SU Super Skyhawk, along with her sister squadron, the 142 Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011359-0001-0001", "contents": "145 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\nWhen the A-4SU was retired from active combat service, however, 142 Squadron was disbanded, while the 145 Squadron was retained to operate the newly upgraded F-16Ds from the new air base, an unsurprising decision considering the fact that the 145 Squadron had emerged as the best fighter squadron for five consecutive years since the year 2000 in the annual Singapore Armed Forces Best Unit Competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011359-0002-0000", "contents": "145 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, New role\nThe twenty aircraft of the squadron are upgraded versions of the F-16D Block 52, hence known as the Block 52+ or F-16D+, are equipped with state-of-the-art Conformal Fuel Tanks, an enhanced radar with greater detection range and improved mapping capabilities, and an improved targeting pod, this enables the squadron to conduct precision day and night operations at a greater combat range and duration. This made it a unique squadron within the RSAF as all its aircraft are tandem seaters and every mission is flown with a Pilot and Weapon System Officer (WSO), until the arrival of the F-15SG Eagles with 142 and 149 Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011359-0003-0000", "contents": "145 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Information\nThe tail is adorned with a toned down squadron logo in the center of the tail with the serial number on the base. It is the only fighter squadron which chose an insect as its mascot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 58], "content_span": [59, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011359-0004-0000", "contents": "145 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Achievements\nThe squadron clinched the Best Fighter Squadron award in the following years: 1998, 2000, 2012 and 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011359-0005-0000", "contents": "145 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Latest photo\nA fully bombed-up F-16D Block 52+ of 145 Sqn on static display during RSAF Open House 2008", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011359-0006-0000", "contents": "145 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Latest photo\nAnother view, note the inert Sidewinder missiles and Paveway II LGBs", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011360-0000-0000", "contents": "1450\nYear 1450 (MCDL) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011361-0000-0000", "contents": "1450 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1450\u00a0kHz: 1450 AM is a Regional and Local broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011362-0000-0000", "contents": "1450 Brickell\n1450 Brickell, is an all-office skyscraper in the City of Miami, Florida, United States. It is 540 feet (165 m) tall with 35 floors. It is adjacent to One Broadway in Downtown Miami's southern Brickell Financial District. The building is located on the corner of Brickell Avenue and Broadway. The architect is Nichols, Brosch, Wurst, Wolfe & Associates, Inc. The building contains more than 580,000 square feet (54,000\u00a0m2) of office space. The project is one of several new office buildings to open in Downtown Miami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011362-0001-0000", "contents": "1450 Brickell, Energy efficiency\n1450 Brickell is Miami's first LEED Gold office building. Hill York, a mechanical contractor, built the utiliVisor system in the building to continuously commission the building's HVAC systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011362-0002-0000", "contents": "1450 Brickell, Hurricane resistance\nAt the time of completion, 1450 Brickell incorporated the strongest curtainwall window system of any commercial building in the nation. The entire 35-story glass curtainwall system is designed for large-missile impact (hurricane resistance), even though Miami-Dade County only requires glass in the first 30 feet (9.1\u00a0m) of a building to be large-missile impact-resistant. DeSimone Consulting Engineers is the structural engineering firm for the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011363-0000-0000", "contents": "1450 Raimonda\n1450 Raimonda, provisional designation 1938 DP, is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 February 1938, by astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Iso-Heikkil\u00e4 Observatory in Turku, Finland. The asteroid was named after Dutch astronomer Jean Jacques Raimond, Jr..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011363-0001-0000", "contents": "1450 Raimonda, Orbit and classification\nRaimonda is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,542 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011363-0002-0000", "contents": "1450 Raimonda, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first identification as A915 TF at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1915, more than 22 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011363-0003-0000", "contents": "1450 Raimonda, Physical characteristics\nRaimonda is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, despite its rather low albedo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011363-0004-0000", "contents": "1450 Raimonda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn December 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Raimonda was obtained from photometric observations at the Oakley (916) and Tenagra Observatory (848). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.66 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.64 (or 0.57 at LCDB) magnitude (U=2), indicative of an elongated shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011363-0005-0000", "contents": "1450 Raimonda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn 2013, a lightcurve was modeled from photometric data collected by the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue, the Palomar Transient Factory survey, and individual observers, as well as sparse-in-time photometry from the United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station, the Catalina Sky Survey in Tucson, and the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory at La Palma. Modelling gave a similar period 12.6344 hours. The study also determined two spin axis of (231.0\u00b0, \u221256.0\u00b0) and (71.0\u00b0, \u221260.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011363-0006-0000", "contents": "1450 Raimonda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Raimonda measures between 14.76 and 20.80 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.074 and 0.1387.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011363-0007-0000", "contents": "1450 Raimonda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0976 and a diameter of 14.75 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011363-0008-0000", "contents": "1450 Raimonda, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Jean Jacques Raimond, Jr. (1903\u20131961), a Dutch astronomer who was the president of the Dutch Astronomical Society (Dutch: Nederlandse Vereniging voor Weer- en Sterrenkunde; Netherlands Association for Meteorology and Astronomy) and director of the Zeiss planetarium at The Hague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011363-0009-0000", "contents": "1450 Raimonda, Naming\nThe naming was suggested by Belgian astronomer Jean Meeus, and the official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1965 (M.P.C. 2347). The lunar crater Raimond was also named in his honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011367-0000-0000", "contents": "1450s\nThe 1450s decade ran from January 1, 1450, to December 31, 1459.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011368-0000-0000", "contents": "1450s BC\nThe 1450s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1459 BC to December 31, 1450 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011369-0000-0000", "contents": "1450s in Denmark, Events\n13 May \u2013 Christian I of Denmark becomes King of Norway", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011371-0000-0000", "contents": "1450s in art\nThe decade of the 1450s in art involved many significant events, especially in sculpture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011372-0000-0000", "contents": "1450s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011372-0001-0000", "contents": "1450s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011372-0002-0000", "contents": "1450s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011373-0000-0000", "contents": "1451\nYear 1451 (MCDLI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011374-0000-0000", "contents": "1451 Gran\u00f6\n1451 Gran\u00f6, provisional designation 1938 DT, is a stony Florian asteroid and slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 February 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and later named for Johannes Gabriel Gran\u00f6, rector of the University of Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011374-0001-0000", "contents": "1451 Gran\u00f6, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid is a member of the Flora family, a large group of stony S-type asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,194 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no previous identifications were made, Gran\u00f6's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011374-0002-0000", "contents": "1451 Gran\u00f6, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nA rotational lightcurve of Gran\u00f6 was obtained from photometric observations made by amateur astronomer Robert Stephens at GMARS and Santana Observatories in March 2010. Analysis gave a long rotation period of 138 hours with a brightness variation of 0.65 magnitude (U=2+). This makes Gran\u00f6 a slow rotating asteroid. The result supersedes a previous period of 5.1 hours from May 2007 (U=2-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011374-0003-0000", "contents": "1451 Gran\u00f6, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Gran\u00f6 measures between 6.17 and 9.70 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.171 and 0.429. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 6.81 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 13.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011374-0004-0000", "contents": "1451 Gran\u00f6, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Johannes Gabriel Gran\u00f6 (1882\u22121956), Finnish professor of geography and rector at University of Turku from 1932 to 1934. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 1964 (M.P.C. 2277).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011377-0000-0000", "contents": "1452\nYear 1452 (MCDLII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011378-0000-0000", "contents": "1452 Hunnia\n1452 Hunnia, provisional designation 1938 DZ1, is a carbonaceous Meliboean asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 February 1938, by Hungarian astronomer Gy\u00f6rgy Kulin at the Konkoly Observatory in Budapest. The asteroid was named in honor of the Hungarian nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011378-0001-0000", "contents": "1452 Hunnia, Orbit and classification\nHunnia is a member of the Meliboea family (604), a smaller asteroid family of a few hundred carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids, named after 137\u00a0Meliboea. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.5\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,003 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011378-0002-0000", "contents": "1452 Hunnia, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins at Goethe Link Observatory in March 1949, more than 11 years after its official discovery observation at Konkoly. (The large time span without astrometric follow-up observations coincides with the period of WWII.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011378-0003-0000", "contents": "1452 Hunnia, Physical characteristics\nHunnia is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, in agreement with the overall spectral type of the Meliboea family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011378-0004-0000", "contents": "1452 Hunnia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBetween February and March 1998, a rotational lightcurve of Hunnia was obtained from photometric observations by Hungarian astronomers Kriszti\u00e1n S\u00e1rneczky, Gyula Szab\u00f3 and L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Kiss. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 17.2 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.34 magnitude (U=2). No other lightcurves have since been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011378-0005-0000", "contents": "1452 Hunnia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Hunnia measures between 18.76 and 20.910 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.0435 and 0.06.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011378-0006-0000", "contents": "1452 Hunnia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 21.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011378-0007-0000", "contents": "1452 Hunnia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of the Hungarian nation. Also known as Magyars, the Hungarians are believed to be of Hunnic heritage. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5182).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011379-0000-0000", "contents": "1452 Yellow River floods\nThe 1452 Yellow River floods were major natural disasters affecting hundreds of thousands of farmers along the Yellow River in Shandong and Henan, as well as the Huai River valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011379-0001-0000", "contents": "1452 Yellow River floods\nThe first flood destroyed the extensive public works created at Shawan just four years before as a result of the 1448 flood at Linqing. The silt flooded into the Grand Canal in Shandong required major effort to repair. After the earthworks had been repaired, the Jingtai Emperor ordered the construction of two temples \u2013 one at Heiyangshan and the other at Shawan \u2013 and committed himself to praying personally to the river gods for flood prevention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011379-0002-0000", "contents": "1452 Yellow River floods\nBy the sixth lunar month, the northern bank burst at Shawan again and the entire Grand Canal fleet was stranded by the sand thrown into its course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011382-0000-0000", "contents": "1453\nYear 1453 (MCDLIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1453rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 453rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 53rd year of the 15th century, and the 4th year of the 1450s decade. It is sometimes cited as the notional end of the Middle Ages by historians who define the medieval period as the time between the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011383-0000-0000", "contents": "1453 Fennia\n1453 Fennia, provisional designation 1938 ED1, is a stony Hungaria asteroid and synchronous binary system from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Turku Observatory in 1938, the asteroid was later named after the Nordic country of Finland. The system's minor-planet moon was discovered in 2007. It has a derived diameter of 1.95 kilometers and is orbiting its primary every 23.55 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011383-0001-0000", "contents": "1453 Fennia, Discovery\nFennia was discovered on 8 March 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Iso-Heikkil\u00e4 Observatory in Turku, southwest Finland. Fifteen days later, it was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula, which also served as a confirmation of the first observation. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011383-0002-0000", "contents": "1453 Fennia, Orbit and classification\nFennia is a bright member of the Hungaria asteroids, a dynamical group that forms the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. The group includes all members of large asteroid family of the same name (003). When applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements, Fennia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011383-0003-0000", "contents": "1453 Fennia, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.0\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 7 months (954 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.03 and an inclination of 24\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory (or at Simeiz Observatory), 15 days after its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011383-0004-0000", "contents": "1453 Fennia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Fennia is a common, stony S-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as a rare K-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011383-0005-0000", "contents": "1453 Fennia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSince 1991, a large number of rotational lightcurves of Fennia have been obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 4.4121 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.10 and 0.20 magnitude (U=0/3/3/3/3/3-). Due to its relatively low brightness amplitude, Fennia is likely spheroidal in shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011383-0006-0000", "contents": "1453 Fennia, Physical characteristics, Moon\nIn 2007, these photometric lightcurve observations revealed that Fennia is a synchronous binary asteroid, orbited by a minor-planet moon. The moon has an orbital period of 22.99 hours, later revised to 23.55 hours. It is at least a quarter the size of Fennia itself \u2013 a secondary-to-primary mean-diameter ratio of 0.28\u00b10.02) \u2013 which translates into a diameter of 1.95\u00b10.18 kilometers based on current estimates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 43], "content_span": [44, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011383-0007-0000", "contents": "1453 Fennia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Fennia measures between 6.36 and 8.98 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.140 and 0.50.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011383-0008-0000", "contents": "1453 Fennia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Johnston's archive derives a diameter of 6.96 kilometers, while Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.244 and a diameter of 7.32 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 12.835, taken from the revised WISE-results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011383-0009-0000", "contents": "1453 Fennia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of the Nordic country of Finland. \"Fennia\" is the Latin word for Finland. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 130).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011384-0000-0000", "contents": "1453 Yellow River flood\nThe 1453 Yellow River flood was a natural disaster in the area surrounding Shawan in Shandong, China, during the Ming dynasty. The banks \u2013 repaired just the year before \u2013 burst again in the fourth lunar month and again in the fifth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011386-0000-0000", "contents": "1453\u20131821: The Coming of Liberation\n1453\u20131821: The Coming of Liberation (Greek: 1453\u20131821: \u0397 \u038f\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2) is a real-time strategy video game developed by Greek game developer S.D.S. Game Studios and published by Centric Multimedia. Released in 2008 for Microsoft Windows, it is the first Greek real-time strategy video game to receive a physical retail release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011386-0001-0000", "contents": "1453\u20131821: The Coming of Liberation\nThe game is set during the Greek War of Independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830. Players assume command over the Greek forces aiming to liberate 20 Ottoman-held territories in the Peloponnese and Central Greece. Development of The Coming of Liberation began in August 2006 and was completed in May 2008 by a team of four people. After its release in 2008, the game became a best-seller for several months in both Greece and Cyprus having sold over 7,000 units in those countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011386-0002-0000", "contents": "1453\u20131821: The Coming of Liberation, Gameplay\n1453\u20131821: The Coming of Liberation combines elements of both turn-based and real-time strategy games, where the player takes control of Greek troops and decides how to strategically place them before battle. Troop placement is followed by a real-time battle phase, where players maneuver the units under their control in hopes of eliminating the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011386-0003-0000", "contents": "1453\u20131821: The Coming of Liberation, Gameplay\nThe game's map is divided into 20 territories, corresponding to districts in the Peloponnese and Central Greece. Each region has its own characteristics, such as population, guard, available men for military equipment and level of trade. The goal of the game is to liberate all territories within the allotted time. As the game closely follows historical facts, each round takes place during pre-specified points in time between 1821 and 1830. This means time progression can vary from one day to several years between rounds, depending on the historical developments of that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011386-0004-0000", "contents": "1453\u20131821: The Coming of Liberation, Development\nDevelopment of The Coming of Liberation began in August 2006 when cousins Anargyros Prosilis and Anargyros Chatzitofis, both university freshmen at the time, set up S.D.S. Game Studios and began working on their own strategy game, as both were huge fans of the genre. After one year of work, they decided to show the game to friends and acquaintances, gathering feedback, comments and remarks. As they moved forward, the scope of the project grew larger, and the decision was made to release the game commercially. This was followed by an expansion of the creative team with Georgios Papas as a music composer for the game, and writer Panagotis Papathanasiou to flesh out the game's story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011386-0005-0000", "contents": "1453\u20131821: The Coming of Liberation, Development\nNearing completion at the end of February 2008, S.D.S. reached an agreement with Centric Multimedia to handle the publishing and distribution of The Coming of Liberation. The game received an official retail release on May 9, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011386-0006-0000", "contents": "1453\u20131821: The Coming of Liberation, Sales\nFollowing its release, The Coming of Liberation became a best seller in both the Greek and Cypriot markets, with reported significantly larger sales numbers than foreign games for several months. It is estimated that more than 7,000 copies of the game were sold, mainly in Greece and Cyprus, as well as a small amount of units sold abroad, mostly by the Greek and Greek-speaking community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 42], "content_span": [43, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011387-0000-0000", "contents": "1454\nYear 1454 (MCDLIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011388-0000-0000", "contents": "1454 in France, Deaths\nThis year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011390-0000-0000", "contents": "1455\nYear 1455 (MCDLV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011391-0000-0000", "contents": "1455 Mitchella\n1455 Mitchella, provisional designation 1937 LF, is a Florian asteroid, slow rotator and suspected tumbler from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 June 1937, by astronomer Alfred Bohrmann at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after American astronomer Maria Mitchell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011391-0001-0000", "contents": "1455 Mitchella, Orbit and classification\nMitchella is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements. It has also been classified as a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011391-0002-0000", "contents": "1455 Mitchella, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,230 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, one month after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011391-0003-0000", "contents": "1455 Mitchella, Physical characteristics\nMitchella is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, which is also the overall spectral type for members of the Flora family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011391-0004-0000", "contents": "1455 Mitchella, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn June 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Mitchella was obtained from photometric observations by Australian astronomer David Higgins at the Hunters Hill Observatory (E14). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 118.7 hours with a brightness variation of 0.60 magnitude (U=2+). With a period above 100 hours, Mitchella is one of few hundred slow rotators currently known to exists. Its high brightness amplitude is indicative for a somewhat elongated shape. Also, the photometric observations suggested that it might be in a tumbling motion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011391-0005-0000", "contents": "1455 Mitchella, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Mitchella measures between 6.449 and 7.00 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.26 and 0.353.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011391-0006-0000", "contents": "1455 Mitchella, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the Flora family's parent body \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 7.47 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011391-0007-0000", "contents": "1455 Mitchella, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Maria Mitchell (1818\u20131889), an American professor of astronomy and director of Vassar College Observatory. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 131). The lunar crater Mitchell is also named in her honor, as is the Maria Mitchell Observatory in, Massachusetts, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011392-0000-0000", "contents": "1455 defter of the District of Brankovi\u0107\nThe Ottoman cadastral tax census (defter) of 1455 in the District of Brankovi\u0107 (defter Vuk-ili) is one of the oldest Ottoman tax registers in the Balkans. The District of Brankovi\u0107 at the time of the defter included parts of central Serbia (present-day Toplica District and the historical Ra\u0161ka region), part of northeastern Montenegro and parts of eastern Kosovo (the Kosovo plain). The defter recorded:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011392-0001-0000", "contents": "1455 defter of the District of Brankovi\u0107\nIn 1972 the Sarajevo Institute of Middle Eastern Studies translated the original Turkish census and published an analysis of it Kova\u010devi\u0107 Mr. E\u0161ref, Hand\u017ei\u0107 A., Had\u017eibegovi\u0107 H. Oblast Brankovi\u0107a \u2013 Op\u0161irni katastarski popis iz 1455. godine, Orijentalni institut, Sarajevo 1972. Subsequently others have covered the subject as well such as Vukanovi\u0107 Tatomir, Srbi na Kosovu, Vranje, 1986.</ref>", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011392-0002-0000", "contents": "1455 defter of the District of Brankovi\u0107\nOut of all names mentioned in this census, conducted by the Ottomans in 1455, covering a part of Eastern Kosovo,96.3% of the names were of Slavic origin, 1.90% of Roman origin, 1.56% of uncertain origin, 0.26% of Albanian origin, 0.25% of Greek origin, etc. Serbian scholars consider that the defter indicates an overwhelmingly Serbian local population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011392-0002-0001", "contents": "1455 defter of the District of Brankovi\u0107\nMadgearu instead argues that the series of defters from 1455 onward \"shows that Kosovo... was a mosaic of Serbian and Albanian villages\", while Prishtina and Prizren already had significant Albanian Muslim populations, and that the same defter of 1455 indicates the presence of Albanians in Tetovo This interpretation of nationals living there is vague and unreliable to actually determine the Serb, Albanian, Bulgarian, Greek, Jews and Croats who lived in Kosovo in 1455 for the reason that the ottomans never conducted populations censuses based on nationality or language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011392-0002-0002", "contents": "1455 defter of the District of Brankovi\u0107\nThe Ottomans cadastral tax records only mention the religion of the dwellers in Kosovo not nationalities. The accuracy and the consistency of the registration has been doubted as shown in the example of Janjevo (a primarily Catholic Croat  village in eastern Kosovo) which according to the reading of the register had only one Croat household.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011392-0003-0000", "contents": "1455 defter of the District of Brankovi\u0107\nAs the defter only recorded timar holders and dependent farmers, groups which socially weren't part of any of these two classes were not included in the defter. That is most probably the reason why Vlachs (as a social category which was not part of the Ottoman feudal hierarchy) were not recorded in the region which the defter covered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011398-0000-0000", "contents": "1455 papal conclave\nThe 1455 papal conclave (April 4\u20138) elected Alfons Borja Pope Callixtus III following the death of Pope Nicholas V. The conclave was the first in the Apostolic Palace, the site of all but five papal conclaves thereafter. The conclave was also the first to feature accessus voting (votes cast in accessit), derived from a practice of the Roman Senate, where a cardinal could change their vote after an unsuccessful scrutiny to any cardinal already receiving votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011398-0001-0000", "contents": "1455 papal conclave\nThe early defeat of Greek Cardinal Basilios Bessarion\u2014a potential compromise candidate between the Colonna and Orsini factions\u2014is a notable display of the lingering antipathy towards certain characteristics of the Eastern church, such as bearded priests, centuries after the East-West Schism. Although Western canon law had prohibited beards for priests since at least the eleventh century, the issue would continue to be debated well into the sixteenth century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011398-0002-0000", "contents": "1455 papal conclave, The election\nThe two main factions of the cardinals were divided between the followers of Prospero Colonna and Latino Orsini; among the papabile were Barbo, Trevisan, Capranica, Orsini, and Bessarion. Capranica received a plurality on the first three scrutinies, with the other votes scattered; Orsini and the French cardinals rallied against Capranica because he was close to Colonna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011398-0003-0000", "contents": "1455 papal conclave, The election\nOn April 6, Easter Sunday, the factions began to consider neutral candidates. In this capacity, Basilios Bessarion (noted for defecting from the Eastern Church following the East\u2013West Schism) was able to receive eight votes, before his candidacy was scuttled following a speech by Alain de Co\u00ebtivy\u2014recorded by eyewitnesses\u2014which emphasized Bessarion's former membership in the Eastern Orthodox Church and his retention of Greek mannerisms, such as a full beard. The French cardinal is reported to have remarked:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011398-0004-0000", "contents": "1455 papal conclave, The election\nShall we select for Pope, for head of the Latin Church, a Greek, a mere interloper? Bessarion still wears his beard\u2014and forsooth, he is to be our Lord! How poor, then, must be our Latin Church, if we can find no worthy man in it, but must needs resort to a Greek, and to one, too, who but yesterday attacked the Roman faith! And because he has now returned shall he be our master and the leader of the Christian army? Behold, such is the poverty of the Latin Church that she cannot find an apostolic sovereign without resorting to a Greek! Oh, Fathers! Do what you think fit; but for myself and those who think with me, we will never consent to a Greek head of the Church!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011398-0005-0000", "contents": "1455 papal conclave, The election\nBessarion made no attempt to defend himself, claiming he was not interested in being elected; his reputations for reform and austerity also would have been unpopular with many of the Renaissance cardinals. Nevertheless, the renowned humanist scholar remained a strong candidate in the following 1464 conclave as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011398-0006-0000", "contents": "1455 papal conclave, The election\nIt is known that the early scrutinies the following Monday were disorganized; for example, non-cardinal Antonio de Montefalcone received at least one vote. de Co\u00ebtivy and Trevisan pushed for Borja's election, gaining momentum until Borja prevailed the following Tuesday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011398-0006-0001", "contents": "1455 papal conclave, The election\nThe core of the requisite two-thirds majority was likely composed of the French, Spanish, and Venetian cardinals: Trevisan, de Co\u00ebtivy, Barbo, Orsini, d'Estaing, de Carvajal, de La Cerda, Rolin, and Torquemada; the vote of Isidore or Calandrini, or both, likely was also required as Borja very likely did not vote for himself; Borja almost certainly did not receive the votes of Colonna, Capranica, or Bessarion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011399-0000-0000", "contents": "145523 Lulin\n145523 Lulin, provisional designation 2006 EM67, is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.9 kilometers (2.4 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 7 March 2006, by Taiwanese astronomers Hung-Chin Lin (\u6797\u5b8f\u6b3d) and Ye Quanzhi (\u8449\u6cc9\u5fd7) at Lulin Observatory in central Taiwan. It was named for the Lulin mountain and the observatory site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011399-0001-0000", "contents": "145523 Lulin, Orbit and classification\nLulin is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,664 days; semi-major axis of 2.75\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The earliest precovery was taken at ESO's La Silla Observatory in March 1992, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 14 years prior to its discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011399-0002-0000", "contents": "145523 Lulin, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Lulin mountain in central Taiwan, location of the discovering Lulin Observatory at an altitude of 2862 meters. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 April 2007 (M.P.C. 59389). At the observatory, Comet Lulin was discovered in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011399-0003-0000", "contents": "145523 Lulin, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 3.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo of 0.073, which is rather typical for a carbonaceous C-type body. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Lulin has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011400-0000-0000", "contents": "145534 Jhongda\n145534 Jhongda, provisional designation 2006 GJ, is an asteroid and member of the stony Merxia family, orbiting in the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 2\u20133 kilometers (1\u20132 miles) in diameter. It was discovered by Taiwanese astronomers Yang Tingzhang and Ye Quanzhi at the Lulin Observatory on 1 April 2006. The likely elongated asteroid has a rotation period of 4.5 hours. It was named for the Taiwanese National Central University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011400-0001-0000", "contents": "145534 Jhongda, Orbit and classification\nJhongda is a member of the Merxia family (513), a large family of stony S-type asteroids named after its parent body 808\u00a0Merxia. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,625 days; semi-major axis of 2.71\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken by Spacewatch in February 1992, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 14 years prior to its discovery at the Lulin Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011400-0002-0000", "contents": "145534 Jhongda, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Taiwanese National Central University, which controls the discovering Lulin Observatory. \"Jhongda\" is the University's abbreviation in Mandarin Chinese. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 April 2007 (M.P.C. 59389).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011400-0003-0000", "contents": "145534 Jhongda, Physical characteristics\nIn January 2014, a rotational lightcurve of Jhongda was obtained from photometric observation by astronomers at the Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.490\u00b10.040 hours with a high brightness variation of 0.67 in magnitude (U=2) indicative of an elongated, non-spherical shape. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 3.54 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 15.98. Conversely, Jhongda measure only 2.1 kilometers for an albedo of 0.23, which is typical for the stony members of the Merxia family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011401-0000-0000", "contents": "1456\nYear 1456 (MCDLVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011405-0000-0000", "contents": "1457\nYear 1457 (MCDLVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011406-0000-0000", "contents": "1457 Ankara\n1457 Ankara, provisional designation 1937 PA, is a stony asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 18 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 August 1937, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany, and later named for the Turkish capital city of Ankara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011406-0001-0000", "contents": "1457 Ankara, Orbit and classification\nAnkara orbits the Sun in the middle of the main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,618 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first observed as 1933 SA at Uccle Observatory in 1933, extending the body's observation arc by 4 years prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011406-0002-0000", "contents": "1457 Ankara, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA rotational lightcurve of Ankara was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy in September 2004. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 31.8 hours with a brightness variation of 0.21 magnitude (U=2). While not being a slow rotator, Ankara's spin rate is slower than that of most asteroids, which typically rotate within 20 hours once around their axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011406-0003-0000", "contents": "1457 Ankara, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Ankara measures between 17.834 and 19.82 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.258 and 0.320.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011406-0004-0000", "contents": "1457 Ankara, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes a lower albedo of 0.10 \u2013 a compromise value that lies between the albedos for stony (0.20) and carbonaceous (0.057) asteroids, chosen by CALL for all non-family asteroids with a semi-major axis between 2.6 and 2.7\u00a0AU \u2013 and consequently calculates a larger diameter of 29.08 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.8, as a body's diameter and albedo are inversely related to each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011406-0005-0000", "contents": "1457 Ankara, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Turkish capital Ankara. The official naming citation was proposed by Wolfgang Glei\u00dfberg, a German Solar astronomer, who immigrated to Turkey, after he was dismissed at the Breslau Observatory in Nazi Germany in 1933, because he had a Jewish grandfather. The citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 131).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011408-0000-0000", "contents": "1457 in France, Deaths\nThis year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011409-0000-0000", "contents": "1458\nYear 1458 (MCDLVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011410-0000-0000", "contents": "1458 (number)\nThe maximum determinant of an 11 by 11 matrix of zeroes and ones is 1458.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011410-0001-0000", "contents": "1458 (number)\n1458 is one of three numbers which, when its base 10 digits are added together, produces a sum which, when multiplied by its reversed self, yields the original number:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011410-0002-0000", "contents": "1458 (number)\nThe only other non-trivial numbers with this property are 81 and 1729, as well as the trivial solutions 1 and 0. It was proven by Masahiko Fujiwara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011412-0000-0000", "contents": "1458 in France, Death\nThis year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011413-0000-0000", "contents": "1458 papal conclave\nThe 1458 papal conclave (August 16\u201319), convened after the death of Pope Callixtus III, elected as his successor Cardinal Enea Silvio Piccolomini who took the name Pius II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011413-0001-0000", "contents": "1458 papal conclave, Death of Callixtus III\nPope Callixtus III, the first pope of the House of Borgia, died on August 6, 1458. He was severely criticized due to his nepotism and devotion towards his compatriots of Catalonia, making him very unpopular among the rather xenophobic Roman populace. After the Pope's death an open revolt against him broke out and some of his partisans (e.g. his nephew Pedro Luis de Borja) had to flee Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011413-0002-0000", "contents": "1458 papal conclave, List of participants\nAt the time of Callixtus' death, there were 27 living cardinals, of whom 19 were in Rome, but on August 14 Cardinal Domenico Capranica, archpriest of the College, unexpectedly died. Participating in the conclave were 18 out of the 26 members of the Sacred College:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011413-0003-0000", "contents": "1458 papal conclave, List of participants\nEight electors were Italian, five Spaniards, two French, two Greeks and one Portuguese. Seven of them were created by Callistus III, six by Eugenius IV, four by Nicholas V and one by Martin V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011413-0004-0000", "contents": "1458 papal conclave, Absentees\nOf the absentee cardinals four were creations of Eugenius IV, two of Nicholas V and one of Callixtus III. Pierre de Foix was the last surviving cardinal of the Great Western Schism and was elevated by Pisan Antipope John XXIII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011413-0005-0000", "contents": "1458 papal conclave, Absentees\nAmong them there were three French, two Germans, one Spaniard, one Italian and the one Hungarian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011413-0006-0000", "contents": "1458 papal conclave, Candidates to the papacy\nThe principal concerns in the conclave of 1458 arose from the rapid rise of the effective power and influence of the French monarchy in the closing years of the Hundred Years War, which had recently ended with the French victory. The principal Italian states \u2013 Kingdom of Naples, Republic of Genoa and Duchy of Milan \u2013 feared a rebirth of French interest in Italian affairs and tried to prevent the elevation of a French pope at all costs. The official candidate of the Milanese was Domenico Capranica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011413-0006-0001", "contents": "1458 papal conclave, Candidates to the papacy\nThe campaign for his election in the pre-conclave period was so successful that it appeared almost certain that he would be elected to the papacy. But Cardinal Capranica died suddenly on August 14, 1458, two days before the beginning of the conclave, leaving his party in great confusion. Ottone de Carretto, ambassador of Milan in Rome, made the quick and unconsulted decision to support Cardinal Enea Piccolomini and managed to convince Latino Orsini, one of the most influential cardinals, to back him in this action. The principal candidate of the pro-French party was d'Estouteville. Bessarion, Torquemada and Calandrini also were considered papabile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011413-0007-0000", "contents": "1458 papal conclave, The conclave\nEighteen cardinals entered the conclave in Vatican on August 16. Initially they subscribed to the conclave capitulation, which obliged the elect to continue the crusade against the Ottoman Empire and to give more welfare to poorer cardinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011413-0008-0000", "contents": "1458 papal conclave, The conclave\nThe first scrutiny took place only on August 18. Cardinals Piccolomini and Calandrini received five votes each, while none of the others obtained more than three. At this point French Cardinal d'Estouteville started an intensive simonical campaign for his own candidature. He promised the office of Vice-Chancellor to the Cardinal of Avignon and offered other bribes to the Greek cardinals. On August 18 in the evening he was certain that he would obtain at least eleven votes on the following morning But the opposite Italian party also lost no time. During the night Cardinal Pietro Barbo called together all the other Italian cardinals except Prospero Colonna and proposed to them that, of them all, the one most likely to obtain the required majority of two thirds was Piccolomini, and that all should support him on the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011413-0009-0000", "contents": "1458 papal conclave, Election of Pius II\nThe results of the second ballot on August 19 in the morning were a greatly disappointing surprise for d'Estouteville. He received only six votes \u2013 those of de Co\u00ebtivy, Colonna, Bessarion, Fieschi, Torquemada, and Castiglione. Cardinal Piccolomini obtained nine votes \u2013 those of Barbo, Orsini, Calandrini, Isidore of Kiev, de Mella, de La Cerda, Jaime de Portugal, del Mila y Borja, and that of d'Estouteville, who hesitated to vote for himself but certainly did not consider Piccolomini a serious rival. The votes of Rodrigo Borgia, Giacomo Tebaldi and Enea Piccolomini fell to other candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011413-0009-0001", "contents": "1458 papal conclave, Election of Pius II\nAfter announcing the results, Cardinal Dean opened the customary procedure of the accessus. There was a long silence broken by Rodrigo Borgia who changed his vote to Piccolomini. Then the partisans of d'Estouteville made an attempt to adjourn the session, but Cardinal Tebaldi also changed his vote to Piccolomini, who needed only one vote more for the election. At this point Cardinal Colonna arose to give his vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011413-0009-0002", "contents": "1458 papal conclave, Election of Pius II\nCardinals Rouen and Bessarion attempted to subdue him forcefully but Colonna was able to free himself from the scuffle to proclaim \"I also vote for the Cardinal of Siena, and I make him Pope!\" The rest of the adherents of the Cardinal of Rouen could do nothing but change their votes too, and a few minutes later Cardinal Bessarion congratulated Piccolomini on his unanimous election to the papacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011413-0010-0000", "contents": "1458 papal conclave, Election of Pius II\nCardinal Enea Silvio Piccolomini accepted his election and took the name Pius II. On September 3, 1458, he was solemnly crowned on the steps of the patriarchal Vatican Basilica by Cardinal Prospero Colonna, protodeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011413-0011-0000", "contents": "1458 papal conclave, In popular culture\nThe proceedings of the election of Pius II were the basis of the 2006 film The Conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011414-0000-0000", "contents": "1459\nYear 1459 (MCDLIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011415-0000-0000", "contents": "1459 Magnya\n1459 Magnya, provisional designation 1937 VA, is a basaltic, slightly elongated asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory in 1937, this background asteroid was later named from the Latin word \"Magnya\", which means \"clear, bright, wonderful\" when literally translated into Russian. It is the only known basalt asteroid orbiting beyond 4\u00a0Vesta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011415-0001-0000", "contents": "1459 Magnya, Discovery\nMagnya was discovered on 4 November 1937, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. Two nights later, it was independently discovered by French astronomer Andr\u00e9 Patry at Nice Observatory on 6 November 1937. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer, although Patry was first to announce the discovery. However, Andr\u00e9 Patry later received the honor to name the asteroid (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011415-0002-0000", "contents": "1459 Magnya, Orbit and classification\nMagnya is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.9\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,036 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 17\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Nice Observatory, 22 days after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011415-0003-0000", "contents": "1459 Magnya, Physical characteristics, Spectral type and mineralogy\nMagnya is a V-type asteroid in the Tholen classification. The spectrum of this object show that it has a basaltic surface, which may indicate that it is a remnant from a larger parent body that underwent differentiation prior to breaking up. As of 2000, it is the only known basalt asteroid orbiting beyond 4\u00a0Vesta in the outer main belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 67], "content_span": [68, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011415-0004-0000", "contents": "1459 Magnya, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Magnya have been obtained from photometric observations since 2005. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 4.678 hours with a brightness variation between 0.57 and 0.84 magnitude (U=3/3/2/3). A high brightness amplitude is indicative of a non-spherical, elongated shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011415-0005-0000", "contents": "1459 Magnya, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nThe asteroid's lightcurve has also been modeled several time using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database and other sources. Modelling gave a concurring (sidereal) period of 4.679100, 4.679102 and 4.67911 hours. The studies determined two spin axis in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2): (73.0\u00b0, \u221254.0\u00b0) and (198.0\u00b0, \u221255.0\u00b0), as well as (72.0\u00b0, \u221259.0\u00b0) and (207.0\u00b0, \u221251.0\u00b0). Modeling also confirmed that the body is a slightly elongated ellipsoid, and revealed that it is rotating along the smallest axis and that it has an almost homogeneous surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011415-0006-0000", "contents": "1459 Magnya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, as well as interferometric observations with the VLTI, Magnya measures between 17 and 29.90 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2168 and an exceptionally high 0.909.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011415-0007-0000", "contents": "1459 Magnya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by the VLT, that is an albedo of 0.37 and takes a diameter of 17.4 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011415-0008-0000", "contents": "1459 Magnya, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after \"Magnya\", which means \"clear, bright, wonderful\" when literally translated from Latin into Russian. The name was proposed by the second, unofficial discoverer Andr\u00e9 Patry, who was also the first to compute the asteroid's orbit (research by the author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Lutz D. Schmadel, is based on private communications with Crimean astronomers N. Solovaya and N. S. Chernykh).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011417-0000-0000", "contents": "1459 in France, Death\nThis year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011418-0000-0000", "contents": "1459 in Ireland, Deaths\nEdmund Oldhall, an English-born cleric and judge in fifteenth-century Ireland. He was Bishop of Meath and acting Lord Chancellor of Ireland. He was a brother of the leading Yorkist statesman Sir William Oldhall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 145th Air Refueling Squadron (145 ARS) is an inactive unit of the Ohio Air National Guard 121st Air Refueling Wing located at Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base, Columbus, Ohio. The 145th was equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker. The squadron was inactivated during 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron, History\nThe 145th Air Transport Squadron was allotted to the Ohio Air National Guard in early 1956 by the National Guard Bureau to replace the 112th Fighter-Bomber Squadron at Akron-Canton Airport. The 112th was forced to move from Akron to Toledo Municipal Airport, on 1 April 1956 when the F-84E Thunderjet aircraft it was programmed to receive were unable to use the short runways at Akron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0002-0000", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron, History\nThe 145th ATS was a new Air National Guard organization, not having any prior USAF history or lineage. The 145th ATS, gained by the Military Air Transport Service (MATS), was assigned to the 121st Tactical Fighter Wing at Columbus for administrative and logistical support. The 145th received federal recognition on 17 March 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0003-0000", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron, History\nInitially assigned C-46D Commando twin-engine propeller transports, the squadron was upgraded in 1958 to C-119J Flying Boxcar transports, fitted for aeromedical transport of personnel to medical facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0004-0000", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Tactical Air Command\nThe mission of the squadron was realigned to air refueling of Tactical Air Command aircraft in July 1961 with the expansion of the unit to group level, and the authorization by the National Guard Bureau of the 160th Air Refueling Group. Again, the short runways at Akron led to the movement of the squadron to Clinton County Air Force Base when it received large, four-engined KC-97 Stratotankers. In 1964, it participated in Operation \"Ready Go\", the first all United States Air National Guard (ANG) non-stop deployment of fighter aircraft to Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0005-0000", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1965, the KC-97Gs were upgraded to KC-97Ls with addition of jet engine pods mounted to the outboard wings. 1967 saw the beginning of Operation Creek Party, a continuous rotational mission flying from Rhein Main Air Base, West Germany, providing air refueling to United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) tactical aircraft. The success of this operation, which would continue until 1975, demonstrated the ability of the Air National Guard to perform significant day-to-day missions without being mobilized. The 160th was one of the mission's \"Charter\" units and when its Creek Party participation ended it had safely flown 426 transatlantic crossings. The unit received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the period of 5 June 1967 to 10 May 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0006-0000", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Tactical Air Command\nThe Group Commander at the time, Colonel Frank Cattran, considered aircraft tail number 52-2630 to be \"his\" bird and often flew it in preference to any of the others. This aircraft became involved in a \"Sister City\" ceremony with Zeppelinheim, Germany - a small town near Rhein-Main AB - near the end of the Creek Party operation. Upon the Unit's conversion from KC-97s to KC-13's this aircraft was transferred to the USAF Museum at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, in Dayton, Ohio, where it can be seen today with its Ohio Air National Guard and Zeppelinheim markings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0007-0000", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1971, Clinton County Air Force Base was closed as a result of the Nixon Administration looking to save money because of the Vietnam War. As part of the moving out of units from Clinton County AFB, the 160th ARG was moved to Lockbourne Air Force Base near Columbus, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0008-0000", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Tactical Air Command\nA second Air Force Outstanding Unit Award was received for the period of 11 May 1968 to 30 June 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0009-0000", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command\nIn December 1974 Tactical Air Command transferred its Air Refueling units to Strategic Air Command. Later in 1975, the 160th ARG became the first Air National Guard unit to convert to the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker all jet tanker aircraft as part of SAC's Eighth Air Force. The group was the first ANG unit to perform the SAC 24-hour Alert mission and pass a SAC Operational Readiness Inspection in July 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0010-0000", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command\nThe 160th also participated in SAC overseas Tanker Task Forces and other priority missions worldwide. In 1984, the KC-135As were re-engined and redesignated as KC-135Es. The upgrade to turbofan engines provided a significant increase in performance, safety and reliability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0011-0000", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command\nIn August 1990, the 160th was one of the first Air Guard units to deploy aircraft to the Middle East after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Aircraft, aircrews and support personnel began volunteer rotational Desert Shield deployments to a provisional Tanker Task Force at King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (1709th ARS (P)). The 160th was called to active duty on 20 December 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0011-0001", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command\nDeployment began on 28 December and the 160th became part of three Provisional Air Refueling Wings at Al Banteen Air Base, Abu Dhabi (1712th ARS (P)), Al Dhafra Air Base, Dubai (1705th ARS (P)), and Jeddah. Additional personnel augmented a regional support base at Moron AB, Spain while others deployed to various bases to \"backfill\" for deployed active duty personnel. Aircraft and volunteer aircrews were heavily involved in \"Air Bridge\" refueling missions supporting deployment of combat forces to Southwest Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0012-0000", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command\nCombat flying missions for Operation Desert Storm commenced on 17 January 1991. The 160th compiled a remarkable record of mission accomplishment during combat operations. When hostilities ended, the 160th returned home in March 1991 to a tremendous welcome by families and friends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0013-0000", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command\nSeptember 1991 brought the stand down of the SAC Alert mission which the 160th ARG had maintained continuously for more than 15 years. The 145th ARS began the conversion to KC-135R aircraft in October 1991, and in June 1992, the Strategic Air Command was inactivated with 160th ARG becoming part of the new Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0014-0000", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Air Mobility Command\nIn September 1993, the 145th Air Refueling Squadron's parent 160th ARG was inactivated when budget reductions forced a reorganization of the Ohio Air National Guard units at Rickenbacker AGB. The 145th ARS was reassigned to the new 121st Operations Group under the re-organized 121st Air Refueling Wing, joining with the 166th Air Refueling Squadron, which had become a KC-135R squadron in 1992 when it retired its A-7D Corsair II ground support aircraft. With the addition of the 145th ARS, the 121st ARW became one of only a few \"Super Wings\" in the ANG, with twice as many aircraft assigned as other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0015-0000", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Air Mobility Command\nUnder the 120th ARW, the squadron began flying from bases in southern France to support strike aircraft during Operation Deny Flight missions over the Balkans. The unit was a fixture at Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, as well as Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia, supporting Operations Northern Watch and Operation Southern Watch, respectively, over Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0016-0000", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Air Mobility Command\nAfter the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, the 121st Air Refueling Wing launched into immediate action supporting armed aircraft over the United States during Operation Noble Eagle. The 121st ARW had the distinction of flying more missions than any other unit during this time. The 121st ARW has also deployed and participated in Operation Enduring Freedom over Afghanistan, as well as Operation Iraqi Freedom over Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0017-0000", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Air Mobility Command\nIn addition to the combat deployments, the unit has also been very heavily tasked with airlift missions during national emergencies. Immediately following Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, the 121ARW was one of the first units to send aircraft into Louisiana filled with supplies and troops. Similar missions were flown in September 2005, after Hurricane Rita.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011419-0018-0000", "contents": "145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Air Mobility Command\nThe squadron conducted its final KC-135R flight on 24 September 2013. The 145th stood down during 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011420-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Airlift Wing\nThe 145th Airlift Wing (145 AW) is a unit of the North Carolina Air National Guard. It is assigned to Charlotte Air National Guard Base, North Carolina and is equipped with the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III aircraft. If activated to federal service in the United States Air Force, the 145th is gained by Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011420-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Airlift Wing, Units\nThe 145th Airlift Wing consists of the following major units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011420-0002-0000", "contents": "145th Airlift Wing, History, World War II\n15 March 1948, the 156th Fighter Squadron was established and assigned to the North Carolina Air National Guard. It was federally recognized and activated at Morris Field, near Charlotte and was equipped with F-47 Thunderbolts. Its mission was the air defense of the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011420-0003-0000", "contents": "145th Airlift Wing, History, World War II\nIn 1950 the 156th was re-equipped with former World War II F-51 Mustangs, now designated RF-51D which had been used in the United States in a training role. The squadron became part of Tactical Air Command (TAC) as a Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011420-0004-0000", "contents": "145th Airlift Wing, History, World War II\nThe 156th Fighter Squadron was federalized due to the Korean War on 10 October 1950. During its federalization period, the 156th was deployed to Toul-Rosi\u00e8res Air Base in France, departing for Europe in January 1952. On 9 July 1952 the activated North Carolina Air National Guard was released from active duty and returned to state control. Flying F-84D/E from 1950 to 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011420-0005-0000", "contents": "145th Airlift Wing, History, World War II\nIn 1955 the facilities at Morris Field (now Charlotte Douglas International Airport) were expanded, two years later the 145th Fighter Group was organized consisting of the 156th Fighter Squadron and subordinate units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011420-0006-0000", "contents": "145th Airlift Wing, History, World War II\nThe 145th Fighter Group was constituted and allocated to the Illinois Air National Guard, Chicago, IL on 28 May 1957. The unit began trading their F-86A Sabre, for the more capable F-86E Sabre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011420-0007-0000", "contents": "145th Airlift Wing, History, North Carolina Air National Guard\nThe 145th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was assigned to the 126th Fighter Interceptor Wing, Illinois Air National Guard, Chicago, IL for mobilization. On 1 February 1961, The 145th Fighter Group (Air Defense), NCANG, was redesignated as the 145th Aeromedical Transport Group, NCANG and convert to C-119C Flying Boxcars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011420-0008-0000", "contents": "145th Airlift Wing, History, North Carolina Air National Guard\nThe group was assigned to 1st Aeromedical Group, USAF, and Western Transport Air Force, (MATS), Travis AFB, CA, for training and flying evacuation missions. Transiting to C-121C/G transporters during 1962\u20131965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011420-0009-0000", "contents": "145th Airlift Wing, History, North Carolina Air National Guard\nOn 25 January 1964 the 145th ATG was redesignated 145th Air Transport Group (Heavy). The unit began to convert to C-124C transporters during 1965. From 1966 to 1971 the 145th ATG was deployed to Vietnam, flying over 20 million km without an aircraft accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011420-0010-0000", "contents": "145th Airlift Wing, History, North Carolina Air National Guard\nRe -designated 145th Tactical Airlift Group, 15 May 1971 and re-equipped with C-130B transport aircraft. In 1990 saw the unit mobilized for Operation Desert Shield, followed by Operation Desert Storm in 1991. On 15 Mar 1992, brought about another name change with the 145th Tactical Airlift Group become the 145th Airlift Group. During 1993 the group started to replace their elderly C-130Bs and take delivery of the more modern C-130H3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011420-0011-0000", "contents": "145th Airlift Wing, History, North Carolina Air National Guard\n1 Oct 1995, re-designated 145th Airlift Wing. On 7 September 2016 saw the end of its aerial firefighting mission using MAFFS (Modular Airborne Fire Fighting System) when it was transferred to the 152nd Airlift Wing, Nevada Air National Guard. There are two other C-130 Air National Guard MAFFS trained units, 153rd Airlift Wing, Wyoming Air National Guard, Cheyenne; the 146th Airlift Wing, California Air National Guard, Channel Islands, CA; and one Air Force Reserve unit, 302nd Airlift Wing, Air Force Reserve, Peterson Air Force Base, CO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011420-0012-0000", "contents": "145th Airlift Wing, History, North Carolina Air National Guard\nWing's last C-130 departed on 22 December 2017 before the wing received its first C-17 Globemaster III on Saturday 7 April 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011420-0013-0000", "contents": "145th Airlift Wing, Notes\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment\nThe 145th Armored Regiment, Ohio Army National Guard, is a parent regiment under the U.S. Army Regimental System, with headquarters at Stow, Ohio. It currently consists of the 1st Battalion, 145th Armored Regiment, a 600-soldier combined arms battalion of the Ohio Army National Guard located throughout northeast Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment\nFor command and control purposes within the Ohio Army National Guard, 1st Battaltion, 145th Armored Regiment, is a subordinate battalion of the 174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade. In 2013, the battalion entered into an alignment-for-training relationship with the 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division. In May 2016, the battalion donned the Shoulder Sleeve Insignia of the 34th Infantry Division in anticipation of formal alignment with the 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team in September 2016. As a combined arms battalion, the 1st Battalion, 145th Armored Regiment, is able to deploy two mechanized infantry companies, two armor companies, a support company, a headquarters company, and a battalion headquarters in order to accomplish its federal, state, and community missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0002-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment\nIts Headquarters Company (HHC) and three line companies are organic to the battalion. While combined arms battalions traditionally receive their support companies from their organic Brigade Support Battalion (BSB), since the battalion is not organic to an Armored Brigade Combat Team (ABCT), the 134th Support Company exists independently and is attached to the battalion. As of 2014, the battalion's fire support platoon was redesignated and currently exists as Detachment 2, Headquarters Battery, 1st Battalion, 125th Field Artillery, and is re-attached to the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0003-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Introduction\nReorganized and redesignated from the 1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment on 1 September 2007, the first mobilization and deployment of the 1st Battalion, 145th Armored Regiment in its current form was the 2009 Multinational Force and Observers MFO-52 mission responsible for multiple observation posts throughout Egypt's Sinai Peninsula and the operation of MFO South Camp at Sharm el Sheik, Egypt, in partnership with ten other participating nations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0003-0001", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Introduction\nSince 11 September 2001, however, subordinate elements and individual soldiers that now comprise the unit have deployed to Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Enduring Freedom (Europe), Kosovo Force, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Joint Task Forces Katrina and Rita. The battalion has also deployed select individual soldiers in support of the combined Hungary-United States Operational Mentor and Liaison Team with service in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0004-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Introduction, Mission, training, and capabilities\nIn support of their federal mission, soldiers of the battalion train as members of M1A1 Abrams main battle tank crews, M2A2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicle crews, and as mechanized infantry platoons, squads, and fire teams. Additionally, the battalion has a scout platoon, a 120-mm M120 heavy mortar platoon, a fire support platoon, a medical platoon, a signal section, a sniper squad, and a unit ministry team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0005-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Introduction, Mission, training, and capabilities\nWhen training in a traditional National Guard status, the battalion will typically complete tank gunnery tables, Bradley Fighting Vehicle gunnery tables, or dismounted infantry squad and fire team training lanes. The battalion has also conducted successful training cycles providing training and validation to prepare other Ohio Army National Guard units for deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan. Additionally, the battalion incorporates elements of stability operations, support operations, and counterinsurgency operations into larger training events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0006-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Introduction, Heraldry, Coat of arms\nThe service of the original organization, the 145th Infantry Regiment is indicated by the white shield for Infantry. The falcon from the arms of Montfaucon, France and the wavy bend for the Escaut (Scheldt) River symbolize the most outstanding feats of the regiment during World War I. The giant cactus represents service on the Mexican border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0007-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Introduction, Heraldry, Coat of arms\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 145th Infantry Regiment on 5 September 1928. It was amended on 27 November 1928. It was cancelled on 29 May 1935. It was reinstated and redesignated for the 145th Infantry Regiment on 19 May 1936. The insignia was redesignated with description and symbolism revised for the 145th Regiment on 15 April 1997. It was redesignated effective 1 September 2007, for the 145th Armored Regiment with the symbolism revised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0008-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, From statehood to the Civil War\nUnits of the battalion originated as independent companies of the organized militia throughout northeast Ohio. For federal service during the Civil War, the unit was organized as the 7th Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, with companies from Cleveland and northeastern Ohio. The 7th Regiment was mustered into federal service 28 April 1861 for 3 months and then reorganized for three years on 16 June 1861 at Camp Dennison, Ohio. The regiment saw action throughout the Eastern Theater with the Army of Virginia and the Army of the Potomac, until it was transferred to the Western Theater where it joined the Army of the Cumberland at the Second Battle of Chattanooga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0009-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, From statehood to the Civil War\nThe 7th Regiment saw action at Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and in the Atlanta Campaign. At the end of their three-year enlistment, soldiers of the 7th Regiment who wished to remain in service transferred to the 5th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. The regiment mustered out of federal service on 7 July 1864 in Cleveland, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0010-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Post\u2013Civil War to World War I\nBetween the Civil War and World War I, units now comprising the battalion underwent numerous consolidations and reorganizations typical of a peacetime militia force. From 1870\u20131877, units were independent companies of the organized militia. On 30 June 1877, companies in northeastern Ohio were consolidated as the 15th Infantry Regiment, headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio. On 22 March 1881, the regiment was disbanded, with Companies D, G, H, and K remaining as independent companies. Later that year on 7 July, Companies D, G, H, K, and other elements of the organized militia were reorganized and redesignated as the 5th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0011-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Post\u2013Civil War to World War I\nOn 11 May 1898 the unit was mustered into federal service for the Spanish\u2013American War at Camp Bushnell, Ohio as the 5th Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Commanded by Colonel Cortland L. Kennan, the regiment had 48 officers and 1,302 enlisted men. During the war, the regiment was stationed in Tampa, Florida, and Fernandina, Florida. Due to the quick nature of the war, the regiment was mustered out of federal service at Cleveland, Ohio on 5 November 1898 and resumed status as the 5th Infantry. Between April and July 1899, the regiment was disbanded and later Companies B, C, E, F, G, H, and K were consolidated into the 5th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0012-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Post\u2013Civil War to World War I\nWith the passage of the Militia Act of 1903, initiated by Secretary of War Elihu Root and U.S. Senator Charles W. F. Dick (also a Major General in the Ohio National Guard), militia units such as the 5th Infantry were now federally funded and recognized, and brought into compliance with improvements in the militia system borne out of weaknesses observed during the Spanish\u2013American War mobilizations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0013-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Post\u2013Civil War to World War I\nThe 5th Ohio was again mustered into Federal service on 19 June 1916 for service along the Mexican border. The regiment was mobilized at Camp Willis, near present-day Upper Arlington, Ohio, and served along the border in the vicinity of El Paso, Texas, from September 1916 until it was mustered out on 15 March 1917 at Ft. Wayne, Michigan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0014-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War I\nFor World War I, the regiment was drafted into federal service on 5 August 1917. On 25 September 1917 it was reorganized and designated the 145th Infantry Regiment of the 37th Division. In June, 1918 the regiment deployed to Europe, where it fought in the Meuse-Argonne, Lorraine, and Ypres-Lys campaigns. During its service in World War I, eighteen of the regiment's officers and soldiers received the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism fighting in France and Belgium. The regiment was demobilized over late April 1919 at Camp Sherman, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0015-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War I\nFollowing the war, elements of the 5th Infantry and the former 8th Infantry Regiment (organized in 1876 with headquarters in Massilon, Ohio) were organized as the 3rd Infantry with headquarters federally recognized on 1 July 1920 at Cleveland, Ohio. Exactly one year later, on 1 July 1921, the regiment was once again designated the 145th Infantry Regiment and reassigned to the 37th Division. On 5 September 1928, the 145th Infantry's distinctive unit insignia was authorized. It was heavily influenced by the regiment's World War I service, displaying a wavy bend to symbolize the Scheldt (Escaut) River and a falcon from the arms of Montfaucon, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0016-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II\nThe 145th Infantry was inducted into federal service as part of the 37th Division (later redesignated the 37th Infantry Division \"Buckeye\") on 15 October 1940 and left Cleveland, Ohio for Camp Shelby, Mississippi. From Camp Shelby, the regiment moved to Louisiana to participate in the Louisiana Maneuvers of June, August, and September 1941 before returning to Camp Shelby. On 26 May 1942 the division left the San Francisco Port of Embarkation, arriving at Viti Levu, Fiji Islands exactly one month later on 11 June 1942. There, the entire division resumed training and fortified the islands against possible invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0017-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II\nAs one of three infantry regiments within the 37th Division, the 145th Infantry saw a significant amount of combat and distinguished itself in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater. Although the allies enjoyed an improved strategic position after the success of Operation Watchtower on Guadalcanal, a strategically important Japanese base at Rabaul on the island of New Britain in the Bismarck Archipelago blocked any offensives toward the Philippines and Japan. In order to ultimately assault or neutralize Rabaul, the allies would first have to capture the remainder of the Solomon Islands and portions of northeast New Guinea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0017-0001", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II\nWhile an assault on Rabaul would be postponed by decision of the 1943 Pacific Military Conference, U.S. Army General Douglas A. MacArthur and U.S. Navy Admiral William F. Halsey were ordered to \"begin the initial advance toward Rabaul and capture various points along the northern coast of New Guinea, New Georgia and the northern Solomons, and the Bismarcks.\" It was during these operations within the Northern Solomons Campaign on New Georgia and Bougainville, as part of the 37th Infantry Division, that the regiment saw most of its combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0018-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign\nThe regiment first saw combat against the Japanese during the invasion of the New Georgia islands, codenamed Operation Toenails under Admiral Halsey. There, the 145th Infantry's 3rd Battalion was tasked as part of the Northern Landing Group of the Munda-Bairoko Occupation Force, along with the Marines' 1st Raider Battalion, and the 3rd Battalion from its sister regiment, the 148th Infantry, all under the command of U.S. Marine Colonel Harry B. Liversedge. The Northern Landing Group's mission was to invade New Georgia north of Munda in order to interdict Japanese supply lines and prevent the reinforcement of Munda. On 5 July 1943 the Northern Landing Group went ashore at Rice Anchorage. Progress for Liversedge and other elements invading New Georgia was agonizingly difficult and slow due in greater part to hostile jungle terrain and weather than Japanese resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 967]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0019-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign\nBy 9 July, the offensive officially began and many allied units saw limited forward progress amid harsh close combat. By 13 July, U.S. Army Major General Oscar Griswold, Commanding General of the U.S. XIV Corps, took command on 16 July and decided not to renew the offensive until reinforcements had arrived. By 25 July, the offensive was resumed as a corps-level operation with \"five regiments attacking abreast\", to include all three regiments of the 37th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0020-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign\nDuring this offensive, allied forces on New Georgia experienced jungle warfare at its worst: \"the demanding, draining, and deadly task of assaulting hidden Japanese positions one by one, a style of warfare that chewed up rifle companies and became all too familiar to American ground troops in the Pacific.\" It was during this offensive that Major Carl F. Coleman, the regiment's operations officer noted, \"enemy strong points encountered in this fashion oftentimes resulted in hasty withdrawals which were costly both in men and weapons.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0021-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign\nBy 29 July, the Japanese had withdrawn to a final defensive line in front of the airfield, their main defenses shattered. As XIV Corps advanced into the last high ground protecting Munda Field, trying to break the Japanese line and defend against a counterattack, Private First Class Frank J. Petrarca demonstrated conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action to receive the Medal of Honor. Over the course of 27 to 31 July, Private Petrarca, a medic, would repeatedly advance under intense enemy fire to uncover, treat, and evacuate wounded soldiers. Even when mortally wounded by hostile mortar fire, Private Petrarca \"continued to display valor and contempt for the foe, raising himself to his knees, this intrepid soldier shouted defiance at the enemy, made a last attempt to reach his wounded comrade and fell in glorious death.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 927]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0022-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign\nBy November 1943, after operations on New Georgia and elsewhere, Adm. Halsey had been ordered to seize airfield sites on the final Solomon Island of Bougainville, which was occupied by approximately 37,500 Japanese soldiers. Adm. Halsey selected the Empress Augusta Bay area on the western side of the island, where 14,000 Marines cleared a shallow 4,000-yard beachhead. It would not be until March 1944 that the Japanese realized an invasion of Bougainville would not be coming from another direction, and assembled a counterattack force of 19,000 soldiers who would not have the element of surprise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0023-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign\nKey to Maj. Gen. Griswold's defense of XIV Corps' 23,000-yard, 62,000-man perimeter, was two miles of jungle perimeter manned by the 3rd Marine Division and the 37th Infantry Division. Consistent with the rugged jungle terrain, this section of perimeter contained tactically important pieces of high ground which he refused to abandon after hard lessons learned at Munda. The linchpin to Maj. Gen. Griswold's perimeter was Hill 700 at the center of the line, manned by the 145th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0024-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign\nOn 8 March 1944 the Japanese began their massive assault on Maj. Gen. Griswold's perimeter. The plan was to focus on Hill 700 in the center of the horseshoe, as well as on the east and west \"corners\" of the horseshoe. By 7:00\u00a0am on the 8th, the 145th Infantry's 2nd Battalion began receiving small arms fire, combined with focused artillery barrages, making it clear that the Japanese would be attacking Hill 700. By noon, the regiment's last patrol had come in and the American forces began to return artillery fire. Once the Japanese had advanced to a point too near for further American artillery fire, Japanese soldiers began scrambling uphill, setting off warning devices and booby traps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0025-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign\nFighting darkness worsened by fog and rain, the regiment was aided by artificial illumination fashioned by Staff Sergeant Otis Hawkins. When Japanese soldiers approached barbed wire obstacles, SSgt. Hawkins ordered wires pulled which ignited phosphorus grenades in gallon buckets of oil, providing illumination around the perimeter. While points on the perimeter were illuminated, SSgt. Hawkins was able to direct over 600 rounds of 60\u00a0mm mortar fire and many other soldiers were able to fire on the advancing Japanese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0026-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign\nWhile the Japanese had gained a small foothold during the night and managed to harass one observation post, another observation post was overrun at great cost. Four 145th Infantry soldiers manning one mortar observation post repelled several Japanese assaults with rifles, grenades, knives, and fists until all four were killed, with twelve Japanese bodies found inside their pillbox and hundreds more in the immediate area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0027-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign\nBy the morning of 9 March, the Japanese had penetrated the American lines 50 yards deep and 70 yards wide. Forward observers, directing accurate artillery and mortar fire at dangerously close distances repelled a fresh Japanese assault. By noon on 9 April, elements of the 1st and 2nd battalions, 145th Infantry, counterattacked but by 10\u00a0pm, only a few pillboxes had been regained and the Japanese still held their foothold on Hill 700. The next morning, an American 90\u00a0mm antiaircraft gun and bombers had been brought to bear on Japanese positions on the hill, coordinated with marking artillery fire. By 5\u00a0pm on the 10th, 1st and 2nd battalions mounted another counterattack and recovered all but four pillboxes from the Japanese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0028-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign\nAt dawn on 11 March, the Japanese charged the hill brandishing sabers and screaming epithets, despite withering American machinegun and small arms fire. It was during this charge that 1st Lt . Clinton S. McLaughlin, commander of Company G, 145th Infantry, and Staff Sgt. John H. Kunkel moved from pillbox to pillbox to encourage their men and break the Japanese attack. 1st Lt . McLaughlin was wounded several times and knowingly occupied outflanked emplacements, but he and SSgt. Kunkel were credited with killing over 185 Japanese soldiers and were both later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0029-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign\nThat afternoon, after three days of continuous combat 2nd Battalion, 148th Infantry arrived to join the 145th Infantry in regaining lost portions of the hill. Companies E, F, G, and H, 148th Infantry Regiment began operations to prevent further Japanese penetration and regain ground already taken by the Japanese. Over the next two days, 148th Infantry soldiers fought aggressively, using every weapon in their inventory \u2013 from bazookas to flamethrowers \u2013 to defeat the Japanese and regain the Hill for the Americans. By 4\u00a0pm on 12 March, the two Ohio infantry units had killed or routed the Japanese and American lines were restored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0030-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign\nAccording to one history of the battle, \"Captured [Japanese] prisoners claimed that the four days of fighting had resulted in the virtual annihilation of the 2nd and 3rd battalions of the Japanese 23rd Infantry and the 13th Infantry, which had been pitted against this thin, narrow front of the 37th Infantry Division.\" The cooperation of the two Ohio infantry regiments lead to the successful defense of Hill 700 and the entire allied air installation at Empress Augusta Bay. The regiment remained on Bougainville until December 1944, when it would prepare for the invasion of Luzon and the liberation of Manila.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0031-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Luzon Campaign\nDuring the Luzon Campaign in early 1945, the 145th Infantry participated in the invasion of the island of Luzon and the approach march to the Philippine capital of Manila. The assault on Luzon commenced on the morning of 9 January 1945. In the first few days, over 175,000 troops landed on the twenty-mile beachhead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0032-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Luzon Campaign\nDespite strong Japanese opposition, by 31 January, the 145th and 148th Infantry Regiments took Clark Field on Luzon. By 4 February, the 37th Infantry Division and the 1st Cavalry Division had encircled and begun to enter Manila from the north. The 37th Infantry Division moved south along the coast of Manila Bay, with the 1st Cavalry Division moving south to the east of the 37th. The Battle of Manila provided some of the worst urban combat of the entire Pacific theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0033-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Luzon Campaign\nOn 8 February, elements of the 37th Infantry Division crossed south over the Pasig River, a major obstacle dividing Manila. Both Provisor Island, a small industrial island in the middle of the Pasig River, and the Paco railway station were scenes of intense fighting for the 37th Infantry Division. The Paco railway station itself took ten assaults before it was taken by the Americans. Provisor Island and the Paco station on 9 and 10 February accounted for 45 killed and 307 wounded in the 37th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0034-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Luzon Campaign\nOn 17 February, the 145th Infantry relieved the 129th Infantry Regiment on the eighth day of the 129th Infantry's siege of the New Police Station. By 20 February, the police station was taken, and the 145th Infantry and armored support conducted repeated grueling combined arms assaults of Japanese strong points until 23 February when allied forces converged on the Japanese walled, old-city stronghold of Intramuros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0035-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Luzon Campaign\nThe regiment stormed Intramuros through the Quezon and Parian Gates, and by 10:30\u00a0am had secured an area of several blocks inside the city from the gate. Their progress became slowed by a flood of civilian women and children. By the evening of the 23rd, two blocks short of the city walls that were their objective, the regiment had suffered 15 killed and 45 wounded, with approximately 200 enemy killed in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0036-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Luzon Campaign\nThe morning of 24 February, the remaining Japanese in the regiment's sector were in the aquarium off the southwest corner of Intramuros. Walled-off and easily defensible, the aquarium was where Company C, 145th Infantry utilize a tunnel as an assault route into the aquarium. According to one history, \"The final assault began at 1600 [hours]. An hour and a half and 115 dead Japanese later, the 145th Infantry had overcome the last organized resistance within Intramuros.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0037-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Luzon Campaign\nBy 3 March, the 37th Infantry Division had secured Manila. The pace of operations slowed while the 37th Infantry Division was temporarily reassigned directly to Sixth U.S. Army for stability and support operations within Manila. The 145th Infantry remained in Manila while the division moved to northwest Luzon and did not rejoin it until 2 June. Taking Bagabag on 9 June, the regiment continued to participate in mop-up operations through the end of the Luzon Campaign on 30 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0038-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Postwar era\nOverall, for their fighting in the Northern Solomons and Luzon Campaigns, soldiers in the regiment received twenty-one Distinguished Service Crosses and one Medal of Honor. On 13 December 1945 the regiment returned to the Los Angeles Port of Embarkation and was inactivated at Camp Anza, California. Back in northeast Ohio, the 145th Infantry was reorganized and federally recognized on 21 November 1946. A combination of combat veterans and new recruits filled the ranks of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0039-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Postwar era\nOne recruit in Company C was a young John Carroll University football player named Don Shula, who would later have one of the finest coaching careers in the National Football League. On 15 January 1952, Sergeant Shula and the rest of the 145th Infantry again headed south for active service, this time to Camp Polk, Louisiana. The Korean War was in its second year and the Army again called on the Ohio National Guard. The division led a vigorous basic training of its soldiers and prepared to go to war. By the summer of 1952, it was clear that Washington had no plans to send multiple National Guard divisions on federal service to war as whole units, and began sending individual soldiers to Korea from the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0040-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Postwar era\nIn January 1954, 145th Infantry units began reorganizing in northeast Ohio armories with the formation being complete for a 15 June ceremony at Camp Perry. As the Army sought ways to fight on the modern, atomic battlefield, the 145th Infantry underwent a series of reorganizations from 1959 to 1968, when the 37th Infantry Division cased its colors. By 15 February 1968, only the 1st Battalion, 145th Infantry remained. The non-divisional battalion was headquartered at the old Akron armory in the city's downtown. A move to the new First Sergeant Robert A. Pinn Armory in Stow, Ohio, followed that fall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0041-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Postwar era\nOn 4 May 1970, Company A of the 1st Battalion, 145th Infantry, along with Troop G of the 2d Squadron, 107th Armored Cavalry of the Ohio ARNG participated in the attempted dispersion of a crowd of student protesters at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio (the Kent State shootings), firing on the protesters, killing 4 and wounding 9 others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0042-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Postwar era\nOn 1 June 1974 the 1st Battalion, 145th Infantry, was consolidated with the 107th Armored Cavalry, with the nucleus of the former organization becoming the 3rd Squadron, 107th Armored Cavalry. The 107th Armored Cavalry had a long and distinguished history of service, dating back to its organization as three independent cavalry troops in 1877. During World War I, the regiment served as the 135th and 136th Field Artillery Battalions during the Lorraine Campaign. Following the war, it was reorganized as the 107th Cavalry, with headquarters first in Cincinnati, then in Cleveland. During World War II, the regiment was reorganized as the 107th Cavalry Group and the 22nd and 107th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadrons, the latter serving in the European Theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0043-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Postwar era\nThroughout the remainder of the Cold War, the 107th Armored Cavalry trained and prepared for the anticipated armored showdown with the Red Army in Europe. Through its training, it gained a reputation as one of the premiere Armored Cavalry Regiments in the army's inventory. However, as communism fell and coalition forces quickly disposed of the Iraqi Army during the Gulf War, the need for heavy, armored formations faded away. In September 1993, the 107th Armored Cavalry reorganized as a single tank battalion under the 107th Cavalry designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0044-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Postwar era\nThe 1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry, was originally assigned to the 28th Infantry Division (\"Keystone\") of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard, before switching to the 38th Infantry Division (\"Cyclone\") in Indiana in 1994. Also in 1994, the 2nd Squadron, 107th Cavalry, then a divisional cavalry squadron, was reorganized in southwest Ohio from elements of the 372nd Engineer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0045-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Global War on Terrorism to present\nSince the beginning of the Global War on Terrorism, soldiers and units now comprising the 1st Battalion, 145th Armored Regiment, have been active in many domestic and expeditionary federal missions. In October 2003, B and C Companies, and elements of Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) and Company A, of the 1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry were activated at their home stations and traveled to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and Fort Stewart, Georgia, for five months of mobilization training. There they were then attached to the 1st Battalion, 150th Armor (West Virginia Army National Guard), the 1st Battalion, 252nd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0045-0001", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Global War on Terrorism to present\nArmor (North Carolina Army National Guard), and Troop E, 196th Cavalry (North Carolina Army National Guard) respectively, for deployment to Operation Iraqi Freedom II with North Carolina's 30th Brigade Combat Team under the 1st Infantry Division. These elements of the 1st Battalion operated in Iraq from February to December 2004, serving in Kirkush, Tuz Khurmatu, Jalawla, and Baghdad. They participated in the Transition of Iraq and Iraqi Governance campaigns and returned home in late December, 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0046-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Global War on Terrorism to present\nAs the U.S. Army conducted its largest organizational transformation since World War II, the 1st Battalion, along with a company from the 1st Battalion, 148th Infantry, as well as a company from the 112th Engineer Battalion, were chosen to form a new combined arms battalion within the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division. A change in designation was required and the unit uncased the new colors of the 1st Battalion, 145th Armored Regiment, effective 1 September 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0047-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Campaigns, decorations, Medal of Honor, Campaigns\nThe lineage and honors of a National Guard unit will often reflect campaigns and honors won by units which hail from a certain area, regardless of whether or not the unit's role or numerical designator remains the same. This is true of the 145th, as its campaign participation credit reflects its consolidation with the 107th Cavalry in the three Europe-Africa-Middle East Theater campaigns listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011421-0048-0000", "contents": "145th Armored Regiment, Leaders\nFollowing is a list of commanders of the units which carry the lineage and honors of today's 1st Battalion, 145th Armored Regiment. As illustrated, the unit repeatedly transformed after World War II to conform to the Army's pentomic division concept, and later to the ROAD (Reorganization Objective Army Divisions) concept. When commanders of multiple battalions or battle groups are listed with overlapping periods of command, it is because those units all carry the lineage and honors of the 1st Battalion, 145th Armored Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011422-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Aviation Regiment (United States)\n145th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the United States Army. It was previously the 145th Combat Aviation Battalion which was operational during the Vietnam War under the control of the 12th Combat Aviation Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011423-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF\nThe 145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF was a unit of about 600 men in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Moncton, New Brunswick, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Kent, Albert and Westmorland counties. After sailing to England in September 1916, most members of the battalion were absorbed into the 9th Reserve Battalion on October 6, 1916. The 145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF, had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011423-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF\nThe 145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF is perpetuated by The Royal New Brunswick Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011424-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 145th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1st and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 6, 2009, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Democratic Governor Jack A. Markell from New Castle County and Democratic Lieutenant Governor Matthew P. Denn, also from New Castle County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011424-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 2000 census. It resulted from a large number of memberships in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandon county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011424-0002-0000", "contents": "145th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 145th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a  Democratic majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011424-0003-0000", "contents": "145th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011424-0004-0000", "contents": "145th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representatives\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011425-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 145th Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c145\u5e08)(2nd Formation) was formed in November 1969 from detachments of the 47th Army Corps. The division was under direct control of Guangzhou Military Region, while under administrative control from 47th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011425-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division stationed in Yuanjiang, Hunan for agricultural production mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011425-0002-0000", "contents": "145th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn 1970 the division was transferred to Hunan Provincial Military District's control. The division was then composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011425-0003-0000", "contents": "145th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division was reduced in March 1975 and disbanded in December 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011426-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011426-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 145th Division (\u7b2c145\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuyonj\u016bgo Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Kitakyushu Protection Division (\u8b77\u5dde\u5175\u56e3, Koshu Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Hiroshima as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011426-0002-0000", "contents": "145th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nInitially, the 145th division was assigned to the 16th area army. Later it was reassigned to 56th army and sent to Ashiya, Fukuoka. 419th infantry regiment was defending Wakamatsu-ku, Kitaky\u016bsh\u016b area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011426-0003-0000", "contents": "145th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 145th division was tasked with the coastal defense. The division did not see any combat until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011427-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Field Artillery Monument\n145th Field Artillery Monument is a memorial in Salt Lake City's Memory Grove, in the U.S. state of Utah. Dedicated in 1927, the monument was erected by the 145th Field Artillery and has a gray granite shaft and circular bench. The bas-relief sculpture depicts horses and men. The memorial once featured a sundial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011428-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Georgia General Assembly\nThe first regular session of the 145th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia met from Monday, January 11, 1999, at 10:00 am, to Wednesday, March 24, at which time both houses adjourned sine die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011428-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Georgia General Assembly\nThe second regular session of the Georgia General Assembly opened at 10:00 am on Monday, January 10, 2000, and adjourned sine die on Wednesday, March 22, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011429-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 145th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was among scores of regiments that were raised in the summer of 1864 as Hundred Days Men, an effort to augment existing manpower for an all-out push to end the war within 100 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011429-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 145th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on June 9, 1864, for a one-hundred-day enlistment. The 145th served in garrison in the Saint Louis, Missouri, area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011429-0002-0000", "contents": "145th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on September 23, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011429-0003-0000", "contents": "145th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 40 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 40 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011430-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 145th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between February 16, 1865, and January 21, 1866, during the American Civil War. The unit was organized very late in the war and its service consisted of a few skirmishes and guard duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011430-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 145th Indiana Regiment was raised in the 3rd district and organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, with a strength of 1,023 men and mustered in on February 16, 1865. It was ordered to Nashville, Tennessee between February 18 and 21. On February 22, the regiment was moved to Chattanooga and then proceeded to Dalton, Georgia. The regiment was engaged in skirmishes at Spring Place (now Chatsworth, Georgia), on both February 27 and April 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011430-0002-0000", "contents": "145th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nSkirmishes were fought, by a detachment, near Tunnel Hill, Georgia, on March 3. After the skirmishes at Tunnel Hill, the regiment performed railroad guard duty at Dalton, Marietta and Cuthbert, Georgia until late January, 1866. The regiment was mustered out on January 21, 1866. During its service the regiment incurred sixty-eight fatalities, another fifty-five deserted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011431-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 145th Infantry Brigade was a regional brigade of the British Army that saw active service in both the First and the Second World Wars, disbanding in 1943 and being reformed in the 1990s. The Brigade was renamed Headquarters 11th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters South East in October 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011431-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nThe South Midland Brigade was first formed on the creation of the Territorial Force in 1908 by the amalgamation of the Volunteer Force and the Yeomanry. The South Midland Brigade was composed of four Volunteer battalions: the 5th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment, the 4th Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry and the Buckinghamshire Battalion, Ox and Bucks and the 4th Battalion, (Princess Charlotte of Wales's) Royal Berkshire Regiment. The brigade was assigned to the South Midland Division, which was one of fourteen divisions of the peacetime Territorials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011431-0002-0000", "contents": "145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nThe division was mobilised on 4 August 1914, the day after the outbreak of the First World War. Most of the men of the division volunteered for overseas service and the ones who didn't were formed into 2nd Line units, the 2nd South Midland Brigade, part of the 2nd South Midland Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011431-0003-0000", "contents": "145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nThe brigade was numbered as the 145th (South Midland) Brigade (along with the 143rd (Warwickshire) Brigade and 144th (Gloucester and Worcester) Brigade) in the 48th (South Midland) Division. The battalions, like all other TF battalions, were redesignated with the '1/' prefix (1/4th Ox and Bucks, for example) to distinguish them from the 2nd Line units, formed of those men who did not originally volunteer to serve overseas, who were designated with the '2/', and were later numbered 184th (2/1st South Midland) Brigade, 61st (2nd South Midland) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011431-0004-0000", "contents": "145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nThe brigade was in continuous service in France on the Western Front in battles at Albert and in 1916 at Bazentin Ridge, Pozi\u00e8res Ridge, Ancre, all part of the Somme offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011431-0005-0000", "contents": "145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nThe 145th Brigade, with 48th Division, later pursued the German Army in the retreat to the Hindenburg Line and again fought in the Battle of Langemarck and later at Polygon Wood, both part of the Passchendaele and later on the Italian Front until the Armistice in 1918 with Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011431-0006-0000", "contents": "145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Between the wars\nThe brigade and division were disbanded in 1919, along with the rest of the Territorial Force, which later reformed in 1920 and was renamed as the Territorial Army. Both the 48th Division and the 145th Brigade was subsequently reconstituted, now as 145th (South Midland) Infantry Brigade, and comprised the same four battalions it had before the Great War, remaining this way for most of the inter-war period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011431-0007-0000", "contents": "145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Between the wars\nSometime between the wars, the 5th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment was transferred to 144th (Gloucester and Worcester) Infantry Brigade, replacing the 6th Battalion which subsequently joined the 145th Brigade. In 1938, when British infantry brigades were reduced from four to three battalions, the 6th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment was transferred to the Royal Tank Regiment, converting into an armoured role as 44th Battalion, Royal Tank Regiment (44 RTR), later becoming part of 21st Army Tank Brigade. In 1939 the brigade was redesignated the 145th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011431-0008-0000", "contents": "145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe Second World War began on 3 September 1939, although the division had been mobilised two days earlier, along with the rest of the Territorial Army due to the German invasion of Poland. Soon after mobilisation the division began training and preparing for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011431-0009-0000", "contents": "145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nIn early January 1940 the 145th Brigade, commanded at the time by acting Brigadier Archibald Cecil Hughes, and the rest of 48th Division, was sent to France in early January 1940 to join the rest of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) which was stationed on the Franco-Belgian border, alongside the French Army. The 145th Brigade landed in France on 18 January 1940 and was the last brigade of 48th Division to land. Soon after arrival of the division, it became part of BEF policy to integrate Regular Army units into Territorial Army formations and so the 4th Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment was exchanged for the 2nd Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment, a Regular battalion, from the 8th Infantry Brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011431-0010-0000", "contents": "145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe brigade, with the rest of the 48th Division, fought in the battles of Belgium and France, and at the battle of the Ypres-Comines Canal and had to retreat to Dunkirk be evacuated to England after the German Army threatened to cut off the entire BEF from the main French Armies. Following its withdrawal from France (where the 4th Ox and Bucks was surrounded and virtually destroyed as a fighting force near Watou) the brigade was reformed, as with most units that had fought in France, with large numbers of men who had been conscripted. With the rest of the division, the brigade was stationed in Cornwall on home defence, anticipating a possible German invasion which, fortunately, never arrived due to the attempt to gain air superiority which failed during the Battle of Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011431-0011-0000", "contents": "145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nIn late December 1942 the division and brigade were reduced to a Lower Establishment and became a training formation in the United Kingdom. However, 7 November 1943, the 145th Brigade HQ was disbanded, and its component units were transferred elsewhere. Neither the brigade nor the 48th Division were reformed when the Territorial Army was reconstituted in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011431-0012-0000", "contents": "145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Order of battle\nThe 145th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011431-0013-0000", "contents": "145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded 145th Infantry Brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011431-0014-0000", "contents": "145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Post-war\nIn 1994, 145 Brigade was reformed through the renaming of Aldershot Area, part of the old South East District, assuming responsibility for all army units in the Isle of Wight, Hampshire, Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire. In doing so it joined 4th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011431-0015-0000", "contents": "145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Post-war\nIt became 145 (South) Brigade in 2007 and had its headquarters in Aldershot, Hampshire, England. It administered the counties of Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. It also directly commanded Regular Army and Territorial Army (TA) soldiers and Army cadets. These comprised one TA infantry battalion (7 Rifles), two University Officers' Training Corps (Oxford and Southampton Universities) and four Army County Cadet Forces. The Brigade moved into a new headquarters building, named Roebuck House, in November 2011. The building will be officially opened in 2012. With the disbandment of 4th Division, the brigade came under the control of the new Support Command on 2 April 2012. Under Army 2020, the Brigade was renamed Headquarters 11th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters South East in October 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011432-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Mixed Brigade\nThe 145th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army created during the Spanish Civil War. Throughout the war, it operated on the Aragon, Segre and Catalonia fronts, although it did not play a relevant role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011432-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe unit was created in Girona between May and June 1937, from troops from the old Mountain battalions. After completing the training period, the 145th Mixed Brigade was assigned to the 44th Division of the XII Army Corps and under the command of the militia major \u00c1lvaro Costea Juan, with Antonio Rod\u00e9s Ballester as political commissar. The brigade, located in the H\u00edjar-Albalate del Arzobispo area, was deployed as a reserve force during the Zaragoza Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011432-0002-0000", "contents": "145th Mixed Brigade, History\nIn the spring of 1938, during the Aragon Offensive, it did not play a prominent role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011432-0003-0000", "contents": "145th Mixed Brigade, History\nAt the end of May, the 145th Mixed Brigade took part in the assault on the nationalist bridgehead of Ser\u00f3s. In August it was one of the units selected to participate in the Vilanova de la Barca offensive. On August 9, three of their companies crossed the Segre river through the Vilanova de la Barca area, together with other forces, managing to form a bridgehead in nationalist territory; the attempt, however, failed since this bridgehead only held out for three days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011432-0004-0000", "contents": "145th Mixed Brigade, History\nLater it intervened in the Battle of the Ebro, in support of the republican forces deployed there. On September 9, it relieved members of the 16th Division in the Vilalba dels Arcs-La Pobla de Masaluca sector, a zone that it garrisoned until the beginning of October, when it was replaced and sent to the Coll del Coso sector. In this area, between La Fatarella and Venta de Camposines, the 145th Mixed brigade faced several nationalist attacks between October 8 and 20; the brigade suffered a considerable number of casualties, also losing several strategic positions. On November 12, it had to cross the Ebro River by a footbridge north of Asc\u00f3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011432-0005-0000", "contents": "145th Mixed Brigade, History\nDuring the Catalonia Offensive it participated in the defense of Juncosa and Santa Coloma de Queralt, without having more news of its performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011433-0000-0000", "contents": "145th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 145th New York Infantry Regimentt, the \"Stanton Legion\", was an infantry regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011433-0001-0000", "contents": "145th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nIt was organized at Staten Island, and there mustered in the service of the United States for three years September 11, 1862. The companies were recruited principally:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011433-0002-0000", "contents": "145th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left the State September 27, 1862; it served in the 2d Brigade, 2d Division, 12th Corps, Army of the Potomac, from September 30, 1862; in the 2d Brigade, 1st Division, 12th Corps, from April, 1863; in the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 12th Corps, from May, 1863; and, December 9, 1863, the enlisted men were transferred to the 107th, 123rd and 150th Infantry, and the regiment discontinued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011433-0003-0000", "contents": "145th New York Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nDuring its service the regiment lost by death, killed in action, 1 officer, 6 enlisted men; of wounds received in action, 8 enlisted men; of disease and other causes, 35 enlisted men; total, 1 officer, 49 enlisted men; aggregate, 50; of whom 1 enlisted man died in the hands of the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011434-0000-0000", "contents": "145th New York State Legislature\nThe 145th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 4 to August 29, 1922, during the second year of Nathan L. Miller's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011434-0001-0000", "contents": "145th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011434-0002-0000", "contents": "145th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011434-0003-0000", "contents": "145th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1921, was held on November 8. The only statewide elective office up for election was a judgeship on the New York Court of Appeals which was carried by Republican William Shankland Andrews. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Judge of the Court of Appeals, was: Republicans 1,146,000; Democrats 1,081,000; and Socialists 146,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011434-0004-0000", "contents": "145th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe only assemblywoman of 1921, Marguerite L. Smith (Rep.), an athletics teacher, of Harlem, was defeated for re-election, and no women were elected to the Legislature of 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011434-0005-0000", "contents": "145th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1922; and adjourned on March 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011434-0006-0000", "contents": "145th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on August 28 and 29, 1922. This session was called to deal with the shortage of coal. The Legislature created the office of State Fuel Administrator, and William H. Woodin was appointed by Governor Miller to the post. Woodin resigned on January 8, 1923, and Governor Al Smith appointed George W. Goethals to succeed. The post was abolished by Smith, effective on April 1, 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011434-0007-0000", "contents": "145th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011434-0008-0000", "contents": "145th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011434-0009-0000", "contents": "145th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011435-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 145th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 145th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 145th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011435-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 145th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 12, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Henry Clay Ashwill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011435-0002-0000", "contents": "145th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 12. Attached to 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, and assigned to garrison duty at Fort Whipple, Fort Woodbury, Fort Cass, Fort Tillinghast, and Fort Albany, Defenses of Washington, south of the Potomac River, until August. Repulse of Early's attack on Washington July 11\u201312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011435-0003-0000", "contents": "145th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 145th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service August 20, 1864, at Camp Chase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011435-0004-0000", "contents": "145th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011435-0005-0000", "contents": "145th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 10 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011436-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 145th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011436-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 145th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Erie, Pennsylvania, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on September 5, 1862, under the command of Colonel Hiram Loomis Brown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011436-0002-0000", "contents": "145th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps, to April 1863. 4th Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps, to May 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011436-0003-0000", "contents": "145th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 145th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out of service on May 31, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011436-0004-0000", "contents": "145th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Chambersburg. Pa., September 11\u201312, then to Hagerstown and Antietam, Md., September 15\u201317. Moved to Harpers Ferry, Va., September 22, 1862, and duty there until October 29. Reconnaissance to Charlestown October 16\u201317. Advance up Loudoun Valley and movement to Falmouth, Va., October 29-November 17. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12\u201315. Duty at Falmouth, Va., until April 1863. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. Pursuit of Lee July 5\u201324. Duty on line of the Rappahannock until September. Advance from the Rappahannock to the Rapidan September 13\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011436-0004-0001", "contents": "145th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Auburn and Bristoe October 14. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. At Stevensburg until May 1864. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6\u20137. Rapidan Campaign May 4-June 12. Battles of the Wilderness May 5\u20137; Corbin's Bridge May 8; Spotsylvania May 8\u201312; Po River May 10; Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient May 12. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011436-0004-0002", "contents": "145th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nJerusalem Plank Road June 22\u201323, 1864. Demonstration north of the James at Deep Bottom July 27\u201329. Deep Bottom July 27\u201328. Mine Explosion, Petersburg, July 30 (reserve). Demonstration on north side of the James at Deep Bottom August 13\u201320. Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14\u201318. Ream's Station August 25. Reconnaissance to Hatcher's Run December 7\u201310. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137, 1865. Watkins' House March 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Skirmishes on line of Hatcher's and Gravelly Runs March 29\u201330. Hatcher's Run or Boydton Road March 31. Crow's House March 31. Sutherland Station April 2. Sailor's Creek April 6. High Bridge, Farmville, April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. March to Washington, D.C., May 2\u201312. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011436-0005-0000", "contents": "145th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 422 men during service; 18 officers and 187 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 214 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011437-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe 145th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (8th Duke of Wellington's Regiment) (145 RAC) was an armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps that served in North Africa, Tunisia and Italy during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011437-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe Duke of Wellington's Regiment's two junior battalions, the 8th Battalion (8 DWR) and the 9th Battalion (9 DWR) were both simultaneously converted into armoured regiments, becoming respectively 145 RAC and 146 RAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011437-0002-0000", "contents": "145th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\n145th Regiment RAC was formed in November 1941 by the conversion to the armoured role of 8th Battalion, Duke of Wellington's Regiment, which had been raised in 1940 and was serving in the  203rd Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), a Home Defence formation serving in South West England. In common with other infantry units transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, all personnel continued to wear their Duke of Wellington's cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011437-0003-0000", "contents": "145th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\n145 RAC was assigned to 21st Army Tank Brigade, which sailed for North Africa in March 1943, and took part in the Tunisia Campaign, including the actions on the Medjez Plain in April and around Tunis in May, its Churchill tanks operating as part of a 'mixed division' with 4th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011437-0004-0000", "contents": "145th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\nAfter a year out of the line in North Africa, 21st Tank Brigade was sent to join British Eighth Army in Italy in May 1944. There it took part in I Canadian Corps' operations to force the Gothic Line (August\u2013September), the Rimini Line (September) and the Lamone Crossing (December). 145 RAC was disbanded in Italy in December 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011438-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Street (Manhattan)\n145th Street is a major crosstown street in the Harlem neighborhood, in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is one of the 15 crosstown streets mapped out in the Commissioner's Plan of 1811 that established the numbered street grid in Manhattan. It forms the northern border of the Sugar Hill neighborhood within Harlem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011438-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Street (Manhattan), Description\n145th Street starts on the West Side at the Henry Hudson Parkway (New York State Route 907V), crossing Riverside Drive, Broadway, Amsterdam Avenue, Convent Avenue and Saint Nicholas Avenue. The street passes Edgecombe Avenue and Bradhurst Avenue, where 145 Street forms the southern border of Jackie Robinson Park. The street continues, crossing Frederick Douglass Boulevard, Adam Clayton Powell Boulevard and Lenox Avenue, before crossing over the Harlem River Drive and then connecting to The Bronx over the Harlem River via the 145th Street Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011438-0002-0000", "contents": "145th Street (Manhattan), Transportation\nThe Bx19 traverses 145th Street from end-to-end, starting with a loop in Riverbank State Park and heading back to the Bronx over the 145th Street Bridge to the New York Botanical Garden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011439-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Street Bridge\nThe 145th Street Bridge is a four-lane swing bridge across the Harlem River in New York City, connecting 145th Street and Lenox Avenue in Manhattan with 149th Street and River Avenue in the Bronx. The bridge is operated and maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011439-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Street Bridge\nConstruction on the original 145th Street Bridge began on April 19, 1901, and the $2.75 million bridge was opened to traffic on August 24, 1905. The designer was Alfred Pancoast Boller. It once carried northbound New York State Route 22 and New York State Route 100. This bridge was also once named the \"Lenox Avenue Bridge\", though that name has fallen into disuse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011439-0002-0000", "contents": "145th Street Bridge\nA new swing span for the bridge was assembled in the Port of Coeymans in Coeymans, New York, in southern Albany County. The span was replaced in early November 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011439-0003-0000", "contents": "145th Street Bridge\nThe 145th Street Bridge carries the Bx19 bus route operated by MTA New York City Transit. Between 2000 and 2014, the bridge opened for vessels 23 times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011440-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IND lines)\n145th Street is a bi-level express station on the IND Eighth Avenue and Concourse lines of the New York City Subway, located at the intersection of 145th Street and St. Nicholas Avenue in Harlem and Hamilton Heights, Manhattan. It is served by the A and D trains at all times, by the C train at all times except late nights, and by the B train on weekdays only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011440-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IND lines), History\nThe station opened on September 10, 1932, as part of the city-operated Independent Subway System (IND)'s initial segment, the Eighth Avenue Line between Chambers Street and 207th Street. At this time, only the upper level of the station opened, as the IND Concourse Line was still under construction. When the IND Concourse Line opened for service on July 1, 1933, the lower level was opened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011440-0002-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IND lines), History\nThe station has been undergoing renovations since 2017 as part of the 2010\u20132014 MTA Capital Program. This is because of an MTA study conducted in 2015, which found that 45% of components were out of date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011440-0003-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IND lines), Station layout\nThe upper level has four tracks and two island platforms. The station used to have a full mezzanine, now, the central portion is used as a police precinct. The lower level has three tracks and two island platforms. The northbound platform here is twice as wide as the station's other three similarly-sized platforms, being 39 feet wide, so that the three trackways on the lower level line up directly with those above. Escalators lead up from this level to the mezzanine, bypassing the upper level platforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011440-0004-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IND lines), Station layout\nThe center track on the lower level is used to terminate B trains during middays and early evenings, when it does not run into the Bronx. During rush hours, this track is used by D trains that run express on the IND Concourse Line in the peak direction. This track is not used during late nights or weekends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011440-0005-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IND lines), Station layout\nOn the upper level, just north of the station, there is an open space next to the uptown local track\u200a that was a remnant of the construction of the subway and not built for a specific purpose. That open space is where the lower level tracks turn off to the IND Concourse Line. There is a hole in the floor that allows a view of the lower level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011440-0006-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IND lines), Station layout\nBoth levels have a trim line on the track walls, which is yellow with a black border. It's set in a two-high course, a pattern usually reserved for local stations. Tile captions reading \"145\" in while lettering on black run below the trim line at regular intervals. Yellow I-beam columns run along all the platforms, alternating ones having the standard black station name plate with white lettering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011440-0007-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IND lines), Station layout\nSouth of this station, through 135th Street, to just north of 125th Street, the line has six tracks. The express trains use the innermost pair of tracks, and the locals uses the outermost tracks. This section of the line is nicknamed \u201cHomeball Alley\u201d due to the large amount of switches and signals in this area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011440-0008-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IND lines), Station layout, Exits\nThe full-time entrance is at 145th Street with a part-time north exit at 147th Street:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011440-0009-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IND lines), Station layout, Exits\nThere are closed exits to both western corners of St. Nicholas Avenue and West 146th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011441-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line)\n145th Street is a local station on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Broadway and 145th Street in Hamilton Heights, Manhattan, it is served by the 1 train at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011441-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line)\nThe 145th Street station was constructed for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as part of the city's first subway line, which was approved in 1900. Construction of the line segment that includes 145th Street started on May 14 of the same year. The station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway. The station's platforms were lengthened in 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011441-0002-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line)\nThe 145th Street station contains two side platforms and three tracks; the center track is not used in regular service. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations. The platforms contain exits to 145th Street and Broadway and are not connected to each other within fare control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011441-0003-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nPlanning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature authorized the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx. A plan was formally adopted in 1897, and all legal conflicts concerning the route alignment were resolved near the end of 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 90], "content_span": [91, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011441-0004-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nThe Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 90], "content_span": [91, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011441-0005-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nThe 145th Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's West Side Line (now the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line) from 133rd Street to a point 100 feet (30 m) north of 182nd Street. Work on this section was conducted by L. B. McCabe & Brother, who started building the tunnel segment on May 14, 1900. The section of the West Side Line around this station was originally planned as a two-track line, but in early 1901, was changed to a three-track structure to allow trains to be stored in the center track. A third track was added directly north of 96th Street, immediately east of the originally planned two tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 90], "content_span": [91, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011441-0006-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nThe 145th Street station opened on October 27, 1904, as the northern terminal station of the original 28-station New York City Subway line to City Hall. The line was subsequently extended one stop to 157th Street in December 1904, and ultimately was extended to 242nd Street in the Bronx in 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 90], "content_span": [91, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011441-0007-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nAfter the first subway line was completed in 1908, the station was served by West Side local and express trains. Express trains began at South Ferry in Manhattan or Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, and ended at 242nd Street in the Bronx. Local trains ran from City Hall to 242nd Street during rush hours, continuing south from City Hall to South Ferry at other times. In 1918, the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square\u201342nd Street, thereby dividing the original line into an \"H\"-shaped system. The original subway north of Times Square thus became part of the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line. Local trains were sent to South Ferry, while express trains used the new Clark Street Tunnel to Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 105], "content_span": [106, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011441-0008-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nTo address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts, made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $41.7 million in 2020) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $13,888,000 in 2020) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 105], "content_span": [106, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011441-0008-0001", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nThe northbound platform at the 145th Street station was extended 150 feet (46\u00a0m) to the south, while the southbound platform was not lengthened. The work involved reconstructing the interlocking between the center and northbound tracks. On January 24, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the West Side Line. Subsequently, the station could accommodate six-car local trains, but ten-car trains could not open some of their doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 105], "content_span": [106, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011441-0009-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nPlatforms at IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line stations between 103rd Street and 238th Street, including those at 145th Street, were lengthened to 514 feet (157\u00a0m) between 1946 and 1948, allowing full ten-car express trains to stop at these stations. A contract for the platform extensions at 145th Street and eight other stations on the line was awarded to Spencer, White & Prentis Inc. in October 1946. The platform extensions at these stations were opened in stages. On April 6, 1948, the platform extension at 145th Street opened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 105], "content_span": [106, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011441-0009-0001", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nSimultaneously, the IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of \"R-type\" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948. The route to 242nd Street became known as the 1. In 1959, all 1 trains became local.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 105], "content_span": [106, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011441-0010-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations\nIn April 1988, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) unveiled plans to speed up service on the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line through the implementation of a skip-stop service: the 9 train. When skip-stop service started on August 21, 1989, skip-stop service was implemented during rush hours and middays. 145th Street was the southernmost local stop that was served by the 9 during rush hours and middays and the 1 at other times. On September 4, 1994, midday skip-stop service was discontinued. Skip-stop service ended on May 27, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 105], "content_span": [106, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011441-0011-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout\nThis station was part of the original subway, and has two side platforms and three tracks, the center one being an unused express track. The platforms were originally 350 feet (110\u00a0m) long, as at other stations north of 96th Street, but as a result of the 1948 platform extension, became 520 feet (160\u00a0m) long. The platform extensions are at the southern ends of the uptown platform and the northern end of the downtown platform, making them slightly offset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 71], "content_span": [72, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011441-0012-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nAs with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method. The tunnel is covered by a \"U\"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than 4 inches (100\u00a0mm) thick. Each platform consists of 3-inch-thick (7.6\u00a0cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The original platforms contain circular, cast-iron Doric-style columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m), while the platform extensions contain I-beam columns. Additional columns between the tracks, spaced every 5 feet (1.5\u00a0m), support the jack-arched concrete station roofs. There is a 1-inch (25\u00a0mm) gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4-inch (100\u00a0mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 79], "content_span": [80, 903]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011441-0013-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nThe decorative scheme consists of blue tile tablets; blue tile bands; a white terracotta cornice; and light blue terracotta plaques. The mosaic tiles at all original IRT stations were manufactured by the American Encaustic Tile Company, which subcontracted the installations at each station. The decorative work was performed by tile contractor Manhattan Glass Tile Company and terracotta contractor Atlantic Terra Cotta Company. The platforms contain their original trim line of green with gray borders. \"145\" in white lettering on a dark border are tiled onto the trim. The station's other name tablets show \"145TH ST.\" in a multi-color mosaic. The directional signs read also read \"145TH ST.\" in white lettering on a black border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 79], "content_span": [80, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011441-0014-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Track layout\nThe northbound local track merges with the center track north of the station and the line continues north as two tracks. The switch from the southbound track to the center track is south of the station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 85], "content_span": [86, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011441-0015-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Track layout\nJust south of the station lies the underground 137th Street Yard, which is visible from passing trains. The track layout allows northbound trains to bypass this station by switching to the center express track in the 137th Street Yard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 85], "content_span": [86, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011441-0016-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nBoth platforms have same-level fare control containing a bank of turnstiles, token booth, and staircases to the street. The northbound platform has two staircases (one to each eastern corner of Broadway and 145th Street) and the southbound platform has a single staircase to the northwestern corner. There are no crossovers or crossunders to allow transfers between directions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 78], "content_span": [79, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)\n145th Street is a station on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 145th Street and Lenox Avenue in Harlem, Manhattan, it is served by the 3 train at all times. Built for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), the 145th Street station contains two side platforms that can only fit six and a half train cars, unlike almost all other IRT stations, which are able to fit full-length ten-car trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0001-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)\nThe station opened in 1904 as one of the northern termini of the original subway line operated by the IRT. With the construction of the Harlem\u2013148th Street station to the north in the 1960s, the 145th Street station was planned to be closed, but due to community opposition, and passengers' protests, the station remained open. Since the 145th Street station is the second-to-last stop on the line, entry is provided only to the southbound platform, although northbound customers are allowed to exit from this station. The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005, and was closed from July to November 2018 for extensive renovations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0002-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)\nThe 145th Street station contains two side platforms and two tracks. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations. The platforms contain exits to Lenox Avenue's intersection with 145th Street and are not connected to each other within fare control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0003-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nPlanning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature authorized the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0003-0001", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nA plan was formally adopted in 1897, and legal challenges were resolved near the end of 1899. The Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0004-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nThe 145th Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's East Side Branch (now the Lenox Avenue Line). The original plan envisioned a station on the Lenox Avenue Line at 141st Street, just south of the 142nd Street Junction, where a spur of the Lenox Avenue Line diverges to the Bronx via the IRT White Plains Road Line. This was ultimately not built, and instead, the 145th Street station became the last stop on the Lenox Avenue Line before it entered the Lenox Yard, a train maintenance yard immediately to the north. McMullan & McBean began work on the section from 135th Street and Lenox Avenue to Gerard Avenue and 149th Street, including the 145th Street spur, on September 10, 1901.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0005-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nOn November 23, 1904, the East Side Branch opened to 145th Street. Initially, the station was served by East Side local and express trains. Local trains ran from City Hall to Lenox Avenue (145th Street). Express trains had their southern terminus at South Ferry or Atlantic Avenue and had their northern terminus at 145th Street or West Farms (180th Street). Express trains to 145th Street were eliminated in 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0006-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Later years\nIn 1918, the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square\u201342nd Street, thereby dividing the original line into an \"H\"-shaped system. Local trains were sent to South Ferry. The IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of \"R-type\" rolling stock. These fleet contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948. The route to Lenox Avenue\u2013145th Street became the 3. In 1959, all 3 trains became express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0007-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Later years\nWith the construction of the Harlem\u2013148th Street station inside the Lenox Yard in the 1960s, the 145th Street station was planned to be closed, since the 148th Street station was intended as a direct replacement for the 145th Street station. However, the proposal was shelved due to protests from the local community over the long walk of up to seven blocks to either the new station or 135th Street one stop south, and due to possible congestion issues at 135th Street. The 148th Street station opened on May 13, 1968; despite its name, the new terminal was located at 149th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0008-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Later years\nFrom 1995 to 2008, this station lacked full-time service, as 3 trains did not operate during late nights. Full -time service was restored on July 27, 2008. During late nights, riders could take the M7, the M102, or a shuttle bus to 135th Street. The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 30, 2005, due to its importance as one of the first IRT stations to be built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0009-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Later years\nStarting on March 2, 1998, the tunnel was reconstructed along with the cracked tunnel floor. This was done to correct a major water problem that had existed for many years due to the presence of the Harlem Creek and other underground streams, which caused extensive flooding, water damage, and seepage problems that occasionally contributed to severe service disruptions. The project cost $82 million and was finished on October 12, 1998. During the reconstruction, 3 trains were rerouted to the 137th Street\u2013City College station on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line. Supplemental shuttle bus service connecting to other lines in the area were provided for much of this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0010-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Later years\nUnder the 2015\u20132019 Metropolitan Transportation Authority Capital Plan, the station underwent a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative and was entirely closed for several months. Updates included cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps. In January 2018, the New York City Transit and Bus Committee recommended that Citnalta-Forte receives the $125 million contract for the renovations of 167th and 174th\u2013175th Streets on the IND Concourse Line and 145th Street on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0010-0001", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Later years\nHowever, the MTA Board temporarily deferred the vote for these packages after city representatives refused to vote to award the contracts. The contract was put back for a vote in February, where it was ultimately approved. The subway station was closed for renovations from July 23 to November 28, 2018. Due to the closure, 2018 ridership dropped 41.9% compared to the previous year, from 1,093,045 riders in 2017 to 635,413 riders in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0011-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout\nThere are two tracks with two short side platforms. The station is 348 feet (106\u00a0m) long and can fit six-and-a-half 51-foot (16\u00a0m) IRT subway cars. Only the first five cars of a train open here because the R62 subway cars used on the 3 service are configured in five-car sets and each must have their doors opened at the same time (selective door operation is used). Before trains on the 3 service were lengthened from nine to ten cars in 2001, only four cars opened their doors at the station. The station is slightly offset under Lenox Avenue, being located closer to the avenue's western curb line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0012-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nThe fare control is at platform level, and there is no crossover or crossunder between the platforms. The station agent's booth is located on the southbound platform. The station has mosaic name tablets, some old \"145\" terra cotta cartouches, and a mosaic replica of a cartouche. There were formerly women's and men's restrooms on the southbound platform, evidenced by stone lintels reading \"women\" and \"men\". The central section of the southbound platform widens near the turnstiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0013-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nAs with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method. The tunnel is covered by a \"U\"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than 4 inches (100\u00a0mm) thick. The lowest sections of the trough's outer walls are composed of transverse arches 5 feet (1.5\u00a0m) wide. Each platform consists of 3-inch-thick (7.6\u00a0cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are located drainage basins. Columns between the tracks, placed atop the transverse arches, support the jack-arched concrete station roofs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0013-0001", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nUnlike in most original IRT stations, the majority of these columns are not built-up I-beams. Along the northern end of the platforms there are dense clusters of I-beam columns, while the remainder of the platform contains circular, cast-iron Doric-style columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m). The ceiling is about 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m) above platform level; the section of the ceiling north of the fare control area is smooth, and the section south of fare control is composed of segmental vaults supported by the center columns. There is a 1-inch (25\u00a0mm) gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4-inch (100\u00a0mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0014-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nThe 2018 artwork at this station is Parade, a ceramic and glass artwork by Derek Fordjour. It consists of images depicting the African-American parade tradition of Harlem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0015-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Track layout\nLike the other stations on the original IRT subway, it was initially built for trains shorter in length than the standard eight to ten cars used by the subway. In the 1950s and 1960s, all of the other IRT stations were either lengthened to 10 cars or closed. The 145th Street station was also lengthened slightly to the north: there are no columns between the tracks there, since the site formerly accommodated a track crossover. When 145th Street was planned to be closed in the 1960s, it was deemed unnecessary to further lengthen the platforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0015-0001", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Track layout\nBecause it remained open, 145th Street is the only original IRT station besides the 42nd Street Shuttle stations that still cannot accommodate ten-car trains. Approximately 200 feet (61\u00a0m) north of the station is a diamond crossover for the approach to the northern terminal of the 3 train at Harlem\u2013148th Street. Approximately 300 feet (91\u00a0m) south of the station is the 142nd Street Junction with the IRT White Plains Road Line. A track crossover formerly existed immediately south of the station, and another switch existed immediately north of the original platforms, within the space occupied by the current platform extension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011442-0016-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nStreet staircases from platform level go up to all four corners of 145th Street and Lenox Avenue. One street staircase goes to each of the corners; the stairs on the west side of Lenox Avenue serve the southbound platform, while the stairs on the east side are served by the northbound platform. There is no entrance from the street to the northbound platform, as both eastern street staircases contain a high exit-only turnstile and emergency gate. Like the other original IRT stations, this station originally was built with entrances resembling elaborate kiosks, which were removed for reducing sight lines for motorists. The street staircases were replaced with relatively simple, modern steel railings like those seen at most New York City Subway stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011443-0000-0000", "contents": "145th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)\n145th Street was an express station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had 2 levels. The lower level was built first and had 2 tracks and 2 side platforms and served local trains. The upper level was built as part of the Dual Contracts and had 1 track and 2 side platforms over the local tracks that served express trains. The station opened on December 1, 1879 and closed on June 11, 1940. The next southbound local stop was 140th Street. The next southbound express stop was 125th Street. The next northbound local stop was 151st Street. The next northbound express stop was 155th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011444-0000-0000", "contents": "145th meridian east\nThe meridian 145\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011444-0001-0000", "contents": "145th meridian east\nThe 145th meridian east forms a great circle with the 35th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011444-0002-0000", "contents": "145th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 145th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011445-0000-0000", "contents": "145th meridian west\nThe meridian 145\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011445-0001-0000", "contents": "145th meridian west\nThe 145th meridian west forms a great circle with the 35th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011445-0002-0000", "contents": "145th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 145th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011446-0000-0000", "contents": "146 (number)\n146 (one hundred [and] forty-six) is the natural number following 145 and preceding 147.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011446-0001-0000", "contents": "146 (number), In mathematics\n146 is an octahedral number as well as a composite number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011446-0002-0000", "contents": "146 (number), In mathematics\nIt is a nontotient since there is no integer with 146 coprimes below it, noncototient since there is no integer with 146 natural numbers below it which are not coprime to it, and an untouchable number since there is no integer whose proper divisors add up to 146.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011447-0000-0000", "contents": "146 BC\nYear 146 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Achaicus (or, less frequently, year 608 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 146 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011448-0000-0000", "contents": "146 Lucina\nLucina (minor planet designation: 146 Lucina) is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Alphonse Borrelly on June 8, 1875, and named after Lucina, the Roman goddess of childbirth. It is large, dark and has a carbonaceous composition. The spectra of the asteroid displays evidence of aqueous alteration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011448-0001-0000", "contents": "146 Lucina\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid made during 1979 and 1981 gave a light curve with a period of 18.54 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011448-0002-0000", "contents": "146 Lucina\nTwo stellar occultations by Lucina have been observed so far, in 1982 and 1989. During the first event, a possible small satellite with an estimated 5.7\u00a0km diameter was detected at a distance of 1,600\u00a0km from 146 Lucina. A 1992 search using a CCD failed to discover a satellite larger than 0.6\u00a0km, although it may have been obscured by occultation mask. Further evidence for a satellite emerged in 2003, this time based on astrometric measurements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011449-0000-0000", "contents": "1460\nYear 1460 (MCDLX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1460th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 460th year of the 2nd millennium, the 60th year of the 15th century, and the 1st year of the 1460s decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011450-0000-0000", "contents": "1460 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1460\u00a0kHz: 1460 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011451-0000-0000", "contents": "1460 Haltia\n1460 Haltia, provisional designation 1937 WC, is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 November 1937, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Iso-Heikkil\u00e4 Observatory in Turku, Finland. The asteroid was named after Halti (Haltia), Finland's highest peak on the border to Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011451-0001-0000", "contents": "1460 Haltia, Orbit and classification\nHaltia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,481 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011451-0002-0000", "contents": "1460 Haltia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nTwo rotational lightcurves of Haltia were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Henk de Groot, Raoul Behrend and Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a respective rotation period of 3.58682 and 3.588 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.32 magnitude (U=3-/3). The Lightcurve Data Base adopts a consolidated period of 3.59 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011451-0003-0000", "contents": "1460 Haltia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Haltia measures between 6.57 and 8.44 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.186 and 0.36.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011451-0004-0000", "contents": "1460 Haltia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 8.97 based on an absolute magnitude of 12.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011451-0005-0000", "contents": "1460 Haltia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Halti (Haltia), the highest Finnish peak at 1,365 metres (4,478\u00a0ft) located on the border between Norway and Finland. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3928).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011454-0000-0000", "contents": "1460 in science\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 11:27, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES, added Empty section (2) tag). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011454-0001-0000", "contents": "1460 in science\nThe year 1460 AD in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011455-0000-0000", "contents": "1460 south cody street lakewood colorado 80227\nIf this article does not meet the criteria for speedy deletion, or you intend to fix it, please remove this notice, but do not remove this notice from pages that you have created yourself. If you created this page and you disagree with the given reason for deletion, you can click the button below and leave a message explaining why you believe it should not be deleted. You can also visit the talk page to check if you have received a response to your message.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011455-0001-0000", "contents": "1460 south cody street lakewood colorado 80227\nNote that once tagged with this notice, this article may be deleted at any time if it unquestionably meets the speedy deletion criteria, or if an explanation posted to the talk page is found to be insufficient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011456-0000-0000", "contents": "1460s\nThe 1460s decade ran from January 1, 1460, to December 31, 1469.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011457-0000-0000", "contents": "1460s BC\nThe 1460s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1469 BC to December 31, 1460 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011460-0000-0000", "contents": "1460s in art\nThe decade of the 1460s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011461-0000-0000", "contents": "1460s in music\nThis is a list of notable events in music that took place in the 1460s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011462-0000-0000", "contents": "1460s in poetry\n[ O]u sont les neiges d'antan(\"Where are the snows of yesteryear?\")", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011462-0001-0000", "contents": "1460s in poetry\n\u2014 Fran\u00e7ois Villon, the \"Ballade des Dams du Temps Jadis\" in Le Grand Testament, 1461", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011462-0002-0000", "contents": "1460s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011462-0003-0000", "contents": "1460s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011462-0004-0000", "contents": "1460s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011463-0000-0000", "contents": "1461\nYear 1461 (MCDLXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011464-0000-0000", "contents": "1461 Jean-Jacques\n1461 Jean-Jacques, provisional designation 1937 YL, is a metallic asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 34 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 December 1937, by French astronomer Marguerite Laugier at Nice Observatory in southern France, who named it after her son Jean-Jacques Laugier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011464-0001-0000", "contents": "1461 Jean-Jacques, Orbit and classification\nJean-Jacques orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,018 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as 1935 OH at Johannesburg Observatory in 1935, extending the body's observation arc by 2 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011464-0002-0000", "contents": "1461 Jean-Jacques, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Jean-Jacques is a metallic M-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011464-0003-0000", "contents": "1461 Jean-Jacques, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Jean-Jacques was obtained from photometric observations by Laurent Bernasconi and Horacio Correia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 16.56 hours with a brightness variation of 0.09 in magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011464-0004-0000", "contents": "1461 Jean-Jacques, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Jean-Jacques measures between 25.33 and 41.43 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.102 and 0.273.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011464-0005-0000", "contents": "1461 Jean-Jacques, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results from IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.161 and a diameter of 32.94 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.01.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011464-0006-0000", "contents": "1461 Jean-Jacques, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Jean-Jacques Laugier, the son of the discoverer. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 31 January 1962 (M.P.C. 2116).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011465-0000-0000", "contents": "1461 L'Aquila earthquake\nOn 27 November 1461, a powerful earthquake and series of aftershocks struck Italy's Abruzzo region along the Aterno River. The tremors caused widespread damage to Abruzzo's capital, L'Aquila, and the surrounding villages. At least 80 people are recorded to have died and numerous people were injured by the earthquakes. The quakes also caused major, permanent damage to religious sites and changed politics for L'Aquila and the Abruzzo region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011465-0001-0000", "contents": "1461 L'Aquila earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake originated from the Abruzzo region's Apennine fold-and-thrust belt, the same that caused the 1703 and 2009 earthquakes. A foreshock hit the Aterno River valley on 16 November before two much larger tremors struck on the 27th, a few hours apart beginning at 21:05 (although some historical sources say just after 05:00). The main shock had an estimated magnitude of 6.4, with its epicenter very close to the village of Poggio Picenze near the Aterno river south-east of L'Aquila.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011465-0001-0001", "contents": "1461 L'Aquila earthquake, Earthquake\nThe quake sent many residents of Abruzzo running out of their houses in the night, and two hours later it was followed by a powerful aftershock which further destroyed L'Aquila's already severely-damaged buildings. Aftershocks continued very frequently into mid December and proved ruinous for the region. Around 20:00 on 17 December another strong aftershock collapsed more houses in L'Aquila, leaving more residents homeless and fearful of further collapses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011465-0002-0000", "contents": "1461 L'Aquila earthquake, Earthquake\nDestruction was also very severe in Abruzzo's countryside. The villages of Poggio Picenze, Onna, Sant'Eusanio Forconese, Castelnuovo and their castles (all within 8 kilometers of the main shock's epicenter) were completely decimated by the violent shaking. Many residents of L'Aquila and the surrounding villages fled into the countryside to makeshift encampments, prudent of aftershocks. Quakes continued to plague the Abruzzo region into March 1462, causing much panic and paranoia among the population. Many residents refused to return to their unstable homes because of the frequent tremors, opting to transfer their tents from the countryside into town squares to avoid collapsing masonry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011465-0003-0000", "contents": "1461 L'Aquila earthquake, Aftermath\nAt least 80 people are believed to have died in L'Aquila in the main earthquake and aftershocks. Many of the city's churches suffered partial collapses including Santo Dominico, Santo Francisco, Santo Agostina, and Santo Salvestro. The dome of Santa Maria di Collemaggio collapsed, as well as many of the ceiling vaults of the hospital. A side of Santo Massimo collapsed onto and destroyed an adjacent bishopry. A bell tower also collapsed in the Santa Maria district. 26% of L'Aquila's buildings totally collapsed in the quakes and more than 60% suffered partial collapses or serious damage. 70% of L'Aquila's destroyed buildings were on the western half of the city around the districts of San Giovanni and San Pierto, which took on the greatest damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011465-0004-0000", "contents": "1461 L'Aquila earthquake, Aftermath\nThe earthquakes also had strong socio-political consequences. The decimated villages and damaged city bordered the Kingdom of Naples, and military correspondence from an agent to the Duke of Milan reveals that preachers used the earthquake as propaganda to intimidate the population of Abruzzo into obedience to the King of Naples, Ferdinand I of Aragon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011466-0000-0000", "contents": "1461 Trabzon\n1461 Trabzon is a professional Turkish football club located in the city of Trabzon. Formed in 1998 as De\u011firmenderespor, the club changed its name to Trabzon Karadenizspor in 2008. The club colours are maroon, blue and white.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011466-0001-0000", "contents": "1461 Trabzon, History\nThe club was founded in 1998 as De\u011firmenderespor and played in the Trabzon amateur league. After the club gained promotion to the 2.Lig in 2008, Trabzonspor bought the club as a local affiliate and rebranded the team Trabzon Karadenizspor. Because of this, the club is mostly made up of Trabzonspor A2 players on loan or former Trabzonspor A2 players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011466-0002-0000", "contents": "1461 Trabzon, History\nThe reason for the number 1461 in front of the club's name is that in the year 1461 Empire of Trebizond was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011466-0003-0000", "contents": "1461 Trabzon, History\nIn the 2012\u201313 Turkish Cup season, the team won the matches against both Galatasaray and Fenerbah\u00e7e. Both matches were away games. 1461 Trabzon finished in third place in the TFF First League and gained rights to play in the play-off games for the promotion to the S\u00fcper Lig but were not allowed by the TFF because of being the local affiliate of Trabzonspor. In Turkish football league system reserve teams are not allowed to play in the same league as the main club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011469-0000-0000", "contents": "1462\nYear 1462 (MCDLXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011470-0000-0000", "contents": "1462 Zamenhof\n1462 Zamenhof, provisional designation 1938 CA, is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 February 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Iso-Heikkil\u00e4 Observatory in Finland. The asteroid was named after L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto. It is a recognized Zamenhof-Esperanto object.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011470-0001-0000", "contents": "1462 Zamenhof, Orbit and classification\nZamenhof is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24 Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,042 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory, one month prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011470-0002-0000", "contents": "1462 Zamenhof, Physical characteristics\nThe Lightcurve Data Base assumes Zamenhof to be a common, carbonaceous C-type asteroid, in agreement with the overall spectral type of the Themis family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011470-0003-0000", "contents": "1462 Zamenhof, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nTwo rotational lightcurves of Zamenhof were obtained from photometric observations in 2006 and 2011. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 10.2 and 10.4 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.15 and 0.30 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011470-0004-0000", "contents": "1462 Zamenhof, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Zamenhof measures between 25.91 and 27.645 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.087 and 0.121.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011470-0005-0000", "contents": "1462 Zamenhof, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0891 and a diameter of 25.62 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011470-0006-0000", "contents": "1462 Zamenhof, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after L. L. Zamenhof (1859\u20131917), a Polish-Jewish ophthalmologist and creator of Esperanto, a constructed international language. This asteroid and 1421 Esperanto are considered to be the most remote Zamenhof-Esperanto objects (a monument or a place celebrating Zamenhof). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1956 (M.P.C. 1350).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011473-0000-0000", "contents": "14627 Emilkowalski\n14627 Emilkowalski (prov. designation: 1998 VA) is a stony asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers (4.3 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 7 November 1998, by American astronomer Richard Kowalski at the Quail Hollow Observatory (761) in Zephyrhills, Florida, United States. The asteroid is the namesake of the recently formed Emilkowalski family of asteroids. It was named after Emil Kowalski, mentor of the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011473-0001-0000", "contents": "14627 Emilkowalski, Orbit and classification\nEmilkowalski orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,531 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 18\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011473-0002-0000", "contents": "14627 Emilkowalski, Orbit and classification\nThe first unused observation at Palomar Observatory (DSS) dates back to 1953. The first used precovery was taken at Siding Spring Observatory in 1975, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 23 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011473-0003-0000", "contents": "14627 Emilkowalski, Orbit and classification, Emilkowalski family\nEmilkowalski is the biggest member and namesake of a collisional group of asteroids, that resulted from the destruction of a larger parent body. The disruption happened approximately 220,000 years ago and it is one of the most recent asteroid breakups discovered in the main belt. The recently formed stony Emilkowalski family (family identification number: 523) consist of only 4 identified members. The other members are (126761) 2002 DW10, (224559) 2005 WU178 and (256124) 2006 UK337.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011473-0004-0000", "contents": "14627 Emilkowalski, Naming\nThis minor planet is named after American Emil Kowalski (1918\u20131994) from Syosset, New York, who inspired the discoverer of space science when he was still a child. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 4 August 2001 (M.P.C. 43192).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011473-0005-0000", "contents": "14627 Emilkowalski, Physical characteristics\nEmilkowalski has been characterized as a rare DL-type by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. It has also been assigned a taxonomic type of a darker carbonaceous and a common stony asteroid, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011473-0006-0000", "contents": "14627 Emilkowalski, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBetween January and March 2012, photometric observations for this asteroid were made by a team led by Petr Pravec at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory, Czech Republic. The three obtained rotational lightcurves gave an identical period of 11.131 hours with a brightness variation of 0.55, 0.64 and 0.65 in magnitude, respectively (U=3/2+/3-). Previously, in 2008, a lightcurve was obtained from observations at the Simeiz Observatory and the Chuguev Observing Station (121) in Ukraine, as well as at Maidanak Observatory in Uzbekistan. It also gave a period of 11.131 hours with an amplitude of 0.85 in magnitude, which implies an elongated shape (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011473-0007-0000", "contents": "14627 Emilkowalski, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Emilkowalski measures between 6.98 and 7.84 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.09 and 0.201.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011473-0008-0000", "contents": "14627 Emilkowalski, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and hence calculates a larger diameter of 10.6 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011474-0000-0000", "contents": "1463\nYear 1463 (MCDLXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011477-0000-0000", "contents": "1464\nYear 1464 (MCDLXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+(-100(C)+500(D))+50(L)+10(X)+(-1(I)+5(V)) = 1464).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011479-0000-0000", "contents": "1464 papal conclave\nThe 1464 papal conclave (August 28\u201330), convened after the death of Pope Pius II, elected as his successor cardinal Pietro Barbo, who took the name Paul II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011479-0001-0000", "contents": "1464 papal conclave, List of participants\nPope Pius II died on August 14, 1464, in Ancona during preparations for the crusade against the Ottoman Empire. At the time of his death, there were 29 living cardinals, but only 19 of them participated in the conclave:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011479-0002-0000", "contents": "1464 papal conclave, List of participants\nTen electors were Italian, four Spaniards, four French and one Greek. Six were created by Pius II, six by Eugenius IV, four by Callixtus III and three by Nicholas V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011479-0003-0000", "contents": "1464 papal conclave, Absentees\nTen cardinals (over 1/3 of the whole Sacred College) did not participate in this conclave:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011479-0004-0000", "contents": "1464 papal conclave, Absentees\nOf the absentee cardinals five were created by Pius II, two by Eugenius IV, one by Callixtus III and one by Nicholas V. Pierre de Foix was the last surviving cardinal of the Great Western Schism and was elevated by Pisan Antipope John XXIII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011479-0005-0000", "contents": "1464 papal conclave, Absentees\nAmong them there were three French, two Italians, two Germans, two Spaniards and the one Hungarian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011479-0006-0000", "contents": "1464 papal conclave, Candidates to the papacy\nBessarion, d'Estouteville, Trevisan, Carvajal, Torquemada and Barbo were mentioned as main papabili in the contemporary reports of the ambassadors and envoys of Italian Princes. Also Calandrini, Roverella and Capranica were referred to as possible candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011479-0007-0000", "contents": "1464 papal conclave, The election of Pope Paul II\nOn the evening of August 28 all cardinals present in Rome entered the conclave in the Vatican, with the exception of ill Cardinal Torquemada, who joined the rest on the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011479-0008-0000", "contents": "1464 papal conclave, The election of Pope Paul II\nInitially, in order to secure to the cardinals a greater share of power than they had enjoyed under Pius II, a capitulation was prepared the conclave capitulation, and all except Ludovico Trevisan subscribed to it. The terms of the capitulation were the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011479-0009-0000", "contents": "1464 papal conclave, The election of Pope Paul II\nThe first scrutiny took place on August 30. Cardinal Pietro Barbo received eleven votes, while the remaining fell to Trevisan and d'Estouteville. On the following accessus Barbo received three additional votes and was elected Pope. He took the name Paul II, and a little bit later protodeacon Rodrigo Borgia announced the election to the people of Rome with the ancient formula Habemus Papam. On September 6 the new pope was solemnly crowned on the steps of the patriarchal Vatican Basilica by Cardinal Niccol\u00f2 Fortiguerra, priest of the title of S. Cecilia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011480-0000-0000", "contents": "1465\nYear 1465 (MCDLXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0000-0000", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution\nThe 1465 Moroccan revolution was a popular uprising in the city of Fez\u2014then capital of Morocco\u2014against Sultan Abd al-Haqq II, the last ruler of the Marinid dynasty, and his Jewish vizier Harun ibn Batash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0001-0000", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution\nMorocco was in severe crisis in the mid-fifteenth century, including a progressive Portuguese invasion of the country. The theoretical rulers, the Marinids, had little power outside the city of Fez, with large parts of the country in the hands of the Wattasids, a dynasty of viziers. At the same time, new religious trends in Moroccan Islam increased the prestige of the sharifs, or descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. In 1458, Abd al-Haqq regained power from the Wattasids. The sultan then appointed Jews to high-ranking positions in the state, despite opposition from the mostly Muslim citizens of Fez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0001-0001", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution\nIn most accounts, the actual revolution began in 1465 when a Jewish official abused a female sharif, which led to a pogrom against the Jewish community possibly led by Muhammad ibn Imran, the leader of the sharifs of Fez. Abd al-Haqq was either lynched or executed, and Muhammad ibn Imran became ruler of Fez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0002-0000", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution\nThe Wattasids attempted to return following the revolution but were opposed by Muhammad ibn Imran, leading to a war in which the Wattasid dynast Muhammad al-Sheikh conquered Fez in 1471 at the cost of ceding significant territory to the Portuguese. The Wattasids\u2014who retained the Berber tribal structure of medieval Moroccan dynasties\u2014were soon discredited by their incapability to stem the Portuguese advance, and were replaced in the sixteenth century by the Saadis, a non-tribal dynasty of sharifs. Morocco has been ruled by sharifs ever since. The 1465 revolution, while unsuccessful in bringing about lasting sharif rule, was thus an harbinger of the rule by sharifs that would come to define modern Moroccan history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0003-0000", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution, Background\nBy the mid-fifteenth century, the Marinid Sultanate of Morocco was in severe crisis. Its effective control was limited to the city of Fez, with large portions of the countryside being controlled by their vizier family, the Wattasids. The final sultan, Abd al-Haqq II, had been placed on the throne at the age of one in 1420 by his Wattasid vizier. He remained a puppet of successive viziers for thirty-eight years until a 1458 coup in which the sultan successfully took power after massacring most of the Wattasids. At the same time, the Portuguese began conquering significant parts of Morocco beginning with the capture of Ceuta in 1415. The Berber tribes whose warriors underpinned the Marinid kingdom proved itself incapable of defending the country. In 1462, Castile seized Gibraltar, the last Moroccan outpost in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0004-0000", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution, Background\nMorocco was also undergoing a religious transformation. Two Sufi brotherhoods, the Qadiriyya and especially the Shadhiliyya, expanded throughout the country and popularized the notion of hereditary barakah or sacredness. The renewed focus on inherited sanctity advanced the prestige of the sharifs: descendants of the prophet Muhammad by his great-great-great-grandson Idris I, the eighth-century founder of the Moroccan kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0004-0001", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution, Background\nThe great popularity of the Shadhiliyya brotherhood led by Muhammad al-Jazuli, which included large numbers of sharifs in its ranks, contributed to the increased devotion accorded to the sharifs, as did the putative Wattasid discovery in 1437 of the tomb of Idris's son and their decision to build a sanctuary honoring him. In the face of the failure of the Marinids and their tribal backers against European invasion, the sharifs were increasingly looked up to as \"symbols of disenchantment with tribal leadership and of the determination to resist the foreign enemies of the country and the faith.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0005-0000", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution, Background\nMeanwhile, large numbers of Spanish Jews had migrated to Fez since 1391 and became more and more important in the commercial life of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0006-0000", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution\nThe earliest and most detailed account of the 1465 revolution in Fez, which ended two centuries of Marinid rule, comes from the diary of Abd al-Basit ibn Khalil, an Egyptian merchant who arrived in the Kingdom of Tlemcen in 1464 intending to visit the neighboring Moroccan realm. While at Tlemcen, he learned the news of the 1465 revolution first-hand and decided to avoid the turmoil, going to Granada instead. Abd al-Basit's narrative is consistent with the traditional Moroccan accounts first compiled centuries after the revolution. But as the Egyptian was not an eyewitness, his account may reflect the official, propagandistic narrative that Muhammad ibn Imran, the new ruler of Fez, desired to portray to his neighbors in Tlemcen. Historian Mercedes Garcia-Arenal notes that the story appears apologetic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0007-0000", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution\nAccording to Abd al-Basit, once Abd al-Haqq had massacred most of the Wattasids, he appointed a surviving Wattasid as a vizier in name, but with no real power, simply for the purpose of humiliating him. He then named the Jewish moneylender Harun ibn Batash as the de facto vizier, as Jews did not have independent power bases. Harun proceeded to give important government positions to his fellow Jews, which was very unpopular in the majority-Muslim city. In 1465, the sultan and Harun left Fez for a while, leaving Harun's relative Shawil ibn Batash to rule Fez. Shawil's rule was opposed by the citizens, and a riot began when he insulted and struck a female sharif.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0008-0000", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution\nA khatib (preacher) who heard this began calling for a jihad against the Jews, and was joined by large numbers of the poorer citizens of Fez. The mob demanded that Muhammad ibn Imran, the head of the sharifs of Fez, give his sanction for a rebellion against the government. Ibn Imran refused, saying that the ulama or scholars should be consulted. The mob then went to the senior mufti of Fez, demanding that he write them a fatwa or juridical opinion approving of the rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0008-0001", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution\nWhen the mufti refused, the mob threatened to kill him until he finally agreed that a massacre of the Jews and a rebellion against the sultan were religiously permissible. Having received the necessary clerical support, the urban mob then invaded the Jewish quarter and killed every Jew, then stormed the palace and killed Shawil. The sharif Muhammad ibn Imran was installed as ruler of Fez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0009-0000", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution\nThe rebels then sent a letter to Abd al-Haqq, saying that they were willing to return his throne to him should he return. Harun opposed the idea, suggesting that they go to the town of Taza instead, but the sultan refused to listen. A Marinid prince then executed the vizier. When Abd al-Haqq did arrive at Fez, he was pulled off his horse by a gang of young men and lynched at a slaughterhouse on May 18, 1465, in the holy month of Ramadan. The surviving Wattasids attempted to return to power in Fez but were rebuffed by Muhammad ibn Imran's new regime, while pogroms of Jews occurred in other cities throughout Morocco as the news spread.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0010-0000", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution\nThe traditional Moroccan account, still presented in modern Moroccan textbooks, derives from the historian Ahmad Ibn al-Qadi in the 1590s. Al-Qadi's account is largely congruent with Abd al-Basit's account, certain details notwithstanding: Harun proposes Meknes and not Taza as a refuge, and the sultan is killed on May 23 and not May 18. But it removes the apologetic description of Muhammad ibn Imran being reluctant to take power and does not feature a mufti at all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0010-0001", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution\nInstead, the sharif is portrayed as leading the mob in both the attack on the Jewish quarter and the killing of Abd al-Haqq, which is not the work of a gang of youth but a public execution officiated by Ibn Imran himself, who strips the sultan of his regalia and puts him on a donkey before the citizens of Fez. Although Europeans had only a very cursory understanding of events in the Moroccan court, they also believed that the sharif had instigated the revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0011-0000", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution\nMeanwhile, a number of traditional Moroccan biographies of Sufi saints suggest that there was a group of ulama and other Muslim leaders who opposed the revolution in some capacity. One of the prominent leaders of the opposition was Ahmad Zarruq, who was forced to leave his hometown of Fez after facing opposition to the point of being accused of being a Jew. When Zarruq returned to Fez in 1474, he was met with a \"social boycott\" and was soon obliged to leave Morocco forever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0012-0000", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution\nA seventeenth-century account independent of traditional Moroccan historiography\u2014a polemical tract condemning the Muhajirin, a group of merchants in Fez who were originally Jews but had long ago sincerely converted to Islam\u2014gives a significantly different series of events. The Muhajirin had traditionally been barred from certain markets by the older Muslim merchants of Fez, including the sharifs. But because Abd al-Haqq, his Jewish vizier Harun, and other Jewish officials were hard-pressed for money, the government annulled the restrictions on the Muhajirin. They began to outcompete the sharif merchants until the 1465 revolution, after which they were all expelled from Fez. The account makes no mention of the abuse of a woman sharif or of a massacre of the Jews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0013-0000", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution\nNo Jewish source from before the nineteenth century makes any mention of the massacre. As there is documentation of a thriving Jewish community in Fez in the 1470s, Garcia-Arena is skeptical that there was any pogrom against the Jews at all. Many of the Jews of Fez appear have temporarily converted to Islam to escape the pogrom before being allowed to return to Judaism by the Wattasids who took power in 1471. Other members of the Jewish community of Fez in the 1470s may have been refugees from the Portuguese invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0014-0000", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution, Legacy\nAs supporters of the sharifs, the surviving Wattasids may have naturally expected to be restored to power by the revolution, but Muhammad ibn Imran refused to allow them to enter the city. After a war of several years, the head of the surviving Wattasids, Muhammad al-Sheikh, conquered Fez in 1471 and eliminated the sharif's regime with the support of former Marinid retainers, but at the cost of losing the towns of Asilah, Larache, and Tangiers to the Portuguese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0014-0001", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution, Legacy\nOver the next few decades, the Wattasids' traditional tribal form of monarchy was discredited by its utter incapability to curb the Portuguese invasion. They were eventually overthrown by the Saadi dynasty of sharifs from southern Morocco, who expelled the Portuguese and initiated a new trend in Moroccan history\u2014of which the 1465 revolution was an early augur\u2014of non-tribal sharif dynasties whose legitimacy was bolstered by their prophetic bloodline. The current ruling dynasty of Morocco, the Alaouites, remains a sharif dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011481-0015-0000", "contents": "1465 Moroccan revolution, Legacy\nThe Jewish community of Fez existed again by the 1470s, benefiting from Wattasid protection and patronage of the Jews; the Jewish historian Abraham ben Solomon calls Muhammad al-Sheikh a righteous man. However, they continued to suffer from prejudice, including another massacre in 1492.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011483-0000-0000", "contents": "1465 mystery eruption\nThe 1465 mystery eruption was a large volcanic eruption in the South Pacific identified from distant ice core records and historical accounts of atmospheric events around 1465. The exact location of the eruption is uncertain, but is likely the submerged caldera of Kuwae in the Coral Sea. The eruption is believed to have been VEI-7 and possibly even larger than Mount Tambora's 1815 eruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011483-0001-0000", "contents": "1465 mystery eruption, Ice core records\nIce cores taken from both the Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets contain large amounts of sulfur, indicating that the 1465 mystery eruption was a global event, lasting up to 7 years. These volcanic particles were distributed via the large aerosol cloud produced by the eruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011483-0002-0000", "contents": "1465 mystery eruption, Historical records\nHistorical records, largely from Europe and Eastern Asia, report multiple years after 1465 with anomalous weather patterns. Smog and haze were seen in the sky and multiple records describe the sun as being blue in color and volcanic ash raining from the sky. There were severe increases in precipitation and decreases in temperature. These weather and climate changes would be the result of a large aerosol cloud produced by a volcanic eruption spreading across the earth; however, medieval records of atmospheric phenomenon are not always accurate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011483-0003-0000", "contents": "1465 mystery eruption, Climate implications\nThe weather patterns caused by this eruption had an impact on the life of people globally. Freezing temperatures and excessive rainfall led to famine and low quality crops. The number of people who starved to death increased over these years, and the decreased quality of wine during the time period was noted in historical records. Freezing temperatures and flooding also lead to death and property damage. These factors put pressure on medieval governments and negatively impacted military efforts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011484-0000-0000", "contents": "1466\nYear 1466 (MCDLXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+(-100(C)+500(D))+50(L)+10(X)+5(V)+1(I) = 1466).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011485-0000-0000", "contents": "1466 M\u00fcndleria\n1466 M\u00fcndleria, provisional designation 1938 KA, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011485-0001-0000", "contents": "1466 M\u00fcndleria\nIt was discovered on 31 May 1938, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and later named after German astronomer Max M\u00fcndler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011485-0002-0000", "contents": "1466 M\u00fcndleria, Orbit and classification\nM\u00fcndleria orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,339 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. M\u00fcndleria's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1938. It was first identified as 1923 GA at Heidelberg in 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011485-0003-0000", "contents": "1466 M\u00fcndleria, Physical characteristics\nThe asteroid has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011485-0004-0000", "contents": "1466 M\u00fcndleria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, M\u00fcndleria measures between 22.13 and 24.95 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.037 and 0.061. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.055 and a diameter of 21.46 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011485-0005-0000", "contents": "1466 M\u00fcndleria, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nAs of 2017, no useful rotational lightcurve of M\u00fcndleria has been obtained. The body's rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011485-0006-0000", "contents": "1466 M\u00fcndleria, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after German astronomer Max M\u00fcndler (1876\u20131969), staff member at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory where the body was discovered. The name was proposed by Heinrich Vogt after whom the minor planet 1439 Vogtia is named. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 131).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011486-0000-0000", "contents": "1466 in France, Deaths\nThis year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011487-0000-0000", "contents": "1467\nYear 1467 (MCDLXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011488-0000-0000", "contents": "1467 Mashona\n1467 Mashona, provisional designation 1938 OE, is a rare-type carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 100 kilometers in diameter, making it one of the top 200 largest asteroids currently known to exist. It was discovered on 30 July 1938, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It was later named after the native Shona people of Zimbabwe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011488-0001-0000", "contents": "1467 Mashona, Classification and orbit\nMashona orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 6 years and 3 months (2,277 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 22\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It is a member of the Cybele asteroid group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011488-0002-0000", "contents": "1467 Mashona, Classification and orbit\nIn February 1923, it was first identified as 1923 CB at Heidelberg Observatory in Germany. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg, 5 days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011488-0003-0000", "contents": "1467 Mashona, Classification and orbit\nMashona was the highest numbered asteroid used in calculating the future orbit of 101955 Bennu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011488-0004-0000", "contents": "1467 Mashona, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Mashona is a rare GC-type, a spectral type that transitions between the common C and rare G-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011488-0005-0000", "contents": "1467 Mashona, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nUntil April 2010, three rotational lightcurves of Mashona have been obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period between 9.74 and 9.76 hours with a brightness amplitude varying from 0.24 to 0.31 magnitude (U=3/2/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011488-0006-0000", "contents": "1467 Mashona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Mashona measures between 89.160 and 104.119 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.05 and 0.083. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 107.54 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 8.57. Among nearly half a million asteroids, Mashona belongs to the 200 largest bodies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011488-0007-0000", "contents": "1467 Mashona, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the Shona people (Mashona), natives of Mashonaland in Zimbabwe, then Rhodesia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011491-0000-0000", "contents": "1468\nYear 1468 (MCDLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011492-0000-0000", "contents": "1468 Zomba\n1468 Zomba, provisional designation 1938 PA, is a stony asteroid and large Mars-crosser near the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory in 1938, the asteroid was named after the city of Zomba in the Republic of Malawi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011492-0001-0000", "contents": "1468 Zomba, Discovery\nZomba was discovered on 23 July 1938, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was independently discovered by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory, Algeria, on 2 August 1938, who first announce the asteroid's discovery. The Minor Planet Center (MPC) only recognizes the first discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011492-0002-0000", "contents": "1468 Zomba, Orbit and classification\nZomba is a Mars-crossing asteroid, a dynamically unstable group between the main belt and the near-Earth populations, crossing the orbit of Mars at 1.666\u00a0AU. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.6\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,188 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011492-0003-0000", "contents": "1468 Zomba, Physical characteristics\nZomba has been characterized as a Q-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. The Lightcurve Data Base assumes it to be a common S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011492-0004-0000", "contents": "1468 Zomba, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Zomba have been obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 2.773 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.3 and 0.36 magnitude (U=3-/2/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011492-0005-0000", "contents": "1468 Zomba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Zomba measures 6.97 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.302, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 8.57 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011492-0006-0000", "contents": "1468 Zomba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThis makes Zomba one of the largest mid-sized Mars-crossing asteroids comparable with 1065\u00a0Amundsenia (9.75\u00a0km), 1139\u2009Atami (9.35\u00a0km), 1474\u00a0Beira (8.73\u00a0km), 1011\u00a0Laodamia (7.39\u00a0km), 1727\u00a0Mette (est 9\u00a0km), 1131\u00a0Porzia (7.13\u00a0km), 1235\u00a0Schorria (est. 9\u00a0km), 985\u00a0Rosina (8.18\u00a0km) and 1310\u00a0Villigera (15.24\u00a0km), but far smaller than the largest members of this dynamical group, namely, 132\u00a0Aethra, 323\u00a0Brucia, 1508\u00a0Kemi, 2204\u00a0Lyyli and 512\u00a0Taurinensis, which are all larger than 20 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011492-0007-0000", "contents": "1468 Zomba, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the town of Zomba in the Republic of Malawi, known as Nyasaland, a British protectorate, at the time of naming. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011494-0000-0000", "contents": "1469\nYear 1469 (MCDLXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011495-0000-0000", "contents": "1469 Linzia\n1469 Linzia, provisional designation 1938 QD, is a dark asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 60 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in 1938, the asteroid was later named after the Austrian city of Linz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011495-0001-0000", "contents": "1469 Linzia, Discovery\nLinzia was discovered on 19 August 1938, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. Twelve nights later, the asteroid was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory, Crimea, on 31 August 1938. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer. The asteroid was first identified as A916 QD at Simeiz in August 1916, or 22 years prior to its official discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011495-0002-0000", "contents": "1469 Linzia, Orbit and classification\nLinzia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,016 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering Heidelberg Observatory in May 1931, when it was identified as 1931 JD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011495-0003-0000", "contents": "1469 Linzia, Physical characteristics\nLinzia has been characterized as a dark and primitive P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), while the Lightcurve Data Base assumes it to be a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011495-0004-0000", "contents": "1469 Linzia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Linzia was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens in collaboration with Vladimir Benishek. Lightcurve analysis gave a slightly longer-than average rotation period of 22.215 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.09 magnitude (U=3). Other lightcurves which measured a period of 6.067, 12 and 15.2 hours, received a lower quality rating (U=1/1/2-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011495-0005-0000", "contents": "1469 Linzia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Linzia measures between 54.30 and 74.78 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.038 and 0.0734.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011495-0006-0000", "contents": "1469 Linzia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0561 and a diameter of 58.78 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011495-0007-0000", "contents": "1469 Linzia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of the Austrian city of Linz, located on the Danube river. The name Name was proposed by A. Wersig (RI 2319), and the official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 132).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011497-0000-0000", "contents": "146th Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 146th Air Refueling Squadron (146 ARS) is a unit of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard 's 171st Air Refueling Wing located at Pittsburgh IAP Air Reserve Station, Pennsylvania. The 146th is equipped with the KC-135T Stratotanker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011497-0001-0000", "contents": "146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was activated on 1 October 1942 at RAF Duxford, England as the 345th Fighter Squadron. It was initially assigned to VIII Fighter Command, but was reassigned to Twelfth Air Force in December and engaged in combat in the North African Campaign and was later based in Italy as part of the Mediterranean Theater of Operations. It engaged in combat during Sicilian and Italian Campaigns. The squadron also flew combat missions from Sardinia and in the Rhone Valley of France from 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011497-0002-0000", "contents": "146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nThe wartime 345th Fighter Squadron was redesignated as the 146th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Pennsylvania Air National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Greater Pittsburgh Airport and was extended federal recognition on 22 April 1949. The squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was assigned to the 112th Fighter Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011497-0003-0000", "contents": "146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Air Defense\nThe 146th Fighter Squadron's mission was air defense over Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania. The unit was not activated during the Korean War. The squadron retired its F-47s in 1951 was re-equipped with long-distance F-51H Mustang interceptors, because jets which were being used by the active duty force and in Korea. After the Korean War ended, it was planned to convert the 146th Fighter-Bomber Squadron from its propeller-driven F-51Hs to F-86A Sabre jet daylight interceptors. However, after receiving four Sabres, the squadron began to receive new F-84F Thunderstreaks in October 1954. In December 1957, the 146th replaced their F-84Fs with all-weather F-86D Sabre Interceptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 83], "content_span": [84, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011497-0004-0000", "contents": "146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Air Defense\nBeginning in 1960, Air Defense Command upgraded the 112th Fighter Interceptor Group to the supersonic F-102A Delta Dagger interceptor. Squadron pilots stood runway alert for 24 hours a day, seven days a week at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport ready to scramble regardless of the weather conditions to intercept any unidentified aircraft approaching southward from the Canada\u2013US border or toward the United States from the Atlantic Coast. Their F-102A Delta Daggers were armed with two heat-seeking missiles and four radar-guided missiles as well as 2.75-inch rockets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 83], "content_span": [84, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011497-0005-0000", "contents": "146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nWith air defense becoming less critical, in 1975 the 146th ended its air defense mission, receiving its first A-7D Corsair II aircraft and its mobilization gaining command changed to Tactical Air Command. The principal mission of the squadron became the destruction of targets in support of ground forces. The A-7Ds were initially received from the 354th and 355th Tactical Fighter Wings, which were being upgraded with new A-10A Thunderbolt II aircraft. Beginning in 1976 and 1977, new A-7Ds were received directly from the manufacturer, and in 1980, the squadron received some A-7K two-seat trainers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 92], "content_span": [93, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011497-0006-0000", "contents": "146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Air Refueling\nBy the end of the 1980s the A-7Ds were being retired from the Air Force inventory, and in 1991 the 146th traded in its ground support fighters. The 112th group's gaining command became Strategic Air Command as it became a KC-135 Stratotanker air refueling squadron. The 146th has continued this mission into the present day. The tankers were operated jointly with the 147th Air Refueling Squadron at Pittsburgh. The 147th's parent unit, the 171st Air Refueling Wing, had become an air refueling organization in October 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011497-0006-0001", "contents": "146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Air Refueling\nStrategic Air Command was inactivated in June 1992 and the 112th Air Refueling Group became a part of the Air Combat Command (ACC). On 1 October 1993, the assets of the 112th Air Refueling Group and the 171st Air Refueling Wing at Pittsburgh were combined and the 146th Air Refueling Squadron was reassigned to the 171st Operations Group. The 112th Air Refueling Group was inactivated. With the consolidation, The 171st Air Refueling Wing had 16 aircraft assigned to two squadrons, making it one of only three \"Super Tanker Wings\" within the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011497-0007-0000", "contents": "146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nIn May 1999, the 171st activated over 500 members and fourteen aircraft to Budapest, Hungary and Frankfurt, Germany, in support of Operation Allied Force deterring ethnic aggression in Yugoslavia. The 146th became part of the 171st Expeditionary Operations Group that flew 411 sorties and refueled 2,157 receivers. All members returned home by the beginning of July 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 89], "content_span": [90, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011497-0008-0000", "contents": "146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nIn November 2000, the 171st deployed 228 personnel to Istres AB, France in support of Operation Joint Forge, a NATO-led stabilization mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina. During this deployment the crews flew 51 sorties in seven of our KC-135s, and offloaded 1.4 million pounds of fuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 89], "content_span": [90, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011497-0009-0000", "contents": "146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nThe 171st found itself among the first units called to duty almost immediately after the 9/11 terrorist attacks in New York City, Washington D.C. and in its own backyard in southwestern Pennsylvania. At the time of the attacks, almost all of the wing's aircraft were in a stand-down mode, while nearly all of its assigned aircraft were being converted to with the new Pacer-Crag cockpit and navigation upgrade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 95], "content_span": [96, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011497-0010-0000", "contents": "146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nWithin minutes of the first aircraft crashes, the 171st Air Refueling Wing was airborne with its only flyable KC-135E. Its mission was to provide air refueling to the fuel-thirsty jet fighter aircraft that were providing Combat Air Patrol (CAP) over the skies of the eastern United States as part of Operation Noble Eagle (ONE). On the ground back in Pittsburgh, the maintainers and aircrews made more aircraft airworthy and then keeping them flying. Almost seamlessly, the 171st went into a wartime footing. Within 24 hours after the first attacks, the 171st was flying round-the-clock CAPs support sorties with eight fully mission capable KC-135s. Before the continuous CAP missions were ended in early 2002, more than 13,000 combat missions were flown over U.S. soil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 95], "content_span": [96, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011497-0011-0000", "contents": "146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nDuring the first decade of the 2000s, the 171st was engaged in combat operations in supporting Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Iraqi Freedom, deployed to Guam, participated in the Hurricane Katrina Relief Effort, supported numerous Raven assignments, supported our Air Expeditionary Force cycles and other missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 95], "content_span": [96, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011497-0012-0000", "contents": "146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nIn an effort to support the international response to the unrest in Libya and enforcement of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 of a no-fly zone over Libya, the 313th Air Expeditionary Wing, with the 171st as the lead unit, was stood up in March 2011 by a blend of active duty, guard and reserve airmen. A total of 1500 sorties, 11000 flying hours, and 70 million pounds of fuel transferred aircraft from more than ten countries was accomplished by this citizen-airmen volunteer militia force. Initially, the operation for the no-fly zone was called Operation Odyssey Dawn. As it transitioned to a full-fledged, NATO-led effort, it became Operation Unified Protector. This operation officially ended 31 October 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 95], "content_span": [96, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011498-0000-0000", "contents": "146th Air Support Operations Squadron\nThe 146th Air Support Operations Squadron is an air support operations (air-ground liaison) squadron of the United States Air Force. The official title of the 146th ASOS is \"Plains Warriors.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011498-0001-0000", "contents": "146th Air Support Operations Squadron, Overview\nThe 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) recommendations began the process to redistribute the 137th Airlift Wing's eight C-130H aircraft from Will Rogers Air National Guard Base and implemented the process to stand up an Air Support Operations Squadron (ASOS); to be aligned with and provide close air support (CAS) to the 45th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the Oklahoma Army National Guard. In September 2007 the last of the C-130's departed Will Rogers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011498-0001-0001", "contents": "146th Air Support Operations Squadron, Overview\nAs 2007 was the centennial year of the statehood of Oklahoma and one which marked the end of one era in its military history the squadron number was deemed to be a 100-series designation. As Oklahoma was the 46th state admitted to the Union, the soon-to-be established ASOS was officially given its designation of \"146\". One year later the squadron was officially activated in a ceremony presided over by the Adjutant General of Oklahoma MG Harry M. Wyatt III. Designated as the first commander of the 146th was Lt. Col. Bruce P. \"Ham Fist\" Hamilton; who served from 2008 to 2013. He was succeeded by Lt. Col. James B. Waltermire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0000-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing\nThe 146th Airlift Wing (146 AW) is a unit of the California Air National Guard, stationed at Channel Islands Air National Guard Station, Oxnard, California. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0001-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing\nThe 115th Airlift Squadron assigned to the Wings 146th Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the 115th Observation Squadron, established on 16 June 1924. It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II. It is the oldest unit in the California Air National Guard, having almost 90 years of service to the state and nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0002-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, Mission\nThe 146th AW's primary mission is to provide global military airlift capability to a full spectrum of state and federal agencies. Flying the Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules aircraft, the 146th has provided humanitarian relief in the aftermath of hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, and other disasters, in California, the United States and internationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0003-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, Mission\nThe 146th is one of four C-130 ANG units whose contribution to the United States' aerial fire fighting capability includes equipment and techniques for efficient, effective suppression of large wildland fires from the air. Since 1974, using the Modular Airborne Fire Fighting System (MAFFS) units supplied by the US Forest Service and mounted in four C-130s, the wing's aerial fire fighting crews have been credited with saving many lives and countless millions of dollars worth of structures, forests, and brush land in California and other states and countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0004-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, Mission\nMAFFS II was used for the first time on a fire in July 2010, using the latest generation Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules aircraft. The 146th Airlift Wing was the first to transition to the MAFFS 2 system in 2008, and it remains the only unit flying the new system on the C-130J aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0005-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, World War II\nFormed at Westover Field, Massachusetts, in August 1943. During World War II the 373d Fighter Group was assigned to the European Theater of Operations (ETO), Ninth Air Force, in Western Europe. It was equipped with P-47 Thunderbolts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0006-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, World War II\nThe Group flew its first combat mission on 8 May 1944, a fighter sweep over Normandy. It then took part in pre-invasion activities (e.g., escorting B-26 Marauders to attack airdromes, bridges, and railroads in Occupied France). The Group patrolled the air over the beachhead when the Allies launched the Normandy invasion on 6 June 1944, and hit troops, tanks, roads, fuel depots, and other targets in the assault area until the end of the month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0007-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, World War II\nThe Group moved to the Continent in July 1944 where it struck railroads, hangars, boxcars, warehouses, and other objectives to prevent reinforcements from reaching the front at St. Lo, where the Allies broke through on 25 July 1944. The Group bombed such targets as troops in the Falaise-Argentan area in August 1944. During the Battle of the Bulge (December 1944 \u2013 January 1945), the Group concentrated on the destruction of bridges, marshalling yards, and highways. It flew reconnaissance missions to support ground operations in the Rhine Valley in March 1945, hitting airfields, motor transports, etc. The Group continued tactical air operations until 4 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0008-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, World War II\nReturned to the United States and prepared for transfer to the Pacific Theater during the Summer of 1945, the Japanese Capitulation in August led to the Group's inactivation in November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0009-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard\nThe wartime 373d Fighter Group was re-designated as the 146th Fighter Group, and was allotted to the California Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Van Nuys Airport, Los Angeles, California, and was extended federal recognition on 16 September by the National Guard Bureau. The 146th Fighter Group was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 373d Fighter Group. The Group was assigned to the California ANG 62nd Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0010-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard\nUpon activation, operational squadrons of the 146th Fighter Group were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0011-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard\nThe 196th, 197th, and 198th Fighter Squadrons were all re-designations of the 373d Fighter Group's operational squadrons during World War II. All of the fighter squadrons were initially equipped with F-51D Mustangs, with a mission of air defense of Southern California and Arizona. The 115th was equipped with B-26 Invader light bombers, gained by Tactical Air Command. Other components were the 146th Headquarters, 146th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 146th Combat Support Squadron, and the 1146th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0012-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard\nDuring World War II, Van Nuys Airport had been used as an Army Airfield and the organization moved into several buildings and hangars vacated just a few months previously by the 441st Army Air Force Base Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0013-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, 146th Composite Wing\nAt the end of October 1950, the Air National Guard converted to the wing-base (Hobson Plan) organization. As a result, the 62d Fighter Wing was withdrawn from the California ANG and was inactivated on 31 October 1950. The 146th Composite Wing was established by the National Guard Bureau, allocated to the state of California, recognized and activated 1 November 1950; assuming the personnel, equipment, and mission of the inactivated 62d Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 80], "content_span": [81, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0014-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, 146th Composite Wing\nThe 146th Composite Group was assigned to the new wing as its operational group with the three fighter squadrons. The 115th Bombardment Squadron (Light) at Van Nuys Airport was transferred from the 62d Fighter Wing to the new 144th Composite Wing. The 115th was a re-designation of the original California National Guard pre-war 115th Observation Squadron with origins dating to 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 80], "content_span": [81, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0015-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. The 146th Fighter Wing was federalized on 1 March 1951 and assigned to Tactical Air Command. It was re-designated as the 146th Fighter-Bomber Wing and moved to Moody AFB, Georgia, where it was assigned two federalized ANG squadrons from Idaho and Montana and became a F-51D Fighter-Bomber training unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 85], "content_span": [86, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0016-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nThe units were returned to California State control in November 1952, and on 1 January 1953, the 146th Fighter-Bomber Wing was reformed at Van Nuys Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 85], "content_span": [86, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0017-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nWith the end of combat in Korea, jet-propelled aircraft began to be made available to the Air National Guard. In 1953, the 195th at Van Nuys received F-86A Sabres, to be used in day-interceptor missions. The 195th's F-51Hs were reassigned to the 115th, now a Fighter-Bomber Squadron (FBS); the 115th was upgraded to F-86As in late 1953. In 1954, the 196th FBS at Norton AFB was equipped with F-86As, and the 197th at Luke AFB also being upgraded to F-86As. With the F-86A, the squadrons began standing dusk-to-dawn alerts, joining its Air Defense Command active-duty counterparts. On 1 January 1954, the 196th FBS was moved from the expanding Norton AFB to Ontario Municipal Airport. The 146th was re-designated the 146th Fighter-Interceptor Wing (FIW) on 1 July 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 79], "content_span": [80, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0018-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nThe 146th FIW continued to fly the F-86A until 31 March 1958. On 1 April 1958, the transition was made to the F-86L Sabre Interceptor, which was designed from the onset as an interceptor, had all-weather capability, and thus was able to be used in all weather. In addition, the F-86L could be controlled and directed by the SAGE computer-controlled Ground Control Interceptor (Radar) sites which would vector the aircraft to the unidentified target for interception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 79], "content_span": [80, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0019-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nIn 1958, the 196th Fighter-Bomber Squadron at Ontario Airport was authorized to expand to a group level. The 163d Fighter-Interceptor Group was federally recognized on 17 May; the 196th FBS was re-designated as a Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and transferred to the new group under California ANG jurisdiction. On 2 October 1957, the 197th FBS at Luke AFB was expanded into the 161st Fighter-Interceptor Group, and came under Arizona ANG jurisdiction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 79], "content_span": [80, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0020-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift\nIn 1961, the 146th FIW was reassigned to Military Air Transport Service (MATS), trading in its Sabre interceptors for 4-engined C-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the 146th was re-designated the 146th Air Transport Wing (Heavy). During the Berlin Crisis of 1961, both the Wing and squadrons were federalized on 1 October 1961. From Van Nuys, the wing augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs. It returned again to California state control on 31 August 1962. Throughout the 1960s, the unit flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and, during the Vietnam War, to both South Vietnam, Okinawa, and Thailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0021-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift\nThe C-97s were retired in 1970 and the unit was transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC). It transitioned to the C-130A Hercules theater transport, flying missions in support of TAC throughout the United States and Alaska. In 1973, the C-130A models were transferred to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force and they were replaced by the C-130B. During this period, both the 115th and its sister squadron, the 195th Tactical Airlift Squadron shared the same pool of aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0022-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift\nWith the end of the Vietnam War, the California National Guard bureau began to downsize the 146th Tactical Airlift Wing (TAS) as part of the post-war drawdown. With C-130s units being transferred to Military Airlift Command, the junior 195th TAS was inactivated on 30 September 1974. The personnel, equipment, and aircraft of the 195th TFS were reassigned to the 115th TAS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0023-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift\nIn the early 1970s, USAF's \"Total Force\" policy brought the wing into full partnership with its Air Force counterparts by mandating co-operation and teamwork between Air Guard and active duty Air Force units in all phases of military airlift operations. As a result, in succeeding years the wing's C-130s traveled to all corners of the world, airlifting troops, passengers, and cargo during training missions, exercise deployments, and real-world military operations to support Federal and State military airlift requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0024-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift\nThe 146th is one of only four C-130 Air Guard and AF Reserve units whose contribution to the nation's aerial fire fighting capability includes equipment and techniques for efficient, effective suppression of large wildland fires from the air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0024-0001", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift\nSince 1974, using the Modular Airborne Fire Fighting System (MAFFS) units supplied by the U.S. Forest Service and mounted in four C-130s, the wing's aerial fire fighting crews have been credited with saving many lives and countless millions of dollars worth of structures, forests, and brush land in California, and many other States and countries as well, taking part in over 5,000 aerial firefighting missions in California and across the Western United States saving valuable property, natural resources, and lives. The fire seasons of 1993 and 1994 were the worst on record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0024-0002", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift\nThe Malibu fires of 1993 literally burned to the edge of the 146th AW's base. But it was in 1994, with over 55,000 wildfires raging throughout the western States, that the 146th, along with three other MAFFS-equipped guard and reserve units flew nearly 2,000 missions, dropping fifty-one million pounds of fire retardant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0025-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift\nThe 146th TAW and its subordinate units participated in numerous Cold War military exercises such as Team Spirit, Volant Oak, Red Flag, and Reforger. Other Joint Chief of Staff exercises included \"Ember Dawn IV\" in Alaska and \"Brave Shield\" in Europe. In 1979, the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve assumed full responsibility for airlift operations in Panama, which recently moved to Puerto Rico, a commitment still fulfilled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0026-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift\nIn mid-December 1989, and continuing for several weeks, wing aircraft, air crews, and support personnel on deployment for exercise Volant Oak at Howard AFB, Canal Zone, Panama, flew combat airlift missions for U. S. Southern Command during Operation \"Just Cause\" in Panama. More than 100 combat sorties were flown by 146th aircraft and crews, with no casualties or damage to aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0027-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Channel Islands Air National Guard Station\nIn December 1988, after more than six decades of Air National Guard flying tradition in the San Fernando Valley, the 146th Airlift Wing began moving from Van Nuys to a brand new facility, built on Federal land leased to the State of California, adjacent to the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, an active duty Navy flying installation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 102], "content_span": [103, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0028-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Channel Islands Air National Guard Station\nThe 146th operates from the military airfield at the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, along with Navy and other Federal aviation activities. By March 1990, all but a small remnant of wing personnel had transferred operations to Channel Islands ANG Station. Shortly thereafter, the old Van Nuys facility was closed and turned over to the City of Los Angeles. On 30 April 1990, the flag at Van Nuys ANG Base was lowered for the last time during a special ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 102], "content_span": [103, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0029-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Channel Islands Air National Guard Station\nThe addition of a C-130 flight simulator facility is planned. Construction was delayed in 2019 when the funds allocated by Congress were diverted to build the border wall due to a Declaration of National Emergency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 102], "content_span": [103, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0030-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Persian Gulf\nIn August 1990, the world was moving swiftly toward armed confrontation in the Persian Gulf. By late January 1991, the 146th Airlift Wing had provided U.S. Central Command and U.S. Air Forces in Europe more than 650 personnel, voluntarily and involuntarily activated, who participated in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Aircraft and air crews from the 115th Airlift Squadron flew two-month-long tours of duty in Operation Volant Pine, a backfill of military airlifters to Europe by Air National Guard C-130s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 72], "content_span": [73, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011499-0031-0000", "contents": "146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Persian Gulf\nIn 1997, wing members deployed in excess of 10,000 days supporting State and Federal missions. During the period the unit played critical roles in support of DoD missions deploying to Oman and Saudi Arabia in support of Southern Watch, and in peacetime humanitarian airlift and aerial fire fighting, among the many missions accomplished by the wing during the award period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 72], "content_span": [73, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011500-0000-0000", "contents": "146th Battalion, CEF\nThe 146th Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011500-0001-0000", "contents": "146th Battalion, CEF\nBased in Kingston, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city and the surrounding district. After sailing to England in September 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 95th Battalion, CEF and the 12th Reserve Battalion on October 6, 1916. The 146th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. Charles Adamson Low.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011500-0002-0000", "contents": "146th Battalion, CEF\nThe last Canadian World War I veteran, John Babcock, joined the 146th Battalion, before being transferred to the Young Soldiers Battalion as he was underage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011500-0003-0000", "contents": "146th Battalion, CEF, Music\n\"I'll miss the girl: the regimental song of the 146th overseas battalion\" by John E. Harte (music & words) and Charles E. Millner (arrangement) was published in Winnipeg and Toronto by Whaley, Royce & Co., circa 1916. First line: \"I'm going to fight for my country, dear\" Chorus: \"I'll miss the girl\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011501-0000-0000", "contents": "146th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 146th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c146\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 35th Division, 12th Column of the PLA Dongbei Field Army, formed in April 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011501-0001-0000", "contents": "146th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division is part of 49th Corps. Under the flag of 146th division it took part in several major battles during the Chinese Civil War. In July 1952 the division was inactivated: the division HQ was converted as HQ, 5th Artillery Division, its 436th and 437th Regiment was transferred to Hainan Military District, and 438th Regiment moved to Korea as a replacement unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011502-0000-0000", "contents": "146th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 146th Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c146\u5e08)(2nd Formation) formed in October 1968 in Hunan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011502-0001-0000", "contents": "146th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division is under direct command of Guangzhou Military Region and was put under administrative control of 47th Army Corps. During its existence the division stationed in Hunan for agricultural production missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011502-0002-0000", "contents": "146th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nFrom 1970 the division was transferred to Hunan Provincial Military District's control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011503-0000-0000", "contents": "146th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011503-0001-0000", "contents": "146th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 146th Division (\u7b2c146\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuyonj\u016broku Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Southern Protection Division (\u8b77\u5dde\u5175\u56e3, Konan Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Kumamoto as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011503-0002-0000", "contents": "146th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nInitially, the 146th division was assigned to the 57th army. After the 40th army was transferred from Taiwan to Kyushu, the division was reassigned to it and sent to Kagoshima Prefecture", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011503-0003-0000", "contents": "146th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 146th division was tasked with the coastal defense. The division did not see any combat until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011504-0000-0000", "contents": "146th Division (Israel)\nThe Israel Defense Forces 146th Armor Division, also known as the Ha-Mapatz Formation (\"Bang\"), is a reserve-service armored infantry division in the IDF. It is subordinate to the Northern Regional Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011504-0001-0000", "contents": "146th Division (Israel)\nFormed in 1954, it fought in the Suez Crisis and Six-Day War as the 38th Division. In the latter conflict, the division was led by Major General Ariel Sharon. During the Yom Kippur War, the division fought in the battles of the northern Golan under Major General Moshe Peled. It was known as 319th division from after the Yom Kipur War to September 2020 when it received its old number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0000-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 146th Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the Army National Guard first Constituted in 1886 as the 1st, and 2nd Regiments of Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0001-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nOrganized 9 March 1886 and 7 April 1887 from existing companies in the Washington Territorial Militia as the 1st (west of the Cascade Mountains) and 2d (east of the Cascade Mountains) Regiments of Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0002-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\n(Washington Territorial Militia redesignated 28 January 1888 as the Washington National Guard)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0003-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\n2d Infantry Regiment reorganized and redesignated 23 July 1895 as the 1st Infantry Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0004-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\n1st Infantry Regiment reorganized and redesignated in 1897 as the 2d Infantry Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0005-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nTen companies of the 1st and 2d Infantry Battalions mustered into federal service 6\u201313 May 1898 at Tacoma as elements of the 1st Regiment, Washington Volunteer Infantry and mustered out of federal service 1 November 1899 at San Francisco, California; two companies of the 1st and 2d Infantry Battalions mustered into federal service 2\u201315 July 1898 at Tacoma as elements of the Independent Battalion, Washington Volunteer Infantry, and mustered out of federal service 28 October 1898 at Vancouver Barracks, Washington", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0006-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nElements of the former 1st and 2d Infantry Battalions consolidated9 November 1899 with the 1st and 2d Infantry Regiments (organized in 1898 in the Washington National Guard) and consolidated unit reorganized and designated as the 1st Infantry Regiment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0007-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nMustered into federal service 28 June 1916 at Camp Elmer M. Brown, Washington; mustered out of federal service 8 October 1916 at American Lake", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0008-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nConsolidated 19 September \u2013 20 October 1917 with elements of the 3rd Infantry Regiment (District of Columbia National Guard) to form the 161st Infantry, and assigned to the 41st Infantry Division (United States)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0009-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nDemobilized 1\u20138 March 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey, and Camp Dodge, Iowa", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0010-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nFormer 2d Infantry Regiment reorganized 1 January 1921 in the Washington National Guard as the 161st Infantry Regiment (United States), with headquarters at Spokane, and assigned to the 41st Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0011-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\n1st Battalion and Headquarters and Supply Company, 161st Infantry, consolidated 10 May 1921 with the former Washington National Guard field artillery battalion (see ANNEX) to form the 146th Field Artillery, with headquarters at Seattle, and assigned to the 41st Division (remainder of 161st Infantry \u2013 hereafter separate lineage)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0012-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\n146th Field Artillery inducted into federal service 16 September 1940 at home stations", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0013-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nRegiment broken up 17 February 1942 and its elements reorganized and redesignated as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0014-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\n1st and 2d Battalions as the 146th and 167th Field Artillery Battalions, elements of the 41st Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0015-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\n(Headquarters Battery as Headquarters and Service Company, 133d Engineers; Band as the Band, 41st Division Artillery  \u2013 hereafter separate lineages)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0016-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nAfter 17 February 1942 the above units underwent changes as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0017-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nHeadquarters, 146th Field Artillery, reconstituted 25 August 1945 in the Washington National GuardReorganized and federally recognized 9 March 1948 at Seattle as Headquarters,      66th Field Artillery GroupOrdered into active federal service 11 September 1950 at Seattle; released from active federal service 10 July 1952 and reverted to state control;federal recognition withdrawn 1 August 1952", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0018-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\n146th Field Artillery Battalion inactivated 31 December 1945 in JapanReorganized and federally recognized 13 May 1947 with headquarters at Seattle", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0019-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\n167th Field Artillery Battalion inactivated 31 December 1945 in JapanReorganized and federally recognized 9 July 1947 at Vancouver", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0020-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nHeadquarters, 66th Field Artillery Group, and the 146th and 167th Field Artillery Battalions consolidated, reorganized, and redesignated 15 April 1959 as the 146th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st Howitzer Battalion and 2d Rocket Howitzer Battalion, elements of the 41st Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0021-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized 1 March 1963 to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0022-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized 1 January 1968 to consist of the 2d Battalion, an element of the 81st Infantry Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0023-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nWithdrawn 1 June 1989 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System with headquarters at Olympia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0024-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nRedesignated 16 October 2005 as the 146th Field Artillery Regiment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0025-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nOrdered into active federal service 15 November 2003 at home stations; released from active federal service 12 May 2005 and reverted to state control(81st Infantry Brigade reorganized 1 September 2005 as the 81st Armored Brigade Combat Team)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0026-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nTransitioned from self-propelled howitzer battalion (Paladins) to a towed howitzer battalion (m777)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0027-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage, Annex\nConstituted in 1914 in the Washington National Guard as a field artillery battalionAssigned 18 July 1917 to the 41st Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0028-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage, Annex\nBattery A organized and drafted into federal service 5 August 1917; remainder of battalion organized 25 September 1917 while in federal service at Camp Greene, North Carolina, from personnel recruited for the Washington National Guard field artillery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0029-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage, Annex\nConsolidated 19 September 1917 with Headquarters Company, Supply Company, and 1st Battalion, 2d Infantry (Idaho National Guard), and Battery A, Field Artillery (New Mexico National Guard), to form the 146th Field Artillery and assigned to the 41st Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0030-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nA gold color metal and enamel device 1+1\u20448 inches (2.9\u00a0cm) in height consisting of the shield, crest and motto of the coat of arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0031-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe divisions of the shield are three, indicating the service as follows: Chief \u2013 five fleurs-de-lis on a red field to indicate service as Field Artillery in France and participating in five battles. Base \u2013 scorpion on white field, to indicate service as Infantry on the Mexican Border. Fess \u2013 the colors of the Philippine flag, red and blue, embattled to indicate actual participation in combat. The crest is that of George Washington. The State of Washington is a part of the Oregon Territory whose American title was established in 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0032-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 146th Field Artillery Regiment, Washington National Guard on 9 October 1926. It was amended to revise the blazon of the shield on 16 February 1927. It was redesignated for the 146th Field Artillery Battalion, Washington National Guard on 25 August 1942. The insignia was redesignated for the 146th Artillery Regiment, Washington National Guard on 5 April 1961. It was redesignated for the 146th Field Artillery Regiment, Washington Army National Guard on 14 July 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0033-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon\nParti per fess Gules and Argent, a fess similarly divided embattled Azure and of the first fimbriated to chief Or, in chief five fleurs-de-lis of the last, in base a scorpion bendways Proper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0034-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the Washington Army National Guard: On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure, a raven with wings endorsed issuing out of a ducal coronet all Proper. Motto ACTION FRONT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0035-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe divisions of the shield are three, indicating the service as follows: Chief \u2013 five fleurs-de-lis on a red field to indicate service as Field Artillery in France and participating in five battles. Base \u2013 scorpion on white field, to indicate service as Infantry on the Mexican Border. Fess \u2013 the colors of the Philippine flag, red and blue, embattled to indicate actual participation in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0036-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe crest is that of the Washington Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011505-0037-0000", "contents": "146th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 146th Field Artillery Regiment, Washington National Guard on 25 May 1925. It was amended to revise the blazon and description of the shield on 16 February 1927. It was redesignated for the 146th Field Artillery Battalion, Washington National Guard on 10 August 1942. The insignia was redesignated for the 146th Artillery Regiment, Washington National Guard on 5 April 1961. It was redesignated for the 146th Field Artillery Regiment, Washington Army National Guard on 14 July 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011506-0000-0000", "contents": "146th Georgia General Assembly, Overview\nThe first regular session of the 146th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia met from Monday, January 8, 2001, at 10:00 am, to Friday, March 21, at 11:57 pm, at which time both houses adjourned sine die. 298 House bills and 97 Senate bills passed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011506-0001-0000", "contents": "146th Georgia General Assembly, Overview\nThe second regular session of the Georgia General Assembly opened at 10:00 am on Monday, January 14, 2002, and adjourned sine die at 3:44pm on Friday, April 11, 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011507-0000-0000", "contents": "146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\n146th Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery during World War II. After defending the UK against air attack as part of Anti- Aircraft Command, it went to Normandy shortly after D Day to defend the important fuel installations at Port-en-Bessin. Later in the campaign it moved to defend the port of Ostend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011507-0001-0000", "contents": "146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\n146th Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment (HAA Rgt) was formed during a period of rapid expansion of Anti- Aircraft Command, utilising batteries drawn from existing regiments. Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was established on 26 January 1942 at Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne, and during February the following batteries were regimented with it:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011507-0002-0000", "contents": "146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Home defence\nThe new regiment formed part of 30th (Northumbrian) Anti - Aircraft Brigade defending Newcastle and Sunderland in 7th AA Division, but initially 339 HAA Bty was attached to 12th AA Division in the West of Scotland, and 414 HAA Bty to 45 AA Brigade in South Wales. Before the end of May the whole regiment had concentrated in 5th AA Division, first under 47 AA Bde covering Southampton, then under 35 AA Bde in Portsmouth. Because of Luftwaffe 'hit-and-run' raids along the South Coast, there was considerable reorganisation of AA formations in the area during the summer of 1942. In September the regiment moved to 27 (Home Counties) AA Bde, still in the Portsmouth area. On 3 October, 339 HAA Bty transferred to 173rd HAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011507-0003-0000", "contents": "146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Home defence\nIn November 1942 the regiment switched command again, this time to 5 AA Bde, which had air defence commitments in Southern England but had a high turnover of units, many of which were under training for deployment overseas. In May 1943 it was 146th HAA Rgt's turn: it left 5 AA Bde and had left AA Command altogether and joined the field forces before the end of the month. It was joined by 598 HAA Bty and a Troop of 600 HAA Bty from 177th HAA Rgt on 19 July 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011507-0004-0000", "contents": "146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Overlord\nIn April 1944, 146th HAA Rgt joined 76 AA Bde, one of the formations preparing for the Allied invasion of Normandy, Operation Overlord. 598 HAA Bty and the Trp of 600 Bty left to rejoin 177th HAA Rgt on 5 May 1944, reducing 146th HAA Rgt to the three-battery establishment (176, 414, 465) for overseas service. Units of 76 AA Bde landed with the assault waves on Gold Beach on D Day and then established AA defences over the beachhead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011507-0004-0001", "contents": "146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Overlord\n146th HAA Regiment was given a follow-up role in the brigade's planning, with its batteries due to arrive on 11\u201313 June (D + 5 to D +7). In the event the first elements of 176 Bty reported to Brigade HQ at 14.30 on 12 June (D + 6). 414 and 465 Btys (less one Troop still on the road and the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers' workshop, which arrived on 16 June) had arrived by 11.00 next day and were ready for action before the end of the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011507-0005-0000", "contents": "146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Overlord\n146th HAA Regiment's task was to protect the British and US installations at Port-en-Bessin, where petrol storage depots were being built, fed by 'Tombola' buoyed pipelines from tankers moored offshore. The regiment's commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel A. Key, acted as AA Defence Commander (AADC) for Port-en-Bessin and as the brigade's liaison officer with the neighbouring US forces. The regiment established a sub-AA Operations Room (AAOR), and had 418 and 419 Btys of 125th Light AA Rgt under its command, while its own 414 HAA Bty was under operational command of 112th HAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011507-0005-0001", "contents": "146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Overlord\nFurther protection for the little port and its vital installations was provided by 139th LAA Rgt on barges, Royal Air Force Barrage balloons, and Pioneer Corps companies operating smoke generators onshore and aboard Royal Navy trawlers. The HAA batteries were also given the secondary role of providing ground fire in support of XXX Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011507-0006-0000", "contents": "146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Overlord\nAt Port-en-Bessin, the 3.7-inch guns of 146th HAA and Bofors 40 mm guns of 139th LAA Rgt were in action for 33 consecutive nights against high- and low-level bombing, employing visual, radar and barrage methods. The HAA guns fired 5563 rounds, scoring 11 'kills'. A subsidiary task was to establish radar stations on the cliffs above Arromanches and Port-en-Bessin using their Gun-laying radar to track Luftwaffe minelaying aircraft and plot the fall of the Parachute mines so that they could be cleared by the Royal Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011507-0007-0000", "contents": "146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Ostend\nOnce the Allies had achieved a breakout from the Normandy beachhead in mid-August, 76 AA Bde prepared to move up in support, handing over its responsibilities, including Port-en-Bessin, and moving to Dieppe on 3 September. 146th HAA Regiment deployed at Dieppe, with Lt-Col Key acting as AADC once more. 76 AA Brigade HQ then moved on to Antwerp while 80 AA Bde HQ came up from the Seine to take over at Dieppe on 11 September, including command of 146th HAA Rgt. However, First Canadian Army's advance along the Belgian coast was proceeding rapidly, and on 14 September 146th HAA Rgt was ordered to move up to Ostend, which had just been liberated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011507-0008-0000", "contents": "146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Ostend\nAt Ostend the regiment came under the command of 75 AA Bde, which had been moved up from Normandy to take over both AA and coast defence for the port. The re-opened harbour became an important supply point for stores and bulk petrol for 21st Army Group, the first tankers berthing on 30 September. Five HAA and two, later three, LAA regiments were devoted to its defence. 146th HAA Regiment also contributed a troop (4 guns) of its 3.7-inch guns to the coast defence role. There was no enemy air activity in the area at this stage of the campaign, but enemy torpedo boats attacked shipping in the anchorage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011507-0009-0000", "contents": "146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Ostend\nBy November the LAA allocation to Ostend had been scaled back, but the HAA guns remained in place. Then the Germans launched their Ardennes offensive against the First US Army on 16 December, accompanied by major air strikes right across the Allies' front. These strikes extended as far as Ostend on 26 December when some 60 German aircraft made random attacks in mist and cloud. The early warning and reporting arrangements failed, and only two aircraft were shot down. The climax came on 1 January 1945 (Operation Bodenplatte) when over 900 fighters and fighter-bombers made surprise attacks on Allied airfields, including those close to Ostend. Despite the damage inflicted on the airfields, a high proportion of the attackers were shot down by fighters and AA guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011507-0010-0000", "contents": "146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Ostend\nIn January 1945, 5 Royal Marines AA Bde took charge of Ostend while 75 AA Bde moved to defend the Breskens\u2013Zeebrugge channel leading to the Scheldt estuary and the port of Antwerp. 75 AA Brigade borrowed some troops of HAA guns from the regiments at Ostend to thicken up its defences against mine-laying aircraft, which were active up until 23 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011507-0011-0000", "contents": "146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nWith the war in Europe rapidly coming to an end after the crossing of the Rhine in March, 21st Army Group began to reorganise its surplus AA troops as infantry, garrison or transport troops. On 16 April 146th HAA Rgt was moved up to the Scheldt to rejoin 76 AA Bde, taking over gunsites from one of the HAA regiments that was converting. Next day the regiment received warning orders to be ready to move to 80 AA Bde and itself convert to garrison troops on the River Maas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011507-0011-0001", "contents": "146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nIt ceased fire on 19 April, but the warning order was cancelled the next day. As 76 AA Bde's war diary commented, 'It is most exasperating for the Regt to be left high and dry with no orders for its future employment'. On 27 Apr 1945, 146th HAA Rgt regiment was listed as one of several AA units still awaiting re-employment or disbandment, but the next day it left for its new duties. RHQ with the three batteries formally disbanded on 30 October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011508-0000-0000", "contents": "146th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 146th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011508-0001-0000", "contents": "146th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 146th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on September 18, 1864, for a one-year enlistment. The 146th served in garrisons in Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011508-0002-0000", "contents": "146th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on July 5, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011508-0003-0000", "contents": "146th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 38 enlisted men who died of disease for a total of 38 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011509-0000-0000", "contents": "146th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 146th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between March 9 and August 31, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011509-0001-0000", "contents": "146th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, with a strength of 979 men and mustered in on March 9, 1865. It left Indiana for Harper's Ferry, West Virginia on March 11. It was then attached to the 1st Brigade, 3rd Provisional Division, Army of the Shenandoah. It saw duty at Charleston and Summit Point, West Virginia and also at Winchester, Stevenson's Depot, Jordan Springs, Virginia, until July 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011509-0002-0000", "contents": "146th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nIt was then ordered to Baltimore, Maryland, where it was assigned to duty in the Military district of Delaware. One company was detached for duty at each of the following: Hicks' general hospital, Baltimore. Havre de Grace, Dover. Wilmington, Delaware. Salisbury and Eastern Maryland. The regiment was mustered out on August 31, 1865. During its service the regiment incurred twenty-nine fatalities, another thirty deserted and seven unaccounted for.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011510-0000-0000", "contents": "146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 146th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army, part of the Territorial Force (Territorial Army from 1920) with the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division. The brigade saw active service during both the First and the Second World Wars, and during the early part of the Cold War. The brigade was active from 1908 until 1967 when it was finally disbanded. The brigade was reformed in 1983, though with a much smaller and insignificant role before finally disbanding again in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011510-0001-0000", "contents": "146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Formation\nThe brigade was raised in 1908 upon the creation of the Territorial Force, formed by the amalgamation of the Volunteer Force and the Yeomanry, as the 1st West Riding Brigade, composed of four Volunteer battalions of the Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment), including two of the Leeds Rifles. The brigade was assigned to the West Riding Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011510-0002-0000", "contents": "146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nOn the outbreak of the First World War in early August 1914, the division was immediately mobilised and most men volunteered for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011510-0003-0000", "contents": "146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nIn mid-May 1915 the brigade and division would become the 146th (1/1st West Riding) Brigade and 49th (West Riding) Division respectively. The battalions adopted the '1/' prefix (1/5th West Yorks) to differentiate them from their 2nd Line duplicates, which were forming up as 185th (2/1st West Riding) Brigade, of the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division. The 2nd Line units were raised from those men who did not originally volunteer for overseas service, although many of them did end up seeing active service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011510-0004-0000", "contents": "146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nThe brigade served on the Western Front from July 1915 to the end of the war in November 1918. Two men from the brigade were awarded the Victoria Cross: Corporal Samuel Meekosha of the 1/6th Battalion and Corporal (later Captain) George Sanders of the 1/7th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011510-0005-0000", "contents": "146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Interwar\nBoth the brigade and division were disbanded shortly the war when the Territorial Force was itself disbanded. However it was reformed in the 1920s as the Territorial Army and the brigade was reformed with all four battalions of the West Yorkshire Regiment and continued to serve with the 49th Division, now as the 147th (1st West Riding) Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011510-0006-0000", "contents": "146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Interwar\nIn the late 1930s, however, many infantry battalions of the Territorial Army were converted to anti-aircraft and searchlight units and so, in 1936, the 8th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion, West Yorks was transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted into the 66th (Leeds Rifles, The West Yorkshire Regiment) Anti - Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery and was transferred to 31st (North Midland) Anti - Aircraft Group, 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division (2nd AA Division was itself formed by redesignation of the HQ of 46th (North Midland) Division). In 1937 the 6th Battalion was also converted to a different role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011510-0006-0001", "contents": "146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Interwar\nTransferring to the Royal Engineers, they became 49th (The West Yorkshire Regiment) Anti - Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers and became part of the 31st (North Midland) Anti - Aircraft Brigade, alongside the former 8th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion, West Yorks. In April 1938 the 7th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment was transferred to the Royal Tank Regiment and converted into 45th (Leeds Rifles) Royal Tank Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011510-0007-0000", "contents": "146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Interwar\nIn late 1936 the 4th Battalion, Lincolnshire Regiment joined the brigade from the 46th (North Midland) Division which had been converted into the 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division. Later, the brigade also received the 4th Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry and the Hallamshire Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment which transferred in from the 148th (3rd West Riding) Infantry Brigade of the 49th Division. The 5th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment, the only original battalion in the brigade, was transferred to 147th (2nd West Riding) Infantry Brigade in 1938 when all brigades were reduced from four to three battalions. In 1939 the brigade was redesignated as the 146th Infantry Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011510-0008-0000", "contents": "146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nThe brigade was mobilised between late August and early September 1939. Shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War the brigade, with most of the 49th Division and 24th Guards Brigade (temporarily attached to the division), saw active service in the Norwegian Campaign in early 1940, which ended in disaster and evacuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011510-0009-0000", "contents": "146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nAfter briefly returning to the United Kingdom, the brigade and division was later stationed in Iceland, and adopted as its insignia the Polar Bear on an ice floe. In April 1942 they were transferred back to the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011510-0010-0000", "contents": "146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nThe brigade remained there, training in many different roles, until early June 1944 when they were sent to Normandy under command of XXX Corps, shortly after the initial landings on 6 June where they fought throughout Operation Overlord in the Battle for Caen during Operation Martlet, Second Battle of the Odon and later, after the breakout and now attached to First Canadian Army, in Operation Astonia, the capture of Le Havre, and the Battle of the Scheldt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011510-0010-0001", "contents": "146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nThe brigade, with the rest of the 49th Division, saw their final battle in the Liberation of Arnhem in April 1945 and the fierce battles that led up to it. During the fighting on the Continent, the 49th Infantry Division was nicknamed \"the Polar Bears\" because of their divisional insignia. On 28 September 1944 Corporal John William Harper of the Hallamshire Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011511-0000-0000", "contents": "146th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 146th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army, Ohio National Guard. It was formed in 1917 from the old 8th Ohio Infantry Regiment and served in several American wars from 1898 to 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011511-0001-0000", "contents": "146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 8th Infantry Regiment of the Ohio National Guard was organized at Massillon from new and existing units on 6 July 1876. It was consolidated with the 9th Infantry Regiment, which was organized on 21 February 1877 at Akron, on 13 August 1878; at the same time the regimental headquarters moved to Wooster. The 10th Infantry Regiment, organized on 6 July 1876 at Youngstown, was consolidated into the 8th on 27 June 1881.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011511-0002-0000", "contents": "146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish\u2013American War\nOn 25 April 1898, the United States declared war on Spain, beginning the Spanish\u2013American War. The 8th Ohio Volunteer Infantry was mustered into service on 13 May 1898 in Columbus, Ohio, and had 48 officers and 838 enlisted men on its roster. They arrived at Camp Alger, Virginia on 20 May, and trained there until 5 July, when they received orders to deploy to Santiago, Cuba under the command of GEN Nelson A. Miles. The regiment arrived in Siboney, Cuba on 10 July and reinforced the V Army Corps under GEN William Rufus Shafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011511-0002-0001", "contents": "146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish\u2013American War\n0600 on 11 July, the American lines were ordered to open fire on the Spanish defenses. The barrage was very effective and much damage was done to the defending force. The batteries opened upon the enemy from El Pozo Hill, and the American fleet fired its shells into the city of Santiago. Every preparation had been made for a combined assault both by land and sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011511-0002-0002", "contents": "146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish\u2013American War\nSpanish General Toral had twice refused to make an unconditional surrender, and GEN Shafter, Commodore Winfield Scott Schley and Commodore William T. Sampson determined to give the Spaniards only one more chance and then destroy the city of Santiago with the batteries from the shore and on the war-ships. As the day progressed, the firing became heavier. From the sea, the bombardment was begun by the USS Newark with its 8-inch guns, and then the USS New York and USS Brooklyn followed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011511-0002-0003", "contents": "146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish\u2013American War\nThe men of the 8th Ohio could see the men of the Signal Corps on a high ridge wigwagging to direct the shots to the ships. The first heavy volley fired from the American lines almost effectually silenced the Spanish soldiers in the trenches, and hardly a sign of life could be seen there. The Siege of Santiago ended shortly after, on 17 July 1898, and the remained on occupation duty in Cuba until 18 August. They returned to the US on 26 August, and mustered out of service on 21 November 1898. In Cuba, the 8th Ohio lost 4 officers and 68 enlisted men due to Yellow fever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011511-0003-0000", "contents": "146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1900s\nThe regiment was disbanded on 14 April 1899 and its elements were reorganized as unattached companies for a brief period until it was reorganized on 21 July at Bucyrus. For service on the Mexico\u2013United States border, it mustered into Federal service on 19 June 1916 at Camp Willis, and mustered out after its return on 22 March 1917 at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011511-0004-0000", "contents": "146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe National Defense Act of 1916 reorganized the US Military, and in time for World War I, the 8th Ohio was reorganized into the 146th Infantry Regiment, and was assigned to the 37th Infantry Division, the \"Buckeye\" division, at Camp Sheridan, Alabama in August 1917. The regiment trained together and expanded its size before arriving in France on 22 June 1918. The 146th was assigned to the 73rd Infantry Brigade alongside the 145th Infantry Regiment and trained under French Army tutelage in the Bourmont sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011511-0004-0001", "contents": "146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nOn 4 August, the 146th went into the frontline in the Baccarat sector and continued to train under the French VI Corps. On 16 September, it was transported to Robert-Espagne where it remained for 4 days. The Ohioans were then sent to R\u00e9cicourt, and then to Avocourt where they joined the V Corps' advance during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. After continuous fighting, the regiment was relieved on 1 October 1918 when they had reached Cierges. After resting behind the lines, the 146th was sent to Hooglede, Belgium in the Lys sector, arriving on the frontline on 22 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011511-0004-0002", "contents": "146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nAttached to the French XXX Corps, the regiment advanced on the Scheldt River until they were relieved on 5 November, and enjoyed some rest at Tielt before moving back into the fray on 8 November. Attached to the French XXXIV Corps, the 146th advanced on, and forced a crossing of the Scheldt River on the night of 10\u201311 November. The Ohioans resumed the advance on the morning of 11 November, but were halted at 1100 due to the Armistice of 11 November 1918. When the 146th Infantry Regiment returned home to Ohio in 1919, it was formally deactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011511-0005-0000", "contents": "146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe elements formerly part of the 8th Ohio were consolidated with those of the 5th Ohio in the Ohio National Guard to form the 3rd Ohio Infantry between 1919 and 1920, whose headquarters was Federally recognized at Cleveland on 1 July 1920. A year later, it became 145th Infantry of the 37th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011512-0000-0000", "contents": "146th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 146th New York Infantry Regiment, nicknamed Garrard's Tigers, was a Federal regiment which mustered on October 10, 1862, and mustered out on July 16, 1865. The regiment was raised and organized in Rome, New York, and was known as the 5th Oneida Regiment. Another nickname for this unit was the Halleck's Infantry, after New York-born general Henry Halleck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011512-0001-0000", "contents": "146th New York Infantry Regiment, Uniform\nThis regiment at first wore the regular dark blue New York state jacket, light blue trousers, and dark blue forage cap, but when the veterans from 5th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a famous Zouave unit, were transferred to the 146th New York, the regiment switched over to the colorful Zouave dress on 3 June 1863 at Falmouth, Va.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011512-0002-0000", "contents": "146th New York Infantry Regiment, Uniform\nThe zouave uniform consisted of large baggy trousers, blue in color, which were fastened at the knees; a fez cap, bright red in color, with red tassel; a long white turban which was wound around the hat, but worn only for dress parade; a red sash about ten feet long which was wound about the body and afforded a great comfort and warmth; and white cloth leggins (sic.) extending almost to the knees", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011512-0003-0000", "contents": "146th New York Infantry Regiment, Uniform\nThe new uniform was not actually Zouave, but rather the colorful dress of the French-Turco style. Its most distinctive features were a sky blue zouave jacket with yellow trimming, a red fez with a yellow tassel, sky blue zouave pantaloons, and a red sash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011512-0004-0000", "contents": "146th New York Infantry Regiment, Battle History\nThe 146th New York participated in the battles of: Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Williamsport, Wilderness Tavern, Spotsylvania Court House, North Anna, Totopotomy Creek, Cold Harbor, Siege of Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, White Oak Ridge, Five Forks, Rappahannock Station, Bristoe Station, White Oak Swamp, Popular Springs Church, Hatcher's Run, and Appomattox Court House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011512-0005-0000", "contents": "146th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 146th New York suffered severe casualties by the end of the war. The regiment was nearly decimated at the battle of the Wilderness (Saunders Field) where many were cut off by the fires of the battle. Out of a number of 1,707 men, their losses were: 7 officers and 126 men killed in action and/or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 187 men who died of sickness and/or other things, and 1 officer and 87 men who died in captivity, many at the Andersonville prison camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011513-0000-0000", "contents": "146th New York State Legislature\nThe 146th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3 to May 4, 1923, during the first year of Al Smith's second tenure as Governor of New York, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011513-0001-0000", "contents": "146th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011513-0002-0000", "contents": "146th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party nominated a fusion ticket with the Farmer\u2013Labor Party. The Prohibition Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011513-0003-0000", "contents": "146th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1922, was held on November 7. Ex-Governor Al Smith (Dem.) unseated the incumbent Governor Nathan L. Miller (Rep.); and Mayor of Schenectady George R. Lunn (Dem.) was elected Lieutenant Governor. The other six statewide elective offices up for election were also carried by the Democrats. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats 1,398,000; Republicans 1,012,000; Socialists/Farmer-Labor 108,000; Prohibition 10,000; and Socialist Labor 4,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011513-0004-0000", "contents": "146th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1923; and adjourned on May 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011513-0005-0000", "contents": "146th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJimmy Walker (Dem.) was elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011513-0006-0000", "contents": "146th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Philip M. Kleinfeld, Michael E. Reiburn, Benjamin Antin, Walter W. Westall, Seabury C. Mastick, J. Griswold Webb and Ernest E. Cole changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011513-0007-0000", "contents": "146th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011513-0008-0000", "contents": "146th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011514-0000-0000", "contents": "146th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 146th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 146th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 146th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011514-0001-0000", "contents": "146th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 146th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 12, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Harvey Crampton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011514-0002-0000", "contents": "146th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Charleston, West Virginia, May 17; then moved to Fayetteville, West Virginia, where it served garrison duty until August 27. Companies A and H were detached at Camp Chase, Ohio, to guard prisoners. The regiment then moved to Camp Platt, West Virginia, August 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011514-0003-0000", "contents": "146th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 146th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 7, 1864, at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011514-0004-0000", "contents": "146th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011514-0005-0000", "contents": "146th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nThe 146th OVI was formed from the 31st regiment of the Ohio National Guard along with two companies from the 35th regiment of the Ohio National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011514-0006-0000", "contents": "146th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 8 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011515-0000-0000", "contents": "146th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe 146th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (9th Duke of Wellington's Regiment) (146 RAC) was an armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps that served in India, Burma, and Sumatra during and after World War II. 146 RAC survived the war, and was still active in early 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011515-0001-0000", "contents": "146th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe Duke of Wellington's Regiment's two junior battalions, the 8th Battalion (8 DWR) and the 9th Battalion (9 DWR) were both simultaneously converted into armoured regiments, becoming respectively 145 RAC and 146 RAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011515-0002-0000", "contents": "146th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\n146th Regiment RAC was formed on 1 November 1941 by the conversion to the armoured role of 9th Battalion of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment, which had left Liverpool on 28 August 1941 and arrived in Bombay on 25 October 1941, for immediate conversion to the armoured role. In common with other infantry units transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, all personnel would have continued to wear their Duke of Wellington's cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011515-0003-0000", "contents": "146th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\n146 RAC was assigned to 50th Indian Tank Brigade and initially based at Kirkee Barracks in Poona, later moving to Dhond until 13 July 1942, and then Lohardaya (under XV Indian Corps) until 1 January 1943, when the regiment moved to the Ratu-Ranchi area. The various squadrons of the regiment were then split and assigned to different fighting forces across the Burma campaign. The regiment's constituent squadrons had largely regrouped into a regimental formation again by early 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011515-0004-0000", "contents": "146th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\nDuring July 1945 the 254th Indian Tank Brigade, having returned from Burma, became established at Ahmednagar, in Maharashtra State. One of the brigade's constituent units, the 7th Light Cavalry needed to be relieved, and 146 RAC was assigned as the replacement unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011515-0005-0000", "contents": "146th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Equipment\nThe regiment was assigned Valentine tanks for training purposes, and also used them in combat in its earliest days. By May 1943 the regiment's C squadron had been equipped with the superior M3 Lee tanks and subsequently absorbed B squadron which therefore moved onto M3 Lee tanks as well. By 1944 the M3 Lee was the primary equipment of the regiment, save for A squadron which was then equipped as a light armoured vehicle squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011515-0006-0000", "contents": "146th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Equipment\nThe regiment's 1945 reassignment to 254 Brigade led to the introduction of the Sherman tank, though a report of June 1945 shows that 146 RAC was not considered battle-ready at that stage, having received only 12 Shermans for the entire regiment, and with three quarters of its manpower being new recruits with insufficient training on the vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011515-0007-0000", "contents": "146th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Battles\n146 RAC was an active participant in the Arakan Campaign, and one of the key combatants of the  Battle of Ramree Island in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011516-0000-0000", "contents": "146th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 146th Rifle Division was formed for the first time as a standard Red Army rifle division in mid-1939, as part of a major build-up of the Army prior to the start of World War II. After the start of the German invasion in 1941 it defended the approaches to Kiev for several months until being surrounded and destroyed in September. A second formation began in January 1942, and the new division spent the following year on a relatively quiet sector before joining the offensives that would drive the German invaders from north-central Russia, Lithuania, and Poland. The 146th ended the war fighting in the streets of Berlin, after compiling an enviable record of service, and saw postwar duty in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011516-0001-0000", "contents": "146th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation\nThe first 146th Rifle Division began forming on August 16, 1939, at Berdichev in the Ukrainian Military District. Its order of battle was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011516-0002-0000", "contents": "146th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation\nIn September the division took part in the occupation of eastern Poland, and in 1940 in the similar operation in Bessarabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011516-0003-0000", "contents": "146th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation\nOn June 22, 1941, the division was in reserve in 36th Rifle Corps, away from the border, but by the evening of the 23rd it had moved up to Tereshki, and by the 27th it was operating alongside the 14th Cavalry Division, defending the Krements area against German tanks and motorized infantry. By the end of June it had been assigned to 6th Army in Southwestern Front. On June 29 the Front commander, Col. Gen. M. P. Kirponos, criticized the performance of 36th Corps, stating in part:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011516-0004-0000", "contents": "146th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation\nWhen fired upon in combat, subunits lacking materiel support do not advance, and block up the rear areas and roads... [ There are] instances of panic (140th and 146th Rifle Divisions) when, even without seeing the enemy or seeing an insignificant number of the enemy, subunits run to the rear, casting away everything in their path, and subunit and unit commanders fail to undertake required measures to restore order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011516-0005-0000", "contents": "146th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation\nIn late July the division was reassigned to 26th Army, and in August to 37th Army, fighting in the defense lines on the direct northern approaches to Kiev. This position gave the men and women of the 146th virtually no hope of escape from the German encirclement, and the division was destroyed in September, although not officially removed from the Soviet order of battle until December 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011516-0006-0000", "contents": "146th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation\nThe second 146th Rifle Division officially began forming on January 19, 1942, in the Moscow Military District, based on the 1st formation of the 416th Rifle Division. The new division also incorporated the provisional 468th Rifle Division, which had begun forming in December at Kagami in the Central Asian Military District, presumably with a large number of Kazakh or Uzbek recruits. The amalgamation of these two bodies took place at Venyov in January. The order of battle remained the same as the 1st formation, except the 280th became a standard, rather than a light, artillery regiment, the howitzer regiment and antiaircraft battalion were gone, and the sapper battalion was renumbered as the 149th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011516-0007-0000", "contents": "146th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation\nThe new division remained in Moscow District in February, then moved to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command in March and briefly to Western Front reserves before being assigned to 50th Army in that front on April 11. The 146th continued to serve in this small army's relatively quiet sector until March 1943. In that month, the division was on the right flank of its army during the Third Rzhev\u2013Sychevka Offensive Operation, following up the withdrawal of German 9th Army from the Rzhev Salient. Following this it was transferred to the adjacent 49th Army for a larger-scale offensive towards Spas-Demensk, but this was suspended by April 1. In the aftermath, the division returned to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for rebuilding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011516-0008-0000", "contents": "146th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), In the Baltic Fronts\nAfter a lengthy stay in reserve, the 146th was reassigned to the 3rd Shock Army in 2nd Baltic Front in October. It would remain in this army until March 1944, when it would be moved to the 14th Guards Rifle Corps of 1st Shock Army in the same front. In early July the division, in the same corps and army, was reassigned to the new 3rd Baltic Front. As the Soviet summer offensive began, the division was facing the German Panther line, directly south of the city of Ostrov. During the following fighting, the 146th Rifle Division was given credit for the liberation of Ostrov, and received its name as an honorific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011516-0009-0000", "contents": "146th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), In the Baltic Fronts\nIn October the division, still in the 14th Guards Rifle Corps, was moved back to 3rd Shock Army, where the division would remain for the duration. While most rifle divisions were receiving larger, more powerful guns in their antitank battalions, the 146th continued to use their 45mm pieces, as there was little scope for armor operations in its sector of the front. Prior to the Vistula-Oder Operation in early January 1945, 3rd Shock Army was moved to the 1st Belorussian Front, and the 146th joined the 7th Rifle Corps, where it would remain until postwar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011516-0010-0000", "contents": "146th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\nDuring the late stages of the Battle of Berlin, the division, with its corps, provided flank support to the 79th Rifle Corps as it fought its way across the Moltke Bridge to capture the Reichstag. The soldiers of the 146th ended the war with the official title of 146th Rifle, Ostrov, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov, Order of Kutuzov Division. (Russian: 146-\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041a\u0443\u0442\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011516-0011-0000", "contents": "146th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Postwar\nAfter the war, the division continued to serve in the 3rd Shock Army, Group of Soviet Forces in Germany. In February 1946 it was sent to the Kiev Military District and disbanded there in June 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011516-0012-0000", "contents": "146th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Postwar\nIn 1954, it reformed from the 10th Machine Gun Artillery Division at Poltavka with the 25th Army in the Far Eastern Military District. The division was disbanded on July 25, 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011517-0000-0000", "contents": "146th meridian east\nThe meridian 146\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011517-0001-0000", "contents": "146th meridian east\nThe 146th meridian east forms a great circle with the 34th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011517-0002-0000", "contents": "146th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 146th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011518-0000-0000", "contents": "146th meridian west\nThe meridian 146\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011518-0001-0000", "contents": "146th meridian west\nThe 146th meridian west forms a great circle with the 34th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011518-0002-0000", "contents": "146th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 146th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011519-0000-0000", "contents": "147 (number)\n147 (one hundred [and] forty-seven) is the natural number following 146 and preceding 148.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011519-0001-0000", "contents": "147 (number), In mathematics\nThe digits forming 147 also form the left-hand column of a normal decimal numeric keypad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011519-0002-0000", "contents": "147 (number), In mathematics\nThe binary form of 147 contains all the two-digit binary numbers (00, 01, 10 and 11).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011520-0000-0000", "contents": "147 BC\nYear 147 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aemilianus and Drusus (or, less frequently, year 607 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 147 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0000-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks\n147 George Street, The Rocks is a heritage-listed former retail building and residence and now duty-free store complex located at 147 George Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built during 1914. It is also known as part of a Duty Free Store complex. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0001-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, History\nAs indicated by James Meehan's Survey of 1807 this site was first occupied by Surgeon General John White at Lot No. 4 and Captain William Raven at Lot No. 5. In c.\u20091835 Mrs Underwood was the owner of three storey stone shops and houses each with seven rooms. By 1845 a two-storey brick house and shop with a shingle roof and five rooms was built. Also on this same allotment at the corner of George and Globe Streets a two-storey stone and brick house and store was erected. The five roomed house had \"every convenience\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0001-0001", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, History\nIn 1861 this building was used as a \"Bowling Alley\" managed by William Ogilvie. In 1871 in the tenements erected by Underwood, a public house was opened called the \"Nil Desperandum Hotel\". By 1882 three two storey tenements were erected between the butcher shop and the brick and stone shop on the north side of the Public House, now known as the New York Hotel. These shops and dwelling were constructed of brick and they were roofed in iron. In 1891 the building to the south corner of Globe and George Streets was pulled down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0001-0002", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, History\nBy 1891 George McEvoy had erected houses to the Harrington Street frontage. The four storey buildings were of brick and stone and the roofs were slated but these houses were pulled down in 1906. In 1892 a three-storey brick and slate roofed shop and dwelling was erected for the Trustees of the Church of England to 145 George Street. In 1900 the area was resumed under the Observatory Hill Resumption Act. The New York Hotel was demolished in 1907 and by 1908 Tooth & Co. Ltd. erected the brick and iron roofed building to 153/155 George Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0001-0003", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, History\nIn 1912 the tenements to 149 and 151 George Street were pulled down, and in the same year a two-storey brick office building was erected to the rear of 145 George Street. During 1913 Quay Chambers at 149-151 George Street were erected. The tenement to 147 George Street was demolished in 1914 and in that same year the present three storey brick building was erected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0002-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThe site was identified as having European occupation since at least 1791, with other structures by 1822. From then on, site development was intense. In the 1890s, and following the Resumption in 1900 the current buildings facing George Street were constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0003-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nIt is a simple but imposing three storey dark face brick building constructed in 1914 in a Federation Free Classical style replacing an existing tenement demolished as part of the slum clearances. Its prominent feature is a large semi-circular double storey verandah opening which was dramatically altered by the construction of a semi-circular awning/entrance in the 1980s redevelopment. The building uses small amount of sandstone in the capping to the gable parapet and keystone. The shopfront with a central entry and tiling to waist height, which existed during the Nicholas occupation in the 1930s had been modified by the 1980s. The 1980s redevelopment completely removed the shopfront to create a double level entrance to the modern development at the rear of the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0004-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAs at 19 November 2008, 147 George Street was constructed in 1911, a part of a group of four buildings, and has State Heritage significance for its historic and social values.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0005-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n147 George Street has historic significance at State level for having been the site of early European settlement, continuously occupied by Europeans since 1788. The site has historic significance at local level for its associations with several phases of 20th century urban renewal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0005-0001", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nFirstly, the demolition and rebuilding of much of The Rocks under the Observatory Hill Resumption Act following the 1900 plague outbreak; secondly, an association with infrastructure works including the construction of the Cahill Expressway and the City Railway link, which dramatically changed the visual curtilage of the group; and lastly, the 1980s creation of The Rocks as a tourist destination, when the interior and rear of the building was altered to accommodate a Duty Free Store (DFS) Complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0006-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n147 George Street forms part of a group of four commercial buildings (Nos 145, 147, 149-151 & 153-155 George Street) which front George Street and form the eastern portion of the DFS Complex. This group of buildings, bounded by Globe Street and the Cahill Expressway, mark George St's southern entry to The Rocks precinct. The facades of the four late 19th century and early 20th century buildings, have streetscape qualities and character that contribute to the overall richness of a coherent and harmonious brick and stucco group of buildings located within The Rocks. The subject building also has local significance in its use of the arch as the dominant feature of the east elevation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0007-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe significance of the subject site and the group is associated with its location in The Rocks, a precinct unique to NSW and its historic associations and streetscape character and qualities that contribute to The Rocks area, which has State heritage significance in its own right. The group is an important part of The Rocks Heritage Conservation Area being sympathetic in scale and character and an extension of the remaining earlier buildings of George Street, presenting a unified streetscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0007-0001", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe buildings are tangible evidence of the redevelopment of The Rocks in the last decade of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, the period before and after the plague outbreak. 147 George Street has high social significance as a contributory element associated with the historic character of The Rocks, which is held in esteem by the local community and to the people of NSW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0008-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n147 George Street was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0009-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0010-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n147 George Street, The Rocks has associations as a built element within George Street. George Street was the first road created in NSW and is thus the oldest road in Australia. The history of George Street (north) and its uses & changes since 1788, illustrate and inform the aspirations and way of life of Europeans in Australia. The Rocks was impacted by the plague of 1900. The Observatory Hill Resumption Act resulted in the resumption of large tracts of land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0010-0001", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nPost-plague re-development of The Rocks saw the demolition of a large number of buildings and the construction of new buildings that met health standards and requirements. 147 George Street was impacted by the urban development as were the other buildings in the group of four (except 145 George Street). 147 George Street has moderate significance at local level associated with the provision and retail of fish to the local area, continuously operating on the site for almost 70 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0010-0002", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAs a part of the district of The Rocks it has association with maritime use and the sale and consumption of fish. 147 George Street has moderate significance at local level for its associations with the phase of redevelopment of The Rocks in the 1980s when the precinct was transformed into a major tourist attraction. As part of the development works in the 1980s a western portion of the building was demolished and a false wall with arched arcade opening constructed, the West elevation that faces onto an open gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0010-0003", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAt the time of the redevelopment the original awning and shopfront were removed and a new awning constructed. 147 George Street is a three-storey face brick building located within a block bounded by Globe Street and the Cahill Expressway overpass. The building was erected around 1911 as shops and offices. Stylistically, the building is an example of a Federation Free Style building. The sandstone gable, keystones and the use of face brick is typically Federation detail. The item meets this criterion at State level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0011-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0012-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe item does not exhibit any associations with a notable person or a group of persons from the local or wider NSW history. The item does not meet this criterion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0013-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0014-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe East Elevation of 147 George Street, The Rocks, has been modified substantially below the 2nd floor and has little significance at a local level. The East elevation on the second floor and above has high significance at local level associated with its level of intactness of external elements and as a representative example of a commercial building in The Rocks designed in the Federation Free Style. The single arch, providing the dominant design element of the elevation, is rather unusual and contrasts with the small openings usually associated with masonry construction of this era. While the changes to the elevation carried out in the 1980s are considerable, they have utilised the design element of the arch in keeping with the character of the late 19th and early 20th-century streetscape elements conserved within the building group, and reflect the aesthetic approach of its time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 943]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0015-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n147 George Street has high significance at local level associated with a group of buildings between the Cahill Expressway and Globe Street, comprising 145, 147, 149-151 & 153-155 George Street, with landmark qualities. On entering the precinct from George Street this group of buildings is the gateway to The Rocks. The scale of the group contrasts with the modernist brutalism of the Cahill Expressway and the 20th-century modernist buildings located around Circular Quay and the central business district. The backdrop of the DFS building does not diminish the picturesque quality of the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0016-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe West elevation of 147 George Street is a fa\u00e7ade designed as part of the 1980s DFS development as such contributes to the loss of design integrity. The interior of the building was removed in the 1980s redevelopment and little evidence of the architectural planning or fabric is retained internally. The item meets this criteria at the local Level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0017-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0018-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe Rocks, in general, has considerable significance to the general community of Sydney and people of NSW as a heritage precinct. The fight to \"Save The Rocks\" was a significant battle for the local residents and the community. The Rocks is a highly visited tourist area; visited by Sydneysiders and international tourists for its historic character and associations as a remnant of the area first settled in Sydney. The Rocks, of which the subject site forms part, is important to the community's sense of place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0018-0001", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAs an element within The Rocks, 147 George Street, provides a sense of place that is integral to the area as a whole and is subsequently held in esteem by the local community. Shopping is a major activity within The Rocks area. As the first commercial district of Sydney relating directly to the ports and shipping, the area has developed a strong commercial focus, which is currently maintained by tourism. The subject site has maintained its historic association with shopping and retail. The item meets this criterion at a State level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0019-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0020-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe earliest and most substantial phase of building on the subject site and in close proximity occurred by 1822. These earliest buildings, located along the George Street frontage, comprised the Underwood buildings, and adjacent shop to the north and Thomas Moore's house. Archaeological evidence from a series of cottages erected on the southern section of the site during the 1820s-30s has probably been removed by later 19th and 20th-century developments. It is highly unlikely that intact evidence still remains in the archaeological record because of building works prior to 1893 and the DFS development works in the late 1980s. The item does not meet this criterion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0021-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0022-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n147 George Street is relatively unusual at a local level, for the use of an arch as such a dominant feature of its fa\u00e7ade. It is also unusual for the 1980s intervention, significantly modifying the ground and first floor levels, not only physically but also in its use, perhaps as a \"bold\" approach reflective of its time. As the ground floor had been previously degraded with vehicular access, there was a rationale for using this narrower section of the block as a main entry point for the whole DFS development, thus enabling the ongoing commercial use of the whole block. The item meets this criterion at a local level", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0023-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0024-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe shops and shopping district of The Rocks are representative of the continued commercial use of the area, and the change to tourism. 147 George Street is one of a group of shop buildings that operated in The Rocks from the end of the 19th century until the late 20th century. 146 George Street is a representative example of this group. This item meets this criterion at a local level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011521-0025-0000", "contents": "147 George Street, The Rocks, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 1585 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 14 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011522-0000-0000", "contents": "147 Protogeneia\nProtogeneia (minor planet designation: 147 Protogenia) is a large main belt asteroid that was discovered by Hungarian astronomer Lip\u00f3t Schulhof on July 10, 1875, from the Vienna Observatory; it was his only asteroid discovery. Its name is Greek for \"first born\" and was chosen by Karl L. Littrow in allusion to the fact that this was the first asteroid discovered by an astronomer who was already known for work in other fields of astronomy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011522-0001-0000", "contents": "147 Protogeneia\nThis object has a low orbital eccentricity and inclination. With an orbital period roughly double that of the planet Jupiter, it has been identified as a member of the Hecuba group of asteroids that share a 2:1 mean-motion orbital resonance with the giant planet. Based upon its spectrum, it has a Tholen classification as a C-type asteroid, which indicates has a dark surface and probably a primitive composition of carbonaceous material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011522-0002-0000", "contents": "147 Protogeneia\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid at the Altimira Observatory in 2004 gave a light curve with a period of 7.8528 \u00b1 0.0008 hours and a brightness variation of 0.28 in magnitude. A photometric study was reported in 2006 from the Yunnan Observatory in China, finding a matching period of 7.852 hours and a brightness variation of 0.25 magnitude. They estimate the ratio of the lengths for the asteroid's major and minor axes is at least 1.26:1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011522-0003-0000", "contents": "147 Protogeneia\nThere is one reported stellar occultation by Protogeneia, on May 28, 2002, from Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011523-0000-0000", "contents": "147 Squadron (Israel)\n147 Squadron, often referred to as the Flying Ibex or Goring Ram squadron, is a former unit of the Israeli Air Force. Fielding IAF Flight Academy aircraft, it flew the Boeing-Stearman Kaydet during the 1956 Suez Crisis and the Fouga Magister during the 1967 Six-Day War, in the course of which it suffered six fatalities. Between 1978 and 1986 it flew the A-4 Skyhawk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011523-0001-0000", "contents": "147 Squadron (Israel), Formation\nIn January 1953 the IAF formed the flight academy's fleet of Stearmans into a reserve liaison and surveillance unit, to be activated in times of emergency. Seconded to 100 Squadron, the unit was initially designated 1000 Squadron, but was redesignated 147 Squadron on January 1, 1955. It was activated on October 27, 1956, for the Suez Crisis. Commanded by Captain Meir Shefer, the unit had 25 serviceable aircraft but only 12 pilots, consisting of both reserves and qualified students and including Rina Levinson, one of a handful of female pilots serving with the IAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011523-0001-0001", "contents": "147 Squadron (Israel), Formation\n147 Squadron flew 401 sorties during the war, clocking 233 hours. Flying from Ramla, next to IAF headquarters, the squadron flew communications, liaison, transport, patrol and reconnaissance missions, operating during both day and night. Once the fighting was over, the aircraft reverted to their original training role and the squadron was deactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011523-0002-0000", "contents": "147 Squadron (Israel), Six-Day War\nThe Fouga Magister entered service with the IAF Flight Academy in 1960, and on November 1, 1961, 147 Squadron was reformed to operate the type during emergencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011523-0003-0000", "contents": "147 Squadron (Israel), Six-Day War\nThe squadron was reactivated at Hatzerim in May 1967, on the eve of the Six-Day War. Commanded by Major Arieh Ben-Or, there were 44 aircraft and 42 pilots on hand on the morning of June 5, when Israel launched Operation Focus, the strike that started the war. While the Fougas were initially slated to participate in attacks on the Egyptian air bases at El Arish and Jabl Libni, their light armament and lack of effective combat range led to their reassignment to the deception, interdiction and close air support roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011523-0003-0001", "contents": "147 Squadron (Israel), Six-Day War\nThus, while the majority of IAF combat aircraft were en route to their respective targets in Egypt and the Sinai, 147 Squadron Fougas took to the air flying seemingly routine training missions and generating seemingly routine radio traffic to give the impression that Israel was on a low state of alert. Other Fougas, however, were making their way to attack Egyptian troop concentrations along the front in support of the Israeli push into the Sinai. The first strikes targeted a pair of Egyptian radar stations near El-Arish, during which the squadron suffered its first fatality of the war, deputy squadron leader Arnon Livnat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011523-0004-0000", "contents": "147 Squadron (Israel), Six-Day War\nWith the IAF's combat squadrons occupied by Focus, 147 Squadron's Fougas were effectively the only attack aircraft available to provide support for IDF ground forces. They subsequently attacked Egyptian artillery in the northern Sinai, convoys, supply trains and troop concentrations. 147 Squadron was also active on other fronts, and late on June 5 the Fougas went into action against the Jordanians in the West Bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011523-0004-0001", "contents": "147 Squadron (Israel), Six-Day War\nSeveral aircraft struck Jordanian artillery that had been shelling various points in Israel, tanks operating in the Jenin region were attacked as well, while the squadron also managed to halt a Jordanian armored brigade attempting to intervene in the heavy fighting under way in Jerusalem. Three further aircraft and their pilots were lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011523-0005-0000", "contents": "147 Squadron (Israel), Six-Day War\n147 Squadron returned to the West Bank on the morning of June 6, flying 104 sorties and firing over 1200 rockets at Jordanian targets throughout the region. One aircraft was lost and its pilot killed by the time the squadron was ordered to stand down during the latter half of the day. Having flown an average of 5 sorties on June 5, 147 Squadron  pilots flew an average of 3 on June 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011523-0005-0001", "contents": "147 Squadron (Israel), Six-Day War\nOperations on the Jordanian front resumed the following day, during which Iraqi reinforcements were attacked, but on June 8 the squadron was informed that its role in the fighting had come to an end. Fighting on the Golan Heights, however, prompted a change of heart, and on the morning of June 9 147 Squadron deployed to Ramat David. The first formation to head into action over the Golan, led by squadron leader Ben-Or, encountered heavy Syrian anti-aircraft fire. Ben-Or was killed and further Fouga missions were promptly canceled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011523-0006-0000", "contents": "147 Squadron (Israel), Six-Day War\nThe squadron claimed 128 tanks destroyed during the war, 43 other armored vehicles, 292 lorries, 2 trains, 47 artillery pieces, and 4 anti-aircraft guns. 419 sorties had been flown and 4,384 rockets expended, including Egyptian stocks captured at the air base at El Arish. Slow, lightly armed, lacking both defensive armor and ejection seats, six Magisters and their pilots had been lost, including both the squadron leader and his deputy. Virtually every single aircraft suffered battle damage. The end of the war led to the deactivation of the squadron and the Fouga Magisters were henceforth restricted to the training role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011523-0007-0000", "contents": "147 Squadron (Israel), Flying the A-4 Skyhawk\n147 Squadron was reactivated once again at Hatzerim on August 6, 1978, commanded by Hanoch Patishi. Operating a mix of A-4Es, A-4Fs and A-4Ns, it was the IAF's eighth and last A-4 Skyhawk squadron. Initially conceived as a unit manned by reservists with a skeleton crew of air force regulars, this arrangement was soon found unsatisfactory by both groups and the squadron reverted to the usual IAF combination of regulars, emergency postings and reserves. It adopted an emblem depicting a ram with wings against a yellow background, an all-yellow rudder and yellow-tipped external fuel tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011523-0008-0000", "contents": "147 Squadron (Israel), Flying the A-4 Skyhawk\nThe squadron flew its first operational mission on April 24, 1979, when four aircraft struck Palestinian artillery north of Tyre. In subsequent years the squadron routinely took part in IAF operations in Lebanon, as fighting intensified in that country. In 1981 it was transformed into a reserve squadron, maintained by a small cadre of air force regulars, and was finally disbanded in 1986, its A-4Ns passing to 102 Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011524-0000-0000", "contents": "147 km\n147\u00a0km (Russian: 147 \u043a\u043c) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Sanbolinskoye Rural Settlement of Amursky District, Russia. The population was 9 as of 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011524-0001-0000", "contents": "147 km, Geography\nThe settlement is located on the Volochaevka II - Komsomolsk-on-Amur railway line between the stations of Sanboli and Nuskha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011525-0000-0000", "contents": "1470\nYear 1470 (MCDLXX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011526-0000-0000", "contents": "1470 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1470\u00a0kHz: 1470 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011527-0000-0000", "contents": "1470 Carla\n1470 Carla, provisional designation 1938 SD, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 35 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011527-0001-0000", "contents": "1470 Carla\nIt was discovered on 17 September 1938, by German astronomer Alfred Bohrmann at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. It was named after a friend of the discoverer's family, Carla Ziegler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011527-0002-0000", "contents": "1470 Carla, Description\nCarla orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.9\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,051 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1930 DE at Heidelberg 1930. The body's observation arc, however, begins the night prior to its official discovery observation in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011527-0003-0000", "contents": "1470 Carla, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Carla was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Frederick Pilcher at Organ Mesa Observatory (G50) near Las Cruces, New Mexico. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.1514 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.25 magnitude (U=3). in 2014, two additional lightcurves in the R-band, obtained at the Palomar Transient Factory, California, gave a period of 6.15 and 6.154 hours with an amplitude of 0.24 and 0.25, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011527-0004-0000", "contents": "1470 Carla, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Carla measures between 31.66 and 36.97 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.051 and 0.062. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link classifies the body as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid, derives an albedo of 0.047 with a diameter of 36.94 kilometers and an absolute magnitude of 11.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011527-0005-0000", "contents": "1470 Carla, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Carla Ziegler, a friend of the Bohrmann family at Heidelberg. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in October 1954 (M.P.C. 1129).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011528-0000-0000", "contents": "1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion\nThe Lincolnshire Rebellion was a popular uprising against King Edward IV in 1470. It was sponsored by Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, who had once been loyal to the king but had gradually fallen out with him, opposing his unpopular marriage and aspects of English foreign policy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011528-0001-0000", "contents": "1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion, Background\nThe rebellion was founded on popular discontent, but, as historian Charles Ross said, \"in this strongly hierarchical society the 'people' could only seriously influence events if they had the backing and support of the upper ranks of society,\" and the Neville family were a powerful regional influence. Warwick was clearly attempting to mimic the success of another rebellion he had instigated the previous year- that of Robin of Redesdale, which successfully lured the king north and into a trap. This enabled Warwick to rule the country through Edward for some months. But this time, the trap did not work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011528-0001-0001", "contents": "1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion, Background\nHowever, he was unable to successfully emasculate the power of the Woodville family during this period (although reducing it somewhat), or return to his previous position as the king's single most important councillor. At this point the king had still not had a male heir, and his brother, George, Duke of Clarence- Warwick's ally- was heir to the throne. Although the extent of Warwick's and Clarence's involvement in the rebellion is disputed by modern historians (for example, it has been argued that they had no involvement at all, and that it was an attempt by the crown to smear them for political reasons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011528-0002-0000", "contents": "1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion, Events of the rebellion\nWhereas Edward's own lethargy was responsible for his capture in 1469, this contrasts with the energy and vigour he demonstrated when Lincolnshire rebelled the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011528-0003-0000", "contents": "1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion, Aftermath\nAs a result of their instigation of the rebellion being discovered, Warwick and Clarence fled through Kent and escaped to the court of King Louis XI of France, following which, Louis engineered a reconciliation between the earl and his erstwhile opponent, Margaret of Anjou.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011530-0000-0000", "contents": "1470s\nThe 1470s decade ran from January 1, 1470, to December 31, 1479.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011531-0000-0000", "contents": "1470s BC\nThe 1470s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1479 BC to December 31, 1470 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011534-0000-0000", "contents": "1470s in art\nThe decade of the 1470s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011534-0001-0000", "contents": "1470s in art, Paintings\nA Bridal Couple (1470) by the Schw\u00e4bischer Meister in 1470", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011535-0000-0000", "contents": "1470s in music\nThis is a list of notable events in music that took place in the 1470s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011536-0000-0000", "contents": "1470s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011536-0001-0000", "contents": "1470s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011536-0002-0000", "contents": "1470s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011537-0000-0000", "contents": "1471\nYear 1471 (MCDLXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011538-0000-0000", "contents": "1471 papal conclave\nThe 1471 papal conclave (August 6\u20139) elected Pope Sixtus IV following the death of Pope Paul II. With the exception of the conclaves of the Western Schism, this conclave was the first since 1305 to feature a working, two-thirds majority of Italians within the College of Cardinals, in no small part because of the absence of six non-Italian cardinals. This was in part due to the unexpectedness of the death of Paul II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011538-0001-0000", "contents": "1471 papal conclave, The election\nThe two main factions were those of d'Estouteville and Orsini, the latter of whom secured a major pre-conclave victory in managing to persuade the rest of the College to exclude the cardinals created by Paul II in pectore, in explicit defiance of the last will and testament of the previous pontiff. Such creatures would be allowed to participate, for example, in the papal conclave, 1492. Paul II had created at least eight cardinals in secret, at least five of whom were alive at the time of the conclave: Pedro Ferriz, Pietro Foscari, Giovanni Battista Savelli, Ferry de Clugny, and Jan Vitez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011538-0002-0000", "contents": "1471 papal conclave, The election\nA conclave capitulation was drawn up at the beginning of the conclave, but unusually it contained no explicit limitations on papal power, except to continue the Crusading war against the Turks. The aforementioned factions can more specifically be referred to as the \"Pieschi\" (primarily the creations of Pius II) and the \"Paoleschi\" (primarily the creations of Paul II).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011538-0003-0000", "contents": "1471 papal conclave, The election\nAs in the immediately previous conclaves, Bessarion emerged as an early favorite, with six votes on the second day, those of: d'Estouteville, Calandrini, Capranica, Ammanati-Piccolomini, Caraffa, and Barbo; d'Estouteville trailed with the votes of Bessarion, Gonzaga, and Monferrato as did Forteguerri with the votes of Orsini, Eruli, and Agnifilo; Orsini got nods from della Rovere and Michiel; Roverella from Borgia and Zeno; Eruli from  Forteguerri; and Calandrini from Roverella. The old arguments against Bessarion, namely that he was a non-Italian, who in addition would be unacceptable to the princes of France, again prevailed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011538-0004-0000", "contents": "1471 papal conclave, The election\nThe voting tallies are known with specificity because of the notes of Nicodemo de Pontremoli, sent to Duke of Milan Galeazzo Maria Sforza, currently residing in the State Archives of Milan. Notable favorites in the ensuing scrutinies are (chronologically): Calandrini, Forteguerri, and Roverella.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011538-0005-0000", "contents": "1471 papal conclave, The election\nOf the favored candidates of Sforza, della Rovere was the most electable, so Gonzaga and Borja lobbied for him behind the scenes, all the while disguising their intentions by voting for others until the morning of August 9, when along with d'Estouteville and Barbo they changed their votes to della Rovere in the accessus, giving him a total of 13 votes. The cardinals voting for della Rovere in the scrutiny were: Monferrato, Zeno, Michiel, Agnifilo, Roverella, Forteguerri, Bessarion, Calandrini, and Orsini. Contrary to the perennial tradition, the five remaining cardinals did not change their votes to della Rovere in the accessus to make the election \"unanimous\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011539-0000-0000", "contents": "1472\nYear 1472 (MCDLXXII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011540-0000-0000", "contents": "1472 Altarpiece\nThe 1472 Altarpiece was a tempera and oil on panel altarpiece by Carlo Crivelli, dated 1472 on the central panel. Also known as the Fesch Altarpiece or the Eckinson Altarpiece, it is now divided up between a number of galleries in the United States and Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011540-0001-0000", "contents": "1472 Altarpiece\nThe work probably originated in or near Fermo, in the Marche, where the artist was active for a number of years. In 1834 Amico Ricci wrote of a \"Madonna with saints\" by Crivelli from the church of San Domenico in Fermo which had been sold a few years earlier. It is stylistically close to the artist's Massa Fermana Altarpiece. It had five panels on the main register, topped by a Piet\u00e0 which may have been flanked by four now-lost unidentified half-length saints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011540-0002-0000", "contents": "1472 Altarpiece, List of panels\nAn early reconstruction of the work was produced in 1933 by Venturi and this was improved in 1958 by Bernard Berenson and in 1961 by Federico Zeri:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011542-0000-0000", "contents": "1473\nYear 1473 (MCDLXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011543-0000-0000", "contents": "1473 Ounas\n1473 Ounas, provisional designation 1938 UT, is a stony asteroid, suspected tumbler and a slow rotator from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 18 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 October 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. The asteroid was named after the Finnish Ounas river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011543-0001-0000", "contents": "1473 Ounas, Classification and orbit\nOunas is a S-type asteroid that orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,509 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no previous identifications were made, the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Turku in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011543-0002-0000", "contents": "1473 Ounas, Physical characteristics\nIn October 2012/13, a rotational lightcurve of Ounas was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Ren\u00e9 Roy, Vladimir Benishek, Andrea Ferrero, Daniel Klinglesmith, Frederick Pilcher, Raoul Behrend and Petr Pravec. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 139.1 hours with a brightness variation of 0.6 magnitude (U=3/3). Ounas is a suspected \"tumbler\", which have a non-principal axis rotation (NPAR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011543-0003-0000", "contents": "1473 Ounas, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures 18.16 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.11. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1189 and a diameter of 17.62 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011543-0004-0000", "contents": "1473 Ounas, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Ounas river, one of the principal rivers in Finland. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3928).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011544-0000-0000", "contents": "1474\nYear 1474 (MCDLXXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011545-0000-0000", "contents": "1474 Beira\n1474 Beira, provisional designation 1935 QY, is a bright carbonaceous asteroid and large Mars-crosser on an eccentric orbit from the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 August 1935, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named after the port city of Beira in Mozambique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011545-0001-0000", "contents": "1474 Beira, Orbit and classification\nBeira is a Mars-crossing asteroid, a dynamically unstable group between the main belt and the near-Earth populations, crossing the orbit of Mars at 1.666\u00a0AU. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.4\u20134.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,650 days). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.49 and an inclination of 27\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011545-0002-0000", "contents": "1474 Beira, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Beira is a bright carbonaceous B-type asteroid, while in the Tholen classification its spectral type is ambiguous, closest to an F-type and somewhat similar to that of an X-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011545-0003-0000", "contents": "1474 Beira, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThree rotational lightcurves of Beira were obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.184 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.15 and 0.24 magnitude (U=3/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011545-0004-0000", "contents": "1474 Beira, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Beira measures between 14.9 and 15.46 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.06 and 0.07. Conversely, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and consequently calculates a smaller diameter of 8.73 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 12.66.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011545-0005-0000", "contents": "1474 Beira, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nWith a diameter close to 15 kilometers, Beira is larger than most sizeable Mars-crossing asteroids such as 1065\u00a0Amundsenia (9.75\u00a0km), 1139\u2009Atami (9.35\u00a0km), 1011\u00a0Laodamia (7.39\u00a0km), 1727\u00a0Mette (est 9\u00a0km), 1131\u00a0Porzia (7.13\u00a0km), 1235\u00a0Schorria (est. 9\u00a0km), 985\u00a0Rosina (8.18\u00a0km) 1310\u00a0Villigera (15.24\u00a0km), and 1468\u00a0Zomba (7\u00a0km); but still smaller than the largest members of this dynamical group, namely, 132\u00a0Aethra, 323\u00a0Brucia, 1508\u00a0Kemi, 2204\u00a0Lyyli and 512\u00a0Taurinensis, which are larger than 20 kilometers in diameter (in one or other given source).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011545-0006-0000", "contents": "1474 Beira, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the port city of Beira in Mozambique. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011547-0000-0000", "contents": "1475\nYear 1475 (MCDLXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011550-0000-0000", "contents": "1476\nYear 1476 (MCDLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011551-0000-0000", "contents": "1476 (band)\n1476 is an atmospheric art rock duo based out of Salem, Massachusetts. Founded in 2007 by Robb Kavjian and Neil DeRosa, together they began writing songs which include various themes of Western esoterica, pre-Christian mythology/mysticism, chaos magic, nature, and philosophical themes. They had decided from the beginning to avoid confining themselves to a specific genre and when pressed by interviewers to define their style, they responded with the term, \"Hermetic Death Rock.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011551-0001-0000", "contents": "1476 (band), History, Early years (2007\u20132010)\nThe band released their first effort, A Wolf's Age, in 2010 with former bass player Steve Matthews (Argyle Goolsby). Steve joined the duo and wrote the song, \"Closed Casket Heart\", which was subsequently added as the last track for the album and contributed to backing vocals. After the recording sessions, they went separate ways after the band realized they had differing ideas for the future and for the direction of the music. A Wolf's Age was discontinued and deleted from the band's catalogue in January 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011551-0002-0000", "contents": "1476 (band), History, First works (2010\u20132014)\nIn 2010, Smoke in the Sky was shortly released after A Wolf's Age with an accompanying live album, Live. July 17th 2010. Unity, MA. Smoke in the Sky was a clear departure from their first effort and was described as gloomy and subdued, much like Mark Lanegan's early work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011551-0003-0000", "contents": "1476 (band), History, First works (2010\u20132014)\nIn 2012, Wildwood was released along with a sister EP, The Nightside. The theme of the album was a general commentary on the concept of human nature and predominantly used nature-based imagery throughout the album artwork. The music itself combined European folk, '70s prog, and metal influences to create a dark and cinematic experience that evokes the occult aspects of historical New England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011551-0004-0000", "contents": "1476 (band), History, First works (2010\u20132014)\nIn 2014, the band ventured into soundtrack work with Edgar Allan Poe: A Life of Hope & Despair. The album was used as a neoclassical and experimental soundtrack to an Edgar Allan Poe based art show in Salem, Massachusetts. A Life of Hope & Despair explored the melancholic and quaint life, love, and death of Edgar Allan Poe himself that you can feel as the album progresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011551-0005-0000", "contents": "1476 (band), History, Prophecy Productions (2016)\nIn 2016, Prophecy Productions signed 1476, heralding them as \"America's best kept secret in the realm of dark, atmospheric Art Rock\" and gained the attention of media outlets around the world proclaiming, \"Prophecy Productions has found a golden nugget with 1476.\". In preparation of the band's upcoming release, Our Season Draws Near, Prophecy reissued 1476's entire back-catalogue and released their first available vinyl, the Wildwood / The Nightside reissue. Wildwood / The Nightside was met with critical acclaim and was \"recommended to all those wanting to discover this rare and precious duo, between strange neofolk and melancholy post-punk\". The reissued albums from Prophecy brought 1476 out of the underground and they gained popularity for their unique sound. \"It's a fortune be aware of groups like the 1476 because the challenge to be original and coherent is not always easy but they succeed in an exemplary manner.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 981]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011551-0006-0000", "contents": "1476 (band), History, Our Season Draws Near (2017)\nIn 2017, the band released Our Season Draws Near, their first album with Prophecy Productions. It uses a strong winter theme that captures the dreary, haunting and foreboding atmospheres of coastal New England. It is their heaviest sounding album to date that showcases raw, honest, and personal emotions that are dedicated to solitude and its lessons. Our Season Draws Near received exceptional praise, being called \"a wild-card folk/atmospheric metal force\" while the album is hailed as, \"a record that can't help but to keep you in a constant state of thrall\". It was produced by the band and mixed by Markus Siegenhort from the post-black metal driving force Lantl\u00f4s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011551-0007-0000", "contents": "1476 (band), Name origin\n\"1476\" is in specific reference to a song previously written by its founder, Robb Kavjian, but chosen for its overall ambiguity that allows the band musical freedom. The nature of the name being a year is that it predates the founding of America and implies a European origin. \"The past is important to us because it is completely subjective. It allows the imagination to truly dream. All we have are fragments of words and images from the past collected and recorded by people subjectively. There's something very compelling about this for me\u2014to reach into these fragmented images from the past and to reconstruct them subjectively. There is something dreamlike and \"lost in time\" about it which is something I always want to capture musically.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011551-0008-0000", "contents": "1476 (band), Musical style\nThe music of 1476 structurally combines elements of folk and black metal, moody indie rock, neo-folk, neoclassical, and post-punk. The nature of their music is largely dictated by the concept and theme of their albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011551-0009-0000", "contents": "1476 (band), Musical style\nProphecy Productions describes their own as, \"isolationist sound stories: musically and attitudinally coming from a punk/DIY background, they arguably absorbed all genres of guitar-heavy and atmospheric music there ever was since\u2014including sub-genres of metal, neofolk, and ambient.\" Others have said their music captures the essence of New England's 'aura' or character and that the two-piece band reinvents itself with each release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011551-0010-0000", "contents": "1476 (band), Musical style\n1476 has been compared to sonically akin to bands such as Agalloch, Ulver, or Amebix that share a background in making their own way in creating heavy, dark, and atmospheric music that is enhanced by rich esoteric/spiritual concepts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011552-0000-0000", "contents": "1476 Altarpiece\nThe 1476 Altarpiece or San Domenico Altarpiece is a 1476 tempera and gold on panel altarpiece by Carlo Crivelli. Its central panel of the Piet\u00e0 is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, whilst the other nine are now in the National Gallery, London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011552-0001-0000", "contents": "1476 Altarpiece, History\nThe altarpiece was likely originally constructed for the Dominican church of Ascoli Piceno, given the inclusion of Dominican saints on the lower levels of the altarpiece. The church held another 1476 Crivelli work, the Saint Peter Martyr Altarpiece. Both works were dismantled from their altars c.\u20091776 due to renovations in the church. They were then sold to an antiquarian, Grossi, who further separated the panels and regrouped them. (The predellas that went with the altarpieces are lost.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011552-0002-0000", "contents": "1476 Altarpiece, History\nThe altarpiece was seen by Luigi Lanzi and purchased by Francesco Saverio de Zelada in Rome in 1789, and it arrived in Florence with the Rinuccini family. The 1476 Altarpiece arrived at London's National Gallery in 1868, having come from the Demidov collection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011552-0003-0000", "contents": "1476 Altarpiece, History\nArt historians Federico Zeri and Rodolfo Pallucchini reintegrated the formerly separated altarpieces, referring first to the Piet\u00e0 in the Metropolitan Museum and second to the Madonna in the Museum of Fine Arts of Budapest. In 1961, the National Gallery again disjoined its panels and reconstructed them into two separate polytychs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011552-0004-0000", "contents": "1476 Altarpiece, Description and style\nThe altarpiece has a traditional setting, with a Madonna Enthroned with Child at the center, the saints depicted to the sides, and on the upper level a Piet\u00e0 and half-figure saints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011552-0005-0000", "contents": "1476 Altarpiece, Description and style\nThe structure of the altarpiece perplexed critics for a long time. Art historians eventually adopted the theory that the altarpiece was actually an assemblage of panels from different sources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011556-0000-0000", "contents": "1477\nYear 1477 (MCDLXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011557-0000-0000", "contents": "1477 Bonsdorffia\n1477 Bonsdorffia, provisional designation 1938 CC, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 29 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 February 1938, by astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Iso-Heikkil\u00e4 Observatory in Turku, Finland. The asteroid was named after Finnish astronomer Ilmari Bonsdorff, who founded the Finnish Geodetic Institute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011557-0001-0000", "contents": "1477 Bonsdorffia, Orbit and classification\nBonsdorffia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20134.1\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,090 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins 11 days prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011557-0002-0000", "contents": "1477 Bonsdorffia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Bonsdorffia is an X-type asteroid with an unusual spectrum (XU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011557-0003-0000", "contents": "1477 Bonsdorffia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Bonsdorffia was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Amadeo Aznar at his Puzol Observatory in Spain (J42). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.8 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.32 magnitude (U=2). Another lightcurve by Richard Durkee at the SOS Observatory (H39) gave a similar period of 7.5 hours (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011557-0004-0000", "contents": "1477 Bonsdorffia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Bonsdorffia measures between 25.85 and 35.87 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.033 and 0.06.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011557-0005-0000", "contents": "1477 Bonsdorffia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0517 and a diameter of 28.10 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.59.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011557-0006-0000", "contents": "1477 Bonsdorffia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Ilmari Bonsdorff (1879\u20131950), Finnish astronomer and founder and director of the Finnish Geodetic Institute. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 132).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011560-0000-0000", "contents": "1478\nYear 1478 (MCDLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011561-0000-0000", "contents": "1478 Vihuri\n1478 Vihuri, provisional designation 1938 CF, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 February 1938, by Finnish Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. The asteroid was named after a Finnish philanthropist by the name of A.\u00a0Vihuri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011561-0001-0000", "contents": "1478 Vihuri, Orbit and classification\nVihuri orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,415 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.0 The asteroid's observation arc begins 11 days prior to its official discovery observation. A precovery taken at Lowell Observatory in 1906, as well as identification 1934 CG made at Uccle in 1934, remained unused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011561-0002-0000", "contents": "1478 Vihuri, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 1983, a rotational lightcurve was obtained form photometric observations by American astronomer Richard P. Binzel. Analysis of the provisional lightcurve gave a rotation period of 19.5 hours with a brightness variation of 0.23 magnitude (U=1). As of 2017, no additional lightcurves of Vihuri have been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011561-0003-0000", "contents": "1478 Vihuri, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Vihuri measures 9.52 and 11.19 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.126 and 0.127, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony S-type asteroid of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 8.45 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.73.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011561-0004-0000", "contents": "1478 Vihuri, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Finnish philanthropist A. Vihuri, a ship owner and supporter of science and arts. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 July 1968 (M.P.C. 2882).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011564-0000-0000", "contents": "14789 GAISH\n14789 GAISH, provisional designation 1969 TY1, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers (9 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 8 October 1969, by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory at Nauchnij, on the Crimean peninsula. The assumed C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 8.1 hours and possibly an elongated shape. It was named for the Russian Sternberg Astronomical Institute (GAISh) of Moscow State University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011564-0001-0000", "contents": "14789 GAISH, Orbit and classification\nGAISH is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,016 days; semi-major axis of 3.12\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in October 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011564-0002-0000", "contents": "14789 GAISH, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2010, a rotational lightcurve of GAISH was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.086 hours with a high brightness amplitude of 0.82 magnitude, indicative of a non-spherical shape (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011564-0003-0000", "contents": "14789 GAISH, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, GAISH measures 15.256 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.076. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 11.42 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.44.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011564-0004-0000", "contents": "14789 GAISH, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Sternberg Astronomical Institute (GAISh, \u0413\u0410\u0418\u0428), a division of Moscow State University. Founded in 1931, it is one of Russia's leading astronomical institute and a principal educational facility for professional astronomers. The institute is located on the site of the 1931-built Sternberg Observatory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 January 2007 (M.P.C. 58595).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011565-0000-0000", "contents": "1479\nYear 1479 (MCDLXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011566-0000-0000", "contents": "1479 Inkeri\n1479 Inkeri, provisional designation 1938 DE, is an asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It is an exceptionally slow rotator, suspected tumbler and measures approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 February 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Iso-Heikkil\u00e4 Observatory in Turku, Finland. \"Inkeri\" is the name of two of the discoverer's younger relatives as well as the local name of the former Finnish province of Ingria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011566-0001-0000", "contents": "1479 Inkeri, Orbit and classification\nInkeri is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,601 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011566-0002-0000", "contents": "1479 Inkeri, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A916 AC at Simeiz Observatory in January 1916. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1923 RG at Heidelberg Observatory in September 1923, more than 14 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011566-0003-0000", "contents": "1479 Inkeri, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Inkeri's spectral type is ambiguous (XFU). It is closest to that of an X-type asteroid and somewhat similar to the F-types. In addition, the spectrum has also been flagged as \"unusual\" (U).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011566-0004-0000", "contents": "1479 Inkeri, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator and tumbler\nIn December 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Inkeri was obtained from photometric observations by Andrea Ferrero at the Bigmuskie Observatory (B88), Italy, in collaboration with Frederick Pilcher at the Organ Mesa Observatory (G50) in New Mexico, United States. Analysis of the bimodal lightcurve gave an exceptionally long rotation period of 660 hours with a brightness amplitude of 1.30 magnitude (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011566-0005-0000", "contents": "1479 Inkeri, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator and tumbler\nThis makes it one of the slowest rotators known to exist. The observers also suspect that the body is a tumbling asteroid in a non-principal axis rotation. These results supersede previous period solutions of 5 and 12.55 hours (U=1/1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011566-0006-0000", "contents": "1479 Inkeri, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Inkeri measures between 15.206 and 31.86 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.033 and 0.2222.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011566-0007-0000", "contents": "1479 Inkeri, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 and calculates a diameter of 18.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011566-0008-0000", "contents": "1479 Inkeri, Naming\nThis minor planet was named \"Inkeri\", a Finnish female name, held by Vaisala's granddaughter and niece. It is also the Finnish name of Ingria, a formerly-Finnish province near Saint Petersburg that is now part of Russia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1956 (M.P.C. 1350).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011568-0000-0000", "contents": "147P/Kushida\u2013Muramatsu\n147P/Kushida\u2013Muramatsu is a quasi-Hilda comet discovered in 1993 by Japanese astronomers Yoshio Kushida and Osamu Muramatsu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011568-0001-0000", "contents": "147P/Kushida\u2013Muramatsu\nAccording to calculations made by Katsuhiko Ohtsuka of the Tokyo Meteor Network and David Asher of Armagh Observatory, Kushida\u2013Muramatsu was temporarily captured by Jupiter as an irregular moon between May 14, 1949, and July 15, 1962, (12.17+0.29\u22120.27 years). It is the fifth such object known to have been captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011568-0002-0000", "contents": "147P/Kushida\u2013Muramatsu\nIt is thought that quasi-Hilda comets may be escaped Hilda asteroids. Comet Shoemaker\u2013Levy 9 is a more famous example of a quasi-Hilda comet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011569-0000-0000", "contents": "147th (Grey) Battalion, CEF\nThe 147th (Grey) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War, raised by the 31st Grey Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011569-0001-0000", "contents": "147th (Grey) Battalion, CEF, History\nBased in Owen Sound, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Grey County. It departed to Camp Niagara 19 May 1916 under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel G.F. MacFarland, where it trained until 4 July when it moved to the brand new Camp Borden. The 147th left Camp Borden on 5 October for embarkation overseas, sailing on the sister ship to RMS Titanic, RMS Olympic, arriving at Liverpool, England on 20 November. After sailing to England in November 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 8th Reserve Battalion on 1 January 1917. The 147th (Grey) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011569-0002-0000", "contents": "147th (Grey) Battalion, CEF, History\nThe 147th received its Regimental colours on 22 August 1916 at Camp Borden, which were subsequently laid-up for safe keeping in St. Nicholas Cathedral, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, on 26 May 1917. They were reclaimed on 3 March 1919 and returned to Canada where they were deposited in the Owen Sound Public Library on 16 September. Eventually, they were encased in the Owen Sound Officers' Mess. In a rather unorthodox approach, a duplicate stand of 147th Colours was produced in 1948 by the Grey Council and deposited in the old County Courthouse by the Association on 13 April 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011569-0003-0000", "contents": "147th (Grey) Battalion, CEF, History\nOf note, the 147th's Private Thomas William Holmes, VC, of Owen Sound won the Victoria Cross at the Battle of Passchendaele on 26 October 1917, while serving with the 4th Canadian Mounted Rifles. Tommy Holmes became Canada's youngest winner of the VC and the Owen Sound Armoury is named in his memory. Each year on Remembrance Day, a firing party from The Grey and Simcoe Foresters, which perpetuates the 147th, fires a volley over his grave at Greenwood Cemetery, Owen Sound. Of significance is that two other VC winners are also buried at Greenwood Cemetery, Air Marshal Billy Bishop and Major David Vivian Currie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0000-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron\nThe 147th Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0001-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron\nThe squadron was assigned as a Day Pursuit (Fighter) Squadron as part of the 1st Pursuit Group, First United States Army. Its mission was to engage and clear enemy aircraft from the skies and provide escort to reconnaissance and bombardment squadrons over enemy territory. It also attacked enemy observation balloons, and perform close air support and tactical bombing attacks of enemy forces along the front lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0002-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron\nAfter the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron returned to the United States in March 1919 and became part of the permanent United States Army Air Service in 1921, being re-designated as the 17th Squadron (Pursuit).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0003-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron\nThe current United States Air Force unit which holds its lineage and history is the 17th Weapons Squadron, assigned to the USAF Weapons School, Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0004-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nThe 147th Aero Squadron began as a widely scattered group of men, mostly in Texas who arrived at Kelly Field during the summer of 1917 where they spent time on learning the rudiments of soldiering. On 10 November 1917, the unit was organized and given a designation. Once formed, they were ordered to proceed to Everman Field (#2), Camp Taliaferro, Texas, near Fort Worth. At Everman Field, the men received a most practical and excellent training in the hands of the Canadian Royal Flying Corps. The course training for mechanics being completed, the squadron was then transferred to Hicks Field (#1) at Camp Taliaferro, where primary flight training was conducted for the flight cadets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0005-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nWhen formed, the squadron consisted of some 300 men, all of which were candidates for flying training. The rapid and thorough training given by the RCFC resulted in numerous accidents. Training consisted of bombing, photography, contact patrol, artillery observation, and scout combats and patrols. Upon completion of the training, the 147th Aero Squadron consisted of 30 flying officers and 193 men, with five more pilots to follow. On 14 February 1918, the squadron entrained at Hicks Field, and was bound for Garden City, New York for overseas travel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0005-0001", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nThe squadron arrived on the 19th and was quarantined, as the camp was in an ill condition. The officers were kept clear of the quarantine and spent their time in New York City or at home if possible. On 5 March the 147th was ordered to board the RMS Cedric bound for Liverpool, England. A stop was made at Halifax, Nova Scotia on 8 March, and the trans-Atlantic trip was uneventful. Landing was made at Liverpool on 14 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0005-0002", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nAfter disembarking, the squadron was marched from the docks to the Liverpool railway station where it boarded a London and North Western Railway train which took them to Winchester, Hampshire, near the south coast of England. Arriving in the late afternoon the squadron was moved to the Romsey Rest Camp. Everyone was held in camp until 21 March, when the squadron traveled by train to Southampton in the morning. That afternoon, the men boarded the \"Northwestern Miller\", which left the harbor in a thick fog, also carrying horses and cattle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0006-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nAll though that day and evening, the men and officers remained on the boat that night and all of the next day as the ship sailed through a very thick, cold, damp fog. On the second night the boat crossed to the French coast however the fog prevented entrance into Le Havre harbor. Finally, on the third evening the ship docked, and the men finally arrived on French soil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0006-0001", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nThen a six-mile march was made in rain and darkness to another rest camp, arriving after midnight, the squadron fully drenched, worn out and sleeping in small, dark tents which were as cold and wet as the march had been. The next afternoon, the squadron was again marched to the Le Havre railway station and entrained for Tours Aerodrome, reaching it the night of 25 March. Every phase of the trip had been the most tiring and miserable, and everyone was glad to have at least gotten somewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0006-0002", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nAt Tours, the squadron spent the balance of March awaiting news about where they would be going next. On 31 March, the flying officers were sent to Issoudun Aerodrome, the US Third Aviation Instruction Center, for a course of training on the Nieuport 28 aircraft the squadron was to be assigned. The balance of the squadron remained at Tours, training insofar as much as it was possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0007-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nThe end of April saw the squadron depart Tours and move to Epiez Aerodrome, about 25 miles from the Toul lines. Here, the final organization of the squadron was made, and the receipt of the Nieuport 28 airplanes. Training continued with practice formations and an occasional alert when enemy aircraft were seen or rumored to be in the vicinity. On 31 May, the squadron moved to the Croix de Metz Aerodrome, near Toul and formal combat operations over the lines commenced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0008-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Toul Sector operations\nThe first formation of the 147th Aero Squadron to fly in combat was led by Lieutenant Loomis of the 95th AS. The 94th and 95th squadrons had been operating over the lines for over a month, and it gave the 147th experienced pilots to show us the sector. The first patrol was uneventful, it accomplished its object. Many in the squadron were rather surprised as there has been nothing exciting, that the pock-marked lines seemed so quiet, and no Germans were in the air. The fact was that we failed to realize the danger, but that was soon to change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0008-0001", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Toul Sector operations\nOver the next several days the squadron began a routine of three scheduled patrols, lasting about an hour each, and then three or four voluntary patrols each day. On 4 June, the squadron performed seven patrols with the object of keeping enemy observation photographers from coming over. The first of these patrols saw Lt. O'Neill and Lt. Larwence at an altitude of 5,000 meters when Larwence dived away. O'Neill followed him down and caught him in the heavy clouds between 3,000 and 1,000 meters. Larwence made a motion to descend and the two went below the clouds. Then Larwence lost control of his Niewuport and fell into a left spin. He was spinning when he hit the ground and the plane immediately caught fire. O'Neill landed and found him dead. Larwence was presumed to have become sick shortly before he dived down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0009-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Toul Sector operations\nIn the days that followed, saw a continuance of these same types of patrols. Few enemy aircraft were in the sector and the Germans seemed of a respectful nature. However, on 25 June, an entire formation became lost. An hour before dawn two Flights of squadron aircraft took off to meet some of our Salmson 2 photographic planes returning from the vicinity of Metz. While waiting for them to appear, the squadron's \"A\" Flight formation was broken up by a terrific anti-aircraft barrage near the city. The Salmsons did not appear and the squadron's Nieuports flew from the barrage separately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0009-0001", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Toul Sector operations\nLt . Asheden landed in Switzerland after having been lost during a two hours flight. Lt . Brotherton was also lost, then managed to find the Rhine River landed in our line trenches when he ran out of petrol. Another pilot landed in a swamp near Baccarat and still another crashed near Lun\u00e9ville. Only one pilot returned to Toul successfully. Later that dame day, orders came to be ready to move to the Marne Sector. On 27 June, the squadron left for Touquin Aerodrome, the pilots flying down the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0010-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Marne Sector operations\nThe beginning of July saw more German air activity in the sector. Eight aircraft left Toul about 16:30 in two echelons of four each. About 17:30 the low flight saw five German Pfalz D.III scout planes crossing the line at Ch\u00e2teau-Thierry. It was engaged in combat and Lt O'Neill drove one down out of control. Both of his guns then jammed and he was forced to withdraw, with two enemy aircraft on his tail. Lt . Raible engaged another but both of his guns jammed. Lt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0010-0001", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Marne Sector operations\n. Siemonds motor gave trouble and was also force to withdraw and make an emergency landing while Lt Perry attacked and downed the one he engaged. Meanwhile, high flight was in aerial combat with seven more Pfalz. Lt . Porter got on the tail of the leader and shot him down. Three other enemy aircraft were shot down by other members of the flight. It was the first significant combat for the 147th Squadron and it had met the enemy, eight to twelve and brought down half his formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0010-0002", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Marne Sector operations\nFor the next few days, there were no enemy engagements of substance to report. It was on 8 July the first member of the squadron was lost in action. Lt . Maxwell O. Perry was lost when ten of the 147th flew well into enemy territory chasing their aircraft and he failed to return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0011-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Marne Sector operations\nOn 9 July the squadron moved to Saints Aerodrome and continued to operate from there. On the 15th, the German offensive on the Marne began. The RAF 9 Brigade came down from the British Sector and their assistance was invaluable. Aerial combat was engaged in the succeeding days. On one patrol Lt Abernathy wandered away from his formation and he encountered six Fokker biplanes. In the fight that ensured he shot down one Fokker, but was forced to land near the lines when his plane was badly shot up by bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0011-0001", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Marne Sector operations\nFor this engagement he received the Distinguished Service Cross and the Croix de guerre with palm. The counter-offensive began on the 18th and the 147th flew two and often three patrols a day, and met considerable opposition in the air. Lt Brotheron shot down an enemy balloon and Simonds received the Croix de Guerre for strafing German troops and ground positions behind their lines. On the 24th a formation of six met twelve Fokkers and forced a fight, shooting down four. The same afternoon, Lt. White met two German aircraft and shot them both down. He received the DSC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0012-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Saint Mihiel operations\nOn 15 August the squadron ferried its Nieuport 28s to Orly Airport and exchanged them for SPAD S.XIIIs, and the rest of the month was spent getting the SPADs  in shape. The SPADs ranged from very reliable to motors that never ran at all. It began an era of forced landings caused by unreliable motors. At the end of 1 August Pursuit Group became a part of First Army and moved to Rembercourt Aerodrome, and everyone was anxious to get into this new push hoping it would be the last show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0012-0001", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Saint Mihiel operations\nDuring the beginning of the month, the squadron did patrols just over the Airdrome, however on 4 September the 137th flew into enemy territory looking for German aircraft but found none to report. The squadron patrolled between Saint-Mihiel and Watronville, but everything was quiet as the Toul sector had been in June. When the American forces launched the St. Mihiel offensive on 12 September squadron patrols went out one after another. With no enemy aircraft, it was possible to fly low and the squadron's pilots returned with much valuable information of enemy forces on the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0012-0002", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Saint Mihiel operations\nOn the 16th significant contact was made with an enemy two-seat Rumpler observation plane, it was attacked and shot down. A few moments later they attacked another Rumpler and also shot it down. Then while returning home alone, Lt Love encountered five German Halberstadt CL.IV fighters. He fired on the enemy but was forced to withdraw. Later in the day, three squadron planes went on a balloon strafing mission, shooting down one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0013-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Saint Mihiel operations\nOn the 24th the squadron's sector was changed and it began patrolling between the Argonne and Verdun, and its mission was changed from air interdiction to ground support of advancing Army forces, normally flying below 800 meters. The first task was to shoot down German observation balloons. The Meuse-Argonne Offensive began on the 26th and each day before daylight patrols to attack enemy balloons were sent out. Low patrols continued throughout October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0014-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Saint Mihiel operations\nOn the 2d, Lt Jones brought down a Halberstadt biplane well inside our lines. Many German planes were seen in the air every day and combat was frequent, with the squadron being frequently outnumbered. On 10 October Lt. White shot down a Hannover CL in conjunction with Lt. Porter and another pilot shortly past noon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0015-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Saint Mihiel operations\nThree hours later, Lt White took off again. He had already become the 147th Aero Squadron's leading ace and had orders to return to the United States when he flew this last sortie. When he saw a Fokker D.VII on the tail of an inexperienced pilot, White intervened. When his guns jammed so he couldn't fire at the enemy, he instead rammed the German instead, to score his eighth victory. White was posthumously recommended for the Medal of Honor, but was instead awarded an Oak Leaf Cluster to his DSC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0016-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Saint Mihiel operations\nDuring the balance of October, the usual patrols took place with large German Fokker formations were frequently encountered, with air-to-air combat taking place. During the first days of November, patrols were kept up, even though the weather was unfavorable. It was during this time rumors of an armistice were about, and the enemy was not very active. The squadron's patrols collected valuable intelligence that was passed down to the ground units. On 11 November hostilities ceased and the 147th Aero Squadron made its last patrol over the lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0017-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Saint Mihiel operations\nDuring its time in combat, the squadron gained 62 victories and suffered nine casualties. The squadron flew 2,000 combat hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0018-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nProficiency flights were conducted after the Armistice with Germany, however, no flights were permitted to be flown over German-controlled territory. The squadron remained at Rembercourt for about a month. On 12 December 1918 orders were received from First Army for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's SPAD aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0019-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nDuring the organization's stay at Colombey, the men attended to the usual camp duties. Personnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to one of several staging camps in France. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the base ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization. On 5 February 1919, the 147th was moved to Base Station No. 5 near the port of Brest prior to its return to the United States. Upon arrival the men were caught up on any back pay owed to them, de-loused, a formal military records review was performed and a passenger list was created prior to the men boarding a ship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0020-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nOn 8 March 1919, the 147th Aero Squadron boarded a troop ship and sailed for New York Harbor, arriving on the 18th. It proceeded to Camp Mills, Long Island, on 19 March where the personnel of the squadron were demobilized and returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011570-0021-0000", "contents": "147th Aero Squadron, History, Notable personnel\nDSC: Distinguished Service Cross; SSC: Silver Star Citation; CdG: Croix de Guerre (France); KIA: Killed in Action", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011571-0000-0000", "contents": "147th Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 147th Air Refueling Squadron is a unit of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard 171st Air Refueling Wing located at Pittsburgh IAP Air Reserve Station, Pennsylvania. The 147th is equipped with the KC-135T Stratotanker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011571-0001-0000", "contents": "147th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was activated on 1 October 1942 at RAF Duxford, England by Eighth Air Force through by special authority of the Army Air Forces before it was constituted. The squadron became part of VIII Fighter Command, and drew its cadre from the 31st and 52d Fighter Groups, and Americans transferred from the Royal Air Force (RAF) who had volunteered to join the RAF prior to the United States entry into the European War, 11 December 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011571-0002-0000", "contents": "147th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was initially equipped with an export/Lend-Lease version of P-39D Airacobra, designated Airacobra I by the RAF with additional aircraft that had been sold to France that been impounded by the British after the fall of France. These aircraft were designated as the P-400. It deployed to French Morocco, where it became part of Twelfth Air Force and engaged in combat during the North African campaign. It was briefly equipped with Lockheed P-38 Lightnings between June and September 1943. Each squadron of the 350th Fighter Group was assigned two P-38s to intercept and destroy high flying Luftwaffe reconnaissance aircraft sent to photograph the allied invasion fleet gathering along the North African coast for the Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011571-0003-0000", "contents": "147th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron re-equipped with P-47D Thunderbolts in January 1944 and engaged in combat during the Italian campaign. It also provided air cover for Allied landings on Elba in June 1944 and supported the Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France in August. The squadron then returned to Italy and fought in the Po Valley until the end of the European War in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011571-0004-0000", "contents": "147th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nThe wartime 346th Fighter Squadron was redesignated as the 147th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Greater Pittsburgh Airport and was extended federal recognition on 22 April 1949. The squadron was equipped with Republic F-47D Thunderbolts and was assigned to the 112th Fighter Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011571-0005-0000", "contents": "147th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Air Defense\nThe 147th Fighter Squadron's mission was air defense over Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania. It was not activated during the Korean War. The squadron retired its F-47s in 1951 was re-equipped with long-distance North American F-51H Mustang interceptors, because jets were being used by the active duty force and in Korea. After the Korean War ended the squadron began to receive new Republic F-84F Thunderstreaks in July 1955. In January 1958, the 147th replaced their F-84Fs with all-weather North American F-86L Sabre interceptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 83], "content_span": [84, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011571-0006-0000", "contents": "147th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Aeromedical airlift\nOn 1 February 1961, the 147th expanded to a group level, and the 171st Air Transport Group was established. The 147th was transferred from the 112th Fighter-Interceptor Group to become the 171st's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 171st Material Squadron, 171st Air Base Squadron and the 171st USAF Dispensary. The 147th Aeromedical Transport Squadron converted to twin engine Fairchild C-119J Flying Boxcar aircraft and began training for its new mission of aeromedical evacuation. After two years with the C-119J, the 147th converted to the Lockheed C-121G Super Constellation. With the Super Constellation the primary mission of the 147th was military airlift, with a secondary mission of aeromedical evacuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 91], "content_span": [92, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011571-0007-0000", "contents": "147th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Aeromedical airlift\nIn 1968, the unit was redesignated the 147th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, one of the first of its kind in the Air National Guard (ANG). Later that year, the 171st was called to active duty to augment the airlift capability of the 375th Aeromedical Airlift Wing at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois. At Scott the squadron flew Convair C-131 Samaritan aircraft. Its mission was to move patients from rough combat airfield casualty staging bases and military installations in South Vietnam to destination treatment hospitals. The Group flew 35% of these missions, flying 510 sorties and airlifting 11,947 patients. The unit was finally released from active duty in December 1968 and returned to Pennsylvania control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 91], "content_span": [92, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011571-0008-0000", "contents": "147th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Air refueling\nConforming to the new policy of the Department of Defense, the ANG began to play an even greater role in fulfilling total U.S. force requirements. An extensive reorganization of the National Guard system was accomplished. As a result of these actions, the 171st Aeromedical Airlift Group became part of the 171st Air Refueling Wing in October 1972 and the 147th Air Refueling Squadron transitioned from the C-121G to the Boeing KC-97L Stratotanker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011571-0009-0000", "contents": "147th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Air refueling\nOn 1 July 1976, the Wing received notice that Strategic Air Command (SAC) would become its new mobilization gaining command. A year later, the Wing transitioned to the Boeing KC-135A Stratotanker, a four-engine jet aircraft. This was a significant upgrade, increasing the squadron's air refueling capacity and expanding its global mission capability. In 1982, the ANG increased its mission capability through an interim program by retrofitting commercial Boeing 707 engines to their tankers redesignating the aircraft to the KC-135E.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011571-0010-0000", "contents": "147th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Air refueling\nMembers of the 147th volunteered for duty in Saudi Arabia in order to participate in air refueling missions for Operation Desert Shield. In December 1990 the entire unit was activated and called to federal service, an activation that lasted through May 1991. During this period over 300 members of the unit were deployed throughout the world in numerous functions supporting both Desert Shield and combat operations during Operation Desert Storm. During this period the squadron's parent wing refueled nearly 3,000 allied aircraft while stationed near the Iraqi border in support of air combat missions against Iraqi forces. Maintaining a remarkable 100% mission effectiveness rate, the 171st flew 556 combat missions and offloaded 4.6 million gallons of fuel during the 1991 Gulf War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011571-0011-0000", "contents": "147th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nSAC was inactivated in June 1992 and Air Combat Command (ACC) became the 147th's gaining command. On 1 October 1993 the two refueling headquarters at Pittsburgh, the 112th Air Refueling Group and the 171st Air Refueling Wing, were combined and the 146th Air Refueling Squadron joined the 147th in the same group. With the consolidation, The 171st wing consisted of 16 aircraft assigned to two squadrons, making it one of only three \"super tanker wings\" in the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 89], "content_span": [90, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011571-0012-0000", "contents": "147th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nIn May 1999, the 171st wing activated over 500 members and fourteen aircraft to Budapest, Hungary and Frankfurt, Germany, in support of Operation Allied Force deterring ethnic aggression in Yugoslavia. Deployed 147th guardsmen became part of the 171st Expeditionary Operations Group that flew 411 sorties and refueled 2,157 receivers. All members returned home by the beginning of July 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 89], "content_span": [90, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011571-0013-0000", "contents": "147th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nIn November 2000, the 171st deployed 228 personnel to Istres Air Base, France in support of Operation Joint Forge, a NATO-led stabilization mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina. During this deployment the crews flew 51 sorties in seven KC-135s, and offloaded 1.4 million pounds of fuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 89], "content_span": [90, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011571-0014-0000", "contents": "147th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nThe 147th found itself among the first units called to duty after the September 11 attacks in New York City, Washington DC and its own backyard in southwestern Pennsylvania with the hijacking and crash of United Airlines Flight 93. At the time, almost all of the wing's aircraft were in a stand-down mode, while they were converted with the Pacer Crag cockpit and navigation upgrade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 95], "content_span": [96, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011571-0015-0000", "contents": "147th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nWithin minutes of the first aircraft crashes, the 171st wing was airborne with its only flyable KC-135E. Its mission was to provide aerial refueling to the fuel-thirsty jet fighter aircraft that were providing Combat Air Patrols (CAPs) over the skies of the eastern United States as part of Operation Noble Eagle (ONE). On the ground back in Pittsburgh, the maintainers and aircrews made more aircraft airworthy. The unit went into a wartime footing. Within 24 hours after the first attacks, the 171st wing was flying round-the-clock CAPs support sorties with eight Fully Mission Capable KC-135s. Before the continuous CAP missions were ended in early 2002, more than 13,000 combat missions were flown over U.S. soil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 95], "content_span": [96, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011571-0016-0000", "contents": "147th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nDuring the first decade of the 2000s, the unit engaged in combat operations in supporting Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Iraqi Freedom, deployed to Guam, participated in the Hurricane Katrina Relief Effort, supported numerous Raven assignments, supported our AEF cycles and other missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 95], "content_span": [96, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011571-0017-0000", "contents": "147th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nIn an effort to support the international response to the unrest in Libya and enforcement of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 of a no-fly zone over Libya, the 313th Air Expeditionary Wing, with the 171st wing as the lead unit, was stood up in March 2011 by a blend of active duty, guard and reserve airmen. A total of 1500 sorties, 11000 flying hours, and 70 million pounds of fuel transferred aircraft from more than ten countries was accomplished by this citizen-airmen volunteer militia force. Initially, the operation for the no-fly zone was called Operation Odyssey Dawn. As it transitioned to a full-fledged, NATO-led effort, it became Operation Unified Protector. OUP officially ended 31 October 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 95], "content_span": [96, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011571-0018-0000", "contents": "147th Air Refueling Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011572-0000-0000", "contents": "147th Air Support Operations Squadron\nThe United States Air Force's 147th Air Support Operations Squadron is a combat support unit located at Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base, Houston, Texas. The 147th provides tactical command and control of air power assets to the Joint Forces Air Component Commander and Joint Forces Land Component Commander for combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011572-0001-0000", "contents": "147th Air Support Operations Squadron, State Partnership Program\nThe SPP evolved from a 1991 U.S. European Command decision to set up the Joint Contact Team Program in the Baltic Region with Reserve component Soldiers and Airmen. A subsequent National Guard Bureau proposal paired U.S. states with three nations emerging from the former Soviet Bloc and the SPP was born, becoming a key U.S. security cooperation tool, facilitating cooperation across all aspects of international civil-military affairs and encouraging people-to-people ties at the state level.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0000-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing\nThe 147th Attack Wing (147 ATKW) is a unit of the Texas Air National Guard, stationed at Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base, Houston, Texas. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0001-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing\nThe 111th Attack Squadron, assigned to the Wing's 167th Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the World War I 111th Aero Squadron, established on 14 August 1917. It was reformed on 29 June 1923, as the 111th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0002-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, Overview\nThe 147th Attack Wing, at Ellington Field in Houston, TX, flies combat support missions 24/7 via advanced satellite communications thus providing surveillance, reconnaissance, and air support for US and Allied forces. In conducting combat support sorties, the 147 ATKW provides theater and national-level leadership with critical real-time Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance and air-to-ground munitions and strike capability. A colocated Air Support Operations Squadron provides terminal control for weapons employment in a close air support scenario integrating combat air and ground operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0003-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, History\nIn 1957, the Texas Air National Guard 111th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, stationed at Ellington Air Force Base, near Houston was authorized to expand to a group level under the 136th Air Defense Wing. On 1 July 1957, the National Guard Bureau extended federal recognition to the 147th Fighter-Interceptor Group. The 111th FIS was reassigned from the 136th Fighter-Interceptor Group to the 147th FIG, becoming the new group's flying squadron. Support squadrons of the 147th FIG were the 144th Headquarters, 144th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 144th Combat Support Squadron, and the 144th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0004-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, History, Air Defense\nInitially equipped with the F-86D Sabre Interceptor, in June 1959 the squadron traded their F-86Ds for the upgraded F-86L Sabre Interceptor with uprated afterburning engines and new electronics. In August 1960 the unit became one of the first to transition to the F-102A Delta Dagger Mach-2 all-weather interceptor and began a 24-hour alert to guard the Texas Gulf coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0005-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, History, Air Defense\nIn August 1961, as part of an Air Defense Command re-organization, the Group's assignment to 136th Air Defense Wing was terminated with 136th being transferred to Tactical Air Command. The 147th was directly assigned to the Texas Air National Guard, being operationally gained by the Air Defense Command 33d Air Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0006-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, History, Air Defense\nOn 1 January 1970, the squadron was re-designated as the 111th Combat Crew Training Squadron and served as the Air National Guard's RTU (Replacement Training Unit) for the TF/F-102A, In 1971, when the active-duty force ceased F-102A training and closed Perrin AFB, Texas on 30 June 1971, the Houston-based 111th FIS became the Replacement Training Unit (RTU) for all Air Defense Command F-102 pilots, and the squadron received several TF-102A dual-seat trainers which were transferred from Perrin AFB while also retaining the T-33A instrument training function.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0007-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, History, Air Defense\nOne pilot who flew TF/F-102As with the 111th was 1st Lt . George W. Bush, a future Governor of Texas and future President of the United States. George W. Bush's military service began in 1968 when he enlisted in the Texas Air National Guard after graduating with a bachelor's degree in history from Yale University. After being accepted into the ANG, Airman Basic Bush was selected to attend pilot training. His six weeks of basic training was completed at Lackland AFB in Texas during July and August 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0007-0001", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, History, Air Defense\nUpon its completion, Bush was promoted to the officer's rank of second lieutenant required for pilot candidates. He spent the next year in flight school at Moody AFB in Georgia from November 1968 to November 1969. Bush then returned to Ellington AFB in Texas to complete seven months of combat crew training on the F-102 from December 1969 to June 1970. This period included five weeks of training on the T-33 Shooting Star and 16 weeks aboard the TF-102 Delta Dagger two-seat trainer and finally the single-seat F-102A. Bush graduated from the training program in June 1970. Lt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0007-0002", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, History, Air Defense\n. Bush remained in the Texas ANG as a certified F-102 pilot who participated in frequent drills and alerts through April 1972. Lt . Bush was honorably discharged from the Air National Guard in October 1973 at the rank of First Lieutenant. An ANG physical dated 15 May 1971 indicates that he had logged 625 flight hours by that time, and he ultimately completed 326 hours as pilot and 10 as co-pilot while serving with the 111th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0008-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, History, Air Defense\nIn May 1971, the 111th added F-101B/F Voodoos and became the RTU tar the twin seat F-101F type, while continuing as the F-102 Delta Dagger RTU. In January 1975, after 14 years of service, the unit's F-102s were retired, but the unit maintained a full fleet of F-101s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0009-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, History, Air Defense\nThe 111th also operated detachment 1 of the 147th FIW at New Orleans. The detachment was apart from the squadron in that it maintained constant alert status whilst facing towards Cuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0010-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, History, Air Defense\nIn October 1979, in as part of the inactivation of Aerospace Defense Command, the USAF gained command responsibilities which shifted to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and a sub-organization equivalent to a numbered air force designated as Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC). In 1982, the F-101s were retired and ADTAC re-equipped the 111th with the McDonnell F-4C Phantom II and continued its air defense mission. Most of the F-4Cs the squadron received were Vietnam War veteran aircraft. In November 1986, the F-4Cs were replaced by later-model F-4Ds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0011-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, History, Air Defense\nIn December 1989 the 111th FIS started receiving block 15 F-16A/B Fighting Falcon aircraft to replace their F-4Ds. The last F-16 arrived in April 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0012-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, History, Air Defense\nIn 1992, only a few years following the acceptance of their block 15s, they converted to the ADF variant of the block 15. On 15 March 1992 the 111th FIS was re-designated the 111th Fighter Squadron when its parent 147th Fighter Group converted to the USAF Objective Organization plan. Also in 1992 the 111th FS celebrated their 75th anniversary. To commemorate this F-16A ADF #82-1001 was painted in special markings including a big Texas flag painted on the fuselage underside. During September 1995, the 111th FS ended its alert detachment in New Orleans with the F-101 Voodoo, also the 147th was upgraded to a Wing, with the 111th Fighter Squadron being assigned to the new 147th Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0013-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nIn late 1996 the 111th started to retire their ADF F-16s to AMARC. To replace these aircraft the squadron received the block 25 F-16C/D Fighting Falcon. Transition started in September 1996 and was completed by February 1997. This brought a change in role which officially happened in October 1998. The role went from air-to-air to an air-to-ground mission. After returning from an Operation Southern Watch mission at Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia in October 2000, the squadron added Precision Guided Munitions to its arsenal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0014-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nFollowing the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, four 111th Fighter Squadron aircraft were launched to escort President George W. Bush, onboard Air Force 1 from Florida to Louisiana, Nebraska and finally back to Washington DC that same day. December 2001 saw the 111th deploy to Atlantic City, New Jersey, to fly Air Defense Combat Air Patrol missions over New York, Philadelphia and Washington DC in support of Operation Noble Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0015-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn August 2005 components of the 111th Fighter Squadron and 147th Fighter Wing deployed to Balad Airbase, Iraq to conduct combat operations in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and the Global War on Terrorism. The men and women of the 111th FS/147th FW once again distinguished themselves by flying 462 sorties and almost 1,900 hours in a two-month span; with a perfect record of 100% maintenance delivery (zero missed sorties), 100% mission effectiveness, and 100% weapons employment/hits under the most challenging combat conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0016-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn April 2007, components of the 111th Fighter Squadron and 147th Fighter Wing again deployed to Balad Airbase, Iraq for the Iraq War. On this deployment, the 111th Fighter Squadron flew 348 tasked sorties, plus six no-notice Close Air Support (CAS) alert scrambles and four short-notice (less than 30 minutes & not on the Air Tasking Order.) pre-planned alert launches. With an average combat sortie lasting almost 4.42 hours, the unit accumulated a total of 1537.1 combat hours. Maintenance delivery effectiveness for this deployment was an astonishing 102% due to the inclusion of the unscheduled CAS scrambles. Mission effectiveness and weapons employment were both once again a perfect 100%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0017-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, History, BRAC 2005 reorganization\nDuring the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission, it was recommended that the F-16 Block 25s be retired. Texas Governor, Rick Perry, reacted quickly and made sure the unit could remain alive and did so by securing MQ-1 Predator operations. This is an unmanned aircraft and although not exactly what the 111th FS had hoped for, it would keep the unit going well into the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0018-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, History, BRAC 2005 reorganization\nAs was earlier planned in 2005, the 111th FS gave up its last two F-16s on 7 June 2008 and F-16 operations drew to a close. The MQ-1 replaced the F-16 and the parent wing was renamed the 147th Reconnaissance Wing that same month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011573-0019-0000", "contents": "147th Attack Wing, History, BRAC 2005 reorganization\nThe 111th RS received its first MQ-9 Reaper on 28 July 2017, and the parent wing was renamed 147th Attack Wing shortly thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011574-0000-0000", "contents": "147th Automobile Base\nThe 147th Automobile Base is a motor transport company of the Russian Armed Forces, in the structures of the Ministry of Defense, whose task is to provide vehicles for the military command of the MoD, as well as servicing foreign military delegations, and the leadership of military districts/fleets of the Russian Navy arriving in Moscow on a service need at the request of the Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011574-0001-0000", "contents": "147th Automobile Base, History, Creation and early years\nOn 25 October 1918, the Communication Service was formed via an order of the Revolutionary Military Council to be used for the expedition of mail and official correspondence from its headquarters. On International Workers Day in 1922, servicemen of the garage unit took its first military oath during the military parade on Red Square. By the end of the 1930s, it was renamed to the automobile bases of the People's Commissariat of Defense and had become larger under Armored Directorate of the Red Army. In 1938, construction began on its present-day headquarters on 9 Presnensky Val Street, a unique six-story building in which cars on all floors could enter and exit at the same time, designed by architect Mikhail Minkus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011574-0002-0000", "contents": "147th Automobile Base, History, Second World War\nJust before the start of the Great Patriotic War, the motor depot formed several convoys to send to the front, ensuring the transportation of representatives of the State Defense Committee in the battlefield. On 13 May 1944, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet was awarded with the Order of the Red Star. The depot was responsible for maintenance during the Yalta Conference in 1945, during which it was, by order of the Rear Chief of the Red Army, 14 of its best drivers of the selected and sent to the Crimea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011574-0003-0000", "contents": "147th Automobile Base, History, 1946-2009\nIn June 1946, the NKO Motor Depot was subordinated to the General Staff of the Soviet Army and was headed by Major General Alexander Gladkov. Since 1975, car depot has taken part in the annual competition \"For traffic safety\", which is held among all car companies in Moscow. More than 60 drivers of the depot have in different years been awarded the honorary title of \"The best driver of the city of Moscow\". Personnel of the base took part in military exercises such as \"Dnepr\", \"West-77\", and \"South\" during the Cold War. In 2009, it was abolished as a structural subdivision of the Ministry of Defense, with its equipment and structural units being transferred to the 147 Automobile Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011574-0004-0000", "contents": "147th Automobile Base, History, 1946-2009\nOn the occasion of its 75th anniversary in July 2019, the servicemen of the base demonstrated the UAZ assembly, elements of extreme driving, as well as \"danced\" the waltz on all cars that historically took part in military parades in Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011574-0005-0000", "contents": "147th Automobile Base, Role in Moscow Parades\nIt plays a major role in all military parades on Red Square, particularly the Moscow Victory Day Parade. It specifically provides two drivers for the insepction cars of the Minister of Defence and the parade commander. Prior to 1945, most were held on horseback, with a parade convertible being used for the first time in 1940. Cars replaced horses at military parades in 1953, the year of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011574-0005-0001", "contents": "147th Automobile Base, Role in Moscow Parades\nThis led to the base having a more active role in parades, with the main vehicle then being a ZIS-110B. In 1981, the ZIL-115V was introduced, with three convertibles being built at the Likhachev Plant to participate in parades. It took part in military parade. on Red Square until 2009, being replaced by a black version that year. In 2019, the ZILs were replaced by a specialized Aurus Senat armored limousine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011574-0006-0000", "contents": "147th Automobile Base, Base band\nThe base military band was founded in 1977 when musician Yuri Saygashov was asked to organize a band within the General Staff. In 1996, the band, which by that time had become a regular unit, was headed by Yakov Zinoviev. From 2001 to 2008, it was directed by Yuri Kubyshkin, and from 2008 to 2011, it was directee by Andrei Nisenbaum. Both of them, like many band members, are graduates of the Military Institute of Military Conductors. Since June 2011, the band has been led by Anton Mezentsev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011574-0006-0001", "contents": "147th Automobile Base, Base band\nCurrently 13 contract servicemen and 7 conscripts serve in the band, serving as one of the leading creative units in the territory of the former Moscow Military District. It is part of the Combined Military Band of the Moscow Garrison during all Victory Day Parades, and takes part in various large ceremonial and mourning events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011575-0000-0000", "contents": "147th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 147th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011576-0000-0000", "contents": "147th Combat Communications Squadron\nThe United States Air Force's 147th Combat Communications Squadron (147 CBCS) is an Air National Guard combat communications unit located at San Diego, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011576-0001-0000", "contents": "147th Combat Communications Squadron, Mission\nTo provide rapidly-deployable communications support for global combat operations and disaster response, utilizing highly skilled Airmen and leading-edge communications technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011576-0002-0000", "contents": "147th Combat Communications Squadron, History\nThe 147th Combat Communications Squadron was constituted as the 147th Aircraft Control Squadron (147 ACS) on May 27, 1946. Prior to its constitution, the unit was allocated to the National Guard Bureau and was later assigned to the state of California on May 24, 1946. The 147 ACS was organized as a unit on June 20, 1948, at the Lockheed Air Terminal, in Burbank, California. The Secretary of the Army bestowed Federal recognition on the unit on July 18, 1948. The unit later moved to its new home in San Fernando Valley Airport, California on January 26, 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011577-0000-0000", "contents": "147th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011577-0001-0000", "contents": "147th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 147th Division (\u7b2c147\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuyonj\u016bnana Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Hokkaido Protection Division (\u8b77\u5317\u5175\u56e3, Koho Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Asahikawa as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011577-0002-0000", "contents": "147th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nInitially the 147th division has stayed on Tomakomai positions vacated by 77th Division. After formation of the 147th division was complete, it was assigned to newly created 52nd army and sent to Mobara in Chiba Prefecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011577-0003-0000", "contents": "147th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 147th division was tasked with the coastal defense. The division did not see any combat until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945 except for air raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011577-0004-0000", "contents": "147th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nShortage of equipment during 147th division formation was severe. Only one of seven men had rifles, with the balance equipped with bamboo spears, and bayonets were forged from the rails of the Asahikawa Electric Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011577-0005-0000", "contents": "147th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nTeiichi Tamura, the commander of the 426th infantry regiment, was executed according to the verdict of the controversial International Military Tribunal for the Far East for his role in the killing of the downed Allied pilot in the course of the Ichinomiya-machi incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011578-0000-0000", "contents": "147th Georgia General Assembly\nThe 2003 regular session of the 147th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia met from January 13, 2003, at 10:00 am, to Friday, April 25, at midnight, at which time both houses adjourned sine die. Control of the General Assembly was split between the Republican-controlled Senate and the Democratic-controlled House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011578-0001-0000", "contents": "147th Georgia General Assembly\nThis was the longest legislative session in more than a century. 122 general House bills, 174 local House bills, 77 general Senate bills and 41 local Senate bills passed both chambers of the legislature and were sent to the governor for his signature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011578-0002-0000", "contents": "147th Georgia General Assembly\nThe 2004 regular session of the Georgia General Assembly opened at 10:00 am on Monday, January 12, 2004, and adjourned sine die at midnight on Wednesday, April 7, 2004. The legislature passed 138 general House bills, 160 local House bills, 71 general Senate bills and 25 local Senate bills, which were sent to the governor for his signature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011578-0003-0000", "contents": "147th Georgia General Assembly\nIn addition, Governor Sonny Perdue called for a special session, which met from May 3, 2004, to May 7, 2004, in order to handle the unbalanced budget that had been passed at the end of the regular session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011579-0000-0000", "contents": "147th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 147th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011579-0001-0000", "contents": "147th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 147th Illinois Infantry was organized at Chicago, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on February 18, 1865, for a one-year enlistment. The 147th served in garrisons and operated against guerillas in Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011579-0002-0000", "contents": "147th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on January 20, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011579-0003-0000", "contents": "147th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 3 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded, and 31 enlisted men who died of disease for a total of 34 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011580-0000-0000", "contents": "147th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 147th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between March 13 and August 4, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011580-0001-0000", "contents": "147th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment consisted of seven companies recruited from the 5th district, two companies from the 11th, and one composed of detachments from Benton, Henry, and Fayette counties. The regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, with a strength of 1,078 men and mustered in on March 13, 1865. It left Indiana for Harper's Ferry, West Virginia on March 16. It was attached to the 1st Brigade of the 3rd Provisional Division, Army of the Shenandoah, and guard duty at Charleston, Stevenson's Station, Summit Point, Berryville, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia and Maryland Heights, Missouri till early August. During its service the regiment incurred forty-four fatalities, and another sixty-three deserted, unaccounted for one man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011581-0000-0000", "contents": "147th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 147th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army, part of the Territorial Force (Territorial Army after 1920), that served in both the First and the Second World Wars with the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011581-0001-0000", "contents": "147th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Formation\nThe brigade was raised in 1908 upon the creation of the Territorial Force as the 2nd West Riding Brigade, part of the West Riding Division. The brigades' composition was of the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th Volunteer battalions of the Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011581-0002-0000", "contents": "147th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nThe division was mobilised in early August 1914 when the First World War began and, when asked, most of the men volunteered for Imperial Service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011581-0003-0000", "contents": "147th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nIn May 1915 the division was numbered as the 49th (West Riding) Division and the brigade became 147th (1/2nd) West Riding Brigade. The battalions were also redesignated, adopting the '1/' prefix (1/4th DWR) to distinguish them from the 2nd Line battalions being formed at the same time in 186th (2/2nd West Riding) Brigade, part of 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011581-0003-0001", "contents": "147th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nMost of these 2nd Line units consisted of the few men who did not originally wish to serve overseas, or were not eligible, and the battalions were to act as a reserve for the 1st Line units when they were sent overseas. However, following the Military Service Act 1916, most of these did end up being sent overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011581-0004-0000", "contents": "147th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nThe brigade served with the division mainly in the Great War in the trenches of the Western Front. During the war the brigade was awarded a Victoria Cross belonging to Private Arthur Poulter of the 1/4th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011581-0005-0000", "contents": "147th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Interwar\nBoth the brigade and division were disbanded shortly after the end of the war, as was the rest of the Territorial Force. However, both were reformed in the Territorial Army, which was formed on a similar basis as the Territorial Force and the brigade, now the 147th (2nd West Riding) Infantry Brigade, again with all four battalions of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment were also reconstituted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011581-0006-0000", "contents": "147th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Interwar\nIn the late 1930s, however, the United Kingdom strengthened its air defences by converting many infantry battalions of the Territorial Army into anti-aircraft and searchlight battalions. As a result, in 1936, the 5th Battalion, Duke of Wellington's Regiment was transferred to the Royal Engineers and converted into the 43rd (The Duke of Wellington's Regiment) Anti - Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers. It was assigned to the 31st (North Midland) Anti - Aircraft Group, 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division (itself converted from HQ of 46th (North Midland) Division) alongside other infantry battalions that had been converted into the anti-aircraft or searchlight role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011581-0007-0000", "contents": "147th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Interwar\nIn 1938 the 4th Battalion was transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted into the 58th (The Duke of Wellington's) Anti -Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery and served as the anti-tank regiment for the 49th Division. In the same year, the brigade received the 5th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment from the 146th (1st West Riding) Infantry Brigade of the division. The brigade was later redesignated the 147th Infantry Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011581-0008-0000", "contents": "147th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nDuring the Second World War, the 147th Brigade remained as part of the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division throughout the war but did not see service in the Norwegian Campaign, being replaced in the division by the Regular 24th Guards Brigade and remained in the United Kingdom. The brigade was stationed in Iceland, and adopted as its insignia the polar bear on an ice floe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011581-0008-0001", "contents": "147th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nIn 1942 it was transferred back to the United Kingdom until June 1944, when it invaded Normandy shortly after the initial D-Day landings on 6 June and fought in the battle for Caen in Operation Martlet (where 6th DWR suffered such severe casualties that it was disbanded) and the Second Battle of the Odon and later in the capture of Le Havre (Operation Astonia), clearing the Channel Coast, and the Battle of the Scheldt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011581-0008-0002", "contents": "147th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nWith the rest of 49th Division, the brigade fought its last battle of the war in April 1945 in the Liberation of Arnhem and the fierce battles that led up to it. During the fighting on the Continent, the 49th Infantry Division was nicknamed the \"Polar Bears\" because of their divisional insignia and were christened by Lord Haw-Haw, the Nazi propaganda broadcaster, as the \"Polar Bear Butchers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011582-0000-0000", "contents": "147th Mixed Brigade\nThe 147th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army that participated in the Spanish Civil War, deployed on the Andalusia front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011582-0001-0000", "contents": "147th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe unit was created on May 1, 1937 from troops from the old Maroto Column and recruits from the reserves. The first commander of the 147th MB was Francisco Maroto del Ojo, former commander of the Maroto column. Subsequently, the unit was assigned to the 23rd Division. For most of the war, the brigade did not intervene in relevant military operations. On March 20, 1938, it intervened in a small attack that sought to regain lost positions near Higuera de Calatrava, although the attempt failed. A few months later, on November 19, one of its battalions stormed a nationalist position. The 147th MB disappeared with the end of the war, in March 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011583-0000-0000", "contents": "147th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 147th New York Infantry Regiment, the \"Oswego Regiment\" or \"Ploughboys\", was an infantry regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011583-0001-0000", "contents": "147th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 147th New York was organized in Oswego, New York and mustered in for three years in September 1862; all companies were recruited from Oswego County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011583-0002-0000", "contents": "147th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left the State in September 1862 and served in the defenses of Washington; in the Provost Guard of the Army of the Potomac, from December; in 1st Division, 1st Corps, from March 1863; in multiple divisions of 5th Corps from March 1864; and was honorably discharged and mustered out June 7, 1865, near Washington, D.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011583-0003-0000", "contents": "147th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 147th, after serving in defenses and on guard duty, was under fire for the first time at Fitzhugh's crossing below Fredericksburg, one of the first movements of the Chancellorsville campaign, losing some killed and wounded. It was in reserve at Chancellorsville and sustained no losses. It marched on the field at the opening of Gettysburg where the order to retire failed to reach them as their commander was wounded, so they temporarily held their ground with significant casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011583-0003-0001", "contents": "147th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment took part in the Mine Run campaign\u2014the last campaign of the 1st corps\u2014sustaining a few casualties, and then went into winter quarters at Brandy Station. In March, 1864, when the 1st corps was broken up, it was assigned to the 5th (Warren's) corps, and was actively engaged in all the battles of the corps during Grant's bloody campaign of 1864\u201365.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011583-0004-0000", "contents": "147th New York Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe total enrollment of the regiment during service was 2,102. During its service the regiment lost by death, killed in action, 5 officers, 107 enlisted men; of wounds received in action, 4 officers, 52 enlisted men; of disease and other causes, 2 officers, 177 enlisted men; total, 11 officers, 336 enlisted men; aggregate, 347; of whom 71 enlisted men died in the hands of the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011584-0000-0000", "contents": "147th New York State Legislature\nThe 147th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 2 to April 11, 1924, during the second year of Al Smith's second tenure as Governor of New York, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011584-0001-0000", "contents": "147th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011584-0002-0000", "contents": "147th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011584-0003-0000", "contents": "147th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1923, was held on November 6. The only statewide elective office up for election was a judgeship on the New York Court of Appeals which was carried by Democrat Irving Lehman who had been endorsed by the Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011584-0004-0000", "contents": "147th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 2, 1924; and adjourned in the morning of April 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011584-0005-0000", "contents": "147th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011584-0006-0000", "contents": "147th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011584-0007-0000", "contents": "147th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011585-0000-0000", "contents": "147th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 147th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 147th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 147th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011585-0001-0000", "contents": "147th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 147th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 16, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Benjamin F. Rosson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011585-0002-0000", "contents": "147th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 20 and was attached to 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to July. 2nd Brigade, DeHussy's Division, XXII Corps, to August. Assigned to garrison duty at Fort Ethan Allen, Fort Marcy, Fort Reno, and Fort Stevens, Defenses of Washington, until August 23. Repulse of Early's attack on Washington July 11\u201312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011585-0003-0000", "contents": "147th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 147th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service August 30, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011585-0004-0000", "contents": "147th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011585-0005-0000", "contents": "147th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 22 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011586-0000-0000", "contents": "147th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 147th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011586-0001-0000", "contents": "147th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 147th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Loudoun Heights, Virginia from surplus companies of the 28th Pennsylvania Infantry and mustered in as Companies A, B, C, D, and E for a three-year enlistment on October 10, 1862 under the command of Colonel Ario Pardee Jr.. Companies F, G, and H were organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania September 29 through November 20, 1862. Company I was organized at Philadelphia on October 10, 1862. Company K was organized in October 1864 from men in Companies A through E who chose not to reenlist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011586-0002-0000", "contents": "147th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1863, and Army of the Cumberland to April 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to July 1865. Duty in the Department of Washington until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011586-0003-0000", "contents": "147th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 147th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out of service on July 15, 1865. Companies F and G mustered out on June 6, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011586-0004-0000", "contents": "147th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty at Bolivar Heights, Va., until December 1862. Reconnaissance to Rippon, Va., November 9, and to Winchester, Va., December 2\u20136. Moved to Fredericksburg December 10\u201314. At Stafford Court House until April 27, 1863. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, \"Mud March,\" January 20\u201324. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. Pursuit of Lee July 524. Movement to Bridgeport, Ala., September 24-October 3. Reopening Tennessee River October 26\u201329. Wauhatchie, Tenn., October 28\u201329. Chattanooga Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Battles of Lookout Mountain November 23\u201324 and Missionary Ridge November 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011586-0004-0001", "contents": "147th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nRinggold Gap, Taylor's Ridge, November 27. Guard duty on Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad until April 1864. Expedition down the Tennessee River to Triana, Ala., April 12\u201316. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Dug Gap or Mill Creek May 8. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Near Cassville May 19. New Hope Church May 25. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 26-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011586-0004-0002", "contents": "147th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nGilgal or Golgotha Church June 15. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 6\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2-November 15. Near Atlanta November 9. March to the sea November 15-December 10. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Carolinas Campaign January to April 1865. North Edisto River, S.C., February 12\u201313. Red Bank and Congaree Creek February 15 Averysboro, N.C., March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh, N.C., April 9\u201313. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 20. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 983]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011586-0005-0000", "contents": "147th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 142 men during service; 7 officers and 71 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 61 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0000-0000", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States)\nThe 147th Regiment (Regional Training Institute) is a training regiment of the Ohio Army National Guard. Previously known as the 147th Infantry Regiment and the 6th Ohio Infantry, it has served in several American wars as a combat infantry unit, but now maintains the Ohio Regional Training Institute (RTI) in Columbus, Ohio. Its regimental motto is Cargoneek Guyoxim, which is Chippewa Indian for \"Always Ready.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0001-0000", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States), History\nThe 147th Regiment (Regional Training Institute), previously known as the 6th Ohio Infantry, served in the Civil War, Pancho Villa Expedition, World War I, and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0002-0000", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nThe 6th Ohio was organized in southwestern Ohio in the spring of 1861 and was mustered into Federal service on 12 May. Most of its recruits were from Hamilton County and surrounding areas. The Colonel and first commander was William K. Bosley, and Nicholas Longworth Anderson of Cincinnati was its first Lieutenant Colonel. Anderson did serve as the COL of the regiment during its last two years of service. The 6th was first sent to western Virginia before mustering out when its initial three-months term of enlistment expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0002-0001", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nReorganized as a three-years regiment, the 6th Ohio Infantry spent the next three years in the Western Theater before being mustered out on 23 June 1864. While serving, the regiment engaged in several skirmishes and two major campaigns; Murfreesboro, and Chickamauga. Towards the end of their service, they fought in Major General William Tecumseh Sherman's Atlanta Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0003-0000", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States), History, Cuba, Mexico, and World War I\nThe 6th Ohio Infantry was mustered into federal service on 7 May 1898 to fight in the Spanish\u2013American War. The Ohioans never engaged in combat with the enemy, but served in the occupation force of Cuba from 3 January \u2013 21 April 1899. They returned to the United States and were mustered out in Cincinnati on 25 October 1899. On 19 June 1916, the Ohioans were mobilized to defend the Mexico\u2013United States border near El Paso, Texas, where they patrolled for 9 months. They were released from federal service on 17 March 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0003-0001", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States), History, Cuba, Mexico, and World War I\nThis demobilization wouldn't last however, and the regiment was called up again 10 days later for service in World War I on 27 March 1917. The 147th Infantry Regiment was born on 25 October 1917, when the 6th Ohio absorbed elements of the 1st and 5th Ohio Regiments. It was assigned to the 37th Infantry Division, the \"Buckeye\" Division, and began its training at Camp Sheridan, just outside of Montgomery, Alabama. On 22 June 1918, the 74th Brigade (includes the 147th and 148th Infantry Regiments), departed from Newport News, Virginia, and arrived in France on 5 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0004-0000", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States), History, Cuba, Mexico, and World War I\nAfter training in the Bourmont sector behind the frontline, the 147th relieved elements of the 77th Infantry Division in the Baccarat sector on 2 August 1918. This was a quiet sector, and the regiment continued to train under the tutelage of the French VI Corps. The 147th Infantry remained in the frontlines until 14 September 1918, when the 14th French Division relieved them. In the Meuse-Argonne, the 147th acted as a reserve for the 79th Infantry Division in the Avocourt sector, as a part of the US V Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0004-0001", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States), History, Cuba, Mexico, and World War I\nThe 37th and adjacent 79th Infantry Divisions advanced on heavy German positions and continued to push the enemy back. On 1 October, the units of the 37th Division were relieved by the 32d Infantry Division, and the 147th Infantry was relieved by elements of the 2d Infantry Division. The 147th was soon transferred to IV Corps control, where they relieved a regiment of the 89th Infantry Division on the frontline on 3 October, and remained until 11 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0005-0000", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States), History, Cuba, Mexico, and World War I\nFollowing this assignment, the 147th traveled with the 37th Division to Hooglede, near Ypres, and took part in the Ypres-Lys starting on 31 October. Continuous advance against heavy enemy fire characterized this assault. The men of the regiment swam across the Boche River on 2 November in the face of enemy fire, and prepared to cross the Scheldt. After fighting day and night, they crossed the Scheldt, and consolidated positions on the far bank. They were relieved on the night of 4\u20135 November and enjoyed some rest in the town of Thielt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0005-0001", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States), History, Cuba, Mexico, and World War I\nOn 8 November they were back in the fighting, and continued to advance until the last minute. The Armistice of 11 November 1918 brought the fighting to an end, and the 147th camped at Le Mans, France until they returned home to Ohio on 19 April 1919. They were demobilized from federal service that same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0006-0000", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nAt the beginning of US involvement in World War II, the 147th became a \"lost regiment\" when it pulled out of the 37th Infantry Division to triangularize it in 1942. The regiment went to war in the South Pacific as an independent regiment, and fought in several battles alongside a greater number of United States Marine Corps troops. The 147th first engaged in combat at Guadalcanal, where it took part in the assault on Mt. Austen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0006-0001", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nDuring this battle, General Alexander Patch was forced to reorganize his forces due to combat losses, and created the CAM (Composite Army-Marine) Division, which consisted of the 147th Infantry Regiment, the 182nd Infantry Regiment, and the 6th Marine Regiment, along with artillery elements from the Americal Division and the 2nd Marine Division. In early January 1943, I Company and a platoon of M Company cut off the Japanese escape routes along a 20-mile front while the CAM pushed the defenders back towards the western beach of Guadalcanal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0006-0002", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nAlong the coast, the CAM Division began its attack at the same time with a three-regiment front: the 6th Marines on the beach, the 147th Infantry in the center, and the 182nd Infantry abreast of 25th Infantry Division on the left. Alternating the lead attack position, the 147th Infantry, the 182nd Infantry, and the 6th Marines progressed from one to three miles a day through weak resistance. By 8 February these units had reached Doma Cove, nine miles beyond the Poha River and the same distance short of Cape Esperance. By 9 February 1943, the Americans had cleared the island, and the 147th moved on to its next assignment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0007-0000", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe regiment relieved the 4th Marines on Emirau Island on 11 April 1944 and performed garrison duties until they were relieved by the 369th Infantry Regiment in June. While they were on Emirau, they assisted the US Navy Seabees in constructing an airfield, because the 147th was the only infantry regiment who'd constructed an airfield before (at Tonga in 1942). The regiment then moved to the island of Saipan in the wake of the first landings to conduct mopping up operations behind the 2nd Marine Division, the 4th Marine Division, and the 27th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0007-0001", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe island was declared secure on 9 July 1944, but Japanese resistance continued for months afterward. The 147th next moved to the island of Tinian to follow elements of the 2nd and 4th Marine Divisions as they assaulted through the island. The 147th rooted out stubborn Japanese defenders and continued fighting after the island was officially declared secure on 1 August 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0008-0000", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe regiment's next assignment would prove to be their most difficult; in the spring of 1945, the Ohioans fought in the Battle of Iwo Jima. In the early days of the Marine landings, the 147th was ordered to climb from landing craft with grappling hooks to scale a high ridge about 3/4 mile from Mount Suribachi. The mission was to fire on the enemy opposing the Marine landings on the beaches below. They were soon pinned down by heavy Japanese fire, and engaged in non-stop fighting for 3 months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0008-0001", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nOnce the island was declared secure, the regiment was ostensibly there to act as a garrison force, but they soon found themselves locked in a bitter struggle against thousands of stalwart defenders engaging in a last-ditch guerilla campaign to harass the Americans. Using well-supplied caves and tunnel systems, the Japanese resisted American advances. For three months, the 147th methodically scoured the island, using flamethrowers, grenades, and satchel charges to ferret out the enemy. Some sources credit the regiment with killing at least 6,000 Japanese soldiers in those anonymous and merciless small unit actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0008-0002", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe 147th would go on to fight in the bloody Battle of Okinawa, once again in charge of rooting out stubborn Japanese defenders who remained even after the island was declared secure. Company D, which remained on the island of Tinian, earned the distinction of transporting and guarding the Little Boy atomic bomb. When the war ended on 2 September 1945, the 147th Infantry was sent home piecemeal, and the last men to return home arrived in March 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0009-0000", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nDuring World War II, the 147th Infantry Regiment fought in the infamous battles of Guadalcanal, Saipan, Tinian, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. These battles are often associated with the US Marines, but no US unit other than the 147th fought in all of these battles. Aside from the combat on the battlefield, the 147th was also victim of little press, fighting alongside Marines and the Navy, whose units commanded better public relations exposure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011587-0010-0000", "contents": "147th Regiment (United States), History, Present\nIn 1994, the 147th Infantry was redesignated as the 147th Armor until 2007. Today the lineage of the 147th Infantry Regiment is perpetuated by 147th Regiment (Regional Training Institute) of the Ohio Army National Guard in Columbus, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011588-0000-0000", "contents": "147th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe 147th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (147 RAC) was an armoured regiment of the Royal Armoured Corps raised by the British Army in the Second World War. The regiment was created by the conversion of the 10th Battalion, Hampshire Regiment. The regiment served in North-west Europe from June 1944 to May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011588-0001-0000", "contents": "147th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\nThe regiment was formed by converting the 10th Battalion, Hampshire Regiment, a war service battalion raised in July 1940 serving with the 201st Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), along with the 9th Hampshires. The regiment was commanded by Lt. Col. A.R.W.S. Koe. In common with all other infantry battalions that were transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, the personnel would have still continued to wear their Hampshire Regiment cap badges on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps. The regiment named their tanks after famous past battles fought by the Hampshire Regiment, the CO's tank being named \"Minden\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011588-0002-0000", "contents": "147th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\nThe regiment, equipped with Churchill tanks, was assigned to the 34th Army Tank Brigade (34th Tank Brigade from June 1942) in December 1941. Serving alongside 147 RAC was the North Irish Horse and 153 RAC. In June 1942, the brigade became part of the 1st Mixed Infantry Division as part of an experiment with 'Mixed Divisions', of one armoured and two infantry brigades. In September, it was transferred to the 43rd Mixed Infantry Division, training in infantry-tank co-operation. However, in September 1943, the brigade became an independent brigade after the experiment with 'Mixed Divisions' was abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011588-0003-0000", "contents": "147th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\nIn late June 1944, 147 RAC was sent, with the rest of the brigade, overseas to France as part of the invasion of Normandy and fought in the Normandy Campaign in particular during Operation Greenline, part of the Second Battle of the Odon launched in mid-July. During the battle, 147 RAC suffered 47 casualties between 15\u201318 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011588-0003-0001", "contents": "147th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\nThe regiment continued to serve with the brigade in Normandy until the breakout and later in the Siege of Le Havre (Operation Astonia), the Battle of the Reichswald (Operation Veritable, where the regiment suffered very heavy casualties and could only muster two weak squadrons) in February 1945, and the crossing of the River Rhine (Operation Plunder), when the Allies invaded Germany in March 1945. After Victory in Europe Day, on 8 May 1945, the regiment and brigade began preparing for service in the South-East Asian theatre. These preparations were halted as a result of the Japanese surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011589-0000-0000", "contents": "147th Street (Sibley Boulevard) station\n147th Street (Sibley Boulevard) is one of two Metra Electric stations located on its Main Branch in Harvey, Illinois. The station is located on 147th Street (IL 83, also known as Sibley Boulevard), and Clinton Street, and is 18.98 miles (30.55\u00a0km) away from the northern terminus at Randolph Street Station. In Metra's zone-based fare system, 147th Street-Sibley Boulevard Station is in zone D. As of 2018, the station is the 62nd busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 829 weekday boardings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011589-0001-0000", "contents": "147th Street (Sibley Boulevard) station\nThe station is named after both of the names for Illinois Route 83 in Harvey; Sibley Boulevard, and 147th Street. The only other station to be given two street names in one is 211th Street (Lincoln Highway), also on the Metra Electric main line. The bridge over Route 83 has a clearance of 13\u00a0ft 10\u00a0in (4.22\u00a0m), and part of the waiting room is built underneath the north side of the bridge. A large parking lot exists on the east side of the tracks between 147th Street and the Little Calumet River. A smaller parking lot exists on the southwest corner of Clinton and 146th Streets on the west side of the tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011590-0000-0000", "contents": "147th Street station\nThe 147th Street Station is a station on the METRO Red Line bus rapid transit service along Cedar Avenue in Apple Valley, Minnesota. The station is operated and served by Minnesota Valley Transit Authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011591-0000-0000", "contents": "147th meridian east\nThe meridian 147\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011591-0001-0000", "contents": "147th meridian east\nThe 147th meridian east forms a great circle with the 33rd meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011591-0002-0000", "contents": "147th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 147th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011592-0000-0000", "contents": "147th meridian west\nThe meridian 147\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011592-0001-0000", "contents": "147th meridian west\nThe 147th meridian west forms a great circle with the 33rd meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011592-0002-0000", "contents": "147th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 147th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0000-0000", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery\n148 (Meiktila) Commando Forward Observation Battery is a specialist Naval Gunfire Support Forward Observation (NGSFO) unit within 29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery of 3 Commando Brigade Royal Marines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0001-0000", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery\nThe unit provides Fire Support Teams (FST - formerly called Forward Observation parties) to control and co-ordinate Naval fires (naval gunfire support, naval air delivered guided and unguided munitions) from Royal Navy and allied ships, land based air delivered munitions and artillery fire from the gun batteries of 29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery, when ashore in support of 3 Commando Brigade. In support of this role, the battery provides FSTs to the Royal Navy when conducting training on a variety of gunnery ranges around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0002-0000", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery\n148 Battery's FSTs comprise gunners of the Royal Artillery, already qualified members of the regiment when posted into the battery, augmented by Royal Navy communications personnel (signallers) who are required to undergo the All Arms Commando Course. All personnel within the battery are also parachute trained. The battery is supported by a Battery Fitter Section from 29 Regiment's attached Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Workshop, also commando qualified. The battery and its Battery Fitter Section are based at RM Poole in Dorset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0003-0000", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery, History, Formation\nOriginally formed during the Second World War, the unit eventually evolved into the 95 Forward Observation Unit (95 FOU). In 1975 the unit was reduced to its current size and co-located with the SBS at RM Poole. It was tasked with providing FO teams to the Royal Marines, the Parachute Regiment; the ACE Mobile Force (Land) (AMF(L)) and the SBS. The smaller sized unit soon found it was unable to meet its many obligations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0004-0000", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery, History, The Falklands War\nAfter the Argentine invasion of the Falklands, the unit deployed to the South Atlantic where it operated alongside both the SAS and SBS. The skills of the Commando-trained unit were in high demand as commanders re-discovered their usefulness. FO teams were relocated about the islands as the British advanced on the capital at Port Stanley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0005-0000", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery, History, The Falklands War\nThree British civilians in Port Stanley were killed by British naval gunfire controlled by the unit, when a ships' gun beacon MIP radar malfunctioned. The three women were sheltering in a part of the town which the FO team officer had been briefed was free of civilians. The FO team were themselves in a very exposed position to the north of the town. The FO officer calculated the ship's error, but the ship's computer system did not indicate anything wrong, so after three rounds were fired the FO officer dismissed the ship from the firing line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0005-0001", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery, History, The Falklands War\nThe ship's weapons staff spent the next 24 hours going through their system, and discovered their radar had not locked onto the correct datum point, creating an error in firing equal to that calculated by the FO officer. The Argentine military command were very quick to announce this error as a deliberate act of aggression towards the Islanders. The FO team, which was still conducting covert reconnaissance and bombardment, learned of the tragedy from the BBC World Service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0006-0000", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery, History, The Falklands War\nFO teams called artillery fire and air strikes onto Argentine positions in support of every major British assault. With the Argentine surrender, the unit returned to their home in Poole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0007-0000", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery, History, Persian Gulf 1991\n148 provided teams initially in Northern Iraq and later assisted in the Scud missile hunt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0008-0000", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery, History, Iraq\n3 Commando Brigade conducted an amphibious landing to occupy the Al Faw Peninsula during Operation Telic, the 2003 invasion of Iraq. On the first night of the operation the unit suffered its first deaths of the war when a US Marine helicopter crashed close to the Iraq Border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0009-0000", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery, History, Afghanistan\nLance Bombardier Ross Clark aged 25 from South Africa, and Lance Bombardier Liam McLaughlin, aged 21 from Lancashire, were killed during a rocket attack in the Sangin area of Helmand province on 3 March 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0010-0000", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery, Battery structure\nThe battery is formed into a number of Fire Support Teams (FSTs), operating ashore or in advance of the Forward Edge of Battle Area, to observe and identify candidate targets, conduct preliminary Battle Damage Assessment, adjust fire or provide target illumination for laser guided weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0011-0000", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery, Battery structure\nThe battery consists of HQ personnel, Fire Support Teams and administrative and logistical support personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0012-0000", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery, Battery structure\nA FST consists of five personnel; a patrol commander (a Captain Royal Artillery), with a Bombardier RA as the second in command (2IC). The rest of the team consists of a (Royal Navy) communicator, RA Lance Bombardier, and Gunner. The team can be split in two with the Bombardier commanding one team and the Captain the other. All unit members are capable of co-ordinating air strikes and directing artillery fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0013-0000", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery, Selection and introductory training\nVolunteers for the battery must first complete the All Arms Commando Course, and a basic parachute course. After Commando qualification, unless already Observation Post qualified, they then undergo six months of basic Gunnery Control training and Observation Post operations. Personnel are trained in infiltration and exfiltration, covert observation, target identification and location, voice and data communications, adjusting gunfire from both afloat and ashore, and Forward Air Control (FAC) techniques. Upon completion of the course a new Naval Gunfire Assistant (NGA) will be assigned to a Forward Observation team for a probationary period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0014-0000", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery, Continuation and unit training\nOnce a NGA has completed probation the candidate may be selected to undergo further amphibious training beyond that of AACC. During amphibious training, NGAs are trained in over-water parachute infiltration. Training is also conducted in Small/Fast Boat Coxswains; Small/Fast Boat operations and long-range surface navigation. Much of the training is conducted at night with this being the preferred time for covert infiltration and exfiltration. One team member (the team medic) is also cross trained as a combat medical technician with additional medical training in BATLS (Battlefield Advanced Trauma Life Support) and BARTs (Battlefield Advanced Resuscitation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0015-0000", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery, Continuation and unit training\nThe unit conducts training in various exercises and climates including mountain and arctic, jungle, desert and temperate. It regularly deploys with Royal Marines units to Norway for annual cold weather warfare training and to Belize for jungle warfare training. Given the similar skillsets there is a level of training with the USMC's Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company (ANGLICO) and Netherlands Marine Corps Marine Joint Effects Observer Groups to standardise procedures to assure interoperability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0016-0000", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery, Equipment\nThe battery uses the vehicles and standard equipment of 3 Commando Brigade, supplemented with specialist observation capabilities; night vision, voice and data communications and target indication such as Laser Target Designators and GPS location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0017-0000", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery, Equipment\nPersonal weapons are the L85A2, with the L7 General Purpose Machine Gun (GPMGs) and Minimi as support fire weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011593-0018-0000", "contents": "148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery, Equipment\nAs of July 2020, the battery began transitioning to the Colt Canada C8 rifles, similar to that of the UKSF and the Royal Marines adapting the Future Commando Force perception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011594-0000-0000", "contents": "148 (number)\n148 (one hundred [and] forty-eight) is the natural number following 147 and before 149.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011595-0000-0000", "contents": "148 BC\nYear 148 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Magnus and Caesoninus (or, less frequently, year 606 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 148 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011596-0000-0000", "contents": "148 Gallia\nGallia (minor planet designation: 148 Gallia) is an asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 90 kilometers (56 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 7 August 1875, by the French brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry at the Paris, but the credit for this discovery was given to Prosper. It was named after the Latin name for the country of France, Gaul. Based upon its spectrum, it is an unusual G-type asteroid (GU) and a stony S-type asteroid in the Tholen and SMASS classification, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011596-0001-0000", "contents": "148 Gallia\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid at the European Southern Observatory in 1977\u201378 gave a light curve with a period of 0.86098\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.00030 days (20.6635\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.0072\u00a0h) and a brightness variation of 0.32 in magnitude. A 2007 study at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado, United States, yielded a period of 20.666 \u00b1 0.002 hours with a magnitude variation of 0.21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011596-0002-0000", "contents": "148 Gallia\nThis object is the namesake of the Gallia family (802), a small family of nearly 200 known stony asteroids that share similar spectral properties and orbital elements. Hence they may have arisen from the same collisional event. All members have a relatively high orbital inclination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011597-0000-0000", "contents": "1480\nYear 1480 (MCDLXXX) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011598-0000-0000", "contents": "1480 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1480\u00a0kHz: 1480 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011600-0000-0000", "contents": "1480s\nThe 1480s decade ran from January 1, 1480, to December 31, 1489.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011601-0000-0000", "contents": "1480s BC\nThe 1480s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1489 BC to December 31, 1480 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011603-0000-0000", "contents": "1480s in England\nEvents from the 1480s in England. This decade marks the beginning of the Tudor period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011604-0000-0000", "contents": "1480s in art\nThe decade of the 1480s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011605-0000-0000", "contents": "1480s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011605-0001-0000", "contents": "1480s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011605-0002-0000", "contents": "1480s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011606-0000-0000", "contents": "1481\nYear 1481 (MCDLXXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011607-0000-0000", "contents": "1481 Rhodes earthquake\nThe 1481 Rhodes earthquake occurred at 3:00 in the morning on 3 May. It triggered a small tsunami, which caused local flooding. There were an estimated 30,000 casualties. It was the largest of a series of earthquakes that affected Rhodes, starting on 15 March 1481, continuing until January 1482.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011607-0001-0000", "contents": "1481 Rhodes earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe island of Rhodes lies on part of the boundary between the Aegean Sea and African plates. The tectonic setting is complex, with a Neogene history that includes periods of thrusting, extension and strike slip. It sits in what is known as the Hellenic arc, which is in an area that is highly vulnerable to seismic activity, and historically always has been, dating back to the 226 BC Rhodes earthquake. Currently the island of Rhodes is undergoing a counter-clockwise rotation (17\u00b0 \u00b15\u00b0 in the last 800,000 years) associated with the south Aegean sinistral strike-slip fault system. The island had also been tilted to the northwest during the Pleistocene, an uplift attributed to a reverse fault lying just to the east of Rhodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011607-0002-0000", "contents": "1481 Rhodes earthquake, Damage\nSources refer to destruction in Rhodes Town; the Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes was sufficiently damaged to require immediate rebuilding (Rhodes was at the time under siege by the Turks). The damage caused by the earthquakes led to a wave of rebuilding after 1481. Damage from the tsunami was said to be greater than from the earthquake. The tsunami caused a large ship to break free from its moorings. It (or another ship) later sank with loss of all its crew after running onto a reef. There were an estimated 30,000 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011607-0003-0000", "contents": "1481 Rhodes earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami\nThe tsunami appears to have been relatively minor, estimated at a maximum 1.8 m. However, it was observed on the Levantine coasts and a tsunami sediment layer found at Dalaman, on the southwest coast of Turkey. Although the studies on sediment transport from tsunamis are limited, it is probable that the tsunami can be dated 1473 \u00b146. The sediment found and studied appears to be consistent with the aforementioned tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011607-0004-0000", "contents": "1481 Rhodes earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake\nThere was a major foreshock on 15 March of that year. Following the mainshock on 3 May, earthquakes (presumably aftershocks) continued until January 1482, with large aftershocks on 5 May, 12 May, 3 October and 18 December. The estimated magnitude for the mainshock is 7.1 on the surface wave magnitude scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011608-0000-0000", "contents": "1481 T\u00fcbingia\n1481 T\u00fcbingia, provisional designation 1938 DR, is a dark asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 34 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 February 1938, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named for the German city of T\u00fcbingen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011608-0001-0000", "contents": "1481 T\u00fcbingia, Orbit and classification\nT\u00fcbingia orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,916 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A907 GQ at the U.S. Taunton Observatory in 1907. The asteroid's first used observation was made at Heidelberg in 1933, extending the body's observation arc by 5 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011608-0002-0000", "contents": "1481 T\u00fcbingia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2008, a rotational lightcurve of T\u00fcbingia was obtained form photometric observations by James W. Brinsfield at Via Capote Observatory (G69) in California. Analysis gave a longer-than average rotation period of 24 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=2). The result supersedes a much longer period obtained in the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011608-0003-0000", "contents": "1481 T\u00fcbingia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, T\u00fcbingia measures between 33.26 and 40.12 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.082 to 0.117. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results from IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.117 and a diameter of 33.26 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.35.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011608-0004-0000", "contents": "1481 T\u00fcbingia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after T\u00fcbingen, city in southern Germany and birthplace of astronomer Johannes Kepler. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011610-0000-0000", "contents": "1482\nYear 1482 (MCDLXXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011612-0000-0000", "contents": "14827 Hypnos\n14827 Hypnos (prov. designation: 1986 JK) is a highly eccentric, sub-kilometer-sized carbonaceous asteroid that is thought to be an extinct comet. It is classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011612-0001-0000", "contents": "14827 Hypnos\nThe asteroid was discovered by American astronomer couple Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at the Palomar Observatory in California on 5 May 1986. It was named after Hypnos, the Greek god of sleep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011612-0002-0000", "contents": "14827 Hypnos, Orbit and classification\nHypnos orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.9\u20134.7\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 9 months (1,749 days). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.67 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It is frequently perturbed by Jupiter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011612-0003-0000", "contents": "14827 Hypnos, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins at Anderson Mesa Station the night prior to its official discovery observation at Palomar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011612-0004-0000", "contents": "14827 Hypnos, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nAs a near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid Hypnos has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0147\u00a0AU (2,200,000\u00a0km), which corresponds to 5.7 lunar distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 56], "content_span": [57, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011612-0005-0000", "contents": "14827 Hypnos, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nIn 1958, Hypnos passed less than 0.03\u00a0AU from both Earth and Mars. Neither planet has been approached so closely by Hypnos since the 862\u00a0AD pass of Earth, or will be until the 2214 pass of Earth. It is also a Mars-crosser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 56], "content_span": [57, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011612-0006-0000", "contents": "14827 Hypnos, Orbit and classification, Extinct comet\nHypnos may be the nucleus of an extinct comet that is covered by a crust several centimeters thick that prevents any remaining volatiles from outgassing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 53], "content_span": [54, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011612-0007-0000", "contents": "14827 Hypnos, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Hypnos has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroids rotation period and spin axis remains unknown. It has a low brightness amplitude of 0.05 magnitude which indicates that the body has a rather spheroidal shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011612-0008-0000", "contents": "14827 Hypnos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the NEOSurvey carried out by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, Hypnos measures 520 meters in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.22 based on an absolute magnitude of 18.65, while infrared radiometry gave a radar albedo of no more than 0.067 and a diameter of at least 740 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011612-0009-0000", "contents": "14827 Hypnos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard optical albedo for carbonaceous asteroids 0.057 and derives a diameter of 907 meters with an absolute magnitude of 18.94. The diameter agrees with Tom Gehrels 1994-publication Hazards due to Comets and Asteroids in which he estimated a mean-diameter of 900 meters for Hypnos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011612-0010-0000", "contents": "14827 Hypnos, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Hypnos from Greek mythology. He is the god of sleep, son of Nyx and Erebus and twin brother of Thanatos. He enters the sleep of mortals and gives them dreams of foolishness or inspiration. The English word \"hypnosis\" is derived from his name. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 January 2003 (M.P.C. 47301).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011613-0000-0000", "contents": "1483\nYear 1483 (MCDLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011617-0000-0000", "contents": "14832 Alechinsky\n14832 Alechinsky, provisional designation 1987 QC3, is a Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 27 August 1987, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at ESO's La Silla Observatory site in northern Chile. The highly elongated asteroid has a rotation period of 8.1 hours. It was named after Belgian painter Pierre Alechinsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011617-0001-0000", "contents": "14832 Alechinsky, Orbit and classification\nAlechinsky is a member of the Vesta family. Vestian asteroids have a composition akin to cumulate eucrites (HED meteorites) and are thought to have originated deep within 4 Vesta's crust, possibly from the Rheasilvia crater, a large impact crater on its southern hemisphere near the South pole, formed as a result of a subcatastrophic collision. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,268 days; semi-major axis of 2.29\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins in 1987, as no precoveries had been taken prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011617-0002-0000", "contents": "14832 Alechinsky, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Belgian painter and internationally prominent 20th century artist, Pierre Alechinsky (born 1927), known for his treatment of colors, versatility and graphic humor. He was a member of the expressionist art group and avant-garde movement CoBrA, a name which was coined from the initials of the members' home cities: Copenhagen, Brussels, and Amsterdam. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 October 2000 (M.P.C. 41387).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011617-0003-0000", "contents": "14832 Alechinsky, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Alechinsky measures 4.4 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.194, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 which derives from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of this orbital family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 3.9 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011617-0004-0000", "contents": "14832 Alechinsky, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2013, two rotational lightcurves of Alechinsky were obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory, California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.07\u00b10.02 and 9.5831\u00b10.1453 hours, with a brightness variation of 0.98 and 1.30 in magnitude, respectively (U=2+/2). Such an exceptionally high amplitude in magnitude indicates that the body has a very elongated shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011618-0000-0000", "contents": "1484\nYear 1484 (MCDLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011619-0000-0000", "contents": "1484 Postrema\n1484 Postrema, provisional designation 1938 HC, is a carbonaceous Postremian asteroid and namesake of the Postrema family from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 41 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 April 1938, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The name \"Postrema\" celebrates the astronomer's last minor planet discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011619-0001-0000", "contents": "1484 Postrema, Orbit and classification\nPostrema is the parent body and namesake of the Postrema family (541), a mid-sized central asteroid family of little more than 100 members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011619-0002-0000", "contents": "1484 Postrema, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,656 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 17\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011619-0003-0000", "contents": "1484 Postrema, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A911 KC at Johannesburg Observatory in May 1911. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1933 DH at Lowell Observatory in February 1933, more than 5 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011619-0004-0000", "contents": "1484 Postrema, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nIn the SMASS classification, Postrema is a bright carbonaceous B-type asteroid, while the overall spectral type of the Postrema family has been described as that of C- and X-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011619-0005-0000", "contents": "1484 Postrema, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 2006, two rotational lightcurves of Postrema were independently obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.19 and 12.1923 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.23 and 0.22 magnitude, respectively (U=2+/3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011619-0006-0000", "contents": "1484 Postrema, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nThe asteroids lightcurve has also been modeled, using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database and other sources. Modelling gave a concurring period of 12.18978 hours, as well as two spin axis of (19.0\u00b0, 44\u00b0) and (250.0\u00b0, 64\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 50], "content_span": [51, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011619-0007-0000", "contents": "1484 Postrema, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Postrema measures between 34.696 and 47.00 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a notably low albedo between 0.0137 and 0.05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011619-0008-0000", "contents": "1484 Postrema, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0409 and a diameter of 43.42 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011619-0009-0000", "contents": "1484 Postrema, Naming\nThis minor planet was named \"Postrema\", which means \"the last of a group\". It celebrates Grigory Neujmin's last numbered minor planet discovery. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in June 1955 (M.P.C. 1252).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011619-0010-0000", "contents": "1484 Postrema, Naming\nThe citation only holds true at the time of publication. In retrospect, Postrema is not Neujmin's last discovery, neither by number nor by its discovery date. These would be the asteroids 4420\u00a0Alandreev (highest numbered) and 2536\u00a0Kozyrev, officially discovered on 15 August 1939, more than a year after Postrema.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011621-0000-0000", "contents": "1484 papal conclave\nThe 1484 papal conclave (August 26\u201329) elected Pope Innocent VIII after the death of Pope Sixtus IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011621-0001-0000", "contents": "1484 papal conclave, The election\nAt the death of Sixtus IV, the conclave of cardinals that met to elect his successor numbered thirty-two cardinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011621-0002-0000", "contents": "1484 papal conclave, The election\nThe immediate context of the election was the nearly unprecedented packing of the College of Cardinals by Sixtus IV, not only in terms of overall size, but also in terms of cardinal-nephews and crown cardinals. As a result, nearly all of the non-Venetian cardinals supported the continuation of Sixtus IV's policies of isolation towards the Republic of Venice, specifically the Peace of Bagnolo. However, the two factions of cardinals differed over whether the church ought to prioritize the continuation of the Italian League or should prioritize papal power (especially vis-a-vis Naples) over the preservation of the peace. Cardinal Borja led the first faction and Cardinal della Rovere, the second; these factions were roughly aligned with the Orsini and Colonna families, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011621-0003-0000", "contents": "1484 papal conclave, The election\nThe conclave was carried out by the largest non-schismatic College since the eleventh century. Because of an intense dispute between the Colonna and Orsini, the city of Rome was marked by far more civil unrest during the sede vacante than was to be expected historically. While Count Girolamo Riario was away besieging a Colonna stronghold, his palace was sacked and his wife fled to the Castel S. Angelo. Upon his return to the city Count Riario joined his wife and held the Castel until persuaded to withdraw from the city with payment of 4000 ducats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011621-0004-0000", "contents": "1484 papal conclave, The election\nIn order to prevent the selection of Cardinal Barbo, on the evening before the election, after the cardinals retired for the night, the Dean of the College of Cardinals, Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, nephew of the late Pope, and Cardinal Borgia, the Vice-Chancellor, visited a number of cardinals and secured their votes with the promise of various benefices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011622-0000-0000", "contents": "1485\nYear 1485 (MCDLXXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011623-0000-0000", "contents": "1485 AM\nCopies of the World Radio TV Handbook (including the 1991 edition) have identified 1485 kHz as a local frequency, akin to the Class C (former Class IV) radio stations in North America which are limited to 1kW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011623-0001-0000", "contents": "1485 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1485 kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011625-0000-0000", "contents": "1485 in Ireland, Events\nUlick Fionn Burke, became 6th lord of Clanricarde (died 1509)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011626-0000-0000", "contents": "1486\nYear 1486 (MCDLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full Julian calendar for the year).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011627-0000-0000", "contents": "1486 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1486 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on February 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011627-0001-0000", "contents": "1486 Imperial election, Background\nThe Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor called for the election of his successor. The prince-electors called to Frankfurt for this occasion were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011627-0002-0000", "contents": "1486 Imperial election, Elected\nFrederick's son Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor was elected to succeed his father.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011627-0003-0000", "contents": "1486 Imperial election, Aftermath\nFrederick died on August 19, 1493. As per custom, Maximilian took the title King of the Romans on his father's death; the title Holy Roman Emperor was traditionally bestowed by the pope in Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011627-0004-0000", "contents": "1486 Imperial election, Aftermath\nIn 1489, Pope Innocent VIII, in conflict with Ferdinand I of Naples, king of Naples, over Ferdinand's refusal to pay feudal dues to the papacy, had excommunicated and deposed him by a papal bull of September 11. Innocent then offered Naples to the king of France Charles VIII of France, who had a remote claim to its throne because his grandfather, Charles VII of France, had married Marie of Anjou of the House of Valois-Anjou, the ruling family of Naples at the time of their marriage in 1422. Innocent later settled his quarrel with Ferdinand and revoked the bans before dying in 1492, but the offer to Charles remained an apple of discord in Italian politics. Ferdinand died on January 25, 1494, and was succeeded by his son Alfonso II of Naples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011627-0005-0000", "contents": "1486 Imperial election, Aftermath\nOn March 16, 1494, Maximilian married Bianca Maria Sforza. In October he granted her uncle, Ludovico Sforza, the ducal title in  Milan. Ludovico Sforza's title was immediately challenged by Alfonso, who also had a claim to it. To answer this threat, Ludovico Sforza invited Charles to take up Innocent's offer. The French invasion sparked a series of conflicts, the Italian Wars, among the states in Italy which made it impossible for Maximilian to travel to Rome. On February 4, 1508 at Trento, he claimed for himself the title of Electus Romanorum Imperator, Elected Roman Emperor, which was subsequently accepted on February 12 by Pope Julius II. Subsequent electees retained the right to call themselves Holy Roman Emperor without being crowned by the pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011628-0000-0000", "contents": "1486 Marilyn\n1486 Marilyn, provisional designation 1938 QA, is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 23 August 1938, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The asteroid was named after Marilyn Herget, daughter of astronomer Paul Herget.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011628-0001-0000", "contents": "1486 Marilyn, Orbit and classification\nMarilyn is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,191 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 0\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle. No precoveries were taken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011628-0002-0000", "contents": "1486 Marilyn, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August and September 2013, two rotational lightcurves of Marilyn were obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.566 and 4.568 hours with a brightness variation of 0.48 and 0.42 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3). The results supersede a period of 2.2837 hours (half the previous period solution) from a fragmentary lightcurve obtained by Maurice Audejean in March 2012 (U=1+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011628-0003-0000", "contents": "1486 Marilyn, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nThe studies have also modeled the asteroid's lightcurve, using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD) and other sources. Modelling gave a concurring period of 4.566945 and 4.56695 hours, respectively. Each of the two studies also gave two spin axis in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2): (83.0\u00b0, \u221257\u00b0) and (270.0\u00b0, \u201362.0\u00b0), as well as (88.0\u00b0, \u221288\u00b0) and (267.0\u00b0, \u221266\u00b0).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 49], "content_span": [50, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011628-0004-0000", "contents": "1486 Marilyn, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Marilyn measures between 6.13 and 6.925 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.3118 and 0.391.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011628-0005-0000", "contents": "1486 Marilyn, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 8.18 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011628-0006-0000", "contents": "1486 Marilyn, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Marilyn Herget, daughter of American astronomer Paul Herget, who computed the body's orbit (H 133). Herget is also the author of The Names of the Minor Planets first released in the 1950s. The asteroid 1751 Herget was named after him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011629-0000-0000", "contents": "1487\nYear 1487 (MCDLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011632-0000-0000", "contents": "14871 Pyramus\n14871 Pyramus, provisional designation 1990 TH7, is a dark Zhongguo asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers (6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 13 October 1990 by German astronomers Lutz Schmadel and Freimut B\u00f6rngen at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in Tautenburg, Germany. The asteroid was named for Pyramus from classical mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011632-0001-0000", "contents": "14871 Pyramus, Orbit and classification\nPyramus is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It is a member of the small group of Zhongguo asteroids, located in the 2\u00a0: 1 mean motion resonance with the giant planet Jupiter. Contrary to the nearby unstable Griqua group, the orbits of the Zhongguos are stable over half a billion years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011632-0002-0000", "contents": "14871 Pyramus, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20134.0\u00a0AU once every 6.00 years (2,192 days; semi-major axis of 3.3\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in 1954, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 36 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011632-0003-0000", "contents": "14871 Pyramus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Pyramus measures 9.2 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.069. This is in line with a generic absolute magnitude-to-diameter conversion that gives a diameter of 4 to 9 kilometers for an albedo between 0.05 and 0.25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011632-0004-0000", "contents": "14871 Pyramus, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve has been obtained of Pyramus. The asteroid's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011632-0005-0000", "contents": "14871 Pyramus, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greco-Roman mythology after Pyramus, the lover of Thisbe (see minor planet 88 Thisbe) from which the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ultimately originated. As narrated in Ovid's Metamorphoses, the two ill-fated lovers committed suicide as their parents were against their marriage. The asteroid's name was proposed by Austrian amateur astronomer Herbert Raab. The citation mentions that the \"two lovers are now finally united forever in the asteroid belt\". The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 January 2003 (M.P.C. 47301).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011633-0000-0000", "contents": "148780 Altjira\n148780 Altjira /\u00e6l\u02c8t\u0283\u026ar\u0259/ is a binary classical Kuiper belt object (cubewano). The secondary, S/2007 (148780) 1, is large compared to the primary, 140 kilometres (87\u00a0mi) vs. 160 kilometres (99\u00a0mi). The Altjiran lightcurve is quite flat (\u0394mag<0.10), which is indicative of a \"quasi-spherical body with a homogeneous surface\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011633-0001-0000", "contents": "148780 Altjira\nThe satellite's orbit has the following parameters: semi-major-axis, 9904 \u00b1 56 km; period, 139.561 \u00b1 0.047 days; eccentricity, 0.3445 \u00b1 0.0045; and inclination, 35.19 \u00b1 0.19\u00b0(retrograde). The total system mass is about 4\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01018\u00a0kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011633-0002-0000", "contents": "148780 Altjira\nIt was named after the Arrernte creation deity, Altjira, who created the Earth during the Dreamtime and then retired to the sky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011634-0000-0000", "contents": "1488\nYear 1488 (MCDLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011636-0000-0000", "contents": "1488th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Regiment\nThe 1488th Anti- Aircraft Rocket Regiment (Russian: 1488-\u0439 \u0437\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a; Military Unit Number 03216) is a surface-to-air missile regiment of the Russian Aerospace Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011636-0001-0000", "contents": "1488th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Regiment\nIt was formed in 1960 and soon became the 83rd Anti - Aircraft Rocket Brigade (Russian: 83-\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430) of the Soviet Air Defense Forces. The brigade provided air defense for the Leningrad area with S-75 Dvina and S-125 missiles. After reequipping with S-300PS missiles, the brigade was reorganized as the 1488th Anti- Aircraft Rocket Regiment in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011636-0002-0000", "contents": "1488th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Regiment, History\nThe brigade was originally formed as the 83rd Air Defense Brigade of Special Designation, a unit of System-100, the Leningrad air defense missile system, in accordance with a General Staff directive dated 15 January 1958. It was the first brigade of the system to be formed and was based at Zelenogorsk-4. The brigade received its equipment between May and July of that year and became operational in its air defense sector in August 1959. It received its battle flag on 22 April 1959. In August 1960, it was redesignated the 83rd Anti - Aircraft Rocket Brigade. It included eight battalions of S-75 Dvina missiles, and was reinforced by six S-125 battalions transferred from the 169th Guards Anti- Aircraft Rocket Regiment in 1964, which had relocated from Vaskelovo to Kornevo and Uglovo to reequip with the S-200V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011636-0003-0000", "contents": "1488th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Regiment, History\nIn 1967, the brigade was directly subordinated to the 6th Independent Air Defense Army when the air defense missile system was abolished as an independent headquarters. By a directive of 5 October of that year, the brigade inherited the Order of the Red Banner awarded to the 3rd Anti- Aircraft Artillery Battalion of the 189th Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiment on 19 June 1943. The 189th provided air defense for Leningrad during the Siege of Leningrad in World War II, and cadres from it were used to form the brigade in the late 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011636-0004-0000", "contents": "1488th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Regiment, History\nOne of the S-75 battalions of the brigade was stationed at Lisy Nos in the Zhdanovsky District of Leningrad during the 1960s. In 1986, the brigade became part of the 54th Air Defense Corps. By the late 1980s, the 83rd included twelve missile battalions of S-75s and S-125s. In 1987, it began rearming with the new S-300PS in two groups of battalions. After the replacement of the S-75s and S-125s had been completed, the brigade was reorganized as the 1488th Anti- Aircraft Rocket Regiment in the summer of 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011636-0005-0000", "contents": "1488th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Regiment, History\nIn 2009, the 54th Corps was converted into the 2nd Air Defense Brigade as part of the reform of the Russian Air Forces, and became part of the 1st Air and Air Defense Forces Command. The regiment became part of the 2nd Aerospace Defense Brigade in 2013 and the 2nd Red Banner Air Defense Division in 2014 when the brigade was reorganized. In 2015 the division became part of the 6th Air and Air Defense Forces Army when the latter was reformed. By 2016 the 1488th had been reequipped with new S-400 missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011637-0000-0000", "contents": "1489\nYear 1489 (MCDLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011638-0000-0000", "contents": "1489 in Portugal\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 11:28, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0000-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron\nThe 148th Aero Squadron was a unit of the United States Army Air Service that fought on the Western Front during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0001-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron\nAs a day pursuit (fighter) squadron, its mission was to engage and clear enemy aircraft from the skies and provide escort to reconnaissance and bombardment squadrons over enemy territory. It also attacked enemy observation balloons, and perform close air support and tactical bombing attacks of enemy forces along the front lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0002-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron\nThe squadron flew combat operations attached to the British Royal Air Force between July and October 1918. In October 1918, the squadron was transferred to the United States Second Army 4th Pursuit Group. However, with Second Army's planned offensive drive on Metz cancelled due to the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron saw no combat with Second Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0003-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron\nAfter the 1918 Armistice with Germany, it was demobilized in 1919 as part of the Air Service, Second United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0004-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron\nThere is no modern United States Air Force unit that shares its lineage and history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0005-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Formation and initial training\nThe squadron was formed at Kelly Field, San Antonio, Texas, on 11 November 1917. The unit was organized with a full complement of men by 17 November, and was ordered transferred to the Royal Flying Corps training school at Camp Taliaferro, Fort Worth, Texas, for training. Camp Taliaferro was made up of three different airfields: Everman Field, to the south, Benbrook Field, to the west and Hicks Field to the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0006-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Formation and initial training\nThe squadron was initially assigned to Everman Field for instruction in airplane engines and rigging. After about a month, the support clerks, motor drivers, quartermasters, etc. were sent to Benbrook Field for training. The squadron was re-assembled at Hicks Field on 24 January. Flying training was begun with eighteen Curtiss JN-4 Jennies. A month was spent at Hicks and the flying cadets completed their training, were commissioned and assigned to duty as flying officers within the squadron. On 14 February 1918, orders were received for overseas movement and the squadron left Texas for Garden City, Long Island, New York, arriving on 19 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0007-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Formation and initial training\nThe overseas movement to Europe was made from New York Harbor, Pier 54, with the squadron being assigned to the RMS Olympic. The ship embarked on 25 February unescorted, its speed protecting it from submarine attacks. Two German submarines were sighted but no attacks were made. The ship reached Liverpool, England, on 5 March 1918. The squadron disembarked the ship the next day and marched to the Liverpool railway station where a train took them to Winchester, Hampshire, on the south coast of England. Winchester was reached that evening and the squadron detrained and marched to \"Flower Down Rest Camp\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0007-0001", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Formation and initial training\nA few days later, the squadron was moved to the Romsey Rest Camp. At Romsey, the flying officers were notified they would remain in England for further training at RAF flying schools. Training was received in the use of gas masks. On 19 March, the non-flying personnel were moved to the Southampton docks and loaded on a boat and an uncomfortable English Channel crossing was made to Le Havre, Upper Normandy, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0008-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France\nIn France, the Ground Echelon of the squadron began a four-month training stage before entering combat as a unit. The 148th was attached to the Royal Air Force and separated into three divisions (Headquarters and \"A\" Flight; \"B\" Flight and \"C\" Flight), each being sent to a different RAF squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0009-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France, \"A\" Flight\nHeadquarters and \"A\" Flight were attached to No. 54 Squadron RAF and left Le Havre on 20 March, one day before the German spring offensive on 21 March. The squadron was ordered to proceed to Ham Airdrome, boarding a train to Chaulnes. As the train pulled into the town, they were met by the sound of a continuous artillery barrage, and the Luftstreitkr\u00e4fte (German Air Force) were bombarding Ham. The squadron was ordered off the train and the city was being flooded both with troops heading towards the battle and refugees streaming into the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0009-0001", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France, \"A\" Flight\nA temporary tent camp was pitched about 100 yards from the railway station. Later, a German Gotha bomber flew over, looking to attack the railway station. The bomb missed the station and instead hit the temporary tent camp, killing nine men of the detachment. Many others were wounded in the attack and one later died the next day. The remainder of the detachment was ordered to leave Chaulnes as soon as possible, and boarded a train for Amiens, just before the German Army captured Chaulnes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0010-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France, \"A\" Flight\nBy the time the detachment reached Amiens, the sounds of German bombs were all around and the detachment spent a very apprehensive night. On the afternoon of 23 March, the detachment was moved into the city where they spent a sleepless night in a schoolhouse, hearing the sounds of bombing all night around them. Orders again were received and the detachment boarded another train which took them back to Le Havre. At Le Havre, the detachment received a much needed rest. The squadron was moved to \u00c9taples, arriving on 3 April, waiting for a day before moving on to Aire-sur-la-Lys, where an airdrome was garrisoned by 40 Sqn, RAF. At Aire, each man of the detachment was assigned to his particular duties and began training with an RAF counterpart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0011-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France, \"A\" Flight\nWith the ongoing German Spring Offensive, many personnel were detailed to move up to the front and help dismantle airfields. This duty was performed under fire of German artillery. At Aire, the detachment worked on SE-5 fighters. Training was rapid and the Americans were soon taking an active part in taking care of the aircraft as well as the routine work carried out by the RAF mechanics. About 12 April, the Germans began shelling the area near the Airdrome, and occasionally shrapnel would be thrown into the hangars and billets. At night, searchlights would be busy looking for the German Gotha bombers and anti-aircraft artillery would be firing into the sky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0012-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France, \"A\" Flight\nAfter two months of training with 40 Sqn, the detachment was again moved to Serny and attached to 208 Sqn RAF, flying Sopwith Camels for training on that aircraft. On 30 June, the detachment was moved by truck to Cappelle Airdrome, Dunkirk, where the detachment was re-united with \"B\" and \"C\" Flights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0013-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France, \"B\" Flight\n\"B\" Flight was ordered to proceed to Albert, Picardy, and join No. 3 Squadron RAF. On 20 March the detachment entrained for Rouen and the next day it felt the effects of the German offensive. After a night at the Rouen Rest Camp, they boarded a troop train for Albert where first they were told to stay on the train and go on to the next station, Bapaume. In Albert, the sound of artillery was heard. A few miles out of the city, shells began to fall around the train.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0013-0001", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France, \"B\" Flight\nThe shelling increased and damaged the road-bed in front of the train, so it began backing up and returning to Albert. On the way back, the shelling intensified and a German shell hit a signal tower along the side of the track. Once the train returned to Albert, a truck caravan met the detachment and transported the detachment to Albert Airdrome. At Albert, the detachment trained on the Sopwith Camel scout plane. With the German offensive in full swing, the squadron was continually working during every available hour of daylight trying to stop them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0013-0002", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France, \"B\" Flight\nAfter a few days at the airfield and the Germans advancing, 3 Sqn received ordered to leave in a hurry. Orders were issued to take what could be taken, and burn what could not in order to prevent them from falling into the hands of the enemy. Men from the detachment worked frantically to load trucks and move out to safer territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0014-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France, \"B\" Flight\nOn 29 March 3 Sqn reformed at Valheureux, where a new airdrome had just been built. Work was commenced at once to get the squadron's aircraft back into the air to stop the Germans. The detachment remained there for about a month with the RAF and a high level of comradeship had been achieved. On 5 June orders were received for the detachment to move to Remaisnil, Picardy for training with 70 Sqn RAF on the Sopwith Camel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0014-0001", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France, \"B\" Flight\nAs many of 70 Squadron's men were ill from influenza at the time, the detachment's help was greatly appreciated as they had been working on the Sopwith's rotary engines for nearly two months. The detachment worked with the squadron until the end of June when orders were received to report to Cappelle Airdrome, Dunkirk, where the 148th was re-forming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0015-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France, \"C\" Flight\n\"C\" Flight was ordered to La Gorgue, Nord-Pas-de-Calais and attach to 43 Sqn RAF. Upon detraining at La Gorgue, the men were marched several miles to Estaires to spend the night. At Estaires they saw their first sights of actual war, seeing anti-aircraft artillery firing at German planes in the sky. The detachment was rushed out of the town in the morning as a gas attack was threatening the town. They were quickly moved back to La Gorgue, where 43 Sqn had retreated to an airdrome outside of the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0015-0001", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France, \"C\" Flight\nBy this time, La Gorgue was only about three miles behind the lines and shells screamed all over the airdrome. The men were assigned to flights to begin their duties of learning the care of the aircraft, being billeted in a little village close by. Shells continued to hit nearby and the village of Merville was so heavily bombed by the Germans that they were moved back to the Airfield. The next night saw a repetition of the bombing and shelling at 04:00 the RAF squadron was ordered out and to move to another airdrome at Champien. However arriving at Amiens, they were informed that Champien was in the hands of the Germans. They were ordered to move to Avesnes-le-Comte and establish an airdrome there. Once arrived, they spent the night in a barn while the Germans flew over and began bombing the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0016-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France, \"C\" Flight\nRain the next day and for several days after curtailed air activity and the men of the detachment were sent to Bellevue to move some aircraft hangars to the new airdrome at Avesnes. There, unable to get transportation back they found shelter in an old convent, while again being subjected to German artillery fire. The detachment remained at Avesnes training while under artillery fire until 27 May when the squadron moved to Fouquerolles and on 28 May it again moved to Liettres. The detachment worked with the RAF squadron until the end of June when orders were received to report to Cappelle Airdrome, Dunkirk, where the 148th was re-forming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0017-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations\nWith the various Ground Echelon Flights reforming at Cappelle Airdrome, the Air Echelon of the squadron rejoined the squadron, having flown two to three months of combat flying attached to Royal Air Force squadrons. The 148th was assigned nineteen Sopwith Camel scout planes. Soon the pilots were practicing daily. The code assigned to the 148th was a large white triangle painted on the fuselage sides, along with a large white letter to identify the pilot of each aircraft. It was on the fourth practice patrols that the 148th Aero Squadron shot down its first German plane on 13 July 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0017-0001", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations\nAlso at this time, the 17th Aero Squadron, which had been going through somewhat the same training that the 148th had, was assigned to a nearby airdrome and a friendly rivalry was formed between the two squadrons. Until the end of the war, the squadrons frequently worked together, protected each other and in certain instances saved individuals lives in one or the other squadron. The friendship was fostered by frequent dinners and the camaraderie of the airmen visiting each other's stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0018-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations\nOn 20 July the first offensive combat patrol over enemy lines was made, escorting a flight of British De Haviland DH-9 bombers to bomb the German-occupied Belgian cities of Zebrogge, Ostend and also Bruges, some 25 miles into enemy territory. The mission, consisting of over thirty aircraft, received anti-aircraft fire (\"Archie\" Bursts) continuously during the mission. High Explosive bombs were dropped on railway stations, ammunition dumps and other buildings. No losses were suffered on this first mission, and it was typical of the many that followed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0019-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations\nAfter three weeks of flying over the Nieuport-Ypres sector and with limited contact with German aircraft, it was decided that the 148th was ready for more active missions. On 11 August, the squadron was ordered to Allonville Airdrome, near Amiens, and it was attached to the Forth British Army who were operating on the front between Albert and Roye. The Germans had massed a large number of aircraft to hold the territory they had gained in their Spring Offensive. The British had also concentrated many squadrons in the sector, and day after day the sky was filled with a great number of planes from both sides. The Germans, outnumbered by the British and Americans and were equipped with various Fokker biplanes, being no mean adversaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0020-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations\nOn 13 August on their second patrol from Allonville, two flights from the squadron sighted six German aircraft as they approached the lines and engaged them in aerial combat. Nine 148th aircraft attacked the Germans, shooting down three with no losses. Two days later, the squadron's \"A\" and \"B\" Flights were attacked by fifteen Fokker biplanes which had flown over the lines. The two flights, one above the other, engaged the Fokkers, shooting down three of them. It was during this fight that the squadron suffered its first casualty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0020-0001", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations\nOne aircraft was reported mission, and for three days no word could be obtained about his whereabouts. A message was received that the pilot had been wounded, not severely, and was forced to land. The wound, a bullet in the right forearm, was soon healed and the pilot returned to the squadron in about three weeks. After seven days at Allonville, the squadron was ordered to move to Remaisnil, to be attached to the RAF 13th Wing and the Third British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0021-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations\nOperating from Remaisnil Airdrome, the squadron engaged with the RAF in the British drive for Cambrai. Once captured, the German Army continued fierce resistance but yielded an additional 30 miles until their lines broke and eventually asked for an armistice. During this drive, the 148th flew dangerous bombing and strafing missions from low altitudes, to keep the German observation balloons out of the sky and attack the Fokkers so that British observation planes could continue to locate enemy forces to be attacked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0021-0001", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations\nEach day, the order would come from British Headquarters for low-level fights and drop bombs on selected targets where enemy troops were billeted. In returning, attack with machine gun fire any suitable ground target that might be presented. Other targets would be enemy trenches or roads along which vehicles and formations of troops could be attacked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0022-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations\nIt was on 2 September that the 148th suffered its greatest losses of the war in one disastrous patrol. A superior number of Fokkers were attacking several artillery observation planes. The 148th, knowing it was their duty to protect the observation planes engaged the Fokkers who were ready for the fight. The squadron attacked with five aircraft against thirteen or fourteen Fokkers and soon the Germans, all good pilots, had most of the 148th's Camels in distress. Additional Fokkers then appeared out of the clouds until there were at least twenty of them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0022-0001", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations\nThe 148th's Camels broke off the attack however, the Germans pursued the squadron and eventually shot down all five of the American aircraft. One pilot performed a crash-landing on the British side of the line and was unhurt, however not a word was heard from the other four. Over a month later, it was reported that three of the pilots had crashed in enemy territory and were prisoners of war. The fourth was wounded and later died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0023-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations\nWith the continued British success on the ground, the Germans were pushed back to the \"Hindenburg Line\", the Canal du Nord. By this time, the 148th was ordered to move forward to the Baizieux Airdrome just to the west of Albert on 20 September. Baizieux was used by RAF scout squadrons as well as the 148th, including 201 Squadron RAF flying Bentley Camels and 60 Squadron flying SE-5s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0023-0001", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations\nThe three squadrons became very close comrades and frequently worked together on patrol, with one or the other of the two RAF squadrons protecting the 148th when the squadron had dangerous work to do. Frequently, aircraft of the 17th Aero Squadron came into view and if close enough were greeted by a wave of the arm. During the first few days at Baizieux, large numbers of German Fokkers were engaged in combat frequently.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0023-0002", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations\nThe Germans were eager to fight and met the squadron head-on in aerial dogfights, on 24 September fifteen 148th Camels and twenty or more Fokkers fought in a single battle. The Germans knew they were good fliers and being brave men they tried to bring down the Americans singly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0023-0003", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations\nThis, more than any one thing proved their undoing, as the pilots of the 148th watched their chances and whenever a pilot was in trouble, two or more helped him out, shooting the Fokker down One after the other the Fokkers were shot down, seven in all, and then as soon as it started, the enemies separated and the 148th returned home. Every aircraft of the squadron was filled with bullet holes, and several had to be condemned, but the Germans had been given a severe beating. Two days later, a similar hard-fought aerial battle was fought, with the 148th claiming a considerable number of the twenty-two enemy aircraft shot down that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0024-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations\nAfter the two large dogfights on 24 and 26 September, German aerial resistance was negligible and the squadron began flying patrols carrying bombs and with orders to shoot up enemy targets on the ground with machine guns. When the line had reached the railroad running from Le Cateau northward to Denain, the 148th was again moved up, this time to Bapaume, on 15 October, now a cluster of ruins. As the end of October drew to a close, the rumors of when the squadron would be moved to the American front were coming thick and fast. Orders finally came through to stop combat missions on 26 October and leave for the American Sector in the South on 1 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0025-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations\nOn 28 October, the last day of flying with the RAF was a fitting climax to three months on the British Front, crammed full of aerial activity. It was also the last day of combat flying for the 148th Aero Squadron. On its last combat mission, the squadron brought down seven Fokker biplanes with no losses. It was a result of the training the pilots received from the RAF at their flying schools, then by actual combat flying at the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0025-0001", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations\nOn the morning of 28 October, the three flights of the squadron started on an offensive patrol, \"A\" Flight as the bottom flight, \"C\" Flight in the middle and \"B\" Flight as top flight. When the patrol approached the lines, the low flight was at 10,000 feet with the other two several thousand feet above. When the lines were reached, seven Fokkers were sighted at some distance east and a trap was laid for them. \"A\" Flight dropped down several hundred feet to keep away from the Fokkers to avoid detection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0025-0002", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations\nWhen there was a space of 7,000 feet between the bottom and middle flights, the three flights began a back and forth patrol along the lines, sometimes going in opposite directions. Gradually \"A\" Flight moved towards the Germans who were some distance above and east of them but still several thousand feet below the upper flights. At last, the Germans spotted \"A\" flight and moved to attack them from above. The Germans had hardly tipped their aircraft into a dive when the upper two flights of the 148th started down from the west to cut them off. They attacked the Fokkers by surprise and seven of the enemy aircraft had crashed to the ground in short order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0026-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, The American front\nOn 1 November, the squadron was ordered to move to Toul, and be attached to the 2d United States Army for duty. The unit boarded a train at Bapaume for the trip to Amiens; then a short stay and then on an overnight trip towards Paris. An hours wait on the outskirts of Paris in the morning then the train again pulled out, reaching Ch\u00e2teau-Thierry late in the afternoon. After a second uncomfortable night on the train, Toul was reached and the squadron detrained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0026-0001", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, The American front\nMen and officers were marched to the Croix de Metz Aerodrome, which was to be the squadron's new home and from which it was intended to send out on combat patrols as soon as it could be re-equipped. It was hoped by the pilots that they might get British SE-5, but they were disappointed when they were assigned French SPAD S.XIs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0027-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, The American front\nThe pilots were used to the light, maneuverable Sopwith Camel, and flying the heavy, but powerful SPAD S.XI was like learning to fly again. Each and every pilot of the squadron after their first flight said the SPAD was the worst machine and the most dangerous that they had ever flown. However, after several flights, they began to become accustomed to its characteristics. By early November, there were many rumors of an armistice; however, the work of the squadron went on as usual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0027-0001", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, The American front\n11 November arrived and the squadron received the ordered that no more patrols would cross the lines, and the armistice with Germany had been signed. The war was over, and all that remained now was to wait for the place in the long waiting list of those who would board a ship that would take them back to the United States and home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0028-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, The American front\nAn interesting note is that on 12 November, the day after the armistice, Lieutenant Hogan was assigned to ferry one of the squadron's new SPAD to the supply depot at Colombey-les-Belles, south of Toul. Losing his way through his unfamiliarity with the area, he followed a river that he supposed would take him home. After half an hour's flying he knew he had lost his way, so he landed on an airdrome near a good-sized city on the river. He saw several German soldiers who he believed to be prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0028-0001", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, The American front\nThey ran up to him and he spoke to them in German, asking where he was. However, before the Germans could answer, he recognized several German Fokker airplanes in hangars and he \"nearly passed away\". The Germans told him that he was in Metz and were not at all belligerent, one of them handing him a map and pointing to the city and the river. One German asked him wanted to know what an American was doing in Deutschland. Lt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0028-0002", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, The American front\n. Hogan took the map, thanked them hastily and took off in a hurry as his engine was running all the time. He found his way back to the river and found the airdrome at Toul. Thus, he was the first American to arrive in Metz after the armistice; however, no official report of the visit was ever made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0029-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nOn 11 December 1918 orders were received from Second Army for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's SPAD aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0030-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nPersonnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply. Further orders were received on 11 January and the next day the squadron left for a staging area at Aigrefeuille. There leaves were liberally granted, the squadron spending its time preparing for the return voyage home, and in daily hikes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0031-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nOn 28 February, the squadron proceeded to the port of Saint-Nazaire, arriving on 1 March, being billeted at Embarkation Camp No. 2 . There the men and officers underwent a physical examination, then were moved to Camp No. 1 where every squadron member was de-loused. The squadron remained at Saint-Nazaire for about a week, boarding a troop ship on 10 March, arriving in New York Harbor on the 22d. There the squadron was marched to Mitchel Field where it was demobilized and the men returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011639-0032-0000", "contents": "148th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nOn Monday, 6 April 2015, CNN posted a story about World War I soldier's graffiti found in a chalk mine in France. On one wall was the signature \"HA Deanate, 148th Aero Squadron, USA, 150 Vermilyea Ave, New York City\". Found on \u2013", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011640-0000-0000", "contents": "148th Battalion, CEF\nThe 148th Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Montreal, Quebec, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city and the surrounding district. After sailing to England in September 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 20th Reserve Battalion on January 8, 1917. The 148th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011641-0000-0000", "contents": "148th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011641-0001-0000", "contents": "148th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 148th Division (\u7b2c148\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuyonj\u016bhachi Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Fugaku Division (\u5bcc\u5dbd\u5175\u56e3, Fugaku Heidan). It was formed 10 July 1945 in Changchun as a triangular division. It was a part of the 8 simultaneously created divisions batch comprising 134th,  135th, 136th, 137th, 138th, 139th, 148th and 149th divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the garrison of Changchun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011641-0002-0000", "contents": "148th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nDuring the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, the 148th division was ordered to construct fortifications and garrison Changchun, although the division was nearly unarmed and not equipped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011641-0003-0000", "contents": "148th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 148th division was disarmed 20\u201322 August 1945 without seeing any action during Soviet invasion of Manchuria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011642-0000-0000", "contents": "148th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 148th Division was a military formation of the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011642-0001-0000", "contents": "148th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was converted from the 182nd Division, 60th Corps of the Republic of China Army defected during Liaoshen Campaign. In January 1949 it renamed 148th Division, PLA 50th Corps according to the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011642-0002-0000", "contents": "148th Division (People's Republic of China)\nUnder the flag of 148th division it took part in the Chinese Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011642-0003-0000", "contents": "148th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn October 26, 1950, the division entered Korea with the Corps HQ as a part of the People's Volunteer Army (Chinese People's Volunteers (CPV) or Chinese Communist Forces (CCF)) with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men. The division consisted of the 442nd, 443rd, and 444th Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011642-0004-0000", "contents": "148th Division (People's Republic of China)\nDuring the Fourth Campaign of Korean War, the division, with the Corps, persisted on the battlefields along the Han River near Seoul for 50 days and inflicted heavy losses on the United Nations. In March 1951 it pulled out from Korea for R&R. By July the division entered Korea for the second time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011642-0005-0000", "contents": "148th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1955 the 148th Division pulled out from Korea and stationed in Shenyang Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011642-0006-0000", "contents": "148th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn May 1967 the division moved to Baitou, Sichuan province with the Corps HQ, converting to a \"southern\" unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011642-0007-0000", "contents": "148th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division is not affected during the re-designation during December 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011642-0008-0000", "contents": "148th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1979 it took part in the Sino-Vietnamese conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0000-0000", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 148th Field Artillery Regiment is a Field Artillery Branch regiment of the Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0001-0000", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War I\nThe 148th Field Artillery was organized on 29 September 1917 by General Order 2, Headquarters 41st Division at Greene, North Carolina under the command of Colonel Joseph V. Cavender. The 148th Field Artillery was composed of elements of the 3rd Regiment Wyoming National Guard, the 1st Separate Battalion, Colorado Field Artillery, and 1st Separate Troop, Oregon Cavalry. The regiment was organized as a part of the 66th Field Artillery Brigade, 41st Infantry Division (United States). The regiment trained at Camp Greene, North Carolina, Camp Mills, New York, and Camp Merritt, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0001-0001", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War I\nThe regiment sailed from New York to France on 23 January 1918 aboard the RMS Baltic of the White Star Line. The regiment arrived in LA Havre France on 10 February 1918. They were equipped with French 155mm GPF Guns and 50\u00a0hp Renault tractors at Camp de Souge near Bordeaux. After training at Camp de Souge and the heavy artillery training center at Libourne the regiment entrained for the front on 4 July 1918. They emplaced directly south of Chateau-Thierry and commenced firing on 9 July 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0001-0002", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War I\nThe 148th Field Artillery participated in the Battle of Chateau-Thierry, Champagne-Marne Defensive, Aisne-Marne Offensive, St. Mihiel Offensive, Meuse-Argonne Offensive firing a total of 67,590 rounds of ammunition. After the armistice they served in the Army of Occupation in Germany. On 3 June 1919, the regiment departed St.Nazaire, France on abroad the USS\u00a0Peerless bound for New York. The 148th Field Artillery Regiment was disbanded on 19 June 1919 at Camp Mills, New York. Unit members from Oregon and Washington were demobilized at Camp Lewis, Washington, while those from Wyoming and Colorado were demobilized at Fort D.A. Russell, Wyoming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0002-0000", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War Two\nThe battalion was inducted into federal service at Coeur d\u2019Alene as an element of the 41st Division on 16 September 1940. It arrived 23 September 1940 at Camp Murray, Washington and moved 20 March 1941 to Fort Lewis, Washington. Ordered to the Pacific the regiment, less one battalion, embarked on USAT\u00a0Willard A. Holbrook 22 November 1941 at the San Francisco Port of Embarkation for the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0002-0001", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War Two\nWith the Pensacola Convoy the regiment was diverted to Australia arriving Brisbane on 22 December where, after reloading, the Holbrook departed with the regiment on 28 December in a failed attempt to make the Philippines to reinforce forces there getting no further than Darwin where the regiment was broken up. One battalion and the headquarters unit were ordered to defend Kupang, Timor sailing in convoy 15 February from Darwin aboard Portmar and Tulagi but had to turn back to Darwin under heavy air attack. The convoy arrived Darwin on 18 February, the day before the port was heavily bombed and many ships lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0003-0000", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage & Honors, Unofficial Lineage\nThis lineage is not the official lineage published by the U.S. Army Center for Military History, and is not referenced. However, it is interesting historical information so I left it in the article. Parent unit constituted 19 June 1877 as the 1st Regiment, Idaho Volunteer Militia, Territory of Idaho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0004-0000", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage & Honors, Unofficial Lineage\nElements in the northern territory (Lewiston and Mt. Idaho companies) withdrawn and with the addition of existing independent companies and new companies, organized 17 September 1877 as the 2nd regiment Idaho Volunteer Militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0005-0000", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage & Honors, Unofficial Lineage\n1st and 2nd Regiments reconstituted and reorganized 1889\u20131891 in the Idaho National Guard as the 1st Regiment to include old and new companies over the state (Companies A - F organized or reorganized 1889\u20131890 in the southern area; Companies G - L organized or reorganized 1891 in the northern area)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0006-0000", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage & Honors, Unofficial Lineage\n1st Infantry Regiment mustered into federal service 7\u201318 May 1898 at Boise as the 1st Idaho Volunteer Infantry. Mustered out 25 September 1899 at the Presidio of San Francisco, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0007-0000", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage & Honors, Unofficial Lineage\nMustered into federal service 3\u20136 July at Boise Barracks for Mexican Border duty. Mustered out and reverted to state control 26 January 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0008-0000", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage & Honors, Unofficial Lineage\nRegiment broken up, reorganized and redesignated as elements of the 41st Infantry Division as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0009-0000", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage & Honors, Unofficial Lineage\nNorthern elements organized in the Idaho National Guard as 1st Battalion 148th Field Artillery and federally recognized 15 March 1926 with headquarters at Coeur d'Alene assigned to the 41st Infantry Division 3 January 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0010-0000", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage & Honors, Unofficial Lineage\n1st Battalion reorganized and redesignated as the 148th Field Artillery Battalion and assigned to 41st Infantry Division, 17 July 1942Inactivated 17 January 1946 in Japan. (205th Field Artillery Battalion consolidated with 148th Field Artillery battalion 3 July 1946)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0011-0000", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage & Honors, Unofficial Lineage\nOrdered into active federal service 1 May 1951 at Coeur d'Alene(148th Field Artillery Battalion (NGUS) organized and federally recognized 3 August 1953 with headquarters at Lewiston)Released from active federal service and reverted to state control, 18 March 1955; concurrently, federal recognition withdrawn from 148th Field Artillery Battalion (NGUS)Reorganized and redesignated 15 March 1956 as the 148th Armored Field Artillery Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0012-0000", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage & Honors, Unofficial Lineage\nAwarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation for efforts in support of OIF III, Battery C", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0013-0000", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage & Honors, Unofficial Lineage\nBattery B withdrawn from Utah. Battery C (Rexburg, Idaho) disbanded and re-designated Battery B. Fire support elements and teams assigned to 1-163rd INF (MTARNG) 2/116 ARS (IDARNG) and 3-116 AR (ORARNG). 1-148th FAR reorganized as a 2x8 fires battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0014-0000", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/16\u00a0inches (2.70\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Azure, on a bend Gules fimbriated Or between a scorpion bendwise and a palm tree on a mount five fleurs-de-lis, all of the like. Attached below the shield a Gold scroll inscribed \"WHENEVER WHEREVER\" in Red.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0015-0000", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is blue to recognize the organization's 1898 Infantry heritage. The palm tree symbolizes the service as Infantry in the Philippines and the scorpion the service as Infantry on the Mexican border. The five fleurs-de-lis on the red bend represent the five engagements as Field Artillery in France during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011643-0016-0000", "contents": "148th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 148th Field Artillery Regiment, Washington and Idaho National Guard on 20 May 1929. It was redesignated for the 148th Field Artillery Battalion on 2 March 1943. It was redesignated for the 148th Artillery Regiment, Idaho National Guard on 29 July 1960. The insignia was redesignated effective 1 September 1989, for the 148th Field Artillery Regiment, Oregon and Idaho Army National Guard and amended to revise the description and symbolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011644-0000-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Squadron\nThe 148th Fighter Squadron (148 FS) is a unit of the Arizona Air National Guard 162d Fighter Wing located at Tucson Air National Guard Base, Arizona. The 148th is equipped with the Block 20 F-16A/B Fighting Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011644-0001-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Squadron, Mission\nThe 148th Fighter Squadron specializes in the training of F-16 pilots for foreign air forces which have purchased the aircraft via the Foreign Military Sales program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011644-0002-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nIn May 1946, the 347th Fighter Squadron was redesignated the 148th Fighter Squadron, Single Engine and allotted to the Pennsylvania Air National Guard unit. The 148th was stationed at Reading Municipal Airport, Pennsylvania and equipped with F-51D Mustangs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011644-0003-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nIn February 1951 the squadron was called to active duty and redesignated the 148th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. It was assigned to the 113th Fighter-Interceptor Group and moved to Dover Air Force Base, Delaware as part of Air Defense Command (ADC) with an air defense mission for Southeastern Pennsylvania and Philadelphia. In September the squadron upgraded to jet propelled and air intercept radar equipped Lockheed F-94 Starfire aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011644-0004-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nHowever, ADC was experiencing difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying its fighter squadrons to best advantage. Accordingly, in February 1952, it inactivated the 113th Wing and its elements and reassigned the 148th to the 4710th Defense Wing, which was organized on a regional basis. On 1 November 1952 the 148th was returned to the control of the State of Pennsylvania and its personnel, equipment and mission were transferred to the 46th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, which was simultaneously activated at Dover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011644-0005-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nThe 148th returned to the Pennsylvania guard and its F-51s. With the end of the line for the Mustang in USAF service, the United States Air Force, in an effort to upgrade to an all jet fighter force, required Air National Guard Air Defense Command units to upgrade to jet-powered aircraft. The Reading Airport Commission and National Guard authorities found themselves in a conflict over the use of Reading Municipal Airport for tactical jet operations. Unable to resolve these differences the Air Force inactivated the 148th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 30 June 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011644-0006-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nHowever, the National Guard Bureau's and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's desire to retain the unit brought a new mission and a numeric designation to the organization, the  140th Aeromedical Transport Squadron which was allotted to the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, and activated on 1 July 1956 using propeller-driven aircraft. The 140th ATS was bestowed the lineage and history of the inactivated Pennsylvania ANG 148th Fighter Interceptor Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011644-0007-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nToday, that organization exists as the Pennsylvania Air National Guard 193d Special Operations Squadron at Olmsted Air National Guard Base, Middleton, Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011644-0008-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard\nDesignation transferred by the National Guard Bureau to the Arizona Air National Guard on 15 October 1985 and re-designated as the 148th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron. The 148th TFTS was established as a new organization, with no historical lineage to the previous 148th FIS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011644-0009-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard\nAssigned to the 162d Tactical Fighter Training Group at Tucson International Airport, Arizona. The 148th TFTS was tasked with pilot training for the foreign air forces as part of the Foreign Military Sales program, although the squadron has also been tasked with training F-16 crew for the USAF and the Air National Guard both advanced and beginner training. Through the years numerous countries have detached personnel to receive advanced training by the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011644-0010-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard\nThe first to make use of these was the Royal Netherlands Air Force (RNLAF). Training used a mix of USAF F-16 as well as some Dutch F-16s. Eventually a total of eight RNLAF F-16s were on hand. These Dutch aircraft were hard to tell apart from the USAF as they had the same markings and were the same blocks. In 1991, the squadron was officially tasked with a NATO F-16 training mission which was not much of a departure from the norm. The squadron was re-designated as the 148th Fighter Squadron on 15 March 1992 and the training role continued. By May 1995 all the RNLAF F-16s had departed Tucson for their native country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011644-0011-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard\nIn 2003 another contract was signed that included detaching foreign F-16s. These new F-16s would be the E/F models of the United Arab Emirates Air Force. It wasn't until 2 September 2004 that UAE students were able to train with the F-16E/F when it arrived at Tucson. Most pilots came from Mirage 2000 or the Hawk. The first class of graduates was made complete in April 2005. During the course of 2010 these aircraft returned to the UAE to form a new fighter squadron. The relationship ended on 20 October 2010 with over 100 UAE F-16 pilots trained. The last aircraft departed for UAE during December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011644-0012-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard\n2010 saw a new contract with the RNLAF. The Dutch already had a detachment with the 162d Fighter Squadron of the Ohio Air National Guard. This unit was to lose its F-16 task and so the Dutch needed to search for another training site. The USAF then proposed the 148th FS. So an influx of Dutch F-16AM/BM airframes began December 2010. The first class of about ten pilots graduated in late April 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011644-0013-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011645-0000-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Wing\nThe 148th Fighter Wing is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 148th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011645-0001-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Wing, Overview\nThe federal mission of the 148 FW in accordance with Title 10 USC is to maintain wartime readiness and the ability to mobilize and deploy expeditiously to carry out tactical air missions or combat support activities in the event of a war or military emergency. More specifically, the wing specializes in the Suppression and Destruction of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD). The MNANG operates as part of the Total Force of the U.S. military and is fully integrated with the active duty U.S. Air Force to perform its military mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011645-0002-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Wing, Overview\nThe wing flies the F-16 Fighting Falcon, a single-seat, multipurpose fighter with the ability to fly at up to twice the speed of sound. It is capable of performing air-to-air and air-to-ground tactical missions. The 148th flew the F-16A from 10 March 1990, to the end of 2003. On 27 April 2010 the wing transitioned to the single seat F-16C Block 50 (and a small number of twin seat F-16D Block 50).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011645-0003-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Wing, Overview\nThe MNANG's state mission under Title 32 USC is to respond to the call of the Governor of Minnesota in the event of natural disasters or domestic disturbances within the state of Minnesota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011645-0004-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Wing, History\nThe 148th Fighter Group was formed on July 1, 1960 when it was integrated with the 179th Fighter Squadron that was previously under the command of the 133rd Fighter Wing. The same time the  148th gained alert status for the Air Defense Command mission of Duluth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011645-0005-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Wing, History\nFrom 1967 to 1983, the 148th Fighter Group transitioned from the F-102A Delta Dagger replacing the F-89J. The F-102A was upgraded to the F-101B in 1971, and the fighter remained in use until 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011645-0006-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Wing, History\nIn 1976 the 148th Fighter Group was redesignated to the 148th Tactical Reconnaissance Group after gaining F-4C Phantom II Mach-2 reconnaissance aircraft. The wing lost their old mission of air defense and changed to all weather and conditions reconnaissance. In October 1983, the 148th found itself transitioned back to the air defense role, and was renamed the 148th Fighter Interceptor Group. During this period the 148th received new aircraft from the Vietnam War, the F-4D Phantom II, tactical fighter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011645-0007-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Wing, History\nOn March 10, 1990 saw the wing receive their first F-16A fighters. In 1995, the 148th Fighter Group received its wing status with the addition of a detachment on alert status at Tyndall AFB. At the end of 2003, the 148th Fighter Wing converted to the newer Block 25 F-16C/D and end the alert detachment at Tyndall AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011645-0008-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Wing, Post Cold War\nPilots from the 148th Fighter Wing flew combat air patrol missions over Washington DC and New York after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011645-0009-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Wing, Post Cold War\nIn April 2010, the 148th Fighter Wing received their first Block 50 F-16's from the 22nd Fighter Squadron at Spangdahlem Air Base when the squadron disbanded. The wing became the first ANG wing to convert to Block 50 F-16 Falcons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011645-0010-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Wing, Post Cold War\nDuring August 2012 the 148th Fighter Wing deployed to Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan for a two-month deployment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. August 2015, the 148th deployed eight F-16s and over 120 personnel to Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska for RED FLAG-Alaska 15-3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011645-0011-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Wing, Post Cold War\nDuring May/June 2014 the wing sent F-16s to Graf Ignatievo Air Base, Bulgaria for the joint U.S.-Bulgarian Exercise Thracian Star. April 2016 saw the wing deploy 12 aircraft and about 300 airmen to Osan Air Base for nearly four months as part of a theater security package.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011645-0012-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Wing, Post Cold War\nDuring February 2018, the wing's F-16s were responsible for providing combat air patrols over Minneapolis during Super Bowl LII. On April 13 2018, the 148th deployed F-16s and personnel to an undisclosed location in Southwest Asia for an Operation Inherent Resolve deployment. The squadron's F-16s flew more than 600 combat sorties and nearly 3,500 hours. Aircraft and personnel returned to Duluth Air National Guard Base on July 21 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011645-0013-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Wing, Post Cold War\nIn April 2019 the 148th Fighter Wing deployed nearly 180 Air National Guard Airmen and several aircraft to Leeuwarden Air Base, Netherlands for Exercise Frisian Flag 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011645-0014-0000", "contents": "148th Fighter Wing, Post Cold War\nIn September 2019, the wing won the National Guard Association \"Spaatz trophy\" and the Air Force Association's Outstanding Air National Guard Flying Unit award for the most outstanding airmanship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011646-0000-0000", "contents": "148th Georgia General Assembly\nThe 2005 regular session of the 148th Georgia General Assembly met from January 10, 2005, to March 31, 2005, at which time both houses adjourned sine die. In addition, Governor Sonny Perdue called for a special session, which met from September 6, 2005, to September 10, 2005. This was the first session since Reconstruction that both houses were controlled by Republicans, as the House of Representatives was won by the GOP at the 2004 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011646-0000-0001", "contents": "148th Georgia General Assembly\nThe legislature redrew legislative and congressional maps in 2005 after federal judges struck down both maps which were drawn by the 146th legislature as violating the one person, one vote guarantee of the U.S. Constitution, resulting in a reshuffling of districts which took effect in the next legislature which shored up Republican gains in both chambers and in Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011646-0001-0000", "contents": "148th Georgia General Assembly\nThe 2006 regular session of the 148th General Assembly met from January 9, 2006, to March 30, 2006, at which time both houses adjourned sine die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011646-0002-0000", "contents": "148th Georgia General Assembly, Party standings, House of Representatives\n*Active political parties in Georgia are not limited to the Democratic and Republican parties. Libertarians, Greens, the Southern Party of Georgia, and others, run candidates in numerous elections. However, for the 2005-06 session of the General Assembly, only one legislator was not from the two major parties, and he did not run as a member of any other party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011646-0003-0000", "contents": "148th Georgia General Assembly, Notable Legislation, 2005 general session, Voting\nHouse Bill 244  requires voters to provide photographic identification at polling locations in order to vote and makes voting by absentee ballot easier, and also reinstituted the majority vote and runoffs for primaries and general elections which were abolished by the Democratic-majority General Assembly in 1995. Amid great controversy, the law was signed by Governor Perdue on April 22, 2005. Although the law received preclearance from the Department of Justice under the provisions of the Voting Rights Act, the law was later ruled unconstitutional by a court in Rome, Georgia. The current status of the law remains uncertain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011646-0004-0000", "contents": "148th Georgia General Assembly, Notable Legislation, 2006 general session, Voting\nSenate Bill 84, like H.B. 244, requires photographic identification at poll locations to vote. To address some of the concerns raised by the court ruling against H.B. 244, S.B. 84 has more extensive provisions for assisting those without photographic identification to obtain acceptable identification. The bill was passed by both chambers and signed by Governor Perdue on January 26, 2006. Like H.B. 244, S.B. 84 received preclearance from the Justice Department, although it is currently being challenged in court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011646-0005-0000", "contents": "148th Georgia General Assembly, Notable Legislation, 2006 general session, Eminent domain\nHouse Bill 1313 , which would restrict the uses for which private property can be taken via eminent domain, passed both the House and the Senate with no \"no\" votes. The bill is expected to be signed by Governor Perdue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011646-0006-0000", "contents": "148th Georgia General Assembly, Notable Legislation, 2006 general session, Eminent domain\nHouse Resolution 1306  would amend the state constitution by replacing language allowing broad freedom to apply eminent domain with more restrictive language providing for additional restrictions as specified by laws such as H.B. 1313. The resolution passed the House and the Senate and was signed by Governor Perdue, and the question of its final adoption will be put to Georgia voters in the November election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011646-0007-0000", "contents": "148th Georgia General Assembly, Notable Legislation, 2006 general session, Immigration\nSenate Bill 529  was strongly advocated by Senator Chip Rodgers and requires beneficiaries of many state services to provide proof of residency. Most Democrats voted against the legislation, but it nevertheless passed the House and Senate and was signed into law by Governor Perdue on April 17, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011647-0000-0000", "contents": "148th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 148th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011647-0001-0000", "contents": "148th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 148th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on February 21, 1865, for a one-year enlistment. The 148th served in garrisons and operated against guerillas, first at Tullahoma, Tennessee, and alter along the line of the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011647-0002-0000", "contents": "148th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on September 5, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011647-0003-0000", "contents": "148th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 2 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded, and 1 officer and 70 enlisted men who died of disease for a total of 73 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011648-0000-0000", "contents": "148th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 148th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between February 25 and September 5, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011648-0001-0000", "contents": "148th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nRecruited from the 6th district, the regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, with a strength of 1,027 men and mustered in on February 25, 1865. It left Indiana for Nashville, Tennessee, on February 28. The regiment performed guard and garrison duty in the District of Middle Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to early September. The regiment was mustered out on September 5, 1865. During its service the regiment incurred thirty-six fatalities, and another seventy-five deserted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011649-0000-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 148th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army that served in both the First and briefly in the Second World War as part of the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division and disbanded after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011649-0001-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Formation\nThe brigade was raised in 1908 upon the creation of the Territorial Force, which was formed by the amalgamation of the Yeomanry and the Volunteer Force. The 3rd West Riding Brigade was assigned to the West Riding Division. The brigade consisted of two volunteer battalions of the King's Own (Yorkshire Light Infantry) and two of the York and Lancaster Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011649-0002-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nThe division was mobilised shortly after the outbreak of war and started training. In 1915 the division became the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division and the brigade was numbered 148th (1/3rd West Riding) Brigade. The battalions adopted the '1/' prefix (for example, 1/4th KOYLI) to differentiate them from their 2nd Line units being formed. The 2nd Line consisted of the few men who did not volunteer to serve overseas and was intended to act as home service and as a reserve for the 1st Line. The 2nd Line units were 187th (2/3rd West Riding) Brigade, 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division. With the 49th Division, the 148th Brigade saw service on the Western Front during the First World War from 1915 to 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011649-0003-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War, Order of battle\nDue to a shortage of manpower in the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) it was decided to reduce all British divisions serving on the Western Front from twelve to nine infantry battalions, all brigades reducing from four to three, and so the 1/5th KOYLI was transferred from 148th Brigade to the 187th (2/3rd) West Riding Brigade of 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division where they amalgamated with the 2/5th KOYLI and were renamed the 5th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011649-0004-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Inter-war period\nDisbanded after the war, the brigade was reformed in the Territorial Army as the 148th (3rd West Riding) Infantry Brigade and continued to serve with 49th Division, which was also reformed. The brigade had the same composition it did before the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011649-0005-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Inter-war period\nHowever, during the years shortly before the Second World War, all of the brigade's original battalions were converted to other roles or were gradually posted away. The 5th Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry was transferred to the Royal Artillery and became 53rd Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery and 5th Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment were also transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted into 67th (The York and Lancaster) Anti - Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery and joined the 31st (North Midland) Anti - Aircraft Group, 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011649-0005-0001", "contents": "148th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Inter-war period\nThe remaining units, 4th Battalion, KOYLI and 4th (Hallamshire) Battalion, York and Lancs, were transferred to the 146th (2nd West Riding) Infantry Brigade of the 49th Division. They were replaced in the 148th Brigade by the 5th Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment and 5th and 8th battalions of the Sherwood Foresters, all from the disbanded 46th (North Midland) Division (converted into 2nd AA Division). In 1939 the brigade was redesignated 148th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011649-0006-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nWith the rest of the 49th Division, the brigade was mobilised on 1 September 1939, after the German Army's invasion of Poland. The Second World War began two days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011649-0007-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nIn October the 1/5th Battalion, Sherwood Foresters was transferred to the 55th Infantry Brigade of the 18th Infantry Division and was replaced by the 2nd Battalion, South Wales Borderers, a Regular Army unit. The 148th Brigade, together with most of the rest of the 49th Division, was both poorly trained and equipped and was sent with most of the division to Norway and fought in the Norwegian Campaign, suffering heavy casualties, in early 1940 before being withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011649-0008-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nInstead of being  sent to Iceland with the rest of the 49th Division, the brigade was sent to Northern Ireland, coming under command of British Troops Northern Ireland from 7 July 1940 until 26 April 1942, to counter a potential German invasion. It was later redesignated 148th Independent Infantry Brigade, complete with its own independent support units. The brigade was reorganised as a training brigade on 25 July 1942 for pre-OCU training of all OCTU candidates for the Army and, as a result, the independent support units were gradually posted away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011649-0009-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War, Order of battle\nThe 148th Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011649-0010-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the 148th Infantry Brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0000-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 148th Infantry Regiment is an Ohio Army National Guard parent regiment under the U.S. Army Regimental System, with headquarters at Walbridge, Ohio. It currently consists of the 1st Battalion, 148th Infantry Regiment, an infantry battalion of the 37th Infantry Brigade Combat Team located throughout northwest Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0001-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe regiment was formed on 15 September 1917 with the redesignation of the 3rd Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, as part of the 74th Brigade, 37th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0002-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), Mission\nThe 1-148th Infantry Battalion of the Ohio Army National Guard has the Federal Mission to close with the enemy by means of fire and maneuver in order to destroy or capture them or repel their assault by fire, close combat, and counterattack. The State Mission of the Battalion is to provide units trained and equipped for immediate deployment in support of natural disasters and civil disturbances within the state of Ohio and as an aid to civil authorities for domestic disaster preparedness and emergency response, and aid to civil authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0003-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), Mission, Organization\nThe 1st Battalion, 148th Infantry Regiment, Ohio Army National Guard, is part of the 37th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Columbus, Ohio. The 1-148th Infantry Battalion is composed of five assigned units: Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Walbridge, Ohio; Company A, Walbridge, Ohio; Company B, Bowling Green, Ohio; Company C, Tiffin, Ohio; Company D, Sandusky, Ohio; and one attached unit, Company G, 237th Brigade Support Battalion, Lima, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0004-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), Mission, Organization\nMost soldiers are on traditional reserve status who serve in the military on a part-time basis, taking time out from their families and civilian jobs to participate one weekend a month as well as two weeks of annual training each year. Since then the 148th Infantry Battalion has been redesignated, deactivated, and reactivated many times. Each of the units that made up the 148th Infantry left a record of distinguished achievements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0005-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 148th Infantry Regiment has participated in many military actions including: Mexican War, Civil War, Spanish\u2013American War. World War I and World War II. The 148th Infantry Regiment received the Presidential Unit Citation (Army), Philippine Presidential Unit Citation, and cited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army. The 148th Infantry also received the Joint Services Meritorious Unit Award for its participation in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics Detail. Seven individuals in the 148th have distinguished themselves with the Medal of Honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0006-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Formation\nThe 148th Infantry Regiment was designated in June 1846 at Camp Washington, OH, as the 2nd Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry. The years of the Civil War brought several antecedents of the 148th Infantry, namely the 2nd and the 6th Ohio Volunteer Regiments. The 16th Infantry Regiment was formed in the area of Ohio now being served by the 148th Infantry. 1898 saw the 16th Regiment back on active duty as the 6th Ohio and moving once again to the deep South and within a year was moving by foot, rail and ship to Cienfuegos, Cuba and Trinidad. In the years following, men from the 2nd and 6th Ohio Regiments served in the Philippine insurrection and the Boxer uprising, and in such peacetime service as at Dayton during the catastrophic flood of 1913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0007-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1916 and Pancho Villa\nThe year 1916 brought Pancho Villa's raid on Columbus, New Mexico. On 14 July 1916, the 3rd Infantry, Ohio National Guard, direct predecessor of the 148th Infantry, was mustered into federal service and rushed to duty on the Mexican border at El Paso, Texas. There, the Guardsmen received the training which was soon to be put to its most severe test to date. Several units were never mustered out of service from border duty but were sent directly to camps for additional training. It was on 15 September 1917 that the 3rd Ohio was redesignated the 148th Infantry, 74th Brigade, 37th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0008-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1917 and WWI\nDuring World War I, in the front lines at Baccarat and the Pannes, in the Meuse-Argonne and Ypres-Lys offenses at Recicourt and Avocourt, men of the 148th fought in the three strenuous months which were to bring victory to the allied troops. It was the Ypres-Lys campaign that saw the crowning achievement of the 148th. There the Regiment, first of all the allied troops, crossed the Scheldt River in Belgium on 2 November 1918 and maintained the crossing in spite of heavy losses from devastating machine gun and shell fire. It was there, too, that the regimental motto, \"We'll do it,\" was inspired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0009-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1917 and WWI\nAmong the more distinguished members of the 148th was Pvt. Wilk Gunckle, Company M, 148th Infantry, recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross for his extraordinary heroism near Heurne, Belgium on 3 November 1918. According to the postwar attestation by the Adjutant-General, \"He volunteered and guided ammunition carriers to advanced positions, despite the fact that he was seriously wounded in the face, which made it necessary to hold a bandage in place during the journey to and from the front. After receiving treatment at the first-aid station he returned to his duties.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0010-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1917 and WWI\nWith the signing of the Armistice, the 148th stayed on in Europe for several months before it returned to the United States and was demobilized. 1 July 1921 the 148th Infantry was reorganized as such. It was on 27 September 1923 that the 148th Infantry regimental insignia was approved - the first in the United States to receive official War Department sanction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0011-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1917 and WWI\nThe crest has seventeen (17) silver arrows, banded by a sprig of buckeye on a wreath of blue and gold, which are the regimental colors. The seventeen arrows signify Ohio, which was the seventeenth state to be admitted to the Union. The shield is azure, for infantry, divided by a red fess, bordered by two gold bands with two fleurs-de-lis representing the offensive and defensive actions in which the Regiment participated in France. The lion represents Belgium, where the Regiment engaged in the Ypres-Lys offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0011-0001", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1917 and WWI\nThe red fess, wavy and bordered by the two gold bands, represents the Scheldt River which, of all the allied troops, was crossed first by the 148th Infantry on 2 November 1918. The regimental motto, \"We'll Do It,\" inscribed below the shield was inspired during this crossing and became a battle cry that inspired the members of this Regiment to rise above the normal call of duty and to go on to soundly defeat an enemy of superior numbers and to bring about a great victory for the allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0012-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, The interwar years\nThe years 1921 to 1940 constituted a period of rebuilding and peacetime service. The 148th was called to duty at Sandusky following a destructive tornado in 1924 and at Cincinnati during the disastrous flood of 1937. The Guard of Honor at the funeral for President Warren G. Harding included men of the 148th. When strikes taxed the efforts of civilian authorities, the 148th was called to help maintain peace and protect property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0013-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, WWII\n15 October 1940 found the 148th Infantry, as part of the 37th Division, back in active federal service and training in the deep South at Camp Shelby. Shortly after its arrival at its training station, the 148th received a large number of selective service personnel and started a long training program designed to make it one of the finest fighting units in the U.S. Army. After 16 months of rigorous training, the unit moved to Indiantown Gap and finished off its pre-embarkation training designed for European service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0013-0001", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, WWII\nWith the Japanese sweeping to seemingly easy victories against our undermanned Pacific defenses, the 37th was rushed to the Islands to set up a series of island defenses designed to stop the advances and island hopping of the Japanese. The 148th landed at Suva, Fiji Islands, in early June 1942 and immediately set up a long coastal defense on the western part of Viti Levu. This program, coupled with vigorous jungle training, fitted the 148th for its baptism of fire on New Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0013-0002", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, WWII\nJuly 1943 found the 148th under command of Col. Stuart A. Baxter fighting the best Japanese had to offer in the battle for Munda airstrip. It took only one campaign and the veterans of the 148th could be proud of this new fighting unit. Lt . Col. (now Brig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0013-0003", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, WWII\nGen.) Delbert Schultz took the 3rd Battalion on a special mission with a Marine raider force and hit the Japanese at Bairoko Harbor and fought their way through some of the toughest terrain in the Solomon Islands to tie up with the remainder of the 148th in the final push for the airstrip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0014-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, WWII\nAfter but a brief rest unloading ships at Guadalcanal, the 148th was again to lead the way for the 37th and follow the 3rd Marine Division into Bougainville. Once the perimeter defenses were set, it was a matter of marking time until the Japanese 6th Division hit. Early March 1944 found them doing just that, making a penetration of the 145th lines near Hill 700. The 2nd Battalion, under the command of Lt. Col. (now Col.) Herbert W. Radcliffe, was ordered to counter-attack and drive the Japanese from the Hill. After a brief but bloody battle, the 2nd Battalion restored the lines. Within a week the 2nd Battalion again was called upon to back up the 129th Infantry in its sector. For their heroic and courageous efforts, three units of the 148th Infantry received the Presidential Unit Citation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0015-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, WWII\nJanuary 1945 saw the 148th pushing ashore at Lingayen Gulf, Luzon Island, and heading toward Manila. To the veterans of the 148th, there can be no doubt as to which unit reached Manila first. Along the way such strongholds as Clark Field, Fort Stotensburg and Santa Tomas had to be neutralized. Following the fall of Manila, the 148th pushed on toward Balete Pass and thence onward to Baguio and the fall of the summer capital. Before the 148th could catch their breath they were on the move again, this time up through the Cagayen Valley and moving toward Aparri before the Japanese finally surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0016-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post WWII\nFrom September to December 1945, the 148th performed occupational tasks in Luzon before they returned to the United States. Once more a job of reorganization followed the deactivation of the 37th Division back in Ohio. 15 January 1952 found the 148th back in the deep South, this time at Camp Polk, LA. The 148th Regiment was reorganized 1 April 1963 to consist only of the 1st Battalion, 148th Infantry (written 1-148th) an element of the 37th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0017-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 11 September 2001\nAfter 11 September 2001, A-D Companies of the 1-148 Infantry activated to federal active duty on 6 October 2001 and shipped to Ft. Knox, KY, for mobilization training and validation. HHC and E Companies soon followed, and activated to federal active duty on 15 October 2001. Prior to moving to Ft. Knox, KY, the battalion headquarters set up shop at Rickenbacker National Guard Base in Columbus, Ohio, from 24 September to 8 October 2001, in order to provide command and control over the mobilization. As of early 2002, the 148th Infantry was standing guard over American federal installations on its home soil, across the Mid-West region of the United States, in support of Operation Noble Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0018-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Mission to Kosovo\nUnder the command of Task Force Shield Commander Lieutenant Colonel Gordon L. Ellis. The 1-148th Infantry, Ohio Army National Guard was mobilized in June 2004 for four months of training prior to a six-month deployment to Kosovo as peacekeepers as part of Operation Joint Guardian rotation KFOR-6A. for the assignment on the NATO-led peacekeeping force in Kosovo. The soldiers trained for 3 months at Camp Atterbury, IN and then one month at Hohenfels, Bavaria, Germany. The soldiers arrived in Kosovo in August 2004 beginning their mission stationed at Camp Monteith, and Camp Bondsteel, in the MNB-East (Multi National Brigade) sector and returned in February 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0019-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Hurricane Katrina\nAs part of Task Force Buckeye, under the Command of Lieutenant Colonel Gordon L. Ellis. The 1-148th Infantry, Ohio Army National Guard was mobilized on 30 August 2005 and sent to New Orleans, LA. for Hurricane Katrina relief. The 1-148th IN was assigned to the Super Dome in order to install stability and facilitate the evacuation of all civilians. They returned in late September 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0020-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe 1-148th was deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) 2007\u20132008. They were mobilized in January 2008 and trained for three months at Fort Hood TX, then they were sent to Camp Arifjan Kuwait and conducted convoy security and escort operations throughout Iraq and Kuwait. They returned in December 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0021-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nThe 1-148th received notification in May 2010 of a possible deployment to Afghanistan in late 2011. They were mobilized in early 2012 and sent for training at Camp Shelby MS then were deployed to Afghanistan in RC-North in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in January 2012, located primarily at FOB Griffin, COP Qaisar and COP Ghormach. A detachment of two companies were assigned to the NTM-A mission in several bases throughout Afghanistan. During the 148th's deployment, three soldiers were KIA on 4 April 2012 in the city of Maimana, Afghanistan. The 148th returned home in October 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0022-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nThe 1-148th was mobilized in 2017 and conducted pre-deployment training at Fort Bliss, TX. The Battalion subsequently deployed for nine months to Jordan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (Spartan Shield).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0023-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), Heraldry, Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe shield is blue for Infantry divided by a wavy fess of red, bordered by two gold bands, representing the Escaut River in Belgium, which the Regiment, under heavy fire, was the first of the Allied Troops to cross during World War I, costing the lives of many men, but held in the face of concentrated artillery fire and in the face of counterattacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0023-0001", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), Heraldry, Coat of arms, Symbolism\nTwo gold fleurs-de-lis, taken from the ancient French Arms denote service in France, the holding of two sectors in that country, the gold lion rampant is taken from the arms of Belgium and denotes service in that country in the Ypres-Lys offensive. At the time of the crossing of the Escaut River, the units attempting the act were just a little doubtful as to how a swift river could be crossed without pontoons. Lieutenant Colonel Marlin, then Major Marlin, reminded them of a certain ceremony that was to be performed on reaching the Rhine, and with the catch phrase \"We'll Do It,\" the soldiers fell to work, cut down a tree across the Escaut and crossed, single file, over the tree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011650-0024-0000", "contents": "148th Infantry Regiment (United States), Heraldry, Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was approved on 21 April 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011651-0000-0000", "contents": "148th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 148th New York Infantry Regiment was authorized to recruit from the 26th Senatorial District of the State. They were organized at Geneva, Ontario County and mustered in under the command of Colonel William Johnson on September 14, 1862, for a term of service of three years. The 148th served in the Department of Virginia through June 1865 and mustered out June 22, 1865, then under the command of Colonel John B. Murray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011651-0000-0001", "contents": "148th New York Infantry Regiment\nDuring its service the regiment lost by death, killed in action, 2 officers, 63 enlisted men; of wounds received in action, 2 officers, 42 enlisted men; of disease and other causes, 2 officers, 156 enlisted men; total, 6 officers, 261 enlisted men. Total lost was 267, 24 of them enlisted men who died as prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011651-0001-0000", "contents": "148th New York Infantry Regiment, Recruiting\nRecruiting was begun in 1862 in the Finger Lakes area of New York. The table shows the primary areas for each company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011651-0002-0000", "contents": "148th New York Infantry Regiment, Service, Battle of Drewry's Bluff\nIn May, 1864, when the unit was in the 2nd (Stedman's) Brigade, 2nd (Weitzel's) Division of the 18th Corps, it took part in the short campaign of the Army of the James under Gen. Butler against Petersburg and Richmond by way of the James River, being engaged at Swift Creek, Proctor's Creek, Drewry's Bluff and Bermuda Hundred. Its loss during this campaign was 78 in killed, wounded and missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011651-0003-0000", "contents": "148th New York Infantry Regiment, Service, Battle of Cold Harbor\nFrom June 1 to 12, 1864, the 148th was heavily engaged at Cold Harbor, losing 124 killed, wounded and missing. The regiment lost 22 men killed, 2 officers and 12 men mortally wounded, an officer and 85 men wounded and 2 men missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011651-0004-0000", "contents": "148th New York Infantry Regiment, Service, Battle of Chaffin's Farm\nThe regiment lost 6 men killed or mortally wounded and 18 men wounded. Corporal E. Van Winkle and privates Henry S. Wells and George A. Buchanan earned the Medal of Honor for their actions at Fort Harrison", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011651-0005-0000", "contents": "148th New York Infantry Regiment, Service, Battle of Fair Oaks\nIn October 1864 it was heavily engaged on the old battlefield of Fair Oaks, where it lost 84 killed, wounded and missing. Battle of Fair Oaks", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011651-0006-0000", "contents": "148th New York Infantry Regiment, Service, Battle of Fair Oaks\nThe regiment lost 1 officer and 4 men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 12 men wounded and 1 officer and 65 men captured or missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011651-0007-0000", "contents": "148th New York Infantry Regiment, Awards\nCorporal E. Van Winkle and Privates Henry S. Wells and George A. Buchanan distinguished themselves at Fort Harrison and were the recipients of the Medal of Honor from the War Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011651-0008-0000", "contents": "148th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nIt lost by death during its term of service 4 officers and 95 men killed and mortally wounded; 2 officers and 156 men died of disease and other causes, a total of 267.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011651-0009-0000", "contents": "148th New York Infantry Regiment, Reunions\nThe unit mustered out on June 22, 1865, at Richmond, Virginia, under command of Col. Murray and those left with time to serve were transferred to the 100th New York Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011651-0010-0000", "contents": "148th New York Infantry Regiment, Reunions\nThe 148th created a reunion medal that was provided to each member. They engraved the name of the individual and their service dates on the back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011652-0000-0000", "contents": "148th New York State Legislature\nThe 148th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 7 to June 26, 1925, during the third year of Al Smith's second tenure as Governor of New York, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011652-0001-0000", "contents": "148th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011652-0002-0000", "contents": "148th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party, the Workers Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011652-0003-0000", "contents": "148th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1924, was held on November 4. Governor Al Smith (Dem.) was re-elected, but the other six incumbent Democratic state officers were defeated by their Republican challengers. State Senator Seymour Lowman (Rep.) was elected Lieutenant Governor, the last time in New York history that the governor and the lieutenant governor were elected from opposing tickets. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats 1,627,000; Republicans 1,519,000; Socialists 100,000; Workers 6,000; and Socialist Labor 5,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011652-0004-0000", "contents": "148th New York State Legislature, Elections\nFor the first time, a woman was elected to a statewide elective office: Florence E. S. Knapp was elected Secretary of State of New York. At the end of her term she was accused of maladministration, and was convicted of grand larceny in office in 1928. After the re-organisation of the state administration in 1926, the office became appointive, and has remained so ever since. Knapp remained the only woman elected to a statewide elective office in New York for fifty years, until the election of Mary Anne Krupsak as Lieutenant Governor of New York in 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011652-0005-0000", "contents": "148th New York State Legislature, Elections\nOnly one woman was elected to the State Assembly: Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur, a former school teacher who after her marriage became active in women's organisations and politics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011652-0006-0000", "contents": "148th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 7, 1925; and adjourned on March 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011652-0007-0000", "contents": "148th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJohn Knight (Rep.) was elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011652-0008-0000", "contents": "148th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nIn his annual message, Gov. Al Smith proposed a thorough reconstruction of the state administration. During the next two years, many state departments were abolished, merged or created. Most notably, of three offices which had been statewide elective since 1847, one (the Secretary of State) was made appointive, and two (the State Engineer and the State Treasurer) were abolished, the duties being taken over by other departments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011652-0009-0000", "contents": "148th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on June 22, 1925; and adjourned on June 26. This session was called by Gov. Al Smith to reconsider the state park legislation passed during the regular session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011652-0010-0000", "contents": "148th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Thomas F. Burchill, William J. Hickey and Leigh G. Kirkland changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011652-0011-0000", "contents": "148th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011652-0012-0000", "contents": "148th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011653-0000-0000", "contents": "148th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 148th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 148th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (or 148th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011653-0001-0000", "contents": "148th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 148th Ohio Infantry was organized in Marietta, Ohio, and mustered in May 17, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Thomas W. Moore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011653-0002-0000", "contents": "148th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, May 23; then moved to Washington, D.C., June 1, and to White House Landing, Virginia, June 9. Moved to Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, June 11, and to City Point June 15. It was attached to 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, X Corps, Army of the James. On August 9, 1864, while the regiment was stationed at City Point, Virginia, a successful confederate sabotage attempt occurred there, which was later called the City Point explosion. The 148th Ohio served duty at City Point until August 29 then moved to Marietta September 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011653-0003-0000", "contents": "148th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 148th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 14, 1864, at Marietta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011653-0004-0000", "contents": "148th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011653-0005-0000", "contents": "148th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 39 men during service; 2 officer and 37 enlisted men, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011654-0000-0000", "contents": "148th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 148th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011654-0001-0000", "contents": "148th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 148th Pennsylvania Infantry was composed of volunteers raised chiefly in Centre County, Pennsylvania, with seven companies hailing from the county. Company C in particular was recruited in the area surrounding the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania (today known as Pennsylvania State University) and included many of the college's students. The regiment was filled out with a company each from Clarion, Jefferson, and Indiana Counties. Once companies were raised, the regiment was organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on September 8, 1862, under the command of Colonel James Addams Beaver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011654-0002-0000", "contents": "148th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 148th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out of service on June 1, 1865, near Alexandria, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011654-0003-0000", "contents": "148th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nSoldiers from the 148th are featured in the third chapter of MacKinlay Kantor's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel \"Andersonville\" (1955).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011654-0004-0000", "contents": "148th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Cockeysville, Md., September 9\u201310, 1862, and guard duty on Northern Central Railroad until December 9, 1862. Moved to Falmouth, Va., December 9\u201318, 1862. Duty at Falmouth, Va., until April 27, 1863. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign June 14-July 24. Skirmish at Haymarket June 25. Battle of Gettysburg, July 1\u20133. Pursuit of Lee July 5\u201324. Wapping Heights, Va., July 23. Expedition to Port Conway August 31-September 4. Richardson's Ford September 1. Duty on Orange & Alexandria Railroad and the Rappahannock until October. Advance from the Rappahannock to the Rapidan September 13\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011654-0004-0001", "contents": "148th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. South side of the Rappahannock October 12. Auburn and Bristoe October 14. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Kelly's Ford November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6\u20137, 1864. Morton's Ford February 6\u20137. Duty near Stevensburg until May. Rapidan Campaign May 4-June 12. Battles of the Wilderness May 5\u20137; Spotsylvania May 8\u201312; Po River May 9\u201310; Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient May 12. Milford Station May 20. Reconnaissance by the regiment across the North Anna River May 22. North Anna River May 23\u201326.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011654-0004-0002", "contents": "148th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOn line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road June 21\u201323, 1864. Demonstration on north side of the James at Deep Bottom July 27\u201329. Deep Bottom July 27\u201328. Mine Explosion, Petersburg. July 30 (reserve). Demonstration north of the James at Deep Bottom August 13\u201320. Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14\u201318. Ream's Station, Weldon Railroad, August 25. Assault on Davidson's Confederate Battery October 27. Front of Forts Morton and Sedgwick October 29. Reconnaissance to Hatcher's Run December 9\u201310.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011654-0004-0003", "contents": "148th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137, 1865. Watkins' House March 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Gravelly Run March 29. Boydton Road or Hatcher's Run March 30\u201331. Crow's House, White Oak Road, March 31. Sutherland Station April 2. Sailor's Creek April 6. High Bridge, Farmville, April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. March to Washington, D.C., May 2\u201312. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011654-0005-0000", "contents": "148th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 397 men during service; 12 officers and 198 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 183 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011655-0000-0000", "contents": "148th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe 148th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (148 RAC) was an armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps during World War II. It fought in the invasion of Normandy in 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011655-0001-0000", "contents": "148th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\n148th Regiment RAC was formed in November 1941 by the conversion to the armoured role of the 9th Battalion, Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire), a war service battalion hat had been raised in 1940 as part of the rapid wartime expansion of the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011655-0002-0000", "contents": "148th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin, 9th Loyals\nThe 9th Bn Loyals was formed on 4 July 1940 at Lancaster, Lancashire, as a new unit. (A previous 9th (Service) Bn, Loyals, had been raised for 'Kitchener's Army' during World War I).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011655-0003-0000", "contents": "148th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin, 9th Loyals\nThe battalion assembled in camp at Caernarfon, joining the newly raised 7th and 8th Battalions of the Loyals which (together with 12th Battalion Royal Welch Fusiliers) constituted No 15 Infantry Training Group. In October 1940 the 15th ITG became 215th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), a home defence formation. Training was hampered by the shortage of rifles and equipment, and the tented camp became uninhabitable during winter gales, with the battalions having to go into billets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011655-0004-0000", "contents": "148th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin, 9th Loyals\nIn February the brigade transferred to the Durham and North Riding County Division in North East England, where it took up an operational role in beach defence. All the brigade's infantry battalions left in November and December 1941 for conversion to other roles in the Royal Artillery (RA) or Royal Armoured Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011655-0005-0000", "contents": "148th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin, 148th RAC\n9th Loyals was converted into an armoured regiment at Thoresby Hall, Nottinghamshire, on 22 November 1941. Surplus personnel were transferred to other battalions of the Loyals or to 148th Independent Reconnaissance Squadron. In common with other infantry battalions transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, the personnel of 148 RAC would have continued to wear their Loyals cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011655-0006-0000", "contents": "148th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin, 148th RAC\n148 RAC was assigned to 33rd Tank Brigade (later 33rd Armoured Brigade) for training in the United Kingdom, and remained with this formation for most of its service. Serving in the brigade were 144 RAC and 1st Northamptonshire Yeomanry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011655-0007-0000", "contents": "148th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Equipment and training\n148 RAC was initially equipped with Churchill I and II infantry tanks. These early models were later replaced by Churchill IIIs, IVs and Vs equipped with 6-pounder guns and 95mm howitzers, but in March 1944 the regiment exchanged these in turn for Sherman I and Sherman Vc Firefly medium tanks. At the same time 33rd Tank Brigade was redesignated 33rd Armoured Brigade, reflecting the re-equipment of its regiments. The M10 Achilles was used for training teenagers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011655-0008-0000", "contents": "148th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Equipment and training\nIn fact, although equipped with medium rather than infantry tanks, the brigade's role did not change. As an independent brigade under GHQ, 33rd Armoured could be assigned to support any infantry division that required the assistance of tanks, the regiments forming brigade groups with the infantry, with squadrons assigned to support individual battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011655-0009-0000", "contents": "148th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Normandy 1944\n148 RAC landed in Normandy on 15 June 1944 (D+9). 33rd Armoured Brigade had been delayed in arrival, and its absence was sorely felt by the British Second Army during the tough fighting around Villers-Bocage (13\u201316 June). Once in Normandy, the brigade moved between various Divisional, Corps and Army commands as required, but usually it operated with 51st (Highland) Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011655-0010-0000", "contents": "148th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Normandy 1944\nOn 10\u201311 July 1944, 148 RAC supported 153 Brigade of 51st (Highland) Division in Operation Stack, an attack on the Colombelles factory area of Caen, 'but it was much stronger than expected, and the attack failed miserably'. Two troops of 'A' Squadron in close support of the 5th Battalion, Black Watch found themselves engaged by Panzer IV and Tiger I tanks, and although one Sherman scored six hits on a Tiger and stopped it firing, 9 out of the 10 Shermans were knocked out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011655-0010-0001", "contents": "148th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Normandy 1944\nFor Operation Goodwood (18 July) and Operation Totalize (8 August), 148 RAC again supported 51st (Highland) Division. During Totalize, 'B' Sqn attacked the village of Tilly la Campagne, which was 'browned' with the tanks' Browning machine guns. This induced many members of 1055 Grenadier Regiment to surrender. 'B' squadron knocked out three assault guns for the loss of one Sherman, and 'C' Squadron brewed up two Panther tanks for no loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011655-0011-0000", "contents": "148th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Normandy 1944\nApart from battle casualties, there was a steady trickle of casualties from German shellfire and mortars, and misdirected Allied bombs. On 13 August, the regiment was shelled while relieving 144 RAC, and the commander of 'B' Squadron and several other ranks were wounded. Later that day, the regiment's 'harbour' was heavily shelled and the Commanding Officer, Lt-Col R.G. Cracroft, MC, was killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011655-0012-0000", "contents": "148th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Normandy 1944\nThe following day, 148 RAC took part in Operation Kummel, once more in support of 51st (Highland) Division, and lost another squadron commander; this was to be the regiment's last action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011655-0013-0000", "contents": "148th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Disbandment\nOn 15 August, the regiment was ordered to disband, due to a severe shortage of manpower in the British Army at the time. The regiment handed its tanks over to the 1st East Riding Yeomanry, which was to take its place in 33rd Armoured Brigade. The officers and men were posted to other regiments in the brigade or to replacement holding units. This process was completed on 27 August 1944, when the regiment ceased to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011656-0000-0000", "contents": "148th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe German 148th Reserve Division (German: 148. Reserve-Division) was a German reserve infantry formation during the Second World War. It was made up of three infantry regiments (the 281st, 285th, and 286th) and an artillery regiment. Initially an occupation force in southern France, serving as a depot for rest and rifitting, it was activated as an infantry division and fought in Italy from 1944 to 1945. Redesignated the 148th Infantry Division (German: 148. Infanterie-Division) in September 1944 to fight the allied invasion during Operation Dragoon, it later fought in the Po River battles, surrendering to the Brazilian Expeditionary Force on April 28, 1945, after being encircled in the Battle of Collecchio, near the city of Fornovo di Taro at Galano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011656-0001-0000", "contents": "148th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht), History\nDuring Operation Dragoon, the 148th was ordered to counterattack against the beaches at Le Muy, where the US 45th Infantry Division had landed. The German plan was to throw the Allies in the Le Muy \u2013 Saint-Rapha\u00ebl region back into the sea unilaterally. With almost no mobile reserves to react against the beach landings, the commander of the 189th Infantry Division, Richard von Schwerin, was ordered to establish an ad hoc battle group (Kampfgruppe) from all nearby units to counterattack the Allied bridgeheads in this area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011656-0001-0001", "contents": "148th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht), History\nWhile von Schwerin assembled all the men he could find, the 148th Infantry Division near Draguignan encountered heavy resistance from the FFI, which had been reinforced by British paratroopers, upsetting the plan for a swift counterattack toward the beaches. After heavy fighting throughout the day, von Schwerin ordered his troops to retreat under cover of night. At the same time, heavy fighting occurred at Saint-Rapha\u00ebl. Mobile units of the 148th Infantry Division finally had arrived there and encountered the US 3rd Infantry Division, which was trying to take Saint-Rapha\u00ebl. This attack, however, was fruitless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011656-0001-0002", "contents": "148th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht), History\nBy 17 August, the German counter-attacks had been largely defeated, Saint-Rapha\u00ebl was secured together with a large bridgehead along the coastline, and mobile forces had linked up with the airborne troops in Le Muy. French troops had been pouring ashore since 16 August, passing to the left of the American troops with the objective of Toulon and Marseille.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011656-0002-0000", "contents": "148th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht), History\nBy the night of 16/17 August, Army Group G headquarters realized that it could not drive the Allies back into the sea. Simultaneously in northern France, the encirclement of the Falaise pocket threatened the loss of large numbers of German forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011656-0002-0001", "contents": "148th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht), History\nGiven the precarious situation, Adolf Hitler moved away from his \"no step backwards\" agenda and agreed to an OKW plan for the complete withdrawal of Army Groups G and B. The OKW plan was for all German forces (except the stationary fortress troops) in southern France to move north to link up with Army Group B to form a new defensive line from Sens through Dijon to the Swiss frontier. Two German divisions (the 148th and 157th) were to retreat into the French-Italian Alps. The Allies were privy to the German plan through Ultra interception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011656-0003-0000", "contents": "148th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe Germans started the withdrawal, while the motorized Allied forces broke out from their bridgeheads and pursued the German units from behind. The rapid Allied advance posed a major threat for the Germans, who could not retreat fast enough. The Germans tried to establish a defense line at the Rh\u00f4ne to shield the withdrawal of several valuable units there. The US 45th and 3rd Divisions were pressing to the north-west with uncontested speed, undermining Wiese's plan for a new defense line. Barjols and Brignoles were taken by the two American divisions on 19 August, which also were about to envelop Toulon, as well as Marseille from the north, cutting off the German units there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011656-0004-0000", "contents": "148th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht), History\nOn 18 August Neuling's surrounded LXII Corps headquarters attempted an unsuccessful breakout and was finally captured with the rest of the city after some fighting. The German troops in this area were exhausted and demoralized from the fighting against the FFI, so Taskforce Butler was also able to advance at high speed. Digne was liberated on 18 August. At Grenoble, the 157th Reserve Infantry Division faced the Allied advance, and its commander decided to retreat on 21 August toward the Alps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011656-0004-0001", "contents": "148th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThis decision would prove to be fatal for the Germans, as it left a large gap in the eastern flank of the retreating Army Group G. Blaskowitz now decided to sacrifice the 242nd Infantry Division in Toulon, as well as the 244th Infantry Division in Marseille, to buy time for the rest of Army Group G to retreat through the Rh\u00f4ne Valley, while the 11th Panzer Division and the 198th Infantry Division would shield the retreat in several defense lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011656-0005-0000", "contents": "148th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn Italy, the 148th Infantry Division would first be used in anti-partisan warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011656-0006-0000", "contents": "148th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht), History\nOn April 28, the 148th Infantry Division's forces were concentrated near the Po river. Trying to stop the Germans crossing, Lieutenant Pitaluga's squadron, equipped with M8 Greyhound armored reconnaissance  cars, opened fire against German troops who almost immediately blew the bridge behind them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011656-0006-0001", "contents": "148th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht), History\nSupported by a few Shermans of the 760th American tank battalion, Brazilian 3rd artillery howitzer groups with 105\u00a0mm and 155\u00a0mm guns, of the Brazilian 1st Company of the 6th Infantry Regiment (this regiment was commanded by Colonel Nelson de Mello), attacked under heavy German artillery and machinegun fire and set up a defensive line four miles from Fornovo, on the line Gaiano\u2013Segalora\u2013Talignano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011656-0006-0002", "contents": "148th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht), History\nNear 9\u00a0PM a furious German attack was launched against Segalora, trying to break the siege to get to the city of Parma, where other German forces were concentrating, having been repelled by 3rd company, also of the 6th Infantry Regiment. On April 29, the Germans made another try to break the siege.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011656-0007-0000", "contents": "148th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht), History\nAt this moment men of the 2nd Company of the 6th Infantry Regiment, (Major Oest), supported by American tanks, advanced to capture Felegara, which was already occupied by 3rd Company of the 6th Infantry Regiment and Pitaluga's squadron. With Felegara surrounded, the siege was complete and the German forces retreated to Fornovo Di Taro's downtown. Besieged, the Germans started negotiations to surrender all their forces to Brazilian command. These forces were from the 148th German Infantry Division, the remnants of an Italian Bersaglieri Division and the 90th Panzer Grenadier Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011656-0007-0001", "contents": "148th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht), History\nOn April 29, 1945, the 1st Company of the 6th Infantry Regiment command post were located at Fornovo-Ponte Dogna; also present was the four-star General Mascarenhas de Moraes, Commander-in-Chief of the Brazilian forces. Representatives of the German forces showed up to start surrender negotiations. Colonel Floriano de Lima Brayner, represented the Brazilian's forces; at 1\u00a0PM, 13 ambulances with 400 wounded German officers and soldiers arrived. They were immediately removed to the Brazilian campaign hospital at Modena. An hour and half later, another eight ambulances arrived with more wounded men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011656-0007-0002", "contents": "148th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe first fighting unit to surrender was the 36th Regiment of the 9th motorized division. The troops laid down their arms beside the Collechio-Fornovo-Berceto Road. There were infantry weapons(PACs) of several calibers, 75 and 150\u00a0mm mortars, many kinds of vehicles, a column of 105\u00a0mm artillery pieces, 88\u00a0mm guns mounted on halftracks, 80 in total. There was also much ammunition of all types. Over the next 20 hours, 14,779 men surrendered to Brazilian forces, almost all of them Germans. Also captured were 4,000 horses, 2,500 vehicles and 1,000 motor cycles. Italian general Mario Carloni and Lieutenant General Otto Fretter-Pico with all his staff capitulated. The 5th Army commander, General Mark Clark, said: \" A magnificent end to a magnificent campaign!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011656-0008-0000", "contents": "148th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht), War crimes\nThe division has been implicated in one recorded war crime, the Regnano Castello massacre (Tuscany), on 23 November 1944, when 14 civilians were executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0000-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\n148th Siege Battery was a heavy howitzer unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) raised in Essex and Suffolk during World War I. It saw active service on the Western Front at the Somme, Vimy Ridge, Messines and Ypres, and in the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0001-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war in August 1914, units of the part-time Territorial Force (TF) were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and the majority of the Essex and Suffolk Royal Garrison Artillery did so. This unit had mobilised as part of No 14 (Essex & Suffolk) Coastal Fire Command at Landguard Fort, charged with defending the Haven ports of Harwich, Felixstowe and Ipswich and the associated naval base. By October 1914, the campaign on the Western Front was bogging down into Trench warfare and there was an urgent need for batteries of siege artillery to be sent to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0001-0001", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nThe WO decided that the TF coastal gunners were well enough trained to take over many of the duties in the coastal defences, releasing Regular RGA gunners for service in the field. Soon the TF RGA companies that had volunteered for overseas service were also supplying trained gunners to RGA units serving overseas and providing cadres to form complete new units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0002-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nIn August 1915 Harwich was chosen as one of the depots for forming these units, under the command of Major G.W. Horsfield of the Essex & Suffolk RGA.The rest of the personnel were returning wounded Regulars, men of the Special Reserve,  'Kitchener's Army' volunteers and 'Lord Derby men'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0003-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\n148th Siege Battery, RGA, was raised at Harwich under Army Council Instruction 1091 of 29 May 1916 with a cadre of 4 officers and 78 other ranks (ORs) \u2013 approximately a TF RGA company \u2013 from the Essex & Suffolk RGA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0004-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme\nThe battery went out to the Western Front in August 1916, manning four 9.2-inch howitzers, and initially joined XIII Corps' Heavy Artillery. XIII Corps had been heavily engaged in the early part of the Battle of the Somme and was in the process of being relieved, so the battery was transferred to 33rd HAG under Fourth Army HQ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0005-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme\nXIV Corps took over the line from XIII Corps, and continued the Battle of Delville Wood with a carefully-planned attack towards Guillemont. Zero hour was fixed for 14.45 on 18 August and was preceded by a 36-hour methodical bombardment; the rate of fire was not to quicken before the assault so that the enemy would receive no warning. The infantry were then to advance to the first objective behind a curtain of fire provided by the lighter field artillery. There was then to be a 2-hour pause for consolidation while a fresh bombardment was fired at the second objective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0005-0001", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme\nThe right attack was held up, but good progress was made on the left, where Waterlot Farm and Lonely Trench were captured and consolidated. Fighting continued in Delville Wood, with XIV Corps making a fresh attacks on 3 September (the Guillemont) for which the bombardment had begun at 08.00 the previous day. In the centre the German positions had suffered badly from the bombardment and were quickly taken, but the right attack was a disaster. The attack was renewed next morning and by 6 September Guillemont and most of the other objectives had been captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0005-0002", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme\nXIV Corps then prepared to capture Ginchy on 9 September. The bombardment began at 07.00 with no increase in intensity before Zero at 16.45 to deceive the Germans as to the time of the attack and to deny them an opportunity to counter-attack before dark. The village was taken after heavy fighting, and trench fighting continued in front of the village for several days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0006-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme\nFourth Army's heavy artillery was massed for the Battle of Flers\u2013Courcelette beginning on 15 September, but there was no space to move the heavies forward. The bombardment began on 12 September, with daily firing from 06.00 to 18.30 emphasising Counter-battery (CB) fire, and harassing fire (HF) at night. Each morning the bombardment began with a 'brisk' half hour, and Z day was no different, to maintain an element of surprise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0006-0001", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme\nXIV Corps' infantry crossed the Combles Ravine, but did not get beyond their first or second objectives and failed to take the Quadrilateral, a strongpoint on a reverse slope that the bombardment had missed. Over following days the heavy artillery continued to pound the objectives that had not yet been taken \u2013 the Quadrilateral fell on 18 September after an accurate bombardment \u2013 and minor operations were carried out to prepare for the next major attack (the Battle of Morval). Poor visibility hindered artillery observation, particularly for CB fire, but the attack on 25 September was well served by the guns. The infantry advanced methodically and captured Morval and Lesb\u0153ufs, followed by Combles next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0007-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme\nOn 1 October a deliberate bombardment was opened along the whole Fourth Army front at 07.00, which continued without increase in the rate of fire until Zero (15.15) when the Battle of the Transloy Ridges was launched. XIV Corps played a minor part in the attack, but took advantage of the hour's intensive bombardment from 15.15 to make some minor advances. But heavy rain and mud made it difficult to serve the guns as the battle continued. 31st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0007-0001", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme\nHAG HQ moved in on 5 October to take over command of a group of siege batteries including 148th as the fighting continued on the Transloy Ridges. The bombardments and CB work continued, with frequent breakdowns to the worn guns. 31st HAG's batteries bombarded Le Transloy village for the attack on 23 October, but the infantry formations were very weak and made only minor gains. Zenith Trench was captured on 29 October after it was bombarded by 148th and other batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0008-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme\nThe end of the fighting on the Transloy Ridges also marked the end of XIV Corps' participation in the Somme Offensive. 31st HAG HQ left at the end of the month and 148th Siege Bty was transferred to 49th HAG on 29 October. At the time, the battery was at Guillemont. The battery commander, Major George Hugh-Jones (originally of the Essex & Suffolk RGA), was wounded on 4 November and Capt A.N. Street took command. 148th Siege Bty came under 28th HAG on 2 December. There was some firing on most days, when weather permitted observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0008-0001", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme\nThe battery's regular targets included Sunken Trench and hostile batteries and strongpoints around Le Transloy. It was temporarily attached to 64th HAG while 28th HAG HQ  and several of the other batteries went to a rest camp in January 1917. Routine CB and HF fire continued in the new year, with an increasing number of short destructive bombardments of specific trenches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0009-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Vimy\nThe Left half-battery of 148th Siege Bty pulled out on 14 March 1917 for a move north, the rest following on 23 March. It officially joined 53rd HAG with First Army on 21 March. First Army was preparing for the Arras Offensive, with 53rd HAG deployed at Mont-Saint-\u00c9loi supporting Canadian Corps in the opening Battle of Vimy Ridge. Left half battery was in action on 29 March and the whole of 148th Siege Bty was in position by 1 April to participate in the preparations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 66], "content_span": [67, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0009-0001", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Vimy\nIts targets included the Ecole Commune, Spandau House, Th\u00e9lus, Farbus and Vimy village, as well as specific trenches and dugouts. The attack went in at 05.30 on 9 April behind a heavy barrage: 148th Siege Bty laid a barrage on Bloater Trench and the roads behind the Ecole Commune. The Canadians overran three lines of German trenches and seized the crest of the ridge. That afternoon the battery was able to fire at enemy infantry on the move and against a hostile battery to prevent them interfering. Firing continued until 14 April as the Canadians consolidated the captured ground and carried out a limited exploitation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 66], "content_span": [67, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0010-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Vimy\nOn 15 April the battery officially came under 64th HAG, but there was no firing. On 24 April the Right half-battery took up new positions on the Lens\u2013Arras road, targeting Arleux for the next phase of the offensive (the Battle of Arleux) and also carrying out wire-cutting for the infantry. The assault went in on 28 April but was not as successful as the earlier attacks. The battery then switched to targets at Fresnoy and Acheville for the Third Battle of the Scarpe on 3 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 66], "content_span": [67, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0010-0001", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Vimy\nAfter the initial barrage, the battery fired at German infantry moving up to counter-attack, causing many casualties. On 5 May the battery was firing at Oppy village when a German shell hit one of the ammunition dumps at the battery position, destroying a large number of cartridges. Fighting on this sector of the offensive died away thereafter, but the battery remained active, firing at Acheville Church, the brewery, and various trenches and machine gun posts, as well as feint barrages and at targets of opportunity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 66], "content_span": [67, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0010-0002", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Vimy\nBy now the guns were badly worn and needed recalibration, while one was sent to the workshops and the battery temporarily took over a gun of 1st Canadian Siege Bty. By 12 May three of the four guns were in the workshops, and the remaining one was put out of action by enemy CB fire that damaged the gun cradle and destroyed a great deal of ammunition. Only the Canadian gun could now be used, while the rest of the battery was pulled out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 66], "content_span": [67, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0011-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Messines\nOn 17 May the battery reverted to 53rd HAG, now under IX Corps, and moved to new positions at Loker, south-west of Ypres, where Second Army was gathering artillery for the Battle of Messines. From 27 May Right half-battery of 148th Siege Bty began registering its guns on Bogaert Farm and Huns Farm near Wytschaete and on dugouts; Left half-battery joined in on 31 May against Box House. By 3 June the batteries were firing practice barrages and demonstrations to confuse the enemy. The bombardment continued until the assault went in on 7 June, following the explosion of huge mines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0011-0001", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Messines\nThe results of the limited attack were spectacular, with the whole Messines\u2013Wytschaete Ridge being captured. In the IX Corps area, the 36th (Ulster) Division captured the wreckage of two woods and Bogaert Farm in between, finding that 'the ground about the strongpoints had been literally ploughed up by the bursts of the high-explosive shells during the bombardment; the barbed wire entanglements which had protected this are below the crest lay piled in twisted heaps, and everywhere was the wreckage of once solidly built dugouts and shelters'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0012-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Ypres\nThe British artillery was repositioned after the battle, 148th Siege Bty pulling out on 10 June to join II Corps in the Dikkebus area with Fifth Army, where it joined 66th HAG on 17 June. On 22 June 356th Siege Battery joined II Corps. This battery had been raised at Harwich from a nucleus provided by details of the Essex & Suffolk RGA. It arrived with four new Mark II 9.2-inch howitzers, which it was ordered to hand over to 148th Siege Bty. 356th Siege Bty was then split up to reinforce other batteries, including 76th Siege Bty, also formed by the Essex & Suffolk RGA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0013-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Ypres\nFifth Army HQ had been brought to the Ypres Salient to carry out the planned Flanders offensive (the Third Battle of Ypres). Although the preliminary bombardment had begun on 12 June, the Germans had air superiority and better OPs, and the British artillery in the Salient received considerable CB fire. However, the British build-up continued and as time went by the guns began to get the upper hand, with the full artillery preparation beginning on 16 July. The delayed attack (the Battle of Pilckem Ridge) was launched on 31 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0013-0001", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Ypres\nII Corps had the hardest task, and it received the heaviest German retaliatory fire; its divisions made little progress through the shattered woods onto the plateau in front of them. Deadlocked, the corps was unable to continue towards its second and third objectives. Heavy rain in the evening halted any further moves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0014-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Ypres\nDuring August the batteries of 66th HAG continued CB work for II Corps as the massed guns prepared the way for the next assault (the Battle of Langemarck) on 16 August. This was a failure and resulted in heavy casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0015-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Ypres\nAs the Ypres offensive bogged down, Second Army took over its direction in September. 66th HAG continued CB work, now as a double group with 35th HAG. The attack on Glencorse Wood and Nonne Boschen Wood by 1st Australian Division on 20 September supported by 66th HAG during the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge was successful because the objectives were limited and the heavy artillery support was overwhelming. 66th HAG's batteries continued their CB fire for I ANZAC Corps' attack on Gheluvelt on 4 October (the Battle of Broodseinde).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0016-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Ypres\nBut as the offensive continued with the Battle of Poelcappelle and First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to hostile CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to move and fire. To be able to supply them with ammunition the heavy guns had to stay strung out one behind the other along the few available roads, making them an easy target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0017-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1917\u201318\nThe heavy artillery was reorganised on 17 October, 66th HAG going to another corps, and 148th Siege Bty coming under 22nd HAG. CB shoots in conjunction with observation aircraft continued until 22 November when 22nd HAG was reorganised as a bombardment group. 148th Siege Bty (by now at rest following the end of the offensive) transferred back to 28th HAG under II ANZAC Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0017-0001", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1917\u201318\nDespite the appalling conditions, Corps HQ ordered 28th HAG to move up and maintain as many guns as possible in action for CB tasks, though as the German activity was lower than normal there were few calls to neutralise enemy batteries. However, 148th Siege Bty took several days to remount one of its 9.2s at Bellewaarde Lake, being impeded by fire from an enemy 5.9-inch howitzer, which damaged the gun's baseplate and carriage on 26 November and damaged it again two days later. December was quiet, apart from a few minor operations on the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0018-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1917\u201318\nBy now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and they were converted into permanent RGA brigades. 28th Brigade, which changed its designation on 23 December 1917, was defined as a Mixed Brigade, with guns and howitzers of several sizes. 148th Siege Bty remained with this brigade until the Armistice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0019-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Spring Offensive\nThe German Spring Offensive was launched against Third and Fifth Armies on 21 March 1918. Second Army despatched reinforcements to help, including 28th Bde, but the 9.2s were deemed too slow: 148th Siege Bty took over the guns of 188th Siege Bty and was then left at Ypres under II Corps in the northernmost part of the Ypres Salient while the rest of the batteries moved out by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0019-0001", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Spring Offensive\nThe second phase of the German offensive (the Battle of the Lys was launched in early April and 28th Bde was involved in the fighting with some of its batteries under the tactical command of 51st (Highland) Division. 148th Siege Bty probably rejoined at this time, because a number of casualties from the battery killed on 28 April are buried in La Kreule Military Cemetery at Hazebrouck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0020-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive\nIt was not until the summer, after the German offensives had been halted, that 28th Bde fullly re-assembled on 31 July, with its batteries deployed in the For\u00eat de Nieppe under command of XI Corps in the reconstituted Fifth Army. On 7 August, the day before the Allies began their final Hundred Days Offensive with the Battle of Amiens, the German made a withdrawal in front of XI Corps. 28th Brigade carried out numerous harassing fire (HF) tasks and established forward observation posts (OPs). On 9 August a section of 148th Siege Bty moved forward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0020-0001", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive\nBy 18 August there were indications that the Germans intended a significant withdrawal on the Lys sector, and 148th Siege Bty moved forward again, in front of the forest. By the end of August the Germans had retired to Estaires, and then in September went back to the Aubers Ridge where they solidified their position. 148th Siege Bty carried out some training, and then on 9 September was sent to support XIII Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0021-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive\nFifth Army began moving forwards again in early October after the battles of the Canal du Nord and St Quentin Canal. During this advance the 'heavies' were mainly used for HF tasks on the enemy's roads and tracks, and for concentrations on headquarters and the exits of villages. The enemy withdrew to the Escaut in mid-October. By now the offensive had turned into a pursuit, and many of the heavy batteries had to be left behind waiting for roads and bridges to be rebuilt. Fifth Army prepared to make an assault on the Escaut on 11 November, but the Germans retreated out of reach on 8 November. Hostilities were ended on 11 November by the Armistice with Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0022-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Disbandment\n28th Brigade was still with Fifth Army at the time of the Armistice. 148th Siege Bty caught up with it at Templeuve on 13 November. It then moved to Beugin, and education courses began for men awaiting demobilisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 58], "content_span": [59, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011657-0023-0000", "contents": "148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Disbandment\n148th Siege Bty was designated 116th Bty in 29th Bde RGA in the interim order of battle published on 21 May 1919, but this was scrapped after the signature of the Treaty of Versailles  in June and the battery was officially disbanded. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission records 19 dead from 148th Siege Bty (there may be others where the battery is not specified).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 58], "content_span": [59, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011658-0000-0000", "contents": "148th Space Operations Squadron\nThe United States Air Force's 148th Space Operations Squadron (148 SOPS) is a satellite control unit located at Vandenberg AFB, California. The 148th SOPS is tasked with back-up command and control of the MILSTAR satellite constellation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011658-0001-0000", "contents": "148th Space Operations Squadron, Mission\nThe 148 SOPS mans the Primary Satellite Operations Center-Vandenberg (PSOC-V), one of two fixed Milstar Ground Stations. Unique to Milstar is its ground segment for control of the constellation. Milstar has two fixed ground stations, Primary Satellite Operations Center (PSOC), at 4 SOPS and Primary Satellite Operations Center \u2013 Vandenberg or PSOC-V. Each site is fully capable of complete constellation control and operates 24/7. The Milstar Ops Center-Vandenberg is operated by the 148 SOPS, a California Air Guard Unit, and does control 2 Milstar satellites full-time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011658-0002-0000", "contents": "148th Space Operations Squadron, History\nThe 148 SOPS was originally established as the 148th Combat Communications Squadron at Compton, California. The unit was redesignated the 148th Space Operations Squadron, and relocated to Vandenberg AFB, California on 31 October 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011659-0000-0000", "contents": "148th meridian east\nThe meridian 148\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011659-0001-0000", "contents": "148th meridian east\nThe 148th meridian east forms a great circle with the 32nd meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011659-0002-0000", "contents": "148th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 148th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011660-0000-0000", "contents": "148th meridian west\nThe meridian 148\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011660-0001-0000", "contents": "148th meridian west\nThe 148th meridian west forms a great circle with the 32nd meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011660-0002-0000", "contents": "148th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 148th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011661-0000-0000", "contents": "149 (number)\n149 (one hundred [and] forty-nine) is the natural number between 148 and 150. It is also a prime number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011661-0001-0000", "contents": "149 (number), In mathematics\n149 is the 35th prime number, and with the next prime number, 151, is a twin prime, thus 149 is a Chen prime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011661-0002-0000", "contents": "149 (number), In mathematics\n149 is an emirp, since the number 941 is also prime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011661-0003-0000", "contents": "149 (number), In mathematics\n149 is a strong prime in the sense that it is more than the arithmetic mean of its two neighboring primes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011661-0004-0000", "contents": "149 (number), In mathematics\n149 is an irregular prime since it divides the numerator of the Bernoulli number B130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011661-0005-0000", "contents": "149 (number), In mathematics\n149 is an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and a real part of the form 3n\u22121{\\displaystyle 3n-1}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011661-0006-0000", "contents": "149 (number), In mathematics\nThe repunit with 149 1s is a prime in base 5 and base 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011661-0007-0000", "contents": "149 (number), In mathematics\nGiven 149, the Mertens function returns 0. It is the third prime having this property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011661-0008-0000", "contents": "149 (number), In mathematics\n149 is a tribonacci number, being the sum of the three preceding terms, 24, 44, 81.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011661-0009-0000", "contents": "149 (number), In mathematics\n149 is a strictly non-palindromic number, meaning that it is not palindromic in any base from binary to base 147. However, in base 10 (and also base 2), it is a full reptend prime, since the decimal expansion of 1/149 repeats 006711409395973154362416107382550335570469798657718120805369127516778523489932885906040268 4563758389261744966442953020134228187919463087248322147651 indefinitely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011662-0000-0000", "contents": "149 BC\nYear 149 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Censorinus and Manilius (or, less frequently, year 605 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 149 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011663-0000-0000", "contents": "149 Medusa\nMedusa (minor planet designation: 149 Medusa) is a bright-coloured, stony main-belt asteroid that was discovered by French astronomer J. Perrotin on September 21, 1875, and named after the Gorgon Medusa, a snake-haired monster in Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011663-0001-0000", "contents": "149 Medusa\nWhen it was discovered, Medusa was by far the smallest asteroid found (although this was not known at that time). Since then, many thousands of smaller asteroids have been found. It was also the closest asteroid to the Sun discovered up to that point, beating the long-held record of 8 Flora. It remained the closest asteroid to the Sun until 433 Eros and 434 Hungaria were found in 1898, leading to the discovery of two new families of asteroids inward from the 4:1 Kirkwood gap which forms the boundary of the main belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011663-0002-0000", "contents": "149 Medusa\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico, during 2010 gave a light curve with a rather long rotation period of 26.038 \u00b1 0.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.56 \u00b1 0.03 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011664-0000-0000", "contents": "149 Squadron (Israel)\n149 Squadron, often referred to as the Smashing or Shattering Parrot (Hebrew: \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05e0\u05e4\u05e5\u200e) squadron is a former unit of the Israeli Air Force. Active from 1976 to 1991, the squadron flew the A-4 Skyhawk and IAI Kfir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011664-0001-0000", "contents": "149 Squadron (Israel), History\n149 Squadron was activated at Etzion in July 1976, the IAF's eighth and penultimate A-4 squadron. It was initially equipped with the E model of the Skyhawk, made available when 140 Squadron converted to A-4Ns, though by 1978 it was operating N model Skyhawks as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011664-0002-0000", "contents": "149 Squadron (Israel), History\nFrom November 1980, while under the command of Lt. Col. Israel Parnas, 149 begun operating the new IAI Kfir C-2 alongside the Skyhawk, and by late 1981 had retired the older type. On May 4, 1981, the squadron lost one its Kfirs during dissimilar air combat training with IAF F-15 Eagles. Its pilot, Major Yoram Eitan, son of IDF Chief of the General Staff Rafael Eitan, was killed. In 1982, with Israel's evacuation of the Sinai following the Camp David accords, 149 Squadron moved to Ovda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011664-0002-0001", "contents": "149 Squadron (Israel), History\nOn 19 July 1988, due to IAF downsizing and the need to provide additional civil airport capacity for Eilat, the squadron relocated to Hatzor. As other Kfir units eventually transitioned to the F-16 Fighting Falcon, 149 received additional aircraft and for a time may have been unusually large. It was finally disbanded in 1991, its aircraft stored at Ovda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011664-0003-0000", "contents": "149 Squadron (Israel), History\n149 Squadron was reportedly the IAF's Operational Training Unit for the Kfir, tasked with qualifying new airmen on the type. As such, it also flew the two seat variant of the Kfir, the TC-2. The squadron also operated two Kfirs modified for the reconnaissance role and designated RC-2. The two aircraft, 419 and 451 (initially 819 and 851), were converted to mount camera noses developed for the Dassault Mirage. Their guns were removed, the radar warning receivers were moved aft, a Doppler radar installed under the forward fuselage, and they were installed with additional piping to carry power to the nose. When the squadron disbanded, the two aircraft were transferred to 144 Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011664-0004-0000", "contents": "149 Squadron (Israel), Markings\n149 Squadron A-4 Skyhawks bore the IAF's standard 4-tone Skyhawk camouflage scheme, with the black character aircraft code applied on the nose. Unlike other IAF Skyhawk squadrons, it had no distinctive rudder colors. Its Kfirs bore both the 2-tone 'compass gray' scheme and the F-16-style 4-tone scheme. In the late 1980s, its aircraft begun bearing blue and red tail flashes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011665-0000-0000", "contents": "149 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force\nThe 149 Squadron \"Shikra\" of the Republic of Singapore Air Force is a fighter-bomber squadron based at Paya Lebar Air Base. The squadron goes by the motto \"Steadfast\" with the Shikra adopted as its mascot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011665-0001-0000", "contents": "149 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\nBased at Paya Lebar Air Base, 149 Squadron was inaugurated on 1 June 1985 as one of the RSAF's fighter squadrons operating in the interceptor role. The squadron initially operated the supersonic F-5E/F Tiger II fighter aircraft, before converting to the improved F-5S/T Tiger-IIs fighter aircraft in the early 1990s, these were retrofitted with new state-of-the-art avionics giving the aircraft capability of carrying out both air-to-air and air-to-ground missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011665-0002-0000", "contents": "149 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\nOn 5 April 2010, the squadron was re-inaugurated by Defence Minister Teo Chee Hean in an RSAF ceremony at Paya Lebar Air Base, with the arrival of five F-15SG strike fighters flown back the week before from Mountain Home Air Force Base in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011665-0003-0000", "contents": "149 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Information\nThe tail is adorned with a beige checkered tailband. The squadron's logo is centered with the serial number on the base of the tail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 58], "content_span": [59, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011665-0004-0000", "contents": "149 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Achievements\nThe squadron found itself actively involved in several major multilateral exercises such as Exercise Bersama Shield and Bersama Lima under the ambit of the Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA), and Exercise Cope Tiger with the US and Thailand air forces in 2007. The squadron has also won the Best Fighter Squadron award in the Singapore Armed Forces Best Unit Competition eight times, in 1986, 1988, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2011, 2013 and 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011665-0005-0000", "contents": "149 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Photo gallery\nAn F-5S Tiger-IIs of 149 Sqn taxiing towards the runway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011665-0006-0000", "contents": "149 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Photo gallery\nPersonnel and staff of 149 Sqn based at Paya Lebar Air Base posing in front of the squadron's F-5S after winning the Best Fighter Squadron award 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011665-0007-0000", "contents": "149 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Photo gallery\nThe squadron personnel and staff of 149 Sqn posing in front of the squadron's F-5S after winning the Best Fighter Squadron award 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0000-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks\n149\u2013151 George Street, The Rocks is a heritage-listed duty-free store complex and former retail building and residence located at 149\u2013151 George Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1913 to 1913. It is also known as part of the Duty Free Store complex. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0001-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, History\nJames Meehan's Survey of 1807 indicates that the subject site was first occupied by Surgeon General John White at Lot No. 4 and Captain William Raven at Lot No. 5. In c.\u20091835 Mrs Underwood was the owner and perhaps builder of three storey stone shops and houses each with seven rooms. By 1845 a two-storey brick house and shop with a shingle roof and five rooms was built. Also on this same allotment at the corner of George and Globe Streets a two-storey stone and brick house and store was erected. The five roomed house had \"every convenience\". In 1861 this building was used as a \"Bowling Alley\" managed by William Ogilvie. In 1871 in the tenements erected by Mrs Underwood, a public house was opened in today's No. 155 George Street, named the \"Nil Desperandum Hotel\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0002-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, History\nBy 1882 three two storey tenements were erected on the north side of the Hotel, which was at this time known as the New York Hotel. These shops and dwelling were constructed of brick and they were roofed in iron. In 1891 the building to the south corner of Globe and George Street (now 145 George Street) was demolished. In 1892 a three-storey brick and slate roofed shop and dwelling was erected for the Trustees of the Church of England at 145 George Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0002-0001", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, History\nIn 1900 the entire Rocks area was resumed under the Observatory Hill Resumption Act after the outbreak of the bubonic plague. The New York Hotel was demolished in 1907 and by 1908 Tooth & Co. Ltd. Built the last New York Hotel, a brick and iron roofed building at 153/155 George Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0003-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, History\nIn 1911 the tenements to 149 and 151 George Street were replaced by the current building which became known as the Quay Chambers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0004-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, History\nW. A. Grubb is the longest tenant on the site, a butchering company with stores throughout Sydney. They operated at 147 George Street from 1905 until 1910 and when 149\u2013151 George Street was built, they moved into those premises in 1912, remaining there until the 1980s when the site was redeveloped. The buildings just south of the subject site were demolished in 1937 and the site acquired by the Public Transport Commission in 1946 for the City Rail Link to Circular Quay, the line became operational in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0005-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, History\nIn 1986 plans for the development of the site, comprising 145\u2013155 George Street and 60 Harrington Street were developed. The proposal was for the development of the Harrington Street portion of the site. The development included the construction of a ten-storey office block with retail on the ground floor and an underground carpark. The development included changes to the commercial buildings facing George Street with new shopfronts and the reconfiguring of 147 George Street as an arcade entrance for the Duty Free Store (DFS). In 1998 further development work was undertaken on the Duty Free Store including retail fit outs the removal of a barrel-vaulted awing and the reinstatement of the current flat awning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0006-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nIt was erected in 1913 as \"Quay Chambers\" and is also a face brick three storey building with typical Federation period characteristics; face brick, sandstone banded dressings and keystone and gabled parapet. Other features include a stone bracketed cornice and use of decorative metal work in the rainwater goods and awning support brackets. There are strong similarities in the way that the double level balcony opening is designed to that in the adjacent 147 George Street. In both cases the floor slab between levels is designed to emphasise the double height opening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0006-0001", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nW. A. Grubb & Co. butchers were the first tenants of the building, occupying the shopfront for many decades. The appearance of the shopfront was later modified by the conversion of a central door bay into a window and the application of tiles up to the window sill line, prior to complete removal and reconstruction as part of the mid-1980s redevelopment. Also removed at this time was the awning which had a soffit lining of Wunderlich pressed metal which also appears to have continued onto the adjoining awning at 147 George Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0007-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Description, Condition\nArchaeology Assessment Condition: Destroyed? Assessment Basis: Modern development. Basement car parks. No archaeological work appears to have been undertaken for this site although the 1986 Assessment indicated a potential, and important, resource. The subsequent building operations appear to have obliterated much of this resource. Possible deposits survive beneath shops on George Street frontage. Investigation: Historical research and assessment of archaeology: destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0008-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAs at 31 March 2011, 149\u2013151 George Street was constructed in 1911\u201312, a part of a group of four buildings and are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0009-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n149\u2013151 George Street has historic significance at State level for having been the site of early European settlement, continuously occupied by Europeans since 1788. The site has historic significance for its associations with several phases of 20th century urban renewal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0009-0001", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nFirstly the demolition and rebuilding of much of The Rocks under the Observatory Hill Resumption Act following the 1900 plague outbreak; secondly, an association with infrastructure works including the construction of the Cahill Expressway and the City Railway link, which dramatically changed the visual curtilage of the group; and lastly, the 1980s creation of The Rocks as a tourist destination, when the interior and rear of the building was altered to accommodate a Duty Free Store Complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0010-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n149\u2013151 George Street, forms part of a group of four commercial buildings (Nos. 147, 149\u2013151 and 153\u2013155 George Street) which front George Street and form the eastern portion of the DFS Complex. This group of buildings bounded by Globe Street and the Cahill Expressway, mark George St's southern entry to The Rocks precinct. The fa\u00e7ades of the four late 19th century and early 20th century buildings, have streetscape qualities and character that contribute to the overall richness of a coherent and harmonious brick and stucco group of buildings located within The Rocks. The subject building also has local significance in its use of the arch as a dominant feature of the east elevation, as well as the clear division of the fa\u00e7ade into thirds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0011-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe four brick buildings (Nos. 145; 147, 149\u2013151 & 153\u2013155 George Street) of heritage significance, which as a group, provide evidence of two phases of commercial activity in The Rocks just before and just after the plague outbreak and subsequent resumption of land at the beginning of the 20th Century. Although compromised by the loss of rear sections, ground floor interiors and street awnings in the 1980s, it remains a coherent and harmonious brick and stucco group. The buildings are representative of the commercial architecture of the Federation period and the transitional phase prior to the turn of the century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0011-0001", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThey are tangible evidence of the redevelopment of The Rocks in the early 20th century and also the more recent redevelopment period associated with the SCA. These buildings also provide evidence of historical association with prominent local business such as WA Grubb butchers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0011-0002", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe Central Sydney Heritage Inventory contains separate listings for the building fa\u00e7ades of 145\u2013151 George Street and the former New York Hotel at 153\u2013155 George Street: \"Of environmental significance for its contribution to an architecturally diverse and historically important commercial streetscape of heritage significance as physical evidence of the growth and consolidation associated with the maritime activities at Circular Quay\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0011-0003", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe group of four buildings was classified as part of the George Street Business Precinct by the National Trust of Australia in the mid 1970s: \"A group of four compatible Edwardian buildings containing interesting and lively fenestration which combine to present a picturesque street elevation. The group acts as a sympathetic extension to the remaining earlier buildings of George Street in scale and character to present a unified streetscape\". The above listings indicate that the primary significance of the group is their contribution to the historic streetscape as well as their aesthetic value as a group of Federation period commercial buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0012-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe significance of the subject site and the group is associated with its location in The Rocks, a precinct unique to NSW and its historic associations and streetscape character and qualities that contribute to The Rocks area. The group is an important part of The Rocks Heritage Conservation Area being sympathetic in scale and character and an extension of the remaining earlier buildings of George Street, presenting a unified streetscape. The buildings are tangible evidence of the redevelopment of The Rocks in the last decade of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th, the period before and after the plague outbreak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0013-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n149\u2013151 George Street was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0014-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0015-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n149\u2013151 George Street has associations as a built element within George Street, the Rocks, the oldest commercial centre in Australia. The building has moderate significance at local level associated with a butchery continuously operating on the site from the time the building was completed until its major renovation seventy years later. It also has significance for having purpose-built offices on the first and second floors. 149\u2013151 George Street has moderate significance at local level for its associations with the phase of redevelopment of The Rocks in the 1980s when the precinct was transformed into a major tourist attraction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0015-0001", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe building at 149\u2013151 George Street is a three-storey face brick building erected in c.\u20091912 as a shop and offices. Stylistically, the building is an example of the transition between late Victorian and the Federation periods. The upper parapet, sandstone quoins and keystones are typical of Victorian period detailing, while the use of face brick is more typically a Federation detail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0016-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0017-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe East elevation of 149\u2013151 George Street has high significance at local level as a representative example of a commercial building in The Rocks designed in the Late Victorian and early Federation style. The building at 149\u2013151 George Street has high significance at local level associated with the intactness of external elements and the retention of late 19th century and early 20th century streetscape elements conserved within the building group between Globe Street and the Cahill Expressway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0017-0001", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n149\u2013151 George Street has high significance at local level associated with buildings with landmark qualities, located between the Cahill Expressway and Globe Street, comprising 145, 146, 149\u2013151 and 153\u2013155 George Street. On entering the precinct from George Street this group of buildings contrast with the modernist brutalism of the Cahill Expressway and the 20th century modernist buildings located around Circular Quay and the central business district. The backdrop of the DFS buildings does not diminish the picturesque quality of the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0018-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe West Elevation of 149\u2013151 George Street is a fa\u00e7ade designed as part of the 1980s DFS development and as such contributes to the loss of design integrity. The interior of the building was removed in the 1980s development and little evidence of the architectural planning or fabric is retained internally. The item meets this criterion at local level", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0019-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0020-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe Rocks in general has considerable significance to the general community of Sydney and to the people of NSW as a heritage precinct. The fight to save The Rocks was a significant battle for local residents and the community. The Rocks is a highly visited tourist area, both by local and international tourists, for its historic character and associations as a remnant of the area first settled in Sydney. The Rocks, of which the subject site forms a part, is important to the community's sense of place that is integral to The Rocks as a whole and is subsequently held in esteem by the community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0021-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nShopping is a major activity within The Rocks area, and as the first commercial district of Sydney relating directly to the port and shipping, the area has developed a strong commercial focus, which is currently maintained by tourism. The subject site has maintained its historic association with shopping and retail. The item meets this criterion at State level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0022-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0023-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n149\u2013151 George Street is relatively unusual at a local level, for the use of a prominent central arch, emphasised by the appearance of the double height balcony spaces. The detailing of the face brickwork in combination with sandstone quoins, as well as the string course and gable, divides the fa\u00e7ade into three vertical elements, which gives the building a very distinct configuration. The item meets this criterion at a local level", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0024-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0025-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe shops and shopping district of The Rocks are representative of the continued commercial use of the area, and the change in commercial demand from ports and shipping to that of tourism. 149\u2013151 George Street is one of a group of shop buildings that operated in The Rocks from the end of the 19th century until the late 20th century. The item is a representative of this group. The item meets this criterion at local level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011666-0026-0000", "contents": "149-151 George Street, The Rocks, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 1594 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 14 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011667-0000-0000", "contents": "1490\nYear 1490 (MCDXC) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011668-0000-0000", "contents": "1490 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1490\u00a0kHz: 1490 AM is a Regional (Class B) outside the coterminous 48 United States (Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico & U.S. Virgin Islands), and a Local (Class C) frequency within the contiguous 48 states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011669-0000-0000", "contents": "1490 Ch'ing-yang event\nThe Ch'ing-yang event of 1490 (also Ch'ing-yang, Chi-ing-yang or Ch\u00eding-yang meteor shower) is a presumed meteor shower or air burst in Qingyang in March or April 1490. The area was in the province of Shaanxi, but is now part of Gansu. A 1994 study in the journal Meteoritics suggested that a possible explanation of this event is a meteor air burst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011669-0001-0000", "contents": "1490 Ch'ing-yang event\nMany deaths were recorded in historical Chinese accounts of the meteor shower, but have not been confirmed by researchers in the modern era. In the same year, Asian astronomers coincidentally discovered comet\u00a0C/1490\u00a0Y1, a possible progenitor of the Quadrantid meteor showers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011669-0002-0000", "contents": "1490 Ch'ing-yang event, Meteor shower\nAt least three surviving Chinese historical records describe a shower of rocks, one stating that \"stones fell like rain.\" Human fatality estimates in these sources range from more than ten thousand people to several tens of thousands. One report of the event is found in the official History of the Ming Dynasty, and other journal records which describe the event are also generally considered reliable. The official Ming Dynasty history, however, omits the number of casualties, which therefore has been frequently either doubted or discounted by present-day researchers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011669-0003-0000", "contents": "1490 Ch'ing-yang event, Meteor shower\nDue to the paucity of detailed information and the lack of surviving meteorites or other physical evidence, researchers have also been unable to definitively state the exact nature of the dramatic event, even examining the possible occurrence of severe hail. Kevin Yau of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and his collaborators have noted several similarities of the Ch'ing-yang event to the Tunguska air burst in 1908, which, if it had occurred above a populated area, could have produced many fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011669-0004-0000", "contents": "1490 Ch'ing-yang event, Meteor shower\nStones fell like rain in the Ch\u2019ing-yang district. The larger ones were 4 to 5 catties (about 1.5 kg), and the smaller ones were 2 to 3 catties (about 1 kg). Numerous stones rained in Ch'ing-yang. Their sizes were all different. The larger ones were like goose's eggs and the smaller ones were like water-chestnuts. More than 10,000 people were struck dead. All of the people in the city fled to other places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011669-0005-0000", "contents": "1490 Ch'ing-yang event, Meteor shower\nOne source of Chinese astronomical information of celestial events, the Zhongguo gudai tianxiang jilu zongji (Complete collection of records of celestial phenomena in ancient China) records ten works that discuss the March\u2013April 1490 event, including the official History of the Ming Dynasty. Additionally, there are records of it in local gazettes and histories of the region. The History of Ming work (the \u660e\u53f2, or M\u00edng Sh\u01d0) states only that there was a rain of uncountable stones up to the size of goose eggs. The date given was the third lunar month of 1490, which translates as March 21 to April 19, 1490.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011669-0006-0000", "contents": "1490 Ch'ing-yang event, Coincidental comet\nIn 2007 astronomers determined that the annual January Quadrantid meteor shower may have originated with the disintegration of Comet\u00a0C/1490\u00a0Y1, approximately a century after it was first identified in 1490 by Chinese, Japanese, and Korean astronomers. A connection with asteroid (196256)\u00a02003\u00a0EH1 has also been suggested. The large difference between the timing of the January meteor showers and the 1490 Ch'ing-yang event\u2014which occurred in March or April 1490 AD makes a relationship between the comet and the Ch'ing-yang event appear unlikely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011670-0000-0000", "contents": "1490 Limpopo\n1490 Limpopo, provisional designation 1936 LB, is a carbonaceous\u2013metallic asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 18 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 June 1936, by English-born South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It was named for the Limpopo River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011670-0001-0000", "contents": "1490 Limpopo, Orbit\nLimpopo orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,318 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins 2 weeks prior to its official discovery observation. Its first identification as 1931 BL at Lowell Observatory in 1931 remains unused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 19], "content_span": [20, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011670-0002-0000", "contents": "1490 Limpopo, Rotation period\nBetween August and November 2005, three rotational lightcurves of Limpopo were obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi, Pedro Sada at the Mexican Monterrey Observatory, and Dicy Saylor at University of Georgia, United States. The lightcurves gave a rotation period between 6.15 and 6.647 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15\u20130.26 magnitude (U=2-/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011670-0003-0000", "contents": "1490 Limpopo, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Limpopo measures between 14.84 and 20.21 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.068 and 0.105. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0742 and a diameter of 18.55 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.1. The X-type asteroid is also classified as a metallic M-type by WISE and as a carbonaceous intermediate Xc-type in the SMASS taxonomy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011670-0004-0000", "contents": "1490 Limpopo, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Limpopo River, which rises in central southern Africa, and flows through Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe into the Indian Ocean. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011673-0000-0000", "contents": "1490 km\n1490\u00a0km is a rural locality (a railway station) in Shafranovskoye Rural Settlement of Alsheyevsky District, Russia. The  population was 12 as of 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011674-0000-0000", "contents": "1490s\nThe 1490s decade ran from January 1, 1490, to December 31, 1499.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011675-0000-0000", "contents": "1490s BC\nThe 1490s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1499 BC to December 31, 1490 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011678-0000-0000", "contents": "1490s in art\nThe decade of the 1490s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011678-0001-0000", "contents": "1490s in art, Events\nThe Renaissance is in full swing during the 1490s, and Leonardo da Vinci is painting in realistic, chiaroscuro style. In music, many new musical styles are being created, including the motet and madrigal, replacing an emphasis on chanting (and simple melodies) with polyphony and homophony. Christopher Columbus's explorations of the New World captivates the artistic imagination of both artists and the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011679-0000-0000", "contents": "1490s in music\nThis is a list of notable events in music that took place in the 1490s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011680-0000-0000", "contents": "1490s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011680-0001-0000", "contents": "1490s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011680-0002-0000", "contents": "1490s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011681-0000-0000", "contents": "1491\nYear 1491 (MCDXCI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011682-0000-0000", "contents": "1491 (musical)\n1491 is a musical centered around Christopher Columbus before his voyage to discover the New World. Music and lyrics are by American composer and playwright Meredith Willson. It was Willson's final musical. The book was by Willson and Richard Morris with additional material by Ira Barmak and was based on an idea by Ed Ainsworth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011682-0001-0000", "contents": "1491 (musical), Creation\nIt was intended to have the show open in California in 1967, before transferring to Broadway. The previous two years were spent researching Columbus and traveling in Spain and Italy for possible material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011682-0002-0000", "contents": "1491 (musical), Production History\nThe musical opened in Los Angeles on September 2, 1969, and later transferred to San Francisco where it closed on December 13, 1969. The musical closed before reaching Broadway. Richard Morris was the director, Edwin Lester was the producer, and Danny Daniels was the choreographer. John Cullum starred as Christopher Columbus and Chita Rivera starred as his mistress. Jean Fenn played Queen Isabella. Sergio Franchi was previously cast as Columbus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0000-0000", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus\n1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus is a 2005 non-fiction book by American author and science writer Charles C. Mann about the pre-Columbian Americas. It was the 2006 winner of the National Academies Communication Award for best creative work that helps the public understanding of topics in science, engineering or medicine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0001-0000", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus\nThe book presents recent research findings in different fields that suggest human populations in the Western Hemisphere\u2014that is, the indigenous peoples of the Americas\u2014were more numerous, had arrived earlier, were more sophisticated culturally, and controlled and shaped the natural landscape to a greater extent than scholars had previously thought.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0002-0000", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus\nThe author notes that, according to these findings, two of the first six independent centers of civilization arose in the Americas: the first, Norte Chico or Caral-Supe, in present-day northern Peru; and that of Formative-era Mesoamerica in what is now southern Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0003-0000", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Book summary\nMann develops his arguments from a variety of recent re-assessments of longstanding views about the pre-Columbian world, based on new findings in demography, climatology, epidemiology, economics, botany, genetics, image analysis, palynology, molecular biology, biochemistry, and soil science. Although there is no consensus, and Mann acknowledges controversies, he asserts that the general trend among scientists currently is to acknowledge:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0004-0000", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Book summary\nThese three main foci (origins/population, culture, and environment) form the basis for three parts of the book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0005-0000", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Book summary\nIn the introduction, Mann attempts to refute the thesis that \"Native Americans came across the Bering Strait 20,000 to 25,000 years ago, and they had so little impact on their environment that even after a millennia of habitation the continents remained mostly wilderness.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0006-0000", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Book summary, Part One: Numbers from Nowhere\nMann first treats New England in the 17th century. He disagrees with the popular idea that European technologies were superior to those of Native Americans, using guns as a specific example. The Native Americans considered them little more than \"noisemakers\", and concluded they were more difficult to aim than arrows. Prominent colonist John Smith of the southern Jamestown colony noted as an \"awful truth\" that a gun \"could not shoot as far as an arrow could fly\". Moccasins were more comfortable and sturdy than the boots Europeans wore, and were preferred by most during that era because their padding offered a more silent approach to warfare. The Indian canoes could be paddled faster and were more maneuverable than any small European boats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 99], "content_span": [100, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0007-0000", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Book summary, Part One: Numbers from Nowhere\nMann explores the fall of the Inca Empire and attempts to assess their population compared to the armies of conquistadors, such as Francisco Pizarro. He discusses the fatal importance of the numerous newly introduced infectious diseases, and the likelihood that these played a far more significant role in the Native American decline than did warfare or other actions by Europeans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 99], "content_span": [100, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0007-0001", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Book summary, Part One: Numbers from Nowhere\nHe notes that while Europeans probably derived less benefit than expected from their use of horses, as e.g. the stepped roads of Inca settlements were impassable to horses, the Inca did not maximize their use of anti-horse inventions to stop the Spanish intruders. The Inca Empire collapsed because by the time Europeans arrived in force, smallpox and other epidemics had already swept through cities and caused high mortality, due mostly to the natives' lack of immunity to new Eurasian diseases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 99], "content_span": [100, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0008-0000", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Book summary, Part One: Numbers from Nowhere\nThe contrasting approaches of \"High Counters\" and \"Low Counters\" among historians are discussed. Among the former, anthropologist Henry F. Dobyns estimated the number of pre-Columbian Native Americans as close to 100\u00a0million, while critics of the High Counters include David Henige, who wrote Numbers from Nowhere (1998).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 99], "content_span": [100, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0009-0000", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Book summary, Part Two: Very Old Bones\nMann discusses the provenance and dating of human remains, which may provide evidence of the period of first settlement of the Americas. The Clovis culture in New Mexico was one of the first to be assessed using carbon dating. While at first it was believed to have originated between 13,500 and 12,900 years ago, following immigration of peoples from Siberia over the Bering land bridge, recent evidence indicates that Paleo-Indians were present in the Americas at even earlier dates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 93], "content_span": [94, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0010-0000", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Book summary, Part Two: Very Old Bones\nAgriculture is another focus of this section; Mann explores Andean and Mesoamerican cultures. The agricultural development of maize from essentially inedible precursors such as teosinte was significant because it enabled the production of crop surpluses, growing populations and complex cultures, and was pivotal to the rise of civilizations such as the Olmec. Mann notes that Mesoamericans did not have the luxury of \"stealing\" or adopting inventions from others, since they were geographically isolated in comparison to the cultures of Eurasia. There a large, relatively open landmass had resulted in extensive trading and warfare, both of which dispersed cultural inventions. In the Americas, cultures were somewhat more isolated. They did not invent the wheel and mostly lacked domesticated large animals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 93], "content_span": [94, 903]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0011-0000", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Book summary, Part Three: Landscape With Figures\nIn the third section, Mann attempts a synthesis. He focuses on the Maya, whose population growth appears to have been as rapid as its decline. The canonical theory about the disappearance of Mayan civilization, a pattern common among many Native American cultures, was stated by Sylvanus Morley as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 103], "content_span": [104, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0012-0000", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Book summary, Part Three: Landscape With Figures\n\"the Maya collapsed because they overshot the carrying capacity of their environment. They exhausted their resource base, began to die of starvation and thirst, and fled their cities 'en masse', leaving them as silent warnings of the perils of ecological hubris.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 103], "content_span": [104, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0013-0000", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Book summary, Part Three: Landscape With Figures\nMann discusses the growing evidence that shows Native Americans did transform their lands. Most Native Americans shaped their environment with fire, using slash-and-burn techniques to create grasslands for cultivation and to encourage the abundance of game animals. Native Americans domesticated fewer animals and cultivated plant life differently from their European counterparts, but did so quite intensively. Ancient cultures in South America have been found to have constructed elaborate irrigation systems and terraced steep mountains to produce crops and defensively protected settlements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 103], "content_span": [104, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0014-0000", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Book summary, Part Three: Landscape With Figures\nThe author suggests that Europeans' limited and often racist views about the indigenous peoples, in addition to lack of a common language among the indigenous peoples, often resulted in a failure by Europeans to recognize how Native Americans managed their lands. Some historians drew conclusions such as the \"law of environmental limitation of culture\" (Betty J. Meggers); that is, Native Americans practices before slash and burn worked because vast expanses of healthy forest appeared to have existed before Europeans arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 103], "content_span": [104, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0015-0000", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Book summary, Part Three: Landscape With Figures\nMann argues that, in fact, Native Americans were a keystone species, one that \"affects the survival and abundance of many other species\". By the time the Europeans arrived in number to supplant the indigenous population in the Americas, the previous dominant people had been almost completely eliminated, mostly by disease. There was extensive disruption of societies and loss of environmental control as a result. Decreased environmental influence and resource competition would have led to population explosions in species such as the American bison and the passenger pigeon. Because fire clearing had ceased, forests would have expanded and become denser. The world discovered by Christopher Columbus began to change after his arrival, so Columbus \"was also one of the last to see it in pure form\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 103], "content_span": [104, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0016-0000", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Book summary, Part Three: Landscape With Figures\nMann concludes that we must look to the past to write the future. \"Native Americans ran the continent as they saw fit. Modern nations must do the same. If they want to return as much of the landscape as possible to its state in 1491, they will have to create the world\u2019s largest gardens.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 103], "content_span": [104, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0017-0000", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Reception\nA 2005 The New York Times book review stated that the book's approach is \"in the best scientific tradition, carefully sifting the evidence, never jumping to hasty conclusions, giving everyone a fair hearing -- the experts and the amateurs, the accounts of the Indians and of their conquerors. And rarely is he less than enthralling.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 64], "content_span": [65, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011686-0018-0000", "contents": "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Sequel\nIn 2011, Mann published his sequel, 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. It explores the results of the European colonization of the Americas, a topic begun in Alfred Crosby's 1972 work The Columbian Exchange, which examined exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technologies after European encounter with the Americas. Mann added much new scholarship that had been developed in the 40 years since that book was published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 61], "content_span": [62, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011687-0000-0000", "contents": "1491: The Untold Story of the Americas Before Columbus\n\"1491: The Untold Story of the Americas Before Columbus\" is an eight-episode docu-drama television mini-series based on The New York Times best-selling book \"1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus\" by Charles C. Mann (Knopf, 2005). It was co-produced in Canada by Aarrow Productions (Victoria, BC) and Animiki See Digital Production Inc. (Winnipeg, Manitoba) and first aired in Canada on the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network in 2017. Filming took place in Canada, the United States, Mexico and Peru and its creation involved over 400 Indigenous cast and crew members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011687-0001-0000", "contents": "1491: The Untold Story of the Americas Before Columbus\nThrough dramatic re-enactment, narrator voice-overs and interviews with leading Indigenous scholars, the series illustrates that before the arrival of Columbus in the Americas the Western Hemisphere was heavily populated with Indigenous societies which were highly advanced in agriculture, astronomy, architecture, governance, medicine, technology, science, trade and art. Specific examples are shown from eight geographic regions covering the entirety of North and South America. Presented from an Indigenous perspective, the series follows a timeline from 20,000 years ago to 1491.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011687-0002-0000", "contents": "1491: The Untold Story of the Americas Before Columbus, Episode Guide\nEpisode 1: OriginsExplores indigenous origin stories as well as discoveries by archaeologists, anthropologists, geneticists and linguists on how and when Indigenous people first arrived in the Western Hemisphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 69], "content_span": [70, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011687-0003-0000", "contents": "1491: The Untold Story of the Americas Before Columbus, Episode Guide\nEpisode 2: EnvironmentIndigenous people created significant changes to their environment through resource harvesting, farming, urban development, irrigation, controlled burning and deforestation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 69], "content_span": [70, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011687-0004-0000", "contents": "1491: The Untold Story of the Americas Before Columbus, Episode Guide\nEpisode 3: AgricultureMaize was first developed in the Americas from a wild plant known as teosinte. Crops like sweet potato, beans and cacao were cultivated and spread throughout the Americas via well-developed trade networks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 69], "content_span": [70, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011687-0005-0000", "contents": "1491: The Untold Story of the Americas Before Columbus, Episode Guide\nEpisode 4: ArchitectureIndigenous people in the Americas developed iconic and innovative architectural styles depending on their needs for shelter and available resources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 69], "content_span": [70, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011687-0006-0000", "contents": "1491: The Untold Story of the Americas Before Columbus, Episode Guide\nEpisode 5: Governance and TradeGovernance models were developed by each Indigenous nation to control their citizens and establish normative behaviours. The Americas are replete with a variety of examples: from patriarchal and matrilineal-based societies, to complex political systems governing multi-nation empires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 69], "content_span": [70, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011687-0007-0000", "contents": "1491: The Untold Story of the Americas Before Columbus, Episode Guide\nEpisode 6: Science and TechnologyScientific and technological ingenuity in the Americas is apparent through specific examples such as the earliest use of the number \"0\", the mapping of the planets and the stars, the development of multi-year calendars, and the invention of writing systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 69], "content_span": [70, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011687-0008-0000", "contents": "1491: The Untold Story of the Americas Before Columbus, Episode Guide\nEpisode 7: ArtDepending on the natural resources in each region, art was created which reflected a specific Indigenous world view. Many of these artistic expressions have survived to this day through the preservation and perpetuation of each unique style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 69], "content_span": [70, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011687-0009-0000", "contents": "1491: The Untold Story of the Americas Before Columbus, Episode Guide\nEpisode 8: ContinuanceDespite 500 years of pressure to assimilate, Indigenous culture has been retained and reclaimed through repatriation of material culture and programs promoting language preservation and indigenous literacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 69], "content_span": [70, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011687-0010-0000", "contents": "1491: The Untold Story of the Americas Before Columbus, Key Creative Contributors\nCo -Produced by: Harrow Productions (Victoria, BC) and Animiki See Digital Productions (Winnipeg, Manitoba)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 81], "content_span": [82, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011687-0011-0000", "contents": "1491: The Untold Story of the Americas Before Columbus, Key Creative Contributors\nAWARDS: 2018 Leo Award for Best Documentary Series; Best Screenwriting in a Documentary Series (Barbara Hager) and Best Musical Score in a Documentary Series (Russell Wallace)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 81], "content_span": [82, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011688-0000-0000", "contents": "1491s\nThe 1491s are a Native American sketch comedy group, with members based in Oklahoma, Minnesota, and Montana. While the members' sketch comedy has had a growing cult following since the mid-2000's, and their videos since 2009, they are perhaps best-known for their work in more widely-known shows such as Rutherford Falls and Reservation Dogs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011688-0001-0000", "contents": "1491s\nTheir comedy sketches, spoken word, and longer narrative works depict contemporary Native American life in the United States, using humor and satire to explore issues such as stereotypes and racism (internal and external), tribal politics, and the conflict between tradition and modernity. Their over 150 YouTube videos have frequently gone viral, including their first video, the Twilight parody \u201cNew Moon Wolf Pack Auditions!!! !\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011688-0002-0000", "contents": "1491s\nA Los Angeles Times reporter described the group's output as \"dozens of videos, some crass, some cryptic, some laugh-out-loud hilarious.\" Group member Dallas Goldtooth has cited British comedy legends Monty Python's Flying Circus as an influence. The group creates all of its pieces collectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011688-0003-0000", "contents": "1491s\nThe group's name is a reference to the year 1491, the last year before the arrival of Christopher Columbus and widespread European colonization of the Americas began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011688-0004-0000", "contents": "1491s, Performances, film and television\nThe 1491s have been featured on The Daily Show, where they made featured content on the Native American mascot controversy. They have made videos for social and legislatives issues such as full inclusion of Indigenous women in the Violence Against Women Act. As member Bobby Wilson explains, \"There\u2019s so much expectation put on Indigenous people in the arts, especially in the media. It comes from a longstanding tradition of non-Native people, most often white men, writing stories for Hollywood and the stage. We\u2019re fighting those tropes. If they show up in our work, it\u2019s just to lampoon them.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 40], "content_span": [41, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011688-0005-0000", "contents": "1491s, Performances, film and television\nIn 2018 the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, along with New Native Theatre, co-commissioned the 1491s to write a play for their American Revolutions series of new plays about US history. The play, which ran from April 7, 2019, to October 27, 2019, consists of linked comedy sketches covering events between the Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890 and the Wounded Knee Occupation of the 1970s - hence the title, Between Two Knees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 40], "content_span": [41, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011688-0005-0001", "contents": "1491s, Performances, film and television\nPortland Observer critic Darleen Ortega called it \"a feat of theater magic so satisfying that, after seeing it three times, I am determined to savor it at least twice more before it closes\", while Lee Juillerat of the Herald and News wrote, \"With gobs of humor, it politely lays a guilt trip on white people for the history of injustices against Native Americans.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 40], "content_span": [41, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011688-0006-0000", "contents": "1491s, Performances, film and television\nMembers of the troupe have appeared in films and television shows directed by member Sterlin Harjo, and in 2021 four out of the five troupe members worked on the shows Rutherford Falls and Reservation Dogs, as actors, writers and directors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 40], "content_span": [41, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011689-0000-0000", "contents": "1492\nYear 1492 (MCDXCII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1492nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 492nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 92nd year of the 15th century, and the 3rd year of the 1490s decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011689-0001-0000", "contents": "1492\n1492 is considered to be a significant year in the history of the West, Europe, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Spain, and the New World, among others, because of the number of significant events to have taken place during it. Some of the events which propelled the year into Western consciousness, also listed below, include the completion of the Reconquista of Spain, Europe's discovery of the New World, and the expulsion of Jews from Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011690-0000-0000", "contents": "1492 (song)\n\"1492\" is the first song on Counting Crows' 2008 album Saturday Nights & Sunday Mornings. Adam Duritz announced in a voicemail message to his fans on January 12, 2008, that this song would be released as part of a digital 45 release to precede the release of Saturday Nights & Sunday Mornings, with \"When I Dream of Michelangelo\" to be featured as its B-side. It is, however, not the lead commercial single, as \"You Can't Count On Me\" was released as the lead airplay/video single on February 4, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011690-0001-0000", "contents": "1492 (song)\nDuritz said that \"We just came from New Orleans, we spent about four days in New Orleans. Which at times has been like a home away from home for me, but a rather exhausting one. I expect to have a hangover for the next week. A truly debauched place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011690-0001-0001", "contents": "1492 (song)\nIf you ever get a chance to go to Italy, and you end up in some dark underground club in Milan with the disco lights flashing all around you, and people writhing on the floor, liquor flying everywhere, and smoke so thick it hurts your eyes, then you\u2019ll understand this song, which is about finding what's real for yourself, whether that's in friends you may or may not have, or laying drunk face down on the floor of some club in Milan, or walking in the middle of the street past train stations and transvestite prostitutes parading in front of you. So this is a song about American history and Italian discovery, and tranny whores. And in the wake of the last four days, it seems like a perfectly good subject, and it's called '1492'.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011690-0002-0000", "contents": "1492 (song)\nThe song was originally slated for inclusion on the album, Hard Candy, but was not included due to Adam Duritz's dissatisfaction with the quality of the recordings made at that time and the inclusion of a six-minute sitar solo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011690-0003-0000", "contents": "1492 (song)\nThe digital single was made available for download on their official website on January 16, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011691-0000-0000", "contents": "1492 Pictures\n1492 Pictures is an American film production company founded by Chris Columbus, Mark Radcliffe and Michael Barnathan in 1994. The name is a play on Columbus's more famous namesake, Christopher Columbus, and his 1492 landing in the Americas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011691-0001-0000", "contents": "1492 Pictures\nIn addition to various Columbus films, 1492 Pictures has produced movies by other directors including Brian Levant (Jingle All the Way), Henry Selick (Monkeybone), Alfonso Cuar\u00f3n (Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban), Joe Roth (Christmas with the Kranks), Tim Story (the Fantastic Four films), and Shawn Levy (the Night at the Museum series).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011691-0002-0000", "contents": "1492 Pictures, History\nIn 1994, Chris Columbus, who successfully directed the first two Home Alone films, and Mrs. Doubtfire, signed a three-year deal with 20th Century Fox, thus eventually led to the creation of a company called 1492 Pictures. Its first feature was Nine Months. The deal was eventually extended in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011691-0003-0000", "contents": "1492 Pictures, History\nIn 2009, it signed a deal with Korean company CJ Entertainment for three years, to produce its feature films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011691-0004-0000", "contents": "1492 Pictures, History\nIn February 2011, the company bought the rights to the South Korean comedy film Hello Ghost starring Cha Tae-hyun and is scheduled to remake it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011691-0005-0000", "contents": "1492 Pictures, History\nIn August 2011, the production company released an adaptation of Kathryn Stockett's novel The Help.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011691-0006-0000", "contents": "1492 Pictures, History\nIn 2012, it signed a deal with ro*co productions to adapt documentary films into scripted feature films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011691-0007-0000", "contents": "1492 Pictures, History\nIn 2018, it signed a deal with Netflix to produce feature films for its streaming service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011692-0000-0000", "contents": "1492 Up to Date\n1492 Up to Date or Very Near It (sometimes titled 1492) is a burlesque extravaganza created in 1892 in observance of the quadricentennial of Columbus's expedition to the New World. The libretto is by R. A. Barnet. with music by Carl Pflueger. Its Broadway production was presented by Edward E. Rice's \"Surprise Party\" in 1893. The plot centers on Columbus, but in burlesque style, it has little to do with his historical story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011692-0001-0000", "contents": "1492 Up to Date\nThe show has been described as \"a musical, historical, mellow drama  [sic] that threw together bits of opera comique, comic opera, stereopticon projections, extravaganza, farce-comedy, vaudeville, local comedy, burlesque, and even minstrelsy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011692-0002-0000", "contents": "1492 Up to Date, Productions\nIt was originally written for and presented by the Boston Independent Corps of Cadets in February 1892. The show opened in New York City on May 15, 1893, at Palmer's Theatre, to a sold-out and overflowing audience, produced by Rice's Surprise Party. The New York Times called the show \"wild nonsense\" that provoked \"wholesome laughter\" with \"manifest intelligence and abundant humor\" and noted that, by the end, the audience was calling for half a dozen encores of each song. It ran over two seasons, and in two different houses, for 452 performances. After this, it was performed in revival and toured for several years, with alterations and additional characters. During an 1895 revival, Queen Isabella was portrayed by Marie Dressler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011692-0003-0000", "contents": "1492 Up to Date, Plot\nKing Ferdinand's treasurer complains that the kingdom is short of funds. The king has been out having too much fun all night. Queen Isabella and Columbus arrive, and both go mad. Soon Columbus is in front of the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York amidst a crowd of colorful New York types, such as newsboys, chorus girls, vagabonds and vendors. Columbus and his entourage of Old World Spaniards are amazed at the behavior of the New Yorkers. When Columbus returns to Spain, the royal family is living in poverty, doing their own washing. The royal family is amazed and amused by the explorers' stories of the New World. All ends happily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011692-0004-0000", "contents": "1492 Up to Date, Archival materials\nMany of the original performance materials are housed in the library of the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011693-0000-0000", "contents": "1492 epopea lirica d'America\n1492 epopea lirica d'America is an opera in four acts by Antonio Braga. Composed from 1985 to 1989, it stage premiered on 13 October 1992 in Santo Domingo, Teatro Nacional to mark the Columbus Quincentenary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0000-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave\nThe 1492 papal conclave (6\u201311 August) was convened after the death of Pope Innocent VIII (25 July 1492). It was the first papal conclave to be held in the Sistine Chapel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0001-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave\nCardinal Rodrigo Borja was elected unanimously on the fourth ballot as Pope Alexander VI. The election is notorious for allegations that Borja bought the votes of his electors, promising them lucrative appointments and other material gifts. Concerns about this conclave led Pope Julius II to create stronger rules against simony in 1503.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0002-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nOf the 23 cardinals participating in the conclave, fourteen had been elevated by Pope Sixtus IV. The cardinals of Sixtus IV, known as the \"Sistine Cardinals\" and led by Giuliano della Rovere, had controlled the conclave of 1484, electing one of their own, Giambattista Cibo as Pope Innocent VIII. Since 1431 the composition of the College of Cardinals had been radically transformed, increasing the number of cardinal-nephews (from 3 to 10), crown-cardinals (from 2 to 8), and representatives of powerful Roman noble families (from 2 to 4). With the exception of three curial officials and one pastor, the cardinals were \"secularly-minded princes largely unconcerned with the spiritual life of either the Latin church or its members.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0003-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nAt the time of Innocent VIII's death, the names of Cardinals Gherardo and Sanseverino (both created in pectore), had not been published, thus making them ineligible to participate in the conclave; however, both were published as an act of the College in sede vacante, Gherardo having been pushed by Giovanni Battista Orsini and Sanseverino by Ascanio Sforza. Gherardo was assigned the title of Santi Nereo e Achilleo, which it was believed Innocent VIII had intended for him; Sanseverino was given the poor and undesirable diaconate of San Teodoro to ensure that the future pontiff would confirm his assignment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0004-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nAccording to the account of bishop ambassador Giovanni Andrea Boccaccio, at least seven cardinals considered themselves papabile, having dismantled the furnishings of their palaces as a precaution against the traditional pillaging of the pope-elect's residence by the Roman populace: da Costa, di Campofregoso, Michiel, Piccolomini, Domenico della Rovere, Savelli, and Zeno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0005-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Cardinal electors, Absent cardinals\nThere is no evidence that the 4 absent cardinals made an attempt to reach Rome for the conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0006-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Procedures\nAs dictated by the prescriptions Ubi periculum and Ne Romani, the conclave should have begun on 4 August, ten days after the death of Innocent VIII; however, the conclave was delayed to await the slow arrival of the aged Gherardo, bearing a letter from Venice's Council of Ten urging his acceptance into the College. The cardinals had decided as early as their first meeting on 24 July to use the Sistine Chapel for the balloting and assembly of the conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0007-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Procedures\nJohann Burchard, the German papal master of ceremonies, who presided over the conclave, as well as the previous one in 1484, kept an extensive diary, noting that each cardinal was provided:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0008-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Procedures\nA table, a chair, a stool. A seat for the dischargement of the stomach. Two urinals, two small napkins for the table of the lord. Twelve little napkins for the same lord and four hand towels. Two little cloths for wiping cups. Carpet. A chest or box for the garments of the lord, his shirts, rochets, towels for wiping the face and a handkerchief. Four boxes of sweets for provisions. One vessel of sugared pine-seeds. Marzipan. Cane sugar. Biscuits. A lump of sugar. A small pair of scales. A hammer. Keys. A spit. A needle case. A writing case with penknife, pen, forceps, reed pens, and pen stand. A quire of paper for writing. Red wax. A water jug. Salt cellar. Knives. Spoons. Forks [...].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0009-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Procedures\nThe Mass of the Holy Spirit (celebrated by Giuliano della Rovere rather than Borja who as Dean would traditionally have been the celebrant) and then a speech by Bernardino Lopez de Carvajal, a Spaniard and the ambassador to Ferdinand and Isabella, on the \"evils afflicting the Church\" preceded the beginning of the conclave on 6 August 1492. Another Spaniard, Gonzalo Fernandez de Heredia, archbishop of Tarragona, was appointed prefect of the Vatican. Two important offices during sede vacante were filled with compatriots of Cardinal Borja, and it is believed that they both were chosen by Borja in his capacity as Dean to strengthen his position before the conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0010-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Procedures\nThe remainder of 6 August was consumed by the drafting and subscription to the conclave capitulation, which\u2014although not extant\u2014is known to have restricted the number of new cardinals which could be created by the new pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0011-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Vote count\nThe first ballot (\"scrutiny\"), held on 8 August was said to have resulted in nine votes for Carafa, seven for Borja, Costa, and Michiel, and five for Giuliano della Rovere, with Sforza notably receiving zero votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0012-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Vote count\nThe second ballot produced nine for Carafa, eight for Borja, seven for Michiel, and five for Giuliano della Rovere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0013-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Vote count\nAccording to the Florentine Ambassador, one of the guards of the conclave, as of 10 August there had been three unsuccessful ballots, favoring Costa and Carafa, but in no way indicating Borja might be chosen. According to Sigismondo de' Conti, papal secretary and chronicler, the vote was unanimous on the fourth ballot, taken early in the morning on 11 August although Borja had only 15 votes prior to the accessus; other accounts say Borja received all the votes except for his own, which he gave to Carafa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0014-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Vote count\nAccording to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the election of Rodrigo Borja was \"almost entirely due to\" Giambattisti Orsini.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0015-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Allegations of simony\nAccording to Pastor, 'the corruption during the reign of Pope Innocent VIII had increased to such an extent that it became possible by bribery to procure the election of such a successor as Pope Alexander VIThe Venetian envoy to Milan informed his confr\u00e8re in Ferrara: \"that by simony and a thousand villanies and indecencies the papacy has been sold, which is a disgraceful and detestable business\", adding that he expected Spain and France to withhold their support from the new pontiff. After the conclave, a ubiquitous epigram within Rome was: \"Alexander sells the Keys, the Altar, Christ Himself\u2014he has a right to for he bought them.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0016-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Allegations of simony\nOn 10 August after the third ballot, Ascanio Sforza allegedly came to believe his own ambitions of being elected pope were impossible and became susceptible to Borja's offer: the office of Vice-Chancellor and the associated Palazzo Borgia, the Castle of Nepi, the bishopric of Erlau (with annual revenue of 10,000 ducats) and other benefices. Sforza was also reputed to have received four mule-loads of silver (some sources say gold), which Borja ordered to be delivered immediately after the deal was struck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0016-0001", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Allegations of simony\nThe price of the other cardinals was as follows: Orsini, the fortified towns of Monticelli and Soriano, the legation of the Marches, and the bishopric of Cartagena (with annual revenue of 5,000 ducats); Colonna, the abbey of Subiaco and its environs (with annual revenue of 3,000 ducats); Savelli, Civita Castellana and the bishopric of Majorca; Pallavicini, the bishopric of Pampeluna (Pamplona); Michiel, the suburbicarian see of Porto; Riario, Spanish benefices with annual income of 4,000 ducats and the return of a house in the Piazza Navona (which Sforza had occupied) to the children of Count Girolamo. Sanseverino's compensation included Rodrigo Borgia's house in Milan. Cardinals Sclafenati and Domenico della Rovere were to receive abbacies and/or benefices. Cardinals Andicino della Porta and Conti followed Sforza, whom they had originally supported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0017-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Allegations of simony\nThe aforementioned cardinals plus Borja's own vote numbered 14, one short of the required two-thirds majority. However, Cardinals Carafa, Costa, Piccolomini, Cib\u00f2, and Zeno, followed by Medici, were unwilling to be bribed. Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, followed by Basso, was intractably opposed to Borja's election. Thus, the eighty-six-year-old Gherardo, the Cardinal Patriarch of Venice, who was paid only 5,000 ducats, constituted the deciding vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0018-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Allegations of simony\nAccording to Professor Picotti, who extensively researched the conclave and came to the conclusion that simony had occurred, no accounts of papal income and expenditure exist in the registers of Introitus et Exitus for August 1492, and debts from the Apostolic Camera to Cardinals Campofregoso, Domenico della Rovere, Sanseverino, and Orsini appeared soon afterwards. The Spannocchi bank, which housed much of Borja's wealth, was said to have nearly crashed after the conclave due to the velocity of transactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0019-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Allegations of simony\nSome sources say that Charles VIII of France had bankrolled 200,000 ducats (plus 100,000 ducats from the Doge of Genoa) for the election of Giuliano della Rovere, although several otherwise bribable cardinals were hostile to French interference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0020-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Allegations of simony\nOther historians regard politics as a stronger factor within the conclave than pure simony, with the personal rivalry between Giuliano della Rovere and Ascanio Sforza (who had met to discuss the upcoming conclave in Castel Gandolfo even before Innocent VII had died) substituting for the ancient struggle between Naples and Milan, with the intractability between the two parties making Borja a viable candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0021-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Aftermath\nWhen Giuliano della Rovere was elected Pope Julius II in 1503, he issued a bull annulling any papal election brought about by simony, and defrocking and excommunicating any cardinal who sold his vote. Although the twenty-six day reign of Pope Pius III intervened between Alexander VI and Julius II, the alleged unscrupulousness of the Borgia pope was still firmly in the institutional memory of the Roman Curia. While cardinal during the reign of Alexander VI, Julius II had been assailed politically and often militarily outside the sturdy wall of his Castle of Ostia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011696-0022-0000", "contents": "1492 papal conclave, Media\nThe conclave is fictionalized in the 2011 premiere episode of the Showtime series The Borgias, with Jeremy Irons as Borja and Colm Feore as della Rovere, and across several episodes of Tom Fontana's Borgia of the same year, with John Doman as Borja and Dejan \u010cuki\u0107 as della Rovere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0000-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise\n1492: Conquest of Paradise is a 1992 epic historical drama film directed and produced by Ridley Scott and starring G\u00e9rard Depardieu, Armand Assante, and Sigourney Weaver. It portrays a version of the travels to the New World by the Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus and the effect this had on indigenous peoples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0001-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise\nThe film was released by Paramount Pictures to celebrate the 500th anniversary of Columbus' voyage. The premiere debuted at almost exactly the same time as Christopher Columbus: The Discovery, often leading to confusion between the two films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0002-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Plot\nAware that the world is round, Christopher Columbus lobbies for a trip westwards to Asia, but lacks a crew and ship. The Catholic theologians at the University of Salamanca heavily disapprove of Columbus's plan, not being keen on ideas that go against the writings of Ptolemaeus. Columbus is approached by Mart\u00edn Pinz\u00f3n, a shipowner from Palos, who introduces him to the banker Sant\u00e1ngel, whom Queen Isabella I owes money to. Columbus meets with the queen, who grants him his journey in exchange for his promise to bring back sufficient amounts of riches in gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0003-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Plot\nColumbus deceives many crewmen by telling them that the voyage will only last seven weeks. Three ships depart. Nine weeks go by with no sign of land. The crew becomes restless and edges toward mutiny. He tries to reinvigorate them with an inspiring speech, coinciding with a fast wind, which goads the men to return to their duties. At night, Columbus notices mosquitoes on the deck, indicating that land is not far off. Suddenly, out of the mist they see the lush vegetation and sandy beaches of Guanahani.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0004-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Plot\nThe Europeans befriend the local natives, who show them gold they have collected. Columbus teaches one of them Spanish so that they are able to communicate. He then informs them that will return to Spain, which will be followed by the arrival of many more Europeans. Columbus leaves behind a group to begin the colonisation of the Americas. Back in Spain, he receives a high honour from the queen and has dinner with the council. They express disappointment with the small amount of gold he brought back, but the queen approves of his gifts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0004-0001", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Plot\nOn the second expedition, Columbus takes 17 ships and over 1,000 men with him to the island; however, all the crewmen left behind are found to have been killed. When the tribe is confronted by Columbus and his troops, they tell him that another tribe came and killed them. Columbus chooses to believe them, but his commanding officer Moxica is not convinced. They begin to build the city of La Isabela and eventually manage to hoist the town bell into its tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0005-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Plot\nFour years later, the natives are being forced to mine for gold. Moxica punishes one who fails to find any gold by cutting off his hand. The word of this act of violence spreads throughout the native tribes and they all disappear into the forest. Columbus begins to worry about a potential war, with the natives heavily outnumbering them. Upon return to his home, he finds his house set ablaze by Moxica and his followers, confirming his unpopularity among a certain faction of the settlers. Soon, the tribes arrive to fight the Spaniards and the island becomes war-torn, with Columbus' governorship being reassigned with orders for him to return to Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0006-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Plot\nColumbus is accused of nepotism and offering administrative positions to his personal friends, thereby injuring the pride of the nobles such as Moxica; he is replaced by de Bobadilla. Columbus returns to Castile to be imprisoned, but is bailed out by his sons. When summoned by the queen, she is reluctantly convinced to allow him to make another voyage, with the proviso that he neither take his brothers nor return to the colonies. As an old man, Columbus is virtually forgotten in Spain, with the discovery of the New World being credited to Amerigo Vespucci. Columbus's son Ferdinand asks his father to tell him his story so he can transcribe it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0007-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Production\nThe production info is based on the Paramount Pictures pressbook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0008-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Production\nThe idea for the film began in 1987 when French journalist Roselyne Bosch was researching an article for the upcoming 500th anniversary of Columbus' arrival in the Americas. While examining copies of Columbus' letters to Queen Isabel and King Ferdinand, Bosch realized there was interesting material for a screenplay and began additional research on the events surrounding the voyages such as biographies on Columbus and original documents and translations. Bosch then teamed with French producer Alain Goldman. Hoping to set their sights on attracting a major film director, they met with Ridley Scott as well as Mimi Polk Sotela, producer of Thelma and Louise and vice president of Scott's production company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0009-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Production\nBosch remembers, \"I chose to explore the most exciting theory about him \u2013 that he was a rebel who pushed the limits of his time; not just geographically, but also socially and politically. You can't imagine a more complex personality than his. There are several men in one.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0010-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Production\nAfter Bosch teamed with French producer Alain Goldman, the duo set their sights on attracting a major film director. \"Bosch's approach satisfied my curiosity about what kind of leader, seaman and father he was,\" says Goldman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0011-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Production\nGoldman and Bosch met with director Ridley Scott and Mimi Polka-Sotela, executive vice president of his production company and producer of Thelma and Louise. According to Polka-Sotela, \"We thought Roselyne's approach was very interesting. As a journalist, she had clearly done her research and her approach was to be honest but fair about Columbus \u2013 his obsessions, what he did in order to try and fulfill his dreams: both the positive and the negative results from the pursuit of this quest.\" According to Scott,\"He was a bright light emerging from a dark age, a man looking for renaissance.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0012-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Production\nRidley Scott and Alain Goldman joined forces in the autumn of 1990 and the film went into pre-production. While Bosch was finishing the script the producers, CAA, Sinclair Tenenbaum, and Marriott Harrison Solicitors secured financing for what became an international co-production through Odyssey Distributors, and in North America with Paramount Pictures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0013-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Production\nGerard Depardieu was cast in the lead and prepared for the role researching Columbus's letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0014-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Production\nArmand Assante was cast as Sanchez, treasurer of the Spanish crown. According to Ridley Scott, \"Sanchez actually existed, but very little is known about him. He personifies the nobility and the forces that eventually brought Columbus down.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0015-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Production\nSigourney Weaver was cast as Queen Isabel. According to Scott, \"I think Sigourney has a kind of stature as well as a vulnerability that I think Isabel must have had. And that's where the impact lay in the relationship between her and Columbus. It would be silly to suggest it was ever anything approaching sexual, but there was something that obviously impressed Isabel about him.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0016-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Production\nMichael Wincott was cast as the villain, the  disturbed nobleman Adrian de Moxica, who incites a brutal mutiny in the New World. According to Wincott, \"Moxica is a creature of his lineage, a man of absolute and corrupt power. To him, Columbus is a peasant and a foreigner, and taking orders from someone so beneath his station is total humiliation. It would have been impossible for them to get along.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0017-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Production\nScott and his production team scouted in Spain for more than four months before choosing locations in such historic cities as Caceres, Trujillo, Seville, and Salamanca. The filmmakers were given permission by Spanish authorities to film in world-famous monuments like the Alcazar and Casa de Pilatos in Seville and the Old Cathedral of Salamanca. In Spain, 350 carpenters, laborers and painters worked on the film. Era appropriate props were specially constructed and later-era replicas were secured from antique dealers and prop houses in Madrid, Seville, Rome, and London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0018-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Production\nCostume Designer Charles Knode created more than 3,000 costumes. According to Knode, \"What we always tried to do was have clothing, not costumes. We tried to make everything look lived-in.\" Eight outfits were created for Queen Isabel, including a gold brocade gown with a 30-foot printed velvet train and gem-encrusted headdress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0019-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Production\nAccording to Gerard Depardieu, \"Once I'm on the set, it's like an explosion of joy,\" Depardieu says. \"I am happy to follow the director and I don't want to convince him of a different approach to a scene. With Ridley Scott I've managed to build up exactly the kind of relationship I yearn for on the set.\" For settings for the New World, Cuba, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, and Colombia were considered, but Costa Rica was chosen. According to Scott, \"Costa Rica has been called 'the Switzerland of the Indies.' It's balanced politically, has no army, and has 95% literacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0019-0001", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Production\nApart from that I needed to have islands, beaches, mainlands, and jungle, and I found it all in Costa Rica.\" While filming in Costa Rica, the production was based in Jac\u00f3, a small town on the Pacific coast. In addition to heavy humidity and 100+ \u00b0F (37.8+ \u00b0C) temperatures, the production crew had to deal with alligators, scorpions and poisonous snakes. A snake handler was on hand to help keep them away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0019-0002", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Production\nTen major sets were built, including three Indian villages, a gold mine, and Columbus's city of Isabel, a twenty acre set which included a cathedral, city hall, an army barracks, a jail, and a two-story governor's mansion for Columbus. Scenes in the New World were often enhanced by atmospheric effects such as mist, smoke, rain, and fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0020-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Production\n170 indigenous people of Costa Rica comprising four tribes, the Bribri, Maleku, Boruca, and Cabecar, were cast as the natives that Columbus encountered. One of the featured natives was Bercelio Moya, who played Utapan, Columbus's translator. Moya's father, Alejandrino, was cast as Chief Guarionex, and his grandfather, Florin, was cast as the tribe's shaman. Other members of Moya's tribe, the Colombian Waunana, helped build totem poles, dugout canoes, furniture, and weapons. According to cast member Alejandrino Moya, \"I feel that the people we are portraying are both noble and dignified, and I would have been proud to have been part of their tribe.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0021-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Production\nSquare Sail, a British-based company, refashioned the Santa Maria and Pinta replicas from the hull up from two early 20th century era brigantines. The Nina was constructed in Brazil specifically for the film for the film's 500th anniversary by the Columbus Foundation. The Santa Maria and Nina sailed from Britain to Costa Rica, arriving 10 December 1991 where they joined the Nina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0022-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Production\nFilming commenced on 2 December 1991 and ended 10 March 1992, according to imdb.com", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0023-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Music\nRenowned Greek composer Vangelis composed the score. Its main theme, \"Conquest of Paradise\", was used by former Portuguese Prime-Minister Ant\u00f3nio Guterres at his 1995 election and it was used by the Portuguese Socialist Party as its campaign and rally anthem, although it was replaced by the main theme from Gladiator (curiously another Ridley Scott film) since the first Jos\u00e9 S\u00f3crates legislative elections campaign, which doesn't prevent the theme from still being deeply associated with the Socialist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0024-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Music\nRussia used it in the 2nd round of the 1996 Russian presidential election", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0025-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Music\nThe theme is also used at the starting line of the Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc ultramarathon. The German boxer Henry Maske (former world champion (IBF) in the Light heavyweight category) used the main theme as his official entry theme during his professional career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0025-0001", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Music\nOther usages of the theme include New Zealand Super 15 Rugby franchise the Canterbury Crusaders, as they run onto the field, often accompanied by actors dressed as knights and riding on horseback, and rugby league team Wigan Warriors who play in the Super League, as well as being played before the start of every match in the 2010 and 2014 cricket World Twenty20 championships as well as the 2011 Cricket World Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0025-0002", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Music\nIn these events the theme was played right before the national anthems of the two competing nations, as the flags of the two nations were carried into the ground, accompanied by the players of the two teams. The theme was also played in the Top Gear: US Special and became a signature piece for World Professional Champion figure skaters Anita Hartshorn and Frank Sweiding. Despite the film's dismal box office intake in the United States, the film's score became a successful album worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0026-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Reception, Box office\n1492: Conquest of Paradise opened on 66 screens in Spain, grossing $1 million in its first five days. In the United States and Canada, it opened 9 October 1992 in 1,008 theaters. The version released there was edited to 150 minutes, with some violence and brutality removed in order to achieve a PG-13 rating. The film was a flop in the United States, debuting at number 7 with a gross of $3,002,680; worse than the opening of Christopher Columbus: The Discovery earlier in the year, and went on to gross just $7 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0026-0001", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Reception, Box office\nIt opened in France on 12 October 1992, grossing $1.46 million for the weekend from 264 screens. In its second week in Europe, it was the highest-grossing film with a gross of over $7.7 million, including $1.77 million in its opening week in Germany from 213 screens. It did not open well in Italy with $261,800 in its opening weekend from 33 screens. By the end of 1992, it had grossed $40 million internationally, for a worldwide total of $47 million. It went on to gross $59 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011697-0027-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise, Reception, Critical response\nOverall, the film received mixed reviews from critics, with the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes giving the film a 32% rating based on 22 reviews with the critical consensus: \"Historically inaccurate and dramatically inert, Ridley Scott's retelling of Christopher Columbus' exploits is an epic without grandeur or insight\". However, film critic Roger Ebert said that the film was satisfactory, and that \"Depardieu lends it gravity, the supporting performances are convincing, the locations are realistic, and we are inspired to reflect that it did indeed take a certain nerve to sail off into nowhere just because an orange was round.\" Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of \"B+\" on scale of A+ to F.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011698-0000-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise (album)\n1492: Conquest of Paradise is a 1992 music score to the film of the same name by Greek electronic composer and artist Vangelis. The film, a recount of the voyage to America in 1492 by Christopher Columbus, was directed by Ridley Scott, for whom Vangelis had previously composed the music score for Blade Runner, in 1982. The album and the single \"Conquest of Paradise\" enjoyed a revival in 1995 for various reasons and broke many sales records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011698-0001-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise (album)\nDue to the soundtrack's success, Vangelis won an Echo Award as \"International Artist Of The Year\", and RTL Golden Lion Award for the \"Best Title Theme for a TV Film or a Series\" in 1996. The album was nominated for \"Best Original Score - Motion Picture\" at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011698-0002-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Track listing\nA number of pieces can be identified in the film, but it is clear that Scott preferred \"Hispa\u00f1ola\" (track 9) to set the tone of the film, rather than \"Conquest of Paradise\" (track 2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011698-0003-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Track listing\nThe CD was released in each market with one of two different covers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011698-0004-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Track listing\nA Single disc was released with four tracks, two of which were not included in the album:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011698-0005-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Instrumentation\nOn this soundtrack, Vangelis plays together with a number of performers, including two Flamenco guitarists and vocalists, violin, mandolin and flutes. As on a number of previous albums by Vangelis, the English Chamber Choir, directed by Guy Protheroe, performs the choral parts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011698-0006-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Instrumentation\nThe sound engineering was done by Philippe Colonna and coordination by French musician Frederick Rousseau (also known for his collaborations with Jean-Michel Jarre), who has been Vangelis's studio partner since the 1980s till the recording of the Alexander soundtrack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011698-0007-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Instrumentation\nVangelis plays all synthesizers, using mainly string patches but also several ethnic ones, to reflect the character of the film, and electric piano and harp patches. Some calmer, atmospheric pieces (tracks 3, 7, 11 and 12) are entirely performed by Vangelis, using pianos, strings and harp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011698-0008-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Instrumentation\nFor the ethnic music, Vangelis consulted with French specialist Xavier Belanger, who has advised other artists on similar issues, including Jean-Michel Jarre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011698-0009-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Instrumentation\nA video clip was shot in Paris with Vangelis in his Epsilon Studios (since dismantled), with the choir performing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011698-0010-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Lyrics\nThree tracks of this album contain lyrics. In \"Monastery of La Rabida\" and \"Deliverance\", the choir sings Latin hymns (\"De Profundis\" and \"Dies Irae, respectively\"). In \"Conquest of Paradise\" Vangelis used a pseudo-Latin invented language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011698-0011-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Revival and popular culture\nBoth the album and the EP had poor sales upon their release in 1992, but success came three years later, in 1995, for disparate reasons: In Germany, local boxer Henry Maske used the album-track \"Conquest of Paradise\" as his introduction theme during boxing bouts. When he became the IBF world title holder in the light heavyweight category, the piece received wide coverage and a single was hastily released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011698-0012-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Revival and popular culture\nIn Portugal, the local Socialist Party also used \"Conquest of Paradise\" as its theme for the general election campaign (it won). The song has also been used as a theme for the Crusaders, a Super Rugby team based in Christchurch, New Zealand, for English rugby league team the Wigan Warriors, for the 2011 Cricket World Cup, and for the 2010 and 2014 cricket World Twenty20 championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011698-0013-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Charts and sales\nThe soundtrack album charted very well, and went on to be certified gold and platinum in over 17 countries, including Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Holland, Italy, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, and the U.K., culminating with over million copies in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011698-0014-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Charts and sales\nThe single \"Conquest of Paradise\" also topped the charts in a number of countries, including 10 weeks at No. 1 in the Netherlands and Germany, where it sold 1.5 million copies, 8 weeks at No. 1 in Belgium and Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011698-0015-0000", "contents": "1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011699-0000-0000", "contents": "1493\nYear 1493 (MCDXCIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011700-0000-0000", "contents": "1493 Sigrid\n1493 Sigrid, provisional designation 1938 QB, is a dark Nysian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 24 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 August 1938, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. It was named after Sigrid Str\u00f6mgren, wife of astronomer Bengt Str\u00f6mgren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011700-0001-0000", "contents": "1493 Sigrid, Orbit and classification\nSigrid is a member of the Nysa family (405), the largest asteroid family of the main belt, consisting of stony and carbonaceous subfamilies. The family, named after 44 Nysa, is located in the inner belt near the Kirkwood gap (3:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter), a depleted zone that separates the central main belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011700-0002-0000", "contents": "1493 Sigrid, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,383 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as A908 WA at Heidelberg Observatory in November 1908. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle in August 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011700-0003-0000", "contents": "1493 Sigrid, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nIn the Tholen classification, Sigrid is an F-type asteroid (which agrees with the overall spectral type of the Polanian subgroup). In the SMASS classification, it is a Xc-subtype, which transitions between the X- and C-type asteroids. It has also been characterized as a primitive P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011700-0004-0000", "contents": "1493 Sigrid, Physical characteristics, Photometry, Rotation period an amplitude\nIn August 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Sigrid was obtained from photometric observations at the Mount Tarana and Cecil Observatory in NSW, Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 43.296 hours with a brightness variation of 0.6 magnitude (U=2). In October 2010, Raymond Poncy found a period of 22.68 hours (or half the previous period solution) and an amplitude of 0.38 magnitude (U=2-). While not being a slow rotator, the body's period is significantly longer than the typical 2 to 20 hours seen among the majority of asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 79], "content_span": [80, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011700-0005-0000", "contents": "1493 Sigrid, Physical characteristics, Photometry, Spin axis\nThe asteroids lightcurve has also been modeled, using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD) and other sources. Modelling gave a concurring period of 43.179 and 43.1795 hours, as well as two spin axis of (183.0\u00b0, 69\u00b0) and (350.0\u00b0, 69\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 60], "content_span": [61, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011700-0006-0000", "contents": "1493 Sigrid, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Sigrid measures between 22.111 and 28.905 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.034 and 0.05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011700-0007-0000", "contents": "1493 Sigrid, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.0489 and a diameter of 24.03 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.99.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011700-0008-0000", "contents": "1493 Sigrid, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Sigrid Str\u00f6mgren, wife of the Danish-American astronomer Bengt Str\u00f6mgren, after whom the asteroid 1846\u00a0Bengt was named. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 134; RI 2297).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011702-0000-0000", "contents": "1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created\n1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created is a nonfiction book by Charles C. Mann first published in 2011. It covers the global effects of the Columbian Exchange, following Columbus' first landing in the Americas, that led to our current globalized world civilization. It follows on from Mann's previous book on the Americas prior to Columbus, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011702-0001-0000", "contents": "1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created\nIn his book, Mann argues that Columbus paved the way to the homogenocene, a particular feature of the anthropocene that is marked by a global homogenization of (agricultural) species, diseases, and tools brought about by the migration and transport that set in with the discovery of the new world. Modern global food production largely relies on \"invasive species\" (crops, livestock) that existed only regionally before establishment of the new trade and transport paths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011702-0002-0000", "contents": "1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created\nIn the United Kingdom, the book is published by Granta Books and is titled 1493: How the Ecological Collision of Europe and the Americas Gave Rise to the Modern World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011702-0003-0000", "contents": "1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created\nThe book was adapted for younger readers by Rebecca Stefoff and published by Seven Stories Press in 2015 as 1493 for Young People: From Columbus's Voyage to Globalization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011702-0004-0000", "contents": "1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, Reception\nIan Morris, in his review in The New York Times, appreciates the interesting tales Mann tells, writing: \"He makes even the most unpromising-sounding subjects fascinating. I, for one, will never look at a piece of rubber in quite the same way now that I have been introduced to the debauched nouveaux riches of 19th-century Brazil, guzzling Champagne from bathtubs and gunning one another down in the streets of Manaus.\" Gregory McNamee in The Washington Post finds 1493 \"fascinating and complex, exemplary in its union of meaningful fact with good storytelling.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 58], "content_span": [59, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011703-0000-0000", "contents": "1494\nYear 1494 (MCDXCIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011704-0000-0000", "contents": "1494 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1494 kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011705-0000-0000", "contents": "1494 Savo\n1494 Savo, provisional designation 1938 SJ, is a stony background asteroid from the inner region of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Turku Observatory in 1938, the asteroid was later named after the Finnish region of Savonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011705-0001-0000", "contents": "1494 Savo, Discovery\nSavo was discovered on 16 September 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Iso-Heikkil\u00e4 Observatory near Turku, Finland. Two nights later, it was independently discovered by German astronomer Arno Arthur Wachmann at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg. However, the Minor Planet Center only acknowledges the first discoverer. The asteroid was first identified as 1925 RL at the Crimean Simeiz Observatory in September 1929, or nine years before its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011705-0002-0000", "contents": "1494 Savo, Orbit and classification\nSavo is an asteroid of the main belt's background population that does not belong to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,184 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Turku in September 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011705-0003-0000", "contents": "1494 Savo, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Savo is an Sa-subtype that transitions from the stony S-type to the A-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011705-0004-0000", "contents": "1494 Savo, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Savo was obtained from photometric observations by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.35011 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.52 magnitude (U=3), indicative for a non-spherical shape. Follow up observations at the Calvin College Observatory (H62) in 2007 and 2008, gave three nearly identical periods of 5.35020, 5.35031 and 5.35062 hours with an amplitude between 0.44 and 0.63 (U=3/3/3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011705-0005-0000", "contents": "1494 Savo, Physical characteristics, Poles\nThe asteroid's lightcurve has also been modeled twice. In 2011, the first modelling used photometric data from the AstDyS database and the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue, and found two spin axis of (248.0\u00b0, \u221268.0\u00b0) and (83.0\u00b0, \u221266.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2). A refined modeling in 2016, using the Lowell Photometric Database gave two poles of (50.0\u00b0, \u221265.0\u00b0) and (233.0\u00b0, \u221268.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates. Also, both studies found a concurring period of 5.35059 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 42], "content_span": [43, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011705-0006-0000", "contents": "1494 Savo, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Savo measures between 7.80 and 9.23 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.173 and 0.349. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 10.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011705-0007-0000", "contents": "1494 Savo, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Finnish historical province of Savonia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1956 (M.P.C. 1350).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011706-0000-0000", "contents": "1494 Yellow River flood\nThe 1494 Yellow River flood was a natural disaster in China during the Ming dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011706-0001-0000", "contents": "1494 Yellow River flood\nFlood relief was directed by the grand eunuch Li Xing, who founded the city of Anping and established temples to the river god there and at Huanglinggan. He shifted the channel of the Yellow River past Xuzhou and Huaian, limiting the severity of the river's floods over the next few decades and establishing the general course of the river until the floods of the 1850s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011709-0000-0000", "contents": "1495\nYear 1495 (MCDXCV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011711-0000-0000", "contents": "1496\nYear 1496 (MCDXCVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011712-0000-0000", "contents": "1496 Turku\n1496 Turku, provisional designation 1938 SA1, is a Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 September 1938, by astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Iso-Heikkil\u00e4 Observatory in Turku, Finnland. The asteroid was named for the Finnish city of Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011712-0001-0000", "contents": "1496 Turku, Orbit and classification\nTurku is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main belt. It is, however, a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population when applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011712-0002-0000", "contents": "1496 Turku, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,197 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as 1928 QN at Johannesburg Observatory in August 1928, more than 10 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011712-0003-0000", "contents": "1496 Turku, Physical characteristics\nTurku is an assumed S-type asteroid, which is also the Flora family's overall spectral type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011712-0004-0000", "contents": "1496 Turku, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn April 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Turku was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.47 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.51 magnitude, indicative of a non-spherical shape (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011712-0005-0000", "contents": "1496 Turku, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nA 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database, gave a concurring period of 6.47375 hours, as well as a spin axis of (75.0\u00b0, \u221275.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011712-0006-0000", "contents": "1496 Turku, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Turku measures between 7.47 and 7.973 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1930 and 0.347.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011712-0007-0000", "contents": "1496 Turku, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of the Flora family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 8.19 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011712-0008-0000", "contents": "1496 Turku, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Finnish city of Turku, location of the discovering observatory and home of the discoverer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4. In ancient times, Turku was the capital of Finland. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1956 (M.P.C. 1350).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011715-0000-0000", "contents": "14968 Kub\u00e1\u010dek\n14968 Kub\u00e1\u010dek, provisional designation 1997 QG, is a stony background asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 23 August 1997, by Slovak astronomers Adri\u00e1n Gal\u00e1d and Alexander Pravda at Modra Observatory, Slovakia. It was named for Slovak astronomer Dalibor Kub\u00e1\u010dek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011715-0001-0000", "contents": "14968 Kub\u00e1\u010dek, Orbit and classification\nKub\u00e1\u010dek orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,501 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011715-0002-0000", "contents": "14968 Kub\u00e1\u010dek, Orbit and classification\nIts observation arc begins 10 years prior to its official discovery observation, with its identification as 1987 DG3 at the French Caussols Observatory in February 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011715-0003-0000", "contents": "14968 Kub\u00e1\u010dek, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA rotational lightcurve of Kub\u00e1\u010dek was obtained from photometric observations made by the discovering astronomer Adri\u00e1n Gal\u00e1d at Modra Observatory in April 2008. The lightcurve showed a rotation period of 4.89 hours with a brightness variation of 0.48 in magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011715-0004-0000", "contents": "14968 Kub\u00e1\u010dek, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Kub\u00e1\u010dek measures 4.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.21, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 4.7 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011715-0005-0000", "contents": "14968 Kub\u00e1\u010dek, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of astronomer Dalibor Kub\u00e1\u010dek (born 1957), who explored the coma of comets at the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava. He readily instructed the peculiar methods of image processing to students and friends, as well as to the discoverers of this minor planet. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 27 April 2002 (M.P.C. 45339).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011716-0000-0000", "contents": "1497\nYear 1497 (MCDXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011719-0000-0000", "contents": "14974 Po\u010d\u00e1tky\n14974 Po\u010d\u00e1tky, provisional designation 1997 SK1, is a stony background asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Czech astronomer Milo\u0161 Tich\u00fd at Kle\u0165 Observatory in the Czech Republic on 22 September 1997, and named for the Czech town Po\u010d\u00e1tky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011719-0001-0000", "contents": "14974 Po\u010d\u00e1tky, Classification and orbit\nPo\u010d\u00e1tky is a stony S-type asteroid, that orbits the Sun in the middle main-belt at a distance of 2.4\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,559 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at ESO's La Silla Observatory in 1991, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 6 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011719-0002-0000", "contents": "14974 Po\u010d\u00e1tky, Physical characteristics\nTwo rotational lightcurves for this asteroid were obtained from photometric observations made at the U.S Palomar Transient Factory, California, in August 2010 and February 2012. The lightcurves gave a rotation period of 21.7277\u00b10.0320 and 21.7079\u00b10.0320 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.57 and 0.68 in magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011719-0003-0000", "contents": "14974 Po\u010d\u00e1tky, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Po\u010d\u00e1tky measures 4.0 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.23, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes an untypically low albedo for stony asteroids of 0.10, and thus calculates a larger diameter of 4.9 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011719-0004-0000", "contents": "14974 Po\u010d\u00e1tky, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the south Bohemian town of Po\u010d\u00e1tky, Czech Republic. It is the birthplace of the discoverer Milo\u0161 Tich\u00fd. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 11 November 2000 (M.P.C. 41572).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011720-0000-0000", "contents": "1498\nYear 1498 (MCDXCVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1498th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 498th year of the 2nd millennium, the 98th year of the 15th century, and the 9th and pre-final year of the 1490s decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011721-0000-0000", "contents": "1498 Mei\u014d earthquake\nThe 1498 Mei\u014d earthquake (\u660e\u5fdc\u5730\u9707 Mei\u014d Jishin) occurred off the coast of Nankaid\u014d, Japan, at about 08:00 local time on 20 September 1498. It had a magnitude estimated at 8.6 Ms and triggered a large tsunami. The death toll associated with this event is uncertain, but between 5,000 and 41,000 casualties were reported. The tsunami caused by the Mei\u014d Nankaid\u014d earthquake washed away the building housing the statue of the Great Buddha at K\u014dtoku-in in Kamakura, although the statue itself remained intact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011721-0001-0000", "contents": "1498 Mei\u014d earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe southern coast of Honsh\u016b runs parallel to the Nankai Trough, which marks the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate. Movement on this convergent plate boundary leads to many earthquakes, some of them of megathrust type. The Nankai megathrust has five distinct segments (A-E) that can rupture independently, the segments have ruptured either singly or together repeatedly over the last 1,300 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011721-0002-0000", "contents": "1498 Mei\u014d earthquake, Tectonic setting\nMegathrust earthquakes on this structure tend to occur in pairs, with a relatively short time gap between them. In addition to the two events in 1854, there were similar earthquakes in 1944 and 1946. In each case, the northeastern segment ruptured before the southwestern segment. In the 1498 event, the earthquake is thought to have ruptured segments C, D and E and possibly A and B. If both parts of the megathrust ruptured, the events were either simultaneous, or close enough in time, to not be distinguished by historical sources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011721-0003-0000", "contents": "1498 Mei\u014d earthquake, Characteristics\nSevere shaking caused by this earthquake was recorded from B\u014ds\u014d Peninsula in the northeast to Kii Peninsula in the southwest. A tsunami was recorded in Suruga Bay and at Kamakura, where it destroyed the building housing the statue of the Great Buddha at K\u014dtoku-in, although the statue itself survived and has remained outdoors ever since. There is also evidence of severe shaking from records of ground liquefaction in the Nankai area. Tsunami deposits attributed to this earthquake have been described from the coastal plains around the Sagami Trough and the Izu Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011721-0004-0000", "contents": "1498 Mei\u014d earthquake, Characteristics\nUplift of the seafloor of up to 4 m has been estimated for this earthquake, with a much smaller subsidence near the coast. Lake Hamana became a brackish lake because the tsunami broke through low-lying land between the lake and the Pacific Ocean (Ensh\u016b Nada); this formed a channel to the sea, which remains today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011723-0000-0000", "contents": "1499\n1499 (MCDXCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011724-0000-0000", "contents": "1499 Pori\n1499 Pori, provisional designation 1938 UF, is a stony Eunomian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 October 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Turku Observatory in southwest Finland. The asteroid was named after the Finnish city of Pori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011724-0001-0000", "contents": "1499 Pori, Orbit and classification\nPori is a member of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony asteroids and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members. It orbits the Sun in the central main belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,594 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Turku in October 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011724-0002-0000", "contents": "1499 Pori, Physical characteristics\nPori is an assumed S-type asteroid which corresponds to the Eunomia family's overall spectral type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011724-0003-0000", "contents": "1499 Pori, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Pori have been obtained from photometric observations since 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011724-0004-0000", "contents": "1499 Pori, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2003, photometric observations made by Robert Stephens at the Santana Observatory (646) in California, gave a synodic rotation period of 3.36 hours. The lightcurve shows a brightness variation of 0.28 in magnitude (U=3). In August 2016, another lightcurve by Maurice Audejean gave a refined rotation period of 3.3557 hours with an amplitude of 0.34 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011724-0005-0000", "contents": "1499 Pori, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pori measures between 13.37 and 14.90 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.240 and 0.330.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011724-0006-0000", "contents": "1499 Pori, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo of 0.21 \u2013 derived from 15\u00a0Eunomia, the largest member and namesake of the Eunomia family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 15.22 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011724-0007-0000", "contents": "1499 Pori, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the city of Pori, located near the Gulf of Bothnia in Finland. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3928).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011727-0000-0000", "contents": "149th (Northumberland) Brigade\nThe Northumberland Brigade was formed in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force of the British Army with four battalions of the Northumberland Fusiliers. The brigade was numbered as 149th (Northumberland) Brigade in 1915 and served with the 50th (Northumbrian) Division on the Western Front throughout World War I. Due to losses suffered in the Ludendorf Offensive in 1918, it had to be comprehensively reorganized. Reformed as the Northumberland Brigade post-war, it was broken up before the outbreak of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011727-0001-0000", "contents": "149th (Northumberland) Brigade, History, Formation\nUnder the terms of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw. 7, c.9), the Northumberland Brigade was formed in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force. It was Headquartered in Newcastle upon Tyne and consisted of four infantry battalions of the Northumberland Fusiliers and a Transport and Supply Company:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011727-0002-0000", "contents": "149th (Northumberland) Brigade, History, World War I\nThe brigade was mobilized on the outbreak of the war and posted to the Tyne Defences. The battalions were given fractional designations (e.g. 1/4th Battalion) with the formation of the 2nd Line battalions in 1914. In April 1915, the brigade was posted to France and on 14 May was redesignated as 149th (Northumberland) Brigade (the division became 50th (Northumbrian) Division).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011727-0003-0000", "contents": "149th (Northumberland) Brigade, History, World War I\nThe brigade served with the 50th Division on the Western Front for the rest of the war. In 1915, it took part in the Second Battle of Ypres and the Battle of the Somme in 1916. In 1917, it took part in the Battle of Arras and the Third Battle of Ypres. As a result of the losses suffered in the Ludendorf Offensive (First Battle of the Somme and Battle of the Lys), the brigade had to be comprehensively reorganized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011727-0003-0001", "contents": "149th (Northumberland) Brigade, History, World War I\nOn 15 July 1918, the Northumberland Fusiliers battalions were reduced to cadre and transferred to Lines of Communication duties; they were replaced by two battalions from Salonika (3rd Royal Fusiliers ex 85th Brigade, 28th Division and 13th Black Watch ex 81st Brigade, 27th Division) and another (2nd Royal Dublin Fusiliers) that had been in France since August 1914. Thereafter, it took part in the Battles of the Hindenburg Line and the Final Advance in Picardy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011727-0004-0000", "contents": "149th (Northumberland) Brigade, History, Post-war\nThe 50th Division had crossed the Sambre and reached Solre-le-Ch\u00e2teau on 10 November 1918 when it was relieved. Demobilization started in December and by 19 March 1919 the division had ceased to exist in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011727-0005-0000", "contents": "149th (Northumberland) Brigade, History, Post-war\nThe Northumbrian Division was reformed again in England on 1 April 1920 with the same composition as pre-war. The four original battalions were reformed in the Territorial Army on 7 February 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011727-0006-0000", "contents": "149th (Northumberland) Brigade, History, Post-war\nBefore the outbreak of the Second World War, the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division was reorganized as a Motor Division which saw a reduction from three to two brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment\nThe 149th Armored Regiment was an armored regiment that was part of the California Army National Guard. Its lineage dates back to a cavalry unit organized in 1895 in Salinas. As Troop C, the unit's first major action occurred when it deployed to help in the aftermath of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake. In 1916, still as Troop C, the unit served along the Mexico\u2013United States border near Nogales, Arizona to deter further border incursions, due to events surrounding the Pancho Villa Expedition. The following year, Troop C was activated then reorganized and redesignated as Company B, 145th Machine Gun Battalion upon the United States' entry into World War I; as part of the 40th Division, the battalion deployed to France in 1918, and returned to the United States in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0001-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment\nIn 1924, the unit converted from cavalry into armor, receiving its first tanks, and becoming the 40th Tank Company. In 1934, the company deployed again to San Francisco due to the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike. In February 1941, as Company C, 194th Tank Battalion, the unit was activated for training at Fort Lewis, Washington; later that year in September, the battalion was deployed to the Philippines. When the United States was drawn into World War II by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, from December 1941 until April 1942, the battalion fought against Japanese forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0001-0001", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment\nThe company conducted a fighting withdrawal in Southern Luzon; then it fought on Bataan until they were ordered to surrender. As prisoners of war (POW), soldiers of the unit suffered through the Bataan Death March, and were later sent individually to various POW camps throughout the territories controlled by Japan; following the surrender of Japan, surviving soldiers returned to the United States in mid-September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0002-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment\nIn 1946, the unit was inactivated, before being redesignated as the 199th Tank Battalion. It was redesignated as the 149th Tank Battalion in 1949, but became the 149th Armor Regiment a decade later. In 1965, the regiment was sent to Los Angeles in response to the Watts Riots. The unit returned to Los Angeles later in the 20th century, in response to the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Following the September 11th attacks, the unit was activated for Operation Noble Eagle in 2003. Then in 2005, it deployed to Europe for peacekeeping in the Kosovo Force. The regiment was deactivated in 2007, as the 149th Armored Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0003-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, Cavalry and World War I\nTroop C of cavalry, the first unit on the Central Coast region of the National Guard of California, a state militia, was organized on 5 August 1895. The troop's first activation was when it was called up to provide law and order in San Francisco following the earthquake in 1906, using Golden Gate Park as its base of operations. In 1911, the troop was incorporated into the 1st Squadron of Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0004-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, Cavalry and World War I\nIn the early 1910s tensions between Mexico and the United States were high, due to the impact the Mexican Revolution had on the border; this resulted in several events which led to loss of life of citizens of both nations. These tensions came to a head in March 1916, with the attack on Columbus, New Mexico by Mexicans under Pancho Villa. As a result, a punitive expedition by the United States Army was sent into Mexico, and National Guard units were activated in neighboring border states for federal service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0004-0001", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, Cavalry and World War I\nWith the regular United States Army busy pursuing Pancho Villa, being unable to defend the rest of the border with Mexico, the National Defense Act of 1916 was passed in June, allowing for the activation of additional National Guard units throughout the United States for federal service. In June, the unit was activated for federal service on the Mexican border near Nogales, Arizona. As the threat of cross border hostility abated, the troop was deactivated later that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0005-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, Cavalry and World War I\nBefore, and while the troop was serving on the Mexican border, World War I was being fought. After the United States entered into World War I, the troop was activated into federal service in August 1917 at Camp Kearny in San Diego. There it was redesignated as Company B of the 145th Machine Gun Battalion, as an element of the 40th Division. During this period the battalion was part of the 80th Infantry Brigade of the 40th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0006-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, Cavalry and World War I\nThe brigade departed for France in August 1918, where it spent the majority of the time training replacements. In late October 1918, the machine gun battalion was sent to Saint-Dizier, then to Baudonvilliers in November. During November 1918, the battalion supported First Army, when it was moved to Marne for the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Beginning in mid-December, the 40th Division began the process of returning to the United States, ultimately embarking through Bordeaux. In May 1919 it was demobilized at the Presidio of San Francisco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0007-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, 40th Tank Company\nThe unit was reorganized as the 40th Tank Company for the 40th Division in 1924 and it was equipped with eight French Renault light tanks (M1917); it was California's first tank unit. It conducted its first annual training at Camp Del Monte in 1925. On Thanksgiving Day 1927, two of the units tanks were tasked to respond to a riot at the Folsom State Prison. The company was first activated in response to the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike of longshoremen during which it was sent to San Francisco for eight days. M2A2 light tanks replaced the Renaults in 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0007-0001", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, 40th Tank Company\nDuring the 1930s, training with the unit's tanks did not involve ammunition, and utilized Ford Model T automobiles to simulate enemy tanks. Training was often conducted in association with the 159th Infantry Regiment. April 1937, the company participated in activities on Crissy Field at the Presidio of San Francisco. In August 1937, along with other units of the Fourth Army, the tank company was assigned to the brown force (national guard units) that simulated combat against the blue force (regular army units) in the area between Morro Bay and San Luis Obispo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0008-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, 194th Tank Battalion\nIn 1940, the company was designated as Company C, 194th Tank Battalion; other tank companies in Brainerd, Minnesota (Company A, formerly the 34th Tank Company), and Saint Joseph, Missouri (Company B, former 35th Tank Company), formed the rest of the battalion. A large number of men in Company C were Salinas High School graduates from the classes of 1938 and 1939. The battalion was mustered into federal service on 10 February 1941, and began training at Fort Lewis, Washington; there, on 22 February, the battalion finally assembled as an entire unit. Rated among the best tank battalions in the Army, the battalion was equipped with 54 new M3 Stuart light tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0009-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, 194th Tank Battalion, Deployment\nCompany B was detached from the battalion and sent to Alaska; the rest of the battalion boarded the USAT\u00a0President Coolidge in San Francisco on 8 September, bound for Manila. It was the first U.S. armored unit to deploy overseas, during World War II. On 26 September 1941 the 194th, along with the 17th Ordnance Company, arrived in Manila, and was then assigned to Fort Stotsenburg, in Sapangbato, Angeles City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0009-0001", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, 194th Tank Battalion, Deployment\nThere the unit found supplies to be unavailable, especially gasoline and spare parts; worse, ammunition for the tank's 37-millimeter (1.5\u00a0in) main gun was never shipped to the Philippines causing the tankers to improvise ammunition in the following campaign. The ammunition would only be armor-piercing, with high-explosive being unavailable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0009-0002", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, 194th Tank Battalion, Deployment\nThe 192nd Tank Battalion arrived in the Philippines on 20 November; joining with the 194th and the 17th, they formed the 1st Provisional Tank Group, under the command of Brigadier General James Weaver; this unit would go on to become the first organization of the United States to engage enemy tanks in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0010-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal\nWhen the United States was drawn into World War II by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, Company C was in defensive positions around Clark Field, where on 8 December the first Japanese attacks occurred leading to the destruction of half of the Far East Air Force; of the nine Japanese fighters shot down that day, Private Earl G. Smith of Company C was credited with downing one of them. Due to this action, the unit became the first California National Guard unit to see combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0010-0001", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal\nInitially, General Douglas MacArthur was confident that the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) would be able to defend the entire archipelago under war plan Rainbow Five. Detached from the rest of the battalion on 12 December, Company C was attached to the South Luzon Force. On 13 December, Company C moved to Tagaytay Ridge, attempting to apprehend fifth columnists who had been launching flares near ammunition dumps at night; this would continue until Christmas Eve. On 23 December, with the advances of Japanese forces after landing at Lingayen Gulf dashing his confidence, General MacArthur ordered a reversion to War Plan Orange, ordering all forces to withdraw to the Bataan Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0011-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal\nCompany C was assigned to the area east of Mount Banahao and attached to the Philippine Army 1st Infantry Regiment of the 1st Infantry Division. The commanding general of the South Luzon Force, Brigadier General Albert M. Jones, heard from a motorcycle messenger from Company C on Christmas Day that the 1st Infantry Regiment had prematurely moved westward away from their position at Sampaloc. He then instructed Company C to engage the Japanese who had landed at Mauban.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0011-0001", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal\nHe decided to conduct a reconnaissance himself using a half-track from Company C, and they were engaged by a Japanese patrol north of the town of Piis. During the engagement the half-track became immobilized in a ditch, however the crew was able to disperse the patrol allowing Jones and the crew to carry the half-track's machine guns back to friendly lines. For their action, Jones recommended the crew members receive the Distinguished Service Cross; by the April 1946, when the recommendation was finally processed, the awards were downgraded to Silver Stars and only one of the five crew, Sergeant Leon Elliot, was still alive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0012-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal\nThe next day the second platoon of the company was ordered by a Major Rumbold, senior American instructor of the Philippine Army 1st Infantry Regiment, to attack the Japanese, who were in Piis, down a narrow mountain trail. The platoon leader, Second Lieutenant Robert F. Needham, suggested that a reconnaissance be done before the attack but was told it was unnecessary. Due to the firefight the night before, a roadblock had been prepared by the Japanese, consisting of anti-tank guns, artillery, and several machine guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0012-0001", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal\nThe Americans advanced as a column and the lead tank, commanded by Needham, was hit first. The second tank, commanded by Staff Sergeant Emil S. Morello, drove around Needham's disabled tank and ran over a roadblock and an antitank gun behind it, firing upon other Japanese positions before his tank was disabled; in the end five tanks, an entire platoon, were immobilized and lost and five tankers were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0012-0002", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal\nThe Japanese settled in around the tanks that night, believing all the Americans to be dead; as the front moved past them, with the Japanese advancing away from them, which allowed Morello to gather the wounded. Having collected them, he escaped with the help of Filipino guides to Manila, where he left one wounded tanker in a Catholic hospital; with the remainder of the wounded he was able to reach Corregidor by the end of the month. In 1983, Morello was awarded the Silver Star for his actions; he later rejoined the company in Bataan. This action also led the War Department to change from rivets to welding in new tank production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0013-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal\nAnother platoon of Company C was attached to the Philippine Army's 51st Infantry Division, and became part of a covering force for the division's withdrawal. The platoon prepared defensive lines near Sariaya, then Tiaong where it rejoined the rest of the South Luzon Force, minus the Philippine Army's 1st Infantry Division which rejoined the rest of the South Luzon Force at Santiago. From there the force bypassed Manila, which had been declared an open city, withdrawing northward to join the rest of the American-Filipino forces heading to Bataan. However, due to unfamiliarity with the geography, Company C passed through the city, with one of the tanks becoming immobile after hitting the Rizal Monument in the darkness; the crew of the immobilized tank eventually departed the city on Bren Gun Carriers driven by Filipino soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 912]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0014-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal\nAt Calumpit there were important bridges over the Pampanga River, which connected Bataan to the forces that were now north of Manila. To defend these bridges the 194th took up positions at Apalit, covering the west bank of the river, thus ensuring the path of withdrawal to Bataan for the units defending the bridges. To the south Company C covered the southern front at Bocaue. While there, they observed empty trucks departing Manila for Bataan. The battalion organized the shipment of 12,000 US gallons (45,000\u00a0L) of aviation gasoline and six truckloads of canned food from Manila.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0014-0001", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal\nEven with those additional supplies sent to Bataan, a significant amount of supplies were either destroyed or left behind, which led to immediate rationing, which reduced the fighting ability of those on Bataan later on. With the bridges having been successfully defended by other units (including the 192nd), Company C became the last unit to cross the bridges before they were demolished to slow down the Japanese advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0015-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal\nMoving northward on the first days of 1942, the 194th took up position east of San Fernando and south of town on the banks of the Pampanga River. The rest of the Provisional Tank Group covered the withdrawal of the remaining American-Filipino forces into Bataan. While in defensive positions, the first tank-on-tank combat occurred for the 194th, when five Japanese Type 89A tanks approached; the Japanese unit, having not conducted reconnaissance prior to their movement, was destroyed by the 194th in an open field. With the rest of the forces passing through the town, the tankers destroyed the bridge over the San Fernando River and withdrew to Guagua.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0016-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal\nTen days after the American-Filipino forces began withdrawing, the 1st Provisional Tank Group conducted their final delaying actions, while the rest of the force prepared the defenses in Bataan, giving those troops three additional days. The first unit to conduct a delaying action was Company C, as it serving as an advance force of the mainline, north of Guagua. There they held for three and a half hours. Guagua was not held for long, less than two days, and Company C covered the retreat of the remainder of the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0016-0001", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal\nWhile Company C was covering the flank of the forces retreating south from Guagua, a large enemy force of 500 to 800 Japanese soldiers approached behind three Philippine Constabulary officers waving a white flag; the covering force, consisting of two tanks and two half-tracks, opened fire upon the constabulary officers and the enemy behind them, killing them in the open.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0017-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal\nFollowing some additional combat which led to significant Japanese losses in the Tanaka Detachment, Company C and the rest of the 1st Provisional Tank Group joined the 26th Cavalry, and the Philippines' 11th and 21st Divisions, to form a defense along the Gumain River. Without contact with Japanese forces, the defense line along the Gumain River was abandoned, and new defenses which involved the entirety of the 1st Provisional Tank Group were formed at Layac Junction. That was the final defensive line before Bataan; which was worked on and completed on the morning of 6 January 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0017-0001", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal\nFollowing combat on 6 January, which included the action which resulted in the awarding of the Medal of Honor to Sergeant Jose Calugas, the 1st Provisional Tank Group began to withdraw into Bataan ahead of the rest of the units assigned to the defenses at Layac Junction. They were was the last U.S. unit to enter the Bataan Peninsula. Upon withdrawing behind the defensive lines to an area south of Pilar, the soldiers of the 1st Provisional Tank Group were finally able to rest, eating from their own kitchens for the first time since the beginning of combat operations, albeit at half rations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0018-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Bataan\nOn 10 January 1942, the 194th was called on to support the 57th Infantry Regiment near Abacay. On 23 January, Company C was called upon by Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright (later promoted to general), commander of I Philippine Corps (the renamed North Luzon Force), to fight a battalion of Japanese infantry to the west, near Mount Silanganan. Two tanks were damaged by anti-tank mines during the initial attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0018-0001", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Bataan\nYet after that setback, with the support of elements of the 26th Cavalry, and a battalion of the Philippines' 72nd Infantry Regiment, the forces were able to reverse the gains of the Japanese. In late January, it was decided that the defensive line would be withdrawn down to Bogac and through to Orion. The 194th covered some of the last units to withdraw, which included the 31st and 45th Infantry Regiments; By 26 January, the 194th was the last to withdraw, breaking from contact while being attacked by artillery and mortar fire. While withdrawing, additional pressure was placed on the 194th, as air attacks harassed the unit along the way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0019-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Bataan\nMajor combat on Bataan came to a halt as Japanese force withdrew northward in February, maintaining a line of control at Balanga, and the Japanese 14th Army awaited reinforcements. By March 1942, rations were reduced from the meager half rations to quarter rations; this was accompanied by soldiers getting sick from dengue fever, malaria and other diseases. Company C was assigned to defending the coast along the eastern half of Bataan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0020-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Bataan\nDuring the final Japanese attack on the defending American and Filipino forces on Bataan, Company A of the 194th was assigned to coastal defense, firing upon Japanese barges and keeping them from coming ashore. On 4 April, Company C of the 194th, along with the 45th Infantry Regiment, were assigned to attack northward along Trail 29; commencing the attack on 7 April, they advanced northward, surprising a Japanese defensive position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0020-0001", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Bataan\nIn advancing, they had lost contact with friendly forces to their east and west; receiving new orders, and being informed of rapid Japanese advances, they were ordered southeast towards the junction of Trails 6 & 8 in hopes of establishing a new defensive position. Reversing their advance towards their new objective, with Company C leading the movement, the fire of Japanese anti-tank guns revealed that they had been flanked to the south by Japanese forces of the 65th Brigade. To the rear of their new movement and to the north, on Trail 29, Company C came into contact with elements of the Japanese 7th Tank Regiment which were attempting to advance southward along the trail, the ensuing combat lead to the destruction of two Japanese Type 89A tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0021-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Bataan\nBy 8 April, Company C was ordered to regroup to the south with the rest of the Provisional Tank Group, who were involved in attempting to provide defense against the Japanese attack along Trail 10. That evening all of the tank battalions were pulled off the line, and on the morning of 9 April, with the Company C tanks finally joining the rest of the group, received orders to destroy their equipment. By the time of surrender, Company C had lost 10 of its tanks, and had six soldiers killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0022-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Surrender and occupation\nFollowing the surrender of the forces on Bataan by Major General Edward P. King, officers of the tank units were questioned by the Japanese; during the questioning, the officers learned that the tanks had kept away an invasion across Manila Bay, and that the American tanks were feared by the Japanese. When the Japanese finally arrived on 10 April, they began to loot the soldiers of anything of value. Following the looting, the Japanese began to force march them northward towards San Fernando, in what became known as the Bataan Death March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0022-0001", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Surrender and occupation\nSome of the soldiers chose not to comply with orders and surrender, instead becoming guerrillas, resisting the Japanese occupation; one was Technician Fifth Grade Eugene Zingheim of Company C, a radio operator, who would later be executed after being caught by the Japanese due to malaria in 1943. Over time, the soldiers of Company C were spread across the areas occupied by Japan at various POW camps. Six were awarded the Silver Star, some posthumously, and each soldier of the company was awarded a Bronze Star Medal and a Purple Heart. In mid-September 1945, after the Surrender of Japan, the surviving members of the 194th Tank Battalion embarked for the United States at Yokohama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0023-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, Post World War II\nAfter World War II, the 194th Tank Battalion was inactivated in April 1946, then redesignated as the 199th Tank Battalion in June of that same year; it was federally recognized in 1947, with a leadership team made up of survivors of the 1941\u20131942 Philippines campaign. Two years later in 1949, the unit was reorganized and redesignated as the 149th Heavy Tank Battalion, as an element of the 49th Infantry Division. Then upon being consolidated with the 170th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, the unit was elevated to a parent regiment within the Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS) in 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0023-0001", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, Post World War II\nIn 1960, annual training for the regiment was held at Camp Irwin. By 1962, M48 Patton tanks were being used during annual training at Camp Roberts. In 1963, the regiment was reorganized again and expanded to consist of 1st, 3rd, and 4th battalions, with 2nd squadron becoming the 170th Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0024-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, Post World War II\nDuring a weekend drill in 1965, the unit was called up to man roadblocks created in response to the Watts Riots; while there the tankers were fired upon. The regiment's 1st, 3rd, and 4th battalions were called up during the Watts Riots, with the regimental headquarters operating out of the 118th Street School. In 1968, the regiment was reorganized to consist only of its 1st Battalion; the regiment was detached from the 49th, and was no longer associated with a division. Later, in 1974, the regiment became an element of the 40th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0025-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, Post World War II\nDuring the 1970s and 1980s the regiment continued to conduct its regular cycle of monthly weekend drills and annual training; one of these sent the regiment's lone battalion to Camp Ripley, Minnesota, for winter training in 1982. During the 1980s, the regiment was authorized a strength of 501 Soldiers. In 1989, the regiment was withdrawn from CARS and reorganized in the United States Army Regimental System; by that same year the regiment was equipped with M60A3 Patton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0025-0001", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, Post World War II\nIn response to the 1992 Los Angeles riots, Operation Garden Plot was initiated, leading to the regiment returning to riot control duties in Los Angeles. During the 1990s, the regiment was part of the 3rd Brigade of the 40th Infantry Division. In 1996, the regiment's headquarters moved to the Presidio of Monterey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0026-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, Post World War II\nDue to the force reduction in other units, as part of a post-Cold War peace dividend which included Base Realignment and Closure, in 1997 the regiment saw an increase in its size;  this increase in size coincided with the regiment transitioning from the M60A3 to the M1IP Abrams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0026-0001", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, Post World War II\nIn May 1998, a training center was established at Watsonville, and named after Chief Warrant Officer Ero \"Ben\" Saccone, who was the First Sergeant of Company C, 194th Tank Battalion in 1941; within the training center was the 40th Tank Company's guidon, which dated back to June 1924 (and survived combat overseas, and being hidden by unit members while they were POW). A year later, the regiment's headquarters was moved once again to Seaside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0027-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, History, Post World War II\nThe battalion was activated for Operation Noble Eagle I & II, providing security at potential targets and airports in the United States, in 2003. Then in 2005, it was activated to conduct NATO peacekeeping duties as part of the Kosovo Force. Following redesignation of the regiment from armor to armored in 2005, it was consolidated with another unit, which retained the name 340th Brigade Support Battalion in 2007, a part of the 65th Fires Brigade. Prior to the regiment being consolidated into another unit, almost 90% of the soldiers of the regiment had already seen combat in the War on Terror, as strained resources led to more national guardsmen serving in overseas conflicts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0028-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, Awards\nThe regiment, and its subordinate units are authorized the following awards and streamers: Presidential Unit Citations", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0029-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, Legacy\nDuring the Bataan Death March, Salinas had the unfortunate distinction of having the highest number of soldiers per capita in the march, of any city in the United States. Of the 105 soldiers who left Salinas, who made up a large part of the 114 men who were part of Company C, 46 or 47 survived the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0029-0001", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, Legacy\nIn October 2011, Sergeant Roy Diaz was reported to be the last surviving Salinas member of Company C; he was the subject of an Emmy Award winning story produced by KTEH, and in February 2012, it was proposed that an access road off Airport Boulevard in Salinas, leading to Salinas Municipal Airport, be named for Diaz. In fact, Diaz was not the lone survivor, but was one of three. By June 2013 all had died, with the last survivor of Company C being Manny Nevarez; he had been a private, and spent time on Mindanao and in Japan as a POW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0030-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, Legacy, Memorials\nIn 2006, a memorial was erected at the Boronda History Center to commemorate the soldiers of Company C 194th Tank Battalion. This follows a memorial located at Camp San Luis Obispo depicting the actions of Morello's tank on 26 December 1941. In Salinas, a triangular park was named Bataan Memorial Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0031-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, Legacy, Popular media\nIn July 1918, some of the soldiers that were part of Troop C, were already in France and participated in the Second Battle of the Marne; one of these soldiers (Martin Hopps) died during the battle, becoming the first soldier from Salinas to die during World War I; he is mentioned in John Steinbeck's book East of Eden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0032-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, Legacy, Popular media\nTanks of the 40th Tank Company were used during the filming of The Big House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011728-0033-0000", "contents": "149th Armored Regiment, Legacy, Popular media\nIn the film Bataan, Desi Arnaz depicts a California National Guardsman in a multi-racial unit fighting a delaying action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011729-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 149th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011730-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Battalion (Lambtons), CEF\nThe 149th Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Watford, Ontario, the unit began recruiting throughout Lambton County in late 1915. After sailing to England in March 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 4th and 25th Reserve Battalions on April 8, 1917. The 149th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Major W. W. Macvicar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011730-0001-0000", "contents": "149th Battalion (Lambtons), CEF, Bibliography\nThis article about a specific military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011731-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Combat Communications Squadron\nThe United States Air Force's 149th Combat Communications Squadron (149th CBCS) is an Air National Guard combat communications unit located at North Highlands Air National Guard Station, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011731-0001-0000", "contents": "149th Combat Communications Squadron, History\nThe 149th CBCS deployed five IC4Us to support Hurricane Katrina's recovery effort. The task force was based at Belle Chasse Naval Air Station, Louisiana supporting Task Force Pelican\u2014which includes three sub-task forces delivering a balanced mix of engineer, aviation, logistical, communication, security, and evacuation support to New Orleans' disaster strickenresidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011732-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 149th Division (\u7b2c149\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuyonj\u016bky\u016b Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Inflexible Division (\u4e0d\u6493\u5175\u56e3, Fugyo Heidan). It was formed 10 July 1945 in Qiqihar as a triangular division. It was a part of the 8 simultaneously created divisions batch comprising 134th,  135th, 136th, 137th, 138th, 139th, 148th and 149th divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the 274th infantry regiment taken from the 125th division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011732-0001-0000", "contents": "149th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nInitially, the 149th division was mostly garrisoning Qiqihar. One battalion of the  386th infantry regiment was in Yi'an County, two other battalions of the 386th infantry regiment - in Bei'an. Also, one platoon of the 274th infantry regiment was deployed in Nehe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011732-0002-0000", "contents": "149th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nDuring the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, the 149th division was ordered to Harbin 11 August 1945, arriving in parts 12\u201315 August 1945. The fortifications of Qiqihar were then taken over by the 136th Independent Mixed Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011732-0003-0000", "contents": "149th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nAlthough the division was relatively well equipped by rifles, the heavy weapons were deficient. In particular, it had absolutely no artillery. Kwantung Army has estimated combat efficiency of the 149th division to be 15% of the nominal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011732-0004-0000", "contents": "149th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 149th division was disarmed 23 August 1945 without seeing any action during Soviet invasion of Manchuria. Majority of soldiers have then deserted or were hastily discharged before remainder of 4480 were taken prisoner in Hailin 27 August 1945 and sent to Siberian labour camps. Some officers have returned to Japan in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011732-0005-0000", "contents": "149th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Notes and references\nThis article about the military history of Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011732-0006-0000", "contents": "149th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Notes and references\nThis World War II article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011732-0007-0000", "contents": "149th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Notes and references\nThis article about a specific military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron\nThe 149th Fighter Squadron is a unit of the Virginia Air National Guard's 192d Fighter Wing located at Joint Base Langley\u2013Eustis, Virginia. The 149th is the first Air National Guard fighter squadron to fly the F-22 Raptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0001-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Formation and training in the United States\nThe squadron was activated at Mitchel Field, New York, although its formation occurred at Bradley Field, Connecticut. and it trained with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts at various bases in the northeast United States. While training, the squadron also served in the air defense of the northeast as part of the New York Fighter Wing. In mid-June 1943, the squadron moved to Camp Kilmer and sailed on the RMS\u00a0Queen Elizabeth for England on 1 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 90], "content_span": [91, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0002-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Combat in the European Theater\nThe squadron flew its first combat mission on 9 September 1943. It concentrated on flying escort missions for VIII Bomber Command heavy bombers participating in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. From 20 February to 25 February 1945, it flew cover for bombers involved in the Big Week campaign against the German aircraft manufacturing industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0003-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Combat in the European Theater\nIn April 1944 the squadron began to replace its Thunderbolts with longer range North American P-51D Mustangs. On 8 May, the squadron was escorting bombers on a raid on Braunschweig. It routed an attack by a numerically superior force of German interceptors, continuing the fight until most planes had used all their ammunition and were running short on fuel, requiring the unit to return to base. For this action, the squadron was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation. In addition to escort missions, the squadron flew counter air missions. Returning from its escort missions, it often engaged in air interdiction attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0004-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Combat in the European Theater\nAs the German Army launched the counteroffensive known as the Battle of the Bulge, a detachment of the squadron that included all of its air echelon deployed to Asch Airfield on  23 December 1944 to reinforce Ninth Air Force flying air support missions. On 1 January the detachment earned the squadron the French Croix de Guerre with Palm, when its airfield was attacked by 50 Luftwaffe fighter aircraft, just as its planes were taking off for an area patrol. In the ensuing aerial battle, about half the attacking German aircraft were destroyed with no loss to the squadron. The detachment moved to Chievres Airfield, Belgium in late January 1945, where it was joined by the rest of the squadron, coming under the control of Eighth Air Force again. From Chievres, it provided cover for Operation Varsity, the airborne assault to establish a bridgehead across the Rhine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 948]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0005-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Combat in the European Theater\nIn April 1945, the squadron returned to England, flying its last mission on 3 May. It was credited with the destruction of 142.5 enemy aircraft in combat. Following V-E Day, many of the squadron personnel transferred for early return to the United States. The remaining personnel sailed on the RMS\u00a0Queen Mary on 4 November 1945. After arriving in the United States, the squadron inactivated on 10 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0006-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard\nThe wartime 328th Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 149th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Virginia ANG, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Byrd Field, Richmond, Virginia and was extended federal recognition on 21 June 1947. The 149th Fighter Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 328th. The squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was allocated to the Fourteenth Air Force, Continental Air Command by the National Guard Bureau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0007-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard\nThe unit was called to active federal service on 1 March 1951. This activation temporarily resulted in the dissolution of the Virginia Air National Guard, as members were sent to various places, including for many, duty in the Korean War. The squadron was sent to Turner AFB, Georgia where it was assigned to the federalized 108th Fighter-Bomber Group with a mission to provide fighter escorts to Strategic Air Command B-50 Superfortress bombers on training missions. In December 1951 it was moved to Godman AFB, Kentucky where it replaced a unit deployed to England. It was released from active duty and returned to Virginia state control on 10 November 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0008-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard\nUpon return to state control, the squadron was reorganized as a B-26 Invader light bombardment squadron and allocated to Tactical Air Command. In June 1957 a jurisdictional tug-of-war began between Air Defense Command and Tactical Air Command occurred for control of the squadron. The unit was redesignated the 149th Fighter Interceptor Squadron and was scheduled to get F-86E Sabre jets. However, later that year, the unit became the Tactical Air Command-gained 49th Tactical Fighter Squadron, and F-84F Thunderstreaks began replacing the obsolescent B-26s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0009-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard\nAt the height of the Cold War in 1961, the squadron was federalized as a result of tensions concerning the Berlin Wall. Part of the squadron remained at Richmond in an active-duty status for about a year before being released. Twenty-two Virginia ANG members were sent to Chaumont-Semoutiers AB, France, in December 1961 to support the USAFE 7108h Tactical Wing, a deployed unit of the 108th Tactical Fighter Wing, New Jersey ANG. They spent eight months in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0010-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard\nOn 15 October 1962, the 149th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 192d Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 149th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 192d Headquarters, 192d Material Squadron (Maintenance), 192d Combat Support Squadron, and the 192d USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0011-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard\nDuring 1971, the squadron was assigned the F-105D Thunderchief, a battle-hardened supersonic fighter-bomber that was the backbone of America's fighter element during the Vietnam War. The group's special tasking during the next 10 years included several deployments to Red Flag live-fire exercises at Nellis AFB, Nevada and a Crested Cap NATO deployment to RAF Lakenheath, England, in 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0012-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard\nIn 1981, the unit transitioned to the Vought A-7D Corsair II, a subsonic jet designed primarily for close-air support. The 10-year A-7 era included several deployments, to Ecuador, Norway, and to Panama, in support of the defense of the Panama Canal. A Virginia contingent competed in Gunsmoke '85, the Air Force's tactical fighter competition, and the 149th was named the world's \"Best A-7 Unit.\" The squadron also earned the General Spruance Safety Award and was recognized as having had the best Operational Readiness Inspection in the Ninth Air Force during 1985. That string of accomplishments helped the squadron earn its first USAF Outstanding Unit Award, which was presented in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0013-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard\nOn 20 December 1989, the United States unleashed Operation Just Cause \u2013 the emergency dispatch of U.S. forces to Panama to try to oust Panamanian Dictator Manuel Noriega, break up his army and pave the way for democratic elections. The Virginia Air Guard flew 59 Guardsmen and five A-7s to Howard AFB, near Panama City, on 20 January 1990 for its turn in the rotation. The 149th replaced the Ohio ANG's 180th Tactical Fighter Group, whose A-7 pilots had flown 76 sorties in support of Operation Just Cause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0013-0001", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard\nVirginia was to send a similar contingent two weeks later to replace its first group. The Virginia Guard's mission differed from previous ones. Some elements of the Panamanian Defense Forces and the Dignity Battalions were suspected to be at large in provinces, and the squadron pilots supplied air cover for field operations and air reconnaissance of areas where enemy activity was suspected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0014-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard\nThe unit soared into a new era of aviation technology in 1991, when it became the first Air National Guard unit to receive the Air Force's upgraded F-16 Fighting Falcon, the F-16C/D block 30. The 149th designation shortened somewhat during 1992 from 149th Tactical Fighter Squadron to 149th Fighter Squadron. This change reflected the adoption of the Objective Wing concept. The unit was initially assigned 24 single-seat F-16C models and two F-16D models. By early 1994, defense cutbacks had reduced the unit's assigned inventory to 18 F-16s, and eventually to only 15 fighter jets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0015-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard\nAfter the 149th FS became fully operational with the F-16, it was chosen as the lead unit in a four-state Air National Guard F-16 \"rainbow\" detachment deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, to support Operation Provide Comfort II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0016-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard\nDuring that operation between 1 December 1993, and 15 January 1994, ANG pilots patrolled the no-fly zone over northern Iraq to prevent Iraqi forces from inflicting damage on the villages of Kurdish minorities. This was the first time Air National Guard units had been called to active duty to serve in a peacekeeping role in the Mideast, following Iraq's defeat in 1991. The unit returned to Incirlik AB in February 1996 for another round of patrols over Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0017-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard\nDuring October 1995, the parent 192d's designation was again modified to reflect unit restructuring within the Air Force and Air National Guard. This time the unit designation was changed from 192d Fighter Group to 192d Fighter Wing. The 149th was assigned to the new 192d Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0018-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard\nIn December 2000, the squadron deployed to Southwest Asia and other locations in support of Operation Southern Watch. In addition to Turkey and Kuwait, they were deployed to Prince Sultan Air Base and Eskan Village, Saudi Arabia; Aviano Air Base, Italy; and Qatar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0019-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard\nAlso in December 2000, elements of the squadron were deployed on its first Aerospace Expeditionary Force assignment. A 130-person detachment went to Cura\u00e7ao in the Netherlands Antilles as part of Operation Nighthawk, an effort to stop drug smuggling into the United States. Aside from strictly operational matters, the fighter wing also focused on community support, humanitarian assistance and military heritage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0020-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard\nIn October 2005, Lt. Col. Phillip Guy became the first VANG pilot to transition to Langley AFB and fly the new F-22A Raptor in training missions and sorties alongside active duty Air Force pilots stationed there. The first two ship flight of VANG piloted F-22A's taking off from Langley AFB was successfully completed by 192nd FW pilots Lt. Col. Guy and Maj. Patrick DeConcini on 18 February 2006. Later in May, active duty personnel and Virginia guardsmen successfully completed tasking of a first ever joint-exercise requirement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0021-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard\nThe last Unit Training Assembly was held in Richmond in September 2007. Remaining base personnel solemnly attended the 'Stand-down' ceremony in the main hangar and watched as the unit flag was rolled-up by Col. Jay Pearsall and then put away. Afterwards a single F-16 took off, turned and passed over the flight deck. The pilot dipped the wings of his jet and made a final fly-by, then continued on to bring the aircraft to its new location. This marked the closing chapter for an era of excellence as the 192d FW began its future with Langley's 1st Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0022-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard\nOn 13 October 2007, the 192d FW was reactivated in a ceremony held at the 27th Fighter Squadron, Langley AFB. Integration with the active duty 1st FW allows the Air National Guard to be at the forefront of the latest design of fighter craft. Set-up as a classic 'associate wing' the 192nd FW works directly with the 1st FW yet maintains its own unit identity and command structure. It shares in the support of mission requirements for the F-22A Raptor, but does not own any of the aircraft on station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011733-0023-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011734-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Wing\nThe 149th Fighter Wing (149 FW) is a unit of the Texas Air National Guard, stationed at Kelly Field Annex, Joint Base San Antonio, Texas. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Education and Training Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011734-0001-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Wing\nThe wing traces its history to the establishment of the 149th Fighter-Interceptor Group in 1961, through the wing itself only was established in 1995. It is an F-16 flying training unit that includes a support group with a worldwide mobility commitment. The cornerstone of the 149th\u2019s flying mission is the 182nd Fighter Squadron, whose role is to take pilots, either experienced aircrew or recent graduates from USAF undergraduate pilot training, and qualify them to fly the F-16 Fighting Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011734-0002-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Wing, History\nIn August 1961, as part of an Air Defense Command re-organization, the 182d Fighter Interceptor Squadron's assignment to 136th Air Defense Wing was terminated with 136th being transferred to Tactical Air Command. As a result, the 182d was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 149th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 182d Fighter Interceptor Squadron became the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 149th Headquarters, 149th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 149th Combat Support Squadron, and the 149th USAF Dispensary. The 149th was directly assigned to the Texas Air National Guard, being operationally gained by the Air Defense Command 33d Air Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011734-0003-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Wing, History\nEquipped with the F-102 Delta Dagger interceptor, as with many other ANG squadrons the 182d temporally operated two TF-102 twin-seat trainers for ANG F-102 pilots while remaining on runway alert status. Also, the squadron operated T-33A Shooting Star jet trainers and a Convair VT-29 transport for courier duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011734-0004-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Support\nIn 1968, the Air National Guard began to retire its F-102s and the 182d was ordered to send their aircraft to Davis-Monthan AFB for storage at AMARC. In July, as part of the drawdown of continental fighter air defense, the 149th FIG was transferred from Aerospace Defense Command to Tactical Air Command (TAC), with the Group and 182d being re-designated as a Tactical Fighter Group and Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011734-0005-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Support\nAs an interim measure, the 182d Tactical Fighter Squadron was re-equipped with obsolescent F-84F Thunderstreak by TAC. The squadron was the second-to-last ANG squadron to fly the F-84F. During the summer of 1971 the 182d began to receive F-100D/F Super Sabre tactical fighter bombers. The 182d was one of the first ANG squadrons to receive the Super Sabre, as most were being operated in South Vietnam at the time. The F-100s received by the squadron were aircraft being withdrawn from the 20th Tactical Fighter Wing at RAF Wethersfield, England, when Wethersfield was being closed for flight operations, and the wing being re-equipped with the new General Dynamics F-111 at a new base, RAF Upper Heyford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011734-0006-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Support\nThe Super Sabre was dedicated fighter-bomber, with no concession being made to a secondary air-superiority role and the squadron trained in using the fighter for ground support. Beginning in 1975, the 182d began a NATO commitment, with squadron aircraft and personnel deploying to the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) for Autumn Forge/Cold Fire/Reforger exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011734-0007-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Support\nBy 1979, the Super Sabres were being retired, and were replaced by McDonnell F-4C Phantom IIs, largely Vietnam War veteran aircraft, that were made available to the Air National Guard. With the Phantom, the 182d continued their tactical fighter mission with the more capable aircraft. The squadron also continued its NATO deployments, exercising at USAFE bases in West Germany, England, the Netherlands and Denmark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011734-0008-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Support\nIn 1986, the Phantoms were reaching the end of the operational service, and they were replaced by the F-16A Fighting Falcon. The F-16s were transferred from the 347th Tactical Fighter Wing, Moody AFB, Georgia. Initially the squadron began to receive Block 15 single-seat F-16As, and a few twin-seat F-16Bs. The Block 15 was the major production model of the F-16A. The F-16s received were modified the Air National Guard's new priority in the 1980s, when it was assigned the primary responsibility of the aerial defense of the continental United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011734-0008-0001", "contents": "149th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Support\nThe aircraft received were the F-16A Air Defense (ADF) variant, being equipped with HF radio and an improved APG-66 radar that was compatible with the AIM-7 Sparrow and AIM-120 AMRAAM radar-guided missiles for air-to-air interceptor missions. A spotlight was installed on the side of the nose to aid in the identification of nighttime intruders. At its peak, the ANG ADF force equipped a defensive chain which surrounded the entire perimeter of the continental United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011734-0009-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Support\nHigher-performance Block 25 F-16C/D aircraft replaced the Block 15 A/B model aircraft in 1996. Although similar in appearance to the earlier models, the Block 25 aircraft were a considerable advancement with the Westinghouse AN/APG-68(V) multi-mode radar with better range, sharper resolution, and expanded operating modes. The planar array in the nose provides numerous air-to-air modes, including range-while-search, uplook and velocity search, single target track, raid cluster resolution, and track-while-scan for up to 10 targets. The radar was capable of handling the guidance of the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-surface missile. Upgraded engines made the aircraft capable of Mach-2 performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011734-0010-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Support\nHowever, the Block 25 aircraft were all powered by the Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-200 turbofan, which were prone to engine stalls. In 1998, the squadron received Block 30 aircraft, with wider intakes and the General Electric F-110 engine. However, by the mid-1990s and with the end of the Cold War, there appeared to be no longer any threat to America's homeland from bombers or cruise missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011734-0011-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Wing, History, Twenty-first century\nIn 1999, the mission of the 149th Fighter Group was changed from Air Combat operations to becoming a Formal Training Unit (FTU) for Air National Guard F-16 pilots under Air Education and Training Command. The 182d provides combat training for active duty, Air National Guard, and Reserve F-16 pilots, including recent graduates from USAF Undergraduate Pilot Training making them combat ready upon graduation of a 9-month course. Almost all instructor pilots within the unit are former active duty F-16 pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011734-0012-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Wing, History, Twenty-first century\nIn its 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign the 178th Fighter Wing, Ohio Air National Guard to an MQ-1 Predator ISR mission and transfer six additional Block 30 F-16 aircraft to the 182d Fighter Squadron. This recommendation was made because Lackland (Kelly Annex) (47) had higher military value than Springfield-Beckley AGB (128). This recommendation also would optimize the squadron size of the 182d, the only ANG F-16 Flying Training Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011734-0013-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Wing, History, Twenty-first century\nThe squadron's Block 30 aircraft, manufactured between 1987 and 1989 are currently reaching the end of their service life. They have been certified by Boeing though at least 2015, however it is unclear what aircraft or what the mission of the unit will transition to in the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011734-0014-0000", "contents": "149th Fighter Wing, Notes\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011735-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Georgia General Assembly\nThe 149th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia first met in 2007, succeeding the 148th General Assembly, and was the precedent of the 150th General Assembly in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011736-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 149th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011736-0001-0000", "contents": "149th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 149th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on February 11, 1865, for a one-year enlistment. The 149th served in garrisons in Tennessee and Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011736-0002-0000", "contents": "149th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on January 27, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011736-0003-0000", "contents": "149th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 31 enlisted men who died of disease for a total of 31 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011737-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 149th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between March 1 and September 27, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011737-0001-0000", "contents": "149th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was recruited from the 7th district, and was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, with a strength of 1,041 men and mustered in on March 1, 1865. It left Indiana for Nashville, Tennessee on March 3. It was then ordered to Decatur, Alabama for guard and garrison duty until late September. Whilst at Decatur, the regiment received the surrender of Generals Roddey and Polk. The regiment was mustered out at Nashville, on September 27, 1865. During its service the regiment incurred thirty-eight fatalities, and another twenty-seven men deserted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011738-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 149th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army, provided by the Kentucky Army National Guard. It was originally constituted 22 May 1846 in the Kentucky Militia as the 1st Kentucky Cavalry and the 2d Kentucky Volunteer Infantry. After a year of Federal service (June 1846 to June 1847), it was reorganized on 15 June 1860 in the Kentucky State Guard as the Lexington Battalion (which included the Lexington Rifles). It was then expanded in November 1860 to comprise the Lexington Battalion and the Kentucky River Battalion. The Lexington and Kentucky River Battalions, antecedents to the 149th Infantry, are especially notable in military history in that they were some of the few military units to ever be split between two different countries for the duration of a war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011738-0001-0000", "contents": "149th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service career, American Civil War\nIn 1861, after the outbreak of the American Civil War, the 149th Infantry Regiment (at the time part of the Kentucky State Militia and comprising the Lexington Battalion and the Kentucky River Battalion), was split between the Union and the Confederacy by the Kentucky General Assembly. The reason for this was the Kentucky State Government had declared neutrality in the war. They were officially recognized as part of both countries, and, although Kentucky never officially seceded from the United States, many soldiers within the state militia held Confederate sympathies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011738-0001-0001", "contents": "149th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service career, American Civil War\nThis was made more complicated when President Abraham Lincoln began drafting soldiers to fight the Confederacy, as they needed military units to join. To prevent the collapse of the Kentucky State Militia, the General Assembly voted to split the entire militia in half. This included the antecedents of the 149th Infantry Regiment. Between April\u2013June 1861, soldiers with Union sympathies were reorganized as the 1st and 2nd Volunteer Kentucky Infantry regiments, while soldiers with Southern sympathies were reorganized into the 1st Kentucky Brigade (The Orphan Brigade).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011738-0002-0000", "contents": "149th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service career, American Civil War\nThe two halves of the Kentucky Militia only fought each other once, at the Battle of Shiloh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011738-0003-0000", "contents": "149th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service career, World War I\nThe history of the unit designated the 149th Infantry goes back to April 28, 1917. But the History of the 149th Infantry correctly states that, as the 2nd Kentucky, the regiment had many years of service before 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011738-0004-0000", "contents": "149th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service career, World War I\nThe 38th Division deployed to Europe in October 1918, where it landed in France at the height of the German \"Peace Offensives\". Because the division was not combat ready, it was largely stripped of officers and men, who served as replacements for units already in combat. The 149th Infantry Regiment was broken up in this way to provide replacements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011738-0005-0000", "contents": "149th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service career, World War II\nThe 149th Infantry Regiment was in federal service from 7 January 1941, to 9 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011738-0006-0000", "contents": "149th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service career, Status today\nThe military unit has been active in the Louisville, Kentucky area since the 149th Infantry Regiment Combat Team was activated after World War II. The U.S. Army Center for Military History attributes lineage and honors to the Louisville unit further back than that.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011738-0007-0000", "contents": "149th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service career, Status today\nIt has the Special Designation 'Second Kentucky', commemorating its previous state designation. The numerical designation, but not the lineage or honors, is now carried on in the 149th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011739-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade\nThe 149th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade is a maneuver enhancement brigade of the Kentucky Army National Guard, headquartered at Richmond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011739-0001-0000", "contents": "149th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade\nConstituted Jan. 21, 1839 in the Kentucky Militia as the Louisville Legion and organized at Louisville. The unit mustered into federal service May 17, 1846 as the first Kentucky Volunteer Infantry Regiment and mustered out of federal service May 17, 1847 in New Orleans, Louisiana. Four years after coming out of the federal service, the unit reorganized June 30, 1851 in the Kentucky Volunteer Militia in Louisville as the Louisville Legion. The Kentucky State Guard re-designated as the Kentucky National Guard in 1912, and the unit mustered into federal service once again at Fort Thomas in February 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011739-0002-0000", "contents": "149th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade\nThe 149th Armored Brigade traces its recent history to the activation of Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, XXIII Corps Artillery from Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 138th Field Artillery Group on 1 October 1959. The corps artillery headquarters for the Kentucky Army National Guard had been formed in 1953 due to the quantity of field artillery battalions in the state and given the designation of XXIII Corps Artillery, although the corresponding corps headquarters did not exist. In this reorganization, the Louisville unit swapped designations with the Lexington unit, which ultimately became the 138th Field Artillery Brigade headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011739-0003-0000", "contents": "149th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade\nThe Louisville unit was then converted and redesignated HHC 149th Armored Brigade on 1 November 1980. The '149' number came from the former 149th Infantry Regiment. When activated, the 149th included the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 123rd Armor, 1st Battalion, 149th Infantry, 2nd Battalion, 138th Field Artillery, Troop A of the 240th Cavalry, the 103rd Support Battalion, and the 207th Engineer Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011739-0004-0000", "contents": "149th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade\nOn 1 November 1985 the 149th joined the newly reactivated 35th Infantry Division (Mechanized) and became the 149th Brigade, 35th Infantry Division. The 35th had been reformed after the Department of Defense decided to add another National Guard mechanized division and also included the 67th Brigade from Nebraska and the 69th Brigade from Kansas. As a result of losing its status as a separate brigade, the brigade armored cavalry reconnaissance troop (Troop A, 240th Cavalry) was eliminated. The 149th MEB also contains a Military Police Battalion known as the 198th MP BN. This battalion has several combat support units, and one law and order detachment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011739-0005-0000", "contents": "149th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade\nThe unit's headquarters changed 1 October 2013 to Richmond, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011740-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Mixed Aviation Division\nThe 149th Mixed Aviation Division was an aviation division of the Russian Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011740-0001-0000", "contents": "149th Mixed Aviation Division\nIt traced its history from the 149th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Division, which arrived in Poland in May 1955 from China. became the 149th Bomber Aviation Division in July 1982 with 4th Air Army at Szprotawa in Poland. Had the 3, 42nd Guards, and 89th Bomber Aviation Regiments (Su-24), Renamed 149th Mixed Aviation Division 1992. Served for several years with the 76th Air Army in the Leningrad Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011740-0002-0000", "contents": "149th Mixed Aviation Division\nIn 1998, according to Holm/Feskov et al. 2013., the division comprised the 67th and 722nd (Smuravyevo) Bomber Aviation Regiments, 98th Guards Independent Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Monchegorsk).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011740-0003-0000", "contents": "149th Mixed Aviation Division\nPossibly disbanded 2009. The Smuravyevo airfield was closed circa 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011741-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Mixed Brigade\nThe 149th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army created during the Spanish Civil War. Deployed on the fronts of Madrid, Aragon and Catalonia, the brigade did not play a relevant role in the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011741-0001-0000", "contents": "149th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe unit was created in May 1937, on the Madrid front, from one of the battalions of the 75th Mixed Brigade. Command of the unit initially fell (during the training period) to the infantry commander Enrique Garc\u00eda Villanueva, who was replaced shortly after by the militia major Santiago Tito Buades; For his part, the chief of staff fell to the infantry captain Juan Bautista Piera Reus. The 149th Mixed Brigade, which was made up of anarchist elements, was assigned to the 6th Division of the II Army Corps. For months the brigade remained located in front of Madrid, without participating in military operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011741-0002-0000", "contents": "149th Mixed Brigade, History\nIn March 1938, after the beginning of the Aragon Offensive, the 149th Mixed Brigade was sent to reinforce the threatened sector. On March 24, however, it lost the town of Velilla de Ebro to enemy pressure and had to retreat. On March 26, it was defending the sector between Fraga and the Ebro river. Briefly added to the subgroup  commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Jes\u00fas Liberal Travieso, came to participate in the battle of Lleida. With the fall of the city, all its troops crossed to the other side of the Segre River. Later, it was added to the 16th Division of the XII Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011741-0003-0000", "contents": "149th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe brigade came to take part in the Battle of the Ebro. On July 27, it crossed the river, relieving elements of the 35th International Division in the Gandesa sector. On July 31, it was located in front of Villalba de los Arcos, being relieved of this sector on August 3; it was then assigned to cover the entrances to La Fatarella. In mid-August, during one of the nationalist counterattacks, the 149th Mixed Brigade fell back in disorder \u2014 despite the fact that the unit was located in the rear. It was later withdrawn from the Ebro front along with the rest of the units of its division and destined for the reserve, being subjected to a reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011741-0004-0000", "contents": "149th Mixed Brigade, History\nIn December 1938, at the beginning of the Catalonia Offensive, the 149th Mixed Brigade constituted the reserve for the sector facing Ser\u00f3s. During the enemy attack, the unit abandoned its positions almost without fighting, partly dragged away by the disbandment of the 179th Mixed Brigade. The commander of the unit, militia major Eduardo P\u00e9rez Segura, was suddenly dismissed and replaced by the militia major Filemont. The remains of the 149th Mixed Brigade joined the general retreat towards the border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011742-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 52nd Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c52\u5e08) was activated in May 1965 from the Tibet Unit 419 (Chinese: \u85cf\u5b57419\u90e8\u961f).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011742-0001-0000", "contents": "149th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn August 1969, the division swapped its designations and positions with the 149th Army Division from the 50th Army Corps, and became the 149th Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c149\u5e08)(2nd Formation). All its regiments were re-designated as the 445th, 446th and 447th Infantry Regiments. Its 309th Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment, 149th Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011742-0002-0000", "contents": "149th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division then stationed in Leshan, Sichuan province and attached to the 50th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011742-0003-0000", "contents": "149th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nFrom February to March 1979 the division took part in the Sino-Vietnamese War. During the war the division inflicted heavy losses to the confronting PAVN 316A Division, eliminating a total of 2338 Vietnamese combatants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011742-0004-0000", "contents": "149th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1985 the division was renamed as the 149th Motorized Infantry Division (Chinese: \u6469\u6258\u5316\u6b65\u5175\u7b2c149\u5e08) as a southern motorized infantry division. The division attached to 13th Army following 50th Army Corps' disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011742-0005-0000", "contents": "149th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1989 the division took part in the forced martial law in Lhasa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011742-0006-0000", "contents": "149th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1998 the 447th Infantry Regiment merged with the Mechanized Infantry Regiment, 3rd Tank Division as the Armored Regiment, 149th Motorized Infantry Division. Since then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011742-0007-0000", "contents": "149th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 2017 the division was split into two brigades: the 149th Medium Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: \u4e2d\u578b\u5408\u6210\u7b2c149\u65c5) and the 150th Light Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: \u8f7b\u578b\u5408\u6210\u7b2c150\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011743-0000-0000", "contents": "149th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 149th New York Infantry Regiment  was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011743-0001-0000", "contents": "149th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 149th New York Infantry was organized at Syracuse, N.Y., and mustered in September 18, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011743-0002-0000", "contents": "149th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nThe regiment, under the command of Henry A. Barnum, left Syracuse on September 23, 1862, and within a short time joined General McClellan's army. It was assigned to the Third Brigade, Geary's Division, Twelfth Corps, in which command it fought at Chancellorsville, losing there 15 killed, 68 wounded, and 103 captured or missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011743-0003-0000", "contents": "149th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nAt Gettysburg the regiment participated in the famous defense of Culp's Hill, made by Greene's Brigade, in which the One Hundred and Forty-ninth, fighting behind breastworks, lost 6 killed, 46 wounded, and 3 missing, but inflicted many times that loss on its assailants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011743-0004-0000", "contents": "149th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nWith the Twelfth Corps, it was transferred to the Army of the Cumberland, and the Onondaga boys fought as bravely in Tennessee as in Virginia or at Gettysburg. At Lookout Mountain, Tenn., they captured five flags while fighting under Hooker in that memorable affair, their casualties amounting to 10 killed and 64 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011743-0005-0000", "contents": "149th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nBefore starting on the Atlanta campaign the Twelfth Corps was designated the Twentieth, its command being given to General Hooker. The regiment started on that campaign with 380 fighting men, of whom 136 were killed or wounded before reaching Atlanta. Lieutenant-Colonel Charles B. Randall, a gallant and skilful officer, was killed at Peach Tree Creek, in which action the regiment sustained its heaviest loss while on that campaign, its casualties there aggregating 17 killed, 25 wounded, and 10 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011743-0006-0000", "contents": "149th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nThe regiment after marching with Sherman to the Sea was actively engaged in the Siege of Savannah, and then marched through the Carolinas on the final campaign which ended in the surrender of Johnston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011743-0007-0000", "contents": "149th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns\nThe regiment mustered out on June 12, 1865, after participating in the Grand Review of the Armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011743-0008-0000", "contents": "149th New York Infantry Regiment, Legacy\n6 Medals of Honor were awarded to members of the 149th, including one to Colonel Barnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011743-0009-0000", "contents": "149th New York Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment lost 4 officers and 129 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded and  78 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 211 fatalities. 18.3% of the men who served in the regiment would die during its time of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011744-0000-0000", "contents": "149th New York State Legislature\nThe 149th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6 to April 23, 1926, during the fourth year of Al Smith's second tenure as Governor of New York, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011744-0001-0000", "contents": "149th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011744-0002-0000", "contents": "149th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011744-0003-0000", "contents": "149th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1925, was held on November 3. No statewide elective offices were up for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011744-0004-0000", "contents": "149th New York State Legislature, Elections\nAssemblywoman Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur, a former school teacher who after her marriage became active in women's organisations and politics, was re-elected, and remained the only woman legislator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011744-0005-0000", "contents": "149th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1926; and adjourned on April 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011744-0006-0000", "contents": "149th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011744-0007-0000", "contents": "149th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011744-0008-0000", "contents": "149th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011745-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 149th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 149th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 149th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011745-0001-0000", "contents": "149th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 149th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in as an Ohio National Guard unit for 100 days service on May 8, 1864, under the command of Colonel Allison L. Brown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011745-0002-0000", "contents": "149th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Defenses of Baltimore, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to July 1864. 1st Separate Brigade, VIII Corps, to July 1864. Kenly's Independent Brigade, VIII Corps, to August 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011745-0003-0000", "contents": "149th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 149th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Camp Dennison on August 30, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011745-0004-0000", "contents": "149th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Ohio for Baltimore, Md., May 11. Duty in the Defenses of Baltimore, and at different points on the eastern shore of Maryland until July 4. Moved to Monocacy Junction July 4. Battle of Monocacy Junction July 9. Moved to Washington, D.C., July 13. Advance to Snicker's Gap, Va., July 13\u201320. Operations in the Shenandoah Valley July 20-August 23. Action with Mosby at Berryville August 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011745-0005-0000", "contents": "149th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 42 men during service; 4 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 38 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 149th Pennsylvania Infantry, also known as the 2nd Bucktail Regiment, volunteered during the American Civil War and served a 3-year term from August 1862 to June 1865. Like their forerunners in the 1st Bucktail Regiment, each soldier wore a bucktail on his headwear as a trophy of marksmanship. During the first year of the Civil War, the 1st Bucktails distinguished themselves as skirmishers and sharpshooters, and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton desired to raise an entire brigade of similar characteristics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0000-0001", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nStanton enlisted Major Roy Stone of the 1st Bucktails to this task, and Stone raised 20 companies of recruits by the end of August 1862. These 20 companies became the 149th and 150th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiments. The Regiment is most noted for its service and sacrifice on July 1, 1863, at the Battle of Gettysburg. One source reports 53 soldiers killed, 172 wounded, and 111 missing or captured out of 450 soldiers engaged for a total casualty rate of 74.7% at the epic Battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0001-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Prelude\nAfter a long march, the I Corps was in the vicinity of Gettysburg on July 1. Fighting would begin that day before the Union infantry, including the Bucktails, were in position. By 9:30 am, the Bucktails were coming up fast from their overnight quarters at the Samuel White farm. Daugherty summarized research on the route:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0002-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Prelude\nEvidence suggests that the brigade moved from the Samuel White farm, where they had spent the night, to the Bull Frog Road, and then east on the Millerstown Road (now Pumping Station Road), crossed Sachs covered bridge, and arrived at the Millerstown Road intersection with the Emmitsburg Road at the Peach Orchard. (59)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0003-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Prelude\nAs they neared Gettysburg, they were given instructions to leave the road and march, double-quick, 2 miles across fields to the Lutheran Theological Seminary. (60) Stone's brigade arrived in the seminary area soaked in sweat and panting with exhaustion. Many men had fallen out of the ranks but soon rejoined the brigade. (61)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0004-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Prelude\nGeneral Reynolds had been killed that morning, struck at about 10:15 while directing movements on McPherson's Ridge. General Doubleday was, therefore, in command of the I Corps, when he came upon the men near the seminary. Chamberlin recalled Doubleday's comments after he learned they were from Pennsylvania:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0005-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Prelude\n[ He] addressed a few words of encouragement to the several regiments, reminding them that they were upon their own soil, that the eye of the commonwealth was upon them, and that there was every reason to believe they would do their duty to the uttermost in defense of their State. (62)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0006-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Prelude\nDoubleday ordered Stone to deploy his three regiments south of Chambersburg Pike, along McPherson Ridge between two other I Corps brigades, those of Brigadier General Solomon Meredith and Brigadier General Lysander Cutler. As Doubleday turned to leave, he told them, \"Hold them boys when you get there.\" One of the men shouted back, \"If we can't hold them, where can you get men that can? \"(63) Then, shouting \"We have come to stay,\" the line of Pennsylvanians went forward. (64)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0007-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Prelude\nThe ridge was on a farm owned by Edward McPherson, whose political career had taken him to Washington as a two-term Congressman. He had lost his reelection bid in 1862 and was. At the time of the battle, in Washington serving as Chief Clerk of the House of Representatives. (65) The primary goal at McPherson Ridge was delay\u2014to give the Union forces time to reach Gettysburg for the battle\u2014and to inflict as many casualties as possible. The location assigned Stone made their delaying mission even more difficult than it would have been under any circumstance. Historian Hartwig D. Scott explained the difficulties:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0008-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Prelude\nThe McPherson's Ridge position was also fraught with difficulties in successfully defending it. As long as the Confederates approached from the west, it was a strong position, although there was no strong terrain feature for the left flank to rest upon. However, the position was dreadfully exposed to Oak Hill, one mile north of the Chambersburg Pike, from which the Confederates could enfilade Doubleday's entire line [sweeping fire from a line of troops] and make it untenable. (66)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0009-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Engagement\nAmidst bursting shells fired by Confederate artillerymen on Herr Ridge, Stone's brigade took its position between McPherson's house and the Chambersburg Road. Sending out skirmishers to cover the brigade's front, Stone ordered the remaining men to lie down behind the reverse slope of McPherson's Ridge and endure the pounding. (67) It was about 11:00\u00a0a.m.. Stone's official report of the battle set the scene:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0010-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Engagement\nAs we came upon the field, the enemy opened fire upon us from two batteries on the opposite ridge, and continued it with some intermissions, during the action. Our low ridge afforded slight shelter from this fire, but no better was attainable, and our first disposition was unchanged until between 12 and 1 o'clock. (68)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0011-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Engagement\nAt about 1 p.m., a Confederate battery under Major General Robert E. Rodes on Oak Hill, to the brigade's extreme right, opened fire on Cutler's and Stone's brigades. With permission, Cutler's brigade pulled back to prevent a possible attack from the northwest, leaving Stone's brigade exposed. Hartwig explained the importance of Stone's men at this point to the gradually emerging battle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0012-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Engagement\n\"I relied greatly upon Stone's Brigade to hold the post assigned them . . .\" reported Doubleday, for after the corps was forced to respond to Rodes' threat, Stone held the angle in the line and Doubleday considered it, \"in truth the key-point of the first day's battle. \"(69)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0013-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Engagement\n[ A] new battery upon a hill on the extreme right opened a most destructive enfilade of our line, and at the same time all the troops upon my right fell back nearly a half mile to the Seminary Ridge. This made my position hazardous and difficult in the extreme, but rendered its maintenance all the more important. (70)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0014-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Engagement\nHe moved the troops under his command into a right-angle deployment, with some men still on the ridge but with others facing to the north along Chambersburg Pike. However, the movement attracted Confederate notice. Shelling from Herr's Ridge became intense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0015-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Color Episode\nThe situation threatened to grow intolerable. Stone improvised. Colonel [Walton] Dwight [of the 149th] was instructed to detach his color guard to a point north of the Chambersburg Pike, about fifty yards to the left front of the regiment. [ Dwight's men] found a small breastwork of rails . . . and hunkered down with only their colors exposed to weather the storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0016-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Color Episode\nThe ruse worked [as the Confederates] spied the colors and assumed the 149th had changed their position again and shifted their fire at them, sparing Dwight's main body further punishment. (71)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0017-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Color Episode\nThe color guard was under the direction of Sergeant Henry G. Brehm. His men were Corporals John Friddell, Frederick Hoffman, and Franklin W. Lehman, and Color Guards Henry H. Spayd and John H. Hammel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0018-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Color Episode\nThe Confederates, part of General A. P. Hill's forces, were massing for an attack on the Union line north of the Chambersburg Pike, as Stone could see from his position. Stone's official report described the attack, which began about 1:30. He had been able to watch their formation for at least 2 miles:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0019-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Color Episode\nIt appeared to be a nearly continuous line of deployed battalions, with other battalions in mass or reserve. Their line being formed not parallel but obliquely to ours, their left first became engaged with the troops on the northern prolongation of Seminary Ridge. The battalions engaged soon took a direction parallel to those opposed to them, thus causing a break in their line and exposing the flank of those engaged to the first of my two regiments in the Chambersburg road. (72)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0020-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, The Railroad Cut\nThe Confederate troops began to scale a fence along a steep railroad cut that had been built some years earlier for an intended extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad parallel to the pike. (73) The 149th opened fire, nearly destroying one North Carolina brigade. Stone stated, \"Though at the longest range of our pieces, we poured a most destructive fire upon their flanks, and, together with the fire in their front, scattered them over the fields.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0021-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, The Railroad Cut\nAnticipating a second attack under General Junius Daniel, Stone ordered Colonel Dwight and the 149th to occupy the railroad cut. While Daniel's men directed their fire to the repositioned colors, the 149th held its fire until the North Carolinians had reached the fence 22 paces beyond the cut. Stone explained that, \"when they came to a fence within pistol-shot of his line [Dwight] gave them a staggering volley; reloading as they climbed the fence, and waiting till they came within 30 yards, gave them another volley, and charged, driving them back over the fence in utter confusion. \"(74)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0022-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, The Railroad Cut\nThe 143rd had remained in its original position along Chambersburg Pike in support of the 149th. The volleys from the 143rd helped repulse Daniel's men. According to Colonel Dwight, \"the enemy's dead and wounded [were] completely covering the ground in our front. \"(75)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0023-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, The Railroad Cut\nAlthough many observers and historians considered these actions as heroic, Private Harris of the 143rd viewed them from the perspective of his grudge against Stone and the 149th. Years later, when he recalled watching Dwight's men of the 149th moving toward the railroad cut, he summarized his thoughts at the time:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0024-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, The Railroad Cut\nThere go the men of the 149th with their tails just a bobbing. What does that mean? Have they got this job by contract? Stone is after a big chunk of glory for his tails and does not intend that the 143rd shall have any of it. (76)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0025-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, The Railroad Cut\nAt about this point, between 1:30 and 2 p.m., as Colonel Wister faced attack from the railroad cut to the west, Colonel Stone was struck in the hip and arm. Chamberlin described the circumstances:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0026-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, The Railroad Cut\nColonel Stone, who had ably directed the operations of his brigade, exposing himself fearlessly at all times, went forward a short distance to reconnoitre [sic], when he received severe wounds in the hip and arm, which entirely disabled him. (77)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0027-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, The Railroad Cut\nStone turned over his command to Colonel Wister and was carried off the field to a makeshift hospital in the McPherson barn, where he was placed on straw in a horse stall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0028-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, The Railroad Cut\nWith Stone out of action, his brigade held McPherson's Ridge until nearly 3:30. Soon, the barn was behind the Confederate line and Stone was among the prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0029-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Annihilation of the Color Guard\nIn the confusion, no one had ordered the 149th color guard to retreat from its successful ruse. Colonel Stone was incapacitated. Colonel Dwight was reportedly drunk. (78) Captain John H. Basler, whose Company C of the 149th, included the color guard, was also injured and out of action. Still, the failure to recall the guard would be one of the points of controversy for historians describing the events of July 1, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0030-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Annihilation of the Color Guard\nSergeant Brehm felt duty bound to remain at his post until relieved, but when it became clear the tide of battle was turning, he dispatched Corporal Hoffman to get revised orders. Finding that his comrades had retreated, Hoffman could not find an officer to issue new orders. Seeing that Sergeant Brehm's position was about to be overrun, Hoffman joined the retreat. The Confederates had been hesitant to approach the flags, which implied the presence of a regiment. Finally, a squad from the 42nd Mississippi moved forward cautiously to investigate. With a Rebel yell, they leaped into the hiding place. A frenzied fight over the colors took place, with the color guard desperately trying unsuccessfully to save the colors. In the end, Color Sergeant Brehm was killed trying to keep the colors from falling into enemy hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0031-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Annihilation of the Color Guard\nThe color episode would be debated for many years, first for its employment and second for the failure to recall the color guard. As to the first, Matthews considered it \"an unlikely maneuver, not found in any military textbook of the time.\" He wondered why only the colors of the 149th, but not the 143rd and the 150th, were moved to deceive the Confederate forces. Was this, he wonders, another example of Stone favoring the 149th he had recruited in 1862? Perhaps, after all, as Stone and Dwight later claimed, the episode was simply intended to deceive the Confederates:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0032-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Annihilation of the Color Guard\nWe can therefore decide that while unconventional it was effective, though certainly not in keeping with mid-nineteenth century military tactics where honor on the battlefield dictated a great deal. Whatever the reason, we can be relatively certain that the ruse saved lives during Daniel's second advance on the Railroad Cut. (79)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0033-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Annihilation of the Color Guard\nYears later, Captain Basler attempted to clear up what had happened, particularly in response to the controversy about why the color guard had not been recalled. In addition to pulling together accounts from the survivors of the color guard and others, he contacted General Stone, who replied to his \"Dear Comrade\" from Washington on September 26, 1896. He explained his plan:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0034-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Annihilation of the Color Guard\nThe colors of the 149th were a target for the 34 guns which practically enfiladed the Regiment from the ridge beyond the run and when they had got the range, there was no safety for the regiment from quick destruction, but in confusing and deceiving the enemy [as] to its location. My plan was to fire a volley or two from the edge of the R.R. cut and bring the regiment back under cover of the smoke, leaving the colors to draw the fire of the batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0034-0001", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Annihilation of the Color Guard\nBut the movement, as it was executed, had greater results than I had hoped. It deceived the enemy in our front also, with the idea that we had force enough to take the offensive, and they delayed their final attack on that account, and \"every minute gained then and there was worth a regiment,\" as Col. Nicholson says.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0035-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Annihilation of the Color Guard\nHe indicated that he would have ordered the color guard to return \"if I had been spared.\" He added that the regiment \"could not have lived to do the grand work it did later in the action\" if he had not dispatched the color guard. Noting that General Doubleday referred to the Bucktails' position as the \"key point\" in the battle and that the enemy's official reports agreed, General Stone stated:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0036-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Annihilation of the Color Guard\nI have proposed to the [U.S. Battlefield] Commission to establish the \"key point\" and mark it with a special monument, and shall ask the survivors of the 149th at their next reunion to co-operate in this work of justice to the Brigade. (80)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0037-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Aftermath\nOverall, the new Bucktails had been severely weakened. The 149th had lost 336 men (killed, wounded, or missing in action) or 74.7 percent of the 450 men who began the day's battle. Elsewhere within the Bucktail Brigade, the 150th lost 264 out of 397 men (66.5 percent),  while the 143rd lost 241 of 465 men (51.8 percent). (81)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0038-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Aftermath\nAs Hartwig explained, these losses, high though they were, had served their purpose:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0039-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Aftermath\nThe stand on McPherson's Ridge had purchased time, but the cost had been staggering. Every regiment, except for three, had lost more than sixty percent of their men. Four had lost over seventy percent . . . . What had such ghastly sacrifice gained? The job of the 1st Corps was to buy time and inflict losses. Doubleday had purchased perhaps one and one-half precious hours by defending McPherson's Ridge. His defenders had also inflicted crippling losses upon their attackers . . . . The Confederates had won a tactical victory on July 1, but the delaying action of the I and XI Corps, and Buford's cavalry, had given the Federal army the strategic advantage, which ultimately proved to be decisive in the outcome of the battle. (82)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0040-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Aftermath\nStone, in his official report, gave all the credit to his men:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0041-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Aftermath\nNo language can do justice to the conduct of my officers and men on the bloody \"first day\" to the coolness with which they watched and awaited, under a fierce storm of shot and shell, the approach of the enemy's overwhelming masses; their ready obedience to orders, and the prompt and perfect execution, under fire, of all the tactics of the battle-field; to the fierceness of their repeated attacks, or to the desperate tenacity of their resistance. They fought as if each man felt that upon his own arm hung the fate of the day and the nation. (83)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0042-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Aftermath\nDoubleday also praised Stone and the Bucktails in his official report:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0043-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Aftermath\nI relied greatly on Stone's brigade to hold the post assigned them, as I soon saw I would be obliged to change front with a portion of my line to face the northwest, and his brigade held the pivot of the movement. My confidence in this noble body of men was not misplaced . . . . They repulsed the repeated attacks of vastly superior numbers at close quarters, and maintained their position until the final retreat of the whole line. Stone himself was shot down, battling to the last. (84)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011746-0044-0000", "contents": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Aftermath\nThe Battle of Gettysburg ended on July 3, the Union forces under General George G. Meade having defeated General Lee. The weakened Union forces allowed Lee to retreat to Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011747-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\n149th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (149 RAC) was an armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps that served in the Burma Campaign during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011747-0001-0000", "contents": "149th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\n149th Regiment RAC was formed on 22 November 1941 by the conversion to the armoured role of 7th Battalion of the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry (KOYLI). Raised in 1940, 7th KOYLI had been serving with 207th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), a Home Defence formation in Essex that was broken up in August 1941 and its battalions transferred to the RAC. In common with other infantry units transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, all personnel would have continued to wear their KOYLI cap badge on the black beret of the RAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011747-0002-0000", "contents": "149th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Burma Campaign\n7th KOYLI arrived in India on 24 October 1941, and was assigned for conversion to the Heavy Armoured Brigade, which was soon afterwards redesignated 50th Indian Tank Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011747-0003-0000", "contents": "149th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Burma Campaign\n149 RAC moved to the Manipur Road area in April 1944, and came under the command of 254th Indian Tank Brigade in July, when it was equipped with Grant Mk II tanks. The Brigade fought with the 5th Indian Division and the 7th Indian Infantry Divisions in Burma and was involved in the Battles at Imphal, Kohima, Kyaumaung Bridgehead, Meiktila, and Rangoon Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011747-0004-0000", "contents": "149th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Burma Campaign\nIn August 1944 149 RAC returned to Bombay in India, and then in April 1945 moved to Ahmednagar where it came once again under command of 50th Indian Tank Brigade and remained in India for the remainder of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011748-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line)\n149th Street was a station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx, New York City. It was located in \"The Hub\" in the South Bronx, at the intersection of 149th Street, Third Avenue, Willis Avenue, and Melrose Avenue. Opened as an express station in 1887 and later operating as the line's southern terminus, the station closed in 1973 and was demolished by 1977 due to political pressure in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011748-0001-0000", "contents": "149th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe station was built as an express station, with three tracks and two island platforms; the center express track was completed by 1916. North of the station, a spur track curved from Third Avenue east onto Westchester Avenue (150th Street) to connect with the IRT White Plains Road Line. A signal tower was located in between the mainline and the spur track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011748-0002-0000", "contents": "149th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line), Station layout\nAfter it became the line's southern terminal in 1955, the center track was removed and the platforms were connected into one large island platform. A diamond crossover switch was installed north of the station to relay terminating trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011748-0003-0000", "contents": "149th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line), History\nThe station was originally opened on June 16, 1887 by the Suburban Rapid Transit Company. On July 10, 1905, the underground Third Avenue\u2013149th Street station of the IRT White Plains Road Line (which fed into the Lenox Avenue and West Side subways) was opened, and free transfers were provided between the two stations. In October 1911, the 149th Street Crosstown Trolley Line between Longwood and Harlem opened (the predecessor to the current Bx19 bus), in addition to the Third Avenue trolley line of the Third Avenue and Union Railway system. Between 1913 and 1916 during the Dual Contracts, the center track was added to facilitate express service along the line. Around this time, the name \"The Hub of the Bronx\" emerged due to the area's status as a major transportation, commercial, and amusement center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011748-0004-0000", "contents": "149th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line), History\nIn 1921, a seven-car train derailed crossing the spur track north of the station, destroying a control tower and causing a fire on the trestle. Thirty passengers were injured, and the second of the wooden elevated cars was damaged beyond repair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011748-0005-0000", "contents": "149th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line), History\nOn May 12, 1955, the Third Avenue elevated was closed south of 149th Street, ending service on the line between the Bronx and Manhattan. 149th Street station became the southern terminus of the Third Avenue Line. In the 1960s under the Program For Action, the city planned to close the remainder of the line, which fell into disrepair and was credited for blight in the area. The station closed on April 29, 1973 and was demolished in 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011748-0006-0000", "contents": "149th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line), Current status\nFrom 1973 to 2013, the Bx55 limited bus replaced elevated service between The Hub and Gun Hill Road. Free transfers, first via a paper transfer and later by MetroCard, were given between the bus and the 149th Street subway station. In 2013, the Bx55 was eliminated, replaced by the Bx15 limited bus which terminates at Fordham Plaza. Service to Gun Hill Road is provided by the parallel Bx41 Select Bus Service route along Webster Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011749-0000-0000", "contents": "149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station\n149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse is a New York City Subway station complex shared by the IRT Jerome Avenue Line and the IRT White Plains Road Line. It is located at East 149th Street and Grand Concourse in Mott Haven and Melrose in the Bronx. The complex is served by the 2 and 4 trains at all times, and by the 5 train at all times except late nights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011749-0001-0000", "contents": "149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, Station layout, Exits\nThere are two exit stairs each to the southwest and southeast corners of 149th Street and Grand Concourse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011749-0002-0000", "contents": "149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, Station layout, Elevators\nWhen the station was first opened, the only way to exit the station was through two elevators. The elevators had four levels: one at the northbound lower level platform, one at the level of a pedestrian overpass connecting the two lower level platforms at their southern ends, one at the mezzanine of the upper level platforms (added when those platforms were opened), and one at a street-level headhouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011749-0003-0000", "contents": "149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, Station layout, Elevators\nIn 1920, a project to extend the Mott Avenue station platforms 230 feet (70\u00a0m) to the west to provide a connection with a proposed station on the New York Central Railroad was completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011749-0004-0000", "contents": "149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, Station layout, Elevators\nWhen the elevators were opened up for service, they were considered state-of-the-art at the time, holding up to 20 people. However, the elevators and areas near the elevators were closed in 1975 due to security reasons. The MTA initially stated in February 2014 that there were no plans to reopen them as the station itself \"was not a main station\". In 2013, several local institutions and groups of riders protested in support of restoring elevator access to the station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011749-0005-0000", "contents": "149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, Station layout, Elevators\nAll platforms are planned to receive full ADA accessibility as part of the MTA's 2015-2019 Capital Program. In December 2015, the MTA initially agreed to repair both elevators in addition to installing another one across the street. It was estimated that $45 million would go towards this previous elevator installation and repair plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011749-0006-0000", "contents": "149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, Station layout, Elevators\nThe MTA currently plans to rebuild one of the two original elevators so that it operates from the headhouse to the pedestrian overpass above the lower level platforms, and build two new elevators with three stops; one will have stops at both Manhattan-bound platforms and the overpass, and the other will have stops at both northbound platforms and the overpass. A new fare control area will be built somewhere in the overpass level. It is estimated that \"over $50 million\" will go towards the current installation and repair plan. Construction on new elevators and the refurbishment of the existing elevator started in August 2020 after a \"preliminary design stage,\" and substantial completion is projected for July 2023.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011749-0007-0000", "contents": "149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, Station layout, Unbuilt New York Central Railroad station\nThere are some remaining signs on the walls that point to a never-built station of the New York Central Railroad lines (now part of Metro-North Railroad). The station had been approved in 1908 and would have been located at 149th Street and Park Avenue, one block east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 95], "content_span": [96, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011749-0008-0000", "contents": "149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, IRT Jerome Avenue Line platforms\n149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse is an express station on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line that has three tracks and two island platforms, with the center track used during rush hours in the peak direction. This station is on the upper level of the two-level station complex, with a free transfer to the IRT White Plains Road Line on the lower level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011749-0009-0000", "contents": "149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, IRT Jerome Avenue Line platforms\nThe station was opened on June 2, 1917, and was the southern terminus of the Jerome Avenue Line until it was extended through Mott Haven Avenue into the Upper East Side extension of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011749-0010-0000", "contents": "149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, IRT White Plains Road Line platforms\n149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse on the IRT White Plains Road Line has two tracks and two side platforms. There is a high rounded ceiling that is visible at the west end of the station and is similar in design to those of 168th Street and 181st Street stations on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line. The IRT White Plains Road Line platforms are located on the lower level of this two level complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 74], "content_span": [75, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011749-0011-0000", "contents": "149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, IRT White Plains Road Line platforms\nOriginally opened as Mott Avenue on July 10, 1905, 149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse was the first subway station to be opened in the Bronx. The original headhouse is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Today, all of the original mosaic \"Mott Avenue\" name tablets have been covered over with metal \"149 St\u2013Grand Concourse\" signs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 74], "content_span": [75, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011749-0011-0001", "contents": "149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, IRT White Plains Road Line platforms\nOnly one name tablet, located on the downtown platform between the last two staircases at the northern end, remained uncovered and survived intact until a few years into the 21st century when a serious water leak after very heavy rainfall caused individual tiles to separate from the wall and fall off. There were no known plans by the MTA to repair or restore this name tablet. In late 2011, the MTA covered this name tablet with a metal \"149 St\u2013Grand Concourse\" sign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 74], "content_span": [75, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011749-0012-0000", "contents": "149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, IRT White Plains Road Line platforms\nSouth of the station, there are track connections to the IRT Jerome Avenue Line. The line splits and makes a sharp turn to merge with the Jerome Avenue Line just south of the upper level station. Due to high usage levels and the sharp turn of the connection, it often causes delays on the 5 train. The White Plains Road Line continues straight under the Harlem River and merges with the IRT Lenox Avenue Line at 142nd Street Junction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 74], "content_span": [75, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011749-0013-0000", "contents": "149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse station, IRT White Plains Road Line platforms\nFrom the station's 1905 opening until 2002, there were no columns between the northbound and southbound tracks, allowing an unobstructed view across the station. Thin supports for a communications conduit have since been installed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 74], "content_span": [75, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011750-0000-0000", "contents": "149th meridian east\nThe meridian 149\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011750-0001-0000", "contents": "149th meridian east\nThe 149th meridian east forms a great circle with the 31st meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011750-0002-0000", "contents": "149th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 149th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011751-0000-0000", "contents": "149th meridian west\nThe meridian 149\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011751-0001-0000", "contents": "149th meridian west\nThe 149th meridian west forms a great circle with the 31st meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011751-0002-0000", "contents": "149th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 149th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011752-0000-0000", "contents": "14:59\n14:59 is the third studio album by American rock band Sugar Ray, released on January 12, 1999. It entered the top 20 on the Billboard 200, peaking at number 17 and certified quadruple-platinum by the RIAA. The album shows the band moving into a more mainstream pop rock sound, due to the success of their single \"Fly\" off their prior album, Floored. The album's title is a self-deprecating reference to the \"15 minutes of fame\" critics claimed the band was riding on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011752-0001-0000", "contents": "14:59, Background\nIn 1997, Sugar Ray released their second album, Floored. Late in the recording sessions, the band recorded a much poppier track, the reggae song \"Fly\". The track became a surprise hit. The track's massive success inspired the band to further pursue the sound on their following album, 14:59.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011752-0002-0000", "contents": "14:59, Sound\nThe album's sound has elements of alternative rock and pop rock. \"Aim for Me\" is a punk rock track in the vein of Green Day and \"Falls Apart\" and \"Personal Space Invader\" take influence from The Police's Synchronicity and Men Without Hats, while \"Burning Dog\" has a skate punk sound similar to The Offspring and \"Live & Direct\" features vocals from KRS-One. In addition, \"Every Morning\" (that has been called an acoustic pop number), \"Someday\" and \"Ode to the Lonely Hearted\" are reminiscent of previous hit single \"Fly\". The album also features two comedic songs titled \"New Direction\", the former being death metal and the latter a circus music instrumental.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011752-0003-0000", "contents": "14:59, Promotion and release\nThe song \"Glory\" was used in the film American Pie, and featured on the soundtrack album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011752-0004-0000", "contents": "14:59, Reception\nThe album was generally well received by critics. Paul Pearson of AllMusic wrote, \"Their third album showed an alarming overhaul in their approach...from their metal shellac toward a calmer, melodious pastiche of songs. and concluded that 14:59 has such catchiness and charm that it's a guilty pleasure of high order, and a bigger step than one might have expected from Sugar Ray.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011752-0004-0001", "contents": "14:59, Reception\nNME's referred to the album as a \"hellishly difficult record to hate...Not that this is especially inspired stuff, but, if you wanted a soundtrack for the kind of sun-kissed pool-party the sleeve depicts, 14:59 is maybe as good as you could get today.\" Rolling Stone praised the album for its diversity and for not sticking too closely to the sound of \"Fly\" stating that the band instead \"...go[es] off the deep end with gorgeous psychedelic guitar hooks and drum loops, and Mark McGrath's wise-guy futon talk... everything they play is shaped by the cut-and-paste aesthetic of the sampler.\" Robert Christgau picked out the album's song, \"Every Morning\", as a choice cut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011752-0005-0000", "contents": "14:59, Reception\nDavid Browne of Entertainment Weekly was less positive and stated: \"It's genuinely hard to hate Sugar Ray; [...] Still, listening to '14:59' is a somewhat sad, depressing experience. [ ...] The album is the sound of a band resigned to the possibility that they may be one-hit wunderkinds and that the 2 million fans who bought their last album may have moved on to Barenaked Ladies.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011752-0006-0000", "contents": "14:59, Track listing\nAll music is composed by Sugar Ray except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011752-0007-0000", "contents": "14:59, Track listing\nSugar Ray sold a different version of the 14:59 album to audiences that attended their live tour. This album included 5 tracks not found on the retail version. These tracks are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011753-0000-0000", "contents": "14:9 aspect ratio\n14:9 (1.555...) is a compromise aspect ratio between 4:3 and 16:9. It is used to create an acceptable picture on both 4:3 and 16:9 TV, conceived following audience tests conducted by the BBC. It has been used by most UK, Irish, French, Spanish and Australian terrestrial analogue networks, and in the US on Discovery Networks' HD simulcast channels with programming and advertising originally compiled in 4:3. Note that 14:9 is not a shooting format; 14:9 material is almost always derived from either a 16:9 or 4:3 shot, and no televisions have ever been made in 14:9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011753-0001-0000", "contents": "14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, With native 16:9 material\nA common usage is for material shot in 16:9 format. During production, the important action is kept within the centre of the picture, known as the 14:9 safe area. When the material is broadcast in a 4:3 format (such as for analog television), the sides of the image are cropped to 14:9 and narrow black bars are added to the top and bottom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011753-0001-0001", "contents": "14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, With native 16:9 material\nIt is considered that viewers who are not used to wide-screen will find this less distracting than the letterbox format that would result from broadcasting the full 16:9 picture in analogue, while still seeing more of the picture than would be visible if cropped into 4:3. When the same material is broadcast in 16:9 (such as for digital television) the full 16:9 frame is left intact, but auxiliary signals tell the receiver that the picture is suitable for cropping to 14:9 if necessary (for example, when the receiver is connected to a 4:3 display).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011753-0002-0000", "contents": "14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, With native 16:9 material\nThe major benefit in shooting 16:9 with protection for 14:9 (rather than 4:3) is improving the usable screen real-estate for titles, logos and scrolling text. The visible enhancement is significant due to the restrictive requirements of overscan. When shooting in 16:9 for potential 4:3 distribution the \"Shoot And Protect\" method (from the BBC's \"Widescreen Book\") is employed. As the name suggests footage is shot in 16:9 but important visual information is protected inside the 14:9 or 4:3 safe areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011753-0003-0000", "contents": "14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, With native 4:3 material\nAnother use is for material shot on a 4:3 format. When broadcast in 16:9, the top and bottom of the original frame are cropped to 14:9, and black bars (called pillarboxes) are added to either side. When broadcast in 4:3, the 14:9 crop is often used in preference to the original 4:3 frame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011753-0003-0001", "contents": "14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, With native 4:3 material\nThis is especially common when 4:3 footage needs to be included in an otherwise 16:9 program, such as a news broadcast, and was used in the 2000s by the BBC's children's channels (CBBC & CBeebies) to broadcast older children's programming shot in 4:3 on a larger proportion of a 16:9 screen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011753-0004-0000", "contents": "14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, Adoption by TV channels\nViacom International Media Networks Europe uses 14:9 for its music videos that are in 4:3. Nearly all of VIMN Europe's music channels around Europe (with the exception of MTV 80s and the now-defunct VH1 Classic and MTV Classic Italy) transitioned to widescreen from 2011 until 2015, all of the 4:3 music videos are cropped to 14:9 (with the exception of the now-defunct MTV Adria, where all of the 4:3 music videos were stretched horizontally to 16:9).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011753-0005-0000", "contents": "14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, Adoption by TV channels\nJimJam also uses 14:9 for reruns of classic children's programming as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011753-0006-0000", "contents": "14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, Adoption by TV channels, Philippines\nCNN Philippines was the first Philippine TV channel to air in 14:9 until March 2017, when it was later transitioned to 16:9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011753-0007-0000", "contents": "14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, Adoption by TV channels, UK\nIn the UK, most channels broadcast in 16:9. On Nick UK, the 14:9 cropping is used on adverts and shows which were produced in 16:9, such as House of Anubis, iCarly, Victorious and Big Time Rush, to present a more consistent output. Nick UK, along with its sister channels Nick Jr. UK and Nicktoons UK, were the only children's channels that were not shown in 16:9, but made the switch in 2013 (With Nicktoons UK remaining in 4:3 until February 2017). The HD channel, Nick HD UK, was already shown in 16:9 before this, with 4:3 programming shown in the pillarbox effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011753-0008-0000", "contents": "14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, Adoption by TV channels, US\nThe primary use of 14:9 in the US was for full screen channels in the 2000s to show content that had been produced in 16:9. One major show to receive this treatment was Star Trek: Enterprise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011753-0009-0000", "contents": "14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, Adoption by TV channels, US\nThe use of 14:9 to adapt full screen content for widescreen channels, by contrast, is much less common in the US, where pillarboxing and stretching are more commonly used (stretching is primarily used by Turner's Flexview). Only the HD simulcast channels of Discovery Networks used 14:9 for its previous episodes of their productions. Weigel Broadcasting uses 14:9 extensively as a compromise format on older shows without widescreen versions airing on their networks, including Decades, Heroes & Icons, MeTV and Start TV. Some television networks use it on a more selective basis, with AMC and Sundance TV using it when showing episodes of M*A*S*H. The first disc of MythBusters: Big Blast Collection uses this ratio, as does the Mega Movie Myths disc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011753-0010-0000", "contents": "14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, Adoption by TV channels, Argentina\nIt is also used on the ISDB-Tb HD service of the Argentinian public television, TV P\u00fablica, in order to adjust their old programs and 4:3 SD studio cameras to 16:9 format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011753-0011-0000", "contents": "14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, Adoption by TV channels, Portugal\nThe public broadcaster RTP used the 14:9 format to convert 16:9 broadcasts to the 4:3 format it still used until 2013 (for the majority of the programs broadcast). However, since 8 June 2012, they began to broadcast 16:9 material in its original aspect ratio, with the correct flag, thus ending the broadcasts featuring the 14:9 format and since January 2013, the majority of broadcasts are in 16:9 (since late 2017 downscaled from the native HD feed). Private broadcaster TVI started using the 14:9 format in August 2012 to broadcast 16:9 material instead of using 4:3 Pan & Scan, as they refused to broadcast in 16:9. However, on 3 October 2015, it began to broadcast in full widescreen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011753-0012-0000", "contents": "14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, Adoption by TV channels, Portugal\nFrom 2005 to 2011, TRT broadcast (expect TRT HD) Eurovision Song Contest by cropping to 14:9. Many channels of TRT were broadcasting 4:3 at the time, narrow black bars are added to the top and bottom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011753-0013-0000", "contents": "14:9 aspect ratio, Mathematics\nThe aspect ratio of 14:9 (1.555...) is the arithmetic mean (average) of 16:9 and 4:3 (12:9), ((16/9)+(12/9))\u00f72=14/9{\\displaystyle ((16/9)+(12/9))\\div 2=14/9}. More practically, it is approximately the geometric mean (the precise geometric mean is (16/9)\u00d7(4/3)\u22481.5396\u224813.8:9{\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {(16/9)\\times (4/3)}}\\approx 1.5396\\approx 13.8:9}), and in this sense is mathematically a compromise between these two aspect ratios: two equal area pictures (at 16:9 and 4:3) will intersect in a box with aspect ratio the geometric mean, as demonstrated in the image at top (14:9 is just slightly wider than the intersection). In this way 14:9 balances the needs of both 16:9 and 4:3, cropping or distorting both about equally. Similar considerations were used in the choice of 16:9 by the SMPTE, which balanced 2.35:1 and 4:3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011754-0000-0000", "contents": "14F\n14F is the fourth compilation album and eight overall of reggaeton singer-songwriter and producer Wise (also known as Wise The Gold Pen, and formerly as Wise Da' Gangsta), who wrote all tracks and sang in two of them, this time accompanied by DJ Luian, who produced the entire album, with some work by Alex Killer, Little Genius, Yazid, Predikador, Noize, Santana, Young Hollywood, Muekka, Mambo Kingz, Hi-Flow and Los Met\u00e1licoz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011754-0000-0001", "contents": "14F\nThe album was released on July 14, 2014 through Wise's Gold Pen Records and VIP Music Records, and his title refers to February the 14th: Valentine's Day, so the entire production is about romantic themes. It features Farruko, Arc\u00e1ngel, Zion & Lennox, De La Ghetto, \u00d1engo Flow, Jory, Maluma, Ken-Y, Baby Rasta & Gringo, J \u00c1lvarez, Cosculluela, Randy, Pusho, Luigi 21 Plus, Yomo, Gotay, Genio and Alexa, who performs in his respective songs. The album was scheduled to be released on March 14, 2015, but was postponed for unknown reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011754-0000-0002", "contents": "14F\nOn its first day, it reached the top position on sales in the Latin ranking of iTunes, above other albums including Formula, Vol. 2 by Romeo Santos, The Last Don 2 by Don Omar, and Dale by Pitbull. It peaked at No.8 on Amazon's best sellers Latin albums ranking, and was also downloaded more than 195,000 times on the website ElG\u00e9nero.com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011754-0001-0000", "contents": "14F, Background\nWise's most recent production was his studio album The Gold Pen, released in 2014, featuring H\u00e9ctor El Father, Zion & Lennox, Victor Manuelle, among others, including four singles: \"La Calle No Juega\" featuring \u00d1engo Flow, \"Amores Como El Tuyo\" featuring Ken-Y, \"Fin De Semana\" featuring Baby Rasta & Gringo, and \"Bam Bam\". Wise is known for his work as songwriter, being the author of hit songs including \"Mayor Que Yo\" (2005), \"Noche De Entierro\" (2006), \"Down\" (2006), \"Zun Da Da\" (2007), \"Te Regalo Amores\" (2008), \"Hoy Lo Siento\" (2010), \"Pierdo La Cabeza\" (2014), and others. In 2013, he signed with Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI), one of the three United States performing rights organizations, who awarded Wise in 2015 because of his work as writer of \"Prometo Olvidarte\" (2014), performed by Tony Dize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011754-0002-0000", "contents": "14F, Production\n14F was recorded between 2014 and 2015, written entirely by Wise and produced by DJ Luian with work from other producers in some tracks. The album was announced in December 2014, presenting a different cover than the used one in the final product, and the official track list was announced in June 2015. Between those months, the artists who participate in the compilation announced their participation and demonstrated his interest and support in it. It has only one single, \u00abBaby Boo\u00bb, released in February 2015 and performed by Cosculluela. His music video was released in April 2015 in both Wise and Cosculluela official YouTube channels, with approximately 9 million views mixing both videos. A remix featuring Wisin, Daddy Yankee and Arc\u00e1ngel was released on July 18, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011754-0003-0000", "contents": "14F, Production\n\"During my entire career as songwriter I lived the bless of watching how the public dedicate my songs through the years. Thankful of all that I decided to make this product called 14F in which the public will have fourteen tracks to dedicate. Being one of the most important proyects in my career, I decided to recruit the bigger artists in the urban genre, starting with DJ Luian, the most famous reggaeton DJ as the captain of this big boat. I'm glad to have him into my plans, who became a brother and a good friend. The way to make productions will take another turn and we promise to direct it for a long time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011754-0004-0000", "contents": "14F, Production\nRegarding the track list, is the first time that Wise writes for Farruko, De La Ghetto, Jory, \u00d1engo Flow, Maluma, Baby Rasta & Gringo, J \u00c1lvarez, Cosculluela, Pusho, Yomo and Genio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011754-0004-0001", "contents": "14F, Production\nIt is the second time that he writes for Arc\u00e1ngel, being \"Lentamente\" (2013, Sentimiento, Elegancia & Maldad) his first work with him, while is the third time that he writes for Ken-Y, with his hit songs \"Down\" (2006, Masterpiece) and \"Te Regalo Amores\" (2008, The Royalty) as his other works with the singer, when Ken-Y was part of his former duo R.K.M & Ken-Y. Finally, is the fourth time that Wise writes for Zion & Lennox, being his songs \"Boom Boom\" (2009, Pasado, Presente & Futuro), \"Hoy Lo Siento\" (2010, Los Verdaderos) and \"Pierdo La Cabeza\" (2014, Motivan2) his other works for the duo; while is the seventh time that he writes for Zion, because of his work as author of \"Hello\" (2006, Mas Flow: Los Benjamins), \"Zun Da Da\" and \"Te Vas\" (both in 2007, The Perfect Melody), with Zion as soloist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011754-0005-0000", "contents": "14F, Commercial performance\n14F managed to reach the top position on iTunes' Latin albums ranking, as well as peaking at No. 8 on Amazon's Latin best seller albums after, a day of its release. The album peaked at No. 9 on Billboard's Latin Rhythm Albums chart on the issue dated August 8, 2015 and spent three weeks charting. Its only single, Baby Boo, performed by Cosculluela, peaked at No. 20 on Billboard's Latin Rhythm Airplay chart and spent ten consecutive weeks there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011754-0006-0000", "contents": "14F, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Gabriel \"Wise\" Cruz; all music is composed by DJ Luian (co-produced when noted).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 18], "content_span": [19, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0000-0000", "contents": "14K (triad)\nThe 14K (\u5341\u56dbK) is a triad group based in Hong Kong but active internationally. It is the second largest triad group in the world with around 20,000 members split into thirty subgroups. They are the main rival of the Sun Yee On, which is the largest triad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0001-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), Criminal focus\nThe 14K is responsible for large-scale drug trafficking around the world, most of it heroin and opium from China or Southeast Asia. This is their primary business in terms of generating income, but they are also involved in illegal gambling, loan sharking, money laundering, contract murder, arms trafficking, prostitution, human trafficking, extortion, counterfeiting and, to a lesser extent, home invasion robberies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0002-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), History\nThe 14K was formed by Kuomintang Lieutenant-General Kot Siu-wong in Guangzhou, China in 1945 as an anti-Communist action group. However, the group relocated to Hong Kong in 1949 when the Kuomintang fled from the Communists following the Chinese Civil War. Originally there were fourteen members who were part of the Kuomintang, hence the name 14K. However, other sources say 14 stands for the road number of a former headquarters and K stands for Kowloon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0003-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), History\nCompared with other triad societies, the 14K is one of the largest and most violent Hong Kong-based triad societies, and its members appear to be more loosely connected. 14K factional violence is out of control because no dragonhead is able to govern all factions of 14K worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0004-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), History\nWhile Hong Kong's 14K triad gang dominates its traditional areas of operation and has expanded far beyond the former British colony, its focus remains Sinocentric. Hong Kong triads, including the 14K, have also expanded their activities in mainland China; a key motivation for members to cross into China is to avoid police security and anti-gang crackdowns in Hong Kong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0005-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), History\nIn 1997, there were a number of gang-related attacks that left 14 people dead. Under Wan Kuok-koi (nicknamed \"Broken Tooth Koi\", \u5d29\u7259\u99d2), the 14K was being challenged by the smaller Shui Fong Triad. The next year, a gunman believed to be connected to the local 14K killed a Portuguese national and wounded another at a pavement caf\u00e9 in Macau. In 1999, a Portuguese court convicted 45-year-old mob boss Broken Tooth Koi on various criminal charges and sentenced him to 15 years' imprisonment. His 14K gang was suspected of drive-by shootings, car bombings and attempted assassinations. Seven of his associates received lesser sentences. Since the crackdown in Macau, the 14K triad resurfaced in various cities such as Los Angeles, San Francisco and Chicago in the United States; Vancouver, Calgary and Toronto in Canada; Sydney in Australia; and also the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0006-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, Africa, South Africa\nTwo 14K groups, 14K-Hau and 14K-Ngai, are among seven Chinese criminal organizations operating in South Africa, represented in both Cape Town and Johannesburg, specializing primarily in extortion and abalone trafficking (in 2000, the estimated gross income from the illegal exportation of abalone to Hong Kong was US$32 million).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 57], "content_span": [58, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0007-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, Asia, Japan\nThe National Police Agency stated in 1997 that the 14K had been expanding its operations in Japan since the 1980s and had branches in Fukuoka, Osaka, Sapporo and Tokyo, each with at least 1,000 members. The 14K in Japan has been involved in counterfeiting credit cards and has cooperated with yakuza groups in the importation large numbers of illegal Chinese migrants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0008-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, Asia, Philippines\nThe 14K triad has been involved in smuggling arms to Abu Sayyaf and has also reportedly cooperated with the Islamic group in laundering and transmitting ransom money, taking a percentage of the ransoms in exchange for their assistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0009-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, Asia, Thailand\nThe 14K is the largest Chinese crime syndicate operating in Thailand. A haul of 100 kilograms of heroin bound for the United States confiscated during an operation in Bangkok in January 2000 was attributed to the 14K. In addition to heroin, the 14K is also involved in the smuggling and sale of the amphetamine ya ba; using Bangkok as a commercial and trafficking base, they transport and distribute the Burmese-manufactured drug to the Thai narcotics industry. The influx of other Chinese gangs and syndicates into Thailand has led to a series of turf wars between the 14K and smaller rival groups, fighting over territory in both Thailand and sections of neighbouring Cambodia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 51], "content_span": [52, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0010-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, Europe, Belgium and the Netherlands\nThe 14K triad has been active in the Netherlands since as early as the 1970s, when members of the gang controlled Chinese restaurants in numerous cities in the country. Dutch police authorities believe that the 14K took full control of heroin importation into the Benelux countries in 1987. The line established by the 14K is a direct connection with Hong Kong via Bangkok, the chief transit point. In the Netherlands, the 14K is divided into seven-to-ten-person cells (mainly in Amsterdam) that function as relay posts for moving heroin elsewhere in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 72], "content_span": [73, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0010-0001", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, Europe, Belgium and the Netherlands\nHowever, authorities believe that Belgium now plays an equally important role; heroin laboratories that were discovered in the Netherlands have been reassembled in Flanders, with strong bases in Brussels and Antwerp. A foothold in Belgium also has brought the narcotics traffickers closer to the money-laundering banks of Luxembourg. In 1998, the chief of Belgium's security agency stated of Chinese criminal organizations in the country: \u201cThey include several hundred Asiatics and have a strong familial characteristic. Their activities are very diverse, also including [besides narcotics] gambling and illegal workshops. They also are developing money laundering, both small-scale (restaurants, etc.) and large-scale such as real estate and even industrial projects.\u201d For example, the 14K controls illegal gambling casinos in Antwerp. Belgium and the Netherlands form two corners of a triangular narcotics route of the 14K Triad; the third corner is Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 72], "content_span": [73, 1031]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0011-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, Europe, France\nThe 14K is among the leading triads in France, where it has cooperated with Turkish, Albanian and Nigerian crime groups in heroin trafficking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 51], "content_span": [52, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0012-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, Europe, Ireland\nThe first reported triad activity in Ireland came in July 1979 when the 14K attempted a takeover of a Dublin-based Chinese gang's protection rackets which led to a deadly gang fight resulting in two deaths. Tony Lee, allegedly a high-ranking member of the 14K's Cork branch, was killed along with Michael Tsin of the rival Dublin faction. In August 1983, twelve members of the 14K were arrested in Limerick in connection with attempting to extort money from the owners of Chinese restaurant in the city. Nine of the men were believed to have come over from the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0012-0001", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, Europe, Ireland\nDuring the operation, a hoard of weapons including knives, pickaxes, bars and clubs were found. The 14K and other triads gained a firm foothold in Ireland in the 1980s when large numbers of Chinese restaurants opened in Cork and Dublin. The triad association is still very much active but now operate in smaller groups run by members and distant relatives of the Nam and Tsin family. Underbosses, bosses and high ranking soldiers are believed to have \"14k\" tattooed on them using ink mixed with blood that's been blessed by Kuang Kong. This dilutes the ink and gives a faded effect which symbolises life in purgatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0013-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, Europe, Ireland\nLeaked diplomatic cables obtained by the Irish Independent in 2011 included intelligence reports by the Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na (Irish police) on Chinese organized crime in the country, specifically the activities of the 14K and their rival Wo Shing Wo. The reported criminal activities of the triads included the trafficking of women and children from China into Ireland, involvement in casinos, and money laundering. Garda\u00ed also reported a great deal of interaction between the Chinese gangs operating in Ireland and Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0014-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, Europe, Spain\nThe 14K has a branch in Spain, operating from Madrid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0015-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, Europe, United Kingdom\nThe 14K was the first triad society to arrive in the United Kingdom, emerging from the Chinese communities of London, Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester during the post-war period. Although nearly all triad groups operating in the UK at the time were affiliated with the 14K, each operated independently of the Hong Kong 14K and generally viewed each other as rivals. Other triad societies did not arrive in the country until 1964 when the Labour Party encouraged large-scale immigration, bringing a huge influx of Hong Kong diaspora.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 59], "content_span": [60, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0016-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, Europe, United Kingdom\nWhile active predominantly in Birmingham and the north of England, the 14K also has a strong presence in London where they have been involved in turf wars with their rival Wo Shing Wo as well as Fujianese snakehead gangs. On 3 June 2003, alleged 14K member You Yi He, who was the subject of a police investigation into people-smuggling at the time of his death, was shot and killed in London's Chinatown. The 14K has also battled Wo Shing Wo for control of rackets in Glasgow. Additionally, the two groups have also cooperated in cigarette smuggling in Scotland. In July 2003, 14K members were ambushed in a machete attack on Glasgow's Sauchiehall Street by Wo Shing Wo in a dispute over the control of protection rackets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 59], "content_span": [60, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0017-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, North America, Canada\nThe 14K has been among the most active triad societies in Canada, maintaining a chapter in Toronto. Initially, the group was made up of members from Hong Kong but later recruited from the Vietnamese community, while also absorbing the remnants of the defunct Ghost Shadows. In 1988, the Criminal Intelligence Service Canada (CISC) estimated the number of members in the 14K's Toronto branch at 150, with around 40 criminally active in heroin trafficking, migrant smuggling, theft and extortion. The Sam Gor syndicate is composed of 14K and other Triads and has Canadian roots in and leadership from the Big Circle Boys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0018-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, North America, Mexico\nIntelligence reports from the Attorney General of Mexico and the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency have indicated that the 14K triad is among the suppliers of raw materials used in the manufacturing of methamphetamine to the Sinaloa Cartel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0019-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, North America, United States\nThe 14K has a presence in New York, California, Chicago, Boston and Houston. The 14K has had connections to the leadership of the Ping On triad in Boston and Wah Ching in San Francisco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 65], "content_span": [66, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0020-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, North America, United States\nHigh-ranking 14K member Hui Sin Ma aka Frank Ma, who was born in China but illegally immigrated to the U.S. in the 1980s, began his criminal career in Boston and San Francisco before eventually settling in Queens, New York where he became associated with the On Leong Tong and their youth gang the Ghost Shadows, as well as the Hip Sing Tong along with their youth gang the Flying Dragons. In Queens, he oversaw heroin dealing, illegal gambling, a luxury car-theft ring, extortion rackets and immigrant smuggling. Ma ordered numerous killings to protect his criminal enterprise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 65], "content_span": [66, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0020-0001", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, North America, United States\nIn 1996, he fled to China to avoid detection by police, but later returned to the U.S. and was arrested in 2003. In 2010, he was convicted of murder and narcotics charges and sentenced to life in prison. Frank Ma was described by law enforcement as \u201cone of the last of the Asian godfathers.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 65], "content_span": [66, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0021-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, Oceania, Australia\nThe 14K is among the main groups responsible for heroin trafficking in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 55], "content_span": [56, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0022-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, Oceania, New Zealand\nNew Zealand police have stated that the 14K is the most powerful Asian crime syndicate operating in the country, where they are involved in the importation of pseudoephedrine (a chemical precursor in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine) from Hong Kong and mainland China which they sell to local drug trafficking gangs, the Head Hunters and the Hells Angels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 57], "content_span": [58, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011755-0023-0000", "contents": "14K (triad), International activity, Oceania, New Zealand\nIn August 2008, the 14K was allegedly involved in a high-profile kidnapping of a Chinese family near Papatoetoe, Auckland. The plan was to demand a ransom, but they were found before the money was paid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 57], "content_span": [58, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011756-0000-0000", "contents": "14P/Wolf\nMax Wolf (Heidelberg, Germany) discovered the comet on September\u00a017, 1884. It was later discovered by, but not credited to, Ralph Copeland (Dun Echt Observatory, Aberdeen, Scotland) on September\u00a023.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011756-0001-0000", "contents": "14P/Wolf\nPreviously, the comet had a perihelion of 2.74\u00a0AU and an orbital period of 8.84 a; this changed to a perihelion of 2.43\u00a0AU and an orbital period of 8.28 a due to passing 0.125\u00a0AU from Jupiter on September\u00a027, 1922. The current values have been from when the comet passed Jupiter again on August\u00a013, 2005. Another close approach to Jupiter on March\u00a010, 2041 will return the comet to parameters similar to the period 1925\u20132000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011756-0002-0000", "contents": "14P/Wolf\nThe comet nucleus is estimated to be 4.7\u00a0kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011757-0000-0000", "contents": "14TP\nThe 14TP (Polish: czternastotonowy polski, English: 14-tonne Polish) was a Polish medium cruiser tank that was never completed due to the onset of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011757-0001-0000", "contents": "14TP, Design\nThe project began in 1938. The new tank, which was built off the 10TP design was to significantly improve the performance and quality of the medium tanks. The thickness of the armor on either side would have no less than 35\u00a0mm. The tank could mount two types of guns: 37\u00a0mm Bofors Cannon, or a new 47-mm gun. To improve speed characteristics it was planned to put in a more powerful 12-cylinder engine (planned capacity from 300 to 400 HP). The design provided that the tank to be fully tracked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011757-0002-0000", "contents": "14TP, Design\nThe creation of the tank began with a search for an engine replacement for the American la France, which could not be installed on a new tank, as due to the large mass of the engine would move only under acceptable conditions on the roads. Engineers from BS PZ In\u017c. made new designs, but they remained only in drawings. As a consequence, it was decided to purchase the engines manufactured by Maybach, which meet the needs of engineers (300 HP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011757-0003-0000", "contents": "14TP, Design\nBy the end of 1938, about 60% of the work was completed, and in March 1939, the first tests were planned. However, it turned out that the company had sent 2 defective copies. Talks about the requirement to replace the damaged goods to more powerful semi-automatic engines stalled, leading to a halt of the project. Before the second world war, Poles had not agreed with the firm for the supply of engines. The project remained open, and in September 1939, the plans fell into the hands of the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011758-0000-0000", "contents": "14U\n14U (Hangul: \uc6d0\ud3ec\uc720) was a South Korean boy band formed by BG Entertainment in Incheon, South Korea. The group debuted on July 22, 2017, with a single album \"VVV,\" and disbanded on May 10, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011759-0000-0000", "contents": "14WE\n14WE is an electric multiple unit (EMU) produced by Newag in Nowy S\u0105cz, Poland. It is a heavily modified version of the PKP class EN57 EMU, of early-1960s vintage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011759-0001-0000", "contents": "14WE\nThe trainset consists of driver car (type 410B), motor car (type 309B) and driver car (410B), with four passenger doors per car (two on each side). The 14WE is designed for suburban commuter traffic, with the carrying capacity of 192 seats and (nominally) 255 standing places. It is air conditioned and can be used with platforms 760 to 1,060\u00a0mm (30 to 42\u00a0in) high.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011759-0002-0000", "contents": "14WE\nThe trainset has  Scharfenberg couplers, which are standard on all Polish EMUs. They are placed at the height of 1,040\u00a0mm (41\u00a0in), according to an UIC recommendation, whereas the Polish practice is 950\u00a0mm (37\u00a0in). This creates operational problems in cases of a breakdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0000-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa\nDuring the 200 year period between 1301 and 1500 (the 14th and 15th century) the main civilizations and kingdoms in Africa were the Mali Empire, Kingdom of Kongo, Benin Kingdom, Hausa City-states, Great Zimbabwe, Ethiopian Empire, Kilwa Sultanate and the Ajuran Sultanate. These kingdoms flourished in the first part of this period, especially the Mali Empire, which saw a cultural flowering within its empire centred on the University of Timbuktu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0001-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade\nThe years between 1100 and 1600 were known as the \u201cgolden age\u201d of trade, when West African gold was in high demand. This led to an increase in the need and use for trade routes. From 1300 the Trans-Saharan trade routes were used for trade, travel, and scholarship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0002-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade\nMuch of what scholars know of the Trans-Saharan trade routes comes from the historical writings of Muslim scholars such as Ibn Battuta and Leo Africanus who both crossed the Sahara Desert in the 14th and 15th centuries. These literary narratives combined with archaeological data provide much insight into 14th century trade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0003-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade, Geography\nThroughout the 14th century, much of African trade revolved around the Trans-Saharan trade routes. Geographically, the Sahara Desert extends over 3.6 million square miles and is the second-largest desert on the planet behind Antarctica. While the Sahara Desert was often viewed as a barrier between the African countries, it actually linked them together rather than separated them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0004-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade, Geography, Empires\nWhile trade along the Trans-Sahara trade route was common in the 14th century, it was highly dependent on the powerful African Empires, such as the Mali Empire, Kingdom of Kongo, Benin Kingdom, Hausa City-states, Great Zimbabwe, Ethiopian Empire, Kilwa Sultanate, and the Ajuran Sultanate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0005-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade, Muslim Influence, Ibn Battuta\nIn 1352\u201353, Ibn Battuta embarked on a pilgrimage from Morocco to the Mali empire. Throughout his travels, he described many aspects of the Trans-Saharan trade routes that he encountered on his journey to Mali. He passed through Morocco and the surrounding cities, and much of the Niger Bend. During his travels, Battuta chronicled everything he saw. The trade routes from Sijilmasa to Walata passed through the salt mines of Taghaza. The town of Takeda in the Niger Bend was a centre for copper mining and trade in Egyptian goods, like cloth. The routes from Morocco to Egypt were large distribution centres for gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 78], "content_span": [79, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0006-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade, Muslim Influence, Ibn Battuta\nIn his memoirs, Battuta also described the dangers of the trade routes. It took months for merchants to cross the Sahara Desert, and they faced challenges ranging from natural disasters to lost caravans. Travelers who ventured too far away from their caravans and got lost often died from the elements. If scouts died or strayed away from their groups, the caravans would get lost in the desert and wander. Even worse, natural disasters, such as sand storms or fluctuating temperatures, often forced merchants to abandon their goods to save their own lives, yet causing them to lose everything. In his memoir, Battuta described the Sahara as a \u201cdesert haunted by demons.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 78], "content_span": [79, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0007-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade, Muslim Influence, Mansa Musa\nBy the end of the 10th century, Islam had spread to many of the Northern and Western African empires. By the 14th century, empires such as Ghana and Mali, had strong ties with the Muslim world, and many of their most prominent leaders practised the Muslim faith. Mali's most famous ruler, Mansa Musa, travelled across the Trans-Saharan trade routes on his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1325. Because Islam became so prominent in North and West Africa, many of the trade routes and caravan networks were controlled by Muslim nations. In the 14th century, prominent trade and travel routes had been firmly established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0008-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade, Trade Goods\nDuring the 14th century, and later the 15th century, the primary trading goods along the Trans-Saharan trade routes were gold, salt, precious metals, such as copper and iron, ivory, spices, materials, such as skins, cloth, and leather, and also slaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0009-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade, Trade Goods, Trade Routes\nTrade among the Sahara Desert was highly influenced by the prominent Western empires and the local people living along the trade routes. In the 10th-15th centuries the major empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay influenced many of the trade practices. These powerful empires would extend their hand of power over African trade by directing trade routes through the major cities and taxing the travelling merchants and their goods. Through the power of the empires, many of the trade routes were secured and the merchant profession became a prosperous one. When travelling, traders could travel individually or in groups, or they could attach themselves to an annual caravan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0010-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade, Trade Goods, Trade Routes\nAlong the trade routes, local or residential tribes would establish and maintain resting posts for the traveling merchants. The scouts often used these trading posts to guide the caravans along the correct trade routes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0011-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, The Spread of Islam\nSince the origin of the religion, Islam has had an evident influence in the culture where its followers would inhabit. Since the religion affects major aspects of its follower's lifestyle, this convert-focused religion would influence family values, social conduct, and even judicial practices of the surrounding communities. As Muslims conquered more land, the practices of Islam would spread wherever they went. Islam primarily spread its influence to the Northern and Eastern coast of Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0012-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, The Spread of Islam, Northern Africa\nAfter the Nomadic Almohad peoples overthrew the Almoravids of Spain and North Africa, by the 13th century its government had collapsed from within and split into 3 different states, consisting of both Almoravid and Almohad groups. Then in 1415, the Spanish Reconquista forced the most of the Muslims out of Spain and into North Africa. During this transition from the Almohad empire to the Muslim tri-state era, trade between Europe and North Africa increased the wealth of the primarily Muslim region, as well as their ability to maintain power in the Sahara. Their control of the gold trade routes led to the rise of the great Mali empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0013-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire\nThe Mali Empire was one of the great empires of West Africa, reaching its peak in the 14th century. Mali was founded by the legendary Sundiata Keita in approximately 1230 after defeating the Sosso at the battle of Krina. Its capital was at Niani, in modern Guinea. After Sundiata's death in 1255, the kingship remained in the Keita family line until 1285. In 1285, after a series of weak kings, a freed slave named Sakura took the throne. Sakura was an effective ruler, but died while returning from his pilgrimage to Mecca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0014-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali\nThe Mali Empire's entrance into the 14th century was heralded by a return of the throne to the Keita family line with the reign of Mansa (king) Qu. Mansa Qu's successor was his son, Mansa Muhammad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0015-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Musa\nIn 1312 the most famous Malian king, Mansa Musa, came to power. Mansa Musa's reign marks the golden age of the Mali empire, spreading its territory and fame far and wide. Under Mansa Musa, the empire reached as far as the Atlantic Ocean in the West and past the trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao in the East, encompassing the past kingdom of Ghana in its entirety, and was home to an estimated five to ten million people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0016-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Musa\nMansa Musa's global renown came as a result of his Hajj in 1324. He set out with a vast entourage across the Sahara desert toward Mecca. In Cairo, he initially refused to visit the sultan, as the tradition at the time was for the visitor to bow before him, and Musa believed himself to be of superior rank and power. Eventually, he made a compromise and bowed before Allah in the presence of the sultan. After the encounter, the sultan honoured Mansa Musa by inviting him to sit beside him as an equal, and they spoke for some time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0017-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Musa\nAccording to the Islamic writer Al-Umari, Mansa Musa brought with him no less than 100 camels laden with 300 pounds of gold each, as well as 60,000 people wearing silk, 12,000 servants, and 500 gold-staff bearing slaves before him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0018-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Musa\n\"Let me add that gold in Egypt had enjoyed a high rate of exchange up to the moment of their [Mansa Musa's] arrival. The gold medal that year had not fallen below twenty-five drachmas. But from that day onward, its value dwindled; the exchange was ruined, and even now it has not recovered. The mitqal scarcely touches twenty-two drachmas. That is how it has been for twelve years from that time, because of the great amounts of gold they brought into Egypt and spent there.\" \u2014 Al Umari", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0019-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Musa\nOn his return journey back to Mali, Mansa Musa brought with him many scholars, artisans, architects, and other men of learning. They built many magnificent structures, including the mosque of Gao, and buildings in Timbuktu. He also established a diplomatic relationship with the sultan of Morocco, with the two kings mutually sending ambassadors to the other's court. Mansa Musa had a lifelong dedication to education and sent many young men to be educated at the university in Fez, Morocco who eventually returned and began Quranic schools and universities in many Malian cities, namely Timbuktu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0019-0001", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Musa\nThe tale of the wealth of the Mansa of Mali spread far around the globe, making the Malian Empire one of the most famous African empires of its time\u2014even being featured on ancient European maps. Mansa Musa has been claimed to have been the richest person to have ever lived, with an estimated net worth adjusted for inflation of $400 billion (as of 2012). Mansa Musa's reign ushered in a time of peace and prosperity in Mali that would last through the reign of his eventual successor, Mansa Suleyman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0020-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Maghan\nMansa Maghan was the son of Mansa Musa, and was not a skilled leader. He ruled as Mansa of Mali beginning in 1337 but was in power for only four years before his uncle and Mansa Musa's brother, Suleyman Keita, became emperor in 1341. There was some question as to whether Suleyman had a hand in Meghan's deposition, and some internal conflict resulted from the change in leadership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 76], "content_span": [77, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0021-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Suleyman Keita\nMansa Suleyman Keita succeeded Mansa Maghan, and was a proficient ruler, though his reign was not as peaceful as Mansa Musa's, and some land east of Timbuktu and Gao was lost to the Songhai people. Despite the growing unrest in the region, Mali still enjoyed a great level of political stability and security as noted by the famed Islamic explorer and writer Ibn Battuta, who visited Mali in 1352.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 84], "content_span": [85, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0022-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Suleyman Keita\n\"The negroes possess some admirable qualities. They are seldom unjust and have a greater abhorrence of injustice than any other people. Their sultan [the Mansa] shows no mercy to anyone guilty o the least act of it. There is complete security in their country. Neither traveller nor inhabitant has anything to fear from robbers or men of violence.\" \u2014 Ibn Battuta", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 84], "content_span": [85, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0023-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Suleyman Keita\nThe death of Mansa Suleyman marked the beginning of the period of decline in the Mali Empire. The time leading into the 15th century was characterized by weak rulers, short reigns, and disputes over succession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 84], "content_span": [85, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0024-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 15th Century Mali\nThough the Mali Empire was now in the hands of weak kings, it continued to exist well into the 15th century. Timbuktu was an important point of both trade and learning in Imperial Mali, so its loss to Tuareg Berbers in 1433 was a significant blow to the weakening state. In addition to Tuareg rebellion, the Mossi people revolted and began raiding towns deep within Mali. Eventually, the city of Gao in the East broke off from Mali, as did the Wolof cities along the coast in the West. Throughout the 15th century, Mali progressively shrunk in size as many of its territories abandoned the empire, though it continued existing as an independent entity well into the 16th century. However, in 1546, the Songhai kingdom sacked Mali's capital, Niani, formally ending Mali's rule as an independent empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0025-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Marinid Dynasty, Origins\nThe Marinid dynasty was composed of Berber tribes of the race of the Zenetes (Zenatas), as opposed to the Hilalian Arabs, and were under the rule of the Almohads. But early in the 12th century, they turned against a weakening Almohad to build a dynasty that lasted nearly two centuries. With the defeat of the last of the Almohads and the capture of Marrakech in 1269, the Mar\u012bnids, under Ab\u016b Y\u016bsuf Ya\u02bfq\u016bb, became masters of Morocco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0026-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Marinid Dynasty, Holy War on the Iberian Peninsula and Northern Africa\nDuring the 14th century the Marinids expanded their control in Norther Africa and fought Holy Wars with the Christians on the Iberian Peninsula. Marinids viewed jihad as the duty of Muslim sovereignty and to strengthened the dynasty. During the reign of Abu Sa'id Uthman II, the Marinids extended their authority over the Middle Maghrib. They also crossed into al-Andalus in response to a request from the governor of Granada. Abu Sa'id was succeeded by his son, Abu-l-Hasan 'Ali ibn 'Uthman, who seized Tilmisan in 1332.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 120], "content_span": [121, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0026-0001", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Marinid Dynasty, Holy War on the Iberian Peninsula and Northern Africa\nIn 1333, Abd al-Malik, crossed the Straits of Gibraltar and defeated the Castilians who occupied the region since 1309. When Abd al-Malik died his father, Abu al-Hasan, led another invasion in 1340 onto the Iberian Peninsula but was defeated by a coalition of forces from Castile and Portugal at the Salado River. While the war helped unite the Muslim Na\u1e63rid dynasty of Granada and slowed the advance of the Christians toward the Strait of Gibraltar, no land was taken from the Christians. This defeat significantly changed the balance of power in favour of Christians forcing the Marinids to retreat to Morocco and to abandon their objective of domination of the Iberian Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 120], "content_span": [121, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0027-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Marinid Dynasty, Holy War on the Iberian Peninsula and Northern Africa\nIn addition to invasions on the Iberian Peninsula, the Marinids wanted to control the central Maghreb and Ifriqiya. Their first attacks were against the Abdalwadids of Tlemcen, the Marinids immediate neighbours to the east, whom they invade several times. In 1337 Ab\u016b al-\u1e24asan \u02bfAl\u012b, one of the Mar\u012bnid sultans, tried to restore the Almonad empire. He captured the Tunisia capital of Tilims\u0101n (Tlemcen) but was unable to defeat the \u1e24af\u1e63id. But in 1347, Abu-l-Hasan 'Ali ibn 'Uthman also captured Tunis and the Hafsid amir. He later also captured Barqa and Tarablus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 120], "content_span": [121, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0027-0001", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Marinid Dynasty, Holy War on the Iberian Peninsula and Northern Africa\nDuring this time the Marinids united all of the Maghrib under one government. This expansion was temporary because the following year, Abu-l-Hasan 'Ali ibn 'Uthman's army was defeated in Kairouan by a coalition of Arab tribes. Eventually, the Near Maghrib and the Middle Maghrib seceded from the Marinid state when weak rulers rose to power causing it to return to its original borders. These military campaigns depleted the resources of the Marinid dynasty and led to a state of anarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 120], "content_span": [121, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0028-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Marinid Dynasty, Decline of the Marinids\nThe defeat in Kairouan diminished the power of the Marinids, who slipped into a period of decline. In the West Maghreb, the Marinids are not able to control the entire population. The Arab tribes grow more restless, the tax receipts decline and the sultans lose their power in favour of the Arab viziers, who are representatives of a real caste of high officials which take control of the kingdom and declare themselves as sultans themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 90], "content_span": [91, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0028-0001", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Marinid Dynasty, Decline of the Marinids\nThe leaders are subjected to a close guardianship during this period of upheaval and the smallest amount of diffidence would lead to the overthrow or the assassination of the sultan. Both Abu Salim (1359-1361), and Abu Ziyan (1361-1366) were assassinated during this period of anarchy. The state of anarchy which existed during the late 14th century a led to a break down of unity in the empire and several contenders opposed the vizier which divided the country. Although the dynasty is in a state of decline during this time it was strong enough in 1389 to defuse the Abdalwadides and control the foreign relations of the sultans of Tlemcen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 90], "content_span": [91, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0029-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Marinid Dynasty, Decline of the Marinids\nThe final blow to the Marinids came from the Spanish Christians who invaded Berber in 1401 and destroy the city of Tetouan. A few years later in 1415, the Portuguese took over the city of Ceuta. The Marinids, who could not repel these invasions, saw their control over the population greatly diminish. The dynasty was unable to resist the unrest and revolutions of palaces, which are getting worse. In 1420, the Sultan Abu Said was assassinated. His successors survived under the guidance of the Wattasides, the Berber dynasty that reigned after the fall of Marinids. In 1465, with the assassination of Sultan Abd al-Haqq, the Marinids disappeared permanently as a ruling force. The Wattasides dynasty collapsed in 1548 when the Sa\u02bfd\u012b sharifs took F\u00e8s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 90], "content_span": [91, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0030-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Solomonic Dynasty\nThe Christian Solomonic Dynasty ruled in the highlands of modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea. To the east and south were the Muslim kingdoms of Ifat and Adal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0031-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Solomonic Dynasty\nBy the 14th century Solomonic Kings had been ruling for thirty years, having taken over from the previous Zagwe Dynasty in 1270. The Solomonic Kings claimed their heritage to the union of the Biblical King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, and to the Axumite kings. The primary literature documenting this newly restored line is the Kebra Nagast. This heritage linked the crown and the church, which both saw growth during this period. The Solomonic Empire was an outpost of Christianity, neighbored by Muslim nations which it frequently fought with. Solomonic kings of this era did not maintain a capital, but rather moved the court from place to place. The primary ruling of day-to-day life was determined by local leaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0032-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Solomonic Dynasty, 14th and 15th Century Emperors of the Solomonic Dynasty, Amda Seyon\nAmda Seyon was emperor from 1314 to 1344, and his reign began with a tension between church and crown after he seduced his father's concubine and two sisters. This action causes a monk, Honorius, to openly rebuke him. In retaliation to the rebuke, Amda punished and banished many of the local monks. Throughout his reign Amda conducted many wars against Ethiopia's Muslim neighbours, primarily the kingdoms of Ifat and Adal. His conquests put pressure on Egypt to send a new abun, which for many years had been denied to the Ethiopian Church. His conquests also brought in many new territories, which rebelled on many different occasions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 136], "content_span": [137, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0033-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Solomonic Dynasty, 14th and 15th Century Emperors of the Solomonic Dynasty, Zara Yacob\nZara Yacob, who reigned from 1434 to 1468, was a reformer of the Church, an organizer of the government, and a warrior. Before his ascension to the throne, he was educated at an Eritrean monastery. During his reign, he did much to propagate the Church throughout his territories, including bringing in two co-buns and placing laws about the religious matter, with strict consequences. His coronation was held in Axum, reminiscent of the Axumite kings and his heritage. Zara Yacob intended to unite his kingdom with Christianity, as the main line of defence against its Muslim and pagan neighbours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 136], "content_span": [137, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0033-0001", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Solomonic Dynasty, 14th and 15th Century Emperors of the Solomonic Dynasty, Zara Yacob\nDuring his reign he sent a delegation to Europe to reunite the Ethiopian Church with its Roman counterpart, as well as to develop diplomatic connections. During his reign a number of religious text were written and translated, including the Berhan. Zara Yacob also reorganized the government, reallocating land and fixing the tribute. During this time there was continued warring with the Muslim kingdoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 136], "content_span": [137, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011760-0034-0000", "contents": "14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Solomonic Dynasty, Christianity in Solomonid Ethiopia\nSolomonid rule was based on a biblical heritage and as such the kings and the country maintained Christianity as the state religion. The branch of Christianity that was followed during the 14th and 15th century was primarily Coptic Christianity, with the abuna's, or bishops, coming from Egypt. In the 14th century there was a break-off from the traditional Coptic Church in the form of Sabbatarians, who believed that they had purified their Christianity. These people would later be known as the Beta Israel, following a distinct pre-Talmudic faith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 103], "content_span": [104, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011761-0000-0000", "contents": "14th (Light) Division\nThe 14th (Light) Division was an infantry division of the British Army, one of the Kitchener's Army divisions raised from volunteers by Lord Kitchener during the First World War. All of its infantry regiments were originally of the fast marching rifle or light infantry regiments, hence the title \"Light\". It fought on the Western Front for the duration of the First World War. The division was disbanded by March 1919, and was not reformed in the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011761-0001-0000", "contents": "14th (Light) Division, Order of battle\nThe division comprised the following infantry brigades, which underwent major changes between February 1918 (the Army's brigade reorganisation from 4 to 3 infantry battalions) and June 1918 (rebuilt after the losses of the German spring offensive).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011762-0000-0000", "contents": "14th (band)\n14th is an English electronic music duo consisting of Tracey Duodu (vocals) and Tom Barber (production), based in London, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011762-0001-0000", "contents": "14th (band)\nDuodu and Barber first met at the University of Sussex while studying. In 2011 they located to London and created 14th. In November 2011, they released their debut EP entitled Hide Yourself. The EP received critical acclaim from The Times, Mixmag, RWD Magazine, Soul Train, and further plaudits from The Guardian Music Blog, Dazed and Confused, Time Out, The Fly (magazine) and Music Week. Amongst radio performances, they were invited to play a live session at the BBC's Maida Vale studios for Rob Da Bank's flagship Radio 1 show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011762-0002-0000", "contents": "14th (band)\nIn February 2012, they followed their EP release with the single \"Take Me There\", which received support on BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra from Annie Mac, MistaJam, Kissy Sell Out, Skream and Benga and earned 14th their first daytime radio plays from Fearne Cotton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011762-0003-0000", "contents": "14th (band)\nThe duo went on to tour the UK, culminating at Club NME at London's KOKO (venue), and played a string of live dates at festivals around Europe over the Summer. After supporting producer and multi-instrumentalist Jakwob on tour, 14th collaborated with him on his EP \"The Prize\", alongside artists including Ghostpoet, Kano, Mr Hudson and Roses Gabor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011762-0004-0000", "contents": "14th (band)\nIn late 2012, 14th produced a remix of Lana Del Rey track \"Ride\" which was included on her \"Ride Remixes EP\" released by Interscope Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011763-0000-0000", "contents": "14th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards\nThe 14th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, presented by AARP the Magazine, honored films released in 2014 made by and for people over the age of 50. The awards were announced by the magazine on January 10, 2015, with the winners recognized at a ceremony hosted by John Leguizamo at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel on February 2. Israel Horovitz won the award for Breakthrough Achievement for his directorial debut, My Old Lady, and Kevin Costner won the Career Achievement Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011763-0001-0000", "contents": "14th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, Awards, Winners and nominees\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011764-0000-0000", "contents": "14th AVN Awards\nThe 14th AVN Awards ceremony, organized by Adult Video News (AVN), took place January 11, 1997 at Riviera Hotel & Casino, Winchester, Nevada, beginning at 7:45\u00a0p.m. PST / 10:45\u00a0p.m. EST. During the show, AVN presented AVN Awards (the industry's equivalent of the Academy Awards) in 41 categories honoring the best pornographic films released between Oct. 1, 1995 and Sept. 30, 1996. The ceremony was produced by Gary Miller and directed by Mark Stone. Comedian Bobby Slayton returned as host, with actresses Nici Sterling and Kylie Ireland as co-hosts. At a pre-awards event held the previous evening, 60 more AVN Awards, mostly for technical achievements, were given out by hostess Dyanna Lauren and comedy ventriloquist Otto of Otto & George, however, the pre-awards event was neither televised nor distributed on VHS tapes as was the main evening's ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011764-0001-0000", "contents": "14th AVN Awards\nShock won the most awards with 11, however, Bobby Sox, an \"off-beat period piece comedy\" that received six statuettes, won for best film. Flesh and Blood was next with five awards including best gay feature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011764-0002-0000", "contents": "14th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe winners were announced during the awards ceremony on January 11, 1997. Missy was the first actress to win both Starlet of the Year and the AVN Female Performer of the Year Award in the same year. Kurt Young, however, was second to win the major gay awards in the same year, taking Gay Video Performer of the Year and Best Newcomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011764-0003-0000", "contents": "14th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Major awards\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011764-0004-0000", "contents": "14th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Additional award winners\nThese awards were also announced at the awards show, most in a winners-only segment read by Kylie Ireland during the event:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011764-0005-0000", "contents": "14th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Additional award winners\nThe previous night, January 10, 1997, during AVN's pre-awards cocktail reception, hostess adult film actress hostess Dyanna Lauren and comedy ventriloquist Otto of Otto & George handed out these awards, mostly for technical excellence:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011764-0006-0000", "contents": "14th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Honorary AVN Awards, Hall of Fame\nAVN Hall of Fame inductees for 1997, announced during AVN's pre-awards event, were: Bunny Bleu, R. Bolla, Michael Carpenter, Desiree Cousteau, Duck Dumont, Jeanna Fine, Gail Force, Ken Gibb (posthumously), Victoria Paris, Jeannie Pepper, John Stagliano, Joey Stefano (posthumously), John Travis, Dick Witte", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 72], "content_span": [73, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011764-0007-0000", "contents": "14th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Multiple nominations and awards\nShock won the most awards with 11; Bobby Sox was next with six, followed by gay video Flesh and Blood with five. Buttman's Bend Over Babes 4, Conquest, The Show, Silver Screen Confidential and Unleashed had three apiece. American Tushy! Idol in the Sky, Night Walk and Switchhitters VIII had two each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 70], "content_span": [71, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011764-0008-0000", "contents": "14th AVN Awards, Presenters and performers\nThe following individuals, in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers or comedy. The show's trophy girls were Midori and Stephanie Swift.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011764-0009-0000", "contents": "14th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nComedian Bobby Slayton made a return engagement as host of the show. This year the show was centered around an international theme, \u201cthe world of adult,\u201d with added emphasis on European presenters and awards. This was the first year the awards ceremony was split over two nights, with a pre-awards event held January 10, 1997, where awards for technical achievements were distributed, while the main awards were presented January 11, 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011764-0010-0000", "contents": "14th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nSeveral other people were also involved with the production of the ceremony. Serenity was responsible for choreography and Mark Stone was musical director with original songs by Mark J. Miller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011764-0011-0000", "contents": "14th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nThe top selling and renting tape of the year was Shock, although it was tied in the best-selling category with World's Biggest Gang Bang 2. There were several new awards categories this year including Best Advertisement and the AVN Breakthrough Award to acknowledge \"those who were carving new niches and forging new territories in the adult business.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011764-0012-0000", "contents": "14th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nThe ceremonies were published on VHS tape by VCA Pictures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011764-0013-0000", "contents": "14th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Critical response\nThe show received a negative reception from Hustler magazine, which said, \u201cLong-winded speeches from several award winners threatened to bore everyone to death.\u201d It went on to add that since AVN is a trade publication paid for by ads \"from the same adult video companies it bestows awards upon, the critical value of such honors is subject to debate.\" Swank Video World magazine was a bit more positive, calling the show \"the most glamorous night in the adult industry.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011765-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Academy Awards\nThe 14th Academy Awards honored film achievements in 1941 and were held at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, California. The ceremony is now considered notable as the year in which Citizen Kane failed to win Best Picture, losing to John Ford's How Green Was My Valley. Later regarded as the greatest film ever made, Citizen Kane was nominated for nine Academy Awards but won only one, for Best Original Screenplay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011765-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Academy Awards\nFor How Green Was My Valley, John Ford won his third Best Director award, becoming the second, after Frank Capra, to do so, and the first to win in consecutive years (after The Grapes of Wrath in 1940).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011765-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Academy Awards\nMuch public attention was focused on the Best Actress race between sibling rivals Joan Fontaine (for Alfred Hitchcock\u2019s Suspicion) and Olivia de Havilland (for Hold Back the Dawn). Fontaine\u2019s victory represents the only Oscar-winning performance in a Hitchcock film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011765-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Academy Awards\nThis year marked the debut of the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature; the winner was  Churchill's Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011765-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Academy Awards\nThe Little Foxes set a new record of nine nominations without winning a single Oscar; this mark was matched by Peyton Place in 1957, and exceeded by The Turning Point and The Color Purple, both of which received 11 nominations without a win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011765-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Academy Awards\nA portion of the ceremony was broadcast by CBS Radio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011765-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Academy Awards, Awards\nNominations were announced on February 6, 1942. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and marked with a dagger symbol ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011766-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Africa Movie Academy Awards\nThe 14th Africa Movie Academy Awards was held 20 October 2018 in Kigali, Rwanda. The event was hosted by Nse Ikpe Etim and Arthur Nkusi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011767-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Air Army\nThe 14th Air Army was an air army of the Soviet Air Forces during World War II and the Cold War and of the Ukrainian Air Force in the early Post-Soviet period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011767-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Air Army, Soviet period\nThe Army was first formed from the Air Forces of the Volkhov Front in June 1942, and in 1943 participated in the Novgorod-Luga operation. In February 1944 it was dispersed, with the command staff assigned to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (RVGK) and its units to other air armies. Reformed in April 1944, when it served with the 3rd Baltic Front, it was again dispersed in November 1944, with its staff again been allocated to the Stavka Reserve and its units to other formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011767-0001-0001", "contents": "14th Air Army, Soviet period\nIt was active on 1 May 1945 with the 107th Air Signals Regiment and the 30th Air Regiment of the Civil Air Fleet (Aeroflot), as part of the RVGK. However it became the 57th Air Army on 10 January 1949. 57th Air Army was included in 1964 Warsaw Pact war planning, being planned to be moved forward from the Carpathian Military District to become part of the Czechoslovak Front if war broke out between NATO and the Warsaw Pact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011767-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Air Army, Soviet period\nReformed from the 57th Air Army in April 1968, and awarded the Order of the Red Banner, the 14th Air Army (which seems to have had the Military Unit Number 18466 from this point on at least) was serving in the Carpathian Military District when the Soviet Union fell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011767-0002-0001", "contents": "14th Air Army, Soviet period\nIn 1988-91 it consisted of the 4th Fighter Aviation Division (two MiG-29 regiments, 92nd and 145th Fighter Aviation Regiments in 1990) (Ivano-Frankovsk), the 289th Bomber Aviation Division (two Su-24 regiments)(Lutsk), a regiment of Su-25s (Chortkov), a reconnaissance regiment of MiG-25s (48 GvORAP at Kolomyia (air base), Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast? ), a mixed regiment of transport aircraft (Lvov), and a helicopter electronic squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011767-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Air Army, Under the Ukrainian flag\nIts units became part of the Ukrainian armed forces after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union on 25 December 1991. The formation was reorganized as the 14th Air Corps in accordance with an order of the Ministry of Defense dated 2 March 1994. In 2001, it included the 6th Fighter Aviation Division at Ivano-Frankivsk with the 9th (Ozerne) and 114th (Ivano-Frankivsk) Fighter Aviation Regiments and the 289th Bomber Aviation Division at Lutsk with the 806th (Lutsk) and 947th (Dubno) Bomber Aviation Regiments. The 452nd Separate Assault Aviation Regiment at Chortkiv, 48th Separate Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment at Kolomyia, and 243rd Separate Mixed Aviation Regiment at Lvov were directly subordinate to corps headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011767-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Air Army, Under the Ukrainian flag\nOn 27 July 2002, 77 people were killed and around 300 wounded when a Su-27 crashed in the Sknyliv airshow disaster, held to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the 14th Air Army. As a result of the accident, corps commander Lieutenant General Serhiy Onyshchenko was transferred and corps deputy commander Major General Anatoly Tretyakov was sentenced to six years in prison, but was released early in 2007. In accordance with an order of the Commander of the Ukrainian Air Force dated 2 December 2004, the corps was disbanded and its units transferred to the new Air Command West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011768-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Air Defence Artillery Regiment (Belgium)\nThe 14th Air Defence Artillery Regiment (Dutch: 14 Regiment Luchtdoelartillerie) is an air defence artillery regiment in the Land Component of the Belgian Armed Forces. It is the successor of the 14th Regiment of Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011768-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Air Defence Artillery Regiment (Belgium), Organisation\nThe 14th Air Defence Regiment comprises two Mistral batteries, the 43rd Battery and the 35th Battery, which each consist of three platoons. In turn, each platoon consists of six Mistral groups, which means that there are 36 Mistral groups in the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011769-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Air Division\nThe 14th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with Fifteenth Air Force, stationed at Beale Air Force Base, California. It was inactivated on 14 June 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011769-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Air Division, History, World War II\nThe organization was initially activated in Hawaii as the 14th Pursuit Wing to contribute to the defense of the Hawaiian Islands. Its designation was soon changed to Hawaiian Interceptor Command. The Hawaiian Interceptor Command suffered heavy losses during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (7 December 1941), but airmen managed to shoot down several enemy aircraft. A short time later, it was inactivated and its men and equipment became the cadre for VII Fighter Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011769-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Air Division, History, World War II\nThe wing was reformed as the 14th Bombardment Wing, the unit was one of the primary Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy strategic bombardment groups of the Eighth Air Force's 2d Bombardment Division in World War II. Its subordinate groups flew bombing missions against German airfields, oil installations, and marshalling yards. Wing components supported Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, in June 1944 by attacking strong points in the beachhead area and transportation targets behind the front lines. Later, in December 1944 \u2013 January 1945, the wing helped to check the German offensive during the Battle of the Bulge. In March 1945, subordinate units supported Operation Lumberjack, the campaign to cross the Rhine River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011769-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Air Division, History, Cold War\nReactivated in 1951, the 14th Air Division was an intermediate command echelon of Strategic Air Command. The command provided operational reconnaissance, maintained round the clock radar surveillance to detect sea launched ballistic missiles from the Pacific Ocean area, and provided for crisis management during periods of increased operational readiness. For a brief period, between 1962 and 1965, the division maintained a SM-68 Titan I intercontinental ballistic missile complex, in addition to its assigned aircraft. The division also supervised all of Strategic Air Command's initial combat crew training for the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker, Boeing B-52G Stratofortress and B-52H, Lockheed U-2, and Lockheed SR-71 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011769-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Air Division, History, Cold War\nIt was inactivated in 1991 as part of the military drawdown of the USAF after the end of the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011769-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Air Division, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011770-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army\nThe 14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army (Russian: 14-\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0412\u0421 \u0438 \u041f\u0412\u041e) is an air army of the Russian Air Force, part of the Central Military District and headquartered at Yekaterinburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011770-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army\nIt was formed in 1998 from the 14th Separate Air Defence Army when the Russian Air Force was reorganized to combine both Air Force and Air Defence Forces units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011770-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army\nIt was redesignated as the 2nd Air and Air Defence Forces Command when the Russian Air Force reorganized its armies into commands in 2009, but returned to its original name in 2015 when the commands became armies again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011770-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, History\nThe lineage of the 14 A VVS i PVO began with the Novosibirsk Air Defense District of the 3rd category, organized by directive of the Commander of the Air Defense Forces on July 1, 1952. Subsequently the district became the Novosibirsk Air Defense Division (March 1954); the Novosibirsk Air Defense Corps (11/15/1956); the 14th Separate Air Defense Army (3/24/1960); and then the 6th Separate Air Defense Corps (6/10/1994).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011770-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, History\nThe 14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army was formed in 1998, Air Forces Monthly reported in its August 2007 issue, from the 14th Independent Air Defence Army of the Russian Air Defence Forces (the former Soviet PVO) at Novosibirsk, the 23rd Air Army of the Russian Air Forces from Chita and the 50th Independent Air Defence Corps also from Chita. Thus the history of the formation is traced to the 14th Independent Air Defence Army, established in 1960, rather than the 14th Air Army in the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011770-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, History\nThe 14th Independent Air Defence Army was formed from the 14th Corps of the PVO at Novosibirsk, and included the 38th (HQ Novosibirsk), 39th Air Defence Corps (HQ Krasnoyarsk), 50th Guards Air Defence Corps(HQ Chita), and 56th Air Defence Corps (HQ Semipalatinsk) of the PVO, as well as the 41st Air Defence Division, in 1988. In 1988 five fighter regiments were part of the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011770-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, History\nFighter Regiments of the 14th Army PVO 1988 (Source Feskov et al. 2004)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011770-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, History\nThe new army was given the title of 14th Army of the Air Force and Air Defence (14 A VVS i PVO). Its zone of responsibility covered the huge area of the Siberian Military District, AFM said, and its headquarters was located in Novosibirsk. AFM also said that the aircraft were concentrated in the southern part of the territory, along the border with Kazakhstan and Mongolia. In 2007 the commanding officer of the 14th Air Army, AFM also reported, was Lieutenant-General Nikolay Danilov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011770-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, History\nThe most important force, AFM noted, within the army was the 21st Composite Air Division, which operated a Sukhoi Su-24M tactical bomber regiment, a Su-24MR reconnaissance regiment and a Su-25 attack aircraft regiment. The division was stationed in the eastern part of its responsibility zone, near the Chinese border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011770-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, History\nThe army was disbanded in 2009 by being redesignated as the 2nd Air and Air Defence Forces Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011770-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, History\nThe 21st Separate Aviation Division amalgamated with 2 BAP circa 2010 to become the 6980th Guards Aviation Base of the 1st Rank . The new base (Military Unit Number 69806) was equipped with Su-24M bombers and Su-24MR reconnaissance aircraft and stationed at Chelyabinsk Shagol Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011770-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, History\nThe army was reformed in August 2015. Lieutenant General Alexander Tatarenko took command in January 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011770-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, Structure 2020/21\nAdditional long-range bomber elements deployed under the command of Russian Long Range Aviation at Engels and Belaya air bases in the Central Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011771-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 14th Airlanding Brigade was a formation of the British Indian Army and then the Pakistan Army. It was formed from the 14th British Infantry Brigade on 1 November 1944, and was initially part of the 44th Airborne Division. Initially the brigade included 4/6th Rajputana Rifles, 2nd Black Watch, 2nd King's Own Royal Regiment, and 6/16th Punjab Regiment. During the Second World War it was commanded by Brigadier Thomas Brodie and later Brigadier F.W. Gibb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011771-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom)\nLater as part of 2 Indian Airborne Division, the brigade headquarters was transferred to the Pakistan Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011772-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Airlift Squadron\nThe 14th Airlift Squadron (The Pelicans) is an active unit of the United States Air Force, assigned to the 437th Airlift Wing, Air Mobility Command. It is based at Joint Base Charleston, South Carolina. The squadron operates Boeing C-17 Globemaster III aircraft supporting the United States Air Force global reach mission worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011772-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Airlift Squadron, Mission\nThe 14th Airlift Squadron \"Pelicans\" provide combat-ready Boeing C-17A Globemaster III aircrews for worldwide airlift missions supporting Department of Defense and National Command Authority directives. They conduct airdrop and airland operations supporting global contingencies for combatant commanders by projecting and sustaining combat forces directly into theater drop zones and austere airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011772-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Airlift Squadron, Mission\n\"Pelicans\" perform emergency nuclear airlift, aeromedical evacuation & humanitarian relief missions in the technologically advanced, $262.7M C-17A airlift aircraft in all phases of ground and flight activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011772-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nActivated in December 1940 flying converted Douglas DC-2 transport aircraft as a GHQ Air Force transport squadron. Converted to Douglas C-47 Skytrains in early 1942, trained under I Troop Carrier Command for combat operations. Assigned to Twelfth Air Force and deployed North Africa during May 1943. The squadron's aircraft flew supplies to front-line units in Algeria and Tunisia during the North African Campaign as soon as suitable landing strips were available and evacuated casualties back to rear area field hospitals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011772-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nSquadron engaged in combat operations, dropping airborne units into Sicily during Operation Husky and later into areas around Anzio, Italy as part of Operation Shingle, the invasion of mainland Italy and the initiation of the Italian Campaign, January 1944. Moved north through Italy, in 1943 in support of Allied ground forces, evacuated wounded personnel and flew missions behind enemy lines in Italy and the Balkans to haul guns, ammunition, food, clothing, medical supplies, and other materials to the partisans and to drop propaganda leaflets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011772-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nMoved to England in February 1944, assigned to IX Troop Carrier Command. Prepared for the invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe. In June 1944, subordinate units dropped paratroops in Normandy, subsequently flying numerous missions to bring in reinforcements and needed supplies. During the airborne attack on The Netherlands (Operation Market Garden, September 1944), the squadron dropped paratroops, towed gliders, and flew resupply missions. Several of its subordinate units also participated in the invasion of southern France in August 1944. The 50th supported the 101st Airborne Division in the Battle of the Bulge by towing gliders full of supplies near Bastogne on 27 December 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011772-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nWhen the Allies made the air assault across the Rhine River in March 1945, each aircraft towed two gliders with troops of the 17th Airborne Division and released them near Wesel. The squadron also hauled food, clothing, medicine, gasoline, ordnance equipment, and other supplies to the front lines and evacuated patients to rear zone hospitals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011772-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nIn late May 1945, after V-E Day, the squadron was moved to Waller Field, Trinidad and attached to Air Transport Command. From Trinidad, the squadron ferried returning military personnel to Morrison Field, Florida, where they were sent on to other bases or prepared for separation after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011772-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Airlift Squadron, History, Berlin Airlift\nDuring the Cold War the 14th was involved in the Berlin Airlift from 1948 to 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011772-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Airlift Squadron, History, Korean War\nConducted aerial transport from the U.S. to Japan, August \u2013 December 1950, and between Japan and Korea, 16 November 1951 \u2013 1 December 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011772-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Airlift Squadron, History, Strategic airlift\nConducted worldwide airlift since 1953, including to Southeast Asia from 1966 to 1973 and supporting military operations in Grenada, October\u2013November 1983, Panama, 18 December 1989 \u2013 8 January 1990, and to Southwest Asia, August 1990 \u2013 January 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011772-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011773-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Airlift Squadron (Poland)\nThe 14th Airlift Squadron is a newly established airlift squadron of the Polish Air Force. The unit is stationed at the 33rd Air Base in Powidz with the 7th Tactical Squadron. The unit  operates 5 newly purchased Lockheed C-130 Hercules transport aircraft, the last being accepted in formal ceremony on 22 August 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011774-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Alabama Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th Alabama Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011774-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 14th Alabama Infantry Regiment was mustered in at Richmond, Virginia, on August 1, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011774-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe 14th mustered 1,317 men during its existence. It suffered approximately 250 killed in action or mortally wounded and 350 men who died of disease, for a total of approximately 600 fatalities. An additional 159 men were discharged or transferred from the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011775-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Alberta Legislature\nThe 14th Alberta Legislative Assembly was in session from February 11, 1960, to May 9, 1963, with the membership of the assembly determined by the results of the 1959 Alberta general election held on June 18, 1959. The Legislature officially resumed on February 11, 1960, and continued until the fifth session was prorogued on March 29, 1963, and dissolved on May 9, 1963, prior to the 1963 Alberta general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011775-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Alberta Legislature\nAlberta's fourteenth government was controlled by the majority Social Credit Party for the seventh time, led by Premier Ernest Manning who would go on to be the longest serving Premier in Alberta history. There was no Official Opposition as three parities and one independent made up the four non-government house seats at one seat apiece. The Speaker was Peter Dawson who would serve until his death on March 24, 1963. Dawson would be replaced as Speaker by Arthur J. Dixon, who would remain the speaker until the fall of the Social Credit government after the 1971 Alberta general election. This was the first assembly elected after the Government of Alberta changed from Single Transferable Vote to First Past the Post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011776-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Alpini Regiment\nThe 14th Alpini Regiment (Italian: 14\u00b0 Reggimento Alpini) is an inactive regiment of the Italian Army's mountain infantry speciality, the Alpini, which distinguished itself in combat during World War I and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011776-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Alpini Regiment, History\nThe regiment was created on 5 February 1993 by elevating the existing Alpini Battalion \"Tolmezzo\" to regiment. Between 1 October 1909 and 30 September 1975 the battalion was one of the battalions of the 8th Alpini Regiment. After the 8th Alpini Regiment was disbanded during the 1975 Italian Army reform the battalion, based in Paluzza, became one the battalions of the Alpine Brigade \"Julia\". As the traditions and war flag of the 8th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011776-0001-0001", "contents": "14th Alpini Regiment, History\nAlpini Regiment were assigned to the \"Gemona\" battalion, the Tolmezzo battalion was granted a new war flag on 12 November 1976 by decree 846 of the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone. The two Gold Medals of Military Valour awarded to the 8th Alpini Regiment, were duplicated for the new flag of the Tolmezzo battalion, while the three Silver Medals of Military Valour awarded to the Tolmezzo battalion were transferred from the flag of the 8th Alpini to the Tolmezzo's flag. These were awarded for its conduct at the battles of Assaba on 20\u201323 March 1913, and Ettangi on 18 June 1913 in Libya, and for its conduct at the Battle of Pal Piccolo, Pal Grande, and Freikofel on 24 May 1915 on the Italian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011776-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Alpini Regiment, History\nFor its conduct and work after the 1976 Friuli earthquake the battalion was awarded a Silver Medal of Army Valour, which was affixed to the battalion's war flag and added to the battalion's coat of arms. The battalion's 12th Company in Moggio Udinese was hit hard by the earthquake and suffered severe casualties, nonetheless the company immediately commenced rescue efforts in the severely affected Moggio Udinese. For its commitment to save lives the 12th Company was one of only three companies, which were awarded a Silver Medal of Army Valour after the Friuli earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011776-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Alpini Regiment, History\nIn 1993 the regiment participated in the United Nations Operation in Mozambique for which it was awarded a 1x Silver Cross of Army Merit. In 2005 the army downsized its forces and the 14th Alpini Regiment was disbanded on 14 October 2005, and the next day the Alpini Battalion \"Gemona\" of the 8th Alpini Regiment was renamed Alpini Battalion \"Tolmezzo\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011776-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Alpini Regiment, Structure\nWhen the regiment was disbanded it had the following structure:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011777-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Annual Anugerah Musik Indonesia\nThe 14th Annual Anugerah Musik Indonesia was held on July 6, 2011, at the Ballroom Central Park in Tanjung Duren Selatan, West Jakarta. The show was broadcast live on RCTI and was hosted by Okky Lukman, Raffi Ahmad and Pica Priscilla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011777-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Annual Anugerah Musik Indonesia\nThe show was a collaboration between Anugerah Musik Indonesia Foundation and RCTI. The theme of the show was Mahakarya Musik Indonesia. Musicians, singers, and composers were nominated for 46 different categories awards. Besides the categories used in previous years, this year will also have the category Pop Trendy, a subdivision of the pre-existing pop category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011777-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Annual Anugerah Musik Indonesia\nIrma Darmawangsa became the most-nominated artist in Anugerah Musik Indonesia history for the nominations with eleven times, nevertheless Darmawangsa taking home with empty-handed. Kotak became the biggest winner of the night with four wins of eight nominations, including \"Best of the Best Album\" for Energi, \"Best Pop Song\" for \"Pelan-Pelan Saja\", and \"Best Pop Duo/Group\". Other winners included Agnes Monica, Sandhy Sondoro, Evie Tamala, and Cici Paramida, who won three awards. Umay Shahab only took home two trophies each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011777-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Annual Anugerah Musik Indonesia\nElfa Secioria received the \"AMI Legend Award\" for a musician who has a very great service to world of Indonesian music, both of national and international.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011777-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Annual Anugerah Musik Indonesia, Winner and nominees\nThe nominees were announced on June 15, 2011. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011778-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Annual Grammy Awards\nThe 14th Annual Grammy Awards were held March 14, 1972, and were broadcast live on television in the United States by ABC; the following year, they would move the telecasts to CBS, where they remain to this date. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011779-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nThe 14th Annual Latin Grammy Awards was held on Thursday, November 21, 2013 at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas. This was the sixth time that Latin Grammys has been held at this location. The main telecast was broadcast on Univision at 8:00 PM EST.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011779-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nThe nominations were announced on September 25, 2013. Javier Garza, Illya Kuryaki and the Valderramas and Carlos Vives led the nominations with five nods each. Miguel Bos\u00e9 was honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year on November 20, the day prior to the Latin Grammy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011779-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nCarlos Vives was the biggest winner with three awards, including Song of the Year for \"Volv\u00ed a Nacer\"; Marc Anthony won Record of the Year for \"Vivir Mi Vida\"; Draco Rosa won the award for Album of the Year for Vida; and Gaby Moreno was awarded Best New Artist. This marks the first time since the inaugural awards that the three categories were given to three different artists. Producer Sergio George won three awards, including Producer of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011779-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Pop\nAndr\u00e9s Cepeda \u2014 Lo Mejor Que Hay En Mi Vida", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011779-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Alternative\nNatalia Lafourcade \u2014 Mujer Divina \u2013 Homenaje a Agust\u00edn Lara", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011779-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Regional Mexican\nBanda Los Recoditos \u2014 El Free La Original Banda El Lim\u00f3n de Salvador Liz\u00e1rraga \u2014 La Original y Sus Boleros de Amor", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011779-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Brazilian\nSeu Jorge \u2014 M\u00fasicas Para Churrasco Vol. 1 Ao Vivo", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011779-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Production\nEdgar Barrera, Sebastian de Peyrecave, Javier Garza, Julio Reyes Copello and Mike Fuller \u2014 Kany Garc\u00eda (Kany Garc\u00eda)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011779-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Music Video\nNatalia Lafourcade \u2014 Mujer Divina \u2013 Homenaje a Agust\u00edn Lara", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011779-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Changes to award categories\nA new category for Best Urban Performance was added to the Urban music field. The award is intended for commercially released singles or tracks of a newly recorded material within the urban music genre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011780-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment (Poland)\nThe 14th Suwa\u0142ki Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment named for J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski is a unit of the Rocket Forces and Artillery (pl:Wojska rakietowe i artyleria) of the Polish Army. The regiment is equipped with the BRDM-2/Malyutka anti-tank missile/armoured car system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011780-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment (Poland)\nIt is located at Suwa\u0142ki. It was subordinated to the 16 DZ (2007-2010); the 11th Masurian Artillery Regiment (2011-2019); and the Armed Forces General Command from 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011780-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment (Poland), History\nIn August 1951, the 101st Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment was formed at Kwidzyn. On October 20, 1957, by a resolution of the State Council, the regiment received its banner. From 1967, the regiment became part of the 22nd Anti -Tank Artillery Brigade, which was disbanded by the Order of the Minister of National Defense No. 25 of September this year, while the 101st Regiment was renamed the 14th Anti -Tank Artillery Regiment and subordinated to the Commander of the Pomeranian Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011780-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment (Poland), History\nIn the spring of 1994, the regiment was transferred from Kwidzyn to Suwa\u0142ki. Here the regiment received a new banner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011780-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment (Poland), History\nIn July 1999 the regiment was transferred from the 15th Warmian-Masurian Mechanized Division to the 1st Warsaw Mechanised Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011780-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment (Poland), History\nAs a result of the reorganization of the Armed Forces in October 2001, the regiment became part of the 1st Mechanized Corps in Bydgoszcz. Another change of subordination took place in November 2003, as a result of which the regiment was subordinated to the Commanders of the Land Forces. From January 11, 2007 to December 31, 2010, the regiment was within the structures of the 16th Pomeranian Mechanized Division \"King Kazimierz Jagiello\u0144czyk\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011780-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment (Poland), History\nThe 14th Anti -Tank Regiment was stationed in the Suwa\u0142ki Garrison. The regiment celebrates its holiday on September 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011780-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment (Poland), History\nBy order of the commander of the 16th Mechanized Division on August 11, 2010, the regiment was transformed into the 14th anti-tank artillery squadron. The squadron became part of the 11th Masurian Artillery Regiment \"General J\u00f3zef Bem\" (pl:11 Mazurski Pu\u0142k Artylerii).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011780-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment (Poland), History\nOn September 30, 2019, the Suwa\u0142ki squadron was formally transformed into the 14th Anti -Tank Artillery Regiment \"Marshal J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski\". By order of the Minister of National Defence, the 14th Suwa\u0142ki anti-tank artillery squadron was removed from the W\u0119gorzewo regiment, transformed into the 14th Suwa\u0142ki anti-tank artillery regiment and subordinated to the Commander of the Armed Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011781-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion\nThe 14th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion (14th AAA Bn) was an antiaircraft unit in the United States Marine Corps that served during World War II. The battalion was originally formed in 1943 as the 14th Defense Battalion. Its mission was to provide air and coastal defense for advanced naval bases. During the war the battalion took part in combat operations in the Solomon Islands and on Guam. The battalion was decommissioned on June 30, 1945. Since then no other unit has carried the lineage and honors of the 14th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011781-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Organization\nThe 14th Defense Battalion was commissioned on January 15, 1943 in the field on Tulagi in the Solomon Islands. Personnel for the battalion were sourced from two batteries from the 5th Defense Battalion and a 5\"/51 caliber gun 5-inch battery from the 9th Defense Battalion that were remaining behind on Guadalcanal and Tulagi. Because a majority of the battalion's original personnel were from the 5th Defense Battalion the 14th took on the nickname \"Five:Fourteenth.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011781-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Noum\u00e9a & the Bismarck Archipelago\nThe battalion remained in the Solomons until September 1943 when its headquarters was relieved by United States Army units and departed for Noumea, New Caledonia on September 16, 1943. Arriving four days later it disembarked and established its command post near TonTouta. The rest of the battalion was relieved within the next month and the entire battalion was present on Noum\u00e9a by October 22 responsible for air and coastal defense of the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011781-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Noum\u00e9a & the Bismarck Archipelago\nOn March 7, 1944, most of the battalion loaded gear onto seven different ships and departed Noum\u00e9a. The convoy arrived on Guadalcanal on March 12. Prior to departing the island, a composite antiaircraft battery from the 14th was assembled as part of a small Marine task force to support the United States Army during its assault on the St Matthias Islands. The battery landed on the southeast corner of Emirau in support of the 4th Marine Regiment. There was no opposition on the island and the Seabees set out building an airfield immediately. Another detachment from the battalion supported the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing's occupation of Green Island. Seizure of both of these islands within the Bismarck Archipelago were critical in the effort to bypass the main Japanese airfield at Rabaul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011781-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Guam\nIn May 1944 the Marine Corps organized a unit of 51 Marines called the 1st Provisional Smoke Screen Unit. Its mission was to utilize smoke generators during enemy bombing raids with the purpose of obscuring friendly targets. This unit was attached to the 14th to be tested during its next operation. During the first week of June 1944 the battalion was divided into three echelons to be part of the Southern Attack Force for the upcoming assault to recapture Guam. The first two echelons departed Guadalcanal in a different convoy however they eventually linked up at Eniwetok on June 28. The third echelon remained until mid-July when they also embarked upon naval shipping. The first two echelons departed Eniwetok on July 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 52], "content_span": [53, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011781-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Guam\nOn the morning of July 21, 1944 an advanced party from the 14th Defense Battalion went ashore on Guam from the USS President Monroe (AP-104). The rest of the battalion came ashore a few hours after the initial assault waves stormed the beach. By night of the first day all of the battalion's anti-aircraft batteries were emplaced ashore with some also providing direct fire support for Marines of the 3rd Marine Regiment. On  July 23, the battalion received orders to occupy Cabras Island in Apra Harbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 52], "content_span": [53, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011781-0005-0001", "contents": "14th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Guam\nFrom Cabras Island the battalion was ale to continue its mission of providing air defense for Orote Field and provide flanking artillery fire for Marines on the Orote Peninsula and in the Northern part of the island. The battalion's command post moved from Cabras to the Orote Peninsula on August 5. The smokescreen unit that had been attached to the battalion prior to the battle was disbanded in July 1944 because the concept did not prove feasible. During the battle the battalion served under the command of the 12th Marine Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 52], "content_span": [53, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011781-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Guam\nAs the war progressed, the Marine Corps removed coastal artillery from the defense battalions in order to form additional heavy artillery units for the Fleet Marine Force. Because of the divestiture of the coastal defense mission, the battalion was re-designated as the 14th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on September 1, 1944. The battalion spent the remainder of their time as part of the garrison force on Guam and was decommissioned there on June 30, 1945 before the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 52], "content_span": [53, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011781-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Commanding Officers\nThe following officers served as Commanding Officers of the battalion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011781-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. The 14th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011782-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Antisubmarine Squadron\nThe 14th Antisubmarine Squadron is a disbanded United States Army Air Forces unit. It was activated in 1942 as the 519th Bombardment Squadron and flew antisubmarine missions off the Atlantic coast until the Navy assumed its mission. It then moved to Texas, where it was disbanded in November 1943 and its personnel were used as cadres for heavy bomber groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011782-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Antisubmarine Squadron, History\nThe squadron was first activated as the 519th Bombardment Squadron at Hyannis Naval Auxiliary Air Facility, Massachusetts on 18 October 1942, when the 377th Bombardment Group replaced the 59th Observation Group at Fort Dix Army Air Field and assumed its mission, personnel and equipment. The 519th was initially equipped with the North American O-47s and Curtiss O-52 Owls of the 119th Observation Squadron, whose mission, personnel and equipment it absorbed on activation. It began to convert to North American B-25 Mitchells later in the year and added Lockheed B-34 Venturas in 1943, phasing out the short range observation aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011782-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Antisubmarine Squadron, History\nIn October 1942, the Army Air Forces organized its antisubmarine forces into the single Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command, which established the 25th Antisubmarine Wing the following month to control its forces operating over the Atlantic. Its bombardment group headquarters, including the 377th, were inactivated and the squadron, now designated the 14th Antisubmarine Squadron, was assigned directly to the 25th Wing. The squadron moved to Otis Field, Mssachusetts in November 1942 (although it deployed to Langley Field, Virginia, from July to August 1943). In July 1943, the AAF and Navy reached an agreement to transfer the coastal antisubmarine mission to the Navy. This mission transfer also included an exchange of AAF long-range bombers equipped for antisubmarine warfare for Navy Consolidated B-24 Liberators without such equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 883]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011782-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Antisubmarine Squadron, History\nIn October 1943, the squadron moved to Biggs Field, Texas, where it briefly flew Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bombers under Second Air Force. However its heavy bomber training ended lest than a month later, when it was disbanded its personnel formed cadres for new heavy bomber units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011782-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Antisubmarine Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011783-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Arabian Gulf Cup\nThe 14th Arabian Gulf Cup (Arabic: \u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u200e) was held in Bahrain, in October/November 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011783-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Arabian Gulf Cup\nThe tournament was won by Kuwait for the 9th time", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011783-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Arabian Gulf Cup\nIraq continued to be banned from the tournament because of invasion of Kuwait in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011783-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Arabian Gulf Cup, Tournament\nThe teams played a single round-robin style competition. The team achieving first place in the overall standings was the tournament winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011784-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Arizona State Legislature\nThe 14th Arizona State Legislature, consisting of the Arizona State Senate and the Arizona House of Representatives, was constituted in Phoenix from January 1, 1939 to December 31, 1940, during Robert Taylor Jones's first and only term as Governor of Arizona. The number of senators remained constant at 19, while the House increased from 51 to 52 members. The Democrats maintained one hundred percent of the senate seats, while the Republicans continued to have a single seat in the House, one of the two from Navajo County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011784-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Arizona State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Phoenix on January 9, 1939; and adjourned on March 13. There was a special session which was held from September 23\u201327, 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011784-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Arizona State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011784-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Arizona State Legislature, House of Representatives, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. The size of the House increased by a single seat to 52 members, when Maricopa was given a 19th seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011785-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Arizona Territorial Legislature\nThe 14th Arizona Territorial Legislative Assembly was a session of the Arizona Territorial Legislature which convened in Prescott, Arizona. The session ran from January 10, 1887, till March 10, 1887.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011785-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Arizona Territorial Legislature\nThe frugal nature of the session, compared to its predecessor, combined with an outbreak of mumps and measles resulted in the session being dubbed the \"Measly Fourteenth\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011785-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nFollowing the excesses of the 13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, the U.S. Congress had passed the \"Harrison Act\" which placed limits on territorial debt. The act further prevented territorial legislatures from granting divorces or name changes. After the election of President Grover Cleveland, C. Meyer Zulick had replaced Frederick Augustus Tritle as Governor of Arizona Territory. As for events in the Apache Wars,  Geronimo had surrendered on September 9, 1886, ending large scale hostilities within the territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011785-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session\nThe session began on January 10, 1887, and ran for 60 days. During the session a number of the legislature's members contracted mumps and measles. Of the 102 bills passed by the session, two were vetoed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011785-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nGovernor Zulick sent his address to the legislature in writing on the first day of the session. He began by discussing the end of the Apache Wars, saying  \"The gratitude of the people of Arizona is due the President of the United States and the Secretary of the Interior for the removal of these Indians, who have for more than a quarter century stood a barrier to the progress of the Territory, a constant and ever present menace to it prosperity.\" He then went on to thank General Nelson A. Miles and his officers for their role in the capture and relocation of Geronimo. With the hostile Apaches dealt with, the governor believed it was finally possible to fully develop Arizona's wealth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011785-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nZulick went on to discuss the effects of the \"Harrison Act\". Dealing with territorial taxation, the governor noted various counties performed property assessments in different ways and he believed most assessments were undervalued. He then requested county courts be consolidated into district courts as a cost-saving method.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011785-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nWater availability was an important issue to the governor and he desired to see construction of water canals, noting \"the Territory should never surrender control of its water supply; it is the people's heritage and should be controlled in their interest.\" As for education he reported that a site had been secured on which to build the territorial university. A further 12 new school districts had been created since the last session, bringing the territorial total to 130. In other matters, Zulick asked for a revision to be performed to the territorial legal code. He also wanted the repeal of a law passed during previous session that disenfranchised Mormons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011785-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nCompared to the previous session's outlay of US$294,323.00, the fourteenth legislature only authorized a meager US$44,216.73. The first cut expense came with the elimination of the territorial position of Commissioner of Immigration. The session was not all cost cutting as it authorized US$1,200/year in supplemental pay for justices of the Arizona Territorial Supreme Court. This was in addition to their regular pay received from the Federal government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011785-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nIn other actions, the session created a territorial lottery. A proposal to create \"Frisco\" county, with its seat in Flagstaff was defeated. The proposal would be revived in a later session with the creation of Coconino County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011785-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nThe best remembered action of the session was creation of a Live Stock Sanitary Board. This was accompanied by a set of laws requiring cattle ranchers to register their brands with their county recorder along with others intended to  protect against the spread of infectious diseases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011785-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Aftermath\nBased upon the authority granted by the new livestock laws, Governor Zulick imposed a 90-day quarantine upon imported Mexican cattle, similar to the existing quarantine on imported European cattle. This caused a potential diplomatic incident as the Mexican government protested the new requirement and suggested that they might impose a similar quarantine. A diplomatic incident was avoided when it was determined the Arizona quarantine violated the U.S. Congress' constitutional authority to regulate international trade. While the quarantine was overruled, it did establish the principle of protecting against infectious disease and prompt the Congress into action on the subject.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's)\nThe 14th (McCarver's) Arkansas Infantry (1861\u20131865) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. Almost as soon as the regiment was formed, it was divided into two separate units. The first five companies were organized into the 9th Arkansas Infantry Battalion, while the remainder of the companies would become the 18th Arkansas Infantry Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0000-0001", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's)\nThe 9th Arkansas Infantry Battalion was later merged with the 8th Arkansas Infantry and served for the reset of the war as part of that regiment, While the 18th Arkansas Infantry Battalion was consolidated with the remnants of the 17th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Lemoyne's); the combined unit was then designated the 21st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Craven's). A tenth company was added in December, 1862. The companies were from Izard, Lawrence, and Randolph counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's)\nThe 17th Arkansas Regiment took part in the 1863 Vicksburg campaign, and was surrendered as part of the garrison. The 17th Arkansas was paroled, and after its eventual exchange was reorganized and consolidated with the remnants of several other Arkansas Regiments, known thereafter as the 1st Consolidated Arkansas Infantry (Trans-Mississippi). Another Arkansas regiment also bore the number 14. It was originally commanded by William C. Mitchell, but is best known as Powers' 14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Organization\nMcCarver's 14th Arkansas Regiment has been described as the regiment that barely was, since it existed only briefly as a full regiment. The first eight companies were mustered into service between August 31 and September 23, and the Field and Staff Officers were appointed on September 23, 1861, at Pocahontas, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0002-0001", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Organization\nOctober 22, 1861, is recognized as the date of the organization of the regiment because that's when the ninth company joined the unit, and the company muster rolls were submitted to the Confederate War Department along with official notification of the organization of the regiment, (initially designated by Colonel Solon Borland as the 9th Arkansas). Stationed in the same area were the 1st, 2nd, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th Arkansas Regiments, which led Col. Solon Borland, commanding Post of Pocahontas, to muster Col. James H. McCarver's new regiment into service as the 9th Arkansas Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0002-0002", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Organization\nThis would have been logical, except for the fact that a 9th Arkansas Infantry Regiment had already been authorized by the State Military Board and mustered into service at Pine Bluff on July 25, 1861, Colonel John M. Bradley commanding. When Colonel Borland sent the muster-in rolls to the Confederate War Department, he was informed that McCarver's regiment would instead be designated as the 14th Arkansas Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Organization\nIt is unclear why the Confederate War Department assigned this designation to McCarver's regiment. Correspondence exists between Arkansas Governor Henry Rector and Confederate Secretary of War Walker, in which Mitchell's regiment is clearly identified as the 14th Arkansas. In a letter dated August 22, 1861, Governor Rector wrote, \"The Fourteenth Regiment of Arkansas is at Yellville. We understand that General Hardee does not wish to receive it.\" So the War Department was clearly informed of the existence of a 14th Arkansas Regiment; yet they still assigned that designation to McCarver's regiment four months later. The unit was originally composed  of volunteer companies from the following counties:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Organization\nMcCarver's regiment had barely received its designation when it was placed in danger of losing it. In January 1862 Brigadier General William J. Hardee made a decision to detach four of the regiment's best armed and equipped companies (Companies A, B, E & H) and designate them as the 9th Arkansas Infantry Battalion, and place them under the command of Major John H. Kelly. It was Brigadier General Hardee's intention was to take all of the organized Arkansas troops with him when transferred his command to Kentucky in September 1862 except for Colonel Borland's own regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0004-0001", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Organization\nHowever Hardee did not wish to accept poorly armed and untrained troops. It appears that there were sufficient arms to equip four of McCarver's companies, so these companies were detached from the regiment as a separate battalion and departed with General Hardee, with the balance of the regiment to follow when they were properly armed and equipped. Clearly, McCarver considered the detachment of those companies to be temporary, because when the official notice of organization was sent to the Confederate War Department, he assigned the detached companies designations (Cos. A-B-E-H) and noted that they were detached with General Hardee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0004-0002", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Organization\nThis arrangement caused some confusion at Richmond, which wrote back to Borland, \"Does Col. J. S. McCarver's command consist of only five companies, or a full regiment? If less than a regiment, it will be known as the Eighth Battalion; if ten companies, the Fourteenth Regiment Arkansas Volunteers. Please inform the Department at your earliest convenience the exact state and condition of his command. Maj. F. W. Desha's command will be known as the Seventh Battalion Arkansas Volunteers.\" McCarver certainly considered that he had a full regiment (the tenth company had arrived on December 18), because as late as February 1862 he was signing correspondence as \"colonel commanding 14th Arkansas Regiment.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Organization\nThe balance of McCarver's regiment never joined Hardee because Borland, commanding post, was in a state of panic over reports that a large Union force was planning to attack Pocahontas. Borland stopped further troops movements to Kentucky, including Robert's Arkansas Battery which was intended for Hardee, and sent out a frantic call for emergency volunteers. Over two dozen of these poorly armed thirty-day companies converged on Pocahontas for an attack that never came. Borland's call resulted in the formation of the 1st and 2nd Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Organization\nThe Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers Who Served in Organizations from the State of Arkansas quartermaster receipts from October and November 1861 show the remaining companies of McCarver's command furiously requisitioning large amounts of supplies and camp equipment. There was similar activity with the ordnance department, requisitioning arms and ammunition, which indicates that McCarver intended to equip the balance of his command sufficiently armed and equipped to join Hardee. However, McCarver's command remained in Arkansas. McCarver eventually replaced Col Borland and the commander of troop in northeast Arkansas, and McCarver's detached companies became a separate command, Kelly's 9th Arkansas Infantry Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Battles\nGeneral Hardee took the 9th Arkansas Battalion with him when he transferred his command to Kentucky and organized the Confederate Army of Central Kentucky. When Hardee's command was attached to forces under Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston, The 9th Arkansas Infantry Battalion, under the command of Major Kelly was assigned to Brigadier General S.A.M. Wood's brigade of Hardee's Corps, of the Army of Mississippi and participated in the Battle of Shiloh, Tennessee, on April 6, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Battles\nThe detachment of Kelly's Battalion left McCarver with half a regiment. The War Department notified Colonel Borland that unless the 14th Arkansas was assigned its requisite ten companies, it would henceforth be known as the 8th Battalion Arkansas Infantry (though that designation was later assigned to Lieutenant Colonel Batt L. Jones' battalion). The remnants of the regiment spent much of the winter of 1861-1862 encamped near Pitman's Ferry, Arkansas, where several soldiers died of measles. The unit responded to several alarms associated with the anticipated invasion of Northeast Arkansas by Union Force following the Battle of Pea Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0008-0001", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Battles\nBy late March 1862, Colonel McCarver was in command of an organization dubbed the \"White River forces\" which in addition to the remnants of his own regiment, included, the 3rd Arkansas Cavalry Regiment, Lemoyne's 17th Arkansas Infantry, a temporary battalion under the command of Captain Turnbull, and artillery battery and at least two companies of Missouri troops totalling 1599 troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Battles\nIn the wake of the defeat at the Battle of Pea Ridge, the Army of the West was undergoing a comprehensive reorganization, and units were assigned and reassigned on virtually a daily basis. The White River forces at Pocahontas including the Arkansas infantry commands of McCarver, Lemoyne and Turnbull were involved in a confusing array of assignments and reassignments, primarily within the brigades of Brigadier General Albert Rust and Brigadier General Thomas Churchill. It appears that McCarver's regiment was intended to be assigned to Churchill's brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Battles\nAs with most of the other active units in Arkansas, the remainder of McCarver's regiment was ordered to Corinth, Mississippi, in April 1862. The unit marched from Pittman's Ferry on April 1, 1862, and reached Jacksonport on April 5. Special Order Number 47, Army of the West, directed Colonel McCarver's regiment of Arkansas Infantry to transfer at once to the steamer General Price and sail for Memphis, Tennessee. Upon reaching Memphis, McCraven and Colonel Lemoyne were to report to Brigaider General Rust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0010-0001", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Battles\nThe unit boarded the steamer and moved down White River, out at its mouth, then up the great Mississippi and landed at Memphis, Tennessee, on April 9. At Memphis the regiment was met by some of the wounded from Shiloh, including men from the Kelly's 9th Arkansas Infantry Battalion, who provided news of the battle of Shiloh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Battles\nThe regiment marched through Memphis to the Memphis & Charleston depot to board trains for Corinth. Before the train departed, the regiment was ordered to march back, board a steamer, and move further up the Mississippi River and was landed at Fort Pillow, 50 miles (80\u00a0km) above Memphis, on the Tennessee side. It was here that the men of McCarver's command saw their first enemy fire. It was described by Private Elihu C. Bechkam many years after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Battles\nJust before landing, as I was standing on the hurricane deck, I saw something that looked like a gigantic lightning bug flying with incredible speed through the heavy timber of the river bottom. I could not tell how far away the thing was, neither did I know what it was, but you may bet that before the ten days were out that we remained there I knew what it was. Just as the thing got opposite our boat, it flashed, then was gone, but about that time we heard a report that told us that it was one of Uncle Sam's \"baby wakers,\" which was the first bomb shell I had ever seen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Battles\nThe unit remained at Fort Pillow for ten days. The unit continued to experience bombardment during its stay at Fort Pillow, but only one man was killed. Many of the soldiers were sick, and several died due to the very muddy conditions and poor water supply at the fort. The unit left Fort Pillow on the April 19, with a fleet of Confederate gunboats and moved to nearby Fort Randolph the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Battles\nOn April 21, 1862, General Van Dorn issued Special Order Number 59, from Memphis which announced the organization of the 1st and 2nd Brigades of the 2nd Division of the Army of the West. McCarver's regiment is listed as part of Brigadier General Churchill's 2nd Brigade. On the April 22, morning report of Churchill's brigade, McCarver's regiment is listed as being on detached service. Then on April 24, Special Order Number 64, Army of the West, from Memphis, directed that Col McCarver's regiment of Arkansas Volunteers be transferred from Churchill's to Rust's Brigade. General Rust's brigade was to be composed of Colonel Carroll's 18th Arkansas, King's 22nd Arkansas, Smead's 19th Arkansas, McCarver's 14th Arkansas and Lemoyne's 17th Arkansas and a yet to be named artillery battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Battles\nThe 14th Arkansas remained at Fort Randolph until April 24 when it again moved by steamer to Memphis and from there to Corinth, Mississippi, on April 25. The unit camped about 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) southeast of Corinth, where the unit was reorganized. There are few official records of the unit between January and April 1862. At Corinth, McCarver's command is listed in a return of troops in the Army of the West, dated at Corinth, Mississippi, May 4, 1862, as the 18th Battalion Arkansas Infantry, with 198 of 275 men present for duty. It is unclear how that designation came about. On the same return is listed Lemoyne's 17th Battalion Arkansas Infantry, with 387 of 627 men present for duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Battles\nIn early May 1862, Confederate forces underwent an army-wide reorganization due to the passage of the Conscription Act by the Confederate Congress in April 1862. All twelve-month regiments had to re-muster and enlist for two additional years or the duration of the war; a new election of officers was ordered; and men who were exempted from service by age or other reasons under the Conscription Act were allowed to take a discharge and go home. Officers who did not choose to stand for re-election were also offered a discharge. The reorganization was accomplished among all the Arkansas regiments in and around Corinth, Mississippi, following the Battle of Shiloh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Battles\nOn May 15, 1862, McCarver's 14th and 17th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Lemoyne's)s, (or 17th and 18th Arkansas Battalions), were consolidated to form the 21st Arkansas Infantry Regiment. Col McCarver was not re-elected in the reorganization of the regiment and was discharged. Jordan E. Cravens was elected colonel of the new unit. The units new designation as the 21st Arkansas caused some initial confusion because the designation \"21st Arkansas\" had already been assigned to the regiment of Colonel Dandridge McRae. To avoid confusion between two 21st Arkansas Regiments, McRae's regiment was later redesignated as the 15th (Northwest) Arkansas Infantry Regiment (making a total of three 15th Arkansas Regiments).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Battles\nAs the 21st Arkansas Regiment, under Col. Jordan E. Cravens, this regiment fought in the following engagements: Second Battle of Corinth, Battle of Grand Gulf, Battle of Port Gibson, Battle of Champion's Hill, Battle of Big Black River Bridge, and finally was surrendered with at the end of the Siege of Vicksburg. The 21st Arkansas was consolidated with the 15th Northwest Arkansas, 16th Arkansas, and Powers' 14th Arkansas Infantry Regiments to form the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment (Trans-Mississippi), and was stationed at Marshall, Texas, when the war ended. The consolidated regiment was assigned along with the 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment and the 3rd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment and to the 2nd (McNair's) Arkansas Brigade, 1st (Churchill's) Arkansas Division, 2nd Corps, Trans-Mississippi Department, from September 1864 to May 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 937]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Surrender\nThe 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment was formerly surrendered with the Department of the Trans-Mississippi by Major General E. Kirby Smith on May 26, 1865. When the Trans-Mississippi Department surrendered, all of the Arkansas infantry regiments were encamped in and around Marshall, Texas (since war-ravaged Arkansas was no longer able to sustain the army). The regiments were ordered to report to Shreveport, Louisiana, to be paroled. None of them did so. Some soldiers went to Shreveport on their own to be paroled, but the regiments simply disbanded without formally surrendering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011786-0019-0001", "contents": "14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (McCarver's), Surrender\nA company or two managed to keep together until they got home. For example, Company G, 35th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, traveled back to Van Buren, Arkansas, where they surrendered to the U.S. post commander in a formal ceremony, drawn up in front of the court-house, laying down their weapons, etc. But for the most part, the men simply went home. Many of the Arkansas Cavalry  units, which had largely been furloughed for the winter of 1864-1865 following Price's disastrous Missouri Expedition did formally surrender at Jacksonport, Wittsburg, and a few other locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011787-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Brigade (Turkey)\nThe 14th Armored Brigade, also known as Tun\u00e7 K\u0131\u015flas\u0131 ( Bronze Barracks), is a brigade of the Turkish Army based in Northern Cyprus at the town of Degirmenlik in Nicosia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011787-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Brigade (Turkey)\nIt is part of the Aegean Army Cyprus Turkish Peace Force ( II.Corps) based at TRNC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States)\nThe 14th Armored Division was an armored division of the United States Army assigned to the Seventh Army of the Sixth Army Group during World War II. It remains on the permanent roll of the Regular Army as an inactive division, and is eligible for reactivation. The division is officially nicknamed the \"Liberators\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History\nThe 14th Armored Division was constituted and added to the roll of the US Army on 28 August 1942; it was activated on 15 November in a ceremony at Camp Chaffee, Arkansas. It was organized initially as a heavy division with two armored regiments (the 47th and 48th) and one armored infantry regiment, the 62nd Infantry Regiment. It was reorganized from a heavy division to a light division on 20 September 1943. The reorganization saw the loss of two tank battalions from the Armored regiments, one battalion each. The 1st Battalion of the 47th Armor was redesignated as the 786th Tank Battalion and the 3rd Battalion of the 48th Armor was redesignated as the 716th Tank Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History\nThe division departed Camp Chaffee in November to participate in the 2nd Army maneuvers in Tennessee from 17 November 1943 until 10 January 1944. At the conclusion of the exercise, the division was assigned to Camp Campbell, Kentucky. The division remained at Camp Campbell until late September when it was alerted for movement to the ETO (European Theater of Operations) via Camp Shanks, New York where it went for final processing. Units departed Camp Campbell on 1 October and completed their arrival at Camp Shanks on the 6th of that month. After completing their processing, the division boarded four transport ships for deployment on 13 October 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, France and the Alsatian Plain\nThe 14th Armored Division landed at Marseille in southern France, on 29 October 1944. Within two weeks some of its elements were in combat, maintaining defensive positions along the Franco-Italian frontier. The division was assigned to US 6th Army Group on 1 November. On 10 November, the division was assigned to US Seventh Army. On 12 November the Combat Command Reserve (CCR) was detached, and ordered to the Maritime Alps by 6th Army Group to relieve units in defensive positions there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0003-0001", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, France and the Alsatian Plain\nOn 15 November, Combat Command A moved north from the area of Marseille to Epinal to take part in the VI Corps drive through the Vosges Mountains, and was followed by Combat Command B five days later. Hard fighting at Gertwiller, Benfeld, and Barr helped VI Corps to crack the German defenses, the division was on the Alsatian Plain in early December. On 17 December the division attacked across the Lauter River into Germany itself, along with the other units of VI Corps, it fought its way into a heavily defended portion of the German Westwall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0003-0002", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, France and the Alsatian Plain\nDue to the growing crisis in the Ardennes, General Eisenhower, the supreme commander, ordered the Seventh Army to stop its attack and withdraw from the Westwall, where its units assumed positions south of the Lauter River. The order was poorly timed as elements of the 14th Armored Division had penetrated deep into the German defenses, and were poised to break out into the enemy's rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Operation Nordwind, Task Force Hudelson\nOn 25 December 1944 VI Corps ordered the division's Combat Command R, commanded by Colonel Daniel Hudelson, to assemble a regimental-sized task force (TF Hudelson), to establish defensive positions along a 10-mile section of the Seventh Army line linking XV and VI Corps. It was located in the rugged Vosges Mountains in the area of Bannstein in France, southeast of Saarbr\u00fccken. The balance of the division was placed in Corps Reserve to protect against a Saar Valley penetration by the Germans. Additionally, it was ordered to be prepared to move to the vicinity of Phalsbourg as a counter-attacking force to stop and prevent a break-through in the XV Corps area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Operation Nordwind, Task Force Hudelson\nTF Hudelson consisted of the division's 62nd Armored Infantry Battalion, the 94th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and Company A of the 125th Armored Engineer Battalion. TF Hudelson was further reinforced by two VI Corps units, the 117th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and the 1st Battalion, 540th Combat Engineers. Just before midnight on New Year's Eve 1944, the German Army Group G launched Operation Nordwind, the last major German counter-offensive of the war. The advancing German units were from the XC and LXXXIX Corps, attacking through the Low Vosges. TF Hudleson held only a thin line of strong points and screens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0005-0001", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Operation Nordwind, Task Force Hudelson\nDuring the night and day of 1 January 1945, TF Hudelson found itself engaged by elements of five enemy divisions, the 256th, 257th, 361st and 559th Volksgrenadier. Just after midnight on the 1st, the 62nd Armored Infantry reported \"enemy attack across the entire front of our battalion zone. The main effort by enemy being made on battalion left flank in the sector of C Co, by estimated 2000 Infantry supported by five (5) Mark IV tanks\". The troops of TF Hudelson took the brunt of the German advance which had penetrated to Bannstein by day-break.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0005-0002", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Operation Nordwind, Task Force Hudelson\nThe Task Force was soon overrun or bypassed by the German divisions but it managed to delay and slow the German advance until substantial reinforcements could arrive and stem the German advance. By the fourth day of the German counter-offensive it had advanced 10 miles. With pressure building during the first day of the attack, aerial observation reported a strong regimental size element moving towards Bannstein. Reinforcements were sent to Baerenthal to reinforce the VI Corps left flank and the 14th Armored Division was ordered to establish blocking positions. On 2 January, the 45th Division along with the attached Task Force, occupied positions to block any further penetration by the Germans. This allowed for the relief of Task Force Hudelson and its return to division control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Operation Nordwind, Task Force Hudelson\nThe major fighting between 1 and 8 January occurred in the Vosges Mountains and two combat commands of the division were in almost continuous action against the German thrusts. With the failure of his attack in the Vosges, the enemy attempted to break through to Hagenau and threaten Strasbourg and the Saverne Gap by attacks at Hatten and Rittershoffen, two small villages located side by side on the Alsatian Plain. However, this, the strongest attack of Operation Nordwind, was halted by the 14th Armored in the fierce defensive Battle of Hatten-Rittershoffen which ranged from 9 to 21 January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Operation Nordwind, Hatten and Rittershoffen\nAs the fighting in the VI Corps sector intensified, the Germans committed the 21st Panzer and the 25th Panzer Grenadier Divisions to the attack with a breakthrough to Hagenau. On 9 January, German armor was able to penetrate the center of the VI Corps sector. This caused Brooks, the Corps commander, to commit his final reserve force, the 14th Armored, in an effort to stop the German XXXIX Panzer Corps advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0007-0001", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Operation Nordwind, Hatten and Rittershoffen\nOrdered to take up positions in the vicinity of Hatten and Rittershoffen, the 14th assumed command and control of units from the 242nd Infantry Regiment and the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 315th Infantry Regiment, 79th Infantry Division . With heavy fighting in and around the towns, success was measured in how many buildings were controlled by each side as the Americans controlled the western half of the villages and the Germans the eastern half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0007-0002", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Operation Nordwind, Hatten and Rittershoffen\nOn 15 January, the Germans strengthened the forces in both villages with elements of the 20th Parachute Regiment from the 7th Parachute Division, and the 104th Infantry Regiment from the 47th Volksgrenadier Division. As the fighting raged, the 14th Armored found itself increasingly on the defensive with Combat Command A holding Rittershoffen and Combat Command Reserve defending positions in and around Hatten. Combat Command B took up defensive positions behind the Rittershoffen to Leiterswiller road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Operation Nordwind, Hatten and Rittershoffen\nThe resupply of the division was becoming very difficult due to the constant reorganizing of forces, the evacuation of the wounded and the shrinking perimeter. Gasoline, of which almost 200,000 gallons was consumed in seven days, had to come from near Saverne 35 miles away along icy roads in blackout conditions. Mortar ammunition had run out by 15 January and the Division's G-4 notified the advanced command post that no more might be available for two weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0008-0001", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Operation Nordwind, Hatten and Rittershoffen\nInstructions were given for all abandoned German 8\u00a0cm mortar ammunition to be picked up and a method was devised by the Division ammunition officer to use this in American 81mm mortars. Artillery ammunition was strictly rationed after 15 January when 6,247 rounds of ammunition were expended out of a total of nearly 40,000 rounds for the entire seven days. In order to alleviate the shortage a convoy of twenty 2 1/2 ton trucks were sent to Marseilles and returned loaded with ammunition dug out of the surf and the landing sites for the invasion of Southern France. Artillery was further handicapped by the shortage of telephone wire. Poor visibility hampered air operations on both sides for most days. On 15 January the first German jet propelled aircraft was seen in the area bombing a battery of the 499th Armored Field Artillery Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 939]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Operation Nordwind, Hatten and Rittershoffen\nApproximately 39 American and 51 German tanks were destroyed, damaged or abandoned. Recovery of disabled vehicles was very difficult due to the complete lack of cover. Following the battle, the division's G-4 (staff officer) reported to the commanding officer that the division was still short of 62 medium tanks despite having received over 60 replacements during the month of January. The 136th Ordnance Maintenance Battalion's report for the month listed approximately 150 tanks that had been knocked out in combat, repaired and returned to the division's tank battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0009-0001", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Operation Nordwind, Hatten and Rittershoffen\nAn example of this is seen in the operational reports of the 47th and 48th Tank Battalions. At the height of the fighting the 47th reported that it had a total of 17 operational tanks out of an authorized strength of 50, all were committed to holding its portion of the line. The 48th Tank Battalion report for the same period included the comment that its tank companies were now of approximately squad strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Operation Nordwind, Hatten and Rittershoffen\nThe Division sustained battle casualties amounting to 104 killed, 899 wounded and 112 missing. German losses were estimated at in excess of 3,100 in total. The problem of obtaining infantry and armored replacement personnel, especially combat junior officers, was critical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Operation Nordwind, Hatten and Rittershoffen\nThe Division's 11-day stand at Hatten and Rittershoffen allowed the VI Corps and Seventh Army to withdraw to prepared defensive positions. On 21 January, after the rest of Seventh Army had withdrawn to the south bank of the Moder River, the 14th and its supporting units withdrew from Hatten and Rittershoffen and moved south to join the rest of the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Operation Nordwind, Hatten and Rittershoffen\nLieutenant-General Jacob L. Devers, commanding general, 6th Army Group later commented that the Battle of Hatten-Rittershoffen \"was one of the greatest defensive battles of the war.\" The 14th Armored Division was nominated for four Presidential Unit Citations for its actions at Hatten-Rittershofen. Of these, two were awarded. Col. Hans von Luck, who commanded the 21st Panzer Division at Hatten-Rittershoffen wrote in his memoirs \"Panzer Commander\" that the battle \".... was one of the hardest and most costly battles that had ever raged on the western front.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0012-0001", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Operation Nordwind, Hatten and Rittershoffen\nThese are strong, telling words from a professional German panzer officer who had fought with Rommel's famed Afrika Korps in North Africa, served two tours of duty on the Eastern Front, and led the only armored counter-attack to be attempted against the Allied beachhead in Normandy. A veteran officer who served on the staff of Army Group G during the battle wrote after the war that the American defense of the town against overwhelming odds was \"heroic.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Operation Nordwind, Hatten and Rittershoffen\nAfter rest, rehabilitation and defensive missions during February and early March, the division returned to the offensive on 15 March 1945; it drove across the Moder River, cracked through the Siegfried Line and by the end of the month, had captured Germersheim on the Rhine River. On Easter Sunday, 1 April, the 14th moved across the Rhine near Worms, protecting the long left flank of the Seventh Army and advanced against moderate to heavy opposition through Lohr, Gemunden, Neustadt, and Hammelburg where, on 6 April, Combat Command B (CCB) liberated Stalag XIII-C and the more famous Oflag XIII-B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Capture of Oflag XIIIB and Stalag XIIIC\nAfter erecting a pontoon bridge near Worms across the Rhine on 1 April, the 14th attacked to the northeast with CCB in the lead. The initial task of CCB was to break through the Spessart Forest and into the rear of the German forces. The command advanced 75 miles on the first day with the lead elements reaching the town of Lohr. Approaching the town, the leading elements came under heavy small arms fire. As the infantry dismounted to clear the resistance, they and the tanks of the 47th Tank battalion experienced heavy antitank fire. The 47th lost three tanks due to the Panzerfaust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Capture of Oflag XIIIB and Stalag XIIIC\nClearing the town, CCB continued its advance along the Main River through Sackenbach, Nantenbach (north east of Lohr) and Gemunden. As the columns continued along this route, they continued to receive heavy machine gun and mortar fire. On 6 April 1945, CCB's objective was the military layer south of Hammelburg and the POW camps to the south. The operational plan called for the 47th Tank battalion to advance from the north and the 19th Armored Infantry battalion to block and secure the roads to the south and east of the camps. As the units approached the camps, they came under sporadic fire from German machine guns. Entering the German lager, the infantrymen of the 19th found the prison gates and forced an opening into Oflag XIII-B where they found a large contingent of Serbian and American officer prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Capture of Oflag XIIIB and Stalag XIIIC\nElements of the 47th Tank battalion and the 94th Armored Reconnaissance battalion continued to the south and liberated Stalag XIII-C which held a large contingent of Allied enlisted men - American, Australians, British and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Capture of Stalag VII-A\nFollowing the Battle of Nuremberg, the division raced to the Danube, crossing the river at Ingolstadt and passed through the 86th Infantry Division. Its mission was to secure crossings sites on the Isar River and to push on to Moosburg and Landshut. Advancing on a south easterly axis, CCA was on the division's right with CCR on the left and CCB in reserve. Facing the division were remnants of the 17th SS Panzer Grenadier and the 719th Infantry Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 71], "content_span": [72, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0017-0001", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Capture of Stalag VII-A\nAfter fighting their way across the Isar and into Moosburg, CCA entered the town on 29 April, approached Stalag VII-A and took the surrender of the camp garrison of over 200 men. Initial reports had listed the number of prisoners liberated as 27,000. This was wrong, there were over 130,000 Allied prisoners liberated from Stalag VII-A, the largest prisoner of war camp in Germany. The division rapidly moved eastward to the area of M\u00fchldorf am Inn where it established two strong bridgeheads across the Inn River before being ordered to halt by III Corps. The division fired its last rounds on 2 May 1945. It was processing prisoners of war and patrolling its area when the war in Europe ended on 8 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 71], "content_span": [72, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, Liberation of forced labor and concentration camps\nDuring the divisions' advance into southern Germany, on 2 and 3 May, the 14th liberated several sub-camps of the Dachau concentration camp. Upon entering the towns of M\u00fchldorf and Ampfing, units of the division discovered three large forced labor camps containing thousands of Polish and Soviet civilians. Units also liberated two additional camps nearby holding Jewish prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 98], "content_span": [99, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, CCR Rifle Company\nAs a result of the shortage of infantry replacements which the European Theater was facing in late 1944, a call for volunteers was distributed throughout the communication zone for those willing to retrain as infantry replacements. This call was accepted by over 4,000 African American soldiers serving in support units. By 1 February 1945, 2,800 of these volunteers received orders to report to a retraining center where they received basic instruction in infantry skills and tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0019-0001", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, CCR Rifle Company\nIn March 1945, the first contingent of soldiers, organized into 12 platoons, were assigned to the 7th Army which organized them into three companies of four platoons each. They were organized as 7th Army Provisional Rifle Companies 1, 2 and 3 and then assigned to the 12th Armored Division. In late March, the last contingent of four additional platoons were assigned to 7th Army which organized them as the 7th Army Provisional Rifle Company 4 and then assigned them to the 14th Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, CCR Rifle Company\nThis 240-man company was assigned to the division without a command and control element, the division was also required to staff, arm and equip it. The division, with the assistance of Corps and Army support, was able to provide the company with its basic needs for future operations. Initially, the company was attached to the 19th Armored Infantry Battalion but it was then reassigned to CCR where it became known as the CCR Rifle Company. This outfit was mainly employed as an attachment to the 25th Tank Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0020-0001", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, CCR Rifle Company\nThe company's first combat engagement took place near Lichtenfels, but it was near Bayreuth that the company received the accolade of approval from those that fought within the 14th Armored Division. In small platoon-size actions, CCR Rifle fought their way into Gottsfeld and Creussen helping to secure the towns. The company, when employed in less than company size, performed well. When employed as a company, the results were less satisfactory. This was a result of the way in which the companies were formed and trained, as platoons and not as a company. The unit remained with the division when it was reassigned to 3rd Army and ended the war with the 14th Armored. It was disbanded on 4 June 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, CCR Rifle Company\n\"Liberators\" is the official nickname of the US 14th Armored Division. The division became known by its nickname during the last days of World War II when it liberated some 200,000 Allied prisoners of war from German prison camps. Among those liberated were approximately 20,000 American soldiers, sailors and airmen, as well as an estimated 40,000 troops from Great Britain and the Commonwealth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), History, CCR Rifle Company\nThe 14th Armored Division was inactivated on 16 September 1945 at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), Organization\nThe division was organized and activated as a heavy division in 1942. Early in 1943, the Army Ground Force began a series of studies to reorganize the various divisions within the Army. After reviewing the tables of organization and after allowing the various commands to review and comment on the proposed restructure, the divisional strength of the 14 organized armored divisions was reduced from 14,630 men to 10,937. The restructuring removed the armored regiment and infantry regiment from the table of organization and replaced them with three tank battalions and three armored infantry battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011788-0023-0001", "contents": "14th Armored Division (United States), Organization\nBoth Combat Commands, A and B remained but an additional Command - CCR, was added to the organization. This was a small headquarters element of 10 personnel tasked with the command and control of the division rear area. The 125th Engineer Battalion lost its bridge company, and the engineer line companies were reduced to three. The 94th Cavalry Recon Squadron was increased in size to include an HQ troop, four line troops, an assault gun troop (with four platoons) and a light tank company. Within the division trains, the division lost its support battalion and supply company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011789-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Armoured Regiment (Australia)\nThe 14th Armoured Regiment was a unit of the Australian Army, which served during World War II. The regiment was formed in May 1942 as part of the 6th Australian Armoured Brigade. It was originally a Militia unit which originated from the 17th Light Horse (Machine Gun) Regiment. It was disbanded in early 1943 without seeing combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011789-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nThe 14th Armoured Regiment was originally drawn from personnel of C Squadron, 17th Light Horse (Machine Gun) Regiment, which was a Victorian Militia unit based around Bendigo. On 1 May 1941, this squadron formed the nucleus of the 4th Armoured Regiment, commanded by Major E.P Seymour. The regiment moved to Ballarat and was brought up to strength from Universal Service (conscripted) personnel and formed part of Headquarters Southern Command. Due to the scarcity of tanks and other armoured vehicles, the unit was only provided with Universal or 'Bren Gun' Carriers, which provided enhanced mobility, but little firepower and protection. A separate Australian Imperial Force (AIF) unit with a similar designation, the 2/4th Armoured Regiment, was raised in late 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011789-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nWhen the Japanese entered the war, the regiment was dispatched, as part of the 6th Infantry Brigade (CMF), to serve on the Dandenong Eastern Defence Line and later at Barwon Heads and Torquay beaches. It would return under the command of the 2nd Cavalry Division in February 1942. On 10 February the unit received orders to transfer personnel to the 13th Light Horse and the 17th Machine Gun Regiment. On 9 March 1942 the remaining 4th Armoured Regiment personnel received the order to convert to a motor regiment. It was renamed the 104th Motor Regiment and initially assigned to the 5th Motor Brigade of the 2nd Australian Motor Division. However, the 104th Motor Regiment's existence would prove to be short lived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011789-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nThe 14th Armoured Regiment was formed from the 104th Motor Regiment on 8 May 1942, and was a part of the Australian Armoured Corps. The regiment, along with the 12th Armoured Regiment, 13th Armoured Regiment, 9th Motor Regiment and 3rd Reconnaissance Squadron, was allocated to the newly raised 6th Armoured Brigade, itself part of the newly converted 2nd Armoured Division. The 14th Armoured Regiment was based at Gherang until the end of June, when it moved to Puckapunyal to join the rest of the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011789-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nUpon arrival at the Armoured Fighting Vehicles School, located at Puckapunyal, the unit underwent training to perform its role as an armoured regiment. This included instruction in driving and maintenance, gunnery, wireless communications, tactics and leadership. By the end of 1942 the unit had completed its basic training and had conducted a number of field exercises around the Seymour\u2013Puckapunyal area. It was also largely complete in terms of equipment having been finally equipped with relatively modern M3 Medium Grant tanks and M3 Light Stuarts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011789-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nHowever, by December 1942 the strategic threat to Australia from Japan had lessened. The outcomes of the battles of the Coral Sea and Guadalcanal, and the Kokoda Track campaign led to a re-focus on New Guinea. This meant that the need for large armoured formations to defend Australia had vanished. As a result, the 2nd Armoured Division, and the 6th Armoured Brigade as part of it, was ordered to disband. The 14th Armoured Regiment disbanded on 19 February 1943, although it provided many personnel to the 13th Armoured Regiment  The 13th Armoured Regiment would subsequently join the 2nd Armoured Brigade which formed part of the 3rd Australian Armoured Division and was then based in Murgon, Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011790-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Army (German Empire)\nThe 14th Army (German: 14. Armee / Armeeoberkommando 14 / A.O.K. 14) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I formed in September 1917 in Krainburg for use against Italy. Its headquarters was located at Vittorio Veneto from 10 November 1917 until the army was disbanded on 22 January 1918. The 14th Army served on the Italian Front throughout its existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011790-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Army (German Empire), History\nAfter the Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo, the Austro-Hungarians were exhausted and could not have withstood another attack. They appealed to the Germans for help and the Germans, fearing a collapse on the Italian Front, sent 7 divisions, 540 guns, 216 mortars and about 100 aircraft from the Western and Eastern Fronts. To control these troops, a new 14th Army under General der Infanterie Otto von Below was concentrated between Tolmin and Bovec. For the Battle of Caporetto a number of Austro-Hungarian divisions were added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011790-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Army (German Empire), History\nFollowing the successful offensive, the front soon froze again in trench warfare. The German High Command decided to withdraw its forces again to use on other fronts. On 23 January 1918 the Army Command was recalled (to form a new 17th Army on the Western Front). The German troops remaining on the Italian front came under the command of 51st Corps until it was withdrawn in February 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011790-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Army (German Empire), Commanders\nThe 14th Army was commanded throughout its existence by General der Infanterie Otto von Below, former commander of 6th Army. On dissolution of 14th Army, von Below was transferred to command of the newly raised 17th Army on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011791-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Army (People's Republic of China)\nThe 14th Army was an army level formation of the People's Liberation Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011791-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Army (People's Republic of China), 14th Corps\n14th Corps (Chinese: \u7b2c14\u519b) was activated on February 14, 1949 basing on 4th Column of Zhongyuan Field Army and defecting Republic of China Army 110th Division. The corps commander was Li Chengfang, political commissar - Lei Rongtian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011791-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Army (People's Republic of China), 14th Corps\nThe Corps was composed of the 40th, the 41st, and the 42nd Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011791-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Army (People's Republic of China), 14th Corps\nDuring the Chinese Civil War, the corps took part in Guangdong Campaign and Xichang Campaign. From March 1950 the corps stationed in Yunnan province until its inactivation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011791-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Army (People's Republic of China), 14th Corps\nIn 1959, elements from the corps took part in the crackdown on 1959 Tibetan uprising.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011791-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Army (People's Republic of China), 14th Army Corps\nIn April 1960, the corps was renamed as 14th Army Corps (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c14\u519b). By then the corps was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011791-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Army (People's Republic of China), 14th Army Corps\nIn late 1969, 116th Artillery Regiment and 39th Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiment were renamed as Artillery Regiment, 14th Army Corps, and Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiment, 14th Army Corps, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011791-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Army (People's Republic of China), 14th Army Corps, Shadian Incident\nIn July 1975, 14th Army Corps, especially its 42nd Army Division, took part in the crackdown on Shadian incident as the main assault force, during which the PLA killed over 1000 Hui Muslim fighters with a loss of over 120 KIA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011791-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Army (People's Republic of China), 14th Army Corps, Shadian Incident\nKnown units/elements from 14th Army Corps took part in the incident:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011791-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Army (People's Republic of China), 14th Army Corps, Sino-Vietnamese War\nFrom February to March 1979, the 14th Army Corps took part in the Sino-Vietnamese War. During the 25-day-long campaign, the army corps thrust 48-80 km into the Vietnamese territory, seized the city of L\u00e0o Cai and secured the bridgehead across the Red River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011791-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Army (People's Republic of China), 14th Army Corps, Sino-Vietnamese War\nIn April 1984 the army corps launched the Battle of Laoshan and the Battle of Zheyinshan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011791-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Army (People's Republic of China), 14th Army\nIn September 1985 the army corps was reorganized as 14th Army (Chinese: \u7b2c14\u96c6\u56e2\u519b). The army was then composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011791-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Army (People's Republic of China), 14th Army\nIn October 1996, 41st Infantry Division was transferred to People's Armed Police's control as 41st Armed Police Mobile Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011791-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Army (People's Republic of China), 14th Army\nIn 1998, Tank Brigade, 14th Army was renamed as Armored Brigade, 14th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011791-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Army (People's Republic of China), 14th Army\nIn late 2011, Armored Brigade, 14th Army was redesignated as 18th Armored Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011791-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Army (People's Republic of China), 14th Army\nIn late 2013, both the 31st Infantry Division and 40th Infantry Division were split into two brigades. The army became an \"all-brigade\" formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011791-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Army (People's Republic of China), 14th Army\nIn April 2017 the army was inactivated. Most of its compositions were inherited by 75th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011792-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Army (RSFSR)\nThe 14th Army (Russian: 14-\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f) was a field army of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011792-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Army (RSFSR), History\nThe army was formed under the command of Kliment Voroshilov by an order of the Revolutionary Military Council on 4 June 1919 from the 2nd Ukrainian Soviet Army, part of the Southern Front. It initially included the 7th Ukrainian Rifle Division, and the Crimean Soviet Army was subordinated to it until July. From June, the army fought in fierce defense battles with the White Armed Forces of South Russia, and in its rear with the anarchist Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine in the Donbass and Left-Bank Ukraine towards Yekaterinoslav, Poltava, and Sumy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011792-0001-0001", "contents": "14th Army (RSFSR), History\nOn 26 June, the army became part of the Ukrainian Group of Forces of the Southern Front alongside the 12th Army, although this organization was abolished on 26 July after the latter was directly subordinated to the Commander-in-Chief. On 7 July, the 7th Ukrainian Soviet Division was disbanded, and during the month the 41st and 57th Rifle Divisions joined the army, while the 58th Rifle Division was formed from the Crimean Rifle Division, itself formed from the Crimean Soviet Army. The 46th and 60th Rifle Divisions became part of the army in August, though the 60th was transferred within the month. In September, the 7th Rifle Division and the 8th Cavalry Division  joined the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011792-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Army (RSFSR), History\nThe army fought in the Orel\u2013Kursk operation in October and November, launching the main attack and taking Kromy, Fatezh, Lgov, and Kursk. During the operation, on 14 October, the 13th Army shock group (including the Latvian Rifle Division, the Red Cossack Cavalry Brigade, and P.A. Pavlov's Separate Rifle Brigade), created to launch the main attack, was transferred to the 14th Army after a White attack cut it off from the rest of the 13th Army. The Estonian Rifle Division joined the army in the same month, but was transferred before its end. In November, the 7th and 57th Rifle Divisions and the 8th Cavalry Division were transferred and replaced by the 5th and 45th Rifle Divisions. The shock group was disbanded on 28 November after the Soviet victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011792-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Army (RSFSR), History\nIn the offensive of the Southern and Southeastern Fronts in late 1919 and early 1920, the army fought in the Kharkov operation, the Donbass operation, and the Pavlograd-Ekaterinoslav Operation, during which it captured Yekaterinoslav. The 14th Army cut off the left flank group of the Volunteer Army from the rest of the Volunteer Army in December and January 1920 in the Berdyansk Operation, reaching the Sea of Azov. The 5th Division was transferred in December, and the 42nd Rifle Division was part of the army during January 1920, with the 46th Division transferring during the month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011792-0003-0001", "contents": "14th Army (RSFSR), History\nOn 10 January 1920, in accordance with an order issued four days earlier, it became part of the Southwestern Front when the Southern Front was reorganized. The 60th Division rejoined the army in February, and the 45th and Latvian Divisions transferred in March. In February and March, the army captured Odessa, Tiraspol, and Right-bank Ukraine in the Odessa operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011792-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Army (RSFSR), History\nIn April, the 44th and 45th Rifle Divisions joined the army. In May, the 44th and 45th Divisions transferred and the 8th Cavalry Division rejoined the army. The army fought in defensive battles against Polish troops in the Polish\u2013Soviet War during April and May. In June, the 44th and 45th Divisions rejoined the army, with the 47th Rifle Division also joining the army. From June to August the army fought in the Lvov operation, attacking in the area of Gaysin, Vinnytsia and Proskurov. In July, the 47th Rifle and 8th Cavalry Divisions transferred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011792-0004-0001", "contents": "14th Army (RSFSR), History\nIn August, the 45th and 47th Rifle and 8th Cavalry Divisions returned to the army, alongside the 24th Rifle Division. The army failed to capture Lvov due to the Polish victory in the war. In October, the 8th Cavalry was transferred and the 24th Rifle was transferred in November. In November, the army fought against the remnants of the Ukrainian Army in the area of Proskurov and Kamenets-Podolsk. During the month the 12th and 55th Rifle Divisions joined the army. In December, the 12th, 41st, 45th, 47th, 55th, and 60th Divisions transferred out of the army, while the 58th Division was briefly part of it. On 5 January 1921, the army was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011792-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Army (RSFSR), Commanders\nThe army was led by the following commanders during its existence:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011793-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Army (Soviet Union)\nThe 14th Army was a field army of the Soviet Army, formed twice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011793-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Army (Soviet Union)\nThe army was first formed during the Winter War, in which two of its divisions fought in the Battle of Petsamo. After Operation Barbarossa, the army fought against German and Finnish attacks in Operation Silver Fox. In the middle of July 1941 the army was able to hold its positions. In October 1944 it fought in the Petsamo\u2013Kirkenes Offensive and seized Pechenga. The army defended and guarded the newly captured territory until the end of the war. Its headquarters became the Belomorsky Military District at the end of July 1945. The army reformed in June 1948 from the 126th Light Mountain Rifle Corps as the 14th Army (Assault). Stationed on the Chukchi Peninsula, the army's mission was to invade Alaska in event of a war. It was disbanded in May 1953 after Stalin's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011793-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Army (Soviet Union), History\nThe first 14th Army was formed in October 1939 in the Leningrad Military District. It participated in the Soviet-Finnish war, during which its 52nd and 104th Rifle Divisions fought in the Battle of Petsamo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011793-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Army (Soviet Union), History\nFrom 24 June 1941 the army included the following units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011793-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Army (Soviet Union), History\nThe army was initially subordinated to the Northern Front and conducted defensive operations on the Murmansk, Kandalaksha and Ukhta directions against the German-Finnish Operation Silver Fox (29 June 1941 \u2013 19 September 1941) and in coordination with the 7th Separate Army, in the Defensive Operations on the Petrozavodsk, Ukhtinsk, Rugozersk, and Olonetsk directions (1 July 1941 \u2013 10 October 1941). In November 1941 three deer transportation units were formed in the 14th Army, each of them included 1,000 deer and 140\u2013150 herdsmen and soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011793-0004-0001", "contents": "14th Army (Soviet Union), History\nFrom the middle of July the 14th Army was able to stop Finnish enemy forces advance, and subsequently until October 1944 (from 23 August 1941 as part of the Karelian Front) it solidly retained its sector positions, and conducted active offensive combat for the purpose of improvement in the position it occupied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011793-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Army (Soviet Union), History\nOn 18 October 1944, the 14th Army after rearrangement was involved in the second stage of the Petsamo-Kirkenes Operation. From south to north in the battle were introduced 127th Light Rifle Corps, the reserve of the 31st Rifle Corps, 99th Rifle Corps, 126th Light Rifle Corps, 131st Rifle Corps. At that time, battles were mainly in the pursuit of the retreating enemy. 127th Light Rifle Corps and 31st Rifle Corps advanced on the Nickel, the 99th Rifle Corps and the 126th Light Rifle Corps on Ahmalahti, 131st Rifle Corps on Tarnet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011793-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Army (Soviet Union), History\nBy 20 October 1944 127th Light Rifle Corps and 31st Rifle Corps semicircle covered Nickel from the north, south and south-west, 21 October 1944 126th Light Rifle Corps reached the lake Klistervati, 99th Rifle Corps 22 October 1944 released the road Ahmalahti \u2013 Kirkenes. 131st Rifle Corps has released 10/17/1944 to the state border and entered 18 October 1944 on Norwegian soil. Nickel was taken 22 October 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011793-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Army (Soviet Union), History\nForcing Yar Fjord on 24\u201325 October 1944 Army troops fanned out in Norway. 31st Rifle Corps, without forcing the bay, and ran down the deep south, and reached Nausta 27 October 1944, coming on the Norwegian-Finnish border. The 127th Light Rifle Corps carried out an offensive attack in the same direction, but on the western shore of the Fjord. The 126th Light Rifle Corps undertook deep inroads in the west and reached the city 27 October 1944 Neiden 99th Rifle Corps and the 131st Rifle Corps rushed to Kirkenes, which was released on 25 October 1944, the then 99th Rifle Corps also sent the city Neiden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011793-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Army (Soviet Union), History\nBy 29 October 1944, the Petsamo-Kirkenes operation was over, and with it the 14th Army's combat role. While the German forces evacuated and burned the far north of Norway, using scorched earth tactics, the Soviet advance was halted at the Tana River. Norwegian forces arrived to occupy the area between Soviet and German forces and support those civilians who had refused to evacuate. The 14th Army had taken the city of Petsamo (today Pechenga). Subsequently, until the end of the war the army defended the newly occupied territory and the state borders of the USSR with Finland and Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011793-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Army (Soviet Union), Commanding officers\nOn 31 July 1945 the army headquarters was disbanded and the personnel were used to fill out Headquarters Belomorsky Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011793-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Army (Soviet Union), 14th Assault Army (1948-1953)\nThe army was reformed in June 1948 from the 126th Light Mountain Rifle Corps as the 14th Army (Assault). According to some data, there were plans for its use in Chukchi Peninsula and, in the case of war, landing in Alaska. The army included the 116th, 117th and 121st Rifle Divisions, all former mountain rifle brigades. These divisions were not equipped like standard rifle divisions and lacked tank and antitank artillery battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011793-0010-0001", "contents": "14th Army (Soviet Union), 14th Assault Army (1948-1953)\nThe army included the 1221st and 1222nd Separate Cannon Artillery Regiments, the 280th Separate Engineer-Sapper Battalion and the 187th and 493rd Separate Communications Battalions as well as the 687th and 1252nd Separate Communications Companies. It was commanded by Lieutenant General Nikolay Oleshev. In 1949, the 95th Mixed Aviation Division (converted to fighters in 1952) at Anadyr became part of the army. On 4 May 1951, Major General Georgy Latyshev took command of the army. Lieutenant General Ivan Rubanyuk became the army commander on 14 April 1952. The army was disbanded in May 1953 after Stalin's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011794-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Army (Wehrmacht)\nThe 14th Army (German: 14. Armee) was a World War II field army of the German Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011794-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Army (Wehrmacht), History, Poland\nThe 14th Army was activated on 1 August 1939 with General Wilhelm List in command and saw service in Poland until the end of the Polish campaign on 13 October 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011794-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Army (Wehrmacht), History, Italy\nThe 14th Army was reactivated for the defence of Italy in late 1943 when its headquarters was created using the headquarters personnel of Army Group B which had been abolished when Albert Kesselring was given command of all Axis troops in Italy. 14th Army was initially responsible for the defence of Rome and dealing with any amphibious landings the Allies might make to the rear of the German 10th Army, which was fighting on the defensive lines south of Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011794-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Army (Wehrmacht), History, Italy\nThe 14th Army faced the Allied amphibious landings at Anzio in January 1944 and after the Allied breakthrough in May 1944 took part in the fighting retreat to the Gothic Line. The German armies in Italy finally surrendered on 2 May 1945 after being defeated during the Allies' Spring offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011795-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Army Corps (Russian Empire)\nThe 14th Army Corps was an Army corps in the Imperial Russian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011796-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Army Corps (Russian Federation)\nThe 14th Army Corps, (Russian: 14-\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441, romanized:\u00a014-y Armeyskiy Korpus) is a tactical formation of the Russian Army formed in 2017 as part of the Northern Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011796-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Army Corps (Russian Federation)\nThe corps is located in Murmansk Oblast, with its headquarters in the city of Murmansk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011796-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Army Corps (Russian Federation), Formation\nThe corps was formed in April 2017, and is assigned to perform tasks in the Arctic. The corps consists of two Arctic motorized rifle brigades, whose personnel are trained in ski warfare, to use reindeer and dog sleds, and to construct igloos. The corps' servicemen deploy as part of the coastal troops of the Northern Military District. They take part in competitions of the Army-2020 exhibitions, and carry out winter training at the battalion and divisional tactical levels with live-fire exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011797-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Army Group (People's Republic of China)\nThe 14th Army Group (Chinese: \u7b2c14\u5175\u56e2) was a field formation of the People's Liberation Army during the Chinese Civil War. It was organized in March 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011797-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Army Group (People's Republic of China)\nAt its activation, the Army Group's commander was Liu Yalou, commissar was Mo Wenhua, 1st deputy commander Huang Yongsheng, deputy commissar Wu Faxian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011797-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Army Group (People's Republic of China)\nThe Army Group was composed of 39th, 41st, and 42nd Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011797-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Army Group (People's Republic of China)\nIn July 1949, roughly 3 months after its activation, the 14th Army Group was inactivated and converted as headquarters, People's Liberation Army Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011797-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Army Group (People's Republic of China)\nIt should be clearly noted that William W. Whitson, writing with Chen-Hsia Huang in The Chinese High Command, 1972, lists a 14th Army (rather than Army Group) under the Fourth Field Army in the June\u2013September 1949 period, and gives its composition as the 48th Corps (142nd, 143rd, and 144th Divisions) and the 54th Corps (160th, 161st, and 162nd Divisions). He lists the commander during that period as Ch'en Ch'i-han.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011798-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Army involvement in Transnistria\nThe involvement of the Soviet 14th Guards Army in the War of Transnistria was extensive and contributed to the outcome, which left the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR) with de facto independence from the Republic of Moldova.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011798-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Army involvement in Transnistria, Background\nThe 14th Army was formed as a unit of the Soviet Army on 25 November 1956 from the 10th Guards Budapest Rifle Corps, formerly part of the Odessa Military District with headquarters in Chi\u0219in\u0103u. In 1964 the 88th Motor Rifle Division became the 180th Motor Rifle Division, and the 118th MRD became the 48th MRD. In the 1980s the army headquarters was moved to Tiraspol, within the then Moldavian SSR. By 1991, the army was made up of four motor rifle divisions and other smaller units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011798-0001-0001", "contents": "14th Army involvement in Transnistria, Background\nOnly the 59th Guards Motor Rifle Division and some smaller units, including the 1162nd Anti- Aircraft Rocket Regiment were on the left bank of the Dniester in the region of Transnistria. Other formations, including the 28th Guards and 180th Motor Rifle Divisions, were over the border in Ukraine and became part of the Ukrainian Ground Forces. According to the Army sources, local Transnistrians made up the great majority of its soldiers, including 51 percent of the officers and 79 percent of the draftees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011798-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Army involvement in Transnistria, Order of battle\nIn 1990, the 14th Guards Army included the following units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011798-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Army involvement in Transnistria, Transnistrian War\nWhile the official policy of the Russian Federation early after the outbreak of the widespread armed conflict in 1992 was one of neutrality, many soldiers and officers of the 14th Army were sympathetic to the PMR cause and had defected to the PMR and actively participated in the fighting as part of its armed forces, the Republican Guards. Furthermore, a considerable amount of the army's materiel was taken without resistance or given to the PMR armed forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011798-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Army involvement in Transnistria, Transnistrian War\nThe commanding officer of the Army, General G. I. Yakovlev, was openly supportive of the newly created PMR. He participated in the founding of the PMR, served in the PMR Supreme Soviet and accepted the position as the first chairman of the PMR Department of Defense on 3 December 1991, causing the Commander-in-Chief of the CIS armed forces, Yevgeny Shaposhnikov, to relieve him of his rank and service in the Russian military. Yakovlev's successor, General Yuriy Netkachev has assumed a more neutral stance in the conflict. However, his attempts at mediation between Chi\u0219in\u0103u (capital of Moldova) and Tiraspol (capital of PMR) were largely unsuccessful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011798-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Army involvement in Transnistria, Transnistrian War\nOn 23 March 1992, Shaposhnikov signed a decree authorising the transfer of military equipment of 14th Guards Army units stationed on the right bank of the Dniester to the Republic of Moldova. This military equipment had constituted the majority of the materiel utilized by the Moldovan National Army in the ensuing War of Transnistria. A second decree, issued on 1 April by Boris Yeltsin, transferred the personnel of the 14th Guards Army, as well as all left-bank military equipment, including a large ammunition depot at Cobasna, under Russian control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011798-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Army involvement in Transnistria, Transnistrian War\nBy June 1992 the situation had escalated to an open military engagement. With the near disintegration of the Russian army during the heaviest fighting in and around the city of Bendery, in the wake of a coordinated offensive by Moldovan forces, General Major Alexander Lebed arrived at the 14th Army headquarters on 23 June with standing orders to stop the ongoing conflict with any available means, inspect the army, prevent the theft of armaments from its depots and ensure the unimpeded evacuation of armaments and Army personnel from Moldovan and through Ukrainian territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011798-0006-0001", "contents": "14th Army involvement in Transnistria, Transnistrian War\nAfter briefly assessing the situation, he assumed command of the army, relieving Netkachev, and ordered his troops to enter the conflict directly. On 3 July at 03:00, a massive artillery strike originating from the 14th Army formations stationed on left bank of the Dniester obliterated the Moldovan force concentrated in H\u00eerbov\u0103\u021b forest, near Bendery, effectively ending the military phase of the conflict. According to at least one Moldovan source, 112 Moldovan soldiers were killed by the bombardment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011798-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Army involvement in Transnistria, Aftermath\nAfter the end of the conflict, a separate Russian unit was moved into the region as part of the joint Russian\u2013Moldovan\u2013Transnistrian peacekeeping force, the Joint Control Commission. The 14th Guards Army itself was reformed in April 1995 into the Operational Group of Russian Forces in Moldova which came under the command of the Moscow Military District and was charged with guarding the Cobasna ammunition depot. Another more recent source gives the disbandment date of the 14th Guards Army as 25 June 1995. The 59th Guards Motor Rifle Division became the 8th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade on 1 June 1997. The force is now around 1200 strong, and according to Kommersant-Vlast in 2005, consisted of the 8th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade, the 1162nd Anti- Aircraft Rocket Regiment, 15th Signals Regiment, and other support units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011798-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Army involvement in Transnistria, Aftermath\nOn 1 November 2002 the 8th MR Brigade was disbanded, and the remaining personnel, numbering 5,719 effectives were absorbed into the Peacekeeping Forces command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011798-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Army involvement in Transnistria, Aftermath\nAs a result of reduction in the strength of the Operational Group (commander General-Major Boris Sergeyev) the remaining strength as of 2006 is about 1,000 \u2013 1,500 troops, and comprises:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011798-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Army involvement in Transnistria, Aftermath, Current situation and proposed withdrawal\nThe operational group was as of June\u00a02019 commanded by Colonel Dmitry Zelenkov of Russia and numbered 1,500 troops. It serves alongside the Joint Control Commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 91], "content_span": [92, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011798-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Army involvement in Transnistria, Aftermath, Current situation and proposed withdrawal\nOn 18 November 2008, the NATO Parliamentary Assembly adopted a resolution, urging Russia to \"respect its commitments which were taken at the Istanbul OSCE Summit in 1999 and withdraw its illegal military presence from the Transnistrian region of Moldova in the nearest future.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 91], "content_span": [92, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011798-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Army involvement in Transnistria, Aftermath, Current situation and proposed withdrawal\nOn 7 April 2016, Russia announced it would withdraw its troops from Moldova once the problem of liquidating the 14th Army's armament depots was solved. Complicating the withdrawal is the necessity to transit the armaments through Ukraine, which has had a hostile relationship especially after the Russian annexation of Crimea and the Russian invasion of eastern Ukraine in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 91], "content_span": [92, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011798-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Army involvement in Transnistria, Aftermath, Current situation and proposed withdrawal\nOn 22 June 2018, UN General Assembly adopted resolution (document A/72/L.58),  which urged the Russian Federation to unconditionally withdraw its troops and armaments without delay from the territory of the Republic of Moldova.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 91], "content_span": [92, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011798-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Army involvement in Transnistria, Aftermath, Current situation and proposed withdrawal, Law penalising criticism of the Russian Army\nOn 27 June, 2016, a new law entered in force in Transnistria, punishing actions or public statements, including through the usage of mass media, networks of information and telecommunications or internet criticizing the so-called peacekeeping mission of the Russian Army in Transnistria, or presenting interpretations perceived to be \"false\" by the Transnistrian government of the Russian Army's military mission. The punishment is up to three years of jail for ordinary people or up to seven years of jail if the crime was committed by a person of responsibility or a group of persons by prior agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 137], "content_span": [138, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011799-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Asian Film Awards\nThe 14th Asian Film Awards was the 2020 edition of the Asian Film Awards. Given the COVID-19 pandemic, the ceremony was held online.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011800-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Asianet Film Awards\nThe 14th Asianet Film Awards  honors the best films in 2011 and was held on 6 January 2012 at Dubai. The title sponsor of the event was Ujala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011801-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Bangladesh National Film Awards\nThe 14th Bangladesh National Film Awards, presented by Ministry of Information, Bangladesh to felicitate the best of Bangladeshi Cinema released in the year 1989. The ceremony took place in Dhaka and awards were given by then President of Bangladesh. The National Film Awards are the only film awards given by the government itself. Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in Dhaka. 1989 was the 14th National Film Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011801-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Bangladesh National Film Awards, List of winners\nThis year awards were given in 16 categories. Awards for Best Film was not given in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011802-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 14th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Originally raised in 1914 as part of the Australian Imperial Force for service in World War I, the battalion served at Gallipoli initially before being sent to France where it served in the trenches along the Western Front until the end of the war, when it was disbanded. It was raised again in 1921 as a part-time unit of the Citizen Forces based in Victoria. Later, during World War II the battalion was called up for defensive duties to guard against possible Japanese invasion, but in late 1942 it was merged with the 32nd Battalion to become the 14th/32nd Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011802-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nThe 14th Battalion was first raised in Melbourne in September 1914 as part of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF), which was an all volunteer force raised for overseas service during World War I. Forming part of the 4th Brigade which was commanded by Colonel John Monash, the battalion was assigned to the New Zealand and Australian Division. After undertaking initial training at Broadmeadows, the battalion embarked for Egypt in December 1914, arriving there the following month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011802-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nIn Egypt further training was undertaken and then on 25 April 1915 the battalion took part in the landing and subsequent campaign at Gallipoli, where Albert Jacka, then a lance-corporal, earned the Victoria Cross for bravery during a Turkish counterattack in May. For the next two months they undertook defensive operations as the beachhead was established before being committed to the August Offensive during which they were involved in attacks upon Hill 971 and Hill 60. The offensive failed to achieve the breakout that was designed and a period of stalemate followed before the decision was made to evacuate the peninsula in December 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011802-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nFollowing this, the battalion was transferred back to Egypt where the AIF underwent a period of reorganisation as decisions were made about their future employment. As a part of this process, the decision was made to raise a number of new units by splitting the previously existing battalions and using their experienced personnel to form new battalions with refresh recruits from Australia. During this time, the 14th Battalion provided a cadre of experienced officers and non-commissioned officers to the newly formed 46th Battalion. It was also reassigned to the newly raised 4th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011802-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nIn mid-1916 the decision was made to transfer elements of the AIF to Europe to take part in the fighting in the trenches along the Western Front. Following their arrival in France in July, the 14th Battalion's first major engagement came in August 1916 when they were committed to the fighting around at Pozi\u00e8res. Over the course of next two and a half years, it was involved in a number of other battles. During April 1917, it took part in the fighting around Bullecourt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011802-0004-0001", "contents": "14th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nIn early 1918, they undertook a defensive role, helping to turn back the German spring offensive before taking part in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive, which was launched around Amiens on 8 August 1918. At Amiens, the battalion advanced in the centre of the brigade along the Hamel\u2013Cerisy road amid a blanket of fog, and seized the village of Morcourt in the second phase of the attack along the Australian front. Following the initial attack, the battalion continued further operations as part of the Allied advance. Its final engagement came in late September and early the following month, the units of the Australian Corps were withdrawn from the line and were subsequently in the rear when the Armistice occurred on 11 November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011802-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nFollowing the Armistice in November 1918, the battalion began to return to Australia for demobilisation. Total casualties suffered by the battalion during the war included 915 killed and 2,229 wounded. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Victoria Cross, one Companion of the Order of the Bath, six Distinguished Service Orders, two Officers of the Orders of the British Empire, 25 Distinguished Conduct Medals, 35 Military Crosses, 143 Military Medals, one British Empire Medal, seven Meritorious Service Medals, 47 Mentions in Despatches, and seven foreign awards. The battalion received a total of 22 battle honours for its actions during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011802-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nThe regimental colour of the 14th Battalion 1st AIF was laid up in St Kilda Town Hall in August 1930. It was presented by Albert Jacka, who served as mayor of the city until he died in office in January 1932.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011802-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nIn 1921, as part of a re-organisation of Australia's military forces, the battalion was raised again as part of the Citizen Forces (which was later known as the Militia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011802-0007-0001", "contents": "14th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nBased in the southeast Melbourne area in Victoria and drawing its manpower from three previously existing Citizen Forces units\u2014the 2nd and 5th Battalions of the 14th Infantry Regiment, and 29th (Port Phillip) Light Horse\u2014to the preserve the honours and traditions of the AIF unit, the newly raised battalion adopted its unit colour patch and took custody of the battle honours that they had received during World War I. It also inherited the theatre honour \"South Africa 1899\u20131902\", through its predecessor units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011802-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nUpon formation, the 14th Battalion was once again placed under the command of the 4th Brigade, however, under the new structure, it was assigned at divisional level to the 3rd Division, which was part of the 3rd Military District (Victoria). Initially, the battalion was brought up to its authorised strength of around 1,000 personnel through the compulsory training scheme; however, in an effort to realise a peace dividend, in 1922 the Army's budget was reduced by 50 per cent and the scope of the training scheme reduced following the resolution of the Washington Naval Treaty. As a result of this, the battalion's authorised strength was reduced to just 409 men of all ranks and training and recruitment efforts were reduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011802-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nIn 1927, the territorial designations were introduced into the Citizen Forces and as a result the 14th Battalion adopted the title of the \"Prahran Regiment\" to reflect its affiliation with the Prahran region. It also adopted the motto \"Stand Fast\" at this time. The manpower issue became more critical in 1930, as a result of the combined effects of the suspension of the compulsory training scheme and the economic hardships the Great Depression. As the number of recruits available fell even further, the decision was made to amalgamate a number of infantry battalions. Although the 14th Battalion was not affected at this time, nevertheless for most of the 1930s it struggled to maintain its numbers and training opportunities were limited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011802-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion (Australia), History, World War II\nUpon the outbreak of World War II, the Australian government once again decided to form an all-volunteer force, known as the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), for overseas service because the legislative provisions of the Defence Act (1903) prohibited sending the Militia to fight outside of Australian territory. The role of the Militia at this time was to provide a core of experienced men upon which the 2nd AIF could be raised, as well as providing a structure upon which further mobilisation could be based. In January 1940, the compulsory training scheme was re-established, and Militia units were progressively called up to undertake periods of continuous service throughout 1940 and 1941 to improve the nation's level of military preparedness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011802-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion (Australia), History, World War II\nIn late 1941, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and invasion of Malaya, the battalion was called up for full-time war service. Initially, they were used to build and man defences at various locations around Victoria, however, later they were transferred to Western Australia where they became part of the 6th Brigade. By mid-1942, however, due to manpower shortages that occurred in the Australian economy as a result of over mobilisation of its military forces, the Australian government decided to disband a number of Militia units to release their personnel back into the civilian workforce. As a result, in September 1942, while at Geraldton, the 14th Battalion was merged with the 32nd Battalion, to become the 14th/32nd Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011802-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nFor its service during World War I, the 14th Battalion received the following battle and theatre honours:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011803-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion (Royal Montreal Regiment), CEF\nThe 14th Battalion (Royal Montreal Regiment), CEF was a battalion of the First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011803-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion (Royal Montreal Regiment), CEF\nThe 14th Battalion was authorized on 1 September 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 27 and 29 September 1914. It disembarked in France on 15 February 1915, where it fought as part of the 3rd Infantry Brigade, 1st Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war. The battalion disbanded on 15 September 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011803-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion (Royal Montreal Regiment), CEF\nThe battalion fought at the centre of the 3rd Brigade during the attack on Vimy Ridge and faced strong opposition. Several German strongpoints had survived the creeping barrage and their machine-guns caught the 14th in the open. By the end of the day the battalion's casualties were 92 killed and 173 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011804-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry\nThe 14th Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry (Hindi: \u0967\u096a\u0935\u0940 \u092c\u091f\u0945\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928, \u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0930\u093e\u0920\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940) is a battalion of infantry in the Indian Army. It was initially raised as the 14th/5th Mahratta Light Infantry on 1 February 1941, at Ambala by Lieutenant Colonel E.S. Storey-Cooper, OBE, MC, \u2013 a British officer who joined the regiment as a staff captain with 2nd/5th Mahratta Light Infantry on 1 April 1933. The battalion proceeded to Dacca, in Eastern Bengal, for a term of internal security duty in the autumn of the same year. In February 1942 the 14th Battalion moved across India to undergo a period of training at Campbellpore (now known as Attock, Pakistan).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011804-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry\nIn October 1942 the 14th Battalion embarked for service in the Indian Ocean as the defence garrison of the tiny Addu Atoll, which was a base vital to the air patrol of the sea routes and a possible object of Japanese attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011804-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry\nAt the end of 1943 the Battalion returned to India for a period of special training, in the Ahmednagar and Bombay areas, in amphibious operations with the role of Beach Group to the 33rd Indian Corps. It was during this period, and following the disastrous explosion of April 1944, that the Battalion performed notable service in clearing away the debris from the wrecked Bombay Docks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011804-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry\nIn the last weeks of the war in Europe, during February 1945, the 14th Battalion proceeded overseas for service in Iraq (Mesopotamian campaign). Soon after the completion of its tour of duty there, the battalion was disbanded following the end of the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011804-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry\nThereafter, the battalion was re-raised as a regular Infantry Battalion, designated the 14th Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry at Belgaum on 1 June 1971, a few months prior to its induction into the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Lieutenant Colonel RK Dutt was the first Commanding Officer of the battalion. Since its re-raising, 14 MARATHA LI has served in almost every conceivable type of terrain and operation. The unit has been deployed in the icy heights of North Sikkim, as also the arid Thar desert. The soldiers have earned a name for themselves and their regiment in every exercise or operation they have been a part of.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011804-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry, Soldiers of the battalion\nSmall of stature and casual of appearance, the wiry Mahratta comes of hard stock, is capable of enduring great hardships and privations which they have repeatedly proved in the hardships of the Abyssinian War, in the privations of Mesopotamia, or on the long marches of Allenby\u2019s advance through Palestine, and more recently, on the bullet-swept heights of Keren, the mountains of Italy and the jungles of Assam and Burma. The Marathas have an enviable reputation for gallantry and loyal service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011804-0005-0001", "contents": "14th Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry, Soldiers of the battalion\nThey tie the military turban with one fold which falls about the head and down the neck of the soldier in the most capricious convolutions. The Marathas trace their descent to the great 17th-century warrior Shivaji. The Marathas later formed a confederacy and campaigned across vast swathes of India, watered their horses in the Indus, harried the borders of Mysore, and set the scared citizens of Calcutta to digging the Mahratta Ditch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011804-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry, Soldiers of the battalion\nIn recognition of their unsullied reputation for loyalty the Mahratta Light Infantry was, in 1930, formed into a completely class Regiment, one of only three in the British Indian Army of that time, a matter of justifiable pride throughout the Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011804-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry, Uniform\nThe 14th Battalion of the Maratha Light Infantry conforms to all dress regulations that are applicable to other sister battalions of the regiment (less 5 MARATHA LI, which wears a blue lanyard on the right shoulder). The officers and men of the unit also wear a green and red hackle atop their headgear (when in working dress (berets) only).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011805-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Berlin International Film Festival\nThe 14th annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 26 June to 7 July 1964. The Swedish film 491 by Vilgot Sj\u00f6man was rejected by festival director Alfred Bauer owing to its controversial nature. The Golden Bear was awarded to the Turkish film Susuz Yaz directed by Metin Erksan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011805-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Berlin International Film Festival, Jury\nThe following people were announced as being on the jury for the festival:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 45], "content_span": [46, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011805-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Berlin International Film Festival, Films in competition\nThe following films were in competition for the Golden Bear award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011806-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Sernaglia\"\nThe 14th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Sernaglia\" is an inactive battalion of the Italian Army's infantry corps' Bersaglieri speciality. Raised as XIV Bersaglieri Battalion in 1859 the battalion became autonomous on 15 April 1977 and received the war flag and traditions of the 5th Bersaglieri Regiment of the Royal Italian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011806-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Sernaglia\", History, Formation\nThe XIV Bersaglieri Battalion was raised in 1859 and immediately distinguished itself in the during the Siege of Ancona and Siege of Gaeta in 1860, earning two Bronze Medals of Military Valour. On 24 January 1861 the battalion entered the newly raised 5th Bersaglieri Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011806-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Sernaglia\", History, World War I\nDuring World War I the regiment fought on the Italian front, where the regiment during the Battle of Vittorio Veneto managed to cross the Piave river and break the Austro-Hungarian front line at Sernaglia after five days of brutal combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011806-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Sernaglia\", History, World War II\nOn 7 April 1939 the XIV Battalion landed in Durr\u00ebs in Albania as part of the Italian invasion of Albania. Meanwhile on 20 April 1939 the regiment joined the newly raised 131st Armored Division \"Centauro\". On 28 October of the same year the division was transferred to Albania for the Greco-Italian War. In December 1942 the 5th Bersaglieri Regiment was transferred to Tunisia for the Tunisian campaign. Regiment and battalion fought at the battles of Kasserine Pass, Mareth Line, and El Guettar. The remnants of regiment and battalion surrendered with the rest of Army Group Africa on 13 May 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011806-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Sernaglia\", History, Cold War\nWith the 1975 army reform divisions received their own recruits training battalions and on 15 April 1977 the Detachment, 16th Infantry (Recruits Training) Battalion \"Savona\" in Albegna was renamed 14th Bersaglieri (Recruits Training) Battalion \"Sernaglia\", which received the war flag and traditions of the 5th Bersaglieri Regiment. The battalion trained recruits destined for the Bersaglieri battalions of the Armored Division \"Ariete\". When the division was disbanded in 1986 the battalion passed to the Northwestern Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011806-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Sernaglia\", History, Cold War\nWith the end of the Cold War the Italian Army began a downsizing of its forces and the on 30 December 1989 the \"Sernaglia\" battalion was disbanded and the war flag of the 5th Bersaglieri Regiment was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011807-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Bombardment Squadron\nThe 14th Bombardment Squadron was a squadron of the United States Army Air Forces. The 14th Bomb Squadron fought in the Battle of the Philippines (1941\u201342), much of its aircraft being destroyed in combat against the Japanese. The survivors of the ground echelon fought as infantry during Battle of Bataan and after their surrender, were subjected to the Bataan Death March, although some did escape to Australia. The remainder of the air echelon fought in the Dutch East Indies campaign (1942) before being reassigned to other units. The squadron was never remanned or equipped. It was carried as an active unit until April 2, 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011807-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Bombardment Squadron, History\nThe squadron operated as a flying training unit, 1917\u20131918. During the interwar years, it operated from Bolling Field, DC, under the Third Corps Area and the 9th Bombardment Group, 1928\u20131935. A C-2A transport of the squadron participated as the receiving aircraft (\"Question Mark\") in a week-long endurance flight testing the practicability of aerial refueling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011807-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Bombardment Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 19th Bombardment Group had been selected for transfer to the Philippines; however, the need for B-17 bombers there was so urgent that a provisional group already in Hawaii was dispatched to Manila by way of Australia in September. Under the command of Major Emmett O'Donnell Jr., nine B-17s of the 14th Bombardment Squadron (Provisional), the nine crews made up of the cream of the 5th and 11th Bomb Groups, pioneered an air ferry route from Hawaii to the Philippines, leaving on September 5, 1941, and arriving on September 12, 1941, at Clark Field, Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011807-0002-0001", "contents": "14th Bombardment Squadron, History, World War II\nThis was the first flight of land-based bombers across the central Pacific. A portion of the flight involved traversing uncharted waters from Wake Island to Port Moresby and Darwin and thence to Fort Stotsenburg, Philippines. They maintained radio silence over the Japanese mandate islands. Successful completion of this historic flight proved that the Philippines could be reinforced by air. For extraordinary achievement in this flight, the airmen of this squadron were awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. The squadron became part of the Philippine Department Air Force, which subsequently became the Far East Air Force on November 16, 1941, and was attached to the 19th Bombardment Group (Heavy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011807-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Bombardment Squadron, History, World War II\nOn December 8, 1941, the Japanese bombed and strafed Clark Field at 12:00 pm, catching many B-17\u2019s and P-40\u2019s on the ground, which were destroyed. Sixteen B-17s of the 14th Bombardment Squadron aircraft were based at Del Monte Field and San Marcelino Field and were spared being destroyed. Captain Colin P Kelly Jr, of the 14th Bombardment Squadron attacked the Japanese Navy heavy cruiser Ashigara, thought to be a battleship. Captain Kelly was killed when his B-17 was shot down by Japanese fighters as he was returning to Clark Field, and was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011807-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Bombardment Squadron, History, World War II\nThe air echelon of the 14th Bombardment Squadron was evacuated to Batchelor Field, Australia on December 24, 1941, while the ground echelon stayed to fight at Clark Field, as infantry in the Philippines as part of the Battle of the Philippines under the command of 5th Interceptor Command. Orders were soon received from HQ Far East Air Force to move to Java, and the air echelon relocated from Batchelor Field to Singosari Field, Java on December 30, 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011807-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Bombardment Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 19th Bombardment Group flew missions from Singosari Field, attacking enemy aircraft, ground installations, warships and transports during the later stages of the Battle of the Philippines and the Dutch East Indies campaign between January\u2013March 1942. The group earned a total of four United States Presidential Distinguished Unit Citations for actions in the Philippine Islands and Dutch East Indies. The air echelon of 14th Bombardment Squadron ceased operating from Singosari, Java on March 1, 1942, and began moving to Melbourne, Australia. Arriving at Essendon Aerodrome, Melbourne on March 4, 1942, the air echelon of 14th Bombardment Squadron began operating from Essendon, Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011807-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Bombardment Squadron, History, World War II\nOn March 14, 1942, the air echelon of 14th Bombardment Squadron was detached from the 19th Bombardment Group and ceased operations, with men and equipment transferred to other units. The 14th Bombardment Squadron continued as an active unit in the United States, but was not manned or equipped, and was inactivated on April 2, 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011807-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Bombardment Squadron, History, Lineage\nAnother 14th Aero Squadron was activated at Kelly Field, Texas, on 14 June 1917. It was re-designated as the 19th Aero Squadron on 26 June 1917. Today the USAF 19th Fighter Squadron is heir to the squadron's lineage and honors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011807-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Bombardment Squadron, Notes\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia)\nThe 14th Brigade was an infantry brigade of the Australian Army. Originally raised in 1912 as a Militia formation, it was later re-raised in 1916 as part of the First Australian Imperial Force for service during World War I, the brigade was assigned to the 5th Division and served on the Western Front between 1916 and 1918 before being disbanded. It was later re-raised as part of the Australia's part-time military forces during the inter-war years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0000-0001", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia)\nDuring World War II, the brigade was a Militia formation and it took part briefly in the New Guinea campaign with elements of the brigade undertaking defensive duties around Port Moresby before taking part in the fighting along the Kokoda Track and around the Japanese beachheads at Buna\u2013Gona. The brigade was disbanded in mid-1943 as part of a rationalisation of Australian military forces as a result of manpower shortages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History\nThe 14th Brigade traces its origins to 1912, when it was formed as a Militia brigade as part of the introduction of the compulsory training scheme, assigned to the 3rd Military District. At this time, the brigade's constituent units were located in Victoria with detachments around Kew, Glenferrie, Northcote, Fitzroy, Abbotsford, and Richmond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nDuring World War I, the brigade was re-raised in mid-1916 in Egypt as part of the expansion of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) after the Gallipoli Campaign, the 14th Brigade was formed from a cadre of experienced personnel drawn from the 1st Brigade who had fought at Gallipoli, and reinforced by new recruits from Australia. With a strength of around 3,500 to 4,000 men who were organised into four infantry battalions\u00a0\u2013 the 53rd, 54th, 55th and 56th Battalions\u00a0\u2013 the brigade was assigned to the 5th Division. The brigade also later raised the 14th Australian Machine Gun Company and the 14th Australian Trench Mortar Battery, although the machine-gunners were later removed from the brigade and formed into the Australian 5th Machine Gun Battalion in February 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nIn mid-1916, the AIF's infantry divisions were transferred to France, to join the fighting along the Western Front. As a result, after a short period of training in the desert, the 14th Brigade was transferred to Europe along with the rest of the 5th Division, which had the distinction of being the first Australian division committed to the fighting on the Western Front when it took part in the Battle of Fromelles in July. Conceived as a diversion to the Somme, the battle proved disastrous for the Australians and, due to the heavy casualties the division suffered, it was later described as \"the worst 24 hours in Australia's entire history\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nFor the next two years, the brigade took part in several major operations. In early 1917, the Germans shortened their lines and withdrew to the prepared positions of the Hindenburg Line. After this, the brigade took part in the Battle of Bullecourt and the Third Battle of Ypres. Early the following year, the collapse of the Russian Empire enabled the Germans to transfer a large number of troops from the Eastern Front to the west, and they subsequently launched the Spring Offensive. As the offensive drove the Allies back, the brigade was transferred south from Belgium to the Somme, with its infantry battalions manning positions around Villers-Bretonneux, where they were involved in heavy fighting during the Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux securing flanking positions to the north of the town, resisting heavy attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nAfter the German offensive was halted, in the lull that followed the brigade took part in the Battle of Hamel in July and then later, after the Allies launched their Hundred Days Offensive in August 1918, they fought around Amiens, and the St Quentin Canal as the Hindenburg Line was broken. The fighting around the St Quentin Canal was the brigade's final involvement in the war, as the Australian Corps was withdrawn for rest and reorganisation in early October 1918, and was still out of the line when the armistice was signed in November. For most of its duration on the Western Front, the brigade was commanded by Brigadier General Clarence John Hobkirk, a British officer originally from the Essex Regiment. During the war, four 14th Brigade soldiers received the Victoria Cross for their actions: William Currey, John Ryan, Alexander Buckley and Arthur Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 912]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nAfter the cessation of hostilities, the brigade was disbanded in 1919 as part of the demobilisation of the AIF. It was re-raised again in 1921 within the 2nd Military District as Australia's part-time military, the Citizens Force was reorganised to perpetuate the designations of the AIF units. At this time, the 14th Brigade consisted of four battalions\u00a0\u2013 the 3rd, 53rd, 55th, and 56th\u00a0\u2013 and was headquartered at Marrickville, New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0006-0001", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nFrom the outset of their re-formation, the Citizens Forces units were staffed through a mixture of voluntary and compulsory service, but as throughout the 1920s, as a result of economic pressures, the scope of the compulsory service scheme was reduced, and finally in late 1929, the scheme was suspended completely by the Scullin Labor government, and replaced by an all-volunteer \"Militia\" scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nThroughout the 1930s, the economic impact of the Great Depression resulted in a period of austerity for Australia's military. The scarcity of employment meant that there were only limited numbers of volunteers as men who had jobs could not afford to risk them by taking time off for military training. In addition, equipment was scarce or obsolete and there were only limited training opportunities available for those that could parade. The reduced manning resulted in several battalions being amalgamated or disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0007-0001", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nOf the 14th Brigade's units, this affected the 3rd Battalion, which was initially amalgamated with the 4th Battalion in 1930 and then later the 53rd, although these were later delinked in the late 1930s as the military was expanded due to concerns about war in Europe; the 53rd and 55th Battalions were also linked for a period during the 1930s. From 1933, Colonel Arthur Allan commanded the brigade, remaining in command until after the outbreak of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II and post war\nIn September 1939, at the outbreak of World War II, the brigade was mobilised for war service and Brigadier Walter Smith was appointed commander. With a strength of around 3,500 men, it consisted of the 3rd, 34th and 55th/53rd Battalions and was assigned to the 2nd Division. In early war plans, the brigade was assigned a defensive role around Sydney and Port Kembla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0008-0001", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II and post war\nAs a result of the provisions of the Defence Act, which initially precluded units of the Militia from being deployed outside Australian territory, throughout the early years of the war the brigade was used as a garrison force, defending mainland Australia and providing training to recruits called up under the provisions of the compulsory training scheme, which was reinstated in January 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0008-0002", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II and post war\nPeriods of continuous training were undertaken around Bathurst, New South Wales, initially before the brigade was moved to Newcastle, New South Wales, to occupy a position in reserve, to reinforce troops in the forward areas in the event of an invasion. The defences around Port Kembla were taken over by the 28th Brigade at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II and post war\nThe brigade moved to Greta in October 1941 and was mobilised their for full time service following Japan's entry into the war. At this time, the 14th Brigade relieved the 1st Brigade in Newcastle, to allow that formation to undertake further collective training. The invasion never came and in May 1942, the brigade \u2013 consisting of the 3rd and 36th Battalions and the recently delinked 55th \u2013 was sent to Port Moresby to bolster the garrison there. At the time, the brigade was assessed as being only partially trained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0009-0001", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II and post war\nThe 3rd Battalion undertook defensive duties around Port Moresby initially, but was later committed to the fighting along the Kokoda Track in September and October 1942 undertaking patrols and taking part in several actions including the Battle of Ioribaiwa, the Second Battle of Eora Creek \u2013 Templeton's Crossing and the Battle of Oivi\u2013Gorari. Later, the battalion was committed to the assault on the Japanese beachheads around Buna\u2013Gona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II and post war\nThe 55th Battalion subsequently served in New Guinea from May to October 1942, undertaking garrison duties around Port Moresby and Milne Bay before carrying out patrols along the Goldie River Valley throughout September, when the 14th Brigade was tasked with keeping lines of communication secure. In October 1942, they were amalgamated once again with the 53rd and together they were assigned to the 30th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0010-0001", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II and post war\nIn early 1943, this battalion was reassigned to the 14th Brigade before returning to Australia; however, in April 1943 they were assigned to the 11th Brigade with whom they remained for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0010-0002", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II and post war\nThe 36th Battalion, which had replaced the 34th, was assigned to the brigade between 8 April 1941 and 14 December 1942 and then again between 3 January 1943 and 24 April 1943, and undertook patrolling operations before later being reassigned to the 30th Brigade, with whom they took part in the fighting around Sanananda, before rejoining the 14th Brigade when it was transferred north to Gona where they briefly took part in the fighting there throughout January 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II and post war\nOther units that were assigned to the brigade around this time were the 49th Battalion (11\u201321 August 1942), and the 39th Battalion (18\u201327 September 1942). Its divisional assignments were changed a number of times after the outbreak of the war as it was moved from the 2nd Division to New Guinea Force in May 1942, the 7th Division in September 1942, the 11th Division in February 1943 and then finally to the 4th Division in March 1943. By April 1943, the 14th Brigade had returned to Australia, and became part of Yorkforce around Townsville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0011-0001", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II and post war\nOn 11 September 1943 it was disbanded, as manpower shortages required the Australian Army to merge or disband a number of Militia formations to reallocate resources elsewhere. Upon disbandment, the brigade consisted of two battalions, the 55th/53rd and the 36th. The brigade's final commander was Brigadier Ian Fullarton, who took over from Smith on 31 March 1943. The brigade's headquarters was retained, however, and used to raise the headquarters for Goodenough Force at Milne Bay, in New Guinea, underneath the 5th Infantry Division. They were later redesignated as headquarters Milne Bay Fortress before becoming Milne Bay Base Sub Area in October 1943 and then Area Command, Milne Bay in October 1944, retaining this designation as part of the First Army until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011808-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II and post war\nIn the post war period, the 14th Brigade was briefly re-raised as a part-time formation following the implementation of a conscription scheme that required those called up to serve within the Citizens Military Force. Between 1951 and 1960 it formed part of the 2nd Division, under Eastern Command. The brigade was disbanded when the scheme ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011809-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Brigade (Japan)\nThe 14th Brigade (Japanese: \u7b2c14\u65c5\u56e3) is one of six active brigades of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. The brigade is subordinated to the Central Army and is headquartered in Zents\u016bji, Kagawa. Its responsibility is the defense of Shikoku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011809-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Brigade (Japan)\nThe brigade was formed on 27 March 2006 with units from the disbanded 2nd Combined Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011810-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Brigade (New Zealand)\nThe 14th Brigade was a formation of the New Zealand Military Forces, which served during the Second World War as part of the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force. Eventually forming part of the 3rd Division, the brigade served in the Pacific Ocean theatre of the war. Raised in December 1941, the brigade undertook garrison duties in Fiji before being relieved by US troops in mid-1942. After this, it took part in two combat actions against Japanese forces in 1943\u20131944: the Land Battle of Vella Lavella and the Battle of the Green Islands. In mid-1944, the brigade was broken up to return manpower to New Zealand industry and to meet the reinforcement needs of the 2nd Division in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011810-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Brigade (New Zealand), History\nThe brigade's headquarters was raised in December 1941 at Trentham Military Camp, and initially the brigade was employed on garrison duties on Fiji. Its first and only commander was Brigadier Leslie Potter. Raised after the 8th Brigade, the 14th was the second of the division's three brigades \u2013 although the third, the 15th, was disbanded shortly after being raised due to manpower constraints \u2013 the brigade consisted of three infantry battalions: the 30th, the 35th and 37th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011810-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Brigade (New Zealand), History\nIn mid-1942, as US forces began arriving on Fiji, the brigade returned to New Zealand. After a period of training in New Zealand, the brigade departed for New Caledonia in December 1942. Further training took place there and on Guadalcanal as the 3rd Division was given a combat role within the Solomon Islands campaign. In September 1943, the brigade was committed to its first combat action, landing on Vella Lavella and fighting a short, but sharp engagement against the Japanese garrison. The brigade remained there until it took part in its next landing on the Nissan Islands, in what became known as the Battle of the Green Islands in February 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011810-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Brigade (New Zealand), History\nBy mid-1944, the New Zealand Army was experiencing a manpower shortage. As it became clear that the nation could not support both the 3rd Division in the Pacific and the 2nd Division in Italy, as well as meet the needs of industry back in New Zealand, the brigade was withdrawn back to New Caledonia, where the 3rd Division was being concentrated while its future was being decided. Slowly personnel were demobilised and returned to New Zealand and by August 1944, the 14th Brigade ceased to exist. A short time later, on 20 October 1944, the 3rd Division, along with its various subunits, was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011811-0000-0000", "contents": "14th British Academy Film Awards\nThe 14th British Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1961, honoured the best films of 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011812-0000-0000", "contents": "14th British Academy Games Awards\nThe 14th British Academy Video Game Awards hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts on 12 April 2018 at Troxy honoured the best video games of 2017. It was hosted by Dara \u00d3 Briain, who had previously hosted the 12th ceremony in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011812-0001-0000", "contents": "14th British Academy Games Awards, Category Changes\nFor the 13th ceremony, one new category was introduced. The Game Beyond Entertainment Award will be awarded to celebrate games that have a profound social impact. An official statement from BAFTA explains that the category will award \"the best game that capitalises on the unique and maturing medium of games to deliver a transformational experience beyond pure entertainment - whether that is to raise awareness through empathy and emotional impact, to engage with real world problems, or to make the world a better place. While BAFTA has long been rewarding these games for their creative excellence, entries in this new category will be judged solely on content: its emotional impact, thematic fit and innovative use of the medium to explore and deliver impactful messages\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011812-0002-0000", "contents": "14th British Academy Games Awards, Nominations\nOn 21 February 2018, it was announced that Tim Schafer, founder of Double Fine Productions, would be awarded the Fellowship award, the highest honour BAFTA can bestow. The nominations for other awards were announced on 15 March 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011813-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Busan International Film Festival\nThe 14th Busan International Film Festival was held from October 8 to October 16, 2009, in Busan, South Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011813-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Busan International Film Festival\nA total of 355 films from over 70 countries were screened, beating the record set in the last festival. With a total attendance of 173,516, it had 98 world premieres and 46 international premieres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011813-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Busan International Film Festival\nThe 9.9 billion won event opened with the South Korean film Good Morning President, directed by  Jang Jin and closed with the Chinese film The Message, directed by Chen Kuo-fu and Gao Qunshu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011814-0000-0000", "contents": "14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship\nThe 14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship was held from April 9 \u2013 14, 2013 in Cuba at Cayo Largo. David Barrio of Spain was announced as the CMAS World Champion in underwater photography for 2013 and received the gold medal while runners-up Stefano Proakis and Michele Davino both representing Italy respectively received the silver and bronze medals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011814-0001-0000", "contents": "14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship, Organisation\nThe Federacion Cubana de Actividades Subacuaticuas (English: Cuban Federation of Underwater Activities) (FCAS) hosted the championship on behalf of the Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Mondiale des Activit\u00e9s Subaquatiques (CMAS) with assistance from the Ministry of Tourism of Cuba (MINTUR). The following countries sent teams with a total of 78 competitors to compete - Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Cuba, Croatia, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Slovenia, South Korea, Sweden, the Netherlands and Turkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011814-0002-0000", "contents": "14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship, Organisation\nThe following photographic categories were used for this championship: fish, close-up with a theme, close-up (without a theme), wide angle (without diver) and wide angle with diver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011815-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Cabinet of North Korea\nThe 14th Cabinet of North Korea was elected by the 1st Session of the 14th Supreme People's Assembly on 11 April 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011816-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Canadian Comedy Awards\nThe 14th Canadian Comedy Awards, presented by the Canadian Comedy Foundation for Excellence (CCFE), honoured the best live, television, film, and Internet comedy of 2012. The ceremony was held at Centrepointe Theatre in Ottawa, Ontario, on 6 October 2013 and was hosted by Ryan Belleville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011816-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Canadian Comedy Awards\nCanadian Comedy Awards, also known as Beavers, were awarded in 26 categories. Winners in 5 categories were chosen by the public through an online poll and others were chosen by members of industry organizations. The awards ceremony concluded the Canadian Comedy Awards Festival which ran from 3 to 6 October and included over 20 comedy events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011816-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Canadian Comedy Awards\nThe films My Awkward Sexual Adventure and Please Kill Mr. Know It All led with six nominations each, followed by the film Dead Before Dawn 3D and TV series Seed with five. My Awkward Sexual Adventure won two Beavers, as did TV series Mr. D and Mark Little for web series Dad Drives. Colin Mochrie was named Canadian comedy person of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011816-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony\nThe 14th Canadian Comedy Awards (CCA) was held in Ottawa, Ontario. The gala awards ceremony was held on 6 October 2013 at Centrepointe Theatre hosted by Ryan Belleville. Belleville had previously hosted the 2007 CCA awards ceremony and won the Bluma Appel Award in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011816-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony\nThe awards ceremony concluded the four-day Canadian Comedy Awards Festival which ran from 3 to 6 October, with over 20 events at venues including Yuk Yuk's, Absolute Comedy, Arts Council Theatre, and Centrepointe Theatre. Alan Thicke hosted a 4 October show featuring Ottawa natives Jon Dore, Jeremy Hotz, Tom Green, Mike MacDonald and Rebecca Kohler, and a headline show with stand-up comedians Harland Williams, Nikki Payne and Se\u00e1n Cullen on 5 October. The shows raised money for MacDonald who was making a comeback following a liver transplant. On the same evening as the Ottawa showcase, a Toronto Comedy All-Stars show was scheduled at the National Arts Centre, in what some called the Battle of Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011816-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony\nAmong the talks by industry experts was a discussion panel with Tim Long, executive producer of The Simpsons and former head-writer for David Letterman. This was the first year the festival included francophone talent with the show Le Spectacle Francophone at Yuk Yuk's on 4 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011816-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony\nPublished with the festival guide was a compact history of the capital region, Ottawa: Gateway to Carp. Written by John Mazerolle with assistance from other comedians, it suggests that the infamous tedium of Ottawa made fertile ground for the growth of comedy. Festival founder and Ottawa native Tim Progosh suggested that as a government town, there has been a variety of cultures which raises one's reference level, combined with an oral tradition of the Rideau Valley where Irish and French immigrants met and shared stories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011816-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony\nThe Jokers vs. Senators Alumni charity hockey game was held at Bell Sensplex on 5 October. A cocktail reception raised money for the Ottawa public library.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011816-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Canadian Comedy Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nomination criteria were altered this year so that feature film and television categories could include works released on the Internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011817-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Canadian Film Awards\nThe 14th Canadian Film Awards were held on May 26, 1962 to honour achievements in Canadian film. The ceremony was hosted by Andrew Stewart, the chair of the Board of Broadcast Governors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011818-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Canadian Folk Music Awards\nThe 14th Canadian Folk Music Awards were presented on November 30 and December 1, 2018 in Calgary, Alberta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011819-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Canadian Ministry\nThe Fourteenth Canadian Ministry was the second cabinet chaired by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King. It governed Canada from 25 September 1926 to 7 August 1930, including only the 16th Canadian Parliament. The government was formed by the Liberal Party of Canada. Mackenzie King was also Prime Minister in the Twelfth and Sixteenth Canadian Ministries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011820-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Canadian Parliament\nThe 14th Canadian Parliament was in session from 8 March 1922 until 5 September 1925. The membership was set by the 1921 federal election on 6 December 1921, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until, due to momentary confusion among the MPs, it lost a money vote and was dissolved, causing the 1925 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011820-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Canadian Parliament\nIt was controlled by a Liberal Party government under Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and the 12th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Conservative Party, led by Arthur Meighen, although the new Progressive Party led by Thomas Crerar had more seats. The appearance of the Progressive Party created a three-party system in the House for the first time since the 1867 Anti-Confederation Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011820-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Canadian Parliament\nThe Speaker was Rodolphe Lemieux. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1914-1924 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011820-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Canadian Parliament, List of members\nFollowing is a full list of members of the fourteenth Parliament listed first by province, then by electoral district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011820-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Canadian Parliament, List of members\nElectoral districts denoted by an asterisk (*) indicates that district was represented by two members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011821-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Carabinieri Battalion \"Calabria\"\nThe 14th Carabinieri Battalion \"Calabria\" (Italian: 14\u00b0 Battaglione Carabinieri \"Calabria\") is a Carabinieri riot control unit headquartered in Vibo Valentia, established on 1 March 2017, in order to increase the Carabinieri presence in Calabria. The unit is tasked with riot control and search activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011821-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Carabinieri Battalion \"Calabria\"\nThe unit was established in order to strengthen the Carabinieri role in the territorial control and riot control tasks in Calabria, mainly against 'Ndrangheta. The unit, according to the official statements made by Interior Minister Marco Minniti, is to be also involved in searches for fugitives, in coordination with the Carabinieri Squadron \u201cCacciatori di Calabria\u201d, as well as sensitive targets surveillance and territorial support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011821-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Carabinieri Battalion \"Calabria\"\nThe Battalion is based in the Caserma \"Luigi Razza\" in Vibo Valentia, the same of the Squadron \u201cCacciatori di Calabria\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011821-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Carabinieri Battalion \"Calabria\"\nAccording to Commandant-general Del Sette, the Battalion has one Company specialized in riot control and one Company specialized in providing support to the Carabinieri territorial organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011821-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Carabinieri Battalion \"Calabria\"\nLieutenant Colonel Verticchio, commander of the Battalion, assumed office on 9 March 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011821-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Carabinieri Battalion \"Calabria\"\nOn 14 July 2017, the War Flag was granted to the 14th Carabinieri Battalion \"Calabria\" by President of the Republic Sergio Mattarella.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011822-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)\nThe Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade (later numbered as the 7th Mounted Brigade) was a yeomanry brigade of the British Army, formed as part of the Territorial Force in 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011822-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)\nIt served dismounted in the Gallipoli Campaign before being remounted to serve in the Salonika and Sinai and Palestine Campaigns in the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011822-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)\nIn April 1918, it was merged with elements of the 9th (Secunderabad) Cavalry Brigade to form 14th Cavalry Brigade. It remained in Palestine after the end of the war on occupation duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011822-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), Formation\nUnder the terms of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9), the brigade was formed in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force. It consisted of three yeomanry regiments, a horse artillery battery and ammunition column, a transport and supply column and a field ambulance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011822-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), Formation\nAs the name suggests, the units were drawn from Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011822-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade\nThe brigade was embodied on 4 August 1914 upon the outbreak of the First World War. Initially, it  concentrated in Berkshire and on 5 August 1914 joined the 1st Mounted Division. On 2 September it was transferred to the 2nd Mounted Division and in mid November 1914 it moved with its division to Norfolk on coastal defence duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 107], "content_span": [108, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011822-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade, Egypt\nIn April 1915, the 2nd Mounted Division moved to Egypt arriving at Alexandria between 19 and 21 April and was posted to Cairo by the middle of May. In May 1915, the brigade was designated 3rd (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Mounted Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 114], "content_span": [115, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011822-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade, Egypt\nIt was dismounted in August 1915 and took part in the Gallipoli Campaign. Each regiment left a squadron headquarters and two troops (about 100 officers and men) in Egypt to look after the horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 114], "content_span": [115, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011822-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade, Gallipoli\nThe brigade landed at Suvla Bay on the night of 17/18 August and moved into reserve positions at Lala Baba on the night of 20 August. On 21 August it advanced to Chocolate Hill under heavy fire and took part on the right flank of the attack on Hill 112.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 118], "content_span": [119, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011822-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade, Gallipoli\nDue to losses during the Battle of Scimitar Hill and wastage during August 1915, the 2nd Mounted Division had to be reorganised. On 4 September 1915, the 2nd Composite Mounted Brigade was formed from the 3rd (Notts and Derby) and 4th (London) Mounted Brigades. The brigade formed a battalion sized unit 3rd Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment. The brigade embarked for Mudros on 2 November and returned to Egypt in December 1915 where it was reformed and remounted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 118], "content_span": [119, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011822-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 7th Mounted Brigade\nThe brigade left the 2nd Mounted Division on 18 and 19 January 1916. In February 1916 the brigade was sent to take part in the Salonika Campaign. On 31 March 1916, the remaining Mounted Brigades were numbered in a single sequence. As a consequence, the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade was redesignated as 7th Mounted Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011822-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 7th Mounted Brigade\nThe brigade arrived back in Egypt from Salonika on 29 June 1917, less the Derbyshire Yeomanry which remained in Macedonia as GHQ Troops with the British Salonika Army. 20th Machine Gun Squadron then was formed on 4 July 1917 at Ismailia from the machine gun sections of the two regiments. The brigade served variously as Corps Troops with the Desert Mounted Corps and XXI Corps and on attachment to the Yeomanry Mounted Division. Essex Battery, RHA joined from 52nd (Lowland) Division on 17 September 1917 and was still assigned to the brigade when it joined the new 2nd Mounted Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011822-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 14th Cavalry Brigade\nIn March 1918, the 2nd Indian Cavalry Division was broken up in France. The Canadian (Canadian Cavalry Brigade) and British units (notably 7th Dragoon Guards, 8th Hussars and N and X Batteries RHA) remained in France and the Indian elements were sent to Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011822-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 14th Cavalry Brigade\nBy an Egyptian Expeditionary Force GHQ Order of 12 April 1918, the mounted troops of the EEF were reorganised when the Indian Army units arrived in theatre. On 24 April 1918, the 2nd Mounted Division was formed on the Indian Establishment and the 7th Mounted Brigade was assigned to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011822-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 14th Cavalry Brigade\nOn 24 April 1918, the 7th Mounted Brigade was merged with elements of the 9th (Secunderabad) Cavalry Brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011822-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 14th Cavalry Brigade\nOn 22 July 1918, the 2nd Mounted Division was renumbered as the 5th Cavalry Division and the brigade as 14th Cavalry Brigade. The sub units (Signal Troop, Combined Cavalry Field Ambulance and Mobile Veterinary Section) were renumbered on the same date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011822-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 14th Cavalry Brigade\nThe brigade remained with 5th Cavalry Division for the rest of the war, taking part in the Affair of Abu Tellul, Battle of Megiddo, Capture of Damascus, and Occupation of Aleppo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011822-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 14th Cavalry Brigade\nAfter the Armistice of Mudros, the brigade remained with 5th Cavalry Division in Palestine as part of the occupation forces. However, demobilization began immediately and the brigade was broken up in September 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011822-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), Commanders\nThe Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade / 7th Mounted Brigade / 14th Cavalry Brigade had the following commanders:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011823-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 14th Cavalry Division (Russian: 14-\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, 14-ya Kavaleriiskaya Diviziya) was a cavalry formation of the Russian Imperial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 14th Cavalry Regiment is a cavalry regiment of the United States Army. It has two squadrons that provide reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition for Stryker brigade combat teams. Constituted in 1901, it has served in conflicts from the Philippine\u2013American War to the Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 14th Cavalry was constituted 2 February 1901, by War Department General Order Number 14. The unit was organized at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 5 March 1901.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, History, Philippines campaign\nThe 14th was stationed in the Philippines from 1903\u20131906 during the insurgency campaigns. Upon successful completion of that campaign in 1906, the regiment then returned home to the United States and took up garrisons in the Pacific Northwest, where it assumed peacetime duties. The regiment was re-deployed to the Philippines in 1909, although this time it was only engaged in garrison duties and training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, History, Mexican campaign\nIn 1912, the regiment was called for service in the Mexican campaign. On the night of 5\u20136 May 1916, a detachment of nine troopers guarding Glenn Springs, Texas came under attack by a band of about 70 Villistas in the Glenn Springs raid, and three privates, William Cohen, Stephen J. Coloe, and Lawrence K. Rogers, were killed on American soil. The unit then joined General John J. Pershing's expeditionary forces in the Mexican Punitive Expedition against Pancho Villa and his forces during the summer of 1916, chasing bandits throughout the Mexican plains. The regiment then returned to Texas, where it began the task of patrolling the border until 1918, when it was called into service in Europe. The Treaty of Versailles was signed before the regiment could cross the Atlantic and the regiment resumed its border patrol mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, History, Mexican campaign\nIn 1920, the 14th Cavalry Regiment was moved to Iowa, and for approximately the next two decades served in a peacetime capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II\nIn 1942, the regiment was broken up, and from its lineage came the 14th Cavalry Group, 14th Tank Battalion, and 711th Tank Battalion. On 28 August 1944, the 14th Cavalry Group sailed for Europe, where it landed on Omaha Beach on 30 September and pressed east. On 18 October, the unit's two squadrons were temporarily detached; the 18th Squadron to the 2nd Infantry Division, and the 32nd Squadron to the 83rd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Battle of the Bulge\nThe unit regained its autonomy on 12 December 1944 during the latter stages of World War II and began guarding the Losheim Gap in Belgium. On 16 December, the 14th Cavalry Group received the full brunt of the German winter counteroffensive in the Battle of the Bulge. After two days of savage fighting, the unit reassembled at Vielsalm, Belgium and was attached to the 7th Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 65], "content_span": [66, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Battle of the Bulge\nOn 23 December, the unit secured the southern flank of the perimeter, which allowed friendly troops to withdraw to safety. On 25 December, the unit was reequipped, attached to the XVIII Airborne Corps and moved back into the Bulge to push back the German Army. After the bloody and brutal fight in the Ardennes Forest, the regiment was assigned to the 3rd U.S. Army, and ended the war near the Austrian border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 65], "content_span": [66, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Battle of the Bulge\nWhile the 14th Cavalry Group was fighting the German Army at the Battle of the Bulge, the 14th Tank Battalion was assigned to the 9th Armored Division's Combat Command B (CCB) and took part in operations in the vicinity of St. Vith, Belgium from 17 to 23 December 1944. The battalion was subject to constant German tank and infantry attacks, repeatedly throwing back the numerically superior attacking German forces while sustaining heavy losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 65], "content_span": [66, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0008-0001", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Battle of the Bulge\nBy denying the Germans their objective, the 14th Tank Battalion disrupted the enemy's time line and momentum, causing the Germans to divert a corps to capture St. Vith. For seven days, the 14th Tank Battalion, as part of CCB, held St. Vith before being ordered to withdraw west of the Salm River. For their actions in defense of St. Vith, the 14th Tank Battalion was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 65], "content_span": [66, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Battle of Remagen\nThe 14th Tank Battalion was unexpectedly thrust into a key role crossing the Rhine River when, on 7 March 1945, they unexpectedly captured the Ludendorff railroad bridge at Remagen and thus established the first Allied bridgehead over the Rhine. A Company/14th led the advance across the bridge and established fighting positions on the eastern side, repelling multiple German counterattacks by armor and infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0009-0001", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II, Battle of Remagen\nAfter ten days of withstanding enemy attacks by ground, air and waterborne forces, the Ludendorff Bridge failed; however, by this time, two additional pontoon bridges had been established and the bridgehead reinforced, allowing the unimpeded movement of U.S. forces into Germany. For their actions in helping seize and hold the railroad bridge and establishing the first Allied bridgehead over the Rhine, Captain George P. Soumas, First Lieutenant C. Windsor Miller, Sergeant William J. Goodson, and First Lieutenant John Grimball were awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. The entire battalion was awarded its second Presidential Unit Citation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, History, Cold War\nAfter World War II, the group was reorganized as the 14th Constabulary Regiment and served as a police unit until 1948, when it was again reorganized as the 14th Armored Cavalry Regiment and served until 1972 as such on \"Freedoms Frontier\" at Fulda, Bad Kissingen and Bad Hersfeld, Germany, performing reconnaissance and border duties for NATO until its colors were cased and it was replaced by the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2000s, Iraq\nThe regiment was reactivated on 15 September 2000 as the U.S. Army's first reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition squadron in the Stryker brigade combat team. From August 2001 to May 2003 1st Squadron as a part of the Army's first Stryker Brigade Combat Team tested various medium weight combat vehicles eventually certifying the 8 wheeled, 20 ton Stryker vehicle during the first ever US Army unit to complete back-to-back Combat Training Center rotations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0011-0001", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2000s, Iraq\nAfter training at the National Training Center in March 2003, 1st Squadron loaded its complete complement of tactical vehicles on Navy LSVs in San Diego and discharged them two days later in Beaumont, Tx. A tactical roadmarch then brought the Squadron to its next rotation at the Joint Readiness Training Center, Fort Polk, LA. Upon completion the Squadron (and its Brigade) was certified for combat deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, History, 2000s, Afghanistan\nFrom December 2011 to December 2012, TF 1\u201314 CAV deployed to Zabul Province, Afghanistan, working with the Afghan National Army, Afghan National Police, and local government to conduct wide area security and build the legitimacy of the Afghan government. Bronco Troop was detached working alongside TF 5\u201320 Infantry in the Zhari District and later the Spin Boldak District along the Afghan-Pakistan border. Apocalypse Troop was also detached to partner with the Australian Army in Uruzgan Province to secure the region. HHT, Crazyhorse Troop, and C/52nd Infantry \"Hellcats\" secured the entirety of Zabul Province with two Romanian Army battalions and their Afghan partners. Throughout the deployment, the Squadron trained and mentored local forces, placing them in the lead and paving the way for future units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, Campaign streamers\nThe following streamers, representing the indicated campaigns, are flown from the colors of the 14th Cavalry:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, Heraldry\nAccording to The Institute of Heraldry, the 14th Cavalry Regiment has been granted the following coat of arms:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, Heraldry\nShield: Or, a bend Azure between a Moro kris paleways point up Sable, and a rattlesnake coiled to strike Proper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, Heraldry\nCrest: On a wreath of the colors Or and Azure, a dexter arm embowed habited Azure, the hand gloved in a buckskin gauntlet Proper, grasping a staff erect Sable barbed Or, thereon a standard flotant of the last charged with a horseshoe heels upward encircling the Arabic numeral '14' in Black.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, Heraldry\nLikewise, soldiers assigned to any squadron of the 14th Cavalry are authorized to wear its Distinctive Unit Insignia:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, Heraldry\nA gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Or, a bend Azure between a Moro kris paleways point up Sable, and a rattlesnake coiled to strike Gules. Attached below the shield a blue scroll inscribed 'SUIVEZ MOI' in Gold letters.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, Heraldry\nThe regimental coat of arms briefly tells part of the history of the unit. The black Moro Kris commemorates more than forty engagements and expeditions in which the 14th participated during the Philippine\u2013American War. The coiled rattlesnake pays tribute to the patrol accomplishments along the Mexican Border during 1912\u20131918. The blue bend and gold background represent the traditional cavalry color and the uniform of the horse cavalry soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011824-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Cavalry Regiment, In popular culture\nWhile the 14th Armored Cavalry Regiment was inactive it was selected by author Harold Coyle to form part of the U.S. Tenth Army Corps in his 1993 techno-thriller \"The Ten Thousand\". It was joined by two other inactivated units: the 55th Infantry Division (as the 55th Mechanized Infantry Division) and the 4th Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011825-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in session from 1992 to 1997. It held seven plenary sessions. It was preceded by the 13th Central Committee. It was elected by the 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party and in turn elected the 14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011826-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Chess Olympiad\nThe 14th Chess Olympiad, organized by FIDE and comprising an open team tournament, as well as several other events designed to promote the game of chess, took place between October 26 and November 9, 1960, in Leipzig, East Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011826-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Chess Olympiad\nThe Soviet team with six grandmasters, led by world champion Mikhail Tal, lived up to expectations and won their fifth consecutive gold medals, with the United States and Yugoslavia taking the silver and bronze, respectively. In a reversal of fortune from the previous Olympiad, the East German hosts finished 9th, right behind rivals West Germany. Unlike the last time, however, the match between the two was a tight affair that ended in a 2\u20132 draw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011826-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nA total of 40 teams entered the competition and were divided into four preliminary groups of 10 teams each. The top three from each group advanced to Final A, the teams placed 4th\u20136th to Final B, and the rest to Final C. All preliminary groups as well as Finals A and B were played as round-robin tournaments, while Final C with 16 teams was played as an 11-round Swiss system tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011826-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nGroup 1 was won by the Bulgaria, ahead of Yugoslavia and the host nation. Norway, Finland, and Israel took the places 4\u20136, while Indonesia, France, Albania, and Malta finished at the bottom of the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011826-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nThe Soviet Union took first place in group 2, well ahead of Argentina and the Netherlands. Poland, Austria, and India made up the middle part of the group, while Portugal, the Philippines, Italy, and Monaco had to settle for the bottom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011826-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nGroup 3 was won by England, ahead of Czechoslovakia and Hungary. The three Nordic nations Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland had to settle for Final B. Meanwhile, Mongolia, Tunisia, Greece, and Bolivia finished at the bottom of the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011826-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nThe United States clinched group 4, ahead of West Germany and Romania. Spain, Chile, and Cuba made up the middle part of the group, while Belgium, Ecuador, Ireland, and Lebanon completed the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011827-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Cinema Express Awards\nThe 14th Cinema Express Awards were held on 30 April 1994, and honoured the best of South Indian films released in 1993. The awards were announced on 12 March 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011828-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival\nThe 14th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival was held from August 3\u201312, 2018 in Metro Manila, Philippines. A total of ten full-length features and ten short films competed. The festival was opened by Erik Matti's BuyBust and was closed by Peng Fei Song's The Taste of Rice Flower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011828-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, Entries\nThe winning film is highlighted with boldface and a dagger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011828-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, Awards\nThe awards ceremony was held on August 12, 2018 at the Cultural Center of the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011829-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Coast Artillery (United States)\nThe 14th Coast Artillery Regiment was  a Coast Artillery regiment in the United States Army. It served as the Regular Army component of the Harbor Defenses (HD) of Puget Sound, Washington state from 1924 through October 1944, when it was broken up and disbanded as part of an Army-wide reorganization. The 248th Coast Artillery Regiment was the Washington National Guard component of those defenses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011829-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage\nConstituted in the Regular Army 27 February 1924 as 14th Coast Artillery (Harbor Defense), and organized 1 July 1924 at Fort Worden by redesignating the following companies of the Coast Artillery Corps (CAC): 106th, 108th, 94th, 92nd, 85th, 149th, 93rd, 150th, 126th, and 160th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011829-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage\n1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalion HHBs constituted as inactive on 12 September 1935 (Battery K disbanded).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011829-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage\n14th, 169th, and 170th Coast Artillery Battalions inactivated 15 September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011829-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA gold metal and enamel device 1 inch (2.54\u00a0cm) in height overall the head of a northern lynx cropped facing forward silver gray. Attached below and to the sides ending in ribbons behind the lynx's ear is a red scroll inscribed \"SEMPER VIGILANS\" in gold letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011829-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe lynx is characteristic of the country. The motto translates to \"Always Watchful.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011829-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 14th Coast Artillery Regiment on 21 November 1924. It was redesignated for the 14th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion on 30 April 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011829-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nOn a wreath of the colors Argent and Gules, the head of a northern lynx caboshed Proper. Motto:   SEMPER VIGILANS (Always Watchful).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011829-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe Regiment was organized in the Coast Defenses of Puget Sound and the shield, red for Artillery, is the shield of the old Coast Defenses. The flaunches of ermine recall \"Astoria\" and the fur trade in the early days and by their outline on the shield indicate the contour of the straits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011829-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe large, gray, northern lynx is characteristic of the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011829-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 14th Coast Artillery Regiment on 18 November 1924. It was redesignated for the 14th Coast Artillery Battalion on 18 December 1944. The insignia was redesignated for the 14th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion on 30 April 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011830-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Combat Support Hospital\nThe 14th Combat Support Hospital (14th CSH) is a combat support hospital of the United States Army. It participated in World War II, the Korean War and, more recently, deployed to Afghanistan. Additionally, it was involved in the relief operations following Hurricane Katrina. The unit currently falls under the command of the 44th Medical Brigade and is based at Fort Benning, Ga and relocating to Fort Stewart, GA during FY 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011830-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Combat Support Hospital, Mission\n\"Organize, train, and deploy tailored forces to provide health service support to joint and/or coalition forces engaged in decisive action and contingency operations. Be prepared to assume Medical Task Force mission command and conduct split based operations as required.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011830-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Combat Support Hospital, History\nThe 14th Combat Support Hospital was originally constituted on 23 June 1942 in the United States Army as the 14th Field Hospital. It was activated 25 July 1942 at Camp Bowie, Texas and inactivated 25 March 1946 in Germany. It was again activated 13 November 1950 in Korea and was allocated to the Army 31 October 1951. It in activated 1 February 1954 in Korea and was activated in December of that year in Germany. It inactivated in Germany on 15 April 1968 and was not activated again until 6 October 1996 at Fort Benning, Georgia. On 21 June 2004 the 14th Field Hospital was re-designated as the 14th Combat Support Hospital in Fort Benning, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011830-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Combat Support Hospital, History\nThe 14th Combat Support Hospital has participated in World War II in the Aleutian Islands, Rhineland, and Central Europe. The 14th also served with pride in the Korean War. Unit decorations include; two Meritorious Unit Commendations (Embroidered) and one Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation (Embroidered). In September 2005, the 14th Combat Support Hospital deployed to New Orleans, Louisiana in support of Hurricane Katrina relief efforts. In January 2006, the 14th Combat Support Hospital deployed to Afghanistan in support of Combined Joint Task Force-76 and the International Security Assistance Force- Afghanistan (ISAF) during Operation Enduring Freedom VII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011830-0003-0001", "contents": "14th Combat Support Hospital, History\nIn July 2009, the 14th Combat Support Hospital deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom working under Joint Task Force134 performing the Detainee Healthcare Mission. The 14th Combat Support Hospital was then realigned from 44th Medical Brigade to the 1st Medical Brigade on 27 January 2011 and then realigned back to 44th Medical Brigade on 16 May 2012. In September 2012, the 14th Combat Support Hospital once again deployed to Afghanistan in support of International Security Assistance Force- Afghanistan (ISAF) as TF 14th MED, a multifunction medical task force responsible for healthcare throughout Afghanistan, a first for a Combat Support Hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011830-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Combat Support Hospital, History\nIn June 2014, the 14th CSH assumed a Severe Weather Response Force mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011830-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Combat Support Hospital, History\nIn October 2017, the 14th CSH provided aid to Puerto Rico as relief effort after Hurricane Maria devastated the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011830-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Combat Support Hospital, Decorations\nUnit decorations include: four Meritorious Unit Commendations (Embroidered) and two Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citations (Embroidered).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011831-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of Deputies\nThe 14th Congress of Deputies is the current meeting of the Congress of Deputies, the lower house of the Spanish Cortes Generales, with the membership determined by the results of the general election held on 10 November 2019. The congress met for the first time on 3 December 2019. According to the Constitution of Spain the maximum legislative term of the congress is 4 years from the preceding election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011831-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of Deputies, Election\nThe 14th Spanish general election under the 1978 Constitution was held on 10 November 2019. It saw the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) remaining the largest party in the Congress of Deputies, but falling short of a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011831-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of Deputies, History\nThe new congress met for the first time on 3 December 2019 and after two rounds of voting Meritxell Batet (PSOE) was elected as President of the Congress of Deputies with the support of the Unidos Podemos\u2013En Com\u00fa Podem (UP\u2013ECP) and various nationalist and regionalist parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011831-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of Deputies, History\nOther members of the Bureau of the Congress of Deputies were also elected on 21 May 2019: Alfonso Rodr\u00edguez (PSOE), First Vice-President; Ana Pastor (PP), Second Vice-President; Gloria Elizo (UP), Third Vice-President; Ignacio Gil (Vox), Fourth Vice-President; Gerardo Pisarello (ECP), First Secretary; Sof\u00eda Hernanz (PSOE), Second Secretary; Javier S\u00e1nchez (UP), Third Secretary; and Adolfo Su\u00e1rez (PP), Fourth Secretary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011831-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of Deputies, Government\nShortly after the election the PSOE and UP\u2013ECP agreed to form a coalition government, the first in Spain since the restoration of democracy. Caretaker Prime Minister Pedro S\u00e1nchez (POSE) was re-elected narrowly in January 2020 with the support of the UP\u2013ECP and various nationalist and regionalist parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011831-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of Deputies, Deaths and resignations\nThe 14th congress has seen the following deaths and resignations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was held during 18\u201331 December 1925 in Moscow. The congress elected the 14th Central Committee. The congress is best remembered for its declaration of intent to pursue rapid industrialisation of the Soviet Union rather than seeking lasting accommodation as an agricultural producer within the international system of capitalist world economy. It also marked the victory of the majority faction of Joseph Stalin and Nikolai Bukharin over the \"New Opposition\" headed by Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Opening\nThe 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was convened in the Andreevskii hall of the large Kremlin palace on December 18, 1925. A total of 665 delegates with decisive votes and 641 delegates with advisory voice were in attendance, representing the 643,000 members and 445,000 candidate members of the Soviet Communist Party. The congress had been preceded by factional skirmishing between the Central Committee majority group, headed by Joseph Stalin and Nikolai Bukharin and a Leningrad-based \"New Opposition,\" headed by Comintern chief Grigory Zinoviev; the atmosphere was tense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Opening\nThe congress opened with brief introductory remarks by Alexei Rykov, chair of the Soviet of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union (Sovnarkom). Following a brief floor squabble over the composition of the honorary Presidium of the convention, the congress's main address, the Political Report of the Central Committee, was delivered by Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Political Report of the Central Committee\nStalin's political report dealt first with the international situation facing the Soviet Union, noting that \"what seemed at first as if it were only to be a short breathing space after the war\" had developed into an \"equilibrium of forces\" between the capitalist West and the Soviet regime \u2014 \"a period of 'peaceful cohabitation' [ \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e] between the bourgeois world and the proletarian world.\" Stalin then attempted to account for the \"weakness of the capitalist world,\" attributing this to five types of internal division which disunited the capitalist camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 111], "content_span": [112, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Political Report of the Central Committee\n\"Contradictions\" had emerged, Stalin declared, between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie within each country; between the imperialist capitalist nations and their colonial dependents; between the victorious and losing countries in the recently finished Imperialist War; between the victorious states themselves; and between the capitalist countries and the USSR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 111], "content_span": [112, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Political Report of the Central Committee\nThese \"contradictions\" that made possible the ongoing state of \"peaceful cohabitation\" were aided, in Stalin's view, by the fact that world creditor nation the United States of America eagerly sought to avoid any further disruptive European conflict that might affect repayments of outstanding international debt. Additionally, Stalin noted, the capacity of international capitalism for conquest was further weakened by the loss of the \"very extensive markets and enormous supplies of raw materials\" represented by the withdrawal of the Soviet Union from the international marketplace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 111], "content_span": [112, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Political Report of the Central Committee\nIn the second part of his political report, Stalin dealt with the internal situation of the Soviet Union. He highlighted two views of the Soviet economy going forward: the first, advocated by economist Lev Shanin, postulated that Russia would remain an agrarian country for the foreseeable future and thus would need peaceful reintegration into the network of international trade; the second, observing \"so long as we are surrounded by capitalist states, we must devote all our energies to making our country remain an independent entity based upon the home market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 111], "content_span": [112, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Political Report of the Central Committee\nStalin argued forcefully for the second of these plans, declaring:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 111], "content_span": [112, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Political Report of the Central Committee\n\"We must see to it that our country shall be a centre of attraction for all those countries which, by degrees, will fall away from capitalism, and will enter the path of socialist economy. That line of development can only be followed if we develop our industries to the utmost, in a manner appropriate to the resources at our disposal. We emphatically reject the policy of transforming our country into an appendage of the capitalist world system. We advocate the path of socialist construction. That is, and will remain, the party aim.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 111], "content_span": [112, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Political Report of the Central Committee\nStalin enumerated five economic forms of the Soviet economy: (1) simple peasant production for use; (2) peasant production for the market; (3) private capitalism, inevitable \"as long as the New Economic Policy remains in force; (4) state capitalism, state production for the market; and (5) socialist industry, in which production \"is not carried on in order to make profits for a class alien to the workers, but in order to expand the industry for the general advantage of the working class as a whole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 111], "content_span": [112, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Political Report of the Central Committee\nThe table was thus set for the further pursuit of the goal of Socialism in One Country and the policy of breakneck industrialisation as exemplified by the Five Year Plans. The 14th Congress was remembered by one official party historian as a veritable clarion call:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 111], "content_span": [112, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Political Report of the Central Committee\n\"The slogan of industrialisation in view of the lack of large foreign credits, naturally demanded the straining of all the country's economic forces and involved the surmounting of serious difficulties. But the path of industrialisation was at the same time the sole path which would protect our country from becoming a colony for foreign capital, a plaything of international imperialism, which would make it an inevitable base and fortress of the international revolution and would ensure that the work of socialist construction was carried to completion.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 111], "content_span": [112, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Political Report of the Central Committee\nIn the third and final portion of his lengthy report, Stalin dealt with the internal situation in the Communist Party, which Stalin cast as the guiding force of the dictatorship of the proletariat and its Soviet state. \"But for the guidance of the party, the proletarian dictatorship could not possibly continue in existing circumstances, when we are encompassed by hostile capitalist powers,\" Stalin noted, adding \"any weakening of the party will inevitably and promptly result in a weakening of the proletarian dictatorship.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 111], "content_span": [112, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Political Report of the Central Committee\nStalin depicted the Communist Party as growing in size and influence and united around its current leadership. He hailed the defeat of Leon Trotsky and his co-thinkers during the previous year and how \"resolutely the party met these moves, which were really of a hostile character\" but postponed for later a frontal attack on the Leningrad \"New Opposition\" organized around Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 111], "content_span": [112, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Faction fighting erupts\nStalin's keynote address was followed by the report of his closest associate, V.M. Molotov, who delivered the report on organizational questions. Molotov seems to have delivered a measured and generalized speech in which he poked at factional rival Grigory Zinoviev by noting the ongoing need for \"immense work in the struggle with deviations from Leninism.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 93], "content_span": [94, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Faction fighting erupts\nOn the second day, Zinoviev delivered a report of his own, taking a dig at chief theoretician of the Stalin faction Nikolai Bukharin and his controversial slogan advanced to motivate the peasantry to resume production under the NEP \u2014 \"Enrich yourselves.\" Zinoviev was heard politely, with no serious heckling by adherents of the Stalin-Bukharin faction, although the applause which met the conclusion of his speech seems to have been largely limited to the Leningrad delegation, the nexus of his factional strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 93], "content_span": [94, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Faction fighting erupts\nBukharin responded to Zinoviev with a rejoinder, in which he thanked Zinoviev for foregoing \"the shrill tone which we hear daily from the pages of Leningradskaya Pravda, but hitting him for having set himself against the Central Committee majority and for offering no concrete alternative proposals. Bukharin made note that the slogan \"Enrich yourselves\" had been long since retracted, and hinted that no similar self-criticism by Zinoviev over his direct appeal to Trotsky at the previous convention was forthcoming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 93], "content_span": [94, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Faction fighting erupts\nLenin's widow, Nadezhda Krupskaya, a supporter of the Zinoviev-Kamenev faction, next took to the floor to answer Bukharin. She was sharply critical of the way open debate had been stifled in the pages of Pravda prior to the congress and defended Zinoviev's right to express contrarian opinions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 93], "content_span": [94, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Faction fighting erupts\nStandards of civil discourse deteriorated during the third day of the congress. Speaking for the New Opposition, M. Lashevich was met with a barrage of jeers and catcalls, which interrupted his presentation. Lashevich charged that Zinoviev and Kamenev were being \"cut off\" from decision-making authority. This was emphatically denied by Anastas Mikoyan of the majority faction, who was followed by Nikolai Uglanov, head of the Moscow party organization, who took a bite out of his predecessor in that role, Lev Kamenev. The rout of the Leningrad faction was on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 93], "content_span": [94, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Faction fighting erupts\nLev Kamenev delivered a long and effective speech on December 21, first taking down hecklers with cutting comments from the lectern before launching into an attack on Stalin's earlier moderate tone towards the rich peasantry and characterization of the industrialisation-oriented Left Opposition as the greater threat to stability of the Soviet state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 93], "content_span": [94, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Faction fighting erupts\nKamenev attacked Stalin and his growing leadership role directly during the course of his five-hour speech:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 93], "content_span": [94, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Faction fighting erupts\n\"We are against creating the theory of a 'leader'; we are against making a leader. We are against having the [Stalin-led] secretariat combine in practice both politics and organization and place itself above the political organ.... We cannot regard it as normal, and we think it harmful to the party, to prolong a situation in which the secretariat...in fact decides policy in advance.... I repeat...to the congress: I have reached the conviction that Comrade Stalin cannot perform the function of uniting the Bolshevik general staff.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 93], "content_span": [94, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Faction fighting erupts\nBritish historian E. H. Carr emphasized the importance of Kamenev's powerful declaration:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 93], "content_span": [94, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011832-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Faction fighting erupts\n\"Kamenev's bombshell changed the face of the congress. He had blurted out what some, perhaps many, had thought, but nobody hitherto had dared to say. But he had also exposed the opposition to a fresh charge, made by nearly every subsequent official speaker in the debate: Kamenev had unmasked the real motive of the opposition platform \u2014 personal jealousy and animosity against Stalin \u2014 and revealed the hollowness of the alleged arguments of principle on which it was supported.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 93], "content_span": [94, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011833-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia\nThe 14th (Extraordinary) Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Serbian Latin: \u010cetrnaesti (vanredni) kongres Saveza komunista Jugoslavije, Cyrillic: \u0427\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438) \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0421\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0408\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0435) was held from 20 to 22 January 1990, in the Belgrade Sava Centar. The highest organ of both the government and the party, it was the last Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. It was attended by delegates from all the republics and provinces, as well as a party delegation from the Yugoslav People's Army. The meeting was chaired by President of the Presidency of the Central Committee Milan Pan\u010devski from Macedonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011833-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, Background\nDuring the 1980s, Yugoslavia has faced a growing political and economic crisis that threatened the very survival of the federation. Conflicting strategies of the future of the nation, based both in republic's capitals, Belgrade, the power of the League of Communists, and its debt crisis finally separated on the 14th extraordinary Congress in January 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011833-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, Preparations for congress\nThe regular congress of SKJ should be held in 1990, but it was suggested earlier, at the 18th session of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, when this proposal was rejected. Then, on the 20th session, the delegation of Vojvodina again proposed the holding of an extraordinary congress, which was again rejected, while the same proposal at the 22nd session was not accepted. There was no single stance on whether this congress should be called extraordinary. Such a name was especially opposed by Slovenian delegation. On the issues to be addressed, especially those who referred to the future organization of Yugoslavia, the congress was indeed remarkable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 82], "content_span": [83, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011833-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, Number of participants\nThe elected delegates of the congress were 1,457, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 79], "content_span": [80, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011833-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, Number of participants\nNumber of participants of the 1st plenary sessionAccording to the report of the Verification Commission, submitted after the 1st plenary session, 1,601 delegates with voting rights participated in the work of the congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 79], "content_span": [80, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011833-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, Number of participants\nNumber of participants of the 2nd plenary sessionAt the beginning of the 2nd plenary session, 1,612 delegates voted in the work of the congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 79], "content_span": [80, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011833-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, The Congress\nDuring the Congress, any illusions about a united SKJ front that could bring the country out of crisis were dispelled. Instead the Congress was dominated mostly by clashes between the Serbian and Slovenian delegations over the power and decision making process of the Constituent republics of Yugoslavia. The Serbian delegation advocated for the introduction of a policy of \"one man - one vote\", with a more centralized Yugoslavia. The Slovenes, however, suggested a confederation party and state, giving more power to the republics. All proposals of the Slovenian delegation, led by Milan Ku\u010dan, were rejected. At the same time, Serbian proposals were accepted on a majority vote, helped by Serbia's domination of the votes in Kosovo, Vojvodina and Montenegro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 69], "content_span": [70, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011833-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, The Congress\nAfter two days with a sharp verbal conflict, the Slovene delegation walked out of the Sava Center 22 January. Immediately thereafter, the head of the delegation from Serbia, Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107, suggested that Congress continue to work and move on to decision-making. However, this was strongly opposed by the delegation from Croatia, who argued this was unconstitutional. At the prompting of Slobodan Lang, Ivica Ra\u010dan, head of the Croatian delegation approached the speaker and declared that \"we (the SKH delegation) can not accept the Yugoslav party without the Slovenes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 69], "content_span": [70, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011833-0007-0001", "contents": "14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, The Congress\nWhen Milo\u0161evi\u0107 asked what it would take to recommence the meeting, the Croatian delegation remarked \"the Slovene delegation\", and that if the meeting was recommenced they too would leave the proceedings. When attempts were made, the Croatian delegation were true to their word, and they too left, joined by the delegations of Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. At 22.45 Milan Pan\u010devski called the day's proceedings to a close, and an adjournment for the following day, however, this did not happen, and the congress was never recalled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 69], "content_span": [70, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011833-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, The Congress\nYugoslavia faced an uncertain period after the Congress, without any significant cohesive force or individual that would lead to some kind of compromise or conciseness. Soon after, the SKJ became defunct after 81 years of existence, ending 45 years of uninterrupted rule and paving the way for free elections. This event was one of the key moments for the beginning of the breakup of Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 69], "content_span": [70, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011834-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the Philippines\nThe Fourteenth Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Ikalabing-apat na Kongreso ng Pilipinas) was the national legislature of the Republic of the Philippines, composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives. The convening of the 14th Congress followed the 2007 general elections, which replaced half of the Senate membership, and the entire membership of the House of Representatives. It celebrated the centennial year of the Philippine legislature. The Congress' tenure ended with the 2010 general elections", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011834-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the Philippines, Events, Batasang Pambansa bombing\nOn the evening of November 17, 2007, an explosion at the South Wing of the Batasang Pambansa Complex killed six people, including Rep. Wahab Akbar (Lakas-CMD, Lone District Basilan). The other fatalities included an aide of Akbar, a driver of  Gabriela Rep. Luzviminda Ilagan, and three aides of Rep. Pryde Henry Teves (Lakas-CMD, 3rd District Negros Oriental). Ten others were injured in the blast, including Reps. Ilagan and Teves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011834-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the Philippines, Events, Arroyo impeachment\nOn October 5, 2007, Lawyer Robert Pulido filed a three-page impeachment complaint against President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. This complaint was considered as a ploy by Malaca\u00f1ang according to the opposition. It was only supported by Rep. Edgar S. San Luis (independent, 4th District Laguna). On November 4, the House Committee on Justice, dominated by pro-Arroyo lawmakers, declared as \"sufficient in form\" the three-page impeachment complaint against President Arroyo. On November 6, the committee then deliberated whether the complaint (due to the National Broadband Network controversy) is \"sufficient in substance.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011834-0002-0001", "contents": "14th Congress of the Philippines, Events, Arroyo impeachment\nIf the complaint was declared \"sufficient in form\", it would be considered as an impeachment proceeding; only one impeachment proceeding is allowed by the constitution, if the committee declares the complaint \"insufficient in substance\", it would give Arroyo an immunity from impeachment for a year. The committee ultimately voted to trash the complaint, with minority members boycotting the hearing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011834-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the Philippines, Events, Bribery scandal investigation\nOn November 13, 2007, there was also the Senate's hearing on the bribery scandal that occurred in the presidential palace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011834-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the Philippines, Events, The Manila Peninsula Rebellion\nThe Manila Peninsula rebellion occurred in the Philippines on November 29, 2007. Detained Senator Antonio Trillanes IV, General Lim and other Magdalo (mutineers) officials walked out of their trial and marched through the streets of Makati, calling for the ouster of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, and seizing the second floor of The Peninsula Manila Hotel along Ayala Avenue. Former Vice-President Teofisto Guingona also joined the march to the hotel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011834-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the Philippines, Events, The Manila Peninsula Rebellion\nSen. Antonio Trillanes IV and Brigadier Gen. Danilo Lim surrendered to authorities after an armored personnel carrier rammed into the lobby of the hotel. Director Geary Barias declared that the standoff at the Manila Peninsula Hotel is over as Sen. Antonio Trillanes IV, Brig. Gen. Danilo Lim along with other junior officers agreed to leave the hotel and surrender to Barias after the 6 hour siege. There was difficulty getting out for a while due to the tear gas that was covering the area where they were hiding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011834-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the Philippines, Events, The Manila Peninsula Rebellion\nDays after the mutiny, the Makati Regional Trial Court dismissed the rebellion charges against all 14 civilians involved in the siege, and ordered their release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011834-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the Philippines, Events, National Broadband Network Scandal\nThe Philippine National Broadband Network controversy is a political affair that centers upon allegations of corruption primarily involving Former Commission on Elections (COMELEC) Chairman Benjamin Abalos, First Gentleman Mike Arroyo and President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo regarding the proposed government-managed National Broadband Network (NBN) for the Philippines and the awarding of its construction to the Chinese firm Zhong Xing Telecommunication Equipment Company Limited (ZTE), a telecommunications and networking equipment provider.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 76], "content_span": [77, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011834-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the Philippines, Events, National Broadband Network Scandal\nThe issue has captivated Filipino politics since it erupted in Philippine media around August 2007, largely through the articles of newspaper columnist Jarius Bondoc of the Philippine Star. It has also taken an interesting turn of events, including the resignation of Abalos as COMELEC chairman, the alleged bribery of congressmen and provincial governors (dubbed as \"Bribery in the Palace\"), the unseating of Jose de Venecia, Jr. as House Speaker, and the alleged \"kidnapping\" of designated National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) consultant-turned-NBN/ZTE witness Rodolfo Noel \"Jun\" Lozada, Jr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 76], "content_span": [77, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011834-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the Philippines, Events, The Spratly Islands Joint Exploration Agreement\nIn connection to the Philippine National Broadband Network controversy, The Joint Marine Seismic Undertaking (JMSU) is a tripartite agreement between the Philippines, China and Vietnam to conduct seismic exploration in an area spanning 142,886 square kilometers west of Palawan. More specifically, it is an agreement between Philippine National Oil Company -Exploration Corporation (PNOC-EC), China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) and Vietnam Oil and Gas Corporation (PetroVietnam), that was signed in September 2004 and took effect in July 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 89], "content_span": [90, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011834-0009-0001", "contents": "14th Congress of the Philippines, Events, The Spratly Islands Joint Exploration Agreement\nJMSU has already finished the first phase of the seismic exploration which lasted from September 1 to November 16, 2006, covering 11,000 line kilometers. A Chinese vessel conducted the survey, Vietnam processed the data gathered and this was interpreted by PNOC-EC in Manila. The second phase started in October 2007, covering 11,800 line kilometers. It was supposed to end January 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 89], "content_span": [90, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011834-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the Philippines, Events, Charter Change\nEarly in 2008, a proposal towards federalism was raised from both members of the Senate and the House of Representatives led by Senator Aquilino Pimentel, Jr.. This however was later not pushed through due to President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo personally backing the proposal. Later on, allies of President Arroyo successfully passed House Resolution 1109 on June 2, 2009, by viva voce in a move to shift the government from the current presidential to parliamentary. All amendments would have needed the approval of three-fourths approval of Congress. The resolution was later shelved by the Senate as it has objected it being passed and due to public outcry towards it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011834-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the Philippines, Members, Senate\nHouse of Representatives                                                                                                                      The term of office of the House of Representatives is from June 30, 2007, to June 30, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011834-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Congress of the Philippines, Members, District representative\nThe term of office of the current members of the House of Representatives will be from June 30, 2007, to June 30, 2010", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011835-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, also known as the Nutmeg Regiment, was an infantry regiment that participated in the American Civil War. It participated in the Battle of Gettysburg, helping to repulse the Confederate attack on the third day known as Pickett's Charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011835-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was organized at Hartford, Connecticut, on August 23, 1862, and mustered into the volunteer army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011835-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment\nThe organization of the Fourteenth Regiment began under the order promulgated May 22, 1862, to furnish Connecticut's contingent of the fifty thousand men called for by the War Department at Washington to go into \"Camp of Instruction\" at Annapolis, Md. Recruiting for the regiment began at once, but progressed slowly until, in July, after the Union reverses on the peninsula, the President called for three hundred thousand volunteers for three years or the war, when it received a tremendous impulse and the regiment filled up rapidly, being the first one to complete its organization under that call. It was recruited from the state at large, having its rendezvous, named \"Camp Foote,\" at Hartford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011835-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment\nInitially, 1,015 men were mustered under the command of Colonel Dwight Morris. As an example, over the course of the war, 181 men served in Company G, including replacements, and, of these, 61 were from the Clinton/Guilford/Madison area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011835-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment\nMajor battles of the 14th Connecticut included: Antietam Md., Fredericksburg Va., Chancellorsville Va., Gettysburg Pa., Falling Waters Va., Auburn Va., Bristoe Station Va., Blackburn's Ford Va., Mine Run Va., Morton's Ford, Va., Wilderness Va., Laurel Hill Va., Spotsylvania Va., North Anna River, Va., Tolopotomy Va., Cold Harbor Va., Cold Harbor Va. (three days later), Petersburg Va., Deep Bottom Va., Ream's Station Va., Boydton Plank Road Va., Hatchers Run Va. Feb 5. 1865, Hatchers Run Va. March 25, 1865, Highbridge, Farmville Va. and Surrender of Lee's Army March 30 to April 10, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011835-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment\nInitially, the regiment did not augment its ranks by replacing the dead or wounded with fresh troops. When it arrived at Gettysburg on July 2, 1863, the regiment was reduced to 165 officers and men. After the Battle of Gettysburg, they were down to 100. Common practice in other units also was not to replace personnel; the 14th became one of the first exceptions to this rule in late July 1863 following Gettysburg, when scores of men were recruited in New Haven County to bolster the heavily depleted ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011835-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Formation of the Regiment\nIn 1861, in response to Abraham Lincoln's call for five hundred thousand men, Connecticut was filled its quota of 13,037 men with 13 regiments. On May 21, the War Department would accept an additional regiment for a \"Camp of Instruction\" and announced the formation the following day. It had the same requirements as the other regiments, with members to serve three years or until the war's end. It would rally at Camp Foote in Hartford, Connecticut, under the command of Colonel Dwight Morris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011835-0006-0001", "contents": "14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Formation of the Regiment\nVolunteers were slow to enlist; with the prospect of an indefinite \"Camp of Instruction\" and the quota having been initially met. As the war continued, three hundred thousand more men were requested, with Connecticut's quota was listed as 7,145 being divided into six regiments. On July 1, 1862, Governor Buckingham announced the need for more men and by August 22 the quota was filled. It was mustered by Colonel Webb the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011835-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Companies\nNumbering 1,015 men, Company A and B were assigned Sharp's rifle and the rest of regiment was assigned the Springfield rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011835-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Moving out\nOn August 25, 1862, the 14th Regiment broke camp and headed towards Washington. The first non-fatal casualty of was not during action, but of accident when Frederick Shalk lost his footing and fell 30 feet in Easton Pennsylvania. The regiment was assigned to the 2nd Brigade of the 3rd Division, Second Army Corps under Dwight Morris; with Lieutenant Colonel S.H. Perkins in charge of the regiment. On September 7, it was ordered to move out with the army, passing through Rockville, Maryland to the Rockville Camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011835-0008-0001", "contents": "14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Moving out\nThe first casualty, James McVay, died of exhaustion from the march as the regiment approached the camp. On September 11, the regiment marched to Clarksburg, Maryland and reached Frederick City, Maryland on September 13. It marched to South Mountain and arrived just after Battle of South Mountain's end on September 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011835-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Battle of Antietam\nOn September 17, 1862, the regiment's first action was at the Battle of Antietam. The regiment traveled along the flank and entered the East Woods, passing through Mumma's orchard and cornfield toward the confederate line. The green troops performed well, but casualties came from confederate fire and accident; including a case of an exploding shell of Company D which killed 3 and wounded 4. In total, 21 men were killed and 88 wounded and 28 missing. The death of Company F's captain Blinn was filled by Samuel Moore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011835-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Battle of Fredericksburg\nOn September 22, the regiment started to march towards Harper's Ferry. Crossing the Shenandoah on October 30, the regiment marched on to Warrenton, Virginia, arriving on November 7. On November 15, the regiment moved out again, making camp at Belle Plain before marching to Fredericksburg on December 10. In the course of battle, 10 men were killed, 92 were wounded and 20 were listed as missing, among the dead was Lieutenant Canfield and Captain Gibbons of Company B and the Lieutenant-Colonel Perkins was wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011835-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nThe regiment arrived at Gettysburg late on July 2, after the second day's fighting had died down. The regiment, with about 160 men, was positioned in the center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge. The next day, the regiment saw combat repelling what would be known as \"Pickett's Charge,\" when they fought elements of the 13th Alabama, 14th Tennessee, and 26th North Carolina Infantry Regiments. During the entire battle, the regiment lost about 60 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011835-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg, Medal of Honor\nName:  William B. HincksRank: Sergeant MajorService: ArmyDivision: 14th Connecticut InfantryDate of Action: July 3, 1863Date of Issue: December 1, 1864", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011835-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg, Medal of Honor\nThe President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Sergeant Major William B. Hincks, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on 3 July 1863, while serving with 14th Connecticut Infantry, in action at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. During the high-water mark of Pickett's charge on 3 July 1863 the colors of the 14th Tennessee Infantry C.S.A. were planted 50 yards in front of the center of Sergeant Major Hincks' regiment. There were no Confederates standing near it but several were lying down around it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011835-0013-0001", "contents": "14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg, Medal of Honor\n\"Major Ellis called for volunteers to capture the flag and instantly Major Hincks, Major Broatch and Lieutenant Brigham leaped the wall. Brigham was shot down by a retreating rebel, but the other two sped on, Hincks finally outstripping Broatch ran straight and swift for the color, amid a storm of shot. Swinging his saber over the prostrate Confederates and uttering a terrific yell, he seized the flag and hastily returned to the line.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011835-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg, Medal of Honor\nThe 14th Tennessee's colors carried 12 battle honors on its flag. The devotion to duty shown by Sergeant Major Hincks gave encouragement to many of his comrades at a crucial moment of the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011836-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Continental Regiment\nThe 14th Continental Regiment, also known as the Marblehead Regiment and Glover's Regiment, was raised as a Massachusetts militia regiment in 1775, and taken into the Continental Army establishment during the summer of 1775. When the Continental Army was reestablished for 1776, the regiment was redesignated the 14th Continental. Composed of seafaring men from the area around Marblehead, Massachusetts, it manned the boats during the New York and New Jersey campaign of 1776 and the crossing of the Delaware River before and after the Battle of Trenton. The men of the regiment were only enlisted for one and a half years, and the regiment was disbanded on December 31, 1776, in eastern Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011836-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Continental Regiment, Background\nThe Marblehead, Massachusetts, unit was originally formed in January 1775 after a town meeting voted to reorganize the militia, stripping the existing Tory commanders of their military powers and assigning Jeremiah Lee as the regimental commander. John Glover was elected second lieutenant colonel. The regiment armed itself in part using captured weapons and powder seized during a night time raid of HMS\u00a0Lively led by Samuel Trevett in early February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011836-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Continental Regiment, Background\nOn February 26, 1775, members of the Marblehead militia confronted 240 British troops under the command of Colonel Alexander Leslie after a standoff at the North Bridge in Salem, Massachusetts. Leslie landed his troops in Marblehead, under orders of General Thomas Gage to proceed to Salem and confiscate artillery that was hidden there. Word quickly spread through Marblehead and Salem, and the Salem militia was waiting at the bridge when Leslie arrived. After a tense standoff, Leslie ended up retreating back to Marblehead where he was met by the Marblehead militia, which had fallen in to reinforce the troops in Salem. The Marbleheaders followed Leslie's troops back to their boats, mocking them as they marched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011836-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Continental Regiment, Background\nAlthough the Marblehead militia was not present at the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the event had a significant impact on its command. Lee and Glover met with Elbridge Gerry, Samuel Adams, and John Hancock at Weatherby's Black Horse Tavern in Menotomy on April 18. Lee and Glover planned on staying for the night, but in the early morning of April 19, they were forced to flee in their bed clothes as the oncoming British troops searched the tavern. Lee fell sick from exposure after hiding in a nearby field, and died days later. Glover then took over command of the militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011836-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Continental Regiment, Background\nThe Marblehead militia was formally adopted as a regiment of the Continental Army in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on June 22, 1775, with 10 companies totalling 505 officers and men. On July 1, Glover received a colonel's commission from the Continental Congress and the unit was designated the 23rd Massachusetts Regiment. In mid-December, Glover's regiment left Cambridge and returned to Marblehead and Beverly at the end of their terms of enlistment. The unit was reorganized as the 14th Continental Regiment on January 1, 1776.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011836-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Continental Regiment, Washington's fleet\nIn the summer of 1775 during the Siege of Boston, the British troops were able to maintain a steady stream of provisions through ships arriving from Nova Scotia, the West Indies, and England. In an effort to disrupt these supply lines, General George Washington turned to Glover for naval assistance. Glover made available the 78-ton schooner Hannah, the wharf he owned in Beverly, and a captain and crew selected from his regiment. Although the success of the Hannah was limited, Washington was convinced of the need of a greater naval presence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011836-0005-0001", "contents": "14th Continental Regiment, Washington's fleet\nHe put Glover and his regiment in charge of outfitting and manning the Franklin, Hancock, Lee, and Warren in the fall of 1775. The Hancock and Franklin were sent to the St Lawrence and participated in the Raid on Charlottetown (1775). This small navy was able to disrupt the British supply lines, capturing much needed arms and other supplies for the Continental Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011836-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Continental Regiment, Washington's fleet\nAs the small naval force began to return to port with prize vessels, Washington became concerned that the Beverly base would gain the attention of the British. In December 1775, Washington dispatched the Marblehead Regiment from Cambridge to fortify and defend Beverly. By mid-1776 Beverly Harbor was protected by five separate forts, with the 14th Continental responsible for much of the task of defending them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011836-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Continental Regiment, Combat, Battle of Long Island\nOn July 11, 1776, Glover was ordered to rejoin the main army in New York. The unit arrived in Manhattan on August 3, but was not ordered onto Long Island until August 28, after the Battle of Long Island. The unit took a position on the Brooklyn defense perimeter between Fort Putnam and Wallabout Bay where they immediately faced intense skirmishing into the night. On the following day, Washington made the decision to evacuate his troops, and that evening under stormy conditions, ordered Glover and the 14th Continental to ferry the entire army across the mile-wide East River. On the morning on the August 30 under cover of fog, Glover and his men completed the task of moving the troops, horses, artillery and supplies across to Manhattan without the loss of a single life and without detection by the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011836-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Continental Regiment, Combat, Kip's Bay\nIn early September 1776, Washington intended to use Glover's men in another amphibious operation to remove the sick, wounded and additional military supplies from Manhattan. A call went out to the New York legislature to send four Albany Sloops for the purpose, but these never arrived. Whether or not the 14th Continental ultimately participated in the removal of the casualties is disputed. On September 4, Washington put Glover in charge of a brigade that included the 14th Continental in a division commanded by General Israel Putnam. On September 14, Glover's brigade marched to Harlem to rejoin the main army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011836-0008-0001", "contents": "14th Continental Regiment, Combat, Kip's Bay\nOn September 15, the British landed on Manhattan at Kip's Bay, which led to a panic-stricken retreat by the American troops defending the shore, including two brigades sent to reinforce them. Despite Washington's best efforts to stop the retreat, they fled towards Kingsbridge until they met six brigades including Glover's that had been marched down from Harlem. Glover brought the troops into a line on a hill to meet the British, but Washington later ordered the troops to fall back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011836-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Continental Regiment, Combat, Pell's Point and White Plains\nOn October 14, 1776, Washington ordered the 14th and three other Massachusetts Regiments under Glover to Pell's Point to guard against a potential enemy landing. On October 18, while Washington was withdrawing the remainder of his troops to White Plains, General William Howe ordered an amphibious landing at Pell's Point. What ensued came to be known as the Battle of Pell's Point; it was a significant strategic victory under Glover, although it appears that he held the 14th in reserve and they did not participate directly in the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011836-0009-0001", "contents": "14th Continental Regiment, Combat, Pell's Point and White Plains\nAs Washington's army fell back to White Plains, Glover's men continued to harass the enemy. On October 20, Glover's brigade launched a raid behind enemy lines to bring back 200 barrels of pork and flour that had been left in Eastchester. Several days later a scouting patrol from the 14th Regiment unexpectedly ran into a party of Hessians, killing twelve and taking three prisoner. Glover's men also participated in the Battle of White Plains, principally as part of the artillery engagement and later as the rear guard as Washington moved on to New Jersey. Glover's brigade left White Plains to rejoin the rest of the army on November 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011836-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Continental Regiment, Combat, Battle of Trenton\nAs the end of 1776 approached, Washington faced a desperate situation. Morale was low, and the enlistments for many of his regiments, including the 14th, were set to expire at the end of the year. Washington decided to get one more battle in before these troops left the service. Howe had pursued Washington through New Jersey, but as Washington crossed the Delaware River into Pennsylvania, his troops had collected all the boats they could find, effectively preventing Howe's further advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011836-0010-0001", "contents": "14th Continental Regiment, Combat, Battle of Trenton\nHowe halted his campaign for the winter, moving most of his army back to New York, but leaving a chain of garrisons behind to hold New Jersey. Washington devised a plan to attack the garrison at Trenton, and selected Glover and the 14th Regiment to ferry his troops across the Delaware. The 14th were provided a number of Durham boats for the task, averaging 60 feet (18\u00a0m) in length with an 8 feet (2.4\u00a0m) beam, each capable of holding an entire regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011836-0010-0002", "contents": "14th Continental Regiment, Combat, Battle of Trenton\nThe boats were propelled by oars measuring 18 feet (5.5\u00a0m) on the downstream side and poles on the upstream side. Washington ordered the operation for the night of December\u00a025\u201326, which turned out to be a howling snow storm. As the 14th ferried the heavily laden boats across, they had to contend with ice forming on the gear, and cakes of ice that needed to be wrestled out of the way. In addition to ferrying the troops, the 14th was responsible for ferrying the artillery that was under the command of Colonel Henry Knox. At 3am on the morning of December 26, three hours behind schedule, the 14th Regiment completed their task.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011836-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Continental Regiment, Combat, Battle of Trenton\nAfter the crossing of the Delaware was completed, the 14th Regiment joined the other regiments in Glover's brigade in General John Sullivan's division and were part of the American victory at the Battle of Trenton that immediately followed. The 14th Regiment then assisted in they ferrying of Washington's force and approximately 900 Hessian prisoners back across the Delaware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011836-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Continental Regiment, End of service\nAfter the Battle of Trenton, Washington attempted to persuade the Marbleheaders to remain in the army for another six weeks by offering a bounty, but few took him up on the offer. William R. Lee, former brigade major of the 14th was commissioned as a colonel on January 1, 1777, and a new regiment was formed. Only nine of the 14th Regiment's thirty-two officers re-enlisted. On preparing to return home, members of the Marblehead Regiment learned that some Continental frigates were in the Delaware River. The men offered to sail the vessels to the relative safety of New England waters, but the offer was refused. After returning home to Marblehead, most of the men took up the more profitable trade of privateering for the remainder of the American Revolutionary War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011836-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Continental Regiment, Memorials\nAt the entrance to the Trenton Battle Monument in Trenton New Jersey are the bronze statues of two soldiers. One of the statues is of Private John Russell, a member of the 14th Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011837-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Cook Islands Parliament\nThe 14th Cook Islands Parliament is the previous term of the Parliament of the Cook Islands. Its composition was determined by the 2014 elections on 9 July 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011837-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Cook Islands Parliament\nDue to an election-night tie the seat of Mitiaro was initially left vacant. The tie was later resolved by a judicial recount, and Tangata Vavia was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011837-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Cook Islands Parliament\nThe Parliament sat for the first time on 8 October 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011837-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Cook Islands Parliament\nThe Speaker of the 14th Parliament is Niki Rattle. The Deputy Speaker is Rose Toki-Brown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011837-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Cook Islands Parliament, Initial party standings\nNote: one seat is tied, with a recount to be held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011838-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Cortes Generales\nThe 14th Cortes Generales is the current meeting of the Cortes Generales, the national legislature of Spain, with the membership determined primarily by the results of the general election held on 10 November 2019. The cortes met for the first time on 3 December 2019. According to the Constitution of Spain the maximum legislative term of the cortes is 4 years from the preceding election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011838-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Cortes Generales, Election\nThe 14th Spanish general election under the 1978 Constitution was held on 10 November 2019. It saw the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) remaining the largest party in the Senate, the upper house of the Cortes Generales, as well as the largest party in the Congress of Deputies, the lower house of the Cortes Generales, but falling short of a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011838-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Cortes Generales, History\nThe new senate met for the first time on 3 December 2019 and after two rounds of voting Pilar Llop (PSOE) was  elected as President of the Senate of Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011838-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Cortes Generales, History\nThe new congress also met for the first time on 3 December 2019 and after two rounds of voting Meritxell Batet (PSOE) was elected as President of the Congress of Deputies with the support of the Unidos Podemos\u2013En Com\u00fa Podem (UP\u2013ECP) and various nationalist and regionalist parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011839-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Critics' Choice Awards\nThe 14th Critics' Choice Awards were presented on January 8, 2009 at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, honoring the finest achievements of 2008 filmmaking. The nominees were announced on December 9, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011839-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nAnne Hathaway \u2013 Rachel Getting Married as Kym Buchman (Tie)Meryl Streep \u2013 Doubt as Aloysius Beauvier (Tie)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011840-0000-0000", "contents": "14th C\u00e9sar Awards\nThe 14th C\u00e9sar Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Arts et Techniques du Cin\u00e9ma, honoured the best French films of 1988 and took place on 4 March 1989 at the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de l'Empire in Paris. The ceremony was chaired by Peter Ustinov and hosted by Pierre Tchernia. Camille Claudel won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama\nThe 14th Dalai Lama (spiritual name Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, known as Tenzin Gyatso; born Lhamo Dhondup), known as Gyalwa Rinpoche to the Tibetan people, is the current Dalai Lama, the highest spiritual leader of Tibet, and a retired political leader of Tibet. Born on 6 July 1935, or in the Tibetan calendar, in the Wood-Pig Year, 5th month, 5th day, he is considered a living Bodhisattva; specifically, an emanation of Avalokite\u015bvara. He is also the leader of the Gelug school, the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism, formally headed by the Ganden Tripa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0000-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama\nThe central government of Tibet, the Ganden Phodrang, invested the Dalai Lama with temporal duties until his exile in 1959. On April 29, 1959, the Dalai Lama established the independent Tibetan government in exile, the Central Tibetan Administration, in the north Indian hill station of Mussoorie, which then moved in May 1960 to Dharamshala, where he resides. He retired as political head in 2011 to make way for a democratic government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama\nThe 14th Dalai Lama was born to a farming family, in Taktser (Hongya in Chinese), in Amdo province (Qinghai in Chinese), northeastern Tibet. He was selected as the tulku of the 13th Dalai Lama in 1937 and formally recognized as the 14th Dalai Lama in a public declaration near the town of Bumchen in 1939. As with the recognition process for the 13th Dalai Lama, a Golden Urn selection process was not used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0001-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama\nHis enthronement ceremony as the Dalai Lama was held in Lhasa on 22 February 1940 and he eventually assumed full temporal (political) duties on 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, after the People's Republic of China's occupation of Tibet. The Tibetan government administered the historic Tibetan regions of \u00dc-Tsang, Kham and Amdo, and \"In the course of Tibet's 2000-year history, the country came under a degree of foreign influence only for short periods of time in the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama\nDuring the 1959 Tibetan uprising, the Dalai Lama escaped to India, where he currently lives in exile while remaining the most important spiritual leader of Tibet. The Dalai Lama advocates for the welfare of Tibetans while continuing to call for the Middle Way Approach to negotiations with China for the autonomy of Tibet and the protection of Tibetan culture, including for the religious rights of Tibetans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama\nThe Dalai Lama also meets with other world leaders, religious leaders, philosophers and scientists, and travels worldwide giving Tibetan Buddhist teachings. His work includes focus on the environment, economics, women's rights, nonviolence, interfaith dialogue, physics, astronomy, Buddhism and science, cognitive neuroscience, reproductive health and sexuality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama\nAlong with his teachings on Tibetan Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism, the Dalai Lama's Kalachakra teachings and initiations are international events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama\nHe is the chief Patron of the Maha Bodhi Society of India, conferred upon him at the 2008 Annual General Meeting of the Maha Bodhi Society of India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama\nThe Dalai Lama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989, and the US Congressional Gold Medal in 2006. Time magazine named the Dalai Lama one of the \"Children of Mahatma Gandhi\" and Gandhi's spiritual heir to nonviolence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Early life and background\nLhamo Thondup was born on 6 July 1935 to a farming and horse trading family in the small hamlet of Taktser, or Chija Tagtser (Chinese: \u7ea2\u5d16\u6751; pinyin: H\u00f3ngy\u00e1 C\u016bn; lit. ' Redcliff Village'), at the edge of the traditional Tibetan region of Amdo in Qinghai Province. He was one of seven siblings to survive childhood. The eldest was his sister Tsering Dolma, eighteen years his senior. His eldest brother, Thupten Jigme Norbu, had been recognised at the age of eight as the reincarnation of the high Lama Taktser Rinpoche.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0007-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Early life and background\nHis sister, Jetsun Pema, spent most of her adult life on the Tibetan Children's Villages project. The Dalai Lama has said that his first language was \"a broken Xining language which was (a dialect of) the Chinese language\", a form of Central Plains Mandarin, and his family speak neither Amdo Tibetan nor Lhasa Tibetan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Early life and background\nFollowing reported signs and visions, three search teams were sent out to the north-east, the east, and the south-east to locate the new incarnation when the boy who was to become the 14th Dalai Lama was about two years old. Sir Basil Gould, British delegate to Lhasa in 1936, related his account of the north-eastern team to Sir Charles Alfred Bell, former British resident in Lhasa and friend of the 13th Dalai Lama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0008-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Early life and background\nAmongst other omens, the head of the embalmed body of the thirteenth Dalai Lama, at first facing south-east, had turned to face the north-east, indicating, it was interpreted, the direction in which his successor would be found. The Regent, Reting Rinpoche, shortly afterwards had a vision at the sacred lake of Lhamo La-tso which he interpreted as Amdo being the region to search.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0008-0002", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Early life and background\nThis vision was also interpreted to refer to a large monastery with a gilded roof and turquoise tiles, and a twisting path from it to a hill to the east, opposite which stood a small house with distinctive eaves. The team, led by Kewtsang Rinpoche, went first to meet the Panchen Lama, who had been stuck in Jyekundo, in northern Kham. The Panchen Lama had been investigating births of unusual children in the area ever since the death of the 13th Dalai Lama. He gave Kewtsang the names of three boys whom he had discovered and identified as candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0008-0003", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Early life and background\nWithin a year the Panchen Lama had died. Two of his three candidates were crossed off the list but the third, a \"fearless\" child, the most promising, was from Taktser village, which, as in the vision, was on a hill, at the end of a trail leading to Taktser from the great Kumbum Monastery with its gilded, turquoise roof. There they found a house, as interpreted from the vision\u2014the house where Lhamo Thondup lived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Early life and background\nThe 14th Dalai Lama claims that at the time, the village of Taktser stood right on the \"real border\" between the region of Amdo and China. When the team visited, posing as pilgrims, its leader, a Sera Lama, pretended to be the servant and sat separately in the kitchen. He held an old mala that had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama, and the boy Lhamo Dhondup, aged two, approached and asked for it. The monk said \"if you know who I am, you can have it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0009-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Early life and background\nThe child said \"Sera Lama, Sera Lama\" and spoke with him in a Lhasa accent, in a dialect the boy's mother could not understand. The next time the party returned to the house, they revealed their real purpose and asked permission to subject the boy to certain tests. One test consisted of showing him various pairs of objects, one of which had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama and one which had not. In every case, he chose the Dalai Lama's own objects and rejected the others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Early life and background\nFrom 1936 the Hui 'Ma Clique' Muslim warlord Ma Bufang ruled Qinghai as its governor under the nominal authority of the Republic of China central government. According to an interview with the 14th Dalai Lama, in the 1930s, Ma Bufang had seized this north-east corner of Amdo in the name of Chiang Kai-shek's weak government and incorporated it into the Chinese province of Qinghai. Before going to Taktser, Kewtsang had gone to Ma Bufang to pay his respects. When Ma Bufang heard a candidate had been found in Taktser, he had the family brought to him in Xining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0010-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Early life and background\nHe first demanded proof that the boy was the Dalai Lama, but the Lhasa government, though informed by Kewtsang that this was the one, told Kewtsang to say he had to go to Lhasa for further tests with other candidates. They knew that if he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, the Chinese government would insist on sending a large army escort with him, which would then stay in Lhasa and refuse to budge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0010-0002", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Early life and background\nMa Bufang, together with Kumbum Monastery, then refused to allow him to depart unless he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, but withdrew this demand in return for 100,000 Chinese dollars ransom in silver to be shared amongst them, to let them go to Lhasa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0010-0003", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Early life and background\nKewtsang managed to raise this, but the family was only allowed to move from Xining to Kumbum when a further demand was made for another 330,000 dollars ransom: one hundred thousand each for government officials, the commander-in-chief, and the Kumbum Monastery; twenty thousand for the escort; and only ten thousand for Ma Bufang himself, he said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Early life and background\nTwo years of diplomatic wrangling followed before it was accepted by Lhasa that the ransom had to be paid to avoid the Chinese getting involved and escorting him to Lhasa with a large army. Meanwhile, the boy was kept at Kumbum where two of his brothers were already studying as monks and recognised incarnate lamas. The payment of 300,000 silver dollars was then advanced by Muslim traders en route to Mecca in a large caravan via Lhasa. They paid Ma Bufang on behalf of the Tibetan government against promissory notes to be redeemed, with interest, in Lhasa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0011-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Early life and background\nThe 20,000-dollar fee for an escort was dropped, since the Muslim merchants invited them to join their caravan for protection; Ma Bufang sent 20 of his soldiers with them and was paid from both sides since the Chinese government granted him another 50,000 dollars for the expenses of the journey. Furthermore, the Indian government helped the Tibetans raise the ransom funds by affording them import concessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Early life and background\nReleased from Kumbum, on 21 July 1939 the party travelled across Tibet on a journey to Lhasa in the large Muslim caravan with Lhamo Thondup, now 4 years old, riding with his brother Lobsang in a special palanquin carried by two mules, two years after being discovered. As soon as they were out of Ma Bufang's area, he was officially declared to be the 14th Dalai Lama by the Central Government of Tibet, and after ten weeks of travel he arrived in Lhasa on 8 October 1939. The ordination (pabbajja) and giving of the monastic name of Tenzin Gyatso were handled by Reting Rinpoche. There was very limited Chinese involvement at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Early life and background\nTibetan Buddhists normally refer to him as Yishin Norbu (Wish-Fulfilling Gem), Kyabgon (Saviour), or just Kundun (Presence). His devotees, as well as much of the Western world, often call him His Holiness the Dalai Lama, the style employed on the Dalai Lama's website. According to the Dalai Lama, he had a succession of tutors in Tibet including Reting Rinpoche, Tathag Rinpoche, Ling Rinpoche and lastly Trijang Rinpoche, who became junior tutor when he was nineteen. At the age of 11 he met the Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer, who became his videographer and tutor about the world outside Lhasa. The two remained friends until Harrer's death in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Early life and background\nIn 1959, at the age of 23, he took his final examination at Lhasa's Jokhang Temple during the annual Monlam or Prayer Festival. He passed with honours and was awarded the Lharampa degree, the highest-level geshe degree, roughly equivalent to a doctorate in Buddhist philosophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama\nHistorically the Dalai Lamas or their regents held political and religious leadership over Tibet from Lhasa with varying degrees of influence depending on the regions of Tibet and periods of history. This began with the 5th Dalai Lama's rule in 1642 and lasted until the 1950s (except for 1705\u20131750), during which period the Dalai Lamas headed the Tibetan government or Ganden Phodrang. Until 1912 however, when the 13th Dalai Lama declared the complete independence of Tibet, their rule was generally subject to patronage and protection of firstly Mongol kings (1642\u20131720) and then the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1720\u20131912).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama\nDuring the Dalai Lama's recognition process, the cultural Anthropologist Goldstein writes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama\neverything the Tibetans did during the selection process was designed to prevent China from playing any role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama\nAfterwards in 1939, at the age of four, the Dalai Lama was taken in a procession of lamas to Lhasa. The traditional ceremony enthroning the 14th Dalai Lama was attended by observing foreign dignitaries after a traditional Tibetan recognition processes. Sir Basil Gould, the British representative of the Government of India, has left a highly detailed account of the ceremonies surrounding the enthronement of the 14th Dalai Lama in Chapter 16 of his memoir, The Jewel in the Lotus. Despite historical records of eyewitness accounts, China's Kuomintang government later presented false claims to have ratified the Dalai Lama, and that a Kuomintang representative, General Wu Zhongxin, presided over the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama\nThe British representative Sir Basil Gould, who was also at the enthronement ceremony, disputes the Chinese claim to have presided over it. He criticised the Chinese account as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama\nThe report was issued in the Chinese Press that Mr Wu had escorted the Dalai Lama to his throne and announced his installation, that the Dalai Lama had returned thanks, and prostrated himself in token of his gratitude. Every one of these Chinese claims was false. Mr Wu was merely a passive spectator. He did no more than present a ceremonial scarf, as was done by the others, including the British Representative. But the Chinese have the ear of the world, and can later refer to their press records and present an account of historical events that is wholly untrue. Tibet has no newspapers, either in English or Tibetan, and has therefore no means of exposing these falsehoods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama\nTibetan scholar Nyima Gyaincain wrote that based on Tibetan tradition, there was no such thing as presiding over an event, and wrote that the word \"\u4e3b\u6301 (preside or organize)\" was used in many places in communication documents. The meaning of the word was different than what we understand today. He added that Wu Zhongxin spent a lot of time and energy on the event, his effect of presiding over or organizing the event was very obvious.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama\nAfter his enthronement, the Dalai Lama's childhood was then spent between the Potala Palace and Norbulingka, his summer residence, both of which are now UNESCO World Heritage sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama\nChiang Kai Shek ordered Ma Bufang to put his Muslim soldiers on alert for an invasion of Tibet in 1942. Ma Bufang complied, and moved several thousand troops to the border with Tibet. Chiang also threatened the Tibetans with aerial bombardment if they worked with the Japanese. Ma Bufang attacked the Tibetan Buddhist Tsang monastery in 1941. He also constantly attacked the Labrang monastery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0024-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama\nIn October 1950 the army of the People's Republic of China marched to the edge of the Dalai Lama's territory and sent a delegation after defeating a legion of the Tibetan army in warlord-controlled Kham. On 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, the 14th Dalai Lama assumed full temporal (political) power as ruler of Tibet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0025-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Cooperation and conflicts with the People's Republic of China\nThe Panchen Lama and Dalai Lama had many conflicts throughout Tibetan history. Dalai Lama's formal rule was brief. He sent a delegation to Beijing, which ratified the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet. He would later claim that the delegation did so without his authorization. He worked with the Chinese government: in September 1954, together with the 10th Panchen Lama he went to the Chinese capital to meet Mao Zedong and attend the first session of the National People's Congress as a delegate, primarily discussing China's constitution. On 27 September 1954, the Dalai Lama was selected as a Vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, a post he officially held until 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 102], "content_span": [103, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0026-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Cooperation and conflicts with the People's Republic of China\nIn 1956, on a trip to India to celebrate the Buddha's Birthday, the Dalai Lama asked the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, if he would allow him political asylum should he choose to stay. Nehru discouraged this as a provocation against peace, and reminded him of the Indian Government's non-interventionist stance agreed upon with its 1954 treaty with China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 102], "content_span": [103, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0027-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Cooperation and conflicts with the People's Republic of China\nLong called a \"splitist\" and \"traitor\" by China, the Dalai Lama has attempted formal talks over Tibet's status in China. In 2019, after the United States passed a law requiring the US to deny visas to Chinese officials in charge of implementing policies that restrict foreign access to Tibet, the US Ambassador to China \"encouraged the Chinese government to engage in substantive dialogue with the Dalai Lama or his representatives, without preconditions, to seek a settlement that resolves differences\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 102], "content_span": [103, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0028-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Cooperation and conflicts with the People's Republic of China\nThe Chinese Foreign Ministry has warned the US and other countries to \"shun\" the Dalai Lama during visits and often uses trade negotiations and human rights talks as an incentive to do so. China sporadically bans images of the Dalai Lama and arrests citizens for owning photos of him in Tibet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 102], "content_span": [103, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0028-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Cooperation and conflicts with the People's Republic of China\nTibet Autonomous Region government job candidates must strongly denounce the Dalai Lama, as announced on the Tibet Autonomous Region government's online education platform, \"Support the (Communist) Party\u2019s leadership, resolutely implement the [Chinese Communist] Party\u2019s line, line of approach, policies, and the guiding ideology of Tibet work in the new era; align ideologically, politically, and in action with the Party Central Committee; oppose any splittist tendencies; expose and criticize the Dalai Lama; safeguard the unity of the motherland and ethnic unity and take a firm stand on political issues, taking a clear and distinct stand\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 102], "content_span": [103, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0029-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Cooperation and conflicts with the People's Republic of China\nThe Dalai Lama is a target of Chinese state sponsored hacking. Security experts claim \"targeting Tibetan activists is a strong indicator of official Chinese government involvement\" since economic information is the primary goal of private Chinese hackers. In 2009 the personal office of the Dalai Lama asked researchers at the Munk Center for International Studies at the University of Toronto to check its computers for malicious software.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 102], "content_span": [103, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0029-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Cooperation and conflicts with the People's Republic of China\nThis led to uncovering GhostNet, a large-scale cyber spying operation which infiltrated at least 1,295 computers in 103 countries, including embassies, foreign ministries, other government offices, and organizations affiliated with the Dalai Lama in India, Brussels, London and New York, and believed to be focusing on the governments of South and Southeast Asia. A second cyberspy network, Shadow Network, was discovered by the same researchers in 2010. Stolen documents included a years worth of the Dalai Lama's personal email, and classified government material relating to Indian, West Africa, the Russian Federation, the Middle East, and NATO. \"Sophisticated\" hackers were linked to universities in China, Beijing again denied involvement. Chinese hackers posing as The New York Times, Amnesty International and other organization's reporters targeted the private office of the Dalai Lama, Tibetan Parliament members, and Tibetan nongovernmental organizations, among others, in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 102], "content_span": [103, 1092]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0030-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Exile to India\nAt the outset of the 1959 Tibetan uprising, fearing for his life, the Dalai Lama and his retinue fled Tibet with the help of the CIA's Special Activities Division, crossing into India on 30 March 1959, reaching Tezpur in Assam on 18 April. Some time later he set up the Government of Tibet in Exile in Dharamshala, India, which is often referred to as \"Little Lhasa\". After the founding of the government in exile he re-established the approximately 80,000 Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0030-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Exile to India\nHe created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children the language, history, religion, and culture. The Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts was established in 1959 and the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies became the primary university for Tibetans in India in 1967. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in an attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0031-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Exile to India\nThe Dalai Lama appealed to the United Nations on the rights of Tibetans. This appeal resulted in three resolutions adopted by the General Assembly in 1959, 1961, and 1965, all before the People's Republic was allowed representation at the United Nations. The resolutions called on China to respect the human rights of Tibetans. In 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, creating an elected parliament and an administration to champion his cause. In 1970, he opened the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in Dharamshala which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and important knowledge resources related to Tibetan history, politics and culture. It is considered one of the most important institutions for Tibetology in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0032-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Exile to India\nIn 2016, there were demands from Indian citizens and politicians of different political parties to confer the Dalai Lama the prestigious Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian honour of India, which has only been awarded to a non-Indian citizen twice in its history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0033-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, International advocacy\nAt the Congressional Human Rights Caucus in 1987 in Washington, D.C., the Dalai Lama gave a speech outlining his ideas for the future status of Tibet. The plan called for Tibet to become a democratic \"zone of peace\" without nuclear weapons, and with support for human rights. The plan would come to be known as the \"Strasbourg proposal\", because the Dalai Lama expanded on the plan at Strasbourg on 15 June 1988. There, he proposed the creation of a self-governing Tibet \"in association with the People's Republic of China.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0033-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, International advocacy\nThis would have been pursued by negotiations with the PRC government, but the plan was rejected by the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in 1991. The Dalai Lama has indicated that he wishes to return to Tibet only if the People's Republic of China agrees not to make any precondition for his return. In the 1970s, the Paramount leader Deng Xiaoping set China's sole return requirement to the Dalai Lama as that he \"must [come back] as a Chinese citizen  ... that is, patriotism\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0034-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, International advocacy\nThe Dalai Lama celebrated his seventieth birthday on 6 July 2005. About 10,000 Tibetan refugees, monks and foreign tourists gathered outside his home. Patriarch Alexius II of the Russian Orthodox Church alleged positive relations with Buddhists. However, later that year, the Russian state prevented the Dalai Lama from fulfilling an invitation to the traditionally Buddhist republic of Kalmykia. The President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Chen Shui-bian, attended an evening celebrating the Dalai Lama's birthday at the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in Taipei.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0034-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, International advocacy\nIn October 2008 in Japan, the Dalai Lama addressed the 2008 Tibetan violence that had erupted and that the Chinese government accused him of fomenting. He responded that he had \"lost faith\" in efforts to negotiate with the Chinese government, and that it was \"up to the Tibetan people\" to decide what to do.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0035-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, International advocacy\nThirty Taiwanese indigenous peoples protested against the Dalai Lama during his visit to Taiwan after Typhoon Morakot and denounced it as politically motivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0036-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, International advocacy\nThe Dalai Lama is an advocate for a world free of nuclear weapons, and currently serves on the Advisory Council of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0037-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, International advocacy\nThe Dalai Lama has voiced his support for the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0038-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Teaching activities, public talks\nDespite becoming 80 years old in 2015, he maintains a busy international lecture and teaching schedule. His public talks and teachings are usually webcast live in multiple languages, via an inviting organisation's website, or on the Dalai Lama's own website. Scores of his past teaching videos can be viewed there, as well as public talks, conferences, interviews, dialogues and panel discussions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 74], "content_span": [75, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0039-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Teaching activities, public talks\nThe Dalai Lama's best known teaching subject is the Kalachakra tantra which, as of 2014, he had conferred a total of 33 times, most often in India's upper Himalayan regions but also in the Western world. The Kalachakra (Wheel of Time) is one of the most complex teachings of Buddhism, sometimes taking two weeks to confer, and he often confers it on very large audiences, up to 200,000 students and disciples at a time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 74], "content_span": [75, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0040-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Teaching activities, public talks\nThe Dalai Lama is the author of numerous books on Buddhism, many of them on general Buddhist subjects but also including books on particular topics like Dzogchen, a Nyingma practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 74], "content_span": [75, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0041-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Teaching activities, public talks\nIn his essay \"The Ethic of Compassion\" (1999), the Dalai Lama expresses his belief that if we only reserve compassion for those that we love, we are ignoring the responsibility of sharing these characteristics of respect and empathy with those we do not have relationships with, which cannot allow us to \"cultivate love.\" He elaborates upon this idea by writing that although it takes time to develop a higher level of compassion, eventually we will recognize that the quality of empathy will become a part of life and promote our quality as humans and inner strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 74], "content_span": [75, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0042-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Teaching activities, public talks\nHe frequently accepts requests from students to visit various countries worldwide in order to give teachings to large Buddhist audiences, teachings that are usually based on classical Buddhist texts and commentaries, and most often those written by the 17 pandits or great masters of the Nalanda tradition, such as Nagarjuna, Kamalashila, Shantideva, Atisha, Ayradeva and so on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 74], "content_span": [75, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0043-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Teaching activities, public talks\nThe Dalai Lama refers to himself as a follower of these Nalanda masters, in fact he often asserts that 'Tibetan Buddhism' is based on the Buddhist tradition of Nalanda monastery in ancient India, since the texts written by those 17 Nalanda pandits or masters, to whom he has composed a poem of invocation, were brought to Tibet and translated into Tibetan when Buddhism was first established there and have remained central to the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism ever since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 74], "content_span": [75, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0044-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Teaching activities, public talks\nAs examples of other teachings, in London in 1984 he was invited to give teachings on the Twelve Links of Dependent Arising, and on Dzogchen, which he gave at Camden Town Hall; in 1988 he was in London once more to give a series of lectures on Tibetan Buddhism in general, called 'A Survey of the Paths of Tibetan Buddhism'. Again in London in 1996 he taught the Four Noble Truths, the basis and foundation of Buddhism accepted by all Buddhists, at the combined invitation of 27 different Buddhist organisations of all schools and traditions belonging to the Network of Buddhist Organisations UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 74], "content_span": [75, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0045-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Teaching activities, public talks\nIn India, the Dalai Lama gives religious teachings and talks in Dharamsala and numerous other locations including the monasteries in the Tibetan refugee settlements, in response to specific requests from Tibetan monastic institutions, Indian academic, religious and business associations, groups of students and individual/private/lay devotees. In India, no fees are charged to attend these teachings since costs are covered by requesting sponsors. When he travels abroad to give teachings there is usually a ticket fee calculated by the inviting organization to cover the costs involved and any surplus is normally to be donated to recognised charities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 74], "content_span": [75, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0046-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Teaching activities, public talks\nHe has frequently visited and lectured at colleges and universities, some of which have conferred honorary degrees upon him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 74], "content_span": [75, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0047-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Teaching activities, public talks\nDozens of videos of recorded webcasts of the Dalai Lama's public talks on general subjects for non-Buddhists like peace, happiness and compassion, modern ethics, the environment, economic and social issues, gender, the empowerment of women and so forth can be viewed in his office's archive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 74], "content_span": [75, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0048-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Interfaith dialogue\nThe Dalai Lama met Pope Paul VI at the Vatican in 1973. He met Pope John Paul II in 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990, and 2003. In 1990, he met a delegation of Jewish teachers in Dharamshala for an extensive interfaith dialogue. He has since visited Israel three times, and in 2006 met the Chief Rabbi of Israel. In 2006, he met Pope Benedict XVI privately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0048-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Interfaith dialogue\nHe has met the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Robert Runcie, and other leaders of the Anglican Church in London, Gordon B. Hinckley, who at the time was the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), as well as senior Eastern Orthodox Church, Muslim, Hindu, Jewish, and Sikh officials. The Dalai Lama is also currently a member of the Board of World Religious Leaders as part of The Elijah Interfaith Institute and participated in the Third Meeting of the Board of World Religious Leaders in Amritsar, India, on 26 November 2007 to discuss the topic of Love and Forgiveness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0049-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Interfaith dialogue\nIn 2009, the Dalai Lama inaugurated an interfaith \"World Religions-Dialogue and Symphony\" conference at Gujarat's Mahuva religions, according to Morari Bapu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0050-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Interfaith dialogue\nIn 2010, the Dalai Lama, joined by a panel of scholars, launched the Common Ground Project, in Bloomington, Indiana (USA), which was planned by himself and Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad of Jordan during several years of personal conversations. The project is based on the book Common Ground between Islam and Buddhism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0051-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Interfaith dialogue\nIn 2019, the Dalai Lama fully-sponsored the first-ever 'Celebrating Diversity in the Muslim World' conference in New Delhi on behalf of the Muslims of Ladakh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0052-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute\nThe Dalai Lama's lifelong interest in science and technology dates from his childhood in Lhasa, Tibet, when he was fascinated by mechanical objects like clocks, watches, telescopes, film projectors, clockwork soldiers and motor cars, and loved to repair, disassemble and reassemble them. Once, observing the Moon through a telescope as a child, he realised it was a crater-pocked lump of rock and not a heavenly body emitting its own light as Tibetan cosmologists had taught him. He has also said that had he not been brought up as a monk he would probably have been an engineer. On his first trip to the west in 1973 he asked to visit Cambridge University's astrophysics department in the UK and he sought out renowned scientists such as Sir Karl Popper, David Bohm and Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker, who taught him the basics of science.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 89], "content_span": [90, 929]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0053-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute\nThe Dalai Lama sees important common ground between science and Buddhism in having the same approach to challenge dogma on the basis of empirical evidence that comes from observation and analysis of phenomena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 89], "content_span": [90, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0054-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute\nHis growing wish to develop meaningful scientific dialogue to explore the Buddhism and science interface led to invitations for him to attend relevant conferences on his visits to the west, including the Alpbach Symposia on Consciousness in 1983 where he met and had discussions with the late Chilean neuroscientist Francisco J. Varela. Also in 1983, the American social entrepreneur and innovator R. Adam Engle, who had become aware of the Dalai Lama's deep interest in science, was already considering the idea of facilitating for him a serious dialogue with a selection of appropriate scientists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 89], "content_span": [90, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0054-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute\nIn 1984 Engle formally offered to the Dalai Lama's office to organise a week-long, formal dialogue for him with a suitable team of scientists, provided that the Dalai Lama would wish to fully participate in such a dialogue. Within 48 hours the Dalai Lama confirmed to Engle that he was \"truly interested in participating in something substantial about science\" so Engle proceeded with launching the project. Francisco Varela, having heard about Engle's proposal, then called him to tell him of his earlier discussions with the Dalai Lama and to offer his scientific collaboration to the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 89], "content_span": [90, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0054-0002", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute\nEngle accepted, and Varela assisted him to assemble his team of six specialist scientists for the first 'Mind and Life' dialogue on the cognitive sciences, which was eventually held with the Dalai Lama at his residence in Dharamsala in 1987. This five-day event was so successful that at the end the Dalai Lama told Engle he would very much like to repeat it again in the future. Engle then started work on arranging a second dialogue, this time with neuroscientists in California, and the discussions from the first event were edited and published as Mind and Life's first book, \"Gentle Bridges: Conversations with the Dalai Lama on the Sciences of Mind\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 89], "content_span": [90, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0055-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute\nAs Mind and Life Institute's remit expanded, Engle formalised the organisation as a non-profit foundation after the third dialogue, held in 1990, which initiated the undertaking of neurobiological research programmes in the United States under scientific conditions. Over the following decades, as of 2014 at least 28 dialogues between the Dalai Lama and panels of various world-renowned scientists have followed, held in various countries and covering diverse themes, from the nature of consciousness to cosmology and from quantum mechanics to the neuroplasticity of the brain. Sponsors and partners in these dialogues have included the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Johns Hopkins University, the Mayo Clinic, and Zurich University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 89], "content_span": [90, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0056-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute\nApart from time spent teaching Buddhism and fulfilling responsibilities to his Tibetan followers, the Dalai Lama has probably spent, and continues to spend, more of his time and resources investigating the interface between Buddhism and science through the ongoing series of Mind and Life dialogues and its spin-offs than on any other single activity. As the institute's Cofounder and the Honorary chairman he has personally presided over and participated in all its dialogues, which continue to expand worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 89], "content_span": [90, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0057-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute\nThese activities have given rise to dozens of DVD sets of the dialogues and books he has authored on them such as Ethics for the New Millennium and The Universe in a Single Atom, as well as scientific papers and university research programmes. On the Tibetan and Buddhist side, science subjects have been added to the curriculum for Tibetan monastic educational institutions and scholarship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 89], "content_span": [90, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0057-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute\nOn the Western side, university and research programmes initiated by these dialogues and funded with millions of dollars in grants from the Dalai Lama Trust include the Emory-Tibet Partnership, Stanford School of Medicine's Centre for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education (CCARES) and the Centre for Investigating Healthy Minds, amongst others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 89], "content_span": [90, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0058-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute\nIn 2019, Emory University's Center for Contemplative Sciences and Compassion-Based Ethics, in partnership with The Dalai Lama Trust and the Vana Foundation of India, launched an international SEE Learning (Social, Emotional and Ethical Learning) program in New Delhi, India, a school curriculum for all classes from kindergarten to Std XII that builds on psychologist Daniel Goleman's work on emotional intelligence in the early 1990s. SEE learning focuses on developing critical thinking, ethical reasoning and compassion and stresses on commonalities rather than on the differences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 89], "content_span": [90, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0059-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute\nIn particular, the Mind and Life Education Humanities & Social Sciences initiatives have been instrumental in developing the emerging field of Contemplative Science, by researching, for example, the effects of contemplative practice on the human brain, behaviour and biology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 89], "content_span": [90, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0060-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute\nIn his 2005 book The Universe in a Single Atom and elsewhere, and to mark his commitment to scientific truth and its ultimate ascendancy over religious belief, unusually for a major religious leader the Dalai Lama advises his Buddhist followers: \"If scientific analysis were conclusively to demonstrate certain claims in Buddhism to be false, then we must accept the findings of science and abandon those claims.\" He has also cited examples of archaic Buddhist ideas he has abandoned himself on this basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 89], "content_span": [90, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0061-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute\nThese activities have even had an impact in the Chinese capital. In 2013 an 'academic dialogue' with a Chinese scientist, a Tibetan 'living Buddha' and a Professor of Religion took place in Beijing. Entitled \"High-end dialogue: ancient Buddhism and modern science\" it addressed the same considerations that interest the Dalai Lama, described as 'discussing about the similarities between Buddhism and modern science'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 89], "content_span": [90, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0062-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Life as the Dalai Lama, Personal meditation practice\nThe Dalai Lama uses various meditation techniques, including analytic meditation. He has said that the aim of meditation is \"to maintain a very full state of alertness and mindfulness, and then try to see the natural state of your consciousness.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 69], "content_span": [70, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0063-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Abortion\nThe Dalai Lama has said that, from the perspective of the Buddhist precepts, abortion is an act of killing. He has also clarified that in certain cases abortion could be considered ethically acceptable \"if the unborn child will be retarded or if the birth will create serious problems for the parent\", which could only be determined on a case-by-case basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0064-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Democracy, nonviolence, religious harmony, and Tibet's relationship with India\nThe Dalai Lama says that he is active in spreading India's message of nonviolence and religious harmony throughout the world. \"I am the messenger of India's ancient thoughts the world over.\" He has said that democracy has deep roots in India. He says he considers India the master and Tibet its disciple, as great scholars went from India to Tibet to teach Buddhism. He has noted that millions of people lost their lives in violence and the economies of many countries were ruined due to conflicts in the 20th century. \"Let the 21st century be a century of tolerance and dialogue.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 111], "content_span": [112, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0065-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Democracy, nonviolence, religious harmony, and Tibet's relationship with India\nThe Dalai Lama has also critiqued proselytization and certain types of conversion, believing the practices to be contrary to the fundamental ideas of religious harmony and spiritual practice. He has stated that \"It\u2019s very important that our religious traditions live in harmony with one another and I don\u2019t think proselytizing contributes to this. Just as fighting and killing in the name of religion are very sad, it\u2019s not appropriate to use religion as a ground or a means for defeating others.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 111], "content_span": [112, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0065-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Democracy, nonviolence, religious harmony, and Tibet's relationship with India\nIn particular, he has critiqued Christian approaches to conversion in Asia, stating that he has \"come across situations where serving the people is a cover for proselytization.\" The Dalai Lama has labeled such practices counter to the \"message of Christ\" and has emphasized that such individuals \"practice conversion like a kind of war against peoples and cultures.\" In a statement with Hindu religious leaders, he expressed that he opposes \"conversions by any religious tradition using various methods of enticement.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 111], "content_span": [112, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0066-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Democracy, nonviolence, religious harmony, and Tibet's relationship with India\nIn 1993, the Dalai Lama attended the World Conference on Human Rights and made a speech titled \"Human Rights and Universal Responsibility\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 111], "content_span": [112, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0067-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Democracy, nonviolence, religious harmony, and Tibet's relationship with India\nIn 2001, in response to a question from a Seattle schoolgirl, the Dalai Lama said that it is permissible to shoot someone in self-defense (if the person was \"trying to kill you\") and he emphasized that the shot should not be fatal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 111], "content_span": [112, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0068-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Democracy, nonviolence, religious harmony, and Tibet's relationship with India\nIn 2013, the Dalai Lama criticised Buddhist monks' attacks on Muslims in Myanmar and rejected violence by Buddhists, saying: \"Buddha always teaches us about forgiveness, tolerance, compassion. If from one corner of your mind, some emotion makes you want to hit, or want to kill, then please remember Buddha's faith. ... All problems must be solved through dialogue, through talk. The use of violence is outdated, and never solves problems.\" In May 2013, he said \"Really, killing people in the name of religion is unthinkable, very sad.\" In May 2015, the Dalai Lama called on Myanmar's Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi to do more to help the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar, said that he had urged Suu Kyi to address the Rohingyas' plight in two previous private meetings and had been rebuffed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 111], "content_span": [112, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0069-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Democracy, nonviolence, religious harmony, and Tibet's relationship with India\nIn 2017, after Chinese dissident and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo died of organ failure while in Chinese government custody, the Dalai Lama said he was \"deeply saddened\" and that he believed that Liu's \"unceasing efforts in the cause of freedom will bear fruit before long.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 111], "content_span": [112, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0070-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Democracy, nonviolence, religious harmony, and Tibet's relationship with India\nIn October 2020, the Dalai Lama stated that he did not support Tibetan independence and hoped to visit China as a Nobel Prize winner. He said \"I prefer the concept of a 'republic' in the People's Republic of China. In the concept of republic, ethnic minorities are like Tibetans, The Mongols, Manchus, and Xinjiang Uyghurs, we can live in harmony\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 111], "content_span": [112, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0071-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Diet and animal welfare\nPeople think of animals as if they were vegetables, and that is not right. We have to change the way people think about animals. I encourage the Tibetan people and all people to move toward a vegetarian diet that doesn't cause suffering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0072-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Diet and animal welfare\nThe Dalai Lama advocates compassion for animals and frequently urges people to try vegetarianism or at least reduce their consumption of meat. In Tibet, where historically meat was the most common food, most monks historically have been omnivores, including the Dalai Lamas. The Fourteenth Dalai Lama was raised in a meat-eating family but converted to vegetarianism after arriving in India, where vegetables are much more easily available and vegetarianism is widespread.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0072-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Diet and animal welfare\nHe spent many years as a vegetarian, but after contracting hepatitis in India and suffering from weakness, his doctors told him to return to eating meat which he now does twice a week. This attracted public attention when, during a visit to the White House, he was offered a vegetarian menu but declined by replying, as he is known to do on occasion when dining in the company of non-vegetarians, \"I'm a Tibetan monk, not a vegetarian\". His own home kitchen, however, is completely vegetarian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0073-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Diet and animal welfare\nIn 2009, the English singer Paul McCartney wrote a letter to the Dalai Lama inquiring why he was not a vegetarian. As McCartney later told The Guardian, \"He wrote back very kindly, saying, 'my doctors tell me that I must eat meat'. And I wrote back again, saying, you know, I don't think that's right. [ ...] I think now he's vegetarian most of the time. I think he's now being told, the more he meets doctors from the west, that he can get his protein somewhere else. [ ...] It just doesn't seem right \u2013 the Dalai Lama, on the one hand, saying, 'Hey guys, don't harm sentient beings... Oh, and by the way, I'm having a steak.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0074-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Economics and political stance\nThe Dalai Lama has referred to himself as a Marxist and has articulated criticisms of capitalism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0075-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Economics and political stance\nI am not only a socialist but also a bit leftist, a communist. In terms of social economy theory, I am a Marxist. I think I am farther to the left than the Chinese leaders. [ Bursts out laughing.] They are capitalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0076-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Economics and political stance\nHe reports hearing of communism when he was very young, but only in the context of the destruction of Communist Mongolia. It was only when he went on his trip to Beijing that he learned about Marxist theory from his interpreter Baba Phuntsog Wangyal. At that time, he reports, \"I was so attracted to Marxism, I even expressed my wish to become a Communist Party member\", citing his favorite concepts of self-sufficiency and equal distribution of wealth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0076-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Economics and political stance\nHe does not believe that China implemented \"true Marxist policy\", and thinks the historical communist states such as the Soviet Union \"were far more concerned with their narrow national interests than with the Workers' International\". Moreover, he believes one flaw of historically \"Marxist regimes\" is that they place too much emphasis on destroying the ruling class, and not enough on compassion. He finds Marxism superior to capitalism, believing the latter is only concerned with \"how to make profits\", whereas the former has \"moral ethics\". Stating in 1993:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0077-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Economics and political stance\nOf all the modern economic theories, the economic system of Marxism is founded on moral principles, while capitalism is concerned only with gain and profitability. Marxism is concerned with the distribution of wealth on an equal basis and the equitable utilisation of the means of production. It is also concerned with the fate of the working classes\u2014that is, the majority\u2014as well as with the fate of those who are underprivileged and in need, and Marxism cares about the victims of minority-imposed exploitation. For those reasons the system appeals to me, and it seems fair. I just recently read an article in a paper where His Holiness the Pope also pointed out some positive aspects of Marxism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0078-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Environment\nThe Dalai Lama is outspoken in his concerns about environmental problems, frequently giving public talks on themes related to the environment. He has pointed out that many rivers in Asia originate in Tibet, and that the melting of Himalayan glaciers could affect the countries in which the rivers flow. He acknowledged official Chinese laws against deforestation in Tibet, but lamented they can be ignored due to possible corruption. He was quoted as saying \"ecology should be part of our daily life\"; personally, he takes showers instead of baths, and turns lights off when he leaves a room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0078-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Environment\nAround 2005, he started campaigning for wildlife conservation, including by issuing a religious ruling against wearing tiger and leopard skins as garments. The Dalai Lama supports the anti-whaling position in the whaling controversy, but has criticized the activities of groups such as the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (which carries out acts of what it calls aggressive nonviolence against property). Before the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, he urged national leaders to put aside domestic concerns and take collective action against climate change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0079-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Sexuality\nA monk since childhood, the Dalai Lama has said that sex offers fleeting satisfaction and leads to trouble later, while chastity offers a better life and \"more independence, more freedom\". He has said that problems arising from conjugal life sometimes even lead to suicide or murder. He has asserted that all religions have the same view about adultery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0080-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Sexuality\nIn his discussions of the traditional Buddhist view on appropriate sexual behavior, he explains the concept of \"right organ in the right object at the right time\", which historically has been interpreted as indicating that oral, manual and anal sex (both homosexual and heterosexual) are not appropriate in Buddhism or for Buddhists. However, he also says that in modern times all common, consensual sexual practices that do not cause harm to others are ethically acceptable and that society should accept and respect people who are gay or transgender from a secular point of view.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0080-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Sexuality\nIn a 1994 interview with OUT Magazine, the Dalai Lama clarified his personal opinion on the matter by saying, \"If someone comes to me and asks whether homosexuality is okay or not, I will ask 'What is your companion's opinion?'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0080-0002", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Sexuality\nIf you both agree, then I think I would say, 'If two males or two females voluntarily agree to have mutual satisfaction without further implication of harming others, then it is okay.'\" However, when interviewed by Canadian TV news anchor Evan Solomon on CBC News: Sunday about whether homosexuality is acceptable in Buddhism, the Dalai Lama responded that \"it is sexual misconduct\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0081-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Sexuality\nIn his 1996 book Beyond Dogma, he described a traditional Buddhist definition of an appropriate sexual act as follows: \"A sexual act is deemed proper when the couples use the organs intended for sexual intercourse and nothing else ... Homosexuality, whether it is between men or between women, is not improper in itself. What is improper is the use of organs already defined as inappropriate for sexual contact.\" He elaborated in 1997, explaining that the basis of that teaching was unknown to him. He also conveyed his own \"willingness to consider the possibility that some of the teachings may be specific to a particular cultural and historic context\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0082-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Sexuality\nIn 2006, the Dalai Lama has expressed concern at \"reports of violence and discrimination against\" LGBT people and urged \"respect, tolerance and the full recognition of human rights for all\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0083-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Women's rights\nIn 2007, he said that the next Dalai Lama could possibly be a woman: \"If a woman reveals herself as more useful the lama could very well be reincarnated in this form.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0084-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Women's rights\nIn 2009, on gender equality and sexism, the Dalai Lama proclaimed at the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis, Tennessee: \"I call myself a feminist. Isn't that what you call someone who fights for women's rights?\" He also said that by nature, women are more compassionate \"based on their biology and ability to nurture and birth children\". He called on women to \"lead and create a more compassionate world\", citing the good works of nurses and mothers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0085-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Women's rights\nAt a 2014 appearance at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences in Mumbai, the Dalai Lama said, \"Since women have been shown to be more sensitive to others' suffering, their leadership may be more effective.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0086-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Women's rights\nIn 2015, he said in a BBC interview that if a female succeeded him, \"that female must be attractive, otherwise it is not much use,\" and when asked if he was joking, replied, \"No. True!\" He followed with a joke about his current success being due to his own appearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0087-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Health\nIn 2013, at the Culture of Compassion event in Derry, Northern Ireland, the Dalai Lama said that \"Warm-heartedness is a key factor for healthy individuals, healthy families and healthy communities.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0088-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Health, Response to COVID-19\nIn a 2020 statement in Time magazine on the COVID-19 pandemic, the Dalai Lama said that the pandemic must be combated with compassion, empirical science, prayer, and the courage of healthcare workers. He emphasized \"emotional disarmament\" (seeing things with a clear and realistic perspective, without fear or rage) and wrote: \"The outbreak of this terrible coronavirus has shown that what happens to one person can soon affect every other being. But it also reminds us that a compassionate or constructive act \u2013 whether working in hospitals or just observing social distancing \u2013 has the potential to help many.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0089-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Immigration\nIn September 2018, speaking at a conference in Malm\u00f6, Sweden home to a large immigrant population, the Dalai Lama said \"I think Europe belongs to the Europeans\", but also that Europe was \"morally responsible\" for helping \"a refugee really facing danger against their life\". He stated that Europe has a responsibility to refugees to \"receive them, help them, educate them\", but that they should aim to return to their places of origin and that \"they ultimately should rebuild their own country\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0090-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Social stances, Immigration\nSpeaking to German reporters in 2016, the Dalai Lama said there are \"too many\" refugees in Europe, adding that \"Europe, for example Germany, cannot become an Arab country.\" He also said that \"Germany is Germany\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0091-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Retirement and succession plans\nIn May 2011, the Dalai Lama retired from the Central Tibetan Administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0092-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Retirement and succession plans\nIn September 2011, the Dalai Lama issued the following statement concerning his succession and reincarnation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0093-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Retirement and succession plans\nWhen I am about ninety I will consult the high Lamas of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions, the Tibetan public, and other concerned people who follow Tibetan Buddhism, and re-evaluate whether the institution of the Dalai Lama should continue or not. On that basis we will take a decision. If it is decided that the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama should continue and there is a need for the Fifteenth Dalai Lama to be recognized, responsibility for doing so will primarily rest on the concerned officers of the Dalai Lama's Gaden Phodrang Trust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0093-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Retirement and succession plans\nThey should consult the various heads of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions and the reliable oath-bound Dharma Protectors who are linked inseparably to the lineage of the Dalai Lamas. They should seek advice and direction from these concerned beings and carry out the procedures of search and recognition in accordance with past tradition. I shall leave clear written instructions about this. Bear in mind that, apart from the reincarnation recognized through such legitimate methods, no recognition or acceptance should be given to a candidate chosen for political ends by anyone, including those in the People's Republic of China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0094-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Retirement and succession plans\nIn October 2011, the Dalai Lama repeated his statement in an interview with Canadian CTV News. He added that Chinese laws banning the selection of successors based on reincarnation will not impact his decisions. \"Naturally my next life is entirely up to me. No one else. And also this is not a political matter\", he said in the interview. The Dalai Lama also added that he has not decided on whether he would reincarnate or be the last Dalai Lama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0095-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Retirement and succession plans\nIn an interview with the German newspaper Welt am Sonntag published on 7 September 2014 the Dalai Lama stated \"the institution of the Dalai Lama has served its purpose\", and that \"We had a Dalai Lama for almost five centuries. The 14th Dalai Lama now is very popular. Let us then finish with a popular Dalai Lama.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0096-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Retirement and succession plans\nGyatso has also expressed fear that the Chinese government would manipulate any reincarnation selection in order to choose a successor that would go along with their political goals. In response the Chinese government implied that it would select another Dalai Lama regardless of his decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0097-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, CIA Tibetan program\nIn October 1998, the Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received $1.7\u00a0million a year in the 1960s from the U.S. government through a Central Intelligence Agency program. When asked by CIA officer John Kenneth Knaus in 1995 to comment on the CIA Tibetan program, the Dalai Lama replied that though it helped the morale of those resisting the Chinese, \"thousands of lives were lost in the resistance\" and further, that \"the U.S. Government had involved itself in his country's affairs not to help Tibet but only as a Cold War tactic to challenge the Chinese.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0098-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, CIA Tibetan program\nHis administration's reception of CIA funding has become one of the grounds for some state-run Chinese newspapers to discredit him along with the Tibetan independence movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0099-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, CIA Tibetan program\nIn his autobiography Freedom in Exile, the Dalai Lama criticized the CIA again for supporting the Tibetan independence movement \"not because they (the CIA) cared about Tibetan independence, but as part of their worldwide efforts to destabilize all communist governments\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0100-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, CIA Tibetan program\nIn 1999, the Dalai Lama said that the CIA Tibetan program had been harmful for Tibet because it was primarily aimed at serving American interests, and \"once the American policy toward China changed, they stopped their help.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0101-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Criticism, Ties to India\nThe Chinese press has criticized the Dalai Lama for his close ties with India. His 2010 remarks at the International Buddhist Conference in Gujarat saying that he was \"Tibetan in appearance, but an Indian in spirituality\" and referral to himself as a \"son of India\" in particular led the People's Daily to opine, \"Since the Dalai Lama deems himself an Indian rather than Chinese, then why is he entitled to represent the voice of the Tibetan people?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0101-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Criticism, Ties to India\nDhundup Gyalpo of the Tibet Sun replied that Tibetan religion could be traced back to Nalanda in India, and that Tibetans have no connection to Chinese \"apart  ... from a handful of culinary dishes\". The People's Daily stressed the links between Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism had accused the Dalai Lama of \"betraying southern Tibet to India\". In 2008, the Dalai Lama said for the first time that the territory India claims and administers as part of Arunachal Pradesh is part of India, citing the disputed 1914 Simla Accord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0102-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Criticism, Shugden controversy\nThe Dorje Shugden Controversy reappeared in the Gelug school by the publication of the Yellow Book in 1976, containing stories about wrathful acts of Dorje Shugden against Gelugpas who also practiced Nyingma teachings. In response, the 14th Dalai Lama, a Gelugpa himself and advocate of an \"inclusive\" approach to the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism, started to speak out against the practice of Dorje Shugden in 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0103-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Criticism, Shugden controversy\nThe controversy has attracted attention in the West because of demonstrations held in 2008 and 2014 by Dorje Shugden practitioners. A 2015 Reuters investigation determined \"that the religious sect behind the protests has the backing of the Communist Party\" and that the \"group has emerged as an instrument in Beijing's long campaign to undermine support for the Dalai Lama\". After the Reuters investigation revealed that China backs it, the Shugden group halted operations and disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0104-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Criticism, Gedhun Choekyi Nyima\nIn April 2018, the Dalai Lama confirmed the official Chinese claims about Gedhun Choekyi Nyima by saying that he knew from \"reliable sources\" that the Panchen Lama he had recognized was alive and receiving normal education. He said he hoped that the Chinese-recognised Panchen Lama (Gyaincain Norbu) studied well under the guidance of a good teacher, adding that there were instances in Tibetan Buddhist tradition, of a reincarnated lama taking more than one manifestation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0105-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Public image\nThe Dalai Lama places highly in global surveys of the world's most admired men, ranking with Pope Francis as among the world's religious leaders cited as the most admired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0106-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Public image\nThe Dalai Lama's appeal is variously ascribed to his charismatic personality, international fascination with Buddhism, his universalist values, and international sympathy for the Tibetans. In the 1990s, many films were released by the American film industry about Tibet, including biopics of the Dalai Lama. This is attributed to both the Dalai Lama's 1989 Nobel Peace Prize as well as to the euphoria following the Fall of Communism. The most notable films, Kundun and Seven Years in Tibet (both released in 1997), portrayed \"an idyllic pre-1950 Tibet, with a smiling, soft-spoken Dalai Lama at the helm \u2013 a Dalai Lama sworn to non-violence\": portrayals the Chinese government decried as ahistorical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0107-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Public image\nThe Dalai Lama has his own pages on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0108-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Public image\nThe Dalai Lama has tried to mobilize international support for Tibetan activities. The Dalai Lama has been successful in gaining Western support for himself and the cause of greater Tibetan autonomy, including vocal support from numerous Hollywood celebrities, most notably the actors Richard Gere and Steven Seagal, as well as lawmakers from several major countries. Photos of the Dalai Lama were banned after March 1959 Lhasa protests until after the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976. In 1996 the Chinese Communist Party once again reinstated the total prohibition of any photo of the 14th Dalai Lama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0108-0001", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Public image\nAccording to the Tibet Information Network, \"authorities in Tibet have begun banning photographs of the exiled Dalai Lama in monasteries and public places, according to reports from a monitoring group and a Tibetan newspaper. Plainclothes police went to hotels and restaurants in Lhasa, the Tibetan capital, on 22 and 23 April and ordered Tibetans to remove pictures of the Dalai Lama\u00a0...\" The ban continues in many locations throughout Tibet today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0109-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Public image, In the media\nThe 14th Dalai Lama has appeared in several non-fiction films including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0110-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Public image, In the media\nHe has been depicted as a character in various other movies and television programs including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0111-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Public image, In the media\nThe Dalai Lama was featured on 5 March 2017, episode of the HBO late-night talk show Last Week Tonight, in which host John Oliver conducted a comedic interview with the Dalai Lama, focusing on the topics of Tibetan sovereignty, Tibetan self-immolations, and his succession plans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0112-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Public image, In the media\nA biographical graphic novel, Man of Peace, also envisaging the Dalai Lama's return to Tibet, was published by Tibet House US. The Extraordinary Life of His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama: An Illuminated Journey, illustrations and text by artist Rima Fujita, narrated by the Dalai Lama, was published by Simon and Schuster in 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0113-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Public image, Awards and honours\nThe Dalai Lama has received numerous awards and honors worldwide over his spiritual and political career. For a more complete list see Awards and honors presented to the 14th Dalai Lama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0114-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Public image, Awards and honours\nAfter the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the Norwegian Nobel Committee awarded him the 1989 Nobel Peace Prize. The Committee officially gave the prize to the Dalai Lama for \"the struggle of the liberation of Tibet and the efforts for a peaceful resolution\" and \"in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi\" although the president of the committee also said that the prize was intended to put pressure on China, which was reportedly infuriated that the award was given to a separatist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011841-0115-0000", "contents": "14th Dalai Lama, Public image, Awards and honours\nIn 2006, he became one of only six people ever to be granted Honorary Citizenship of Canada. In 2007 he was named Presidential Distinguished Professor at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, the first time he accepted a university appointment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011842-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Daytime Emmy Awards\nThe 14th Daytime Emmy Awards were held on Tuesday, June 30, 1987 to commemorate excellence in daytime programming from the previous year (1986). Telecast from 3-5 p.m. on ABC, the ceremony preempted General Hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011843-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Deadly Sin\n14th Deadly Sin, written by James Patterson and Maxine Paetro, is the fourteenth book of the Women's Murder Club series, which currently numbers twenty-one books.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011843-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Deadly Sin, Plot\nThis book has two main plots and a number of subplots. Detective Lindsay Boxer is attending a birthday party for one of the girls in her group, dubbed by themselves as the Women's Murder Club. As has happened several years in a row on this birthday, she is called away to examine a murder of a woman in a public area and this time in broad daylight with many persons around. Lindsay, with the help of her husband, tracks down leads to find who is responsible for these killings and why.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011843-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Deadly Sin, Plot\nThe second major plot involves a series of robberies, some involving murders, committed by persons in masks and police windbreakers. This series of crimes has shaken the police department badly. The so-called \"Windbreaker Cops\" must be found and stopped. It is even possible they are cops rubbing shoulders with Lindsay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011843-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Deadly Sin, Reviews\nThis book appeared on the USA Today bestseller list for at least 19 weeks and was at one point the top book on this list. The Bookreporter website has a very favorable review of this book. The review says, \"Many people consider the Women\u2019s Murder Club to be Patterson\u2019s best collaborative series. If you haven\u2019t yet had the pleasure of sampling the canon, 14th DEADLY SIN is an excellent place to jump on.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011844-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 14th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Legislative Council and the Delaware House of Assembly. Elections were held the first day of October and terms began on the twentieth day of October. It met in Dover, Delaware, convening October 20, 1789, and was the first year of the administration of President Joshua Clayton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011844-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Delaware General Assembly\nThe apportionment of seats was permanently assigned to three councilors and seven assemblymen for each of the three counties. Population of the county did not effect the number of delegates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011844-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Legislative Council\nCouncilors were elected by the public for a three-year term, one third posted each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011844-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Assembly\nAssemblymen were elected by the public for a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011845-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Destroyer Flotilla\nThe14th Destroyer Flotilla  also known as the Fourteenth Destroyer Flotilla was a naval formation of the British Royal Navy from April 1916 to 11 February 1919 and again from 1 June 1940 to January 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011845-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Destroyer Flotilla, History, World War One\nThe flotilla was first established in April 1916 and operated with the Grand Fleet until November 1918. It was disbanded on 11 February 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011845-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Destroyer Flotilla, History, Second World War\nThe flotilla was reformed 1 January 1940 allocated to the Mediterranean Fleet  until 28 January 1943. It was part of Force C at the Battle of Cape Matapan, 27 to 29 March 1941. The Flotilla was engaged at Battle of the Tarigo Convoy on 16 April 1941. It took part in the Second Battle of Sirte, (22 March 1942). It was next transferred to the Levant Command then at Alexandria until 2 July 1943. Reassigned back to the Mediterranean Fleet 1 October 1943. It was next operating with Force H where it remained until January 1944 then was de-established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011846-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Directors Guild of America Awards\nThe 14th Directors Guild of America Awards, honoring the outstanding directorial achievements in film and television in 1961, were presented in 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011847-0000-0000", "contents": "14th District of the African Methodist Episcopal Church\nThe American-founded African Methodist Episcopal Church's 14th district covers Benin, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Togo. It has a significant presence in Nigeria. The bishop of the 14th district is since July 2016 Bishop E. Earl McCloud, Jr. from United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011847-0001-0000", "contents": "14th District of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, Nigeria\nIn Nigeria, the rise of Boko Haram has displaced churches of the AME Zion denomination and threatened their viability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 64], "content_span": [65, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011848-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Division (German Empire)\nThe 14th Division (14. Division) was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was formed in November 1816 in Trier as a troop brigade and became the 14th Division on September 5, 1818, also relocating its headquarters to D\u00fcsseldorf. The division was subordinated in peacetime to the VII Army Corps (VII. Armeekorps). The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was recruited in the Prussian Province of Westphalia and the Rhine Province, primarily in the densely populated Lower Rhine region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011848-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 14th Division fought in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, seeing action in the Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, the division fought in several battles and engagements, including the Battle of Spicheren, the Battle of Borny-Colombey (also called the Battle of Colombey-Nouilly), and the Battle of Gravelotte (also called the Battle of Gravelotte-St. Privat), as well as the Siege of Metz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011848-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nDuring World War I, the division served on the Western Front. It participated in the initial German drive through Belgium and France, including the Battle of Li\u00e8ge and culminating in the First Battle of the Marne. After a period of trench warfare in various parts of the line, the division went to Verdun in 1916. During the 1918 German spring offensive, the division fought in the Third Battle of the Aisne. Allied intelligence rated it a second class division, noted for tenacity on the defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011848-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Division (German Empire), Order of battle in the Franco-Prussian War\nDuring wartime, the 14th Division, like other regular German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division. The organization of the 14th Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011848-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Division (German Empire), Pre-World War I organization\nGerman divisions underwent various organizational changes after the Franco-Prussian War. The organization of the 14th Division in 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011848-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nOn mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 14th Division was again renamed the 14th Infantry Division and sent its 28th Infantry Brigade to the 14th Reserve Division. Its initial wartime organization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011848-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Division (German Empire), Late World War I organization\nDivisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a \"square division\"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 14th Infantry Division's order of battle on February 19, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011849-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 14th Division (\u7b2c14\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai J\u016byon Shidan) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its ts\u016bsh\u014dg\u014d code name was the Shining Division (\u7167\u5175\u56e3, Sh\u014d Heidan), and its military symbol was 14D. The 14th Division was one of four new infantry divisions raised by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) in the closing stages of the Russo-Japanese War, after it turned out that the entire IJA was committed to combat in Manchuria, leaving not a single division to guard the Japanese home islands from attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011849-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 14th Division was initially established in Kokura (present-day Kitakyushu, Fukuoka) under the command of Lieutenant General Tsuchiya Mitsuharu, with men recruited from Osaka, Zents\u016bji, Kagawa, Hiroshima and Kumamoto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011849-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Russo-Japanese War\nIt was the only one of the four emergency divisions raised that was considered combat-ready (albeit still severely understrength) prior to the end of the war. It was dispatched to the front in August 1905, where it joined General Nogi Maresuke's IJA Third Army. However, it arrived too late to see any combat, and was assigned policing duties in the Japanese-occupied Liaodong Peninsula and along the South Manchurian Railway in August 1905. It was replaced by the 10th division in 1906, and was withdrawn to Himeji, Hy\u014dgo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011849-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Reorganization\nIn September 1907 the divisional headquarters was established in what is now the city of Utsunomiya, Tochigi, and its composition totally reorganized. The 53rd Infantry Regiment was transferred to the 16th division in Kyoto and the 54th Infantry Regiment was transferred to the newly created 17th division based in Okayama. The 55th Infantry Regiment and 56th Infantry Regiments were transferred to the newly created 18th division, based in Kurume, Fukuoka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011849-0003-0001", "contents": "14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Reorganization\nIn place of these units, the division gained the Sakura-based 2nd Infantry Regiment (in April 1908 relocated to Mito, Ibaraki), as well as the Takasaki-based 15th Infantry Regiment and the newly created Utsunomiya-based 66th Infantry Regiment. By the 23 October 1908, the reorganization was complete with the transfer of the 28th infantry brigade headquarters, 18th cavalry regiment, 20th field artillery regiment and the 14th logistics regiment to Utsunomiya. The 59th infantry regiment also joined division in 1909, been relocated to Utsunomiya from Narashino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011849-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Siberia and Manchuria\nIn April 1918, the 14th Division was one of the Japanese divisions earmarked for the Japanese intervention in Siberia, actually starting to participate in August 1919. In March\u2013May 1920, the 3rd Battalion of the IJA 2nd Infantry Regiment stationed at Nikolayevsk-on-Amur was massacred by Bolshevik irregulars in what came to be known as the Nikolaevsk Incident (\u5c3c\u6e2f\u4e8b\u4ef6, Niko Jiken). The 14th division has returned to Japan in August\u2013November 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011849-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Siberia and Manchuria\nIn March 1925, the 66th Infantry Regiment was disbanded, and replaced by the Matsumoto-based IJA 50th Infantry Regiment. Also, the 27th infantry brigade headquarters was moved from Mito to Utsunomiya while 28th infantry brigade headquarters transferred to Takasaki. The 14th Division was deployed to Ryojun in the Kwantung Leased Territory in April 1927. Units from the division were deployed to Jinan and Tsingtao in 1928 in the aftermath of the Jinan Incident. The 14th Division returned to Japan in 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011849-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Siberia and Manchuria\nIn 1932, the 14th Division was again deployed to Manchuria under the aegis of the Kwantung Army and was involved in the January 28 Incident. It also participated in the March 1932 Mukden Incident. Its 2nd battalion of the 2nd Infantry regiment also participated in the Battle of Rehe in May 1932. The 14th Division was withdrawn back to Japan in 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011849-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War\nThe outbreak of general hostilities in the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 put the 14th Division under the command of Lieutenant General Kenji Doihara was reassigned to the Northern China Area Army theater of operations and as part of the IJA 1st Army participated in the Beiping\u2013Hankou Railway Operation, proceeding by Baoding - Shanxi - Xuzhou route. In 1938, the 14th division has participated in the campaign of Northern and Eastern Honan where it was involved in the Battle of Lanfeng. Meanwhile, in April 1938, the relocation of the 14th division to the China was made permanent and the 22nd division was established in Utsunomiya headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011849-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War\nAfter finishing a term on the front-line in 1939, the 14th Division was sent to Qiqihar in Manchukuo to serve as a garrison force. In August 1940, the division was re-organized into a triangular division, with the IJA 50th Infantry Regiment transferred to the 29th division. Approximately at this period, demobilized Japanese soldiers have brought the fried Jiaozi local recipe, known in Japanese as gy\u014dza, from Manchukuo to Japan. As the troops from the 14th Division were mostly from Utsunomiya, the Utsunomiya has become known throughout Japan for its gy\u014dza. In September 1941, the division was ordered back to line at the Mongolian border at Handagai (south-east of  Nomonhan).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011849-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Pacific War\nIn August 1942, the 14th Division was sent back to Manchukuo, and assigned to garrison duty. As the situation in the Pacific War against the United States continued to deteriorate, the Supreme War Council began transferring forces out of Manchukuo to the southern operational areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011849-0009-0001", "contents": "14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Pacific War\nThe 14th Division under the command of Lieutenant General Sadae Inoue was assigned to Palau 24 April 1944, with its 2nd regiment and 3rd battalion of 15th regiment were sent to the island of Peleliu, one battalion of its 59th Infantry Regiment stationed on the island of Angaur, and the rest of the 59th regiment and 15th regiment were sent to the Babeldaob island along with divisional headquarters. Before departure, the infantry regiments were reorganized, absorbing divisional engineers, artillery, transport and reconnaissance units. The loss of machine cannon company during transportation also has resulted in abandonment of the plans to deploy a newly created 22nd independent mixed engineer regiment to the western New Guinea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011849-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Pacific War\nThe subsequent Battle of Peleliu and Battle of Angaur were among the fiercest of the Pacific War. At Angaur, 1338 of the 1400 defenders were killed, and at Peleliu, 10,695 of the 11,000 defenders perished from 15 September 1944 to 24 November 1944. As the troops on Peleliu were wiped out, the transfer of the 2nd battalion of  15th regiment to Peleliu was cancelled. The Babeldaob was never invaded, but the units stationed there have suffered severe casualties due airstrikes and starvation nonetheless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011850-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Division (Spain)\nThe 14th Division was one of the divisions of the Spanish Republican Army that were organized during the Spanish Civil War on the basis of the Mixed Brigades. The division participated in the Battle of Guadalajara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011850-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Division (Spain), History\nThe unit was created from the Mera Column, led by the anarchist Cipriano Mera. The new division was integrated \u2013 together with the 11th and 12th divisions \u2013 in the new 4th Army Corps, under the command of Enrique Jurado Barrio. The 12th International Brigade \u2014 within which the Garibaldi Battalion was integrated \u2013 was also assigned to the 14th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011850-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Division (Spain), History\nShortly after its creation, the 14th Division faced the Battle of Guadalajara. With the support of the other republican divisions, the enemy attack was stopped. On 18 March the Mera Division, operating on the right flank of the republican front, and the 11th Division of Enrique Lister, with the support of 70 Soviet T-26 tanks, launched an attack and seized the town of Brihuega; the nationalist forces fled in disarray, leaving behind prisoners and war equipment. By the end of March the front stabilized after the Republicans managed to recover a large part of the territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011850-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Division (Spain), History\nIn July 1937, facing the Battle of Brunete, the unit was initially placed in reserve. It intervened towards the end of the fighting, after the defeat of Lister's 11th Division. On 24 July it was scheduled to relieve L\u00edster's forces from the front line, although the fighting prevented it. On the morning of 25 July units of the 14th Division launched a counterattack to the southwest of Brunete, counting on the support of Republican aviation. Despite the resistance offered by the 14th Division, it failed to maintain its positions. Once the fighting in Brunete ended, the division returned to the Guadalajara front, where it remained for the following months without intervening in relevant operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011850-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Division (Spain), History\nIn the spring of 1938 it was sent to the Levante front as a reserve unit, acting as relief for other units broken by enemy offensives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011850-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Division (Spain), History\nIn March 1939 some of its units participated in the Casado coup. This was the case of the 70th Mixed Brigade of Bernab\u00e9 L\u00f3pez Calle, which on the morning of 6 March occupied various strategic points in Madrid, such as the Alameda de Osuna, the Ministry of Finance and the Telef\u00f3nica building. Members of the 35th and 50th mixed brigades also took part in support of the rebellious forces. The 14th Division dissolved itself shortly after, with the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011851-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Division (Yugoslav Partisans)\nThe 14th Slovenia Assault Division (Slovene: \u0160tirinajsta slovenska udarna divizija, Serbo-Croatian: \u010cetrnaesta slovena\u010dka udarna divizija/\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0458\u0430) was \u0430 Yugoslav Partisan division formed in Dolenjska on 13 July 1943. It was formed from the 1st and the 2nd Slovenia Brigades, and on 9 August the 3rd and the 7th Slovenia Brigades also became part of this division. Commander of the division was Mirko Bra\u010di\u010d and its political commissar was Stane Dobovi\u010dnik Krt. In October 1943, it became a part of the 7th Corps. The division mostly operated in Slovenia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011852-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Empire Awards\nThe 14th Empire Awards ceremony (officially known as the Jameson Empire Awards), presented by the British film magazine Empire, honored the best films of 2008 and took place on 29 March 2009 at the Grosvenor House Hotel in London, England. During the ceremony, Empire presented Empire Awards in 12 categories as well as four honorary awards. To celebrate the 20th anniversary of Empire magazine a special honorary award was presented, the Actor of our Lifetime and to mark the loss of Heath Ledger, he was awarded the special honorary Heath Ledger Tribute Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011852-0000-0001", "contents": "14th Empire Awards\nThe Sony Ericsson Soundtrack Award was renamed to \"Best Soundtrack\" and the Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy award was renamed this year only to \"Best Sci-Fi/Superhero\". The Best Newcomer and Best Soundtrack awards were presented for the last time. Irish comedian Dara \u00d3 Briain hosted the show for the first time. The awards were sponsored by Jameson Irish Whiskey for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011852-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Empire Awards\nThe Dark Knight won the most awards with three including Best Film and Best Director for Christopher Nolan. Other winners included Eden Lake, Mamma Mia!, Quantum of Solace, RocknRolla, Son of Rambow, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street and Wanted with one. Viggo Mortensen received the Empire Icon Award, Danny Boyle received the Outstanding Contribution to British Film award, Russell Crowe received the Actor of our Lifetime award and Heath Ledger received a special post-mortem tribute. Stephen Power and Conal O'Meara from the United Kingdom won the Done In 60 Seconds Award for their 60-second film version of Jerry Maguire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011852-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Empire Awards, Winners and nominees\nWinners are listed first and highlighted in boldface. The shortlisted nominees were revealed on 2 March 2009 and finale voting ended on 12 March  2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011853-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Engineer Battalion\nThe 14th Brigade Engineer Battalion is a Combat Engineer Battalion of the United States Army based at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington. The battalion is a subordinate unit of the 2nd Stryker Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division, and I Corps. The battalion's official motto is \"Gong Mu Ro\" (Korean for \"Duty first\") and battle cry \"Rugged! \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011853-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Engineer Battalion, History\nThe 14th Brigade Engineer Battalion began as 2nd Battalion of the 36th Engineer Combat Regiment and was activated on 1 June 1941 at Plattsburgh Barracks, New York. The Battalion fought in ten campaigns during World War II, including five amphibious beach assaults: Algeria/French, Morocco, Sicily, Naples, Anzio, and Southern France. The 36th Regiment's shoulder sleeve insignia included a sea horse, reflecting the unit's amphibious operations, and is still on the 14th Engineer distinctive unit insignia. In addition to numerous combat engineer missions, the Battalion frequently fought as Infantry, including 47 continuous days at Anzio Beachhead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011853-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Engineer Battalion, History\nOn 15 February 1945 in Germany, the Regiment was reorganized as the 36th Engineer Combat Group, and the 2nd Battalion was redesignated the 2827th Engineer Combat Battalion. The Battalion was inactivated 25 February 1946 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011853-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Engineer Battalion, History\nThe 2827th Engineer Combat Battalion was redesignated on 29 April 1947 as the 14th Engineer Combat Battalion, and activated 15 March 1950 in Kisarazu, Honshu, Japan, as part of the U.S. Army's post-war occupation forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011853-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Engineer Battalion, History\nThe 14th Combat Engineer Battalion landed in Korea on 18 July 1950. The Battalion was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation (less Company A) for fighting as Infantry with the 25th Infantry Division (United States), and for its role in the breakout of the Pusan Perimeter. Alpha Company earned a Meritorious Unit Commendation for serving as Infantry in support of the 1st Cavalry Division (United States), and a Korean Presidential Unit Citation for minefield clearance operations. The Battalion was again inactivated 25 June 1958 in Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011853-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Engineer Battalion, History\nThe 14th CBT EN BN was reactivated 17 June 1962 at Fort Bragg, North Carolina where it served until it was alerted for service in the Republic of Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011853-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Engineer Battalion, History\nThe 14th Combat Engineer Battalion deployed to Vietnam on 19 October 1966, and participated in 12 campaigns from 1966 to 1971. The Battalion earned another Meritorious Unit Commendation for its role in Operations Gatling and Summerall, and was also awarded the Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Unit Citation. Additionally, 2nd Platoon, Alpha Company was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation while supporting 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry during operations in B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn Province. The Battalion served with various units including the 1st Cavalry Division and the 101st Airborne Division. Volunteers from the Battalion also hauled ammunition to surrounded U.S. Marines at Khe Sahn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011853-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Engineer Battalion, History\nThe 14th Combat Engineer Battalion returned to the United States in August 1971. The Battalion's new home became Fort Ord, California, where the Battalion integrated both the mission and personnel of the 613th Engineer Battalion. On 3 February 1989, the 761st Chemical Company was assigned to the Battalion, and deployed to Saudi Arabia the following year in support of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, returning in April 1991. As a result of the U.S. Army's drawdown of the nineties and the closure of Fort Ord, the Battalion moved to Fort Lewis (now Joint Base Lewis-McChord), Washington in the summer of 1993. The 761st Chemical Company inactivated as a result of the drawdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011853-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Engineer Battalion, History\nIn April 1999, Bravo Company was redesignated as a National Guard Unit still attached to the Battalion, and on 16 July 1999, the 11th Chemical Company (reassigned from the closure of Fort McClellan) was assigned to the Battalion. The 11th Chemical Co. relocated to Fort Lewis in November\u2013December 1998 and in September 2004, was inactivated and removed from the 14th CBT EN BN order of battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011853-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Engineer Battalion, History\nThe 14th Combat Engineer Battalion deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF 1) with the 555th Engineer Brigade and the 4th Infantry Division (United States) from April 2003 to April 2004. During this time the Battalion supported numerous missions and was most noted for starting Operation Trailblazer to search for and destroy improvised explosive devices (IEDs). The battalion received the Valorous Unit Award for its efforts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011853-0009-0001", "contents": "14th Engineer Battalion, History\nThe 14th returned to Iraq a second time with the 555th Combat Support Brigade (Maneuver Enhancement) from November 2005 to October 2006 for OIF 05-07 to continue this mission using new state of the art armored route clearance equipment in support of the 101st Airborne Division and Multi-National Division North. The 122nd Engineer Company (South Carolina Army National Guard) was attached to the Battalion to form Task Force Trailblazer. The 14th completed over 100 construction projects, cleared thousands of kilometers of road, and neutralized an astonishing number of over 700 IEDs. Encountering over 1000 counting detonations. The Battalion received the Meritorious Unit Commendation and was awarded the Combat Action Battalion Streamer for 67% of Soldiers in the Battalion earning the Combat Action Badge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011853-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Engineer Battalion, History\nThe Rugged Battalion transformed to a modular combat effects battalion in February 2007 and inactivated its Companies A and C. Its lettered companies were replaced with:  570th and 571st Engineer Companies, 22nd Clearance Company, and the 610th Engineer Support Company. A Forward Support Company (FSC) and Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) are assigned to the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011853-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Engineer Battalion, History\nThe Battalion returned for its third and longest tour in Iraq for OIF 08-09 from 12 April 2008 \u2013 1 July 2009 where it provided route clearance, construction, and Iraqi Army partnership throughout the country. It cleared over 140 IEDs, completed 122 troop construction projects, managed $34\u00a0million in Commanders Emergency Relief Projects to improve civil capacity, and trained elements of four Iraqi Field Engineer Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011853-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Engineer Battalion, History\nThe Battalion participated in every Iraqi Campaign except New Dawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011853-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Engineer Battalion, History\nThe Battalion deployed to Afghanistan in July 2011 for its fourth combat tour in nine years. The battalion and all of its subordinate companies deployed to Regional Command South and Southwest to support U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps, and British Army units in Helmand and Kandahar provinces. The Battalion also had operational control of U.S. Army route clearance units supporting Spanish and Italian Army units in Regional Command West. The unit's primary mission was again route clearance. The Battalion removed over 600 IEDs from the battlefield during the tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011854-0000-0000", "contents": "14th European Film Awards\nThe 14th European Film Awards were presented on December 1, 2001 in Berlin, Germany. The winners were selected by the members of the European Film Academy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011855-0000-0000", "contents": "14th FAI World Rally Flying Championship\n14th FAI World Rally Flying Championship took place between July 14 - July 20, 2004 in Herning, Denmark, altogether with the 16th FAI World Precision Flying Championship (July 19-24).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011855-0001-0000", "contents": "14th FAI World Rally Flying Championship\nThere were 50 crews from Czech Republic, Poland, France, South Africa, Denmark, Russia, Germany, United Kingdom, Austria, Spain, Chile, Slovakia, Italy, Lithuania and Cyprus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011855-0002-0000", "contents": "14th FAI World Rally Flying Championship\nMost numerous airplane was Cessna 172 (28), then Cessna 152 (10), Cessna 150 (6). Others: PZL Wilga 2000, 3Xtrim 3X55 Trener, HB-23, Glastar and Piper PA-28 were single ones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011855-0003-0000", "contents": "14th FAI World Rally Flying Championship, Contest\nOn the July 14, 2004 there was an opening ceremony, on the next day an opening briefing and official practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011855-0004-0000", "contents": "14th FAI World Rally Flying Championship, Contest\nOn July 16 there was the first navigation competition, on July 17 the second competition, and on July 18 the third competition - observation test. On July 19 there was awards giving and closing ceremony (and opening ceremony of the 16th FAI World Precision Flying Championship, in which many competitors participated).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011856-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 14th Field Artillery Regiment is a parent field artillery regiment of the United States Army, currently represented in the Regular Army by its 1st Battalion, a HIMARS unit with the 75th Field Artillery Brigade at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011856-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe regiment was first organized on 1 June 1917 in the Regular Army at Fort Sill, having been constituted almost a year earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011856-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 14th Field Artillery was first constituted on 1 July 1916 in the Regular Army, and organized on 1 June 1917 at Fort Sill, Oklahoma during World War I. It was inactivated there on 1 September 1921 as the Regular Army was reduced in strength postwar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011856-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nOn 15 December 1922, the regiment was assigned to the 6th Division, and its 1st Battalion activated at Fort Sheridan, Illinois. It was relieved from the 6th Division and assigned to the 7th Division on 7 September 1927, and its 1st Battalion consolidated with the 2nd Battalion, 3rd Field Artillery Regiment to become that unit. A new 1st Battalion was simultaneously constituted, though it was not activated until 1 December 1934 at Fort Riley, Kansas. The battalion inactivated there on 1 July 1936. On 16 October 1939, the regiment was relieved from its assignment to the 7th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011856-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe regiment was assigned to the 2nd Armored Division on 15 July 1940 and activated at Fort Benning, Georgia on that day. It was reorganized and redesignated as the 14th Armored Field Artillery Battalion on 8 January 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011856-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nRelieved 1 April 1957 from assignment to the 2d Armored Division; concurrently reorganized and redesignated as the 14th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011856-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nWithdrawn 16 May 1988 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and allotted to the United States Army Regimental System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011856-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved on 20 October 1923, and amended to correct the description and revise the symbolism on 7 November 1991. It is a silver color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a red disc charged with a white Maltese cross within a ring of fourteen gouttes d\u2019eau (silver) reversed; attached above is a wreath of the colors, silver and red, on which is a red and white American Indian war bonnet surmounting a silver arrow. Attached below, a silver triparted scroll inscribed \"EX HOC SIGNO VICTORIA\" in black letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011856-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Distinctive unit insignia\nOn the distinctive unit insignia, the red represents Artillery units. The Maltese Cross, used by American Indians in Oklahoma, symbolizes the morning star, representing the organization of the regiment. The fourteen water drops correspond to its numerical designation, and their irregular placement represents a dried peyote, a sacred emblem of the Comanche and Kiowa. The war bonnet, pierced by an arrow of Satanta, a 19th century Kiowa chief in the Fort Sill region, is a spear with a feathered end and leather grip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011856-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Coat of arms\nThe coat of arms was approved on 24 February 1921, and amended to correct the blazon of the shield on 28 April 1923. It was again amended to correct the blazon of the shield and revise the symbolism on 7 November 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011856-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Coat of arms\nThe shield of the coat of arms includes Gules a broad armed Maltese cross with slightly reentrant ends Argent within fourteen gouttes d\u2019eau reversed arranged in the outline of peyote (one of the cactus family, in outline approximating a circle). The crest is on a wreath of the colors, Argent and Gules, an American Indian war bonnet Gules and Argent over Satanta\u2019s arrow. The symbolism contained in the coat of arms is identical to that of the distinctive unit insignia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011856-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit\nWorld War II: Sicily (with arrowhead); Normandy; Northern France; Rhineland; Ardennes-Alsace; Central Europe", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011856-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit\nVietnam: Defense; Counteroffensive; Counteroffensive, Phase II; Counteroffensive, Phase III; Tet Counteroffensive; Counteroffensive, Phase IV; Counteroffensive, Phase V; Counteroffensive, Phase VI; Tet 69/Counteroffensive; Summer-Fall 1969; Winter-Spring 1970; Sanctuary Counteroffensive; Counteroffensive, Phase VII; Consolidation I", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011856-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Field Artillery Regiment, Decorations\nCited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for action in the ARDENNES", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011856-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Field Artillery Regiment, Decorations\nCited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for action in BELGIUM", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011856-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Field Artillery Regiment, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011857-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe Fourteenth Fighter Division (Chinese \u7b2c14\u6b7c\u51fb\u673a\u5e08) is a Fighter aircraft unit of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011857-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter Division (People's Republic of China)\nIt was formed in February 1951 at Beijing Nanyuan Airport from elements of the disbanding 95th Division. Stationed at Nanchang, Jiangxi. The division fought in Korea, as a mixed MiG-9/MiG-15 fighter unit. Started its second combat tour in April 1953 and ceased combat in July 1953. It appears that in September 1992 the 146th Regiment of the disbanding 49th Air Division may have become the 42nd Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011858-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter Squadron\nThe 14th Fighter Squadron is part of the 35th Fighter Wing at Misawa Air Base, Japan. It operates the F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft conducting Wild Weasel missions. The squadron has been stationed at Misawa since 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011858-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter Squadron\nThe squadron was first activated during World War II as the 14th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron. After training in the United States, the squadron moved to the European Theater of Operations. where it flew combat reconnaissance missions. It earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for missions flown over France between 31 May 1944 and the end of June. The squadron flew sorties to support Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy and Operation Market Garden, the airborne attack in the Netherlands. It conducted bomb damage assessment of Germany after VE Day. The squadron returned to the United States and was inactivated at the Port of Embarkation in December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011858-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter Squadron\nThe squadron served in the reserves as a reconnaissance unit from November 1947 to June 1947 at Binghamton, New York and as a troop carrier unit at Mitchel Air Force Base, New York from 1952 until it was replaced in 1953 by a squadron that had been called to active duty for the Korean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011858-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter Squadron\nThe squadron returned to the reconnaissance mission in April 1967 and after training in Texas moved to Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base and flew combat missions in Southeast Asia from November 1967 until August 1973, earning two Presidential Unit Citations. For a period in 1971, it was the only reconnaissance squadron in Southeast Asia. The squadron was inactivated in June 1975 with the United States withdrawal from Southeast Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011858-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter Squadron, Mission\nThe squadron operates General Dynamics F-16CJ Wild Weasel aircraft. It conducts Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses air operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011858-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was first activated at Colorado Springs, Colorado in June 1942 as the 14th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron, although it was more than a month before it moved to nearby Peterson Field and began training with Lockheed F-4 Lightnings under the 3d Photographic Group. In August 1942, the 3d Group moved to England. The squadron remained assigned to the 3d, but remained in Colorado, where it was attached to Second Air Force. In July 1943, the squadron was assigned to the 7th Photographic Reconnaissance and Mapping Group and moved on paper with the 7th Group to England. The 7th Group drew on the 13th Photographic Squadron, which was already flying Lightnings in England for its cadre. The 14th Squadron began to train with Supermarine Spitfire Mk. V fighters in July 1943 before equipping with the photographic reconnaissance Mk. XI version of the Spitfire in late summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 935]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011858-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 14th flew combat reconnaissance missions in the European Theater of Operations from 12 August 1943 until 25 April 1945. The squadron's Spitfires flew the majority of the target photography missions (including the first Spitfire reconnaissance mission over Berlin in March 1944), while the other squadrons of the 7th, equipped with Lightnings, concentrated on photographic mapping. Squadron deep penetration missions included reconnaissance of oil refineries to determine when repairs had been performed that could justify returning them to Eighth Air Force's target list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011858-0006-0001", "contents": "14th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nIt earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for reconnaissance missions flown over France between 31 May 1944 and the end of June. The squadron flew over 300 successful sorties to support Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy. It flew missions over the Netherlands to support Operation Market Garden in October 1944 and conducted damage assessment of Germany until 23 July 1945. In late 1944, the squadron's unarmed aircraft, flying by themselves, began to prove vulnerable to the jet powered Messerschmitt Me 262s entering service with the Luftwaffe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011858-0006-0002", "contents": "14th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nA squadron aircraft lost on 5 September 1944 was probably the first Army Air Forces loss to a German jet fighter. The unit turned its aircraft in to depots during the late summer and early fall of 1945. Squadron personnel returned to the United States and the unit was inactivated at the Port of Embarkation in December 1945", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011858-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter Squadron, History, Air Force Reserves\nThe squadron was activated in November 1947 at Binghamton, New York as a reserve reconnaissance unit and assigned to the 65th Reconnaissance Group, which was located at nearby Rome Army Air Field. The squadron did not possess any tactical aircraft, but was assigned North American T-6 Texans and Beechcraft AT-11 Kansans for proficiency flying. Binghamton's airport had not been completed at this time, so it seems probable that the aircraft operated from Tri-Cities Airport in nearby Endicott. President Truman\u2019s reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of units in the Air Force, and the 14th was inactivated and not replaced as reserve flying operations at Binghamton ceased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011858-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter Squadron, History, Air Force Reserves\nIn June 1952, the squadron was redesignated the 14th Troop Carrier Squadron and again activated as part of the 65th Troop Carrier Wing, which replaced the 914th Reserve Training Wing at Mitchel Air Force Base, New York. The squadron began to train with the Curtiss C-46 Commando with the assistance of the regular Air Force 2233d Air Force Reserve Flying Training Center. On 1 April 1953, the 514th Troop Carrier Wing, which had been mobilized for the Korean War, was returned to the reserves and replaced the 65th Wing. As part of this reorganization, the 14th Troop Carrier Squadron was inactivated in April 1953 and its personnel, equipment and mission was assumed by the 337th Troop Carrier Squadron, which was simultaneously transferred to the reserves at Mitchel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011858-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nThe squadron returned to the reconnaissance mission when it was organized at Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas in April 1967 as the 14th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. After equipping with the McDonnell RF-4 Phantom II, the squadron trained in reconnaissance with the 75th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing until October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011858-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nThe squadron took three days to move to Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base and flew its first combat missions in Southeast Asia on 2 November 1967. The Phantoms of the squadron replaced the McDonnell RF-101 Voodoos of the 20th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, which was inactivated on 1 November 1967. It continued to fly combat until August 1973. For a period in 1971, it was the only reconnaissance squadron in Southeast Asia. It documented by aerial photography the communist takeover of Cambodia and the Republic of Vietnam in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011858-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter Squadron, History, Fighter operations in Japan\nThe squadron was again activated in 1987 as the 14th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Misawa Air Base, Japan. It initially trained for close air support using conventional weapons. It also provided for the air defense of northern Japan. The squadron has provided personnel and aircraft to support operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011859-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron\nThe 14th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the 53d Fighter Group at Sioux City Municipal Airport, Iowa, where it was inactivated on 1 April 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011859-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron\nThe squadron was first activated in 1941 as the 14th Fighter Squadron. It served in the air defense of the Panama Canal during most of 1942, then returned to the United States and served as a Replacement Training Unit until it was disbanded in a general reorganization of Army Air Forces training units in the spring of 1944. From 1947 through 1949 the 14th served as a reserve unit. It was activated again in 1953 as an interceptor unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011859-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was first activated in January 1941 at MacDill Field, Florida as one of the three original squadrons of the 53d Pursuit Group. In May, it moved with the group to Dale Mabry Field, Florida, where it trained with Seversky P-35s and Curtiss P-40 Warhawks. Following the Pearl Harbor Attack, The squadron converted to Bell P-39 Airacobras as it prepared to deploy to Panama as part of the defenses of the Panama Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011859-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, History, World War II\nOn 2 January 1942 the 14th moved to Chame Airfield, Panama, an auxiliary field of Albrook Field. By 16 February, the Squadron had 12 P-39Ds (of which nine were airworthy) and not fewer than 26 pilots, but of these, only four had more than 12 months experience. Following its initial encampment at Chame No. 1, the Squadron moved to the nearby Chame No. 2 on 1 April 1942. The unit was redesignated the 14th Fighter Squadron on 15 May 1942, as were other Army Air Forces (AAF) pursuit units. The squadron remained at Chame until 10 November 1942, when it was relieved by the 28th Fighter Squadron, and returned to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011859-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, History, World War II\nUpon returning to the United States, the squadron became a Replacement Training Unit (RTU). RTUs were oversized units, whose mission was to train individual pilots or aircrews. It provided instruction in Airacobras, and later in North American P-51 Mustangs and Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. However, the AAF was finding that standard military units like the 14th, based on relatively inflexible tables of organization were not proving well adapted to the training mission. Accordingly, it adopted a more functional system which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit. On 1 May 1944, the 14th and its sister training unit, the 13th Fighter Squadron were disbanded, and RTU activities at Venice Army Air Field, Florida (the squadron's base since July 1943), were absorbed by the 337th AAF Base Unit (Replacement Training Unit, Fighter).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011859-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, History, Reserve duty\nThe squadron was reconstituted in June 1947 and reactivated at Greater Pittsburgh Airport, Pennsylvania the following month as a reserve unit under Air Defense Command. It was initially assigned directly to Eleventh Air Force, until the fall, when it became part of the 375th Troop Carrier Group. The 444th AAF Base Unit (Reserve Training) (later the 2239th Air Force Reserve Training Center) supervised the unit's training. In July 1948, Continental Air Command assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC. It is not clear whether or not the squadron was fully staffed or equipped with operational aircraft. President Truman's reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of units in the Air Force, and the 14th was inactivated and not replaced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011859-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, History, Air Defense Command\nThe squadron was redesignated the 14th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and activated by Air Defense Command (ADC), as the 521st Air Defense Group at Sioux City Municipal Airport, Iowa expanded from one to two interceptor squadrons. The squadron was equipped with North American F-86D Sabres equipped with fire-control radar and armed with Folding-Fin Aerial Rockets. In August 1955, ADC implemented Project Arrow, which was designed to bring back on the active list fighter units which had compiled memorable records in the two world wars. As a result, the squadron was again assigned to the 53d Fighter Group, which replaced the 521st at Sioux City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011859-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, History, Air Defense Command\nIn 1957, the squadron began replacing its F-86Ds with F-86Ls. The F-86L was an upgraded version of the F-86D, equipped with data link, which permitted it to receive direction from Semi-Automatic Ground Environment command centers without the need for voice communication with ground control intercept stations. The squadron inactivated in April 1960 as subsonic F-86s were withdrawn from air defense service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011859-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011860-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Filmfare Awards\nThe 14th Filmfare Awards were held in 1967, honoring the best Hindi films of 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011860-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Filmfare Awards\nGuide led the ceremony with 9 nominations, and won 7 awards, thus becoming the most-awarded film at the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011860-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Filmfare Awards\nGuide also became the first film to win all 4 major Filmfare Awards - Best Film, Best Director for Vijay Anand, Best Actor for Dev Anand and Best Actress for Waheeda Rehman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011860-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Filmfare Awards\nThe ceremony also proved to be controversial, as S. D. Burman, who was nominated for Best Music and Lata Mangeshkar, who was nominated for Best Playback Singer for \"Aaj Phir Jeene Ki Tamanna Hai\", both lost their respective awards to Shankar-Jaikishan and Mohammed Rafi (for \"Baharon Phool Barsao\"), both for Suraj, despite being highly-favored for winning in their respective categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011861-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Filmfare Awards South\nThe 14th Filmfare Awards South Ceremony honoring the winners of the best of South Indian cinema in 1966 was an event held in 1967.The Malayalam films are added in this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011862-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Floor Records\n14th Floor Records is a British subsidiarity record label of Warner Music UK, founded in 2002 by part owner Christian Tattersfield. The label has released albums by artists including:  Biffy Clyro, Damien Rice, David Gray, Longview, Mark Joseph, Nerina Pallot, Ray LaMontagne and The Wombats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011862-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Floor Records\nTattersfield was named as CEO of Warner Music UK and Chairman of Warner Bros. Records UK on 6 August 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011863-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Flying Training Wing\nThe 14th Flying Training Wing is a wing of the United States Air Force based out of Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011863-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Flying Training Wing\nThe 14th Operations Group and its six squadrons are responsible for the 52-week Specialized Undergraduate Pilot Training (SUPT) mission. The group also performs quality assurance for contract aircraft maintenance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011863-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Flying Training Wing\nThe 14th Mission Support Group provides essential services with a 5-squadron/2-division, 750+ person work force and $38\u00a0million budget. It operates/maintains facilities and infrastructure for a 6,013-acre (24.33\u00a0km2) pilot training base and provides contracting, law enforcement, supply, transportation, fire protection, communications, education, recreation and personnel management for 9,500 people. The group is also responsible for wartime preparedness and contingency operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011863-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Flying Training Wing, History, Air Defense\nThe 14th Fighter Wing was established on 29 July 1947. It provided air defense for the northeastern United States, 1947\u20131949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011863-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Flying Training Wing, History, Vietnam War\nThe unit was redesignated as the 14th Air Commando Wing and was reactivated at Nha Trang Air Base Republic of Vietnam on 8 March 1966. On 1 August 1968 it was renamed the 14th Special Operations Wing and was the host unit at the base until 30 September 1971. From 15 October 1969 through 30 September 1971 the 14th SOW also operated and conducted missions from Phan Rang Air Base, Republic of Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011863-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Flying Training Wing, History, Vietnam War\nOperations included close and direct air support, interdiction, combat airlift, aerial resupply, visual and photographic reconnaissance, unconventional warfare, counterinsurgency operations, psychological warfare (including leaflet dropping and aerial broadcasting), forward air control operations and escort, search and rescue, escort for convoy and defoliation operations, flare drops, civic actions, and humanitarian actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011863-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Flying Training Wing, History, Vietnam War\nThe 14th Air Commando Wing distinguished itself by extraordinary heroism, exceptional gallantry and outstanding performance of duty in action against hostile forces in Southeast Asia from 8 March 1966 to 7 March 1967, earning a Presidential Unit Citation. Flying thousands of different sorties, elements of the Wing caused many enemy casualties and destroyed or damaged more than 8,500 structures, 500 trucks and 60 fuel sites as well as numerous automatic weapon positions, radio stations, bridges and boats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011863-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Flying Training Wing, History, Vietnam War\nFlying the venerable Douglas C-47 aircraft, one squadron of the Wing helped abort a large number of night hostile operations against friendly forts and hamlets through flare drops and minigun saturation fire. Despite the often heavy and accurate enemy antiaircraft fire, the search and rescue missions of the Wing recovered 91 skilled airmen during this period. In addition, the Wing's psychological warfare missions directly or indirectly influenced the surrender of thousands of enemy soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011863-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Flying Training Wing, History, Vietnam War\nThe wing also provided maintenance support for a number of tenants. The wing trained Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) personnel in AC-119 operations and maintenance, February\u2013August 1971, and transferred some of its AC-119s to the RVNAF, August\u2013September 1971 as part of a phase-down for inactivation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011863-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Flying Training Wing, History, Flying training at Columbus\nThe 14th replaced, and absorbed resources of, the 3650th Pilot Training Wing in June 1972 at Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi, and assumed an undergraduate pilot training program, plus base operations and maintenance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 63], "content_span": [64, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011863-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Flying Training Wing, Units\nAdditionally, the 14th Comptroller Squadron reports directly to the wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011863-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Flying Training Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011864-0000-0000", "contents": "14th G-15 summit\nThe Fourteenth G-15 summit was held in Tehran, Iran on May 17\u201320, 2010. The bi-annual summit agenda of the Group of 15 (G-15) encompassed a range of issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011864-0001-0000", "contents": "14th G-15 summit\nThe gathering brought together leaders, representatives and policymakers from non-aligned nations. African G-15 nations are Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, and Zimbabwe. Those from Asia are India, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. Latin American G-15 nations include Argentina, Brazil, Chile,  Jamaica, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011864-0002-0000", "contents": "14th G-15 summit, Overview\nThe Group of 15 was established at the Ninth Non-Aligned Movement summit in Belgrade, Yugoslavia in September 1989. The name of this group is unchanging, but its composition has expanded to 18 countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011864-0003-0000", "contents": "14th G-15 summit, Overview\nThe G-15 is composed of countries from Africa, Asia, North America and South America. These non-aligned nations joined together to create a forum to foster cooperation and develop information which can be presented to other international groups, such as the World Trade Organization and the Group of Eight. The G-15 nations have a common goal of enhanced growth and prosperity. The group aims to encourage cooperation among developing countries in the areas of investment, trade, and technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011864-0004-0000", "contents": "14th G-15 summit, Overview\nMeeting independently in Tehran, ministers from Brazil, Iran and Turkey negotiated an agreement on principles designed to revive a stalled nuclear fuel-swap deal backed by the United Nations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011864-0005-0000", "contents": "14th G-15 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThose nations represented at the summit were Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iran,  Jamaica, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Sri Lanka, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. The G-15 membership has expanded to 18 countries, but the name has remained unchanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011864-0006-0000", "contents": "14th G-15 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe leaders of G-15 nations are core contributors in summit meetings, but only some of the heads-of-state were at the Teheran event:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011864-0007-0000", "contents": "14th G-15 summit, Priorities\nThe G-15 perceive an ongoing need to expand dialogue with the G8 and with the G20. The G-15 want to help bridge the gap between developing countries and the more developed and industrialized nations. The fact that some of the G-15 are simultaneously members of these other forums is expected to be helpful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011864-0008-0000", "contents": "14th G-15 summit, Issues\nG-15 nations are united by shared perceptions of global economic issues; and the G-15 provides a structure for working out common strategies for dealing with these issues. For example, the G-15 opposes using the international economic and financial systems as political instruments. The group condemns the use of coercive economic measures or laws against developing countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011864-0009-0000", "contents": "14th G-15 summit, Issues\nG-15 nations have joined together in hopes of escaping from the more polemical atmosphere in other multi-national groups and organizations, such as the Group of 77 (G-77). For example, the 14th G-15 summit called for reform of Bretton Woods institutions and examining alternate sources of financing for the developing world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011864-0010-0000", "contents": "14th G-15 summit, Schedule and Agenda\nThe summit was a venue for three-way talks between Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan and Brazilian President Lula da Silva and Iranian President Ahmadinejad. Their negotiations led to the announcement of a program of exchange in Turkey of Iran's low-enriched uranium for nuclear fuel processed abroad. The announcement of a diplomatic break-through was met with scepticism in Western capitals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011864-0011-0000", "contents": "14th G-15 summit, Schedule and Agenda\nThe summit focused on the importance of cooperation in facing the current challenges of food, energy, climate change, health and trade. The G-15 agenda included discussions of the Doha Round, intellectual properties and the global financial crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011864-0012-0000", "contents": "14th G-15 summit, Schedule and Agenda\nThe chairmanship of the G-15 passed from Iran to Sri Lanka at the end of the summit; and Sri Lanka will host the next scheduled group meeting in Colombo, the 15th G-15 summit in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011865-0000-0000", "contents": "14th G7 summit\nThe 14th G7 Summit was held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada between June 19 and 21, 1988. The venue for the summit meetings was the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in Downtown Toronto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011865-0001-0000", "contents": "14th G7 summit\nThe Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (since 1976) and the President of the European Commission (starting officially in 1981).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011865-0001-0001", "contents": "14th G7 summit\nThe summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six (G6) summit in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011865-0002-0000", "contents": "14th G7 summit\nUnlike the relatively low key summit at Ch\u00e2teau Montebello in 1981, the Toronto summit was held under tight security with involvement of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and Metro Toronto Police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011865-0003-0000", "contents": "14th G7 summit\nCanada was the first member of the G7 or G8 to host both this kind of Summit and an Olympic Games in the same calendar year. In February, Calgary, Alberta, hosted the 1988 Winter Olympics. Canada would do this again 22 years later when they hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia and then the 36th G8 summit and the 4th G20 summit in Huntsville, Ontario and Toronto respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011865-0004-0000", "contents": "14th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe G7 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011865-0005-0000", "contents": "14th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe 14th G7 summit was the first summit for Italian Prime Minister Ciriaco De Mita and was the last summit for U.S. President Ronald Reagan. It was also the first and only summit for Japanese Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011865-0006-0000", "contents": "14th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit, Participants\nThese summit participants are the current \"core members\" of the international forum:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011865-0007-0000", "contents": "14th G7 summit, Issues\nThe summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions. Issues which were discussed at this summit included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011865-0008-0000", "contents": "14th G7 summit, Criticism\nThe Toronto-based Canadian Organization for the Rights of Prostitutes issued a number of press releases leading up to the economic summit pointing out that the local vice squads were tasked with cleaning up the city streets through a coordinated crackdown on sex workers. This crackdown and economic summit took place in Toronto amidst the tumultuous restructuring of the Canadian Criminal Code to outlaw commercial sex by criminalizing communication for the purpose of obtaining commercial sexual services in public. Similar crackdowns against other street-involved communities (drug users, the homeless, gays and lesbians, transgender people) continue today in the lead up to large economic summits like the G7, IMF, World Bank as well as sporting events like the World Cup, the Olympics, and Formula One.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011866-0000-0000", "contents": "14th GLAAD Media Awards\nThe 14th Annual GLAAD Media Awards (2003) were presented at three separate ceremonies: April 7 in New York\u00a0; April 26 in Los Angeles; and May 31 in San Francisco. The awards were presented to honor \"fair, accurate and inclusive\" representations of gay individuals in the media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011867-0000-0000", "contents": "14th GMA Dove Awards\nThe 14th Annual GMA Dove Awards were held on 1983 recognizing accomplishments of musicians for the year 1982. The show was held in Nashville, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011868-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Gemini Awards\nThe 14th Gemini Awards were held on November 7, 1999, to honour achievements in Canadian television. It was hosted by Rick Mercer, and was broadcast on CBC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011869-0000-0000", "contents": "14th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe members of the 14th General Assembly of Newfoundland were elected in the Newfoundland general election held in November 1882. The general assembly sat from 1883 to 1885.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011869-0001-0000", "contents": "14th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nA coalition of the Conservative and Liberal parties led by William Whiteway formed the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011869-0002-0000", "contents": "14th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nSir John Hawley Glover served as colonial governor of Newfoundland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011869-0003-0000", "contents": "14th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nWhiteway's government supported the construction of a railway to promote economic growth in the colony. The Newfoundland Railway Company laid 92 kilometres (57 miles) of track before going into receivership in 1884.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011869-0004-0000", "contents": "14th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nOn Boxing Day 1883, members of the Orange Order marched through a Roman Catholic section of the town of Harbour Grace. In the resulting confrontation, known as the Harbour Grace Affray, three Orangemen and one Catholic were killed. A subsequent trial of those accused of killing the Orangemen failed to convict anyone because of the lack of witnesses willing to testify. This led to the breakup of Whiteway's coalition and he subsequently resigned as Premier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011869-0005-0000", "contents": "14th General Assembly of Newfoundland, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1882:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011870-0000-0000", "contents": "14th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nThe 16th General Assembly of Nova Scotia represented Nova Scotia between 1830 and 1836.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011870-0001-0000", "contents": "14th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nThe assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of Nova Scotia, Peregrine Maitland. Colin Campbell succeeded Maitland as governor in 1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011870-0002-0000", "contents": "14th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nSamuel George William Archibald was chosen as speaker for the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011871-0000-0000", "contents": "14th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe 14th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island represented the colony of Prince Edward Island between January 26, 1835, and 1839.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011871-0001-0000", "contents": "14th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe Assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of Prince Edward Island, Aretas William Young. George Dalrymple was elected speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011871-0002-0000", "contents": "14th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Members\nThe members of the Prince Edward Island Legislature after the general election of 1835 were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011872-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Genie Awards\nThe 14th Genie Awards were held on December 12, 1993. In a bid to increase the visibility of the Genie Awards in the francophone market in Quebec, the ceremony was held in Montreal and conducted in French for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011872-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Genie Awards\nHosted by Marc Labr\u00e8che, the ceremony was broadcast live on Radio-Canada, following which CBC Television aired a live special conducting English language interviews with the winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011872-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Genie Awards, Nominees and winners\nThe Genie Award winner in each category is shown in bold text.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011873-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Georgian Grenadier Regiment\nThe 14th Grenadier Georgian Heir-Tsarevich's Regiment (Russian: 14-\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a) was an infantry unit of the Russian Imperial Army. Tracing its history to a regiment originally established in 1700 and formally organized in 1784 as the Caucasus Infantry Regiment, it had taken part in wars against Persia and Turkey during the 19th century. During World War I it was part of the Caucasus Grenadier Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011873-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Georgian Grenadier Regiment, History\nThe regiment was formally organized in 1784 as the Caucasus Infantry Regiment, although the formations from which it was originally established dated back to 1700 (founding of the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment). It was mostly stationed in the Caucasus and took part in the Russo-Persian War of 1826\u20131828, the Russo-Turkish War of 1828\u20131829, as well as the Russo-Turkish War of 1877\u20131878, for all of which the regiment was awarded multiple decorations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011873-0001-0001", "contents": "14th Georgian Grenadier Regiment, History\nThe regiment was stationed in the Tiflis Governorate and had received the name \"14th Georgian\" on 25 March 1864, along with the title of \"His Imperial Highness Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich's.\" On 25 March 1891 the name of one of its former commanders, General Pyotr Kotlyarevsky, was added to its name, which it kept until 30 July 1912 when it became the 14th Georgian His Imperial Majesty Heir-Tsarevich's Regiment. During World War I, the regiment was part of the Caucasus Grenadier Division of the 2nd Caucasus Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011874-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Golden Globe Awards\nThe 14th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1956 films, were held on February 28, 1957, at the Cocoanut Grove, Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011874-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Golden Globe Awards, Winners and Nominees, Best Motion Picture - Drama\nAround the World in 80 Days directed by Michael Anderson", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 75], "content_span": [76, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011875-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Golden Horse Awards\nThe 14th Golden Horse Awards (Mandarin:\u7b2c14\u5c46\u91d1\u99ac\u734e) took place on October 30, 1977, at Zhongshan Hall in Taipei, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011876-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Golden Melody Awards\nThe 14th Golden Melody Awards ceremony was held at the National Taiwan University Sports Center in Taipei, Taiwan. The ceremony was pushed back to 2 August 2003 from the original May date due to the SARS outbreak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011876-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Golden Melody Awards\nIn this year event, Hong Kong singer Eason Chan won \"The album of the year\" and \"Best Male Singer\" resort to his studio album called \"Special Thanks To...\". He is the first non-Taiwanese singer that win \"The album of the year\" and the second non-Taiwanese singer that win \"Best Male Singer\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011877-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Golden Raspberry Awards\nThe 14th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 20, 1994, at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel to recognize the worst the movie industry had to offer in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011878-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Golden Rooster Awards\nThe 14th Golden Rooster Awards, honoring the best in film, were given on 1994 at the Changsha, Hunan province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011878-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Golden Rooster Awards, Winners and nominees, Best Art Direction\nQian Yunxuan - Red Firecracker, Green FirecrackerLv Zhichang/Yang Baocheng - Chongqing Negotiations", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia\nEU Member State(Eurozone Member State)(Schengen Area Member State)NATO Member StateCouncil of Europe Member StateOECD Member State", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia\nThe 14th Government of Slovenia was formed following the resignation of Prime Minister of the 13th Government Marjan \u0160arec in January 2020. Janez Jan\u0161a of Slovenian Democratic Party formed a coalition with Modern Centre Party, New Slovenia, and Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia. The government was confirmed on 13 March 2020, amidst the coronavirus outbreak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Government formation\nOn 27 January 2020 Prime Minister Marjan \u0160arec (LM\u0160) resigned following the resignation of the Finance Minister Andrej Bertoncelj (LM\u0160) and previously announced resignation of Minister of Health Ale\u0161 \u0160abeder (LM\u0160) due to disagreements around new healthcare legislation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Government formation\nOn 25 February 2020 President Pahor concluded the second round of consultations with political parties. Parties that are forming the new government confirmed the coalition agreement which was signed on the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Government formation\nOn 26 February 2020 President of the Republic Borut Pahor proposed to the National Assembly Janez Jan\u0161a as candidate for Prime Minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Government formation\nOn 3 March 2020 Janez Jan\u0161a was elected Prime Minister with 52 votes, which means 3 opposition MPs voted for him, most probably MPs of SNS. Jani Ivanu\u0161a (SNS) also publicly stated he would support Jan\u0161a.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Government formation\nOn 6 March 2020 Prime Minister-elect Janez Jan\u0161a proposed to the National Assembly the list of candidates for ministers. Hearings took place from 10 until 13 March 2020. Ministers of the 13th Government worked closely with the incoming formation in the time of transition to inform incoming ministers on the situation related to the coronavirus outbreak. Such coordination has not happened before. Both formations had a joint meeting on 9 March 2020. On 12 March 2020 outgoing Minister of Health Ale\u0161 \u0160abeder declared epidemic. Prime Minister-elect was critical of some decision taken by the outgoing formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Government formation\nOn 13 March 2020 the National Assembly confirmed the list of ministers and the government took office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Government formation, Election of the Prime Minister\nThe Prime Minister is elected by the National Assembly with majority of all votes. Candidate is proposed by the President of the Republic (1st, 2nd and 3rd round) or by MPs (2nd and 3rd round only). If a Prime Minister is not elected in the first two rounds, the National Assembly can decide with relative majority of votes, to hold the third round, where only relative majority is needed to elect Prime Minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Government formation, Government confirmation vote\nAfter being elected Prime Minister-elect proposes his government to the National Assembly. Government is elected with relative majority. Only after the government is elected and sworn-in, Prime Minister and ministers take their offices. Swearing-in ceremony takes place immediately after the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 79], "content_span": [80, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Cabinet\nCabinet level positions are those of Prime Minister, ministers and ministers without portfolio. Others are present at the cabinet meetings (e.g. Chief of Staff to the Prime Minister, Secretary-General of the Government, Head of the Government Legal Service, state secretaries in the Office of the Prime Minister etc.). State secretaries can substitute ministers when absent. If Prime Minister is absent, he is substituted by one of the ministers, usually one of those holding the unofficial title of Deputy Prime Minister. Cabinet usually takes decisions by consensus, but it can also decide with relative majority of votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 outbreak\nOn its 1st Session on 13 March 2020, immediately following its confirmation, government set up a Crisis Management Staff (CMS) of the Republic of Slovenia in order to contain and manage the COVID-19 epidemic. Head of the Staff is Prime Minister Janez Jan\u0161a and its secretary is former SOVA director Andrej Rupnik. CMS is composed of all government members and other experts and civil servants. CMS has Health Experts Support Group. Head of the Group is Bojana Beovi\u010d. Jelko Kacin, former minister and ambassador to NATO, is the official spokesman of the Staff, he had a similar role during the 1991 Slovenian war of independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 outbreak\nCrisis Management Staff was abolished on 24 March 2020, its functions were transferred on the responsible ministries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Coronavirus pandemic\nThe new government took office in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. The period during and immediately after the transition of power was marked by a series of controversial actions and decisions by the incoming government. The government allocated the highest possible salaries allowed by law to its ministers and state secretaries before reducing government functionaries' wages by 30% for the duration of the epidemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Coronavirus pandemic\nA state crisis office was created to confront the epidemic. The official Twitter account of the crisis office that was meant to inform the public about the epidemic frequently retweeted articles from SDS's official party newspaper and published an offensive and slanderous statement about four prominent critics of the government (saying that they escaped from a mental hospital and were infected with \"virus COVID-Marx/Lenin\") that prompted a lawsuit against the institution by the subjects of the tweet. The official explanation for the inappropriate communications \u2013 unauthorised access to the account by an unknown individual \u2013 was later refuted by the police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Coronavirus pandemic, Medical supplies procurement controversies\nThe government temporarily suspended public financial disclosures during the epidemic by ceasing to provide the relevant information to the Anti- Corruption Commission which is responsible for publication, thus making the state procurement process opaque to the public. The incident, dubbed \"the Mask Affair\" by the media, led to conflicting statements from two government ministers about whether the order was pre-paid and whether the masks were en route or actually never existed, and reports of sketchy businesses involved in the public procurement process that were anticipating exorbitant profit margins from the deal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 117], "content_span": [118, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Coronavirus pandemic, Medical supplies procurement controversies\nIn a series or revelations, various government and allied politicians were found to have exerted pressure on the organisation tasked with crisis procurement, or influenced/attempted to influence the procurement process in favour of particular suppliers (that were sometimes offering less appropriate or more expensive products, or would be delivering them on a protracted timetable). The revelations prompted in a criminal investigation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 117], "content_span": [118, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0016-0001", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Coronavirus pandemic, Medical supplies procurement controversies\nAfter the parliamentary opposition announced its intention to launch a parliamentary investigative commission to look into the potential improprieties, the government responded by launching its own investigative commission which would additionally to the opposition proposal focus its attention on the failings of the preceding \u0160arec government's handling of the early pandemic response.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 117], "content_span": [118, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Coronavirus pandemic, Medical supplies procurement controversies\nOn 30 June, investigators from the National Bureau of Investigations carried out multiple searches in connection with the supplies procurement, including of the premises of the Ministry of Economic Development and Technology. The Minister of Economic Development and Technology was briefly detained while the Minister of Interior and general director of police both announced their resignation due to the investigation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 117], "content_span": [118, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Criticism of the press\nThe government decided to carry out press briefings without physical presence of journalists during the coronavirus, a practice similar to those of Austria, European Commission and other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Criticism of the press\nJan\u0161a published a lengthy essay entitled \"War with the Media\" on his official Facebook account where he expounded on his view on the media. The text was also published on the official government website, and shared on the official Facebook account of the Slovenian government as a paid advertisement. The government's social media accounts were also being used to share other political statements by the PM and to publicise his weekly call-in talk show on the SDS-linked Nova24TV TV channel. In the text Jan\u0161a discissed the freedom of media and the balace of left-leaning and right-leaning media in Slovenia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Conflict with institutions\nUpon taking office, the government swiftly replaced the leadership of the police, army, and intelligence services, which was also practice of the majority of the previous governments. The dismissed general secretary of police had just recently been admonished by an SDS politician to \"consider her future\" after she refused to make available information during a parliamentary oversight meeting due to a lack of legal authority for her to do so. Among the information being solicited were reportedly details regarding a criminal investigation into foreign financing of SDS-affiliated media organisations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 79], "content_span": [80, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0020-0001", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Conflict with institutions\nThe new government politicised the National Institute of Public Health (NIJZ), swapping two acting heads of the organisation in rapid succession after they fell out of favour (the second after saying the government's measures lacked scientific basis). PM Jan\u0161a disparaged the WHO and called for the resignation of the director general while labelling Slovene public health experts who expressed objections to government public health policies as \"so-called experts\" and said the government is relying on \"common peasant wisdom\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 79], "content_span": [80, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Conflict with institutions\nThe Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent a communique to the Council of Europe in which it alleged that communist legacy media constitute a majority of the Slovene media space, while the Interior Minister said he \"[...] informed EU interior ministers about the media's and political left's fight against the government that is successfully stemming the epidemic. [ ...]\" and listing anti-government protests as an example of such a fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 79], "content_span": [80, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Conflict with institutions\nThe head of the National Bureau of Investigations (NPU) that was conducting the criminal investigation regarding potential improprieties with the procurement process was also summarily dismissed shortly after the investigation was launched. NPU and UPPD were additionally also carrying out a criminal investigation into foreign financing of SDS-affiliated media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 79], "content_span": [80, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Conflict with institutions\nThe government also dismissed the head of the national Statistical Office, reportedly because he did not allow an informal government working group (that was tasked with crafting the economic response to the pandemic outfall) to access confidential and highly sensitive raw econometric data collected by the Office. The pre-term dismissal was unprecedented in the nation's history. The board of the Office requested a constitutional evaluation of the dismissal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 79], "content_span": [80, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0023-0001", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Conflict with institutions\nThe dismissal prompted the EU Commissioner for Economy to address a letter to the Slovene government demanding a justification of the dismissal to insure the impartiality and independence of EU national statistical offices. Jan\u0161a initially justified the dismissal by citing an alleged lack of \"responsiveness\" to government requests, however, responding to news reports of the letter, Jan\u0161a responded on Twitter with \"[...] I didn\u2019t receive your letter, but press did. @govSlovenia replaced a political appointee as Statistics Office head with an expert with 30 y of experience in this Office. Hope this is the last time you play a political game for Slovenian left. @vonderleyen\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 79], "content_span": [80, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0024-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Anti-government protests\nPublic dissatisfaction with the government led to a series of protests starting soon after the new government took office, with one protest having taken place even as the negotiations about an SDS coalition government were still taking place. At that protest protester Ludvik Tom\u0161i\u010d yelled \"Ubi Jan\u0161o\" (lit. Kill Jan\u0161a), which was not reported by the dominant media and the police did not take any action. The protests were additionally fueled by the revelations regarding improprieties in the epidemic procurement process. Amnesty International Slovenia found that state actions were endangering the right to protest in Slovenia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0025-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Anti-government protests\nAccording to polls conducted in May, 52.2% of those polled thought the protests were justified (44.1% did not), and 57% of those interviewed (in another poll) agreed with the demands of the protesters (while 27% did not).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0026-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Anti-government protests\nPM Jan\u0161a labelled the protesters as the \"extreme left\" in an English-language tweet and claimed that the slogan death to jan\u0161ism, freedom to the people (a play on words on a popular anti-Axis resistance slogan) that was being used by some protesters constituted a death threat to him and all his voters. The police launched \u2013 on recommendation from the PM \u2013 at least eight criminal proceedings against protesters for using the slogan on suspicion of making death threats. Jan\u0161a also claimed that protesters and politicians who support them \"are endangering health and lives and spreading #COVID19\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0026-0001", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Anti-government protests\nSDS used the image of a confrontation between a group of Antifa members and police during one of the protests (that involved Antifa pushing and shoving a safety fence in front of the parliament with police pushing back on the other side) for a cover banner for their social media accounts and a billboard political ad campaign. The Image of the anarchists was tainted red and accompanied with the words \"THEY THREATEN, DESTROY...\" and contrasted with a photograph of a SDS-suppoted rally which was accompanied with the words \"WE BUILD JOIN SDS\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0027-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Anti-government protests\nDuring a protest Statehood Day \"anti-celebration\", some 30 pro-government anti-protesters with yellow safety vests appeared on the square where the event was being held and began shouting provocative slogans in an attempt to disrupt the event. Police cordoned the anti-protesters off from the rest of the crowd. Multiple Yellow Wests (as they dubbed themselves) wore clothing and/or footwear and/or had tattoos associated with neo-Nazism, and one was briefly seen making a Nazi salute in a recording of the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0027-0001", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Anti-government protests\n8 of the protesters were later identified and shown to have affinities for neo-Nazism, with some of them having links to or being high-ranking members of the Slovene Blood & Honour neo-Nazi group. The leader of the Yellow Wests later called on the public to join them in peaceful pro-government anti-protests at the same time and location as the anti-government protests in an \"exclusive\" interview with the SDS-linked Nova24TV, which also published another article about the Yellow Jackets' call to join their anti-protest (which they termed the \"counter-revolution\"). Both articles were shared by PM Jan\u0161a on Twitter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0027-0002", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Anti-government protests\nDespite describing themselves as non-violent, the Yellow Jacket shared a meme in which they are described as \"unafraid of a physical confrontation\". In the Nova24TV interview, the leader of the Jackets \u2013 speaking about the risk of a violent confrontation between the group \u2013 also stated: \"If they wished to attack us, we don't know why they gathered up the courage only after we were separated by police. And despite the police cordon, the anarchists and Antifa chose to stay at a distance greater than a human hand's reach. In fact, they disappointed us, since all those provoking us were retirees.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011879-0028-0000", "contents": "14th Government of Slovenia, Timeline of Government, Anti-government protests\nDuring the official ceremony celebrating the Statehood Day Slovenian anti-government protester Zlatan \u010cordi\u0107 interrupted the ceremony with megaphone and yelled at the President Borut Pahor and others present. Police later explained that due to possible interruptions it had to close the ceremony area because of protection of foreign guests, especially diplomatic corps. Beore the ceremony anti-government protesters, among which was director Dejan Babosek, verbally attacked the Honorary Guard of the Slovenian Armed Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011880-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Goya Awards\nThe 14th Goya Awards were presented at L'Auditori in Barcelona, Spain on 29 January 2000. It was the first Goya awards ceremony to have taken place outside of Madrid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011880-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Goya Awards\nAll About My Mother won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 65]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011881-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Grey Cup\nThe 14th Grey Cup was played on December 4, 1926, before 8,276 fans at the Varsity Stadium at Toronto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011881-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Grey Cup\nThe Ottawa Senators defeated the Toronto Varsity Blues 10 to 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011881-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Grey Cup\nJoe Miller was the star of the game, scoring three vital late games \"rouges\" (single points) and staving off two critical potential turnovers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011882-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Army\nThe 14th Guards Army (Russian: 14-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f) was a field army of the Red Army, the Soviet Ground Forces, and the Russian Ground Forces, active from 1956 to 1995. According to sources within the 14th Army, the majority of its troops came from the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, with 51% of officers and 79% of draftees coming from this region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011882-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Army, History, World War II and postwar period\nThe 14th Army was established on November 25, 1956 from the Odessa Military District's 10th Guards Budapest Rifle Corps in Chi\u0219in\u0103u. The rifle corps took part in the Dnieper\u2013Carpathian Offensive as part of the 5th Shock Army and the Budapest Offensive as part of the 46th Army. After the war, units of the army such as the 33rd Guards Motorized Rifle Division were stationed in the Romanian People's Republic until they were withdrawn between 1958 and 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 58], "content_span": [59, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011882-0001-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Army, History, World War II and postwar period\nOn November 3, 1967 the army was renamed the 14th Guards Combined Arms Army on the orders of Marshal of the Soviet Union Rodion Malinovsky. In August 1968, one of the army's divisions, the 48th Motor Rifle Division, took part in the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia (known as Operation Danube), joining the Central Group of Forces. The army was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on October 28, 1974 by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 58], "content_span": [59, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011882-0001-0002", "contents": "14th Guards Army, History, World War II and postwar period\nIt began to recruit Transnistrian youths for military service in the early 70s, which would later become the army's main ethnic majority. In the early 1980s, the headquarters was moved to Tiraspol, the capital of Soviet Transnistria. On April 1,1992, the President of Russia Boris Yeltsin ordered that the 14th Guards Combined Arms Army come under the jurisdiction of the Russian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 58], "content_span": [59, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011882-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Army, History, Involvement in the Transnistrian War\nAt the start of the Transnistrian War in March 1992, the Russian government adopted an official policy for neutrality. Despite this, many 14th Guards Army personnel were sympathetic to the creation of the PMR and therefore defected join Transnistrian units and participated in the fighting as part of the Armed Forces of Transnistria. Even its own commanding officer, General G. I. Yakovlev, defected to the Transnistrian side, eventually playing a role in the republic's founding and serving as a career politician.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011882-0002-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Army, History, Involvement in the Transnistrian War\nOnce he accepted the position of Chairman of the Department of Defense PMR on December 3, 1991, Yevgeny Shaposhnikov (Commander-in-Chief of the CIS Armed Forces at the time) immediately and permanently relieved him of his Russian military service. The number of Russian personnel of the army located in the Republic of Moldova totaled about 14,000 soldiers (conscripts and officers), all of which were supported by 9,000 Transnistrian militiamen who were armed and trained by the 14th Guards Army. On June 23, Major General Alexander Lebed arrived at the headquarters 14th Army in the Transnistrian capital under the orders from the Russian Ground Forces to inspect the army and evacuate the weapons depot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011882-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Army, History, Involvement in the Transnistrian War\nOn close to two weeks later, in the early hours of July 3, Lebed ordered a massive artillery strike from the left bank of the Dniester onto a Moldovan contingent in Gerbovetskii forest (near Bendery). This was considered to be the conflict's climax which ultimately resulted in the end of the conflict's military phase and the beginning of trilateral negotiations between Russia, Transnistria and Moldova.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011882-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Army, History, Disbandment\nAfter the war, the unit's number of personnel were reduced dramatically, with subordinate units were split between the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the Armed Forces of Russia. The units that remained were reformed into the Moscow Military District's Operational Group of Russian Forces in Moldova between April-June 1995. This was done at the behest of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces. It is generally accepted by the Military of Moldova and the Government of Transnistria that the 14th Army played a critical role in preventing the installation of Moldovan control in the area. Many veterans of the former Russian 14th Army were given local residence in and around Tiraspol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011882-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Army, Structure, 1960-1989\nWhen the army was four years old in 1960, the following divisions were assigned to it:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011882-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Army, Structure, 1960-1989\nIn 1964, the 88th Motor Rifle Division became the 180th Motor Rifle Division, and the 118th Motor Rifle Division was redesignated as the 48th Motor Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011882-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Army, Structure, 1990-1992\nAs of November 19, 1990, the 14th Guards Army consisted of the units mentioned below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011882-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Army, Structure, 1990-1992\nBy 1991, the army was made up of the 59th Guards Motor Rifle Division, two storage bases, and other smaller units, and the 1162nd Anti- Aircraft Rocket Regiment remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011882-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Army, Equipment\nAt its peak, the army utilized 229 tanks, 305 various armored vehicles, 328 artillery guns, mortars, and rocket launchers and 74 pieces of aviation transportation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division\nThe 14th Guards Rifle Division was reformed as an elite infantry division of the Red Army in January, 1942, based on the 1st formation of the 96th Rifle Division, which was officially a mountain unit at the time, and served in that role until after the end of the Great Patriotic War. It was in Southern Front when it was redesignated and was soon assigned to the 57th Army. It was encircled during the German counterattack in the Second Battle of Kharkov in May and its first commander was made a prisoner of war, later dying in German captivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0000-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division\nA cadre of the division managed to escape and was sent to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for rebuilding. In July it joined the 63rd Army and took part in the attacks against the Italian 8th Army that created the bridgehead south of the Don River near Serafimovich during August. In October, now in 21st Army of Don Front, it was active in two probing attacks against the Romanian forces now containing the bridgehead which inflicted severe casualties in advance of the Soviet winter counteroffensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0000-0002", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division\nAt the start of that offensive the division was in 5th Tank Army, but was soon transferred to 1st Guards Army and then to the 3rd Guards Army when that was formed. It was under this Army as it advanced into the Donbass in late winter before returning to 57th Army during most of 1943, fighting through east Ukraine and across the lower Dniepr by the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0000-0003", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division\nAfter being briefly assigned to 53rd Army in December it was moved to 5th Guards Army in February, 1944 where it remained for the duration, mostly in the 33rd Guards Rifle Corps. It saw action in the Uman\u2013Boto\u0219ani Offensive and won its first decoration, the Order of the Red Banner, as it advanced, before being involved in the frustrating battles along the Dniestr River on the Romanian border. In late spring, 1944 the division was redeployed north becoming part of 1st Ukrainian Front and taking part in the Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive into Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0000-0004", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division\nThe 14th Guards made a spectacular advance across Poland during the Vistula-Oder Offensive and was awarded the Order of Lenin for its part in the liberation of Sandomierz. On January 22, 1945 its commander suffered mortal wounds in the fighting for a bridgehead over the Oder River. In the drive on Berlin in April the division and its regiments won further honors and decorations but despite these distinctions it was disbanded in August, 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nThe division was officially raised to Guards status on January 24, 1942 in recognition of its role in the first liberation of Rostov-on-Don on December 2, 1941. Its sub-units would not receive their Guards redesignations until February. The 96th had been originally formed as the 24th Rifle \"Vinnitsa\" Division in November, 1923 in recognition of where it was formed before being renumbered in May, 1924. In September, 1929 it added the honorific \"in the name of Jan Fabricius\". When it became the 14th Guards it continued to carry these titles as parts of its official designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0001-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nIn April, 1940 it had been converted to a mountain rifle division and although it is sometimes referred to as a regular rifle division from about October 1 onward in Soviet records it never officially had its designation changed prior to becoming a Guards unit. Its order of battle, based on the first wartime shtat (table of organization and equipment) for rifle divisions, while maintaining some of its mountain equipment (for example, 107mm mortars in place of 120mm mortars), was eventually as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nMaj. Gen. Ivan Shepetov, who had led the 96th (Mountain) Rifle Division since 1940, remained in command. At the time it was redesignated the division was in 37th Army of Southern Front. During February it was transferred to 57th Army in the same Front which was well inside the salient created during the Barvenkovo\u2013Lozovaya offensive which had recently ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Second Battle of Kharkov\nAt the beginning of May 57th Army was still located in the southwest sector of the salient with its positions centered on Star Bliznetsy to the east of Lozovaya. 14th Guards constituted the Army reserve and had its main forces in the former town and one regiment in the latter. Southwestern Front launched an offensive to liberate Kharkov on May 12; Southern Front had no direct role in this even though the southern pincer of the offensive was being launched from the northwest sector of the salient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0003-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Second Battle of Kharkov\nIn the early going the attacking Soviet forces, Army Group Bobkin and 6th Army, made good progress in the direction of Krasnograd, reaching its outskirts by May 15. However the German Army Group South was planning its own operation to end the threat by cutting off the salient entirely; to this end it began regrouping mobile forces to its south, aiming at the 9th Army to the east of 57th Army. On the morning of May 17 the regrouping was complete and the German forces, led by the 14th and 16th Panzer Divisions, went over to the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Second Battle of Kharkov\nBy 1700 hours the 14th Panzer had captured Barvenkovo. While 14th Guards covered the 57th Army's alternate command post at Star Bliznetsy, the main post was soon overrun. Due to the breakdown in communications the division received no orders to go into battle and remained in place all day, between 20 and 30km from the front line. Overall the German advance had torn 9th Army's defenses apart and left 57th Army in a grave position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0004-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Second Battle of Kharkov\nIt wasn't until the next morning that a directive was received for the division to move east and attack the left flank of the German penetration along with the 2nd Cavalry Corps. Late that day the commander of the Army, Lt. Gen. K. P. Podlas, was killed while leading some of his encircled troops, further worsening the command situation. At the same time the 14th Guards and 2nd Cavalry were fighting to contain the German attack along a line from Novo-Prigozhaia to Prigozhaia to Margaritovka. By midday on May 19 Marshal S. K. Timoshenko, commander of Southwestern Front, acknowledged that his offensive had failed and began moving the mobile forces of 6th Army against the breakthrough sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Second Battle of Kharkov\nOn May 20 the 14th Panzer continued its advance to the north against desperate resistance while the 16th Panzer and 60th Motorized Division struck east towards Lozovaya in an effort to encircle 57th Army. This forced 14th Guards back several kilometres but proved temporary as the German command decided to complete the encirclement of the entire salient instead. On the afternoon of May 22 14th Panzer linked up with the 44th Infantry Division of German 6th Army and this was achieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0005-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Second Battle of Kharkov\nThe division began moving north in an effort to find an escape route, reaching the south end of the German corridor west of Marevka the next day. The Soviet front along the Donets was 40km away. The encircled forces formed a shock group from the 317th, 393rd and 150th Rifle Divisions, backed by cavalry and tanks, to make a breakthrough while the 14th Guards and remnants of several other divisions were to defend firmly to protect the shock group from the south and southwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0005-0002", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Second Battle of Kharkov\nThis disorganized effort began at 1000 hours on May 25 and while it made initial progress it soon ran into the 1st Mountain Division within the corridor and was badly shot up. Over the following days the main forces of the division were forced to the west and it's unknown how many of its men managed to break free. General Shepetov was severely wounded and captured near Izium after someone betrayed his location. He survived in the German Flossenb\u00fcrg concentration camp until May 21, 1943 when he was executed for anti-fascist agitation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue\nAs of June 1 the remnants of 14th Guards were still in 57th Army, but required considerable rebuilding. Maj. Gen. Afanasy Gryaznov was appointed to command on the same day. By the beginning of July the division was in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command in 5th Reserve Army, being brought back to strength as the German summer offensive unfolded. On July 12 the STAVKA ordered Southwestern Front to be renamed as Stalingrad Front and to have four armies incorporated into its forces, including the former 5th Reserve as 63rd Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0006-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue\nThe orders continued: \"Defend the eastern bank of the Don River with the 63rd Army in the sector it occupies and prevent the enemy from forcing the Don River under any circumstances.\" The Army was to link its left flank to the 21st Army in the area of Serafimovich. It remained in this general situation at the start of August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue\nAs the German 6th Army prepared to drive from the Don to Stalingrad the commander of Stalingrad Front, Col. Gen. A. I. Yeryomenko, issued orders on August 18/19 for a series of coordinated counterattacks by his armies to tie down German forces. 63rd Army was directed to advance from a 15km-wide sector west of the Khopyor River southwards across the Don towards Chebotarevskii, Klinovoi and Perelazovskii with 14th Guards and 197th Rifle Divisions with an immediate objective 15-20km south of the river. The attack began at dawn on August 20 and faced the Italian 2nd Infantry Division of 8th Army's XXXV Corps, which had only moved into the sector four days earlier. It gained immediate success and soon held a bridgehead 2-3km deep:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue\n14th Gds. RD was fighting along the line Tiukovnovskii-Zatonskii-Zimovskii with its forward units at 1100 hours on 20 August and crossing the Don River with its main forces. Captured: 63 enemy prisoners, 6 guns, 15 mortars, 23 machine guns, 125,000 rounds of ammunition, and one radio...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue\nContinuing their advance over the next two days the two attacking divisions were soon reinforced by 203rd Rifle Division and 21st Army's 304th Rifle Division. By then they had expanded their bridgehead to a depth of 2-10km, with 14th Guards at the deepest point, the village of Kotovsky. By the time the attack wound down on August 28 the combined Soviet assault force had carved a bridgehead 50km wide and up to 25km deep on the south bank of the Don.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue\nIn September Stalingrad Front was reorganized and 63rd Army was reassigned to the new Don Front. Between October 1 and 10 the German Army Group B moved all of Romanian 3rd Army into the defenses facing the Serafimovich bridgehead and the western end of the Kletskaya bridgehead. The commander of 3rd Army, Gen. P. Dumitrescu, sensed the threat posed by these bridgeheads and on September 24 had requested German backing to mount an offensive against them while his Army was still not completely committed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0010-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue\nThis request was turned down by the German high command, which did not want any resources diverted from the fighting in Stalingrad. In October the 14th Guards was transferred to 21st Army, now in Southwestern Front. Beginning on the night of October 13/14 the division, along with the 124th Rifle Division, began an intense probing attack against the Romanian forces which continued until the 16th, followed by another on its own overnight on October 19/20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0010-0002", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue\nThe intention was to draw German forces away from Stalingrad but not incidentally these attacks, along with a third by 76th Rifle Division on October 24 - 27, inflicted 13,154 casualties on 3rd Army, roughly the equivalent of what the British 8th Army would suffer in the concurrent Second Battle of El Alamein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\nIn the buildup to the Soviet counteroffensive against the German forces at Stalingrad the 14th Guards was again reassigned, now to the 5th Tank Army, which would be the main shock group of Southwestern Front. Before the main offensive began on November 19 all four of the Army's first-echelon rifle divisions conducted a reconnaissance-in-force with reinforced rifle battalions on the night of November 17/18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0011-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\nOvercoming Romanian forward security outposts and eliminating obstacles as they were encountered the division advanced nearly 2km into the positions of Romanian 9th Infantry Division to the southern slope of Hill 220 and the northern outskirts of State Farm (Sovkhoz) No . 3 . This reconnaissance was effective in uncovering and removing minefields and other engineering works and identified many strongpoints in the main defensive line as well as weak spots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\nWhen the true offensive began the 14th Guards manned security positions in a 15km-wide sector, concealing the forward deployment of the 47th Guards and 119th Rifle Divisions into their jumping-off positions for the assault. The division had four tank destroyer regiments attached to support and protect its advance and there was a total of 138 tanks in the bridgehead in the infantry support role. It was on the Army's right (west) flank in much the same positions it had won in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0012-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\nThe attack began between 0848 and 0850 hours Moscow time and during the first hour the rifle divisions overcame the Romanian first defensive positions with relative ease. Following this the 14th Guards found the going much more difficult. With no armor support the division's multiple assaults were broken up by intense flanking artillery, mortar and machine gun fire from a Romanian strongpoint on Hill 228, 4km northwest of Sovkhoz No. 3 .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0012-0002", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\nThe commander of 1st Guards Army to the west attempted to assist with an attack by his 203rd Rifle Division but this failed in the face of determined resistance by the Romanian 11th Infantry Division. By now Romanian resistance was stiffening throughout 5th Tank's sector, evidence that the artillery preparation had not been as effective as planned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\nBy noon the commander of 5th Tank, Lt. Gen. P. L. Romanenko, decided that if the offensive was to succeed he would have to commit his 1st and 26th Tank Corps. These corps stepped off at 1400 hours, east of the 14th Guards' sector, and effectively obliterated two regiments of the Romanian 14th Infantry Division. While two regiments of the division remained stalled in front of the Romanian defenses, its left-wing regiment managed to exploit the tank-assisted success of 47th Guards with an advance of up to 2km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0013-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\nOver the course of the next day the division continued to slowly move ahead as 9th Romanian refused its right flank to the west and 47th Guards and 8th Cavalry Corps exploited into the gap in the Romanian defenses. The Romanian resistance was so stout that Romanenko was forced to commit his reserve 159th Rifle Division to the fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0013-0002", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\nIn addition a desperate counterattack by the 9th and elements of the 11th Romanian Divisions compelled Romanenko to further reinforce his flank with the 21st Cavalry Division of 8th Cavalry Corps; this reinforced Soviet grouping, supported by a handful of tanks from 1st Tank Corps, forced the two Romanian divisions to withdraw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\nOn November 21, as most of Romanian 3rd Army was being encircled between 5th Tank and 21st Armies the 14th Guards, along with its reinforcements, continued to push the 9th Romanian west and southwest toward the Krivaia River. In the course of this the 21st Cavalry, many mounted on tanks, overran the headquarters of the Romanian division. Farther to the right the 14th Guards got into its stride, crushing the Romanians' right wing 12-14km east of Verkhnyi Gorbatovsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0014-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\nThe division encircled and captured most of a Romanian infantry regiment during the day, pursuing its remnants and liberating the village before nightfall. The next day General Romanenko was ordered to transfer the division and its supporting artillery to the 1st Guards Army effective on November 23. During the day it conducted local attacks and raids east of the Krivaia in cooperation with the 203rd and 278th Rifle Divisions, penetrating the defenses of the Romanian 9th and 11th Divisions and liberating the towns of Dubovskoi, Rubashkin, Bakhmutkin and Yagodnyi on the Krivaia, 50-55km west-southwest of Serafimovich. Late on the same day forces of the Southwestern and Stalingrad Fronts met and sealed the encirclement of the German forces at Stalingrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\n1st Guards Army set out to encircle and destroy the Romanian 7th and 11th Divisions on November 24, which were defending a wedge of territory between the Don and Krivaia Rivers. The 14th Guards and 203rd Divisions were tasked with attacking westward across the Krivaia on a 6km-wide sector from Gorbatovskaia to Ushakov against the 11th Romanian. At about midday the 266th Rifle Division was ordered into the boundary between the two divisions to fend off any German counterattacks that might materialize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0015-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\nAlthough most of the attack failed to develop as planned, the division, reinforced by the 266th during the day, penetrated the Romanian defenses and during the day advanced westward up to 16km. By nightfall General Gryaznov reported that his division \"attacked the enemy along the 2nd Section State Farm - Ilin - Dulensky line and advanced from 5-16 kilometres, reaching the Konkov, Vislogubov, and Nizhnye Luchki line before being halted.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0015-0002", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\nHowever, Gen. K. A. Hollidt, commander of the German XVII Army Corps, soon dispatched his 62nd and 294th Infantry Divisions with orders to reinforce the Romanians and drive the Soviet forces back across the Krivaia. The next day the 159th Rifle Division of 5th Tank Army moved to tie in closely to the left flank of 14th Guards. The German counterstroke began on November 27 and was successful; the 14th Guards was forced back across the Krivaia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Little Saturn\nAs the Axis defenses along the Krivaia and Chir rivers crystalized the Soviet command was forced to reassess its plans. 1st Guards Army had been earmarked for Operation Saturn, which had been intended to destroy the entire Axis position in the Caucasus region. Now circumstances, including the sheer size of the German force encircled at Stalingrad, required a change in plans. On the morning of December 5 the 1st Guards was split with its eastern half, including 14th Guards, becoming the new 3rd Guards Army. Several days earlier the division had been subordinated to the 14th Rifle Corps along with the 203rd Division. The operation, which would also include the 6th Army of Voronezh Front, targeted the German XVII Corps, the weakened divisions of Romanian I Corps and the bulk of Italian 8th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Little Saturn\nThe offensive began on December 16 and the 14th Guards, supported by the 114th Separate Tank Regiment and leading the 1st Guards Mechanized Corps, crashed through the defenses of the German 294th Infantry at Astskhov. Although Army Group Don recorded that the Soviet force lost 17 tanks destroyed and four damaged, it also admitted that \"the heights from east of Kriuscha Tal [gorge] to Hill 156 are in enemy hands.\" The German division brought up reserves which stalled further advance that day, but on the 17th the 1st Guards Mechanized was committed to complete the breakthrough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0017-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Little Saturn\nThis was successful, and allowed the division to re-occupy Dulensky by the end of the day. On December 18 the two Soviet units, now joined by 203rd Division, continued to attack and by the end of the day recaptured Konkov, ans well as Bokovskaya and Staryi Zemtsov, which broke the last German fortified line. Over three days the Soviet grouping had advanced 15-20km and began to pursue the German 294th and 62nd Divisions, plus the Romanian 7th and 11th, striving to complete their encirclement and destruction in the Kruzhilin area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0017-0002", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Little Saturn\nDuring the day of December 19 the 14th Rifle and 1st Guards Mechanized Corps, advancing from the south, met the 197th Rifle Division advancing from the north in the Kruzhilin area, completing 3rd Guards Army's immediate task. However on the previous day and overnight the Axis managed to pull out a significant portion of its forces from the pocket and consolidate along the south bank of the Chir. The 3rd Guards commander, Lt. Gen. D. D. Lelyushenko, was ordered to immediately turn the Army's main forces to the south and organize an unremitting pursuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nOn December 21 General Gryasnov took over command of the 14th Rifle Corps while remaining in command of the 14th Guards. On January 24, 1943 he was given command of the 15th Rifle Corps and handed the division over to Col. Vladimir Rusakov. By the beginning of February the 3rd Guards Army held a bridgehead over the Northern Donets River south of Voroshilovgrad from which it broke out in a drive to liberate that city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0018-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nIn the plan for the offensive the 14th Rifle Corps (now consisting of the 14th and 61st Guards Rifle Divisions) was not part of the Army's shock group but was instead to reach a line from Georgievskoe to Orekhova to Semeikino to guard its flank from any attack from the southwest. By February 4 the 14th Corps, supported by the 169th Tank Brigade, was operating in the area of heights 207, 202.8 and 206.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0018-0002", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nTwo days later German forces counterattacked the 61st Guards but were repelled; on February 7 a more powerful attack was made by elements of the 3rd SS Panzer Division supported by 40 tanks which broke through the Soviet front and captured Orlovka, Belo-Skelevatyi and Nizhnii and Verkhnii Gabun. This attack brought the advance on Voroshilovgrad to a halt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nAfter regrouping his Army General Lelyushenko decided to go over to a decisive offensive on the morning of February 12 to take Voroshilovgrad and subsequently carry out the Army's main task of reaching the Stalino - Ordzhonikidze area. East of the Luganchik River at 0500 hours the 61st Guards' 558th Rifle Regiment, with the 14th Guards' training battalion and two battalions of the 229th Rifle Brigade, defeated the German garrisons in Orlovka and Belo-Skelevatyi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0019-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nSimultaneously Popovka was seized by the main body of the division, backed by support elements of the 14th Corps, and continued advancing, reaching the Lutugino area by the end of February 14. That morning other units of the 3rd Guards Army, chiefly the 59th Guards and 243rd Rifle Divisions and elements of 2nd Tank Corps, had cleared the city. After this victory the 3rd Guards and 5th Tank Armies pressed on towards Stalino, but on February 20 the German 4th and 1st Panzer Armies began the counteroffensive that would become the Third Battle of Kharkov. While this was primarily aimed at Voronezh Front, Southwestern Front also faced attacks and the overall crisis made any further Soviet advance impossible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Battle of the Dniepr\nIn April the 14th Guards returned to 57th Army, still in Southwestern Front, where it came under the 27th Guards Rifle Corps. In July that Corps was moved to 6th Army in the same Front. In August the division was once again assigned to 57th Army, this time to the 64th Rifle Corps; the Army was now part of Steppe Front. Under these headquarters it took part in the Poltava-Kremenchug Offensive beginning on August 26. Colonel Rusakov was replaced in command by Col. Georgii Pavlovich Slatov on September 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0020-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Battle of the Dniepr\nOn September 25 the division reached the Dniepr River and the 11th Guards Reconnaissance Company (which was now motorized) forced a crossing under German fire near the village of Pushkarevka which is now part of the city of Verkhnodniprovsk. In recognition of their gallantry, five men of the company were made Heroes of the Soviet Union on December 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive\nIn October the division left 64th Corps to come under direct command of 57th Army in the 2nd Ukrainian (former Steppe) Front, while a month later it moved to direct Front control. In December it was again reassigned, now to 53rd Army's 48th Rifle Corps in the same Front. At this time the division's personnel were noted as being roughly 50 percent Russian and 50 percent of several Asian nationalities. On January 29, 1944 Colonel Slatov handed the division over to Col. Vikentii Vasilevich Skryganov; this officer would be promoted to the rank of major general on September 13. In February the 48th Corps was transferred to 5th Guards Army of the same Front and in March the 14th Guards was reassigned to 33rd Guards Rifle Corps; the division would remain in this Army for the duration of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive\nDuring the Uman\u2013Boto\u0219ani Offensive the division took part in the liberation of Novoukrainka on March 17 for which it was decorated on March 29 with the Order of the Red Banner. By mid-April the 5th Guards Army was approaching the Dniestr River in the vicinity of Grigoriopol. 33rd Guards Corps (14th Guards, 9th Guards Airborne and 214th Rifle Divisions) was on the Army's right (north) flank; the Army was on the far left flank of its Front. The Army commander, Lt. Gen. Aleksey Zhadov, had already ordered the Corps to force a crossing of the Dniestr and develop its offensive towards Cimi\u0219eni. The Corps faced defenses manned by the German 4th Mountain Division of XXXX Panzer Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive\nThe Army began crossing operations, mostly using improvised means, immediately upon reaching the east bank of April 12. The first across was a regiment of 95th Guards Rifle Division of 32nd Guards Rifle Corps. 33rd Guards Corps was intended to cross further north, closer to Gigoriopol but all three divisions were unsuccessful overnight on April 12/13. On April 13 and 14 the remainder of 32nd Guards Corps crossed into the 95th Guards' bridgehead and expanded it by capturing the village of Puh\u0103ceni and the town of Speia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0023-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive\nGeneral Zhadov ordered 33rd Guards Corps into the bridgehead as well, which was completed by the end of April 16. The bridgehead was now about 12km wide and 8km deep and engineering efforts across the river had allowed Zhadov to move tanks and other heavy weapons into it so offensive operations could be resumed in the direction of Chi\u0219in\u0103u. 33rd Guards Corps was in the northern half of the bridgehead with the 14th Guards tying in to 32nd Guards Corps to its south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0024-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive\nZhadov launched his attack at dawn on April 16 after a two-hour artillery and airstrike preparation; 14th Guards was in the second echelon. After about two hours of fighting the first echelon divisions with armor support overpowered the German 320th Infantry Division's forward security belt and by 0930 hours had torn a hole up to 2km wide and 3km deep in the German defenses. The most significant gains were made in a sector 3-6km south of the village of Delac\u0103u where the German second defensive position was breached up to 2km deep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0024-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive\nHowever at 1030 hours the German forces replied with their own intense artillery fire and airstrikes and a wave of counterattacks that halted 5th Guards Army in its tracks. Further attacks at 1500 hours by 4th Mountain and 294th Infantry and 13th Panzer Divisions did considerable damage to 95th and 13th Guards Divisions. When the fighting finally died down late on April 17 both sides were thoroughly exhausted and the 5th Guards was back to its starting point. A renewed attack on the 18th, which likely had 14th Guards in the first echelon, made no progress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0024-0002", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive\nThe bridgehead was reinforced over the following days and a new effort was mounted on April 25 and this time expanded the area of the bridgehead by about one-third; 33rd Guards Corps had advanced 8-10km by May 6. By now it was clear that no successful advance on Chi\u0219in\u0103u would be made on this axis and 5th Guards was replaced in the bridgehead by 8th Guards Army while the former was redeployed to the northwest for a new assault on Ia\u0219i in mid-May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0025-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive\nThe handover did not go smoothly as the German 6th Army launched new attacks on the bridgehead as it was happening and many of 5th Guards' rifle divisions had to withdraw under enemy fire. Ultimately the Army did not begin concentrating northeast of Ia\u0219i until May 15 and did not complete the process until the first week of June. This delay, among other events, forced the STAVKA to postpone and later cancel the entire operation. Meanwhile the commander of 2nd Ukrainian Front, Marshal I. S. Konev, was transferred to command of 1st Ukrainian Front on May 24. In June the 5th Guards Army was moved to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command and by the beginning of July it was under command of the same Front. The 14th Guards would remain in this Front for the duration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0026-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany\nAbout the beginning of August the personnel of the division were noted as being 25 percent Russian, 50 percent Ukrainian, 15 percent Moldovan, and 10 percent several Asian nationalities. Under 1st Ukrainian Front the division took part in the Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive. In early August the 5th Guards Army entered the bridgehead over the Vistula that had been created by the 6th Guards Tank Corps near Baran\u00f3w Sandomierski. In September the division was moved to the 101st Rifle Corps of 38th Army in the same Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0026-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany\nIt was under these commands when the bridgehead was hit by heavy German counterattacks from October 14-18. In the Draganovo and Palatsuvka region for a short time the German forces managed to encircle several Soviet divisions including the 14th Guards. During its escape the division destroyed 22 enemy guns, 40 mortars, 125 machine guns, while killing up to 2,000 German soldiers and officers and capturing another 27. During the five-day battle the division lost 770 men killed and 2,590 wounded. Later that month the division returned to its previous corps and army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0027-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany\n1st Ukrainian Front launched its part of the Vistula-Oder Offensive on January 12, 1945. On the first day the 14th Guards broke through the entire depth of the German defenses west of Sandomierz and continued to advance through Poland for the next 11 days, covering 265km during that time, killing 1,360 German officers and men and destroying or capturing 17 tanks, 60 guns or mortars, 105 machine guns and 178 motor vehicles. On the night of January 21/22 the division crossed the Oder River off the march 16km northwest of Oppeln. During the advance the 41st Guards Rifle Regiment was awarded an honorific:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0028-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany\n\"CHESTOCHOWA\"... 41st Guards Rifle Regiment (Lt. Colonel Zhinzhikov, Sergei Vasilevich)... The troops who participated in the liberation of Chestochowa and several other towns, by the order of the Supreme High Command of 17 January 1945, and a commendation in Moscow, are given a salute of 20 artillery salvoes from 224 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0029-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany\nThe Oder bridgehead came under heavy German counterattacks on January 22 and in the course of these General Skryganov was mortally wounded and died on January 26. On April 6 Skryganov would be posthumously made a Hero of the Soviet Union. On February 19 the 14th Guards was decorated with the Order of Lenin, a rare distinction for a rifle division, for its part in the fighting in and around Sandomierz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0029-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany\nOn the same date the 33rd Guards Artillery Regiment received the Order of the Red Banner and the 41st Guards Rifle was awarded the Order of Kutuzov, 3rd Degree, both for their successes in the fighting for Silesia. The 33rd Guards Artillery and the 38th Guards Rifle were further granted \"Wis\u0142a\" as a battle honor while the 36th Guards Rifle received \"Silesia\" as the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0030-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Lower Silesian Offensive\nFollowing the death of General Skryganov the division would be commanded by a succession of colonels: Aleksey Yakovlevich Goryachev (January 26 - March 14); Sigismund Adolfovich Losik-Savitzkii (March 15 - April 20); and Pavel Ivanovich Sikorsky (April 21 - May 11). Beginning on February 8 the 5th Guards Army took part in the Front's Lower Silesian Offensive with its main objective of encircling the German garrison of Breslau. On its sector the offensive was based on the bridgehead seized by 14th Guards in January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0030-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Lower Silesian Offensive\nThe German defense was based on the 269th Infantry Division with several battlegroups, five independent battalions, two panzer battalions and an NCO school. The Army's attack was led by 32nd Guards Rifle Corps and developed slowly over the first three days in large part due to the large number of fortified villages to be overcome and the ammunition shortage faced by all Soviet forces after the breakneck advance through Poland. On February 11 Marshal Konev shifted the 31st Tank Corps from 21st Army and committed it on the sector of 33rd Guards Corps the next day with the immediate objective of capturing the Bogenau area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0031-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Lower Silesian Offensive\nOn February 13 the Army's offensive developed more successfully than in the preceding days. German resistance did not abate and if anything increased as further forces entered the Breslau area but despite this the 4th Guards and 31st Tank Corps linked up with the 7th Guards Mechanized Corps of 6th Army to complete the encirclement. Konev chose to leave 6th Army to maintain the siege while the 32nd and 33rd Guards Corps of 5th Guards Army were ordered to make a decisive attack from the Magnitz area toward Koberwitz and then to the southwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0031-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Lower Silesian Offensive\nThe former Corps was reinforced with the 14th Guards, whose former sector was taken over by forces from 21st Army. During the fighting on February 15 the width of the cordon between Breslau and the main German forces was increased to up to 13km. By the end of February 17 the 32nd Guards Corps had arrived in the Liegnitz area, relieving the 3rd Guards Tank Army's 9th Mechanized Corps which then undertook a forced night march which brought it to Bober River in the Lewenberg area. By the beginning of March the division had returned to 33rd Guards Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0032-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nPrior to the start of the Berlin offensive the 14th Guards was again reassigned within 5th Guards Army, now to the 34th Guards Rifle Corps where it joined the 15th and 58th Guards Rifle Divisions. The Army was deployed along the eastern bank of the Neisse River on a 13km front and planned to launch its main attack with its right wing on the 8km sector from Gross Saerchen to Muskau. 34th Guards Corps was in the first echelon with its divisions in a single echelon, but the 14th Guards was not on the attack sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0032-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nWhen the offensive began on April 16 the Army's main forces crossed the Neisse under the cover of massed artillery fire. The first task of 34th Guards Corps was to eliminate a German bridgehead on the eastern bank in the Muskau area. This done, the 15th and 58th Guards Divisions advanced as much as 6km into the German defenses on the west bank. Early the next day the 15th Guards helped clear the passage of the 14th Guards by advancing into the rear of the German forces it was facing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0033-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nBy April 22 the 5th Guards Army was pursuing defeated German forces to the west, destroying rearguards and advancing 30km during the day. 14th Guards was in part responsible for securing the Army's left flank which had grown to almost 100km in length and was holding along a line from Broten to Wittichenau to Buchwalde with its front facing south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0033-0001", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nOver the next two days a German force based on elements of 17th and 4th Panzer Armies launched a counteroffensive which broke through the 52nd Army's front along its boundary with the 2nd Polish Army and continued north in the general direction of Spremberg. To counter this effort, Konev ordered Zhadov to use the 33rd Guards Corps and the 14th Guards to attack towards Losa and Ugist (north of Bautzen) and reestablish contact with the Poles. This effort brought the German attack to a halt by the end of April 24. On the next day the 58th Guards Division joined hands with the U.S. 69th Infantry Division at Torgau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0034-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nOn April 26 Zhadov ordered the 14th Guards to capture Kamenz and link up its left flank to the Polish Army. Fighting continued in this area through April 27-30 with no significant changes in the situation until the German grouping was completely worn out and went over to the defense. During this period the division returned to 33rd Guards Corps. From May 6-11 it took part, with the rest of 1st Ukrainian Front, in the final offensive on Prague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011883-0035-0000", "contents": "14th Guards Rifle Division, Postwar\nAt the time of the German surrender the division carried the official title 14th Guards Rifle, Vinnitsa, Order of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner, in the name of Jan Fabricius Division. [ Russian: 14-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u042f\u043d\u0430 \u0424\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0443\u0441\u0430.] As part of a postwar wave of decorations on May 28 the 36th Guards Regiment received the Order of Kutuzov, 3rd Degree for its part in the fighting around Cottbus. On June 4 the division as a whole was decorated with the Order of Kutuzov, 2nd Degree, for its part in the capture of Dresden. In July the division came under the command of Maj. Gen. V. A. Samsonov, who had led the 58th Rifle Division until being seriously wounded during the Berlin offensive. In the fall of the year the division was moved to Papa, Hungary, where it was disbanded in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011884-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Guldbagge Awards\nThe 14th Guldbagge Awards ceremony, presented by the Swedish Film Institute, honored the best Swedish films of 1977 and 1978, and took place on 18 September 1978. The Adventures of Picasso directed by Tage Danielsson was presented with the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011885-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Helpmann Awards\nThe 14th Annual Helpmann Awards for Australian live performance were held on 18 August 2014 at the Capitol Theatre in Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011885-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Helpmann Awards, Winners and nominees\nIn the following tables, winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface. The nominees are those which are listed below the winner and not in boldface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011886-0000-0000", "contents": "14th High School in Wroc\u0142aw\nThe 14th High School in Wroc\u0142aw (XIV Liceum Og\u00f3lnokszta\u0142c\u0105ce we Wroc\u0142awiu) is a public high school in Wroc\u0142aw, Poland, part of the 14th School Complex, that also incorporates the 49th Bilingual Junior High School. The school for many years has been placed in top spots of various Polish rankings assessing pupils achievements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011886-0001-0000", "contents": "14th High School in Wroc\u0142aw, History\nThe school was established in 1974, as a result of a division in the 3rd High School in Wroc\u0142aw. It was first situated by the Szczytnicka street, and its first headmaster was Aleksander Dobrzycki. At first, classes were taught just in a math-physics curriculum, but in 1977, a chemical class was introduced. In 1990, a theatrical class came as well, but it ceased to operate in 2000. In the same year, a humanistic class was set. Before that, in 1992, a bilingual class was created. In 1983, the school became part of the Creative Schools Society. In 2000, the 49th Bilingual Junior High School was created, too.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011886-0002-0000", "contents": "14th High School in Wroc\u0142aw, History\nIn 2002, the location of the school changed to the Bruckner street. The 14th School Complex was established that incorporated the said high school and junior high, as well as a technical school and a profiled high school (the two latter ended its existence in 2004). In 2005, after 30 years of command, Aleksander Dobrzycki left the school and Marek \u0141a\u017aniak took his place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011886-0003-0000", "contents": "14th High School in Wroc\u0142aw, History\nSince the school year 2006\u201307, there are four university classes: mathematics, computer science, chemistry and humanities. Some activities are being conducted in forms of lectures by professors of the University of Wroc\u0142aw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011887-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Hong Kong Film Awards\nThe 14th Hong Kong Awards ceremony, honored the best films of 1994 and took place on 23 April 1995 at Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, Wan Chai, Hong Kong. The ceremony was hosted by John Sham and Meg Lam, during the ceremony awards are presented in 17 categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011887-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Hong Kong Film Awards, Awards\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011887-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Hong Kong Film Awards, Awards\nThe Chinese Opera Film Century Award was a special award presented at the 14th Hong Kong Film Awardsin celebration of 100 years of Chinese opera. The award was dedicated to Cantonese opera actress Yam Kim-fai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011888-0000-0000", "contents": "14th IIFA Awards\nThe 2013 IIFA Awards, officially the 14th International Indian Film Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the International Indian Film Academy honouring the Bollywood films of 2012, took place between 4\u20136 July 2013. The winners were announced on 6 July 2013 at The Venetian Macao, Macau for the second time after 2009. The ceremony was hosted by the actors Shah Rukh Khan and Shahid Kapoor. The ceremony was televised in India and internationally on Star Plus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011888-0001-0000", "contents": "14th IIFA Awards\nBarfi! won fourteen awards, including Best Movie, Best Director for Anurag Basu, and Best Actor for Ranbir Kapoor. Agneepath won five awards, including Best Performance in a Negative Role for Rishi Kapoor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011889-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Illinois Cavalry Regiment\nThe 14th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011889-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe first two battalions of the  14th Illinois Cavalry were mustered into service at Peoria, Illinois, on January 7, 1863. The third battalion was mustered at Peoria on February 6, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011889-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 2 officers and 23 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds  and 190 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 215 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011890-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011890-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 14th Illinois Infantry was mustered into Federal service for a three-year enlistment on May 25, 1861, at Jacksonville, Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011890-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was consolidated with 15th Illinois Infantry on July 1, 1864, as the 14th and 15th Battalion Illinois Volunteer Infantry but reorganized as the 14th Illinois on April 28, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011890-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out on September 18, 1865, at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011890-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 62 enlisted soldiers killed in action or mortally wounded and 1 officer and 160 enlisted who died of disease, for a total of 223 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011891-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Imam Hossein Division\n14th Imam Hossein Division (Persian: \u0644\u0634\u06a9\u0631 14 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 (\u0639)\u200e) is a division of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011891-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Imam Hossein Division\nIt was first officially organized as the 3rd Imam Hossein Brigade during Iran\u2013Iraq War, just before Operation Tariq al-Qods. Its units had participated in various clashes after the 1979 Revolution, and its fighters were mostly from the Isfahan province. It was later expanded into a division. It participated in various key operations of the Iran-Iraq war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011891-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Imam Hossein Division\nDescribing the IRGC units during the Iran-Iraq war, then-commander-in-chief of IRGC Mohsen Rezaei says:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011891-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Imam Hossein Division\nWe had four divisions that, anywhere they went, no [Iraqi] military force was able to resist against them. Haj Hemmat and [his] 27th Mohammad Rasulullah Division, Hossein Kharrazi and [his] 14th Imam Hossein Division, Mehdi Bakeri and [his] 31st Ashura Division, Ahmad Kazemi and [his] 8th Najaf Division\u2014which whenever they entered, it resulted in success without exception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011892-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery\n14th Indiana Battery Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011892-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, and mustered in March 24, 1862 for a three years service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011892-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was attached to 1st Division, Army of the Tennessee, to July 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, District of Jackson, Tennessee, to November 1862. Artillery, District of Jackson, Tennessee, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to December 1862. Artillery, District of Jackson, XVI Corps, to March 1863. Artillery, 3rd Division, XVI Corps, to June 1863. District of Corinth, Mississippi, 2nd Division, XVI Corps, to November 1863. Post of Corinth, 2nd Division, XVI Corps, to January 1864. Artillery, 3rd Division, XVI Corps, to June 1864. Unattached Artillery, District of West Tennessee, to December 1864. Artillery, 3rd Division Detachment, Army of the Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to February 1865. Artillery, 3rd Division, XVI Corps, Military Division West Mississippi, to March 1865. Artillery Brigade, XVI Corps, Military Division West Mississippi, to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 951]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011892-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe 14th Indiana Battery Light Artillery mustered out September 1, 1865 in Indianapolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011892-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Detailed service\nAdvance on and siege of Corinth, Mississippi, April 29-May 30, 1862. Moved to Jackson, Tennessee, and duty there until June 1863. Action at Lexington, Tennessee, December 18, 1862. (Detachment captured.) Parker's Cross Roads, near Jackson, December 30. Red Mound (or Parker's Cross Roads) December 31, 1862. Duty at LaGrange, Tennessee, June to October 1863. Moved to Pocahontas October 11, and duty there until November 23. Moved to Corinth, Mississippi, November 23, and duty there until January 25, 1864. Ordered to Memphis, Tennessee, then to Vicksburg, Mississippi. Meridian Campaign February 3-March 2, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011892-0004-0001", "contents": "14th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Detailed service\nQueen Hill February 4. Return to Memphis, Tennessee, March, and duty there until November 16. Veterans on furlough May and June. Sturgis' Expedition from Memphis to Guntown, Mississippi, June 1\u201313 (non-veterans). Battle of Brice's Cross Roads, near Guntown, June 10. (Guns captured.) Smith's Expedition to Tupelo, Mississippi, July 5\u201321. Harrisburg, near Tupelo, July 14\u201315. Smith's Expedition to Oxford, Mississippi, August 1\u201330. Duty at Memphis, Tennessee, until November 16. Moved to Nashville, Tennessee, November 16-December 1. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. At Eastport, Mississippi, until February 7, 1865. Moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, February 7\u201322. Campaign against Mobile, Alabama, and its defenses March 17-April 12. Siege of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely March 26-April 8. Fort Blakely April 9. Occupation of Mobile April 12. March to Montgomery April 13\u201325. Duty there until August. Ordered to Indianapolis, August 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 1062]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011892-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 28 men during service; 4 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 23 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011893-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Independent Michigan Light Artillery Battery\nThe 14th Independent Michigan Light Artillery Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011893-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Independent Michigan Light Artillery Battery, Service\nBattery \"M\"  was organized at Kalamazoo, Michigan, and mustered into service on January 5, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011893-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Independent Michigan Light Artillery Battery, Total strength and casualties\nOver its existence, the battery carried a total of 239 men on its muster rolls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 80], "content_span": [81, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011893-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Independent Michigan Light Artillery Battery, Total strength and casualties\nThe battery lost 9 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 9fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 80], "content_span": [81, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011894-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Independent Motorized Rifle Regiment\nThe 14th Independent Motorized Rifle Regiment (Armenian: 14-\u0580\u0564 \u0561\u057c\u0561\u0576\u0571\u056b\u0576 \u0574\u0578\u057f\u0578\u0570\u0580\u0561\u0571\u0563\u0561\u0575\u056b\u0576 \u0563\u0578\u0582\u0576\u0564\u0568) is a military formation of the Armenian Army, located in the city of Kapan. It is a recipient of the Order of Combat Cross of the First Degree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011894-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Independent Motorized Rifle Regiment, History, 83rd and 97th Motorized Rifle Brigades\nThe predecessor unit is the 83rd Motorized Rifle Brigade and the 97th Motorized Rifle Brigade, both of which served during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. The 97th brigade, which was founded on 12 January 1993, was tasked with the protection of the south-eastern borders of Armenia. Under the leadership of its founding commander, Lieutenant General Mikhail Grigoryan, it was responsible for the seizure of Fizuli. It also inflicted heavy losses on the Azerbaijani Army, taking the territories of historical Syunik, three regions and sixty villages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 90], "content_span": [91, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011894-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Independent Motorized Rifle Regiment, History, 83rd and 97th Motorized Rifle Brigades\nIn 2016, Sergey Minasyan, an expert at the Caucasus Institute, criticized a publication by a Russian military expert. The erroneous publication had said that the 83rd Motorized Rifle Brigade was stationed in Dashkasan, but Dashkaran is located neither in Armenia nor in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic but rather in Azerbaijan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 90], "content_span": [91, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011894-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Independent Motorized Rifle Regiment, History, Post-war and 21st century\nDuring the reign of its commander Manvel Grigoryan (who was appointed to this position in 1993), structural changes were made, as a result of which the 97th and 83rd brigades were united, becoming the 14th Independent Motorized Rifle Brigade. In 2001, the 14th Brigade was reorganized into the 14th Independent Motorized Rifle Regiment, which, after handing over the combat duty to the Artsakh Defence Army, was moved to a permanent location. The following commanders served as heads of the unit:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011894-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Independent Motorized Rifle Regiment, History, Post-war and 21st century\nOn Army Day 2007, on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of the military, the regiment was awarded the Order of Combat Cross of the First Degree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011895-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Independent Spirit Awards\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Espngeek (talk | contribs) at 13:28, 24 July 2020 (\u2192\u200eFilms that won multiple awards). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011895-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Independent Spirit Awards\nThe 14th Independent Spirit Awards, honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 1998, were announced on March 20, 1999. It was hosted by Queen Latifah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011895-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Independent Spirit Awards, Special awards, Producers Award\nSusan A. Stover \u2013 The Sticky Fingers of Time & High Art", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011896-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Indian Division\nThe 14th Indian Division was formed during World War I, for service in the Mesopotamian Campaign. It was composed of battalions of the Regular British Army, the British Territorial Force and the British Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011896-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Indian Division, History\nThe Division now part of the Tigris Corps was involved in a number on minor engagements the Second Battle of Kut and the Fall of Baghdad, the Division's 36th Brigade was left in Baghdad as the Garrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011896-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Indian Division, History\nThe Division remained in Mesopotamia until the Armistice of Mudros 31 October 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011896-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Indian Division, Order of battle\nThe division commanded the following units, although not all of them served at the same time:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011896-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Indian Division, Order of battle, 36th Indian Brigade\nDeparted for the North Persia Force in June 1918, replaced by 56th Indian Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011897-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Indian Infantry Brigade\nThe 14th Indian Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the Indian Army during World War II. The brigade was formed at Attock in October 1940, and assigned to the 7th Indian Infantry Division. In April 1942, the brigade was renumbered as the 114th Indian Infantry Brigade. The brigade fought in the Burma Campaign with the 7th Indian Division and later the 26th Indian Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011898-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Indian Infantry Division\nThe 14th Indian Infantry Division was an infantry division of the Indian Army during World War II. It fought in the Arakan Campaign 1942\u201343, and was subsequently converted into a Training Division, providing drafts of replacements for units of the Fourteenth Army during the Burma Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011898-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Indian Infantry Division, History as 14th Indian Division, Formation and early actions\nThe division was raised on 1 June 1941, at Quetta in Baluchistan. Its badge was a depiction in black and white of the ranges of mountains above Quetta, surrounded by a stylised letter \"Q\" in white on a black background. The division had temporary commanders while forming. On 15 October 1941, Major General Wilfrid Lewis Lloyd, who had a distinguished record as commander of a brigade in the Western Desert, was appointed commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 91], "content_span": [92, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011898-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Indian Infantry Division, History as 14th Indian Division, Formation and early actions\nWhen first formed, the division was intended to operate in Iraq and Persia, then under Allied military occupation, and first trained for mountain and desert warfare. It consisted of the 23rd, 36th and 37th Indian Infantry brigades. In December, war with Imperial Japan broke out. In March, after the Japanese captured Rangoon, the capital of Burma, the division was reassigned to the eastern frontier of India, and its existing brigades were dispersed to other divisions being formed. The 47th and 49th Indian Infantry Brigades were assigned to the division in March 1942, although the 49th Brigade was removed in May. The 23rd Indian Brigade was renumbered the 123rd Indian Infantry Brigade and returned to the division in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 91], "content_span": [92, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011898-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Indian Infantry Division, History as 14th Indian Division, Formation and early actions\nIn the aftermath of the Japanese conquest of Burma, the 14th Division was sent to garrison Chittagong, on the frontier with Burma. As part of the lessons learned by the British Indian Army in the retreat from Burma, the division's equipment was lightened and its establishment was reduced, to allow easier movement off roads and in difficult terrain. The divisional transport consisted of four jeep companies and six mule companies. The division was renamed 14th Indian (Light) Division to reflect these changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 91], "content_span": [92, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011898-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Indian Infantry Division, History as 14th Indian Division, Formation and early actions\nThe light division's establishment included only two infantry brigades (instead of the usual three). However, in July 1942, the division also took over the 55th Indian Infantry Brigade as a third brigade, and also the 88th Indian Infantry Brigade for the static defence of Chittagong. The main body of the division held a line around Cox's Bazar, on the frontier with Burma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 91], "content_span": [92, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011898-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Indian Infantry Division, History as 14th Indian Division, First Arakan Campaign\nIn late 1942, the division began an advance in the Burmese coastal province of Arakan, intending ultimately to recapture Akyab Island, vital for its airfields. When well-constructed Japanese defences were encountered on the Mayu peninsula only a few miles from the island, extra brigades were added to the division. Eventually, the division HQ commanded no less than nine brigades and a large rear communications area, making effective administration and coordination impossible. A temporary headquarters, \"Mayforce\", was created to control operations in the Mayu River valley, separated from the main body of the division by a rugged hill range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011898-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Indian Infantry Division, History as 14th Indian Division, First Arakan Campaign\nFrontal attacks on the Japanese positions failed with heavy losses. On 29 February 1943, Lieutenant General Noel Irwin, the commander of Eastern Army, dismissed Major General Lloyd and took personal command of the division. Japanese reinforcements attacked the division's exposed left flank, overrunning several units and forcing the remainder to make a disorderly withdrawal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011898-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Indian Infantry Division, History as 14th Indian Division, First Arakan Campaign\nOn 14 April 1943, the division HQ was withdrawn to Ranchi in Bihar to reform, being replaced by the headquarters of Indian 26th Infantry Division. Soon afterwards, on 8 May 1943, 88 Infantry Brigade was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011898-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Indian Infantry Division, History as 14th Indian Division, Order of Battle 14 April 1943 (on withdrawal from Arakan)\nThe British 6th Brigade, 4th Indian Infantry Brigade, 71st Indian Infantry Brigade, British 29th Brigade and British 72nd Brigade were attached from other divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 121], "content_span": [122, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011898-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Indian Infantry Division, History as 14th Indian Training division\nIt was recognised that a major factor in early Allied defeats in Burma was the lack of training of British and Indian soldiers. Regimental training centres were unable to produce soldiers trained for any one theatre, as the battalions of a regiment were dispersed between formations and theatres all over the world. On 14 June 1943, the 14th Division was converted to a Training Division. It was stationed at Chhindwara in Madhya Pradesh, where the terrain and vegetation matched the conditions likely to be encountered in Burma, but the comparatively mild climate allowed training throughout the year. The division was commanded by Major General Alfred Curtis. Although its purpose was to supply jungle-trained reinforcements to Fourteenth Army which controlled operations on India's eastern frontier and in Burma, it reported directly to GHQ India under General Claude Auchinleck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 71], "content_span": [72, 954]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011898-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Indian Infantry Division, History as 14th Indian Training division\nRecruits who had already received basic training in regimental depots were posted to units in 14th Division, to undertake jungle training and live-firing exercises. On completion of this advanced training, they were then assigned to divisional replacement camps, ready to report to their units when required. The division also ran longer courses for officers and NCOs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 71], "content_span": [72, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011898-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Indian Infantry Division, History as 14th Indian Training division, Dissolution\nThe division was disbanded on 31 August 1945, shortly after the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 84], "content_span": [85, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011898-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Indian Infantry Division, Assigned brigades\nAll these brigades were assigned or attached to the division at some time during World War II", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, later referred to as the Gallant Fourteenth, was an infantry regiment and part of the Union Army's celebrated \"Gibraltar Brigade\" of the Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War. Organized in May 1861 at Camp Vigo, near Terre Haute, Indiana, it was the state's first regiment organized for three years of service. The 14th Indiana served in major campaigns and battles in the Eastern Theater, mostly in West Virginia, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. During its three years of service, the regiment had a total of 222 casualties (11 officers and 211 enlisted men).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th Indiana fought at the Battle of Antietam, the Second Battle of Fredericksburg, the Battle of Chancellorsville, and at the Battle of Gettysburg. At Gettysburg, the 14th Indiana helped secure Cemetery Hill. From August 16 to September 6, 1863, the regiment was detached for duty in New York City to help prevent further violence following the New York City draft riots of  July 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0001-0001", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nAfter its return to active duty, the regiment fought in the Bristoe Campaign and the Mine Run Campaign, as well as several major battles, including the Battle of the Wilderness and the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. The Battle of Cold Harbor was the regiment's final last engagement before it left the front on June 6, 1864. Regimental members who had completed their military served mustered out on June 20, 1864, at Indianapolis; its veterans who had re-enlisted and its remaining recruits were transferred to the 20th Regiment Indiana Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, May\u2013June 1861\nThe 14th Indiana was organized at Camp Vigo, near Terre Haute, Indiana, on May 5, 1861, as one of six Indiana regiments formed for one year of service. However, in response to Lincoln's call on May 3 for more than 42,000 troops to serve for three-year terms, the regiment reorganized for three years of service and mustered into the  Union army on June 7, 1861. It was the state's first regiment organized for three years of service. The 14th Indiana, which consisted of 1,134 men and officers, was initially under the command of Colonel Nathan Kimball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, July 1861\u2013September 1862\nThe 14th Indiana left Indianapolis, Indiana, on July 5, 1861, and arrived at Clarksburg, West Virginia, later that month. Assigned to the 1st Brigade, Army of Occupation, West Virginia, the regiment was sent to Rich Mountain, where it served as reserve troops in the Battle of Rich Mountain (July 11, 1861), but it did not engage in the fight. Afterwards, the regiment was posted to Cheat Mountain, where it remained until September 1861. The 14th Indiana saw action at Greenbrier River (October 3\u20134, 1861) and spent the winter in quarters at Romney and Paw Paw in present-day West Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, July 1861\u2013September 1862\nFrom January to March 1862, the 14th Indiana was attached to the 1st Brigade, Lander's Division, Department of Western Virginia. During this period the regiment took part in the First Battle of Kernstown, a Union victory near Winchester, Virginia, on March 23, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, July 1861\u2013September 1862\nThe regiment continued to serve in Virginia and Maryland from March to May 1862 in the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Army of the Potomac, and the Department of the Shenandoah. In May and June the 14th Indiana was attached to the 1st Brigade, Shields's 2nd Division, Department of the Rappahannock, and from June to September 1862 it served in Nathan Kimball\u2019s Independent Brigade, 2nd Army Corps, Army of the Potomac. When General Shields was wounded on March 22, 1862, Colonel Kimball took command of the division and Lieutenant Colonel William Harrow succeeded Kimball as the 14th Indiana's regimental leader. The 14th Indiana remained in the Army of the Potomac until June 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, September 1862\u2013March 1864\nThe 14th Indiana served in the 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, 2nd Army Corps, from September 1862 to March 1864. In September 1862, the 14th Indiana took part in the Maryland Campaign, including service as reserve troops in the Battle of South Mountain (September 14, 1862), and fought in the Battle of Antietam (September 12\u201315, 1862). After Antietam, Kimball's Independent Brigade, which included the 14th Indiana, was given the nickname of the \"Gibraltar Brigade\" for maintaining its position along the Sunken Road and for its assault on Confederate forces, driving them from the battlefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, September 1862\u2013March 1864, Antietam\nColonel William Harrow's official report of September 19, 1862, described the 14th Indiana's actions on the morning of September 17. During the early hours of battle, the regiment passed through an orchard and into an open, plowed field. The 14th Indiana engaged for about four hours under heavy fire within 60 yards (55\u00a0m) of Confederate forces occupying the Sunken Road. Although they suffered heavy casualties, the 14th Indiana and the 8th Ohio Volunteer Infantry regiments held their positions. The Confederate force retired from battle in the early afternoon, but the Indiana regiment continued at arms until nightfall, under fire from Confederate batteries, before it was finally relieved. Of the 14th Indiana\u2019s 320 men who went into battle, 31 were killed and an estimated 150 were wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, September 1862\u2013March 1864, Antietam\nAfter the battle, the regiment marched to Harper's Ferry, then moved to Warrenton, Virginia, and Falmouth, Virginia. The regiment remained inactive at Falmouth until December 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, September 1862\u2013March 1864, Fredericksburg\nThe 14th Indiana took part in the Second Battle of Fredericksburg (December 12\u201315, 1862). On December 12, the 14th Indiana was part of column of Union troops that attempted to storm the Confederates' fortified the breastworks under heavy artillery fire. Unable to take the Confederate position, the 14th Indiana was forced to withdraw. After the Union defeat at Fredericksburg, the 14th Indiana returned Falmouth, Virginia, where it spent the winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, September 1862\u2013March 1864, Fredericksburg\nColonel John Coons replaced Nathan Kimball, who was severely injured in the battle, as commander of the 14th Indiana. Kimball recovered from his wounds and was promoted to brigadier general. He resumed active duty in the Western Theater for the remainder of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, September 1862\u2013March 1864, Chancellorsville\nThe 14th Indiana was involved in the Union defeat at the Battle of Chancellorsville (May 1\u20135, 1863). After being held in reserve during the first two days of the battle, the regiment moved to the front on the morning of May 3. It attacked Confederate troops about 8 a.m., driving them from their positions. The 14th Indiana held its ground during an engagement that lasted about three hours. Unable to advance, the 14th Indiana reoccupied positions that General Sykes's division had once held and fortified them by constructing rifle pits and placing skirmishers in front of the breastworks. Although the regiment was eventually driven back, its efforts delayed the Confederate advance, which allowed the Union's 11th and 12th Corps to restore its line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, September 1862\u2013March 1864, Chancellorsville\nOn May 4, the 14th Indiana remained behind temporary fortifications, and on May 5, other than skirmishes with its pickets, the regiment did not engage with the Confederates. On the evening of May 5, the regiment received orders to leave its  position and return to the Rappahannock River, which the men had forded a few days earlier. Lieutenant Colonel Elijah H. C. Cavins of the 14th Indiana reported on May 10, 1863, that the regiment\u2019s casualties were 7 killed and 50 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, September 1862\u2013March 1864, Gettysburg\nThe regiment took part in the Battle of Gettysburg (July 2\u20134, 1863), when Union General George Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, a small town intersected by numerous roads and surrounded by hills. The 14th Indiana arrived late in the day on July 1, too late to join in the battle, when the Confederate troops forced the Union's 1st Corps and 11th Corps to retreat to Cemetery Hill, about a half-mile south of town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, September 1862\u2013March 1864, Gettysburg\nOn the morning of July 2, the 14th Indiana was deployed into position for an afternoon charge, and was sent to the front as relief troops to General Howard's 11th Corps late in the day. The 14th Indiana was among those ordered to protect the exposed batteries at Cemetery Hill as part of the First Brigade, Hay's Division. Colonel John Coons, commander of the regiment at Gettysburg, reported that the 14th Indiana initially supported Woodruff's battery near the center of the battle line in the morning. By 4:30 in the afternoon it was under continuous artillery fire from the Confederates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0014-0001", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, September 1862\u2013March 1864, Gettysburg\nAround 6 p.m. Colonel Samuel S. Carroll ordered Colonel Coons's men to shift its support to the Union batteries on the right of the cemetery. These batteries had already lost their support from the 11th Corps. In addition, the Confederates had crested Cemetery Hill, capturing one of the Union guns. With the 7th West Virginia and 4th Ohio Infantry, the 14th Indiana advanced with fixed bayonets, forming a line along a stone fence to defend Cemetery Hill. These Union forces kept the Confederates from capturing Rickett's battery and forced them to retreat down the hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, September 1862\u2013March 1864, Gettysburg\nOn July 3, the 14th Indiana remained with General Winfield Scott Hancock's 2nd Corps; however, the regiment was not involved in what became known as Pickett's Charge, when the Confederates assaulted the Union line and were repulsed several times before they finally retreated, ending the three-day battle. Colonel Coons reported that the 14th Indiana engaged with the Confederates to the right of the cemetery all day on July 3, under heavy crossfire from artillery, but suffered few losses. When Lee's army retreated south, the 14th Indiana pursued the Confederate troops to Manassas Gap, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, September 1862\u2013March 1864, Gettysburg\nDuring the fighting at Gettysburg, the 14th Indiana sustained heavy losses. A total of 123 of its enlisted men and officers were killed or wounded. Corporal Isaac Norris, the flag bearer of Company H, was among those who were killed. Norris was buried on the field where he died, which became the future site of a 14-foot (4.3\u00a0m) regimental monument that was erected in 1885.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, September 1862\u2013March 1864, New York City draft riots\nOn August 16, 1863, the 14th Indiana was detached for duty in New York, following violent New York City draft riots (July 13\u201316, 1863). The riots were the result of the passage of the Enrollment Act in March 1863 that required men between the ages of 20 and 45 to register for the draft. The U.S. Congress hoped that the laws would encourage enlistments in the Union army, but a legal loophole allowed draftees to pay a commutation fee of $300 or arrange for substitutes to serve in their place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 93], "content_span": [94, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0017-0001", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, September 1862\u2013March 1864, New York City draft riots\nFor many in the North, payment of the commutation fee to avoid conscription was highly unpopular. Civil unrest occurred at several sites around in the United States, but the draft riots in New York City caused more than a hundred deaths and the destruction of numerous buildings. Local militias and federal troops, including the 14th Indiana, were called to New York City to help prevent further rioting. The regiment remained stationed on Governors Island from August 16 to September 6, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 93], "content_span": [94, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, Other campaigns in the East\nIn October 1863 the 14th Indiana rejoined the 2nd Corps, Army of the Potomac, and returned to active duty. Later that year the regiment participated in several battles in the eastern United States, including service in the Bristoe Campaign (October 9\u201322, 1863) and the Mine Run Campaign (November 26\u2013December 2, 1863), before spending the winter at Stevensburg, Virginia. Fighting resumed in February 1864 along the Rapidan River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, Other campaigns in the East\nFrom March to June 1864, the regiment was assigned to the Army of the Potomac's 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, 2nd Army Corps. During that time the regiment saw action in several major battles, including the Battle of the Wilderness (May 5\u20137, 1864).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, Other campaigns in the East, Spotsylvania Court House\nAt the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House (May 12\u201321, 1864), the 14th Indiana charged the Confederate breastworks and engaged in hand-to-hand combat. Colonel John Coons was among those from the 14th Indiana who died in the battle. After several days of fighting, the Confederate troops surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 94], "content_span": [95, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, Other campaigns in the East, Cold Harbor\nThe Battle of Cold Harbor (June 1\u20136, 1864) was the regiment's last engagement. George E. Mull of Company H, 14th Indiana, was killed only hours before the end of his military service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, End of service\nThe 14th Indiana left the front on June 6, 1864. Those in the regiment who had completed their military service mustered out on June 20, 1864, in Indianapolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, End of service\nThe regiment's veterans who had re-enlisted and its remaining recruits who had not yet completed their military service were transferred to the 20th Regiment Indiana Infantry. (The 20th Indiana mustered out of service at Louisville, Kentucky, on July 12, 1865.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011899-0024-0000", "contents": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 14th Indiana suffered a total of 222 fatalities during its three years of service. The regiment lost 11 officers and 139 enlisted men who were killed in battle or died from wounds; 72 enlisted men died from disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011900-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Brigade (Hungary)\nThe 14th Infantry Brigade was a formation of the Royal Hungarian Army that participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011901-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 14th Infantry Brigade was a British Army formation during both the First World War and the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011901-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nIn 1914 this brigade was part of the 5th Division and moved over to France. On 30 December 1915 the brigade was transferred to the 32nd Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011901-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nAt the start of the war this formation was made up of regular army battalions based in the Middle East garrisons, nominally part of the 8th Infantry Division. It was present at the Battle of Crete, holding Heraklion airfield and causing many casualties among the German Parachute troops. Evacuated to North Africa where it became part of the 70th Infantry Division in the break out from Tobruk. The 70th Infantry Division was transferred to India and then Burma. Here the division, including the 14th Infantry Brigade, was split up and reformed as Chindits,  fighting in the Second Chindit Expedition of 1944 (codenamed Operation Thursday). The brigade suffered 489 casualties during the Chindit operation. On 1 November 1944 the brigade was redesignated as the 14th British Airlanding Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011901-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War, Order of battle\nThe following infantry battalions were assigned to the 14th Infantry Brigade for various periods in the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\"\nThe 14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\" (Italian: 14\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Isonzo\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Isonzo was formed on 24 May 1939 and named for the river of Isonzo, along which Italy and Austria-Hungary had fought twelve battles during World War I. After the Armistice of Cassibile the division was forced to surrender to German forces in Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", Actions\n10 June 1940, the Isonzo division was deployed at Postojna, performing security duties from Kalce, Logatec to Javornik Hills. It held the same position until April, 1941. At the beginning of Invasion of Yugoslavia, the Isonzo division has crossed the border in Gorizia and advanced toward Municipality of Brezovica. 11 April 1940, the Isonzo division was deployed in Golovec District. Later, the division was tasked with mopping-up of the area and road patrols. In January, 1942, the division has participated in large battle against Yugoslav partisans in Bosnia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0001-0001", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", Actions\nIn 1943, the Isonzo division has fought a series of battles against increasing number of Yugoslav partisans in Slovenia, abandoning gradually much of the countryside and concentrating only on the defence of the main roads. In particular, 22 September 1942, Yugoslav partisans has ambushed one of the division companies, resulting in 60 killed and 24 missing. 8 September 1943, the division Isonzo was ordered to move from Novo Mesto to Rijeka, but was dissolved en route near Ko\u010devje 11 September 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nThe names of 51 men attached to the Isonzo Division can be found in the CROWCASS List established by the Anglo-American Allies of the individuals wanted by Yugoslavia for war crimes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\n(Name) BANCALARI - (C.R. File Number) 149624 - (Rank, Occupation, Unit, Place and Date of Crime) Army, 23. Regt. Fant \"Como\" \"Isonzo\"-Div., Cernomelj (Yugo.) 43 - (Reason wanted) Murder - (Wanted by) Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nBERARDI  Manlio - 149617 - Lt. Col., Isonzo-Div., 24 Inf. Regt. Como (Yugo.) 1943 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nBIGLIO Felice -307261 - Seniore, cmdt., 117 Bn. at Mouronog, 98 Fascist Legion attached to Isonzo-Div., 42-43 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nBOLOGNE Vittorio - 144940 - Capt., 24. Inf. Regt. Como, Isonzo-Div. (Yugo.) 1943 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nBONOMO Giovanni - 149630 - Tenente Medico, Army, 24 Inf. Regt. Como, Isonzo-Div., (Yugo.) 1943 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nBURGIO Francesco -  145741 -  Commander, Army, 98. Fascist Legion, \"Isonzo\" Div., Trebnje (Yugo.) 43 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nCALZA Carlo -  149626 -Lt., 24. Inf. Regt. Como, II. Bn., Isonzo-Div. (Yugo.) 1943 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nCARLI Giovanni - 145734 -Lt. Col., Isonzo-Div., Novo Mesto (Yugo.) 43 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nCASSETTO Pietro - 145729 -Major, 24.Inf. Regt. Como, Isonzo-Div., (Yugo.) 43 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nCIRILO Antonio - 145712 -Lt., Doctor, Isonzo-Div., 24 Inf. Regt. Como (Yugo.) 43 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nCOCCOMARELLA Vincenzo - 145703 - Col., 24 Inf. Regt. Como, Isonzo-Div., Novo Mesto (Yugo.) 1943 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nCONSTANTINI Dr. Constantino - 145695 - Dr., Tenente Medico, 25 Inf. Regt. Como, Isonzo-Div., Cernomelj (Yugo.) 1943 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nCORONATI Emilio - 145690 - General, Inf. Div., Isonzo - part of XI Corpo d'Armata, Novo Mesto (Yugo.) 1942 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nDELMANTO Osvaldo -  150895 - Sottotenente, Italian Army, Isonzo-Div. (Yugo.) 42-43 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nFARINA Guido - 148312 - Col., Army, Inf. Rgt. 23, \"Como\", \"Isonzo\"-Div., Cernomelj (Yugo.) 43 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nFERRARI Arturo - 148311 - Lt., Army, \"Isonzo\"-Div., 24 Inf. Rgt. \"Como\" (Yugo.) 43 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nFRACASSO Arsenio -  148305 - Dr., \"Isonzo\"-Div., 24 Inf. Rgt. \"Como\" (Yugo.) 43 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nGALLI Giuseppe -  147286 - Sottotenente, 23 Rgt., Como, Italian Army, Isonzo Div., 1 Bn., - Murder - Yugo. Cernomelj (Yugo.) 43", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nGALLO Rufino - 147283 - Sottotenente, 24 Inf. Rgt., Italian Army, Como, Isonzo Div. (Yugo.) 43 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nGIOVARELLI Fernando - 147275 - Sottotenente, Italian Army, 23 Inf. Rgt. \"Como\", \"Isonzo\" Div., - Murder  - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nGIURA Luigi - 147273 - Centurione,  Italian Army, \"Isonzo\"-Div., 98 Fasc. Leg., 3 Coy, Trebnie (Yugo.) 43  - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0024-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nGOBBO Dr. - 147271 - Dr., Tenente Medico, Italian Army, 23 Inf. Rgt. \"Como\", \"Isonzo\"-Div., Cernomeli (Yugo.) 43 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0025-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nGuazzo Angelo - 147267 - Col., Italian Army, 6 Artl. Regt., Isonzo-Div., Novo Mesto (Yugo.) - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0026-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nGUERRINI Remo - 147265 - Centurione,  Italian Army, \"Isonzo\"-Div., 98 Fascist Legion, Velaloka (Yugo.) 1943 -  Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0027-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nGUTIERREZ A. - 147264 - Italian Army, Isonzo-Div., 23 Regt. Como, Cernomeli (Yugo.) 43  - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0028-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nLA SPADA Michelangelo - 146308 - Lt., Italian Army, Isonzo-Div, 23 Inf. Regt., Cernomels (Yugo.) 1943 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0029-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nLIPARI Ignazio - 145427 - Lt. Medico, Isonzo Div., 23 Inf. Rgt. Como, Cernomelj (Yugo.) 43 - Murder - Yugo", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0030-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nLODI Giorgio -\u00a8145426 -  Lt. Col., Isonzo Div., 23 Inf. Rgt. Como (Yugo.) 43 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0031-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nLOUSIER (LOUVIER?) Edoardo - 145424 - Capt., \"Isonzo\" Div., 98 Fascist Legion, Trebnje (Yugo.) 43 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0032-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nLO VULLO Luigi - 145423 - Major, Isonzo Div., 24 Inf. Rgt. Como (Yugo.) - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0033-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nMACCHI Antonio  - 145480 - Capt., 24 Inf. Rgt. Como, III Bn. Isonzo Div. (Yugo.) 43 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0034-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nMARAZZA A. - 145471 - Maggiore Aiutante, Isonzo Div., 23 Inf. Rgt. Como, Cernomelj (Yugo.) 43 - Murder -  Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0035-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nMARCHETTI Vincenzo - 145472 - Lt., Isonzo Div., 24 Inf. Rgt. Como (Yugo.) 43 - Murder -  Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0036-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nMEZZI Adraste - 145484 - Lt. Col., \"Isonzo\"-Div., 24 Inf. Regt. \"Como\" (Yugo.) 1943 - Murder -  Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0037-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nMOCCIA Alfonso - 145468 - Major, \"Isonzo\"-Div., 98 Fascist Legion, 117 Bn., 1943  - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0038-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nNONNI Dr. Carlo - 145636 - Lt., Doctor, Isonzo-Div., 24 Inf.Regt. \"Como\" (Yugo.) - Murder -  Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0039-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nORIFICI Domenico - 148666 - Col., \"Isonzo\"-div., 24 Inf. Regt. \"Como\" , (Yugo.) 43 - Murder -  Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0040-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nORIOLI Antonio - 148665 - Capt., \"Isonzo\"-Div., 98 Fascist Legion, 1 Coy., Rakovnik (Yugo.) 1943 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0041-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nORSONI Jose - 148663 - Lt. (Med. ), \"Isonzo\"-Div., 23 Inf. Regt. \"Como\", Cernomelj (Yugo.) 43 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0042-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nPELAZZI Antonio - 149078 - Col., Italian Army, \"Isonzo\" Div., Trebnje (Yugo.) - Murder - Yugo., UNWCC", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0043-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nPINELLI Corrado - 149986 - Capt., Isonzo-Div., 23 Regt. Fant. Como, Ital. Army, Cernomelj (Yugo.) - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0044-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nPOZZUOLI Angelo - 149088 - Lt., Ital. Army, \"Isonzo\"-Div.,  24 Inf. Regt. \"Como\" (Yugo.) - Murder - Yugo., UNWCC", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0045-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nRENZO Eduardo - 148642 - Capt., Army, Isonzo-Div., 24 inf. Regt. \"Como\" (Yugo.) 43 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0046-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nROCCAFORTE Filadelfo - 191079 - Capt., It. Army, 6 Art. Regt.,  \"Isonzo\"-Div., Commander, Straza (Yugo.) 43 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0047-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nROCCO G. - 148640 - Dr., Capt., \"Isonzo\"-Div., 23 Regt. \"Como\", Cernomelj (Yugo.) - 1943 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0048-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nROSANO Raffaello - 148636 - Capt., \"Isonzo\" Div., 98, Fascist Legion, 43 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0049-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nSAVARINO F. - 191094 - Major, Commander II Bn. 23  Inf. Rgt. Como, Isonzo Div., District of Cernomelj (Yugo.) 11.8.42 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0050-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nSCARPERIA G. - 146316 - Lt.-Col., Ital.Army, \"Isonzo\" Div., 23 Rgt., Cernomelj (Yugo.) 43 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0051-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nSOFIA Mario - 146311 - Lt., Ital. Army, \"Isonzo\"-Div., 24 Inf. Regt., 1 Bn., (Yugo.) 45 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0052-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nSPERANDIO Rinaldo - 146307 - Cpl., Ital. Army, \"Isonzo\"-Div., 98 Legion, 3 Coy., 117 Bn., 1943 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011902-0053-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division \"Isonzo\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nZANNI Enzo - 144989 - Lt., Ital. Army, \"Isonzo\"-Div., 24 Inf. Regt. \"Como\", (Yugo.) 1943 - Murder - Yugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011903-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Belgium)\nThe 14th Infantry Division (Dutch: 14de Infanterie Divisie) was an infantry division of the Belgian Army that fought against the German armed forces in the Battle of Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011903-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nAs a part of Second reserve, the 14th Infantry Division, like its counterparts, were armed with the outdated antiquated weaponry from World War I. As a result of an lack of antitank/aircraft equipment, the 14th Infantry Division had to count on 1st infantry Division for antitank support. Although the combat capabilities of the 14th Infantry Division were never in doubt, they could count on their reconnaissance cyclists unit, which wasn't withdrawn when the fighting begun, unlike most of the other infantry divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011903-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nStationed on the Albert Canal, the 14th Infantry Division oversaw the destruction of the bridges over the canal, and later, were continuously being attacked by the Germans. A breakthrough in the sector of the Albert Canal manned by 7th Infantry Division caused the entire front to fall back to the K-W line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011903-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nIn contrast to many infantry divisions, who organized a planned retreat to the K-W line, the 14th Infantry Division caught itself in a unorganized and slow retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011903-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nThe morale of the 14th Infantry Division was deterred, and discipline collapsed in the lines. With the Germans advance not showing a sign of stopping, 14th Infantry Division was eventually encountered by the Germans and was reduced to remnants. Two regiments of the line were wiped out in the impending German onslaught, and the remainder were not in a condition to engage the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011903-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nConfirmed as no longer deployable, the 14th Infantry Division was transferred to the coastal areas near Zeeland and undertook no further fighting against the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011903-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nThe 14th Infantry Division only fought the Germans for six days before being forwarded to the coast, where they will be stationed until on May 28, when the division were disbanded following the surrender of Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011903-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Belgium), Structure 1940\nStructure of the division at the eve of the Battle of Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011904-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Greece)\nThe 14th Infantry Division (Greek: XIV \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd, XIV \u039c\u03a0; XIV Merarchia Pezikou, XIV MP) was an infantry division of the Hellenic Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011904-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Greece)\nThe 14th Infantry Division was established in December 1913, during the reorganization of the Hellenic Army that followed the Balkan Wars. Its headquarters was at Kalamata in the Peloponnese, comprising the 9th and 36th infantry regiments, as well as the 1/14 Cretan Regiment at Chania. The division formed part of the Patras-based II Army Corps. As a result of the National Schism, the division was disbanded in 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011904-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Greece)\nThe division was reformed in 1918 as part of the reconstituted II Corps, but only served during the final weeks of the war, in the pursuit of the Bulgarian forces around Strumitsa, under the disposal of XVI British Corps. During the Greco-Turkish War of 1919\u20131922, the division, reduced in strength to c.\u20095,000 men, formed part of the Army of Thrace and did not see any combat, being responsible for covering the Greek\u2013Yugoslav, and later the Greek\u2013Bulgarian, borders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011904-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Greece)\nIn the interwar period, due to the reduction in the size of the army, the division was disbanded, until the December 1939 changes to the mobilization plan, which re-established the 14th Division at Xanthi, in northern Greece, under IV Army Corps. During the Greco-Italian War of 1940\u201341, the 14th Division remained uninvolved, forming part of the Eastern Macedonia Army Section (TSAM) covering the Metaxas Line on the border with Bulgaria. In the Battle of the Metaxas Line, TSAM was outflanked and forced to capitulate during the German invasion of Greece in April 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011905-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Poland)\n14 Greater Poland Infantry Division (Polish: 14 Wielkopolska Dywizja Piechoty) was a unit of the Polish Army in the interbellum period, which took part in the Polish September Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011905-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Poland)\nIt was created in January 1919 in Pozna\u0144, as part of Polish forces fighting in the Greater Poland Uprising (1918\u20131919). Its organizer and first commandant was General Filip Dubiski. In the following months, several regiments created in the Greater Poland towns joined the unit, and in the summer of 1919, the Division was sent to the east, to fight the Red Army south of Polotsk. On December 19, 1919, its name was changed from 1st Division of Greater Poland rifles into 14 Greater Poland Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011905-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Poland)\nThe unit fought in the Polish-Soviet war, and in December 1920, after the truce, it returned to its homeland, to Pozna\u0144. According to the Plan Wschod, the Division was supposed to serve as a rear unit, but as in late 1930s German threat became real, on March 23, 1939, the Division became part of newly created Pozna\u0144 Army, under General Tadeusz Kutrzeba (see: Plan Zachod). Mobilization took place between August 24 and 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011905-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Poland)\nAs the Wehrmacht did not cary out attacks on Greater Poland in the first days of the Polish September Campaign, the Division did not engage in combat until Sept. 8. Then, it took part in the Battle of Bzura, fighting near the town of Piatek and breaking German lines. During the skirmishes, commandant of German 30 I.D, General Kurt von Briesen was injured and the Wehrmacht ordered a retreat. However, the Poles, without air and artillery support, did not take advantage of this breakthrough. Soon afterwards, the Germans counterattacked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011905-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Poland)\nIn mid-September the Division tried to cross the Bzura and reach the Kampinos Forest but without success. Only few soldiers managed to do so and hide in the forest. On September 19, the remaining forces broke into besieged Warsaw. There, they fought until capitulation, on Sept. 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011906-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 14th Infantry Division (Russian: 14-\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, 14-ya Pekhotnaya Diviziya) was an infantry formation of the Russian Imperial Army that existed in various formations from the early 19th century until the end of World War I and the Russian Revolution. The division was based in Kishinev in the years leading up to 1914. It fought in World War I and was demobilized in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011906-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Russian Empire), Organization\nThe 14th Infantry Division was part of the 8th Army Corps. Its order of battle in 1914 was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011907-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 14th Infantry Division (German: 14. Infanterie-Division; nickname: the S\u00e4chsische Division or Saxonian Division) was a formation of the Germany Army (Wehrmacht) which fought during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011907-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History and Organisation\nThe division was formed in 1934  in Leipzig, by expanding the 11th (Saxonian) Infantry Regiment of the 4th Division of the old Reichswehr. As this was a direct breach of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, its existence was initially concealed; it was formally designated as the 14th Infantry Division in October 1935. This history, particularly of Infantry Regiment 11, made it one of the prestige infantry divisions of the Wehrmacht.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011907-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History and Organisation\nMobilised in the 1st wave in 1939, the division was involved in the German invasion of Poland, where it attacked towards Cz\u0119stochowa and Lublin, and the following year's invasion of France. In October 1940 it was 'motorised', i.e. provided with motor transport as opposed to the usual horse and foot mobility of Wehrmacht infantry divisions, as the 14. Infanteriedivision (mot. ), with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011907-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History and Organisation\nDuring Operation Barbarossa, the division was involved in the encirclement of Minsk. In the winter of 1942/3 it was intended to reform the division as the 14th Panzergrenadier Division, but this process was stopped; in 1943 the formation was changed, having the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011907-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History and Organisation\nDuring this period the 14th Infantry Division was mostly assigned to Ninth Army, with Army Group Centre on the Eastern Front; it suffered heavy losses during the Battles of Rzhev, and then in the defence against Operation Suvorov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011907-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History and Organisation\n1944 saw the division transferred to 3rd Panzer Army. In the summer of 1944 it was one of Army Group Centre's few reserve formations, and in this capacity was rushed into the line near Orekhovsk on 25 June in a desperate attempt to hold back the breakthrough of several Soviet divisions at Orsha during the Soviet summer offensive, Operation Bagration. Some elements made a last stand around Bogushevsk before being overwhelmed; Infantry Regiment 11 was left as a rearguard on the road to Minsk. Only a handful of troops were able to retreat to the German lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011907-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History and Organisation\nBy the end of the year the remainders of the formation had been transferred to Second Army and was in the area of Ostrolenka, Poland; during the Soviet East Prussian Offensive of January 1945, the rebuilt 14th was one of the divisions pushed north and trapped in the Heiligenbeil pocket, where it attempted a breakout near Wormditt, before falling back on Braunsberg. The division was eventually destroyed in fighting in the kessel, most of its surviving troops entering Soviet captivity, while a few were evacuated via the Frisches Haff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 14th Infantry Regiment (\"Golden Dragons\" ) is a United States Army light infantry regiment. It has served in the American Civil War, Boxer Rebellion, World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War, Operation Restore Hope,  Operation Uphold Democracy, Operation Joint Guard, Operation Desert Storm, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Gothic Serpent, Operation New Dawn, Operation Resolute Support, and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The 14th Infantry Regiment did not take part in combat during World War I. It has also conducted peacekeeping and humanitarian missions in the Sinai Peninsula, Guant\u00e1namo Bay in Cuba, Bosnia, and Kosovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nOnly the 2nd Battalion of the 14th Infantry Regiment is currently active, assigned to 2nd Brigade, 10th Mountain Division at Fort Drum, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War, 1861\u201366\nIn May 1861, President Abraham Lincoln called for the creation of nine additional Regular Army infantry regiments in preparation for the looming civil war. These regiments were designated the 11th through the 19th Infantry and organized as \"three-battalion\" regiments, each battalion containing eight companies of infantry, in contrast to the original ten regular regiments of infantry, which were organized on the traditional ten-company line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War, 1861\u201366\nThe 14th Infantry Regiment was organized on 3 May 1861 at Fort Trumbull, Connecticut, in two battalions with the third added in April 1862. Part of the Army of the Potomac, the regiment saw its first combat action in the Peninsula Campaign 17 May 1862. The regiment was assigned to 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 5th Corps, Army of the Potomac and fought at Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wilderness and Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War, 1861\u201366\nIn recognition of the regiment's heroic performance of duty during twelve of the bloodiest campaigns of the American Civil War, General George Meade, awarded the 14th Infantry Regiment the place of honor at the \"Right of the Line\" in the Grand Review of the Armies in Washington, DC at the end of the war. This is where the regiment takes its motto \"The Right of the Line\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War, 1861\u201366\nFollowing the Civil War, the Army was reorganized by Congress in July 1866, and the 14th was divided into three regiments, each battalion receiving two additional companies and being organized along traditional lines. The 1st Battalion retained the designation of the 14th Infantry, while the 2nd Battalion became the 23rd Infantry and the 3rd Battalion the 32nd Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Indian Wars, 1866\u201378\nThe regiment was sent to the Presidio of San Francisco following the Civil War and from there, line companies were posted to locations in Arizona, California, Oregon, and Washington. The regiment took part in two Indian campaigns and detachments were in two other campaigns (including the 1866-1868 Snake War) but not in sufficient strength to entitle the regiment as a whole to participation credit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Indian Wars, 1866\u201378\nCampaign participation credit during this time includes Arizona 1866; Wyoming 1874; Little Big Horn 1876; Bannocks 1878.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Indian Wars, 1866\u201378\nSeveral companies fought the Apaches in 1866 in Arizona. After three years of service in deserts of the Southwest, the regiment was sent to the South for Reconstruction duty beginning in July 1869.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Indian Wars, 1866\u201378\nThe threat of an Indian war in the Dakotas caused the regiment to be moved back to the frontier in April 1870, first to Fort Randall, then to Fort Sedgwick, and finally to Fort Laramie in March 1871. In 1874, elements of the regiment operated against Indian tribes raiding ranches and mines in the Wyoming territory. On February 9, 1874, a soldier from the regiment, 1st Lt . Levi H. Robinson, was killed during a skirmish with Indians north of Fort Laramie. He is the namesake of Fort Robinson in Nebraska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Indian Wars, 1866\u201378\nSeveral companies participated in the 1876 campaign. Soon after the Battle of the Little Bighorn in June 1876, four companies from the regiment (Companies B, C, F, and I) participated in the Horsemeat March, one of the most grueling marches in American military history, and the Battle of Slim Buttes. Captain James Kennington led Company B during the Battle of Slim Buttes; a year later Kennington was the Officer of the Day at Fort Robinson and escorted Crazy Horse to the guardhouse when the captured Lakota war leader was killed on 5 September 1877.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish\u2013American War, 1898\nThe regiment was at the capture of Manila on August 13, 1898, in the Spanish\u2013American War, and in the fighting around the same city in 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, China Relief Expedition, 1900\nDuring the early years of the 20th century, the 14th Infantry Regiment was deployed to China to help put down the Boxer Rebellion. The 14th was the spearhead in winning a victory over the Chinese army at the Battle of Yangcun. At the Tung Pien Gate in Peking, the regiment was taking heavy fire and was unable to effectively engage the enemy. To counteract, volunteers were called for to scale the wall and lay down suppressive fire from the better vantage point while the rest of the regiment followed. Corporal Calvin P. Titus, a band member and chaplains assistant from E Company, volunteered, and with rope slung over his shoulder scaled the wall and laid down the suppressive fire that allowed more and more soldiers behind him to follow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 78], "content_span": [79, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, China Relief Expedition, 1900\nFor his actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor as well as receiving an appointment to West Point. For their conduct of the operation, the 14th Infantry Regiment was rewarded by the Chinese government a large amount of silver bullion which was later fashioned into an ornamented punchbowl with matching cups and other dinnerware that is still kept in 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 78], "content_span": [79, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I, 1917\u201318\nOn the eve of the US entry into World War I, the 14th Infantry Regiment was stationed in Yuma, Arizona, although the 1st Battalion was on detached duty in Alaska. The regiment was subsequently transferred to Vancouver Barracks, Washington. In 1918 the 14th was moved to Butte, Montana, to guard the Anaconda copper mines. Although a Regular Army unit, the regiment did not see active service during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar Period, 1919-1941\nThe 14th Infantry Regiment was stationed at Camp Custer, Michigan, in 1919. On 22 October 1920, it was transferred to Fort Davis, in the Panama Canal Zone, and was assigned to the Panama Canal Division on 3 July 1921. When the Panama Canal Division was inactivated in 1932, the regiment was attached to Headquarters, Atlantic Sector on 15 April 1932. On 10 April 1940, the regiment was assigned to the Panama Canal Division's successor, the Panama Mobile Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, 1941\u201345\nIn 1943, the Golden Dragons were ordered to Camp Carson, Colorado. The regiment arrived in San Francisco, California on 18 June 1943 and was assigned to the 71st Light Division on 10 July 1943. The 14th, along with the rest of the 71st Division underwent unit combat training at Camp Carson then at Camp Roberts, California and at Fort Benning Georgia. At Fort Benning the 71st was reorganized and redesignated as the 71st Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, 1941\u201345\nOn 25 January 1945, the Golden Dragons sailed from New York with the rest of the 71st Division, arriving in Le Havre on 7 February 1945. The 14th then moved some 350 miles (560\u00a0km) across France. At Ratzwiller the 71st Division relieved the 100th Division. On 21 March 1945 the 14th took part in the 71st Division's breaching the Siegfried Line and the capture of Pirmasens. On 30 March 1945 the 71st crossed the Rhine River and went into reserve near Frankfurt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, 1941\u201345\nThe 14th Infantry then participated along with its sister regiment the 5th Infantry in the elimination of bypassed German forces north of Hanau, Germany on 2 April 1945. On 13 April 1945 the Golden Dragons cut the main Berlin to Munich autobahn. On 14\u201316 April 1945 the 14th participated in its heaviest combat as the 71st Division seized the town of Bayreuth, Germany. Bypassing German strongpoints the 71st Division sped south with the 14th Infantry crossing the Danube River and participating in the seizure of the city of Regensburg on 27 April 1945. From there the 14th made an assault crossing of the Isar River under fire and entered Austria on 2 May 1945. The 71st Division linked up with advancing Soviet Army units east of Linz, Austria on 8 May 1945 and hostilities ceased on 9 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Korean War, 1950\u201353\nIn responding to the North Korean invasion of South Korea in June 1950 the U.S. Army found itself desperately short of units to halt the Communist advance. Continental U.S. (CONUS) units were stripped of personnel and equipment and sent to Korea on a priority basis. On 21 July 1950 the 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry was reassigned to the Far East Command and then to the 1st Cavalry Division where it was redesignated as the 3rd Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment. Unlike other units that had been cobbled together at the last minute, the 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry was at full strength and due to its rigorous training in mountain warfare was in excellent shape to fight in the Korean mountains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Korean War, 1950\u201353\nOn 23 July 1951, the 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry was transferred to Fort Benning where it was assigned to and redesignated as a battalion in one of the 3rd Infantry Division's regiments. The 3rd Division was initially sent to Japan then to Korea. The remaining personnel and equipment of the 14th Infantry at Camp Carson were reassigned to other CONUS units. On 1 August 1951 the 14th Infantry less personnel and equipment was assigned to the 25th Infantry Division then fighting in Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0020-0001", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Korean War, 1950\u201353\nTo man and equip the 14th Infantry the assets of the 34th Infantry Regiment of the 24th Division, then conducting infantry training in Japan, were used. The 14th Infantry moved to Korea where it replaced the 24th Infantry Regiment, which was being inactivated due to the 24th's division commander, Gen. William B. Kean, request that it be disbanded because it was \"untrustworthy and incapable of carrying out missions expected of an infantry regiment.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Korean War, 1950\u201353\nThe next two years found the regiment in almost constant combat along the 38th parallel defending places like \"The Punchbowl\" and \"Porkchop Hill\". The 25th Infantry Division assumed the responsibility of guarding the approaches to Seoul on 5 May 1953. 23 days later, when ceasefire negotiations at Panmunjom stalled, a heavy PVA assault hit the Nevada Complex, the Division held its ground; the brunt of the attack was absorbed by the attached Turkish Brigade and the 14th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0021-0001", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Korean War, 1950\u201353\nThe 14th Infantry's service in Korea earned the regiment five campaign streamers and a Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation for gallantry at Munsan-Ni. Three soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions in Korea; Sergeant Donn F. Porter, Private First Class Ernest E. West, and Private First Class Bryant H. Womack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam, 1965\u201372\n1st Battalion, 14th Infantry: In late 1965 the 25th Division was ordered to South Vietnam. The initial brigade to go was the 3rd Brigade composed of the 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry, the 1st Battalion, 35th Infantry, the 2nd Battalion, 35th Infantry and the 2nd Battalion, 9th Artillery. The urgency of getting the 3rd Brigade to the Central Highlands of South Vietnam led to the Army and Air Force undertaking Operation Blue Light, a massive airlift of the entire 3rd Brigade from Hawaii to Pleiku. The airlift began on 28 December 1965 and was successfully concluded on 17 January 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam, 1965\u201372\nCommanded by LTC Gilbert Procter Jr., the 1/14th spent most of 1966 operating along the Cambodian border as part of the 3rd Brigade's mission of preventing the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) from cutting South Vietnam in half. In November 1966, elements of the 1st Battalion engaged two PAVN battalions inflicting heavy losses on the enemy. Among the numerous Golden Dragons performing heroically during these engagements, two members of the 1st Battalion - 1st Lt . Joseph Grant and Sgt. Ted Belcher were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0024-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam, 1965\u201372\nThe 1st Battalion was reassigned to the 4th Infantry Division on 1 August 1967 as part of the exchange of 3rd Brigades between the 25th and 4th Infantry Divisions. The 1st Battalion participated in a total of 12 Vietnam campaigns, receiving the Navy Presidential Unit Citation for gallantry in action at Chu Lai. Company A received the Valorous Unit Award for action in Quang Ngai Province. In addition the 1st Battalion received four awards of the Vietnamese Gallantry Cross with Palm and one award of the Vietnam Civil Action Medal, First Class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0025-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam, 1965\u201372\nOn 8 December 1970 the 1st Battalion was reduced to zero strength at An Khe, Vietnam with the exception of a battalion color guard which returned the battalion colors to Schofield Barracks. On 15 December 1970 the 1st Battalion was reassigned to the 25th Division and the 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry was inactivated with its personnel and equipment reassigned to the 1st Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0026-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam, 1965\u201372\n2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry: The 1st Brigade of the 25th Division to which the 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry was assigned was scheduled to be the last of the three maneuver brigades to deploy to South Vietnam. The brigade was shy two of its three infantry battalions. When the 25th was reorganized from battle groups to battalions in 1963 two of the nine authorized infantry battalions were not activated as a cost-saving measure. Initially the plan was to activate and train two new battalions for the 1st Brigade but the timetable was too short.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0026-0001", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam, 1965\u201372\nAdding to the problem was the need to heavily levy the 2nd Battalion for fillers for infantry battalions of the 3rd Brigade, which left in December 1965 and of the 2nd Brigade, which departed Schofield in January 1966. To round out the 1st Brigade two battalions assigned to Alaska\u2014the 4th Battalion, 9th Infantry and the 4th Battalion, 23rd Infantry\u2014were reassigned to the 1st Brigade on 14 January 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0027-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam, 1965\u201372\nBy February 1966 the 2nd Battalion began receiving large numbers of replacements, most directly out of Advanced Individual Training. This resulted in an accelerated unit training program to ready the battalion for deployment. To enhance developing unit cohesiveness and to create espirit-de-corps the 2nd Battalion took the informal nickname of Battle Dragons. A \"Battle Dragon Chant\" was also written and used in battalion formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0028-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam, 1965\u201372\nIn early April, the 1st Brigade was alerted for movement to South Vietnam. On 16 April 1966 the USNS\u00a0General Nelson M. Walker sailed from Pearl Harbor with the entire 1st Brigade aboard. The ship arrived at Vung Tau on 28 April. The 2nd Battalion left the ship on 30 April and was moved by truck and aircraft to C\u1ee7 Chi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0029-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam, 1965\u201372\nIn its over four years of combat in Vietnam, the 2nd Battalion received participation credit for 12 of the campaigns of the Vietnam War. The battalion received two awards of the Vietnamese Gallantry Cross with Palm and one award of the Vietnam Civic Action Medal First Class. On 8 December 1970 the 2nd Battalion left South Vietnam and returned to Schofield Barracks. The battalion was inactivated on 5 June 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0030-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam, 1965\u201372\n3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry: To provide for a Pacific area strategic reserve for contingencies other than the ongoing Vietnam War, the Army activated the 4th Brigade, 25th Infantry Division at Schofield Barracks on 6 December 1969. The 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry was activated as one of the 4th Brigade's three infantry battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0031-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam, 1965\u201372\nThe 3rd Battalion (descending from Company C) was initially activated under CARS as the 3rd Battle Group, 14th Infantry on 1 June 1959 and assigned to the 102nd Infantry Division, U.S. Army Reserve at Kansas City, Missouri. The 3rd Battle Group was reorganized and redesignated as the 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry on 1 April 1963. On 31 December 1965 the 3rd Battalion was inactivated. It was allotted back to the Regular Army on 6 December 1969 and activated at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii as a component of the 4th Brigade, 25th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0032-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam, 1965\u201372\nAs the 25th Division returned to Schofield Barracks from South Vietnam to resume its traditional mission of being the strategic reserve for the Pacific area the 4th Brigade along with the 3rd Battalion 14th Infantry was inactivated on 15 December 1970. The personnel and equipment of the 3rd Battalion was used to re-man and re-equip the 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0033-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam, 1965\u201372\nCompany E served in South Vietnam from 30 June 1971 to 20 November 1972 as a separate rifle security company assigned to the U.S. Army Support Command with the mission of guarding the Long B\u00ecnh support facility. Company E received campaign participation credit for the last four campaigns of the Vietnam War. In 1986 it was assigned to the 25th Division as Headquarters Company, 5th Battalion. (See below.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0034-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post Vietnam\nAs part of the overall post-Vietnam draw-down of the Army only the 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry Division remained active. The 1st Battalion 14th Infantry was assigned to the 1st Brigade and the 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry was inactivated but remained assigned to the Tropic Lightning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0035-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post Vietnam\nThe 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry was reactivated in 1987 and was based in Fort Drum, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0036-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Somalia, 1993\nOn 3 October 1993, 2-14 Infantry was part of the quick reaction force which helped rescue members of Special Operations Task Force Ranger which had conducted a daylight raid on an enemy stronghold. 2-14 Infantry fought a moving battle for 3 hours from the gates of the Soccer Stadium Mogadishu to the Rangers' perimeter. They successfully linked up with the Rangers and then began to withdraw under fire. During the 12-hour ordeal, 29 soldiers from 2nd Battalion were wounded and 2 were killed (PFC James Martin and Sgt. Cornell Houston).2-14 Infantry along with TF Ranger endured the Mogadishu Mile before returning to the stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0037-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Haiti, 1994\nOperation Uphold Democracy (19 September 1994 \u2013 31 March 1995) was an intervention designed to remove the military regime installed by the 1991 Haitian coup d'\u00e9tat that overthrew the elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. The operation was effectively authorized by the 31 July 1994 United Nations Security Council Resolution 940. Teams were deployed throughout the country to establish order and humanitarian services. Regular Army forces consisting of units from the 10th Mountain Division occupied Port-au-Prince (3-14) with 3rd Bn (Airborne) 73rd Armor Regiment (82nd Airborne Division) and elements from the U.S. Army Materiel Command provided logistical support in the form of the Joint Logistics Support Command (JLSC) which provided oversight and direct control over all Multinational Force and U.S. deployed logistics units", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 896]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0038-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Bosnia, 1997\nOn 19 March 1997, two companies of 2-14 Infantry deployed to Bosnia. Bravo Company's mission was to defend a critical bridge site over the Sava River, while Charlie Company was to act as the theater reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0039-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Kosovo, 2001\nIn November, 2001, 2-14 Infantry deployed to Kosovo as part of Task Force Falcon, Operation Joint Guardian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0040-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Bosnia, 2002\nOn 28 March 2002, two companies of 1-14 Infantry deployed to Bosnia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0041-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Iraq, 2003-2011\nIn March 2003, 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment, deployed from Fort Drum in preparation for the invasion of Iraq. As part of Task Force Viking, the battalion was attached to 10th Special Forces Group in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The battalion linked-up with 10th Special Forces in Constanta, Romania, then deployed to Irbil, Mosul, and Kirkuk. This task force, fighting with Kurdish rebels, defeated six Iraqi divisions. The battalion re-deployed to Fort Drum, New York, six months later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0042-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Iraq, 2003-2011\nIn mid-2004, Soldiers of 2nd Brigade (to include 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment) deployed to Iraq for the second time. In Iraq, the brigade executed combat operations in northwest Baghdad attached to the 1st Cavalry Division and detached forces to support other brigades across the city, including a brigade fighting insurgents in Sadr City. In northwest Baghdad, the Commandos secured several key roads and neighborhoods. In addition, the brigade enabled newly established Iraqi Security Forces to secure polling centers during Iraq's elections in January 2005, the first free election held in the country since the 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0043-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Iraq, 2003-2011\nThe brigade (which includes 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment) returned to Iraq for a third time in late 2006, this time to the area southwest of Baghdad known as the \u201cTriangle of Death.\u201d There the brigade battled insurgents and international terrorists alongside its Iraqi Security Force comrades in the area's canals, along the banks of the Euphrates River, and through the cities of Mahmudiyah, Yusafiyah, and Lutafiyah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0044-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Iraq, 2003-2011\nIt was during this deployment that Staff Sergeant Travis Atkins earned the Medal of Honor after engaging a terrorist in hand-to-hand combat. After engaging the enemy combatant in hand-to-hand combat, Staff Sergeant Atkins realized that the terrorist was attempting to detonate an explosive vest. Staff Sergeant Atkins then selflessly slammed the insurgent to the ground and covered the insurgent with his own body to shield the men under him from the impending blast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0045-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 1st Battalion\nConstituted 3 May 1861 in the Regular Army as Company A, 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0046-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 1st Battalion\nReorganized and redesignated 30 April 1862 as Company A, 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0047-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 1st Battalion\nReorganized and redesignated 21 September 1866 as Company A, 14th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0048-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 1st Battalion\nConsolidated 26 July 1869 with Company G, 45th Infantry, Veteran Reserve Corps (constituted 21 September 1866), and consolidated unit designated as Company A, 14th Infantry (14th Infantry assigned 27 July 1918 to the 19th Division; relieved 14 February 1919 from assignment to the 19th Division; assigned 10 July 1943 to the 71st Light Division [later redesignated as the 71st Infantry Division]; relieved 1 May 1946 from assignment to the 71st Infantry Division)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0049-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 1st Battalion\nActivated 1 October 1948 at Camp Carson, Colorado (14th Infantry assigned 1 August 1951 to the 25th Infantry Division)Reorganized and redesignated 1 February 1957 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Battle Group, 14th Infantry, and remained assigned to the 25th Infantry Division (organic elements concurrently constituted and activated)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0050-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 1st Battalion\nReorganized and redesignated 26 August 1963 as the 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0051-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 1st Battalion\nRelieved 1 August 1967 from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division and assigned to the 4th Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0052-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 1st Battalion\nRelieved 15 December 1970 from assignment to the 4th Infantry Division and assigned to the 25th Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0053-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 1st Battalion\nCompany A additionally entitled to:Valorous Unit Award, Streamer embroidered QUANG NGAI PROVINCE", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0054-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 2nd Battalion\nConstituted 3 May 1861 in the Regular Army as Company B, 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0055-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 2nd Battalion\nReorganized and redesignated 30 April 1862 as Company B, 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0056-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 2nd Battalion\nReorganized and redesignated 21 September 1866 as Company B, 14th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0057-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 2nd Battalion\nConsolidated 26 July 1869 with Company A, 45th Infantry, Veteran Reserve Corps (constituted 21 September 1866), and consolidated unit designated as Company B, 14th Infantry (14th Infantry assigned 27 July 1918 to the 19th Division; relieved 14 February 1919 from assignment to the 19th Division; assigned 10 July 1943 to the 71st Light Division [later redesignated as the 71st Infantry Division]; relieved 1 May 1946 from assignment to the 71st Infantry Division)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0058-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 2nd Battalion\nActivated 1 October 1948 at Camp Carson, Colorado (14th Infantry assigned 1 August 1951 to the 25th Infantry Division)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0059-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 2nd Battalion\nInactivated 1 February 1957 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, and relieved from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0060-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 2nd Battalion\nRedesignated 17 May 1957 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2d Battle Group, 14th Infantry (organic elements concurrently constituted)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0061-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 2nd Battalion\nBattle Group activated 25 May 1957 at Fort Benning, Georgia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0062-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 2nd Battalion\nRelieved 25 June 1960 from assignment to the 1st Infantry Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0063-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 2nd Battalion\nRelieved 17 January 1986 from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division, assigned to the 10th Mountain Division, and activated at Fort Benning, Georgia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0064-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 2nd Battalion\n- Transition of Iraq- Iraqi Governance- Iraqi Surge- Iraqi Sovereignty", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0065-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 3rd Battalion\nConstituted 3 May 1861 in the Regular Army as Company F, 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0066-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 3rd Battalion\nReorganized and redesignated 30 April 1862 as Company F, 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0067-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 3rd Battalion\nReorganized and redesignated 21 September 1866 as Company F, 14th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0068-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 3rd Battalion\nConsolidated 26 July 1869 with Company C, 45th Infantry, Veteran Reserve Corps (constituted 21 September 1866), and consolidated unit designated as Company C, 14th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0069-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 3rd Battalion\n(14th Infantry assigned 27 July 1918 to the 19th Division; relieved 14 February 1919 from assignment to the 19th Division; assigned 10 July 1943 to the 71st Light Division [later redesignated as the 71st Infantry Division]; relieved 1 May 1946 from assignment to the 71st Infantry Division)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0070-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 3rd Battalion\n(14th Infantry assigned 1 August 1951 to the 25th Infantry Division)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0071-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 3rd Battalion\nInactivated 1 February 1957 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, and relieved from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division; concurrently, redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 3d Battle Group, 14th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0072-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 3rd Battalion\nWithdrawn 11 May 1959 from the Regular Army, allotted to the Army Reserve, and assigned to the 102d Infantry Division (organic elements concurrently constituted)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0073-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 3rd Battalion\nBattle Group activated 1 June 1959 with headquarters at Kansas City, Missouri (Headquarters and Headquarters Company concurrently consolidated with Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 406th Infantry, and consolidated unit designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 3d Battle Group, 14th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0074-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 3rd Battalion\nReorganized and redesignated 1 April 1963 as the 3d Battalion, 14th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0075-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 3rd Battalion\nInactivated 30 December 1965 at Kansas City, Missouri, and relieved from assignment to the 102d Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0076-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 3rd Battalion\nWithdrawn 6 December 1969 from the Army Reserve, allotted to the Regular Army, assigned to the 25th Infantry Division, and activated at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0077-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 3rd Battalion\nRelieved 2 March 1986 from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division, assigned to the 10th Mountain Division, and activated at Fort Benning, Georgia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0078-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 3rd Battalion\nInactivated 15 April 1996 at Fort Drum, New York, and relieved from assignment to the 10th Mountain Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0079-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 5th Battalion\nConstituted 3 May 1861 in the Regular Army as Company E, 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0080-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 5th Battalion\nReorganized and redesignated 30 April 1862 as Company E, 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0081-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 5th Battalion\nReorganized and redesignated 21 September 1866 as Company E, 14th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0082-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 5th Battalion\nConsolidated 26 July 1869 with Company D, 45th Infantry, Veteran Reserve Corps (constituted 21 September 1866), and consolidated unit designated as Company E, 14th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0083-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 5th Battalion\n(14th Infantry assigned 27 July 1918 to the 19th Division; relieved 14 February 1919 from assignment to the 19th Division; assigned 10 July 1943 to the 71st Light Division [later redesignated as the 71st Infantry Division]; relieved 1 May 1946 from assignment to the 71st Infantry Division)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0084-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 5th Battalion\n(14th Infantry assigned 1 August 1951 to the 25th Infantry Division)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0085-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 5th Battalion\nInactivated 1 February 1957 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, and relieved from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division; concurrently, redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 5th Battle Group, 14th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0086-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 5th Battalion\nRedesignated 16 December 1986 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 5th Battalion, 14th Infantry, assigned to the 25th Infantry Division, and activated at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii (organic elements concurrently constituted and activated)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011908-0087-0000", "contents": "14th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, 5th Battalion\nBattalion inactivated 15 August 1995 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, and relieved from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011909-0000-0000", "contents": "14th International Emmy Awards\nThe 14th International Emmy Awards took place on November 25, 1986, in New York City, United States. The awards were presented in ceremony by the International Council of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011909-0001-0000", "contents": "14th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nThe winners of the 14th International Emmy Awards were announced on November 25, 1986, in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011909-0002-0000", "contents": "14th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nShadowlands, a television film, written by William Nicholson, directed by Norman Stone and produced by David M. Thompson for BBC Wales, won the International Emmy for drama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011909-0003-0000", "contents": "14th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nChasing a Rainbow: The Life of Josephine Baker, documentary produced by Britain's Channel Four about black American singer/dancer Josephine Baker (1906-1974), who emigrated to France where she was a major artist from 1927 until her death, won in the documentary category. The International Emmy for performing arts went to Bejart's Kabuki Ballet produced by NHK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011909-0004-0000", "contents": "14th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nThe Kids of Debrassi Street: Griff Gets a Hand, produced by CBC, won in the children's category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011909-0005-0000", "contents": "14th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nHerbert Schmertz, vice president of Mobil Oil Corp., received the Directorate Award, and Donald L. Taffner, president of D. L. Taffner Ltd. of New York, received the Founders Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011910-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Iowa Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th Iowa Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011910-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 14th Iowa Infantry was organized at Davenport, Iowa, and mustered in for three years of Federal service on November 6, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011910-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe 14th Iowa mustered a total of 1,720 during its existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011910-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nIt suffered 5 officers and 59 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 1 officer and 138 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 203 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011911-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Iranian Majlis\n14th Iranian Majlis was commenced on 6 March 1944 and ended on 12 March 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011911-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Iranian Majlis\nIn a national history of factionalism, it was the assembly of intense factionalism. As many as seven rival groups labelled fraktions -a term borrowed from the German parliament- in constantly competing with each other, wasted one quarter of the session in obstructionism, and brought persistent instability on the governmental level: during these 24 months, there were seven changes of premiers, nine changes of cabinets, and 110 changes of ministers. The 14th Parliament sat during one of the rare periods in which there was some degree of freedom for political expression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011912-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Irish Film & Television Awards\nThe 14th IFTA Film & Drama Awards took place at the Mansion House on 8 April 2017 in Dublin, honouring Irish film and television drama released in 2016. Deirdre O'Kane hosted the film awards ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011912-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Irish Film & Television Awards, Film Awards\nThe nominations for the IFTA Film & Drama Awards were announced by the Irish Film and Television Academy. Winners are denoted by bold letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011913-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Japan Film Professional Awards\nThe 14th Japan Film Professional Awards (\u7b2c14\u56de\u65e5\u672c\u6620\u753b\u30d7\u30ed\u30d5\u30a7\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u5927\u8cde) is the 14th edition of the Japan Film Professional Awards. It awarded the best of 2004 in film. The ceremony did not take place in this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011914-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Japan Record Awards\nThe 14th Annual Japan Record Awards took place at the Imperial Garden Theater in Chiyoda, Tokyo, on December 31, 1972, starting at 7:00PM JST. The primary ceremonies were televised in Japan on TBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment\n14th Jaz\u0142owiec Uhlan Regiment (Polish: 14 Pu\u0142k U\u0142an\u00f3w Jaz\u0142owieckich, 14 pu\u0142) was a cavalry unit of the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic, also a unit of Polish Armed Forces in the West and the Home Army. During the interbellum, the regiment garrisoned Lw\u00f3w. It was named after the village of Yazlovets (Jaz\u0142owiec), where on July 11\u201313, 1919, one of the battles of the Polish\u2013Ukrainian War took place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, Beginnings\nThe regiment dates back to February 1918, when a Polish squadron was formed in the town of Ungheni, Moldova. This unit consisted of ethnic Poles, who had served in the Imperial Russian Army. After a failed attempt to join Polish II Corps in Russia, and facing a German disarming, the squadron joined the 2nd Mounted Regiment of Russian Volunteer Army, keeping its symbols and command. Together with other units of the White movement, the Polish squadron marched to Kuban in southern Russia, where it fought the Red Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, Beginnings\nIn mid-August 1918, following an agreement between the Volunteer Army and General Lucjan \u017beligowski, the unit was subjected to Polish military authorities of the Kuban region. Soon afterwards, it was reorganized into a two-squadron unit, commanded by Major Konstanty Plisowski (since September 1918). In October, the 3rd squadron was formed, and the name of the whole unit was changed into the Cavalry Regiment of the 4th Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, Beginnings\nIn late January 1919, the regiment was shipped from Kuban to Odessa, where a number of volunteers joined it, and its name was again changed into Uhlan Regiment of the 1st Cavalry Division. At that time, the regiment had 98 officers and 530 soldiers, together with machine gunners and communications platoon. Elements of the regiment fought alongside French, Greek and White Russian forces, near Odessa and Tiraspol. When in April 1919 allied forces decided to leave southern Ukraine, the regiment covered the retreat, crossing the Dniester river as the last unit. After a two-month stay in Bessarabia, the regiment entered Poland on June 15, 1919, near Sniatyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, Fighting in 1919\u20131921\nIn late June 1919, the regiment began fighting in the Polish\u2013Ukrainian War. The uhlans clashed with the enemy in several locations of former Austrian Galicia. On July 11\u201313, 1919 near Yazlovets in Eastern Galicia, the regiment defeated Ukrainian forces, successfully defending the local monastery of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary. After this battle, the Lady of Jaz\u0142owiec became the regiment's patron saint, and the regimental flag was founded by former students of the monastery school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, Fighting in 1919\u20131921\nAfter pushing Ukrainian forces behind the Zbruch river, the regiment marched to Volhynia, to fight the advancing Red Army. In August 1919, it was officially named the 14th Uhlan Regiment of Jaz\u0142owiec. It fought with distinction in the Polish\u2013Soviet War, participating in the Kiev Offensive and the Battle of Komar\u00f3w. In recognition of their outstanding bravery, several of its officers and soldiers were awarded the Virtuti Militari and the Cross of Valour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, Second Polish Republic\nIn 1921\u20131939, the regiment was garrisoned in the city of Lw\u00f3w, in the barracks located on Lyczakowska Street. Its flag was awarded the Virtuti Militari 5th Class, in a ceremony on March 20, 1921. The ceremony was attended by Marshal J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nIn the 1939 Invasion of Poland, the regiment belonged to Podolska Cavalry Brigade, as part of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Army (later it was transferred to Pozna\u0144 Army). Mobilized on August 27, it was transported by rail from Lw\u00f3w to the town of Nekla, near Wrze\u015bnia. The regiment at first covered Polish positions some 10 kilometers west of Pozna\u0144, and on September 4, it was ordered to march eastwards, via Gniezno, S\u0142upca and Konin, to Uniej\u00f3w, where it arrived on September 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nAs part of Cavalry Operational Group of General Stanis\u0142aw Grzmot-Skotnicki, the 14th Uhlan Regiment of Jaz\u0142owiec fought in the Battle of the Bzura, in the area of \u0141\u0119czyca, \u0141owicz and Stryk\u00f3w. After the death of General Grzmot-Skotnicki, the group was commanded by General Roman Abraham, who ordered his soldiers to march westwards, into the Kampinos Forest. On September 17, near the village of Gorki, the uhlans fought a heavy battle with the advancing Wehrmacht. After the clash, the group at first marched towards Modlin, but soon General Abraham changed his order and decided to march towards the besieged Warsaw. On September 19, in the Battle of W\u00f3lka W\u0119glowa, the Jazlowiec uhlans managed to defeat the enemy and enter Warsaw. This battle was witnessed and described by Italian war correspondent Mario Appelius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nWhile in Warsaw, the decimated regiment was merged with the 6th Kaniow Uhlan Regiment and fought until the capitulation on September 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nFollowing the Polish defeat, the flag of the regiment was recognized for the outstanding bravery of its soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, Jazlowce Uhlans in Western Europe\nThe Regiment was recreated in April 1940 in France, as the 3rd Battalion of Jazlowce Uhlans. After the French defeat, the unit was once again recreated, this time in Great Britain, as the 1st Rifle Battalion of Jazlowce Uhlans. Since October 1940, it belonged to the 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade and was commanded by Colonel Witold Gierulewicz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 64], "content_span": [65, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, Jazlowce Uhlans in Western Europe\nUntil late 1941, the battalion remained stationed in the County of Angus, Scotland. In October 1941, it was renamed into 14th Armoured Cavalry Regiment. Transferred to France after the Invasion of Normandy, it was equipped with American M4 Sherman tanks, and since August 1944, the regiment began taking ethnic Poles, who had served in the Wehrmacht and had been captured as POWs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 64], "content_span": [65, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, Jazlowce Uhlans in Western Europe\nBy April 1945, the regiment, commanded by Colonel Stefan Starnawski, was trained, equipped and ready to fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 64], "content_span": [65, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, Jazlowce Uhlans in the Home Army\nIn the spring of 1944, the regiment was also formed by the Home Army of the Area of Lw\u00f3w, to fight in Operation Tempest. It was commanded by Colonel Andrzej Choloniewski, whose deputy was Captain Dragan Sotirovi\u0107, a former officer of the Royal Yugoslav Army, who escaped from a German POW camp, and found refuge among Polish partisans. The regiment defended Polish villages around Lw\u00f3w from attacks carried out by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. In July 1944, it had 827 soldiers and officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, Jazlowce Uhlans in the Home Army\nOn July 22\u201327, 1944, Jazlowce Uhlans fought in the Lw\u00f3w uprising, after which many Polish soldiers were arrested by the NKVD and deported to Siberia. Those who escaped captivity continued fighting the Soviets until June 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, Symbols\nThe flag, founded by students of the school of Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Jazlowiec, was handed to the regiment by Marshal J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski, on March 20, 1921, in Tomasz\u00f3w Lubelski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, Symbols\nDuring the Invasion of Poland, the flag was taken to the battlefield. On September 19, during the Battle of Wolka Weglowa, the regimental flag-bearer was shot by the enemy and dropped the flag. The Germans managed to capture the symbol, but it was soon retaken by the Poles (this incident was accurately described by Mario Appelus). After the battle, the flag was taken to Warsaw, and after the city's capitulation, it was hidden in the house of the Narutowicz family, located on Nowogrodzka Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, Symbols\nThe badge of the regiment was accepted by military authorities on December 13, 1921. It is in the shape of the Maltese cross, with the Virtuti Militari located in the middle, the Podolian sun, letters U J, and the date, 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, Symbols\nThe regiment had its own zurawiejka: \"Hey girls, pull up your dresses, the Jazlowce uhlans is coming your way\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011915-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment, Symbols\nThe traditions of the regiment are kept by the 1st Tank Battalion of 6th Armoured Cavalry Brigade, garrisoned in Stargard Szczeci\u0144ski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011916-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Jutra Awards\nThe 14th Jutra Awards were held on March 11, 2012 to honour films made with the participation of the Quebec film industry in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011917-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Kansas Cavalry Regiment\nThe 14th Kansas Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011917-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 14th Kansas Cavalry was organized at Fort Scott and Leavenworth, Kansas in April 1863 as a battalion serving as escort for Maj. Gen. James G. Blunt. It was later organized as a regiment at Fort Scott in December 1863 and mustered in for three years under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Moonlight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011917-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of the Frontier, Department of Missouri, April 1863 to January 1864. Unattached, District of the Frontier, VII Corps, Department of Arkansas, to March 1864. 3rd Brigade, Frontier Division, VII Corps, to January 1865. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, VII Corps, to February 1865. Unattached, VII Corps, Pine Bluff, Arkansas, to June 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011917-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 14th Kansas Cavalry mustered out of service at Fort Gibson, Indian Territory on June 25, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011917-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nCabin Creek, Cherokee Nation, July 1\u20132, 1863 (Company B). Operations against Quantrill in Kansas August 20\u201328. Massacre at Lawrence August 21 (detachment). Operations in Cherokee Nation September 11\u201325. Waldron September 11. Baxter Springs October 6 (Company B). Regiment moved to Fort Smith, Arkansas, November 20-December 3. Duty there scouting and foraging until February 23, 1864. Expedition into Choctaw County February 1\u201321. Moved to Ozark February 26\u201328, and duty there until April 6. Flint Creek March 6. Steele's Expedition against Camden April 6-May 3. Prairie D'Ann April 9\u201312. Poison Springs April 18 (detachment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011917-0004-0001", "contents": "14th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nJenkins' Ferry, Saline River, April 30 (Companies F and G). Return to Fort Smith May and duty there until January 1865. Hahn's Farm near Waldron June 19, 1864. Ozark July 14\u201315. Scout on Republican River August 19\u201324. Camp Verdegris September 2. Cabin Creek September 19. Vache Grass September 26. (Company E with Blunt's headquarters during Price's Raid in Missouri and Kansas October-November. Big Blue and State Line October 22. Westport October 23. Mine Creek, Little Osage River, and Battle of Charlot October 25. Newtonia October 28.) Moved to Clarksville January 1, 1865, then to Pine Bluff February 25\u201327, and duty there until May. Moved to Fort Gibson and duty there until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011917-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 169 men during service; 2 officers and 51 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 114 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011918-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Karnataka Assembly\nThe 14th Karnataka Legislative Assembly was constituted after the Karnataka Legislative Assembly elections in 2013. Polling was held on 5 May for 224 constituencies, with counting of votes on 8 May and results declared on 11 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011918-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Karnataka Assembly, Leader of the House, Legislative Assembly\nSiddaramaiah (Chief Minister), INC from 13 May 2013 - 15 May 2018", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 66], "content_span": [67, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011919-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 14th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011919-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nCompanies A, B, C, and D of the 14th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment were organized at Mt. Sterling, Kentucky and mustered in for one year on November 6, 1862. The remaining companies were organized at Irvine, Kentucky, on August 21, 1862, and mustered in on February 13, 1863. It mustered in under the command of Colonel Henry C. Lilly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011919-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of Central Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1863. District of North Central Kentucky, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, to January 1864. District of Southwest Kentucky to March 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011919-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 14th Kentucky Cavalry mustered out of service beginning September 16, 1863 and ending March 24, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011919-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nAssigned to duty scouting in the mountains of eastern Kentucky and operating against guerrillas until January 1864. Oweningville September 19\u201320, 1862. Brookville September 28. Operations in Bath, Estill, Powell, Clark, Montgomery, and Owsley counties October 16\u201325. Perry County, Kentucky River, November 8. Johnson County December 1. Floyd County December 4. Powell County December 26, 1862, and January 26, 1863. Mt. Sterling March 22. Slate Creek, near Mt. Sterling, June 11. Mud Lick Springs, Bath County, June 13. Operations against Everett's Raid in eastern Kentucky June 13\u201323. Triplett's Bridge June 16. Operations against Scott in eastern Kentucky July 25-August 6. Irvine and Estill counties, July 30. Lancaster and Paint Lick Bridge July 31. Lancaster August 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011919-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 80 men during service; 14 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 64 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011920-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Kentucky Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011920-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 14th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Wallace near Louisa, Kentucky, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on December 10, 1861, under the command of Colonel Laban Theodore Moore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011920-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 18th Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to March 1862. 27th Brigade, 7th Division, Army of the Ohio, to October 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Army of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to February 1863. District of Eastern Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, Department of the Ohio, to September 1863. Louisa, Kentucky, District of Eastern Kentucky, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, to April 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, District of Kentucky, 5th Division, XXIII Corps, Department of the Ohio, to May 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, to December 1864. Military District of Kentucky and Department of Kentucky to September 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011920-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 14th Kentucky Infantry mustered out of service at Louisa, Kentucky, on September 15, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011920-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nEngaged in operations on borders of Virginia and participated in action at Ivey's Mountain November 8, 1861, before muster. Garfield's Campaign against Humphrey Marshall December 23, 1861, to January 30, 1862. Advance on Paintsville, Ky., December 31, 1862, to January 7, 1862. Occupation of Paintsville January 8. Abbott's Hill January 9. Middle Creek, near Prestonsburg, January 10. At Paintsville until February 1. Expedition to Little Sandy and Piketon January 24\u201330. Cumberland Gap Campaign March 28-June 18. Cumberland Mountain April 28. Occupation of Cumberland Gap June 18-September 16. Tazewell July 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011920-0004-0001", "contents": "14th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOperations about Cumberland Gap August 2\u20136. Big Springs August 3. Tazewell August 6 and 9. Big Hill, Henderson County, August 23. Richmond September 5. Evacuation of Cumberland Gap and retreat to Greenup, on the Ohio River, September 17-October 3. Expedition to Charleston, West Va., October 21-November 10. Duty in eastern Kentucky until May 1864. Johnson County December 1, 1862. Floyd County December 4\u20135. Louisa March 12, 1863. Near Louisa March 25\u201326. Operations in eastern Kentucky March 28-April 16. Bushy Creek April 7. Expedition from Beaver Creek into southwest Virginia July 3\u201311 (1 company).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011920-0004-0002", "contents": "14th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nActions at Saylersville Oct. 10, 30; November 30 and December 1. Rock House and Laurel Creek, Wayne County, February 12, 1864. Laurel Creek Gap February 15, Forks of Beaver March 31. Quicksand Creek April 5 (Company I). Paintsville April 13. Half Mountain, Magoffin County, April 14. Louisa April 16. Pound Gap May 9. Ordered to join Sherman in the field and reported at Burnt Hickory, Ga., May 24. Atlanta Campaign May 24-September 8. Kingston May 24. Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Allatoona Pass June 1\u20132.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011920-0004-0003", "contents": "14th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOperations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Mountain June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes' Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Chattahoochie River July 6\u201317. Decatur July 19. Howard House July 20. Battle of Atlanta July 22. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. At Decatur until October 4. Operations against Hood in northern Alabama and middle Tennessee October 4\u201326. Ordered to Kentucky November 15; at Bowling Green, Ky., until December 30, and at Louisa, Ky., protecting Virginia line until September 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011920-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 201 men during service; 5 officers and 49 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 5 officers and 142 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011921-0000-0000", "contents": "14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs\nThe 14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs was a regiment of the British Indian Army; they can trace their origins to the Regiment of Ferozepore formed in 1846. The regiment had a number of different titles over the following years: the 14th Bengal Native Infantry 1861\u20131864, the 14th (The Ferozepore) Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry 1864\u20131885, the 14th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry (Ferozepore Sikhs) 1885\u20131901, the 14th (Ferozepore) Sikh Infantry 1901\u20131903 and finally, after the Kitchener reforms of the Indian Army in 1903, the 14th Ferozepore Sikhs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011921-0001-0000", "contents": "14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs\nThe regiment was part of the international force compiled in China to fight the Boxer Rebellion 1900, and left China two years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011921-0002-0000", "contents": "14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs\nFurther changes in name followed: the 14th Prince of Wales's Own Ferozepore Sikhs 1906\u20131910, the 14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs 1910\u20131922. To honour the visit of the Prince and Princess of Wales to Indian they took part in the Rawalpindi Parade 1905.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011921-0003-0000", "contents": "14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs\nIn World War I they took part in the Gallipoli Campaign with the 29th Indian Brigade and the Mesopotamia Campaign with the 51st Indian Brigade, 17th Indian Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011921-0004-0000", "contents": "14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs\nIn the post World War I reforms of the Indian Army they were amalgamated into a large regiment and became the 1st Battalion 11th Sikh Regiment. After the independence of India the regiment was allocated to the present-day Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011921-0005-0000", "contents": "14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs, Battle and theatre honours\nLucknow, 1878 Afghanistan, 1878 Ali Masjid, Defence of Chitral 1895, China 1900, The Great War", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011922-0000-0000", "contents": "14th King's Hussars\nThe 14th King's Hussars was a cavalry regiment in the British Army, first raised in 1715. It saw service for two centuries, including the First World War, before being amalgamated with the 20th Hussars to form the 14th/20th King's Hussars in 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011922-0001-0000", "contents": "14th King's Hussars, History, Early wars\nThe regiment was raised in the south of England by Brigadier-General James Dormer as James Dormer's Regiment of Dragoons, and ranked as the 14th Dragoons, in 1715 as part of the response to the Jacobite rebellion. It took part in the Battle of Preston in November 1715 after which it escorted some of the rebels to Lancaster Gaol. The regiment was sent to Ireland in 1717 and remained there until 1742.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011922-0001-0001", "contents": "14th King's Hussars, History, Early wars\nIt fought but was completely outflanked  at the Battle of Prestonpans in September 1745 and then took part in the equally disastrous Battle of Falkirk Muir in January 1746 during the Jacobite rising of 1745. The regiment returned to Ireland in 1747 and it was formally renamed as the 14th Regiment of Dragoons in 1751. It became a light dragoon regiment in 1776, as the 14th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons, and two troops were detached and joined 8th Light Dragoons in the Low Countries in 1794 for service in the Flanders Campaign. Then seven troops were detached and deployed to the French colony of Saint-Domingue in 1795 during the Haitian Revolution; they took part in an action at Mirebalais in June 1797 in which they helped defeat 1,200 ex-slaves who were sympathetic to new regime in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011922-0002-0000", "contents": "14th King's Hussars, History, Early wars\nThe regiment was renamed for Princess Frederica in 1798 as the 14th (The Duchess of York's Own) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons and allowed to use the Prussian Eagle as its badge. The regiment was dispatched to Lisbon in December 1808 to join Sir Arthur Wellesley's Army which was engaged in the Peninsular War. The regiment fought at the Second Battle of Porto in May 1809 during which one of the French brigade commanders, General Maximilien Foy, was wounded in an action involving a squadron of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011922-0003-0000", "contents": "14th King's Hussars, History, Early wars\nThe regiment fought at the Battle of Talavera in July 1809 and saw hard action at Barquilla on 11 July 1810 during which the commanding officer of the regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Neil Talbot, and eight of his men were killed. The regiment, now under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Felton Hervey-Bathurst, then took part in a skirmish on the Coa river on 24 July 1810 and, in pressing home a frontal attack on a French artillery battery, a squadron of the regiment was badly mauled at the Battle of Fuentes de O\u00f1oro in May 1811. The following year was a very busy one for the regiment: the regiment fought at the Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo in January 1812, the Siege of Badajoz in March 1812, the Battle of Villagarcia in April 1812 and the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011922-0004-0000", "contents": "14th King's Hussars, History, Early wars\nDuring the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813 the regiment captured a silver chamberpot belonging to King Joseph Bonaparte, brother of the Emperor Napoleon, which resulted in the regimental nickname of \"The Emperor's Chambermaids\". The regiment advanced into France performing a supporting role at the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and at the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814. The regiment went back to England in July 1814, but deployed two squadrons to North America where, dismounted, they took part in the Battle of New Orleans on 8 January 1815 in the closing stages of the War of 1812. The regiment served in Ireland between January 1816 and June 1819 and between April 1825 and March 1828.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011922-0005-0000", "contents": "14th King's Hussars, History, The Victorian era\nThe regiment was renamed in July 1830, to mark the coronation of William IV as the 14th (The King's) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons, and it took part in the suppression of the Bristol riots in October 1831. It was dispatched to India in May 1841. The regiment marched from Kirkee in the west of the country to Ambala in the north of the country through the winter of 1845 during the First Anglo-Sikh War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011922-0006-0000", "contents": "14th King's Hussars, History, The Victorian era\nThe commanding officer of the regiment, Colonel William Havelock, led a charge, apparently without orders, at the Battle of Ramnagar in November 1848 during the Second Anglo-Sikh War. Havelock and his leading troopers were surrounded and cut down. After a further charge failed, Brigadier Charles Cureton, the commander of the cavalry division to which the troops belonged, galloped up and ordered a retreat. Cureton himself was then killed by musket fire. The regiment were routed at the Battle of Chillianwala in January 1849 but redeemed themselves at the Battle of Gujrat in February 1849. It also took part in an expedition under Lieutenant-General Sir James Outram against Persia in spring 1857 during the Anglo-Persian War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011922-0007-0000", "contents": "14th King's Hussars, History, The Victorian era\nThe regiment returned to India in May 1857 and took part in the Central Indian campaign during 1858 in the latter stages of the Indian Rebellion. Major James Leith was awarded the Victoria Cross during this campaign; the regiment were ordered home in February 1860. The title of the regiment was simplified in August 1861 to the 14th (King's) Hussars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011922-0008-0000", "contents": "14th King's Hussars, History, 20th century\nThe regiment arrived in South Africa in January 1900 and took part in the relief of Kimberley in February 1900 during the Second Boer War. The regiment, which was serving in Mhow in India as part of the Meerut Cavalry Brigade in the Meerut Divisional Area at the start of the First World War landed in Mesopotamia in November 1915. It was involved in most of the actions during the Mesopotamian campaign before moving to Persia in May 1918. The regiment retitled as the 14th King's Hussars in January 1921 and was amalgamated with the 20th Hussars to form the 14th/20th King's Hussars in October 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011922-0009-0000", "contents": "14th King's Hussars, Regimental museum\nThe Museum of the 14th/20th King's Hussars was in the Museum of Lancashire in Preston until it closed in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011923-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Kisei\nThe 14th Kisei was a Go competition that took place in 1990. Koichi Kobayashi won the title 4 games to 1 over Hideo Otake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011923-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Kisei, Finals\nThis Go-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011924-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Kujavian Infantry Regiment\n14th Infantry Regiment of the Land of Kujawy (Polish language: 14 Pu\u0142k Piechoty Ziemi Kujawskiej, 14 pp) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army. It existed from 1918 until 1939. Garrisoned in W\u0142oc\u0142awek, the unit belonged to the 4th Infantry Division from Toru\u0144.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011924-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Kujavian Infantry Regiment, Beginnings\nOn October 26, 1918, in Jicin (Austrian Kingdom of Bohemia), ethnic Poles, serving in the reserve battalion of Austro-Hungarian 90th Infantry Regiment, rebelled against Austrian authorities and took control of the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011924-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Kujavian Infantry Regiment, Beginnings\nOn October 27, 1918 in Kryvyi Rih, which was occupied by Austro-German forces, ethnic Polish soldiers of the 90th Austro-Hungarian Infantry Regiment also rebelled against their superiors, and decided to return on their own to their hometowns of Rzesz\u00f3w and Jaros\u0142aw. In the night of November 10/11, 1918, the soldiers clashed with the Ukrainians at the rail station of Chodorow. The battle resulted with 13 Poles KIA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011924-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Kujavian Infantry Regiment, Beginnings\nOn November 6, the reserve battalion returned from Jicin to Jaros\u0142aw, and soon afterwards, all battalions joined forces in a new, Polish 90th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Colonel Ignacy Misiag. At the same time, officers of the Austro-Hungarian 34th Infantry Regiment from Jaros\u0142aw, decided to form 1st Infantry Regiment of the Land of Jaros\u0142aw, commanded by Colonel Wiktor Jarosz-Kamionka. Facing the Polish-Ukrainian War, both units merged into the 9th Infantry Regiment. In February 1919, its name was changed into the 14th Infantry Regiment. As part of the 7th Infantry Brigade, the regiment fought in the Polish\u2013Soviet War, after which it was moved to Zambr\u00f3w. Finally, in 1921, the unit took barracks in W\u0142oc\u0142awek, remaining there until 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011924-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Kujavian Infantry Regiment, Beginnings\nIn August 1920, the soldiers of the 14th Regiment defended W\u0142oc\u0142awek from Soviet invaders, and to commemorate this event, a monument dedicated to them was unveiled on December 15, 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011924-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Kujavian Infantry Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nOn August 14, 1939, the mobilization of the regiment began, and on August 26, after the oath, the soldiers marched to their positions near Golub-Dobrzy\u0144, in the village of Debowa Laka. On September 1, the regiment clashed with the advancing Wehrmacht, covering the wing of the retreating 16th Infantry Division. Due to difficult situation of Polish units, the regiment regrouped and withdrew behind the Drweca river, near Golub-Dobrzy\u0144.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011924-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Kujavian Infantry Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nFollowing a long march southwards, the regiment clashed with the enemy on September 11, near the village of Sobota. During the battle, Colonel Wlodzimierz Brayczewski, who commanded the unit was wounded. Brayczewski was replaced by Colonel Bohdan Soltys, who himself was killed during the attack on G\u0142owno. New commandant, Major Jan Lobza, ordered the regiment to take defensive positions along the Bzura river (see Battle of Bzura).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011924-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Kujavian Infantry Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nOn September 16, after several clashes with the enemy, the regiment was forced to retreat to the village of Witusza. It was then ordered to march to a forest near Brzeziny, to join other Polish units in the area. Due to enemy activity, the regiment was unable to reach the new positions, and concentrated in a forest near Stare Budy. Since the situation of Polish forces was desperate, General W\u0142adys\u0142aw Bortnowski ordered all units to disperse into small groups, and try to reach Warsaw. The 14th Infantry Regiment of the Land of Kujawy ceased to exist as a cohesive unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011924-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Kujavian Infantry Regiment, Symbols\nThe flag, funded by the residents of W\u0142oc\u0142awek, was handed to the regiment on October 27, 1923 in W\u0142oc\u0142awek, by President Stanislaw Wojciechowski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011924-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Kujavian Infantry Regiment, Symbols\nThe badge approved in 1929, was in the shape of the Cross of Valour with the inscription 14 PP 1929, and the Polish Eagle in the middle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011925-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Lambda Literary Awards\nThe 14th Lambda Literary Awards were held in 2002 to honour works of LGBT literature published in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011926-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Landwehr Division (German Empire)\nThe 14th Landwehr Division (14. Landwehr-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011927-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Legislature of the Third Portuguese Republic\nThe 14th Legislature of the Third Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: XIV Legislatura da Terceira Rep\u00fablica Portuguesa) is the current meeting of the Assembly of the Republic, the legislative body of Portugal, with the membership determined by the results of the legislative election held on 6 October 2019. The Assembly of the Republic met for the first time on 25 October 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011927-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Legislature of the Third Portuguese Republic, Election\nThe 2019 Portuguese legislative election was held on 6 October 2019. At the election, the Socialist Party (PS) became the largest party in the Assembly of the Republic but fell short of a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 59], "content_span": [60, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011928-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)\nThe 14th Light Horse Regiment was a mounted infantry or light horse unit of the Australian Army. The unit takes its lineage from units raised as part of the colonial forces of the state of Queensland in 1860 and served during the Second Boer War and World War I. In 1930 it was amalgamated with the 2nd Light Horse Regiment to become the 2nd/14th Light Horse Regiment (Queensland Mounted Infantry), a unit that continues to exist as part of the Australian Army today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011928-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Lineage\nThe 14th Light Horse Regiment has a convoluted lineage, having its origins in the 4th Battalion, Queensland Mounted Infantry (QMI), which was a unit of the colonial forces of the state of Queensland that was first raised in 1860. When the Second Boer War broke out, the QMI were sent to South Africa to fight alongside contingents from a number of Australian colonies and it was there that the unit won its first battle honour. After the Boer War the Australian colonial forces were amalgamated into the military forces of the newly constituted nation of Australia. As a part of this amalgamation the four battalions of the QMI were reformed as light horse regiments, and the 4th Battalion became the 27th Light Horse Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011928-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Lineage\nIn 1912, a system of compulsory military service was instituted in Australia, the result of which was the expansion of the Army. Consequently, most units of the QMI were redesignated, and the 27th Light Horse Regiment became the 27th Light Horse (North Queensland Light Horse) Regiment. With the outbreak of World War I, due to the provisions of the Defence Act 1903 which did not allow for conscripts to be sent overseas to fight, it was decided to raise an all volunteer force for service overseas; this was designated the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). While the units of the AIF were deployed overseas to Gallipoli and the Western Front, the original units of the QMI remained in Australia on home service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011928-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Formation and operational history\nThe 14th Light Horse Regiment was raised in March 1916 as part of the AIF at Enoggera, Queensland, attached to the 3rd Division. It departed from Sydney on the steamship Beltana on 13 May 1916, bound for England where it was intended to be brought up to full strength to serve as the 3rd Division's light horse regiment. Before it could be brought up to full strength, however, the establishment was reduced to only one squadron per division and as such only 'A' Squadron was formed. Soon afterwards, however, the divisional establishments of the Australian Army were changed again, this time removing mounted troops from the order of battle altogether. As a result, it was decided to disband the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011928-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Formation and operational history\nIn June 1918, the 14th Light Horse Regiment was reformed from the Imperial Camel Corps in Palestine, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Langley. This unit had been disbanded due to the unsuitability of the camels to the fighting in Palestine, however, it had performed very well in the previous campaigns in Egypt and the Sinai and had earned a number of battle honours, which the 14th subsequently inherited. Together with the 15th Light Horse Regiment and a French colonial regiment they formed the 5th Light Horse Brigade, attached to the Australian Mounted Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011928-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Formation and operational history\nThe 5th Light Horse Brigade were involved in the fighting against the Turks around Megiddo in September 1918, during which time they suffered eight men killed. Over the course of ten days the brigade advanced more than 650 kilometres (400\u00a0mi) before entering Damascus on 1 October 1918, after which they spent the next month performing garrison duties as the brigade prepared to take part in the advance towards Aleppo. Turkey surrendered on 30 October 1918, thus preventing the regiment from seeing any further action during the war. However, before they were to return to Australia they were used to quell the Egyptian Revolution of 1919. They finally embarked for the return voyage to Australia on 24 July 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011928-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Perpetuation\nAfter the war, in Australia the units of the QMI underwent another reorganisation when they were renumbered once again. In 1922, the 27th Light Horse (North Queensland Light Horse) Regiment became the 14th (North Queensland) Light Horse Regiment. The AIF was officially disbanded in April 1921 and in the subsequent re-organisation of the Australian Army it was decided that the associated Citizens Military Force units would retain the AIF battle honours. Thus, when the 27th became the 14th in 1922 it was officially given the battle honours of its AIF counterpart. In 1927, the regiment's name was changed again to the 14th (West Moreton) Light Horse Regiment. In 1930, due to economic constraints caused by the Great Depression the 14th was amalgamated with the 2nd (Moreton) Light Horse Regiment to become the 2nd/14th Light Horse Regiment (Queensland Mounted Infantry).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 927]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011928-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Perpetuation\nIn September 1939, following the outbreak of World War II, the 2nd/14th was assigned to the 1st Australian Cavalry Brigade. In 1940, the 2nd/14th was delinked and the 14th Light Horse Regiment was re-raised as a machine-gun unit. It was assigned to the 4th Australian Cavalry Brigade. Two years later it was renamed as the 14th Motor Regiment, however, it was disbanded shortly afterwards in May 1942 when its personnel were transferred to the 2/4th Armoured Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011929-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Lok Sabha\nThe 14th Lok Sabha (17 May 2004 \u2013 18 May 2009) was convened after the 2004 Indian general election held in four phases during 20 April \u2013 10 May 2004, which led to the formation of first Manmohan Singh ministry (2004\u20132009). Indian National Congress-led United Progressive Alliance won 62 more seats than previous 13th Lok Sabha. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. 8 sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 14th Lok Sabha after the 2004 Indian general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011929-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Lok Sabha\nThe next 15th Lok Sabha was convened after 2009 Indian general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011929-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Lok Sabha, Expulsion of members for contempt of the House\nOn 12 December 2005, the Star TV news channel telecast the sting operation Operation Duryodhana, in which 11 Members of Parliament, 10 from Lok Sabha and 1 from Rajya Sabha, were apparently caught on video receiving cash inducements in return for raising questions in the Parliament. Following swift inquiries by the Ethics Committee of Rajya Sabha and a Special Committee of the Lok Sabha the members were found guilty and the motion for their expulsion was adopted in respective Houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 62], "content_span": [63, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011929-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Lok Sabha, Expulsion of members for contempt of the House\nOn 23 December 2005, the following 10 members were ousted from the 14th Lok Sabha as per the adoption of the motion calling for their expulsion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 62], "content_span": [63, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011930-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Luftwaffe Field Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 14th Luftwaffe Field Division (14. Luftwaffen-Felddivision) was a Luftwaffe Field Division of the Wehrmacht during World War II. It was transferred to the German Army in November 1943 as the 14th Field Division (L) and spent its entire operational existence on occupation duties in Norway and Denmark. It saw no ground combat during its period of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011930-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Luftwaffe Field Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn 1942, Adolf Hitler authorised the creation of Luftwaffe field divisions using surplus ground crew. This was done, rather than transferring these men to the German Army, because Hermann G\u00f6ring personally intervened with Hitler, stating that he was concerned that his men's \"fine National Socialist attitudes\" would be contaminated. This decision ultimately led to the commitment of many of these inadequately trained divisions mainly to the Eastern Front, where they suffered heavy casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011930-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Luftwaffe Field Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 14th Luftwaffe Field Division was formed in late 1942 from the 61st Air Regiment. Despite not having completed its training or having been fully equipped, the division was sent to German-occupied Norway in January 1943, in order to replace the 196th Infantry Division which was being shifted to the Eastern Front. The 14th Luftwaffe Field Division initially garrisoned the Mo area, near Bergen, and was transferred to the German Army on 1 November 1943 as the 14th Field Division (L). It was later deployed to the Jutland Peninsula in Denmark. In mid-1944 it was transferred back to Norway and was deployed in the Nordland region, under the control of XXXIII Army Corps, and remained in Norway until the end of the war, when it was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011930-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Luftwaffe Field Division (Wehrmacht), Organization\nThe 4th Luftwaffe Field Artillery Battalion of the 14th Luftwaffe Field Artillery Regiment became the 1st Motorised Flak Battalion of the 15th Motorised Flak Regiment in October 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011931-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Lumi\u00e8res Awards\nThe 14th Lumi\u00e8res Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Lumi\u00e8res, was held on 19 January 2009. The ceremony was presided by Jeanne Balibar. The Class won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011931-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Lumi\u00e8res Awards, Winners and nominees\nVincent Cassel \u2014 Mesrine: Killer Instinct & Mesrine: Public Enemy Number One", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011931-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Lumi\u00e8res Awards, Winners and nominees\nI Always Wanted to Be a Gangster \u2014 Samuel Benchetrit", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011932-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Lux Style Awards\nThe 14th Lux Style Awards ceremony, presented by Lux to honor the fashion, music, films and Pakistani television of 2014 was held on September 30, 2015 beginning at 8:30 p.m PST. For this year ceremony no nominations were made for terrestrial and satellite categories in Television section as no satisfied entries for respective portfolios were submitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011932-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Lux Style Awards, Winners and Nominees\nFollowing are the nominees announced by LUX on July 16, 2015 in 24 categories: ARY Digital leads with total of nineteen nomination in five categories of Television section. Saleh Araf became the youngest winner of Best Actress category, as well as Pyare Afzal won a record breaking television awards in all of its categories for which it was nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011933-0000-0000", "contents": "14th MMC \u2013 Pernik\n14th Multi-member Constituency \u2013 Pernik is a constituency whose borders are the same as Pernik Province in Bulgaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011933-0001-0000", "contents": "14th MMC \u2013 Pernik, Background\nIn the 2009 Bulgarian parliamentary election the 14th Multi-member Constituency \u2013 Pernik elected 5 members for the Bulgarian National Assembly: 4 of which were through proportionality vote and 1 was through first-past-the-post voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011934-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Maine Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th Maine Infantry Regiment was mustered in for three years' service on December 31, 1861, and was mustered out on January 13, 1865. It lost 86 killed or died of wounds and 332 died from disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011934-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service in Louisiana\nThe 14th Maine Infantry Regiment was organized at Augusta, Maine, and mustered in on December 31, 1861. The regiment left the state for Boston, Massachusetts, on February 5, 1862, and there embarked on February 6 on the steamer \"North America.\" They arrived at Ship Island, Mississippi, on March 8. The regiment was attached to Butler's New Orleans Expeditionary Corps, January 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011934-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service in Louisiana\nThe Regiment remained at Ship Island until May 19, 1862, then moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, from May 19 to 25. They remained on duty there until July 7. They moved to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on July 7. An expedition to the Amite River was carried out between July 23 and 25 by Companies \"F\" and \"K\". The Regiment participated in the Battle of Baton Rouge on August 5. The 14th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment is the focus of the poem \"On the Men of Maine killed in the Victory of Baton Rouge, Louisiana\" written by Herman Melville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011934-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service in Louisiana\nThey moved to Carrollton on August 20, and remained on duty there until December 13, 1862. During this time they went to Bayou des Allemands on September 4 to 5 and an expedition to St. Charles September 7 to 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011934-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service in Louisiana\nOn December 13, 1862, they moved to Bonnet Carre and remained on duty there until May 7, 1863. During this time, Company \"H\" detached at Frenier December 14, 1862, to January 6, 1863. Company \"B\" detached December 14 to February 20 and Company \"E\" January 6 to April 11. A detachment made a scouting expedition to Pass Manchac February 8\u201311, 1863. There was an expedition to Ponchatoula March 21\u201324, which led to its capture on March 24 by Company E. The regiment made expeditions to the Amite River March 24\u201330 and May 7\u201319 and then on to Civiques Ferry on May 10 and Baton Rouge", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011934-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service in Louisiana\nThe move on Port Hudson began May 20\u201322 with the siege of Port Hudson May 24-July 8. Assaults were made on May 27 and June 14 with the surrender of Port Hudson July 8. The regiment moved back to Baton Rouge on July 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011934-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service in Louisiana\nThe Sabine Pass Expedition took place September 4\u201311 and after that the Western Louisiana (\"Teche\") Campaign October 3-November 30. The Regiment was on duty at New Iberia, Louisiana, until January 7, 1864. They then moved to Franklin on January 7and on January 16 back to New Orleans where they remained on duty at Camp Parapet until May 5. Veterans were Furloughed between February 10 and April 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011934-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service in Louisiana\nThe Regiment moved to Baton Rouge on May 5 and remained on duty there until June 1. They moved to Morganza, Louisiana, and were on duty there until July 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011934-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service in Virginia\nDisembarking from Algiers, the regiment traveled to Virginia, first to Fort Monroe and then the Bermuda Hundred between July 3 and 22. They remained in the trenches at Bermuda Hundred until July 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011934-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service in Virginia\nA demonstration was made north of the James River July 28\u201329 prior to Deep Bottom July 28\u201330. The Regiment moved to Washington, D. C., July 31, and thereafter to Tennallytown, Maryland, on August 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011934-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service in Virginia\nThe Regiment participated in Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign from August 7 to November 28, 1864, including Berryville September 3\u20134, the Battle of Opequan, Winchester on September 19, the Battle of Fisher's Hill on September 22, and the Battle of Cedar Creek October 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011934-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service in Virginia\nThe Regiment remained at Cedar Creek until November 9, then moved to Kernstown, Virginia, until November 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011934-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service in Virginia\nAfter some time guarding trains at Martinsburg, West Virginia, they moved to Camp Russell on December 1, and remained on duty there until December 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011934-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service in Virginia\nNon -Veterans left front for muster out December 22. Mustered out January 13, 1865. Veterans and Recruits consolidated to a Battalion of four Companies, and duty at Stevenson's Depot till January 6, 1865. They then moved to Savannah, Georgia, between January 6 and 20. They were on provost duty there until May 6. They marched to Augusta, Georgia, from May 6 to 14, and then on to Savannah between May 31 and June 7. They then moved to Darien June 9\u201310.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011935-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Manitoba Legislature\nThe members of the 14th Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in July 1914. The legislature sat from September 15, 1914, to July 16, 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011935-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Manitoba Legislature\nTobias Norris of the Liberal Party was Leader of the Opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011935-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Manitoba Legislature\nThe Roblin government was forced to resign in 1915 after a royal commission initiated by the Lieutenant Governor found evidence of corruption in the awarding of contracts for the construction of new legislative buildings. The house was dissolved and a new election was held in August 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011935-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Manitoba Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1914:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States)\nThe 14th Marine Regiment (14th Marines) is a reserve artillery regiment of the United States Marine Corps consisting of three artillery battalions and a headquarters battery. The regiment is based in Fort Worth, Texas however its units are dispersed among 15 different sites in 12 states. Its primary weapon system is the M777A2 Howitzer with a maximum effective range of 30\u00a0km however one of its battalions has converted to fire the High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) weapon system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), Mission\n14th Marine Regiment provides the Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) with a Force Artillery Headquarters in order to command, control, and coordinate Force Artillery delivered fires. On order, 14th Marines assumes the civil military operations mission for the MAGTF with focus on coordinating and achieving unity of effort among all forces and non-military organizations participating in stability operations in the MAGTF\u2019s battle space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe 14th Marine Regiment was activated at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia, on November 26, 1918. It was created to replace the 10th Marine Regiment, an artillery unit, that was being sent to Indian Head Proving Grounds in Maryland to transition to new tractor-mounted 7-inch (180\u00a0mm) naval guns. The 14th Marines had a headquarters detachment and ten artillery batteries divided into three battalions. Each battery was allotted four officers, twenty-four non-commissioned officers, and seventy-five privates. About one-third of their number comprised a cadre of trained artillerymen left behind by the 10th Regiment, the remainder were newly minted Marines fresh from recruit training or part of the pool of men available for overseas deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThroughout this initial tenure, the regiment remained at MCB Quantico and was armed with carriage-mounted Navy 3-inch (76\u00a0mm) landing guns. These guns had been developed by the Naval Weapons Factory at the turn of the 20th century. Unfortunately, these guns and their ammunition were not compatible with contemporary U.S. Army field guns. Training days consisted of three intervals. Mornings were devoted to normal military duties and infantry drill, afternoons were used for gun drills and technical training, in the evenings junior enlisted men cared for the more than one hundred horses and mules assigned to the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nAs part of the massive demobilization of the American military following the signing of the treaties ending World War I, the 14th Marine Regiment was deactivated in June 1919 and would remain inactive until the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe 14th Marine Regiment was reactivated on June 1, 1943 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Randall M. Victory as the part of 4th Marine Division. The regiment was divided in two echelons for basic training. First Echelon, consisting of 1st and 3rd Battalions, was located at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. Second Echelon (2nd and 4th Battalions) was located at Camp Pendleton, San Diego.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nOn June 7, 14th Marines received new Commanding officer, Colonel Louis G. DeHaven, who succeeded Lt. Colonel Victory. Randall M. Victory was subsequently appointed Regimental Executive Officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nRegiment arrived in Pacific Theater on January 30, 1944 and subsequently participated in the Battle of Kwajalein", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, Gulf War: Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm\nIn November 1990, Battery H, commanded by Capt. Paul W. Brier, and Battery I were two of four reserve artillery batteries mobilized to augment active component formations during the Gulf War. They deployed to Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, in December, and subsequently deployed to Saudi Arabia in January 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 107], "content_span": [108, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0008-0001", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, Gulf War: Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm\nBattery H was attached to 1st Battalion, 11th Marines, 1st Marine Division, and Battery I to 10th Marine, 2d Marine Division, becoming parts of Task Force Papa Bear and Task Force Ripper, respectively, for the ground assault on 24 February through two obstacle belts and subsequent operations to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi forces. These active component augmentations were necessary as both of these artillery regiments were lacking one of their organic direct support artillery batteries, as they each had a battery attached to embarked and deployed Marine Expeditionary Units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 107], "content_span": [108, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, Gulf War: Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm\nOn 25 February, Battery H engaged, with direct howitzer fire, and destroyed an Iraqi mobility rocket launching system at a range of 800m, which was subsequently found to be in the center of an Iraqi brigade of D20 152mm howitzers. Battery H had just occupied an exposed firing position, having received multiple shelling which significantly wounded one cannoneer, Sgt. Chris LaCivita. The 8-gun battery's 1000m by 700m position was on the far side of the second obstacle belt, well in front of the tank and infantry maneuver units it supported, with the burning Burqan oil field to its immediate east. This positioning far forward of the forward line of troops was selected to support the 1st Marine Division's northward momentum and Task Force Papa Bear's continued and rapid assault into Kuwait City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 107], "content_span": [108, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, Gulf War: Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm\nThe battery was laid on an azimuth of fire to the north, when it received a battalion mass fire mission on a target 30\u00a0km to its south. Unknown the battery's Marines, an Iraqi Brigade was launching a counterattack through the burning oil field on 1st Marine Division Command Post. On battery's east flank piece (Gun #1) Gunner Sgt Shawn Toney and Section Chief Sergeant Thomas Stark, IV, spotted two enemy multiple rocket launchers as they were shifted trails to fire to the south. They engaged and destroyed launchers with heavy automatic weapons and direct fire from their M198 155mm howitzer, while the rest of the battery continued to support the fire mission to the south and defend the battery position from ground assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 107], "content_span": [108, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, Gulf War: Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm\nLtCol. Jay Sollis, 1/11 Commander, arrived in the battery position, requested air support and directed a section of AH-1W Sea Cobra to engage the Iraqi counterattack force in the oil field. [ 7]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 107], "content_span": [108, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, Gulf War: Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm\nOn the night of 25 February, the Battalion CP occupied a new position in support of Task Force Papa Bear. A security patrol, which included Lance Corporal Troy L. Gregory of Battery H, was organized to investigate an enemy bunker adjacent to the new CP position. While conducting this patrol, Gregory stepped on an Iraqi land mine and was critically wounded. Despite quick evacuation to a Naval Hospital, he died the following day of his wounded, just a few days before his 21st birthday. He was posthumously awarded the Purple Heart Medal and Combat Action Ribbon and  was laid to rest at Arlington National Cemetery in section 60, Grave 7723. The Navy-Marine Corps Reserve Center in Richmond was renamed in his honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 107], "content_span": [108, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, Gulf War: Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm\nBattery H's final position was just south of the Kuwait International Airport when the ceasefire was announced. The Battery subsequently retrograded to the 1st Marine Division Support Area in Saudi Arabia. In April, the battery redeployed to the United States and was released from active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 107], "content_span": [108, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIn 2004, Mike Battery, out of Chattanooga, Tennessee deployed to Fallujah, Iraq and took part in Operation Phantom Fury to re-take the insurgent-held city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 92], "content_span": [93, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThey later deployed again in 2007 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. During this second deployment, they were attached to 2nd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, Regimental Combat Team 5 and operated in the vicinity of Ar Rutbah under the callsign, \"Excalibur\". In 2007, the unit suffered one casualty Cpl Dustin J. Lee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 92], "content_span": [93, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror, Global War on Terror\nOn July 16, 2015, four Marines with Mike Battery's Inspector-Instructor staff were killed by a gunman who was embarking on a shooting spree targeting military installations. In addition, a sailor died from his wounds two days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 89], "content_span": [90, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror, Global War on Terror\nSome of the 3/14 Marines killed in action were reportedly killed while returning fire at the gunman, providing cover for a larger group of potential victims who were escaping over a fence. They were identified as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 89], "content_span": [90, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror, Global War on Terror\nIn addition, Sergeant DeMonte Cheeley, was shot in the leg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 89], "content_span": [90, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror, Global War on Terror\nThe Battery Commander during the shootings, Major Mike Abrams, declared during the memorial service that his Marines \"were selfless in their efforts to take care of one another, and they acted with unquestionable courage.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 89], "content_span": [90, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011936-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Marine Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror, Global War on Terror\nMajGen Paul W. Brier, Commanding General of the 4th Marine Division,  spoke at the nationally televised press conference held in Chattanooga on 22 July 2015. He praised the Marines and Sailors who risked their lives to help others and stop the gunman. \u201cThe legacy that day is one of valor.\u201d  \"'I can tell you that our Marines reacted the way you would expect,' the major general said. ' Rapidly going from room to room, they got their fellow Marines to safety. Once they had gotten to safety, some willingly ran back into the fight.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 89], "content_span": [90, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011937-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Massachusetts Battery\nThe 14th Massachusetts Battery (or 14th Battery Massachusetts Light Artillery) was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was organized during the winter of 1863 - 1864 at Camp Meigs just outside of Boston. It was commanded by Captain Joseph W. B. Wright of Boston and consisted mostly of men from that city. The enlisted men were mustered into federal service on February 27, 1864. They departed Massachusetts on April 4, 1864, arrived at Annapolis and then moved to Camp Marshall in Washington, D.C. On April 22 and 24 they were outfitted with field guns and horses but had virtually no time to train in light artillery tactics before they were assigned to the IX Corps of the Army of the Potomac and joined Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant's Overland Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011937-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Massachusetts Battery\nThe battery did not participate in the opening battle of the campaign at the Wilderness but soon advanced to the front lines and fired their first shots at the enemy on May 10 during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. Over the next two days they were heavily engaged, nearly losing their guns on May 12 during a Confederate charge which they narrowly repulsed. On May 23 they were engaged in the Battle of North Anna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011937-0001-0001", "contents": "14th Massachusetts Battery\nDuring the Battle of Totopotomoy Creek on June 1, the 14th Massachusetts Battery played an important role in repulsing a Confederate assault on their section of the lines. They were again engaged during the Battle of Cold Harbor from June 6 to June 12. It took an active part in the Siege of Petersburg being moved to the front lines and engaged with enemy artillery from June 21 to 24, July 10 to 17, August 5 to 21 and on October 11. On October 25, 1864 they moved to Fort Merriam in the defenses of City Point, Virginia and there went into winter quarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011937-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Massachusetts Battery\nIn March 1865, the battery returned to the IX Corps and was stationed on the siege lines in Battery X of Fort Stedman. On March 25, 1865, the Confederates attempted to break the Siege of Petersburg with a surprise night attack on Fort Stedman. The 14th Massachusetts Battery was overwhelmed and took serious casualties, including their commanding officer, Lt. Ephraim Nye who was killed in action. Later in the day, Fort Stedman, along with the guns of the 14th Massachusetts Battery, was retaken by Union troops and the 14th Massachusetts Battery re-manned their guns. From that time to the end of the Siege of Petersburg, the battery was almost constantly engaged, being located at the closest point between the two siege lines. They were very sharply engaged on April 1 and 2 during the Third Battle of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011937-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Massachusetts Battery\nOn April 3, 1865, the day after Confederate troops abandoned Petersburg and retreated westward, the 14th Massachusetts Battery was moved back to City Point. They remained there for a month then marched through Richmond on their way to Fairfax Seminary near Washington were they encamped for another month. On June 4 they received orders to return home. They reached Boston on June 6 and were mustered out on June 15. The battery lost ten men killed in action or mortally wounded nine by disease for a total of 19 dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011938-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Massachusetts Regiment\nThe 14th Massachusetts Regiment was raised on September 16, 1776, under Colonel Gamaliel Bradford at Boston, Massachusetts. The regiment would see action at the Battle of Saratoga and the Battle of Monmouth. The regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1781, at West Point, New York. The Colonel's young son,  Gamaliel Bradford III was a private in this regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011939-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)\nThe 14th Mechanized Brigade is a mechanized brigade of the Ukrainian Ground Forces. It was formed in December 2014 from elements of the disbanded 51st Mechanized Brigade and newly mobilized units. It is part of Operational Command West and based in Volodymyr-Volynskyi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011939-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine), History\nThe brigade was formed on 1 December 2014 in Volodymyr Volynskyi, part of Operational Command West. It was led by Colonel Oleksandr Zhakun, former commander of the 13th Territorial Defence Battalion \"Chernihiv-1\". The brigade was formed from the remnants of the 51st Mechanized Brigade, which had been disbanded earlier. It also included personnel from newly mobilized units. The brigade included 120 officers from the 51st. The 51st Brigade's reactive artillery battalion, tank battalion, antitank battery and repair battalion were transferred as whole units. The tank battalion was equipped with new tanks from the Lviv Tank Factory. The 1st Territorial Defence Battalion \"Volyn\" joined the brigade as the 99th Separate Mechanized Infantry Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011939-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine), History\nIn June 2015, the brigade was sent to the Donbas and is currently defending Krasnohorivka and Marinka. Reports from February 2016 indicate that there are frequent separatist mortar attacks in the brigade area of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011940-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)\nThe 14th Mechanized Corps (Military Unit Number 8535) was a mechanized corps of the Red Army. Formed in March 1941 and stationed in western Belarus, the corps was destroyed in the Battle of Bia\u0142ystok\u2013Minsk in June of the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011940-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History\nThe corps was formed in March 1941 at Kobryn under the command of Major General Stepan Oborin as part of the 4th Army in the Western Special Military District. Colonel Ivan Tutarinov was its chief of staff. The corps' 22nd Tank Division was formed from the 29th Tank Brigade in the southern military camp on the outskirts of Brest. The 30th Tank Division was formed from the 32nd Tank Brigade in Pruzhany, later moving to Slobodka. The howitzer artillery regiments of the divisions were formed from howitzer artillery battalions of the 4th Army's rifle divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011940-0001-0001", "contents": "14th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History\nThe 205th Motorized Division was formed and stationed in Bereza Kartuska and the surrounding villages. It was formed from the 3rd Motorized Machine Gun Artillery Brigade in the 42nd Rifle Division's barracks, after the 42nd had moved to Brest. The 205th Division had a low level of combat readiness. From mid-June the corps began creating a field command post in the area of Tevli. The corps was equipped with 534 tanks, most of which were the obsolete T-26. The corps had half of its authorized 1,031 tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011940-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History\nOborin spent 21 June, the day before the German invasion of the Soviet Union, inspecting the 22nd Tank Division, one of whose regiments had returned from exercises. In the evening, Oborin and 22nd Tank Division commander Viktor Puganov went to the artillery range south of the division's base. They planned exercises with the 28th Rifle Corps' artillery and the division's tanks for the next day. Most of Puganov's tanks were at the ranges near Zhabinka. By order of Tutarinov, a regiment of the 30th Tank Division spent the day at the range in the Poddubno area. Division commander Colonel Semyon Bogdanov and 4th Army chief of staff Colonel Leonid Sandalov attended the regiment's exercise in the afternoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011940-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Battle\nThe 205th Motorized Division deployed forward under attack from German aircraft on the morning of 22 June. The 30th Tank Division's 61st Tank Regiment concentrated west of Pruzhany by 0900. The division formed two columns, reinforced by artillery. The German artillery bombardment on the morning of 22 June destroyed much of the 22nd Tank Division's fuel, supplies, and ammunition at Brest. Air raids on the corps headquarters destroyed its radio, severing communications. Oborin moved the command post to the prearranged location in the forest around Tevli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011940-0003-0001", "contents": "14th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Battle\nAs a result of the loss of communications, the corps was not alerted until German troops had already started to cross the Bug River. A tank battalion from the 22nd Tank Division was sent towards the river and was unable to stop the crossing. By the end of the morning, the combat units of the two tank divisions were around Zhabinka. At 1200, the 30th Tank Division sent a tank regiment into a counterattack against German amphibious tanks crossing the Lesnaya River to the north of Brest, which was repulsed by German air attacks. Oborin put the 14th Mechanized Corps on the defensive and ordered a counterattack with the entire corps the next morning. Attacking on the morning of 23 June, the 200 T-26s of the 22nd and 30th destroyed numerous German tanks but suffered heavier losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011940-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Battle\nThe German forces continued their attack, inflicting heavy losses on the 22nd Tank Division and killing Puganov. The 30th Tank Division was broken through by the advance. Pruzhany and Kobrin were captured by German troops. Oborin was wounded and flew to Moscow to receive treatment, but he was arrested for desertion and later shot. After that, Tutarinov became the corps commander. The corps retreated towards Pinsk to the east. Until 28 June the corps held the Kalita-Omgovichi-Voloshevo line, blocking the German advance on the Warsaw Highway. During the fighting corps commissar Ivan Nosovsky was killed and Tutarinov wounded and evacuated. Now Bogdanov took command of the corps, which began withdrawing towards Osipovichi. By 1 July the corps had been reduced to 1,825 men with two T-26s. The corps was across the Dnieper by 3 July. The corps left the operational army on 30 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 940]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011941-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards\nThe 14th Meril Prothom Alo Awards ceremony, presented by Prothom Alo took place on 26 April 2012, at the Bangabandhu International Conference Center in Dhaka, Bangladesh as a part of 2011\u201312 film awards season. The evening started off with Anisul Haque taking the podium, greeting those present. He was followed by the editor of Prothom Alo Matiur Rahman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011941-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Facts and figures\nThis was 14th award ceremony of Meril Prothom Alo Awards. Guerrilla won best film awards as well as awards for Critics Choice best film director, film actress and special critics awards. Shakib Khan won the awards of his fourth time for best film actor for King Khan. Shonibar Raat Doshta Chollish Minute-e won two awards for Critics Choice best playwright and best TV actor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011941-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Winners and nominations\n15 personalities were handed out awards for various categories, selected by the readers of Prothom Alo and the Critics Award at the ceremony. Following is the list of the winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011941-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Host and Jury Board\nThe event was hosted by Chanchal Chowdhury, Nusrat Imroz Tisha, and Mosharraf Karim. The member of Jury Board for Television section were Mita Chowdhury, Abu Sayeed, Giasuddin Selim, Moushumi and presided by Syed Monjurul Islam; and for the film section were Shahidul Islam Khokon, Ilias Kanchan, Jakir Hossain Razu, Rokeya Prachy, Kaberi Gayen and presided by Syed Salauddin Jaki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011942-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Michigan Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th Michigan Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011942-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 14th Michigan Infantry was organized at Ypsilanti and Detroit, Michigan, and was mustered into Federal service for a three-year enlistment on February 13, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011942-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was converted to mounted infantry on September 8, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011942-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 1 officer and 58 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded and 3 officers and 184 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 246fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011943-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Michigan Mounted Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th Michigan Mounted Infantry Regiment was a mounted infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011943-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Michigan Mounted Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 14th Michigan Mounted Infantry was converted from the 14th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment on September 8, 1863, being both mounted and re-armed with the Spencer repeating rifle at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011943-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Michigan Mounted Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on July 18, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011943-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Michigan Mounted Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 1 officer and 58 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded and 3 officers and 184 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 246fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011944-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Military Division (Vichy France)\nThe 14th Military Division was a division sized unit of the Vichy France army. The division was formed in late 1940 and demobilized in late 1942. It was under the control of the 1st Military Corps and controlled units in East France notably on the Swiss border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011944-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Military Division (Vichy France), History\nThe 14th Military Division was organized in September 1940 under Lieutenant General Alfred-Marie-Joseph-Louis Montagne. In November 1942 the division was de-mobilised. The division was under the command of the I Group of Military Divisions, also known as the I Military Corps. It was headquartered in Lyon in Southern France. In addition to the division controlling military units it also supervised the areas of the 1st Military District and 2nd Military District in addition to a security squadron and training grounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011944-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Military Division (Vichy France), Organization\nStructure of the division in 1941 (names in English and French):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011945-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Military Police Brigade\nThe 14th Military Police Brigade is a military police unit stationed at Fort Leonard Wood, in Missouri. The 14th Military Police Brigade provides the Army with Soldiers, DA Civilians, and leaders of character who provide the basic and advanced skills required to execute policing, detention, and security mobility support across the range of military operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011945-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Military Police Brigade, Organization\nColonel Kirk Whittenberger is the Brigade Commander and Command Sergeant Major Paul DeSanto is the Brigade Command Sergeant Major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011945-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Military Police Brigade, History\nThe 14th Military Police Brigade was first activated as the 14th Military Police Group in Mannheim, Germany on 25 June 1965. The group was reorganized 10 June 1968 at Fort Meade, Maryland to provide support to the nation's capital until it was reactivated and returned to Germany at Moehringen, Germany on 16 November 1981. It was reorganized and redesignated as the 14th Military Police Brigade on 16 August 1985 at Wilkin Kaserne, Kornwestheim, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011945-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Military Police Brigade, History\nThe brigade, composed of the Headquarters and Headquarters Company, the 385th Military Police Battalion in Kornwestheim, and the 793rd Military Police Battalion in Nurnberg, supported VII (US) Corps. It conducted rear combat operations, battlefield circulation control, prisoner of war operations and wartime law enforcement. The brigade also provided trained military police for peacetime force protection in the thirteen military communities of the VII (US) Corps. The brigade deployed with one battalion to Saudi Arabia in December 1990 in support of Operation Desert Shield while its remaining units provided security for the soldiers and families left in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011945-0003-0001", "contents": "14th Military Police Brigade, History\nWhen Operation Desert Storm commenced in January 1991, the brigade commanded 21 units of active and reserve forces \u2013 2,800 soldiers \u2013 until redeployed in May 1991. It was then inactivated at Kornwestheim, Germany on 17 March 1992 and reorganized at Mannheim, Germany on 18 March 1992 as the command and control headquarters for the 95th and 97th Military Police Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011945-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Military Police Brigade, History\nDue to further reorganizing, the DOD determined there would be only one MP Brigade in Germany, to be stationed in Mannheim. In the fall of 1994 the 14th MP Brigade received word that it would be deactivated. The 18th MP Brigade was relocated to Mannheim, while the 14th was deactivated for five years, being reactivated in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011945-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Military Police Brigade, History\nThe 14th Military Police Brigade was later inactivated on 15 September 1994 at Mannheim, Germany. On 1 October 1999, as part of the move of the Military Police Corps Regiment from Fort McClellan, Alabama the brigade was reactivated at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011945-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Military Police Brigade, Lineage and honors\nConstituted 24 June 1965 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 14th Military Police Group", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011945-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Military Police Brigade, Lineage and honors\nInactivated 20 June 1972 at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011945-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Military Police Brigade, Lineage and honors\nRedesignated 16 November 1981 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 14th Military Police Group, and concurrently activated in Germany", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011945-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Military Police Brigade, Lineage and honors\nReorganized and redesignated 16 August 1985 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 14th Military Police Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011945-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Military Police Brigade, Lineage and honors\nHeadquarters transferred 1 October 1999 to the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command and activated at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011946-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Minnesota Legislature\nThe Fourteenth Minnesota Legislature first convened on January 2, 1872.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011947-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Moscow International Film Festival\nThe 14th Moscow International Film Festival was held from 28 June to 12 July 1985. The Golden Prizes were awarded to the Soviet film Come and See directed by Elem Klimov, the American film A Soldier's Story directed by Norman Jewison and the Greek film The Descent of the Nine directed by Christos Siopahas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011948-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Murray's Jat Lancers\nThe 14th Murray's Jat Lancers, also sometimes known as the Murray's Jat Horse, was a cavalry regiment of the British Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011948-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Murray's Jat Lancers\nThe regiment was first raised at Aligarh as an irregular cavalry unit in 1857 as the Jat Horse Yeomanry, for the East India Company by Captain John Irvine Murray (later Sir John Murray) then serving with the Gwalior Contingent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011948-0001-0001", "contents": "14th Murray's Jat Lancers\nIt was raised from 250 sepoys and 120 sowars (cavalrymen) recruited from the Jats of the rural areas of Hathras, Mathura, Bulandshahr, Aligarh, and Khurja in UP, and Palwal and Hodal in Haryana, who were offered by Thakur Gobind Singh, a Jat chieftain of Khair in Aligarh, to combat the 1857 uprising, and thus became the first regiment to be manned completely with Jat troops in the British Indian Army. Until 1861, it was paid for by private funds of the British officers and Indian Risaldars. Later the Regimental Centre and Officers' Mess was established at Palwal. It participated in a number of actions in 1857\u201358, especially at Meerut, Delhi and Lucknow, but did not qualify for any battle honour. Subedar Pratap Singh was the first Subedar of the HQ Squadron of the regiment in 1857\u201361. Murray's Lancers subsequently served in the Bhutan Field Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011948-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Murray's Jat Lancers\nThe regiment formed part of the cavalry brigade of the Kabul Field Force during the 1878\u201379 Afghanistan War. The regiment participated in a difficult cavalry charge over extremely difficult ground  and routed the Afghan line at Charasiah, 15\u00a0km from Kabul, on 6 October 1879 for which the regiment was awarded the battle honour \"Charasiah\" and the theatre honour \"Afghanistan 1878\u201379\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011948-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Murray's Jat Lancers\nThe regiment was mentioned in despatches by General Sir Frederick Roberts, VC who wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011948-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Murray's Jat Lancers\nI always remember the good work done by the regiment (14th Jat Lancers) when we were hard pressed by the Afghans in the Chardeh valley on the 11th December 1879. The retirement by squadrons was carried out as if on parade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011948-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Murray's Jat Lancers\nThe regiment was merged in 1922 with the 15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis) to form the 20th Lancers which was transferred to India after partition in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011948-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Murray's Jat Lancers, Designations\nLike all regiments of the Indian Army the 14th Murray\u2019s Jat Lancers underwent many name changes in the various reorganisations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011948-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Murray's Jat Lancers, In popular culture\nThe 14th Murray's Jat Lancers appear as (Jat Lancer) in the computer game Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011950-0000-0000", "contents": "14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (Traditional Chinese: \u4e2d\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u6b21\u5168\u570b\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703) was convened from October 12 - 18, 1992. It was preceded by the 13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. It set in motion the 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics was advanced. It was succeeded by the 15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011951-0000-0000", "contents": "14th National Congress of the Kuomintang\nThe 14th National Congress of the Kuomintang (Chinese: \u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u6b21\u5168\u570b\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a) was the fourteenth national congress of the Kuomintang, held on 16\u201322 August 1993 at Taipei International Convention Center in Xinyi District, Taipei, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011951-0001-0000", "contents": "14th National Congress of the Kuomintang, Results\nLee Teng-hui was reelected as Chairman of the Kuomintang. Lee Yuan-tzu, Hau Pei-tsun, Lin Yang-kang and Lien Chan were elected as Vice Chairmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011952-0000-0000", "contents": "14th National Film Awards\nThe 14th National Film Awards, then known as State Awards for Films, presented by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India to felicitate the best of Indian Cinema released in 1966. The awards were presented on 10 October 1967 at the Vigyan Bhavan in New Delhi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011952-0001-0000", "contents": "14th National Film Awards, Awards\nPresident's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film is now better known as National Film Award for Best Feature Film, whereas President's Gold Medal for the Best Documentary Film is analogous to today's National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film. For children's films, Prime Minister's Gold Medal is now given as National Film Award for Best Children's Film. At the regional level, President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film is now given as National Film Award for Best Feature Film in a particular language. Certificate of Merit in all the categories is discontinued over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011952-0002-0000", "contents": "14th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films\nFeature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011952-0003-0000", "contents": "14th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films, Regional Award\nThe awards were given to the best films made in the regional languages of India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011952-0004-0000", "contents": "14th National Film Awards, Awards, Non-feature films\nNon -feature film awards were given for the documentaries, educational films and film strips made in the country. For the 13th National Film Awards, no award was given in the filmstrip category and only Certificate of Merit was awarded for Educational Films. Following were the awards given for the non-feature films category:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011952-0005-0000", "contents": "14th National Film Awards, Awards, Awards not given\nFollowing were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011953-0000-0000", "contents": "14th National Geographic Bee\nThe 14th National Geographic Bee was held in Washington, D.C. on May 22, 2002, sponsored by the National Geographic Society. The final competition was moderated by Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. The winner was Calvin McCarter, a homeschooled student from Jenison, Michigan, who won a $25,000 college scholarship and lifetime membership in the National Geographic Society. As of 2019, McCarter is the only 5th grader to have won the competition. The 2nd-place winner, Matthew Russell of Bradford, Pennsylvania, won a $15,000 scholarship. The 3rd-place winner, Erik Miller of Kent, Washington, won a $10,000 scholarship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011954-0000-0000", "contents": "14th National Hockey League All-Star Game\nThe 14th National Hockey League All-Star Game took place at the Montreal Forum on October 1, 1960, which saw the NHL all-stars defeat the hometown Montreal Canadiens 2\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011954-0001-0000", "contents": "14th National Hockey League All-Star Game, A Farewell to the Rocket\nThe 14th game was the first all-star game that did not have Maurice \"Rocket\" Richard in the lineup, as he had retired after winning the Stanley Cup a year ago. The pre-game events both honored the all-stars, as was the norm, but was also a celebration of the Rocket's career. Among one of the gifts the Rocket received was an alarm clock, which would continually sound unchecked, due to Richard's inability to turn the alarm off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011954-0002-0000", "contents": "14th National Hockey League All-Star Game, A Farewell to the Rocket\nReplacing the Rocket in the Habs' lineup was Bill Hicke, who played alongside Richard's old linemates, Dickie Moore and younger brother Henri Richard. Other no-shows in this all-star game was Ab McDonald, who was traded to the Chicago Black Hawks, as well as Dean Prentice and Phil Goyette, who were both out with an injury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011954-0003-0000", "contents": "14th National Hockey League All-Star Game, All-Star uniforms\nSince 1947, the All-Star uniforms had been red, white, and blue. However, after thirteen years, the NHL decided to change the uniform for this game, and utilize the NHL's official colors of black and orange. The colors had previously been used by the NHL All-Stars in the Ace Bailey Benefit Game and the Babe Siebert Memorial Game, before the All-Star Game had become a regularly-scheduled event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011954-0004-0000", "contents": "14th National Hockey League All-Star Game, All-Star uniforms\nThe new All-Star uniforms were a marked departure from any previous designs used in the NHL. The white uniforms featured black and orange stripes originating from the collar on the front and back side of the jersey, descending down the sleeves, and meeting at the elbows. An additional inner set of stripes formed a loop from the shoulder seam to above the elbows. Two orange stars outlined in black adorned the upper chest of the uniform, with a third star on the upper back. The numbers were black, with orange and black outlines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011954-0005-0000", "contents": "14th National Hockey League All-Star Game, All-Star uniforms\nThese uniforms would continue to be used through the 1963 All-Star Game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011955-0000-0000", "contents": "14th National Television Awards\nThe 14th National Television Awards ceremony was held at the Royal Albert Hall on 29 October 2008. It was the last to be hosted by Sir Trevor McDonald and last to be held at the Albert Hall. David Tennant announced via a live video link from Stratford-upon-Avon that he would be leaving Doctor Who after playing the role of The Doctor for 3 series. He said after winning the Outstanding Drama Performance award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011955-0001-0000", "contents": "14th National Television Awards\nI've had the most brilliant, bewildering and life-changing time working on Doctor Who, I have loved every day of it. It would be very easy to cling on to the TARDIS console forever and I fear that if I don't take a deep breath and make the decision to move on now, then I simply never will... I don't want to outstay my welcome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011956-0000-0000", "contents": "14th New Brunswick Legislature\nThe 14th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between January 28, 1847, and May 31, 1850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011956-0001-0000", "contents": "14th New Brunswick Legislature\nThe assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick William MacBean George Colebrooke. Edmund Walker Head became governor in April 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011956-0002-0000", "contents": "14th New Brunswick Legislature\nIn May 1848, the governor formed what has been described as the first \"responsible government\" in the province, bringing more balanced representation of the members of the assembly into the Executive Council and giving more decision-making power to the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011956-0003-0000", "contents": "14th New Brunswick Legislature\nJohn Wesley Weldon was chosen as speaker for the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011958-0000-0000", "contents": "14th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that participated in the American Civil War. It was the last three-year regiment raised in New Hampshire, serving from September 24, 1862, to July 8, 1865. Carroll Davidson Wright was one of its regimental leaders. The regiment lost a total of 232 men during its service; 8 officers and 63 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded, 4 officers and 151 enlisted men by disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011958-0001-0000", "contents": "14th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, History\nOn September 24, 1862, the regiment was organized and mustered in Concord, New Hampshire. In October 1862, the 14th NH arrived in Washington, D.C., where it camped on East Capitol Hill before establishing winter quarters at Poolesville, Maryland. From November 1862 to April 1863, the 14th NH served picket duty along the upper Potomac River. In April 1863, the regiment moved its quarters to Camp Adirondack, in northeast Washington D.C. From April 1863 to the end of the year, the 14th NH performed guard duty at Old Capitol Prison, transporting prisoners and deserters, and at the Navy Yard Bridge (Benning's Bridge). In early 1864, the 14th NH briefly performed picket duty in the Shenandoah Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011958-0002-0000", "contents": "14th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment returned to New Hampshire to vote in the spring elections which were heavily contested. On March 16, 1864, the 14th N.H. departed for Louisiana to participate in the Red River Campaign, but arrived after it had ended. The regiment served at Camp Parapet, Carrollton, and Jefferson City until June 1864, when they returned to Virginia. The 14th served at Fortress Monroe and Berryville in Virginia until the end of July 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011958-0002-0001", "contents": "14th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, History\nFrom August to December 1864, the regiment was part of General Sheridan's Army of the Shenandoah, and participated in the Third Battle of Winchester, on September 19, 1864, with heavy losses at the Battle of Fisher's Hill on September 22, 1864, and the Battle of Cedar Creek on October 19, 1864. Sergeant Major J. Henry Jenks, from Keene, New Hampshire, was the last man from this unit to fall in battle on October 19, 1864, in the Battle of Cedar Creek. At the conclusion of the Civil War, the 14th NH was stationed near Augusta and Savannah, Georgia. On July 8, 1865, the 14th New Hampshire Volunteer Regiment was mustered out in Savannah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011959-0000-0000", "contents": "14th New Jersey Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th New Jersey Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011959-0001-0000", "contents": "14th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 14th New Jersey Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Vredenburgh (named in honor of Judge Peter Vredenburgh) near Freehold, New Jersey, and mustered in for three years service on August 26, 1862, under the command of Colonel William Snyder Truex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011959-0002-0000", "contents": "14th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Defenses of Baltimore, Md., VIII Corps, Middle Department, to January 1863. 3rd Separate Brigade, VIII Corps, to June 1863. 3rd Provisional Brigade, French's Division, VIII Corps, to July 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac and Army of the Shenandoah, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011959-0003-0000", "contents": "14th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 14th New Jersey Infantry mustered out of service near Washington, D.C. on June 18, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011959-0004-0000", "contents": "14th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New Jersey for Baltimore, Md., September 2, 1862. Duty near Monocacy, Md., guarding railroad bridges and other points on the Upper Potomac, until June 1863. Moved to Harper's Ferry, W. Va., and duty there and at Maryland Heights until June 30. Moved to Frederick, Md., June 30, and to Monocacy July 2. Pursuit of Lee July 6\u201324. Manassas Gap, Va., July 20. Wapping Heights July 23. Duty on line of the Rappahannock and Rapidan until October. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Kelly's Ford November 7. Brandy Station November 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011959-0004-0001", "contents": "14th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Payne's Farm November 27. Mine Run November 28\u201330. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6\u20137, 1864. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James May 3-June 15. Battles of the Wilderness May 5\u20137; Spotsylvania May 8\u201312; Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient, \"Bloody Angle,\" May 12. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Hanovertown May 30\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 17-July 9. Jerusalem Plank Road June 22\u201323. Moved to Baltimore, thence to Frederick, Md., July 6\u20138. Battle of Monocacy July 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011959-0004-0002", "contents": "14th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nExpedition to Snicker's Gap July 14\u201323. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Battle of Winchester September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty in the Shenandoah Valley until December. Moved to Washington, D. C., thence to Petersburg, Va., December 3\u20136. Siege of Petersburg December 6, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Dabney's Mills. Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137, 1865. Fort Fisher, Petersburg, March 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Assault on and capture of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3\u20139. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. March to Danville April 23\u201327, and duty there until May 18. Moved to Richmond, Va., thence to Washington, D.C., May 18-June 2. Corps Review June 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011959-0005-0000", "contents": "14th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 257 men during service; 8 officers and 139 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 110 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011960-0000-0000", "contents": "14th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry Monument\nThe 14th New Jersey monument is a memorial monument located on the Monocacy battlefield in Frederick, Maryland that stands to honor the men of the volunteer force that protected the Monocacy Junction during the crucial winter of 1863-1864. Their halting of Confederate troops from advancing Northward played a significant role in the Union territory control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011960-0001-0000", "contents": "14th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry Monument, Construction and dedication\n\"The monument is constructed of granite and measures about 24 feet high, topped by a sculpture of an infantry soldier. The front of the monument features a Greek cross along with two bronze tablets. The 14th New Jersey Monument was the first of five monuments to be erected on the battlefield. The dedication ceremony, held on July 11, 1907, was attended by 180 survivors of the regiment.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 72], "content_span": [73, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011961-0000-0000", "contents": "14th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th New York Infantry Regiment was a New York infantry regiment, active for two years from May 1861 to May 1863 during the American Civil War. The regiment was part of the Union Army, and was raised primarily from Oneida County, with some companies also raised from Onondaga County; Columbia County; and Lewis County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011961-0001-0000", "contents": "14th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization\nIn May 1862, the 14th New York Volunteer Infantry was assigned to second brigade, first division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac where it would serve from the Peninsula Campaign through Chancellorsville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011961-0002-0000", "contents": "14th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe companies of the 14th New York Volunteer Infantry were raised from the following locales:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011961-0003-0000", "contents": "14th New York Infantry Regiment, Combat History\nThe regiment existed from 1861 until 1863, at which time the \"two year men\" were discharged, and the \"three year men\" were transferred to the 44th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011961-0004-0000", "contents": "14th New York Infantry Regiment, Combat History\nThe 14th New York Volunteer Infantry experienced 270 casualties during its two year existence with the Army of the Potomac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011961-0005-0000", "contents": "14th New York Infantry Regiment, Combat History\nThe 14th New York Volunteer Infantry saw the bulk of its action during the Seven Days Battles. The regiment was engaged at Beaver Dam Creek, Gaines' Mill June 25, 1862, and was involved in the defense of the Union left flank at the Battle of Malvern Hill June 30, 1862 under Brigadier General Charles Griffin. In these engagements, and particularly in the Battle of Gaines's Mill the regiment suffered 225 dead and wounded, which comprise 83% of the total of 270 casualties suffered during the 14th's civil war service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011961-0006-0000", "contents": "14th New York Infantry Regiment, Combat History\nDuring the Battle of Antietam, the regiment was held in reserve approximately one mile east of the Middle Bridge; most of the rest of the Union V Corps was also held in reserve on September 17, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011961-0007-0000", "contents": "14th New York Infantry Regiment, Combat History\nDuring the Battle of Fredericksburg, the regiment was involved in the assaults on the Confederate positions atop Marye's Heights on December 13, 1862, but their involvement was marginal and the regiment did not receive losses as great as other units, having 5 dead and 30 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011961-0008-0000", "contents": "14th New York Infantry Regiment, Combat History\nThe men who had enlisted in the 14th in 1861 for 2 years were mustered out in June of 1863 but the \"three years' men\" of the 14th were joined to the 44th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment by transfer just in time to be engaged in the 44th Regiment's intense combat at Little Round Top during the Battle of Gettysburg on July 2, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011961-0009-0000", "contents": "14th New York Infantry Regiment, Combat History\nIn the course of the war, the regiment lost 4 officers and 56 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, and a further 43 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011962-0000-0000", "contents": "14th New York State Legislature\nThe 14th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5 to March 24, 1791, during the fourteenth year of George Clinton's governorship, in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011962-0001-0000", "contents": "14th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1777, the State Senators were elected on general tickets in the senatorial districts, and were then divided into four classes. Six senators each drew lots for a term of 1, 2, 3 or 4 years and, beginning at the election in April 1778, every year six Senate seats came up for election to a four-year term. Assemblymen were elected countywide on general tickets to a one-year term, the whole assembly being renewed annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011962-0002-0000", "contents": "14th New York State Legislature, Background\nIn March 1786, the Legislature enacted that future Legislatures meet on the first Tuesday of January of each year unless called earlier by the governor. No general meeting place was determined, leaving it to each Legislature to name the place where to reconvene, and if no place could be agreed upon, the Legislature should meet again where it adjourned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011962-0003-0000", "contents": "14th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn January 27, 1790, the 13th New York State Legislature resolved that it was incompatible to hold a federal office at the same time as a seat in the Legislature, and declared the seats of James Duane, John Laurance, John Hathorn, Philip Schuyler and Rufus King vacant. Besides, Anthony Hoffman died early in 1790, leaving a total of four vacancies (Hathorn's term was expiring anyway) in the State Senate, to be filled by special elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011962-0004-0000", "contents": "14th New York State Legislature, Background\nIn August 1790, the 1st United States Congress adjourned at Federal Hall and reconvened in December at Congress Hall in Philadelphia. In January 1791, the State Legislature returned to the vacated Federal Hall for the next three sessions before the State capital was permanently established at Albany in 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011962-0005-0000", "contents": "14th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn October 7, 1790, the \"New Hampshire Grants Controversy\" was settled when the State of New York recognized the status quo, and ceded formally the Counties of Cumberland and Gloucester to the Vermont Republic of which both counties de facto had been part since 1777.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011962-0006-0000", "contents": "14th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time the politicians were divided into two opposing political parties: the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. However, at this early time party lines were not yet as distinctly drawn as they became in the 19th century. Many politicians changed sides, and voted according to their personal opinions on issues and people, what can be seen especially at the U.S. Senate election, in which Philip Schuyler, one of the leading Federalists, was voted down by a nominal Federalist majority of the Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011962-0007-0000", "contents": "14th New York State Legislature, Background\nPhilip Schuyler had been elected to the U.S. Senate in 1789, and drew the Class 1 lot, so his seat came up for election by the Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011962-0008-0000", "contents": "14th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe State election was held from April 27 to 29, 1790. Senators John Williams (Eastern D.) and Peter Schuyler (Western D.) were re-elected; and David Gelston (Southern D.), David Pye (Middle D.), and Assemblymen Philip Van Cortlandt (Southern D.) and Stephen Van Renssealaer (Western D.) were also elected to full terms in the Senate. Peter Lefferts (Southern D.), Leonard Gansevoort (Western D.) and Assemblymen Samuel Jones (Southern D.) and Thomas Tillotson (Middle D.) were elected to fill vacancies in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011962-0009-0000", "contents": "14th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature was to meet for the regular session on January 4, 1791, at Federal Hall in New York City; both Houses assembled a quorum on the next day; and adjourned on March 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011962-0010-0000", "contents": "14th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature elected NY Attorney General Aaron Burr a U.S. Senator from New York, to succeed Philip Schuyler. Schuyler was the Federalist candidate to succeed himself, Burr was the Democratic-Republican challenger. Although both Houses had a nominal Federalist majority, Burr won in the Senate by a vote of 12 to 4, and in the Assembly with a majority of 5 votes. Many of the Federalists took the opportunity to show their disapproval of both Schuyler's haughtiness and the financial policies of Schuyler's son-in-law Alexander Hamilton, the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. Besides, the Livingston faction of the Federalist Party felt betrayed after the election of Rufus King over their candidate James Duane in 1789, and now allied themselves with Clinton and later became Democratic-Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011962-0011-0000", "contents": "14th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn February 7, 1791, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate and Assembly districts. The area of Columbia and Rensselaer counties were transferred from the Western to the Eastern District; and the Southern and the Western districts lost one senator each, which were added to the Eastern District. The total number of assemblymen was again set at 70; but several new counties were established: Herkimer (1), Ontario (1), Otsego (1), Rensselaer (5), Saratoga (4) and Tioga (1); Kings, Orange, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk, Ulster and Westchester lost 1 seat, and Montgomery and New York lost 2; and Columbia won 3 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011962-0012-0000", "contents": "14th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011962-0013-0000", "contents": "14th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Samuel Jones, Philip Van Cortlandt and Thomas Tillotson changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011962-0014-0000", "contents": "14th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011962-0015-0000", "contents": "14th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011963-0000-0000", "contents": "14th New Zealand Parliament\nThe 14th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the New Zealand Parliament. It was elected at the 1899 general election in December of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011963-0001-0000", "contents": "14th New Zealand Parliament, 1899 general election\nThe 1899 general election was held on Wednesday, 6 December in the general electorates and on Tuesday, 19 December in the M\u0101ori electorates, respectively. The last electoral redistribution was undertaken in 1896 for the 1896 election, and the same electorates were used again. A total of 74 MPs were elected; 34 represented North Island electorates, 36 represented South Island electorates, and the remaining four represented M\u0101ori electorates. 373,744 voters were enrolled and the official turnout at the election was 77.6%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011963-0002-0000", "contents": "14th New Zealand Parliament, Sessions\nThe 14th Parliament sat for three sessions, and was prorogued on 5 November 1902.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011963-0003-0000", "contents": "14th New Zealand Parliament, Ministries\nThe Liberal Government of New Zealand had taken office on 24 January 1891. The Seddon Ministry under Richard Seddon had taken office in 1893 during the term of the 11th Parliament. The Seddon Ministry remained in power for the whole term of this Parliament and held power until Seddon's death on 10 June 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011963-0004-0000", "contents": "14th New Zealand Parliament, Initial composition of the 14th Parliament\nThe table below show the results of the 1899 general election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011963-0005-0000", "contents": "14th New Zealand Parliament, By-elections during 14th Parliament\nThere were a number of changes during the term of the 14th Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011964-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly\nThe 14th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly was the 22nd assembly of the territorial government. This assembly lasted from 1999 until its dissolution in 2003. This was the first assembly in the new Northwest Territories that was split in half to create Nunavut. As a result of division membership dropped from 24 to 19 seats with the political map being radically altered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011966-0000-0000", "contents": "14th OTO Awards\nThe 14th OTO Awards, honoring the best in Slovak popular culture for the year 2013, took time and place on 8 March 2014 at the Slovak National Theater in Bratislava. The ceremony broadcast live RTVS on Jednotka, the hosts of the show were Adela Ban\u00e1\u0161ov\u00e1 and Matej \"Sajfa\" Cifra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011966-0001-0000", "contents": "14th OTO Awards, Winners and nominees, Main categories\n\u2605 B\u00farliv\u00e9 v\u00edno \u2013 Mark\u00edza Panel\u00e1k \u2013 JOJ Profesion\u00e1li \u2013 JOJ", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011966-0002-0000", "contents": "14th OTO Awards, Reception, TV ratings\nThe show has received a total audience of more than 551,000 viewers, making it the most watched television program within prime time in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011967-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery\n14th Ohio Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was also known as Burrows\u2019 Battery after its commander Jerome B. Burrows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011967-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Organization\nThe 14th Ohio Battery was organized in Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in September 10, 1861, for a three-year enlistment under Captain Jerome B. Burrows. On December 9, 1864, Captain William Cary Myers became commander of the Battery and was with the unit until it mustered out of service in August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011967-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Organization\nThe battery was attached to 1st Brigade, 4th Division, Army of the Tennessee, to April 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, Army of the Tennessee, to July 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, District of Jackson, Tennessee, to November 1862. Artillery, District of Jackson, Tennessee, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to December 1862. Artillery, District of Jackson, Tennessee, XVI Corps, to March 1863. Artillery, 3rd Division, XVI Corps, to June 1863. District of Corinth, Mississippi, 2nd Division, XVI Corps, to January 1864. Artillery, 4th Division, XVI Corps, to September 1864. Artillery, 1st Division, XVII Corps, to November 1864. Artillery Post, Nashville, Tennessee, to November 1864. Artillery, 7th Division, Wilson's Cavalry Corps, Military Division Mississippi, to February 1865. Artillery, 1st Cavalry Division, Department of the Gulf, to June 1865. Department of Mississippi, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 962]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011967-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Organization\nThe 14th Ohio Battery mustered out of service on August 11, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011967-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nThe battery moved to Camp Dennison, Ohio, January 1, 1862, to St. Louis, Missouri on February 9 and then to Cairo, Illinois, and to Paducah, Kentucky on February 13. The unit participated in the Battle of Shiloh, April 6\u20137, 1862 and the advance on and siege of Corinth, Mississippi, April 29 \u2013 May 30. The unit marched to Jackson, Tennessee, and was on duty there until June 2, 1863 then moved to Corinth, Mississippi, and was there until November 2, 1863. Moved to Lynnville, Tennessee, and duty there until March 13, 1864. Reenlisted January 1, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011967-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nAtlanta Campaign May 1 \u2013 September 8, 1864. Demonstrations on Resaca May 8\u201313. Sugar Valley, near Resaca, May 9. Near Resaca May 13. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Advance on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25 \u2013 June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10 \u2013 July 2. Assault on Kennesaw Mountain June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Ruff's Mills July 3\u20134. Chattahoochie River July 6\u201317. Battle of Atlanta July 22. Siege of Atlanta July 22 \u2013 August 25. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31 \u2013 September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Pursuit of Hood into Alabama October 3\u201326.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011967-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nThe unit was ordered to Nashville, Tennessee, on October 24 and participated in the Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. Hollow Tree Gap and Franklin December 17. West Harpeth River December 17. Richland Creek December 24. Sugar Creek, Pulaski, December 25\u201326. Moved to Huntsville, Alabama, then to Eastport, Miss, and duty there until February 6. Ordered to New Orleans, La. and duty there until April. Moved to Mobile Bay April 3\u20137. March to Greenville, Alabama, April 18\u201322; then to Eufala April 24\u201327, and to Montgomery May 5. March to Columbus, Mississippi, May 11\u201321, and duty there until July 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011967-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 49 men during service; 11 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 37 enlisted men died due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011967-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Atlanta\nAt the Battle of Atlanta on 22 July 1864, the 14th Ohio Battery was armed with six 3-inch Ordnance rifles. Colonel John Morrill's brigade of Brigadier General John W. Fuller's division and the battery were posted on a hill west of Sugar Creek when Confederates from William H. T. Walker's division appeared 300\u00a0yd (274\u00a0m) to the south. Clement H. Stevens' brigade (led by J. C. Nisbet) attacked between Morrill's brigade and Thomas William Sweeny's Union division to the west. At first, the Confederates retreated after coming under fire from the 14th Ohio Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011967-0008-0001", "contents": "14th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Atlanta\nAttacking again, the brigade advanced until being counterattacked by parts of both Fuller's and Sweeny's divisions. The Confederate brigade fled and Union soldiers captured Nisbet and 500 prisoners. States Rights Gist's Confederate brigade tried to move past Fuller's right flank but was hit by enfilading artillery fire from the 14th Ohio Battery and rifle fire from the 27th Ohio and 64th Illinois Infantry Regiments. Gist was badly wounded and his troops quickly retreated to the cover of a nearby woods. Another one of Walker's brigades under Hugh W. Mercer declined to attack over the corpse-strewn ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011968-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th Ohio Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011968-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-months regiment\nThe 14th Ohio Infantry Regiment was organized at Toledo, Ohio, on April 25, 1861, under Colonel James Blair Steedman in response to President Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers. The regiment moved to Cleveland, Ohio, April 25, then to Columbus, Ohio, May 22. Left Ohio for western Virginia May 27. Moved to Clarksburg May 29, and to Phillippi June 2. Action at Philippi June 3. Western Virginia Campaign June 6\u201317. Laurel Hill July 7. Belington July 8. Pursuit of Garnett July 13\u201317. Carrick's Ford July 13\u201314. Ordered to Toledo July 22. The regiment were mustered out August 13, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011968-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe 14th Ohio Infantry was reorganized at Toledo on August 14-September 5, 1861, and mustered in for three years service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011968-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment, Attachments\nThe 14th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Louisville, Kentucky, on July 11, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011968-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 332 men during service; 5 officers and 141 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 185 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011969-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Oklahoma Legislature\nThe Fourteenth Oklahoma Legislature was a meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma, composed of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The state legislature met from January 3 to April 22, 1933, and from May 24 to July 15, 1933, during the term of Governor William H. Murray. the governor had convinced state senator Tom Anglin to run for the Oklahoma House of Representatives, assuring him that he would be elected as Speaker. Under Anglin's leadership, the House approved the governor's proposed budget cuts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011969-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership\nPaul Stewart served as President Pro Tem of the Senate and Tom Anglin of Holdenville, Oklahoma, served as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. Bob Fitzgerald of Hobart, Oklahoma, served as Speaker Pro Tempore. John Steele Batson of Marietta served as House Majority Floor Leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011970-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Olonets Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th Olonets Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Russian Empire's Imperial Russian Army. It took part in wars against the Ottoman Empire and the First French Empire (1813\u20131814), as well as conflicts in Poland (1831 and 1863), Hungary (1849) and the Crimea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group\nThe 14th Operations Group is the flying component of the 14th Flying Training Wing, assigned to the United States Air Force's Air Education and Training Command. The group is stationed at Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group\nThe group was first activated in 1941 as the 14th Pursuit Group at Hamilton Field, California. For a short time following the Attack on Pearl Harbor it flew patrols along the Pacific coast. It moved to the United Kingdom as the 14th Fighter Group in the summer of 1942 and was the first fighter unit to ferry its own aircraft across the Atlantic. After combat training with the Royal Air Force, the group moved to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations following Operation Torch, the North Africa invasion. It continued in combat until V-E Day, earning a Distinguished Unit Citation for defending bombers attacking a target in Austria in 1944. It was inactivated in Italy in September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group\nThe 14th was again activated at Dow Field, Maine in 1946 as part of Air Defense Command (ADC). It became the first Army Air Forces combat unit to equip with the Republic P-84 Thunderjet. The group was inactivated in 1949 when reductions in the Department of Defense budget required a reduction of groups in the United States Air Force (USAF) to 48.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group\nIn the summer of 1955 the group was activated at Ethan Allen Air Force Base, where it assumed the mission, personnel and equipment of the 517th Air Defense Group under ADC's Project Arrow, which was designed to replace post-war units with fighter organizations with distinguished combat records. It remained there until 1960, when it was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group\nThe group was again activated as the 14th Operations Group at Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi in December 1991 and assumed its current mission of training pilots for the USAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, Components\nThe 14th Operations Group (Tail Code: CB) consists of the following squadrons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe 14th Pursuit Group was activated on 15 January 1941 at Hamilton Field, California. It moved to March Field in California in early June 1941. The group trained with Curtiss P-40 Warhawks, Republic P-43 Lancers and Lockheed P-38D/E Lightnings. It returned to Hamilton Field on 7 February 1942 to receive operational P-38Fs and flew patrols on the west coast of the US after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Although these fighters were not yet combat ready, P-38 outfits had the only truly modern fighters then available to the Army Air Forces (AAF), and provided West Coast defense at a time that Japanese attacks on the US mainland were believed to be imminent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, World War II\nEven though the defense of the US west coast initially took priority, plans were made in the spring of 1942 to deploy the 14th and other P-38 groups to Great Britain. The group was redesignated as the 14th Fighter Group in May 1942. The ground echelon departed 16 July 1942 on the first stage of the movement to England. They sailed on the USS West Point in early August 1942, and arrived in Liverpool on 17 August 1942. The air echelon departed for Bradley Field, Connecticut on 1 July 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0007-0001", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, World War II\nIt flew its P-38s to the United Kingdom via the northern ferry route. The first aircraft departed Presque Isle Army Air Field, Maine on 22 July 1942. The 50th Fighter Squadron remained in Iceland and was reassigned to the 342d Composite Group to assist the Curtiss P-40Cs of the 33d Fighter Squadron in the flying of defensive patrols over the Atlantic. This was the first transatlantic crossing successfully made by single-seat fighters. In Britain, the group was stationed at RAF Atcham as part of Eighth Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe 14th was reassigned to the XII Fighter Command of Twelfth Air Force on 14 September 1942, but continued to operate under VIII Fighter Command until mid-October flying sweeps over France and performing practice missions under the Royal Air Force's guidance. The Ground echelon left Atcham on 30 October 1942, and sailed on the USS Brazil and USS Uruguay from Liverpool and arrived in Oran, Algeria on 10 November 1942. The air echelon departed for North Africa on 6 November 1942, and flew to Tafaraoui Airfield, Algeria from 10 to 14 November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, World War II\nFrom bases in Algeria, and later Tunisia, the group flew escort, strafing, and reconnaissance missions from the middle of November 1942 to late in January 1943. In November, Lt. Carl T. Williams scored the first United States victory in the western desert over a German aircraft and Lt. Virgil Smith became the first American ace in the theater. The Lightnings were soon in regular combat in the North African Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0009-0001", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe 14th contributed a great deal toward the establishment of local air superiority in the area, being effective against bombers and had wreaked great havoc among Rommel's air transport well out to sea. The P-38s earned the German nickname \"der Gabelschwanz Teufel\"\u2014the Fork-Tailed Devil. In January 1943, the 14th was withdrawn from combat, with some of the men and planes being reassigned to the 1st and 82d Fighter Groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe group resumed combat operations in May, being re-equipped with the P-38F and some P-38Gs. Already prior to the Axis defeat in Tunisia, the Northwest African Air Forces (of which the Twelfth Air Force was a component) had begun preparations for the invasion of Sicily. Attacks on Sicily, on Pantelleria and on Lampedusa were stepped up in preparation for Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily on 10 July 1943. The group flew dive-bombing missions during the Allied assault on Pantelleria. It helped prepare for and support the invasions of Sicily and Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, World War II\nIn a combined operation code named \"Nostril\" elements of 14th and 1st FighterGroup provided cover for a British Naval group in the Aegean Sea in the Doceconese Islands Group on 7\u20139 October 43. On 9 Oct, the 37th Squadron of the 14th Fighter Group led by Maj William L. Leverette intercepted a squadron of 27 JU-87s over the British Naval group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0011-0001", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, World War II\nIn the ensuing engagement this squadron claimed 16 downed Junkers JU-87s and one JU-88\u00a0: Maj Leverette \u2013 7 (a record for the most victories in one sortie in the MTOI); Lt H. T.  Hanna \u2013 5 (becoming an ace in one day); Lt Homer L Sprinkle \u2013 3; Lt Robert Margison \u2013 1; and Lt Wayne L Blue \u2013 1 JU-88.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe 14th was reassigned to Fifteenth Air Force in November 1943, and moved to Triolo Airfield, Italy. It engaged primarily in escort work flying many missions to cover bombers engaged in long-range operations against strategic objectives in Italy, France, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania, and Bulgaria. However, on occasion, the group escorted the medium bombers of the Twelfth Air Force. On 2 April 1944, the 14th Fighter Group earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for beating off attacks by enemy fighters while escorting bombers attacking ball-bearing and aircraft production facilities at Steyr, Austria, enabling the bombers to strike their targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, World War II\nIn late July and early August 1944, the 14th flew shuttle missions to Russia and returned to their Italian base after spending three days at a Soviet base in the Ukraine. Along with their P-51 escorts, they shot down thirty German planes and destroyed twelve on the ground. The last Lightning shuttle mission was flown on 4/6 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe group provided escort for reconnaissance operations, supported the invasion of Southern France in August 1944, and on numerous occasions flew long-range missions to strafe and dive-bomb motor vehicles, trains, bridges, supply areas, airdromes, and troop concentrations in an area extending from France to the Balkans. The 14th Fighter Group was inactivated in Italy on 9 September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, Cold War\nThe Group was once more activated in the US on 20 November 1946 at Dow Field, Maine as part of the First Air Force of Air Defense Command (ADC). Its assigned squadrons were 37th, 48th and 49th Fighter Squadrons. The 14th Fighter Group was one of the first AAF groups assigned to ADC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, Cold War\nThe group was initially equipped with surplus Republic P-47N Thunderbolts and was responsible for air defense of the Northeastern United States. In 1947 became the first unit to be equipped with the Republic P-84B Thunderjets. However, deficiencies discovered during testing of the Thunderjets required restrictions on the new jets that limited their operational use. These restrictions were made more acute by maintenance difficulties and lack of trained maintenance personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, Cold War\nIn July 1947 the group deployed to Muroc Air Force Base, California to conduct accelerated service tests with new F-84Bs prior to acceptance. The first operational production USAF F-84Bs arrived at Dow on 7 November; the last F-84B was delivered in February 1948. Throughout the winter of 1947/48 the 14th Fighter Group lost three F-84s at Dow. Findings indicated that the extreme cold weather at the base enhanced aircraft performance over what was found during testing in California, however as the temperatures moderated in the spring of 1948, accident rate remained high. In May 1948, the group's entire fleet was grounded until inspections could be performed on each aircraft, but the earlier restrictions still applied when the planes returned to service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, Cold War\nWith the F-84s, the 14th's mission was daylight and fair weather defense of northeast United States from New York City north to Maine/New Brunswick border, shared with the 52d Fighter Group (All-Weather) at Mitchel Air Force Base, New York which flew F-82 Twin Mustangs for night and inclement weather operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, Cold War\nIn August 1947, the Air Force began a service test of the Wing-Base organization. As a result, the group was assigned to the 14th Fighter Wing, along with three newly created support groups. This reorganization was intended to unify control at air bases, This test proved the wing-base plan to the satisfaction of the Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, Cold War\nIn July 1949, the group sent sixteen F-84Bs to New York City for a flyover display at newly opened Idlewild Airport. President Truman's reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of groups in the Air Force to 48, and the group was inactivated on 2 October 1949, Its F-84B aircraft were returned to Republic Aircraft for refurbishment and reassignment to Air National Guard units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, Cold War\nThe group was redesignated as the 14th Fighter Group (Air Defense) and reactivated on 18 August 1955 at Ethan Allen Air Force Base, Vermont to replace the 517th Air Defense Group, whose mission, equipment, and personnel were transferred to the 14th as part of ADC's Project Arrow, which was designed to bring back on the active list the fighter units that had compiled memorable records in the two world wars. Its operational component was the 37th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (FIS), which was already stationed at Ethan Allen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0021-0001", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, Cold War\nIt was initially assigned to Air Defense Command (ADC)'s 4711th Defense Wing and equipped with airborne intercept radar equipped and Mighty Mouse rocket armed North American F-86D Sabre interceptor aircraft. It also acted as the host organization for USAF units at Ethan Allen and was assigned several support units to fulfill that duty. It was reassigned to the 32d Air Division (Defense), 1 March 1956. Its 37th FIS upgraded in December 1957 to the F-102 Delta Dagger interceptor until being inactivated on 1 May 1960. The group wound up active USAF operations at Ethan Allen and inactivated along with its support organizations the following month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, Modern era\nWhile inactive, the group was redesignated as the 14th Tactical Fighter Group, but was redesignated as the 14th Operations Group (OG) in December 1991 and activated as a result of the 14th Flying Training Wing (FTW) implementing the USAF Objective Wing reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, Modern era\nUpon activation, the 14th OG was assigned the flying and operational support components of the 14th FTW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0024-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, Modern era\nFrom its activation, the group trained USAF and allied pilots in basic flying skills and from 1993 to 2005 in fighter fundamentals, using AT-38 aircraft. In 1993, Captains Kathy McDonald and Ellen McKinnon became the first women at Columbus Air Force Base to complete the fighter fundamentals course. On 27 January 1995, Second Lieutenant Kelly Flinn graduated from pilot training with the 14th Operations Group on her way to becoming the first woman to enter B-52 Stratofortress combat crew training. Fighter fundamentals training at Columbus resumed on 10 May 2007 with the reassignment of the 49th Fighter Training Squadron from Moody Air Force Base, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0025-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, History, Modern era\nColonel Stan Lawrie took command of the group in July 2016. Today the group's six squadrons are responsible for the 52-week Specialized Undergraduate Pilot Training (SUPT) mission at Columbus Air Force Base for the U.S. Air Force and international officers. The group uses a fleet of Beechcraft T-6 Texan II, Northrop T-38 Talon, and Raytheon T-1 Jayhawk aircraft and flight simulators. Its 250 aircraft fly about 90,000 hours annually in 11,500 square miles (30,000\u00a0km2) of airspace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011971-0026-0000", "contents": "14th Operations Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011972-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Orgburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 14th Orgburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the  14th Central Committee, in the immediate aftermath of the 14th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011973-0000-0000", "contents": "14th PMPC Star Awards for Television\nThe PMPC Star Awards for TV 2000 were held on October 7, 2000, and broadcast on RPN 9. It is part of the \"World Millennium Day Celebrations\" and \"Philippines 2000\" campaign of the Philippine Government from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011974-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 14th Panzer Division (German: 14. Panzer-Division) was an armoured division in the German Army during World War II. It was created in 1940 by the conversion of the 4th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011974-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe division took part in the invasion of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, eventually being destroyed in the Battle of Stalingrad. Reformed, the 14th Panzer Division soon returned to the Eastern Front and eventually surrendered to Soviet forces in Courland in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011974-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), World War II\nThe 14th Panzer Division was formed in August 1940 from units of the 4th Infantry Division and 4th Panzer Division. The 4th Infantry Division provided both divisional staff and the infantry components, while the 4th Panzer Division provided the tank element by transferring 36th Panzer Regiment to the new division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011974-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), World War II\nIn April 1941, the 14th Panzer Division took part in the Invasion of Yugoslavia, reaching Sarajevo on 15 April. Soon after, it returned to Germany in preparation for Operation Barbarossa. In June 1941, as part of Army Group South, the division took part in the invasion of the Soviet Union. It was involved almost continuously in the fighting throughout 1941, including the first winter on the Eastern Front. In early 1942, the division took part in the German summer offensives as Army Group South advanced through the Kharkov and Don regions. It was transferred to Friedrich Paulus' VI Army, which was encircled at Stalingrad soon after. By February 1943, the division had been destroyed in the fighting at the Battle of Stalingrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011974-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), World War II\nThe division was reformed in Brittany, France. By November 1943, it was combat ready, transferring back to Army Group South on the Eastern Front. It now had an additional battalion of StuG assault guns, the III/36 Panzer Regiment. The division was part of Army Group South up to June 1944. In August, after being refitted, it was transferred to Army Group North to the Courland area (now Latvia and Lithuania). The refit included delivery of Panther tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011974-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), World War II\nIn January 1945, the Red Army launched a number of major offensives across the Eastern Front. Much of Army Group North - including the 14th Panzer Division - was bypassed and became trapped in the Courland Pocket, and remained there until Germany's surrender in May 1945. The division was disbanded during the last weeks of the war, with its personnel being formed into two panzer brigades. Parts of the division were evacuated to Germany in the last week of the war and surrendered to the Western Allies while those units remaining surrendered to Soviet forces on 10 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011975-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Panzergrenadier Division (Bundeswehr)\nThe 14th Panzergrenadier Division (14. Panzergrenadierdivision) was a German mechanized infantry formation. It was part of the Multinational Corps Northeast, a NATO corps that includes German, Polish, and Danish troops. In the wake of military restructuring aimed at reducing the size of the German land forces, the 14th Panzergrenadier Division was disbanded in 2008. The division's formation was notable in that it was a Bundeswehr formation created after the reunification of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, and which was formed in part from soldiers who had served in the National People's Army (NVA) of the GDR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011975-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Panzergrenadier Division (Bundeswehr)\nIn 1990-1991, troops from the former 1st and 8th Motor Rifle Divisions and the 9th Armored Division of the NVA were used to form the three brigades of the 14th Panzergrenadier Division. These brigades were numbered as the 40th and 41st Panzergrenadier Brigades and the 42nd Panzer Brigade. In 1997, the 42nd Panzer Brigade was subordinated to the 13th Panzergrenadier Division and the 18th Panzer Brigade was subordinated to the 14th Panzergrenadier Division. Division headquarters was located at Neubrandenburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011975-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Panzergrenadier Division (Bundeswehr)\nThe division was given the mission of supporting international operations as well as the standard national defense mission. International operations the division took part in include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011975-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Panzergrenadier Division (Bundeswehr)\nThe division also provided support to civilians during the 2002 Elbe River flood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011976-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of British Columbia\nThe 14th Legislative Assembly of British Columbia sat from 1917 to 1920. The members were elected in the British Columbia general election held in September 1916. The British Columbia Liberal Party, led by Harlan Carey Brewster, formed the government. Following Brewster's death in March 1918, John Oliver became Premier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011976-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of British Columbia\nJohn Walter Weart served as speaker until the start of the 1918 session, when John Keen succeeded him as speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011976-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of British Columbia, Members of the 14th General Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1916.:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011976-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections\nBy-elections were held for the following members appointed to the provincial cabinet, as was required at the time:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011976-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections\nBy-elections were held to replace members for various other reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011977-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Lower Canada\nThe 14th Parliament of Lower Canada was in session from January 21, 1831, to October 9, 1834. Elections to the Legislative Assembly in Lower Canada had been held in October 1830. The Ninety-Two Resolutions were submitted to the legislative assembly in 1834. All sessions were held at Quebec City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011978-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Ontario\nThe 14th Legislative Assembly of Ontario was in session from June 29, 1914, until September 23, 1919, just prior to the 1919 general election. The majority party was the Ontario Conservative Party  led by Sir James P. Whitney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011978-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Ontario\nWilliam Howard Hearst became party leader and Premier after the death of James P. Whitney in September 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011979-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Singapore\nThe 14th Parliament of Singapore is the current Parliament of Singapore. It opened on 24 August 2020. The membership was set by the 2020 Singapore General Election on 10 July 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011979-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Singapore\nThe 14th Parliament is controlled by the People's Action Party majority, led by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and members of the cabinet, which assumed power on 25 July 2020. The Opposition is led by the  Leader of the Opposition Pritam Singh of the Workers' Party. Tan Chuan-Jin, of the People's Action Party, continues his term as the Speaker of Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011979-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Singapore, Result of the 2020 Singapore general election\nThe Progress Singapore Party, being the best performing opposition parties were awarded two Non-Constituency Member of Parliament seats in accordance with the Constitution. Hazel Poa, and Leong Mun Wai were appointed as NCMPs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011979-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Select committees, Committee of selection\nChaired by Speaker of Parliament Tan Chuan-Jin, the committee of selection selects and nominates members to the various sessional and select committees. The committee consisted of seven other members:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 83], "content_span": [84, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011979-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Select committees, Committee of privileges\nThe committee of privileges looks into any complaint alleging breaches of parliamentary privilege. Chaired by Speaker of Parliament Tan Chuan-Jin, the committee consisted of seven other members:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011979-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Select committees, Estimates committee\nThe estimates committee examines the Government's budget and reports what economies, improvements in organisation, efficiency or administrative reforms consistent with the policy underlying the estimates, may be effected and suggests the form in which the estimates shall be presented to Parliament. The committee consisted of eight members:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 80], "content_span": [81, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011979-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Select committees, House committee\nThe house committee looks after the comfort and convenience of Members of Parliament and advises the Speaker on these matters. Chaired by Speaker of Parliament Tan Chuan-Jin, the committee consisted of seven other members:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011979-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Select committees, Public accounts committee\nThe public accounts committee examines various accounts of the Government showing the appropriation of funds granted by Parliament to meet public expenditure, as well as other accounts laid before Parliament. The committee consisted of eight members:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 86], "content_span": [87, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011979-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Select committees, Public petitions committee\nThe public petitions committee deals with public petitions received by the House. Its function is to consider petitions referred to the Committee and to report to the House. Chaired by Speaker of Parliament Tan Chuan-Jin, the committee consisted of seven other members:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 87], "content_span": [88, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011979-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Select committees, Standing orders committee\nThe standing orders committee reviews the Standing Orders from time to time and recommends amendments and reports to the House on all matters relating to them. Chaired by Speaker of Parliament Tan Chuan-Jin, the committee consisted of nine other members:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 86], "content_span": [87, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011979-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nMooted by then-Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong in 1987, government parliamentary committees (GPCs) are set up by the governing People's Action Party to scrutinise the legislation and programmes of the various Ministries. They also serve as an additional channel of feedback on government policies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011979-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nTin Pei LingCheng Li HuiJoan PereiraMohd Fahmi AlimanHany SohXie Yao Quan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011979-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nLim Wee KiakAng Wei NengWan Rizal Wan ZakariahYip Hon WengMariam Jaafar", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011979-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nChristopher de SouzaSitoh Yih PinTan Wu MengVikram NairPatrick TayDerrick Goh", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011979-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nLiang Eng HwaCheng Li HuiMohamed Sharael TahaRachel OngYeo Wan LingYip Hon Weng", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011979-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nHenry KwekLim Biow ChuanLouis NgCarrie TanNadia Ahmad SamdinXie Yao Quan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011979-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Singapore, Committees, Government Parliamentary Committees\nLim Biow ChuanAng Wei NengGan Thiam PohPoh Li SanYeo Wan Ling", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011980-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Sri Lanka\nThe 14th Parliament of Sri Lanka was a meeting of the Parliament of Sri Lanka, with the membership determined by the results of the 2010 parliamentary election held on 8 April and 20 April 2010. The parliament met for the first time on 22 April 2010 and was dissolved on 26 June 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011980-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election\nThe 14th parliamentary election was held on 8 April and 20 April 2010. The incumbent United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA) secured a landslide victory in the elections, buoyed by its achievement of ending the 26 year Sri Lankan Civil War by defeating the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam in May 2009. The UPFA won a large majority in parliament, obtaining 144 seats, an increase of 39 since the 13th parliamentary election. The main opposition United National Front (UNF) won 60 seats, a decline of 22. The minority Tamil party Tamil National Alliance (TNA) won 14 seats, a decline of 8, and the Democratic National Alliance (DNA), contesting for the first time, won 7 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011980-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election, Results\nThe new parliament was sworn in on 22 April 2010. Chamal Rajapaksa, the brother of President Rajapaksa, was elected Speaker, Piyankara Jayaratne as the Deputy Speaker and Murugesu Chandrakumar as the Deputy Chairman of Committees. Ranil Wickremesinghe was recognised as Leaders of the Opposition. John Amaratunga was appointed as the Chief Opposition Whip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011980-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election, Results\nOn 2 May 2010 the government appointed Nimal Siripala de Silva as the Leader of the House and Dinesh Gunawardena as the Chief Government Whip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011980-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election, Results\nChandima Weerakkody was elected Deputy Speaker on 23 November 2010 after his predecessor Piyankara Jayaratne was made a minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011980-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nOn 21 April 2010 President Rajapaksa appointed D. M. Jayaratne as the new Prime Minister. The rest of the government, comprising 36 Ministers and 39 Deputy Ministers were sworn in on 23 April 2010. President Rajapaksa has retained control of the important ministries of Defence, Finance & Planning, Highways, and Ports & Aviation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011980-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nMervyn Silva resigned as Deputy Minister of Mass Media & Information on 5 May 2010. A further four Ministers and five Deputy Ministers were sworn in on 5 May 2010. Mervyn Silva was appointed as the new Deputy Minister of Highways. 85 UPFA MPs were now part of the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011980-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nMervyn Silva was dismissed from his ministerial post and suspended from the SLFP on 10 August 2010. However, a subsequent SLFP disciplinary cleared him of all charges and on 8 September 2010 he was reappointed to his ministerial post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011980-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nOn 22 November 2010, three days after Rajapaksa was sworn in for his second term, a new government was sworn in. A number of opposition MPs who had defected to the UPFA were rewarded with ministerial posts. A further Minister and three Deputy Ministers were sworn in on 25 November 2010 95 UPFA MPs were now part of the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011980-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nS. M. Chandrasena resigned as Minister of Agrarian Services & Wildlife with effect from 26 September 2012. He was appointed Deputy Minister of Agrarian Services & Wildlife on 5 October 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011980-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nPresident Rajapaksa carried out a cabinet re-shuffle on 28 January 2013, appointing some new ministers and deputy ministers. 96 UPFA MPs were now part of the government. Nine new deputy ministers were appointed on 10 October 2013. 105 UPFA MPs were now part of the government (Prime Minister + 10 Senior Ministers + 54 Ministers + 2 Project Ministers + 38 Deputy Ministers (excludes Sarath Amunugama who is also a Senior Minister)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011980-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nDeputy Economic Development Minister S. M. Chandrasena was appointed as Cabinet Minister for Special Projects on 23 November 2013. Palani Digambaran and Praba Ganesan were appointed deputy ministers on 21 August 2014. V. Radhakrishnan was appointed deputy minister on 9 October 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011980-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nMaithripala Sirisena defeated Mahinda Rajapaksa at the 2015 presidential election after which he appointed a UNP dominated national government (NG).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011981-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Turkey\nThe 14th Grand National Assembly of Turkey existed from 11 October 1969 to 14 October 1973. There were 450 MPs in the lower house . Justice Party (AP) held the majority and the Republican People's Party (CHP)  was the main opposition. Reliance Party  (GP), Unity party,  Nation Party (MP),  New Turkey Party (YTP) and the Workers Party of Turkey (T\u0130P) were the other opposition Parties", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011981-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Parliament of Turkey, Main parliamentary milestones\nSome of the important events in the history of the parliament are the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment\nThe 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment (also known as the 159th Pennsylvania Volunteers) was a cavalry regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War. Most of its fighting happened in the last half of 1863 and full year 1864. The regiment fought mainly in West Virginia and Virginia, often as part of a brigade or division commanded by Brigadier General William W. Averell and later Brigadier General William Powell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment\nThe regiment was organized near Pittsburgh between August and November 1862. With the exception of one company from the Philadelphia area, its recruits were from western Pennsylvania. The regiment's original commander, Colonel James M. Schoonmaker, was one of the youngest regimental commanders in the Union Army at 20 years old. Pittsburgh attorney William Blakeley was the regiment's original lieutenant colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment\nAmong battles where the regiment saw action were the Battle of White Sulphur Springs, Battle of Droop Mountain, Battle of Moorefield, and the Third Battle of Winchester. It had two officers and 97 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded. Disease killed 296 enlisted men. The three original Majors were Thomas Gibson, Shadrack Foley, and John M. Daily. Captain Thomas R. Kerr won the Medal of Honor for capturing a regimental flag at Moorefield where he was an advance scout, while Schoonmaker received the same award for action at the Third Battle of Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Formation and organization\nJames M. Schoonmaker, of Pittsburgh, began recruiting for a federal volunteer battalion of cavalry on August 18, 1862. At the time, he was a lieutenant in the Union's 1st Maryland Cavalry Regiment. An accomplished horseman, he had so much success in recruiting that both Pennsylvania governor Andrew Gregg Curtin and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton authorized him to recruit a full cavalry regiment of 12 companies. With the exception of Philadelphia's Company\u00a0A, recruiting was conducted in western Pennsylvania. Allegheny, Armstrong, and Fayette counties accounted for portions of eight of the regiment's 12 companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0003-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Formation and organization\nThe men were mustered into service from August 21 through November 4, 1862, for three years. By November, a full regiment was recruited, and it was mustered into service on November 23, 1862, as the 14th Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry. In Pennsylvania, the regiment was also known as the One Hundred and Fifty-Ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers, since it was the 159th regiment of any branch raised in Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Formation and organization\nOriginal leadership was Schoonmaker as colonel and William H. Blakeley as lieutenant colonel. Thomas Gibson, Shadrack Foley, and John M. Daily were majors of the First, Second, and Third battalions, respectively. Other notable officers included Captain Ashbel F. Duncan of Company\u00a0E and 2nd Lieutenant Thomas R. Kerr of Company\u00a0C. Schoonmaker was only 20 years and four months old at the time, making him one of the youngest regiment commanders in the Union Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0004-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Formation and organization\nThe regiment spent time at Camp Howe and Camp Montgomery, near Pittsburgh, before moving to Hagerstown, Maryland on November 24, where it received horses, arms, and equipment. On December 28, the regiment moved to Harper's Ferry, Virginia, where it was assigned picket and reconnaissance (scouting) duty. At that time it was part of the Middle Department that became the VIII Army Corps a few months later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Formation and organization\nOn May 7, 1863, a detachment of unmounted men was left in Harper's Ferry under the command of Major Foley, while the remaining portion of the regiment rode the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (a.k.a. B&O Railroad) west to join the 4th Separate Brigade of the VIII Army Corps at Grafton, Virginia. Grafton was a strategic point early in the American Civil War because it had a terminal for the B&O Railroad. The regiment was initially tasked with duty protecting the nearby communities of Philippi, Beverly and Webster. On May 23, Brigadier General William W. Averell took command of the brigade, relieving Brigadier General Benjamin S. Roberts. Averell's 4th Separate Brigade had one cavalry regiment, three mounted infantry regiments, two infantry regiments, a cavalry battalion consisting of four companies, and two batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Early action\nOn July 2, the command of Colonel Thomas M. Harris of the 10th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was attacked by 1,700 Confederate soldiers and nearly surrounded near its camp in Beverly. Two squadrons of the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry, under the command of Major Gibson, were sent to Harris' assistance, and arrived about four miles (6.4\u00a0km) north of Beverly around 3:00\u00a0am on July 3. They surprised Confederate infantry along the Cheat River at about 8:00\u00a0am, and drove them back to a breastworks containing 4,000 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0006-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Early action\nAround noon, Averell arrived with a battery and his three mounted infantry regiments, and drove the Confederate force south. More skirmishing was conducted on July 4 near Huttonville as the Confederates were driven further south. Fighting ended in rain around midnight, and the Union force returned to Webster in the morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Early action\nAverell's Brigade boarded an eastbound train on July 8, and reported to Cumberland, Maryland to assist in pursuing Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia while it retreated from the Battle of Gettysburg. On July 13, the regiment under the command of Colonel Schoonmaker formed a junction with the Army of the Potomac and captured one of Lee's supply wagon trains along with several hundred prisoners. More prisoners were captured by the regiment on the next day. A detachment commanded by Major Foley rejoined the regiment shortly after July 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0007-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Early action\nEarlier on July 4, Foley led a force of 300 men (including men from the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry and other regiments) that burned a Potomac River bridge and took Confederate prisoners when trying to prevent Lee from escaping to Virginia. The reunited regiment crossed the Potomac River at Cherry Run on July 17, and marched through Hedgesville. They confronted Major General Jubal Early's Division of infantry artillery on July 19. The regiment, with Averell's Brigade and a division commanded by Brigadier General Benjamin Franklin Kelley, drove Early's Division back to Martinsburg. However, scouts discovered that Early was trying to move around the Union flank, so the Union force responded with a retreat to the safety of the other side of the Potomac River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Averell's raids in 1863, Averell's raid in West Virginia\nOn August 15, while in Petersburg in West Virginia's Hardy County, Averell received orders to destroy a saltpeter works, drive the Confederate Army out of Huntersville, and retrieve law books from Lewisburg after driving out any Confederate forces there. At that time, Averell's force consisted of the 3rd and 8th West Virginia Mounted Infantries, the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Ewing's Battery, and Gibson's Cavalry Battalion. Gibson's Battalion was led by the Major Thomas Gibson of the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry, and consisted six companies that were from three different regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 92], "content_span": [93, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0008-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Averell's raids in 1863, Averell's raid in West Virginia\nThe brigade destroyed a saltpeter works near Franklin on August 19, and drove Confederate troops commanded by Colonel William L. \"Mudwall\" Jackson away from Huntersville on August 22. The brigade moved east and the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry was involved in a skirmish near Warm Springs, Virginia, on August 24. Another saltpeter works was destroyed further south on August 25, and Averell's advance guard was intercepted by Confederate troops slightly east of White Sulphur Springs on the morning of August 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 92], "content_span": [93, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Averell's raids in 1863, Averell's raid in West Virginia\nFighting, in what became known as the Battle of White Sulphur Springs, lasted all day with neither side making much progress. During the battle, the 2nd West Virginia Infantry was caught in an exposed position too far from the rest of the Union lines. A mounted portion of the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry was sent to make a diversion by charging down the road toward the Confederate fortifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 92], "content_span": [93, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0009-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Averell's raids in 1863, Averell's raid in West Virginia\nA soldier from the 2nd West Virginia wrote that the 14th Pennsylvania \"made one of the most daring charges of the war, not only facing a murderous storm of leaden hail from the front but also, to their surprise, received an enfilading fire along their flank from a large body of infantry concealed in a cornfield....\" The charge was led by Colonel Schoonmaker and Captain John Bird from Company\u00a0G. Bird was wounded, captured, and eventually taken to Libby Prison. Schoonmaker's horse was shot but he escaped on a dead soldier's horse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 92], "content_span": [93, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0009-0002", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Averell's raids in 1863, Averell's raid in West Virginia\nOver 100 men from the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry were killed, wounded, or captured in the battle\u2014nearly half of all Union casualties. Fighting ended in the morning of the next day as both sides nearly exhausted their ammunition. Averell did not reach Lewisburg, and struggled north to safety by August 31 using blockades, deceptions, night marches, and back roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 92], "content_span": [93, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Averell's raids in 1863, Averell's Lewisburg and railroad raid\nOn October 23, Averell was ordered to capture, or drive away, a Confederate force stationed near Lewisburg in Greenbrier County, West Virginia. A second Union force, which was commanded by Brigadier General Alfred N. Duffi\u00e9, would approach Lewisburg from another direction and provide assistance. After Lewisburg, Averell was to attack the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad if practicable, and destroy the railroad bridge over the New River. Averell departed on November 1 and arrived at Huntersville on November 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 98], "content_span": [99, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Averell's raids in 1863, Averell's Lewisburg and railroad raid\nFrom Huntersville, Averell attempted to encircle a Confederate cavalry regiment before it could retreat south. Averell used mounted forces commanded by Colonel John H. Oley and Colonel Schoonmaker, with Schoonmaker using the shorter (southwestern) route to try to cut off the Confederate regiment while Oley used a northwestern route to follow the Confederate rear. Confederate Colonel William W. Arnett became aware of the danger, and fled south toward Confederate troops commanded by Colonel William L. Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 98], "content_span": [99, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0011-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Averell's raids in 1863, Averell's Lewisburg and railroad raid\nSchoonmaker's force consisted of the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry and 3rd West Virginia Mounted Infantry, and they skirmished with entrenched Confederate troops near Mill Point as the Confederate cavalry escaped the trap. With the support of Oley and later Averell with the remainder of the brigade, Schoonmaker helped drive the Confederates back toward Droop Mountain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 98], "content_span": [99, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Averell's raids in 1863, Averell's Lewisburg and railroad raid\nOn November 6 at Droop Mountain, Averell's Brigade soundly defeated an entrenched Confederate Army commanded by Brigadier General John Echols and Colonel Jackson. On Averell's left, Schoonmaker commanded a force that included the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry and most of the artillery. They created a diversion that enabled two infantry regiments to flank the Confederate mountaintop position, causing Confederate troops to be nearly surrounded before they fled south. When the fighting was mostly over, Gibson's Battalion was used to pursue the retreating Confederates. The raid on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad was called off after reaching Lewisburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 98], "content_span": [99, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Averell's raids in 1863, Salem raid\nThe Salem raid on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad began on December 8, when Averell's Brigade departed from New Creek (present day Keyser, West Virginia). Colonel Schoonmaker was sick and hospitalized, so the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel William H. Blakeley. Majors Daily and Foley were also with the regiment, and Major Gibson led his independent command. Averell's Brigade for this raid consisted of his mounted regiments plus Gibson's Cavalry Battalion and Ewing's 6-gun battery. The purpose of the raid was to destroy portions of the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. The 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry was armed with seven-shot carbines, Colt's navy revolvers, and sabers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 71], "content_span": [72, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Averell's raids in 1863, Salem raid\nThe regiment usually had the advance on the way to Salem, and often skirmished with bushwhackers or small groups of Confederate soldiers. After a total of eight days and moving over 200 miles (320\u00a0km) in rain and snow, Averell reached Salem on December 16. A portion of the cavalry entered the town with Averell and immediately cut the town's telegraph wires and sent out pickets. The remaining portion of the brigade then came in town and spent about six hours destroying supplies, the Salem train depot, railroad bridges, tracks, and culverts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 71], "content_span": [72, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0014-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Averell's raids in 1863, Salem raid\nThe short time spent in the target town was caused by the discovery that a train with Major General Fitzhugh Lee's Brigade of Cavalry was on its way to Salem. Averell announced to the local Confederate loyalists that he planned to attack the town of Buchanan next\u2014a ruse designed to mislead pursuing Confederate forces. The return trip started in late afternoon with the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry in the vanguard until they reached New Castle, where the regiment became the rear guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 71], "content_span": [72, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Averell's raids in 1863, Salem raid\nPassing through Fincastle on December 18, Averell learned that pursuing Confederates were in front and on the right, causing him to split his command and take obscure roads south of Covington toward a bridge across the Jackson River near Clifton Forge. While Averell's column was able to cross the bridge, the column led by Lieutenant Colonel Blakeley met resistance from troops commanded by Colonel Jackson on the evening of December 19. The front of the column, including Company\u00a0A of the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry and Blakeley, crossed the bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 71], "content_span": [72, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0015-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Averell's raids in 1863, Salem raid\nThe remaining portion of the regiment, four companies from the 3rd West Virginia Mounted Infantry, wagons, and ambulances were cut off from the bridge. Fighting continued all night, and Averell destroyed the bridge in the morning because he feared he could not prevent Jackson's men from crossing it. Any wagons and ambulances that had not crossed the bridge were set on fire. At that time, Confederate officers contacted the regiment's Major Foley demanding surrender. Foley refused, and men from the regiment began shouting \"the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry never surrenders\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 71], "content_span": [72, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0015-0002", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Averell's raids in 1863, Salem raid\nA place about two miles (3.2\u00a0km) upriver was successfully used to ford the river, and the assumed-captured force caught up with Averell in the Allegheny Mountains. The brigade reached the safety of Beverly on December 25. Casualties for the regiment were six drowned, five wounded, and 25 captured in the attempted bridge crossing near Covington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 71], "content_span": [72, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Crook-Averell 1864 Raid on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad\nAt the beginning of 1864, Averell's Brigade, including the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry, had its winter quarters at Martinsburg, West Virginia. Cavalry in the Department of West Virginia was reorganized multiple times in early 1864. Averell was given command of the 2nd Cavalry Division, which included the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry in a brigade commanded by Colonel Schoonmaker. Brigadier General Duffi\u00e9 commanded the other brigade. The 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry was commanded by Major John M. Daily. In mid-April, Averell's Division moved across West Virginia by railroad and joined Brigadier General George Crook in a raid on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. A salt mine was the target for Averell, while a railroad bridge was the target for Crook. Crook was the leader of the expedition and had a large infantry force of over 6,100 men. Separately, Averell had a small cavalry force of 2,079 men from his division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 98], "content_span": [99, 1018]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Crook-Averell 1864 Raid on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad\nAverell's first objective was to attack the salt mine in Saltville, Virginia that was located on the border between Virginia's Tazwell County and Smyth County. While in Tazwell County on May 8, Averell discovered that his route to Saltville was blocked by a large force of Confederate soldiers with artillery commanded by Brigadier General William \"Grumble\" Jones and Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan. He abandoned the attack on the salt mine, and proceeded east toward Wytheville and its lead mine, intending to join Crook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 98], "content_span": [99, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0017-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Crook-Averell 1864 Raid on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad\nEntering the northern part of Wythe County, Virginia, on May 10, Averell's cavalry fought the inconclusive Battle of Cove Mountain. Schoonmaker's Brigade started the fighting in the four-hour battle. Jones and Morgan had also moved east, and they successfully prevented Averell's cavalry from moving through Cove Gap to Wytheville. Union losses were 114 casualties. Averell escaped at night over the mountains using a different (and more difficult) route, and eventually destroyed 26 bridges and portions of railroad track between Christiansburg and the New River. On May 15, he finally linked with Crook, who had a major victory at the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain and destroyed the large bridge over the New River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 98], "content_span": [99, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Crook-Averell 1864 Raid on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, Duncan's detachment\nDuring the Crook-Averell Raid, a detachment of dismounted men from the regiment was left behind under the command of Captain Ashbel F. Duncan and Lieutenant Colonel Blakeley. The detachment was mounted and assigned to a brigade commanded by Colonel William B. Tibbits. The detachment was in the advance when the Battle of New Market started on May 15, and several men were killed and wounded\u2014and most of the horses were killed. The detachment was remounted for the Battle of Piedmont on June 5 as part of an army newly commanded by Major General David Hunter. In the battle, Duncan's men made a dismounted charge into enemy earthworks, and took prisoners. On June 6, Hunter's army arrived at Staunton, Virginia, and Confederate supplies stored there were destroyed or distributed among the troops. Area workshops and factories were destroyed, and all railroad bridges and depots were destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 119], "content_span": [120, 1014]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Hunter's attack on Lynchburg\nAverell and Crook arrived in Staunton on June 8 as ordered by Hunter, and the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry and its detachment were reunited. The cavalry was reorganized on June 9, with Duffi\u00e9 in command of the 1st Division and Averell in command of the 2nd Division. Schoonmaker, Oley, and Colonel William Powell commanded the three brigades of the 2nd Division, respectively. Schoonmaker's Brigade consisted of the 8th Ohio Cavalry Regiment and the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry. Major Daily commanded the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Hunter's attack on Lynchburg\nAverell's Division arrived in Lexington on June 11 around noon, with the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry in the advance. Schoonmaker's Brigade drove away Confederate troops, including cadets from the Virginia Military Institute (a.k.a. VMI), commanded by Brigadier General John McCausland. The town was extremely hostile, and Union soldiers were shot at from the direction of buildings belonging to VMI. Hunter ordered the buildings bombed and destroyed. He also relieved Schoonmaker from command because Schoonmaker did not burn VMI when he took the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0020-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Hunter's attack on Lynchburg\nOn the next day, Hunter ordered Schoonmaker to proceed south with his brigade, and handed Schoonmaker a paper that said Hunter's treatment of Schoonmaker \"had been under a misapprehension\". Moving toward Lynchburg, the Averell's Division went to Buchanan, across the Blue Ridge Mountains, and arrived at Liberty on the morning of June 16. During that time, McCausland's troops were confronted by the regiment and driven away with the assistance of the whole brigade. Continuing through Liberty, Averell attacked McCausland and Imboden at New London around dusk, driving the Confederate force away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Hunter's attack on Lynchburg\nAt sunrise on June 17, Averell moved north by the old road from New London to Lynchburg, and skirmished with Confederate troops until they got four miles (6.4\u00a0km) from town and fighting became more intense. The battle began with Schoonmaker's Brigade arriving first and deploying on the left of the pike. Powell's and Oley's brigades arrived next. The cavalry fought dismounted until late in the afternoon, when it was replaced by infantry and artillery. Fighting continued on the next day with the cavalry back in front, although the Union forces were on the defensive instead of attacking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0021-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Hunter's attack on Lynchburg\nAt dark, the regiment was surprised to learn that Schoonmaker's and Powell's brigades were the only Union troops active in the field\u2014all other troops and wagons had already begun to fall back. The 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry was therefore the first and last regiment in the Battle of Lynchburg. The retreat was made westward through Liberty, Bonsack, Salem, New Castle, Sweet Springs, Lewisburg, and finally Gauley Bridge. Averell's entire division fought for two hours near Liberty until its ammunition was exhausted, and then was relieved by Crook's infantry. Averell lost 122 men. The regiment's casualties from June 10 through June 23 totaled to 27. Losses for all divisions were 938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Near Winchester, Rutherford's Farm\nIn early July, the regiment left Charleston, West Virginia, and took a three-day train ride with their horses from Parkersburg to the rail station at Martinsburg. They were part of the 1st Brigade, 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of West Virginia. Schoonmaker was still the brigade commander, and Averell was still the division commander. Hunter was still commander of the Department of West Virginia, but Brigadier General Crook commanded the army in the field. Major Daily commanded the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 70], "content_span": [71, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0022-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Near Winchester, Rutherford's Farm\nWhile portions of the Union army were still arriving in the Martinsburg area, Averell was sent from Martinsburg toward Winchester to meet a perceived threat to the B&O Railroad from Major General Jubal Early's Army of the Valley. Averell's force, which included portions of his cavalry (including the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry), began advancing south on the Valley Pike on July 19. On the morning of July 20, he moved further south\u2014from Bunker Hill to about three miles (4.8\u00a0km) north of Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 70], "content_span": [71, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0022-0002", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Near Winchester, Rutherford's Farm\nDuring the advance, he sent a detachment of 200 men from the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry to the west side of Winchester, and the main body of the regiment was sent east to attack Berryville. Despite being outnumbered, Averell won the Battle of Rutherford's Farm against Confederate Major General Stephen Dodson Ramseur. The 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry did not participate in the fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 70], "content_span": [71, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Near Winchester, Kernstown\nAverell occupied Winchester, and Crook arrived on July 22 and assumed command. Most of the army camped on the south side of town, not far from Kernstown. On July 24, Averell was ordered to conduct a flanking maneuver (Crook's left, Confederate right) near the Front Royal road to cut off what Crook believed was a small band of Confederates. By 11:00\u00a0am, Schoonmaker's Brigade began the maneuver as the advance. Schoonmaker discovered a huge Conferate force trying to turn the Union left flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0023-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Near Winchester, Kernstown\nSoon Averell's force of 1,500 men had 3,000 Confederate infantry men from the division of Major General Robert E. Rodes on the right and 2,200 Confederate cavalrymen from Brigadier General John C. Vaughn's Division on the left. While Crook's infantry was falling back, the infantry of Rodes tried to cut off Averell from the rest of Crook's army. Rodes' men on foot could not outrace Averell's cavalry, but they did cause a panic\u2014especially Schoonmaker's Brigade that had absorbed the brunt of the initial attack. Union forces retreated through Winchester, continued across the Potomac River, and finally stopped at Hagerstown, Maryland. The Second Battle of Kernstown was a major defeat for Crook, and a victory for Early with attached forces. Union casualties were 1,185 killed, wounded or missing; including 13 for the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0024-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Chambersburg and Moorefield\nDuring late July and early August, Colonel Schoonmaker was running a camp for dismounted cavalry in Pleasant Valley, Maryland. Its purpose was to remount and re-equip men from the division. A detachment of 212 men from the camp, led by Lieutenant Colonel Blakeley, assisted Brigadier General Wesley Merritt's Division in August. The detachment returned to camp around mid-August, and Blakeley was badly injured from being thrown from his horse. The remaining portion of the regiment was with Averell, who was stationed in Hagerstown and had troops guarding nearby fords along the Potomac River. Averell had only 1,260 men and two pieces of artillery in his command. Major Gibson, who had been leading an independent cavalry battalion, returned to the regiment, and was assigned command of the 1st Brigade. Captain Kerr was assigned command of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0025-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Chambersburg and Moorefield\nAfter Early's victory in the Second Battle of Kernstown, he moved his infantry to Martinsburg and his cavalry deployed along the Potomac River. He sent two cavalry brigades north commanded by McCausland and Bradley Johnson, with McCausland having overall command. They crossed the Potomac River west of Williamsport, Maryland on July 29, assisted by diversionary crossings at other locations by Imboden and \"Mudwall\" Jackson. The Union force nearest to McCausland belonged to Averell, and his communications were cut around noon on that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0026-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Chambersburg and Moorefield, Chambersburg\nOn July 30, McCausland burnt the town of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, and then moved west and rested his horses. The 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry, commanded by Major Gibson, entered the town's main street too late to save anything. Moving west on the McConnellsburg Turnpike, Averell skirmished with the Confederate rear guard for about an hour near McConnellsburg. McCausland moved past Bedford to Hancock in Maryland, where he demanded a ransom to spare the town from being burned. While the people of the town were raising the ransom, Gibson and the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry attacked without Averell's main column. Later near the evening, Averell's full force attacked and drove McCausland toward Cumberland. Averell's actions may have prevented the burning of Hancock in Maryland, and McConnellsburg and Bedford in Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 77], "content_span": [78, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0027-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Chambersburg and Moorefield, Chambersburg\nMcCausland had been able to secure fresh horses, leaving none for Averell and causing Averell to pause in his pursuit in Hancock. Averell rested his horses and troops until August 3, when he received an order from General David Hunter to pursue McCausland and attack \"wherever found\". He moved on the next day. Averell's force received food for his men and horses at Springfield, West Virginia, north of Romney. He learned that McCausland was moving south toward Moorefield. Averell also received 500 reinforcements, increasing his force to 1,760 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 77], "content_span": [78, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0027-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Chambersburg and Moorefield, Chambersburg\nMcCausland's cavalry had about 3,000 men plus a battery of four guns. McCausland set up camp in West Virginia on the pike where it crosses the South Branch Potomac River between Romney and Moorefield. His brigade camped on the south side of the river, while Bradley Johnson's Brigade camped on the north side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 77], "content_span": [78, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0028-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Chambersburg and Moorefield, Moorefield\nAverell arrived in Romney, around 11:00\u00a0am on August 6. At that time he sent a battalion of men from the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry away from the main road to block McCausland's route east back to the Shenandoah Valley. Averell's main force continued south at 1:00\u00a0am on August 7. The force was led by a group of scouts dressed in Confederate uniforms, followed by the main force far enough behind that it could not be detected. The scouts were led by Captain Kerr of the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry. Kerr selected his men for the mission, and most were from Company\u00a0C or D. They moved forward on foot in darkness and fog. At about 2:30\u00a0am, Kerr's scouts began deceiving and capturing various squads of pickets posted along the main road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 75], "content_span": [76, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0029-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Chambersburg and Moorefield, Moorefield\nEarly in the morning, about 60 of Kerr's men wearing Confederate uniforms entered Johnson's camp and calmly moved further south past the Confederate 1st Maryland Cavalry. Then Gibson's Brigade, including the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry, attacked Johnson's surprised men, and captured more than they could control. Johnson himself was captured, but escaped after being sent to the rear unrecognized. Kerr was shot in the face and thigh, and his horse killed\u2014yet he captured the flag of the 8th Virginia Cavalry and rode away on the color bearer's horse. McCausland's Brigade, camped south of the river, had some warning of the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 75], "content_span": [76, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0029-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Chambersburg and Moorefield, Moorefield\nHowever, Powell's 2nd Brigade and the battalion from the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry thoroughly dispersed and scattered Confederate resistance. Averell captured 27 officers and 393 enlisted men, 4 artillery pieces, and 400 horses. The Confederate killed and wounded was unknown. Union losses were 7 killed and 21 wounded. A Union soldier from Powell's Brigade estimated that the \"loss to the enemy in killed, wounded and captured was near eight hundred\". Captain Thomas R. Kerr, of the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry, was awarded the Medal of Honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 75], "content_span": [76, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0030-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley\nIn mid-August, Major General Philip Sheridan reorganized his cavalry. Brigadier General Alfred Torbert was made commander of the Cavalry Corps. Averell was made commander of the 2nd Division, with Schoonmaker and Powell as this brigade commanders. Schoonmaker's 1st Brigade of cavalry regiments consisted of the 14th Pennsylvania, 22nd Pennsylvania, and 8th Ohio. The 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry would now be fighting in the Shenandoah Valley as part of a large army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0031-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Third Battle of Winchester\nOn September 19, Sheridan's army of 40,000 men defeated Early's army of 15,000 men in the Third Battle of Winchester (a.k.a. the Battle of Opequon Creek). One division of Union cavalry and two corps of infantry attacked from the east, while Averell's cavalry and an additional cavalry division commanded by Brigadier General Wesley Merritt attacked from the north. Major Foley had been wounded earlier in the month, so Captain Ashbel F. Duncan led the regiment. In this battle, the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry had 14 of the 19 casualties for Schoonmaker's Brigade. Schoonmaker was later awarded the Medal of Honor for the capture of Star Fort. Summarizing the battle, Confederate General Early wrote that his army \"deserved the victory, and would have had it, but for the enemy's immense superiority in cavalry, which alone gave it to him\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0032-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Third Battle of Winchester\nAlmost all of the regiment's fighting occurred north of Winchester. Close to the edge of Winchester, Averell ordered Schoonmaker's Brigade to capture Star Fort, which stood on a hill on the northwest side of town. The fort had a well-supported battery, and the brigade's first charge was unsuccessful. A new line of about 300 men from the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry was formed and led by Captain Duncan, who attempted to capture the fort's guns while another portion of the regiment moved around the flank of the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0032-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Third Battle of Winchester\nWhile this was happening, Schoonmaker was notified that Duncan had been killed while partially up the hill, so Schoonmaker hurried up the hill to lead in person. Schoonmaker found Duncan still alive and mounted, but badly wounded. Duncan finally received a fatal wound while his men overran the earth works. The regiment captured one of the Confederate cannons and about 300 men while the rest of the Confederates fled before they were surrounded. Duncan was shot seven times, and was carried off the field to die. Captain William F. Miles became the regiment's commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0033-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Fisher's Hill\nThe Battle of Fisher's Hill occurred on September 21\u201322, 1864. Sheridan's army, now numbering about 29,000, defeated Early's army of less than 10,000. The battle took place further south of Winchester near the Valley Pike, slightly south of Strasburg, Virginia. In this battle, Schoonmaker's Brigade was used as part of a diversion on the right (Confederate left) while Crook's Army of West Virginia flanked the Confederate left using a concealed approach from North Mountain. Early's men fled south in disorder, and were pursued by the other half of Averell's Division, Powell's Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0033-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Fisher's Hill\nCasualties were light for the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry, one man wounded of the brigade's total of two. Early reported only 30 killed and 210 wounded, although he had no information about his cavalry. He reported 995 missing, but estimated only about half were captured. He also lost 12 artillery pieces. The fighting stopped around twilight, and the Confederates used canister to slow the pursuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0034-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Fisher's Hill\nAfter the battle, Sheridan pressured his commanders to pursue Early's retreating army. Sheridan became impatient with Averell, who he considered too cautious. On September 23, Sheridan replaced Averell with Powell, who took command on the next day. Averell chose two companies from the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Companies\u00a0A and H, to escort him to Winchester. Powell's Division moved south to Mount Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0035-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Weyer's Cave\nFollowing the Battle of Fisher's Hill, the two armies continued south along the pike. Major Daily commanded the regiment while Schoonmaker commanded the 1st Brigade. Lieutenant Colonel Blakeley was in Pittsburgh for a court martial case, Major Gibson was under arrest, and Major Foley was still in a hospital for his wounds. Early was pursued up the valley through New Market, and eventually eastward as he moved toward Port Republic and Brown's Gap. Powell's Division patrolled the areas around Harrisonburg, Mount Crawford, and Staunton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0035-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Weyer's Cave\nThe division arrived at Weyer's Cave in the afternoon of September 26, and Schoonmaker's Brigade crossed the South River and attacked enemy cavalry. The brigade drove the Confederate cavalry east until it encountered infantry and artillery. Fighting until dark, the brigade returned to Weyer's Cave on the west side of the river. On the morning of September 27, a Confederate artillery shell flew through Schoonmaker's headquarters and exploded harmlessly beyond it. The 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry was quickly formed in line and charging the enemy again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0035-0002", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Weyer's Cave\nSoon it was discovered that they were fighting as many as five Confederate divisions, and the regiment was driven back. The regiment contested its position so well that the Adjutant General of Pennsylvania ordered them to have an inscription on their regimental battle flag that read: \"Weyer's Cave September 27th 1864 For Gallantry in Battle.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0036-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, The Burning\nNear the close of the skirmish at Weyer's Cave, Major General George Armstrong Custer arrived to succeed Powell as commander of the division. Early's army left pre-dawn and moved toward Staunton and Waynesboro. Powell's Division moved to Port Republic where it camped, and Powell turned over command to Custer. Most of Sheridan's army fell back to Cedar Creek and Harrisonburg. For the next two weeks, much of the farming infrastructure and food between Harrisonburg and Staunton was destroyed by detachments from Sheridan's Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0036-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, The Burning\nSheridan reported on October 7 that \"I have destroyed over 2,000 barns filled with wheat, hay and farming implements; over 70 mills, filled with flour and wheat; have driven in front of the army over 4,000 head of stock, and have killed and issued to the troops not less than 3,000 sheep.\" Custer's 2nd Division, including the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry, was among those assigned with this task. During this time on September 30, Custer was transferred to command the 3rd Cavalry Division, and Powell returned to command the 2nd Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0037-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Cedar Creek\nOn October 3, a picket post composed of 44 men from the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry were captured near Mount Jackson. The remainder of the regiment was stationed near Cedar Creek, where they would participate in a battle a few weeks later. The Battle of Cedar Creek started with a surprise attack for Early's Army in the early morning hours of October 19, 1864. Early struck the Union Army's left flank where the only Union cavalry nearby was the 1st Cavalry Brigade from Powell's Division. The brigade was composed of the 14th and 22nd Pennsylvania and the 8th Ohio regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0037-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Cedar Creek\nFor the battle, the 1st Cavalry Brigade was commanded by Colonel Alpheus Moore of the 8th Ohio Cavalry, and Major Gibson commanded the regiment. The 14th Pennsylvania was awakened before daylight when pickets from the 8th Ohio Cavalry galloped into camp with Confederate cavalry following them and screaming the rebel yell. During the morning fighting, the \"officer in command of the brigade\" (Colonel Moore) refused to dismount his men to support the division of Brigadier General Thomas Devin. The battle appeared to be a defeat for the Union until General Sheridan arrived and rallied his troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0037-0002", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Cedar Creek\nCasualties in this battle totaled to 5,665, and over 5,400 were for men from the infantry. Only one soldier from the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry was wounded. Despite a smaller number of Confederate casualties of about 2,900, Early's Army was driven from the field and the battle was a Union victory. After the battle, Colonel Moore was placed under arrest, and Major Gibson became commander of the 1st Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0038-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Luray Valley, Nineveh\nBeginning November 10, Special Order Number 18 assigned the 21st New York Cavalry Regiment to the 1st Brigade of Brigadier General Powell's 2nd Division. Colonel William B. Tibbits, from the 21st New York Cavalry, was assigned to command the 1st Brigade, relieving Major Gibson. Colonel Moore was released from arrest and directed to command his regiment, the 8th Ohio Cavalry. Separately, Major John M. Daily was dismissed for absence without leave effective November 11, but reinstated seven months later as a lieutenant colonel. The 2nd Division fought Major General Lunsford L. Lomax's cavalry on November 12 near Nineveh, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0038-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Luray Valley, Nineveh\nPowell sent Tibbits with his 1st Brigade out beyond Front Royal, where it encountered a portion of Lomax's cavalry commanded by McCausland. The Confederates slowly pushed the 1st Brigade back. Powell brought his 2nd Brigade to the front while the 1st Brigade moved to the rear. The 2nd Brigade charged, resulting in a short clash that ended with the Confederates retreating for 8 miles (12.9\u00a0km). All of the Confederate artillery (two guns), two caissons, two wagons and an ambulance were captured. Confederate casualties were 20 killed, 35 wounded, and 161 captured including 19 officers. Prisoners said McCausland was slightly wounded and escaped through the woods. Union losses were two killed and 15 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0039-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Luray Valley, Mosby\nThe Powell's Division skirmished near Rude's Hill for about six hours on November 23. After making a charge at entrenchments near New Market, the division was flanked by enemy cavalry. This caused the division to move north, where it went into camp between Front Royal and Winchester. November 24 was Thanksgiving Day, and the regiment cooked turkeys sent by friends of Brigadier General Tibbits for his brigade. While still cooking, Mosby's guerillas attacked the camp. The regiment faced numerous bushwhackers while serving in western Virginia, and had already had numerous encounters with Mosby's men. Mosby was quickly chased off by the regiment, and ten of Mosby's men were killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0040-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Luray Valley, Mosby\nMajor Gibson was assigned command of 1st Brigade on December 7. A few weeks later on December 17, Captain William Miles of Company\u00a0I went on a scouting expedition with 100 men toward Ashby's Gap. Mosby ambushed this scouting party from a woods near Millwood, Virginia, killing Miles and about a dozen others. About 20 others were wounded, and nearly everybody else was captured. Mosby set one man free from Company\u00a0K after slashing his face with a saber, allowing him to return to camp covered with blood to tell the story of the ambush. The wounded still remaining in the area and the bodies of the dead were recovered on the next day. Mosby sent his prisoners to Libby Prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0041-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Winter 1864-1865 and war's end, Winter\nThe regiment's winter camp was located in Winchester. On December 19, the regiment participated in a failed expedition to Gordonsville that was expected to capture the town and enable portions of the Virginia Central Railroad to be destroyed. The organization of Sheridan's Middle Military Division at the end of 1864 had Powell in command of the 2nd Cavalry Division, Tibbits in command of the division's 1st Brigade, and Schoonmaker in command of the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry. Lieutenant Colonel Blakeley, who had been dismissed, was restored to commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0041-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Winter 1864-1865 and war's end, Winter\nThe final expedition of the winter began on February 19, 1865, and ended with Major Gibson and his men ambushed by Mosby between Ashby's Gap and the Shenandoah River. Gibson's horse was shot and fell on him, although he was eventually able to find another horse and escape. Gibson's loss was one officer wounded, and 80 men missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0042-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Winter 1864-1865 and war's end, Fighting ends\nThe regiment left winter camp on April 4, and moved up the Shenandoah Valley. Major Foley resigned on April 6. Lee surrendered at Appomattox on April 9, and the regiment was ordered to Washington on April 20. For the next month, they camped in Virginia at Arlington, Fairfax Court House, and Alexandria. The men of the regiment whose term of enlistment expired prior to October 1, 1865, mustered out in late May and early June. Lieutenant Colonel Blakeley resigned effective June 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0042-0001", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Winter 1864-1865 and war's end, Fighting ends\nThe remainder of the regiment was consolidated into six companies and left Washington on June 11 on a B&O Railroad train. They arrived in Fort Leavenworth in Kansas on June 28, and the reinstated Major Daily was promoted to lieutenant colonel on that day. Most of the men mustered out on July 31, including Colonel Schoonmaker. On August 5, Company\u00a0A escorted General Grenville M. Dodge on a trip across the plains. The remaining men other than Company\u00a0A were mustered out on August 24. Company\u00a0A, after returning from its western plains trip, mustered out on November 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011982-0043-0000", "contents": "14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Winter 1864-1865 and war's end, Fighting ends\nThe regiment began its fighting in Beverly, West Virginia, on July 3, 1863. Its last fight was at Ashby's Gap on February 19, 1865. In between, members of the regiment fought in nearly 90 skirmishes and battles. In 31 of those engagements, the regiment suffered casualties. The regiment had two medal of honor winners, and two of its men commanded brigades. During the war, the regiment lost 2 officers and 97 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded. Disease resulted in the death of 296 enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011983-0000-0000", "contents": "14th People's Choice Awards\nThe 14th People's Choice Awards, which honored the best in popular culture for 1987, were held in 1988. They were broadcast on CBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011983-0001-0000", "contents": "14th People's Choice Awards, Winners\nFAVORITE NEW TV COMEDY PROGRAMA Different World,My Two Dads (tie)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011984-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Politburo and the 14th Secretariat of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 14th Politburo and the 14th Secretariat of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) were elected by the 14th Central Committee in the aftermath of the 14th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 85], "section_span": [85, 85], "content_span": [86, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011985-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party was elected by the 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on October 19, 1992. It was preceded by the 13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. It served until 1997. It was succeeded by the 15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011986-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Primetime Emmy Awards\nThe 14th Emmy Awards, later referred to as the 14th Primetime Emmy Awards, were held on May 22, 1962, to honor the best in television of the year. It was hosted by Bob Newhart. All nominations are listed, with winners in bold and series' networks are in parentheses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011986-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Primetime Emmy Awards\nThe top show of the night was the CBS courtroom drama The Defenders which swept the four major categories it was nominated in. The Bob Newhart Show won top honors for comedy, and in doing so, became the first show to win a top program prize (comedy or drama) for what would be the show's only season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011987-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Producers Guild of America Awards\nThe 14th Producers Guild of America Awards (also known as 2003 Producers Guild Awards), honoring the best film and television producers of 2002, were held at The Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles, California on March 2, 2003. The ceremony was hosted by Patricia Heaton. The nominees were announced on January 16, 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011988-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Puducherry Assembly\nThe Fourteenth Assembly of Pondicherry succeeded the 13th Assembly of Pondicherry and was constituted after the victory of Indian National Congress (INC) and allies in the 2016 assembly election held on 16 May 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011988-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Puducherry Assembly, Important members\nKeys:\u00a0\u00a0Congress (15) \u00a0\u00a0 All India N.R. Congress (8) \u00a0\u00a0Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (2) \u00a0\u00a0 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (4) \u00a0\u00a0 Bharatiya Janata Party (3) \u00a0\u00a0 Independent (1)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011989-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Punjab Regiment\nThe 14th Punjab Regiment was a regiment of the British Indian Army from 1922 to 1947. It was transferred to the Pakistan Army on independence in 1947, and amalgamated with the 1st, 15th and 16th Punjab Regiments in 1956, to form the Punjab Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011989-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Punjab Regiment, Early history\nThe 14th Punjab Regiment was formed in 1922 by amalgamation of the 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd and 24th Punjabis, and the 40th Pathans. All six battalions were formed during the upheaval of the Indian Mutiny in 1857-58. The first five were raised by John Lawrence in the Punjab, while the 40th Pathans were raised as the Shahjehanpur Levy. The 20th and 22nd Punjabis served in China during the Second Opium War in 1860-62, while the 21st Punjabis participated in the Abyssinian Campaign of 1867-68.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011989-0001-0001", "contents": "14th Punjab Regiment, Early history\nAll battalions saw extensive service on the North West Frontier of India and took part in the Second Afghan War of 1878-80. The 20th Punjabis served in Egypt during the Anglo-Egyptian War of 1882. After the war, they were designated as the Duke of Cambridge's Own, when the duke became their honorary colonel. In 1900, they returned to China along with the 24th Punjabis to suppress the Boxer Rebellion. The 40th Pathans, who were for some time an exclusively Pathan unit, were sent to Tibet in 1904 as reinforcements for the Younghusband Expedition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011989-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Punjab Regiment, First World War\nDuring the First World War, the battalions of the 14th Punjab Regiment served in all the major theatres of war. The 19th Punjabis, while serving in Persia had the unique distinction of being actively engaged against the Bolsheviks in 1918 during the hard-fought actions at Merv, Kaka and Dushak in the Russian Turkestan. The 40th Pathans greatly distinguished themselves in the fighting against the Germans in France and German East Africa, while the rest of the battalions served in the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011989-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Punjab Regiment, First World War\nAll war-raised battalions were disbanded after the war. In 1919, the 22nd Punjabis and 40th Pathans took part in the Third Afghan War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011989-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Punjab Regiment, First World War\nIn 1921-22, a major reorganization was undertaken in the British Indian Army leading to the formation of large infantry groups of four to six battalions. Among these was the 14th Punjab Regiment. The line-up of battalions for the 14th Punjabis was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011989-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Punjab Regiment, First World War\nThe class composition of the new regiment was Pathans, Punjabi Muslims, Sikhs and Dogras. The new regimental badge was a five-pointed star denoting the five rivers of the Punjab, with the number \"14\" in the center, surmounted by a crown with a scroll below, which read \"Punjab Regiment\". The uniform of the 14th Punjab Regiment was scarlet with green facings. Ferozepur in the Punjab was chosen as the permanent station for the Training Battalion. In 1923 the 1st Battalion was among the first Indian Army units selected for Indianisation of its officer corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011989-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Punjab Regiment, Second World War\nDuring the Second World War, the 14th Punjab Regiment raised nine new battalions. Most of them were engaged in the bitter fighting against the Japanese in the Far East. The regiment had the misfortune of having four of its battalions being captured by the Japanese at Singapore and Hong Kong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011989-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Punjab Regiment, Post-independence history\nOn the independence in 1947, the 14th Punjab Regiment was allotted to Pakistan Army. At the time, the active battalions were 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th. Jats, Jatsikhs, and Dogras were transferred to the Indian Army and the regiment's new class composition was fixed as Punjabis and Pathans. The 5th Battalion (Pathans) was re-raised in 1952. In 1948, the 2nd and 4th Battalions fought in the war with India in Kashmir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011989-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Punjab Regiment, Post-independence history\nIn 1956, a major reorganization was undertaken in the Pakistan Army and larger infantry groups were created by amalgamating the existing infantry regiments. As a result, the 14th Punjab Regiment was amalgamated with the 1st, 15th and 16th Punjab Regiments to form one large Punjab Regiment. The four regimental centres were also merged and the combined centre moved to Mardan. The line-up of the new regiment was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011989-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Punjab Regiment, Battle honours\nTaku Forts, Pekin 1860, China 1860-62, Abyssinia, Ali Masjid, Ahmad Khel, Kandahar 1880, Afghanistan 1878-80, Tel-el-Kebir, Egypt 1882, Malakand, Punjab Frontier, Pekin 1900, China 1900,Ypres 1915, St Julien, Aubers, France and Flanders 1915, Macedonia 1918, Suez Canal, Egypt 1915, Megiddo, Sharon, Nablus, Palestine 1918, Basra, Shaiba, Kut al Amara 1915,  Ctesiphon, Defence of Kut al Amara, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Khan Baghdadi, Mesopotamia 1914-18, Merv, Persia 1915-19, NW Frontier, India 1915, \u201917, Narungombe, East Africa 1916-18, Afghanistan 1919, Agordat, Keren, Wolchefit, Abyssinia 1940-41, Defence of Alamein Line, Alam el Halfa, North Africa 1940-43, Jitra, Kampar, Singapore Island, Malaya 1941-42, Hong Kong, South East Asia 1941-42, The Yu, North Arakan, Buthidaung, Razabil, Maungdaw, Ngakyedauk Pass, Imphal, Shenam Pass, Nungshigum, Bishenpur, Kanglatongbi, Kohima, Jessami, Naga Village, Mao Songsang, Monywa 1945, Kyaukse 1945, Nyaungu Bridgehead, Letse, Magwe, Rangoon Road, Pegu 1945, Sittang 1945, Burma 1942-45,Kashmir 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 1092]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment\nThe 14th Quartermaster Detachment, is a United States Army Reserve water purification unit stationed in Greensburg, Pennsylvania. During Operation Desert Storm the Detachment lost 13 soldiers in an Iraqi Al Hussein ballistic missile attack on 25 February 1991 at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The 14th, which had been in Saudi Arabia only six days, suffered the greatest number of casualties of any allied unit during Operation Desert Storm. Eighty-one percent of the unit's 69 soldiers had been killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Mobilization, training and deployment\nOn 15 January 1991 the 14th Quartermaster Detachment was mobilized for service in Operation Desert Storm. Three days later the unit arrived at Fort Lee, Virginia to conduct intensive mobilization training in preparation for deployment to Saudi Arabia. For the next 30 days, detachment soldiers trained 18 hours a day on the Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit (ROWPU) water purification system and common soldier tasks. The unit, augmented by 35 filler personnel from other active Army and reserve units, arrived in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia on 19 February 1991. The detachment's soldiers were quartered in a warehouse that had been converted to a temporary barracks. There they waited for the arrival of unit equipment and movement to a field support location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 68], "content_span": [69, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Al-Hussein Missile Attack\nAt 8:40\u00a0pm (12:40\u00a0pm EST) on 25 February 1991, parts of an Iraqi Al Hussein Scud missile destroyed the barracks housing members of the 14th Quartermaster Detachment. The failure of the Patriot air defense system in tracking the Scud missile over Dhahran was provoked by a shift in the range gate of the radar, due to the continuous use of the software for more than 100 hours without resetting. The radar initially detected the incoming Scud, but lost track of the Al-Hussein when the system failed to predict its new position. In the single, most devastating attack on U.S. forces during that war, 28 soldiers died and 99 were wounded. The 14th Quartermaster Detachment lost 13 soldiers and suffered 43 wounded. Casualties were evacuated to medical facilities in Saudi Arabia and Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Response to attack\nNo community suffered a greater loss during Operation Desert Storm than Greensburg, a Southwestern Pennsylvania town of 18,000 near Pittsburgh. Once word of the attack reached Pennsylvania, the 99th Army Reserve Command (ARCOM), parent unit of the 14th, began a 24-hour-a-day vigil at the Greensburg Reserve Center to assist family members in their pain and grief. The 99th ARCOM and the 1st Army set up a casualty assistance center in town manned with chaplains, counselors, social workers and representatives from several federal agencies. They also assisted family members with visits to wounded soldiers at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. Local citizens unselfishly volunteered to assist in these efforts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Response to attack\nPennsylvania's governor declared a week of mourning and ordered flags on all state buildings to be lowered to half staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Response to attack\nA community memorial service was held on 2 March 1991. Over 1,500 citizens attended, filling the First Presbyterian Church of Greensburg on 300 S Main Street and its adjoining grounds. Local ministers, the mayor, the Governor of Pennsylvania and the Secretary of the Army honored the members of the 14th Quartermaster Detachment killed in the missile attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Response to attack\n\"They were all of us,\" said Pennsylvania Governor Robert Casey, \"a high school football star, a lover of country music, future homemakers of America, secretaries and salesmen, hunters and fishermen, postal workers and volunteer firemen, friends and lovers, fathers, sons, brothers, and two of our daughters.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Response to attack\nBright yellow ribbons decorated the windows of homes and stores in Greensburg, but there were also black ribbons and wreaths lining the streets in remembrance of the 13 soldiers who gave their lives in the service of their country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Unit redeployment\nThe 14th arrived back at their mobilization station, Fort Lee, Virginia, on 8 March 1991. They were welcomed back at a special ceremony on Sergeant Seay Field by the Fort Lee community as well as the Quartermaster General, Brigadier General Paul J. Vanderploog and the Post Commander, Lieutenant General Leon Salomon. General Paul J. Vanderploog pinned Purple Hearts on two soldiers and National Defense Medals on all. General Salomon told the assembled unit that they \"will be a part of our proud history. We are saddened by your grief, but at the same time we are proud of your accomplishments. Stand tall. Hold your heads up high. The 14th Quartermaster Detachment has made a difference, and then some.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Unit redeployment\nThe 14th Quartermaster Detachment returned home to Greensburg, Pennsylvania on 9 March 1991. Twenty-three soldiers returned home with the unit, seven of these returning soldiers had been wounded during the attack. At the time of the unit's return to the United States many of its soldiers were still in hospital recovery wards. They received a hero's welcome and were greeted at Latrobe Airport by family and community members as well as a number of dignitaries to include the Major General James Baylor, Commander, 99th Army Reserve Command; Congressman John Murtha and Pennsylvania Lieutenant Governor Mark Single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Unit redeployment\nMost of the members of the 14th Quartermaster Detachment were released from active duty by 1 June 1991. More than a dozen of the unit's soldiers continued to receive medical care at Walter Reed Army Medical Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Unit redeployment\nThe 14th Quartermaster Detachment is still on the rolls of the U.S. Army Reserve. None of the soldiers who were with the unit when it deployed to Saudi Arabia are still assigned. In 1999 the unit deployed again, this time to Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, to provide fresh water to soldiers involved in assisting victims of Hurricane Mitch. The unit was mobilized again in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2004 for a one-year deployment. The unit returned without any casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Memorials, Greensburg, Pennsylvania\nOn the one year anniversary of this devastating loss, 25 February 1992, a monument to the 14th Quartermaster Detachment was dedicated at the US Army Reserve Center in Greensburg, Pennsylvania. The monument was made possible by the outpouring of generosity of community members and donations from around the country. The Chief of Staff of the Army, General Gordon R. Sullivan gave the keynote address and assisted in unveiling the monument. Remarks were given my numerous dignitaries to include Pennsylvania Governor Robert Casey, Senator Arlen Specter, Senator Harris Wofford, Congressmen, John Murtha, Major General James Baylor (Commander, 99th Army Reserve Command) and members of the 14th Quartermaster Detachment \u2013 (Specialist Neal E. Gouker).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Memorials, Greensburg, Pennsylvania\nThe monument consists of a horizontal granite slab as a base, upon which rests three vertical granite stones weighing a total of 12,000 pounds. Perched proudly atop the center pillar is a cast bronze bald eagle. Etched in the center pillar is the emblem of the US Army Quartermaster Corps, preceded by the following quotes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Memorials, Greensburg, Pennsylvania\nIn honor of the men and women of the 14th Quartermaster Detachment who served both God and country loyally in Operation Desert Storm...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Memorials, Greensburg, Pennsylvania\n\"I have see in your eyes a fire of determination to get this job done quickly so that we may return to the shore of our great country. My confidence in you is total, our cause is just! Now you must be the thunder and lightning of Desert Storm.\" General Norman Schwarzkopf", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Memorials, Greensburg, Pennsylvania\nThe 69 names of the Detachment soldiers who deployed to Saudi Arabia are featured on two bronze plaques on the front of the right and left stones. On the rear of the left stone is an etching of a female soldier's hands holding the American flag. On the rear of the right stone, an etched map of the Persian Gulf, indicating the locations of Dhahran, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Memorials, Greensburg, Pennsylvania\nTo the left front of the monument is an actual size bronze casting of the boots, M-16 rifle and helmet, symbolic of the fallen soldier. To the right front are two life-size cast bronze figures; a kneeling male and a standing female in desert battle dress uniforms, reflecting on the loss of their comrades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Memorials, Greensburg, Pennsylvania\nOn the cement wall surrounding the monument is a bronze plaque listing the names of the 28 soldiers killed in action. Behind the wall are three flagpoles bearing the flags of the United States, Pennsylvania and the United States Army. Behind the monument are 13 hemlock trees, the Pennsylvania state tree, planted as a living tribute to the 13 soldiers of the 14th Quartermaster Detachment who lost their lives in the war. The monument faces 90\u00b0 due east, toward Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Memorials, Fort Lee, Virginia\nOn 20 April 1991, the Quartermaster Center and School dedicated a new Water Training Facility on 41st Street in the memory of the fallen members of the 14th Quartermaster Detachment. A stone monument and plaque list the names of the 13 unit members who perished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Memorials, Fort Lee, Virginia\nOn 3 March 1993, Fort Lee also dedicated one of its Gymnasiums as \"Clark Gym\" in honor of Specialist Beverly Sue Clark of Armagh. Members of the Clark family also raised over $100,000 to endow a scholarship in her name at Indiana University of Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011990-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Quartermaster Detachment, Memorials, Keystone State\nOn 20 July 1998, the U.S. Army Reserve Barge Derrick 6801, Keystone State was christened and named in honor of the 14th Quartermaster Detachment. The Keystone State is the state nickname of Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011991-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Quebec Legislature\nThe 14th Legislative Assembly of Quebec was the provincial legislature in Quebec, Canada that existed from May 22, 1916, to June 23, 1919. The Quebec Liberal Party led by Lomer Gouin was the governing party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011991-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Quebec Legislature, Member list\nThis was the list of members of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec that were elected in the 1916 election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011992-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Railway Facilities Protection Division NKVD\nThe 14th Division of the NKVD of the USSR for the Protection of railway facilities (Russian: 14-\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a \u041d\u041a\u0412\u0414 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439) was a military formation of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War. It was a component of the NKVD Internal Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011992-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Railway Facilities Protection Division NKVD\nIt was formed in accordance with the order of the NKVD number 00922 of 3 August 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011992-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Railway Facilities Protection Division NKVD\nFrom 1944 to 1946 it was placed under the Headquarters, Internal Troops, NKVD-MVD, Baltic Military District (\u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u0412 \u041d\u041a\u0412\u0414-\u041c\u0412\u0414  \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011992-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Railway Facilities Protection Division NKVD\nAlongside the division in the Baltic MD VV forces at times from 1944 were the 4th, 5th and 63rd Rifle Divisions NKVD, along with detachments from the Dzerzhensky Division from Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011992-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Railway Facilities Protection Division NKVD, Dispositions\nIt served as part of the 'operational Army' from 3 August 1944 to 10 February 1945. It participated in the Operation Bagration, Baltic Offensive, East Prussian Offensive and East Pomeranian Offensive operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011992-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Railway Facilities Protection Division NKVD, Dispositions\nAfter the end of World War II the division conducted operational work to combat gang violence (the Forest Brothers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011992-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Railway Facilities Protection Division NKVD, Dispositions\nIt was disbanded in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR number 00248 of 15 May 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia)\nThe 14th Regiment New York State Militia (also called the 14th Brooklyn Chasseurs) was a volunteer militia regiment from the City of Brooklyn, New York. It is primarily known for its service in the American Civil War from April 1861 to May 6, 1864, although it later served in the Spanish\u2013American War and World War I (as part of the 106th Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia)\nIn the Civil War, the regiment was made up of a majority of abolitionists from the Brooklyn area. It was led first by Colonel Alfred M. Wood and later by Colonel Edward Brush Fowler. The 14th Brooklyn was involved in heavy fighting, including most major engagements of the Eastern Theater. Their engagements included the First and Second Battles of Bull Run, the Battle of Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, The Wilderness, and Spotsylvania Court House. During the war, the men of the 14th Brooklyn were well known by both armies and throughout the country for their hard drill, hard fighting, and constant refusal to stand down from a fight. During their three years of service they never withdrew from battle in unorderly fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia)\nOn 7 December 1861, the State of New York officially changed the regiment's designation to the 84th New York Volunteer Infantry (and its unit histories are sometimes found under this designation). But at the unit's request and because of the fame attained by the unit at First Bull Run, the United States Army continued to refer to it as the 14th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia)\nThe 14th Brooklyn received its nickname, the \"Red Legged Devils\", during the First Battle of Bull Run. Referring to the regiment's colorful red trousers as the regiment repeatedly charged up Henry House Hill, Confederate General Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson yelled to his men, \"Hold On Boys! Here come those red legged devils again!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia)\nIn the early part of the war, when the 14th Brooklyn was in General Walter Phelps' brigade, the brigade was named \"Iron Brigade\". It would later to become known as the \"Eastern Iron Brigade\" after John Gibbon's Black Hat Brigade was given the name \"Western Iron Brigade\". At the conclusion of the war, all members of the \"Eastern\" or \"First\" Iron Brigade were given medals for their service within the Iron Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Formation and early history of the Regiment\nThe Fourteenth Regiment New York State Militia was officially constituted on 13 May 1847 when the New York State Legislature consolidated individual militia companies into regiments. It was organized on 5 July 1847 with two companies: Company A, the Union Blues, and Company B, the Washington Guards. Companies C to H were organized in February 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Formation and early history of the Regiment\nWhile the Fourteenth Regiment's purpose was to protect the city of Brooklyn and surrounding areas, in its early history it was more of a social club, where men of venerable lineage could train in military tactics and spend the weekends with other militia-men. The regiment used the armory at Henry and Cranberry Streets as its headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Formation and early history of the Regiment\nOn 4 June 1854, a portion of the 14th Regiment, under the command of Colonel Jesse C. Smith, was called to help suppress a riot caused by an anti-Catholic street preacher referring to himself as \"the Angel Gabriel.\" In the so-called Angel Gabriel Riot, the regiment assisted the police in making a number of arrests. In early 1861, the 14th was called several times to the Naval Yard \"in anticipation of an attack... by Rebel sympathizers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Formation and early history of the Regiment\nIn 1860, the United States Zouave Cadets traveling drill team of Chicago, under the command of Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth, came through Brooklyn. The officers and men of the 14th Brooklyn were so impressed with the drill and uniforms of the drill team that they decided to take on a similar version of the French military uniform known as the \"Chasseur\" uniform. This uniform remained their battle dress uniform throughout their term of service in the American Civil War. Brooklyn paid to keep the regiment in this uniform, and it remained one of the few regiments not to don the all blue standard Union military uniform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Formation and early history of the Regiment\nAfter the firing at Fort Sumter and President Abraham Lincoln's proclamation for volunteers to suppress the rebellion, the 14th volunteered themselves for a period of three years. Colonel A.M. Wood telegraphed Washington that his regiment was prepared, but New York Governor Edwin D. Morgan refused to send them (apparently for political motives). Colonel Wood then went to Washington and along with Congressman Moses F. Odell explained the situation and as a result, President Lincoln directly ordered the regiment into action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Formation and early history of the Regiment\nThe regiment became a personal favorite of Lincoln. Whenever the President was in the area of the regiment, he would attempt to pay them a visit. He would ask for the 14th Brooklyn to act as his personal guards when in camp or near the battle field. Because of this attention by the President, the 14th Brooklyn was nicknamed \"Lincoln's Pups\" or \"Lincoln's Pets\", a name the regiment would later shed after the First Battle of Bull Run. President Lincoln gave a speech to them when the regiment mustered out in 1864, thanking them for their fine and honorable service to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Formation and early history of the Regiment\nThe 14th Brooklyn Regiment left New York on 18 May 1861 (except for Companies I and K, which joined it in July 1861), arriving in Washington, D. C. the next day. It was officially mustered into United States service by General Irwin McDowell on 23 May 1861 and initially served at and near Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Uniform of the 14th Brooklyn\nThe typical uniform of a Union Soldier was that of a four-button blue sack coat, light kersey blue wool trousers and a blue cap (bummer, or forage cap). At the beginning of the war both the Union and Confederate armies had a variety of uniforms within their regiments. As the war continued, the Union Army began to standardize the uniform worn by its regiments. By early 1862 most Union regiments were wearing blue. However, Brooklyn paid for and outfitted the 14th Brooklyn throughout the war, keeping them wearing their unique chasseur-style uniform for all three years of their service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Uniform of the 14th Brooklyn\nThe headgear worn by the 14th Brooklyn was a navy blue and red kepi. The top of the cap was covered in dark navy blue and the lower half by a dark red with a band of blue around the bottom of the cap. Upon the front of the cap the regiment had the number '14' and above it was the company designation. On the sides of the caps were New York state buttons holding the chin strap onto the kepi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0013-0001", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Uniform of the 14th Brooklyn\nAt the First Battle of Bull Run the 14th were issued havelocks, a white material that fitted over the kepis and had a long piece of cloth that hung down below over the neck. The idea was to catch air and cool the neck of the soldier. The havelocks proved ineffective as headgear, however many were used as bandages on the battlefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Uniform of the 14th Brooklyn\nThe tunics worn by the 14th Brooklyn were a beautiful combination of red and dark blue adorned with small gold buttons running up and the center of the chest. The tunic was made with a red false vest with 14 buttons closing the vest. Over the false vest was a dark blue shell with 14 buttons on either side of the shell. Some later models of the jacket did away with the false vest and actually sewed the vest into the shell making it a complete jacket. On the jacket were chevrons on the lower arms symbolizing light infantry. Earlier recruits also were issued \"Shoulder-Knots\" composed of thick red fabric that were attached with thread on one end and a gold button on the other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Uniform of the 14th Brooklyn\nThe trousers worn by the 14th were very similar to that of the Zouave pantaloons, the only difference being that they were not as baggy as the Zouave pantaloons. The color was a vibrant red color. At the bottom of the trousers the 14th wore gaiters or leggings with seven gold buttons on each gaiter symbolizing the number 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Uniform of the 14th Brooklyn\nSometime in 1862, Colonel E.B. Fowler wrote a letter home commenting on the regiment, a bit about the uniforms, and the tactics in which he had to use. It was later placed in the regimental history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Uniform of the 14th Brooklyn\n\"In 1860 the Board of Officers adopted the French 'chasseur' uniform, consisting of ashy red trousers, white leggings, a blue jacket, red chevrons and shoulder knots. A fixed to the head was to be a french style kepi with blue band, red above and blue top.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Uniform of the 14th Brooklyn\nThis change of uniform for the regiment was the first in many progressive steps of conformity. Later in early 1861 when the regiment arrived in Washington these improvements were matched by the introduction of the rifled musket and minie ball which took the place of the smooth bore with its round ball and buckshot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Uniform of the 14th Brooklyn\nA mixture of Gilhams' Militia Tactics and Hardee's translation of the French tactics were substituted for the old Scott \"heavy infantry\" tactics as well as its accompaniment of leather stock and pipe clayed belts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Uniform of the 14th Brooklyn\nLittle did the officers of that board dream that the uniform that they then adopted would become historic, sung of in poets' lays and transferred to the artist's canvas as that of the \"red-legged devils,\" the Brooklyn Fourteenth.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), First Bull Run\nAt the First Battle of Bull Run, the 14th Brooklyn was assigned to the First Brigade (commanded by Col. Andrew Porter) in Col. David Hunter's Second Division in General Irwin McDowell's Army of Northeastern Virginia. The Regiment was ordered up to Henry House Hill to reinforce the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment and the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, the \"Fire Zouaves\". These regiments had been ordered to support two batteries of cannon under the command of Captains Charles Griffin and James B. Ricketts on the Union right flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0021-0001", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), First Bull Run\nBefore the arrival of the 14th Brooklyn at Henry House Hill, the 11th New York had withdrawn to the Manassas-Sudley Road under heavy assault and then fought off a flank attack from Confederate Colonel J. E. B. Stuart's cavalry. As the 14th Brooklyn moved up the hill, the 11th New York rallied and joined with the 14th to support the guns. Colonel Stuart's subordinate W. W. Blackford wrote this account in his memoir, \"War Years with Jeb Stuart\" (from page 28):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), First Bull Run\n\"Colonel Stuart and myself were riding at the head of the column as the grand panorama opened before us, and there right in front, about seventy yards distant, and in strong relief against the smoke beyond, stretched a brilliant line of scarlet - a regiment of New York Zouaves in column of fours, marching out of the Sudley road to attack the flank of our line of battle. Dressed in scarlet caps and trousers, blue jackets with quantities of gold buttons, and white gaiters, with a fringe of bayonets swaying above them as they moved, their appearance was indeed magnificent.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), First Bull Run\nThe 14th Brooklyn, 11th New York, and 1st Minnesota were placed into position by Major William Farquhar Barry, McDowell's chief of artillery, at the crest of Henry House Hill. They were ordered to hold their position and assault if the opportunity was there, but were under no circumstances to leave the guns to the Confederates. The three regiments and cannon found themselves confronting the 33rd Virginia Infantry on the left of Confederate General Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0024-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), First Bull Run\nConfusion soon erupted on the battlefield in front of them. Thinking the 33rd Virginia, clad in dark blue frock coats and dark blue trousers, were the Union troops supporting the guns, Major Barry ordered Ricketts to hold his fire. This allowed the Virginians to charge the batteries and capture the guns. The 14th Brooklyn, however, rushed up the slope and drove the 33rd Virginia back, recapturing the two guns. The 14th then continued to fire into the left flank of Jackson's line, driving the 33rd Virginia back through the 2nd Virginia Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0024-0001", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), First Bull Run\nUnder the pressure from the 14th Brooklyn, a large portion of the 2nd Virginia joined the retreating 33rd Virginia and the left of Jackson's line began to collapse. However, Jackson ordered the 4th and 27th Virginia forward. They were joined by the 49th Virginia Infantry, two companies of the 2nd Mississippi Infantry, and the 6th North Carolina Infantry. In hand-to-hand combat the New Yorkers were driven back to the Manassas-Sudley Road and Ricketts' battery and Griffin's two guns captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0025-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), First Bull Run\nThe 14th Brooklyn, the 69th New York Militia and 11th New York would charge up Henry House Hill four times, in an effort to recapture Ricketts' and Griffin's cannon. The other two regiments met with little success, but the 14th Brooklyn found gaps and weaknesses in the Confederate lines and exploited them. The 14th Brooklyn briefly took control of the two guns following one charge, only to be routed yet again by the Confederates. The constant charging of the 14th Brooklyn's tactics caught the eye of General Jackson himself. This is when he made his famous statement to his troops: \"Hold On Boys! Here come those Red Legged Devils again!\" With that the regiment received its nickname the \"Red Legged Devils\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0026-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), First Bull Run\nWhile the 14th Brooklyn and 11th New York Volunteer Infantry were briefly in control of the two guns, the Louisiana Tigers advanced up the hill. The 14th and 11th fired upon the battalion from their superior position, causing significant losses. The Tigers then fired their own rifles, and the majority of the 14th fell to their knees. Encouraged by this, the Tigers dropped their rifles and took out their Bowie knives in an attempt to finish off the survivors. As the Tigers neared the crest of the hill, the 14th Brooklyn stood up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0026-0001", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), First Bull Run\nThough both the 14th Brooklyn and the Tigers, who had left their rifles at the bottom of the hill, were poorly trained and lacked real wartime experience, a savage hand-to-hand fight began between the two units. Though the Tigers fought with ferocity and determination, the 14th Brooklyn had the superior field position and eventually the Tigers retreated back down the hill. This brief confrontation permanently made the 14th Brooklyn and the Tigers rivals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0027-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), First Bull Run\nThe efforts of the 14th Brooklyn, however, were in vain, and they were immediately flushed from the position yet again by the powerful Confederate counterattack. The two guns would not be retaken again. As the Confederates launched their strong counterattack, the Union army panicked and fled. They had been startled by the fierce, brutal fighting that the Confederates had brought, it being completely unlike the riot quelling they had performed in the past. It is local legend that the 14th Brooklyn refused to flee with such blind abandon as the rest of the Union army, but rather were ordered off the field, but this has not been corroborated by any contemporary records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0028-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), First Bull Run\nDuring the battle, the 14th Regiment suffered two officers and 21 men killed, 64 wounded, and 30 taken prisoner. Ten of the wounded would die of their wounds. Colonel Wood himself was wounded and captured by the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0029-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), First Bull Run\nAfter the First Battle of Bull Run, the State of New York decided to change the regiment's designation from 14th State Militia to 84th New York Volunteer Infantry. The men of the regiment were displeased and began a letter campaign, joined by the citizens of Brooklyn. Finally the men asked the help of General Irvin McDowell. McDowell spoke to the government and to the regiment's command, and his words bestowed upon the regiment the motto which would follow it throughout history:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0030-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), First Bull Run\n\"You were mustered by me into the service of the United States as part of the militia of the State of New York known as the Fourteenth. You have been Baptized by Fire under that number and as such you shall be recognized by the United States government and by no other number\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0031-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Second Bull Run to Antietam\nAt Second Bull Run the regiment again fought courageously, losing nearly 120 men. At Antietam, the 1st Division commanded by Brigadier General Abner Doubleday of the 1st Corps began their attack on the morning of 17 September 1862 from the North Woods. Col. Walter Phelps' Iron Brigade fought through the Miller Farm's cornfield. Both Union and Confederate casualties at the cornfield were roughly 6,000. It was at the cornfield that famed nurse Clara Barton went onto the actual battlefield to help the wounded soldiers of the Union Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0031-0001", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Second Bull Run to Antietam\nAccording to a report from William Fox of the 107th New York, the brigade that composed of the 22nd New York, 24th New York, 30th New York, 14th Regiment (New York State Militia), and 2nd U.S. Sharpshooters was the first to be called the \"Eastern Iron Brigade\" because of its brave fighting at South Mountain and Antietam. Colonel Rufus R. Dawes the commander of the Sixth Wisconsin later wrote in his book \"Service with the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0032-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Second Bull Run to Antietam\n\"The Fourteenth Brooklyn Regiment, Red legged Devils, came into our line closing the awful gaps. Now is the pinch. Men and officers of New York and Wisconsin are fused into a common mass, in the frantic struggle to shoot fast. Everybody tears cartridges, loads, passes guns, or shoots.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0033-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Second Bull Run to Antietam\nIn the cornfield, the Eastern Iron Brigade followed the Western Brigade into battle early in the morning. While the rest of Phelp's brigade fell back, the 14th Brooklyn held its ground along with elements of the 6th Wisconsin of the Black Hats (Western Iron Brigade). This effort combined into a mass of soldiers pushing the Confederates up to Dunker Church. These two regiments got further than any other Union Regiment during the attack in the cornfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0034-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Fredericksburg to Chancellorsville\nAt Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville the 14th Brooklyn saw minor action during the major engagements. The regiment was held in reserve and then used for a series of reconnaissance missions to find and assault the Confederate forces in and around the area. It was during this campaign that the Brigade proved that they truly were the \"Iron Brigade of the East\" During Chancellorsville the regiment saw a quick but highly deadly action alongside the Sixth Wisconsin in the Battle of Fitzhugh's Crossing. The 14th held the riverbank as the sixth Wisconsin attempted to cross the river in small wooden boats. It was after this campaign a little before the Battle of Gettysburg that the 14th and all the other regiments in the 1st Corps, 1st Division, 1st Brigade were transferred out. The 14th was transferred to the 1st Corps, 1st Division, 2nd Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 927]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0035-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Gettysburg to Spotsylvania\nThe 14th Brooklyn was the last regiment of the 2nd Brigade on the road to Gettysburg. The 2nd Brigade were the first Infantry units to fire their rifles and to set foot on the field 1 July 1863. General John F. Reynolds rode up to the 2nd Brigade and urged them onto Gettysburg to support General John Buford's cavalry who were holding the Confederate forces at bay. The 14th dropped its packs on the Emmitsburg road and double quicked across the field that General Pickett's men would on 3 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0036-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Gettysburg to Spotsylvania\nThe 14th Brooklyn arrived at McPherson's Woods and halted the Confederate advance, until the 1st Brigade of the 1st division arrived. Once the Western Iron Brigade was online, Colonel E.B Fowler saw Confederate forces taking cover in an unfinished railroad cut to his right. He commanded his \"Demi-Brigade\" (14th Regiment & 95th NYVI) across the field to meet and clear out Davis' Confederate Brigade. Held in reserve the 6th Wisconsin was ordered to support the 14th regiment and 95th NYVI into the cut. Again the 14th and 6th were together working as they did in earlier engagements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0037-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Gettysburg to Spotsylvania\nInto the cut the three regiments rushed, supporting each other equally on each other's flanks. One 14th Brooklyn soldier said of the Confederate defense of the railroad cut \"they fought with the ferocity of wildcats\" the fight became a brawl of hand-to-hand combat. The Federals who had taken a beating crossing the field in front of the railroad cut had their revenge. The Confederates facing them finally realized their position was a death trap and surrendered themselves to Colonel E.B. Fowler, and handed their Flags over to the 14th Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0037-0001", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Gettysburg to Spotsylvania\nFinally the Confederates were able to wheel artillery down and fire on the 14th's Position in the railroad cut, the 14th marched out of the cut through the town of Gettysburg while the 11th corps came up to support the 1st corps so they could refit. The 14th Brooklyn had the honor of carrying General John F. Reynolds' body from the field into the town of Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0038-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Gettysburg to Spotsylvania\nThe regiment continued to fight for the remainder of the battle of Gettysburg. They are the only regiment to possess 3 monuments on the field of Gettysburg - at the railroad cut, at McPherson's woods and on Culp's Hill. The remainder of the fight was had on Culp's Hill on the right flank of the Union army. They were called up to support General Greene who was losing his position to superior numbers. The 14th Brooklyn fought 2 days up there, and Greene later credited the 14th Brooklyn for helping save the entire Union army by saving the flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0039-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Gettysburg to Spotsylvania\nIn the early hours of 2 July 1863 the 14th Brooklyn was called down to the slope of Culp's Hill. Lt . John J. Cantine, one of General Greene's aides, met the regiment and guided Col. Edward B. Fowler and the regiment to its position on the right of Greene's line. As Cantine led fowler by some trees, a soldier stepped from the darkness and demanded Cantine's surrender. Cantine dismounted from his horse and Fowler drew his pistol, and then there were a dozen or so shots from the woods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0039-0001", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Gettysburg to Spotsylvania\nFowler hurried back to the regiment and formed it facing the woods. Fowler then called for volunteers to scout the woods and report back, who may be at his front. Two men, musician John Cox and Sgt. James McQuire of company I, responded and disappeared into the woods or, as one 14th Brooklyn Member recounts \"in the teeth of flank fire\", to find out who was there. Cox returned with the word that McQuire had been wounded and that the troops in their front of them belonged to the 10th Virginia Regiment. Colonel Fowler then ordered the regiment to fire a volley and thus charged his regiment into the woods. Hand-to-hand fighting began, and the 14th Pushed the Virginians out of the woods and sent them into a retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0040-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Gettysburg to Spotsylvania\nLt. Henry H. Lyman who wrote of the regiment in his diary:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0041-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Gettysburg to Spotsylvania\n\"14th & 147th go among the 12th corps to help drive back the charging rebs. Hot work from 1/2 past 5 to 1/2 past 9. Lie in the pits all night on our arms. No pickett in front.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0042-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Gettysburg to Spotsylvania\nThe 14th Brooklyn was called back up the hill after this action being relieved by the 137th Ny. They were there long enough to eat some food and then were immediately sent back down the hill to support the hill once again. Colonel Fowler wrote that when the men entered the trenches \"they did so without a shout, and the regiment remained there until their ammunition was all but exhausted.\" He also recounted the casualties taken with the trenches were light but that the colors, which rose above the works, were riddled with bullets, and the staff of the state flag was shot through.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0043-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Gettysburg to Spotsylvania\nOn 3 July, the 14th Brooklyn's Position was further up the hill near the 149th New York. When the men of the 149th New York had heard that the 14th Brooklyn were coming down they studied them closely. Prior to this the men of the 149th had heard that the 14th Brooklyn were \"a bully fighting regiment\" what they saw were young men with a \"tidy and smart appearance\". In Later years the regiment was credited with saving the line and thus saving ammunition trains as well as the flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0044-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Gettysburg to Spotsylvania\nThe 14th Brooklyn Fought for another year, through the Battle of the Wilderness campaign and Spotsylvania. They finally mustered out in May 1864. The recruits who signed up and joined the regiment in 1862 were moved over to the 5th New York Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment. However, the recruits who went over to the 5th New York Veterans (Duryea Zouaves)wore their 14th Brooklyn uniform and formed their own company in the 5th. The regiment mustered out at Fulton Ferry on 25 May 1864 to huge crowds who welcomed the regiment home after 3 years of service. During its 3 years in service the regiment sustained 717 casualties, nearly 41% of its men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0045-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), After the American Civil War\nSince the regiment's return from the battlefields of the American Civil War, the 14th was twice involved in service, first during the quarantine disturbances at Fire Island in September 1892, and throughout the Brooklyn motormen's strike in January 1895. The 14th was one of the few regiments selected in General Orders, No.8, General Headquarters, State of New York, dated Adjutant General Office, Albany, 27 April 1898, to enter United States Military service. At that time the regiment consisted of ten companies. Upon receiving this order the regiment began recruiting to fill these companies as well as organize two additional ones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0046-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), After the American Civil War\nThe 14th Regiment, Infantry, New York Volunteers was mustered into the service in May 1898 take part in the Spanish\u2013American War. The regiment was in Federal service for only four months and was detailed to camp service. The 14th did not reach the front lines, but made preparations for duty in Cuba, and the soldiers were in a \"fine state of organization\". All of the 14th's officers and men were anxious to be involved the real fighting on the front lines, but this movement was deemed unnecessary by the government after considerable thought.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0047-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), After the American Civil War\nOn 1 May, the regiment was ordered to camp at Hempstead, Long Island New York. The regiment then reported to Major General Charles F. Roe, who was in command of the National Guard. The 14th then mustered into service as follows: Companies A, G, K, and M on 13 May; the rest of its companies on 16 May. On 17 May, the regiment left Hempstead and proceeded by rail to Camp George H. Thomas, Chickamauga, Georgia. The regiment arrived and was assigned to the First Brigade, First Division, Third Army Corps on 29 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0048-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), After the American Civil War\nOn 5 September, the 14th Infantry received orders to muster out on corner of Eighth Avenue and Fifteenth Street, Brooklyn at the armory. The men of the 14th left Anniston on 14 September and arrived in Brooklyn on 16 September. In 1893, the Eighth Avenue Armory was constructed for the regiment. They were mustered out United States service on 27 October 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0049-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), After the American Civil War\nThe regiment entered the Spanish\u2013American War as the 14th New York Infantry and many sons of veterans who fought during the American Civil War with the 14th Brooklyn enlisted with the 14th New York Infantry. Following the Spanish\u2013American War, 14th New York Infantry troops reinforced the 106th Infantry and fought in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0050-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Legacy of the Red Legged Devils\nFollowing the conclusion of the war, members of the 14th Regiment New York Veterans Association continued to hold monthly meetings. Several battlefield memorials were erected over time. Today members of reenactment units do the same to preserve the honor and memory of the 14th Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011993-0051-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment (New York State Militia), Legacy of the Red Legged Devils\nThe 14th Brooklyn Co. E reenactment group at Remembrance Day in Gettysburg", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory\nThe 14th Regiment Armory, also known as the Eighth Avenue Armory and the Park Slope Armory, is a historic National Guard armory building located on Eighth Avenue between 14th and 15th Streets in the South Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City, United States. The building is a brick and stone castle-like structure, and designed to be reminiscent of medieval military structures in Europe. It was built in 1891\u201395 and was designed in the Late Victorian style by William A. Mundell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory\nThe structure was originally built for the 14th Regiment of the New York State Militia. Since the 1980s, it has been in use as a women's homeless shelter. A veterans' museum and a YMCA sports facility are also located in the armory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory\nThe armory was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994, and was designated a New York City landmark in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory, History, Planning\nThe 14th Regiment of the New York State Militia, organized in the 1840s, was the United States' most active state militia by the late 19th century. Nicknamed the \"Fighting Fourteenth\" and the \"Red-Legged Devils\", the 14th Regiment participated in numerous battles during the American Civil War. Concerns about the readiness of volunteer militia led to the passage of an \"Armory Law\" in 1862, during the Civil War, which called for the construction of armories statewide. However, the effort stagnated after the end of the war. The 14th Regiment moved to the Gothic-style Second Division/North Portland Avenue/State Arsenal in 1877\u20131878, whereupon the facility was renamed to \"State Armory\". The Second Division Armory, now demolished, was located at Auburn Place and North Portland Avenue in what is now Fort Greene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory, History, Planning\nIn 1890\u20131891, the 14th Regiment Armory Commission made plans for a new armory building in the present-day neighborhood of Park Slope, along Eighth Avenue between 14th and 15th Streets, near Prospect Park. The lot measured 200 feet (61\u00a0m) on Eighth Avenue and 550 feet (170\u00a0m) on the side streets. At the time, the site contained a few industrial buildings. On November 25, 1890, the commission decided to buy the site. The purchase was concluded on March 11, 1891, with the Kings County government paying the Nassau Land and Improvement Company a little over $79,000. William A. Mundell was the building's architect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory, History, Construction and use as armory\nA budget appropriation of $300,000 was given for construction, though the lowest bid for completion of this work was $340,000. The commission asked for another $100,000 appropriation in early 1892. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle called the drastic cost increases as \"a scandal of no common dimensions\", and The New York Times described the armory as one of three Brooklyn armories facing extreme cost overruns, the others being the 13th Regiment Armory in Bedford\u2013Stuyvesant and the 23rd Regiment Armory in Crown Heights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0005-0001", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory, History, Construction and use as armory\nWhen the Commission asked for a third appropriation of $200,000 in 1893, members of the public filed lawsuits, alleging that individual counties might not have the authority to issue bonds to finance the armories' construction. Construction was delayed for a year and the total cost ended up being $650,000, over twice the original allocation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory, History, Construction and use as armory\nThe cornerstone of the building was laid on December 6, 1894, when the building was nearly complete. The building was substantially complete on August 15, 1895. Twelve days later, the Fourteenth Regiment moved into the new armory building. In 1900, Horgan & Slattery added a new floor and added mezzanine pilings at a cost of $30,000. Six years later, further improvements to the interior were performed for $35,600. The doughboy memorial in front of the Eighth Avenue facade was installed in 1921-1922. In 1934, during the Great Depression, the 14th Regiment Armory and Manhattan's 369th Regiment Armory were used as temporary homeless shelters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory, History, Conversion into sports complex and shelter\nIn March 1986, part of the armory became a 70-bed women's homeless shelter called the Park Slope Armory Homeless Shelter. The shelter, one of twenty planned by mayor Ed Koch to provide facilities for 7,000 homeless people, was controversial among residents of Park Slope, who feared that the opening of the shelter would result in an increase in crime. However, by the end of the year, the Times reported no significant increases in crime around the shelter, and that there had been no incidents involving homeless women and the schoolchildren at nearby PS 107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory, History, Conversion into sports complex and shelter\nThe armory continued to operate until the state's Division of Military and Naval Affairs took out most of the military presence in 1992. In 1993, the state announced that the National Guard unit at the 14th Regiment Armory would be relocated, but governor George Pataki allocated funds to keep the 8th Regiment and 14th Regiment Armories open. It was officially given to the city in April 1996. The following year, a lawyer who lived in the neighborhood started an unsuccessful campaign to close the shelter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory, History, Conversion into sports complex and shelter\nThe building received a major renovation in 2007. A sports complex operated by the Prospect Park YMCA opened within the armory in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory, Design\nThe 14th Regiment Armory consists of a two-story administration building with a flat roof, as well as an attached 1.5-story, barrel-vaulted drill shed to its west. The front facade, along Eighth Avenue, is flanked by a pair of towers 3 and 4 stories tall. Upon the 13th, 14th, and 23rd Regiment Armories' completions in the mid-1890s, the New-York Tribune stated that \"these three armories are the product of a lavish expenditure ... for the support and encouragement of the militia that has perhaps never been excelled.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory, Design\nThe lot measures 200 feet (61\u00a0m) on Eighth Avenue and 550 feet (170\u00a0m) along 14th and 15th Streets. The building is set back slightly on its main (eastern) side, along Eighth Avenue. The intervening space is filled by a lawn, surrounded with a wrought iron fence. Both sections of the armory take up the entire 200-foot width between 14th and 15th Streets: the administration building takes up 180 feet (55\u00a0m) on the eastern portion of the site, while the drill room took up the area 300 feet (91\u00a0m) on the western part of the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory, Design, Exterior\nBoth sections are constructed of brick, sit on a stone foundation of Warsaw bluestone, and include bluestone trim and details. On the facade, there are clusters of windows spaced at regular intervals, with between one and three round-arched windowpanes in each window cluster. Many of these window openings contain metal grilles above them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory, Design, Exterior\nThere is a rectangular, slightly protruding pavilion in the center of the administration building's Eighth Avenue facade, flanked by a pair of side pavilions containing five bays each. The first story of the central pavilion is faced with bluestone, and contains a large round-arched sally port on the first floor. A short flight of steps underneath the sally port lead to three recessed wooden doors at the entrance. The second floor, above the sally port, contains a slightly recessed balcony. Two asymmetrical towers, both containing a brick cornice with machicolation, are located beside the central pavilion. A four-story tower is located on the left (south) side of the central pavilion, and contains a bartizan or small turret projecting from the corner, while a three-story tower is located on the right (north) side of the central pavilion. The towers' first floors are also faced with bluestone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 944]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory, Design, Exterior\nThe 14th and 15th Street facades of the administration building include corner bastions; short projecting towers that roughly bisect this portion of the facade; and chimneys at either western corner. Each side contains nine architectural bays, and each bay contains one window on the second floor and two windows on the first floor. Counting from east to west, the short towers are located between the fifth and sixth bays on each side. These towers, as well as the corner bastions, contain one window on the second floor and three windows on the first floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory, Design, Exterior\nThe facades of the drill shed that face 14th and 15th Streets contain shallow buttresses, with three round arches in each buttress. On each floor, there are windows only in the buttresses' central arches. Projecting sally port entrances are located on the eastern portions of the drill shed facades and contain rough-faced stone. The drill shed's western facade consists of two sections: a windowless wall on the first floor, and a slightly set-back vaulted upper portion. There are seven architectural bays on the top section, with the three central bays each containing a large arched window.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory, Design, Interior\nThe administration building's first floor housed a double-story drill room; an office; the armorers', cadets', and drum corps' quarters; and rooms for each of the 14th Regiment's companies. The second floor contained rooms for the quartermaster, board of officers, and veterans; a gymnasium; various rooms for both non-commissioned and commissioned officers, including an officers' lounge; a surgeon room; officers' and ladies' restrooms; and a lecture & examination room. The third floor tower included a dining room and the superintendent's three-room residence. The drill room contains a gymnasium with a floor area of 70,000 square feet (6,500\u00a0m2), which contains several bricked-up apertures from the second floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory, Design, Interior\nA second set of restrooms, as well as a cue sports room and a bowling alley, were located in the basement under the drill shed. The basement also included an extensive multi-level shooting range, housed in one of the barrel-vaulted spaces. A tunnel led from the basement one block east to Prospect Park, but may have been cut off by the construction of the New York City Subway's Culver Line (carrying the F and \u200bG trains), which runs under the western border of Prospect Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory, Design, Interior\nAccording to the National Register of Historic Places nomination for the Armory, the administration building's distinctive architectural features included an \"imposing entrance hall and main corridors with wood floors, wainscotted and plaster walls, beamed ceilings sheathed with pressed metal, and chestnut display cases.\" Some of the display cases still survive in the drill room. Other architectural features included Corinthian columns supporting the interior; wooden doors and ornamentation; and a Louis Comfort Tiffany stained-glass window in the main staircase, which was relocated to Staten Island in the late 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory, Design, Interior\nBesides housing the 14th Regiment, the Armory had previously been used for training the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1955-1956 when their regular practice grounds were too wet for training. The space was also used to store balloons for at least one Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, and was used as a filming location for Goodfellas (1990), Donnie Brasco (1997), and Meet Joe Black (1998). Today, a veterans' museum is located within the armory, as well as the Prospect Park YMCA's sports facility. A large part of the armory is also used for a women's homeless shelter, which is operated by CAMBA, a non-profit organization based in Flatbush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011994-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Armory, Sculpture\nA bronze sculpture of a World War I \"Doughboy\" stands in front of the building. It is dedicated to 360 Fourteenth Regiment soldiers who died in World War I, was donated in 1921 by Gold Star families. The memorial was installed in 1922. The sculpture is located atop a granite pedestal with an inscription reading: \"Dedicated to the Men of the 14th Infantry who were engaged in World War 1917\u20131918\". The monument was restored in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011995-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Royal Artillery\n14th Regiment Royal Artillery is a training regiment within the Royal Artillery, part of the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011995-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\n14 Regiment Royal Artillery was formed in Woolwich in March 1900, with roots traced through the history of 28th Field Brigade, which saw action in virtually every major battle on the Western Front during the four years of World War I, and during World War II as part of the East Africa campaign. Of note, the regiment was heavily involved with 25 pounder guns in the successful Battle of Keren in Spring 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011995-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nRenamed '14th Field Regiment Royal Artillery' in 1947, it has also served in India, Hong Kong, Korea, Aden and later in Northern Ireland. Following disbandment in 1971, 14th Field Regiment Royal Artillery was reformed at Larkhill in December 1984 as the Training Support Regiment for the Royal School of Artillery. Initially, it was composed of 1st Battery RA \"The Blazers\", 132 (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Battery and 176 (Abu Klea) Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011995-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Royal Artillery, 1st Battery RA \"The Blazers\"\n1st Battery RA \u201cTHE BLAZERS\u201d is the HQ Bty of 14 Regt RA. Its role previously was to provide the weapons troop but this was changed in January 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011995-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Royal Artillery, 24 (Irish) Battery RA\nThe Phase 2 training establishment for the Royal Artillery. It is the battery's role to supply the Field Army with professionally trained individuals through its Trade Training in the following areas:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011995-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Royal Artillery, 24 (Irish) Battery RA\nThe battery is currently formed with the command element made up of the Battery Commander, and the Battery Sergeant Major. Under the battery HQ element, there are two main areas. Firstly, the 'Trade Troop', managed by a captain, troop commander, responsible for all Trade training, including driver training, for Phase 2 soldiers. Secondly there is the 'Intake Troop', also run by a captain troop commander who manages all other aspects of Phase 2 training at The Royal School of Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011995-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Royal Artillery, 34 (Seringapatam) Battery RA\nAt present, the battery operates as the lone firing battery within 14 Regiment. It has 100 members drawn from every Regiment within the Royal Regiment of Artillery. This includes Close Support, General Support, STA, Air Defence, Parachute and Commando units, which gives the sub-unit a unique perspective and is the largest Battery in the Royal Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011995-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Regiment Royal Artillery, 34 (Seringapatam) Battery RA\nThe battery has an extensive diary of varied firing commitments supporting not only the Royal Artillery, but also The Infantry Training Centre (ITC) at Warminster, the School of Army Aviation at Middle Wallop, The Royal Military Academy (RMAS) at Sandhurst, Berkshire, The Royal Military College of Science (RMCS) at Shrivenham and many others. The battery also supports RSA courses such as Young Officers (YOs), Gunnery Careers Course (GCC), Artillery Command Systems (ACS), Strike and Targeting. High-profile visits are commonplace, and the battery is unique in firing a bombard demonstration, whereby visitors are sealed in a hardened bunker and then shelled in a striking demonstration of the effects of artillery fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011996-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Reserve Division (German Empire)\nThe 14th Reserve Division (14. Reserve-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on the mobilization of the German Army in August 1914. The division was disbanded in 1919, during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was a reserve division of the VII Reserve Corps and was recruited primarily in the Province of Westphalia and the Rhine Province. The division included an active infantry brigade from the 14th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011996-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 14th Reserve Division fought on the Western Front, participating in the opening German offensive, which led to the Allied Great Retreat, including the capture of Namur and Maubeuge. Thereafter, the division remained in the line in the Aisne region until October 1915, and then went into Army reserve for two months. It fought in the Battle of Verdun from February to September 1916, and remained in the line at Verdun thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011996-0001-0001", "contents": "14th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIt went to the Somme region at the end of 1916 and to the Champagne region in late January 1917, fighting in the Second Battle of the Aisne, also called the Third Battle of Champagne, from April to May. After a few months near Reims, the division went to the region along the Ailette River. In 1918, it participated in the German spring offensive. It was then primarily on the defensive, resisting various Allied offensives including those of the Hundred Days Offensive. Allied intelligence rated the division as first class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011996-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nThe order of battle of the 14th Reserve Division on mobilization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011996-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on January 1, 1918\nThe 14th Reserve Division was triangularized in March 1915. Over the course of the war, other changes took place, including the formation of artillery and signals commands and a pioneer battalion. The order of battle on January 1, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011997-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 14th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, formed twice. Formed in Moscow in 1922, the division spent most of the interwar period at Vladimir. After moving to the Kola Peninsula during the Winter War, the division fought on that front during the Continuation War. After the end of the Continuation War it became the 101st Guards Rifle Division. The division reformed in 1955 from the 180th Rifle Division but became the 88th Motor Rifle Division in 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011997-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, First formation\nIt was formed in Moscow on 1 July 1922. The division headquarters and the 40th Rifle Regiment were stationed at Vladimir. The 41st Rifle Regiment was in Murom and the 42nd Rifle Regiment at Kovrov. The division transferred to the Leningrad Military District in Vologda during the late 1930s. Its regiments were deployed in Vologda, Arkhangelsk and Cherepovets. In September 1939, the regiments were each expanded to division strength, resulting in the formation of the 88th Rifle Division and 168th Rifle Division. On 11 September 1939, its headquarters moved to Murmansk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011997-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, First formation\nDuring the Winter War, it covered the Soviet border on the northern and northeastern coast of the Kola Peninsula as part of the Murmansk Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011997-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, First formation\nIt saw World War II operational service (Russian: part of the 'operational army') from 22 June 1941 to 14 Nov 1944. On 22 Jun 1941, the division was stationed on the part of the front length of 300 kilometers along the coast of the Kola Peninsula from Cape Saint Nose to the island Kildin. It appears to have been part of the 14th Army. On the night of 22 Jun 1941, the two regiments of the division and a reconnaissance battalion were deployed to the border with Finland, and occupied the area from the Barents Sea to Ukhta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011997-0003-0001", "contents": "14th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, First formation\nOn 25 June 1941 the division was reinforced by two regiments of the 52nd Rifle Division. On 29 Jun 1941, parts of Mountain Corps Norway after an artillery preparation and with bomber support launched an attack on the division (part of Operation Silver Fox). The main forces struck at the 95th Rifle Regiment, which was unable to hold strike, and more - in retreat, if not escape to the village Tytivka, dragging approached the position of 325th Rifle Regiment of the same division. The enemy was stopped by the divisional together with parts of the 23rd Fortified Region and supported by the Northern Fleet and the approaching 52nd Rifle Division at the Turn of River West Face (see \"Valley of Glory\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011997-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, First formation\nOn 14 Jul 1941, the 325th Rifle Regiment landed from Northern Fleet ships in the amphibious landing on the north - west coast of the Great Western People Bay, where it fought heroically until 2 August 1941. On this day, the regiment was evacuated from the beachhead and moved by  ship to the main forces of division in the southern part of the Great Western People Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011997-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, First formation\nThe 135th Rifle Regiment, separated from the main force of the division, was converted to the 254th Separate Marine Rifle Brigade. The German troops were unable to penetrate the border in their positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011997-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, First formation\nOn 8 Sep 1941, the division was forced to retreat further, releasing a small bridgehead on the eastern bank of the River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011997-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, First formation\nBy October 1941 the front line was stabilized at the bend of the Zapadnaya Litsa River. On 22 Oct 1941 Wehrmacht on the orders passed on the defensive. Enemy at the division site has moved only about 30-60 kilometers, which was a record minimum advancement and satellites of Germany for all time the Second World War. Until October 1944 the front line remained unchanged. The division fought in small-scale battles. During late April and May 1942, the division participated in the unsuccessful Murmansk Offensive with other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011997-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, First formation\nOn 7 Oct 1944 the division took part in the Petsamo-Kirkenes Operation, advanced on the main line of attack, taking part in the liberation of the cities Pechenga Tarnet, Kirkenes. It was awarded the honorific \"Pechenga\". After the operation the division was put in reserve. On 1 November 1944 it was part of 131st Rifle Corps (with 45th and 368th Rifle Divisions) as part of 14th Army, Karelian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011997-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, First formation\nOn 30 December 1944 it was transformed into the 101st Guards Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011997-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, Second formation\nIn 1955, the 180th Rifle Division was renamed the 14th Rifle Division in Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy, part of the 10th Guards Rifle Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011997-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, Second formation\nOn 17 May 1957, the 88th Motor Rifle Division was formed in Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy, Odessa Oblast, from the 14th Rifle Division. It became the 180th Motor Rifle Division in 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011998-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Robert Awards\nThe 14th Robert Awards ceremony was held in 1997 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Organized by the Danish Film Academy, the awards honoured the best in Danish and foreign film of 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011999-0000-0000", "contents": "14th SS Police Regiment\nThe 14th SS Police Regiment (German: SS-Polizei-Regiment 14) was initially named the 14th Police Regiment (Polizei-Regiment 14) when it was formed in 1942 from existing Order Police units (Ordnungspolizei) for security duties on the Eastern Front. The regiment was destroyed in January 1943 and the survivors were used to rebuild it in Southern France several months later. The second incarnation was formed from existing police units. It was given an honorary SS title. Shortly before the end of the war, the regiment was absorbed into the 3rd SS Police and Infantry Regiment (SS-Police und Infanterie Regiment 3) of the 35th SS and Police Grenadier Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00011999-0001-0000", "contents": "14th SS Police Regiment, Formation and organization\nThe regiment was ordered formed in July 1942 in Central Russia from Police Battalion 51 (Polizei-Batallion 51), Police Battalion 122 and Police Battalion 63 which were redesignated as the regiment's first through third battalions, respectively. Lieutenant Colonel (Oberstleutenant) Albert Buchmann was appointed as the regiment's first commander. The connection between Police Battalion 63 and the regiment was only nominal as the former unit was stationed in the Netherlands in July and was ultimately redesignated as III Battalion, 4th SS Police Regiment. The battalion was replaced by Police Battalion 313 when the latter unit returned to Russia around November. The regiment was destroyed near Kharkiv, Ukraine, in January 1943 and its remnants were withdrawn to Adlershorst, (now Rusko, Poland), where they were used to form the II Battalion of the reformed regiment. Buchmann was killed in action on 11 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 967]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012000-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Santosham Film Awards\nThe 14th Santosham Film Awards is an awards ceremony held at Hyderabad, India on 14 August 2016 recognized the best films and performances from the Tollywood films and music released in 2015, along with special honors for lifetime contributions and a few special awards. The awards are annually presented by Santosham magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012001-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Sarasaviya Awards\nThe 14th Sarasaviya Awards festival (Sinhala: 14\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db8\u0dcf\u0db1 \u0d8b\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc5), presented by the Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited, was held to honor the best films of 1985 Sinhala cinema on July 19, 1986, at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka. Srimani Athulathmudali was the chief guest at the awards night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012001-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Sarasaviya Awards\nThe film Suddilage Kathaawa won the most awards with seven including Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012002-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Saskatchewan Legislature\nThe 14th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan was elected in the Saskatchewan general election held in June 1960. The assembly sat from February 9, 1961, to March 18, 1964. The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) led by Tommy Douglas formed the government. Woodrow Lloyd became Premier and CCF party leader in November 1961 after Douglas became leader of the federal New Democratic Party. The Liberal Party led by Ross Thatcher formed the official opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012002-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Saskatchewan Legislature\nEverett Irvine Wood served as speaker for the assembly until 1962. Frederick Arthur Dewhurst succeeded Wood as speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012002-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Saskatchewan Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1960:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012003-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Satellite Awards\nThe 14th Satellite Awards is an award ceremony honoring the year's outstanding performers, films, television shows, home videos and interactive media, presented by the International Press Academy at the InterContinental Hotel in Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012003-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Satellite Awards\nThe nominations were announced on November 30, 2009. The winners were announced on December 20, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012003-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nAuteur Award (for his trademark style of imaginative special effects and plots) \u2013 Roger Corman", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012003-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nMary Pickford Award (for outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry) \u2013 Michael York", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012003-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nNikola Tesla Award (for his creative cinematography in films) \u2013 Roger Deakins", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012003-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees, Best Foreign Language Film\nBroken Embraces (Los abrazos rotos) \u2022 Spain (TIE) The Maid (La Nana) \u2022 Chile (TIE)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 86], "content_span": [87, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012003-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees, Best Original Song\n\"The Weary Kind\" by Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett from Crazy Heart", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012003-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees, Best Screenplay \u2013 Original\nScott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber for (500) Days of Summer", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 86], "content_span": [87, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012004-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Saturn Awards\nThe 14th Saturn Awards, honoring the best in science fiction, fantasy and horror film in 1986, were held on May 17, 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012004-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Saturn Awards, Winners and nominees\nBelow is a complete list of nominees and winners. Winners are highlighted in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012005-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe 14th ceremony of the Screen Actors Guild Awards, honoring the best in film and television acting achievement for the year 2007, took place on January 27, 2008 and, for the 12th consecutive time was held at the Shrine Exposition Center in Los Angeles, California. It was broadcast live simultaneously by TNT and TBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012005-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe nominees were announced on December 20, 2007 by Jeanne Tripplehorn and Terrence Howard at Los Angeles' Pacific Design Center's Silver Screen Theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012005-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nInto the Wild received the highest number of nominations among the film categories with four, three for acting and one for ensemble performance. In the television categories The Sopranos, 30 Rock and Ugly Betty had the most nominations with three each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012005-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe 2007 Screen Actors Guild Awards was the first to give awards for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture and Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012005-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe 2007 ceremony celebrated the 75th anniversary of the Screen Actors Guild with historical background and film clips presented in segments introduced by Blair Underwood throughout the ceremony. Charles Durning was presented with an award for Lifetime Achievement following accolades by Denis Leary and Burt Reynolds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012005-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe ceremony was held in the midst of the ongoing Writers Guild of America strike. Because the acting community steadfastly had supported the writers during this period, the WGA granted a waiver on December 11, 2007, to SAG for the awards show, allowing members to attend without having to cross picket lines. While talk of the strike was kept to a minimum, Julie Christie openly acknowledged it in her acceptance speech, commenting, \"It's lovely to receive an award from your own union, especially at a time when we're being so forcefully reminded how important unions are.\" In her acceptance speech, Tina Fey thanked the Screen Actors Guild for its support of the WGA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012005-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nAfter acknowledging the recent death of Heath Ledger, Daniel Day-Lewis dedicated his award to the actor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012005-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Screen Actors Guild Awards, In Memoriam\nDenis Leary introduced a previously recorded \"In Memoriam\" segment which honored the life and career of the great actors who died last year:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012006-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe 14th National Spelling Bee was held at the National Museum in Washington, D.C. on May 31, 1938. Scripps-Howard would not sponsor the Bee until 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012006-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe winner was 12-year-old Marian Richardson, who attended a one-room schoolhouse in Floyd County, Indiana, correctly spelling the word sanitarium. Jean Pierce of Kenmore, New York placed second after failing to correctly spell pronunciation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012006-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nWinner Marian Richardson, later Byrnes, became an environmental activist in Chicago, and died on May 20, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012007-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Searchlight Battery (Finland)\nThe 14th Searchlight Battery (Finnish: 14. Valonheitinpatteri (14.Vh.Ptri)) was a Finnish anti-aircraft searchlight battery formed from women of the Lotta Sv\u00e4rd organization (\"searchlight lottas\", Finnish: valonheitinlotat) at the end of the Continuation War. The battery was formed to free men for other tasks and was used in the air-defence of Helsinki. The battery was the only armed unit in Finnish Army made up from women that was organized as a military unit fit for combat duty. The searchlight battery was operational from late summer 1944 to the end of the Continuation War but did not see action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012007-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Searchlight Battery (Finland), Background\nAs the air-defences of Helsinki were improved in spring 1944 after the winter bombings it was decided to replace some of the personnel in searchlight units with women to ease manpower shortage. Three hundred women were selected from students working already in air surveillance duties, of whom 215 arrived for searchlight training. The trainees were mainly from Helsinki University of Technology, University of Helsinki and Ateneum, but also from schools in Turku and Tampere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012007-0001-0001", "contents": "14th Searchlight Battery (Finland), Background\nThe training began on 31 May 1944 in Laajasalo in Helsinki, but was suspended already on 9 June since there was no guarantee that the women would continue to serve after fall (student work responsibility only covered summer months). The training continued after the women expressed interest in the task and pledged to serve for as long as the war demanded or a minimum of one year. After this the number of trainees was set at 145 and the training was concentrated to Anti-aircraft regiment 1 (Finnish: Ilmatorjuntarykmentti 1 (ItR 1)) in Helsinki, while the training in 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012007-0001-0002", "contents": "14th Searchlight Battery (Finland), Background\nIndependent Anti-aircraft Battalion (Finnish: 1. Erillinen ilmatorjuntapatteristo (1.Er.ItPsto)) in Turku and 2nd Independent Anti-aircraft Battalion (Finnish: 2. Erillinen ilmatorjuntapatteristo (2.Er.ItPsto)) in Tampere was discontinued. Captain K. H. Pentti led the training while Inkeri Simola acted as the Lotta leader. Simola was later succeeded by Aino Airamo. A voluntary written commitment to remain in service as well as passing a medical examination for continuous outdoor duty was required from the women who wished to serve in the searchlight battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012007-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Searchlight Battery (Finland), Training\nThe women completed their training successfully. They were divided into four groups: 25 searchlight team leaders, 30 acoustic locator operators, 63 searchlight operators and 29 generator operators. Three Second Lieutenants, 30 non-commissioned officers and nine soldiers formed the training staff. The course included several military subjects that had not been taught to Lottas before. Armed service caused a minor crisis for the Lotta Sv\u00e4rd organization, which had emphasized a principle of nonviolence. Because of Soviet agent and invasion danger the Lotta Sv\u00e4rd central committee had to consent to arming the women in the searchlight battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012007-0002-0001", "contents": "14th Searchlight Battery (Finland), Training\nThe leader of the Lotta Sv\u00e4rd organization, Fanni Luukkonen, said that armed service for women meant the \"death of womanhood\" (Finnish: \"naiseuden kuolema\"), but that the wartime situation demanded extraordinary measures. The weapon used by the women was an Italian Terni military rifle that was also used by other anti-aircraft units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012007-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Searchlight Battery (Finland), Active service\nAs the training ended on 26 July the women were formed into 14th Searchlight Battery and attached to Anti-aircraft Regiment 1. The battery operated as per normal military chain of command structure and in early August it was assigned to guard the least dangerous sector in the North-Western Helsinki. The battery did not see action and after armistice it was disbanded by the order of commander of the Airforce on 24 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012008-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Seiyu Awards\nThe 14th Seiyu Awards (\u58f0\u512a\u30a2\u30ef\u30fc\u30c9) were announced on March 7, 2020 by Nippon Cultural Broadcasting. The winners of the Merit Awards, the Kei Tomiyama Award, and the Kazue Takahashi Award, were announced on 18 February 2020. The ceremony was originally scheduled to be held at the Bunka Housou Media Plus Hall, but was cancelled during COVID-19 pandemic. The results were instead announced on the Chou! A&G radio program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012008-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Seiyu Awards, Award winners\nMagical Angel Creamy Mami (Toshio Ohtomo), Mars (Six God Combination Godmars)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012009-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Senate of Spain\nThe 14th Senate of Spain is the current meeting of the Senate of Spain, the upper house of the Spanish Cortes Generales, with the membership determined primarily by the results of the general election held on 10 November 2019. The Senate met for the first time on 3 December 2019. According to the Constitution of Spain the maximum legislative term of the senate is 4 years from the preceding election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012009-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Senate of Spain, Election\nThe 14th Spanish general election under the 1978 Constitution was held on 10 November 2019. It saw the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) remaining the largest party in the Senate, but falling short of a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012009-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Senate of Spain, History\nThe new senate met for the first time on 3 December 2019 and after two rounds of voting Pilar Llop (PSOE) was  elected as President of the Senate of Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012009-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Senate of Spain, History\nOther members of the Bureau of the Senate were also elected on 3 December 2019: Cristina Narbona (PSOE), First Vice-President; P\u00edo Garc\u00eda-Escudero (PP), Second Vice-President; Francisco Fajardo (PSOE), First Secretary; Imanol Landa (EAJ), Second Secretary; Rafael Hernando (PP), Third Secretary; and Cristina Ayala (PP), Fourth Secretary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012009-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Senate of Spain, Deaths, resignations and regional legislature appointments\nThe 14th senate has seen the following deaths, resignations and regional legislature appointments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 80], "content_span": [81, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012010-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Special Forces Division\nThe 14th Special Forces Division is a division of the Syrian Armed Forces specializing in light infantry operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012010-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Special Forces Division, Role\nSyrians use the term 'Special Forces' to describe the 14th, 15th divisions, as well as the independent 'special forces' regiments, but they more closely resemble conventional light infantry units, than Western Special Forces in both mission and composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012010-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Special Forces Division, Role\nThe term Special Forces has been applied ostensibly because of their specialized training in airborne and air assaultoperations, but they should be regarded as light infantry forces and elite only in relation to the conventional armored and mechanized brigades of the Syrian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012010-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Special Forces Division, History\nWomen special military forces from the Defense Companies in the '70s and early '80s ate live snakes as part of their training while children being trained in paramilitary activities were trained to stab live puppies to death. Syrian special forces also ate live scorpions, live snakes, and live puppies during training. Syrian soldiers are also trained to handle vipers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012010-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Special Forces Division, History\nThe 14th Special Forces Division was established to command three Special Forces Regiments after the mid 1990s restructuring of Ali Haydar\u2019s consolidated Special Forces Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012010-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Special Forces Division, History\nHaydar's Special Forces expanded in size to 25,000 men, and formed a key part of the Syrian government's security apparatus. The Special Forces were trained in airborne operations, and were rivaled on power only by the Defense Companies controlled by Hafez's brother, Rifaat. As such, the 14th Division became a strong counter-weight to the Defense Companies, as both these formations were largely airborne divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012010-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Special Forces Division, History\nTraditionally they are recruited from the Alawite sect to ensure loyalty to the government. Intelligence sources state it is likely that such units are involved in crushing popular dissent and neutralizing ringleaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012010-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Special Forces Division, Syrian occupation of Lebanon\nUnder Haydar, the Special Forces units were deployed to Lebanon as part of the Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War. During the war they engaged with PLO units under the command of Yasser Arafat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 58], "content_span": [59, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012010-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Special Forces Division, Syrian Civil War\nThe government committed much of the 14th Special Forces Division to the assault of Homs, in which it fought some of the strongest rebel positions of Homs\u2019 southwest Baba Amr, Inshaat, and Jobar neighborhoods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012010-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Special Forces Division, Syrian Civil War\nOpposition reports specifically cited activity from the 556th Special Forces Regiment, but most frequently cited the 14th Special Forces Division generally. Activity was reported in different parts of the city during similar time-frames, suggesting that at least one additional regiment from the 14th Special Forces was involved in the Homs operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012011-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Sri Lankan Television State Awards\nThe 14th Television State Awards festival (Sinhala: 14 \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0dbb\u0dd6\u0db4\u0dc0\u0dcf\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dd3 \u0dbb\u0dcf\u0da2\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db8\u0dcf\u0db1 \u0d8b\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc5), was held to honor the television programs of 2018 Sinhala television on November 21, 2019, at the Nelum Pokuna Mahinda Rajapaksa Theatre, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka. The event was organized by the State Television Advisory Council, Arts Council of Sri Lanka, Department of Cultural Affairs, Ministry of Housing and Cultural Affairs. Ravindra Randeniya and Malini Fonseka were attended as the Chief Guests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012011-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Sri Lankan Television State Awards\nAt the award ceremony, Dr. Lalitha Siribandhana (Sinhala Medium) and Mr. S. Vishwanathan (Tamil Medium) received the Lifetime Achievement Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012012-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly\nThe 14th Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) was elected by the 1st Session of the 14th Supreme People's Assembly on 11 April 2019. It was named 14th Presidium until sometime in 2021 when the body's name was changed to the current one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012013-0000-0000", "contents": "14th State Affairs Commission\nThe 14th State Affairs Commission (SAC) of North Korea was elected by the 1st Session of the 14th Supreme People's Assembly on 11 April 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012014-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Hoboken)\n14th Street is a county highway in Hudson County, New Jersey, designated County Route 670. It begins at an intersection with Manhattan Avenue in Union City, also known as the South Wing Viaduct, and proceeds east over the 14th Street Viaduct to terminate at Sinatra Drive on the banks of the Hudson River in Hoboken. It is located at the northern end of Hoboken's street grid, and one of the only east\u2013west streets in the city that allows for two-way traffic. It is located two blocks south of Weehawken Cove.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012014-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Hoboken), The Viaduct\nThe four lane 14th Street Viaduct begins at the intersection of Willow Avenue, and travels perpendicular to the Hudson Palisades in Union City. It ascends to connect to the Wing Viaduct (which is designated as CR 683), which runs along the face of the cliff. Portions of the massive retaining wall were originally parts of the North Hudson County Railway's Hillside Line. At its summit the south wing becomes Paterson Plank Road in Jersey City Heights, while the north wing rises to Manhattan Avenue and Mountain Road. Just north of its lower end is the Willow Avenue Viaduct, which travels over the Hudson Bergen Light Rail and serves local as well as Lincoln Tunnel-bound traffic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012014-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Hoboken), The Viaduct\nThe 1,460 foot-long Viaduct was constructed in 1908, and provided a road for horses and carriages. It is estimated that that Viaduct carries approximately 20,000 vehicles daily. It does not have a designated bike lane, but does include a sidewalk and small shoulder on its southern side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012014-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Hoboken), The Viaduct\nPlans were unveiled for improvements to the area beneath the bridge on September 7, 2010, which include a dog run, playground, raised sidewalks and narrower streets for improved pedestrian safety, a block of active recreation space with a multi-use court and two blocks of multi-purpose space that can be used for farmer's markets and other community purposes. The plans also include the closing of east-west blocks of South Marginal Street to vehicular traffic, which was already done with the street in front of the Clearview Cinemas that opened just south of the Viaduct's span in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012014-0003-0001", "contents": "14th Street (Hoboken), The Viaduct\nThe plans were part of a $55 million federally funded improvement project for Hudson County that was spurred by the 2007 collapse of the I-35W Mississippi River bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Limits on the reconstruction were imposed by the New Jersey State Historic Preservation Office, due to the structure's historic significance. The restoration of the Viaduct is also attributed as the cause of the increased development in the area of Washington Park in Union City and Ogden Avenue in Jersey City, which to which South Wing of the Viaduct lead via Manhattan Avenue. Projects are also being developed at the foot of the Viaduct, including retail and residential construction, and at other areas near the Viaduct that were previously occupied by manufacturing and warehousing facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012014-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Hoboken), The Viaduct\nThe renovation's completion was delayed by Superstorm Sandy, but nonetheless completed before the revised, post-Sandy deadline of August 2014. A ceremony was held on July 7, 2014 to mark the completion of work on the Viaduct. Mayor Dawn Zimmer, Senator Robert Menendez, and several other mayors and dignitaries were to be on hand to celebrate the completed renovation. The completed viaduct opened on July 21, though some elements of the renovation were to be completed past this date, such as Wi-Fi-connected security cameras above and below the structure, accessible by the police departments of Hoboken, Union City and Jersey City, as well as the Hudson County Sheriff's office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012014-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Hoboken), Transportation\nNew Jersey Transit operates bus routes 22, 89 (to North Hudson) 119 and 126 (to Port Authority Bus Terminal) along the street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012014-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Hoboken), Transportation\nA ferry had been located at the foot of 14th Street for many years, and was later replaced by Bethlehem Shipyard drydock. In 2009 service was restored. Operated by New York Waterway, daily service runs to the West Midtown Ferry Terminal, with some trips via Lincoln Harbor, and the Battery Park City Ferry Terminal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012015-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Manhattan)\n14th Street is a major crosstown street in the New York City borough of Manhattan, traveling between Eleventh Avenue on Manhattan's West Side and Avenue C on Manhattan's East Side. It forms a boundary between several neighborhoods and is sometimes considered the border between Lower Manhattan and Midtown Manhattan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012015-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Manhattan)\nAt Broadway, 14th Street forms the southern boundary of Union Square. It is also considered the northern boundary of Greenwich Village, Alphabet City, and the East Village, and the southern boundary of Chelsea, Flatiron/Lower Midtown, and Gramercy. West of Third Avenue, 14th Street marks the southern terminus of western Manhattan's grid system. North of 14th Street, the streets make up a near-perfect grid that runs in numerical order. South of 14th, the grid continues in the East Village almost perfectly, but not so in Greenwich Village, where an older and less uniform grid plan applies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012015-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Manhattan)\nIn the early history of New York City, 14th Street was an upscale location. However, it lost its glamour and status as the city grew northward and today it is primarily zoned as a commercial street. In October 2019, a busway restriction was put in place between Third and Ninth Avenues, prohibiting most types of vehicles during the daytime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012015-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Manhattan), History\nThe street was designated by the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 as the southernmost of 15 east\u2013west streets that would be 100 feet (30\u00a0m) in width (while other streets were designated as 60 feet (18\u00a0m) wide).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012015-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Manhattan), Description\nWest 14th Street begins at an interchange with New York State Route 9A northeast of Greenwich Village. At the end of the interchange, it intersects with 10th Avenue. The street continues east, intersecting with Washington Street, Ninth Avenue/Hudson Street, Eighth Avenue, Seventh Avenue, Sixth Avenue, and Fifth Avenue. After Fifth Avenue, West 14th Street becomes East 14th Street and goes on to form the southern border of Union Square between University Place and Fourth Avenue. East of Fourth Avenue, 14th Street forms the southern end of Irving Place, a north-south road that terminates at Gramercy Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012015-0004-0001", "contents": "14th Street (Manhattan), Description\n14th Street then intersects with Third Avenue, which forms the border between the neighborhoods of the East Village to the south and Gramercy to the north. The street goes on to intersect with Second Avenue. At First Avenue, 14th Street widens from a four-lane road to a six-lane divided boulevard with a westbound service road. It then intersects with the main thoroughfares of Alphabet City: Avenue A, Avenue B, and Avenue C, where the street terminates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012015-0004-0002", "contents": "14th Street (Manhattan), Description\nIt formerly terminated at FDR Drive via an on-ramp to the southbound FDR before the September 11 attacks, when the New York Police Department vacated the portion between Avenue C and FDR due to the presence of the nearby ConEdison East River Generating Station along 14th and 15th Streets as a possible terrorist target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012015-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Manhattan), Description\nSince October 2019, vehicle restrictions are in place on 14th Street between Third and Ninth Avenues from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m. The only vehicles that can use the busway are buses, trucks making deliveries on 14th Street, emergency and Access-A-Ride vehicles, and local traffic traveling for no more than one block.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012015-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Manhattan), Public transportation\n14th Street is well served by the New York City Subway. The BMT Canarsie Line (L train) runs underneath 14th Street from Eighth Avenue to the East River, stopping at Eighth Avenue, Sixth Avenue, Union Square, Third Avenue, and First Avenue. Additionally, every subway route that crosses 14th Street has a stop there, except for the B and \u200bD trains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012015-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Manhattan), Public transportation\nA station at Second Avenue and 14th Street is planned as part of Phase 3 of the Second Avenue Subway, which is currently unfunded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012015-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Manhattan), Public transportation\nPATH also makes a stop at 14th Street at its intersection with Sixth Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012015-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Manhattan), Public transportation\nIn the past, every former IRT elevated line had a station at 14th Street:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012015-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Manhattan), Public transportation\nTwo New York City Bus routes serve the entire street, the M14A and M14D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012015-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Manhattan), Public transportation, Bus priority and truck access\nAlongside the Canarsie Tunnel closure between 2019 and 2020, the New York City Department of Transportation began planning conversion of 14th Street between Third and Ninth Avenues into a bus-only corridor during rush hours. The department began planning a new Select Bus Service bus rapid transit route to be implemented across 14th Street. At the time, the M14A/D routes were among the busiest and slowest NYCT bus routes. The M14A/D were converted to Select Bus Service routes on July 1, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 77], "content_span": [78, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012015-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Manhattan), Public transportation, Bus priority and truck access\nThe 14th Street busway was inspired by Toronto's successful King Street Pilot Project, which sped up transit times for transit riders on the 504 King streetcar route, the Toronto Transit Commission's busiest surface route. As part of the busway plan, the only vehicles that could use the busway, between 5 a.m. to 10 p.m. daily, would be buses, trucks making deliveries on 14th Street, emergency and Access-A-Ride vehicles. Local traffic would be required to turn off 14th Street at the next intersection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 77], "content_span": [78, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012015-0012-0001", "contents": "14th Street (Manhattan), Public transportation, Bus priority and truck access\nArthur Schwartz, a lawyer who lives on nearby 12th Street, blocked the plan by filing several injunctions to halt its implementation. As a result, the busway was not implemented as scheduled in July 2019; pushing its implementation back to August 2019. The plan was blocked once again, pending an appeal. The August ruling was later overturned by a panel of judges who approved the busway's implementation, which took effect on October 3, 2019. The busway was so successful on its first day that M14 buses had to be slowed down in order to keep from running ahead of their posted schedules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 77], "content_span": [78, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012016-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Washington, D.C.)\n14th Street NW/SW is a street in Northwest and Southwest quadrants of Washington, D.C., located 1.25 miles (2.01\u00a0km) west of the U.S. Capitol. It runs from the 14th Street Bridge north to Eastern Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012016-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Washington, D.C.)\nNorthbound U.S. Route 1 runs along 14th Street from the bridge to Constitution Avenue, where it turns east with US 50. US 1 southbound previously used 15th Street NW due to the ban on left turns from westbound Constitution Avenue to 14th Street, but it now uses the Ninth Street Tunnel, five blocks to the east. 14th Street crosses the National Mall and runs near the White House and through the western side of Washington's Logan Circle neighborhood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012016-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Washington, D.C.)\nBecause it connects to one of the main bridges crossing the Potomac River into Virginia, 14th Street has always been a major transportation corridor. It was the location of one of the first streetcar lines, and today it is the location of several afternoon carpooling \"slug lines\", which allow commuters to meet the high-occupancy vehicle requirements of I-395, the Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012016-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Washington, D.C.), History\nIn the middle of the 20th century, 14th Street NW near the intersection of P Street was home to many car dealerships and was known as \"auto row\". The Casino Royal at 14th and H Streets was one of the city's most popular nightclubs. The street was the location of race riots in 1968 after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012016-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Washington, D.C.), History\nIn the 1980s, a portion of 14th Street became known primarily for its red-light district. Many strip clubs and massage parlors were concentrated roughly between New York Avenue and K Street, while prostitutes plied their trade around Logan Circle. However, rising land values eventually pushed out the adult businesses. The Source Theatre, founded by Bart Whiteman, was given some credit for the area's revival. Whiteman stood outside the theater to escort people inside in order to make them feel safer. The opening of a Whole Foods Market at 14th and P Streets in 2000 is also considered a major turning point for the neighborhood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012016-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Washington, D.C.), History\nWith the gentrification of the neighborhoods through which it passes \u2013 particularly downtown, Logan Circle, the U Street Corridor, and Columbia Heights \u2013 14th Street is now known for live theater, art galleries, and trendy restaurants. Moreover, while the nominal center of the city's gay life is still Dupont Circle, the Washington Blade called 14th Street between U Street and Massachusetts Avenue (Thomas Circle) the best place to see and be seen. As of 2012, the center of gravity had shifted and Logan Circle was voted \"DC's gay neighborhood.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012016-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Washington, D.C.), History\n14th Street, especially south of Florida Avenue, is rapidly gentrifying and now known as one of the preeminent dining destinations in the Greater Washington area. In a nine-month period alone between 2012 and 2013, 24 new restaurants opened on 14th Street. In a two-year span, almost every block of 14th between Rhode Island and Florida Avenues had a major residential redevelopment project scheduled, adding more than 1,200 housing units and 85,000 square feet (7,900\u00a0m2) of retail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012016-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Washington, D.C.), Transit service\nFourteenth Street has been a major transit route ever since the Capital Traction Company streetcar line was built around the turn of the 20th century. The successor to that line is the Metrobus 14th Street Line\u2014routes 52 & 54.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012016-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Washington, D.C.), Transit service, Rail\nThere are two Metrorail stations on 14th Street (the U Street station is one block east, at 13th and U Streets NW and is considered the most convenient stop to visit the heart of 14th St between P and V Sts NW):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012016-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Washington, D.C.), Transit service, Bus, Metrobus\nThe following Metrobus routes travel along the street (listed from south to north):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012016-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Street (Washington, D.C.), Transit service, Bus, DC Circulator\nThe DC Circulator's Woodley Park\u2013Adams Morgan\u2013McPherson Square Metro bus line travels along 14th Street between Columbia Heights and Franklin Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line\nThe 14th Street Limited Line, designated Route 59, is a limited stop peak hour-only MetroExtra bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between Takoma station which is served by the Red Line of the Washington Metro and Federal Triangle station which is served by the Orange, Blue, and Silver lines of the Washington Metro. The line operates every 15 minutes during rush hours and trips are roughly 50 minutes. This line provides additional service during peak hours along the 14th Street corridor supplementing routes 52 and 54.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, Background\nRoute 59 provides limited stop service along the 14th Street corridor supplementing routes 52 and 54. The route operates in both directions during rush hours serving 18 stops southbound and 19 stops northbound. Route 59 currently operates out of Bladensburg garage. Prior to 2019, route 59 would operate out of Northern division before being closed due to structural problems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History\nThe 14th Street Line run by routes 52 and 54 are one of the most heavily used routes in the Metrobus system with about 15,000 riders use these buses on a typical weekday. Those routes connects Takoma station to Downtown Washington DC via 14th Street. However, the routes suffers from crowding, delays, traffic, and ineffectiveness due to the routes having at least 26 stops and frequency of buses are at least 20 minutes. This leads to residents opting for the more efficient 16th Street buses (the S1, S2 and S9).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History\nThe idea for a 14th Street express line came as far back as 2012. In 2011, WMATA teamed up with the DC Department of Transportation to study the 14th Street corridor with the biggest conclusion being an express service. The study concluded that express bus service on the 14th Street line (it called express service \u201climited-stop bus service\u201d) would benefit riders:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History\nThe advantages to this proposal are that this service would not only enhance route capacity, but would also improve service frequencies at bus stops served by the limited stop service (service frequency at local-only stops would not be impacted). It would also reduce travel times for passengers able to utilize the bus stops that would be served by the limited stop service. The primary disadvantage is that this proposal would likely incur additional operating costs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History\nWMATA also recommended extending route 53 from McPherson Square station up to G street running more service north of Colorado Avenue NW, and extending service to the Waterfront area, as well as giving riders better information, doing more to enforce parking restrictions, using articulated buses and training bus operators specifically for the lines they drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History\nHowever, the proposal could not find enough support in previous city budget negotiations, and the idea was scrapped. Since 2012, the 14th Street corridor began to grow even more with businesses in the area nearly doubling from 7,371 in 2011, to 13,992 in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Proposed New Route\nThe proposal came back between 2016 and 2017 due to the increased ridership along 14th Street and due to more political support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Proposed New Route\nDuring WMATA's FY2018 budget, it was proposed for the 14th Street limited stop route to be called Route 59 which would operate a limited stop segment between Takoma station and Federal Triangle station replacing route 54's routing between Metro Center station and Federal Triangle as a respond to requests by the District of Columbia and District Department of Transportation. The route will be implemented as soon as December 2017 if passed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Proposed New Route\nMany residents and local leaders were in favored for the new limited stop service and pushed the DC Council to fund for the new route. The proposal was endorsed by several Advisory Neighborhood Commissions in the 14th Street corridor to respond to growing development activity and passenger crowding on local service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Proposed New Route\nWard 4 Council member Brandon Todd stated on the 59 proposal:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Proposed New Route\nI strongly support the creation of an express bus line on 14th street. With increased residential and commercial development along that corridor, there has never been a more important time to make this critical investment in our transportation network\u2026Ward 4 cannot wait any longer for more robust and efficient transportation options.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Proposed New Route\nWard 1 Council member Brianne Nadeau, a 52 and 54 bus rider herself, has also pledged early support:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Proposed New Route\nAs the population along 14th Street continues to grow, it\u2019s vital that we provide additional service in this well-utilized corridor\u2026 Access to reliable bus service is essential for District residents, and express service on other bus lines has provided relief to those who rely on transit to get around the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Proposed New Route\nAt-large Council members Robert White, Elissa Silverman, and David Grosso, along with Ward 6's Charles Allen, have also said they support the new bus service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Proposed New Route\nAs an up-town resident far from a Metro station myself,\u201d says White, \u201cI know the 59 bus could offer critical economic, transit and environmental benefits to our residents and neighborhoods and is the closest we can get to bus rapid transit right now.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Proposed New Route\nFunding would still need to be approved with mayor Bowser submitting her budget proposal and the DC Council will debate and amend it before a final approval in late spring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Proposed New Route\nOn March 29, 2017, DC Mayor Muriel Bowser announced funding for additional service along 14th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Proposed New Route\nOn June 13, 2017, the DC Council and DC Mayor Muriel Bowser approved WMATA's FY2018 budget (a $1.2 million budget) which includes the new limited stop route along 14th Street. Councilmembers who publicly advocated in favor of 59 funding include Brianne Nadeau, Brandon Todd, Jack Evans, Elissa Silverman, David Grosso, Charles Allen, and Robert White. The new route will begin in December 2017 to ease out the overcrowding already on routes 52, 53, and 54.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Route Implication\nIn December 2017, WMATA announced that route 59 will begin service on January 8, 2018. The new route 59 will operate between Takoma station and Federal Triangle station along the 14th Street corridor making limited stops every 15 minutes during weekday rush hours only between 6:30-9:30 AM and 3:45-7:00 PM. Route 59 will enhance route capacity and also improve service frequencies at stops served by the limited-stop bus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Route Implication\nIn the process of the new route 59, route 52 was extended to Southwest Waterfront discontinuing service along D street, route 53 was discontinued and replaced by route 54, and route 54 was shorten to Metro Center with Federal Triangle service replaced by route 59. All the changes happened on December 17, 2017 while route 59 began service on January 8, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Route Implication\nThe launch of route 59 was met with positives from 14th street residents, council members, and riders on its first day. DC Mayor Muriel Bowser held a press conference with riders following the inaugural ride from Takoma station. After Mayor Bowser ride, she stated;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Route Implication\nSafe and reliable public transportation makes it easier for residents to get to work, school, and beyond. The 14th Street corridor has seen substantial economic development and growth, making it one of the most heavily traveled corridors in the District. As the District continues to grow, we\u2019re going to continue finding ways to make it easier for our residents to share in our prosperity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Route Implication\nThe route was successful on its first day and helped out routes 52 and 54 from overcrowding and delays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0024-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Changes\nIn 2019 during WMATA's FY2021 year, WMATA proposed to give route 59 daily service in order to replace route 54. Route 59 will operate every 8 minutes during peak hours and during the same span as route 54 during off peak hours and weekends. However, the route will become a local route between 14th and Colorado and Takoma station serving all stops in between the two points. This was due to the following reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0025-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Changes\nAbout 4,800 riders board Route 52 or 54 local service at stops south of 14th Street & Colorado Avenue that are not served by route 59, which would see a 50% reduction in frequency of local service. This is approximately 38% of the total 12,800 riders that board all 52, 54 buses on an average weekday according to WMATA. Approximate frequency at stops south of Colorado Avenue would be as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0026-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Changes\nIf the proposals were to gone through, routes 52 and 59 would be the only two routes running along the 14th Street Corridor. However, WMATA later backed out the proposals due to customer pushback on April 2, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0027-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Changes\nAll Route 59 service was suspended during the COVID-19 pandemic. The route would later resume on August 23, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012017-0028-0000", "contents": "14th Street Limited Line, History, Changes\nIn February 2021 during the FY2022 budget, WMATA proposed to eliminate the 59 if they do not get any federal funding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.)\nThe 14th Street Line, designated Routes 52, 54, is a daily bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between Takoma station of the Red Line of the Washington Metro and L'Enfant Plaza station (52) of the Blue, Yellow, Orange, Green, and Silver lines of the Washington Metro or Metro Center station (54) of the Red, Blue, Orange, and Silver Lines of the Washington Metro. The line operates at every 12 minutes frequencies during the day and 10-30 minutes during late night service. Trips roughly take 40-60 minutes to complete. Select trips begin/end at 14th Street and Colorado Avenue NW as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), Background\nThe 14th Street Line is one of the most heavily used routes in the Metrobus system with about 15,000 riders using these buses on a typical weekday. Those routes connect Takoma station to Downtown DC via 14th Street. However, the routes suffer from crowding, delays, traffic, and ineffectiveness due to the routes having at least 26 stops and the frequency of buses is at least 20 minutes. This led to residents opting for the more efficient 16th Street buses (the S1, S2, S4, and S9) prior to 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), Background\nRoutes 52 and 54 operate daily 24 hours a day between Takoma station and L'Enfant Plaza station or Metro Center station, running along the 14th Street corridor and connecting many neighborhoods to various Metro stations. Route 52 only serves Takoma station during the early mornings and late nights daily, terminating at 14th Street and Colorado Avenue NW during most of the day. Route 54 operates at all times to Takoma station. Additionally, select route 54 trips are operated during school days from 14th & Aspen Streets NW or Reeves Center going northbound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), Background\nRoutes 52 and 54 currently operate out of Western division. It originally operated out of Northern division until 2019 when it was closed. At one point, routes 52 and 54 utilized articulated buses, but later stopped using them on a regular basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nThe line was originally operated under the Capital Traction Company which began service in 1895. Congress authorized the Rock Creek Railway to purchase and merge with any connecting company, and to change its name which was implemented on September 21, 1895. This merger took place with the Washington and Georgetown on September 21, 1895.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nIn 1896, the former Rock Creek line experimented with a new power system on U Street NW between 9th Street NW and 18th Street NW. The Love system transmitted electricity through a set of trolley wheels running on underground conduit rails instead of through the sliding shoe used elsewhere. While the system worked it was more expensive to install. In the spring of 1899 it was replaced with the sliding shoe and the line continued to the Calvert Street Loop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nMeanwhile the branch of the Pennsylvania Avenue Line from the east edge of the White House northeast on New York Avenue and north on 14th Street Northwest to Florida Avenue, part of the original charter, was opened November 15, 1862. A law passed June 30, 1864 allowed it to continue the line north; it was eventually extended to Park Road and later to Colorado Avenue, where it connected to the Washington and Maryland Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nThe line was originally run by cable cars but was electrified after the powerhouse along 14th street burnt down. The line was later electrified on February 27, 1898. The Pennsylvania Avenue Line and 7th Street Line later followed in 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nBy the 1920s, cars were turned at four northern terminals: Park Road, Decatur Street, Colorado Avenue, and Takoma (via the Washington and Maryland Line). Some Park Road cars turned west on Pennsylvania Avenue, while cars from all four terminals turned east. 14th Street was also used by Chevy Chase Line cars to Chevy Chase Lake, which turned off at the U Street Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nThe North American Company, a transit and utilities holding company began to acquire stock in the Washington Railway in 1922, gaining a controlling interest by 1928. By December 31, 1933, it owned 50.016% of the voting stock. North American tried to purchase Capital Traction, but Capital Traction always remained widely owned by the residents of Washington, without a principal stock holder. North American never owned more than 2.5% of Capital Traction stock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nNonetheless the Great Depression proved difficult for the transit companies and so to survive, on December 1, 1933 Washington Railway, Capital Traction, and Washington Rapid Transit merged to form the Capital Transit Company. Washington Railway continued as a holding company, owning 50% of Capital Transit and 100% of PEPCO, but Capital Traction was later dissolved. For the first time street railways in Washington were under the management of one company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nAfter the 1933 consolidation, the Fourteenth Street Line was combined with part of the ex-Washington Railway and Electric Company Fourth Street Line, which used Fourteenth Street from the White House south to the Bureau of Engraving, where a new underground terminal was built. It later formed routes 50, 52, and 54 which were used the old Fourteenth Street Line, running respectively to the Bureau of Engraving, the ex-WR&E Eleventh Street Line (via U Street), and the Pennsylvania Avenue Line to the Navy Yard. Route 52 was discontinued which ran to U street and 11th Street, but 50 and 54 remained until January 28, 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nRoutes 50 and 54 were later acquired to run by buses under DC Transit when streetcars began to phase out. Routes 50 and 54 operated from Takoma and Bureau of Engraving and Printing (50) and Navy Yard (54) primarily running along 14th Street. Route 52 would also be reincarnated to operate a similar pattern to route 52 but altered slightly running via Independence Avenue, 12th Street, and D street. Most trips would end at 14th and Colorado while some trips are extended to Takoma. Routes 50, 52, and 54 eventually became Metrobus routes on February 4, 1973 when WMATA acquired DC Transit and three other transit agencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nOther routes that weren't formed under the Metrobus tag were the 56 and 58. Route 56 operated from Summit Hills Apartments to the Bureau of Engraving and route 58 operated to Takoma. Route 56 was later renamed routes 50, 52, and 54 when the merger happened in 1973 while route 58 was later renamed route K8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nOn February 6, 1978, routes 50, 52, and 54 were rerouted to serve the newly opened Takoma station in order to connect riders to the Washington Metro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nDuring the mid-1990s, route 50 was discontinued, route 52 was shortened to L'Enfant Plaza station, and route 54 was shortened to Federal Triangle. Route 54 was later  extended to the L'Enfant Plaza station during the 1990s. Several years after route 50 was eliminated, a new route 53 was introduced to operate along the former route 50 routing between Takoma station and the Bureau of Engraving. It was then later shortened to Federal Triangle and then later shorten to Franklin Square/McPherson Square station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nIn 2015, WMATA proposed to cut back the 54 to McPherson Square station due to low ridership south of the station. Service to Archives station and L'Enfant Plaza station would be discontinued. But it was also proposed to improve the frequency of buses between Takoma station and 14th Street and Colorado due to high ridership volume.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nOn June 26, 2016, route 54 was shorten to Federal Triangle with alternative service provided by routes 52 and 53. However, the frequency of buses increased between Takoma station and 14th Street and Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nIn 2017, WMATA proposed many changes to the 52, 53, and 54.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nWMATA proposed to reroute Route 52 to serve the Wharf development via 12th Street, Maine Avenue, and 7th Street SW to and from L'Enfant Plaza station. WMATA also proposed to combine routes 53 and 54 into a new route 54 operating to and from Metro Center station (12th and F Streets NW) shortening route 54 even further. WMATA would also adjust the weekday schedule to coordinate local route 52 and 54 service with a proposed new MetroExtra limited-stop route 59, serve the Wharf, and decrease the time between buses to Takoma station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nThese proposed changes were in order to provide service to the new Wharf development, coordinate schedules with new route 59 limited-stop service, simplify 14th Street service and route designations, alleviate bus congestion at Franklin Square, and responds to requests by the District of Columbia and District Department of Transportation. Performance measures for routes 52, 53, and 54 goes as the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nIf the changes are approved, the changes will be implemented as soon as December 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nAt the time of the proposals, route 52 and 54 would mainly operate up to 14th Street and Colorado and would only run to Takoma station during select times and Sundays (it would start at Takoma station however). Route 53 would operate between Monday and Saturday only its full route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nOn June 13, 2017, the DC Council and DC Mayor Muriel Bowser approved WMATA's FY2018 budget (a $1.2 million budget) which includes the new limited stop route and reconstructed service along 14th Street. Changes will be implemented as soon as December 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0024-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nOn December 17, 2017, route 52 was extended along 12th Street and Maine Avenue SW in order to serve the Wharf development to and from L'Enfant Plaza station with most service along D Street being discontinued. Routes 53 and 54 were combined into one route operating between Takoma station and Metro Center station (F & 12th streets NW) with the 53 designation and service to Federal Triangle being discontinued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0025-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nA new route 59 limited-stop route was also introduced to operate alongside routes 52 and 54 between Takoma station and Federal Triangle which replaced the 54 portion between Metro Center and Federal Triangle and fully replaced route 53. Service began on January 8, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0026-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nIn 2019 during WMATA's FY2021 year, WMATA proposed to replace route 54 and give route 59 daily service. Route 59 will operate every 8 minutes during peak hours and during the same span as route 54 during off peak hours and weekends. However, the route will become a local route between 14th and Colorado and Takoma station serving all stops in between the two points. This was due to the following reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0027-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nAbout 4,800 riders board Route 52 or 54 local service at stops south of 14th Street & Colorado Avenue that are not served by route 59, which would see a 50% reduction in frequency of local service. This is approximately 38% of the total 12,800 riders that board all 52, 54 buses on an average weekday according to WMATA. Approximate frequency at stops south of Colorado Avenue would be as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0028-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nIf the proposals were to gone through, routes 52 and 59 would be the only two routes running along the 14th Street Corridor. However, WMATA later backed out the proposals due to customer pushback on April 2, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0029-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, the line was reduced to operate on its Saturday supplemental schedule during the weekdays beginning on March 16, 2020. On March 18, 2020, the line was further reduced to operate on its Sunday schedule. On March 21, 2020, weekend service on the 52 became suspended and Route 54 was reduced to operate every 30 minutes. Service was restored to its full service on August 23, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012018-0030-0000", "contents": "14th Street Line (Washington, D.C.), History\nOn September 5, 2021, the frequency between buses improved to every 12 minutes daily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012019-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Street Theatre\nFor the theater that was once in New York City see Fourteenth Street Theatre", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012019-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Street Theatre\nThe 14th Street Theatre, located at 2037 E. 14th Street in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States, was a 288-seat theater built in 2002 as part of Playhouse Square. Originally built for Second City Cleveland, the theater closed in 2013 and is now Cibreo Privato, the private dining space for the Italian restaurant Cibreo, owned and operated by Driftwood Restaurant Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown\nThe 14th Street Tunnel shutdown (also referred to as the L Project, the L train shutdown, or the Canarsie Tunnel reconstruction) was the partial closure and reconstruction of the New York City Subway's 14th Street Tunnel that took place from April 2019 to April 2020. The tunnel carries the BMT Canarsie Line (serving the L train) under the East River in New York City, connecting the boroughs of Brooklyn and Manhattan, and is used by an average of 225,000 passengers per weekday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0000-0001", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown\nA key segment of the 14th Street Tunnel, between the Bedford Avenue station in Brooklyn and the First Avenue station in Manhattan, would be partially closed for 15 to 20 months to allow for necessary and extensive repairs to the underwater tubes after it was flooded and severely damaged during Hurricane Sandy in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown\nTwo options were proposed in 2016: a three-year construction period where one tube at a time would be closed or an 18-month closure where both tubes would be worked on simultaneously. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority ultimately chose the 18-month closure option because it would be less disruptive to passenger service. The shutdown period was later reduced to 15 months to reduce service disruption. To accommodate displaced passengers, new or expanded bus, subway, and ferry service was to be added, and a 14th Street busway would have been implemented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0001-0001", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown\nThe shutdown plan was criticized by riders who use the L train and people living along or near 14th Street in Manhattan, as it would have had adverse effects on other subway routes and on vehicular traffic. In January 2019, it was announced that the shutdown would not be a full-time closure, but a night and weekend closure. Ultimately, the line was not closed; night and weekend service was merely reduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Background\nIn October 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused severe damage to New York City, and many subway tunnels were inundated with floodwater. The storm flooded nine of the system's 14 underwater tunnels, many subway lines and yards, and completely destroyed a portion of the Rockaway Line (A train) in Queens, as well as much of the South Ferry terminal at Manhattan's southern tip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Background\nThe subway opened with limited service two days after the storm and was running at 80 percent capacity within five days; however, some infrastructure needed repairs, which were staggered over several years starting in 2013. A year after the storm, a spokesman for the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), which operates the New York City Subway, said that Hurricane Sandy \"was unprecedented in terms of the amount of damage that we were seeing throughout the system.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0003-0001", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Background\nReconstruction required many weekend closures on several lines and long-term closures on the Greenpoint Tunnel (G train), Montague Street Tunnel (R train), Rockaway Line, and the South Ferry station. A long-term closure was planned for the 14th Street Tunnel because it was significantly damaged by the storm surge. Moreover, the 14th Street Tunnel dates from 1924; thus its equipment was already 88 years old when Hurricane Sandy occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Closure options\nIn January 2016, the Canarsie Line between the Bedford Avenue station in Brooklyn and the Eighth Avenue station in Manhattan was proposed for either of two shutdown options. One option involved shuttering the entire segment for eighteen months. The other option would allow the MTA to operate two segments of track for three years: a single-track segment between Bedford and Eighth Avenues with a capacity of 5 trains per hour per direction, and regular service between Lorimer Street and Rockaway Parkway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0004-0001", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Closure options\nFor both options, the Third Avenue station would be closed and new exits and elevators at the First Avenue and Bedford Avenue stations would be added. The renovations would cost between $800 million and $1 billion; as of July 2018, the project budget includes $926 million. During the shutdown, workers would replace damaged communications, power and signal wires, third rails and tracks, duct banks, pump rooms, circuit breaker houses, tunnel lighting, concrete lining, and fire protection systems. Three new electric substations would provide more power to run more trains during rush hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Closure options\nThe closure would affect the 225,000 subway riders per weekday who travel on the 14th Street Tunnel between Brooklyn and Manhattan. This accounts for about 75% of the 300,000 riders per day who use the L train. Community meetings were held to determine which of the two options would be better. In an internal assessment, the MTA concluded that four out of five L train riders would be less impacted by the full-closure option compared to the partial-closure option. Additionally, the single-track option would result in severe overcrowding at First and Bedford Avenues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0005-0001", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Closure options\nA subsequent poll conducted by transit-advocacy group Riders Alliance revealed that 77 percent of L train riders preferred the 18-month closure option. In July 2016, it was announced that the MTA had chosen the 18-month full closure option. Riders reacted with both disappointment over the closure, and relief that the service disruption would be shorter. The New York Post described the closure with the headline, \"2019 is the year Williamsburg dies.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Closure options\nThe MTA named Judlau Contracting and TC Electric as the project's contractors on April 3, 2017, at which time the duration of the shutdown was shortened to 15 months. It offered the contractors a $188,000-a-day bonus for completing work up to 60 days early. as well as a $15 million bonus for completing the project on time; the MTA also stipulated that the companies would need to pay a fine of $410,000 for each day that work is delayed past the 15-month deadline. The joint venture is also responsible for renovating the First Avenue and Bedford Avenue stations during the shutdown, as well as adding platform screen doors to the Third Avenue station. According to a July 2018 report, construction was supposed to be \"substantially completed\" by November 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Initial mitigation plans\nThe MTA indicated that during the shutdown, the L route would only have a frequency of ten trains per hour between Bedford Avenue and Rockaway Parkway, because of severely constrained terminal capacity at Bedford Avenue. In mid-2016, the MTA devised preliminary mitigation plans, which proposed additional shuttle bus, ferry, and subway service. A ferry route between Williamsburg and the East Village of Manhattan would be instituted; the M14A and M14D buses might be converted to Select Bus Service; and dedicated bus lanes would be placed on crosstown corridors in Manhattan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0007-0001", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Initial mitigation plans\nThe MTA would institute two out-of-system subway transfers, free if paid via MetroCard: one between Broadway (G train) and Lorimer Street (J and \u200bM trains), and one between Livonia Avenue (L train) and Junius Street (3 train). In addition, the plan included extending G trains from four cars to eight cars, as well as running the M train to Midtown Manhattan daily, instead of on weekdays only. Preliminary documents also proposed that the four toll-free East River bridges between Manhattan and Long Island (the Queensboro, Williamsburg, Manhattan, and Brooklyn Bridges) might gain a high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) restriction of at least three passengers per vehicle during rush hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Initial mitigation plans\nIn December 2017, the MTA and the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) released a more concrete mitigation plan, based on projections that 80% of riders would transfer to other subway services to get to Manhattan, while 15% would use buses. An HOV restriction on the Williamsburg Bridge during rush hours would allow it to accommodate three Select Bus Service (SBS) routes between Brooklyn and Manhattan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0008-0001", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Initial mitigation plans\nRoute L1 would stretch from Union Square, Manhattan, to the Grand Street station in Brooklyn; L2 would connect SoHo, Manhattan to the Grand Street station; and L3 would go from SoHo to Bedford Avenue. In addition, 14th Street between Third and Ninth Avenues would be converted into a bus-only corridor during rush hours to accommodate an SBS route across 14th Street, connecting to a ferry route at Stuyvesant Cove Park near 23rd Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0008-0002", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Initial mitigation plans\nThe mitigation plan also entailed improvements to six subway stations, new entrances at two stations, enlarged crosswalks near these subway stations, longer G and C trains, three free out-of-system transfers, increased service on the G, J/Z and M trains, and a weekend extension of the M train to 96th Street and Second Avenue. Finally, the plan included an expansion of New York City's privately operated bike share system, Citi Bike, as well as upgrades to bike lanes on Brooklyn's Grand Street and a pair of crosstown bike lanes on 12th and 13th Streets. Some subway entrances on each of the affected routes would also be reopened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Initial mitigation plans\nOn December 14, 2017, members of the New York City Council held a hearing in which they asked the MTA head and NYCDOT Commissioner over the shutdown. The central question was whether the MTA could complete repairs by the July 2020 deadline. It was projected that during the shutdown, the 14th Street buses would become the most-used bus corridor in the city, and that 70 buses in each direction would travel across the Williamsburg Bridge every hour. As a result, Lower Manhattan politicians worried that the narrow streets in the area would not be able to accommodate the high-capacity buses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Modified mitigation plans\nIn June 2018, as part of a lawsuit settlement, the MTA agreed to install elevators at the Sixth Avenue station and conduct an environmental impact study on the Canarsie Tunnel rehabilitation's effects. The city also considered turning 14th Street into an exclusive busway 17 hours a day during all days of the week, and changed its initial plans for a two-way bike lane on 13th Street to two separate bike lanes on 12th and 13th Streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0010-0001", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Modified mitigation plans\nWhen the 14th Street busway was enforced during the shutdown, the only vehicles that would be able to use the busway would be buses, trucks making deliveries on 14th Street, emergency and Access-A-Ride vehicles, and local traffic traveling for no more than one block. According to Winnie Hu, a transit specialist at The New York Times, the plan was inspired by Toronto's successful King Street Pilot Project, where restriction on ordinary vehicles on a section of previously clogged King Street sped up transit times for riders on the 504 King streetcar route, the Toronto Transit Commission's busiest surface route. The Toronto experiment allowed ordinary vehicles to continue to briefly use King Street, provided they turned off at the next stoplight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Modified mitigation plans\nSeparately, the MTA revised contingency plans so that there would be four SBS routes. They included the already-planned L1 Union Square\u2013Grand Street, L2 SoHo\u2013Grand Street, and L3 SoHo\u2013Bedford Avenue routes, as well as a new route L4 between Union Square and Bedford Avenue. The four routes combined would carry 17% of displaced L train riders, while subways would carry another 70% and other transport methods would make up the remaining 13%. Citi Bike announced plans to add 1,250 bikes and 2,500 bike-share docks during the shutdown. A private company also announced their intention to create a luxury \"New L\" shuttle van service during the shutdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Modified mitigation plans\nIn July 2018, the MTA and NYCDOT announced that the M14 Select Bus Service route would be implemented by January 6, 2019, three months before the tunnel was set to shut down. It would initially run with five stops in each direction between First Avenue/14th Street and 10th Avenue/14th Street. Local service on the M14A and M14D would be retained with minor modifications. One or two weeks before the tunnel closes, the M14 SBS would be extended to Stuyvesant Cove. The M14A/D local and the M14 SBS would be able to serve a combined 84,000 passengers every hour, with a bus every two minutes during rush hours. Sidewalks on nearby streets would be widened, and temporary pedestrian plazas would be designated, to accommodate the new Select Bus Service routes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Modified mitigation plans\nThe MTA also released additional details about headways on affected transit routes. The peak frequency of the G train would be increased from eight trains per hour (TPH) to 15 TPH between Court Square and Bedford\u2013Nostrand Avenues, and from 8 to 12 TPH south of Bedford\u2013Nostrand Avenues. Some G trains would have been extended to 18th Avenue during rush hours due to capacity constraints at Church Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0013-0001", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Modified mitigation plans\nThe M train's peak frequency would be increased from 9 to 14 TPH between Myrtle Avenue and Manhattan, while the frequency of the J/Z and R trains would be decreased to accommodate the additional M service running on the same tracks. Several other subway routes between Manhattan and Brooklyn or Queens would have additional off-peak service. For bus route headways, the combined peak frequency of the M14 variants would be increased from 25 buses per hour to 35, and the B39 bus across the Williamsburg Bridge would be temporarily suspended because it would completely duplicate the temporary L3 route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0013-0002", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Modified mitigation plans\nThe L1 through L4 buses would provide a combined 80 buses per hour during peak hours. Headways on local bus routes in Brooklyn that would connect with the L shuttle buses, such as the B6, B32, B48, B57, B60, B62 and B103, would also be increased. The ferry service between Stuyvesant Cove and North 7th Street would run at a frequency of 8 trips per hour in each direction during rush hours. 7 trains would see increased service during rush hours, with fourteen additional 7 train round trips.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Modified mitigation plans\nIn September 2018, the MTA indicated that the New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC) had been selected to manage the temporary L shuttle ferry's operation, since the corporation had already operated ferry routes in New York City under the NYC Ferry label. In turn, the NYCEDC was to contract the temporary shuttle ferry's operation out to NY Waterway as per the results of a request for proposals. The ferry was to operate for 15 months during the shutdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0014-0001", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Modified mitigation plans\nThe shuttle was to operate every 10 to 15 minutes from 6 a.m. until midnight on weekday nights, and until 2 a.m. on weekend nights. During rush hours, ferries would run every 7\u00bd minutes. Free transfers were to be available between the ferry and two Select Bus Service routes, one on either side of the East River. The same month, it was announced that an additional bus route, L5, was to operate rush hours between Canarsie Pier and Crown Heights, connecting Canarsie residents to the Crown Heights\u2013Utica Avenue station on the 2, \u200b3, \u200b4, and \u200b5 trains. Unlike the other temporary routes, the L5 was not going to be a SBS route, and was only supposed to operate during rush hours every 20 minutes, making limited stops between Canarsie Pier and Utica Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Modified mitigation plans\nThat October, the MTA clarified its proposed temporary changes to subway service. During weekdays, there would be major increases in the number of G and M train trips; smaller increases in E, F, and J/Z train trips; minor modifications to A and R train trips; and a sharp decrease in L train trips. All of these routes except for the A and R routes would also see modified service frequencies on weekends, and the M would run to 96th Street/Second Avenue during both late nights and weekends. It was also announced that the shutdown would start on April 27, 2019. In the months before the long-term closure began, service would be suspended on some weekends and nights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Modified mitigation plans, Temporary L shutdown bus routes\nThe following routes were planned to operate during the shutdown:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 97], "content_span": [98, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Modified mitigation plans, Criticism of mitigation plans\nIn April and May 2018, writers for the now-defunct Village Voice had published a comprehensive analysis of the possible effects of the L train shutdown on other subway routes. The J/Z and M train would be affected the most because these would be the only direct subway routes from Williamsburg and Bushwick to Manhattan during the shutdown. The G train would also carry displaced L train riders from Williamsburg and Bushwick to other subway routes in Downtown Brooklyn and Queens, resulting in capacity decreases on F and <F> train riders on the IND Culver Line in southern Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 95], "content_span": [96, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0017-0001", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Modified mitigation plans, Criticism of mitigation plans\nThe A and \u200bC trains would carry L train riders transferring at Broadway Junction, which was not originally designed as a transfer station, as well as G riders transferring at Hoyt\u2013Schermerhorn Streets, some of whom had already transferred from the L. G train riders could also transfer to the E and \u200bM trains or the 7 and <7>\u200b trains at Court Square\u201323rd Street. As the 7 and <7>\u200b trains would reach capacity during rush hours, some riders already on that route would probably transfer to the N and \u200bW trains at Queensboro Plaza, one stop east of Court Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 95], "content_span": [96, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0017-0002", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Modified mitigation plans, Criticism of mitigation plans\nThe E and \u200bM trains would also reach capacity during rush hours, bringing cascading effects to E, \u200bF, <F>, \u200bM, and \u200bR riders further east in Queens. One Voice writer concluded that \"If you do not take the J, M, Z, A, C, 7, F, G, E, M, or R lines, then I have some good news: You're probably, probably not screwed during the L train shutdown. Except \u2014 you had to know there would be exceptions \u2014 for those of you who take the 3 and the N/W.\" In total, fourteen services would be affected by the shutdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 95], "content_span": [96, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Modified mitigation plans, Criticism of mitigation plans\nIn October 2018, the mitigation plans were described by a Curbed NY writer as inadequate, because of the lack of nearby subway routes that go directly to Manhattan; the lack of passenger capacity at key transfer stations; and the fact that nearly a quarter-million riders use the L train every day. The Curbed writer stated that one service disruption on the J, M, and Z\u200b trains would have a ripple effect on displaced Canarsie Tube riders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 95], "content_span": [96, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Change in shutdown plans\nIn December 2018, four months before the planned closure of the 14th Street Tunnel, New York governor Andrew Cuomo announced that he would personally visit the tunnel with several transportation experts that month. Cuomo said that he wanted to determine if the closure time could be reduced even further. By this point, the mitigation plans were being finalized. Work on painting road markings, including a busway on 14th Street, was underway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Change in shutdown plans\nOn January 3, 2019, following the tunnel tour, Cuomo announced at a news conference that the tunnels would not completely shut down, contingent on the MTA board approving an alternate plan. Instead, work would occur on weekends and nights, and construction could be finished in 15 to 20 months. This would be accomplished by hanging wires onto the sides of the tunnels and repairing the benchwalls alongside each track, similar to what was used in the subway systems of Hong Kong, London, and Riyadh, rather than completely replacing the benchwalls as was originally planned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0020-0001", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Change in shutdown plans\nA similar plan had been considered in 2014, but rejected due to the extent of silica exposure that this option entailed, and another report in 2015 had concluded that a weekend-only shutdown might be unsafe. The announcement occurred after Cuomo consulted with experts from Columbia University and Cornell University, and he reportedly also contacted Tesla, Inc.. The MTA board was not given advance notice of the announcement, and Cuomo only told the MTA to convene an emergency meeting after the announcement had been made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Change in shutdown plans\nThe announcement was criticized by transit advocates who said that a full closure would allow construction to be completed at once, similar to in the Montague Street Tunnel, as opposed to a piecemeal closure, which could take years. Cuomo was also criticized for taking so long to come up with the partial shutdown plan. Many Brooklyn residents and business owners along the route had already moved as a result of the proposed closure, and some North Brooklyn landlords reportedly regretted having signed leases for lower prices. However, the announcement was praised by the shutdown's opponents, which had previously filed a lawsuit over the proposed shutdown. Landlords and brokers also viewed the change in plans favorably.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Change in shutdown plans\nFollowing the conference, New York City Transit Authority head Andy Byford stated that the Williamsburg Bridge's HOV lanes and the shuttle ferry were no longer needed. The contract with Judlau would also have to be renegotiated and put before the board for a vote, as the contractor had already started the process of procuring materials for a full shutdown. However, the MTA's website indicated that many of the mitigation measures, including station improvements, accessibility renovations, and L train frequency enhancements, would continue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0022-0001", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Change in shutdown plans\nAfter the conference, Cuomo also stated that he wanted to \"blow up\" the MTA and restructure its entire operating hierarchy because the agency was inefficient. A special board meeting about the shutdown was held on January 15, 2019. At the board meeting, the modified plan was approved, despite objections from some members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Change in shutdown plans\nThe following month, the MTA decided that several of the previously announced mitigation measures would not be needed. For instance, the Williamsburg Bridge HOV restrictions and the 14th Street busway would not be implemented. In addition, the G would not receive full-length trains, though it would still see an increase in train frequencies during nights and weekends. However, the station improvements would still proceed, and the partial shutdown would begin on April 27, 2019, as previously confirmed. Due to crowding concerns the MTA considered making the First and Third Avenues stations exit-only during weekends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0023-0001", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Change in shutdown plans\nUnder the new plan, the free out-of-system transfers would be kept, except for between 21st Street and Hunters Point Avenue in Queens, and would only be instituted during weekends and late nights. Instead of running five shuttle bus routes in Manhattan and Brooklyn at all times, two \"Williamsburg Link\" shuttle buses, B92 clockwise and B91 counterclockwise, would run during weekends and late nights only. M14A bus service in Manhattan would be increased during weekends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0024-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Change in shutdown plans\nIn the months prior to the proposed closure, the MTA suspended L service between Broadway Junction and Eighth Avenue during the weekends in preparation for the partial shutdown. Instead, it operated three shuttle bus routes and expanded M train and M14A bus service. In April 2019, it was announced that the 14th Street busway would be added back to the mitigation plan, though the busway would take effect in June. The busway would have the same vehicle restrictions as originally planned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0024-0001", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Planning, Change in shutdown plans\nThe M14A/M14D routes would be converted to Select Bus Service, a modification of the temporary Select Bus Service route that had been planned for the full shutdown. The M14A/D were converted to Select Bus Service routes on July 1, 2019. However, the busway did not take effect until October 3, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0025-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Construction\nThe first construction work related to the 14th Street Tunnel shutdown began in 2017. Workers excavated shafts at the First Avenue and Bedford Avenue stations so equipment could be lowered into the tubes. After the repairs are completed, these shafts are to be converted into additional entrances for those stations. The construction of shafts at the First Avenue station began in July 2017 at the intersection of 14th Street and Avenue A. Shafts were also built at Driggs Avenue and North 5th Street in Brooklyn, at the Bedford Avenue station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0025-0001", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Construction\nThe Bedford Avenue station's mezzanine would be expanded to make way for the new entrances. As of July 2018, the projects at First Avenue and at Bedford Avenue were about one-fifth complete. Starting in August 2018, the MTA would close the tunnels for 15 weekends in preparation for the full-time closure the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0026-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Construction\nIn the original plan, there were to be three groups of 150 contractors, with each group working 8-hour shifts. The demolition and replacement of the tunnels' wire duct banks, or benchwalls, were to take up much the project's duration. A dust collection machine, which was custom-ordered for the 14th Street Tunnel project, was to include ventilation and dust filtration systems that allow dust to be contained within the tunnels. The dust was to be taken out of the tunnels via flatbed cars that travel to the shafts at Avenue A in Manhattan and Driggs Avenue in Brooklyn. The demolition was to be completed within three months, after which work on the new station entrances and replacement duct banks would commence. The tracks within the tunnels were also be replaced. These repairs would be able to last up to eighty years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0027-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Construction\nFollowing the January 2019 announcement that the shutdown would instead be a partial closure, Cuomo and the MTA board unveiled some new details about the project. Rather than completely replacing the benchwall, workers would install new cable ducts on the sides of the existing tunnel walls, and the existing ducts would be abandoned. The technique of racking the cables on the wall differed from previous proposals, in that a rack, rather than the cables themselves, would be bolted onto the wall. The benchwalls would be repaired with epoxy and fiberglass as necessary, then converted into emergency egress walkways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0027-0001", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Construction\nBy using this approach, less silica would need to be extracted from the tunnels because the benchwalls would not be entirely demolished. Fiber-optic and lidar sensors would be installed to allow MTA workers to more easily track imminent failures in the benchwalls. Station and track improvements would continue under the revised proposal. The repairs could last for up to forty years, and work might be elongated due to the need to maintain weekday service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0028-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Construction\nThe new plan meant that only 1% of the benchwall would have to be removed, namely the concrete surrounding 96 manholes. By the original closure date for the Canarsie tubes in April 2019, nearly half of that work had been completed. According to the New York Daily News, the extent of the work being done could result in a shortened service suspension. However, the change in plans led to delays in the rehabilitation of the Canarsie Line's five stations within Manhattan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0028-0001", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Construction\nAs of August 2019 the improvements were not set to start until 2020, whereas under the previous plan, the stations would have been renovated while the tunnel was closed. This could potentially increase the cost budgeted for these renovations, from $43.8 to $77.8 million. By September 2019, Cuomo announced that the shutdown work was progressing ahead of schedule and was set to be completed in April 2020. At that point, the Manhattan-bound tube's repairs had been finished, and work was starting on the Brooklyn-bound tube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0029-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Construction\nOn April 26, 2020, Cuomo announced the completion of the project, months ahead of schedule. The expedited completion date was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, which sharply reduced ridership in the final weeks of the project. Work on the Bedford and First Avenues stations was also progressing. However, regular service was not restored after the project's completion;  the lack of ridership during the pandemic had reduced the frequency of trains as well, under the MTA's essential service plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0030-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Effects\nAfter the shutdown was announced in 2016, some Williamsburg residents let their leases expire in 2018. As a result, housing prices began to decrease. The rate of housing vacancies in August 2018 was 25% more than the rate twelve months prior. After the plans were changed to a partial shutdown, a report published in early 2020 showed that median housing rents in Williamsburg increased significantly compared to late 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012020-0031-0000", "contents": "14th Street Tunnel shutdown, Effects\nAn independently made documentary, being produced by Ian Mayer and Emmett Adler and titled End of the Line, is being made about the effects of the 14th Street Tunnel shutdown. A board game, released in January 2019, also satirizes the shutdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges\nThe 14th Street bridges refers to the three bridges near each other that cross the Potomac River, connecting Arlington, Virginia and Washington, D.C. Sometimes the two nearby rail bridges are included as part of the 14th Street bridge complex. A major gateway for automotive, bicycle and rail traffic, the bridge complex is named for 14th Street (U.S. Route\u00a01), which feeds automotive traffic into it on the D.C. end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges\nThe complex contains three four-lane automobile bridges\u2014one northbound, one southbound, and one bi-directional \u2014 that carry Interstate\u00a0395 (I-395) and U.S. Route\u00a01 (US\u00a01) traffic, as well as a bicycle and pedestrian lane on the southbound bridge. In addition, the complex contains two rail bridges, one of which carries the Yellow Line of the Washington Metro; the other of which, the only mainline rail crossing of the Potomac River to Virginia, carries a CSX Transportation rail line. The five bridges, from west to east are the George Mason Memorial Bridge, the Rochambeau Bridge, the Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge, the Charles R. Fenwick Bridge and the Long Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges\nAt the north end of the bridges, in East Potomac Park, the three roadways connect to a pair of two-way bridges over the Washington Channel into downtown Washington, one connecting to traffic (including northbound US\u00a01) north onto 14th Street, and the other connecting to I-395 traffic on the Southwest Freeway. The Metro line connects to a tunnel in the East Potomac Park, and the main line railroad from the Long Bridge passes over I-395 and runs over the Washington Channel just downstream of the 14th Street approach before turning northeast along the line of Maryland Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges\nOn January 13, 1982, 78 people were killed when Air Florida Flight 90 crashed into the northbound I-395 span of the 14th Street bridge during rush hour. The repaired span was renamed in honor of Arland D. Williams Jr., a passenger on the plane who survived the initial crash, but drowned after repeatedly passing a helicopter rescue line to other survivors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, Bridges\nEach of the complex's five bridge spans has its own name. From east to west, the bridges are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, Bridges\nSouthbound Virginia Railway Express train on plate girder portion of Long Bridge (2013)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Long Bridge\nThe name \"Long Bridge\" was given to a series of bridges across the Potomac dating back to 1809. At times, some of the bridges were referred to as the Bridge at 14th Street, but more often by other names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Long Bridge\nThe first bridge opened as the Washington Bridge on May 20, 1809 and originally carried vehicle, pedestrian and horse traffic. By the 1830s it began to be called the \"long Bridge across the Potomac\" to distinguish it from the bridge near Little Falls, but over time, the colloquial name was shortened to just the \"Long Bridge\". Rails had been built to the bridge from the Washington side in 1855 and from the Virginia side in 1857, but there weren't placed on the bridge until the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Long Bridge\nIn 1864, a new bridge was built adjacent to the original bridge. When the U.S. Military railroad Charles Minot fell through one of the spans of the old bridge on February 18, 1865, the rails were moved to the new bridge and the old bridge became used for non-rail traffic only, as had been recommended in the prior year. To some the old bridge became the \"turnpike bridge\" and the new one the \"railroad bridge.\" For others the two bridges were referred to separately as the Long Bridge and the railroad bridge or as two parts of one \"Long Bridge\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Long Bridge\nAn October 1, 1870 flood damaged the bridges beyond repair so a replacement bridge was built over the next two years and the old Washington Bridge was removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Long Bridge\nThe new bridge opened on May 15, 1872. The day the new bridge opened, the old railroad bridge, which had been partially repaired, was closed. On July 2, the Alexandria and Fredericksburg Railway opened, providing the first direct all-rail connection between the north and Richmond, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Long Bridge\nDespite the new design, the 1872 bridge continued to be damaged by freshets, it blocked river traffic and was not wide enough for two tracks; so two new bridges were built. A new railroad bridge was constructed in 1904 and a new Highway Bridge opened in December 1906. The 1872 bridge was closed on December 18, 1906 and demolished in 1907.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Long Bridge\nThe current railroad bridge opened on August 28, 1904, about 150 feet (45 m) upriver from the old bridge. In the early years, the bridge was often referred to as the \"Railroad Bridge\" to distinguish it from \"Highway Bridge\". It was also sometimes known as the \"14th Street Railroad Bridge\". It wasn't until the 1980s, during planning of the Virginia Railway Express (VRE) system, that the railroad bridge again began to be called by the old \"Long Bridge\" name. VRE began using the bridge in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Long Bridge\nThe bridge was substantially reconstructed starting in mid-1942, with 11 new supplemental piers between the original truss spans and steel plate girders replacing the iron and steel truss spans. Work completed on November 9, 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Long Bridge\nWhen the Mason Bridge was completed in 1962, it put an end to almost all use of the Long Bridge's draw span. The last time it was opened was March 1969 to allow barges used in the removal of the old Highway Bridge to pass through. The tender's control house, or shanty, on top of the draw remained - often used as a billboard for Georgetown crew races until it was removed in late 1982 or early 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Long Bridge\nThe bridge was rehabilitated in 2016 and CSX determined that it was sufficient to meet their freight needs, but in 2019 DDOT and FRA reported that a second bridge was needed to serve increased passenger rail needs. A third bridge was also proposed to create a new bicycle/pedestrian crossing. In 2019, Virginia announced that they would pay to build a new rail bridge over the Potomac River north of the Long Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Highway Bridge\nA new swing-span through-truss bridge called the Highway Bridge or sometimes the 14th Street Bridge, 500 feet (150 m) upriver from the Long Bridge, opened December 15, 1906, to serve streetcars and other non-railroad traffic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Highway Bridge\nThe yellow trolleys of the Mount Vernon Railway used the bridge until 1931 when the line was replaced by buses that eventually became part of the Alexandria, Barcroft and Washington (AB&W) Transit Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Highway Bridge\nAfter the George Mason Bridge was opened in 1962, the Highway Bridge was closed, but there was considerable discussion of reusing the Highway Bridge, perhaps for rush hour only automobile traffic. Nonetheless, the Highway Bridge was finally removed from the site in 1967\u20131968, and was taken to the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, for bombing practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Highway Bridge\nIn order to remove the Highway Bridge piers, the Williams and Long Bridges were opened for the last time on March 3, 1969. They were opened to remove barge and crane equipment that had been floated upriver in 1967 to remove the old Highway Bridge piers and install new center bridge piers. A few years prior to 1967, the railroad bridge had been welded shut, and in order to open it for the crane, that had to be reversed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Pontoon Bridge\nOn July 1, 1942, after two months of work, the War Department opened a pontoon bridge located between the Railroad and Highway bridges. It connected Ohio Drive, then Riverside Drive, to US Highway 1. The bridge was constructed of 30 plank covered pontoons with an asphalt coating for the 12 foot-wide floor. A fixed steel span on the Virginia side provided an opening 30 feet wide and 21 feet high for boats to pass under. Two more fixed spans carried it over the George Washington Parkway. The bridge was built for emergency movement of troops and though it was to allow for civilian use, it never did. Once World War II was over, the bridge was removed in the summer of 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges\nDespite the different names of the Rochambeau, Mason and Williams bridge, and the fact that there were all built separately, the three are often called \"The 14th Street Bridge\" together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge\nPlanning for a replacement of the Highway Bridge started in the 1940s to deal with expanded traffic in the automobile age. Work on a new single-span, northbound-only 14th Street Bridge began on August 21, 1947 and the new bridge opened on May 9, 1950 with the ribbon cut by Miss D.C., Mary Jane Hayes. The Highway Bridge then became southbound-only, but a 2nd bridge was planned to replace it. The new bridge span incorporated draw spans with a control houses that was designed to complement those on the Arlington Memorial Bridge upstream and on the railroad bridge's swing span downstream.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 97], "content_span": [98, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge\nIn 1956, while planning the Jones Point Bridge Congress began to debate what to name it. While one of the first suggestions was to name it after Woodrow Wilson, which eventually it was, Rep. Joel Broyhill (R-VA) suggested naming it for George Mason, or failing that naming the new Highway Bridge for him. This prompted a letter to the editor of the Washington Post suggested it be named for revolutionary war hero Lafayette, since it was near where he led soldiers across the river on the way to Yorktown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 97], "content_span": [98, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0023-0001", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge\nA few days later, Charles Parmer a Rochambeau enthusiast and head of Virginia's short-lived Rochambeau Commission, suggested the bridge instead be named for Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau. Another letter followed that suggested attaching the name Rochambeau instead to the 14th Street Bridge and that letter caught the attention of Congress member Harry F. Byrd of Virginia who submitted it to the Congressional Record. Broyhill submitted a bill naming the bridge for Mason and Byrd submitted one naming it for Rochambeau, and by the middle of summer a compromise had been worked out naming one span for each. Broyhill resubmitted the compromise bill in 1957 and it passed. The new bridge was dedicated in honor of Rochambeau on October 19, 1958 at 2pm, at time and date meant to correspond with the time and date that Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown in 1781.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 97], "content_span": [98, 983]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0024-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge\nThe last time Williams Bridge was opened was on March 3, 1969 to remove barge and crane equipment that had been floated upriver in 1967 to remove the old Highway Bridge piers and install new center bridge piers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 97], "content_span": [98, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0025-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge\nThe Williams bridge underwent extensive repair in 1975-1976 which resulted in a closure of more than a year. Workers gave the bridge a new deck, removed the bascule draw span and replaced the sidewalks with shoulders. The control house remained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 97], "content_span": [98, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0026-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge\nOn January 13, 1982, the Williams Bridge was damaged by the crash of Air Florida Flight 90. The Boeing 737-222, which had accumulated ice while idling on the runway at National Airport, stalled soon after takeoff, fell on the bridge, and slammed into the iced-over Potomac River. The crash killed 74 passengers and crew, plus four people in cars on the bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 97], "content_span": [98, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0026-0001", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge\nThe repaired span was renamed the Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge on March 13, 1985 \u2013 following a December 4, 1984 vote \u2013 after one of the passengers, who passed a lifeline to five survivors before permitting himself to be rescued. He succumbed to hypothermia and drowned while rescuers worked to rescue the last of the survivors. The name Rochambeau Bridge was then shifted to the Center Highway Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 97], "content_span": [98, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0027-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge\nAfter a series of inspections from 2005 to 2009, the District of Columbia's District Department of Transportation (DDOT) began a $27 million rehabilitation of the northbound main span in 2010. Construction, scheduled to last only a few months, was finally completed in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 97], "content_span": [98, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0028-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge\nA 2014 inspection found more problems. Citing the expense and the need to replace or repair several deficient bridges elsewhere in the District, DDOT pushed the date for fixing these problems to 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 97], "content_span": [98, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0029-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, George Mason Memorial Bridge\nThe new George Mason Memorial Bridge opened upstream on January 26, 1962, replacing the old Highway Bridge (then southbound only). The Mason Bridge, unlike the bridges upstream and downstream, could not open for river traffic, thus Potomac River traffic by sea-going vessels traveling above the Long Bridge ceased in 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 86], "content_span": [87, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0030-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, George Mason Memorial Bridge\nDuring the late 1960s, new ramps were constructed between the westbound Shirley Highway and the southbound George Washington Parkway and these eliminated the path between the bridge and the Pentagon. In 1969, the path was connected to the Arlington Memorial Bridge via the Lady Bird Trail and on April 15, 1972 it was connected to Alexandria via the Mount Vernon Trail, of which the Lady Bird Trail became part.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 86], "content_span": [87, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0031-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, George Mason Memorial Bridge\nIn 1984, the Mason Bridge was closed for several months for a $5.9 million overhaul. The bridge was resurfaced and widened to provide shoulders. The sidewalk was widened and new safety railings were installed between the walkway and the roadway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 86], "content_span": [87, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0032-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, George Mason Memorial Bridge\nOn July 25, 1989, the George Mason Bridge gained national notoriety as the scene of the 1989 DC Prostitute Expulsion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 86], "content_span": [87, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0033-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, George Mason Memorial Bridge\nIn late 2018, the National Park Service rebuilt and improved the trail ramp between the George Mason Bridge path and East Basin Drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 86], "content_span": [87, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0034-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, Rochambeau Bridge\nOn April 5, 1971, a third bridge opened immediately downstream of the Mason Bridge, carrying two express lanes in each direction. Work began in March 1967, but wasn't entirely completed until 1972. The express lanes lead directly to the high-occupancy vehicle lanes on Virginia's section of I-395, though these lanes are only HOV during rush hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 75], "content_span": [76, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0035-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, Rochambeau Bridge\nAt the time it opened it was only open for bus traffic, making it the longest exclusive busway in the Country, but over the years the express lane rules have gradually been reduced. In late 1973, carpoolers were allowed to use the bus lanes during rush hour if the car had at least four passengers. In 1975, cars with four passengers were allowed to use the express lanes at all hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 75], "content_span": [76, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0035-0001", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, Rochambeau Bridge\nIn 1983, Congress passed a law to open the express lanes to all vehicles except during rush hour, when they were restricted to buses, car pools and emergency vehicles and that went into effect in 1985. In 1987, due to increased congestion, the Virginia Department of Transportation extended the HOV end time from 6pm to 6:30pm, but later that year it was rolled back after Rep. Stan Parris passed a federal law that would deny Virginia $2.4 million if the rush hour extension remained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 75], "content_span": [76, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0035-0002", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, Rochambeau Bridge\nIn the same year, the VDOT opened the northbound HOV lanes on the bridge to all users to alleviate congestion caused by reconstruction of the SE-SW Freeway. In early 1989, Virginia, in a deal with Rep. Parris, lowered the HOV restrictions from four people per vehicle to three in order to regain control over the management of the HOV lanes. In late 2019, the HOV lanes on 395 changed to High-Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanes, and as a result the northbound lane on the Rochambeau Bridge became a HOT lane as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 75], "content_span": [76, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0036-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, Rochambeau Bridge\nWhen it opened, the bridge was known as the Center Highway Bridge. On March 13, 1985, following the 1982 Air Florida Flight 90 crash, the downstream bridge was renamed the Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge to honor one of the passengers who died saving the lives of other survivors during the crash. The name Rochambeau was simultaneously transferred to the Center Highway Bridge. However, the bronze marker naming the bridge was not shifted with the name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 75], "content_span": [76, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012021-0037-0000", "contents": "14th Street bridges, History, Modern 14th Street Bridges, Charles R. Fenwick Bridge\nThe final bridge, the Charles R. Fenwick Bridge, carrying the Yellow Line, opened on April 30, 1983. Based on the recommendation of Washington Post reporter Jack Eisen, the bridge was named for Fenwick by the Metro Board on September 22, 1983. Fenwick was a Virginia state legislator from the Washington suburbs who sponsored legislation to create Metro. He died in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 83], "content_span": [84, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012022-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)\n14th Street was an express station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had two levels. The lower level was built first and had two tracks and two side platforms. The upper level was built as part of the Dual Contracts and had one track and two side platforms over the lower level local tracks. It closed on June 11, 1940. The next southbound stop was Christopher Street for express and local trains. The next northbound local stop was 23rd Street. The next northbound express stop was 34th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012023-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Street station (IRT Second Avenue Line)\n14th Street was an express station on the demolished IRT Second Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City, located at the intersection of 14th Street and First Avenue. It had two levels. The lower level had three tracks and two side platforms and was served by local trains. The upper level had two tracks and two side platforms and was used by express trains. The next stop to the north was 19th Street for local trains and 42nd Street for express trains. The next stop to the south was Eighth Street for local trains and Chatham Square for express trains. The station closed on June 13, 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012024-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Street station (IRT Sixth Avenue Line)\n14th Street was a station on the demolished IRT Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had two tracks and two side platforms, and was served by trains from the IRT Sixth Avenue Line. The station opened on June 5, 1878, and was designed by famed Hudson River School painter Jasper Francis Cropsey, a trained architect. Beginning in 1907, the station had a connection to the 14th Street subway station of the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad. It closed on December 4, 1938. The next southbound stop was Eighth Street. The next northbound stop was 18th Street. Two years later the station was replaced by the IND Sixth Avenue Line platforms of the 14th Street / Sixth Avenue Subway station complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012025-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line)\n14th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had two levels. The lower level was served by local trains and had two tracks and two side platforms. It was built first. The upper level was built as part of the Dual Contracts and had one track that bypassed the station and served express trains. In 1924, the Brooklyn\u2013Manhattan Transit Corporation built the 14th Street-Eastern District Line Subway below the station, which included the Third Avenue subway station. Although this station was located above the Third Avenue BMT subway station on what is today known as the BMT Canarsie Line, the two stations were never connected. This station closed on May 12, 1955, with the ending of all service on the Third Avenue El south of 149th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012026-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Street station (PATH)\n14th  Street is a station on the PATH system. Located at the intersection of 14th Street and Sixth Avenue (Avenue of the Americas) in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, it is served by the Hoboken\u201333rd Street and Journal Square\u201333rd Street lines on weekdays, and by the Journal Square\u201333rd Street (via Hoboken) line on weekends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012026-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Street station (PATH), Station layout\nThis PATH station has side platforms, which are not connected by a crossover or crossunder. The southbound platform shares a mezzanine area with the IND Sixth Avenue Line's station at 14th Street, but the northbound platform exits directly to the street. There is no free transfer between either platform, nor to any of the other stations in the 14th Street/Sixth Avenue station complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012026-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Street station (PATH), Station layout\nThe original station, opened on February 25, 1908, was modified slightly as a result of the building of the Sixth Avenue Line. The platforms were extended to the south, and the northern ends were closed. This allowed the downtown platform to share a street entrance with the downtown IND subway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012026-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Street station (PATH), 19th Street station\nNorth of the 14th Street station is the abandoned 19th Street station, which was the original northern terminus of the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad. It opened on February 25, 1908, and closed on August 1, 1954. It is now used for storing mechanical equipment and is still visible from trains travelling between 14th Street and 23rd Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012026-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Street station (PATH), Subway connections\nPassengers traveling from New Jersey must exit to street level, enter a nearby subway entrance, and descend to a separate subway mezzanine in order to access the IND station complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012026-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Street station (PATH), Subway connections\nThe entrances for New Jersey-bound PATH commuters are on the southwest and northwest corners of 6th Avenue and 14th Street. The entrance for 33 Street-bound PATH commuters is on the east side of 6th Avenue, midblock between 13th and 14th Streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012027-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Eighth Avenue station\n14th Street/Eighth Avenue is an underground New York City Subway station complex shared by the IND Eighth Avenue Line and the BMT Canarsie Line. It is located at Eighth Avenue and 14th Street in Manhattan, and served by the A, E, and L trains at all times and the C train at all times except late nights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012027-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Eighth Avenue station\nThe whole complex is ADA-compliant, with the accessible station entrance at 14th Street. This complex was renovated at the beginning of the 21st century. There are several MTA New York City Transit Authority training facilities located in the mezzanine. The station complex contains an artwork by Tom Otterness called Life Underground, which features whimsical bronze sculptures, including a sewer alligator, scattered about the station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012027-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Eighth Avenue station, History\nThe Eighth Avenue station of the Brooklyn\u2013Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT)'s Canarsie Line opened on May 30, 1931, and was the last station to open on the Canarsie Line, built as an extension from the mainline that opened seven years earlier westward from Sixth Avenue, the previous terminal. The 14th Street station opened on September 10, 1932, as part of the city-operated Independent Subway System (IND)'s initial segment, the Eighth Avenue Line between Chambers Street and 207th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012027-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Eighth Avenue station, History\nIn 1999, this station underwent a major station renovation. On August 24, 1993, the contract for the project's design was awarded for $994,079. In May 1994, a supplemental agreement worth $203,435 was reached to allow the consultant to design the New York City Transit training facility to be compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. As part of the project's design, multiple options were considered to improve the station, including the construction of a free transfer zone between the Eighth Avenue and Canarsie Lines. As part of the supplemental agreement, the consultant was directed to design it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012027-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Eighth Avenue station, History\nOn April 18, 2004, an L train collided with the bumper block after the operator suffered a possible seizure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012027-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Eighth Avenue station, History\nOn September 20, 2020, a northbound A train derailed at the IND station when a homeless man clamped wooden planks onto the roadbed causing the train to derail. Three passengers were injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012027-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Eighth Avenue station, Station layout\nThe artwork in this station is by Tom Otterness, called Life Underground, and was installed in 2001. It features whimsical bronze sculptures, including a sewer alligator, scattered about the station. From 1989 to 1995, an artwork by Ross Lewis could be found in the station. It is called Parallel Motion, and it shows images of moving bodies in the mezzanine drawn by brushstrokes using Chinese calligraphy. It is now situated in the lobby of Public School 89 in Battery Park City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012027-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Eighth Avenue station, Station layout, Exits\nThe entrances of the station complex are located at the intersections of Eighth Avenue and 14th, 15th, and 16th Streets. The northernmost one has an unstaffed bank of turnstiles, two staircases going up to the northwest corner of 16th Street and Eighth Avenue, and one going up to each eastern side of the intersection. A passageway leads to the front entrance of 111 Eighth Avenue (the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey building now occupied by Google) at the southwest corner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012027-0007-0001", "contents": "14th Street/Eighth Avenue station, Station layout, Exits\nA sign on the sidewalk outside the building indicates that an entrance to the station is available inside of the building. On either side, at the center of the mezzanine, a set of full height turnstiles lead to a staircases going up to either northern corners of 15th Street and Eighth Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012027-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Eighth Avenue station, Station layout, Exits\nThe full-time fare control area is at the south end of the mezzanine. On the east side is the transfer passageway between the platforms containing a ramp, staircase, and elevator. A set of full height turnstiles leads to a staircase going up to the northeast corner of 14th Street and 8th Avenue. The full-time turnstile bank has a token booth, two staircases to either southern corners of the intersection, and one staircase and elevator going up to the northwest corner. There is a direct entrance/exit to the BMT platforms at one bank of turnstiles here. This area also provides access to a signal training school for New York City Transit employees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012027-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Eighth Avenue station, Station layout, Exits\nThere was a fourth set of entrances located at the intersection of Eighth Avenue and 17th Street which have since been closed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012027-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Eighth Avenue station, IND Eighth Avenue Line platforms\n14th Street is an express station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line that has four tracks and two island platforms. It is the southernmost Eighth Avenue Line station that is under Eighth Avenue itself. South of here, the line curves east to Sixth Avenue via Greenwich Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012027-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Eighth Avenue station, IND Eighth Avenue Line platforms\nDuring daytime hours, C and E trains stop on the outer, local tracks, while A trains stop on the center, express tracks. During late-night hours, all service is on the local tracks. Both outer track walls have a medium yellow-orange trim line with a terracotta brown border. It's set in a two-high course, a pattern usually reserved for local stations. \"14th\" is written in black on the white tiles below the trim line. Both platforms have yellow I-beam-columns running along the center of the platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012027-0011-0001", "contents": "14th Street/Eighth Avenue station, IND Eighth Avenue Line platforms\nThe original 1931 trim line was a three tiles high deep yellow-orange set without a border. There are many staircases and one elevator per platform leading up to the full-length mezzanine above, which has a trim line, name tablets, and columns that are held in the same style as the platform below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012027-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Eighth Avenue station, BMT Canarsie Line platform\nEighth Avenue is the western (railroad north) terminal of the BMT Canarsie Line that has two tracks and one island platform. The station is served by the L train at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012027-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Eighth Avenue station, BMT Canarsie Line platform\nEighth Avenue uses a single island platform with two tracks which are designated officially as Q1 and Q2. Originally, they were named QW1 and QW2 since Eighth Avenue was a western extension of the Canarsie Line, but the line has been re-chained as Q. Eighth Avenue is the zero-point of the Canarsie Line's chaining, that is, it is the starting point of all distances on the line. The tracks end at bumper blocks just past the west end of the platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012027-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Eighth Avenue station, BMT Canarsie Line platform\nThe station was originally decorated in a more IND style than the rest of the Canarsie Line, which was built by the BMT. The original tile band was a two-tone ultramarine blue with \"8th Av\" captions. However, a 1999 renovation subsequently removed the IND style and replaced it with the BMT quilt-like tile pattern that exists on all other subway stations on the BMT Canarsie Line. The current tile color scheme is white with red stripes and mosaics held in beige and tan, with a pattern of red, yellow, green and off-white in the center. To signify the station's location, there are small \"8\" decorations set in teal-green hexagons, as found in other stations on the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station\n14th Street/Sixth Avenue is an underground New York City Subway station complex in the Chelsea district of Manhattan on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, the BMT Canarsie Line and the IND Sixth Avenue Line. It is located on 14th Street between Sixth Avenue (Avenue of the Americas) and Seventh Avenue. It is served by the:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station\nA connection is available from this complex to the PATH station at 14th Street and Sixth Avenue. There is a direct passageway from this complex to the PATH station's southbound platform; transferring between this complex and the northbound PATH platform requires exiting onto street level first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, History, Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line\nThe Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19, 1913, were contracts for the construction and/or rehabilitation and operation of rapid transit lines in the City of New York. The contracts were \"dual\" in that they were signed between the City and two separate private companies (the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company), all working together to make the construction of the Dual Contracts possible. The Dual Contracts promised the construction of several lines in Brooklyn. As part of Contract 4, the IRT agreed to build a branch of the original subway line south down Seventh Avenue, Varick Street, and West Broadway to serve the West Side of Manhattan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, History, Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line\nThe construction of this line, in conjunction with the construction of the Lexington Avenue Line, would change the operations of the IRT system. Instead of having trains go via Broadway, turning onto 42nd Street, before finally turning onto Park Avenue, there would be two trunk lines connected by the 42nd Street Shuttle. The system would be changed from looking like a \"Z\" system on a map to an \"H\" system. One trunk would run via the new Lexington Avenue Line down Park Avenue, and the other trunk would run via the new Seventh Avenue Line up Broadway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0003-0001", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, History, Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line\nIn order for the line to continue down Varick Street and West Broadway, these streets needed to be widened, and two new streets were built, the Seventh Avenue Extension and the Varick Street Extension. It was predicted that the subway extension would lead to the growth of the Lower West Side, and to neighborhoods such as Chelsea and Greenwich Village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, History, Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line\n14th Street opened as the line was extended south to South Ferry from 34th Street\u2013Penn Station on July 1, 1918, and was served by a shuttle. The new \"H\" system was implemented on August 1, 1918, joining the two halves of the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line and sending all West Side trains south from Times Square. An immediate result of the switch was the need to transfer using the 42nd Street Shuttle. The completion of the \"H\" system doubled the capacity of the IRT system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, History, Canarsie Line\nSixth Avenue on the BMT Canarsie Line opened on June 30, 1924, as the terminal of the 14th Street\u2013Eastern Line, which ran from Sixth Avenue under the East River and through Williamsburg to Montrose and Bushwick Avenues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, History, Sixth Avenue Line\n14th Street is a local station on the IND Sixth Avenue Line that opened on December 15, 1940, along with the rest of the IND Sixth Avenue Line from West Fourth Street\u2013Washington Square to 47th\u201350th Streets\u2013Rockefeller Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, History, Consolidation as a station complex\nOn January 16, 1978, a free transfer passageway connecting the 14th Street station on the IRT Broadway-Seventh Avenue Line and the stations on the BMT Canarsie Line and the IND Sixth Avenue Line opened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 77], "content_span": [78, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, History, Consolidation as a station complex\nThe entire station complex except for the PATH station will receive elevators in 2020\u20132022. Originally, the improvements were scheduled for the Sixth Avenue and Canarsie Lines only. As of February 2021, funding had been committed to accessibility renovations at the 14th Street/Sixth Avenue station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 77], "content_span": [78, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line platforms\n14th Street is an express station on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, consisting of four tracks and two island platforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 76], "content_span": [77, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line platforms\nThe track walls on both sides of the platform have their original IRT mosaic trim line with \"14\" tablets on it at regular intervals. Both platforms have blue I-beam columns that run along both sides at regular intervals with alternating ones having the standard black station name plate in white lettering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 76], "content_span": [77, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line platforms, Exits\nThis station has three fare control areas. The full-time entrance is at the north end. A single staircase from each platform leads to a crossover that has a newsstand in the center, two now defunct restrooms above the southbound platforms and tracks (mosaic signs reading \"MEN\" and \"WOMEN\" remain intact), and two full height turnstiles above the northbound platform and tracks (one entry/exit and one exit-only) leading to a staircase that goes up to the southeast corner of 14th Street and Seventh Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 83], "content_span": [84, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0011-0001", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line platforms, Exits\nThere is also a passageway leading to the BMT Canarsie platforms on Sixth Avenue, which in turn allows a free transfer to the IND Sixth Avenue Line platforms. The full-time turnstile bank at the center of the crossover opposite the newsstand leads to a mezzanine containing a token booth, three staircases going up to the either northern corners as well as the southwest corner of 14th Street and Seventh Avenue. There is also a now-closed passageway with directional mosaics that leads to 14th Street/Eighth Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 83], "content_span": [84, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line platforms, Exits\nThe station has an exit-only area at the center. Two staircases from each platform go up to a crossover where on either side, a single exit-only turnstile and emergency gate leads to a staircase that goes up to either northern corners of 13th Street and Seventh Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 83], "content_span": [84, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line platforms, Exits\nThe station has an unstaffed fare control area at the south end. A single staircase from each platform leads to a crossover and a bank of turnstiles as well as one exit-only and one full-height turnstile. The mezzanine has a now-unused customer assistance booth and two staircases going up to both northern corners of 12th Street and Seventh Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 83], "content_span": [84, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, IND Sixth Avenue Line platforms\n14th Street is a local station on the IND Sixth Avenue Line, and has two side platforms to the inside of the tracks. Both platforms have a green trim line on a darker green border and name tablets reading \"14TH STREET\" in white sans serif lettering on a dark green background and a lighter green border. Beneath the trim line and name tablets are small directional and number signs in white numbering on a black background. Trains open their doors to the left in both directions, which is unusual for a side platformed station in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0014-0001", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, IND Sixth Avenue Line platforms\nMost side platforms in the system are to the outside of the tracks and thus trains open the doors to the right. The PATH tracks and platforms are located between the two Sixth Avenue Line platforms, on the other side of the platform walls, and are not visible from this station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, IND Sixth Avenue Line platforms\nThe Sixth Avenue express tracks are at a lower level beneath the PATH tracks and thus not visible from this station either. The deep-bore tunnel's round shape becomes square below this station and at 23rd Street, where provisions for lower level platforms were built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, IND Sixth Avenue Line platforms\nThere is a full length mezzanine over the platforms and tracks that is largely unused and dimly lit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, IND Sixth Avenue Line platforms, Exits\nThere are entrance/exits at both 14th Street and 16th Street, with fare controls at both ends. The 14th Street entrance is shared with the PATH station of the same name, which has a separate fare control. At both intersections, exits lead to all four corners. At the extreme south end of each platform, there is a single-wide stairway descending to the Canarsie Line platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, BMT Canarsie Line platform\nSixth Avenue on the BMT Canarsie Line has one island platform and two tracks and is approximately 40 feet (12\u00a0m) below street level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, BMT Canarsie Line platform\nBoth track walls have their original mosaic trim line consisting of earthy tones of olive green, brown, ochre and tan augmented by light green and Copenhagen blue. \"6\" tablets representing \"Sixth Avenue\" run along the trim line at regular intervals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, BMT Canarsie Line platform\nThe 1993 artwork here is called MTA Jewels by Jennifer Kotter. It consists of paintings of various subjects on the passageway leading to the IRT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, BMT Canarsie Line platform\nWest of the station, a center lay-up track begins at a bumper block and is only accessible from the Eighth Avenue terminal. This station was the terminal for the BMT Canarsie Line until the Eighth Avenue station opened in 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, BMT Canarsie Line platform, Exits\nThe station has seven staircases going up from the platform. The two westernmost ones go up to a passageway that leads to the full-time fare control area at the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line station. The next two go up to the extreme south ends of either platform of the IND Sixth Avenue Line station. The western staircase goes to the southbound platform, and the one directly east of it goes to the northbound platform", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, BMT Canarsie Line platform, Exits\nThe next two staircases go up to a mezzanine leading to fare control that has a powder blue and state blue trim line. A bank of three regular turnstiles and two high entry/exit turnstiles provide entrance/exit from the station and there is no token booth. Two staircases go up to either eastern corners of 14th Street and Sixth Avenue. Another unstaffed bank of turnstiles by the northeast staircase leads to the mezzanine above the Queens-bound platform of 14th Street on the IND.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0024-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, BMT Canarsie Line platform, Exits\nThe last staircase on the extreme east end of the platform leads to a storage area and ventilation room. Another staircase in this section has been removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012028-0025-0000", "contents": "14th Street/Sixth Avenue station, BMT Canarsie Line platform, In popular culture\nStarting roughly at the 27-minute mark in the 1977 film Joy, the title character, portrayed by Sharon Mitchell, enters the Sixth Avenue station, then boards a train car on which she seduces the only other passenger on the train.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 80], "content_span": [81, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station\n14th Street\u2013Union Square is a New York City Subway station complex shared by the BMT Broadway Line, the BMT Canarsie Line and the IRT Lexington Avenue Line. It is located at the intersection of Fourth Avenue and 14th Street, underneath Union Square in Manhattan. The complex sits on the border of several neighborhoods, including the East Village to the southeast, Greenwich Village to the south and southwest, Chelsea to the northwest, and both the Flatiron District and Gramercy Park to the north and northeast. The 14th Street\u2013Union Square station is served by the 4, 6, L, N, and Q trains at all times; the 5 and R trains at all times except late nights; the W train on weekdays; and \u27e86\u27e9 train weekdays in the peak direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station\nThe Lexington Avenue Line platforms were built for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as an express station on the city's first subway line, which was approved in 1900. The station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway. As part of the Dual Contracts, the Broadway Line platforms opened in 1917 and the Canarsie Line platform opened in 1924. Several modifications have been made to the stations over the years, and they were combined on July 1, 1948. The complex was renovated in the 1990s and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station\nThe Lexington Avenue Line station has two abandoned side platforms, two island platforms, and four tracks, while the parallel Broadway Line station has two island platforms and four tracks. The Canarsie Line station, crossing under both of the other stations, has one island platform and two tracks. Numerous elevators make most of the complex compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). The Lexington Avenue Line station, serving the 4, \u200b5, \u200b6, and <6> trains, is not ADA-accessible. In 2016, over 34 million passengers entered this station, making it the fourth-busiest station in the system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, History, First subway\nPlanning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature authorized the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0003-0001", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, History, First subway\nA plan was formally adopted in 1897, and all legal conflicts concerning the route alignment were resolved near the end of 1899. The Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, History, First subway\nThe 14th Street station was constructed as part of the route segment from Great Jones Street to 41st Street. Construction on this section of the line began on September 12, 1900. The section from Great Jones Street to a point 100 feet (30\u00a0m) north of 33rd Street was awarded to Holbrook, Cabot & Daly Contracting Company. The 14th Street station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway from City Hall to 145th Street on the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line. The opening of the 14th Street station turned Union Square into a major transportation hub. With the northward relocation of the city's theater district, Union Square became a major wholesaling district with several loft buildings, as well as numerous office buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, History, First subway\nInitially, the IRT station was served by local and express trains along both the West Side (now the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line to Van Cortlandt Park\u2013242nd Street) and East Side (now the Lenox Avenue Line). West Side local trains had their southern terminus at City Hall during rush hours and South Ferry at other times, and had their northern terminus at 242nd Street. East Side local trains ran from City Hall to Lenox Avenue (145th Street).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0005-0001", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, History, First subway\nExpress trains had their southern terminus at South Ferry or Atlantic Avenue and had their northern terminus at 242nd Street, Lenox Avenue (145th Street), or West Farms (180th Street). Express trains to 145th Street were later eliminated, and West Farms express trains and rush-hour Broadway express trains operated through to Brooklyn. In 1918, the Lexington Avenue Line opened north of Grand Central\u201342nd Street, thereby dividing the original line into an \"H\"-shaped system. All trains were sent via the Lexington Avenue Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, History, First subway\nTo address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts, made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $41.7 million in 2020) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $13,888,000 in 2020) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0006-0001", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, History, First subway\nAt the 14th Street station, the northbound island platform was extended 55 feet (17\u00a0m) north and 100 feet (30\u00a0m) south, while the southbound island platform was extended 128 feet (39\u00a0m) north, necessitating the replacement of some structural steel north of the intersection of Fourth Avenue and 13th Street. On January 23, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the Lenox Avenue Line, and the following day, ten-car express trains were inaugurated on the West Side Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, History, Dual Contracts\nAfter the original IRT opened, the city began planning new lines. The New York Public Service Commission adopted plans for what was known as the Broadway\u2013Lexington Avenue route (later the Broadway Line) on December 31, 1907. A proposed Tri-borough system was adopted in early 1908, incorporating the Broadway Line. Operation of the line was assigned to the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT, subsequently the Brooklyn\u2013Manhattan Transit Corporation or BMT) in the Dual Contracts, adopted on March 4, 1913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0007-0001", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, History, Dual Contracts\nBecause the Dual Contracts specified that the street surfaces needed to remain intact during the system's construction, a temporary web of timber supports was erected to support the streets overhead while the BMT platforms were being constructed. The Broadway Line platforms opened on September 4, 1917, as the northern terminus of the first section of the line between 14th Street and Canal Street. Initially, it only served local trains. On January 5, 1918, the Broadway Line was extended north to Times Square\u201342nd Street and south to Rector Street, and express service started on the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, History, Dual Contracts\nThe Dual Contracts also called for the construction of a subway under 14th Street, to run to Canarsie in Brooklyn; this became the BMT's Canarsie Line. Booth and Flinn was awarded the contract to construct the line on January 13, 1916. Clifford Milburn Holland served as the engineer-in-charge during the construction. The Canarsie Line station at Union Square opened on June 30, 1924, as part of the 14th Street\u2013Eastern Line, which ran from Sixth Avenue under the East River and through Williamsburg to Montrose and Bushwick Avenues. A passageway between the Broadway and Canarsie Line stations was completed in late 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, History, Later years\nThe transfer between the IRT and BMT was placed inside fare control on July 1, 1948. In the 1960s, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) started a project to lengthen station platforms on the Broadway Line to 615 feet (187\u00a0m) to accommodate 10-car trains. As part of the project, the Broadway Line platforms at Union Square, which were 535 feet (163\u00a0m) long, were extended 85 feet (26\u00a0m) to the north. The Broadway Line station was overhauled in the late 1970s. The MTA replaced the original wall tiles, old signs, and incandescent lighting with the 1970s wall tile band and tablet mosaics, signs and fluorescent lights. They also fixed staircases and platform edges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, History, Later years\nBy 1982, the entrances in the southern portion of Union Square were to be renovated as part of a refurbishment of Union Square Park. This work was performed over the latter half of that decade, with the entrances having been renovated by 1985. In the late 1980s, the 14th Street\u2013Union Square station was renovated as part of the construction of the Zeckendorf Towers immediately east of the Lexington Avenue Line platforms. The towers' developers agreed to build and maintain subway entrances within the Zeckendorf Towers as \"a public benefit\", and in exchange, were allowed to develop the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0010-0001", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, History, Later years\nThis was because of zoning rules that required many developers in Lower Manhattan, Midtown Manhattan, and Downtown Brooklyn to relocate and maintain subway entrances that were formerly on the street. The New York City Department of City Planning prepared zoning guidelines for the Union Square area, which would allow a greater maximum floor area ratio in exchange for subway improvements, particularly benefiting the Zeckendorf project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, History, Later years\nOn August 28, 1991, an accident just north of the IRT station killed five riders and injured 215 others in one of the deadliest accidents in New York City Subway history. The operator of a southbound 4 train was to be shifted to the local track due to repair work on the express one. He was running at 40\u00a0mph (64\u00a0km/h) in a 10\u00a0mph (16\u00a0km/h) zone and took the switch so fast that only the first car made it through the crossover, and the rest of the train was derailed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0011-0001", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, History, Later years\nFive cars were damaged heavily, being scrapped on site, and the track infrastructure suffered heavy structural damage as a result. The entire infrastructure, including signals, switches, track, roadbed, cabling, and 23 support columns needed to be replaced. The derailment occurred at the entry to a former pocket track on the Lexington Avenue Line station, which was removed when the damage from the 1991 wreck was repaired,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, History, Later years\nIn the 1990s, the station underwent a major renovation. On July 9, 1993, the contract for the project's design was awarded for $2,993,948. As part of the contract, the consultant investigated whether it was feasible to reconfigure the IRT passageway, to reframe the exit structure on the Lexington Avenue platforms to accommodate the relocation and widening of stairs, the construction of a new fan room, the removal of stairs on the Broadway Line platforms, the reframing of the existing structure, and the construction of a new staircase between the intermediate and IRT mezzanines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0012-0001", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, History, Later years\nThese were all deemed feasible, and in May 1994, a supplemental agreement worth $984,998 was reached to allow the consultant to prepare the design for this work. Plans were prepared by Lee Harris Pomeroy. The project was to cost $38.5 million and start in December 1994, with a new entrance pavilion on the southeast corner of Union Square Park, containing an elevator entrance. The same year, a New York City Transit Police station opened in the Broadway Line mezzanine. A construction contract was ultimately signed in March 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0012-0002", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, History, Later years\nThe work involved creating a pocket park in a traffic island at the southeast corner of Union Square, a project that was completed in 2000. In addition, power infrastructure had to be upgraded to allow the construction of MetroCard vending machine equipment. In 2002, the Broadway Line station was upgraded for ADA-accessibility and its original late 1910s tiling was restored. As part of the upgrade, the MTA repaired the staircases, re-tiled for the walls and floors, upgraded the station's lights and the public address system, installed yellow safety treads along the platform edge, new signs, and new trackbeds in both directions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, History, Later years\nAs part of the 2015\u20132019 MTA Capital Program and the L Project, several modifications were implemented on the platform to improve circulation and to reduce crowding. The stairs from the Broadway Line platforms were rebuilt in March 2019; the stair from the downtown Broadway Line platform was reconfigured entirely. Additionally, a new escalator was installed from the east mezzanine to the platform; it cost around $15 million and opened on September 10, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, Station layout\nThe IRT Lexington Avenue Line and BMT Broadway Line stations run roughly parallel to each other in a north-south direction. The Lexington Avenue Line platforms run under Fourth Avenue and Union Square East, while the Broadway Line platforms to the west run under Broadway, cutting directly under Union Square Park. The BMT Canarsie Line station runs west-east under both of the other stations, along 14th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, Station layout\nA 480-foot-long (150\u00a0m) mezzanine stretches above the BMT Broadway Line platforms, ramping down to a control area at its south end, where there are stairs down to the Broadway Line platforms and transfers to the other platforms. Along the mezzanine and adjacent passageways, the tops of the walls contain friezes made of raised geometric patterns on the rectangular tiles. White-on-green tiles with the number \"14\" are placed at the tops of the walls at regular intervals, while white-on-green \"Union Square\" tablets are installed below the friezes. Rectangular red metal frames also surround sections of the original wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0015-0001", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, Station layout\nThe mezzanine is relatively shallow, and because it was built with insufficient clearance, Union Square Park was raised by 4 feet (1.2\u00a0m) to accommodate the station. Imprinted on the walls are over 3,000 stickers with the names of victims of the September 11 attacks, which were put up by artist John Lin and sixteen friends on September 10, 2002. The stickers were not sanctioned by the subway system's operator, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, and have deteriorated since they were placed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, Station layout\nDirectly east of the control area at the south end of the BMT Broadway Line mezzanine, a 20-foot-wide (6\u00a0m) corridor slopes down to the IRT mezzanine. The IRT mezzanine contains two overpasses, connecting the station complex with exits on the east side of both Fourth Avenue and Union Square East. Galleries extend from the overpasses above the platforms, with stairs leading downward from the galleries to each island platform. A corridor runs above the western side of the IRT station, connecting the two overpasses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0016-0001", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, Station layout\nThis corridor contains restored cross-segments of the original station wall, including faience cornices, mosaic tile borders, and plaques of eagles. These are part of a larger, station-wide art installation entitled Framing Union Square, by Mary Miss. Original faience plaques with the number \"14\" are in the southern end of the mezzanine, near one of the entrances. Other decorations, such as a pale blue frieze, date from later renovations. The area near the Zeckendorf Towers contains storefronts, as well as steel and glass enclosures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, Station layout\nAnother staircase extends from the IRT mezzanine to a small mezzanine above the Canarsie Line platform. Another mezzanine on the western side of the station serves the Canarsie Line platform directly. There were several connecting passageways between the western Canarsie Line mezzanine and the larger concourse area above the Broadway Line. However, these passageways have been sealed off. The passageways to the Canarsie Line platform contain cruciform borders similar to those in the other passageways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, Station layout, Exits\nThe station contains numerous entrances and exits. Near the southeast end of the station, there is one stair, escalator bank, and elevator in the Zeckendorf Towers at the northeast corner of 4th Avenue and 14th Street; this is the ADA-accessible entrance to the station. There are two stairs to each of the southwest and southeast corners of the same intersection. All of these lead directly to the Lexington Avenue Line mezzanine. One block to the west, there are two staircases on the south side of 14th Street between Broadway and University Place, which lead to the western Canarsie Line mezzanine. A closed exit extended to the west side of Broadway between 13th and 14th Streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, Station layout, Exits\nThe central portion of the station contains another exit from the Lexington Avenue Line mezzanine to the Zeckendorf Towers, which leads to the southeast corner of Union Square East and 15th Street. There are also two stairs inside Union Square Park between 14th and 15th Streets. One is closer to Union Square West between these two streets, opposite the equestrian statue of George Washington, while the other is closer to Union Square East and 15th Street. These entrances more directly serve the Broadway Line platforms. The Union Square Park entrances contain large polygonal metal-and-glass canopies, which date from a 1985 renovation of the park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, Station layout, Exits\nAt the northern end of the station, two stairs rise to Union Square Park on the east side of Union Square West at 16th Street. These lead most directly to the Broadway Line platforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, IRT Lexington Avenue Line platforms\n14th Street\u2013Union Square is an express station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line. The 4 and 6 trains stop here at all times; the 5 train stops here at all times except late nights; and the \u27e86\u27e9 train stops here during weekdays in the peak direction. The station has four tracks and two island platforms. The uptown and downtown platforms are offset from each other, having been extended at their rear ends, and are slightly curved. Platform gap fillers, on the downtown side, use proximity sensors to detect when trains arrive, automatically extending when a train has stopped in the station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 69], "content_span": [70, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, IRT Lexington Avenue Line platforms\nThe island platforms allow for cross-platform interchanges between local and express trains heading in the same direction. Local trains use the outer tracks while express trains use the inner tracks. The island platforms were originally 350 feet (110\u00a0m) long, as at other express stations on the original IRT, but later became 525 feet (160\u00a0m) long. The platforms are 30 feet (9.1\u00a0m) wide at their widest point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 69], "content_span": [70, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, IRT Lexington Avenue Line platforms\nThe station has two abandoned local side platforms; the northbound platform is visible through windows, bordered with wide, bright red frames. A combination of island and side platforms was also used at Brooklyn Bridge\u2013City Hall on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and 96th Street on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line. These side platforms were built to accommodate extra passenger volume and were built to the five-car length of the original IRT local trains. When trains were lengthened, the side platforms were deemed obsolete, and they were closed and walled off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 69], "content_span": [70, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0024-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, IRT Lexington Avenue Line platforms, Design\nAs with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method. The tunnel is covered by a \"U\"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than 4 inches (100\u00a0mm) thick. Each platform consists of 3-inch-thick (7.6\u00a0cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The platforms contain I-beam columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m). Additional columns between the tracks, spaced every 5 feet (1.5\u00a0m), support the jack-arched concrete station roofs. There is a 1-inch (25\u00a0mm) gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4-inch (100\u00a0mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 77], "content_span": [78, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0025-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, IRT Lexington Avenue Line platforms, Design\nThe walls near the tracks do not have any identifying motifs with the station's name, as all station identification signs are on the platforms. The trackside walls contain vertical white glass tiles. The original decorative scheme for the side platforms consisted of blue tile station-name tablets, blue and buff tile bands, a yellow faience cornice, and blue faience plaques. The mosaic tiles at all original IRT stations were manufactured by the American Encaustic Tile Company, which subcontracted the installations at each station. The decorative work was performed by faience contractor Grueby Faience Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 77], "content_span": [78, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0026-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, IRT Lexington Avenue Line platforms, Track layout\nSimilar to 72nd Street on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, this station was built with extra tracks on the approach to the station. These were between the local and express tracks and were approximately 300 feet (91\u00a0m) long. The idea was to have a \"stacking\" track where a train could be held momentarily until the platform cleared for it to enter the station. The tracks here and at 72nd Street were rendered useless when train lengths grew beyond these tracks' capacity. The northern track was removed as a result of the 1991 derailment. A similar track still exists between the northbound tracks south of the 14th Street\u2013Union Square station's northbound platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 83], "content_span": [84, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0027-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, BMT Broadway Line platforms\n14th Street\u2013Union Square is an express station on the BMT Broadway Line that has four tracks and two island platforms. The N and Q trains stop here at all times. The R stops here at all times except late nights, while the W stops here during weekdays. The island platforms were originally 530 feet (160\u00a0m) long, but as a result of an extension in the early 1970s, became 615 feet (187\u00a0m) long. The platforms are 30 feet (9.1\u00a0m) below the street. At the southern end of each platform, three stairs and an elevator lead to the mezzanine, and one stair leads to the Canarsie Line platforms. At the northern end of each platform, two stairs lead to the mezzanine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0028-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, BMT Broadway Line platforms\nThe tunnel is covered by a \"U\"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a concrete foundation no less than 4 inches (100\u00a0mm) thick. Each platform consists of 3-inch-thick (7.6\u00a0cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The platforms contain I-beam columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m). Additional columns between the tracks, spaced every 5 feet (1.5\u00a0m), support the jack-arched concrete station roofs. The trackside walls also contain exposed I-beam columns, dividing the trackside walls into 5-foot-wide panels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0029-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, BMT Broadway Line platforms\nThe panels on the trackside walls consist of white square ceramic tiles. A frieze with multicolored geometric patterns runs atop the trackside walls, with a square mosaic tile placed inside the frieze at intervals of three panels. A band of narrow green tiles runs along the left and right edges of each white-tiled panel, as well as below the frieze and mosaic tiles. The mosaic tiles, by Jay Van Everen, are part of a work entitled \"The junction of Broadway and Bowery Road, 1828\", a reference to the two streets that intersected at Union Square. In 2005, an artwork called City Glow by Chiho Aoshima was installed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0030-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, BMT Canarsie Line platform\nUnion Square (announced as 14th Street-Union Square on rolling stock) on the BMT Canarsie Line has two tracks and one island platform. The L train stops here at all times. Various stairs and an elevator go up from the platform to the mezzanine. There are also two stairs leading directly to each of the Broadway Line platforms. An escalator leads directly from the Canarsie Line platform to the IRT mezzanine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0031-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, BMT Canarsie Line platform\nThe tunnel is covered by a \"U\"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a concrete foundation no less than 4 inches (100\u00a0mm) thick. The platform consists of 3-inch-thick (7.6\u00a0cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The platform contains I-beam columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m). The trackside walls also contain exposed I-beam columns, dividing the trackside walls into 5-foot-wide panels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012029-0032-0000", "contents": "14th Street\u2013Union Square station, BMT Canarsie Line platform\nThe panels on the trackside walls consist of white square ceramic tiles. A band of narrow green tiles runs along the left, right, and top edges of each white-tiled panel. A frieze with multicolored geometric patterns runs atop the trackside walls, with a hexagonal mosaic tile with the letter \"U\" placed inside the frieze at intervals of three panels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012030-0000-0000", "contents": "14th TCA Awards\nThe 14th TCA Awards were presented by the Television Critics Association in a ceremony hosted by Ray Romano held on July 18, 1998, at the Ritz-Carlton Huntington Hotel and Spa in Pasadena, Calif.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012031-0000-0000", "contents": "14th TVyNovelas Awards\nThe 14th TVyNovelas Awards, is an Academy of special awards to the best of soap operas and TV shows. The awards ceremony took place on May 7, 1996 in the M\u00e9xico D.F.. The ceremony was televised in the Mexico by Canal de las estrellas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012031-0001-0000", "contents": "14th TVyNovelas Awards\nErika Buenfil and Eduardo Santamarina hosted the show. Lazos de Amor won awards including Best Telenovela of the Year, the most for the evening. Other winners La Due\u00f1a and Mar\u00eda la del Barrio won 4 awards, Alondra and El premio mayor won 3 awards, Si Dios me quita la vida won 2 awards and Acapulco, cuerpo y alma and Bajo un mismo rostro won one each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012032-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Tamil Nadu Assembly\nThe Fourteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu was constituted after the victory of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) and allies, in the 2011 state assembly election. J. Jayalalitha became the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu due to the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012033-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Tennessee Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th Tennessee Infantry Regiment was a unit of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It was one of the few western regiments that fought as part of the Army of Northern Virginia in the east; participating in most major battles conducted by Robert E. Lee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012033-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Service history\nThe 14th Tennessee was organized and drilled at Camp Duncan near Clarksville in May 1861 by Col. William A. Forbes, Almost immediately it received orders transferring it to the Virginia theatre where the regiment would remain for the duration of the war and served with distinction in the Army of Northern Virginia, until its final capitulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012033-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Service history\nThe regiment served in James J. Archer's famed \"Tennessee Brigade\" assigned to A.P. Hill's Light Division. Hill's men earned a hard won reputation for making critical counterattacks preserving Confederate victories at Cedar Mountain, Second Manassas and Sharpsburg. At Manassas Col. Forbes was mortally wounded and succeeded by William McComb; who'd become a Brigadier General in 1865. The 14th had fought at Seven Pines, Mechanicsville, Shepherdstown, Ox Hill, Harper's Ferry, Frazier's Farm, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. At the later the brigade seized the critical high ground of Hazel Grove, forcing the Union right wing to fold back upon its center and allowing Lee to reunite his divided forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012033-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Service history\nGettysburg nearly destroyed both the 14th Tennessee and Archer's brigade. On the first day of battle, along Willoughby Run, the famous Union Iron Brigade turned Archer's unsupported flank. His command retreated in wild confusion. The 14th, commanded by Lt. Col. James W. Lockert, had just devastated the 2nd Wisconsin with volley fire at close range when it discovered itself alone and exposed on the right and rear. Using the protection of Herbst Woods, the 14th retired in good order. After a day's rest, Lee assigned the remnants of the brigade to Brig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012033-0003-0001", "contents": "14th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Service history\nGen. Johnston Pettigrew to join Pickett's Virginia division in an attack upon the Union center. What remained of Archer's Brigade now formed the hinge joining Pettigrew's and Pickett's men. Together, they formed a battle array of more than 10,000 troops, stretching almost a mile wide. The men from Tennessee aligned on Pickett's left and went in at The Angle alongside the shattered Virginians. Long before any one reached the wall Union fire slaughtered men in droves. An eyewitness, reporting on Archer's men, wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012033-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Service history\n\"Every flag in the brigade excepting one was captured at or within the works of the enemy. The 1st Tennessee had 3 color-bearers shot down, the last of whom was at the works, and the flag captured. The 13th Alabama lost 3 in the same way, the last of whom was shot down at the works. The 14th Tennessee had 4 shot down, the last of whom was at the enemy's works. The 7th Tennessee lost 3 color-bearers, the last of whom was at the enemy's works, and the flag was only saved by Captain Norris tearing it away from the staff and bringing it out beneath his coat. The 5th Alabama Battalion also lost their flag at the enemy s works.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012033-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Service history\nThe 14th Tennessee Infantry was among the first units at the Union line and had many of its men captured. Losing over 58 percent of the men who entered the battle; barely 100 men reformed the regiment on the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012033-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Service history\nDespite its losses, the 14th Tennessee and the rest of the brigade continued to serve in Heth's division of the III Corps. The regiment added additional honors to their record for service at Falling Waters, Bristoe Station, Mine Run, the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Globe Tavern, Weldon Railroad, Reame's Station, Burgess' Tavern and Hatcher's Run. It surrendered with the rest of the army at Appomattox on April 9, 1865. Of a total of almost 1,000 officers and men who served in the 14th Tennessee, only 40 remained for the surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012034-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Test Squadron\nThe 14th Test Squadron is a United States Air Force unit located at Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado. It is an Air Force Reserve unit that augments the 17th Test Squadron. The squadron is responsible for testing and evaluating space systems and associated support equipment. The unit was originally established in 1972 as the 14th Missile Warning Squadron. The missile warning squadron was an active duty unit that operated early warning radars at eight locations around the United States until it was inactivated in 1980. The squadron was reactivated and given its current space test mission in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012034-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Test Squadron, Mission, Cold War\nThe 14th Missile Warning Squadron was constituted on 17 April 1972 and activated on 8 July 1972. The unit was assigned to the Fourteenth Aerospace Force. Its primary mission was detecting and tracking intercontinental ballistic missiles and sea-launched ballistic missiles. The squadron was also responsible for tracking satellites that passed over the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012034-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Test Squadron, Mission, Cold War\nThe squadron operated radars at eight geographically separated locations around the United States. The radar sites began operating in the mid-1960s under other command elements, but were brought together into one squadron when the 14th Missile Warning Squadron was established in 1972. Seven of the sited operated the AN/FSS-7 missile warning radar (also known as a Fuzzy-7 radar), a modified version of the AN/FPS-26 height-finder radar. One radar site (Moorestown) operated a prototype AN/FPS-49 missile-warning radar. The 14th Missile Warning Squadron was inactivated in 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012034-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Test Squadron, Mission, Today\nThe mission of the 14th Test Squadron is to enhance warfighting capabilities of Air Force Space Command by testing and evaluating space assets. To accomplish this, unit personnel provide long-term continuity and technical expertise to active duty test managers conducting operational tests on new space systems. The squadron also supports specific test operations at Cheyenne Mountain Complex and information assurance testing throughout Air Force Space Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012034-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Test Squadron, Organization, Cold War\nThe 14th Missile Warning Squadron was assigned to the 14th Aerospace Force from 8 July 1972 to 30 September 1976. It was then assigned to Aerospace Defense Command from 1 October 1976 to 30 November 1979. Finally, it was assigned to 42d Air Division of Strategic Air Command from 1 December 1979 until the unit was inactivated on 1 October 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012034-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Test Squadron, Organization, Cold War\nThe squadron was originally stationed at Laredo Air Force Base, Texas. It was located there from 8 July 1972 until the base closed 1 January 1974. In 1975, the squadron moved to MacDill Air Force Base, Florida. The squadron was located at MacDill from 30 June 1975 until the unit was inactivated in 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012034-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Test Squadron, Organization, Cold War\nThe 14th Missile Warning Squadron's eight detachments were located along the east and west coasts of the United States. The warning radars were at:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012034-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Test Squadron, Organization, Today\nThe 14th Test Squadron is an Air Force Reserve squadron. Its personnel augment the 17th Test Squadron, its active duty counterpart unit. The two units cooperate on many test and evaluation efforts, providing senior Air Force leaders with an independent assessment of new space systems. Since the acquisition process for space systems can take several years, reservists from the 14th Test Squadron provide program continuity. Reservists also bring unique expertise and extensive experience to complex test and evaluation programs they support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012034-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Test Squadron, Organization, Today\nThe squadron has three flights that provide operational test and evaluation support to Air Force Space Command and major commands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012034-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Test Squadron, Redesignation\nOn 1 October 2000, the Air Force reactivated the unit as the 14th Test Squadron. The mission of the 14th Test Squadron is to test and evaluate of space assets for Air Force Space Command. To accomplish this, unit personnel provide long-term continuity and technical expertise to active duty test managers conducting operational tests on new space systems. The squadron also supports specific test operations at Cheyenne Mountain Complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012034-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Test Squadron, Redesignation\nThe 14th Test Squadron is an Air Force Reserve squadron. The unit supports its active duty counterpart, the 17th Test Squadron. The two units cooperate on many test efforts, providing senior Air Force leaders with an independent assessment of new space systems. Since the acquisition process for space systems can take several years, reservists from the 14th Test Squadron provide continuity to long-term test and evaluation programs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012034-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Test Squadron, Redesignation\nThe 14th Test Squadron is located at Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado. The squadron is assigned to the 310th Operations Group. The squadron has three flights. The Weapons and Surveillance Flight is located at Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station, Colorado. Its personnel test the Integrated Tactical Warning and Attack Assessment System, which provides real-time threat information to the National Command Authority. The Information Assurance Flight is located at Schriever Air Force Base. The flight conducts information assurance assessments of space systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012034-0011-0001", "contents": "14th Test Squadron, Redesignation\nIts personnel use their expertise in networking, operating systems, databases, and information assurance controls to identify space system vulnerabilities for Air Force Space Command. The Evaluation and Assessment Flight is also located at Schriever Air Force Base. It supports rapid delivery of new space systems. The flight uses non-traditional management techniques to help expedite the delivery of space assets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012034-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Test Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012035-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Texas Cavalry Regiment\nThe 14th Texas Cavalry Regiment was a unit of mounted volunteers in the Confederate States Army that fought during the American Civil War. The regiment mustered as cavalry in the fall of 1861 but the soldiers were dismounted in March 1862 and served as infantry for the rest of the war. The regiment fought at the Siege of Corinth, and at Richmond, Ky., Stones River, and Chickamauga in 1862\u20131863. The unit fought in the Meridian and Atlanta campaigns and at Nashville in 1864, and at Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeley in 1865. The remaining 100 members of the regiment were paroled by Federal forces on 9 May 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012036-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Tony Awards\nThe 14th Annual Tony Awards took place at the Astor Hotel Grand Ballroom on April 24, 1960, and was broadcast on local television station WCBS-TV in New York City. The Master of Ceremonies was Eddie Albert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012036-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Tony Awards, Ceremony\nPresenters: Jean Pierre Aumont, Lauren Bacall, Ray Bolger, Peggy Cass, Jo Van Fleet, Helen Hayes, Celeste Holm, Edward Albert Kenny, Sally Koriyo, Carol Lawrence, Vivien Leigh, Darren McGavin, Helen Menken, Robert Morse, Elliott Nugent, Laurie Peters, Christopher Plummer, Jason Robards. Music was by Meyer Davis and his Orchestra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012036-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Tony Awards, Ceremony\nThe ceremony was attended by 1,200 at the Astor Hotel. Michael Kidd received his fifth Tony Award for choreography, Mary Martin won her third award as actress in a musical, and two musicals tied as best musical \u2014 Fiorello! and The Sound of Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012036-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Tony Awards, Ceremony\nFor the first time, several award categories (director, scenic designer) had separate awards for plays and musicals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012037-0000-0000", "contents": "14th U-boat Flotilla\nThe 14th U-boat Flotilla (German 14. Unterseebootsflottille) was a short-lived unit of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012037-0001-0000", "contents": "14th U-boat Flotilla\nThe flotilla was formed on 15 December 1944 in Narvik, Norway, under the command of Kapit\u00e4nleutnant Helmut M\u00f6hlmann. It was disbanded in May 1945 when Germany surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012037-0002-0000", "contents": "14th U-boat Flotilla, Assigned U-boats\nEight U-boats were assigned to this flotilla during its service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012038-0000-0000", "contents": "14th United States Colored Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th United States Colored Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was composed of African American enlisted men commanded by white officers and was authorized by the Bureau of Colored Troops which was created by the United States War Department on May 22, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012038-0001-0000", "contents": "14th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 14th U.S. Colored Infantry was organized at Camp Stanton in Gallatin, Tennessee beginning November 16, 1863 and mustered in for three-year service under the command of Colonel Thomas Jefferson Morgan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012038-0002-0000", "contents": "14th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Post of Gallatin, Tennessee, to January 1864. Post of Chattanooga, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to November 1864. Unattached, District of the Etowah, Department of the Cumberland, to December 1864. 1st Colored Brigade, District of the Etowah, to May 1865. District of East Tennessee, to August 1865. Department of the Tennessee and Department of Georgia until March 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012038-0003-0000", "contents": "14th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 14th U.S. Colored Infantry mustered out of service March 26, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012038-0004-0000", "contents": "14th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nGarrison duty at Chattanooga, Tenn., until November 1864. March to relief of Dalton, Ga., August 14. Action at Dalton August 14\u201315. Siege of Decatur, Ala., October 27\u201330. Battle of Nashville, Tenn., December 15\u201316. Overton's Hill December 16. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. Duty at Chattanooga and in the District of East Tennessee until July 1865. At Greenville and in the Department of the Tennessee until March 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012039-0000-0000", "contents": "14th United States Congress\nThe 14th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in the Old Brick Capitol in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1815, to March 4, 1817, during the seventh and eighth years of James Madison's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Third Census of the United States in 1810. Both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012039-0001-0000", "contents": "14th United States Congress, Party summary\nThe count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the \"Changes in membership\" section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012039-0002-0000", "contents": "14th United States Congress, Party summary, Senate\nDuring this congress, two Senate seats were added for the new state of Indiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012039-0003-0000", "contents": "14th United States Congress, Party summary, House of Representatives\nDuring this congress, one House seat was added for the new state of Indiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012039-0004-0000", "contents": "14th United States Congress, Members\nThis list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class and representatives are listed by district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012039-0005-0000", "contents": "14th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nSenators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1820; Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1816; and Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 1818.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012039-0006-0000", "contents": "14th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Maryland\nThe 5th district was a plural district with two representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012039-0007-0000", "contents": "14th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, New York\nThere were six plural districts, the 1st, 2nd, 12th, 15th, 20th & 21st, each had two representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012039-0008-0000", "contents": "14th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Pennsylvania\nThere were six plural districts, the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th & 10th had two representatives each, the 1st had four representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012039-0009-0000", "contents": "14th United States Congress, Changes in membership\nThe count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012040-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Vanier Cup\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by KingSkyLord (talk | contribs) at 20:48, 22 April 2020 (\u2192\u200eExternal links). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012040-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Vanier Cup\nThe 14th Vanier Cup was played on November 18, 1978, at Varsity Stadium in Toronto, Ontario, and decided the CIAU football champion for the 1978 season. The Queen's Golden Gaels won their second championship by defeating the UBC Thunderbirds by a score of 16-3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012041-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Venice International Film Festival\nThe 14th annual Venice International Film Festival was held from 20 August to 4 September 1953. The Golden Lion of Saint Mark was not awarded this year. The jury, having examined the films in competition and noting the considerable average high level of the motion pictures presented, found that no work prevailed in terms of absolute value. In accordance with article 20 of the 1953 regulation, the jury requested the president of the festival the authorization not to award the Grand Prix, which was finally granted. Instead, the jury decided to award the Silver Lion to six films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012042-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Vermont Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th Vermont Infantry Regiment was a nine months' infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in the eastern theater, predominantly in the Defenses of Washington, from October 1862 to August 1863. It was a member of the 2nd Vermont Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012042-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 14th Vermont Infantry, a nine months regiment, raised as a result of President Lincoln's call on August 4, 1862, for additional troops due to the disastrous results of the Peninsula Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012042-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nIt was composed of volunteers from Addison, Rutland and Bennington Counties, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012042-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment's commander, Colonel William T. Nichols, of Rutland, had served with the 1st Vermont Infantry. Lieutenant Colonel Charles W. Rose, of Middlebury, had also served in the 1st regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012042-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 14th regiment went into camp at Brattleboro on October 6, 1862, and was mustered into United States service on October 21. It left Vermont on October 22, and arrived in Washington, D.C. on October 25; the next day it joined the 12th Vermont Infantry and some Maine regiments in Camp Chase, in Arlington, Virginia, then returned to camp on East Capital Hill, and on October 30 became part of the 2nd Vermont Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012042-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment marched to Munson's Hill on October 30, and Hunting Creek on November 5, where it stayed until November 26. It performed picket duty at Occoquan Creek from November 26, to December 5, when it moved to \"Camp Vermont\" until December 12. It engaged in further picket duty near Fairfax Courthouse until January 20, 1863, subsequently moving to Fairfax Station until March 24. From March 24 to June 25, it was at Wolf Run Shoals, Union Mills, and on the Occoquan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012042-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nOn June 25, the brigade was assigned as the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, I Corps, and ordered to form the rear guard of the Army of the Potomac as it marched north after Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. The 14th marched with the brigade from Wolf Run Shoals on June 25, crossed the Potomac river on June 27, at Edward's Ferry, and moved north through Frederick City and Creagerstown, Maryland. On the morning of July 1, it left Westminster, Maryland, arrived on the battlefield at Gettysburg after dark on the first day of the battle, and camped in a wheat field to the left of Cemetery Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012042-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg\nOn the afternoon of July 2, the 14th double-quicked to the rescue of a Union battery that was threatened by an attack by Confederate General A. P. Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012042-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg\nThe 13th, 14th and 16th Vermont regiments played a pivotal role in the Union repulse of Pickett's Charge on the afternoon of July 3. The 13th and 16th regiments flanked James L. Kemper's brigade as it approached the copse of trees on Cemetery Ridge, then the 16th wheeled about, and joined by the 14th, stopped the advance of Cadmus M. Wilcox's brigade, capturing hundreds of Virginians. Lieutenant George Benedict, an aide to Brigadier General George J. Stannard, related General Abner Doubleday's reaction, saying he \"waved his hat and shouted: 'Glory to God, glory to God! See the Vermonters go it!'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012042-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg\nAfter the battle, the 14th regiment participated in the pursuit of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia across the Catoctin mountains to Middletown, Maryland, then back over South Mountain, through Boonesboro, to Williamsport by July 14. The regiment marched to Harper's Ferry, across South Mountain again, and camped near Petersville, near Berlin. On July 18, the regiment was released, took a train from Berlin to Baltimore. It reached New York City on July 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012042-0009-0001", "contents": "14th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg\nGeneral Edward Canby, who commanded a small number of troops trying to contain the Draft riots that had been raging for four days, asked Colonel Nicholson to hold his regiment in the city for a few days. Colonel Nichols gathered his regiment and made an impassioned plea for them to remain, but the men demurred. The regiment continued its trip home, arrived in Brattleboro on July 21, and mustered out on July 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012042-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg\nLike the other regiments in the 2nd Vermont Brigade, dozens of newly discharged members from the 14th regiment enlisted again, predominantly in the regiments of the 1st Vermont Brigade, and the 17th Vermont Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012043-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Vietnam Film Festival\nThe 14th Vietnam Film Festival was held from November 4 to November 11, 2004 in Bu\u00f4n Ma Thu\u1ed9t City, \u0110\u1eafk L\u1eafk Province, Vietnam, with the slogan: \"For an advanced Vietnam cinema imbued with national identity\" (Vietnamese: \"V\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012043-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nThis is the first film festival held in the Central Highlands, the first time a non-state cinema unit has submitted works, marking a new turning point in the implementation of the country's policy of socializing cinema. It was also announced that: \"For the first time there will be the Technique Award and the Most Popular Film award. These are calculated for each genre, to encourage cinematographers to develop their talents.\" But later in the award ceremony, the most popular film award was cancelled. \"Because the number of votes for the \"most popular\" films is too scattered, no film can reach more than half of the total votes, so it cannot be awarded,\" said Mrs. Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb H\u1ed3ng Ng\u00e1t, Deputy Director of the Cinema Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012043-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation\nA total of 101 films entered the festival: 22 feature films, 15 direct-to-video feature films, 46 documentaries/science films (16 feature films & 30 direct-to-video films) and 18 animated films. 4 Golden Lotuses was awarded to the feature film \"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 m\u1ed9ng du\", the direct-to-video film \"M\u00f9a sen\", the documentary film \"Thang \u0111\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0n\" and the animated film \"Chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f4i gi\u00e0y\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012043-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation\nA surprise was the Silver Lotus award given to the private film \"Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4 g\u00e1i ch\u00e2n d\u00e0i\". This is the first time a private film has entered the Film Festival. It is suggested that this is just an encouragement. However, according to the criteria of this film festival, this is an example of a cinema that is gradually reaching the audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012043-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities\nThe film screening program and exchanges with the film crew before the screenings will take place from November 4th to 7th at H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o Cinema, Kim \u0110\u1ed3ng Cinema and Provincial Party Hall of \u0110\u1eafk L\u1eafk Province in the morning (8:00), afternoon (14:00) and evening (19:00).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012043-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities\nThe conference within the framework of this film festival also has a big difference. Previously, the seminars focused only on the professional, the situation of film production (\"input\" of the films). This time, only one seminar was held, which is \"Solutions to attract movie audiences\" (Vietnamese: \"Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thu h\u00fat kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh\"). This shows the beginning of interest in the \"output\" of the movies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012043-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Inadequacy\nThe cancellation of the \"public favorite\" award without notice, the addition of a Silver Lotus award to \"Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4 g\u00e1i ch\u00e2n d\u00e0i\" while excluding or honoring films of high artistic quality that represent Judging criteria are quite arbitrary. It caused a reaction among artists and in public opinion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012043-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Inadequacy\nThe announcement that the awards were decided by the Steering Committee of the Film Festival on the basis of the proposal of the jury caused many questions and doubts. It is not known who the Steering Committee consists of, what is the level of artistic appraisal, whether you have seen the film, whether there is a collective decision? It is known that before the award ceremony, there were members of the Steering Committee who did not know anything about the award results because they were not discussed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012043-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Inadequacy\nThe festival also suffered from many technical errors in the organization. At the opening ceremony of the artists, the delegates were pushed up and down, running in and out to serve the director's script. The tiny logo made of white paper pasted on the font looks very sketchy. After the award ceremony, artists and journalists flocked to Th\u1eafng L\u1ee3i Hotel to attend a reception. The invitations began at 9:30 p.m., but they had to wait almost an hour without eating because the host was still outside the stage for the music show without an apology when the reception was delayed. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012044-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe 14th Virginia Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012044-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nVirginia's 14th Cavalry Regiment was organized in September, 1862, with nine companies, some of which had previously served in Jackson's Squadron Virginia Cavalry. The tenth company was made up of surplus men of the other companies. The men were recruited primarily from the counties of Greenbrier, Nicholas, Calhoun, Boone, Braxton, Roane, Jackson, Wirt, and Wood in what would become West Virginia, and the Virginia counties of Charlotte, Roanoke, Montgomery, Augusta, Rockbridge and Highland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012044-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe unit was attached to Jenkins', Echols', and McCausland's Brigade. It skirmished in western Virginia, then saw action at Droop Mountain and Lewisburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012044-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nDuring January 1864, it had 29 officers and 424 men present for duty. The 14th continued the fight in Western Virginia, took part in the operations in the Shenandoah Valley, and disbanded in April 1865. The field officers were Colonels James Cochran and Charles E. Thorburn, Lieutenant Colonels Robert A. Bailey and John A. Gibson, and Majors B. Frank Eakle and George Jackson. A Union soldier, Private James F. Adams, was awarded the Medal of Honor for capturing the regiment's state flag during an engagement at Nineveh, Virginia, on November 12, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012045-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012045-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Virginia Infantry Regiment\n14th Virginia was organized in May 1861, and entered the Confederate service at Richmond in July. Its companies were recruited in the counties of Amelia, Bedford, Fluvanna, Chesterfield, Halifax, and Mecklenburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012045-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe regiment was brigaded under Generals Armistead, Barton, and Steuart. It fought with the Army of Northern Virginia from Seven Pines to Gettysburg, served in North Carolina, then saw action in Drewry's Bluff. The 14th participated in the long Petersburg siege north of the James River and ended the war at Appomattox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012045-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nIn June, 1862, it contained 449 men. It reported 12 killed, 57 wounded, and 6 missing at Malvern Hill, and 7 wounded during the Maryland Campaign. Of the 422 engaged at Gettysburg, more than twenty-five percent were disabled. The regiment sustained 71 casualties at Drewry's Bluff and lost many at Five Forks and Sayler's Creek. Only 7 officers and 49 men surrendered on April 9, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012045-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe field officers were Colonels James G. Hodges and William White; Lieutenant Colonels Moses F.T. Evans, David J. Godwin, Parke Poindexter, and William W. Wood; and Majors Robert H. Poore and William D. Shelton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012046-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Virginia Regiment\nThe 14th Virginia Regiment was raised on September 16, 1776, in western Virginia for service with the Continental Army. The regiment would see action at the Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Germantown, Battle of Monmouth, and Siege of Charleston. Most of the regiment was captured at Charlestown, South Carolina, on May 12, 1780, by the British Army. The regiment was formally disbanded on November 15, 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards\nBest Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature:Star Wars: The Force Awakens", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards\nBest Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode:Game of Thrones \u2013 The Dance of Dragons", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards\nThe 14th Visual Effects Society Awards were held in Los Angeles at the Beverly Hilton Hotel on February 2, 2016, in honor to the best visual effects in film and television of 2015. Nominations were announced January 12, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nStar Wars: The Force Awakens \u2013 Roger Guyett, Luke O'Byrne, Patrick Tubach, Paul Kavanagh, Chris Corbould", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Revenant \u2013 Rich McBride, Ivy Agregan, Jason Smith, Nicolas Chevallier, Cameron Waldbauer", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Good Dinosaur \u2013 Sanjay Bakshi, Denise Ream, Michael Venturini, Jon Reisch", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Revenant \u2013 The Bear \u2013 Matt Shumway, Gaelle Morand, Karin Cooper, Leandro Estebecorena", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nInside Out \u2013 Joy \u2013 Shawn Krause, Tanja Krampfert, Jacob Merrell, Alexis Angelidis", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nStar Wars: The Force Awakens \u2013 Falcon Chase/Graveyard \u2013 Yanick Dusseault, Mike Wood, Justin van der Lek, Quentin Marmier", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Good Dinosaur \u2013 The Farm \u2013 David Munier, Matthew Webb, Matt Kuruc, Tom Miller", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nStar Wars: The Force Awakens \u2013 Falcon Chase/Graveyard \u2013 Paul Kavanagh, Colin Benoit, Susumu Yukuhiro, Greg Salter", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nStar Wars: The Force Awakens \u2013 BB-8 -Joshua Lee, Matthew Denton, Landis Fields, Cyrus Jam", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nMad Max: Fury Road \u2013 Toxic Storm \u2013 Dan Bethell, Clinton Downs, Chris Young", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Good Dinosaur \u2013 Stephen Marshall, Magnus Wrenninge, Michael Hall, Hemagiri Arumugam", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Revenant \u2013 Donny Rausch, Alan Travix, Charles Lai, TC Harrison", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 The Dance of Dragons \u2013 Joe Bauer, Steve Kullback Eric Carney, Derek Spears, Stuart Brisdon", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nVikings \u2013 To The Gates \u2013 Dominic Remane, Bill Halliday, Paul Wishart, Ovidiu Cinazan, Paul Byrne", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nSSE \u2013 Pier \u2013 Neil Davies, Tim Lyall, Hitesh Patel, Jorge Montiel", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nSSE \u2013 Pier \u2013 Orangutan \u2013 Jorge Montiel, Sauce Vilas, Philippe Moine, Sam Driscoll", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 City of Volantis \u2013 Dominic Piche, Christine Leclerc, Patrice Poissant, Thomas Montminy-Brodeur", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 Hardhome \u2013 David Ramos, Antonio Lado, Piotr Weiss, Felix Berges", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 Hardhome \u2013 Eduardo Diaz, Guillermo Orbe, Oscar Perea, Inmaculada Nadela", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nSSE \u2013 Pier \u2013 Gary Driver, Greg Spencer, Grant Connor", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Other categories\nThe Order: 1886 \u2013 Nathan Phail-Liff, Dana Jan, Anthony Vitale, Scot Andreason", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012047-0024-0000", "contents": "14th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Other categories\nFast & Furious: Supercharged \u2013 Chris Shaw, Alysia Cotter, Ben White, Diego Guerrero", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician)\nThe 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician) (German: 14. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS [galizische Nr. 1], Ukrainian: 14\u0430 \u0413\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0414\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0437\u0456\u044f \u0421\u0421 (1\u0430 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u0430)), prior to 1944 titled the 14th SS-Volunteer Division \"Galicia\" (German: 14. SS-Freiwilligen Division \"Galizien\", Ukrainian: 14\u0430 \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0437\u0456\u044f \u0421\u0421 \"\u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\"), was a World War II German military formation made up predominantly of military volunteers with a Ukrainian ethnic background from the area of Galicia, later also with some Slovaks. Formed in 1943, it was largely destroyed in the battle of Brody, reformed, and saw action in Slovakia, Yugoslavia, and Austria before being renamed the first division of the Ukrainian National Army and surrendering to the Western Allies by 10 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Background\nAfter World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the territory of Eastern Galicia (Halychyna), populated by a Ukrainian majority but with a large Polish minority, was incorporated into Poland following the Polish\u2013Ukrainian War. Between the wars, the political allegiances of Ukrainians in eastern Galicia were divided between moderate national democrats and the more radical Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. The latter group itself splintered into two factions, the more moderate OUN-M led by Andriy Melnyk with close ties to German intelligence (Abwehr), and the more radical OUN-B led by Stepan Bandera. When Poland was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union under the terms of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact in 1939, the territory of eastern Galicia was annexed to Soviet Ukraine. In 1941 it was occupied by Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 906]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Background\nUkrainian leaders of various political persuasions recognised the need for a trained armed force. The Germans had earlier considered the formation of an armed force made up of Slavic people, but they decided this to be unacceptable as they regarded Slavs as sub-humans (untermenschen) compared to the Germanic \u00dcbermenschen master race. At the beginning of 1943, growing losses inclined Nazi leaders to alter their initial opinions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Organizing the division\nThe idea to organize a division of volunteers from Galicia was proposed by the German Governor of District Galicia, Dr. Otto von W\u00e4chter. He suggested creation of a Waffen-SS division composed of Galician volunteers and designed for regular combat on the Eastern Front. The creation of 14th Voluntary Division SS Galizien was announced in April 1943 at ceremonies throughout Galicia. At least 50 documents including contemporary newspaper clippings, radio broadcasts and speeches etc. record the date of 28 April. By June 1943 the first phase of recruitment had taken place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 80], "content_span": [81, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0003-0001", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Organizing the division\nInitially W\u00e4chter's proposal (which he was certain would be supported by Ukrainian circles) was rejected. In Berlin W\u00e4chter was able to get support from Heinrich Himmler who made the stipulation that the division would only made up of Galicians, who Himmler considered \"more Aryan-like\". The terms \"Ukrainian\", \"Ukraine\", could not be used when addressing the division, stressing the Imperial Austro-Hungarian heritage of the term \"Galizien\". David Marples suggests that the division was titled \"Galicia\" to ensure stricter German control to avoid direct use of inflammatory term \"Ukrainian\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 80], "content_span": [81, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Organizing the division\nW\u00e4chter approached the Ukrainian Central Committee, a nonpolitical social welfare organization headed by Volodymyr Kubiyovych which supported the idea of the formation of the division. The Ukrainian Catholic Church demanded the presence of its chaplains in the division, which was usually not permitted by Germans. Thus the Ukrainian division along with the Bosnian one became notable exceptions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 80], "content_span": [81, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Organizing the division\nGermans made two political concessions: It was stipulated that the division shall not be used to fight Western Allies, and would be used exclusively to \"fight Bolsheviks\". The other concession was in that its oath of allegiance to Hitler was conditional on the fight against Bolshevism and in the fact that Christian (mostly Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and Ukrainian Orthodox) chaplains were integrated into the units and allowed to function (in the Waffen-SS, only the Bosnian division and Sturmbrigade Wallonien had a clerical presence). The latter condition was instituted at the insistence of the division's organizers in order to minimize the risk of Nazi demoralization amongst the soldiers. Indeed, Nazi indoctrination was absent within the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 80], "content_span": [81, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Organizing the division\nThe creation of foreign SS units had been carried out previously in the name of fighting against communism; with French, Flemish, Waloon, Dutch, Latvian, Estonian, Croatian, and Belarusian units, among others, had been created. The creation of a Ukrainian SS division was perceived by many in Ukraine as a step towards the attainment of Ukrainian independence and attracted many volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 80], "content_span": [81, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), The Division's Support\nThe Division enjoyed support from multiple political and religious groups within the western Ukrainian community. The Division's prime organizer and highest ranking Ukrainian officer, Dmytro Paliiv, had been the leader of a small legal political party in the Second Polish Republic. Many of his colleagues had been members of the pre-war moderate, left-leaning democratic UNDO movement that before the war had also been opposed to the authoritarian OUN. The Division also obtained moral support from officers of the exiled Polish-allied Ukrainian National Republic such as General Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko. The Division was also strongly supported by Andriy Melnyk's moderate faction of the OUN, who saw it as a counterweight to the extremist Banderist-dominated UPA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 79], "content_span": [80, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), The Division's Support\nThe Bandera faction of the OUN-B opposed the idea of creating the division, in part because it was an organization outside its control, and had claimed in its propaganda that the division was to be used by the Germans as cannon fodder. Nevertheless, it did not interfere in its formation and once the division was formed it sent some of its members, a number of whom would obtain prominent positions, into the division in order for them to gain military training and to prevent it from completely getting out of their hands. Despite this infiltration, Bandera's OUN failed to gain control over the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 79], "content_span": [80, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), The Division's Support\nIt also had the support of both the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. Among its members was a son of Mstyslav Skrypnyk, the Orthodox Bishop of Kyiv.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 79], "content_span": [80, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Commanders and personnel\nThe Division SS \"Galizien\" was commanded by German, Austrian and Ukrainian officers. Training for the recruits began within the SS-Special Purpose Training Battalion (SS-Ausbildungs-Battalion z.b.V), commanded by SS Sturmbannf\u00fchrer Bernard Bartlet while the man appointed to oversee the forming of the Division was General Walter Schimana (until October 1943). Schimana never commanded the actual division, as up until the point of his departure it was still a training battalion, staffed mostly by temporary training personnel. According to his SS officer file from 20 October 1944 and NOT From 20 November 1943 it was led by SS-Brigadier General Fritz Freitag. Captain Wolf Dietrich Heike (temporarily seconded from the Wehrmacht) was the chief of staff from January 1944. All regimental commanders were Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 81], "content_span": [82, 896]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Commanders and personnel\nIn total 81,999 men enlisted for service in the division. Of these, 42,000 were called up during the first 'recruitment phase' which took place in May and June 1943 from which only 27,000 were deemed fit for military service and 13,000 were enlisted. To boost the recruitment figures the height minimum requirement was lowered from 1.65m to 1.61m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 81], "content_span": [82, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Anti-partisans actions with Kampfgruppe Beyersdorff\nIn mid-February 1944, the division received an order to form a battle group known as SS Kampfgruppe Beyersdorff for action against Soviet and Polish partisans. It operated in the Zamo\u015b\u0107 area together with elements of the 5th Regiment, while elements of the 4th Regiment were sent to the Brody area. The SS Kampfgruppe performed its duty well enough that it earned the rare praise of German Field Marshal Walter Model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 120], "content_span": [121, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Brody\nIn July the division was sent to the area of Brody, where heavy combat was under way, and was attached to the 13th Army Corps. Together with six under-strength German infantry divisions, the Galicia Division was responsible for holding a frontage of approximately 80 kilometres (50\u00a0mi). On 8 July, the 13th Corps was transferred to the 1st Panzer Army. The Galician Division was placed in reserve. Deployed at Brody were the division's 29th, 30th, 31st regiments, a fusilier and engineering battalion, and its artillery regiment. The 14th SS Field Replacement Battalion was deployed fifteen miles (24 kilometres) behind the other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Brody\nOn 13 July, Soviet forces under the command of Marshal Ivan Konev launched their attack. By the next day, they routed a German division to the north of the 13th Corps and swept back an attempted German counterattack. On 15 July, the 1st and 8th Panzer Divisions along with a single regiment from the Galicia Division (WGR 30) were deployed in a counterattack against the Soviet penetration in the Koltiv area by the Soviet Second Air Army, who in only a five-hour period flew 3,288 aircraft sorties and dropped 102 tons of bombs on them as they attempted a counterattack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0014-0001", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Brody\nOn 18 July, the division's Field Replacement Battalion largely escaped the encirclement so that 11 officers 54 NCOs and 954 were reported by the battalion commander as having escaped on 21 July 1944 and fled west, whilst the remainder of 13th Corps, consisting of over 30,000 German and Ukrainian soldiers, was surrounded by the Soviets within the Brody pocket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Brody\nWithin the pocket, the Galician troops were tasked with defending the eastern perimeter near the castle and town of Pidhirtsy and Olesko. The Soviets sought to collapse the Brody pocket by focusing their attack of what they perceived to be its weakest point, the relatively inexperienced Galician Division, and on 19 July attacked. The 29th and 30th regiments of the division, supported by the division's artillery regiment, put up unexpectedly fierce resistance. Pidhirtsy changed hands several times before the Galicians were finally overwhelmed by the late afternoon, and at Olesko a major Soviet attack using T-34 tanks was repulsed by the division's Fusilier and Engineer battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Brody\nOn 20 July, the German divisions within the pocket attempted a breakout which failed partly because the rain in the previous day had made the roads impassable for the armour of III Panzer Corps which was striking north to relieve the entrapped forces despite early successes. By this point the Division's 30 and 31st regiments were destroyed in fighting. A second German breakout attempt that began at 1:00\u00a0am on 21 July ended in failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0016-0001", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Brody\nten miles (16 kilometres) to the west of the pocket, however, a German Panzergrenadier Regiment actually called the '8 Panzer Division' broke through Soviet lines and briefly established contact with the Brody pocket, resulting in a message sent at 19.07 hrs on 21 July from XXXXVIII.Pz.Kps to 1 Panzer Army reporting '5,000 men from XIII.AK. having been rescued - followed by a second message sent on 23 July reporting 8-10,000 men and finally on 26 July 8. Panzer Division reported it had 'picked up approximately 15,000 soldiers' including approximately 400 Galicians, before being repulsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0016-0002", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Brody\nBy the end of that day, in the face of overwhelming Soviet attacks, the 14th Division as a whole disintegrated. Late on 19 July its German commander, Fritz Freitag, resigned his command and was called in for service with XIII.A.K. staff. Command of the Division was then given to General Lindemann the commander of the 361.Inf.div. Freitag remained with the Corps staff and did not form a battle group and head south Some Ukrainian assault groups remained intact, others joined German units, and others fled or melted away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0016-0003", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Brody\nThe Ukrainian 14th SS Fusilier battalion, which at this point had also largely disintegrated, came to form the rearguard of what was left of the entire 13th Corps. Holding the town of Bilyi Kamin, it enabled units or stragglers to escape to the south and was able to withstand several Soviet attempts to overwhelm it. By the evening of 21 July, it remained the only intact unit north of the Bug River even though several of its former members for example Mykola Fylypovych recorded that 'by 19 July there was chaos in the fusilier battalion no command, no orders, no ammunition'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Brody\nIn the early morning of 22 July, the 14th Fusilier battalion abandoned Bilye Kamin. The Brody pocket was now only 4\u00a0to 5 miles (6.4\u20138.0 kilometres) long and wide. The German and Galician soldiers were instructed to attack with everything they had by moving forward until they broke through or were destroyed. Fighting was fierce and desperate. The German and Ukrainian soldiers surging south were able to overwhelm the Soviet 91st Separate \"Fastov\" Tank Brigade and its infantry support, and to escape by the thousands. The remaining pocket collapsed by the evening of 22 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Brody\nDespite the severity of the fighting, the division disintegrated having sustained enormous losses and having lost one regimental commander killed (Paul Herms Kdr WGR 31) and one wounded (Friedrich Dern kdr WHR 29) on 19 July causing Freitag to resign his command. Of the approximately 11,000 Galician soldiers deployed at Brody, about 3,000 were able to almost immediately re-enter the division. Approx 7,400 were posted as \"Missing in combat\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Brody\nIt has been mistakenly suggested that the losses for the 14th SS Division in Brody, which ran at 73%, were higher than the rest of the Corps. The other battle-hardened German units which had formed XIII.A.K. produced similar casualty reports. About 5,000 men of Korpsabteilung 'C' which formed the spearhead of the breakout forces escaped the encirclement with sidearms but without vehicles, horses, and other weapons, supplies, and equipment. A total of 73 officers and 4,059 NCOs and men were listed as killed or missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0019-0001", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Brody\nBy comparison, the 361st Infantry Division which deployed fewer troops at the beginning of the battle than the Galician Division and together with it formed the rearguard, suffered equal losses. Between 16 and 22 July, it sustained almost as many casualties with total losses amounting to 6,310 officers and men (dead, missing or wounded). The necessary manpower required to rebuild this and the other German formations was not available and they were subsequently disbanded and the survivors incorporated into other divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0019-0002", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Brody\nAlthough 73% of its personnel did not return to the division, the most recent research suggests that upward of 2,000 Ukrainian men survived but chose to join the Ukrainian partisans. Others deserted and returned to civilian whilst a relatively small number joined other units and remained with them until the end of the war. Some were also taken prisoner. On this basis the number of Ukrainians who were neither killed nor taken prisoner was in actuality closer to 6,000 men \u2013 meaning its actual loss ratio was not as high as any of the German units involved whose personnel were either killed, or captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Brody\nAs for XIII.A.K., the final report of the Corps's liquidation commission (applicable to its regular army units only) recorded 21,766 killed or missing in action, which together with the 7,000 killed or missing men from the Galician Division brings to the total lost to about 29,000. This figure corresponds with General Lange's own estimate of a total of 25\u201330,000 killed in the encirclement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0020-0001", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Brody\nOn the other hand, the recently declassified secret Soviet General Staff report states that during the course of the battle their forces destroyed more than 30,000 soldiers and officers, 85 tanks and self-propelled guns, over 500 guns of various calibres, 476 mortars, 705 machine guns, 12,000 rifles and submachine guns, 5,843 vehicles, 183 tractors and trailers and 2,430 motorcycles and bicycles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0020-0002", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Brody\nIt also claims that over 17,000 soldiers and officers were taken prisoner, 28 tanks and self-propelled guns were captured, as were over 500 guns of various calibres, more than 600 mortars, 483 machine guns, 11,000 rifles and sub-machine guns, over 1,500 vehicles, 98 tractors and trailers, 376 motorcycles and bicycles, in excess of 3,000 horses and 28 warehouses full of military goods. An estimated total number of survivors of all XIII.A.K. units has been given by the adjutant of the 349th Infantry Division as 15,000 officers and men, while a slightly lower figure of 12,000 was subsequently given by Oberst Wilck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, The division in Slovakia\nThe Germans rebuilt the division over two months using reserve units. From the end of September 1944, the division was used against the Slovak National Uprising. Many of the personnel volunteered to serve in Slovakia, hoping to find friends and relatives among a large group of refugees from Galicia that had been admitted to Slovakia shortly before the uprising. The first unit, a battlegroup formed from one battalion of the 29th regiment with auxiliary units, arrived 28 September 1944. Eventually all divisional units were transferred to Slovakia. From 15 October 1944 they formed two Kampfgruppe, Wittenmayer and Wildner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 93], "content_span": [94, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0021-0001", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, The division in Slovakia\n(Both of approx reinforced battalion strength) The division operated in coordination with a kampfgruppe from the SS Division Horst Wessel, whilst on paper the SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger was subordinated directly to it but its commander ignored all instructions he received and continued to act indendently, the Vlasov detachment and other SS and SD formations until 5 February 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 93], "content_span": [94, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0021-0002", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, The division in Slovakia\nAccording to Slovak historian K. Fremal, the division's \"members were helping in anti-partisan, repressive, and terrorist actions and committed murders and other excesses\" but sadly he gives no examples of the actual murders so that the post war Slovak government never filed any accusations of war crimes which seems a bit odd if they had committed any. The overall degree of criminality was less than that of Einsatzgruppe H or the Slovak collaborationist Hlinka Guard Emergency Divisions. Jan Stanislav, the director of the National Uprising Museum in Slovakia, denied that the division or that Ukrainians took part in brutalities committed against the Slovak people at this time. About 200 soldiers deserted from the division while it was in Slovakia; many joined the partisans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 93], "content_span": [94, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Anti-partisans actions on the Slovenian-Austrian border\nIn the end of January 1945, it was moved to Slovenia, where from the end of February until the end of March 1945, it together with other Army, SS and Polizei  formations fought Yugoslav Partisans in the Styria and Carinthia (province) areas near the Austrian-Slovenian border. During this time, the division absorbed the 31 SD Schutzmannschafts Battalion, also known as the Ukrainian Self Defense legion. When on 31 March Soviet forces commenced an attack from Hungary into Austria that ruptured the German front, the division was ordered to advance northward to Gleichenberg in a desperate attempt to halt the Soviet advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 124], "content_span": [125, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Graz\nFrom 1 April until the end of the war, with a strength of 14,000 combat troops and 8,000 soldiers in a Training and Replacement Regiment, the division fought against the Red Army in the region of Graz in Austriawhere in early April it seized the castle and village of Gleichenberg from Soviet forces (including elite Soviet airborne troops from the 3rd Guards Airborne Division) during a counterattack and on 15 April repulsed a Soviet counterattack. The division at this time maintained a 13-km front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 73], "content_span": [74, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0023-0001", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Deployment, Graz\nDuring one critical situation, Freitag became so alarmed by the developments at the front, that in the presence of the commander of the 1st Cavalry Corps General der Kavallerie Harteneck, he reacted instinctively and announced his abdication as Divisional commander and responsibility for its performance in action \u2013 as he had done at Brody. General Harteneck refused Freitag's resignation and ordered him to remain at his post. Due to his performance during the battles surrounding Gleichenberg, Waffen-Obersturmf\u00fchrer Ostap Czuczkewycz was awarded the Iron Cross, 1st class. The Division suffered heavy casualties while in Austria, with an estimated 1,600 killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 73], "content_span": [74, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0024-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), 1st Ukrainian Division UNA\nOn 17 March 1945, Ukrainian \u00e9migr\u00e9s established the Ukrainian National Committee to represent the interests of Ukrainians to the Third Reich. Simultaneously, the Ukrainian National Army, commanded by general Pavlo Shandruk, was created. The Galician Division nominally became the 1st Division of the Ukrainian National Army, although the German Army's High command continued to list it as the Ukrainian 14th SS Grenadier Division in its order of battle. The Division surrendered to British and US forces by 10 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 83], "content_span": [84, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0025-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), 1st Ukrainian Division UNA, Rimini\nMost of the Ukrainian soldiers were interned in Rimini, Italy, in the area controlled by the II Polish Corps. The UNA commander Pavlo Shandruk requested a meeting with Polish general W\u0142adys\u0142aw Anders a prewar Polish Army colleague, asking him to protect the army against the deportation to Soviet Union. There is credible evidence that despite Soviet pressure, Anders managed to protect the Ukrainian troops, as former citizens of the Second Republic of Poland. This, together with the intervention of the Vatican prevented its members from being deported to the USSR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 91], "content_span": [92, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0025-0001", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), 1st Ukrainian Division UNA, Rimini\nBishop Buchko of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church had appealed to Pope Pius XII to intervene on behalf of the division, whom he described as \"good Catholics and fervent anti-Communists\". Due to Vatican intervention, the British authorities changed the status of the division members from POW to surrendered enemy personnel. 176 soldiers of the division, mainly prewar Polish Army officers followed their commander in joining W\u0142adys\u0142aw Anders's Polish army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 91], "content_span": [92, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0026-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), 1st Ukrainian Division UNA, Rimini\nFormer soldiers of SS \"Galizien\" were allowed to immigrate to Canada and the United Kingdom in 1947. The names of about 8,000 men from the division who were admitted to the UK have been stored in the so-called \"Rimini List\". Despite several requests of various lobby groups, the details of the list have never been publicly released, however the list is available on line and the originalList is available for public inspection at the Schevchenko Archive in Linden Gardens London. In 2003 the anti-terrorist branch of Scotland Yard launched an investigation into people from the list by cross-referencing NHS patient, social security and pensions records; however, the order to release confidential medical records was met with outcry from civil liberties groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 91], "content_span": [92, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0027-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Atrocities\nAlthough the Waffen-SS as a whole was declared to be a criminal organization at the Nuremberg Trials, the Galizien Division has not specifically been found guilty of any war crimes by any war tribunal or commission. However, numerous accusations of impropriety have been leveled at the division, and at particular members of the division, from a variety of sources. It is difficult to determine the extent of war criminality among members of the division. If prior service in Nazi police units is a measure of criminality, only a small number were recruited from established police detachments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0027-0001", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Atrocities\nAmong those who had transferred from police detachments, some had been members of a coastal defence unit that had been stationed in France, while others came from two police battalions that had been formed in the spring of 1943, too late to have participated in the murder of Ukraine's Jews. According to Howard Margolian, there is no evidence that these units participated in anti-partisan operations or reprisals prior to their inclusion into the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0027-0002", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Atrocities\nHowever, before their service within the police battalions, a number of recruits are alleged to have been in Ukrainian irregular formations that are alleged to have committed atrocities against Jews and Communists. Nevertheless, in their investigations of the division, both the Canadian government and the Canadian Jewish Congress failed to find hard evidence to support the notion that it was rife with criminal elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0028-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Atrocities\nThe division did destroy several Polish communities in western Ukraine during the winter and spring of 1944. Specifically, the 4th and 5th SS Police Regiments have been accused of murdering Polish civilians in the course of anti-guerilla activity. At the time of their actions, those units were not yet under Divisional command, but were under German police command. Yale historian Timothy Snyder noted that the division's role in the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia was limited, because the murders were primarily carried out by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0029-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Atrocities\nIn a speech to the soldiers of the 1st Galician division, Heinrich Himmler  stated:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0030-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Atrocities\nYour homeland has become so much more beautiful since you have lost \u2013 on our initiative, I must say \u2013 those residents who were so often a dirty blemish on Galicia's good name, namely the Jews ... I know that if I ordered you to liquidate the Poles ... I would be giving you permission to do what you are eager to do anyway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0031-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Atrocities\nIn June 2013, Associated Press published an article stating that an American, Michael Karkoc, who was alleged to be a former \"deputy company commander\" in the Division, was implicated in war crimes committed before he joined the Division in 1945. According to Associated Press, before joining the Division Karkoc had served as a \"lieutenant\" of the 2nd Company of the German SS Police-led Ukrainian Self Defense Legion (USDL). The USDL was a paramilitary police organization in the Schutzmannschaft. Karkoc was found living in Lauderdale, Minnesota. He had arrived in the United States in 1949 and became a naturalized citizen in 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0032-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Atrocities, Huta Pieniacka\nThe Polish historian Grzegorz Motyka has stated that the Germans formed several SS police regiments (numbered from 4 to 8) which included \"Galizien\" in their name. Those police regiments joined the division in Spring 1944. On 23 February 1944, before being incorporated into the division, the 4th and 5th police regiments had participated in anti-guerrilla action at Huta Pieniacka, against Soviet and Polish Armia Krajowa partisans in the village of Huta Pieniacka, which had also served as a shelter for Jews and as a fortified centre for Polish and Soviet guerrillas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 83], "content_span": [84, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0032-0001", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Atrocities, Huta Pieniacka\nHuta Pieniacka was a Polish self-defence outpost, organized by inhabitants of the village and sheltering civilian refugees from Volhynia. On 23 February 1944, two members of a detachment of the division were shot by the self-defense forces. Five days later, a mixed force of Ukrainian police and German soldiers shelled the village before entering it and ordering all the civilians to gather together. In the ensuing massacre, the village of Huta Pienacka was destroyed, and between 500 and 1,000 of the inhabitants were killed. According to Polish accounts, civilians were locked in barns that were set on fire, while those attempting to flee were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 83], "content_span": [84, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0033-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Atrocities, Huta Pieniacka\nPolish witness accounts state that the soldiers were accompanied by Ukrainian nationalists (paramilitary unit under W\u0142odzimierz Czerniawski's command), which included members of the UPA, as well as inhabitants of nearby villages who took property from households.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 83], "content_span": [84, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0034-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Atrocities, Huta Pieniacka\nThe NASU Institute of History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine concluded that the 4th and 5th SS Galizien Police regiments did kill the civilians within the village, but added that the grisly reports by eyewitnesses in the Polish accounts were \"hard to come up with\" and that the likelihood was \"difficult to believe\". The institute also noted that, at the time of the massacre, the police regiments were not under 14th division command, but rather under German police command (specifically, under German Sicherheitsdienst and SS command of the General Government). The Polish Institute of National Remembrance stated: \"According to the witness' testimonies, and in the light of the collected documentation, there is no doubt that the 4th battalion 'Galizien' of the 14th division of SS committed the crime\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 83], "content_span": [84, 916]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0035-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Atrocities, Pidkamin and Palikrowy\nThe village of Pidkamin was the site of a monastery where Poles sought shelter from the encroaching front. On 11 March 1944, around 2,000 people, the majority of whom were women and children, were seeking refuge there when the monastery was attacked by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (unit under Maksym Skorupsky command), allegedly cooperating with an SS-Galizien unit. The next day, 12 March, the monastery was captured and civilians were murdered (at night part of the population managed to escape). From 12 to 16 March, other civilians were also killed in the town of Pidkamin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 91], "content_span": [92, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0036-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Atrocities, Pidkamin and Palikrowy\nEstimates of victims range from 150, by Polish historian Grzegorz Motyka, to 250, according to the researchers of the Institute of History of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 91], "content_span": [92, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0037-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Atrocities, Pidkamin and Palikrowy\nMembers of another SS-Galizien sub-unit also participated in the execution of Polish civilians in Palykorovy, located in the Lw\u00f3w area (Lviv oblast) near Pidkamin (former Tarnopol Voivodeship). It is estimated that 365 ethnic Poles were murdered, including women and children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 91], "content_span": [92, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0038-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Atrocities, The Canadian Desch\u00eanes Commission\nThe Canadian \"Commission of Inquiry on War Crimes\" of October 1986, by the Honourable Justice Jules Desch\u00eanes concluded that in relation to membership in the Galicia Division:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 102], "content_span": [103, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0039-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Atrocities, The Canadian Desch\u00eanes Commission\nThe Galicia Division (14. Waffen grenadier division der SS [gal. #1]) should not be indicted as a group. The members of Galicia Division were individually screened for security purposes before admission to Canada. Charges of war crimes of Galicia Division have never been substantiated, either in 1950 when they were first preferred, or in 1984 when they were renewed, or before this Commission. Further, in the absence of evidence of participation or knowledge of specific war crimes, mere membership in the Galicia Division is insufficient to justify prosecution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 102], "content_span": [103, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0040-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Atrocities, The Canadian Desch\u00eanes Commission\nThe  commission considered the International Military Tribunal's verdict at the Nuremberg Trials, at which the entire Waffen-SS organisation was declared a \"criminal organization\" guilty of war crimes. Also, in its conclusion, the Desch\u00eanes Commission only referred to the division as 14. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (Galizische Nr.1) but rejected such a principle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 102], "content_span": [103, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0041-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Division's names\nThe division during its short history changed its name a number of times, being known as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 73], "content_span": [74, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0042-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Legacy\nThe 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician) is today honored by many Ukrainian nationalists. Since 2010 every year on 28 April a march is held to celebrate the foundation of the division. In addition streets were named after the division in Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukrains`koi Dyvizii Street) and Ternopil (Soldiers Division \"Galicia\" Street).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 63], "content_span": [64, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0043-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Legacy, In Canada\nA monument to the division stands in St. Volodymyr Ukrainian Cemetery in the Canadian city of Oakville; according to the manager of the cemetery, the monument was probably erected in the 1980s. On 22 June 2020 the monument was vandalized when someone painted \"Nazi war monument\" on it. On 17 July of that year, it was announced by the Halton Regional Police that this was being investigated as a hate crime before being walked back soon after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012048-0044-0000", "contents": "14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), Legacy, In Canada\nThere is also a monument to the division in St. Michael's Cemetery in Edmonton. In 2021 it was vandalized with \"nazi monument\" painted on one side and \"14th Waffen SS\" on the other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012049-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Ward of New Orleans\nThe 14th Ward or Fourteenth Ward is a section of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, one of the 17 Wards of New Orleans. The Ward was formed in 1870 from part of Jefferson City and the town of Greenville, which were annexed by New Orleans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012049-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Ward of New Orleans, Boundaries\nThe Ward is roughly shaped like a wide \"L\" stretching back from the Mississippi River. The lower boundary is Jefferson Avenue and then South Broad, across which is the 13th Ward. The upper boundary is Lowerline Street (formerly the lower boundary of the city of Carrollton with Greenville), across which is the 16th Ward. The back boundary is Washington Avenue, across which is a portion of the 2nd Ward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012049-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Ward of New Orleans, Cityscape and landmarks\nThe Ward includes some of the most famous landmarks of Uptown New Orleans. The site of the World Cotton Centennial 1884 World's Fair is now Audubon Zoo and Audubon Park. The area around the Park contains a number of architecturally-significant mansions. Across Saint Charles Avenue, route of the famous St. Charles Avenue Streetcar, are Tulane University and Loyola University New Orleans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012049-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Ward of New Orleans, Cityscape and landmarks\nThe former site of Dominican College, just up from Broadway Street, is also in the Ward; it is now a satellite campus of Loyola. The \"Fraternity Row\" is along Broadway Street, and around Broadway Street and Freret Street is a cluster of businesses catering to the university communities. Notable commercial areas include the Uptown Square shopping center on Broadway, and the Calhoun Street area, back from Claiborne Avenue. Farther back from Claiborne Avenue, the Ward includes part of the Fountainbleau and Broadmoorneighborhoods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012050-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Weapons Squadron\nThe 14th Weapons Squadron is a United States Air Force unit. It is assigned to the USAF Weapons School, stationed at Hurlburt Field, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012050-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Weapons Squadron\nThe squadron is a geographically separated unit of the 57th Wing at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada. The mission of the squadron is to produce weapons officers for the special operations community by providing graduate level instructional flying on Air Force Special Operations Command aircraft through weapons instructor courses. Currently, the squadron produces special operations force weapons officers specializing in Lockheed AC-130, Lockheed MC-130 and Pilatus U-28 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012050-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Weapons Squadron\nThe unit traces its lineage back to the 14th Observation Squadron and participated in the landings at Normandy in June 1944. Later, during the Vietnam era, the 14th Air Commando Squadron, flew Douglas AC-47 Spooky gunships between 1967 and 1968. The 14th flew out of Nha Trang Air Base, Phan Rang Air Base, Bien Hoa Air Base, and Binh Thuy Air Base, providing fire support in defense of US air bases, special forces camps, Republic of Vietnam Army outposts, and South Vietnamese hamlets. Decorations of this combat unit include the Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm, and the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat \"V\" Device.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012050-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II\nActivated in 1942 as a liaison and observation squadron, supported US Army maneuvers by flying photo and tactical observation missions, spotting artillery fire, 1942 until early 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012050-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II\nDeployed to Europe in early 1944, providing courier service, observation, mail and other liaison services in support of the US Army advance through France and Germany, Jul 1944-May 1945; dropped medical supplies, food, and ammunition to an Army battalion stranded on the Moselle River, Nov 1944; supported the Third Army during the Battle of the Bulge, Dec 1944-Jan 1945; added medical evacuation to its tasks in Apr 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012050-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Weapons Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nCombat in Vietnam, Jan-May 1968; provided aerial fire support in defense of USAF forces, including bases, camps, outposts, and hamlets in southern half of country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012050-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Weapons Squadron, History, Advanced special operations training\nThe current unit was organized as the Weapons School Special Operations Forces Division on 15 March 2000 at Hurlburt Field, Florida. The unit designation was changed to Detachment 1, 16th Operations Group on 10 August 2000 to align it with the group charged with providing aircraft and personnel who would help build the course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 68], "content_span": [69, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012050-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Weapons Squadron, History, Advanced special operations training\nRedesignated in 2003 as the 14th Weapons Squadron at Hurlburt Field, Florida, to provide advanced training in weapons and tactics employment to Special Operations officer aircrew members in the Lockheed AC-130H Spectre, Lockheed AC-130U Spooky, Sikorsky MH-53 Pave Low, Lockheed MC-130E Combat Talon I, Lockheed MC-130H Combat Talon II, Lockheed MC-130P Combat Shadow, and Lockheed MC-130J Commando II special operations aircraft. The MH-53 Pave Low weapons instructor course ended with the retirement of the MH-53 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 68], "content_span": [69, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012050-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Weapons Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron\nThe 14th Weather Squadron (14th WS) is a Geographically Separate Unit (GSU) of the 2nd Weather Group. The squadron is located in the Veach-Baley Federal Complex in Asheville, North Carolina. Its mission is military applied climatology. The 14 WS collects, protects and exploits authoritative climate data to optimize military and intelligence operations and planning in order to maximize the combat effectiveness of U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) personnel and weapons systems. It delivers environmental information worldwide to the United States Air Force (USAF), the Army, Unified Combatant Commands, the Intelligence Community, and the Department of Defense. The 14 WS also collaborates with the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) (formerly the National Climatic Data Center).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, Mission\nThe mission of the 14 WS is to collect, protect and exploit authoritative climate data to optimize military and intelligence operations and planning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, Organization\nDivided into three flights, the Data Operations Flight, the Climate Operations Flight, and the System Flight, the 14 WS consists of more than 60 active-duty officers, enlisted personnel and civilians. The majority of the personnel at the 14 WS are meteorologists, weather technicians, cyber operators, and computer programmers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History\nPunched cards, which are pieces of stiff paper that contain digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions, were a technical marvel when they came into prominence in the United States. The cards, developed by Herman Hollerith for use in the 1890 U.S. Census, made the use of historical weather records a practical means for determining the probability of future weather events and patterns. The British used punched cards successfully in about 1920 to extract wind data from ships' logs and to produce wind roses for ocean regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0003-0001", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History\nThe Dutch Meteorological Institute borrowed some of the British cards in 1922 and began their own weather analyses. Norway, France, and Germany soon followed. Then, in 1927, the Czech meteorologist, L.W. Pollak, placed small and inexpensive punch machines of his own design in every Czech weather station. As each observation was taken, it was punched on a card that was sent to a central tabulating unit for summary and analysis. Although the equipment for gathering and tabulating weather data has changed since then, the basic idea of the process has not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History\nThe United States, where the punched card originated, was late to join the Europeans in collecting and tabulating weather observations. Fortunately, one of the \"make-work\" projects of the mid-1930s resulted in a sizable punched card climatic database. A 1934 Works Progress Administration (WPA) project resulted in an atlas of ocean climates, prepared by punching 2 million observations (taken from 1880 to 1933) onto cards and summarizing the results. Another 3.5 million observations were processed manually, a task that took 90 percent of the labor devoted to the entire project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History\nIn 1936, the WPA also funded a project that resulted in the compilation and analysis of millions of surface and upper-air observations taken from 1928 to 1941. From this project came a number of climatological publications vital to the nation's preparation for World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, World War II\nAlthough there was strong pressure for neutrality, military visionaries had seen the need to prepare for war even before 1937 when the Air Weather Service (AWS) itself was founded. The Army Air Forces Weather Research Center's Climatological Section was born at Bolling Field on 10 September 1941, one week after the U.S. Destroyer Greer was attacked by a German submarine off the coast of Iceland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, World War II\nBy 1941 the U.S. Weather Bureau had turned over most of its climatological records to the military. Most of the Weather Bureau's climatology had been produced by the depression era WPA project mentioned earlier. Even so, United States military climatology had a long way to go. Both allies and enemies had a strategic advantage during the war because they began their analyses of weather statistics much earlier. The Pearl Harbor attack on 7 December 1941 moved the collection and application of weather statistics to a top-drawer priority overnight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0007-0001", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, World War II\nWith weather observations and forecasts blacked out in hostile areas, planners turned to the climatologists with their questions. Where should air bases be located? How should their runways be oriented? What areas should heavy armor avoid? What should specifications for fuels, lubricants, landing mats, wires, buildings be? What times, dates, and locations are best for amphibious landings? What weather and winds aloft may be expected for bombing?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, World War II\nBecause of the urgent need for climatic information, early in 1942 the WPA civilian punched card project was transformed into a support resource for the Armed Forces. By the end of the war 80 million cards were punched, many from pre-war weather observation forms of other countries. These cards were summarized into products, such as flying weather and low visibility summaries, which were essential for military operations. Throughout World War II, the AAF Weather Service maintained a Climatology Division with its staff at Headquarters U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) in the Pentagon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0008-0001", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, World War II\nIn May 1943 the division moved to Asheville, North Carolina where the AAF Weather Wing was organized. The same year the AAF Statistical Services Division was created at Winston-Salem, North Carolina to begin the routine storage and processing of military weather observations. Climatology was a factor in every major or minor WWII operation. The planning for every landing, mission, and offensive, including the D-Day Invasion in 1944 and the atomic bombing of Japan, required extensive climatological preparation and analyses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, Postwar\nAlthough demobilization cut deeply into the Air Weather Service's wartime strength of nearly 19,000, the importance of climatology and its applications continued to be recognized. In early 1946, the military established a Climatology Unit at Gravelly Point, Virginia. In 1948, the Military Climatology Division moved to Andrews AFB, Maryland with Dr. Woodrow C. Jacobs as its chief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, Postwar\nThe AAF Statistical Services Division (about 300 strong) moved to New Orleans in 1946 as part of the newly created New Orleans Tabulating Unit. This unit was a joint Weather Bureau, Air Force, and Navy climate center established after the war to unify U.S. civilian and military records, observing methods, and data management procedures. After the war, many punched card collections that were acquired from our allies or captured from our enemies were sent to New Orleans for processing (one set weighed 21 tons). The \"Kopenhagener Schlussel\" deck of 7 million captured German punched cards contained weather observations taken during WWII in Europe and the Middle East. Both the British Admiralty's and the Deutsche Seewarte's decks had millions of ship observations that went back to the 1850s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, The 1950s\nThe Climatic Center at Andrews AFB continued to provide climatological data applications under various designations throughout the decade, with particular emphasis on the war in Korea and the strategic buildup necessitated by the Cold War. Detachment 3, Headquarters Air Weather Service (the Postweather Analysis Division) was organized on 1 May 1954 at Andrews. On 18 December 1957 the AWS merged the Climatic Analysis Division and the Data Integration Branch with Detachment 3 in spaces at Suitland, Maryland formerly occupied by the USAF Weather Central.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0011-0001", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, The 1950s\nOn 1 April 1959, Detachment 3 (the Climatic Center) moved from Suitland to the Washington Navy Yard (Annex 2, at 225 D. Street, Southeast) on the Potomac River. At this time, IBM electronic accounting equipment installed at the Climatic Center allowed data processing directly from punched card to tape. Physical space necessary to store the growing punched card libraries was dwindling. As a result, the Statistical Services Division in New Orleans moved to Asheville, North Carolina in 1952 and was renamed the Data Control Division. In 1956, the first electronic computer became operational at Asheville, signaling the end for the high-speed electronic accounting machines (mostly IBM) used since World War II to process climatological data. Starting on 11 December 1957 the Climatic Center, USAF became a function within the 2150th Air Weather Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 899]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, The 1960s\nAWS abolished the Directorate of Climatology at Headquarters Air Weather Service and discontinued Detachment 3, Headquarters Air Weather Service on 1 July 1960. The Climatic Center, USAF became a \"named activity\" but remained within the 2150th Air Weather Squadron, which assumed control of Detachment 3's operating location (the Data Processing Division) at Asheville. On 1 July 1961 the 2150th was redesignated as the 1210th Weather Squadron and on 1 May 1963 it was reassigned from Headquarters Air Weather Service to the 4th Weather Group. In 1964, an IBM 7040 computer was installed at the Climatic Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, The 1960s\nEffective 15 December 1964 the Climatic Center, USAF was redesignated the Environmental Technical Applications Center (ETAC) and the Data Processing Division became Operating Location 1 (OL-1, 1210 WS) under ETAC. The 1210th was reassigned to the 6th Weather Wing on 8 October 1965. On 8 July 1967 the center became an organization, the United States Air Force Environmental Technical Applications Center, (USAFETAC) and the 1210th was discontinued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, The 1960s\nComputer upgrades continued. OL-1 bought a new IBM 705-III from the Department of Agriculture in 1965 and an IBM 7044 replaced the 7040 in 1966. In 1968, twin RCA Spectra 70/45 computer systems were commissioned at Asheville for joint use by OL-1 and the National Climatic Data Center (then the National Weather Records Center).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, The 1970s\nIn July 1970, OL-1 was renamed OL-A. By 1972, OL-A's card-punching function had been all but eliminated, resulting in a manpower drop from about 200 to 122. A further reduction brought OL-A's authorized civilian strength to 83.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, The 1970s\nUSAFETAC was reassigned to Air Force Global Weather Central (AFGWC) on 1 August 1975. Effective 30 August 1975 the center transferred its flag from its Washington, D.C. Navy Yard Annex location to a location on the south side of Scott AFB, Illinois following a legal battle in Washington D.C. over where the Center should be located. The move, which took 13 months and put USAFETAC's project commitments about 2 years behind schedule, was declared complete on 31 October 1975 when the new PDP 11/45 and IBM 360/45 computers became operational.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, The 1970s\nIn 1976, the merged HQ AWS and USAFETAC Library (the largest technical library dedicated to weather in the U.S) was designated Air Force Library #4414, and named the \"AWS Technical Library\". In 1979, the twin RCA computers at OL-A were replaced by UNIVAC 1100/10s. And, by the end of 1979, USAFETAC strength reached 232 people, with 149 of those employed at Scott AFB and 83 people employed at Asheville. By the end of the decade, the demand for climatological services remained extremely high, with the project backlog at nearly fifty thousand man-hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0018-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, The 1980s and 90s\nUSAFETAC continued to use computer and electronic technologies as its computing power expanded exponentially through the '80s and '90s. When AWS was reassigned from Military Airlift Command, becoming a Field Operating Agency reporting to the USAF Director of Weather, USAFETAC was transferred from AFGWC to AWS on 9 July 1991. To better reflect the changing mission of the unit, USAFETAC was renamed the Air Force Combat Climatology Center (AFCCC) on 1 October 1995. AWS was redesignated as the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) on 15 October 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0019-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, The 1980s and 90s\nWith the end of the Cold War, AFCCC faced a 45% cut in overall manning (civilian positions were to be cut by 65%). This required an organizational restructure. On 17 May 1996 USAF announced that AFCCC would move from Scott AFB to Asheville, NC. This move was completed on 1 July 1998, with the unit transferring its flag to the Federal Building Complex alongside the National Climatic Data Center. OL-A was discontinued with this change of station and its mission and personnel were absorbed by the center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0020-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, The 21st century\nIn another reorganization of the Air Force Weather Agency, AFCCC was redesignated Air Force Combat Climatology Squadron on 28 February 2007. This redesignation was short lived and the squadron became the 14th Weather Squadron on 19 October 2007 and was reassigned to the 2nd Weather Group. At the end of 2007, the authorized strength of 14 WS stood at 95 positions. The 14 WS possesses the DoD's most complete repository of worldwide weather data, receiving nearly 500,000 weather observations and satellite-derived wind profiles each day. Over the unit's history, customer support has expanded to include all of the military services, the joint commands, AF and Army major commands, U.S. intelligence agencies, the White House and foreign allied military organizations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0021-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, The 21st century\nToday's military climatologists and analysts continue to fulfill customer requests similar to those of their predecessors as long as 60 years ago, but with improved techniques and equipment. Resources have grown from punched card data decks from the 1930s to many client/server networks and climatic databases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0022-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, The 21st century\n14 WS is continuously upgrading to the latest data visualization techniques and other technologies as they become available. In 2013, the squadron transitioned from a 15-year-old legacy data management system to an improved Joint METOC Ingest System, instantly doubling the unit's observation intake to 1.5 million weather observations a day. In addition, the unit launched its inaugural Geographic Information System (GIS) capability to display applied Geospatial Climatology. In January 2014, the 14WS began a more robust climate prediction and seasonal outlook capability to meet additional DoD and Intelligence Community requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0023-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, History, The 21st century\nOn 27 March 2015, AFWA was redesignated as the 557th Weather Wing (557 WW), a Special Mission Wing assigned to 12th Air Force (AFSOUTH) under Air Combat Command. On 29 October 2019, the 557 WW was reassigned under the new information warfare Numbered Air Force, the Sixteenth Air Force (Air Forces Cyber).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0024-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, Emblem\nBLAZON: On a disc Azure, an anemometer Sable fimbriated or environed by a tri-parted knot Celeste overall; all within a narrow border Blue. Attached below the disc, a White scroll edged with a narrow Blue border and inscribed \"14TH WEATHER SQUADRON\" in Blue letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012051-0025-0000", "contents": "14th Weather Squadron, Emblem\nSIGNIFICANCE: Ultramarine blue and Air Force yellow are the Air Force colors. Blue alludes to the sky, the primary theater of Air Force operations. Yellow refers to the sun and the excellence required of Air Force personnel. The tri-parted knot alludes to the worldwide data base archived on computer tape. The weather anemometer icon denotes the unit's mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012052-0000-0000", "contents": "14th West Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012052-0001-0000", "contents": "14th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 14th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was organized at Wheeling in western Virginia on August 25, 1862. Most of its men came from neighboring areas in Ohio and Pennsylvania, and a number of the men of Company A were from Doddridge and Harrison County, West Virginia. Attached to Railroad Division, West Virginia, to January, 1863. New Creek, W. Va., Defenses Upper Potomac, 8th Army Corps, Middle Dept., to March, 1863. 5th Brigade, 1st Division. 8th Army Corps, to June, 1863. Mulligan's Brigade, Scammon's Division, West Virginia, to December, 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, West Virginia, to April. 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division, West Virginia, to January, 1865. 1st Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division, West Virginia, to June, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012052-0002-0000", "contents": "14th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service\nOrdered to Clarksburg, W. Va., and guard duty on the Upper Potomac, Headquarters at New Creek, until June, 1863. Expedition to Greenland Gap April 13\u201322, 1863. Action at Greenland Gap April 25 (Co. \"A\"). Duty at New Creek, Petersburg and Romney until April, 1864. Two companies were engaged in a skirmish with Confederate forces near Burlington, West Virginia on November 16, 1863, losing First Lieutenant George W. Hardman, Sergeant Samuel H. Morris and Private William Gardner killed. Burlington and Petersburg Turnpike November 19. Salem December 16. Jackson River, near Covington, December 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012052-0002-0001", "contents": "14th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service\nOperations in Hampshire and Hardy Counties December 31, 1863 \u2013 January 5, 1864. Operations in Hampshire and Hardy Counties against Rosser January 27-February 7, 1864. Evacuation of Petersburg January 30. Crook's Expedition against Virginia & Tennessee Railroad May 2\u201319. Battle of Cloyd's Mountain May 9. New River Bridge May 10. Cove Mountain or Grassy Lick, near Wytheville May 10. Salt Pond Mountain and Gap Mountain May 12\u201313. Hunter's Expedition against Lynchburg May 26-July 1. Diamond Hill June 17. Lynchburg June 17\u201318. Retreat to Charleston June 18-July 1. Buford's Gap June 20. About Salem June 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012052-0002-0002", "contents": "14th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service\nMoved to the Shenandoah Valley July 12\u201315. Snicker's Ferry July 17\u201318. Battle of Rutherford's Farm July 20. Second Battle of Kernstown July 23\u201324. Martinsburg July 25. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 6-November 28. Strasburg August 15. Halltown August 24 and 26. Battle of Berryville September 3. Third Battle of Winchester September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Camp Russell and in Shenandoah Valley until December. Myerstown November 28. Duty at Martinsburg, Cumberland, Md., and Winchester, Va., until June, 1865. On March 22, 1865, a detachment of Company H, armed in part with Henry repeating rifles, engaged a force of Confederates near Patterson Creek Station, West Virginia. Mustered out June 28, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012052-0003-0000", "contents": "14th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 14th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment suffered 7 officers and 81 enlisted men killed in battle or died from wounds, and 1 officer and 157 enlisted men dead from disease for a total of 170 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012053-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment\nThe 14th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was a volunteer infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Four of its members received the Medal of Honor for service in the Second Battle of Corinth, October 3 and 4, 1862; among them the Color-Sergeant Denis Murphy (Green Bay), who, though wounded 3 times, continued bearing the colors throughout the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012053-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 14th Wisconsin was raised at Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, under Colonel David E. Wood. Wood was a prominent Fond du Lac citizen, former legislator and Circuit Court judge. The camp in Fond du Lac where they trained was renamed \"Camp Wood,\" after him. The 14th Wisconsin was mustered into Federal service on January 30, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012053-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out on October 9, 1865, at Mobile, Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012053-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 14th Wisconsin suffered 6 officers and 116 enlisted men killed in action or who later died of their wounds, plus another 3 officers and 194 enlisted men (including Col. Wood) who died of disease, for a total of 319 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012053-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nA metal plaque on the grounds of Camp Randall in Madison, Wisconsin, states that 27 members of the 14th Wisconsin\u2014all of whom are named on the plaque\u2014died as a result of wounds received on April 7, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012054-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Wisconsin Legislature\nThe Fourteenth Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 9, 1861, to April 17, 1861, in regular session. The legislature re-convened in special session from May 15, 1861, to May 27, 1861, at the request of Wisconsin Governor Alexander Randall, to approve funding for a brigade of volunteers for the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012054-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Wisconsin Legislature\nSenators representing odd-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first year of a two-year term. Assembly members were elected to a one-year term. Assembly members and even-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 6, 1860. Senators representing even-numbered districts were serving the second year of their two-year term, having been elected in the general election held on November 8, 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012054-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Wisconsin Legislature, Members, Members of the Senate\nMembers of the Wisconsin Senate for the Fourteenth Wisconsin Legislature:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012055-0000-0000", "contents": "14th World Science Fiction Convention\nThe 14th World Science Fiction Convention, also known as NyCon II or NEWYORCON, was held August 31\u2013September 3, 1956, at the Biltmore Hotel in New York, New York, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012055-0001-0000", "contents": "14th World Science Fiction Convention\nThe chairman was David A. Kyle. The Guest of Honor was Arthur C. Clarke. The toastmaster was Robert Bloch. Total attendance was approximately 850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012055-0002-0000", "contents": "14th World Science Fiction Convention, Awards\nThe Hugo Awards, named after Hugo Gernsback, are presented every year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The results are based on the ballots submitted by members of the World Science Fiction Society. Other awards, including the Astounding Award for Best New Writer (since 1973; named \"John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer\" until 2019), are also presented at each year's Worldcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012055-0003-0000", "contents": "14th World Science Fiction Convention, Fan politics\nIt was at this Worldcon that a group of fans (including Bob Tucker, Boyd Raeburn, Dick Eney, Ron Ellik and Ted White) who had not paid the $7 fee for the convention banquet chose to sit in the balcony and listen to the Guest of Honor speeches. Convention chair Kyle had a messenger tell the \"Balcony Insurgents\" that Kyle had said they could not sit there. Since almost every fan who wrote about the convention reported the incident, \"Dave Kyle Says You Can't Sit Here\" became a fannish catchphrase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012055-0004-0000", "contents": "14th World Science Fiction Convention, Fan politics\nThe primary bid for the 15th World Science Fiction Convention was for London. This would be the first Worldcon outside North America, and there was a small but vocal jingoistic faction of Americans who argued for retaining the Worldcon in North America, claiming \"If we let them have it they'll never give it back\". Their campaign against the London proposal was opposed by other Americans, most audibly Anthony Boucher, and the London bid won by an ample margin, to loud cheers. There were reportedly petty efforts even after the vote was over to sabotage the London bid, but they failed to hinder it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012056-0000-0000", "contents": "14th World Scout Jamboree\nThe 14th World Scout Jamboree was held July 29 to August 7, 1975, and was hosted by Norway at Lillehammer, on the shore of Lake Mj\u00f8sa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012056-0001-0000", "contents": "14th World Scout Jamboree\nKing Olav V and Harald V of Norway, who then was crown prince, opened \"Nordjamb '75\", as it became popularly known, in the presence of 17,259 Scouts from 94 countries. The slogan was Five Fingers, One Hand, an example of international cooperation on the part of the five Nordic countries responsible for its organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012056-0002-0000", "contents": "14th World Scout Jamboree\nThe slogan for the Jamboree was represented in a number of ways, including one event that brought all of the Jamboree participants together into the central arena, where they formed a giant hand that was photographed from aircraft flying overhead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012056-0003-0000", "contents": "14th World Scout Jamboree\nThe British contingent, led by Robert Baden-Powell, 3rd Baron Baden-Powell, included Scouts from Branches in Bermuda, Hong Kong and Rhodesia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012056-0004-0000", "contents": "14th World Scout Jamboree\nThe program of this Jamboree included excursions in the mountains by international patrols, activity areas, Nordic trail, choir, visit to Maihaugen cultural museum, and the Jamboree Country Fair. The relationships that developed were in large measure due to the warm hospitality given to almost every visiting Scout in the homes of the hosts. This Jamboree included in the program several activities involving modern technology, as well as traditional pursuits such as hiking, orienteering and camping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012056-0005-0000", "contents": "14th World Scout Jamboree\nThe Jamboree was also visited by Carl XVI Gustav of Sweden and Crown Prince Mohammed VI of Morocco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012056-0006-0000", "contents": "14th World Scout Jamboree, Campsite\nThe campground was located on shore of the river L\u00e5gen where it enters Lake Mj\u00f8sa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012056-0007-0000", "contents": "14th World Scout Jamboree, Campsite\nThe camp consisted of a central area and ten subcamps:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012056-0008-0000", "contents": "14th World Scout Jamboree, Activities\nEach Scout had the opportunity to attend at the following activities:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012056-0009-0000", "contents": "14th World Scout Jamboree, Activities\nOn August 2, 1975, the Jamboree County Fair was celebrated. For this event Nord Crowns were issued as Camp currency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012057-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Writers Guild of America Awards\nThe 14th Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best film writers and television writers of 1961. Winners were announced in 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012058-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Yamaha Thailand Cup\n1998 saw the 14th edition of the Yamaha Thailand Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012058-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Yamaha Thailand Cup\nIt was Thailand's main inter-provincial competition, played between qualifiers from various regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012058-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Yamaha Thailand Cup\nThe first round saw four groups of four teams, of which the top two sides qualified for the Quarter-Final knockout stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012058-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Yamaha Thailand Cup\nBangkok Metropolitan Administration FC beat Nakhon Si Thammarat FC in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012058-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Yamaha Thailand Cup, Group A\nBangkok Metropolitan Administration FC and Amnat Charoen advance to Quarter-Final stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012058-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Yamaha Thailand Cup, Group B\nNakhon Si Thammarat FC and Phetchaburi advanced to the next round", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012059-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Yokohama Film Festival\nThe 14th Yokohama Film Festival (\u7b2c14\u56de\u30e8\u30b3\u30cf\u30de\u6620\u753b\u796d) was held on 7 February 1993 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012060-0000-0000", "contents": "14th Youth in Film Awards\nThe 14th Youth in Film Awards ceremony (now known as the Young Artist Awards), presented by the Youth in Film Association, honored outstanding youth performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theater and music for the 1991-1992 season, and took place on January 16, 1993, at the Sportsmen's Lodge in Studio City, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012060-0001-0000", "contents": "14th Youth in Film Awards\nEstablished in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press Association member, Maureen Dragone, the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theater and music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012060-0002-0000", "contents": "14th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Motion Picture, Best Young Actress Co-Starring in a Motion Picture\n\u2605 Courtney Peldon - Out on a Limb (Universal Pictures)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 119], "content_span": [120, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012060-0003-0000", "contents": "14th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Motion Picture, Best Young Actor Under 10 in a Motion Picture\n\u2605 Joseph Gordon-Levitt - A River Runs Through It (Columbia Pictures)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012060-0004-0000", "contents": "14th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Motion Picture, Best Young Actress Under 10 in a Motion Picture\n\u2605 Nancy Moore Atchison - Fried Green Tomatoes (Universal Pictures)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 116], "content_span": [117, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012060-0005-0000", "contents": "14th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Movie, Best Young Actor in a Television Movie\n\u2605 Bumper Robinson - The Jacksons: An American Dream (ABC)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 109], "content_span": [110, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012060-0006-0000", "contents": "14th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Movie, Best Young Actress in a Television Movie\n\u2605 Ariana Richards - Locked Up: A Mother's Rage (CBS)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 111], "content_span": [112, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012060-0007-0000", "contents": "14th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Movie, Best Young Actress in a Cable Movie\n\u2605 Amy Stewart - Mark Twain and Me (Disney Channel)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 106], "content_span": [107, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012060-0008-0000", "contents": "14th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Best Young Actress Starring in a Cable Series\n\u2605 Melissa Joan Hart - Clarissa Explains It All (Nickelodeon)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 117], "content_span": [118, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012060-0009-0000", "contents": "14th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Best Young Actor Recurring in a Television Series\n\u2605 (tie) Aeyrk Egan - Brooklyn Bridge (CBS)\u2605 (tie) Bumper Robinson - Family Matters (CBS)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 121], "content_span": [122, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012060-0010-0000", "contents": "14th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Voice-Over Performer, Outstanding Young Voice-Over in an Animated Series or Special\n\u2605 Chris Allport - Peter Pan and the Pirates (FOX)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 121], "content_span": [122, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012060-0011-0000", "contents": "14th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Ensemble Performance, Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast in a Motion Picture\n\u2605 Hook (TriStar Pictures) - Charlie Korsmo, Amber Scott, Ryan Francis, Dante Basco, Raushan Hammond, Jasen Fisher, James Madio, Isaiah Robinson, Thomas Tulak, Alex Zuckerman, Ahmad Stone, Bogdan Georghe, Adam McNatt, Ren\u00e9 Gonz\u00e1lez Jr, Brian Willis, and Alex Gaona", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 111], "content_span": [112, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012060-0012-0000", "contents": "14th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Ensemble Performance, Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast in a Youth Series or Variety Show\n\u2605 Roundhouse (Nickelodeon) - Alfred J. Carr Jr., John Crane, Mark David, Shawn Daywalt, Ivan Dudynsky, Micki Duran, Seymour Willis Green, Crystal Lewis, Dominic Lucero, Natalie Nucci, Julene Renee, and David Sidoni", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 125], "content_span": [126, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012060-0013-0000", "contents": "14th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Michael Landon Award for Best Television Series\n\u2605 Home Improvement - Matt Williams, Carmen Finestra, David McFadzean", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 106], "content_span": [107, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012060-0014-0000", "contents": "14th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Family Entertainment of the Year\n\u2605 Walt Disney Pictures - Aladdin & Beauty and the Beast", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 103], "content_span": [104, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012060-0015-0000", "contents": "14th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Children's Educational Home Videos\n\u2605 Lisa Marie Nelson - \u2605 Ann Eldridge, Mark Warshaw -", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 105], "content_span": [106, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012060-0016-0000", "contents": "14th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Young Performers Starring in a Mini-Series\n\u2605 Alex Burrall & Jason Weaver - The Jacksons: An American Dream", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 113], "content_span": [114, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012060-0017-0000", "contents": "14th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Most Promising Young Newcomers\n\u2605 Adam Hann-Byrd - Little Man Tate\u2605 Anna Chlumsky - My Girl", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012061-0000-0000", "contents": "14th arrondissement of Marseille\nThe 14th arrondissement of Marseille is one of the 16 arrondissements of Marseille. It is governed locally together with the 13th arrondissement, with which it forms the 7th sector of Marseille.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012061-0001-0000", "contents": "14th arrondissement of Marseille, Education\nThe private Catholic school \u00c9cole Tour-Sainte is in the 14th arrondissement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012061-0002-0000", "contents": "14th arrondissement of Marseille, Demographics\nEuronews claimed in August 2021 that the 14th arrondissement is \"one of the city's most deprived\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012062-0000-0000", "contents": "14th arrondissement of Paris\nThe 14th arrondissement of Paris (French: XIVe arrondissement [kat\u0254\u0281zj\u025bm a\u0281\u0254\u0303dism\u0251\u0303]), officially named arrondissement de l'Observatoire (IPA:\u00a0[a\u0281\u0254\u0303dism\u0251\u0303 d\u0259 l\u0254ps\u025b\u0281vatwa\u0281]; meaning \"arrondissement of the Observatory\", after the Paris Observatory), is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. It is situated on the left bank of the River Seine and contains most of the Montparnasse district. Although today Montparnasse is best known for its skyscraper, the Tour Montparnasse, and its major railway terminus, the Gare Montparnasse, these are both actually located in the neighboring 15th arrondissement. The district has traditionally been home to many artists as well as a Breton community, arrived at the beginning of the 20th century upon the creation of the Montparnasse railway terminus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012062-0001-0000", "contents": "14th arrondissement of Paris\nUniversities located in the 14th arrondissement also include the Cit\u00e9 Internationale Universitaire de Paris, which is located near the Parc Montsouris, the Stade Charl\u00e9ty and the catacombs; and the Paris School of Economics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012062-0002-0000", "contents": "14th arrondissement of Paris, Geography\nThe land area of this arrondissement is 5.621\u00a0km2 (2.17 sq. miles, or 1,389 acres).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012062-0003-0000", "contents": "14th arrondissement of Paris, Demography\nThe 14th arrondissement attained its peak population in 1954 when it had 181,414 inhabitants. It continues to have a high density of both population and business activity with 132,844 inhabitants and 71,836 jobs as of the last census, in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012062-0004-0000", "contents": "14th arrondissement of Paris, Demography, Immigration\n2 An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012062-0005-0000", "contents": "14th arrondissement of Paris, Economy\nA\u00e9roports de Paris has its head office in the arrondissement. In addition Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d'exploitation de l'hebdomadaire Le Point (SEBDO Le Point), the company that operates Le Point, has its head office in the arrondissement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012062-0006-0000", "contents": "14th arrondissement of Paris, Economy\nSNCF, the French rail company, formerly had its head office in Montparnasse and the 14th arrondissement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012062-0007-0000", "contents": "14th arrondissement of Paris, Government and infrastructure\nLa Sant\u00e9 Prison, operated by the Ministry of Justice, is in the arrondissement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012062-0008-0000", "contents": "14th arrondissement of Paris, Government and infrastructure\nThe head office of the Agency for French Education Abroad (AEFE), the French international schooling network, is in the arrondissement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012062-0009-0000", "contents": "14th arrondissement of Paris, Culture\nThe International Astronomical Union head office is located on the second floor of the Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris. The Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Rive Gauche is located at 6, rue de la Ga\u00eet\u00e9. Several contemporary art galleries are also located in the 14th arrondissement, such as the Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain, the Mus\u00e9e Adzak and the Gallery of Montparnasse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012063-0000-0000", "contents": "14th century\nAs a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was a century lasting from 1 January 1301 (MCCCI), to 31 December 1400 (MCD). It is estimated that the century witnessed the death of more than 45 million lives from political and natural disasters in both Europe and the Mongol Empire. West Africa and the Indian Subcontinent experienced economic growth and prosperity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012063-0001-0000", "contents": "14th century\nIn Europe, the Black Death claimed 25 million lives \u2013 wiping out one third of the European population \u2013 while the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France fought in the protracted Hundred Years' War after the death of Charles IV, King of France led to a claim to the French throne by Edward III, King of England. This period is considered the height of chivalry and marks the beginning of strong separate identities for both England and France as well as the foundation of the Italian Renaissance and Ottoman Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012063-0002-0000", "contents": "14th century\nIn Asia, Tamerlane (Timur), established the Timurid Empire, history's third largest empire to have been ever established by a single conqueror. Scholars estimate that Timur's military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time. Synchronously, the Timurid Renaissance emerged. In the Arab world, historian and political scientist Ibn Khaldun and explorer Ibn Battuta made significant contributions. In India, the Bengal Sultanate got divided from the Delhi Sultanate, a major trading nation in the world. The sultanate was described by the Europeans as the richest country to trade with. The Mongol court was driven out of China and retreated to Mongolia, the Ilkhanate collapsed, the Chaghatayid dissolved and broke into two parts, and the Golden Horde lost its position as a great power in Eastern Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012063-0003-0000", "contents": "14th century\nIn Africa, the wealthy Mali Empire, a global leader of gold production, reached its territorial and economic height under the reign of Mansa Musa I of Mali, the wealthiest individual of the medieval times, and according to various sources as history's ever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012064-0000-0000", "contents": "14th century BC\nThe 14th century BC is a century which lasted from the year 1400 BC until 1301 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012065-0000-0000", "contents": "14th century in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the century 1301\u20131400 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012066-0000-0000", "contents": "14th century in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 14th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012067-0000-0000", "contents": "14th century in philosophy\nThis is a list of philosophy-related events in the 14th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012068-0000-0000", "contents": "14th general convention of Nepali Congress\n14th general convention of Nepali Congress is scheduled for 25\u201329 November 2021, having been postponed from its earlier planned date of 19\u201322 February , then 23\u201326 August, and again from the planned 1\u20134 September schedule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012069-0000-0000", "contents": "14th government of Turkey\nThe 14th government of Turkey (9 March 1943 \u2013 7 August 1946) was a government in the history of Turkey. It is also called second Saraco\u011flu government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012069-0001-0000", "contents": "14th government of Turkey, Background\nThe government was formed after the general elections held on 28 February 1943. \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Saraco\u011flu of Republican People's Party (CHP), who was also the prime minister of the previous government, was appointed as the prime minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012069-0002-0000", "contents": "14th government of Turkey, The government\nIn the list below, the cabinet members who served only a part of the cabinet's lifespan are shown in the column \"Notes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012069-0003-0000", "contents": "14th government of Turkey, Aftermath\nThe government ended after the general elections held on 21 July 1946. Although his party won the elections, Saraco\u011flu retired from active politics due to health problems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012070-0000-0000", "contents": "14th legislature of the French Fifth Republic\nThe 14th legislature of the French Fifth Republic is the parliament elected in the 2012 French legislative election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012070-0001-0000", "contents": "14th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the executive, Successive Presidents of the Republic\nDuring the passage to the 14th legislature, Fran\u00e7ois Hollande is president of the Republic since 36 days. He decides not to run for a second term. Emmanuel Macron succeeds him on May 14, 2017 after the presidential election of 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 114], "content_span": [115, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012070-0002-0000", "contents": "14th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the executive, Successive Presidents of the Republic\nFran\u00e7ois Hollande,president of the Republicfrom 15 May 2012to 14 May 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 114], "content_span": [115, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012070-0003-0000", "contents": "14th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the executive, Prime Ministers and successive governments\nFran\u00e7ois Hollande first reappointed Jean-Marc Ayrault as Prime Minister on June 20, 2012, which composes a single government. Manuel Valls is then named on March 31, 2014, which consists of two governments. Bernard Cazeneuve succeeds him on December 6, 2016 and will remain head of a single government until the election of Emmanuel Macron to the presidency of the Republic. The last government of the fourteenth legislature is that of \u00c9douard Philippe, which is renewed following the parliamentary elections of June 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 119], "content_span": [120, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012070-0004-0000", "contents": "14th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly\n155 women were elected or reelected and make up 26.86% of French MPs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 83], "content_span": [84, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012070-0005-0000", "contents": "14th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly\n125 women MPs from left-wing parties. 29 women MPs from right-wing parties. 1 women MP from the Front National party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 83], "content_span": [84, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012070-0006-0000", "contents": "14th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly\nThe oldest member of the National Assembly is Fran\u00e7ois Scellier, from the Radical Party, linked to the larger UMP conservative grouping. He represents the 6th Constituency of Val d'Oise and was 76 years old at the beginning of the current parliamentary term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 83], "content_span": [84, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012070-0007-0000", "contents": "14th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly\nThe youngest member of the National Assembly is Marion Mar\u00e9chal-Le Pen from the Front National, the MP for the 3rd Constituency of Vaucluse. She was 22 years old at the beginning of the current parliamentary term and was actually the youngest ever MP elected under the French Fifth Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 83], "content_span": [84, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012070-0008-0000", "contents": "14th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly, Changes in composition\nMembers of the National Assembly who join the government are required to give up their seats to their substitutes (suppl\u00e9ants) a month after their appointment, as stipulated in the constitution. Should ministers quit the government, they recover their seat in the National Assembly from their substitute a month after their resignation. By-elections are held in the event of the annulation of electoral results or vacancies caused by resignations (in most circumstances not those related to the death of a deputy, in which case the substitute takes the seat if possible), except within the year before legislative elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 107], "content_span": [108, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012071-0000-0000", "contents": "14th meridian east\nThe meridian 14\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012071-0001-0000", "contents": "14th meridian east\nThe 14th meridian east forms a great circle with the 166th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012071-0002-0000", "contents": "14th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 14th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012072-0000-0000", "contents": "14th meridian west\nThe meridian 14\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, Iceland, the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012072-0001-0000", "contents": "14th meridian west\nThe 14th meridian west forms a great circle with the 166th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012072-0002-0000", "contents": "14th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 14th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012073-0000-0000", "contents": "14th of July Bridge\nThe Bridge of the 14th July (Arabic: \u062c\u0633\u0631 14 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\u200e) is a suspension bridge over the Tigris in Baghdad, Iraq that carries vehicle and pedestrian traffic. The bridge carries Arbataash Tamuz (14th of July) street from the center of the city (formerly the Green Zone) south into the Karrada peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012073-0001-0000", "contents": "14th of July Bridge\nThe bridge is named after July 14, 1958, the day in which the Hashemite monarchy was overthrown in a coup d'\u00e9tat. It is the only suspension bridge in Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012073-0002-0000", "contents": "14th of July Bridge\nThe bridge has two lanes in each direction, but in practice only one lane is used because of the strict security checks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012073-0003-0000", "contents": "14th of July Bridge\nThe suspension bridge has a span of 167.64m (550ft), of which the lateral openings are 83.82m (275ft) wide. Since the ground of Baghdad consists of alluvium, the anchor of the ropes does not provide enough support in order to withstand the tensile forces, so the bridge is a so-called self-anchored (spurious) suspension bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012073-0004-0000", "contents": "14th of July Bridge\nDavid B. Steinman was awarded the contract for designing the bridge in 1956, however the bridge was unable to start construction until 1961, due to the political circumstances in Iraq and the fact that Steinman died in 1960. The bridge is painted in the shade of green which Steinman preferred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012073-0005-0000", "contents": "14th of July Bridge\nIn the Gulf War the bridge was attacked on 9 February 1991 during Operation Desert Storm, which killed three and injured six, causing large-scale damage to the bridge. The bridge was re-opened on 25 October 2003 after the fall of Saddam Hussein. However, following a bombing in Baghdad on 13 November 2003, it was closed until the middle of 2004 for safety reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012074-0000-0000", "contents": "14th parallel north\nThe 14th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 14 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, Central America, the Caribbean and the Atlantic Ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012074-0001-0000", "contents": "14th parallel north\nAt this latitude the sun is visible for 12 hours, 57 minutes during the summer solstice and 11 hours, 18 minutes during the winter solstice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012074-0002-0000", "contents": "14th parallel north, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 14\u00b0 north passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012075-0000-0000", "contents": "14th parallel south\nThe 14th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 14 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012075-0001-0000", "contents": "14th parallel south, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 14\u00b0 south passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012076-0000-0000", "contents": "14th/17th Minesweeper Flotilla\nThe 14th/17th Minesweeper Flotilla was a Royal Navy minesweeper flotilla based in Malta during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012076-0001-0000", "contents": "14th/17th Minesweeper Flotilla, History\nThe flotilla comprised four fleet minesweepers from the Devonport based 14th M/S Flotilla \u2013 two Halcyon class (HMS\u00a0Speedy and HMS\u00a0Hebe) and two Bangor class (HMS\u00a0Rye and HMS\u00a0Hythe).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012076-0002-0000", "contents": "14th/17th Minesweeper Flotilla, History\nThe four vessels were detached from 14th M/S Flotilla in 1942 and designated 17th M/S Flotilla on arrival in Gibraltar. The flotilla commander was Cdr Doran RN in HMS Speedy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012076-0003-0000", "contents": "14th/17th Minesweeper Flotilla, History\nThe flotilla proceeded to Malta in June 1942 as part of the Malta Convoy Operation Harpoon. The four sweepers cleared the approaches to Grand Harbour and led the Harpoon convoy into Malta. During its service in Malta the flotilla was known as 14th/17th Minesweeper Flotilla. The flotilla participated in the famous Malta Convoy Operation Pedestal during August 1942, which included the rescue of the oil tanker SS\u00a0Ohio, for which Lt J. A. Pearson of HMS Rye was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012077-0000-0000", "contents": "14th/20th King's Hussars\nThe 14th/20th King's Hussars was a cavalry regiment of the British Army. It was created by the amalgamation of the 14th King's Hussars and the 20th Hussars in 1922 and, after service in the Second World War, it amalgamated with the Royal Hussars to become the King's Royal Hussars in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012077-0001-0000", "contents": "14th/20th King's Hussars, History\nThe regiment, which was initially styled the 14th/20th Hussars, was created by the amalgamation of the 14th King's Hussars and the 20th Hussars in 1922. It was re-titled the 14th/20th King's Hussars in December 1936. The regiment, which was based in India at the start of the Second World War, dispatched a cadre of personnel to form the 26th Hussars in February 1941. The remainder of the regiment was deployed to Iraq and Persia later that year to guard the oil fields. It landed in Italy in 1944 and then took part in the capture of Medicina in April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012077-0002-0000", "contents": "14th/20th King's Hussars, History\nAfter the war the regiment remained in Germany until 1946 when it moved to Cambrai Lines at Catterick Garrison as RAC Training Regiment. It moved to Haig Lines in Church Crookham in January 1951 and then deployed to Libya in November 1952. The regiment joined 20th Armoured Brigade and moved to Portsmouth Barracks in Munster in March 1956 and then transferred to 11th Infantry Brigade and re-located to Haig Barracks in Hohne in November 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012077-0003-0000", "contents": "14th/20th King's Hussars, History\nThe regiment deployed to Wavell Barracks in Benghazi in 1962 from where it sent units to Cyprus in December 1963 and again in May 1965. It returned home in January 1966 but joined 6th Infantry Brigade and moved to Barker Barracks in Paderborn in December 1966. In June 1970 it returned home to join 5th Infantry Brigade with its base at Aliwal Barracks in Tidworth Camp from where it deployed units to Northern Ireland at the height of the Troubles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012077-0003-0001", "contents": "14th/20th King's Hussars, History\nIt returned to West Germany in a new role as a recce regiment based at Harewood Barracks in Herford in May 1973 from where it continued to deploy units to Northern Ireland. It moved to Bovington Camp as RAC Centre Regiment in May 1976 and then joined 1st Armoured Division with its new base at Caen Barracks in Hohne in December 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012077-0004-0000", "contents": "14th/20th King's Hussars, History\nThe regiment re-roled as RAC Centre Regiment at Cambrai Barracks at Catterick Garrison in May 1985 and then returned to West Germany to join 4th Infantry Brigade based at York Barracks at M\u00fcnster in March 1988. It was amalgamated with the Royal Hussars to become the King's Royal Hussars on 4 December 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012077-0005-0000", "contents": "14th/20th King's Hussars, Regimental museum\nThe Museum of the 14th/20th King's Hussars was in the Museum of Lancashire in Preston until it closed in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012077-0006-0000", "contents": "14th/20th King's Hussars, Battle honours\nThe combined battle honours of the 14th King's Hussars and the 20th Hussars, plus:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012078-0000-0000", "contents": "14th/32nd Battalion (Australia)\nThe 14th/32nd Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army which served during the Second World War. It was formed in September 1942 by the amalgamation of the 14th and 32nd Battalions and was assigned to the 6th Brigade, 4th Division in Geraldton, Western Australia. The battalion served firstly in Australia and then later New Guinea, being employed mainly on garrison duties, before being transferred to the 5th Division and deployed to New Britain late in the war where it took part briefly in the Australian containment campaign on that island. In April 1945 it returned to Australia  for rest and re-organisation and was disbanded later that year without seeing further combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012078-0001-0000", "contents": "14th/32nd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nBy mid-1942, an over mobilisation of Australia's military forces resulted in a manpower shortage in the Australian economy. In order to rectify this situation, the Australian government decided to amalgamate and disband a number of units from the Militia in order to free up their personnel and return them to the civilian workforce. As a result, on 12 October 1942, the 14th and 32nd Battalions, which had been undertaking garrison duties around Geraldton, Western Australia, were amalgamated to form the 14th/32nd Battalion. Upon formation the battalion adopted the territorial title of the \"Prahran/Footscray Regiment\" and was assigned to the 6th Brigade, 4th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012078-0002-0000", "contents": "14th/32nd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe battalion's personnel were drawn predominately from the 14th Battalion, although 164 officers and men from the 32nd who had volunteered to serve under the same conditions of the Second Australian Imperial Force, were transferred to the 14th/32nd at this time. As more than 65 per cent of the battalion's 996 personnel volunteered for overseas service,  the battalion was designated as an Australian Imperial Force battalion, meaning that it could be sent outside the territorial limits imposed by the Defence Act (1903).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012078-0003-0000", "contents": "14th/32nd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and New Britain\nAfter this, the 14th/32nd Battalion was moved to the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland, to undertake amphibious landing and jungle warfare training in preparation for deployment overseas. In July 1943, they were sent to Port Moresby, New Guinea, where they once again filled the role of garrison troops for almost a year, operating between Buna, Gona and Nassau Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012078-0003-0001", "contents": "14th/32nd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and New Britain\nIn 1944, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William Caldwell, who had previously commanded at company-level in Greece and the Middle East, the battalion was attached to the 5th Division and on 4 November the 14th/32nd Battalion, forming the vanguard of the 6th Brigade, carried out an amphibious landing at Jacquinot Bay on New Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012078-0004-0000", "contents": "14th/32nd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and New Britain\nAlthough opposition to the landing was expected, the 14th/32nd Battalion arrived on the beach and found that the Japanese defenders had withdrawn further down the coast. This allowed the battalion to concentrate on the task of establishing a beachhead and unloading stores. This task was made more difficult though by a torrential downpour on 6 November, nevertheless they were eventually able to establish themselves around Pal Mal Mal Plantation and patrols were sent out to locate the Japanese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012078-0004-0001", "contents": "14th/32nd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and New Britain\nBy 10 November, patrols reached the Esis River and after contacting locals it was found that the Japanese were withdrawing towards the Gazelle Peninsula, where it was estimated that about 93,000 Japanese were stationed. Due to the size of the Japanese garrison, as the rest of the 5th Division began to arrive on the island, it was decided that the Australians would undertake a campaign of containment rather than engage in offensive operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012078-0004-0002", "contents": "14th/32nd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and New Britain\nAs a part of this campaign, the 14th/32nd Battalion was assigned the task of advancing 75 miles (121\u00a0km) along the coast from Jacquinot Bay to Henry Reid Bay. With no roads and only narrow tracks, the going was difficult and in order to improve mobility the battalion used barges to carry out a series of landings as they advanced through Sampun and Lampun, passing around Wide Bay, before reaching Kalai Plantation in mid-February 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012078-0005-0000", "contents": "14th/32nd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and New Britain\nAt Kalai the battalion moved into the Kamandran Mission where they received intelligence reports of a force of about 200 Japanese occupying a position at Gogbulo creek. Fighting patrols were sent out, but no contact was made, although evidence of occupation was found indicating that the Japanese were moving back to a defensive position to the north of Mavelo river. Before they could launch an assault, however, the battalion was relieved by the 19th Battalion and on 28 February the 19th crossed the Mavelo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012078-0005-0001", "contents": "14th/32nd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and New Britain\nFollowing this the Japanese withdrew back towards the mountains around the Waitavalo and Tol Plantations, and in early March an attempt was made to force a crossing on the Wulwut river. After initially being turned back by intense Japanese mortar and machine-gun fire, the 19th made a successful second attempt, forcing the Japanese back further towards Mount Sugi and Bacon Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012078-0006-0000", "contents": "14th/32nd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and New Britain\nAs orders were passed for an attack to be made on this position, the 14th/32nd was brought up to relieve the 19th. The Japanese position sat atop a 600-foot (180\u00a0m) hill which rose steeply, up to 45 degrees in some places, from the jungle below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012078-0006-0001", "contents": "14th/32nd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and New Britain\nIn preparation, the 14th/32nd occupied a number of positions around Bacon Hill and at 9:55\u00a0am on 16 March 1945 the attack began with two companies, 'B' and 'D', attacking under the cover of an intense artillery barrage provided by elements of the 2/14th Field Regiment, with direct fire support being provided by 'A' and 'C' Companies from the high ground surrounding the hill. The Japanese defences were well-prepared though, and machine-gun and mortar fire from well-sited positions soon pinned down two platoons from 'B' Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012078-0006-0002", "contents": "14th/32nd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and New Britain\nIn order to regain momentum, a flanking move to the left was undertaken by 'D' Company, but after two hours they too came under intense machine-gun fire as they attempted to round Mount Sugi and attack the Japanese from the rear, forcing them to dig-in to the north of Bacon Hill. At this point the situation became quite desperate for the attackers, and a number of Australian platoons found themselves embroiled in an intense battle. Finally, late in the day, after having lost 10 men killed and another 13 wounded the attack was called off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012078-0006-0003", "contents": "14th/32nd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and New Britain\nThe attack was resumed early the following day with two companies attacking from the north and digging-in on the eastern approaches to the hill while two platoons clambered up the steep western slope amidst heavy Japanese mortar and grenade attacks. By nightfall the Australians, who had lost a further six men killed and 17 wounded, were in control of most of the position, although two Japanese positions were still holding out. On 18 March the attack was resumed and finally, by 3:00\u00a0pm, the last Japanese had been cleared from the hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012078-0007-0000", "contents": "14th/32nd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and New Britain\nFollowing the battle, the battalion continued patrolling operations beyond the Waitavalo\u2013Tol area but no further contact was made. On 21 March when they were relieved once more by the 19th Battalion. A week later, on 28 March, the 13th Brigade began to relieve the units of the 6th Brigade, and over the following fortnight the transition took place. On 12 April the battalion returned to Kalai where they received the news that they were being returned to Australian for rest and re-organisation in preparation for further operations. On 7 May 1945 they embarked upon the troopship Duntroon, arriving in Brisbane a week later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012078-0008-0000", "contents": "14th/32nd Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nWith the war seen to be coming to a close, the Army decided to disband the 6th Brigade and its component units, and as a result, the 14th/32nd was disbanded on 21 July 1945, while at Loganlea. During the war the battalion lost 31 men killed or died on active service and a further 46 wounded. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Distinguished Service Order, one Order of the British Empire, one British Empire Medal, two Military Crosses, one Distinguished Conduct Medal, one Military Medal, and seven Mention in Dispatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012078-0009-0000", "contents": "14th/32nd Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nFor their service during the Second World War, the 14th/32nd Battalion received the following battle honours:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012079-0000-0000", "contents": "14ymedio\n14ymedio is the first independent digital media outlet in Cuba. It was founded on May 21, 2014, by the Cuban blogger and activist Yoani S\u00e1nchez and the Cuban journalist Reinaldo Escobar. The project started with a group of 12 reporters, whose objective was to produce a digital media outlet with different types of news. The newspaper contains news about Cuba and the world, in topics related to national politics, international politics, economy, culture, society, science and technology, and sports. It also publishes editorials, opinion articles, and interviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012079-0001-0000", "contents": "14ymedio\nThe name '14ymedio' characterizes the project in several ways. First, the number '14' is because the newspaper was born \"on the fourteenth floor, in the fourteenth year of the new millennium\". The letter 'Y' has been a constant characteristic in other projects of Yoani S\u00e1nchez, its founder, who also founded \"Generaci\u00f3n Y\"; while 'medio' refers to the media and to the journalistic connotation of the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012079-0002-0000", "contents": "14ymedio\n14ymedio is born in digital format in one of the countries with the lowest internet connectivity across the globe. Given the political situation in Cuba, where the government controls all media and regularly blocks access to websites that are hostile to its administration, the newspaper operates without access to the internet. The team uploads the information by using Wifi access from hotels. Currently, most Cubans do not have access to the publication due to continued issues with broad internet access and the government's ability to control its availability and functionality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012079-0003-0000", "contents": "14ymedio, History\n14ymedio starts as personal project of its founder: Yoani S\u00e1nchez, the founder 'Generaci\u00f3n Y', a blog that now has about a thousand published texts and more than a million comments. Its main objective is \"to inform, to open space for debate, to respect those who think differently, and to harmonize free speech with civic responsibility\". For its initial funding, the newspaper received approximately $150.000 in private investment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012079-0004-0000", "contents": "14ymedio, History\nThe first edition of 14ymedio was focused on a wide variety of topics, including politics, culture and society. It offered a critique to the Cuban healthcare system and questioned the status of baseball as the national sport. Its cover included the story \"Red Dawn: Havana is killing out there\", by V\u00edctor Ariel Gonz\u00e1lez, in which violence in the capital of the island is discussed; an opinion article about the economic reforms promoted by Ra\u00fal Castro, written by the dissident blogger Miriam Celaya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012079-0005-0000", "contents": "14ymedio, History\nThree hours after 14ymedio published its first edition on the internet, the site was hacked. Those who tried to access the site were redirected to a webpage titled \"Yoani$landia\", which mentioned that Cubans are tired about the fact that Yoani S\u00e1nchez tries to portray herself as the 'Mother Teresa of Calcutta' of the Cuban dissidents. Internet technicians later on tested it was ETECSA, the communications monopoly of the Cuban government, that hacked the page. From places outside Cuba, users can access the site without any restriction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012079-0006-0000", "contents": "14ymedio, History\nRecognizing that restricting access to the site was an initiative of the Cuban government, Yoani S\u00e1nchez published in her Twitter account: \"Wrong strategy from the Cuban government. There is nothing more attractive than the forbidden\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012079-0007-0000", "contents": "14ymedio, History\nThe actions of the Cuban government against 14ymedio have provoked various reactions in the international arena. The Inter American Press Association (IAPA) blamed the Cuban government for restricting the access to the site and promoting censorship. They claimed that the government's actions show that Cuban rulers still believe that \"freedom of expression is a grant and not a human right\". Roberta Jacobson, the Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs, condemned the blockade on her Twitter account too.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012079-0008-0000", "contents": "14ymedio, History\nDespite these actions against the newspaper, 14ymedio has not stopped publishing daily since the day of its release. The site showed consistency in its publications and growth in terms of the number of people it reached. By May 2014, 14ymedio had reached 6,000 followers on Facebook and 11,500 on Twitter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012079-0009-0000", "contents": "14ymedio, History\n14ymedio has also been internationally recognized by a variety of leading international newspapers and media outlets. Al-Jazeera highlighted that 14ymedio is \"the first independent media outlet in Cuba in 50 years to test the Castro regime's tolerance for dissent\". BBC considered that 14ymedio will  \"contribute with information so that Cubans can decide with more maturity their own destinies\", while Vice News described the newspaper as \"a new player in town in the homogenous media landscape of the communist island that is already testing the limits of the government's strict controls on the digital sphere\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012079-0010-0000", "contents": "14ymedio, Content\nCurrently, 14ymedio publishes more than a dozen of articles per day. It publishes both original content and international news that come from other agencies, such as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012079-0011-0000", "contents": "14ymedio, Content\n14ymedio reports in real time on national and international events that may be relevant to those living in Cuba. Similarly, it seeks to inform those living outside Cuba about the situation in the island. When Cuba and the United States announced the normalization of their diplomatic relations in December 2014, 14ymedio was the only independent newspaper present in Cuba, reporting on the news and reactions in real time. The articles that were published by 14ymedio were quoted in major newspapers and media outlets such as  The New York Times, The Washington Post, Time Magazine, El Pa\u00eds, and others. Similarly, 14ymedio was a vital source of information during Roberta Jacobson's visit to Cuba. The Assistant Secretary of State even visited the headquarters of 14ymedio in Havana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012079-0012-0000", "contents": "14ymedio, Content\nAs a consequence of the positive response that the newspaper received from the public, the team decided to launch an English Edition, to allow non-Spanish speaking readers to receive information directly from Cuba, about the restoration of diplomatic relations with the United States as well as about the general situation of the island. The English Edition of 14ymedio works thanks to the collaboration of volunteer translators, who are responsible of translating the articles that might be relevant for people in the United States or in other English speaking countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012079-0013-0000", "contents": "14ymedio, 14ymedio's team\n14ymedio's team is directed by Yoani S\u00e1nchez, and operates from her apartment in Cuba. It is conformed by 12 reporters and collaborators. Some of the members of the team are  Lilianne Ruiz; Luz Escobar, Reinaldo Escobar's daughter; and V\u00edctor Ariel Gonz\u00e1lez, son of the dissident blogger Miriam Celaya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012079-0014-0000", "contents": "14ymedio, 14ymedio's team\nBy the end of 2014, several members of 14ymedio's team were arrested. Reinaldo Escobar, for example, was detained as he left his own apartment; he was handcuffed and taken to patrol n.628, that was waiting for him in front of the building. V\u00edctor Ariel Gonz\u00e1lez was also detained for a couple hours. During that day, Yoani S\u00e1nchez remained under house arrest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012079-0015-0000", "contents": "14ymedio, Editorial line\n14ymedio seeks to counter the monopoly of the official media, and believes that the press plays an important role in the formation of civic consciousness and the conquest of freedom. The members of the team insist that 14ymedio is not a blog or a newspaper from the opposition. They define 14ymedio as a way to balance the flood of official information by neutrally emphasizing on the issues that the government does not want to inform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012079-0016-0000", "contents": "14ymedio, Editorial line\nVictor Ariel Gonz\u00e1lez said that the newspaper is born with the idea that someday there will be a democracy in Cuba, and that people will read 14ymedio and say: \"well, this newspaper has been publishing since those times when it was prohibited to do so\". Similarly, S\u00e1nchez explained that 14ymedio has the promise of being independent and transparent, and claimed that she chose online journalism over politics, in order to express her criticism on the Cuban current system, rather than participating in politics as a member of the opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012079-0017-0000", "contents": "14ymedio, Cuban government position towards 14ymedio\nAccording to the Granma, the official newspaper of Cuba, the purpose of 14ymedio is to \"feed campaigns of disinformation and defamation against Cuba\". The Cuban government also affirmed that 14ymedio is one of the projects of rebellion that the United States government funds and support in Cuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 52], "content_span": [53, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012079-0018-0000", "contents": "14ymedio, Recognition\n14ymedio's work is now potentiated with the 'Yahoo! Fellowship' that Yoani S\u00e1nchez obtained from Georgetown University, in recognition of her work towards the promotion of online freedom of expression. 'Yahoo! Fellow' is a research scholarship on International Values, Communications, Technology and the Global Internet that will allow S\u00e1nchez to share her experience of launching an online newspaper in a closed society. S\u00e1nchez expressed that the fellowship at Georgetown is an opportunity for her to improve the quality of her own work, to empower independent journalism in Cuba, and to interact with students and faculty in order to broaden her perspective of the world and of Cuba itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012080-0000-0000", "contents": "14\u201318 NOW\n14\u201318 NOW was the UK's arts programme for the First World War centenary. Working with arts and heritage partners all across the UK, the programme commissioned new artworks from 420 contemporary artists, musicians, filmmakers, designers and performers, inspired by the period 1914\u20131918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012080-0001-0000", "contents": "14\u201318 NOW, History\nIn October 2012, the UK government announced its plans for marking the centenary of the First World War. They were to include an arts programme formally announced in June 2013 as the 'First World War Centenary Cultural Programme'. In line with standard guidelines on government support for arts organisations, this subsequently became 14\u201318 NOW, an independent organisation with its own board hosted within Imperial War Museums. It is funded by the National Lottery Heritage Fund, Arts Council England, the DCMS together with other public, voluntary and private supporters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012081-0000-0000", "contents": "14\u201319 Diploma\nThe 14-19 Diploma was a composite qualification in England launched in September 2008. Its development was announced in the 14\u201319 Education and Skills White Paper of March 2005. It was available to learners between the ages of 14 and 19, crossing the divide between general education and vocational education. It was closed by the Department for Education in August 2013, and is no longer offered to students.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012081-0001-0000", "contents": "14\u201319 Diploma, Diploma lines of learning, levels, and qualification structure\nDiplomas were available in a range of 14 industry/employment sectors. These were known as lines of learning (rather than subjects). These include Engineering, Creative and Media and Travel and Tourism. Diplomas were not intended as preparation for direct entry into a profession, but as a general education as well as an introduction to an industry sector from which a student might progress, either through further study in full-time education, or training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 77], "content_span": [78, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012081-0002-0000", "contents": "14\u201319 Diploma, Diploma lines of learning, levels, and qualification structure\nAll 14 lines of learning were available at levels 1, 2 and 3 of the National Qualifications Framework. At level 1, the Diploma was known as a Foundation Diploma and was roughly equivalent in terms of challenge and volume of study to 5 GCSE qualifications at grades D - G. At level 2, the Diploma is known as a Higher Diploma which is comparable in terms of challenge and volume of study to 7 A* - C grades at GCSE. At level 3, two sizes of Diploma were available. The Advanced Diploma was comparable in challenge and volume of study to 3.5 A-levels, whereas the Progression Diploma, involved a smaller volume of study, approximated to 2.5 A-levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 77], "content_span": [78, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012081-0003-0000", "contents": "14\u201319 Diploma, Diploma lines of learning, levels, and qualification structure\nMost Diplomas had three main components: principal learning, generic learning and additional and specialist learning. Principal learning was a single qualification, based on the chosen line of learning. This qualification made up the greatest proportion of the Diploma. Generic learning included a number of sub-components: functional skills qualifications in English, Mathematics and ICT; a project qualification; a minimum of 10 days work experience and achievement of six personal, learning and thinking skills. The additional and specialist learning component permitted the student to choose to include one or more qualifications in their Diploma. These qualifications may, but do not have to, relate to the line of learning. The Progression Diploma did not include the additional and specialist learning component.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 77], "content_span": [78, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012081-0004-0000", "contents": "14\u201319 Diploma, UCAS\nAlthough UCAS tariff points were agreed for the advanced diplomas, many universities didn't accept the qualification for entry to further study. This led to the ultimate demise of the qualification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012082-0000-0000", "contents": "15 (Ani Lorak album)\n15  is the tenth album by Ukrainian singer-songwriter Ani Lorak, released by Lavina Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012083-0000-0000", "contents": "15 (Buckcherry album)\n15 is Buckcherry's third studio album and the first with a new line-up, released on October 17, 2005 in Japan and on April 6, 2006 in North America. The Japanese version features two bonus tracks. \"Crazy Bitch\" was the first single off the album and enjoyed success on the pop charts. The second single was \"Next 2 You\" which peaked at No. 18 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. The band confirmed, via MySpace, that the album has been certified Platinum by the RIAA for sales of 1,000,000 copies surpassing their debut album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012083-0000-0001", "contents": "15 (Buckcherry album)\nThe fifth and last single, \"Sorry\", has become their highest charting single to date on the US Hot 100. After 98 weeks on the Billboard 200, the album became the first Buckcherry album to reach the Top 40, peaking at 39. \"Pump it Up\", a Japanese edition bonus track, is used by the NHL's Edmonton Oilers as their introduction song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012084-0000-0000", "contents": "15 (Phatfish album)\n15 is the two disc \"Fifteen Year Anniversary Collection\" from Phatfish, released in 2008. It contains 32 songs from the collection of Phatfish albums and EPs spanning back to 1994. The most recent tracks are taken from 2007's Guaranteed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012085-0000-0000", "contents": "15 (film)\n15 is a 2003 Singaporean coming-of-age black comedy-drama film about teenage gangsters in the Singapore suburbs. Directed by Royston Tan, the film is an expanded version of Tan's 2002 award-winning short film, also titled 15. It is one of the few Singaporean films to feature brief full-frontal male nudity, together with the Singaporean-Thai film Pleasure Factory and the Singaporean-Hong Kong film Bugis Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012085-0001-0000", "contents": "15 (film), Plot\nThe film stars three real-life juvenile gangsters, all aged 15, giving an accurate depiction of Chinese teenage gang-life in the Singapore suburbs. The 2003 film features two more gangsters as characters as well as a fight sequence with more affluent English-educated Singapore youths. Rather than scripting the movie or employing professional actors, Tan attempted to capture the troubled lives of his characters in realistic fashion, apparently without much prior scripting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012085-0002-0000", "contents": "15 (film), Distribution\nIn Singapore, the film premiered during the 2003 Singapore International Film Festival. In 2003, it premiered in Canada during the Montreal World Film Festival, and in Britain during the London Film Festival. In 2004, it premiered in the United States during the Sundance Film Festival, and in Australia during the Sydney Film Festival. The film also saw its first US theatrical release in New York City on 13 April 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 23], "content_span": [24, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012085-0003-0000", "contents": "15 (film), Distribution\nIn Singapore, the film is distributed by Zhao Wei Films. In North America, it is distributed by Picture This! Entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 23], "content_span": [24, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012085-0004-0000", "contents": "15 (film), Reception, Censorship\nWhile the Media Development Authority (MDA) ruled that the film should be passed uncut under the then R(A) rating, the Singapore Police Force was concerned that fights could break out given the use of real gang names, locations and secret society chants in the movie, requesting cuts/edits to be made through the MDA for law and order reasons. Under pressure, Royston Tan ended up making reportedly 27 cuts to the film. Opposition was also raised against the heavy use of Hokkien in the film,  which is discouraged by the Singapore government in favour of Mandarin and English. These restrictions infuriated Tan, and later led him to create his satirical short film Cut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012085-0005-0000", "contents": "15 (film), Reception, Critical reception\nThe film received mixed reviews from film critics. On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 50% based on 10 reviews. On Metacritic the film has a score of 47% based on 6 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 40], "content_span": [41, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012085-0006-0000", "contents": "15 (film), Reception, Critical reception\nThe film has been advertised outside of Singapore in gay publications, due to the heavy homoerotic tension between the characters. However, in an interview segment of the DVD Royston's Shorts, a collection of Tan's short films, Tan affirms that the boys whose lives he portrayed do not identify as gay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 40], "content_span": [41, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012086-0000-0000", "contents": "15 (mixtape)\n15 is the debut mixtape by American rapper Bhad Bhabie. It was released on September 18, 2018, by Atlantic Records. It features guest appearances from Lil Baby, Lil Yachty, Asian Doll, YG, City Girls and Ty Dolla Sign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012086-0001-0000", "contents": "15 (mixtape), Background\nBhad Bhabie was first discovered on the Dr. Phil show, where she said the phrase \"cash me outside, how 'bout dah?\" This later became a meme which went viral, turning her into an Internet star. She gained a following on Instagram and YouTube, and on August 23, 2017, TMZ leaked what would be her first song to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, \"These Heaux\". She became the second youngest female artist in music history to enter the Hot 100 with her debut single, debuting and peaking at 77, and a few days later, she was signed to Atlantic Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012086-0002-0000", "contents": "15 (mixtape), Background\nShe later released \"Hi Bich\", which also charted on the Hot 100 at number 68, the highest new entry for that week. It was later certified Platinum by the RIAA. She released more singles over the course of eight months. On March 26, 2018, Bhabie released \"Gucci Flip Flops\", which reached a peak of 79 on the Hot 100, making her the youngest female to have three songs enter the Hot 100 since LeAnn Rimes. The single went on to be certified Platinum in the US, making it her first single to achieve Platinum status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012086-0003-0000", "contents": "15 (mixtape), Background\nOn April 14, 2018, she began her international tour Bhanned in the USA with opener Asian Doll, where she previewed many songs like \"Affiliated\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012086-0004-0000", "contents": "15 (mixtape), Background\nAfter she was nominated at the 2018 Billboard Music Awards for Top Rap Female Artist, she announced she would be releasing a single called \"Trust Me\" featuring Ty Dolla Sign, as well as a mixtape. She released the single a few weeks later, and while it failed to chart on the Hot 100, it peaked at number nine on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart. On August 14, 2018, she announced the release date for the mixtape, and released the intro track for the mixtape, \"15 Freestyle\". A promotional single featuring City Girls, \u201cYung and Bhad\u201d was released on August 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012086-0005-0000", "contents": "15 (mixtape), Background\nThe following month, she released the artwork for the mixtape, and a few days later she revealed the track list, announcing guest appearances from many rappers such as YG and Lil Baby. One day later she previewed the track \"Thot Opps (Clout Drop)\" on her social media, and the next day she released \"Thot Opps (Clout Drop)\" and a new track, \"Bout That\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012086-0006-0000", "contents": "15 (mixtape), Background\nShe released the music video for her collaboration with Lil Baby, \"Geek'd Up\", the mixtape's fourth single, on September 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012086-0007-0000", "contents": "15 (mixtape), Critical reception\n15 received mixed reviews. Writing for Pitchfork and rating the album a 5.5 out of 10, Michelle Kim stated that \"Danielle Bregoli's leap from meme to rapper continues with her debut mixtape that leans heavily on mimicry and trails dreadfully behind the current sound of hip-hop. On 15, her first mixtape as Bhad Bhabie, Bregoli doesn't show much versatility past her well-established tough-girl character. She's successful in imitating the sound of today's rap hits; most of the songs on 15 come across like they're specifically engineered to be placed onto Spotify's 'RapCaviar' playlist.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012086-0008-0000", "contents": "15 (mixtape), Critical reception\nAllMusic's Neil Yeung rated the mixtape a three out of five, stating that \"for what it's worth, buried beneath the posturing and obnoxiousness lies a glimmer of promise. However, Bhad Bhabie requires some polishing and maturity if she's ever going to grow beyond a mere novelty.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012086-0009-0000", "contents": "15 (mixtape), Critical reception\nFor The New York Times, Jon Caramanica gave the album a mixed review and states that \"On the entertaining if erratic 15, Bhad Bhabie raps like someone who is learning to rap in real time, which to be fair, she is. Her default mode is taunt, and she's effective at it [...] At its best, 15 is appealing both as straight-ahead hip-hop and also novelty \u2014 a rap album made by a rap fan given all the resources of an actual rapper.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012087-0000-0000", "contents": "15 (number)\n15 (fifteen) is a number, numeral, and glyph. It is the natural number following 14 and preceding 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012087-0001-0000", "contents": "15 (number), Mathematics\nThere are 15 perfect matchings of the complete graph K6 and 15 rooted binary trees with four labeled leaves, both of these being among the types of object counted by double factorials. With only two exceptions, all prime quadruplets enclose a multiple of 15, with 15 itself being enclosed by the quadruplet (11, 13, 17, 19).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012087-0002-0000", "contents": "15 (number), Mathematics\nBecause 15 is the product of distinct Fermat primes, 3 and 5, a regular polygon with 15 sides is constructible with compass and unmarked straightedge, and cos \u03c0/15 is expressible in terms of square roots (see here).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012087-0003-0000", "contents": "15 (number), Mathematics\nIf a positive definite quadratic form with integer matrix represents all positive integers up to 15, then it represents all positive integers via the 15 and 290 theorems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012087-0004-0000", "contents": "15 (number), Mathematics\n15 contains the decimal digits 1 and 5, and is the result of adding together the integers from 1 to 5 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012087-0005-0000", "contents": "15 (number), Religion, Sunnism\nThe Hanbali Sunni madhab states that the age of fifteen of a solar or lunar calendar is when one's taklif (obligation or responsibility) begins and is the stage whereby one has his deeds recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012087-0006-0000", "contents": "15 (number), Modern use\n15 is designated as an emergency number in Pakistan, for mobile phones, similar to the international GSM emergency number 112; if 112 is used in Pakistan, then the call is routed to 15. 112 can be used in an emergency even if the phone is locked and does not have a SIM card in it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012088-0000-0000", "contents": "15 ATV\n15 ATV is a television station broadcasting to the island of Aruba, broadcasting on channel 15 on SETAR's cable TV system and VHF channel 8 on analog terrestrial television in the NTSC television standard. The station has the call sign of PJA-TV (following the standard in the Netherlands and Netherlands Antilles, with PJ call signs), though it goes by its branding of \"ATV\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012088-0000-0001", "contents": "15 ATV\nThe station is affiliated with the NBC television network, the only one not located in the United States (following the 2014 closure of VSB-TV in Bermuda), airing many American television programs for the tourists in the area, with programming from the network's flagship station WNBC in New York City during prime time and overnight hours. 15 ATV also broadcasts several local productions, including Noticia Awenochi, Time Out, Mesa Rondo, 15 on 15, Pulso Latino, Trend Alert, Stylish Living and live coverage of events and breaking news.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012088-0001-0000", "contents": "15 ATV\n15 ATV's studios are located at Royal Plaza Mall in downtown Oranjestad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012089-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Again\n15 Again is the third album by French electronic duo Cassius, released in September 2006 by record label EMI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012089-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Again, Writing, recording and production\nThe album was written and produced by Cassius members Phillippe Zdar and Boombass and was recorded in three weeks in Ibiza. It includes a collaboration with hip hop producer and performer Pharrell Williams. Other collaborators include S\u00e9bastien Tellier, -M-, Etienne de Cr\u00e9cy and Le Knight Club (otherwise known as Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo and Eric Chedeville).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 43], "content_span": [44, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012089-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Again, Release\n15 Again was released on 11 September 2006 by record label EMI. Remixes for the album's first single \"Toop Toop\" were released in the United States on 21 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012089-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Again, Critical reception\nMetacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, reported an average score of 84 based on 6 reviews, described as \"universal acclaim\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012089-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Again, Track listing\nThe US version released by HBF/Justice replaces \"Cria Cuervos\" with \"Shame Shame Ch\u00e9rie\" in a slightly different order:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012090-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Air Assault Close Support Squadron RLC\n15 Air Assault Close Support Squadron was a Close Support Squadron in the 13 Air Assault Regiment Royal Logistic Corps. They provided elements of 16 Air Assault Brigade with combat supplies as well as transport during times of peace and war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012090-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Air Assault Close Support Squadron RLC, History\nThe Squadron was formed at Woolwich on May 8, 1878, with a group of men and their horses. Soon afterwards, the horses were replaced with mules and the Company found itself employed on transport duties throughout the British Empire. The Company was deployed to the Egyptian Campaign of 1882-1883, and to South Africa from 1889-1902 where they deployed on supply tasks during the Second Boer War. The Company also fought in Somaliland in 1904 prior to its return to Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012090-0001-0001", "contents": "15 Air Assault Close Support Squadron RLC, History\nWhen World War I broke out, 15 Company was deployed to France, equipped with horse transport, in support of the British Expeditionary Force. The Company disbanded in 1919 on its return to Britain. The Unit was reformed in 1922 as 15 Motor Transport Company Royal Army Service Corps and stationed at York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012090-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Air Assault Close Support Squadron RLC, World War II\nAgain the company disbanded before reforming to enter World War II. In the beginning of the war, their duties were UK-based, operating with requisitioned civilian vehicles. On January 1942, the Company received a fleet of AEC Matadors and deployed on operations in the tank transporting role. The Unit was renamed 24 Company RASC and served in the Middle East, including transport duties at the Battle of El Alamein. After the defeat of the Afrika Korps, the Unit reverted to 15 Company and returned to Britain prior to its involvement in the invasion of Europe in 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012090-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Air Assault Close Support Squadron RLC, Post World War II\nAfter World War II, 15 Company was disbanded for a third time, only to reappear at York in 1951 as a General Transport (GT) Company. In 1961 the Company disbanded for a fourth time, yet its title was revived when 122 (Tipper) Company RASC, based in Scarborough Barracks Osnabr\u00fcck, West Germany, was renamed 15 Company RASC. The Unit took on the GT role for a second time in January 1965 when they exchanged Tipper and assault vehicles for 4 ton vehicles. Four months later, equipped with AEC Mk 1 10 ton cargo vehicles, the Unit changed its title on disbandment of the RASC to become 15 Squadron Royal Corps of Transport (RCT). The Unit saw a period of stability and celebrated its centenary in 1978 in Osnabr\u00fcck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012090-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Air Assault Close Support Squadron RLC, 1980s\nThe Squadron returned to the UK in 1983 and was based in Gaza Barracks, Catterick as part of the 2nd Infantry Division Transport Regiment; its vehicle fleet was also changed from the 10 ton AEC to Bedford TM 8 tonne, 4 x 22,000-litre Truck Tanker Fuel (TTFs) and associated Materials Handling Equipment (MHE). In 1990, the Squadron deployed to Cyprus in support of the UNFICYP under the command of Major Steve Bragg and was mainly made up of Territorial Army (TA) personnel. The regular troops were deployed on Operation Granby (Gulf War 1) as sub-units of other squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012090-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Air Assault Close Support Squadron RLC, 1990s\nIn 1993, the Logistic Support Review and Options for Change saw the amalgamation of the RCT with the other Corps to become the Royal Logistic Corps. At the same time, 24 Airmobile Brigade was established in Colchester requiring a Combat Service Support (CSS) Battalion. 15 Squadron already had a troop in support of the Airmobile Brigade, however now the whole unit become a second-line transport sub-unit of the CSS Battalion. The fleet consisted of DROPS MMLC, 14, 8 and 4 ton General Service Vehicles, Truck Tanker Fuel (TTFs), Unit Bulk Refuel Equipment (UBRE) and various Material Handling Equipment (MHE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012090-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Air Assault Close Support Squadron RLC, 1990s\nThe Squadron was again re-roled and renamed 15 Attack Support Squadron due to the formation of 16 Air Assault Brigade and the arrival of the Attack Helicopter (AH). In April 2000, the Squadron deployed on a six-month tour of Northern Ireland on Operation Banner. The Squadron acquired a new fleet of Multi Wheel Drive (MWD) fuel vehicles for the transportation of aviation fuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012090-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Air Assault Close Support Squadron RLC, CSS to 16 Air Assault Brigade\nIn 2001, the Squadron deployed to Macedonia on Operation Bessemer to assist with disarming the Macedonian population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012090-0008-0000", "contents": "15 Air Assault Close Support Squadron RLC, CSS to 16 Air Assault Brigade\nThe Squadron deployed again to support the Brigade in 2001 upon short notice to Afghanistan as part of Operation FINGAL in support of US War on Terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012090-0009-0000", "contents": "15 Air Assault Close Support Squadron RLC, CSS to 16 Air Assault Brigade\nA period of stability was established until Operation TELIC in 2003 where the Regiment deployed to Kuwait and Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012090-0010-0000", "contents": "15 Air Assault Close Support Squadron RLC, CSS to 16 Air Assault Brigade\nIn March 2006, the Squadron deployed as 15 Close Support Squadron to Operation HERRICK 4, providing intimate CSS support to the 3 PARA battlegroup based in Helmand Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012090-0011-0000", "contents": "15 Air Assault Close Support Squadron RLC, CSS to 16 Air Assault Brigade\nIn 2007 the Squadron was redesignated 15 Air Assault Close Support Squadron and now constantly maintains a parachute element for insertion onto a Drop Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012090-0012-0000", "contents": "15 Air Assault Close Support Squadron RLC, CSS to 16 Air Assault Brigade\nThe Squadron deployed to Afghanistan in March 2008 on Op HERRICK 8, where it conducted numerous Combat Logistic Patrols to Sangin, Musa Qaleh and Now Zad. Members of the Squadron were responsible for the protection and transportation of a turbine to the Kajaki Dam during Operation OQAB TSUKA (Eagles Summit in Pashtu).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012090-0013-0000", "contents": "15 Air Assault Close Support Squadron RLC, CSS to 16 Air Assault Brigade\nThe squadron disbanded in 2013, in the re-organisation of the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012091-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Amore\n15 Amore is a 1998 Australian film directed by Maurice Murphy and starring Lisa Hensley and Steve Bastoni.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012091-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Amore, Plot\nIn World War Two Australia, Italian POWs Alfredo (Steve Bastoni) and Joseph (Domenic Galati) are billeted with Dorothy (Lisa Hensley) and her three little children, while Dorothy's husband is fighting at the front. Also living with them are Jewish German refugees Frau Guttman (Gertaud Ingeborg) and her shy daughter Rachel (Tara Jakszewicz).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012091-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Amore, Plot\nThe Italian soldiers become housekeepers and arms length friends, but Frau Guttman cannot reconcile herself to the place or the culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012091-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Amore, Plot\nA secret romance begins between Joseph and Rachel, leading to bitterness and drama at the otherwise calm outback home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012092-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Andromedae\n15 Andromedae, abbreviated 15 And, is a single, variable star in the northern constellation of Andromeda. 15 Andromedae is the Flamsteed designation, while its variable star designation is V340 And. Its apparent visual magnitude is 5.55, which indicates it is faintly visible to the naked eye. Its estimated distance from the Earth is 252 light years, and it is moving further away with a heliocentric radial velocity of 13\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012092-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Andromedae\nDepending on the source, this star has been classified as a giant star with a stellar classification of A1\u00a0III, an A-type main-sequence star with a class of A1\u00a0Va, or a Lambda Bo\u00f6tis star with a class of kA1hA3mA0.5\u00a0Va+. It is a Delta Scuti variable that changes in brightness by 0.03 magnitude. Two variability cycles, with periods 0.0403 and 0.0449 days, have been observed, a common feature for Lambda Bo\u00f6tis stars. The star is around 130\u00a0million years old and has a high rotation rate, showing a projected rotational velocity of 105\u00a0km/s. It has 2.7 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 27 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,225\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012092-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Andromedae\nThis system has an excess emission of infrared radiation that suggests the presence of an orbiting disk of dust at a distance of around 50\u00a0AU from the host star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012093-0000-0000", "contents": "15 April 2013 Iraq attacks\nA wave of bombings and shootings across Iraq killed at least 75 people and injured more than 356 others on 15 April. The attacks came just days before the provincial elections which was held on 20 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012093-0001-0000", "contents": "15 April 2013 Iraq attacks, Background\nViolence in Iraq has decreased since its peak in 2006\u201307, but attacks remain common. Deaths rose in 2012 for the first time in three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012093-0002-0000", "contents": "15 April 2013 Iraq attacks, Background\nIn the months leading up to the 20 April provincial elections, the first since the withdrawal of US forces in 2011, tensions were high in Iraq as Sunni groups claimed they were being marginalized by Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki's Shiite dominated government. A number of large scale attacks linked to the Sunni umbrella group Islamic State of Iraq were carried out in early 2013 in an attempt to destabilize the country ahead of the elections. At least fourteen election candidates have been murdered, while Anbar and Nineveh provinces have postponed elections because of security concerns. Four other provinces are not scheduled to hold elections on 20 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012093-0003-0000", "contents": "15 April 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nThe series of attacks began during the morning early rush hour and encompassed more than 40 incidents in and around 20 cities, the majority of them being car bombings. Both Sunni and Shia areas were targeted in the attacks. Initially no group claimed responsibility for the wave of violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012093-0004-0000", "contents": "15 April 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nIn the capital Baghdad, two car bombs exploded at a heavily guarded checkpoint at the entrance to Baghdad International Airport, killing 3 and injuring 16 others. A blast in Kamaliyah killed 4 and injured 13, while a bombing at a market and a bus station in Umm al-Maalif killed 4 and injured 15. Twin blasts in Habibiya and Karrada killed 4 and injured 24 others, while a car bomb in Shurta killed 2 and injured 9. A roadside bombing wounded 5 policemen in Baladiyat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012093-0005-0000", "contents": "15 April 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nIn the ethnically divided city of Kirkuk, a series of six car bombs left 9 people dead and 79 others injured. The attacks took place in three different neighborhoods in the center of the city \u2013 one predominantly Arab, one Kurdish, and one Turkmen. Militants also shot and injured a local doctor. At least three car bombs exploded in Tuz Khurmatu, a city at 170 kilometres (110\u00a0mi) north of Baghdad, killing six and leaving 67 others injured. In Mosul, unidentified gunmen shot and killed a married couple and another civilian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012093-0005-0001", "contents": "15 April 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nA soldier was killed in another shootout with suspected insurgents, while 3 police officers and 2 civilians were injured in roadside bombings. An additional bombing inside the city resulted in no casualties. A bombing at a local political office in Tikrit killed 4 and wounded 3 others, while a later blast at a checkpoint injured 13 policemen. A blast in Ad-Dawr also injured 13 people, while 7 others were wounded after a bombing at a politician's home in a village in Saladin Governorate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012093-0006-0000", "contents": "15 April 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nIn the town of Tarmiyah, 50 kilometres (31\u00a0mi) north of Baghdad, gunmen shot and killed a police officer. Another officer was killed by a sticky bomb in Buhriz. A roadside bombing in Al Khalis killed a young child and injured 8 others. A car bombing in Muqdadiyah injured seven people. Five people were wounded in two separate blasts in Baqubah, including two policemen. A roadside bomb injured a civilian on a rural road outside Khan Bani Saad. A bombing in Tal Abta killed a police officer and injured two others. Unidentified gunmen killed a captain and injured 2 soldiers in Sabeen, as well as a young man in Shirqat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012093-0007-0000", "contents": "15 April 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nIn Fallujah, a suicide car bomber killed 2 policemen and injured 6 others at a checkpoint, while a sticky bomb killed 2 civilians. Unidentified gunmen shot dead another civilian, while a bombing south of the city resulted in no casualties. A blast in Ramadi targeted a local Sunni cleric, killing 2 of his bodyguards and injuring another. At least 19 civilians were injured in two car bombs that struck near Hillah in Iraq's Babil Governorate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012093-0008-0000", "contents": "15 April 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nIn the southern city of Nasiriyah a car bomb was detonated near a market, killing 2 and injuring 14 others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012093-0009-0000", "contents": "15 April 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nOn 16 April police officials in Kirkuk announced they had arrested a group of five individuals who were involved in the bombings in that city. Another eight people suspected of involvement were arrested by a joint army and police force in Diyala Governorate. Elsewhere, the violence continued. In Aziziyah, a city 75 kilometres (47\u00a0mi) south of Baghdad a car bomb killed at least four people on 16 April, and left 15 others injured. In Mussayib, another southern city, a roadside bomb killed a soldier and injured two other people. Another bomb killed a civilian and wounded two others north of Baghdad. Three injuries were also reported in Tarmiyah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012094-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Aquarii\n15 Aquarii, abbreviated 15 Aqr, is a single, blue-white star in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. 15 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation. It is a dim star that is just visible to the naked eye under good viewing conditions, having an apparent visual magnitude of 5.83. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 4.6\u00a0mas, it is located around 710\u00a0light years away. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction of 0.18 due to interstellar dust. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u22129\u00a0km/s. Relative to its neighbors, 15 Aqr has a peculiar velocity of 28.7+2.9\u22123.1\u00a0km/s and may (62% chance) be a runaway star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012094-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Aquarii\nHube (1970) found a stellar classification of B7\u00a0III for this star, which would suggest it is a B-type giant star. However, the Bright Star Catalogue (1964) listed it as a B-type main-sequence star with a class of B5\u00a0V, and multiple sources use this instead. The star is roughly 65\u00a0million years old with a projected rotational velocity of 20\u00a0km/s. It has an estimated 5.7 times the mass of the Sun and about 3.4 times the Sun's radius. 15 Aquarii is radiating 822 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 14,318\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012095-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Aquilae\n15 Aquilae (abbreviated 15 Aql) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 15 Aquilae is the Flamsteed designation; it also bears the Bayer designation h\u00a0Aquilae. The apparent visual magnitude is 5.41, so it is faintly visible to the naked eye. An optical companion, HD 177442, is 39 arc seconds away from it The distance to 15 Aquilae can be estimated from its annual parallax shift of 11.27\u00a0mas, yielding a range of approximately 289 light-years (89 parsecs) from Earth with a 9\u00a0light-year margin of error.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012095-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Aquilae\nWith a stellar classification of K1\u00a0III, the spectrum of 15 Aquilae matches a giant star with an age of roughly four billion years. At this stage of its evolution, the outer atmosphere of the star has expanded to 14 times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating 83 times the Sun's luminosity into space at an effective temperature of 4,560\u00a0K. This heat gives it the orange-hued glow of a K-type star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012095-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Aquilae\nThis star is most likely a member of the thin disk population of the Milky Way. It is orbiting through the galaxy with an eccentricity of 0.06, which carries it as close as 24.30\u00a0kly (7.45\u00a0kpc) to the Galactic Core, and as far away as 27.60\u00a0kly (8.46\u00a0kpc). The orbital inclination carries it no more than 196\u00a0ly (60\u00a0pc) from the galactic plane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012096-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Arietis\n15 Arietis (abbreviated 15 Ari) is a single variable star in the northern constellation of Aries. 15 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation; it also bears the variable star designation AV Arietis. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.74, which is just bright enough to be visible to the naked eye from dark suburban skies. An annual parallax shift of 5.84\u00a0mas corresponds to a physical distance of approximately 560 light-years (170 parsecs) from Earth. At that distance, the star's brightness is reduced by 0.33 in magnitude because of extinction from interstellar gas and dust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012096-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Arietis\nThis is a red giant star with a stellar classification of M3\u00a0III. The measured angular diameter of this star is 3.67 \u00b1 0.11 mas. At the estimated distance of Delta Ophiuchi, this yields a physical size of about 67 times the radius of the Sun. The radius determined from the observed brightness and colour of the star is 87\u00a0R\u2609.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012096-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Arietis\n15 Arietis is a short period semiregular variable with the designation AV Arietis. The period given in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars is 5.032 days. Longterm photometry finds that the strongest pulsation period is 18.1 days with an amplitude of 0.028 magnitudes, while a second is 21.9 days and 0.030 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012097-0000-0000", "contents": "15 August (2001 film)\n15 August (French: 15 Ao\u00fbt) is a 2001 French film directed and written by Patrick Alessandrin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012097-0001-0000", "contents": "15 August (2001 film), Plot\nSome middle aged men quickly have a crisis on their hands when their wives depart leaving them to look after the boisterous kids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012098-0000-0000", "contents": "15 August (2019 film)\n15 August  is a 2019 Indian Marathi-language drama film directed by Swapnaneel Jaykar and produced by Madhuri Dixit. The film features Rahul Pethe, Mrinmayee Deshpande and Adinath Kothare in the lead roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012098-0001-0000", "contents": "15 August (2019 film)\nThe film was released on 29 March 2019 on Netflix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012098-0002-0000", "contents": "15 August (2019 film), Plot\nIn Mumbai, a crazy accident sets in motion a love story between Raju and Jui on India's Independence Day. Also, the residents of the chawl where the action takes place unite to help a little boy in trouble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012098-0003-0000", "contents": "15 August (2019 film), Release\nThe reception of Bucket List, in which Dixit appeared, prompted her to make a film in Marathi language. Instead of opening the movie in theaters, 15 August was shown to Netflix, who liked the idea. It was released on 29 March 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0000-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat\nThe 15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat was a military coup launched by mid ranking army officers in Bangladesh on 15 August 1975. The officers were part of an age old conspiracy to assassinate Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the father of the Bengali nation, whose leadership in the struggle between the 1970 Pakistani general election, during which became the Prime Minister elect of Pakistan and the culmination of Bangladesh Liberation War led to the foundation of Bangladesh as a nation state. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and many of his family members were killed during the coup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0001-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Background\nSheikh Mujibur Rahman who won the 1970 Pakistani general election, was denied by the Pakistani military dictatorship to become the Prime Minister of Pakistan; this was a result of long time political oppression of Bengali citizens of Pakistan who were vocally opposed to the authoritarian tyranny of The Establishment (Pakistan). As the democratic demands and protests continued, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman delivered the speech on 7 March that brought the Bengalis together to become prepared for things to come.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0001-0001", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Background\nOn  25th March of 1971, the  Pakistan Army, launched an armed operation killing intellectuals in Dhaka University and the next day on 26th March 1971 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declared Bangladesh's independence from Pakistan, triggering the 9-month Bangladesh Liberation War that ended with the surrender of Pakistani forces in Bangladesh to an allied force of Bangladesh Mukti Bahini and Indian Armed forces. In 1973, Sheikh Mujibur's Bangladesh Awami League won the first parliamentary election in independent Bangladesh by a landslide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0002-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Background\nDuring the war, perpetrators of the coup, already hatched the plan of assassinating Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Many of the conspirators were army officers who were dissatisfied with the decision of independence as they received benefits from a military run administration and they feared a democratic administration might not provide them with as many benefits as administrations of Ayub Khan and Yahya Khan had been giving them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0002-0001", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Background\nBesides military officers, career politicians and bureaucrats like Khondoker Mostaq Ahmed and some other ministers who worked in the Pakistani government and Bangabandhu's government were involved in the conspiracy as well because they wanted to be part of Pakistan and blamed Sheikh Mujibur Rahman for the 1971 liberation war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0002-0002", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Background\nAccording to these plans, they got involved in scuffles that made it seem they were unrelated to a deep seated conspiracy and intentionally engineered political crises and famines as in the 1972\u20131975 Bangladesh insurgency through an alliance with communist movements in the country and the Bangladesh famine of 1974, which was an artificially engineered famine that took place with the direction of Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad and other ministers with the help of businesses that controlled trade by increasing prices suddenly and hoarding important items to create scarcity of resources; and when government help were being given to affected citizens the anti-Bangladesh conspirators within the government made sure the grants, stimulus and food stamps could not reach them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0002-0003", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Background\nThe allies of the grand conspiracy made sure they get the favours of international media and local press and invited them to sell them a narrative that blamed these events solely to the leadership of the newly free country, which was the office of the President when the matters were dissolved to the offices of responsible ministries like Ministry of Commerce (Bangladesh).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0003-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Background\nIn 1973, Major Shariful Haque Dalim and his wife were involved in a scuffle with the sons of Gazi Golam Mostafa, a leader of the Awami League, at a function at the Dhaka Ladies club. In retaliation, some officers and soldiers of the Lancer unit and 2 Field Artillery Regiment of the Bangladesh Army attacked Golam Mostofa's residence. As a result, Major Dalim, Major S.H.M.B Noor Chowdhury, and other officers were charged with breach of discipline. Major Dalim had sought help from President Sheikh Mujib but was refused. Major Sultan Shahriar Rashid Khan resigned from the army over the incident. Major Dalim and Major Noor were among the officers who lost their commissions over the charges of indiscipline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0004-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Background\nIn 1974, Major Syed Faruque Rahman had become dissatisfied with the Awami League government. He would often discuss his dissatisfaction with Major General Ziaur Rahman who was the deputy chief of army staff. Ziaur Rahman had suggested that Faruque \"do something\" about the situation in one such meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0005-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Background\nMajor Khandaker Abdur Rashid was able to communicate Commerce Minister Khandaker Moshtaque Ahmed about the situation in the country. Major Khandaker Rashid, Major Dalim, and Khandaker Moshtaque decided that they must dissolve BaKSAL and remove Sheikh Mujib. Khandaker Rashid informed Major Faruque Rahman, who agreed with the plan, and he was also told that Major General Zia would support them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0006-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Execution of the coup\nThe mutineers decided to divide into teams, and each team was to be given specific instructions and targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0007-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Execution of the coup, Bangabandhu Bhaban\nThe operation at the residence of President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was led by Major A.K.M. Mohiuddin Ahmed. Major Bazlul Huda was placed in the team as he was the adjutant to the 2nd Field Regiment of Artillery, which was guarding the home of the President. The team also included Major S.H.M.B Noor Chowdhury. Captain Abul Bashar, who was in charge of the guards, had served under Major Dalim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0008-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Execution of the coup, Bangabandhu Bhaban\nSome of the guards were killed defending the residence after the mutineers tried to force their way in. Sheikh Kamal was injured defending the residence, and was executed by Captain Huda after the attackers had crossed into the compound. Sheikh Mujib asked \"what do you want?\" to the mutineers. Major Noor and Captain Huda shot Sheikh Mujib as he was coming down the stairs. Sheikh Mujib's son, Lieutenant Sheikh Jamal, Jamal's wife Rosy, Sheikh Kamal's wife Sultana Kamal, and Sheikh Mujib's wife Sheikh Fazilatunnesa were taken to the bathroom on the first floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0008-0001", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Execution of the coup, Bangabandhu Bhaban\nThey were shot and killed there by Major Abdul Aziz Pasha and Risaldar Moslemuddin. Major Faruque promoted Captain Huda to major and Subedar Major Abdul Wahab Joardar to lieutenant on the spot. Faruque had arrived and left on a tank. Colonel Jamil Uddin Ahmad, military secretary to the president, was killed on the way to Bangabondhu Residence after he was called by Sheikh Mujib.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0009-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Execution of the coup, Bangabandhu Bhaban\nThe guards surrendered after a brief firefight and were lined up outside the house. Major Noor shot Sheikh Nasser, the brother of Sheikh Mujib, in the reception area bathroom. Major Pasha ordered a Havilder to kill Sheikh Russel, who was crying for his mother. A witness reported soldiers looting the house. A dead policeman was seen at the entrance. Major Huda went to Sher Shah road at Mohammadpur to order 10 coffins from carpenters. Major Huda also removed the bodies the next day through an army escort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0010-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Execution of the coup, Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani residence\nSheikh Fazlul Haque Mani was the nephew of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and viewed as a likely successor. He was killed in his home along with his wife, Begum Arzu Moni, who was believed to be pregnant at the time. His sons Sheikh Fazle Noor Taposh and Sheikh Fazle Shams Parash survived. His home on Road 13/1 in Dhanmondi was surrounded by 20-25 army personnel on 15 August 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 96], "content_span": [97, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0011-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Execution of the coup, Abdur Rab Serniabat residence\nAbdur Rab Serniabat, a former minister of water and brother-in-law of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, was killed in his home in Mintoo road, Dhaka at 5:00 am. His home was attacked by a team that was led Major Aziz Pasha, Captain Majed, Major Shahriar Rashid, and Captain Nurul Huda. Serniabat's nephew Shahid Serniabat, daughter Baby Serniabat, grandson Sukanto Abdullah Babu, and son Arif Serniabat were also killed in the attack. Three domestic servants were also killed in the attack. His son, Abul Hasnat Abdullah, survived the attack and nine other people were injured in the household.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 91], "content_span": [92, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0012-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Execution of the coup, Artillery support\nArtillery under command of Fauque fired mortar shells towards Dhanmondi and Mohammadpur. In Mohammadpur, 14 people died from the mortar fire near Sher Shah Suri road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0013-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Execution of the coup, Rakhi Bahini camp\nMajor Faruque attacked the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini camp with 26 tanks under his command. The Rakhi Bahini surrendered without incident, Faruque moved towards the residence of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman after the neutralization of the Rakhi Bahini was completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0014-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Execution of the coup, Bangladesh Betar\nThe main officer of Bangladesh Betar (radio) in Dhaka was attacked by the mutineers early in the morning. They quickly disarmed the police stationed there and took control of the radio. Major Dalim and Maj Shahriar were in charge of the operation at the radio station. They controlled the flow of information from there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0015-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Aftermath\nKhandaker Moshtaque addressed the nation from the radio station. His speech, written by Taheruddin Thakur, announced the formation of a new government led by him. Following him, the Chief of the army, his deputy, the chief of naval staff, the chief of the air force, the police chief and Bangladesh Rifles pledged their allegiance to the new government. Khandaker Moshtaque appointed General M. A. G. Osmani as his defence adviser. General Ziaur Rahman was made the chief of army staff on 24 August 1975 and Khalilur Rahman was made the first Chief of Defence Staff of Bangladesh Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0016-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Aftermath\nOn 26 September 1975, Khandaker Moshtaque proclaimed the Indemnity Ordinance which protected those involved in the coup legal protection. On 5 October 1975, the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini (Absorption in the Army) Ordinance was passed with strong support from Ziaur Rahman; which absorbed the Rakkhi Bahini into the Bangladesh Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0017-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Aftermath\nOn 3 November 1975, the situation had grown tense with some officers of the Bangladesh Army led by Brigadier General Khaled Mosharraf and Colonel Shafaat Jamil launching a coup to remove the mutineers and restore order to the Army. Justice Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem replaced Khandaker Moshtaque as president and Mosharraf was made the chief of army staff. The mutineers in the morning had killed former president Syed Nazrul Islam, former prime minister Tajuddin Ahmed and ministers M Mansur Ali and AHM Qamruzzaman in Dhaka Central Jail where they were locked up since the mutiny on 15 August. Zia was placed under house arrest. On 4 November the mutineers were provided safe passage to Bangkok.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0018-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Aftermath\nOn 7 November 1975, Khaled Mosharraf was killed in another coup that restored Ziaur Rahman to the chief of army staff. The coup was led by the revolutionary soldier's organisation and Colonel Abu Taher. Taher himself was executed for the killing of Khaled under the government formed by Major General Zia on 21 July 1976, in order to restore discipline in the Army and prevent any further coups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0019-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Aftermath\nIn 1976, the military regime of Bangladesh provided the coup plotters with diplomatic jobs. AKM Mohiuddin Ahmed was made the second secretary of the embassy in Algeria, AM Rashed Chowdhury was made the consulate general in Jeddah in Saudi Arabia, S.H.M.B Noor Chowdhury was made the second secretary in the embassy in Tehran, Shariful Haque Dalim was made the first secretary to the embassy in Beijing, and Abdul Aziz Pasha was made the first secretary to the embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina. They held the positions until 1996, when the Bangladesh Awami League formed the government and recalled them to Bangladesh. They refused to comply and as a result were fired from their positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0020-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Aftermath, Trial\nMajor Faruque, Major Sultan Shahriar Rashid Khan, and former state minister Taheruddin Thakur were arrested on 14 August 1996, the same year Bangladesh Awami League returned to power. Three months later, the Bangladesh Parliament, controlled by Bangladesh Awami League, removed the indemnity Act, making way for trials to start.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0021-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Aftermath, Trial\nAFM Mohitul Islam, personal assistant to President Sheikh Mujib, filed a charge against the mutineers with Dhanmondi Police Station on 2 October 1996. The Criminal Investigation Department started investigating the case the next day. The CID pressed charges against 20 people on 15 January 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0022-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Aftermath, Trial\nOn 12 March 1997, the trial started with six accused in jail and 14 being outside the country. Zobaida Rashid, wife of Khandaker Abdur Rashid, was relieved of charges after she filed a number of appeals, reducing the accused to 19. Other cases filed with the High Court challenged the legality of the trial court and its location, the cancellation of the indemnity act, which delayed the trial. Major Huda was bought from Thailand in 1998, through the signing of an extradition treaty between Thailand and Bangladesh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0022-0001", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Aftermath, Trial\nDhaka district Justice Kazi Golam Rasul, sentenced 15 accused to death on 8 November 1998. Appeals were filled with Bangladesh High Court. On 14 November 1998 the High Court delivered a split verdict with Justice Md Ruhul Amin upholding the death penalty of 10 of the convicts, Justice ABM Khairul Haque upholding the death penalty of all 15. The case was referred to a third Justice, Mohammad Fazlul Karim, who broke the tie by sentencing 12 of the accused to death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0023-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Aftermath, Trial\nThen Chief Justice Ruhul Amin constituted an appeal court with five justices: Justice Surendra Kumar Sinha, Justice Md Abdul Aziz, Justice Md Tafazzul Islam, Justice BK Das, and Justice Md Muzammel Hossain. The verdict of the Appellate Division confirmed the death sentences of the 12 convicts on 19 November 2009. Three sought presidential pardons but were refused. On 27 January 2010, Bangladesh Supreme Court refused the convicts application for review. On 28 January 2010, five of the convicts in custody were executed. The hanged were Sultan Shahriar Rashid Khan, AKM Mohiuddin Ahmed, Mohiuddin Ahmed, Syed Faruque Rahman, Bazlul Huda. On 12 April 2020, Captain Abdul Majed was hanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0024-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Aftermath, Trial\nThe Bangladesh Nationalist Party returned to power in 2001 and reinstated the officers who had been dismissed in 1996 to their diplomatic positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0025-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Legacy\nSince 1975, Bangladesh had been under different military governments, with democracy being partially restored a few times and permanently in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012099-0026-0000", "contents": "15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, Legacy\nSheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana, the two daughters of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, survived the assassinations of their family as they were in Germany in August 1975. Sheikh Hasina has been elected four times Prime Minister of Bangladesh, in 1996, 2009, 2014 and 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012100-0000-0000", "contents": "15 August 2011 Iraq attacks\nThe 15 August 2011 Iraq attacks were a series of terrorist incidents that took place across Iraq. At least 37 were killed and 68 injured in Kut after a roadside bomb and a car bomb exploded in the center of the city. A string of bombings and shootings in the capital took the lives of two and left 27 wounded. Eight were killed and 14 injured in a suicide car bombings in Khan Bani Saad City. Two car bombs exploded in the Najaf, killing 6 and injuring 79, followed by another blast near Karbala that killed 4 and injured 41. Numerous other attacks throughout the central and northern parts of Iraq (including a double suicide bombing in Tikrit) left 7 dead and at least 58 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012101-0000-0000", "contents": "15 BC\nYear 15 BC was either a common year starting on Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday or a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Monday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Drusus and Piso (or, less frequently, year 739 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 15 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012102-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Bean Soup\n15 Bean Soup is a packaged dry bean soup product from Indianapolis-based N.K. Hurst Co. According to company president Rick Hurst, it is the #1 selling dry bean soup in the U.S.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012102-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Bean Soup, Ingredients\nEvery package of 15 Bean Soup includes a seasoning packet and at least 15 of the following varieties of dried pulses:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012102-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Bean Soup, Ingredients\nThe soup is currently produced in Ham, Chicken, and beef flavors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones\n15 Big Ones is the 20th studio album by the American rock band the Beach Boys, released July 5, 1976 on Brother/Reprise. It includes seven original songs alongside eight renditions of rock 'n' roll and R&B standards. The LP was the band's first album produced by Brian Wilson since Pet Sounds (1966), and as such, its release was accompanied by a controversial media campaign that declared his comeback as an active member of the Beach Boys' recording and touring group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones\nMost of 15 Big Ones was hastily recorded in early 1976 at the band's Brother Studios. The sessions were fraught with disputes, as Carl and Dennis Wilson felt that the material was not up to standard, while Mike Love, Al Jardine, and manager Stephen Love wanted new Brian-produced product rushed out in order to take advantage of the group's recent resurgence in popularity. Further tensions arose from the interference of Brian's psychologist, Eugene Landy. The members later voiced their disappointment with the finished work. One of the proposed titles, Group Therapy, was rejected in favor of a title that referred to both the number of tracks and the group's 15th anniversary. To support the album, Brian joined his bandmates on a major concert tour for the first time since 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones\nDespite mixed reviews, 15 Big Ones went gold and became the Beach Boys' best-selling album of new material since 1965. It peaked at number 8 in the U.S. and number 31 in the UK. Three singles were issued: a cover of Chuck Berry's \"Rock and Roll Music\" and the originals \"It's OK\" and \"Everyone's in Love with You\". The first two charted on the Billboard Hot 100 at numbers 5 and 29, respectively, and ultimately became their only top 30 hits during the 1970s. Brian later referred to 15 Big Ones and its 1977 follow-up, The Beach Boys Love You, as his life-defining albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Background\nIn January 1973, the Beach Boys' previous album, Holland, was released amid generally favorable reviews and top 40 entries in the U.S. and UK charts. Early copies of the LP were packaged with a bonus EP, Mount Vernon and Fairway, that was produced by Brian and Carl Wilson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0003-0001", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Background\nBrian later said that his original concept for Mount Vernon and Fairway \"was much more ambitious\", as he had \"wanted to cut new arrangements of some of the songs we used to hear on our transistor radios in the late '50s, like 'A Casual Look.'\" His bandmates took issue with the space it would have taken on the LP, and he subsequently lost interest, leaving Carl to finish the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Background\nAfter Holland, the group maintained a touring regimen, but recorded very little in the studio for the next two years. Several months earlier, they had announced that they would complete their unfinished album Smile, but this never came to fruition, and plans for its release were once again abandoned. Following the June 1973 death of the Wilsons' father and former band manager Murry, Brian retreated into his bedroom and withdrew further into drug abuse, alcoholism, chain smoking, and overeating. He reflected, \"I used my room as my little castle. Added to that, I was very depressed with the Beach Boys. I couldn't talk to them and nobody in the band could relate to me. This went on for about two and a half years. But, on and off, I'd sometimes go and record.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Background\nIn October 1973, the band fired their manager, Jack Rieley. By his account, he had \"pulled away\" from the band due to \"terribly complex, complicated and horribly distasteful situations involving aspects of their business and financial management.\" Rieley's position was succeeded by Mike Love's brother Steve and Chicago manager James William Guercio. Blondie Chaplin and Ricky Fataar, who had joined the Beach Boys as official members in 1972, left the band in December 1973 and November 1974, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Background\nThe Beach Boys' greatest hits compilation Endless Summer was released in June 1974 to unexpected success, becoming the band's second number-one U.S. album in October. The LP had a 155-week chart run, selling over 3 million copies. Its success had the effect of returning the group to being the number-one act in the U.S. Carl recalled, \"There was a whole new generation of fans out there and some of them weren't even as old as the songs themselves. Our concerts were selling out and we were singing and playing better than ever.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0006-0001", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Background\nIn their concert setlists, the group began swapping out newer songs with their older material to accommodate their growing audience and the demand for their early hits. Later in the year, members of the band appeared as guests on Chicago's hit \"Wishing You Were Here\". At the end of 1974, Rolling Stone proclaimed the Beach Boys \"Band of the Year\" based on the strength of their live performances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Caribou sessions (1974)\nTo take advantage of their sudden resurgence in popularity, the Beach Boys accepted Guercio's invitation to record their next Reprise album at his Caribou Ranch studio, located around the mountains of Nederland, Colorado. These October 1974 sessions marked the group's return to the studio after a 21-month period of virtual inactivity, but the proceedings were cut short after Brian had insisted on returning to his home in Los Angeles. Guercio remembered, \"From the day he got here, he said, 'I want to go home.'\" Further complicating matters, a fire broke out in the studio and destroyed some of the tapes, after which the band resumed recording in November at their newly-constructed Brother Studios in Santa Monica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0008-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Caribou sessions (1974)\nWhile at Caribou, Wilson co-wrote and recorded numerous songs with poet Stephen Kalinich, including \"Child of Winter (Christmas Song)\", \"California Feelin'\", \"You're Riding High on the Music\", \"Lucy Jones\", and \"Grateful Are We for Little Children\". \"You're Riding High on the Music\" was never recorded. \"Lucy Jones\", as described by Kalinich, \"was just a funky song, and Brian and I were having fun.\" \"Grateful Are We for Little Children\" later became Wilson's \"Saturday Morning in the City\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0009-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Caribou sessions (1974)\nOther tracks recorded at these sessions were \"Our Life, Our Love, Our Land\", \"Don't Let Me Go\", \"Barnyard Blues\", early versions of \"It's OK\" and \"Good Timin'\", an alternate version of \"Ding Dang\", and renditions of \"The Battle Hymn of the Republic\" and \"Honeycomb\". \"Don't Let Me Go\" is a song composed by Carl with lyrics by Love, while \"Our Life, Our Love, Our Land\" is a song written by Love that he described as an \"ethnic\" thing that sounded similar to \"The Trader\" from Holland. \"Honeycomb\" featured Brian's wife Marilyn on lead vocal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0010-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Caribou sessions (1974)\nIn November, Mike Love told Melody Maker that the band had completed \"about 40 tracks\" and that their next album would be completed by January 1975. Love reported, \"Brian is very involved with the LP. ... The album's a combination between Sunflower and Holland. It's got some of the feel that Holland had, but also sounds a bit like Sunflower in certain respects.\" The material was written by himself (\"about ten\" of the songs), Brian (five), Carl and Dennis (\"about five\" each), and Jardine (\"a couple\"). The group completed a few tracks from these sessions, including \"Child of Winter\", but ultimately abandoned most of them. Released as a single at the end of December 1974, \"Child of Winter\" was their first record that displayed the credit \"Produced by Brian Wilson\" since 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0011-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Interim (1975)\nWith the project put on hold, the Beach Boys spent most of the next year on the road playing college football stadiums and basketball arenas. Early in 1975, Wilson signed a short-lived sideline production deal with former Beach Boy Bruce Johnston and producer Terry Melcher's Equinox Records. Together, they founded the loose-knit supergroup known as California Music. Wilson produced their covers of \"Jamaica Farewell\" and \"Why Do Fools Fall in Love? \", but his participation in the group soon ended. Over the summer, the touring group played a co-headlining series of concert dates with Chicago, a pairing that was nicknamed \"Beachago\". The tour was massively successful and restored the Beach Boys' profitability to what it had been in the mid-1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0012-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Interim (1975)\nDennis and Carl had worked for a full two years, probably ... trying to get the best possible Beach Boys songs that they could, and it wouldn't fly without Brian's name on it. I heard that, literally, from business people. \"'Til you get Brian on there, it's not gonna happen.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0013-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Interim (1975)\nIn a July 1975 article for NME, Nick Kent reported that Carl Wilson had cited \"Rollin' Up to Heaven\" (retitled from \"Ding Dang\"), \"California Feelin'\", and \"Good Timing\"  [sic] as \"titles to new Brian Wilson songs recorded for the next Warner/Reprise album\". Carl told Kent that the new songs demonstrated Brian's new \"funky\" approach. In September, the band recorded a version of the Del-Vikings' \"Come Go with Me\", but the track was ultimately left off 15 Big Ones. In October, Wilson recorded a rendition of Van Dyke Parks' \"Come to the Sunshine\", also intended for the band's forthcoming album, but a dispute prevented the track's inclusion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0014-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Wilson-led sessions (1976), Initial sessions\nIn late 1975, Wilson volunteered himself into psychologist Eugene Landy's 24-hour therapy program, and subsequently, Wilson's worsening condition was almost immediately curtailed. Encouraged by the positive results of Landy's treatment, Stephen Love and Wilson's bandmates requested that Wilson produce the group's several-months overdue album for Reprise. These sessions lasted from January 30 to May 15, 1976 at Brother Studios. Studio staff engineers Stephen Moffitt and Earle Mankey (a former member of Sparks) were enlisted for the project. Brian was officially credited as the sole producer for the first time on a Beach Boys LP since Pet Sounds (1966). Carl and Dennis assisted Brian with the instrumental tracks, while Al Jardine and Mike Love contributed just vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 69], "content_span": [70, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0015-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Wilson-led sessions (1976), Initial sessions\n15 Big Ones is distinguished for its use of Moog and ARP synthesizers, played by Wilson himself, signaling a more electronic-heavy sound compared to his past productions. Mankey surmised that Wilson employed synthesizers \"to fake string parts ... and not have to worry about anything else. He was in there to play the part and get out.\" In the assessment of biographer Peter Ames Carlin, one of the \"more distressing\" characteristics of the recordings is the quality of Wilson's singing. Carlin writes that Wilson, who once possessed \"a powerful but tender falsetto ... now sang in a baritone croak.\" In his 2016 memoir, I Am Brian Wilson, it is stated that he suffered from a bout of laryngitis during the sessions, adding that his hoarse voice on the album was not his \"normal voice ... It was an assumed voice.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 69], "content_span": [70, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0016-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Wilson-led sessions (1976), Initial sessions\nAs a warm-up exercise, Brian first recorded a batch of oldies with many of the session musicians that he had worked with during the mid-1960s. Mankey remembered that Wilson found it difficult to engage with musicians in the studio that he was not familiar with. \"They were the fastest sessions ever. The room would be full of musicians, all the old guys from the past, and there would be some acoustic basses and open mikes. ... At the end of the song Brian would say, 'That sounded great, guys!' and head for the door.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 69], "content_span": [70, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0016-0001", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Wilson-led sessions (1976), Initial sessions\nWilson recalled, \"It was a little scary because [the Beach Boys and I] weren't as close. We had drifted apart, personality-wise. A lot of the guys had developed new personalities through meditation. It was a bit scary and shaky. But we went into the studio with the attitude that we had to get it done. After a week or two in the studio, we started to get the niche again.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 69], "content_span": [70, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0017-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Wilson-led sessions (1976), Initial sessions\nBy this time, the Beach Boys were three albums behind schedule in their contract with Warner Bros. The original plan was for Wilson to produce one or two albums of all-original material after the oldies exercises were finished. Crawdaddy journalist Timothy White, who attended many of the album's sessions, explained that the premise \"represented a compromise at a stage when the Boys felt stymied as a unit and reluctant to commit their own recent or stockpiled individual compositions to a communal album that didn't mainly feature Brian's work.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 69], "content_span": [70, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0017-0001", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Wilson-led sessions (1976), Initial sessions\nAccording to Dennis, the group \"couldn't agree on enough\" with regards to the songs that they had stockpiled. He said in January 1976, \"We have a lot of stuff in the can we could have put together and released, but it just wasn't that. It's always left up to the writer of each song as to what will happen to it ... It takes a lot of fun out of the creativity to have to release, release.\" He reported that the group had planned to issue an album of oldies, and that the other albums may \"take the form of a double album of all-new material that stretches from hard rock 'n' roll to these wordless vocals we've been doing that sound like the Vienna Boys Choir.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 69], "content_span": [70, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0018-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Wilson-led sessions (1976), Conflicts\nFollowing two days in the studio, during which they recorded \"Palisades Park\" and \"Blueberry Hill\", the sessions temporarily halted due to disagreements regarding the album's direction. Mankey said, \"It was really tense in the studio. Brian would come in around nine or ten in the morning. One day, they would get something done, and the next day they would do nothing except fight.\" Group meetings were supervised by Landy, and according to biographer Keith Badman, discussions over each track for the record lasted up to eight hours. Band road manager Rick Nelson acknowledged that Landy had attempted to exert unwelcome artistic control over the group. Landy remarked in a 1988 interview, \"Brian and I did that [album] together.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0019-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Wilson-led sessions (1976), Conflicts\nOnce we had finished a certain batch of songs Brian said, \"That's it. Put it out.\" That's why the album sounds unfinished. Brian just wanted to do one cut and capture the moment rather than working on something.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0020-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Wilson-led sessions (1976), Conflicts\nJardine later reported that the group were unsure if Brian possessed the competence to produce an album. Carlin writes that the band had quickly realized that Brian \"no longer had the energy or desire to get anything right [in the studio].\" Carl Wilson explained, \"I believe that Brian was consciously under-producing the album and that was his choice \u2013 we deferred to him. But when we voted to do it that way with those particular songs, I left the studio right there on the spot because I was very disenchanted.\" Without Brian's knowledge, members of the band later touched up the recordings in opposition to his desire for a \"dry\" sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0021-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Wilson-led sessions (1976), Conflicts\nA Newsweek journalist reported that Jardine and Mike Love were \"all for letting Brian take full charge, even though Love makes no secret of resenting him.\" Mankey remembered that \"[a]ll of the people in the studio\" felt sorry for Brian and tried to help him improve his work, with the exception of Love and Jardine, who \"just thought it was crap. They'd show up and say it was terrible.\" Stephen said, \"Carl was dragging his feet, saying, 'This is a shitty record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0021-0001", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Wilson-led sessions (1976), Conflicts\nThis isn't anywhere near as good as it should be.'\" Carl said, \"Thing is, then I came back and worked my ass off because I support my brother Brian professionally and personally.\" Stephen noted, \"They really had mixed feelings about [Brian's comeback] because they knew it would frustrate their own designs for their own music. But they probably liked it economically, because they knew it was going to get them a bigger record deal.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0022-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Wilson-led sessions (1976), Conflicts\nDennis later complained, \"I was unhappy with the oldies \u2013 absolutely. The album should have been 100% original. We had enough Brian Wilson material to do it. ... Steve Love, Mike Love and Alan Jardine were pushing to get it out \u2013 it was just a big push. They'd rather just get it out there than take time with it and develop it. Carl and I were really upset.\" Steve countered that \"the hard truth is that you don't have forever to tinker around with this stuff. The pressing demands of business sometimes interfere with artistic indulgence. Business-wise you want to get the goddamn album out when things are gelling.\" Mike did not believe that time constraints was to blame for the album's \"rough sections\", explaining that it was not publicly disclosed that Carl had suffered \"a debilitating back injury\" and had been \"self-medicating and drinking\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 914]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0023-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Wilson-led sessions (1976), Conflicts\nUltimately, a compromise was reached, with the album including a mix of covers and originals. Brian told an interviewer that \"15 Big Ones started out as an album of nothing but oldies, but then we ran out of them. Halfway through, Mike Love decided to make the record half old and half new. I didn't like the idea at first, but he literally forced us to do it his way. I resented that.\" Sessions resumed in early March, and by the time they had finished in May, the group had recorded almost nothing but covers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0023-0001", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Production, Wilson-led sessions (1976), Conflicts\nBesides those that made it to the final track listing, the band recorded versions of \"Workin' in a Coal Mine\", \"Sea Cruise\", \"On Broadway\", \"Mony, Mony\", \"Running Bear\", \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\", \"Secret Love\", \"Don't Fight the Sea\", \"Peggy Sue\", \"Michael Rowed the Boat Ashore\", and \"Let's Dance\". Other discarded tracks worked on in this period included the originals \"Short Skirts\" (Brian), \"Gold Rush\" (Jardine), \"Lisa\", \"Glow, Crescent, Glow\" (Mike), \"10,000 Years Ago\", and \"Rainbows\" (Dennis).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0024-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Packaging and artwork\nGroup Therapy, a title proposed by Dennis, was rejected in favor of Dean Torrence's suggestion, 15 Big Ones, which referred to both the number of tracks and the group's 15th anniversary. It was packaged with cover artwork that showed photos of the individual band members inside five interlocking rings, resembling the logo for the Olympic Games. This was an intentional reference to the fact that 1976 had been an Olympic year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0024-0001", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Packaging and artwork\nMike Love reflected, \"The images of Brian, Dennis, Carl, Al, and me in five interlocking circles could have been a metaphor for five bandmates united in common purpose, or five guys living in their separate worlds. With us, it was both.\" A logo that displayed the band's name, designed by Torrence, was introduced with this release and kept as the Beach Boys' official logo for decades afterward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0025-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Release\nThe Beach Boys' association with Guercio and his Caribou Management company ended in early 1976. Stephen Love subsequently took over as the band's de facto business manager. To highlight Brian's recovery and his return to writing and producing, Love devised a promotional campaign with the tagline \"Brian Is Back! \", and paid the Rogers & Cowan publicity agency $3,500 per month to implement it. In Gaines' description, the resultant \"media coverage was enormous\", appearing across Newsweek, New West, Rolling Stone, Crawdaddy, the New York Times, and the Los Angeles Times. It marked the highest level of press attention that Wilson had received since Derek Taylor's \"Brian Wilson is a genius\" campaign from 1966. Landy involved himself by openly discussing Wilson's condition and other aspects of his personal life to journalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0026-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Release\nOn May 24, 1976, lead single \"Rock and Roll Music\" (backed with \"T M Song\") was released as the band's first new single in 16 months, peaking in the U.S. at number 5, their highest chart position for a single since \"Good Vibrations\" (1966). In June, Brian gave his first press interviews in several years, and in July, the band produced a six-hour documentary retrospective for U.S. radio. Starting on July 2, Wilson made regular concert appearances with his bandmates for the first time since December 1964, singing and alternating between bass guitar and piano. From July 3 to August 15, the group embarked on a string of major stadium concert dates across the U.S. The setlists for these dates included \"Susie Cincinnati\", \"Palisades Park\", \"It's OK\", \"A Casual Look\", \"Back Home\", and \"Rock and Roll Music\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0027-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Release\nAt the centerpiece of the \"Brian Is Back!\" campaign was the release of 15 Big Ones on July 5. The album peaked at number 8 in the U.S., becoming their first top 10 album of new material since Pet Sounds, and their highest-charting studio album since Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!) (1965). It also became their second Warner Bros. release to be certified gold. On August 5, NBC premiered a Lorne Michaels-produced television special about the band, called simply The Beach Boys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0027-0001", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Release\nIt included live performances of \"Rock and Roll Music\", \"It's OK\" (both drawn from their July 5 concert at Anaheim Stadium), and \"That Same Song\" (filmed with the 75-piece Double Rock Baptist Choir). On August 23, the band were given a five-page cover story on that week's issue of People magazine. On August 30, the second single, \"It's OK\" (backed with \"Had to Phone Ya\"), was issued in the U.S. and later peaked at number 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0028-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Release\nMaybe it would have been more accurate to say, \"We think and hope Brian's on his way back!\" But that's not gonna cut it for a professional [media] campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0029-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Release\n\u2014Band manager Stephen Love, orchestrator of the \"Brian Is Back!\" campaign", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0030-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Release\nDespite its success, the \"Brian Is Back\" promotion proved controversial. Wilson had often solicited drugs from his interviewers and remarked on one occasion that he \"'felt like a prisoner\". The Guardian's Alexis Petridis wrote that the articles from this period were \"heartbreaking and horrifying in equal measure, depicting a halting, visibly terrified man\". In his review of the Beach Boys' concert at Anaheim, Melody Maker reporter Harvey Kubernick wrote that Wilson \"seemed uncomfortable on stage\" and \"shouldn't be subjected to being propped up on stage for video purposes or group/media examination. His contributions this afternoon were nil!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0031-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Release\nFollowing the tour, the Beach Boys played a further dozen concert dates at stadiums and basketball arenas, but this time without Brian's participation. On September 17, Brian appeared as a guest presenter on Don Kirshner's Annual Rock Music Awards program, where he was nominated for the Hall of Fame category and lost to the Beatles. Carl and Dennis accompanied him to the podium. On November 8, the third and last single, \"Susie Cincinnati\" (backed with \"Everyone's in Love with You\") was issued in the U.S. and failed to chart. On November 16, BBC-2 premiered an episode of The Old Grey Whistle Test that included host Bob Harris' interview with Brian, which had been filmed on September 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0032-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Release\nWilson made his first talk show appearance on November 23, on The Mike Douglas Show, followed by an appearance on NBC's Saturday Night, on November 26. Both appearances included a performance of \"Back Home\". That month, Rolling Stone published David Felton's feature story, \"The Beach Boys: The Healing of Brother Bri\"  [sic], which presented unfavorable depictions of the band, Brian's wife Marilyn, and other family and friends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0033-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Critical reception\n15 Big Ones received mixed reviews and was largely disliked by the group's fanbase. Much of the criticism centers around the cover songs, Dennis' and Brian's rough vocal performances, and the record's perceived unfinished, forced, and rushed quality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0034-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Critical reception\nWhite wrote in his Crawdaddy review that the album was a disappointment; although it \"does boast several bright moments \u2013 but no brilliant ones.\" Less favorably, a reviewer for The Village Voice described the album as \"the kind of music one might expect to find at a rock star's funeral.\" According to Carlin, most other reviewers \"gave 15 Big Ones gentle treatment\", such as in Newsweek, which described the album as \"fascinating ... [ with] a curiously unshakable unity.\" Similarly, Jim Miller of Rolling Stone decreed that it was \"the most idiosyncratic \u2014 and flaky \u2014 record I have heard in some time, and it fascinates me.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0035-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Critical reception\nAmong retrospective reviews, AllMusic's John Bush felt that most of the covers were \"simply too well known to be reworked effectively, by anyone\", but favorably compared \"It's OK\" and \"Had to Phone Ya\" to \"Brian's odd pop songs on late-'60s albums like Friends and 20/20.\" Robert Christgau bemoaned the selection of covers and their lack of a \"playful, goofy vocal intensity\". Blender's Douglas Wolk wrote that the album is \"[o]verwhelmed by clunky covers and bored performances\". Pitchfork's Eric Kempfe described the album as \"muddy and confused\" and highlighted \"Had to Phone Ya\" and \"Back Home\" as the best originals. Kempfe added that, with the exception of \"Just Once in My Life\", the covers \"are notable only for the morbid fascination they hold ... Brian's once-sweet falsetto is reduced to a hoarse crackle; as a result, Mike Love's painful nasal whine is the dominant voice on the record.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 931]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0036-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Critical reception\nIn his book Icons of Rock, Scott Schinder called 15 Big Ones \"largely a letdown, comprised largely of lackluster remakes of rock and roll oldies, along with a handful of lightweight but charming new songs by Brian. Rock critic Nick Kent called it \"utterly uninspired and weary-sounding ... clearly intended only as therapy for Wilson's long dormant production talents.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0036-0001", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Critical reception\nMusician Dennis Diken, who wrote the liner notes to the album's 2000 reissue, acknowledged such criticisms and opined, \"If you can accept all these points and put it behind you that this isn't Smile, Pet Sounds or even Wild Honey, give 15 Big Ones a spin and dig on what is a very cool and fun Beach Boys album.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0037-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Aftermath and legacy\nAt the time, Brian described the album as \"nothing too deep\" and promised that his next effort would be as ambitious as \"Good Vibrations\". In a 1998 interview, he referred to 15 Big Ones and the band's next release, The Beach Boys Love You (1977), as his favorite Beach Boys albums. \"That's when it all happened for me. That's where my heart lies.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0038-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Aftermath and legacy\nOther members of the band, including Carl and Dennis, disparaged the album in the press when it was released. Dennis felt that it was \"a great mistake to put Brian in full control\" and that the \"whole process was a little bruising.\" He admitted, \"We were heartbroken. People have waited all this time, anticipating a new Beach Boys album, and I hated to give them this.\" Mike Love declined to comment on the album when asked by a reporter. In White's belief, the troubled sessions \"precipitated the abrupt solo career decisions by Dennis and Carl Wilson\", and what he had witnessed convinced him that \"the greatest obstacle the Beach Boys face is that of five divergent personalities, fraught with jealousies, fears, foibles, conflicting interests and basic stylistic disagreements.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0039-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Aftermath and legacy\nMatijas-Mecca argued that 15 Big Ones marked the beginning of a one-and-a-half-year period in which \"Brian produced some of his most creative and interesting (if not necessarily commercial) music since he abandoned SMiLE.\" Journalist Brian Chidester similarly described the era as the end of \"Wilson's full retreat as leader of the Beach Boys\", although Wilson \"never returned to the form that saw him produce groundbreaking works like Pet Sounds and Smile.\" Diken wrote, \"One might also view the album as Brian's salvation from a goal-less downward spiral and an imminent crash landing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012103-0040-0000", "contents": "15 Big Ones, Personnel\nCredits adapted from the liner notes of the album's 2000 reissue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012104-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Bo\u00f6tis\n15 Bo\u00f6tis is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Bo\u00f6tes, located approximately 260\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.45. The system has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.166\u00a0arc seconds per annum. It is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +16.8\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012104-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Bo\u00f6tis\nThe magnitude 5.51 primary, designated component  A, is an aging K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K1\u00a0III. It is a red clump giant, which indicates it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. It is around two\u00a0billion years old with 1.5 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 10 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 61 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,845\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012104-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Bo\u00f6tis\nIts companion, component B, is a magnitude +8.53 star was located at an angular separation of 0.80\u2033 along a position angle of 111\u00b0 from the primary, as of 2015. This is the same separation it had when the system was discovered in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012105-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Broad Street\n15 Broad Street (formerly known as the Equitable Trust Building) is a former office building in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City, on the eastern side of Broad Street between Wall Street and Exchange Place. It has entrances at 51 Exchange Place and 35 Wall Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012105-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Broad Street\nIt was completed in 1928 and made the list of the 20 largest office buildings in the world in 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012105-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Broad Street, Design\nThe building was built in the neoclassical style for the Equitable Trust Company and was therefore called the Equitable Trust Building. The architects were Trowbridge & Livingston, who also drew plans for the adjacent structures at 14 Wall Street, New York Stock Exchange Building annex, and 23 Wall Street. The builder was the Thompson\u2013Starrett Co.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012105-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Broad Street, Design\nThe layout of the building is L-shaped, wrapping around 23 Wall Street. The building is 540 feet high and has 43 floors. The assumed value in 1931 was $17,250,000. The facade is made out of grey brick stone, while the limestone base echoes the facade of neighboring 23 Wall Street. The rent area was 750,000 square feet (70,000\u00a0m2); the interior was originally luxuriously fitted out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012105-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Broad Street, History, Construction and early years\n15 Wall Street replaced the Mills Building and another building on the site. The skyscraper contained a truss that spanned above 23 Wall Street. to allow the inclusion of this truss, J.P. Morgan & Co., which occupied the immediately adjoining 23 Wall Street, sold the air rights above that building to the Equitable Trust Company, for which 15 Broad Street was being constructed. To prevent damage to the older structure, heavy timbers were placed on 23 Wall Street's roof while the skyscraper was being built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012105-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Broad Street, History, Construction and early years\nThe building was completed in 1928. The Equitable Trust Co. was one of the units of the Chase National Bank organizations, one of the largest and most powerful banking institutions in the world at the time. The law firm Davis Polk & Wardwell was located in the predecessor building from around 1889 and moved out when it was demolished, but returned to the address into the newly completed building and stayed there until 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012105-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Broad Street, History, First remodeling\nIn late 1955, J.P. Morgan & Co. arranged to purchase 15 Broad Street from the Chase Manhattan Bank, which then owned the building. Chase wanted to build a new headquarters at 28 Liberty Street and was selling 15 Broad Street to raise money for the project. Once the sale was concluded the following March, J.P. Morgan & Co. announced that Turner Construction would extensively renovate the building to plans by Rogers & Butler. The work involved adding air-conditioning, adding a ground-floor entrance at 35 Wall Street, and installing cooling towers on the roof. The work was to be complete in mid-1957. The building was also linked to 23 Wall Street as part of the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012105-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Broad Street, History, First remodeling\nMorgan & Co. became the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company in 1959 following a merger with the Guaranty Trust Company. Morgan Guaranty considered constructing additional stories atop 23 Wall Street as well as replacing both structures with one headquarters. A major renovation commenced in the two buildings in 1962, in preparation for their conversion into a headquarters for Morgan Guaranty. The company's old headquarters at 140 Broadway was being demolished to make way for the Marine Midland Bank Building. The renovation was completed in 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012105-0008-0000", "contents": "15 Broad Street, History, Condominium conversion\n15 Broad Street and 23 Wall Street were sold in 2003 for $100\u00a0million to Africa Israel and Boymelgreen. The conversion came after plans to have the building demolished for a new stock exchange building were dropped. The building became a luxury condominium development called Downtown, designed by French product designer Philippe Starck along with project architect Ismael Leyva and developer A.I. & Boymelgreen, making it one of a growing number of residential buildings in the Financial District. Remodeling was largely completed at the end of May 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012105-0009-0000", "contents": "15 Broad Street, History, Condominium conversion\nAccording to Real Estate Weekly, by November 2006, 98% of the apartments had been sold. Prices for the 326 units ranged from about $335,000 for a studio to $4.6 million for a two-bedroom apartment with a terrace. The building is fitted with many amenities such as a gym, swimming pool, dance and yoga studio, squash court, bowling alley, business centre, movie theater, lounge and an in-house dry cleaning service amongst other things.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012105-0010-0000", "contents": "15 Broad Street, History, Condominium conversion\nThe original 1,900-piece Louis Quinze chandelier that used to hang in the main hall of J. P. Morgan's 23 Wall Street was given by Morgan to be displayed in the lobby of 15 Broad Street. According to the architect Phlippe Starck, many pieces had come from Austria-Hungary before World War I and have been identified by him as Swarovski crystal. Starck made the roof of 23 Wall into a 5,000-square-foot (460\u00a0m2) garden with children's pool and dining area, accessible to the residents of the development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 551]}}